,,h[ ,,to ,,speak ,,& ,,write ,,correctly ,by ,,joseph ,,devl91 ,m4,a4 ,edit$ by ,,!odore ,,wat]s ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,h]ald ,,bible ,,h\se ,,new ,,york ,copyright1 #aiaj1 by ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,h]ald ,,new ,,york ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,spee* ,vocabul>y4 ,p>ts ( spee*4 ,requisites4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,divisions ( gramm>4 ,def9itions4 ,etymology4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,diff]5t k9ds4 ,arrangem5t ( words4 ,p>agraph4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,figurative ,,language ,figures ( spee*4 ,def9itions & examples4 ,use ( figures4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,punctuation ,pr9cipal po9ts4 ,illu/rations4 ,capital lett]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,lett] ,,writ+ ,pr9ciples ( lett] writ+4 ,=ms4 ,notes4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,errors ,mi/akes4 ,slips ( au?ors4 ,examples & corrections4 ,errors ( r$undancy4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,pitfalls ,,to ,,avoid ,common /umbl+ blocks4 ,peculi> con/ructions4 ,misus$ =ms4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,/yle ,diction4 ,purity4 ,propriety4 ,precision4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,sugge/ions ,h[ to write4 ,:at to write4 ,correct speak+ & speak]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,slang ,orig94 ,am]ican slang4 ,=eign slang4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,writ+ ,,= ,,newspap]s ,qualification4 ,appropriate subjects4 ,directions4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,*oice ,,( ,,words ,small words4 ,_! importance4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon elem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,engli% ,,language ,beg9n+4 ,diff]5t ,s\rces4 ,! pres5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,ma/]s ,,& ,,ma/]pieces ,,( ,,lit]ature ,great au?ors4 ,classification4 ,! _w's be/ books4 ,,introduction ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is little "w ! writ] has kept "o end 9 view1 viz43 ,to make x s]viceable = ^? = :om x is int5d$1 t is1 = ^? :o h nei!r ! "t nor ! opportunity1 ! le>n+ nor ! incl9ation1 to p]use elaborate & ab/ruse treatises on ,rhetoric1 ,gramm>1 & ,composition4 ,to !m su* works are z gold enclos$ 9 *e/s ( /eel & lock$ beyond p[] ( op5+4 ,?is book has no pret5sion ab\t x :atev]1--x is nei!r a ,manual ( ,rhetoric1 expatiat+ on ! dogmas ( /yle1 nor a ,gramm> full ( arbitr>y rules & exceptions4 ,x is m]ely an ef=t to help ord9>y1 ev]yday p to express !mselves 9 ord9>y1 ev]yday language1 9 a prop] mann]4 ,"s broad rules are laid d[n1 ! obs]vance ( :i* w enable ! read] to keep )9 ! pale ( propriety 9 oral & writt5 language4 ,_m idiomatic words & expressions1 peculi> to ! language1 h be5 giv51 besides :i* a numb] ( ! common mi/akes & pitfalls h be5 plac$ be=e ! read] s t he may "k & avoid !m4 ,! writ] has to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to no "o 9 p>ticul>1 b to all 9 g5]al :o h ev] writt5 on ! subject4 ,! little book goes =?--a f+]-po/ on ! road ( language po9t+ 9 ! "r direction4 ,x is hop$ t !y :o g accord+ to its index w arrive at ! goal ( correct speak+ & writ+4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,spee* ,vocabul>y--,p>ts ( ,spee*--,requisites ,x is v easy to le>n h[ to speak & write correctly1 z = all purposes ( ord9>y conv]sation & communication1 only ab\t #b1jjj diff]5t words are requir$4 ,! ma/]y ( j tw5ty hundr$ words1 ! kn[+ :]e to place !m1 w make u n ma/]s ( ! ,engli% language1 b ma/]s ( correct speak+ & writ+4 ,small numb]1 y w say1 comp>$ ) :at is 9 ! diction>y6 ,b nobody ev] uses all ! words 9 ! diction>y or c\ld use !m did he live to be ! age ( ,me?uselah1 & !re is no necessity = us+ !m4 ,!re are upw>ds ( #bjj1jjj words 9 ! rec5t editions ( ! l>ge diction>ies1 b ! "o-hundr$? "p ( ?is numb] w suffice = all y\r wants4 ,( c\rse y may ?9k n1 & y may n be cont5t to call ?+s by _! common names2 y may be ambiti\s to %[ sup]iority ov] o!rs & display y\r le>n+ or1 r1 y\r p$antry & lack ( le>n+4 ,= in/ance1 y may n want to call a spade a spade4 ,y may pref] to call x a spatul\s device = abrad+ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,bett]1 h[ev]1 to /ick to ! old famili>1 simple "n t y\r gr&fa!r call$ x4 ,x has /ood ! te/ ( "t1 & old fri5ds are always good fri5ds4 ,to use a big ^w or a =eign ^w :5 a small "o & a famili> "o w answ] ! same purpose1 is a sign ( ignorance4 ,great s*ol>s & writ]s & polite speak]s use simple words4 ,to g back to ! numb] necess>y = all purposes ( conv]sation correspond5ce & writ+1 #b1jjj1 we f9d t a great _m p :o pass 9 society z be+ poli%$1 ref9$ & educat$ use less1 = !y "k less4 ,! greate/ s*ol> alive hasn't m ?an f\r ?\s& diff]5t words at 8 comm&1 & he nev] has occasion to use half ! numb]4 ,9 ! works ( ,%akespe>e1 ! mo/ wond]ful g5ius ! _w has ev] kn[n1 !re is ! enorm\s numb] ( #ae1jjj diff]5t words1 b almo/ #aj1jjj ( !m are obsolete or mean+less today4 ,e p]son ( intellig5ce %\ld be able to use 8 "m tongue correctly4 ,x only requires a little pa9s1 a little c>e1 a little /udy to enable "o to d s1 & ! recomp5se is great4 ,consid] ! contra/ betwe5 ! well-br$1 polite man :o kn[s h[ to *oose & use 8 words correctly & ! und]br$1 vulg> boor1 ^: language grates ^u ! e> & j>s ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! f9] feel+s4 ,! blund]s ( ! latt]1 8 infr+em5t ( all ! canons ( gramm>1 8 absurdities & mon/rosities ( language1 make 8 v pres5ce a pa91 & "o is glad to escape f 8 company4 ,! prop] grammatical =mation ( ! ,engli% language1 s t "o may acquit himself z a correct conv]sationali/ 9 ! be/ society or be able to write & express 8 ?\ghts & ideas ^u pap] 9 ! "r mann]1 may be acquir$ 9 a few lessons4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is book1 z briefly & concisely z possible1 to direct ! read] along a /raight c\rse1 po9t+ out ! mi/akes he mu/ avoid & giv+ him su* assi/ance z w enable him to rea* ! goal ( a correct k ( ! ,engli% language4 ,x is n a ,gramm> 9 any s5se1 b a guide1 a sil5t signal-po/ po9t+ ! way 9 ! "r direction4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,,9 ,a ,,nut%ell ,all ! words 9 ! ,engli% language are divid$ into n9e great classes4 ,^! classes are call$ ! ,p>ts ( ,spee*4 ,!y are ,article1 ,n\n1 ,adjective1 ,pron\n1 ,v]b1 ,adv]b1 ,preposition1 ,conjunction & ,int]jection4 ,( ^!1 ! ,n\n is ! mo/ important1 z all ! o!rs are m or less dep5d5t ^u x4 ,a ,n\n signifies ! "n ( any p]son1 place or ?+1 9 fact1 any?+ ( :i* we c h ei!r ?\ght or idea4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ,n\ns1 ,prop] & ,common4 ,common ,n\ns are names :i* belong 9 common to a race or class1 z man1 city4 ,prop] ,n\ns di/+ui% individual memb]s ( a race or class z ,john1 ,philadelphia4 ,9 ! =m] case man is a "n :i* belongs 9 common to ! :ole race ( mank9d1 & city is also a "n :i* is common to all l>ge c5tres ( population1 b ,john signifies a p>ticul> individual ( ! race1 :ile ,philadelphia d5otes a p>ticul> "o f among ! cities ( ! _w4 ,n\ns are v>i$ by ,p]son1 ,numb]1 ,g5d]1 & ,case4 ,p]son is t relation exi/+ betwe5 ! speak]1 ^? address$ & ! subject "u consid]ation1 :e!r by disc\rse or correspond5ce4 ,! ,p]sons are ,fir/1 ,second & ,?ird & !y repres5t respectively ! speak]1 ! p]son address$ & ! p]son or ?+ m5tion$ or "u consid]ation4 ,numb] is ! di/9ction ( "o f m ?an "o4 ,!re are two numb]s1 s+ul> & plural2 ! s+ul> d5otes "o1 ! plural two or m4 ,! plural is g5]ally =m$ f ! s+ul> by ! addition ( s or es4 ,g5d] has ! same relation to n\ns t sex has to individuals1 b :ile !re are only two sexes1 !re are f\r g5d]s1 viz41 mascul9e1 fem99e1 neut] & common4 ,! mascul9e g5d] d5otes all ^? ( ! male k9d1 ! fem99e g5d] all ^? ( ! female k9d1 ! neut] g5d] d5otes inanimate ?+s or :atev] is )\t life1 & common g5d] is appli$ to animate be+s1 ! sex ( :i* = ! "t be+ is indet]m9able1 su* z fi%1 m\se1 bird1 etc4 ,sometimes ?+s :i* are )\t life z we conceive x & :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 belong to ! neut] g5d]1 are1 by a figure ( spee* call$ ,p]sonification1 *ang$ into ei!r ! mascul9e or fem99e g5d]1 z1 = in/ance1 we say ( ! sun1 ,he is ris+2 ( ! moon1 ,%e is sett+4 ,case is ! relation "o n\n be>s to ano!r or to a v]b or to a preposition4 ,!re are ?ree cases1 ! ,nom9ative1 ! ,possessive & ! ,objective4 ,! nom9ative is ! subject ( :i* we are speak+ or ! ag5t :i* directs ! action ( ! v]b2 ! possessive case d5otes possession1 :ile ! objective indicates ! p]son or ?+ :i* is affect$ by ! action ( ! v]b4 ,an ,article is a ^w plac$ be=e a n\n to %[ :e!r ! latt] is us$ 9 a p>ticul> or g5]al s5se4 ,!re are b two articles1 a or an & !4 ,an ,adjective is a ^w :i* qualifies a n\n1 t is1 :i* %[s "s di/+ui%+ m>k or *>act]i/ic belong+ to ! n\n4 ,,def9itions ,a ,pron\n is a ^w us$ = or in/ead ( a n\n to keep u f repeat+ ! same n\n too (t54 ,pron\ns1 l n\ns1 h case1 numb]1 g5d] & p]son4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( pron\ns1 p]sonal1 relative & adjective4 ,a v]b is a ^w :i* signifies action or ! do+ ( some?+4 ,a v]b is inflect$ by t5se & mood & by numb] & p]son1 ?\gh ! latt] two belong /rictly to ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,an adv]b is a ^w :i* modifies a v]b1 an adjective & sometimes ano!r adv]b4 ,a preposition s]ves to connect words & to %[ ! relation betwe5 ! objects :i* ! words express4 ,a conjunction is a ^w :i* jo9s words1 phrases1 clauses & s5t5ces toge!r4 ,an int]jection is a ^w :i* expresses surprise or "s sudd5 emotion ( ! m9d4 ,,?ree ,,ess5tials ,! ?ree ess5tials ( ! ,engli% language are3 ,purity1 ,p]spicuity & ,precision4 ,by ,purity is signifi$ ! use ( good ,engli%4 ,x precludes ! use ( all slang words1 vulg> phrases1 obsolete t]ms1 =eign idioms1 ambigu\s expressions or any ungrammatical language :atsoev]4 ,nei!r does x sanction ! use ( any newly co9$ ^w until su* ^w is adopt$ by ! be/ writ]s & speak]s4 ,p]spicuity dem&s ! cle>e/ expression ( ?\ght convey$ 9 unequivocal language1 s t !re may be no misund]/&+ :atev] ( ! ?\ght or idea ! speak] or writ] wi%es to convey4 ,all ambigu\s words1 words ( d\ble mean+ & words t might possibly be con/ru$ 9 a s5se diff]5t f t int5d$1 are /rictly =bidd54 ,p]spicuity requires a /yle at once cle> & compreh5sive & entirely free f pomp & p$antry & affectation or any /ra9+ aft] effect4 ,precision requires concise & exact expression1 free f r$undancy & tautology1 a /yle t]se & cle> & simple en\gh to enable ! he>] or read] to compreh5d imm$iately ! mean+ ( ! speak] or writ]4 ,x =bids1 on ! "o h&1 all long & involv$ s5t5ces1 &1 on ! o!r1 ^? t are too %ort & abrupt4 ,its object is to /rike ! gold5 mean 9 su* a way z to rivet ! att5tion ( ! he>] or read] on ! words utt]$ or writt54 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,divisions ( ,gramm>--,def9itions--,etymology4 ,9 ord] to speak & write ! ,engli% language correctly1 x is imp]ative t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,gramm> be ma/]$1 = no matt] h[ mu* we may read ( ! be/ au?ors1 no matt] h[ mu* we may associate ) & imitate ! be/ speak]s1 if we d n "k ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( ! correct =mation ( s5t5ces & ! relation ( words to "o ano!r1 we w be to a great ext5t l ! p>rot1 t m]ely repeats :at x he>s )\t und]/&+ ! import ( :at is said4 ,( c\rse ! p>rot1 be+ a creature )\t reason1 _c compreh5d2 x c simply repeat :at is said to x1 & z x utt]s phrases & s5t5ces ( pr(anity ) z mu* facility z ^? ( virtue1 s by l analogy1 :5 we d n und]/& ! gramm> ( ! language1 we may be mak+ egregi\s blund]s :ile ?9k+ we are speak+ ) ! utmo/ accuracy4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,gramm> ,!re are f\r great divisions ( ,gramm>1 viz43 ,or?ography1 ,etymology1 ,syntax1 & ,prosody4 ,or?ography treats ( lett]s & ! mode ( comb9+ !m into words4 ,etymology treats ( ! v>i\s classes ( words & ! *anges !y und]go4 ,syntax treats ( ! connection & arrangem5t ( words 9 s5t5ces4 ,prosody treats ( ! mann] ( speak+ & read+ & ! diff]5t k9ds ( v]se4 ,! ?ree fir/ m5tion$ conc]n u mo/4 ,,lett]s ,a lett] is a m>k or "* us$ to repres5t an articulate s\nd4 ,lett]s are divid$ into v[els & consonants4 ,a v[el is a lett] :i* makes a di/9ct s\nd by itself4 ,consonants _c be s\nd$ )\t ! aid ( v[els4 ,! v[els are a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 & sometimes w & y :5 !y d n beg9 a ^w or syllable4 ,,syllables ,,& ,,words ,a syllable is a di/9ct s\nd produc$ by a s+le ef=t ( ,transcrib]'s note3 #a-b words illegible %all1 pig1 dog4 ,9 e syllable !re mu/ be at lea/ "o v[el4 ,a ^w consi/s ( "o syllable or a comb9ation ( syllables4 ,_m rules are giv5 = ! divid+ ( words into syllables1 b ! be/ is to foll[ z closely z possible ! divisions made by ! organs ( spee* 9 prop]ly pron\nc+ !m4 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* ,,article ,an ,article is a ^w plac$ be=e a n\n to %[ :e!r ! n\n is us$ 9 a p>ticul> or g5]al s5se4 ,!re are two articles1 a or an & !4 ,a or an is call$ ! indef9ite article because x does n po9t put any p>ticul> p]son or ?+ b indicates ! n\n 9 its wide/ s5se2 ?us1 a man means any man :atsoev] ( ! species or race4 ,! is call$ ! def9ite article because x po9ts out "s p>ticul> p]son or ?+2 ?us1 ! man means "s p>ticul> individual4 ,,n\n ,a n\n is ! "n ( any p]son1 place or ?+ z ,john1 ,london1 book4 ,n\ns are prop] & common4 ,prop] n\ns are names appli$ to p>ticul> p]sons or places4 ,common n\ns are names appli$ to a :ole k9d or species4 ,n\ns are inflect$ by numb]1 g5d] & case4 ,numb] is t inflection ( ! n\n by :i* we indicate :e!r x repres5ts "o or m ?an "o4 ,g5d] is t inflection by :i* we signify :e!r ! n\n is ! "n ( a male1 a female1 ( an inanimate object or some?+ :i* has no di/9ction ( sex4 ,case is t inflection ( ! n\n :i* d5otes ! /ate ( ! p]son1 place or ?+ repres5t$1 z ! subject ( an affirmation or "q1 ! own] or possessor ( some?+ m5tion$1 or ! object ( an action or ( a relation4 ,?us 9 ! example1 ,john tore ! leaves ( ,s>ah's book1 ! di/9ction betwe5 book :i* repres5ts only "o object & leaves :i* repres5t two or m objects ( ! same k9d is call$ ,numb]2 ! di/9ction ( sex betwe5 ,john1 a male1 & ,s>ah1 a female1 & book & leaves1 ?+s :i* are inanimate & nei!r male nor female1 is call$ ,g5d]2 & ! di/9ction ( /ate betwe5 ,john1 ! p]son :o tore ! book1 & ! subject ( ! affirmation1 ,m>y1 ! own] ( ! book1 leaves ! objects torn1 & book ! object relat$ to leaves1 z ! :ole ( :i* !y 7 a "p1 is call$ ,case4 ,,adjective ,an adjective is a ^w :i* qualifies a n\n1 t is1 %[s or po9ts out "s di/+ui%+ m>k or feature ( ! n\n2 z1 ,a black dog4 ,adjectives h ?ree =ms call$ degrees ( comp>ison1 ! positive1 ! comp>ative & ! sup]lative4 ,! positive is ! simple =m ( ! adjective )\t express+ increase or dim9ution ( ! orig9al quality3 nice4 ,! comp>ative is t =m ( ! adjective :i* expresses increase or dim9ution ( ! quality3 nic]4 ,! sup]lative is t =m :i* expresses ! greate/ increase or dim9ution ( ! quality3 nice/4 or ,an adjective is 9 ! positive =m :5 x does n express comp>ison2 z1 ,a ri* man4 ,an adjective is 9 ! comp>ative =m :5 x expresses comp>ison betwe5 two or betwe5 "o & a numb] tak5 collectively1 z1 ,john is ri*] ?an ,james2 he is ri*] ?an all ! m5 9 ,bo/on4 ,an adjective is 9 ! sup]lative =m :5 x expresses a comp>ison betwe5 "o & a numb] ( individuals tak5 sep>ately2 z1 ,john is ! ri*e/ man 9 ,bo/on4 ,adjectives expressive ( prop]ties or circum/ances :i* _c be increas$ h only ! positive =m2 z1 ,a circul> road2 ! *ief end2 an extreme measure4 ,adjectives are comp>$ 9 two ways1 ei!r by add+ er to ! positive to =m ! comp>ative & e/ to ! positive to =m ! sup]lative1 or by prefix+ m to ! positive = ! comp>ative & mo/ to ! positive = ! sup]lative2 z1 h&some1 h&som]1 h&some/ or h&some1 m h&some1 mo/ h&some4 ,adjectives ( two or m syllables are g5]ally comp>$ by prefix+ m & mo/4 ,_m adjectives are irregul> 9 comp>ison2 z1 ,bad1 worse1 wor/2 ,good1 bett]1 be/4 ,,pron\n ,a pron\n is a ^w us$ 9 place ( a n\n2 z1 ,john gave 8 p5 to ,james & he l5t x to ,jane to write h] copy ) x4 ,)\t ! pron\ns we w\ld h to write ?is s5t5ce1--,john gave ,john's p5 to ,james & ,james l5t ! p5 to ,jane to write ,jane's copy ) ! p54 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( pron\ns--,p]sonal1 ,relative & ,adjective ,pron\ns4 ,p]sonal ,pron\ns are s call$ because !y are us$ in/ead ( ! names ( p]sons1 places & ?+s4 ,! ,p]sonal ,pron\ns are ,i1 ,?\1 ,he1 ,%e1 & ,x1 ) _! plurals1 ,we1 ,ye or ,y & ,!y4 ,i is ! pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son because x repres5ts ! p]son speak+4 ,?\ is ! pron\n ( ! second p]son because x repres5ts ! p]son spok5 to4 ,he1 ,%e1 ,x are ! pron\ns ( ! ?ird p]son because !y repres5t ! p]sons or ?+s ( :om we are speak+4 ,l n\ns1 ! ,p]sonal ,pron\ns h numb]1 g5d] & case4 ,! g5d] ( ! fir/ & second p]son is obvi\s1 z !y repres5t ! p]son or p]sons speak+ & ^? :o are address$4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns are ?us decl9$3 ,fir/ ,p]son4 ,m4 or ,f4 ,s+4 ,plural4 ,n4 ,i ,we ,p4 ,m9e ,ours ,o4 ,me ,u ,second ,p]son4 ,m4 or ,f4 ,s+4 ,plural4 ,n4 ,?\ ,y ,p4 ,?9e ,y\rs ,o4 ,!e ,y ,?ird ,p]son4 ,m4 ,s+4 ,plural4 ,n4 ,he ,!y ,p4 ,8 ,!irs ,o4 ,him ,!m ,?ird ,p]son4 ,f4 ,s+4 ,plural4 ,n4 ,%e ,!y ,p4 ,h]s ,!irs ,o4 ,h] ,!m ,?ird ,p]son4 ,neut]4 ,s+4 ,plural4 ,n4 ,x ,!y ,p4 ,its ,!irs ,o4 ,x ,!m ,n4 ,b4--,9 colloquial language & ord9>y writ+ ,?\1 ,?9e & ,!e are seldom us$1 except by ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,! ,plural =m ,y is us$ = bo? ! nom9ative & objective s+ul> 9 ! second p]son & ,y\rs is g5]ally us$ 9 ! possessive 9 place ( ,?9e4 ,! ,relative ,pron\ns are s call$ because !y relate to "s ^w or phrase go+ be=e2 z1 ,! boy :o told ! tru?2 ,he has done well1 :i* gives me great pleasure4 ,"h :o & :i* are n only us$ 9 place ( o!r words1 b :o ref]s imm$iately to boy1 & :i* to ! circum/ance ( 8 hav+ done well4 ,! ^w or clause to :i* a relative pron\n ref]s is call$ ! ,antec$5t4 ,! ,relative ,pron\ns are :o1 :i*1 t & :at4 ,:o is appli$ to p]sons only2 z1 ,! man :o 0 "h4 ,:i* is appli$ to ! l[] animals & ?+s )\t life2 z1 ,! horse :i* ,i sold4 ,! hat :i* ,i b\ght4 ,t is appli$ to bo? p]sons & ?+s2 z1 ,! fri5d t helps4 ,! bird t s+s4 ,! knife t cuts4 ,:at is a comp\nd relative1 includ+ bo? ! antec$5t & ! relative & is equival5t to t :i*2 z1 ,i did :at he desir$1 i4 e4 ,i did t :i* he desir$4 ,relative pron\ns h ! s+ul> & plural alike4 ,:o is ei!r mascul9e or fem99e2 :i* & t are mascul9e1 fem99e or neut]2 :at z a relative pron\n is always neut]4 ,t & :at are n inflect$4 ,:o & :i* are ?us decl9$3 ,s+4 & ,plural ,s+4 & ,plural ,n4 ,:o ,n4 ,:i* ,p4 ,^: ,p4 ,^: ,o4 ,:om ,o4 ,:i* ,:o1 :i* & :at :5 us$ to ask que/ions are call$ ,int]rogative ,pron\ns4 ,adjective ,pron\ns p>take ( ! nature ( adjectives & pron\ns & are subdivid$ z foll[s3 ,demon/rative ,adjective ,pron\ns :i* directly po9t out ! p]son or object4 ,!y are ?is1 t ) _! plurals ^!1 ^?1 & yon1 same & selfsame4 ,di/ributive ,adjective ,pron\ns us$ di/ributively4 ,!y are ea*1 e1 ei!r1 nei!r4 ,indef9ite ,adjective ,pron\ns us$ m or less indef9itely4 ,!y are any1 all1 few1 "s1 sev]al1 "o1 o!r1 ano!r1 none4 ,possessive ,adjective ,pron\ns d5ot+ possession4 ,!y are my1 ?y1 81 h]1 its1 our1 y\r1 _!4 ,n4 ,b4--7,! possessive adjective pron\ns diff] f ! possessive case ( ! p]sonal pron\ns 9 t ! latt] c /& alone :ile ! =m] _c4 ,:o owns t book8 ,x is m9e4 ,y _c say x is my1--! ^w book mu/ be repeat$47 ,,! ,,v]b ,a v]b is a ^w :i* implies action or ! do+ ( some?+1 or x may be def9$ z a ^w :i* affirms1 comm&s or asks a "q4 ,?us1 ! words ,john ! table1 conta9 no ass]tion1 b :5 ! ^w /rikes is introduc$1 some?+ is affirm$1 h5ce ! ^w /rikes is a v]b & gives complet5ess & mean+ to ! gr\p4 ,! simple =m ( ! v]b )\t inflection is call$ ! root ( ! v]b2 e4 g4 love is ! root ( ! v]b1--,to ,love4 ,v]bs are regul> or irregul>1 transitive or intransitive4 ,a v]b is said to be regul> :5 x =ms ! pa/ t5se by add+ ed to ! pres5t or d if ! v]b ends 9 e4 ,:5 its pa/ t5se does n end 9 ed x is said to be irregul>4 ,a transitive v]b is "o ! action ( :i* passes ov] to or affects "s object2 z ,i /ruck ! table4 ,"h ! action ( /rik+ affect$ ! object table1 h5ce /ruck is a transitive v]b4 ,an intransitive v]b is "o 9 :i* ! action rema9s ) ! subject2 z ,i walk1 ,i sit1 ,i run4 ,_m intransitive v]bs1 h[ev]1 c be us$ transitively2 ?us1 ,i walk ! horse2 walk is "h transitive4 ,v]bs are inflect$ by numb]1 p]son1 t5se & mood4 ,numb] & p]son z appli$ to ! v]b really belong to ! subject2 !y are us$ ) ! v]b to d5ote :e!r ! ass]tion is made reg>d+ "o or m ?an "o & :e!r x is made 9 ref]5ce to ! p]son speak+1 ! p]son spok5 to or ! p]son or ?+ spok5 ab\t4 ,,t5se ,9 _! t5ses v]bs foll[ ! divisions ( "t4 ,!y h pres5t t5se1 pa/ t5se & future t5se ) _! v>iations to express ! exact "t ( action z to an ev5t happ5+1 hav+ happ5$ or yet to happ54 ,,mood ,!re are f\r simple moods1--! ,inf9itive1 ! ,indicative1 ! ,imp]ative & ! ,subjunctive4 ,! ,mood ( a v]b d5otes ! mode or mann] 9 :i* x is us$4 ,?us if x is us$ 9 its wide/ s5se )\t ref]5ce to p]son or numb]1 "t or place1 x is 9 ! ,inf9itive ,mood2 z ,to run4 ,"h we are n told :o does ! runn+1 :5 x is done1 :]e x is done or any?+ ab\t x4 ,:5 a v]b is us$ to indicate or decl>e or ask a simple "q or make any direct /atem5t1 x is 9 ! ,indicative ,mood4 ,! boy loves 8 book4 ,"h a direct /atem5t is made conc]n+ ! boy4 ,h y a p98 ,"h a simple "q is ask$ :i* calls = an answ]4 ,:5 ! v]b is us$ to express a comm& or entreaty x is 9 ! ,imp]ative ,mood z1 ,g away4 ,give me a p5ny4 ,:5 ! v]b is us$ to express d\bt1 supposition or unc]ta9ty or :5 "s future action dep5ds ^u a cont+5cy1 x is 9 ! subjunctive mood2 z1 ,if ,i come1 he %all rema94 ,_m gramm>ians include a fif? mood call$ ! pot5tial to express p[]1 possibility1 lib]ty1 necessity1 w or duty4 ,x is =m$ by means ( ! auxili>ies may1 c1 ought & mu/1 b 9 all cases x c be resolv$ into ! indicative or subjunctive4 ,?us1 9 ,i may write if ,i *oose1 may write is by "s classifi$ z 9 ! pot5tial mood1 b 9 reality ! phrase ,i may write is an indicative "o :ile ! second clause1 if ,i *oose1 is ! expression ( a condition ^u :i*1 n my lib]ty to write1 dep5ds1 b my actual writ+4 ,v]bs h two p>ticiples1 ! pres5t or imp]fect1 sometimes call$ ! active end+ 9 + & ! pa/ or p]fect1 (t5 call$ ! passive1 end+ 9 ed or d4 ,! inf9itive expresses ! s5se ( ! v]b 9 a sub/antive =m1 ! p>ticiples 9 an adjective =m2 z ,to rise e>ly is heal?ful4 ,an e>ly ris+ man4 ,! newly ris5 sun4 ,! p>ticiple 9 + is frequ5tly us$ z a sub/antive & consequ5tly is equival5t to an inf9itive2 ?us1 ,to rise e>ly is heal?ful & ,ris+ e>ly is heal?ful are ! same4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( a v]b are ! ,pres5t ,indicative1 ,pa/ ,indicative & ,pa/ ,p>ticiple2 z3 ,love ,lov$ ,lov$ ,sometimes "o or m ( ^! p>ts are want+1 & !n ! v]b is said to be defective4 ,pres5t ,pa/ ,passive ,p>ticiple ,c ,c\ld 7,want+7 ,may ,might ,%all ,%\ld ,w ,w\ld ,ought ,ought ,v]bs may also be divid$ into pr9cipal & auxili>y4 ,a pr9cipal v]b is t )\t :i* a s5t5ce or clause c conta9 no ass]tion or affirmation4 ,an auxili>y is a v]b jo9$ to ! root or p>ticiples ( a pr9cipal v]b to express "t & mann] ) great] precision ?an c be done by ! t5ses & moods 9 _! simple =m4 ,?us1 ! s5t5ce1 ,i am writ+ an ex]cise2 :5 ,i %all h f9i%$ x ,i %all read x to ! class4 has no mean+ )\t ! pr9cipal v]bs writ+1 f9i%$ read2 b ! mean+ is r5d]$ m def9ite1 especially ) reg>d to "t1 by ! auxili>y v]bs am1 h1 %all4 ,!re are n9e auxili>y or help+ v]bs1 viz41 ,be1 h1 d1 %all1 w1 may1 c1 ought1 & mu/4 ,!y are call$ help+ v]bs1 because x is by _! aid ! comp\nd t5ses are =m$4 ,,to ,,be ,! v]b ,to ,be is ! mo/ important ( ! auxili>y v]bs4 ,x has elev5 p>ts1 viz41 am1 art1 is1 are1 01 wa/1 71 w]t2 be1 be+ & be54 ,,voice ,! active voice is t =m ( ! v]b :i* %[s ! ,subject n be+ act$ ^u b act+2 z1 ,! cat cat*es mice4 ,*>ity cov]s a multitude ( s9s4 ,! passive voice3 ,:5 ! action signifi$ by a transitive v]b is ?r[n back ^u ! ag5t1 t is to say1 :5 ! subject ( ! v]b d5otes ! recipi5t ( ! action1 ! v]b is said to be 9 ! passive voice4 ,john 0 lov$ by 8 neighbors4 ,"h ,john ! subject is also ! object affect$ by ! lov+1 ! action ( ! v]b is ?r[n back on him1 h5ce ! comp\nd v]b 0 lov$ is said to be 9 ! passive voice4 ,! passive voice is =m$ by putt+ ! p]fect p>ticiple ( any transitive v]b ) any ( ! elev5 p>ts ( ! v]b ,to ,be4 ,,conjugation ,! conjugation ( a v]b is its ord]ly arrangem5t 9 voices1 moods1 t5ses1 p]sons & numb]s4 ,"h is ! complete conjugation ( ! v]b ,love--,active ,voice4 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts ,pres5t ,pa/ ,pa/ ,p>ticiple ,love ,lov$ ,lov$ ,inf9itive ,mood ,to ,love ,indicative ,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i love ,we love #bnd p]son ,y love ,y love #crd p]son ,he loves ,!y love ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i lov$ ,we lov$ #bnd p]son ,y lov$ ,y lov$ #crd p]son ,he lov$ ,!y lov$ ,,future ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i %all love ,!y w love #bnd p]son ,y w love ,y w love #crd p]son ,he w love ,we %all love ,transcrib]'s note3 #a/ p]son plural & #crd p]son plural rev]s$ 9 orig9al ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i h lov$ ,we h lov$ #bnd p]son ,y h lov$ ,y h lov$ #crd p]son ,he has lov$ ,!y h lov$ ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i _h lov$ ,we _h lov$ #bnd p]son ,y _h lov$ ,y _h lov$ #crd p]son ,he _h lov$ ,!y _h lov$ ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i %all h lov$ ,we %all h lov$ #bnd p]son ,y w h lov$ ,y w h lov$ #crd p]son ,he w h lov$ ,!y w h lov$ ,imp]ative ,mood 7,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,only7 ,s+4 ,plural #bnd p]son ,love 7y7 ,love 7y7 ,subjunctive ,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,if ,i love ,if we love #bnd p]son ,if y love ,if y love #crd p]son ,if he love ,if !y love ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,if ,i lov$ ,if we lov$ #bnd p]son ,if y lov$ ,if y lov$ #crd p]son ,if he lov$ ,if !y lov$ ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,if ,i h lov$ ,if we h lov$ #bnd p]son ,if y h lov$ ,if y h lov$ #crd p]son ,if he has lov$ ,if !y h lov$ ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,if ,i _h lov$ ,if we _h lov$ #bnd p]son ,if y _h lov$ ,if y _h lov$ #crd p]son ,if he _h lov$ ,if !y _h lov$ ,,inf9itives ,pres5t ,p]fect ,to love ,to h lov$ ,,p>ticiples ,pres5t ,pa/ ,p]fect ,lov+ ,lov$ ,hav+ lov$ ,,conjugation ,,( ,to ,love ,passive ,voice ,indicative ,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i am lov$ ,we are lov$ #bnd p]son ,y are lov$ ,y are lov$ #crd p]son ,he is lov$ ,!y are lov$ ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i 0 lov$ ,we 7 lov$ #bnd p]son ,y 7 lov$ ,y 7 lov$ #crd p]son ,he 0 lov$ ,!y 7 lov$ ,,future ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i %all be lov$ ,we %all be lov$ #bnd p]son ,y w be lov$ ,y w be lov$ #crd p]son ,he w be lov$ ,!y w be lov$ ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i h be5 lov$ ,we h be5 lov$ #bnd p]son ,y h be5 lov$ ,y h be5 lov$ #crd p]son ,he has be5 lov$ ,!y h be5 lov$ ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i _h be5 lov$ ,we _h be5 lov$ #bnd p]son ,y _h be5 lov$ ,y _h be5 lov$ #crd p]son ,he _h be5 lov$ ,!y _h be5 lov$ ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,i %all h be5 lov$ ,we %all h be5 lov$ #bnd p]son ,y w h be5 lov$ ,y w h be5 lov$ #crd p]son ,he w h be5 lov$ ,!y w h be5 lov$ ,imp]ative ,mood 7,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,only7 ,s+4 ,plural #bnd p]son ,be 7y7 lov$ ,be 7y7 lov$ ,subjunctive ,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,if ,i be lov$ ,if we be lov$ #bnd p]son ,if y be lov$ ,if y be lov$ #crd p]son ,if he be lov$ ,if !y be lov$ ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,if ,i 7 lov$ ,if !y 7 lov$ #bnd p]son ,if y 7 lov$ ,if y 7 lov$ #crd p]son ,if he 7 lov$ ,if we 7 lov$ ,,pres5t ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,if ,i h be5 lov$ ,if we h be5 lov$ #bnd p]son ,if y h be5 lov$ ,if y h be5 lov$ #crd p]son ,if he has be5 lov$ ,if !y h be5 lov$ ,,pa/ ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,s+4 ,plural #a/ p]son ,if ,i _h be5 lov$ ,if we _h be5 lov$ #bnd p]son ,if y _h be5 lov$ ,if y _h be5 lov$ #crd p]son ,if he _h be5 lov$ ,if !y _h be5 lov$ ,,inf9itives ,pres5t ,p]fect ,to be lov$ ,to h be5 lov$ ,,p>ticiples ,pres5t ,pa/ ,p]fect ,be+ lov$ ,be5 lov$ ,hav+ be5 lov$ 7,n4 ,b4--,note t ! plural =m ( ! p]sonal pron\n1 y1 is us$ 9 ! second p]son s+ul> ?r\gh\t4 ,! old =m ?\1 except 9 ! conjugation ( ! v]b ,to ,be1 may be said to be obsolete4 ,9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul> he is repres5tative ( ! ?ree p]sonal pron\ns ( ! ?ird p]son1 ,he1 ,%e & ,x47 ,,adv]b ,an adv]b is a ^w :i* modifies a v]b1 an adjective or ano!r adv]b4 ,?us1 9 ! example--,he writes well1 ! adv]b %[s ! mann] 9 :i* ! writ+ is p]=m$2 9 ! examples--,he is rem>kably dilig5t & ,he works v fai?fully1 ! adv]bs modify ! adjective dilig5t & ! o!r adv]b fai?fully by express+ ! degree ( dilig5ce & fai?fulness4 ,adv]bs are *iefly us$ to express 9 "o ^w :at w\ld o!rwise require two or m words2 ?us1 ,!re signifies 9 t place2 :5ce1 f :at place2 usefully1 9 a useful mann]4 ,adv]bs1 l adjectives1 are sometimes v>i$ 9 _! t]m9ations to express comp>ison & diff]5t degrees ( quality4 ,"s adv]bs =m ! comp>ative & sup]lative by add+ er & e/2 z1 soon1 soon]1 soone/4 ,adv]bs :i* end 9 ly are comp>$ by prefix+ m & mo/2 z1 nobly1 m nobly1 mo/ nobly4 ,a few adv]bs are irregul> 9 ! =mation ( ! comp>ative & sup]lative2 z1 well1 bett]1 be/4 ,,preposition ,a preposition connects words1 clauses1 & s5t5ces toge!r & %[s ! relation betwe5 !m4 ,my h& is on ! table %[s relation betwe5 h& & table4 ,prepositions are s call$ because !y are g5]ally plac$ be=e ! words ^: connection or relation ) o!r words !y po9t out4 ,,conjunction ,a conjunction jo9s words1 clauses & s5t5ces2 z ,john & ,james4 ,my fa!r & "m h come1 b ,i h n se5 !m4 ,! conjunctions 9 mo/ g5]al use are &1 also2 ei!r1 or2 nei!r1 nor2 ?\gh1 yet2 b1 h[ev]2 =1 t2 because1 s9ce2 !re=e1 :]e=e1 !n2 if1 unless1 le/4 ,,int]jection ,an int]jection is a ^w us$ to express "s sudd5 emotion ( ! m9d4 ,?us 9 ! examples1--,ah6 !re he comes2 alas6 :at %all ,i d8 ah1 expresses surprise1 & alas1 di/ress4 ,n\ns1 adjectives1 v]bs & adv]bs become int]jections :5 !y are utt]$ z exclamations1 z1 nons5se6 /range6 hail6 away6 etc4 ,we h n[ enum]at$ ! p>ts ( spee* & z briefly z possible /at$ ! functions ( ea*4 ,z !y all belong to ! same family !y are relat$ to "o ano!r b "s are 9 clos] aff9ity ?an o!rs4 ,to po9t out ! exact relation%ip & ! dep5d5cy ( "o ^w on ano!r is call$ p>s+ & 9 ord] t e etymological connection may be di/9ctly und]/ood a brief resume ( ! =ego+ ess5tials is "h giv53 ,! signification ( ! n\n is limit$ to "o1 b to any "o ( ! k9d1 by ! indef9ite article1 & to "s p>ticul> "o1 or "s p>ticul> numb]1 by ! def9ite article4 ,n\ns1 9 "o =m1 repres5t "o ( a k9d1 & 9 ano!r1 any numb] m ?an "o2 !y are ! names ( males1 or females1 or ( objects :i* are nei!r male nor female2 & !y repres5t ! subject ( an affirmation1 a comm& or a "q1--! own] or possessor ( a ?+1--or ! object ( an action1 or ( a relation express$ by a preposition4 ,adjectives express ! qualities :i* di/+ui% "o p]son or ?+ f ano!r2 9 "o =m !y express quality )\t comp>ison2 9 ano!r1 !y express comp>ison betwe5 two1 or betwe5 "o & a numb] tak5 collectively1--& 9 a ?ird !y express comp>ison betwe5 "o & a numb] ( o!rs tak5 sep>ately4 ,pron\ns are us$ 9 place ( n\ns2 "o class ( !m is us$ m]ely z ! sub/itutes ( names2 ! pron\ns ( ano!r class h a peculi> ref]5ce to "s prec$+ words 9 ! s5t5ce1 ( :i* !y are ! sub/itutes1--& ^? ( a ?ird class ref] adjectively to ! p]sons or ?+s !y repres5t4 ,"s pron\ns are us$ = bo? ! "n & ! sub/itute2 & sev]al are frequ5tly employ$ 9 ask+ que/ions4 ,affirmations & comm&s are express$ by ! v]b2 & diff]5t inflections ( ! v]b express numb]1 p]son1 "t & mann]4 ,) reg>d to "t1 an affirmation may be pres5t or pa/ or future2 ) reg>d to mann]1 an affirmation may be positive or conditional1 x be+ d\btful :e!r ! condition is fulfill$ or n1 or x be+ impli$ t x is n fulfill$2--! v]b may express comm& or entreaty2 or ! s5se ( ! v]b may be express$ )\t affirm+ or comm&+4 ,! v]b also expresses t an action or /ate is or 0 go+ on1 by a =m :i* is also us$ sometimes z a n\n1 & sometimes to qualify n\ns4 ,affirmations are modifi$ by adv]bs1 "s ( :i* c be inflect$ to express diff]5t degrees ( modification4 ,words are jo9$ toge!r by conjunctions2 & ! v>i\s relations :i* "o ?+ be>s to ano!r are express$ by 'prepositions4 ,sudd5 emotions ( ! m9d1 & exclamations are express$ by int]jections4 ,"s words accord+ to mean+ belong sometimes to "o "p ( spee*1 sometimes to ano!r4 ,?us1 9 ,aft] a /orm comes a calm1 calm is a n\n2 9 ,x is a calm ev5+1 calm is an adjective2 & 9 ,calm y\r fe>s1 calm is a v]b4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce conta9+ all ! p>ts ( spee* is p>s$ etymologically3 ,i n[ see ! old man com+1 b1 alas1 he has walk$ ) mu* difficulty4 ,i1 a p]sonal pron\n1 fir/ p]son s+ul>1 mascul9e or fem99e g5d]1 nom9ative case1 subject ( ! v]b see4 n[1 an adv]b ( "t modify+ ! v]b see4 see1 an irregul>1 transitive v]b1 indicative mood1 pres5t t5se1 fir/ p]son s+ul> to agree ) its nom9ative or subject ,i4 !1 ! def9ite article p>ticul>iz+ ! n\n man4 old1 an adjective1 positive degree1 qualify+ ! n\n man4 man1 a common n\n1 #crd p]son s+ul>1 mascul9e g5d]1 objective case gov]n$ by ! transitive v]b see4 com+1 ! pres5t or imp]fect p>ticiple ( ! v]b to come ref]r+ to ! n\n man4 b1 a conjunction4 alas1 an int]jection1 express+ pity or sorr[4 he1 a p]sonal pron\n1 #crd p]son s+ul>1 mascul9e g5d]1 nom9ative case1 subject ( v]b has walk$4 has walk$1 a regul>1 intransitive v]b1 indicative mood1 p]fect t5se1 #crd p]son s+ul> to agree ) its nom9ative or subject he4 )1 a preposition1 gov]n+ ! n\n difficulty4 mu*1 an adjective1 positive degree1 qualify+ ! n\n difficulty4 difficulty1 a common n\n1 #crd p]son s+ul>1 neut] g5d]1 objective case gov]n$ by ! preposition )4 ,n4,b4--,mu* is g5]ally an adv]b4 ,z an adjective x is ?us comp>$3 ,positive ,comp>ative ,sup]lative mu* m mo/ ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,diff]5t ,k9ds--,arrangem5t ( ,words--,p>agraph ,a s5t5ce is an assemblage ( words s arrang$ z to convey a det]m9ate s5se or mean+1 9 o!r words1 to express a complete ?\ght or idea4 ,no matt] h[ %ort1 x mu/ conta9 "o f9ite v]b & a subject or ag5t to direct ! action ( ! v]b4 ,birds fly2 ,fi% swim2 ,m5 walk2--are s5t5ces4 ,a s5t5ce always conta9s two p>ts1 some?+ spok5 ab\t & some?+ said ab\t x4 ,! ^w or words indicat+ :at is spok5 ab\t =m :at is call$ ! subject & ! ^w or words indicat+ :at is said ab\t x =m :at is call$ ! pr$icate4 ,9 ! s5t5ces giv51 birds1 fi% & m5 are ! subjects1 :ile fly1 swim & walk are ! pr$icates4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( s5t5ces1 simple1 comp\nd & complex4 ,! simple s5t5ce expresses a s+le ?\ght & consi/s ( "o subject & "o pr$icate1 z1 ,man is mortal4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce consi/s ( two or m simple s5t5ces ( equal importance ! p>ts ( :i* are ei!r express$ or und]/ood1 z1 ,! m5 "w 9 ! fields & ! wom5 "w 9 ! h\sehold1 or ,! m5 "w 9 ! fields & ! wom5 9 ! h\sehold or ,! m5 & wom5 "w 9 ! fields & 9 ! h\sehold4 ,a complex s5t5ce consi/s ( two or m simple s5t5ces s comb9$ t "o dep5ds on ! o!r to complete its mean+2 z2 ,:5 he returns1 ,i %all g on my vacation4 ,"h ! words1 :5 he returns are dep5d5t on ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce = _! mean+4 ,a clause is a sep>ate "p ( a complex s5t5ce1 z :5 he returns 9 ! la/ example4 ,a phrase consi/s ( two or m words )\t a f9ite v]b4 ,)\t a f9ite v]b we _c affirm any?+ or convey an idea1 !re=e we c h no s5t5ce4 ,inf9itives & p>ticiples :i* are ! inf9ite p>ts ( ! v]b _c be pr$icates4 ,i look+ up ! /reet is n a s5t5ce1 = x is n a complete action express$4 ,:5 we he> su* an expression z ,a dog runn+ along ! /reet1 we wait = some?+ m to be add$1 some?+ m affirm$ ab\t ! dog1 :e!r he bit or b>k$ or fell dead or 0 run ov]4 ,?us 9 e s5t5ce !re mu/ be a f9ite v]b to limit ! subject4 ,:5 ! v]b is transitive1 t is1 :5 ! action _c happ5 )\t affect+ some?+1 ! ?+ affect$ is call$ ! object4 ,?us 9 ,ca9 kill$ ,abel ! action ( ! kill+ affect$ ,abel4 ,9 ,! cat has caught a m\se1 m\se is ! object ( ! cat*+4 ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,words ,,9 ,a ,,s5t5ce ,( c\rse 9 simple s5t5ces ! natural ord] ( arrangem5t is subject--v]b--object4 ,9 _m cases no o!r =m is possible4 ,?us 9 ! s5t5ce ,! cat has caught a m\se1 we _c rev]se x & say ,! m\se has caught a cat )\t de/roy+ ! mean+1 & 9 any o!r =m ( arrangem5t1 su* z ,a m\se1 ! cat has caught1 we feel t :ile x is intelligible1 x is a poor way ( express+ ! fact & "o :i* j>s ^u u m or less4 ,9 long] s5t5ces1 h[ev]1 :5 !re are m words ?an :at are b>ely necess>y = subject1 v]b & object1 we h great] fre$om ( arrangem5t & c s place ! words z to give ! be/ effect4 ,! prop] plac+ ( words dep5ds ^u p]spicuity & precision4 ,^! two comb9$ give /yle to ! /ructure4 ,mo/ p are famili> ) ,gray's l9e 9 ! immortal ,elegy--,! pl\ghman homew>d plods 8 we>y way4 ,?is l9e c be p>aphras$ to read #ah diff]5t ways4 ,"h are a few v>iations3 ,homew>d ! pl\ghman plods 8 we>y way4 ,! pl\ghman plods 8 we>y way homew>d4 ,plods homew>d ! pl\ghman 8 we>y way4 ,8 we>y way ! pl\ghman homew>d plods4 ,homew>d 8 we>y way plods ! pl\ghman4 ,plods ! pl\ghman 8 we>y way homew>d4 ,8 we>y way ! pl\ghman plods homew>d4 ,8 we>y way homew>d ! pl\ghman plods4 ,! pl\ghman plods homew>d 8 we>y way4 ,! pl\ghman 8 we>y way plods homew>d4 & s on4 ,x is d\btful if any ( ! o!r =ms are sup]ior to ! "o us$ by ! poet4 ,( c\rse 8 arrangem5t 0 made to comply ) ! rhy?m & rhyme ( ! v]se4 ,mo/ ( ! v>iations dep5d ^u ! emphasis we wi% to place ^u ! diff]5t words4 ,9 arrang+ ! words 9 an ord9>y s5t5ce we %\ld n lose sight ( ! fact t ! beg9n+ & end are ! important places = cat*+ ! att5tion ( ! read]4 ,words 9 ^! places h great] emphasis ?an else:]e4 ,9 ,gray's l9e ! g5]al mean+ convey$ is t a we>y pl\ghman is plodd+ 8 way homew>d1 b accord+ to ! arrangem5t a v slight diff]5ce is effect$ 9 ! idea4 ,"s ( ! v>iations make u ?9k m ( ! pl\ghman1 o!rs m ( ! plodd+1 & /ill o!rs m ( ! we>9ess4 ,z ! beg9n+ & end ( a s5t5ce are ! mo/ important places1 x naturally foll[s t small or insignificant words %\ld be kept f ^! positions4 ,( ! two places ! end "o is ! m important1 !re=e1 x really calls = ! mo/ important ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,nev] comm5ce a s5t5ce ) ,&1 ,b1 ,s9ce1 ,because1 & o!r simil> weak words & nev] end x ) prepositions1 small1 weak adv]bs or pron\ns4 ,! p>ts ( a s5t5ce :i* are mo/ closely connect$ ) "o ano!r 9 mean+ %\ld be closely connect$ 9 ord] also4 ,by ignor+ ?is pr9ciple _m s5t5ces are made1 if n nons5sical1 really ridicul\s & ludicr\s4 ,= in/ance3 ,t5 doll>s rew>d is (f]$ = in=mation ( any p]son injur+ ?is prop]ty by ord] ( ! own]4 ,?is monum5t 0 erect$ to ! memory ( ,john ,jones1 :o 0 %ot by 8 affectionate bro!r4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( all s5t5ces ! grammatical rules mu/ be inviolably obs]v$4 ,! laws ( concord1 t is1 ! agreem5t ( c]ta9 words1 mu/ be obey$4 7#a7 ,! v]b agrees ) its subject 9 p]son & numb]4 ,i h1 ,?\ ha/1 7! pron\n ?\ is "h us$ to illu/rate ! v]b =m1 ?\gh x is almo/ obsolete71 ,he has1 %[ ! v>iation ( ! v]b to agree ) ! subject4 ,a s+ul> subject calls = a s+ul> v]b1 a plural subject dem&s a v]b 9 ! plural2 z1 ,! boy writes1 ,! boys write4 ,! agreem5t ( a v]b & its subject is (t5 de/roy$ by confus+ 7#a7 collective & common n\ns2 7#b7 =eign & ,engli% n\ns2 7#c7 comp\nd & simple subjects2 7#d7 real & app>5t subjects4 7#a7 ,a collective n\n is a numb] ( individuals or ?+s reg>d$ z a :ole2 z1 class regim5t4 ,:5 ! individuals or ?+s are prom95tly br\ght =w>d1 use a plural v]b2 z ,! class 7 di/+ui%$ = ability4 ,:5 ! idea ( ! :ole z a unit is "u consid]ation employ a s+ul> v]b2 z ,! regim5t 0 9 camp4 7#b7 ,x is sometimes h>d = ! ord9>y individual to di/+ui% ! plural f ! s+ul> 9 =eign n\ns1 !re=e1 he %\ld be c>eful 9 ! selection ( ! v]b4 ,he %\ld look up ! ^w & be guid$ accord+ly4 ,he 0 an alumnus ( ,h>v>d4 ,!y 7 alumni ( ,h>v>d4 7#c7 ,:5 a s5t5ce ) "o v]b has two or m subjects d5ot+ diff]5t ?+s1 connect$ by &1 ! v]b %\ld be plural2 z1 ,sn[ & ra9 are disagreeable4 ,:5 ! subjects d5ote ! same ?+ & are connect$ by or ! v]b %\ld be s+ul>2 z1 ,! man or ! woman is to blame4 7#d7 ,:5 ! same v]b has m ?an "o subject ( diff]5t p]sons or numb]s1 x agrees ) ! mo/ prom95t 9 ?\ght2 z1 ,he1 & n y1 is wrong4 ,:e!r he or ,i am to be blam$4 7#b7 ,nev] use ! pa/ p>ticiple = ! pa/ t5se nor vice v]sa4 ,?is mi/ake is a v common "o4 ,at e turn we he> ,he done x = ,he did x4 ,! j> 0 broke in/ead ( brok54 ,he w\ld h w5t = ,he w\ld h gone1 etc4 7#c7 ,! use ( ! v]bs %all & w is a rock ^u :i* ev5 ! be/ speak]s come to wreck4 ,!y are int]*ang$ recklessly4 ,_! significance *anges accord+ z !y are us$ ) ! fir/1 second or ?ird p]son4 ,) ! fir/ p]son %all is us$ 9 direct /atem5t to express a simple future action2 z1 ,i %all g to ! city to-morr[4 ,) ! second & ?ird p]sons %all is us$ to express a det]m9ation2 z1 ,y %all g to ! city to-morr[1 ,he %all g to ! city to-morr[4 ,) ! fir/ p]son w is us$ 9 direct /atem5t to express det]m9ation1 z1 ,i w g to ! city to-morr[4 ,) ! second & ?ird p]sons w is us$ to express simple future action2 z1 ,y w g to ! city to-morr[1 ,he w g to ! city to-morr[4 ,a v old rule reg>d+ ! uses ( %all & w is ?us express$ 9 rhyme3 ,9 ! fir/ p]son simply %all =etells1 ,9 w a ?reat or else a promise dwells4 ,%all 9 ! second & ?ird does ?reat1 ,w simply !n =etells ! future feat4 7#d7 ,take special c>e to di/+ui% betwe5 ! nom9ative & objective case4 ,! pron\ns are ! only words :i* reta9 ! anci5t di/9ctive case end+ = ! objective4 ,rememb] t ! objective case foll[s transitive v]bs & prepositions4 ,don't say ,! boy :o ,i s5t to see y1 b ,! boy :om ,i s5t to see y4 ,:om is "h ! object ( ! transitive v]b s5t4 ,don't say ,%e b[$ to him & ,i b ,%e b[$ to him & me s9ce me is ! objective case foll[+ ! preposition to und]/ood4 ,betwe5 y & ,i is a v common expression4 ,x %\ld be ,betwe5 y & me s9ce betwe5 is a preposition call+ = ! objective case4 7#e7 ,be c>eful 9 ! use ( ! relative pron\ns :o1 :i* & t4 ,:o ref]s only to p]sons2 :i* only to ?+s2 z1 ,! boy :o 0 dr[n$1 ,! umbrella :i* ,i lo/4 ,! relative t may ref] to bo? p]sons & ?+s2 z1 ,! man t ,i saw4 ,! hat t ,i b\ght4 7#f7 ,don't use ! sup]lative degree ( ! adjective = ! comp>ative2 z ,he is ! ri*e/ ( ! two = ,he is ! ri*] ( ! two4 ,o!r mi/akes (t5 made 9 ?is connection are 7#a7 ,us+ ! d\ble comp>ative & sup]lative2 z1 ,^! apples are mu* m pref]able4 ,! mo/ univ]sal motive to bus9ess is ga94 7#b7 ,comp>+ objects :i* belong to dissimil> classes2 z ,!re is no nic] life ?an a tea*]4 7#c7 ,includ+ objects 9 class to :i* !y d n belong2 z1 ,! faire/ ( h] daught]s1 ,eve4 7#d7 ,exclud+ an object f a class to :i* x does belong2 z1 ,caes> 0 brav] ?an any anci5t w>rior4 7#g7 ,don't use an adjective = an adv]b or an adv]b = an adjective4 ,don't say1 ,he act$ nice t[>ds me b ,he act$ nicely t[>d me1 & in/ead ( say+ ,%e look$ beautifully say ,%e look$ beautiful4 7#h7 ,place ! adv]b z ne> z possible to ! ^w x modifies4 ,in/ead ( say+1 ,he walk$ to ! door quickly1 say ,he walk$ quickly to ! door4 7#i7 ,n alone be c>eful to di/+ui% betwe5 ! nom9ative & objective cases ( ! pron\ns1 b try to avoid ambiguity 9 _! use4 ,! amus+ effect ( disreg>d+ ! ref]5ce ( pron\ns is well illu/rat$ by ,burton 9 ! foll[+ /ory ( ,billy ,williams1 a comic actor :o ?us n>rates 8 exp]i5ce 9 rid+ a horse own$ by ,hambl91 ! manag]3 ,s d[n ,i goes to ! /able ) ,tom ,flynn1 & told ! man to put ! saddle on him4 ,on ,tom ,flynn8 ,no1 on ! horse4 ,s aft] talk+ ) ,tom ,flynn a:ile ,i m\nt$ him4 ,:at6 m\nt$ ,tom ,flynn8 ,no1 ! horse2 & !n ,i %ook h&s ) him & rode (f4 ,%ook h&s ) ! horse1 ,billy8 ,no1 ) ,tom ,flynn2 & !n ,i rode (f up ! ,b[]y1 & :o %\ld ,i meet b ,tom ,hambl92 s ,i got (f & told ! boy to hold him by ! head4 ,:at6 hold ,hambl9 by ! head8 ,no1 ! horse2 & !n we w5t & _h a dr9k toge!r4 ,:at6 y & ! horse8 ,no1 me & ,hambl92 & aft] t ,i m\nt$ him aga9 & w5t out ( t[n4 ,:at6 m\nt$ ,hambl9 aga98 ,no1 ! horse2 & :5 ,i got to ,burnham1 :o %\ld be !re b ,tom ,flynn1--he'd tak5 ano!r horse & rode out ahead ( me2 s ,i told ! ho/l] to tie him up4 ,tie ,tom ,flynn up8 ,no1 ! horse2 & we _h a dr9k !re4 ,:at6 y & ! horse8 ,no1 me & ,tom ,flynn4 ,f9d+ 8 auditors by ?is "t 9 a horse laugh1 ,billy w\nd up )3 ,n[1 look "h1--e "t ,i say horse1 y say ,hambl91 & e "t ,i say ,hambl9 y say horse3 ,i'll be hang$ if ,i tell y any m ab\t x4 ,,s5t5ce ,,classification ,!re are two great classes ( s5t5ces accord+ to ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,^! are t]m$ ! loose & ! p]iodic4 ,9 ! loose s5t5ce ! ma9 idea is put fir/1 & !n foll[ sev]al facts 9 connection ) x4 ,defoe is an au?or p>ticul>ly not$ = ?is k9d ( s5t5ce4 ,he />ts out ) a lead+ decl>ation to :i* he adds sev]al att5dant connections4 ,= in/ance 9 ! op5+ ( ! /ory ( ,rob9son ,crusoe we read3 ,i 0 born 9 ! ye> #afcb 9 ! city ( ,york1 ( a good family1 ?\gh n ( t c\ntry1 my fa!r be+ a =eign] ( ,brem51 :o settl$ fir/ at ,hull2 he got a good e/ate by m]*&ise1 & leav+ (f 8 trade liv$ aft]w>d at ,york1 f :5ce he _h m>ri$ my "m1 ^: relations 7 nam$ ,rob9son1 a v good family 9 ! c\ntry & f ,i 0 call$ ,rob9son ,kreutzna]2 b by ! usual corruption ( words 9 ,engl&1 we are n[ call$1 nay1 we call ourselves1 & write our "n ,crusoe1 & s my companions always call$ me4 ,9 ! p]iodic s5t5ce ! ma9 idea comes la/ & is prec$$ by a s]ies ( relative introductions4 ,?is k9d ( s5t5ce is (t5 introduc$ by su* words z t1 if1 s9ce1 because4 ,! foll[+ is an example3 ,t ?r\gh 8 own folly & lack ( circumspection he %\ld h be5 r$uc$ to su* circum/ances z to be =c$ to become a begg> on ! /reets1 solicit+ alms f ^? :o _h =m]ly be5 ! recipi5ts ( 8 b\nty1 0 a sore humiliation4 ,on acc\nt ( its "n _m are liable to ?9k ! loose s5t5ce an undesirable =m 9 good composition1 b ?is %\ld n be tak5 = grant$4 ,9 _m cases x is pref]able to ! p]iodic =m4 ,z a g5]al rule 9 speak+1 z oppos$ to writ+1 ! loose =m is to be pref]r$1 inasmu* z :5 ! p]iodic is employ$ 9 disc\rse ! li/5]s are apt to =get ! introductory clauses be=e ! f9al issue is rea*$4 ,bo? k9ds are freely us$ 9 composition1 b 9 speak+1 ! loose1 :i* makes ! direct /atem5t at ! beg9n+1 %\ld pr$om9ate4 ,z to ! l5g? ( s5t5ces mu* dep5ds on ! nature ( ! composition4 ,h[ev] ! g5]al rule may be laid d[n t %ort s5t5ces are pref]able to long ones4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! be/ writ]s ( ! pres5t day is t[>ds %ort1 snappy1 pi?y s5t5ces :i* rivet ! att5tion ( ! read]4 ,!y adopt z _! motto multum 9 p>vo 7mu* 9 little7 & endeavor to pack a great deal 9 small space4 ,( c\rse ! extreme ( brevity is to be avoid$4 ,s5t5ces c be too %ort1 too j]ky1 too brittle to )/& ! te/ ( criticism4 ,! long s5t5ce has its place & a v important "o4 ,x is indisp5sable 9 argum5t & (t5 is v necess>y to description & also 9 introduc+ g5]al pr9ciples :i* require elaboration4 ,9 employ+ ! long s5t5ce ! inexp]i5c$ writ] %\ld n /ra9 aft] ! heavy1 pond]\s type4 ,johnson & ,c>lyle us$ su* a type1 b rememb]1 an ord9>y mortal _c wield ! sl$ge hamm] ( a giant4 ,johnson & ,c>lyle 7 intellectual giants & few c hope to /& on ! same lit]>y p$e/al4 ,! tyro 9 composition %\ld nev] seek aft] ! heavy /yle4 ,! be/ ( all au?ors 9 ! ,engli% language = /yle is ,addison4 ,macaulay says3 ,if y wi% a /yle le>n$1 b n p$antic1 elegant b n o/5tati\s1 simple yet ref9$1 y mu/ give y\r days & nights to ! volumes ( ,joseph ,addison4 ,! simplicity1 ap>t f ! beauty ( ,addison's writ+s causes u to reit]ate ! lit]>y comm&--,nev] use a big ^w :5 a little "o w convey ! same or a simil> mean+4 ,macaulay himself is an elegant /yli/ to imitate4 ,he is l a cle> brook kiss$ by ! noon-day sun 9 ! %9+ b$ ( :i* y c see & c\nt ! beautiful :ite pebbles4 ,goldsmi? is ano!r writ] ^: simplicity ( /yle *>ms4 ,! beg9n] %\ld /udy ^! writ]s1 make _! works 8 vade mecum1 !y h /ood ! te/ ( "t & !re has be5 no improvem5t ^u !m yet1 nor is !re likely to be1 = _! writ+ is z p]fect z x is possible to be 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,ap>t f _! grammatical con/ruction !re c be no fix$ rules = ! =mation ( s5t5ces4 ,! be/ plan is to foll[ ! be/ au?ors & ^! ma/]s ( language w guide y safely along ! way4 ,,! ,,p>agraph ,! p>agraph may be def9$ z a gr\p ( s5t5ces t are closely relat$ 9 ?\ght & :i* s]ve "o common purpose4 ,n only d !y pres]ve ! sequ5ce ( ! diff]5t p>ts into :i* a composition is divid$1 b !y give a c]ta9 spice to ! matt] l rais9s 9 a plum pudd+4 ,a solid page ( pr9t$ matt] is di/a/eful to ! read]2 x taxes ! eye & t5ds t[>ds ! we>9ess ( monotony1 b :5 x is brok5 up into sections x loses mu* ( its heav9ess & ! consequ5t lightness gives x *>m1 z x 71 to capture ! read]4 ,p>agraphs are l /epp+-/ones on ! b$ ( a %all[ riv]1 :i* enable ! foot pass5g] to skip ) ease f "o to ! o!r until he gets across2 b if ! /ones are plac$ too f> ap>t 9 attempt+ to span ! di/ance "o is liable to miss ! m>k & fall 9 ! wat] & fl\nd] ab\t until he is aga9 able to get a foo?old4 ',tis ! same ) writt5 language1 ! read] by means ( p>agraphs c easily pass f "o portion ( connect$ ?\ght to ano!r & keep up 8 int]e/ 9 ! subject until he gets to ! end4 ,?r\gh\t ! p>agraph !re mu/ be "s connection 9 reg>d to ! matt] "u consid]ation1--a s5t5ce dep5d5cy4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! same p>agraph we mu/ n speak ( a h\se on fire & a runaway horse unless !re is "s connection betwe5 ! two4 ,we mu/ n write consecutively3 ,! fire rag$ ) fi]ce int5sity1 consum+ ! great] "p ( ! l>ge build+ 9 a %ort "t4 ,! horse took fright & wildly da%$ d[n ! /reet scatt]+ p$e/rians 9 all directions4 ,^! two s5t5ces h no connection & !re=e %\ld occupy sep>ate & di/9ct places4 ,b :5 we say--,! fire rag$ ) fi]ce int5sity consum+ ! great] "p ( ! l>ge build+ 9 a %ort "t & ! horse tak+ fright at ! flames da%$ wildly d[n ! /reet scatt]+ p$e/rians 9 all directions1--!re is a natural sequ5ce1 viz41 ! horse tak+ fright z a consequ5ce ( ! flames & h5ce ! two expressions are comb9$ 9 "o p>agraph4 ,z 9 ! case ( words 9 s5t5ces1 ! mo/ important places 9 a p>agraph are ! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,accord+ly ! fir/ s5t5ce & ! la/ %\ld by virtue ( _! /ructure & n]v\s =ce1 compel ! read]'s att5tion4 ,x is usually advisable to make ! fir/ s5t5ce %ort2 ! la/ s5t5ce may be long or %ort1 b 9 ei!r case %\ld be =cible4 ,! object ( ! fir/ s5t5ce is to /ate a po9t cle>ly2 ! la/ s5t5ce %\ld en=ce x4 ,x is a cu/om ( good writ]s to make ! conclusion ( ! p>agraph a re/atem5t or c\nt]p>t or application ( ! op5+4 ,9 mo/ cases a p>agraph may be reg>d$ z ! elaboration ( ! pr9cipal s5t5ce4 ,! lead+ ?\ght or idea c be tak5 z a nucleus & ar\nd x con/ruct$ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! p>agraph4 ,anyone c make a context = e simple s5t5ce by ask+ himself que/ions 9 ref]5ce to ! s5t5ce4 ,?us--,! =eman gave ! ord]-- sugge/s at once sev]al que/ions2 ,:at 0 ! ord]8 to :om did he give x8 :y did he give x8 :at 0 ! result8 etc4 ,^! que/ions :5 answ]$ w dep5d ^u ! lead+ "o & be an elaboration ( x into a complete p>agraph4 ,if we exam9e any good p>agraph we %all f9d x made up ( a numb] ( items1 ea* ( :i* helps to illu/rate1 confirm or en=ce ! g5]al ?\ght or purpose ( ! p>agraph4 ,also ! transition f ea* item to ! next is easy1 natural & obvi\s2 ! items seem to come ( !mselves4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we detect 9 a p>agraph "o or m items :i* h no direct be>+1 or if we are unable to proce$ readily f item to item1 especially if we are oblig$ to re>range ! items be=e we c p]ceive _! full significance1 !n we are ju/ifi$ 9 pron\nc+ ! p>agraph con/ruction faulty4 ,no specific rules c be giv5 z to ! con/ruction ( p>agraphs4 ,! be/ advice is1--,/udy closely ! p>agraph /ructure ( ! be/ writ]s1 = x is only ?r\gh imitation1 consci\s or unconsci\s ( ! be/ models1 t "o c ma/] ! art4 ,! be/ p>agraphi/ 9 ! ,engli% language = ! essay is ,macaulay1 ! be/ model to foll[ = ! oratorical /yle is ,edmund ,burke & = description & n>ration probably ! greate/ ma/] ( p>agraph is ! ,am]ican ,goldsmi?1 ,wa%+ton ,irv+4 ,a p>agraph is indicat$ 9 pr9t by :at is kn[n z ! ind5tation ( ! l9e1 t is1 by comm5c+ x a space f ! left m>g94 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,figurative ,,language ,figures ( ,spee*--,def9itions & ,examples--,use ( ,figures ,9 ,figurative ,language we employ words 9 su* a way t !y diff] some:at f _! ord9>y signification 9 commonplace spee* & convey our mean+ 9 a m vivid & impressive mann] ?an :5 we use !m 9 _! e-day s5se4 ,figures make spee* m effective1 !y beautify & emphasize x & give to x a reli% & piquancy z salt does to food2 besides !y add en]gy & =ce to expression s t x irresi/ibly compels att5tion & int]e/4 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( figures1 viz43 7#a7 ,figures ( ,or?ography :i* *ange ! spell+ ( a ^w2 7#b7 ,figures ( ,etymology :i* *ange ! =m ( words2 7#c7 ,figures ( ,syntax :i* *ange ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces2 7#d7 ,figures ( ,rhetoric or ! art ( speak+ & writ+ effectively :i* *ange ! mode ( ?\ght4 ,we %all only consid] ! la/ m5tion$ "h z !y are ! mo/ important1 really giv+ to language ! con/ruction & /yle :i* make x a fitt+ m$ium = ! int]communication ( ideas4 ,figures ( ,rhetoric h be5 v>i\sly classifi$1 "s au?orities ext5d+ ! li/ to a useless l5g?4 ,! fact is t any =m ( expression :i* conveys ?\ght may be classifi$ z a ,figure4 ,! pr9cipal figures z well z ! mo/ important & ^? (t5e/ us$ are1 ,simile1 ,metaphor1 ,p]sonification1 ,allegory1 ,syne*do*e1 ,metonymy1 ,exclamation1 ,hyp]bole1 ,apo/rophe1 ,vision1 ,anti!sis1 ,climax1 ,epigram1 ,int]rogation & ,irony4 ,! fir/ f\r are f\nd$ on resemblance1 ! second six on contiguity & ! ?ird five1 on contra/4 ,a ,simile 7f ! ,lat9 similis1 l71 is ! lik5+ ( "o ?+ to ano!r1 a /atem5t ( ! resemblance ( objects1 acts1 or relations2 z ,9 8 awful ang] he 0 l ! /orm-driv5 waves da%+ aga9/ ! rock4 ,a simile makes ! pr9cipal object pla9] & impresses x m =cibly on ! m9d4 ,8 memory is l wax to receive impressions & l m>ble to reta9 !m4 ,?is br+s out ! lead+ idea z to ! man's memory 9 a v =ceful mann]4 ,contra/ x ) ! simple /atem5t--,8 memory is good4 ,sometimes ,simile is pro/itut$ to a l[ & degrad+ use2 z ,8 face 0 l a dang] signal 9 a fog /orm4 ,h] hair 0 l a furze-bu% 9 bloom4 ,he 0 to 8 lady love z a poodle to its mi/ress4 ,su* burlesque is nev] p]missible4 ,m]e lik5ess1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 does n con/itute a simile4 ,= in/ance !re is no simile :5 "o city is comp>$ to ano!r4 ,9 ord] t !re may be a rhetorical simile1 ! objects comp>$ mu/ be ( diff]5t classes4 ,avoid ! old trite similes su* z comp>+ a h]o to a lion4 ,su* 7 play$ out long ago4 ,& don't hunt = f>fet*$ similes4 ,don't say--,h] head 0 gl[+ z ! glori\s god ( day :5 he sets 9 a flambeau ( spl5dor beh9d ! purple-t9t$ hills ( ! ,we/4 ,x is mu* bett] to d )\t su* a simile & simply say--,%e _h fi]y r$ hair4 ,a ,metaphor 7f ! ,greek metaph]e91 to c>ry ov] or transf]71 is a ^w us$ to imply a resemblance b in/ead ( lik5+ "o object to ano!r z 9 ! simile we directly sub/itute ! action or op]ation ( "o = ano!r4 ,if1 ( a religi\s man we say1--,he is z a great pill> uphold+ ! *ur*1 ! expression is a simile1 b if we say--,he is a great pill> uphold+ ! *ur* x is a metaphor4 ,! metaphor is a bold] & m lively figure ?an ! simile4 ,x is m l a picture & h5ce1 ! graphic use ( metaphor is call$ ^w-pa9t+4 ,x enables u to give to ! mo/ ab/ract ideas =m1 color & life4 ,our language is full ( metaphors1 & we v (t5 use !m q unconsci\sly4 ,= in/ance1 :5 we speak ( ! b$ ( a riv]1 ! %\ld] ( a hill1 ! foot ( a m\nta91 ! h&s ( a clock1 ! key ( a situation1 we are us+ metaphors4 ,don't use mix$ metaphors1 t is1 diff]5t metaphors 9 relation to ! same subject3 ,s9ce x 0 laun*$ our project has met ) mu* opposition1 b :ile its flight has n rea*$ ! heights ambition$1 we are yet sangu9e we %all drive x to success4 ,"h our project beg9s z a %ip1 !n becomes a bird & f9ally w9ds up z a horse4 ,p]sonification 7f ! ,lat9 p]sona1 p]son1 & fac]e1 to make7 is ! treat+ ( an inanimate object z if x 7 animate & is probably ! mo/ beautiful & effective ( all ! figures4 ,! m\nta9s s+ toge!r1 ! hills rejoice & clap _! h&s4 ,e>? felt ! w\nd2 & ,nature f h] seat1 ,sigh+1 ?r\gh all h] works1 gave signs ( woe4 ,p]sonification dep5ds mu* on a vivid imag9ation & is adapt$ especially to poetical composition4 ,x has two di/+ui%able =ms3 7#a7 :5 p]sonality is ascrib$ to ! inanimate z 9 ! =ego+ examples1 & 7#b7 :5 "s quality ( life is attribut$ to ! inanimate2 z1 a rag+ /orm2 an angry sea2 a :i/l+ w9d1 etc4 ,an ,allegory 7f ! ,greek allos1 o!r1 & agoreue91 to speak71 is a =m ( expression 9 :i* ! words are symbolical ( some?+4 ,x is v closely alli$ to ! metaphor1 9 fact is a cont9u$ metaphor4 ,allegory1 metaphor & simile h ?ree po9ts 9 common1--!y are all f\nd$ on resemblance4 ,irel& is l a ?orn 9 ! side ( ,engl&2 ?is is simile4 ,irel& is a ?orn 9 ! side ( ,engl&2 ?is is metaphor4 ,once a great giant sprang up out ( ! sea & liv$ on an isl& all by himself4 ,on look+ ar\nd he discov]$ a little girl on ano!r small isl& ne> by4 ,he ?\ght ! little girl c\ld be useful to him 9 _m ways s he det]m9$ to make h] subs]vi5t to 8 w4 ,he comm&$ h]1 b %e refus$ to obey1 !n he resort$ to v h>% measures ) ! little girl1 b %e /ill rema9$ ob/9ate & obdurate4 ,he cont9u$ to oppress h] until f9ally %e rebell$ & became z a ?orn 9 8 side to prick him = 8 evil attitude t[>ds h]2 ?is is an allegory 9 :i* ! giant pla9ly repres5ts ,engl& & ! little girl1 ,irel&2 ! implication is manife/ ?\gh no m5tion is made ( ei!r c\ntry4 ,/range to say ! mo/ p]fect allegory 9 ! ,engli% language 0 writt5 by an almo/ illit]ate & ignorant man1 & writt5 too1 9 a dungeon cell4 ,9 ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,bunyan1 ! it9]ant t9k]1 has giv5 u by f> ! be/ allegory ev] p5n$4 ,ano!r good "o is ,! ,fa]ie ,que5 by ,edmund ,sp5s]4 ,synecdo*e 7f ! ,greek1 sun )1 & ekdexe/hai1 to receive71 is a figure ( spee* :i* expresses ei!r m or less ?an x lit]ally d5otes4 ,by x we give to an object a "n :i* lit]ally expresses some?+ m or some?+ less ?an we int5d4 ,?us3 we speak ( ! _w :5 we mean only a v limit$ numb] ( ! p :o compose ! _w3 z1 ,! _w treat$ him badly4 ,"h we use ! :ole = a "p4 ,b ! mo/ common =m ( ?is figure is t 9 :i* a "p is us$ = ! :ole2 z1 ,i h tw5ty head ( cattle1 ,"o ( 8 h&s 0 assass9at$1 mean+ "o ( 8 m54 ,tw5ty sail came into ! h>bor1 mean+ tw5ty %ips4 ,?is is a f9e m>ble1 mean+ a m>ble /atue4 ,metonymy 7f ! ,greek meta1 *ange1 & onyma1 a "n7 is ! designation ( an object by "o ( its accompanim5ts1 9 o!r words1 x is a figure by :i* ! "n ( "o object is put = ano!r :5 ! two are s relat$ t ! m5tion ( "o readily sugge/s ! o!r4 ,?us :5 we say ( a drunk>d--,he loves ! bottle we d n mean t he loves ! glass receptacle1 b ! liquor t x is suppos$ to conta94 ,metonymy1 g5]ally speak+1 has1 ?ree subdivisions3 7#a7 :5 an effect is put = cause or vice v]sa3 z ,gray hairs %\ld be respect$1 mean+ old age4 ,he writes a f9e h&1 t is1 h&writ+4 7#b7 :5 ! sign is put = ! ?+ signifi$2 z1 ,! p5 is mighti] ?an ! sword1 mean+ lit]>y p[] is sup]ior to milit>y =ce4 7#c7 ,:5 ! conta9] is put = ! ?+ conta9$2 z ,! ,h\se 0 call$ to ord]1 mean+ ! memb]s 9 ! ,h\se4 ,exclamation 7f ! ,lat9 ex1 out1 & clam>e1 to cry71 is a figure by :i* ! speak] in/ead ( /at+ a fact1 simply utt]s an expression ( surprise or emotion4 ,= in/ance :5 he he>s "s h>r[+ tale ( woe or mis=tune in/ead ( say+1--,x is a sad /ory he exclaims ,:at a sad /ory6 ,exclamation may be def9$ z ! vocal expression ( feel+1 ?\gh x is also appli$ to writt5 =ms :i* are int5d$ to express emotion4 ,?us 9 describ+ a t[]+ m\nta9 we c write ,heav5s1 :at a piece ( ,nature's h&iwork6 h[ maje/ic6 h[ sublime6 h[ awe-inspir+ 9 its colossal impressiv5ess6 ,?is figure r belongs to poetry & animat$ oratory ?an to ! cold prose ( e-day conv]sation & writ+4 ,hyp]bole 7f ! ,greek hyp]1 beyond1 & balle91 to ?r[71 is an exagg]at$ =m ( /atem5t & simply consi/s 9 repres5t+ ?+s to be ei!r great] or less1 bett] or worse ?an !y really are4 ,its object is to make ! ?\ght m effective by ov]/at+ x4 ,"h are "s examples3--,he 0 s tall 8 head t\*$ ! cl\ds4 ,he 0 z ?9 z a pok]4 ,he 0 s light t a brea? might h bl[n him away4 ,mo/ p are liable to ov]work ?is figure4 ,we are all m or less giv5 to exagg]ation & "s ( u d n /op !re1 b proce$ onw>d to falsehood & d[nright ly+4 ,!re %\ld be a limit to hyp]bole1 & 9 ord9>y spee* & writ+ x %\ld be well qualifi$ & kept )9 reasonable b\nds4 ,an ,apo/rophe 7f ! ,greek apo1 f1 & /rephe91 to turn71 is a direct address to ! abs5t z pres5t1 to ! inanimate z liv+1 or to ! ab/ract z p]sonal4 ,?us3 ,o1 illu/ri\s ,wa%+ton6 ,fa!r ( our ,c\ntry6 ,c\ld y visit u n[6 ,my ,c\ntry tis ( !e-- ,sweet l& ( lib]ty1 ,( !e ,i s+4 ,o6 ,grave1 :]e is ?y ,victory1 ,o6 ,dea? :]e is ?y /+6 ,?is figure is v closely alli$ to ,p]sonification4 ,vision 7f ! ,lat9 vid]e1 to see7 consi/s 9 treat+ ! pa/1 ! future1 or ! remote z if pres5t 9 "t or place4 ,x is appropriate to animat$ description1 z x produces ! effect ( an ideal pres5ce4 ,! old w>rior looks d[n f ! canvas & tells u to be m5 wor?y ( our sires4 ,?is figure is mu* exemplifi$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! book ( ,revelation is a vision ( ! future4 ,! au?or :o uses ! figure mo/ is ,c>lyle4 ,an ,anti!sis 7f ! ,greek anti1 aga9/1 & ti!nai1 to set7 is f\nd$ on contra/2 x consi/s 9 putt+ two unlike ?+s 9 su* a position t ea* w appe> m /rik+ by ! contra/4 ,r+ out ! old1 r+ 9 ! new1 ,r+ out ! false1 r+ 9 ! true4 ,let u be fri5ds 9 peace1 b enemies 9 w>4 ,"h is a f9e anti!sis 9 ! description ( a /eam eng9e--,x c engrave a seal & cru% masses ( obdurate metal be=e x2 draw out1 )\t break+1 a ?read z f9e z a gossam]2 & lift up a %ip ( w> l a bauble 9 ! air2 x c embroid] musl9 & =ge an*ors2 cut /eel into rib&s1 & impel load$ vessels aga9/ ! fury ( w9ds & waves4 ,climax 7f ! ,greek1 klimax1 a ladd]71 is an arrangem5t ( ?\ghts & ideas 9 a s]ies1 ea* "p ( :i* gets /rong] & m impressive until ! la/ "o1 :i* emphasizes ! =ce ( all ! prec$+ ones4 ,he risk$ tru?1 he risk$ honor1 he risk$ fame1 he risk$ all t m5 hold de>1--yea1 he risk$ life itself1 & = :at8--= a creature :o 0 n wor?y to tie 8 %oe-lat*ets :5 he 0 8 bett] self4 ,epigram 7f ! ,greek epi1 ^u1 & graphe91 to write71 orig9ally meant an inscription on a monum5t1 h5ce x came to signify any po9t$ expression4 ,x n[ means a /atem5t or any brief say+ 9 prose or poetry 9 :i* !re is an app>5t contradiction2 z1 ,conspicu\s = 8 abs5ce4 ,beauty :5 unadorn$ is mo/ adorn$4 ,he 0 too fooli% to commit folly4 ,he 0 s weal?y t he c\ld n sp>e ! money4 ,int]rogation 7f ! ,lat9 int]rogatio1 a "q71 is a figure ( spee* 9 :i* an ass]tion is made by ask+ a "q2 z1 ,does ,god n %[ ju/ice to all8 ,is he n do+ "r 9 8 c\rse8 ,:at c a man d "u ! circum/ances8 ,irony 7f ! ,greek eironcia1 dissimulation7 is a =m ( expression 9 :i* ! opposite is sub/itut$ = :at is int5d$1 ) ! end 9 view1 t ! falsity or absurdity may be app>5t2 z1 ,b5$ict ,arnold 0 an honorable man4 ,a ,judas ,isc>iot nev] betrays a fri5d4 ,y c always dep5d ^u ! ^w ( a li>4 ,irony is c\s9 g]ma9 to ridicule1 d]ision1 mock]y1 satire & s>casm4 ,ridicule implies laught] m+l$ ) contempt2 d]ision is ridicule f a p]sonal feel+ ( ho/ility2 mock]y is insult+ d]ision2 satire is witty mock]y2 s>casm is bitt] satire & irony is disguis$ satire4 ,!re are _m o!r figures ( spee* :i* give piquancy to language & play ^u words 9 su* a way z to convey a mean+ diff]5t f _! ord9>y signification 9 common e-day spee* & writ+4 ,! gold5 rule = all is to keep !m 9 h>mony ) ! "* & purpose ( spee* & composition4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,punctuation ,pr9cipal ,po9ts--,illu/rations--,capital ,lett]s4 ,l9dley ,murray & ,goold ,br[n laid d[n ca/-iron rules = punctuation1 b mo/ ( !m h be5 brok5 long s9ce & ?r[n into ! junk-heap ( disuse4 ,!y 7 too rigid1 too /rict1 w5t s mu* into m9utiae1 t !y 7 m or less impractical to apply to ord9>y composition4 ,! mann] ( language1 ( /yle & ( expression has consid]ably *ang$ s9ce !n1 ! old ab/ruse complex s5t5ce ) its hidd5 mean+s has be5 relegat$ to ! %ade1 !re is little ( prolixity or long-drawn-out phrases1 ambiguity ( expression is avoid$ & ! aim is t[>d t]s5ess1 brevity & cle>ness4 ,!re=e1 punctuation has be5 greatly simplifi$1 to su* an ext5t inde$1 t x is n[ z mu* a matt] ( good ta/e & judgm5t z adh]5ce to any fix$ set ( rules4 ,nev]!less !re are laws gov]n+ x :i* _c be abrogat$1 _! pr9ciples mu/ be rigidly & inviolably obs]v$4 ,! *ief end ( punctuation is to m>k ! grammatical connection & ! dep5d5ce ( ! p>ts ( a composition1 b n ! actual pauses made 9 speak+4 ,v (t5 ! po9ts us$ to d5ote ! deliv]y ( a passage diff] f ^? us$ :5 ! passage is writt54 ,nev]!less1 sev]al ( ! punctuation m>ks s]ve to br+ out ! rhetorical =ce ( expression4 ,! pr9cipal m>ks ( punctuation are3 #a4 ,! ,comma 1 #b4 ,! ,semicolon 2 #c4 ,! ,colon 3 #d4 ,! ,p]iod 4 #e4 ,! ,int]rogation 8 #f4 ,! ,exclamation 6 #g4 ,! ,da% -- #h4 ,! ,p>5!sis 77 #i4 ,! ,quotation ,!re are sev]al o!r po9ts or m>ks to indicate v>i\s relations1 b prop]ly speak+ su* come "u ! head+ ( ,pr9t]'s ,m>ks1 "s ( :i* are treat$ else:]e4 ,( ! above1 ! fir/ f\r may be /yl$ ! grammatical po9ts1 & ! rema9+ five1 ! rhetorical po9ts4 ,! ,comma3 ,! (fice ( ! ,comma is to %[ ! slighte/ sep>ation :i* calls = punctuation at all4 ,x %\ld be omitt$ :5ev] possible4 ,x is us$ to m>k ! lea/ divisions ( a s5t5ce4 7#a7 ,a s]ies ( words or phrases has its p>ts sep>at$ by commas3-- ,ly+1 trick]y1 *ican]y1 p]jury1 7 natural to him4 ,! brave1 d>+1 fai?ful soldi] di$ fac+ ! foe4 ,if ! s]ies is 9 pairs1 commas sep>ate ! pairs3 ,ri* & poor1 le>n$ & unle>n$1 black & :ite1 ,*ri/ian & ,jew1 ,mohamm$an & ,buddhi/ mu/ pass ?r\gh ! same gate4 7#b7 ,a comma is us$ be=e a %ort quotation3 ,x 0 ,patrick ,h5ry :o said1 ',give me lib]ty or give me dea?4' 7#c7 ,:5 ! subject ( ! s5t5ce is a clause or a long phrase1 a comma is us$ aft] su* subject3 ,t he has no rev]5ce = ! ,god ,i love1 proves 8 ins9c]ity4 ,simulat$ piety1 ) a black coat & a sanctimoni\s look1 does n proclaim a ,*ri/ian4 7#d7 ,an expression us$ p>5!tically %\ld be inclos$ by commas3 ,! old man1 z a g5]al rule1 takes a morn+ walk4 7#e7 ,words 9 apposition are set (f by commas3 ,mc,kinley1 ! ,presid5t1 0 assass9at$4 7#f7 ,relative clauses1 if n re/rictive1 require commas3 ,! book1 :i* is ! simple/1 is (t5 ! mo/ pr(\nd4 7#g7 ,9 cont9u$ s5t5ces ea* %\ld be foll[$ by a comma3 ,electricity lights our dwell+s & /reets1 pulls c>s1 tra9s1 drives ! eng9es ( our mills & factories4 7#h7 ,:5 a v]b is omitt$ a comma takes its place3 ,l9coln 0 a great /atesman2 ,grant1 a great soldi]4 7#i7 ,! subject ( address is foll[$ by a comma3 ,john1 y are a good man4 7#aj7 ,9 num]ation1 commas are us$ to express p]iods ( ?ree figures3 ,m\nta9s #be1jjj feet high2 #a1jjj1jjj doll>s4 ,! ,semicolon m>ks a slight] connection ?an ! comma4 ,x is g5]ally conf9$ to sep>at+ ! p>ts ( comp\nd s5t5ces4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 contra/s3 7#a7 ,glad/one 0 great z a /atesman2 he 0 sublime z a man4 7#b7 ,! ,semicolon is us$ betwe5 ! p>ts ( all comp\nd s5t5ces 9 :i* ! grammatical subject ( ! second "p is diff]5t f t ( ! fir/3 ,! p[] ( ,engl& relies ^u ! wisdom ( h] /atesm52 ! p[] ( ,am]ica ^u ! /r5g? ( h] army & navy4 7#d7 ,! ,semicolon is us$ be=e words & abbreviations :i* introduce p>ticul>s or specifications foll[+ aft]1 su* z1 namely1 z1 e4g41 vid41 i4e41 etc43 ,he _h ?ree defects2 namely1 c>elessness1 lack ( conc5tration & ob/9acy 9 8 ideas4 ,an isl& is a portion ( l& entirely surr\nd$ by wat]2 z ,cuba4 ,! names ( cities %\ld always comm5ce ) a capital lett]2 e4g41 ,new ,york1 ,p>is4 ,! boy 0 pr(ici5t 9 "o bran*2 viz41 ,ma!matics4 ,no man is p]fect2 i4e41 free f all blemi%4 ,! ,colon except 9 conv5tional uses is practically obsolete4 7#a7 ,x is g5]ally put at ! end ( a s5t5ce introduc+ a long quotation3 ,! *e]s hav+ subsid$1 ,mr4 ,bryan spoke z foll[s3 7#b7 ,x is plac$ be=e an explanation or illu/ration ( ! subject "u consid]ation3 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! t]m3 7#c7 ,a direct quotation =mally introduc$ is g5]ally prec$$ by a colon3 ,! great orator made ?is funny rem>k3 7#d7 ,! colon is (t5 us$ 9 ! title ( books :5 ! second>y or subtitle is 9 apposition to ! lead+ "o & :5 ! conjunction or is omitt$3 ,ac\/ics3 ! ,sci5ce ( ,s\nd4 7#e7 ,x is us$ aft] ! salutation 9 ! beg9n+ ( lett]s3 ,sir3 ,my de> ,sir3 ,g5tlem53 ,de> ,mr4 ,jones3 etc4 ,9 ?is connection a da% v (t5 foll[s ! colon4 7#f7 ,x is sometimes us$ to introduce details ( a gr\p ( ?+s already ref]r$ to 9 ! mass3 ,! boy's excuses = be+ late 73 fir/ly1 he did n "k ! "t1 secondly1 he 0 s5t on an err&1 ?irdly1 he tripp$ on a rock & fell by ! wayside4 ,! ,p]iod is ! simple/ punctuation m>k4 ,x is simply us$ to m>k ! end ( a complete s5t5ce t is nei!r int]rogative nor exclamatory4 7#a7 ,aft] e s5t5ce convey+ a complete mean+3 ,birds fly4 ,plants gr[4 ,man is mortal4 7#b7 ,9 abbreviations3 aft] e abbreviat$ ^w3 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,c4 ,alex&]1 ,d4,d41 ,l4,l4,d4 7#c7 ,a p]iod is us$ on ! title pages ( books aft] ! "n ( ! book1 aft] ! au?or's "n1 aft] ! publi%]'s impr9t3 ,am]ican ,trails4 ,by ,!odore ,roosevelt4 ,new ,york4 ,scribn] ,company4 ,! ,m>k ( ,int]rogation is us$ to ask or sugge/ a "q4 7#a7 ,e "q admitt+ ( an answ]1 ev5 :5 x is n expect$1 %\ld be foll[$ by ! m>k ( int]rogation3 ,:o has n he>d ( ,napoleon8 7#b7 ,:5 sev]al que/ions h a common dep5d5ce !y %\ld be foll[$ by "o m>k ( int]rogation at ! end ( ! s]ies3 ,:]e n[ are ! play?+s & fri5ds ( my boyhood2 ! laugh+ boys2 ! w9some girls2 ! fond neighbors :om ,i lov$8 7#c7 ,! m>k is (t5 us$ p>5!tically to sugge/ d\bt3 ,9 #ahic 787 ,glad/one became conv]t$ to ,home ,rule = ,irel&4 ,! ,exclamation po9t %\ld be sp>+ly us$1 p>ticul>ly 9 prose4 ,its *ief use is to d5ote emotion ( "s k9d4 7#a7 ,x is g5]ally employ$ ) int]jections or clauses us$ z int]jections3 ,alas6 ,i am =sak54 ,:at a lovely l&scape6 7#b7 ,expressions ( /rong emotion call = ! exclamation3 ,*>ge1 ,*e/]1 *>ge6 ,on1 ,/anley1 on6 7#c7 ,:5 ! emotion is v /rong d\ble exclamation po9ts may be us$3 ,assi/ him66 ,i w\ld r assi/ ,satan66 ,! ,da% is g5]ally conf9$ to cases :]e !re is a sudd5 break f ! g5]al run ( ! passage4 ,( all ! punctuation m>ks x is ! mo/ misus$4 7#a7 ,x is employ$ to d5ote sudd5 *ange 9 ! con/ruction or s5tim5t3 ,! ,h]oes ( ! ,civil ,w>1--h[ we *]i% !m4 ,he 0 a f9e fell[--9 8 own op9ion4 7#b7 ,:5 a ^w or expression is repeat$ = oratorical effect1 a da% is us$ to introduce ! repetition3 ,%akespe>e 0 ! greate/ ( all poets--,%akespe>e1 ! intellectual ocean ^: waves wa%$ ! cont95ts ( all ?\ght4 7#c7 ,! ,da% is us$ to indicate a conclusion )\t express+ x3 ,he is an excell5t man b-- 7#d7 ,x is us$ to indicate :at is n expect$ or :at is n ! natural outcome ( :at has gone be=e3 ,he delv$ deep into ! b[els ( ! e>? & f\nd in/ead ( ! hidd5 treasure--a button4 7#e7 ,x is us$ to d5ote ! omission ( lett]s or figures3 ,j--n ,j--s = ,john ,jones2 #aijh-i = #aijh & #aiji2 ,mat!w ,,vii3#e-h = ,mat!w ,,vii3#e1 #f1 #g1 & #h4 7#f7 ,:5 an ellipsis ( ! words1 namely1 t is1 to wit1 etc41 takes place1 ! da% is us$ to supply !m3 ,he excell$ 9 ?ree bran*es-- ari?metic1 algebra1 & geometry4 7#g7 ,a da% is us$ to d5ote ! omission ( "p ( a ^w :5 x is undesirable to write ! full ^w3 ,he is some:at ( a r----l 7rascal74 ,?is is especially ! case 9 pr(ane words4 7#h7 ,betwe5 a citation & ! au?ority = x !re is g5]ally a da%3 ,all ! _w's a /age4--,%akespe>e4 7#i7 ,:5 que/ions & answ]s are put 9 ! same p>agraph !y %\ld be sep>at$ by da%es3 ,are y a good boy8 ,yes1 ,sir4--,d y love /udy8 ,i d4 ,m>ks ( ,p>5!sis are us$ to sep>ate expressions ins]t$ 9 ! body ( a s5t5ce1 :i* are illu/rative ( ! mean+1 b h no ess5tial connection ) ! s5t5ce1 & c\ld be done )\t4 ,!y %\ld be us$ z little z possible = !y %[ t some?+ is be+ br\ght into a s5t5ce t does n belong to x4 7#a7 ,:5 ! unity ( a s5t5ce is brok5 ! words caus+ ! break %\ld be enclos$ 9 p>5!sis3 ,we _c believe a li> 7& ,jones is "o71 ev5 :5 he speaks ! tru?4 7#b7 ,9 reports ( spee*es m>ks ( p>5!sis are us$ to d5ote int]polations ( approval or disapproval by ! audi5ce3 ,! masses mu/ n submit to ! tyranny ( ! classes 7he>1 he>71 we mu/ %[ ! tru/ magnates 7groans71 t !y _c ride r\gh-%od ov] our de>e/ rights 7*e]s72 ,if ! g5tleman f ,ohio 7,mr4 ,br[n71 w n be our spokesman1 we mu/ select ano!r4 7,a voice1--,get ,rob9son74 ,:5 a p>5!sis is ins]t$ 9 ! s5t5ce :]e no comma is requir$1 no po9t %\ld be us$ be=e ei!r p>5!sis4 ,:5 ins]t$ at a place requir+ a comma1 if ! p>5!tical matt] relates to ! :ole s5t5ce1 a comma %\ld be us$ be=e ea* p>5!sis2 if x relates to a s+le ^w1 or %ort clause1 no /op %\ld come be=e x1 b a comma %\ld be put aft] ! clos+ p>5!sis4 ,! ,quotation m>ks are us$ to %[ t ! words enclos$ by !m are borr[$4 7#a7 ,a direct quotation %\ld be enclos$ )9 ! quotation m>ks3 ,abraham ,l9coln said1--,i %all make ?is l& too hot = ! feet ( slaves4 7#b7 ,:5 a quotation is embrac$ )9 ano!r1 ! conta9$ quotation has only s+le m>ks3 ,frankl9 said1 ,mo/ m5 come to believe 'hone/y is ! be/ policy4' 7#c7 ,:5 a quotation consi/s ( sev]al p>agraphs ! quotation m>ks %\ld prec$e ea* p>agraph4 7#d7 ,titles ( books1 pictures & newspap]s :5 =mally giv5 are quot$4 7#e7 ,(t5 ! names ( %ips are quot$ ?\gh !re is no occasion = x4 ,! ,apo/rophe %\ld come "u ! comma r ?an "u ! quotation m>ks or d\ble comma4 ,! ^w is ,greek & signifies a turn+ away f4 ,! lett] elid$ or turn$ away is g5]ally an e4 ,9 poetry & famili> dialogue ! apo/rophe m>ks ! elision ( a syllable1 z ,i've = ,i h2 ,?\'rt = ?\ art2 y'll = y w1 etc4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to abbreviate a ^w by leav+ out sev]al lett]s4 ,9 su* case ! apo/rophe takes ! place ( ! omitt$ lett]s z cont'd = cont9u$4 ,! apo/rophe is us$ to d5ote ! elision ( ! c5tury 9 dates1 :]e ! c5tury is und]/ood or to save ! repetition ( a s]ies ( figures1 z ,! ,_s ( '#gf2 ,i s]v$ 9 ! army dur+ ! ye>s #ahie1 '#if1 '#ig1 '#ih & '#ii4 ,! pr9cipal use ( ! apo/rophe is to d5ote ! possessive case4 ,all n\ns 9 ! s+ul> numb] :e!r prop] names or n1 & all n\ns 9 ! plural end+ ) any o!r lett] ?an s1 =m ! possessive by ! addition ( ! apo/rophe & ! lett] s4 ,! only exceptions to ?is rule are1 t1 by poetical lic5se ! additional s may be elid$ 9 poetry = sake ( ! metre1 & 9 ! scriptural phrases ,= goodness' sake4 ,= consci5ce' sake1 ,= ,jesus' sake1 etc4 ,cu/om has done away ) ! s & ^! phrases are n[ idioms ( ! language4 ,all plural n\ns end+ 9 s =m ! possessive by ! addition ( ! apo/rophe only z boys'1 horses'4 ,! possessive case ( ! p]sonal pron\ns nev] take ! apo/rophe1 z ours1 y\rs1 h]s1 !irs4 ,,capital ,,lett]s ,capital lett]s are us$ to give emphasis to or call att5tion to c]ta9 words to di/+ui% !m f ! context4 ,9 manuscripts !y may be writt5 small or l>ge & are indicat$ by l9es drawn und]nea?1 two l9es = ,,small ,,capitals & ?ree l9es = ,,capitals4 ,"s au?ors1 notably ,c>lyle1 make su* use ( ,capitals t x deg5]ates into an abuse4 ,!y %\ld only be us$ 9 _! prop] places z giv5 9 ! table bel[4 7#a7 ,! fir/ ^w ( e s5t5ce1 9 fact ! fir/ ^w 9 writ+ ( any k9d %\ld beg9 ) a capital2 z1 ,"t flies4 ,my de> fri5d4 7#b7 ,e direct quotation %\ld beg9 ) a capital2 ,dewey said1-- ',fire1 :5 y're ready1 ,gridley6' 7#c7 ,e direct "q comm5ces ) a capital2 ,let me ask y2 ',h[ old are y8' 7#d7 ,e l9e ( poetry beg9s ) a capital2 ,brea!s !re a man ) s\l s dead8 7#e7 ,e numb]$ clause calls = a capital3 ,! witness ass]ts3 7#a7 ,t he saw ! man attack$2 7#b7 ,t he saw him fall2 7#c7 ,t he saw 8 assailant flee4 7#f7 ,! head+s ( essays & *apt]s %\ld be :olly 9 capitals2 z1 ,,*apt] ,,viii--,,rules ,,= ,,use ,,( ,,capitals4 7#g7 ,9 ! titles ( books1 n\ns1 pron\ns1 adjectives & adv]bs %\ld beg9 ) a capital2 z1 ,johnson's ,lives ( ! ,poets4 7#h7 ,9 ! ,roman notation numb]s are d5ot$ by capitals2 z1 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,v ,x ,l ,c ,d ,m--#a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #aj1 #ej1 #ajj1 #ejj1 #ajjj4 7#i7 ,prop] names beg9 ) a capital2 z1 ,jones1 ,johnson1 ,caes>1 ,m>k ,antony1 ,engl&1 ,pacific1 ,*ri/mas4 ,su* words z riv]1 sea1 m\nta91 etc41 :5 us$ g5]ally are common1 n prop] n\ns1 & require no capital4 ,b :5 su* are us$ ) an adjective or adjunct to specify a p>ticul> object !y become prop] names1 & !re=e require a capital2 z1 ,mississippi ,riv]1 ,nor? ,sea1 ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 etc4 ,9 l mann] ! c>d9al po9ts nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/1 :5 !y are us$ to di/+ui% regions ( a c\ntry are capitals2 z1 ,! ,nor? f\ght aga9/ ! ,s\?4 ,:5 a prop] "n is comp\nd$ ) ano!r ^w1 ! "p :i* is n a prop] "n beg9s ) a capital if x prec$es1 b ) a small lett] if x foll[s1 ! hyph52 z ,po/-hom]ic1 ,sunday-s*ool4 7#aj7 ,words d]iv$ f prop] names require a ,capital2 z1 ,am]ican1 ,iri%1 ,*ri/ian1 ,am]icanize1 ,*ri/ianize4 ,9 ?is connection ! names ( political p>ties1 religi\s sects & s*ools ( ?\ght beg9 ) capitals2 z1 ,republican1 ,democrat1 ,:ig1 ,ca?olic1 ,presbyt]ian1 ,rationali/s1 ,free ,?9k]s4 7#aa7 ,! titles ( honorable1 /ate & political (fices beg9 ) a capital2 z1 ,presid5t1 ,*airman1 ,gov]nor1 ,ald]man4 7#ab7 ,! abbreviations ( le>n$ titles & college degrees call = capitals2 z1 ,,ll4,d41 ,m4,a41 ,b4,s41 etc4 ,also ! seats ( le>n+ conf]r+ su* degrees z1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,manhattan ,college1 etc4 7#ac7 ,:5 su* relative words z fa!r1 "m1 bro!r1 si/]1 uncle1 aunt1 etc41 prec$e a prop] "n1 !y are writt5 & pr9t$ ) capitals2 z1 ,fa!r ,abraham1 ,"m ,eddy1 ,bro!r ,john1 ,si/] ,jane1 ,uncle ,jacob1 ,aunt ,eliza4 ,fa!r1 :5 us$ to d5ote ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]1 is begun ) a capital2 ,augu/9e 0 "o ( ! le>n$ ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 7#ad7 ,! names appli$ to ! ,supreme ,be+ beg9 ) capitals3 ,god1 ,"l1 ,creator1 ,provid5ce1 ,almighty1 ,! ,deity1 ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 ,holy ,"o4 ,9 ?is respect ! names appli$ to ! ,savi\r also require capitals3 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,son ( ,god1 ,man ( ,galilee1 ,! ,crucifi$1 ,! ,ano9t$ ,"o4 ,also ! designations ( ,biblical *>act]s z ,lily ( ,israel1 ,rose ( ,%>on1 ,com=tress ( ! ,afflict$1 ,help ( ,*ri/ians1 ,pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les1 ,/> ( ! ,sea1 etc4 ,pron\ns ref]r+ to ,god & ,*ri/ take capitals2 z1 ,8 "w1 ,! "w ( ,him1 etc4 7#ae7 ,expressions us$ to designate ! ,bible or any p>ticul> division ( x beg9 ) a capital2 z1 ,holy ,writ1 ,! ,sacr$ ,book1 ,holy ,book1 ,god's ,^w1 ,old ,te/am5t1 ,new ,te/am5t1 ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,sev5 ,p5it5tial ,psalms4 7#af7 ,expressions bas$ ^u ! ,bible or 9 ref]5ce to ,biblical *>act]s beg9 ) a capital3 ,wat] ( ,life1 ,hope ( ,m51 ,help ( ,*ri/ians1 ,sc\rge ( ,nations4 7#ag7 ,! names appli$ to ! ,evil ,"o require capitals3 ,beelzebub1 ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness1 ,satan1 ,k+ ( ,hell1 ,devil1 ,inc>nate ,fi5d1 ,tempt] ( ,m51 ,fa!r ( ,lies1 ,hat] ( ,good4 7#ah7 ,words ( v special importance1 especially ^? :i* /& out z ! names ( lead+ ev5ts 9 hi/ory1 h capitals2 z1 ,! ,revolution1 ,! ,civil ,w>1 ,! ,middle ,ages1 ,! ,age ( ,iron1 etc4 7#ai7 ,t]ms :i* ref] to great ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race require capitals2 ,! ,flood1 ,magna ,*>ta1 ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 7#bj7 ,! names ( ! days ( ! week & ! mon?s ( ! ye> & ! seasons are comm5c$ ) capitals3 ,monday1 ,m>*1 ,autumn4 7#ba7 ,! ,pron\n ,i & ! int]jection ,o always require ! use ( capitals4 ,9 fact all ! int]jections :5 utt]$ z exclamations comm5ce ) capitals3 ,alas6 he is gone4 ,ah6 ,i piti$ him4 7#bb7 ,all noms-de-gu]re1 assum$ names1 z well z names giv5 = di/9ction1 call = capitals1 z1 ,! ,wiz>d ( ! ,nor?1 ,paul ,pry1 ,! ,nor!rn ,gael1 ,s&y ,s&]son1 ,poor ,rob91 etc4 7#bc7 ,9 p]sonification1 t is1 :5 inanimate ?+s are repres5t$ z end[$ ) life & action1 ! n\n or object p]sonifi$ beg9s ) a capital2 z1 ,! />ry ,night %ook ! dews f h] w+s4 ,mild-ey$ ,day appe>$1 ,! ,oak said to ! ,bee*--',i am /rong] ?an y4' ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,lett] ,,writ+ ,pr9ciples ( ,lett]-,writ+--,=ms--,notes ,_m p seem to reg>d lett]-writ+ z a v simple & easily acquir$ bran*1 b on ! contr>y x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult =ms ( composition & requires mu* pati5ce & labor to ma/] its details4 ,9 fact !re are v few p]fect lett]-writ]s 9 ! language4 ,x con/itutes ! direct =m ( spee* & may be call$ conv]sation at a di/ance4 ,its =ms are s v>i$ by e conceivable topic writt5 at all times by all k9ds ( p]sons 9 all k9ds ( moods & temp]s & address$ to all k9ds ( p]sons ( v>y+ degrees 9 society & ( diff]5t pursuits 9 life1 t no fix$ rules c be laid d[n to regulate its l5g?1 /yle or subject matt]4 ,only g5]al sugge/ions c be made 9 reg>d to scope & purpose1 & ! =ms ( indict+ set =? :i* cu/om & prec$5t h sanction$4 ,! pr9ciples ( lett]-writ+ %\ld be und]/ood by ev]ybody :o has any k ( writt5 language1 = almo/ ev]ybody at "s "t or o!r has necessity to address "s fri5d or acqua9tance at a di/ance1 :]eas comp>atively few are call$ ^u to direct _! ef=ts t[>ds any o!r k9d ( composition4 ,=m]ly ! illit]ate c\ntryman1 :5 he _h occasion to communicate ) fri5ds or relations1 call$ 9 ! p]ipatetic s*oolma/] z 8 amanu5sis1 b ?is _h "o draw-back1--secrets _h to be p\r$ into an e> o!r ?an t = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 & (t5 ! confid5ce 0 betray$4 ,n[1 t education is abroad 9 ! l&1 !re is seldom any occasion = any p]son to call ^u ! s]vice ( ano!r to compose & write a p]sonal lett]4 ,v few n[-a-days are s grossly illit]ate z n to be able to read & write4 ,no matt] h[ crude 8 ef=t may be x is bett] = any "o to write 8 own lett]s ?an tru/ to ano!r4 ,ev5 if he %\ld comm5ce1--de] fr51 i lift up my p5 to let ye no t i hove be5 sik = ! pa/ #c weeks1 hopp+ ?is w f9dye ! same1 8 spell+ & con/ruction c be excus$ 9 view ( ! fact t 8 int5tion is good1 & t he is do+ 8 be/ to s]ve 8 own turn )\t dep5d+ ^u o!rs4 ,! nature1 sub/ance & tone ( any lett] dep5d ^u ! occasion t calls x =?1 ^u ! p]son writ+ x & ^u ! p]son = :om x is int5d$4 ,:e!r x %\ld be easy or =mal 9 /yle1 pla9 or ornate1 light or s]i\s1 gay or grave1 s5tim5tal or matt]-(-fact dep5d ^u ^! ?ree circum/ances4 ,9 lett] writ+ ! fir/ & mo/ important requisites are to be natural & simple2 !re %\ld be no /ra9+ aft] effect1 b simply a spontane\s out-p\r+ ( ?\ghts & ideas z !y naturally occur to ! writ]4 ,we are repell$ by a p]son :o is /iff & labor$ 9 8 conv]sation & 9 ! same way ! /iff & labor$ lett] bores ! read]4 ,:]eas if x is light & 9 a conv]sational ve9 x imm$iately engages 8 att5tion4 ,! lett] :i* is writt5 ) ! greate/ facility is ! be/ k9d ( lett] because x naturally expresses :at is 9 ! writ]1 he has n to se>* = 8 words1 !y fl[ 9 a p]fect unison ) ! ideas he desires to communicate4 ,:5 y write to y\r fri5d ,john ,br[ne to tell him h[ y sp5t ,sunday y h n to look ar\nd = ! words1 or /udy set phrases ) a view to please or impress ,br[ne1 y j tell him ! same z if he 7 pres5t be=e y1 h[ y sp5t ! day1 :]e y 71 ) :om y associat$ & ! *ief incid5ts t occurr$ dur+ ! "t4 ,?us1 y write natural & x is su* writ+ t is adapt$ to epi/ol>y correspond5ce4 ,!re are diff]5t k9ds ( lett]s1 ea* call+ = a diff]5t /yle ( address & composition1 nev]!less ! natural key %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 all1 t is to say1 ! writ] %\ld nev] attempt to convey an impression t he is o!r ?an :at he is4 ,x w\ld be silly z well z va9 = ! common /reet labor] ( a limit$ education to try to put on lit]>y airs & emulate a college pr(essor2 he may h z good a bra91 b x is n z well develop$ by education1 & he lacks ! poli% :i* society conf]s4 ,:5 writ+ a lett] ! /reet labor] %\ld be> 9 m9d t only ! lett] ( a /reet-labor] is expect$ f him1 no matt] to :om 8 communication may be address$ & t nei!r ! gramm> nor ! diction ( a ,*e/]field or ,glad/one is look$ = 9 8 language4 ,/ill ! writ] %\ld keep 9 m9d ! p]son to :om he is writ+4 ,if x is to an ,ar*bi%op or "s o!r great dignit>y ( ,*ur* or /ate x c]ta9ly %\ld be c\*$ 9 t]ms diff]5t f ^? he uses to ,john ,br[ne1 8 intimate fri5d4 ,j z he _c say ,de> ,john to an ,ar*bi%op1 no m c he address him 9 ! famili> words he uses to 8 fri5d ( ev]yday acqua9tance & companion%ip4 ,yet !re is no great le>n+ requir$ to write to an ,ar*bi%op1 no m ?an to an ord9>y individual4 ,all ! labor] ne$s to "k is ! =m ( address & h[ to prop]ly utilize 8 limit$ vocabul>y to ! be/ advantage4 ,"h is ! =m = su* a lett]3 #ag ,second ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,janu>y #a/1 #aiaj4 ,mo/ ,rev4 ,p4 ,a4 ,jordan1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,new ,york4 ,mo/ ,rev4 & de> ,sir3-- ,:ile sweep+ ! cross+ at ,fif? ,av5ue & #ej? /reet on la/ ,w$nesday morn+1 ,i f\nd ! enclos$ ,fifty ,doll> ,bill1 :i* ,i am s5d+ to y 9 ! hope t x may be re/or$ to ! rightful own]4 ,i beg y w ackn[l$ge receipt & %\ld ! own] be f\nd ,i tru/ y w notify me1 s t ,i may claim "s rew>d = my hone/y4 ,i am1 ,mo/ ,rev4 & de> ,sir1 ,v respectfully y\rs1 ,?omas ,jones4 ,obs]ve ! brevity ( ! lett]4 ,jones makes no sugge/ions to ! ,ar*bi%op h[ to f9d ! own]1 = he kn[s ! c\rse ! ,ar*bi%op w adopt1 ( hav+ ! f9d+ ( ! bill ann\nc$ f ! ,*ur* pulpits4 ,c\ld ,jones himself f9d ! own] !re w\ld be no occasion to apply to ! ,ar*bi%op4 ,?is lett]1 x is true1 is diff]5t f t :i* he w\ld s5d to ,br[ne4 ,nev]!less x is simple )\t be+ famili>1 is j a pla9 /atem5t1 & is z mu* to ! po9t = its purpose z if x 7 g>ni%$ ) rhetoric & words ( le>n$ l5g? & ?und]+ s\nd4 ,lett]s may be divid$ into ^? ( fri5d%ip1 acqua9tance%ip1 ^? ( bus9ess relations1 ^? writt5 9 an (ficial capacity by public s]vants1 ^? design$ to tea*1 & ^? :i* give acc\nts ( ! daily happ5+s on ! /age ( life1 9 o!r words1 news lett]s4 ,lett]s ( fri5d%ip are ! mo/ common & _! /yle & =m dep5d ^u ! degree ( relation%ip & intimacy exi/+ betwe5 ! writ]s & ^? address$4 ,betwe5 relatives & intimate fri5ds ! beg9n+ & end may be 9 ! mo/ famili> =m ( conv]sation1 ei!r affectionate or playful4 ,!y %\ld1 h[ev]1 nev] ov]/ep ! b\nd>ies ( dec5cy & propriety1 = x is well to rememb] t1 unlike conv]sation1 :i* only is he>d by ! e>s = :i* x is int5d$1 writt5 words may come "u eyes o!r ?an ^? = :om !y 7 design$4 ,!re=e1 x is well nev] to write any?+ :i* ! _w may n read )\t detrim5t to y\r "* or y\r in/9cts4 ,y c be joyful1 playful1 jocose1 give v5t to y\r feel+s1 b nev] /oop to l[ language &1 above all1 to language savor+ 9 ! slighte/ degree ( moral impropriety4 ,bus9ess lett]s are ( ! utmo/ importance on acc\nt ( ! int]e/s involv$4 ,! bus9ess "* ( a man or ( a firm is (t5 judg$ by ! correspond5ce4 ,on _m occasions lett]s in/ead ( develop+ trade & bus9ess int]e/s & ga9+ cli5tele1 pr$ispose p unfavorably t[>ds ^? :om !y are design$ to b5efit4 ,ambigu\s1 slip-%od language is a detrim5t to success4 ,bus9ess lett]s %\ld be cle>1 concise1 to ! po9t &1 above all1 hone/1 giv+ no wrong impressions or hold+ out any inducem5ts t _c be fulfill$4 ,9 bus9ess lett]s1 j z 9 bus9ess conduct1 hone/y is always ! be/ policy4 ,(ficial lett]s are mo/ly always =mal4 ,!y %\ld possess cle>ness1 brevity & dignity ( tone to impress ! receiv]s ) ! prop] respect = ! national laws & in/itutions4 ,lett]s design$ to tea* or didactic lett]s are 9 a class all by !mselves4 ,!y are simply lit]ature 9 ! =m ( lett]s & are employ$ by "s ( ! be/ writ]s to give _! ?\ghts & ideas a great] emphasis4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s example ( ?is k9d ( composition is ! book on ,etiquette by ,"l ,*e/]field1 :i* took ! =m ( a s]ies ( lett]s to 8 son4 ,news lett]s are acc\nts ( _w happ5+s & descriptions ( c]emonies & ev5ts s5t into ! newspap]s4 ,"s ( ! be/ au?ors ( our "t are newspap] m5 :o write 9 an easy fl[+ /yle :i* is mo/ readable1 full ( humor & fancy & :i* c>ries "o along ) brea?less int]e/ f beg9n+ to end4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( a lett] are 7#a7 ! head+ or introduction2 7#b7 ! body or sub/ance ( ! lett]2 7#c7 ! subscription or clos+ expression & signature2 7#d7 ! address or direction on ! envelope4 ,= ! body ( a lett] no =ms or rules c be laid d[n z x altoge!r dep5ds on ! nature ( ! lett] & ! relation%ip betwe5 ! writ] & ! p]son address$4 ,!re are c]ta9 rules :i* gov]n ! o!r ?ree features & :i* cu/om has sanction$4 ,e "o %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ^! rules4 ,,! ,,head+ ,! ,head+ has ?ree p>ts1 viz41 ! "n ( ! place1 ! date ( writ+ & ! designation ( ! p]son or p]sons address$2 ?us3 #gc ,new ,/reet1 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 ,febru>y #a/1 #aiaj4 ,messr4 ,g9n & ,co41 ,new ,york ,g5tlem53 ,! "n ( ! place %\ld nev] be omitt$2 9 cities1 /reet & numb] %\ld always be giv51 & except :5 ! city is l>ge & v conspicu\s1 s t !re c be no "q z to its id5tity ) ano!r ( ! same or simil> "n1 ! abbreviation ( ! ,/ate %\ld be app5d$1 z 9 ! above1 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,!re is ano!r ,new>k 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio4 ,ow+ to failure to comply ) ?is rule _m lett]s g a/ray4 ,! date %\ld be on e lett]1 especially bus9ess lett]s4 ,! date %\ld nev] be put at ! bottom 9 a bus9ess lett]1 b 9 fri5dly lett]s ?is may be done4 ,! designation ( ! p]son or p]sons address$ diff]s accord+ to ! relations ( ! correspond5ts4 ,lett]s ( fri5d%ip may beg9 9 _m ways accord+ to ! degrees ( fri5d%ip or intimacy4 ,?us3 ,my de> ,wife3 ,my de> ,husb&3 ,my de> ,fri5d3 ,my d>l+ ,"m3 ,my de>e/ ,love3 ,de> ,aunt3 ,de> ,uncle3 ,de> ,george3 etc4 ,to m>k a less] degree ( intimacy su* =mal designations z ! foll[+ may be employ$3 ,de> ,sir3 ,my de> ,sir3 ,de> ,mr4 ,smi?3 ,de> ,madam3 etc4 ,= cl]gym5 :o h ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,div9ity1 ! designation is z foll[s3 ,rev4 ,alban ,johnson1 ,d4 ,d4 ,my de> ,sir3 or ,rev4 & de> ,sir3 or m famili>ly ,de> ,dr4 ,johnson3 ,bi%ops ( ! ,roman & ,anglican ,communions are address$ z ,"r ,rev]5d4 ,! ,rt4 ,rev41 ! ,bi%op ( ,long ,isl&4 or ,! ,rt4 ,rev4 ,fr$]ick ,burgess1 ,bi%op ( ,long ,isl&4 ,rt4 ,rev4 & de> ,sir3 ,ar*bi%ops ( ! ,roman ,*ur* are address$ z ,mo/ ,rev]5d & ,c>d9als z ,em95ce4 ,?us3 ,! ,mo/ ,rev4 ,ar*bi%op ,katz]4 ,mo/ ,rev4 & de> ,sir3 ,8 ,em95ce1 ,james ,c>d9al ,gibbons1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,baltimore4 ,may x please y\r ,em95ce3 ,! title ( ! ,gov]nor ( a ,/ate or t]ritory & ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ,excell5cy4 ,h[ev]1 ,honorable is m commonly appli$ to ,gov]nors3-- ,8 ,excell5cy1 ,william ,h[>d ,taft1 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sir3-- ,8 ,excell5cy1 ,*>les ,evans ,hughes1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,sir3-- ,honorable ,frankl9 ,=t1 ,gov]nor ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,sir3-- ,! g5]al salutation = ,(fic]s ( ! ,army & ,navy is ,sir4 ,! rank & /ation %\ld be indicat$ 9 full at ! head ( ! lett]1 ?us3 ,g5]al ,joseph ,?ompson1 ,comm&+ ! ,sev5? ,infantry4 ,sir3 ,re> ,admiral ,rob]t ,atk9son1 ,comm&+ ! ,atlantic ,squadron4 ,sir3 ,! title ( (fic]s ( ! ,civil ,gov]nm5t is ,honorable & !y are address$ z ,sir4 ,hon4 ,nelson ,duncan1 ,s5ator f ,ohio4 ,sir3 ,hon4 ,norman ,w+field1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,sir3 ,hon4 ,rup]t ,gre%am1 ,mayor ( ,new ,york4 ,sir3 ,presid5ts & ,pr(essors ( ,colleges & ,univ]sities are g5]ally address$ z ,sir or ,de> ,sir4 ,pr(essor ,f]guson ,j5ks1 ,presid5t ( 4444444444 ,univ]sity4 ,sir3 or ,de> ,sir3 ,presid5ts ( ,societies & ,associations are treat$ z bus9ess m5 & address$ z ,sir or ,de> ,sir4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,banks1 ,presid5t ( ! ,night ,owls4 ,de> ,sir3 or ,sir3 ,doctors ( ,m$ic9e are address$ z ,sir3 ,my de> ,sir3 ,de> ,sir3 & m famili>ly ,my de> ,dr3 or ,de> ,dr3 z ,ry]son ,pitk91 ,m4 ,d4 ,sir3 ,de> ,sir3 ,my de> ,dr3 ,ord9>y p ) no degrees or titles are address$ z ,mr4 & ,mrs4 & are design$ ,de> ,sir3 ,de> ,madam3 & an unm>ri$ woman ( any age is address$ on ! envelope z ,miss ,s-&-s1 b always design$ 9 ! lett] z ,de> ,madam3 ,! plural ( ,mr4 z 9 address+ a firm is ,messrs1 & ! correspond+ salutation is ,de> ,sirs3 or ,g5tlem53 ,9 ,engl& ,esq4 is us$ = ,mr4 z a m>k ( slight sup]iority & 9 ?is c\ntry x is sometimes us$1 b x is practically obsolete4 ,cu/om is aga9/ x & ,am]ican s5tim5t z well4 ,if x is us$ x %\ld be only appli$ to lawy]s & ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,,subscription ,! ,subscription or end+ ( a lett] consi/s ( ! t]m ( respect or affection & ! signature4 ,! t]m dep5ds ^u ! relation ( ! p]son address$4 ,lett]s ( fri5d%ip c close ) su* expressions z3 ,y\rs lov+ly1 ,y\rs affectionately1 ,devot$ly y\rs1 ,ev] y\rs1 etc4 z betwe5 husb&s & wives or betwe5 lov]s4 ,su* gu%+ t]m9ations z ,y\r ,own ,d>l+1 ,y\r own ,dovey & o!r pet & silly end+s %\ld be avoid$1 z !y d5ote %all[ness4 ,love c be /rongly express$ )\t dipp+ into ! nons5sical & ! f>cical4 ,=mal expressions ( ,subscription are3 ,y\rs ,s9c]ely1 ,y\rs truly1 ,respectfully y\rs1 & ! l1 & ^! may be v>i$ to d5ote ! exact be>+ or attitude ! writ] wi%es to assume to ! p]son address$3 z1 ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,v respectfully y\rs1 ,) deep respect y\rs1 ,y\rs v truly1 etc4 ,su* elaborate end+s z ,9 ! meantime ) ! highe/ respect1 ,i am y\rs to comm&1 ,i h ! honor to be1 ,sir1 ,y\r humble ,s]vant1 ,) great expression ( e/eem1 ,i am ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,believe me1 my de> ,sir1 ,ev] fai?fully y\rs1 are condemn$ z savor+ too mu* ( affectation4 ,x is bett] to f9i% =mal lett]s )\t any su* qualify+ rem>ks4 ,if y are writ+ to ,mr4 ,ryan to tell him t y h a h\se = sale1 aft] describ+ ! h\se & /at+ ! t]ms simply sign y\rself ,y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant ,y\rs v truly1 ,y\rs ) respect1 ,james ,wilson4 ,don't say y h ! honor to be any?+ or ask him to believe any?+1 all y want to tell him is t y h a h\se = sale & t y are s9c]e1 or hold him 9 respect z a prospective cu/om]4 ,don't abbreviate ! signature z3 ,y'rs ,resp'fly & always make y\r sex obvi\s4 ,write pla9ly ,y\rs truly1 ,john ,field & n ,j4 ,field1 s t ! p]son to :om y s5d x may n take y = ,jane ,field4 ,x is always be/ to write ! fir/ "n 9 full4 ,m>ri$ wom5 %\ld prefix ,mrs4 to _! names1 z ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,mrs4 ,!odore ,watson4 ,if y are s5d+ a lett] ackn[l$g+ a complim5t or "s k9dness done y may say1 ,y\rs gratefully1 or ,y\rs v gratefully1 9 proportion to ! act ( k9dness receiv$4 ,x is n cu/om>y to sign lett]s ( degrees or titles aft] y\r "n1 except y are a "l1 e>l or duke & only kn[n by ! title1 b z we h no su* titles 9 ,am]ica x is unnecess>y to br+ ?is matt] into consid]ation4 ,don't sign y\rself1 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,obadiah ,jackson1 ,m4,a4 or ,l4,l4 ,d4 ,if y're an ,m4 ,a4 or an ,l4,l4 ,d4 p g5]ally "k x )\t y\r s\nd+ y\r own trumpet4 ,_m p1 & especially cl]gym51 are fond ( flaunt+ aft] _! names degrees !y h receiv$ honoris causa1 t is1 degrees z a m>k ( honor1 )\t exam9ation4 ,su* degrees %\ld be kept 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,_m a deadhead has ^! degrees :i* he c\ld nev] h e>n$ by bra9 "w4 ,m>ri$ wom5 ^: husb&s are alive may sign ! husb&'s "n ) ! prefix ,mrs3 ?us1 ,y\rs s9c]ely1 ,mrs4 ,william ,s\!y4 b :5 ! husb& is dead ! signature %\ld be-- ,y\rs s9c]ely1 ,mrs4 ,s>ah ,s\!y4 ,s :5 we receive a lett] f a woman we are enabl$ to tell :e!r %e has a husb& liv+ or is a wid[4 ,a woman sep>at$ f h] husb& b n a divorcee %\ld n sign 8 "n4 ,,address ,! address ( a lett] consi/s ( ! "n1 ! title & ! resid5ce4 ,mr4 ,hugh ,black1 #aab ,s\?gate ,/reet1 ,altoona1 ,pa4 ,intimate fri5ds h (t5 famili> names = ea* o!r1 su* z pet names1 nicknames1 etc41 :i* !y use 9 ! fre$om ( conv]sation1 b su* names %\ld nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 appe> on ! envelope4 ,! subscription on ! envelope %\ld be always writt5 ) propriety & correctness & z if p5n$ by an entire /rang]4 ,! only difficulty 9 ! envelope inscription is ! title4 ,e man is entitl$ to ,mr4 & e lady to ,mrs4 & e unm>ri$ lady to ,miss4 ,ev5 a boy is entitl$ to ,ma/]4 ,:5 m ?an "o is address$ ! title is ,messrs4 ,mesdames is sometimes writt5 ( wom54 ,if ! p]son address$ has a title x is c\rte\s to use x1 b titles nev] mu/ be duplicat$4 ,?us1 we c write ,rob]t ,/itt1 ,m4 ,d41 b nev] ,dr4 ,rob]t ,/itt1 ,m4 ,d1 or ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/itt1 ,m4 ,d4 ,9 writ+ to a m$ical doctor x is well to indicate 8 pr(ession by ! lett]s ,m4 ,d4 s z to diff]5tiate him f a ,d4 ,d4 ,x is bett] to write ,rob]t ,/itt1 ,m4 ,d41 ?an ,dr4 ,rob]t ,/itt4 ,9 ! case ( cl]gym5 ! prefix ,rev4 is reta9$ ev5 :5 !y h o!r titles2 z ,rev4 ,tracy ,tooke1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,:5 a p]son has m titles ?an "o x is cu/om>y to only give him ! lead+ "o4 ,?us in/ead ( writ+ ,rev4 ,samuel ,mac,comb1 ,b4 ,a41 ,m4 ,a41 ,b4 ,sc41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,d4 ,d4 ! =m employ$ is ,rev4 ,samuel ,mac,comb1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,ll4 ,d4 is app5d$ 9 pref]5ce to ,d4 ,d4 because 9 mo/ cases ! ,rev4 implies a ,d4 ,d4 :ile comp>atively few ) ! prefix ,rev4 are entitl$ to ,,ll4 ,d4 ,9 ! case ( ,honorables su* z ,gov]nors1 ,judges1 ,memb]s ( ,congress1 & o!rs ( ! ,civil ,gov]nm5t ! prefix ,hon4 does away ) ,mr4 & ,esq4 ,?us we write ,hon4 ,josiah ,snifk9s1 n ,hon4 ,mr4 ,josiah ,snifk9s or ,hon4 ,josiah ,snifk9s1 ,esq4 ,?\gh ?is prefix ,hon4 is also (t5 appli$ to ,gov]nors !y %\ld be address$ z ,excell5cy4 ,= in/ance3 ,8 ,excell5cy1 ,*>les ,e4 ,hughes1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 writ+ to ! ,presid5t ! sup]scription on ! envelope %\ld be ,to ! ,presid5t1 ,executive ,mansion1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,pr(essional m5 su* z doctors & lawy]s z well z ^? hav+ legitimately e>n$ ,college ,degrees may be address$ on ! envelopes by _! titles1 z ,jona?an ,janeway1 ,m4 ,d4 ,hub]t ,h\/on1 ,b4 ,l4 ,mat!w ,m>ks1 ,m4 ,a41 etc4 ,! resid5ce ( ! p]son address$ %\ld be pla9ly writt5 out 9 full4 ,! /reet & numb]s %\ld be giv5 & ! city or t[n writt5 v legibly4 ,if ! abbreviation ( ! ,/ate is liable to be conf\nd$ or confus$ ) t ( ano!r !n ! full "n ( ! ,/ate %\ld be writt54 ,9 writ+ ! resid5ce on ! envelope1 in/ead ( putt+ x all 9 "o l9e z is done at ! head ( a lett]1 ea* item ( ! resid5ce =ms a sep>ate l9e4 ,?us1 ,lib]ty1 ,sullivan ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 #bae ,m9na ,/41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia4 ,!re %\ld be left a space = ! po/age /amp 9 ! upp] "r h& corn]4 ,! "n & title %\ld occupy a l9e t is ab\t c5tral betwe5 ! top ( ! envelope & ! bottom4 ,! "n %\ld nei!r be too mu* to "r or left b locat$ 9 ! c5tre1 ! beg9n+ & end at equal di/ances f ei!r end4 ,9 writ+ to l>ge bus9ess conc]ns :i* are well kn[n or to public or city (ficials x is sometimes cu/om>y to leave out numb] & /reet4 ,?us1 ,messrs4 ,seigel1 ,coop] ,co41 ,new ,york ,city1 ,hon4 ,william ,j4 ,gaynor1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,notes ,notes may be reg>d$ z lett]s 9 m9iature conf9$ *iefly to invitations1 acceptances1 regrets & introductions1 & mod]n etiquette t5ds t[>ds in=mality 9 _! composition4 ,c>d etiquette1 9 fact1 has tak5 ! place ( c]emoni\s correspond5ce & in=mal notes are n[ ! rule4 ,invitations to d9n] & receptions are n[ mo/ly writt5 on c>ds4 ,regrets are s5t back on visit+ c>ds ) j ! "o ^w ,regrets pla9ly writt5 !reon4 ,(t5 on c>ds & notes ( invitation we f9d ! lett]s ,r4 ,s4 ,v4 ,p4 at ! bottom4 ,^! lett]s /& = ! ,fr5* repondez s'il v\s plait1 :i* means ,reply1 if y please1 b !re is no necessity to put ?is on an invitation c>d z e well-br$ p]son kn[s t a reply is expect$4 ,9 writ+ notes to "y ladies ( ! same family x %\ld be not$ t ! elde/ daught] ( ! h\se is entitl$ to ! designation ,miss )\t any ,*ri/ian "n1 only ! surname app5d$4 ,?us if !re are ?ree daught]s 9 ! ,?ompson family ,m>?a1 ! elde/1 ,susan & ,jem9a1 ,m>?a is address$ z ,miss ,?ompson & ! o!r two z ,miss ,susan ,?ompson & ,miss ,jem9a ,?ompson respectively4 ,don't write ! ^w address$ on ! envelope ( a note4 ,don't seal a note deliv]$ by a fri5d4 ,don't write a note on a po/al c>d4 ,"h are a few common =ms3-- ,,=mal ,,invitations ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,wag/aff reque/ ! honor ( ,mr4 ,mc,adoo's pres5ce on ,friday ev5+1 ,june #ae?1 at #h o'clock to meet ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,=t4 #ai ,woodb9e ,t]race ,june #h?1 #aiaj4 ,?is is an invitation to a =mal reception call+ = ev5+ dress4 ,"h is ,mr4 ,mc,adoo's reply 9 ! ?ird p]son3-- ,mr4 ,mc,adoo pres5ts 8 complim5ts to ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,wag/aff & accepts ) great pleasure _! invitation to meet ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,=t on ! ev5+ ( ,june fifte5?4 #bae ,beacon ,/reet1 ,june #aj?1 #aiaj4 ,"h is h[ ,mr4 ,mc,adoo might decl9e ! invitation3-- ,mr4 ,mc,adoo regrets t ow+ to a prior engagem5t he mu/ =ego ! honor ( pay+ 8 respects to ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,wag/aff & ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,=t on ! ev5+ ( ,june fifte5?4 #bae ,beacon ,/41 ,june #aj?1 #aiaj4 ,"h is a note address$1 say to ,mr4 ,j]emiah ,reynolds4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,oldham at home on ,w$nesday ev5+ ,octob] n9? f sev5 to elev54 #ba ,a%l& ,av5ue1 ,octob] #e?4 ,mr4 ,reynolds makes reply3-- ,mr4 ,reynolds accepts ) high appreciation ! honor ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,oldham's invitation = ,w$nesday ev5+ ,octob] n9?4 ,w9dsor ,hotel ,octob] #g? or ,mr4 ,reynolds regrets t 8 duties r5d] x impossible = him to accept ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,oldham's k9d invitation = ! ev5+ ( ,octob] n9?4 ,w9dsor ,hotel1 ,octob] #g?1 ,sometimes less in=mal invitations are s5t on small specially design$ note pap] 9 :i* ! fir/ p]son takes ! place ( ! ?ird4 ,?us #cfj ,p9e ,/41 ,dec4 #aa?1 #aiaj4 ,de> ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury3 ,mr4 ,johnson & ,i %\ld be mu* pleas$ to h y d9e ) u & a few fri5ds next ,?ursday1 ! fifte5?1 at half pa/ sev54 ,y\rs s9c]ely1 ,emma ,burnside4 ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's reply3 #eg ,c>lyle ,/r& ,dec4 #ac?1 #aiaj4 ,de> ,mrs4 ,burnside3 ,let me accept v appreciatively y\r invitation to d9e ) ,mr4 ,burnside & y on next ,?ursday1 ! fifte5?1 at half pa/ sev54 ,y\rs s9c]ely1 ,h5ry ,sa9tsbury4 ,mrs4 ,alex&] ,burnside4 ,,notes ,,( ,,introduction ,notes ( introduction %\ld be v circumspect z ! writ]s are 9 reality v\*+ = ^? :om !y introduce4 ,"h is a specim5 ( su* a note4 #fjc ,lex+ton ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city1 ,june #ae?1 #aiaj4 ,rev4 ,cyrus ,c4 ,wiley1 ,d4 ,d41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,my de> ,dr4 ,wiley3 ,i take ! lib]ty ( pres5t+ to y my fri5d1 ,/acy ,r$f]n1 ,m4 ,d41 a "y practition]1 :o is anxi\s to locate 9 ,new>k4 ,i h kn[n him _m ye>s & c v\* = 8 integrity & pr(essional /&+4 ,any c\rtesy & k9dness :i* y may %[ him w be v mu* appreciat$ by me4 ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,frankl9 ,jewett4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,errors ,mi/akes--,slips ( ,au?ors--,examples & ,corrections--,errors ( ,r$undancy4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples ! ^w or words 9 p>5!ses are uncall$ = & %\ld be omitt$3 #a4 ,fill ! glass 7full74 #b4 ,!y appe>$ to be talk+ 7toge!r7 on private affairs4 #c4 ,i saw ! boy & 8 si/] 7bo?7 9 ! g>d54 #d4 ,he w5t into ! c\ntry la/ week & return$ 7back7 ye/]day4 #e4 ,! subject 7matt]7 ( 8 disc\rse 0 excell5t4 #f4 ,y ne$ n wond] t ! 7subject7 matt] ( 8 disc\rse 0 excell5t2 x 0 tak5 f ! ,bible4 #g4 ,!y foll[$ 7aft]7 him1 b c\ld n ov]take him4 #h4 ,! same s5tim5ts may be f\nd ?r\gh\t 7! :ole (7 ! book4 #i4 ,i 0 v ill e day 7( my life7 la/ week4 #aj4 ,t 0 ! 7sum &7 sub/ance ( 8 disc\rse4 #aa4 ,he took w9e & wat] & mix$ !m 7bo?7 toge!r4 #ab4 ,he desc5d$ 7d[n7 ! /eps to ! cell>4 #ac4 ,he fell 7d[n7 f ! top ( ! h\se4 #ad4 ,i hope y w return 7aga97 soon4 #ae4 ,! ?+s he took away he re/or$ 7aga974 #af4 ,! ?ief :o /ole my wat* 0 compell$ to re/ore x 7back aga974 #ag4 ,x is equally 7! same7 to me :e!r ,i h x today or tomorr[4 #ah4 ,%e said1 7says %e7 ! report is false2 & he repli$1 7says he7 if x be n correct ,i h be5 mis9=m$4 #ai4 ,i took my place 9 ! c>s 7=7 to g to ,new ,york4 #bj4 ,!y ne$ n 7to7 call ^u him4 #ba4 ,no?+ 7else7 b t w\ld satisfy him4 #bb4 ,:5ev] ,i ride 9 ! c>s ,i 7always7 f9d x prejudicial to my heal?4 #bc4 ,he 0 ! fir/ 7( all7 at ! meet+4 #bd4 ,he 0 ! talle/ ( 7all7 ! bro!rs4 #be4 ,y are ! talle/ ( 7all7 y\r family4 #bf4 ,:5ev] ,i pass ! h\se he is 7always7 at ! door4 #bg4 ,! ra9 has p5etrat$ 7?r\gh7 ! ro(4 #bh4 ,besides my uncle & aunt !re 0 7also7 my gr&fa!r at ! *ur*4 #bi4 ,x %\ld 7ev]7 be y\r con/ant endeavor to please y\r family4 #cj4 ,if x is true z y h he>d 7!n7 8 situation is inde$ pitiful4 #ca4 ,ei!r ?is 7"h7 man or t 7!re7 woman has 7got7 x4 #cb4 ,:]e is ! fire 7at78 #cc4 ,did y sleep 9 *ur*8 ,n t ,i "k 7(74 #cd4 ,i nev] be=e 79 my life7 met 7)7 su* a /upid man4 #ce4 7,=7 :y did he po/pone x8 #cf4 ,because 7:y7 he c\ld n att5d4 #cg4 ,:at age is he8 7,:y7 ,i don't "k4 #ch4 ,he call$ on me 7=7 to ask my op9ion4 #ci4 ,i don't "k :]e ,i am 7at74 #dj4 ,i look$ 9 7at7 ! w9d[4 #da4 ,i pass$ 7by7 ! h\se4 #db4 ,he 7always7 came e ,sunday4 #dc4 ,moreov]1 7also7 we wi% to say he 0 9 error4 #dd4 ,x is n long 7ago7 s9ce he 0 "h4 #de4 ,two m5 w5t into ! wood 79 ord]7 to cut 7d[n7 trees4 ,fur!r examples ( r$undancy might be multipli$4 ,x is v common 9 newspap] writ+ :]e n alone s+le words b entire phrases are sometimes br\ght 91 :i* are unnecess>y to ! s5se or explanation ( :at is writt54 ,,grammatical ,,errors ,,( ,,/&>d ,,au?ors ,ev5 ! be/ speak]s & writ]s are sometimes caught napp+4 ,_m ( our /&>d au?ors to :om we h be5 accu/om$ to look up z infallible h s9n$ m or less aga9/ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( gramm> by break+ ! rules reg>d+ "o or m ( ! n9e p>ts ( spee*4 ,9 fact "s ( !m h recklessly trespass$ aga9/ all n9e1 & /ill !y sit on _! p$e/als ( fame = ! admiration ( ! cr[d4 ,macaulay mi/reat$ ! article4 ,he wrote1--,t a hi/orian %\ld n record trifles is p]fectly true4 ,he %\ld h us$ an4 ,dick5s also us$ ! article incorrectly4 ,he ref]s to ,rob9son ,crusoe z an univ]sally popul> book1 in/ead ( a univ]sally popul> book4 ,! relation betwe5 n\ns & pron\ns has always be5 a /umbl+ block to speak]s & writ]s4 ,hallam 9 8 ,lit]ature ( ,europe writes1 ,no "o z yet _h exhibit$ ! /ructure ( ! human kidneys1 ,vesalius hav+ only exam9$ !m 9 dogs4 ,?is means t ,vesalius exam9$ human kidneys 9 dogs4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld h be51 ,no "o _h z yet exhibit$ ! kidneys 9 human be+s1 ,vesalius hav+ exam9$ su* organs 9 dogs only4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps 9 writ+ ( ,dick5s1 /ates--,i knew a bro!r au?or ( 8 :o receiv$ su* criticisms f him 7,dick5s7 v lately & pr(it$ by x4 ,in/ead ( x ! ^w %\ld be !m to agree ) criticisms4 ,"h are a few o!r pronom9al errors f lead+ au?ors3 ,sir ,?omas ,moore 9 g5]al s writes x1 al?\gh n _m o!rs s late z him4 ,%\ld be he4--,tr5*'s ,engli% ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,:at %\ld we ga9 by x b t we %\ld spe$ily become z poor z !m4 ,%\ld be !y4--,alison's ,essay on ,macaulay4 ,if ! k+ gives u leave y or ,i may z lawfully prea*1 z !m t d4 ,%\ld be !y or ^?1 ! latt] hav+ p]sons und]/ood4--,hobbes's ,hi/ory ( ,civil ,w>s4 ,! drift ( all 8 s]mons 01 to prep>e ! ,jews = ! reception ( a prophet1 mighti] ?an him1 & ^: %oes he 0 n wor?y to be>4 ,%\ld be ?an he4--,att]bury's ,s]mons4 ,phal>is1 :o 0 s mu* old] ?an h]4 ,%\ld be %e4--,b5tley's ,diss]tation on ,phal>is4 ,k+ ,*>les1 & m ?an him1 ! duke & ! ,popi% faction 7 at lib]ty to =m new s*emes4 ,%\ld be ?an he4--,bol+broke's ,diss]tations on ,p>ties4 ,we contribut$ a ?ird m ?an ! ,dut*1 :o 7 oblig$ to ! same proportion m ?an u4 ,%\ld be ?an we4--,swift's ,conduct ( ! ,allies4 ,9 all ! above examples ! objective cases ( ! pron\ns h be5 us$ :ile ! con/ruction calls = nom9ative cases4 ,let ?\ & ,i ! battle try--,anon4 ,"h let is ! gov]n+ v]b & requires an objective case aft] x2 !re=e in/ead ( ?\ & ,i1 ! words %\ld be y 7s+47 & me4 ,=ev] 9 ?is humble cell1 ,let !e & ,i1 my fair "o1 dwell --,prior4 ,"h !e & ,i %\ld be ! objectives y & me4 ,! use ( ! relative pron\n trips ! greate/ numb] ( au?ors4 ,ev5 9 ! ,bible we f9d ! relative wrongly translat$3 ,:om d m5 say t ,i am8--,/4 ,mat!w4 ,:om ?9k ye t ,i am8--,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,:o %\ld be writt5 9 bo? cases because ! ^w is n 9 ! objective gov]n$ by say or ?9k1 b 9 ! nom9ative dep5d5t on ! v]b am4 ,:o %\ld ,i meet at ! c(fee h\se t'o!r night1 b my old fri5d8--,/eele4 ,x is ano!r patt]n ( ?is answ]]'s fair deal+1 to give u h9ts t ! au?or is dead1 & yet lay ! suspicion ^u somebody1 ,i "k n :o1 9 ! c\ntry4--,swift's ,tale ( a ,tub4 ,my son is go+ to be m>ri$ to ,i don't "k :o4--,goldsmi?'s ,good-natur$ ,man4 ,! nom9ative :o 9 ! above examples %\ld be ! objective :om4 ,! plural nom9ative ye ( ! pron\n ?\ is v (t5 us$ = ! objective y1 z 9 ! foll[+3 ,8 wra? :i* w "o day de/roy ye bo?4--,milton4 ,! m %ame = ye2 holy m5 ,i ?\ght ye4--,%akespe>e4 ,i feel ! gales t f ye bl[4--,gray4 ,tyrants dread ye1 le/ y\r j decree ,transf] ! p[] & set ! p free4--,prior4 ,_m ( ! great writ]s h play$ havoc ) ! adjective 9 ! indiscrim9ate use ( ! degrees ( comp>ison4 ,( two =ms ( ! same ^w1 use ! fitte/4--,morell4 ,! au?or "h 9 try+ to give good advice sets a bad example4 ,he %\ld h us$ ! comp>ative degree1 ,fitt]4 ,adjectives :i* h a comp>ative or sup]lative signification d n admit ! addition ( ! words m1 mo/1 or ! t]m9ations1 er1 e/1 h5ce ! foll[+ examples break ?is rule3 ,money is ! mo/ univ]sal incitem5t ( human mis]y4--,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall4 ,! *iefe/ ( :i* 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ,ar*on among ! ,grecians4--,dryd5's ,life ( ,plut>*4 ,! *iefe/ & l>ge/ are remov$ to c]ta9 magaz9es !y call libr>ies4--,swift's ,battle ( ! ,books4 ,! two *iefe/ prop]ties ( air1 its gravity & ela/ic =ce1 h be5 discov]$ by me*anical exp]im5ts4--,arbu?no4 ,f ^! v>i\s causes1 :i* 9 great] or less] degree1 affect$ e individual 9 ! colony1 ! indignation ( ! p became g5]al4--,rob]tson's ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica4 ,! extreme/ p>ts ( ! e>? 7 m$itat+ a submission4 --,att]bury's ,s]mons4 ,! la/ are inde$ m pref]able because !y are f\nd$ on "s new k or improvem5t 9 ! m9d ( man4--,addison1 ,spectator4 ,?is 0 9 reality ! easie/ mann] ( ! two4--,%aftesbury's ,advice to an ,au?or4 ,9 e well =m$ m9d ?is second desire seems to be ! /ronge/ ( ! two4--,smi?'s ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts4 ,9 ^! examples ! sup]lative is wrongly us$ = ! comp>ative4 ,:5 only two objects are comp>$ ! comp>ative =m mu/ be us$4 ,( impossibility !re are no degrees ( comp>ison1 yet we f9d ! foll[+3 ,z x 0 impossible !y %\ld "k ! words1 ?\ghts & secret actions ( all m51 s x 0 m impossible !y %\ld pass judgm5t on !m accord+ to ^! ?+s4--,:itby's ,necessity ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,a great numb] ( au?ors employ adjectives = adv]bs4 ,?us we f9d3 ,i %all endeavor to live h]eaft] suitable to a man 9 my /ation4 --,addison4 ,i c nev] ?9k s v mean ( him4--,b5tley's ,diss]tation on ,phal>is4 ,8 expectations run high & ! fund to supply !m is extreme scanty4--,lanca/]'s ,essay on ,delicacy4 ,! commone/ error 9 ! use ( ! v]b is ! disreg>d ( ! concord betwe5 ! v]b & its subject4 ,?is occurs mo/ frequ5tly :5 ! subject & ! v]b are widely sep>at$1 especially if "s o!r n\n ( a diff]5t numb] imm$iately prec$es ! v]b4 ,false concords occur v (t5 aft] ei!r1 or1 nei!r1 nor1 & mu*1 m1 _m1 ev]yone1 ea*4 ,"h are a few au?ors' slips3-- ,! t]ms 9 :i* ! sale ( a pat5t 7 communicat$ to ! public4--,junius's ,lett]s4 ,! ri*ness ( h] arms & app>el 7 conspicu\s4--,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall4 ,ev]yone ( ?is grotesque family 7 ! creatures ( national g5ius4--,d',israeli4 ,he kn[s n :at sple51 languor or li/lessness are4--,blair's ,s]mons4 ,ea* ( ^! words imply1 "s pursuit or object rel9qui%$4 --,ibid4 ,magnus1 ) f\r ?\s& ( 8 suppos$ accomplices 7 put to dea?4--,gibbon4 ,no nation gives great] enc\ragem5ts to le>n+ ?an we d2 yet at ! same "t none are s injudici\s 9 ! application4 --,goldsmi?4 ,!re's two or ?ree ( u h se5 /range sights4--,%akespe>e4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple %\ld n be us$ = ! pa/ t5se1 yet ! le>n$ ,byron ov]look$ ?is fact4 ,he ?us writes 9 ! ,lam5t ( ,tasso3-- ,& ) my ye>s my s\l begun to pant ,) feel+s ( /range tumult & s(t pa94 ,"h is ano!r example f ,savage's ,w&]] 9 :i* !re is d\ble s9n+3 ,f lib]ty ea* nobl] sci5ce sprung1 ,a ,bacon bright5'd & a ,sp5s] sung4 ,o!r brea*es 9 reg>d to ! p>ticiples occur 9 ! foll[+3-- ,e book ought to be read ) ! same _s & 9 ! same mann] z x is writ--,field+'s ,tom ,jones4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,augu/us _h n wore (f ! mann]s ( ! republic --,hume's ,essays4 ,moses tells u t ! f\nta9s ( ! e>? 7 broke op5 or clove asund]4--,burnet4 ,a free con/itution :5 x has be5 %ook by ! iniquity ( =m] adm9i/rations4--,bol+broke4 ,9 ?is respect ! se$s ( future divisions 7 s[$ abundantly4 --,ibid4 ,9 ! foll[+ example ! pres5t p>ticiple is us$ = ! inf9itive mood3 ,x is easy di/+ui%+ ! rude fragm5t ( a rock f ! spl9t] ( a /atue4--,gilfillan's ,lit]>y ,portraits4 ,di/+ui%+ "h %\ld be replac$ by to di/+ui%4 ,! rules reg>d+ %all & w are violat$ 9 ! foll[+3 ,if we look )9 ! r\gh & awkw>d outside1 we w be ri*ly rew>d$ by its p]usal4--,gilfillan's ,lit]>y ,portraits4 ,if ,i %\ld decl>e !m & speak ( !m1 !y %\ld be m ?an ,i am able to express4--,pray] ,book ,revision ( ,psalms ,,xi4 ,if ,i w\ld decl>e !m & speak ( !m1 !y are m ?an c be numb]$4--,ibid4 ,)\t hav+ att5d$ to ?is1 we w be at a loss1 9 und]/&+ sev]al passages 9 ! classics4--,blair's ,lectures4 ,we "k to :at cause our pa/ rev]ses h be5 ow+ & we w h ourselves to blame1 if !y are aga9 incurr$4--,alison's ,hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,adv]bial mi/akes (t5 occur 9 ! be/ writ]s4 ,! adv]b r is a ^w v frequ5tly misplac$4 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* 9 8 ,engli% ,pa/ & ,pres5t writes1 ,x r modifi$ ! /ructure ( our s5t5ces ?an ! elem5ts ( our vocabul>y4 ,?is %\ld h be5 writt51--,x modifi$ ! /ructure ( our s5t5ces r ?an ! elem5ts ( our vocabul>y4 ,s f> z 8 mode ( tea*+ goes he is r a disciple ( ,socrates ?an ( ,/4 ,paul or ,wesley4 ,?us writes ,leslie ,/eph5s ( ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,he %\ld h writt51-- ,s f> z 8 mode ( tea*+ goes he is a disciple ( ,socrates r ?an ( ,/4 ,paul or ,wesley4 ,! preposition is a "p ( spee* :i* is (t5 wrongly us$ by "s ( ! be/ writ]s4 ,c]ta9 n\ns1 adjectives & v]bs require p>ticul> prepositions aft] !m1 = in/ance1 ! ^w diff]5t always takes ! preposition f aft] x2 prevail takes ^u2 av]se takes to2 accord takes )1 & s on4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples ! prepositions 9 p>5!ses are ! ones t %\ld h be5 us$3 ,he f\nd ! greate/ difficulty ( 797 writ+4--,hume's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,if policy c prevail ^u 7ov]7 =ce4--,addison4 ,he made ! discov]y & communicat$ to 7)7 8 fri5ds4 --,swift's ,tale ( a ,tub4 ,e (fice ( comm& %\ld be intru/$ to p]sons on 797 :om ! p>liam5t %all confide4--,macaulay4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ celebrat$ writ]s infr+e ! canons ( /yle by plac+ prepositions at ! end ( s5t5ces4 ,= in/ance ,c>lyle1 9 ref]r+ to ! ,/udy ( ,burns1 writes3--,our own contributions to x1 we are aw>e1 c be b scanty & feeble2 b we (f] !m ) good w1 & tru/ !y may meet ) acceptance f ^? !y are int5d$ =4 --= :om !y are int5d$1 he %\ld h writt54 ,mo/ writ]s h "s "o ve9 :i* !y peculi>ly & obvi\sly excel 94--,william ,m9to4 ,?is s5t5ce %\ld read1--,mo/ writ]s h "s "o ve9 9 :i* !y peculi>ly & obvi\sly excel4 ,_m au?ors use r$undant words :i* repeat ! same ?\ght & idea4 ,?is is call$ tautology4 ,not)/&+ :i* 7h[ev]7 poor ,polly embrac$ !m all ar\nd4 --,dick5s4 ,i judg$ t !y w\ld 7mutually7 f9d ea* o!r4--,crockett4 4444z hav+ creat$ a 7jo9t7 p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! two ,p[]s 9 ! ,morocco "q4--,! ,times4 ,! only s5sible position 7!re seems to be7 is to frankly ackn[l$ge our ignorance ( :at lies beyond4--,daily ,telegraph4 ,"l ,roseb]y has n budg$ f 8 position--spl5did1 no d\bt1--( 7lonely7 isolation4--,! ,times4 ,miss ,fox 0 7(t57 9 ! habit ( assur+ ,mrs4 ,*ick4--,dick5s4 ,! deck 7x7 0 _! field ( fame4--,campbell4 ,he _h come up "o morn+1 z 0 n[ 7frequ5tly7 8 wont1 --,trollope4 ,! c\nsellors ( ! ,sultan 7cont9ue to7 rema9 sceptical --,! ,times4 ,s]i\sly1 7& ap>t f je/+71 ?is is no light matt]4--,bagehot4 ,to g back to y\r own c\ntry ) 7! consci\sness t y g back )7 ! s5se ( duty well done4--,"l ,halsbury4 ,! ,p]esviet lo/ bo? h] fight+-tops & 79 appe>ance7 look$ ! mo/ damag$ ( all ! %ips--,! ,times4 ,c\nsel admitt$ t1 t 0 a fair sugge/ion to make1 b he submitt$ t x 0 borne out by ! 7surr\nd+7 circum/ances4 --,ibid4 ,ano!r unnecess>y use ( words & phrases is t :i* is t]m$ circumlocution1 a go+ ar\nd ! bu% :5 !re is no occasion = x1--save to fill space4 ,x may be lik5$ to a p]son walk+ ! di/ance ( two sides ( a triangle to rea* ! objective po9t4 ,= in/ance 9 ! quotation3 ,pope pr(ess$ to h le>n$ 8 poetry f ,dryd51 :om1 :5ev] an opportunity 0 pres5t$1 he prais$ ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce ) unv>i$ lib]ality2 & p]haps 8 "* may receive "s illu/ration1 ( a comp>ison he in/itut$ betwe5 him & ! man ^: pupil he 0 mu* ( ! v]biage may be elim9at$ & ! s5t5ce ?us cond5s$3 ,pope pr(ess$ himself ! pupil ( ,dryd51 :om he lo/ no opportunity ( prais+2 & 8 "* may be illu/rat$ by a comp>ison ) 8 ma/]4 ,8 life 0 br\ght to a close 9 #aiaj at an age n f> f ! "o fix$ by ! sacr$ writ] z ! t]m ( human exi/5ce4 ,?is 9 brevity c be put1 ,8 life 0 br\ght to a close at ! age ( sev5ty2 or1 bett] yet1 ,he di$ at ! age ( sev5ty4 ,! day 0 int5sely cold1 s cold 9 fact t ! !rmomet] crept d[n to ! z]o m>k1 c be express$3 ,! day 0 s cold ! !rmomet] regi/]$ z]o4 ,_m au?ors resort to circumlocution = ! purpose ( padd+1 t is1 fill+ space1 or :5 !y /rike a snag 9 writ+ ^u subjects ( :i* !y "k little or no?+4 ,! "y writ] %\ld /e] cle> ( x & le>n to express 8 ?\ghts & ideas z briefly z possible comm5surate ) lucidity ( expression4 ,volumes ( errors 9 fact1 9 gramm>1 diction & g5]al /yle1 c\ld be select$ f ! works ( ! great writ]s1 a fact :i* eloqu5tly te/ifies t no "o is infallible & t ! v be/ is liable to err at times4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! err+ 9 ! case ( ^! writ]s arises f c>elessness or hurry1 n f a lack ( k4 ,z a g5]al rule x is 9 writ+ t ! s*ol> is liable to slip2 9 oral spee* he seldom makes a blund]4 ,9 fact1 !re are _m p :o are p]fect ma/]s ( spee*1--:o nev] make a blund] 9 conv]sation1 yet :o are ignorant ( ! v pr9ciples ( gramm> & w\ld n "k h[ to write a s5t5ce correctly on pap]4 ,su* p]sons h be5 accu/om$ f infancy to he> ! language spok5 correctly & s ! use ( ! prop] words & =ms becomes a second nature to !m4 ,a *ild c le>n :at is "r z easy z :at is wrong & :atev] impressions are made on ! m9d :5 x is pla/ic w rema9 !re4 ,ev5 a p>rot c be taught ! prop] use ( language4 ,repeat to a p>rot4--,two & two make f\r & x nev] w say two & two makes f\r4 ,9 writ+1 h[ev]1 x is diff]5t4 ,)\t a k ( ! fundam5tals ( gramm> we may be able to speak correctly f association ) good speak]s1 b )\t su* a k we _c hope to write ! language correctly4 ,to write ev5 a common lett] we mu/ "k ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction1 ! relation%ip ( "o ^w to ano!r4 ,!re=e1 x is necess>y = ev]ybody to und]/& at lea/ ! ess5tials ( ! gramm> ( 8 own language4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,pitfalls ,,to ,,avoid ,common ,/umbl+ ,blocks--,peculi> ,con/ructions--,misus$ ,=ms4 ,,attraction ,v (t5 ! v]b is sep>at$ f its real nom9ative or subject by sev]al int]v5+ words & 9 su* cases "o is liable to make ! v]b agree ) ! subject ne>e/ to x4 ,"h are a few examples %[+ t ! lead+ writ]s n[ & !n take a tumble into ?is pitfall3 7#a7 ,! p>tition :i* ! two m9i/]s made ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t 7 s+ul>ly happy4--,macaulay4 7,%\ld be 0 to agree ) its subject1 p>tition47 7#b7 ,"o at lea/ ( ! qualities :i* fit x = tra9+ ord9>y m5 unfit x = tra9+ an extraord9>y man4--,bagehot4 7,%\ld be unfits to agree ) subject "o47 7#c7 ,! ,tibetans h engag$ to exclude f _! c\ntry ^? dang]\s influ5ces ^: appe>ance 7 ! *ief cause ( our action4--,! ,times4 7,%\ld be 0 to agree ) appe>ance47 7#d7 ,an imm5se am\nt ( confusion & indiff]5ce prevail 9 ^! days4--,telegraph4 7,%\ld be prevails to agree ) am\nt47 ,,ellipsis ,errors 9 ellipsis occur *iefly ) prepositions4 ,8 objection & condon+ ( ! boy's c\rse1 seem$ to say ! lea/1 p>adoxical4 7,! preposition to %\ld come aft] objection47 ,_m m5 ( brilliant p>ts are cru%$ by =ce ( circum/ances & _! g5ius =ev] lo/ to ! _w4 7,"s ma9ta9 t ! miss+ v]b aft] g5ius is are1 b su* is ungrammatical4 ,9 su* cases ! "r v]b %\ld be always express$3 z--_! g5ius is =ev] lo/ to ! _w47 ,,! ,,split ,,inf9itive ,ev5 ! be/ speak]s & writ]s are 9 ! habit ( plac+ a modify+ ^w or words betwe5 ! to & ! rema9+ "p ( ! inf9itive4 ,x is possible t su* w come to be look$ ^u 9 "t z ! prop] =m b at pres5t ! splitt+ ( ! inf9itive is decid$ly wrong4 ,he 0 sc>cely able to ev5 talk ,%e comm5c$ to rapidly walk ar\nd ! room4 ,to h really lov$ is bett] ?an n to h at all lov$4 ,9 ^! con/ructions x is mu* bett] n to split ! inf9itive4 ,9 e-day spee* ! be/ speak]s s9 aga9/ ?is obs]vance4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city !re is a c]ta9 magi/rate1 a memb] ( ! #djj1 :o prides himself on 8 diction 9 language4 ,he tells ?is /ory3 ,a prison]1 a fad$1 batt]$ specim5 ( mank9d1 on ^: hagg>d face1 deeply l9$ ) ! m>ks ( dissipation1 !re /ill l+]$ fa9t rem9d]s ( bett] days long pa/1 /ood deject$ be=e ! judge4 ,:]e are y f8 ask$ ! magi/rate4 ,f ,bo/on1 answ]$ ! accus$4 ,inde$1 said ! judge1 inde$1 y\rs is a sad case1 & yet y don't seem to ?or\ghly realise h[ l[ y h sunk4 ,! man />$ z if /ruck4 ,y\r honor does me an inju/ice1 he said bitt]ly4 ,! disgrace ( arre/ = drunk5ness1 ! mortification ( be+ ?ru/ into a noisome dungeon1 ! publicity & humiliation ( trial 9 a cr[d$ & d+y c\rtroom ,i c be>1 b to be s5t5c$ by a ,police ,magi/rate :o splits 8 inf9itives--t is inde$ ! la/ bl[4 ,,"o ,! indef9ite adjective pron\n "o :5 put 9 place ( a p]sonal sub/antive is liable to raise confusion4 ,:5 a s5t5ce or expression is begun ) ! imp]sonal "o ! ^w mu/ be us$ ?r\gh\t 9 all ref]5ces to ! subject4 ,?us1 ,"o mu/ m9d "o's own bus9ess if "o wi%es to succe$ may seem prolix & awkw>d1 nev]!less x is ! prop] =m4 ,y mu/ n say--,"o mu/ m9d 8 bus9ess if he wi%es to succe$1 = ! subject is imp]sonal & !re=e _c exclusively take ! mascul9e pron\n4 ,) any "o x is diff]5t4 ,y may say--,if any "o s9s he %\ld ackn[l$ge x2 let him n try to hide x by ano!r s94 ,,only ,?is is a ^w t is a pitfall to ! mo/ ( u :e!r le>n$ or unle>n$4 ,probably x is ! mo/ indiscrim9ately us$ ^w 9 ! language4 ,f ! diff]5t positions x is made to occupy 9 a s5t5ce x c relatively *ange ! mean+4 ,= in/ance 9 ! s5t5ce--,i only /ruck him t "t1 ! mean+ to be inf]r$ is1 t ! only ?+ ,i did to him 0 to /rike him1 n kick or o!rwise abuse him4 ,b if ! only is %ift$1 s z to make ! s5t5ce read-,i /ruck him only t "t ! mean+ convey$ is1 t only on t occasion & at no o!r "t did ,i /rike him4 ,if ano!r %ift is made to-,i /ruck only him t "t1 ! mean+ is aga9 alt]$ s t x signifies he 0 ! only p]son ,i /ruck4 ,9 speak+ we c by emphasis impress our mean+ on our he>]s1 b 9 writ+ we h no?+ to dep5d ^u b ! position ( ! ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! be/ rule 9 reg>d to only is to place x imm$iately be=e ! ^w or phrase x modifies or limits4 ,,alone is ano!r ^w :i* creates ambiguity & alt]s mean+4 ,if we sub/itute x = only 9 ! prec$+ example ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce w dep5d ^u ! arrangem5t4 ,?us ,i alone /ruck him at t "t signifies t ,i & no o!r /ruck him4 ,:5 ! s5t5ce reads ,i /ruck him alone at t "t x mu/ be int]pret$ t he 0 ! only p]son t receiv$ a bl[4 ,aga9 if x is made to read ,i /ruck him at t "t alone ! s5se convey$ is t t 0 ! only occasion on :i* ,i /ruck him4 ,! rule :i* gov]ns ! correct use ( only is also applicable to alone4 ,,o!r ,,& ,,ano!r ,^! are words :i* (t5 give to expressions a mean+ f> f t int5d$4 ,?us1 ,i h no?+ to d ) t o!r rascal across ! /reet1 c]ta9ly means t ,i am a rascal myself4 ,i s5t ! despat* to my fri5d1 b ano!r villa9 int]cept$ x1 cle>ly signifies t my fri5d is a villa94 ,a good plan is to omit ^! words :5 !y c be readily done )\t1 z 9 ! above examples1 b :5 x is necess>y to use !m make y\r mean+ cle>4 ,y c d ?is by mak+ ea* s5t5ce or phrase 9 :i* !y occur indep5d5t ( contextual aid4 ,,& ,,) ,,! ,,relative ,nev] use & ) ! relative 9 ?is mann]3 ,t is ! dog ,i meant & :i* ,i "k is ( pure bre$4 ,?is is an error q common4 ,! use ( & is p]missible :5 !re is a p>allel relative 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce or clause4 ,?us3 ,!re is ! dog :i* ,i meant & :i* ,i "k is ( pure bre$ is q correct4 ,,loose ,,p>ticiples ,a p>ticiple or p>ticipial phrase is naturally ref]r$ to ! ne>e/ nom9ative4 ,if only "o nom9ative is express$ x claims all ! p>ticiples t are n by ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce o!rwise fix$4 ,john1 work+ 9 ! field all day & gett+ ?ir/y1 drank f ! runn+ /ream4 ,"h ! p>ticiples work+ & gett+ cle>ly ref] to ,john4 ,b 9 ! s5t5ce1--,swept along by ! mob ,i c\ld n save him1 ! p>ticiple z x 7 is ly+ ar\nd loose & may be tak5 to ref] to ei!r ! p]son speak+ or to ! p]son spok5 ab\t4 ,x may mean t ,i 0 swept along by ! mob or ! individual :om ,i tri$ to save 0 swept along4 ,go+ into ! /ore ! ro( fell c be tak5 t x 0 ! ro( :i* 0 go+ into ! /ore :5 x fell4 ,( c\rse ! mean+ int5d$ is t "s p]son or p]sons 7 go+ into ! /ore j z ! ro( fell4 ,9 all s5t5ce con/ruction ) p>ticiples !re %\ld be su* cle>ness z to preclude all possibility ( ambiguity4 ,! p>ticiple %\ld be s plac$ t !re c be no d\bt z to ! n\n to :i* x ref]s4 ,(t5 x is advisable to supply su* words z w make ! mean+ obvi\s4 ,,brok5 ,,con/ruction ,sometimes ! beg9n+ ( a s5t5ce pres5ts q a diff]5t grammatical con/ruction f its end4 ,?is arises f ! fact probably1 t ! beg9n+ is lo/ sight ( be=e ! end is rea*$4 ,?is occurs frequ5tly 9 long s5t5ces4 ,?us3 ,hone/y1 integrity & squ>e-deal+ w br+ anybody mu* bett] ?r\gh life ?an ! abs5ce ( ei!r4 ,"h ! con/ruction is brok5 at ?an4 ,! use ( ei!r1 only us$ 9 ref]r+ to "o ( two1 %[s t ! fact is =gott5 t ?ree qualities & n two are "u consid]ation4 ,any "o ( ! ?ree mean+s might be int5d$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 viz41 abs5ce ( any "o quality1 abs5ce ( any two ( ! qualities or abs5ce ( ! :ole ?ree qualities4 ,ei!r d5otes "o or ! o!r ( two & %\ld nev] be appli$ to any "o ( m ?an two4 ,:5 we fall into ! error ( con/ruct+ su* s5t5ces z above1 we %\ld take !m ap>t & recon/ruct !m 9 a diff]5t grammatical =m4 ,?us1--,hone/y1 integrity & squ>e-deal+ w br+ a man mu* bett] ?r\gh life ?an a lack ( ^! qualities :i* are almo/ ess5tial to success4 ,,d\ble ,,negative ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t two negatives 9 ! ,engli% language de/roy ea* o!r & are equival5t to an affirmative4 ,?us ,i don't "k no?+ ab\t x is int5d$ to convey1 t ,i am ignorant ( ! matt] "u consid]ation1 b x defeats its own purpose1 inasmu* z ! use ( no?+ implies t ,i "k some?+ ab\t x4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld read--,i don't "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,(t5 we he> su* expressions z ,he 0 n ask$ to give no op9ion1 express+ ! v opposite ( :at is int5d$4 ,?is s5t5ce implies t he 0 ask$ to give 8 op9ion4 ,! d\ble negative1 !re=e1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$1 = x is insidi\s & is liable to slip 9 & ! writ] rema9 unconsci\s ( its pres5ce until ! eye ( ! critic detects x4 ,,fir/ ,,p]sonal ,,pron\n ,! use ( ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible 9 composition4 ,don't introduce x by way ( apology & nev] use su* expressions z ,9 my op9ion1 ,z f> z ,i c see1 ,x appe>s to me1 ,i believe1 etc4 ,9 :at y write1 ! :ole composition is expressive ( y\r views1 s9ce y are ! au?or1 !re=e1 !re is no necessity = y to acc5tuate or emphasize y\rself at c]ta9 portions ( x4 ,moreov]1 ! big ,i's savor ( egotism6 ,/e] cle> ( !m z f> z y c4 ,! only place :]e ! fir/ p]son is p]missible is 9 passages :]e y are /at+ a view t is n g5]ally held & :i* is likely to meet ) opposition4 ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,t5ses ,:5 two v]bs dep5d on ea* o!r _! t5ses mu/ h a def9ite relation to ea* o!r4 ,i %all h mu* pleasure 9 accept+ y\r k9d invitation is wrong1 unless y really mean t j n[ y decl9e ?\gh by-&-by y int5d to accept2 or unless y mean t y d accept n[1 ?\gh y h no pleasure 9 do+ s1 b look =w>d to be m pleas$ by-&-by4 ,9 fact ! sequ5ce ( ! comp\nd t5ses puzzle exp]i5c$ writ]s4 ,! be/ plan is to g back 9 ?\ght to ! "t 9 "q & use ! t5se y w\ld !n naturally use4 ,n[ 9 ! s5t5ce ,i %\ld h lik$ to h gone to see ! circus ! way to f9d out ! prop] sequ5ce is to ask y\rself ! "q--:at is x ,i %\ld h lik$ to d8 & ! pla9 answ] is to g to see ! circus4 ,i _c answ]--,to h gone to see ! circus = t w\ld imply t at a c]ta9 mom5t ,i w\ld h lik$ to be 9 ! position ( hav+ gone to ! circus4 ,b ,i d n mean ?is2 ,i mean t at ! mom5t at :i* ,i am speak+ ,i wi% ,i _h gone to see ! circus4 ,! v]bal phrase ,i %\ld h lik$ c>ries me back to ! "t :5 !re 0 a *ance ( see+ ! circus & once back at ! "t1 ! go+ to ! circus is a ?+ ( ! pres5t4 ,?is :ole explanation resolves itself into ! simple "q1--:at %\ld ,i h lik$ at t "t1 & ! answ] is to g to see ! circus1 !re=e ?is is ! prop] sequ5ce1 & ! expression %\ld be ,i %\ld h lik$ to g to see ! circus4 ,if we wi% to speak ( some?+ relat+ to a "t prior to t indicat$ 9 ! pa/ t5se we mu/ use ! p]fect t5se ( ! inf9itive2 z1 ,he appe>$ to h se5 bett] days4 ,we %\ld say ,i expect$ to meet him1 n ,i expect$ to h met him4 ,we int5d$ to visit y1 n to h visit$ y4 ,i hop$ !y w\ld arrive1 n ,i hop$ !y w\ld h arriv$4 ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld cat* ! bird1 n ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld h caught ! bird4 ,i _h int5d$ to g to ! meet+1 n ,i _h int5d$ to h gone to ! meet+4 ,,betwe5--,,among ,^! prepositions are (t5 c>elessly int]*ang$4 ,betwe5 has ref]5ce to two objects only1 among to m ?an two4 ,! money 0 equally divid$ betwe5 !m is "r :5 !re are only two1 b if !re are m ?an two x %\ld be ! money 0 equally divid$ among !m4 ,,less--,,few] ,less ref]s is quantity1 few] to numb]4 ,no man has less virtues %\ld be ,no man has few] virtues4 ,! f>m] _h "s oats & a few] quantity ( :eat %\ld be ! f>m] _h "s oats & a less quantity ( :eat4 ,,fur!r--,,f>!r ,fur!r is commonly us$ to d5ote quantity1 f>!r to d5ote di/ance4 ,i h walk$ f>!r ?an y1 ,i ne$ no fur!r supply are correct4 ,,ea* ,,o!r--,,"o ,,ano!r ,ea* o!r ref]s to two1 "o ano!r to m ?an two4 ,jones & ,smi? qu>rel$2 !y /ruck ea* o!r is correct4 ,jones1 ,smi? & ,br[n qu>rel$2 !y /ruck "o ano!r is also correct4 ,don't say1 ,! two boys tea* "o ano!r nor ,! ?ree girls love ea* o!r4 ,,ea*1 ,,e1 ,,ei!r1 ,,nei!r ,^! words are cont9ually misappli$4 ,ea* c be appli$ to two or any high] numb] ( objects to signify e "o ( ! numb] indep5d5tly4 ,e requires m ?an two to be spok5 ( & d5otes all ! p]sons or ?+s tak5 sep>ately4 ,ei!r d5otes "o or ! o!r ( two1 & %\ld n be us$ to include bo?4 ,nei!r is ! negative ( ei!r1 d5ot+ n ! o!r1 & n ! "o1 & relat+ to two p]sons or ?+s consid]$ sep>ately4 ,! foll[+ examples illu/rate ! correct usage ( ^! words3 ,ea* man ( ! crew receiv$ a rew>d4 ,e man 9 ! regim5t display$ brav]y4 ,we c walk on ei!r side ( ! /reet4 ,nei!r ( ! two is to blame4 ,,nei!r-,,nor ,:5 two s+ul> subjects are connect$ by nei!r1 nor use a s+ul> v]b2 z1 ,nei!r ,john nor ,james 0 !re1 n 7 !re4 ,,none ,cu/om ,has sanction$ ! use ( ?is ^w bo? ) a s+ul> & plural2 z--,none is s bl9d z he :o w n see & ,none are s bl9d z !y :o w n see4 ,h[ev]1 z x is a contraction ( no "o x is bett] to use ! s+ul> v]b4 ,,rise-,,raise ,^! v]bs are v (t5 conf\nd$4 ,rise is to move or pass upw>d 9 any mann]2 z to rise f b$2 to increase 9 value1 to improve 9 position or rank1 z /ocks rise2 politicians rise2 !y h ris5 to honor4 ,raise is to lift up1 to exalt1 to enhance1 z ,i raise ! table2 ,he rais$ 8 s]vant2 ,! bak] rais$ ! price ( bread4 ,,lay-,,lie ,! transitive v]b lay1 & lay1 ! pa/ t5se ( ! neut] v]b lie1 are (t5 conf\nd$1 ?\gh q diff]5t 9 mean+4 ,! neut] v]b to lie1 mean+ to lie d[n or re/1 _c take ! objective aft] x except ) a preposition4 ,we c say ,he lies on ! gr\nd1 b we _c say ,he lies ! gr\nd1 s9ce ! v]b is neut] & intransitive &1 z su*1 _c h a direct object4 ,) lay x is diff]5t4 ,lay is a transitive v]b1 !re=e x takes a direct object aft] x2 z ,i lay a wag]1 ,i laid ! c>pet1 etc4 ,( a c>pet or any inanimate subject we %\ld say1 ,x lies on ! floor1 ,a knife lies on ! table1 n lays4 ,b ( a p]son we say--,he lays ! knife on ! table1 n ,he lies----4 ,lay be+ ! pa/ t5se ( ! neut] to lie 7d[n7 we %\ld say1 ,he lay on ! b$1 & la9 be+ its pa/ p>ticiple we mu/ also say ,he has la9 on ! b$4 ,we c say ,i lay myself d[n4 ,he laid himself d[n & su* expressions4 ,x is imp]ative to rememb] 9 us+ ^! v]bs t to lay means to d some?+1 & to lie means to be 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,,says ,i--,i ,,said ,says ,i is a vulg>ism2 don't use x4 ,i said is correct =m4 ,,9--,,into ,be c>eful to di/+ui% ! mean+ ( ^! two little prepositions & don't int]*ange !m4 ,don't say ,he w5t 9 ! room nor ,my bro!r is into ! navy4 ,9 d5otes ! place :]e a p]son or ?+1 :e!r at re/ or 9 motion1 is pres5t2 & into d5otes entrance4 ,he w5t into ! room2 ,my bro!r is 9 ! navy are correct4 ,,eat--,,ate ,don't conf\nd ! two4 ,eat is pres5t1 ate is pa/4 ,i eat ! bread means t ,i am cont9u+ ! eat+2 ,i ate ! bread means t ! act ( eat+ is pa/4 ,eat5 is ! p]fect p>ticiple1 b (t5 eat is us$ in/ead1 & z x has ! same pronunciation 7et7 ( ate1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to di/+ui% ! pa/ t5se1 ,i ate f ! p]fect ,i h eat5 7eat74 ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,p]son ,rememb] t ! fir/ p]son takes prec$5ce ( ! second & ! second takes prec$5ce ( ! ?ird4 ,:5 ,c>d9al ,wolsey said ,ego et ,rex 7,i & ! ,k+71 he %[$ he 0 a good gramm>ian1 b a bad c\rti]4 ,,am ,,come--,,h ,,come ,i am come po9ts to my be+ "h1 :ile ,i h come intimates t ,i h j arriv$4 ,:5 ! subject is n a p]son1 ! v]b to be %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! v]b to h2 z1 ,! box is come in/ead ( ,! box has come4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se--,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple ,! int]*ange ( ^! two p>ts ( ! irregul> or s-call$ /rong v]bs is1 p]haps1 ! brea* (t5e/ committ$ by c>eless speak]s & writ]s4 ,to avoid mi/akes x is requisite to "k ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ^! v]bs1 & ?is k is v easy ( acquirem5t1 z !re are n m ?an a c\ple ( hundr$ ( su* v]bs1 & ( ?is numb] b a small "p is 9 daily use4 ,"h are "s ( ! mo/ common blund]s3 ,i se5 = ,i saw2 ,i done x = ,i did x2 ,i drunk = ,i drank2 ,i begun = ,i began2 ,i rung = ,i rang2 ,i run = ,i ran2 ,i sung = ,i sang2 ,i h *ose = ,i h *os52 ,i h drove = ,i h driv52 ,i h wore = ,i h worn2 ,i h trod = ,i h trodd52 ,i h %ook = ,i h %ak52 ,i h fell = ,i h fall52 ,i h drank = ,i h drunk2 ,i h began = ,i h begun2 ,i h rang = ,i h rung2 ,i h rose = ,i h ris52 ,i h spoke = ,i h spok52 ,i h broke = ,i h brok54 ,x has froze = ,x has froz54 ,x has bl[$ = ,x has bl[n4 ,x has fl[$ 7( a bird7 = ,x has fl[n4 ,n4 ,b4--,! pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple ( ,to ,hang is hang$ or hung4 ,:5 y are talk+ ab\t a man meet+ dea? on ! gall[s1 say ,he 0 hang$2 :5 y are talk+ ab\t ! c>cass ( an animal say1 ,x 0 hung1 z ,! beef 0 hung dry4 ,also say y\r coat 0 hung on a hook4 ,,prepositions ,,& ,,! ,,objective ,,case ,don't =get t prepositions always take ! objective case4 ,don't say ,betwe5 y & ,i2 say ,betwe5 y & me ,two prepositions %\ld n gov]n "o objective unless !re is an imm$iate connection betwe5 !m4 ,he 0 refus$ admission to & =cibly eject$ f ! s*ool %\ld be ,he 0 refus$ admission to ! s*ool & =cibly eject$ f x4 ,,summon--,,summons ,don't say ,i %all summons him1 b ,i %all summon him4 ,summon is a v]b1 summons1 a n\n4 ,x is correct to say ,i %all get a summons = him1 n a summon4 ,,und5iable--,,unexceptionable ,my bro!r has an und5iable "* is wrong if ,i wi% to convey ! idea t he has a good "*4 ,! expression %\ld be 9 t case ,my bro!r has an unexceptionable "*4 ,an und5iable "* is a "* t _c be d5i$1 :e!r bad or good4 ,an unexceptionable "* is "o to :i* no "o c take exception4 ,,! ,,pron\ns ,v _m mi/akes occur 9 ! use ( ! pron\ns4 ,let y & ,i g %\ld be ,let y & me g4 ,let !m & we g %\ld be ,let !m & u g4 ,! v]b let is transitive & !re=e takes ! objective case4 ,give me !m fl[]s %\ld be ,give me ^? fl[]s2 ,i mean !m ?ree %\ld be ,i mean ^? ?ree4 ,!m is ! objective case ( ! p]sonal pron\n & _c be us$ adjectively l ! demon/rative adjective pron\n4 ,i am z /rong z him %\ld be ,i am z /rong z he2 ,i am y\ng] ?an h] %\ld be ,i am y\ng] ?an %e2 ,he c write bett] ?an me %\ld be ,he c write bett] ?an ,i1 = 9 ^! examples ! objective cases him1 h] & me are us$ wrongfully = ! nom9atives4 ,aft] ea* ( ! misappli$ pron\ns a v]b is und]/ood ( :i* ea* pron\n is ! subject4 ,?us1 ,i am z /rong z he 7is74 ,i am y\ng] ?an %e 7is74 ,he c write bett] ?an ,i 7c74 ,don't say ,x is me2 say ,x is ,i ,! v]b ,to ,be ( :i* is is a "p takes ! same case aft] x t x has be=e x4 ,?is holds good 9 all situations z well z ) pron\ns4 ,! v]b ,to ,be also requires ! pron\ns jo9$ to x to be 9 ! same case z a pron\n ask+ a "q2 ,! nom9ative ,i requires ! nom9ative :o & ! objectives me1 him1 h]1 its1 y1 !m1 require ! objective :om4 ,:om d y ?9k ,i am8 %\ld be ,:o d y ?9k ,i am8 & ,:o d !y suppose me to be8 %\ld be ,:om d !y suppose me to be8 ,! objective =m ( ! ,relative %\ld be always us$1 9 connection ) a preposition4 ,:o d y take me =8 %\ld be ,:om d1 etc4 ,:o did y give ! apple to8 %\ld be ,:om did y give ! apple to1 b z po9t$ out else:]e ! preposition %\ld nev] end a s5t5ce1 !re=e1 x is bett] to say1 ,to :om did y give ! apple8 ,aft] transitive v]bs always use ! objective cases ( ! pron\ns4 ,= ,he & !y we h se51 say ,him & !m we h se54 ,,t ,,= ,,s ,! hurt x 0 t pa9ful x made him cry1 say s pa9ful4 ,,^!--,,^? ,don't say1 ,^! k9d2 ^? sort4 ,k9d & sort are ea* s+ul> & require ! s+ul> pron\ns ?is & t4 ,9 connection ) ^! demon/rative adjective pron\ns rememb] t ?is & ^! ref] to :at is ne> at h&1 t & ^? to :at is m di/ant2 z1 ?is book 7ne> me71 t book 7ov] !re71 ^! boys 7ne>71 ^? boys 7at a di/ance74 ,,?is ,,mu*--,,?us ,,mu* ,?is mu* is c]ta9 %\ld be ,?us mu* or s mu* is c]ta94 ,,flee--,,fly ,^! are two sep>ate v]bs & mu/ n be int]*ang$4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( flee are flee1 fl$1 fl$2 ^? ( fly are fly1 flew1 fl[n4 ,to flee is g5]ally us$ 9 ! mean+ ( gett+ out ( dang]4 ,to fly means to so> z a bird4 ,to say ( a man ,he has fl[n f ! place is wrong2 x %\ld be ,he has fl$ f ! place4 ,we c say ) propriety t ,a bird has fl[n f ! place4 ,,?r\gh--,,?r\gh\t ,don't say ,he is well kn[n ?r\gh ! l&1 b ,he is well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,,vocation ,,& ,,avocation ,don't mi/ake ^! two words s ne>ly alike4 ,vocation is ! employm5t1 bus9ess or pr(ession "o foll[s = a liv+2 avocation is "s pursuit or occupation :i* div]ts ! p]son f su* employm5t1 bus9ess or pr(ession4 ,?us ,8 vocation 0 ! law1 8 avocation1 f>m+4 ,,0--,,7 ,9 ! subjunctive mood ! plural =m 7 %\ld be us$ ) a s+ul> subject2 z1 ,if ,i 71 n 04 ,rememb] ! plural =m ( ! p]sonal pron\n y always takes 71 ?\gh x may d5ote b "o4 ,?us1 ,y 71 nev] y 04 ,if ,i 0 him is a v common expression4 ,note ! two mi/akes 9 x1--t ( ! v]b imply+ a condition1 & t ( ! objective case ( ! pron\n4 ,x %\ld read ,if ,i 7 he4 ,?is is ano!r illu/ration ( ! rule reg>d+ ! v]b ,to ,be1 tak+ ! same case aft] x z be=e x2 7 is "p ( ! v]b ,to ,be1 !re=e z ! nom9ative 7,i7 goes be=e x1 ! nom9ative 7he7 %\ld come aft] x4 ,a ,,or ,,an ,a becomes an be=e a v[el or be=e h mute = ! sake ( euphony or agreeable s\nd to ! e>4 ,an apple1 an orange1 an heir1 an honor1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,/yle ,diction--,purity--,propriety--,precisio n4 ,x is ! object ( e writ] to put 8 ?\ghts into z effective =m z possible s z to make a good impression on ! read]4 ,a p]son may h noble ?\ghts & ideas b be unable to express !m 9 su* a way z to appeal to o!rs1 consequ5tly he _c ex]t ! full =ce ( 8 intellectuality nor leave ! impr9t ( 8 "* ^u 8 "t1 :]eas _m a man b indiff]5tly gift$ may wield su* a facile p5 z to attract att5tion & w9 = himself an envi\s place among 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 ev]yday life "o sees illu/rations ( m5 ( excell5t m5tality be+ ca/ aside & ones ( m$iocre or 9 "s cases1 little1 if any1 ability *os5 to fill important places4 ,! =m] are unable to impress _! p]sonality2 !y h great ?\ghts1 great ideas1 b ^! ?\ghts & ideas are lock$ up 9 _! bra9s & are l prison]s beh9d ! b>s /ruggl+ to get free4 ,! key ( language :i* w\ld op5 ! door is want+1 h5ce !y h to rema9 lock$ up4 ,_m a man has to pass ?r\gh ! _w unhe>d ( & ( little b5efit to x or himself1 simply because he _c br+ out :at is 9 him & make x subs]vi5t to 8 w4 ,x is ! duty ( e "o to develop 8 be/1 n only = ! b5efit ( himself b = ! good ( 8 fell[ m54 ,x is n at all necess>y to h great le>n+ or acquirem5ts1 ! labor] is z useful 9 8 own place z ! philosoph] 9 82 nor is x necess>y to h _m tal5ts4 ,"o tal5t rightly us$ is mu* bett] ?an t5 wrongly us$4 ,(t5 a man c d m ) "o ?an 8 contempor>y c d ) t51 (t5 a man c make "o doll> g f>!r ?an tw5ty 9 ! h&s ( 8 neighbor1 (t5 ! poor man lives m com=tably ?an ! millionaire4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! individual himself4 ,if he make "r use ( :at ! ,creator has giv5 him & live accord+ to ! laws ( ,god & nature he is fulfill+ 8 allott$ place 9 ! univ]sal s*eme ( creation1 9 o!r words1 :5 he does 8 be/1 he is liv+ up to ! /&>d ( a useful manhood4 ,n[ 9 ord] to d 8 be/ a man ( ord9>y intellig5ce & education %\ld be able to express himself correctly bo? 9 speak+ & writ+1 t is1 he %\ld be able to convey 8 ?\ghts 9 an intellig5t mann] :i* ! simple/ c und]/&4 ,! mann] 9 :i* a speak] or writ] conveys 8 ?\ghts is kn[n z 8 ,/yle4 ,9 o!r words ,/yle may be def9$ z ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* a man expresses 8 conceptions ?r\gh ! m$ium ( language4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! *oice ( words & _! arrangem5t to convey a mean+4 ,sc>cely any two writ]s h exactly ! same /yle1 t is to say1 express _! ideas aft] ! same peculi> =m1 j z no two mortals are fa%ion$ by nature 9 ! same m\ld1 s t "o is an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! o!r4 ,j z m5 diff] 9 ! acc5t & tones ( _! voices1 s d !y diff] 9 ! con/ruction ( _! language4 ,two report]s s5t out on ! same mission1 say to report a fire1 w v]bally diff] 9 _! acc\nts ?\gh mat]ially bo? descriptions w be ! same z f> z ! lead+ facts are conc]n$4 ,"o w express himself 9 a /yle diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,if y are ask$ to describe ! danc+ ( a r$-hair$ lady at ! la/ *>ity ball y c ei!r say--,! ruby ,circe1 ) ! ,titian locks gl[+ l ! oriflamme :i* surr\nds ! gold5 god ( day z he s9ks to re/ amid ! crimson glory ( ! burni%$ ,we/1 gave a div9e exhibition ( ! ,t]psi*orean art :i* ?rill$ ! s\ls ( ! multitude or1 y c simply say--,! r$-hair$ lady danc$ v well & pleas$ ! audi5ce4 ,! =m] is a specim5 ( ! ultra florid or bomba/ic /yle :i* may be said to dep5d ^u ! pomposity ( v]bosity = its effect1 ! latt] is a specim5 ( simple natural ,/yle4 ,ne$less to say x is to be pref]r$4 ,! o!r %\ld be avoid$4 ,x /amps ! writ] z a p]son ( %all[ness1 ignorance & inexp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 elim9at$ f ! newspap]s4 ,ev5 ! mo/ flatul5t ( yell[ %eets no long] tol]ate x 9 _! columns4 ,affectation & p$antry 9 /yle are n[ univ]sally condemn$4 ,x is ! duty ( e speak] & writ] to labor aft] a pleas+ /yle4 ,x ga9s him an entrance :]e he w\ld o!rwise be deb>r$4 ,(t5 ! int]e/ ( a subject dep5ds z mu* on ! way x is pres5t$ z on ! subject itself4 ,"o writ] w make x attractive1 ano!r repulsive4 ,= in/ance take a passage 9 hi/ory4 ,treat$ by "o hi/orian x is l a desiccat$ mummy1 dry1 dull1 disgu/+1 :ile "u ! spell ( ano!r x is1 z x 71 galvaniz$ into a virile liv+ ?+ :i* n only pleases b captivates ! read]4 ,,diction ,! fir/ requisite ( /yle is *oice ( words1 & ?is comes "u ! head ( ,diction1 ! prop]ty ( /yle :i* has ref]5ce to ! words & phrases us$ 9 speak+ & writ+4 ,! secret ( lit]>y skill f any /&po9t consi/s 9 putt+ ! "r ^w 9 ! "r place4 ,9 ord] to d ?is x is imp]ative to "k ! mean+ ( ! words we use1 _! exact lit]al mean+4 ,_m synonym\s words are seem+ly int]*angeable & appe> z if ! same mean+ 7 applicable to ?ree or f\r ( !m at ! same "t1 b :5 all su* words are r$uc$ to a f9al analysis x is cle>ly se5 t !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _! mean+4 ,= in/ance grief & sorr[ seem to be id5tical1 b !y are n4 ,grief is active1 sorr[ is m or less passive2 grief is caus$ by tr\bles & mis=tunes :i* come to u f ! outside1 :ile sorr[ is (t5 ! consequ5ce ( our own acts4 ,grief is frequ5tly l\d & viol5t1 sorr[ is always quiet & retir+4 ,grief %\ts1 ,sorr[ rema9s calm4 ,if y are n sure ( ! exact mean+ ( a ^w look x up imm$iately 9 ! diction>y4 ,sometimes "s ( our great s*ol>s are puzzl$ ov] simple words 9 reg>d to mean+1 spell+ or pronunciation4 ,:5ev] y meet a /range ^w note x d[n until y discov] its mean+ & use4 ,read ! be/ books y c get1 books writt5 by m5 & wom5 :o are ackn[l$g$ ma/]s ( language1 & /udy h[ !y use _! words1 :]e !y place !m 9 ! s5t5ces1 & ! mean+s !y convey to ! read]s4 ,mix 9 good society4 ,li/5 att5tively to good talk]s & try to imitate _! mann] ( expression4 ,if a ^w is us$ y d n und]/&1 don't be a%am$ to ask its mean+4 ,true1 a small vocabul>y w c>ry y ?r\gh1 b x is an advantage to h a l>ge "o4 ,:5 y live alone a little pot s]ves j z well z a l>ge "o to cook y\r victuals & x is h&y & conv5i5t1 b :5 y\r fri5ds or neighbors come to d9e ) y1 y w ne$ a mu* l>g] pot & x is bett] to h x 9 /ore1 s t y w n be put to %ame = y\r scant9ess ( furni%+s4 ,get z _m words z y possibly c--if y don't ne$ !m n[1 pack !m away 9 ! g>rets ( y\r bra9 s t y c call ^u !m if y require !m4 ,keep a note book1 jot d[n ! words y don't und]/& or cle>ly und]/& & consult ! diction>y :5 y get "t4 ,,purity ,purity ( /yle consi/s 9 us+ words :i* are reputable1 national & pres5t1 :i* means t ! words are 9 curr5t use by ! be/ au?orities1 t !y are us$ ?r\gh\t ! nation & n conf9$ to "o p>ticul> "p1 & t !y are words 9 con/ant use at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re are two guid+ pr9ciples 9 ! *oice ( words1--good use & good ta/e4 ,good use tells u :e!r a ^w is "r or wrong2 good ta/e1 :e!r x is adapt$ to our purpose or n4 ,a ^w t is obsolete or too new to h ga9$ a place 9 ! language1 or t is a prov9cialism1 %\ld n be us$4 ,"h are ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts ( ,engli% /yle3 7#a7 ,d n use =eign words4 7#b7 ,d n use a long ^w :5 a %ort "o w s]ve y\r purpose4 ,fire is mu* bett] ?an conflagration4 7#c7 ,d n use te*nical words1 or ^? und]/ood only by speciali/s 9 _! respective l9es1 except :5 y are writ+ especially = su* p4 7#d7 ,d n use slang4 7#e7 ,d n use prov9cialisms1 z ,i guess = ,i ?9k2 ,i reckon = ,i "k1 etc4 7#f7 ,d n 9 writ+ prose1 use poetical or antiquat$ words3 z lore1 e'er1 morn1 yea1 nay1 v]ily1 p]adv5ture4 7#g7 ,d n use trite & hackney$ words & expressions2 z1 on ! job1 up & 92 d[n & out4 7#h7 ,d n use newspap] words :i* h n e/abli%$ a place 9 ! language z to bugle2 to suicide1 etc4 7#i7 ,d n use ungrammatical words & =ms2 z1 ,i a9't2 he don't4 7#aj7 ,d n use ambigu\s words or phrases2 z--,he %[$ me all ab\t ! h\se4 ,trite words1 similes & metaphors :i* h become hackney$ & worn out %\ld be all[$ to re/ 9 ! oblivion ( pa/ usage4 ,su* expressions & phrases z ,sweet sixte5 ! ,almighty doll>1 ,uncle ,sam1 ,on ! f5ce1 ,! ,glori\s ,f\r?1 ,"y ,am]ica1 ,! lords ( creation1 ,! ris+ g5]ation1 ,! weak] sex1 ,! weak] vessel1 ,sweetness long drawn out & *ief cook & bottle wa%]1 %\ld be put on ! %elf z !y are utt]ly worn out f too mu* usage4 ,"s ( ! old similes :i* h outliv$ _! usefulness & %\ld be p5sion$ (f1 are ,sweet z sug>1 ,bold z a lion1 ,/rong z an ox1 ,quick z a fla%1 ,cold z ice1 ,/iff z a pok]1 ,:ite z sn[1 ,busy z a bee1 ,pale z a gho/1 ,ri* z ,croesus1 ,cross z a be> & a great _m m f> too num]\s to m5tion4 ,be z orig9al z possible 9 ! use ( expression4 ,don't foll[ 9 ! old rut b try & /rike out = y\rself4 ,?is does n mean t y %\ld try to set ! /yle1 or d any?+ outl&i% or out ( ! way1 or be an innovator on ! prevail+ cu/om4 ,9 ord] to be orig9al !re is no necessity = y to introduce some?+ novel or e/abli% a prec$5t4 ,! probability is y are n fit to d ei!r1 by education or tal5t4 ,:ile foll[+ ! /yle ( ^? :o are ackn[l$g$ lead]s y c be orig9al 9 y\r language4 ,try & clo! an idea diff]5t f :at x has be5 clo!d & bett]4 ,if y are speak+ or writ+ ( danc+ don't talk or write ab\t tripp+ ! light fanta/ic toe4 ,x is ov] two hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,milton express$ x t way 9 ,l',allegro4 ,y're n a ,milton & besides ov] a million h /ol5 x f ,milton until x is n[ no long] wor? /eal+4 ,don't resurrect obsolete words su* z :ilom1 yclept1 wis1 etc41 & be c>eful 9 reg>d to obsolesc5t words1 t is1 words t are at ! pres5t "t gradually pass+ f use su* z quo?1 tr[1 betwixt1 among/1 fr[>d1 etc4 ,& bew>e ( new words4 ,be orig9al 9 ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( y\r language1 b don't try to orig9ate words4 ,leave t to ! ,ma/]s ( language1 & don't be ! fir/ to try su* words1 wait until ! *emi/s ( spee* h te/$ !m & pass$ ^u _! m]its4 ,qu9tilian said--,pref] ! olde/ ( ! new & ! newe/ ( ! old4 ,pope put ?is 9 rhyme & x /ill holds good3 ,9 words1 z fa%ions1 ! same rule w hold1 ,alike fanta/ic1 if too new or old3 ,be n ! fir/ by :om ! new are tri$1 ,nor yet ! la/ to lay ! old aside4 ,,propriety ,propriety ( /yle consi/s 9 us+ words 9 _! prop] s5se & z 9 ! case ( purity1 good usage is ! pr9cipal te/4 ,_m words h acquir$ 9 actual use a mean+ v diff]5t f :at !y once possess$4 ,prev5t =m]ly meant to g be=e1 & t mean+ is impli$ 9 its ,lat9 d]ivation4 ,n[ x means to put a /op to1 to h9d]4 ,to atta9 propriety ( /yle x is necess>y to avoid conf\nd+ words d]iv$ f ! same root2 z respectfully & respectively2 x is necess>y to use words 9 _! accept$ s5se or ! s5se :i* ev]yday use sanctions4 ,,simplicity ,simplicity ( /yle has ref]5ce to ! *oice ( simple words & _! unaffect$ pres5tation4 ,simple words %\ld always be us$ 9 pref]5ce to comp\nd1 & complicat$ ones :5 !y express ! same or almo/ ! same mean+4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon elem5t 9 our language comprises ! simple words :i* express ! relations ( ev]yday life1 /rong1 t]se1 vigor\s1 ! language ( ! fireside1 /reet1 m>ket & f>m4 ,x is ?is /yle :i* *>act]izes ! ,bible & _m ( ! great ,engli% classics su* z ! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 & ,gulliv]'s ,travels4 ,,cle>ness ,cle>ness ( /yle %\ld be "o ( ! lead+ consid]ations ) ! beg9n] 9 composition4 ,he mu/ avoid all obscurity & ambigu\s phrases4 ,if he write a s5t5ce or phrase & see t a mean+ might be inf]r$ f x o!rwise ?an int5d$1 he %\ld re-write x 9 su* a way t !re c be no possible d\bt4 ,words1 phrases or clauses t are closely relat$ %\ld be plac$ z ne> to ea* o!r z possible t _! mutual relation may cle>ly appe>1 & no ^w %\ld be omitt$ t is necess>y to ! complete expression ( ?\ght4 ,,unity ,unity is t prop]ty ( /yle :i* keeps all p>ts ( a s5t5ce 9 connection ) ! pr9cipal ?\ght & logically subord9ate to x4 ,a s5t5ce may be con/ruct$ z to sugge/ ! idea ( on5ess to ! m9d1 or x may be s loosely put toge!r z to produce a confus$ & indef9ite impression4 ,ideas t h b little connection %\ld be express$ 9 sep>ate s5t5ces1 & n cr[d$ into "o4 ,keep long p>5!ses out ( ! middle ( y\r s5t5ces & :5 y h app>5tly br\ght y\r s5t5ces to a close don't try to cont9ue ! ?\ght or idea by add+ supplem5t>y clauses4 ,,/r5g? ,/r5g? is t prop]ty ( /yle :i* gives animation1 en]gy & vivacity to language & su/a9s ! int]e/ ( ! read]4 ,x is z necess>y to language z good food is to ! body4 ,)\t x ! words are weak & feeble & create little or no impression on ! m9d4 ,9 ord] to h /r5g? ! language mu/ be concise1 t is1 mu* express$ 9 little compass1 y mu/ hit ! nail fairly on ! head & drive x 9 /raight4 ,g critically ov] :at y write & /rike out e ^w1 phrase & clause ! omission ( :i* impairs nei!r ! cle>ness nor =ce ( ! s5t5ce & s avoid r$undancy1 tautology & circumlocution4 ,give ! mo/ important words ! mo/ prom95t places1 :i*1 z has be5 po9t$ out else:]e1 are ! beg9n+ & end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,,h>mony ,h>mony is t prop]ty ( /yle :i* gives a smoo?ness to ! s5t5ce1 s t :5 ! words are s\nd$ _! connection becomes pleas+ to ! e>4 ,x adapts s\nd to s5se4 ,mo/ p con/ruct _! s5t5ces )\t giv+ ?\ght to ! way !y w s\nd & z a consequ5ce we h _m j>r+ & discordant comb9ations su* z ,?\ /r5g!n$/ ?y position & act$/ arbitr>ily & d]ogatorily to my int]e/s4 ,h>%1 disagreeable v]bs are liable to occur ) ! ,quak] =m ,?\ ( ! p]sonal pron\n4 ,?is =m is n[ ne>ly obsolete1 ! plural y be+ almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,to obta9 h>mony 9 ! s5t5ce long words t are h>d to pron\nce & comb9ations ( lett]s ( "o k9d %\ld be avoid$4 ,,expressive ,,( ,,writ] ,/yle is expressive ( ! writ]1 z to :o he is & :at he is4 ,z a matt] ( /ructure 9 composition x is ! indication ( :at a man c d2 z a matt] ( quality x is an indication ( :at he is4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,/yle ,/yle has be5 classifi$ 9 diff]5t ways1 b x admits ( s _m designations t x is v h>d to enum]ate a table4 ,9 fact !re are z _m /yles z !re are writ]s1 = no two au?ors write exactly aft] ! same =m4 ,h[ev]1 we may classify ! /yles ( ! v>i\s au?ors 9 broad divisions z 7#a7 dry1 7#b7 pla91 7#c7 neat1 7#d7 elegant1 7#e7 florid1 7#f7 bomba/ic4 ,! dry /yle excludes all ornam5t & makes no ef=t to appeal to any s5se ( beauty4 ,its object is simply to express ! ?\ghts 9 a correct mann]4 ,?is /yle is exemplifi$ by ,b]keley4 ,! pla9 /yle does n seek ornam5tation ei!r1 b aims to make cle> & concise /atem5ts )\t any elaboration or embelli%m5t4 ,locke & ,:ately illu/rate ! pla9 /yle4 ,! neat /yle only aspires aft] ornam5t sp>+ly4 ,its object is to h correct figures1 pure diction & cle> & h>moni\s s5t5ces4 ,goldsmi? & ,gray are ! ackn[l$g$ lead]s 9 ?is k9d ( /yle4 ,! elegant /yle uses e ornam5t t c beautify & avoids e excess :i* w\ld degrade4 ,macaulay & ,addison h be5 en?ron$ z ! k+s ( ?is /yle4 ,to !m all writ]s b5d ! knee 9 homage4 ,! florid /yle goes to excess 9 sup]flu\s & sup]ficial ornam5tation & /ra9s aft] a highly color$ imag]y4 ,! poems ( ,ossian typify ?is /yle4 ,! bomba/ic is *>act]iz$ by su* an excess ( words1 figures & ornam5ts z to be ridicul\s & disgu/+4 ,x is l a circus cl[n dress$ up 9 gold t9sel ,dick5s gives a f9e example ( x 9 ,s]geant ,buzfuz' spee* 9 ! ,pickwick ,pap]s4 ,among o!r v>ieties ( /yle may be m5tion$ ! colloquial1 ! laconic1 ! concise1 ! diffuse1 ! abrupt ! fl[+1 ! qua9t1 ! epigrammatic1 ! fl[]y1 ! feeble1 ! n]v\s1 ! vehem5t1 & ! affect$4 ,! mann] ( ^! is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! adjective us$ to describe !m4 ,9 fact /yle is z v>i\s z "* & expresses ! individuality ( ! writ]1 or 9 o!r words1 z ! ,fr5* writ] ,buffon v aptly rem>ks1 ! /yle is ! man himself4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,sugge/ions ,h[ to ,write--,:at to ,write--,correct ,speak+ & ,speak]s ,rules ( gramm> & rhetoric are good 9 _! own place2 _! laws mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ord] to express ?\ghts & ideas 9 ! "r way s t !y %all convey a det]m9ate s5se & mean+ 9 a pleas+ & acceptable mann]4 ,h>d & fa/ rules1 h[ev]1 c nev] make a writ] or au?or4 ,t is ! bus9ess ( old ,"m ,nature & no?+ c take h] place4 ,if nature has n end[$ a man ) faculties to put 8 ideas into prop] composition he _c d s4 ,he may h no ideas wor?y ! record+4 ,if a p]son has n a ?\ght to express1 x _c be express$4 ,some?+ _c be manufactur$ out ( no?+4 ,! au?or mu/ h ?\ghts & ideas be=e he c express !m on pap]4 ,^! come to him by nature & environm5t & are develop$ & /r5g!n$ by /udy4 ,!re is an old ,lat9 quotation 9 reg>d to ! poet :i* says ,poeta nascitur non fit ! translation ( :i* is--! poet is born1 n made4 ,to a great degree ! same applies to ! au?or4 ,"s m5 are great s*ol>s z f> z book le>n+ is conc]n$1 yet !y _c express !mselves 9 passable composition4 ,_! k is l gold lock$ up 9 a *e/ :]e x is ( no value to !mselves or ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! be/ way to le>n to write is to sit d[n & write1 j z ! be/ way h[ to le>n to ride a bicycle is to m\nt ! :eel & p$al away4 ,write fir/ ab\t common ?+s1 subjects t are famili> to y4 ,try = in/ance an essay on a cat4 ,say some?+ orig9al ab\t h]4 ,don't say %e is v playful :5 "y b becomes grave z %e gr[s old4 ,t has be5 said m ?an fifty ?\s& times be=e4 ,tell :at y h se5 ! family cat do+1 h[ %e caught a m\se 9 ! g>ret & :at %e did aft] cat*+ x4 ,famili> !mes are always ! be/ = ! beg9n]4 ,don't attempt to describe a sc5e 9 ,au/ralia if y h nev] be5 !re & "k no?+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,nev] hunt = subjects1 !re are ?\s&s ar\nd y4 ,describe :at y saw ye/]day-- a fire1 a runaway horse1 a dog-fight on ! /reet & be orig9al 9 y\r description4 ,imitate ! be/ writ]s 9 _! /yle1 b n 9 _! exact words4 ,get out ( ! beat5 pa?1 make a pa?way ( y\r own4 ,"k :at y write ab\t1 write ab\t :at y "k2 ?is is a gold5 rule to :i* y mu/ adh]e4 ,to "k y mu/ /udy4 ,! _w is an op5 book 9 :i* all :o run may read4 ,nature is "o great volume ! pages ( :i* are op5 to ! peasant z well z to ! pe]4 ,/udy ,nature's moods & t5ses1 = !y are va/ly m important ?an ^? ( ! gramm>4 ,book le>n+ is mo/ desirable1 b1 aft] all1 x is only !ory & n practice4 ,! gr&e/ allegory 9 ! ,engli%1 9 fact1 9 any language1 0 writt5 by an ignorant1 s-call$ ignorant1 t9k] nam$ ,john ,bunyan4 ,%akespe>e 0 n a s*ol> 9 ! s5se we reg>d ! t]m to-day1 yet no man ev] liv$ or probably ev] w live t equall$ or w equal him 9 ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,he simply read ! book ( nature & int]pret$ x f ! /&po9t ( 8 own magnific5t g5ius4 ,don't imag9e t a college education is necess>y to success z a writ]4 ,f> f x4 ,"s ( our college m5 are dead-heads1 drones1 p>asites on ! body social1 n alone useless to ! _w b to !mselves4 ,a p]son may be s ornam5tal t he is valueless f any o!r /&po9t4 ,z a g5]al rule ornam5tal ?+s s]ve b little purpose4 ,a man may "k s mu* ( ev]y?+ t he kn[s little ( any?+4 ,?is may s\nd p>adoxical1 b1 nev]!less1 exp]i5ce proves its tru?4 ,if y are poor t is n a detrim5t b an advantage4 ,pov]ty is an inc5tive to endeavor1 n a drawback4 ,bett] to be born ) a good1 work+ bra9 9 y\r head ?an ) a gold spoon 9 y\r m\?4 ,if ! _w _h be5 dep5d+ on ! s-call$ pets ( =tune x w\ld h det]iorat$ long ago4 ,f ! pits ( pov]ty1 f ! ar5as ( suff]+1 f ! hovels ( neglect1 f ! backwood cab9s ( obscurity1 f ! lanes & by-ways ( oppression1 f ! d+y g>rets & basem5ts ( un5d+ toil & drudg]y h come m5 & wom5 :o h made hi/ory1 made ! _w bright]1 bett]1 high]1 holi] = _! exi/5ce 9 x1 made ( x a place good to live 9 & wor?y to die 91--m5 & wom5 :o h hall[$ x by _! foot/eps & sanctifi$ x ) _! pres5ce & 9 _m cases consecrat$ x ) _! blood4 ,pov]ty is a bless+1 n an evil1 a b5ison f ! ,fa!r's h& if accept$ 9 ! "r _s4 ,in/ead ( ret>d+1 x has elevat$ lit]ature 9 all ages4 ,hom] 0 a bl9d begg>man s++ 8 snat*es ( song = ! dole ( *>ity2 gr& old ,socrates1 oracle ( wisdom1 _m a day w5t )\t 8 d9n] because he _h n ! :]e)al to get x1 :ile tea*+ ! y\? ( ,a!ns4 ,! div9e ,dante 0 no?+ bett] ?an a begg>1 h\seless1 homeless1 fri5dless1 w&]+ ?r\gh ,italy :ile he compos$ 8 immortal cantos4 ,milton1 :o 9 8 bl9dness look$ :]e angels fe> to tread1 0 /eep$ 9 pov]ty :ile writ+ 8 sublime conception1 ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,%akespe>e 0 glad to hold & wat] ! horses ( patrons outside ! ,:ite ,horse ,!atre = a few p5nies 9 ord] to buy bread4 ,burns bur/ =? 9 nev]-dy+ song :ile guid+ ! pl\gh%>e4 ,poor ,he9ri* ,he9e1 neglect$ & 9 pov]ty1 f 8 mattress grave ( suff]+ 9 ,p>is add$ lit]>y laurels to ! wrea? ( 8 ,g]man ,fa!rl&4 ,9 ,am]ica ,elihu ,burritt1 :ile att5d+ ! anvil1 made himself a ma/] ( a score ( languages & became ! lit]>y lion ( 8 age & c\ntry4 ,9 o!r fields ( endeavor pov]ty has be5 ! spur to action4 ,napoleon 0 born 9 obscurity1 ! son ( a h&-to-m\? scriv5] 9 ! backw>d isl& ( ,corsica4 ,abraham ,l9coln1 ! boa/ & pride ( ,am]ica1 ! man :o made ?is l& too hot = ! feet ( slaves1 came f a log cab9 9 ! ,ohio backwoods4 ,s did ,james ,a4 ,g>field4 ,ulysses ,grant came f a tany>d to become ! _w's greate/ g5]al4 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison comm5c$ z a newsboy on a railway tra94 ,! examples ( ^! m5 are inc5tives to action4 ,pov]ty ?ru/ !m =w>d in/ead ( keep+ !m back4 ,!re=e1 if y are poor make y\r circum/ances a means to an end4 ,h ambition1 keep a goal 9 sight & b5d e en]gy to rea* t goal4 ,a /ory is told ( ,?omas ,c>lyle ! day he atta9$ ! highe/ honor ! lit]>y _w c\ld conf] ^u him :5 he 0 elect$ ,"l ,rector ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,aft] 8 in/allation spee*1 9 go+ ?r\gh ! halls1 he met a /ud5t seem+ly deep 9 /udy4 ,9 8 own peculi>1 abrupt1 cru/y way ! ,sage ( ,*elsea int]rogat$ ! "y man3 ,= :at pr(ession are y /udy+8 ,i don't "k1 return$ ! y\?4 ,y don't "k1 ?und]$ ,c>lyle1 "y man1 y are a fool4 ,!n he w5t on to qualify 8 vehem5t rem>k1 ,my boy :5 ,i 0 y\r age1 ,i 0 /oop$ 9 gr9d+1 gripp+ pov]ty 9 ! little village ( ,ecclefe*an1 9 ! wilds ( ,transcrib]'s note3 ,"p ( ^w illegible-frie%ire1 :]e 9 all ! place only ! m9i/] & myself c\ld read ! ,bible1 yet poor & obscure z ,i 01 9 my m9d's eye ,i saw a *air await+ = me 9 ! ,temple ( ,fame & day & night & night & day ,i /udi$ until ,i sat 9 t *air to-day z ,"l ,rector ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,ano!r ,scot*man1 ,rob]t ,bu*anan1 ! fam\s noveli/1 set out = ,london f ,glasg[ ) b half-a-cr[n 9 8 pocket4 ,"h goes1 said he1 = a grave 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,he 0 n mu* ( a s*ol>1 b 8 ambition c>ri$ him on & he became "o ( ! great lit]>y lions ( ! _w's metropolis4 ,h5ry ,m4 ,/anley 0 a poorh\se waif ^: real "n 0 ,john ,r[l&s4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 a ,wel% workh\se1 b he _h ambition1 s he rose to be a great explor]1 a great writ]1 became a memb] ( ,p>liam5t & 0 knight$ by ! ,briti% ,sov]eign4 ,h ambition to succe$ & y w succe$4 ,cut ! ^w failure out ( y\r lexicon4 ,don't ackn[l$ge x4 ,rememb] ,9 life's e>ne/ battle !y only prevail ,:o daily m>* onw>d & nev] say fail4 ,let e ob/acle y enc\nt] be b a /epp+ /one 9 ! pa? ( onw>d progress to ! goal ( success4 ,if unt[>d circum/ances surr\nd y1 resolve to ov]come !m4 ,bunyan wrote ! ,pilgrim's ,progress 9 ,b$=d jail on scraps ( wrapp+ pap] :ile he 0 half />v$ on a diet ( bread & wat]4 ,t un=tunate ,am]ican g5ius1 ,edg> ,allan ,poe1 wrote ,! ,rav51 ! mo/ wond]ful conception z well z ! mo/ highly arti/ic poem 9 all ,engli% lit]ature1 9 a little cottage 9 ! ,=dham section ( ,new ,york :ile he 0 9 ! dire/ /raits ( want4 ,?r\gh\t all 8 %ort & wond]fully brilliant c>e]1 poor ,poe nev] _h a doll> he c\ld call 8 own4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 bo? 8 fault & 8 mis=tune & he is a bad exempl>4 ,don't ?9k t ! k ( a libr>y ( books is ess5tial to success z a writ]4 ,(t5 a multiplicity ( books is confus+4 ,ma/] a few good books & ma/] !m well & y w h all t is necess>y4 ,a great au?ority has said3 ,bew>e ( ! man ( "o book1 :i* means t a man ( "o book is a ma/] ( ! craft4 ,x is claim$ t a ?or\gh k ( ! ,bible alone w make any p]son a ma/] ( lit]ature4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! ,bible & ,%akespe>e con/itute an epitome ( ! ess5tials ( k4 ,%akespe>e ga!r$ ! fruitage ( all :o w5t be=e him1 he has s[n ! se$s = all :o %all ev] come aft] him4 ,he 0 ! great intellectual ocean ^: waves t\* ! cont95ts ( all ?\ght4 ,books are *eap n[-a-days1 ! greate/ works1 ?anks to ! pr9t+ press1 are )9 ! rea* ( all1 & ! m y read1 ! bett]1 provid$ !y are wor? read+4 ,sometimes a man takes poison into 8 sy/em unconsci\s ( ! fact t x is poison1 z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 foods1 & x is v h>d to ?r[ (f its effects4 ,!re=e1 be c>eful 9 y\r *oice ( read+ matt]4 ,if y _c af=d a full libr>y1 & z has be5 said1 su* is n necess>y1 select a few ( ! great works ( ! ma/] m9ds1 assimilate & dige/ !m1 s t !y w be ( advantage to y\r lit]>y sy/em4 ,else:]e 9 ?is volume is giv5 a li/ ( "s ( ! _w's ma/]pieces f :i* y c make a selection4 ,y\r bra9 is a /oreh\se1 don't put useless furniture into x to cr[d x to ! exclusion ( :at is useful4 ,lay up only ! valuable & s]viceable k9d :i* y c call into requisition at any mom5t4 ,z x is necess>y to /udy ! be/ au?ors 9 ord] to be a writ]1 s x is necess>y to /udy ! be/ speak]s 9 ord] to talk ) correctness & 9 good /yle4 ,to talk rightly y mu/ imitate ! ma/]s ( oral spee*4 ,li/5 to ! be/ conv]sationali/s & h[ !y express !mselves4 ,g to he> ! lead+ lectures1 spee*es & s]mons4 ,no ne$ to imitate ! ge/ures ( elocution1 x is nature1 n art1 t makes ! elocutioni/ & ! orator4 ,x is n h[ a speak] expresses himself b ! language :i* he uses & ! mann] ( its use :i* %\ld int]e/ y4 ,h y he>d ! pres5t day ma/]s ( spee*8 ,!re h be5 pa/ "t ma/]s b _! tongues are /ill$ 9 ! du/ ( ! grave1 & y c only read _! eloqu5ce n[4 ,y c1 h[ev]1 li/5 to ! *>m ( ! liv+4 ,to _m ( u voices /ill speak f ! grave1 voices to :i* we h li/5$ :5 fir$ ) ! div9e ess5ce ( spee*4 ,p]haps y h hung ) rapture on ! words ( ,bee*] & ,talmage4 ,bo? ?rill$ ! s\ls ( m5 & won c\ntless ?\s&s ov] to a liv+ gospel4 ,bo? 7 ma/]s ( words1 !y scatt]$ ! fl[]s ( rhetoric on ! %r9e ( eloqu5ce & hurl$ v]itable b\quets at _! audi5ces :i* 7 eag]ly seiz$ by ! latt] & treasur$ 9 ! /oreh\se ( memory4 ,bo? 7 s*ol>s & philosoph]s1 yet !y 7 f> surpass$ by ,spurgeon1 a pla9 man ( ! p ) little or no claim to education 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,spurgeon by 8 spee* attract$ ?\s&s to 8 ,tab]nacle4 ,! ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic1 ,turk1 ,jew & ,mohamm$an ru%$ to he> him & li/5$1 entranc$1 to 8 language4 ,su* ano!r 0 ,dwight ,l4 ,moody1 ! greate/ ,evangeli/ ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,moody 0 n a man ( le>n+2 he comm5c$ life z a %oe salesman 9 ,*icago1 yet no man ev] liv$ :o drew su* audi5ces & s fasc9at$ !m ) ! spell ( 8 spee*4 ,oh1 t 0 p]sonal magnetism1 y w say1 b x 0 no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x 0 ! burn+ words t fell f ! lips ( ^! m51 & ! way1 ! mann]1 ! =ce ) :i* !y us$ ^? words t c\nt$ & attract$ ! cr[ds to li/5 unto !m4 ,p]sonal magnetism or p]sonal appe>ance ent]$ n z factors into _! success4 ,inde$ z f> z physique 7 conc]n$1 "s ( !m 7 h&icapp$4 ,spurgeon 0 a %ort1 podgy1 fat little man1 ,moody 0 l a c\ntry f>m]1 ,talmage 9 8 big cloak 0 "o ( ! mo/ slov5ly ( m5 & only ,bee*] 0 passable 9 ! way ( ref9em5t & g5tlemanly be>+4 ,physical appe>ance1 z s _m ?9k1 is n ! sesame to ! int]e/ ( an audi5ce4 ,daniel ,o',connell1 ! ,iri% tribune1 0 a homely1 ugly1 awkw>d1 unga9ly man1 yet 8 words attract$ millions to 8 side & ga9$ = him ! ho/ile e> ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 he 0 a ma/] ( v]biage & knew j :at to say to captivate 8 audi5ces4 ,x is words & _! plac+ t c\nt on almo/ all occasions4 ,no matt] h[ ref9$ 9 o!r respects ! p]son may be1 if he use words wrongly & express himself 9 language n 9 accordance ) a prop] con/ruction1 he w repel y1 :]eas ! man :o places 8 words correctly & employs language 9 h>mony ) ! laws ( good spee*1 let him be ev] s humble1 w attract & h an influ5ce ov] y4 ,! good speak]1 ! correct speak]1 is always able to comm& att5tion & doors are ?r[n op5 to him :i* rema9 clos$ to o!rs n equipp$ ) a l facility ( expression4 ,! man :o c talk well & to ! po9t ne$ nev] fe> to g idle4 ,he is requir$ 9 ne>ly e walk ( life & field ( human endeavor1 ! _w wants him at e turn4 ,employ]s are con/antly on ! look\t = good talk]s1 ^? :o are able to attract ! public & conv9ce o!rs by ! =ce ( _! language4 ,a man may be able1 educat$1 ref9$1 ( unblemi%$ "*1 nev]!less if he lack ! p[] to express himself1 put =? 8 views 9 good & appropriate spee* he has to take a back seat1 :ile "s "o ) mu* less ability gets ! opportunity to come to ! front because he c clo! 8 ideas 9 ready words & talk effectively4 ,y may aga9 say t nature1 n art1 makes a man a flu5t speak]2 to a great degree ?is is true1 b x is art t makes him a correct speak]1 & correctness leads to flu5cy4 ,x is possible = ev]yone to become a correct speak] if he w b p]sev]e & take a little pa9s & c>e4 ,at ! risk ( repetition good advice may be "h emphasiz$3 ,li/5 to ! be/ speak]s & note c>efully ! words :i* impress y mo/4 ,keep a notebook & jot d[n words1 phrases1 s5t5ces t are 9 any way /rik+ or out ( ! ord9>y run4 ,if y d n und]/& ! exact mean+ ( a ^w y h he>d1 look x up 9 ! diction>y4 ,!re are _m words1 call$ synonyms1 :i* h almo/ a l signification1 nev]!less1 :5 exam9$ !y express diff]5t %ades ( mean+ & 9 "s cases1 in/ead ( be+ close relat$1 are widely div]g5t4 ,bew>e ( su* words1 f9d _! exact mean+ & le>n to use !m 9 _! "r places4 ,be op5 to criticism1 don't res5t x b r invite x & look ^u ^? z fri5ds :o po9t out y\r defects 9 ord] t y may rem$y !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,slang ,orig9--,am]ican ,slang--,=eign ,slang ,slang is m or less common 9 ne>ly all ranks ( society & 9 e walk ( life at ! pres5t day4 ,slang words & expressions h crept into our ev]yday language1 & s insidu\sly1 t !y h n be5 detect$ by ! great majority ( speak]s1 & s h become "p & p>cel ( _! vocabul>y on an equal foot+ ) ! legitimate words ( spee*4 ,!y are call$ ^u to d simil> s]vice z ! ord9>y words us$ 9 ev]yday conv]sation--to express ?\ghts & desires & convey mean+ f "o to ano!r4 ,9 fact1 9 "s cases1 slang has become s useful t x has f> out/ripp$ classic spee* & made = itself su* a position 9 ! v]nacul> t x w\ld be v h>d 9 "s cases to get along )\t x4 ,slang words h usurp$ ! place ( regul> words ( language 9 v _m in/ances & reign supreme 9 _! own /r5g? & influ5ce4 ,cant & slang are (t5 confus$ 9 ! popul> m9d1 yet !y are n synonym\s1 ?\gh v closely alli$1 & proce$+ f a common ,gypsy orig94 ,cant is ! language ( a c]ta9 class--! peculi> phraseology or dialect ( a c]ta9 craft1 trade or pr(ession1 & is n readily und]/ood save by ! initiat$ ( su* craft1 trade or pr(ession4 ,x may be correct1 accord+ to ! rules ( gramm>1 b x is n univ]sal2 x is conf9$ to c]ta9 p>ts & localities & is only intelligible to ^? = :om x is int5d$4 ,9 %ort1 x is an esot]ic language :i* only ! initiat$ c und]/&4 ,! j>gon1 or patt]1 ( ?ieves is cant & x is only und]/ood by ?ieves :o h be5 let into its significance2 ! initiat$ language ( pr(essional gambl]s is cant1 & is only intelligible to gambl]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 slang1 z x is n[adays1 belongs to no p>ticul> class b is scatt]$ all ov] & gets entre into e k9d ( society & is und]/ood by all :]e x passes curr5t 9 ev]yday expression4 ,( c\rse1 ! nature ( ! slang1 to a great ext5t1 dep5ds ^u ! locality1 z x *iefly is conc]n$ ) colloquialisms or words & phrases common to a p>ticul> section4 ,= in/ance1 ! slang ( ,london is slightly diff]5t f t ( ,new ,york1 & "s words 9 ! "o city may be un9telligible 9 ! o!r1 ?\gh well und]/ood 9 t 9 :i* !y are curr5t4 ,nev]!less1 slang may be said to be univ]sally und]/ood4 ,to kick ! bucket1 to cross ! ,jordan1 to hop ! twig are j z expressive ( ! dep>t+ f life 9 ! backwoods ( ,am]ica or ! wilds ( ,au/ralia z !y are 9 ,london or ,dubl94 ,slang simply consi/s ( words & phrases :i* pass curr5t b are n ref9$1 nor elegant en\gh1 to be admitt$ into polite spee* or lit]ature :5ev] !y are recogniz$ z su*4 ,b1 z has be5 said1 a great _m use slang )\t _! kn[+ x z slang & incorporate x into _! ev]yday spee* & conv]sation4 ,"s au?ors purposely use slang to give emphasis & spice 9 famili> & humor\s writ+1 b !y %\ld n be imitat$ by ! tyro4 ,a ma/]1 su* z ,dick5s1 is =givable1 b 9 ! novice x is unp>donable4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( slang atta*$ to diff]5t pr(essions & classes ( society4 ,= in/ance1 !re is college slang1 political slang1 sport+ slang1 etc4 ,x is ! nature ( slang to circulate freely among all classes1 yet !re are sev]al k9ds ( ?is curr5t =m ( language correspond+ to ! sev]al classes ( society4 ,! two great divisions ( slang are ! vulg> ( ! un$ucat$ & co>se-m9d$1 & ! high-ton$ slang ( ! s-call$ upp] classes--! educat$ & ! weal?y4 ,! hoyd5 ( ! gutt] does n use ! same slang z my lady 9 h] b\doir1 b bo? use x1 & s expressive is x t ! "o might readily und]/& ! o!r if br\ght 9 contact4 ,!re=e1 !re are :at may be /yl$ an ignorant slang & an educat$ slang--! "o common to ! purlieus & ! alleys1 ! o!r to ! p>lor & ! draw+-room4 ,9 all cases ! object ( slang is to express an idea 9 a m vigor\s1 piquant & t]se mann] ?an /&>d usage ord9>ily admits4 ,a s*ool girl1 :5 %e wants to praise a baby1 exclaims3 ,oh1 isn't he awfully cute6 ,to say t he is v nice w\ld be too weak a way to express h] admiration4 ,:5 a h&some girl appe>s on ! /reet an en?usia/ic mascul9e admir]1 to express 8 appreciation ( h] beauty1 tells y3 ,%e is a pea*1 a bird1 a cuckoo1 any ( :i* acc5tuates 8 e/imation ( ! "y lady & is mu* m emphatic ?an say+3 ,%e is a beautiful girl1 a h&some maid51 or lovely "y woman4 ,:5 a politician defeats 8 rival he w tell y x 0 a c9*1 he _h a walk-ov]1 to impress y h[ easy x 0 to ga9 ! victory4 ,"s slang expressions are ( ! nature ( metaphors & are highly figurative4 ,su* are to pass 9 y\r *ecks1 to hold up1 to pull ! wool ov] y\r eyes1 to talk ?r\gh y\r hat1 to fire out1 to g back on1 to make y\rself solid )1 to h a jag on1 to be load$1 to freeze on to1 to b>k up ! wrong tree1 don't monkey ) ! buzz-saw1 & 9 ! s\p4 ,mo/ slang _h a bad orig94 ,! great] "p orig9at$ 9 ! cant ( ?ieves' ,lat91 b x broke away f ?is cant ( malefactors 9 "t & gradually evolv$ itself f its unsavory pa/ until x develop$ into a curr5t =m ( expressive spee*4 ,"s slang1 h[ev]1 c trace its orig9 back to v respectable s\rces4 ,/ol5 fruits are sweet may be trac$ to ! ,bible 9 s5tim5t4 ,prov]bs1 ix3#ag has x3 ,/ol5 wat]s are sweet4 ,:at are y giv+ me1 suppos$ to be a ?or\gh ,am]icanism1 is bas$ ^u ,g5esis1 xxxviii3#af4 ,! common slang1 a bad man1 9 ref]r+ to ,we/]n desp]adoes1 9 almo/ ! id5tical s5se n[ us$1 is f\nd 9 ,sp5s]'s ,fa]ie ,que51 ,mass+]'s play ,a ,new ,way to ,pay ,old ,debts1 & 9 ,%akespe>e's ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! expression to bl[ on1 mean+ to in=m1 is 9 ,%akespe>e's ,z ,y ,l x4 ,x's all ,greek to me is traceable to ! play ( ,julius ,caes>4 ,all cry & no wool is 9 ,butl]'s ,hudibras4 ,pi\s frauds1 mean+ hypocrites1 is f ! same s\rce4 ,too ?91 ref]r+ to an excuse1 is f ,smollett's ,p]egr9e ,pickle4 ,%akespe>e also us$ x4 ,am]ica has _h a l>ge %>e 9 contribut+ to mod]n slang4 ,! hea!n ,*9ee1 & ,ways t are d>k1 & tricks t are va91 are f ,bret ,h>te's ,tru?ful ,james4 ,n = ,joe1 arose dur+ ! ,civil ,w> :5 "o soldi] refus$ to give a dr9k to ano!r4 ,n if ,i "k myself _h its orig9 9 ,*icago4 ,:at's ! matt] )----8 ,he's all "r1 _h its beg9n+ 9 ,*icago also & fir/ 0 ,:at's ! matt] ) ,hannah4 ref]r+ to a lazy dome/ic s]vant4 ,!re's millions 9 x1 & ,by a l>ge majority come f ,m>k ,twa9's ,gild$ ,age4 ,pull d[n y\r ve/1 jim-jams1 got 'em bad1 t's :at's ! matt]1 g hire a hall1 take 9 y\r sign1 dry up1 hump y\rself1 x's ! man ar\nd ! corn]1 putt+ up a job1 put a head on him1 no back talk1 bottom doll>1 w5t (f on 8 e>1 *alk x d[n1 /av+ him (f1 mak+ x w>m1 dropp+ him g5tly1 dead gone1 bu/$1 c\nt] jump]1 put up or %ut up1 bang up1 sm>t ,aleck1 too mu* jaw1 *9-music1 top heavy1 b>efoot$ on ! top ( ! head1 a little too fre%1 *ampion li>1 *ief cook & bottle wa%]1 bag & baggage1 z f9e z silk1 "n y\r poison1 di$ ) 8 boots on1 old hoss1 hunkey dorey1 hold y\r horses1 galoot & _m o!rs 9 use at pres5t are all ,am]icanisms 9 slang4 ,cali=nia especially has be5 mo/ fecund 9 ?is class ( figurative language4 ,to ?is ,/ate we owe g (f & die1 don't y =get x1 r\gh deal1 squ>e deal1 flu% times1 pool y\r issues1 g bury y\rself1 g dr[n y\rself1 give y\r tongue a vacation1 a bad egg1 g climb a tree1 plug hats1 ,dolly ,v>d5s1 well fix$1 d[n to b$ rock1 h>d pan1 pay dirt1 pet]$ out1 x won't wa%1 slug ( :iskey1 x pans out well1 & ,i %\ld smile4 ,small potatoes1 & few 9 ! hill1 s(t snap1 all fir$1 gol durn x1 an up-hill job1 slick1 %ort cut1 guess n1 correct ?+ are ,bo/onisms4 ,! t]ms innoc5t1 ackn[l$ge ! corn1 b>k up ! wrong tree1 great snakes1 ,i reckon1 play+ 'possum1 dead %ot1 _h _! orig9 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,doggone x1 t beats ! ,dut*1 y bet1 y bet y\r boots1 sprang f ,new ,york4 ,/ep d[n & out orig9at$ 9 ! ,bee*] trial1 j z bra9-/orm orig9at$ 9 ! ,?aw trial4 ,among ! slang phrases t h come directly to u f ,engl& may be m5tion$ ?r[ up ! sponge1 draw x mild1 give u a re/1 dead beat1 on ! %elf1 up ! sp\t1 /unn+1 gift ( ! gab1 etc4 ,! newspap]s are responsible = a l>ge "p ( ! slang4 ,report]s1 /aff writ]s1 & ev5 editors1 put words & phrases into ! m\?s ( individuals :i* !y nev] utt]4 ,new ,york is suppos$ to be ! headqu>t]s ( slang1 p>ticul>ly t portion ( x kn[n z ! ,b[]y4 ,all transgressions & corruptions ( language are suppos$ to orig9ate 9 t unclassic section1 :ile ! tru? is t ! laws ( polite ,engli% are z mu* violat$ on ,fif? ,av5ue4 ,( c\rse1 ! =eign elem5t m9c+ _! pidg9 ,engli% h giv5 ! ,b[]y an un5viable reputation1 b !re are j z good speak]s ( ! v]nacul> on ! ,b[]y z else:]e 9 ! great] city4 ,yet e inexp]i5c$ newspap] report] ?9ks t x is incumb5t on him to hold ! ,b[]y up to ridicule & laught]1 s he sits d[n1 & out ( 8 circumscrib$ bra91 mutilates ! ,engli% tongue 7he c r>ely co9 a ^w71 & blames ! mutilation on ! ,b[]y4 ',tis ! same ) newspap]s & au?ors1 too1 detract+ ! ,iri% race4 ,m5 & wom5 :o h nev] se5 ! gre5 hills ( ,irel&1 pa9t ,iri% *>act]s z boors & blund]]s & make !m say ludicr\s ?+s & use su* language z is nev] he>d )9 ! f\r walls ( ,irel&4 ',tis v well kn[n t ,irel& is ! mo/ le>n$ c\ntry on ! face ( ! e>?--is1 & has be54 ,! s*oolma/] has be5 abroad !re = hundr$s1 almo/ ?\s&s1 ( ye>s1 & n[h]e else 9 ! _w to-day is ! k+'s ,engli% spok5 s purely z 9 ! cities & t[ns ( ! little ,we/]n ,isle4 ,curr5t ev5ts1 happ5+s ( ev]yday life1 (t5 give rise to slang words1 & ^!1 aft] a "t1 come into su* g5]al use t !y take _! places 9 ev]yday spee* l ord9>y words &1 z has be5 said1 _! us]s =get t !y once 7 slang4 ,= in/ance1 ! days ( ! ,l& ,league 9 ,irel& orig9at$ ! ^w boycott1 :i* 0 ! "n ( a v unpopul> l&lord1 ,capta9 ,boycott4 ,! p refus$ to "w = him1 & 8 crops rott$ on ! gr\nd4 ,f ?is "t any "o :o came into disfavor & :om 8 neighbors refus$ to assi/ 9 any way 0 said to be boycott$4 ,!re=e to boycott means to puni% by ab&on+ or depriv+ a p]son ( ! assi/ance ( o!rs4 ,at fir/ x 0 a notori\sly slang ^w1 b n[ x is /&>d 9 ! ,engli% diction>ies4 ,politics add to our slang words & phrases4 ,f ?is s\rce we get d>k horse1 ! gray m>e is ! bett] horse1 b>rel ( money1 buncombe1 g]rym&]1 scalawag1 h5*man1 logroll+1 pull+ ! wires1 tak+ ! /ump1 ma*9e1 slate1 etc4 ,! money m>ket furni%es u ) corn]1 bull1 be>1 lamb1 slump1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,! cu/om ( ! times & ! requirem5ts ( curr5t expression require ! be/ ( u to use slang words & phrases on occasions4 ,(t5 we d n "k !y are slang1 j z a *ild (t5 uses pr(ane words )\t consci\sness ( _! be+ s4 ,we %\ld avoid ! use ( slang z mu* z possible1 ev5 :5 x s]ves to convey our ideas 9 a =ceful mann]4 ,& :5 x has n ga9$ a firm foo?old 9 curr5t spee* x %\ld be us$ n at all4 ,rememb] t mo/ all slang is ( vulg> orig9 & be>s ^u its face ! b5d s9i/] ( vulg>ity4 ,( ! slang t is ( good bir?1 pass x by if y c1 = x is l a brok5-d[n g5tleman1 ( little good to any "o4 ,imitate ! great ma/]s z mu* z y w 9 classical lit]ature1 b :5 x comes to _! slang1 draw ! l9e4 ,dean ,swift1 ! great ,iri% satiri/1 co9$ ! ^w phiz = face4 ,don't imitate him4 ,if y are speak+ or writ+ ( ! beauty ( a lady's face don't call x h] phiz4 ,! ,dean1 z an intellectual giant1 _h a lic5se to d s--y hav5't4 ,%akespe>e us$ ! ^w flu% to indicate pl5ty ( money4 ,well1 j rememb] !re 0 only "o ,%akespe>e1 & he 0 ! only "o t _h a "r to use t ^w 9 t s5se4 ,y'll nev] be a ,%akespe>e1 !re w nev] be su* ano!r--,nature exhau/$ h]self 9 produc+ him4 ,bulw] us$ ! ^w /ret* = hang1 z to /ret* 8 neck4 ,don't foll[ 8 example 9 su* use ( ! ^w4 ,above all1 avoid ! l[1 co>se1 vulg> slang1 :i* is made to pass = wit among ! riff-raff ( ! /reet4 ,if y are speak+ or writ+ ( a p]son hav+ di$ la/ night don't say or write3 ,he hopp$ ! twig1 or he kick$ ! bucket4 ,if y are compell$ to li/5 to a p]son disc\rs+ on a subject ( :i* he kn[s little or no?+1 don't say ,he is talk+ ?r\gh 8 hat4 ,if y are tell+ ( hav+ %ak5 h&s ) ,mr4 ,roosevelt don't say ,he tipp$ me 8 flipp]4 ,if y are speak+ ( a weal?y man don't say ,he has pl5ty ( spondulix1 or ! long gre54 ,all su* slang is l[1 co>se & vulg> & is to be fr[n$ ^u on any & e occasion4 ,if y use slang use ! ref9$ k9d & use x l a g5tleman1 t x w n hurt or give (f5se to any "o4 ,c>d9al ,newman def9$ a g5tleman z he :o nev] inflicts pa94 ,be a g5tleman 9 y\r slang-- nev] inflict pa94 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,writ+ ,,= ,,newspap]s ,qualification--,appropriate ,subjects--,directions ,! newspap] n[adays goes into e home 9 ! l&2 :at 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z a luxury is n[ look$ ^u z a necessity4 ,no matt] h[ poor ! individual1 he is n too poor to af=d a p5ny to le>n1 n alone :at is tak+ place ar\nd him 9 8 own imm$iate vic9ity1 b also :at is happ5+ 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,! labor] on ! /reet c be z well po/$ on ! news ( ! day z ! bank] 9 8 (fice4 ,?r\gh ! newspap] he c feel ! pulse ( ! c\ntry & f9d :e!r its vitality is increas+ or dim9i%+2 he c read ! signs ( ! times & scan ! political horizon = :at conc]ns 8 own int]e/s4 ,! do+s ( =eign c\ntries are spread be=e him & he c see at a glance ! occurr5ces 9 ! remote/ corn]s ( e>?4 ,if a fire occurr$ 9 ,london la/ night he c read ab\t x at 8 breakfa/ table 9 ,new ,york ?is morn+1 & probably get a bett] acc\nt ?an ! ,london]s !mselves4 ,if a duel takes place 9 ,p>is he c read all ab\t x ev5 be=e ! conte/ants h left ! field4 ,!re are upw>ds ( #c1jjj daily newspap]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 m ?an #b1jjj ( :i* are publi%$ 9 t[ns conta9+ less ?an #ajj1jjj inhabitants4 ,9 fact1 _m places ( less ?an #aj1jjj population c boa/ ! publi%+ ( a daily newspap]4 ,!re are m ?an #ae1jjj weeklies publi%$4 ,"s ( ! s-call$ c\ntry pap]s wield q an influ5ce 9 _! localities1 & ev5 outside1 & are money-mak+ ag5cies = _! own]s & ^? connect$ ) !m1 bo? by way ( circulation & adv]tisem5ts4 ,x is surpris+ ! numb] ( p 9 ?is c\ntry :o make a liv+ 9 ! newspap] field4 ,ap>t f ! regul> toil]s !re are ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 :o make newspap] "w a side issue1 :o add tidy sums ( p9 money to _! incomes by occasional contributions to ! daily1 weekly & mon?ly press4 ,mo/ ( ^! p are only p]sons ( ord9>y1 ev]yday ability1 hav+ j en\gh education to express !mselves intellig5tly 9 writ+4 ,x is a mi/ake to imag9e1 z s _m d1 t an ext5d$ education is necess>y = newspap] "w4 ,n at all6 ,on ! contr>y1 9 "s cases1 a high-class education is a h9drance1 n a help 9 ?is direction4 ,! g5]al newspap] does n want le>n$ disquisitions nor philosophical !ses2 z its "n implies1 x wants news1 curr5t news1 int]e/+ news1 some?+ to appeal to its read]s1 to ar\se !m & rivet _! att5tion4 ,9 ?is respect v (t5 a boy c write a bett] article ?an a college pr(essor4 ,! pr(essor w\ld be apt to use words beyond ! capacity ( mo/ ( ! read]s1 :ile ! boy1 n kn[+ su* words1 w\ld probably simply tell :at he saw1 h[ great ! damage 01 :o 7 kill$ or injur$1 etc41 & use language :i* all w\ld und]/&4 ,( c\rse1 !re are "s brilliant s*ol>s1 deeply-read m5 & wom5 9 ! newspap] realm1 b1 on ! :ole1 ^? :o h made ! greate/ names comm5c$ ignorant en\gh & mo/ ( !m graduat$ by way ( ! c\ntry pap]4 ,"s ( ! lead+ writ]s ( ,engl& & ,am]ica at ! pres5t "t />t$ _! lit]>y c>e]s by contribut+ to ! rural press4 ,!y p]fect$ & poli%$ !mselves z !y w5t along until !y 7 able to make names = !mselves 9 univ]sal lit]ature4 ,if y want to contribute to newspap]s or ent] ! newspap] field z a means ( livelihood1 don't let lack ( a college or univ]sity education /& 9 y\r way4 ,z has be5 said else:]e 9 ?is book1 "s ( ! greate/ ma/]s ( ,engli% lit]ature 7 m5 :o _h b little advantage 9 ! way ( book le>n+4 ,%akespe>e1 ,bunyan1 ,burns1 & scores ( o!rs1 :o h left _! names indelibly inscrib$ on ! tablets ( fame1 _h little to boa/ ( 9 ! way ( book education1 b !y _h :at is popul>ly kn[n z horse s5se & a good work+ k ( ! _w2 9 o!r words1 !y und]/ood human nature1 & 7 natural !mselves4 ,%akespe>e und]/ood mank9d because he 0 himself a man2 h5ce he has portray$ ! feel+s1 ! emotions1 ! passions ) a ma/]'s t\*1 del9eat+ ! k+ 9 8 palace z true to nature z he has done ! peasant 9 8 hut4 ,! monitor )9 8 own brea/ gave him w>n+ z to :at 0 "r & :at 0 wrong1 j z ! daemon ev] by ! side ( old ,socrates :isp]$ 9 8 e> ! c\rse to pursue "u any & all circum/ances4 ,burns guid+ ! pl\gh conceiv$ ?\ghts & clo!d !m 9 a language :i* has nev]1 nor probably nev] w be1 surpass$ by all ! le>n+ :i* art c conf]4 ,^! m5 7 natural1 & x 0 ! p]fection ( ?is naturality t wrea!d _! br[s ) ! nev]-fad+ laurels ( undy+ fame4 ,if y w\ld essay to write = ! newspap] y mu/ be natural & express y\rself 9 y\r accu/om$ way )\t putt+ on airs or frills2 y mu/ n ape ornam5ts & indulge 9 bomba/ or rhodomontade :i* /amp a writ] z n only sup]ficial b silly4 ,!re is no room = su* 9 ! ev]yday newspap]4 ,x wants facts /at$ 9 pla91 unv>ni%$1 unadorn$ language4 ,true1 y %\ld read ! be/ au?ors &1 z f> z possible1 imitate _! /yle1 b don't try to lit]ally copy !m4 ,be y\rself on e occasion--no "o else4 ,n l ,hom] w\ld ,i write1 ,n l ,dante if ,i might1 ,n l ,%akespe>e at 8 be/1 ,n l ,goe! or ! re/1 ,l myself1 h[ev] small1 ,l myself1 or n at all4 ,put y\rself 9 place ( ! read] & write :at w int]e/ y\rself & 9 su* a way t y\r language w appeal to y\r own ideas ( ! fitness ( ?+s4 ,y belong to ! great commonplace majority1 !re=e don't =get t 9 writ+ = ! newspap]s y are writ+ = t majority & n = ! le>n$ & ae/hetic m9ority4 ,rememb] y are writ+ = ! man on ! /reet & 9 ! /reet c>1 y want to int]e/ him1 to compel him to read :at y h to say4 ,he does n want a display ( le>n+2 he wants news ab\t some?+ :i* conc]ns himself1 & y mu/ tell x to him 9 a pla91 simple mann] j z y w\ld d if y 7 face to face ) him4 ,:at c y write ab\t8 ,:y ab\t any?+ t w con/itute curr5t news1 "s lead+ ev5t ( ! day1 any?+ t w appeal to ! read]s ( ! pap] to :i* y wi% to submit x4 ,no matt] 9 :at locality y may live1 h[ev] backw>d x may be1 y c always f9d some?+ ( g5u9e human int]e/ to o!rs4 ,if !re is no news happ5+1 write ( some?+ t appeals to y\rself4 ,we are all con/itut$ alike1 & ! *ances are t :at w int]e/ y w int]e/ o!rs4 ,descriptions ( adv5ture are g5]ally acceptable4 ,tell ( a fox hunt1 or a badg] hunt1 or a be> *ase4 ,if !re is any important manufactur+ plant 9 y\r neighborhood describe x &1 if possible1 get photographs1 = photography plays a v important "p 9 ! news items ( to-day4 ,if a great man lives ne> y1 "o ^: "n is on ! tip ( e tongue1 g & get an int]view ) him1 obta9 8 views on ! public que/ions ( ! day1 describe 8 home life & 8 surr\nd+s & h[ he sp5ds 8 "t4 ,try & /rike some?+ g]mane to ! mom5t1 some?+ t /&s out prom95tly 9 ! limelight ( ! pass+ %[4 ,if a not$ p]sonage1 "s fam\s man or woman1 is visit+ ! c\ntry1 x is a good "t to write up ! place f :i* he or %e comes & ! record he or %e has made !re4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 opportune to write ( ,sulu & ! little ,pacific ar*ipelago dur+ ! ,sultan's trip ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,if an attempt is made to bl[ up an ,am]ican battle%ip1 say1 9 ! h>bor ( ,appia1 9 ,samoa1 x af=ds a *ance to write ab\t ,samoa & ,rob]t ,l\is ,/eph5son4 ,:5 ,manuel 0 hurl$ f ! ?rone ( ,portugal x 0 a ripe "t to write ( ,portugal & ,portuguese affairs4 ,if any great occurr5ce is tak+ place 9 a =eign c\ntry su* z ! cr[n+ ( a k+ or ! de?ronem5t ( a mon>*1 x is a good "t to write up ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry & describe ! ev5ts lead+ up to ! ma9 issue4 ,:5 a p>ticul>ly savage outbreak occurs among/ wild tribes 9 ! dep5d5cies1 su* z a ris+ ( ! ,manobos 9 ! ,philipp9es1 x is opportune to write ( su* tribes & _! surr\nd+s1 & ! causes lead+ up to ! revolt4 ,be con/antly on ! look\t = some?+ t w suit ! pass+ h\r1 read ! daily pap]s & probably 9 "s obscure corn] y may f9d some?+ t w s]ve y z a f\ndation = a good article-- some?+1 at lea/1 t w give y a clue4 ,be circumspect 9 y\r selection ( a pap] to :i* to submit y\r copy4 ,"k ! tone & g5]al import ( ! pap]1 its social lean+s & political affiliations1 also its religi\s s5tim5ts1 &1 9 fact1 all ! p>ticul>s y c reg>d+ x4 ,x w\ld be injudici\s = y to s5d an article on a prize fight to a religi\s pap] or1 vice v]sa1 an acc\nt ( a *ur* meet+ to ! editor ( a sport+ %eet4 ,if y get y\r copy back don't be disappo9t$ nor yet di%e>t5$4 ,p]sev]ance c\nts m 9 ! newspap] field ?an any:]e else1 & only p]sev]ance w9s 9 ! long run4 ,y mu/ become resili5t2 if y are press$ d[n1 spr+ up aga94 ,no matt] h[ _m rebuffs y may receive1 be n disc\rag$ b call fre% en]gy to y\r assi/ance & make ano!r /&4 ,if ! "r /uff is 9 y x is sure to be discov]$2 y\r light w n rema9 long hidd5 "u a bu%el 9 ! newspap] doma94 ,if y c deliv] ! goods editors w soon be begg+ y in/ead ( y\r begg+ !m4 ,^? m5 are con/antly on ! look\t = p]sons :o c make good4 ,once y get into pr9t ! battle is won1 = x w be an inc5tive to y to p]sev]e & improve y\rself at e turn4 ,g ov] ev]y?+ y write1 cut & sla% & prune until y get x into z p]fect =m z possible4 ,elim9ate e sup]flu\s ^w & be c>eful to /rike out all ambigu\s expressions & ref]5ces4 ,if y are writ+ = a weekly pap] rememb] x diff]s f a daily "o4 ,weeklies want :at w n alone int]e/ ! man on ! /reet1 b ! woman at ! fireside2 !y want out-(-!-way facts1 curi\s scraps ( lore1 p]sonal notes ( fam\s or ecc5tric p1 rem9isc5ces ( excit+ exp]i5ces1 int]e/+ glean+s 9 life's numb]less by-ways1 9 %ort1 any?+ t w ent]ta91 amuse1 in/ruct ! home circle4 ,!re is always some?+ occurr+ 9 y\r imm$iate surr\nd+s1 "s curi\s ev5t or ?rill+ episode t w furni% y ) data = an article4 ,y mu/ "k ! nature ( ! weekly to :i* y submit y\r copy ! same z y mu/ "k ! daily4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,*ri/ian ,h]ald1 :ile av[$ly a religi\s weekly1 treats su* secul> matt] z makes ! pap] appeal to all4 ,on its religi\s side x is non-sect>ian1 cov]+ ! broad field ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! _w2 on its secul> side x deals ) human ev5ts 9 su* an imp>tial way t e "o1 no matt] to :at class !y may belong or to :at cre$ !y may subscribe1 c take a liv+1 p]sonal int]e/4 ,! mon?lies (f] ano!r attractive field = ! lit]>y aspirant4 ,"h1 aga91 don't ?9k y mu/ be an univ]sity pr(essor to write = a mon?ly magaz9e4 ,_m1 inde$ mo/1 ( ! =emo/ magaz9e contributors are m5 & wom5 :o h nev] pass$ ?r\gh a college except by go+ 9 at ! front door & em]g+ f ! back "o4 ,h[ev]1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y are individuals ( wide exp]i5ce :o "k ! practical side ( life z di/+ui%$ f ! !oretical4 ,! ord9>y mon?ly magaz9e treats ( ! lead+ que/ions & issues :i* are engag+ ! att5tion ( ! _w = ! mom5t1 great inv5tions1 great discov]ies1 :atev] is engross+ ! popul> m9d = ! "t be+1 su* z fly+ ma*9es1 battle%ips1 sky-scrap]s1 ! op5+ ( m9es1 ! developm5t ( new l&s1 ! political issues1 views ( p>ty lead]s1 "* sket*es ( di/+ui%$ p]sonages1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 be=e try+ y\r skill = a mon?ly magaz9e x w\ld be well = y to h a good appr5tice%ip 9 writ+ = ! daily press4 ,above all ?+s1 rememb] t p]sev]ance is ! key t op5s ! door ( success4 ,p]sev]e6 ,if y are turn$ d[n don't get di%e>t5$2 on ! contr>y1 let ! rebuff act z a /imulant to fur!r ef=t4 ,_m ( ! mo/ successful writ]s ( our "t h be5 turn$ d[n aga9 & aga94 ,= days & mon?s1 & ev5 ye>s1 "s ( !m h hawk$ _! w>es f "o lit]>y door to ano!r until !y f\nd a pur*as]4 ,y may be a great writ] 9 embryo1 b y w nev] develop into a fetus1 n to speak ( full maturity1 unless y br+ out :at is 9 y4 ,give y\rself a *ance to gr[ & seize ^u ev]y?+ t w enl>ge ! scope ( y\r horizon4 ,keep y\r eyes wide op5 & !re is n a mom5t ( ! day 9 :i* y w n see some?+ to int]e/ y & 9 :i* y may be able to int]e/ o!rs4 ,le>n1 too1 h[ to read ,nature's book4 ,!re's a lesson 9 ev]y?+--9 ! /ones1 ! grass1 ! trees1 ! babbl+ brooks & ! s++ birds4 ,int]pret ! lesson = y\rself1 !n tea* x to o!rs4 ,always be 9 e>ne/ 9 y\r writ+2 g ab\t x 9 a det]m9$ k9d ( way1 don't be fa9t-he>t$ or backw>d1 be brave1 be brave1 & ev]more be brave4 ,on ! wide1 t5t$ field 9 ! battle ( life1 ,) an army ( millions be=e y2 ,l a h]o ( old gird y\r s\l = ! /rife ,& let n ! foeman tramp o'er y2 ,act1 act l a soldi] & pr\dly ru% on ,! mo/ valiant 9 ,brav]y's van1 ,) ke51 fla%+ sword cut y\r way to ! front ,& %[ to ! _w y're a ,man4 ,if y are ( ! mascul9e g5d] be a man 9 all ?+s 9 ! highe/ & be/ acceptation ( ! ^w4 ,t is ! noble/ title y c boa/1 high] f> ?an t ( e>l or duke1 emp]or or k+4 ,9 ! same way womanhood is ! gr&e/ cr[n ! fem99e head c we>4 ,:5 ! _w fr[ns on y & ev]y?+ seems to g wrong1 possess y\r s\l 9 pati5ce & hope = ! dawn ( a bright] day4 ,x w come4 ,! sun is always %9+ beh9d ! d>ke/ cl\ds4 ,:5 y get y\r manuscripts back aga9 & aga91 don't despair1 nor ?9k ! editor cruel & unk9d4 ,he1 too1 has tr\bles ( 8 own4 ,keep up y\r spirits until y h made ! f9al te/ & put y\r tal5ts to a la/ analysis1 !n if y f9d y _c get into pr9t be sure t newspap] writ+ or lit]>y "w is n y\r =te1 & turn to some?+ else4 ,if no?+ bett] pres5ts itself1 try %oemak+ or digg+ dit*es4 ,rememb] hone/ labor1 no matt] h[ humble1 is ev] dignifi$4 ,if y are a woman ?r[ aside ! p51 sit d[n & d>n y\r bro!r's1 y\r fa!r's1 or y\r husb&'s socks1 or put on a calico apron1 take soap & wat] & scrub ! floor4 ,no matt] :o y are d some?+ useful4 ,t old sophi/ry ab\t ! _w ow+ y a liv+ has be5 explod$ long ago4 ,! _w does n owe y a liv+1 b y owe x s]vitude1 & if y d n pay ! debt y are n s]v+ ! purpose ( an all-wise ,provid5ce & fill+ ! place = :i* y 7 creat$4 ,x is = y to s]ve ! _w1 to make x bett]1 bright]1 high]1 holi]1 gr&]1 nobl]1 ri*]1 = y\r hav+ liv$ 9 x4 ,?is y c d 9 no matt] :at position =tune has ca/ y1 :e!r x be t ( /reet labor] or presid5t4 ,fight ! good fight & ga9 ! victory4 ,above all1 to ?9e own self be true1 ,& 'twill foll[ z ! night ! day1 ,?\ can/ n !n be false to any man4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,*oice ,,( ,,words ,small ,words--,_! ,importance--,! ,anglo-,saxon ,elem5t ,9 ano!r place 9 ?is book advice has be5 giv5 to nev] use a long ^w :5 a %ort "o w s]ve ! same purpose4 ,?is advice is to be emphasiz$4 ,words ( le>n$ l5g? & ?und]+ s\nd %\ld be avoid$ on all possible occasions4 ,!y proclaim %all[ness ( intellect & vanity ( m9d4 ,! great puri/s1 ! ma/]s ( diction1 ! exempl>s ( /yle1 us$ %ort1 simple words t all c\ld und]/&2 words ab\t :i* !re c\ld be no ambiguity z to mean+4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t by our words we tea* o!rs2 !re=e1 a v great responsibility re/s ^u u 9 reg>d to ! use ( a "r language4 ,we mu/ take c>e t we ?9k & speak 9 a way s cle> t !re may be no misappreh5sion or dang] ( convey+ wrong impressions by vague & mi/y ideas enunciat$ 9 t]ms :i* are liable to be misund]/ood by ^? :om we address4 ,words give a body or =m to our ideas1 )\t :i* !y are apt to be s foggy t we d n see :]e !y are weak or false4 ,we mu/ make ! endeavor to employ su* words z w put ! idea we h 9 our own m9d into ! m9d ( ano!r4 ,?is is ! greate/ art 9 ! _w--to clo! our ideas 9 words cle> & compreh5sive to ! intellig5ce ( o!rs4 ,x is ! art :i* ! tea*]1 ! m9i/]1 ! lawy]1 ! orator1 ! bus9ess man1 mu/ ma/] if !y w\ld comm& success 9 _! v>i\s fields ( endeavor4 ,x is v h>d to convey an idea to1 & impress x on1 ano!r :5 he has b a fa9t conception ( ! language 9 :i* ! idea is express$2 b x is impossible to convey x at all :5 ! words 9 :i* x is clo!d are un9telligible to ! li/5]4 ,if we address an audi5ce ( ord9>y m5 & wom5 9 ! ,engli% language1 b use su* words z !y _c compreh5d1 we might z well speak to !m 9 ,coptic or ,*9ese1 = !y w d]ive no b5efit f our address1 inasmu* z ! ideas we wi% to convey are express$ 9 words :i* communicate no intellig5t mean+ to _! m9ds4 ,long words1 le>n$ words1 words directly d]iv$ f o!r languages are only und]/ood by ^? :o h _h ! advantages ( an ext5d$ education4 ,all h n _h su* advantages4 ,! great majority 9 ?is gr& & glori\s c\ntry ( ours h to hu/le = a liv+ f an e>ly age4 ,?\gh education is free1 & compulsory also1 v _m nev] get fur!r ?an ! ,?ree ,r's4 ,^! are ! m5 ) :om we h to deal mo/ 9 ! ar5a ( life1 ! m5 ) ! horny palms & ! iron muscles1 ! m5 :o build our h\ses1 con/ruct our railroads1 drive our /reet c>s & tra9s1 till our fields1 h>ve/ our crops--9 a ^w1 ! m5 :o =m ! f\ndation ( all society1 ! m5 on :om ! _w dep5ds to make its :eels g r\nd4 ,! language ( ! colleges & univ]sities is n = !m & !y c get along v well )\t x2 !y h no ne$ = x at all 9 _! respective call+s4 ,! pla91 simple words ( ev]yday life1 to :i* ! common p h be5 us$ ar\nd _! own firesides f *ildhood1 are ! words we mu/ use 9 our deal+s ) !m4 ,su* words are und]/ood by !m & und]/ood by ! le>n$ z well2 :y !n n use !m univ]sally & all ! "t8 ,:y make a "o-sid$ affair ( language by us+ words :i* only "o class ( ! p1 ! s-call$ le>n$ class1 c und]/&8 ,w\ld x n be bett] to use1 on all occasions1 language :i* ! bo? classes c und]/&8 ,if we take ! tr\ble to inve/igate we %all f9d t ! m5 :o ex]t$ ! greate/ sway ov] ! masses & ! multitude z orators1 lawy]s1 prea*]s & 9 o!r public capacities1 7 m5 :o us$ v simple language4 ,daniel ,web/] 0 among ! greate/ orators ?is c\ntry has produc$4 ,he t\*$ ! he>ts ( s5ates & assemblages1 ( m5 & wom5 ) ! burn+ eloqu5ce ( 8 words4 ,he nev] us$ a long ^w :5 he c\ld convey ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 mean+ ) a %ort "o4 ,:5 he made a spee* he always told ^? :o put x 9 =m = ! press to /rike out e long ^w4 ,/udy 8 spee*es1 g ov] all he ev] said or wrote1 & y w f9d t 8 language 0 always made up ( %ort1 cle>1 /rong t]ms1 al?\gh at times1 = ! sake ( s\nd & oratorical effect1 he 0 compell$ to use a r long ^w1 b x 0 always aga9/ 8 incl9ation to d s1 & :]e 0 ! man :o c\ld pa9t1 ) words1 z ,web/] pa9t$6 ,he c\ld picture ?+s 9 a way s cle> t ^? :o he>d him felt t !y _h se5 t ( :i* he spoke4 ,abraham ,l9coln 0 ano!r :o /irr$ ! s\ls ( m51 yet he 0 n an orator1 n a s*ol>2 he did n write ,m4,a4 or ,ph4,d4 aft] 8 "n1 or any o!r college degree1 = he _h none4 ,he graduat$ f ! ,univ]sity ( ,h>d ,knocks1 & he nev] =got ?is sev]e ,alma ,mat] :5 he became ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he 0 j z pla91 ,i j z humble1 z 9 ! days :5 he split rails or pli$ a boat on ! ,sangamon4 ,he did n use big words1 b he us$ ! words ( ! p1 & 9 su* a way z to make !m beautiful4 ,8 ,gettysburg address is an ,engli% classic1 "o ( ! great ma/]pieces ( ! language4 ,f ! m]e fact t a ^w is %ort x does n foll[ t x is always cle>1 b x is true t ne>ly all cle> words are %ort1 & t mo/ ( ! long words1 especially ^? :i* we get f o!r languages1 are misund]/ood to a great ext5t by ! ord9>y rank & file ( ! p4 ,inde$1 x is to be d\bt$ if "s ( ! s*ol>s us+ !m1 fully und]/& _! import on occasions4 ,a great _m su* words admit ( sev]al int]pretations4 ,a ^w has to be 9 use a great deal be=e p get ?or\ghly famili> ) its mean+4 ,long words1 n alone obscure ?\ght & make ! ideas hazy1 b at times !y t5d to mix up ?+s 9 su* a way t positively h>mful results foll[ f _! use4 ,= in/ance1 crime c be s cov]$ ) ! folds ( long words z to give x a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,ev5 ! hide\sness ( s9 c be cloak$ ) su* words until its outl9es look l a ?+ ( beauty4 ,:5 a bank ca%i] makes (f ) a hundr$ ?\s& doll>s we politely t]m 8 crime defalcation in/ead ( pla9 !ft1 & in/ead ( call+ himself a ?ief we gr&iosely allude to him z a default]4 ,:5 we see a weal?y man /agg]+ along a fa%ionable ?or\ghf>e "u ! influ5ce ( alcohol1 wav+ 8 arms 9 ! air & %\t+ boi/]\sly1 we smile & say1 poor g5tleman1 he is some:at exhil>at$2 or at wor/ we say1 he is slightly inebriat$2 b :5 we see a poor man :o has fall5 f grace by putt+ an enemy into 8 m\? to /eal away 8 bra9 we express our indignation 9 ! simple language ( ! words3 ,look at ! wret*2 he is dead drunk4 ,:5 we f9d a p]son 9 d[nright ly+ we cov] ! falsehood ) ! f9ely-spun cloak ( ! ^w prev>ication4 ,%akespe>e says1 a rose by any o!r "n w\ld smell z sweet1 & by a simil> sequ5ce1 a lie1 no matt] by :at "n y may call x1 is always a lie & %\ld be condemn$2 !n :y n simply call x a lie8 ,mean :at y say & say :at y mean2 call a spade a spade1 x is ! be/ t]m y c apply to ! implem5t4 ,:5 y try to use %ort words & %un long ones 9 a little :ile y w f9d t y c d s ) ease4 ,a f>m] 0 %[+ a horse to a city-br$ g5tleman4 ,! animal 0 l$ into a paddock 9 :i* an old s[-pig 0 root+4 ,:at a f9e quadrup$6 exclaim$ ! city man4 ,:i* ( ! two d y mean1 ! pig or ! horse8 qu]i$ ! f>m]1 =1 9 my op9ion1 bo? ( !m are f9e quadrup$s4 ,( c\rse ! visitor meant ! horse1 s x w\ld h be5 mu* bett] _h he call$ ! animal by its simple2 ord9>y "n--1 !re w\ld h be5 no room = ambiguity 9 8 rem>k4 ,he pr(it$1 h[ev]1 by ! incid5t1 & nev] call$ a horse a quadrup$ aga94 ,mo/ ( ! small words1 ! simple words1 ! beautiful words :i* express s mu* )9 small b\nds belong to ! pure ,anglo-,saxon elem5t ( our language4 ,?is elem5t has giv5 names to ! heav5ly bodies1 ! sun1 moon & />s2 to ?ree out ( ! f\r elem5ts1 e>?1 fire & wat]2 ?ree out ( ! f\r seasons1 spr+1 summ] & w9t]4 ,its simple words are appli$ to all ! natural divisions ( "t1 except "o1 z day1 night1 morn+1 ev5+1 twilight1 noon1 mid-day1 midnight1 sunrise & sunset4 ,! names ( light1 heat1 cold1 fro/1 ra91 sn[1 hail1 sleet1 ?und]1 lightn+1 z well z almo/ all ^? objects :i* =m ! compon5t p>ts ( ! beautiful1 z express$ 9 ext]nal sc5]y1 su* z sea & l&1 hill & dale1 wood & /ream1 etc41 are ,anglo-,saxon4 ,to ?is same language we are indebt$ = ^? words :i* express ! e>lie/ & de>e/ connections1 & ! /ronge/ & mo/ p[]ful feel+s ( ,nature1 & :i*1 z a consequ5ce1 are int]wov5 ) ! fonde/ & mo/ hall[$ associations4 ,( su* words are fa!r1 "m1 husb&1 wife1 bro!r1 si/]1 son1 daught]1 *ild1 home1 k9dr$1 fri5d1 he>?1 ro( & fireside4 ,! *ief emotions ( :i* we are susceptible are express$ 9 ! same language--love1 hope1 fe>1 sorr[1 %ame1 & also ! outw>d signs by :i* ^! emotions are indicat$1 z te>1 smile1 laugh1 blu%1 weep1 sigh1 groan4 ,ne>ly all our national prov]bs are ,anglo-,saxon4 ,almo/ all ! t]ms & phrases by :i* we mo/ en]getically express ang]1 contempt & indignation are ( ! same orig94 ,:at are kn[n z ! ,sm>t ,set & s-call$ polite society1 are relegat+ a great _m ( our old ,anglo-,saxon words into ! %ade1 fai?ful fri5ds :o s]v$ _! ance/ors well4 ,^! self-appo9t$ arbit]s ( diction reg>d "s ( ! ,anglo-,saxon words z too co>se1 too plebeian = _! ae/hetic ta/es & ref9$ e>s1 s !y are elim9at+ !m f _! vocabul>y & replac+ !m ) mongrels ( =eign bir? & hybrids ( unkn[n orig94 ,= ! ord9>y p1 h[ev]1 ! man 9 ! /reet or 9 ! field1 ! woman 9 ! kit*5 or 9 ! factory1 !y are /ill tri$ & true &1 l old fri5ds1 %\ld be *]i%$ & pref]r$ to all /rang]s1 no matt] f :at s\rce ! latt] may spr+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,engli% ,,language ,beg9n+--,diff]5t ,s\rces--,! ,pres5t ,! ,engli% language is ! tongue n[ curr5t 9 ,engl& & h] colonies ?r\gh\t ! _w & also ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,x sprang f ! ,g]man tongue spok5 by ! ,teutons1 :o came ov] to ,brita9 aft] ! conque/ ( t c\ntry by ! ,romans4 ,^! ,teutons compris$ ,angles1 ,saxons1 ,jutes & sev]al o!r tribes f ! nor!rn "p ( ,g]many4 ,!y spoke diff]5t dialects1 b ^! became bl5d$ 9 ! new c\ntry1 & ! composite tongue came to be kn[n z ! ,anglo-,saxon :i* has be5 ! ma9 basis = ! language z at pres5t con/itut$ & is /ill ! prevail+ elem5t4 ,!re=e ^? :o are try+ to d away ) "s ( ! purely ,anglo-,saxon words1 on ! gr\nd t !y are n ref9$ en\gh to express _! ae/hetic ideas1 are und]m9+ ma9 props :i* are necess>y = ! support ( "s important p>ts 9 ! edifice ( ! language4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon elem5t supplies ! ess5tial p>ts ( spee*1 ! article1 pron\n ( all k9ds1 ! preposition1 ! auxili>y v]bs1 ! conjunctions1 & ! little p>ticles :i* b9d words into s5t5ces & =m ! jo9ts1 s9ews & ligam5ts ( ! language4 ,x furni%es ! mo/ indisp5sable words ( ! vocabul>y4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,xiii47 ,n[h]e is ! beauty ( ,anglo-,saxon bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,fifty-f\r words are pure ,saxon & ! rema9+ ones c\ld easily be replac$ by ,saxon words4 ,! gospel ( ,/4 ,john is ano!r illu/ration ( ! almo/ exclusive use ( ,anglo-,saxon words4 ,%akespe>e1 at 8 be/1 is ,anglo-,saxon4 ,"h is a quotation f ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 & ( ! fifty-five words fifty-two are ,anglo-,saxon1 ! rema9+ ?ree ,fr5*3 ,all t glitt]s is n gold-- ,(t5 h y he>d t told2 ,_m a man 8 life ha? sold1 ,b my outside to behold4 ,guild$ tombs d worms infold4 ,_h y be5 z wise z bold1 ,"y 9 limbs1 9 judgm5t old1 ,y\r answ] _h n be5 inscroll$-- ,f>e y well1 y\r suit is cold4 ,! l9es put into ! m\? ( ,hamlet's fa!r 9 fi]ce int5s5ess1 second only to ,dante's inscription on ! gate ( hell1 h "o hundr$ & eight ,anglo-,saxon & b fifte5 ,lat9 words4 ,! second con/itu5t elem5t ( pres5t ,engli% is ,lat9 :i* comprises ^? words d]iv$ directly f ! old ,roman & ^? :i* came indirectly ?r\gh ! ,fr5*4 ,! =m] 7 introduc$ by ! ,roman ,*ri/ians1 :o came to ,engl& at ! close ( ! six? c5tury "u ,augu/9e1 & relate *iefly to ecclesia/ical affairs1 su* z sa9t f sanctus1 religion f religio1 *alice f calix1 mass f missa1 etc4 ,"s ( !m _h orig9 9 ,greek1 z prie/ f presbyt]1 :i* 9 turn 0 a direct d]ivative f ! ,greek presbut]os1 also deacon f ! ,greek diakonos4 ,! l>ge/ class ( ,lat9 words are ^? :i* came ?r\gh ! ,norman-,fr5*1 or ,romance4 ,! ,normans _h adopt$1 ) ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! language1 laws & arts ( ! ,romaniz$ ,gauls & ,romaniz$ ,franks1 & aft] a resid5ce ( m ?an a c5tury 9 ,france !y successfully invad$ ,engl& 9 #ajff "u ,william ! ,conqu]or & a new era began4 ,! ,fr5* ,lat9isms c be di/+ui%$ by ! spell+4 ,?us ,savi\r comes f ! ,lat9 ,salvator ?r\gh ! ,fr5* ,sauveur2 judgm5t f ! ,lat9 judiclum ?r\gh ! ,fr5* jugem5t2 p1 f ! ,lat9 populus1 ?r\gh ! ,fr5* peuple1 etc4 ,= a long "t ! ,saxon & ,norman tongues refus$ to coalesce & 7 l two di/9ct curr5ts fl[+ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,norman 0 spok5 by ! lords & b>ons 9 _! feudal ca/les1 9 p>liam5t & 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,saxon by ! p 9 _! rural homes1 fields & work%ops4 ,= m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ! /reams fl[$ ap>t1 b f9ally !y bl5d$1 tak+ 9 ! ,celtic & ,dani% elem5ts1 & z a result came ! pres5t ,engli% language ) its simple sy/em ( grammatical inflection & its ri* vocabul>y4 ,! fa!r ( ,engli% prose is g5]ally reg>d$ z ,wycliffe1 :o translat$ ! ,bible 9 #achj1 :ile ! pat]nal laurels 9 ! secul> poetical field are tw9$ ar\nd ! br[s ( ,*auc]4 ,besides ! ,g]manic & ,romanic1 :i* con/itute ! great] "p ( ! ,engli% language1 _m o!r tongues h furni%$ _! quota4 ,( ^! ! ,celtic is p]haps ! olde/4 ,! ,britons at ,caes>'s invasion1 7 a "p ( ! ,celtic family4 ,! ,celtic idiom is /ill spok5 9 two dialects1 ! ,wel% 9 ,wales1 & ! ,gaelic 9 ,irel& & ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,celtic words 9 ,engli%1 are comp>atively few2 c>t1 dock1 wire1 rail1 rug1 cradle1 babe1 gr[n1 griddle1 lad1 lass1 are "s 9 mo/ common use4 ,! ,dani% elem5t dates f ! piratical invasions ( ! n9? & t5? c5turies4 ,x includes ang]1 awe1 baffle1 bang1 b>k1 bawl1 blund]1 b\ld]1 box1 club1 cra%1 dairy1 dazzle1 fell[1 gable1 ga91 ill1 jam1 kidnap1 kill1 kidney1 kneel1 limb]1 litt]1 log1 lull1 lump1 ma/1 mi/ake1 nag1 na/y1 nigg>d1 horse1 pl\gh1 rug1 rump1 sale1 scald1 %riek1 sk91 skull1 sl$ge1 sleigh1 tackle1 tangle1 tipple1 tru/1 vik+1 w9d[1 w+1 etc4 ,f ! ,hebrew we h a l>ge numb] ( prop] names f ,adam & ,eve d[n to ,john & ,m>y & su* words z ,messiah1 rabbi1 hallelujah1 *]ub1 s]aph1 hosanna1 manna1 satan1 ,sabba?1 etc4 ,_m te*nical t]ms & names ( bran*es ( le>n+ come f ! ,greek4 ,9 fact1 ne>ly all ! t]ms ( le>n+ & art1 f ! alphabet to ! highe/ peaks ( metaphysics & !ology1 come directly f ! ,greek-- philosophy1 logic1 an?ropology1 psy*ology1 ae/hetics1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 hi/ory1 philology1 ma!matics1 ari?metic1 a/ronomy1 anatomy1 geography1 /5ography1 physiology1 ar*itecture1 & hundr$s m 9 simil> doma9s2 ! subdivisions & ramifications ( !ology z exegesis1 h]m5eutics1 apologetics1 polemics1 dogmatics1 e?ics1 homiletics1 etc41 are all ,greek4 ,! ,dut* h giv5 u "s mod]n sea t]ms1 z sloop1 s*oon]1 ya*t & also a numb] ( o!rs z boom1 bu%1 boor1 br&y1 duck1 reef1 skate1 wagon4 ,! ,dut* ( ,manhattan isl& gave u boss1 ! "n = employ] or ov]se]1 also cold slaa 7cut cabbage & v9eg>71 & a numb] ( geographical t]ms4 ,_m ( our mo/ pleas+ euphonic words1 especially 9 ! realm ( music1 h be5 giv5 to u directly f ! ,italian4 ,( ^! are piano1 viol91 or*e/ra1 canto1 allegro1 piazza1 gazette1 umbrella1 gondola1 b&it1 etc4 ,spani% has furni%$ u ) alligator1 alpaca1 bigot1 cannibal1 c>go1 filibu/]1 freeboot]1 guano1 hurricane1 mosquito1 negro1 /amp$e1 potato1 tobacco1 tomato1 t>iff1 etc4 ,f ,arabic we h sev]al ma!matical1 a/ronomical1 m$ical & *emical t]ms z alcohol1 alcove1 alembic1 algebra1 alkali1 almanac1 assass91 azure1 ciph]1 elixir1 h>em1 hegira1 s(a1 talisman1 z5i? & z]o4 ,baza>1 d]vi%1 lilac1 pagoda1 c>avan1 sc>let1 %awl1 t>t>1 ti>a & pea* h come to u f ! ,p]sian4 ,turban1 tulip1 divan & firman are ,turki%4 ,drosky1 kn\t1 r\ble1 /eppe1 ukase are ,russian4 ,! ,indians h help$ u consid]ably & ! words !y h giv5 u are extremely euphonic z exemplifi$ 9 ! names ( _m ( our riv]s & ,/ates1 z ,mississippi1 ,miss\ri1 ,m9nehaha1 ,susquehanna1 ,monongahela1 ,niag>a1 ,ohio1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,i[a1 ,nebraska1 ,dakota1 etc4 ,9 addition to ^! prop] names we h f ! ,indians wigwam1 squaw1 hammock1 tomahawk1 canoe1 mocass91 hom9y1 etc4 ,!re are _m hybrid words 9 ,engli%1 t is1 words1 spr++ f two or m diff]5t languages4 ,9 fact1 ,engli% has drawn f all s\rces1 & x is daily add+ to its already l>ge family1 & n alone is x add+ to itself1 b x is spread+ all ov] ! _w & promises to take 9 ! entire human family b5ea? its folds ere long4 ,x is ! op9ion ( _m t ,engli%1 9 a %ort "t1 w become ! univ]sal language4 ,x is n[ be+ taught z a bran* ( ! high] education 9 ! be/ colleges & univ]sities ( ,europe & 9 all comm]cial cities 9 e l& ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 ,asia x foll[s ! ,briti% sway & ! highways ( comm]ce ?r\gh ! va/ empire ( ,ea/ ,india ) its two hundr$ & fifty millions ( hea!n & ,mohamm$an inhabitants4 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 ! seaports ( ,japan & ,*9a1 & ! numb] ( natives ( ^! c\ntries :o are le>n+ x is increas+ e day4 ,x is firmly e/abli%$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,lib]ia1 ,si]ra ,leone1 & 9 _m ( ! isl&s ( ! ,indian & ,s\? ,seas4 ,x is ! language ( ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,tasmania1 & ,*ri/ian mission>ies are introduc+ x into all ! isl&s ( ,polynesia4 ,x may be said to be ! liv+ comm]cial language ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 f ,baff9's ,bay to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 & x is spok5 l>gely 9 _m ( ! republics ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is n limit$ by p>allels ( latitude1 or m]idians ( longitude4 ,! two great ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are dissem9at+ x nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/ ov] ! entire _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,ma/]s ,,& ,,ma/]pieces ,,( ,,lit]ature ,great ,au?ors--,classification--,! ,_w's ,be/ ,books4 ,! ,bible is ! _w's greate/ book4 ,ap>t f its "* z a "w ( div9e revelation1 x is ! mo/ p]fect lit]ature extant4 ,leav+ out ! ,bible ! ?ree greate/ works are ^? ( ,hom]1 ,dante & ,%akespe>e4 ,^! are closely foll[$ by ! works ( ,virgil & ,milton4 ,,indisp5sable ,,books ,hom]1 ,dante1 ,c]vantes1 ,%akespe>e & ,goe!4 7,! be/ translation ( ,hom] = ! ord9>y read] is by ,*apman4 ,norton's translation ( ,dante & ,taylor's translation ( ,goe!'s ,fau/ are recomm5d$47 ,a ,,good ,,libr>y ,besides ! works m5tion$ ev]yone %\ld endeavor to h ! foll[+3 ,plut>*'s ,lives1 ,m$itations ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,*auc]1 ,imitation ( ,*ri/ 7,?omas a ,kempis71 ,holy ,liv+ & ,holy ,dy+ 7,j]emy ,taylor71 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,macaulay's ,essays1 ,bacon's ,essays1 ,addison's ,essays1 ,essays ( ,elia 7,*>les ,lamb71 ,les ,mis]ables 7,hugo71 ,h]oes & ,h]o ,wor%ip 7,c>lyle71 ,palgrave's ,gold5 ,treasury1 ,wordswor?1 ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 ,adam ,b$e 7,george ,eliot71 ,vanity ,fair 7,?ack]ay71 ,ivanhoe 7,scott71 ,on ! ,heights 7,au]ba*71 ,eug5ie ,gr&et 7,balzac71 ,sc>let ,lett] 7,haw?orne71 ,em]son's ,essays1 ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p 7,gre571 ,outl9es ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,montaigne's ,essays1 ,longfell[1 ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+1 ,:itti]1 ,rusk91 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,a good encyclopo$ia is v desirable & a reliable diction>y indisp5sable4 ,,ma/]pieces ,,( ,,am]ican ,,lit]ature ,sc>let ,lett]1 ,p>kman's ,hi/ories1 ,motley's ,dut* ,republic1 ,grant's ,memoirs1 ,frankl9's ,autobiography1 ,web/]'s ,spee*es1 ,l[ell's ,bigel[ ,pap]s1 also 8 ,critical ,essays1 ,?oreau's ,wald51 ,leaves ( ,grass 7,:itman71 ,lea!r-/ock+ ,tales 7,coop]71 ,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table1 ,b5 ,hur & ,uncle ,tom's ,cab94 ,,t5 ,,greate/ ,,am]ican ,,poets ,bryant1 ,poe1 ,:itti]1 ,longfell[1 ,l[ell1 ,em]son1 ,:itman1 ,lani]1 ,aldri* & ,/odd>d4 ,,t5 ,,greate/ ,,engli% ,,poets ,*auc]1 ,sp5s]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 ,burns1 ,wordswor?1 ,keats1 ,%elley1 ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+4 ,,t5 ,,greate/ ,,engli% ,,essayi/s ,bacon1 ,addison1 ,/eele1 ,macaulay1 ,lamb1 ,jeffrey1 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,c>lyle1 ,?ack]ay & ,mat!w ,arnold4 ,,be/ ,,plays ,,( ,,%akespe>e ,9 ord] ( m]it are3 ,hamlet1 ,k+ ,le>1 ,o!llo1 ,antony & ,cleopatra1 ,macbe?1 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ,h5ry ,,iv1 ,z ,y ,l ,x1 ,w9t]'s ,tale1 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 ,twelf? ,night1 ,tempe/4 ,,only ,,! ,,good ,if y are n able to procure a libr>y ( ! great ma/]pieces1 get at lea/ a few4 ,read !m c>efully1 intellig5tly & ) a view to enl>g+ y\r own lit]>y horizon4 ,rememb] a good book _c be read too (t51 "o ( a det]iorat+ influ5ce %\ld n be read at all4 ,9 lit]ature1 z 9 all ?+s else1 ! good alone %\ld prevail4