,?is ebook 7orig9ally publi%$ 9 #aibj7 0 creat$ 9 hon\r ( ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s #bj? ,anniv]s>y4 ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute ,,monographs ,,on ,,m9]al ,,res\rces ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,briti% ,,empire ,,prep>$ ,,"u ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,m9]al ,,res\rces ,,committee ,,) ,,! ,,assi/ance ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,te*nical ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute ,,! ,,plat9um ,,metals ,,by ,a4 ,d4 ,,lumb1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,m4,m4 ,,lately ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,te*nical ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute ,,) ,a ,,map ,illu/ration ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aibj ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute ,,m9]al ,,section ,! ,imp]ial ,in/itute is a c5tre = ! exhibition & inve/igation ( m9]als ) a view to _! comm]cial developm5t & = ! supply ( in=mation respect+ ! s\rces1 composition & value ( m9]als ( all k9ds4 ,! ,imp]ial ,in/itute is provid$ ) ,rese>* ,laboratories = ! inve/igation1 analysis & assay ( m9]als1 & und]takes reports on ! composition & value ( m9]als1 = ! in=mation ( ,gov]nm5ts & produc+ companies & firms1 9 communication ) ! pr9cipal us]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & else:]e 9 ! ,empire4 ,important m9]als f )9 ! ,empire are exhibit$ 9 ! respective ,c\rts ( ! ,public ,exhibition ,gall]ies1 & also 9 ! ,m9]al ,ref]5ce ,collections ( ! ,in/itute4 ,a special /aff is engag$ 9 ! collection1 critical revision & arrangem5t ( all important in=mation respect+ supplies ( m9]als especially )9 ! ,empire1 new me?ods ( usage & o!r comm]cial developm5ts4 ,articles on ^! & relat$ subjects are p]iodically publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 & monographs on special subjects are sep>ately publi%$ "u ! direction ( ! ,committee on ,m9]al ,res\rces4 ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute ,advisory ,committee on ,m9]al ,res\rces ,! ,"r ,hon4 ,,visc\nt ,,h>c\rt1 ,d4,c4,l4 7,*airman74 ,a,admiral ,,sir ,,edmond ,,slade1 ,k4,c4,v4,o41 ,k4,c4,i4,e4 7nom9at$ by ! ,admiralty71 7,vice-,*airman74 ,,edmund ,g4 ,,davis1 ,esq4 ,a,,wyndham ,r4 ,,dun/an1 ,esq41 ,c4,m4,g41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,director ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,ronca1 ,esq41 ,m4,b4,e41 ,a4,r4,c4,s41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,indu/ries & ,manufactures 7nom9at$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade74 ,a,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,,gregory1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 =m]ly ,director ( ,geological ,survey1 ,victoria1 ,au/ralia4 ,sir ,,rob]t ,,hadfield1 ,b>t41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pa/-,presid5t ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute4 ,capta9 ,a4 ,l4 ,,elswor?y1 ,intellig5ce ,dep>tm5t1 ,w> ,(fice 7nom9at$ by ! ,w> ,(fice74 ,w4 ,w4 ,,moy]s1 ,esq4 7,messrs4 ,a4 ,watson ,co471 ,liv]pool4 ,r4 ,,all51 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,imp]ial ,in/itute 7,secret>y74 ,footnote ,a3 ,memb]s ( ,editorial ,sub-,committee ,,m9]al ,,section ,pr9cipal ,memb]s ( ,/aff ,sup]9t5d5t ,r4 ,,all51 ,m4,a4 7,cantab471 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,m4,in/4,m4,m4 ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ,s4 ,j4 ,,john/one1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,a4,i4,c4 ,s5ior ,assi/ants ,g4 ,m4 ,,davies1 ,m4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,g4,s4 ,w4 ,o4 ,r4 ,,wynn1 ,a4,i4,c4 ,assi/ants ,s4 ,,bann4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,bell4 ,h4 ,,b5nett1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,a4 ,t4 ,,fairclo?4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,groves1 ,m4,sc4 7,birm474 ,e4 ,,halse1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,m4,in/4,m4,m4 ,,preface ,! ,m9]al ,res\rces ,committee ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute has arrang$ = ! issue ( ?is s]ies ( ,monographs on ,m9]al ,res\rces 9 amplification & ext5sion ( ^? :i* h appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,! ,monographs are prep>$ ei!r by memb]s ( ! ,sci5tific & ,te*nical ,/aff ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 or by ext]nal contributors1 to :om h be5 available ! /ati/ical & o!r special in=mation relat+ to m9]al res\rces collect$ & arrang$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,! object ( ^! ,monographs is to give a g5]al acc\nt ( ! occurr5ces & comm]cial utilisation ( ! m important m9]als1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,no attempt has be5 made to give details ( m9+ or metallurgical processes4 ,,h>c\rt1 ,*airman ,m9]al ,res\rces ,committee4 ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4#g4 ,july #aibj4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,! ,,plat9um ,,metals3 ,,_! ,,occurr5ces1 ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,uses4 ,,_w',s ,,output #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,s\rces ,,( ,,supply ,,( ,,plat9um ,,metals 7a7 ,,briti% ,,empire3 #af ,europe3 ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,asia3 ,india 7,burma74 ,africa3 ,rhodesia2 ,union ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,am]ica3 ,canada2 ,newf\ndl&4 ,au/ralasia3 ,au/ralia2 ,new ,zeal&4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,s\rces ,,( ,,supply ,,( ,,plat9um ,,metals 7b7 ,,=eign ,,c\ntries3 #cb ,europe3 ,france2 ,f9l&2 ,g]many2 ,lapl&2 ,russia2 ,spa94 ,asia3 ,arm5ia2 ,borneo2 ,*9a2 ,japan2 ,sumatra4 ,africa3 ,congo ,free ,/ate2 ,madagasc>4 ,am]ica3 ,brazil2 ,colombia2 ,ecuador2 ,mexico2 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,_w ,,map ,,( ,,plat9um ,,deposits #ei ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,plat9um ,,gr\p #fj ,,note4--,num]als 9 squ>e brackets 9 ! text ref] to ! ,bibliography at ! end4 ,,! ,,plat9um ,,metals ,,*apt] ,i ,,plat9um ,,metals3 ,,_! ,,occurr5ces1 ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,uses ,,introduction ,! metals :i* comprise ! ,plat9um gr\p are ! foll[+3 ,plat9um1 ,palladium1 ,iridium1 ,osmium1 ,ru!nium & ,rhodium4 ,up to ! ye> #aiad ,russia produc$ ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! _w's supply ( plat9um1 ! ,republic ( ,colombia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 rank+ next 9 importance ) ab\t #e p] c5t4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! w> & to ! *aotic conditions br\ght ab\t by ! revolution1 ! output ( ,russia has consid]ably decreas$1 & al?\gh ! ,colombian production has be5 /eadily increas+1 ! increas$ dem& 9 connection ) munition manufacture caus$ a some:at s]i\s %ortage dur+ ! latt] /ages ( ! w>1 :i* 0 especially felt 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z a result mu* exploratory "w has rec5tly be5 c>ri$ on 9 an endeav\r to discov] new deposits ( importance2 b up to ! pres5t1 al?\gh sev]al fre% occurr5ces h be5 br\ght to light1 results h on ! :ole be5 disappo9t+4 ,,occurr5ces ,plat9um usually occurs 9 nature z native metal alloy$ ) "o or m ( its alli$ metals 9 ! =m ( v f9e gra9s m or less flatt5$2 sometimes 9 ! =m ( irregul> nuggets2 & occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1 9 small cubic cry/als4 ,x is sometimes coat$ ) a black lay] ( iron oxide1 :i* may be magnetic1 9 :i* case x is n easily recognizable4 ,:5 unref9$ x is ref]r$ to z 8crude0 plat9um4 ,) ! exception ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! plat9um metals1 obta9$ f ! ref9+ ( copp] & gold bullion1 p>ticul>ly f ! copp]-nickel deposits ( ,sudbury1 ,ont>io1 ab\t #ii p] c5t4 ( ! :ole supply is d]iv$ f alluvial deposits4 ,sev]al occurr5ces ( plat9um 9 situ are kn[n1 b s f> few are ( comm]cial importance3 h[ev]1 9 view ( ! indications ( exhau/ion %[n by "s ( ! plac] deposits1 notably 9 ,russia1 ! exploration ( prim>y ores is n[ receiv+ m att5tion & practical results h already be5 a*iev$ 9 ,russia & 9 ,spa94 ,! "m rocks f :i* ! deposits are d]iv$1 9 ! l>ge majority ( kn[n cases1 consi/ ( basic & ultra-basic igne\s rocks1 includ+ p]idotites1 pyrox5ites & dunites4 ,! two fir/ are compos$ ( iron magnesian silicates1 pyrox5e1 augite & hornbl5de ) oliv9e1 *romite1 ilm5ite & magnetite3 ! dunites consi/ pr9cipally ( oliv9e ) "s *romite4 ,^! rocks are (t5 f\nd to h und]gone m or less alt]ation to s]p5t9e4 ,9 addition1 plat9um has be5 f\nd 9 qu>tz ve9s1 notably at ! ,boss ,m9e1 ,nevada1 & 9 a few kn[n cases x has be5 d]iv$ f =mations 9 s*i/ose1 or alt]$ s$im5t>y rocks4 ,:5 pres5t 9 s]p5t9e1 plat9um is usually dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! rock 9 f9e p>ticles4 ,x seldom occurs 9 a lode-=mation4 ,9 s$im5t>y rocks x usually occurs 9 s&/ones4 ,9 cases :]e alluvial deposits h be5 d]iv$ f ! basic igne\s rocks1 ! associat$ m9]als are usually *romite1 magnetite1 ilm5ite1 iridium & osmiridium4 ,9 s$im5t>y deposits ! metal is commonly associat$ ) qu>tz1 copp]1 nickel1 silv] & palladium4 ,plat9um has be5 f\nd 9 c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! copp] ores tetrah$rite & b\rnonite4 ,x has occasionally be5 locat$ 9 %ales & 9 coal1 al?\gh n 9 recov]able quantities4 ,9 ! latt] case1 9 an ,au/ralian coal1 x is associat$ ) vanadium#a p4 #iib4 ,sev]al cases are kn[n ( plat9um be+ pres5t 9 meteorites1 two well-au!nticat$ in/ances hav+ be5 report$ f ,mexico4 ,plat9um has be5 %[n to exi/ 9 meteoric iron f ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,crude plat9um1 z recov]$1 conta9s f #gj to #ij p] c5t4 ( ! metal1 &1 z m5tion$ above1 is really an alloy ( plat9um ) "o or m ( ! alli$ metals1 ! *ief impurities consi/+ pr9cipally ( iron & copp]4 ,! table on ! next page gives ! analyses ( typical samples ( crude plat9um f ! ,urals1 ,cali=nia1 ,briti% ,columbia1 & o!r places4 ,plat9um also occurs 9 comb9ation ) ars5ic 9 ! m9]al ,sp]rylite 7,pt,as#b71 9 ! =m ( m9ute octah$ral cry/als4 ,! col\r ( ?is m9]al is t9 :ite1 its lu/re is metallic & brilliant1 its h>dness v>ies f #f to #g1 & its specific gravity is #ajf4 ,! m9]al is brittle & breaks ) a con*oidal fracture4 ,x is v r>e1 & is int]e/+ z be+ ! only m9]al ( plat9um kn[n besides ! native metal4 ,x occurs associat$ ) sulphide m9]als ( magmatic orig9 9 gabbros & diabases1 notably 9 ! nickelif]\s pyrites ( ,sudbury1 ,canada1 & 9 ! copp] ores ( ! ,rambl] ,m9e1 ,l>amie1 ,wyom+4 ,x is probable t ! palladium1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ^! deposits1 is simil>ly pres5t 9 ! =m ( an ars5ide1 b su* a m9]al has n yet be5 def9itely prov$ to exi/4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( a sample ( sp]rylite3 plat9um1 #eddg p] c5t42 rhodium1 #jgf p] c5t42 palladium1 trace2 ars5ic1 #dbbc p] c5t42 antimony1 #jed p] c5t4#b p4 #fi4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,! ,,plat9um ,,metals ,plat9um4--,! col\r is :ite ) a greyi% t+e4 ,:5 pure x is v malleable & ductile4 ,its coeffici5t ( expansion is less ?an t ( all o!r metals4 ,plat9um fuses at ab\t #agej ,c41 b ! pres5ce ( impurities l[]s ! melt+-po9t4 ,its specific gravity is #bae1 & its h>dness is f #d to #e4 ,its electric conductivity is l[1 be+ #acd at #j ,c4#c p4 #cih4 ,composition ( ,native ,plat9um & ,osmiridium ,locality4 ,pt4 ,fe4 ,pd4 ,rh4 ,ir4 ,os4 ,cu4 ,os-,ir4 ,rem>ks4 ,plat9um ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4c5t4 ,urals #a;,b#gfbbagac #ahg #bej tr4 #jcf #jej,magnetic grs4 ,urals #b #gcehabih #jcj #aae #bce tr4 #ebj #bcj,magnetic grs4 ,urals #c #hacdaadh #jcb #bad #bdb tr4 #aac #jeg,non-magnetic4 ,urals #d #ghidaajd #jbh #jhf #dig #jgj #aif,non-magnetic4 ,urals #e #hfej #hcb #aaj #aae tr4 #jde #adj,non-magnetic4 ,borneo #hbfjajfg #jcj #jff #jac #chj;,gold1 #jbj p] c5t4 ,brazil #gbfb tr4 #bahb #jhh ,s&1 #jdb p] c5t4 ,granite #fhai #ghg #hbf #caj #aba #cji #adfb;,gangue1 #afi2 ,cr41 non-magnetic4 ,b4,c4 ,granite #ghdc #igh #jji #agj #ajd #chi #cgg;,gangue1 #abg2 ,cr41 magnetic4 ,b4,c4 ,*oc1 #hfbj #ghj #jej #adj #jhe #jfj #jhe,s&1 #jie4 ,col4 ,*oc1 #hdcj #eca #ajf #cde #adf #ajc #jgd ,gold1 #aj2 s&1 ,col4 #jfa4 ,cali=nia#heej #fge #jfj #ajj #aje #adj #aaj;,gold1 #jh2 s&1 #bie4 ,cali=nia#gihe #dde #aie #jfe #dbj #jge #die;,gold1 #jee2 s&1 #bfi4 ,oregon #eade #dcj #jae #jfe #jdj #bae #cgcj,s&1 #c2 gold1 #jhe4 ,fifield1 #gehjajae tr4 #acj #acj #jda #icj;,gold1 nil2 s&1 ,n4,s4,w4 #aab4 8,au/ra- #fadj #dee #ahj #ahe #aaj #aaj #bfjj;,gold1 #ab2 s&1 lia0 #ad4 ,currumb91#bfabbgag #bea #djjb,s&1 #acc4 ,q4 ,osmi- ridium ,urals #ajjh tr4 tr4 #aeaeebdbgbc tr4 ,ru1 #ehe 7,nevyanskite74 ,urals #jad #jfc #afedciddhhe #jaa ,ru1 #deh 7,nevyanskite74 ,cali=nia #bfjecejdcdj ,ru1 #jej 7,nevyanskite74 8,au/ra- #cjdehacccdf #jae ,ru1 #ebb lia0 7,nevyanskite74 ,currumb91 #cjj #fbjjccjj ,s&1 #bjj ,q4 7,nevyanskite74 _/ ,tasmania #jcg #jcj #jba #cchj #egji tr4 ,ru1 #hai2 ,au1 #jd 7,sis]skite74 ,plat9- iridium ,condado1 #eedd #dad #adi #fhfbggi tr4 #ccj ,brazil ,native ,iridium ,urals #aifd #jhi #gfhj #agh ,ref]5ce--,pt41 plat9um2 ,fe41 iron2 ,pd41 palladium2 ,rh41 rhodium2 ,ir41 iridium2 ,os41 osmium2 ,cu41 copp]2 ,os-,ir41 osmiridium2 ,ru41 ru!nium4 ,footnote ,b3 ,av]age p]c5tage ( ,urals plat9um is a little "u #hj4d p4 #eeh4 ,plat9um is n act$ ^u by ei!r nitric1 sulphuric or hydro*loric acid1 b is soluble 9 aqua regia 7#a "p ( nitric to #b p>ts ( hydro*loric acid71 or 9 o!r mixtures lib]at+ *lor9e1 ) ! =mation ( plat9um tetra*loride 7,pt,cl#d74 ,x is n act$ ^u by air or moi/ure1 ev5 at high temp]atures4 ,x is corrod$ by cau/ic alkalis1 sulphides1 sulphates1 phosphates & ars5ides1 if heat$ 9 contact ) !m4 ,x w n amalgamate ) m]cury unless sodium is pres5t1 9 ?is respect diff]+ f gold & silv]4 ,plat9um1 9 a f9ely-divid$ condition1 absorbs l>ge quantities ( hydrog5 or o!r gases1 :i* on occlusion become m active3 h5ce its value z a catalytic ag5t4 ,palladium4--,?is metal resembles plat9um1 b is sometimes fibr\s1 ! col\r be+ betwe5 t ( plat9um & ( silv]4 ,x possesses a l[] melt+-po9t ?an plat9um--ab\t #aeej ,c4 ,x is malleable1 has a h>dness ( f #de to #e1 & a specific gravity ( #aae4 ,z already /at$1 palladium1 :5 f\nd 9 copp] ores1 is probably pres5t 9 comb9ation ) ars5ic4 ,porpezite1 a r>e m9]al1 conta9+ gold & up to #aj p] c5t4 palladium1 has be5 id5tifi$ 9 gold-be>+ ve9s 9 ,brazil see p4 #ed4 ,palladium is produc$ f ! ref9+ ( copp] matte & ( base gold bullion f ,au/ralia & else:]e4 ,iridium is a brilliant :ite brittle metal1 ) a specific gravity ( #bbd1 & h>dness ( #f to #g4 ,its fusion po9t is v high--ab\t #bbjj ,c4--& "u ord9>y conditions x is n attack$ by any acid4 ,at #aajj ,c4 x beg9s to oxidize to a purple oxide4 ,iridium usually occurs ei!r 9 crude plat9um1 or alloy$ ) osmium1 z iridosm9e1 or z native metal4 ,! bulk ( iridium is d]iv$ f ! plat9um plac] deposits ( ! ,urals1 b ! ,cali=nian metal is m valuable1 on acc\nt ( its bett] quality4 ,x is also obta9$ 9 small am\nts f copp] bullion4 ,osmium is a h>d & brittle metal1 blui%-grey 9 col\r4 ,its specific gravity is #bbe1 & x has a v high melt+-po9t1 9 ?is respect be+ ! mo/ refractory ( ! gr\p4 ,iridosm9e1 or ,osmiridium1 an alloy ( iridium & osmium1 occurs z hexagonal cry/als1 or flatt5$ gra9s ( light] col\r ?an plat9um4 ,x may conta9 f #dj to #gg p] c5t4 ( iridium1 & f #bj to #ej p] c5t4 ( osmium4 ,if ! iridium pr$om9ates1 ! alloy is call$ ,nevyanskite1 & ,sis]skite if ! osmium cont5t is high4 ,x is di/+ui%able f plat9um by ! brittl5ess ( ! flakes4 ,sis]skite gives (f a pung5t od\r1 if /rongly heat$1 caus$ by ! volatilization ( osmium4 ,iridosm9e has a h>dness ( #f to #g1 & a specific gravity ( #ai to #ba4 ,ru!nium is a :ite metal1 ) a specific gravity ( #aba4 ,x is sc>cely act$ ^u by aqua regia4 ,ru!nium occurs ma9ly 9 small am\nts 9 iridosm9e4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! copp] ores ( ,sudbury & o!r places4 ,laurite is a v r>e sulphide ( ru!nium 7,ru,s#b71 conta9+ a small am\nt ( osmium1 :i* has only be5 recogniz$ 9 ! ,borneo deposits4 ,rhodium is a :ite metal resembl+ alum9ium1 ) a specific gravity ( #aba1 & a melt+-po9t ( ab\t #bjjj ,c4 ,x is ductile & malleable at r$ heat4 ,9 addition to its occurr5ce 9 crude plat9um1 ! metal is also conta9$ 9 small quantities 9 ! sp]rylite f\nd 9 ! copp] ores ( ,sudbury1 ,canada#e p4 #ggi4 ,colloidal ,plat9um4--,?is has only rec5tly be5 detect$ 9 ores1 & !re=e its occurr5ce might n be detect$ qualitatively4 ,by de/roy+ its colloidal condition1 h[ev]1 its pres5ce c be discov]$ 9 ! ord9>y ways#d4 ,,metallurgical ,,treatm5t ,crude plat9um c be ref9$ ei!r by dry or by wet me?ods1 ! foll[+ be+ brief outl9es ( ! two processes3 ,by ! wet me?od1 ! crude plat9um is dissolv$ 9 aqua regia1 ) excess ( hydro*loric acid4 ,evaporation is cont9u$ until ! :ole ( ! nitric acid is expell$4 ,by addition ( a solution ( ammonium *loride1 ! plat9um is !n precipitat$ z ammonium plat9i-*loride4 ,?is precipitate is heat$ to r$ness1 :5 *lor9e & ammonium *loride are giv5 (f1 & spongy plat9um rema9s4 ,! la/ is next granulat$1 aft] fusion by ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe 9 a small lime furnace4 ,plat9um obta9$ by ?is me?od may conta9 small am\nts ( iridium1 rhodium & palladium4 ,9 ! dry me?od1 introduc$ by ,delville & ,debray1 ! crude plat9um is smelt$ ) gal5a 9 a small rev]b]atory furnace4 ,a portion ( ! lead is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate by ! iron 9 ! *>ge1 & =ms a fusible alloy ) ! plat9um4 ,! osmiridium pres5t settles to ! bottom ( ! furnace1 & may ?us be remov$4 ,li?>ge is !n ?r[n 9 to =m m alloy1 & "s glass to act z a flux4 ,! alloy is cupell$1 & ! residual plat9um is !n melt$ 9 a lime furnace ) ! oxy-hydrog5 flame4 ,! plat9um ?us obta9$ (t5 conta9s iridium & rhodium4 ,a comb9ation ( ^! two me?ods is also sometimes employ$#c p4 #djc4 ,! electrolytic process ( gold-ref9+ 0 introduc$ to treat plat9if]\s gold4 ,9 ! gold *loride1 or ,wohlwill me?od1 iridium & osmiridium are insoluble1 & rema9 ) ! anode slime4 ,plat9um & palladium1 if ne>ly pure1 are also insoluble1 b :5 pres5t alloy$ ) gold & silv]1 pass into ! solution & rema9 !re4 ,9 a hot ba? x is /at$ t ! plat9um pres5t %\ld n exce$ #ej gm4 p] litre4 ,accord+ to ,t4 ,k4 ,rose1 a cold ba? conta9+ only #bj gm4 p] litre causes a c]ta9 quantity ( plat9um to be deposit$ ) ! gold#f4 ,h4 ,f4 ,kell]1 9 8,plat9um1 ! ,mo/ ,preci\s ( ,metals0 7,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,novemb] #aiab7 deals fully ) ! extraction & ref9+ ( plat9um4 ,,plat9um-,,ref9+ ,,ag5cies ,! foll[+ conta9s a li/ ( ! pr9cipal firms engag$ 9 ! ref9+ ( plat9um metals3 ,9 ,engl&3 ,johnson1 ,mat!y ,co41 ,ltd41 ,lees ,s&]s1 ,w>/one ,smelt+ ,works1 ,%effield ,smelt+ ,works1 ,johnson ,sons4 7,?is is ! li/ ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,munitions47 ,9 ,france3 ,leg5de et ,cie41 ,compagnie ,int]nationale du ,plat9e1 ,lyon ,allem&1 ,le*t ,lyonnais1 ,h5rique ,m>rett1 ,bonn51 ,hesse ,fils4 ,9 ,g]many3 ,w4 ,c4 ,h]aeus1 ,g4 ,sieb]t1 ,f4 ,eis5nad ,co4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,bak] ,co41 ,am]ican ,plat9um ,works 7,n4,t471 ,irv+ton ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,works1 ,j4 ,bi%op ,co41 ,h4 ,a4 ,wilson ,co41 ,belais ,cohn1 ,ka/5hub] ,lehrfeld1 ,roessl] ,hassla*] ,*emical ,co41 ,wildb]g ,bros41 & o!rs h&l+ scrap4 ,accord+ to ,russian in=mation ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! ,russian output be=e ! w> 0 ref9$ 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,russia !re are practically no plat9um-ref9+ facilities#g4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,plat9um ,,& ,,its ,,allies ,plat9um4--,9 ! *emical indu/ry plat9um is l>gely us$ = catalyz]s 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric1 acetic & nitric acids2 = /ills = ! f9al conc5tration ( sulphuric acid2 & 9 ! electro-*emical indu/ry4 ,9 ! mak+ ( 8contact0 sulphuric acid a 8contact mass0 is *>g$ into ! *amb]s ( ! plant4 ,?is is =m$ by soak+ asbe/os1 or anhydr\s magnesium sulphate1 ) plat9ic *loride solution1 & bak+ ! mass to drive (f ! *lor9e4 ,! contact mass usually conta9s f #g to #h p] c5t4 plat9um1 9 a v f9ely-divid$ /ate4 ,9 ! mak+ ( acetic acid f a mixture ( air & alcohol vap\r1 plat9iz$ asbe/os is us$4 ,= ! catalyz] us$ 9 ! conv]sion ( ammonia into nitric acid a v f9e-me%$ plat9um gauze is us$2 ?is is /r5g!n$ at its edges ) plat9um-iridium wire4 ,"o ounce ( plat9um is requir$ = ! production p] annum ( #be tons ( catalytic acid1 or ( #dj tons ( nitric acid f ammonia4 ,9 ! f9ely-divid$ /ate all ! o!r metals ( ! plat9um gr\p1 especially palladium1 h also ! facility ( absorb+ great quantities ( c]ta9 gases1 & c be us$ z cataly/s4 ,ow+ to its high melt+-po9t1 & to ! resi/ance to ! action ( acids at high temp]atures1 plat9um is l>gely us$ = *emical w>e 9 ! =m ( crucibles1 di%es1 etc4 ,plat9um crucibles are indisp5sable 9 ! *emical analysis ( rocks4 ,9 ! electrical indu/ry plat9um is l>gely us$ = contact po9ts1 9 telegraph & telephone app>atus1 9 magneto-contacts1 & 9 ! con/ruction ( ! !rmo-c\ples ( pyromet]s4 ,9 ! manufacture ( jewell]y1 especially 9 ! cr[n-sett+ ( diamonds1 plat9um has be5 mu* us$ 9 ! place ( gold3 alloy$ ) a little iridium x c be work$ into delicate designs1 :i* are durable4 ,dur+ ! w>1 h[ev]1 :5 plat9um 0 l>gely want$ 9 ! mak+ ( munitions1 its use 9 jewell]y manufacture 0 mu* re/rict$4 ,plat9um 0 =m]ly l>gely us$ 9 d5ti/ry4 ,9 photography potassium plat9o-*loride is requir$ = produc+ plat9otype pr9ts4 ,9 ! =m ( b>ium plat9o-cyanide x is us$ 9 ,x-ray photography z a coat+ = ! project+ scre54 ,plat9um is requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 p>ts ( *ronomet]s1 !odolites & wat*es2 also = /&>d weights & measures1 & = v>i\s types ( self-light+ lamps#d p4 #efa4 ,palladium has its *ief value z a sub/itute = plat9um1 9 palladium-gold alloys1 :i* are us$ ext5sively 9 d5ti/ry1 = jewell]y & = *emical w>e4 ,x is also utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts & wat*es1 also = plat+ metal w>e#a p4 #ajjb4 ,! use ( palladium z a catalyz] is well kn[n4 ,iridium1 :5 pure1 is ( small value1 be+ difficult to manipulate on acc\nt ( its brittl5ess4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ 9 alloy ) plat9um = h>d5+ purposes4 ,jewell]s' plat9um usually conta9s #aj p] c5t4 iridium1 & 9 ! electrical indu/ry an alloy compos$ ( f #ae to #ej p] c5t4 iridium is usually employ$4 ,alloys ) up to #aj p] c5t4 ( iridium are ductile & malleable1 b ) ov] t am\nt are h>d & difficult to "w4 ,! metal is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( f\nta9-p5 po9ts1 = :i* purpose ! gra9s require c>eful select+#h p4 #ajf2 also = /&>d weights & = contact po9ts4 ,iridium black1 an oxide1 is ( value z a pigm5t = *9aw>e#a p4 #ajja4 ,iridium is suitable = %>p surgical in/rum5ts1 & gold ne$les ) sold]$ iridium ends are employ$ = /it*+ w\nds4 ,x is also us$ 9 photography4 ,iridium is ( great] sc>city ?an plat9um1 h5ce its great] value4 ,osmium4--,!re is n[ little or no m>ket = osmium4 ,x 0 =m]ly 9 consid]able use = ! manufacture ( inc&esc5t lamps4 ,osmic acid is us$ = /a9+ anatomical prep>ations 9 microscopic "w4 ,on acc\nt ( ! poison\s nature ( its vap\r ! extraction ( osmium is co/ly & dang]\s4 ,ru!nium is also ( little or no comm]cial value4 ,bo? ^! metals possess ! disadvantages ( be+ brittle & easily oxidiz$4 ,rhodium is ( small comm]cial use4 ,x is us$ pr9cipally 9 alloy ) plat9um4 ,an alloy conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 rhodium is us$ = "s !rmo-c\ples ( pyromet]s1 & 9 ! mak+ ( laboratory ut5sils4 ,plat9um ,alloys4--,plat9um =ms alloys ) a numb] ( metals1 b only a few are ( indu/rial importance#c p4 #djj4 ,plat9um & iridium =m a h>d & ela/ic alloy1 :i* is unaffect$ by air1 & takes a high poli%4 ,alloy$ ) #aj p] c5t4 iridium plat9um is us$ = "o ( ! wires 9 !rmo-c\ples ( pyromet]s2 & ) #aj to #bj p] c5t4 iridium = mak+ /&>d measures ( l5g? & weight4 ,plat9um & copp] =m v>i\s alloys4 ,an alloy ) #ahge p] c5t4 copp]1 call$ 8coop]s' gold10 takes a high poli% & closely resembles #ah-;c>at gold4 ,an alloy ( plat9um & silv] conta9+ #ff p] c5t4 silv] is us$ z a /&>d ( electrical resi/ance4 ,an alloy conta9+ #bj to #cj p] c5t4 silv] is us$ 9 d5ti/ry4 ,plat9um alloys ) lead1 z9c & o!r metals at l[ temp]atures2 x is usually recov]$ f ^! alloys by cupellation4 ,plat9um alloys ) /eel 9 all proportions4 ,) #aj p] c5t4 plat9um1 ru/+ is prev5t$4 ,a v ela/ic metal is produc$ by alloy+ plat9um ) f #e to #aj p] c5t4 gold4 ,! melt+-po9t ( silv] is rais$ by alloy+ x ) plat9um1 b its !rmal conductivity is l[]$4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! composition ( ! pr9cipal plat9um & palladium alloys#d p4 #efa3 ,pt4 ,cu4 ,ag4 ,au4 ,ni4 ,pd4 ,o!r ,con/itu5ts4 ,p>ts4,p>ts4,p>ts4,p>ts4,p>ts4,p>ts4 ,p>ts4 ,jewell]y alloys3 ,plat9um alloy #a #j-a #b-e ,plat9or #b #e #a #a ,brass #b4 ,palladium alloy #i,rhodium #a4 ,mock gold #g #af ,z9c #a4 ,mock gold #a #a #f ,brass #a4 ,mock gold #a #d ,coop]s' p5 metal3 #d #a #c ,wat* alloy #ac #aa #ah #f ,wat* alloy #be #d #a #gj ,wat* alloy #fc #ah #ag ,cadmium #a4 ,plat9um bronze #a #ij ,t9 #i4 ,d5ti/s' alloy #e #c #d ,d5ti/s' alloy #g #c #b ,d5ti/s' alloy #f #a #b ,d5ti/s' alloy #d #a ,palladium alloy #b #c ,,alloy ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,plat9um ,on acc\nt ( ! sc>city & high price ( ! plat9um metals1 mu* att5tion has lately be5 direct$ t[>ds ! discov]y ( suitable sub/itutes4 ,9 ! electrical indu/ry an alloy ( #c p>ts ( palladium & #b p>ts ( silv] is 9 use1 also an alloy ( nickel & *romium4 ,plat9ite1 an iron-nickel alloy1 conta9+ #df p] c5t4 nickel & #jae p] c5t4 c>bon1 has ! same coeffici5t ( expansion z glass1 &1 :5 coat$ ) copp]1 is us$ to replace ! plat9um connection wires ( inc&esc5t lamps4 ,tung/5 is sometimes us$ = c]ta9 ignition devices4 ,= ca?odes an alloy ( #ij p] c5t4 gold & #aj p] c5t4 copp] c be us$ to replace plat9um2 ! same alloy1 if electrically coat$ ) plat9um1 & !n c>efully poli%$ & burni%$1 is suitable = plat9um anodes4 ,= plat9um *emical laboratory w>e1 !re are sev]al sub/itutes1 su* z fus$ qu>tz2 v>i\s iron1 *romium1 & nickel-*romium alloys2 palau1 a gold-iridium alloy m>ket$ 9 ,cali=nia2 rhotanum1 a g5]al "n = gold-palladium alloys conta9+ f #fj to #ij p] c5t4 ( gold1 :i* are suitable = mo/ *emical purposes1 except = use ) hot conc5trat$ nitric acid1 & = electrolytic anodes2 amaloy1 :i* is a complex alloy conta9+ nickel1 *romium1 tung/51 etc41 highly resi/ant to corrosion & to cold nitric & sulphuric acids#i p4 #fjj4 ,9 ! jewell]y trade plat9um has be5 replac$ by an alloy ( #ij p] c5t4 palladium & #aj p] c5t4 rhodium4 ,= c]ta9 surgical "w v>i\s /ellite alloys1 conta9+ cobalt & *romium1 & h>d5$ by ! addition ( tung/5 & molybd5um1 are valuable sub/itutes = plat9um1 & are n affect$ by antiseptic solutions4 ,9 d5tal "w p9s are n[ made ( tung/5 coat$ ) palladium#aj p4 #edi4 ,= mo/ te*nical purposes an alloy ( tung/5 & nickel ) gold or silv] is us$ 9 ,g]many2 x may be ca/1 roll$ or =g$1 is acid-resi/+1 & capable ( tak+ a high poli%#aa4 ,:ite gold1 ano!r sub/itute = plat9um1 conta9s f9e gold1 f #ge to #he p] c5t42 pure nickel1 f #aj to #ah p] c5t42 & z9c1 f #b to #i p] c5t4 ,illium1 a *romium-nickel-copp] alloy report$ rec5tly z ! discov]y ( ,s4 ,w4 ,p>r1 ( ,ill9ois1 is a sub/itute = gold or plat9um1 co/+ only #be c5ts p] ounce4 ,x is /at$ to h be5 a 8#ej p] c5t4 /&>d ( success40 ,! alloy )/&s hot or cold1 /rong or dilut$ acid1 c be bo? ca/ & ma*9$1 & is already us$ l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( calorimet] bombs#ab4 ,! results ( rese>*es made to discov] sub/itutes = plat9um1 & und]tak5 by ! ,national ,d5tal ,association ( ,am]ica1 are describ$ at l5g? by ,f4 ,a4 ,fahr5wald1 9 a pap] read 9 ,janu>y #aiaf be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s4 ,,scrap ,,plat9um ,a consid]able am\nt ( plat9um 9 ! =m ( old & worn articles is n[ collect$ = return to ! ref9]ies1 :]e x is re-treat$1 & sold aga9 z new metal4 ,! trade 9 scrap plat9um has be5 p>ticul>ly active 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 (ficial /ati/ics %[+ t 9 #aiaf1 #di1djj oz4 ( ref9$ plat9um 7 recov]$4 ,,_w',s ,,output ,,( ,,plat9um ,accord+ to ,j4 ,l4 ,h[e1 ! e/imat$ limits ( ! total _w-production ( crude plat9um1 up to ,janu>y #aiag1 7 z foll[s#ac3 ,9 oz4 7troy7 ,m9imum4 ,maximum4 ,russia #g1aae1dhb #aj1abh1cjh ,colombia #gjj1jjj #gce1jjj ,borneo #age1jjj #bjj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #aj1jjj #ab1jjj ,canada #i1jjj #aj1jjj ,miscellane\s #i1jjj #aj1jjj ------------------ -------------------- ,total #h1jah1dhb #aa1jie1cjh ,on ! o!r h&1 ,james ,m4 ,hill#ad /ates t possibly #e1jjj1jjj oz4 0 ! total _w's production to ,june #aiag1 :i* he di/ributes accord+ to ! uses made ( x z foll[s3 ,oz4 ,*emical & physical app>atus #a1jjj1jjj ,electrical devices #bej1jjj ,catalyz+ #ejj1jjj ,d5tal uses #a1jjj1jjj ,jewell]y #a1jjj1jjj ,m9or uses & ho>d$ 7balance7 #a1bej1jjj ,x is difficult to obta9 exact figures ( ! annual production ( crude plat9um4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s 9 ! case ( ,russia1 :]e !re appe>s to h be5 a t5d5cy = private ent]prises to keep _! publi%$ outputs z l[ z possible1 9 ord] to avoid regi/ration4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! (ficial & actual figures ( production 9 ,russia is v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #bj to #fj p] c5t4 ,! table on ! next page is compil$ f ! s\rces consid]$ mo/ reliable4 ,_w's ,production ( ,crude ,plat9um 7,9 troy oz47 #aiaj4 #aiaa4 #aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 ,borneo & ,sumatra,c #bjj #bjj ,d ,burma,e #ch #eg #eh #cg ,canada,f #ah ,colombia,g #aj1jjj #ab1jjj #ab1jjj #ae1jjj #ag1ejj ,madagasc>,h #ac #c ,new ,s\? ,wales,i #ccb #dgj #faj #ddb #bdd ,russia,j #agf1ccdahg1jjhagg1eifaeg1gceaeg1ahb ,unit$ ,/ates,c #cij #fbh #gba #dhc #egj ,victoria,l #ahd #abg #aiae4 #aiaf4 #aiag4 #aiah4 ,borneo & ,sumatra,c ,d ,d ,d ,burma,e #ah #i #d ,canada,f #bc #ae #eg #ci ,colombia,g #ah1jjj #be1jjj #cb1jjjbg1jcj ,madagasc>,h ,new ,s\? ,wales,i #ef #hb #bei ,russia,j #aai1ghi #gh1fhbej1jjj,k ,unit$ ,/ates,c #gdb #gej #fje ,victoria,l ,canada4--,! recov]ies ( plat9um at ! works ( ! ,int]national ,nickel ,company 9 ,new ,j]sey = ! ye>s #aiaj-aiab 7 #beh1fff & #dig oz4 respectively1 *iefly f ,canadian matte4 ,russia4--,! actual productions ( plat9um z quot$ 9 ,m9]al ,indu/ry 9 oz4 73 #aiaj1 #cjj1jjj2 #aiaa1 #bhj1jjj2 #aiab1 #cjj1jjj2 #aiac1 #bge1jjj2 #aiad1 #bdj1jjj2 #aiae1 #abd1jjj2 #aiaf1 #ij1jjj2 #aiag1 #ej1jjj4 ,footnote ,c3 ,u4,s4,a4 ,m9]al ,res\rces1 #aiag1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,footnote ,d3 ,e/imates n available4 ,footnote ,e3 ,records ( ,geol4 ,survey1 ,india4 ,footnote ,f3 ,m9]al ,production1 ,m9es ,dept41 ,canada4 ,figures are = alluvial production only1 & f> bel[ actual production figures1 n includ+ ,ont>io production f nickel matte1 = :i* only incomplete in=mation is available4 ,see p4 #be4 ,footnote ,g3 ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,novemb] #cj1 #aiah1 p4 #gjj1 & ,m9]al ,indu/ry4 ,footnote ,h3 ,m9es & ,qu>ries ,reports1 ,home ,(fice4 ,footnote ,i3 ,annual ,rept4 ,dept4 ( ,m9es4 ,footnote ,j3 ,m9]al ,indu/ry4 ,^! are (ficial figures = production2 actual production is mu* great] ?an ^!4 ,footnote ,k3 ,e/imat$4 ,footnote ,l3 ,dept4 ( ,m9es ,reports 7plat9um obta9$ f copp] matte74 ,! m>ket value ( plat9um has ris5 consid]ably s9ce #ahhj4 ,9 t ye> ! price 0 #abs4 #g;d4 p] oz4 troy1 9 #ahij x 0 #bes4 #c;d41 & 9 #aijj1 #fcs4 #a;d4 ,! av]age prices 9 ,london & ,new ,york = ! ye>s #aiaj-aiai 7 z %[n on ! accompany+ tables3 ,av]age price 9 p\nds p] troy oz4 ( ref9$ metals ( ! plat9um gr\p 9 ,london #aiaj4aiaa4aiab4aiac4aiad4aiae4 #aiaf4 #aiag4aiah4aiai4 ,plat9um #ia #hf #ie #ie #ha #ajiaj-ade #ade #bj #bd ,metals #aiaj1 #aiae1 #aiaf & #aiag--,metal ,m>ket ,ye> ,book4 #aiaa1 #aiab1 #aiac & #aiad--,m9+ ,magaz9e4 ,av]age price 9 doll>s p] troy oz4 ( ref9$ metals ( ! plat9um gr\p 9 ,new ,york #aiaj4aiaa4aiab4aiac4aiad4aiae4aiaf4aiag 4aiah4 #aiai4 ,plat9um #cc #dc #df #de #de #ej #hd #ajcajf,m #aad ,iridium #fe #hc #id #aej ,iridosm9e #cc #ce #de #hj ,palladium #dd #ef #fg #aaj #aiaj1 #aiad1 #aiae1 #aiaf & #aiag--,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,m9]al ,res\rces4 #aiaa1 #aiab1 #aiac1 #aiah & #aiai--;,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 vol4 #ajg1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote ,m3 ,! price 0 fix$ on ,may #ad1 #aiah1 at #aje4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,s\rces ,,( ,,supply ,,( ,,plat9um ,,& ,,alli$ ,,metals 7a7 ,,briti% ,,empire ,! outputs ( plat9um metals 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,empire are %[n 9 ! table on p4 #ad4 ,,europe ,,unit$ ,,k+dom ,!re is no kn[n occurr5ce ( plat9um 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 b !re has always be5 mu* trade done !re 9 ! plat9um metals1 ,engl& hav+ be5 ! second l>ge/ import] ( ! big consum+ nations4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! importations ( ,russian plat9um = five p]iods s9ce #ahfc3 ,p]iod ,oz4 #ahfc-ahhj #eab1jje #ahha-ahij #afg1iii #ahia-aijj #dcg1fde #aija-aiaj #bei1aaa #aiaa-aiae #ga1fbd #ae p4 #ibc ,! above figures d n include receipts ( plat9um = sev5 diff]5t ye>s s9ce #ahfc1 = :i* !re are no records4 ,! table on ! next page gives a summ>y ( total imports ( plat9um metals = ! ye>s #aiaj-aiah1 ) ! c\ntries ( orig94 ,! plat9um m>ket 9 ,london 0 controll$ by ! ,gov]nm5t f ,janu>y #aiaf to ,decemb] #aiah1 ,johnson1 ,mat!y ,co41 ,ltd41 act+ z buy]s4 ,on ,decemb] #bf1 #aiaf1 plat9um 0 decl>$ contrab&4 ,imports ( ,plat9um ,metals1 wr\ght & unwr\ght1 into ,unit$ ,k+dom 79 troy oz47 #aiaj4 #aiaa4 #aiab4 #aiac4 ,f ,briti% c\ntries #bd #a1jaa #a1ajj ,f =eign c\ntries3 ,russia #d1afg #b1egi #dfa #a1ggh ,g]many #e1hcg #h1ghf #a1ffi #ej ,france #ce1adicj1ddicc1ificc1adi ,unit$ ,/ates #did #gid #fdd #c1fbc ,colombia #b1jcg #d1iji #d1eeb #c1gbe ,o!r =eign c\ntries #ded #aeh #cae ,total3 =eign c\ntries #dh1achdg1eagda1decdb1fdj ,gr& total1 oz4 #dh1afbdh1ebhdb1eecdb1fdj #aiad4 #aiae4aiaf4aiag4aiah4 ,f ,briti% c\ntries #bh #deh #bfe ,f =eign c\ntries3 ,russia #g ,g]many #c ,france #ab1eiba1hgha1fff #fcb #eif ,unit$ ,/ates #bega1bfe #aiab1gaf ,colombia #b1bif #aci ,o!r =eign c\ntries #dj #ei #gi #cfb ,total3 =eign c\ntries #ae1ahhc1cdha1icfc1cdh #ieh ,gr& total1 oz4 #ae1ahhc1cdha1ifdc1hjfa1bbc #af ,ab\t #g p] c5t4 ( ! ,russian & "o-half ( ! ,colombian outputs 7 sold to ,engl& dur+ ! w>1 z well z mo/ ( ! ,au/ralian & ,indian production4 ,mu* ( ?is metal 0 ref9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,accord+ to ,j4 ,e4 ,or*>d#ag1 ! comm]cial control 7f9ancial7 ( ! _w's output ( plat9um ( #bfg1bcc oz4 ( #aiac 0 divid$ z foll[s3 ,france1 #gd p] c5t42 ,russia1 #ah p] c5t42 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #d p] c5t42 ,briti% ,empire1 #b p] c5t42 o!r c\ntries1 #b p] c5t42 :il/ ! political control 7t]ritorial7 0 divid$ z foll[s3 ,russia1 #ic p] c5t42 ,colombia1 #f p] c5t42 o!r c\ntries1 #a p] c5t4 ,,asia ,,india ,traces ( plat9um & iridium h be5 notic$ 9 association ) ! gold obta9$ f native work+s at ,bonai ,city4 ,! gold occurs 9 a deposit ( iron oxide1 :i* =ms ! cem5t+ mat]ial 9 a h>d /ratum ( qu>tz pebbles4 ,! oxide is sep>at$ by p\nd+1 & !n wa%$ away to extract ! gold4 ,! proportion ( plat9um to gold is probably less ?an #a to #bj4 ,plat9um occurs1 associat$ ) gold1 9 ! gravels ( ! ,irawaddy ,riv] 9 ,burma4 ,a small quantity ( plat9um is obta9$ at ,myitky9a by ! ,burma ,gold ,dr$g+ ,company4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #aiaa-ac1 #aeb oz4 7 won by ?is company4 ,9 #aiae ! output 0 #agg oz41 & 9 #aiaf1 #ibe oz4 ,9 #aiag1 #d oz4 only 7 produc$#ah4 ,ow+ to ! cessation ( ! golddr$g+ op]ations at ,myitky9a1 ,burma has ceas$ to produce plat9um1 ! quantity recov]$ dur+ ! ye> #aiah be+ only #jca oz4#ai4 ,x has also be5 locat$ ) iridosm9e 9 ! aurif]\s gravels ( ! riv]s dra9+ ! slopes ( ! ,patkoi ,ranges1 bo? on ! ,assam & ,burma sides#bj4 ,,africa ,,rhodesia ,plat9um has rec5tly be5 locat$ 9 ! ,gwelo di/rict1 ab\t #f miles nor?-ea/ ( ,indiva sid+1 :]e x occurs 9 ! great dyke ( norite1 :i* is "h ab\t #d miles wide4 ,a4 ,e4 ,v4 ,zealley1 ! late assi/ant ,gov]nm5t geologi/1 made ?is occurr5ce ! subject ( a special report#ba4 ,! c\ntry rock is a s]p5t9iz$ dunite4 ,! deposit is capp$ by a f]rug9\s silice\s gossan f #d to #e ft4 wide1 :i* may be trac$ on ! surface = ab\t #ajj ft41 & is comp>able to a fissure ve94 ,! gossan consi/s l>gely ( hmatite & *alc$ony1 ) occasional ve9lets ( copp] & nickel m9]als4 ,al?\gh ! pres5ce ( plat9um 9 ! ore c\ld n be detect$ by pann+1 ! possibility ( its occurr5ce on geological gr\nds 0 consid]$1 & a sample ( conc5trate f an un/at$ am\nt ( ore 0 =w>d$ to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute = analysis4 ,! sample 0 f\nd to conta9 plat9um to ! am\nt ( #a dwt4 #bj gr4 p] ton4 ,a report on ! fur!r developm5t ( ?is deposit is await$ ) int]e/4 ,a sample ( conc5trate f an un/at$ am\nt ( mat]ial f ! gem-be>+ gravels ( ,somabula ,=e/1 ,gwelo di/rict1 0 receiv$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute f ! ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,s\!rn ,rhodesia 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah4 ,on analysis ?is sample yield$ ! foll[+ p] ton3 plat9um1 #c oz4 #ab dwt42 osmiridium1 #g oz4 ,! conc5trate also conta9$ a l>ge proportion ( gold4 ,z %[n by ! late/ in=mation available1 ! deposits1 al?\gh und\bt$ly ri*1 appe> to ext5d ov] a limit$ area4 ,accord+ to an analysis made at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 a sample ( *romite f ,s\!rn ,rhodesia 7,selukwe7 conta9$ #jag p] c5t4 copp] & nickel oxides1 & a trace ( plat9um#bb4 ,h4 ,b4 ,maufe#bc has /at$ t z ! ,riv] ,umtebekwe dra9s two areas ( ultra-basic rock conta9+ *romite1 x might be expect$ to conta9 alluvial plat9um1 z well z gold1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 plat9um has actually be5 discov]$ 9 a reef 9 ! ,great ,dyke 7norite71 at ! head ( ! ,umtebekwe valley4 ,! pres5ce ( plat9um 0 rec5tly report$ at ,will\ghby's ,halt1 #ab miles s\? ( ,gwelo4 ,,union ,,( ,,s\? ,,africa ,cape ,colony#bd4--,plat9um is pres5t 9 v>y+ quantities 9 ! copp]-nickel deposits at ,insizwa1 situat$ 9 ! ,cape ,prov9ce1 close to ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,ea/ ,griqual& & ,pondol&4 ,! rock =mation consi/s ( a bas9-%ap$ mass ( intrusive norite1 av]ag+ f #b1jjj to #c1jjj ft4 9 ?ickness1 & ly+ 9 ! %ales & s&/ones ( ! ,beau=t ,s]ies ( ! ,k>roo ,sy/em4 ,! ore body consi/s ( sulphides ( copp] & nickel1 9 association ) pyrrhotite1 ! m9]als occurr+ dissem9at$ ne> ! basal m>g9 ( ! intrusive 9 oliv9e picrite4 ,gold & silv] are also pres5t 9 small quantities4 ,! av]age copp] & nickel cont5ts 9 ! ore are ea* ab\t #d p] c5t41 & ! plat9um cont5t av]ages f #b to #c dwt4 p] ton1 ! plat9um be+ unequally di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! ore#be p4 #ad4 ,x is n c]ta9 9 :at =m ! plat9um occurs4 ,x does n appe> to be pres5t z sp]rylite4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,w4 ,h4 ,good*ild x may occur 9 close association ) ! silv]#be p4 #ce4 ,m9+ op]ations h be5 int]mitt5tly c>ri$ on "h dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 ! la/ exploratory "w com+ to an end 9 #aiaa4 ,op]ations 71 h[ev]1 resum$ e>ly 9 #aibj4 ,transvaal4--,small am\nts ( plat9um & its alli$ metals h f "t to "t be5 notic$ 9 black s&s f ! batt]y 8clean-ups0 on ! ,r& at ,kl]ksdorp & o!r gold-m9+ di/ricts1 & plat9um to ! am\nt ( #b dwt4 p] ton is report$ to h be5 pres5t 9 residual slimes at ! ,rietfonte9 m9es#bf4 ,a specim51 consi/+ ( ab\t #he p] c5t4 osmiridium & #ae p] c5t4 plat9um1 rec5tly receiv$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 0 /at$ to h be5 tak5 f a compact %ale1 imm$iately und]ly+ ! banket reef 9 "o ( ! m9es ( ! ,kl]ksdorp di/rict4 ,9 ! l>ge majority ( ! gold m9es1 h[ev]1 ! plat9um metals1 if pres5t1 appe> to exi/ 9 su* small quantities z to escape detection4 ,a s]ies ( samples ( *romite f ,kromdaal1 ne> ,ru/5burg1 %[$ f a m]e trace to #a dwt4 ( plat9um p] ton1 & "o sample ( *romite f ! ,secoco5il& deposits %[$ z mu* z #a dwt4 ( plat9um p] ton#bg4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,canada ,! occurr5ce ( plat9um 9 ,canada 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 #ahfb1 9 ! c\rse ( gold-m9+ op]ations on ! ,rivire-du-,l\p & ! ,rivire-des-,plantes 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quebec#bh p4 #baj4 ,s9ce t "t plat9um has be5 f\nd 9 a numb] ( localities associat$ ) aurif]\s gravels1 b ! crude metal has only be5 obta9$ comm]cially f ! ,similkame5 di/rict 9 ,briti% ,columbia4 ,^! deposits fir/ attract$ att5tion 9 #ahhe4 ,all ! work+s are alluvial1 al?\gh ! plat9um has 9 sev]al cases be5 trac$ to its p>5t s\rce4 ,alb]ta4--,plat9um & gold 9 m9ute gra9s1 closely int]mix$1 are f\nd 9 ! ,nor? ,saskat*ewan ,riv]1 ne> ,edmonton4 ,9 #aiah c]ta9 plat9um occurr5ces 7 exam9$ by ! ,munitions ,res\rces ,commission1 visits be+ paid to ,=t ,saskat*ewan & ! ,peace ,riv] di/rict1 9 ,alb]ta4 ,^! deposits1 h[ev]1 prov$ to be disappo9t+4 ,9 ! =m] locality1 :i* 0 c>efully te/$ by drill+1 ! values ( ! samples obta9$ av]ag$ less ?an #aj c5ts 9 gold & plat9um p] c4 yd4 ( gravel#bi p4 #dbg4 ,briti% ,columbia4--,plat9um1 associat$ ) gold1 :i* is ! dom9ant metal1 occurs 9 ! ,tulame5 ,riv] & its tribut>ies1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ,slate ,creek1 o!rs be+ ,c$>1 ,eagle1 ,be> & ,granite ,creeks4 ,! metal is pres5t 9 small r\nd$ gra9s1 or pellets4 ,*romite is (t5 f\nd int]gr[n ) ! plat9um1 oliv9e & pyrox5e usually occurr+ 9 association4 ,! heavy m9]als rema9+ ) plat9um 9 ! conc5trate are titanif]\s magnetite1 *romite & native copp]4 ,! plat9um is sometimes magnetic1 probably due to ! cov]+ ( ! gra9s by small p>ticles ( magnetite#cj4 ,! foll[+ analysis1 accord+ to ,g4 ,c4 ,h(fmann1 is repres5tative ( an av]age sample ( crude plat9um f ! ,tulame5 ,riv]3 ,p] c5t4 ,plat9um #gbjg ,palladium #jai ,rhodium #beg ,iridium #aad ,osmiridium #ajea ,copp] #cci ,iron #hei ,gangue 7,*romite7 #afi ,ow+ to ! pres5ce ( osmiridium 9 consid]able proportion1 ! ore is class$ z 8h>d metal10 & on t acc\nt fet*es a high] price4 ,_m ( ! ri*] plac]s h become exhau/$1 & "w is n[ c>ri$ on by a few individuals1 pr9cipally ,*9ese1 :o "w dur+ ! summ] mon?s only4 ,9 "s cases high b5*es1 #ej to #ajj ft4 above ! creek bottom1 are be+ work$4 ,mu* ( ! plat9um & gold is ( a co>se texture1 ) a r\gh surface1 & ! latt] is sometimes f\nd emb$d$ 9 qu>tz4 ,nuggets are sometimes f\nd encru/$ ) *romite1 & are ?us liable to be ov]look$4 ,! deposits are !re=e n ( great age1 & ! metals h n be5 transport$ long di/ances f _! s\rces4 ,kemp is ( op9ion t ! plat9um is d]iv$ f pyrox5ite dykes cutt+ ?r\gh p]idotites1 :i* outcrop on ,oliv9e & ,gras%opp] ,m\nta9s4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t "s diamonds & rubies h be5 discov]$ ) ! plat9um 9 ! ,tulame5 deposits4 ,!y are ( good quality1 b ( small size1 & occur 9 a matrix ( dunite#bh p4 #baj4 ,am]ican capital dom9ates ! plat9um indu/ry 9 ! di/rict4 ,9 #aiah1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,imp]ial ,munitions ,bo>d1 special inve/igations 9 ?is area 7 und]tak5 by memb]s ( ! ,geological ,survey1 & sev]al prospect+ bores 7 put d[n to b$rock4 ,full reports ( ! "w done are n yet available1 b x is und]/ood t ! results are consid]$ to be promis+1 & to w>rant fur!r exam9ation ( ! di/rict#bi p4 #dbi4 ,plat9um 0 9 #aiah discov]$ at ,frankl9 ,camp1 ne> ,gr& ,=ks1 ,b4,c41 9 ! 8,black ,lead10 s-call$1 :i* is a mixture ( augite1 #geac p] c5t42 or?oclase & microcl9e1 #agjf p] c5t42 hornbl5de1 #adg p] c5t42 & magnetite1 #fjf p] c5t41 z det]m9$ by microscopic measurem5ts on a typical specim51 ) accessory m9]als1 *alcopyrite1 bornite & apatite4 ,a sample ( *alcopyrite assay$ #jch oz4 crude plat9um p] ton4 ,samples ( ! 8,black ,lead0 assay$ f #jjb to #jag oz4 p] ton#ca4 ,at ,burnt ,bas91 on ! ,"m ,lode claim1 an aurif]\s qu>tz ve9 c>ries plat9um1 9 am\nts v>y+ f a trace to #jbe oz4 p] ton4 ,! qu>tz also conta9s *alcopyrite1 pyrite1 gal5a1 sphal]ite & molybd5ite#ca4 ,native plat9um 9 small quantities has be5 f\nd associat$ ) gold 9 ! foll[+ localities3 ,tranquille ,riv]1 ,fras] ,riv]1 ,rock ,creek1 ,yale ,di/rict1 ,nor? ,?ompson & ,cle>wat] ,riv]s4 ,x has also be5 report$ to occur 9 a dyke across ! ,koot5ay ,riv] ^u ! ,granite ,poorman ,m9+ ,company's prop]ty a few miles f ,nelson#cb4 ,at ,siwa% ,creek1 9 ! ,tulame5 di/rict1 small flakes ( plat9um1 associat$ ) *romite1 (t5 occur 9 %e> zones 9 granite4 ,dr$g+ = gold & plat9um is be+ c>ri$ on1 on ! ,peace ,riv]1 ,nor? ,briti% ,columbia4 ,accord+ to ,j4 ,b4 ,hobson ! heavy conc5trate produc$ on ! ,consolidat$ ,c>ibo hydraulic m9e at ,quesnel1 conta9s1 besides gold & silv]1 plat9um1 palladium & osmiridium1 "o analysis giv+ a total value ( #c1hgc p] ton4 ,! gold & silv] be+ non-amalgamable are probably includ$ 9 p>ticles ( pyrite & gal5a1 :il/ ! plat9um metals are f\nd z m9ute gra9s or are enclos$ 9 p>ticles ( *romite & magnetite4 ,a sy/em ( 8"u-curr5ts0 is be+ in/all$ to prop]ly dress ?is conc5trate#cc4 ,9 #aiag ! record$ output ( crude plat9um f ! plac] gravels ( ! ,tulame5 di/rict 9 ,briti% ,columbia 0 #eg oz41 t = #aiah be+ #ci oz4 ,= ! five ye>s prec$+ #ahib1 ?is di/rict produc$ on an av]age ov] #a1ejj oz4 p] ye>4 ,manitoba4--,samples ( gold ore conta9+ plat9um h be5 obta9$ 9 ! ,/> ,lake di/rict ( s\?-ea/]n ,manitoba#cd4 ,analyses ( ! samples f diff]5t aurif]\s reefs 7 made by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9es 9 #aiag1 & yield$ plat9um v>y+ 9 am\nt f a trace to #ja oz4 p] ton4 ,9 addition to gold & plat9um1 ! ve9s c>ry small quantities ( gal5a1 z9c bl5de1 pyrite1 *alcopyrite & ars5opyrite 9 a gangue consi/+ ma9ly ( qu>tz4 ,plat9um is report$ to occur 9 aurif]\s qu>tz ve9s 9 sev]al m9es & prospects 9 ,le ,pas di/rict2 a pick$ sample ( ore f ! m9e ( ! ,nor!rn ,manitoba & ,developm5t ,company1 assay$ #di gold & #ag plat9um p] ton#ce4 ,mc,cafferty's ,prospect1 ab\t #e miles away1 conta9s plat9if]\s qu>tz4 ,nova ,scotia4--,accord+ to ,e4 ,r4 ,f>ibault 9 ,summ>y ,report1 #aiah1 ,"p ,f1 ( ! ,canadian ,dep>tm5t ( ,m9es1 plat9um has be5 f\nd1 mo/ly 9 traces1 9 "s ( ! old gold di/ricts ( ,halifax c\nty &1 lately1 9 ! tung/5 conc5trates ( ! ,moose ,riv] m9es4 ,s f>1 all occurr5ces are 9 qu>tz ve9s 9 ! l[] qu>tzite & slate =mation ( ! gold-be>+ s]ies ( ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! plat9if]\s m9]al is suppos$ to be sp]rylite1 ) :i* is associat$ ars5opyrite4 ,ont>io4--,sudbury is "o ( ! few places :]e plat9um is pr(itably extract$ f deposits 9 situ4 ,! metal1 :i* 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ?is region 9 #ahhi1 is f\nd mo/ly 9 comb9ation ) ars5ic1 z sp]rylite associat$ ma9ly ) *alcopyrite 9 ! well-kn[n copp] & nickel-be>+ deposits ( ! di/rict4 ,! orig9 ( ! ore bodies has n yet be5 settl$4 ,!y are ei!r m>g9al deposits 91 or (f-%oot deposits to1 a norite laceoli?1 :i* has intrud$ s$im5t>y rocks1 ! ores consi/+ pr9cipally ( *alcopyrite1 pyrrhotite1 & p5tl&ite4 ,metallic plat9um1 gold1 silv] & palladium occur 9 ! ore1 ! la/ also1 probably1 z an ars5ide4 ,! highe/ plat9um cont5t is associat$ ) ! highe/ copp] cont5t2 ! highe/ palladium ) ! highe/ nickel4 ,accord+ to ,rob]ts & ,longye>#cf ! mean analysis ( rocks ( f sixte5 drill holes gave an av]age ore cont5t (3 copp]1 #aaa p] c5t42 nickel1 #aie p] c5t42 silv]1 #jbbc oz42 gold1 #jjbb oz42 & metallic plat9um1 #jjjfh oz4 p] ton4 ,! ore is pr9cipally work$ = its nickel & copp] cont5t1 & yields a l>ge proportion ( ! _w's supply ( nickel4 ,! ore is fir/ smelt$ at ! m9es1 & a portion ( ! l[-grade matte s produc$ is !n %ipp$ to ,s\? ,wales = f9al treatm5t1 ! rema9d] be+ s5t to ! rec5tly-con/ruct$ ref9]y ( ! ,int]national ,nickel ,co41 at ,port ,colborne1 ,ont>io1 & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 #aijc t ?is matte conta9$ on ! av]age #abe oz4 ( ! plat9um metals p] ton ( nickel cont5t ( ! matte1 ( :i* ab\t #hj p] c5t4 0 extract$#cg p4 #aj4 ,! ,victoria ,m9e1 own$ by ! ,mond ,nickel ,co41 is /at$ to c>ry a high p]c5tage ( ! preci\s metals1 z is also ! ,v]milion ,m9e1 al?\gh 9 ! latt] case ! ore body is v small4 ,9 #aiag ! total output ( copp]-nickel ore f ^! deposits am\nt$ to #a1ejf1hbh tons1 ( :i* ! ,canadian ,copp] ,co4 rais$ #a1aci1fbi tons1 ! ,mond ,nickel ,co4 #cfa1cce tons1 & ! ,alexo ,m9+ ,co4 #e1hfd tons4 ,! nickel cont5t ( ! ore ( ! ,canadian ,copp] ,co4 0 ab\t #be times t ( ! copp]1 :il/ ! ore m9$ by ! o!r two companies conta9$ ! two metals 9 approximately equal proportions4 ,! matte produc$ by ! ,alexo ,m9+ ,co4 is smelt$ by ! ,mond ,nickel ,co4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! ,royal ,ont>io ,nickel ,commission1 ! matte produc$ by ! ,canadian ,copp] ,co4 9 #aiaf 0 e/imat$ to conta9 #d1fdj oz4 plat9um & #h1dfj oz4 palladium1 correspond+ to #jaj oz4 plat9um & #jae oz4 palladium p] ton ( matte1 ! ,int]national ,nickel ,co4 recov]+ 9 t ye> #a1jic oz4 plat9um & #beg oz4 alli$ metals4 ,?is company is n[ report$ to h improv$ its me?ods ( recov]y4 ,9 #aiah ! total matte %ipm5t by ! ,canadian ,copp] ,co4 is /at$ to h conta9$1 among o!r preci\s metals1 #h1fgg oz4 plat9um & #ac1jaf oz4 palladium#ch4 ,accord+ to in=mation suppli$ by ! ,mond ,nickel ,co41 _! nickel residues d]iv$ f ! ref9+ ( ! matte are tak5 ov] by ,johnson1 ,mat!y ,co41 ,ltd4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #aiae-ah ! residues dispos$ ( 7 e/imat$ to conta9 ! foll[+ am\nts ( plat9um metals3 7,9 oz4 troy47 #aiae4aiaf4aiag4aiah4 ,plat9um #c1jghc1ghbd1iacd1dfe ,palladium #e1dgd ,iridium & ,rhodium #igc ,messrs4 ,johnson1 ,mat!y ,co41 ,ltd41 h k9dly suppli$ ! foll[+ figures ( plat9um-extraction f ^! residues3 ,oz4 troy4 #aiaf #c1gbb #aiag #d1gai #aiah #d1ieh ,! ,briti% ,am]ica ,nickel ,corporation1 :o are develop+ "s l>ge deposits 9 ! same di/rict1 are also erect+ a ref9]y ne> ,hull on ! ,ottawa ,riv]4 ,x is /at$ t !y w employ ! ,hyb9ette process ( electrolytic ref9+1 & expect to obta9 a high recov]y ( ! preci\s metals#bi p4 #dbe4 ,) gradual improvem5ts 9 ! ref9+ process1 & ) ! ref9+ ( ! :ole ( ! matte produc$1 in/ead ( a portion only1 z at pres5t1 x seems probable t ! production ( plat9um metals by ! ?ree nickel companies may 9 "t exce$ #aj1jjj oz4 p] annum4 ,! #aiai report ( ! ,ont>io ,bureau ( ,m9es %[s t 9 #aiah ! ,int]national ,nickel ,co4 treat$ #fb1bej tons ( matte = #fej f9e oz4 ( plat9um1 #ghg oz4 ( palladium1 & #dgc oz4 ( metals ( ! rhodium gr\p4 ,?is _c be us$ z a basis ( calculation1 z ! proportions are n con/ant4 ,on ! ,qu9n claims1 ne> ! ,crsus ,m9e1 ,munro ,t[n%ip1 is aurif]\s qu>tz conta9+ plat9um4 ,five assays gave a plat9um cont5t ( value rang+ f #ahj to #a1hjj p] ton 7) plat9um at f #dj to #ej p] oz47#ca4 ,! ,abro ,m9e 9 ! ,timiskam+ di/rict 9 #aiae %ipp$ betwe5 #e1jjj & #f1jjj tons ( ore1 conta9+ #jjc oz4 ( palladium & plat9um p] ton4 ,! ore consi/s ( pyrrhotite1 *alcopyrite & p5tl&ite1 9 a gangue ( alt]$ p]idotite & s]p5t9e#g4 ,yukon ,t]ritory4--,plat9um occurs associat$ ) gold 9 small quantities 9 mo/ ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,yukon ,riv]1 notably at ! m\? ( ! ,hootal9qua ,riv]1 & 9 ! ,riv] ,lewis#cg p4 #ab4 ,,newf\ndl& ,*romite d]iv$ f ! s]p5t9iz$ area 9 ! region ( ,m\nt ,cormack1 situat$ 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! isl&1 has be5 f\nd to conta9 small quantities ( plat9um#ci4 ,,au/ralasia ,,au/ralia ,! mo/ important occurr5ces ( plat9um 9 ! ,commonweal? are at ,fifield & at ,plat9a1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! outputs ( crude plat9um 9 ,au/ralia 9 rec5t ye>s 7 all export$ to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom z "u3 ,ye>4 ,troy oz4 #aiaj #ccb #aiaa #dgj #aiab #faj #aiac #ddb #aiad #bdd #aiae #ef #aiaf #hb #aiag #bei #aiah #fjg ,note4--,^! figures d n include ! osmiridium produc$ 9 ,tasmania4 ,rec5t imports ( manufactur$ plat9um 7 z "u3 ,oz4 #aiaj #cbj #aiaa #ejd #aiab #cah #aiac #cja #aiad-ae #bbc #aiae-af #hi #aiag-ah #ah ,! "q ( ! ref9+ ( plat9um 9 ,au/ralia has be5 "u consid]ation = "s "t2 s f> ! crude mat]ial has all be5 s5t to ,engl&4 ,! outlook = future production ( crude plat9um 9 ,au/ralia is n promis+1 ) ! exception ( t ( ,bald ,hill di/rict1 ,tasmania4 ,new ,s\? ,wales4--,plat9um is obta9$ at ,plat9a1 9 ! ,fifield division1 9 ! ea/ c5tral "p ( ! ,/ate1 f a buri$ gravel *annel1 9 :i* x occurs 9 association ) gold & osmiridium4 ,! rocks 9 ! vic9ity ( ! 8leads0 consi/ *iefly ( slates1 b ! s\rce ( ! plat9um is n kn[n#d p4 #eeg4 ,^! deposits 7 fir/ exploit$ 9 #ahid1 & f t ye> to #aiah inclusive1 ! total output ( plat9um f ,new ,s\? ,wales 0 #ad1fhj oz4#dj4 ,! gravels h yield$ am\nts ( #f dwt4 plat9um & #b dwt4 gold p] ton1 b accord+ to ,gov]nm5t reports ! ri*] deposits are ne>ly work$ out2 m9+ op]ations are c>ri$ on ) great difficulty1 z !re is a great sc>city ( wat] & a deep ov]burd51 v>y+ f #bj to #hj ft4 9 dep?4 ,x is e/imat$ t !re are #bjj acres ( plat9um-c\ntry available1 suffici5tly ri* to pay1 7 x work$ on a l>ge scale ) an abundant supply ( wat]#da4 ,a new occurr5ce has rec5tly be5 discov]$ ab\t #a mile di/ant f ! old ,plat9a deep 8lead10 ! plat9um be+ associat$ ) small quantities ( gold4 ,! 8lead0 has s f> be5 prov$ to ext5d ov] an area ab\t #a mile 9 l5g?1 & f #fj to #aej ft4 9 wid?1 ! wa% v>y+ 9 dep? f a few feet to up to ab\t #hj ft4 ,! pay gravels1 :i* re/ on %ales & s&/ones ( ,silurian & ,devonian age1 intrud$ by dioritic dykes1 are /at$ to be f #a to #c ft4 ?ick4 ,! foll[+ analysis is repres5tative ( ! crude plat9um produc$3 ,p] c5t4 ,plat9um #geij ,iridium #acj ,rhodium #acj ,palladium trace ,osmiridium #icj ,iron #ajae ,silica #aab #db p4 #ad4 ,plat9um is frequ5tly f\nd 9 bea* s& deposits on ! coa/al bord] betwe5 ,que5sl& & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 notably at ,ball9a1 close to ! m\? ( ! ,ri*mond ,riv]2 at ,evans ,head1 fur!r s\?2 & at ,currumb91 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,twe$ ,riv]4 ,9 ?is locality black s&s conta9+ plat9um1 associat$ ) gold1 cassit]ite1 monazite & osmiridium1 accumulate on ! bea*es dur+ /ormy wea!r4 ,at ,ball9a & ,evans ,head1 ! plat9um pr$om9ates ov] ! gold1 b at ,currumb91 fur!r s\?1 ! gold is 9 ! great] quantity#d p4 #eeg4 ,! m9]als are pres5t 9 a v f9ely-divid$ /ate1 & sep>ation ( ! valuable metals is a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,! problem does n appe> to h be5 satisfactorily solv$ up to ! pres5t "t1 al?\gh promis+ exp]im5ts h rec5tly be5 c>ri$ out ) scre5+ & magnetic treatm5t4 ,! deposits are1 un=tunately1 v l[ grade4 ,! s\rces ( ! metals are unc]ta94 ,! plat9um & osmiridium appe> to h be5 d]iv$ f ! we/]n edge ( ! ,cl>5ce coal measures1 :i* n[ exi/ only z fragm5t>y outcrops4 ,! gold1 t9 & monazite may h _! orig9 9 granite & o!r rocks ( ! ,new ,engl& tablel&4 ,*romite is pres5t 9 "s ( ! ,currumb9 s&s1 :i* sugge/s s]p5t9e z ! probable s\rce ( plat9um#d p4 #eeg4 ,o!r associations are zircon1 g>net1 t\rmal9e1 ilm5ite1 magnetite & sapphire4 ,9 ! ,brok5 ,hill di/rict1 pr9cipally at ,little ,d>l+ & ,mulga ,spr+s ,creek1 plat9um has be5 prov$ to ext5d ov] a consid]able area 9 a copp]-nickel gossan1 closely associat$ ) gabbro1 decompos$ gneisses & s*i/s4 ,9 addition to plat9um1 ! am\nts ( :i* v>y f a trace to #af dwt4 p] ton1 gold1 silv]1 iridium & palladium are also pres5t#dc4 ,! deposits be> "s resemblance to ! nickel deposits ( ,sudbury1 ,ont>io1 & x is ?\ght t "h1 too1 ! plat9um occurs comb9$ ) ars5ic1 z sp]rylite4 ,que5sl&4--,9 addition to ! bea* deposits betwe5 ,s\?port & ,currumb91 describ$ above1 plat9um has be5 f\nd 9 ,coopooroo & ,wairamba ,creeks on ! ,russell ,goldfield1 ne> ,innisfail2 also 9 ! ,luckn[ & ,alma 8reefs0 ( ! ,gympie ,goldfield1 :]e x is pres5t 9 qu>tz lodes ) native gold1 & ars5opyrite1 ! accompany+ rocks consi/+ ( slates1 alt]nat+ ) volcanic tuffs & conglom]ates2 ! metal also exi/s 9 ! neighb\r+ gold-be>+ alluvial deposits ( ,brickfield ,gully4 ,ano!r occurr5ce ( alluvial plat9um is kn[n at ! head ( ! ,don ,riv] 9 ,c5tral ,que5sl&#d p4 #eef4 ,victoria4--,plat9um occurs 9 ! ,walhalla ,copp] ,m9e1 :]e x is associat$ 9 a hornbl5de-diorite lode-=mation ) copp] pyrites1 gold & silv]4 ,! ore is /at$ to conta9 f #b to #g dwt4 plat9um p] ton4 ,9 ! ,?ompson ,riv] ,copp] ,m9e plat9um is f\nd 9 a hornbl5dic rock ri* 9 *alcopyrite4 ,tasmania4--,iridosm9e has be5 produc$ f ! ,bald ,hill di/rict ne> ,w>atah1 9 ! nor?-we/]n "p ( ! /ate1 s9ce #aijj1 ! metal be+ obta9$ f plac] deposits 9 ,n9ete5 ,mile ,creek & its tribut>ies1 ,l+]-&-,die1 ,mc,ginty's & ,b>r5 ,creeks1 & f ,savage ,riv]4 ,x has be5 locat$ 9 situ 9 ! rocks ( ,bald ,hill1 pr9cipally 9 s]p5t9e1 b also ) *alc$ony & opal9e silica 9 lode-=mations4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is associat$ ) magnetite1 pyrite1 pyrrhotite1 nickel & gold4 ,! iridosm9e 9 ! plac] deposits is sometimes coat$ ) iron oxide1 & is also at times f\nd enclos$ 9 *romite4 ,! foll[+ analysis 9 p]c5tages1 made at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 is typical3 osmium1 #egji2 iridium1 #cchj2 plat9um1 #jcg2 ru!nium1 #hai2 palladium1 #jba2 gold1 #jjd2 iron1 #jcj2 copp]1 trace4 ,o!r localities 9 ,tasmania at :i* osmiridium has be5 locat$ are ,heazlewood ,riv]1 ,:yte ,riv]1 ,ca/ray ,riv]1 ,huskisson ,riv]1 ,wilson ,riv] & ,boyes ,riv]2 also ! ,badg] gold digg+s1 we/ ( ,savage ,riv]1 & ! ,salisbury goldfield ne> ,beaconsfield4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! rec5t annual output ( osmiridium 9 ,tasmania3 ,ye>4 oz4 ,value 7troy74 9 4 #aiaj #abj #ecj #aiaa #bgbi #a1ahh #aiab #gghh #e1gdb #aiac #a1bfaf #ab1jaf #aiad #a1jahh #aj1jgf #aiae #bdg #a1eha #aiaf #bbbb #a1hii #aiag #ccba #d1hih #aiah #a1fjg #aiai #a1ffig #ci1fad ,s\? ,au/ralia4--,9 ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ! ,/ate traces ( plat9um h be5 recogniz$ by analysis z occurr+ 9 ! outcrop ( a lode ne> ,boolcoomatta4 ,fur!r in=mation on ?is occurr5ce is n available4 ,papua4--,osmiridium1 associat$ ) small am\nts ( gold only1 is kn[n to occur z alluvial 9 ! neighb\rhoods ( v>i\s s]p5t9e areas2 9 ! ,lakekamu di/rict1 9 flaky =m2 9 ! ,yodda ,valley1 9 appe>ance simil> to native bismu?2 & 9 o!r places 9 %ot-l granules#dd4 ,,new ,,zeal& ,plat9um is only obta9$ comm]cially 9 ,new ,zeal& f ! ,orepuki di/rict ( ,s\?l&1 :]e x is produc$ by ! ,r\nd ,hill ,gold ,m9+ ,company z a by-product 9 ! wa%+ ( aurif]\s gravels4 ,accord+ to in=mation rec5tly suppli$ by ! ,m9es ,dep>tm5t1 ! annual output ( crude plat9um = ! la/ t5 ye>s has av]ag$ #cj oz41 b 9 view ( ! rec5t fall+-(f ( ! gold production 9 ?is locality1 ! prospects ( any increase 9 ! output ( plat9um seem small4 ,9 ,s\? ,isl& ! pres5ce ( plat9um has be5 report$ on ! ,?ames ,riv] 9 qu>tz lodes1 9 a region ( s]p5t9e & diorite1 & 9 a pyritic lode ne> ! ,t>amakau ,riv] 9 ! di/rict ( ,we/l&1 9 close proximity to %eets ( alt]$ magnesian eruptive rocks#d p4 #eeg4 ,! plat9um 9 ! latt] case occurs 9 association ) silv]1 9 ! proportions ( ab\t #g p>ts ( ! latt] to #a ( ! =m]1 toge!r ) pyrite & limonite4 ,samples tak5 f ! lode h be5 /at$ to h an av]age cont5t ( #c dwt4 #h gr4 plat9um p] ton#de4 ,o!r localities 9 ,s\? ,isl& :]e plat9um has be5 locat$ are ! ,t>aka & ,george ,riv]s1 :i* fl[ into ,aw>ua ,bay2 ! ea/ coa/ ( ,otago1 9 bea* s&s & riv] gravels2 ! ,clu?a ,riv]2 & ! ,nelson gold di/rict4 ,conc5trates conta9+ up to #be p] oz4 p] ton are report$ to h be5 obta9$ f ! ,p>ap>a sub-division4 ,plat9um 9 ,new ,zeal& is (t5 associat$ ) gold1 & ! deposits are 9 _m cases simil> to ^? ( ! ,urals4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,s\rces ,,( ,,supply ,,( ,,plat9um ,,metals 7b7 ,,=eign ,,c\ntries ,,europe ,,france ,plat9um metals are n produc$ 9 ,france1 b plat9um is kn[n to occur at sev]al places4 ,9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,*>a/e & ,deux ,sevres x occurs associat$ ) pyrite & limonite2 9 ! ,valle du ,drae1 ,hautes ,alpes1 above ,*atal>d1 plat9um occurs 9 tetrah$rite 9 metamorphic lime/one2 at ,/4 ,arey1 ne> ,la ,mure 7,is]e71 x occurs 9 b\rnonite1 9 dolomite & alt]$ lime/one4 ,plat9um is f\nd 9 arg5tif]\s tetrah$rite & mala*ite ne> ,presles1 9 ,savoy#ca4 ,z m5tion$ bel[1 "u ,russia 7p4 #cf71 ,france controll$ ! production ( plat9um 9 ,russia be=e ! w> ?r\gh ! ,compagnie ,int]nationale du ,plat9e1 due to its ext5sive own]%ip ( plat9um deposits & its contracts ) ,russian companies4 ,! accompany+ table gives a summ>y ( rec5t imports1 ) c\ntries ( orig91 z f> z c be obta9$4 ,imports ,rec5t imports 9 kilograms 7#dbhg troy oz47 into ,france ( crude1 manufactur$ & scrap plat9um1 7 z "u3 ,f ,unit$ ,russia4,g]many4,s]bia4,switz]l&4 ,ye>4,k+dom4 #aiaj #dhj #e1hgh #a1ajd #bjd #he #aiaa #ege #f1hie #hbb #ghb #abg #aiab #e1ded #bhc #add #aiac #gh #d1ejj #bbj #b #aiad #fc #b1eie #afa #aiae ,nodetailsavailable #aiaf #aiag #aiah ,f ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,o!r ,total4 ,ye>4 c\ntries4 #aiaj #dd #g1gie #aiaa #aib #i1cic #aiab #bga #hd #f1bce #aiac #aga #ig #e1jfg #aiad #ajb #b1iba #aiae ,no detailsavailable #ahh #aiaf #egh #aiag #egh #aiah #da ,,g]many ,plat9um has rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 ,we/phalia1 deposits hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,freud5b]g1 ,sieg51 ,mes*$e1 9 ,sieg]l&1 ,sau]l& & ,we/]wald4 ,x occurs 9 a s]ies ( fragm5tal deposits1 includ+ pr9cipally slates & graywackes1 ! latt] compos$ ( qu>tz & slate1 ) an argillace\s cem5t2 x is also occasionally f\nd 9 ! recem5t$ fragm5ts :i* are presumably d]iv$ f ! basal granite =mation1 und]ly+ ! plat9um s]ies#df p4 #fjf4 ,! b$s are believ$ to be ( m>9e orig91 & are probably ( ,silurian & ,devonian age4 ,! plat9um1 :i* is pres5t 9 a v f9ely-dissem9at$ /ate1 is associat$ ) *romium1 nickel1 ars5ic1 antimony1 iron1 copp]1 lead1 z9c1 silv] & gold1 "s ( :i* appe> to h be5 introduc$ by solutions at a /age subsequ5t to s$im5tation4 ,krus* inve/igat$ ^! deposits 9 #aiad1 & is ( op9ion1 9 view ( ! simil>ity ( ! *emical associations ) ^? ( ! ,ural & ,briti% ,columbian =mations1 t ! orig9al s\rce ( ! plat9um 0 p]idotite1 or o!r =m ( basic igne\s rock4 ,a numb] ( samples1 analys$ by ,krus*1 yield$ values rang+ f a trace to #cce gm4 7#a oz4 troy7 plat9um p] ton#dg4 ,at ! outbreak ( w> ! capital necess>y = exploitation _h n be5 rais$1 b 9 #aiah x 0 /at$ t treatm5t works _h be5 erect$ at ,w5d5#b4 ,z m5tion$ above1 ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! ,russian output ( plat9um be=e ! w> 0 ref9$ 9 ,g]many1 & x is kn[n t ,g]man capital 0 help+ to f9ance ! pre-w> plat9um op]ations ( t c\ntry#b4 ,imports ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( imports into ,g]many ( crude1 manufactur$ & scrap plat9um 9 kilograms 7#dbhg troy oz47 = ! ye>s #aiaj-ac3 ,f ,unit$ ,france4,au/ria-,hung>y4,russia4,unit$ ,o!r ,total4 ,ye>4,k+dom4 ,/ates4c\ntries4 #aiaj #dai #hdf #bfe #bgh #abg #baf #b1aea #aiaa #bib #hie #dea #aij #bee #bci #b1cbb #aiab #deh #fdb #eed #bgb #dh #cjg #b1bha #aiac #aia #fhc #bcc #dea #bcf #bcj #b1jbd ,,russia ,up to ! ye> #aiad1 ,russia produc$ ab\t #ic p] c5t4 ( ! total _w's supply ( plat9um1 ! metal be+ d]iv$ f ext5sive deposits ( alluvial s&s 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s4 ,! plat9if]\s area ext5ds approximately #hj miles along ! c5tral "p ( ! *a9 ( m\nta9s 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,p]m1 & along ! ea/]n slope1 ! pr9cipal c5tre ( ! plac]s be+ at ,goroblagodat1 & on ! we/]n side at ,nizhni-,tagilsk4 ,plat9um 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! ,urals 9 #ahbc1 & exploitation comm5c$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 #ahbh ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t in/itut$ plat9um co9age1 :i* consi/$ ( #c-r\ble1 #f-r\ble & #ab-r\ble pieces1 ! co9s conta9+ ab\t #b p] c5t4 iridium4 ,a #c-r\ble piece weigh$ #ajca gm41 & ! price paid by ! ,gov]nm5t to ! produc]s 0 #afs4 #aj;d4 p] oz42 b ow+ to ! subsequ5t rise 9 value ( plat9um1 ! co9age 0 discont9u$ 9 #ahdedh p4 #fjf4 ,! plat9um indu/ry began to develop 9 #ahfi1 ! price at t "t be+ "u #e p] lb4#di1 b f t ye> onw>ds ! value1 al?\gh subject to consid]able fluctuations1 has /eadily increas$4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! indu/ry 9 ,russia1 ab\t #f1jjj1jjj oz4 ( plat9um h be5 recov]$ f #cj1jjj1jjj to #dj1jjj1jjj c4 yd4 ( gravel4 ,z 0 expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,i1 ! (ficial /ati/ics ( ! ,russian output ( crude plat9um are consid]$ to be l[4 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 ! e/imat$ & (ficial figures ( production are giv5 = ! ye>s #aiaj-ag3 ,9 oz4 troy ,ye>4 ,e/imat$ output4 ,(ficial output4 #aiaj #cjj1jjj #agf1ccd #aiaa #bhj1jjj #ahg1jjh #aiab #cjj1jjj #agg1eif #aiac #bge1jjj #aeg1gce #aiad #bdj1jjj #aeg1ahb #aiae #abd1jjj #aai1ghi #aiaf #ij1jjj #gh1fhb #aiag #ej1jjj ,9 ! (ficial /ati/ics ! ,ural m9+ di/rict is divid$ into five pr9cipal areas4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! annual outputs by di/ricts 9 rec5t ye>s3 ,9 oz4 troy ,di/rict4 #aiaj4 #aiaa4 #aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 #aiae4 #aiaf4 ,s\? ,v]khotur #aaa1jgjaba1cadaah1jdhajb1eebajf1ebh #hj1iheeb1cec ,p]m #df1jfh #df1hhe #ch1gji #cf1hgh #ch1jej #bb1iifad1hah ,nor? ,v]khotur #aa1hfb #aa1cfb #ac1aff #aa1cgf #g1dbf #ab1bhh #i1ifh ,t*]dynsk #f1cei #e1jaf #f1afb #f1aji #d1gec #c1eah #a1edb ,s\? ,ekat]9burg #igb #a1jdj #a1chb #haf #dba #b ,total #agf1ccaahe1fagagg1dfgaeg1gcaaeg1aghaai1 ghigh1fha ,exports ( crude plat9um f ,russia = ! ye>s #aiaa-ae 7 z foll[s#ae p4 #ibc3 ,to4 #aiaa4 #aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 #aiae4 ,great ,brita9 #a1jec #b1ajg #a1ehj #ff1hhd ,france #afh1ebgafi1ehjadj1fae #fd1ggh #g1ijj ,g]many #ea1fab #ej1eeh #eh1deh #ag1ijf ,unit$ ,/ates #e1bff ,total #bba1aibbbb1bdebjj1fec #hb1fhd #hj1jej ,! plat9um indu/ry 9 ,russia has always be5 ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( a few l>ge firms ( =eign c\ntries4 ,= a long "t ,johnson1 ,mat!y ,co41 ,ltd4 controll$ ! great] "p ( ! trade4 ,9 #ahih ! ,socit ,anonyme de l',indu/rie du ,plat9e 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is1 &1 by pur*as+ a l>ge numb] ( m9es1 & leas+ o!rs1 0 able to secure a l>ge %>e 9 ! control ( ! indu/ry4 ,! ref9+ ( ! crude plat9um has be51 & /ill is1 almo/ entirely 9 =eign h&s1 all b approximately #b p] c5t4 ( ! entire output be+ ref9$ abroad4 ,9 #aiae x 0 report$ t ! con/ruction ( a ref9]y at ,ekat]9burg 0 complet$1 :i* 0 to be plac$ "u ,gov]nm5t control4 ,! pr9cipal plat9um-ref9+ works 7 =m]ly ^? ( ,johnson1 ,mat!y ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,engl&1 b e>ly 9 ! eighties ?is firm 01 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 sup]s$$ by ,h]aeus ,co41 ( ,hanau1 ,g]many4 ,!y1 9 turn1 9 #aiji1 7 compell$ to give fir/ place to ! ,socit ,anonyme de l',indu/rie du ,plat9e1 ( ,p>is1 :i* became ! *ief c5tre ( ! plat9um-ref9+ indu/ry1 a position :i* x held until ! outbreak ( w>4 ,france at t "t _h a monopoly ( #ij p] c5t4 ( ! ,russian production4 ,?is =eign control _h an unfav\rable effect on ! indu/ry1 & 9 #aiac ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t pass$ a law =bidd+ ! exportation ( crude plat9um4 ,9 ,july #aiae1 exportation 0 aga9 p]mitt$1 subject to a #cj p] c5t4 ad valorem export tax1 & at ab\t ! same "t an ord] 0 issu$ =bidd+ ! exportation ( raw plat9um 9 quantities valu$ above #ejj r\bles 7#ec71 ! price ( ! metal to be fix$ by ! ,/ate#ae p4 #ibc4 ,9 ,febru>y #aiag ! ,gov]nm5t fur!r enact$ an ord] prohibit+ ! importation ( drawn & spun plat9um4 ,x 0 hop$ by ^! means to enc\rage ! e/abli%m5t ( dome/ic ref9]ies4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,gov]nm5t fix$ ! price at #af #ajs4 p] oz4 ,9 ,m>* #aiag x 0 report$ t ! m9]s 7 n satisfi$1 & lat] sales 7 report$ up to #bb p] oz4 ( crude metal1 #hc p] c5t4 f9e#ej p4 #ag4 ,accord+ to ,n4 ,vissotzki#ea1 ! plat9if]\s belt ( ! ,urals1 geologically speak+1 consi/s ( f\r p>allel b&s /rik+1 r\ghly1 nor? & s\?2 ! we/]nmo/ ( ^!1 made up ( cry/all9e s*i/s1 =ms ! wat]%$ betwe5 ,europe & ,asia4 ,! next b& to ! ea/ comprises oliv9e- & mica-gabbros1 diallage-p]idotites1 diorites & alt]$ sy5ites--all ( :i* h be5 erupt$ f a great dep?4 ,! ?ird b& is made up ( ,l[] ,devonian s$im5t>y rocks1 %att]$ & buri$ 9 places by diabasic eruptive rocks4 ,! ea/]n portion ( ?is b& is =m$ ( eruptive rocks ( deep-seat$ orig9 :i* may be gneissose granites4 ,! f\r?1 or mo/ ea/]ly b&1 is compos$ ( anci5t rocks1 :i* h be5 erod$ by ! advanc+ sea ( ,l[] ,t]ti>y age4 ,! area em]g$ f ! waves z e>ly z ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod2 consequ5tly ! accumulation ( plat9um1 & 9 "s localities ( gold1 9 ! surface-deposits1 7 n swept away4 ,!y 7 conc5trat$ lat] on 9 ! alluvia--p]haps at ! "t ( ! mo/ int5se glaciation1 probably 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,urals1 ! prim>y s\rce ( ! plat9um is associat$ ) ! eruptive basic rocks1 among :i* ! plat9if]\s & aurif]\s dunite =ms ?ree great masses4 ,! pr9cipal outcrops ( plat9if]\s dunite & plat9um-be>+ alluvia are connect$ ) ! second ( ! f\r p>allel b&s m5tion$ above4 ,t[>ds ! s\?1 ! b& becomes discont9u\s1 & f9ally dies out altoge!r4 ,"h a few outcrops ( plat9if]\s oliv9e-rock conta9 a small p]c5tage ( plat9um1 ) osmiridium & o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p associat$ ) x4 ,! two pr9cipal plat9um-produc+ di/ricts are 9 ! c5tral ,urals1 & are3 7#a7 ,! ,%uval(f ,e/ates1 ,isov di/rict1 on ! ,riv] ,iss1 ne> ,goroblagodat4 7#b7 ,! ,demid(f ,e/ates1 ,nizhni-,tagilsk di/rict1 on ! ,m>tian ,riv] 9 ! ,s\? ,v]khotur di/rict4 ,prior to #ahgi ! latt] field furni%$ ! l>g] "p ( ! plat9um1 b s9ce !n ! =m] has be5 ! mo/ productive1 & n[ supplies ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! total output4 ,! :ole ( ! plat9um is d]iv$ f gravel deposits1 :i* are usually aurif]\s1 & associat$ ) dunite4 ,! ,isov di/rict4--,plat9um is conc5trat$ 9 ! *annels ( ! ,riv]s ,iss1 ,veeya & ,tura4 ,9 ! nor? ( ?is region x is obta9$ f ! ,sosnovki1 ,kytlymi1 & ,mala ,kosva ,riv]s2 fur!r nor? aga91 plat9um occurs ) gold 9 ! ,vagran ,riv]1 & 9 ! sy/em compris+ ! ,riv]s ,lobva1 ,niasma1 ,lialia1 ,aktai1 ,em]lo & ,talits1 ! gold "h be+ pr$om9ant4 ,o!r s\rces ( supply ( plat9um & gold 9 ?is di/rict are on ! ,ivdevl ,riv]4 ,9 ! s\? ( ! area1 plat9um deposits are work$ on ! tribut>ies ( ! ,tagil1 ,salda1 ,imiaun & ,tura ,riv]s#ae p4 #iba4 ,! ,nizhni-,tagilsk di/rict4--,! ri*e/ plac]s occur 9 ! valleys ( ! ,visim1 ,m>tian1 ,sisim1 ,*au% & ,*]na ,riv]s4 ,fur!r s\?1 plat9um is f\nd ) gold 9 ! gravels ( ! ,nevian1 ,v]khne-,iset1 ,bil5ibaev1 ,alapaev1 ,sys]t1 ,ky%tym & ,mias areas1 & also 9 ! ,tanalyk1 ,sakm> & ,urtazym ,riv]s4 ,o!r localities ( small] importance are ! ,nikolae ,pavd9sk & ,ra/es di/ricts 9 ! nor!rn ,urals1 & ! ,sy/]sk m9+ di/rict4 ,! plac]s are d]iv$ f c\ntry rock1 made up ( s]p5t9e gabbro1 diallage & oliv5ite1 ! pr9cipal associat$ m9]als be+ qu>tz1 zircon1 ilm5ite1 *romite1 magnetite1 sp9el1 native gold & palladium4 ,gold is pres5t 9 ! conc5trate 9 v v>iable quantities1 & sometimes conta9s silv]1 b ! latt] g5]ally occurs 9 comb9ation ) palladium4 ,! crude plat9um usually includes "s iridium1 rhodium1 ru!nium & iron4 ,! basic igne\s rocks1 f :i* ! plat9um is d]iv$1 are expos$ 9 ! =m ( discont9u\s elliptical outcrops ne> ! summits ( ! ,urals1 p>ticul>ly on ! we/]n side ( ! m\nta9s4 ,^! outcrops atta9 l>g] dim5sions 9 ! nor!rn & c5tral ,urals ?an fur!r s\?4 ,! process ( conc5tration ( plat9um 9 ! gravels has cle>ly ext5d$ ov] a v long p]iod ( "t1 & x is probable t ! ri*] gravels h be5 reconc5trat$1 p]haps sev]al times#eb p4 #bii4 ,plat9um nuggets are r>ely f\nd1 b ?ree ( l>ge size 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,nizhni-,tagilsk di/rict1 _! weights respectively be+ #be lb41 #ba lb41 & #aa lb4 ,dup>c1 9 a brief description ( ! geology ( ! deposits1 /ates t !y are ess5tially ( magmatic orig94 ,! /ructure ( ! rock is 9 ! nature ( conc5tric b&+s2 ! felspa?ic rocks at ! out] edge gradually grade into ! int]m$iate /age ( pyrox5es1 until ! c5tral dunite is rea*$1 compos$ ( oliv9e & *romite4 ,! ri*ness ( ! gravels is 9 proportion to ! size ( ! dunite deposits1 & to ! ext5t ( erosion ( ^! rocks4 ,accord+ to ,dup>c1 plat9um ore d]iv$ f a pyrox5ite s\rce usually conta9s high p]c5tages ( plat9um & palladium1 b l[ p]c5tages ( osmium & iron4 ,! same writ] e/imat$ 9 #aiaf t ! res]ves 7 suffici5t = ab\t twelve ye>s1 provid$ t ! same me?ods ( work+ & rate ( extraction 7 employ$ dur+ t p]iod#ec4 ,! am\nt ( ! plat9um 9 ! wa% is v v>iable4 ,! av]age yield 0 =m]ly ov] oz4 p] c4 yd41 b latt]ly1 ow+ to ! gradual exhau/ion ( ! ri*] deposits1 ! av]age returns h n exce$$ f #b to #c dwt4 p] c4 yd4 ,! crude metal assays ab\t #hc p] c5t4 plat9um1 f #e to #g p] c5t4 osmium & iridium1 ) small am\nts ( ru!nium1 palladium1 & gold1 & ab\t #aj p] c5t4 impurities1 mo/ly iron & copp]#ed4 ,! ?ickness ( ! pay gravels v>ies f #c to #f ft41 & ab\t #d ft4 may be tak5 z ! av]age wid?1 ! ov]burd5 runn+ f a few to ov] #fj ft4 ,! ext5t ( ! productive area is ab\t #agj sq4 miles1 & f #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj m9]s 7 employ$ be=e ! w>#d p4 #eeh4 ,x has be5 notic$ t ! plat9um deposits are *>act]iz$ by _! uni=mity1 ( c\rse n be+ s s9u\s 9 direction z gold deposits4 ,9 =m] times m9+ 0 entirely c>ri$ on by primitive me?ods ) h& lab\r1 b ! utilization ( dr$ges has /eadily increas$1 s9ce _! introduction 9 #aijj4 ,9 #aiji1 #ac p] c5t4 ( ! total production 0 obta9$ by dr$g+1 & 9 #aiad ?is p]c5tage rose to "o-?ird ( ! total output4 ,! season dur+ :i* dr$ges may be employ$ ext5ds on ! av]age f ! middle ( ,april to ! middle ( ,octob]4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,v]khotur & ,p]m areas dr$ges h be5 us$ 9 ! l>ge ent]prises2 b at ! small m9es ! work+ is v primitive1 & c>ri$ on l>gely ) ! help ( />ateli1 or tribut]s4 ,9 #aiad a mod]n #g c4 ft4 dr$ge 0 in/all$ on ! ,nikolaie-,pavd9sk ,e/ate4 ,9 m9es :]e dr$g+ is n 9 use1 ! gravels are m9$ by op5 cuts1 or1 if ! ov]burd5 is ?ick1 %afts are employ$4 ,! =m] me?od is mu* pref]r$1 bo? on acc\nt ( its relative *eapness1 & also because x is possible to obta9 a bett] clean-up ( ! b$rock4 ,! usual types ( /ation>y plant 9 use include ! bot*ka1 or conical revolv+ scre52 ! t*aska1 or puddl+ ma*9e1 ) a bottom ( p]=at$ iron plates2 & ! boronka1 or conical scre51 on :i* ! /ones & clay are turn$ ov] by a d\ble rake#ee4 ,! gold is remov$ by amalgamation ) m]cury 9 wood1 iron or porcela9 b[ls4 ,special me?ods are 9 use 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,russia = work+ ! deposits dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! work+s are all[$ to freeze1 & ! froz5 gr\nd is m9$ aft] be+ p>tially ?aw$ by means ( wood fires4 ,! me?od is simple1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to ensure t ! ?aw+ does n proce$ too f>1 o!rwise ! gr\nd collapses1 & ! work+s become flood$4 ,! me?od is suitable = dep?s to #cj ft41 & 9 localities :]e ! sn[fall is comp>atively slight4 ,late/ reports f ,russia indicate t no dr$ges are n[ work+ !re1 ! plat9um be+ produc$ by h& me?ods only4 ,"s int]e/+ exp]im5ts 7 rec5tly c>ri$ out by ,v4 ,n4 ,*orzhevski 9 ! ,nizhni-,tagilsk di/rict1 ) a view to te/+ ! comm]cial possibility ( m9+ plat9um 9 situ4 ,! metal "h occurs1 9 association ) *rome iron ore1 9 dunite rock1 :i* 9 ?is region ext5ds ov] an area ( #aa sq4 miles4 ,! plat9um appe>s to be pres5t 9 quantities directly proportional to ! am\nt ( *romite 9 ! rock4 ,! dunite is fir/ gr\nd "u runn]s2 ! *romite slack is sep>at$ f x2 & aft] ?is has und]gone a second gr9d+1 ! metal is sep>at$ by wa%+#ef4 ,an exp]im5tal te/1 c>ri$ out 9 ,m>* #aiag1 is /at$ to h produc$ ov] #bjj oz4 plat9um f #i1gbj lb4 *romite slack4 ,ano!r exp]im5t ) #c1fjj lb4 ( grey slack1 8or f9es10 consi/+ *iefly ( undecompos$ dunite obta9$ f ! dr$ges1 is report$ to h yield$ oz4 ( plat9um4 ,lapl&4--,plat9um occurs associat$ ) *romite & diamonds1 9 alluvial deposits on ! ,ivalo ,riv]4 ,x is believ$ to be d]iv$ f s]p5t9e rock1 ( :i* ! neighb\r+ c\ntry is l>gely compos$#d p4 #eef4 ,f9l&4--,plat9um has be5 f\nd 9 ! s\? 9 a lode-=mation conta9+ qu>tz1 sid]ite1 calcite & dolomite4 ,gold & c>bonate ( copp] are also pres5t 9 small quantities4#d p4 #eeg4 ,,plat9um ,,curr5cy ,9 a dispat* to ! ,great ,p[]s on ,febru>y #bf1 #aibj1 ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t promis$ to )draw ! decree annull+ ,russia's =eign debt1 to pay arre>s ( int]e/1 & giv+ z a gu>antee to an ,anglo-,am]ican syndicate c]ta9 important plat9um & silv]-m9+ concessions1 9 return = :i* ! ab&onm5t ( int]v5tion 9 ,russia's int]nal affairs 0 dem&$4 ,to be us$ 9 paym5t ( =eign pur*ases1 ! ,gov]nm5t 0 ab\t to issue 8plat9um0 cr$it notes ( #ej1 #ajj1 #ejj1 & #e1jjj r\bles1 ! issue to be limit$ to #fe1jjj1jjj r\bles1 & back$ by plat9um res]ves ( #cg1ejj1jjj r\bles4 ,! ,gov]nm5t w\ld be ready to conv]t ! plat9um res]ves into co9 if requir$#eg4 ,,spa9 ,promis+ deposits ( plat9um h rec5tly be5 report$ at ,ronda1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,malaga4 ,dom+o de ,orueta1 a ,gov]nm5t geologi/1 hav+ notic$ ! simil>ity ( ! geology ( ?is di/rict to t ( ! plat9if]\s deposits ( ! ,urals1 proce$$1 a few ye>s ago1 to explore ! area sy/ematically1 & 0 soon rew>d$1 9 ! discov]y ( ! metal4 ,! deposits1 :i* are alluvial1 ext5d along ! ,v]de & ,guadaiza riv]s1 & are d]iv$ f s]p5t9e & p]idotite rocks1 ! latt] compos$ pr9cipally ( rhombic pyrox5e1 ) "s sp9el & "s dunite4 ,*romite occurs 9 association ) ! plat9um4 ,! pay gravels conta9 ab\t #h gr4 plat9um p] ton1 & are /at$ to h an av]age ?ickness ( #e ft41 ! dep? ( ov]burd5 9 ! ,guadaiza area1 :]e app>5tly ! ri*] gravels are f\nd1 be+ ab\t #cc ft41 z comp>$ ) #di ft4 9 ! ,v]de locality#aj p4 #edg4 ,! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t h tak5 ov] ! exploitation ( ^! deposits1 & no public prospect+1 )\t ,gov]nm5t p]mission1 is all[$4 ,plat9um is kn[n to exi/ 9 a numb] ( o!r localities 9 ,spa91 especially 9 ! nor!rn di/ricts2 b s f> z is kn[n1 x occurs 9 v small quantities ( no comm]cial importance4 ,! metal has be5 recogniz$ 9 ! foll[+ riv]s3 ,m9ho1 ,luna1 ,sil1 ,orbigo1 ,gallego1 ,c9ca ,d>ro & ,l[] ,j5il1 :]e x occurs 9 ! conc5trate s&s1 accompani$ by magnetite1 ilm5ite1 zircon &1 frequ5tly1 gold#eh4 ,,asia ,,arm5ia ,plat9um1 9 association ) gold1 is report$ to occur 9 ! di/rict ( ,batum & ,sasun1 on ! ,*>okh ,riv]#df p4 #faj4 ,,borneo ,plat9um 0 discov]$ 9 s\?-ea/]n ,borneo 9 #ahca1 9 ! gravels ( ,gunung ,lawack1 b = a long "t ! natives 7 ignorant ( its value4 ,9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 obta9$ on a small scale z a by-product 9 ! process ( gold-wa%+1 c>ri$ on 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tanah-,laut1 9 ! s\?-ea/]n extremity ( ! isl&#ei4 ,! deposits occur 9 /reams1 :i* rise 9 ! ,bob>is ,m\nta9s1 :]e ! c\ntry rocks are compos$ ( s*i/s & gneisses1 intrud$ by s]p5t9e gabbro & diorite dykes#eb p4 #bih4 ,plat9um has1 h[ev]1 n yet be5 locat$ 9 situ4 ,9 addition to gold1 ! plat9um is associat$ ) osmiridium 9 ! gravels1 ! two =m] be+ frequ5tly f\nd intimately int]gr[n4 ,! plat9um cont5t ( ! native metal has be5 f\nd by a numb] ( analyses to v>y f ab\t #eg to #hc p] c5t41 & t ( osmiridium f #jah to #ajjg p] c5t4#fj4 ,! r>e m9]al laurite1 a sulphide ( ru!nium & osmium1 0 discov]$ 9 ^! deposits4 ,accord+ to ,l4 ,hunde%ag5#fa1 ! plat9um occurr+ 9 ! diamond plac]s ( we/]n & s\?-ea/]n ,borneo is 9 ! =m ( ?9 scales1 rang+ f #ja to #aj mm4 9 l5g?4 ,^! plat9um scales conta9 f #ch to #de p] c5t4 ( copp]1 evid5tly z an alloy4 ,,*9a ,9 ! ,uryan*ai di/rict ( ,mongolia1 situat$ on ! ,russian bord]1 deposits ( aurif]\s gravels h be5 work$ on a fairly ext5sive scale = "s "t pa/4 ,x 0 ann\nc$ a few ye>s ago t plat9um & iridium _h be5 f\nd 9 appreciable quantities1 associat$ ) ! gold1 "s l>ge plat9um nuggets be+ obta9$ f ?is region 9 #aiaa4 ,al?\gh no attempt at comm]cial developm5t has yet be5 made1 ! prospects ( pr(itable extraction appe> to be hopeful4 ,ext5sive outcrops ( oliv9e rocks h be5 notic$ 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! nature ( ! occurr5ce is /at$ to be> "s resemblance to t ( ! plat9if]\s fields ( ! s\!rn ,urals#h p4 #ajg4 ,,japan ,plat9um occurs 9 ! ,yub>i-g>va1 ,pe*au & o!r riv]s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hokkaido4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,ni%i-,mikawa1 prov9ce ( ,sado4 ,9 ! =m] locality gold & iridosm9e are associat$ ) ! plat9um1 & 9 ! latt] gold & iron s&s are pres5t#fb4 ,9 no case has ! metal be5 trac$ to its p>5t s\rce4 ,9 ! ,hokkaido deposits ! av]age quantity ( plat9um pres5t is only #b or #c p] c5t4 ( ! iridosm9e cont5t4 ,x is possible t fur!r exploration 9 ^! areas w reveal occurr5ces ( great] importance#i p4 #eig4 ,,sumatra ,plat9um is obta9$ at ,sipongi1 :]e x occurs ) wolla/onite & grossul>ite 9 lime/ones & s*i/s1 ne> intrusions ( granodiorite & augite diorite4 ,gold is also pres5t4 ,l4 ,hunde%ag5#fa is ( op9ion t ! pres5t ore deposit 0 orig9ally a lay]1 or a big l5s1 ( lime/one emb$d$ 9 ! old s*i/s1 :i* has1 by apophyses ( granite1 be5 alt]$ into g>net & wolla/onite1 be+ at ! same "t1 or v soon aft]w>ds1 m9]aliz$ by hot solutions c>ry+ copp]1 gold1 plat9um1 etc4 ,a sample ( slightly decompos$ wolla/onite ) no copp]1 or only m9ute traces ( t metal1 prov$ to be ri*e/ 9 plat9um1 ! assay %[+ #f gm4 ( plat9um p] #a1jjj kg41 :ile samples ) #b to #aj p] c5t4 ( bornite & mala*ite conta9$ only traces ( plat9um2 & none c\ld be detect$ 9 aurif]\s g>net1 poor 9 wolla/onite4 ,ab\t #aj to #be metres f ! outcrop ! conc5trat$ riv] s& %[s small p>ticles ( :iti% cry/all9e gold & r\nd$ gra9s ( :ite plat9um1 ! latt] v>y+ f #ja to #jc mm4 9 size4 ,,africa ,,congo ,,free ,,/ate ,9 ! ,katanga di/rict1 plat9um & palladium h be5 report$ to occur 9 c]ta9 alluvial gravels1 accompani$ by gold & silv]4 ,"o sample f ?is locality is /at$ to h yield$ ! foll[+ am\nts p] metric ton3 #cd gr4 plat9um1 #abc gr4 gold1 #hc gr4 silv]4 ,x has also be5 locat$ 9 situ 9 s&/ones conta9+ gold4 ,,madagasc> ,plat9um is produc$ on a small scale z a by-product 9 alluvial gold m9+ on ! ,vatana ,riv]1 ne> ! village ( ,ambia1 9 ! ,vatom&ry di/rict4 ,traces ( ! metal h also be5 f\nd 9 aurif]\s gravels 9 ! regions ( ,f5]ive1 ,m>olambo1 & ,v&rozo1 ov] an area ext5d+ along ! ea/]n side ( ! isl& = a l5g? ( ab\t #dej miles4 ,! plat9um is app>5tly d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( pegmatite4 ,x is r>ely f\nd pure1 be+ usually coat$ ) iron oxide1 & /rongly magnetic1 a prop]ty :i* is utiliz$ 9 ! process ( sep>ation f ! gold#fc4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,mexico ,plat9um has be5 %[n to exi/ 9 ! /ates ( ,gu]r]o & ,hidalgo 9 deposits ( f]r\s clays1 :i* are ( und\bt$ s$im5t>y orig91 & are app>5tly lat]ites4 ,! metal exi/s 9 a v f9ely dissem9at$ /ate1 invisible to ! nak$ eye#fd4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> !re 0 a consid]able %ortage ( plat9um 9 ! c\ntry1 caus$ p>tly by ! fall+-(f ( ! imports1 & 9 "p ow+ to ! increas$ dem& 9 connexion ) munition manufacture4 ,cali=nia is ! pr9cipal produc] ( crude plat9um1 & 9 #aiag ?is ,/ate suppli$ #dfj oz4 out ( ! total output ( #fje oz42 ) ! exception ( a few ounces f ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton1 ,alaska & ,oregon provid$ ! balance4 ,a consid]able quantity ( =eign crude & manufactur$ plat9um is import$ annually1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ tables3 ,imports ( ,manufactur$ ,plat9um into ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,9 troy oz47 #aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 #aiae4 #aiaf4 #aiag4 #aiah4 ,f ,briti% c\ntries3 ,canada #ggg #ehb #ee #aci #eaa #ccb #bec ,unit$ ,k+dom #ai1afiaf1eie #f1dgf #g1fib #i1eac #c1aie #ceg ,o!r ,briti% c\ntries #d #e #be ,total1 ,briti% c\ntries #ai1iejag1agg #f1eca #g1hca #i1efi #c1ebg #fce ,f =eign c\ntries3 ,france #be1gbcbd1eaiaf1egj #c1dhj #c1cie #b1ejg #had ,g]many #bb1fgcbi1jgecj1jae #b1cej #aj ,ne!rl&s #aei ,norway #beh #abj ,russia 7,european7 #hae ,colombia #dhj #bjg #a1ffe ,o!r =eign c\ntries #fc #eab #eg #c ,total1 =eign c\ntries #dh1cifec1eiddg1feh #f1cgc #d1jgf #b1hia #b1dhb ,gr& total1 oz4 #fh1cdfgj1ggaed1ahiad1bjdac1fde #f1dah #c1aag ,imports ( ,crude ,plat9um into ,unit$ ,/ates 7,9 troy oz47 #aiaa,n4#aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 #aiae4 #aiaf4 #aiag4 #aiah4 ,f ,briti% c\ntries3 ,canada #eed #de #cad #ece #aci #ia #be #gf ,unit$ ,k+dom #bh1aecai1iea #h1cfh #g1jhd #f1hjecf1gjc #a1efa #a1jgc ,o!r ,briti% possessions #g #e -- ,total1 ,briti% c\ntries #bh1gjgbj1jjc #h1fhb #g1fai #f1idicf1gid #a1ehf #a1adi ,f =eign c\ntries3 ,france #dd1ifdaj1agh #g1bhd #d1iba #c1ejgac1jad #eb #aff ,g]many #cg1jdaae1ccebc1cdeae1aje #b1cff -- ,norway #bjj #ddb #bhe #cjb -- ,panama #afj #aje #ib #ab #cgb ,brazil #aah #ajc #bg ,*ile #i #gff #c ,colombia #e1ejc #f1fbgaj1dfaab1chgac1ababe1ehhba1jgabe1c fe ,o!r =eign c\ntries #ag #ac #a #ajc #iiba1ffc ,total1 =eign c\ntries #hg1ebecb1afbda1bijcc1jaeai1checi1bagbb1 ajcdg1eif ,gr& total1 oz4 #aaf1bcbeb1afedi1igbdj1fcdbf1ccdgf1jaabc 1fhidh1gde ,footnote ,n3 ,includ+ manufactur$ plat9um4 ,9 #aiag1 #ch1hca oz4 ( ref9$ plat9um metals1 ( :i* #g1chd oz4 is believ$ to h be5 ( dome/ic orig91 7 recov]$ f alloy ) o!r metals1 & #gb1ahf oz4 7 obta9$ f ! ref9+ ( scrap metal1 & sweep+s4 ,! %ortage 0 also to "s ext5t reliev$ by ! receipt f ,russia e>ly 9 #aiah ( a special consignm5t ( #bj1ibb oz4 ( crude plat9um1 :i* _h be5 collect$ 9 #aiag by ! ,russian-,engli% ,bank1 & :i* 0 tak5 out ( ,russia by ,f4 ,w4 ,drap] & deliv]$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,x yield$ #ag1fdj oz4 plat9um1 #fdge oz4 palladium1 #ahbaa oz4 iridium & #dhef oz4 ( rhodium1 a total ( #hegbe p] c5t4 ( plat9um metals1 slightly above ! usual #hc p] c5t4#fe4 ,alaska4--,! fir/ production ( plat9um 9 ,alaska 0 9 #aiaf1 9 :i* ye> ab\t #ab oz4 7 %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #aiag ! output rose to #ha oz41 ( :i* #ff oz4 7 obta9$ f ! ,sew>d ,p59sula & #ae oz4 f ! ,copp] ,riv] c\ntry4 ,9 #aiah an increas$ output ( #ace oz4 0 p>tly obta9$ f alluvial deposits & p>tly z a by-product 9 ! treatm5t ( copp] ore ( ! ,salt ,*uck m9e1 ,ket*ikan#ff4 ,?is m9e is a palladium-copp] m9e conta9+ ma9ly bornite ) a little *alcopyrite1 & ! alt]ation products covellite & *alcocite1 ! metals pres5t be+1 besides copp] & palladium1 gold1 silv] & plat9um4 ,! ratio ( palladium to plat9um av]ages #ej to #a4 ,! conc5trates produc$1 repres5t+ ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! ore1 conta93 copp]1 #dj p] c5t42 gold1 #ab oz42 silv]1 #ec oz42 & plat9um metals1 #cae oz4 p] ton#fg4 ,9 ! ,sew>d ,p59sula ! l>g] portion is d]iv$ f plac] deposits 9 ,dyme ,creek1 ,koyuk di/rict1 :]e ! gravels are prim>ily work$ = gold1 #a oz4 plat9um be+ obta9$ = e #e1jjj wor? ( gold4 ,9 #aiah1 #ef oz4 7 recov]$4 ,be> ,creek & ,sweep/ake ,creek h also suppli$ small quantities ( plat9um1 & a little is d]iv$ f plac]s on ,boob ,creek1 9 ! ,tol/oi di/rict #ej p4 #ai4 ,a possible s\rce ( plat9um appe>s to lie 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,r$ ,m\nta91 on ! ,k5ai ,p59sula4 ,! m\nta9 is compos$ ( f9e-gra9$ dunite1 9 :i* abundant *romite occurs4 ,up to #aiag no plac] m9+ _h be5 attempt$ 9 ?is locality#fh4 ,9 ! ,goodro ,m9e1 at ! head ( ,kasaan ,bay1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,isl&1 7 f\nd 9 #aiah bo? plat9um & palladium1 ! latt] 9 great] am\nt1 & c>ri$ 9 bornite & *alcopyrite2 "s *alcocite & covellite are pres5t also 9 ! ore4 ,! copp] m9]als are dissem9at$ ?r\gh pyrox5ite1 & ! c\ntry rock consi/s ( lime/ones1 slates & o!r s$im5t>ies4 ,! plat9um cont5t is small1 b regul>1 :il/ ! am\nt ( palladium pres5t is proportional to ! am\nt ( copp]1 !re be+ ab\t #a oz4 ( palladium to e #h to #ab p] c5t4 7units7 ( copp]#fi4 ,a ,bill has be5 introduc$ into ,congress provid+ = ! incorporation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,plat9um ,corporation1 ) capital /ock ( #cj1jjj1jjj1 ! object ( :i* is to secure a concession f ! ,gov]nm5t ( l& areas 9 ,alaska conta9+ plat9um s&s1 & to pay = su* privilege1 z a royalty or subsidy1 "o-eigh? ( ! net pr(its obta9$ f ! work+ ( ! concession#gj4 ,cali=nia & ,oregon4--,plat9um has be5 prov$ to exi/ ov] a wide area 9 plac] deposits associat$ ) gold1 b ! proportion ( ! plat9um metals to ! gold is usually small4 ,plat9um is obta9$ f s&s 9 /reams ris+ 9 ! belt ( s]p5t9e rocks 9 c5tral ,cali=nia1 & f ! s]p5t9e areas 9 ! ,siskiy\ & ,tr9ity c\nties 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ! ,/ate1 :i* cont9ue nor?-ea/ into ,curry1 ,joseph9e & ,jackson c\nties 9 s\?-we/]n ,oregon#eb p4 #cjj4 ,! s\rces ( ! plat9um obta9$ along ! foot-hills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada 7 old /ream *annels on ! we/]n slopes ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* are n[ buri$ b5ea? lava sev]al hundr$ feet deep4 ,^! 8deep leads0 are also m9$ by drift+ = _! gold & plat9um cont5ts1 & 9 a few cases a fair am\nt ( ! metals is extract$ f !m4 ,"s plat9um is obta9$ by hydraulic m9+1 b ?is is c>ri$ on ) difficulty1 ow+ to ! prevail+ sc>city ( wat]#ej p4 #ah4 ,plat9um occurs 9 black s&s f\nd on ! ,pacific coa/ 9 ! c\nties ( ,coos1 ,curry & ,joseph9e1 ,oregon & ,del ,norte1 ,cali=nia4 ,=m]ly ^! bea* deposits 7 ri* 9 plat9um1 b at ! pres5t small quantities only are obta9able aft] /ormy wea!r4 ,?is area has rec5tly be5 exam9$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es1 b ! results 7 disappo9t+4 ,9 ,cali=nia mo/ ( ! output ( plat9um is produc$ by dr$g+ = gold 9 ! ,butte1 ,calav]as & ,/anislaus c\nties#ej p4 #ai4 ,9 ,tr9ity c\nty m9+ is 9 progress on ! ,tr9ity ,riv]1 ab\t #d miles bel[ ,junction ,city1 by ! ,valdos ,dr$g+ ,co4 ,! output f ?is s\rce = sixte5 mon?s 9 #aiaf-ag 0 /at$ to be #a1iej gm4 ,plat9um1 ) gold & osmiridium1 is also obta9$ on ! ,yuba ,riv]1 ab\t #ab miles ea/ ( ,m>ysville 9 ,yuba c\nty1 by ! ,yuba ,consolidat$ ,goldfields#aj p4 #edj4 ,"s alluvial plat9um has be5 recov]$ at ! ,bean ,hill ,gold ,m9e1 situat$ #ab miles s\?-ea/ ( ,plac]ville1 & ?is locality is at pres5t "u inve/igation#ga4 ,cali=nian metal conta9s f #be to #de p] c5t4 iridium4 ,its orig9 is believ$ to be ! s]p5t9e- & oliv9e-be>+ rocks ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & o!r ranges4 ,9 ,oregon1 9 addition to ! plat9um obta9$ f ! bea* deposits ne> ,bull>ds & ,m>%field#ej p4 #bj1 x occurs 9 plac] deposits1 ri* 9 *romite1 9 s\?-we/ ,oregon1 ! pr9cipal output be+ d]iv$ f ! ,waldo di/rict4 ,plat9um also exi/s 9 small quantities 9 /reams 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 ea/]n ,oregon1 :]e ! ,p[d] ,riv] ,gold ,dr$g+ ,co41 9 ,sumpt] di/rict1 produces on a small scale4 ,o!r plat9if]\s localities 9 ea/]n ,oregon are ! ,granite & ,canyon di/ricts1 & ,spani% ,gul* 9 ,:eel] c\nty#aj p4 #eda4 ,colorado4--,plat9um is kn[n to exi/ 9 ! black s&s f ,cle> ,creek4 ,its pres5ce has also be5 report$ 9 ! gold gravels ( ! ,iron ,hill plac] at ,como1 :]e x occurs me*anically comb9$ ) magnetite4 ,ano!r occurr5ce rec5tly discov]$ is 9 a ve9 work$ by ! ,rollcall ,m9+ ,co41 ne> ,villa ,grove4 ,an assay ( mat]ial f ?is ve91 tak5 at a dep? ( #a1ejj ft41 %[$ ! foll[+ values3 gold1 #cb oz42 plat9um1 #eji oz42 silv]1 #cje oz42 & copp]1 #ce p] c5t4#i p4 #eib4 ,nevada4--,9 #aiji ! occurr5ce ( plat9um 9 ,cl>k c\nty 0 notic$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey to be 9 association ) copp]1 nickel & cobalt ores f ! ,key ,we/ & ,great ,ea/]n ,m9es1 ne> ,bunk]ville4 ,! ore bodies are conta9$ 9 pegmatites & basic intrusions1 :i* c>ry pyrrhotite & *alcopyrite1 ! plat9um cont5t 9 ! ore av]ag+ ab\t #jb oz4 p] ton#gb4 ,9 #aiad plat9um1 ) palladium1 0 discov]$ at ! ,boss ,gold ,m9e1 situat$ #aj miles we/ ( ,goodspr+s1 9 ,cl>k c\nty4 ,! m9e 0 orig9ally work$ = copp]1 & lat] = its copp] & gold cont5ts4 ,! c\ntry rock consi/s ( lime/one ( middle ,c>bonif]\s age1 intrud$ by sills ( qu>tz monzonite porphyry1 ! ore bodies occurr+ 9 a fault zone 9 ! lime/one4 ,! copp] ores comprise ma9ly *rysocolla & mala*ite1 & conta9 traces only ( plat9um4 ,! gold ore occurs 9 a f9e-gra9$ silice\s matrix1 conta9+ a bismu?-be>+ v>iety ( plumbo-j>osite 7a hydr\s sulphate ( iron & lead74 ,! r>e metals are pres5t 9 ! free /ate1 be+ app>5tly alloys ( gold1 plat9um & palladium#gc4 ,9 #aiai ! ,boss ,m9e %ipp$ #bb1cfe wor? ( plat9um-be>+ ore#gd4 ,a plant ( #cjj tons mon?ly capacity has rec5tly be5 erect$ at ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 = ! treatm5t ( its complex ores1 :i* av]age #g p] c5t4 ( copp]1 #d p] c5t4 bismu?1 & #aj oz4 ( plat9um & palladium1 #jge oz4 ( gold1 & #c oz4 ( silv] p] ton4 ,! pulp f ore pulv]iz$ to #hj me% is agitat$ ) sulphuric acid 7#b p] c5t474 ,! acid solution conta9s ! copp] & ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! plat9um4 ,! copp] is precipitat$ z cem5t copp]1 toge!r ) ! plat9um1 by means ( scrap-iron4 ,! rema9d] ( ! plat9um1 toge!r ) ! gold & silv]1 is fir/ lea*$ )1 & !n precipitat$ f1 a neutral solution ( calcium *loride4 ,! inv5tors ( ! process claim t approximately #ib p] c5t4 ( ! copp]1 #if p] c5t4 ( ! plat9um metals1 gold & silv]1 & ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! bismu? are recov]$ by ?is process#ge4 ,metals ( ! plat9um gr\p h rec5tly be5 %[n to exi/ 9 small quantities 9 ! ore ( ! ,oro ,amigo ,m9e1 situat$ betwe5 #a & #b miles nor?-ea/ ( ! ,boss ,m9e4 ,?is ore diff]s f t ( ! ,boss ,m9e1 9 t bismu? & plumbo-j>osite are abs5t4 ,accord+ to ,h4 ,k4 ,riddell1 ! plat9um metals cont5t av]ages f a trace to #ja oz4 p] ton ( ore4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4--,at ,mason ,m\nta91 9 ,mason c\nty1 plat9um occurs associat$ ) rhodonite1 g>net1 biotite & iron sulphides 9 metamorphic deposits4 ,new ,york4--,x 0 report$ a few ye>s ago t plat9um exi/$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 alluvial s&s ( ! ,adirondack region4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cl>ke1 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,geologi/1 exam9$ ! occurr5ce 9 #aiag1 & f\nd t plat9um 0 pres5t 9 traces only1 ! deposits be+ ( no economic importance #aj p4 #eda4 ,p5nsylvania4--,at ,lanca/] c\nty plat9um is associat$ ) pyrite1 *alcopyrite & gal5a 9 mica-s*i/1 & also at ,boy]t[n 9 black ,triassic %ale4 ,wa%+ton4--,! production ( plat9um on a small scale has be5 report$ f bea* deposits at ! m\? ( ! s\? =k ( ! ,lewis ,riv] ne> ,yacolt1 & also on bea*es s\?w>d f ! ,/raits ( ,juan de ,fuca#aj p4 #edb4 ,! metal has also be5 locat$ at v>i\s places 9 ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,wyom+4--,palladium & plat9um1 9 ! proportion ( #c to #a1 are obta9$ at ! ,rambl] ,m9e1 9 ,albany c\nty1 ! metals occurr+ z sp]rylite 9 copp] ore1 conta9$ 9 ! kaol9iz$ portion ( a dunite dyke1 intrusive into granite gneiss4 ,! ore consi/s ( covellite1 *alcocite1 *alcopyrite & tetrah$rite1 ) nickel & gold#gf4 ,x is /at$ t ! plat9um & palladium cont5ts v>y directly ) ! p]c5tage ( copp] pres5t1 a typical assay giv+ ! foll[+ values3 copp]1 #e p] c5t42 gold1 #jjb oz42 silv]1 #a oz42 palladium1 #jd oz42 & plat9um1 #jf oz4 p] ton#gg4 ,utah4--,plat9um & gold 9 v f9e p>ticles occur 9 ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 ea/ ( ,v]nal2 also 9 ! ,colorado ,riv]1 ne> ,hite1 bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,gre5 ,riv]4 ,attempts to m9e ^! deposits h s f> prov$ unsuccessful1 due l>gely to ! inaccessibility ( ! region1 z well z ! f9ely-divid$ condition ( ! plat9um#db p4 #aa4 ,,s\? ,,am]ica ,,brazil ,jos ,vieira d ,c\to1 9 #ahja1 fir/ po9t$ out t plat9um occurs 9 ! s&s ( ! ,lages ,riv]1 ne> ,conceiao1 ,m9as ,g]aes4 ,accord+ to ,e4 ,hussak#gh1 plat9um 9 t region occurs only 9 ! alluvium ( riv]s hav+ _! rise on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,s]ra d ,esp9hao4 ,! plat9um is accompani$ by black pebbles ( qu>tz-t\rmal9e rocks1 magnetite1 hematite1 rutile1 octah$rite1 x5otime1 monazite1 s5aite1 pseudomorphs ( rutile aft] octah$rite 7captivos71 zircon & gold1 :i* is sometimes ( a copp]-r$ col\r 7palladium-gold74 ,palladic gold 0 =m]ly call$ ouro branco 7:ite gold71 by ! m9]s4 ,at ,condado1 fur!r nor? on ! ea/]n slope ( ! same ,s]ra1 plat9um also occurs ) v simil> associations4 ,! plat9um f bo? localities occurs 9 bun*y1 mammillat$ & globul> =ms1 concave )91 ) ?9 walls1 hav+ a radiat$ fibr\s /ructure "u ! microscope4 ,x is frequ5tly 9 ?9 foliat$ cru/s1 hav+ ! *>act]i/ic /ructure ( hematite4 ,x 0 accurately describ$ by ,wolla/on 9 #ahje & #ahji4 ,hussak ?9ks ! prim>y =mation 0 an oliv9e rock1 or gabbro1 :ile ! plat9um is second>y1 hav+ be5 mo/ probably re-deposit$ f solutions result+ f ! decomposition ( plat9if]\s pyrites or ( sp]rylite 7,pt,as#b71 m9]als d]iv$1 possibly1 f ! neighb\r+ s*i/ose qu>tzite1 or f ! ov]ly+ conglom]atic qu>tzite4 ,! plat9um ( ,condado1 al?\gh comp>able1 z reg>ds d5sity1 to ! ,russian plat9um1 is v ri* 9 palladium1 is non-magnetic & conta9s practically no iron4 ,an analysis by ,g4 ,flor5ce gave ! foll[+ p]c5tages3 insoluble residue1 #jib2 plat9um1 #gcii2 iridium1 #jjh2 palladium1 #bagg2 iron1 #jaj 7 #ifhf71 undet]m9$ 7rhodium & osmium71 #cad4 ,9 ! ,rio ,abaet1 ,m9as ,g]aes1 plat9um--v diff]5t 9 appe>ance & *emical composition f t ( ! ,s]ra d ,esp9hao--occurs 9 plac] deposits1 associat$ ) gold1 diamonds & ! foll[+ m9]als3 roll$ pieces ( a hydro-phosphate ( b>ium & alum9ium 7gorceixite 8m>umb0 ( m9]s71 g>net1 alm&ite1 pyrope1 a%y-blue oxide ( titanium 7bagageira--reg>d$ z a good indicator = diamonds71 magnetite1 *romite & calcium-titanate 7p]ovskite74 ,pyrox5e-oliv9e rock1 a typical picrite-porphyry1 ri* 9 p]ovskite1 & granul> magnetite rocks1 ri* 9 titanium1 h be5 obs]v$ by ,oliveira 9 ! vic9ity4 ,h5ce x is highly probable t ! plat9um1 z 9 ! ,urals1 came f oliv9e rocks4 ,! plat9um occurs 9 ?9 lam91 /rongly roll$1 &1 r>ely1 9 cubical cry/als ) ! edges visibly r\nd$4 ,x is /rongly magnetic & conta9s no palladium4 ,m9ute cry/als ( osmiridium may occur ) ^? ( plat9um1 & 9 ! plat9um p>ticles are f\nd regul> inclusions ( osmiridium1 z at ,nizhne ,tur9sk1 9 ! ,urals1 ! plat9um ( :i* locality x resembles 9 *emical composition1 magnetic prop]ties & cry/all9e /ructure4 ,! foll[+ analysis %[s ! p]c5tage & composition ( a g5]al sample3 insoluble residue1 #geg2 iron1 #ifb2 palladium1 trace2 copp]1 trace2 plat9um metals1 #hbha4 ,! aurif]\s alluvial ( ! ,cuyab & ,coxim riv]s 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,matto-,grosso1 also conta9 "s plat9um4 ,accord+ to ,luiz ,caetano ,f]raz#gi1 plat9um occurs 9 ! ,riv] ,coxip-,mirim1 :]e golddr$g+ is c>ri$ on1 comb9$ ) palladium1 iron1 osmium & iridium 9 small sph]ical gra9s1 flatt5$ on "o side1 ( a brilliant :ite col\r & /rongly magnetic4 ,x is f\nd 9 alluvial deposits1 associat$ ) v>i\s k9ds ( qu>tz & oxides ( iron1 m>casite1 ars5opyrite1 rutile1 anatase1 alm&9e1 g>net1 black t\rmal9e1 monazite1 /aurolite1 :ite topaz1 sph5e1 cassit]ite1 wolfram1 graphite1 gal5a & native silv]4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,bahia1 plat9um has be5 f\nd 9 ,ituass1 ,feira de ,s4 ,anna & ,s]ra d ,assuru1 & x is said to occur at ,so ,b>?olomeu1 & 9 ! ,s]ras d ,pitango & ,macahubes#hj4 ,plat9um also occurs 9 ,brazil z r>e dissem9ations 9 ! gold-be>+ jacut+a1 int]calat$ 9 ! itabirites 7e4g4 at ,gongo ,socco ,m9e1 long s9ce ab&on$74 ,! jacut+a occurs z n>r[ b&s & nuclei 9 ! itabirites1 conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( gold1 ) mu* talc1 clay & pulv]ul5t pyrolusite4 ,z accessory m9]als zircon1 rutile1 cassit]ite & t\rmal9e occur4 ,hussak ?9ks t ! gold-be>+ jacut+a has be5 d]iv$ f alt]$ pegmatite ve9s4 ,f analyses made by ,johnson 7#ahcc-da7 on ! ,gongo ,socco bullion1 x w\ld appe> t ! p]c5tages ( silv] & plat9um decreas$ :ile ^? ( copp] & palladium increas$ ) dep? 7,h5wood74 ,! p]c5tages ( palladium v>i$ f #chi to #dhj1 & t ( plat9um f #jjd to #jab4 ,at ,c&onga1 gold occurs 9 an eruptive rock ri* 9 magnetite enclos$ 9 itabirite1 & is probably ( contact-metamorphic orig94 ,! gold occurs 9 gra9s ( high /&>d1 & ) x are f\nd f9e ind5t$ scales ( palladic gold1 ( a bright copp]-r$ col\r4 ,at ,itabira d ,matto ,d5tro gold occurs 9 jacut+a1 ly+ betwe5 a micace\s iron s*i/1 ri* 9 qu>tz1 & an enorm\s solid b$ ( itabirite4 ,! palladium-gold may be copp]-r$1 d>k-br[n or silv]-:ite 9 col\r4 ,native plat9um also occurs ) ! gold4 ,gra9s ( plat9um h also be5 f\nd 9 ! mo/ nor!rly ( ! aurif]\s l5ticul> masses1 :i* occur ne> ! ,bruscus ,riv]1 ne> ,p]nambuco1 9 ,cambrian cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,! matrix is a co>se :ite qu>tz conta9+ small quantities ( ! ars5ides & sulphides ( iron1 & ! sulphides ( copp]1 lead & z9c4 ,plat9um1 al?\gh widely di/ribut$ 9 ,brazil1 occurs 9 su* small quantities t s f> !re has be5 no production2 b 9 ! ne> future ri*] & m ext5sive deposits may be discov]$1 or x may be f\nd practicable to w9 ! metal f ^? already kn[n1 z an important by-product4 ,palladium-gold1 or porpezite1 is a natural alloy ( palladium & gold1 & may conta9 up to #aj p] c5t4 ( ! =m] metal4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,brazil1 9 gold-wa%+s1 & also 9 ! gold-be>+ jacut+a reefs at ,gongo ,socco1 ,c&onga & ,itabira d ,matto ,d5tro4 ,9 #ahgj ,h5wood %[$ t ! palladic gold f ,gongo ,socco conta9$1 to a mod]ate dep? f surface1 f #jjd to #jab p] c5t4 ( plat9um4 7,palladium-gold has also be5 report$ f gold-wa%+s 9 ! ,caucasus1 ne> ,bat\m47 ,ru] concludes1 f an exam9ation ( ! freez+-po9t curves ( artificial alloys ( gold & palladium1 t ^! alloys =m a cont9u\s s]ies ( mix$ cry/als1 & t !re is no indication ( *emical comb9ations#ha4 ,,colombia ,?is republic is ! second l>ge/ produc] ( plat9um 9 ! _w1 & 9 pre-w> ye>s suppli$ ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( ! _w's total output4 ,ow+ to ! decl9e ( ! ,russian supply1 & ! increas$ dem& = ! metal1 ! indu/ry has 9 rec5t ye>s receiv$ a consid]able /imulus1 & 9 #aiaf ,colombia's production rose to approximately "o-?ird ( ! ,russian output4 ,plat9um 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,europe f ,colombia 9 #agce1 al?\gh ! metal 0 kn[n 9 ,am]ica = "s "t previ\sly#dh p4 #fjh4 ,9 #ahaj ! value ( plat9um /ood at #e to #f 7,u4,s47 p] oz41 & 9 #ahbc ! price _h fur!r dropp$ to f #c to #d p] oz4 ,z a result1 plat9um 0 reject$ z wa/e 9 ! op]ation ( ref9+ gold by ! 8dry-bl[+0 sy/em4 ,lat]1 :5 plat9um became valuable1 mu* ( ?is dump$ metal 0 recov]$1 notably 9 ,quibdo1 ! capital ( ! ,*oc di/rict1 :]e mu* gold-ref9+ 0 c>ri$ on4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! outputs ( crude plat9um f ,colombia1 9 rec5t ye>s1 pr9cipally produc$ 9 ! ,*oc di/rict3 ,ye>4 ,oz4 7troy74 #aiaa #ab1jjj #aiab #ab1jjj #aiac #ae1jjj #aiad #ag1ejj #aiae #ah1jjj #aiaf #be1jjj #aiag #cb1jjj #aiah #ce1jjj 7e/imat$7 ,! l>g] portion ( ! production is %ipp$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! exports to t c\ntry = ! ye>s #aiaj-ah be+ z foll[s3 ,ye>4 ,oz4 7troy74 #aiaj #a1fjj #aiaa #e1ejc #aiab #f1fbg #aiac #aj1dfa #aiad #ab1chg #aiae #ac1aba #aiaf #be1ehh #aiag #ba1bgh #aiah #bg1jcj ,! crude plat9um is e/imat$ at #hd to #he p] c5t4 f9e4 ,! price 9 #aiag fluctuat$ f #af to #bj #ajs4 p] oz41 ! av]age = ! ye> be+ ne>] ! latt] am\nt4 ,dur+ #aiah ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t fix$ ! price at #aje p] oz41 :i* /imulat$ production4 ,! deposits are alluvial1 & consi/ ( re-conc5trates ( old] gravels4 ,! pr9cipal s\rce ( supply is at ! head ( ! ,san ,juan ,riv]1 :i* ent]s ! ,pacific ,ocean nor? ( ,bu5av5tura1 ! ri*e/ deposits occurr+ 9 ! ,condoto1 ,opagado & ,tamanal ,riv]s1 tribut>ies ( ! ,san ,juan#hb4 ,plat9um is also obta9$ 9 ! ,upp] ,atrato ,riv]1 :i* fl[s nor?w>d to ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,x is ne>ly always f\nd associat$ ) gold4 ,9 ! gravels ( ! ,san ,juan ,riv] ! two metals are pres5t 9 ab\t equal proportions1 & 9 ^? ( ! ,atrato ! ratio is approximately #he ( gold to #ae ( plat9um4 ,! area includ+ ! wat]%$s ( ! ,san ,juan & ,upp] ,atrato ,riv]s is kn[n z ! ,*oc di/rict4 ,t4 ,osp9a1 ,director ( ! ,colombian ,s*ool ( ,m9es#hc1 e/imates t 9 ! area are #e1jjj sq4 miles ( gold & plat9um deposits1 ! ,mira ,riv] =m+ ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! area4 ,9 #aiaf he e/imat$ t !re 7 9 x #fh1jjj1jjj c4 yd4 ( actually pr(itable gravel1 ) a res]ve ( #ccf1jjj1jjj yd4 ( possibly pr(itable gr\nd4 ,plat9um has also be5 recov]$ 9 mu* small] am\nts on ! ,micay ,riv] 9 ! ,b>bacoas di/rict1 ne> ! fronti] ( ,ecuador4 ,! /ream b$s 9 :i* plat9um occurs are ^? 9 :i* ,t]ti>y conglom]ates h become erod$2 ! riv] gravels ab\t ! areas und]la9 by t =mation are b>r54 ,! conglom]ates are compos$ ( r\nd$ b\ld]s ( basic rocks1 su* z diabase1 melaphyre1 p]idotite & dunite#dh p4 #fbj4 ,at ,novita ,vieja1 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,*oc di/rict1 a b$ ( conglom]ate #f to #ab ft4 ?ick has be5 laid b>e1 ov] an area #b miles long & mile wide1 ?r\gh ! sluic+ away ( ! ov]ly+ s&s4 ,x conta9s #je oz4 ( gold1 & #je oz4 ( plat9um1 p] ton#hd4 ,accord+ to ,ca/illo1 ! p>5t rock is a typical gabbro1 pyrox5e pr$om9at+ ov] ! felsp>#he p4 #hbf4 ,plat9um has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,*oc di/rict 9 s]p5t9e rock4 ,granite also occurs 9 ! same di/rict1 trav]s$ by qu>tz lodes conta9+ palladium1 iridium1 osmium & rhodium4 ,colombian crude plat9um conta9s f #hj to #he p] c5t4 plat9um1 ! rema9+ #ae to #bj p] c5t4 consi/+ *iefly ( iridium & osmium4 ,! s&s 9 :i* x occurs are describ$ z br[n 9 col\r1 & c>ry+1 besides plat9um & gold1 ! heavy m9]als *romite1 magnetite & ilm5ite #he p4 #chd4 ,9 ! pa/1 m9+ op]ations h be5 v irregul>ly c>ri$ on1 by primitive me?ods ( work+1 b dr$ges are n[ be+ employ$ 9 increas+ numb]s4 ,9 #aiae a dr$ge 0 op]at$ on ! ,condoto ,riv]1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*oc1 by ! ,anglo-,colombian ,developm5t ,company1 & %[$ good results4 ,native me?ods ( work+ are v simple4 ,! alluvial gravels d]iv$ f dri$-up b$s ( anci5t riv]s are h&-wa%$ ) ! use ( ! batea or di%4 ,:]e ! metal occurs 9 ! b$ ( a riv] x is obta9$ by div+ girls1 :o "w d[n to ! plat9if]\s gravels1 remov+ ! gravel 9 small di%es1 ! m5 be+ employ$ 9 wa%+ ! gravels on ! riv] banks#hf4 ,ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! total output is recov]$ by ^! primitive me?ods4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! indu/ry is 9 ! h&s ( two companies1 "o ( :i* is ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,gold & ,plat9um ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 a ,lewisohn company1 :i* has absorb$ ! int]e/s ( ! above-m5tion$ ,anglo-,colombian ,developm5t ,company1 ,ltd41 ! ,gold ,fields ,am]ican ,developm5t ,company1 ,ltd41 & ,johnson1 ,mat!y ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,london4 ,! second company--! ,briti% ,plat9um & ,gold ,corporation1 ,ltd4--has rec5tly amalgamat$ ) ! ,p>is 7,transvaal7 ,gold ,m9es1 ,ltd41 tak+ 9 ! latt]'s int]e/s on ! ,opogodo & o!r places4 ,! "q ( transport+ plat9um conc5trate to ! coa/ is n a matt] ( mu* difficulty1 z ! ,atrato ,riv] is navigable z f> z ,quibdo1 & ! ,san ,juan c be asc5d$ by vessels ( mod]ate draught = ov] #adj miles inl&4 ,an e/imate ( av]age work+ co/s appe>s to be #f;d4 p] c4 yd4 = dr$g+1 & #c;d4 = hydraulick+#hg4 ,9 #aiag new plat9if]\s deposits 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,cac]es di/rict1 betwe5 ! ,cauca & ,ne*i ,riv]s1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,antioquia4 ,! m9]aliz$ area ext5ds along ! ,cac]i ,riv]1 a di/ance ( #ad miles1 ! wid? at ! nor? end be+ #a miles1 & #cjj ft4 at ! s\!rn extremity #aj p4 #ede4 ,,ecuador ,plat9um occurs1 9 association ) ! gold obta9$ f /eam gravels1 9 ! area cov]$ by ! ,riv]s ,bogota1 ,ca*abi1 ,uimbi1 ,santiago & ,cayapas1 b x has n s f> be5 f\nd 9 suffici5t quantities to be ( economic importance4 ,dr$g+ has be5 employ$ 9 m9+ ^! deposits1 b does n appe> to h be5 a success1 & op]ations are n[ l>gely conf9$ to native wa%+s#hh4 ,,fr5* ,,guiana ,plat9if]\s gold-be>+ s&s are f\nd 9 ! ,aporuague ,riv]1 ! metal1 accord+ to an analysis by ,a4 ,danm]1 hav+ ! foll[+ composition 9 p]c5tages3 plat9um1 #daif2 gold1 #ahah2 silv]1 #ahci2 copp]1 #bjefhi4 ,,_w ,,map ,,( ,,plat9um ,,deposits ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,plat9um-,,be>+ ,,di/ricts ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,text4 7,briti% ,empire & ,protectorates %ad$47 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,lit]ature ,,on ,,! ,,plat9um ,,metals ----- ,footnote #a3 ,l9dgr51 ,w43 8,plat9um & ,alli$ ,metals10 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,m94 ,res4 ( ,u4,s41 #aiaa4 ,footnote #b3 ,?omas & ,mac,alister3 ,! ,geology ( ,ore ,deposits1 ,london1 #aiji4 ,footnote #c3 ,g[l&1 ,w43 ,metallurgy ( ,non-,f]r\s ,metals1 ,london1 #aiah4 ,footnote #d3 ,dun/an1 ,b43 ,que5sl& ,govt4 ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiag1 #ah4 ,footnote #e3 ,l9dgr51 ,w43 8,plat9um & ,alli$ ,metals10 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,m94 ,res4 ( ,u4,s41 #aiaj4 ,footnote #f3 ,rose1 ,t4 ,k43 8,electrolytic ,ref9+ ( ,gold10 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m94 & ,met41 #aiad-ae1 #bd1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #g3 ,hill1 ,jas4 ,m43 8,! ,plat9um ,situation10 ,eng4 ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,july #bf1 #aiai4 ,footnote #h3 ,hautpick1 ,e4 de3 ,m9+ ,j\rn41 ,feb4 #a1 #aiac4 ,footnote #i3 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 #aiaf1 #be4 ,footnote #aj3 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 #aiag1 #bf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,review ( ,=eign ,press1 ,te*nical ,supplem5t1 ,w> ,(fice1 ,may #bg1 #aiai1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #ab3 ,m9+ ,j\rn41 ,dec4 #bg1 #aiai4 ,footnote #ac3 ,*em4 & ,met4 ,eng41 ,oct4 #ae1 #aiah1 p4 #fjg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,hill1 ,jas4 ,m43 8,plat9um ,deposits ( ! ,_w10 ,eng4 ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,june #cj1 #aiag4 ,footnote #ae3 ,m]z1 ,a4 ,r43 ,j\rn4 ,ind4 & ,eng4 ,*em41 ,nov4 #aiah1 #aj1 ,no4 #aa4 ,footnote #af3 ,annual ,/atem5ts ( ,trade ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,footnote #ag3 ,spurr1 ,j4 ,e43 8,:o ,owns ! ,e>?80 ,eng4 ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,feb4 #g1 #aibj4 ,footnote #ah3 ,records ,geol4 ,surv4 ( ,india1 #aiaf1 #dg1 pt4 #c1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ai3 ,records ,geol4 ,surv4 ( ,india1 #aiai1 #ej1 pt4 #c1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #bj3 ,records ,geol4 ,surv4 ( ,india1 #aiae1 #df1 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #ba3 ,zealley1 ,a4 ,e4 ,v43 ,s\? ,rhod4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,%ort ,rept4 ,no4 #c1 ,m>* #bj1 #aiah4 ,footnote #bb3 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,in/41 #aijg1 #e1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #bc3 8,geology ( ! ,selukwe ,m9]al ,belt10 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bull4 ,s\? ,rhod41 #aiai1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #bd3 ,v]sfield1 ,w43 ,rept4 on ,metal ,res\rces ( ,union ( ,s4 ,africa1 #aiah4 ,footnote #be3 ,good*ild1 ,w4 ,h43 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m94 & ,met41 #aiaf-ag1 #bf4 ,footnote #bf3 ,bettel1 ,w43 ,s4 ,african ,m9es1 ,nov4 #aj1 #aiaf4 ,footnote #bg3 ,hall1 ,a41 & ,humphrey1 ,w4 ,a43 8,! ,*romite ,deposits ( ! ,bu%veld ,plutonic ,complex10 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,africa1 #aijh1 #aa1 pp4 #ge-f4 ,footnote #bh3 ,m9+ ,j\rn41 ,feb4 #bi1 #aiac4 ,footnote #bi3 ,mack5zie1 ,g4 ,c43 ,c4 ,m94 ,in/4 ,bull41 ,april #aiai4 ,footnote #cj3 ,camsell1 ,c43 ,m9+ ,j\rn41 ,may #aiad1 p4 #ebc4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ugl[1 ,w4 ,l43 8,geology ( ,plat9um ,deposits10 ,eng4 ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,aug4 #cj1 #aiai2 ,sept4 #f1 #aiai4 ,footnote #cb3 ,*em4 ,trade ,j\rn41 #aiaa1 #di1 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #cc3 ,m94 ,sci4 ,press1 ,april #aj1 #aibj1 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #cd3 ,bo>d ( ,trade ,j\rn41 #aiag1 #ii1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #ce3 ,c4 ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaf1 #cg1 p4 #edh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,c4 ,m94 ,in/4 ,bull41 #aiah1 ,no4 #fc1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #cg3 ,geol4 ,surv4 ( ,canada1 ,m94 ,res4 ( ,canada1 #aijc1 ,no4 #hah4 ,footnote #ch3 ,bo>d ( ,trade ,j\rn41 ,april #ag1 #aiai1 p4 #ejd4 ,footnote #ci3 ,h[ley1 ,g4 ,p43 ,m9+ ,_w1 #aijg1 #bf1 p4 #ghc4 ,footnote #dj3 ,n4,s4,w4 ,dept4 ( ,m9es1 ,ann4 ,rept4 = #aiah1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #da3 ,n4,s4,w4 ,dept4 ( ,m9es1 ,ann4 ,rept4 = #aiae1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #db3 ,hill1 ,jas4 ,m43 8,plat9um & ,alli$ ,metals 9 #aiaf10 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,july #ab1 #aiag4 ,footnote #dc3 ,rec4 ( ,geol4 ,surv4 ,n4,s4,w41 #aiaf1 #i1 pt4 #c1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,m94 & ,sci4 ,press1 ,april #aj1 #aiai4 ,footnote #de3 ,bell1 ,g4 ,m43 ,economic ,geology1 #aijf1 #a1 ,no4 #h1 p4 #gdi4 ,footnote #df3 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 #aiad1 #bc4 ,footnote #dg3 ,krus*1 ,p43 8,! ,plat9um ,deposits ( ,g]many's ,palozoic0 7trans4 by ,f4 ,s4 ,s*midt71 ,m94 & ,sci4 ,press1 #aiad1 #aji1 p4 #hhj4 ,footnote #dh3 ,pan-,am]ican ,union1 #aiag1 #de4 ,footnote #di3 ,m9+ ,j\rn41 #aijd1 #gf1 p4 #eig4 ,footnote #ej3 ,hill1 ,jas4 ,m43 8,plat9um & ,alli$ ,metals 9 #aiag10 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,m94 ,res41 #aiag1 pt4 #a1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ea3 ,vissotzki1 ,n43 ,bull4 du ,comit gologique1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #bb1 #aijc 7ab/ract 9 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m4,e41 #aijc1 #bg1 p4 #ffj74 ,footnote #eb3 ,hill1 ,g4 ,m43 ,u4,s4 ,comm4 ,repts41 #aiag1 ,no4 #id4 ,footnote #ec3 ,dup>c1 ,l43 ,soc4 ,+s4 ,civils1 ,france1 ,mem4 #aiaf1 ,bull4 ,janv4-,m>s4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ball1 ,s4 ,h41 & ,l[1 ,b43 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,m>* #aj1 #aiag1 p4 #djg4 ,footnote #ee3 ,tovey1 ,l43 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,oct4 #aj1 #aijh1 p4 #gjd4 ,footnote #ef3 ,*em4 ,trade ,j\rn41 #aiag1 #fj1 ,no4 #a1efb1 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #eg3 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,m>4 #f1 #aibj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 #aiae1 #bd1 p4 #ehj4 ,footnote #ei3 ,posewitz1 ,t43 ,geology & ,m9]al ,res\rces ( ,borneo1 #ahib 7trans4 by ,f4 ,h4 ,hat*74 ,footnote #fj3 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 #aiac1 #bb1 p4 #eig4 ,footnote #fa3 ,hunde%ag51 ,l43 8,! ,occurr5ce ( ,plat9um 9 ,wolla/onite1 ,sumatra1 ,n4,e4,i410 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m94 & ,met41 #aijc-d1 #ac1 p4 #eej-b4 ,footnote #fb3 ,wada1 ,tsuma%ire3 ,m9]als ( ,japan1 #aijd1 p4 #hi 7trans4 by ,takudgi ,okawa74 ,footnote #fc3 ,bull4 ,econ4 de ,madagasc>1 #aiab1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #fd3 ,hautpick1 ,e4 de3 ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,july #bg1 #aiab1 #ih1 p4 #gdg4 ,footnote #fe3 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 #aiah1 #bg1 p4 #ega4 ,footnote #ff3 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,jan4 #aa1 #aiai1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #fg3 ,m]tie1 ,j4 ,b41 ,jr43 8,! ,salt ,*uck ,palladium-,copp] ,m9e10 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,july #c1 #aibj4 ,footnote #fh3 ,m>t91 ,johnson & ,grant3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiag1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ehg1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #fi3 ,campbell1 ,donald ,g43 8,palladium 9 ,alaskan ,lode ,deposits10 ,m94 & ,sci4 ,press1 ,oct4 #aa1 #aiai4 ,footnote #gj3 ,bo>d ( ,trade ,j\rn41 ,dec4 #aa1 #aiai1 #ajc4 ,footnote #ga3 ,m94 & ,sci4 ,press1 ,m>4 #ae1 #aiai1 p4 #cfg4 ,footnote #gb3 ,hall1 ,f4 ,a43 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,oct4 #aj1 #aiad1 p4 #fdb4 ,footnote #gc3 ,knopf1 ,a43 ,m94 & ,sci4 ,press1 ,june #e1 #aiae1 p4 #hgh4 ,footnote #gd3 ,*em4 & ,met4 ,eng41 ,m>* #bd1 #aibj4 ,footnote #ge3 ,m94 & ,sci4 ,press1 ,m>* #i1 #aibj4 ,footnote #gf3 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,may #be1 #aije1 p4 #ihe4 ,footnote #gg3 ,taft1 ,h4 ,h43 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiah1 #ajf1 ,no4 #ba1 p4 #ijj4 ,footnote #gh3 ,hussak1 ,eug9io3 8,o ,palladio e a ,plat9a no ,brasil10 ,annas da ,escola de ,m9as de ,ouro ,preto1 #aiaf1 ,no4 #h1 #he-ahh4 ,footnote #gi3 ,f]raz1 ,luiz ,caetano3 ,annas da ,escola de ,m9as de ,ouro ,preto1 #aiji1 ,no4 #aa4 ,footnote #hj3 ,c>neiro1 ,a4 ,j4 de ,s\sa3 ,riquezas ,m9]aes d ,e/ado da ,bahia1 #aijh4 ,footnote #ha3 ,macl>51 ,j4 ,m43 ,gold3 ,its ,geological ,occurr5ce & ,geographical ,di/ribution1 ,london1 #aijh1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #hb3 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,arts1 #aijh1 #ef1 p4 #hhd4 ,footnote #hc3 ,osp9a1 ,t43 ,pap] read be=e second ,pan-,am]ican ,congr41 ,jan4 #c1 #aiaf4 ,footnote #hd3 ,:ite1 ,r4 ,w43 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #ahig1 #fc1 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #he3 ,ca/illo1 ,j4 ,c43 ,m94 & ,sci4 ,press1 #aiji1 #ih4 ,footnote #hf3 8,plat9um-seek+ 9 ,colombia10 ,! ,times1 ,nov4 #bf1 #aiab4 ,footnote #hg3 ,m9+ ,j\rn41 ,nov4 #cj1 #aiah1 p4 #gjj4 ,footnote #hh3 ,mill> & ,s+ewald3 ,m9]al ,deposits ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,new ,york1 #aiai1 p4 #dje4 ,footnote #hi3 ,kunz1 ,george ,f43 8,plat9um & ,palladium 9 ,brazil10 ,pan-,am]ican ,bull41 ,april #aiai1 p4 #djh4 ,footnote #ij3 ,u4,s4 ,comm4 ,repts41 #aiai1 ,no4 #ba1 p4 #chg4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,hazell1 ,,watson ,,& ,,v9ey1 ,,ld41 ,,london ,,& ,,aylesbury1 ,,engl&4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,footnote #ij 70 #fd7 0 unan*or$4 #b4 ,p4 #ei1 add$ miss+ title 8,,_w ,,map ,,( ,,plat9um ,,deposits40 #c4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #d4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #e4 ,footnotes 7 re-index$ us+ numb]s & collect$ toge!r at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 #f4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #g4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4 #h4 ,subscripts are d5ot$ by an und]score be=e a s]ies ( subscript$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,h#b,o4