,this ebook 7originally published in #aibj7 was created in honour of ,distributed ,proofreaders #bjth ,anniversary4 ,,imperial ,,institute ,,monographs ,,on ,,mineral ,,resources ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,british ,,empire ,,prepared ,,under ,,the ,,direction ,,of ,,the ,,mineral ,,resources ,,committee ,,with ,,the ,,assistance ,,of ,,the ,,scientific ,,and ,,technical ,,staff ,,of ,,the ,,imperial ,,institute ,,the ,,platinum ,,metals ,,by ,a4 ,d4 ,,lumb1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,inst4 ,m4,m4 ,,lately ,,of ,,the ,,scientific ,,and ,,technical ,,department1 ,,imperial ,,institute ,,with ,a ,,map ,illustration ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albemarle ,,street1 ,w4 #aibj ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,imperial ,,institute ,,mineral ,,section ,the ,imperial ,institute is a centre for the exhibition and investigation of minerals with a view to their commercial development and for the supply of information respecting the sources1 composition and value of minerals of all kinds4 ,the ,imperial ,institute is provided with ,research ,laboratories for the investigation1 analysis and assay of minerals1 and undertakes reports on the composition and value of minerals1 for the information of ,governments and producing companies and firms1 in communication with the principal users in the ,united ,kingdom and elsewhere in the ,empire4 ,important minerals from within the ,empire are exhibited in the respective ,courts of the ,public ,exhibition ,galleries1 and also in the ,mineral ,reference ,collections of the ,institute4 ,a special staff is engaged in the collection1 critical revision and arrangement of all important information respecting supplies of minerals especially within the ,empire1 new methods of usage and other commercial developments4 ,articles on these and related subjects are periodically published in the ,bulletin of the ,imperial ,institute1 and monographs on special subjects are separately published under the direction of the ,committee on ,mineral ,resources4 ,,imperial ,,institute ,advisory ,committee on ,mineral ,resources ,the ,right ,hon4 ,,viscount ,,harcourt1 ,d4,c4,l4 7,chairman74 ,a,admiral ,,sir ,,edmond ,,slade1 ,k4,c4,v4,o41 ,k4,c4,i4,e4 7nominated by the ,admiralty71 7,vice-,chairman74 ,,edmund ,g4 ,,davis1 ,esq4 ,a,,wyndham ,r4 ,,dunstan1 ,esq41 ,c4,m4,g41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,director of the ,imperial ,institute4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,ronca1 ,esq41 ,m4,b4,e41 ,a4,r4,c4,s41 ,department of ,industries and ,manufactures 7nominated by the ,board of ,trade74 ,a,professor ,j4 ,w4 ,,gregory1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,professor of ,geology1 ,university of ,glasgow1 formerly ,director of ,geological ,survey1 ,victoria1 ,australia4 ,sir ,,robert ,,hadfield1 ,bart41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,past-,president ,iron and ,steel ,institute4 ,captain ,a4 ,l4 ,,elsworthy1 ,intelligence ,department1 ,war ,office 7nominated by the ,war ,office74 ,w4 ,w4 ,,moyers1 ,esq4 7,messrs4 ,a4 ,watson ,co471 ,liverpool4 ,r4 ,,allen1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,imperial ,institute 7,secretary74 ,footnote ,a3 ,members of ,editorial ,sub-,committee ,,mineral ,,section ,principal ,members of ,staff ,superintendent ,r4 ,,allen1 ,m4,a4 7,cantab471 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,m4,inst4,m4,m4 ,assistant ,superintendent ,s4 ,j4 ,,johnstone1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,a4,i4,c4 ,senior ,assistants ,g4 ,m4 ,,davies1 ,m4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,g4,s4 ,w4 ,o4 ,r4 ,,wynn1 ,a4,i4,c4 ,assistants ,s4 ,,bann4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,bell4 ,h4 ,,bennett1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,a4 ,t4 ,,faircloth4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,groves1 ,m4,sc4 7,birm474 ,e4 ,,halse1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,m4,inst4,m4,m4 ,,preface ,the ,mineral ,resources ,committee of the ,imperial ,institute has arranged for the issue of this series of ,monographs on ,mineral ,resources in amplification and extension of those which have appeared in the ,bulletin of the ,imperial ,institute during the past fifteen years4 ,the ,monographs are prepared either by members of the ,scientific and ,technical ,staff of the ,imperial ,institute1 or by external contributors1 to whom have been available the statistical and other special information relating to mineral resources collected and arranged at the ,imperial ,institute4 ,the object of these ,monographs is to give a general account of the occurrences and commercial utilisation of the more important minerals1 particularly in the ,british ,empire4 ,no attempt has been made to give details of mining or metallurgical processes4 ,,harcourt1 ,chairman ,mineral ,resources ,committee4 ,,imperial ,,institute1 ,,london1 ,s4,w4#g4 ,july #aibj4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,i ,,page ,,the ,,platinum ,,metals3 ,,their ,,occurrences1 ,,characters ,,and ,,uses4 ,,world',s ,,output #a ,,chapter ,,ii ,,sources ,,of ,,supply ,,of ,,platinum ,,metals 7a7 ,,british ,,empire3 #af ,europe3 ,united ,kingdom4 ,asia3 ,india 7,burma74 ,africa3 ,rhodesia2 ,union of ,south ,africa4 ,america3 ,canada2 ,newfoundland4 ,australasia3 ,australia2 ,new ,zealand4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,sources ,,of ,,supply ,,of ,,platinum ,,metals 7b7 ,,foreign ,,countries3 #cb ,europe3 ,france2 ,finland2 ,germany2 ,lapland2 ,russia2 ,spain4 ,asia3 ,armenia2 ,borneo2 ,china2 ,japan2 ,sumatra4 ,africa3 ,congo ,free ,state2 ,madagascar4 ,america3 ,brazil2 ,colombia2 ,ecuador2 ,mexico2 ,united ,states4 ,,world ,,map ,,of ,,platinum ,,deposits #ei ,,references ,,to ,,literature ,,on ,,the ,,platinum ,,group #fj ,,note4--,numerals in square brackets in the text refer to the ,bibliography at the end4 ,,the ,,platinum ,,metals ,,chapter ,i ,,platinum ,,metals3 ,,their ,,occurrences1 ,,characters ,,and ,,uses ,,introduction ,the metals which comprise the ,platinum group are the following3 ,platinum1 ,palladium1 ,iridium1 ,osmium1 ,ruthenium and ,rhodium4 ,up to the year #aiad ,russia produced over #ij per cent4 of the world's supply of platinum1 the ,republic of ,colombia1 ,south ,america1 ranking next in importance with about #e per cent4 ,owing1 however1 to the war and to the chaotic conditions brought about by the revolution1 the output of ,russia has considerably decreased1 and although the ,colombian production has been steadily increasing1 the increased demand in connection with munition manufacture caused a somewhat serious shortage during the latter stages of the war1 which was especially felt in the ,united ,states4 ,as a result much exploratory work has recently been carried on in an endeavour to discover new deposits of importance2 but up to the present1 although several fresh occurrences have been brought to light1 results have on the whole been disappointing4 ,,occurrences ,platinum usually occurs in nature as native metal alloyed with one or more of its allied metals in the form of very fine grains more or less flattened2 sometimes in the form of irregular nuggets2 and occasionally1 though rarely1 in small cubic crystals4 ,it is sometimes coated with a black layer of iron oxide1 which may be magnetic1 in which case it is not easily recognizable4 ,when unrefined it is referred to as 8crude0 platinum4 ,with the exception of a certain amount of the platinum metals1 obtained from the refining of copper and gold bullion1 particularly from the copper-nickel deposits of ,sudbury1 ,ontario1 about #ii per cent4 of the whole supply is derived from alluvial deposits4 ,several occurrences of platinum in situ are known1 but so far few are of commercial importance3 however1 in view of the indications of exhaustion shown by some of the placer deposits1 notably in ,russia1 the exploration of primary ores is now receiving more attention and practical results have already been achieved in ,russia and in ,spain4 ,the mother rocks from which the deposits are derived1 in the large majority of known cases1 consist of basic and ultra-basic igneous rocks1 including peridotites1 pyroxenites and dunites4 ,the two first are composed of iron magnesian silicates1 pyroxene1 augite and hornblende with olivine1 chromite1 ilmenite and magnetite3 the dunites consist principally of olivine with some chromite4 ,these rocks are often found to have undergone more or less alteration to serpentine4 ,in addition1 platinum has been found in quartz veins1 notably at the ,boss ,mine1 ,nevada1 and in a few known cases it has been derived from formations in schistose1 or altered sedimentary rocks4 ,when present in serpentine1 platinum is usually disseminated through the rock in fine particles4 ,it seldom occurs in a lode-formation4 ,in sedimentary rocks it usually occurs in sandstones4 ,in cases where alluvial deposits have been derived from the basic igneous rocks1 the associated minerals are usually chromite1 magnetite1 ilmenite1 iridium and osmiridium4 ,in sedimentary deposits the metal is commonly associated with quartz1 copper1 nickel1 silver and palladium4 ,platinum has been found in certain varieties of the copper ores tetrahedrite and bournonite4 ,it has occasionally been located in shales and in coal1 although not in recoverable quantities4 ,in the latter case1 in an ,australian coal1 it is associated with vanadium#a p4 #iib4 ,several cases are known of platinum being present in meteorites1 two well-authenticated instances having been reported from ,mexico4 ,platinum has been shown to exist in meteoric iron from ,new ,south ,wales4 ,crude platinum1 as recovered1 contains from #gj to #ij per cent4 of the metal1 and1 as mentioned above1 is really an alloy of platinum with one or more of the allied metals1 the chief impurities consisting principally of iron and copper4 ,the table on the next page gives the analyses of typical samples of crude platinum from the ,urals1 ,california1 ,british ,columbia1 and other places4 ,platinum also occurs in combination with arsenic in the mineral ,sperrylite 7,pt,as#b71 in the form of minute octahedral crystals4 ,the colour of this mineral is tin white1 its lustre is metallic and brilliant1 its hardness varies from #f to #g1 and its specific gravity is #ajf4 ,the mineral is brittle and breaks with a conchoidal fracture4 ,it is very rare1 and is interesting as being the only mineral of platinum known besides the native metal4 ,it occurs associated with sulphide minerals of magmatic origin in gabbros and diabases1 notably in the nickeliferous pyrites of ,sudbury1 ,canada1 and in the copper ores of the ,rambler ,mine1 ,laramie1 ,wyoming4 ,it is probable that the palladium1 which is also found in these deposits1 is similarly present in the form of an arsenide1 but such a mineral has not yet been definitely proved to exist4 ,the following is an analysis of a sample of sperrylite3 platinum1 #eddg per cent42 rhodium1 #jgf per cent42 palladium1 trace2 arsenic1 #dbbc per cent42 antimony1 #jed per cent4#b p4 #fi4 ,,properties ,,of ,,the ,,platinum ,,metals ,platinum4--,the colour is white with a greyish tinge4 ,when pure it is very malleable and ductile4 ,its coefficient of expansion is less than that of all other metals4 ,platinum fuses at about #agej ,c41 but the presence of impurities lowers the melting-point4 ,its specific gravity is #bae1 and its hardness is from #d to #e4 ,its electric conductivity is low1 being #acd at #j ,c4#c p4 #cih4 ,composition of ,native ,platinum and ,osmiridium ,locality4 ,pt4 ,fe4 ,pd4 ,rh4 ,ir4 ,os4 ,cu4 ,os-,ir4 ,remarks4 ,platinum ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per ,per cent4cent4cent4cent4cent4cent4cent4cent4 ,urals #a;,b#gfbbagac #ahg #bej tr4 #jcf #jej,magnetic grs4 ,urals #b #gcehabih #jcj #aae #bce tr4 #ebj #bcj,magnetic grs4 ,urals #c #hacdaadh #jcb #bad #bdb tr4 #aac #jeg,non-magnetic4 ,urals #d #ghidaajd #jbh #jhf #dig #jgj #aif,non-magnetic4 ,urals #e #hfej #hcb #aaj #aae tr4 #jde #adj,non-magnetic4 ,borneo #hbfjajfg #jcj #jff #jac #chj;,gold1 #jbj per cent4 ,brazil #gbfb tr4 #bahb #jhh ,sand1 #jdb per cent4 ,granite #fhai #ghg #hbf #caj #aba #cji #adfb;,gangue1 #afi2 ,cr41 non-magnetic4 ,b4,c4 ,granite #ghdc #igh #jji #agj #ajd #chi #cgg;,gangue1 #abg2 ,cr41 magnetic4 ,b4,c4 ,choc1 #hfbj #ghj #jej #adj #jhe #jfj #jhe,sand1 #jie4 ,col4 ,choc1 #hdcj #eca #ajf #cde #adf #ajc #jgd ,gold1 #aj2 sand1 ,col4 #jfa4 ,california#heej #fge #jfj #ajj #aje #adj #aaj;,gold1 #jh2 sand1 #bie4 ,california#gihe #dde #aie #jfe #dbj #jge #die;,gold1 #jee2 sand1 #bfi4 ,oregon #eade #dcj #jae #jfe #jdj #bae #cgcj,sand1 #c2 gold1 #jhe4 ,fifield1 #gehjajae tr4 #acj #acj #jda #icj;,gold1 nil2 sand1 ,n4,s4,w4 #aab4 8,austra- #fadj #dee #ahj #ahe #aaj #aaj #bfjj;,gold1 #ab2 sand1 lia0 #ad4 ,currumbin1#bfabbgag #bea #djjb,sand1 #acc4 ,q4 ,osmi- ridium ,urals #ajjh tr4 tr4 #aeaeebdbgbc tr4 ,ru1 #ehe 7,nevyanskite74 ,urals #jad #jfc #afedciddhhe #jaa ,ru1 #deh 7,nevyanskite74 ,california #bfjecejdcdj ,ru1 #jej 7,nevyanskite74 8,austra- #cjdehacccdf #jae ,ru1 #ebb lia0 7,nevyanskite74 ,currumbin1 #cjj #fbjjccjj ,sand1 #bjj ,q4 7,nevyanskite74 _/ ,tasmania #jcg #jcj #jba #cchj #egji tr4 ,ru1 #hai2 ,au1 #jd 7,siserskite74 ,platin- iridium ,condado1 #eedd #dad #adi #fhfbggi tr4 #ccj ,brazil ,native ,iridium ,urals #aifd #jhi #gfhj #agh ,reference--,pt41 platinum2 ,fe41 iron2 ,pd41 palladium2 ,rh41 rhodium2 ,ir41 iridium2 ,os41 osmium2 ,cu41 copper2 ,os-,ir41 osmiridium2 ,ru41 ruthenium4 ,footnote ,b3 ,average percentage of ,urals platinum is a little under #hj4d p4 #eeh4 ,platinum is not acted upon by either nitric1 sulphuric or hydrochloric acid1 but is soluble in aqua regia 7#a part of nitric to #b parts of hydrochloric acid71 or in other mixtures liberating chlorine1 with the formation of platinum tetrachloride 7,pt,cl#d74 ,it is not acted upon by air or moisture1 even at high temperatures4 ,it is corroded by caustic alkalis1 sulphides1 sulphates1 phosphates and arsenides1 if heated in contact with them4 ,it will not amalgamate with mercury unless sodium is present1 in this respect differing from gold and silver4 ,platinum1 in a finely-divided condition1 absorbs large quantities of hydrogen or other gases1 which on occlusion become more active3 hence its value as a catalytic agent4 ,palladium4--,this metal resembles platinum1 but is sometimes fibrous1 the colour being between that of platinum and of silver4 ,it possesses a lower melting-point than platinum--about #aeej ,c4 ,it is malleable1 has a hardness of from #de to #e1 and a specific gravity of #aae4 ,as already stated1 palladium1 when found in copper ores1 is probably present in combination with arsenic4 ,porpezite1 a rare mineral1 containing gold and up to #aj per cent4 palladium1 has been identified in gold-bearing veins in ,brazil see p4 #ed4 ,palladium is produced from the refining of copper matte and of base gold bullion from ,australia and elsewhere4 ,iridium is a brilliant white brittle metal1 with a specific gravity of #bbd1 and hardness of #f to #g4 ,its fusion point is very high--about #bbjj ,c4--and under ordinary conditions it is not attacked by any acid4 ,at #aajj ,c4 it begins to oxidize to a purple oxide4 ,iridium usually occurs either in crude platinum1 or alloyed with osmium1 as iridosmine1 or as native metal4 ,the bulk of iridium is derived from the platinum placer deposits of the ,urals1 but the ,californian metal is more valuable1 on account of its better quality4 ,it is also obtained in small amounts from copper bullion4 ,osmium is a hard and brittle metal1 bluish-grey in colour4 ,its specific gravity is #bbe1 and it has a very high melting-point1 in this respect being the most refractory of the group4 ,iridosmine1 or ,osmiridium1 an alloy of iridium and osmium1 occurs as hexagonal crystals1 or flattened grains of lighter colour than platinum4 ,it may contain from #dj to #gg per cent4 of iridium1 and from #bj to #ej per cent4 of osmium4 ,if the iridium predominates1 the alloy is called ,nevyanskite1 and ,siserskite if the osmium content is high4 ,it is distinguishable from platinum by the brittleness of the flakes4 ,siserskite gives off a pungent odour1 if strongly heated1 caused by the volatilization of osmium4 ,iridosmine has a hardness of #f to #g1 and a specific gravity of #ai to #ba4 ,ruthenium is a white metal1 with a specific gravity of #aba4 ,it is scarcely acted upon by aqua regia4 ,ruthenium occurs mainly in small amounts in iridosmine4 ,it is also found in the copper ores of ,sudbury and other places4 ,laurite is a very rare sulphide of ruthenium 7,ru,s#b71 containing a small amount of osmium1 which has only been recognized in the ,borneo deposits4 ,rhodium is a white metal resembling aluminium1 with a specific gravity of #aba1 and a melting-point of about #bjjj ,c4 ,it is ductile and malleable at red heat4 ,in addition to its occurrence in crude platinum1 the metal is also contained in small quantities in the sperrylite found in the copper ores of ,sudbury1 ,canada#e p4 #ggi4 ,colloidal ,platinum4--,this has only recently been detected in ores1 and therefore its occurrence might not be detected qualitatively4 ,by destroying its colloidal condition1 however1 its presence can be discovered in the ordinary ways#d4 ,,metallurgical ,,treatment ,crude platinum can be refined either by dry or by wet methods1 the following being brief outlines of the two processes3 ,by the wet method1 the crude platinum is dissolved in aqua regia1 with excess of hydrochloric acid4 ,evaporation is continued until the whole of the nitric acid is expelled4 ,by addition of a solution of ammonium chloride1 the platinum is then precipitated as ammonium platini-chloride4 ,this precipitate is heated to redness1 when chlorine and ammonium chloride are given off1 and spongy platinum remains4 ,the last is next granulated1 after fusion by the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe in a small lime furnace4 ,platinum obtained by this method may contain small amounts of iridium1 rhodium and palladium4 ,in the dry method1 introduced by ,delville and ,debray1 the crude platinum is smelted with galena in a small reverberatory furnace4 ,a portion of the lead is reduced to the metallic state by the iron in the charge1 and forms a fusible alloy with the platinum4 ,the osmiridium present settles to the bottom of the furnace1 and may thus be removed4 ,litharge is then thrown in to form more alloy1 and some glass to act as a flux4 ,the alloy is cupelled1 and the residual platinum is then melted in a lime furnace with the oxy-hydrogen flame4 ,the platinum thus obtained often contains iridium and rhodium4 ,a combination of these two methods is also sometimes employed#c p4 #djc4 ,the electrolytic process of gold-refining was introduced to treat platiniferous gold4 ,in the gold chloride1 or ,wohlwill method1 iridium and osmiridium are insoluble1 and remain with the anode slime4 ,platinum and palladium1 if nearly pure1 are also insoluble1 but when present alloyed with gold and silver1 pass into the solution and remain there4 ,in a hot bath it is stated that the platinum present should not exceed #ej gm4 per litre4 ,according to ,t4 ,k4 ,rose1 a cold bath containing only #bj gm4 per litre causes a certain quantity of platinum to be deposited with the gold#f4 ,h4 ,f4 ,keller1 in 8,platinum1 the ,most ,precious of ,metals0 7,journal of the ,franklin ,institute1 ,november #aiab7 deals fully with the extraction and refining of platinum4 ,,platinum-,,refining ,,agencies ,the following contains a list of the principal firms engaged in the refining of platinum metals3 ,in ,england3 ,johnson1 ,matthey ,co41 ,ltd41 ,lees ,sanders1 ,warstone ,smelting ,works1 ,sheffield ,smelting ,works1 ,johnson ,sons4 7,this is the list of the ,ministry of ,munitions47 ,in ,france3 ,legende et ,cie41 ,compagnie ,internationale du ,platine1 ,lyon ,allemand1 ,lecht ,lyonnais1 ,henrique ,marrett1 ,bonnen1 ,hesse ,fils4 ,in ,germany3 ,w4 ,c4 ,heraeus1 ,g4 ,siebert1 ,f4 ,eisennad ,co4 ,in the ,united ,states3 ,baker ,co41 ,american ,platinum ,works 7,n4,t471 ,irvington ,smelting and ,refining ,works1 ,j4 ,bishop ,co41 ,h4 ,a4 ,wilson ,co41 ,belais ,cohn1 ,kastenhuber ,lehrfeld1 ,roessler ,hasslacher ,chemical ,co41 ,wildberg ,bros41 and others handling scrap4 ,according to ,russian information about #be per cent4 of the ,russian output before the war was refined in ,germany4 ,in ,russia there are practically no platinum-refining facilities#g4 ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,platinum ,,and ,,its ,,allies ,platinum4--,in the chemical industry platinum is largely used for catalyzers in the manufacture of sulphuric1 acetic and nitric acids2 for stills for the final concentration of sulphuric acid2 and in the electro-chemical industry4 ,in the making of 8contact0 sulphuric acid a 8contact mass0 is charged into the chambers of the plant4 ,this is formed by soaking asbestos1 or anhydrous magnesium sulphate1 with platinic chloride solution1 and baking the mass to drive off the chlorine4 ,the contact mass usually contains from #g to #h per cent4 platinum1 in a very finely-divided state4 ,in the making of acetic acid from a mixture of air and alcohol vapour1 platinized asbestos is used4 ,for the catalyzer used in the conversion of ammonia into nitric acid a very fine-meshed platinum gauze is used2 this is strengthened at its edges with platinum-iridium wire4 ,one ounce of platinum is required for the production per annum of #be tons of catalytic acid1 or of #dj tons of nitric acid from ammonia4 ,in the finely-divided state all the other metals of the platinum group1 especially palladium1 have also the facility of absorbing great quantities of certain gases1 and can be used as catalysts4 ,owing to its high melting-point1 and to the resistance to the action of acids at high temperatures1 platinum is largely used for chemical ware in the form of crucibles1 dishes1 etc4 ,platinum crucibles are indispensable in the chemical analysis of rocks4 ,in the electrical industry platinum is largely used for contact points1 in telegraph and telephone apparatus1 in magneto-contacts1 and in the construction of the thermo-couples of pyrometers4 ,in the manufacture of jewellery1 especially in the crown-setting of diamonds1 platinum has been much used in the place of gold3 alloyed with a little iridium it can be worked into delicate designs1 which are durable4 ,during the war1 however1 when platinum was largely wanted in the making of munitions1 its use in jewellery manufacture was much restricted4 ,platinum was formerly largely used in dentistry4 ,in photography potassium platino-chloride is required for producing platinotype prints4 ,in the form of barium platino-cyanide it is used in ,x-ray photography as a coating for the projecting screen4 ,platinum is required in the manufacture of certain parts of chronometers1 theodolites and watches2 also for standard weights and measures1 and for various types of self-lighting lamps#d p4 #efa4 ,palladium has its chief value as a substitute for platinum1 in palladium-gold alloys1 which are used extensively in dentistry1 for jewellery and for chemical ware4 ,it is also utilized in the manufacture of astronomical instruments and watches1 also for plating metal ware#a p4 #ajjb4 ,the use of palladium as a catalyzer is well known4 ,iridium1 when pure1 is of small value1 being difficult to manipulate on account of its brittleness4 ,it is principally used in alloy with platinum for hardening purposes4 ,jewellers' platinum usually contains #aj per cent4 iridium1 and in the electrical industry an alloy composed of from #ae to #ej per cent4 iridium is usually employed4 ,alloys with up to #aj per cent4 of iridium are ductile and malleable1 but with over that amount are hard and difficult to work4 ,the metal is used in the manufacture of fountain-pen points1 for which purpose the grains require careful selecting#h p4 #ajf2 also for standard weights and for contact points4 ,iridium black1 an oxide1 is of value as a pigment for chinaware#a p4 #ajja4 ,iridium is suitable for sharp surgical instruments1 and gold needles with soldered iridium ends are employed for stitching wounds4 ,it is also used in photography4 ,iridium is of greater scarcity than platinum1 hence its greater value4 ,osmium4--,there is now little or no market for osmium4 ,it was formerly in considerable use for the manufacture of incandescent lamps4 ,osmic acid is used for staining anatomical preparations in microscopic work4 ,on account of the poisonous nature of its vapour the extraction of osmium is costly and dangerous4 ,ruthenium is also of little or no commercial value4 ,both these metals possess the disadvantages of being brittle and easily oxidized4 ,rhodium is of small commercial use4 ,it is used principally in alloy with platinum4 ,an alloy containing #aj per cent4 rhodium is used for some thermo-couples of pyrometers1 and in the making of laboratory utensils4 ,platinum ,alloys4--,platinum forms alloys with a number of metals1 but only a few are of industrial importance#c p4 #djj4 ,platinum and iridium form a hard and elastic alloy1 which is unaffected by air1 and takes a high polish4 ,alloyed with #aj per cent4 iridium platinum is used for one of the wires in thermo-couples of pyrometers2 and with #aj to #bj per cent4 iridium for making standard measures of length and weight4 ,platinum and copper form various alloys4 ,an alloy with #ahge per cent4 copper1 called 8coopers' gold10 takes a high polish and closely resembles #ah-;carat gold4 ,an alloy of platinum and silver containing #ff per cent4 silver is used as a standard of electrical resistance4 ,an alloy containing #bj to #cj per cent4 silver is used in dentistry4 ,platinum alloys with lead1 zinc and other metals at low temperatures2 it is usually recovered from these alloys by cupellation4 ,platinum alloys with steel in all proportions4 ,with #aj per cent4 platinum1 rusting is prevented4 ,a very elastic metal is produced by alloying platinum with from #e to #aj per cent4 gold4 ,the melting-point of silver is raised by alloying it with platinum1 but its thermal conductivity is lowered4 ,the following table gives the composition of the principal platinum and palladium alloys#d p4 #efa3 ,pt4 ,cu4 ,ag4 ,au4 ,ni4 ,pd4 ,other ,constituents4 ,parts4,parts4,parts4,parts4,parts4,part s4 ,parts4 ,jewellery alloys3 ,platinum alloy #a #j-a #b-e ,platinor #b #e #a #a ,brass #b4 ,palladium alloy #i,rhodium #a4 ,mock gold #g #af ,zinc #a4 ,mock gold #a #a #f ,brass #a4 ,mock gold #a #d ,coopers' pen metal3 #d #a #c ,watch alloy #ac #aa #ah #f ,watch alloy #be #d #a #gj ,watch alloy #fc #ah #ag ,cadmium #a4 ,platinum bronze #a #ij ,tin #i4 ,dentists' alloy #e #c #d ,dentists' alloy #g #c #b ,dentists' alloy #f #a #b ,dentists' alloy #d #a ,palladium alloy #b #c ,,alloy ,,substitutes ,,for ,,platinum ,on account of the scarcity and high price of the platinum metals1 much attention has lately been directed towards the discovery of suitable substitutes4 ,in the electrical industry an alloy of #c parts of palladium and #b parts of silver is in use1 also an alloy of nickel and chromium4 ,platinite1 an iron-nickel alloy1 containing #df per cent4 nickel and #jae per cent4 carbon1 has the same coefficient of expansion as glass1 and1 when coated with copper1 is used to replace the platinum connection wires of incandescent lamps4 ,tungsten is sometimes used for certain ignition devices4 ,for cathodes an alloy of #ij per cent4 gold and #aj per cent4 copper can be used to replace platinum2 the same alloy1 if electrically coated with platinum1 and then carefully polished and burnished1 is suitable for platinum anodes4 ,for platinum chemical laboratory ware1 there are several substitutes1 such as fused quartz2 various iron1 chromium1 and nickel-chromium alloys2 palau1 a gold-iridium alloy marketed in ,california2 rhotanum1 a general name for gold-palladium alloys containing from #fj to #ij per cent4 of gold1 which are suitable for most chemical purposes1 except for use with hot concentrated nitric acid1 and for electrolytic anodes2 amaloy1 which is a complex alloy containing nickel1 chromium1 tungsten1 etc41 highly resistant to corrosion and to cold nitric and sulphuric acids#i p4 #fjj4 ,in the jewellery trade platinum has been replaced by an alloy of #ij per cent4 palladium and #aj per cent4 rhodium4 ,for certain surgical work various stellite alloys1 containing cobalt and chromium1 and hardened by the addition of tungsten and molybdenum1 are valuable substitutes for platinum1 and are not affected by antiseptic solutions4 ,in dental work pins are now made of tungsten coated with palladium#aj p4 #edi4 ,for most technical purposes an alloy of tungsten and nickel with gold or silver is used in ,germany2 it may be cast1 rolled or forged1 is acid-resisting1 and capable of taking a high polish#aa4 ,white gold1 another substitute for platinum1 contains fine gold1 from #ge to #he per cent42 pure nickel1 from #aj to #ah per cent42 and zinc1 from #b to #i per cent4 ,illium1 a chromium-nickel-copper alloy reported recently as the discovery of ,s4 ,w4 ,parr1 of ,illinois1 is a substitute for gold or platinum1 costing only #be cents per ounce4 ,it is stated to have been a 8#ej per cent4 standard of success40 ,the alloy withstands hot or cold1 strong or diluted acid1 can be both cast and machined1 and is already used largely in the manufacture of calorimeter bombs#ab4 ,the results of researches made to discover substitutes for platinum1 and undertaken by the ,national ,dental ,association of ,america1 are described at length by ,f4 ,a4 ,fahrenwald1 in a paper read in ,january #aiaf before the ,american ,institute of ,mining ,engineers4 ,,scrap ,,platinum ,a considerable amount of platinum in the form of old and worn articles is now collected for return to the refineries1 where it is re-treated1 and sold again as new metal4 ,the trade in scrap platinum has been particularly active in the ,united ,states1 official statistics showing that in #aiaf1 #di1djj oz4 of refined platinum were recovered4 ,,world',s ,,output ,,of ,,platinum ,according to ,j4 ,l4 ,howe1 the estimated limits of the total world-production of crude platinum1 up to ,january #aiag1 were as follows#ac3 ,in oz4 7troy7 ,minimum4 ,maximum4 ,russia #g1aae1dhb #aj1abh1cjh ,colombia #gjj1jjj #gce1jjj ,borneo #age1jjj #bjj1jjj ,united ,states #aj1jjj #ab1jjj ,canada #i1jjj #aj1jjj ,miscellaneous #i1jjj #aj1jjj ------------------ -------------------- ,total #h1jah1dhb #aa1jie1cjh ,on the other hand1 ,james ,m4 ,hill#ad states that possibly #e1jjj1jjj oz4 was the total world's production to ,june #aiag1 which he distributes according to the uses made of it as follows3 ,oz4 ,chemical and physical apparatus #a1jjj1jjj ,electrical devices #bej1jjj ,catalyzing #ejj1jjj ,dental uses #a1jjj1jjj ,jewellery #a1jjj1jjj ,minor uses and hoarded 7balance7 #a1bej1jjj ,it is difficult to obtain exact figures of the annual production of crude platinum4 ,this is particularly so in the case of ,russia1 where there appears to have been a tendency for private enterprises to keep their published outputs as low as possible1 in order to avoid registration4 ,the discrepancy between the official and actual figures of production in ,russia is variously estimated at from #bj to #fj per cent4 ,the table on the next page is compiled from the sources considered most reliable4 ,world's ,production of ,crude ,platinum 7,in troy oz47 #aiaj4 #aiaa4 #aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 ,borneo and ,sumatra,c #bjj #bjj ,d ,burma,e #ch #eg #eh #cg ,canada,f #ah ,colombia,g #aj1jjj #ab1jjj #ab1jjj #ae1jjj #ag1ejj ,madagascar,h #ac #c ,new ,south ,wales,i #ccb #dgj #faj #ddb #bdd ,russia,j #agf1ccdahg1jjhagg1eifaeg1gceaeg1ahb ,united ,states,c #cij #fbh #gba #dhc #egj ,victoria,l #ahd #abg #aiae4 #aiaf4 #aiag4 #aiah4 ,borneo and ,sumatra,c ,d ,d ,d ,burma,e #ah #i #d ,canada,f #bc #ae #eg #ci ,colombia,g #ah1jjj #be1jjj #cb1jjjbg1jcj ,madagascar,h ,new ,south ,wales,i #ef #hb #bei ,russia,j #aai1ghi #gh1fhbej1jjj,k ,united ,states,c #gdb #gej #fje ,victoria,l ,canada4--,the recoveries of platinum at the works of the ,international ,nickel ,company in ,new ,jersey for the years #aiaj-aiab were #beh1fff and #dig oz4 respectively1 chiefly from ,canadian matte4 ,russia4--,the actual productions of platinum as quoted in ,mineral ,industry in oz4 were3 #aiaj1 #cjj1jjj2 #aiaa1 #bhj1jjj2 #aiab1 #cjj1jjj2 #aiac1 #bge1jjj2 #aiad1 #bdj1jjj2 #aiae1 #abd1jjj2 #aiaf1 #ij1jjj2 #aiag1 #ej1jjj4 ,footnote ,c3 ,u4,s4,a4 ,mineral ,resources1 #aiag1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,footnote ,d3 ,estimates not available4 ,footnote ,e3 ,records of ,geol4 ,survey1 ,india4 ,footnote ,f3 ,mineral ,production1 ,mines ,dept41 ,canada4 ,figures are for alluvial production only1 and far below actual production figures1 not including ,ontario production from nickel matte1 for which only incomplete information is available4 ,see p4 #be4 ,footnote ,g3 ,mining ,journal1 ,november #cj1 #aiah1 p4 #gjj1 and ,mineral ,industry4 ,footnote ,h3 ,mines and ,quarries ,reports1 ,home ,office4 ,footnote ,i3 ,annual ,rept4 ,dept4 of ,mines4 ,footnote ,j3 ,mineral ,industry4 ,these are official figures for production2 actual production is much greater than these4 ,footnote ,k3 ,estimated4 ,footnote ,l3 ,dept4 of ,mines ,reports 7platinum obtained from copper matte74 ,the market value of platinum has risen considerably since #ahhj4 ,in that year the price was #abs4 #g;d4 per oz4 troy1 in #ahij it was #bes4 #c;d41 and in #aijj1 #fcs4 #a;d4 ,the average prices in ,london and ,new ,york for the years #aiaj-aiai were as shown on the accompanying tables3 ,average price in pounds per troy oz4 of refined metals of the platinum group in ,london #aiaj4aiaa4aiab4aiac4aiad4aiae4 #aiaf4 #aiag4aiah4aiai4 ,platinum #ia #hf #ie #ie #ha #ajiaj-ade #ade #bj #bd ,metals #aiaj1 #aiae1 #aiaf and #aiag--,metal ,market ,year ,book4 #aiaa1 #aiab1 #aiac and #aiad--,mining ,magazine4 ,average price in dollars per troy oz4 of refined metals of the platinum group in ,new ,york #aiaj4aiaa4aiab4aiac4aiad4aiae4aiaf4aiag 4aiah4 #aiai4 ,platinum #cc #dc #df #de #de #ej #hd #ajcajf,m #aad ,iridium #fe #hc #id #aej ,iridosmine #cc #ce #de #hj ,palladium #dd #ef #fg #aaj #aiaj1 #aiad1 #aiae1 #aiaf and #aiag--,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mineral ,resources4 #aiaa1 #aiab1 #aiac1 #aiah and #aiai--;,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 vol4 #ajg1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote ,m3 ,the price was fixed on ,may #ad1 #aiah1 at #aje4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,sources ,,of ,,supply ,,of ,,platinum ,,and ,,allied ,,metals 7a7 ,,british ,,empire ,the outputs of platinum metals in different parts of the ,british ,empire are shown in the table on p4 #ad4 ,,europe ,,united ,,kingdom ,there is no known occurrence of platinum in the ,united ,kingdom1 but there has always been much trade done there in the platinum metals1 ,england having been the second largest importer of the big consuming nations4 ,the following were the importations of ,russian platinum for five periods since #ahfc3 ,period ,oz4 #ahfc-ahhj #eab1jje #ahha-ahij #afg1iii #ahia-aijj #dcg1fde #aija-aiaj #bei1aaa #aiaa-aiae #ga1fbd #ae p4 #ibc ,the above figures do not include receipts of platinum for seven different years since #ahfc1 for which there are no records4 ,the table on the next page gives a summary of total imports of platinum metals for the years #aiaj-aiah1 with the countries of origin4 ,the platinum market in ,london was controlled by the ,government from ,january #aiaf to ,december #aiah1 ,johnson1 ,matthey ,co41 ,ltd41 acting as buyers4 ,on ,december #bf1 #aiaf1 platinum was declared contraband4 ,imports of ,platinum ,metals1 wrought and unwrought1 into ,united ,kingdom 7in troy oz47 #aiaj4 #aiaa4 #aiab4 #aiac4 ,from ,british countries #bd #a1jaa #a1ajj ,from foreign countries3 ,russia #d1afg #b1egi #dfa #a1ggh ,germany #e1hcg #h1ghf #a1ffi #ej ,france #ce1adicj1ddicc1ificc1adi ,united ,states #did #gid #fdd #c1fbc ,colombia #b1jcg #d1iji #d1eeb #c1gbe ,other foreign countries #ded #aeh #cae ,total3 foreign countries #dh1achdg1eagda1decdb1fdj ,grand total1 oz4 #dh1afbdh1ebhdb1eecdb1fdj #aiad4 #aiae4aiaf4aiag4aiah4 ,from ,british countries #bh #deh #bfe ,from foreign countries3 ,russia #g ,germany #c ,france #ab1eiba1hgha1fff #fcb #eif ,united ,states #bega1bfe #aiab1gaf ,colombia #b1bif #aci ,other foreign countries #dj #ei #gi #cfb ,total3 foreign countries #ae1ahhc1cdha1icfc1cdh #ieh ,grand total1 oz4 #ae1ahhc1cdha1ifdc1hjfa1bbc #af ,about #g per cent4 of the ,russian and one-half of the ,colombian outputs were sold to ,england during the war1 as well as most of the ,australian and ,indian production4 ,much of this metal was refined in the ,united ,states4 ,according to ,j4 ,e4 ,orchard#ag1 the commercial control 7financial7 of the world's output of platinum of #bfg1bcc oz4 of #aiac was divided as follows3 ,france1 #gd per cent42 ,russia1 #ah per cent42 ,united ,states1 #d per cent42 ,british ,empire1 #b per cent42 other countries1 #b per cent42 whilst the political control 7territorial7 was divided as follows3 ,russia1 #ic per cent42 ,colombia1 #f per cent42 other countries1 #a per cent4 ,,asia ,,india ,traces of platinum and iridium have been noticed in association with the gold obtained from native workings at ,bonai ,city4 ,the gold occurs in a deposit of iron oxide1 which forms the cementing material in a hard stratum of quartz pebbles4 ,the oxide is separated by pounding1 and then washed away to extract the gold4 ,the proportion of platinum to gold is probably less than #a to #bj4 ,platinum occurs1 associated with gold1 in the gravels of the ,irawaddy ,river in ,burma4 ,a small quantity of platinum is obtained at ,myitkyina by the ,burma ,gold ,dredging ,company4 ,during the years #aiaa-ac1 #aeb oz4 were won by this company4 ,in #aiae the output was #agg oz41 and in #aiaf1 #ibe oz4 ,in #aiag1 #d oz4 only were produced#ah4 ,owing to the cessation of the golddredging operations at ,myitkyina1 ,burma has ceased to produce platinum1 the quantity recovered during the year #aiah being only #jca oz4#ai4 ,it has also been located with iridosmine in the auriferous gravels of the rivers draining the slopes of the ,patkoi ,ranges1 both on the ,assam and ,burma sides#bj4 ,,africa ,,rhodesia ,platinum has recently been located in the ,gwelo district1 about #f miles north-east of ,indiva siding1 where it occurs in the great dyke of norite1 which is here about #d miles wide4 ,a4 ,e4 ,v4 ,zealley1 the late assistant ,government geologist1 made this occurrence the subject of a special report#ba4 ,the country rock is a serpentinized dunite4 ,the deposit is capped by a ferruginous siliceous gossan from #d to #e ft4 wide1 which may be traced on the surface for about #ajj ft41 and is comparable to a fissure vein4 ,the gossan consists largely of hmatite and chalcedony1 with occasional veinlets of copper and nickel minerals4 ,although the presence of platinum in the ore could not be detected by panning1 the possibility of its occurrence on geological grounds was considered1 and a sample of concentrate from an unstated amount of ore was forwarded to the ,imperial ,institute for analysis4 ,the sample was found to contain platinum to the amount of #a dwt4 #bj gr4 per ton4 ,a report on the further development of this deposit is awaited with interest4 ,a sample of concentrate from an unstated amount of material from the gem-bearing gravels of ,somabula ,forest1 ,gwelo district1 was received at the ,imperial ,institute from the ,director of the ,geological ,survey of ,southern ,rhodesia in ,november1 #aiah4 ,on analysis this sample yielded the following per ton3 platinum1 #c oz4 #ab dwt42 osmiridium1 #g oz4 ,the concentrate also contained a large proportion of gold4 ,as shown by the latest information available1 the deposits1 although undoubtedly rich1 appear to extend over a limited area4 ,according to an analysis made at the ,imperial ,institute1 a sample of chromite from ,southern ,rhodesia 7,selukwe7 contained #jag per cent4 copper and nickel oxides1 and a trace of platinum#bb4 ,h4 ,b4 ,maufe#bc has stated that as the ,river ,umtebekwe drains two areas of ultra-basic rock containing chromite1 it might be expected to contain alluvial platinum1 as well as gold1 and1 as a matter of fact1 platinum has actually been discovered in a reef in the ,great ,dyke 7norite71 at the head of the ,umtebekwe valley4 ,the presence of platinum was recently reported at ,willoughby's ,halt1 #ab miles south of ,gwelo4 ,,union ,,of ,,south ,,africa ,cape ,colony#bd4--,platinum is present in varying quantities in the copper-nickel deposits at ,insizwa1 situated in the ,cape ,province1 close to the boundary between ,east ,griqualand and ,pondoland4 ,the rock formation consists of a basin-shaped mass of intrusive norite1 averaging from #b1jjj to #c1jjj ft4 in thickness1 and lying in the shales and sandstones of the ,beaufort ,series of the ,karroo ,system4 ,the ore body consists of sulphides of copper and nickel1 in association with pyrrhotite1 the minerals occurring disseminated near the basal margin of the intrusive in olivine picrite4 ,gold and silver are also present in small quantities4 ,the average copper and nickel contents in the ore are each about #d per cent41 and the platinum content averages from #b to #c dwt4 per ton1 the platinum being unequally distributed through the ore#be p4 #ad4 ,it is not certain in what form the platinum occurs4 ,it does not appear to be present as sperrylite4 ,in the opinion of ,w4 ,h4 ,goodchild it may occur in close association with the silver#be p4 #ce4 ,mining operations have been intermittently carried on here during the last fifty years1 the last exploratory work coming to an end in #aiaa4 ,operations were1 however1 resumed early in #aibj4 ,transvaal4--,small amounts of platinum and its allied metals have from time to time been noticed in black sands from the battery 8clean-ups0 on the ,rand at ,klerksdorp and other gold-mining districts1 and platinum to the amount of #b dwt4 per ton is reported to have been present in residual slimes at the ,rietfontein mines#bf4 ,a specimen1 consisting of about #he per cent4 osmiridium and #ae per cent4 platinum1 recently received at the ,imperial ,institute1 was stated to have been taken from a compact shale1 immediately underlying the banket reef in one of the mines of the ,klerksdorp district4 ,in the large majority of the gold mines1 however1 the platinum metals1 if present1 appear to exist in such small quantities as to escape detection4 ,a series of samples of chromite from ,kromdaal1 near ,rustenburg1 showed from a mere trace to #a dwt4 of platinum per ton1 and one sample of chromite from the ,secocoeniland deposits showed as much as #a dwt4 of platinum per ton#bg4 ,,north ,,america ,,canada ,the occurrence of platinum in ,canada was first observed in #ahfb1 in the course of gold-mining operations on the ,rivire-du-,loup and the ,rivire-des-,plantes in the province of ,quebec#bh p4 #baj4 ,since that time platinum has been found in a number of localities associated with auriferous gravels1 but the crude metal has only been obtained commercially from the ,similkameen district in ,british ,columbia4 ,these deposits first attracted attention in #ahhe4 ,all the workings are alluvial1 although the platinum has in several cases been traced to its parent source4 ,alberta4--,platinum and gold in minute grains1 closely intermixed1 are found in the ,north ,saskatchewan ,river1 near ,edmonton4 ,in #aiah certain platinum occurrences were examined by the ,munitions ,resources ,commission1 visits being paid to ,fort ,saskatchewan and the ,peace ,river district1 in ,alberta4 ,these deposits1 however1 proved to be disappointing4 ,in the former locality1 which was carefully tested by drilling1 the values of the samples obtained averaged less than #aj cents in gold and platinum per c4 yd4 of gravel#bi p4 #dbg4 ,british ,columbia4--,platinum1 associated with gold1 which is the dominant metal1 occurs in the ,tulameen ,river and its tributaries1 the principal of which is ,slate ,creek1 others being ,cedar1 ,eagle1 ,bear and ,granite ,creeks4 ,the metal is present in small rounded grains1 or pellets4 ,chromite is often found intergrown with the platinum1 olivine and pyroxene usually occurring in association4 ,the heavy minerals remaining with platinum in the concentrate are titaniferous magnetite1 chromite and native copper4 ,the platinum is sometimes magnetic1 probably due to the covering of the grains by small particles of magnetite#cj4 ,the following analysis1 according to ,g4 ,c4 ,hoffmann1 is representative of an average sample of crude platinum from the ,tulameen ,river3 ,per cent4 ,platinum #gbjg ,palladium #jai ,rhodium #beg ,iridium #aad ,osmiridium #ajea ,copper #cci ,iron #hei ,gangue 7,chromite7 #afi ,owing to the presence of osmiridium in considerable proportion1 the ore is classed as 8hard metal10 and on that account fetches a higher price4 ,many of the richer placers have become exhausted1 and work is now carried on by a few individuals1 principally ,chinese1 who work during the summer months only4 ,in some cases high benches1 #ej to #ajj ft4 above the creek bottom1 are being worked4 ,much of the platinum and gold is of a coarse texture1 with a rough surface1 and the latter is sometimes found embedded in quartz4 ,nuggets are sometimes found encrusted with chromite1 and are thus liable to be overlooked4 ,the deposits are therefore not of great age1 and the metals have not been transported long distances from their sources4 ,kemp is of opinion that the platinum is derived from pyroxenite dykes cutting through peridotites1 which outcrop on ,olivine and ,grasshopper ,mountains4 ,it is of interest to note that some diamonds and rubies have been discovered with the platinum in the ,tulameen deposits4 ,they are of good quality1 but of small size1 and occur in a matrix of dunite#bh p4 #baj4 ,american capital dominates the platinum industry in the district4 ,in #aiah1 at the request of the ,imperial ,munitions ,board1 special investigations in this area were undertaken by members of the ,geological ,survey1 and several prospecting bores were put down to bedrock4 ,full reports of the work done are not yet available1 but it is understood that the results are considered to be promising1 and to warrant further examination of the district#bi p4 #dbi4 ,platinum was in #aiah discovered at ,franklin ,camp1 near ,grand ,forks1 ,b4,c41 in the 8,black ,lead10 so-called1 which is a mixture of augite1 #geac per cent42 orthoclase and microcline1 #agjf per cent42 hornblende1 #adg per cent42 and magnetite1 #fjf per cent41 as determined by microscopic measurements on a typical specimen1 with accessory minerals1 chalcopyrite1 bornite and apatite4 ,a sample of chalcopyrite assayed #jch oz4 crude platinum per ton4 ,samples of the 8,black ,lead0 assayed from #jjb to #jag oz4 per ton#ca4 ,at ,burnt ,basin1 on the ,mother ,lode claim1 an auriferous quartz vein carries platinum1 in amounts varying from a trace to #jbe oz4 per ton4 ,the quartz also contains chalcopyrite1 pyrite1 galena1 sphalerite and molybdenite#ca4 ,native platinum in small quantities has been found associated with gold in the following localities3 ,tranquille ,river1 ,fraser ,river1 ,rock ,creek1 ,yale ,district1 ,north ,thompson and ,clearwater ,rivers4 ,it has also been reported to occur in a dyke across the ,kootenay ,river upon the ,granite ,poorman ,mining ,company's property a few miles from ,nelson#cb4 ,at ,siwash ,creek1 in the ,tulameen district1 small flakes of platinum1 associated with chromite1 often occur in shear zones in granite4 ,dredging for gold and platinum is being carried on1 on the ,peace ,river1 ,north ,british ,columbia4 ,according to ,j4 ,b4 ,hobson the heavy concentrate produced on the ,consolidated ,caribo hydraulic mine at ,quesnel1 contains1 besides gold and silver1 platinum1 palladium and osmiridium1 one analysis giving a total value of #c1hgc per ton4 ,the gold and silver being non-amalgamable are probably included in particles of pyrite and galena1 whilst the platinum metals are found as minute grains or are enclosed in particles of chromite and magnetite4 ,a system of 8under-currents0 is being installed to properly dress this concentrate#cc4 ,in #aiag the recorded output of crude platinum from the placer gravels of the ,tulameen district in ,british ,columbia was #eg oz41 that for #aiah being #ci oz4 ,for the five years preceding #ahib1 this district produced on an average over #a1ejj oz4 per year4 ,manitoba4--,samples of gold ore containing platinum have been obtained in the ,star ,lake district of south-eastern ,manitoba#cd4 ,analyses of the samples from different auriferous reefs were made by the ,department of ,mines in #aiag1 and yielded platinum varying in amount from a trace to #ja oz4 per ton4 ,in addition to gold and platinum1 the veins carry small quantities of galena1 zinc blende1 pyrite1 chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite in a gangue consisting mainly of quartz4 ,platinum is reported to occur in auriferous quartz veins in several mines and prospects in ,le ,pas district2 a picked sample of ore from the mine of the ,northern ,manitoba and ,development ,company1 assayed #di gold and #ag platinum per ton#ce4 ,mc,cafferty's ,prospect1 about #e miles away1 contains platiniferous quartz4 ,nova ,scotia4--,according to ,e4 ,r4 ,faribault in ,summary ,report1 #aiah1 ,part ,f1 of the ,canadian ,department of ,mines1 platinum has been found1 mostly in traces1 in some of the old gold districts of ,halifax county and1 lately1 in the tungsten concentrates of the ,moose ,river mines4 ,so far1 all occurrences are in quartz veins in the lower quartzite and slate formation of the gold-bearing series of the ,atlantic coast4 ,the platiniferous mineral is supposed to be sperrylite1 with which is associated arsenopyrite4 ,ontario4--,sudbury is one of the few places where platinum is profitably extracted from deposits in situ4 ,the metal1 which was first discovered in this region in #ahhi1 is found mostly in combination with arsenic1 as sperrylite associated mainly with chalcopyrite in the well-known copper and nickel-bearing deposits of the district4 ,the origin of the ore bodies has not yet been settled4 ,they are either marginal deposits in1 or off-shoot deposits to1 a norite laceolith1 which has intruded sedimentary rocks1 the ores consisting principally of chalcopyrite1 pyrrhotite1 and pentlandite4 ,metallic platinum1 gold1 silver and palladium occur in the ore1 the last also1 probably1 as an arsenide4 ,the highest platinum content is associated with the highest copper content2 the highest palladium with the highest nickel4 ,according to ,roberts and ,longyear#cf the mean analysis of rocks of from sixteen drill holes gave an average ore content of3 copper1 #aaa per cent42 nickel1 #aie per cent42 silver1 #jbbc oz42 gold1 #jjbb oz42 and metallic platinum1 #jjjfh oz4 per ton4 ,the ore is principally worked for its nickel and copper content1 and yields a large proportion of the world's supply of nickel4 ,the ore is first smelted at the mines1 and a portion of the low-grade matte so produced is then shipped to ,south ,wales for final treatment1 the remainder being sent to the recently-constructed refinery of the ,international ,nickel ,co41 at ,port ,colborne1 ,ontario1 and to the ,united ,states4 ,it was stated in #aijc that this matte contained on the average #abe oz4 of the platinum metals per ton of nickel content of the matte1 of which about #hj per cent4 was extracted#cg p4 #aj4 ,the ,victoria ,mine1 owned by the ,mond ,nickel ,co41 is stated to carry a high percentage of the precious metals1 as is also the ,vermilion ,mine1 although in the latter case the ore body is very small4 ,in #aiag the total output of copper-nickel ore from these deposits amounted to #a1ejf1hbh tons1 of which the ,canadian ,copper ,co4 raised #a1aci1fbi tons1 the ,mond ,nickel ,co4 #cfa1cce tons1 and the ,alexo ,mining ,co4 #e1hfd tons4 ,the nickel content of the ore of the ,canadian ,copper ,co4 was about #be times that of the copper1 whilst the ore mined by the other two companies contained the two metals in approximately equal proportions4 ,the matte produced by the ,alexo ,mining ,co4 is smelted by the ,mond ,nickel ,co4 ,according to the report of the ,royal ,ontario ,nickel ,commission1 the matte produced by the ,canadian ,copper ,co4 in #aiaf was estimated to contain #d1fdj oz4 platinum and #h1dfj oz4 palladium1 corresponding to #jaj oz4 platinum and #jae oz4 palladium per ton of matte1 the ,international ,nickel ,co4 recovering in that year #a1jic oz4 platinum and #beg oz4 allied metals4 ,this company is now reported to have improved its methods of recovery4 ,in #aiah the total matte shipment by the ,canadian ,copper ,co4 is stated to have contained1 among other precious metals1 #h1fgg oz4 platinum and #ac1jaf oz4 palladium#ch4 ,according to information supplied by the ,mond ,nickel ,co41 their nickel residues derived from the refining of the matte are taken over by ,johnson1 ,matthey ,co41 ,ltd4 ,during the years #aiae-ah the residues disposed of were estimated to contain the following amounts of platinum metals3 7,in oz4 troy47 #aiae4aiaf4aiag4aiah4 ,platinum #c1jghc1ghbd1iacd1dfe ,palladium #e1dgd ,iridium and ,rhodium #igc ,messrs4 ,johnson1 ,matthey ,co41 ,ltd41 have kindly supplied the following figures of platinum-extraction from these residues3 ,oz4 troy4 #aiaf #c1gbb #aiag #d1gai #aiah #d1ieh ,the ,british ,america ,nickel ,corporation1 who are developing some large deposits in the same district1 are also erecting a refinery near ,hull on the ,ottawa ,river4 ,it is stated that they will employ the ,hybinette process of electrolytic refining1 and expect to obtain a high recovery of the precious metals#bi p4 #dbe4 ,with gradual improvements in the refining process1 and with the refining of the whole of the matte produced1 instead of a portion only1 as at present1 it seems probable that the production of platinum metals by the three nickel companies may in time exceed #aj1jjj oz4 per annum4 ,the #aiai report of the ,ontario ,bureau of ,mines shows that in #aiah the ,international ,nickel ,co4 treated #fb1bej tons of matte for #fej fine oz4 of platinum1 #ghg oz4 of palladium1 and #dgc oz4 of metals of the rhodium group4 ,this cannot be used as a basis of calculation1 as the proportions are not constant4 ,on the ,quinn claims1 near the ,crsus ,mine1 ,munro ,township1 is auriferous quartz containing platinum4 ,five assays gave a platinum content of value ranging from #ahj to #a1hjj per ton 7with platinum at from #dj to #ej per oz47#ca4 ,the ,abro ,mine in the ,timiskaming district in #aiae shipped between #e1jjj and #f1jjj tons of ore1 containing #jjc oz4 of palladium and platinum per ton4 ,the ore consists of pyrrhotite1 chalcopyrite and pentlandite1 in a gangue of altered peridotite and serpentine#g4 ,yukon ,territory4--,platinum occurs associated with gold in small quantities in most of the tributaries of the ,yukon ,river1 notably at the mouth of the ,hootalinqua ,river1 and in the ,river ,lewis#cg p4 #ab4 ,,newfoundland ,chromite derived from the serpentinized area in the region of ,mount ,cormack1 situated in the central part of the island1 has been found to contain small quantities of platinum#ci4 ,,australasia ,,australia ,the most important occurrences of platinum in the ,commonwealth are at ,fifield and at ,platina1 in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,the outputs of crude platinum in ,australia in recent years were all exported to the ,united ,kingdom as under3 ,year4 ,troy oz4 #aiaj #ccb #aiaa #dgj #aiab #faj #aiac #ddb #aiad #bdd #aiae #ef #aiaf #hb #aiag #bei #aiah #fjg ,note4--,these figures do not include the osmiridium produced in ,tasmania4 ,recent imports of manufactured platinum were as under3 ,oz4 #aiaj #cbj #aiaa #ejd #aiab #cah #aiac #cja #aiad-ae #bbc #aiae-af #hi #aiag-ah #ah ,the question of the refining of platinum in ,australia has been under consideration for some time2 so far the crude material has all been sent to ,england4 ,the outlook for future production of crude platinum in ,australia is not promising1 with the exception of that of ,bald ,hill district1 ,tasmania4 ,new ,south ,wales4--,platinum is obtained at ,platina1 in the ,fifield division1 in the east central part of the ,state1 from a buried gravel channel1 in which it occurs in association with gold and osmiridium4 ,the rocks in the vicinity of the 8leads0 consist chiefly of slates1 but the source of the platinum is not known#d p4 #eeg4 ,these deposits were first exploited in #ahid1 and from that year to #aiah inclusive1 the total output of platinum from ,new ,south ,wales was #ad1fhj oz4#dj4 ,the gravels have yielded amounts of #f dwt4 platinum and #b dwt4 gold per ton1 but according to ,government reports the richer deposits are nearly worked out2 mining operations are carried on with great difficulty1 as there is a great scarcity of water and a deep overburden1 varying from #bj to #hj ft4 in depth4 ,it is estimated that there are #bjj acres of platinum-country available1 sufficiently rich to pay1 were it worked on a large scale with an abundant supply of water#da4 ,a new occurrence has recently been discovered about #a mile distant from the old ,platina deep 8lead10 the platinum being associated with small quantities of gold4 ,the 8lead0 has so far been proved to extend over an area about #a mile in length1 and from #fj to #aej ft4 in width1 the wash varying in depth from a few feet to up to about #hj ft4 ,the pay gravels1 which rest on shales and sandstones of ,silurian and ,devonian age1 intruded by dioritic dykes1 are stated to be from #a to #c ft4 thick4 ,the following analysis is representative of the crude platinum produced3 ,per cent4 ,platinum #geij ,iridium #acj ,rhodium #acj ,palladium trace ,osmiridium #icj ,iron #ajae ,silica #aab #db p4 #ad4 ,platinum is frequently found in beach sand deposits on the coastal border between ,queensland and ,new ,south ,wales1 notably at ,ballina1 close to the mouth of the ,richmond ,river2 at ,evans ,head1 further south2 and at ,currumbin1 near the mouth of the ,tweed ,river4 ,in this locality black sands containing platinum1 associated with gold1 cassiterite1 monazite and osmiridium1 accumulate on the beaches during stormy weather4 ,at ,ballina and ,evans ,head1 the platinum predominates over the gold1 but at ,currumbin1 further south1 the gold is in the greater quantity#d p4 #eeg4 ,the minerals are present in a very finely-divided state1 and separation of the valuable metals is a matter of considerable difficulty4 ,the problem does not appear to have been satisfactorily solved up to the present time1 although promising experiments have recently been carried out with screening and magnetic treatment4 ,the deposits are1 unfortunately1 very low grade4 ,the sources of the metals are uncertain4 ,the platinum and osmiridium appear to have been derived from the western edge of the ,clarence coal measures1 which now exist only as fragmentary outcrops4 ,the gold1 tin and monazite may have their origin in granite and other rocks of the ,new ,england tableland4 ,chromite is present in some of the ,currumbin sands1 which suggests serpentine as the probable source of platinum#d p4 #eeg4 ,other associations are zircon1 garnet1 tourmaline1 ilmenite1 magnetite and sapphire4 ,in the ,broken ,hill district1 principally at ,little ,darling and ,mulga ,springs ,creek1 platinum has been proved to extend over a considerable area in a copper-nickel gossan1 closely associated with gabbro1 decomposed gneisses and schists4 ,in addition to platinum1 the amounts of which vary from a trace to #af dwt4 per ton1 gold1 silver1 iridium and palladium are also present#dc4 ,the deposits bear some resemblance to the nickel deposits of ,sudbury1 ,ontario1 and it is thought that here1 too1 the platinum occurs combined with arsenic1 as sperrylite4 ,queensland4--,in addition to the beach deposits between ,southport and ,currumbin1 described above1 platinum has been found in ,coopooroo and ,wairamba ,creeks on the ,russell ,goldfield1 near ,innisfail2 also in the ,lucknow and ,alma 8reefs0 of the ,gympie ,goldfield1 where it is present in quartz lodes with native gold1 and arsenopyrite1 the accompanying rocks consisting of slates1 alternating with volcanic tuffs and conglomerates2 the metal also exists in the neighbouring gold-bearing alluvial deposits of ,brickfield ,gully4 ,another occurrence of alluvial platinum is known at the head of the ,don ,river in ,central ,queensland#d p4 #eef4 ,victoria4--,platinum occurs in the ,walhalla ,copper ,mine1 where it is associated in a hornblende-diorite lode-formation with copper pyrites1 gold and silver4 ,the ore is stated to contain from #b to #g dwt4 platinum per ton4 ,in the ,thompson ,river ,copper ,mine platinum is found in a hornblendic rock rich in chalcopyrite4 ,tasmania4--,iridosmine has been produced from the ,bald ,hill district near ,waratah1 in the north-western part of the state1 since #aijj1 the metal being obtained from placer deposits in ,nineteen ,mile ,creek and its tributaries1 ,linger-and-,die1 ,mc,ginty's and ,barren ,creeks1 and from ,savage ,river4 ,it has been located in situ in the rocks of ,bald ,hill1 principally in serpentine1 but also with chalcedony and opaline silica in lode-formations4 ,in the former case1 it is associated with magnetite1 pyrite1 pyrrhotite1 nickel and gold4 ,the iridosmine in the placer deposits is sometimes coated with iron oxide1 and is also at times found enclosed in chromite4 ,the following analysis in percentages1 made at the ,imperial ,institute1 is typical3 osmium1 #egji2 iridium1 #cchj2 platinum1 #jcg2 ruthenium1 #hai2 palladium1 #jba2 gold1 #jjd2 iron1 #jcj2 copper1 trace4 ,other localities in ,tasmania at which osmiridium has been located are ,heazlewood ,river1 ,whyte ,river1 ,castray ,river1 ,huskisson ,river1 ,wilson ,river and ,boyes ,river2 also the ,badger gold diggings1 west of ,savage ,river1 and the ,salisbury goldfield near ,beaconsfield4 ,the following table gives the recent annual output of osmiridium in ,tasmania3 ,year4 oz4 ,value 7troy74 in 4 #aiaj #abj #ecj #aiaa #bgbi #a1ahh #aiab #gghh #e1gdb #aiac #a1bfaf #ab1jaf #aiad #a1jahh #aj1jgf #aiae #bdg #a1eha #aiaf #bbbb #a1hii #aiag #ccba #d1hih #aiah #a1fjg #aiai #a1ffig #ci1fad ,south ,australia4--,in the north-east part of the ,state traces of platinum have been recognized by analysis as occurring in the outcrop of a lode near ,boolcoomatta4 ,further information on this occurrence is not available4 ,papua4--,osmiridium1 associated with small amounts of gold only1 is known to occur as alluvial in the neighbourhoods of various serpentine areas2 in the ,lakekamu district1 in flaky form2 in the ,yodda ,valley1 in appearance similar to native bismuth2 and in other places in shot-like granules#dd4 ,,new ,,zealand ,platinum is only obtained commercially in ,new ,zealand from the ,orepuki district of ,southland1 where it is produced by the ,round ,hill ,gold ,mining ,company as a by-product in the washing of auriferous gravels4 ,according to information recently supplied by the ,mines ,department1 the annual output of crude platinum for the last ten years has averaged #cj oz41 but in view of the recent falling-off of the gold production in this locality1 the prospects of any increase in the output of platinum seem small4 ,in ,south ,island the presence of platinum has been reported on the ,thames ,river in quartz lodes1 in a region of serpentine and diorite1 and in a pyritic lode near the ,taramakau ,river in the district of ,westland1 in close proximity to sheets of altered magnesian eruptive rocks#d p4 #eeg4 ,the platinum in the latter case occurs in association with silver1 in the proportions of about #g parts of the latter to #a of the former1 together with pyrite and limonite4 ,samples taken from the lode have been stated to have an average content of #c dwt4 #h gr4 platinum per ton#de4 ,other localities in ,south ,island where platinum has been located are the ,taraka and ,george ,rivers1 which flow into ,awarua ,bay2 the east coast of ,otago1 in beach sands and river gravels2 the ,clutha ,river2 and the ,nelson gold district4 ,concentrates containing up to #be per oz4 per ton are reported to have been obtained from the ,parapara sub-division4 ,platinum in ,new ,zealand is often associated with gold1 and the deposits are in many cases similar to those of the ,urals4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,sources ,,of ,,supply ,,of ,,platinum ,,metals 7b7 ,,foreign ,,countries ,,europe ,,france ,platinum metals are not produced in ,france1 but platinum is known to occur at several places4 ,in the ,department of ,charaste and ,deux ,sevres it occurs associated with pyrite and limonite2 in the ,valle du ,drae1 ,hautes ,alpes1 above ,chatalard1 platinum occurs in tetrahedrite in metamorphic limestone2 at ,st4 ,arey1 near ,la ,mure 7,isere71 it occurs in bournonite1 in dolomite and altered limestone4 ,platinum is found in argentiferous tetrahedrite and malachite near ,presles1 in ,savoy#ca4 ,as mentioned below1 under ,russia 7p4 #cf71 ,france controlled the production of platinum in ,russia before the war through the ,compagnie ,internationale du ,platine1 due to its extensive ownership of platinum deposits and its contracts with ,russian companies4 ,the accompanying table gives a summary of recent imports1 with countries of origin1 as far as can be obtained4 ,imports ,recent imports in kilograms 7#dbhg troy oz47 into ,france of crude1 manufactured and scrap platinum1 were as under3 ,from ,united ,russia4,germany4,serbia4,switzerland4 ,year4,kingdom4 #aiaj #dhj #e1hgh #a1ajd #bjd #he #aiaa #ege #f1hie #hbb #ghb #abg #aiab #e1ded #bhc #add #aiac #gh #d1ejj #bbj #b #aiad #fc #b1eie #afa #aiae ,nodetailsavailable #aiaf #aiag #aiah ,from ,austria-,hungary4 ,other ,total4 ,year4 countries4 #aiaj #dd #g1gie #aiaa #aib #i1cic #aiab #bga #hd #f1bce #aiac #aga #ig #e1jfg #aiad #ajb #b1iba #aiae ,no detailsavailable #ahh #aiaf #egh #aiag #egh #aiah #da ,,germany ,platinum has recently been discovered in ,westphalia1 deposits having been found in ,freudenberg1 ,siegen1 ,meschede1 in ,siegerland1 ,sauerland and ,westerwald4 ,it occurs in a series of fragmental deposits1 including principally slates and graywackes1 the latter composed of quartz and slate1 with an argillaceous cement2 it is also occasionally found in the recemented fragments which are presumably derived from the basal granite formation1 underlying the platinum series#df p4 #fjf4 ,the beds are believed to be of marine origin1 and are probably of ,silurian and ,devonian age4 ,the platinum1 which is present in a very finely-disseminated state1 is associated with chromium1 nickel1 arsenic1 antimony1 iron1 copper1 lead1 zinc1 silver and gold1 some of which appear to have been introduced by solutions at a stage subsequent to sedimentation4 ,krusch investigated these deposits in #aiad1 and is of opinion1 in view of the similarity of the chemical associations with those of the ,ural and ,british ,columbian formations1 that the original source of the platinum was peridotite1 or other form of basic igneous rock4 ,a number of samples1 analysed by ,krusch1 yielded values ranging from a trace to #cce gm4 7#a oz4 troy7 platinum per ton#dg4 ,at the outbreak of war the capital necessary for exploitation had not been raised1 but in #aiah it was stated that treatment works had been erected at ,wenden#b4 ,as mentioned above1 about #be per cent4 of the ,russian output of platinum before the war was refined in ,germany1 and it is known that ,german capital was helping to finance the pre-war platinum operations of that country#b4 ,imports ,the following is a summary of imports into ,germany of crude1 manufactured and scrap platinum in kilograms 7#dbhg troy oz47 for the years #aiaj-ac3 ,from ,united ,france4,austria-,hungary4,russia4,unite d ,other ,total4 ,year4,kingdom4 ,states4countries4 #aiaj #dai #hdf #bfe #bgh #abg #baf #b1aea #aiaa #bib #hie #dea #aij #bee #bci #b1cbb #aiab #deh #fdb #eed #bgb #dh #cjg #b1bha #aiac #aia #fhc #bcc #dea #bcf #bcj #b1jbd ,,russia ,up to the year #aiad1 ,russia produced about #ic per cent4 of the total world's supply of platinum1 the metal being derived from extensive deposits of alluvial sands in the ,ural ,mountains4 ,the platiniferous area extends approximately #hj miles along the central part of the chain of mountains in the ,government of ,perm1 and along the eastern slope1 the principal centre of the placers being at ,goroblagodat1 and on the western side at ,nizhni-,tagilsk4 ,platinum was first discovered in the ,urals in #ahbc1 and exploitation commenced in the following year4 ,in #ahbh the ,russian ,government instituted platinum coinage1 which consisted of #c-rouble1 #f-rouble and #ab-rouble pieces1 the coins containing about #b per cent4 iridium4 ,a #c-rouble piece weighed #ajca gm41 and the price paid by the ,government to the producers was #afs4 #aj;d4 per oz42 but owing to the subsequent rise in value of platinum1 the coinage was discontinued in #ahdedh p4 #fjf4 ,the platinum industry began to develop in #ahfi1 the price at that time being under #e per lb4#di1 but from that year onwards the value1 although subject to considerable fluctuations1 has steadily increased4 ,it has been estimated that since the beginning of the industry in ,russia1 about #f1jjj1jjj oz4 of platinum have been recovered from #cj1jjj1jjj to #dj1jjj1jjj c4 yd4 of gravel4 ,as was explained in ,chapter ,i1 the official statistics of the ,russian output of crude platinum are considered to be low4 ,in the following table1 the estimated and official figures of production are given for the years #aiaj-ag3 ,in oz4 troy ,year4 ,estimated output4 ,official output4 #aiaj #cjj1jjj #agf1ccd #aiaa #bhj1jjj #ahg1jjh #aiab #cjj1jjj #agg1eif #aiac #bge1jjj #aeg1gce #aiad #bdj1jjj #aeg1ahb #aiae #abd1jjj #aai1ghi #aiaf #ij1jjj #gh1fhb #aiag #ej1jjj ,in the official statistics the ,ural mining district is divided into five principal areas4 ,the following table shows the annual outputs by districts in recent years3 ,in oz4 troy ,district4 #aiaj4 #aiaa4 #aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 #aiae4 #aiaf4 ,south ,verkhotur #aaa1jgjaba1cadaah1jdhajb1eebajf1ebh #hj1iheeb1cec ,perm #df1jfh #df1hhe #ch1gji #cf1hgh #ch1jej #bb1iifad1hah ,north ,verkhotur #aa1hfb #aa1cfb #ac1aff #aa1cgf #g1dbf #ab1bhh #i1ifh ,tcherdynsk #f1cei #e1jaf #f1afb #f1aji #d1gec #c1eah #a1edb ,south ,ekaterinburg #igb #a1jdj #a1chb #haf #dba #b ,total #agf1ccaahe1fagagg1dfgaeg1gcaaeg1aghaai1 ghigh1fha ,exports of crude platinum from ,russia for the years #aiaa-ae were as follows#ae p4 #ibc3 ,to4 #aiaa4 #aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 #aiae4 ,great ,britain #a1jec #b1ajg #a1ehj #ff1hhd ,france #afh1ebgafi1ehjadj1fae #fd1ggh #g1ijj ,germany #ea1fab #ej1eeh #eh1deh #ag1ijf ,united ,states #e1bff ,total #bba1aibbbb1bdebjj1fec #hb1fhd #hj1jej ,the platinum industry in ,russia has always been mainly in the hands of a few large firms of foreign countries4 ,for a long time ,johnson1 ,matthey ,co41 ,ltd4 controlled the greater part of the trade4 ,in #ahih the ,socit ,anonyme de l',industrie du ,platine was established in ,paris1 and1 by purchasing a large number of mines1 and leasing others1 was able to secure a large share in the control of the industry4 ,the refining of the crude platinum has been1 and still is1 almost entirely in foreign hands1 all but approximately #b per cent4 of the entire output being refined abroad4 ,in #aiae it was reported that the construction of a refinery at ,ekaterinburg was completed1 which was to be placed under ,government control4 ,the principal platinum-refining works were formerly those of ,johnson1 ,matthey ,co41 ,ltd41 of ,england1 but early in the eighties this firm was1 to a certain extent1 superseded by ,heraeus ,co41 of ,hanau1 ,germany4 ,they1 in turn1 in #aiji1 were compelled to give first place to the ,socit ,anonyme de l',industrie du ,platine1 of ,paris1 which became the chief centre of the platinum-refining industry1 a position which it held until the outbreak of war4 ,france at that time had a monopoly of #ij per cent4 of the ,russian production4 ,this foreign control had an unfavourable effect on the industry1 and in #aiac the ,russian ,government passed a law forbidding the exportation of crude platinum4 ,in ,july #aiae1 exportation was again permitted1 subject to a #cj per cent4 ad valorem export tax1 and at about the same time an order was issued forbidding the exportation of raw platinum in quantities valued above #ejj roubles 7#ec71 the price of the metal to be fixed by the ,state#ae p4 #ibc4 ,in ,february #aiag the ,government further enacted an order prohibiting the importation of drawn and spun platinum4 ,it was hoped by these means to encourage the establishment of domestic refineries4 ,in #aiaf the ,government fixed the price at #af #ajs4 per oz4 ,in ,march #aiag it was reported that the miners were not satisfied1 and later sales were reported up to #bb per oz4 of crude metal1 #hc per cent4 fine#ej p4 #ag4 ,according to ,n4 ,vissotzki#ea1 the platiniferous belt of the ,urals1 geologically speaking1 consists of four parallel bands striking1 roughly1 north and south2 the westernmost of these1 made up of crystalline schists1 forms the watershed between ,europe and ,asia4 ,the next band to the east comprises olivine- and mica-gabbros1 diallage-peridotites1 diorites and altered syenites--all of which have been erupted from a great depth4 ,the third band is made up of ,lower ,devonian sedimentary rocks1 shattered and buried in places by diabasic eruptive rocks4 ,the eastern portion of this band is formed of eruptive rocks of deep-seated origin which may be gneissose granites4 ,the fourth1 or most easterly band1 is composed of ancient rocks1 which have been eroded by the advancing sea of ,lower ,tertiary age4 ,the area emerged from the waves as early as the ,carboniferous period2 consequently the accumulation of platinum1 and in some localities of gold1 in the surface-deposits1 were not swept away4 ,they were concentrated later on in the alluvia--perhaps at the time of the most intense glaciation1 probably in the ,pleistocene4 ,throughout the ,urals1 the primary source of the platinum is associated with the eruptive basic rocks1 among which the platiniferous and auriferous dunite forms three great masses4 ,the principal outcrops of platiniferous dunite and platinum-bearing alluvia are connected with the second of the four parallel bands mentioned above4 ,towards the south1 the band becomes discontinuous1 and finally dies out altogether4 ,here a few outcrops of platiniferous olivine-rock contain a small percentage of platinum1 with osmiridium and other members of the group associated with it4 ,the two principal platinum-producing districts are in the central ,urals1 and are3 7#a7 ,the ,shuvaloff ,estates1 ,isov district1 on the ,river ,iss1 near ,goroblagodat4 7#b7 ,the ,demidoff ,estates1 ,nizhni-,tagilsk district1 on the ,martian ,river in the ,south ,verkhotur district4 ,prior to #ahgi the latter field furnished the larger part of the platinum1 but since then the former has been the most productive1 and now supplies about #hj per cent4 of the total output4 ,the whole of the platinum is derived from gravel deposits1 which are usually auriferous1 and associated with dunite4 ,the ,isov district4--,platinum is concentrated in the channels of the ,rivers ,iss1 ,veeya and ,tura4 ,in the north of this region it is obtained from the ,sosnovki1 ,kytlymi1 and ,mala ,kosva ,rivers2 further north again1 platinum occurs with gold in the ,vagran ,river1 and in the system comprising the ,rivers ,lobva1 ,niasma1 ,lialia1 ,aktai1 ,emerlo and ,talits1 the gold here being predominant4 ,other sources of supply of platinum and gold in this district are on the ,ivdevl ,river4 ,in the south of the area1 platinum deposits are worked on the tributaries of the ,tagil1 ,salda1 ,imiaun and ,tura ,rivers#ae p4 #iba4 ,the ,nizhni-,tagilsk district4--,the richest placers occur in the valleys of the ,visim1 ,martian1 ,sisim1 ,chaush and ,cherna ,rivers4 ,further south1 platinum is found with gold in the gravels of the ,nevian1 ,verkhne-,iset1 ,bilenibaev1 ,alapaev1 ,sysert1 ,kyshtym and ,mias areas1 and also in the ,tanalyk1 ,sakmar and ,urtazym ,rivers4 ,other localities of smaller importance are the ,nikolae ,pavdinsk and ,rastes districts in the northern ,urals1 and the ,systersk mining district4 ,the placers are derived from country rock1 made up of serpentine gabbro1 diallage and olivenite1 the principal associated minerals being quartz1 zircon1 ilmenite1 chromite1 magnetite1 spinel1 native gold and palladium4 ,gold is present in the concentrate in very variable quantities1 and sometimes contains silver1 but the latter generally occurs in combination with palladium4 ,the crude platinum usually includes some iridium1 rhodium1 ruthenium and iron4 ,the basic igneous rocks1 from which the platinum is derived1 are exposed in the form of discontinuous elliptical outcrops near the summits of the ,urals1 particularly on the western side of the mountains4 ,these outcrops attain larger dimensions in the northern and central ,urals than further south4 ,the process of concentration of platinum in the gravels has clearly extended over a very long period of time1 and it is probable that the richer gravels have been reconcentrated1 perhaps several times#eb p4 #bii4 ,platinum nuggets are rarely found1 but three of large size were discovered in the ,nizhni-,tagilsk district1 their weights respectively being #be lb41 #ba lb41 and #aa lb4 ,duparc1 in a brief description of the geology of the deposits1 states that they are essentially of magmatic origin4 ,the structure of the rock is in the nature of concentric bandings2 the felspathic rocks at the outer edge gradually grade into the intermediate stage of pyroxenes1 until the central dunite is reached1 composed of olivine and chromite4 ,the richness of the gravels is in proportion to the size of the dunite deposits1 and to the extent of erosion of these rocks4 ,according to ,duparc1 platinum ore derived from a pyroxenite source usually contains high percentages of platinum and palladium1 but low percentages of osmium and iron4 ,the same writer estimated in #aiaf that the reserves were sufficient for about twelve years1 provided that the same methods of working and rate of extraction were employed during that period#ec4 ,the amount of the platinum in the wash is very variable4 ,the average yield was formerly over oz4 per c4 yd41 but latterly1 owing to the gradual exhaustion of the richer deposits1 the average returns have not exceeded from #b to #c dwt4 per c4 yd4 ,the crude metal assays about #hc per cent4 platinum1 from #e to #g per cent4 osmium and iridium1 with small amounts of ruthenium1 palladium1 and gold1 and about #aj per cent4 impurities1 mostly iron and copper#ed4 ,the thickness of the pay gravels varies from #c to #f ft41 and about #d ft4 may be taken as the average width1 the overburden running from a few to over #fj ft4 ,the extent of the productive area is about #agj sq4 miles1 and from #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj miners were employed before the war#d p4 #eeh4 ,it has been noticed that the platinum deposits are characterized by their uniformity1 of course not being so sinuous in direction as gold deposits4 ,in former times mining was entirely carried on by primitive methods with hand labour1 but the utilization of dredges has steadily increased1 since their introduction in #aijj4 ,in #aiji1 #ac per cent4 of the total production was obtained by dredging1 and in #aiad this percentage rose to one-third of the total output4 ,the season during which dredges may be employed extends on the average from the middle of ,april to the middle of ,october4 ,in the ,south ,verkhotur and ,perm areas dredges have been used in the large enterprises2 but at the small mines the working is very primitive1 and carried on largely with the help of starateli1 or tributers4 ,in #aiad a modern #g c4 ft4 dredge was installed on the ,nikolaie-,pavdinsk ,estate4 ,in mines where dredging is not in use1 the gravels are mined by open cuts1 or1 if the overburden is thick1 shafts are employed4 ,the former method is much preferred1 both on account of its relative cheapness1 and also because it is possible to obtain a better clean-up of the bedrock4 ,the usual types of stationary plant in use include the botchka1 or conical revolving screen2 the tchaska1 or puddling machine1 with a bottom of perforated iron plates2 and the boronka1 or conical screen1 on which the stones and clay are turned over by a double rake#ee4 ,the gold is removed by amalgamation with mercury in wood1 iron or porcelain bowls4 ,special methods are in use in certain parts of ,russia for working the deposits during the winter4 ,the workings are allowed to freeze1 and the frozen ground is mined after being partially thawed by means of wood fires4 ,the method is simple1 but care must be taken to ensure that the thawing does not proceed too far1 otherwise the ground collapses1 and the workings become flooded4 ,the method is suitable for depths to #cj ft41 and in localities where the snowfall is comparatively slight4 ,latest reports from ,russia indicate that no dredges are now working there1 the platinum being produced by hand methods only4 ,some interesting experiments were recently carried out by ,v4 ,n4 ,chorzhevski in the ,nizhni-,tagilsk district1 with a view to testing the commercial possibility of mining platinum in situ4 ,the metal here occurs1 in association with chrome iron ore1 in dunite rock1 which in this region extends over an area of #aa sq4 miles4 ,the platinum appears to be present in quantities directly proportional to the amount of chromite in the rock4 ,the dunite is first ground under runners2 the chromite slack is separated from it2 and after this has undergone a second grinding1 the metal is separated by washing#ef4 ,an experimental test1 carried out in ,march #aiag1 is stated to have produced over #bjj oz4 platinum from #i1gbj lb4 chromite slack4 ,another experiment with #c1fjj lb4 of grey slack1 8or fines10 consisting chiefly of undecomposed dunite obtained from the dredges1 is reported to have yielded oz4 of platinum4 ,lapland4--,platinum occurs associated with chromite and diamonds1 in alluvial deposits on the ,ivalo ,river4 ,it is believed to be derived from serpentine rock1 of which the neighbouring country is largely composed#d p4 #eef4 ,finland4--,platinum has been found in the south in a lode-formation containing quartz1 siderite1 calcite and dolomite4 ,gold and carbonate of copper are also present in small quantities4#d p4 #eeg4 ,,platinum ,,currency ,in a dispatch to the ,great ,powers on ,february #bf1 #aibj1 the ,soviet ,government promised to withdraw the decree annulling ,russia's foreign debt1 to pay arrears of interest1 and giving as a guarantee to an ,anglo-,american syndicate certain important platinum and silver-mining concessions1 in return for which the abandonment of intervention in ,russia's internal affairs was demanded4 ,to be used in payment of foreign purchases1 the ,government was about to issue 8platinum0 credit notes of #ej1 #ajj1 #ejj1 and #e1jjj roubles1 the issue to be limited to #fe1jjj1jjj roubles1 and backed by platinum reserves of #cg1ejj1jjj roubles4 ,the ,government would be ready to convert the platinum reserves into coin if required#eg4 ,,spain ,promising deposits of platinum have recently been reported at ,ronda1 in the province of ,malaga4 ,domingo de ,orueta1 a ,government geologist1 having noticed the similarity of the geology of this district to that of the platiniferous deposits of the ,urals1 proceeded1 a few years ago1 to explore the area systematically1 and was soon rewarded1 in the discovery of the metal4 ,the deposits1 which are alluvial1 extend along the ,verde and ,guadaiza rivers1 and are derived from serpentine and peridotite rocks1 the latter composed principally of rhombic pyroxene1 with some spinel and some dunite4 ,chromite occurs in association with the platinum4 ,the pay gravels contain about #h gr4 platinum per ton1 and are stated to have an average thickness of #e ft41 the depth of overburden in the ,guadaiza area1 where apparently the richer gravels are found1 being about #cc ft41 as compared with #di ft4 in the ,verde locality#aj p4 #edg4 ,the ,spanish ,government have taken over the exploitation of these deposits1 and no public prospecting1 without ,government permission1 is allowed4 ,platinum is known to exist in a number of other localities in ,spain1 especially in the northern districts2 but so far as is known1 it occurs in very small quantities of no commercial importance4 ,the metal has been recognized in the following rivers3 ,minho1 ,luna1 ,sil1 ,orbigo1 ,gallego1 ,cinca ,darro and ,lower ,jenil1 where it occurs in the concentrate sands1 accompanied by magnetite1 ilmenite1 zircon and1 frequently1 gold#eh4 ,,asia ,,armenia ,platinum1 in association with gold1 is reported to occur in the district of ,batum and ,sasun1 on the ,charokh ,river#df p4 #faj4 ,,borneo ,platinum was discovered in south-eastern ,borneo in #ahca1 in the gravels of ,gunung ,lawack1 but for a long time the natives were ignorant of its value4 ,in recent years it has been obtained on a small scale as a by-product in the process of gold-washing1 carried on in the province of ,tanah-,laut1 in the south-eastern extremity of the island#ei4 ,the deposits occur in streams1 which rise in the ,bobaris ,mountains1 where the country rocks are composed of schists and gneisses1 intruded by serpentine gabbro and diorite dykes#eb p4 #bih4 ,platinum has1 however1 not yet been located in situ4 ,in addition to gold1 the platinum is associated with osmiridium in the gravels1 the two former being frequently found intimately intergrown4 ,the platinum content of the native metal has been found by a number of analyses to vary from about #eg to #hc per cent41 and that of osmiridium from #jah to #ajjg per cent4#fj4 ,the rare mineral laurite1 a sulphide of ruthenium and osmium1 was discovered in these deposits4 ,according to ,l4 ,hundeshagen#fa1 the platinum occurring in the diamond placers of western and south-eastern ,borneo is in the form of thin scales1 ranging from #ja to #aj mm4 in length4 ,these platinum scales contain from #ch to #de per cent4 of copper1 evidently as an alloy4 ,,china ,in the ,uryanchai district of ,mongolia1 situated on the ,russian border1 deposits of auriferous gravels have been worked on a fairly extensive scale for some time past4 ,it was announced a few years ago that platinum and iridium had been found in appreciable quantities1 associated with the gold1 some large platinum nuggets being obtained from this region in #aiaa4 ,although no attempt at commercial development has yet been made1 the prospects of profitable extraction appear to be hopeful4 ,extensive outcrops of olivine rocks have been noticed in the vicinity1 and the nature of the occurrence is stated to bear some resemblance to that of the platiniferous fields of the southern ,urals#h p4 #ajg4 ,,japan ,platinum occurs in the ,yubari-garva1 ,pechau and other rivers in the province of ,hokkaido4 ,it is also found in ,nishi-,mikawa1 province of ,sado4 ,in the former locality gold and iridosmine are associated with the platinum1 and in the latter gold and iron sands are present#fb4 ,in no case has the metal been traced to its parent source4 ,in the ,hokkaido deposits the average quantity of platinum present is only #b or #c per cent4 of the iridosmine content4 ,it is possible that further exploration in these areas will reveal occurrences of greater importance#i p4 #eig4 ,,sumatra ,platinum is obtained at ,sipongi1 where it occurs with wollastonite and grossularite in limestones and schists1 near intrusions of granodiorite and augite diorite4 ,gold is also present4 ,l4 ,hundeshagen#fa is of opinion that the present ore deposit was originally a layer1 or a big lens1 of limestone embedded in the old schists1 which has1 by apophyses of granite1 been altered into garnet and wollastonite1 being at the same time1 or very soon afterwards1 mineralized by hot solutions carrying copper1 gold1 platinum1 etc4 ,a sample of slightly decomposed wollastonite with no copper1 or only minute traces of that metal1 proved to be richest in platinum1 the assay showing #f gm4 of platinum per #a1jjj kg41 while samples with #b to #aj per cent4 of bornite and malachite contained only traces of platinum2 and none could be detected in auriferous garnet1 poor in wollastonite4 ,about #aj to #be metres from the outcrop the concentrated river sand shows small particles of whitish crystalline gold and rounded grains of white platinum1 the latter varying from #ja to #jc mm4 in size4 ,,africa ,,congo ,,free ,,state ,in the ,katanga district1 platinum and palladium have been reported to occur in certain alluvial gravels1 accompanied by gold and silver4 ,one sample from this locality is stated to have yielded the following amounts per metric ton3 #cd gr4 platinum1 #abc gr4 gold1 #hc gr4 silver4 ,it has also been located in situ in sandstones containing gold4 ,,madagascar ,platinum is produced on a small scale as a by-product in alluvial gold mining on the ,vatana ,river1 near the village of ,ambia1 in the ,vatomandry district4 ,traces of the metal have also been found in auriferous gravels in the regions of ,fenerive1 ,marolambo1 and ,vandrozo1 over an area extending along the eastern side of the island for a length of about #dej miles4 ,the platinum is apparently derived from the decomposition of pegmatite4 ,it is rarely found pure1 being usually coated with iron oxide1 and strongly magnetic1 a property which is utilized in the process of separation from the gold#fc4 ,,north ,,america ,,mexico ,platinum has been shown to exist in the states of ,guerrero and ,hidalgo in deposits of ferrous clays1 which are of undoubted sedimentary origin1 and are apparently laterites4 ,the metal exists in a very finely disseminated state1 invisible to the naked eye#fd4 ,,united ,,states ,at the beginning of the war there was a considerable shortage of platinum in the country1 caused partly by the falling-off of the imports1 and in part owing to the increased demand in connexion with munition manufacture4 ,california is the principal producer of crude platinum1 and in #aiag this ,state supplied #dfj oz4 out of the total output of #fje oz42 with the exception of a few ounces from the ,state of ,washington1 ,alaska and ,oregon provided the balance4 ,a considerable quantity of foreign crude and manufactured platinum is imported annually1 as shown in the following tables3 ,imports of ,manufactured ,platinum into the ,united ,states 7,in troy oz47 #aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 #aiae4 #aiaf4 #aiag4 #aiah4 ,from ,british countries3 ,canada #ggg #ehb #ee #aci #eaa #ccb #bec ,united ,kingdom #ai1afiaf1eie #f1dgf #g1fib #i1eac #c1aie #ceg ,other ,british countries #d #e #be ,total1 ,british countries #ai1iejag1agg #f1eca #g1hca #i1efi #c1ebg #fce ,from foreign countries3 ,france #be1gbcbd1eaiaf1egj #c1dhj #c1cie #b1ejg #had ,germany #bb1fgcbi1jgecj1jae #b1cej #aj ,netherlands #aei ,norway #beh #abj ,russia 7,european7 #hae ,colombia #dhj #bjg #a1ffe ,other foreign countries #fc #eab #eg #c ,total1 foreign countries #dh1cifec1eiddg1feh #f1cgc #d1jgf #b1hia #b1dhb ,grand total1 oz4 #fh1cdfgj1ggaed1ahiad1bjdac1fde #f1dah #c1aag ,imports of ,crude ,platinum into ,united ,states 7,in troy oz47 #aiaa,n4#aiab4 #aiac4 #aiad4 #aiae4 #aiaf4 #aiag4 #aiah4 ,from ,british countries3 ,canada #eed #de #cad #ece #aci #ia #be #gf ,united ,kingdom #bh1aecai1iea #h1cfh #g1jhd #f1hjecf1gjc #a1efa #a1jgc ,other ,british possessions #g #e -- ,total1 ,british countries #bh1gjgbj1jjc #h1fhb #g1fai #f1idicf1gid #a1ehf #a1adi ,from foreign countries3 ,france #dd1ifdaj1agh #g1bhd #d1iba #c1ejgac1jad #eb #aff ,germany #cg1jdaae1ccebc1cdeae1aje #b1cff -- ,norway #bjj #ddb #bhe #cjb -- ,panama #afj #aje #ib #ab #cgb ,brazil #aah #ajc #bg ,chile #i #gff #c ,colombia #e1ejc #f1fbgaj1dfaab1chgac1ababe1ehhba1jgabe1c fe ,other foreign countries #ag #ac #a #ajc #iiba1ffc ,total1 foreign countries #hg1ebecb1afbda1bijcc1jaeai1checi1bagbb1 ajcdg1eif ,grand total1 oz4 #aaf1bcbeb1afedi1igbdj1fcdbf1ccdgf1jaabc 1fhidh1gde ,footnote ,n3 ,including manufactured platinum4 ,in #aiag1 #ch1hca oz4 of refined platinum metals1 of which #g1chd oz4 is believed to have been of domestic origin1 were recovered from alloy with other metals1 and #gb1ahf oz4 were obtained from the refining of scrap metal1 and sweepings4 ,the shortage was also to some extent relieved by the receipt from ,russia early in #aiah of a special consignment of #bj1ibb oz4 of crude platinum1 which had been collected in #aiag by the ,russian-,english ,bank1 and which was taken out of ,russia by ,f4 ,w4 ,draper and delivered to the ,united ,states ,government4 ,it yielded #ag1fdj oz4 platinum1 #fdge oz4 palladium1 #ahbaa oz4 iridium and #dhef oz4 of rhodium1 a total of #hegbe per cent4 of platinum metals1 slightly above the usual #hc per cent4#fe4 ,alaska4--,the first production of platinum in ,alaska was in #aiaf1 in which year about #ab oz4 were shipped to the ,united ,states4 ,in #aiag the output rose to #ha oz41 of which #ff oz4 were obtained from the ,seward ,peninsula and #ae oz4 from the ,copper ,river country4 ,in #aiah an increased output of #ace oz4 was partly obtained from alluvial deposits and partly as a by-product in the treatment of copper ore of the ,salt ,chuck mine1 ,ketchikan#ff4 ,this mine is a palladium-copper mine containing mainly bornite with a little chalcopyrite1 and the alteration products covellite and chalcocite1 the metals present being1 besides copper and palladium1 gold1 silver and platinum4 ,the ratio of palladium to platinum averages #ej to #a4 ,the concentrates produced1 representing about #c per cent4 of the weight of the ore1 contain3 copper1 #dj per cent42 gold1 #ab oz42 silver1 #ec oz42 and platinum metals1 #cae oz4 per ton#fg4 ,in the ,seward ,peninsula the larger portion is derived from placer deposits in ,dyme ,creek1 ,koyuk district1 where the gravels are primarily worked for gold1 #a oz4 platinum being obtained for every #e1jjj worth of gold4 ,in #aiah1 #ef oz4 were recovered4 ,bear ,creek and ,sweepstake ,creek have also supplied small quantities of platinum1 and a little is derived from placers on ,boob ,creek1 in the ,tolstoi district #ej p4 #ai4 ,a possible source of platinum appears to lie in the neighbourhood of the ,red ,mountain1 on the ,kenai ,peninsula4 ,the mountain is composed of fine-grained dunite1 in which abundant chromite occurs4 ,up to #aiag no placer mining had been attempted in this locality#fh4 ,in the ,goodro ,mine1 at the head of ,kasaan ,bay1 ,prince of ,wales ,island1 were found in #aiah both platinum and palladium1 the latter in greater amount1 and carried in bornite and chalcopyrite2 some chalcocite and covellite are present also in the ore4 ,the copper minerals are disseminated through pyroxenite1 and the country rock consists of limestones1 slates and other sedimentaries4 ,the platinum content is small1 but regular1 whilst the amount of palladium present is proportional to the amount of copper1 there being about #a oz4 of palladium to every #h to #ab per cent4 7units7 of copper#fi4 ,a ,bill has been introduced into ,congress providing for the incorporation of the ,united ,states ,platinum ,corporation1 with capital stock of #cj1jjj1jjj1 the object of which is to secure a concession from the ,government of land areas in ,alaska containing platinum sands1 and to pay for such privilege1 as a royalty or subsidy1 one-eighth of the net profits obtained from the working of the concession#gj4 ,california and ,oregon4--,platinum has been proved to exist over a wide area in placer deposits associated with gold1 but the proportion of the platinum metals to the gold is usually small4 ,platinum is obtained from sands in streams rising in the belt of serpentine rocks in central ,california1 and from the serpentine areas in the ,siskiyou and ,trinity counties in the north-west of the ,state1 which continue north-east into ,curry1 ,josephine and ,jackson counties in south-western ,oregon#eb p4 #cjj4 ,the sources of the platinum obtained along the foot-hills of the ,sierra ,nevada were old stream channels on the western slopes of the mountains1 which are now buried beneath lava several hundred feet deep4 ,these 8deep leads0 are also mined by drifting for their gold and platinum contents1 and in a few cases a fair amount of the metals is extracted from them4 ,some platinum is obtained by hydraulic mining1 but this is carried on with difficulty1 owing to the prevailing scarcity of water#ej p4 #ah4 ,platinum occurs in black sands found on the ,pacific coast in the counties of ,coos1 ,curry and ,josephine1 ,oregon and ,del ,norte1 ,california4 ,formerly these beach deposits were rich in platinum1 but at the present small quantities only are obtainable after stormy weather4 ,this area has recently been examined by the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,mines1 but the results were disappointing4 ,in ,california most of the output of platinum is produced by dredging for gold in the ,butte1 ,calaveras and ,stanislaus counties#ej p4 #ai4 ,in ,trinity county mining is in progress on the ,trinity ,river1 about #d miles below ,junction ,city1 by the ,valdos ,dredging ,co4 ,the output from this source for sixteen months in #aiaf-ag was stated to be #a1iej gm4 ,platinum1 with gold and osmiridium1 is also obtained on the ,yuba ,river1 about #ab miles east of ,marysville in ,yuba county1 by the ,yuba ,consolidated ,goldfields#aj p4 #edj4 ,some alluvial platinum has been recovered at the ,bean ,hill ,gold ,mine1 situated #ab miles south-east of ,placerville1 and this locality is at present under investigation#ga4 ,californian metal contains from #be to #de per cent4 iridium4 ,its origin is believed to be the serpentine- and olivine-bearing rocks of the ,sierra ,nevada and other ranges4 ,in ,oregon1 in addition to the platinum obtained from the beach deposits near ,bullards and ,marshfield#ej p4 #bj1 it occurs in placer deposits1 rich in chromite1 in south-west ,oregon1 the principal output being derived from the ,waldo district4 ,platinum also exists in small quantities in streams in the neighbourhood of the ,blue ,mountains1 eastern ,oregon1 where the ,powder ,river ,gold ,dredging ,co41 in ,sumpter district1 produces on a small scale4 ,other platiniferous localities in eastern ,oregon are the ,granite and ,canyon districts1 and ,spanish ,gulch in ,wheeler county#aj p4 #eda4 ,colorado4--,platinum is known to exist in the black sands from ,clear ,creek4 ,its presence has also been reported in the gold gravels of the ,iron ,hill placer at ,como1 where it occurs mechanically combined with magnetite4 ,another occurrence recently discovered is in a vein worked by the ,rollcall ,mining ,co41 near ,villa ,grove4 ,an assay of material from this vein1 taken at a depth of #a1ejj ft41 showed the following values3 gold1 #cb oz42 platinum1 #eji oz42 silver1 #cje oz42 and copper1 #ce per cent4#i p4 #eib4 ,nevada4--,in #aiji the occurrence of platinum in ,clark county was noticed by the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey to be in association with copper1 nickel and cobalt ores from the ,key ,west and ,great ,eastern ,mines1 near ,bunkerville4 ,the ore bodies are contained in pegmatites and basic intrusions1 which carry pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite1 the platinum content in the ore averaging about #jb oz4 per ton#gb4 ,in #aiad platinum1 with palladium1 was discovered at the ,boss ,gold ,mine1 situated #aj miles west of ,goodsprings1 in ,clark county4 ,the mine was originally worked for copper1 and later for its copper and gold contents4 ,the country rock consists of limestone of middle ,carboniferous age1 intruded by sills of quartz monzonite porphyry1 the ore bodies occurring in a fault zone in the limestone4 ,the copper ores comprise mainly chrysocolla and malachite1 and contain traces only of platinum4 ,the gold ore occurs in a fine-grained siliceous matrix1 containing a bismuth-bearing variety of plumbo-jarosite 7a hydrous sulphate of iron and lead74 ,the rare metals are present in the free state1 being apparently alloys of gold1 platinum and palladium#gc4 ,in #aiai the ,boss ,mine shipped #bb1cfe worth of platinum-bearing ore#gd4 ,a plant of #cjj tons monthly capacity has recently been erected at ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 for the treatment of its complex ores1 which average #g per cent4 of copper1 #d per cent4 bismuth1 and #aj oz4 of platinum and palladium1 #jge oz4 of gold1 and #c oz4 of silver per ton4 ,the pulp from ore pulverized to #hj mesh is agitated with sulphuric acid 7#b per cent474 ,the acid solution contains the copper and about #bj per cent4 of the platinum4 ,the copper is precipitated as cement copper1 together with the platinum1 by means of scrap-iron4 ,the remainder of the platinum1 together with the gold and silver1 is first leached with1 and then precipitated from1 a neutral solution of calcium chloride4 ,the inventors of the process claim that approximately #ib per cent4 of the copper1 #if per cent4 of the platinum metals1 gold and silver1 and over #ij per cent4 of the bismuth are recovered by this process#ge4 ,metals of the platinum group have recently been shown to exist in small quantities in the ore of the ,oro ,amigo ,mine1 situated between #a and #b miles north-east of the ,boss ,mine4 ,this ore differs from that of the ,boss ,mine1 in that bismuth and plumbo-jarosite are absent4 ,according to ,h4 ,k4 ,riddell1 the platinum metals content averages from a trace to #ja oz4 per ton of ore4 ,north ,carolina4--,at ,mason ,mountain1 in ,mason county1 platinum occurs associated with rhodonite1 garnet1 biotite and iron sulphides in metamorphic deposits4 ,new ,york4--,it was reported a few years ago that platinum existed in large quantities in alluvial sands of the ,adirondack region4 ,j4 ,m4 ,clarke1 the ,new ,york ,state ,geologist1 examined the occurrence in #aiag1 and found that platinum was present in traces only1 the deposits being of no economic importance #aj p4 #eda4 ,pennsylvania4--,at ,lancaster county platinum is associated with pyrite1 chalcopyrite and galena in mica-schist1 and also at ,boyertown in black ,triassic shale4 ,washington4--,the production of platinum on a small scale has been reported from beach deposits at the mouth of the south fork of the ,lewis ,river near ,yacolt1 and also on beaches southward from the ,straits of ,juan de ,fuca#aj p4 #edb4 ,the metal has also been located at various places in the ,cascade ,mountains in the central part of the ,state4 ,wyoming4--,palladium and platinum1 in the proportion of #c to #a1 are obtained at the ,rambler ,mine1 in ,albany county1 the metals occurring as sperrylite in copper ore1 contained in the kaolinized portion of a dunite dyke1 intrusive into granite gneiss4 ,the ore consists of covellite1 chalcocite1 chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite1 with nickel and gold#gf4 ,it is stated that the platinum and palladium contents vary directly with the percentage of copper present1 a typical assay giving the following values3 copper1 #e per cent42 gold1 #jjb oz42 silver1 #a oz42 palladium1 #jd oz42 and platinum1 #jf oz4 per ton#gg4 ,utah4--,platinum and gold in very fine particles occur in the ,green ,river1 east of ,vernal2 also in the ,colorado ,river1 near ,hite1 below the mouth of the ,green ,river4 ,attempts to mine these deposits have so far proved unsuccessful1 due largely to the inaccessibility of the region1 as well as the finely-divided condition of the platinum#db p4 #aa4 ,,south ,,america ,,brazil ,jos ,vieira do ,couto1 in #ahja1 first pointed out that platinum occurs in the sands of the ,lages ,river1 near ,conceiao1 ,minas ,geraes4 ,according to ,e4 ,hussak#gh1 platinum in that region occurs only in the alluvium of rivers having their rise on the eastern slope of the ,serra do ,espinhao4 ,the platinum is accompanied by black pebbles of quartz-tourmaline rocks1 magnetite1 hematite1 rutile1 octahedrite1 xenotime1 monazite1 senaite1 pseudomorphs of rutile after octahedrite 7captivos71 zircon and gold1 which is sometimes of a copper-red colour 7palladium-gold74 ,palladic gold was formerly called ouro branco 7white gold71 by the miners4 ,at ,condado1 further north on the eastern slope of the same ,serra1 platinum also occurs with very similar associations4 ,the platinum from both localities occurs in bunchy1 mammillated and globular forms1 concave within1 with thin walls1 having a radiated fibrous structure under the microscope4 ,it is frequently in thin foliated crusts1 having the characteristic structure of hematite4 ,it was accurately described by ,wollaston in #ahje and #ahji4 ,hussak thinks the primary formation was an olivine rock1 or gabbro1 while the platinum is secondary1 having been most probably re-deposited from solutions resulting from the decomposition of platiniferous pyrites or of sperrylite 7,pt,as#b71 minerals derived1 possibly1 from the neighbouring schistose quartzite1 or from the overlying conglomeratic quartzite4 ,the platinum of ,condado1 although comparable1 as regards density1 to the ,russian platinum1 is very rich in palladium1 is non-magnetic and contains practically no iron4 ,an analysis by ,g4 ,florence gave the following percentages3 insoluble residue1 #jib2 platinum1 #gcii2 iridium1 #jjh2 palladium1 #bagg2 iron1 #jaj 7 #ifhf71 undetermined 7rhodium and osmium71 #cad4 ,in the ,rio ,abaet1 ,minas ,geraes1 platinum--very different in appearance and chemical composition from that of the ,serra do ,espinhao--occurs in placer deposits1 associated with gold1 diamonds and the following minerals3 rolled pieces of a hydro-phosphate of barium and aluminium 7gorceixite 8marumb0 of miners71 garnet1 almandite1 pyrope1 ashy-blue oxide of titanium 7bagageira--regarded as a good indicator for diamonds71 magnetite1 chromite and calcium-titanate 7perovskite74 ,pyroxene-olivine rock1 a typical picrite-porphyry1 rich in perovskite1 and granular magnetite rocks1 rich in titanium1 have been observed by ,oliveira in the vicinity4 ,hence it is highly probable that the platinum1 as in the ,urals1 came from olivine rocks4 ,the platinum occurs in thin lamin1 strongly rolled1 and1 rarely1 in cubical crystals with the edges visibly rounded4 ,it is strongly magnetic and contains no palladium4 ,minute crystals of osmiridium may occur with those of platinum1 and in the platinum particles are found regular inclusions of osmiridium1 as at ,nizhne ,turinsk1 in the ,urals1 the platinum of which locality it resembles in chemical composition1 magnetic properties and crystalline structure4 ,the following analysis shows the percentage and composition of a general sample3 insoluble residue1 #geg2 iron1 #ifb2 palladium1 trace2 copper1 trace2 platinum metals1 #hbha4 ,the auriferous alluvial of the ,cuyab and ,coxim rivers in the southern part of the ,state of ,matto-,grosso1 also contain some platinum4 ,according to ,luiz ,caetano ,ferraz#gi1 platinum occurs in the ,river ,coxip-,mirim1 where golddredging is carried on1 combined with palladium1 iron1 osmium and iridium in small spherical grains1 flattened on one side1 of a brilliant white colour and strongly magnetic4 ,it is found in alluvial deposits1 associated with various kinds of quartz and oxides of iron1 marcasite1 arsenopyrite1 rutile1 anatase1 almandine1 garnet1 black tourmaline1 monazite1 staurolite1 white topaz1 sphene1 cassiterite1 wolfram1 graphite1 galena and native silver4 ,in the ,state of ,bahia1 platinum has been found in ,ituass1 ,feira de ,s4 ,anna and ,serra do ,assuru1 and it is said to occur at ,so ,bartholomeu1 and in the ,serras do ,pitango and ,macahubes#hj4 ,platinum also occurs in ,brazil as rare disseminations in the gold-bearing jacutinga1 intercalated in the itabirites 7e4g4 at ,gongo ,socco ,mine1 long since abandoned74 ,the jacutinga occurs as narrow bands and nuclei in the itabirites1 containing a high percentage of gold1 with much talc1 clay and pulverulent pyrolusite4 ,as accessory minerals zircon1 rutile1 cassiterite and tourmaline occur4 ,hussak thinks that the gold-bearing jacutinga has been derived from altered pegmatite veins4 ,from analyses made by ,johnson 7#ahcc-da7 on the ,gongo ,socco bullion1 it would appear that the percentages of silver and platinum decreased while those of copper and palladium increased with depth 7,henwood74 ,the percentages of palladium varied from #chi to #dhj1 and that of platinum from #jjd to #jab4 ,at ,candonga1 gold occurs in an eruptive rock rich in magnetite enclosed in itabirite1 and is probably of contact-metamorphic origin4 ,the gold occurs in grains of high standard1 and with it are found fine indented scales of palladic gold1 of a bright copper-red colour4 ,at ,itabira do ,matto ,dentro gold occurs in jacutinga1 lying between a micaceous iron schist1 rich in quartz1 and an enormous solid bed of itabirite4 ,the palladium-gold may be copper-red1 dark-brown or silver-white in colour4 ,native platinum also occurs with the gold4 ,grains of platinum have also been found in the most northerly of the auriferous lenticular masses1 which occur near the ,bruscus ,river1 near ,pernambuco1 in ,cambrian crystalline schists4 ,the matrix is a coarse white quartz containing small quantities of the arsenides and sulphides of iron1 and the sulphides of copper1 lead and zinc4 ,platinum1 although widely distributed in ,brazil1 occurs in such small quantities that so far there has been no production2 but in the near future richer and more extensive deposits may be discovered1 or it may be found practicable to win the metal from those already known1 as an important by-product4 ,palladium-gold1 or porpezite1 is a natural alloy of palladium and gold1 and may contain up to #aj per cent4 of the former metal4 ,it is found in ,brazil1 in gold-washings1 and also in the gold-bearing jacutinga reefs at ,gongo ,socco1 ,candonga and ,itabira do ,matto ,dentro4 ,in #ahgj ,henwood showed that the palladic gold from ,gongo ,socco contained1 to a moderate depth from surface1 from #jjd to #jab per cent4 of platinum4 7,palladium-gold has also been reported from gold-washings in the ,caucasus1 near ,batoum47 ,ruer concludes1 from an examination of the freezing-point curves of artificial alloys of gold and palladium1 that these alloys form a continuous series of mixed crystals1 and that there is no indication of chemical combinations#ha4 ,,colombia ,this republic is the second largest producer of platinum in the world1 and in pre-war years supplied about #e per cent4 of the world's total output4 ,owing to the decline of the ,russian supply1 and the increased demand for the metal1 the industry has in recent years received a considerable stimulus1 and in #aiaf ,colombia's production rose to approximately one-third of the ,russian output4 ,platinum was first introduced into ,europe from ,colombia in #agce1 although the metal was known in ,america for some time previously#dh p4 #fjh4 ,in #ahaj the value of platinum stood at #e to #f 7,u4,s47 per oz41 and in #ahbc the price had further dropped to from #c to #d per oz4 ,as a result1 platinum was rejected as waste in the operation of refining gold by the 8dry-blowing0 system4 ,later1 when platinum became valuable1 much of this dumped metal was recovered1 notably in ,quibdo1 the capital of the ,choc district1 where much gold-refining was carried on4 ,the following table gives the outputs of crude platinum from ,colombia1 in recent years1 principally produced in the ,choc district3 ,year4 ,oz4 7troy74 #aiaa #ab1jjj #aiab #ab1jjj #aiac #ae1jjj #aiad #ag1ejj #aiae #ah1jjj #aiaf #be1jjj #aiag #cb1jjj #aiah #ce1jjj 7estimated7 ,the larger portion of the production is shipped to the ,united ,states1 the exports to that country for the years #aiaj-ah being as follows3 ,year4 ,oz4 7troy74 #aiaj #a1fjj #aiaa #e1ejc #aiab #f1fbg #aiac #aj1dfa #aiad #ab1chg #aiae #ac1aba #aiaf #be1ehh #aiag #ba1bgh #aiah #bg1jcj ,the crude platinum is estimated at #hd to #he per cent4 fine4 ,the price in #aiag fluctuated from #af to #bj #ajs4 per oz41 the average for the year being nearer the latter amount4 ,during #aiah the ,united ,states ,government fixed the price at #aje per oz41 which stimulated production4 ,the deposits are alluvial1 and consist of re-concentrates of older gravels4 ,the principal source of supply is at the head of the ,san ,juan ,river1 which enters the ,pacific ,ocean north of ,buenaventura1 the richest deposits occurring in the ,condoto1 ,opagado and ,tamanal ,rivers1 tributaries of the ,san ,juan#hb4 ,platinum is also obtained in the ,upper ,atrato ,river1 which flows northward to the ,caribbean ,sea4 ,it is nearly always found associated with gold4 ,in the gravels of the ,san ,juan ,river the two metals are present in about equal proportions1 and in those of the ,atrato the ratio is approximately #he of gold to #ae of platinum4 ,the area including the watersheds of the ,san ,juan and ,upper ,atrato ,rivers is known as the ,choc district4 ,t4 ,ospina1 ,director of the ,colombian ,school of ,mines#hc1 estimates that in the area are #e1jjj sq4 miles of gold and platinum deposits1 the ,mira ,river forming the southern boundary of the area4 ,in #aiaf he estimated that there were in it #fh1jjj1jjj c4 yd4 of actually profitable gravel1 with a reserve of #ccf1jjj1jjj yd4 of possibly profitable ground4 ,platinum has also been recovered in much smaller amounts on the ,micay ,river in the ,barbacoas district1 near the frontier of ,ecuador4 ,the stream beds in which platinum occurs are those in which ,tertiary conglomerates have become eroded2 the river gravels about the areas underlain by that formation are barren4 ,the conglomerates are composed of rounded boulders of basic rocks1 such as diabase1 melaphyre1 peridotite and dunite#dh p4 #fbj4 ,at ,novita ,vieja1 in the centre of the ,choc district1 a bed of conglomerate #f to #ab ft4 thick has been laid bare1 over an area #b miles long and mile wide1 through the sluicing away of the overlying sands4 ,it contains #je oz4 of gold1 and #je oz4 of platinum1 per ton#hd4 ,according to ,castillo1 the parent rock is a typical gabbro1 pyroxene predominating over the felspar#he p4 #hbf4 ,platinum has been found in the ,choc district in serpentine rock4 ,granite also occurs in the same district1 traversed by quartz lodes containing palladium1 iridium1 osmium and rhodium4 ,colombian crude platinum contains from #hj to #he per cent4 platinum1 the remaining #ae to #bj per cent4 consisting chiefly of iridium and osmium4 ,the sands in which it occurs are described as brown in colour1 and carrying1 besides platinum and gold1 the heavy minerals chromite1 magnetite and ilmenite #he p4 #chd4 ,in the past1 mining operations have been very irregularly carried on1 by primitive methods of working1 but dredges are now being employed in increasing numbers4 ,in #aiae a dredge was operated on the ,condoto ,river1 in the province of ,choc1 by the ,anglo-,colombian ,development ,company1 and showed good results4 ,native methods of working are very simple4 ,the alluvial gravels derived from dried-up beds of ancient rivers are hand-washed with the use of the batea or dish4 ,where the metal occurs in the bed of a river it is obtained by diving girls1 who work down to the platiniferous gravels1 removing the gravel in small dishes1 the men being employed in washing the gravels on the river banks#hf4 ,about #ij per cent4 of the total output is recovered by these primitive methods4 ,a large portion of the industry is in the hands of two companies1 one of which is the ,south ,american ,gold and ,platinum ,company1 of ,new ,york1 a ,lewisohn company1 which has absorbed the interests of the above-mentioned ,anglo-,colombian ,development ,company1 ,ltd41 the ,gold ,fields ,american ,development ,company1 ,ltd41 and ,johnson1 ,matthey ,co41 ,ltd41 of ,london4 ,the second company--the ,british ,platinum and ,gold ,corporation1 ,ltd4--has recently amalgamated with the ,paris 7,transvaal7 ,gold ,mines1 ,ltd41 taking in the latter's interests on the ,opogodo and other places4 ,the question of transporting platinum concentrate to the coast is not a matter of much difficulty1 as the ,atrato ,river is navigable as far as ,quibdo1 and the ,san ,juan can be ascended by vessels of moderate draught for over #adj miles inland4 ,an estimate of average working costs appears to be #f;d4 per c4 yd4 for dredging1 and #c;d4 for hydraulicking#hg4 ,in #aiag new platiniferous deposits were discovered in the ,caceres district1 between the ,cauca and ,nechi ,rivers1 in the department of ,antioquia4 ,the mineralized area extends along the ,caceri ,river1 a distance of #ad miles1 the width at the north end being #a miles1 and #cjj ft4 at the southern extremity #aj p4 #ede4 ,,ecuador ,platinum occurs1 in association with the gold obtained from steam gravels1 in the area covered by the ,rivers ,bogota1 ,cachabi1 ,uimbi1 ,santiago and ,cayapas1 but it has not so far been found in sufficient quantities to be of economic importance4 ,dredging has been employed in mining these deposits1 but does not appear to have been a success1 and operations are now largely confined to native washings#hh4 ,,french ,,guiana ,platiniferous gold-bearing sands are found in the ,aporuague ,river1 the metal1 according to an analysis by ,a4 ,danmer1 having the following composition in percentages3 platinum1 #daif2 gold1 #ahah2 silver1 #ahci2 copper1 #bjefhi4 ,,world ,,map ,,of ,,platinum ,,deposits ,illustration3 ,,map ,,showing ,,the ,,platinum-,,bearing ,,districts ,,referred ,,to ,,in ,,the ,,text4 7,british ,empire and ,protectorates shaded47 ,,references ,,to ,,literature ,,on ,,the ,,platinum ,,metals ----- ,footnote #a3 ,lindgren1 ,w43 8,platinum and ,allied ,metals10 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,min4 ,res4 of ,u4,s41 #aiaa4 ,footnote #b3 ,thomas and ,mac,alister3 ,the ,geology of ,ore ,deposits1 ,london1 #aiji4 ,footnote #c3 ,gowland1 ,w43 ,metallurgy of ,non-,ferrous ,metals1 ,london1 #aiah4 ,footnote #d3 ,dunstan1 ,b43 ,queensland ,govt4 ,min4 ,journ41 #aiag1 #ah4 ,footnote #e3 ,lindgren1 ,w43 8,platinum and ,allied ,metals10 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,min4 ,res4 of ,u4,s41 #aiaj4 ,footnote #f3 ,rose1 ,t4 ,k43 8,electrolytic ,refining of ,gold10 ,trans4 ,inst4 ,min4 and ,met41 #aiad-ae1 #bd1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #g3 ,hill1 ,jas4 ,m43 8,the ,platinum ,situation10 ,eng4 ,min4 ,journ41 ,july #bf1 #aiai4 ,footnote #h3 ,hautpick1 ,e4 de3 ,mining ,journ41 ,feb4 #a1 #aiac4 ,footnote #i3 ,mineral ,industry1 #aiaf1 #be4 ,footnote #aj3 ,mineral ,industry1 #aiag1 #bf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,review of ,foreign ,press1 ,technical ,supplement1 ,war ,office1 ,may #bg1 #aiai1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #ab3 ,mining ,journ41 ,dec4 #bg1 #aiai4 ,footnote #ac3 ,chem4 and ,met4 ,eng41 ,oct4 #ae1 #aiah1 p4 #fjg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,hill1 ,jas4 ,m43 8,platinum ,deposits of the ,world10 ,eng4 ,min4 ,journ41 ,june #cj1 #aiag4 ,footnote #ae3 ,merz1 ,a4 ,r43 ,journ4 ,ind4 and ,eng4 ,chem41 ,nov4 #aiah1 #aj1 ,no4 #aa4 ,footnote #af3 ,annual ,statements of ,trade of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,footnote #ag3 ,spurr1 ,j4 ,e43 8,who ,owns the ,earth80 ,eng4 ,min4 ,journ41 ,feb4 #g1 #aibj4 ,footnote #ah3 ,records ,geol4 ,surv4 of ,india1 #aiaf1 #dg1 pt4 #c1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ai3 ,records ,geol4 ,surv4 of ,india1 #aiai1 #ej1 pt4 #c1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #bj3 ,records ,geol4 ,surv4 of ,india1 #aiae1 #df1 p4 #bhd4 ,footnote #ba3 ,zealley1 ,a4 ,e4 ,v43 ,south ,rhod4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,short ,rept4 ,no4 #c1 ,march #bj1 #aiah4 ,footnote #bb3 ,bull4 ,imp4 ,inst41 #aijg1 #e1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #bc3 8,geology of the ,selukwe ,mineral ,belt10 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bull4 ,south ,rhod41 #aiai1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #bd3 ,versfield1 ,w43 ,rept4 on ,metal ,resources of ,union of ,s4 ,africa1 #aiah4 ,footnote #be3 ,goodchild1 ,w4 ,h43 ,trans4 ,inst4 ,min4 and ,met41 #aiaf-ag1 #bf4 ,footnote #bf3 ,bettel1 ,w43 ,s4 ,african ,mines1 ,nov4 #aj1 #aiaf4 ,footnote #bg3 ,hall1 ,a41 and ,humphrey1 ,w4 ,a43 8,the ,chromite ,deposits of the ,bushveld ,plutonic ,complex10 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,africa1 #aijh1 #aa1 pp4 #ge-f4 ,footnote #bh3 ,mining ,journ41 ,feb4 #bi1 #aiac4 ,footnote #bi3 ,mackenzie1 ,g4 ,c43 ,can4 ,min4 ,inst4 ,bull41 ,april #aiai4 ,footnote #cj3 ,camsell1 ,c43 ,mining ,journ41 ,may #aiad1 p4 #ebc4 ,footnote #ca3 ,uglow1 ,w4 ,l43 8,geology of ,platinum ,deposits10 ,eng4 ,min4 ,journ41 ,aug4 #cj1 #aiai2 ,sept4 #f1 #aiai4 ,footnote #cb3 ,chem4 ,trade ,journ41 #aiaa1 #di1 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #cc3 ,min4 ,sci4 ,press1 ,april #aj1 #aibj1 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #cd3 ,board of ,trade ,journ41 #aiag1 #ii1 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #ce3 ,can4 ,min4 ,journ41 #aiaf1 #cg1 p4 #edh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,can4 ,min4 ,inst4 ,bull41 #aiah1 ,no4 #fc1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #cg3 ,geol4 ,surv4 of ,canada1 ,min4 ,res4 of ,canada1 #aijc1 ,no4 #hah4 ,footnote #ch3 ,board of ,trade ,journ41 ,april #ag1 #aiai1 p4 #ejd4 ,footnote #ci3 ,howley1 ,g4 ,p43 ,mining ,world1 #aijg1 #bf1 p4 #ghc4 ,footnote #dj3 ,n4,s4,w4 ,dept4 of ,mines1 ,ann4 ,rept4 for #aiah1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #da3 ,n4,s4,w4 ,dept4 of ,mines1 ,ann4 ,rept4 for #aiae1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #db3 ,hill1 ,jas4 ,m43 8,platinum and ,allied ,metals in #aiaf10 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,july #ab1 #aiag4 ,footnote #dc3 ,rec4 of ,geol4 ,surv4 ,n4,s4,w41 #aiaf1 #i1 pt4 #c1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,min4 and ,sci4 ,press1 ,april #aj1 #aiai4 ,footnote #de3 ,bell1 ,g4 ,m43 ,economic ,geology1 #aijf1 #a1 ,no4 #h1 p4 #gdi4 ,footnote #df3 ,mineral ,industry1 #aiad1 #bc4 ,footnote #dg3 ,krusch1 ,p43 8,the ,platinum ,deposits of ,germany's ,palozoic0 7trans4 by ,f4 ,s4 ,schmidt71 ,min4 and ,sci4 ,press1 #aiad1 #aji1 p4 #hhj4 ,footnote #dh3 ,pan-,american ,union1 #aiag1 #de4 ,footnote #di3 ,mining ,journ41 #aijd1 #gf1 p4 #eig4 ,footnote #ej3 ,hill1 ,jas4 ,m43 8,platinum and ,allied ,metals in #aiag10 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,min4 ,res41 #aiag1 pt4 #a1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ea3 ,vissotzki1 ,n43 ,bull4 du ,comit gologique1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #bb1 #aijc 7abstract in ,trans4 ,inst4 ,m4,e41 #aijc1 #bg1 p4 #ffj74 ,footnote #eb3 ,hill1 ,g4 ,m43 ,u4,s4 ,comm4 ,repts41 #aiag1 ,no4 #id4 ,footnote #ec3 ,duparc1 ,l43 ,soc4 ,ings4 ,civils1 ,france1 ,mem4 #aiaf1 ,bull4 ,janv4-,mars4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ball1 ,s4 ,h41 and ,low1 ,b43 ,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 ,march #aj1 #aiag1 p4 #djg4 ,footnote #ee3 ,tovey1 ,l43 ,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 ,oct4 #aj1 #aijh1 p4 #gjd4 ,footnote #ef3 ,chem4 ,trade ,journ41 #aiag1 #fj1 ,no4 #a1efb1 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #eg3 ,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 ,mar4 #f1 #aibj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,mineral ,industry1 #aiae1 #bd1 p4 #ehj4 ,footnote #ei3 ,posewitz1 ,t43 ,geology and ,mineral ,resources of ,borneo1 #ahib 7trans4 by ,f4 ,h4 ,hatch74 ,footnote #fj3 ,mineral ,industry1 #aiac1 #bb1 p4 #eig4 ,footnote #fa3 ,hundeshagen1 ,l43 8,the ,occurrence of ,platinum in ,wollastonite1 ,sumatra1 ,n4,e4,i410 ,trans4 ,inst4 ,min4 and ,met41 #aijc-d1 #ac1 p4 #eej-b4 ,footnote #fb3 ,wada1 ,tsumashire3 ,minerals of ,japan1 #aijd1 p4 #hi 7trans4 by ,takudgi ,okawa74 ,footnote #fc3 ,bull4 ,econ4 de ,madagascar1 #aiab1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #fd3 ,hautpick1 ,e4 de3 ,min4 ,journ41 ,july #bg1 #aiab1 #ih1 p4 #gdg4 ,footnote #fe3 ,mineral ,industry1 #aiah1 #bg1 p4 #ega4 ,footnote #ff3 ,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 ,jan4 #aa1 #aiai1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #fg3 ,mertie1 ,j4 ,b41 ,jr43 8,the ,salt ,chuck ,palladium-,copper ,mine10 ,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 ,july #c1 #aibj4 ,footnote #fh3 ,martin1 ,johnson and ,grant3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiag1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ehg1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #fi3 ,campbell1 ,donald ,g43 8,palladium in ,alaskan ,lode ,deposits10 ,min4 and ,sci4 ,press1 ,oct4 #aa1 #aiai4 ,footnote #gj3 ,board of ,trade ,journ41 ,dec4 #aa1 #aiai1 #ajc4 ,footnote #ga3 ,min4 and ,sci4 ,press1 ,mar4 #ae1 #aiai1 p4 #cfg4 ,footnote #gb3 ,hall1 ,f4 ,a43 ,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 ,oct4 #aj1 #aiad1 p4 #fdb4 ,footnote #gc3 ,knopf1 ,a43 ,min4 and ,sci4 ,press1 ,june #e1 #aiae1 p4 #hgh4 ,footnote #gd3 ,chem4 and ,met4 ,eng41 ,march #bd1 #aibj4 ,footnote #ge3 ,min4 and ,sci4 ,press1 ,march #i1 #aibj4 ,footnote #gf3 ,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 ,may #be1 #aije1 p4 #ihe4 ,footnote #gg3 ,taft1 ,h4 ,h43 ,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 #aiah1 #ajf1 ,no4 #ba1 p4 #ijj4 ,footnote #gh3 ,hussak1 ,euginio3 8,o ,palladio e a ,platina no ,brasil10 ,annas da ,escola de ,minas de ,ouro ,preto1 #aiaf1 ,no4 #h1 #he-ahh4 ,footnote #gi3 ,ferraz1 ,luiz ,caetano3 ,annas da ,escola de ,minas de ,ouro ,preto1 #aiji1 ,no4 #aa4 ,footnote #hj3 ,carneiro1 ,a4 ,j4 de ,sousa3 ,riquezas ,mineraes do ,estado da ,bahia1 #aijh4 ,footnote #ha3 ,maclaren1 ,j4 ,m43 ,gold3 ,its ,geological ,occurrence and ,geographical ,distribution1 ,london1 #aijh1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #hb3 ,journ4 of the ,royal ,society of ,arts1 #aijh1 #ef1 p4 #hhd4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ospina1 ,t43 ,paper read before second ,pan-,american ,congr41 ,jan4 #c1 #aiaf4 ,footnote #hd3 ,white1 ,r4 ,w43 ,eng4 and ,min4 ,journ41 #ahig1 #fc1 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #he3 ,castillo1 ,j4 ,c43 ,min4 and ,sci4 ,press1 #aiji1 #ih4 ,footnote #hf3 8,platinum-seeking in ,colombia10 ,the ,times1 ,nov4 #bf1 #aiab4 ,footnote #hg3 ,mining ,journ41 ,nov4 #cj1 #aiah1 p4 #gjj4 ,footnote #hh3 ,millar and ,singewald3 ,mineral ,deposits of ,south ,america1 ,new ,york1 #aiai1 p4 #dje4 ,footnote #hi3 ,kunz1 ,george ,f43 8,platinum and ,palladium in ,brazil10 ,pan-,american ,bull41 ,april #aiai1 p4 #djh4 ,footnote #ij3 ,u4,s4 ,comm4 ,repts41 #aiai1 ,no4 #ba1 p4 #chg4 ,,printed ,,by ,,hazell1 ,,watson ,,and ,,viney1 ,,ld41 ,,london ,,and ,,aylesbury1 ,,england4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,footnote #ij 7was #fd7 was unanchored4 #b4 ,p4 #ei1 added missing title 8,,world ,,map ,,of ,,platinum ,,deposits40 #c4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #d4 ,archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings retained as printed4 #e4 ,footnotes were re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter4 #f4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #g4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4 #h4 ,subscripts are denoted by an underscore before a series of subscripted characters enclosed in curly braces1 e4g4 ,h#b,o4