,,the ,,female ,,physician1 ,containing all the ,,diseases incident to that ,,sex1 ,,in ,virgins1 ,wives1 and ,widows2 ,,together ,with their ,causes and ,symptoms1 their ,degrees of ,,danger1 and respective ,methods of ,,prevention and ,,cure3 ,to which is added1 ,the ,whole ,,art of ,new improv'd ,,midwifery2 ,,comprehending ,the necessary ,qualifications of a ,,midwife1 and particular ,directions for laying ,women1 in all ,cases of ,difficult and ,preternatural ,,births2 together with the ,diet and ,regimen of both the ,,mother and ,,child4 ,by ,,john ,,maubray1 ,m4 ,d4 ---- ----,opiferq2 per ,orbem ,dicor1---- ,ovid4 ,met4 ,,london3 ,printed for ,,james ,,holland1 at the ,bible and ,ball1 in ,st4 ,paul's-,church-,yard4 #agbd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,to all ,learned and ,judicious ,professors of ,,physick1 as well as ,ingenuous and ,experienced ,practisers of ,,midwifery4 ,most ,excellent ,,societies1 ,i ,have generally observ'd1 that ,men address their ,,works to improper ,hands2 some aim at ,personages too great1 to regard them2 others stoop to ,men too unlearned1 to defend them3 ,some again make their ,court and apply to ,persons in ,vogue or in ,place1 and others cringe and creep after ,purse-proud ,patrons3 ,but as ,i pursue not the common ,designs of ,,dedicators1 so ,i have studied no subterfuges of ,flattery1 nor ,flourishes of ,panegyrick in this ,,dedication4 ,i know1 that1 whatever my ,performance may prove1 a substantial ,,work will stand securely upon its own ,bottom1 and make its way into the ,world1 without any secondary ,helps2 whereas a slight ,defective ,piece will fall and be quash'd1 tho' it should even strut with ,,majesty itself in its glaring ,front4 ,had ,i then presum'd upon any particular ,,voucher for the ,,female ,,physician1 it would have look'd like acknowledging ,guilt and seeking for ,defence2 ,because ,you1 and none else1 are the competent ,judges in ,affairs of this ,nature3 ,,god having entrusted you only with the ,lives of ,men2 and you 7under ,,him7 being the ,sole ,preservers of ,,life and the great ,distributers of ,,health1 ,i have thought it my ,duty to make this solemn ,application to your ,august ,societies in general2 and in this manner to render you some small ,account of the ,,talent1 which some of your selves have entrusted me with for ,improvement4 ,in fine1 your famous ,fraternities being universally celebrated for encouraging of ,learning and promoting ,ingenuity1 ,you are still the more highly entitled to my ,endeavours in both respects2 and ,i my self in all points of ,humanity the more secure of your candid ,interpretation4 ,the undertaking then being yours by ,birth1 it has a ,natural ,claim to your ,care2 ,and it being the ,duty of ,men to provide for their ,off-,spring1 it has a peculiar ,right to your ,patronage4 ,wherefore1 with all due ,deference and becoming ,submission to your wiser ,judgments1 ,i lay the ,,dedication as well as the ,,work it self entirely at your ,feet1 in ,hopes of your courteous ,reception and benign ,tutelage both at ,home and ,abroad3 ,upon which 7in short7 ,i beg ,leave to ,subscribe my self1 with profound ,veneration1 ,your ,eminent ,,societies1 ,most ,faithful1 and ,most ,obedient1 ,servant ,john ,maubray4 ,illustration ,,the ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,as the ,study of ,physick has differ'd in every ,age1 according to the prevailing ,opinions and ,ambiguous ,determinations of ,philosophers1 so the ,practice of ,midwifery has also varied1 according to the ,judicious ,experiments and successful ,operations of ,professors2 until of late ,years1 by the many happy ,discoveries and strict ,inquiries made into the ,secrets of ,nature1 and ,natural ,causes1 these ,healing and obstetricious ,arts are so much improv'd and advanc'd1 that1 they now seem to be arriv'd at their very ,height of ,perfection3 ,insomuch that both the one and the other stand this ,day upon as sure a ,foundation1 and as certain ,principles1 as most other ,sciences do1 which notwithstanding are not exempted from the ,fate of ,casualties4 ,,the ,case then being so1 it becomes all ,men of ,ingenuity and ,integrity1 to be also ,communicative of such ,things1 as may tend to the ,welfare of their ,neighbours and to the ,common ,good of ,mankind2 since according to the ,excellent ,poet1 ,scire tuum nihil est1 nisi te scire hoc1 sciat alter4 ,,this was the ,principle of the ,ancients1 who1 as they discover'd the ,natural ,debility of the ,female ,sex1 and that ,women were not only ,subject to all ,diseases in common with ,men1 but also obnoxious to a vast many ,distempers peculiarly singular to themselves1 were first mov'd to write particular ,books1 and respective ,treatises1 upon these ,heads3 ,the most wise and divine ,hippocrates1 first breaking the ,ice1 after him ,diocles1 next ,aetius1 and at last many others2 ,for the more ,learned and ,ingenious that any one found himself in his respective ,age1 the more readily he exercis'd himself in these difficult ,points4 ,,but now a-days ,women may well complain1 and cry out with ,soranus1 8,o mal ,occupatum virorum ,genus1 occidimur nos1 non ,morimur3 ,et ab illis1 qui inter vos peritissimi existimantur1 perperam curat1 vos vero de qualibet vel levissima vestrarum ,affectionum1 ,libros ex ,libris facientes1 ,bibliothecas voluminibus oneratas1 de ,nostris inter ea diris ac difficillimis ,cruciatibus1 nulla vel exigua1 ea quidem satis oscitanter mentione fact03 ,that ,men1 in short1 study their own ,good1 and take more ,care of ,themselves than of the ,women4 ,,because then there are so many ,faults and ,defects in this part of ,physick2 in that the ,antients1 by reason of their precise ,gravity1 rendred their ,works either obscure1 or at least difficult to be understood3 ,as some of the more modern ,authors have1 treated them but ,partially and ,defectively in most respects2 others but transiently and indifferently1 or as if they were otherways employ'd3 ,some again darkly and briefly2 others so confusedly and prolixly1 that we may justly say to them1 as the ,lacedemonians did to the ,samian ,legats of old2 8,prioris orationis vestr partis sumus obliti1 postremam ob prim oblivionem non intelleximus03 ,we have forgot the ,beginning of your ,discourse1 and for that reason1 cannot understand the latter ,part4 ,,these being the ,reasons of this ,undertaking1 ,i shall trouble you with no farther ,apologies in its behalf1 save only that ,i thought it my ,duty1 notwithstanding the ,considerable ,charge and immense ,labour1 not only so far to endeavour to imitate my ,predecessors1 but also to deserve well of ,humane ,kind1 and particularly of ,english ,women3 ,,first by collecting these things1 which ,i have found clearly written by the most approved ,authors1 together with what ,i have conceiv'd to be true and ,rational by my own painful ,study1 frequent ,speculation1 and assiduous ,practice2 and ,,secondly by publishing this ,praxis and ,analysis of ,women's ,distempers1 as they are accurately1 tho' succinctly comprehended in this small ,volume3 ,yet not so briefly neither1 but that most ,things are consider'd and explain'd for removing ,obscurity2 nor so prolixly1 that any ,head is swell'd with ,trifles or empty ,words3 ,and that not only in our vernacular ,tongue1 but also in a certain middle ,style1 adapted to the ,capacity of the meanest ,reader2 so that if it be possible1 where the ,flowers are thinnest ,sown1 there the ,fruit may appear the thickest2 ,because ,i have all along consider'd this to be no ,work of ,eloquence1 but of ,midwifery1 or ,physick1 or both together1 if you please1 in which ,i have studied the common ,good1 but no vain ,glory4 ,,in composing the ,,work1 ,i have follow'd such ,methods as seem'd to me the most conducive towards its ,use and ,design1 and insisted only upon such ,topicks1 as can be most serviceable to the ,world1 and absolutely necessary in the ,practice of either of these ,arts2 without touching upon any of the pompous ,superfluities1 with which ,physick1 as well as other ,professions1 is now a-days over-run and embarrass'd3 ,the one ,i apprehended to concern my ,integrity1 and the other only an empty ,applause4 ,but that you may be at no ,loss in conceiving the ,regularity of my ,method1 because of the variety of ,subjects to be met with1 ,i shall here delineate or draw out the ,lines of the ,,work1 and give you some distant ,idea of it1 if possible1 by a general ,hint upon every ,part or ,section of the ,,book1 ,viz4 ,,in the first ,part1 ,i have explain'd the ,history of the ,formation and ,animation of ,man1 together with the ,maturation1 ,nutrition1 and ,position of the ,infant in the ,womb2 to which ,i have subjoin'd the ,anatomical ,account of the ,membranes and ,waters1 as well as of the ,after-,birth and ,navel-,string4 ,i have likewise in this place previously set forth the ,dignity and ,excellency of ,man1 together with the ,faculties of our ,souls1 and the ,qualities of our ,bodies2 ,and1 having initiated the whole with the ,natural ,proofs of a ,,god1 and a short ,dissertation upon ,nature1 ,i hope none will take that amiss1 because my ,belief in the one1 and the small ,knowledge ,i have acquir'd of the other1 are to be my ,guide throughout the ,course of my ,life1 as well as my ,directory in the present ,performance4 ,,in the ,second ,part1 ,i have not only explain'd the ,natural ,philosophy of the ,maiden-,state1 and set forth the ,passions1 as well as the ,diseases familiar to ,virgins2 but also defin'd the ,power of ,imagination1 and added the ,natural ,reasons for the various ,likenesses of ,children4 ,,in the ,third1 ,i have expounded the ,mystery of ,conception1 together with its ,diagnostick ,signs3 ,i have directed the ,regimen of the ,pregnant ,woman1 and particularly set forth the various ,symptoms of the ,months of ,gestation1 together with the ,acute ,diseases incident to her in that ,time4 ,i have in the same place insisted at ,large upon ,miscarriage1 and explain'd at length the ,mystical ,theory of ,birth in general4 ,,in the ,fourth ,section1 ,i have defin'd the ,art of ,midwifery1 and the ,contemplation of its ,theoretical1 as well as its ,practical ,knowledge3 ,and1 that ,women practising this ,art1 may not mistake me in what is said or recommended to them1 ,i have also addressed my self to ,men professing the same ,science2 and1 with all imaginable ,impartiality1 told them both their ,faults and their ,duties1 however without any intended particular ,reflection4 ,to which ,i have subjoin'd a compleat ,anatomical ,description of the ,parts of ,generation proper to ,women2 together with the ,natural ,history of the ,matrix and its amazing ,faculties4 ,,in the ,fifth1 ,i have ingenuously laid open the whole ,mystery of ,midwifery1 as to all ,sorts of ,,births1 whether ,natural or ,preternatural1 and faithfully laid down the ,fundamental ,principles and most certain ,rules of this ,profession2 and that not only according to the best ,notions of my own ,application and ,study1 or the real ,dictates of my proper ,practice and ,experience2 but also according to the most ingenious ,precepts and infallible ,maxims of the ablest and most polite ,professors of this excellent ,art1 and that also according to its newest and latest ,improvements3 ,and in these ,cases1 ,i have neither fear'd the ,invectives of the mulous ,zoilus1 nor regarded the ,snarlings of the reprehensive ,momus3 ,for ,wise ,men are not any longer to be entertained with nigmas1 since ,,god hath said1 ,fiat ,lux4 ,,in the ,sixth ,part1 ,i have not only prescrib'd the due ,regimen1 and provided for the ,safety and happy ,recovery of the ,child-,bed-,woman1 but also taken a suitable and corresponding ,care of her ,babe2 ,as ,i have farther instilled particularly upon the various ,disasters incident to both ,mother and ,child1 in their respective tender ,conditions of ,child-,bed and ,infancy4 ,,in the ,seventh1 ,i have dilucidated the ,philosophical ,history of all the different ,sorts of ,preternatural ,conceptions as well as ,,births2 and insisted at large upon the ,theme of ,women's ,sterility or ,barrenness4 ,,in the ,eighth and last ,section1 ,i have not only defin'd the ,widow-,state1 as far as it concern'd my ,purpose1 but also diligently pursued the ,subject-,matter1 and traced down the ,particulars of their common ,grievances4 ,,these1 ,i say1 are the general ,heads of the ,,work1 which are all again sub-divided into their proper respective ,particulars2 and consequently every general ,head or ,section assign'd its own relative ,chapters1 for the singular ,benefit and more easy ,comprehension of the ,reader4 ,and these ,chapters consisting of #acj in ,number1 ,i have1 with respect to every singular ,distemper mentioned in them1 ,,first1 defin'd the ,nature of the ,disease2 ,,secondly1 accounted for its ,causes2 ,,thirdly1 ,i have given the ,diagnostick ,signs or ,symptoms2 ,,fourthly1 the ,prognosticks or ,degrees of ,danger2 to which ,i have ,,fifthly and lastly added the ,method of ,prevention in many ,cases1 and ,that of ,,cure in ,all3 ,so that there is almost not one ,disease which can affect the ,woman from her ,birth to her ,death1 in ,child1 ,maiden1 ,wife1 or ,widow-hood1 whose ,essence1 ,species1 ,differences1 ,causes1 ,signs1 and ,prognosticks1 we have not sufficiently clear'd up4 ,,all these ,things ,i have endeavour'd to be most particular in1 to the end that any ,woman1 who reads1 so as to be conversant with this ,,book1 may know before ,she sends for her ,physician1 not only her ,distemper1 but also the ,danger1 with which she is threatned upon every ,sickly occasion4 ,and in these ,things ,i flatter my self that this ,,work will prove ,acceptable1 where such a ,number of ,diseases and ,symptoms are set forth in so clear a ,light1 that any ,person1 making use of their ,eyes and ,reason only1 without being any ways vers'd in the ,practice of ,physick1 or ,midwifery1 may evidently see1 perceive1 and by ,experience find1 every individual ,case to answer these ,ends1 and the whole to correspond exactly with its ,title and ,contents4 ,,but upon the whole1 if here and there a brief ,philosophical way of ,reasoning has crept in1 ,i would have you consider1 that it could not be avoided2 because the ,proofs relating to ,natural ,things are sometimes taken from very minute ,instruments2 ,and that the ,design of such an ,interspersion1 is only to assist your ,understanding1 and conduct your ,thoughts through the ,,work4 ,however in such ,cases the ,reader may go on1 or pass by what does not suit with his ,taste1 as he pleases4 ,again if here and there1 ,i have retain'd a ,term of ,art1 which the common ,reader may call a hard ,word1 ,i declare it is out of no ,design to amuse any one1 but out of mere ,necessity1 since otherways ,i should have been ridiculously singular1 and far less understood3 ,in the mean time ,i have taken what ,care ,i could to explain the most1 or at least the most requisite of ,these1 insomuch that whatever ,words or ,sentences of this ,kind are not fully interpreted1 you may slip over1 without losing any thing ,material of the ,purport of the ,matter1 such ,things concerning the ,practitioner more than the common ,reader4 ,,however yet1 if the ,measures ,i have pursued in handling this uncultivated ,subject1 should not appear so exactly ,methodical as some of you may expect1 ,i shall only say for ,excuse1 that1 as it belongs to hard ,labour to cut out new ,paths and ,ways thro' ,woods and ,desarts1 and where ,guides are wanting1 to find out the shortest ,cut2 so it is only by frequent ,travelling1 that such ,roads can become smooth and easy1 however exactly plan'd4 ,again farther1 ,i would have you also to consider the ,difficulty of the ,task1 to contract ,much in a ,little2 to omit ,nothing which ought to be animadverted2 to join ,perspicuity with ,brevity2 and after all1 finally to reduce the whole to the certain ,precepts of ,,art4 ,i have incessantly perus'd the vast ,volumes of others1 ,ancients as well as ,moderns2 and whatever may be found there variously dispers'd1 over-strain'd1 or collected profusely1 without either ,order1 or ,coherence1 you'll find here manifestly disposed1 and neatly contracted in this small ,,work4 ,i have sever'd the ,grain from the ,,chaff1 winnowed the ,seeds from the ,,husks1 and purged the ,gold from the ,,ore1 to the end that ,i might again successfully ,sow what ,i have thus laboriously reaped2 and digest all ,things into such an easy and clear ,method1 that you'll be at no ,loss here for what you want1 but may turn to it at once1 whatever the ,case may be2 you'll read nothing twice1 nor will you fall into any ,trifles1 which might either confuse1 or detain you4 ,,but that ,i may not be misconstrued or misrepresented here1 give me ,leave to affirm that the ,design of this ,,work1 is not to reprehend or find ,fault1 with any former ,writer's ,performance2 but only to render these ,things1 which others have either treated negligently1 or indifferently1 confusedly1 or obscurely1 the more ,clear and ,evident4 ,,this1 candid ,reader1 being the ,design as well as the ,reason of my ,undertaking1 according to the ,fruit you receive by it1 ,pray1 repress the ,minds of the ,invidious2 and according to the ,judgment you make of its ,worth1 let it stand or fall in your ,esteem4 ,not that ,i am so vain in the interim to imagine1 that the ,work can stand upon the ,foot of its own ,merit2 and far less can ,i expect that it will escape the ordinary ,fate of ,censure3 ,no1 ,i shall take it well1 considering its ,imperfections1 if it undergoes no worse ,fate1 than what is common to ,,books2 especially considering that it is no ways set off with a great ,figure1 under the splendid appearance and modish ,trappings of flourishing ,hypotheses1 so common among our ,modern ,writers4 ,,there are many ,things altogether ,new in our ,midwifery1 which ,i would have none rashly to stumble at1 tho' ,i know that ,new ,opinions are always suspected and generally opposed1 merely because they are not already ,common3 ,but as ,i am not in any respect to press my ,notion of ,things upon the ,belief of others1 so ,i desire not to establish any ,maxims of mine in other ,peoples ,opinions1 farther than they think fit4 ,i know the ,relish of the ,understanding1 is often as different as that of the ,palate2 ,hence it is that some ,men condemn1 what others approve2 and some despise what others admire3 ,yea such is the ,uncertainty of ,men's ,judgments1 concerning the ,excellency of ,things1 that no ,nut of ,learning was ever yet open'd1 whose ,contents were allowed by all to be pure ,kernel3 ,and no more has any ,truth been yet discover'd1 either in ,physick or ,midwifery1 which has not been question'd1 and the ,detector exclaim'd against as a pedantick ,innovator3 ,but all that ,i shall say to these ,things is1 that1 as ,antiquity will never protect an ,error in ,judgment1 so ,novelty shall never prejudice me against ,,truth1 whether of my own or other ,people's ,invention4 ,,upon the whole1 ,i would in fine recommend my self to the candid ,reader's ,benevolent and ,charitable ,opinion1 and if in any particular ,point or ,respect 7because we are but ,,men7 ,i may not have had the ,happiness to please1 or to give ,satisfaction1 ,pray impute it not to ,sloth or ,idleness1 but to ,peregrination and ,travelling2 in which it may be well suppos'd that ,studies are too often interrupted4 ,remember also that of ,pliny1 8haud ullo in genere veniam ,justiorem esse1 si mod mirum non est1 ,hominem ,genitum non omnia ,humana novisse40 ,for as none of us can do all ,things1 nor is sufficient for ,all2 so it is ,natural for ,man to fall1 to err1 and to be deceiv'd3 ,and as we see some ,blemishes in the most beautiful ,bodies1 so there is nothing altogether ,perfect1 among the ,works of ,men4 ,farewell4 ,from my ,house1 in ,new-,bond-street1 over against ,benn's-,coffee-,house1 near ,hannover-,square4 #agbd4 ,j4 ,m4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,the ,,contents4 ,illustration ,,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #a4 ,of ,god4 ,page #a #b4 ,of ,nature4 #d #c4 ,of ,man4 #f #d4 ,of the ,soul4 #h #e4 ,of the ,faculties of the ,soul4 #ac #f4 ,of the ,humane ,body4 #af #g4 ,of the ,formation of the ,embryo4 #bj #h4 ,of the ,animation of the ,ftus4 #bd #i4 ,of the ,maturation of the ,infant4 #bi #aj4 ,of the ,nutrition and ,posture of the ,infant4 #cj #aa4 ,of the ,membranes and ,waters4 #cb #ab4 ,of the ,secundine or ,after-,birth4 #cc #ac4 ,of the ,umbilical ,vessels1 or ,navel-,string4 #cd ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,chap4 #a4 ,of the ,symptoms peculiar to the ,state of ,maiden-,hood4 ,page #cg #b4 ,of ,virginity4 #ch #c4 ,of the ,virgin-,disease1 commonly call'd the ,green-,sickness4 #db #d4 ,of ,love4 #di #e4 ,of ,copulation4 #ec #f4 ,remarks upon ,copulation4 #ee #g4 ,of the ,power of the ,imaginative ,faculty4 #eg #h4 ,of the ,similitude of ,children4 #fc ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,chap4 #a4 ,of ,conception4 ,page #gj #b4 ,of the ,signs of ,conception4 #gb #c4 ,of the ,diet and ,regimen of the ,pregnant ,woman4 #gd #d4 ,of the ,symptoms of the first three ,months4 #gg #e4 ,of ,vomitings1 or ,nauseating4 #gi #f4 ,of ,fastidy1 or ,loathing4 #hj #g4 ,of the ,pica or ,longing4 #ha #h4 ,of ,cholicks and ,gripes4 #hd #i4 ,of a ,diarrhea1 or ,looseness4 #hf #aj4 ,of the ,tooth-,ach4 #he #aa4 ,of the ,head-,ach4 #hg #ab4 ,of the ,megrim1 or ,vertigo4 #hh #ac4 ,of the ,symptoms of the ,middle ,three ,months4 #ib #ad4 ,of ,coughs4 #ic #ae4 ,of ,heart-,beatings and ,swooning-,fits4 #id #af4 ,of ,watchings4 #ie #ag4 ,of ,pains in the ,hips1 ,loins1 c4 #if #ah4 ,of ,hmorrhagies1 or ,bleedings4 #ig #ai4 ,of ,fluxes of ,blood4 #ih #bj4 ,of the ,symptoms of the last three ,months4 #aja #ba4 ,of ,dysuries1 ,ischuries1 and ,stranguries4 #ajb #bb4 ,of ,costiveness4 #ajc #bc4 ,of ,tenesms4 #aje #bd4 ,of the ,varices1 or ,vein-,tumours4 #ajf #be4 ,of the ,inflations and ,tumours of the ,legs4 #ajg #bf4 ,of ,fissures1 or ,chops of the ,belly4 #ajh #bg4 ,of ,water-,fluxes4 #aji #bh4 ,of ,acute ,diseases incident to the ,child-,bearing ,woman4 #aaj #bi4 ,of the ,debility and ,weakness of the ,ftus4 #aae #cj4 ,of ,abortion4 #aaf #ca4 ,of a ,legitimate ,birth4 #aca #cb4 ,of an ,illegitimate ,birth4 #acd #cc4 ,of a ,seven-,months ,birth4 #ace #cd4 ,of an ,eight-,months ,birth4 #adj #ce4 ,of a ,nine-,months ,birth4 #adb #cf4 ,of a ,ten-,months ,birth4 #add #cg4 ,of an ,eleven-,months1 and all posterior ,births4 #adg #ch4 ,of the ,reasons why one ,number of ,months1 ,weeks and ,days1 is more ,auspicious to ,birth than another4 #aej #ci4 ,of the ,diet and ,regimen of the ,woman1 before and about the ,time of ,birth4 #aei #dj4 ,of the ,natural ,causes of ,birth1 and ,pains of ,labour4 #afa #da4 ,of the ,causes of a sooner1 or later ,birth4 #afc ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 #a4 ,of ,midwifery4 #afg #b4 ,of the ,qualifications of the ordinary ,midwife4 #aga #c4 ,of the ,theoretical and ,practical ,knowledge of the ,midwife4 #agd #d4 ,of the ,qualifications of the ,extraordinary ,midwife4 #agh #e4 ,of the ,external ,parts of ,generation4 #ahc #f4 ,of the ,internal ,parts of ,generation4 #ahf #g4 ,of the ,pelvis4 #aij #h4 ,of the ,bones of the ,pelvis4 #aia #i4 ,of the ,womb4 #aif #aj4 ,of the ,extensive ,faculty of the ,womb4 #aii #aa4 ,of the ,substantial ,density of the ,womb4 #bjj #ab4 ,of the various ,local ,motion of the ,womb4 #bjc #ac4 ,of the oblique ,situation of the ,womb4 #bjd #ad4 ,of ,touching or ,handling the ,woman4 #bjg #ae4 ,of the various ,uses and ,advantages of the ,touch4 #bjh #af4 ,of the ,genuine and ,spurious ,labour-,pains4 #bac #ag4 ,of the ,true ,method of ,laying the ,woman4 #baf #ah4 ,of the ,method of ,extracting the ,secundine1 c4 #bbj ,,sect4 ,v4 ,chap4 #a4 ,of ,birth4 #bbg #b4 ,of ,natural ,births4 #bcj #c4 ,of ,natural ,difficult ,births4 #bca #d4 ,of ,difficult ,births1 proceeding from ,external ,causes4 #bcc #e4 ,of ,difficult ,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,mother4 #bce #f4 ,of ,difficult ,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,infant4 #bci #g4 ,of ,difficult ,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,membranes4 #bda #h4 ,of ,difficult ,births1 proceeding from the ,causes of the ,pelvis4 #bdb #i4 ,of ,difficult ,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,bones of the ,pelvis4 #bde #aj4 ,of ,difficult ,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,bladder and ,rectum4 #bej #aa4 ,of ,difficult ,births1 proceeding from the ,causes of the ,vagina4 #beb #ab4 ,of ,preternatural ,births4 #bec #ac4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 by the ,face's being turn'd upwards2 or bent forwards1 and the ,crown backwards4 #beg #ad4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 by the ,hand1 ,elbow1 ,shoulder1 ,knees1 or ,buttocks1 presenting first4 #bei #ae4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 by the ,breast1 ,belly1 or ,back presenting first2 and the ,infants1 lying transverse4 #bfa #af4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 by the ,feet presenting first4 #bfd #ag4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 by ,two1 or more ,infants presenting themselves ill-turn'd4 #bff #ah4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,womb4 #bfh #ai4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 from the ,womb's inclining ,forwards4 #bgj #bj4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 from the ,womb's inclining backwards4 #bhb #ba4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 from the ,womb's inclining to either ,side4 #bhg #bb4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 proceeding from the ,median oblique ,situations of the ,womb4 #bia #bc4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 proceeding from complicated ,causes1 of both the ,infant and the ,womb4 #bid #bd4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 proceeding from the ,navel-,string's coming first1 and that either alone1 or with some other ,member4 #cjj #be4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 from the ,after-,birth's coming first into the ,passage4 #cjc #bf4 ,of ,preternatural ,births1 proceeding from the ,death of the ,infant4 #cje ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,chap4 #a4 ,of the ,diet and ,regimen of the ,puerperial or ,child-,bed ,woman4 #cji #b4 ,of the ,after-,pains4 #cac #c4 ,of the ,suppression of the ,lochia1 or ,child-,bed-,purgations4 #cad #d4 ,of the immoderate ,flux of the ,lochia4 #cag #e4 ,of the ,acute ,distempers incident to ,child-,bed-,women4 #cai #f4 ,of the various other ,accidents1 incident to the ,child-,bed-,woman4 #cbc #g4 ,of the ,constriction of the ,navel-,string1 and the ,swaddling of the ,infant4 #cbe #h4 ,of the ,nurse and her ,regimen1 together with the requisite ,qualities of her ,milk4 #cbi #i4 ,of the ,diet and ,ablactation1 together with the farther ,regimen of the ,child4 #ccc #aj4 ,of the various ,symptoms and ,indispositions1 wherewith the ,child may be ,born4 #cda #aa4 ,of the ,sundry ,symptoms1 and ,diseases1 peculiarly incident to the ,infant after ,birth4 #cdf #ab4 ,of the ,acute ,diseases of ,infants4 #cea ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,chap4 #a4 ,of ,preternatural ,conceptions4 #cee #b4 ,of ,superftations4 #cef #c4 ,of a ,numerous ,conception4 #ceh #d4 ,of ,false ,conceptions4 #cfj #e4 ,of ,moles4 #cfa #f4 ,of ,monsters4 #cff #g4 ,of various deformed ,conceptions4 #cgc #h4 ,of ,imaginary ,conceptions4 #cgh #i4 ,of ,sterility or ,barrenness4 #cha ,,sect4 ,,viii4 ,chap4 #a4 ,of the ,symptoms incident to the ,state of ,widow-hood4 #cia #b4 ,of the ,hysterick ,passion4 #cic #c4 ,of the ,strangulation of the ,womb4 #cih ,with a conclusive ,application of the whole ,work4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,the ,,female ,,physician4 ,,sect4 ,i4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of ,,god4 ,,reason1 and the mere ,contemplation of ,nature 7abstracted from the ,light and ,assistance of ,revelation or ,faith7 afford us sufficient convincing ,arguments1 for the ,existence of this great and incomprehensible ,,being2 as ,heathens themselves do testify4 ,,according to ,plato 7that most excellent ,heathenish ,divine7 ,philosophical ,demonstrations are the only ,catharticks 7i4 e4 ,purgers7 of the ,soul2 being the most proper means to cleanse it from ,error1 and give us an exact ,relish of ,sacred ,truths4 ,wherefore ,i shall strictly confine myself to ,these1 in proving the ,,being of this ,existence1 from the ,maxims of all the four principal ,sects of ,heathen ,philosophers2 which ,i shall discuss in the briefest ,terms1 by only touching upon a few of their respective ,proofs2 viz4 ,,the ,naturalist insists chiefly upon three ,heads2 ,that of ,motion1 the ,final1 and the ,efficient ,cause4 ,,upon the ,axiom of ,motion1 that ,sect could not exceed1 or go beyond the ,primum ,mobile among created ,beings2 and therefore allows1 that there is something above it1 which moves itself and is not moved by ,another4 ,,upon that of the ,final ,cause1 they could find no created ,being capable of directing that ,nature1 which directs and appoints all ,creatures to aim at some peculiar ,,end2 and thence conclude1 that this ,nature is directed by something superior to itself4 ,,upon that of the ,efficient ,cause1 they confess1 from the many ,vicissitudes of created ,beings1 that they've all had a ,beginning3 and 7because no ,beginning can be without an ,efficient7 acknowledge1 that something more excellent than all created ,beings1 hath created them4 ,,the ,metaphysician useth a vast ,variety of sublime ,arguments2 whereof ,i shall only give a few ,instances3 viz4 ,i4 ,,that every finite ,being must needs proceed from something else1 limiting it in that ,finiteness1 in which its ,nature conflicts4 ,,ii4 ,,that all ,multitude must proceed from ,unity1 as the ,motions of the lower ,orbs proceed from that of the one highest2 or as the many particular distinct ,actions and different ,motions of the ,man1 proceed from 7their ,superior7 the ,,soul4 ,,iii4 ,,that the ,subordination of the ,creatures1 one serving another1 and all concurring to the ,common ,good1 must needs proceed from the ,disposal of some most wise ,,governour4 ,,iv4 ,,that the wonderful and incomparable ,,art1 observable in the ,make and ,form of every the minutest ,part of the least and most despicable ,creature1 must necessarily proceed from some very great and omnipotent ,,artificer4 ,v4 ,,this ,sect acknowledges also the ,immortality of the ,,soul1 as ,cicero witnesses2 because it is an immaterial ,substance1 and independent of the ,body3 ,and consequently they allow it to proceed from an immortal ,author1 and to return to the same1 after a ,dissolution from the ,body4 ,,as to the ,moralist1 his way of ,reasoning is plainer to our common ,capacities4 ,i4 ,,he proves this ,argument from the natural ,disposition and ,propensity of the worst of ,men1 even ,atheists themselves1 upon the ,approach of ,death or any heavy ,calamity1 to acknowledge some superior divine ,power2 as ,seneca witnesseth of ,caligula1 c4 ,,ii4 ,,from the ultimate ,end and chief ,good of ,man2 which 7according to ,plato7 is nothing ,terrestrial3 ,our ,souls being insatiable in this ,life1 have a constant ,tendency to that particular ,,end1 for which we are created2 which 7in his ,words7 consists only in being inseparably united to ,,god4 ,,iii4 ,,from ,virtue and ,vice1 the ,rewards and ,punishments due to these from ,nature and ,reason2 which agree with ,equity and ,justice1 that they1 who live well1 should be rewarded with this their ultimate ,end and final ,felicity3 ,and those who live otherwise1 should be punished by the ,,loss thereof forever4 ,thence they 7of consequence7 acknowledge1 that there must be a just and powerful ,,judge1 above all created ,beings1 to inflict this impartial ,,sentence4 ,,the ,mathematician acknowledges ,that to be some ,being superior to all others2 whose ,center he finds every where1 and whose ,circumference he can limit or discover no where4 ,but because this ,sect borrows the better ,part of their ,proofs from the other three mentioned1 ,i shall go no farther2 designing nothing but ,brevity thro'out this ,work1 especially upon a ,,thesis so manifest as ,this3 ,which indeed ,i should not so much as have touched upon1 considering how elegantly and copiously many very learned ,divines1 and other eminent ,writers1 have treated that ,subject2 were it not that some subsequent ,hypotheses depend immediately upon it4 ,wherefore ,i proceed to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of ,,nature4 ,,however extensive this ,word ,,nature may be1 and whatever secundary ,definitions it may admit of2 it is 7in effect7 nothing else than the ,denouncer of the ,divine ,will and ,pleasure1 the ,efficient ,,cause of natural ,works1 and the ,conservant of real ,existences3 ,or1 the ,order and ,series of ,sacred ,works1 obeying the ,divine ,will1 ,power1 and ,commands4 ,at least ,i think all other ,definitions of this ,word1 taken in whatsoever ,sense1 may be reduced to ,these following2 viz4 ,,nature is the implanted and innate ,quality of ,things4 ,,nature is the ,faculty and ,propensity of every ,mind4 ,,nature is the ,mixture and ,temperature of the four ,elements4 ,,nature is the ,philosopher's ,axiom of ,motion and ,rest4 ,,nature is that which giveth ,form1 by a specifick ,difference1 to every thing4 ,,which ,power 7in either ,definition7 can only be ascribed to that ,great ,,god1 whose infinite ,existence ,i've been hinting upon3 ,who is the ,author of ,nature and ,framer of the ,universe2 who by his own ,breath and ,word1 without any material ,help1 and at his own ,will and ,pleasure1 created all ,things4 ,in whom all ,things live1 move1 and have their ,being4 ,by whom a vivacious ,faculty is infused through all ,things2 so as that 7by and through ,,him7 all ,things subsist of their own peculiar ,natures and natural ,qualities2 and by these implanted ,qualities increase1 maintain1 and defend themselves3 ,and that so1 that in such an immense ,university1 and such a vast ,variety of ,things1 nothing is indeed idle1 useless1 or unprofitable4 ,nothing is made rashly1 fortuitously1 or in vain2 but every ,thing appears appointed to some certain ,use and ,purpose1 and determined to some settled ,course and ,sphere of ,,action3 ,every ,being answering the ,,end of its ,design1 and the ,design of its ,,creation4 ,,as ,man was set on the ,theatre of this ,world1 to the ,end that he might admire1 delight1 and confide in ,,god his great ,creator2 so was the ,humane ,body made for the ,divine ,soul1 and the respective ,members for the ,body3 which all voluntarily concur in the ,discharge of their peculiar ,functions1 for the ,benefit and ,use of the ,,whole4 ,,and so was every ,stem endued with its own ,faculty1 and every ,creature with its own ,nature2 which made ,aristotle#a most pertinently say1 8,that there's nothing so minute in the ,nature of ,things1 nothing so abject or despicable1 but may reasonably afford ,men something of ,admiration40 ,,now1 ,i think1 we may be soon brought to this ,admiration1 when we only view those ,things which are so evidently exposed to our ,eyes3 such as the ,elements1 the ,heavens1 the ,rising and ,setting of the ,sun1 ,moon1 and ,stars1 the ,diurnal and ,nocturnal ,vicissitudes1 the four ,seasons of the ,year1 comprehending the two quinoctials of ,spring and ,fall1 and the two ,solstices of ,summer and ,winter2 by whose ,decourse or ,descent ,grass fades1 and ,herbs decay2 and again1 by their ,ascent or ,influence1 spring up and revive4 ,,and again1 when we consider the ,animals1 the ,faculties and ,propension of their respective ,natures1 how they are endued with peculiar ,sense1 because denied particular ,reason2 and how wisely they are all dispos'd1 some inhabiting the ,waters1 some enjoying the free ,air1 and others possessing the ,desarts2 some reptile and creeping1 some gradient and walking1 some solivagant and wandering1 some wild and fierce1 and others innocent and tame3 ,i say the marvellous and inimitable ,artifice of ,nature in these1 and all other natural ,works1 is not only to be admir'd2 but also the ,majesty1 ,glory1 ,fullness1 and ,magnificence of the ,great ,,creator and ,institutor of this ,nature is to be most highly ador'd2 in whom all things originally center1 as their common ,source and ,divine ,fountain1 and to whom all things are finally reduced1 as the ,primigenious ,essence and ,archetype of ,,nature4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of ,,man4 ,,man1 to whom all sublunary ,beings were subjected1 is most excellently qualified1 far above all other ,creatures of this ,world3 ,in him is not only the vegetative ,life of ,plants1 and the sensitive ,life of ,animals1 but also the ,angelical ,reason1 the ,divine ,understanding1 the true ,conjunction and glorious ,possession of all ,things3 ,he is not only endued with ,reason and the ,gift of ,speaking1 but also with a ,mind and a ,,soul1 which participates of a ,celestial ,nature and ,divinity itself2 which can relate to the ,nature of nothing else1 and be compared to none but ,,god himself3 ,in and thro' whom he has a ,similitude with all things1 an ,operation with all1 and ,conversation with all3 ,he symbolizeth with all ,matters in proper ,subjects2 with the ,elements in a fourfold ,body2 with ,plants in a vegetative ,virtue2 with ,animals in a sensitive ,faculty2 with the ,heavens in an ,etherial ,spirit2 with ,angels in ,wisdom and ,understanding1 and with ,,god himself 7as it were7 in containing and comprehending all things1 except the ,divine ,being4 ,hence nothing can so expresly represent ,,god as the ,soul of ,man1 by which he is dignified and railed to the very ,image and ,similitude of himself4 ,and in ,,man the mirificent ,wisdom shines the more conspicuously2 in that the whole ,world1 and the ,fabrick of all its ,contents1 however concise and artificial1 can in no respect compare with the noble ,structure of this ,microcosm1 ,,man4 ,it is so marvellously concise1 and so wonderfully artificial1 that it seems no otherways1 than as if the ,,maker 7designing this for his ,master-piece7 would have his chief ,glory1 ,esteem1 and ,reputation to depend upon it1 and derive itself from ,hence2 or1 as if the ,maker 7designing this for one signal ,instance of his ,divinity to ,men7 would have us brought1 merely by the ,understanding and ,knowledge of ourselves1 to the true ,knowledge and due ,reverence of ,,himself1 our great ,,artificer4 ,,that we may be the more duly and sensibly affected towards him1 and the more admire and reverence the ,wisdom of his ,nature1 as he bountifully produced all things for the ,use and ,utility of ,,man2 so he most appositely disposed the ,herbs of the ,field1 some to our ,nourishment1 some to our ,remedies1 and some to both ,necessities3 assimilating and assigning them to our singular ,members1 so that their ,powers and ,virtues are physically convey'd to such ,parts of our ,bodies1 as they are adapted to by ,nature4 ,,and in the same manner he imbued the ,roots of the ,ground with such natural ,qualities1 that they by their respective innate ,faculties1 succour and relieve those ,members1 to which they are specifically destinated2 and such ,members sensibly attract and imbibe from them1 not only wholesome ,nutriment1 but also healthful ,remedies peculiarly appropriated to themselves by ,nature4 ,,but the immortal ,,soul1 which is only peculiar to ,,man1 whereby he so perfectly assimilates and resembles ,,god2 and its ,gifts and ,graces1 whereby he excels and out-shines all other sublunary ,creatures2 is more properly the ,,subject of the ,divine1 than the ,physician2 wherefore ,i shall but touch it transiently4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,soul4 ,,the ,,soul is a certain divine ,light1 created after the ,image of ,,god2 figured by a ,seal1 whose ,character is the eternal ,word4 ,,the ,,soul is a certain divine ,substance1 individual1 and entirely present in every ,part of the ,body1 depending only upon the ,power of ,him1 who is the ultimate ,,end1 and efficient ,cause of all things2 whose ,body 7according to ,plato7 is ,truth1 whose ,shadow is ,light1 and whose ,name is ,,god4 ,,and this divine ,substance of ,light1 the ,,soul1 immediately proceeding from that divine ,fountain of all ,things1 ,,god1 7according to the ,opinion of the ,platonists7 is join'd1 by competent ,means1 to the grosser ,matter of the ,body4 ,which ,means these ,heathens account for in manner following3 viz4 ,,the ,,soul1 in its ,descent1 is involved in an etherial ,body1 which they call the celestial ,vehicle1 or ,chariot of the ,,soul2 thro' which ,medium1 by the ,command of ,,god1 7who is the ,center of the ,world7 it is first infus'd into the middle ,punct of the ,heart1 which is the ,center of the ,body2 whence it is diffus'd thro' all the ,parts and ,members of the ,body1 joining itself to the natural ,heat4 ,as a ,spirit1 generated by ,heat from the ,heart1 it plungeth itself into the ,humours2 and thus inhering in all the respective ,parts1 it becomes equal in degree of ,proximity to all the ,members4 ,,thus the immortal ,,soul is1 by an immortal ,engine1 convey'd to1 and included in the mortal ,body3 ,but when by ,diseases1 or otherways1 these ,mediums 7the ,heat and ,humours7 begin to dissolve1 the ,soul recollects itself1 and flies back betimes to its first ,receptacle1 the ,heart3 ,when the ,spirit of the ,heart also fails1 the ,heat extinguishes1 and the ,spirit leaves the ,man2 ,he dies1 and the ,,soul flies away in its original ,vehicle3 ,when the ,body returns to ,earth1 whence it came1 and the ,spirit to ,,god1 who gave it a sacred ,nature and divine ,offspring3 which ,spirit judging the ,,soul1 if it has liv'd ill1 subjects it to some general and some particular ,torments of ,hell1 abandoning it also to the ,pleasure of the ,devil3 ,whereas1 if it has done well1 it mounts its celestial ,chariot1 rejoicing together with the ,spirit1 and passes freely to the ,choirs of ,heaven2 where it enjoys all its pure ,senses and ,faculties1 the perfect ,knowledge of all things1 a perpetual blessed ,felicity2 and at last1 the divine ,vision1 the ,possession of the eternal ,kingdom1 c4 ,,thus far ,i have prosecuted the ,platonick ,doctrine of the ,,soul2 so that even by ,this1 the gross ,opinion of such as deny the ,existence of so divine a ,,spark in ,man1 may be confuted4 ,,and this being sufficient for that purpose1 ,i need not introduce any ,christian ,arguments to second it2 which1 however important1 are commonly deem'd light by an obstinate ,sett of ,men4 ,wherefore ,i shall only add1 that from the ,disparity of ,manners1 ,affections1 ,dispositions1 ,capacities1 ,judgments1 ,opinions1 and ,passions of ,men1 it appears most probable and evident1 that every one of us is individually indued with a ,,soul1 and that with a proper ,,soul1 peculiar to our respective ,bodies1 according to the wise ,proverb2 ,so many ,men1 so many ,minds3 as well as ,horace's#b ,saying1 8,millia1 ,quot ,capitum vivunt1 totidem ,studiorum4 ----,and ,persius#c says1 8,mille hominum ,species1 rerum discolor ,usus2 8,velle suum cuique est1 nec voto vivitur uno4 ,,to which ,assertion the great ,prophet ,david assents1 in that ,,god fashioned and made the ,hearts and ,minds of ,men one by one1 enduing them with peculiar ,dispositions1 and assigning every ,,soul its proper natural ,conditions4 ,hence ,solomon#d says1 ,i was a witty ,child1 and had a good ,spirit2 yea1 rather being good1 ,i came into a ,body undefiled3 ,that is1 adapted to the ,disposition of his ,,soul4 ,as we see some ,torches or ,candles burn brighter1 and some ,fuel cast more ,heat and ,light than others2 so the ,splendour of every ,,soul shines in a different way1 and produces different ,distinctions of ,minds3 as is evident in ,youths1 who 7however accurately taught1 and painfully instructed7 are not equally capable of learning ,arts1 ,discipline1 or any sort of ,erudition4 ,,but notwithstanding that some curious ,physicians 7who have strictly scrutiniz'd the ,works of ,nature7 would have the ,,soul to center in the ,,brain1 whence all its ,senses1 ,faculties1 and ,actions proceed2 yet some ,philosophers have justly assign'd the ,center of the ,,heart to its ,residence3 which ,doctrine is also approved by the wise ,solomon#e1 saying2 ,keep thy ,heart with all ,diligence1 for out of it are the ,issues of ,life4 ,,however yet1 if any should still obstinately persist in denying the ,,being of the ,,soul1 ,i advise such to go no farther1 but look into themselves1 and call their own ,minds to ,counsel2 for even there they will have a full ,view1 not only of its ,,being1 but also of its supernatural ,excellency2 ,if they but seriously weigh the eximious ,gifts1 and unlimited ,faculties of ,nature1 together with the egregious ,ornaments of ,reason1 ,understanding1 ,judgment1 ,memory1 and many other ,accomplishments1 with which every ,mind is abundantly endued2 they will clearly perceive something of a superexcellent ,nature1 and ,supernatural ,quality in themselves2 which is nothing else but what ,i call the ,,soul1 and which is also of a more noble and excelling ,substance1 than any corporeal ,matter liable to ,corruption can be4 ,,this ,being1 only and alone1 vivifies1 rules1 and governs the ,body2 furnishing it with innumerable ,actions1 and exercising it with as many curious ,offices4 ,hence1 from its manifold ,effects1 and different ,operations1 it has various ,appellations1 according to ,st4 ,augustine's ,saying3 8,cm ,corpus animat1 ,vitq2 imbuit1 ,anima dicitur3 ,dum vult1 ,animus3 dum ,scienti ornata est1 ac ,judicandi peritiam exercet1 ,mens3 dum recolit ac reminiscitur1 ,memoria3 dum ratiocinatur1 ac singula discernit1 ,ratio3 dum ,contemplationi insistit1 ,spiritus3 dum ,sentiendi vim obtinet1 ,sensus40 ,which are all the principal ,functions of the ,,soul1 whereby it demonstrates its ,power1 and performs its relative ,offices4 ,in the ,execution whereof1 ,st4 ,cyprian asserts1 that the ,,soul makes use of the ,body1 as the ,workman does of the ,mallet1 ,hatchet1 or ,anvil3 tho' 7,i think7 the ,simile may be drawn much nearer1 the ,,soul being inclosed and dwelling in the ,body1 as the ,fish or the ,snail in the ,shell2 without which ,receptacle1 or ,rampart of ,defence1 it cannot subsist3 ,which is evident in that1 as soon as the ,body labours under any ,grief1 the ,,soul is also affected2 not with a primary ,affection 7as some would have it7 but by a ,law of the most strict ,alliance1 and nearest ,affinity2 and hence it is1 that the ,vices and ,virtues of the one are transfus'd1 and flow into the other4 ,,this is the only reason why1 when the corporeal ,organs or ,instruments are vitiated or impeded1 the ,,soul cannot explicate its own ,faculties1 according to the ,words of ,solomon#f2 ,the corruptible ,body presseth down the ,soul1 and the earthly ,tabernacle weigheth down the ,mind4 ,which ,truth may serve to obviate two ,objections2 viz4 ,that of ,childrens being destitute of the ,,soul1 and that of the ,,soul's growing up with ,youth1 and declining with ,age1 or ,sickness3 ,since1 tho' it less displays itself in ,infancy1 ,sickness1 and ,dotage1 yet it still is1 and continues furnished with its proper ,faculties1 and that from the ,beginning of ,life1 until its ,end2 neither does the ,,soul in its ,substance ever suffer the least ,diminution1 but only by the ,ineptitude of the ,instrument or ,organ1 it may be hindered in the ,discharge of its ,functions1 and ,execution of its ,offices4 ,,and tho this divine ,substance can contract nothing of ,vice1 ,spot1 or ,contagion from the ,concretion of the corruptible ,body3 yet as a thick ,cloud obscures the ,sun-,beams1 and overcasts its ,light2 or1 as by holding a versicolour ,glass to our ,eyes1 ,matters appear different from what they really are3 ,so the ,intemperature of the ,body obscures the ,light of ,reason1 and overshadows the ,intellects of the ,mind1 which of course obstructs the ,functions of the ,,soul4 ,hence it is1 that a delirious or drunken ,man thinks he sees double1 or two things1 tho' one be the only ,object of his ,eyes3 ,and as1 for this reason1 melancholick ,persons imagine ,absurdities1 and feign ,dreams to themselves2 so cholerick ,persons grow insensibly hot1 and are suddenly incensed by the ,fumes of noxious ,humours oppressing the ,brain4 ,,but there is another ,sett of ,miscreants1 who don't so much deny the ,existence1 as the ,immortality of the ,,soul4 ,this ,i esteem a ,piece of the grossest ,impiety1 to think that spiritual ,substance ,mortal and ,frail1 which is inspir'd in ,man by the ,divine ,will and ,command1 proceeding immediately from the very ,substance of ,,god himself3 ,since if ,man be made after the ,image of ,,god1 to express his ,similitude1 he must needs participate of his ,nature1 and consequently be a ,fellow-,sharer of ,eternity3 ,and if the human ,,soul be ,partaker of the divine ,essence or ,substance1 as ,,god is eternal and incapable of ,decay1 so it must needs be eternal1 and free from all ,corruption4 ,,moreover1 ,,god form'd and made all other ,things for the sake of ,man1 but ,him he made for his own sake1 and therefore like unto ,,himself2 for which reason1 he was pleas'd to agglutinate ,immortality to ,mortality1 and ,divinity to ,humanity3 ,by which ,means1 the divine ,,nature incorporates1 as it were1 with the human1 and the human is united to the divine4 ,,hence we may clearly see how marvellously ,,god has been affected towards us from the ,beginning2 how much he delighted in us1 and desired the entire ,fruition and full ,enjoyment of our perpetual ,familiarity1 and eternal ,fellowship2 which ,truth ,christ#g 7the ,wisdom of the ,father7 confirms by his own ,testimony4 ,,and such is still the great ,love and ,propension of ,,god towards ,man1 that all ,things 7thro' his ,grace7 are communicated to him by his only ,,son2#h and that more especially because we are conditional ,sharers1 equal ,inheritors1 and ,joint-,heirs with him1 agreeable to the#i ,apostles ,phrase2 and whatever is express'd in ,,christ1 may also be in ,man3 ,since as he is eternal1 and lives for ever1 so ,man 7by his ,grace and ,merits7 does the same2 for he having sufficiently bruised ,satan's ,head1 led ,captivity ,captive1 and conquer'd ,death1 rose again1 and became the ,prince and ,captain of so glorious a ,,victory1 that all ,men1 by virtue of that ,triumph1 might be raised up again at the ,last ,day1 and that to participate of an ,,immortality of ,welfare or ,woe4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,faculties of the ,,soul4 ,plato1 ,alcinous1 and many other learned ,men1 do agree1 that the heavenly ,spirit's ,composition1 mixing ,fire1 ,air1 ,earth1 and ,water1 made of them all1 put together1 one ,,body2 which they subjected to the ,service of the ,,soul1 assigning the several ,provinces of the one1 to the sundry ,faculties of the other3 ,to the meaner of them1 mean and low ,places2 as to ,anger1 the ,midriff2 to ,lust1 the ,womb1 c3 but to the more noble ,senses1 the ,,head1 as the ,tower of the whole ,body4 ,,as they divide these ,,senses into external and internal2 so they subdivide the external ,senses into five3 ,to which are allotted as many proper ,organs or ,subjects1 being so order'd1 that they which are placed in the more eminent ,parts of the ,body1 have the greater ,degree of ,purity4 ,,for the ,eyes1 placed in the uppermost part1 are the most pure1 and have an ,affinity with the ,nature of ,fire and ,light4 ,the ,ears have the second ,order of ,place and ,purity1 and are compar'd to the ,air4 ,the ,nostrils take the third ,order1 and have a middle ,nature betwixt ,air and ,water4 ,then the ,organ of ,tasting1 which is grosser1 and most like to the ,nature of ,water4 ,and1 lastly1 ,touching being diffus'd through the whole ,body1 is compar'd to the ,grossness of ,earth4 ,,and of these1 the more pure ,,senses1 are those which perceive their ,objects farthest off2 as first ,seeing1 then ,hearing1 then ,smelling1 which are all more pure than ,taste1 which doth not perceive but what is nigh3 whereas the ,touch perceives both ,ways2 it perceives ,bodies nigh3 ,and as ,sight discerns by the ,medium of the ,air2 so the ,touch perceives1 by the ,medium of a ,pole1 ,bodies hard1 soft1 dry1 moist1 c4 ,,now this ,sense of ,touching1 is common indeed to all ,animals3 ,however1 'tis certain that ,man1 in this1 as well as in the ,sense of ,tasting1 excels all others3 whereas1 in the other three1 he is exceeded by some ,brutes1 as by a ,dog1 which hears1 sees1 and smells much more acutely than ,,man4 ,besides1 the ,lynx1 and ,eagle1 see more acutely than ,man1 or any other ,creature in the ,world4 ,,as to the interiour ,,senses1 they are 7according to ,averroes7 divided into ,four2 whereof the first is called the ,common ,sense1 because it collects and perfects such ,representations as are drawn-in by the external ,,senses4 ,the second is the ,imaginative ,faculty1 which retains those receiv'd ,representations1 and presents them to the third ,faculty of internal ,,sense2 which is call'd the ,cogitative ,faculty1 ,phantasy1 or ,power of ,judging3 ,because it perceives and judges by the ,representations received1 what ,nature or ,kind of ,thing that is1 of which the ,representations are made2 and commits those ,things thus discerned and adjudged1 to the fourth ,faculty of ,inward ,,sense1 the ,memory1 to be kept there1 and retain'd by it4 ,,and these ,four ,,senses have their respective ,organs in the ,head3 ,common ,sense and ,imagination possess the two former ,cells of the ,,brain1 as the ,cogitative ,faculty doth the highest1 and middle ,part of the ,head2 the ,memory taking up the hindmost ,part thereof4 ,,the ,organs of ,,speech and ,,voice are as many as the inward ,muscles of the ,,thorax1 betwixt the ,ribs1 ,breasts1 ,lungs1 ,arteries1 ,wind-pipe1 the ,bending of the ,tongue1 and all ,parts and ,muscles1 serving for ,respiration1 or ,breathing3 ,but the proper and immediate ,organ of ,,speech1 is the ,mouth1 in which are fram'd ,words and ,sentences1 by the ,tongue1 ,teeth1 ,palate1 ,lips1 c4 above the sensitive ,,soul1 which expresseth its ,powers by the ,organs of the ,body4 ,the incorporeal ,mind possesseth the highest ,place1 and hath a double ,nature2 the one called the ,contemplative1 the other the ,active ,intellect1 because of their respective ,faculties4 ,,according to the three-fold ,order of its ,faculties there are three ,,appetites in the ,,soul4 ,the first is natural1 which is an ,inclination of ,nature unto its ,end4 ,the second is ,animal1 which is divided into irascible and concupiscible1 relating to ,anger and ,desire4 ,the third is intellective1 and is call'd the ,,will2 which 7from its own deprav'd ,quality7 is affected with four ,,passions1 as the ,body sometimes also is4 ,the first is called ,oblectation2 the second1 ,effusion2 the third1 ,ostentation2 the fourth1 and last1 is what we commonly call ,,envy4 ,and ,,these four ,,passions arising from a deprav'd ,,appetite of ,pleasure2 its ,grief or ,perplexity doth occasion as many contrary ,,passions3 viz4 ,horror1 ,sadness1 ,fear1 and ,sorrow at another's ,good1 without its own ,hurt2 which is call'd ,,envy1 being a ,sadness at another's ,prosperity1 as ,pity is a certain kind of ,sadness at another's ,misery or ,adversity4 ,,but not to insist on these ,topicks1 ,i shall only add a few ,words upon the ,,passions of the ,mind2 which are nothing else than certain ,motions or ,inclinations1 proceeding from the ,apprehension of any ,thing1 as of ,good or ,evil1 c4 ,,these ,,apprehensions are of three different ,sorts1 viz4 ,sensual1 ,rational1 and ,intellectual4 ,and according to them1 there are three ,sorts of ,,passions in the ,soul2 the first1 following the sensual ,,apprehension1 respects a temporal ,good or ,evil1 under the ,notion of ,profit or ,loss1 ,defence or ,offence1 c3 and they are called ,natural or ,animal ,passions4 ,,the second following the ,rational ,,apprehension1 respects ,good or ,bad1 under the ,notion of ,virtue or ,vice1 ,praise or ,disgrace1 c3 and they are called ,rational or ,voluntary ,passions4 ,,the third1 following the ,intellectual ,,apprehension1 respects ,good or ,evil1 under the ,notion of ,truth or ,falsehood1 ,justice or ,injustice1 c3 and this ,sort is call'd ,intellectual ,passions4 ,,but these three different ,sorts proceed all from the ,energy of the ,,soul2 which is divided into ,concupiscible and ,irascible1 both respecting ,good and ,evil1 tho' under different ,notions3 which ,division affords us eleven ,,passions of the ,mind1 viz4 ,love1 ,hatred1 ,desire1 ,horror1 ,joy1 ,grief1 ,hope1 ,despair1 ,boldness1 ,fear1 and ,anger2 all which might be particularly defin'd3 ,but as that is more the ,philosopher's than the ,physician's ,business1 ,i shall proceed to that which is more strictly my ,province4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,,humane ,,body4 ,,besides what has been said in the preceding ,chapters1 touching the ,,soul1 its ,powers and ,faculties2 when we duly consider the beautiful ,form and amiable ,figure of the ,,body1 so nicely adapted to the sublime ,qualities of the ,,soul1 with its curious ,structure1 and majestick ,stature1 erected to ,heaven1 whither its natural ,tendency leads2 besides the proportionable ,symmetry and exact ,commensuration of all its ,parts3 ,surely we cannot1 ,i hope1 without the greatest ,amazement1 contemplate and admire the incomparable ,art1 and incomprehensible ,skill1 of the great ,,artificer3 ,and with magnificent ,david#aj1 break out in ,eulogies of ,praise1 and ardent ,exclamations of ,love and ,admiration4 ,,but more especially3 first1 when we distinctly view the slender ,filaments1 the minute ,vessels1 the elaborate ,contextures1 and various ,configurations of the different ,,organs of this ,,body4 ,secondly1 ,when we duly consider the ,power of its natural ,faculties1 the ,situation of the ,entrails1 the ,rise of the ,nerves from the ,brain1 the ,ducts or ,conduits of the ,arteries from the ,heart1 and the ,original of the ,veins from the ,liver4 ,thirdly1 ,when we call to remembrance1 and ponder what ,i have been hinting upon1 to wit1 the ,power of the natural ,faculties of the ,,soul1 by which they execute their relative ,functions2 besides1 the therial ,spirit 7the ,seat and ,vehicle of our natural ,heat7 dividing it self into a three-fold ,diversity1 and appropriating to itself as many ,residences1 viz4 the ,animal in the ,brain1 the ,vital in the ,heart1 and the ,natural ,spirit in the ,liver3 ,and then again1 how these three1 by a ,fomentation of native ,heat1 and nutritious ,humours1 cherish and refresh the whole ,,body supplying every ,part with requisite ,strength and ,vigour4 ,fourthly1 ,when at last we contemplate that ,piece of incomprehensible ,artifice1 which gives a respective ,species and ,form to every particular ,part1 and implants a peculiar ,faculty in every distinct ,member1 inducing such an ,excellency into the whole ,,body2 that is1 the ,formation and ,delineation of the ,,foetus in the ,womb4 ,,this is such a great and curious ,master-piece1 that all ,others1 as well as the ,physician1 will find it not only their ,duty1 but also their great ,satisfaction and ,pleasure1 to know and examine into this inimitable ,,machine of the divine ,architect4 ,,the great ,galen was converted at a ,dissection1 and durst not but acknowledge a ,supreme ,being1 upon that ,survey of his admirable ,handy-work2 saying1#aa 8,how much is it our special ,duty therefore to admire the ,wisdom and ,providence of the ,workman8 ,since1 tho' it is far more easy to set forth in ,words the ,beginning of ,things1 than to form the ,work2 yet our ,expressions and ,words fall so much short of the ,wisdom of him that made us1 that we are not able to explain1 what gave him so little trouble to make40 ,,and as this was a ,man who had not been too devout1 so if the most ,profligate would seriously weigh and consider the elegant ,constitution of such a vast ,variety of different ,textures1 the ,nicety of these ,organical ,works1 the ,curiosity of these ,embroideries1 and the ,exactitude of these ,figures1 which appear and seem rather to be fitted for ,admiration than ,use2 they would readily conclude with that great ,naturalist1 that these ,things are the evident ,characteristicks of some divine and omnipotent ,,power1 in that they are no ways to be accounted for by such natural ,causes1 as may be thought sufficient to explain the ,phnomena of ignobler ,beings4 ,,this ,,body1 therefore1 being the ,vessel and ,receptacle of the ,,soul1 the ,engine and ,instrument1 in and through which it operates2 ,i judge it to be our incumbent ,duty1 to take special ,care1 and nice ,observation of both ,,soul and ,,body3 ,since 7in this ,life7 the one cannot consist without the other1 or discharge its respective ,offices2 the one always requiring the ,ministry and ,assistance of the other1 which the omniscient ,,artificer has so wisely ordered and ordained from all ,eternity4 ,,however yet1 ,i cannot agree with ,st4 ,cyprian1 that the animated and sensible ,body is only used by the ,,soul1 as mechanical ,instruments are by the ,workman2 since ,i think a more proper ,simile may be drawn from the ,sun and ,moon3 ,for tho' the ,moon borrows ,,light of the ,sun1 she is not altogether devoid of such a ,power or ,influence as is proper to herself1 being guided and sustained by a peculiar ,motion1 whilst she absolves her own ,circle2 taking ,,light from the ,sun1 no otherways than as a ,looking-,glass1 polish'd ,brass1 or ,copper1 takes ,splendor or ,refulgency from an opposite ,fire or ,light3 ,for notwithstanding she exhibits no ,light1 unless illuminated by the ,sun2 however yet1 she is not idle or desidious in accomplishing her monthly ,course1 and measuring her own ,space of the ,heavens1 and that without any ,assistance of the ,sun4 ,so the ,,soul invigorates and affords ,strength to the ,,body1 which however is not altogether without its own implanted ,faculties and natural ,powers2 the four ,qualities of ,humours1 with which ev'ry ,,body abounds1 capacitating and adapting it to all ,things within its own ,sphere4 ,,farther1 as the ,sun suffers ,,eclipses1 and is obscured by the ,intervention of the ,moon2 and the ,moon again 7in like manner7 is eclipsed and obscured by the ,objection or ,interposition of the ,earth1 the ,sun always running thro' the ,ecliptick ,line in the same ,degree1 and the ,moon in opposite ,degrees3 ,so ,,body and ,,soul are subject to their own ,impediments and ,eclipses2 sometimes defending1 and sometimes offending one another2 both sympathizing mutually1 and participating equally of one another's ,portion4 ,as it is evident from the very ,words of our dying ,,saviour1 who1 by reason of his ,human ,weakness1 broke out into these#ab,words1 ,my ,soul is exceeding sorrowful1 even unto ,death3 ,which ,death1 in the next ,verse1 he1 in a manner1 deprecates of the ,,father4 ,for though he was not yet insulted1 or laid hands upon1 yet his whole ,mind and ,thoughts running upon his approaching ,danger1 he was seiz'd with such ,horror and ,trepidity1 as express'd a bloody ,sweat1 which streamed from his whole ,body3 so that the ,acerbity of his ,grief must 7of consequence7 have been communicated to both ,parts2 and beginning in the ,,soul1 did thence redound into the ,,body4 ,,hence arises a rational and natural ,argument1 that as ,,soul and ,,body do not only act in and thro' one another1 but also suffer mutually1 always sympathizing with each other1 and bearing equal ,share in the ,troubles1 ,misfortunes1 and ,inquietudes of this ,life2 and that as they both inseparably constitute the ,,man3 ,so1 by reason of that natural ,sympathy1 and proximous ,affinity1 as the ,,soul enjoys ,immortality1 the renew'd ,,body 7by the ,mystery of the ,,resurrection7 will be a future ,partaker of the same ,reward2 and consequently the whole ,man must enjoy one and the same ,state of ,beatitude2 or otherways1 as he shall have promerited4 ,whence ,i proceed to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,formation of the ,,embryo4 ,,the spirituous ,substance of both ,,seeds1 by its own generative and active ,qualities1 in a well disposed ,,womb1 produceth a small ,consistence within the ,space of ,seven ,days1 call'd the ,,genitura2 which contains three#ac ,bull 7so term'd by ,physicians7 superlatively ,,minute1 design'd for the three ,spermatick ,members3 ,the one containing the purer ,part of the ,seed1 full of ,vital ,spirit1 for the ,heart2 the other1 the more thick and pinguid ,part1 full of ,natural ,spirit1 for the ,liver2 and the third1 the more cold and crude ,part1 full of ,animal ,spirit1 for the ,brain4 ,,according to#ad ,hippocrates's ,definition of the ,,genitura1 it appears the likest of any ,thing to a raw immature ,,egg1 inclosing a certain red ,liquor1 with some pale-colour'd ,fibres1 of the finest ,contexture1 not unlike the ,filaments of a small ,spider's ,web1 wrap'd up with the said red thick ,,blood in the ,pellicule4 ,,but in this place ,i must farther observe1 that the abovesaid spirituous ,substance1 in which the effective ,virtue of ,,conception resides1 is endued with four distinct ,faculties1 which perfect as many different ,operations1 all subordinately effected in the ,constitution of the ,,conception1 viz4 ,i4 ,,the animatve or vivificating ,faculty of the ,,menstruum1 called by some the first ,constitutive ,faculty of ,conception1 operating1 as above1 in ,seven ,days2 which is otherwise term'd the ,time of ,spumification1 ,lactation1 or ,coagulation4 ,,ii4 ,,the separative or severing ,faculty of the ,parts of the grosser ,materials of the ,conception1 destinated for the respective ,constitution of the different ,organical ,members2 which1 being the ,work of the next ,eight or ,ten ,days1 is perfected about the #aeth or #agth ,day from ,,conception2 and this is called the ,time of ,lineation or ,ramification1 when the ,,genitura receives the ,name of ,,embryo4 ,,iii4 ,,the collocative or ordinating ,faculty of all the severed material ,parts of the different ,members1 disposing and placing them according to the ,law of ,nature1 in due ,order1 ,figure1 and ,situation2 which1 happening the following#ae ,twelve or ,fifteen ,days1 about the #bgth or #cb;d ,day from ,conception1 is called the ,time of ,carnification2 when the ,embryo receives the ,name of ,,foetus4 ,,now according to the ,maxims of ,astrology1 as all inferiour ,bodies are govern'd and influenced by ,superiours1 so the ,seven ,planets have ,dominion over the ,man1 not only from the ,day of ,birth1 but also from the ,moment of ,conception2 yet not ,all at one and the same ,time1 but every one in their ,order1 reigning each its peculiar ,month4 ,according to which ,principles1 ,,saturn reigns the first ,month1 suppeditating the humid and liquid ,substance of the ,,genitura and ,,embryo1 through his frigid and siccid ,quality's due ,coagulation for generating the ,man2 by virtue of whose ,siccity the uterine ,retentions also happen4 ,,iv4 ,,the formative and figurating ,faculty of all the ,members of the ,body1 imparting their respective ,shape1 ,figure1 and natural ,form1 to every particular one2 which being the ,work of the next ,eight to ,eighteen ,days1 is perfected about the #ceth1 to the #ejth ,day from ,,conception1 and is called the ,time of coarticulate ,formation1 when the ,,foetus1 or ,,cyema1 is stil'd ,infant4 ,,and in this1 the second ,month1 ,,jupiter is supposed to exert his ,power in the ,seed1 by his calid and humid ,qualities2 and thereby to vivify the ,spirits1 strengthen the ,members1 and give ,augmentation and ,growth to the whole ,,foetus3 ,so that the interior ,members are not#af only conspicuous1 but also ,legs and ,arms appear perfectly delineated1 and are 7at this time7 distinctly visible2 when also the ,head takes its ,distance from the ,shoulders1 the ,arms from the ,sides1 and the ,legs are plainly parted4 ,,but1 however1 the above-mention'd ,four remarkable ,times may be also thus distinguished2 viz4 ,the first perfects the ,work of ,spumification and ,coagulation2 the second the ,vegetative2 the third the ,sensitive2 and the fourth begins the ,rational ,operation3 ,altho' this cannot yet be discern'd1 because of the ,redundancy of ,,humours4 ,,from the beginning of this ,chapter1 'tis evident that the more noble1 or three chief ,parts take the first beginning to ,,formation1 tho' perhaps last perfected1 which forthwith distribute their respective ,branches to the whole ,body2 as the ,,heart sends forth the ,arteries1 the ,,liver the ,veins1 and the ,,brain the ,spinal ,marrow1 with all their other ,dependencies3 ,and according to ,aristotle1 7who says1 there must be a different ,,matter to every different ,,form72 ,so indeed every distinct ,part of the ,body is form'd of a different ,substance1 according to the different ,nature and singular ,disposition of every particular ,part4 ,,however1 ,i shall not here pretend to go much farther in describing the ,,formation1 it being more the ,philosopher's than the ,physician's ,business3 ,but whatever farther ,progress others may attempt1 ,i judge it a most difficult and ambiguous ,matter2 for who can be so well vers'd in those ,indiscoverables8 ,or1 who can pretend to know sufficiently what is done in those ,obscurities8 ,the ,series of ,nature being profounder than our ,understandings1 is consequently above our nicest and exactest ,scrutinies3 ,which ,consideration makes me astonished at the ,logical ,dissertations that some ,men offer on these ,principles1 even on the most minute ,particles1 and smallest ,proportions1 rashly and inconsiderately assigning every respective one of these1 a precise definite ,time for their ,,formation4 ,i ,,have often been inclin'd to think1 that such ,,sciolists have not read1 or at least not consider'd the ,words of the#ag ,preacher2 ,as thou knowest not what is the ,way of the ,,spirit1 nor how the ,bones do grow in the ,womb of her that is with ,child2 even so thou knowest not the ,works of ,,god that maketh all4 ,neither do ,i find that the wise#ah ,hebrean ever enter'd upon such ,syllogisms1 who 7to the contrary7 testifies that the ,counsel of ,,god is not to be known2 that our ,thoughts are miserable1 and our ,devices uncertain4 ,upon which ,authority1 ,i say1 in this ,case1 as that ,labour is commendable which can be compar'd to ,possibilities1 so to dive into those ,things1 which exceed our ,judgments1 and admit of no possible ,comparison1 is nothing better than ,folly4 ,wherefore ,all that is further requisite1 or possible for us1 is to contemplate and admire the ,greatness and ,elegancy1 the ,sublimity and ,profundity of this wonderful and amazing ,work of ,,formation2 which ,subject 7we find7 hath been the frequent ,contemplation of the ,royal ,prophet#ai1 particularly expressing himself1 in the most eloquent and sublime ,terms1 according to the divine ,light of his illuminated ,understanding3 ,saying1 ,thou hast possessed my ,reins3 ,thou hast ordered me in my ,mother's ,womb4 ,i will praise thee1 for ,i am fearfully and wonderfully made1 marvellous are thy ,works1 and that my ,soul knoweth right well4 ,my ,substance was not hid from thee1 tho' ,i was made in secret1 and curiously fashioned in the lowest ,parts of the ,earth4 ,thine ,eyes did see my ,bones1 yet being imperfect2 and in thy ,book were all my ,members written2 which ,day by ,day were formed1 when as yet there was none of them4 ,whence ,i proceed in order1 to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of the ,animation of the ,,foetus4 ,,the human ,ftus being duly form'd and organiz'd about the #ejth ,day at the latest1 as we observed in the preceeding ,chapter1 it remains to be animated1 and that with a three-fold ,,soul1 viz4 a vegetative1 a sensitive1 and a rational ,soul4 ,,the ,first of which1 according to the most learned ,fortunius#bj ,licetus1 c4 may be ascribed to the ,,mother1 as chiefly proceeding from the ,power of her ,menstruum4 ,the ,second may 7by the same ,authority7 be ascribed to the ,power and ,spirit of the ,paternal ,seed2 but it is the more generally received ,opinion1 that the vegetative ,soul is generated from the ,commixture of both ,seeds with the ,menstruum1 and therefore as much to be ascribed to the one1 as to the other1 ,,parent3 ,and that also the sensitive ,,soul proceeds from the proper natural ,faculty of the organiz'd ,ftus1 as the rational ,,soul doth from the immediate ,infusion of the great ,,creator4 ,touching which ,infusion1 ,i desire not to meddle with the ,controversy that has so long subsisted betwixt ,philosophers and ,divines3 ,only as ,i have noted in ,chap4 iv4 the ,opinion of the greatest ,masters of ,nature2 so if1 in this1 we could1 from the ,dictates of ,faith and ,religion1 as well as from the ,maxims of natural ,philosophy1 set the ,matter in a clearer ,light1 ,i humbly presume it would not be disagreeable3 ,since the ,principles of ,,either1 taken separately1 are in themselves mysterious1 and can never be fully comprehended by some2 whereas1 both taken jointly1 ,i mean1 the ,arguments of the one1 to reinforce the ,positions of the other1 may be satisfactory to all4 ,,in order to which1 ,i first observe2 ,that the ,influx of celestial ,bodies exerts its ,power very efficaciously in all ,sublunaries and ,inferiours4 ,hence1 touching the four ,humours of our ,bodies1 ,,mars is thought to excite the yellow ,bile1 as ,,saturn exasperates ,melancholy2 and ,,luna to encrease ,phlegm1 as ,,sol and ,,jupiter govern the ,blood4 ,,secondly1 ,i observe1 ,that the ,power and ,influence of the ,,planets lies effectually in ,metals1 ,stones1 ,gems1 ,herbs1 ,roots1 and all ,subterranean ,bodies2 as ,gold1 ,silver1 ,copper1 ,iron1 ,tin1 ,lead1 and whatever is contained in the ,bowels of the ,earth1 whether it tend to ,use or ,necessity1 ,profit or ,pleasure2 the ,virtues and ,increase of them all proceeding from their peculiar ,,stars4 ,,this we may easily conceive1 by considering that ,,god1 who made all things for his singular1 great1 and good ,ends1 would never have exhibited to us such a fair and spacious ,heaven1 such a ,course1 ,order1 ,continuation1 and ,series of ,,stars to delight and feed our ,eyes1 like an empty ,shadow1 or an idle ,picture3 ,but1 to the contrary1 the ,trees1 the ,roots1 the ,branches1 the ,seas1 the ,rivers1 the ,streams1 and whatever runs thro' the ,veins of the ,earth1 or graces the ,surface of ,sea or ,land2 yea1 whatever is1 or may be distinguished by the ,variety of ,things or ,names1 together with our ,bodies1 and their implanted ,humours1 ,,he subjected to the ,heavens1 that they might perceive some superiour ,impulse1 ,motion1 and ,agitation from the ,,stars1 and experience the ,utility of their ,effects4 ,,hence the learned ,arabians ascribed the ,bodies1 ,actions1 and ,dispositions of ,men to ,,stars and ,,signs3 ,as ,proclus teacheth1 that ,superiours and ,inferiours are manifestly one in the other4 ,but these ,inferiours are defin'd1 some to be ,,solar1 others ,,lunar2 on which the ,,sun and ,,moon make strong ,impressions1 like those of the ,,stars and ,,signs they are under4 ,in reference to which1 they distribute the human ,body among the ,planets and ,signs of the ,,zodiack2 and most ingeniously demonstrate1 that as the ,triplicities of those ,signs answer one another1 and agree in ,celestials1 so they also concur in the ,members of the ,,body2 which ,observation1 daily ,experience also confirms4 ,as for example3 ,by a ,coldness of the ,,feet1 the ,belly and ,breast are affected2 and these ,members answering to the same ,triplicity1 any proper ,medicine apply'd to the one1 helps the other2 as by warming the ,feet1 the ,pain of the ,belly ceaseth4 ,,wherefore1 if we consider the many occult ,qualities1 and secret ,influences of celestial ,bodies1 besides these three which are manifest to us1 namely1 ,heat1 ,light1 and ,motion1 we shall readily and rationally agree with ,astrologers1 as well as ,philosophers1 in this ,point2 that the celestial ,bodies concur with other natural ,causes1 in the regular ,procession of all the different ,steps of the ,conformation and ,constitution of human ,,conception4 ,,moreover1 in the ,work of ,animation1 they concur not only physically1 but efficiently2 not as formal1 final1 or material ,causes1 but meerly by ,action2 upon which ,great ,efficient1 all other ,causes depend4 ,and yet they concur efficiently not as the only particular1 immediate1 and proximous ,agents1 but as the common remote1 physical ,agents1 moving physically4 ,now this ,aristotle also plainly teacheth1 saying2 that1 8,as this inferiour ,world hath ,existence from superiour ,beings1 so all worldly ,existences must necessarily be ordered and directed by those1 as the common efficient ,cause of all ,sub-celestials40 ,,but ,i would farther observe1 that the only ,,action of those ,bodies in this ,work1 is to dispose and govern all proper1 special1 and singular ,causes pertaining to ,nature1 preserving them physically2 that is1 by their ,motion1 ,light1 and ,heat4 ,,the reason ,i call those ,bodies the remote1 not the proximous ,agents in the ,work1 is1 because they do not in ,substance1 ,motion1 or ,light1 immediately reach or touch the ,,foetus2 but only1 by their secret ,qualities and ,influences1 extended to these inferiour ,,orbs1 penetrate through1 and affect the ,,womb1 tho' never so closely shut up3 ,by which means1 the ,spirit and ,power of the ,,seeds1 the ,faculties of the ,womb1 and all concurring ,causes are fomented1 govern'd1 promoted1 preserv'd1 and determin'd4 ,,however1 in this ,constitution1 7whatever natural ,causes may be advanc'd7 the great ,,god is indisputably and undeniably the prime and principal ,efficient3 for all other ,causes1 whether proximous or remote1 without his ,concurrence1 would be but vain and insufficient1 for the following ,reasons4 ,i4 ,,he is the only primary ,,agent1 not physical1 because not acting physically2 not operating by ,motion1 because immoveable3 but without ,motion1 and all other physical ,helps1 he powerfully and clearly displays ,,himself1 most eminently officiating by his own ,all-sufficiency1 and ,appointment of ,nature4 ,,ii4 ,,he likewise1 as the prime1 common1 remote1 and physical ,,cause1 governs and directs all other secundary ,causes supereminently1 which are subjected to1 and dependent upon ,,himself2 in constituting1 organizing1 and fomenting the ,,conception4 ,,iii4 ,,he finally1 as the proper1 proximous1 and immediate ,,cause1 or ,,agent1 directing none else1 nor using any other ,assistance in the ,work1 neither being directed nor assisted by any other1 gives to the organiz'd human ,,foetus its greatest ,completion2 and the ultimate finishing ,stroke of consummate ,perfection1 by infusing and communicating to it a ,mind in a rational ,,soul1 by which the ,,foetus becomes ,,man4 ,,and this ,infusion comes immediately from1 and of ,,himself1 who is 7in ,aristotle's ,words73 8,the ,form and ,former of the ,,universe1 the ultimate ,end1 the final and efficient ,cause of all celestial ,bodies1 and created ,beings40 ,,but now1 as to the ,time of this great ,work of ,,animation1 ,naturalists agree1 that it requires double the ,space that ,,formation had from ,conception3 which seems so far probable1 because at that time1 and no sooner1 the ,infant may be sensibly perceiv'd to move2 and that by the ,influence of calid and siccid ,,mars1 who 7according to ,astrologers7 now takes charge of it in the third ,month4 ,for by virtue of his hot ,quality1 he perfecteth the three principal ,members1 separating the ,legs1 ,arms1 and ,head 7in due proportion7 from the rest3 ,wherefore this auspicious ,planet is called the ,,author of the ,infant's ,motion4 ,so that1 in fine1 conformable to what is laid down in the preceeding ,chapter1 the ,work of ,,animation is perfected1 at soonest1 about the #gjth1 and at latest1 about the #ajjth ,day from ,,conception4 ,which being done1 ,i proceed to the next principal ,work in constituting the ,,man4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ix ,of the ,,maturation of the ,,infant4 ,,naturalists allow the ,infant1 for its ripening in the ,womb1 and to the legitimate ,time of ,birth1 treble the ,space that ,,animation had2 as ,physicians agree in allowing this treble the ,time that the first ,motion had from ,conception3 and from hence the #dth1 #eth1 #fth1 #gth1 c4 are called ripening ,months4 ,,in the fourth ,month1 ,astrologers will have the ,planet ,,sol to reign over the ,,infant2 whose calid ,quality gives it entire ,,life1 fully perfecting the ,members1 excavating the ,bones1 and amplifying the ,pores and ,passages of the ,body4 ,,as1 in the ,fifth1 ,,venus presides over the ,,infant2 who1 by her ,frigidity and ,humidity1 mitigates the ,heat and ,siccity impressed on it by the superiour ,planets1 absolutely perfecting the ,lineaments of the external ,members4 ,according to which ,principles1 she1 in a word1 forms the ,privities of both ,sexes2 and adds ,beauty and ,ornament to the ,nose1 ,mouth1 ,hands1 ,fingers1 and all the rest of the visible ,parts4 ,,as also1 in the sixth ,month1 ,,mercury takes his ,turn to assist the ,,infant1 which puts the last finishing ,hand to the ,work2 perfecting the ,organs of the ,voice1 enlarging the ,eyes1 ,eye-lids1 ,brows1 and ,nails2 promoting and confirming the ,instruments of ,motion2 and at last1 absolving and compleating whatever the others have commenced4 ,i shall only farther hypothetically observe1 that1 if the ,,infant was perfectly form'd about the #ceth ,day1 it was animated about the #gjth1 and consequently will be born about the #bajth ,day1 the last of the #gth ,month4 ,,if the ,formation was perfected about the #djth ,day1 the ,animation happen'd about the #hjth1 and the ,,birth will 7unluckily7 happen towards the close of the #hth ,month4 ,,if ,formation happen'd the #deth1 ,animation follow'd the #ijth ,day1 and the ,,birth will succeed about the close of #i ,months4 ,,if ,formation was compleated the #ejth1 ,animation follow'd the #ajjth ,day1 and consequently the ,,birth#ba will appear about the last of #aj ,months2 and so of any other certain ,time1 definite ,day1 or stated ,hour4 ,,it is1 in all the above-mentioned ,cases1 to be farther animadverted1 that the ,,male1 as he proceeds from the more calid1 siccid1 and spirituous ,seed1 arrives sooner to ,perfection in ,formation and ,animation2 and is consequently sooner born than the ,,female1 whose ,nature is more cold1 flaccid1 and weak1 even in the ,,womb3 ,hence an ,allowance of a few ,days more or less#bb1 may be justly made1 according to the ,,sex4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,x4 ,of the ,,nutrition and ,,posture of the ,,infant4 ,,this is manifest1 that the ,,foetus is nourished in the first ,months1 by the ,umbilical ,vessels only3 ,but the several following ,reasons engage me to think2 that1 in the latter ,months1 it is alimented by the ,mouth also1 and ,that by a glutinous limpid ,liquor3 ,which1 being 7probably7 secreted from the ,,amnion for that ,purpose1 is found to surround it4 ,i4 ,,because this ,liquor1 which seems very proper for that ,use1 is found not only in the ,mouth1 but also in the ,,oesophagus and ,stomach of the ,,infant4 ,,ii4 ,,it is found changed in the smaller ,intestines#bc2 and being chylify'd in the ,ventricle1 it turns to ,excrements1 call'd ,,meconium1 in the ,,rectum1 or strait ,gut4 ,,iii4 ,,we find a large ,quantity of this ,liquor1 surrounding the ,f,,tus in the first ,months1 and but little in the last2 which cannot probably be consum'd any other way1 than by the ,,infant4 ,,iv4 ,,because#bd that the ,oesophagus1 ,intestines1 lacteal ,vessels1 and thoracick ,duct1 may continue open1 and be gradually accustomed to their respective ,functions4 ,,the ,infant's ,situation1 in the first and middle ,months1 is various2 but1 in the latter1 it is commonly observ'd to be of an oval ,figure3 ,sitting1 with the ,head hanging down1 and the ,chin upon the ,breast2 the ,neck bending forwards1 the ,back is round2 embracing the ,knees1 which are drawn up towards the ,cheeks with its ,arms2 the ,hands commonly hanging down1 seem to embrace the ,feet2 the ,heels cling close to the ,buttocks2 and while the ,head is uppermost1 the ,face is towards the ,mother's ,belly4 ,,but about the ,time of ,birth2 the ,,head1 which was always before ,lighter1 becomes considerably ,heavier than any other ,part4 ,and its ponderous ,bulk bearing much smaller ,proportion to its ,substance than it did before1 must needs 7consequently7 tumble ,heels over ,head1 in the ,waters of the ,,membranes2 and the ,head falling downwards1 the ,feet get uppermost1 and the ,face is turn'd towards the ,mother's ,back4 ,,but because this is a painful and irksome ,posture1 however favourable for its ,,exit2 the ,motions it makes for its ,relief1 occasion frequent ,pains to the ,,mother1 which cause a ,contraction of the ,,womb1 for the ,expulsion of the ,infant4 ,,and1 in short1 this being the natural ,posture of the ,infant in the ,,womb1 its preternatural ,positions may from thence be easily conceived4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,of the ,,membranes and ,,waters4 ,,the ,,membranes of the ,infant1 are ,two in number1 the one exteriour1 call'd ,,chorion2 the other interiour1 ,,amnion3 which are so contiguously joined one to the other1 that they appear like one and the same ,,membrane2 and1 because they are only separable by ,art1 as a ,silk-,lining from a ,cloth1 are sometimes call'd the double ,,membrane4 ,,the ,chorion is rough and unequal on the ,outside1 but smoother within2 where it closely unites itself to the thinner and transparent ,amnion4 ,,this ,amnion covers the ,placenta1 and is fixed to the ,inside of the ,womb1 by its ,circumference on all ,sides4 ,,these ,,membranes contain the ,,waters1 in which the ,infant swims2 which ,,waters encrease along with the ,infant1 generating by degrees1 and proceeding from the moist ,humours1 exhal'd 7by way of ,transpiration7 from the tender ,infant's porous ,body4 ,,these ,,waters are of infinite ,service to the ,infant1 during the time of ,maturation3 ,as they are to both ,mother and ,child in the time of ,,birth2 which hereafter will more amply appear4 ,and as in ,conception1 these ,,membranes are form'd before the ,,embryo2 being1 as they are commonly call'd1 the ,coats of the ,egg3 ,so1 in time of ,labour1 they always present themselves1 with their peculiar ,,waters1 to the ,,orifice1 before the ,infant approaches4 ,,in ,case of ,,twins or more ,children2 each has its proper ,,membranes and ,,waters apart1 in which they are separately wrap'd up4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,of the ,,secundine1 or ,,after-,,birth4 ,,the ,,secundine is a thick carnous ,mass1 of a soft vasculous ,substance1 compos'd of the maternal ,menstrua2 which waxes upon the outside of the ,chorion in proportion with the ,growth of the ,,foetus2 encreasing 7as the ,waters do7 together with the ,infant4 ,it is also called the ,womb-,cake1 or ,placenta ,uterina2 but most commonly the ,woman's ,,after-,,birth4 ,,it is call'd ,placenta1 because of its flat circular ,figure1 resembling a pretty thick round ,cake2 being about eight ,inches ,diameter1 and one ,thick2 a little thicker in the ,middle1 where the ,umbilical ,vessels are fixed1 than at the ,edges4 ,,its thickest spongious ,part 7properly call'd the ,placenta7 adheres to the ,bottom of the ,womb by innumerable ,vessels1 and the ,interposition of a very thin ,membrane1 which is a ,continuation of the ,chorion4 ,,its ,concave ,part towards the ,infant1 is join'd to the ,navel-,string1 and encompass'd with a smooth ,membrane1 which it derives from the ,chorion and ,amnion4 ,,the ,vessels terminating in the ,navel-,string1 are inserted at one ,end1 almost in the ,center of the ,placenta2 as the other ,end adheres to the ,navel of the ,,infant4 ,,the ,,secundine is rough and unequal on the ,outside1 and smooth and soft on the ,inside2 and cannot be extracted1 without breaking the mentioned ,vessels3 ,from hence an ,effusion of ,humours and ,fluxion of ,blood always follows it2 which 7according to the ,woman's ,state of ,health7 is of a fairer1 or darker1 red ,colour4 ,,the ,use of the ,,secundine1 is to receive and absorb the ,nutritious ,juice from the ,,womb2 7as the ,intestines imbibe the ,chyle7 which it afterwards transmits to the ,infant1 by the ,umbilical ,vein4 ,,in ,case of ,,twins1 or more ,children1 if conceived at one ,time1 they have but one common ,,secundine1 7notwithstanding the contrary ,opinion of others7 which adheres to the ,fund of the ,,womb1 by the ,placenta1 as above3 ,wherefore ,i must needs reject the ,testimony of such ,,midwives1 who give out that they have found the ,,secundine1 fix'd to any other ,part of the ,,womb2 tho' ,i experimentally know1 that it is sometimes found in the ,hinder ,part near the ,,loins1 sometimes in the ,forepart1 sometimes near the ,diaphragma1 sometimes in the ,right1 and sometimes in the ,left ,side4 ,,but however1 we should be grossly mistaken1 if from hence1 we did conclude1 that the ,,secundine adher'd to any other ,part1 than the ,bottom of the ,,womb3 ,since such erroneous ,apprehensions are merely occasion'd by the various ,motion1 or oblique ,position of the ,,womb2 as hereafter will appear more at large4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,of the ,,umbilical ,,vessels1 or ,,navel-,,string4 ,,the three ,umbilical ,vessels consist of one ,vein and ,two ,arteries2 which compose the ,,navel-,,string1 and are wrap'd up in one strong ,membrane1 proceeding from the ,,chorion and ,,amnion1 between the ,navel and ,placenta4 ,,the ,vein arises in the ,placenta1 from innumerable minute ,vessels2 proceeding thence with ,spiral ,contortions between the ,arteries1 thro' the ,,navel-,,string1 and ,navel1 to the ,liver of the ,infant2 terminating in the ,sinus of the ,vena ,porta1 into which it pours the ,blood and nutritious ,juice received in the ,placenta2 which immediately proceeds to the ,vena ,cava1 and ,heart1 thro' a ,cylindrical ,canal 7call'd ,,venosus7 opposite to the ,umbilical ,vein4 ,,the ,arteries1 which are scarce half so large as the ,vein1 arise from the ,,iliacs of the ,infant1 or from the ,,aorta4 ,they pass both ,sides of the ,bladder to the ,navel1 and thence through the ,,navel-,,string1 by the like ,spiral ,windings1 to the ,placenta3 where1 after distributing some ,branches to the ,,amnion and ,,chorion2 they are divided into a very great ,number of ,sprigs1 transferring the ,blood from the ,ftus to the ,,secundine4 ,,these ,two ,arteries1 with the above-mentioned one ,vein1 make up a certain ,part1 twisted like a ,rope1 about one ,inch thick1 and near a ,yard long1 call'd the ,,navel-,,string2 which is so ordained of this ,length1 that the ,infant1 by its ,motion1 may not pull the ,placenta from the ,,womb2 and that1 by its ,means1 the ,,secundine may be commodiously extracted after the ,birth4 ,,in ,case of ,,twins1 or more ,children1 every one has its proper ,,navel-,,string2 the chief ,use of which is1 to convey the ,maternal ,blood and nutritious ,juices by the ,veins to the ,,foetus1 for its ,aliment3 ,the ,arteries carrying back that which is unfit for this ,use1 to the ,placenta2 whilst the ,ftus is still supply'd with more by the ,vein3 ,so that there's a continual ,circulation1 or ,communication1 between the ,,mother and her ,,infant4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,sect4 ,,ii4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,symptoms peculiar to the ,state of ,,maiden-,,hood4 ,,such ,distempers as are incident to this ,,sex in ,childhood1 are generally common to the ,other2 wherefore ,i shall take another ,opportunity to treat of them more particularly1 and conduct the ,child1 whether ,,male or ,,female1 thro' all the ,indispositions1 to which its tender ,age1 or flexile ,nature1 may subject it1 from the ,moment of ,birth1 until the ,time of ,puberty3 ,at which ,age1 the more delicate ,constitution of ,,females1 takes a quite different ,turn from ,that of the other ,sex4 ,,at this ,crisis1 or ,juncture of ,time1 the ,imbecility of their natural ,dispositions begins to display itself1 by various and different ,,symptoms2 to which1 some are more1 and some less1 expos'd from ,henceforward2 very few being altogether exempted from what is so peculiar to their ,state3 ,wherefore 7in the first place7 ,i shall undertake to lay down the ,causes1 the ,symptoms1 the ,degrees of ,danger1 and the respective ,methods of ,curing such ,diseases as are incident to ,,virgins3 ,which leads me previously to define the ,,virgin-,,state1 in ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of ,,virginity4 ,,virginity is an entire ,state of ,nature in this ,point2 and nothing else1 than the ,integrity of the ,muliebrian ,parts from the ,violence of ,virile ,congress4 ,,touching the real ,signs of ,,virginity1 many learned ,controversies have risen2 particularly as to the ,membrane1 call'd ,,hymen3 ,some great ,anatomists and ,physicians#be strenuously denying its ,existence1 and representing it as some preternatural ,production2 and ,others#bf as vigorously maintaining the contrary ,opinion4 ,upon which ,contention1 if ,i may humbly offer my ,sentiment2 the later ,authorities are so commonly receiv'd1 that 7,i think7 this ,dispute sufficiently decided4 ,,we find the ,reality of it has been abundantly confirm'd by the ,greeks1 as it was discover'd by the ,arabians of old3 ,and the ,gentiles1 for that very ,reason1 call'd their ,nuptial ,god1 ,,hymeneus4 ,but1 moreover1 being since so positively asserted1 by so many famous and learned ,men1 who openly vouch and aver that they have found and seen it2 ,i do not see why we should longer doubt of this ,membrane's being to be found in ,most1 if not in ,all1 ,,virgins1 to distinguish them from the rest of their ,sex3 ,especially since 'tis certain1 that something extraordinary happens in the first ,,coition1 which made ,terentius call it1 ,coitio ,acerrima4 ,upon which ,notion1 ,catullus's ,verses are very elegant and propos3 viz4 8,ut flos in ,septis secretus nascitur hortis1 8,ignotus pecori1 nullo contusus ,aratro2 8,quem mulcent ,aur1 firmat ,sol1 educat ,imber1 8,multi illum ,pueri1 mult optavre ,puell3 8,idem cm tenui carptus defloruit ungui1 8,nulli illum ,pueri1 null optavre ,puell4 8,sic ,virgo dum intacta manet1 tum chara suis2 sed 8,cm ,castum amisit polluto ,corpore florem1 8,nec ,pueris jucunda manet1 nec grata ,puellis4 ,this ,i take to be a notable ,emblem both of the ,,hymen and of ,,virginity itself4 ,,others again affirm1 that the ,effusion of ,blood1 in the first ,,act1 is common to all ,,virgins2 founded upon the ,authority of the #bb;d ,chap4 of ,deut4 c3 ,by which 'tis plain1 that this ,criterion or ,mark1 has been of the nicest ,consequence among the ,,jews2 as also in several other ,nations3 according to ,claudianus in the ,epithalamium of ,honorius1 viz4-- 8,et vestes ,tyrio ,sanguine fulgidas 8,alter ,virgineus nobilitet ,cruor3 8,tum ,victor madido prosiliat ,thoro1 8,nocturni referens vulnera prlii4 ,in short1 many ,philosophers1 as well as ,poets1 hold ,this for an infallible ,symptom4 ,,however1 tho' ,i must confess ,this to be a certain ,sign of ,,virginity1 when it does appear2 yet1 if it don't1 the ,,virgin is not therefore to be suspected3 especially if she be more adult1 in which ,case the ,parts grow both larger and firmer1 by the long ,flux of the ,menstrua2 and consequently this ,effusion cannot well be expected2 neither can it be supposed in case of any violent ,procatarctick or ,primary ,cause 7and from ,that she can be no more secure1 than another ,person7 which may break the ,,hymen1 and dilate the ,parts before ,,coition4 ,but besides1 ,,neither can the ,mosaical ,law1 nor the ,customs of other ,countries1 imply any thing farther2 than1 that ,this is the indubitable ,mark of ,,virginity when it appears1 without drawing any suspicious ,consequences from its accidental ,non-appearance3 especially considering1 that their ,,virgins married always very young1 and commonly about the #abth or #acth ,year of their ,age2 when they could scarce possibly be without some evident ,effusion4 ,,others will have the ,astriction of the ,,vagina1 to be a certain ,sign of ,,virginity2 which1 7tho' ,i confess1 is more astrict in ,,virgins1 than in such as have copulated7 ,i deny1 to be any certain ,sign3 ,since all know1 ,that ,part to differ 7in this ,point7 according to ,age1 ,habit1 and other ,circumstances of ,body and ,health3 ,but besides1 some astringent ,medicines would also easily answer this ,end4 ,,others again have disputed the ,possibility of a ,,virgin's generating ,milk2 affirming ,milk in the ,breasts1 to be a certain ,sign of lost ,,virginity3 ,and 7,i think7 there is some ,reason for this ,opinion2 for my part1 ,i would inform myself better1 before ,i should credit ,her1 who would give herself out for a ,,virgin1 having this ,symptom2 notwithstanding the contrary ,opinion of others1 founded upon the ,authority of ,hippocrates#bg3 ,since1 according to the ,judgment of the most learned ,mauritius ,cordus#bh1 it very seldom happens4 ,but if after ,all1 a ,,virgin chances to have ,milk in her ,breasts1 it differs in ,quantity as well as ,quality1 from ,that of a ,woman who has conceiv'd3 ,for which ,reason1 he distinguishes and describes ,two ,sorts of ,,milk3 viz4 ,,the ,one1 which belongs to this ,case1 he says1 is generated of ,blood flowing to the ,breasts1 when deny'd an ,exit by the ,,womb2 and is nothing but the superfluous ,aliment of the ,breasts1 by their peculiar ,faculty1 turn'd into ,,milk3 ,which may happen to ,,virgins irregular in their ,menstrua2 and according to this ,interpretation1 ,hippocrates is to be rightly understood4 ,the other ,,milk1 he calls ,puerperial2 which does not generate without a ,big-,belly1 and ,that pretty far ,gone3 ,which ,,milk is communicated from the ,,womb directly to the ,breasts4 ,,he teaches us also1 that this ,difference of ,,milk1 proceeds from the ,diversity of ,blood1 of which both ,sorts are generated2 and likewise from the ,variety of the ,veins and ,passages1 by which they are convey'd and carry'd to the ,breasts4 ,,which ,veins are ,two-fold2 namely1 ,common and ,proper4 ,the ,common are called ,external1 and these are such as only carry the ,blood from the ,vena ,cava1 for the ,nutrition of the ,,breasts2 which1 if superfluous1 or more than is sufficient for that ,use1 is converted 7by the ,glands of the ,,breasts7 into a kind of ,,milk3 ,which1 altho' white1 is of a thinner ,substance1 not so sweet1 nor so plentiful1 as true ,,milk4 ,whereas the proper ,mammary ,veins carry that very ,blood1 of which ,,milk is generated for the ,nourishment of the ,infant1 from the ,,womb directly#bi2 which happens1 by what the ,greeks call an ,anastomosis1 or ,conjunction of the ,mammary and ,epigastrick ,veins4 ,,from hence we have the ,difference of these two sorts of ,,blood and ,,milk3 ,wherefore it is to be concluded1 that altho' the ,one be found in the ,breasts of ,,virgins1 they are not therefore to be rashly suspected of ,pollution2 since1 according to ,aristotle#cj1 the same may happen sometimes also to ,,men4 ,,but1 besides what is mention'd1 there are many different external ,methods propos'd by ,authors#ca1 to distinguish a ,real1 from a ,supposititious ,,virgin3 ,which however ,i shall not enter upon1 lest what ,i have intended for the ,benefit of ,all in general1 might tend to the ,detriment of some in particular4 ,and thus having briefly described the ,,maiden and ,,maiden-,,head1 ,i come now to treat of such ,indispositions1 as are either ,peculiar1 or more ,familiar to her ,,state4 ,and1 ,first1 in order ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,virgin-,disease1 commonly called the ,,green-,,sickness4 ,,this ,malady is an ,indisposition visibly discolorating the ,complexion1 and nothing else1 but a ,complication of divers ,diseases and ,symptoms3 ,wherefore it is variously represented and taken1 sometimes for a ,disease1 and sometimes for a ,symptom4 ,,be that as it will2 it is so ,familiar1 or rather ,peculiar to ,mature ,,virgins1 that most ,physicians call it the ,virgin-,disease1 or ,virgin-,fever2 as others call it ,febris ,alba1 or pale ,fever3 ,not that it is always join'd with a ,fever2 but because the affected ,party represents 7in most ,respects7 a ,feverish ,person1 by the ,celerity and ,frequency of ,her ,,pulse1 c4 ,,it is also call'd ,febris ,amatoria2 ,i suppose1 7partly7 because of the ,colour1 according to the ,,poet2 ,palleat omnis ,amans1 ,color hic eft aptus ,amanti3 ,and 7partly7 because of the ,age1 which may be the fittest ,time for ,,love2 which made ,diogenes say1 at sight of a certain ,patient1 ,that she was dead in her ,,own1 but alive in ,,another ,body3 ,as it is otherwise denominated ,icterus ,albus2 because1 as in an ,icterus or ,,jaundice1 the whole ,body is tinctur'd yellow3 ,so in this ,disorder1 it is changed ,pale and ,wan2 and from hence it is commonly call'd the ,,green-,,sickness1 because of the ,colour and ,aspect inclining a little that way4 ,as it is likewise also term'd1 ,fdus seu pallidus ,virginum ,color1 or the ugly pale ,colour of languishing ,,virgins4 ,,however yet ,i have known many ,women1 in ,france1 and ,germany1 who have been so far from thinking it an ugly ,colour1 that they have esteem'd it most ,beautiful2 and have used very pernicious ,things to gain and appropriate this ,colour to ,themselves3 ,esteeming ,fresh-looking-,women1 of a fine sanguine ,complexion1 mere ,,rusticks4 ,,this disagreeable ,affection of the ,body1 however it is titled1 most certainly implies a ,complication of several different ,maladies2 annoying all the ,actions of the ,natural1 and ,motions of the ,animal ,faculty3 ,or1 in short1 perverting the whole ,,oeconomy of the ,body4 ,and because it is always join'd with ,most1 if not with ,all the following ,,symptoms1 ,i think it may be regularly thus defin'd4 ,,the ,,virgin-,,disease1 is a ,change of the natural ,colour of the ,face into a pallid greenish ,tincture2 with a ,dejection of ,strength1 ,gravity of all the ,members and ,parts of the ,body1 ,fastidy of ,victuals1 ,malacia or ,pica1 ,heaviness and ,palpitation of ,heart1 ,difficulty of ,breathing1 a slow ,fever1 ,pains of the ,head1 ,melancholy1 ,inflations1 and ,oedematous ,tumours of the ,feet1 ,legs1 ,eye-lids1 and the whole ,face2 with a frigid ,intemperature1 and ,cachexy of the whole ,body2 proceeding from a deprav'd ,nutrition1 and the abundance of crude ,humours1 ingender'd from a perverse ,disposition of the ,,liver1 ,,spleen1 or ,,ventricle4 ,,hence proceed the ,,obstructions of the ,uterine ,vessels1 and neighbouring ,parts1 of the ,veins of the ,,liver1 and ,,spleen2 but especially1 of the ,,mesentery3 ,so that the natural ,calidity of the whole ,body being thus suffocated1 and oppressed1 by those crude ,humours1 an ,irregularity1 or ,suppression of the ,,menstrua1 must needs ensue4 ,,by this ,definition1 the ,,disease may easily be known2 tho' in some ,circumstances1 it may differ1 according to the different ,quality of the predominant ,humour3 ,especially considering1 that if all the foremention'd ,signs1 or ,symptoms1 do not concur in all ,,patients2 yet ,most of them commonly do happen in most ,persons1 and ,,all in ,some4 ,whence ,i come methodically to denote more particularly its ,,causes4 ,,in order to which1 ,i may justly premise1 that the ,proximous ,cause is a ,collection of deprav'd crude ,humours in the ,body3 ,as the ,remote ,cause1 is a ,suppression1 or ,irregularity in the ,course of the ,menstruous ,blood4 ,,now this ,blood flowing to the ,,womb1 as soon as the ,,virgin is ,mature2 if the ,passages are not capacious or patent enough1 it regorges to the ,major ,veins1 and thence to the very ,,bowels2 extinguishing the ,heat1 and obstructing the ,vessels of the ,,liver1 ,,spleen1 and ,,mesentery3 ,from whence proceeds a vicious ,concoction and ,sanguification2 and consequently a ,collection of crude ,humours1 which excite various ,symptoms thro' all ,parts of the ,body4 ,and it commonly happens1 that an irregular or improper ,way of ,living1 especially about the ,time of ,puberty1 or in the ,time of the natural ,course1 engenders a pituitous and viscid ,blood2 which1 together with the aforesaid ,humours1 totally obstructs the ,uterine ,vessels4 ,,this ,distemper is very dangerous1 if not timely cur'd2 because if the ,heart be very much affected1 and the ,vital ,faculty quite oppressed with it1 the ,patient often dies suddenly3 ,or1 otherways1 it commonly turns to a ,dropsy2 and1 when the ,humours fly into the ,,head1 it causes a ,frenzy4 ,,now as ,i come gradually to set forth the ,,cure of this ,distemper1 ,i shall ,first observe2 that1 as various ,diseases and ,symptoms do concur towards its ,complication1 all ,these are to be discreetly remov'd by proper ,means and ,methods4 ,but that ,i may be better understood1 ,,some are more prudently 7perhaps7 to be remov'd singly2 and ,,others1 jointly3 ,as for ,instance1 if any one ,symptom be more troublesome and dangerous than the ,rest1 it ought to be chiefly regarded above ,all others2 and1 if not remov'd1 at least mitigated in the ,first ,place4 ,,secondly1 ,that a proper ,regulation of ,,diet and ,regimen of ,,body1 is to be judiciously directed1 as another initial necessary ,step towards the ,,cure2 which we have hereafter more fully treated of4 ,,thirdly1 ,that this ,distemper is more easily and sooner cur'd1 in ,spring or ,summer-,time1 than in ,autumn or ,winter2 because when the proper ,constitution of ,,weather and ,,air concurs with the medicinal ,means1 more may be done towards effecting its ,,cure in a ,week1 than otherways can be expected in a ,month4 ,wherefore ,these being premised1 the ,,cure will most rationally depend upon the four following methodical ,,steps2 viz4 ,i4 ,,that the vitious ,humours lodged in the ,body1 especially in the ,bowels1 be duly prepar'd for ,expurgation1 and then effectually evacuated4 ,,ii4 ,,that the ,intemperature and ,obstructions of the ,,ventricle1 ,,liver1 ,,spleen1 and ,,womb1 be ,all carefully and regularly removed4 ,,iii4 ,,that the ,menstrua be duly rectify'd1 and physically reduc'd to a ,natural ,course1 by the best ,conduct of ,art and ,judgment4 ,,iv4 ,,that the ,rest of the morbifick ,humours1 whether ,crude1 ,aqueous1 or ,serous1 lurking behind in the ,body1 be in due manner discharg'd4 ,,but more particularly2 ,the ,,cure may be begun with a gentle ,evacuation of the ,belly1 and1 if ,strength and other ,circumstances shall permit1 with repeated ,,ven,,sections#cb1 or ,blood-letting in the ,foot1 not only for removing the ,plenitude1 but also for resolving the ,obstructions of the ,,menstrua4 ,,and because the ,,humours are ,thick and ,frigid1 proper warming and attenuating1 or preparing and purging ,medicines are to be used in their ,turns2 or rarefying and inciding ,matters may be mixed with the ,purgatives4 ,as also in ,case the ,,humours lodge about the ,ventricle and ,mesentery1 a gentle ,,vomit may be convenient4 ,,but because divers ,parts suffer ,,obstructions in this sickly ,affection1 proper ,aperitives are to be made use of2 and ,those chiefly1 which have a natural ,affinity with every respective affected ,part3 ,as for ,example2 ,hepaticks1 for the ,,liver2 ,spleneticks1 for the ,,spleen2 ,uterines1 for the ,,womb1 c4 ,wherefore the ,physician ought to weigh and consider well1 whether the ,veins about the ,,ventricle and ,,mesentery1 or ,,liver and ,,spleen1 be most obstructed2 since the most special ,regard must be had to the ,part most affected4 ,,in the ,beginning1 such ,medicines as serve best to open the ,obstructions of the ,,mesentery1 ,,spleen1 and ,,liver1 sparingly mix'd with such as provoke the ,,menstrua or ,,months1 are to be discreetly used3 ,but afterwards1 in ,progress of the ,,cure1 the ,uterines may 7by ,degrees7 be prudentially augmented4 ,,however1 at last it often happens1 that tho' the grosser ,,humours are evacuated3 yet some watry1 serous ,humours remain in the ,circuit of the ,body1 too much refrigerating and infesting it still2 which are most conveniently remov'd by ,sudorificks4 ,,but because the compleat ,,cure of this ,disease requires some ,length of ,time1 ,i would advise proper ,preparatives1 ,purgatives1 and ,corroboratives1 to be exhibited by ,turns2 as also the very ,form and ,composition of the ,,medicines to be varied in their ,courses1 for the preventing of ,nauseousness4 ,,the ,patient's ,,regimen1 must likewise be well prescrib'd1 and curiously regulated2 especially her ,,diet4 ,she ought to live upon ,victuals of the best ,nutrition1 and easiest ,concoction1 carefully avoiding all others that are not so agreeable3 ,especially such as are of a frigid or humid ,quality2 such as ,pot-herbs1 ,garden-,fruits1 ,milk ,fish1 c4 ,she may drink generous ,wine1 or good ,ale cautiously abstaining from all small ,drinks1 and other such like noxious ,liquids1 as much as possible4 ,,moreover1 ,motion and ,exercise are very convenient1 not only in the ,beginning1 but also in the ,declension of this ,,disease2 especially by strongly ,chafing and ,rubbing1 with warm ,flannels1 every ,morning in ,bed4 ,,but ,sleep is not to be too much indulged1 especially not in the ,mornings2 altho' she be ,then more propense to it1 by reason of the abundance of ,,vapours ascending to the ,brain4 ,,lastly1 to perfect and confirm this ,,cure1 ,i would recommend#cc ,hippocrates's sound ,advice to the ,patient2 which is to the following ,purpose1 of marrying betimes for the sake of ,health1 and to prevent all the future ill ,consequences of this growing ,malady4 8,,ego1 inquit1 ,autor sum1 ut ,virgines hoc malo affect qum celerrim viris conjungantur2 iisq2 cohabitent3 ,si enim conceperint1 convalescent4 ,si ver in pubertate hoc malo non corripiantur1 tum paulo post eas invadit40 ,,upon which excellent ,sentence1 the two following ,observations may1 7,i hope7 appositely here follow and take place1 viz4 ,i4 ,quod etiam ,ratione ,experienti confirmatur#cd3 ,venere etenim ,uterus partes circa ,uterum incalescunt1 viq2 aperiuntur laxantur1 ut sanguis ,menstruus postea facilis ad ,uterum confluere per eundem effluere possit4 ,,ii4 ,rectissim etiam dictum1 convalescent1 si concipiant2 quia ,sanguis1 qui prter ,naturam antea retinebatur1 jam in ,fts ,formationem absumitur2 si quid vitiosorum humorum in ,utero cumulatum sit1 id post partum evacuatur4 ,i have thought it proper to insist the more upon this ,,head2 because ,i know none else among all the ,indispositions of ,life1 which can properly be accounted peculiar to ,,virgins4 ,,some however may think perhaps1 that ,i had a fair ,opportunity in this ,place1 to introduce the various ,diseases and ,symptoms of the ,,womb1 ,,vagina1 and ,,pudendum2 the divers ,symptoms of the ,,menstruous ,,flux1 together with ,those which are incident to all ,women after ,,puberty4 ,,which ,objection ,i humbly beg leave briefly to answer1 that a twofold ,reason dissuaded me from undertaking to treat of ,those ,heads in this ,place4 ,i4 ,,because ,they are common to all ,,women in general1 and incident to the ,wife1 or ,widow1 as well as to the ,virgin2 wherefore1 ,i hope1 another ,place in this ,,book may be assigned to ,them1 more proper and convenient than ,this1 without any ,digression4 ,,ii4 ,,by reason the several ,branches of these ,,heads are so very many and different1 that to discuss 'em all ,here1 as ,i ought to do1 would too much swell the ,bulk of the ,volume1 and enhance the ,price of this ,,book2 which ,i design for the ,good of the poorer ,sort of ,women1 as well as the ,benefit of the ,rich4 ,however1 what is most ,essential and necessarily ,requisite1 shall not be omitted 7at least coincidently7 in its proper ,place4 ,wherefore ,i shall leave the ,,virgin1 after a digressive ,hint in the following ,section1 upon her darling ,passion1 ,,love3 and supposing her to have alter'd her ,condition1 ,i shall thenceforward treat her as a ,,wife4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of ,,love4 ,,love is the first ,impression that affects the ,,appetite2 proceeding from the ,pleasure conceiv'd in a ,real or ,imaginary ,,good4 ,,it is the ,,cement of ,affections1 and the ,effect of a certain ,congruity of ,minds2 sympathetically arising from the ,,diastole and ,,systole of affected ,hearts4 ,,it is 7as a certain ,author defines it7 a sacred ,frenzy of the ,soul1 and a ,divine ,madness1 elevating ,men to the ,pitch of ,saints1 and rendring them the ,care of ,benigner ,d,,mons3 so far that they are every where safe1 being under the ,protection of ,,gods and ,men2 as the ,poet familiarly expresses it1 ,quisquis ,amore tenetur1 eat tutsq2 sacrq2---- ,,it is a kind of a wonderful satisfactory ,death1 and a voluntary ,separation of ,,soul and ,,body4 ,the ,,lover',s ,mind is in one ,place2 his ,body1 in ,another2 and ,he himself is ,no ,where1 if he be not with the ,object of his ,,love3 ,so that 7in a manner7 it transforms the ,,lover into the ,object beloved2 and all this without any evident ,trouble1 or if there be any ,trouble1 still the ,trouble is lov'd1 with apparent ,satisfaction and ,delight4 ,as it is ingeniously said1 ,ubi ,amatur1 non laboratur2 si laboratur1 labor ,amatur4 ,,love always springs and blooms with fresh ,desires1 with young and vigorous ,inclinations4 ,it is so riveted in our ,natures1 that our ,blood must first grow cold and be congeal'd by ,death1 before this ,,flame can be extinguish'd3 ,nay1 sometimes it is more fervent1 tho' of shorter ,duration1 in our latest ,hours1 than in our ,prime4 ,for like as the ,,oil which feeds a ,lamp1 when almost spent1 the startled ,flame begins to rouze itself1 and burn afresh1 as if it would fain subsist a little longer2 tho' on the very ,,dregs of its accustomed ,fuel1 it crackles and flashes with greater ,noise and ,lustre than before1 but presently expires3 ,so does the ,amorous ,fire1 when we are nearest our ,dissolution1 begin to trouble us most1 and makes our ,,soul to blaze with greater ,,fevers of ,desire and ,grief1 knowing its ,period to be near at hand4 ,,love is like the ,palm-,tree1 the more oppressed with ,weights1 the ,higher it grows4 ,it always desires to encrease1 dilate1 and stretch itself farther still1 leading to an ,harmonious ,union of ,,hearts4 ,riches cannot purchase ,love4 ,neither ,threats nor ,violence can either force or restrain it2 which being free by ,nature1 as proceeding from the ,freedom of the ,will1 disdains all ,,compulsion2 subduing all1 and unsubdued by any ,opposition4 ,in short1 it is so generous1 that whereas all other ,affections and ,actions aim at different ,rewards2 ,,love only is contented with ,love1 holding nothing else as a sufficient ,recompence4 ,,love made ,ulysses1 rather than forsake his dear ,penelope1 refuse ,,immortality itself at ,calipso's hands4 ,,love is the oldest of our ,passions1 in that it came into the ,world with us2 and from thence it becomes habitual to a good ,,nature1 and a brave ,,soul4 ,,love is the most noble and generous of our ,passions1 it soon removes all puny ,obstacles in its way4 ,it is ready1 prompt1 and dexterous to find ,excuses or ,forgiveness for the greatest ,,faults1 and much more to palliate the ,peccadillo's of the ,,beloved4 ,it does by a peculiar ,force and ,virtue extirpate all ,revenge1 and blot out the ,,memoirs of past ,unkindnesses4 ,,love triumphantly overcomes all ,things4 ,all things yield to its ,power2 and the more we oppose it1 the stronger ,resistance it makes4 ,it conquers the greatest ,hearts1 and victoriously subdues the most magnanimous ,souls4 ,alexander the ,great1 was not exempted from this insuperable ,passion1 at the sight of ,darius's fair ,daughters4 ,no1 ,,love made ,hercules1 the ,son of ,,jupiter himself1 stoop and truckle to the ,female ,conqueror2 according to the following known ,distich1 8,lenam non potuit1 potuit superare ,lenant1 8,quem ,fera non potuit vincere1 vicit ,hera4 ,,in fine1 ,i think it is also ingeniously well defin'd in this ensuing ,hexastick1 by ,mr4 ,howel#ce1 8,fax grata est1 gratum est vulnus1 mihi grata ,catena est1 8,me quibus astringit1 ldit urit ,amor2 8,sed ,flammam extingui1 sanari ,vulnera1 sulvi 8,vinc'la1 etiam ut possem non ego posse velim3 8,mirum equidem ,genus hoc ,morbi est1 ,incendia ,ictus 8,vinc'laq2 vinctus adhuc1 lsus ustus ,amo4 ,grateful's to me the ,fire1 the ,wound1 the ,chain1 ,by which ,,love burns1 ,,love binds1 and giveth ,pain3 ,but for to quench this ,fire1 these ,bonds to loose1 ,these ,wounds to heal1 ,i would not1 could ,i1 choose3 ,strange ,sickness1 where the ,wounds1 the ,bonds1 the ,fire ,that burns1 that bind1 that hurt1 ,i must desire4 ,,the ,omniscient ,,creator1 at the ,beginning1 implanted in the ,nature of ,both ,sexes this ,faculty of ,,love1 accompanied with a fervent ,desire of ,procreation2 furnishing them 7for this ,purpose7 with proper adapted ,,organs1 and other suitable ,,means of ,generation3 which1 in themselves1 are no less wise and wonderful1 than the great ,,design of propagating the ,world by successive ,generations1 is profound and miraculous2 as will more manifestly appear1 by explaining their ,order1 ,propriety1 and ,disposition1 in ,sect4 #d4 ,chap4 #e1 #f1 c4 ,,and to compensate many subsequent ,griefs thereupon1 ,,nature added to ,man and ,woman an ardent ,desire of mutual ,embraces1 concomitated with certain alluring ,enticements to ,multiplication2 to the end that in ,congression they might be so delightfully charme'd1 as to forget1 or at least vilipend and slight all other trifling ,annoyances4 ,,thus1 in short1 ,nature hath cared and provided for ,propagation and ,posterity2 not only in the ,human ,race1 but also in all other ,species of ,creatures1 according to the excellent ,poet#cf2 8,omne adeo genus in terris hominmq2 ,ferarmq2 8,et genus quoreum1 pecudes1 pictq2 ,volucres1 8,in furias ignemq2 ruunt3 ,,amor omnibus idem4---- 8,quid ,juvenis1 c4---- ,thus ev'ry ,creature1 and of ev'ry ,kind1 ,the secret ,joys of sweet ,,coition find3 ,not only ,man's imperial ,race2 but they ,that wing the liquid ,air1 or swim the ,sea1 ,or haunt the ,desart1 rush into the ,flame3 ,for ,,love is ,lord of all2 and is in all the same4 ',tis with this ,rage1 the ,mother-,lion stung1 ,scours o'er the ,plain2 regardless of her ,young3 ,demanding ,rites of ,love1 she sternly stalks2 ,and hunts her ,,lover1 in his lonely ,walks4 ',tis then the shapeless ,bear his ,den forsakes2 ,in ,woods and ,fields a vast ,destruction makes4 ,boars whet their ,tusks1 to battle ,tygers move1 ,enrag'd with ,hunger1 more enrag'd with ,,love4 ,,but all ludicrous ,diversions apart6 ,i proceed hence to a necessary ,consequence of this ,noble ,natural ,,passion2 viz4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of ,,copulation4 ,,this ,conjunction of both ,,sexes1 is the ,consummation of ,,love1 and the ,pinnacle of the ,lover's natural ,felicity4 ,it is the ,sum and superlative ,degree of their terrene ,happiness2 above which the ,lovers cannot aspire1 naturally speaking1 in ,human ,society4 ,,this is also the utmost ,height of their eager ,desires1 and the greatest ,extent of their languishing ,wishes4 ,it is the ,abatement1 as well as the ,completion of their unbounded ,passions1 and the ,tranquillity of their restless ,minds4 ,however yet---- ,,this ,,act is ,two-fold2 ,fcund and successful1 or ,sterile and unsuccessful in the ,event4 ,i4 ,,as to the ,first1 some most famous ,,authors have written their ,minds freely and copiously upon it1 and have given certain pertinent ,instructions1 touching the ,time1 and ,manner1 as well as ,conduct of the ,parties concern'd1 both before and after the ,,act3 ,particularly ,avicenna#cg 7no ,proletarian ,writer1 but a most ,illustrious and most ,learned ,prince7 has insisted at large upon every ,case belonging to this ,head1 together with the ,way and ,manner1 as well as the proper ,time of begetting either ,,sex2 8,ubi1 inquit1 menses defluxerint1 sitq2 abstersus ,uterus1 quod quinto fer die usu venit1 aut septimo2 ,si ,vir ,mulieri congrediatur1 primo qum est purgata die ad quintum1 ,,marem produci3 quinto ver ad octavum1 ,f,,mellam3 rursus ab octavo ad duodecimum denuo1 ,,masculum1 c40 ,,which excellent ,opinion is fully proved by ,levinus ,lemnius 7another great ,master of ,,nature73 ,according to whose authentick ,judgment also1 there are likewise many things#ch of an occult specifick ,quality1 and secret ,effect1 for answering the same ,,ends1 as well as ,fecundity itself3 which both common ,reason and daily ,experience confirm for ,,truth4 ,,but because ,i lie under the ,disadvantage 7at present7 of writing in our vernacular ,tongue1 it may be proper to pass by1 what 7otherways7 might be plentifully said on this ,head3 ,however ,i shall observe1 that the ,generality of ,,rules are most commonly calculated for ,persons of a discording ,constitution of natural ,temperaments and ,faculties2 which ,difference of ,constitution brings often false and ungrounded ,reproaches upon the ,reputation of fruitful ,,women4 ,from whence it is justly to be remarked1 that1 tho' few or no ,children are got meerly by ,,art2 yet if a little ,dexterity or ingenious ,subtilty was used with some ,,women1 there would not 7perhaps7 ,one in ,three of those1 who are rashly accounted so1 be found ,,barren4 ,,ii4 ,,as to the unsuccessful ,,act of ,coition1 ,i shall refer what may be offer'd on that ,point1 until ,i come to treat of ,sterility1 in ,,section viii3 ,and therefore ,i shall only farther observe ,here1 that the ,parties ought not to encounter with full ,stomachs1 ,bellies1 or ,bladders2 much less when ,,both1 or ,,either1 are weary1 fatigu'd1 depriv'd of ,sleep1 angry1 troubled in ,mind1 or in any other real respect out of ,order4 ,for in these ,cases1 it is very detrimental to the ,health#ci of such imprudent ,parents2 and 7if ,conception follows7 it infallibly intails some respective ,,evil upon the ,innocent ,production3 ,because all the ,affections or ,disturbances of their ,,minds1 virtually devolve upon the ,,embryo4 ,and besides1 as 7by such perverse ,means7 the ,conception becomes irregular2 so also does the ,maturation1 ,nutrition1 and ,birth carry the same ,impression3 ,for from the least ,perturbation of ,,spirit1 the ,infant may contract various ,blemishes of ,,body1 as well as ,errors of ,,mind4 ,,wherefore1 in fine1 as this ,affair is to be undertaken with a serene and contented ,mind1 a chearful and undisturbed ,heart1 so it ought to be perform'd with ,moderation and ,decency3 ,not in any brutal ,manner or ,posture2 but according to the rational ,law and proper ,instinct of ,nature4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,remarks upon ,,copulation4 ,supposing now this amicable ,engagement of ,,nature to be over1 ,i may be modestly allow'd 7,i hope7 to add a few ,words upon its necessary ,consequences2 and ,first1 of what has happen'd in the ,,act1 ,retention1 and ,conception following4 ,,first then1 ,if the ,,woman has contributed most ,seminal ,matter1 it may reasonably be concluded1 that the ,,child will favour the ,,mother most3 ,if the ,,man predominantly1 the ,,father3 ,if ,both equally1 it will resemble ,both1 or in part the ,,father1 and partly the ,,mother4 ,,and according to ,anaxagoras1 if the ,,seed has flown into the ,right ,side of the ,,womb1 from the ,right ,rein of the ,man1 a ,male will be conceiv'd2 if into the ,left1 from the ,left ,rein1 a ,female2 by reason of the ,frigidity and ,humidity of that ,place4 ,which ,notion may seem probable2 considering1 that tho' the ,,womb has but one ,cavity1 yet it has two ,sinuses#dj for conceiving the ,two different ,sexes3 ,as ,nature has in other ,respects accordingly given the ,,woman two ,breasts4 ,,lactantius also observes#da1 ,that1 if peradventure a ,male should be conceiv'd of the ,,seed fallen to the left ,side1 the ,place destinated for the ,female1 he will make but a ,,semivirile ,,man2 distinguishable by some ,womanish ,qualities1 such as a weak or tender ,heart1 small ,voice1 a smooth1 or unbearded ,face1 c3 ,and so1 on the contrary1 if a ,female should be conceiv'd of the ,,seed fallen to the right ,side1 she will have some distinguishable ,marks of ,,virility2 such as a large ,stature1 robust ,members1 dusky ,colour1 rough hairy ,face1 coarse ,voice1 c3 ,and that because the ,conception happen'd in that ,place1 which ,nature had appropriated to the ,male4 ,,this likewise seems to be the best ,reason which may be given why some ,women1 like ,hector's ,,wife1 mentioned in ,homer's ,iliads1 are naturally inclin'd to intermeddle with ,,men',s ,affairs2 for having thus 7as it were7 originally invaded his ,,right ex traduce1 they are always for maintaining their wrong ,conquests1 and defending their unjust ,possessions in future ,progress of ,time4 ,,but ,i should rather in this ,topick agree with ,velthuysius#db1 that ,both ,,seeds are each of them naturally endued with the ,faculty of generating its ,like3 ,i mean1 the ,,man',s1 to produce a ,male2 and the ,,woman',s1 a ,female3 ,and that therefore by a natural ,predominancy1 where the ,masculine ,faculty has prevail'd1 a ,,man-,,child is begot2 and a ,,girl1 where the ,feminine ,virtue has exceeded it4 ,,this1 in short1 is the best and only ,reason ,i know1 why ,children like to either ,parent in ,,sex1 may yet differ in ,physiognomy1 ,manners1 c3 the ,,seed of the one perhaps prevailing in making the ,,sex1 and ,that of the other1 in determining the rest of the ,parts4 ,hence it is1 in all ,probability1 that a ,,child like his ,father in ,,sex1 may be like his ,mother in natural ,disposition and ,tenderness of ,constitution4 ,although by the way 7without doubt7 the ,place or ,sinus of the ,,womb1 ,matter1 ,heat1 and ,imagination of the ,,woman1 contribute very much to the ,difference of the ,,sex2 as will hereafter more plainly appear at large4 ,,and1 in fine1 ,this is the only ,cause of the ,conception of ,,hermaphrodites1 that the emitted ,substance of ,,both ,,parents containing the full respective ,faculty of ,,each1 is sufficiently prolifick and prevalent to constitute and distinguish each proper ,,sex1 in one and the same personal ,production4 ,but before ,i proceed farther on the ,similitude of ,children1 ,i beg leave previously to describe the ,force of ,,imagination4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,power of the ,,imaginative ,,faculty4 ,,the ,imagination is the strongest and most efficacious of all the ,,senses2 for the ,vivacity of all the others 7mention'd in ,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #e47 in some measure1 depend upon it4 ,,it works upon1 and affects1 others as well as ourselves1 and operates in the very ,soul1 as well as ,body of ,man2 moving the ,powers of all the ,passions of the ,mind4 ,,as it happens frequently by reason of the ,similitude of things2 that by seeing or imagining ,,one to eat some sharp or sour ,matter1 or hearing it only mention'd1 ,,another',s ,teeth may be set on edge1 and his ,tongue wax tart2 so by seeing ,one gape1 ,another often falls a yawning4 ,in like manner1 as the sight of any filthy ,thing causeth ,nauseousness2 so the sight of ,man's ,blood1 makes many ,persons fall a-swooning4 ,,guillaume de ,paris writes1 that he saw a ,man1 who at the ,,sight of a ,medicine1 went to ,stool as oft as he pleas'd1 tho' it neither in ,substance1 ,odour1 or ,taste1 did affect him2 but only by an ,apprehension of a kind of ,resemblance4 ,which is much the same ,case of one in a ,dream1 who thinks he burns and is in a ,fire1 or as much tormented1 as if he did really burn1 tho' far enough from any ,substance of ,fire2 only because of a ,resemblance apprehended by the ,strength of ,,imagination4 ,,and besides1 this ,,imagination hath not only such ,power over the ,body1 but also over the very ,soul of ,man2 which ,power of the ,soul1 hath its respective ,influence upon the ,body3 ,as ,avicen remarkably describes a certain ,man1 who 7when he pleas'd7 could affect his ,body with the ,,palsy4 ,,it is wonderfully related of ,gallus ,vibius1 that he became ,mad1 not casually1 but on purpose2 for whilst he imitated ,mad-,men1 he so assimilated their ,madness to himself by the ,counterfeit1 that he fell at last into real ,,madness4 ,,st4 ,,austin mentions some ,men1 who could move their ,ears2 and others who could move the ,crown of their ,heads to their ,foreheads1 and replace them at ,pleasure4 ,he writes of ,another also1 who could sweat whenever he had a mind4 ,i have likewise known some ,persons myself1 who could weep and shed abundance of ,tears at ,will and ,pleasure2 others1 who could bring up what they had swallow'd of any kind1 as ,gold1 ,silver1 c2 and others again1 who could so naturally imitate and express the ,,voices of ,birds1 ,cattle1 ,dogs1 c2 that they could not easily be distinguished4 ,,yea1 and farther yet1 many ,learned ,authors#dc testify by divers ,examples 7of ,cajetava1 milia1 c47 that ,women have been turn'd into ,men3 ,which some would persuade us to believe1 to be an ,effect of the ,force of a vehement ,,imagination1 acting upon the ,soul1 with which it is of a near ,affinity1 beyond all the ,power of ,,sense4 ,,as to this ,point1 ,i am no ways to question the ,veracity of what so many excellent ,men have confirmed2 but 7granting it to be so7 ,i think we may find more probable ,reasons for it1 than all the ,powers of ,,imagination1 how great soever and marvellous they may be3 ,whereof ,i shall mention ,that1 which seems to be the most rational ,cause2 viz4 ,an extinguish'd or latent forming ,faculty#dd1 which 7however7 sometimes has exerted itself again1 like the ,,blazing of a raked or resuscitated ,fire4 ,,for as our ,teeth take their ,beginning in the ,,womb1 but are perfected without1 as ,bartholomus ,eustachius teacheth2 and as the ,teeth1 call'd ,dentes sapienti1 are generated1 and break out1 even after the #cjth ,year of our ,age3 ,so it may be1 that the virile ,genitals have been imperfectly begun in the ,,womb1 and that this forming ,faculty has only perfected them by little and little2 so that at last they have sprung forth and appear'd1 after shaking off the ,pudendum4 ,and consequently such ,,women as ,those 7upon ,dancing-,bouts1 or the like1 when the ,blood and natural ,heat had been strongly exagitated7 have turned into ,,men4 ,,however ,that be1 ,i very well know that when the ,soul is elevated and inflam'd with a fervent ,,imagination1 it may not only affect its own proper ,body1 but also ,that of ,,another4 ,,for the ,longing of a ,woman that has conceiv'd1 acts apparently upon ,another's ,body1 when it marks the ,infant in her ,,womb with the ,figure or ,,mark of the ,thing long'd for3 ,besides1 who knows not that one ,body may be easily affected with the ,vapours of another diseased ,body8 ,as is plain in ,cases of ,plague1 ,leprosy1 and several other ,distempers4 ,thus also in the ,effluvia's or ,vapours of the ,,eyes1 there is so great a ,power1 that they can bewitch and infect the ,beholders about them2 as the monstrous ,catoblepas1 and ,cockatrice or ,basilisk1 kill ,people with their very ,looks#de4 ,so in like manner ,witches by their intent ,desire to hurt1 have been thought to bewitch ,persons most perniciously by their steady malicious ,looks only1 directed and inforc'd by ,,imagination4 ,,now this ,force of ,,imagination affecting other ,bodies1 holds good even among ,brute-,creatures2 as ,one bit by a ,mad ,dog1 presently falls a-raging1 and the ,,likeness of ,dogs is clearly impressed upon his ,urine4 ,moreover1 by ,,imagination in time of copulating1 ,,peacocks and other ,birds1 impress a particular ,colour upon the ,wings1 c4 of their ,brood2 and from hence it is1 that the ,curious may have store of white young-ones1 by hanging the ,places where they couple with white ,linnen-,cloths1 ,papers1 c3 ,as in ,snowy ,mountainous ,countries we find always white ,peacocks1 ,quails1 ,wolves1 ,hares1 and other ,creatures4 ,,and ,this holy ,,jacob#df was not ignorant of1 when he used that ingenious subtile ,stratagem of placing white-streaked ,rods before ,,laban',s ,flocks2 which also answer'd effectually1 in the ,cattle's producing their speckled and white spotted ,young4 ,in like manner by the same ,experiment1 the curious ,admirers may be supply'd with ,variety of spotted ,birds1 speckled ,horses1 ,dogs1 c4 ,,the ,mind also being inflam'd with a vehement ,,imagination1 may affect both the ,soul and ,body of ,,another3 ,which we need not wonder at1 considering how much more powerful1 fervent1 and prevalent the ,,mind is in its ,motion1 than any exhaling ,,vapours2 and that it does not want its proper and peculiar ,mediums by which it may operate4 ,,this 7,i think7 is also evidently shewn from the many ,,miracles1 which we find have been done by ,prophets1 ,apostles1 and other ,holy ,men2 7not to mention those ,wonders of ,pythagoras1 ,apollonius1 ,empedocles1 c4 which cannot come in ,competition with the ,others1 being ascrib'd to ,natural ,causes73 ,whose ,minds being firmly fix'd upon ,,god1 with full ,intent for ,good1 affected both the ,,souls and ,,bodies of others1 as well as ,themselves1 with what ,divine ,gifts1 or other ,blessings1 they wanted4 ,,hence it is that ,philosophers advise1 to shun the ,society of wicked and impious ,men2 because their ,souls1 being full 7as it were7 of pernicious ,rays1 infect them who are near1 with a resembling ,contagion3 ,as they enjoin likewise on the other hand1 to keep and frequent the ,fellowship of good and fortunate ,men2 because 7by such a ,proximity7 they are diffusive of their own ,good1 and infuse it into ,those about them4 ,for as ,,bad of something bad1 so ,,good of something good1 always descends and adheres to the nighest2 which virtually 7like the ,smell of ,musk1 or ,assa-,ftida7 continues a long time its lasting ,impression4 ,,here might be indeed a great deal said upon the ,,efficacy of the ,constancy of the ,mind2 but because ,i've already been too prolix on this ,head1 ,i shall only observe1 that in all our ,business and ,applications1 a strong ,,imagination1 zealous ,affection1 firm ,hope1 and stedfast ,belief1 are great ,advantages1 and necessary ,helps4 ,as some most excellent ,physicians have experimentally verified this ,notion1 that a strong ,belief1 and constant ,hope1 together with the ,love and ,confidence of the ,,patient towards the ,physician1 conduce very much to the ,recovery of ,health1 and sometimes perhaps more than the ,medicine itself3 ,because the firm ,,imagination of the honest ,physician concurring 7in effect7 with the ,medicine1 and strongly hoping it will do him ,good1 he thereby influentially changes the ,symptoms1 and virtually alters the ,qualities in the ,body of the ,sick2 especially if the ,,patient reposes an entire ,confidence in him1 by which means he becomes mutually disposed to receive the ,,virtue of the ,physician1 as well as ,that of the ,,physick4 ,,the#dg;,arabian ,philosophers join'd in this ,opinion1 establishing it for a ,fundamental ,maxim among them2 that whatever the constant ,mind affected with a fervent ,desire1 would be effected3 ,as in the ,case of the ,,mind of ,him1 who is vehemently in ,love1 whatever it affects1 has an ,efficacy to cause ,,love2 and so in other such like ,cases4 ,,but however1 to come closer to the ,,imagination of the ,pregnant ,woman1 who knows not that it affects the ,,infant in the ,womb8 ,whence is it then that we have so many deform'd ,persons1 crooked ,bodies1 ugly ,aspects1 distorted ,mouths1 wry ,noses1 and the like1 in all ,countries2 but from the ,,imagination of the ,mother2 while she either conceives such shapeless ,phantasms in her ,mind1 or while she frequently and intently fixes her ,eyes upon such deform'd ,persons or disagreeable ,,objects8 ,wherefore it is very wrong1 and highly imprudent in ,women that have conceived1 to please themselves so much in playing with ,dogs1 ,squirrels1 ,apes1 c4 carrying them in their ,laps or ,bosoms1 and feeding1 kissing1 or hugging them1 as ,i have both often heard1 and seen with my own ,eyes4 ,,and besides1 the same is the ,case1 when the ,natural ,faculties are all at work in forming1 or ripening the ,f,,tus2 for if the ,woman be surpriz'd at any sudden ,evil1 or frighted at any unseemly ,sight1 the ,humours and ,spirits presently retire downwards1 and 7as it were7 abscond themselves in the ,recess of the ,,womb3 ,from whence immediately a strong ,,imagination of the disagreeable ,thing 7whether seen or heard only7 seizes her ,mind2 and the ,forming ,faculty 7going on in the ,interim7 quickly impresses the ,imaginary ,idea of ,that thing heard off1 or the ,shape and ,form of ,that thing seen1 upon the ,f,,tus4 ,the same is the ,reason1 that if a ,mouse1 ,rat1 ,weazel1 ,cat1 or the like1 leaps suddenly upon a ,woman that has conceived1 or if an ,apple1 ,pear1 ,plum1 ,cherry1 c4 fall upon any part of her ,body2 the ,,mark of the thing 7be what it will7 is instantly imprinted1 and will manifestly appear on the same ,part1 or ,member of the ,,child3 unless the ,woman 7in that very ,moment7 wipe ,that ,part or ,member1 and move her ,hand to some more remote1 private1 or convenient ,place of the ,body3 which done1 the ,,mark is actually averted1 or at least stamped upon the other ,part touch'd1 where the deep ,impression of the ,mind1 directs1 and fixes the ,,imagination2 and whither the ,forming ,faculty 7not so much by any ,virtue of the simple ,,touch1 as by ,force of the strong ,,imagination7 infallibly converts it4 ,,in fine1 having thus briefly defin'd1 and variously described the ,powers of ,,imagination1 ,i come in the next ,place1 more particularly1 to treat of the ,reasons of ,,similitude in ,children4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of the ,,similitude of ,children4 ,,whatever may be advanced on this ,head1 the most probable and solid ,reason for the ,child's ,likeness or ,resemblance1 is the ,,imagination of the ,mother in the ,,act of ,copulation2 together with the ,liberty she gives herself in her ,thoughts and ,actions1 during the ,time of ,formation1 commonly call'd the ,time of ,breeding4 ,,hence it is1 that whatever she intentively fixes her ,eyes upon1 or conceives and impresses in her ,mind1 the ,,infant represents the same in its extimous ,parts3 ,and particularly whatever ,,object she directs her ,eyes or ,thoughts upon1 in the ,interval between the ,embrace and the ,charm1 its ,effigies is afterwards manifest in the ,,child4 ,as ,st4 ,jerom thus relates of a certain ,woman1 who conceiv'd and brought forth a ,black-,child1 tho' both ,she and her ,husband 7the real ,father7 were white2 meerly by eying a ,,picture in the ,bed-,chamber at that critical ,juncture4 ,,upon this ,chapter#dh,pliny has most elegantly express'd the ,artifice of ,,nature1 together with all the ,reasons and ,causes of ,,similitude1 to this ,purpose2 viz4 8,the ,cogitations of the ,mind make much for the ,,similitudes and ,,resemblances of ,children3 ,as many other accidental ,occurrences are thought to be very efficacious in the same1 and that whether they come by ,sight1 ,hearing1 or calling to ,remembrance2 or by ,imaginations conceiv'd1 and deeply apprehended in the very ,act of ,generation1 or the very ,instant of ,conception3 ,the inconstant ,mind1 and wandering ,thought1 of either ,parent1 is justly suppos'd to be one ,cause40 ,,hence it is1 that some ,children favour and resemble their ,fathers1 some their ,mothers1 some their ,grandfathers1 or ,mothers1 and some their ,kinsmen3 ,and hence also it is1 that there is more ,difference and ,diversity in the ,rational ,kind1 than in all other ,creatures2 because the ,velocity of their ,thoughts1 the ,celerity of their ,minds1 and the ,variety of their ,dispositions1 impress a far greater ,diversity of various peculiar ,,marks3 ,while the rest of irrational ,creatures have their ,minds continually fixed 7in a manner7 immoveable1 steady1 and alike3 every ,one of them in its own peculiar ,kind1 and specifick ,nature4 ,,insomuch that the ,woman's ,,imagination frequently induces a strange ,likeness to her ,,infant2 that is1 in no ,part1 and in no ,respect1 favouring the ,,father4 ,from whence it often happens1 that a ,woman abusing her ,,husband's ,bed1 and fearing perhaps to be surpriz'd by him in the ,,act1 brings forth 7in due time7 her ,,child1 no ways resembling the real ,,father1 7namely the ,,gallant72 but altogether ,,like to the injur'd ,,husband4 ,,upon which ,case the following facetious ,epigram was occasionally written by the famous and celebrated ,sir ,thomas ,more4 8,quos ante ,conjux quatuor 8,natos1 ,,sabine1 protulit1 8,multm ecce dissimiles tui1 8,tuos nec ipse deputas4 8,sed quem tibi puellulum 8,enixa jam nuperrim est1 8,solum tibi simillimum1 8,pro quatuor complecteris4 8,adulterinos quatuor 8,vocas1 repellis1 abdicas4 8,atqui graves tradunt ,sophi1 8,quodcunque matres interim 8,imaginantur fortiter1 8,dum liberis datur opera1 8,ejus latenter notas 8,certas1 indelebiles 8,modque inexplicabili 8,in semen ipsum congeri4 8,quibus receptis intim1 8,simlque concrescentibus1 8,a mente ,matris insitam 8,natus refert imaginem4 8,quum tot abesses millibus1 8,dum gignit ,uxor quatuor1 8,qud esset admodum tui 8,secura1 dissimiles parit4 8,sed unus omnium hic ,puer 8,tui refert imaginem1 8,qud mater hunc dum concipit1 8,sollicita de te plurimm1 8,te tota cogitaverat1 8,dum pertimescit anxia1 8,ne tu1 ,,sabine1 incommodus1 8,veltque lupus in fabul 8,supervenires interim4 ,,however1 as to what relates to the ,tempers1 ,dispositions1 ,miens1 ,manners1 ,qualities1 and ,propensions of the ,,mind1 daily ,examples convince us1 that ,children1 after all1 generally much resemble ,those of their ,progenitors2 which proceeds merely from the ,efficacy of the ,,seed1 containing the ,power of the natural ,faculties of their ,minds and vital ,spirits1 which are thence infus'd into their ,posterity4 ,,but ,i take this ,matter to depend much upon the ,passion1 ,indolence1 or ,indifferency of the ,mind1 with which the ,,act of ,copulation is perform'd4 ,for as the ,ardour and ,fervency of the ,parents1 and their plentiful prolifick ,contribution1 tend much to the ,,child's affecting the same ,behaviour1 ,gestures1 ,actions1 ,tempers1 and ,motions of ,,body and ,,mind2 even sometimes to their representing the very ,nature1 and treading the very ,foot-,steps of their ,,parents1 to so nice a degree1 of an exact ,resemblance1 that ,i've more than once observed a ,,mole-,,mark of a ,father plainly impress'd on his ,child4 ,which1 ,i think1 is also conformable to#di ,horace's ,meaning2 8,fortes creantur fortibus bonis3 8,est in ,juvencis1 est in equis patrum 8,virtus3 nec imbellem feroces 8,progenerant ,aquil ,columbam4 ,to valiant ,fathers1 valiant ,sons succeed2 ,thus ,bulls from ,bulls descend1 and martial ,horses breed4 ,,and because the ,institution of ,nature1 perfects its own ,gifts1 which1 by the ,help of ,education1 corrects ,errors1 and abolishes ,blemishes2 the ,poet very pertinently adds1 8,doctrina sed vim promovet insitam1 8,rectq2 ,mores pectora roborant4 ,yet the best ,blood by ,learning is refin'd1 ,and ,virtue arms the solid ,mind2 ,whilst ,vice will stain the noblest ,race1 ,and the paternal ,stamp efface4 ,,but1 however yet1 there are many ,parents still less salacious and less fervid2 who rather vilify1 than covet1 and rather abstain from1 than delight themselves in this ,encounter4 ,in short1 there are some of both ,sexes1 who1 in patiently gratifying their active ,consorts1 esteem it rather a sort of ,hardship and ,,task for ,family-,quiet1 than any incumbent ,,duty of ,nuptial ,benevolence2 ,which#ej,st4 ,paul seems to allude to1 by calling it the defrauding of one the other4 ,,from hence it is1 that ,children often degenerate from the ,nature and ,qualities of their ,,parents2 from hence also it is1 that brisk ,men sometimes have stupid1 and wise ,men frequently beget foolish ,children4 ,this happens only because of the ,indifferency1 ,indolence1 or ,coldness1 either of ,mind or ,constitution1 in their ,conjugal ,pleasures3 ,the dull heavy ,faculty of their ,inclinations to the ,,act1 being diffus'd and transmitted through the ,,seed into the ,infant1 according to ,catullus2 8,natur sequitur semina quisque su4 ,,but farther still1 the ,,seed flowing from the principal ,parts of the ,body1 comprehends in itself the ,vigour and ,quality of their respective ,members3 ,whence it follows1 that ,diseases1 ,imperfections1 ,blemishes1 or any other ,deformity1 inherent in any ,part of the ,,parents1 becomes commonly hereditary to their ,,children4 ,,this is the ,case of the whole ,dutchy of upper ,styria1 where all the ,natives have a huge ,excrescence of ,,flesh1 which grows up with the ,body 7however visibly increasing and decreasing with the ,,moon7 generally lying upon the ,left side from the ,jaw-bone1 and hanging downwards3 ,so that the ,women giving ,,suck of that ,breast1 commonly cast this carnous ,excrescence 7which they call ,,crape7 over their ,shoulders4 ,this is so ,natural to them1 and remarkable1 that in a ,journey once from ,venice to ,vienna1 passing thro' the chief ,town of that ,country1 call'd ,judenburg1 ,i had the ,curiosity to go off the ,post-,waggon1 into the ,church1 with five other ,gentlemen1 ,fellow-,passengers1 to be better satisfy'd of the ,truth of it4 ,the ,people were at ,,mass1 but the sight of us soon confounded1 or at least disturb'd their ,devotion2 for in a ,moment1 the ,eyes of the whole ,congregation were staring upon us1 wondering to see so many deform'd ,men 7as they call'd us7 in that ,place at one ,time4 ,,and the same is the only ,reason1 that most ,children in ,spain and ,portugal1 are born with some ,,symptoms of the ,venereal ,disease2 which1 however1 is without any infectious ,malignity1 and so ,natural to them1 that they seldom apply to the ,doctor for ,,cure1 until the ,case becomes more dangerous or desperate by the ,party's own ,means3 which generally happens to them in a very few ,years1 being exceedingly ,salacious from their ,,infancy1 because of the stimulating ,acrimony of the putrid ,humours of the ,body1 which they only strive to mitigate1 or allay1 by continual ,,whoring4 ,,from what's already said1 we see that the ,efficacy of the ,father's ,,seed is very considerable2 insomuch1 that indeed many calamitous ,misfortunes may derive from it1 to his ,posterity3 ,but it is1 however1 to be strictly observ'd1 that what ,disorder soever of a vitious ,nature derives itself this way from the ,mother1 hath yet the greater ,malignity1 and more powerful ,effect upon her ,,children#ea2 the ,habits of her ,body1 ,good or ,bad1 her ,virtues or ,vices1 taking still a deeper ,root1 or firmer ,footing in the ,constitution of the ,,foetus4 ,which ,distinction1 in short1 must needs be a most plain ,case1 considering that the ,maternal ,blood is its chief ,,aliment1 and the very secundary ,,origin of its ,procreation4 ,,and this1 in fine1 is the only natural ,reason to be given1 why many ,things1 no ways commendable in either ,,sex1 are the less excusable in the ,,woman4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of ,,conception4 ,,conception1 in a word1 is ,two-fold2 ,true and ,natural1 or ,false and ,prternatural4 ,it is call'd ,true1 in opposition to a ,false ,conception2 and ,natural1 because it answers to the ,institution of ,nature4 ,wherefore ,i shall begin with ,this1 and conduct the ,woman1 who has truly and naturally conceiv'd1 thro' the different ,stages of ,life she is to pass2 describing plainly1 and laying before her the many various ,scenes of every respective ,stage1 which can any ways affect her ,person4 ,,in this nice ,affair1 like a faithful ,,pilot1 in a narrow ,channel1 ,i shall not only point out the ,barrs and ,rocks1 on which she may be ,shipwreck'd2 but also direct and prescribe her ,course1 by which she may sail safe into her wish'd-for ,,port3 ,where when ,i have duly secur'd ,herself and her ,cargo to the ,best of my ,capacity1 ,i shall thereafter proceed in their ,order1 to treat of the different ,preternatural ,conceptions2 as ,i shall in this place now discourse only of the ,natural4 ,,this ,natural ,conception then1 is the first principal ,action1 and peculiar ,function of the ,,womb1 in duly commixing and fomenting the retain'd ,,seeds of ,man and ,woman3 ,since as the ,,seed of ,plants requires the ,matrix of the ,earth1 to nourish it well1 and safely defend it2 so doth ,that ,,seminal ,virtue of ,men1 the ,,womb1 in this ,act of ,,conception4 ,,but as to the ,time of ,,conception1 ,i cannot but differ from ,those1 who protract and put it off till the seventh ,day from the first ,seminal ,retention1 for ,i am clearly of ,opinion with ,lud4 ,mercatus#eb1 that if the ,,seed be retain'd seven ,hours1 the ,woman hath ,,conceiv',d3 ,neither can ,i find sufficient ,reason to think ,nature one ,moment ,idle1 much less seven ,days4 ,therefore ,,conception ought to be reckoned1 from the very ,day#ec of the ,first ,retention4 ,,however yet1 it is certain that1 if the ,debility of the ,,seed1 or ,,womb1 or ,both1 happen to hinder or impugn the ,work1 ,nature ejects the ,,genitura1 or ,thing conceiv'd1 on the seventh ,day2 which ,time is the common ,crisis of all ,diseases1 and ,morbifick ,accidents3 ,whereas if no such ,effluxion happens about that ,time1 ,,conception#ed is certain1 and ,formation goes on4 ,,this ,true ,,conception is likewise known by many various ,signs2 whereof ,i shall mention a ,few1 not out of any vain ,curiosity1 but meer ,necessity3 ,because1 supposing a ,woman to labour under any dangerous acute ,disease1 it is of the greatest ,importance1 to be certain1 whether she hath conceiv'd1 or not2 by reason that the ,means of her future ,relief must 7of ,necessity7 be adapted to her present ,condition4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,signs of ,,conception4 ,,the ,signs of ,,conception are many and various1 and accordingly some more1 some less certain1 as hereafter set forth2 whereof ,i shall only mention such as are most common and familiar to the ,generality of ,,women3 viz4 ,i4 ,,the ,retention or ,suppression of the ,,menstrua2 when not occasion'd by some other ,indisposition4 ,,ii4 ,,sudden ,weakness1 ,feebleness1 and ,imbecility of the ,body and ,limbs4 ,,iii4 ,,laziness1 ,weariness1 and ,sleepiness1 with a ,heaviness of the whole ,body2 but especially of the ,reins and the ,thighs4 ,,iv4 ,a sort of little ,,spots1 or hard ,,warts1 arising in the ,face and ,forehead4 ,v4 ,a small ,pain about the ,,navel1 and ,commotions in the lower ,,belly4 ,,vi4 ,,cold ,shivering1 and trembling ,fits2 wandring ,pains1 and ,head-,aches4 ,,vii4 ,,loss of wonted ,colour1 sunk ,eyes1 discolour'd ,eye-,balls3 ,a sparkling ,dimness1 and ,glimmering of the ,,eyes2 the ,ball growing less1 and the ,white larger4 ,,viii4 ,a ,protuberancy or ,swelling of the ,,veins1 and ,,breasts2 their growing ,hard1 and giving ,pain3 ,as the ,,nipples become firm1 large1 and dark-colour'd1 with a livid ,circle around them4 ,,these and many other ,signs often occur upon ,,conception2 but except a ,plurality of them meet in one ,person1 they are not absolutely to be rely'd on3 ,it being a ,vulgar ,error among ,women1 to calculate precisely from the ,time of missing their ,,months2 for as ,these are often suppress'd1 without any such manifest ,cause2 so ,i have known some ,plethorick ,persons1 who have had them several repeated times after ,conception4 ,,yea1 ,i was once given to understand by a ,,lady of ,distinction1 in the ,city of ,berlin1 that she never had ,them1 till she first conceiv'd in the #aith ,year of her ,age2 and then they came in regular ,course1 without any ,detriment1 during the whole ,,foetura1 or time of ,gestation3 ,after which1 she had ,them no more1 till she conceiv'd again1 when ,they return'd1 and continued as formerly2 and thus it constantly happen'd to her1 till she had done ,child-bearing4 ,,there are other more certain ,signs of ,,conception2 touching which1 let it suffice1 that the ,physician knows them1 from the ,relation of the ,,patient3 ,and to these may be added the ,symptoms of the ,,months4 ,,but notwithstanding all the positive ,diagnosticks1 which most ,men have been1 hitherto1 guided by2 ,i have met with so many ,fallibilities in this ,point1 that ,i shou'd readily have come into the ,opinion of#ee ,paulus ,sacchias1 and deny'd the ,certainty of ,,pregnancy1 even at an advanc'd ,time1 had ,i not been better instructed by ,those most excellent ,physicians and ,,men-,,midwives1 ,sig4 ,garofanzzo of ,padua1 and ,pfizerus of ,wittenberg2 who agree in certain infallible ,signs1 which put an end to all my ,doubts1 as well as to the grand ,controversy1 touching ,,conception4 ,,as to those common ,signs1 which discover the ,,conception of a ,boy from a ,girl1 or ,vice ,versa2 finding them tend only to ,curiosity1 and to no real ,advantage1 ,i cannot think it worth while to allow them any ,place ,here4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,diet and ,,regimen of the ,pregnant ,woman4 ,i ,come now1 agreeable to my ,promise1 in the ,first ,chapter of this ,,section1 to direct and prescribe to the ,woman conceiv'd her due ,,course3 ,whom ,i would have to consider1 ,first1 that she is in a very narrow and dangerous ,,sea2 and1 ,secondly1 that1 as the ,,pilot cannot be always upon the ,watch2 so the ,safety of ,,ship and ,,cargo depends entirely upon the ,care1 ,conduct1 and ,steady ,hand of the skilful ,,steersman4 ,,wherefore the ,woman being now satisfy'd of her ,,conception1 she is to observe a quite different ,oeconomy in her ,way of ,living1 from what she formerly practis'd3 ,since a double ,mischief may be the ,result of one single ,fault in this ,case2 the ,,infant always participating of what affects the ,,mother4 ,and therefore she is now not only to take ,care of ,herself1 but also of her ,embryo1 or the ,fruit of her ,,womb2 especially in the ,first ,months1 when it may be justly compared to the tender ,,blossoms of ,trees1 which are easily blasted1 or shaken-off by the least ,accident of ,wind or ,rain4 ,,this ,regimen1 which ,i am about to speak of1 is ,two-fold2 the ,one for such ,women as find themselves in a good ,state of ,health1 by way of ,prevention3 ,the ,other for those of the tenderer ,sort of ,constitutions1 who begin to suffer immediately under the common ,symptoms3 ,upon which ,affair ,i shall give a few necessary ,precautions adapted to ,both1 with all possible ,discretion and ,judgment4 ,i4 ,,the ,conceiv'd ,woman then is to observe a good1 wholesome1 and regular ,,diet2 since ,errors committed that way1 with respect either to ,quantity or ,quality1 may be of double ,damage2 ,i mean1 both to the ,,mother and the ,,infant4 ,she should therefore eat rather ,often1 than ,much at a ,meal2 especially at ,nights1 without fasting too long at any ,time4 ,,ii4 ,,she is discreetly to avoid all unwholesome1 or intemperate ,air1 and not expose herself to any ,,excess of ,heat or ,cold4 ,,iii4 ,,she must not desire rashly to walk much abroad in ,moon-,shine1 nor to wash her ,head in ,sun-,shine4 ,,iv4 ,,she ought not to frequent ,gardens2 and that for the following ,two-fold ,reason3 ,,first1 lest perchance she happen to sit or tread upon some ,herb of a pernicious ,quality2 as divers are1 in provoking ,abortion3 ,,secondly1 lest she covet some ,fruit or ,herbs1 which may be of ,damage or ,inconveniency if allow'd1 and the same if deny'd ,her4 ,v4 ,,she is prudently to avoid all ,odoriferous or ,perfum'd1 as well as ,stinking ,nauseous ,,smells4 ,,vi4 ,,she must carefully shun sitting or lying hard1 and also lifting any heavy ,weight1 or her ,arms above her ,head4 ,,vii4 ,,she ought purposely to forbear all hard ,labour1 and violent ,emotions of ,body4 ,,viii4 ,,she is prudently to avoid all ,apprehensions of ,fears and ,frights1 and not to be surpriz'd at any thing she hears or sees4 ,,ix4 ,,she is cautiously to decline ,watchings1 and sitting up late at ,nights2 but must indulge moderate ,sleep4 ,x4 ,,she must not lace herself 7as before7 with ,whalebone-,stays1 nor use ,busks2 which may not only spoil her ,breasts and ,belly1 but also mis-shape the ,,infant1 if ,abortion does not immediately follow4 ,,xi4 ,,she ought discreetly to suppress all ,anger1 ,passion1 and other ,perturbations of ,mind1 and avoid entertaining too serious or melancholick ,thoughts2 since all such tend to impress a ,depravity of ,nature upon the ,,infant',s ,mind1 and ,deformity on its ,body4 ,,xii4 ,,she is not to be too ,busy1 or ,attentive1 fixing her ,eyes too much upon any one ,,object2 especially on deformed ugly ,persons1 or any such accidental disagreeable ,sight4 ,,xiii4 ,,as to her ,appetite1 she ought to set the ,delphick ,oracle before her 7,nil nimium cupito7 and desire nothing but what she can have to her ,satisfaction4 ,,xiv4 ,,she must carefully avoid all strong purging ,medicines1#ef especially before the fourth1 and after the sixth ,month3 ,and even ,then also1 unless a ,necessity of turgid ,matter1 or unfix'd ,humours1 oblige her to it1 or require ,evacuation4 ,she is also likewise to abstain from all ,,phlebotomy#eg1 especially in the latter ,months4 ,,xv4 ,,as to her ,exercise1 of what kind soever1 the following general ,rule may suffice2 viz4 the first ,month she ought not to exercise herself at all3 ,the second1 but seldom and slowly3 ,the third1 oftner and briskly3 ,the fourth1 fifth1 and sixth1 moderately and boldly3 ,the seventh1 eighth1 and to the middle of the ninth1 she should study by degrees to reduce ,herself discreetly1 and abstain from all her wonted ,exercise1 and act very circumspectly in all ,regards2 especially#eh the eighth ,month1 which is the most dangerous and troublesome of all the ,time of ,pregnancy4 ,,xvi4 ,,lastly1 ,let her ,state of ,health be never so good1 she ought to take proper ,medicines to strengthen the ,,womb1 as well as the ,f,,tus1 in order to prevent ,accidents1 which may happen to the strongest ,woman4 ,,but as to ,women of more tender ,constitutions1 they are not only subject to the common ,symptoms1 but often liable also to acute ,diseases2 such as ,fevers1 ,pleurisies1 ,squincies1 ,inflammations1 ,epilepsies1 ,apoplexies1 ,convulsions1 ,contractions of the ,limbs1 ,joints1 c4 ,in which ,cases1 ,i may reasonably recommend the ,,patient to the ablest ,physician2 since none but the most ,judicious ought to undertake them in such critical ,conjunctures4 ,because it is no ways ,,safe to use the same ,means and ,medicines with the ,pregnant ,woman 7which those incident ,diseases would otherways regularly require27 without a due ,distinction and a nice ,regard had to her other ,,habits of ,body4 ,,these tender ,women are also sometimes seiz'd with ,chronical ,distempers2 such as intermitting ,fevers1 lingring ,coughs1 c3 ,but1 in those ,cases1 ,,prescriptions are not so ,proper or ,convenient1 unless the ,distemper be very severe and extremely prejudicial to the ,,foetus1 because they commonly wear off before the ,,delivery4 ,,however1 be the ,constitution1 or ,condition1 of the ,woman as it will1 ,i mean1 ,strong or ,weak1 ,healthy or ,sickly1 all prudent ,,parents1 who desire to be bless'd with comely1 tractable1 and hopeful ,children1 ought not only to perform their ,nuptial ,duties with great ,serenity of ,mind1 but also to take mutual ,care to prevent and suppress all ,family-,tumults or ,domestick ,storms3 ,for there never ought so much as a ,cloud to appear in their ,conjugal ,society2 since all such unhappy ,accidents strongly affect the growing ,,infant1 and intail the same ,qualities of ,,disposition almost indelibly imprinted upon it4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,symptoms of the first three ,months4 ,,the ,prolifick ,seed being duly coagulated by a gentle ,ebullition of its own vegetative ,faculty1 by the ,power of the ,plastick ,virtue of the vital ,spirits1 and by the peculiar innate ,quality of the ,,matrix2 this inlivened ,substance produceth an ,organical ,body1 of a perfectly form'd1 and delineated ,,foetus3 ,which ,,foetus1 according to the various ,steps of its ,progression in ,formation1 ,animation1 and ,maturation1 occasions as many various and different ,effects upon the ,,bearing ,,woman2 as necessary ,consequences of the said three principal ,,acts of the ,infant's ,constitution4 ,,now these consequential ,effects may be properly divided into ,three ,,classes2 which are accordingly call'd ,,symptoms of the ,first1 ,second1 or ,middle2 and of the last ,three ,months4 ,,but it is to be observ'd by the ,way1 that all ,women are not alike subjected to them2 ,,some being more troubled with ,those of the ,first2 ,,others also with ,those of the ,second2 and ,,others again with the ,,symptoms of the last ,three ,months4 ,but there are some ,women1 in fine1 that continue to be troubled1 in the ,middle ,months1 with the ,,symptoms of the ,first2 and in the ,latter1 with some of ,those of the ,second3 ,all which happens according to their various ,regimens1 ,dispositions and ,habits of ,body4 ,,however1 to proceed methodically1 with all ,submission1 according to what competent ,knowledge and ,experience ,i have of the ,,conceiv',d ,,woman2 the ,,symptoms most common to ,her1 in the ,first ,three ,months1 may be briefly reduced to the following principal ,eight in ,number2 namely1 7#a47 ,vomiting or ,nauseating4 7#b47 ,fastidy or ,loathing4 7#c47 ,pica or ,longing4 7#d47 ,painful ,cholicks or ,gripes4 7#e47 ,diarrhea or ,looseness4 7#f47 ,tooth-,aches4 7#g47 ,head-,aches4 ,and1 7#h47 ,swimmings of the ,head4 ,of all which1 ,i shall now separately treat in their ,order4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of ,,vomiting1 or ,,nauseating4 ,,vomiting is a strong and sudden ,contraction of the whole ,stomach1 occasion'd by the ,animal ,spirit's being preternaturally expanded in its orbicular as well as oblong ,fibres1 and the too quick and violent ,exertion of their ,elastick ,power3 ,or otherwise1 it is a ,convulsive ,motion of the ,stomach1 whereby1 when the ,fibres1 which compose its middle or muscular ,tunick1 are all at once strongly contracted1 it endeavours to eject through the ,oesophagus and ,mouth the ,contents of its ,cavity2 to which the ,gullet itself 7being of a piece with the ,stomach7 and the ,muscles of the ,belly contribute not a little4 ,,which ,definition comprehends the immediate ,cause of all ,vomitings2 and tho' there be many external and internal mediate ,causes1 yet1 ,i think1 in the present ,case of the pregnant ,woman1 the ,cause of this ,,symptom proceeds chiefly from the ,vapours of the exhaled ,,humours1 and the worse ,part of the ,,blood2 infesting the ,tunicks of the ,orifice of the ,,ventricle1 and flying into the ,cavity of the ,,stomach4 ,,which1 if slightly affected1 occasions only a nauseous ,spitting1 or gentle ,vomiting2 but if more severely1 it excites a far worse ,vomiting1 with a certain grievous ,pain and ,torment of the ,person afflicted4 ,now if those ,vapours be of a calid ,quality1 they commonly occasion a stinking and burning kind of ,belching2 but if frigid1 perhaps1 on the contrary1 a troublesome sour1 acid1 breaking of ,wind3 ,both of which promote frequent ,vomiting1 that carries off the vicious ,juices2 so that the ,,symptom commonly ceases 7of itself7 in the second or third ,month4 ,wherefore this ill ,habit need not be industriously restrain'd1 unless very ,troublesome2 as in the above-mention'd ,case1 when attended with extreme ,severity of ,pain3 ,for then it is not without ,danger1 and therefore requires immediate ,remedy or ,,cure4 ,,which ,cure1 ,i humbly conceive1 maybe judiciously effected by expelling the ,cause1 and strengthening the ,ventricle2 so that it may be capable to repel those ,vapours1 or ,humours1 ascending from the ,,womb2 and may either entirely subvert or repress ,those previously receiv'd4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of ,,fastidy1 or ,,loathing4 ,,the ,cause of this ,,symptom proceeds from the worse ,sort and more ignoble ,part of the ,,blood2 which1 in concert with the ,humours1 perverts the ,temperature of the ,,stomach1 by flowing towards its ,orifice3 ,and ,this1 upon emitting ,vapours to the same1 strongly impresseth such vicious ,qualities upon it1 as doth occasion sometimes a ,,loathing of ,all ,meats1 and sometimes only an ,aversion to some certain particular ,dishes of ,meat4 ,,which last ,case happens most commonly1 and especially at the ,time of ,new and ,full-,moon4 ,now this ,,loathing may be thus distinguished3 ,to wit2 if it rises from bilous or cholerick ,humours1 the ,,woman feels a gnawing or biting of the ,ventricle1 and is afflicted with a frequent great ,thirst3 ,if from putrid ,humours1 she is 7at several ,times7 feverishly inclined3 ,and if from moderate gross ,humours1 the only ,,sign is a frequent ,spitting4 ,,this ,symptom ceases 7of itself7 in due ,progress of ,time3 ,for as the ,,foetus 7which as yet is only sustain'd by the better and nobler ,part of the ,,blood7 grows bigger1 it requires the larger ,quantity1 and at last the ,,whole of the ,menstruous ,,blood for its ,sustenance2 at which ,time also the accumulated ,humours likewise are lodg'd in their proper ,place3 ,both which ,causes being thus remov'd1 the ,effect ceases of course by degrees4 ,however it is prudent1 to prevent this ,evil1 from the beginning of ,conception1 by proper ,medicines2 but otherways 7whenever it happens7 unless the ,,foetus be endanger'd for want of sufficient ,aliment1 ,time and ,patience are the fitted ,remedies4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,,pica or ,,longing4 ,,women subject to this ,,symptom1 are indeed desirous of ,meat and ,drink2 yet commonly of such1 as is not only disagreeable1 but also offensive and prejudicial to ,,nature4 ,,the violent ,excess of this vicious or degenerate ,appetite is wonderful2 as frequently appears by many unnatural ,instances1 which ,i shall forbear mentioning in this ,place1 for fear of ill ,consequences2 so that ,i can only recommend the ,curious to the#ei;,authorities of the ,,margin4 ,,the ,cause of this ,,symptom proceeds from the various ,humours of deprav'd ,qualities1 inherent in the ,tunicks of the ,,stomach1 vitiating the ,ferment of the ,,ventricle2 and so affecting the ,orifice1 that it becomes the very ,seat and ,source of this ,evil3 from whence arises the ,variety of the ,humours1 exciting a strange and uncommon ,variety of ,,appetite4 ,,the ,nature and ,quality of these ,,humours1 have occasion'd many learned ,disputes1 which yet remain undecided4 ,but tho' ,platerus takes upon himself to call them ,malignant and ,poisonous1 yet it is the ,opinion of many learned ,men1 and as excellent ,authors1 that ,they are not to be justly accounted for1 any farther than that they are of an occult perverse ,quality1 generated in the ,,stomach1 from irregular ,diet1 improper ,food1 and bad ,concoction1 attended with an erroneous ,regimen in other ,cases4 ,,this ,symptom begins commonly about the #djth ,day from ,conception1 and continues to the #dth ,month3 ,against which time1 part of the vitious ,humours are excreted or thrown up by ,vomiting1 and the ,remainder 7by degrees7 imbib'd by the growing ,infant2 which ,humours being so consum'd1 the ,distemper ceases of ,course4 ,,this ,effect is more extreme and disorderly in bearing a ,,girl than a ,,boy2 the pituitous ,humours having less ,concoction1 because of the want of requisite ,heat3 ,which for the same ,reason also occasions disagreeable ,flatulencies1 ,belchings1 and ,fluctuations4 ,i have1 in the ,course of my ,experience1 observ'd this ,evil to be most common in ,holland2 partly because of the thick condensed ,air of the ,country1 and partly because the ,commonalty of the ,women live but on gross and cold ,food1 ,fruit1 ,acids1 c4 and are consequently of a cold humid ,temperature1 very subject to this ,evil4 ,,the ,diagnostick ,signs of this ,,symptom1 are ,weakness of ,body1 ,dissolution of ,limbs1 ,gnawing of ,stomach1 ,loathing of wholesome ,food1 7and even ,that very often which the ,party lov'd before7 ,anxiety1 ,pensiveness1 frequent ,spittings1 and 7at several times7 ,vomitings4 ,,if the ,ventricle or ,stomach is only slightly affected with some sort of viscous and frigid ,humours1 the ,party generally longs for sharp and tart ,meats2 if with calid and hot ones1 she craves for those which are bitter and biting3 ,but if more severely affected1 with ,humours of some perverse occult ,quality1 she longs for strange unaccountable ,matters2 and hence it is that all monstrous ,,appetites proceed4 ,,but if such ,humours become ,connatural to the ,woman1 by the deep ,impression of ,diuturnity1 she longs for things resembling the very same ,nature of the ,humours3 ,as for ,example1 if they be of a burning or parching ,nature1 she covets to eat ,,coals1 ,,cinders1 c4 if of a gross and thick ,quality1 ,,chalk1 ,,lime1 c4 if of a ,saltish ,kind1 ,,salt itself3 if of a ,melancholick ,temper1 ,,earth1 ,,clay1 ,,dust1 c4 ,for because1 as the ,thing containing changes the ,contents1 so the ,contents 7in process of time1 by ,force of constant ,impression7 change the ,thing containing4 ,in like manner as deprav'd ,wine imparts a vitious ,taste or ,savour to the ,,cask1 so those ,humours convert the ,temperature of the ,,stomach into their own ,natural ,qualities4 ,,the ,similitude and ,dissimilitude of ,humours and ,temperature1 may be thus known and distinguished1 viz4 ,the ,,appetite1 longing for things of a like or resembling ,nature 7as above71 remains still unsatisfy'd1 tho' plentifully indulg'd with the ,thing desir'd3 ,whereas the ,,appetite of different or#fj;discording ,things1 having obtain'd the ,thing long'd for1 is easily satiated1 and immediately ceaseth4 ,,this ,malicious or ,lusting ,,symptom1 is most dangerous2 degenerating commonly into a ,cacochymy1 ,dropsy1 ,phthisick1 or some other heavy ,disease4 ,,but the greatest ,hardship or ,misfortune1 after ,all1 is ,this2 that1 if the ,woman doth not indulge her corrupt ,,appetite1 she languishes and pines to such a degree1 that her#fa,life is often endanger'd1 together with the ,,foetus1 by the ,disappointment3 and if she does so gratify herself1 ,this often proves of the worst of ,consequences1 even sometimes to a mortal ,fatality4 ,,however1 in short1 this ,,symptom is like many ,others1 more easily prevented1 than cur'd3 ,wherefore all ,women1 as soon as they conceive1 ought 7at repeated ,times7 to use proper ,anti-kittean ,medicines 7that is1 against ,,pica or ,longing7 and be very careful of their ,regimen and ,diet3 ,but when1 perhaps1 by neglect of those ,means1 the ,distemper appears inordinate1 the ,method of ,,cure consists in evacuating the ,humours1 and in absterging1 alterating1 and corroborating the ,,stomach4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of ,,cholicks and ,,gripes4 ,,tho' the ,cholick derives its ,name from the ,gut ,colon1 ,i mean by it not precisely that ,pain which affects ,this only1 but that also which usually invades other ,guts1 whether thin or thick2 because one ,gut seems not to be more subject than another to this ,pain2 the ,contexture of all of them being the same every where4 ,so that the ,cholick is nothing else than a sorrowful ,sensation of a very sharp ,pain1 infesting the ,guts1 or the ,nervous ,plexus1 or ,membranes in their ,neighbourhood1 proceeding from wandering ,winds and ,flatulencies in the ,,abdomen1 or lower ,belly2 arising from the ,humours aggregated about the ,,womb3 which1 dissipating themselves1 distend the ,intestines1 and excite most severe ,pains about the ,,navel4 ,,these ,effects may also proceed from indurated ,excrements in the ,,rectum2 or from any other ,matter1 which either compresses1 obstructs1 or erodes the ,intestines3 ,hence ,physicians commonly take notice of ,three different ,sorts of ,cholicks2 namely1 the ,flatulent1 the ,bilous1 and the ,pituitous4 ,,now ,these are ,all thus distinguished3 ,the ,wind-,cholick traverses the ,belly1 and gives an excruciating wandring ,pain in the ,,viscera1 or ,bowels1 c4 ,the ,bilous induces a certain ,pain1 with a very sensible ,mordacity2 and is generally attended with ,thirst and a ,bitterness in the ,,mouth3 ,the ,pituitous gives a most sharp penetrating fixed ,pain1 resembling 7as it were7 a driven ,stake1 or perforating ,instrument2 attended with a ,nausea1 ,vomiting1 and ,retention of ,excrements1 c4 ,this last ,sort ,galen calls the most cruel ,,cholick4 ,,however ,i take it to be the ,first of these1 which most commonly afflicts the ,conceiv'd ,woman2 generated of improper ,diet1 or proceeding from an irregular ,regimen3 ,and ,this is also sometimes so excessive1 that ,i've seen the ,,patient fall by its ,extremity into a ,lipothymia1 or ,swooning-,fit1 which generally presages ,,abortion1 if not seasonably prevented by proper ,discutients1 and convenient ,diet1 c4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,of a ,,diarrhea1 or ,,looseness4 ,a ,looseness1 in my ,sense1 is an immoderate1 frequent and sudden going to ,,stool3 in which the liquid and diluted1 as well as sharp and peccant1 ,excrements are voided1 which is commonly preceded by the ,belly-ach and ,gripes4 ,,it differs from a ,,lienteria1 in that the ,excrements are not indigested1 unaltered1 or ,chylous1 nor the ,,stools so quick after ,meals3 ,as it also differs from the bloody ,hepatick1 and ,hemorrhoidal ,flux1 in that no ,blood1 ,matter1 or ,liquor like that1 in which ,meat may have been wash'd1 is voided with the ,excrements4 ,,some ,loosenesses are call'd ,bilous1 when so much of the sharp ,gall is expell'd as tinges the ,excrements ,yellow1 however mix'd with other serous ,matter3 ,others are call'd serous and pituitous1 in which viscous watery ,humours1 less impregnated with ,,gall1 are frequently and copiously voided4 ,,this ,symptom may proceed from a great ,variety of ,causes3 ,for an ,error committed accidentally in eating or drinking1 or any ,irregularity in the way of ,living may occasion it4 #fb ,,hippocrates and many others1 justly observe this ,case to be dangerous2 because it not only relaxes and debilitates the ,body of the ,,woman1 and ,ligaments of the ,,infant2 but also necessarily impairs its requisite ,nourishment1 and provokes ,nature to an untimely ,expulsion of the tender ,fruit4 ,which unhappy ,consequence ought 7by all means7 to be prevented1 if possible1 and the grievous ,affection to be cured without any ,loss of ,time3 ,now ,i presume ,that may be done first1 by gentle ,abstergents and ,corroborants2 and ,then afterwards by proper ,restringents and ,strengthners4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,x4 ,of the ,,tooth-,,ach4 ,,the ,cause of this ,,symptom1 proceeds from the sharper part of the ,humours2 which1 ascending to the ,head1 vitiates the ,,blood1 and thence occasions a effluxion of ,rheum upon the ,,teeth3 ,so that ,this vitious ,rheum fixing itself at some of their ,roots1 affects the ,membranous ,parts so sensibly1 that instead of a small ,ach1 it proves a great ,pain1 and almost intolerable ,torment to the ,,sufferer4 ,,this ill ,affection may also proceed from some ,frigid or ,calid1 ,serous or ,salt-,humour1 falling down upon the ,membrane of the ,,jaws1 or ,nerves of the ,,teeth3 ,where1 if it corrupts and lies putrefying1 it commonly engenders ,,worms4 ,,in all which ,cases1 ,i humbly conceive1 it may be cur'd by ,variety of respective ,means1 according to the different ,quality of the ,,cause1 whether ,frigid1 ,calid1 ,serous1 ,saltish1 or ,acrimonious3 ,otherways it ceases 7of itself7 in process of ,time1 by good ,conduct and keeping warm1 c4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,of the ,,head-,,ach4 ,,of all the ,parts of the ,body1 the ,,head is most expos'd to ,pains2 that is1 to a troublesome and grievous ,sensation of the ,membranous ,parts2 proceeding from ,vapours of the noxious ,humours2 which ascending to the ,,head1 distend and rend1 in a manner1 the ,membranes of the ,,brain4 ,,the ,parts most commonly affected1 are the ,hairy ,scalp1 the ,pericranium1 and the ,diploe2 ,that is1 the medullous ,duplicature of the ,,cranium1 otherways call'd the ,meditullium3 ,for these ,parts1 by a continual ,solution1 when it happens so1 are always most severely pain'd4 ,but besides1 in a ,woman that has conceiv'd1 the ,pains commonly shift and move from one ,place1 to another1 of the ,,head2 and take certain ,intervals1 longer or shorter1 betwixt their ,access and ,recess4 ,,but as the ,infant grows1 and exhausts a greater ,quantity1 or at last the whole of the ,,blood2 and as the ,humours fix in their proper ,place3 ,so this ,,symptom gradually goes off1 and quite ceases4 ,,however1 in case the ,accesses be long and violent1 they may be discreetly cur'd by repelling and mitigating ,applications1 or by peculiar ,corroboratives and ,discutients1 or proper ,alteratives1 according to the ,nature and ,quality of the ,,cause4 ,i refer what may be farther added on this ,head1 to ,sect4 ,,ix4 ,chap4 #c4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,of the ,,megrim1 or ,,vertigo4 ,,this ,symptom begins with a ,swimming1 ,giddiness1 or ,dizziness of the ,,head1 and proceeds 7in the conceiv'd ,woman7 from ,vapours of the ,humours2 which1 ascending partly thro' the ,veins and ,arteries tending to the ,,brain1 and partly thro' the ,,oesophagus or ,gullet1 disturb the ,animal ,spirits4 ,,now ,this ,distemper is ,two-fold1 and distinguished by the ,words ,,vertigo and ,,tenebricosa2 which last the ,arabian ,physicians have call'd ,scotomia1 ,i suppose from the ,greek ,word 1 ,tenebr1 ,darkness2 and is now generally receiv'd by that ,name4 ,,but because this sad ,affection is too common to both ,sexes1 young and old1 ,i shall proceed to a farther ,dilucidation of it1 for the universal ,good and ,benefit of ,all4 ,,first then1 the#fc,,vertigo is a deprav'd ,imagination1 attended with the vitiated ,,senses of ,hearing and ,seeing2 proceeding from the violent ,commotion of the ,animal ,spirits4 ,secondly1 ,the ,,scotomia is also a deprav'd ,imagination1 accompany'd with loss of ,sight1 and sometimes of the ,motion of the ,animals affected with it1 because of some ,interruption in their circular ,passage4 ,in the first ,case1 the ,,patient imagines his ,head only to be turn'd round1 or winded about3 ,in the other1 he thinks that circular ,motion to consist in the external ,objects4 ,,now the ,,vertigo is attended with the vitiated ,,sense of ,hearing1 as well as ,seeing3 ,because1 as something like a ,cloud1 ,smoak1 or ,web1 seems to appear before the ,,patient's ,eyes2 so there is a certain ,whistling1 ,hissing1 or ,tinkling always in his ,ears4 ,the ,,scotomia1 in like manner1 is attended with ,loss of ,sight1 and ,motion2 because of some ,disorder of the ,ventricles of the ,,brain obstructing or impeding the ,transition of the ,,spirits4 ,,in the ,,vertigo1 an ,agitation happens in the ,membranes of the ,,veins and ,,arteries1 as also in the ,membranes of the ,,brain2 by which violent ,motion1 the very ,continent ,parts are vehemently shaken and concuss'd1 and at length so disquieted1 that the ,,patient thinks his ,,head wheels round about4 ,,in the ,,scotomia1 the ,animal ,spirits having in themselves the ,species of all ,sensibles1 and those ,species being presented to the ,imagination3 ,as such ,images of external ,objects are moved in it1 so the ,party thinks the same real ,objects to be moved4 ,for1 according to ,avicen1 it is the same thing1 whether that which is seen1 or that by which we see1 is moved3 ,as seeing ,land from on board a ,ship1 in a smooth ,sea1 being insensible of the ,ship's ,way1 we imagine 7and sometimes very strongly too7 that the ,,land is in ,motion4 ,,that by which we see1 is the visible ,species reserved in the ,spirit3 ,hence when this ,species is moved1 the external ,object seems also to be moved4 ,,but in explaining the ,circular ,motion of the ,animal ,spirits1 we must consider it to be twofold2 namely1 ,natural and ,preternatural3 ,the ,natural ,motion is that which begins in the ,carotide ,arteries1 thence tending to the ,plexus ,choroideus1 or the anteriour ,ventricles of the ,,brain2 from ,these to the middle2 from the middle to the ,posteriours2 and from the posteriour ,ventricles of the ,,brain1 the ,spirits are imparted to the ,,nerves4 ,the ,preternatural ,motion is just the ,reverse of this ,case4 ,,the ,causes of both these ,cases and ,conditions are either immediate or mediate4 ,the immediate ,causes may be reduced to ,three ,classes2 to wit1 ,causes of an inordinate ,motion of the ,animal ,spirits1 ,causes of the ,circular ,motions1 and ,causes of lost ,sense1 ,sight1 and ,motion4 ,,the ,causes of the ,spirits#fd moving inordinately1 are either ,external or ,internal4 ,the ,externals are the ,sun1 ,hot ,baths1 ,frictions1 and ,concussions of the ,,head2 or a ,fall1 ,blow1 ,contusion1 and all inordinate and immoderate ,motions of the whole ,body3 such as ,running1 ,leaping1 ,riding1 ,dancing1 too much ,venery1 or hard ,drinking2 as also the ,use of ,acids1 or acrimonious ,things1 and all ,things replenishing or stuffing the ,,head2 such as ,garlick1 ,mustard1 ,anise1 ,parsley1 ,leeks1 ,onions1 ,radish1 strong ,snuffs1 ,drinks1 c4 ,,the internal immediate ,causes are the ,imagination of the ,,patient1 ,vapours of the whole ,body1 frigid ,flatulencies1 and#fe;a sudden ,fluxion of the vital ,spirits into the ,,head4 ,,the mediate ,causes are ,material2 and this ,matter#ff 7almost all ,physicians agree7 is frigid4 ,from hence it is certain1 that the ,distemper proceeds from ,crudities1 and ,victuals of a crude ,juice2 such as ,pulses1 ,cheese1 ,tarts1 ,fish1 and all other ,sorts of the like frigid and humid ,qualities3 ,but these are only to be reckon'd concurring1 not efficient ,causes4 ,,the most common material ,cause is1 according to ,galen#fg1 the ,,bile2 which1 seeking for ,vent at the ,mouth of the ,stomach1 is the ,cause of these ,symptoms1 and is#fhproperly to be educed or evacuated by a due ,vomit4 ,,but in ,case of ,,vapours1 ,heat is always the efficient ,cause1 elevating them from the peccant ,matter2 since a ,cold1 or a refrigerated ,body1 can never engender ,,vapours or ,wind from any ,material ,cause4 ,i shall not now enter upon the particular ,diagnosticks of this ,distemper1 because they are as ,various1 as the ,causes1 and affected ,places are different4 ,let me observe only1 that the simple ,,vertigo is easily known by the ,imagination of the ,circular ,motion of the ,patient's ,,head1 or ,that of external ,objects1 or by vitiated ,seeing and ,hearing4 ,,but the ,,scotomia differs from the ,,vertigo1 in that besides the ,imagination of the circular ,motion1 the ,,patient often loses his ,sight1 staggers1 tumbles1 or falls to the ,ground4 ,and yet the same is distinguished from the ,epilepsy1 in that the ,,patient retains his principal ,functions1 and neither ,foams at ,mouth1 nor is ,convulsive4 ,,however1 as to the ,distinction of ,causes1 if the internal ,cause proceeds from ,calidity1 it is known by the hot ,temperament of the whole ,body1 as well as by a ,swelling and ,pulsation of the ,,arteries about the ,throat3 ,besides that this ,,vertigo easily accedes and recedes1 it is always attended with ,calidity and ,redness of ,face and ,eyes2 with ,watchings1 ,deliriums1 c3 ,and it commonly follows ,fevers1 ,watchings1 ,anger1 the ,use of ,calids1 hot ,things1 c4 ,in which ,cases1 it is always to be helped by the ,use of ,frigids1 or ,coolers4 ,,if it arises from frigid ,flatulencies1 the ,paroxysms or ,fits are preceded by a ,hissing or ,tingling in the ,,ears2 the ,,patient turns pale and wan1 and is taken with an odd extensive ,pain of the ,,head3 ,and if these ,flatulencies generate in the ,,head1 the ,party feels it ponderous1 lumpish1 and heavy2 and is consequently much inclin'd to ,sleep1 ,stupidity1 ,dullness1 and ,inactivity4 ,,if the ,distemper is derived from a flatulent ,stomach1 the ,,patient is troubled with ,rifting and ,rumbling of the ,belly2 with ,sobbing and ,sighing1 with ,hickups1 ,yawnings1 ,extensions1 ,inflations1 and frequent ,spittings4 ,,if it comes from a ,mordacity of the ,mouth of the ,stomach1 the ,party is infested with a ,nausea1 ,loathing and ,fastidy2 with a ,dejection of ,appetite1 a lasting or frequent ,thirst1 and a ,bitterness of the ,mouth4 ,but this ,affection also very often proceeds from the ,,womb1 and that either because of the suppress'd ,menstrua1 or longretain'd ,seed2 as will hereafter more fully appear in ,sect4 ix4 ,chap4 #h4 ,,as to the ,prognosticks of this ,distemper1 it does not always seem ,dangerous1 much less ,lethal1 at first2 but its ,consequences are 7however7 very ,fatal#fi1 if not timely prevented3 ,for it often turns to ,inflammations#gj of the ,,head1 or ,convulsions2 sometimes to ,melancholy or ,madness2 and sometimes to ,epilepsies or ,apoplexies4 ,,now because this ,affection observes ,lunar ,periods1 and in extreme ,cases1 is near a-kin to the ,falling-,sickness2#ga ,clius ,aurelianus informs us1 ,that it was call'd by the ,ancients the little ,epilepsy3 ,and as it admits of periodical ,accessions and ,circulations 7,i mean coming and going ,fits7 which depend chiefly upon the ,power and ,influence of the ,new and ,full-,moon2 so it is to be treated with respect to ,cure1 in a different manner2 one way in the ,access1 another in the ,interval4 ,,but this ,cure is as different1 as the ,causes and ,degrees of the ,distemper are various2 wherefore ,i can1 by no means1 enter upon it in this place1 for ,brevity-sake4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,of the ,,symptoms of the middle ,three ,months4 ,,the ,,foetus having receiv'd a distinct ,,form1 constituted of various ,organical ,members1 and produced of divers substantial ,matters1 takes a various ,situation2 the different ,members possessing different ,places1 according to the ,institution of ,,nature4 ,,after an absolute and compleat ,conformation of ,,organs1 the rational ,soul is infus'd and adapted2 which is the ultimate ,perfection of the ,human ,,foetus3 ,by which it becomes ,,man and receives ,life1 living and subsisting henceforward by its own vivacious ,faculties1 distinct from those of the ,,mother4 ,now the ,great and ,all-wise ,,creator undoubtedly is the only ,supream1 ,efficient1 and ,immediate ,author and ,finisher of this noble ,work2 which1 according to the nicest ,calculation of the greatest ,masters of ,nature1 is most commonly accomplished about the ,beginning of these ,middle ,months3 ,at which time1 the usual ,turn of ,nature necessarily occasions different ,effects to the ,child-bearing ,woman2 which are call'd ,,symptoms of the ,middle ,months4 ,,and these ,,symptoms1 in short1 ,i reduce to the following ,seven in ,number2 viz4 #a4 ,coughs2 #b4 ,palpitations or ,heart-,beatings2 #c4 ,swoonings or ,syncopes2 #d4 ,watchings2 #e4 ,pains in the ,hips and ,loins2 #f4 ,hemorrhages or ,bleedings2 and1 #g4 ,fluxes of ,blood4 ,of which1 in their due ,order4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,of ,,coughs4 ,,coughs are either ,humid or ,siccid3 ,they are call'd ,humid1 when the ,humours contain'd in the ,aspera ,arteria1 of whatsoever ,nature1 are expell'd by its own ,force thro' the ,mouth4 ,and ,siccid1 or dry ,,coughs1 when1 notwithstanding great ,pains and ,trouble1 nothing is excreted1 only the whole ,body fatigued by a continual irritated ,endeavour to ,cough and spit-out2 whence arise ,pains of the ,head1 ,hypochondriacks1 and other ,parts4 ,,the ,cause of which ,,symptom is ,four-fold1 and proceeds either from the sharp acid ,vapours of the ,humours flying towards the ,lungs1 ,wind-pipe1 and ,jaws2 irritating the natural ,faculty to ,expulsion3 ,or1 from the finer ,part of the ,blood1 converting itself to the pectoral ,veins3 ,or1 from the ,humours themselves ascending to the ,head1 and relapsing upon the ,breast3 ,or1 in fine1 from the suppressed ,albedines or ,,whites1 and whatsoever may vellicate the ,aspera ,arteria1 or in any respect oppress or irritate the same4 ,,this ,symptom 7however slighted or lightly esteem'd7 is very ,dangerous2 forasmuch as it attenuates and weakens the whole ,body1 enervates or destroys its ,strength and ,vigour1 causes difficult ,respiration1 excites ,head-,aches1 hinders natural ,rest1 occasions ,watchings1 promotes ,defluxions1 and finally gives ,origin to ,fevers1 as well as most other ,diseases3 ,besides that1 it continually exagitates and distresses the ,muscles of the ,,abdomen1 or lower ,belly2 and thereby too commonly provokes ,miscarriage4 ,,for these ,reasons this ,,symptom ought to be carefully mitigated1 if not cur'd1 without any loss of ,time3 ,but the ,,cure itself1 in my humble ,opinion1 may be easily effected1 by evacuating the peccant ,humours1 by purging and corroborating the ,head1 and by the right ,use of proper ,thoracick ,medicines4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,of ,,heart-,,beatings and ,,swooning-,,fits4 ,,these ,beatings or ,palpitations are nothing else but a sudden ,loss of all the ,strength1 with an immoderate ,concussion1 by a vehement ,diastole1 and molestous ,systole of the ,,heart3 ,from hence this ,,symptom easily turns to a ,cardialgia1 ,lipothymia1 or ,syncope2 which are ,all of near ,affinity1 in the ,case of the ,pregnant ,woman1 so that ,i shall treat of them conjunctly1 and first observe2 that ,,the ,cause of all such ,,symptoms are but ,two-fold1 and proceed either from a flatulent ,substance of the ,humours1 ascending1 thro' the ,arteries1 or the ,vena ,cava1 to the ,,heart3 ,or from the ,abundance of ,,blood1 which 7not finding passage by the ,,womb7 seeks to the superiour ,parts1 and thence oppresses the ,,heart and vital ,faculty4 ,,this ,last is the most dangerous ,condition1 being 7in such ,plethorick ,women7 the certain ,prognostick of imminent ,,abortion3 ,to prevent which unhappy ,accident1 the principal ,part of the ,,cure1 depends very much on cautious ,ven-,sections1 or letting ,blood1 proper ,diet1 c3 ,whereas1 in the ,first ,case1 proper ,discutients1 ,cordials1 and ,corroborants1 are the most convenient and successful4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,of ,,watchings4 ,,this ,symptom is nothing else1 more than an immoderate ,exercitation of the ,,senses1 from too great a ,motion of the ,animal ,spirits3 ,proceeding from some acrimonious and siccid ,vapours of the ,humours1 ascending to the ,,brain1 and there disturbing the ,spirits1 by exciting their vehement ,motion2 which so exagitates the ,,senses1 that the vigilant restless ,woman gets either none at all1 or but very short ,sleep4 ,,this watchful ,affection is distinguished by a siccid1 or calid and siccid ,intemperature2 attended sometimes with a ,melancholick1 ,bilous1 or ,pituitous1 ,saltish ,matter2 which is either essentially lodg'd in the ,,head1 or communicated to it from the ,mouth of the ,stomach1 or the ,veins of the whole ,body4 ,,some have been so overtaken with this ,,symptom1 that they have not only continued ,awake for some ,days and ,nights1 but also ,weeks and ,months3 ,insomuch that ,hercules ,saxon#gb relates of his own ,father1 that ,he1 being melancholick1 suffer'd such like ,,watchings1 without the least ,,sleep1 seven ,months long4 ,,however in the ,child-bearing ,woman1 the least ,degree of such immoderate ,,watching#gc is dangerous2 insomuch that it often occasions ,deliriums1 and ,convulsions1 by the continual ,stretch and ,tension of the ,,fibres4 ,,however the ,,cure of this ,,symptom may 7,i hope7 be well perform'd both by external and internal ,means2 externally1 by proper ,lotions1 ,inunctions1 and ,frictions2 internally1 by proper ,soporiferous ,medicines adapted to the ,quality of the ,intemperature4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,of ,,pains in the ,hips1 ,loins1 c4 ,,although these ,,pains 7in general ,terms7 are the ,effects of the ,compression of the extended ,,womb1 hanging on1 and bearing too much upon the neighbouring ,parts1 by its ,gravity and ,weight3 ,yet the particular ,cause of such ,,symptoms 7in my ,opinion7 is ,two-fold2 and proceeds either from the ,abundance of ,,blood lodging in the ,veins of those ,parts2 or from the growing ,,foetus1 so extending the ,ligaments of the ,,womb1 as to oblige the neighbouring ,parts to sympathize4 ,from hence the broad ,ligaments cause the ,,pains of the ,back and ,loins1 answering to the ,reins1 to which ,parts they are strongly fixed2 as the round ,ones affect the ,groins1 ,hips1 and ,thighs1 where they terminate4 ,which ,ligaments are sometimes so violently extended1 especially in the first ,time of ,pregnancy1 that 7by the ,concurrence of any slight procatarctick ,cause7 they have been often known to break4 ,,the ,cure of these ,,symptoms1 in the first ,case above-mentioned1 depends chiefly upon cautious ,phlebotomy1 and good ,repose in ,bed2 and in the ,second1 upon proper ,swathes1 ,unguents1 c4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,of ,h,,morrhagies1 or ,,bleedings4 ,,these ,symptoms are to be understood to happen only from the superiour ,parts2 as ,nostrils1 ,mouth1 or ,ears3 ,and the ,cause seems to be ,three-fold3 proceeding either from a more than ordinary ,plenty of ,,blood2 or from a gross ,mixture of ,humours and ,,blood1 prompting ,nature to ,excretion2 or1 lastly1 from a ,debility and ,weakness of the ,,infant1 when not able to attract the due ,quantity of ,,blood to its ,subsistence4 ,,in the first ,case1 the ,woman usually looks sanguine and well-colour'd1 and hath more ,plethorick ,marks upon her2 which1 if it happens1 without any great ,inconvenience1 as it is without ,danger1 the ,woman may easily bear and dispense with it4 ,,in the second ,case1 the ,,blood so lost falls dropping away1 and with ,pain2 it is ugly and ill-colour'd1 of an acid ,quality1 and stinking ,smell3 ,and the ,,patient hath more ,cacochymic ,signs upon her1 whereby she is threatned with ,abortion and imminent ,danger4 ,,in the third ,case1 the ,,signs of a ,debilitated ,ftus1 and instant ,abortion1 are evidently presented2 as mention'd in ,chap4 #bi1 and #cj1 of this ,section3 ,when1 if she chance to escape ,miscarriage1 7which most commonly happens in this ,condition1 if not timely and artfully prevented7 a difficult and laborious ,,birth is the certain ,consequence2 and sometimes a protracted ,time of ,,bearing to the ,close of the #ajth1 or 7as ,i have observ'd7 to the ,beginning of the #aath ,month4 ,,this ,symptom is to be judg'd of1 and cur'd according to the above-mention'd1 and what other concomitating ,diagnostick ,signs appear4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,of ,,fluxes of ,,blood4 ,,this ,symptom is to be understood to happen from the inferiour ,parts2 namely1 by way of the ,hmorrhoidal ,veins1 or by the ,passage of the ,,womb1 but most commonly by the ,last4 ,,the ,cause then of this ,,symptom1 happening by the ,hmorrhoids1 is ,three-fold2 and proceeds1 either from too great a ,quantity of ,,blood abounding2 or from the disorder'd and deprav'd ,quality of that ,,blood2 or from ,both these ,indispositions jointly3 ,and this sanguine ,affection is commonly without any great ,danger 7tho' not without some ,trouble7 to the ,woman2 ceasing gradually 7of itself7 after a safe and successful ,,delivery4 ,,this ,symptom from the ,,womb1 happens ,four different ,ways2 to wit1 either by the ,vessels1 which run to the ,neck of the ,,womb2 or by ,those1 which tend to the ,body and ,cavity of the ,,same2 or by ,those1 that adhere to the ,membrane call'd ,,chorion1 and to the ,infant1 by which it attracts its ,nutriment2 or by ,those1 that ,nature hath reserv'd for a ,superftation1 or the ,necessity of expurging this ,,blood when it chances to be ,superfluous4 ,,whatever way this ,,flux happens1 its ,cause is ,three-fold2 and proceeds1 either from an ,apertion of some of the mentioned ,uterine ,vessels2 or from their ,dilatation2 or from a ,rupture of those ,vessels4 ,,they are open'd by a ,redundancy or ,superfluity of ,,blood2 which ,wise ,nature takes this ,method of fiercing and throwing-off1 the ,natural ,evacuation being stopped4 ,they are dilated by the ,acrimony of the ,humours1 or by their own rarefy'd and thin ,contexture1 ,and1 in fine1 they may be bursten or broken1 by a great ,variety of ,accidents2 such as ,running1 ,leaping1 ,falling1 ,striking1 ,lifting a heavy ,weight1 violent ,motion1 ,coughs1 great ,pains1 ,vapours1 ,costiveness1 ,looseness1 immoderate ,heat1 or ,cold2 as also by any violent ,perturbation of ,mind4 ,,the ,first ,case 7being the ,work of ,nature7 happens with great ,ease1 and without any ,pain or ,trouble2 it flows moderately and regularly1 is of short ,continuance1 and not attended with any immediate ,danger1 so long as the ,woman enjoys her ,health1 and continues well-colour'd in ,complexion4 ,,the ,second ,case is called an ,,anastomosis2 and what happens by such irregular ,dilatations1 falls ,drop by ,drop away2 and is ,all ,acid1 ,ill-colour'd1 ,stinking1 ,thin1 ,pale1 ,serous ,stuff4 ,,the ,third ,case is known by an immoderate and irregular ,flooding1 as it were in ,heaps2 attended with ,,pains of the ,groins1 ,loins1 c3 ,and at last aggravated with ,faintings and ,convulsions4 ,the true ,,state of which ,case is particularly noted in ,sect4 ,v4 ,chap4 #g4 ,only give me leave to add here1 that the ,procatarctick ,cause1 is always sufficiently known1 from the ,relation of the ,,patient4 ,,but however1 it is also proper to know in all the above-mention'd ,cases1 from what ,place1 and by what ,vessels this ,flux happens3 ,which may be rightly thus distinguished2 for if from the ,neck of the ,,womb1 it flows orderly and moderately2 as it likewise does1 if it comes from ,vessels no ways adhering to the ,,infant3 but if it arises from the ,bottom of the ,,womb1 it flows in less ,order1 and greater ,quantity2 and if it happens1 in fine1 from the ,vessels fixed to the ,,infant1 and the ,,chorion1 then it does flow most irregularly of all1 and in very great ,quantities4 ,,the ,prognosticks of this ,,symptom are1 either a#gd weak debilitated ,,infant1 or an approaching ,abortion3 ,but besides also1 it sometimes portends a hard1 laborious1 and protracted ,,birth1 perhaps even to the #aath ,month4 ,,which ,prognosticks are indeed founded upon sufficient relative ,reasons3 ,the ,first1 because the ,,infant is not able to convert the whole of the superabundant ,,blood1 to its ,aliment3 ,the ,second1 because the ,,infant 7tho' perhaps ,strong and ,able enough7 is depriv'd of its requisite ,sustenance3 ,the ,third1 because 7according to ,hippocrates1 c47 a sickly ,gestation always indicates a difficult and laborious ,,birth3 ,and besides the reason of a protracted ,birth 7beyond the ordinary ,time7 is very plain and perspicuous2 because1 if a strong healthy ,,child requires two ,months1 to recover itself after the first ,onset or ,attempt of the #gth ,month1 7as is more amply explain'd in ,chap4 #cd4 of this ,section7 it is but highly reasonable to think1 that a weak sickly ,one1 requires a longer ,time of ,gestation4 ,,the first ,case of this ,,symptom1 seems to be the most favourable of the ,three2 yet ,i would advise such ,sanguine or ,plethorick ,women1 to guard against one ill ,consequence1 which ,i have known sometimes to happen in the same burthensome ,condition3 ,namely1 that from too great a ,plenty or ,superfluity of ,,blood1 it sometimes runs through the interiour ,veins into the ,cavity of the ,,womb1 which renders the ,case by far the most dangerous2 because this ,,blood#ge 7being out of its proper ,canal or ,center7 irregularly extravas'd1 immediately corrupts and suppurates2 which corrupted ,,blood1 in ,concert with the ,,infant1 7whose ,aliment is thereby impair'd7 always obliges the ,,womb1 to dilate and yield up its ,contents3 ,so that1 in short1 this particular ,,symptom#gf is1 in all its different ,cases or ,conditions1 the most ,pernicious and ,dangerous4 ,,wherefore it is1 that the respective ,,cures of these sundry ,cases1 belong only to the ,ablest ,physician1 and ,that 7most properly7 to ,him who professes and practices ,,midwifery3 ,because1 when ,medicinal ,helps fail1 and cannot prevent ,misfortunes1 ,,he will at least know best then1 how to ,compose1 and ,mitigate them1 by delivering the ,woman1 if ,necessity so require4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,of the ,,symptoms of the last three ,months4 ,,two third ,parts of the common ,duration and ,conjuncture of ,,child-,,bearing1 being1 by this time faithfully1 if not so fully1 accounted for2 it remains now1 that we also more particularly consider the ,,mother and her ,,infant throughout the last ,three ,months-,travail4 ,these are the ,finishing ,maturating ,months of the ,,infant3 ,i mean peculiarly1 as to its ,strength and ,vigour2 since in other respects1 the ,middle ,months have duly perfected the ,ornaments of the particular ,members1 and gracefully compleated the ,,shape and ,,form of the whole ,body4 ,,wherefore1 as1 in these latter ,months1 the ,,child encreases in ,bulk1 ,vigour1 and ,activity1 it then affords the tender ,,mother incredible ,uneasinesses1 and grows sometimes almost ,obstreperous3 ,which ,augmentation of the ,,foetus 7of natural ,consequence7 occasions in her ,constitution of ,body various different ,effects2 call'd ,,symptoms of the last ,three ,months4 ,,now these ,,symptoms1 ,i hope ,i may pertinently reduce to the following ,nine1 in ,number2 namely1 #a4 ,dysuries2 #b4 ,ischuries2 #c4 ,stranguries2 #d4 ,costiveness2 #e4 ,tenesms2 #f4 ,varices2 #g4 ,inflations of the ,legs2 #h4 ,fissures of the ,belly2 and #i4 and lastly1 ,water-,fluxes4 ,of which ,i shall take leave to treat separately1 in their proper ,order4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,of ,,dysuries1 ,,ischuries1 and ,,stranguries4 ,,the ,dysuria is a painful and difficult ,excretion of ,urine2 as the ,ischuria is an entire ,suppression of the ,,same3 ,and the ,stranguria nothing but an ,effect of the other ,,two2 being an ,excretion made ,drop by ,drop1 with a continual ,stimulation or ,propensity to make ,water1 however without any acute ,pain1 tho' not without some ,uneasiness4 ,,now these three ,,symptoms have all their respective ,causes1 which ,i shall not particularly enter upon here at large2 but only1 take notice by the ,by1 that in the ,pregnant ,woman1 they most commonly proceed from ,one and the same ,original3 ,wherefore ,i shall in this ,place discourse of them conjunctly2 and observe that all three ,,symptoms may proceed from the ponderous ,,womb1 lying upon1 and depressing the ,neck of the ,bladder2 and that the more heavily1 the nearer the ,woman is to her ,,time4 ,the pungent ,acrimony of the ,,urine sometimes also occasions ,incontinence1 or want of ,retention2 as its ,inflammatory ,heat causeth almost a total ,suppression4 ,however1 in short1 such ,,symptoms may likewise proceed from some crude and unconcocted ,matter1 obstructing and oppressing the ,sphincter-,muscles4 ,,be ,that as it will1 in the present ,case1 the ,,cure is but very seldom of great ,difficulty2 being frequently effected1 by lifting up the ,bottom of her ,belly with both ,hands when she is about to make ,water3 ,or1 by wearing a convenient large ,,swathe4 ,but if ,need require1 the ,region of the ,,bladder may be cherished with proper emollient ,fomentations1 ,injections1 or ,cataplasms2 as 7upon any ,extremity at last7 a ,,catheter may be prudently used4 ,,if the ,,symptom however proceeds from any ,inflammatory1 or ,acrimonious ,quality of the ,,urine2 it may be sufficiently helped by a proper1 regular1 cooling ,diet3 ,as1 if it arises from any undigested1 crude ,matter2 it may be assisted or reliev'd by a good ,draught#gg of warm generous ,,wine2 which not only helps ,concoction1 but also facilitates and promotes ,,urine3 ,but in case of absolute ,necessity1 after all1 gentle ,,phlebotomy ought to be carefully used4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,of ,,costiveness4 ,,the ,belly discharges it self sometimes more seldom or infrequently2 sometimes with more ,pain and ,difficulty2 and sometimes in less ,quantity than is convenient for ,nature4 ,,there have been many ,instances given of this ,disorder1 by#gh,learned ,men1 where some ,,patients have gone to ,stool but once in ,eight1 once in ,fourteen1 and once in ,twenty or more ,days4 ,,yea1#gi;,dominicus ,panarolus relates of a certain ,friend of his1 whose ,belly was so exsiccated1 that he sometimes liv'd three ,months without going to ,stool4 ,,but what ,i mean by ,costiveness1 is not that ,distemper1 where there is a total ,suppression1 for that rather belongs to the ,iliack ,passion2 but that only1 where the ,excrements lodging longer than their due natural ,time1 perhaps three or four ,days more or less1 are at last voided hard and dry with some small ,straining4 ,which irregular ,accident may proceed from many different ,causes4 ,although in the pregnant ,woman1 ,i take the following to be the most ,common3 ,that is to say1 the ,calidity and ,siccity of the ,,liver1 or ,,spleen2 occasion'd by the ,lusty ,child's attracting too much of the ,radical and ,succid ,moisture of the ,,mother1 and compressing the ,intestines4 ,,this ,symptom proves often of dangerous ,consequence3 ,for by the pressing ,force1 commonly us'd in such a ,case to ease the ,,belly1 some ,vessels or ,ligaments may be easily and readily broken4 ,and not only so1 but the retain'd ,fces always affect the ,,head1 and contaminate the ,,blood with noxious ,vapours2 and thereby impede or hinder the ,concoction of the ,ventricle1 and the ,separation of the better and purer1 from the grosser and impurer part of the ,chyle3 ,whence proceed many other various ,disorders to the whole ,body1 from the long ,retention of the ,excrements4 ,,the ,cure consists in temperating the ,calidity of the ,,viscera1 and relaxing the ,,belly by proper ,diet1 ,dissolvents1 c4 ,and in ,case of any sudden ,,vomiting1 which sometimes happens upon ,costiveness1 humectant and emollient ,clysters may be most properly and cautiously used1 to restrain and prevent all such ,revulsions4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,of ,,tenesms4 ,a ,,tenesms is an irregular ,retention of ,,nature1 and nothing else but a continual ,desire or ,inclination of going to ,,stool2 attended with ,pain1 without voiding any thing but ,slime1 or an indigested ,,mucosity3 ,and this is in the ,,anus1 what a ,strangury is in the ,,bladder2 being ,both a violent ,contraction of the ,,fibres1 or ,disorder of the ,,sphincter-,,muscles4 ,,which tenacious ,symptom proceeds from a great ,variety of ,causes1 occasionally provoking the expulsive ,faculty of the strait ,gut1 call'd the ,,rectum1 without a ,power to expel2 such as may happen to be an unusual ,exulceration1 or ,constriction of1 or an ,acid-,salt-,humour in the same ,,intestine3 ,so likewise a ,stone in the ,neck of the ,,bladder1 a ,tumour of the adjacent ,parts1 or seminal ,vessels1 a frigid ,intemperature1 the ,hemorrhoides1 a ,dysenteria1 ,dysuria1 ,ischuria or ,stranguria1 c4 may very shrewdly occasion the ,,tenesmus4 ,,which binding ,,symptom is of the same dangerous ,nature and#hj;,consequence with the preceding ,case2 both having an equal ,effect of ,power1 if not prevented1 to expel and dislodge the ,,infant4 ,which ,notion cannot be otherways better maintain'd2 for the ,,womb being situated upon the ,intestinum ,rectum1 must suffer great ,commotions by continual ,needings and ,strainings in both ,cases4 ,,but the safest ,,cure1 in short1 in my humble ,opinion1 is to be perform'd by proper ,decoctions1 ,fomentations1 and absterging ,clysters4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,of the ,,varices1 or ,vein-,tumours4 ,,this ,symptom is nothing else1 than a ,distention or ,dilatation of the ,,hip1 ,,thigh1 and ,,leg-,,veins3 ,which however chiefly appears about the ,,ham2 and it happens most commonly to ,plethorick ,women1 who walk much1 or exercise themselves more freely upon any ,occasion4 ,,the ,cause proceeds only from a ,plenty1 or ,superfluity of the suppressed ,,blood1 more than the ,infant can consume3 which being carry'd by the ,arteries to the lower ,parts1 is thence received by the ,crural and ,saphene or ,ankle-,veins4 ,insomuch that the ,,womb1 being 7by this time7 both ,ponderous and ,bulky1 so presseth the ,,iliac-,,veins1 that it hinders the ,,blood in its ,course1 and obstructs its free ,motion and ,circulation2 whereby 7of consequence7 these inferiour ,veins must swell and distend themselves proportionably4 ,,however1 the ,danger of the ,,symptom is not great2 because after a safe ,,birth1 when the super-abounding ,,blood and ,humours are evacuated1 these preternatural ,tumours settle1 and the ,,veins return to their ,pristine ,state4 ,,wherefore the only necessary ,relief of this ,malady1 consists chiefly in the ,woman's abstaining from too much ,walking1 and all other extravagant ,exercises2 upon indulging her inferiour ,limbs1 by keeping them rais'd upon a ,couch or ,stool1 that the ,,blood may not settle too much to these lower ,parts3 ,or 7which is far better7 let her prudently keep her ,bed2 in which ,posture1 the ,,blood can meet with no such ,difficulty in returning by these ,veins to the ,,heart1 as it will find when it must ascend by the ,woman's ,,sitting or ,,standing upright2 so that consequently it must needs circulate the more readily and with more ,ease4 ,hence in short1 it is1 that from this more ,free and ,easy ,,circulation in ,bed1 such ,women are always more easy1 or better dispos'd1 and far less pain'd or troubled in the ,mornings1 than at ,nights1 in ,this ,condition4 ,,but if1 after ,all1 the ,,patient's ,convenience will not permit such ,indulgences1 ,then a proper ,swathe of three or four ,fingers ,breadth1 is most adviseable2 beginning to swathe this ,varicose1 or ,swelling ,part1 from the ,bottom upwards1 as far as the ,varices or ,tumours extend4 ,but in ,case of more ,plethorick ,marks1 at last1 in the other ,parts of the ,body1 ,phlebotomy may be most safely made ,use of4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,of the ,,inflations and ,,tumours of the ,,legs4 ,,these bloating ,symptoms not only happen to some ,women before1 but also after ,,birth2 especially when the ,,lochia1 or ,child-bed ,cleansings1 do not flow in a regular ,measure or sufficient ,quantity4 ,,the ,cause of the present disorder'd ,case1 proceeds either from the ,suppression of some ,aqueous ,flux of the ,,womb2 or from some such watery serous ,,blood descending to the ,,legs2 or from the ,abundance of retain'd ,menstruous ,,blood1 more than the ,,infant can dispense with3 which1 being of no ,service either to ,,mother or ,,child1 settles downwards to these aggriev'd ,parts4 ,but these ,things are to be considered with this ,distinction and ,difference1 that if the ,,liver be debilitated1 and the ,,blood becom's ,pituitous or ,aqueous1 the ,woman's ,,legs are so ,oedematous or ,tumid1 that when pressed with the ,finger1 it leaves the ,impression of a ,dent and ,hollowness3 ,but if the ,,blood grows corrupted and bilous1 her ,,legs are inflam'd1 and sometimes occasionally exulcerated1 as in ,scorbutick ,cases3 ,and if none of ,these happen1 then a gross thick ,,blood only abounds1 tending vitiously downwards4 ,upon which there are only some ,livid or ,blueish ,marks#ha to be discover'd with those ,tumours1 such as the ,,varices or ,swellings occasion in the preceeding ,case4 ,,in fine1 the ,woman troubled with these ,symptoms1 commonly bears a ,female2 as all ,women1 having sickly times of ,,gestation1 generally do4 ,however yet1 tho' this swelling ,affection is very troublesome1 its ,danger is not great2 because it ordinarily ceases of it self with good ,care after the ,,birth4 ,wherefore in this ,condition a ,,cure is not always to be attempted1 lest the ,humours recoiling upwards1 affect some nobler ,part4 ,nevertheless1 if the ,,swelling be too considerably ,painful or ,troublesome1 proper ,digerents and ,discutients may be apply'd1 and the ,,legs fomented with a convenient ,lixivy1 ,decoction1 or ,cataplasm4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,of ,,fissures or ,,chops of the ,,belly4 ,,this ,symptom only happens to ,women bearing their first or second ,,child2 whole lower ,,bellies have not yet been sufficiently extended by frequent ,,conception4 ,,the ,cause proceeds only from the natural ,lenitude and ,constriction of the ,skin of the ,,abdomen or lower ,belly2 which 7in proportion to the ,growth of the ,,infant7 must dilate and distend itself3 ,so far as that towards the latter ,months1 it gives way to such a large degree1 that it appears not otherways than as if the ,,skin was to be divided1 and almost crack or break by its thin ,attenuation4 ,,however it occasions also very often great ,pain1 as well as a permanent wrinkled ,,deformity of that ,part4 ,wherefore ,laxative ,liniments1 and proper ,unguents1 are pertinently to be made use of by way of ,precaution1 from the fourth ,month1 until the ,time of ,delivery4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxvii4 ,of ,,water-,,fluxes4 ,,the ,water which is gather'd in the ,time of ,,gestation1 between the ,membranes involving the ,,infant1 is at last upon the approaching ,,birth effus'd3 ,for the ,,child having broke the ,,amnion1 feels these ,,waters troublesome1 and consequently obliges the ,,chorion also to give way4 ,from whence proceeds naturally a copious ,effusion of the same ,,waters4 ,,but of this natural ,flooding1 ,i am not properly to treat in this ,place2 only of that preposterous ,,flux1 which happens before the due time of ,,birth1 the immediate ,cause of which proceeds from some ,procatarctick ,accident3 ,such as a ,perturbation of ,mind1 an unlucky ,fall1 a ,leap1 a ,stroke1 or any other ,violence4 ,,this ,symptom happens ,two ways1 either by a ,disruption1 or ,dilatation of the ,,membranes3 the first by external1 the other commonly by internal ,causes4 ,in the first ,case1 the ,,flux comes suddenly1 irregularly1 and in a great ,quantity2 in the second1 by little and little1 or by degrees1 and less in ,quantity4 ,,the first ,case is most dangerous1 being the infallible ,,prognostick of instant ,abortion1 if not timely and judiciously prevented4 ,the second ,case is of the following bad ,consequence1 that this ,,water1 which has hitherto defended the ,,infant from the ,rigidity of the circumjacent ,parts1 being at last 7how leisurely soever7 exhausted and spent2 the ,,child is soon sensible of its ,loss1 and finding its wonted ,,seat become uneasy1 it thereupon being restless or discontented1 endeavours to move and seek for a ,better3 ,by which means 7if ,abortion does not presently ensue7 it falls into a preternatural ,situation1 which 7of course7 occasions a preternatural ,,birth4 ,but abstracting from ,this1 the bare ,deficiency of the ,,waters1 for moistening the ,passages in time of ,,labour1 is enough to effect the same ,unhappiness4 ,,however1 the ,cure of this ,,symptom depends chiefly upon a good ,regimen of ,,diet1 and external1 as well as internal ,corroboratives4 ,,in short1 having thus discuss'd the several ,,symptoms of the ,nine ,months1 and such as are most common and familiar to the ,woman during her ,,foetura1 or the whole ,time of her ,,child-,,bearing2 ,i shall proceed now in the next ,place with all due ,method and peculiar ,regard for her ,,good4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxviii4 ,of ,acute ,,diseases incident to the ,,child-,,bearing ,,woman4 ,,it sometimes1 and more than too often1 happens1 that besides the common ,,symptoms of the ,months1 the conceiv'd ,woman is also suddenly taken with some acute ,,disease or other2 upon which ,i shall offer my sincere ,opinion1 and according to the best of my ,judgment1 give a brief ,account of ,those several ,maladies1 with their ,definition and ,cause1 ,nature and ,quality1 ,danger and ,,cure4 ,,first then1 the great ,galen defines acute ,,diseases to be such1 whose ,motion is swift1 attended with sudden and immediate ,danger4 ,,the learned ,brassavole calls such ,,diseases ,acute1 as come suddenly1 continue a short ,time1 and have very severe or violent ,,symptoms4 ,,the ingenious ,blancard calls those ,,diseases ,acute1 which are over in a little ,time1 but not without imminent ,danger4 ,now ,those are deem'd either very ,acute1 or most ,acute2 the latter is meant when the ,distemper is over the #dth ,day2 but the former is that which continues till the #gth ,day3 ,for the more acute the ,,disease is1 the sooner follows its ,determination1 either for ,life or ,death4 ,again1 a ,disease is call'd simply acute1 when it lasts #ad or #ba ,days2 or lastly1 it is term'd ,acute ex decidenti1 which lasts #db ,days at least4 ,,and according to the diligent ,dr4 ,sydenham#hb1 the ,despumation of ,acute ,,diseases happens in #ccf ,hours2 which he also justly applies to intermitting ,,fevers1 reckoning #e ,hours and a half for a ,paroxysm3 ,because what we call ,,days in ,acute ,fevers1 are so many ,,periods in intermitting ,fevers3 ,the only difference of ,those consisting in that the one perfects its ,fermentation at once1 which the other accomplishes at reiterated ,times1 and divers ,turns1 by the same ,duct of ,nature4 ,he farther still1 observes that ,autumnal ,quartan ,fevers continue six ,months2 in which ,time1 if the ,number of the recurrent ,paroxysms be summed up1 they will exactly amount to the aforesaid #ccf ,hours1 or #ad ,days1 which is the ,term or ,end of the regular and continual ,fevers of that ,season4 ,,and the wise ,,hippocrates observes#hc that as an exquisite continual ,fever ceases within the #gth ,day1 so an exquisite ,tertian has seven periodical ,circuits2 because every ,access in the latter1 makes up a ,day in the former ,case4 ,hence it is manifest that all ,epidemick ,diseases have their due and regular ,times#hd of encreasing1 continuing1 and decreasing2 and that ,these ,laws of ,nature are so constant and permanent1 that however ,fevers differ in other ,circumstances1 they are equal as to the ,duration of ,time2 counting according to the ,periods or ,fits of the intermitting1 and the continued ,number of ,days of the never intermitting ,fever4 ,,galen#he further explains ,acute ,,diseases1 and calls them ,two-fold3 ,the one attended with a continual ,,fever2 such as are burning ,fevers1 ,frenzies1 ,lethargies1 ,pleurisies1 ,squincies1 ,inflammations1 c4 ,the other without any ,fever1 such as ,epilepsies1 ,apoplexies1 ,convulsions1 ,palsies1 ,contraction of ,,limbs1 ,,joints1 c4 ,now the#hf ,accesses and ,crises of all ,these proceed from the ,influence of the ,,moon2 which in over-ruling terrestrial ,things1 surpasses all the other ,,planets and ,,stars1 not so much because of her ,power1 as by her ,approximation or ,vicinity4 ,,the ,cause of both the one and the other seems to be the same2 tho' it affecteth differently1 according to the various ,regimen and ,disposition of the ,woman3 ,and it most probably proceeds either from the vitious ,humours1 which have abounded in the ,body before ,conception2 or from such ,humours as have been congested afterwards by the suppressed ,,menses1 or ,months3 ,which being irritated by improper or depraved ,food1 by bad or negligent ,regimen1 either before or after ,conception2 those ,humours 7like ,yest in ,ale7 ferment the ,,blood1 to such a ,degree1 that 7all on a sudden7 the ,,patient is violently taken with one or other of those ,acute ,,diseases1 which are determined by a certain ,lunary ,,crisis2 that is to say1 by a certain ,motion of ,,nature1 accelerated by the ,power of the ,,moon1 to a gradual ,expulsion of the peccant ,matter thro' the ,,pores of the ,body4 ,but this ,,crisis1 in short1 happens always with most ,ease and ,safety upon the ,new or ,full-,moon1 because the ambient ,air does not at that time so much affect the ,superficies of the ,body1 nor so violently repress the ,motion of the ,,fluids4 ,,however1 this melancholy ,accident can never happen worse than to the ,conceiv'd ,woman2 and the farther she is gone in her ,time1 the more ,danger still4 ,and that because of the ,scarcity or ,want of pure ,,blood1 which ought to be imbibed by the ,infant1 either in part or in whole1 according to its ,age and ,strength3 ,or1 because of the ,plenty of vitious ,,blood1 which tends to no other end1 than to imbecilitate the ,woman1 and render her incapable of suffering the ,insults of such acute ,,diseases4 ,for ,nature may 7perhaps7 be able to bear up against one simple ,effect1 but when it is joined and aggravated by another1 the ,,patient is too often obliged to succumb1 and yield herself up to be overpower'd in the ,struggle of ,life4 ,,but1 after all yet1 acute ,,diseases are not always mortal to the ,conceived ,woman2 for1 as ,experience teaches1 ,,some have the good ,fortune to escape1 tho' indeed the ,odds#hg are very great on the other ,side4 ,but of such sharp ,,maladies1 those without any ,fever are reckoned most dangerous2 because they are not only ,acute1 but also most ,acute3 ,and by those the ,,mother is more immediately endangered than the ,,infant2 whereas by those which come with a ,fever1 the tender ,,infant is first and chiefly endangered1 because of the ,,mother's internal ,calidity and ,depravation1 which easily affects1 and soon suffocates or stifles it in a short time4 ,,however1 it is very observable1 that a ,woman#hh1 bearing a ,,female1 is more readily seized1 and more easily freed or cured of acute ,,diseases1 than she who bears a ,,male3 ,and that because ,,females are naturally more obnoxious to ,distempers1 proceeding from the ,retention of the ,,menstrua1 and consequently more favourably affected1 because of the natural ,affinity and ,familiarity of the ,case4 ,,and this is the ,reason that ,,females1 after the first ,months1 do bear and sustain more ,pains than the ,,males2 as daily ,experience confirms1 in that a ,female ,miscarriage#hi seldom happens after the first ,months3 whereas the ,male ,abortion is most of all to be feared1 after the ,,time of ,motion or ,animation1 because the ,,acetabula1 or ,cavities1 being then more siccid1 are the more easily broken by its stronger ,motion4 ,,in ,cases of ,acute ,,diseases1 the worst is1 that the necessary ,helps1 which such incident ,distempers otherways absolutely require1 are not always safe and convenient for the ,child-bearing ,woman3 which ,condition1 7with respect to the ,,cure7 renders the ,,case one of the nicest ,points in the ,,art of ,physick4 ,wherefore ,i would1 with ,submission1 advise1 that none but the ablest and well-qualified ,physician should undertake either the ,care or the ,,cure of such a ,,patient4 ,to whom ,i am not to prescribe ,rules1 and therefore ,i shall only refer him to his own more ,acute ,judgment1 and the ,curious ,solutions of 7that most learned ,,physician7 ,daniel ,senertus#ij1 upon the six following ,questions1 thus stated by himself1 viz4 ,i4 ,,how far slender ,diet is convenient for the ,child-bearing ,woman1 labouring under an acute ,disease8 ,,ii4 ,,how far it is convenient to open a ,vein or bleed this ,woman upon such an ,occasion8 ,,iii4 ,,how far it may be proper to purge her on the same ,occasion8 ,,iv4 ,,whether ,ven-,sections or ,purges are most dangerous in such a ,case8 ,v4 ,,whether it is practicable 7in such a dangerous ,case7 to excite ,abortion1 for the ,woman's ,health and ,recovery8 ,,vi4 ,,how far ,clysters1 ,diureticks1 and ,diaphoreticks are convenient on such ,occasions8 ,,having1 thus1 now1 in fine1 briefly hinted upon the sundry ,,heads of this ,chapter1 ,i shall1 in the next ,place1 offer a few ,words upon ,,that1 which 7,i think7 is the most common ,consequence of the foregoing ,,effects1 viz4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxix4 ,of the ,,debility and ,,weakness of the ,ftus4 ,,besides all the enumerated ,,symptoms1 ,acute and ,chronical ,distempers1 to which the ,child-bearing ,woman is subject2 it also happens over and above 7too frequently7 that the ,,infant becomes ,weak and ,sick in the ,,womb4 ,,the ,cause of which unhappy ,accident ,i take to be fourfold3 ,as it proceeds1 either from a ,debility and ,insufficiency of the ,parental ,,seed1 or from a ,scarcity or ,want of requisite ,sustenance1 or from a certain ,depravation of that ,sustenance1 or from some immediate ,procatarctick ,cause of the ,,mother2 which may all be thus rationally distinguished1 and severally accounted for2 viz4 ,,the ,cause certainly lies in the ,,seed1 if the ,woman has continued always healthy1 eating1 drinking1 and living regularly4 ,,it may be imputed to the ,scarcity of ,,aliment1 if she has often laboured under ,diseases1 or been exposed to ,hunger1 ,want1 ,penury1 or any such like manifest retrenching ,,cause4 ,,it may be adjudged to a ,depravity of ,,aliment1 when the ,woman 7by a vitiated ,constitution of ,body7 is subject to some certain ,distempers2 and1 besides1 in short1 any ,procatarctick ,cause is discoverable from the ,relation of the ,,patient4 ,,but whatever the ,cause may be1 the ,diagnostick ,signs of this unhappy ,affection1 are commonly ,one or more of the following ,,six2 viz4 #a4 ,,the turgid swell'd ,,breasts of the ,pregnant ,woman1 all on a sudden#ia1 fall and extenuate into a ,flabbiness4 #b4ib,,they diffuse copiously a thin ,waterish ,milk1 not half digested to its due ,perfection4 #c4 ,,the ,menstrua return at an uncommon ,rate1 and in an irregular ,manner4 #d4 ,,the ,woman personally is either very frequently ,sick1 or long expos'd to a lasting ,sickness4 ,or1 #e4 ,,she is either subject to a very frequent1 or long continu'd ,looseness1 and constant ,diarrha4 #f4 ,,the ,infant which used 7as it ought7 to move briskly1 is now but very seldom1 and more faintly perceiv'd in ,motion4 ,,on the other hand1 the ,prognosticks of this ,,case1 are briefly ,two3 ,for either ,abortion follows1 or 7which is worse7 the ,infant dies2 if not timely prevented1 by removing the ,efficient ,cause of it1 upon comforting and strengthening both the ,,woman and the ,,child4 ,,in a ,word1 the ,latter of these tragical ,events ,i shall refer to ,,sect4 ,v4 ,chap4 last4 ,but the ,former leads me more immediately to consider it in the proper ,method of my ,discourse4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxx4 ,of ,,abortion4 ,,women miscarry so frequently1 that if any curious ,persons will diligently observe and examine that ,matter1 they will find the ,number of ,,miscarriages to exceed ,that of timely ,,births3 ,wherefore ,i have reason to think1 that this ,head deserves to be handled more at large1 and to be more particularly insisted upon1 in the following manner4 ,,the ,modern ,practisers in ,,midwifery1 distinguish ,,miscarriages1 by four different ,appellations2 according to the four different ,times of the ,constitution of the ,,conception4 viz4 ,a ,,miscarriage happening in the ,time of ,spumification1 is call'd an ,effluxion of the ,,genitura3 ,that which happeneth in the ,vegetation1 or ,time of ,ramification1 or 7as some will have it7 before the #djth ,day1 is call'd a ,deperdition of the ,,embryo3 ,that which falls out in the sensitive ,progression1 or ,time of ,carnification1 or 7as others will have it7 before the #ijth ,day from ,,conception1 they call an ,abortion of the ,,foetus4 ,but what so happens afterwards preceding the #gth ,month1 is properly call'd an entire ,abortion of the ,,infant4 ,,however1 ,others will have a fifth ,distinction made2 namely1 what so happens in the #gth1 #hth1 and preceding the #bjth ,day of the #ith ,month1 to be call'd an untimely ,,birth2 because tho' born with ,life1 they alledge it to be very seldom1 or never really ,vital1 or likely to ,live3 ,upon which ,i shall1 in good ,time1 introduce my own ,sentiment in the subsequent ,chapters of this ,section4 ,,notwithstanding1 this ,definition signifies but little to the ,purpose2 let the ,,miscarriage happen when it will1 and under whatsoever ,name or ,denomination1 ,it is nothing else in general1 than an untimely ,exclusion of an imperfect and immature ,,birth2 which unhappy ,accident may proceed from a vast ,variety of ,causes1 stimulating ,,nature to such a violent ,expulsion4 ,,in treating therefore of this ,accidental ,,birth1 ,i shall make use of none of those ,distinctions2 but rather 7to prevent ,mistakes7 shall call all its several ,,species1 of whatsoever ,time1 by the general 7and most common7 ,name of ,,abortion4 ,,and of this ,,abortion1 happen when it will1 the proximous ,cause is always the ,expulsive ,faculty of the ,,womb2 which being hurt1 or violently disorder'd in any respect1 irritates and debilitates the ,retentive ,power3 ,and then again1 on the other hand1 this ,retentive ,faculty 7tho' not the proximous ,cause7 is sometimes first hurt or injur'd1 and by that means incapacitated to retain the ,,infant2 which 7in that ,case7 offends and provokes the ,expulsive ,power#ic1 which is the proper proximous ,cause of all ,,abortions4 ,,but most commonly the ,expulsive receives the ,first ,hurt2 from whence the ,retentive is oblig'd to ,sympathize1 and yield to its over-ruling ,motions4 ,and1 according to ,galen#id1 the ,expulsive ,faculty may be injur'd and irritated by ,three different ,causes2 viz4 #a4 ,by the ,bulk of the ,,infant1 when the ,,womb cannot distend itself far enough to contain it3 #b4 ,by its ,weight1 when heavier than the ,,womb and ,ligaments can bear3 ,and1 #c4 ,by the ,humours 7when the ,membranes break7 flowing into the ,,womb2 occasioning a ,mordacious ,itching there1 or putrefying the ,,infant in its ,place4 ,,to which three ,efficients1 some ,modern ,authors have thought it sufficient to add the similar1 organical1 and common ,diseases of the ,,womb2 together with some ,procatarctick ,causes4 ,,however1 because ,i have generally observ'd ,those1 to be very promiscuously and confusedly treated of1 ,i shall 7according to my best ,ability7 endeavour to reduce the many different ,causes of ,,abortion to such plain ,heads1 and set them in such a clear ,light1 that they shall prove evident and manifest to the meanest ,capacity3 ,that ,women 7whose peculiar ,good ,i have only at ,heart in the ,performance of this ,work7 may readily conceive them1 and thereby be enabled 7in most ,cases7 to prevent their greatest ,misfortunes4 ,and that whether the ,cause happens proximously and immediately from a stimulated ,expulsive1 or mediately from a ls'd and injur'd ,retentive ,faculty4 ,,wherefore ,i shall now reduce those ,causes to the following ,four general ,heads2 namely1 #a4 ,to the ,constitution of the ,,mother3 #b4 ,the ,constitution of the ,,infant3 #c4 ,the ,symptoms of the ,,months3 ,and1 #d4 ,to the various ,procatarctick ,causes of this ,tragical ,case4 ,,first the ,causes of ,,abortion1 proceeding from the ,constitution of the ,,mother1 are ,three-fold1 and respect either her whole ,body1 her ,,womb only1 or its neighbouring ,parts4 ,,those respecting her whole ,body1 are1 ,i4 ,,the four ,intemperatures of the ,body2 as the ,,calid1 which1 by its ,hot ,quality1 exhausts the ,humours 7that are naturally necessary7 to the ,prejudice and ,loss of the ,,infant4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,frigid2 which1 by its ,cold ,quality1 vitiates and attenuates the ,,infant',s ,aliment1 to a starving ,condition4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,siccid2 which1 by its adust dry ,quality1 scorches and consumes the ,ligaments1 that they break1 like so many ,strings that snap before the ,sun3 ,upon which the ,,infant 7being deprived of those ,mediums1 through which ,,nature has appointed its ,sustenance7 corrupts and decays1 like a ,,plant in ,arid ,sandy ,ground4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,humid ,intemperature2 which1 by its moist ,quality1 debilitates the ,retentive ,faculty1 hinders the ,ligaments to consolidate and close firmly1 and opens the shut ,orifice of the ,,womb4 ,but besides all ,this also1 by filling the ,,acetabula with superfluous ,humours1 it may suffocate and stifle the ,,infant4 ,v4 ,a nimious and too great an ,obesity or ,fatness1 and too great a ,gracility or ,leanness of the ,woman's ,body3 ,for the ,one converts the ,,child's ,nourishment to itself2 and the ,other starves the ,,infant for want of its natural ,requisites4 ,,vi4 ,a ,,plethory1 or too great a ,repletion of ,,blood in her ,body2 which frequently choaks and suffocates the ,,infant4 ,,vii4 ,,all ,corporeal ,causes1 exagitating the ,spirits and ,humours2 which have the same ,effect and ,force to irritate the ,expulsive ,faculty4 ,,viii4 ,,all ,diseases incident to the ,body1 whether they be ,acute1 ,remiss1 or ,diuturnal2 which may easily effect ,,abortion4 ,but ,,secondly1 ,the ,causes on the part of the ,,womb1 are not to be lightly or slightly considered2 because if it be not both naturally well constituted1 and carefully well dispos'd1 it can neither foment1 cherish1 nor retain the ,,infant4 ,for the least ,flaw of its morbifick ,causes1 stimulates to a great ,degree the expulsive ,faculty3 which ,causes are1 in my ,opinion1 as follow2 viz4 ,i4 ,,the ,,womb's ,prternatural ,,size1 either in ,magnitude1 or ,exiguity3 ,the one giving room for the ,infant's too much tumbling or too frequent ,motion2 and the other restraining the ,,child too much1 even to the suppressing and stifling of it4 ,,ii4 ,,its prternatural ,,constriction or ,coarctation2 which may resist its necessary due ,extension1 for containing the growing ,,infant4 ,,iii4 ,,its prternatural ,,density2 which may not only hinder the requisite ,distention1 but also prevent the ,,secundine#ie from being firmly connected to the ,vessels4 ,,iv4 ,,its ,,laxity of the ,orifice1 or ,lavity of the interiour ,surface2 proceeding from pituitous#if or viscous ,humours1 which slacken the ,ligaments1 and give way to the ,,foetus4 ,v4 ,,the ,,womb',s too frigid and siccid ,intemperature2 which ,qualities are the greatest ,enemies to ,nature and all the ,actions of ,female ,,life4 ,,vi4 ,,its frigid and humid ,intemperature2 which 7abounding with ,mucosities or slimy ,humours7 so relaxes the ,ligaments1 that they cannot hold or detain the ,,infant4 ,,vii4 ,,all obdurated and confirmed ,tumours and ,ulcers1 all ,erysipelas and ,inflammations of the ,,womb3 ,which often prove the ,causes of the same ,effect4 ,,viii4 ,a prternatural ,situation1 or an oblique ,position may become the #hth and last ,cause of ,,abortion1 which ,i shall mention on part of the ,,womb4 ,,from hence ,i come1 ,thirdly1 in a due ,method1 to ,those ,causes respecting the neighbouring ,parts2 which ,i humbly conceive to be as follow4 ,i4 ,,all ,diseases1 ,pains1 and what ,causes soever of those ,parts1 may tend much to deject or affect the ,spirits1 and stir up the ,humours with unusual ,alteration4 ,,ii4 ,,all ,causes and bad ,affections compressing the lower ,belly1 and exagitating or straining its ,,muscles4 ,,iii4 ,a prternatural ,site and inapt ,,conformation#ig of the ,umbilical ,vessels1 for their due ,operation4 ,,but then again1 ,secondly1 ,it also often happens that1 tho' the pregnant ,woman labours under no ,disease or ,misfortune1 either in ,,body1 ,,womb1 or neighbouring ,,parts1 yet notwithstanding the ,expulsive ,faculty is irritated to ,,ejection by several ,causes of the ,constitution of the ,,infant itself1 as follow2 viz4 ,i4 ,,its prternatural ,,bulk1 or vitious ,conformation1 oppressing and straining the ,,womb1 either in ,whole or in ,part4 ,,ii4 ,,its ,debility and ,weakness1 or contracted1 infirm1 feeble ,constitution1 as mentioned in the preceding ,chapter4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,death of the ,,infant1 emitting nauseous ,vapours and putrefy'd ,matter1 stimulates the ,,womb sooner or later to ,expulsion3 ,and 7in this tragical ,case7 the sooner the ,better2 as will hereafter appear4 ,,and moreover1 ,thirdly1 the ,,symptoms of the ,months1 frequently prove ,causes of ,,abortion2 of which ,,symptoms1 having already treated particularly1 ,i shall in this place repeat little or nothing1 only refer the ,,reader to their respective ,chapters in the preceding ,part of this ,,section3 ,and yet under this present ,head1 may be also comprehended all ,acute ,diseases1 which 7too often7 prove of the same bad ,consequence2 as is evident from ,chap4 #bh4 ,,fourthly1 ,there is a great ,variety of ,procatarctick ,causes1 distinct from all those above-mentioned1 which most frequently occasion ,,abortion3 ,and ,those are ,two-fold1 ,,internal and ,,external4 ,of which the ,internal are as follow1 in my ,judgment4 ,i4 ,,the ,passions of the ,mind 7mentioned in ,,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #e47 because such immoderate ,affections too much excite the ,humours1 and incense the ,spirits4 ,,ii4 ,,victuals2 if taken too much at a time1 suffocate the ,,infant2 if too little1 it is starved1 and the ,,mother brought to a very low ,condition of ,life2 and if improper1 or of ill ,concoction1 the ,,child is thereby either much weaken'd1 or 7which is worse7 it dies of course4 ,,iii4 ,,drinking immoderately1 extinguisheth the natural ,calidity of the ,,womb and the ,,infant2 as certainly strong or hot ,liquors impress a vitious ,intemperature upon ,both4 ,,iv4 ,,watchings a-,nights1 too much exhaust and dissipate the ,spirits2 as too much ,,sleep1 on the other hand1 dulls1 lessens1 and obtunds the natural ,heat4 ,v4 ,,all inward disorderly ,causes dissolving the ,uterine ,,acetabula1 ,ligaments1 or ,vessels1 by which the ,,infant attracts its ,nourishment4 ,,vi4 ,,all ,venenated1 ,cathartick1 and ,diaphoretick ,,medicines1 ,acrimonious ,clysters1 ,ven-,sections1 ,baths1 c3 ,which partly by exagitating the ,spirits and ,humours1 and partly by diminishing the ,aliment1 occasion frequent ,,abortions4 ,again ,,the external ,procatarctick ,causes are ,these1 which ensue in their due ,order4 ,i4 ,,all inclement ,constitutions or bad ,influences of the ,,weather1 ,,winds1#ih;and ,,air2 such as ,cold1 which pinches2 or as ,heat1 which intercepts the ,breath1 and stifles the ,,infant1 c4 ,,ii4 ,,smelling or ,touching1 ,sitting1 or ,treading upon some ,sorts of pernicious ,,herbs4 ,,iii4 ,,all violent ,,motions1 immoderate ,exercises1 c4 such as ,running1 ,leaping1 ,dancing1 ,riding1 or ,coaching1 ,lifting1 or ,carrying a heavy ,weight1 also long ,fasting1 strait ,lacing1 a ,fall1 a ,blow on the ,back or the ,belly1 c4 as ,i hinted before occasionally4 ,,iv4 ,,all frightful ,,objects1 and sudden ,surprizes by hasty ,,news1 ,,fire1 or such like terrifying ,accidents4 ,v4 ,,all astonishing and terrible affecting ,,noises2 such as sudden ,claps of ,thunder1 ,cannons1 ,guns c4 ,,vi4 ,,all nauseous ,,stinks1 on the one hand1 and odoriferous ,,smells1 c4 on the other1 being both disagreeable and dangerous4 ,,those1 and many other trifling ,matters1 such as the ,,smell of an extinguished ,light1 or ,candle1 are known 7too often7 to be the ,reason and ,cause of ,,abortion3 which made 7that great ,naturalist7 ,pliny#ii justly take occasion to deplore the ,,frailty of ,man4 8,,he bewails and is asham'd 7as he expresseth it7 to think how frivolous the ,,origin of the proudest of ,creatures is2 such a mere ,,trifle 7as is mentioned7 being frequently the ,cause of his ,,fatality4 ,and the ,philosopher most pertinently adds1 that ,he who now glories in so many ,,vanities1 trusting in the ,strength of his ,body1 vaunting in the ,riches of his ,possessions1 and upon every ,smile of ,fortune1 believes himself to be a ,,god1 c4 little considers how many ways he might have miscarried in coming into the ,world1 or how many ways he may yet1 even to-day1 go out of it1 and come to his last ,,gasp1 as ,anacreon1 the wanton ,lyrick ,poet1 did1 who was suddenly choak'd with the ,,stone of a ,grape2 or as ,fabius 7that noble ,dictator of ,,rome7 dy'd1 who was immediately strangl'd by a ,,hair in a ,draught of ,milk40 ,i say1 ,he little considers1 how many ,trials and ,hardships he was expos'd to1 before he had ,,being3 or1 how many ways he might have been stifled before he had ,,breath1 and have been dead even before he was ,,born4 ,,which ,consideration leads me to the ,thought of another ,cause of ,,abortion1 mentioned by the holy ,prophet#ajj;,hosea1 where he says3 8,because they have deeply corrupted themselves1 and separated themselves unto that ,shame at ,baalpeor1 7i4 e4 defiled themselves at the ,statues of ,,priapus7 their ,glory shall fly away like a ,bird1 from the ,womb1 from the ,conception1 and from the ,birth2 dry ,breasts1 and a miscarrying ,womb shall be given them1 c40 ,,and having thus far briefly defin'd and descanted upon ,,abortion1 and the ,nature of its ,efficients1 ,i come now1 in the next place1 to shew by what ,,diagnostick ,,signs1 every ,woman may infallibly know an approaching or instant ,,miscarriage1 either in herself or another3 ,as also to set forth1 by what ,,prognostick ,,signs1 she may know the ,danger she is threatned with upon that ,occasion4 ,,which ,undertaking1 ,i hope1 may prove conducive to the ,welfare of that tender ,,sex2 it being too common for ,women to neglect the proper ,means1 through a supine ,ignorance of the ,nature1 and ,danger of their ,,condition4 ,but ,this1 however1 is generally owing to indiscreet ,,old ,,women about them2 7as ,i have often observ'd1 and oft'ner had ,occasion to hear7 who either keep the ,,patient in ,suspence1 wheedling and telling her idle ,stories1 that the ,,case is not so dangerous1 the ,pains1 ,floodings1 c4 will go off in good ,time1 and the like3 ,or afterwards 7upon appearance of more severe growing ,,symptoms7 they extenuate the ,danger1 telling her to submit with ,patience1 the common ,,misfortune cannot possibly be prevented1 c4 ,,to which usual ,suggestions1 ,i answer2 that as the one is an ignorant and imprudent ,insinuation1 the other is a downright ,falsity3 ,for in the first ,,case1 the ,woman is diverted by foolish ,hopes from applying for proper ,,advice1 until perhaps it is past all ,,remedy2 and in the second1 she is misled very often to her utter ,,ruin3 ,since whatever hath not yet happen'd1 may peradventure be happily prevented2 and even upon the last ,extremity of the most violent ,occasion1 the ,severity of the ,,case may possibly be averted by good ,management1 and the ,danger entirely compounded for by proper ,conduct4 ,,wherefore1 ,i cannot but think1 it is worth any ,woman's while to know the ,,marks of an approaching and instant ,,abortion3 ,whereof the ,,diagnosticks are as follow1 viz4 ,i4 ,a sudden ,,extenuation and ,falling of the ,,breasts#aja2 sometimes only of ,one1 but more commonly of ,both3 ,that of ,one denoting the ,woman to bear ,,twins1 of which she is about to lose ,one2 and which1 if the right ,,breast falls1 is a ,,male2 but if the left1 a ,,female4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,watery ,,milk flows#ajb in ,abundance from those ,,fallen ,,breasts1 discovering the future ,danger4 ,,iii4 ,,palpitations of the ,heart1 frequently accompany'd with a ,coarctation of the ,sides and ,upper ,belly1 very much incommoding the ,,patient4 ,,iv4 ,a ,,gravity or ,heaviness of the ,loins1 and ,thighs2 ,gnawing of the ,stomach1 ,pains of the ,head and ,eyes4 ,v4 ,a ,,tremor1 or ,trembling and ,quaking ,,fits1 attended with a ,frigidity of the exteriour ,limbs4 ,,vi4 ,a ,rigor and ,stiffness1 or a ,vibration and ,concussion of the ,,skin and ,,muscles of the whole ,body1 with a concomitant ,chilness4 ,,vii4 ,,horrour1 ,fevers1 ,faintings1 ,swoonings1 and sometimes ,convulsions1 ,cramps1 c4 all foreboding the coming ,malady4 ,these are the usual and principal ,marks of an approaching ,,abortion3 ,which when ,instant1 and the ,time at ,hand1 then the ,,viiith ,,diagnostick plainly appears2 which is a corrupt ,,water flowing first1 next a bloody ,,water1 then pure ,,blood1 after that small ,clods of ,,blood1 and at length1 the ,,infant itself 7form'd or inform'd7 follows of ,course4 ,,hence ,i proceed to the usual ,prognosticks of ,,abortion2 which take as follow in their proper ,order1 viz4 ,i4 ,,all ,women are more endanger'd in a ,,miscarriage1 than in a ,natural ,birth3 because ,,that happening at a preternatural ,time1 is of greater ,violence than ,,this4 ,for like as ripe ,fruit1 whose ,stalk is so loose in its ,season from the ,tree1 that the ,fruit falls of its own ,accord3 ,so it is in a ,natural ,birth1 for the ,vessels and ,ligaments1 by which the ,,infant adheres to the ,,womb1 easily loose and break spontaneously2 which in an ,abortion1 must needs happen by a more dangerous painful ,force and ,violence4 ,,ii4 ,,tho' ,women 7in this ,case7 may frequently escape with their ,lives1 yet their ,natural ,constitution is thereby too often broke at least1 and debilitated1 or thereupon subjected to one or other heavy ,,symptom or ,,disease2 if not also rendred quite ,,barren4 ,,for sometimes1 because of the ,pains1 ,flux1 or ,putrefaction of the retain'd ,,blood1 ,fevers1 and other ,distempers generally ensue3 ,sometimes by the violent ,disruption of the ,vessels1 great ,floodings and ,loss of ,,blood happen2 upon which ,faintings1 ,swoonings1 ,convulsions1 and at length ,,death it self follows3 ,but1 in fine1 ,convulsions happening#ajc either at the ,time1 or after ,,abortion1 the ,case is most dangerous2 for then the ,,patient seldom escapes4 ,,iii4 ,,the first ,,miscarriage is most dangerous to all2 because the ,genital ,parts are more streight or constricted1 and less acquainted with such severe distending ,pains3 ,and besides the ,,orifices of the ,vessels being so violently dilacerated1 the ,party often continues afterwards ,sterile or ,barren the rest of her ,life#ajd4 ,,iv4 ,,lean and tender ,women are much endanger'd in ,,abortion1 by ,reason of their ,debility and ,infirmity3 ,as ,women too fat are1 on the other ,hand2 because of the great ,astriction and ,narrowness of the ,,passages4 ,v4 ,,the younger the ,,abortive ,production happens to be1 the less the ,woman is endanger'd2 because the larger the ,,infant is1 it gives the greater ,pains and ,ruption of the ,vessels4 ,,vi4 ,,whatever happens in the #gth or #ith ,month1 may be reckon'd a safe ,,birth1 provided the ,child be ,,alive3 ,whereas if ,,dead1 it is extremely dangerous4 ,but above ,all1 the ,eighth ,,month is to be most dreaded1 not only because of the ,largeness of the ,,infant1 but also because of the pernicious ,quality of that ,,month2 as will hereafter more amply appear in ,chap4 #cd4 ,,which ,consideration leads me farther to observe2 ,that1 from the ,beginning of the #eth1 until the ,middle of the #fth ,month1 the ,,infant is least liable to ,danger#aje3 ,so next in the #dth1 and from the ,middle of the #fth1 until the ,close of the #gth ,month3 ,then of course it is safer in the #c;d and #b;d ,months1 than in the #ast or #ith4 ,for the least ,cause may expell the ,,embryo in the ,first1 and break the ,mature ,ligaments of the ,,infant in the ,ninth4 ,but of all the whole ,time1 as ,i said before1 the #hth ,month is the most#ajf dangerous1 both to ,,mother and ,,infant3 according to which ,consideration and ,order of ,,time1 the prudent ,physician may1 with more or less either ,fear on the one hand1 or ,assurance on the other1 exhibit or prescribe proper ,,remedies for the ,preservation or ,recovery of his ,,patients4 ,,from whence ,i come in the next place to offer my serious ,sentiments upon the ,,cure of this ,malady1 and the ,prevention of ,,abortion3 ,which difficult ,work depends chiefly upon the ,preservation of both ,,mother and ,,infant2 for when the ,,miscarriage is once over1 the ,,cure then does not much differ from the ,case of a natural ,,birth4 ,,however in all ,cases of this nature1 it is an infallible ,maxim1 that it is more easy to prevent ,,miscarriage1 than to relieve or rectify the ,miscarrying ,woman2 and more proper to begin that ,prevention ,,before1 than ,,after ,conception3 ,because the most proper ,remedies for obviating many ,causes of ,,abortion1 cannot so well be adhibited to the ,woman after she is ,,pregnant4 ,and besides1 as those ,causes are very ,different and various 7as more fully appears from what has been said72 so the ,manner and ,method of ,prevention cannot be altogether exactly ,uniform2 every ,cause requiring its respective ,,cure1 before a ,prevention can be effected4 ,,wherefore1 in my humble ,opinion1 the first ,step towards this ,prevention is to weigh well and consider carefully the ,,constitution of the yet unimpregnated ,woman2 in order to know and discover the ,cause or ,causes either of ,,body1 or ,,womb1 which may or can occasion any future ,,abortion4 ,now in this ,,case1 ,women having once miscarry'd1 or oftner1 methinks they may easily find out the ,,cause ,themselves1 by the ,help of their ,midwives2 which being done1 they should endeavour to have it remov'd1 and effectually cur'd1 before they conceive any more4 ,however1 if it chance to be neglected at that time1 it may be more prudently undertaken afterwards1 with such ,precaution1 as the ,nature of the ,,cause and ,,constitution of the ,woman require3 ,always remembring1 but especially before or about the usual ,time of ,,abortion1 to make use of proper ,corroboratives for strengthening both the ,,infant and ,,womb2 since ,women1 miscarrying from any one internal ,cause1 commonly bear their ,conceptions to a certain ,,time1 which they cannot exceed1 unless that ,cause be judiciously removed beforehand4 ,i ,,once had an accidental ,opportunity of being fully satisfied of the ,veracity of this ,,case1 in a ,woman of good ,note in the ,city of ,dresden2 who miscarried fourteen ,times in less than eight ,years2 being never able to go beyond the tenth ,day of the fourth ,month1 and commonly losing the ,,foetus about the last of the ,third4 ,,at my ,arrival in that ,place1 ,i found my ,credit1 for my necessary ,supplies1 upon a certain ,,merchant2 who 7with great ,concern7 gave me this melancholick ,account of his ,,spouse1 desiring my good ,offices1 if possibly any ,means could be of ,service4 ,upon which1 ,i first made it my ,business to discover1 that internal ,cause1 wherein she1 and her ordinary ,midwives1 had been so often mistaken2 this being done1 ,i happily performed the ,,cure1 tho' 7as a ,traveller7 ,i had not the ,satisfaction of staying there to see the ,consequence4 ,but1 however1 by my last ,advices from the grateful ,husband1 ,i find she is now ,,mother of two pretty ,boys and a fine ,girl4 ,,the ,cause of ,,abortion then being duly and discreetly first discovered1 if it proceeds from any ,intemperature either of the ,,body or the ,,womb2 the same may be prevented chiefly by introducing the contrary ,temperament1 according to ,hippocrates's#ajg ,judgment1 that ,contraries are the ,,remedies of ,contraries4 ,,if it proceeds from too much ,,fatness1 her ,body is to be reduced2 if it comes from too much ,,leanness1 a convenient ,diet and good ,regimen1 c4 will help to restore her4 ,,if it happens from a ,,plethory1 the too much abounding ,,blood is to be circumspectly lessened3 ,as the ,humours are to be judiciously evacuated1 if it arises from a ,cacochymy2 and all ,causes affecting the ,spirits and ,humours are to be carefully removed and avoided4 ,,diseases of the whole ,body are to be prevented as much as possible1 by a ,regularity of proper ,,diet and ,,regimen of ,health2 but whenever ,these are incident1 they ought to be cured1 as the ,nature of the ,,disease and ,,constitution of the ,woman will prudentially permit4 ,,if ,,abortion happens from any ,cause on the part of the ,,womb1 that must absolutely be removed before ,,conception1 and resisted afterwards during the ,,foetura1 by the discreet ,use of proper ,means4 ,,if it arises from any ,cause of the ,neighbouring ,parts1 that is to be carefully managed or avoided1 and prevented more easily than cured4 ,,as to the ,causes on the ,part of the ,,infant1 ,i shall refer the ,,reader to the preceding ,chapter only2 as ,i do likewise if it comes from any ,,symptom of the ,months1 or from any ,acute ,disease1 to their respective ,chapters in this ,,section4 ,,finally1 ,if it proceeds from any ,procatarctick ,,causes1 either internal or external1 all such are to be sedulously avoided and prevented2 but whenever ,these happen1 they are generally cured by proper ,,alteratives of an ,astringent ,quality1 for confirming the ,ligaments2 and ,,corroboratives for comforting the ,,infant1 and cherishing the ,,womb4 ,,but supposing1 at last1 the ,case desperate1 and past all ,,remedy1 through ,negligence or ,delay1 that the ,,cure cannot possibly be effected1 nor the ,misfortune of ,instant ,,abortion prevented2 why then the ,woman ought to be carefully comforted and strengthened1 the ,ligaments relaxed1 the ,passages dilated1 and the expulsive ,faculty assisted2 so that the worse ,consequences and greater ,danger may be averted4 ,,and having now1 in fine1 thus at large treated upon the ,subject of ,,abortion1 it leads me methodically 7of ,course7 to touch upon all other ,,births respecting ,time2 ,i mean ,legitimate and ,illegitimate ,,births3 ,which 7however7 ,i shall discuss in as ,succinct ,terms as ,i can1 to oblige the ,,reader4 ,and first1 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxxi4 ,of a ,,legitimate ,,birth4 ,a ,legitimate ,,birth respects ,,time only1 and that is properly so called1 which most frequently happens1 according to the ,common ,law of ,,nature4 ,,it is never sufficiently to be admired as ,wonderful1 that ,,man1 who is born ,,hereditary ,,lord of the ,universe1 and invested with ,,supreme ,,dominion over all ,creatures1 should1 however yet1 be the only one deprived of some certain definite ,time for his ,,birth#ajh2 it happening often in the seventh1 commonly in the ninth and tenth1 and sometimes in the eighth and eleventh ,months1 and ,that also at all ,times of the ,year3 ,whereas1 on the other hand1 all the rest of inferiour ,creatures have their certain prefixed ,times1 both of carrying their ,,young1 and bringing them forth1 beyond which they cannot go1 nor controul the ,order of ,,nature4 ,,however1 this being the ,good ,work and ,will of the ,great ,,creator1 deserves more our silent ,wonder and ,admiration1 than our bold ,enquiry1 or curious ,scrutiny1 into the ,,reason of it4 ,,but notwithstanding1 ,i hope1 we may easily account for the ,latitude of ,,time allowed our ,births1 when we consider what has been said of the ,times of ,formation and ,animation in their proper ,places#aji4 ,if then these require a proportionable ,latitude1 what wonder is it that the ,legitimate ,time of ,birth is of such ,extent8 ,not that ,i mean that the rational ,soul is introduced either at different ,times1 or by ,piece-meals1 only that it is not done this or that ,day precisely4 ,and farther 7according to ,,averroes1 that great ,commentator7 ,man#aaj1 not only in the ,womb1 but also after ,birth1 even until his ,juvenile ,age1 is but a-generating2 and from that ,time to old ,age he begins to decline3 yet we daily see that this ,change is not equal to all1 in that some ,men do but arrive to their most robust and vigorous ,state about the fortieth ,year of their ,age1 whereas others come to that ,length about the thirtieth1 and most about the thirty-fifth4 ,,as it is an ,auspicious ,crisis which happens any ,time of the ,critical ,day1 whether anticipated or postponed by a few ,hours3 ,and as the ,fruit of ,trees have their constituted ,time of ,maturity1 which notwithstanding some are perfected sooner1 and some later2 so 7,i think7 it may be also in the present ,case of ,births4 ,,however yet1 to go a little further1 without ,offence3 ,as to the ,legitimacy of ,,births1 ,i don't see any ,reason why every ,birth1 producing a vital ,child1 may not be justly esteemed timely lawful1 whether it be of the seventh1 eighth1 ninth1 tenth1 or eleventh ,month3 ,but because few of our antient and learned ,predecessors have been inclined to admit any standing ,,rule of such a large ,extent1 in this ,,case we shall be far from desiring to establish any ,new ,one1 or advance any ,paradox4 ,i ,,shall therefore 7in this ,place7 only touch upon ,that which most ,authors seem to have agreed upon1 and reckon the most common ,legitimate ,birth2 namely1 which happens 7at the soonest7 about the #bfjth ,day from ,,conception1 being the first of the #chth ,week1 or the #bjth of the ninth ,month2 as it doth also sometimes fall out 7ten ,days later7 about the #bgjth1 when it is neither too soon1 nor too late2 and which likewise 7at the latest7 happens before the #bhjth ,day2 that is1 the last of the #djth ,week1 or the #ajth ,day of the #ajth ,month4 ,,but ,this 7if ,i may be permitted to speak my ,mind7 depends much upon the ,time of ,conception2 it being my ,opinion1 that if the ,woman did conceive when recently purged1 ,i mean shortly after the natural ,flux1 she may bring forth in the beginning#aaa of the #ith ,month2 whereas1 if when the ,menstrua were almost ready to flow1 towards its ,close1 or later3 ,and if in the ,interval betwixt these ,times1 she may produce her ,child in the middle of the ,month3 ,because as ,plants or ,corn arrive much sooner to ,maturity after the ,new than after the ,full-,moon1 so it may be also with the ,ftus1 because of the more or less ,vigour of the ,womb4 ,,however1 in short1 it is to be observed1 that in all these ,cases1 we may commonly allow a few more ,days for the ,,girl than the ,,boy1 as appears from ,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #i4 ,,and1 in fine1 according to the ,opinion of the most ,learned and ,curious ,practisers in ,,midwifery1 this ,,birth happens always#aab at the self-same ,hour of the ,day or ,night1 in which the ,woman ,,conceiv',d3 ,so that from hence it is1 that most ,,births happen in the ,night1 or ,dawning of the ,day2 wherefore they ,all agree1 that a ,legitimate ,,birth requires not only a certain definite ,number of ,days1 but also of ,hours1 c4 ,to proceed therefore to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxxii4 ,of an ,,illegitimate ,,birth4 ,,as an ,illegitimate ,,birth also respects ,,time1 so ,that is only to be call'd so1 which happens before or after the ,,time instituted by the ,law of ,nature4 ,hence all unhappy ,,abortions belong to this ,head2 which being largely handled 7apart7 in the ,chapter just aforegoing1 ,i shall only here cursorily touch upon ,that1 which 7in a distinct sense7 is accounted an ,illegitimate ,,birth4 ,,that ,i may the better define ,this ,sort of ,,birth1 ,i shall first observe1 that ,nature has instituted ,nothing rashly1 nor in vain1 neither does it ever act by ,,chance4 ,she having then limited a certain ,,time 7however at large7 within which all ,legitimate ,,births happen1 and all vital ,children are born2 of consequence1 whatever happens before or after that ,time1 is an ,illegitimate ,,birth1 and seldom or never produces a ,living or ,lively ,,child4 ,,however1 ,vallesius#aac1 ,cardanus#aad1 and some ,others relate divers strange ,precedents1 and affirm that they have known and seen ,children born in the fifth and sixth ,months1 which have liv'd to the ,years of ,discretion2 ,it is notwithstanding my ,opinion1 that ,those great ,men giving ear to the frivolous ,relations and idle ,reports of simple ,women1 have suffer'd their ,credulity to impose so far upon their better ,judgments4 ,and ,i am besides the more induc'd to think so1 because since ,their days1 we have not heard of any one ,example of this wonderful ,kind1 which deserv'd the least ,notice or ,credit4 ,,but there are ,others again2 who 7in a manner7 ridiculing these ,instances1 fall into grosser ,absurditys themselves2 denying the ,,legitimacy of a seven or eight-,months ,,birth2 yea1 ,some even of a ,ten ,months1 after the ,tenth ,day1 as well as of all posteriour ,,births4 ,upon which erroneous ,mistakes1 7if it may be without ,offence permitted7 ,i would freely offer my simple ,judgment1 in manner following3 and thereupon1 ,first1 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxxiii4 ,of a ,seven-,months ,,birth4 ,,to prove the ,,legitimacy of this ,,birth1 and the ,possibility of this ,month's producing a vital ,child1 ,i need not confine myself to the ,judgments of the most ,wise and ,divine ,hippocrates1 ,galen1 and others1 nor to the ,principles of ,,physick in particular3 but may justly appeal to ,all the rest of the ,liberal ,arts and ,sciences1 which 7as far as ,i am duly acquainted with them7 generally agree in ,defence of ,this ,position4 ,,it is 7however7 certain1 that the ,,child born before the ,twentieth ,day of this ,month is commonly weak and infirm4 ,and for that ,reason the later the ,,birth happens in the ,month1 the more brisk and lively is the ,,child3 ,as ,i have more than once observ'd1 that the ,latter ,part 7about the #bajth ,day from ,,conception7 hath produced as sprightly vivacious ,children as any at ,all4 ,wherefore1 in short1 ,i cannot help having full as good an ,opinion of such a ,,child born about the last of the ,,seventh1 as of any such born in the beginning of the ,ninth ,month1 provided it be not expell'd by some preternatural ,cause4 ,,to examine this nice ,matter a little more clearly1 let us inspect into the ,nature and ,quality of the ,month3 ,in order to which1 ,i hope1 we may rationally observe1 ,i4 ,,that 7according to the best ,astrologers7 the latter of the ,,planets1 7the ,moon7 influentially presides over the ,,infant in this ,month2 whose frigid and humid ,qualitys are thought to afford the several ,parts of it a certain ,fatness1 thereby relaxing and easily distending the ,,matrix3 ,which being done1 and the ,,child now perfected by the whole ,body of the ,,planets1 that have ,all particularly 7in their order7 duly discharg'd their respective ,functions towards its ,perfection2 provided it has a ,competency of ,strength and ,vigour1 it forwardly appears about the ,close of this ,month with great ,ease and ,facility1 and may continue both ,healthy and ,lively after its ,birth4 ,,ii4 ,,this is universally acknowledged to be a perfect and compleat ,,number2 from whence ,cicero calls it ,,nodus ,,omnium1 or the ,knot of all ,things4 ,as the ,wise ,pythagoreans justly term it otherwise the ,vehicle of ,man's ,life3 ,not only because that1 according to the ,violence of any ,,disease1 and the ,strength of the ,,patient1 a ,,crisis happens either in the ,seventh1 or the multiply'd ,seventh ,day2 but also because1 as ,,conception is certain upon ,seven-,hours ,retention2 and the ,work of ,coagulation perfected in ,seven ,days1 so may ,that of full ,maturity be in ,seven ,months1 and accordingly this ,,month may very reasonably produce vital ,children4 ,but by the way1 ,,however fictitious such things as savour of ,astrology1 may be reckon'd by ,some1 yet who knows not that the ,seventh ,hour1 and ,seventh ,day after its ,,birth1 determines the ,,child either to ,life or ,death8 ,who does not well know1 ,that in the ,seventh ,month1 its ,,teeth begin to break out and appear8 ,that in the ,seventh ,year 7according to ,plutarch7 it changes its ,,teeth8 ,who does not find1 ,that#aae the ,age of ,man depends upon ,,septenary ,mutations8 ,that the ,first ,seven ,years conclude his ,,infancy2 as the ,second finish his ,,pueritia1 or ,childhood2 and the ,third compleat his ,,adolescentia1 or ,youthful ,growing ,age8 ,to which his ,,juventus1 or more vigorous ,youthfulness1 succeeds2 which is absolv'd in twice ,seven ,years more3 ,for in ,this ,juvenile ,age1 the ,body attains to its full ,,stature2 as the ,bones1 ,membranes1 and ,fibres arrive to their due ,solidity4 ,,this again is succeeded by the ,fifth1 call'd ,,virilitas1 the ,virile or ,manly ,age2 consisting of twice ,seven ,years more1 being in all ,seven times ,seven ,years3 ,in which ,,manhood1 the ,facultys of the ,,mind1 as well as the ,strength of the ,,body1 are most resplendent and perfect2 tho' in almost ,all ,women1 the ,generative ,power begins to cease at this ,,age1 as their ,,terms commonly do1 however1 not without a great ,disorder of the ,motion of the ,,blood4 ,,the ,sixth ,age of ,man1 or the ,,senectus1 is compos'd of twice ,seven ,years more1 and extends itself to ,sixty ,three3 ,in ,this ,old ,age the ,natural ,,vigour very much declines1 the ,,body waxes both dry and lean1 the ,,memory begins to fail1 and the ,,person grows more ,anxious1 ,careful and ,covetous4 ,as in the ,seventh and ,last ,age1 7or ,,dotage1 as it were7 he becomes ,feeble and ,decrepit2 which generally consists of ,seven ,years more4 ,so that1 in fine1 according to this very rational and plausible ,computation1 of the ,learned and most ,ingenious ,dr4 ,sprengell1 the ,,age and ,,life of ,,man is commonly reckon'd to amount to ,seven times ,ten ,years4 ,,it is also farther observable1 that as the ,,soul of ,man has seven different ,appellations1 according to its seven principal ,offices1 7as amply appears by ,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #d47 so there are ,,seven ,degrees in the ,,body1 to compleat its ,dimensions2 viz4 ,marrow1 ,bone1 ,nerve1 ,vein1 ,artery1 ,flesh1 and ,skin3 ,as there are also ,,seven in ,number1 which 7according to ,macrobius7 the ,greeks call ,,black ,,members2 viz4 the ,tongue1 ,heart1 ,lungs1 ,liver1 ,spleen1 and ,two ,kidneys1 to consummate the ,compositum4 ,yea1 ,hippocrates#aaf himself confirms the ,efficacy and ,prstancy1 ,fulness and ,perfection of this ,number4 ,i have also remarkably observ'd1 that the ,number ,seven is most powerful and signally predominant in ,clestials2 as the ,seven ,circles in the ,,heavens1 according to the ,longitude of the ,axle-,tree3 ,the ,seven ,stars about the ,artick-,pole1 called ,,charles',s-,,wain3 ,the ,seven ,stars also call'd ,,pleiades3 ,the ,seven ,planets1 giving ,names to the ,seven ,days of the ,,week3 ,the ,periodical ,revolution of the ,,moon every ,seventh ,day1 running round the ,compass of the whole ,,zodiack in ,four ,times ,seven ,days2 that is1 considering her ,phases as obverted to the ,,sun4 ,and ,linus1 a most ancient celebrated ,poet1 sings thus3 8,septima cm venit ,lux1 cuncta absolvere cpit 8,omnipotens ,pater1 atque bonis1 ,septima1 ipsa1 8,est etiam rerum cunctarum ,septima ,origo2 8,septima prima eadem perfecta1 ,septima ,septem1 8,unde etiam ,clum stellis errantibus aptum 8,volvitur1 ,circ'lis totidem circum undique fertur4 ,,this ,number seems likewise to be of the greatest ,esteem in ,religion2 and from hence among the ,hebrews1 to swear1 is call'd ,,septenare#aag1 7that is1 to protest by ,seven37 ,so ,abraham making the ,,covenant with ,abimelech1 appointed ,seven ,ewe-,lambs for a ,testimony3 ,the ,seventh ,day the ,great ,,creator rested from his ,work3 ,jacob served ,seven ,years3 ,seven ,days the ,people bewail'd the ,death of ,jacob3 ,elisha 7the ,prophet7 said unto ,naaman 7the ,syrian ,captain7 ,go and wash thy self ,seven ,times in ,jordan1 and thou shalt be made whole1 and thy ,flesh become clean3 ,and1 in fine1 ,david said1 ,seven ,times a day do ,i praise ,,thee1 because of thy righteous ,judgments4 ,,these1 and innumerable such like ,sentences are not only couch'd in the ,books of ,moses1 and the whole ,volume of the ,old ,testament2 but also expresly contain'd in the ,,gospel1 and interspers'd through the whole ,bulk of the ,new3 ,as the ,seven ,beatitudes1 the ,seven ,virtues1 the ,seven ,vices1 the ,seven ,petitions of the ,,lord's ,,prayer1 the ,seven ,words of our ,,saviour upon the ,cross1 c4 ,but besides1 in the ,apocalypse or ,revelation of ,st4 ,,john1 this mysterious ,,number is most frequently mention'd1 to denote its ,efficacy and ,excellency of representing some nigmatical ,truth or ,emblem4 ,,moreover1 the ,divine ,apostle signifies and sets forth there1 the ,persecution of the ,,church 7under the ,tyrants1 ,domitian1 ,trajan1 c4 which began in the ,primitive ,,church in his own ,days1 and continued for three hundred ,years1 even to the ,reign of ,constantine the ,great7 by the ,allegory of#aah,,seven ,,seals4 ,he figures out the ,heresys of the ,,arians1 c4 7from the ,time of ,constantine to the ,reign of ,theodosius1 being three hundred ,years more7 by that of#aai,,seven ,,trumpets4 ,and1 in fine1 he mystically alludes to the future ,plagues of ,,anti-,,christ 7from the ,time of ,pope ,bonifacius1 to these our present ,days7 by#abj,,seven ,,vials1 according to the ,interpretation of that most ,learned ,divine1 ,peter ,palladius ,bishop of ,rochel4 ,i say1 with ,submission to wiser ,heads1 that ,these and the whole ,train of those ,sacred ,allegorical ,allusions used in this ,book1 might have been as pertinently express'd by any other ,number1 as the ,,septenary2 were it not that1 this ,number better implies a certain ,,fulness of ,sacred ,mysterys3 ,as ,i think that ,number likewise 7in all rational probability7 may properly portend here1 ,,perfection in ,maturity1 and ,,completion in ,vitality to every ,full ,seven-,months ,,child4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxxiv4 ,of an ,eight-,months ,,birth4 ,,as to this ,point1 the ,case indeed differs much in my ,judgment from the ,former3 ,for tho' ,i have heard some loquacious ,women strenuously aver the contrary1 because of their own rash ,mistakes2 yet ,i cannot help being of the same ,opinion still1 that this ,,month seldom or never produces a living1 or lively ,,child3 ,and that because1 if the ,,infant hath ,strength enough1 it must needs appear about the ,close of the ,seventh ,month2 but if not1 the ,attempts are the same1 according to its greater or less ,abilitys2 7as most ,,mothers may very sensibly observe in their own ,conditions1 by its extraordinary ,motions and ,struggles at that ,time7 whereby it is so weaken'd and debilitated1 that it requires the ,eighth full ,month1 and ,part of the ,ninth1 to recover itself1 and recollect its exhausted ,strength and ,vigour4 ,,another ,natural ,reason besides may be given for ,this2 because that this ,,month is peculiar to the ,planet ,,saturn1 which is an ,enemy to all ,creatures that breath ,,life3 ,for he now returns not with the same ,meekness and ,lenity of ,influence that he used in the ,first ,month of the ,,conception1 but with a far greater ,severity of ,tyranny and ,enmity2 as by his ,frigidity1 lessening and extinguishing the ,native ,heat of the ,,infant1 rendering it ,unactive and ,slow to ,motion2 so by his ,siccity1 constringing the ,passages and ,orifice of the ,,womb3 which1 if so1 must 7of necessity7 very much endanger both the ,,mother and the ,,infant4 ,,be this as it will1 yet it is most certain1 that the ,,child born in this ,,month is always very ,weak and ,sickly2 ,however if1 by chance1 it survives the #adth1 it may live till about the #djth ,day1 when it most commonly breathes its ,last3 ,yet if it also survives this ,time1 the greatest ,danger being then over1 it may1 by the means of tender ,,care and ,,art1 be brought up as others are usually reared3 ,but how long-liv'd soever1 or well-governed its ,health may be1 it will still continue of a weakly and tender ,constitution of ,body1 if not also half-witted#aba in ,mind4 ,,upon this ,head some ,egyptian ,writers mention1 that because ,dionysius1 who was born in the ,,eighth ,,month1 lived in the ,island of ,,naxos2 therefore both this ,number and the ,island were dedicated to his everlasting ,memory2 ,whereupon1 they say1 he obtained the ,prerogative and ,privilege from the ,,gods1 that the ,women of ,,naxos only1 in this ,,month1 should bring forth in ,safety1 and their ,,children only enjoy ,vitality4 ,,which ,fable may however serve to satisfy us1 that they have had no better ,opinion of an ,eight-,months ,,birth1 in those ,antient ,days1 than the ,generality of ,learned ,men yet have in these ,modern ,times3 signifying in the main1 by this comical ,allusion to that little ,island in the gean ,sea1 that if1 peradventure1 an ,octimestrian ,,birth1 by its more propitious ,destiny1 should be determined to ,life2 that ought to be looked upon as something ,extraordinary1 and not laid down for any general ,hypothesis3 especially for this manifest ,reason1 because in all other ,nations1 such ,,children are commonly observed to be but short-liv'd2 as the ,women1 labouring with ,,child at that critical#abb or fatal ,,time1 are absolutely exposed to the severest of excruciating ,,pains1 and the greatest of imminent ,,dangers4 ,,moreover1 ,hippocrates himself testifies1 that the very ,gestation#abc of the eighth ,month is the most onerous and difficult of all the ,time1 as well on account of the ,indisposition of the ,womb1 as by reason of the ,mother's being affected by the disturbing ,motions of the ,infant3 ,wherefore if the ,birth then draws on1 it receives a double ,damage1 and suffers as well because of these ,affections of the ,mother and ,womb1 as by its own proper ,motions in precipitating itself4 ,,from what is said1 we may easily comprehend what ,,hippocrates means by that obscure#abd nigma1 which some have formerly reckoned more inextricable than any ,herculean ,knot1 viz4 ,an ,octimestrian ,birth is and is not2 signifying thereby nothing else than that the ,child born in the eighth ,month 7in some respect7 may be supposed in ,being1 but really and indeed is not1 because it soon vanishes and dies4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxxv4 ,of a ,nine-,months ,,birth4 ,,the ,generality of ,modern ,writers have too strictly confined a ,legitimate ,,birth1 and tied it down to this very ,,month only2 and some even restrain it to the narrow ,limits of its ,latter ,half3 ,both equally affirming ,that ,,time to produce the most vigorous and lively ,children1 and strenuously alledging it to be the only appointed ,,time of ,nature2 because 7as they say7 it happens most frequently4 ,,but unless they could produce some better natural ,reasons than ,,this1 or any others indeed that ,i have yet heard of1 they shall scarce influence me to agree with their popular ,notions or vulgar ,errors3 ,for their fond ,opinion seems not to be so much supported by any ,arguments of ,natural ,reason1 as by an imaginary ,experience1 founded upon ,hearsay1 or the general ,misconstruction of ,,women4 ,,however1 in ,condescension and ,good-,manners to ,female ,authority 7to which ,i owe all imaginable ,deference7 ,i shall not launch out into any immodest or disagreeable ,contradictions2 but1 on the contrary1 ,i shall endeavour to make it evidently appear from the ,nature of the ,,month itself1 that it indisputably induceth both ,perfection and ,vitality to the ,,child1 whether it be born at this ,time or not3 ,for ,i must frankly own this ,truth indeed1 that many ,auspicious ,,births happen in this very same ,,month1 for several good ,reasons4 ,i4 ,,because then1 if we will believe ,astrologers1 ,,jupiter now returns with his ,serene ,aspect1 by his pure healing ,heat and ,humidity1 cherishing and renovating the ,life of the ,,infant 7which consists of those two vital ,qualities7 and quite effacing the former ,mischiefs and ,injuries of noxious ,,saturn3 whereby he renders ,this ninth ,month not only most conducive to the ,,birth1 but also to the future ,welfare and ,prosperity of the ,,infant4 ,,ii4 ,,because this auspicious ,number ,,nine is dedicated to the ,,muses1 according to the ,order of the ,celestial ,,spheres3 ,hence as we have nine moveable ,spheres1 viz4 the ,primum ,mobile1 the ,starry ,heaven1 and the ,spheres of ,,saturn1 ,,jupiter1 ,,mars1 ,,sol1 ,,venus1 ,,mercury1 and ,,luna2 so there are ,nine ,,muses appropriated to them1 to accomplish their ,harmony or ,consort4 ,,iii4 ,,because to denote the ,sufficiency of this ,,number1 there are also nine ,,orders and ,,choirs of blessed ,,angels2 namely1 ,seraphims1 ,cherubims1 ,thrones1 ,dominations1 ,powers1 ,virtues1 ,principalities1 ,archangels1 and ,angels3 ,which the ,prophet ,,ezekiel#abe emblematically figures out by ,nine ,,stones2 as the ,saphire1 ,emerald1 ,carbuncle1 ,beril1 ,onyx1 ,chrysolite1 ,jasper1 ,topaz1 and the ,sardis4 ,,but besides the ,nine internal and external ,,senses1 mentioned in ,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #e4 more plainly and familiarly denote the ,perfection of this ,,number3 ,as1 in like manner1 the most learned ,authors of all ,ages take great ,notice of it in the ,,age of ,man1 calling this ,ninth1 together with the ,seventh1 ,,climacterical ,years4 ,,not to mention the ,ninth ,hour1 in which our ,blessed ,,saviour breathed out his ,holy ,spirit2 the ,ninth ,day the ,antients buried their ,,dead1 and many such remarkable ,instances4 ,yet however1 in most ,natural and ,philosophical ,cases1 this ,,number implies still some ,imperfection2 because it comes short of the ,complement of the ,great ,number ,,ten 7being deficient by ,,one7 as ,st4 ,austin interprets it of the ,,ten ,,lepers4 ,wherefore not to go too far in these ,,mystical ,matters1 ,i proceed to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxxvi4 ,of a ,ten-,months ,,birth4 ,,as to this ,point1 it is not only ,true in ,part2 to wit1 during the ,first ,ten ,days of the #ajth ,month1 as ,,some would have it1 but rather 7in my ,opinion7 ,altogether1 and at any time of it1 as ,,legitimate as the #ith ,month2 according to ,plautus the ,comick ,poet2 ,tunc illa quam compresserat1 decimo post exacto ,mense hanc peperit ,filiam4 ,,for altho' ,women commonly reckon their ,,births more frequent in the ,ninth ,month2 yet many ,learned ,men have left it 7as a doubtful ,controversy7 undecided whether ,,that or ,,this be the most proper natural ,time3 ,whereas ,some of the first ,,rank#abf have more positively determined a ,legitimate ,,birth to happen in the ,tenth ,month ,,only1 according also to ,virgil's excellent ,poetical ,computation-- 8,matri longa decem tulerunt fastidia ,menses40 ,,moreover1 for a farther ,proof of this ,argument1 ,i need only refer to ,solomon1 the wisest of ,kings2 who being the greatest ,master of all ,,arts1 cannot be supposed to have been ignorant of ,this ,truth3 ,and whose express ,decision of this ,doubt1 we have set down in the ,beginning of the #gth ,chapter of his ,book of ,,wisdom2 saying1 8,i myself also am a mortal ,man1 and the ,offspring of him that was first made of the ,earth1 and in my ,mother's ,womb was fashioned to be ,flesh in the time of ,,ten ,,months1 c40 ,,but farther yet1 as to the ,nature of this ,month1 ,,mars is presumed to succeed in it1 who indulges the ,,infant by his amicable ,qualities1 or benign ,influences3 ,for ,he is deemed a ,friend to ,,life1 as he affords ,vitality to the ,,births happening in it4 ,,and again1 this ,number ,,ten is reckoned a ,compleat and ,universal ,,number in all ,sciences2 because we cannot account beyond it1 but by ,replication1 a ,re-assumption of the ,,unit1 or ,repetition of the ,nine ,figures1 to perfect the ,progression4 ,but farther still1 to denote the ,excellency and ,perfection of this ,,month1 there are ,,ten ,singers of ,psalms mentioned in ,holy ,scripture2 namely1 ,,adam1 ,,abraham1 ,,melchisedech1 ,,moses1 ,,asaph1 ,,david1 ,,solomon1 and the three ,sons of ,,chorah3 ,,ten ,musical ,instruments3 ,,ten ,strings in the ,psaltery3 ,,ten ,curtains in the ,temple3 ,,ten ,commandments instituted and given directly by ,,god himself3 ,,and1 in fine1 the ,,tenth ,day after ,ascension the ,,holy ,,ghost came down1 c4 ,,there are besides also ,,ten ,parts1 of which ,,man himself consists intrinsically2 viz4 the ,spirit1 ,brain1 ,lungs1 ,heart1 ,liver1 ,gall1 ,spleen1 ,kidneys1 ,testicles1 and ,matrix3 ,and likewise ,,ten ,simple ,integral ,parts constituting the ,,man1 to wit1 ,bone1 ,cartilage1 ,nerve1 ,fibre1 ,ligament1 ,artery1 ,vein1 ,membrane1 ,flesh1 and ,skin4 ,in short just so1 after this manner1 there are ,,ten ,months required to form and maturate the ,,man1 in the substantial ,completion of ,,these to ,perfection4 ,,but1 after ,all1 lest ,i should be thought1 by this way of ,reasoning on the ,numbers of the ,,months1 to vend some fictitious ,notions for mechanical ,causes1 or vain ,fictions for the ,laws of ,nature1 ,i shall in this ,place1 to avoid that ,censure or ,reproach1 make a small ,digression1 and that upon ,,numbers in general4 ,,first then1 ,i think it appears very ,plain from the ,three preceding ,chapters1 that ,,numbers are of a certain wonderful ,efficacy and ,virtue even in ,,supernaturals4 ,,secondly1 ,in ,natural ,things also the ,virtues of ,,numbers 7so mystically constituted and mysteriously intended7 are conspicuously manifest3 ,as is evident in the ,herb1 call'd ,,pentaphyllon1 which is said to resist ,poisons by ,virtue of ,number ,,five2 as one ,leaf of it taken twice a day in ,wine1 cures the ,,quotidian2 three1 the ,,tertian2 and four1 the ,,quartan ,fever4 ,so likewise in the ,herb ,,heliotropium ,,tricoccon#abg1 three ,grains whereof cures the ,,tertian3 and four1 the ,,quartan ,ague4 ,in like manner1 as a ,serpent1 if struck ,,once with a ,spear1 dies2 but if ,,twice1 is said to recover ,strength4 ,so much for the ,curious4 ,,however1 ,these and many other ,things might be mentioned1 both in ,natural1 and ,supernatural ,beings1 upon the wonderful ,power and ,efficacy of ,,numbers3 ,which plausible ,doctrine not only the most ,eminent ,philosophers1 but also the most ,learned ,catholick ,,doctors1 namely1 ,st4 ,jerom1 ,austin1 ,origen1 ,ambrose1 ,athanasius1 c4 ,all unanimously teach2 as well as the most famous ,dr4 ,rabanus 7,archbishop of ,mentz7 who in his ,time compos'd an excellent ,book to this purpose chiefly upon the ,virtues of ,numbers4 ,,but notwithstanding all ,this1 ,i am far from believing that there is any peculiar ,virtue in ,,numbers1 considered abstractedly3 ,only1 ,i would hereby demonstrate1 that as the ,omniscient ,,creator has appointed every thing a certain ,,time for its ,production1 ,augmentation1 ,perfection1 ,declension1 and ,duration2 so in all probability1 the same ,decree or ,good-,will of ,divine ,providence may have ordered ,,numbers1 and ,sett-,days or ,times to concur with the apparent ,necessity of ,corporeal1 ,natural1 and ,mechanical ,,causes4 ,for in ,truth1 at last1 ,i cannot think that1 unless there had been some great and distinct ,mysterys of ,,god and ,nature comprehended in ,,numbers1 the ,great ,,divine#abh would otherwise have recommended ,that ,search to the ,world of ,understanding to count the ,,number of the ,beast3 saying1 ,it is the ,number of a ,man4 ,but to proceed3 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxxvii4 ,of an ,eleven-,months1 and all posteriour ,,births4 ,as to this ,,month1 many ,authors#abi agree to legitimate its ,,birth2 because of several repeated ,instances that really happen'd in their ,days3 ,to which ,i can add ,,one of my own proper ,experience1 during my itinerant ,practice in the ,city of ,prague4 ,where1 as ,i came recommended to the ,acquaintance of some ,eminent ,physicians of the ,place1 ,i happen'd once to be call'd 7by one of them7 to a ,lady in ,,labour2 whom ,i had the good ,fortune to deliver immediately1 of a fine1 lusty1 and lively ,girl4 ,after which1 ,i had the ,honour to attend her in ,child-,bed2 ,i mean1 to visit and prescribe for her1 by the concurring ,advice of my ,honoured ,friend 7the most ,learned and ,ingenious ,dr4 ,von ,overberg1 who was her near ,relation7 in order to prevent some ,disasters under which she had formerly suffer'd on the like ,occasion4 ,upon ,this1 she was pleas'd to tell me out of her own ,mouth1 that1 before the ,day of her ,,delivery1 her ,husband1 7who was a ,colonel in the ,imperial ,service7 had been gone to the ,army1 then in ,sicily1 ,,ten ,,months and two ,days2 so that this ,proculean ,,child was born 7at soonest7 the ,third ,day of the ,eleventh ,month4 ,and in this ,case1 ,i dare say1 ,i was no ways mistaken1 or impos'd upon2 that ,lady being endued with no less true ,honour and strict ,virtue1 than she was otherways deservedly esteem'd1 of a singular good ,character1 and great ,distinction in that ,place4 ,,upon which happy ,occasion1 ,i was the first ,time fully satisfy'd1 and convinc'd1 as to the due ,proportion and ,distinction of the ,four controverted ,terms2 viz4 that1 by how much the latter ,part of the ,,tenth ,,month is preferable to the ,beginning of the ,,ninth2 by so much is the ,beginning of the ,,eleventh1 preferable to any ,,birth#acj happening in the latter ,part of the ,,seventh ,,month3 ,so that1 upon the whole ,matter1 ,i can find no plausible ,reason why ,all ,those may not be accounted ,legitimate terms of ,time in ,child-,bearing1 as well as the latter ,part of the ,,ninth1 and ,beginning of the ,,tenth ,,month4 ,,which probable ,opinion we may the more readily agree to1 and acquiesce in2 especially because 7if what has been said of the rest of the ,,planets1 in the respective ,chapters of ,this and the ,first ,,section1 be true7 the ,,sun in this ,,eleventh ,,month returns to take care of the ,,infant 7yet unborn27 by virtue of whose vivacious ,influence and beneficent ,quality1 ,,births of this ,,month are accounted no less vital and successful1 than any others differently time'd4 ,,there are also many ,authors1 over and above1 who make mention of ,,births1 in the ,twelfth1 ,thirteenth1 ,fourteenth1 and ,fifteenth ,,month4 ,yes verily1 and there is one remarkable ,instance1 of the ,physical ,college at ,montpelier1 where a grand ,consultation was held about the ,year #aeij1 in ,favour of a certain ,,marchioness2 who 7after some fair ,legitimate ,,births7 had ,two#aca running successively1 the one in the ,eighteenth1 the other in the ,twentieth ,,month3 upon which1 divers curious ,reasonings happened1 and various ,sentiments were deliver'd4 ,however1 because such ,precedents are so very few and uncommon1 ,i shall take up no more ,time about them4 ,only ,,as to what is said in this1 and the preceding ,chapters1 touching the ,months1 ,i desire to be understood1 as meaning ,solar1 not ,lunar ,months3 ,by ,solar ,months1 ,i mean that ,space of ,time1 which the ,sun continues in either1 or every1 ,sign of the ,zodiack1 comprehending thirty ,days4 ,,but it may 7perhaps7 be objected1 that the ,antients 7especially the ,greeks7 reckon'd their ,years by ,lunar ,revolutions only1 and had none else but ,lunar ,months4 ,to which ,i answer1 that the ,wise and ,divine ,,hippocrates computes#acb the ,time of ,birth by ,decads of ,weeks2 which ,decad contains ,seventy1 as every ,week consists of ,seven full ,days3 ,hence ,he makes out the ,legitimacy of a ,seven-,months ,child2 because that ,term comprehends three ,decads of ,weeks1 or #baj ,days3 ,and hence it is evident1 that he has measur'd that ,time of ,gestation by ,solar ,months1 of which each contains #cj ,days1 answering alike in ,births of all ,months4 ,for if we divide those #baj ,days by #g1 for the ,number of ,months1 we shall find a ,quotient of #cj ,days to each2 or if we multiply #cj by #g1 we'll find a ,product of #baj ,days in all4 ,and this ,computation he farther elucidates1 saying#acc1 ,as thirty ,suns form the ,ftus1 so seventy move it1 and two hundred and ten perfect it4 ,hence it is evident and certain1 that ,,hippocrates also considered and regarded the ,circuits of the ,sun4 ,which leads me farther1 to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxxviii4 ,of the ,reasons why ,,one ,number of ,months1 ,weeks1 and ,days1 is more ,auspicious to ,,birth1 than ,,another4 ,,what has been said in the ,seven preceeding ,chapters particularly1 concerning ,months1 ,weeks1 c4 leads me directly to descant upon ,,these in general3 ,which ,topick1 tho' ,i could willingly resign it to the more ,judicious to enter upon1 and recommend to the more ,learned to discuss2 yet lest ,i may be thought to evade or omit any material ,point which ,i have undertaken1 ,i shall endeavour 7according to the ,best of my weak ,capacity7 to explain1 en passant1 and to unfold this ,mystery1 by declaring the most plausible ,orthodox ,reasons why ,,one ,number of ,days1 ,weeks and ,months1 is more ,auspicious to the ,,birth1 and affords more ,vitality to the ,,child than ,,another4 ,,in handling of which ,subject-,matter1 as ,i propose to be very ,brief1 so ,i shall only observe in short1 that such ,reasons are chiefly founded upon a double ,principle2 ,that is1 of daily ,experience1 and natural ,knowledge4 ,i4 ,,upon daily ,experience2 in that it is notoriously well known that ,,children born in different ,months1 are not equally ,vital or ,lively2 and in that it is evidently manifest1 that the #gth1 #ith1 and #ajth1 and perhaps the #aath ,month also1 are endued with some certain ,virtues1 and prevalent ,qualitys before all ,,others in this ,case4 ,,ii4 ,,upon ,natural ,knowledge2 insomuch that it is the ,opinion of all ,judicious ,naturalists 7either ,philosophers or ,physicians7 that this inferiour ,world is moved and govern'd by superiour ,bodys1 and that all ,terrestrial ,vicissitudes and ,changes depend upon ,clestials1 and those chiefly upon the ,,sun and ,,moon3 which both possess great influential ,virtues1 and exercise great directing ,powers over all ,inferiour ,bodys4 ,from hence the ,antients always maintain'd1 that the ,periodical ,accessions and ,circulations of many ,,distempers depended entirely on their noxious ,influences2 especially upon that of the ,moon1 because of her ,proximity4 ,,nay1 some ,authors have advanced so far1 as to ascribe the only ,cause of them to the ,powers of the ,,stars and ,,planets4 ,but tho' ,i am no ways to countenance ,these ,notions to this ridiculous ,length1 nor in the least to defend the vain ,fictions1 or foolish ,ostentations of the vulgar ,,astrologers2 yet ,i shall make no scruple to assert that both the ,,stars and ,,planets are concurring or co-operating1 tho not sole efficient ,causes1 in these ,cases3 ,and ,this1 ,i hope1 ,i may rationally be allow'd to do1 supposing ,i had not the direct ,authority of such a ,great ,man1 as the most ,learned and ,excellent ,dr4 ,mead#acd1 over and above to back me2 who says1 8,it is moreover to be consider'd1 that the rest of the ,,stars and ,,planets have each their ,power and ,influence1 which tho' they be not ,equal to that of the ,,sun and ,,moon2 yet notwithstanding they conspire to augment or diminish their ,powers on human ,bodys2 and this ,concourse is of so great ,consequence 7says this ,eminent ,author7 that we must refer to it the sudden and hidden ,power of most ,distempers in all ,countries1 c40 ,,but the ,powers of the two great and glorious ,,luminarys1 we are more sensible of1 as they are more manifestly conspicuous2 and ,these we may in many other ,cases1 7as well as in ,,births7 hold for efficient ,causes4 ,,for who knows not that the ,influence of the ,,sun fructifies all sorts of ,grain1 and ripens ,fruit1 ,corn1 c8 ,who knows not that by its ,force or ,influx only1 divers ,animals1 ,insects1 c4 engender and spring out of the ,dust and the ,earth8 ,or1 who knows not that its ,power prompts all ,creatures to ,coition1 and excites them to propagate their respective ,species1 each one its own ,kind1 c4 ,,neither is the ,influence of the ,,moon less evident3 ,for does it not change the ,constitution of the ,,weather1 raise the ,,air1 heighten the ,,winds1 swell and exagitate the ,surface of the ,,sea1 and finally1 augment and increase the very ,tides of the ,,ocean8 ,do not all ,animals1 as well as the ,menstruous and ,pregnant ,woman sensibly feel the ,power of the ,,lunar ,influence8 ,yes verily1 as my last quoted ,author justly#ace observes1 unless their ,,regimen be perverted1 by which means the ,body may be disqualify'd or rendred unapt to receive the ,impression4 ,,now this does not only happen to ,four-footed ,beasts1 and all that possess the dry ,,land2 but also more especially to the ,inhabitants of the ,,sea3 ,and how remarkable is it1 that the very ,shell-,fish1 7how closely soever shut up1 and how low soever buried1 as it were1 in the very ,,abyss of the ,deeps7 cannot be exempted from the sensible ,impression of this ,,lunar ,power8 ,to this ,point and ,purpose 7,i think7 ,lucilius#acf1 that ,learned ,poet1 manifestly alludes1 saying1 8,luna alit ,ostrea1 implet ,echinos1 ,muribus 8,fibras ,pecui addit4 ,and after ,him1 ,manilius#acg1 that great ,astronomer1 writes propos upon this ,topick1 when he says1 8,sic submersa fretis ,concharum ,carcere clausa 8,ad ,lun motum variant ,animalia ,corpus4 ,,these ,things then being evidently so1 and it being a most certain and undeniable ,truth1 that the ,,sun and ,,moon have each their respective ,influence upon all ,inferiour ,bodys3 7as has also been already shewn in ,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #h47 ,i come now to observe that such ,mutations as are ,quick and ,brief1 or such ,changes as are accomplished in a ,few ,days1 may be entirely ascribed to the ,power of the ,,moon3 ,as in the ,reverse of these ,cases1 which cannot be determin'd under a ,long ,time2 the ,course of the ,,sun is more chiefly to be consider'd and principally regarded4 ,,so ,acute ,fevers 7because ,,short7 are generally assuaged and dissolved in #ad ,days3 ,whereas ,quartans 7because ,,long7 on the contrary are only determin'd in six ,months4 ,it's true indeed1 the ,antients ascribed these ,laws of ,,nature1 to ,pythagorean ,numbers1 and distinguish'd the ,times of ,,fevers according to their ,critical ,days1 which they strictly animadverted1 as they laid great ,stress upon that ,ceremonious ,observation4 ,,however1 ,galen made a far stricter ,disquisition in this ,matter1 and conceiv'd 7as the ,truth indeed is7 that the ,accessions and ,crises of ,,fevers had no ,connexion with any ,,numbers or odd ,days1 but took ,origin only from the ,efficacy of the ,,moon3 7as is more fully explain'd in ,chap4 #bh4 of this ,section47 ,according to which ,,maxim#ach1 ,acute ,distempers have their ,circulations in ,seven ,days1 and take their ,accesses and ,declinations from the ,course of the ,,moon2 which every ,seventh ,day1 when ,,new1 ,,half-,,full1 or ,,full1 has her greatest ,influence4 ,,he farther observes that the ,quarter-,day of the ,,moon may fall upon the #fth or #hth ,day of the ,,distemper1 and consequently either of these ,days may determine it as well as the ,,seventh4 ,for 7according to ,dr4 ,mead's excellent ,judgment7 the ,dissolution of a ,,fever sometimes happens ,to-day1 which according to the ordinary ,course of the ,,distemper ought to happen ,to-morrow2 or1 on the contrary1 the same may be procrastinated till ,to-morrow1 which might be expected ,to-day3 ,and ,that for the various ,reasons#aci most ingeniously by him alledg'd and irrefragably established4 ,,in fine1 such ,mutations and ,circulations of ,things as are perfected and perform'd in a few ,days1 are directed by the ,property of the ,,moon3 whereas such ,changes and ,alterations as require the ,dissolution and ,determination of ,months1 refer only to the ,government of the ,,sun4 ,which ,i would have thus candidly understood1 viz4 ,,as from the beginning of the ,month to the ,,full-,,moon are almost #ad ,days1 which accomplish half the ,lunar ,circuit1 and comprehend two ,quarter-,changes2 so from the ,beginning of ,spring to the ,end of ,summer are six ,months1 which comprehend two ,seasons or half of the ,year3 ,and so that ,mediety or ,half of the ,month1 from ,,full-,,moon1 to the ,time of ,occultation or ,,new-,,moon1 answers to the other six ,months1 from the beginning of ,autumn to the last of ,winter1 which conclude the other ,half of the ,year4 ,,for as we divide the ,course of the ,,moon by #d ,weeks1 according to its #d quarter ,changes2 so we distribute the ,course of the ,,sun into #d ,stations1 according to the four ,seasons of the ,year3 ,hence it is that all ,times of the ,year answer in proportion to the different ,weeks of the ,month1 and all ,stations of the ,,sun 7in like manner7 to the different ,changes of the ,,moon4 ,wherefore as the #gth ,day1 which is the #dth ,part of the ,lunar ,month1 determines acute ,distempers2 so the ,change of the ,season of the ,year dissolves ,diuturnal ,diseases4 ,the ,,spring commonly shakes off any ,malady generated in ,,winter1 as the ,,summer does what is begun in the ,,spring2 and the ,,autumn discusseth any ,affection excited in ,,summer1 as the ,,winter does what happen'd in ,,autumn4 ,,these ,things being thus cleared-up by the way1 we have now only to consider1 that the ,time of ,,gestation is no ,acute1 but a ,diuturnal ,effect2 and that ,,birth is nothing else but the ,,crisis of the same ,affection1 according to#adj;,hippocrates's ,sense4 ,which1 if so1 it is evidently manifest that1 in defining the ,time of ,,birth1 we ought chiefly to regard the ,course of the ,,sun1 and strictly observe the ,number of ,,months2 ,however so1 as not to neglect the ,motions of the ,,moon1 and consequently1 we ought also to consider duly the neat ,number of ,,days3 ,wherefore 7,i say7 in ,,birth we are to have a just ,regard to1 and take a strict ,observation of1 not only the ,changes of the ,,moon1 but also of the ,mutations of the ,,sun2 because both the ,one and the ,other act very powerfully in ,,birth4 ,which ,i thus beg leave to illustrate as follows1 viz4 ,,as the first seven ,days have the greatest ,power of determining ,acute ,diseases1 so the first three ,months of ,,gestation 7which answer to those ,days7 determine the ,,conception3 ,and as of those the #gth ,day is the most powerful1 so of these the third ,month is the most prevalent4 ,from hence it is that the ,,foetus suffers such manifest ,alterations and ,changes of ,nature in this ,,month3 ,for it is now metamorphos'd or chang'd from an ,inanimate into an ,animate ,being3 ,it now becomes a ,living and ,moving ,body1 subsisting henceforward by its own proper vivacious ,faculties2 yet not so however1 that this ,,month can be presum'd to produce a vital ,birth3 ,no1 because as every perfect and plausible ,,crisis of the #gth ,day1 requires the ,concurrence of the digested ,humour1 together with the ,ability and ,strength of the ,,patient2 so in ,,birth1 the ,disposition of the ,,infant must necessarily concur with all ,these1 which it can never be suppos'd to do in the short ,space of ,three ,months4 ,,moreover again1 as the ,days of the ,interval from the #gth to the #adth1 have but small ,power in dissolving acute ,diseases2 so neither have the #dth or #eth ,months 7which assimilate these ,days7 any ,efficacy tending to ,,birth4 ,wherefore if an unlucky ,ejection of the ,foetus happens in these ,months1 it can be no otherwise judged of1 than as when ,symptomatical 7not ,critical7 ,excretions fall out on ,,days not ,decretory3 ,hence we 7of consequence7 may collect1 that the very ,first ,time1 in which a legitimate ,term can be suppos'd to concur effectually1 together with the ,disposition and ,strength of the ,,infant1 in case of ,,birth1 will be 7as ,hippocrates has well observed#ada7 about the #ahb;d ,day1 or at the half ,year's ,end3 ,which 7however7 he calls a ,septimestrian ,,birth1 because the ,ancients reckon'd their ,year by ,lunar ,months1 as they did their ,months by the ,course of the ,,moon2 whereof #ac with some ,days of the #adth ,month constitute the ,solar ,year3 ,not that ,i mean they in the ,interim were at all ignorant of the ,solar ,periods4 ,and however1 tho' this ,number of #ahb ,days make but up six ,solar ,months2 yet1 as it comprehends seven ,lunar ,months1 and almost constitutes three ,,decades of ,lunar ,weeks1 there can be no ,repugnancy in that ,wise ,man's ,meaning1 whatever some literal ,interpreters may imagine to the contrary4 ,,now this sixth ,month being the second ,solar ,mutation1 in it the ,,womb begins to be more severely oppress'd with the ,weight and ,bulk of its ,burthen2 for now the ,,infant has assum'd ,perfection1 and 7perhaps7 got ,strength sufficient to undergo its ,fatigue in ,,labour1 and ,power enough to support ,life1 after its ,,birth2 especially if procreated of the more vivid1 valid1 or excellent ,,seed2 whose powerful ,faculty and vigorous ,quality may perhaps have perform'd the ,work of ,formation in #cj1 which otherwise would require #ce1 or more ,days3 ,in this ,case 7of consequence7 the ,,birth will succeed at the above-mentioned happy ,time2 as appears more amply from what has been already set forth in ,,sect4 #a4 ,chap4 #i4 ,,now from what has been said1 ,i hope it appears highly reasonable to compute the legitimate ,time of ,,birth1 not only by ,months and ,moons1 but also by ,weeks and ,days3 ,which however yet1 ,i look not upon to be any very full1 exact1 or sufficient satisfactory ,calculation2 because 7,i think7 we have also just ,reason to compute this ,time even by ,hours and ,minutes4 ,therefore how just soever ,aristotle's ,observation 7mentioned by ,pliny#adb7 may be1 that no ,animal expires but in the ,reflux or ,ebb of the ,sea2 ,i am yet positive1 that ,monsieur ,paschal's ,notion 7mentioned by ,doctor ,mead#adc7 that all ,births as well as ,deaths fall out in the ,reflux1 and that no ,animal is born or dies in the ,flux1 may be rationally controverted3 ,for ,i must needs assert that1 without any regard to his ,senarian ,fluxes and ,refluxes1 ,,births happen at every ,hour of the ,,day or ,,night3 and perhaps more naturally too in the ,,flux1 than in the ,,reflux of the ,sea4 ,and this1 ,i think1 may appear evident1 even from the self-same ,reasons by which he endeavours to make out the ,contrary#add2 namely1 that intermitting ,fevers have their greatest ,paroxisms in the ,time of the ,,flux1 whereas they cease in the ,,reflux by sweating3 collecting from hence1 that the ,motion1 ,vigour1 and ,force of ,distempers are chiefly advanc'd in the ,senary of the ,,flux2 and on the contrary1 that they are dissolved in the ,senary of the ,,reflux4 ,which ,observation1 with respect to ,fevers1 this most excellent ,doctor has found experimentally#ade ,true1 as a great many others have also done4 ,,but in the ,case of a ,woman in ,,labour1 as 7with ,submission7 ,i judge the ,paroxisms to differ from the ,nature of those in a ,fever1 so ,i humbly conceive that the ,effect must prove the ,,reverse4 ,for the ,paroxisms in ,,birth1 are nothing else than the ,pains or ,pangs of ,,labour2 and who knows not that 7in ,case of a natural ,situation of the ,,infant and the ,,womb7 the greater ,these are1 the more ,success and ,expedition attends the ,,birth8 ,and who again knows not1 that in this ,case1 the more vigorous ,motion the ,,infant makes1 and the more ,force and ,strength that attends the ,pains1 the sooner the ,,delivery is perfected8 ,which1 of consequence1 according to his own ,opinion1 will fall out in the ,senary of the ,,flux8 ,in fine1 again ,i farther observe1 that1 as the ,,reflux may be the appointed ,time of ,nature destinated to ,death1 so may the ,,flux be allotted to ,,birth2 which 7in my ,mind7 is as opposite to ,death1 as the ,,flux is to the ,,reflux of the ,tide of the ,sea4 ,,wherefore ,i am obliged to repeat it again here1 that we ought to calculate the ,legitimate ,time of ,,birth1 not only by ,months1 ,weeks1 and ,days1 but perhaps also by ,hours and ,minutes2 and that because1 according to the ,great ,galen's ,observation#adf1 as the ,year1 ,month1 or ,week does not consist of entire ,days1 so neither does the ,,day of entire ,hours3 ,for as the ,year consists of #cfe ,days1 six ,hours1 and a few ,minutes2 and the ,month of thirty ,days1 ten and a half ,hours2 and the ,week of seven ,days1 two ,hours1 and twenty-seven ,minutes2 so the ,day 7in proportion7 consists of #bd ,hours and #ba ,minutes3 ,from whence ,i conclude 7with that wise ,man7 that we can make no very nice ,computation in this ,affair1 by full ,days1 without ,,fractions4 ,,wherefore it is that the most ,learned and ,inquisitive ,boethogynists1 or ,female ,physicians maintain1 that they have always observed their ,,women to bring forth the self-same ,,hour of the ,night or ,day1 in which they conceived3 ,and ,this also daily ,experience seems to confirm for ,truth2 because it is certain1 that most ,,births happen in the ,night-,time1 or ,dawning of the ,day2 at which ,times1 we may very probably suppose the ,generality of ,parents to be most employ'd that way3 ,whereupon1 if ,this be ,true1 ,mr4 ,paschal's ,position will fall of course2 and then that ,assertion of a ,legitimate ,,birth's requiring1 not only a certain and prefinite ,number of ,days1 but also of ,hours and ,minutes1 will more rationally be establish'd in its ,room3 ,notwithstanding that ,saying of ,hippocrates#adg himself1 after having distinguished upon the ,times of ,,birth1 ,that these ,things fall out in a few ,days more or less4 ,,however1 in fine1 from what has been said1 7,i hope7 the ,reasons ,i have given here1 why one ,number of ,months1 ,weeks1 and ,days is more auspicious to the ,,birth1 and more fortunate to the ,,child1 than another1 are by this ,time made manifestly clear and self-evident4 ,now these ,things being thus briefly accounted for1 ,i must proceed in the next place 7with the ,,reader's good ,leave7 to provide for and prepare the ,pregnant ,woman1 against the ,expiration of these ,months1 ,weeks1 and ,days4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxxix4 ,of the ,,diet and ,,regimen of the ,woman1 before and about the ,time of ,,birth4 ,,tho' the ,woman ought to be cautious of her ,,diet and ,,regimen during the whole time of ,pregnancy1 as advis'd in ,chap4 #c4 of this ,,section2 yet she is now oblig'd in the first place 7especially from the beginning of the #ith ,,month7 to be much more circumspect2 to use nothing but ,,food of good ,nutrition and easy ,concoction1 of an ,aperitive and ,laxative ,quality1 little at a time1 but frequently taken4 ,,ii4 ,,she ought to stir often1 and exercise herself moderately1 without stooping or bending the ,body too much1 lest the ,,umbilicals may entangle the ,infant4 ,,iii4 ,,she should discreetly rest herself at certain ,times1 and indulge herself in composing ,sleep2 lying altogether on her ,,back1 not on either ,side1 that the ,,infant may freely turn itself4 ,,iv4 ,,from the tenth ,day1 proper ,emollient and ,laxative ,decoctions by way of ,,baths1 may necessarily be used twice or thrice a ,week1 for moistening the ,passages1 and facilitating the ,,birth3 ,or otherwise1 the ,,belly and proper ,parts need only be fomented with ,cloths1 or ,spunges dipp'd in such ,decoctions1 and the neighbouring ,places anointed with apposite ,liniments or requisite ,ointments3 ,but no ,laconick or ,sweating ,,baths or ,,bagnio',s1 ought to be used at this ,juncture2 notwithstanding some contrary ,opinions4 ,v4 ,,the ,infant is to be cherish'd1 and strengthen'd by proper ,cordials inwardly taken1 as well as by outward ,applications4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,room or ,chamber in which the ,woman is to undergo her ,,travail and ,lying-,in1 ought to be conveniently temperate1 neither too cold nor too hot3 ,by reason that the one certainly constringes and shuts the ,,womb2 as the other dissipates and debilitates the ,spirits4 ,in short1 ,i have known ,women1 who have often had most painful1 lingring1 and laborious ,,births before2 to have been ,,laid afterwards with the greatest ,ease imaginable in a very short time1 by only carefully observing the above-prescrib'd ,,regimen4 ,wherefore ,i shall take leave to go on farther1 to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xl4 ,of the ,natural ,causes of ,,birth1 and ,pains of ,,labour4 ,,the ,causes of a ,legitimate or timely natural ,birth1 are chiefly ,three2 viz4 ,i4 ,the suppressed or defective ,respiration1 by the encreasing ,calidity of the ,,heart2 which defatigates the ,,infant so much1 that it cannot live without more free ,ventilation4 ,,ii4 ,,penury or ,scarcity of ,,aliment2 the ,,infant now requiring ,more than it can possibly imbibe from the ,mother2 and therefore it is forced to seek1 what ,nourishment it farther requires1 ,elsewhere4 ,,iii4 ,,the strict ,,confinement of its narrow ,lodging2 the ,,womb being now too little to accommodate and entertain the well-grown-,,infant3 ,like to the ,,young of ,birds or ,fowls2 which neither finding sufficient ,aliment nor ,room in the ,,egg1 restlessly seek for ,both1 and in vain endeavour for ,either1 until at last they break the ,pellicules3 ,which as soon as the ,mother perceives1 she scratches or pecks the ,shell1 and so brings out the oppressed indigent ,,chicken4 ,thus also in the ,,womb1 it happens not unlike2 for1 when the ,membranes break1 the ,humours and ,blood flow plentifully2 and upon this ,occasion various ,pains afflict the ,woman3 ,which are always the greater and more severe in the ,first ,,birth2 because of the ,coarctation of the ,passages1 besides the ,party's being unaccustomed to such sorrowful ,griefs1 and penetrating ,pains4 ,,now the ,reasons why ,,women only1 are so much afflicted with dolorous ,pains in ,,birth 7the rest of the ,creatures being in a great measure of ,proportion exempted from them7 ought1 as some ,divines would have us believe1 to be ascribed only to the ,,sin of the ,first ,woman2 ,,god resolving 7for that ,reason7 to punish her whole ,,sex1 by subjecting them to those ,calamities mentioned in the holy ,scripture#adh3 8,i will greatly multiply thy ,sorrow1 and thy ,conception2 in ,sorrow thou shalt bring forth ,children1 c40---- ,,but besides this ,doctrine1 ,i conceive there are ,four very considerable natural ,causes that may be reasonably assign'd for it2 viz4 ,i4 ,,the ,,debility of ,human ,nature1 which in ,time of ,labour requires sometimes the whole ,strength of the ,,woman1 and sometimes that of the ,,infant too2 and that commonly above what ,either can well afford4 ,,ii4 ,,the dull ,sedentary ,life which ,women generally lead and indulge themselves in2 as appears plain from what ,i have often observed in ,germany and ,holland3 ,for the ,women of those ,countries generally accustoming themselves to some sort of active ,labour and industrious ,exercise1 have much easier ,,births than any ,others that ,i know4 ,,iii4 ,,but one general and universal ,reason of it is1 that the ,bone call'd ,,os ,,coccygis1 which is loosely join'd to the inferiour ,extremity of the ,bone call'd ,,sacrum1 bending outwards during the ,time of ,,labour2 as the ,,child advances1 its ,head presseth the ,gut call'd ,,rectum hard against it2 which causeth most severe1 acute1 and extreme ,,pains4 ,,iv4 ,,another principal and universal ,reason of it1 is1 the ,,bulk of the ,head of the ,,infant2 which 7according to ,albertus ,magnus7 is equal in the time of ,,birth1 to the rest of the ,whole ,man2 causing a violent ,dilatation of the ,,womb1 that is very strait in comparison of this ,,bulk2 and ,that being a very sensible ,membranous ,composition1 ,this must 7of ,necessity7 occasion most grievous and almost intolerable ,,pains4 ,whence ,i come to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xli4 ,of the ,,causes of a sooner1 or later ,,birth4 ,,many great ,men have written and answer'd promiscuously on this ,head1 suggesting a vast ,variety of ,reasons for it3 ,but as ,every ,one is left to think and judge the ,best he can for ,himself1 so ,i shall 7in this place7 only animadvert upon ,those ,causes1 which ,i most entirely approve of2 and as they are ,fivefold1 so ,i think1 they either depend upon the ,genital ,seed2 the ,formative ,faculty2 the ,temperature of the ,,womb2 the ,constitution of the ,,woman2 or the ,influence of ,superiour ,bodies4 ,i4 ,,the natural ,cause may depend upon the ,,seed3 ,because as there is among ,,grain several sorts1 some of which fructify and ripen in ,three1 some in ,four ,months1 and others which require much longer ,time2 so it may be also in human ,,seed1 that it may differ as much in its ,kind4 ,which ,truth is very evident from what has been frequently observed1 that ,women bring forth the ,children of different ,,fathers1 at different ,times2 whereof ,i shall only mention the remarkable ,instance of ,vestilia#adi3 who was thus deliver'd of ,three ,children to her ,three several ,husbands1 ,,herditius1 ,,pomponius1 and ,,orsitus1 all noble ,citizens of ,rome3 viz4 ,of the one in the #gth1 of the other in the #aath1 and of the last at the ,expiration of #h ,months4 ,,ii4 ,,the natural ,cause may also depend upon the ,,forming ,,faculty2 so far1 as the ,formation and ,perfection of the ,,foetus depend upon its ,strength or ,debility3 ,for as it may be evidently observ'd after the ,,birth1 that some ,children grow a-pace and very suddenly2 others 7because of a sickly ,constitution7 thrive but very little1 and grow slowly2 so it happens also with the ,,foetus in the ,,womb3 for the stronger that this ,faculty is1 the sooner ,formation is perfected1 and consequently the sooner the ,,birth follows successfully4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,natural ,cause again may depend upon the ,temperature of the ,,womb3 ,because that the ,woman 7being the only one of all ,creatures which tolerates ,copulation during the time of ,pregnancy7 may be1 by its frequent or immoderate ,use1 disorder'd in that noble ,part2 which may infallibly confound and pervert the regular ,,time4 ,for as the ,,buds of ,vines cherish'd in the ,bosom of the ,earth1 may be easily cut or dissipated by the ,plough2 so as at least to alter the ,,time of ,fructification1 if not quite to destroy ,them3 ,so it is not very unlikely with the ,,infant in the ,,womb2 and therefore wise ,nature 7sollicitous of ,propagation and ,preservation of the ,human ,,foetus7 will not allow that a ,woman should have one precise ,time of ,,birth4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,natural ,cause may also depend upon the ,constitution of the ,,mother1 so far as her ,habits of ,body1 and ,way of ,living1 are conducive 7or not7 to the ,maturation1 ,perfection1 ,strength1 or ,debility of the ,,infant4 ,v4 ,,and finally1 the ,cause may depend upon a superiour ,influence1 in so far that1 as we see with our ,eyes1 such ,grain as is sowed1 and such ,plants or ,trees as are planted in the ,interlunium1 or silent ,moon1 and before ,full-,moon1 to fructify and ripen sooner than others3 ,or1 as we see and perceive our very ,nails and ,hair which are cut in that ,time1 to grow faster and sooner1 than what is so cut after the ,full-,moon3 ,so we may as easily comprehend by our ,reason1 that these ,times may have the same ,natural ,effect in the#aej;,human ,seed4 ,and as then the ,parts are more ,succulent1 and the ,generative ,virtue more excitated1 not only in the ,human ,seed1 but also in all other ,seeds and ,roots1 what wonder is it1 that the ,womb be also more efficacious and prestant at the same ,conjuncture8 ,this ,i take to have been ,pliny's#aea ,meaning1 saying none are born in the #gth ,month1 but they who have been conceiv'd in the very ,change of the ,moon1 or within a ,day of it1 under or over4 ,hence ,i may justly observe1 that all slower ,births have been begotten at opposite ,times2 for which1 ,i think1 ,i have also sufficient ,authority from#aeb;,,hippocrates himself1 saying1 when a ,woman conceives after ,full-,moon1 that ,conception must1 of ,necessity1 reach the #aath ,month4 ,,having thus far 7according to the ,best of my ,judgment7 dilucidated these ,cases1 and having hitherto conducted the ,woman with ,child1 and brought her safe this ,length1 thro' all the ,difficulties she has been expos'd to1 and the many ,hardships she has met with in her ,gestation or ,bearing-,time1 to the compleat ,number of her ,,months1 or precise ,time of her ,,labour3 ,it remains now1 that ,i should also direct her ,safety upon that emergent ,occasion2 since if we should now lose our good and fruitful ,woman at last1 all our previous ,pains and ,care have been ,labour in vain1 and nothing but ,frustration4 ,but1 because the ,work of ,,delivery1 does not always depend upon the ,woman herself1 and but seldom in these ,countries1 upon the ,physician2 before ,i commit her to the ,hands of the rude or unskilful1 7whether ,,man or ,,woman-,,midwife7 ,i shall in the next ,place1 7with all due ,deference to my ,,superiours1 especially the eminent ,professors of ,physick1 and ,practisers of ,,midwifery in the ,city of ,,london7 endeavour to instruct such ,persons in the ,fundamentals of their ,,art1 and to qualify them with the necessary ,knowledge1 and indispensible ,duty of their ,,business4 ,,in fine1 ,i shall attempt now to perform ,this ,undertaking in the plainest and most succinct ,terms following4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of ,,midwifery4 ,,birth1 and whatever may depend of1 take ,rise from1 or have any antecedent1 concomitant1 or consequent ,relation to it1 is the only proper ,business of ,,midwifery1 and justly deemed the common ,boundary of the ,knowledge and ,practice of the ,,midwife4 ,,which ,art of ,,midwifery is 7in itself7 as excellent and ingenious1 as its ,practice is useful1 and absolutely necessary to the ,commonwealth2 insomuch that this will admit of no ,contradiction1 when we rightly consider the following few1 but important1 general ,heads1 to which ,i reduce it throughout this ,work1 viz4 ,i4 ,,this ,art distinguisheth a ,fertile from a ,sterile or ,barren ,,womb2 it supports and corroborates the one1 and rectifies and cures the other1 in most 7if not in all7 ,cases4 ,,ii4 ,,it distinguisheth an impregnated from an unconceived ,,womb1 a real from a false ,big-,belly1 and a natural from a preternatural ,,conception4 ,,iii4 ,,it teacheth the ,regimen of the conceived ,woman1 for averting the ,severity of the ,,symptoms of the several ,months1 and all acute ,diseases1 in order to strengthen the ,infant1 and prevent any ,,miscarriage4 ,,iv4 ,,it instructeth by the ,touch or ,handling only1 to discover1 from time to time1 the true ,state and ,condition of the ,conceived ,woman1 not only during the ,time of ,pregnancy1 but also before and in the time of ,,labour4 ,v4 ,,it immediately 7in the beginning of ,,labour7 discriminates a ,natural from a ,preternatural1 and an easy and speedy from a difficult and lingring future ,,birth4 ,,vi4 ,,it presently discovers any one or more of the many different1 general1 or particular ,,causes of difficult or preternatural ,,births4 ,,vii4 ,,it informeth the fair ,practiser how to remove and correct those ,,causes1 and deliver the ,woman1 not at all by butcherly ,instruments1 but by ,judgment and ,help of ,,hand only4 ,,viii4 ,,it sheweth not only how to extract dead ,children1 and sometimes ,,monsters1 but also false ,conceptions1 ,superftations1 ,moles1 c4 ,,ix4 ,,and ,lastly1 this ,,art teacheth the true ,regimen of the ,,child-,,bed-,,woman1 and her ,,babe1 together with the proper ,methods and ,means of ,,help in all ,cases incident to them ,both4 ,,these ,heads 7,i think7 fully comprehend the whole ,art of ,,midwifery3 ,and what can be more ingenious now8 ,what can be more conducive to the common ,good1 or more serviceable to any ,country1 than the ,preservation of the ,health and ,lives of its multiplying ,,women and ,,children8 ,,this ,art has been in such ,esteem among the ,,antients1 that it was 7in all ,ages7 the ,study of the most ,learned ,,physicians2 tho' its ,practice succeeded best only1 first in ,france1 then in ,italy1 and afterwards in ,germany4 ,for in these ,countrys their ,women of all ,ranks 7the most ,precise and ,virtuous7 have accustom'd themselves 7upon this ,occasion7 to lay aside all childish ,bashfulness and imaginary ,modesty1 in order to secure their ,own and their ,childrens ,safety1 by inviting the ,assistance of both ,,sexes4 ,and indeed ,,men 7whom ,i may justly call the truest and best ,boethogynists7 being better versed in ,anatomy1 better acquainted with ,physical ,helps1 and commonly endued with greater ,presence of ,mind1 have been always found readier or discreeter1 to devise something more new1 and to give quicker ,relief in ,cases of difficult or preternatural ,,births1 than common ,,midwifes generally understand2 ,by which means it comes to pass1 that this ,,art is now brought to its greatest ,perfection in these ,countries3 ,insomuch that1 if ,i might be allowed to adopt a new ,term into our ,language1 instead of ,,man-,,midwife1 which seems to be a ,contradiction in ,terms1 ,i would call him the ,,andro-,,boethogynist1 or ,man-,helper of ,woman1 for his excellent ,skill in ,,midwifery4 ,,moreover1 the ,authors of these ,countries have not been remiss1 in communicating their ,experience and ,methods taken to prevent and remedy the many various ,difficulties which have occurred in this nice ,affair4 ,no1 ,senertus1 ,rod4 ,castro1 ,viardel1 ,mauriceau1 ,portal1 ,daventer1 ,bartine1 ,garofanzzo1 ,pfizerus1 c4 have promerited our immortal ,praises as well as ,thanks1 for such famous and generous ,instances as they have given of their great ,beneficence to ,,mankind4 ,,the ,four latter have made vast ,improvements of this ,,art3 but particularly1 the most ,learned1 ,ingenious1 and excellent ,,physicians1 and ,men-,midwives1 7as vulgarly called7 ,sig4 ,garofanzzo and ,pfizerus 7my most honoured ,instructors in this ,,art7 have absolutely perfected the ,,work begun by others2 for their ,rules are firmly founded on sound ,anatomy1 and their ,doctrines are more extensive1 particular1 plain1 and infallible1 than all their ,,predecessors ,discoveries4 ,,they explain this ,,art upon firm ,mathematical ,foundations1 and solid ,demonstrations of ,truth4 ,besides they give many new1 and most necessary ,directions1 in regard to ,touching or ,handling of ,women2 whereby ,,midwives may not only foresee all ,difficulties1 which can possibly happen1 but also prevent them in due ,time4 ,,their great ,ingenuity and ,dexterity in this ,,art1 has 7to the ,glory of ,,god ,almighty's good ,providence1 and the ,honour of their own ,profession7 rendred the ,use of ,,instruments1 not only needless and superfluous1 but also odious and ridiculous4 ,they instruct us how to remedy the most difficult ,occurrences1 by a right ,understanding of the ,business1 and a nice subtile skilful ,,hand only1 without any manner of other ,,instrument2 excepting only in the ,case of a ,,monstrous or dead ,,birth4 ,,upon whose great ,authorities1 and the small ,knowledge ,i myself have of the ,parts of ,generation1 if ,i affirm the imminent and manifest ,danger of such dilating ,,instruments1 as are commonly us'd upon every trifling ,occasion1 ,i hope it will not be taken amiss by the ,,reader3 ,since my ,design is not so much to discourage any in their ,practice1 as only to excite such ,practitioners to apply themselves to the above-mention'd far more ,safe1 ,easy1 and ,commendable ,,method3 which if they shall think fit to do1 the ,excellency of the ,profession will shine as bright ,here as in other ,parts of the ,world2 and at the same time1 the absurd ,imputations and false ,suggestions of the ,ignorant 7who imagine all ,women to be deliver'd either by ,,chance1 or by such barbarous ,,usage7 will be clean wip'd off3 ,for 7,i am fully satisfy'd7 that our ,,art1 no ways depends upon ,,chance or ,,fortune1 and running any ,risque or ,hazard2 but 7to the contrary7 on as firm a ,foundation1 and as infallible ,rules1 as a great many other ,professions1 which however yet are sometimes subject to ,,accidents4 ,all which ,i shall endeavour to make evidently appear1 in the next ,,section2 where ,i shall treat of the ,,causes of difficult and preternatural ,,births1 together with the respective ,methods of preventing1 correcting1 or removing them effectually4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,qualifications of the ,ordinary ,,midwife4 ,,it is indeed indifferent whether ,men or ,women practise this ,,art1 so the ,practisers be properly adapted1 and duly qualified for the ,purpose of so great a ,,work4 ,as for ,instance1 in ,france1 ,,men only profess this ,business2 in ,italy1 and ,germany1 ,,men and ,,women promiscuously2 in ,england1 ,scotland1 ,holland1 c4 ,,men are stiled ,extraordinary ,,midwives1 being seldom or never call'd but in extraordinary ,cases of difficult and preternatural ,,births4 ,wherefore1 upon this ,account1 ,i shall first observe and denote the ,qualifications most requisite and absolutely necessary for ,,women practising this ,,art4 ,,now as all ,arts and ,sciences require ,instruction1 ,application1 ,pains1 and ,time1 for qualifying any ,person to become a ,,master in the ,practice of them2 so the ,,art of ,midwifery requires not the least ,regard1 ,attention1 and ,information4 ,wherefore it is quite wrong for any ,persons1 who have not a ,body and ,mind particularly adapted to this ,business1 to spend their ,time in qualifying themselves for1 and applying themselves to the ,performance of this good ,office4 ,for such as ,these ought to leave ,this ,province to ,,those ,persons1 whom ,nature has more signally mark'd out for the ,purpose4 ,,and that ,i may the better distinguish upon what ,i have here propos'd1 ,i shall first speak in the ,negative1 and then in the ,affirmative ,sense of the ,affair2 ,or first1 of her ,natural1 and then of her ,acquir'd ,qualifications4 ,i4 ,,therefore1 ,she who would discreetly undertake ,,midwifery1 ought not to begin the ,practice too ,,young1 nor continue it till grown too ,,old3 ,for the one will want1 perhaps1 due ,experience1 as well as decent ,gravity and ,solidity2 the other will1 peradventure1 want requisite ,strength and ,vigour of ,body1 as well as the ,free ,exercise1 and ready ,use of her ,senses4 ,,ii4 ,,she ought to be no weak1 infirm1 or diseased ,person1 incapable of undergoing the ,fatigues which the ,business too often requires3 ,such as watching ,night and ,day2 turning the ,,infants1 when in a wrong ,posture2 or extracting them at length2 which ,action frequently requires the full ,strength of a strong ,,man1 instead of a weak ,woman4 ,for thus the most learned and excellent ,fabricius d' ,aquapendente1 testifies of himself1 that he has often been so weary and tired1 that he has been obliged to leave the ,work for his ,assistant to finish2 and as ,daventer also 7a robust ,man7 relates of himself1 that in the coldest ,time of ,winter1 being but thinly cloathed1 and at a ,distance from any ,fire1 his ,hair has been wet1 and all his ,body in a ,,sweat1 and both his ,loins and his ,limbs have aked egregiously some ,days after delivering a ,woman4 ,,iii4 ,,she ought not to be too ,fat or ,gross1 but especially not to have thick or fleshy ,hands and ,arms1 or large-,bon'd ,wrists2 which 7of ,necessity7 must occasion racking ,pains to the tender labouring ,woman4 ,,iv4 ,,she ought not to be lame or maim'd1 nor have stiff or crooked ,fingers1 ,hands1 or ,arms2 for these ,parts are to be used in different ,manners and ,postures1 even so that the ,success of the ,,labour often depends upon their ,readiness and ,agility4 ,v4 ,,she ought not to be1 negatively speaking1 a conceiv'd or ,child-bearing ,woman2 because ,this may be of bad ,consequence1 not only to the labouring ,woman2 7who depends on her1 for more than she's able to perform1 especially in a strong ,,labour7 but also to the conceiv'd ,,midwife herself1 and her own ,,infant4 ,,vi4 ,,she ought not to be an ,ignorant1 ,stupid1 ,indolent1 or a dull ,person2 and especially not incapable of conceiving ,matters distinctly1 or judging of ,things aright3 ,neither ought she to be a ,self-,indulger1 ,slothful1 or ,lazy2 nor a ,light1 ,dissolute1 or ,daring ,person3 ,she ought not to be inconsiderate1 negligent1 or forgetful2 nor proud1 passionate1 or obstinate3 ,neither peevish1 morose1 or surly2 nor fearful1 doubtful1 or wavering-minded3 neither ought she to be a ,tipler or ,drunkard1 nor a ,tatler or ,vagabond1 nor a covetous1 or mercenary ,person4 ,,but on the other ,hand1 in the ,affirmative1 ,,she 7,first7 ought to be a ,woman of a good middle ,age1 of solid ,parts1 of full ,experience1 of a healthy1 strong1 and vigorous ,body1 with clever small ,hands3 ,since nothing can be more agreeable and conducive to the ,art of ,,midwifery1 than slender ,hands1 long ,fingers1 and a ready ,feeling4 ,,ii4 ,,she ought to be ,grave and ,considerate1 endued with ,resolution and ,presence of ,mind1 in order to foresee and prevent ,,accidents2 ,sagacious and ,prudent in difficult ,cases1 so as not to take ,all upon her own ,shoulders or ,judgment1 but to have immediate ,recourse to the ablest ,practiser in the ,,art1 and freely submit her ,thoughts to the discerning ,faculty of the more ,learned and ,skilful4 ,,iii4 ,,she ought to be ,watchful1 ,diligent1 and ,expert in all ,cases and ,conditions that can or may occur2 so that no ,opportunity in the ,beginning of the ,,labour be lost3 ,since ,i have more than once observ'd1 that the ,neglect or ,mistake of improving a critical ,,minute1 hath cost the ,,mother many violent or heavy ,pains afterwards1 and the ,,child also its ,life4 ,for which ,reason it is of the greatest ,importance1 to nick the ,opportunity1 conformable to ,cato's ,saying---- ,fronte capillata1 post est ,occasio calva4 ,,iv4 ,,she ought to be a true ,fearer of ,,god1 a ,conscientious ,person1 of good ,life and ,conversation3 ,since ,matters of the greatest ,moment are committed to her ,care2 and depend entirely upon the faithful ,discharge of her ,duty3 ,for she has the first and best ,opportunity of shewing her ,compassion1 and ,tenderness to ,mankind1 in this ,infant and ,helpless ,state4 ,in short1 ,,charity ought always to engage her1 to be as ready to help the ,poor as the ,rich2 the ,,life of the ,one being as ,dear as the ,other's1 and the ,image of ,,god being equally stamp'd upon ,both3 ,for the ineffable ,recompence of ,,charity far exceeds all other ,considerations of trifling ,,gain4 ,v4 ,,she ought to be ,patient and ,pleasant2 ,soft1 ,meek1 and ,mild in her ,temper1 in order to encourage and comfort the labouring ,woman4 ,,she should pass by and forgive her small ,failings1 and peevish ,faults1 instructing her gently when she does or says amiss3 ,but if she will not follow ,advice1 and ,necessity require1 the ,,midwife ought to reprimand and put her smartly in mind of her ,duty2 yet always in such a manner1 however1 as to encourage her with the ,hopes of a happy and speedy ,,delivery4 ,,vi4 ,,in like manner as she ought to be ,modest1 ,temperate1 and ,sober1 so she ought to be ,faithful and ,silent2 always upon her ,guard to conceal those ,things1 which ought not to be spoken of4 ,,these1 in fine1 are the chief of the natural ,qualities requisite for ,,midwifery2 from whence ,i come to the ,theoretical and ,practical ,part1 without which all ,others are 7in effect7 ,nothing to the ,purpose4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,theoretical and ,,practical ,knowledge of the ,,midwife4 ,,she1 who finds herself thus 7properly7 adapted both in ,body and ,mind1 according to the ,rules of the preceding ,chapter1 does a ,good and ,laudable ,work1 if she also studies to qualify herself well1 first in the ,,theory1 and then in the ,,practice of ,midwifery4 ,,which1 in order that she may most easily and accurately do1 ,i shall reduce the whole ,theoretical ,part 7absolutely necessary7 to the following ,seven general ,heads2 of ,which she ought not only to have a general and superficial1 but also a distinct1 special1 and perfect ,knowledge2 viz4 ,i4 ,,of the external and internal ,parts of ,generation1 and the adjacent ,parts2 together with a competent ,skill of the respective ,substance and ,nature1 ,connexion and ,function of each of ,these in the ,time of ,,birth4 ,,ii4 ,,of the ,,pelvis1 or ,bason1 and its ,contents2 together with the true ,knowledge of its ,bones1 their ,form or ,figure1 ,office and ,connexion1 c4 upon that ,occasion4 ,,iii4 ,,of that ,wonderful ,body1 the ,,matrix1 and its ,vagina or ,neck2 together with the understanding of its ,substance and ,structure1 ,duty and ,function in ,time of ,,labour4 ,,iv4 ,,of the ,strange ,natural ,qualities1 and amazing singular ,faculties of ,this ,body1 in distinguishing all its peculiar ,properties4 ,v4 ,,of the ,,touch1 or ,handling the ,woman2 together with knowing its many various ,uses1 and manifold distinct ,advantages4 ,,vi4 ,,of the ,genuine1 and ,real2 as well as of the ,spurious or ,bastard-,labour-,pains3 ,how they differ in themselves1 and are to be carefully distinguished4 ,,vii4 ,,of the ,method of ,,laying the ,woman1 and ,manner of extracting the ,,after-,,birth2 together with all the heterogeneous and preternatural ,contents of the ,,womb4 ,,these speculative ,heads1 in short1 shall be the particular ,subjects of the respective ,chapters1 of the consequent ,part of this ,,section1 for the requisite ,instruction and indispensible ,qualification of all young ,,midwives3 ,as the ,practical ,part shall be the ,subject-,matter of the two next following ,,sections4 ,which ,practical ,part1 ,i shall now likewise reduce to the ,three subsequent general ,heads2 of which she ought also to have a full and compleat ,knowledge1 viz4 ,i4 ,,of the various ,methods to be taken for the present ,ease1 and expeditious ,relief of the ,,labouring ,woman4 ,,ii4 ,,of the discreet ,method of ,,turning an ill-situated ,,infant1 7whatsoever the preternatural ,posture may be7 and drawing it forth safely by the ,,feet4 ,,iii4 ,,of ,her own personal ,duty 7as ,,midwife7 both to the ,,mother and the ,,child after ,delivery2 as also towards all ,labouring ,women1 to whom she may be call'd1 upon critical ,conjunctures4 ,,these ,i call practical ,heads1 because they depend more upon ,practice and ,experience1 or ,judgment and ,charity1 than upon any fundamental ,rules2 which however yet ought also to be reckon'd ,branches of her ,,theory4 ,,but notwithstanding all these natural and acquir'd ,qualifications1 the young ,,midwife is not to run at once into the ,practice3 ,nor to hurry herself rashly to lay ,hands upon the ,,ark1 before she is thoroughly well accomplished for so sacred a ,work2 lest 7like ,uzzah7 she be punished for her ,temerity2 whereof ,i have seen several exemplary ,precedents4 ,no1 the ,work is too important1 and the ,concern too weighty for that hasty indiscreet ,undertaking2 for there is no less than the ,life of the ,,mother1 and one ,,child at least1 7if not sometimes more7 at ,stake3 ,both which may be soon saved1 or quickly lost1 according to the ,good or ,bad ,conduct and ,management of the ,,midwife4 ,,wherefore1 to the ,end1 that she may obtain the necessary ,experience1 and perfect her ,judgment1 c4 in due ,course1 she ought to satisfy herself at first to go 7for some time7 as an ,assistant to some skilful ,woman of good ,business1 and so by degrees advance herself into the ,practice3 ,because ,dexterity in this ,,art1 is only acquir'd by ,time and ,exercise2 the practical ,part of ,,midwifery being attended with so many complicated ,circumstances of accidental ,difficulties1 that it is almost impossible for any ,persons1 who never apply'd themselves this way1 to believe how much it differs from all the ,,theory1 that the most ingenious ,,man can make himself ,master of4 ,i ,,shall only 7in this place7 farther explain1 what ,i mean1 by the ,,midwife's ,duty to all ,women in ,,labour1 to whom she may be call'd upon critical ,conjunctures2 as the latter part of the above-mentioned last ,general ,head purports3 namely this1 ,that the ,,midwife1 in the ,course of her ,practice1 ought always to observe carefully1 and follow strictly the ,rules of ,,equity and ,,charity3 ,that is1 supposing the ,,midwife to be sent for by a ,person in ,,labour1 whose ,case is ,natural and all ,things likely to go well2 and in the mean time1 after she has taken her in ,hand1 is peradventure sent for to another ,woman1 whose difficult or preternatural ,case threatens imminent ,danger4 ,,in this ,case1 the ,,midwife knowing herself to be better qualified than ,others1 and that ,another not equally expert is able to lay the ,former1 she ought to attend and assist the ,latter3 ,and ,that also notwithstanding the ,first be ,,rich1 and the ,latter1 ,,poor2 since ,,god is no ,respecter of ,persons4 ,,but1 if it happen1 that one ,rich1 and another poor ,woman1 want ,,help both at a time1 and are in equal ,danger3 ,in that ,case1 without any regard to the one's ,,wealth1 or the other's ,,poverty2 the ,,midwife is to assist ,her first1 whom ,divine ,providence first call'd her to1 or first engag'd her withal4 ,and as the ,cases of ,women in ,,labour may differ1 so she ought impartially to act and dispose of herself2 having always an ,eye to something superiour to1 and far above that of mean ,,lucre4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,qualifications of the ,extraordinary ,,midwife4 ,,the ,extraordinary ,,midwife1 or ,andro-,boethogynist 7whether ,physician or ,surgeon practicing this ,,art7 ought not only to be endued with all the ,qualities and ,qualifications mentioned in the ,two preceding ,chapters1 but also to excel the ,,woman-,,midwife in many special ,particulars1 and ingenious ,points2 which no ways belong to her ,female ,province4 ,,for it is not enough that ,he knows how to relieve and lay the labouring ,woman1 however difficult or preternatural her ,case may be2 nor is it sufficient that he understands how to help and succour both the ,,mother and the ,,infant after such a ,delivery3 ,no1 so much of his ,business might be easily learn'd and enhanced by old ,women1 were they but ,docile1 and not such obstinate ,creatures4 ,,but ,he ought farther also to know 7first7 how to prevent all preternatural ,disasters incident to both the one and the other1 in their respective ,states of ,,child-,,bed and ,,infancy3 ,and1 ,secondly1 how to administer ,relief and perform the ,,cure1 in ,case of any dismal ,accident whatsoever to one or either of them in their dangerous ,condition4 ,,moreover1 his ,knowledge ought neither to commence nor terminate in these ,things2 it being also his ,duty over and above to know1 how to conduct the ,woman safely through all the ,months of ,,gestation1 and to avert from her the ,severity of their respective ,,symptoms1 to which she is so much expos'd1 as mentioned in their proper ,chapters1 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,and not only so neither1 but ,he ought also to understand well1 how to guard against the ,,accesses of all ,acute ,diseases1 so as at least to avert their ill ,consequences2 and especially 7of course7 to know thoroughly how to prevent ,,abortion itself4 ,,these are the ,cases which most commonly require the ingenious ,assistance of the ,extraordinary ,,midwife3 ,and ,these are they which try his ,skill and ,knowledge most1 as the ,tempest or ,storm best discovers the ,judgment and ,capacity of the ,,master-,,mariner4 ,,and yet1 neither ought even these ,limits to be the narrow ,boundary of his ,,studies3 ,since the more extensive his ,,art and ,knowledge is1 especially in what relates to the natural ,constitution of ,,women1 the fitter ,man ,he is to take upon himself the ,practice of this noble and most ingenious ,profession4 ,,not that ,i would be thought tacitely to insinuate in this place by the ,by1 as if my own ,knowledge was in any degree ,,superiour to other ,men's3 ,no1 ,i am too sensible of my own ,weakness1 to mean so1 or to entertain any such vain selfish ,thought2 neither have ,i any fond ,ambition to aim at standing in ,competition with others in these ,respects4 ,for it shall suffice me1 and sufficiently gratify my ,highest ,aim1 if possibly a simple ,word may drop from my ,pen1 which the more ,ingenious may sometime improve to the common ,good of ,women1 and the ,welfare of their ,children3 ,and this ,i would desire the more1 because ,i know no larger ,,field1 that the ,learned can launch out into2 nor any profounder ,study1 that they can descant upon1 than the ,nature and ,constitution of this tender ,,sex1 which is so peculiarly different from all other ,natural ,works1 and so singularly discrepant from all other ,created ,beings4 ,,but more particularly in order1 that the ,,man-,,midwife or ,andro-,boethogynist may be thus duly qualify'd and completely accomplished2 ,i4 ,,he ought not only to be liberally instructed and generously educated1 but also to be a ,,man of good ,breeding and ,conversation1 as well as ,courtesy and ,complaisance4 ,,ii4 ,,he ought not only to be a ,,man of diligent ,study and sedulous ,application of ,mind1 but also of great ,humanity and ,integrity1 ,temperance and ,sobriety1 endued with solid ,resolution1 quick ,apprehension1 and great ,presence of ,mind4 ,,iii4 ,,he ought not only to be a ,,man of strict ,virtue and ,chastity1 but also of unspotted ,life and ,conversation1 ,charity and ,companion2 delighting in ,hospitality1 and doing ,,good2 acting the ,christian as well as the ,gentleman in all respects4 ,,iv4 ,,he ought not only to be a ,man of known ,discretion and ,secresy1 ,sagacity and ,judgment1 but also of a pleasant ,countenance2 neat and clean in ,person and ,cloathes1 ,agreeable and ,decent in ,words and ,actions1 carefully adverting 7at all times7 to give no ,occasion of ,shame or ,confusion to the ,labouring ,woman1 or the ,by-standers4 ,v4 ,,he ought1 in fine1 to handle ,her decently1 and treat her gently2 considering ,her as the weaker ,vessel1 whose elegant tender ,,body1 will admit of no rough ,usage3 ,wherefore upon this ,account it is1 that ,i would have all ,practitioners whatsoever in this ,,art1 debarr'd from the ,use of ,,instruments1 which would secure many a ,,mother from being wounded or mangled1 and many an ,,infant from being cut or torn to ,pieces4 ,,not that ,i would be thought for all that to imitate ,mr4 ,mauriceau1 saying of himself 7in some ,passages of his ,book of ,,midwifery7 that he differs from all others3 ,no1 far from it2 ,for ,i have the ,indisputable ,authority of the most ,learned and ,polite ,practisers on my side1 as mention'd before in ,chap4 #a4 of this ,,section4 ,,however yet1 ,i do not deny1 but that ,,instruments have been universally used1 till of late ,years2 but the reason of ,that is ,plain3 ,because in former ,times1 ,,men were only call'd upon extraordinary ,occasions2 some of which 7however ,skilful and ,ingenious7 had not the ,opportunity of ,laying a ,woman perhaps in many ,months4 ,for which ,reason it could not be otherways1 but that they must have been at a loss in not understanding thoroughly the ,practical ,part1 having so few ,opportunities of improving manual ,operation3 ,whereas since the ,politer ,part of the ,world has call'd them generally to the ordinary and common ,practice of this ,,art2 they have advanced their ,dexterity by degrees1 and are now come to the length of discharging that ,office by ,slight of ,hand only1 which formerly required so many frightful ,,instruments4 ,i may well indeed say frightful2 for what can be more inconsistent with the tender ,,nature of ,women1 or more terrible to them1 than to see ,,men come armed against ,themselves and their tenderer ,,infants1 with ,knives1 ,hooks1 ,iron-,forceps1 c4 thereby 7as it were7 to help them in time of their extremest ,agony8 ,for my part1 ,i am ,positive1 that let who will use ,,instruments1 they kill many more ,,infants than they save1 and ruin many more ,,women than they deliver fairly3 ,and this1 ,i think1 will be easily agreed to1 by all those who have any ,knowledge of the ,parts of ,generation in that ,,sex2 as 7,i believe7 it is also sufficiently evident even to ,those who have no ,judgment that way1 by the notorious ,fatalities and tragical ,events they daily hear of in ,fact4 ,,however ,i know1 some ,chirurgeon-,practitioners are too much acquainted with the ,use of ,,instruments1 to lay them aside2 no1 they do not 7it may be7 think themselves in their ,duty1 or proper ,office1 if they have not their cruel ,accoutrements in ,hand3 ,and what is most unaccountable and unbecoming a ,christian1 is that1 when they have perhaps wounded the ,,mother1 kill'd the ,,infant1 and with violent ,torture and inexpressible ,pain1 drawn it out by ,piece-meal1 they think no ,reward sufficient for such an extraordinary ,piece of mangled ,work4 ,,but1 in short1 ,i would advise such to practise ,butchery rather than ,,midwifery2 for in that ,case1 they could sell what they slay2 but in this1 by handling ,,man so1 they only bring ,infamy upon their ,profession1 and expose it to the ,contempt and ,hatred of ,,others4 ,,covetousness is the blackest of ,vices1 and in this ,case 7,i am sure7 it is an unpardonable ,,sin1 to thirst after sordid ,lucre for procuring the ,health or preserving the ,life of our ,neighbour2 as1 ,i doubt1 is but too common among some mercenary ,people3 ,who 7as we have been creditably inform'd7 have refus'd to take ,women in ,hand at the very ,point of ,extremity or ,time of ,need1 before a certain ,,sum of ,money was first deposited2 tho' perhaps borrow'd upon ,pledge1 or collected amongst their charitable ,neighbours for ,,god',ssake4 ,i do not say however1 but that the ,workman is worthy of his ,reward1 and ,that which ought to be paid according to the ,merit and ,dignity of his ,performance2 not according to the ,time he spends about it1 as hired ,labourers are paid their ,,wages3 ,no1 that fruitless ,labour would not be worth while2 no ,gentleman would undertake ,,midwifery upon such unprofitable ,terms3 ,for as it is in his ,power to save the ,life of the ,,mother1 or the ,,infant1 or ,both1 7which he often does effectually7 ,he undoubtedly deserves an extraordinary ,recompence worthy of so great and good a ,,piece of ,,service4 ,,but notwithstanding all ,this1 an extravagant ,price is not to be arbitrarily demanded1 nor ought the ,reward to exceed the ,ability of the ,,patient2 neither are ,those to be forsaken or left destitute of ,help1 and expos'd to imminent ,danger1 at all ,hazards of ,life1 who cannot afford us ,,money3 ,but rather 7on the contrary7 they are to be forthwith taken in ,hand chearfully1 attended by ,night or ,day diligently1 and a trifle of ,,money given 7by us7 rather than taken from them1 when our ,fellow-,christian's ,circumstances so require it4 ,for this is the right way to secure ,,god',s ,blessing to ,ourselves1 and ,success to all our ,endeavours4 ,,and1 in short1 ,i humbly pray1 that ,,he may 7out of his infinite ,goodness and ,mercy7 always enable ,,me1 according to my best ,inclinations1 faithfully to perform these good ,offices1 which ,i know to be so much my indispensible and incumbent ,duty1 in that ,,station1 his ,all-wise ,providence hath allotted me1 as to the ,affairs of ,,life4 ,,whence ,i come1 in the next ,place1 by due ,order1 to treat particularly of the ,contents of the preceding ,chapter2 and1 ,first1 to set forth an ,anatomical ,description of the several ,,parts of ,generation in manner following4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,external ,parts of ,,generation4 ,,these ,parts are generally so well known1 that ,i would not so much as mention them1 out of ,modesty1 were it not1 that1 ,i presume1 the young ,,midwife may find something in the ensuing ,description worth her singular ,notice2 which however1 ,i shall not so much insist upon3 ,but succinctly---- ,,beginning with the ,first1 call'd the ,,vulva or ,,pudendum2 we find it situated below the ,,os ,,pubis1 having a great ,chink or ,fissure in the ,middle1 as it has the ,,fr,,nulum and ,,perin,,um in the lower ,part4 ,and above the ,chink there is a little ,protuberance occasioned by ,fat under the ,skin1 call'd ,,mons ,,veneris4 ,,the two ,,labia ,,vulv being a little separated1 the ,,nymph appear1 join'd one to each interior ,side of them3 ,they are two small ,pieces of red ,membranous ,flesh1 much resembling ,pullet's ,gills3 ,they encrease the ,pleasure of ,copulation1 and direct the ,course of the ,urine4 ,,in the upper ,part of the ,chink1 next to the ,,os ,,pubis1 are several little round ,substances2 which the most ingenious ,fallopius call'd the ,,clitoris1 almost hid under the ,skin denominated the ,,pr,,putium4 ,a little deeper1 or straight below the ,,clitoris1 is the ,,urethra1 or ,orifice of the ,neck of the ,bladder2 being a little ,hole as big as a ,goose-,quill2 which discovers itself by a small ,eminence1 and is about two ,inches long4 ,,betwixt the ,muscle1 call'd ,,sphincter ,,urethr1 and the inner ,membrane of the ,,vagina1 are several small ,glands2 whose excretory ,ducts are the ,holes observable about the ,,urethra1 call'd#aec,,lacun ,,graffi2 which discharge a ,liquor for lubricating or making the ,,vagina slippery1 and encreasing the ,venereal ,titillation4 ,,in the ,orifice of the ,,vagina1 there is a slender subtile ,membrane situated a-cross1 which is call'd the ,,hymen1 of a different ,form in different ,women2 being sometimes ,annular1 and sometimes ,semilunar3 ,it is almost always to be found in young ,girls1 having a small ,hole into the ,,vagina2 which ,hole in ,,adults is somewhat larger4 ,in the first ,act of ,,copulation this ,membrane is torn1 which generally occasions an ,effusion of a little ,blood2 but this may also happen by many other ,procatarctick ,causes#aed1 and accidental ,occasions4 ,,the ,,glandul or ,,caruncul ,myrtiformes are constituted of the contracted ,fibres of the dilacerated ,,hymen2 and are situated on the ,side opposite to the ,,urethra1 next the ,,anus1 in the ,,fossa ,magna1 or ,navicularis2 being the same ,place where the ,,hymen was at first established4 ,these are small fleshy ,eminences1 and are sometimes ,two or ,three1 and sometimes ,four or ,five in ,number3 ,they are deficient in ,,girls1 and defaced in those ,,women who have had ,,children4 ,,the ,,vagina or ,neck of the ,,womb1 is a long and round ,canal1 reaching from these ,caruncles to the ,orifice of the ,,womb2 not very unlike a strong small ,gut3 ,its ,orifice is narrow in ,virgins1 and in ,all ,women much narrower than its other ,parts3 ,it's ,substance 7according to ,ruysche's ,observations7 is membranous1 nervous1 papillary1 and wrinkled ,,within2 which consequently must be of an exquisitive ,,sense3 ,in ,virgins the ,,wrinkles are very ,large1 especially in the ,fore-,part2 but after frequent ,embraces they are ,less1 and after repeated ,,births1 they entirely disappear4 ,,the ,,vagina lies betwixt the ,bladder and the strait ,gut1 or ,,rectum2 with which last it is wrapt up in the same common ,membrane1 from the ,,periton,,um1 adhering to it1 all its ,length upwards1 from its ,orifice to that of the ,,womb1 and quite round on the lower ,side1 as it does to the ,neck of the ,,bladder above4 ,,in ,,maids1 the ,,vagina is about ,five ,inches ,long1 and one and a half ,wide3 ,but in ,,child-,,bearing-,,women1 it cannot be determin'd2 because it lengthens in the time of ,,pregnancy1 and dilates in time of ,,birth2 having likewise 7in all7 some little ,holes or ,ducts in it1 which discharge a mucous ,liquor4 ,the ,,vagina ,serves also1 in fine1 for a necessary ,conduit to the ,,menstrua and ,,lochia1 as it does for a proper ,passage to the ,,infant1 c4 ,,these are1 in short1 all the external ,parts of ,,generation in ,women2 and these have all their proper respective ,functions assign'd them by ,,nature2 contributing conjunctly and severally to the ,charms of ,,copulation3 ,which ,,action alters the very ,course of the ,,blood1 and ,motion of the ,animal ,,spirits2 and consequently sets all the describ'd ,parts in full ,,agitation4 ,namely1 thus ,,the ,,labia dilate3 the ,,orifice swells3 the ,,nymph give way3 the ,,clitoris 7of exquisite ,sensibility7 erects3 ,the ,,glands 7by a ,protuberancy of the ,parts7 yield their succous ,contents3 ,the ,,vagina draws close3 ,the ,fibres of the ,,womb complicate to open its ,orifice3 ,the ,branches of the ,spermatick ,,artery contract to draw the ,extremities of the ,tubes to the ,,ovaria1 as they carry the ,,seed to them3 ,the ,,seed circulating in the ,veins1 which open in the ,cavity of the ,,vagina and ,,matrix1 it ferments immediately with the ,mass of ,blood3 ,this ,fermentation swells the ,membranes of the ,,tubes1 opens the ,cavity of the ,,womb1 and disposes ,all perfectly for the right ,reception of the impregnated ,,egg4 ,,from hence we may plainly see1 in what a miraculous ,order and ,manner1 all ,these ,parts minister1 and are subservient unto that 7yet more7 admirable and wonderful ,body the ,,womb4 ,which being thus in brief anatomically described1 ,i come next in ,course to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,internal ,parts of ,,generation4 ,,in discoursing of ,these1 ,i shall begin with the chief ,part1 to which the rest are but ,subservients4 ,,first then1 the ,,matrix or ,womb1 is situated in the upper ,part of the ,cavity of the ,,pelvis1 or ,bason1 between the ,bladder and ,streight ,gut4 ,it is placed there in the ,middle of the ,,hypogastrium1 for the ,convenience of ,,copulation1 and the more easy and ready ,extrusion of the ,,infant4 ,,secondly1 ,the ,bones of the ,,pelvis 7as described hereafter below7 stand as a ,rampart1 fencing it against all external ,injuries2 ,that is to say1 the ,,os ,,pubis protects it before2 the ,,sacrum behind2 and the ,,ilium on each ,side3 ,like as the ,,bladder and ,,rectum on the other ,hand defend this ,noble ,part again from the ,rigidity of these ,,bones4 ,,thirdly1 the ,figure of the ,,womb1 from its internal ,orifice to its ,bottom1 in a ,natural ,state1 resembles a large compress'd ,,pear4 ,its ,length is about three ,inches2 its ,breadth two in the ,hinder1 and one in the ,fore-,part2 its ,thickness half an ,inch large3 ,but ,i take the ,dimensions of it1 in general1 to differ accord-to the ,age and ,constitution of the ,,body4 ,,in ,,maids however its ,cavity is much less1 and can scarcely contain the ,bigness of a ,,bean3 whereas in ,women with ,child1 the ,dimensions and ,figure1 as well as the ,cavity itself differs1 according to the different ,times of ,,gestation4 ,,as ,i have said before1 its ,anterior ,part coheres above with the ,,bladder1 below with the ,,rectum2 the ,hinder ,part being free3 ,but the lateral ,parts are tied by ,four ,ligaments of different ,sorts2 whereof ,two are placed ,above1 and ,two ,below2 the ,superiors are called ,,ligamenta ,,lata1 or broad2 the ,inferiors ,,rotunda1 or round ,ligaments4 ,,the two broad ,ligaments are ,membranous1 and call'd ,,al ,,vespertilionum2 which spring from the ,,periton,,um1 and join the ,,womb on each ,side to the ,,ossa ,,ilia3 ,so that the ,,ovaria are fasten'd to one ,end of them1 and the ,,tub ,fallopian lie along the ,other4 ,,the two round ,ligaments arise from the ,fore and lateral ,part of the ,bottom of the ,,womb1 and pass thro' the ,rings of the ,muscles of the ,,abdomen1 terminating in ,fat near the ,,groins4 ,they are of a hard ,substance1 pretty ,big at the ,bottom of the ,,womb2 but smaller and flatter1 as they approach the ,,os ,,pubis4 ,now ,those ,four ,ligaments serve to keep the ,,womb streight1 steady1 and firm in its proper ,place before ,,birth1 and to restore it to its natural ,position1 by the ,help of ,,contraction1 ,after4 ,,the ,orifice of the ,,womb opening into the ,,vagina1 is of the same ,figure with the ,nut of the ,,penis3 ,this in ,,virgins is very small1 scarcely admitting a ,specillum or ,probe2 in ,,others it is much larger2 but in ,women with ,child1 several small ,ducts or ,vesicles open among the ,,rug1 which discharge a ,glutinous ,liquor to close and seal up this ,orifice1 till the ,time of ,,birth4 ,,the ,substance of the ,,womb is ,solid and ,muscular1 composed of a various ,,plexus1 or ,web of fleshy ,fibres1 woven like a ,,net1 with the ,interposition of innumerable ,vessels1 of ,,arteries1 ,,veins1 ,,nerves1 c4 ,without1 it is surrounded with a ,thin and ,smooth ,membrane from the ,,periton,,um2 and within its ,cavity1 furnished with a ,thick1 ,porous1 and ,nervous one1 call'd the proper ,membrane of the ,,womb4 ,,the ,veins and ,arteries of the ,,womb1 proceed from the ,spermatick ,vessels1 and ,,hypogastricks2 which ,vessels are all inserted in the proper ,membrane4 ,the ,arteries convey the ,,blood for its ,nourishment2 which accumulating and abounding there in great ,quantity1 at ,maturity of ,years 7when no more is requir'd for the ,encrease or ,growth of the ,body7 it distends the ,vessels1 and distills into the ,bottom of the ,,womb3 ,whence proceeds the ,blood which nourisheth the ,,foetus in the ,pregnant ,woman1 and the ,monthly ,terms or ,,menstrua in the ,woman not with ,child2 which ,evacuation1 ,,men ,themselves are also subject to in a great ,measure2 7notwithstanding their inconsiderate ,detractions and vain ,talk on this ,head7 save only that in ,,them the ,redundant ,humour passes off a different ,way by ,urine1 by the ,nose1 and sometimes by the ,hemorrhoidal ,veins1 c4 ,,the ,,veins ,serve only to reconduct to the ,heart1 the ,,blood which is neither wholly evacuated nor consum'd1 as ,i observed more at large ,before4 ,but the ,,nerves arise from the ,intercostals1 and those of the ,,os ,,sacrum2 remarkable ,branches of which run along the ,back of the ,clitoris1 from whence this ,part is susceptible of the very slightest ,impression4 ,,there are moreover other small ,vessels1 springing one from another1 which tend to this ,orifice1 and serve in ,plethorick ,women with ,,child1 to carry off the ,superfluity of the ,humours4 ,and1 in short1 prudent ,nature1 seems to have so ordered ,these to prevent ,,abortion1 which might easily happen1 if the pregnant ,,womb was too much expos'd1 or was to open itself for this ,purpose4 ,,the ,seminal or ,spermatick ,vessels are ,four1 like as they are computed to be also in ,,men1 and differ only in being shorter4 ,the ,blood ,vessels are very winding2 and the ,spermatick ,arteries arising with a narrow ,origin from the ,aorta1 form various ,plexus's1 and ,inosculations1 as ,these do3 ,and the ,spermatick ,veins 7tho' without ,valves7 have the like ,inosculations with the ,arteries1 which however in ,these are more conspicuous4 ,,the ,,ovaria1 or ,,testicles1 are ,two ,bodies1 on each ,side ,one1 annexed to the ,bottom of the ,,womb1 at about ,two ,fingers ,distance1 near the broad ,ligaments3 ,they are fixed to the ,,periton,,um at the ,,ilia1 nigh the ,spermatick ,vessels3 ,their ,figure is almost ,oval1 a little depressed on the ,upper ,part1 where the ,,spermaticks enter4 ,,their ,,size is generally about half as ,big as ,,men's are2 but this differs according to the ,age and ,constitution of ,persons3 ,their ,surface is smooth1 and even in ,virgins2 but wrinkled1 uneven1 and dry in old ,women3 ,they are encompass'd with a proper strong ,membrane1 deriving its ,original from the ,,periton,,um2 which also covers all the ,spermatick ,vessels4 ,,their ,substance is ,membranous and ,fibrous1 interwoven with a vast ,number of ,vessels2 among which are some round ,vesicles1 containing a viscous ,,humour1 when boil'd1 of the ,colour1 ,consistence1 and ,taste of the boil'd ,white of an ,egg3 ,from whence they are call'd ,,eggs1 because of this ,analogy4 ,these also differ in ,size and ,number1 according to ,age and ,constitution1 although 7ordinarily7 the ,biggest of them scarcely equals a ,,pea2 and there are in some ,persons #aj or #ab of them1 in others 7perhaps7 but ,one or ,two discernible4 ,,the ,,tub ,,fallopian1 are ,two winding ,canals1 resembling ,two ,trumpets1 situated on the ,right and ,left ,side of the ,,womb1 annexed close to its ,bottom1 by their double ,membrane2 which is only a ,continuation of the exterior and interior ,membranes of the ,,womb3 ,they in ,,size equal a little ,finger about the ,middle2 tho' the ,cavity opening into the ,,womb1 will scarce admit a ,hog's ,bristle2 but the other ,extremity1 floating loose in the ,,abdomen1 will admit the ,point or ,tip of a little ,finger3 ,they are of a ,membranous and ,cavernous ,substance1 about #e or #f ,inches long1 and have the same ,veins1 ,arteries1 and ,nerves1 as the ,,ovaria4 ,,these ,tubes1 to be brief1 7in time of ,,coition7 are erected by a copious ,influx of ,blood and ,spirits2 which also1 by the ,assistance of their muscular ,fringes1 embrace the ,,ovarium1 transmit the prolifick ,masculine ,,seed1 afterwards receive the impregnated ,,egg1 and at last convey it thence into the ,,womb4 ,in fine1 these are all the internal ,parts1 as ,i conceive1 tending to ,,generation4 ,but more particularly1 to proceed to ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,,pelvis4 ,,this being that ,cavity in which the ,,womb is placed1 and through which the ,,infant passes in time of ,,birth2 it is my ,opinion that a distinct ,knowledge of it is highly necessary for all ,,midwives to accomplish their ,practice3 ,for without that ,qualification1 they cannot help committing a great many ,blunders1 and being guilty of innumerable ,mistakes2 since they must proceed upon gross ,uncertainties1 and use their ,hands like ,,men groping in the ,dark1 as hereafter will more plainly appear4 ,,this is that ,cavity betwixt the ,,ossa ,,innominata and ,,os ,,sacrum2 which join themselves in the ,posterior ,part of it on each side1 by ,cartilages and ,ligaments3 so that they1 forming there a strong and firm ,juncture1 compose this ,cavity of the ,,pelvis1 which is vulgarly call'd the ,bason of the ,,womb4 ,,the upper ,part of the ,,ossa ,,pubis forms the ,borders of this ,,cavity before1 and the ,hanging forwards or bending down of the ,,os ,,sacrum makes ,those of it behind2 as the ,,ossa ,,ilia compose the same on each side4 ,,these ,,ossa ,,ilia are 7by some7 call'd the ,wings and ,bounds of the ,,pelvis2 but they are mightily mistaken1 who imagine that they surround or encompass the ,,pelvis3 ,for they are only annexed to it on each side1 and more extended towards the ,back than the ,forepart4 ,as they are also very much in the wrong1 who think that the ,cavity of the ,,pelvis extends in its ,length1 according to the ,length of the ,,back-,,bone3 since it rises from the ,bottom obliquely1 ascending ,forwards1 and so proceeds1 as if a ,person might1 through its ,passage1 easily touch the ,,navel4 ,,in fine1 it is here ,remarkable also1 that we do not always find the largest ,,pelvis in ,women of the largest ,,size1 but often the quite contrary2 for it differs as the ,,infant does in ,bulk1 exactly answering to the ,bigness of its ,,head3 ,and in some ,women it is ,deeper1 in some ,larger1 in some ,broader1 in some ,flatter1 in some more ,oval1 and in some at last ,rounder4 ,from whence arise sundry ,observations both useful and necessary1 for the better ,information of ,,midwives4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of the ,,bones of the ,,pelvis4 ,i ,doubt not in the least but ,this and the proceeding ,chapter will seem needless1 and appear superfluous to some ,persons1 in the ,practice of ,,midwifery2 namely1 to such as know not the ,new ,improvements of this ,,art3 ,but especially to such as are accustom'd to the ,use of ,,instruments1 they'll appear altogether ,useless and ,vain2 since such ,practitioners can easily 7upon any ,occasion1 without the curious ,anatomical ,knowledge of these ,parts7 first slay the ,,infant1 and then either deliver or kill the ,,woman1 as ,chance may direct their ,,sharps4 ,,but for my ,part1 because ,i have no ,notion of such sort of ,,weapons1 ,i shall endeavour to acquit my self more honourably1 and teach my ,followers another way1 and ,that without ,,blood-,,shed2 as ,i hope will hereafter more amply appear4 ,,and ,,first therefore in speaking of the ,bones of the ,,pelvis1 ,i shall begin with the ,,ossa ,innominata2 which are two large ,bones joined to the ,sides of the ,,os ,,sacrum4 ,they are compos'd of ,three distinct ,pieces1 each of which has its respective ,name3 ,the ,,first and superior is call'd ,,os ,,ilium2 because the ,guts ,,ilia lie upon it directly4 ,it is ,large and almost of a ,semicircular ,figure1 a little ,convex and ,uneven on its ,external ,side2 as it is ,concave and ,smooth on the ,internal4 ,in short1 it is join'd to the ,sides of the three ,superior ,,vertebr of the ,,os ,,sacrum1 and is ,larger in ,,women than in ,,men4 ,,the ,,second and ,anterior is call'd ,,os ,,pubis2 which is united in the ,forepart to its ,fellow-,,bone of the other ,side1 by an intervening ,cartilage3 ,by the ,extension of which ,cartilage1 the ,,ossa ,,pubis in ,young ,women1 sometimes recede a little from ,one another1 to facilitate a difficult ,,birth4 ,,the ,,third is the ,inferiour and ,posteriour1 call'd ,,os ,,ischium1 or ,,coxendix1 which has a large ,cavity call'd ,acetabulum ,coxendicis2 and ,this receives the ,head of the ,,os ,,femoris2 the ,supercilium or ,top of which ,cavity joins the ,,os ,,pubis4 ,,these ,three ,bones1 until the ,age of ,puberty1 may be seen distinctly1 tho' afterwards they grow together1 and become one ,,bone1 without leaving any ,mark of ,division4 ,they adhere on each side to the ,,os ,,sacrum by two ,strong ,ligaments2 the ,upper of which passes from the ,posteriour ,acute ,process of the ,,ischium to the ,,sacrum2 as the ,lower joins the ,tuberculum ,,ischii to the ,,sacrum4 ,,these ,bones in ,,women are more distant or separated from ,one another1 and are smaller than in ,,men2 especially the ,,os ,,pubis1 to the end that the ,cavity of the ,,pelvis1 and the ,angle betwixt the ,,os ,,pubis and ,,ischium1 may be the ,larger1 for the more commodious ,bearing of the ,,infant1 and the more easy ,exclusion of it in ,,birth4 ,but from hence ,i would no ways infer1 that the ,,ossa ,,pubis and ,,ilia sever themselves in time of ,,labour2 7notwithstanding the ,opinion of some ,authors7 for ,i am fully satisfied of the contrary3 ,because ,i have conducted more than one ,woman in my ,time1 upon walking out of one ,chamber into another1 immediately after ,,delivery2 which could never have happen'd in ,case of such a distant or dislocated ,separation4 ,,these ,bones call'd ,innominata are of wonderful ,use and ,service3 ,for besides that they form the ,,pelvis1 and defend every ,part of its ,contents1 they also give ,connexion and ,juncture of the rest of the ,body1 to the ,thigh-,bones2 as they likewise give ,rise and ,origin to many ,,muscles1 and are the ,basis of ,support of the ,,spine of the ,back1 as well as of all the ,superior ,parts4 ,whence ,i come propos to descant a little upon this particular ,part1 as far as concerns our present ,purpose4 ,,the ,,spine then is that ,bony ,column or ,ridge1 which extends itself down the ,back from the ,,head to the ,fundament1 containing the ,spinal ,marrow1 and resembling the ,letter ,s in figure4 ,,in ,this ,,spina therefore we must consider its ,fivefold ,division2 namely1 into ,,neck1 ,,back1 ,,loins1 ,,os ,,sacrum1 and ,,os ,,coccygis4 ,the ,first ,three consist of #bd ,,vertebr2 whereof the ,neck has #g1 the ,back #ab1 and #e belong to the ,loins4 ,those of the ,,neck bend inwards2 those of the ,,back outwards1 for enlarging the ,cavity of the ,,thorax2 ,those of the ,,loins bend inwards again2 and ,those of the ,,os ,,sacrum outwards1 to enlarge the ,cavity of the ,,pelvis4 ,,the ,,vertebr of the two last concern us most in this ,place2 wherefore ,i shall say no more of the rest1 save only by the ,by1 or coincidently1 as they fall in my way4 ,those of the ,,loins then are the ,thickest and ,broadest1 and the ,last of them is the ,largest of all the ,,vertebr2 as their ,cartilages are thicker and stronger than any of the ,others1 and their ,acute ,processes are at a greater ,distance from one another4 ,from whence it comes to pass1 that the greatest ,motion of the ,,back is perform'd by the ,,vertebr of the ,,loins4 ,,the ,,vertebr of the ,,os ,,sacrum grow so close together in ,adults1 that they make but one large solid ,,bone1 of a ,triangular ,figure2 and yet not without the ,mark of a four or five-fold ,division3 ,as in ,,children1 it consists of many more ,pieces or ,divisions4 ,however1 its ,basis is tyed to the last ,,vertebr of the ,,loins1 and the ,upper part of its ,sides to the ,,ilia2 as its ,point is to the ,,os ,,coccygis4 ,,the ,,os ,,coccygis is also in ,adults1 for the most part1 but one entire ,,bone2 tho' in younger ,persons it is compos'd of #c or #d small ,divisions2 ,of which the ,lower is still less than the ,upper2 till the ,last ends in a small ,cartilage4 ,it is join'd in its ,glenoide ,cavity to the ,extremity of the ,,os ,,sacrum2 being short and bent inwards3 ,it supports the ,,intestinum ,,rectum1 and yields to the ,pressure of the ,,infant in ,travail3 ,but ,,midwives ought not to thrust it back or repel it with ,violence2 ,no1 they should rather handle it gently1 if they would prevent dangerous ,consequences1 as well as great ,pain to the ,woman in ,,labour4 ,,from hence it is manifest1 that they are mistaken who imagine that the ,opening and ,enlargement of the ,,pelvis1 in making way for the ,,infant1 does depend upon the ,separation of the ,,ossa ,,pubis3 ,for it much more depends upon the yielding of the ,,os ,,sacrum1 or its giving way naturally2 especially ,this ,part of it call'd ,,os ,,coccygis4 ,neither doth the ,straitness of the ,upper ,part of the ,,pelvis so much occasion a difficult ,,birth1 as the small ,distance that is betwixt the ,points of the ,,ossa ,,pubis1 call'd ,,ossa ,,sedentaria or ,seat-,bones1 and the ,,os ,,coccygis3 ,no indeed1 neither of ,these can be any great ,hindrance to the ,passage of the ,,infant2 since all ,,bones1 never so closely knit together with ,,ligaments1 may be moved extensively upon occasion1 by carefully and gently stretching the said ,,ligaments4 ,but1 in short1 it most commonly happens1 that the ,ill ,position of the ,,infant itself1 or the bad ,condition and ,situation of the ,,womb1 or ,both1 occasion a difficult or preternatural ,,birth4 ,,but ,i would here farther observe yet1 that as these ,,bones differ frequently both in ,form and ,size1 according to the different ,constitution of the ,body2 so neither are they always of the same ,substance3 ,for in some ,women1 we find a great many ,nervous and ,cartilaginous ,,ligaments1 which penetrate into the solid ,substance of the ,,bones themselves2 in which the ,,ligaments are so fast bound together1 that it is hard to distinguish whether they are ,one or ,more ,,bones4 ,from whence1 however1 it will hereafter appear1 that ,one ,woman is more easily delivered than ,another2 the ,,bones in ,one being more firm and immoveable1 altogether resisting any ,relaxation2 which in ,another are more loose and pliable1 easily give way and yield freely to the ,force of the ,endeavouring and ,struggling ,,infant4 ,,the ,contents of this ,,section will appear more evident1 by looking curiously upon a ,female ,,skeleton3 ,in which 7for ,distinction's-sake ,i recite ,this7 that the lower ,parts of the ,seat-,bones1 are generally more distant1 and not so much bent inwards1 down towards the ,point of the ,,os ,,coccygis1 as in a ,male ,,skeleton4 ,which ,difference1 in short1 the ,omniscient ,,creator has so order'd1 for preventing difficult ,,births2 and yet1 notwithstanding all this wise ,provision of ,nature1 they happen too often in the ,world4 ,however1 having thus1 in fine1 described the ,,pelvis and its ,,bones1 as far as is requisite for ,,midwives1 ,i come next1 more particularly to describe that astonishing ,piece of ,,god',s ,handy-work1 to which all the afore-mention'd ,parts are ordain'd to minister1 and that both conjunctly and severally1 without any ,exception3 viz4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,of the ,,womb4 ,i ,say this is that ,body1 which the ,learned ,great ,men of all ,ages have esteem'd and look'd upon as the most wonderful ,,miracle of ,nature1 not only because of its singular ,substance and ,structure1 but also of its peculiar ,qualities and ,faculties4 ,,as to the ,substance and ,structure1 ,i have before observed in ,chap4 #f4 of this ,,section1 that it is singularly composed1 of an innumerable ,multitude of ,fibrous ,vessels and ,muscular ,parts2 which being ,all most curiously interwoven1 are admirably form'd together in its ,constitution4 ,,but how particular soever ,i have been on this ,head1 in ,chap4 #e1 and #f4 ,i must resume this ,topick here1 and add1 that the ,,womb1 and its ,vagina or ,neck1 are closely join'd together3 ,for it terminates in a ,,point near its ,orifice1 intrudes itself into the ,vagina1 and hangs so down1 that in ,women not with ,,child1 and sometimes also in the first ,months of ,pregnancy1 ,this sharp ,,point may be perceiv'd by the ,touch4 ,,and how closely soever this ,orifice of the ,,womb is shut after ,conception or during ,pregnancy2 yet in a ,,birth it is so expanded1 that the ,,womb and ,vagina both seem to have but ,one and the same ,cavity1 like a ,,bag of equal ,dimensions2 there being then no ,difference perceivable between that ,orifice and the ,vagina1 excepting that the ,,vagina is ,softer and ,thinner4 ,,the ,,womb may be otherwise aptly compar'd to the ,,earth2 because the same ,degree of ,affinity that the ,,earth has to the ,seed of ,plants1 the ,,womb bears to the ,seed of ,men3 ,it being the very ,secundary ,cause in the ,constitution of the ,human ,conception2 not indeed the ,instrumental only1 but also the ,active ,cause3 ,for whereas the ,instrument takes ,motion from1 and operates by ,virtue of ,another1 the ,,womb only acts of itself and operates by ,virtue of its own ,active ,faculties4 ,,but more particularly1 the ,,womb has sundry proper ,actions in this ,constitution1 which are peculiarly dependent of1 and accordingly discharged by ,,itself only2 and therefore it is not the sole or pure ,instrumental ,agent4 ,but the ,reason that ,i call it the ,secundary or ,disponent1 not the ,primary ,cause1 in constituting the ,,foetus1 is1 because the ,actions of the ,,womb do not precisely terminate in this ,constitution1 but chiefly in disposing the ,causes constituting the ,,man4 ,and as 7,i think7 there are ,eight such ,actions belonging to the ,,womb1 ,i shall undertake to define them all particularly in a few ,words4 ,and1 ,i4 ,,the ,,first ,action of the ,,womb is1 that by its attractive ,faculty1 it may allure the ,masculine ,seed infus'd by ,coition into the ,,fund of its ,capacity1 after the same manner as a famishing ,stomach snatches at the ,victuals by the ,gullet from the ,mouth of the ,eater4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,second is like unto the ,,first1 and consists in attracting 7after the same manner7 the ,muliebrian ,,seed from the ,vessels of the ,,testicles1 into the same ,cavity4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,third ,function of the ,,womb1 is the ,copulation and mutual ,conjunction of the ,,seeds of both ,parents2 which it prepares and perfects by its innate ,power1 constricting itself in all ,parts3 ,and this ,action1 ,i do not 7in this place7 call a ,permistion of these ,,seeds1 as it is generally term'd1 because a ,mixture is properly perform'd only by the concording ,qualities and mutual ,actions of two or more miscible ,copulatives1 without any ,assistance of the ,thing ,containing4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,fourth ,office of the ,,womb1 is an ,effusion of the ,menstruous ,blood upon the aggregated ,seed1 from a ,relaxation of the little ,orifices of the ,,veins terminating in its interiour ,surface4 ,v4 ,,the ,,fifth ,action of the ,,womb1 is1 the ,retention of those three conjoin'd ,bodies2 to effect which ,work1 the ,,womb contracts itself on all sides1 and shuts up all its ,orifices1 even to the sensible ,animadversion of the ,,woman4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,sixth ,function of the ,,womb1 is to excite the ,virtue of the ,torpent ,lifeless ,,seed1 and rouze it up from ,idleness to ,activity2 as the latent ,virtue of ,,physick in the ,body is excited to ,operation by the natural ,heat of the ,,viscera4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,seventh ,office of the ,,womb1 is 7after the ,,foetus is ,form'd and ,organiz'd7 the ,attraction of the ,,blood from the ,maternal ,veins1 into the ,umbilical ,vessels1 for its ,nutrication and ,growth4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,eighth and last ,function of the ,,womb1 is ,birth1 which ,i shall remember to speak more particularly of in its proper ,place4 ,,from all which we may easily collect the sundry proper ,uses of the ,,womb1 and readily comprehend that it is not only destin'd by ,nature to admit the ,,seed1 and receive the impregnated ,,egg from the ,,ovarium and the ,fallopian ,tube2 but also to contain the ,organizing ,matter1 and all necessary ,principles 7,active and ,passive7 for constituting the ,conception2 fomenting the receiv'd ,,seeds1 by its natural ,calidity1 preserving the same1 and preparing the ,maternal ,blood by its inherent ,temperament1 for the ,use of the ,,foetus3 ,which ,,foetus it surrounds and defends from external ,accidents1 by its ,substantial ,corpulency2 containing and nourishing the ,,infant1 about the ,space of #i or #aj ,months1 by its ,faculties of ,extension and ,attraction2 and at last forcing it into the ,world1 by that of ,expulsion4 ,,upon which ,occasion1 that the ,,midwife may the better discharge her ,duty1 and assist the ,labouring ,woman more effectually1 without ,fear or ,danger1 and without committing any ,blunder or ,mistake2 as ,i have already taught her in what ,place the ,,womb is seated1 to what ,parts it tends1 and how it is annexed1 c2 so ,i shall now proceed to describe its ,qualities and ,faculties1 so far as is necessary1 and absolutely requisite in the ,practice of ,,midwifery4 ,and1 ,,first1 then---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,x4 ,of the ,extensive ,faculty of the ,,womb4 ,,nature has endued the ,,womb with this ,faculty1 to the end that it may 7in ,pregnancy7 extend and dilate itself ,day by ,day1 in ,proportion to the ,growth of the ,,infant1 ,secundine1 and ,humours4 ,,now the ,,womb in its lower ,part being straitly tied to the ,intestinum ,rectum and ,bladder2 it is to be understood that the ,distention happens mostly in its superiour ,part or ,bottom3 ,which is not only most ,free and at greatest ,liberty1 but also ,thickest and aptest for ,dilatation4 ,,this will appear more evident1 when we consider how the ,,infant adheres to that ,part1 the ,bottom1 by means of the ,secundine3 ,how the ,,infant also as it grows1 begins to separate the ,humours in the ,secundine1 which 7of consequence7 encrease as the ,infant does3 ,and how again the ,encrease of the ,humours fill up the ,chinks and ,,vacuums1 as ,i may call them1 which the ,,infant cannot possess4 ,from hence it is that the ,,womb extends itself in the ,form of a ,,pear1 only a little ,plainer at ,both ,ends4 ,,thus the ,secundine adhering#aee to the ,bottom of the ,,womb1 by its thicker ,part 7call'd the ,,placenta17 thence it is that the ,,womb encreases and extends itself more in its ,bottom1 than in any inferiour ,part4 ,,wherefore the ,,womb being most extended in its upper ,part1 call'd the ,bottom2 and both the ,bladder and ,,rectum below being soft loose ,parts1 it necessarily follows1 that the ,,womb may freely ascend and descend upon ,occasion1 as we often find it in the ,cavity of the ,belly2 which1 however1 does not happen to ,all ,women alike4 ,,but1 in short1 these extensive and ascensive ,faculties of the ,,womb1 chiefly residing in its ,bottom2 ,i would have it laid down for a certain ,maxim of ,truth1 that ,these exert themselves1 without any the least ,extenuation to the ,uterine ,substance3 ,which ,position leads me directly to consider---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,of the ,substantial ,density of the ,,womb4 ,,touching the ,thickness of the ,pregnant ,,womb1 ,authors have differ'd extremely3 ,some thinking1 that as the ,,womb grows ,larger1 it grows ,thicker2 and ,others the ,reverse1 that as it extends1 it grows ,thinner4 ,,now these ,opinions being both diametrically opposite ,one to the ,other1 as ,both 7perhaps7 may be contrary to ,truth1 ,i shall freely and ingenuously offer my ,sentiments in a few ,words2 not that ,i vainly desire to engage myself in any ,controversy3 ,save only1 because the true ,knowledge of this ,point1 is so ,material and ,consequential for all ,,midwives1 especially in ,cases of difficult and preternatural ,,births1 that ,i cannot well excuse myself1 should ,i pass it by with ,silence in this ,place4 ,,mr4 ,,mauriceau1 in his ,book of the ,diseases of ,women1 contradicting the ,authority of ,riolanus1 ,bartholinus1 and the whole ,body of the most ,renown'd and ,ingenious ,anatomists1 both ,ancient and ,modern1 is at great ,pains to make us believe1 that the impregnated ,,womb is 7like the ,bladder7 in this ,case2 the more it is extended1 the thinner it grows4 ,,but as his quoted ,authority of ,galen and ,carol4 ,stephanus cannot be sufficient against so many good ,authors of the contrary ,opinion2 so neither will his ,demonstrations of ,,wax1 nor ,comparisons with the ,,wombs of ,animals1 be sufficient to make out his ,argument1 against confirm'd ,experience1 common ,sense1 and current ,reason4 ,which ,point of ,experience ,i judge this ,author to have been deficient in1 otherwise he would certainly have given us some particular ,instance or other of it1 and not had ,recourse to ,inconsistencies for supporting his new-fashion'd unreceiv'd ,notion4 ,for what ,comparison can there be betwixt an ,animate and ,inanimate ,body8 ,or what ,affinity betwixt the ,,womb of ,animals and that of ,women1 who are form'd after the ,image of ,,god1 and 7by a ,prerogative above all other ,creatures7 are furnished with a ,,womb very different from them8 ,i ingenuously acknowledge1 when ,i first met with this ,author's ,works1 not daring then to be too ,positive in this ,point1 ,i was put into some ,suspence of ,judgment2 which made me not only consult with the best of ,authors and ,professors of ,,anatomy1 but also induc'd me to embrace every ,opportunity of satisfying myself otherways to a full ,conviction4 ,,wherefore at all ,dissections of pregnant ,women1 where ,i have been present1 ,i carefully observed and took notice of this particular ,point2 upon which ,i must needs affirm1 that ,i always found the ,,womb 7however ,big or ,little7 of its natural ,thickness1 and rather thicker than thinner3 ,for tho' ,it is expanded by the growing ,infant1 c4 yet it may 7most probably7 be equally condensed1 by the ,imbibition of the fluent ,humours1 which consolidate into itself by the ,pores of its ,plexus ,body4 ,nay1 ,i have not only satisfy'd myself in dead1 but also in living ,bodies1 with respect to this ,matter2 for by passing ,one ,hand into the ,,womb to take away the ,secundine1 when the ,other laid upon the ,,belly1 ,i clearly discerned the ,truth by ,,sense1 and have sometimes found the ,,womb not only incredibly ,thick1 but also ,,rigid withal3 ,and in this ,matter1 ,i have not been singular2 for ,i find the ingenious ,daventer writes to the same purpose1 upon this ,head1 in his ,book of ,midwifery4 ,having therefore thus1 in short1 perceiv'd the ,thickness of the ,,womb1 both with my ,hands and ,eyes1 ,i must trust my ,,senses1 and prefer my ,experience before any ,man's bare ,conjecture2 for tho' ,i often see not those ,things which ,i believe1 yet ,i must still believe those ,things which ,i see4 ,,whence ,i conclude1 that the ,,womb1 tho' of a different ,bigness from the ,conception to the ,,birth1 is always1 at least1 of one ,thickness with the unconceiv'd ,,womb3 ,which the ,divine ,wisdom 7no doubt7 has so ordered for the ,preservation of the ,,mother and ,,infant2 for if the ,,womb in ,time of ,pregnancy did grow ,thinner1 according to its ,extension1 it must of ,consequence grow ,weaker1 and1 in that ,case the ,,infant would be liable to perforate it with ,foot or ,hand1 which would infallibly terminate in the ,loss of both their ,,lives4 ,,but besides1 if the ,,womb was so ,thin and ,weak as ,mr4 ,mauriceau imagines2 as the ,pregnant ,woman would be liable to imminent ,danger every ,moment ,before1 as well as ,in ,time of ,,labour2 so the ,,midwife would be expos'd to the greatest of ,difficulties3 ,for who then durst1 without ,horror1 offer to turn the ,,infant1 so closely compress'd in those thin ,membranes of the ,,womb8 ,or who could have ,resolution enough to separate and pull away the ,,after-,,birth8 ,,however1 ,i could produce innumerable ,instances of most ,learned and ,ingenious ,men to support my above-mentioned ,opinion2 but ,i shall content myself now with ,,one1 who 7,i think7 is of sufficient ,authority3 ,for hearing lately that ,mr4 ,mauriceau's mention'd ,book 7which ,i had only read before in its ,original ,french7 was translated by ,dr4 ,chamberlain1 ,i doubted not but ,i should fully discover that ,eminent ,,translator',s ,sentiment upon this single ,point2 whereupon this most famous ,physician and ,boethogynist marks by way of ,observation or a ,bene ,notandum1 that his ,charity for his ,author makes him believe that ,french-,women differ in this ,point from ,our ,english1 with whom it is apparently otherwise order'd4 ,and in the farther ,explication of his ,author's ,opinion on this ,head1 he adds1 ,that ,experience will convince any inquisitive ,person of the ,contrary4 ,,to which ,i reply1 in short1 with all due ,submission1 that the ,french-,women do not differ one ,jot in this respect from ,ours1 nor ,ours from any ,others3 ,which 7no doubt7 the worthy ,doctor was very sensible of1 notwithstanding his great ,complaisance to his ,author4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,of the various ,local ,motion of the ,,womb4 ,,although the ,ligaments are fixed to the ,,womb on each side1 under the ,tubes1 near the ,bottom1 on purpose to keep it duly in the ,middle1 from falling to either ,side2 yet we may easily perceive1 ,,first1 ,that the ,pregnant ,,womb1 as it dilates and extends itself most 7in the ,bottom7 above the ,ligaments1 so it rises ,highest and becomes ,heaviest in that ,part2 by which means it cannot always be contained in the narrow ,compass of the ,,pelvis1 and the ,larger the ,,infant is1 the ,higher the ,,womb rises 7above the ,ligaments7 in the ,,belly4 ,insomuch that when the ,cavity of the ,,pelvis is not sufficient to contain a large ,,womb1 fill'd with ,one or more well-grown ,,infants1 together with the ,secundines and ,humours1 it must 7of necessity7 ascend into the ,cavity of the ,,belly2 as is evident from ,chap4 #aj4 ,,secondly1 ,the ,,womb being in ,form of a ,,pear1 much larger above than below the ,ligaments1 and that superiour ,bulk being only sustain'd at the lower ,part by subtile ,ligaments apt to extend1 as well as supported near the ,orifice by the ,bladder and ,,rectum1 which are soft1 loose1 and extensive ,parts3 ,hence1 ,i say1 we may easily conceive1 that as ,these are not sufficient to hinder a large ,,womb from ascending above the ,borders of the ,,pelvis into the ,cavity of the ,,belly2 so neither are they able to keep it from leaning or inclining this or that way1 by reason of its ,weight in the ,bottom1 which is always the farther distant from the ,ligaments1 the more it is extended3 ,and the extended ,,womb being not of the same ,firmness and ,solidity with ,,that in a natural ,state1 is the more apt and ready to move aside1 either on the ,right or the ,left ,hand4 ,,now this various ,motion of the ,,womb1 in short1 will appear more manifestly ,probable1 when we consider how variously ,women with ,,child move their ,bodies1 bending them every way for ,relief1 when oppress'd with ,pain2 both sitting and lying in different ,postures3 ,all which may easily give the ,,womb a ,tendency this or that way1 sliding either ,forwards or ,backwards1 to the right or the left ,side of the ,person4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,of the ,oblique ,situation of the ,,womb4 ,i ,doubt not in the least but among the ,many1 some will reject this ,,thesis as ,false or ,new-fangled2 but ,they who are ,ignorant of it1 are meer blind ,novices in the ,art of ,,midwifery3 ,for repeated ,experience has taught ,myself and many ,others the ,certainty of this ,truth2 as will more amply appear from the following ,discourse4 ,,the ,womb having then ascended into the ,cavity of the ,,belly1 if its pointed ,parts tend perpendicularly into the ,,pelvis1 so as that its ,orifice may be easily touch'd on every ,side with the ,fingers1 its ,bottom is placed about the ,,navel2 and ,this ,i call a right or natural ,situation3 ,but when otherways1 the ,posture is changed1 inclining this or that way1 and the ,orifice suspended so ,high1 that it can scarce or not at all be touch'd1 ,i call ,that a wrong and preternatural ,position1 or oblique ,situation of the ,,womb2 which may not only be occasion'd 7as is said7 by the ,weight and ,bulk of its ,bottom1 above the extended and relaxed ,ligaments1 but also by many other different ,causes2 such as an obdurated ,gland1 a ,cicatrix1 an ,ulcer1 an ,obstruction of the ,vessels in the ,ligaments or adjacent ,parts1 c4 ,,hence it is that the wrong ,positions of the ,,womb are manifold1 which would be very tedious to enumerate exactly here2 but only1 that ,i may not pass by what is so material1 ,i shall reduce them to a ,four-fold ,difference2 as the ,ancients did the ,winds1 because of the ,four ,regions or ,limits of the ,heavens4 ,and ,those ,four will 7,i hope7 comprehend all other wrong ,situations of the ,,womb1 not very improperly or mal--propos1 as ,ovid#aef has comprehended ,these in the following elegant ,verses1 viz4 8,eurus ad ,auroram ,nabathq2 regna recessit1 8,persidq2 radiis ,juga subdita matutinis4 8,vesper ,occiduo qu littora sole tepescunt1 8,proxima sunt ,zephyro1 ,scythiam septmque triones 8,horrifer invasit ,boreas4 ,contraria ,tellus 8,nubibus assiduis1 pluviq2 madescit ab ,austro4 ,,the first bad ,position of which is1 when the ,bottom of the ,,womb is placed on the left ,side of the ,woman1 a little raised or depress'd2 the ,orifice being turn'd towards the ,,spine of the right ,,os ,,ilium or ,,os ,,pubis1 against which the ,,infant in time of ,,birth commonly pushes its ,head1 beats out its ,brains1 and sticks there to ,death3 ,or else passing the said ,,spine1 it lies a-thwart the ,,pelvis4 ,,the ,second ill ,position of the ,,womb is1 when the ,bottom is seated on the right ,side2 the ,orifice being turn'd towards the left ,part of the ,,pelvis1 directly opposite to the other ,position1 and attended with the same ,inconveniencies4 ,,the ,third is1 when1 in ,women having large ,bellies1 the ,,womb hangs too much ,forwards2 the ,orifice being turn'd towards the ,,os ,,sacrum3 ,so that the ,,infant falls down by the ,head into the ,bent1 or crooked ,cavity of the ,,os ,,coccygis1 where it fatally sticks fast4 ,,the fourth ,oblique ,situation of the ,,womb is1 when its ,bottom is press'd too near the ,,diaphragma1 and its ,body too near the ,,vertebr of the ,loins2 the ,orifice being elevated1 is thereby turned too near the ,,os ,,pubis1 where the ,,infant striking its ,head against these ,bones1 remains immoveable and perishes3 ,or1 7which is worse7 sliding with its ,head upon the ,,ossa ,,pubis1 it is turn'd on one or other ,side or ,backwards2 when 7commonly with ,hand or ,arm out of the ,body7 it lies a-thwart the ,passage1 and infallibly occasions its ,,own or its ,,mother',s ,death1 or ,both2 unless 7as in the three preceding ,cases7 it be in due time prevented by the ,assistance of some very skilful ,,hand4 ,,those are the ,four most difficult and principal wrong1 or chief preternatural ,situations1 of the ,,womb2 from whence we may easily frame a competent ,conjecture of the ,rest2 to wit1 when the ,bottom of the ,,womb is more or less turn'd to the right1 or the left ,side1 or forwards1 or backwards3 ,since as that differs more or less from the natural ,position1 so the ,,birth in like manner is 7of consequence7 the more or less ,difficult1 as will hereafter manifestly appear4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,of ,,touching or ,,handling the ,woman4 ,,the ,midwife ought to have a special ,knowledge in ,this ,matter1 since a ,thing of so much ,moment as ,,life itself often depends upon it2 yea1 and this ,knowledge is of absolute ,necessity to all ,persons practising ,,midwifery1 because many different ,points of the greatest ,importance1 are thereby plainly discover'd3 ,but before ,i enter upon these ,things1 ,i would have it rightly understood1 that nothing else is meant here by the ,performance of the ,,touch1 than 7upon having first pared the ,nails short1 equal1 and smooth7 passing the two ,fore-fingers of either ,hand1 7previously well anointed with ,fat or ,butter1 when proper ,oils are not to be had7 through the ,,vulva into the ,,vagina1 in order to reach the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 and to discern its ,,form1 by feeling it on each ,side4 ,,and it is not only requisite that the ,woman in ,,labour be touched1 before her ,pains come on1 because then the ,membrane containing the ,humours being loose1 the ,,infant's ,posture may be the better distinguish'd2 but the same ,,touch also is to be continued during the ,force of the ,pains1 the better to know their ,nature and ,effects2 whether the ,,infant continues still at the ,passage or not2 and whether the ,humours are contracted length-ways1 or press'd into a ,flat ,form1 and the like4 ,for after the ,pains are over1 it is easily to be perceiv'd1 whether they have promoted the ,,birth or ,not4 ,,but during this ,performance of the ,,touch1 great ,care must be taken not to handle the ,membranes containing the ,humours too roughly1 lest they should break in the ,action4 ,,now that the ,,midwife may the more readily perform her ,,touch1 she must take good ,heed to what is said of the ,cavity of the#aeg ,,pelvis3 for as it rises from the ,bottom obliquely1 ascending forwards2 so1 upon this ,occasion1 in seeking for the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 she must not thrust her ,fingers streight along according to the ,length of the ,body1 towards the bending of the ,,os ,,sacrum2 but guide them upwards from the ,bottom1 as if thro' the ,,vagina1 she would touch the ,navel3 ,for ,thus her ,hand being turn'd inward1 and her ,fingers tending towards the ,navel1 the ,orifice of the ,,womb lying directly in the way1 she meets with it readily at first4 ,whereas they who go otherways to work1 seek it in vain1 and find it with ,difficulty4 ,,this ,observation ,i thought the more requisite in this ,place1 because ,,midwives not accurately understanding the ,situation of the ,bones of the ,,pelvis1 think that the ,,womb and its ,neck or ,,vagina reach according to the ,length of the ,woman1 and make use of their ,hands accordingly3 ,first hurting the ,,vagina and ,,rectum in the ,bending of the ,,sacrum2 and then finding no farther ,passage for their ,fingers2 but being altogether ignorant of the above-mentioned ,method of finding the said ,orifice1 they are very often surpriz'd1 fall into great ,confusion for want of better ,instruction4 ,whence ,i proceed to---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,of the various ,uses and ,advantages of the ,,touch4 ,,by the ,,touch then1 to be brief1 the ,,midwife gains the certain ,knowledge of the following important ,heads3 viz4 ,,first1 ,whether a ,woman be with ,,child or not3 ,for ,i must needs own1 that some of the most certain ,signs of ,pregnancy are discover'd by the ,,touch2 since the ,,womb shuts itself close up1 immediately after ,,conception1 and its ,orifice becomes more pointed1 hard1 and solid1 resembling 7according to ,mauriceau's just ,comparison7 the ,mouth of a ,puppy newly pupp'd4 ,,but in time of the ,,infant's ripening1 this ,orifice begins to swell1 and becomes softer1 smoother1 and thinner than it was ,before4 ,,secondly1 ,the ,,midwife discovers by the ,,touch1 whether the ,time of ,,birth is near at hand1 and how near it is4 ,however1 in speaking to this ,point1 ,i desire to be rightly understood1 not meaning ,miscarriages1 or ,illegitimate ,,births1 but only such as are intirely ,legitimate4 ,,as then the ,,infant advances in ,maturation1 so the ,orifice of the ,,womb from the ,third ,month1 grows smoother1 thinner1 and softer2 and consequently the more smooth1 thin1 and soft it appears at any time afterwards to the ,,touch1 so much the nearer draws on the ,time of ,,birth4 ,,in some ,women1 this ,,orifice begins to open two or three ,months before ,,birth2 and this ,aperture enlarging itself by degrees1 becomes soon as wide as a ,shilling-,piece1 when the ,motion of the ,,infant may be distinctly perceiv'd3 ,and in others it is so much more enlarged1 that one single ,pain or two accomplishes the ,,birth4 ,,but as all ,women are not alike1 so this ,,rule will admit of sundry ,exceptions2 for strong-body'd ,women1 ,women of their ,first ,child1 and those somewhat in ,years1 their ,,wombs continue generally shut up to the last1 and open not without the severest ,pains3 ,and not only so1 but the ,orifice of the ,,womb differs also1 in all difficult and ,preternatural ,cases1 as well by reason of its own oblique ,situation1 as of the ,,infant's ill ,posture4 ,for this ,reason it is1 that an ,experienced and ,judicious ,hand is most requisite upon such ,occasions2 since such an ,one can clearly distinguish1 what ,another cannot so much as guess at4 ,,thirdly1 ,the ,,midwife immediately knows by the ,,touch1 whether the ,woman be taken with the real and genuine ,,labour-,,pains or ,not4 ,which is a ,point of the greatest ,moment2 since as it is of bad ,consequence to delay the ,,birth1 when the ,woman is so taken1 especially if the ,,womb and ,,infant be ,both well situated1 lest the ,pains should vanish1 and the ,opportunity of ,,delivery should thereby be lost3 so1 on the other hand1 to force a ,woman to ,,labour1 unseasonably1 when but seiz'd with ,bastard-,pains1 is a most pernicious ,thing4 ,,but both these ,cases too often happen1 even to the ,hazard1 if not the ,loss also of both ,,lives2 especially the ,latter1 when the ,,midwife does not know how to distinguish these ,false ,pains1 either the ,cholick1 or other ,gripes1 from the genuine ,pains by the ,,touch3 ,as will be more fully and amply explain'd in the next following ,chapter4 ,,give me ,leave to say then1 that ,,birth is not to be provok'd by any ,means1 until the ,,midwife1 by touching the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 is certain1 that the ,woman labours under the ,true ,pains2 which is not to be judiciously suppos'd to happen before the ,seventh ,month at soonest4 ,,birth at that ,time approaching1 the ,woman is afflicted with great ,,pains in her ,groin1 ,loins1 and about the ,navel1 tending downwards with a depressing ,force upon the ,,womb and other ,private ,parts4 ,but these ,,pains are not continual1 for they only go-off and come-on by turns2 at which ,time1 by their violent ,depressure1 the ,,midwife finds the ,orifice of the ,,womb open1 or at least opening1 and upon ,renewal of the ,,pain1 she finds it more and more dilated and relaxed3 whereas1 on the other hand1 when the ,,pains are ,spurious1 they disperse themselves through the whole ,body1 as well as the ,abdomen2 and then the ,,womb 7as if it were securing itself7 is found more closely contracted4 ,,fourthly1 ,it is likewise well known by the ,,touch1 whether the ,,birth will be ,easy and ,speedy1 or ,difficult and ,lingring1 on several ,occasions3 #a4 ,when the ,,midwife finds the ,head of the ,,infant and the lower ,part of the ,,womb fallen into the ,cavity of the ,,pelvis1 so that ,she can touch it in the ,confines of the ,,vagina3 #b4 ,when the ,orifice of the ,,womb is very soft1 thin1 and wide-open1 so that 7through it7 she finds the ,head of the ,,infant foremost1 without any ,obstruction by the ,arms or ,umbilical ,vessels in the way1 between the ,head of the ,,infant1 and ,orifice of the ,,womb2 as often happens3 ,and1 #c4 ,when the ,humours1 by the right ,situation of the ,,womb and the ,,infant1 are found compressed into a ,flat ,form4 ,i say1 when ,matters are found so 7by the ,,touch7 in this ,natural ,posture1 there is no great doubt 7under ,,god7 of a ,speedy and ,easy ,,delivery4 ,,whereas1 on the contrary1 when the ,orifice is found by ,experience higher1 little or not at all open2 sharp1 hard1 and thick1 with the ,humours pressed up length-ways3 ,then the ,case is quite revers'd1 and the ,,midwife1 if she understands her ,business1 must resolve to sweat at her ,work4 ,,now the ,reason of such ,difficult ,,births commonly proceeds1 either from the wrong ,situation of the ,,infant1 or ,that of the ,,womb2 the latter of which always occasions the greater ,difficulty1 especially when it is accidentally join'd with the ,first1 to a vast ,degree of ,aggravation3 ,of which1 as follows of course4 ,,fifthly1 ,another ,advantage of the ,,touch1 is the truly ,knowing whether the ,,infant be in a ,natural1 or ,preternatural ,posture4 ,for the ,,midwife finding the ,orifice of the ,,womb so open1 that it admits one or two ,fingers1 she may distinctly feel the ,chin of the ,,infant in a ,natural ,position1 lying forwards on its ,breast1 and the ,neck in the ,middle of the ,orifice1 or streight ,before it2 so that the ,head being foremost and lowest within the ,borders of the ,orifice1 the ,fingers cannot pass any ,farther4 ,,however1 supposing the ,clunes1 ,knee1 or ,elbow1 to present themselves ,first in the ,,orifice2 ,it is true1 they have their ,roundness1 but then they are easily distinguished from the ,head3 ,for the ,globular ,part of it is much broader and smoother1 than either ,knee or ,elbow1 and harder than the ,buttocks2 which ,fleshy ,part is soon distinguished from the ,bones1 or the soft ,membrane betwixt the ,bones of the ,,head4 ,,but as a capable ,,midwife can hereby distinguish all ,these with ,facility1 even before the ,waters begin to flow2 so ,i need not mention the ,hands1 which distinguish themselves by the ,fingers1 as the ,feet do1 by the ,toes or ,heels2 and the ,navel-string discovers itself by its ,softness1 ,thinness1 and ,roundness3 ,all which1 however yet1 are more easily known when the ,membrane is broke1 and the ,waters have actually flown4 ,for the ,parts1 which were before covered with this ,membrane1 lie now naked in the ,,orifice3 ,hence it often unluckily happens1 that few ,,midwives make an exact ,scrutiny1 about the ,situation of the ,,infant1 till this ,time of ,,flooding2 erroneously thinking they are then soon enough1 which is an unaccountable ,mistake2 as will hereafter abundantly appear4 ,,sixthly1 ,it is perfectly known by the ,,touch1 whether the ,,womb be in a ,natural or ,preternatural ,posture1 as is plainly taught more at large in the foregoing ,chapter4 ,,finally1 in short1 we most assuredly know by the ,,touch1 what is proper to be done in all ,preternatural ,cases1 upon giving ,assistance both to the ,,mother and ,,infant2 as hereafter will fully appear by a more copious ,dissertation to that ,purpose4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,of the ,genuine and ,spurious ,,labour-,,pains4 ,,the sole ,reason ,i add this ,chapter1 is1 because our common ,,midwives are so often mistaken1 and do so frequently err in this ,point1 having no thorough-pac'd ,knowledge of either sort of these ,,pains3 ,for when she comes to a ,woman1 taken ill with severe ,,pains in the ,belly or ,loins1 being ignorant of the accurate ,nicety of the ,,touch1 she presently concludes ,these to be the true labouring ,,pains1 because they indeed often resemble them very much2 and she farther finding perhaps the ,,orifice a little relax'd and open1 expects it to enlarge to her ,satisfaction4 ,which1 however1 not answering her ,hopes1 nor the ,,pains encreasing2 she endeavours by stimulating ,medicines and other sinistrous ,means1 conformable to the perverse ,rules of her ,,practice1 to raise and provoke ,them3 ,so that this1 in short1 is the ,cause1 not only of many an untimely ,,birth1 but also too commonly of many an untimely ,,death4 ,,now the ,wind-,cholick1 either in the ,lower or ,upper ,part of the ,belly1 occasions frequent racking ,,pains1 as do also the ,,humours by ,virtue of their ,acidity1 corroding the ,intestines2 and these ,mordacious ,,pains are generally attended with a subsequent ,looseness4 ,in which ,cases1 ,i always use proper mitigating and repelling ,,means1 7such as a ,carminative and ,emollient ,clyster1 c3 upon extreme ,occasions72 which proper ,means infallibly answer my ,ends in either ,condition4 ,for if the ,,pains that afflict the ,woman are ,spurious1 ,they are thereby suddenly laid and repressed2 and if ,genuine1 ,these very self-same ,means most effectually promote and advance them to ,,birth4 ,,but again1 some ,women are taken with a mix'd ,complication of ,genuine and ,spurious1 or ,real and ,false ,,pains1 that are properly called ,tergiversant2 which one ,moment seem to depress the ,,birth1 and encourage the ,woman to ,,labour2 and the next convert themselves into scatter'd ,,cramps1 and other contracting ,,pains3 ,and these dispersed ,bastard-,pains are always more pernicious to the ,woman1 than the most severe natural ,,labour-,,pains3 ,this ,case is also easily distinguished by the ,,touch2 which done1 the false wandring ,pains are first to be assuag'd or carry'd off1 before the ,,birth can well succeed4 ,,now1 as to the real ,natural and ,genuine ,pains1 ,they are1 7methinks7 in short1 easily to be judged of by the ,manner in which they always seize the ,woman2 viz4 ,i4 ,,from the ,navel downwards to the ,groin1 reflecting towards the ,loins1 with a depressing and bearing down upon the ,,womb and ,,privities1 as occasionally mentioned in the preceding ,chapter3 ,and tho' ,these are intermitting 7not continual7 ,,pains1 yet their ,severity and ,violence extenuate the ,umbilical1 and protuberate the ,genital ,parts1 opening and distending the ,passages4 ,but besides1 as the ,blood is exagitated and fermented1 it excites a ,velocity of ,,pulse1 and a ,redness of ,face2 whilst the ,,belly waxes ,fiery-hot1 and a ,feverish ,shivering or ,trembling-,fit invades the whole ,woman1 especially the inferiour ,,limbs1 but without any ,frigidity4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,membranes1 with their ,contents1 which ,,midwives commonly call the ,gathering of the ,waters1 now present themselves at the ,orifice before the ,head of the ,,infant1 resembling 7to the ,,touch7 ,abortive ,eggs without any ,,shell3 upon ,these breaking1 the ,waters begin to flow2 at first more ,sparingly1 but by and by more profusely1 and at last a waterish ,blood follows1 when a ,,girl is to be born2 or a pure-colour'd ,blood1 when a ,,boy3 ,but ,i also farther distinguish the ,,birth of an approaching ,,boy from that of a ,,girl1 by the ,labour-,pains2 for in the first ,case1 these are far more severe and penetrating1 and accordingly the ,,birth much more expeditious1 than in ,case of a ,,girl3 ,in which 7however7 the ,,pains are more constant and regular4 ,,iii4 ,,and now1 at last1 the ,,ossa ,,coccygis and ,,coxendicis begin to yield1 and give way2 while the ,bottom contracts1 the ,orifice of the ,,womb opens1 and the ,,vagina dilates itself fully3 ,so that now1 and not before1 most of the abovesaid ,signs evidently appear1 ,i give my patient ,woman the ,,word to ,labour her best2 because if she begins sooner1 she too much debilitates both ,herself and fatigues the ,,child before its due ,time4 ,,moreover1 ,i have seen some ,women in ,,labour taken with a sudden ,vomiting1 that ,i suppose proceeded from the natural ,sympathy1 which the ,,stomach bears to the ,,womb3 ,whereupon it discharges a certain ,viscous ,matter1 which ,i have always observ'd1 upon its turning ,bloody1 to presage an easy ,,labour1 and an expeditious ,,delivery4 ,,farther yet1 the ,,midwife must always remember1 that when the commenced real ,,pains of ,labour chance to cease1 the ,woman's ,labouring ,efforts must also terminate with them in ,course3 ,and as this ,case denotes a ,debility of the ,expulsive ,faculty2 so if it be not both ,timely and ,judiciously assisted1 ,it may prove of the worst of ,consequences4 ,in a word1 so much ,i have thought previously necessary to my ,purpose1 before ,i enter upon---- ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,of the ,true ,method of ,,laying the ,woman4 ,,upon this ,occasion1 the ,,midwife ought1 in the first place1 carefully to observe the ,,contents of the foregoing ,chapter2 and1 ,secondly1 ,to follow this general ,,rule1 which ,i lay down out of absolute ,necessity3 viz4 ,that the ,woman be delivered1 and the ,child brought forth into the ,world as soon as possible after ,,flooding2 and that because the ,,womb immediately1 after ,this is over1 falls1 shrinks1 and contracts itself again1 and of ,consequence compresses the ,,birth very closely4 ,,but in order to effect this ,matter1 as much depends upon the right ,situation or ,placing of the ,,woman2 so ,i advise1 in the first place1 that1 as soon as the ,,waters begin to flow1 ,she be commodiously placed either in a ,,bed1 ,,chair1 or ,,stool1 properly adapted for that ,purpose1 and laid with great ,skill and ,judgment1 not too ,supine1 nor altogether ,upright2 but 7as it were7 between a standing and lying ,posture3 having her ,back a little erected for the freer ,respiration1 and the better ,,labour2 with her ,thighs at a due ,liberty and ,distance1 only separated as much as possibly they may2 her ,knees a little elevated2 her ,feet stayed against something ,firm1 and her ,heels bending ,backwards4 ,,however ,i must farther observe in this place1 that the ,,positions of parturient ,women are very various and different2 some doing this ,work 7as above7 in a ,bed1 others in a ,stool1 and some again ,i have seen deliver'd standing1 and leaning only a little ,forwards upon the ,bed-stead4 ,hence1 ,i say1 that the ,,postures in time of ,,labour1 differ not only according to the ,necessity1 but also sometimes 7in ,natural ,easy ,cases7 according to the ,custom of the ,,woman4 ,,be that as it will1 ,i would advise all ,labouring ,women1 ,,first to make ,choice of a dextrous and ingenious ,,midwife to attend them at that critical ,juncture1 since the poetical ,proverb 7,accidit in puncto1 quod non speratur in ,anno7 holds as ,true in ,,birth as in any ,case ,i know2 for some ,women after having sundry repeated ,natural easy ,,births1 come at last to suffer by some difficult or preternatural ,accident1 which may happen in a ,moment of ,time4 ,,secondly1 ,i would advise all parturient ,women1 to give themselves over into the ,hands of such a ,,midwife1 to be universally advised and entirely directed by her ,conduct3 ,and thus being under the watchful ,eye and diligent ,care of the prudent and skilful ,,midwife1 the good ,woman in her ,travail has ,nothing else to do 7besides following ,instruction7 but only to assume ,courage and ,resolution to assist her own ,,pains as she feels them coming on1 by drawing and holding her ,,breath1 as if she was to sob or sigh1 by contracting the ,,muscles of her ,belly1 as much as possible2 insomuch that the forcible ,impression may bear alike upon each side of the ,,womb1 and depress the ,diaphragma1 which 7of ,consequence7 suppresses the ,,womb4 ,but then again in this ,case ,i would observe briefly1 that she is strictly to regard the ,,time of a right true ,travail1 as at that ,juncture only to use these her best and strongest ,endeavours4 ,,but now to return to the ,duty of the attending ,,midwife2 as occasion requires1 ,she is to direct her ,,woman1 either to lie1 sit1 stand1 or walk1 keeping her always ,warm1 and as close cover'd in ,time of ,,touching as possible2 for the least ,breath almost of ,cold ,air may occasion ,convulsions1 and other most dangerous ,accidents4 ,,because ,i have often observ'd ,women to be ,costive and bound in their ,bellys upon this ,occasion1 which is of dangerous ,consequence1 ,i would therefore advise in this ,case to adhibite a gentle ,emollient ,clyster2 not only that 7by the ,,rectum being so emptied7 there may be the more ,room for the necessary ,dilatation of the ,,parts1 but also that the unfortunate ,effects of ,,costiveness may be timely prevented3 ,and the same ,means ,i would use1 in ,case of ,heavy1 ,dull1 or ,languid ,,pains2 ordering the ,clyster only in this ,case to be made a little more ,carminative2 as mentioned in the preceeding ,chapter4 ,,but this however ,i would have done in the ,beginning of the ,travail1 and reiterated 7if need so require7 before the ,,child be advanced too far ,forwards4 ,,now the ,,midwife finding all things in a ,natural ,posture1 and the ,,child in a ,forward way1 is to advance her ,hand skilfully1 7which at every individual ,,touch ought to be fresh-anointed with the ,oil of white ,lillies1 ,roses1 c4 or ,fresh-,butter1 ,hogs-,lard1 or whatsoever of this ,nature is readiest at ,hand7 entering the ,,orifice with the ,fingers-,ends1 dilating it by opening them gently as the ,,pains come on3 ,thrusting gradually the ,sides of the ,,orifice towards the ,,occiput or ,hinder part of the ,,child',s ,head1 and moistening these ,passages also with what she uses for her ,hands4 ,,when the ,,vertex1 or ,crown of the ,head1 appears without the ,privities1 the ,,midwife most commonly calls out or says the ,,child is in the ,passage2 and the parturient ,woman then finding these ,parts 7as it were7 scratch'd or prick'd with ,,pins1 often groundlessly imagines that her ,,midwife deals roughly by ,her with ,nails and ,fingers2 whereas that ,pungency is only occasioned by a violent ,distension1 or perhaps a ,laceration1 sometimes inevitably made1 by the ,,bulk of the ,head of the ,,infant4 ,,however that be1 and whatever the ,woman may think or say1 the ,,midwife is only to mind her own ,business1 and discharge her ,duty faithfully upon this ,,crisis2 in order to which1 it is now ,high ,time that she also place herself in a convenient ,posture to receive the ,,birth3 ,which 7when advanced as far as the ,,ears1 or thereabouts7 she is to take gentle hold of1 by both ,sides of the ,,head with both ,hands2 so that by this ,means she may be ready and able1 against the first ,onset of the next good ,,pain1 to draw forth the ,,child4 ,in doing whereof1 she must take special ,care that the ,,navel-,,string be not entangled about the ,neck1 or any other ,part1 lest the ,secundine or the ,womb itself thereby suffer ,violence1 and consequently cause either ,flooding1 or break the ,string1 which may render the ,case dangerous and the ,,birth difficult4 ,,but in thus attracting the ,,infant1 the ,,midwife must carefully observe1 not to draw the ,,head straight-forwards1 but move it gently from ,side to ,side1 that the ,shoulders may the more readily and easily take ,place3 ,for these must immediately follow the ,,head without ,loss of ,time1 otherways the ,,birth may be strangled in the ,passage by the ,,womb shutting upon its ,neck3 ,to prevent which ,tragical ,catastrophe1 the ,cunning ,expert ,,midwife directly slides in her ,fingers under the ,arm-,pitts1 and then draws discreetly the ,,body forth without any ,difficulty or ,danger4 ,,thus1 in fine1 ,we have discreetly deliver'd our good ,,woman1 in ,case of a ,natural ,easy ,birth2 but on the other ,side1 in difficult and ,preternatural ,cases1 the several ,conditions and ,circumstances will mightily differ from the ,beginning2 because in these the ,,pains are not always sufficient to produce the ,,birth4 ,hence it is sometimes more convenient for the ,,woman to be ,passive1 rather than ,active2 especially when the ,,position of either the ,womb1 or the ,infant is ,preternatural3 ,for then it is the ,,midwife's whole ,business to labour more than the ,,woman2 then her ingenious ,,touch is of infinite ,service to the ,,parturient1 since by that only she can distinguish the ,degree of the ,ill ,situation whether of the ,,child or the ,,womb4 ,which being dextrously done1 ,she is in the next ,place1 prudently to consider what kind of ,,posture1 ,sitting or ,lying1 is most convenient1 that she may the better discharge her own good ,office and ,duty3 ,of which ,i shall treat more particularly in the following respective ,chapters2 since it still remains here1 by the way1 that we also deliver our above-mentioned ,woman of her ,,after-,,birth1 c4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,of the ,method of ,extracting the ,,secundine1 c4 ,,after all1 to perfect or finish the ,woman's ,,delivery1 it still remains that ,she be freed of her ,,after-,,birth1 or ,,secundine4 ,now this ,i advise to be done with all imaginable ,speed1 after the ,,child is born1 even before the ,,navel-,,string is cut3 ,because the ,,womb immediately contracts itself1 so that ,this cannot be accomplish'd afterwards without great ,difficulty4 ,,however1 ,i know beforehand1 that my ,method of performing this ,work1 which ,i am about to lay down1 will be thought a strange ,innovation in ,midwifery2 but without any regard to that1 in speaking to this ,point1 ,i shall ,first suppose this ,body to be already loosen'd from the ,,womb2 in which ,case the ,,midwife has nothing to do1 but to draw the ,,string gently1 which she holds in ,one ,hand1 twisted twice or thrice around one or more of her ,fingers1 while she passes the ,other ,hand into the ,,womb1 following always the ,,string 7as her ,guide7 to the ,place where the ,,burthen lies3 ,and where1 as in this ,case1 it naturally presents itself to the ,,orifice1 ,she stretches her ,hand up length-ways1 taking hold of it betwixt her ,fingers2 and thus1 by the ,assistance of the other ,hand always attracting softly the ,,string1 she brings it at last most commodiously away4 ,,secondly1 ,i shall suppose1 in the mean ,time1 this ,body to continue fixed to the ,,womb1 either in ,part or in ,whole3 ,in which ,case1 if in ,part1 the ,,midwife finding by the ,,touch the other ,loose ,part1 moves her ,hand thither betwixt ,that and the ,,womb1 shaking or stirring it gently backwards and forwards1 until such time as it is entirely loosen'd1 when she proceeds as ,before3 ,but if in whole1 and that it sticks very ,fast1 then the ,,midwife places her ,hindmost ,fingers on its ,exteriour ,part against the ,,womb1 and her ,fore-,fingers against the ,inside2 so that thus by pulling softly on all ,sides quite round1 it is easily loosen'd and extracted as ,above4 ,,thirdly1 ,i shall suppose this ,,secundine also 7tho' loosen'd successfully7 to be so very ,large1 that it cannot pass through the ,,orifice3 ,in this ,case1 ,i only desire my deliver'd ,woman to concur with me1 and behave herself as if she was forcing or expelling the ,,child2 for then whilst ,i at the same time gently attract the ,,string1 it immediately follows4 ,i very well know that ,mr4 ,mauriceau and all others either in and before his ,time1 teach quite different ,methods of extruding the ,,after-,,birth2 such as are by the ,,woman's blowing in her ,fist1 putting her ,finger in her ,throat1 and the like2 which when the poor ,patient has done1 and stood them ,all out ineffectually1 together with their many other various uncertain ,experiments to no ,purpose1 and none of them have succeeded 7as it has often happen'd73 ,then at last1 and not till then1 they direct the aforesaid ,method of the ,,hand to be used4 ,but now-a-days1 we know better ,things than to run such indiscreet ,risques1 when we may go a safer ,way to work2 or to make use of ,uncertainties1 when we know more ,infallible ,means4 ,as ,i shall1 ,i hope1 make this ,method plainly appear to be2 notwithstanding all the great ,cautions of those ,authors publish'd1 and the ,difficulties they make of it in our ,practice of ,,midwifery3 ,and that ,i will endeavour to do from the following ,considerations1 viz4 ,i4 ,,if after the ,,birth of the ,,infant1 the ,hand be presently pass'd into the ,,womb1 it slips in together with ,part of the ,arm1 as far as is needful1 without the least ,trouble or ,inconvenience to the ,,woman2 the ,,womb as well as its ,,orifice continuing always1 so long as this may be done1 sufficiently ,open3 ,and thus the ,,birth maybe skilfully accomplished or perfected1 as it were1 in an ,instant2 while others 7trying their vain ,projects7 spend many trifling ,hours about it1 and it is ten to one1 if at last they succeed4 ,,ii4 ,,by these means1 moreover1 ,i presently know whether there be ,one1 ,another1 or ,more ,,infants to follow2 whether there be a dead ,,child1 false ,,conception1 or any ,foreign ,body whatsoever1 lodged in the ,,womb2 whether any ,part1 or ,pieces of the ,,secundine1 or ,membranes1 or ,lumps of ,clotted ,blood1 be left behind and retain'd3 ,all which ,i propose to bring away either before1 or after the ,,secundine1 as ,occasion serves1 with the greatest ,safety as well as ,expedition4 ,,iii4 ,,after having thoroughly searched on all ,sides1 and thus duly cleans'd the ,,womb1 by continuing my ,hand in it1 until it contracts about that ,hand1 first above towards the ,bottom1 and then below towards the ,orifice1 which happens very quickly3 ,i find myself then1 by great ,experience1 able to rectify all ,oblique and ,preternatural ,situations of the ,,womb2 as in ,case of a ,,prolapsus1 7or ,falling down7 ,i can hereby move it carefully ,up again3 ,if it lies too much ,backwards1 by elevating it while it gradually contracts1 ,i can easily bring it ,forwards1 to its ,natural ,position3 ,if it hangs too much ,forwards1 ,i can quickly reduce it ,backwards3 ,if it tends to either ,side1 ,i can directly move it to its ,center4 ,and thus1 in short1 ,i hope ,i may be allow'd gently and gradually to restore the ,,womb to its ,natural ,place and ,posture1 how ,preternaturally and ,obliquely soever its ,situation may happen to be disorder'd4 ,,now ,this being so successfully done1 ,i can1 in fine1 assure and secure any ,lying-in-,woman1 that her ,,womb is both duly purg'd1 and naturally shut again as it ought to be2 which ,i take to be the greatest ,satisfaction the ,,child-,,bed-,,woman can conceive in her ,condition4 ,whereas1 ,,iv4 ,,they who leave all these ,things to mere ,,nature1 risque their ,,patient',s future ,welfare1 and very often her ,life too1 as innumerable ,tragical ,examples witness3 ,for ,,nature itself most particularly requires our special ,assistance in this ,case4 ,but 7according to their indifferent ,notions7 it is ,time enough to assist ,,nature1 when it is found ,deficient2 and then1 in ,case of ,,extremity1 they unanimously agree that there is no other way to help or save the ,woman's ,,life1 but by this ,,method of ,manual ,operation4 ,to which ,i answer1 that ,,nature operates not in an ,instant1 but 7in all ,cases7 requires a competent ,time1 to discharge its respective ,functions2 and being left too long to itself1 for want of ,help1 is many a-time 7by intervening ,accidents7 found at last ,incapable3 ,upon which1 then ,they1 beginning their ,endeavours to second it1 generally come too late4 ,for if the ,case does not prove to be past all ,remedy1 it is at least 7by this ,protraction of ,time7 often rendred not only difficult1 but also desperate2 as will evidently appear in the ,case in hand1 from what follows1 viz4 ,i4 ,,while ,they 7conformable to the general and universal ,practice of common ,,midwives7 expect the ,performance of ,,nature1 or the ,success of their trifling ,means1 in the mean time1 the ,orifice of the ,,womb is so closely shut up1 that in the space of an ,hour or two1 it cannot be penetrated1 without renovating the most severe racking ,,pains to the ,woman1 who 7perhaps7 has been sufficiently spent before1 by the ,,delivery of her ,,infant1 and is now consequently incapable of standing out the renew'd ,,pangs3 whereby of course ,she must succumb at last1 and give up the ,ghost1 for want of ,timely ,help2 as innumerable ,instances confirm for an undeniable ,truth4 ,but1 ,,ii4 ,,supposing the ,woman to be able to undergo the ,,pains1 yet the ,,womb is however contracted1 and the ,,secundine bound so close up1 that this ,body1 which before adher'd ,cake-ways to its ,bottom in a smooth and broad ,form1 is now so squeez'd into a small and long ,figure1 that it is even now a ,difficulty next to ,impossible1 to reach the ,bottom of the ,,womb1 and still a harder ,task to extract an entire ,secundine1 without prejudicing the ,,womb4 ,,iii4 ,,they who altogether neglect ,manual ,operation1 may 7,i confess7 sometimes deliver their ,,woman1 when ,success accidentally answers their ,,wish3 ,but without this ,mean1 they cannot possibly restore a prolaps'd1 fallen-down1 or an obliquely situated ,,womb1 to its natural ,position4 ,no1 to the ,contrary1 ,nothing is more common among ignorant unwary ,,midwives1 than to invert and draw down the ,bottom of the ,,womb itself1 by pulling the ,navel-,string1 as they foolishly intend by means of it only to extract the ,,secundine4 ,neither does the ,mischief always end here1 but mistaking this ,body1 when so found by their ,,touch1 they immediately imagine it to be the ,head of another ,,infant2 and persevering in this false ,conjecture1 they manifestly expose the poor ,,woman to the ,hazard of her ,life4 ,neither1 ,,iv4 ,,possibly can ,they1 without the ,use of the ,,hand1 so cleanse the ,,womb of the ,reliques of the ,,secundine1 which may stick up and down to the ,,womb2 or of the ,pieces or ,parts of the ,membranes1 which may remain there2 or of the clotted ,blood1 which commonly stays behind4 ,from hence therefore it necessarily follows1 that 7without the ,means of the ,,hand7 ,they cannot be ,positive or ,certain in any ,circumstance1 relating to the ,true ,state of the ,woman4 ,they can neither assure ,herself1 nor those concern'd1 that her ,,womb is duly purged2 if 7perchance7 of the ,,secundine1 which they may guess at by the ,sight1 yet not of the ,fragments of the ,membranes1 nor of the clotted ,blood1 which they can never be certain of1 but by this ,,method4 ,i mention these ,things1 because the least ,part of ,,either being retain'd1 or left ,behind in the ,,womb1 may cost the ,,woman her ,life1 as innumerable ,precedents do testify4 ,nor1 ,v4 ,,can they possibly secure the ,woman1 that her ,,womb is duly shut and contracted2 much less can they 7without these ,means7 affirm that it is orderly situated in its proper natural ,,center3 ,by the ,neglect or ,fault of which ,condition1 she is not only rendred ,barren afterwards1 but also most infirm all the ,days of her ,life4 ,,but notwithstanding how plain and easy soever1 ,i have endeavour'd to make out the above-mention'd ,,method1 ,i would over and above recommend ,it only to the judicious and well-qualify'd ,,midwife2 by no ,means to those that are ignorant in the ,parts of ,,generation1 nor to any stiff clumsy-fisted ,person3 ,and that for the ,two following ,reasons2 viz4 ,i4 ,,lest the ,,string 7by some ,accident or other7 should break1 and she1 missing this ,guide to the ,,secundine1 should take ,one ,part for ,another1 and consequently dislodge the ,,womb instead of the ,,after-,,birth2 which has undoubtedly often happen'd by such blind ,,doings1 notwithstanding this very remarkable ,difference between ,them1 that the ,,secundine distinguishes itself from the ,other1 by a great many little ,inequalities on the ,outside1 occasion'd by the ,,roots of the ,umbilical ,vessels4 ,and1 ,,ii4 ,,lest she should unwarily either break1 tear1 or scratch the ,,womb1 with her thick1 fleshy1 rough1 and rigid ,,hand1 or with her stiff and crooked ,,fingers3 ,either of which ,accidents1 may give ,,origin to various ,misfortunes2 such as a ,,prolapsus1 or ,falling-down1 a preternatural ,flooding1 an ,inflammation1 or ,gangrene1 c4 ,,but we will now1 in fine1 suppose that the ,ingenuous ,,midwife has after ,all discharged her faithful ,duty in these ,respects1 with ,care1 ,lenity1 and good ,conduct1 as well as with great ,art and ,judgment3 ,in which ,case1 it only remains1 that she take the necessary and usual ,care of the ,,child-,,bed-,,woman and ,,infant2 as hereafter will be directed in the respective ,chapters of ,,section ,v,ith1 to come4 ,,in the mean ,time1 these curious ,things being thus amply premised in this ,place1 the ,,reader has no more superfluous ,repetitions to expect concerning them in the following ,performance3 ,and therefore with these ,preliminaries ,i conclude my ,fourth ,,section4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,sect4 ,v4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of ,,birth4 ,,man's appointed ,time may as reasonably allude to his ,,birth1 as to his ,,death3 ,his ,days and his ,months 7mentioned by holy ,,job#aeh7 being as much determin'd1 naturally speaking1 in the ,one1 as in the other ,case4 ,,the ,,infant thus being thoroughly ripen'd1 and arrived to full ,perfection of ,,maturity1 the ,hour approaches1 in which it scorns any longer ,confinement to such narrow ,bounds4 ,for the ,animal ,spirits being discontented1 for want of due ,liberty and free ,motion2 the ,vitals1 for want of ,refrigeration and ,refreshment2 and the ,natural ,spirits1 for want of sufficient ,respiration and ,nutrition3 ,they all concur to make a ,commotion1 and 7as it were7 a victorious ,revolt or an ,effort pushing for ,,conquest4 ,,the ,,infant being thus irritated1 immediately shakes off its ,fetters1 breaks the ,ligaments1 rents the ,membranes1 thrusts through the ,enclosures1 and makes its most vigorous ,attempts to enlarge itself from the ,prison of the ,,womb1 into that of the ,,world4 ,,which ,enlargement depends very much indeed upon ,,nature1 but more particularly on the ,strength and ,vigour of the ,,infant1 seconded by a peculiar ,faculty of the ,,womb1 that by degrees is drawn-in to ,consent1 and ,endeavour to dislodge and expel its troublesome and obstreperous ,,guest4 ,,now the ,,infant1 during the whole ,time of ,gestation1 adhering to the ,,womb1 by the ,umbilicals1 as the ,fruit does to the ,,tree by the ,stalks1 upon this ,occasion distends the ,,womb1 and having valiantly turn'd itself1 breaks the ,membranes1 and dissolves the ,acetabula3 ,when also the ,orifice of the ,,womb is competently open'd2 and ,that 7in ,avicenna's memorable ,words#aei7 at the ,command of the great ,,god4 ,upon ,this the ,waters flow2 the ,umbilicals parting from the ,,womb and their proper ,vessels1 and the ,veins and ,arteries of the ,,secundine severing themselves1 in like manner2 ,as ripe ,fruit1 or the ,leaves of ,,trees in ,autumn fall-off naturally1 or break from their proper ,stalks4 ,,thus the ,,womb1 exerting its extensive and expulsive ,faculties1 excludes the ,legitimate ,,infant3 ,to which great ,work also1 the ,painful ,labours1 and ,labouring ,pangs of the ,,mother 7in the manner they happen with the contracted ,spirits1 depress'd ,midriff1 and compress'd ,muscles of the ,,abdomen7 contribute not a little ,help4 ,and1 in short1 this stupendous ,work or ,action is called ,,birth2 and is nothing else1 but an ,exclusion of the mature ,,child4 ,,which ,,birth proceeds either from ,causes of the ,,infant1 or from ,causes of the ,,womb3 ,of the ,,infant1 because through the strict ,confinement of a narrow ,place1 and ,defect#afj of ,aliment1 and ,refrigeration1 ,it kicks and spurns for its ,,exit3 ,of the ,,womb1 because about that ,time1 being overloaded and aggrieved by the ,bulk and ,weight of the ,,child1 it endeavours1 by its own expulsive ,faculty1 to disburthen itself1 and propel or drive it forth to the utmost of its ,power4 ,for---- ,,as it is the proper ,function of the ,,stomach1 to eject the noxious ,humours by ,vomit1 and deject the ,natural ,excrements into the ,,intestines2 as it is also the ,office of the ,,rectum to evacuate the ,fces2 as likewise the ,profusion of the ,urine is the ,action of the ,,bladder2 as again the ,extrusion of all fuliginous ,matters is the ,work of the ,,heart and ,,lungs2 and as1 at last1 the ,effusion of the ,genital ,,seed 7in ,venery7 is the ,operation of the ,virile ,,testicles3 ,so the ,exclusion of the ,mature ,,foetus is the ,eighth#afa and last proper ,action of the ,,womb2 which is justly deem'd the only ,primary ,agent and ,active ,cause of ,,birth1 as the excluded ,,foetus is the ,passive4 ,,but this ,,birth is not always ,uniform2 for as it differs in ,time1 so it does also in ,manner3 ,from hence we have with respect to the ,,time1 ,legitimate and ,illegitimate ,,births1 which being already discuss'd#afb1 ,i shall resume nothing by way of ,repetition in this ,place3 ,and with respect to the ,,manner1 we have also two general ,,sorts1 namely1 ,natural and ,preternatural ,,births2 which together with their particular ,branches1 ,i am now to enter upon1 without any farther ,digression4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of ,natural ,,births4 ,,by a ,natural ,,birth1 ,i mean nothing else1 but that which is perform'd without any ,,art or ,artificial ,means2 which ,,birth 7of itself7 strictly observes the ,order and ,appointment of ,nature3 ,that is1 in the ,,infant's coming ,head foremost1 ,face downwards1 ,arms following1 extended 7along the ,sides7 strait upwards1 towards the ,thighs4 ,,hippocrates's ,reason#afc1 in short1 for the ,,child's thus turning and presenting itself1 is very good2 viz4 ,because of all the ,parts1 the ,,head is the ,heaviest about the ,time of ,,birth1 as appears more at large from ,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #aj4 ,,but besides this ,argument1 ,i believe ,wise ,nature has also order'd it thus2 because ,this indubitably is the most safe and easy ,manner of ,,exition both for the ,mother and ,infant3 ,insomuch that by all other ,methods of ,,extraction1 ,one or the ,other1 and sometimes ,both ,lives are1 or may be1 endanger'd1 if not very dextrously perform'd1 according to the best ,laws of ,art and ,judgment1 as by and by will more manifestly appear4 ,,but because ,i have generally observ'd most ,authors to treat promiscuously of ,,births1 not only accounting some1 which are really ,natural1 to be ,preternatural2 but also both handling and writing of them as such1 only because attended with some difficult ,circumstances3 ,i shall 7in this place7 take ,leave to make an agreeable ,distinction betwixt the different ,sorts of ,natural ,,births1 in order to make every thing the more clear and obvious to the ,conception of the ,,reader4 ,upon which ,account therefore1 ,i shall reduce ,these to two ,heads1 and that under the ,,titles of ,natural ,easy1 and ,natural ,difficult ,,births4 ,,the ,,first of which ,i include in this ,chapter2 but because in this ,case 7which ,i call a ,natural ,easy ,,birth71 ,nature alone always performs the ,work1 without any ,help of ,,art or ,artful ,means2 and because also the ,,midwife 7upon this ,occasion7 has but little or nothing to do1 save only to observe the concluding ,chapters of the last preceding ,,section2 and upon receiving the ,,child1 immediately to manage and provide both for the ,,mother and the ,,infant according to their several ,necessities1 as hereafter shall be inculcated in the respective ,chapters of the next following ,,section3 ,i say1 for these ,reasons1 ,i have no ,room here to insist farther on this present ,,head2 wherefore ,i proceed in course to the ,,second ,sort of these ,,births4 ,namely---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of ,natural ,difficult ,,births4 ,,tho' indeed every difficult ,expulsion of the ,,infant1 from whatsoever ,cause it may proceed1 is verily a ,difficult ,,birth2 yet ,i shall here distinguish a difficult ,one from a preternatural ,,birth2 not only that ,i may thereby1 the better avoid the ,confusion which others have led themselves into1 by treating of ,,both promiscuously1 but also that my ,method may tend the more to the peculiar ,benefit and ,advantage of the ,ingenious ,,reader4 ,,wherefore ,i call that a ,difficult ,,birth2 where1 notwithstanding the ,figure and ,dimensions of the ,,child1 answer in all respects to its proper natural ,posture1 in a ,perpendicular ,,womb1 duly situated1 yet the ,exclusion of the ,,infant1 is retarded1 by some certain ,opposition or ,difficulty4 ,from hence proceeds the real ,difference between ,this and the ,natural ,easy ,,birth1 forasmuch as ,this always requires less or more skilful ,assistance1 according to various ,circumstances1 and ,that but ,little or none at all4 ,,now the ,causes of ,difficult ,,births are very various1 and according to the ,nature of them1 ,this sometimes proves equally as dangerous as the ,preternatural2 but when so it happens1 ,i have commonly observed the ,fault to be1 for the most ,part wholly owing to the arrogant ,,midwife1 who either knew not how to remove the ,cause and facilitate the ,,birth herself1 or delay'd applying betimes to some ,abler ,person1 for the ,relief and ,safety of her ,labouring ,,woman4 ,,hence arises a ,fundamental ,,maxim1 which ,i would lay down for a memorable ,rule to all such ,,ignorants2 that no ,,midwife ought to keep a ,,woman in this ,condition under her ,hands 7especially in a ,place where extraordinary ,help is to be had7 any longer1 than she finds the ,advances of ,,birth answer to the ,proportion of ,time spent about it3 ,but forthwith she ought to deliver her up to the ,care of the more ,skilful and ,judicious ,practiser in this ,,art4 ,in which ,case1 of ,compliance and ,condescension1 she is to be highly commended for her tender ,care1 and cautious ,concern2 whereas upon acting contrary to this good ,rule out of ,pride or ,obstinacy1 and the fatal ,accident ensuing1 ,i have known the ,,midwife to have been try'd for her ,life in the ,city of ,venice4 ,,but that ,i may render every thing ,plain and ,easy to the ,apprehension of the weakest ,,reader1 by reason that the ,causes of ,difficult ,,births are both different and numerous1 ,i shall again reduce them to ,two ,,classes2 namely1 ,external and ,internal3 ,the ,external1 ,i shall include in the next following ,chapter2 but the ,internal ,causes1 requiring a more ,curious and ,extensive ,dilucidation1 may 7,i hope7 be pertinently divided into a ,three-fold ,difference2 viz4 ,causes of the ,,mother1 of the ,,infant1 and of the ,,passages2 which ,i propose to handle particularly1 all in their due ,order4 ,but ,first1 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of ,difficult ,,births1 proceeding from ,external ,causes4 ,,in all difficult ,cases1 the ,,cure or ,remedy chiefly depends upon the certain ,knowledge of the ,nature of the ,case1 and the ,cause of the ,difficulty3 ,since 7according to ,celsus#afd1 that noble ,roman ,physician7 it is not to be suppos'd that ,he should know how to remedy ,diseases1 who knows not their ,original ,causes4 ,,for as in other ,cases1 so also in ,,midwifery1 the ,cause being known1 the ,difficulty is easily remov'd2 but especially when it only proceeds from ,external ,causes1 it requires no great ,,art1 save only the ,,midwife',s particular ,notice and discreet ,animadversion4 ,,as1 ,,first1 for ,instance1 in ,case of any ,difficulty1 occasion'd by an ,intemperature1 or inclement ,constitution of ,,weather and ,,air2 the more adverse or inclement the ,,weather is1 the more tender ,care ought to be taken of the ,labouring ,woman3 ,namely1 in ,,summer1 when the ,heat scorches so much as to dissipate the ,woman's ,strength1 she ought to ,,labour in a ,ground-,chamber backwards1 which may be strewed 7for the ,purpose7 with ,vine or ,willow-,leaves1 ,rose-,water1 and a little ,vinegar2 as it is customary in hot ,countries4 ,,in ,,winter1 when the ,cold pinches so as to condense and astringe the ,,womb and the ,passages1 she ought to ,,labour in an ,upper-,room1 kept moderately warm with one continued ,fire2 the ,,midwife rubbing gently the ,hypogastrick and ,ischiatick ,regions every now and then with hot ,cloathes4 ,,in ,,spring and ,,fall1 when parching dry ,weather1 with ,north and ,east ,winds most abound1 the ,,midwife ought not only to rub these ,inferiour ,regions with hot ,cloaths2 but also to qualify the ,influences of the ,siccid ,,air1 by anointing the ,passages with proper ,unguents4 ,a ,,second ,external ,cause may proceed from the ,passions of the ,will or ,mind1 as it often does from ,fear and ,despair1 ,dejection and ,pusillanimity3 ,in which ,case1 it is the ,,midwife's ,duty to encourage her ,,woman by the ,hopes of a ,speedy ,,delivery1 and doing well under ,,god's ,blessing4 ,when the ,cause arises from ,anger or ,sorrow1 these are to be assuaged by the repeated ,christian ,exhortations1 and ,friendly ,admonitions of the ,,midwife and ,,gossips4 ,when it comes from ,pride and ,obstinacy1 as has been the ,case of some ,lofty ,women2 who 7deeming themselves too good1 to be treated after the common ,course of ,mankind7 have refused to undergo or permit the proper ,means1 absolutely necessary for their own ,relief2 ,,this ought to be severely check'd by the ,company1 especially by the nearest ,friends2 the ,,midwife 7by proper ,remonstrances7 convincing her to her ,shame of her obstinate ,,sin4 ,when it proceeds1 in fine1 from ,bashfulness or too strict a ,modesty1 she may be justly reprehended of ,folly2 for no ,woman of good ,,sense 7how ,modest and ,virtuous soever7 will expose her own ,life or her ,,infant's to ,danger1 for the trifling ,fancies or ,caprices of her own vain ,imagination1 especially in a ,case where like things happen to ,all equally of ,flesh and ,blood4 ,,but when it happens to proceed from the ,woman's being ill-affected1 or owing a private ,grudge or ,hatred to any in the ,company1 7as ,i once knew it to be the ,cause of a difficult and lingring ,,birth7 ,she ought to speak her ,mind freely1 at least to her ,,midwife2 who ought to give the ,person civil ,notice to retire forthwith1 for certain ,reasons1 c4 ,a ,,third ,external ,cause of a difficult ,,birth may proceed from a wrong ,position1 or other sinistrous ,methods taken to assist the ,,woman3 ,in which ,case1 such ,inconveniencies are to be alter'd1 and better ,measures practis'd2 for thus the ,cause being removed1 the ,,birth differs in ,nothing from ,that of the ,natural ,easy ,case4 ,,whence ,i come1 in the next ,place1 to speak of ,difficult ,,births1 proceeding from ,internal ,causes2 and because they are ,three-fold1 as has been before observed1 ,i shall assign them as many respective ,chapters1 treating of ,each in their due ,order1 as mentioned4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of ,difficult ,,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,,mother4 ,,in this 7as in the former ,case7 the ,,midwife must use her most acute and nicest ,judgment1 to find out the particular ,cause of the ,difficulty4 ,which being done1 ,i4 ,,if ,she finds it arises from the ,,woman's being too ,young1 or too ,old1 of her first ,child1 or too ,lean at last2 she is to anoint the ,passages with proper ,unguents1 which ought to be done some time before1 as well as in the ,hour of ,,labour3 ,when she is likewise to employ her subtile ,hand1 in assisting and augmenting the ,dilatation of the ,orifice2 as is requisite also in ,case of the ,,woman being too ,fat or ,gross4 ,,ii4 ,,if the ,,woman be too small1 short1 crooked1 or misshaped1 not having a ,breast strong enough to forward and bear down her ,,pains2 or if she be over tender1 sensible1 and apprehensive of ,,pain2 or too weak1 and not able to contribute or assist by her own forcing ,endeavours2 or short-winded1 and not capable to constrain her ,spirits downwards3 ,in all these ,cases she is to be kept upright1 for the more free ,respiration1 as well as for encreasing her ,,pains1 standing or walking about the ,room1 according to her ,strength1 being supported under her ,arms1 and not put to ,,bed until at least the ,,waters are broke4 ,but1 in the mean ,time1 the weak and tender ,,woman ought to be now and then comforted and refreshed with fresh soft ,eggs1 good ,broths1 ,jellies1 a little ,wine and ,toast1 a little ,wine and ,water1 or such like convenient ,things1 as well as with the ,hopes of a speedy ,,delivery4 ,,iii4 ,,when the ,,pains are not ,natural or ,genuine2 but ,spurious1 ,faint and ,languid2 or ,shifting and ,tergiversant2 such are to be assuaged by proper ,lenitives and ,anodynes2 which being regularly done1 the ,genuine ,pains may be excited by proper ,clysters1 and divers other ,means4 ,but ,i would advise none to a ,profuse ,use of ,,medicines in such ,cases1 since ,i well know that many a ,,woman has lost her ,life by using dolorifick ,medicines1 prescribed by imprudent ,,midwives1 without considering1 or so much as knowing the true ,circumstances of the ,condition3 ,whereas in most ,cases1 by the ingenious ,motion of an ,experienc'd ,hand only1 the ,,pains may be sufficiently awaken'd1 and the ,,birth safely promoted4 ,,iv4 ,,when the ,difficulty proceeds from the ,debility of the ,,womb1 or its ,expulsive ,faculty1 not being able or capable to ,exclude the ,,infant1 because of a more strong and valid ,retentive ,power3 ,in this ,condition1 if there be no evident ,external ,cause to be obviated1 it depends chiefly upon the ,subtile ,hand of the ,,midwife1 to assist the ,,womb in its ,function2 and otherways the ,,patient is only to be treated as in the ,case of the weak and tender ,,woman above-mentioned4 ,v4 ,,when the ,,woman is taken with any ,acute ,disease1 the ,,birth is to be prompted by all safe ,means2 and if a ,natural ,,delivery does not presently succeed1 an ,artificial one must 7without ,loss of ,time7 be undertaken4 ,as in the ,case of immoderate and continual ,floodings1 with concomitant ,convulsions1 which always proceed from the ,separation of the ,,secundine 7either in whole or in part7 from the ,,womb1 and happen many different ways1 as already mentioned at large#afe4 ,,in these ,cases1 especially if the ,,secundine is found 7by the ,,touch7 at the ,orifice1 there is no ,hope of ,stopping them by any other ,means1 than by delivering the ,,woman2 which now the sooner done1 the better 7for saving two ,lives7 and that whether at full time of ,reckoning or not4 ,but this ,operation1 ,i conceive1 is to be most discreetly ,undertaken in the manner following1 viz4 ,,the ,woman is to be placed in ,,bed1 with the ,upper and ,lower ,part of her ,body almost equal1 then the ,,midwife is gently and gradually to introduce her ,fingers into the ,orifice1 dilating it cautiously with one or two1 until she can enter them ,all2 when opening the ,,matrix by ,degrees1 she gets in her ,whole ,hand1 and thereby first carefully tears the ,membrane with her ,nails1 if the ,,waters are not previously broke3 ,then she puts her ,hand in the same ,membrane to the ,,infant's ,feet1 seeking them in their ,place1 where they are to be found1 when they don't present themselves at ,first3 ,because1 the ,hold by the ,,feet being ,better1 it is more easy to deliver by ,them1 in this ,case1 than by the ,,head1 or any other ,part4 ,after this the ,,feet being found1 the ,,child is easily turn'd1 as long as the ,,womb is loose and slippery1 and the ,humours not quite flown off2 which being nicely done1 the ,,feet are to be drawn out both together1 if possible2 but if otherways1 they must be drawn down separately1 with great ,caution3 ,and so being conjoin'd or held fast together1 they are to be drawn forward with one ,hand1 whilst the other is circumspectly thrust towards the ,knees or ,buttocks of the ,,child1 in order thereby to turn also the whole ,body of the ,,infant1 so that its ,face1 ,belly1 and ,toes may tend downwards towards the ,,rectum4 ,,in this ,posture the ,,child may be gently and gradually extracted with ,ease2 next the ,,secundine must be fetch'd away in its ,turn1 and lastly the ,,womb is to be thoroughly cleans'd of all heterogeneous ,bodies1 as formerly directed#aff4 ,and thus the ,,womb 7having yielded up its ,contents7 immediately contracts1 by which ,,means of divine ,appointment1 the ,vessels close and shut firmly1 and consequently the ,,flux ceases1 together with all the concomitant ,,symptoms4 ,,but it is to be well remembred1 that this ,operation ought to be timely perform'd2 that is1 before the ,,woman has lost too much ,blood1 or is too much spent2 in which ,condition such a painful ,attempt would but accelerate her ,death4 ,as to her ,regimen next1 upon this melancholy ,occasion1 ,she must be duly provided for beforehand1 that she may be able to undergo and stand out such an extream difficult ,,delivery2 and afterwards1 that she may recruit her ,spirits1 and retrieve her exhausted ,strength3 ,for which ,purposes1 she ought to be supplied from time to time with some good ,broths1 ,jellys1 and a little generous ,wine1 smelling continually ,rose-,vinegar1 and applying repeated warm ,toasts dipt in ,wine 7in which ,cinnamon has been infus'd or boil'd7 to the ,region of her ,,heart1 as also ,napkins dipt in a ,mixture of ,water and ,vinegar about her ,,reins1 in order for turning the ,course of the ,,flux4 ,,these ,things being all duly and artfully perform'd1 the ,,patient 7under ,god7 will soon recover and be in ,statu quo4 ,now ,these1 in short1 are all the principal and most common ,causes of difficult ,,births proceeding from the part of the ,,mother2 which being thus discussed with all ,brevity1 ,i go on to---- ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of ,difficult ,,births proceeding from ,causes of the ,,infant4 ,,it sometimes also happens1 that the ,difficulty in ,,labour arises from the ,,infant3 ,and that ,,first when ,two or ,more strive for ,priority in ,,birth4 ,,now this ,condition the ,,midwife can no otherways distinguish or discover1 but by the ,,touch2 and when the one is more forward than the other1 'tis not to be done or known1 until she has even touch'd the very ,fund of the ,,womb3 ,because sometimes it so happens1 that ,one ,,child has its ,hands and ,feet so intermix'd1 that whatever way ,she turns her ,hand1 she finds ,legs or ,arms1 ,hands or ,feet1 which often deceives ,,midwives1 believing there are ,,twins4 ,but in this perplex'd ,case the most sure and only certain ,sign1 is1 when she feels two ,heads or two ,backs2 for then she cannot be ,mistaken1 since one ,body cannot have two ,heads1 unless it be a ,,monster1 which may be soon discover'd by feeling if the double ,head be fix'd to one and the same ,body4 ,,but in the ,case of ,,twins or more ,children 7as long as they come right7 the ,,delivery is perform'd1 as if the ,woman had but ,,one1 in the ,natural ,case already ,stated2 so that ,i shall repeat or recapitulate ,nothing of what ,i have said1 only that the ,,after-,,birth1 or ,,births are not to be touch'd1 until all the ,,children are ,born3 ,upon which drawing gently the ,navel ,strings 7in their ,turns7 with the ,one ,hand1 the ,other brings them forth easily and orderly2 as is set forth more fully in ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ah4 ,a ,,second difficult ,,labour may proceed from the ,weakness and ,debility of the ,,infant1 or from its being too ,small-grown2 in which ,case1 both the ,,woman and the ,,midwife are to use their best mutual ,endeavours to promote the ,,birth1 since the ,,child can do little or nothing for itself1 and the ,less it is1 the less it is affected with the ,,throws of the ,mother1 and the less ,impression her ,impulses make upon it3 ,whereupon ,nature is to be assisted in this weak ,condition by all convenient ,means1 whereof ,,that of the ,agile or ,nimble ,hand is the most effectual4 ,a ,,third difficult ,,birth may proceed from the ,,infant's being too ,big2 ,in which ,place ,i must previously apprize the ,,reader1 that ,i no ways mean a ,,monster or ,hydropical ,,child1 but only ,one full1 well1 or ,big-grown1 which is only reckoned too ,big in regard of the ,maternal ,passages1 which may be too ,small in ,proportion4 ,,in this ,case1 there is an absolute ,necessity for ,manual ,assistance1 since the ,,pains 7however penetrating or forcible7 cannot effect the ,work4 ,but and if the ,,infant is fallen down 7well turn'd7 into the ,,pelvis1 the ,,midwife using her best and most skilful ,endeavours to dilate the ,passages below near the ,,os ,,coccygis1 the ,,child may be easily brought forth 7without any dangerous ,instrument7 by her dextrous ,hand only accomplishing the ,work4 ,in the mean ,time1 however1 it is to be minded always1 that ,this is still more safely and commodiously done by the ,,feet1 than by the ,,head1 after carefully dilating the ,,os ,,coccygis1 taking this ,opportunity in the beginning of the ,,labour1 before the ,,infant is too much press'd down into the ,,pelvis4 ,,now these are1 in fine1 the most common ,causes on the ,part of the ,,infant1 whence ,i come to touch upon difficult ,,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,passages2 which1 because they are various1 ,i subdivide into a ,fivefold ,diversity2 viz4 ,difficult ,,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,,membranes1 from ,causes of the ,,pelvis1 from ,causes of the ,,bones of the ,,pelvis1 from ,causes of the ,,bladder and ,,rectum1 and from ,causes of the ,,vagina3 ,and because all these require to be singularly explain'd1 and particularly insisted upon1 ,i shall assign them as many respective ,chapters4 ,and ,first---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of ,difficult ,,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,,membranes4 ,,such ,difficulties as ,these1 in ,,birth1 may arise1 ,,first from the ,strength and ,firmness of the ,,membranes2 when they happen to be so gross1 callous1 or thick1 that the ,,infant cannot easily break through them4 ,in this ,case1 when the ,,midwife finds the ,orifice of the ,,womb sufficiently dilated1 for the ,circumference of the ,,head1 and the ,,child so forward in the ,passage1 that it is ready for ,,birth1 and only impeded by the rigid or stiff ,,membrane2 then she has just ,authority to break it gently with her ,nails and ,fingers2 taking ,care in the ,,act not to draw the ,,membrane towards her1 because thereby the ,,secundine 7of which the ,,membrane1 tho' distinguish'd from the ,,placenta1 is in ,effect1 but the ,thinner ,part7 would be untimely separated from the ,,womb1 and the ,,infant undone1 unless presently ,born4 ,,but the ,,midwife1 after ,all1 must always remember1 not to attempt ,this1 before these mentioned ,signs are obvious to her ,,touch2 otherways the ,,waters being too soon discharged1 the ,,child is left behind1 the ,passages grow dry1 and that which might have been an ,easy and ,speedy1 proves a ,difficult and ,lingring ,,birth4 ,,and the self-same ,consequences arise from the ,weakness and ,tenuity of the ,,membranes2 when they are so thin and soft1 that they break1 and the ,,waters 7which are destin'd to lubricate and moisten the ,passages7 flow before their ,time3 ,in both which ,cases1 the ,office of the ,,waters must be supply'd by proper ,fomentations1 and ,oils1 which 7however costly7 falls far short of the ,effect of what is so ,natural4 ,however1 in short1 neither of these ,conditions1 under the diligent ,hand of the expert ,,midwife1 can differ far from the ,case of an ,easy ,,birth1 as already defin'd2 wherefore ,i proceed regularly to---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of ,difficult ,,births1 proceeding from the ,causes of the ,,pelvis4 ,,difficult ,,births on part of the ,passages1 happen frequently1 because of some perverse ,form of the ,,pelvis1 in these ,respects2 as by its being either too ,large1 too ,narrow1 or too ,smooth4 ,but that ,i may be the better understood in this ,matter3 ,,first1 by a ,,pelvis too large1 ,i mean such an ,one1 as is so in comparison with the ,,womb or ,,infant2 in which ,condition1 as the ,womb can neither be firmly fix'd1 compactly inclos'd1 or duly supported1 so neither can the ,,head of the ,infant and the ,,waters be exactly depressed upon the ,orifice3 ,hence it often happens1 that 7besides the ,,midwife',s careful ,hand7 the ,privities are the best1 if not the only ,defence1 against both the ,,womb and the ,,child',s falling out of the ,body4 ,,secondly1 ,by a ,,pelvis too small1 ,i mean1 such an ,one as is so1 in ,consideration of the ,,size of the whole ,body2 in which ,condition1 the ,,infant commonly answering to that ,proportion1 its ,head can by no ,possibility pass thro' the ,,pelvis1 in a ,,womb well seated1 without great ,force1 by which ,means the ,,womb may be easily turn'd obliquely3 ,and thus consequently the ,smallness of the ,,pelvis1 may sometimes prove the ,cause of a ,preternatural1 as well as of a ,difficult ,,birth2 and not only so1 but also the ,death of both the ,,mother and ,,child may ensue thereupon1 unless timely deliver'd by an ,artful ,hand4 ,,thirdly1 ,by a ,,pelvis too smooth1 ,i mean such an ,one1 whose ,distance betwixt the ,,ossa ,,pubis and the prominent ,part of the ,,os ,,sacrum is too narrow2 in which ,condition1 tho' the ,,womb be well placed1 it cannot admit the ,head 7especially if large and well-grown7 without great ,difficulty3 ,and this smooth ,,pelvis may also very easily turn the ,,womb 7either way7 obliquely1 and consequently prove of the same dangerous consequential ,effect with the preceeding ,case4 ,,hence 7,i think7 it evidently appears1 how necessary it is that all ,,midwives should not only know the ,form and ,size of the ,,pelvis1 but also the ,situation and ,connexion of its ,,bones1 as already describ'd at large#afg1 that she may thereby the better distinguish the ,circumstances by plainly discerning the ,causes1 and judge accurately of the ,position of both the ,,womb and the ,,infant2 so that in the beginning of the ,,labour1 she may immediately discover how the ,,pelvis and its ,entrance is form'd1 whether ,large or ,narrow1 ,smooth or ,round4 ,,for this ,reason1 the first ,thing that the ,,midwife ought to do1 when she comes to a ,woman in ,,labour1 is to try by the ,,touch1 how all is circumstantiated1 with respect to these ,things2 and ,this is to be done before the ,,womb and the ,,child are fallen down into the ,,pelvis1 that she may contrive her ,work accordingly4 ,because sometimes the ,exclusion of the ,,infant1 is to be hoped for1 from the ,,pains only2 sometimes ,nature is to be prudently assisted2 sometimes there is an absolute ,necessity for extracting the ,,child 7without loss of ,time7 by an ,artful ,hand1 as will hereafter more clearly appear2 and sometimes again the same ,necessity obliges us to protract the ,,birth1 than we may save ,one or ,both ,lives3 ,as in the ,case of a smooth ,,pelvis1 the ,,os ,,pubis and the ,,vertebr of the ,,sacrum being but little distant1 the ,,child's ,head is stopped2 when if the ,,mother should labour much1 or endeavour to force an expeditious ,,birth1 its tender ,head 7of course7 must suffer in proportion2 ,or perhaps the ,,brain may break1 by so hard a ,pressure against the ,bones2 or1 finally 7which is worse7 it may be so closely squeez'd between the ,bones1 that both the ,,mother and the ,,infant may peradventure die1 before any ,,birth can possibly succeed or come happily into the ,world4 ,,but in this critical ,condition1 the ,,woman is to labour gently1 and bear her ,,pains 7how violent soever7 patiently2 the ,,midwife always directing the ,head1 at the same time by her safe ,hand1 into the larger ,space2 by which ,means at last1 it passes gradually through that narrow ,passage without the least ,danger4 ,,the same also is the ,condition when the ,,pelvis is too small or narrow2 for by the ,woman's labouring gently and deliberately1 the ,head is depressed softly into an oblique ,figure1 and passes easily by ,degrees3 ,whereas1 on the other hand1 if it is forced by ,violence1 it becomes flat and broad1 and consequently incapable of ,passing1 if not also dash'd to ,pieces1 as aforesaid4 ,,hence we clearly see1 how easily ,ignorance in this ,point1 may lead common ,,midwives into the grossest of ,mistakes2 ,for what is more ordinary with them1 even in all ,cases1 than to advise the ,,woman to strong ,labour1 and to force her to violent ,depressions3 ,insomuch that ,,some have ,arrogance enough to carry their ,,bottles or ,,powders about them1 of which they neither know the ,quality nor ,virtue2 taking them only as they are told 7by the confident ,,quacks or ,mercenary ,hands which vend them7 that they may encrease and promote the ,,pains of ,labour1 and ,this without having any regard to the ,form of the ,,pelvis1 or the ,position of either the ,,womb1 or the ,,infant4 ,,in short1 the mature ,consideration of this very ,,case1 was not the least ,motive which induced me to the ,,work in ,hand2 since ,i cannot but heartily commiserate so many fine delicate ,,women1 as are thus every day miserably handled1 tormented1 and exhausted1 by the preposterous ,management of such indiscreet and imprudent ,,midwives4 ,i may well say exhausted1 or worn-out2 ,this being too evident1 from the vast ,number of most beautiful ,women1 who1 by this ill-manag'd ,condition1 7notwithstanding they have all along heretofore1 enjoy'd a good ,state of ,health1 together with the ,affluence of other ,worldly ,blessings7 have been more dejected and broken both in ,complexion and ,constitution1 after one or two ,,births1 than some others 7judiciously and expertly delivered7 have been after ,twenty3 ,such is the great ,difference betwixt the unskilful ,hands or ,conduct of common ,,midwives1 and those ,dextrous ,,touches or ingenious ,operations of the more judicious ,andro-,boethogynists4 ,whence ,i come in ,course to---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,of ,difficult ,,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,bones of the ,,pelvis4 ,,the ,,reader may easily conceive1 by the way1 that these are neither to be made bigger or lesser by ,,art2 notwithstanding which1 by using them ,skilfully1 and treating them ,judiciously1 many a ,difficult ,,birth may not only be prevented1 but also many a ,,life saved1 as will manifestly appear from what follows4 ,,now the ,bones1 upon which the ,success of the ,,birth chiefly depends1 are the ,,os ,,coccygis1 and the ,point of the ,,sacrum2 which sometimes bend too much inwards1 and thereby obstruct and render the ,,passage so narrow1 that no ,,birth can possibly succeed4 ,and again1 ,it sometimes happens1 that the ,,infant falling down into the ,,pelvis1 and presenting itself ,head foremost1 is oppos'd and stopped there by the ,,os ,,coccygis3 ,as it also sometimes falls out1 that the ,shoulders stick fast against the ,edge of these ,,bones2 or the ,buttocks falling down and offering themselves first1 may be so fastened or affixed to them1 that they can never be extracted4 ,,these ,misfortunes may proceed from ,either of these two different ,causes2 viz4 ,either from the ,grossness or large ,size of these ,parts of the ,,infant1 or from the ,narrowness of the ,,pelvis1 occasion'd by an ill ,position of its ,bones1 particularly of the ,,os ,,coccygis2 which ,bone when the ,head cannot make it yield or move1 neither can it then possibly reach the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 to dilate it sufficiently3 ,and1 in short1 if the ,head cannot effect this essential ,point1 much less can the ,buttocks1 or any other ,part be supposed capable of doing it4 ,,but in all the above-mentioned ,cases1 ,i am sensible1 that most ,,midwives 7not knowing better7 ascribe the whole ,difficulty to the ,orifice of the ,,womb and the ,,vagina2 upon which they ignorantly fall atearing and dilating both the ,one and the ,other1 7never minding the ,point of the ,,sacrum72 and finding these ,orifices but little open'd1 notwithstanding the frequent ,repetition of very severe ,,pains1 they imagine that their substantial ,hardness or ,thickness is the only ,,cause3 ,so that therefore 7without regarding any adjacent ,part7 they go on violently dilacerating sometimes the ,mouth of the ,,womb1 and sometimes ,that of the ,,privities1 7as ,i have found it by ,experience7 quite to the ,,rectum4 ,for such is their ,stupidity in this ,condition of ,,life 7as ,daventer well observes7 that whilst they thus tear and rend the ,,woman to ,pieces in a manner1 they allow her to sit over and above with the ,point of the ,,os ,,sacrum1 upon her ,seat or ,bed2 or in some other wrong ,posture1 which so presses and confines the ,,os ,,coccygis at the same ,time1 that neither of these can move3 ,not minding at all that the chief ,pressures and ,impulses of the ,,head1 must first bear upon the ,,os ,,coccygis in order to remove it1 before it can effect the ,dilatation of the ,orifice or ,mouth of the ,,womb4 ,thus they spend the ,,woman's ,strength in vain1 break her ,spirits1 and ruin her ,constitution thro' ,ignorance2 whilst a capable ,person1 administring seasonable and judicious ,help1 according to the ,circumstances of the ,case1 refreshes ,nature1 renews ,strength1 gives ,courage1 and fills the 7otherways languishing and despairing7 ,,woman1 with ,hopes and ,assurances of a happy ,,delivery4 ,,in short1 the ,true ,method of ,delivering and helping the ,,woman conveniently1 in the different ,conditions contain'd in this ,chapter1 depends entirely upon repelling or thrusting back the ,point of the ,,os ,,sacrum1 together with the ,,os ,,coccygis4 ,i say 7therefore7 the whole ,point of the ,,os ,,sacrum1 and that ,fleshy ,part lying about it1 is to be thrust back and dilated1 so that the ,passage may be sufficiently opened for the ,,infant to pass through2 which patent ,dilatation is to be promoted by pressing also back the ,,os ,,coccygis4 ,now these ,things1 in short1 may be all done cautiously without creating any intense ,pain1 or the least ,damage2 and thus the obstructed ,passage being clear'd and open'd1 the ,,birth advances regularly of ,course1 and the ,,child is born with the greatest ,ease1 in the ,space of a few ,minutes3 ,whereas otherways 7without the ,use of these ,means7 both its ,own and the ,,mother's ,destiny may be precarious or uncertain after some ,days ,,labour4 ,,thus it is certain1 that by assisting a ,woman in ,,labour seasonably and skilfully1 her ,,pains are happily excited and encreased2 whereas1 on the contrary1 by imprudent ,treatment they unhappily cease and vanish1 to her great ,prejudice4 ,moreover1 daily ,experience teaches us1 that the very different ,,touching of ,things1 occasions different ,sensations2 and from thence it is1 that the dextrous ,,midwife knows by one way of ,,touching1 how to promote the ,,pains of ,labour2 and by another1 how to retard or put them off according as the ,necessity of the ,case requires2 which hereafter will appear more at large4 ,,but that we may more particularly satisfy such ,,midwives1 of our ,method of repressing these ,,bones1 and ,delivering the ,,woman in the abovesaid ,cases2 ,i must add1 that1 after placing the ,,patient in the most convenient ,posture for a ,,woman in ,labour1 as before fully enjoin'd#afh1 ,i would direct ,her to be supported by two ,women1 and mov'd so far off the ,,bed or ,,couch1 that the ,point of the ,,os ,,sacrum may be free to yield or give way backwards1 without any the least ,impediment3 ,then ,i would pass my whole ,hand at once 7being first well anointed or dipp'd in ,oil7 into the ,,vagina1 and from thence 7if the ,head will admit it7 into the ,,womb1 as occasion should require3 where1 upon opening my ,hand broad1 that it may press equally every where1 ,i turn the ,,palm upwards1 and the ,,back downwards against the ,,rectum1 and the ,,os ,,sacrum3 ,thus ,i extend my ,fingers as far as possible to the ,head1 thrusting it a little backwards1 rather than hinder my ,hand from being firmly placed against the ,,os ,,coccygis3 ,upon my ,hand being thus properly placed1 as soon as the ,,pain begins to threaten 7which ,i commonly perceive before the ,,woman7 ,i advise her1 to make good ,use of the approaching ,pains1 in order to ,labour mutually1 and depress with all her ,power1 promising her my most faithful ,assistance3 ,by which ,time1 as soon as the ,,pains have seiz'd her1 and she doing her ,part1 ,i press my ,,hand backwards1 first softly1 and by degrees more strongly1 against the ,point of the ,,sacrum1 bringing it at the same time gradually downwards1 that ,i may thereby make ,room for the ,head sliding the same way2 so that the more severe the ,,pains are1 the more ,i depress still1 and the harder ,i press down with ,effectual ,,pain1 the more vigorously and successfully the ,,woman is able to ,labour4 ,,thus ,i enlarge the ,passage with great ,moderation1 so that the ,,infant's ,head succeeds or follows my ,hand1 as ,i bring it by little and little back again2 and this adviseable ,method ,i would reiterate as often as the ,case should require1 always encouraging my ,,woman1 by the most obliging ,words3 ,upon which ,she suffering no ,,pain in vain1 finds immediate ,relief1 recovers her ,strength1 recollects her ,spirits1 and by jointly labouring her ,best with all her ,force and ,might1 at last produces her ,,child with ,comfort and ,satisfaction1 whilst ,i congratulate her upon the ,success of being a joyful ,,mother4 ,,but supposing by the way1 that the ,,infant offers its ,buttocks first1 they being neither so round nor hard as the ,,head1 ,i would then intrude all my ,fingers into the ,,womb more easily2 some of which 7or sometimes ,all7 ,i would pass into the ,orifice of the ,,womb under the ,buttocks as before into the ,,vagina4 ,now my ,,hand being placed there1 ,i intently observe the ,,pains as they come on2 then inviting the ,woman to ,labour1 ,i gradually press backwards as hard as ,i can conveniently1 drawing my ,,hand downwards as before3 ,but if in attracting it so1 the ,,hand should slide too much out of the ,,womb1 7which however ,i endeavour to prevent7 while the ,,pains are yet upon her2 then as soon as they are over1 ,i pass it up again1 that ,i may be ready against their ,return4 ,and this ,i would reiterate upon every ,,pain1 so that the ,,child 7guided by my ,,hand7 may slide down at every ,turn1 until at last the ,passage is so dilated1 that it may advance gradually with ease into the ,world4 ,,by these judicious ,means2 forcing back the ,,os ,,coccygis by the ,pressure of the ,,hand1 as the ,,pains come on1 ,i may not only dilate the ,passage1 and enlarge the ,orifice of the ,,womb2 but also upon retracting the ,,hand by degrees1 ,i can gradually attract the ,,child out of the ,,womb1 through the ,narrowness of the ,,pelvis3 ,and thus1 by this curious ,,art1 7which ,i take to be one of the chief ,points belonging to ,,midwifery7 ,i do fairly deliver the ,,woman1 who by no other ,means whatsoever1 could be preserved1 together with her ,,infant1 in all ,probability4 ,,however1 tho' ,i have candidly laid down this ,method1 7conformable to the ,doctrine of the most excellent and ingenious ,instructers7 yet ,i would not advise every coarse ,clumsy ,,hand to undertake it1 nor such as are not thoroughly acquainted with the ,parts of ,generation3 ,for this ,performance requires ,judgment and ,prudence1 as well as ,,art and ,experience4 ,but however yet in ,case of ,necessity1 where no ,extraordinary ,person's ,assistance can be had1 as it often happens in the ,country1 the ,ordinary ,,midwife ought not to neglect her ,duty3 nevertheless1 before she offers to attempt this piece of extraordinary ,skill1 she ought to be very certain that these ,,bones are the great ,impediment and ,difficulty of the ,delivery4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,x4 ,of ,difficult ,,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,,bladder and ,,rectum4 ,,difficulty in ,,birth may also proceed from the ,,bladder1 as 7in like manner7 it may from the ,,rectum or ,strait ,gut4 ,i4 ,,from the ,,bladder1 when affected with ,tumours1 ,ulcers1 or ,glands1 obstructing the ,passages2 which however is more frequently occasioned by ,stones lodged in the ,,bladder1 or in its ,neck3 ,in either of which ,conditions1 the ,,midwife1 by dilating the ,passage with a subtile ,,hand1 must repel the ,,os ,,coccygis according to ,,art 7as taught in the preceeding ,chapter7 that the ,,head in falling down1 may the less offend the ,,bladder4 ,,ii4 ,,the same ,difficulty may arise from the ,,rectum1 when it happens in the same ,manner1 to be affected with such obdurated ,glands1 ,tumours1 c4 for the ,consequence is the same in shutting up the ,passages3 ,in which ,case the ,,midwife is to depress gently such ,excrescences1 of what kind soever1 with her cautious ,,hand1 and consequently to dilate the ,passages by degrees 7how much soever obstructed7 for receiving the ,head of the ,,infant2 always having a respect to the affected ,parts1 and bearing no harder upon them than ,necessity requires4 ,,moreover sometimes it happens1 that the only ,difficulty in ,,labour proceeds from hardened ,excrements in this ,gut1 which may as effectually stop or shut up the ,passage1 as any thing else1 until duly voided and evacuated by one or more proper ,,clysters1 as ,occasion directs4 ,,but sometimes it also happens1 that such ,difficulties arise from the falling out of the ,fundament by the strong and violent ,,throws that the ,woman ,suffers in ,,labour3 ,in which ,condition1 if the ,,child is very forward in the ,passage1 before it happens1 it may be prevented by dissuading or hindering the ,,woman from ,labouring so vehemently2 but if it happen'd before that time1 it must be left so until the ,,birth be accomplished2 after which time1 it is to be put up exactly1 and reduced to its proper ,place1 in the same manner as the ,,womb might be 7in ,case of its ,prolapse1 as mentioned in the following ,chapter7 after duly fomenting and bathing it with proper ,applicatives3 advertising always to use no ,,clysters1 in time of ,,child-,,bed2 because such ,means would readily excite it again to a slippery ,relapse4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,of ,difficult ,,births proceeding from the ,causes of the ,,vagina4 ,,difficulty likewise in ,,labour may also arise from the ,,vagina1 or ,neck of the ,,womb2 this ,part being no less liable to the ,affection of ,tumours1 ,glands1 ,ulcers1 c4 than any ,other before-mentioned3 ,in ,either of which ,cases1 my above-mentioned ,method in the foregoing ,chapter1 shall suffice for the ,,midwife's ,instruction2 as also in ,case of an ,inflation or ,inflammation of the ,pudendum4 ,,but sometimes also this ,difficulty happens from the falling down of the ,,vagina2 which ,accident may as well precede as follow after the ,,birth1 and that by the ,orifice of the ,,womb pressing hard into that of the ,privities3 ,so that sometimes1 when the ,,membrane is broke1 the ,head of the ,,infant1 as well as the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 slides down so far1 as to hang out of the ,body2 whereby the stressed ,ligaments 7being too much relaxed7 give way to the falling down not only of the ,,vagina1 but also of the ,,womb it self4 ,,in this sad ,condition the ,,woman must keep her ,,bed1 and her ,body equally situated1 that either the fallen ,,vagina or ,,womb1 may recover and be immediately restored to its proper ,place2 which being done1 other ,matters may be easily prevented by the ,care and ,diligence of the prudent ,,midwife1 stopping and restraining the ,orifice of the ,,womb before it comes so far to that ,extremity3 ,wherefore she ought to keep it up in the ,,vagina 7as much as possible7 with her ,,hands1 until the ,,woman has happily extruded both the ,,child and the ,,after-,,birth4 ,,upon ,this afterwards1 she is to use her best ,endeavours1 to restore both the ,,womb and ,,vagina to their due ,situation2 laying the ,wrinkles ,smooth in their proper ,order1 not one upon another1 then placing the ,,woman conveniently in ,,bed1 with her ,head and ,shoulders declining1 ,exsiccant or drying ,,medicines are to be judiciously applied1 and ,strengthening or ,astringent ,fomentations often used2 whereby 7in good ,time7 both may be again confirmed in their proper ,natural ,places4 ,,now having thus1 in fine1 candidly explained the ,different ,causes of all ,difficult ,,births1 and carefully laid down the genuine ,methods of correcting and removing them1 and consequently of ,delivering the good ,,woman successfully in all such nice ,cases1 it remains now in ,course that ,i proceed to---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births4 ,,such ,,births1 7properly speaking7 are only ,preternatural1 which degenerate from the ,natural1 in respect either to the ,situation of the ,,infant1 or the ,,womb1 or of both these jointly3 ,such 7,i say7 may be well call'd ,preternatural1 because of the imminent ,danger that 7in these ,conditions7 threatens both the ,,mother and the ,,child4 ,,hence we find the ,difference between ,this and the ,natural ,,birth2 in as much as the ,one depends entirely upon ,,art1 and the ,other merely upon ,,nature3 ,in ,that the ,,infant is artificially extracted by the ,hand1 but in this it is naturally extruded by the ,,pains4 ,,hippocrates gives#afi us a ,two-fold-,cause or ,reason of a ,preternatural ,,birth2 to wit1 the ,amplitude of the ,,womb1 and the inordinate ,motion of the ,woman about the ,time of ,,labour3 ,who1 because of her afflicting ,,pains and great ,ailments1 keeps her ,body in a restless and unsteady ,posture1 throwing herself sometimes here1 and sometimes there1 sometimes on ,one side1 and sometimes on ,another through ,uneasiness4 ,by which means it cannot be otherways1 but that the ,,infant may be easily turn'd into some ,preternatural ,situation4 ,,and to ,these ,causes1 ,senertus1 ,rodericus ,castro1 c4 add the ,two following2 namely1 the ,solidity of the ,,membranes1 and the ,debility of the ,head of the ,,child3 ,because 7as they well observe7 when ,this is not strong enough to break through ,those1 the ,,infant endeavouring it otherways1 7with ,feet or ,hands7 may readily fall into some ,preternatural ,position4 ,,but because ,i find1 that ,preternatural ,,births deviate in different ,degrees1 and vary in many respects from the ,natural1 and that also according to a great ,variety of ,,causes 7no ways known to those most ,learned ,authors7 but only of late discovered2 ,i shall now again reduce the different ,species of ,preternatural ,,births to four ,classes2 namely1 ,preternatural ,,births on ,part of the ,,infant1 on ,part of the ,,womb1 on ,part of ,both those jointly1 and lastly on ,part of some intervening ,accidents4 ,,in treating of which1 ,i shall according to my best ,judgment1 state these respective ,,heads in due ,order1 and assign each its proper ,branches2 which ,i shall particularly discuss in brief ,terms1 for the ,facility and ,benefit of the ,candid ,,reader1 whether ,,man or ,woman-,midwife2 ,that they may 7by this plain and easy ,method7 be enabled the more readily to judge of1 and distinguish the several ,circumstances1 and consequently the better discharge their ,duties 7upon ,occasion7 to the ,comfort and ,satisfaction of those ,,patients concerned1 and the ,honour of their own ingenious ,profession4 ,,but before ,i enter upon ,these1 ,i would willingly in this place1 previously subjoin a ,word or two of ,advice 7by way of ,precaution7 to the ,young ,andro-,boethogynist3 ,which1 in short1 consists in this ,point1 that as it is the too common ,practice here in ,england1 for an obstinate ,,set of ,women to keep their ,labouring ,,patients so long under their own ,hands only1 until the very last ,extremity2 so ,i would not counsel him at that ,time1 when sent for1 upon such a ticklish ,occasion1 to go ,head-long to such a ,work1 nor to undertake the ,,delivery of such a ,woman1 before ,he makes some requisite ,observations3 ,and that ,i mean no ways because of any ,danger of the ,preternatural ,,birth which she labours under1 how difficult soever it may be2 but merely1 on account of the ,woman's exhausted ,strength and ,ability1 to undergo the respective ,operation in her weaken'd ,condition2 which ,i would very much question in most ,women1 after ,one1 ,two1 or ,three ,hours strong ,,labour1 and that in ,,some far sooner1 notwithstanding that others have been known to stand it out1 and struggle a much longer ,time4 ,,however1 be this as it will1 ,i commonly guess at the ,woman's ,state of ,ability1 not only by her ,,pulse1 if strong or weak1 unequal or intermitting2 by her ,,eyes1 if dejected2 by her ,,speech1 if faint2 by touching the ,,extremities of her ,body1 if frigid3 but also by some other ,,symptoms1 which infallibly appear1 if the ,woman be too far spent1 such as ,cold ,sweats1 ,swoonings1 ,convulsions1 ,loss of ,sense1 c4 ,whereupon ,i say in these ,cases1 it is more adviseable to let alone or decline the ,office1 than to undertake such a precarious uncertain ,piece of ,work2 because if the ,woman happens to die under his ,hand1 ,he may perhaps be 7however unjustly7 blam'd for the errant ,midwife's ,faults1 or at least ,he will scarce avoid the ,,censure of the ,ignorant and ,malevolous4 ,,yet this ,advice 7however wholesome and prudent7 is1 ,i confess1 what ,i would but seldom have ,recourse to1 or follow myself1 notwithstanding the worst ,consequences of the ,case2 since as long as there is ,life1 there is ,hope with me1 by the ,blessing of ,,god3 ,which tho' never so little1 ,i should think myself obliged in ,conscience to do what both ,,art and ,,nature command1 and rather in all ,conditions of ,,life to attempt an uncertain ,,cure#agj1 than abandon the ,distressed to certain ,,death1 as some ,politicians in ,physical ,affairs commonly do1 who prize their vain ,reputation above the ,,life of their ,neighbour4 ,but thus1 in short1 7for my own ,part7 ,i would chuse to act1 because ,i have often seen1 and known ,,nature to have perform'd1 and recover'd a weak spent parturient ,,patient1 even beyond all human ,probability4 ,,not but that ,i would take the proper ,precautions along with me1 before putting my ,hand to the critical ,work1 upon any such desperate or dangerous ,occasion1 by giving my ingenuous ,,prognostick to the nearest ,friends and ,by-standers of the extreme ,danger that both ,,lives may be in3 ,whereupon after thoroughly examining all ,circumstances1 with respect to the ,,child1 whether ,one or ,more1 ,dead or ,alive1 c4 ,i would chearfully begin my ,endeavours to relieve the afflicted ,woman1 encouraging and exhorting her in the first ,place1 for ,,god's-sake1 as well as her own1 and the tender ,,infant's ,life1 to put herself entirely into my ,,hands1 to undergo her ,,labour patiently1 and contribute what she can to the ,,delivery4 ,,but to return from this pardonable ,digression to what is here proposed2 as ,i come first to speak of ,preternatural ,,births on the part of the ,,infant1 ,i would observe that all ill ,postures of the ,,child1 in a ,,womb well situated1 are the only ,causes 7meant in this place7 of ,preternatural ,,births on its own ,part3 ,which ,postures being very various and different1 and each requiring a different peculiar ,operation2 ,i shall state them particularly 7as above-mentioned7 and that in their respective ,chapters1 after the manner following3 viz4-- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xiii4 ,of ,prternatural ,,births1 by the ,,face's being turn'd upwards2 or bent forwards1 and the ,,crown backwards4 ,,among the many various ,preternatural ,positions of the ,,infant1 ,i cannot but reckon ,,this ,one3 ,,first when1 tho' the ,,child offers itself ,head foremost1 yet the ,,face is turn'd upwards2 and that because the ,,infant in such a ,posture can never be commodiously bent and adapted to the ,form of the ,,pelvis4 ,,in this ,case1 the ,,midwife ought to take special ,care1 that the ,,head fall down directly and safely1 without being hurt1 whilst she endeavours to bring it forward3 ,for this ,purpose1 she is to enlarge the ,passage as much as possible1 dilating the ,privities1 and depressing the ,,os ,,coccygis2 which however must be done1 without lifting the ,,head with her ,hand1 for fear of bruising the ,,face against the ,,os ,,pubis4 ,by this ,method the ,,birth 7how ,preternatural soever7 may be pretty well and easily perform'd4 ,,but because the ,,child can only be said to be well turn'd1 when it comes with its ,,chin leaning upon its ,breast1 and its ,top or ,crown of the ,,head tending directly to the ,orifice2 ,i reckon ,,this another ,preternatural ,position1 when the ,,infant presents itself with the ,,crown bent backwards1 and consequently with the ,,face forwards3 ,by reason that in this ,case1 the ,orifice itself and all the rest of the ,passage must be much more dilated1 than in the natural ,condition2 and the ,,head 7being thus bent backwards7 requires more severe ,,pains and hard ,,labour1 to make it slide through the ,passages4 ,,in which ,case1 the ,,midwife1 having timely discover'd this ,situation by the ,,touch1 ought immediately 7upon the flowing of the ,waters7 to bend the ,,head gently forwards to the ,,breast1 all the while adverting to handle the ,,face1 especially the ,nose and ,eyes1 very tenderly3 ,and to this ,end1 the ,woman may be laid down on her ,back1 with her ,head low2 by no means labouring with the ,,pains1 before the ,,head of the ,,child is so conveniently turned3 which may be thus most properly perform'd2 viz4 ,by laying the ,palm of the ,hand on the ,,infant's ,breast1 near its ,throat1 pressing it entirely back towards the ,fund of the ,,womb2 by which means the ,,head falls forwards of its own ,accord upon the ,,midwife's ,arm1 and she with-drawing her ,hand1 will find the ,,head well turn'd4 ,,but supposing the ,,head to be very strictly bent or pressed back1 then the ,,midwife is to attract it gently forwards by her ,thumb1 or ,fore-,finger thrust into its ,,mouth2 or by the ,points of all ,four thrust betwixt the ,,womb and the back ,part of the ,,head4 ,and thus1 in fine1 the ,,head being well ,turned1 and dextrously brought into the ,passage2 the ,woman is then to be placed commodiously for ,,birth1 and to labour her ,best as in other ,cases4 ,,however to this ,case1 ,i must add1 by way of ,remark for the ,,midwife's farther ,information and better ,government1 that1 if the ,,head is not brought into the ,passage1 as soon as the ,waters have flow'd1 it commonly happens1 that the ,,hands offer themselves first2 which if she do not instantly repel1 the ,,head is turn'd up forwards with the ,,face1 near the ,chin1 upon the ,,os ,,pubis2 in which ,condition1 by reason of the ,siccity and ,contraction of the ,,womb1 the only ,expedient is to thrust back the ,,arms1 and so passing the ,hand under the ,,child',s ,breast1 to take hold of1 and extract it by the ,,feet4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xiv4 ,of ,prternatural ,,births1 by the ,hand1 ,elbow1 ,shoulder1 ,knees1 or ,buttocks presenting first4 ,,the ,,child also sometimes offers itself preternaturally to the ,orifice1 with its ,,hand1 ,,elbow1 ,,shoulder1 ,,knees1 or ,,buttocks first3 ,in which ,condition1 the ,,hand always gives an easier ,,birth than the ,,elbow1 the ,,elbow than the ,,shoulder1 the ,,shoulder than the ,,knees1 and the ,,knees than the ,,buttocks3 ,for the ,,hand being commonly placed near the ,head1 it is no great ,wonder1 if it presents itself before1 or along with it2 as sometimes 7after ,flooding7 the ,,hand may slide together with the ,head obliquely to either ,side1 and thereby either ,,elbow or ,,shoulder unfortunately fall into the ,passage4 ,,this is one great ,reason1 why ,i have before inculcated1 that the ,,midwife ought to be diligent and accurate in ,touching her ,woman1 even before the ,,membrane breaks1 that she may thereby discover and prevent this ,case3 ,which is easily perform'd1 either by repelling the ,,hands1 or by pinching the ,,infant sensibly by the ,fingers1 and then it soon retracts them2 for thus1 in short1 by moving my own ,hand seasonably1 the ,,head 7of its own accord7 slips of course down into the ,passage4 ,but and if it happens otherways1 'tis no difficult ,matter to turn and bring it down1 by directing my ,fingers beyond the ,,face to the ,,child's ,forehead2 which however must be done immediately after ,,flooding3 ,whereas1 if ,this be neglected until the dry ,,womb is contracted1 ,,then1 and in that ,condition1 the ,,feet may be looked for1 which 7in such a ,posture7 are soon found1 with the ,,knees next the ,belly2 and the ,,infant may be readily drawn out by them4 ,but ,,when it so happens1 that the ,,child comes with its ,,knees foremost1 it commonly has its ,,legs folded towards the ,,buttocks2 by which means many a ,,midwife has been deceiv'd1 especially when she feels but one ,,knee1 mistaking it for the ,,head1 because of its ,hardness and ,roundness4 ,,in this preternatural ,condition1 the ,,infant must be stopped and hindered from advancing farther2 wherefore having placed the ,woman aright1 ,i would gently repel the ,,knees1 that ,i may the more commodiously unfold the complicated ,,legs1 one after another2 which ,i commonly do by directing one or more ,fingers under the ,,ham1 gradually along behind the ,,leg1 until ,i come to the ,,foot2 drawing always a little obliquely1 that ,i may come the easier to its ,extremity3 ,and thus1 in short1 having disengaged the ,one1 ,i accordingly manage the ,other after the same manner2 and by bringing both ,,feet at last together1 ,i finish my ,work1 as if the ,child had come ,,feet foremost1 of which in course4 ,,moreover again it also happens sometimes1 that the ,,child falls with its ,,buttocks forwards2 in which preternatural ,condition1 the ,,midwife must industriously prevent it from coming too low in the ,,passage1 before it be duly corrected or rectify'd2 since the ,,infant cannot possibly come1 after this manner1 into the ,world2 unless it be very small1 and the ,,passage1 on the other hand1 very large4 ,wherefore in this ,case1 after the ,woman is decently laid upon her ,back1 with her ,head declining1 ,i would advise to thrust back the ,,buttocks as well as possible2 then passing up my ,hand along the ,,thighs to the ,legs1 ,i would take hold of the ,,feet1 and bring them gently1 and one by one1 forth gradually2 which being done1 ,i would attract them by the ,,heels towards the ,side as far as the ,length of the ,,buttocks2 and then at last taking good ,hold under the ,,hips1 ,i would easily and softly with the greatest ,deliberation1 draw out the whole ,body successively4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xv4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 by the ,breast1 ,belly1 or ,back1 presenting first2 and the ,,infant's lying transverse4 ,,sometimes likewise the ,,child offers its ,,breast or ,,belly first1 along with the ,navel-string2 which ,preternatural ,figure is most dangerous for the ,,birth1 because of the ,body's bending backwards4 ,,in this difficult ,case1 the attentive ,,midwife places her ,woman conveniently1 as soon as the ,waters have flow'd1 and sliding her ,hand into the ,,womb1 removes the ,string1 and endeavours to bring the ,,head forwards into the ,,passage2 which she easily performs1 as long as the ,,infant is suspended on high1 and its ,back not too much bent1 by putting-in her ,hand gently up to the hinder ,part of the ,,child',s ,head1 attracting it gradually downwards4 ,but if in this ,condition the ,,birth be fallen too far down1 it is more adviseable first to attract the ,,feet considerately4 ,i say considerately1 because it is not sufficient to penetrate with the ,hand to the ,,feet2 which however yet1 in this ,posture is pretty difficult3 ,but also to know exactly in what manner they are to be drawn down2 since it is no indifferent ,matter to understand how that is to be rightly perform'd with ,success4 ,wherefore ,i shall in this place take upon me to set forth two different ,ways of ,turning the ,,infant in this ,condition2 viz4 ,i4 ,i would either ,,first pass my ,right ,hand to the ,left ,thigh of the ,,child1 and taking hold of it near the ,,knee1 push it upwards with my ,thumb1 drawing it at the same time downwards with my ,fingers placed behind3 ,thus ,i would bring down one ,,knee to the ,passage1 leaving the ,,foot yet above1 and then the other ,,knee in its ,turn2 which being done1 ,i would change my ,hand1 and put the ,left up to the ,,infant's ,belly or ,breast2 where1 as ,i thrust back its ,body upwards1 there is presently ,room enough3 then ,i would take hold again of one or both ,,knees1 to move the ,,child higher1 that so the ,,feet may be more conveniently brought into the ,passage one by one1 if not ,both at once3 ,or1 upon the ,,legs being bent with the ,right ,hand1 and the ,,knees brought into the ,passage 7as above7 ,i would take hold of them below the ,,ham1 and bring them past the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 till the ,,feet are before the ,passage2 whereupon ,i would then readily endeavour to extract the ,,infant by the ,,feet4 ,or1 ,,secondly1 ,,ii4 ,i would put my ,right ,hand up along the ,belly to either ,,thigh1 or ,,knee1 having at the same time a thin ,bandage doubled and dipp'd in ,oil1 upon my ,fingers' ,ends1 in order to be put about the ,,knee1 that ,i may attract it gently thereby2 which ,i would draw out again by the ,right ,hand1 whilst my ,left holds the ,ends of the ,bandage1 that they may not move out of their ,place3 ,then ,i would take the ,extremities of the ,bandage in my ,right ,hand1 attracting it softly thereby1 whilst ,i pass up my ,left into the ,,womb1 to thrust the ,,child's ,belly upwards4 ,by which ingenious and regular ,means1 ,i think1 ,dr4 ,daventer first moved the upper ,part of the ,,body upwards1 and the ,,feet downwards1 because the ,,knees are thereby brought nearer to the ,orifice4 ,now these1 in short1 are the only safe1 and proper ,methods to be taken in this present ,case1 or nice ,conjuncture2 because1 by all other inconsiderate and temerarious ,means1 the ,,infant's ,,loins may be twisted1 its ,,hips or ,,knees disjointed1 its ,,feet lamed1 and itself at last quite lost or destroy'd4 ,,in like manner it happens not very seldom1 that the ,,infant comes with its ,,back forwards into the ,passage2 and in this ,posture the ,,navel-,,string falls commonly down there1 so that besides itself1 nothing else is to be felt by the ,,touch3 ,in this ,case1 the ,,midwife is to observe well the ,,flooding2 immediately upon which1 she is to seek for the ,,feet1 which are more easily come at than the ,,head1 tho' the same is even also a very difficult ,,task1 by reason that the ,,child's ,back takes up the whole ,space of ,room2 which1 notwithstanding1 must be cautiously done1 and the ,,infant discreetly extracted by them4 ,,but again sometimes1 the ,,birth lies also ,transverse1 or a-cross the ,,womb2 in which dangerous ,case1 ,i confess the ,,midwife cannot well perceive1 so as to distinguish ,matters by the ,touch1 before ,flooding3 ,because the ,,infant 7swimming in the ,waters7 is as yet seated high1 and then moving its ,,hands and ,,feet variously1 she sometimes feels one1 and sometimes another ,member at the ,orifice2 or1 one ,moment she finds ,something1 and another ,nothing at all there4 ,however1 in fine1 she may perceive the ,humours most commonly compressed into an acuminated or oblong ,form4 ,,wherefore in this difficult ,preternatural ,condition1 the ,,midwife ought primarily and chiefly to consider and discover the ,posture of the ,,womb1 whether it be direct or oblique2 since according to ,,that she must proceed in assisting her ,woman with true ,discretion4 ,as for ,example1 if she finds it in a streight or natural ,state1 and the ,waters sufficiently exuberant1 extended length-ways1 c4 as aforesaid1 ,she must1 without ,loss of ,time1 break the ,,membrane1 and presently1 removing all ,impediments of ,,hand1 ,,foot1 or ,,navel-,,string1 judiciously direct the ,,head into the ,passage2 which may be very easily and safely done immediately upon the ,,flooding4 ,whereas if this ,method be delay'd1 or not taken in due ,time1 and consequently the ,,hands 7as the readiest7 present themselves to the ,orifice first3 ,in this ,condition1 ,i would lay the ,woman discreetly upon her ,back1 with the upper ,part of her ,body lowest2 after which1 ,i would move the ,,infant's ,hands back with my own2 whereby at the same time bringing its ,,feet into the ,passage1 ,i would in the next ,place gently extract the whole ,body with all possible ,conduct and ,success4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xvi4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 by the ,feet presenting first4 ,,in like manner again1 it often happens1 that the ,,child offers its ,,feet foremost2 which next to a ,natural ,,birth is the most easy and safe ,position1 however ,i have been oblig'd to postpone it to the rest1 for ,method's sake3 ,in this ,case1 the ,,midwife1 observing one ,,foot presenting itself in the ,passage after ,,flooding1 ought to stop and retain it there1 that it may not slide through1 until she meets with the other4 ,in order to which ,performance1 she must immediately seek for it1 with either ,hand1 according as she perceives the ,,infant's great ,toe situated1 since it is only to be sought for along its ,side2 and being found1 it is to be gently drawn down1 and placed near its ,fellow in the ,passage4 ,,but it falls out sometimes1 that the ,,midwife comes too late1 and finds one ,,leg so far through1 that the ,,buttocks are strictly confin'd3 ,in this ,condition1 ,i would advise to lay the ,woman conveniently upon her ,back1 with her ,head low1 that both the ,,womb and the ,,child may retreat a little2 then taking hold of the right ,,leg with my ,right ,hand1 ,i would thrust the ,,infant back1 till the whole ,,foot 7or at least the ,,knee7 is brought back into the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 in order that ,i may have the more ,room for passing my ,hand along the ,,leg3 ,by which means ,i get hold of the other ,,foot2 and bringing it also into the ,passage1 ,i place it along with the other1 that both may come forth successfully together4 ,,which ,thing1 happening so when it will1 that both ,,feet are excluded1 whether done spontaneously or by ,,art1 they are never to be repell'd or thrust back again2 but1 on the contrary1 the way is to be duly cleared for their ,,passage2 ,this being a very commodious ,situation1 provided the ,,child be well turned1 ,i mean1 with ,,heels and ,,buttocks upwards1 and ,,toes and ,,belly downwards3 ,whereas1 if otherways1 the ,,chin may be easily hooked upon the ,,ossa ,,pubis2 which 7if not so happily turned at first7 ,i commonly prevent in the most adviseable manner following2 viz4 ,,upon attracting the ,,infant1 ,i turn it cautiously at the same time1 using both ,hands in the ensuing ,method2 namely1 ,the ,one ,i put up under its ,body as far as possible1 whilst with the ,other ,i hold both ,,feet together3 ,insomuch that by this ,means ,i gradually turn1 not only the ,,feet and the ,,legs1 but also the whole ,body2 bringing it always forwards in the ,interim1 till at last it lies with its ,,belly downwards1 and is out above half way3 ,upon this ,i then give my ,woman the ,motion1 to begin her ,,labour and endeavour her ,best2 because the ,,head and ,,arms must necessarily pass through ,all at once4 ,for notwithstanding the contrary ,opinion of most ,authors1 who teach us to draw down the ,,arms one by one1 and place them upon the ,body1 ,i cannot but agree with ,daventer1 and positively advise in this and all such other like ,cases1 to leave the ,,arms about the ,,head1 that they may be excluded along with it3 ,because1 as he says1 tho' the ,woman in so doing1 is obliged to force her ,,infant forwards with all possible ,endeavours1 yet like a small transient ,,cloud1 it is soon over4 ,,wherefore ,i commonly make it my ,business to prevent the ,woman's ,,pains1 until ,i have brought the ,,child this ,length2 when allowing her a little ,time to rest1 ,i heartily encourage and positively promise ,her1 that1 she performing her ,part effectually1 7by using all her ,strength1 and behaving herself as if the ,,pains were most really pressing upon her1 whether so or not7 the ,,birth will immediately succeed3 ,and upon this ,promise1 with the ,,patient's mutual ,assistances concurring1 ,i never yet fail'd2 neither will any ,persons who faithfully and ingeniously follow this ,method1 in comfortably helping the ,woman upon such an ,occasion1 by drawing the ,,child cautiously downwards1 with whatsoever judicious ,force3 ,i mean not downwards1 according to the ,woman's ,,length1 but downwards towards the strait ,gut4 ,and as ,i every ,moment insinuate to the ,,mother1 that her ,,babe's ,life depends entirely upon her vigorous confederate ,,labour2 so she mutually concurring with me1 in endeavouring to do our ,best1 the ,,agrippa ,,infant is presently brought forth to the great ,satisfaction of ,both4 ,,by these ,means and ,methods1 we prevent the ,tragical ,consequences1 which ,mr4 ,portal and many others confess they have often met with in their ,practice2 viz4 ,that the ,,head has been sometimes pulled-off from the ,,shoulders1 or that the ,,child has been frequently stifled1 by the ,,womb's contracting and shutting-up about the ,,neck3 ,which was altogether owing to the injudicious ,method of their ,practice1 in drawing down the ,,arms awkwardly 7as mentioned above7 along the ,,sides of the ,body4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xvii4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 by ,two1 or more ,,infants presenting themselves ill-,turn'd4 ,,this ,case also happens sometimes remarkably2 upon which1 if ,both or ,all are contain'd in one and the same ,,secundine1 or when the ,,membranes are broken1 then the right ,,version is very difficult2 not so much for want of ,room1 as because their ,,hands and ,,feet are commonly interwoven and twisted together3 ,in which preternatural ,condition1 when so complicated and entangled1 they are to be unfolded and cleared off one another with the nicest ,circumspection and ,judgment4 ,,but besides1 farther1 they are otherways1 only to be treated in this difficult ,point1 as if there was but one ,,child2 for turning them always ,one by ,one duly1 ,i would bring all their ,,feet into the ,passage1 and consequently handle them1 as if they had offer'd themselves so at first4 ,the first ,,child being born1 ,i would give it to the next capable ,person to tie and cut its ,,string2 whilst ,i directly repass up my ,hand1 to seek for the other's ,,feet1 by which ,i would also draw it forth1 after breaking its proper ,,membranes1 in ,case the second ,,flooding is not yet over1 and that notwithstanding the ,,head should present itself ,first4 ,,but and if it happens1 that each ,,child has its own proper and distinct ,,secundine1 and ,that of the ,,infant already brought forth chance to be loose and separated from the ,,womb2 ,in that ,case1 ,i would presently fetch it away1 and then extract the other ,,infant1 as long as there is any yet left behind1 and that also by the ,,feet1 as aforesaid3 ,whereas otherwise1 the ,,births1 together with the ,constriction of their ,,umbilicals1 are to be previously accomplished4 ,,in fine1 having thus accounted for all the ,preternatural ,,births whatsoever1 which may or can occur on the ,part of the ,,infant1 and that conformable to the most nice and polite ,rules of ,,art2 ,it remains now in the next place1 that ,i acquit myself in a consonant manner1 with respect to ,those proceeding from the ,part of the ,,womb4 ,of which ,first in general---- ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xviii4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 proceeding from ,causes of the ,,womb4 ,,most1 if not all1 ,authors having hitherto imagin'd1 that all ,preternatural ,,births took their sole ,rise and ,origin from the wrong ,positions of the ,,infants only2 ,i come in this place1 with all due ,submission1 not only to affirm a quite contrary ,opinion1 but also to lay down a directly opposite ,,maxim3 ,namely1 that the most difficult and dangerous ,preternatural ,,births proceed merely from the ill ,situation of the ,,womb2 which ,i take to be the most common ,cause of the ,,child's wrong ,posture4 ,the ,truth of which ,i hope to make evidently appear1 to all such1 who know and will consider1 that this ,noble ,part is no less subject to various ,accidents and different ,diseases1 than the ,rest of the ,,body2 which springing from divers ,sources1 may rationally be suppos'd to occasion ,preternatural ,,births1 and those more or less dangerous1 according to the ,nature of the ,,efficient3 as for ,instance1 ,,in ,case of an ,inflammation1 ,exulceration1 ,putrefaction1 or the ,,womb's being ,schirrous1 ,callous1 or ,hard2 affected with a ,,carcinoma or ,cancer2 an obdurated ,gland1 ,cicatrix1 or any carnous ,excrescence2 or in ,case of the ,,womb's being ,dry and ,rigid1 and the ,orifice's being ,hard and ,thick1 as commonly happens to ,,women in ,years1 especially of their ,first ,,child2 ,i say1 from either of these1 or any such like ,causes1 a ,preternatural ,,birth may ensue1 and that even tho' the ,,pelvis and ,,passage be larger1 but much more if those be narrower1 and the ,point of the ,,os ,,sacrum bent ,inwards4 ,i4 ,,in the ,larger ,,pelvis1 the greatest ,difficulty of this ,,birth proceeds from too great a ,descent of the ,,womb2 which relaxes the ,ligaments and ,fibres of the ,,vagina1 and so much depresses the ,bladder1 that an ,incontinency of ,,urine presently follows1 which in this ,case is commonly succeeded by a ,falling ,down of the ,,womb or ,,vagina1 as already observ'd in ,chap4 ,,xi4 where the ,diligent ,,midwife will find the due ,method of preventing such growing ,mischiefs1 and of opening the ,orifice of the ,,womb both safely and readily1 and consequently ,delivering her ,woman more easily and expeditiously1 with good ,success as well as ,security4 ,,ii4 ,,in the narrower ,,pelvis1 the ,,midwife needs no ways fear the above-named ,accident1 and therefore is not to be at so much ,pains in retaining the ,,orifice in its proper ,place1 whatever ,trouble she may have in opening it2 which would be no easy ,,task1 was not the ,,os ,,coccygis to be thrust back1 7as set forth1 ,chap4 ,,ix47 ,and which ,i must 7for this ,reason7 recommend once more to all ,careful ,,midwives1 as the best and most effectual ,,method of performing this happy ,apertion4 ,,from what is said here therefore1 we may now conclude1 that a great ,variety of ,,causes may subject the ,,womb to a ,diversity of ,,accidents1 and those of sundry ,degrees1 which may more or less affect its ,motion and ,situation1 as already set forth#aga4 ,,and hence it is that we have so many ,degrees of ,preternatural ,,births on ,part of the ,,womb1 ,all which to enumerate particularly in this ,place1 would be a ,,work as ,superfluous as ,tedious3 wherefore1 to be brief1 ,i shall here also reduce them to the ,,four following1 7as before mentioned1 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ac47 viz4 ,preternatural ,,births1 proceeding from an oblique ,situation of the ,,womb inclining ,forwards1 or ,backwards1 or to 7either ,side7 ,right or ,left3 which fourfold ,situation of the ,,womb may be rightly and properly compar'd to the ,four ,cardinal ,points of the ,,compass1 as the rest of its oblique ,positions may be analogously adequated to the ,collateral and ,middle ,points3 ,for because1 as they decline from the ,meridian1 and derive themselves from ,,east1 ,,west1 ,,north1 and ,,south1 as formerly observ'd#agb2 so those are less difficult ,,births1 and branch out from the ,four mentioned ,extremities3 since the ,,womb1 like a ,magnetick ,needle1 may run quite round1 and be ill-seated every way1 or on every side4 ,in all which ,cases1 the ,,infant must absolutely be ,turned2 which ,performance in any oblique ,,womb1 requires a competent solid ,knowledge and sound ,judgment1 as well as the best adapted and experienced ,hands4 ,but of those1 more particularly hereafter2 and ,first1 accordingly---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xix4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 from the ,,womb's inclining ,forwards4 ,,in speaking to this critical ,point1 ,i shall first give the ,reason of such a ,,birth1 occasion'd by this ,position2 to wit1 ,the ,,womb hanging much forwards1 especially in ,women carrying it too low in the ,,abdomen1 the ,,infant 7betwixt the ,pains7 must needs be forced upon the ,,os ,,sacrum1 or the ,,vertebr bending inwards2 which stops the ,,head that it cannot conveniently or without ,obstruction fall into the ,,pelvis4 ,,however1 in this ,condition we suppose the ,,infant to be well turn'd1 ,i mean 7both here and elsewhere7 well turn'd in respect of the ,,womb1 with the ,crown of the ,,head lying against the ,orifice2 than which nothing can be more ,right or ,natural in regard of the ,,womb itself1 nor more ,wrong and ,preternatural in respect of the ,,pelvis and ,vagina of the ,,womb1 in this forward ,situation3 ,because by reason of this ,posture1 the ,,infant falls transverse upon the ,,ossa ,,pelvis1 especially upon the ,,os ,,sacrum or hindmost ,,vertebr2 upon which it commonly offers itself with the ,,face prone or turn'd ,downwards1 tho' it is not brought forth1 but with the ,,face ,supine or ,upwards4 ,for as it passes1 it must be turn'd round1 partly in a ,circle1 with its ,,head prone1 and ,,feet drawn up under it2 which happens not in the ,,womb1 but only as it passes the ,orifice into the ,,pelvis or ,,vagina4 ,,now what ,i mean is more plainly ,this1 that as soon as the ,,infant comes into the ,turning 7which it must pass7 it necessarily bends and crooks itself1 as it finds its ,,passage bent or crooked2 by which means the ,,face is sometimes turn'd down1 and sometimes upwards3 ,and ,this proceeds from ,,that1 in short1 as soon as the ,,head begins to enter the ,orifice1 it presently fixes upon 7and sticks fast to7 the last ,,vertebr of the ,loins standing forwards1 or to the ,,os ,,sacrum2 so that it cannot naturally or possibly go forwards1 except the ,,head is bent downwards1 and the ,neck and whole ,body be accommodated to that ,,bending4 ,,hence it is1 that ,,that which just now was situated prone upon its ,,belly in the ,,womb1 now passing through the ,,vagina1 is bent upwards supine upon its ,,back2 and from thence it's evident1 that ,that ,inversion is not properly in the ,,womb1 but in the ,,vagina1 or 7if you please7 in the ,confines of ,,both3 ,and1 in fine1 this forward ,inversion 7as it happens7 occasions a most difficult ,preternatural ,,birth4 ,,but this1 in short1 happens to the ,woman with ,,child1 because her ,,womb hangs forward1 or is resupin'd1 according to the ,depression made on the ,,womb by the ,intestines1 forcing it this or that way2 or to either ,side1 as will by and by more fully appear#agc4 ,but---- ,,since it is most requisite to know presently in the ,beginning of ,,labour1 whether the ,,womb be placed forwards1 in order that the ,means of ,help may be taken accordingly2 ,i shall in the second place add the ,,signs1 or ,tokens1 by which the ,,midwife may know this ,position of the ,,womb1 and what she has best to do in such a nice ticklish ,,state of ,affairs4 ,,first then1 ,she may know it1 principally1 by the ,hanging forwards and ,thickness of the ,,belly1 or perhaps by the good ,woman's ,information of the ,,place1 where she chiefly feels the ,,infant stirring2 for it cannot move but where 'tis placed4 ,,however yet a prudent ,,midwife will have no great regard to such ,uncertainties1 but betake herself immediately to that which cannot fail her1 the ,,touch2 which 7in this ,case7 affords her the following certain ,,signs2 viz4 ,i4 ,,the ,orifice of the ,,womb is suspended higher than usual2 which she cannot ,touch1 by reaching1 without a great deal of ,difficulty4 ,,ii4 ,,she can only ,touch the lower ,border of the ,orifice1 and that only as the ,,womb hangs more or less forwards2 and by no means the upper ,edge1 except the ,orifice has begun to fall down4 ,,iii4 ,,she cannot at all1 or very hardly1 get her ,finger into the opening of the ,orifice1 and because of that ,difficulty1 it must then also be crooked or bent4 ,,iv4 ,,she will find the ,orifice opposite to the bending of the last ,,vertebr or the ,,os ,,sacrum1 and feel it so strongly pressed against the said ,,vertebr1 when the ,pains come on1 that it cannot fall down3 and lastly1 she'll feel the ,,waters 7if they hang over the ,passage7 in a thin slender ,form4 ,,upon ,this the ,skilfull ,,midwife finding these concurring ,,signs1 she may be assur'd that the ,,womb hangs too much forwards2 which ,condition requires the immediate ,help of ,ingenuity and ,,art to correct this ill untoward ,position1 and to promote the ,,birth expeditiously4 ,but then these ,things are to be carefully perceived and distinguished in the ,beginning of ,,labour1 before the ,,pains have either closed up1 or too much depressed the ,orifice2 yea1 in short1 even before it sensibly opens3 since afterwards all those ,,signs are variously chang'd and alter'd1 till at last they entirely vanish4 ,,wherefore let it be deem'd as a certain ,rule1 that the true ,posture of the ,,womb is always best discover'd by the ,,touch in the ,beginning of the ,,labour3 ,at which time may the ,orifice be suspended never so high1 the ,,midwife ought to penetrate so far1 until she reaches it2 if not sufficiently with her ,,fingers1 the whole ,hand is to be judiciously used1 and passed up that ,length1 because this particular ,,touch is absolutely ,necessary for that good ,end3 ,insomuch that if any ,labouring ,woman be against this manual ,operation or opposes it1 she thereby debars her ,,midwife of an infallible ,method1 of discovering the true ,posture of her ,,womb1 and consequently of taking the most immediate proper ,,means for ,her own as well as her ,,infant's ,relief4 ,,but now supposing1 after all1 the ,,midwife to be certain that the ,,womb hanging too much forwards1 in a prominent ,,belly bearing pretty much out1 is deeper depressed than it ought to be2 ,she is obliged then in this ,circumstance to consider accordingly how to correct this ,preternatural ,situation1 and assist both the ,,mother and ,,infant for the best3 ,to which ,end1 ,she ought ,,first to endeavour that the ,,head may fall down into the ,,pelvis1 even to the bending of the ,,os ,,coccygis2 and then1 ,,secondly1 ,she is thence to advance the ,,head gradually1 that the ,exclusion of the ,,child may be expedited and intirely perfected at last4 ,,now in order that the ,,head1 together with the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 may be so discreetly brought forwards into the ,,pelvis1 the ,woman is to be placed with the upper part of her ,body lower than the inferiour2 ,i mean1 with ,head and ,shoulders bending downwards1 and the ,buttocks upwards2 by which ,means1 the ,bottom of the ,,womb is elevated1 and gives the ,orifice an ,opportunity of being brought more easily into the ,,pelvis4 ,,then the parturient ,woman being so placed1 the ,,midwife 7using both ,hands7 ought to clear the ,,womb1 together with the ,head of the ,,infant1 by putting the one up1 as far as there's occasion1 into the ,,vagina1 and laying the other upon the ,woman's ,,belly1 in manner following3 viz4---- ,,the ,hand in the ,,vagina is 7by having two or three of its ,fingers ,ends extended to the upper ,border of the ,orifice of the ,,womb7 to move it a little beyond the ,head of the ,,child1 and to direct it into the ,mouth of the ,,pelvis1 so that it may fall the more readily down into the design'd ,place4 ,but in this critical ,juncture the ,,midwife must always take special ,care not to squeeze or press the ,top of the ,,head too much1 nor to handle it too hard1 lest ,she should thereby wound1 if not also kill the ,,infant4 ,,again the ,business of the other ,hand1 used externally1 is to drive back the ,,womb1 by pressing the ,abdomen2 which must be perform'd also with great ,caution and ,judgement1 not by drawing the ,,hand from above downwards1 but pressing as much as the ,woman can bear it1 from below upwards2 so that 7if possible7 the ,,womb may be thereby resupin'd or turn'd backwards4 ,minding always1 by the way1 that ,,this ,pressure of the ,,womb is not to be attempted1 before the one ,hand is first conveniently placed within4 ,but if all ,this ,menage should not yet succeed the first time according to ,wish1 then it may be safely repeated again by turns so often1 until the ,,midwife feels the ,crown of the ,,head2 that is to say1 till ,she feels the ,borders of the ,orifice quite round about hanging over the ,entrance of the ,,pelvis4 ,upon which happy ,discovery1 she may with reason rejoice in her ,labour1 and be heartily glad of her good ,success3 ,because now the ,force of good depressing ,,pains only will effectually perfect the ,work4 ,,but before ,matters are happily brought this prepared ,length1 the bearing ,woman is upon no account to begin her ,,labour2 since ,that would not only be in vain1 and otherways debilitate the ,strength of her ,body2 but also be of great ,hindrance to the ,,midwife 7to whom all the ,,labour hitherto belongs7 who1 as she feels the ,,pains growing and rushing in upon the ,woman1 before their proper ,time1 ought to charge her strictly1 to forbear working along with them1 and as much as possible to abstain from any co-operating ,depression4 ,and in fine1 as the ,,midwife by having her ,hand diligently apply'd to the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 by strict ,attention1 may most commonly observe1 and previously discern the approaching ,,pains1 before the ,patient ,woman herself can be sensible of them3 ,so she ought also for her own helping ,part1 ex ,officio1 to be quiet and attempt nothing till ,then1 but take her convenient ,opportunities1 always as soon as the ,,pains are over4 ,,thus by seasonably lending ,,nature an artificial helping ,hand1 ,,both jointly may easily effect1 what neither can do separately3 ,for as it sometimes happens1 that the ,,midwife ought to cease1 while she perceives 7by the ,,pains7 that ,nature is a working1 and therefore ought to work only when the ,,pains are past2 so it also falls out often1 upon other ,occasions1 that she is to work along with the ,,pains1 and when those are past1 to cease4 ,and thus1 in fine1 according to different ,circumstances1 the discreet ,,midwife knows always the ,,needfull1 what's to be done1 or let alone4 ,,but in this ,place1 ,i doubt not1 many ,,midwives will object1 and say1 ,how is it possible for ,us to perceive the ,,pains coming on before the parturient ,woman herself8 ,to which ,i ingenuously answer1 that ,this also is one of the many ,advantages of the ,,touch2 since by ,that1 ,i can presently feel a kind of subtile ,motion1 ,contraction1 or ,compression beginning in the ,orifice of the ,,womb2 which is only observable as the ,muscles are affected with a ,new ,sense1 excited by a ,new ,influx of the ,,spirits2 occasioning a ,new ,force or ,impression upon the ,,womb1 which we commonly call a ,,pang3 ,so that1 in short1 by distinguishing this ,motion from others1 ,i am always able to foretell or advise the ,woman of what is a-coming1 and to admonish her accordingly of her bounden ,,duty1 as the ,case requires4 ,,matters now being fairly brought thus far1 that the ,orifice and the ,,head begin to slide down into the ,,pelvis2 the ,,midwife is at this ,time to study how to succour and assist the ,,child1 by rendring its ,passage easy4 ,in order to which1 she must first observe to raise the upper ,part of the ,woman's ,body a little1 and give her some short ,respite1 before she offers to bring the ,orifice into the ,,pelvis2 because the ,posture above-directed1 occasions considerable ,pain as well as great ,inconveniency3 ,which being done1 the ,woman for the future is to sympathize with every ,,pain1 and ,labour as much as possible1 co-operating mutually with them2 since now the ,,pains 7by the ,assistance of the ,,head7 begin to open the ,orifice1 and gradually force the ,,infant forward to its ,birth4 ,,however yet the ,,midwife ought in this ,case1 to be very careful in sustaining1 and nice in keeping up the ,orifice of the ,womb1 lest it should fall down together with the ,vertex or ,crown of the ,,head into the ,sinus ,sacri2 which is a ,point so curious and critical1 tho' an ,accident too common1 that ,i dare well say1 not one in ,fifty ,practitioners in ,,midwifery understands it thoroughly2 otherways ,i am confident1 and morally certain1 that many fine ,women would have been living ,monuments of their ,ingenuity1 who are at this day only the ,dead ,remains of their ,ignorance4 ,,this ,i think is past all ,contradiction1 when we consider1 how some ,practisers sacrifice the ,,infant1 first by opening1 and 7as they call it7 braining the ,,head1 and then by drawing it forth with their ,instrument call'd ,,forceps3 ,how others also esteem themselves ,masters of the greatest ,,arcanum1 boasting that they can1 without so much as braining the ,,head1 extract the ,,infant by their ,tool call'd an ,,eductor3 ,how a ,third ,set again pretending themselves to be the only genuine ,sons of ,,apollo1 come slily to correct the ,rest1 by fixing only a couple of ,,hooks in the ,eyes1 ,ears1 or somewhere else in the ,child's ,,head2 by which means they as wretchedly produce the innocent dead ,babe as any of the others3 ,for it can no more be suppos'd to survive this cruel ,treatment1 than the other mentioned ,barbarities2 not to speak of the ,anguish and ,perplexity over and above1 besides the real ,danger all the while brought upon the distressed ,mother4 ,,upon this grand ,affair of ,life and ,death1 the ,desidious and ,capricious ,,midwife cries at length1 ,,god knows ,i have taken all the ,pains and ,care ,i could1 but to no ,purpose1 for this or that trifling ,reason1 falsely alledged4 ,the ,,surgeon 7if he don't pretend the ,,child to be already ,dead7 says1 ,come1 it is better to dispense with one ,life than ,two2 ,one must go1 c4 ,in consequence of which1 he prepares his ,,forceps1 ,,eductor1 ,,knives1 ,,hooks1 c4 to draw out the ,,infant ,dead1 or ,alive1 ,whole or in ,pieces1 by such disingenuous and barbarous ,means to save the ,,mother4 ,thus behold the excellent ,art of ,,midwifery ignorantly perverted6 ,o ,deplorable ,woman6 ,o ,miserable ,babe6 ,how much abused6 when there is no other ,mean left to rescue the tender ,life of the poor ,mother1 but by the massacrous ,death of her dearest ,,child6 ,this ,case indeed would be very ,melancholy1 but ,glory be to ,,god who has neither left the ,one nor the ,other to perish at this untimely or inhuman ,rate1 excepting it be by ,ignorance1 or ,wilfulness1 c4 as aforesaid3 ,no1 on the contrary he has provided an ,,expedient for every ,extremity1 and a ,,remedy for every ,malady1 as in the present ,case will appear farther by what follows1 ,viz4---- ,,that such ,tragical ,events may be prudently prevented1 ,i use my constant and unwearied ,endeavours to sustain the ,orifice1 that it may not come below its proper ,place2 and that having clear'd the ,,head of the ,,womb1 ,i may only bring it alone down2 which ,i can much more easily do1 than if it was cover'd about with the ,,womb1 sticking fast 7as above7 in the ,,sinus ,,sacri4 ,and supposing the ,,membrane to press strongly instead of the ,,head1 ,i treat it all one as if it was the ,,head1 taking always ,care not to break it1 tho' the forming of the ,,waters is not to be obstructed2 for which ,cause1 ,i upon all ,occasions stretch out my ,fingers wide1 applying them only to the ,edges of the ,orifice1 not to the ,membrane3 ,and this ,i continue doing1 until the ,,membrane spontaneously breaks2 upon which ,i manage the ,head as aforesaid4 ,,thus the ,infant's ,,head being excluded with the ,crown foremost1 there is no more ,occasion to be at any ,pains in keeping up the ,orifice2 wherefore ,i now suffer it1 together with the ,,head1 to fall down past the ,bending of the ,,os ,,sacrum2 which now also1 the major ,part of it being bare1 more easily happens1 than it possibly could whilst it was cover'd with the ,orifice4 ,upon this1 that the ,,child may be farther relieved and brought out1 ,i now again make use of both ,hands1 the one inwardly1 the other outwardly1 as before3 ,but as the ,condition is now much alter'd from what it was at that time1 ,i at present proceed after a quite different ,manner1 and work along with the ,,pains1 resting only as their ,force ceases3 ,for thus ,i not only observe the ,,pains my self1 but also at the same time encourage my ,woman to ,labour1 and to persist in her ,,labour with all her ,strength2 and by ,turns1 as the ,,pains come on1 to conjoin their ,force with her own and my mutual ,endeavours1 in the manner following3 namely1 ,,having ,one ,hand in the ,vagina1 with its ,back turn'd towards the ,,rectum1 ,i thrust very cautiously the ,points of my ,fingers as far as ,i can under the ,,head1 where ,i hold that ,hand constantly1 until the ,,pain comes on2 laying the other ,hand upon the ,belly1 about that ,part where the ,bottom of the ,,womb lies3 ,then as ,i perceive the ,,pains come on1 ,i begin to work with both ,hands2 to wit1 by pressing the internal ,hand gently downwards1 against the ,point of the ,,sacrum to remove it back out of the way2 whilst by the external ,hand1 ,i gently raise the ,,womb into a resupine ,posture1 pressing it also softly downwards3 ,i mean softly in ,proportion 7howsoever7 to the ,force of the ,,pain3 for as it gradually encreases1 and more and more excites strong ,,labour2 so ,i also by degrees press down more strongly4 ,,however yet the ,external ,depression ought always to be ,moderate1 as the ,internal ought to be ,strong and ,vigorous3 ,whereupon ,matters being carefully well observ'd1 7as laid down in ,chap4 #i47 no ,,midwife needs be afraid of hurting her ,patient ,woman in the least2 no rather1 on the contrary1 the more ,strength ,i use now1 the more grateful and agreeable ,i prove to ,her being thus circumstantiated4 ,and1 in fine1 the upper ,part of the ,,child's ,body being once past that ,sinuous ,bending above1 it presently breaks out all together1 and comes away so happily into the ,world4 ,after which the ,,midwife is only farther to behave herself with respect to both the ,,mother and the ,,child1 as in the ,natural ,case#agd1 carefully cleansing1 restoring1 contracting1 and shutting the ,,womb as ,before4 ,in a ,word1 with so great ,success at last the ,,birth is accomplished1 provided these ,precepts be carefully and timely observed4 ,,but that the ,ingenious may be at no ,loss in this momentous ,affair upon any ,occasion1 we shall now particularly state the ,,case1 in which the ordinary ,,midwife has thro' ,ignorance or ,negligence1 let ,matters come so far1 that the acuminated or lower ,part of the ,,womb is fallen into the ,,pelvis2 and the ,orifice1 together with the ,,head1 is broken thro' into the crooked ,sinus of the ,,os ,,sacrum1 and is fixed-up there2 that the ,,membrane is broke2 that the ,infant's ,,head is but a little bare2 that the poor ,woman 7after the ,fatigues of a strong or long ,travail7 is quite spent and tired2 and finally1 that all these ,things have happen'd before the extraordinary ,,midwife is perhaps sent for1 or at least before ,he can conveniently be with the ,woman4 ,,in this ,pitiful ,case1 the ,,head being yet but a little bared1 and sticking fast in the ,sinus of the ,,os ,,coccygis 7as abovesaid7 the ,,child cannot possibly make any ,impression upon the ,orifice1 so as to open it2 and therefore the ,situation of the ,,womb is to be alter'd3 ,in order to which1 ,i first place the ,woman on a commodious ,seat adapted to the ,purpose1 such as upon a ,pallet1 or ,low ,bed1 or some ,pillows laid on the ,ground2 that she may lie with her ,,face downwards upon her ,knees1 with her ,head low2 her ,arms being supported with so many ,pillows as are requisite to sustain her ,body 7leaning upon them7 without moving4 ,,now ,i doubt not but some ,people will think this a strange helpless ,posture2 but as strange as it is1 it is certainly the most effectual1 and the absolute best ,one1 which can be devis'd for the ,woman's desir'd ,relief in this desperate ,condition3 ,for by the ,help and ,means of it1 the ,,womb is carried down into the lowest ,part of the ,belly1 through its own ,weight only2 and consequently releases itself out of the foremention'd crooked ,,sinus2 which that it may the sooner and more commodiously do1 ,i put my ,fingers into the ,,vagina behind1 betwixt the ,,rectum and the ,,head of the ,infant1 where ,i press down the ,,womb1 till the ,orifice is so far forced back1 that there is ,room enough to hold it up1 in order that it may not relapse2 and also that there may be ,room for the ,,head to be depressed into1 and open the ,orifice4 ,thus the ,,womb and the ,,child being at last forced so far back1 by an expert ,hand1 the ,,birth may be successfully perfected by the above-prescrib'd ,means and ,method2 provided always that the ,woman has sufficient ,strength and ,,pains to carry her through the fatiguing ,tryal4 ,,but we will how suppose1 for better ,instruction-sake1 her ,strength to be quite spent1 and the ,,pains to be deficient2 in this ,,case the happy ,issue of the ,,birth is most dubious2 but however1 then ,i place the ,woman again as before1 and depress the ,,womb as much as ,i can1 until ,i reduce the ,orifice farther up into the larger ,space of the ,,pelvis1 that ,i may the more conveniently open it by the ,help of an inward ,hand2 and by that also moving aside the ,child's ,,head1 ,i then seek for1 until ,i find1 the ,,feet2 which1 upon the ,,infant's being right turn'd1 with its ,,toes downwards towards the ,mother's ,,rectum1 ,i bring into the ,passage4 ,now the ,,feet being thus in the ,passage1 the ,woman needs not lie any longer in the abovesaid ,posture2 but1 turning herself1 may now lie with her ,,face upwards3 ,when ,i also give her previous ,notice to prepare herself to depress vigorously2 ,i mean as much as she can possibly1 when occasion requires4 ,,in the ,interim1 holding the ,,feet all the while with my internal ,hand1 ,i attract them gently outwards1 until the ,,buttocks and the ,,belly are excluded3 ,then taking fast hold of the ,,child by one ,hand under the ,,belly1 and the other upon its ,,back2 ,i advise the good ,woman1 in ,case she feels no ,,pain1 to behave herself as if the ,,pains were most pressing upon ,her1 and to contribute by forcing downwards what lies in her ,power2 whilst ,i continually attract1 and gently draw the ,,infant towards me1 until by this discreet ,management the ,,head is totally excluded1 together with the ,,arms into the ,world4 ,and thus at length the ,distressed ,woman may be happily delivered in all these different ,cases1 and difficult ,conditions of ,life4 ,whence ,i come to---- ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xx4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 from the ,,womb's inclining backwards4 ,experience teaches us1 that the ,,womb may be also too much resupin'd2 or tending with its ,bottom backwards1 may be pressed too much towards the ,,spine3 ,so that its ,orifice is not only raised too high in the ,,belly1 but is also so obliquely seated1 that it no more answers to the ,,vagina in a right ,line1 varying more or less1 according to the ,proportion of this ,tendency to the ,,back-,,bone4 ,,from this ,posture of the ,,womb now1 it necessarily follows1 that the ,,head 7tho' never so well turned7 falls upon1 and is violently forced against the ,,ossa ,,pubis2 where the tender ,,head sticking1 often happens by its own ,struggles and the ,mother's ,,pains1 to be grievously squeez'd and gradually crush'd1 so that1 until it is removed and brought into the ,,pelvis1 the ,woman can by no means bring forth her ,,infant4 ,wherefore the diligent and careful ,,midwife must 7by due ,attention7 make it her ,business to discern at the first ,,touch this ill ,position of the ,,womb1 and presently upon the first ,pang of ,,labour1 try to help both the ,,mother and the ,,child4 ,,whereas otherwise the slothful and ignorant ,,midwife1 may continue the poor ,woman in an irregular ,,labour perhaps some ,days1 without perceiving the ,,head to be fixed upon these ,bones1 always erroneously imagining the ,,infant only to be situated too high1 7because it lies out of the reach of her shallow ,,touch7 and that it must in due ,time fall down lower within her ,ken4 ,or peradventure otherwise1 when by the ,,touch1 she feels a kind of ,roundness or ,hardness1 thro' the ,,womb1 mistaking ,this for the ,,head1 she thinks the ,,infant is well turned1 and wants only strong ,,pains to drive it forwards with ,success4 ,,this ,ignorance is chiefly owing to her own ,stupidity1 in that she cannot clearly distinguish between the ,,womb and the ,,vagina by the ,,touch2 nor the ,orifice of the ,,womb from the ,parts of the ,,child1 or ,,membrane2 which 7in this ,case7 frequently occasions the ,death of many a ,dear ,,mother and ,,infant4 ,,but here it is to be moreover noted of this difficult ,situation of the ,,womb1 that the ,,midwife 7how skilful soever7 perhaps can either not touch the ,,orifice at all1 or but very little1 except it lies wide open1 when she may touch at least some ,part of the ,,circle of the ,border3 ,for the ,,head being fixed upon the ,,pubis above1 the whole upper ,part of the ,edges of the ,,orifice can no ways peradventure be touched with the ,fingers1 which may only reach the lower ,part that is ,open4 ,,upon which1 these ,fingers are cautiously and prudently to be thrust in farther betwixt the ,neck of the ,,bladder1 and the ,orifice of the ,,womb3 ,then being so near the ,neck of the ,bladder1 a discerning ,,midwife will feel a sort of a ,circular ,border1 namely1 that of the ,orifice of the ,,womb2 which if she penetrates with her ,fingers1 she will also find the hard ,part of the ,,head1 which is ,smooth and ,globular1 or the opening of the ,,vertex2 whence she may be certain1 that the ,,infant1 as well as the ,,womb1 is too close to the ,,spine of the ,back4 ,whereupon she ought1 without loss of ,time1 to assist and help the ,,child in the following ,manner2 viz4 ,,she is to hinder the ,woman from labouring all this while1 advising her to bear and put by her ,,pains1 until this ,posture of the ,,infant can be duly corrected3 ,in order to which1 ,i would ,,first order the ,woman to make ,water1 if she can1 that the ,,bladder being thereby emptied1 may not be hurt by the ,pressure of the ,,midwife's ,hand1 or the ,,child's ,head3 ,,secondly1 if the ,,membrane is not yet broken1 and the ,,pains but few and faint1 ,i would prescribe a gentle ,,clyster1 not only to awaken ,these1 but also to remove all ,inconveniencies of the ,,rectum3 ,,thirdly1 ,i would then advise to lay the ,woman in a convenient manner1 upon her ,,back with the superior ,part of her ,body lower than the inferiour1 that both the ,,womb and the ,,infant may the more easily recede or give way back4 ,,then taking cautiously ,hold of the ,border of the ,,orifice with the ,fingers of either ,hand1 ,i would press and draw it back towards the ,,rectum1 whilst ,i employ'd my other ,hand outwardly upon the ,,abdomen1 a little above the ,,os ,,pubis3 ,i mean1 that the ,child's ,,head ought to be thrust back a little with the ,hand on the outside1 pressing it discreetly down2 as the ,,orifice is to be drawn back towards the ,,rectum1 and at the same time also downwards1 with the internal ,hand4 ,,in the next ,place1 as ,i feel the ,,head and the ,,womb mov'd a little downwards1 so ,i would also advise the good ,woman to raise the upper ,part of her ,body1 yet so as not to stir the ,lower1 and to bend herself as much as possible ,forwards1 sitting as if she was going to ,stool3 ,because by this ,posture1 she raises both the ,,infant and the ,,womb behind1 and consequently drives them ,,both ,forwards1 whilst ,i would in the ,interim keep my ,,hands very fast placed as aforesaid1 ready to depress the ,,head before1 that it may fall directly into the ,,pelvis4 ,in short1 the ,,head being thus disengag'd1 ,i would now advise the ,woman to observe her ,,pains1 and mutually labour with them what she can1 with her ,body mostly still in a ,sitting ,posture1 or kneeling with her ,arms conveniently supported4 ,,but supposing the ,,infant to stick very fast upon the ,,pubis 7which commonly happens by ,loss of ,time1 or by misimproving a critical ,minute27 and that the capable ,,midwife finds both the ,,mother and the ,,child in this miserable ,condition1 thro' the ,neglect and ,ignorance of ,another3 ,in this ,case ,i would lay the ,woman altogether upon her ,,back1 with her ,,head low1 and her ,,body a little elevated2 then by the abovesaid ,method ,i would try to depress the ,infant's ,,head1 observing however yet not only to press it down from above1 but also first to thrust it back1 and depressing it at the same ,time3 ,by thus repelling it1 ,i would save the tender ,,head from being hurt by the ,depression2 since otherways these ,,bones would leave a ,dent or an ,impression upon it1 if not also wound it over and above4 ,,moreover1 supposing that the ,,membrane should break by ,chance1 and that by enlarging the ,orifice1 the ,,head should be much bared3 ,then ,i would let the ,border of the ,,womb alone1 and endeavour to thrust my ,,fingers betwixt the ,,head 7towards its ,upper ,part7 and the ,,ossa ,,pubis2 by which means ,one may most probably draw the ,,head downwards1 along with the ,orifice4 ,however1 in fine1 this ,case1 7as well as all other preternatural ,,births7 absolutely requires a sound ,judgment1 a quick ,comprehension1 a good ,conduct1 an easy soft ,hand1 and a dextrous gentle ,method of treating the parturient and patient ,,woman4 ,but1 farther---- ,,we will again in the next ,place state the ,,case thus1 that suppose the ,,head is too ,big1 and the ,,child so much compressed1 that it cannot be brought into the ,,pelvis without great ,trouble and ,difficulty3 ,in this ,condition1 before ,matters come to an ,extremity1 ,i would 7without ,loss of ,time7 find out the ,,feet2 in order to which1 the ,orifice 7which is now commonly less open7 ought to be cautiously open'd with a gentle ,force1 by thrusting first one1 and then more ,,fingers upwards1 which are to be gradually distended1 until at last the whole ,,hand is entered up to the ,wrist3 ,whereby 7after prudently breaking the ,,membrane7 ,i would now and then thrust back the ,,head1 and put it upon one ,side1 as much as possible by ,,art4 ,,but upon ,this here it must be carefully observ'd by the way1 that ,i would pass my ,hand close up along the ,,infant's ,body from the ,orifice to the ,fund of the ,,womb1 or to the ,,feet1 that it may not come between the ,,secundine and the ,,womb1 but betwixt the ,,membrane and the ,,child3 ,by this ,method ,i shall neither hurt the ,,womb1 nor the ,,infant2 but the ,,hand distinguishing clearly all the ,parts of the ,,child1 ,i cannot miss finding the ,feet with the greatest ,certainty4 ,tho' ,i must acknowledge by the ,by1 this to be the ,work of a very strong and agile ,,hand1 as well as of a sound and ready ,judgment2 because of the immense ,labour and ,difficulty1 first in opening the narrow ,,orifice1 and then in penetrating through it to the ,bottom of the ,,womb1 as the ,,infant obstructs the ,way3 not to mention the great ,inconveniencies also besides1 which arise from the ,turnings and ,windings1 as well as from the ,length and ,constriction of the ,passage4 ,however yet---- ,,thus having found one or both ,,feet1 ,i would draw them down both together1 if possible1 always turning the ,,toes towards the ,,face4 ,whereas if only ,,one can be found to be conveniently attracted1 as it often happens1 ,i make it fast by a running ,knot on a broad ,ribband1 or by a certain ,bandage1 called ,,mitra1 or with a soft ,linnen ,rag about four ,inches broad2 which ,i twist together1 and hold in the ,hand without the ,body1 as ,i pass the other up along this ,,leg1 duly observing whether it is the ,right or the ,left1 that ,i may know which of my ,,hands will most commodiously find out the other ,,leg2 and that ,,hand having reached the ,,child's ,belly or ,buttocks1 ,i slide it along the ,,thigh to the other ,,leg3 ,so that the ,,foot being thus found1 ,i bring it also down into the ,,passage1 according to the ,,posture of the ,,infant4 ,,both ,,feet being now thus brought down1 if they chance to be ill-turned1 that is1 with ,,toes up and ,,heels downwards1 ,i discreetly turn the ,,child1 whilst ,i gradually draw forth the ,,feet4 ,these1 together with the ,,belly1 being fairly excluded1 ,i hold the ,,feet with one ,hand1 whilst ,i put the other under the ,,belly and ,,breast1 as far as possible3 ,or1 resting the ,,feet in my ,lap1 with one ,hand above1 and another below1 ,i take good hold of the ,,body1 attracting it gently4 ,upon this ,i advise and encourage my ,woman now to labour her best1 and that whether she feels any ,,pains or not1 since they are now no longer to be waited for with the ,impatience of a happy ,delivery4 ,,by this regular ,method1 in fine1 the ,,head and both ,,arms pass thro' the ,orifice at once1 and that without the least ,danger2 because the ,smoothness of the ,,temples affords always sufficient ,room for the ,,arms1 as the ,orifice relaxes and dilates1 as has been already observed#age4 ,now this1 in short1 ,i take1 with ,submission1 to be the only genuine ,,method of perfecting a successful ,,delivery in the present preternatural ,condition1 whether the ,,birth be ,dead or ,alive3 ,so that hence ,i proceed in course to---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxi4 ,of ,prternatural ,,births1 from the ,,womb's inclining to either ,side4 ,,tho' the ,,womb may be obliquated 7as has been said7 either to the right or left ,side2 yet1 to abbreviate this ,work1 ,i shall contract both ,situations into one2 and because the ingenious ,reader may easily apply what is said of the one to the other1 ,i shall only treat of that inclining to the right ,side4 ,,the most difficult ,posture of this kind is1 when the ,bottom of the ,,womb is placed deeper in the right ,side towards the ,,loins1 tending more to the ,back than the ,forepart4 ,which the ,,midwife may know to distinguish by the following ,signs2 namely1 #a4 ,by the ,place where the ,woman feels the ,,infant move most4 #b4 ,by that part of the ,belly which is most pointed and hard on the ,outside4 #c4 ,by trying the ,woman in the beginning of the ,labour1 before the ,pains have moved the ,,womb out of its ,place1 she will find the ,orifice of the ,,womb suspended higher1 compressed to the ,spine of the left ,,os ,,pubis or ,,coxendicis2 by which means the said ,orifice cannot be touched without ,difficulty2 and by no means the whole of it1 but only the lower ,border4 #d4 ,she will find the ,,infant's ,head thro' the ,,womb and ,,vagina 7tho' not bare7 laid a-cross the ,,pelvis1 but cannot come at the lower ,part of it2 only with one or more ,fingers1 she may sometimes penetrate betwixt the ,spine of the said ,bones1 and touch the ,,vertex4 ,,by these ,signs the ,,midwife soon finds her ,task most heavy and perplexed2 for from thence proceeds the following ,difficulties4 ,i4 ,,in this ,posture the ,,infant's ,head 7as soon as it makes the lead ,apertion of the ,orifice7 is fixed upon the ,spine of the left ,,os ,,pubis or ,,coxendicis2 and the ,head thus fixed cannot pass forwards1 because those ,bones cannot give way3 ,from hence arise the ,aqu ,furtiv1 or a flowing of the ,waters by ,stealth1 or as it were1 by ,distillation2 the ,orifice as well as the ,,infant's ,head being shut up by the said ,bones1 so that neither the ,head nor the ,humours can open it2 save only a little on the lower ,side3 ,where the ,waters1 by pressing the ,membranes downwards in an acute ,form1 break thro' that acuminated ,part as they also force the ,head upwards1 near to the ,border of the said ,,bones4 ,,ii4 ,,it often happens1 by these means1 that the right ,arm is excluded1 and falls down to the ,shoulder in the ,,passage1 the ,,infant being left dry by the unseasonable flowing of the ,waters3 ,and the ,arm being thus thrust forwards into the ,,passage1 the ,head is more and more forced-back upwards1 so that the ,neck of ,consequence is so bent1 that it may easily break2 and the ,crown of the ,,head 7falling against the ,spine of the ,,pubis or ,,coxendicis7 is so pressed upon it by the violent ,pains1 that the ,,brain may be readily affringed1 and consequently the ,,infant die before ,,birth4 ,,iii4 ,,the most deplorable ,condition of all is when1 after all ,pains and ,labours suffered in vain1 the ,,mother herself expires1 without bringing forth her ,child2 as it too often happens1 that after a long continued and miserable ,torment1 the ,,birth is not a ,jot advanced1 whereby of course the wretched ,woman must undoubtedly yield up the ,ghost for want of effectual ,help4 ,i say for want of ,help1 because the ,help of such ,,midwives as are ignorant of the various ,postures of the ,,womb1 and the ,method of correcting them2 and of such as do not thorowly understand the ,,touch1 but place all their ,hopes in ,nature and ,divine ,mercy2 is as nothing1 and of no ,effect upon this critical ,occasion3 ,since the audacious ,ignorance of such ,creatures serves only to tempt ,,god and his ,providence4 ,,having thus defin'd and laid down the fatal ,inconveniences of this ,preternatural ,situation1 ,i come now to shew ,people concern'd how to correct it and dispatch a happy ,,birth3 ,in order to which1 the prliminary ,articles are the ,,midwife',s indefatigable ,industry1 and accurate ,attention to the ,circumstances of ,things4 ,,then supposing an ,,infant to be brought forth ,,head foremost2 the ,woman is to be placed with the upper part of her ,body a little elevated1 the ,,midwife then finding 7by the ,,touch7 the ,orifice to be but moderately press'd upon the ,left ,,os ,,pubis1 or ,,coxendicis2 in this ,case1 she is to be laid down full upon the right ,side a little obliquely1 that the ,,womb may fall back by its own ,weight1 and not relapse against those ,bones4 ,,next after this ,i would endeavour to get my right ,hand-,fingers above the upper ,border of the ,orifice1 and thereby remove it a little1 and bring it down nearer the ,cavity of the ,,pelvis4 ,to facilitate which ,work1 ,i would order some of the ,by-,standing ,women to raise her right ,side a little1 which of ,consequence raises the ,,womb itself2 and thus ,i would1 by raising and letting it down by ,degrees1 move it forwards into the ,,pelvis3 ,however1 always taking special ,care1 that the ,,womb1 together with the ,head1 do not slip down too far into the crooked ,sinus of the ,,os ,,sacrum1 so as to stick there1 7as has been already precaution'd in the preceding ,chapter37 to prevent which unlucky ,accident1 ,i would advise to apply all possible ,care and ,pains in the ,beginning1 to sustain and keep up the ,orifice1 and to bare the ,,head sufficiently before its ,descent2 observing also the same ,management in point of the ,humours1 until the ,membrane breaks2 which being broken1 ,i would treat the ,head in ,manner as aforesaid4 ,,now tho' the ,,head in this ,posture offers itself as if it were bent aside1 because of the lateral ,distorsion of the ,,womb1 ,i would first bring it to a right ,position1 and then manage it as if it had presented itself directly3 ,and besides1 the ,,head being thus directed into the ,,pelvis1 ,i would always take care that the ,woman's ,body be bent a little towards the left ,side1 that the ,,child may the more readily be carried down by its own ,weight into the ,,pelvis4 ,but1 in short1 as to the farther ,exclusion of the ,,infant1 and ,after-,birth1 as well as the ,cleansing and ,contraction of the ,,womb2 ,these ,things are to be perform'd1 as directed by the foregoing ,chapter4 ,,however1 we will now state the ,case1 and suppose that the ,woman is spent and tired out with continual hard ,labour1 before the capable ,,midwife is sent for3 ,upon this ,condition the ,,birth is to be hastened by all possible prudent ,means4 ,in order to which1 ,i would 7without ,loss of ,time7 endeavour to turn the ,,infant1 and extract it by the ,feet2 ,because to direct it otherways into the ,,pelvis1 would be too tedious upon this ,juncture4 ,for to bring it ,head foremost1 would create vehement ,pains1 which infallibly would expose both ,lives to extream ,danger4 ,but now1 in fine1 having thus at large insisted upon the various ,cases of ,preternatural ,births1 arising from the four extream oblique ,situations of the ,,womb2 ,it remains yet still1 that ,i also subjoin a few ,words1 upon such ,preternatural ,cases1 as may proceed from the less oblique ,positions of the same ,body2 and that briefly in manner following---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,of ,prternatural ,,births1 proceeding from the ,median oblique ,situations of the ,,womb4 ,,as the three preceeding ,chapters concern only the ,extremities of an obliquated ,,womb1 so they necessarily lead me in this ,place to offer a short ,hint ,upon the ,median or ,less oblique ,uterine ,positions4 ,which notwithstanding their great ,variety1 according to the just ,comparison formerly made#agf1 ,i shall for ,brevity-sake comprehend in ,one1 and treat of in general ,terms as subsequently follows4 ,i4 ,i observe that however conspicuous and remarkable the ,difference of these ,preternatural ,postures may be1 especially ,that betwixt the ,four mention'd ,extremes and the ,natural ,situation of the ,,womb2 yet ,i fear1 that there is too much ,reason to suspect1 that this ,difference is but little known to the generality of ,practitioners in ,,midwifery1 otherways ,i am sure ,patience would not be so much cry'd up1 or at least ,time would not be so much trifled away1 7at every difficult ,,labour7 by the ,ordinary ,boethogynists1 neither would the ,use of ,,sharps be so much practis'd by the ,extraordinary ,,midwife4 ,,ii4 ,i observe1 that tho' a ,,womb less oblique1 occasions a less ,difficult1 or more easy ,,birth1 than any of the ,extremes1 yet the least ,degree of an oblique uterine ,posture1 may be of great ,hindrance1 and imminent ,danger to the ,woman1 whose attending ,,midwife is ignorant of it1 as well as of the exact ,method of restoring it to its ,natural ,state4 ,,iii4 ,i would observe by the way1 that as the fatal ,consequences of such ,ignorance1 have already been sufficiently precaution'd in the preceeding ,chapters2 so it would be supervacaneous1 and altogether needless to re-assume or repeat them in ,this3 ,wherefore ,i shall only farther1 once for all1 exhort and adjure such ,,midwives1 as have any regard for their own ,consciences1 and the ,lives of their ,neighbours1 that they would qualify themselves duly in these excellent ,points of ,knowledge4 ,and ,this ,i have the more ,reason to inculcate1 because ,i never yet knew an assiduous ,,midwife1 who was thus perfectly well endued with the essential ,qualifications of her ,,profession1 but the great ,,god rather 7to whom the ,glory of all ,things is due7 perpetually compleated his own ,gifts1 and crown'd the ,labour of her ,hands with desirable ,success4 ,,for as the ,husband-,man1 who never sowed1 can never expect to reap2 or as the ,gardener1 who never planted1 can never hope to gather2 so neither can the ,,midwife who was never regularly qualified1 ever justly hope or expect to effect a happy ,,delivery2 especially not in ,cases of ,difficult and ,preternatural ,,births3 ,neither can the ,consequences of her ,mistakes or ,ignorance on the other ,hand1 ever detract from1 or lessen1 the ,divine ,power1 which is still the ,,same1 and can always do all ,things that it will1 but will not always do all that it can4 ,besides ,,he1 who has been pleased to lay such ,burthens upon us1 to try the ,patience and ,constancy of ,one1 and to exercise the ,industry and ,charity of another2 ,,he1 ,i say1 often executes his ,judgments upon some1 for the ,sins of both ,offenders1 that all ,things may the more manifestly tend to his own eternal ,glory4 ,,iv4 ,i come now in the fourth ,place by certain ,demonstration1 to explain the ,nature of a ,,womb less obliquated1 and to lay down the genuine ,method of correcting any ,preternatural ,situation whatsoever of the disorder'd or distorted ,,womb4 ,,in order to which1 ,i would previously observe1 that all such ,postures of the ,,womb1 whether more or less1 either tending aside1 or prone1 or supine1 are only best discover'd by the ,,touch3 ,because the ,orifice always answering in a strait ,line to the opposite ,situation of the ,bottom of the ,,womb1 can never fail to shew its ,posture to the judicious ,,midwife4 ,,hence if the ,,midwife does but know exactly the ,natural ,position of the ,,orifice1 she may thence easily conceive by how much it differs in an obliquated ,,womb1 and accordingly thereby readily judge whereabouts the ,bottom is seated3 ,which ,situations of ,bottom and ,orifice being known1 she can consequently be at no loss to comprehend the ,disposition of the whole ,uterine ,body4 ,and if she now remembers or recollects what has been said of restoring and replacing the most extream1 or most oblique ,,womb1 she will have no ,difficulty in restoring any ,,womb less oblique to its ,natural ,posture2 ,this depending entirely upon that ,method1 to which ,i refer#agg1 for ,brevity's sake4 ,,in short1 ,i shall here only add1 that if the ,,infant offers itself well turn'd1 in this less oblique ,,womb2 the ,,midwife1 having restored the ,,womb to its right ,place and natural ,posture1 will find nothing more to do1 but to take ,care to facilitate and enlarge the ,passage1 and receive the ,,child tenderly with the ,head foremost4 ,whereas in ,case the ,,infant presents itself ill-turn'd in this ,,womb1 it is to be very circumspectly extracted by the ,feet2 as by and by will more amply appear from what ensues1 ,viz4---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxiii4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 proceeding from complicated ,causes1 of both the ,,infant and the ,,womb4 ,,by this sort of ,,births1 ,i mean such as are ,preternatural1 both in respect of the ,situation of the ,,child1 and of the ,,womb4 ,which complicated ,preternatural ,,birth is 7of all others7 the most dangerous2 because of an ,indefinity of ,accidents and ,difficulties with which it is always attended1 according to the many various ,postures in which both the ,,infant and the ,,womb are found3 ,all which to enumerate here1 and to guard particularly against them1 as ,i have done in the preceeding ,cases1 would not only augment the ,bulk and ,charge of this ,,work1 but also be in some respect altogether ,needless3 ,because if ,i was to content my self to treat this ,chapter in general 7without descending to particular7 ,,terms1 ,i would not doubt but that the ingenious ,reader would even thence readily form a clear ,,idea of all such ,,births1 from the many different ,cases already stated and discussed2 which if thoroughly well understood1 the ,rest cannot but be easily comprehended4 ,,however1 that ,i may not leave the weaker ,capacity1 or the doubtful ,,midwife to the ,uncertainties of her own scrupulous ,judgement1 ,i shall propose and resolve some of the most difficult and dangerous ,cases belonging to this preternatural ,subject1 and that as far as is really requisite1 in manner following2 viz4---- ,i4 ,,we ,shall suppose that the ,,infant is ill-turned1 and presents itself preternaturally1 with ,,face1 ,,chin1 ,,hand1 ,,elbow1 ,,shoulder1 ,,breast1 ,,back1 ,,belly1 ,,side1 ,,buttock1 ,,knee1 ,,foot1 or any other ,part or ,member first1 in a ,,womb tending obliquely forwards4 ,in this ,condition1 ,i shall first show the ,,midwife how1 and by what ,signs1 she may know and discover such perverse ,postures2 and secondly how1 and by what ,means1 ,these may be rectify'd1 the ,,child extricated1 and the ,,mother reliev'd in ,life4 ,,then as to the ,first ,point1 ,i would have it minded1 that the ,,touch is the only ,expedient1 by which the ,situation of the ,,infant in any ,,womb1 whether ,oblique or ,direct1 is to be discover'd and perfectly known4 ,which when the ,,midwife finds to be preternatural1 she needs not much trouble herself about what precise ,part offers or comes first in the ,,passage3 ,because of this short ,rule1 which ,i would not have her to forget2 namely1 ,that1 when the ,,head does not present itself first in this complicated ,case1 the ,,child is to be drawn out by the ,,feet4 ,for in this ill ,position of both the ,,infant and the ,,womb1 the ,version of the ,,child succeeds more easily than if the ,,head was foremost3 ,wherefore ,i would lose no ,time1 but as ,soon as ,i had discover'd all ,circumstances aright1 ,i would commence my ,business upon this ,occasion1 before either the ,,mother or the ,,infant are much spent1 that ,i may perform my ,work1 while they both can mutually concur with me towards their own ,relief2 ,that is1 while the ,,womb is yet suspended in the upper ,part of the ,,pelvis1 and the ,membrane not yet broken4 ,,in order to this ,second ,point1 the ,woman being commodiously placed1 the ,,midwife is to pass up her ,hand into the ,,vagina1 and dispose the ,orifice of the ,,womb to open1 which is now sooner done than if the ,,head came first3 ,this being done dextrously1 she is to put first one or two ,fingers1 then all of them successively into the ,aperture2 and when that is sufficiently enlarged1 she is to penetrate into the ,,womb1 and either break the ,,membrane1 or wait its spontaneous ,breaking1 as she judges best by occurring ,circumstances4 ,in the next place1 she is to look for and find the ,,feet2 and1 the ,,toes being always turn'd towards the ,,rectum1 they are to be forthwith brought into the ,,passage3 proceeding still farther in the due and regular ,method of extracting the ,,child1 as already taught#agh and dilucidated4 ,,ii4 ,,we will suppose moreover1 that the ,,infant is ill-seated1 and presents itself preternaturally with any of the aforementioned ,members first1 in a ,,womb hanging obliquely to either ,side4 ,in this ,case1 ,i would sincerely advise the ,,midwife1 to lose no ,time in opening the ,,womb1 breaking the ,,membrane1 turning the ,,child1 and extracting it by the ,,feet3 ,because in this ,posture of both the ,,birth and the ,,womb1 ,experience has taught me that nothing can be safer and less dangerous than this ,method1 when ingeniously and presently perform'd with ,dexterity4 ,,it is true indeed it may be objected1 that ,i dissent in this ,matter1 from most 7if not from all7 ,authors3 ,to which ,i answer1 in short1 that ,those from whom ,i do differ1 were never acquainted with this complicated preternatural ,condition1 but always supposed the ,,womb to continue in its proper ,place1 never dreaming of its various ,motion1 nor suspecting its oblique ,situation2 erroneously imagining all preternatural ,,births to proceed merely from the ill ,version of the ,,infant3 ,in which ,circumstance however1 when it happens so1 ,i confess they are so far in the right1 that the ,,head is to be first brought into the ,,passage1 and the ,,child excluded by it with all possible ,expedition4 ,,but that ,i may farther elucidate the true ,state of this ,case1 as it becomes me to speak the ,truth ingenuously1 it is my candid ,opinion that1 in any oblique ,posture of the ,,womb1 it is the safest1 quickest1 and most convenient ,method to extract the ,,infant by the ,,feet1 and that presently in the ,beginning of the ,,labour1 either before or at least presently after ,,flooding1 as occasion requires4 ,for this very ,reason1 and to this ,purpose1 ,i hope1 ,i may farther justly lay down one certain ,rule2 namely1 that all ,,births ill-turn'd1 in a ,,womb ill-seated1 are to be rightly turn'd again1 and drawn out by the ,,feet4 ,which ,rule1 if duly observed1 will1 ,i am positive1 save a ,world of ,women and ,children1 that otherwise must inevitably perish2 since as for my part1 ,i know no ,situation of the ,,infant in an oblique ,,womb1 more difficult or dangerous than the ,,head's offering itself first2 and that because the ,,birth cannot be then turned without the greatest ,difficulty and most extreme ,pains4 ,,this1 in short1 will be readily granted by ,all1 who do consider or conceive that the ,,womb 7being fixed by ,ligaments on both sides7 is always more inclinable to fall ,forwards or ,backwards1 than to either ,side1 and first most commonly bends back before it comes to any lateral ,posture2 and that from hence of consequence1 the ,,womb is distorted as well as obliquely situated4 ,by reason of which ,distortion1 if the ,,child comes ,head foremost1 it falls down in the ,,pelvis obliquely2 and tho' a judicious ,,midwife may bring the ,,head directly into the ,,pelvis1 yet the ,shoulders following1 must needs fall upon the ,,pelvis a-cross1 in its narrower ,part2 whereby of reasonable ,consequence the ,,infant must be distorted in the ,passage4 ,,now in this ,case1 no ,,pains1 how violent soever1 can avail to force forwards the ,,birth so fixed upon these ,bones2 wherefore 7,i say7 when the ,,womb is thus seated1 it is most safe in the ,beginning of the ,,labour1 to open its ,orifice1 break the ,membrane1 turn the ,,child1 and take it out by the ,,feet2 since by the ,,head's coming now foremost1 both ,lives are at ,stake and in great ,jeopardy4 ,,however yet it may be again objected1 that ,i have already prescribed another ,method in ,chap4 #ba2 viz4 of bringing the ,orifice together with the ,,head into the ,,pelvis1 and promoting the ,,birth in that ,manner3 ,to this ,i answer1 that my ,reason for so doing1 was not only to convince some ,people1 that ,i know their ,method as well as my own2 but also to whet or assist the ,judgment of such good ,,midwives as cannot forsake their own old ,by-,paths2 ,not that ,i ever design'd to recommend it to any1 tho' ,i must however acknowledge1 that sometimes it may effect the desirable ,ends2 but according to the ,rules of irrefragable ,truth1 and sound ,judgment1 we find that1 in this ,position of the ,,womb1 let the ,,birth offer itself as it will1 the only laudable ,method is without ,loss of ,time to extract the ,,infant1 and deliver the ,woman as above-directed4 ,,iii4 ,i observe upon the whole1 that as the immediate present ,case is applicable to either 7right or left7 ,side2 so what is said of the foregoing ,condition1 with respect to the ,,womb's inclining forwards1 may be easily apply'd to the ,case of its tending backwards3 ,only with this considerable ,difference1 that the oblique forward ,posture of the ,,womb1 is the most commodious of the ,four mentioned ,extremes1 and consequently admits of a more easy ,exclusion of the ,,birth by the ,head1 than any of the rest mentioned4 ,,not but that either of these grand or complicated preternatural ,,births imply and prognosticate imminent ,danger to the ,,mother1 or the ,,child1 or ,both2 as well as incredible ,labour and ,fatigue to the faithful ,,midwife2 who1 in such ,cases1 can less distinctly feel1 less commodiously handle1 and more difficultly come at the ,matter1 so as to dispose the ,,infant',s ,members for ,attraction1 than in any other ,condition of ,,birth3 ,hence it is1 in short1 that so many ,,midwives are liable to the most egregious ,mistakes1 and unaccountable ,deceptions upon these unlucky ,occasions4 ,but---- ,,again farther1 ,i hope ,i may freely speak my ,mind1 and openly avow1 that the most of these ,,births proceed merely from want of seasonable and skilful ,assistance in the beginning of the ,,labour3 ,because the ,,birth 7however well seated then7 by reason of the bad ,situation of the ,,womb1 cannot possibly pass thro' the ,,pelvis of itself2 and not being judiciously assisted at that nice ,juncture1 behold1 from a ,natural1 it falls on a sudden also into a ,preternatural ,posture4 ,from hence we have this extreme difficult and most dangerous sort of ,preternatural ,,births1 as will more conspicuously appear from a deliberate ,reflection upon the preceding ,chapters4 ,and ,this much 7,i hope7 may finally suffice any intelligent ,reader1 to conceive the different ,circumstances of all complicated ,preternatural ,,births whatsoever4 ,whence ,i go on to the ,fourth and last ,sort of ,preternatural ,,births proposed2 namely1 ,those proceeding from intervening accidental ,causes2 which because they are also different1 ,i shall handle briefly and separately in the ensuing ,manner2 viz4---- ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxiv4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 proceeding from the ,,navel-,,string's coming first1 and that either alone1 or with some other ,member4 ,,among the various unhappy ,accidents1 which may happen in or about the ,time of ,,labour1 the present ,case is none of the most auspicious2 in as much as it may1 in sundry ,respects1 occasion a very difficult ,preternatural ,,birth1 according to the ,difference of ,circumstances3 ,for the ,,navel-,,string having fallen down and come first in the ,passage1 may be variously turn'd1 and consequently cause several and sundry ,inconveniences1 as follow1 viz4---- ,i4 ,,when the ,umbilical ,vessel falls down alone into the ,,passage1 without any other ,part1 the ,,birth is then commonly situated a-cross in the ,,womb2 and in this ,condition1 ,,back or ,,belly1 ,,hand or ,,foot1 may be probably expected to come first3 ,wherefore the active ,,midwife ought to discover the real ,posture by the ,,touch1 and that at least before all the ,waters are yet flow'd off and evacuated2 and then betimes to fetch away the ,,child by the ,,feet1 unless the ,,head be more convenient or pat for the ,purpose4 ,but these ,cases being already particularly discussed#agi1 ,i shall add nothing farther upon them in this ,place4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,string may fall down double1 and so swell with ,cold1 as to obstruct the ,passage1 which however is but the smallest ,consideration in this ,condition1 because by its hanging down double1 it may be so shortned1 that the ,,child may be detain'd1 appending by it in the ,orifice1 until the ,,blood of the ,umbilicals coagulating either by ,cold1 or by ,compression in the ,passage1 the due ,circulation is obstructed1 and the ,,infant expos'd to the greatest of ,dangers1 if a very speedy ,,delivery does not prevent the fatal ,accident4 ,,the ,prudent ,,midwife ought always to be very sollicitous about this ,case1 making it her particular ,care from the beginning of the ,,labour1 as soon as perceiv'd by the ,,touch1 and before the ,waters break1 to avert or hinder its either coming before1 or along with the ,,head1 by removing it judiciously according to ,art4 ,but supposing she comes too late to prevent the ,mischief1 and that the ,,string is already in the ,passage2 then it is to be put back behind the ,,head immediately1 and kept there until the ,,head be fully directed into and lodg'd in the ,passage4 ,however it sometimes happens that it cannot be kept-up so long1 and that the ,,midwife1 whatever ,pains she may take1 cannot hinder it from extruding itself at every ,,pang3 ,in this ,condition1 ,i would advise her 7without delay7 to extract the ,,birth by the ,,feet1 and that notwithstanding the ,,head should be foremost4 ,,iii4 ,,it also happens sometimes1 that the ,,string without hanging down1 is variously compress'd betwixt the ,,head and the ,bones of the ,,pelvis1 which 7stopping or impeding the ,motion of the ,,blood7 soon occasions the ,,infant's inevitable ,death4 ,,in which ,case1 if pressed against the ,,ossa ,,pubis1 having laid the ,woman on her ,back with her ,head low1 and the lower ,part of her ,body raised1 ,i would press back the ,,infant's ,head1 and put the ,,string as much as possible behind it2 upon which1 then ,i would bring the ,head forthwith into the ,,pelvis1 unless it be more convenient to turn and extract it by the ,,feet4 ,,as also1 tho' seldom1 it may happen1 that the ,umbilical may be pressed back by the ,,head against the ,,os ,,sacrum3 ,in which ,state of ,affairs1 ,i would turn the ,woman1 if ,strength may permit1 upon her ,,knees1 whilst ,i employ either ,hand on the ,back ,part1 in order to remove the ,,head1 how firmly soever fixed3 ,whereas if the ,patient be weak1 ,i would lay her upon either ,side1 drawing up one ,foot to her ,belly1 for the ,advantage of obtaining more ,room1 in order to effect the same ,thing2 which1 tho' difficult1 is no impossible ,task for the expert ,,midwife4 ,,but if it chances to be pressed against either of the ,,ossa ,,ilia1 having laid the ,woman on the contrary ,side1 with the lower ,part of her ,body elevated1 ,i would remove the ,,head with the opposite ,hand1 and free the ,,string2 proceeding otherways as in the former ,cases1 with ,,head or ,,feet1 as ,i should find most convenient4 ,,iv4 ,,again1 it also sometimes comes to pass1 that the ,,string is found lying upon the ,forehead1 which is indeed most dangerous2 but it is easily removed with good ,judgement to the ,temples of the ,,head1 which ,i take to be a safe ,position1 because there the ,pressure is much less aggravated4 ,v4 ,,moreover it likewise sometimes happens1 that the ,,string comes along with the ,shoulder1 ,elbow1 ,hand1 ,foot1 c4 without touching the ,,head3 ,upon this then as soon as the ,humours have flow'd1 ,i would pass my ,hand quickly up1 and bring the ,,child1 ,head or ,feet foremost into the ,passage1 according to its ,situation1 always detaining or stopping the ,,string from coming out before the ,,birth3 ,whereas if the ,,string be already excluded along with the ,foot or the ,arm1 it is to be repelled with all necessary ,speed1 ,conduct1 and ,caution1 and then the ,,infant ought to be dextrously drawn out by the ,feet4 ,,vi4 ,i have also seen the ,,child brought forth by the ,,head1 with the ,umbilical circumvolv'd1 or turn'd twice or thrice round the ,,neck2 by which means of the ,,string's being so much shortned1 the ,,birth was stopped or retained in the ,passage3 ,upon this ,occasion1 ,i endeavour'd to slacken the ,,string1 and so bring it over the ,,head1 but finding it too strait and short to be so ordered1 ,i tied it in two places 7at about two or three ,inches distance7 and then cut it in two betwixt the ,ligatures3 ,that being done1 it was my ,business to lose no ,time in attracting the ,,infant and delivering the ,,woman2 otherways in this ,condition1 it would have soon expired4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxv4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 from the ,,after-,,birth's coming first into the ,,passage4 ,,another ,preternatural ,accident to which the ,,birth is also sometimes liable1 is the ,falling down of the ,,placenta into the ,orifice of the ,,womb2 which of course must needs obstruct the ,passage1 and prevent the timely ,egress of the ,,infant4 ,,now tho' the ignorant ,,midwife often occasions this untoward ,accident by her own unskilful and imprudent ,treatment1 or rough and indecent ,usage2 yet the ,ingenious ,,midwife discovers this ,case in time by two certain different ,ways3 ,namely1 ,,first1 by the ,,touch1 when she can neither feel the ,,membrane1 nor the naked ,,head2 but 7on the contrary7 perceives a thick1 soft1 fleshy1 boneless ,substance3 ,,secondly1 by a ,bloody ,flooding1 which constantly attends this ,condition2 whereby both the ,,mother and the ,,child are imminently endangered1 as is already more abundantly set forth#ahj3 ,unless the skilful ,,midwife can prevent the fatal ,consequence1 by accelerating the ,,birth2 which1 however yet1 is not to be rashly attempted without due ,circumspection4 ,,but notwithstanding the daring ,difficulties1 and time-serving ,precautions1 mentioned by most ,authors of my reading and revolving1 in this ,case2 ,i can conceive no extraordinary ,perplexity which can attend it1 if the ,,delivery be but timely or seasonably undertaken1 before the ,woman's ,strength and ,blood be too much exhausted4 ,i know ,daventer1 ,peu1 and some others1 make long ,ambages or ,circumlocutions upon this ,head2 for some are at great ,pains to teach us how to perforate the ,,secundine with a ,hair-,needle instead of our ,fingers1 and others how to keep it back1 until the ,,infant be first born3 ,but for my part1 as ,i already foresee sundry ,difficulties that will arise in these ,practices1 so ,i shall be loth to come into them1 and that because---- ,,first1 in penetrating the ,,placenta with any acute ,instrument1 the ,,child 7if not the ,,mother also7 may be easily wounded3 ,,secondly1 supposing it to be done with the ,,fingers1 the ,hole must be dilated in proportion to the ,aperture of the ,mouth of the ,,womb1 and then this mangled ,,mass must be dispersed to all ,sides of the ,orifice2 by which ,means1 ,daventer himself acknowledges1 that it often perfectly congeals with ,,blood1 and sticks so fast to the ,,womb or ,,vagina1 that the ,ignorant would not only take them to be grown together1 but also believe them rather to be one and the same ,body3 ,which consequently must require both great ,pains and ,difficulty to be separated1 and at last a very diligent ,scrutiny must be made1 that no ,fragment be left any where ,behind1 since in this ,condition no just ,conjecture can be made by the ,eye3 ,,thirdly1 by retaining the ,,secundine in the ,,womb1 when its heaviest and most bulky ,part 7the ,,placenta7 is fallen down into the ,entrance1 let it be never so judiciously managed and moved1 it possesses a considerable deal of ,room1 and consequently obstructs the ,operation of the ,,midwife's ,hand1 lying as a cross thwarting ,impediment in her way1 which at the same ,time blockades or totally shuts up the ,passage of the ,,child4 ,,wherefore1 and considering that this ,body1 when so loosened and separated from the ,,womb1 can never possibly be any more serviceable2 but1 on the contrary1 highly detrimental to both the ,,mother and the ,,infant1 as aforesaid2 ,i cannot but be of ,opinion1 that it is both the safest and shortest ,way1 to extract the ,,secundine first2 by which expeditious ,step1 the ,,midwife not only gains more ,room to turn the ,,child1 but also 7this being done7 she can much more commodiously draw it out by the ,,heels3 ,animadverting always by the way1 that in this critical ,condition1 the ,,birth must immediately follow the ,,secundine1 without the ,loss of one ,moment's ,time1 and that especially for stopping the ,floodings1 which would otherways not only soon suffocate the weak ,,infant1 but also in a short ,space of ,time effect the certain ,death of the tender ,,mother4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xxvi4 ,of ,preternatural ,,births1 proceeding from the ,death of the ,,infant4 ,,among the many ,preternatural ,,births mentioned1 ,i think that of a ,dead ,,child1 may now at last justly take place4 ,,but because this ,case is too commonly mistaken1 and that the ,live ,,infant is too often taken for ,dead1 and consequently the wretched innocent ,creature treated accordingly2 ,i think it may not be amiss1 before ,i enter upon this ,,delivery1 that ,i make a few previous requisite ,remarks2 by which the extraordinary ,,midwife1 who is commonly sent for too late1 may perfectly know whether the ,,birth be dead or alive2 to the ,end that1 so also in ,case of ,necessity1 it may be accordingly managed3 ,since in this fatal ,condition ,i have known several ,persons to have been grossly deceiv'd1 who have depended upon the ,relation of the sick ,,woman1 or taken it upon the ,credit of the ignorant attending ,,midwife4 ,,first then ,i know it to be ,,alive1 if1 by laying my ,hand on the ,,mother's ,belly1 ,i find it stir or move3 ,or1 ,,secondly1 ,if ,i have not full ,satisfaction this way1 ,i would convey my ,hand into the ,,womb1 as soon as the ,waters break1 to feel the ,pulsation of the ,,navel-,,string2 which the nearer ,i feel to the ,,child's ,belly1 the stronger ,i find it beat1 if ,,alive3 ,or1 ,,thirdly1 ,i would put my ,finger into the ,,infant's ,mouth to feel its ,tongue1 which 7if ,,alive7 ,i should perceive it to stir1 as if it would suck4 ,,whereas1 on the contrary1 we may know it to be ,,dead1 when a certain nauseous and cadaverous ,humour flows from the ,,womb3 ,or1 when the ,woman feels a great ponderous ,weight in her ,,belly1 tumbling always towards that ,side1 which she inclines to1 or lies upon3 ,as also when we find the ,,child cold in the ,,womb2 or the ,umbilical ,vessel without ,,pulse2 or the ,,tongue immoveable3 ,or lastly1 when ,i perceive the ,dissolution of the ,cuticle on the ,top of the ,,head1 ,i am then positive that the ,,foetus is ,,dead2 because1 as this is not easily dissolved1 neither does it happen immediately1 but some ,space of time after ,,death4 ,,in this ,case then of a dead ,,child1 the ,labour is commonly lingring and dangerous1 because of the few1 faint1 and slow ,,pains which seize the ,woman2 so that ,nature1 being half overthrown by the ,death of the ,,infant1 which now can no ways help itself1 absolutely requires to be assisted by the most expeditious ,,art3 ,and that best1 in my humble ,opinion1 by the ,means and ,method following1 viz4---- ,,first ,i would endeavour to awaken and promote the ,,pains1 by one or more sharp and strong ,clysters3 ,but ,,secondly1 if these do not succeed so expeditiously as necessary1 ,i would introduce my ,hand into the ,,womb1 sliding it all along under the ,,belly towards the ,,feet2 and so1 with ,face and ,breast downwards1 ,i would gently extract it by them2 in the same manner1 as if it was ,,alive4 ,only1 in this ,case1 great ,care must be taken1 that the ,,head may not unhappily sever itself from the ,body1 and consequently stay behind in the ,,womb2 which ,accident may easily happen in the ,passage1 especially if the ,,birth is any ways putrefy'd4 ,,however1 after all1 in ,case of such an untoward ,occurrence1 ,i would still excuse myself from the ,use of an ,,eductor1 and debar myself from the ,practice of any ,instrument whatsoever1 save only that of my own natural ,,hand2 which1 ,i think1 in all ,conditions of ,,births1 whether ,natural or ,preternatural1 ,dead or ,alive1 is solely obliged1 and only best serves1 according to the ,rules of my ,profession1 to discharge the ,duty of all the ,,instruments in the ,surgeon's ,shop2 excepting only in the ,case of a ,,monster or a very ,hydropical ,,child4 ,,but in the present ,circumstance of the ,,head's being separated from the ,body1 as soon as ,i have extracted the ,,carcase1 as above2 ,i would instantly convey back my ,hand into the ,,womb1 and put one or two of its ,fingers into the ,mouth of the ,,head1 placing my ,thumb under the ,chin3 ,for by thus taking ,hold of it by the ,jaw1 ,i would extract it gently1 and that with the greatest ,ease and ,safety to the ,,patient ,woman4 ,,now having thus1 in fine1 both particularly and at large1 treated of the several ,sorts of ,natural1 ,difficult1 and ,preternatural ,,births3 ,and having also for the common ,good of ,mankind1 without any ,affectation1 ,hesitation1 or ,reservation1 candidly laid down1 and ingenuously set forth the most certain1 brief1 plain1 easy1 and unprejudiced ,,instructions1 which perhaps have ever yet been committed to ,,print1 upon the excellent ,subject of ,,midwifery3 ,and having likewise1 in a ,word lastly1 for the true ,direction and good ,government of all ,,midwives1 fairly laid 7as it were7 and faithfully delivered the big-belly'd ,woman1 in every relative ,case or ,condition of ,,birth1 which may or can happen to her3 ,it now only remains1 ,i would modestly think1 that ,i should 7in the next place7 come to take all the necessary ,care1 and make the most requisite ,provision possible for the perfect ,recovery of my ,,child-,,bed-,,woman2 and that in the ensuing ,method4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,sect4 ,,vi4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,diet and ,,regimen of the ,puerperial or ,child-,bed-,woman4 ,,the ,good ,woman being now delivered1 and laid in ,,child-,,bed1 may rightly be compared to a ,,ship1 which1 after a dangerous nine or ten ,months ,voyage1 rides at ,anchor in her ,,port2 where1 tho' arriv'd with great ,security1 yet if not well moor'd against sudden ,winds and ,storms1 she may perhaps at last drive from her ,anchors and suffer ,,shipwreck3 ,so in like manner if both the ,,mother and the ,,child be not duly taken ,care of after the ,,birth1 ,both may be still expos'd to the ,danger of ,,death4 ,wherefore1 to prevent all such melancholy ,accidents1 ,i shall first point out the proper ,,regimen of the ,one1 and then successively direct ,,that of the ,other1 in the following ,manner2 viz4---- ,i4 ,,then1 immediately after the ,,birth1 a soft gentle ,closure may be apply'd to the ,,womb for repelling of the cold ,air2 of which we must be now very cautious1 if we will avert the fatal ,consequences that may thereby happen3 ,as also a small ,plaister of ,,galbanum with a little ,civet in its ,center1 may be applied to the ,,navel for attracting1 or rather retaining the ,,womb in its proper ,place1 where the ,,midwife's careful ,hand has fixed it after the ,,delivery4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,patient having her ,body wrap'd about with a warm ,cloth1 and her ,hips girt round with the same1 is to be placed conveniently in a warm ,,bed2 that is1 directly upon her ,back-,bone1 with her ,head and ,body a little elevated1 for her breathing and cleansing the ,better2 as her ,thighs and ,legs also are to be stretched down close together3 ,whereupon now1 if not before1 she ought to have a little good ,chicken or ,pullet-,broth for her ,refreshment2 which being done1 all ,doors and ,windows are to be shut1 and the ,bed-,curtains drawn close1 that she may rest and sleep quietly4 ,,iii4 ,,in the next place1 the ,closures are to be remov'd1 and the clotted ,,blood taken away2 which being diligently done1 the ,,belly1 ,,loins1 and ,,privities are to be anointed with the ,oil of sweet ,almonds1 or white ,lillies1 mixed with a little warm ,wine1 which may be repeated at pleasure1 for allaying the ,,pains of these ,parts3 ,and as the ,woman is to be carefully kept always very warm1 as well as disposed to ,rest and ,sleep2 so every now and then1 she is to be comforted with some small ,matter of any convenient ,,food2 abstaining however chiefly from strong ,meats1 as well as from all hot or strong ,liquors4 ,,iv4 ,a ,,decoction of ,barley1 ,linseed1 and ,chervil1 or ,marsh-,mallows and ,violet-,leaves1 with a little ,honey of ,roses1 may be afterwards used ,milk-warm three or four times a ,day1 by way of ,fomentation for the first five or six ,days of ,,child-,,bed3 ,or1 instead of these ,things1 fresh warm ,milk1 or ,barley-,water only may be properly used2 always remembring that the ,parts be duly cleansed from the clotted ,,blood1 c4 ,v4 ,,in the mean time1 the ,woman's ,,breasts are all along to be kept very close and warm-cover'd with soft ,cloaths1 that the ,,milk may not curdle2 which however is no ways yet in the beginning fit for the ,,child's ,nourishment1 until the ,conflux of the ,,milk and the ,humours is over2 which1 upon the first days after ,,delivery1 run in abundance to the ,,breasts4 ,,vi4 ,,special ,care also must be taken1 when the ,woman is resolv'd not to ,nurse the ,,child herself1 that the ,,lochia or ,child-,bed-,evacuations flow-off plentifully1 in order that thereby the ,shock of the ,,blood may be averted from the ,,breasts2 which if not sufficient to prevent that ,inconveniency1 they may be properly anointed with the ,oil of ,,roses and a little ,vinegar beat-up together2 or a ,,cataplasm of the ,meal of ,beans and ,vetches mixed with ,oxymel may be applied to the ,,breasts2 or they may be fomented with a ,decoction of the ,leaves of ,mint1 ,dill1 or ,parsley4 ,,vii4 ,,in the time of ,cleansing1 all ,noise and ,clamour about the ,woman ought to be suppressed2 and as she herself ought not to talk much1 or aloud1 neither ought any ,person about her to be obstreperous3 ,because her ,repose is not only thereby disturb'd1 but also her ,spirits exagitated2 which violent ,commotion of ,humours may readily stop the natural ,course4 ,and as for the same ,reason1 all ,passions of the ,mind are to be suppressed2 so the ,woman is to keep herself as much as she conveniently can upon her ,back1 carefully avoiding frequent ,,turnings to either ,side4 ,,viii4 ,,after ten or twelve ,days1 proper ,measures may be taken to fortify and strengthen the ,members2 and after she has fully done cleansing 7which may be about the #bjth ,day1 sooner or later after ,,delivery1 according to the ,,patient's ,constitution1 or her way of ,living7 some proper ,astringent ,medicines may be discreetly made use of1 for corroborating and reconsolidating the ,parts4 ,,ix4 ,,as to her ,,diet1 during this ,time1 she ought to be very regular1 and live abstemiously 7especially the first ,days7 as if she had a ,,fever1 using only good ,broths1 ,jellies1 fresh-laid ,eggs1 ,ale-soup made with fresh ,butter1 or the like2 after which1 she may begin by degrees to eat a little ,chicken1 ,pullet1 ,capon1 ,veal1 ,mutton1 or any thing else of good ,nutrition and easy ,concoction4 ,,as to her ,,drink1 if she has no ,fever1 she may use besides her ,cawdles1 small ,white-,wine and ,water for ,variety's sake2 but in case of a ,fever1 ,water boil'd with a little ,cinnamon1 or ,coriander-,seed2 or a ,ptisan of ,liquorish1 ,figs1 and ,aniseeds boil'd in ,water2 or small ,ale a little butter'd1 as the ,woman pleases1 are far more convenient2 observing always carefully that her ,,drink1 of whatsoever sort1 be at all times a little warmed4 ,x4 ,,finally1 as the ,child-,bed-,woman's ,body is always to be kept open1 if not otherways naturally so1 by a proper gentle ,,clyster1 repeated as often as ,necessity requires1 until the ,course of the ,,lochia is quite over2 so afterwards she ought to take one or more proper gentle ,,purges1 for cleansing the ,stomach and the ,bowels of such vitious ,humours1 as ,nature could not otherways evacuate3 ,upon which1 a repeated ,strengthening ,,bath may be most pertinently used1 as also1 in order that she may again the more successfully begin upon a new ,score1 other proper ,measures may be prudently taken4 ,,thus we suppose that all things have succeeded well with our ,puerperial ,woman2 in which ,condition the above-mention'd is her only requisite ,,regimen3 ,but in ,case of any ,preternatural ,accident1 we must come to her ,assistance1 according as the ,nature of ,circumstances does require3 ,of all which in their ,order1 as they most commonly happen to the ,woman in her present ,condition2 and ,,first---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,after-,,pains4 ,,these ,,pains1 which usually accompany or follow after the ,,birth1 are common to all ,child-,bed-,women2 and in that ,natural ,sense1 as they proceed only from the quantity of ,,blood abounding in the relaxed ,womb1 distending its ,,membranes1 or arise from its ,acrimony2 so they gradually cease1 and in two or three days quite vanish3 ,wherefore ,i am not to insist upon ,those1 which only affect the debilitated ,,womb4 ,,but it often and too commonly also happens1 that another ,sort1 justly call'd ,preternatural ,,after-,,pains1 afflict the ,woman2 which she sometimes feels about her ,loins and her ,groins1 sometimes about the ,navel1 sometimes all over the ,belly1 and sometimes in the ,,womb only1 and that sometimes with a little1 and sometimes without any ,intermission4 ,,the most common ,cause of which ,,pains is generally one of the ,five following2 ,viz4 #a4 ,the ,external ,,air1 especially the more frigid1 which easily penetrates into the ,,womb1 if not carefully prevented3 #b4 ,clotted ,,blood1 or some other foreign ,body left behind in the ,,womb3 #c4 ,some ,acrid1 and ,mordacious ,,blood adhering to the ,,womb1 which excites and stimulates ,excretion3 #d4 ,the ,,serum vellicating or twitching the excoriated part of the ,,womb3 ,or1 #e4 ,,winds elevated from the ,humours fermenting in its ,substance2 which1 together with those turgent ,humours1 tear its tender ,,tunicks4 ,,now because these ,,pains often excruciate the ,woman as much as the real ,,labour-,,pains do1 and since they are not always without ,danger1 ,necessity demands that they should be either cured1 or at least mitigated3 ,which may be most properly done1 by convenient relaxing and attenuating ,medicines outwardly applied1 as well as inwardly taken1 when the ,case does not require the ,hand-,cure1 or manual ,operation4 ,,however1 yet more particularly1 in respect of the ,,pains1 from what ,cause soever they may proceed1 ,,clysters of ,milk with the ,yolks of ,eggs are proper2 as are also emollient ,fomentations mix'd with attenuating and ,uterine ,medicines2 a ,fumigation of ,,brandy2 a ,decoction of the ,recrements of the ,regulus of ,antimony2 such things being of a sulphurous ,nature3 ,and moreover1 in fine1 all ,,after-,,pains are eased by ,aromatick and ,carminative ,remedies2 such as ,seeds of ,anise1 ,carway1 ,cummin1 ,fennel1 ,penny-,royal1 ,roman-,camomil1 c4 infus'd or boil'd in ,wine or ,water1 adding thereto a very little ,mace and ,saffron4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,suppression of the ,,lochia1 or ,child-,bed-,purgations4 ,,the ,,lochia are nothing else1 but the ignobler part of the ,blood and congested ,humours1 which after the ,,birth ,nature evacuates and discharges out of the ,uterine ,vessels1 in consequence of the ,divulsion and ,separation of the ,,placenta from the ,,womb4 ,which ,,lochia however differ always according to the ,constitution and ,disposition of the ,woman1 and that not only in ,quantity1 but also in ,quality3 ,for if the ,,patient be otherways ,healthy1 and ,well-disposed1 these are at first of a florid rosy ,colour1 degenerating day by day into a ,pale-dye2 ,whereas if otherways1 they are sometimes ,aqueous1 and sometimes ,bilous1 ,melancholick1 c4 ,and1 according also to the usual ,habit of ,body1 and ,way of ,living1 some ,women flood more plentifully1 others more sparingly2 some a longer1 and others a shorter ,time3 as for ,instance---- ,a ,woman given to ,ease1 and high ,living1 being delivered of a ,,male1 may cleanse from twenty to thirty ,days2 and if of a ,,female1 from thirty to forty-two ,days at most1 however still declining in ,quantity from ,day to ,day3 ,whereas another given to ,exercise1 may flood only from eight to fifteen ,days2 and that also perhaps more sparingly1 or by ,intervals of one or two ,days4 ,but it oftentimes happens1 that this ,evacuation is either suppressed in ,whole1 or in ,part2 of which ,suppression or ,preternatural ,retention1 ,i am now about to speak4---- ,,first then1 the ,cause of this ,,evil1 proceeds either from an ,obstruction of the ,uterine ,vessels1 occasion'd by thick ,,blood stopping the ,passages3 ,or1 ,,secondly1 from a ,constriction or ,compression of the same ,vessels1 occasioned by an oblique ,situation of the ,,womb1 or by cold ,air1 cold ,drink1 or the like1 which readily constrict their ,orifices1 as well as contract the ,,womb itself3 ,or1 ,,thirdly and lastly1 the ,cause may proceed from the ,,blood's being retracted and converted to some other ,part of the ,body2 which is most commonly occasion'd by some ,passion or ,perturbation of ,mind1 that may not only turn the ,shock of the ,,blood to the ,,breasts1 but also retard the ,motion1 and thicken the ,,mass of the same ,,blood4 ,,the ,,diagnosticks however of this ,distemper are manifest2 for either no ,,blood is voided at all1 or too small a ,quantity1 in respect to the ,size1 ,temperament1 and ,constitution of the ,,patient3 ,but besides1 it may be also known by the following ,symptoms2 viz4 a ,,swelling of the ,,belly1 upon the ,retention of the ,humours that ought to be evacuated2 a ,difficulty of ,breathing arises2 ,,pains seize the ,abdomen1 as also the ,loins and the ,groins2 a ,fever and ,tremblings follow2 as ,faintings do upon a weak1 quick and unequal ,pulse2 something fuliginous appears in the ,urine2 and a livid1 black1 grumous1 or nauseous ,matter is excreted4 ,,hence proceed various ,,prognosticks2 viz4 ,fevers1 ,spitting or ,vomiting of ,,blood1 ,melancholy1 ,inflammations of the ,liver1 ,quincy1 ,pleurisy1 ,frenzy1 ,dropsy1 ,apoplexy1 and ,madness itself3 ,the least of which may prove of fatal ,consequence1 wherefore ,delays in this ,condition are most dangerous2 because when any of these heavy ,,symptoms has befallen the ,woman1 there is scarce any ,hope left for her ,recovery2 whereas before1 they may be artfully prevented1 and the ,cure duly perfected by convenient ,,diet1 ,vensections1 ,revulsive ,medicines1 c4 ,,but more particularly the ,cure ought to vary1 according to the difference of the co-incident ,,symptoms3 ,for since continual ,fevers and ,inflammatory ,diseases most commonly follow upon this ,suppression or ,diminution of the ,,lochia1 we must take great ,care that1 endeavouring to promote the ,,flux1 and to open the ,uterine ,vessels1 we do not augment the ,,fever and ,inflammation2 which will certainly happen1 7if without distinction7 we use the hot ,medicines prescribed by many ,,authors4 ,,wherefore in this ,case repeated ,vensections sometimes in the ,ancle1 and sometimes in the ,arm2 and cupping ,glasses applied to the ,thighs and ,shins2 as also ,rubbing of the ,legs and ,thighs well1 are generally sufficient ,remedies2 especially if followed with one or more ,cleansing1 or partly opening1 partly cooling1 and ,emollient ,,clysters1 of a ,decoction of ,mallows1 ,pellitory1 or the like2 in which strain'd ,liquor1 the ,pulp of ,,cassia with a ,dram of ,nitre1 and ,sugar1 and ,honey may be dissolved3 ,as also ,fomentations and ,fumigations of ,emollient and ,aperient ,medicines that are not sharp1 may be very pertinently used4 ,finally1 the ,infusion of ,,jesuits-,,bark in ,water1 may be properly given three or four ,times a day2 and purging ,,ptisans1 after the first days1 are of good ,service in the present ,case4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the immoderate ,flux of the ,,lochia4 ,,the too copious and long lasting1 or immoderate ,,flux of the ,child-,bed ,purgations1 is no less ,preternatural1 than the former ,case of their being altogether suppressed1 or in part diminished4 ,tho' it is however to be observ'd1 that there can be no certain ,quantity of flowing ,,blood1 nor any certain ,time of ,duration of this ,,flux prefix'd or determined to the ,puerperial ,woman1 as aforesaid3 ,wherefore the ,excess of this ,evacuation is best known by the ,loss of ,strength1 sinking of the ,,spirits1 and the great ,uneasiness of the ,,patient4 ,,the ,cause of this ,distemper is1 either #ast1 a too great ,plenty of the abounding ,,blood2 or #b;dly1 its ,tenuity and ,acrimony stimulating ,nature to ,excretion2 or #c;dly1 too great an ,apertion of the ,uterine ,vessels2 or #dthly and lastly1 a violent ,extraction of the ,,after-,,birth3 ,for the ,flux of the ,,lochia proceeding meerly from the ,separation of the ,,placenta from the ,,womb1 the more strong and violent this ,separation or ,divulsion is1 the more the ,vessels in the ,concave ,part of the ,,womb are torn or dilacerated2 and so being either too much opened1 or too difficult to reconsolidate1 they discharge ,,blood immoderately4 ,,hence1 ,i say1 this immoderate ,,flooding1 is not only known by the great ,quantities of ,,blood voided1 by its ,continuance1 or by coming away in ,clods1 and much at a time2 but also by the ,loss of ,strength1 and a ,defect of ,,spirits2 upon which follows a low1 debilitated and frequent ,,pulse2 ,loathing of ,,victuals2 ,,pains in the ,hypochondriacks1 with a ,twisting of the ,,guts1 and ,griping of the ,,belly2 a ,dimness of ,,sight2 a ,hissing of the ,,ears2 and at last ,swoonings or ,convulsions1 proceeding from the ,depauperation of the ,,blood3 ,which after an immoderate ,,flux always disorders the ,,spirits1 because when the ,,mass of it is much lessened1 it cannot keep its due ,mixture and ,disposition4 ,,in this ,case the true ,,prognostick is1 that1 if all immoderate ,hmorrhagies are dangerous2 because by them1 the ,treasure of ,,life 7the natural ,heat7 is exhausted3 ,then1 without ,controversy1 the immoderate ,flux of the ,,lochia1 whether after ,,labour1 or after a ,,miscarriage1 is full of ,danger2 as coming upon the ,,patient at a most unseasonable time1 when her ,strength is already spent4 ,,the ,cure of this ,distemper ought to be well-weigh'd1 and very cautiously perform'd1 because the definite ,quantity of ,,blood to be evacuated cannot be well or certainly known3 ,and because if any ,part of ,that be stopped1 which ought to be ejected1 it of course flows to some other ,part1 and excites ,inflammations or other heavy ,,symptoms4 ,wherefore this is only1 in the ,beginning1 to be corrected by proper ,,diet1 and some other convenient light ,means3 ,but afterwards by repeated ,ven-,sections in the ,,arms1 if ,strength will permit2 and proper ,astringents inwardly taken1 as well as outwardly applied2 continuing always a ,thickening1 ,cooling1 and ,astringent ,,diet3 ,but farther yet1 as the ,patient grows weaker1 she ought also to have some corroborative ,remedies1 to enable her to stand out the ,cure4 ,fomentations for the lower ,belly of ,,oxycrat1 or an astringent ,decoction2 ,fumigations of the same ,decoction1 or of hot ,,oxycrat1 are very convenient and helpful on this ,occasion1 as are also astringent ,injections4 ,,but however sometimes1 and not seldom1 it happens1 that this ,case proceeds from the negligent or ignorant ,,midwife1 by her not duly cleansing the ,,womb2 by which ,means1 some part 7how small soever7 of the ,,secundine or ,membrane1 or some clotted ,,blood1 or perhaps a ,,mole1 miscall'd a false ,conception1 may be left behind in the ,,womb2 which distending that ,body1 occasions not only an immoderate ,,flux1 but also stirs up violent ,,pains1 not unlike to those of ,,labour3 ,in this pitiful ,condition1 all possible ,diligence must be prudently used to fetch away and remove this ,cause1 which is only most effectually to be done by the ,hand-,cure1 in the manner already abundantly set forth4 ,,after which1 the ,,patient is to be treated as before1 laying her equally flat upon her ,back1 and keeping her very still and quiet in ,,bed2 which ,,bed may however in this ,case be kept a little ,cool1 as well as her ,chamber1 lest ,,heat should provoke and continue the ,course of the ,,flux4 ,,moreover1 in fine1 it also sometimes happens1 that immoderate ,purgations proceed from some gross ,excrements contain'd in the ,,rectum antecedent to the ,time of ,,labour2 which1 as they puff up the ,belly1 so they also commonly occasion severe ,,cholicks2 but these being discreetly evacuated by a pretty strong emollient ,,clyster1 the ,,flooding immediately ceases4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,acute ,distempers incident to ,,child-,,bed-,,women4 ,,we are in this place only to consider the ,acute ,distempers of the ,puerperial ,woman1 because the ,time of lying-in is not of such a long ,continuance as to admit of ,chronick ,diseases3 ,and these ,acute ,ones1 in short1 which they are most commonly subject to1 are continual ,,fevers1 7,either1 #a4 ,essential1 that is1 ,,fevers proceeding first from the ,,blood2 or1 #b4 ,symptomatick ,,fevers1 that is1 such as follow upon the internal ,inflammations1 which often attend the ,child-,bed-,woman27 as also ,frenzies1 ,watchings1 ,lethargies1 ,convulsions1 ,epilepsies1 c4-- ,,but more especially there is one particular kind of ,,fever1 which invades almost all labouring ,women the third or fourth ,day after the ,,birth1 and is commonly call'd the ,,milk-,,fever2 because about that time1 the ,,milk begins to generate more plentifully in the ,,breasts1 taking its ,rise from the ,motion and ,agitation of the ,,blood1 which converts it from the ,,womb to the ,,breasts4 ,this ,distemper1 resolving itself about the ninth ,day by ,,sweat1 is of no dangerous ,consequence2 provided the ,,patient observes a good and proper ,,diet1 and duly prevents all ,cold1 that might readily stop the ,,sweat1 and carefully preserves the ,,milk from coagulating or putrefying in her ,,breasts1 whence the ,symptomatick ,,fevers commonly arise3 ,wherefore1 ,i say1 this ,,milk-,,fever1 being of the extended ,ephemerick ,sort1 and ceasing of itself1 requires no great ,cure4 ,,only in this ,case1 it is a vulgar ,error among the good ,women1 that because this ,,fever lasts only four or five ,days at most1 coming on about the fourth1 and ending about the ninth ,day after the ,,birth1 they take all ,fevers in this time1 for the ,,milk-,,fever2 and consequently thro' this ,mistake1 neglecting1 or not regarding duly the true ,condition1 the ,,patient is very often endanger'd3 ,which ,mistake1 that they may for the future diligently avoid1 ,i shall subjoin here some certain ,,signs of ,distinction in due ,course4 ,but previously---- ,,the ,causes of all ,,fevers incident to the ,child-,bed-,woman1 are either the ,suppression of the ,,lochia in whole or in part2 or the vitious ,quality of the ,humours accumulated in ,gestation1 and exasperated in the ,,birth2 or a vitious irregular ,,diet in the time of lying-in2 or the cold ,,air1 or any such ,accident by bad ,management1 may readily convert the ,,milk-,,fever into a putrid and dangerous one2 as a latent ,,cacochymy may also easily dispose it to ,corruption4 ,,the true ,,diagnosticks1 in my ,opinion1 are as follow1 viz4 ,,first1 the ,,milk-,,fever is known from hence1 that it always begins about the ,fourth ,day1 when the ,,breasts begin to fill with ,,milk2 and then the ,,lochia flowing regularly1 the ,woman finds a certain ,gravity or ,weight in her ,back and ,shoulders4 ,,but1 ,,secondly1 when the ,,lochia are suppressed1 whether in whole1 or in part1 'tis then certain that the present ,,fever proceeds from thence2 the ,,belly thereby swells and is puffed up1 as also it is pained when touched2 and the ,humours1 at last1 putrefying in the ,,womb1 it ejects a certain ftid or corrupt ,matter4 ,,whereas1 ,,thirdly1 if the ,,fever neither proceeds from the ,,milk1 nor from any ,irregularity of the ,,lochia1 why then it must necessarily either proceed from the vitious ,quality and ,preparation of the ,humours2 or from a ,cacochymical ,habit of ,body2 or from an irregular ,way of ,living in time of ,,gestation4 ,,the most certain ,,prognosticks are as follow1 viz4 ,,first1 ,all ,acute ,diseases in ,child-bed ,women1 whose ,strength is impaired by their ,,labour1 are much more dangerous than in any ,others4 ,,secondly1 ,these which proceed from the ,suppression of the ,,lochia are most dangerous2 because the ,humours putrefying in the ,,womb1 occasion most severe ,,symptoms1 yea and too commonly ,,death itself1 unless a lucky ,diarrha1 or a timely ,ejection of the corrupted ,matter1 prevents the ,misfortune4 ,,thirdly1 ,the self-same is the unfortunate ,consequence1 when the ,distemper proceeds from the vitious ,,humours2 for ,nature then not being able to expurgate their abounding ,superfluity by the ,,lochia1 the ,,patient must needs be greatly endanger'd1 if not overwhelm'd4 ,,the most adviseable ,cure1 ,,first1 as to the ,,milk-,,fever1 is only to be committed to ,nature1 the ,woman using always a proper ,,diet1 and carefully animadverting1 that the ,,sweat1 in which it commonly terminates1 be no ways checked1 impeded1 or obstructed4 ,,secondly1 ,as to the ,watchings1 ,deliria's1 ,epilepsies1 c4 which the ,,patient is subject to in this ,condition2 as they proceed only from ,vapours of the ,,blood and ,humours1 ascending to the ,head1 when the ,,lochia do not flow regularly1 or when the ,woman is ,feverish3 ,so the ,cure of these distemper'd ,cases depends 7at first7 chiefly upon retracting the ,,humours from the ,head to the inferiour ,parts1 and correcting the ,course of the ,,lochia3 ,because1 if these flow orderly1 and the vitious ,humours1 from which such depraved ,vapours as affect the ,head1 be removed and evacuated1 all such ,,symptoms quickly cease and vanish of their own ,accord4 ,,thirdly1 in the other above-mentioned ,cases1 the ,,patient ought always to be treated according to the various ,circumstances of her ,condition2 ,i mean1 according to the attending ,,symptoms1 conformable also to which the ingenious ,physician will always judiciously take his prudent ,measures3 ,since the ,cure does not always depend upon the same ,method2 especially when a symptomatick1 or concomitant ,,fever1 joins the first1 as it very often happens1 by an ,inflammation of some particular ,part1 proceeding from something of the vitious ,,humours enforcing itself upon the same very ,part4 ,,now1 in short1 tho' such ,inflammations may affect any ,part of the ,body1 yet 7,i think7 the most common ,case is1 that which affects the ,,pleura2 and from hence 7the ,pleurisy joining the ,,fever7 the ,woman labours under both these complicated ,acute ,diseases at once4 ,the ,cure of which difficult and dangerous ,condition belongs only to the ablest ,physician1 to whom ,i should be justly censured1 in impertinently offering any ,instruction upon this ,subject4 ,finally1 in a word1 from what has been said in the ,chapter of the ,acute ,diseases of ,women with ,,child#aha1 we may more fully gather what is to be prudently done to ,women in ,,child-,,bed1 afflicted with the like ,distempers4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the various other ,accidents incident to the ,,child-,,bed-,,woman4 ,,first then1 ,because these accidental ,distempers are very many and numerous1 as well as various and different in ,kind3 ,,secondly1 ,because some of them have been already treated1 or occasionally discoursed upon at large3 ,and1 ,,thirdly1 because others are only to be named in this ,place2 ,i shall take leave to include and comprehend them all1 for ,brevity's sake1 in this present ,chapter4 ,,in order to which1 ,i may first observe1 that most 7if not ,all7 of these unfortunate ,accidents1 depend entirely upon the indiscreet ,conduct of the ,,midwife in time of ,,labour1 or the ill ,management of the ,woman after the ,,birth3 ,since by the prudent and judicious ,means of the expert ,,midwife1 many ,accidents may be prevented1 which otherways must necessarily happen1 especially in difficult or preternatural ,,births2 as also1 on the other hand1 by treating the ,woman orderly1 and guiding her carefully1 many ,distempers may be totally averted1 which otherways will inevitably seize the ,,patient4 ,as for ,instance---- ,,it sometimes happens1 that she is troubled with a ,prolapse1 or bearing down of the ,,womb1 or ,vagina1 or ,both2 as also sometimes with a ,falling out of the ,,fundament3 ,in all which unhappy ,conditions the industrious ,,midwife will find her ,instructions1 not only with respect to the ,cure1 but also with respect to the ,prevention 7which concerns her most7 particularly set down and accounted for in ,,sect4 ,v4 ,chap4 #aj1 and #aa4 as she will also1 upon ,perusal1 find the ,method of preventing that deplorable ,accident1 of making a ,rupture in1 or renting the ,perinum1 in ,chap4 #i4 ,,but in case of ,contusions1 or ,smaller ,rents in the ,,vulva1 or ,vagina1 which sometimes cannot be well prevented1 especially in the ,first ,,births2 such are by no means to be neglected1 lest they degenerate into malignant ,,ulcers3 ,wherefore they ought to be cured1 as soon as possible1 after the ,woman's ,,delivery2 which ,cure is easily performed1 when taken in hand betimes1 by proper ,fomentations1 and convenient ,,cataplasms4 ,,sometimes again1 the ,,womb1 the ,belly1 and the ,feet swell much after the ,,birth2 which ,,symptoms commonly proceed from some ,cold1 or from drinking too much1 or from either a ,suppression or ,diminution of the ,,lochia1 or from any irregular way of ,living during the time of ,,gestation3 ,by which means the vitious ,,humours1 resolving themselves into ,flatulencies1 swell and puff up both the ,,womb and the ,,abdomen2 and these ,winds descending1 have the same ,effect upon the ,legs4 ,but the ,cure1 however1 of all such ,,symptoms1 is readily accomplished by convenient ,,diet1 proper ,fomentations1 and discutient ,medicines4 ,,hence ,i might orderly descend to an ,indefinity of ,particulars1 deriving from the following general ,heads1 which ,i ,shall only name at this time2 viz4 the various ,diseases of the ,,pudendum and ,vagina1 as well as of the ,,matrix itself1 together with their co-incident ,,symptoms2 as also the divers ,distempers1 and different ,,symptoms of the ,woman's ,,breasts4 ,but ,these ,subjects being as different as numerous 7which ,i have already hinted7 ,i must refer them to another ,opportunity2 being resolved to keep the present ,work1 for the common ,good1 within the ,purchase of all sorts of ,people as far as possible2 and until such time as something on these ,heads appears more judicious or elaborate1 either from my own1 or some more capable ,hand1 ,i hope ,english ,women can be at no great ,loss for good ,instruction1 or ready ,assistance2 especially not in this famous ,city of ,,london1 which is1 by the ,divine ,mercy1 abundantly well-stock'd1 and singularly well provided1 with some of the most excellent ,physicians of the ,age1 as well as with some very ingenious ,practisers in the ,art of ,,midwifery4 ,,and1 thus1 in fine1 having piloted the good ,woman 7as it were7 thro' the three ,gulphs of ,,gestation2 ,,birth1 and ,,child-,,bed1 and at last brought her into safe ,harbour2 we may now 7,i hope7 securely leave her there1 to refit for the same prosperous ,voyage again2 whilst we1 in the next ,place1 undertake to provide for the ,safety of her ,,cargo1 or direct the ,regimen and ,nursing of the ,,child4 ,and ,,first-- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,constriction of the ,,navel-,,string1 and the ,swaddling of the ,infant4 ,,if after the ,torrents of ,difficulties and ,oceans of ,danger that the ,,mother has painfully gone through1 and narrowly evaded1 the ,,child should at last be lost2 the ,comfort of her ,burden would be but small1 and the ,reward of her ,sufferings but very little3 ,wherefore special ,care ought to be taken to prevent such melancholy ,events2 in order to which1 we are not only to remedy such ,indispositions as it 7too often7 brings with it into the ,world1 but also to defend it from the many periculous ,contingencies1 to which the ,tenderness of its ,body1 and the ,debility of its ,age expose it4 ,,the first ,duty then1 that the ,,infant requires of us after ,,birth1 whether born by the ,head1 or extracted by the ,feet1 is the tying and cutting of the ,umbilical ,vein1 or ,,navel-,,string2 which being a thing generally well known1 ,i shall have no ,occasion to insist upon it1 especially since tho' the common ,,gossips may differ in the ,performance1 yet they always agree in the ,fact4 ,,however1 that we may not pass this essential ,point by in ,silence1 in case a notable ,word may drop by the ,by1 ,i would1---- ,i4 ,,observe1 that1 until the ,,string be cut1 the ,,child is to be carefully laid on one ,side1 not on its ,back1 for fear that the ,,humours1 running to its ,mouth or ,nose1 may choke it1 for want of free ,evacuation4 ,,ii4 ,i would take notice1 that1 if need require1 while the ,,midwife is busy about the ,mother1 in extracting the ,,after-,,birth1 cleansing the ,,womb1 c4 the most capable of the ,,gossips should tie and cut the ,,string1 especially if the ,,infant is weak or ill2 otherways it may be deferred until the ,woman be entirely delivered1 and fairly laid4 ,then1---- ,,iii4 ,,as to the ,performance of this ,matter1 it may be tied with a good strong ,thread1 laid four or five-fold1 according to its ,strength2 and the ,,knot tied close within two ,inches of the ,,child's ,body3 ,tho'1 ,i say1 that the ,,knot is to be tied close1 yet it must not be so strictly tied as to cut asunder the ,,string2 which might easily happen1 especially to the ,,infants of a tenderer ,constitution4 ,and the ,reason that ,i would have the ,constriction made two ,inches from the ,body1 is this1 ,that in case any ,blood should happen to drop out afterwards 7as it often happens7 there may be room enough to tie it again nearer the ,,navel4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,string is not to be cut off close to the ,,knot1 but also two or three ,inches from it2 so that1 if it happens to swell with ,wind 7as is very common7 after being tied1 it may be loosed again1 the ,wind discharged1 and itself conveniently retied4 ,but the far better and preferable way is1 to tie this ,,vein in two ,places1 and cut it asunder betwixt the ,ligatures2 being thereby secure from losing ,,blood4 ,some 7,i know7 will not have the ,,vein to be tied before the ,,child cries or makes ,water2 but1 however1 long ,delays in this ,case are no ways convenient1 nor without ,danger4 ,v4 ,,this ,,vein or ,,string being cut1 must be wrapped up in a three or fourfold ,rag1 to defend the ,,babe from ,cold or ,pains of the ,belly2 which otherways might ensue from the naked ,,vein's lying upon its ,body3 ,which being done1 this ,part of the ,,string is to be laid on the upper ,part of the ,belly1 with a small ,boulster on the ,top of it2 and then swathed with a ,linnen ,swath of about four ,inches broad1 to keep it firm and steady4 ,,vi4 ,,the first time that the ,,child is unswathed1 a new ,,knot ought to be made or tied1 and that to prevent all ,danger by ,loss of ,,blood1 which may readily happen by the first ,,knot's relaxing1 as the ,,string begins to wither away or contract4 ,,this being so duly taken care of1 it remains only in general1 that the ,infant be presently washed1 cleansed1 and examined all over1 and at last orderly swaddled4 ,all which if the ,,midwife does not perform with her own ,hands1 she ought at least to see it carefully accomplished3 ,upon which she may then say1 she has faithfully discharged her ,duty to both the ,,mother and the ,,child4 ,,vii4 ,,but more particularly1 in the seventh ,place1 ,i must take notice1 that as soon as the ,,navel-,,string is thus duly handled and provided for1 the ,,infant is to be tenderly cleansed of the adhering ,excrements1 and washed all over in a little warm ,wine1 ,milk1 or ,ale2 especially its ,head1 ,arm-,pits1 ,groins1 ,cods1 or ,privities1 c4 are to be softly cleansed and gently bathed with a soft ,spunge or ,rag1 dipt in the same ,liquors3 ,but if the viscous ,matter sticks too fast or close to the tender ,body1 a little ,oil of sweet ,almonds1 or fresh ,butter1 may be added to either of the foresaid ,liquors4 ,as also the ,ears and ,nostrils ought to be well cleansed and unstopped with small ,tents of fine ,rags wet therein2 and the ,eyes wiped with a soft dry ,cloth2 as the ,mouth1 ,tongue1 and ,jaws may be cleans'd by the ,finger4 ,,viii4 ,,these things being all very carefully and tenderly performed1 every ,part of the ,body ought to be diligently searched1 in case of a ,dislocation1 or any other ,accident1 happened by ,violence in the ,,birth1 or otherways2 that present ,remedies may be used1 according to the ,nature of the ,circumstances3 ,and especially the two ,conduits of the ,,urine and ,,ordure are to be examined2 since it sometimes falls out that these are not perforated1 and consequently that the ,meconium cannot be voided1 which inevitably proves fatal1 unless timely ,care be taken4 ,,ix4 ,,as to the ,,urine1 all ,children discharge it as soon as born1 at least as soon as they feel the ,heat of the ,fire2 when if the ,excrements1 properly called ,,meconium1 tho' improperly ,,collostro by the ,italians1 do not follow a little after2 ,i mean within an ,hour or two2 then a small ,suppository may be used1 such as a sugar'd ,almond anointed with a little boiled ,honey2 or a ,piece of ,venice-,soap anointed with fresh ,butter2 as also a little ,syrup of ,roses or ,violets1 mixed with the ,oil of sweet ,almonds by ,expression1 that is1 drawn without ,fire1 may be given in the ,mouth1 anointing the ,belly with the same ,oil1 or with fresh ,butter2 in like manner as a small ,clyster 7upon occasion7 may be discreetly used and managed to purpose4 ,x4 ,,the ,,infant being in these respects provided for1 it is now to be duly dressed and swaddled in its ,swathing-,cloathes2 and beginning with the ,,head1 a ,compress of a three or fourfold fine ,linnen ,rag1 about four ,inches broad1 is to be applied to the ,,mould1 for defending the 7yet open7 ,,brain from ,cold1 c4 which ,compress is to be carefully covered with1 and pinned to the ordinary ,,caps made on purpose4 ,next then1 some small soft ,,rags are to be laid behind the ,ears1 upon the ,breast1 in the ,arm-,pits1 and the ,groins2 after which the ,,babe is to be wrapped softly up in warm ,blankets1 and discreetly swathed2 not too strait1 especially not about the ,breast and ,stomach1 that it may breathe the freer1 and the better retain the ,,milk it sucks4 ,the ,,arms are to be stretched along the ,sides1 and the ,,legs equally streight1 with a little of the ,bed betwixt them2 and the ,,head is always to be kept steady1 as the whole ,,child is to be preserved thus warmly wrapped up1 and judiciously appointed4 ,but now because the ,,infant is commonly committed to the ,nurse's ,care1 ,i shall1 in the next ,place1 enter upon the ,description of the proper ,person for that purpose4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of the ,,nurse and her ,regimen1 together with the requisite ,qualities of her ,,milk4 ,,tho' the ,,babe may be brought up by the ,hand only1 without ,suckling1 as many ,instances of very thriving ,children testify2 yet because the most natural1 common1 and commendable way is to suckle it1 ,i come now to touch upon the proper ,,nurse1 her ,milk1 and ,diet4 ,upon which ,i first observe1 that the prime and chief ,quality of a good ,,nurse is1 that she be the ,mother of the ,fosterling ,,infant herself2 and that because her ,,milk1 being generated of the same ,blood1 of which the ,,child is formed1 and has hitherto been nourished1 is of a nearer ,affinity with the ,nature of her ,,babe1 than the ,,milk of any other strange ,woman whatsoever2 which can differ no less from the ,maternal ,milk1 than the own ,mother1 and the other differ in ,constitution and ,temperament of ,body1 ,regimen1 and ,method of ,living1 c4 ,all which affect the ,,infant in no small ,degree2 for as the ,,blood is generated of the ,chyle1 and the ,spirits of the ,,blood1 so the ,,child imbibes the very ,manners and ,disposition1 as well as the gross ,humours and ,qualities of the ,,nurse with her ,milk4 ,,as a ,lamb sucking a ,goat1 changes not only its ,nature1 but even its ,skin and ,wool into the ,,goat-,kind2 so it is also among the rational ,creatures3 ,from hence we have justly the old ,proverb1 touching an ill-natured ,person1 that some ,brute or other has been his ,,nurse4 ,and hence it is that ,romulus and ,remus1 the ,sons of ,,mars 7without any ,reality7 are said to have been nursed by a ,,wolf#ahb2 ,pelias1 the ,son of ,neptune1 by a ,,mare2 ,telephus1 the ,son of ,hercules1 by a ,,hind1 c4 ,not that they ever actually sucked such ,creatures1 only their ,,nurses were of such ,tempers and ,natures1 which they were thus supposed to have by the ,,breast infused into them4 ,,and1 in short1 daily ,experience1 as well as many ,learned ,authorities1 may sufficiently convince us1 that ,,children really suck in the several vitious ,inclinations and depraved ,passions of their ,,nurses2 such as ,anger1 ,malice1 ,fear1 ,melancholy1 c4 ,agreeable to which ,opinion1 ,diodorus says#ahc1 that ,nero the ,emperor's ,,nurse was very much addicted to ,drinking2 which ,habit ,nero imbibed from her1 to such a ,degree1 that the ,people took notice of it1 and from thence instead of ,,claudius ,,tiberius ,,nero1 call'd him ,caldius ,biberius ,mero4 ,the same ,author relates of ,caligula1 that his ,,nurse used frequently to moisten her ,nipples with ,,blood1 that he might take the better hold of them2 which 7says the same ,diodorus7 was the ,cause of his being so cruel and ,blood-thirsty all the ,days of his ,life2 that he not only committed frequent ,murders by his own ,hand1 but even wished that all humane ,race was but one ,,neck1 that he might have the pleasure to cut it off4 ,,in short1 honest ,parents perceiving their ,children to incline variously1 one to ,thieving1 another to ,drinking2 one to ,stupidity1 another to ,barbarity2 are amazed at such ,degeneracies of ,mankind1 not knowing after whom the ,child can take those ,propensions4 ,but abstracting from this1 how many fine ,children do we daily see thrown into ,fits1 ,rickets1 ,consumptions1 c4 merely by sucking their imprudent ,,nurses1 when enraged1 or otherways in a ,passion8 ,if then the ,case stands thus1 that every ,disorder of the ,,nurse is a real ,detriment to the ,,infant1 surely1 upon this ,account1 all ,parents ought to know ,,her well1 to whom they entrust these ,dear ,pledges of their sacred and natural ,desires4 ,,moreover yet1 besides all these ,things1 the tender ,care1 as well as the ,love and ,affection of the ,,mother to her own ,,child1 by far surpasses that of any mercenary ,,nurse whatsoever4 ,wherefore the ,,mother1 tho' perhaps not the best ,,nurse in other respects1 is always preferable to a ,,stranger3 ,which if ,people of ,probity and ,honour would more observe1 ,i sincerely believe that there would not be so many graceless1 disobedient1 and undutiful ,,children of our ,age4 ,i do not think what ,i have read of ,scipio ,africanus to be any singular ,instance2 namely1 that ,he esteemed ,her more for his ,,mother1 who nursed him two ,years after his ,birth1 than ,,her who brought him forth1 and then forsook him in the ,world4 ,agreeable to which1 and most propos1 was the ,answer of the ,philosopher1 ,favorinus#ahd1 to the ,,mother of a certain ,noble-woman in ,,child-,,bed1 who was dissuading her ,daughter to nurse the ,,child she had born2 viz4 ,i entreat thee ,woman 7says he7 suffer her to be the whole and entire ,mother of her own ,son4 ,and verily1 ,,she only can be properly so called1 who carefully nurses as well as brings forth her own ,,children4 ,hence it is that the ,earth is called the ,,mother of all ,things1 not so much because she produces all ,things1 as because she maintains and nurses what she produces4 ,,all which1 notwithstanding1 there is sometimes a ,necessity 7on account of sundry ,reasons7 to provide another ,,nurse for the ,,child2 wherefore ,i come now briefly to describe the most proper ,person for this ,,trust1 and to set forth the ,qualities of the most convenient ,,milk1 for the wholesome ,nourishment of the ,,infant4 ,,first then1 the ,,nurse ought to be a ,woman between the #bjth and #ceth ,year of her ,age1 perfectly graced with the ,blessings and ,ornaments of ,nature2 and a ,person of ,probity and ,reputation in her ,rank1 endued with ,love1 ,pity1 and ,tender-heartedness3 ,as she also ought to be sound and healthy1 of a good ,habit and ,disposition of ,body and ,mind1 of a sanguine ,complexion1 and rosy ,colour2 of a middle ,stature1 having black or brown ,hair1 a lively ,eye1 sweet ,breath1 sound and white ,teeth1 with an agreeable chearful ,countenance4 ,in short1 she ought also to be a well-mannered1 modest1 and sober ,person1 having middle-sized1 well shaped1 not flabby nor hanging down1 but solid fleshy ,,breasts1 with elegant1 firm1 and well perforated ,nipples4 ,,secondly1 ,as to her ,,milk1 it ought neither to be too new1 nor too old2 but at any time from the ,puerperial ,flux1 until the #fth or #hth ,month thereafter1 it is not to be rejected2 especially if it be of a good ,consistence1 neither too thick nor too thin1 of a pure white ,colour1 an agreeable pleasant ,smell1 and a perfect sweet ,taste4 ,,but it sometimes however happens1 that the ,milk of a ,,nurse1 otherways a very proper ,person1 degenerates from some of the abovesaid ,qualities3 ,in which ,case it is no ways convenient to change the ,,nurse1 especially if it so happen to the ,,mother2 only the ,,milk is to be corrected according to ,art1 which may be easily performed by proper ,medicinal ,means1 and that as well with respect to its ,quality as ,quantity3 ,however1 as this ,case belongs to the ,,symptoms of the ,breasts1 which ,i have already declined speaking to1 as in the foregoing ,chapter1 so ,i shall no ways enter upon it in this ,place4 ,but again---- ,,thirdly as to her ,regimen1 such a ,,nurse is to make use of1 and enjoy a good and convenient ,diet2 abstaining carefully from all salt and sharp ,victuals1 as well as from high-spiced ,meats1 and strong or spirituous ,liquors4 ,in short1 as she ought to avoid all ,sorts of intemperate ,air1 and keep herself clean both in ,person and ,cloaths2 so she ought always to exercise herself by some light ,labour1 and keep herself in a moderate active ,motion2 prudently suppressing1 at all ,times and upon all ,occasions1 the various ,passions of the ,mind3 ,by which means1 any ,woman as above described1 may make a very good ,,nurse1 and that even without abstaining altogether either from the moderate ,use of ,wine1 or of ,conjugal ,conversation2 notwithstanding the contrary ,opinion of most ,authors1 provided only that she does not give the ,,child suck for an ,hour or two after ,copulation4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,of the ,diet and ,ablactation1 together with the farther ,regimen of the ,,child4 ,,besides the external and internal ,excrements mention'd in the foregoing ,chapter1 the ,,infant in a few days after ,,birth1 pukes up a certain ,sort of viscid ,phlegm2 for which ,reason it ought to have no ,,suck until this ,humour be evacuated1 lest the ,,milk incorporating with that ,matter1 both should corrupt3 ,to prevent which ,inconveniency1 some order a little ,oil of sweet ,almonds by ,expression1 and a small ,quantity of ,sugar-,candy1 or a little fresh ,butter and ,honey mixed4 ,,instead of which1 however1 ,i have seen some ,jewish ,matrons give also the new-born ,,child for the first ,thing1 a little ,,salt dissolv'd and mix'd in a ,spoonful of ,hysop1 or ,saxifrage-,water2 which 7tho' no improper ,prescription in itself7 yet ,i conceive their chief ,reason for it to proceed from ,ezek4 #af4 #d4 where the ,,lord summing up the ,duty of the ,,midwife1 says1 ,thou wast not salted at all1 c4 ,again farther---- ,,the ,learned ,arnoldus de ,villa ,nova1 advises us to give the ,,child1 for the first ,thing1 half a ,scruple of fine pulverized ,coral in a little of the ,woman's ,,milk2 and that 7says he7 to prevent ,,fits1 to which new-born ,children are very subject4 ,,all which may be indifferently us'd1 according to ,pleasure1 tho' ,i take a small ,spoonful of ,sugar'd ,wine1 given twice or thrice a day1 for the first four or five days running1 to be the most preferable ,remedy for ,prevention3 ,by reason that the ,wine cuts and loosens the ,acid ,humour1 preparing afterwards by ,concoction and ,digestion what remains1 as the ,sugar temperates and helps to expurge the ,acrimony3 ,which being duly done1 ,i would order the ,,infant always to rest1 laying it not on its ,back1 but on its ,side1 that this morbifick ,matter may be the more commodiously voided by the ,mouth1 as already precautioned in ,chap4 #g4---- ,,this ,humour being then thus prepared and discharg'd1 the ,breast of some other clean and sound ,woman may be given the ,,child1 until the ,mother's ,milk be purified for its proper ,use2 which it can scarce be supposed to be1 before the ,dissolution of the ,,milk-,,fever1 that is before the ninth day after ,,delivery3 ,from which time1 it is to be maintain'd and nourish'd for the first three or four ,months by ,,breast-,,milk only2 augmenting however its ,allowance from day to day1 in proportion to its ,age and ,strength1 that the weak ,stomach may never be overloaded1 so as to occasion ,vomiting1 or 7which is worse7 a ,,diarrh,a3 ,to prevent which ,inconveniency1 let the ,,infant rather suck often1 and a little at a ,time1 than too much at once4 ,,after these first ,months are over1 a little thin ,,pap may be given it every ,morning1 and in time twice a day2 which is commonly made of ,flower and ,milk1 or ,ale1 with a little ,sugar and ,butter3 ,but because ,,flower is of itself humid and viscid1 and may not only occasion ,pains and ,obstructions1 but also1 engender ,gravel and ,worms1 it ought to be first well dryed in a new or clean earthen ,pot in an ,oven2 or1 what is better1 the ,,pap may be made of the ,crumb of a ,loaf3 ,which ,diet is properly observ'd1 until the time of ,teething1 laying it still1 a little after its ,meal1 to rest upon its ,side1 or now and then upon its ,back1 with the ,head a little rais'd2 however not in the ,bed with the ,,nurse1 for fear of overlaying it1 but in a ,,cradle close by her ,bed-side2 always very carefully covering the ,,child',s ,face1 that the ,light may not offend its tender ,eyes1 and render them any ways distorted or goggled3 ,and as the ,,infant may be brought up by the ,hand without ,suckling1 so it may easily be accustomed to ,sleep without ,rocking4 ,but be that as it will1 as soon as the ,,child is furnish'd with ,,teeth1 it is proper by degrees to use it to a little more solid ,food1 such as ,bread and tender ,meats or ,fleshes1 however1 a little chewed by the ,,nurse3 ,in the mean time no ,crude1 or ,meats of hard ,digestion1 are to be allow'd it1 because such ,things produce a ,corruption of ,humours1 whence ,worms engender1 and other various1 grievous1 and irregular ,symptoms arise4 ,,but before ,i proceed farther1 ,i ought to observe1 that the ,duty of the ,nurse does not consist entirely in the abovesaid ,conditions2 for the ,,babe must be as duly washed and shifted1 unswaddled and reswaddled as ,,fed3 ,wherefore from the ,,birth1 until the third or fourth ,month1 it ought to be loosed and washed all over in warm ,water twice or thrice a day1 before the warm ,fire2 as also in the night time if necessary1 that the ,acrimony of the ,excrements may not offend it3 ,upon which at every singular ,occasion1 the ,,nurse may also rub its tender ,body gently1 not only for the better ,concoction of its ,aliment1 but also for strengthening and consolidating its ,members2 which ,offices being all carefully and affectionately done1 the ,,infant is to be shifted toties quoties1 and orderly reswaddled in clean1 dry and warm ,clouts and ,blankets4 ,however yet1 from the third ,month until the ,teething-,time1 the ,body needs only be washed once a day1 or 7if you please7 every other day2 as from thence forward it may only be twice a ,week4 ,,moreover1 when the ,,child begins to use its ,hands and ,feet1 if it moves briskly from place to place1 it is a good ,sign of a strong and lively ,constitution2 as it is the ,reverse1 when it sits torpidly or drowsily still and unactive4 ,which notwithstanding1 these brisk ,,infants are not to be allow'd such ,motions too soon1 ,i mean not to use their ,feet prematurely or too fast1 as many ignorant ,nurses commonly encourage them to do3 ,because by these means1 their tender ,legs may be easily distorted or become crooked4 ,whereas when they are more firm and well-grown1 they may be learned to walk by the help of the ,,nurse',s ,hand1 or of a ,leading-,string2 as afterwards they may be inur'd to walk of themselves1 by the means of a small ,vehicle or ,chariot1 as is generally well known in populous ,places4 ,,as to the time of ,ablactation1 or weaning the ,,child from the ,breast1 it is not always the same2 some being more robust and lively than others1 and consequently may be sooner wean'd2 but others are more weak and tender1 and accordingly require longer time of the ,breast4 ,however this be1 the ,,infant ought not to be wean'd before it has its compleat ,sett of ,teeth2 because if sooner1 it can no ways duly prepare its ,,victuals by the ,mouth1 for ,concoction in the ,,stomach1 which may be of very bad ,consequence2 ,besides1 in the time of ,teething1 especially about the ,eruption of those call'd the ,,dog-,,teeth1 the ,,child is subject to ,fevers1 ,pains of the ,gums1 and various other ,symptoms1 which would certainly be of more ,danger by far1 if it was at that ,juncture to be deprived of the ,,breast4 ,,otherways1 ,i take the due and proper ,time for ,weaning the ,,infant1 to be about the #ahth or #bdth ,month1 rather longer than shorter2 because it surely finds the ,benefit of this proper and benign ,aliment all the ,days of its ,life4 ,yet at what time soever it happens to be done1 the ,,child is not on a sudden to be accustomed to different sorts of ,,victuals1 but rather1 while it yet ,sucks1 to be gradually brought to the ,use of what is most convenient for its ,nutrition1 such as ,hen or ,chicken-,broth1 or the ,soup of other ,meats1 mix'd with a little ,crumb of ,bread2 or a ,soup made of ,ale1 and ,crumbs1 with a little ,fresh-,butter1 which is of excellent ,nourishment3 ,as before1 or about the ,time that the ,,infant is to be ,wean'd1 a little half chew'd ,meat of any ,sort1 provided sweet and fresh1 may be given it for a good weaning ,repast4 ,,upon this ,head1 ,i shall only farther observe1 that the ,,ablactation1 or ,weaning1 always happens more conveniently in the ,spring or ,autumn1 than in the ,summer or ,winter1 and that more auspiciously with the encreasing than with the decreasing ,moon3 ,and this1 because otherways1 besides the ,alteration which happens to the ,,child from the ,change of its ,diet and ,aliment1 another may easily affect it from the ,calidity or ,frigidity of the ,ambient ,air4 ,,but besides1 in short1 that the ,,infant may be the better and the more readily ,wean'd1 the ,,nurse',s ,nipples may be anointed with the fresh ,juice of ,wormwood2 or with a ,liniment of the same ,juice1 ,honey and ,aloes2 or any other proper ,ingredients1 discreetly us'd1 that its tender ,lips or ,gums may not be inflam'd1 nor the weak ,stomach hurt or offended4 ,however1 the better way is1 that the ,,nurse withdraw herself from the ,,child',s ,presence2 upon which it is to be plentifully fed1 as already advis'd1 allowing it a little ,ale1 but no ,wine1 for its ,drink4 ,,now as to the ,,diet and ,regimen of ,children from ,,ablactation to the first ,seventh ,year of their ,age1 ,i would farther observe1 that it differs yet altogether from that of more adult ,persons1 since their infirm ,habits and tender ,bodies can no way tolerate1 or withstand the consequential ,effects of an irregular ,,diet1 or an ,erroneous ,regimen3 ,besides this ,age requires ,,victuals frequently1 and that not only what is sufficient for ,nutriment1 but also for ,growth3 ,and moreover they ought still to be now and then bathed or washed at ,times4 ,,but touching the ,affections and ,passions of their ,minds1 great ,care must be taken1 that they be not provoked to ,wrath or ,anger1 nor frighted with fearful ,notions or ,phantasms2 since such ,things make strong ,impressions upon their soft ,bodies1 and frequently give ,,origin to ,convulsions1 ,epilepsies1 c4 ,however1 as ,children are naturally more prone to ,evil than to ,good1 and to ,vice rather than to ,virtue1 they are not to be too much indulged2 but from their ,infancy upwards1 all such perverse ,faculties and ,passions of ,mind are to be so curbed and moderated1 that they may become subservient and obedient to ,reason2 and that because this very ,age is the proper ,time to lay the ,foundation of their future good ,qualities and ,disposition1 agreeable to the ,rules and ,prscripts of a right rational ,,oeconomy4 ,i know ,this is sometimes accounted a hard ,task1 but if we consider that the ,,whelps of ,savage ,bears and ,lions may be so tamed1 as to obey the ,motions of their ,,keeper1 how much more easily may the ,sons of ,,men be inur'd to follow the ,laws of right ,reason8 ,their ,passion first discover themselves most commonly by ,crying and ,tears1 tho' sometimes also otherways2 wherefore such ,,fits of ,anger or ,passion ought to be prudently reprehended in them2 and when neither ,admonitions nor ,commands may prevail1 then ,threats ought to take place1 that all ,frowardness and ,obstinacy may be stifled in the ,,bud2 for the ,mind of ,youth may be justly compar'd to a ,mass of ,,wax or ,,clay1 on which we may readily stamp what ,impression we please to make4 ,,for these ,reasons1 their ,attendants1 or such other ,persons as may be occasionally about ,children1 ought carefully to avoid doing or saying any mean1 base or vile ,thing1 especially in their ,presence or to their ,knowledge2 since here the old ,proverb holds most true1 that1 we are drawn by ,precept1 but led by ,example4 ,wherefore to moderate and mitigate their ,passions1 ,,children ought to be allowed proper ,diversions1 and such ,exercises of ,body as their ,age and ,constitution will permit2 and that also1 because if they were to be brought up lazily or sluggishly1 without ,motion or ,exercise1 their ,,victuals which is now commonly given them both plentifully and frequently1 could not possibly disperse itself nor digest1 upon which the innate ,heat would infallibly suffer a sensible ,decay4 ,,these ,things being duly observed1 it now only farther remains1 that the ,,child be well train'd up1 and carefully educated2 instilling all along into its ,mind the ,principles of ,humanity and ,morality1 and instructing it gradually in the ,knowledge of ,arts and ,sciences2 which it will even at this tender ,age be found capable of ,conceiving3 ,for the ,human ,mind being naturally adapted to attain to the ,cognition of all sublunary ,things1 may be thus endued and furnished with the most laudable ,arts1 before it can distinguish the ,,use of them2 since according to the ,philosopher's wise saying#ahe1 ,nostrum scire nihil aliud est1 quam ,reminsisci4 ,because 7,i say7 the ,mind of ,man perceives and comprehends the ,notion and ,knowledge of all temporal ,things in it self1 notwithstanding that it cannot easily display it self1 by reason of the burthensome ,oppression of the ,body and its gross ,humours3 ,like as a ,,fire1 overlaid with ,ashes1 must be raised up and fomented1 before its engender'd or retain'd ,sparkles can exert themselves with any ,lustre2 so it is even with us1 before the ,light and ,instinct of our ,natures can shine forth3 ,for as some ,,roots cast no ,smell1 or breathe no ,fragrancy of themselves1 unless they be softly touched or squeezed with the ,hand2 so neither do our ,natural ,powers and ,faculties exert or show themselves1 unless they be diligently exercised and cultivated4 ,,thus we have now guided and conducted the ,,child from its ,,birth1 to the ,seventh ,year of his ,age2 which being only meant by the ,,infant1 that was safely ,born1 and continued all along in ,health2 ,i come now in the next place1 to hint upon what is farther ,requisite towards the rearing of such ,,children1 whole ,misfortune it may be1 either to come into the ,world with ,infirmities1 or to be afterwards subjected to them in their ,cradles4 ,and ,,first1 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,x4 ,of the various ,symptoms and ,indispositions wherewith the ,,child may be ,born4 ,,since some only1 not all ,,children1 happen to bring ,infirmities with them into the ,world2 and because such ,indispositions as are chiefly meant here1 discover themselves presently at the ,time of ,,birth1 and require immediate ,cure2 ,i shall concisely enter upon1 and briefly comprehend them ,all here1 as they most commonly fall out1 in this present ,chapter4 ,,in order to which1 ,i shall previously observe1 that such ,inconveniencies happening to the ,,infant1 may have a double ,origin1 and proceed either from a ,defect in ,nature1 or the ,effect of a difficult ,,birth3 ,the ,first may take ,rise from various ,causes1 such as of the ,parental ,seed1 the ,forming ,faculty1 the ,maternal or ,uterine ,constitution1 an illegitimate ,time of ,,birth1 and the like2 as the ,latter may also arrive1 not only from a ,difficult1 or ,preternatural ,,labour1 c4 but also from the ignorant1 rough ,usage1 or barbarous ,treatment of the ,,midwife4 ,however1 not to insist too long on these ,things1 it very often1 and too commonly happens4 ,i4 ,,that1 ,the ,,child suffers so much in the ,birth1 that 7when born7 it is hard to know1 whether it be dead or alive1 not one part of the ,body being perceiv'd to move2 which however may be thus well known1 viz4 by laying my ,hand upon its ,breast1 ,i shall feel the ,motion of the ,heart1 if alive1 tho' never so weak2 as ,i shall also perceive a small ,pulsation of the ,arteries1 by touching the ,,navel-,,string near the ,belly4 ,,in which ,case1 ,i would immediately order the ,,infant to be laid in a ,warm ,bed or ,blanket1 and quickly carried to the ,,fire2 where its ,mouth is to be open'd1 as its ,nose is to be clean'd and unstopp'd with small ,,tents dipp'd in warm ,white-,wine1 and ,linnen wet with the same applied to its ,breast and ,belly2 spurting always in the mean time1 a little of the same ,wine into its ,mouth and ,nose1 until it begin to stir3 ,or then ,i would distil a drop of ,aqua-,vit1 from time to time upon its ,tongue1 bathing its ,pulses and ,nostrils with the same1 while ,i anointed its ,mouth with ,honey4 ,,ii4 ,,it sometimes only happens1 that the tender ,,face is bruised ,black or ,blew1 ,pale or ,livid2 which may also as well proceed from the ,bones of the ,,pelvis1 or from the ,,child',s being ,born ,face-upwards1 as from the ,,midwife',s hard ,usage4 ,in this ,condition1 ,i would only order it to be frequently anointed with the ,oil of ,sweet ,almonds1 drawn without ,,fire1 that is1 by ,expression2 upon which it soon recovers its ,natural ,colour4 ,,iii4 ,,again sometimes the ,,infant is born with a ,,knob or ,,tumour on the ,crown of its ,head1 occasion'd by its hard ,pressure against the ,,orifice1 or by its strict ,compression in the same3 ,in which ,condition1 ,i would immediately foment it with warm ,wine or ,aqua-,vit1 and apply a ,,compress to it1 either wet in the same1 or in the ,oil of ,roses and ,wine beat together2 and the same ,fomentation and ,compress may serve for any other ,part of the ,body1 which may be swell'd by rough ,usage1 or otherways1 in a difficult ,,birth4 ,but in ,case of ,suppuration1 it must be open'd in a proper place with a ,,lancet1 applying afterwards a ,plaister of ,betony4 ,as also in ,case of a ,fracture1 or any sort of ,dislocation1 the ,parts must be join'd and reunited1 and duly retain'd in their ,natural ,position by convenient ,boulsters or ,splinters1 until they be firmly closed and reconjoin'd4 ,moreover ,,iv4 ,,in ,difficult ,,births1 it very commonly falls out that the ,,head is pressed into an oblong ,form by the ,bones of the ,pelvis1 because the ,,scull not being made of one piece1 is not equally hard or firm2 the ,sutures being only surrounded with ,membranes1 especially the ,top of the ,,head is so ,membranous and soft1 that the ,bones forming the ,,scull may be easily pressed one upon another2 from whence we have this oblong ,figure of the ,,head4 ,however1 in short1 this may be corrected and reduced to its ,natural ,shape1 by frequent1 but cautious and skilful1 ,handling4 ,v4 ,,weak ,,children1 and such as come prmaturely1 or before their ,time1 into the ,world1 have the ,mould and ,sutures very open1 and the ,bones far distant3 ,in which ,condition they are only to be softly bound about with a small ,cross-,cloth1 committing the rest to ,nature2 which in time1 and by degrees1 will close up and consolidate these ,sutures2 and sooner or later1 according to the innate ,heat and ,moisture of the ,,infant1 unite and join the ,bones of the ,,head4 ,,vi4 ,,sometimes also it happens that the ,child is ,tongue-ty'd1 by the too strait ,astriction of its ,,bridle2 so that this ,member cannot freely extend or move itself1 thro' the ,capacity of the ,,mouth2 which in the ,infancy impedes or hinders its ,sucking1 as in riper ,years it does the ,faculty of ,,speaking3 ,in this ,case1 the ,,tongue1 being supported or held up1 on each side of the ,string1 by a small forked ,instrument1 ought to be cut a-cross by sharp ,,scissors as much as is needful2 which however must be done with ,caution1 not to hurt the ,veins under the ,,tongue4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,infant is also sometimes troubled with a small round ,tumour under the ,,tongue1 fill'd with vitious ,blood1 or pituitous ,matter2 which ,atius and ,paulus gineta call'd ,,ranula ,,lingu2 ,which ,case may be managed1 and the ,tumour dissolved by a little ,ammoniac ,salt1 or such other proper ,remedies2 but if ,occasion require1 the same may be open'd by a ,lancet4 ,,viii4 ,,it also happens1 tho' but seldom1 that the ,,child is born with a close ,fundament2 and that sometimes shut up by the single ,,skin1 and sometimes by a fleshy ,substance3 ,in the first ,condition1 there appear some livid ,marks of the ,,meconium thro' the ,skin1 which feels soft to the ,touch4 ,upon which occasion1 an ,apertion must be made with a small ,incision-,knife1 a-cross1 not long-ways1 that it may the better receive a round ,form1 and not so easily grow again together2 which however must be done with great ,caution1 that the ,,sphincter of the ,rectum may not be hurt3 ,and the ,meconium being afterwards voided1 whether by a ,suppository1 ,clyster1 or otherways2 the ,orifice is to be stopp'd up with a ,linnen-,tent1 anointed at the beginning with ,,rose-,,honey1 but afterwards with some drying and cicatrizing ,ointment1 such as ,,unguentum-,,aleum1 ,,pompholyx1 c4 ,dressing it always as often1 and as soon1 as the ,excrements are evacuated1 lest the ,apertion should turn to an ,,ulcer4 ,,but in the other ,case1 where the ,,fundament is stopped up with ,flesh1 that neither any ,mark nor ,appearance of the ,,rectum is seen or felt1 whereby its true ,situation may be known1 or the proper place where the ,aperture ought to be made2 ,the ,operation is much more difficult1 and the ,,infant but seldom escapes the fatal ,consequence of this ,misfortune3 ,which ,difficulty notwithstanding1 we are diligently to do our ,best upon such ,occasions2 to which ,end1 an ,apertion must be made within half an ,inch of the ,,child',s ,rump1 being the certain place of the ,,rectum2 which in the interim must be perform'd with the greatest ,care and ,judgment by a small ,incision-,knife with one ,edge1 turning the ,back upwards1 and thrusting it so forward1 until the ,aperture be made big enough for the ,excrements to pass thro'1 always prudently regarding the ,,sphincter as above2 upon which the ,wound1 c4 are to be dressed and order'd1 as in the preceding ,case4 ,,ix4 ,,in like manner1 it also may happen that the ,,infant is born with its ,urinary ,passage shut up2 upon which ,occasion1 a convenient ,apertion must also be made with a proper ,,lancet3 ,which ,operation must likewise be perform'd with great ,prudence and ,ingenuity4 ,x4 ,,moreover1 ,it also sometimes falls out1 that the ,,child is infected with the ,venereal ,lues1 from the ,predominancy of that ,distemper in the ,,mother2 which ,case easily discovers itself by many ,pustules and ,ulcers appearing at the ,,birth in diverse ,parts of its ,body1 especially about the ,,head1 ,,belly1 ,,thighs and ,,clunes3 ,upon which the ,cure may be pertinently protracted to a more advanced ,age1 tho' prudent ,measures may be taken1 to keep the ,distemper under1 but if the ,condition be ,malignant1 the ,remedy is commonly prevented by ,,death4 ,,xi4 ,,finally as to the small or puny ,faults of ,,nature1 such as a distorted or wry ,mouth1 crooked or flat ,,nose1 thick or flabby ,,lips1 rough or ugly ,,visage1 or the like ,blemishes1---- ,,the ,,child',s ,body being tractable like a piece of ,wax1 or the ,potter's ,clay1 ,these may be ,judiciously corrected and ,ingeniously amended1 and a more ,delectable and ,amiable ,,form given to#ahf every ,part2 as in ,case of any ,blemish of the ,,eyes1 whether they be ,discoloured1 or ,sparkling1 ,dim or ,short-sighted1 ,squint or ,goggle1 ,rolling or ,goat-eyed2 a ,lovely black ,colour1 and a graceful ,beauty1 may be also artfully given them#ahg4 ,,now 7,i think7 ,these are all the most common ,symptoms or ,indispositions which the ,,child brings with it into the ,world2 which being thus briefly discuss'd1 ,i come at length to---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xi4 ,of the ,sundry ,symptoms and ,diseases1 peculiarly incident to the ,,infant after its ,,birth4 ,,notwithstanding that the ,,child may be born free from all apparent ,symptoms of any ,indisposition1 and however careful the ,honest ,nurse may be of its ,diet and ,regimen2 yet it seldom happens1 but it undergoes some one or more of the following subitaneous ,inconveniencies1 viz4---- ,i4 ,,gripes or ,pains of the ,,belly1 which may proceed either from the ,,meconium1 its not being timely1 or not fully evacuated2 or from the ,,nurse',s ,milk1 its generating ,wind and acid ,humours1 either by her using improper flatulent ,,food1 or from the ,,babe',s sucking more ,milk than its ,stomach can digest3 ,or the same ,pains and ,gripes may also proceed from the ,effects of cold ,,air1 or from ,,worms in the ,intestines1 or from the unseasonable use of ,,pap1 c4 ,,this ,affection in general is known by the ,inquietude and ,crying of the ,,infant1 which is now 7in a manner7 averse to the ,,breast1 continually turning itself here and there1 without ,rest or ,intermission of ,pain2 ,but more particularly1 ,this proceeding from the ,,meconium1 may be distinguished and known by the ,colour of the ,excrements1 since the ,,meconium is always black1 and as soon as it is altogether voided1 the ,,stool becomes pale2 and that may be readily cured by the means already prescribed#ahh4 ,if this ,affection proceeds from ,,wind1 it may be known by the ,,child',s frequently belching and the ,,belly',s swelling1 if from ,,cold1 the use of ,,pap1 or from any pituitous viscid ,humour1 the ,,belly is most commonly bound1 and the ,cure differs but little from the preceeding ,case4 ,if from corrupted ,,milk or acid ,humours1 the ,condition is most commonly attended with a ,,diarrh,a1 and the ,excrements are of a greenish or ,saffron ,colour3 ,the ,cure of which1 depends upon proper ,abstergents and ,evacuations4 ,if at last from ,,worms1 their proper ,diagnosticks shew it1 of which in their ,place4 ,,ii4 ,,sometimes an ,extension or shooting forth of the ,,navel happens to the ,,child1 and that frequently to the ,bigness of an ,,egg1 more or less2 which ,case is properly call'd an ,,exomphalon1 and proceeds either from the continual ,cries1 or violent ,coughs of the ,,infant1 or from a ,laxation or ,rupture of the ,,periton,,um1 or sometimes from an ,exulceration of the ,,navel4 ,,in this ,condition1 whatever the ,cause may be1 the sooner that the ,cure is undertaken1 the more easily it is perform'd2 for which ,end1 after removing the ,causes of ,crying or ,coughing1 the relaxed ,,periton,,um may be strengthened and astringed2 as when bursten1 it may be reunited and consolidated by proper ,,cataplasms and ,,swaths2 after replacing the ,intestines 7if fallen down7 keeping the ,,child for the most part in ,bed1 with its ,,belly always loose1 and never too full4 ,,iii4 ,,and the same is the ,method of ,cure1 in ,case of an ,intestinal ,,rupture1 otherwise call'd ,,enterocele1 i4 e4 ,,hernia2 only1 ,that a ,truss is now more convenient than a ,,swath3 ,however in this ,place ,i would observe that all ,tumours of the ,,scrotum1 are not to be mistaken for the present ,bursten ,case2 because the same may also happen from a ,watry ,humour collected in that ,part1 which is more properly call'd an ,,hydrocele1 and is easily distinguish'd from the ,,enterocele3 ,insomuch1 that1 in this ,condition the ,tumour is most commonly1 in one part of the ,,scrotum1 ,i mean in its ,right or ,left ,side2 when also the fallen ,intestines may be perceiv'd by the ,touch2 as the ,,rupture or ,hole through which the ,intestines are fallen1 may be by the ,finger3 ,whereas in the ,case of an ,,hydrocele1 the ,tumour is commonly in both ,sides1 and the ,,scrotum is more puffed up1 neither is there any ,hole of a ,,rupture to be found in the ,,periton,,um4 ,the ,cure of which ,case depends entirely upon proper ,absorbents1 or ,discutients1 for resolving and drying up the ,,water1 or dissipating the ,,wind1 and afterwards upon ,corroboratives for confirming the ,parts4 ,but after ,all1 in the mean ,time this ,tumour is also sometimes1 upon occasion1 properly open'd by a ,,lancet to evacuate its preternatural ,contents4 ,,iv4 ,,an ,inflammation or ,exulceration of the ,,navel may happen to the ,,child1 by the ,string's falling off too soon1 or before it be fully clos'd and cicatriz'd2 which may proceed from any violent ,agitation of the ,,belly1 by continual ,crying1 vehement ,coughing1 c4 as it also may from an unskilful ,ligature of the ,,string1 or from cold ,,air2 upon which sometimes follows a great loss of ,blood1 and even ,,death itself1 if not timely prevented4 ,,this ,inflammation is known by the ,,navel',s swelling-up1 being red and hard with ,heat and ,pulsation2 ,in which ,case after appeasing the ,,infant',s ,coughs1 or ,cries1 c4--,i would apply to it the ,unguentum refrigerans ,galeni ,populeon1 each one half mix'd2 or a small ,bolster dip'd in the ,oil of ,roses with a little ,vinegar4 ,,but1 and if the ,,navel continues ,ulcer'd after the falling of the ,,string from it2 in that ,case proper ,desiccative and ,astringent ,medicines are to be apply'd1 such as small ,rags dipp'd in ,lime-,water1 but not too strong2 or in ,plantane-,water1 wherein a little ,,alum has been dissolved4 ,if the ,,ulcer be but small1 a ,pledget of ,dry ,lint will be sufficient2 observing always to keep a good ,linnen ,compress on the ,top of whatsoever ,remedy is us'd1 with a ,,swath to keep all fast1 until the ,,navel be perfectly heal'd and cicatriz'd2 lest at the same time it should also force itself outwards1 as in the 'foregoing ,case4 ,v4 ,,the ,child is also very frequently troubled with the ,,aphth1 or ,ulcers of the ,mouth2 commonly call'd the ,,thrush3 ,proceeding either from vitious ,milk1 or from its ,corruption1 in the ,,stomach2 emitting sharp ,vapours1 which readily affect the tender ,skin and ,superfice of the ,,infant',s ,mouth1 and that the more easily1 because the same ,tunick1 or ,skin1 which invests the ,mouth1 is common to the ,gullet1 which naturally communicates the ,affections of the ,,ventricle to the ,jaws4 ,hence it is that the ,nice ,taste of the delicate ,,tongue so readily distinguishes all ,relishes2 and hence it is that the ,ingenious ,physician1 by looking upon the ,,tongue only1 is able to judge of the prevailing ,intemperament of the whole ,body4 ,,the ,cure of these ,,thrushes1 proceeding as aforesaid from the acid ,vapours of bad ,,milk1 or from its ill ,digestion1 depends properly and entirely upon defeating and obtunding the ,,acrimony1 by proper ,absorbents1 and gentle ,purgatives4 ,,vi4 ,,another ,symptom not only familiar1 but even ,natural1 to all ,,children1 is their ,teething2 which tho' ,this be the mere ,work of ,,nature1 yet because of the various ,distempers and ,symptoms1 which commonly attend and conjoin this ,,dentition1 it is not improperly reckon'd in the ,,category of the ,diseases of ,,infants3 ,which however is to be understood1 not of the ,simple ,,dentition1 but of the difficult ,breeding of ,teeth2 ,not but that the ,,child is furnished with ,teeth even before ,,birth1 tho' they lurk so long in their proper ,sockets1 being cover'd with the ,,gums1 until their due ,time of ,eruption#ahi4 ,tho' in the ,interim1 it has been observed that some ,,children have brought eminent ,,teeth with them into the ,world#aij1 as it is also for ,instance1 particularly reported of ,,lewis the ,,xiv of ,france4 ,,but however the ,,teeth most commonly break out about the ,seventh ,month1 and first those call'd ,dentes ,incisores1 or the four fore-,,teeth2 which after a short ,interval1 are followed by the two ,dog-,teeth1 commonly call'd the ,,eye-,,teeth2 and at last succeeded by the eight ,cheek-,teeth or ,,grinders1 in each ,jaw2 the two last of the ,molares1 properly called ,dentes ,sapienti1 springing only out about1 or after the one and twentieth ,year4 ,now as this ,eruption1 particularly that of the ,,dog-,,teeth1 because of their very deep ,root and small ,nerve1 cannot happen without an exquisite ,sense1 and intense ,pain to the ,,infant2 so1 from the continual ,solution of the ,,gums1 many prternatural ,affections seize the ,,child1 according to ,hippocrates's ,catalogue#aia2 to which1 in short1 ,i must only refer3 ,because if ,i was to enter upon the particular ,detail of all ,these1 ,i should extend the ,limits of this ,,work beyond all measure2 wherefore ,i shall endeavour to comprehend them all under the one following general ,head2 viz4---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,xii4 ,of the ,acute ,diseases of ,,infants4 ,,the very tender ,nature and infirm ,constitution of ,,children1 subject them to many various and grievous ,symptoms1 besides those to which they are expos'd by a vast variety of ,procatarctick ,causes4 ,but as ,i am not in this place to enter upon the ,detail of these particular ,symptoms1 neither shall ,i enumerate their respective ,causes3 ,which however is the less requisite1 considering the ,regimen and ,nursement of the ,,child already prescribed in the foregoing ,chapters2 since the least step1 degenerating from what is there inculcated1 may prove an effectual mediate ,cause2 for all that indeed1 according to the most ,learned and ,excellent ,dr4 ,harris1 the only immediate ,cause of all ,,children',s ,diseases is1 an ,active and prevailing ,,acid#aib4 ,,this ,doctrine1 in as much as the ,constitution of ,,infants is undeniably most ,humid1 appears also evident from ,hippocrates's his own ,words1 saying1 the ,rise of all ,diseases is one and the same1 the ,place only makes the ,difference#aic4 ,hence we may justly conclude1 ,,first1 ,that1 however the ,symptoms may differ in degree1 the ,diseases of the ,,infant-,state are but very few3 ,,secondly1 ,that the ,cure of these is far more ,safe and ,easy1 than those of full grown ,persons3 ,,thirdly1 ,that the ,younger the ,sick ,,child is1 the more easy still is the ,cure3 ,because its tender ,body1 abounding with ,natural and acquired ,moisture1 is soft and flexile1 and consequently apt to receive any ,alteration3 ,and ,,fourthly1 ,i observe that the ,,infant easily falls into ,sickness1 or may be suddenly taken ,ill1 and as readily restored to ,health1 if but carefully and ingenuously treated3 ,because any ,impression whatsoever1 good or bad1 is sooner received by a ,soft1 than by a ,hard ,body2 tho'1 ,i confess1 the same is more ,lasting1 if once strongly impressed upon the ,hard adult ,constitution4 ,,now as to the ,diagnosticks of ,,children',s ,diseases1 ,these depend chiefly upon the ,relation of the ,,nurses2 since all ,sentiments taken from their unruly ,,pulses1 or their 7naturally7 thick ,,urines1 prove most ,uncertain4 ,however1 as the ,,stomach is always affected with an ,acid ,distemper1 7whatever the reigning ,disease may be1 or howsoever it may be intitled by ingenious ,authors7 so it most commonly produces ,fastidy or ,loathing of ,,victuals1 ,vomiting of a thick ,,gelly1 or a viscid and coagulated ,,phlegm1 sour ,belchings1 and ,,excrements of a sourish ,smell1 and a greenish ,colour1 especially in the ,beginning4 ,as afterwards---- ,,if the ,distemper continues1 the ,,patient turns gradually ,pale1 and its discoloured ,,face is tinged a little ,green or ,yellowish2 ,the ,,belly swells with ,wind1 which breaks frequently upwards2 one or more red ,pustules 7a certain sign of ,acidity7 commonly rise in the ,,face1 or upon some other upper ,part of the ,body2 and the ,,infant growing daily worse1 breathes high1 and smells sour or ,,acid4 ,,again1 ,as to the ,prognosticks of these ,distempers1 of what kind soever they be1 which afflict the ,,infant2 ,i cannot in short1 but readily agree with the most ,ingenious ,doctor before-mentioned1 who plainly tells us1 that ,these depend chiefly upon the ,method of ,cure1 and the ,conduct of the ,,nurse2 ,wherefore ,i proceed to the ,,cure4 ,,as to this point then of the ,cure of ,,children',s ,diseases1 ,i shall ,,first observe that1 how many soever these ,distempers are accounted1 according to the ,,registers of ,polite ,authors1 by what ,name soever they are denominated1 and how learnedly soever defin'd1 as they all proceed from one immediate efficient ,cause1 7which has been already hinted at7 so the ,cure of them all is the same1 and depends1 in like manner1 upon ,one only regular ,method4 ,,secondly1 ,i observe that as this ,cause is nothing else than an ,acid ,humour1 abounding in the ,stomach1 and coagulating the imbib'd ,nourishment of the ,,infant1 7as is evident from all the given ,diagnosticks7 so the proper ,method of ,cure1 depends entirely upon obtunding that ,acidity1 dissolving those ,coagulations1 and eliminating the peccant ,matter4 ,but more particularly1 ,,having always a great and due regard to the natural ,debility1 and tender ,constitution of the ,young ,,patient1 the ,acid ought first to be prepared by prudent means1 and then to be carried off by proper ,medicines4 ,i say prepared by prudent ,means1 because this is no indifferent ,matter2 ,for if we should take the same ,method with these tender ,creatures in this ,case1 that we do with more adult ,persons we would certainly miscarry in our ,attempts2 or if we should attempt this ,preparation1 by ,alexipharmacks1 ,cordials1 7improperly so call'd7 ,causticks1 or ,sudorificks2 these ,things being most prejudicial to the ,nature of young ,,ones1 would rather promote the ,crudity1 than the ,concoction of the ,,humours4 ,,therefore the ingenious ,doctrine of the ,excellent ,doctor ,,harris1 must certainly take place here1 namely#aid1that the most temperate ,things most securely absorb the prevailing ,acidity1 and that the more ,simple and ,gentle the ,remedies are1 the more ,safe and ,certain the ,cure is4 ,,hence the simple ,testaceous ,medicines mentioned by him1 are not to be paralleled in the present ,case2 since they effectually mitigate all ,ebullitions1 and gradually become the most safe and powerful ,anodines3 ,insomuch1 that they1 in a word1 as certainly asswage all the ,pains1 ,gripes1 ,disquiets1 ,watchings1 c4 of ,,children2 as ,narcoticks1 or ,opiats1 do allay those of older ,people4 ,,the ,body being then alter'd by these means1 and the ,humours duly prepared1 they are to be forthwith ejected1 or timely purged off1 even from the youngest ,,infants1 as well as from those of riper ,years3 ,the ,doses and ,quantities of all sorts1 being discreetly adapted to the ,age and ,strength of the ,,child1 under what ,form soever they may be given4 ,,upon this ,head1 ,i might indeed pretend to expatiate1 but because1 whatever ,i1 or any other ingenuous ,person1 understanding the ,matter in ,hand1 may attempt to offer1 will only terminate in1 and be consentaneous to1 what my last quoted ,author has plainly laid down1 and concisely comprehended in a few emphatick ,words2 ,i shall here also1 for ,brevity's-sake1 set ,bounds to my ,progress4 ,and thus1 in short1 having at large1 and in every particular ,respect1 faithfully discharged my ,duty1 both as ,physician and ,,midwife1 to the ,,child as well as to the ,,mother2 ,i now take leave of both the one and the other1 and in the next place1 come briefly to touch upon the ,reverse ,cases4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,sect4 ,,vii4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of ,prternatural ,,conceptions4 ,,having particularly defin'd the ,natural ,conception1 in ,chap4 ,i4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 and hitherto treated of its various different ,consequences1 both in ,,gestation1 ,,birth and ,,child-,,bed2 ,i come in the next place 7conformable to my promise before-mentioned7 to treat of the opposite and reverse ,case1 commonly call'd 7by the ,authors7 a vitious or depravated ,,conception3 ,which however1 ,i shall distinguish by the general ,,title of prternatural1 as ,i have one ,set of ,,births under the same ,denomination1 contained in ,sect4 ,v4 ,but---- ,,now1 because ,i judge all such ,,conceptions as well as ,,births1 to be prternatural1 which1 tho' not according to the ordinary ,institution of ,,nature1 are yet however not repugnant to ,,nature3 ,and because such ,,conceptions1 as well as the ,prternatural ,,births already defin'd1 happen after many different ways and manners2 ,i shall also reduce and divide them into two ,,classes1 viz4---- ,,first1 ,prternatural ,,conceptions in respect of the ,number2 to which belong all ,superftations1 and other ,numerous ,,conceptions2 ,and ,,secondly1 ,prternatural ,,conceptions in respect to the ,form or ,substance2 to which belong all false ,,conceptions1 ,,moles1 ,,monsters1 c4 ,of all which particularly and briefly in their due ,order1 and ,,first---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of ,,superf,,tations4 ,a ,,superf,,tation is nothing else than a ,second 7after a ,first7 ,,conception3 ,since if divers ,,infants may be conceiv'd at one ,embrace1 as will evidently appear from the following ,chapter1 we may easily believe1 that two1 three1 or more ,embraces1 may most probably have the same ,effect3 ,which is sufficiently confirm'd by the ,experience of ,hippocrates#aie himself1 as well as by many other most ,learned ,authors#aif4 ,,wherefore ,i shall spend no time in reciting here any ,instances ,i have met with of this ,nature2 only ,i refer the ,curious to a very famous collected ,history of such ,,births1 as in the ,margin#aig4 ,whence the ,certainty of ,superftation is not to be doubted1 and much less to be disputed3 ,and according to ,aristotle the same may happen1 after the ,second or ,third ,day1 from first ,conception1 as well as after so many ,months#aih4 ,but farther1---- ,,the ,cause of all ,superftations is only an ,apertion of the ,orifice of the ,,womb1 at the ,effusion of the ,virile ,,seed4 ,which however 7according to ,avicen7 only happens to such ,women1 as have plenty of ,,blood1 or a ,calid ,,womb1 desirous of ,copulation1 or to such as have their ,,menstrua after the first ,,conception4 ,,superf,,tations however are not easily discover'd before ,,birth2 at which time1 ,avicen advises to take ,notice of the ,,navel-,,string2 ,for 7says ,he7 if it be without folds or wrinkles1 there is but one ,,child2 if otherways1 there's a ,child for every ,wrinkle3 ,but ,i think the expert ,,midwife using her ,hand1 as ,i have not unadvisedly inculcated#aii1 will have but small ,occasion for such ,observations1 and far less ,need to trust to them4 ,,but when more than one ,,child is found1 they are distinguishable1 7,i mean ,superftations7 from ,these conceiv'd at one time2 those having each a peculiar ,,secundine2 these ,,one only in ,commune3 ,as the one is also less vital and more imperfect1 than the other2 according to the interval of ,time betwixt their ,,conceptions4 ,,the ,cure or ,prevention of this ,case is much the same with the following1 viz4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of a ,numerous ,,conception4 ,a ,numerous ,,conception may happen either with1 or without ,,superf,,tation3 ,and that without1 may be truly call'd ,monstrous2 as all ,,births1 exceeding the ,number of the ,woman's ,breasts1 or the ,,sinus',s of her ,,womb1 may be justly accounted4 ,i could also give many ,instances of this sort of ,,births1 where #c1 #d1 #e1 and more ,,children have been born at once1 but shall satisfy myself with ,this1 which ,i think is one of the most remarkable1 viz4 ,that of the ,countess ,margaret1#bjj ,daughter to ,florent ,,iv4 ,earl of ,holland1 and ,,spouse to ,count ,herman of ,heneberg2 who1 on ,good-,friday1 in the ,year of our ,,lord #abgf1 and of her ,age #db1 brought forth at one ,,birth #cfe ,,infants2 whereof #ahb1 are said to have been ,males1 as many ,females1 and the odd one an ,,hermaphrodite3 who were all baptized1 those by the ,name of ,,john1 these by that of ,,elizabeth1 in two ,brazen ,dishes1 by ,don ,william1 ,suffragan ,bishop of ,treves4 ,the ,,basons are still to be seen in the ,village ,church of ,losdun1 where all ,strangers go 7on purpose7 from the ,hague1 being reckon'd among the great ,,curiosities of ,holland4 ,for farther and more instances of this ,nature1 ,i refer the ,curious to a large collected ,history of such1 by the ,author mentioned in the ,margin#bja ,from whence the ,certainty of ,numerous ,,conceptions will evidently appear4 ,,again the ,cause of such ,numerous ,,conceptions is 7according to ,avicenna's just ,opinion7 the ,division of the ,,seed in numerous ,portions1 or ,proportions2 which may happen1 either because of the ,,womb1 or because of the ,,injector3 ,because of the ,,womb1 when its ,cavity is larger than ordinary2 or when it too greedily attracts to all its ,parts2 or when the divided ,,seed adheres separately to the singular ,uterine ,veins3 ,insomuch1 that if what has been recorded of the abovesaid ,countess be true1 it is not improbable that1 there may be a ,,conception for every ,orifice of the ,uterine ,veins1 and that every ,vessel may attract its own distinct share of the ,,seminal ,matter1 and thereupon initiate a respective ,,conception1 tho' it cannot possibly bring it to ,perfection4 ,,moreover the same may also happen1 because of an irregular ,,injection1 namely1 when that is perform'd by stops and intervals2 then the ,,womb attracting accordingly1 may occasion different ,,conceptions1 according to the different ,immissions or ,divisions of the ,,seed4 ,,but these ,,conceptions1 whether two1 three1 or more1 are always annexed to1 and contained in one common ,,secundine4 ,and tho' the ,woman1 by reason of her good ,constitution of ,body and ,,womb1 may do well in the time of ,gestation1 yet her ,prternatural ,condition in the ,,birth1 always threatens ,danger1 as is already made out more manifestly#bjb4 ,,now as to the ,cure or ,prevention of both this and the preceding ,case1 ,i know but one only grateful ,method of performing it2 viz4 by refrigerating and reducing the too calid ,,womb to a convenient ,temperature1 and using a proper ,regimen of ,health and ,,diet2 and that both before and after ,,conception4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of ,false ,,conceptions4 ,,having already also particularly defin'd the real or true ,,conception in ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,chap4 ,i4 ,i come now in like manner to the ,,reverse of that ,case1 properly call'd a false ,,conception4 ,but that ,i may1 in this ,point1 be well understood1---- ,a ,false ,,conception1 in my ,opinion1 is nothing else1 but a ,protuberancy of the ,woman's ,,belly1 attended with some1 if not with most1 of the ,symptoms of the ,months of ,,gestation3 which however1 is no ways occasion'd by a humane ,,foetus1 but 7on the contrary7 either by ,water and ,winds1 or ,wind and ,water vitiously mixed2 which is also pertinently call'd a ,dropsy of the ,,womb3 ,or then1 by a corrupted ,viscid1 or pituitous ,matter collected in the ,,womb2 and that either proceeding from weak and vitious ,,seed1 or from some extraordinary ,intemperature of the ,,womb1 which may hinder the ,elaboration of the ,,seed and ,,blood1 and consequently the ,accomplishment of the ,,conception3 ,or the same may also finally proceed from the ,impurity of the ,,menstrua1 which may corrupt the ,,seed1 and convert it to ,aqueous1 purulent1 or other ,,humours4 ,,this false ,,conception is attended 7besides the common ,symptoms of a true ,,conception7 with inordinate ,,fevers1 ,,pains of the ,head1 ,neck1 ,loins1 ,groins1 ,back1 and ,belly3 ,which ,,belly swells sooner than in the ,condition of real ,,conception2 and which1 if struck with the ,hand1 gives a ,sound like a ,,drum whence 'tis also call'd a ,,tympany3 ,the whole ,body is hence discoloured2 the ,feet1 and sometimes the ,face swells2 and only a little 7if any7 watery ,,milk is found in the ,breasts4 ,,the ,cure of the ,case depends entirely upon proper ,evacuations1 peculiar to the ,quality of what is to be evacuated4 ,whence ,i come to treat of the ,conception of ,,moles4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of ,,moles4 ,a ,,mole is properly nothing else1 than a fleshy ,mass 7instead of a ,,foetus7 engender'd1 of an imperfect ,,conception1 in the ,,womb4 ,and is so call'd1 because 7quasi ,lapis ,molaris7 like a ,,mill-,,stone1 its weight infests the ,woman4 ,,there are two immediate ,causes of this ,,conception of ,,moles1 viz4 the ,superfluity of ,matter1 and the infirmity of the forming ,faculty4 ,which1 ,i think1 is agreeable to ,hippocrates his meaning1 saying1 that too much ,menstruous ,blood1 or too little1 weak1 or insufficient ,,seed1 is the only ,cause of a ,,mole#bjc4 ,i know1 that besides these1 there are many other various ,causes given by diverse ,authors2 yea ,i know that the ,,mole it self is variously accepted among them3 ,but as ,i am not to insist upon the quibbling ,notions of other ,men1 so ,i shall only here observe1---- ,,first1 that there is a vast ,variety and ,difference in the ,substance1 as well as in the ,form of ,,moles3 ,,secondly1 ,that there is sometimes but one1 and sometimes two1 three1 or more ,,moles1 contain'd in ,one ,,womb2 and that1 sometimes with1 and sometimes without the ,natural ,,foetus as also sometimes separately1 and sometimes adhering the ,one to the ,other3 ,,thirdly1 ,that in this ,case1 if the ,,foetus be not directly kill'd by the ,compression of its tender ,body1 it is at least in ,danger of being misshaped1 or perhaps monstrously formed1 according to the ,bulk1 ,weight1 and ,solidity of what is contain'd with it in the ,,womb4 ,,however in regard to the ,,foetus1 when we are certain of its ,existence2 tho' in the ,,womb1 with one or more ,,moles1 it may perhaps be very safe2 ,therefore ,i again observe1 that1 in this ,case1 as long as the ,woman is no ways endangered1 the ,exclusion of ,,both ought to be ,natural1 and accordingly the appointed ,time waited for3 ,when according to all ,authors1 the ,,mole comes sometimes before1 sometimes with1 sometimes immediately after1 and sometimes a few ,days1 or perhaps ,weeks1 after the ,,foetus4 ,but such ,,midwives as follow my ,method1 already plainly laid down#bjd1 will scarce trust their ,,woman with the ,charge of a ,,mole1 one moment after the ,birth of the ,,infant and ,secundine3 ,because by such means1 yea1 even by a small ,clod of ,,blood1 which is a far less matter1 retain'd after the ,,birth1 ,millions of ,women have lost their pretious ,lives4 ,,in the mean time1 as ,,moles are most commonly generated alone1 without any ,,foetus2 ,i come now to indicate their peculiar ,diagnosticks1 which the ,reader may take as follows1 viz4 ,,first1 the ,woman's ,,belly swells equally in all its ,dimensions2 whereas in ,case of a ,natural ,,conception1 it is raised1 and as it were acuminated or pointed towards the ,,navel1 and a little compressed on both sides4 ,,secondly1 ,the ,orifice of the ,,womb never shuts in this1 as it does in the ,natural1 ,,conception3 ,and the ,,mole may be distinctly felt by the ,touch1 like a ,globular ,mass1 in the ,region of the ,,womb and ,,loins4 ,,thirdly1 ,any expert ,woman may also distinguish this ,case1 by its ,motion2 which is very different from that of a ,,foetus1 as also from that occasion'd by a false ,,conception as above described3 ,the ,,foetus having not only a total1 but also a ,partial ,motion2 which always differs according to the ,part or ,member moved2 and is consequently first perceived about the fourth ,month3 ,whereas the ,,mole has no distinct ,motion2 only1 as the ,woman turns to either ,side1 she may feel it 7like a ,,stone7 falling to the same ,side2 and in her walking1 she may easily perceive its suppressing dead ,,weight4 ,,fourthly1 ,her ,breasts swell1 but give seldom any manner of ,,milk1 and about the #dth and #eth ,months1 when she1 who has a ,natural ,conception1 is commonly best in ,health2 then the ,,mole-,,bearer falls worse2 ,her ,limbs and ,legs extenuate2 her ,face and ,skin are all over discoloured1 as the whole ,body languishes2 ,,pains of the ,back and ,groins follow of ,course1 together with a ,difficulty of ,respiration2 as sometimes also1 ,wind and ,humours break out of the ,,womb4 ,,upon the whole1 the ,,prognostick of this ,case is1 that as the ,,mole-,,bearing ,woman must in all respects1 be very much discommoded1 and afflicted with heavy threatning ,symptoms1 so she lives continually in ,danger of her ,life3 ,and the longer she entertains this unwieldy ,,guest1 the more rigid it grows1 and the closer it sticks to her2 so that consequently1 the more difficult it is to dislodge or extract this prternatural ,body3 ,for as the ,,mole has no ,secundine1 nor ,umbilical ,vessels1 but adhering by its own gross ,substance to the oppress'd ,,womb1 attracting its ,nourishment directly from the ,uterine ,vessels2 ,so it also fixes it self more and more strongly1 and the longer the more firmly among them1 to the great ,prejudice and ,damage of ,,nature4 ,,now1 as to the ,cure1 or the ,delivery of the ,,mole1 as has been said1 the sooner it is undertaken1 the easier it is performed3 ,and in this ,case1 ,i know all ,authors advise only1 to endeavour its ,expulsion by ,bleeding in the ,feet1 by proper ,baths1 by strong and ,acrid ,clysters1 c4 in order by such like means1 to excite or stir up ,,throws to open the ,,womb and irritate the expulsive ,faculty4 ,but for my part1 ,i would not too much afflict the ,,patient with these uncertain means1 especially if the ,prternatural ,body be of any long standing2 but rather at once betake my self1 to that which cannot fail me1 that is the ,,hand-,,cure2 after ,bathing1 relaxing and moistening the ,,passages with ,oils or emollient ,ointments3 ,and ,this ,i would undertake1 and perform after the same manner1 as in the ,condition of a ,dead ,child1 when the ,,pains are altogether ,deficient4 ,again farther---- ,i observe that1 of all the ,countries ,i know1 there is none1 whose ,women are so subject to ,,molar ,,conceptions1 as the ,provinces of ,holland3 ,and moreover1 by what ,i have diligently observ'd my self in those ,parts1 as well as by what ,i have comprehended from their most ,learned ,men1 the ,,moles generally conceived there1 are very different from ,others commonly conceived in other ,parts2 ,insomuch that ,those are of a strange1 astonishing1 deformed shape1 having 7as it were7 something in them like the ,rudiments of a ,work imperfectly begun2 such a ,piece1 as1 for ,example1 a ,limner may draw at the first ,draught1 with a rude ,pensil2 together with something of both ,life and ,motion3 ,,living however only 7as it were7 ,vit ,plant1 and moving but by ,palpitation2 as ,i have also seen and observ'd this ,body to contract it self sensibly at the ,touch1 and immediately again dilate it self perceptibly4 ,in the interim ,i must farther observe in this ,place1 that most commonly ,,nature ejects these ,bodies happily about the fourth ,month2 however yet1 not always all at once1 but most frequently by ,piece-,meal and in ,heaps1 not unlike as the ,,pump does the ,bilge-,water out of the ,ship4 ,,but here it may be ask'd1 why the ,dutch good ,women1 should be more subject to these ,prternatural ,conceptions than any others8 ,to which ,i answer1 according to the ,sense and ,sentiments of most of their own greatest ,men2 ,,first1 that all over these ,provinces1 the very ,borders of the ,,sea are inhabited1 and a ,world of ,people live 7as it were7 in the very ,jaws of the ,,ocean2 whose bellowing ,waves and tumultuous ,surges1 are not only obvious to their ,eyes all ,day1 but obnoxious also to their ,ears all ,night long2 as they continually beat upon their ,coasts1 and sometimes too near their very ,doors3 ,from whence these ,women cannot but be much affected and disturbed1 if not also frighted in their very ,embraces4 ,,however yet1 ,i do not conceive ,this to be always the ,,cause1 since ,,molar ,,conceptions are also very common in their greatest ,cities2 ,but as those happen there most frequently among the ,sea-faring ,men's ,wives2 so1 ,i think1 we may rationally account for them after this ensuing manner1 viz4 ,the ,sailers arriving from their ,voyages1 and coming ,home merrily with full ,sail up to their very ,doors1 incontinently embrace their ,,wives1 without having any regard to their ,natural ,course1 the ,,silent ,,moon1 or any other ,circumstance2 ,and the honest ,,wives1 having perhaps long wanted their ,husbands1 make no ,procrastination1 but eagerly fall to enjoying ,one ,another2 the good ,women attracting as greedily the virile ,benevolence1 as ,nature can prompt1 or as ,cerberus could snap at a ,piece1 or the ,hunger-starved a ,bit of ,bread4 ,upon which1 if no ,efluxion happens in the ,beginning1 ,,nature being incapable of elaborating such an unapt confused ,matter1 it is converted to a ,,mole2 which 7as aforesaid7 is frequently cast forth about the fourth ,month1 and call'd by them een ,manekindt1 as we for the same reason call it a ,,moon-,,calf4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of ,,monsters4 ,,when the ,parts destinated to the ,generation of ,man1 are in all respects well constituted1 ,,nature in the ,beginning fabricates a fair and comely ,conception1 and at last produces a ,lovely ,creature of its own kind1 absolutely perfected1 and compleatly furnished with all its own graceful ,ornaments3 ,whereas if any ,deficiency1 ,enormity1 ,fault or ,blemish be actually in ,those ,parts1 then the conglomerated ,principles of ,,generation are variously form'd into different ,sorts of prodigious ,,conceptions and ,monstrous ,,births4 ,however---- ,,with respect to the ,variety1 as well as the ,veracity of this ,,subject1 that ,i may make short ,work on't1 ,i refer the ,curious ,reader to the ,,works of ,jacobus ,ruffius1 ,cornelius ,gamma1 c4 who have not only described at large1 the various ,shapes and ,figures of the most remarkable ,,monsters which have been ,born1 but also particularly noted the ,times and ,places of their ,,births2 which they have authentically collected from many creditable ,authors4 ,,in the small ,conversation1 by the ,by1 which ,i have had either at ,home or ,abroad with the ,learned1 ,i have met with none who have deny'd the ,truth of this ,,position in general2 tho' some of my ,superiors in this ,place1 have been pleas'd to contradict in particular1 what ,i am just now going 7and chiefly for that very reason7 about to publish to the ,world1 in the next following ,chapter4 ,,but notwithstanding that we all agree as to the ,,fact1 yet ,i have found but few ready to discuss the proper ,causes of ,monstrous ,,births3 ,only so far1 that some would have them to proceed immediately from the ,commixture of ,humane with ,brutal ,,seed2 others1 directly from the ,,influx of the ,stars2 ,some again1 from a vitious ,constitution1 or oblique ,situation of the ,,womb2 others also1 from a ,lascivious and enormous ,act of ,copulation2 and some at last1 from the sordid and corrupted ,,seminal ,matter of the ,persons ,copulating4 ,which may be all indeed1 in some respect1 consentaneous to ,reason2 but notwithstanding1 in speaking to such ,causes1 ,i think1 we ought previously to consider the ,requisites concurring to the ,production of the ,,foetus2 what they naturally are1 and how they ought to be qualify'd4 ,,the ,,first and chief of which is the ,forming ,faculty2 #bly4 ,the two ,instruments1 by which this ,faculty operates1 viz4 the ,,spirit or innate ,seminal ,heat1 and the ,imagination1 #cly4 ,the ,,matter1 viz4 both the ,,seeds1 and the ,menstruous ,blood2 #dly4 ,and lastly1 the ,,place1 namely the ,,womb3 ,whence ,i conclude that any one1 or more1 or 7perhaps7 all of ,,these1 degenerating from their due state or natural ,qualities1 may prove the ,cause or ,causes of a ,,monstrous ,,conception1 or quivocal ,,generation4 ,,as to the ,forming ,faculty1 it never errs or fails1 but always performs its ,duty1 as far as depends upon it self1 or its own ,intention2 tho' indeed it often happens to be frustrated by the ,instrumentary ,causes3 ,as the most ingenious ,artificer cannot finish his ,work1 however successfully begun1 without a proportionable ,metal to work upon1 and corresponding ,instruments to work by2 ,so it is1 in this ,case1 with the ,forming ,faculty3 ,hence it is that ,,monsters are also pertinently call'd1 as they undeniably are1 the ,works of ,,nature2 however degenerating from its proper ,,end1 that it may effect something1 even such a ,,monster1 rather than that the indigested and unalterated ,matter should remain in the ,,womb1 and turn either to a ,,mole or a ,,stone1 as has often happened#bje4 ,which being thus consider'd1 we shall find the ,error or ,fault to ly either in the ,instruments1 in the ,matter1 or in the ,place4 ,,first then1 as to the ,instruments1 of the two above-mentioned1 ,i take the ,imagination to have the most prevalent ,power in ,,conception2 which ,i hope may be readily granted1 considering how common a ,thing it is1 for the ,,mother to mark her ,,child with ,pears1 ,plums1 ,milk1 ,wine1 or any thing else1 upon the least trifling ,accident happening to her from thence2 and that even in the latter ripening ,months1 after the ,,infant is entirely formed1 by the ,strength of her ,imagination only1 as has been already manifestly set forth at large#bjf4 ,,which if so1 ,pray1 what wonder is it1 if the ,woman in time of ,,conception 7which is by far the more critical ,juncture7 should by the same reason conceive1 and at last bring forth her ,,foetus with a ,calf's1 ,lamb's1 ,dog's1 ,cat's-,,head1 or the ,effigy of any other thing whatsoever8 ,and this the more especially1 considering1 that not only the conceiving ,woman1 but also the copulating ,man1 may effect the same thing2 if he should imprudently set his ,mind on such ,objects1 or employ his perverted ,imagination that way4 ,now this absurd ,imagination takes even place also among the very ,,brutes1 as ,lemnius relates#bjg of a ,sheep with a ,seal's1 or ,sea-,,calf',s ,,head1 having no doubt seen that ,animal in the critical ,time of ,conjunction or ,conception4 ,,in like manner1 supposing such ,women to conceive in their ,minds1 some deformed ,,spirit or ,,animal1 with ,horns1 ,snout1 ,wings1 ,cloven-,feet1 c4 7as has sometimes happen'd7 ,what should hinder this ,woman to produce a ,,birth with these ,monstrous ,marks8 ,,this is also therefore very possible1 but more especially1 when the ,disposition of the ,,matter acquiesces1 which it certainly does when the ,,seed and ,,blood are impure3 ,for1 ,is it not manifest to our ,eyes1 that some ,,children bring with them long ,hair and ,nails into the ,world1 merely from the ,impurity of these material ,substances8 ,then supposing the ,force of an absurd ,imagination to have seconded the ,efficacy of such ,sordid ,stuff1 what a ,,monster might not these ,jointly have produced8 ,wherefore ,i shall only add upon the whole of ,this1 that as such impious and foolish ,imaginations ought to be suppressed1 so both the ,,seed and the ,,blood ought to be pure and temperate1 to prevent such prternatural ,productions4 ,,now1 as to the ,heat and ,spirit contain'd in the ,,seed1 we may easily conceive its ,effects1 and such as have been in ,glass-,works1 and have seen ,,glasses1 made1 may readily comprehend how ,,monsters are formed in the ,,womb3 ,for in modeling the ,,glass1 if the ,work-,man blow the ,,pipe too much or too strongly1 the ,stuff is so extended1 that the ,,glass becomes both longer and wider than its due proportionable ,,form2 and so it may also happen in the ,,womb1 by an immoderate ,action1 or too great an ,extension or ,diffusion of the ,,seminal ,,spirit1 which sometimes may only affect some particular ,part1 such as the ,,head1 ,,nose1 ,,mouth1 ,,ears1 c4 and sometimes the whole ,,foetus disproportionably4 ,,secondly1 ,hence we may rationally conclude1 that a superfluity of ,,seed1 and super-abundancy of material ,,humours may1 in like manner1 produce duplicated ,members1 such as ,two ,,heads1 ,four ,,hands1 ,four ,,feet1 ,six or more ,,toes or ,,fingers1 c4 and this especially1 in case of the ,woman's strange ,imagination concurring2 which may easily happen1 by fancying herself sometimes to see double with her ,,eyes1 which ,deception may probably proceed from the ,concourse of ,,humours1 gross ,,vapours1 and confused or distracted ,,spirits4 ,and ,this in short1 it is evident1 holds also good among the other ,creatures 7,,irrationals7 as ,lemnius writes#bjh of himself1 that ,he saw a ,sheep and a ,calfe1 each with two ,,heads1 and a ,hen with four ,,feet and as many ,,wings4 ,,again1 as from the ,superabundance of ,,matter1 ,geminated ,members1 or ,superfluous ,particles may proceed2 so from the ,scarcity of these ,,matters1 ,want of requisite ,aliment1 or from any partial ,invalidity of the ,natural ,faculties1 some ,members or certain ,particles may be either maim'd and destitute of their ,natural ,use1 or then 7which is worse7 be altogether irregular1 defective1 or ,unnatural4 ,,lastly as to the ,place1 ,i mean the ,,womb1 in which the ,conception is made2 ,it ought not only to be perpendicularly seated in the ,,pelvis1 or in a direct line from the ,,vagina upwards1 but also to be well conform'd and proportion'd3 ,otherways1 as an ugly or unshapely exteriour ,,form or ,,mould of ,wax or ,clay1 produces a corresponding deformed ,,image cast therein2 so the ,,womb may as effectually be the ,cause of a ,deform'd or ,monstrous ,,birth4 ,and moreover not only so1 but the ,,womb ought also to be in its due ,temperament and ,natural ,state1 free of all ,distempers and ,inconveniencies1 such as obdurated ,,glands1 ,,ulcers1 ,,cicatrices1 c4 ,otherways1 as a ,,tree planted in ,stony ,ground1 its ,,root cannot diffuse or spread it self round every way1 but being cramp'd and oppress'd1 it crooks and bends back2 ,so it is with the ,,foetus in the ,,womb1 if oppos'd and resisted by the ,constriction or ,coarctation of the ,place1 or by any inherent ,prternatural ,substance1 its ,,members cannot possibly be articulately and distinctly form'd1 much less can they attain their ,natural ,,growth and ,,figure4 ,,in short from what is here said1 ,i think1 the ,notions of such ,men1 as will have ,,monsters1 only and immediately to proceed from a ,coition with ,,brutes1 may evidently appear as absurd as they are verily groundless#bji3 ,and for strengthening or backing of my ,authority1 ,i may add ,galen's own ,words#baj1 saying1 ,vel semen ,humanum in ,utero ,equ1 vel ,equinum in utero ,muliebri1 aut non admitti1 aut admissum corrumpi4 ,which is also farther confirm'd by ,holy ,st4 ,jerom1 saying1#baa non mins absurdum est1 ,animal construi ex ,equo ,homine1 qum ,vitem ,oliv insertam1 simul vinum oleum proserre4 ,which ,doctrine seems also most agreeable to ,truth1 in that there can be no ,affinity or ,concord betwixt these ,specifically different ,,seeds1 neither in their ,natural ,actions1 ,aliment1 ,maturation1 ,time1 or ,manner of ,birth1 c4 to pass by all other disconsonant or incongruous ,circumstances4 ,,in ,,fine therefore1 for these ,reasons1 ,i believe ,nothing of the many fabulous ,relations extant1 of the ,hippocentauri1 ,onocentauri1 ,minotauri1 c4 inhabiting the ,,land1 nor of the ,tritons1 ,nereids1 ,syrens1 c4 which are said to possess the ,,sea2 tho' indeed both ,st4 ,antony#bab1 and ,st4 ,jerom#bac1 maintain the ,existence of the ,,satyri and ,,sylvani3 ,but be these ,things as they will1 ,i believe1 that the ,production of every ,,monster1 concurs to the ,perfection of the ,,universe1 and that sometimes such ,prodigies1 or rather ,dmonical ,illusions1 may appear1 as well as ,monstrous ,,births happen1 by the ,will and ,pleasure of the great ,,creator1 who would thereby signify and portend something extraordinary1 or more than ,,natural to us ,mortals4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of various deformed ,,conceptions4 ,,the particular ,description of ,,monstrous ,,conceptions in the preceding ,chapter1 leads me1 of ,course1 to treat of another ,sort2 which ,i shall comprehend under the ,title of ,deformed ,,conceptions4 ,this ,sort happening almost in all ,countries promiscuously1 tho' in some more frequently than in others1 becomes almost in all ,parts ,daily obvious to our ,eyes1 so that we need be at no great ,pains to prove the ,reality of deformed ,,births1 but rather inquire into the ,causes of such uncouth ,,conceptions4 ,,in short therefore as to these1 if we only look back and reflect on the three preceding ,chapters1 we will find the ,causes of the present ,case very evident and sufficiently manifest1 if not particularly included in the ,latter3 ,wherefore ,i have only farther here to observe1 that all such ,prternatural ,,conceptions1 degenerate from the ,natural1 in proportion to the ,prevalency of their ,cause or ,causes2 ,so that the ,cause being less considerable in this1 than in the foregoing ,case1 instead of a ,,monstrous1 we have only a deformed ,,birth3 ,such as a ,scurf-,head1 a discolour'd ,skin1 an ugly ,visage1 disagreeable ,features1 distorted ,mouth1 crooked ,nose1 ,legs1 or ,arms1 maim'd in whole or in ,part1 ,tumours1 ,pustules1 or ,bubos about the ,groins1 c4 ,which1 tho' these and such like ,accidents may verily proceed from either of the forementioned ,causes2 ,yet ,i think1 the most common and ordinary ,one1 in all ,countries1 is an impure and unseasonable ,,copulation3 ,such as is not only precisely forbid by the ,express ,word of ,god#bad1 but also repugnant to right ,reason1 and even to common ,sense4 ,,for who can be so stupid as not to conceive1 that this ,menstruous ,contagion1 will naturally 7tho' insensibly7 creep into the ,,blood1 invade the whole ,habit of the ,body1 and tacitely infect the very soundest ,constitution1 even sometimes with the ,venereal ,pox1 or perhaps with an ,elephantiasis1 or the ,leprosy it self8 ,nor does this ,,evil end always here1 but such ,,births are also generally as perverse in the ,,mind1 as they are ,heterogeneous in the ,person2 for like ,,bastards of ,nature1 they are commonly denudated1 or destitute of all her laudable ,gifts and ,graces1 which others1 her ,legitimate ,,sons1 are happily born with and enjoy in ,abundance4 ,,hence it is1 that1 if they become not altogether ,jolt-,heads1 ,foolish1 or ,delirious1 they are most ordinarily otherways ,lewd1 ,vitious1 and ,licentious ,persons1 if not also envious ,traducers1 and crafty ,cozeners of ,mankind3 ,from hence likewise the ,italians and ,germans derive a memorable ,,proverb1 which they never forget upon dealing with such ,persons1 viz4 to this purpose2 ,take ,care of ,him whom ,,god has marked4 ,for tho' some of ,them1 are capable of undertaking ,nothing of any ,moment1 much less of accomplishing any laudable ,work1 ,,nature it self thwarting their ,career in every ,enterprize1 and the very ,,stars 7as it were7 concurring to their ,frustrations3 ,yet others have subtile ,,witt enough to scrape together 7per ,fas aut ,nefas7 ,heaps of contemptible ,dross1 much of affinity with their own vile ,substance2 which however1 seldom prevents a base or ignominious ,,catastrophe to themselves1 who are thus found established upon such a prternatural ,,basis of ,pollution4 ,,if then these be the direful ,consequences1 how unreasonably cruel are such ,parents1 who thus by ,enterprising the ,work of ,,procreation without humane ,decency1 and contrary to the very ,institution of ,,nature1 involve their ,posterity1 in such miserable ,calamities8 ,but this sort of ,,births1 ,i have also diligently observ'd1 happens most frequently in ,holland1 and that chiefly for the ,reasons and ,causes mentioned in the foregoing ,chapter4 ,which ,observation leads me to the following ,matter of ,,fact1 which 7without any intended ,reflection1 or ,reproach upon any particular ,country1 or rather1 as this would be1 upon ,human ,nature it self7 ,i shall ingenuously relate1 not only to clear up the ,,mystery of a certain ,truth1 which ,i have found1 to be controverted in this ,place1 and that even among some of the more ,learned themselves2 but also for ,morality and ,instruction sake to the ,reader in particular1 and for the common ,good of ,mankind in general1 viz4---- ,,that these ,,births in those ,parts1 are often attended and accompany'd with a ,monstrous little ,animal1 the likest of any thing in ,shape and ,size to a ,,moodiwarp2 having a hooked ,snout1 fiery sparkling ,eyes1 a long round ,neck1 and an acuminated short ,tail1 of an extraordinary ,agility of ,,feet4 ,at first sight of the ,world's ,light1 it commonly ,yells and ,shrieks fearfully2 and seeking for a lurking ,hole1 runs up and down like a little ,dmon1 which indeed ,i took it for1 the first time ,i saw it1 and that for none of the better ,sort4 ,moreover---- ,,the following accidental ,passage is so remarkable1 that ,i cannot pass it by1 in order to satisfy and convince others of this admirable ,,truth2 ,namely1 that1 not many ,years ago1 in coming from ,germany over ,east and ,west ,friesland1 to ,holland1 ,i took ,passage in the ordinary ,fare-,vessel1 from the ,city of ,harlingen for ,amsterdam1 over what they call the ,zuyder-,zee2 ,which is commonly reckon'd a ,voyage of #aj or #ab1 ,hours1 tho' at this ,time we happen'd to be near #cf ,hours on our ,passage4 ,amongst the better ,sort of the ,passengers1 who possess'd the ,cabine1 there happen'd to be a ,woman big with ,child1 of a very creditable ,aspect1 who afterwards told me1 that ,she was bound for ,amsterdam1 on purpose to buy some ,necessaries for her lying-in at the easiest rate2 when in the interim1 the good ,provident ,woman1 was taken all at once1 aboard the ,ship1 with a sudden and surprizing ,,labour3 ,upon which occasion1 in short ,i immediately lent her a helping ,hand1 and upon the ,membrane's giving way1 this forementioned ,,animal made its wonderful ,egress2 filling my ,ears with dismal ,,shrieks1 and my ,mind with greater ,,consternation4 ,,when not immediately recollecting what ,i had either heard or read of this ,,monster1 ,i could not help continuing in my ,surprize1 until ,i heard some of our ,accidental ,company call it de ,suyger1 as they went about to kill it3 ,upon which ,i immediately laid the ,woman of a pretty plump ,,girl2 who1 notwithstanding all this1 had no ,deformity upon it1 save only many dark1 livid ,,spots all over its ,body2 which ,i prognosticated might turn to a ,universal ,,scurf4 ,in the mean time ,i order'd the ,express'd ,oil of ,,almonds to be diligently us'd1 as soon as we landed4 ,,afterwards ,i had occasion to talk with some of the most learned ,men1 of the several famous ,universities in these ,provinces upon this ,head2 who ingenuously told me1 that it was so common a ,thing1 among the ,sea-faring1 and meaner sort of ,people1 that scarce ,,one of these ,women in ,three escaped this kind of strange ,,birth2 which my own small ,practice among them afterwards also confirmed3 ,insomuch1 that ,i always as much expected the ,thing de ,suyger1 as the ,,child it self3 ,and besides the ,women in like manner1 make a respective suitable ,preparation1 to receive it warmly1 and throw it into the ,fire2 holding ,sheets before the ,chimney1 that it may not get off2 as it always endeavours to save it self1 by getting into some dark ,hole or ,corner4 ,they properly call it de ,suyger1 which is 7in our ,language7 the ,,sucker1 because1 like a ,leech1 it sucks up the ,,infant',s ,blood and ,aliment4 ,,upon this ,head1 and to this ,purpose1 ,i might produce the ,authorities of sundry good ,writers1 but shall content my self here at present with ,,one of the same ,nation1 viz4#bae ,the most ,learned and ,eminent ,levinus ,lemnius1 who gives us a very remarkable and particular ,account at large1 of a certain ,,birth1 which began with a ,,monstrous ,,mole1 succeeded by the ,,sucker1 and ended with the ,production of an excarnificated ,,male-,,child4 ,,these things then being so1 and proceeding merely from the immediate ,reasons above-mentioned1 ought to serve for a memorable ,caution to all ,,parents1 that1 in their conjugal ,duties1 they behave themselves orderly and decently1 not like insatiable ,,brutes2 but1 like rational ,men1 to the end that their ,families may be preserved1 and their ,persons succeeded1 not by an opprobrious ,,race1 but1 by a univocal ,generation of hopeful ,,children1 ,men of ,probity and ,integrity both in ,,body and ,,mind4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,viii4 ,of ,imaginary ,,conceptions4 ,,there remains yet one ,sort of spurious ,,conception1 which happens without any virile ,help or ,assistance1 merely by the ,force of ,imaginary ,,venery3 ,especially among ,salacious ,women1 a ,seminal ,fluxion may happen upon many coherent occasions2 which joining and incorporating with the ,,menstruous ,,blood1 may be so much fomented by the ,uterine ,calidity1 and the other ,faculties of the ,,womb1 that the ,rudiments of an imperfect ,,animal may be amassed and conceived4 ,but---- ,,as the ,masculine ,,seed 7the efficient ,cause7 which ministers both ,,form and ,,life1 is wanting1 it can assume neither of these ,perfections3 ,the ,maternal ,matter serving only to bring it to a rude indigested ,consistency1 or a confused fleshy ,substance of a strange and uncommon ,,figure4 ,,this in short1 is no ways improbable1 if we consider that ,,hens1 without the ,,cock's assistance1 lay ,eggs2 however1 of such a ,nature1 that whatever ,pains the ,,hen is afterwards at to sit and brood upon them1 the ,eggs can never be animated so as to produce ,,chickens4 ,or1 if we consider1 that tho' feminine ,trees or ,roots1 having of themselves less ,power and ,strength1 as they are only imbued with a frigid and infcund ,humidity1 may smile a little in their ,,season2 yet1 because of the natural ,deficiency of ,,heat1 and their innate ,debility or ,impotency1 they only yield an empty or imperfect ,rudiment of either ,,fruit or ,,seed1 unless1 by the ,vicinity and delectable ,conjunction of the ,,male1 they participate of its ,fcundity1 as ,pliny testifies#baf of the ,,palm4 ,,agreeable to this ,position1 the ,practical ,observations of many eminent ,physicians1 teach us1 that ,,women have and may conceive at this rate1 without any virile ,energy or ,concurrence2 of which ,dr4 ,burnet#bag gives us a notable ,instance1 concerning a certain ,noble-,woman1 a ,matron of undoubted ,,virtue1 who some ,years after her ,course of ,nature had alter'd1 in the #efth of her ,age1 brought forth several fleshy ,,moles1 as he calls them1 and that attended with a great ,flooding1 and the most severe ,pains of ,,labour1 as if in the ,case of a ,natural ,,birth4 ,again moreover---- ,,do we not know1 in fine1 that the necessitous1 and such as suffer ,want1 may be refreshed purely by the ,,savour of our ,dishes8 ,and that the ,hunger-starved may be satiated merely by the ,,odours of our ,kitchins8 ,as possibly thus may the marriageable ,,girl1 but more readily however the ,,widow1 fill her self with her own odd ,,imagination2 and being debarr'd the ,enjoyment of her ,,paramour1 hug him tacitely in her ,bosom1 and embrace him heartily1 however absent1 in her ,mind4 ,which1 if frequently done1 may occasion a ,collection and ,commixture of gross ,humours in the ,,womb2 whence a deformed ,concretion1 or shapeless ,,mass1 may be engendred1 and that only by ,imaginary ,,venery4 ,to which ,case and ,purpose1 ,i think1 ,virgil1 very pertinently alludes1#bah saying---- ,scilicet ante omnes furor est insignis ,equarum1 ,continuque avidis ubi subdita flamma ,medullis1 ,vere magis 7quia vere calor redit ossibus7 ill ,ore omnes vers in ,zephyrum stant rupibus altis1 ,exceptantque leves ,auras1 spe sine ullis1 ,conjugiis vento gravid1 mirabile dictu1 ,diffugiunt4---- ,,and thus at last having particularly1 treated of all the distinct and different sorts of ,,conception1 to which the ,woman can be subject2 ,i come now in the next place1 to address my self to ,,her1 who was never yet capable of any ,,conception2 and that in the ,chapter and ,manner following1 viz4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ix4 ,of the ,,sterility or ,,barrenness of ,,women4 ,,as ,,sterility is in it self a ,prternatural ,faculty1 so ,i cannot but think1 that1 in the ,,class of ,prternatural ,conceptions1 that of a ,,non-,,conception may at last pertinently take place4 ,,now ,i remember the ,reader was referred to this ,place1 by ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,chap4 #e4 where ,i promised to expound the unsuccessful ,,act of ,copulation2 as ,i there briefly did the ,reverse-,case3 ,and after having all a long thus far forward1 safely conducted the ,fertile or ,fruitful ,,woman1 thro' the different ,trains and ,consequences of the successful ,,act1 ,i have left ,her in a safe ,condition1 together with the ,dear ,,pledge of her ,natural ,fcundity2 whilst in the next place1 ,i come now to treat of the ,prternatural ,,barren ,,woman4 ,,in order to which1 ,i ,,first observe1 that the ,jews1 and almost all other ,nations1 deemed it the greatest ,,mark of ,infamy imaginable1 for a ,,woman1 to yield no ,children2 as is evident from the ,scriptures1 how ,,hagar1 the fruitful ,chamber-,maid1#bai despised ,,sarah1 her barren ,mistress1 c4 ,but moreover---- ,,secondly1 ,we may observe1 that1 upon every provoking ,occasion1 the ,,lord himself threatned them with this ,curse2 as one of the greatest ,,instances of his heavy ,displeasure1 and ,one of the severest ,judgments1 that his ,,vengeance could inflict on them for their ,sins1 as is also manifest from repeated ,,instances of ,scripture1 particularly from the ,words of the ,holy ,prophet1 saying1#bbj ,they sowe the ,wind1 and shall reap the ,whirlwind3 ,their ,glory shall fly away from the ,,womb3 ,their ,root is dryed up1 they shall bear no ,fruit1 c4 ,,thirdly1 ,we may easily conclude that1 such a ,sentence passing from the ,mouth of the most high ,,judge1 the ,supreme ,physician1 and ,omnipotent himself1 could never be revers'd by the ,art or ,ingenuity of ,,man3 ,but as ,christians have no ,reason to suspect themselves to lay under this accursed ,sentence1 so they may well look nearer ,home1 and take a view of the many different mediate and immediate ,causes of ,,sterility or ,,non-,,conception in them4 ,,fourthly1 however1 before ,i enter upon these1 ,i would previously have it noted1 that1 sometimes the ,fault1 or ,cause of the ,woman's not conceiving1 lies in the ,,man2 and may proceed from many diverse ,diseases or ,symptoms in him1 as particularly mentioned1 and treated of at large1#bba by the most ,learned ,senertus1 to which we refer the ,curious2 ,because we have nothing to do with the ,,man in this place3 ,wherefore that ,i may return to the ,,woman1 ,i say---- ,,the immediate ,causes of ,,sterility in her1 are manifest from the very ,definition of ,,conception3 ,which1 according to ,galen1#bbb is nothing else1 than a ,comprehension of ,,seed in the ,womb1 for the ,generation of ,man4 ,but here it may be requisite1 to explain this general ,term of ,comprehension1 which ,i would have understood to imply four particular ,qualities of the ,,womb1 viz4 ,attraction1 ,retention1 ,distribution1 and ,fomentation4 ,hence it is that such ,women must needs be ,,barren1 as cannot either attract the effused2 or retain the attracted2 or distribute and alterate the retain'd ,,seed through the ,parts of the ,,womb1 and excite its latent ,virtue to ,,action2 or lastly1 such as cannot duly foment and nourish the same ,,seed1 when regularly distributed2 and ,these1 ,i think1 are all the immediate ,causes of ,,barrenness3 ,as ,those1 for which the ,,seed either cannot be attracted1 or retained1 or distributed1 or fomented1 are the mediate ,causes of ,,sterility4 ,,now1 as to the ,,first of ,these then1 the ,attraction1 or the attractive ,faculty1 may fail in its ,duty two ways1 viz4 either because of its own ,debility2 or because of some prternatural ,impediment4 ,the ,debility or ,imbecility of this ,faculty may proceed either from a ,defect of ,spirits in the ,seminal ,vessels2 or from either of the ,intemperatures of the ,,womb1 whether ,natural or ,adventitious3 ,and ,impediments may happen in ,attraction many different ways1 such as by a ls'd or extinct ,venereal ,appetite2 by the ,woman's ,aversion or ,indifference to her ,,mate2 by the perverse ,affections of the ,mind1 such as ,melancholy1 ,grief1 ,anger1 ,fear1 c4 by ,causes of the ,,vagina1 or ,orifice of the ,,womb2 by a ,coalescence1 ,ulcer1 ,membrane1 ,carnous or ,scirrhous ,substance1 or any other kind of ,tumours2 as also by a ,constriction1 ,distortion1 or ,compression of the ,,orifice2 or at last by too much ,,fat1 c4#bbc ,,secondly1 the ,retentive ,faculty may come short of its ,duty three different ways2 namely1 either because of its own ,imbecillity1 or because of some ,prternatural ,impediments2 or because of the ,object it self4 ,the ,imbecillity or ,impotency of this ,faculty may proceed either from the ,intemperature of the ,,womb2 or from the ,abundance of some slimy ,mucous ,humour in the same3 ,and its ,impediments may happen from a ,prolapsus1 an ,inflammation1 an immoderate ,flux1 the ,whites1 a ,gonorrha1 ,worms1 ,scirrhous1 or other ,tumours1 ,ulcers1 or the ,cicatrix of an old ,sore in the ,body of the ,,womb2 as also from the ,amplitude or ,laxity of the ,,orifice1 whether ,natural or ,adventitious3 ,which ,accident frequently happens even to ,child-bearing ,women1 sometimes by an ,,abortion1 sometimes by a difficult ,,birth1 and sometimes also by the rude ,usage of an ignorant ,,midwife1 that they can never more ,conceive1 until they be duly ,cured3 ,again1 the ,cause may be in the ,,object1 or ,,seed it self2 when it is either impure1 acrid1 vitious1 and disagreeable to the ,,womb2 or deprived of its natural ,heat and ,spirits4 ,,thirdly1 the ,distributive or ,alterative ,faculty may be also impugned in its ,function1 #ast1 by its own ,debility1 occasion'd by either of the ,diseases1 or ,intemperatures above-mentioned2 or #b;dly1 by the discording ,qualities of the ,seminal ,matter2 or #c;dly1 by some certain ,disproportion betwixt that ,matter and the ,,womb it self3 ,since as all ,,seeds do not answer alike in one ,field1 some requiring a ,pinguid and ,loose ,soil1 others a ,lean and ,slender ,ground2 so it is with the ,,womb and the injected ,,seed3 ,for1 however fruitful the ,one may be1 if the other be not of a proportionable ,fcundity1 no ,,conception can possibly follow3 ,hence it is that many ,women have been accounted ,,barren in their first ,marriage1 who have had several ,children to a second ,husband4 ,again1 as some ,,seeds perish and are quite lost in moist1 clayish1 or marshy ,ground1 and others decay and are burnt up in an ,acrid1 ,sandy1 or ,gravelly ,field2 ,so it is also with the ,human ,,seed3 ,for1 in the too cold1 or moist ,,womb1 it is extinguished1 and in the too ,hot or ,dry ,,womb it is corrupted#bbd4 ,,fourthly1 the ,fomentation1 or the ,nutritive ,faculty may be deficient in its ,office of attracting sufficient ,aliment to foment and nourish the ,,seed2 which however1 is most commonly occasion'd by ,want1 or ,scarcity of ,blood in the ,,womb1 proceeding from perverse ,evacuations1 ,penury or ,necessity1 an ,atrophia1 ,consumption1 or the like1 or then1 in fine1 by the ,impurity1 or vicious quality of the ,,blood4 ,,now ,these1 ,i think1 are all the most common1 as well as the most prevalent ,causes of ,,sterility3 ,tho'1 according to ,johannes ,anglicus1 there are also several external ,causes#bbe2 which however1 ,i shall here pass by in ,silence2 lest1 as some good ,women are at great ,pains to rectify their barren ,wombs1 others should thereby take ,sinistrous ,measures to suppress their ,,fertility4 ,and in this ,,class may be included the ,medicines call'd by the ,greeks 1 because they are endued with certain occult ,qualities1 which extinguish the ,,seed and obstruct the ,,conception#bbf4 ,,having thus defin'd the mediate and immediate ,causes of reputed ,,sterility1 ,i can scarce1 because of either of these1 call a ,woman really ,,barren2 ,since ,i have known some of the most difficult of these ,cases to have been duly cur'd1 and diverse ,women to have conceiv'd1 after many ,years ,,barrenness1 and prov'd the ,joyful ,,mothers of hopeful ,children2 of which ,i could give some signal ,instances1 if ,i took ,pleasure in swelling this ,work3 ,hence it is1 that the great ,philosopher and ,physician1 ,daniel ,senertus1 only disswades the ,ingenuous from undertaking this ,cure1 in the ,cases of vicious ,hereditary ,dispositions1 venenated ,constitutions1 or other heavy ,diseases#bbg4 ,,moreover1 we find that the very best of the ,ancients have been at great ,pains1 in distinguishing exactly the curable1 from the incurable ,,barren ,,womb3 ,yea ,hippocrates1 ,galen1 c4 have given certain ,directions1 founded upon the solid ,truths of their ,immense ,knowledge and ,heavenly ,wisdom1 to try and discover the ,one from the ,other2 as they have also taught us to ,judge of every particular ,cause affecting the ,curable ,,womb4 ,but to facilitate these ,nice ,discoveries1 ,i shall subjoin some few ,diagnostick ,signs2 because except we know the particular ,cause1 we can never pretend to remove it1 and without removing the ,cause1 the ,effect can never cease1 or be cured4 ,not but that---- ,i ,,know1 that the ingenious ,physician1 undertaking this ,cure1 requires none of my ,instructions2 which notwithstanding1 ,i hope1 ,he will allow me to prosecute my ,method in treating of this ,case1 as ,i have done of some others2 and that the rather1 considering it is generally well known1 that sometimes a ,fool has put a ,wise ,man in the right way4 ,wherefore ,i heartily wish that some ,word may drop from my ,pen1 that may prove instrumental to wipe off the imputed ,blemishes1 and promote the real ,glory of ,,women2 ,and this ,i could wish the more1 because ,i am fully convinced that many are ignominiously branded with ,,barrenness1 without any sufficient ,cause3 ,insomuch1 that ,i verily believe1 that1 upon an ingenuous ,tryal1 not one real or incurable ,,barren ,,womb1 would be found in ,ten of those1 which are this ,day so reputed4 ,but propos---- ,as ,i have reduced all the ,causes of ,,sterility to the above said four ,,classes1 so ,i shall reduce the ,diagnosticks to the same number2 and thereby demonstrate how it may be easily discover'd1 whether the ,,fault lies in the ,attractive1 ,retentive1 ,alterative1 or in the ,nutritive ,faculty of the ,,womb2 and how every particular ,cause in any of these may be plainly distinguished1 c4 ,in order to which1 then-- ,,touching the ,,first1 inquirendum est prim1 an ad ,venerem apta sit ,fmina1 quidem an ,veneris ,appetitum habeat1 an ,membrum virile rect admittere possit4 ,horum enim si alterum desit1 ,causa1 cur non concipiat1 procul dubio in ,attractrice hret2 ut etiam1 si statim ,coitu1 aut post breve ,intervallum semen effluat4 ,i say1 ,these are the infallible ,,marks of a ls'd ,attractive ,power1 which also denote some ,fault of the ,,womb1 such as an oblique ,situation1 a ,compression of the ,,epiploon or ,,cawl1 or some obdurated ,substance1 impeding the ,,seed to reach the ,cavity of the ,,womb3 ,the ,particular of which is easily to be discover'd2 the ,situation by the ingenious ,,touch2 the ,compression of the ,,omentum or ,,epiploon happens only to ,fat ,women2 the ,substance or ,tumour 7of whatsoever kind7 if not found in the ,passage1 lodges in the ,,womb it self4 ,,secondly1 ,if the ,party labours under any of the aforesaid ,causes debilitating or impeding the ,retentive ,,power2 some are manifest to the ,woman her self2 as in the ,cases of any immoderate ,flux1 a slimy or illuvious ,evacuation1 a ,gonorrha1 the ,whites1 a ,falling of the ,,womb1 c4 others are obvious to the ,,midwife',s ,touch1 as in the ,case of ,tumours1 ,ulcers1 c4 and in ,case of either ,intemperature1 ,dropsy1 ,inflammation1 ,worms1 c4 all such are abundantly evident to the ,physician1 after duly examining1 and considerately weighing the ,disposition or ,temperature of the whole ,body in general1 and of the ,,womb in particular4 ,,thirdly1 if the ,alterative or altering ,faculty be ls'd or impotent1 then1 after some ,days ,retention1 an ,effluxion of the ,,seed happens1 and that either because of some ,intemperature of the ,,womb2 or of some discording ,quality in the ,,seeds1 or in the ,,womb1 as above2 or lastly1 because of a ,want or ,scarcity of ,,blood for forming the ,,foetus4 ,as to the ,intemperatures1 ,i have already observ'd1 that1 they may be readily distinguished by the ingenious ,physician2 ,but the ,disproportion betwixt the commixed ,,seeds1 or between these and the ,,womb1 how much1 and in what they may differ one from another1 is not so easily known2 because this ,fault may be as much in the ,,man1 or perhaps more1 than in the ,,woman1 as has been already hinted3 ,in this ,case1 the ,physician is to weigh and consider well the ,temperatures of the whole ,body1 and especially that of the ,genital ,parts of both the ,,man and the ,,wife2 and as much as possible1 to reduce that of the ,one1 to the more convenient ,temperature of the ,other1#bbh correcting ,both in what may be found requisite2 according to the ,direction of ,lucretius1 in these ,verses3 8,usq2 adeo magni refert1 ut ,semina possint 8,seminibus commisceri generaliter apta1 8,crassq2 conveniunt liquidis1 liquida crassis4 ,,fourthly and lastly1 if the ,nutritive ,faculty be faulty1 the ,case is plain and manifest2 since it generally proceeds from one or more of the following ,causes1 viz4 from ,want or ,penury2 a ,pining away or ,consumption2 immoderate ,hmorrhagies1 whether happening by ,superiour or ,inferiour ,parts2 hard ,labour2 too much ,fat1 or too much ,leanness3 ,as the same may also happen from an ,obstruction or ,suppression of the ,,menstruous ,,course2 or from its vicious or impure ,quality2 and1 in fine1 from any severe ,symptom or ,disease whatsoever4 ,,thus having discover'd the genuine and precise ,causes of ,,sterility1 the ,cure is as good as half perfected2 but that it may be altogether and effectually perform'd1 the next thing requisite in this place1 would be to treat of every ,cause and its respective ,cure particularly2#bbi but as these do chiefly belong to the ,diseases of the ,,pudendum1 ,,vagina1 and ,,womb2 which ,i have already declin'd entring upon at this time1 for the ,reasons mentioned in ,sect4 ,,vi4 ,chap4 ,,vi4 ,i shall here only add in general ,terms1 that tho' the barren ,,womb is justly compar'd to an insipid1 ungrateful1 or unfruitful ,,field1 because neither the one nor the other produces any thing ,good of it self3 ,yet as we see the barren ,lands emproved and become fruitful by the ,industry of the ,husband-,man2 and even wild ,roots and barren ,trees in time produce plentifully by the ,care and ,diligence of the ,gardener2 ,so the ,heavenly ,,art of ,physick exerts it self strenuously in improving the barren ,,womb1 miraculously supplying the ,defects1 and regularly correcting the ,defaults of ,,nature2 restoring or replenishing it with a desirable and grateful ,fcundity3 ,i say1 as convenient ,,dung comforts the sterile ,field1 so does proper ,physick the barren ,,womb2 ,it elevates the low and renovates the exhal'd ,spirits2 ,it vanquishes the ,imbecility1 and corroborates the ,nerves2 ,it reduces the languid ,heat1 and all the ,intemperatures of the genital ,parts1 to their respective1 due and natural ,temperaments2 removing naturally all ,obstructions1 and wonderfully curing all the ,causes hindering or withstanding the ,procreation of ,humane ,,race4 ,,and1 in fine1 because proper ,,diet is of great ,service to alter the elementary ,qualities1 and to convert the ,bad into a ,good ,habit or ,body2 such ,women are to be carefully directed to such a ,judicious ,regimen of ,,diet and otherways1 as is most efficacious and convenient for their ,purpose1 either of ,health or ,generation4 ,now having so far prosecuted my ,design1 with respect to the ,barren1 as well as the ,fruitful ,,woman2 ,i1 at present1 take ,leave of ,both1 and come1 in the next place1 to address my self to the ,,widow4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,sect4 ,,viii4 ,illustration ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,symptoms incident to the ,state of ,,widow-,,hood4 ,,as the ,,widow has in her former ,days1 tasted both of the ,sweets and the ,sours of the ,,maiden1 as well as of the marry'd ,state2 so she is now also subject to all the ,affections of the ,one1 as well as to some of the ,other4 ,whatever she may judge of her self1 and however she may1 in some measure1 be liberated from the ,solicitudes of the ,,first1 and freed from the ,anxieties of the other2 yet she is still so far from being exempted from the ,morbifick ,consequences of the ,natural ,imbecillity of her tender ,,sex2 that she now1 tho' in different ,respects and various ,cases1 participates of the ,indispositions of ,,both4 ,,however yet1 notwithstanding this ,variety of ,afflictions1 to which the ,,widow is actually expos'd2 ,i confess1 that1 ,i know not so much as one ,disease or ,symptom1 which is singularly peculiar to ,her self1 that is1 but what either the ,,maiden or the ,,wife may be lyable to1 as well as the ,,widow3 ,tho'1 in the mean time1 ,i must also acknowledge1 that1 ,those which ,i am now about to touch upon1 may however1 be justly esteem'd to be more familiar to ,her1 than to either of ,these1 as will by and by more evidently appear4 ,,upon which ,consideration1 ,i hope the following ,heads may here pertinently take place2 not but that the others1 ,i mean the ,,maid and the ,,wife1 may also sometimes1 and perhaps frequently too1 find their ,case included in the ,,theme of this ,section1 as well as the ,,widow ,her self1 according to the ,diversity of their ,circumstances4 ,,for these ,reasons1 ,i shall begin with ,that1 from which none of the ,three1 that is1 neither the ,,maid1 nor the ,,wife1 nor the ,,widow1 can altogether plead ,exemption1 which notwithstanding1 according to my best ,judgment1 is more immediately the particular ,root and ,source of the most1 if not of all1 the ,,widow's ,distempers1 which however1 that ,i may not too much over-run my ,design of ,brevity1 ,i shall briefly comprehend under ,one or ,two ,heads1 viz4---- ,illustration ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,hysterick ,,passion4 ,,well might the excellent ,democritus write to his ,scholar1 the far more excelling ,hippocrates1 that the ,,womb is the ,source of ,six ,hundred ,griefs1 and the ,spring of innumerable ,sorrows to the ,,woman3 ,because of the manifest ,sympathy or ,affinity1 which the ,,womb has with almost all the other ,parts of the ,body4 ,and as we may reasonably conclude from such an ,affinity1 that these ,symptoms must needs be both ,numerous and ,different in ,kind2 so ,i think1 for the same ,reason1 they may be ,all pertinently comprehended under the ,general ,title of ,hysterick ,maladies4 ,,but before we enter upon the ,particulars of these ,uterine ,affections1 it may be first requisite to make out the ,reality of this ,affinity or ,consent2 which will be no difficult ,matter1 when we consider ,,first1 the three ,principles1 in which the same consists1 viz4 in a ,similitude of ,parts2 in a ,vicinity of ,parts2 and in a ,connexion of ,vessels4 ,,secondly1 how by these1 as the ,,womb is a ,membranous ,substance1 it has a ,substantial ,affinity with the ,,membranes3 ,and by its ,vicinity1 with the ,,bladder1 ,,rectum1 and ,,intestines2 ,as by its ,veins1 ,arteries1 and ,nerves1 it has with almost all the other ,parts of the ,body2 such as with the ,,brain1 by ,veins and ,arteries1 as well as by the ,,nerves and ,spinal ,,membranes2 with the ,,heart1 by ,arteries2 with the ,,liver1 by ,veins2 with the ,,stomach1 by certain ,anastomoses1 betwixt the ,veins of the ,,womb1 and those of the ,mesentery1 as well as by ,arteries2 with the ,,spleen by ,arteries2 with the ,,breasts1 partly by ,veins1#bcj and partly by ,nerves1 c4 ,,hence it is that ,i can scarce find any ,part of the ,body1 which may not be affected by the ,indispositions of the ,,womb2 the ,heart1 the ,diaphragm1 the ,head1 the ,brain1 and consequently all the ,organs of ,sense and ,motion1 the ,liver1 the ,spleen1 the ,ventricle1 the ,mesentery1 the ,belly1 the ,bladder1 the ,rectum1 the ,back1 the ,loins1 the ,thighs1 the ,legs1 the ,arms1 c4 ,all which ,parts are from thence subject to innumerable various ,symptoms1 which commonly come and go by ,periods1 after the manner of ,convulsive1 or ,epileptick ,,fits1 to which the ,,hysterical have also a very near ,relation2 in that the ,circulation and ,recourse of all the ,three1 and some more such1 ,distempers agree exactly1 sometimes with the ,course of the ,,moon1 and ,,sun1 and sometimes with the very ,motion of the ,,sea2 and as these vary1 so the ,,fits of either ,affection come on quicker or slower#bca4 ,,these ,things are also most ,judiciously made out by the excellent ,dr4 ,mead1 saying1 that1 the ,new and ,full-,moon being of equal ,power1 this sort of ,distempers sometimes reign in the one1 and sometimes in the other1 as the ,body happens to be more or less fitted and adapted to receive the ,,influence2 and as the abounding ,,humours are more fitted for this1 than that period of the ,,planet#bcb4 ,and the same ,author of great ,experience1 gives us an ,account of a certain ,,boy of a ,year old1 who every ,flood-,tide1 was taken with ,convulsive ,,fits1 and every ,ebb came to himself again#bcc4 ,which ,influence of the ,,sea1 no doubt depends upon the ,,moon's approaching our ,vertical ,point1 or that directly opposite1 as the ,flood encreases and comes to its ,height1 ,moreover again1---- ,,considering the ,,womb1 not only as the ,center1 in which the vitious ,humours are accumulated from all the other ,parts1 but also as the ,,pump of the ,body1 we may readily conclude that as long as it regularly ejects the ,menstruous ,blood1 it does at the same time duly evacuate together with it1 all those ,humours of whatsoever sort they be3 ,whereas we may easily conceive that whatever obstructs or impedes the ,,womb in any of its natural ,functions1 may occasion various ,symptoms to the ,woman3 ,however the most of these1 as well as the most dangerous1 take their ,origin from the ,retention of the ,,seed and the suppression of the ,,menstrua4 ,,the ,menstruous ,blood flowing in a natural ,course to the ,uterine ,veins1 when its ,passage is so obstructed1 that it cannot break forth2 whether in ,,virgins1 because of the ,astriction of the ,,orifices2 or in ,,widows1 because of the ,thickness of the ,,blood1 or of any other gross viscid ,humour2 in these ,cases1 it must of course regorge thro' the ,branches of the ,,vena ,,cava and the great ,,artery1 to the ,head1 ,heart1 ,liver1 and ,veins of the ,midriff2 whence of ,consequence proceed various ,symptoms in all these and their dependent ,parts3 ,which notwithstanding1 ,i take the too long retain'd ,,seed to occasion the more dangerous and severe ,symptoms to the ,,woman4 ,,but in ,case of either of ,these1 namely1 either the ,seminal1 or the ,menstruous ,matter1 beginning to corrupt1 and consequently to acquire malignant ,qualities1 then they produce divers most severe and dreadfull ,symptoms2 and that not only in different ,,patients1 but also sometimes in one and the same ,woman2 and not only at different ,times1 but also sometimes at one and the same ,time3 ,however these ,things always happen1 according to the different ,quantity and ,quality of the corrupted ,,humours1 as well as according to the ,constitution of the ,,womb1 in which the ,corruption succeeds4 ,again more particularly---- ,,if the ,malignant ,vapours arising hence1 penetrate to the ,heart1 7the principal ,organ of ,,life1 as well as of the ,circulation of the ,,blood7 ,i would observe1 that1 they occasion vellicating ,palpitations1 as also a ,dejection of ,spirits1 and ,anxiety of ,mind1 attended with frequent ,,lypothymies and ,,syncopes3 ,if to the ,diaphragm and ,lungs1 a ,difficulty of ,,breathing1 attended 7as it were7 with ,suffocations or ,strangulations4 ,,if the ,,matter ascends to the ,,head1 and diffuse it self thro' the external ,parts1 diverse grievous ,,pains assail the ,woman1 and that very differently2 insomuch1 that1 sometimes the whole ,,head is 7as it were7 tortured1 and sometimes but in ,part2 sometimes on the right1 and sometimes on the left ,side2 sometimes in the hind ,part of the ,,head1 or ,,crown1 and sometimes in the ,fore-,head or about the ,eyes3 ,whereas if it tend to the ,,brain1 and distribute it self among the ,,organs of ,sense and ,motion1 both the internal and external ,senses must needs suffer accordingly2 upon which the poor ,,patient is not only taken with an ,,aphonia for ,want of ,speech1 but also with a ,helpless or ,senseless ,stupidity2 and moreover1 not only seiz'd with a ,resolution or ,debility of ,,hands and ,,feet1 but also with ,trembling and ,convulsive ,fits4 ,,if the same ascends to the ,,liver1 the whole ,habit or ,constitution of the ,,body is perverted3 ,for as the vitious ,humours are easily communicated from the ,,womb by the ,veins to the ,,liver1 so the affected ,,liver again readily diffuses its ,infection by the ,veins to the whole ,,body4 ,if to the ,,spleen and ,,mesentery1 ,murmurings1 ,pains and ,torments arise in the ,,belly2 which are commonly attended with a ,pain in the left ,,side and left ,,breast1 extending it self to the ,,jugulum1 or fore-part of the ,,neck1 ,difficulty of ,breathing1 frequent ,belchings1 a siccid bound ,belly1 and all the other ,symptoms which usually are the ,concomitants of the ,hypocondriack ,affection4 ,,if to the ,,ventricle1 thence proceed ,fastidy1 ,pica1 ,vomitings1 ,pains and ,gnawings of the ,,stomach1 ,sobbings1 ,yawnings1 ,belchings1 c4 ,but1 and if the said ,,matter distributes it self thro' the whole ,circuit of the ,,body1 then the ,,patient is frequently seiz'd1 sometimes with a sudden red1 and sometimes with a pale ,colour2 as also sometimes with a sudden ,heat1 and ,ardour in her ,,face1 which she commonly perceives or feels to vanish and go off as suddenly3 ,again she is sometimes also taken with sudden ,cold1 and sometimes with as sudden hot ,fits4 ,,from all which1 it evidently appears1 how justly ,galen says#bcd1 that the ,hysterick ,passion 7under one ,appellation7 comprehends innumerable various ,,symptoms3 ,even so many1 that at least 7,i think7 they cannot be possibly comprehended in this ,volume1 which extorts another ,apology from me in this ,place2 namely and plainly1 that as ,i have no ,ambition to be accounted any extraordinary ,,person of great ,learning or ,reading2 so ,i far less desire to set up or give my self out for ,,one of ,universal ,practice or ,experience3 ,and as at the ,beginning1 ,i only design'd this ,,book for the immediate ,service of ,,midwives1 and the common ,good of ,,women and their ,,children1 the ,poor1 ,i mean in general1 as well as the ,rich2 ,so ,i am yet resolv'd1 rather1 to stifle or restrain my ,inclinations for the present time1 and suppress what might be otherways pertinently added on these ,subjects1 than to put it out of the reach of the ,purchase of either of ,,those4 ,i say1 for these reasons1 ,i shall not undertake at this time to enter upon every particular ,head or ,branch of the ,,hystericks2 only that ,i may not be censur'd as ,churlish or ,peevish to the more delicate ,,ladies1 and tenderly constituted ,women1 who always labour and suffer most under these ,distempers1 ,i shall however yet endeavour to discuss particularly the most dangerous1 as well as the most common ,case1 belonging to this general ,,topick2 and not only so1 but1 according to my ,ability1 ,i shall also endeavour in it1 if possible in a few words1 to include and comprehend all the rest of these ,female ,indispositions3 ,and that to the ,purpose1 and under the ,title1 following1 viz4---- ,illustration ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,strangulation of the ,,womb4 ,,the preceding ,chapter contains a general ,account of the sundry various ,hysterick ,passions1 together with their respective ,,symptoms1 as they affect the chief and ,principal ,parts of the ,,body2 whence ,i might descend to a great ,variety of particulars2 but as neither my present ,time nor ,design will permit my entring upon ,these in this place1 ,i shall content my self with treating of ,this ,,one2 which as it is the chief and most dangerous of all the ,uterine ,affections1 so 'tis the most ,universal and ,common4 ,,it comprehends1 in short1 many various severe1 and even wonderful ,,symptoms in it self2 whence ,i conclude1 that1 he who sufficiently understands the present ,case or ,condition1 may easily comprehend all the other ,circumstances1 belonging to the foregoing general ,head2 ,since with whatever difference of ,symptoms1 or ,diagnostick ,signs1 they may appear1 the ,causes and ,effects are originally of the same ,nature3 ,for ,this is the very ,affection which ,galen#bce call'd the 1 that is1 the ,hysterick ,passion1 and he might as well have said the grand ,hysterick ,passion3 ,the ,latins call it ,strangulatio1 or ,suffocatio1 or ,prfocatio ,uterina2 because in the ,,fit1 the ,woman seems to be ,suffocated or ,strangled by the ,,womb4 ,but to the ,purpose1---- ,,however variously and copiously the ,ancients have defin'd this ,,evil1 ,i think the few following ,words1 may properly explain it1 viz4 ,this ,suffocation is a ,distemper of all the ,natural1 ,vital1 and ,animal ,actions1 proceeding many different ways1 from an ill or disaffected ,,womb4 ,i say many different ways1 according to the many different ,sorts of the ,,affection2 because ,one is1 when the ,,symptoms of the ls'd ,natural ,faculty only appear2 in which the ,,patient labours under ,inflations1 and frequent ,rumblings of the ,,belly1 ,murmurings1 ,belchings1 ,pains of the ,,stomach1 ,anxiety1 ,uneasiness1 and sometimes ,vomitings4 ,another different ,,affection is1 when the vital ,faculty is ls'd or indisposed1 in which the ,,patient is not only taken with ,heart-,beatings1 but also with ,faintings and ,swooning-,fits1 with a small1 frequent1 and unequal ,,pulse4 ,a ,third is when the ,animal ,faculty is ls'd or disaffected1 which may happen many ways2 and in this ,condition the ,,woman is depriv'd of ,motion and all external ,sense1 however she retains the principal ,functions1 together with her ,,pulse and ,,breath4 ,,again1 farther yet1 there is another ,sort of this ,hysterick ,,affection1 in which the ,motion is deprav'd1 turning to various ,,convulsions of the ,legs1 ,arms1 ,teeth1 ,lips1 ,eyes1 and so of the whole ,body4 ,as also moreover1 there is still ,,one1 or a ,fifth different ,sort of this ,,suffocation1 in which all the ,faculties of ,life are seemingly abolished2 so far1 that 7according to common ,sense and ,apprehension7 the ,,patient differs in ,nothing from a dead ,person4 ,hence it has often happen'd1 that such ,women 7upon a mistake7 have been imprudently buried 7for ,,dead17 and sometimes had the good ,fortune to return from their ,graves to their ,houses again2 whereof many learned ,authors give us remarkable ,instances#bcf4 ,,but if it should be ask'd1 in short1 how it is possible for the ,,woman to live1 after she has lost both her ,,pulse and her ,,breath8 ,i can only refer the ,curious to ,galen1 who has fully answer'd that ,question#bcg 7according also to the ,sentiment of ,heraclydes7 viz4----,that tho' the ,refrigeration of the whole ,body1 and its principal ,parts1 is so great as to intercept both the ,pulse and the ,breath2 ,yet the ,woman1 no less than other ,animals1 such as ,snails and others of that kind1 which live in strict obscurity1 may have ,transpiration sufficient1 thro' the whole ,circuit of the ,body1 to defend ,,life#bch4 ,,if so1 then1 that there are so many different ,sorts of ,,uterine ,,strangulations1 there must also 7of ,consequence7 be as many peculiar ,causes3 ,which1 tho' all take ,origin from the ,,womb1 yet do not arise to this ,pitch1 unless two other ,causes concur with it4 ,viz4 ,,one from the ,part affected2 ,,another from the ,passages1 thro' which the ,,womb communicates this ,,affection to it4 ,but in short1 the principal immediate ,causes are ,,three#bci viz4 retain'd ,menstruous ,blood1 vitiated ,seed1 and putrid ,humours1 or corrupted ,matter1 contain'd in any part of the ,,womb2 which immediate1 and concurring ,causes1 ,i come now to ,speak to1 viz4---- ,,as to the ,,first then1 ,i think the retain'd ,,blood1 is not sufficient of it self to induce this ,,affection1 because we know1 many to be free from it1 who yet labour under the suppress'd ,,menstrua2 wherefore the ,imbecillity of the ,principal ,parts admitting the ,,humours1 must concur with the ,latitude of the ,passages1 thro' which the ,,blood is communicated to them3 ,which ,three conspiring together1 the ,,suffocation of course succeeds with ,aggravation4 ,,if this ,,blood flows thro' the ,veins and ,arteries1 into the ,,heart1 it occasions a ,,syncope1 which is a most severe ,affection4 ,,if it ascends into the ,,brain1 it occasions various ,symptoms according to the ,quality of the ,,blood1 viz4----,if it is ,pituitous1 it induces a ,,suffocation with ,,sleep1 resembling a ,,lethargy3 ,if it be ,bilious1 the ,,affection is most furious1 and the ,,patient is 7as it were7 almost ,mad1 tearing her self1 pulling her ,hair1 renting her ,cloaths1 c4 ,if the ,,blood be sweet1 she only fancies ,,amours1 and meditates upon pleasing ,,chimeras3 ,as1 in fine1 if ,melancholick1 it seizes her with a ,sadness of ,,heart1 and ,dejection of ,,mind4 ,,but as to the ,,second ,cause1 the retain'd ,,seed induces not only ,these1 but more grievous ,symptoms1 since as soon as it is corrupted and refrigerated1 it becomes the worst of ,,poyson#bdj3 ,and as it reaches the principal debilitated ,parts1 it draws on the most dangerous sort of ,,suffocations2 in which the ,,patient lies for ,dead1 the whole ,,body being extremely refrigerated1 or benumb'd by this venenated ,matter4 ,which ,accident however may happen promiscuously to all ,women1 abounding with such morbifick ,contents in the ,,womb1 as sometimes falls out to ,,maids1 but more commonly to ,,widows1 whose ,bodies as well as ,,wombs abound with pituitous ,,humours2 as also sometimes to ,pregnant ,women of ,cacochymical ,habits1 and to ,puerperial ,women not cleansing sufficiently4 ,i know by the way1 that some modern ,writers define the ,case otherways1 and will have ,,men to be also lyable to the same ,distemper1 which they alledge proceeds chiefly from the ,blood and ,spirits3 ,but the ,reason why ,i think they are exempted from it1 at least from its ,severities1 is because1 what they lose in ,nocturnal ,pollutions or otherways1 is always ejected or thrown without ,doors2 whereas what the other ,,sex so emitts1 may be still retain'd within2 and consequently by a long ,detention there1 may be converted into ,,venom1 or a ,poysonous ,humour4 ,,however1 this happens more readily and frequently to ,,widows1 than to ,,virgins1 because in the one1 the ,passages are not only dilated1 but also ,nature is accustomed to such ,emissions1 as the other is yet wholly a ,stranger to4 ,moreover---- ,,again1 this ,,affection may also proceed from too great an abundance of ,,seed in those1 call'd the ,seminal ,vessels2 tho' not to such a dangerous ,degree3 ,in which ,case1 if the ,,seed be ,acrimonious1 a ,convulsion may happen2 if otherways1 the ,,patient seems only to faint and fall away1 with a sort of a grateful ,indulgence1 without any great ,change of ,countenance1 or ,alteration of ,,pulse2 tho' she often continues with her ,eyes shut1 ,starting and ,wakening 7as it were7 frequently3 ,and as upon returning to herself1 she falls a-sighing1 so a little after1 the ,,symptom recurs again4 ,,finally1 as to the third ,cause1 ,supposing this ,,affection to seize ,women1 who not only ,purge regularly1 but are also satiated with ,virile ,conversation2 or1 as it sometimes happens1 to take ,old ,women3 ,in these ,cases1 the ,cause is undoubtedly very different from those mentioned1 and proceeds either from ,winds1 ,vapours1 or putrid and corrupted ,humours1 contain'd in the ,,womb1 and communicated by various ,passages1 to the ,,heart and ,,brain3 ,and this ,corruption may readily succeed in the ,,womb1 because1 as it is a part very different from any other of the ,,body1 endued with peculiar ,faculties1 so if it be not well disposed1 the vitious ,humours may also corrupt in it1 after a peculiar manner2 if not in its own ,cavity1 in the ,uterine ,vessels1 as most frequently happens4 ,,upon which1 ,i observe that1 if these ,winds or ,vapours are communicated to the ,,heart1 thro' the ,veins and ,arteries1 the ,,suffocation happens with ,palpitation3 ,if to the ,,brain1 with a ,vertigo1 a ,tingling of the ,ears1 and a ,suffusion from the ,phantasms of the ,eyes3 ,whereas1 if the deprav'd ,humours or ,vapours1 ascend there1 thro' the ,nerves1 various ,convulsions happen2 especially if the ,,brain abounds also with frigid ,humours4 ,and these1 in short1 according to the foresaid ,authorities1 are all the ,proximous and immediate ,causes of the ,,hysterick ,,passion4 ,,hence ,i come now to touch upon the mediate ,causes of the same ,distemper1 which may be easily conceiv'd by any who understands those of the suppressed ,,menstrua1 ,,gonorrh,a1 c4 which ,cases ,i can by no means enter upon at this ,time1 for the reasons mentioned in the last preceding ,chapter4 ,,but from what is said 7,i hope7 this ,uterine ,,strangulation1 together with all its ,differences1 may be easily distinguished by the ingenious ,reader4 ,however yet1 because all its different ,sorts have some degree of ,affinity1 with other diverse ,symptoms1 which no ways proceed from the ,,womb2 ,i come now to propose some ,,signs of ,distinction1 first in general1 and next in particular1 viz4---- ,,the general ,,signs then are ,three1 by which ,i think1 the ,,hysterick may be readily distinguished from all other ,affections1 namely1---- ,i4 ,,it is a ,muliebrian ,disease1 and that only familiar to some of the more delicate ,women3 ,when therefore we know1 from the ,,patient herself1 or from those about her1 that she is obnoxious to this ,affection2 the ,,hysteric ,symptoms also appearing1 we need not suspect any other ,distemper4 ,,ii4 ,hysterical ,women complain frequently of their ,,wombs being ill-disposed1 and out of order4 ,as1 ,,iii4 ,they are most commonly helped and freed from the ,,paroxysm1 by holding ,ftids to the ,,nose1 and ,suaveolents to the ,,pudendum2 which holds good in no other ,affection4 ,but more particularly---- ,,this ,distemper differs from a ,,syncope1 in that1 a ,,syncope is precipitant1 and seizes the ,,patient all at once1 tho' 'tis but of short ,duration2 ,whereas in this1 some evident ,,signs of an approaching ,paroxysm always precede1 and the ,evil continues sometimes for several ,hours and perhaps ,days3 ,in that1 the ,,pulse is quickly abolish'd1 or at least seemingly ceases2 in this1 it remains1 however small1 except in the aforementioned extreme ,,fit3 ,in that of a ,,syncope1 cold ,sweats appear1 and the ,countenance changes pale2 and when the ,,heart is severely affected1 it may be probably conjoin'd with the ,,hysterick ,affection4 ,,now ,this ,distemper differs also from an ,,epilepsy3 ,for in ,that the ,convulsive ,motions are not always join'd with it1 or if they be1 they are not so universal1 affecting only one or other ,member3 ,in ,,epilepticks1 the ,,pulse is greater than ordinary2 but in ,,hystericks1 it is the ,reverse3 ,in that the ,,patient foams at the ,mouth1 and loses the principal ,functions of ,life1 especially the ,memory2 in this they foam not1 neither commonly lose any internal ,sense2 but only awake like those who have been asleep4 ,,this ,affection differs again from the ,,apoplexy1 in that the ,,parts are not so much affected1 nor their feeling so much abolished2 in that there is no continual ,snoaring1 and the ,,pulse is only diminished and depraved1 which in ,,apoplectics most commonly remains entire3 ,in short1 the one is preceded1 as well as accompany'd with diverse ,symptoms2 whereas the other assails the ,,patient suddenly1 without any previous ,notice or ,signification4 ,,again the ,,hystericks differ from a ,,lethargy2 in that ,this is attended with a ,,fever2 ,that not at all3 ,in ,this the ,,pulse is raised higher and is stronger2 in ,that it falls always lower1 and is weaker4 ,,moreover1 there are diverse ,experiments1 mentioned by ,authors1 to distinguish a ,,patient in the extreme ,,fit of this ,passion1 from a ,person actually ,,dead3 ,such as ,lint1 ,feathers1 or burnt ,paper being held to the ,,mouth2 if moved1 the ,,patient breathes4 ,a ,glass of ,water being set upon the ,,breast2 if stirred1 there is some ,motion and ,dilatation still in the ,,breast4 ,or1 in fine1 a ,looking-,glass well wiped1 being held to their ,,mouths1 if infected1 the ,,patient is still and certainly alive4 ,,however1 all ,these ,things1 ,i look upon to be merely trifling and uncertain in this ,case2 because1 supposing the ,,woman not to breathe1 as has been hinted2 ,how then can she expire so much from her ,,lungs1 as to move a ,feather1 or infect a ,glass8 ,or1 how can her ,,breast have any such a ,motion1 as to move ,water in a ,glass8 ,considering well1 what has been already said1 that it is only by internal ,transpiration1 that she draws the ,breath of ,life2 which is neither effected by the ,motion of the ,,breast1 nor the ,,lungs2 but rather by a certain obscure and latent ,motion of the ,,heart1 and the internal ,arteries3 ,in such manner1 as some ,animals1 living in ,cells of ,obscurity1 seem to be refrigerated1 or benumb'd and ,,dead the whole ,winter-,season4 ,,but in this ,case1 the more certain ,method is1 to try the ,,patient with proper ,sternutatories1 such as are otherways useful in all such ,,paroxysms1 for if alive1 she will be quickly mov'd by ,sternutation3 ,as when the ,body begins to send forth a ,cadaverous ,smell1 it is a certain ,,sign that the innate ,heat is extinct with the ,,life1 and that the ,body is no more supported by the ,,soul4 ,wherefore the safest and surest way is1 not to bury such ,,persons1 before the ,expiration of #gb ,hours1 reckoning from the beginning of the ,,fit3 ,because1 if in this ,time1 which is the ,,crisis1 or ,term of the ,circuit of all the ,,humours in the ,body1 they do not revive1 there is no more ,room left for ,hopes4 ,,in the next place1 ,i come to mark the ,,diagnosticks1 whereby it may be best distinguished1 which of the before-mentioned immediate ,causes1 gives ,rise to the ,,hysterick ,,passion in any ,woman labouring under the same ,malady4 ,and1 ,i4 ,,if it proceeds from the ,menstruous ,blood1 in this ,condition1 the ,natural ,course must needs be suppress'd1 either in whole or in part3 ,and the ,difference of the ,quality of this ,,blood1 is evident from the foregoing ,symptoms4 ,,ii4 ,,if from too long retain'd ,,seed2 the ,,patient is to be suppos'd regular in her natural ,flux1 as she is ,calid and ,sanguine1 either from high ,living1 or want of ,exercise3 ,in this the ,,symptoms are all more severe and dangerous1 than in the other ,case1 and upon the declension of the ,,paroxysm1 or the ,fits going off1 a certain ,,humour flows from the ,,pudendum1 occasion'd by the ,constriction made in the ,,womb4 ,,iii4 ,,if from corrupted ,humours1 the ,,patient not only ,purges regularly1 but also enjoys her ,,husband3 ,hence in this ,case1 ,i would conclude that she either labours1 or has labour'd under some ,uterine ,distemper1 such as a ,satyriasis1 ,pruritus1 ,furor1 ,gonorrha1 ,fluor ,muliebris1 ,ulcers1 ,impostumes1 a former ,suppression1 or ,irregularity of the ,,menstrua1 or the like3 ,as also many ,learned ,men agree that a ,prternatural ,situation#bda1 namely1 the ,,womb',s ascending to the superior ,parts1 compressing the ,,liver and ,,diaphragma1 and consequently the ,lungs1 ,,heart1 or ,,stomach1 may induce various ,,suffocations2 ,which1 ,i think1 is also confirm'd by ,reason and ,experience4 ,for---- ,,who knows not that the ,ligaments of the ,,womb1 may be so relaxed and extended1 that it may fall down to the very ,,knees1 as ,i have seen it8 ,and who may not thence conceive that in the same ,laxity of the ,ligaments1 the ,,womb may be as well driven upwards by ,winds1 ,vapours1 or too much gross ,,blood in the ,ligaments2 or by ungrateful ,odours approaching the ,,womb1 as it may also be attracted by pleasant and grateful ,smells at the ,nose8 ,not that ,i mean here1 by the by1 that the ,,womb is capable of ,smelling1 and therefore shuns disagreeable ,ftors2 but only that its ,spirits and ,heat1 especially in ,those1 who abound with deprav'd ,humours1 are attracted either way by agreeable ,odours1 or fragrant ,smells4 ,,now in this ,case1 the ,,womb may be plainly found by the ,touch1 ascended in the ,form of a round ,ball2 ,which however may be easily brought down1 and replaced in its natural ,posture1 by any skilful experienced ,hand1 previously well anointed with the ,,oil of ,spike1 ,spikenard1 ,white ,lillies1 or the like4 ,again farther1 to prevent its ,return1 some nauseous ,smells1 may be apply'd to the ,nose1 or the ,reverse to the ,,pudendum2 as also the superiour ,parts of the ,body may be tyed strait with proper ,bands or ,ligaments4 ,,but more particularly1 as to the proper ,diagnosticks of the imminent ,,paroxysm1 or approaching ,,fit of ,suffocation1 these are1 ,grumblings in the ,,abdomen1 a ,distention and ,pulsation in the ,,back and ,hypochondriacks1 a ,weariness of the whole ,body1 an ,imbecillity of the ,,legs1 ,belching1 ,nauseating1 ,gaping1 a pale ,face1 and a sad ,countenance2 attended at last with the aforesaid ,sense of ,strangulation1 as if the ,,patient was a-swallowing a ,ball1 c4 ,as also ,i have known some ,women to have been taken with a long ,,fit of ,laughter upon this occasion1 others with that of ,crying2 as probably some may confusely act both at once4 ,,however1 ,it is to be observ'd in this place1 that1 as the ,distemper is not equally violent in ,all1 nor always attended by the same1 or the same number of ,symptoms2 so neither are the ,,fits equally long or frequent1 but invade and seize the ,,patient according to the quick or slow gathering of the ,morbifick ,humours1 which are also sooner or later discussed3 ,which ,humorous ,particles in our ,bodies1 like as in intermitting ,fevers1 have their due ,times of ,digestion1 ,accumulation1 and ,exaltation2 which ,height as soon as they have arrived to1 they suddenly1 and as it were in a ,moment1 break out into ,action3 ,or else ,these ,humours may lye dormant in the ,body1 until by some ,procatarctick1 or ,external ,cause1 they are exagitated1 and set at ,work4 ,,now this ,agitation of ,,humours depends not only upon the ,course of the ,,sun and ,,moon1 but also sometimes more particularly upon the ,change of the ,,air1 and the ,motion of the ,,sea4 ,as to the ,solar and ,lunar ,influences upon the ,animal ,machine1 they are already abundantly set forth#bdb1 wherefore ,i shall resume ,nothing of them in this place3 ,and as to the ,efficiency of the ,,air1 ,i would observe it to be always most considerable about the ,two ,equinoxes2 as at these ,seasons the most impetuous ,winds and violent ,storms happen2 and that continually the most severe at ,noon and ,midnight2 that is to say1 when the ,,sun is in our ,zenith1 or in the ,nadir1 viz4 in the vertical ,point over our ,heads1 or the quite opposite under#bdc our ,feet4 ,these ,changes however come a little before the ,vernal ,equinox1 but follow the ,autumnal2 because of the various ,distances of the ,,moon in its ,perigum and ,apogum4 ,,moreover1 at these ,seasons1 and indeed at all ,times1 the ,,air swells or rises highest1 at ,new and ,full ,,moon1 from the conjunct ,power of both the ,planets3 ,hence the diligent ,mariners and ,husbandmen always observe the ,weather to change1 and ,winds to rise upon these ,occasions2 and1 not only so1 but also1 a constant and certain ,,recourse of ,winds and ,weather to happen at certain ,seasons of the ,year2 and that from some certain necessary ,natural ,cause1 which always acts in the same manner4 ,as to the ,motion of the ,,sea1 its ,efficacy upon the ,animal ,fabrick1 may be easily comprehended1 considering only what is said2 together with this ,truth1 that1 at all ,seasons1 the ,,air is highest1 and the ,winds strongest1 when the ,,tide of the ,flood is at its highest ,ascent4 ,for as the ,,sea swells1 so the ,ambient ,,air in #be ,hours1 is twice raised to a considerable great ,height1 from the ,attraction of the ,,moon approaching the ,meridian3 ,and the same swelling of the ,,air must necessarily follow1 as often as the ,,sun comes to the ,meridian of any place1 either above or below the ,,horizon2 tho' 7as aforesaid7 it is always highest at ,new and ,full ,,moon3 ,and lowest of all1 when the ,,moon is but half ,full2 the ,planets then drawing each a contrary way3 ,as it is middling1 during the ,time between the dimidiated ,orbs of the ,,moon1 and the ,new and ,full ,,moon#bdd4 ,,considering then that the ,ambient ,,air and the surrounding ,,sea are both fluid ,bodies1 and that the ,changes of the ,,one agree so exactly with the ,tide of the ,,other1 we may rationally conclude1 that they are both 7in a great measure7 subject to the same ,,laws of ,motion#bde4 ,hence it is1 that1 the great ,physician#bdf says1 that the ,fluxes and ,refluxes of both these ,,elements are so ordain'd1 by the ,wise ,councell of the ,almighty ,,creator1 to keep them from ,stagnations and ,corruptions1 which would be noxious to all ,creatures1 that by these means are preferred in a better ,condition4 ,which is also confirm'd by ,experience1 from that1 in clear and open places such ,valetudinarians as are ready to ,die1 recover their ,health1 and the ,soundest ,constitution in moist close places1 grows ,,sick4 ,,from the whole1 it is evident1 that the ,motions of the ,,air at the flowing of the ,,sea1 upon the ,new and ,full ,,moon1 and in the quinoxes1 change the ,fabrick of the ,animal ,bodies3 ,but these ,changes are always most remarkable in those of weak and sickly ,constitutions2 whereas those of ,strong and ,healthy ,bodies more readily repel or evade their ,influences4 ,hence it is that our ,bodies so much ,sympathize1 and so manifestly correspond with the ,clestials1 as the ,experience of a great many ,ingenious ,authors testify#bdg3 ,and hence again it is that the ,,hysterick1 no less than any other ,,patient1 keeps ,time strictly with these ,superiour ,bodies1 as the ,register of a vast many ,examples1 and even daily ,experience it self teaches for ,truth4 ,now having thus far prosecuted the ,diagnosticks1 as well with respect to the ,times and ,seasons of the ,,paroxysms1 as to the ,signs and ,symptoms of the ,distemper1 ,i come at length to---- ,,the ,prognosticks of this ,uterine ,,suffocation1 which ,i shall but briefly hint upon2 and ,,first1 observe1 that where the ,,humours overcharge the ,body1 and are implicated among themselves2 in this ,case the ,,fits do not always keep their ,legitimate ,times1 nor their proper ,insults1 but are sometimes more frequent1 more sharp1 and more diuturnal2 in like manner1 as a ,concourse of ,,winds excites the most violent ,,storms1 according to the ,poet#bdh1 8,un ,eurusque ,notusque ruunt1 creberque procellis 8,africus1 vastos volvunt ad ,littora ,fluctus3 ,so a ,concourse and ,confluxion of ,,humours1 must needs aggravate the ,distemper2 but more especially1 when the afflicted ,,patient is taken with a ,complication of ,distempers1 such as when the ,,hysterick ,,fit is join'd with a ,syncope1 or severe ,convulsions1 c4 then the ,case is most dangerous4#bdi ---- ---- ---- 8,nam corpore in ,uno 8,frigida cum ,calidis ,pugnant1 ,humentia ,siccis1 8,mollia cum duris1 ,sine pondere habentia pondus4 ,these ,things1 consisting in the ,corruption and ,inflammation1 or in the ,quantity and ,quality of the peccant ,,humours1 concur with the other ,causes1 above defin'd1 that the ,circulations of the ,distemper are either shorter or longer1 more frequent or more rare1 or more safe or more dangerous in the ,event4 ,,secondly1 ,i observe in this place1 that1 if the ,distemper does not carry off the ,,patient1 as often happens in the foregoing ,condition1 it commonly degenerates at last into an ,apoplexy1 or ,palsy1 ,stupidity1 or deep ,melancholy1 c4 ,wherefore ,i come now finally to treat of the ,method of its ,cure2 which is twofold1 ,one in the ,access or ,,fit1 and another in the ,interval4 ,then as to the ,first---- ,,in the ,,fit1 ,revulsive and ,repressing ,remedies are most apposite1 together with ,corroboratives for the ,,heart and ,,ventricle1 as well as for the ,,womb it self4 ,but because ,revulsives are of many and different kinds1 they are to be discreetly us'd1 according to the ,nature of the ,cause from whence the ,evil proceeds3 ,for if suppressed ,,blood be the ,cause1 in that ,case1 ,galen agrees with ,hippocrates that an ,inferiour ,vene-,section is convenient1 and that even tho' a ,syncope join the ,,suffocation1 because the ,one is but the ,effect of the ,other#bej3 ,remembring always that such ,bleedings must be done with great ,prudence and ,caution1 because of the present ,prostration of the ,strength and ,spirits1 and ,refrigeration of the ,,patient's whole ,body4 ,,whereas if the ,,paroxysm proceeds from venenated ,,seed1 or depraved ,humours1 no ,,vein is to be open'd2 but instead of ,that1 ,i would lay the ,woman supine in her ,,bed1 for breathing the freer1 and loose all her ,laces1 ,garters1 c4 ,then if ,strong ,sternutatories1 ,ftid ,smells1 ,vellication of her ,ears1 ,nostrils1 ,pilorumve ,pudendi1 did not help her ,condition2 ,i would use dolorifick ,ligatures1 and ,frictions of ,,thighs1 ,,legs1 and ,,feet2 or apply ,cupping ,glasses without ,scarification to the ,,thighs and ,,groin it self3 ,as also proper ,liniments1 ,clysters1 ,suppositories1 ,pessaries1 c4 are convenient ,means3 ,and sometimes ,suffumigations of ,,galbanum1 ,,assafoetida1 ,old ,leather1 ,cloth1 ,sulphur1 ,partridge ,feathers1 ,horse-,tetters or ,warts1 c4 ,or 7which is reckon'd ,best of all7 a few of the ,,patient's ,hairs of her ,head1 burnt1 and held to her ,,nose4 ,or1 while ,i should often tickle the ,,nostrils with a ,feather1 or my ,finger dipp'd in the sharpest ,vinegar1 ,oleum ,succini1 or the like1 ,i would anoint the ,,pallet with ,triacle1 ,mithridate1 or such other ,things dissolv'd in pleasant ,,wine4 ,,however1 in such ,cases1 as well as in all others1 mitioribus adhibitis1 progrediendum est ad valentiora2 ,i say1 we are to begin with the more gentle1 and proceed gradually to the more strong and powerful ,,remedies2 using all proper ,means with the utmost ,prudence and ,discretion1 and that only according to the absolute ,necessity and imminent ,danger of the incident ,case4 ,now moreover1 ,i would add for such as lose both ,,pulse and ,,breath1 that some of the above ,,remedies are not only requisite2 but also1 according to the excellent ,horatius ,augenius1 a little generous ,,wine with ,nutmeg1 ,cinnamon and ,cloves1 adding five ,grains of ,,musk1 is altogether proper for this ,,patient#bea3 ,tho' for others1 who have not quite lost all ,sense and ,motion1 nothing is perhaps more pernicious than the ,,use of such ,odoriferous ,matters1 since ,i have known several ,women to have been immediately suffocated1 even by the very ,smell of ,,musk1 ,,civet1 ,,amber1 c4 ,but when the ,sick ,,patient lies 7as above7 for dead1 if such ,odours can excite the ,,womb1 they can likewise move the ,arteries1 and give ,hopes of ,recovery2 upon which occasion also1 ,i would apply hot ,sear-,cloths to the ,regions of the ,,heart and ,,womb3 ,or1 if ,i suspected the ,,head to abound with frigid ,humours1 ,i would moreover apply ,vesicatories behind the ,,ears1 or an ,issue1 or drawing ,plaister to the ,,nape of the ,neck1 always cherishing the ,,stomach with proper ,fomentations3 ,as also according to some1 the ,hoof of an ,,elk1 is a present ,,remedy in all such ,suffocations or ,,fits of the ,mother#beb4 ,,by the above-mentioned1 which are all the most prevalent ,means in the ,,access1 we will now suppose the ,,patient to be recover'd2 in which ,case1 the next step needful1 is to guard against1 and prevent the ,return of the ,,fit1 and consequently to ,cure the ,,disease2 which can only be effected by removing the ,cause1 whatever it may be3 ,and ,this1 in my ,opinion1 may be most effectually perform'd in manner following1 viz4---- ,,if the ,distemper proceeds from the suppressed ,,blood or ,,menstrua1 ,this is by proper ,means to be reduced to its ,natural ,course and ,condition4 ,if from a retain'd ,seminal ,matter in the ,uterine ,vessels1 the ,cure depends chiefly upon a proper ,regimen of ,diet and ,exercise2 frequent gentle ,purges1 and repeated inferiour ,ven-,sections3 ,whereas if already collected and venenated in the ,,womb1 and the ,body consequently refrigerated1 no ,,vein may properly be touch'd or open'd2 but in this ,case1 as if the ,evil proceeded from vitious putrid ,,humours1 it is to be evacuated in the same manner1 as in other ,conditions of the humid ,intemperature of the ,,womb2 always corroborating and fortifying the more affected or debilitated ,parts4 ,,now this ,method of ,cure1 in short1 being taken from the wisest of the ,ancients#bec1 ,i shall farther add one singular and essential ,step towards the perfecting of it2 namely1 if it be so1 that the most severe and dangerous ,symptoms of this ,,distemper proceed from the ,retention of the vitiated ,,seed2 then of ,course and without ,controversy1 the ,,hysterick ,,passion must needs be most familiar to ,,widows and marriageable ,,virgins2 to whom ,i must finally say1 ,let them ,marry4 ,si tales etenim pruriginosas1 ,connubio destinari contingat1 ac ,semen subdito virili ,pessulo elici1 in usumq1 procreand ,sobolis depromi1 protinus illas efflorescere videas1 ac faciem roseo1 nitidq2 colore perfundi1 blandas denique atque ,amabiles1 minsq2 tetricas ac morosas4 ,quod etiam docet ,,galenus1 ,exemplo vidu cujusdam1 qu multo ,semine effuso1 ,symptomatibus integr est liberata#bed4 ,itaq2 dico1 tales dissuet maturve viro sunt tempestive elocand4 ,in fine1 ,,marriage will very much help such indisposed ,persons1 according to the ,wise ,judgment1 ,advice and ,direction of the best ,antient ,,writers4 ,illustration ,,conclusion4 ,,before ,i close this finishing ,chapter1 ,i must entreat the ,,reader's ,patience1 and finally observe 7by way of ,recapitulation upon it1 which will also serve to ,answer the same ,end upon divers places interspers'd throughout this whole ,,book7 that ,i am very ,sensible before hand1 that some considerate ,readers1 even among the ,learned themselves1 will be ready to stop or cavil at some of my ,sentiments1 and say1 ,quo te ,mri ,pedes8 ,et qu te ,dementia cepit8 ,i know that they deny1 with the ,peripatetick ,aristotle#bee1 the ,existence of the ,muliebrian ,,seed4 ,nay1 ,i farther know1 that1 this is not all1 which they will object against2 for the ,four ,galenick ,,humours will be as hard to digest4 ,but as ,i leave all ,men to think and judge for themselves1 without differing with any for dissenting from me in ,opinion1 so ,i know that ,men of ,probity and ,ingenuity will allow me the same ,privilege and act in a suitable ,manner3 ,whereas ,i doubt not but some ,momus1 or ,zoilus1 or some ,member of the ,body of the ,sophistical ,,sciolists will rise up1 and pronounce me either altogether ,ignorant1 or an unjust ,vilifier of the reigning ,modern ,opinions1 by laying down some ,authentick ,positions of the ,,antients1 ,,this cannot more certainly befall me1 than ,i expect it2 wherefore1 ,i am not only in some measure upon my ,guard2 but also otherways resolved to hear1 and even bear such ,controversial ,wranglings with ,patience3 ,which ,i need think the less of doing1 or suffering with ,pleasure1 considering the many ,glorious ,examples already set before my ,eyes of ,those who have deserved the greatest ,applause1 and the ,best of ,mankind in all ,ages4 ,to pass by some living ,,monuments of ,detraction1 who are at this ,day universally acknowledged to be ,eminent and ,excellent ,men2 have not some of the best ,authors that ever wrote been unjustly scourged by the black ,tongues1 and even scandaliz'd by the ,satyrick ,pens1 of their ,,cotemporaries8 ,and are not the same ,,sufferers1 ,i mean their ,names and ,memories immortaliz'd at this ,time1 through all ,nations8 ,besides1 in short1 will they not continue to be so through out all succeeding ,generations for their essential ,helps and ingenious ,discoveries in the ,noble and ,heavenly ,art of ,,physick8 ,moreover1 have we not too many ,instances of ,,this1 to go no farther1 in ,england1 even too well known to require a ,repetition8 ,,how vain then would it be in me to hope to escape the ,common ,fate of all ,,writers in general8 ,no1 before ever ,i put ,pen to ,paper1 ,i plainly foresaw1 that1 in this degenerate ,age1 no honest ,man could safely subscribe to the genuine truth of ,things1 without suffering by publick ,malice1 under the ,character of being reckon'd either an ,ignorant or an obsolete ,,singularist4 ,,however1 yet1 as ,i would willingly avoid being ranked among litigious ,disputants1 so ,i have taken ,care 7if it be possible7 to mitigate the ,censure1 by not insisting too stiffly upon any ,,topick1 which may be suppos'd to tend more to curious ,speculation1 than to real ,practice in our ,,art3 ,neither have ,i set off any ,hypothesis with recommendatory ,glosses1 nor other fine ,embellishments1 serving more for ,ornament than ,use4 ,,but that ,i may not seem at last altogether to give up1 what ,i have been advancing1 however in modest ,terms and upon authentick ,authorities1 ,i ingenuously answer and confess1 that1 ,i have in diverse respects and in sundry places in this ,,book1 spoke my ,mind freely1 and impartially1 however without ,prejudice1 and that sometimes also contrary to the ,opinions of many famous ,,writers in ,vogue1 as well ,ancient as ,modern2 by which means1 ,i may perhaps have disgusted some1 otherways1 most ,judicious ,,readers3 ,however1 considering the different ,grounds upon which ,men commonly form their ,judgment of ,,authors1 if ,i have but the ,happiness to please in some ,things1 ,i have all that ,i am ambitious of4 ,,wherefore1 as it was neither for ,applause nor ,reputation-sake1 but merely for the ,common ,good of ,mankind1 that ,i undertook to write modestly1 so ,i resolved at the ,beginning1 that1 neither ,malice nor ,envy should deter me from publishing what is ,true1 and1 to my certain ,knowledge1 confirmed by ,experience4 ,i have carefully perus'd other ,men's ,,works1 ,moderns as well as ,ancients1 to gain the ,knowledge and discover the ,truth of ,things1 and ,i gratefully acknowledge what ,benefit soever ,i have reaped from them1 whose ,,names ,i am not asham'd to affix to this ,,book1 by the ,help of their elaborate and ingenious ,,writings3 ,desiring thereby to convince the ,,revolver1 that ,i neither reject the hard ,labours of the ,ancients1 nor despise the laudable ,endeavours of the ,moderns1 much less would ,i be thought to decry or find ,fault with any particular ,performance2 especially considering that ,i meet with none so empty1 but that ,i get something by1 which ,i emprove to my own ,advantage4 ,,but as far as ,i have found them mistaken1 since ,mortal ,eyes cannot see beyond their ,,horizon1 nor the best of ,men exceed the natural ,limits of human ,frailty1 ,i have thought it my ,duty to forewarn ,,posterity of their ,mistakes1 not only according to the laudable ,,custom of the ,ancients1 but also according to my plain ,notion of the genuine ,nature or true ,,charity2 which ,i think consists not in contemning1 detracting and calumniating one another1 but rather in cleansing ,,sciences from the ,dross of ,errors1 that so the ,right ,way may be pav'd to our ,successors by a continued ,series of ,time1 which may be effectually done by ,many1 that cannot possibly be accomplished by ,one2 because of the ,brevity of ,,life4 ,,upon the whole1 it is most certain that ,,truth is known but of a few2 whereas false ,opinions go current in the ,stream with the rest of the ,world3 ,nay1 ,,truth scarce yet ever carried it by ,vote in any respect1 insomuch1 that the most evident ,testimonies of ,sense1 too often yield place to imbib'd ,opinions1 and ,men blindly reject the manifest ,evidence of their own ,faculties1 by which ,truth in many ,cases is only to be discover'd3 ,and indeed ,i know how hard it is otherways to enquire exactly into the common ,truth of ,things1 so as to give a ,satisfactory ,demonstration1 or a general ,satisfaction to ,all3 ,which notwithstanding1 ,i verily believe that the ,sons of ,,art1 who know the ,principles and ,power of ,,nature1 and understand her various ,operations upon all ,,bodies1 by the means of her inferiour ,agents1 the four ,,elements2 and such as have attain'd any competent ,knowledge in the ,,spagyrick ,,anatomy of ,things1 especially of ,fluids1 ,water1 ,wine1 c4 will be at no great ,loss to conceive the ,probability of both the one and the other above-mentioned ,,hypothesis4 ,,accept then1 in fine1 ,benevolent ,,reader1 ,this short and plain ,performance of ,,physick and ,,midwifery2 which1 if it should not happily answer to your ,expectation1 ,i would fain have you believe1 that it will far less correspond with my ,,wish4 ,if then any ,thing be found useful or acceptable in it1 you are to ascribe that to ,,god1 the ,author of all ,wisdom2 you may impute what is otherways perform'd1 to ,man's ,understanding and ,practice blessed by ,,god3 ,therefore being every where mindful of ,humanity1 read1 revolve1 enjoy1 and correct2 reflecting in the ,interim1 not so much upon the little that ,i have done1 as upon that which others have not hitherto perform'd concerning the same ,subject4 ,i could with ,pleasure have continued ,the ,performance1 and1 according to my ,design at the ,beginning1 have added two ,,sections more1 viz4 ,one upon the ,symptoms and ,diseases of the ,,womb and the ,passages2 the other upon the various ,symptoms or ,accidents1 relating to the ,,menstruous and other ,uterine ,fluxes3 ,but as the ,,work has already by far exceeded the ,limits1 which ,i design'd it at first1 ,i shall here for the present ,time fix my ,,pen4 ,i ,pray ,,god1 in short1 the ,fountain of ,life1 and ,source of all ,science1 that ,,he may enable others to conceive what has been said1 better than ,i have been capable to explain2 and grant that the ,fruit of my ,,labour may conduce to the ,health and ,preservation of all good ,,women and their ,,children3 ,all finally1 upon the whole ,work1 redounding to the eternal ,,glory of his own most ,holy ,name4 ,,finis4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,authors ,names quoted in this ,work1 disposed ,alphabetically4 ,a4 gineta ,aetius ,agrippa ,corn4 ,albertus ,magnus ,alcinous ,alexandrinus ,jul4 ,anaxagoras ,antony ,st4 ,apollonius ,apuleius ,aquinas ,thom4 ,areteus ,aristotle ,arnoldus de villa ,nova ,augenius ,augustin ,st4 ,aurelianus ,cl4 ,averroes ,avicenna ,b4 ,baglivius ,bartholinus ,bellini ,benedictus ,alex4 ,blancard ,boerhaave ,boetius ,bonaciolus ,bottonus ,brassavolus ,burnet ,thom4 ,c4 ,cardanus ,cato ,catullus ,celsus ,de ,chales ,chamberlain ,cicero ,claudianus ,cordcus ,cyprian ,st4 ,d4 ,daventer ,democritus ,diocles ,diodorus ,diogenes ,donatus ,marcel4 ,e4 ,empedocles ,etmullerus ,eustachius ,f4 ,fabricius ,gul4 ,fab4 d' ,aquap4 ,fallopius ,favorinus ,fernelius ,florentinus ,nichol4 ,floyer ,sir ,john ,forestus ,g4 ,galen ,gamma ,garofanzzo ,gaffendus ,gellius ,goad ,guillaume de ,paris ,h4 ,harris ,dr4 ,harvey ,heister ,helmontius ,heraclides ,hercules ,saxon4 ,heurnius ,hippocrates ,hoffman ,hollerius ,homer ,horace ,horstius ,howel ,j4 ,jerome ,st4 ,johannes ,anglicus ,l4 ,lactantius ,langius ,laurentius ,and4 ,levin4 ,lemnius4 ,licetus ,linus ,lucilius ,lucretius ,lusitanus ,m4 ,macrobius ,manilius ,marcellus ,marcus ,marci ,mauriceau ,mead ,dr4 ,menabeus ,mercatus ,mercurialis ,montanus ,moor ,sir ,thomas ,morgagnus ,n4 ,newton ,sir ,isaac ,o4 ,ovid ,p4 ,palladius ,panarolus ,parus ,paschal ,paulus ,jurisconsult4 ,persius ,pfizerus ,pindar ,pinus ,plato ,platerus ,plautus ,pliny ,plutarch ,pontanus ,proclus ,pythagoras ,r4 ,rabanus ,ranchinus ,rhases ,riolanus ,riverius ,rocheus ,rodericus ,castro ,ronssus ,rufus ,ruffius ,ruysch ,s4 ,schenckius ,senertus ,solomon ,king ,soranus ,spigelius ,sprengell ,dr4 ,sydenham ,t4 ,terentius ,thuringius ,trincavellius ,tulpius ,u4 ,ulmus ,marc4 ,ant4 ,valeriola ,vallesius ,velthuysius ,vesalius ,virgil ,vives ,w4 ,wierus ,z4 ,zebizius ,zacch4 ,paulus ,illustration ,courteous ,reader1 having been sometimes call'd from the ,inspection of the ,press1 there may be some literal and a few verbal ,mistakes2 which as the ,sense is not perverted1 ,i hope you will candidly pass by4 ,adieu4 ,illustration ----- ,footnote #a3 ,de ,partib4 ,anim4 lib4 #a4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #b3 ,lib4 #b4 ,sat4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,sat4 #e4 ,footnote #d3 ,book of ,wisdom1 #h1 #ai and #bj4 ,footnote #e3 ,prov4 #d4 #bc4 ,footnote #f3 ,book of ,wisdom1 #i4 #ae4 ,footnote #g3 ,prov4 viii4 from #bb1 to #cb4 ,footnote #h3 ,gal4 #d4 #f1 ,footnote #i3 ,rom4 viii4 #ag4 ,footnote #aj3 ,psalm #h4 #bd4 #ajd1 #aci1 c4 ,footnote #aa3 ,lib4 #ae4 do part4 ,us4 ,sect4 #a4 ,footnote #ab3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ch4 ,footnote #ac3 ,bonacciol4 ,mercat4 ,footnote #ad3 ,de ,natur4 ,puer4 ,footnote #ae3 ,galen ,ruf4 ,mercat4 ,footnote #af3 ,hippoc4 de ,natur4 ,puer4 ,fortun4 ,licet4 de perfect4 ,constitut4 ,homin4 in ,uter4 ,rod4 ,cast4 de ,nat4 ,mul4 ,footnote #ag3 ,eccles4 xi4 #e4 ,footnote #ah3 ,book of ,wisdom1 ix4 #ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #ai3 ,psal4 cxxxix4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,footnote #bj3 ,de perfect4 ,constitut4 ,homin4 in ,utero4 ,footnote #ba3 ,hippoc4 de ,natur4 ,ftus4 ,footnote #bb3 ,aristot4 #g4 de ,hist4 ,animal4 #c4 ,footnote #bc3 ,harv4 in ,exercit4 ,ettmul4 ,prax4 cap4 #be4 ,footnote #bd3 ,heister4 in ,compend4 ,anatom4 ,footnote #be3 ,marc4 ,ant4 ,ulm4 de ,utero ,mul4 ,s4 #a4 c4 #g4 ,amb4 ,parus1 ,l4 #bc4 c4 #db4 ,ranchin4 de ,morb4 ,virg4 ,s4 #a4 c4 #d4 ,and4 ,laurent4 ,horat4 ,augen4 c4 ,footnote #bf3 ,avicen1 ,vesal4 ,fallop4 ,wier4 ,plater4 ,spigel4 ,heister4 ,morgag4 c4 ,footnote #bg3 ,sect4 #e4 ,aph4 #ci4 ,footnote #bh3 ,de ,muliebrib4 lib4 #a4 ,comm4 #d #f4 ,footnote #bi3 ,hippoc4 ,lib4 de ,glandulis4 ,footnote #cj3 ,de ,hist4 ,animal4 ,cap4 #ab #c4 ,footnote #ca3 ,sever4 ,pin4 in ,opusc4 ,physiol4 ,anat4 cap4 #e4 ,pet4 ,forest4 ,schol4 #bh4 ,observat4 #ee4 ,plin4 lib4 #cf4 cap4 #ai4 ,anselm4 ,boet4 lib4 #b4 de ,lapid4 ,gemm4 cap4 #afe4 ,melch4 ,sebiz4 de ,not4 ,virg4 ,thuring4 c4 ,footnote #cb3 ,hipp4 ,lib4 de ,morb4 ,virgin4 ,footnote #cc3 ,lib4 de ,morb4 ,virgin4 ,footnote #cd3 ,joh4 ,lang4 ,lib4 #a4 ,epist4 #b4 ,footnote #ce3 ,sect4 #c4 ,epist4 #ai4 ,footnote #cf3 ,georg4 #c4 ,footnote #cg3 ,lib4 #c4 ,fen #ba4 ,tract4 #a4 cap4 #ab4 ,footnote #ch3 ,de occult4 ,nat4 ,mir4 lib4 #a4 cap4 #i4 ,footnote #ci3 ,gal4 lib4 ,art4 ,med4 ,hipp4 ac ,gal4 #e4 in ,sextum vulg4 ,morb4 ,hipp4 lib4 de ,sterilib4 ,footnote #dj3 ,hercul4 ,saxon4 ,oper4 pract4 p4 #c4 c4 #bh4 ,rod4 ,cast4 de ,nat4 ,mul4 lib4 #c4 c4 #ac4 ,footnote #da3 ,lib4 de ,opific4 ,dei1 pag4 #hbc4 ,footnote #db3 ,pag4 #fe4 ,footnote #dc3 ,pontan4 l4 #aj4 de reb4 ,clest4 ,jul4 ,alexandrin4 de ,salubrib4 c4 #ad4 ,amat4 ,lusitan4 ,cent4 #c4 ,cur4 #ci4 c4 ,footnote #dd3 ,herc4 ,sax4 ,prlect4 pract4 part #c4 cap4 #cj4 ,footnote #de3 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #h4 cap4 #ba4 ,footnote #df3 ,genes4 xxx4 ,footnote #dg3 ,thom4 ,aquin4 contra4 ,gentil4 lib4 #c4 ,hen4 ,cornel4 ,agrip4 lib4 de ,occult4 ,philosoph4 c4 ,footnote #dh3 ,lib4 #g4 ,cap4 #ab4 ,footnote #di3 ,lib4 #d1 ,od4 #d4 ,footnote #ej3 #a ,cor4 #g4 #e4 ,footnote #ea3 ,marcus ,marci de ,ideis ,operatric4 ,horstius ,tract4 de ,caus4 ,similitud4 ,ft4 cum ,parent4 ,footnote #eb3 ,lib4 #c4 de ,morb4 ,mul4 cap4 #f4 ,footnote #ec3 ,hipp4 lib4 de ,genit4 ,footnote #ed3 ,aristot4 lib4 #c4 de ,histor4 ,animal4 cap4 #c4 ,footnote #ee3 ,qust4 ,medic4 ,legal4 lib4 #a4 tit4 #c4 qust4 #a4 ,footnote #ef3 ,hipp4 #d4 ,aph4 #a4 ,footnote #eg3 ,hipp4 #e4 ,aph4 #ca4 ,forest4 l4 #af4 ,obs4 #ch4 ,footnote #eh3 ,rod4 ,cast4 de ,morb4 ,mul4 lib4 #c4 cap4 #bb4 ,footnote #ei3 ,trincavel4 lib4 #c4 de curand4 partic4 hum4 ,corp4 ,affect4 cap4 #e4 ,forest4 lib4 #h4 ,obs4 #g4 ,ludov4 ,vives in ,comm4 ad lib4 #bg4 ,august4 de civit4 ,dei1 cap4 #be4 ,lang4 lib4 #b4 ,epist4 #ab4 ,florent4 ,serm4 #e4 tract4 #d4 cap4 #cf4 ,brasavol4 ,comm4 ad lib4 #e4 ,aph4 #bd4 ,hippoc4 c4 ,footnote #fj3 ,rod4 ,cast4 de ,morb4 ,mul4 lib4 #c4 cap4 #aa4 ,footnote #fa3 ,florent4 ,serm4 #e4 tract4 #d4 cap4 #cf4 ,brasavol4 #e4 ,aph4 #bd4 in ,comm4 c4 ,footnote #fb3 #e ,aph4 #cd4 ,diemerbroek lib4 #a4 ,anatom4 cap4 #bd4 ,lang4 de ,valetud4 ,gravid4 ,disp4 #da4 ,bagliv4 ,prax4 chap4 #ac4 lib4 #a4 ,footnote #fc3 ,galen #d4 ,aph4 #ag4 ,footnote #fd3 ,galen4 #c4 de ,loc4 ,aff4 c4 #h4 ,avicen4 l4 #c4 ,tr4 #e4 cap4 #a4 ,footnote #fe3 ,gal4 #c4 de ,loc4 ,aff4 c4 #h4 ,footnote #ff3 ,hipp4 #c4 ,aph4 #ag1 #bc1 #ca4 ,footnote #fg3 ,lib4 #a4 de ,loc4 c4 #b4 ,footnote #fh3 ,hipp4 #d4 ,aph4 #ag4 ,zacut4 ,lusit4 ,prax4 ,histor4 l4 ult4 c4 #a4 ,num4 #d4 ,footnote #fi3 ,aret4 #a4 de ,caus4 ,chronicor4 c4 #c4 ,footnote #gj3 ,galen4 #c4 ,aph4 #ag4 ,footnote #ga3 ,de ,morb4 ,chron4 lib4 #a4 cap4 #b4 ,footnote #gb3 ,prlect4 ,pract4 ,par4 #a4 cap4 #aa4 ,footnote #gc3 ,hipp4 #b4 ,aph4 #c1 #g4 ,aph4 #ah4 ,bellini de ,morb4 ,capit4 pag4 #ece4 ,footnote #gd3 ,hipp4 #e4 ,aph4 #fj4 ,brassavol4 in hunc ,aphor4 ,footnote #ge3 ,hipp4 #f4 ,aph4 #bj4 ,cels4 l4 #b4 c4 #h4 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #gf3 ,hipp4 #e4 ,aph4 #fj4 ,brassavol4 in hunc ,aphor4 ,footnote #gg3 ,hipp4 #g4 ,aph4 #dh4 ,heurnius in hunc ,aphor4 ,footnote #gh3 ,alex4 ,bened4 lib4 #ai4 de curandi ,morb4 rat4 cap4 #cf4 ,fernel4 lib4 #f4 de part4 ,morb4 ,sympt4 cap4 #aj4 c4 ,footnote #gi3 ,observ4 #a4 ,pentecost4 #a4 ,footnote #hj3 ,hipp4 #g4 ,aph4 #bg4 ,footnote #ha3 ,aet4 lib4 #af4 cap4 #ab4 ,footnote #hb3 ,observ4 cap4 #e4 de intermittent ,feb4 ,footnote #hc3 ,sect4 #d4 ,aph4 #ei4 ,footnote #hd3 ,galen4 de ,crisib4 lib4 #b4 cap4 #f4 c in ,comment4 in #d ,aph4 #ei4 ,footnote #he3 ,in ,comment4 in ,aph4 ,hipp4 #bc4 lib4 #b4 ,footnote #hf3 ,de diebus decretor4 lib4 #c4 ,footnote #hg3 ,valleriol4 lib4 #a4 ,observ4 #a4 lib4 #f4 ,observ4 #f4 ,hipp4 #e4 ,aph4 #cj4 ,forest4 lib4 #b4 ,observ4 #bg4 lib4 #f4 ,observ4 #f4 ,hollerius in hunc ,aphor4 c4 ,footnote #hh3 ,rod4 ,cast4 de ,morb4 ,mul4 lib4 #c4 cap4 #ba4 ,footnote #hi3 ,ibidem4 ,footnote #ij3 ,lib4 #d4 ,pract4 ,med4 de ,mul4 ,morb4 ,part #b4 ,sect4 #e4 cap4 #c4 ,footnote #ia3 ,hipp4 #e4 ,aph4 #cg4 ,cardan4 in hunc ,aphor4 ,lang4 disput4 #da4 c4 #c4 ,footnote #ib3 #e4 ,aph4 #eb4 ,holler4 in hunc ,aphor4 ,river4 ,prax4 l4 #ae4 c4 #ag4 ,footnote #ic3 ,senert4 ,i4 #d4 p4 #b4 ,s4 #f4 c4 #b4 ,footnote #id3 #c4 ,de ,fac4 ,nat4 cap4 #ab4 ,footnote #ie3 ,senert4 lib4 #d4 p4 #b4 ,s4 #f4 c4 #b4 de ,mul4 ,morb4 ,footnote #if3 ,hipp4 #e4 ,aph4 #de4 ,etmuller4 de ,convulf4 c4 #i4 ,footnote #ig3 ,guliel4 ,fabric4 ,cent4 #b4 ,obs4 #ej1 #ea4 ,footnote #ih3 ,hipp4 #c4 ,aph4 #ab4 ,heurn4 in hunc ,aph4 ,footnote #ii3 ,lib4 #g4 ,hist4 ,nat4 cap4 #g4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,chap4 ix4 ,footnote #aja3 ,hip4 #e4 ,aph4 #cg1 #ch4 ,cardan4 ,brassavol4 in hunc ,aphor4 ,footnote #ajb3 #e4 ,aph4 #eb4 ,river4 ,prax4 l4 #ae4 c4 #ag4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,sydenh4 ,prax4 ,med4 lib4 #c4 cap4 #ac4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,senert4 de ,morb4 ,mul4 lib4 #d4 p4 #b4 ,footnote #aje3 ,r4 ,cast4 de ,morb4 ,mul4 l4 #c4 c4 #ba4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,hipp4 ,lib4 de ,octimest4 ,part4 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #g4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #ajg3 #b ,aph4 #bb4 ,hoffman4 ,method4 ,medend4 l4 #a4 cap4 #ac4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,plato #e4 de ,repub4 ,aristot4 #g4 de ,hist4 ,animal4 cap4 #d4 c4 #d de ,gen4 ,anim4 cap4 #f4 ,sect4 #aj4 ,problemat4 #cj4 ,gellius1 lib4 #c4 ,noct4 ,attic4 cap4 #af4 ,plin4 lib4 #g4 ,nat4 ,hist4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #aji3 ,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #aaj3 in ,com4 #b4 de ,generatione4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,r4 ,cast4 de ,nat4 ,mul4 l4 #d4 c4 #b4 ,footnote #aab3 ,r4 ,cast lib4 #d4 cap4 #d4 ,footnote #aac3 ,de ,sacra ,philos4 cap4 #ah4 ,footnote #aad3 ,lib4 #a4 ,tract4 #c4 ,contrad4 ,s4 ,footnote #aae3 ,sprengell in ,sect4 #aj4 ,aphor4 ,celsi #i4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,lib4 de ,carnibus ,footnote #aag3 ,corn4 ,agrip4 ,footnote #aah3 ,chap4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,footnote #aai3 ,chap4 #h4--ah4 ,footnote #abj3 ,chap4 #ah4 to the end4 ,footnote #aba3 ,r4 ,cast4 de ,nat4 ,mul4 ,footnote #abb3 ,plin4 lib4 #g4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #abc3 ,lib4 de ,octimest4 ,part4 ,footnote #abd3 ,lib4 de ,alimento4 ,footnote #abe3 ,chap4 xxviii4 #ac4 ,footnote #abf3 ,plat4 #e4 de ,republ4 ,aristot4 #g4 de ,hist4 ,animal4 c4 #d4 ,phavor4 apud ,gell4 lib4 #ac4 c4 #af4 ,footnote #abg3 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #bb4 cap4 #ba4 ,footnote #abh3 ,revel4 xiii4 #ah4 ,footnote #abi3 ,plin4 lib4 #g4 cap4 #e4 ,gell4 ,noct4 ,attic4 lib4 #c4 cap4 #af4 ,cardan4 lib4 #a4 tract4 #c4 cont4 #h4 ,amat4 ,lusitan4 ,cent4 #a4 curat4 #bg4 ,footnote #acj3 ,aristot4 #g4 de ,nat4 ,animal4 #d4 ,footnote #aca3 ,senert4 lib4 #d4 p4 #b4 ,s4 #f4 cap4 #a4 ,footnote #acb3 ,lib4 de ,carnib4 ,footnote #acc3 ,lib4 de ,alimento4 ,footnote #acd3 ,lib4 de ,imper4 ,solis ,lun1 cap4 #a4 ,footnote #ace3 ,cap4 #c4 ,footnote #acf3 ,apud ,aul4 ,gell4 lib4 #bj4 cap4 #h4 ,footnote #acg3 ,astronomic1 lib4 #b4 ,footnote #ach3 ,de ,dieb4 ,decretor4 lib4 #c4 ,footnote #aci3 ,cap4 #b4 ,footnote #adj3 ,lib4 de ,septimest4 ,part4 ,footnote #ada3 ,lib4 de ,septimest4 ,part4 ,footnote #adb3 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #b4 cap4 #ih4 ,footnote #adc3 ,cap4 #b4 ,footnote #add3 ,philos4 ,transact4 ,numb4 #bjb4 ,footnote #ade3 ,cap4 #b4 de ,imper4 ,footnote #adf3 #c ,crit4 #i4 ,footnote #adg3 ,lib4 de ,alimento4 ,footnote #adh3 ,genes4 iii4 #af4 ,footnote #adi3 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #g4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #aej3 ,r4 ,cast4 de ,nat4 ,mul4 lib4 #d4 cap4 #b4 ,footnote #aea3 ,lib4 #g4 ,nat4 ,hist4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,lib4 de ,octimest4 ,partu4 ,footnote #aec3 ,heist4 ,anat4 ,footnote #aed3 ,vid4 ,sect4 ,,ii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,footnote #aee3 ,vid4 ,sect4 ,i4 ,chap4 #ab4 ,footnote #aef3 ,metamorph4 lib4 #a4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,chap4 #g4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,chap4 xiv4 #e4 ,footnote #aei3 ,lib4 #c4 ,fen4 #ba4 ,tract4 #a4 cap4 #a4 ,footnote #afj3 ,hipp4 de ,nat4 ,puer4 ,footnote #afa3 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 #i4 ,footnote #afb3 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,chap4 #ca1 #cb1 c4 ,footnote #afc3 ,de ,nat4 ,puer4 ,footnote #afd3 ,prf4 ,l4 #a4 ,p4 #d4 ,footnote #afe3 ,vid4 ,,sect4 iii4 ,chap4 #ai4 ,footnote #aff3 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 ult4 ,footnote #afg3 ,vid4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #afh3 ,vid4 ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ag4 ,footnote #afi3 ,lib4 de ,nat4 ,puer4 ,footnote #agj3 ,cels4 l4 #aa4 c4 #aj4 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #aga3 ,vid4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #agb3 ,vid4 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 #ac4 ,footnote #agc3 ,vid4 ,chap4 #bb4 ,footnote #agd3 ,,sect4 ,,iv4 ,chap4 ult4 ,,sect4 vi4 ,chap4 #g4 ,footnote #age3 ,vid4 ,chap4 #af4 ,footnote #agf3 ,vid4 ,,sect4 #d4 ,chap4 #ac4 ,,sect4 #e4 ,chap4 #ai4 ,footnote #agg3 ,vid4 ,chap4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #agh3 ,vid4 ,chap4 #ai4 ,footnote #agi3 ,vid4 ,chap4 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,vid4 ,,sect4 ,,iii4 ,chap4 #ai4 ,,sect4 ,v4 ,chap4 #e4 ,footnote #aha3 ,vid4 ,sect4 #c4 ,chap4 #bh4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,plutarch4 in ,vit4 ,romuli4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,vid4 lib4 #b4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,apud ,aul4 ,gell4 lib4 #ab4 cap4 #a4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,plato in ,phed4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,vid4 ,lev4 ,lemn4 lib4 #d4 cap4 #ah4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,lib4 #d4 cap4 #f4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,vid4 ,chap4 #g4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,senert4 de ,dentit4 ,part4 #b4 cap4 #ad4 ,footnote #aij3 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #g4 cap4 #af4 ,ronssus de vit hum4 ,primord4 cap4 de ,dentit4 ,footnote #aia3 ,sect4 #c4 ,aph4 #bd1 #be4 ,footnote #aib3 ,lib4 de ,morb4 ,acut4 ,infant4 ,footnote #aic3 ,lib4 de ,flat4 ,footnote #aid3 ,de ,morb4 ,acut4 ,infant4 ,footnote #aie3 ,de ,superft4 ,footnote #aif3 ,avicen1 ,rhases1 c4 ,footnote #aig3 ,marcel4 ,donat4 lib4 #d4 de ,historiar4 ,mirabil4 cap4 #af4 ,footnote #aih3 ,lib4 #g4 de ,histor4 ,animal4 cap4 #ad4 lib4 #d4 de gener4 ,animal4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #aii3 ,sect4 #d4 ,chap4 ult4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,parens in ,sua ,orirurg4 c4 ,footnote #bja3 ,johan ,schenck4 ,lib4 #d4 ,observat4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,vid4 ,sect4 #e4 ,chap4 #ag4 ,footnote #bjc3 #a4 #b4 ,de ,morb4 ,mul4 lib4 de ,steril4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,vid4 ,sect4 #d4 ,chap4 #ah4 ,footnote #bje3 ,senert4 lib4 #d4 ,part4 #b4 ,sect4 #d4 ,chap4 #aj4 ,herc4 ,saxon4 ,p4 #c4 cap4 #bi4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,vid4 ,sect4 #b4 ,chap4 #g4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,lib4 #d4 ,cap4 #g4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,loc4 cit4 ,footnote #bji3 ,herc1 ,sax4 ,p4 #c4 ,c4 #bi4 ,footnote #baj3 ,contra ,pindarum lib4 #c4 de ,us4 part4 cap4 #a4 ,footnote #baa3 ,homel4 #g4 super4 caput #c4 ,epistolar4 ,pauli4 ,footnote #bab3 ,in vit su4 ,footnote #bac3 ,loc4 cit4 ,footnote #bad3 ,levit4 #ae #bd1 c4 ,footnote #bae3 ,lib4 #a4 ,cap4 #h4 ,footnote #baf3 ,lib4 #c4 ,cap4 #d4 ,footnote #bag3 ,thes4 ,med4 pract4 lib4 ,,ii4 ,sect4 #ai4 ,sub-,sect4 #c4 ,footnote #bah3 ,georg4 #c4 ,footnote #bai3 ,genes4 #af1 c4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,hos4 ,chap4 #h1 and #i4 ,footnote #bba3 ,lib4 #c4 ,part4 #i4 ,sect4 #a1 and #b4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,l4 #a4 de ,sem4 cap4 #d4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,hipp4 #e4 ,aph4 #df4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,hipp4 #e4 ,aph4 #fb4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,cap4 de ,sterilit4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,senert4 ,l4 #d4 ,p4 #b4 ,s4 #d4 ,c4 #b4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,loc4 ,cit4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,galen4 #e4 ,aph4 #fa4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,herc4 ,sax4 ,prlec4 ,pract4 ,p4 #c4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,hipp4 #e4 ,aph4 #cg1 #ch1 and #ej4 ,vesal4 ,l4 #e4 ,c4 #e4 ,footnote #bca3 ,tulpius ,observ4 ,medic4 lib4 #a4 cap4 #ab4 and lib4 #b4 cap4 #dc4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,de ,imper4 ,sol4 ,lun4 ,cap4 #b4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,ibidem4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,lib4 #f4 de loc4 aff4 c4 #e4 ,footnote #bce3 ,lib4 #f4 de loc4 aff4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,alex4 ,bened4 ,pract4 lib4 #aj4 cap4 #aj4 ,parus lib4 #bd4 cap4 #ai4 c4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,lib4 #f4 de loc4 aff4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #bch3 ,nic4 ,rocheus lib4 de morb4 mulieb4 cap4 #d4 ,mercurialis lib4 #d4 de morb4 mul4 cap4 ult4 ,albertin ,bottonus lib4 de morb4 ,mul4 cap4 #dc1 c4 ,footnote #bci3 ,senert4 lib4 #d4 ,p4 #b4 ,s4 #c4 ,c4 #d4 ,rod4 a ,castro4 lib4 #b4 ,s4 #a4 ,c4 #a4 ,herc4 ,sax4 ,p4 #c4 ,cap4 #bg4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,gal4 lib4 #f4 de loc4 aff4 c4 #e4 ,footnote #bda3 ,hipp4 lib4 #a4 de morb4 mul4 ,paulus lib4 #c4 c4 #g4 ,fernel4 lib4 #f4 pathol1 c4 #af1 c4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,vid4 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,chap4 #bh4 #ch4 ,sect4 ,,viii4 ,chap4 #b4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,goad's ,astrometeorologica1 ,de ,chales de ,art4 ,navigandi4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,gassendus's ,philosoph4 ,footnote #bde3 ,newton's ,princip4 lib4 #c4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,mead de ,imper4 ,sol4 ,lun4 ,cap4 #a4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,bagl4 de ,experiment4 circa ,sanguin1 ,apul4 de virtut4 ,herbar4 c4 #i4 #fe4 ,helmont4 de ,asthm4 ,tuff4 ,sect4 #bb4 ,floyer1 de ,asthma1 pag4 #ag1 c4 ,footnote #bdh3 neid4 #a4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,ovid4 ,met4 ,lib4 #a4 ,footnote #bej3 ,hipp4 com4 #d4 ,acut4 tex4 #bc4 #bd4 #be4 #hb4 ,galen4 in ,comm4 ,footnote #bea3 ,lib4 #ab1 ,tom4 #a4 ,footnote #beb3 ,apol4 ,menab4 de ,alce ,c4 #aj4 ,senert4 l4 #d4 ,p4 #b4 ,s4 #c4 ,c4 #d4 ,footnote #bec3 ,hipp4 ,aet4 ,paul1 ,avic1 ,gal4 ,herc4 ,sax4 ,rod4 ,cast4 ,senert4 c4 ,footnote #bed3 ,lib4 #f4 ,loc4 ,aff4 cap4 #e4 ,footnote #bee3 ,l4 #a4 de ,gen4 ,animal4 ,cap #bj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #b4 ,archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings retained as printed4 #c4 ,footnotes were re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter4 #d4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #e4 ,superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mister4