,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus ,,critically ,,exam9$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,david ,,fri$ri* ,,/rauss ,translat$ f ! ,f\r? ,g]man ,edition ,by ,,george ,,eliot ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,9 ,,"o ,,volume4 ,london ,,swan ,,sonn5s*e9 ,,co4 ,lim4 #aijb ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,edition1 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,otto ,,pfleid]]1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,leb5 ,jesu ( ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahce1 m>k$ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( !ology4 ,on ! "o h&1 ?is book repres5ts ! crisis 9 !ology at :i* ! d\bts & critical objections ( c5turies z to ! cr$ibility ( ! ,bible n>ratives _h accumulat$ 9 su* ov]:elm+ volume z to break ?r\gh & sweep away all ! def5ces ( or?odox apologetics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! v complet5ess ( ! de/ructive criticism ( pa/ tradition lay ! g]ms ( a new sci5ce ( con/ructive critical inquiry1 ! "w ( :i* 0 to br+ to light ! tru? ( hi/ory4 ,x is q true t ! ,life ( ,jesus ( #ahce 0 f> f p]fect1 z judg$ by ! pres5t /&>d ( sci5tific criticism1 & ,biblical sci5ce has long s9ce advanc$ beyond x4 ,nev]!less1 x _c be disput$ t x takes rank among/ ! /&>d works :i* are secure ( a p]man5t place 9 lit]ature = all "t1 = ! reason t !y give f9al expression to ! _s ( _! age1 & repres5t typically "o ( its *>act]i/ic t5d5cies4 ,! lib]at+ & purify+ influ5ce :i* su* works ex]t on _! own "t1 z well z ! s]vice !y r5d] 9 op5+ out new l9es ( ?\ght1 l5ds to !m1 = all com+ g5]ations1 a peculi> value z admirable weapons 9 ! great fight = tru? & fre$om4 ,inde$1 if our sci5ti/s are to be believ$1 :5 !y tell u t ! developm5t ( ! individual is only an abbreviat$ repetition ( ! simil> b mu* sl[] phases ( ! developm5t ( ! species1 x is h>dly too mu* to ma9ta91 t 9 ! pres5t & 9 ! future e individual :o det]m9es to make 8 way f ! bondage ( a nave tru/ 9 au?ority & tradition into ! fre$om & light ( mature ?\ght mu/ pass ?r\gh precisely t /age ( ?or\gh-go+ logical negative criticism :i* is repres5t$ by ,/rauss's "w 9 a unique mann]4 ,z1 accord+ to ,*ri/ian e?ics1 ! =mation ( a pure moral "* is possible only by ! dea? ( ! old ,adam1 ! rise ( true religi\s convictions is by a simil> ,/irb und w]de1 die & come to life4 ,! imag9>y lights ( my?ological tradition mu/ be put out1 t ! eye may di/+ui% ! false f ! true 9 ! twilight ( ! ,biblical orig9s ( our religion4 ,! anci5t /ructures ( belief1 :i* ! *ildi% fancy ( m5 _h con/ruct$ ( tru? & poetry1 ,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 mu/ be tak5 d[n & cle>$ away1 9 ord] t a new erection ( m durable mat]ials may be rais$4 ,to all e>ne/ seek]s aft] tru?1 ! ,leb5 ,jesu ( ,/rauss may be helpful1 n z supply+ ! tru? ready to h&1 b z /ripp+ ! b&ages ( prejudice f ! eyes1 & s enabl+ !m cle>ly to see & rightly to seek x4 ,= ^! reasons x is obvi\s t ! publication ( a new edition ( ! ,engli% translation ( ?is "w ne$s no ju/ification4 ,x is only ^? :o consid] ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! book inexcusable & un=tunate t c call 9 "q ! desirability ( its republication4 ,b no "o c hold su* an op9ion :o is able to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ! religi\s ?\ght ( ,prote/antism4 ,! critical process :i* rea*$ its conclusion 9 ,/rauss's book1 ) its negative or revolution>y results1 0 lat5t f ! beg9n+ 9 ! life-blood ( ,prote/antism4 ,! !ologians ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*es ( ! sixte5? c5tury subject$ ! traditions ( ,ca?olic ,*ur* hi/ory to ke5 hi/orical criticism2 & if !y did n !n ?9k ( ext5d+ its op]ations to ,biblical tradition1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 recognis+ 9 ! well-kn[n decl>ations ( ,lu!r1 z to ! inf]ior value ( c]ta9 books ( ! ,bible1 & z to ! unimportance ( physical 9 comp>ison ) spiritual miracles1 pla9 pr$ictions ( ! l9e ( developm5t :i* ,prote/ant !ology 0 de/9$ ultimately to take4 ,x is intelligible en\gh t ! criticism ( ! ,bible c\ld n arise among/ ! or?odox !ologians ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,!y 7 re/ra9$ by a rigid doctr9e ( inspiration f an unprejudic$ treatm5t ( ! ,bible1 & 7 moreov] too mu* absorb$ 9 dogmatic controv]sies & ! def5ce ( _! confessions ( fai?1 to feel ! ne$ ( m se>*+ ,biblical /udies4 ,x 0 among/ ,engli% ,free-?9k]s & ,dei/s t ! cr$ibility ( ! ,biblical n>ratives 0 fir/ s]i\sly assail$1 & ) s mu* temp] z to greatly detract f ! sci5tific value ( ! result4 ,?omas ,wool/on's ,disc\rses on ! ,miracles ( our ,savi\r 7six 9 numb]1 #agbg-agbi7 are specially notewor?y4 ,!y attack ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! miracles z ludicr\s & (f5sive1 & advocate ! allegorical int]pretation ( !m z figures & p>ables ( spiritual tru?s4 ,x is possible to f9d 9 ,wool/on's !ory an anticipation ( ! my?ical pr9ciple ( int]pretation :i* ,/rauss opposes to ! rationali/ic "o4 ,reim>us1 ! au?or ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts1 by ! publication ( :i* ,less+ ?rew ,g]man !ology into a f]m5t1 occupies ! same position z ! ,engli% ,dei/s1 & inde$ ow$ mu* to _! influ5ce4 ,b at ! same "t a notewor?y diff]5ce is obs]vable f ! v fir/ betwe5 ! way 9 :i* ,less+ treat$ ^! que/ions & _! treatm5t by ! e>li] ,free-?9k]s2 & ! diff]5ce is *>act]i/ic ( ! two s*ools4 ,g]man rationalism be>s ! m>ks ( its orig9 9 ! ideali/ic optimism ( ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz & ,wolff1 & rema9s 9 sympa?y ) ! e?ical _s ( ,biblical religion2 :il/ ! b fa9tly religi\s naturalism ( ! ,engli% ,dei/s leads !m1 ) _! rejection ( ! ,biblical miracles1 to attack ! religion ( ! ,bible1 & drag d[n into ! mire its repres5tatives & h]oes4 ,) ?is ! ,g]man ,rationali/s h no sympa?y4 ,!y 7 unable to treat ! ,biblical n>ratives ( miracles z hi/orical occurr5ces1 b !y 7 n prep>$ on t acc\nt to reg>d !m z deceit & delusion on ! "p ( ,biblical h]oes1 or z ! inv5tion ( ,biblical n>rators3 _! rev]5ce = ! ,bible & its religion kept !m f bo? ( ^! inf]5ces4 ,!y tri$ to get ov] ! difficulty 9 two ways1--ei!r !y look$ ^u ! n>ratives ( miracles1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z popul> religi\s leg5ds1 traditions1 or 8my?s10 ( ! same k9d z ! my?s to be met ) 9 all hea!n religions2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>d+ !m z conta9+ ! actual hi/ory ( p]fectly natural ev5ts1 !y ascrib$ ! miracul\s appe>ance & =m :i* !y be> simply to ! mi/ak5 judgm5t ( ! n>rators1 or1 9 o!r cases1 to ! errone\s view ( ! int]pret]s4 ,! latt] me?od 0 employ$ especially by ,dr4 ,paulus 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,gospels1 9 :i* he seeks1 ) a great display ( le>n+ & +5uity1 to expla9 all ! miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! !ologian ,s*lei]ma*] also made frequ5t use ( x 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,life ( ,jesus2 & traces ( x are to be met ) ev5 9 ! comm5t>ies ( !ologians ( ! sup]naturali/ s*ool--z1 = in/ance1 ,ol%aus5's4 ,! inexcusable viol5ce :i* 0 !reby done to ! ,biblical n>ratives1 by :i* !y are =c$ to say some?+ q diff]5t f :at ! unsophi/icat$ n>rators int5d$ !m to say1 accord+ to ! pla9 s5se ( _! words1 0 n felt2 nor 7 ^! int]pret]s consci\s ( h[ mu* ! ,gospels are depriv$ ( _! *oice/ treasures ( ideal tru? & poetic beauty by ?is me?od ( treatm5t1 & ?is only = ! sake ( secur+ in/ead mis]able common-place /ories z ! f9al outcome ( critical exam9ation4 ,! fav\r ) :i* ?is radically false rationali/ic int]pretation ( ! ,gospels 0 receiv$ by v _m ,g]man !ologians at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury f9ds its sole explanation & excuse 9 ! prevail+ view ( ! "t--t our ,gospels 7 writt5 v soon aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 dur+ ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians1 & two ( !m by eye-witnesses--! apo/les ,mat!w & ,john4 ,on ?is supposition1 ! occurr5ce 9 ! ,gospels ( unhi/orical elem5ts1 ( religi\s leg5ds1 su* z might be )\t hesitation all[$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 c\ld n be ?\ght (4 ,or if ! admissibility ( ?is po9t ( view 0 grant$ 9 ! case ( ! bir?-/ories ( ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,mat!w & ,luke 7z by ,de ,wette71 objection 0 felt aga9/ its application to ! miracles ( ! public life ( ,jesus4 ,?us1 on ! "q ( ! hi/oricity ( ! gospel n>ratives1 !ologians held views :i* 7 confus$1 undecid$1 contradictory1 & lack+ ?or\ghness4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s c\ld n la/2 simple fai? _h at e po9t lo/ its security2 d\bt atta*$ to ! miracul\s n>ratives ( ! ,new no less ?an to ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b be=e ,/rauss no "o _h _h ! c\rage to expla9 all ^! n>ratives ( bo? ,te/am5ts alike by ! logical application ( "o & ! same pr9ciple2 & ma9ly = ! reason1 t ! critics 7 all "u ! bondage ( ! supposition ( ! apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels ( ,mat!w & ,john4 ,yet ev5 ?is supposition _h receiv$ v>i\s %ocks prior to ,/rauss4 ,critics _h be5 unable to close _! eyes to ! fact t !re are diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two ,gospels p>ticul>ly1 ( su* a fundam5tal nature z to preclude ! possibility ( bo? be+ "r1 & !re=e ( bo? hav+ be5 writt5 by eye-witnesses & apo/les4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( dogmatic & s5tim5tal motives1 ,s*lei]ma*] & 8 disciples accept$ x z an a priori c]ta9ty t ,john is to be pref]r$ to ,mat!w2 & f ?is secure position1 z 0 imag9$1 ^! !ologians assail$ ! n>rative ( ,mat!w at all po9ts1 & und]m9$ ! tradition ( its apo/olic au?ority4 ,b suppose ! same argum5ts ) :i* !y assail$ ,mat!w might be us$ aga9/ _! fav\rite evangeli/ ,john8 ,:at if x c\ld be %[n t 8 n>rative is 9 no respect m probable1 b1 on ! contr>y1 m improbable1 ?an t ( ,mat!w8 ,9 t case1 mu/ n ! critical v]dict :i* ^? !ologians _h giv5 aga9/ ,mat!w s triumphantly & )\t reg>d to its consequ5ces1 apply equally to ,john1 & !reby ov]?r[ ! only rema9+ pill> ( apo/olic au?ority = ! gospel tradition8 ,?is logical consequ5ce1 :i* 0 at ! "t deem$ an unhe>d-( innovation1 not)/&+ ! op9ions ( a few individual critics 7,vogel1 ,brets*neid]71 ,/rauss _h ! c\rage to draw4 ,by t act he ca/ (f ! fett]s by :i* ! exam9ation ( ! ,gospels _h till !n be5 b\nd1 & secur$ a free field = a ?or\gh-go+ criticism ( !m4 ,s9ce ! ext]nal evid5ce ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels is n ( a k9d or a date su* z to compel u to consid] ! tradition ( _! apo/olic orig9 e/abli%$1 & z ! matt] ( all ! ,gospels alike is n free f hi/orical improbability1 !re is no?+1 ,/rauss argu$1 to prev5t our complete ab&onm5t ( ! hi/oricity ( _! miracul\s n>ratives1 ?\gh ! ,rationali/s cont9ue to ma9ta9 x1 or our treat+ !m z religi\s leg5ds or my?s1 simil> to ^? :i*1 z 0 admitt$1 ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9$4 ,! novelty 9 ! "w ( ,/rauss 0 n ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( 8my?0 to ,biblical n>ratives2 o!rs _h already made use ( x 9 ! case ( ! ,old & to "s ext5t 9 ! case ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ! orig9ality lay 9 ! uncompromis+ ?or\ghness ) :i* ! pr9ciple 0 appli$ to e section ( ! gospel /ory2 ! orig9ality lay 9 ! m]ciless acum5 & cle>ness ) :i* ! discrepancies betwe5 ! ,gospels & ! difficulties pres5t$ to ! critical und]/&+ by _! n>ratives 7 laid b>e1 & ) :i* all ! subt]fuges ( sup]naturali/ apologi/s1 z well z all ! =c$ & artificial int]pretations ( semi-critical ,rationali/s1 7 expos$1 !reby cutt+ (f all ways ( escape f ! f9al consequ5ces ( criticism4 ,! m]ciless ?or\ghness & unres]v$ hone/y ) :i* criticism did its negative "w 9 ?is book1 by expos+ ! baselessness ( ! suppos$ k ( ! gospel hi/ory1 produc$ a pr(\nd %ock among/ !ologians & laym54 ,x 0 n m]ely ! untaught multitude :o believ$ t ! f\ndations ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ p]i% ) ! miracul\s /ories ( ! ,bible2 le>n$ !ologians 7 di/ress$ z ! d>+ critic s rudely1 & )\t any reg>d to consequ5ces1 r\s$ !m f ! illusions ( _! s5tim5tal or speculative dogmatism & _! precipitate treaty ( peace betwe5 fai? & k4 8,/rauss 0 hat$10 z ,baur truly said1 8because ! _s ( ! "t 0 unable to look ^u its own portrait1 :i* he held up be=e x 9 fai?ful1 cle>ly drawn l9es4 ,! _s ( ?is age resi/s ) all its p[] ! pro( ( its ignorance on a matt] ab\t :i* x has long ?\ght itself c]ta94 ,in/ead ( ackn[l$g+ :at _h to be ackn[l$g$1 if any progress 0 to be made1 all possible attempts 7 in/itut$ to create fre% illusions z to ! true /ate ( ! case1 by reviv+ obsolete hypo!ses & by !ological *>latanism4 ,b a high] c]ta9ty z to ! tru? ( ! gospel hi/ory c be atta9$ 9 no o!r way ?an by ackn[l$g+1 on ! basis ( ,/rauss's criticism1 t our previ\s k is no k at all40 ,b "h we come ^u ! limits ( ! criticism ( ,/rauss3 x br\ght home to m5 ! fact ( _! want ( k1 b x did n conduct to ! requir$ new & positive k4 ,?is ,/rauss 0 unable to d1 because he (f]$ a critique ( ! gospel hi/ory only1 )\t a critique ( ! docum5ts :i* =m ! s\rces ( ?is hi/ory4 ,9 ^! words ,baur has accurately describ$ ! ma9 defect ( ,/rauss's book4 ,:5 ,/rauss drew f ! discrepancies & contradictions ( ! v>i\s n>ratives ( ! ,gospels ! conclusion t !y h all alike little cr$ibility1 ! conclusion 0 intelligible en\gh 9 reply to ! +5i\s artifices ( ! traditional h>moni/s1 :o ma9ta9$ t 9 spite ( ! contradictions ! evangeli/s 7 all alike wor?y ( cr$it2 b really ?is l9e ( proc$ure on ! "p ( ,/rauss con=m$ z little z t ( ! h>moni/s to ! pr9ciples ( /rict hi/orical inquiry4 ,^! pr9ciples require u to exam9e ! relative value ( ! v>i\s s\rces ) ref]5ce to _! age1 to ! situation1 ! "*1 ! int]e/s1 & aims ( _! au?or2 to assign accord+ly to "o acc\nt a high] measure ( cr$ibility ?an to ano!r2 & s1 by di/+ui%+ betwe5 :at is bett] & :at is n s well atte/$1 to make out :at is probable & rea* ! orig9al matt] ( fact4 ,x is true ,/rauss made "s advance t[>ds su* a diff]5tiation ( ! relative value ( ! gospel n>ratives2 & p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to ! inf]ior hi/orical value ( ! ,johann9e 9 comp>ison ) ! ,synoptic n>rative1 he has made acute obs]vations1 ! wor? ( :i* ought to be e/imat$ ! high] z !y boldly oppos$ ! !n dom9ant pref]5ce = ! ,gospel ( ,john1 & effectively prep>$ ! way = ! criticism ( ,baur4 ,b x 0 n ,/rauss's =te to prep>e1 z ! f\ndation ( ! mat]ial critique ( ! gospel hi/ory1 a ?or\gh critique ( ! lit]>y s\rces1 nor1 9 ! /ate ( ! g5]al sci5ce ( criticism at ! "t1 c\ld ?is be v well expect$4 ,:5 all d$uctions h be5 made1 to ,/rauss belongs ! hon\r ( hav+ giv51 by 8 criticism ( ! gospel n>ratives1 ! mo/ effective impulse to a m p5etrat+ exam9ation ( ! s\rces ( ! gospel /ory1 & ( hav+ prep>$ ! way = ?is to no small ext5t1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,baur's classical critique ( ?is ,gospel complet$ 9 ?is direction ! criticism ( ,/rauss1 & laid its f\ndations deep]4 ,z reg>ds ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,weisse & ,ewald1 ,holtzmann & ,volkm>1 did good "w t[>ds cle>+ up ! relations ( ! ,gospels to ea* o!r1 especially 9 e/abli%+ ! priority ( ,m>k1 by :i* a firm] basis 0 laid = ! positive decision ( ! "q z to ! hi/orical f\ndations ( ! gospel tradition4 ,! fruit ( ?is critique ( ! s\rces1 c>ri$ on f v>i\s sides ) pa9/ak+ indu/ry1 0 ! new lit]ature deal+ ) ! life ( ,jesus1 :i*1 j a g5]ation aft] ! fir/ ,leb5 ,jesu ( ,/rauss1 took up aga9 ! problems x _h rais$1 b 9 a new fa%ion1 & ) improv$ critical app>atus4 ,we %all h fur!r on to ref] to ,/rauss's new life ( ,jesus4 ,! same s*ol>1 ,weisse1 :o 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ! want 9 ,/rauss's book ( a m satisfactory critique ( ! s\rces1 & :o _h s\ght to supply ?is defect 9 8 ,evangelis*e ,ges*i*te 7#ahch71 call$ att5tion at ! same "t to a defect 9 ! my?ical !ory ( ,/rauss4 ,weisse 0 fully agre$ ) ,/rauss s f>1 t we mu/ ackn[l$ge ! pres5ce ( religi\s my?s 9 miracul\s n>ratives ( ! ,bible1 b he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! way 9 :i* ,/rauss _h expla9$ _! orig94 ,accord+ to ,/rauss1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h simply transf]r$ to ,jesus z ! actual ,messiah ! miracul\s leg5ds ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 out ( :i* ! ,jews 7 suppos$ to h compos$ ! miracul\s portrait ( _! expect$ ,messiah2 & he 0 "r 9 ?9k+ t ! miracul\s /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t d und\bt$ly supply ! motives & models ( no few n>ratives 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b n1 surely1 ( all4 ,precisely ! *ief miracles--! bir? ( ,jesus1 8 baptism1 transfiguration1 resurrection1 ! *ange ( wat] into w9e at ,cana1 ! /ill+ ( ! /orm1 & walk+ on ! sea--viol5ce mu/ be us$ to expla9 ^! miracles by ref]5ce to ,old ,te/am5t types1 & ! ,jewi% idea ( ! ,messiah (f]s no l9es correspond+ to ^!4 ,at ?is po9t !re=e1 at all ev5ts1 we mu/ look ab\t u = ano!r me?od ( explanation4 ,& ,weisse 0 und\bt$ly "r 9 po9t+ to ! spontane\s productivity ( ! ,*ri/ian _s 9 ! primitive ,*ur* z ! s\rce ( ! miracul\s n>ratives1 9 :i* x gave expression 9 symbolic & allegorical =ms to its ideal tru? & ! new inspir$ life ( :i* x 0 consci\s4 ,n t ^! n>ratives 7 int5d$ by ! n>rators !mselves to be m]ely allegories1 or symbolical illu/rations ( spiritual tru?s2 b ! religi\s imag9ation gave bir? to ^! illu/rations aft] ! mann] ( unconsci\s poetry1 t is1 )\t di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! poetic =m & ! ess5tial tru? ( ! idea2 believ+1 z ! religi\s imag9ation did1 9 ! ideal cont5t ( ! n>ratives1 & be+ at ! same "t unable to give vivid & s5sible expression to x 9 any o!r ?an ! mat]ial =m ( outw>d miracles1 x involunt>ily came to believe also 9 ! reality ( ! symbolical =m ( ! n>rative to :i* x _h itself giv5 rise2 x conceiv$ idea & hi/ory bo? toge!r 9 su* insep>able comb9ation z to conf] on ea* equal tru? & c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! production ( su* ideal n>ratives ! same process is obs]vable to-day 9 ! exp]i5ce ( simple religi\s believ]s3 feel+ ! ideal tru? ( ! cont5t ( ! /ories1 !y come to believe also 9 ! reality ( ! outw>d hi/ory 9 :i* ! idea has = !m be5 incorporat$4 ,b ! critical und]/&+ ( ! hi/orical inquir] is p]mitt$1 & inde$ is b\nd1 to di/+ui% cle>ly & def9itely1 z ! simple-m9d$ believ] _c d1 betwe5 ! spiritual idea & ! outw>d =m ( its repres5tation1 & to f9d 9 ! =m] bo? ! productive p[] & ! p]man5t k]nel )9 ! outw>d husk4 ,?is explanation ( ! miracul\s leg5ds ( ! ,bible is n only m correct & pr(\nd ?an ,/rauss's f ! po9t ( view ( hi/orical sci5ce1 b = ! religi\s consci\sness x is f> less objectionable1 z ,weisse obs]ves ) tru?2 inasmu* z 9 ?is case ! leg5ds d n appe> z ! wor?less product ( ! idle play ( ! imag9ation1 b z ! normal expression1 rationally & psy*ologically intelligible1 ( a creative religi\s _s1 :i* displays its treasures ( ideal tru? 9 ?is leg5d>y & my?ical poetry = ! b5efit ( ! orig9ators & ! wid] _w4 ,nor %\ld x be left unnotic$ t ,/rauss himself _h already indicat$ 9 a few cases ?is m pr(\nd explanation ( my?s by means ( ! religi\s idea4 ,at ! close ( 8 int]pretation ( ! /ory ( ! ,transfiguration 7 #ajg71 = in/ance1 he says1 we may see f ?is example v pla9ly h[ ! natural sy/em ( explanation1 by insi/+ on ! hi/orical c]ta9ty ( ! n>ratives1 lets g _! ideal tru?1 sacrific+ ! cont5t to ! =m ( ! /ory1 :]eas ! my?ical int]pretation1 by resign+ ! hi/orical mat]ial body ( su* n>ratives1 really rescues & pres]ves _! idea1 _! s\l & _s4 ,he might1 h[ev]1 h unfold$ ! idea ( ! ,transfiguration ) great] def9it5ess & fulness if he _h n m]ely allud$ to ! dogmatic discussion ( ,paul 9 #b ,cor4 iii4 #g sq41 b _h recognis$ x z ! real !me ( ! gospel /ory1 & _h int]pret$ ! latt] accord+ly4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! case ( ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,jesus 7,luke i4 & ii471 ,/rauss laid great emphasis on ! analogies & figures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i*1 aft] all1 c\ld only contribute z second>y motives 9 ! =mation ( ?is bir?-/ory1 :ile its real orig9 is to be s\ght 9 ! ,paul9e ,messianic idea ( 8! ,son ( ,god1 accord+ to ! _s ( hol9ess0 7,rom4 i4 #d2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #de sq471 a fact ,/rauss ov]look$4 ,?is defect takes a really surpris+ =m :5 he comes to expla9 ! miracles ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :i*1 9 complete indep5d5ce ( any sugge/ion f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 are entirely bas$ ^u ! dogmatic ideas ( ! ,alex&rian !ology1 & simply supply _! transp>5t symbolic ve/m5t4 ,h[ mu* m tru?fully & pr(\ndly c ! miracle at ,cana1 or ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 or ! cure ( ! man born bl9d1 be int]pret$ f ?is po9t ( view ?an f t ( ,/rauss6 ,9 ?is respect ,baur's int]pretation ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 an imm5se advance beyond ,/rauss1 z ! latt] himself ackn[l$g$ subsequ5tly4 ,) ! above defects ( ,/rauss's me?od ( int]pretation is connect$1 9 ! la/ place1 ! fact t ! outcome ( 8 book 9 ref]5ce to ! decisive "q1--,:at1 !n1 is ! hi/orical k]nel ( ! evangelical tradition1 :at ! real "* ( ,jesus & ( 8 "w8--is meagre & unsatisfactory4 ,9 ! clos+ essay at ! end ( 8 "w1 x is true1 he endeav\r$ to re/ore dogmatically :at he _h de/roy$ critically1 b he effect$ ?is 9 a way :i* am\nt$ to ! trans=mation ( religi\s fai? 9 ,*ri/ into a metaphysical allegory4 ,! pr$ications ( fai? ) reg>d to ,*ri/ are to be reg>d$ z conta9+ pr$ications z to ! relations ( ! human race to ! ,absolute1 z to ! self-abasem5t ( ! ,inf9ite to ! ,f9ite1 & ! return ( ! ,inf9ite to itself1 z to m9d & its p[] ov] nature1 & its dep5d5ce on x1 & ! l4 ,9 all ?is ,/rauss 0 l$ a/ray by ! influ5ce ( ! ,hegelian philosophy1 :i* look$ = ! tru? ( religion 9 logical & metaphysical categories in/ead ( 9 ! facts & exp]i5ces ( moral feel+ & volition4 ,b z !re is no ess5tial relation betwe5 ^! metaphysical ideas & ! p]son ( ,jesus1 he is made arbitr>ily1 z any "o else might h be51 an illu/ration & example ( absolute ideas to :i* he /&s 9 no m intimate relation ?an ! re/ ( ! human race2 :]eby ! special hi/orical importance ( ! orig9ator ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 & ( ! fir/ model ( its religi\s & moral life1 is n only left )\t explanation1 b is lo/ altoge!r1 a result :i* does viol5ce n m]ely to ! religi\s consci\sness1 b is unsatisfactory to hi/orical sci5ce1 :i* is conc]n$ to und]/& ,jesus z ! orig9at+ s\rce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is q true t we c g ) ,/rauss 9 8 answ] to ! alt]native ( ,ullmann :e!r ! *ur* creat$ ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels or he ! *ur*1 by decl>+ ! alt]native false1 & ! two ?+s 9 s f> bo? t5able z ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels is a creation ( ! fai? ( ! *ur*1 b ?is fai? an effect ( ! p]son ( ! hi/orical ,jesus4 ,we f9d ?is answ] to ,ullmann j1 b _c free ,/rauss f ! *>ge ( hav+ work$ out 9 8 book ! fir/ only ( ^! two positions1 & ( hav+ pass$ ov] ! second4 ,he has %[n no m ?an t ! *ur* =m$ ! my?ical traditions ab\t ,jesus out ( its fai? 9 him z ! ,messiah4 ,b h[ did ! *ur* come by ! fai? t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 ! ,messiah8 ,to ?is "q--:i* is ! ma9 "q ( a ,life ( ,jesus--,/rauss gave 8 read]s no answ]4 ,und\bt$ly x c be urg$ 9 8 def5ce t ! criticism ( ! s\rces 0 at t "t /ill 9 a condition ( too great confusion & unc]ta9ty to p]mit any successful answ] to t problem ( ! hi/orical k]nel ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,nev]!less ! difficulty ( ! matt] c\ld n relieve ! hi/orian ( ! duty ( at lea/ mak+ an attempt to trace f ! mat]ials left to him1 z ! residue ( 8 critical analysis ( ! de$s & words ( ,jesus1 ! ma9 outl9es ( 8 "*1 to br+ out ! peculi>ity & orig9ality ( 8 religi\s g5ius1 & 9 ?is way to discov] 9 ! orig9al p]sonality & re=m+ activity ( ,jesus ! orig9at+ cause ( ! rise ( ! community ( 8 disciples & _! fai? 9 him z ! ,messiah & 8 div9e mission4 ,if 9 8 clos+ essay ,/rauss _h pres5t$ a religi\s & moral description ( ,jesus ( ?is nature1 in/ead ( a metaphysical allegory z a sub/itute = ! %att]$ my?ological conception ( tradition1 ?\gh ! objection ( ! *ur* to 8 "w w\ld n h be5 want+1 x w\ld !n und\bt$ly h tak5 a less passionately d5unciatory =m ?an 0 ! case1 9 consequ5ce ( ! purely negative "* ( ! result1 unreliev$ by any modify+ conclusion4 ,9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! feel+ ( ^! defects1 %>$ by read]s ( all p>ties1 0 ! urg5cy ( ! duty laid ^u sci5tific !ologians ( prep>+1 by a r5ew$ & m ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! ,gospels1 ! /ones ( a new edifice to be re>$ ^u ! site laid b>e by ,/rauss's critical lab\rs4 8,9 ! d>kness :i* criticism produces1 by putt+ out all ! lights hi!rto ?\ght to be hi/orical1 ! eye has fir/ to le>n by gradual habit to aga9 di/+ui% a few s+le objects10 z ,/rauss himself rem>k$ 9 8 ?ird edition4 ,b ?is difficult task 0 n accompli%$ by ^? apologi/s :o endeav\r$ to make good ! damage by ! antiquat$ arts ( ! h>moni/s1 ) _! petty concessions1 my/ifications1 & evasions1 b by ^? c\rage\s inquir]s :o1 undet]r$ by dogmatic consid]ations1 s\ght by a /rictly hi/orical me?od to set 9 ! true light ! exact composition & ! mutual relations ( ! evangelical docum5ts4 ,we h already rem>k$ t ,baur & 8 disciples1 ! s-call$ ,tb+5 s*ool1 took a lead+ "p 9 ?is "w1 :ile o!r indep5d5t /ud5ts co-op]at$ ) !m1 supplem5t+ & correct+ _! lab\rs4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! place to foll[ ^! inquiries 9 detail2 b we mu/ glance at _! result z reg>ds ! hi/orical treatm5t ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,= an entire g5]ation ! exam9ation ( ! lit]>y details ( ! ,gospels _h occupi$ !ologians s exclusively t ! int]e/ 9 ! supreme problems ( ! evangelical hi/ory seem$ to h be5 almo/ lo/ sight (4 ,b ?is int]e/ 0 newly awak5$1 & made itself felt f> beyond le>n$ !ological circles1 by ! ne>ly simultane\s publication ( ,r5an's ,vie de ,jsus & ,/rauss's second ,leb5 ,jesu fr das deuts*e ,volk 7#ahfd74 ,^! two works1 ) all _! dissimil>ity1 resemble ea* o!r 9 ?is1 t !y 7 bo? writt5 by s*ol>s ( ! highe/ em95ce1 n = ! le>n$ _w1 b = educat$ p g5]ally1 bo? ?r[+ ov]bo>d1 !re=e1 ! balla/ ( le>n$ detail$ criticism1 & pres5t+ ! results ( _! inquiries 9 a language intelligible to ev]ybody1 & attractive f its lit]>y excell5ce4 ,!y are alike also 9 ?is1 t bo? subord9ate ! criticism ( ! gospel traditions to a positive description ( ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 ( 8 ess5tial religi\s t5d5cy & g5ius1 ( 8 relation to ! ,messianic idea ( 8 nation1 to ! law & ! temple1 to ! hi]>*y & religi\s & political p>ties ( 8 "t1 bo? seek+ an explanation ( ! re=matory success ( ! comm5cem5t1 & also ( ! tragical issue ( 8 lab\rs 9 ^! factors4 ,b inasmu* z ,/rauss conf9es himself to :at he c deem ! asc]ta9$ or probable facts1 aft] a /rict critique ( ! s\rces1 ! portrait del9eat$ by him turns out naturally some:at indi/9ct & defective 9 its outl9es2 ! meagr5ess ( ! result answ]s to ! caution ( 8 hi/orical consci5ce4 ,r5an1 on ! o!r h&1 feels no su* scruples2 9 8 criticism ( ! s\rces he goes to "w ) a mu* light] he>t1 & claims = ! biograph] ! "r to help himself ov] ! lacun & obscurities or contradictions ( 8 au?orities by call+ 9 ! aid ( ! creative imag9ation1 ) its p[]s ( comb9ation & inf]5ce4 ,by ?is means he has succe$$ 9 pres5t+ a life ( ,jesus di/+ui%$ = its epic vividness & dramatic developm5t1 b its /hetic *>m has be5 pur*as$ at ! price ( its hi/orical solidity4 ,?is noveli/ic feature becomes mo/ que/ionable :5 x w&]s into ! vag>ies ( ! naturali/ic explanation ( ! miracles 7e4g4 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us71 & 9 su* cases ca/s reflections on ! moral "* ( ,jesus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ,r5an mu/ be claim$ ! m]it ( hav+ emphasis$ ! social aspects ( ! ,messianic mission ( ,jesus1 & ( hav+ attempt$ to sket* ! developm5t ( 8 inn] life1 a *ange 9 ! phases ( 8 re=matory lab\rs4 ,z to ,/rauss's second ,life ( ,jesus1 its /r5g? lies1 z 9 ! fir/1 n s mu* 9 ! fir/ "p1 :i* deals ) ! positive side ( ! hi/ory1 z 9 ! second "p1 :]e x comes to treat ( ! my?ical side ( ! hi/ory4 ,b 9 ! second "w1 9 ! place ( ! analysis ( ! traditions giv5 9 ! fir/1 we get a syn!tic pres5tation ( ! rise & gradual gr[? & elaboration1 9 m & m exalt$ =ms1 ( ! idea ( ! ,*ri/ ( my?ical tradition2 ! successive /ages ( ! developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness are set =? by ref]5ce to ! g5esis ( ! ideas ( ,*ri/'s p]son1 p[]1 & sup]natural exaltation4 ,?us ?is g5etic me?od ( treatm5t1 foll[$ 9 ! lat] "w1 supplants & confirms ! result ( ! =m] "o2 :ile ! latt] _h %[n t ! miracul\s n>ratives 9 ! ,gospels are my? & n hi/ory1 ! new ,life %[s h[ 9 ^! my?s1 aft] all1 hi/ory is reflect$1 namely1 ! hi/ory ( ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,! great advance ( ?is new treatm5t ^u t ( ! previ\s "w 0 ! fruit ( ! int]v5+ /udies ( ,baur & 8 disciples1 to :i* ,r5an1 to ! detrim5t ( ! critical & hi/orical value ( 8 "w1 _h n paid suffici5t att5tion4 ,! two works ( ,r5an & ,/rauss 7 foll[$ by a deluge ( lit]ature on ! life ( ,jesus1 ! hi/orical value ( :i* is v v>i\s4 ,to give an acc\nt ( all ^! books w\ld require m space ?an is at my disposal4 ,i mu/ conf9e myself to ! "w ( ,!odor ,keim1 an ,engli% translation ( :i* has be5 publi%$ "u ! 8,!ological ,translation ,fund40 ,! "w is s di/+ui%$ by ! ri*ness ( its le>n$ mat]ial1 & ! ability ) :i* x is h&l$1 z to con/itute x ! be/ repres5tation ( ! pres5t condition ( our k ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,keim's /&po9t diff]s f t ( ,/rauss by ! w>m? ( religi\s feel+ & en?usiasm :i* p]vades 8 entire "w1 :ile at ! same "t no fett]s are laid ^u ! critical reason2 fre$om & piety jo9 h&s1 9 ord] to be j to ! d\ble claim :i* ! tru? ( hi/ory on ! "o h&1 & ! *ur* on ! o!r1 are ju/ifi$ 9 pres5t+4 ,! mo/ brilliant "p ( ,keim's "w is 8 del9eation ( ! religi\s p]sonality ( ,jesus1--h[ 9 x 7 comb9$1 9 a unique degree1 /r5g? & h>mony1 complete op5ness t[>ds ! _w1 ) p]fect inw>dness t[>ds ,god1 s z to become ! s\rce ( a new religion1 9 :i* self-surr5d] & lib]ty1 humility & en]gy1 en?usiasm & lucidity1 are bl5d$1 & ! *asm ( previ\s ages betwe5 ,god & man fill$ up4 ,8 description ( ! psy*ological developm5t ( ! ,messianic consci\sness ( ,jesus out ( inw>d exp]i5ces & outw>d impressions & impulses1 is also drawn ) great delicacy ( t\*2 at all ev5ts1 x is an able & sugge/ive ef=t to p5etrate1 z f> z ! /ate ( ! s\rces admits1 by means ( sympa!tic & reproductive div9ation1 to ! p]sonal exp]i5ces & m5tal /ates ( ! religi\s g5ius f :om a new epo* 9 ! _w's religi\s hi/ory proce$$4 ,/ill1 z 9 ! k9dr$ ef=ts ( ,r5an1 ,weizsck]1 ,beys*lag & ,weiss1 we may nev] =get h[ mu*1 ) ! pov]ty ( ! asc]ta9$ hi/orical mat]ials1 is left to ! uncontroll$ p[] ( comb9ation & div9ation2 9 o!r words1 to ! imag9ation1 :i* at be/ c d no m ?an r\ghly & approximately arrive at ! tru?1 :ile x may no less easily g f> a/ray4 ,x is c]ta9ly to be deem$ an advance t 9 ! m rec5t works on ! life ( ,jesus ! subject ( ma9 int]e/ is n s mu* ! ext]nal miracles z ! int]nal1 ! problems ( ! peculi> nature & developm5t ( 8 religi\s consci\sness & "*1 8 view ( 8 vocation1 8 attitude t[>ds ! ,messianic idea1 & ! l4 ,yet ?is advance is manife/ly att5d$ by ! temptation to sacrifice ! caution ( hi/orical criticism to ! production ( a biography z ri* 9 detail & z dramatic 9 movem5t z possible1 & to repres5t ?+s z ! asc]ta9$ results ( critical exam9ation1 :i* are really no?+ m ?an subjective comb9ations ( ! writ]s1 to :i* a c]ta9 degree ( probability may be atta*$1 ?\gh ! possibility w always rema91 t ! actual facts 7 some?+ q diff]5t4 ,! subtle exam9ation ( ! "q1 :e!r ,jesus himself ev] decl>$ himself to be ! ,messiah1 or spoke ( 8 return 9 cele/ial glory1 by ,m>t9eau1 9 8 ,seat ( ,au?ority 9 ,religion1 is 9 ?is respect des]v+ ( all att5tion1 & is ( great value1 z at lea/ supply+ a ne$$ lesson 9 caution 9 view ( ! excessive confid5ce ) :i* que/ions su* z ^! h be5 treat$ by ,r5an1 ,keim1 & lat] writ]s4 ,9 any case1 ! res]ve & caution ( ,/rauss are q ju/ifi$ z a corrective & c\nt]poise to ! extravagances committ$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,) reg>d to ! miracul\s n>ratives ( ! ,gospels1 ! advance ( m rec5t criticism beyond ! fir/ book ( ,/rauss has be5 9 two directions4 ,fir/1 ^! que/ions no long] con/itute ! c5tral po9t ( hi/orical int]e/1 b are subord9at$ 9 importance to ! problems ( ! religi\s consci\sness ( ,jesus4 ,secondly1 we d n n[ seek to int]pret ^! n>ratives s exclusively & )\t di/9ction f ! "o motive ( ! transf]5ce to ,jesus ( ! types ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s n>ratives ( miracles is cle>ly recognis$1 & v>i\s clues are accord+ly us$ 9 _! explanation2 :il/ 9 "o n>rative we obs]ve m]ely symbols ( religi\s & dogmatic ideas1 9 o!rs we discov]1 beh9d ! glorify+ t5d5cy to idealism1 "s backgr\nd ( hi/orical fact1 = in/ance1 9 ! miracles ( heal+1 z is n[ v g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,x _c be d5i$1 x is true1 t ) ?is p]fectly legitimate endeav\r is connect$ ! p]il ( fall+ back into ! old abuses ( rationali/ic artifice4 ,ev5 ,keim has n q escap$ ?is dang]1 inasmu* z he ab&ons ! basis ( /rict hi/ory 9 ! case ( ! /ory ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 & makes concessions to sup]naturali/ic dogma2 z ! sequel ( :i* ! old doctr9e ( miracles may be readmitt$ into ,lives ( ,jesus1 z is really ! case 9 ! works ( ,beys*lag & ,weiss4 ,9 ?is dang] appe>s ! necessity = ! cont9u$ prosecution ( ! negative "w ( criticism1 a duty z yet by no means sup]]ogatory4 ,! incl9ation to s9k into ! slumb] ( dogma is s natural to e g5]ation t ! mo/ uncompromis+ critical intellect mu/ )\t int]mission /& ^u ! wat* aga9/ x4 ,& z ?is task 0 p]=m$ by ,/rauss 9 8 fir/ ,life ( ,jesus 9 a mann] t may s]ve z a model = all "t1 ! book1 l e truly classical "w1 mu/ ev] reta9 its value4 ,/rauss's criticism broke d[n ! ramp>ts ( dogmatism1 new & old1 & op5$ to ! inquir+ m9d ! brea* ?r\gh :i* ! conque/ ( hi/orical tru? might be won4 ,otto ,pfleid]]4 ,c]tior factus ex ,britannia1 librum meum1 quem de vita ,jesu ,,xi abh9c annis composui1 virorum ejusmodi /udiis fav5tium cura 9 l+uam ,britannicam translatum1 brevi illic 9 publicum proditurum esse1 llitia anxietate temp]ata commoveor4 ,nam ut gratul>i sibi quum e/ auctorem1 cujus op]i contigit1 patri t]r ac l+u f9es transgr$i1 ita sollicitudo eundem subeat necesse e/1 ne1 qui domi placuit lib]1 =is displiceat1 aut cujus int] popul>es vel adv]s>iorum num]o crev]at auctoritas1 apud ext]os neglectus 9 obscuro maneat4 ,solum enim clumque vix m9ore libri quam plant p]iculo mutant4 ,et facilius quidem tran/ul]is op]a 9 illis rebus v]santia1 de quibus int] div]sas g5tes communis quidam aut c]te p>um discrepans s5sus obt9et3 ut1 qu poet aut discipl9>um quas exactas dicunt p]iti pr(]unt1 int] politiores hujus seculi nationes f]e sol5t esse communia4 ,neque tam5 vel hoc 9 librorum g5]e plane quum ,g]mano cum ,britannis aut ,gallis c]tam54 ,p]egr9a enim cum facilius no/ra quam illorum et l+ua et indoles recipiat1 longe frequ5tius poet quoque illorum 9 no/ram quam no/ri 9 illorum l+uas transf]untur4 ,at ,g]manicum opus 9 !ologi et philosophi quasi conf9io v]sans1 si trajic]e 9 ,britanniam p>at1 ne illa quidem int] utramque g5tem s5sus et /udiorum communione adjuvatur4 ,tam div]sa enim utrimque via i/ discipl9 process]unt1 ut 9 !ologia impii1 9 philosophia sup]/itiosi ,britannis ,g]mani iidem videamur4 ,cum iis1 qui 9 ,britannia ausi sunt1 hi/orias1 ,judorum et ,*ri/ianorum religione sacratas1 exam9i ut ajunt critico subjic]e1 nihil ag5dum esset1 nisi ut ,lockii sui atque ,humii pr9cipia philosophica1 sicut ad reliquas omnes hi/orias1 ita ad illas etiam1 quas legibus i/is hucusque sup]/itio subtrax]at1 adhib]5t3 9 ,g]mania ad hoc mon/ri res deg5]av]at1 ut sup]/itioni a !ologorum potissima p>te d]elict philosophia succurr]et1 critico ergo non simplex san philosophi contra !ologorum sup]/itionem1 s$ duplex et contra philosophorum ex sanioribus pr9cipiis d$uctas ineptas conclusiones1 et contra !ologorum propt] philosophica i/a auxilia ornam5taque inflatam atque induratam sup]/itionem1 c]tam5 ineundum esset4 ,ex hoc rei /atu proprie ,g]manico natum opus meum1 nom9ibus insup] atque op9ionibus !ologorum ac philosophorum no/ratium ref]tum1 nec s*ol>um etiam vocabula1 quibus no/r tantum aures assuev]e1 satis evitans1 a ,britannorum usu +5ioque non posse non abhorr]e1 tam probe scio1 ut de translato 9 eorum l+uam1 licet int]pretatio1 quantum quidem ejus inspic]e potu]im1 et accurata et p]spicua sit et librum1 quantum 9 ipsa e/1 popul>ibus comm5det1 num gaud5dum mihi magnop]e sit1 meh]cule nesciam4 ,acc$it1 quod a primo libri mei ortu duo lu/ra1 et a rec5tissima etiam editione unum jam lu/rum int]cessit4 ,ut tum1 quum opus in*oabam1 via inc$ebam1 quam pauci +ressi1 totam em5sus nemo erat1 ita p] primum illud lu/rum null f]e nisi adv]s>iorum voces audiebantur1 pr9cipia mea negantium et hi/oriam 9 ,evangeliis vel m]am1 vel levissima tantum erroris rumorisve adsp]sione t9ctam cont9]i affirmantium1 cum quibus non modo non disput&um1 s$ a quibus ne disc5dum quidem quidquam erat1 quod ad rem et ad librum v]e em5d&um p]t9]et4 ,proximo demum lu/ro viri ve/igia mea non refugi5tes neque evitantes1 s$ p]sequ5tes1 ubi ego sub/it]am longius progressi1 rem rev]a juv]unt atque promov]unt4 ,n>rationes 9 ,evangeliis traditas1 quas r]um v]e ge/>um esse p]suad]e mihi non potu]am1 my?orum 9 modum1 qui int] antiquas g5tes inv5iuntur1 aut 9 ore populi a m9utis initiis coaluisse et eundo crevisse1 aut a s+ulis1 s$ qui v]e ita ev5isse sup]/itiose 9 animum indux]ant1 fictas esse exi/imav]am4 ,quod ut sufficit explic&is pl]isque eorum1 qu dubitationem mov5tia tribus prioribus ,evangeliis cont95tur3 ita qu>ti ,evangelii auctorem ad tu5das et illu/r&as s5t5tias suas haud r>o m]as fabulas sci5tem conf9xisse1 a ,baurio1 !ologo ,tub+5si doctissimo1 nup] ita demon/ratum e/1 ut critici me judicii rigori religiosius quam v]ius temp]asse intelligam4 ,dumque prima a ,*ri/o secula accuratius p]scrutantur1 p>tes p>tiumque c]tam9a1 quibus nova ecclesia commovebatur1 9 apricum pr(]unt1 n>rationum haud pauc>um1 quas fabulas esse ego b5e quidem p]spex]am1 s$ unde ort ess5t demon/r>e non valu]am1 v]am 9 illis prim ecclesi motibus orig9em deteg]e !ologis ,tub+5sibus contigit4 ,imp]fectum igitur opus meum1 ut sol5t r]um initia1 non ob hoc tam51 quod s5t5ti dee/1 tim]em1 ne a ,britannis sp]n]etur1 nisi =m etiam illud quod supra dixi p]egr9um atque inusitatum acc$]et4 ,qui si suum ,h5nellium non audiv]unt1 de iisdem rebus cum ,britannis ,britannice ag5tem1 quomodo audi5t1 si quis ,g]manus surget1 cujus lib] cum sua l+ua non potu]it cogit&i quoque disput&ique morem prorsus ,g]manicum exu]e8 ,s$ absit om5 v]bis meis1 atque ut pridem 9 ,g]mania1 ita mox 9 ,britannia jaceat lib] hic 4 ,,/rauss4 ,scribebam ,heilbronn4 ,m$4 m5s4 ,april a4 #ahdf4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,g]man ,,edition4 ,x appe>$ to ! au?or ( ! "w1 ! fir/ half ( :i* is h]e) submitt$ to ! public1 t x 0 "t to sub/itute a new mode ( consid]+ ! life ( ,jesus1 9 ! place ( ! antiquat$ sy/ems ( supranaturalism & naturalism4 ,?is application ( ! t]m antiquat$ w 9 ! pres5t day be m readily admitt$ 9 relation to ! latt] sy/em ?an to ! =m]4 ,= :ile ! int]e/ excit$ by ! explanations ( ! miracles & ! conjectural facts ( ! rationali/s has long ago cool$1 ! comm5t>ies n[ mo/ read are ^? :i* aim to adapt ! sup]natural int]pretation ( ! sacr$ hi/ory to mod]n ta/e4 ,nev]!less1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! or?odox view ( ?is hi/ory became sup]annuat$ e>li] ?an ! rationali/ic1 s9ce x 0 only because ! =m] _h ceas$ to satisfy an advanc$ /ate ( culture1 t ! latt] 0 develop$1 :ile ! rec5t attempts to recov]1 by ! aid ( a my/ical philosophy1 ! sup]natural po9t ( view held by our =efa!rs1 betray !mselves1 by ! exagg]at+ _s 9 :i* !y are conceiv$1 to be f9al1 desp]ate ef=ts to r5d] ! pa/ pres5t1 ! inconceivable conceivable4 ,! new po9t ( view1 :i* mu/ take ! place ( ! above1 is ! my?ical4 ,?is !ory is n br\ght to be> on ! evangelical hi/ory = ! fir/ "t 9 ! pres5t "w3 x has long be5 appli$ to p>ticul> p>ts ( t hi/ory1 & is "h only ext5d$ to its entire t5or4 ,x is n by any means meant t ! :ole hi/ory ( ,jesus is to be repres5t$ z my?ical1 b only t e "p ( x is to be subject$ to a critical exam9ation1 to asc]ta9 :e!r x h n "s admixture ( ! my?ical4 ,! exegesis ( ! anci5t *ur* set out f ! d\ble presupposition3 fir/1 t ! gospels conta9$ a hi/ory1 & secondly1 t ?is hi/ory 0 a sup]natural "o4 ,rationalism reject$ ! latt] ( ^! presuppositions1 b only to cl+ ! m t5aci\sly to ! =m]1 ma9ta9+ t ^! books pres5t unadult]at$1 ?\gh only natural1 hi/ory4 ,sci5ce _c re/ satisfi$ ) ?is half-measure3 ! o!r presupposition also mu/ be rel9qui%$1 & ! inquiry mu/ fir/ be made :e!r 9 fact1 & to :at ext5t1 ! gr\nd on :i* we /& 9 ! gospels is hi/orical4 ,?is is ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 & ?us f> ! appe>ance ( a "w l ! pres5t is n only ju/ifiable1 b ev5 necess>y4 ,x is c]ta9ly n !re=e evid5t t ! au?or is precisely ! individual ^: vocation x is to appe> 9 ?is position4 ,he has a v vivid consci\sness t _m o!rs w\ld h be5 able to execute su* a "w ) incomp>ably sup]ior erudition4 ,yet on ! o!r h& he believes himself to be at lea/ possess$ ( "o qualification :i* especially fitt$ him to und]take ?is task4 ,! majority ( ! mo/ le>n$ & acute !ologians ( ! pres5t day fail 9 ! ma9 requirem5t = su* a "w1 a requirem5t )\t :i* no am\nt ( le>n+ w suffice to a*ieve any?+ 9 ! doma9 ( criticism--namely1 ! int]nal lib]ation ( ! feel+s & intellect f c]ta9 religi\s & dogmatical presuppositions2 & ?is ! au?or e>ly atta9$ by means ( philosophical /udies4 ,if !ologians reg>d ?is abs5ce ( presupposition f 8 "w1 z un*ri/ian3 he reg>ds ! believ+ presuppositions ( !irs z unsci5tific4 ,widely z 9 ?is respect ! tone ( ! pres5t "w may be contra/$ ) ! edify+ dev\tness & en?usia/ic my/icism ( rec5t books on simil> subjects2 /ill x w n[h]e dep>t f ! s]i\sness ( sci5ce1 or s9k into frivolity2 & x seems a j dem& 9 return1 t ! judgm5ts :i* are pass$ ^u x %\ld also conf9e !mselves to ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 & keep alo( f bigotry & fanaticism4 ,! au?or is aw>e t ! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? is p]fectly indep5d5t ( 8 criticism4 ,! sup]natural bir? ( ,*ri/1 8 miracles1 8 resurrection & asc5sion1 rema9 et]nal tru?s1 :atev] d\bts may be ca/ on _! reality z hi/orical facts4 ,! c]ta9ty ( ?is c alone give calmness & dignity to our criticism1 & di/+ui% x f ! naturali/ic criticism ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! design ( :i* 01 ) ! hi/orical fact1 to subv]t also ! religi\s tru?1 & :i* ?us necess>ily became frivol\s4 ,a diss]tation at ! close ( ! "w w %[ t ! dogmatic significance ( ! life ( ,jesus rema9s inviolate3 9 ! meantime let ! calmness & ins5sibility ) :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( x1 criticism und]takes app>5tly dang]\s op]ations1 be expla9$ solely by ! security ( ! au?or's conviction t no injury is ?reat5$ to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,inve/igations ( ?is k9d may1 h[ev]1 inflict a w\nd on ! fai? ( individuals4 ,%\ld ?is be ! case ) !ologians1 !y h 9 _! sci5ce ! means ( heal+ su* w\nds1 f :i*1 if !y w\ld n rema9 beh9d ! developm5t ( _! age1 !y _c possibly be exempt4 ,= ! laity ! subject is c]ta9ly n adequately prep>$2 & = ?is reason ! pres5t "w is s fram$1 t at lea/ ! unle>n$ among !m w quickly & (t5 p]ceive t ! book is n de/9$ = !m4 ,if f curiosity or excessive zeal aga9/ h]esy !y p]si/ 9 _! p]usal1 !y w !n h1 z ,s*lei]ma*] says on a simil> occasion1 to be> ! puni%m5t 9 _! consci5ce1 s9ce _! feel+s directly urge on !m ! conviction t !y und]/& n t ( :i* !y are ambiti\s to speak4 ,a new op9ion1 :i* aims to fill ! place ( an old] "o1 ought fully to adju/ its position ) respect to ! latt]4 ,h5ce ! way to ! my?ical view is "h tak5 9 ea* p>ticul> po9t ?r\gh ! supranaturali/ic & rationali/ic op9ions & _! respective refutations2 b1 z becomes a valid refutation1 ) an ackn[l$gm5t ( :at is true 9 ! op9ions combat$1 & an adoption ( ?is tru? into ! new !ory4 ,?is me?od also br+s ) x ! extr9sic advantage1 t ! "w may n[ s]ve z a rep]tory ( ! pr9cipal op9ions & treatises conc]n+ all p>ts ( ! evangelical hi/ory4 ,! au?or has n1 h[ev]1 aim$ to give a complete bibliographical view ( ?is dep>tm5t ( !ological lit]ature1 b1 :]e x 0 possible1 has adh]$ to ! *ief works 9 ea* sep>ate class ( op9ions4 ,= ! rationali/ic sy/em ! works ( ,paulus rema9 classical1 & are !re=e pre-em95tly ref]r$ to2 = ! or?odox op9ions1 ! comm5t>y ( ,ol%aus5 is especially important1 z ! mo/ rec5t & approv$ attempt to r5d] ! supranatural int]pretation philosophical & mod]n2 :ile z a prelim9>y to a critical inve/igation ( ! life ( ,jesus1 ! comm5t>ies ( ,fritzs*e are excell5tly adapt$1 s9ce !y exhibit1 toge!r ) uncommon philological le>n+1 t fre$om f prejudice & sci5tific indiff]5ce to results & consequ5ces1 :i* =m ! fir/ condition ( progress 9 ?is region ( inquiry4 ,! second volume1 :i* w op5 ) a detail$ exam9ation ( ! miracles ( ,jesus1 & :i* w conclude ! :ole "w1 is already prep>$ & w be 9 ! press imm$iately on ! completion ( ! fir/4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,tb+51 #bd? ,may1 #ahce4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,g]man ,,edition4 ,z ?is new edition ( my critical exam9ation ( ! life ( ,jesus appe>s simultane\sly ) ! fir/ volume ( my ,dogmatik1 x w n be expect$ to conta9 any ess5tial alt]ations4 ,inde$1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r lab\rs1 ,i %\ld sc>cely h be5 incl9$ to und]take su* on ! pres5t occasion4 ,! critical rese>*es prompt$ by ! appe>ance ( my "w h1 aft] ! /ormy reaction ( ! fir/ few ye>s1 at l5g? ent]$ on t quiet c\rse1 :i* promises ! mo/ valuable assi/ance t[>ds ! confirmation & m precise det]m9ation ( ! negative results at :i* ,i h arriv$4 ,b ^! fruits /ill require "s ye>s = _! matur+2 & x mu/ !re=e be def]r$ to a future opportunity to enri* ?is "w by ! use ( !m4 ,i c\ld n p]suade myself to d s1 at lea/ 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 by prosecut+ a polemic aga9/ opposite op9ions4 ,already 9 ! la/ edition !re 0 m ( a polemical "* ?an accord$ ) ! unity & calmness prop] to su* a "w2 h5ce ,i 0 9 ?is respect admoni%$ r to abridge ?an to amplify4 ,b t edition also conta9$ too mu* ( compliance4 ,! int]m+l+ voices ( oppon5ts1 critics1 & fell[ lab\r]s1 to :i* ,i held x a duty att5tively to li/51 _h confus$ ! idea ( ! "w 9 my m9d2 9 ! dilig5t comp>ison ( div]g5t op9ions ,i _h lo/ sight ( ! subject itself4 ,h5ce on com+ ) a m collect$ m9d to ?is la/ revision1 ,i f\nd alt]ations at :i* ,i c\ld n b wond]1 & by :i* ,i _h evid5tly done myself inju/ice4 ,9 all ^! passages ! e>li] read+s are n[ re/or$1 & ?us my lab\r 9 ?is new edition has *iefly consi/$ 9 :ett+1 z x 71 my good sword1 to free x f ! not*es made 9 x r by my own gr9d+1 ?an by ! bl[s ( my enemies4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,/uttg>d1 #ag? ,octob]1 #ahdj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,my?ical ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,gospel ,,hi/ories4 ,,page #a4 ,inevitable rise ( diff]5t modes ( expla9+ sacr$ hi/ories #ci #b4 ,diff]5t explanations ( sacr$ leg5ds among ! ,greeks #dj #c4 ,allegorical int]pretations among ! ,hebrews4 ,philo #da #d4 ,allegorical int]pretations among ! ,*ri/ians4 ,orig5 #da #e4 ,transition to m mod]n times4 ,dei/s & ,naturali/s ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/ #dd #f4 ,natural mode ( explanation adopt$ by ! ,rationali/s4 ,ei*horn4 ,paulus #df #g4 ,moral int]pretation ( ,kant #ej #h4 ,rise ( ! my?ical mode ( int]pret+ ! sacr$ hi/ory1 9 ref]5ce fir/ to ! ,old ,te/am5t #eb #i4 ,! my?ical mode ( int]pretation 9 ref]5ce to ! ,new ,te/am5t #eg #aj4 ,! notion ( ! my?us 9 its application to sacr$ hi/ories n cle>ly appreh5d$ by !ologians #ei #aa4 ,! application ( ! notion ( ! my?us too circumscrib$ #fc #ab4 ,opposition to ! my?ical view ( ! ,gospel hi/ory #fe #ac4 ,! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( my?i 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ext]nal evid5ces #fi #ad4 ,! possibility ( my?i 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t consid]$ on int]nal gr\nds #ge #ae4 ,def9ition ( ! evangelical my?us1 & its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics #hf #af4 ,crit]ia by :i* to di/+ui% ! unhi/orical 9 ! ,gospel n>rative #hg ,,fir/ ,,"p4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,bir? ,,& ,,*ildhood ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,annunciation ,,& ,,bir? ,,( ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/4 #ag4 ,acc\nt giv5 by ,luke4 ,imm$iate sup]natural "* ( ! repres5tation #ie #ah4 ,natural explanation ( ! n>rative #ajj #ai4 ,my?ical view ( ! n>rative 9 its diff]5t /ages #ajd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,davidical ,,desc5t ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,g5ealogical ,,tables ,,( ,,mat!w ,,& ,,luke4 #bj4 ,! two g5ealogies ( ,jesus consid]$ sep>ately & irrespectively ( "o ano!r #ajh #ba4 ,comp>ison ( ! two g5ealogies4 ,attempt to reconcile _! contradictions #aab #bb4 ,! g5ealogies unhi/orical #aag ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,ann\ncem5t ,,( ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,jesus4--,,its ,,sup]natural ,,"*4--,,visit ,,( ,,m>y ,,to ,,elizabe?4 #bc4 ,sket* ( ! diff]5t canonical & apocryphal acc\nts #aai #bd4 ,disagreem5ts ( ! canonical gospels 9 relation to ! =m ( ! annunciation #aba #be4 ,import ( ! angel's message4 ,fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ( ,isaiah #abf #bf4 ,jesus begott5 ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,criticism ( ! or?odox op9ion #acj #bg4 ,retrospect ( ! g5ealogies #acb #bh4 ,natural explanation ( ! hi/ory ( ! conception #acg #bi4 ,hi/ory ( ! conception ( ,jesus view$ z a my?us #adj #cj4 ,relation ( ,joseph to ,m>y4 ,bro!rs ( ,jesus #adc #ca4 ,visit ( ,m>y to ,elizabe? #adh ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,bir? ,,& ,,e>lie/ ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 #cb4 ,! c5sus #aeb #cc4 ,p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,! circumcision #aef #cd4 ,! ,magi & _! />4 ,! flight into ,egypt1 & ! murd] ( ! *ildr5 9 ,be?lehem4 ,criticism ( ! supranaturali/ic view #afb #ce4 ,attempts at a natural explanation ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,magi4 ,transition to ! my?ical explanation #afi #cf4 ,! purely my?ical explanation ( ! n>rative conc]n+ ! ,magi1 & ( ! ev5ts ) :i* x is connect$ #agc #cg4 ,*ronological relation betwe5 ! visit ( ! ,magi1 toge!r ) ! flight into ,egypt1 & ! pres5tation 9 ! temple record$ by ,luke #agh #ch4 ,! pres5tation ( ,jesus 9 ! temple #aha #ci4 ,retrospect4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke z to ! orig9al resid5ce ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus #ahd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,temple1 ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,jesus4 #dj4 ,jesus1 :5 twelve ye>s old1 9 ! temple #aia #da4 ,?is n>rative also my?ical #aif #db4 ,on ! ext]nal life ( ,jesus up to ! "t ( 8 public appe>ance #aih #dc4 ,! intellectual developm5t ( ,jesus #bja ,,second ,,"p4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,jesus ,,& ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/4 #dd4 ,*ronological relations betwe5 ,john & ,jesus #bji #de4 ,appe>ance & design ( ! ,bapti/4 ,8 p]sonal relations ) ,jesus #bad #df4 ,0 ,jesus ackn[l$g$ by ,john z ! ,messiah8 & 9 :at s5se8 #bai #dg4 ,op9ion ( ! evangeli/s & ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! ,bapti/1 ) 8 own judgm5t ( himself4 ,result ( ! inquiry into ! relation%ip betwe5 ^! two individuals #bcj #dh4 ,! execution ( ,john ! ,bapti/ #bcd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,baptism ,,& ,,temptation ,,( ,,jesus4 #di4 ,:y did ,jesus receive baptism f ,john8 #bcg #ej4 ,! sc5e at ! baptism ( ,jesus consid]$ z sup]natural1 & z natural #bci #ea4 ,an attempt at a criticism & my?ical int]pretation ( ! n>ratives #bdb #eb4 ,relation ( ! sup]natural at ! baptism ( ,jesus to ! sup]natural 9 8 conception #bdg #ec4 ,place & "t ( ! temptation ( ,jesus4 ,div]g5cies ( ! evangeli/s on ?is subject #bdi #ed4 ,! hi/ory ( ! temptation conceiv$ 9 ! s5se ( ! evangeli/s #beb #ee4 ,! temptation consid]$ z a natural occurr5ce ei!r int]nal or ext]nal2 & also z a p>able #bee #ef4 ,! hi/ory ( ! temptation z a my?us #bei ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,locality ,,& ,,*ronology ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 #eg4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! synoptical writ]s & ,john1 z to ! cu/om>y sc5e ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus #bfd #eh4 ,! resid5ce ( ,jesus at ,cap]naum #bga #ei4 ,div]g5cies ( ! ,evangeli/s z to ! *ronology ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,duration ( 8 public m9i/ry #bge #fj4 ,! attempts at a *ronological arrangem5t ( ! p>ticul> ev5ts 9 ! public life ( ,jesus #bgh ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,jesus ,,z ,,! ,,messiah4 #fa4 ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,man #bha #fb4 ,h[ soon did ,jesus conceive himself to be ! ,messiah1 & f9d recognition z su* f o!rs8 #bhd #fc4 ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ,god #bhh #fd4 ,! div9e mission & au?ority ( ,jesus4 ,8 pre-exi/5ce #bia #fe4 ,! messianic plan ( ,jesus4 ,indications ( a political elem5t #bic #ff4 ,data = ! pure spirituality ( ! messianic plan ( ,jesus4 ,balance #bie #fg4 ,! relation ( ,jesus to ! ,mosaic law #big #fh4 ,scope ( ! messianic plan ( ,jesus4 ,relation to ! ,g5tiles #cjj #fi4 ,relation ( ! messianic plan ( ,jesus to ! ,sam>itans4 ,8 int]view ) ! woman ( ,sam>ia #cjc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,disciples ,,( ,,jesus4 #gj4 ,call+ ( ! fir/ companions ( ,jesus4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s & ! f\r? #cji #ga4 ,pet]'s draught ( fi%es #cae #gb4 ,call+ ( ,mat!w4 ,connexion ( ,jesus ) ! publicans #cai #gc4 ,! twelve apo/les #cbc #gd4 ,! twelve consid]$ individually4 ,! ?ree or f\r mo/ confid5tial disciples ( ,jesus #cbf #ge4 ,! re/ ( ! twelve1 & ! sev5ty disciples #ccj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,disc\rses ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,?ree ,,fir/ ,,gospels4 #gf4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt #ccd #gg4 ,in/ructions to ! twelve4 ,lam5tations ov] ! ,galilean cities4 ,joy ov] ! call+ ( ! simple #cdb #gh4 ,! p>ables #cde #gi4 ,miscellane\s in/ructions & controv]sies ( ,jesus #cee ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,disc\rses ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 #hj4 ,conv]sation ( ,jesus ) ,nicodemus #cfe #ha4 ,! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 ,john v4-xii4 #cga #hb4 ,isolat$ maxims ( ,jesus1 common to ! f\r? gospel & ! synoptical ones #cgg #hc4 ,! mod]n discussions on ! au!nticity ( ! disc\rses 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,result #cha ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,public ,,life ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,exclusive ,,( ,,! ,,miracles4 #hd4 ,g5]al comp>ison ( ! mann] ( n>ration t di/+ui%es ! sev]al ,evangeli/s #chg #he4 ,isolat$ gr\ps ( anecdotes4 ,imputation ( a league ) ,beelzebub1 & dem& ( a sign #cia #hf4 ,visit ( ! "m & bre?r5 ( ,jesus4 ,! woman :o pron\nces ! "m ( ,jesus bless$ #cid #hg4 ,cont5tions = pre-em95ce among ! disciples4 ,! love ( ,jesus = *ildr5 #cif #hh4 ,! purification ( ! temple #cii #hi4 ,n>ratives ( ! ano9t+ ( ,jesus by a woman #djb #ij4 ,! n>ratives ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 & ( ,m>y & ,m>?a #dji ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,miracles ,,( ,,jesus4 #ia4 ,jesus consid]$ z a work] ( miracles #dac #ib4 ,! demoniacs1 consid]$ g5]ally #dae #ic4 ,cases ( ! expulsion ( demons by ,jesus1 consid]$ s+ly #dbc #id4 ,cures ( lep]s #dcg #ie4 ,cures ( ! bl9d #dda #if4 ,cures ( p>alytics4 ,did ,jesus reg>d diseases z puni%m5ts8 #deb #ig4 ,involunt>y cures #deg #ih4 ,cures at a di/ance #dfb #ii4 ,cures on ! sabba? #dga #ajj4 ,resuscitations ( ! dead #dgf #aja4 ,anecdotes hav+ relation to ! sea #dif #ajb4 ,! miracul\s multiplication ( ! loaves & fi%es #ejg #ajc4 ,jesus turns wat] into w9e #eai #ajd4 ,jesus curses a b>r5 fig-tree #ebg ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,transfiguration ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,& ,,8 ,,la/ ,,j\rney ,,to ,,j]usalem4 #aje4 ,! transfiguration ( ,jesus consid]$ z a miracul\s ext]nal ev5t #ece #ajf4 ,! natural explanation ( ! n>rative 9 v>i\s =ms #ecg #ajg4 ,! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration consid]$ z a my?us #edj #ajh4 ,div]g+ acc\nts conc]n+ ! la/ j\rney ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem #edf #aji4 ,div]g5cies ( ! gospels1 9 relation to ! po9t f :i* ,jesus made 8 entrance into ,j]usalem #edi #aaj4 ,m p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! entrance4 ,its object & hi/orical reality #eec ,,?ird ,,"p4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,passion1 ,,dea?1 ,,& ,,resurrection ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,relation ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,suff]+ ,,& ,,dy+ ,,messiah2 ,,8 ,,disc\rses ,,on ,,8 ,,dea?1 ,,resurrection1 ,,& ,,second ,,adv5t4 #aaa4 ,did ,jesus 9 precise t]ms pr$ict 8 passion & dea?8 #efc #aab4 ,! pr$ictions ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 dea? 9 g5]al2 _! relation to ! ,jewi% idea ( ! ,messiah2 decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! object & effects ( 8 dea? #efg #aac4 ,precise decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 future resurrection #egd #aad4 ,figurative disc\rses1 9 :i* ,jesus is suppos$ to h ann\nc$ 8 resurrection #egf #aae4 ,! disc\rses ( ,jesus on 8 second adv5t4 ,criticism ( ! diff]5t int]pretations #ehb #aaf4 ,orig9 ( ! disc\rses on ! second adv5t #eia ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ma*9ations ,,( ,,! ,,enemies ,,( ,,jesus2 ,,trea*]y ,,( ,,judas2 ,,la/ ,,supp] ,,) ,,! ,,disciples4 #aag4 ,developm5t ( ! relation ( ,jesus to 8 enemies #eii #aah4 ,jesus & 8 betray] #fjb #aai4 ,diff]5t op9ions conc]n+ ! "* ( ,judas1 & ! motives ( 8 trea*]y #fjg #abj4 ,prep>ation = ! passov] #faa #aba4 ,div]g5t /atem5ts respect+ ! "t ( ! la/ supp] #fad #abb4 ,div]g5cies 9 relation to ! occurr5ces at ! la/ meal ( ,jesus #fba #abc4 ,ann\ncem5t ( ! betrayal & ! d5ial #fbf #abd4 ,! in/itution ( ! ,"l's supp] #fca ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,retirem5t ,,to ,,! ,,m\nt ,,( ,,olives1 ,,arre/1 ,,trial1 ,,condemnation1 ,,& ,,crucifixion ,,( ,,jesus4 #abe4 ,agony ( ,jesus 9 ! g>d5 #fce #abf4 ,relation ( ! f\r? gospel to ! ev5ts 9 ,ge?semane4 ,! f>ewell disc\rses 9 ,john1 & ! sc5e foll[+ ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,greeks #fdj #abg4 ,arre/ ( ,jesus #fdi #abh4 ,exam9ation ( ,jesus be=e ! high prie/ #fec #abi4 ,! d5ial by ,pet] #feh #acj4 ,! dea? ( ! betray] #ffb #aca4 ,jesus be=e ,pilate & ,h]od #ffi #acb4 ,! crucifixion #fgg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,dea? ,,& ,,resurrection ,,( ,,jesus4 #acc4 ,prodigies att5dant on ! dea? ( ,jesus #fia #acd4 ,! w\nd by a spe> 9 ! side ( ,jesus #fig #ace4 ,burial ( ,jesus #gja #acf4 ,! wat* at ! grave ( ,jesus #gje #acg4 ,fir/ tid+s ( ! resurrection #gji #ach4 ,appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus 9 ,galilee & 9 ,judea1 includ+ ^? m5tion$ by ,paul & by apocryphal writ+s #gah #aci4 ,quality ( ! body & life ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection #gbh #adj4 ,debates conc]n+ ! reality ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus #gce ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,asc5sion4 #ada4 ,! la/ comm&s & promises ( ,jesus #gde #adb4 ,! s-call$ asc5sion consid]$ z a sup]natural & z a natural ev5t #gdi #adc4 ,insuffici5cy ( ! n>ratives ( ! asc5sion4 ,my?ical conception ( ^? n>ratives #geb ,,conclud+ ,,diss]tation4 ,,! ,,dogmatic ,,import ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 #add4 ,necess>y transition f criticism to dogma #geg #ade4 ,! ,*ri/ology ( ! or?odox sy/em #geh #adf4 ,objections to ! ,*ri/ology ( ! *ur* #gfd #adg4 ,! ,*ri/ology ( rationalism #gfg #adh4 ,! eclectic ,*ri/ology ( ,s*lei]ma*] #gfh #adi4 ,*ri/ology int]pret$ symbolically4 ,kant4 ,de ,wette #ggc #aej4 ,! speculative ,*ri/ology #ggg #aea4 ,la/ dilemma #ggh #aeb4 ,relation ( ! critical & speculative !ology to ! *ur* #gha ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,introduction4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,my?ical ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,gospel ,,hi/ories4 #a4 ,,inevitable ,,rise ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,modes ,,( ,,expla9+ ,,sacr$ ,,hi/ories4 ,:]ev] a religion1 re/+ ^u writt5 records1 prolongs & ext5ds ! sph]e ( its dom9ion1 accompany+ its vot>ies ?r\gh ! v>i$ & progressive /ages ( m5tal cultivation1 a discrepancy betwe5 ! repres5tations ( ^? anci5t records1 ref]r$ to z sacr$1 & ! notions ( m advanc$ p]iods ( m5tal developm5t1 w inevitably soon] or lat] arise4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ?is disagreem5t is felt 9 ref]5ce only to ! uness5tial--! ext]nal =m3 ! expressions & del9eations are se5 to be inappropriate2 b by degrees x manife/s itself also 9 reg>d to t :i* is ess5tial3 ! fundam5tal ideas & op9ions 9 ^! e>ly writ+s fail to be comm5surate ) a m advanc$ civilisation4 ,z long z ?is discrepancy is ei!r n 9 itself s consid]able1 or else is n s univ]sally disc]n$ & ackn[l$g$1 z to lead to a complete r5unciation ( ^! ,scriptures z ( sacr$ au?ority1 s long w a sy/em ( reconciliation by means ( int]pretation be adopt$ & pursu$ by ^? :o h a m or less di/9ct consci\sness ( ! exi/+ incongruity4 ,a ma9 elem5t 9 all religi\s records is sacr$ hi/ory2 a hi/ory ( ev5ts 9 :i* ! div9e ent]s1 )\t int]m$iation1 into ! human2 ! ideal ?us assum+ an imm$iate embodim5t4 ,b z ! progress ( m5tal cultivation ma9ly consi/s 9 ! gradual recognition ( a *a9 ( causes & effects connect+ natural ph5om5a ) ea* o!r2 s ! m9d 9 its developm5t becomes ev] increas+ly consci\s ( ^? m$iate l9ks :i* are indisp5sable to ! realization ( ! ideal2 #a & h5ce ! discrepancy betwe5 ! mod]n culture & ! anci5t records1 ) reg>d to _! hi/orical portion1 becomes s app>5t1 t ! imm$iate int]v5tion ( ! div9e 9 human affairs loses its probability4 ,besides1 z ! humanity ( ^! records is ! humanity ( an e>ly p]iod1 consequ5tly ( an age comp>atively undevelop$ & necess>ily rude1 a s5se ( repulsion is likewise excit$4 ,! incongruity may be ?us express$4 ,! div9e _c s h happ5$2 7n imm$iately1 n 9 =ms s rude27 or1 t :i* has s happ5$ _c h be5 div9e3--& if a reconciliation be s\ght by means ( int]pretation1 x w be attempt$ to prove1 ei!r t ! div9e did n manife/ itself 9 ! mann] relat$1--:i* is to d5y ! hi/orical validity ( ! anci5t ,scriptures2 or1 t ! actual occurr5ces 7 n div9e--:i* is to expla9 away ! absolute cont5ts ( ^! books4 ,9 bo? cases ! int]pretation may be p>tial or imp>tial3 p>tial1 if und]tak5 ) a det]m9ation to close ! eyes to ! secretly recognis$ fact ( ! disagreem5t betwe5 ! mod]n culture & ! anci5t records1 & to see only 9 su* int]pretation ! orig9al signification ( ^! records2 imp>tial1 if x unequivocally ackn[l$ges & op5ly av[s t ! matt]s n>rat$ 9 ^! books mu/ be view$ 9 a light altoge!r diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y 7 reg>d$ by ! au?ors !mselves4 ,?is latt] me?od1 h[ev]1 by no means involves ! entire rejection ( ! religi\s docum5ts2 on ! contr>y1 ! ess5tial may be firmly reta9$1 :il/ ! uness5tial is unres]v$ly ab&on$4 #b4 ,,diff]5t ,,explanations ,,( ,,sacr$ ,,leg5ds ,,among ,,! ,,greeks4 ,?\gh ! ,hell5i/ic religion _c be said to h re/$ ^u writt5 records1 x became en%r9$ 9 ! ,greek poems1 = example1 9 ^? ( ,hom] & ,hesiod2 & ^!1 no less ?an its orally transmitt$ leg5ds1 did n fail to receive cont9ually v>y+ int]pretations1 successively adapt$ to ! progressive intellectual culture ( ! ,greeks4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ! rigid philosophy ( ! ,greeks1 & "u its influ5ce ev5 "s ( ! ,greek poets1 recogniz$ ! impossibility ( ascrib+ to ,deity manife/ations s grossly human1 s imm$iate1 & s b>b>\s1 z ^? exhibit$ & repres5t$ z div9e 9 ! wild conflicts ( ,hesiod's ,!ogony1 & 9 ! dome/ic occupations & trivial pursuits ( ! ,hom]ic deities4 ,h5ce arose ! qu>rel ( ,plato1 & prior to him ( ,p9d>1 ) ,hom]2 #b h5ce ! cause :i* induc$ ,anaxagoras1 to :om ! inv5tion ( ! allegorical mode ( int]pretation is ascrib$1 to apply ! ,hom]ic del9eations to virtue & to ju/ice2 #c h5ce x 0 t ! ,/oics und]/ood ! ,!ogony ( ,hesiod z relat+ to ! action ( ! elem5ts1 :i*1 accord+ to _! notions1 con/itut$1 9 _! highe/ union1 ! div9e nature4 #d ,?us did ^! sev]al ?9k]s1 ea* accord+ to 8 own peculi> mode ( ?\ght1 succe$ 9 discov]+ an absolute mean+ 9 ^! repres5tations3 ! "o f9d+ 9 !m a physical1 ! o!r an e?ical signification1 :il/1 at ! same "t1 !y gave up _! ext]nal =m1 ceas+ to reg>d !m z /rictly hi/orical4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m popul> & sophi/ical culture ( ano!r class ( ?9k]s l$ !m to opposite conclusions4 ,?\gh1 9 _! e/imation1 e semblance ( ! div9e _h evaporat$ f ^! hi/ories2 ?\gh !y 7 conv9c$ t ! proce$+s ascrib$ to ! gods 7 n godlike1 /ill !y did n ab&on ! hi/orical s5se ( ^! n>ratives4 ,) ,evem]us #e !y trans=m$ ! subjects ( ^! hi/ories f gods to m51 to h]oes & sages ( antiquity1 k+s & tyrants1 :o1 ?r\gh de$s ( might & val\r1 _h acquir$ div9e hon\rs4 ,"s inde$ w5t /ill fur!r1 &1 ) ,polybius1 #f consid]$ ! :ole sy/em ( hea!n !ology z a fable1 inv5t$ by ! f\nd]s ( /ates to awe ! p into subjection4 #c4 ,,allegorical ,,int]pretations ,,among ,,! ,,hebrews4--,,philo4 ,:il/1 on ! "o h&1 ! isolation & /ability ( ! ,hebrews s]v$ to ret>d ! developm5t ( simil> manife/ations among/ ?is p1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 once actually develop$1 !y 7 ! m m>k$2 because1 9 proportion to ! high degree ( au?ority ascrib$ to ! sacr$ records1 0 ! skill & caution requir$ 9 _! int]pretation4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ,pale/9e1 subsequ5t to ! exile1 & p>ticul>ly aft] ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 _m +5i\s attempts 7 made to int]pret ! ,old ,te/am5t s z to remove (f5sive lit]alities1 supply defici5cies1 & introduce ! notions ( a lat] age4 ,examples ( ?is sy/em ( int]pretation occur 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,rabb9s1 & ev5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 #g b x 0 at t place :]e ! ,jewi% m9d came into contact ) ,greek civilization1 & "u its influ5ce 0 c>ri$ beyond ! limits ( its own national culture--namely at ,alex&ria--t ! allegorical mode ( int]pretation 0 fir/ consi/5tly appli$ to ! :ole body ( hi/orical n>rative 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,_m _h prep>$ ! way1 b x 0 ,philo :o fir/ fully develop$ ! doctr9e ( bo? a common & a deep] s5se ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,he 0 by no means incl9$ to ca/ away ! =m]1 b g5]ally plac$ ! two toge!r1 side by side1 & ev5 decl>$ himself oppos$ to ^? :o1 ev]y:]e & )\t necessity1 sacrific$ ! lit]al to ! high] signification4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 he absolutely disc>d$ ! v]bal mean+ & hi/orical conception1 & consid]$ ! n>rative m]ely z ! figurative repres5tation ( an idea4 ,he did s1 = example1 :5ev] ! sacr$ /ory appe>$ to him to pres5t del9eations unwor?y ( ,deity1 t5d+ ei!r to mat]ialism or an?ropomorphism1 or o!rwise to conta9 contradictions4 #h ,! fact t ! ,jews1 :il/ !y adopt$ ?is mode ( expla9+ ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7:i*1 9 ord] to save ! purity ( ! intr9sic signification1 (t5 sacrific$ ! hi/orical =m71 7 nev] l$ into ! opposite sy/em ( ,evem]us 7:i* pres]v$ ! hi/orical =m by dive/+ ! hi/ory ( ! div9e1 & r$uc+ x to a record ( m]e human ev5ts71 is to be ascrib$ to ! t5acity ) :i* t p ev] adh]$ to ! sup]natural po9t ( view4 ,! latt] mode ( int]pretation 0 fir/ br\ght to be> ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t by ! ,*ri/ians4 #d4 ,,allegorical ,,int]pretations ,,among ,,! ,,*ri/ians4--,,orig54 ,to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians :o1 antec$5t to ! fix+ ( ! *ri/ian canon1 made especial use ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z _! pr9cipal sacr$ record1 an allegorical int]pretation 0 ! m indisp5sable1 inasmu* z !y _h made great] advances beyond ! views ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s ?an ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ ( ! ,jews4 ,x 0 no wond] !re=e t ?is mode ( explanation1 already 9 vogue among ! ,jews1 0 almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by ! primitive *ri/ian *ur*es4 ,x 0 h[ev] aga9 9 ,alex&ria t x f\nd ! fulle/ application among/ ! ,*ri/ians1 & t 9 connexion ) ! "n ( ,orig54 ,orig5 attributes a ?reefold mean+ to ! ,scriptures1 correspond+ ) 8 di/ribution ( ! human be+ into ?ree p>ts3 ! lit]al s5se answ]+ to ! body2 ! moral1 to ! s\l2 & ! my/ical1 to ! _s4 #i ,! rule ) him 0 to reta9 all ?ree mean+s1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 wor?2 9 "s p>ticul> cases1 h[ev]1 he 0 ( op9ion t ! lit]al int]pretation ei!r gave no s5se at all1 or else a p]v]t$ s5se1 9 ord] ! m directly to impel ! read] to ! discov]y ( its my/ical signification4 ,orig5's repeat$ obs]vation t x is n ! purpose ( ! biblical n>ratives to transmit old tales1 b to in/ruct 9 ! rules ( life2 #aj 8 ass]tion t ! m]ely lit]al acceptation ( _m ( ! n>ratives w\ld prove de/ructive ( ! *ri/ian religion2 #aa & 8 application ( ! passage 8,! lett] kille?1 b ! _s give? life10 #ab to ! relative wor? ( ! allegorical & ! lit]al modes ( biblical int]pretation1 may be und]/ood z indicat+ only ! inf]iority ( ! lit]al to ! deep] signification4 ,b ! lit]al s5se is decid$ly giv5 up :5 x is said1 8,e passage ( ,scripture has a spiritual elem5t1 b n e "o has a corporeal elem5t20 #ac 8,a spiritual tru? (t5 exi/s embodi$ 9 a corporeal falsehood02 #ad 8,! ,scriptures conta9 _m ?+s :i* nev] came to pass1 int]wov5 ) ! hi/ory1 & he mu/ be dull inde$ :o does n ( 8 own accord obs]ve t mu* :i* ! ,scriptures repres5t z hav+ happ5$ nev] actually occurr$40 #ae ,among ! passages :i* ,orig5 reg>d$ z admitt+ no o!r ?an an allegorical int]pretation1 besides ^? :i* too s5sibly humanis$ ! ,deity1 #af he includ$ ^? :i* attribut$ unwor?y action to individuals :o _h held intimate communion ) ,god4 #ag ,x 0 n h[ev] f ! ,old ,te/am5t views alone t ,orig5 _h1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 *ri/ian tra9+1 dep>t$ s widely t he felt himself compell$1 if he w\ld reta9 8 rev]5ce = ! sacr$ records1 to allegorize _! cont5ts1 z a means ( reconcil+ ! contradiction :i* _h aris5 betwe5 !m & 8 own m9d4 ,!re 0 mu* likewise 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s :i* s little accord$ ) 8 philosophical notions1 t he f\nd himself con/ra9$ to adopt a simil> proce$+ 9 ref]5ce to !m4 ,he reason$ ?us3--! ,new ,te/am5t & ! ,old are ! "w ( ! same _s1 & ?is _s w\ld proce$ 9 ! same mann] 9 ! production ( ! "o & ( ! o!r1 int]weav+ fiction ) reality1 9 ord] !reby to direct ! m9d to ! spiritual signification4 #ah ,9 a rem>kable passage ( 8 "w aga9/ ,celsus1 ,orig5 classes toge!r1 & 9 no ambigu\s language1 ! p>tially fabul\s /ories ( pr(ane hi/ory1 & ( hea!n my?ology1 ) ! gospel n>ratives4 #ai ,he expresses himself z foll[s3 8,9 almo/ e hi/ory x is a difficult task1 & n unfrequ5tly an impossible "o1 to demon/rate ! reality ( ! ev5ts record$1 h[ev] true !y may 9 fact be4 ,let u suppose "s individual to d5y ! reality ( a ,trojan w> on acc\nt ( ! incr$ibilities mix$ up ) ! hi/ory2 z1 = example1 ! bir? ( ,a*illes f a goddess ( ! sea4 ,h[ c\ld we sub/antiate ! fact1 encumb]$ z x is ) ! num]\s & und5iable poetical fictions :i* h1 9 "s unasc]ta9able mann]1 become int]wov5 ) ! g5]ally admitt$ acc\nt ( ! w> betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! ,trojans8 ,!re is no alt]native3 he :o w\ld /udy hi/ory ) und]/&+1 & n suff] himself to be delud$1 mu/ weigh ea* sep>ate detail1 & consid] :at is wor?y ( cr$it & may be believ$ )\t fur!r evid5ce2 :at1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ be reg>d$ z m]ely figurative2 7 7 always be>+ 9 m9d ! aim ( ! n>rator--& :at mu/ be :olly mi/ru/$ z be+ writt5 ) int5t to please c]ta9 individuals40 ,9 conclusion ,orig5 says1 8,i 0 desir\s ( mak+ ^! prelim9>y obs]vations 9 relation to ! entire hi/ory ( ,jesus giv5 9 ! ,gospels1 n ) ! view ( exact+ f ! enlight5$ a bl9d & baseless belief1 b ) design to %[ h[ indisp5sable to ! /udy ( ?is hi/ory are n only judgm5t & dilig5t exam9ation1 b1 s to speak1 ! v p5etrat+ into ! m9d ( ! au?or1 9 ord] to discov] ! p>ticul> aim ) :i* ea* n>rative may h be5 writt540 ,we "h see ,orig5 almo/ transc5d+ ! limits ( 8 own cu/om>y po9t ( view1 & v]g+ t[>ds ! m mod]n my?ical view4 ,b if 8 own prepossessions 9 fav\r ( ! sup]natural1 & 8 fe> ( giv+ (f5ce to ! or?odox *ur*1 comb9$ to h9d] him f mak+ a wid] application ( ! allegorical mode ( int]pretation to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! same causes op]at$ /ill m p[]fully 9 relation to ! ,new ,te/am5t2 s t :5 we fur!r inquire ( :i* ( ! gospel hi/ories 9 p>ticul> did ,orig5 reject ! hi/orical mean+1 9 ord] to hold fa/ a tru? wor?y ( ,god8 ! in/ances w prove to be meagre 9 ! extreme4 ,= :5 he says1 9 illu/ration ( ! above-m5tion$ passage1 t among/ o!r ?+s1 x is n to be und]/ood lit]ally t ,satan %[$ to ,jesus all ! k+doms ( ! e>? f a m\nta91 because ?is is impossible to ! bodily eye2 he "h gives n a /rictly allegorical int]pretation1 b m]ely a diff]5t turn to ! lit]al s5se1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 relates n to an ext]nal fact1 b to ! int]nal fact ( a vision4 ,aga91 ev5 :]e ! text (f]s a tempt+ opportunity ( sacrific+ ! lit]al to ! spiritual mean+1 z1 = example1 ! curs+ ( ! fig-tree1 #bj ,orig5 does n speak out freely4 ,he is mo/ explicit :5 speak+ ( ! expulsion ( ! buy]s & sell]s f ! temple2 he *>act]izes ! conduct ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ! lit]al int]pretation1 z assum+ & s$iti\s4 #ba ,he moreov] expressly rem>ks t ! ,scriptures conta9 _m m hi/orical ?an m]ely scriptural tru?s4 #bb #e4 ,,transition ,,to ,,m ,,mod]n ,,times4--,,dei/s ,,& ,,naturali/s ,,( ,,! #ag,,? ,,& #ah,,? ,,c5turies4--,,! ,,wolf5b,,ttel ,,fragm5ti/4 ,?us 0 develop$ "o ( ^? =ms ( int]pretation to :i* ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 9 common ) all o!r religi\s records1 9 relation to _! hi/orical cont5ts1 became necess>ily subject$2 t1 namely1 :i* recognizes 9 !m ! div9e1 b d5ies x to h actually manife/$ itself 9 s imm$iate a mann]4 ,! o!r pr9cipal mode ( int]pretation1 :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ackn[l$ges ! c\rse ( ev5ts to h be5 hi/orically true1 b assigns x to a human & n a div9e orig91 0 develop$ among/ ! enemies ( ,*ri/ianity by a ,celsus1 a ,porphyry1 & a ,julian4 ,!y inde$ reject$ mu* ( ! hi/ory z altoge!r fabul\s2 b !y admitt$ _m ( ! incid5ts relat$ ( ,moses1 ,jesus1 & o!rs1 to be hi/orical facts3 ^! facts 7 h[ev] consid]$ by !m z orig9at+ f common motives2 & !y attribut$ _! app>5tly sup]natural "* ei!r to gross fraud or impi\s sorc]y4 ,x is wor?y ( obs]vation t ! circum/ances att5d+ ! introduction ( ^! sev]al modes ( int]pretation into ! hea!n & ,jewi% religions1 on ! "o h&1 & into ! *ri/ian religion1 on ! o!r1 7 diff]5t4 ,! religion & sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,greeks & ,hebrews _h be5 gradually develop$ ) ! developm5t ( ! nation1 & x 0 n until ! intellectual culture ( ! p _h outgr[n ! religion ( _! fa!rs1 & ! latt] 0 9 consequ5ce v]g+ t[>ds decay1 t ! discrepancy :i* is ! s\rce ( ^! v>y+ int]pretations became app>5t4 ,*ri/ianity1 on ! contr>y1 came into a _w ( already advanc$ civilization2 :i* 01 ) ! exception ( t ( ,pale/9e1 ! ,judaico-,hell5i/ic & ! ,greek4 ,consequ5tly a disagreem5t manife/$ itself at ! v beg9n+2 x 0 n n[1 h[ev]1 z 9 =m] times1 betwe5 mod]n culture & an anci5t religion1 b betwe5 a new religion & anci5t culture4 ,! production ( allegorical int]pretations among ! ,pagans & ! ,hebrews1 0 a sign t _! religion _h lo/ its vitality2 ! allegories ( ,orig5 & ! attacks ( ,celsus1 9 ref]5ce to ,*ri/ianity1 7 evid5ces r t ! _w _h n z yet duly accommodat$ itself to ! new religion4 ,z h[ev] ) ! *ri/ianiz+ ( ! ,roman empire1 & ! ov]?r[ ( ! *ief h]esies1 ! *ri/ian pr9ciple ga9$ an ev]-increas+ supremacy2 z ! s*ools ( hea!n wisdom clos$2 & ! unciviliz$ ,g]manic tribes l5t !mselves to ! tea*+ ( ! *ur*2--! _w1 dur+ ! t$i\s c5turies ( ! middle ages1 0 satisfi$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 bo? 9 =m & 9 sub/ance4 ,almo/ all traces ( ^! modes ( int]pretation :i* presuppose a discrepancy betwe5 ! culture ( a nation1 or ( ! _w1 & religion1 9 consequ5ce disappe>$4 ,! re=mation effect$ ! fir/ brea* 9 ! solid /ructure ( ! fai? ( ! *ur*4 ,x 0 ! fir/ vital expression ( a culture1 :i* _h n[ 9 ! he>t ( ,*ri/5dom itself1 z =m]ly 9 relation to ,paganism & ,judaism1 acquir$ /r5g? & indep5d5ce suffici5t to create a reaction aga9/ ! soil ( its bir?1 ! prevail+ religion4 ,?is reaction1 s long z x 0 direct$ aga9/ ! dom9ant hi]>*y1 con/itut$ ! sublime1 b quickly t]m9at$1 drama ( ! re=mation4 ,9 its lat] direction aga9/ ! ,bible1 x appe>$ aga9 ^u ! /age 9 ! b>r5 revolution>y ef=ts ( deism2 & _m & v>i\s h be5 ! =ms x has assum$ 9 its progress d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,! dei/s & naturali/s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies r5ew$ ! polemic attacks ( ! pagan adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! bosom ( ! *ri/ian *ur*2 & gave to ! public an irregul> & confus$ mass ( criticisms1 impugn+ ! au!nticity & cr$ibility ( ! ,scriptures1 & expos+ to contempt ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! sacr$ volume4 ,tol&1 #bc ,bol+broke1 #bd & o!rs1 pron\nc$ ! ,bible to be a collection ( unau!ntic & fabul\s books2 :il/ "s sp>$ no pa9s to despoil ! biblical hi/ories1 & ! h]oes ^: actions !y celebrate1 ( e ray ( div9e light4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,morgan1 #be ! law ( ,moses is a mis]able sy/em ( sup]/ition1 bl9dness1 & slav]y2 ! ,jewi% prie/s are deceiv]s2 & ! ,jewi% prophets ! orig9ators ( ! di/ractions & civil w>s ( ! two k+doms ( ,judah & ,israel4 ,accord+ to ,*ubb1 #bf ! ,jewi% religion _c be a revelation f ,god1 because x debases ! moral "* ( ! ,deity by attribut+ to him arbitr>y conduct1 p>tiality = a p>ticul> p1 & above all1 ! cruel comm& to ext]m9ate ! ,canaaniti% nations4 ,assaults 7 likewise made by ^! & o!r dei/s ^u ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ! ,apo/les 7 suspect$ ( be+ actuat$ by selfi% & m]c5>y motives2 #bg ! "* ( ,jesus himself 0 n sp>$1 #bh & ! fact ( 8 resurrection 0 d5i$4 #bi ,! miracles ( ,jesus1 wr\ght by an imm$iate ex]cise ( div9e p[] 9 human acts & conc]ns1 7 made ! p>ticul> objects ( attack by ,wool/on4 #cj ,?is writ] is also wor?y ( notice on acc\nt ( ! peculi> position tak5 by him betwe5 ! anci5t allegori/s & ! mod]n naturali/s4 ,8 :ole reason+ turns ^u ! alt]native2 ei!r to reta9 ! hi/orical reality ( ! miracles n>rat$ 9 ! ,bible1 & ?us to sacrifice ! div9e "* ( ! n>ratives1 & r$uce ! miracles to m]e artifices1 mis]able juggl]ies1 or commonplace deceptions2 or1 9 ord] to hold fa/ ! div9e "* ( ^! n>ratives1 to reject !m entirely z details ( actual occurr5ces1 & reg>d !m z hi/orical repres5tations ( c]ta9 spiritual tru?s4 ,wool/on cites ! au?ority ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ allegori/s among ! fa!rs 9 support ( ?is view4 ,he is wrong h[ev] 9 repres5t+ !m z supplant+ ! lit]al by ! figurative mean+4 ,^! anci5t fa!rs1 on ! contr>y1 7 dispos$ to reta9 bo? ! lit]al & ! allegorical mean+4 7,a few examples 9 ,orig51 x is true1 are an exception to ?is rule47 ,x may be d\bt$1 f ! language ( ,wool/on1 :i* alt]native 0 adopt$ by himself4 ,if we reason f ! fact1 t be=e he appe>$ z ! oppon5t ( ! commonly ent]ta9$ views ( ,*ri/ianity1 he occupi$ himself ) allegorical int]pretations ( ! ,scriptures1 #ca we may be l$ to consid] ! latt] alt]native z express+ 8 real conviction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he enl>ges ) s evid5t a pr$ilection on ! absurdities ( ! miracles1 :5 lit]ally und]/ood1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he treats ! :ole subject is s t+$ ) levity1 t we may suspect ! ,dei/ to put =w>d ! allegorical int]pretations m]ely z a scre51 f beh9d :i* he might inveigh ! m unres]v$ly aga9/ ! lit]al signification4 ,simil> dei/ical objections aga9/ ! ,bible1 & ! div9e "* ( its hi/ory1 7 propagat$ 9 ,g]many *iefly by an anonym\s au?or 7,reim>us7 ^: manuscripts 7 discov]$ by ,less+ 9 ! ,wolf5bttel libr>y4 ,"s portions ( ^! manuscripts1 call$ ! 8,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts10 7 publi%$ by ,less+ 9 #aggd4 ,!y consi/ ( ,essays1 "o ( :i* treats ( ! _m argum5ts :i* may be urg$ aga9/ reveal$ religion 9 g5]al2 ! o!rs relate p>tly to ! ,old & p>tly to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! ,fragm5ti/1 9 relation to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 fir/1 t ! m51 ( :om ! ,scriptures n>rate t !y _h imm$iate communications ) ,god1 7 s unwor?y1 t su* int]c\rse1 admitt+ its reality1 compromis$ ! "* ( ,deity2 secondly1 t ! result ( ?is int]c\rse1--! in/ructions & laws alleg$ to h be5 ?us div9ely communicat$1--7 s b>b>\s & de/ructive1 t to ascribe !m to ,god is impossible2 & ?irdly1 t ! accompany+ miracles 7 at once absurd & incr$ible4 ,f ! :ole1 x appe>s to him cle>1 t ! div9e communications 7 only pret5d$2 & t ! miracles 7 delusions1 practis$ ) ! design ( giv+ /ability & effici5cy to c]ta9 laws & in/itutions highly advantage\s to ! rul]s & prie/s4 ,! au?or f9ds mu* to condemn 9 ! conduct ( ! patri>*s1 & _! simulations ( div9e communications2 su* z ! comm& to ,abraham to sacrifice 8 son4 ,b x is *iefly ,moses ^u :om he seeks1 9 a long section1 to ca/ all ! obloquy ( an impo/or1 :o did n scruple to employ ! mo/ disgraceful means 9 ord] to make himself ! despotic rul] ( a free p3 :o1 to effect 8 purpose1 feign$ div9e app>itions1 & pret5d$ to h receiv$ ! comm& ( ,god to p]petrate acts :i*1 b = ?is div9e sanction1 w\ld h be5 /igmatiz$ z fraudul5t1 z highway robb]y1 z inhuman b>b>ity4 ,= in/ance1 ! spoil+ ( ! ,egyptians1 & ! extirpation ( ! inhabitants ( ,canaan2 atrocities :i*1 :5 introduc$ by ! words 8,jehovah ha? said x10 became in/antly trans=m$ into de$s wor?y ( ,god4 ,! ,fragm5ti/ is z little dispos$ to admit ! div9ity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ories4 ,he consid]s ! aim ( ,jesus to h be5 political2 & 8 connexion ) ,john ! ,bapti/ a preconc]t$ arrangem5t1 by :i* ! "o p>ty %\ld recomm5d ! o!r to ! p4 ,he views ! dea? ( ,jesus z an ev5t by no means =ese5 by himself1 b :i* fru/rat$ all 8 plans2 a cata/rophe :i* 8 disciples knew n h[ else to repair ?an by ! fraudul5t pret5ce t ,jesus 0 ris5 f ! dead1 & by an artful alt]ation ( 8 doctr9es #cb4 #f4 ,,natural ,,mode ,,( ,,explanation ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,! ,,rationali/s4--,,ei*horn4--,,paulus4 ,:il/ ! reality ( ! biblical revelation1 toge!r ) ! div9e orig9 & sup]natural "* ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian hi/ories1 7 t5aci\sly ma9ta9$ 9 opposition to ! ,engli% dei/s by num]\s ,engli% apologi/s1 & 9 opposition to ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/ by ! great majority ( ,g]man !ologians1 !re arose a di/9ct class ( !ologians 9 ,g]many1 :o /ruck into a new pa?4 ,! anci5t pagan my?ology1 z und]/ood by ,evem]us1 admitt$ ( two modes ( explanation1 ea* ( :i* 0 9 fact adopt$4 ,! deities ( ! popul> wor%ip might1 on ! "o h&1 be reg>d$ z good & b5evol5t m52 z wise lawgiv]s1 & j rul]s1 ( e>ly times1 :om ! gratitude ( _! contempor>ies & po/]ity _h encircl$ ) div9e glory2 or !y might1 on ! o!r h&1 be view$ z artful impo/ors & cruel tyrants1 :o _h veil$ !mselves 9 a nimbus ( div9ity1 = ! purpose ( subjugat+ ! p to _! dom9ion4 ,s1 likewise1 9 ! purely human explanation ( ! bible hi/ories1 besides ! me?od ( ! dei/s to reg>d ! subjects ( ^! n>ratives z wick$ & deceitful m51 !re 0 yet ano!r c\rse op52 to dive/ ^! individuals ( _! imm$iate div9ity1 b to accord to !m an undegrad$ humanity2 n inde$ to look ^u _! de$s z miracul\s2--z little on ! o!r h& to decry !m z impositions2--b to expla9 _! proce$+s z altoge!r natural1 yet morally irrepreh5sible4 ,if ! ,naturali/ 0 l$ by 8 special enmity to ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! *ur* to ! =m] explanation1 ! ,rationali/1 anxi\s1 on ! contr>y1 to rema9 )9 ! pale ( ! *ur*1 0 attract$ t[>ds ! latt]4 ,ei*horn1 9 8 critical exam9ation ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts1 #cc directly opposes ?is rationali/ic view to t ma9ta9$ by ! ,naturali/4 ,he agrees ) ! ,fragm5ti/ 9 refus+ to recognize an imm$iate div9e ag5cy1 at all ev5ts 9 ! n>ratives ( e>ly date4 ,! my?ological rese>*es ( a ,heyne _h s f> enl>g$ 8 circle ( vision z to lead ,ei*horn to p]ceive t div9e int]positions mu/ be alike admitt$1 or alike d5i$1 9 ! primitive hi/ories ( all p4 ,x 0 ! practice ( all nations1 ( ! ,grecians z well z ! ,ori5tals1 to ref] e unexpect$ or inexplicable occurr5ce imm$iately to ! ,deity4 ,! sages ( antiquity liv$ 9 cont9ual communion ) sup]ior intellig5ces4 ,:il/ ^! repres5tations 7su* is ,ei*horn's /atem5t ( ! matt]7 are always1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,hebrew records1 und]/ood v]bally & lit]ally1 x has hi!rto be5 cu/om>y to expla9 simil> repres5tations 9 ! pagan hi/ories1 by presuppos+ ei!r deception & gross falsehood1 or ! mis9t]pretation & corruption ( tradition4 ,b ,ei*horn ?9ks ju/ice evid5tly requires t ,hebrew & pagan hi/ory %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same way2 s t int]c\rse ) cele/ial be+s dur+ a /ate ( infancy1 mu/ ei!r be accord$ to all nations1 pagan & ,hebrew1 or equally d5i$ to all4 ,! m9d hesitates to make s univ]sal an admission3 fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! n unfrequ5t errors conta9$ 9 religions claim+ to h be5 div9ely communicat$2 secondly1 f a s5se ( ! difficulty ( expla9+ ! transition ( ! human race f a /ate ( div9e tutelage to "o ( self-dep5d5ce3 & la/ly1 because 9 proportion z intellig5ce increases1 & ! au!nticity ( ! records may be m & m confid5tly reli$ ^u1 9 ! same proportion d ^! imm$iate div9e influ5ces inv>iably disappe>4 ,if1 accord+ly1 ! notion ( sup]natural int]position is to be reject$ ) reg>d to ! ,hebrews1 z well z to all o!r p1 ! view g5]ally tak5 ( pagan antiquity pres5ts itself1 at fir/ sight1 z t mo/ obvi\sly applicable to ! e>ly ,hebrews2 namely1 t _! pret5d$ revelations 7 bas$ ^u deceit & falsehood1 or t _! miracul\s hi/ories %\ld be ref]r$ to ! misrepres5tations & corruptions ( tradition4 ,?is is ! view ( ! subject actually appli$ by ! ,fragm5ti/ to ! ,old ,te/am5t2 a repres5tation1 says ,ei*horn1 f :i* ! m9d on a ne>] contemplation recoils4 ,is x conceivable t ! greate/ m5 ( antiquity1 ^: influ5ce op]at$ s p[]fully & s b5eficially ^u _! age1 %\ld "o & all h be5 impo/ors1 & yet h escap$ ! detection ( _! contempor>ies8 ,accord+ to ,ei*horn1 s p]v]t$ a view c\ld arise only 9 a m9d t refus$ to int]pret ! anci5t records 9 ! _s ( _! age4 ,truly1 _h !y be5 compos$ ) all ! philosophical accuracy ( ! writ]s ( ! pres5t day1 we %\ld h be5 compell$ to f9d 9 !m ei!r actual div9e int]positions1 or a fraudul5t pret5ce4 ,b !y are ! production ( an infant & unsci5tific age2 & treat1 )\t res]ve ( div9e int]v5tions1 9 accordance ) ! conceptions & phraseology ( t e>ly p]iod4 ,s t1 9 po9t ( fact1 we h nei!r miracles to wond] at1 on ! "o h&1 nor deceptions to unmask on ! o!r2 b simply ! language ( a =m] age to translate into t ( our own day4 ,ei*horn obs]ves t be=e ! human race _h ga9$ a k ( ! true causes ( ?+s1 all occurr5ces 7 ref]r$ to sup]natural ag5cies1 or to ! int]position ( sup]human be+s4 ,l(ty conceptions1 noble resolves1 useful inv5tions & regulations1 b m especially vivid dreams1 7 ! op]ations ( t ,deity "u ^: imm$iate influ5ce !y believ$ !mselves plac$4 ,manife/ations ( di/+ui%$ intellig5ce & skill1 by :i* "s individual excit$ ! wond] ( ! p1 7 reg>d$ z miracul\s2 z signs ( sup]natural end[m5ts1 & ( a p>ticul> int]c\rse ) high] be+s4 ,& ?is 0 ! belief1 n ( ! p only1 b also ( ^! em95t individuals1 :o ent]ta9$ no d\bt ( ! fact1 & :o exult$ 9 ! full conviction ( be+ 9 my/]i\s connexion ) ! ,deity4 ,ei*horn is ( op9ion t no objection c be urg$ aga9/ ! attempt to resolve all ! ,mosaic n>ratives into natural occurr5ces1 & ?us f> he conc$es to ! ,fragm5ti/ 8 prim>y position2 b he rejects 8 inf]5ce t ,moses 0 an impo/or1 pron\nc+ ! conclusion to be ov]-ha/y & unju/4 ,?us ,ei*horn agre$ ) ! ,naturali/s 9 dive/+ ! biblical n>ratives ( all _! imm$iately div9e cont5ts1 b he diff]$ f !m 9 ?is1 t he expla9$ ! sup]natural lu/re :i* adorns ^! hi/ories1 n z a fictiti\s col\r+ imp>t$ ) design to deceive1 b z a natural & z x 7 spontane\s illum9ation reflect$ f antiquity itself4 ,9 con=mity ) ^! pr9ciples ,ei*horn s\ght to expla9 naturally ! hi/ories ( ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 etc4 ,view$ 9 ! light ( t age1 ! appo9tm5t ( ,moses to be ! lead] ( ! ,israelites 0 no?+ m ?an ! long *]i%$ project ( ! patriot to emancipate 8 p1 :i* :5 pres5t$ be=e 8 m9d ) m ?an usual vividness 9 8 dreams1 0 believ$ by him to be a div9e inspiration4 ,! flame & smoke :i* asc5d$ f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 at ! giv+ ( ! law1 0 m]ely a fire :i* ,moses k9dl$ 9 ord] to make a deep] impression ^u ! imag9ation ( ! p1 toge!r ) an accid5tal ?und]/orm :i* arose at t p>ticul> mom5t4 ,! %9+ ( 8 c\nt5ance 0 ! natural effect ( be+ ov]-heat$3 b x 0 suppos$ to be a div9e manife/ation1 n only by ! p1 b by ,moses himself1 he be+ ignorant ( ! true cause4 ,ei*horn 0 m res]v$ 9 8 application ( ?is mode ( int]pretation to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,inde$1 x 0 only to a few ( ! n>ratives 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 su* z ! miracle ( ! day ( ,p5teco/1 ! conv]sion ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & ! _m app>itions ( angels1 t he all[$ himself to apply x4 ,"h too1 he ref]s ! sup]natural to ! figurative language ( ! ,bible2 9 :i*1 = example1 a happy accid5t is call$--a protect+ angel2 a joy\s ?\ght--! salutation ( an angel2 & a peaceful /ate ( m9d--a com=t+ angel4 ,x is h[ev] rem>kable t ,ei*horn 0 consci\s ( ! inapplicability ( ! natural explanation to "s p>ts ( ! gospel hi/ory1 & ) respect to _m ( ! n>ratives took a m elevat$ view4 ,_m writ+s 9 a simil> _s1 :i* p>tially includ$ ! ,new ,te/am5t )9 ! circle ( _! explanations1 appe>$2 b x 0 ,dr4 ,paulus :o by 8 comm5t>y on ! ,gospels #cd 9 #ahjj1 fir/ acquir$ ! full reputation ( a *ri/ian ,evem]us4 ,9 ! introduction to ?is "w he /ates x to be ! prim>y requisite ( ! biblical critic to be able to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is fact1 & :at is op9ion4 ,t :i* has be5 actually exp]i5c$1 int]nally or ext]nally1 by ! p>ticipants 9 an ev5t1 he calls fact4 ,! int]pretation ( an ev5t1 ! suppos$ causes to :i* x is ref]r$ ei!r by ! p>ticipants or by ! n>rators1 he calls op9ion4 ,b1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,paulus1 ^! two elem5ts become s easily bl5d$ & conf\nd$ 9 ! m9ds bo? ( ! orig9al %>]s 9 an ev5t1 & ( ! subsequ5t relators & hi/orians1 t fact & op9ion lose _! di/9ction2 s t ! "o & ! o!r are believ$ & record$ ) equal confid5ce 9 _! hi/orical tru?4 ,?is int]mixture is p>ticul>ly app>5t 9 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 s9ce at ! "t :5 ,jesus liv$1 x 0 /ill ! prevail+ disposition to d]ive e /rik+ occurr5ce f an invisible & sup]human cause4 ,x is consequ5tly ! *ief task ( ! hi/orian :o desires to deal ) matt]s ( fact1 t is to say1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to sep>ate ^! two con/itu5t elem5ts s closely amalgamat$1 & yet 9 !mselves s di/9ct2 & to extricate ! pure k]nel ( fact f ! %ell ( op9ion4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 9 ! abs5ce ( any m g5u9e acc\nt :i* w\ld s]ve z a correct+ p>allel1 he mu/ transplant himself 9 imag9ation ^u ! !atre ( action1 & /rive to ! utmo/ to contemplate ! ev5ts by ! light ( ! age 9 :i* !y occurr$4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view he mu/ seek to supply ! defici5cies ( ! n>ration1 by fill+ 9 ^? explanatory collat]al circum/ances1 :i* ! relator himself is s (t5 l$ by 8 pr$ilection = ! sup]natural to leave unnotic$4 ,x is well kn[n 9 :at mann] ,dr4 ,paulus applies ^! pr9ciples to ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 8 ,comm5t>y1 & /ill m fully 9 8 lat] production1 8,! ,life ( ,jesus40 ,he firmly ma9ta9s ! hi/orical tru? ( ! gospel n>ratives1 & he aims to weave !m into "o consecutive *ronologically-arrang$ detail ( facts2 b he expla9s away e trace ( imm$iate div9e ag5cy1 & d5ies all sup]natural int]v5tion4 ,jesus is n to him ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! s5se ( ! ,*ur*1 b a wise & virtu\s human be+2 & ! effects he produc$ are n miracles1 b acts sometimes ( b5evol5ce & fri5d%ip1 sometimes ( m$ical skill1 sometimes also ! results ( accid5t & good =tune4 ,?is view propos$ by ,ei*horn1 & m completely develop$ by ,paulus1 necess>ily presupposes ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t writ+s to conta9 a m9ute & fai?ful n>ration1 compos$ %ortly aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! ev5ts record$1 & d]iv$1 :]ev] ?is 0 possible1 f ! te/imony ( eye-witnesses4 ,= x is only f an accurate & orig9al report t ! ung>bl$ fact c be dis5tangl$ f int]wov5 op9ion4 ,if ! report be lat] & less orig9al1 :at security is !re t :at is tak5 = ! matt]-(-fact k]nel does n belong to op9ion or tradition8 ,to avoid ?is objection1 ,ei*horn s\ght to assign a date to ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories approximat+ z ne>ly z possible to ! ev5ts !y record3 & "h he1 & o!r !ologians ( ! same s*ool1 f\nd no difficulty 9 admitt+ suppositions ! mo/ unnatural3 = example1 t ! ,p5tateu* 0 writt5 dur+ ! passage ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,h[ev] ?is critic admits t "s portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,book ( ,judges1 = in/ance1 c\ld n h be5 writt5 contemporane\sly ) ! ev5ts2 t ! hi/orian mu/ h contemplat$ 8 h]oes ?r\gh ! dim mi/ ( int]v5+ ages1 :i* might easily h magnifi$ !m into giant =ms4 ,no hi/orian :o _h ei!r witness$ ! circum/ances1 or _h be5 closely connect$ ) !m 9 po9t ( "t1 c\ld embelli% aft] su* fa%ion1 except ) ! express aim to amuse at ! exp5se ( tru?4 ,b ) reg>d to remote occurr5ces x is q diff]5t4 ,! imag9ation is no long] re/rict$ by ! fix$ limits ( hi/orical reality1 b is aid$ 9 its flight by ! notion t 9 e>li] times all ?+s 7 bett] & nobl]2 & ! hi/orian is tempt$ to speak 9 l(ti] phrase1 & to use hyp]bolical expressions4 ,lea/ ( all is x possible to avoid embelli%m5t1 :5 ! compil] ( a subsequ5t age d]ives 8 mat]ials f ! orally transmitt$ traditions ( antiquity4 ,! adv5tures & wondr\s exploits ( ance/ors1 h&$ d[n by fa!r to son1 & by son to gr&son1 9 gl[+ & en?usia/ic repres5tations1 & sung by ! poet 9 l(ty /ra9s1 are regi/]$ 9 ! writt5 records ( ! hi/orian 9 simil> t]ms ( high fl[+ diction4 ,?\gh ,ei*horn took ?is view ( a portion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,books1 he believ$ he 0 n giv+ up _! hi/orical basis1 b 0 /ill able1 aft] cle>+ away ! m or less evid5t leg5d>y additions1 to trace out ! natural c\rse ( ! hi/ory4 ,b 9 "o in/ance at lea/1 ?is ma/] ( ! natural mode ( int]pretation 9 ref]5ce to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 took a m elevat$ view3--namely1 ( ! hi/ory ( ! creation & ! fall4 ,9 8 influ5tial "w on primitive hi/ory1 #ce al?\gh he _h f ! fir/ decl>$ ! acc\nt ( ! creation to be poetry1 he nev]!less ma9ta9$ t ( ! fall to be nei!r my?ology nor allegory1 b true hi/ory4 ,! hi/orical basis t rema9$ aft] ! removal ( ! sup]natural1 he /at$ to be ?is3 t ! human con/itution _h at ! v beg9n+ become impair$ by ! eat+ ( a poison\s fruit4 ,he ?\ght x inde$ v possible 9 itself1 & confirm$ by num]\s examples 9 pr(ane hi/ory1 t purely hi/orical n>ratives might be ov]laid by a my?ical acc\nt2 b ow+ to a supranaturali/ic notion1 he refus$ to all[ ! same possibility to ! ,bible1 because he ?\ght x unwor?y ( ! ,deity to admit a my?ological fragm5t into a book1 :i* bore su* inconte/able traces ( its div9e orig94 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ,ei*horn himself decl>$ t he _h *ang$ 8 op9ion ) reg>d to ! second & ?ird *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 #cf ,he no long] saw 9 !m an hi/orical acc\nt ( ! effects ( poison1 b r ! my?ical embody+ ( a philosophical ?\ght2 namely1 t ! desire = a bett] condition ?an t 9 :i* man actually is1 is ! s\rce ( all ! evil 9 ! _w4 ,?us1 9 ?is po9t at lea/1 ,ei*horn pref]r$ to give up ! hi/ory 9 ord] to hold fa/ ! idea1 r ?an to cl+ to ! hi/ory ) ! sacrifice ( e m elevat$ conception4 ,= ! re/1 he agre$ ) ,paulus & o!rs 9 consid]+ ! miracul\s 9 ! sacr$ hi/ory z a drap]y :i* ne$s only to be drawn aside1 9 ord] to disclose ! pure hi/oric =m4 #g4 ,,moral ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,kant4 ,amid/ ^! natural explanations :i* ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury br\ght =? 9 ri* abundance1 x 0 a rem>kable int]lude to see ! old allegorical sy/em ( ! *ri/ian fa!rs all at once call$ up f its grave1 & reviv$ 9 ! =m ( ! moral int]pretation ( ,kant4 ,he1 z a philosoph]1 did n conc]n himself ) ! hi/ory1 z did ! rationali/ !ologians1 b l ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 he s\ght ! idea involv$ 9 ! hi/ory3 n h[ev] consid]+ x z !y did an absolute idea1 at once !oretical z well z practical1 b reg>d+ x only on its practical side1 z :at he call$ ! moral imp]ative & consequ5tly belong+ to ! f9ite4 ,he moreov] attribut$ ^! ideas wr\ght into ! biblical text1 n to ! ,div9e ,_s1 b to its philosophical int]pret]s1 or 9 a deep] s5se1 to ! moral condition ( ! au?ors ( ! book !mselves4 ,?is op9ion ,kant #cg bases ^u ! fact1 t 9 all religions old & new :i* are p>tly compris$ 9 sacr$ books1 intellig5t & well-mean+ tea*]s ( ! p h cont9u$ to expla9 !m1 until !y h br\ght _! actual cont5ts into agreem5t ) ! univ]sal pr9ciples ( morality4 ,?us did ! moral philosoph]s among/ ! ,greeks & ,romans ) _! fabul\s leg5ds2 till at la/ !y expla9$ ! grosse/ poly!ism z m]e symbolical repres5tations ( ! attributes ( ! "o div9e ,be+1 & gave a my/ical s5se to ! _m vici\s actions ( _! gods1 & to ! wilde/ dreams ( _! poets1 9 ord] to br+ ! popul> fai?1 :i* x 0 n exp$i5t to de/roy1 into agreem5t ) ! doctr9es ( morality4 ,! lat] ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity itself he ?9ks h be5 =m$ ^u simil> explanations1 occasionally mu* =c$1 b always direct$ to objects und\bt$ly good & necess>y = all m54 ,?us ! ,mahometans gave a spiritual mean+ to ! s5sual descriptions ( _! p>adise1 & ?us ! ,h9doos1 or at lea/ ! m enlight5$ "p ( !m1 int]pret$ _! ,v$as4 ,9 l mann]1 accord+ to ,kant1 ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 mu/ be int]pret$ ?r\gh\t 9 a s5se :i* agrees ) ! univ]sal practical laws ( a religion ( pure reason3 & su* an explanation1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld1 app>5tly or actually1 d viol5ce to ! text1 :i* is ! case ) _m ( ! biblical n>ratives1 is to be pref]r$ to a lit]al "o1 :i* ei!r conta9s no morality at all or is 9 opposition to ! moral pr9ciple4 ,= example1 ! expressions brea?+ v5geance aga9/ enemies 9 _m ( ! ,psalms are made to ref] to ! desires & passions :i* we mu/ /rive by all means to br+ into subjection2 & ! miracul\s acc\nt 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ! desc5t ( ,jesus f heav51 ( 8 relation%ip to ,god1 etc41 is tak5 z an imag9ative description ( ! ideal ( humanity well-pleas+ to ,god4 ,t su* an int]pretation is possible1 )\t ev5 always too (f5sive an opposition to ! lit]al s5se ( ^! records ( ! popul> fai?1 arises accord+ to ! pr(\nd obs]vations ( ,kant f ?is3 t long be=e ! exi/5ce ( ^! records1 ! disposition to a moral religion 0 lat5t 9 ! human m9d2 t its fir/ manife/ations 7 direct$ to ! wor%ip ( ! ,deity1 & on ?is v acc\nt gave occasion to ^? pret5d$ revelations2 /ill1 ?\gh un9t5tionally1 imp>t+ ev5 to ^! fictions some:at ( ! spiritual "* ( _! orig94 ,9 reply to ! *>ge ( di%one/y br\ght aga9/ 8 sy/em ( int]pretation1 he ?9ks x a suffici5t def5ce to obs]ve1 t x does n pret5d t ! s5se n[ giv5 to ! sacr$ books1 always exi/$ 9 ! int5tion ( ! au?ors2 ?is "q x sets aside1 & only claims = itself ! "r to int]pret !m aft] its own fa%ion4 ,:il/ ,kant 9 ?is mann] s\ght to educe moral ?\ghts f ! biblical writ+s1 ev5 9 _! hi/orical "p1 & 0 ev5 incl9$ to consid] ^! ?\ghts z ! fundam5tal object ( ! hi/ory3 on ! "o h&1 he d]iv$ ^! ?\ghts only f himself & ! cultivation ( 8 age1 & !re=e c\ld seldom assume t !y _h actually be5 laid d[n by ! au?ors ( ^? writ+s2 & on ! o!r h&1 & = ! same reason1 he omitt$ to %[ :at 0 ! relation betwe5 ^! ?\ghts & ^? symbolic repres5tations1 & h[ x happ5$ t ! "o came to be express$ by ! o!r4 #h4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,my?ical ,,mode ,,( ,,int]pret+ ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,hi/ory1 ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,fir/ ,,to ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t4 ,x 0 impossible to re/ satisfi$ ) modes ( proce$+ s unhi/orical on ! "o h&1 & s unphilosophical on ! o!r4 ,add$ to :i*1 ! /udy ( my?ology1 n[ become f> m g5]al & m prolific 9 its results1 ex]t$ an increas+ influ5ce on ! views tak5 ( biblical hi/ory4 ,ei*horn _h inde$ insi/$ t all primitive hi/ories1 :e!r ,hebrew or ,pagan1 %\ld be treat$ alike1 b ?is equality gradually disappe>$2 = ?\gh ! my?ical view became m & m develop$ 9 relation to pr(ane hi/ory1 ! natural mode ( explanation 0 /ill rigidly adh]$ to = ! ,hebrew records4 ,all c\ld n imitate ,paulus1 :o s\ght to e/abli% consi/5cy ( treatm5t by ext5d+ ! same natural explanation :i* he gave to ! ,bible1 to su* also ( ! ,greek leg5ds z pres5t$ any po9ts ( resemblance2 on ! contr>y1 op9ion 9 g5]al took ! opposite c\rse1 & began to reg>d _m ( ! biblical n>ratives z my?i4 ,seml] _h already spok5 ( a k9d ( ,jewi% my?ology1 & _h ev5 call$ ! hi/ories ( ,samson & ,e/h] my?i2 ,ei*horn too _h done mu* to prep>e ! way1 n[ fur!r pursu$ by ,gabl]1 ,s*ell+1 & o!rs1 :o e/abli%$ ! notion ( ! my?us z "o ( univ]sal application to anci5t hi/ory1 sacr$ z well z pr(ane1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ,heyne3 ,a my?is omnis priscorum hom9um cum hi/oria tum philosophia proc$it4 #ch ,& ,bau] 9 #ahbj v5tur$ s f> z to publi% a ,hebrew my?ology ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 #ci ,! e>lie/ records ( all nations are1 9 ! op9ion ( ,bau]1 my?ical3 :y %\ld ! writ+s ( ! ,hebrews =m a solit>y exception8--:]eas 9 po9t ( fact a cursory glance at _! sacr$ books proves t !y also conta9 my?ical elem5ts4 ,a n>rative he expla9s1 aft] ,gabl] & ,s*ell+1 to be recognizable z my?us1 fir/1 :5 x proce$s f an age 9 :i* no writt5 records exi/$1 b 9 :i* facts 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( oral tradition alone2 secondly1 :5 x pres5ts an hi/orical acc\nt ( ev5ts :i* are ei!r absolutely or relatively beyond ! rea* ( exp]i5ce1 su* z occurr5ces connect$ ) ! spiritual _w1 & incid5ts to :i*1 f ! nature ( ! circum/ances1 no "o c\ld h be5 witness2 or ?irdly1 :5 x deals 9 ! m>vell\s & is c\*$ 9 symbolical language4 ,n a few n>ratives ( ?is description occur 9 ! ,bible2 & an unwill+ness to reg>d !m z my?i c arise only f a false conception ( ! nature ( a my?us1 or ( ! "* ( ! biblical writ+s4 ,9 ! "o case my?i are conf\nd$ ) fables1 prem$itat$ fictions1 & wilful falsehoods1 in/ead ( be+ recognis$ z ! necess>y vehicle ( expression = ! fir/ ef=ts ( ! human m9d2 9 ! o!r case x c]ta9ly does appe> improbable1 7! notion ( inspiration presuppos$17 t ,god %\ld h admitt$ ! sub/itution ( my?ical = actual repres5tations ( facts & ideas1 b a ne>] exam9ation ( ! scriptures %[s t ?is v notion ( inspiration1 f> f be+ any h9drance to ! my?ical int]pretation1 is itself ( my?ical orig94 ,wegs*eid] ascrib$ ?is great] unwill+ness to recognise my?i 9 ! e>ly records ( ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian religion ?an 9 ! hea!n religions1 p>tly to ! prevail+ ignorance respect+ ! progress ( hi/orical & philosophical sci5ce2 p>tly to a c]ta9 timidity :i* d>es n call ?+s manife/ly id5tical by ! same "n4 ,at ! same "t he decl>$ x impossible to rescue ! ,bible f ! reproa*es & sc(fs ( its enemies except by ! ackn[l$gm5t ( my?i 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 & ! sep>ation ( _! inh]5t mean+ f _! unhi/orical =m4 #dj ,^! biblical critics gave ! foll[+ g5]al def9ition ( ! my?us4 ,x is ! repres5tation ( an ev5t or ( an idea 9 a =m :i* is hi/orical1 b1 at ! same "t *>act]iz$ by ! ri* pictorial & imag9ative mode ( ?\ght & expression ( ! primitive ages4 ,!y also di/+ui%$ sev]al k9ds ( my?i4 #da #a/4 ,hi/orical my?i3 n>ratives ( real ev5ts col\r$ by ! light ( antiquity1 :i* conf\nd$ ! div9e & ! human1 ! natural & ! sup]natural4 #bnd4 ,philosophical my?i3 su* z clo! 9 ! g>b ( hi/orical n>rative a simple ?\ght1 a precept1 or an idea ( ! "t4 #crd4 ,poetical my?i3 hi/orical & philosophical my?i p>tly bl5d$ toge!r1 & p>tly embelli%$ by ! creations ( ! imag9ation1 9 :i* ! orig9al fact or idea is almo/ obscur$ by ! veil :i* ! fancy ( ! poet has wov5 ar\nd x4 ,to classify ! biblical my?i accord+ to ^! sev]al di/9ctions is a difficult task1 s9ce ! my?us :i* is purely symbolical we>s ! semblance ( hi/ory equally ) ! my?us :i* repres5ts an actual occurr5ce4 ,^! critics h[ev] laid d[n rules by :i* ! diff]5t my?i might be di/+ui%$4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is1 !y say1 to det]m9e :e!r ! n>rative h a di/9ct object1 & :at t object is4 ,:]e no object1 = ! sake ( :i* ! leg5d might h be5 inv5t$1 is discov]able1 e "o w\ld pron\nce ! my?us to be hi/orical4 ,b if all ! pr9cipal circum/ances ( ! n>rative concur to symbolize a p>ticul> tru?1 ?is und\bt$ly 0 ! object ( ! n>rative1 & ! my?us is philosophical4 ,! bl5d+ ( ! hi/orical & philosophical my?us is p>ticul>ly to be recognis$ :5 we c detect 9 ! n>rative an attempt to d]ive ev5ts f _! causes4 ,9 _m in/ances ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical f\ndation is prov$ also by indep5d5t te/imony2 sometimes c]ta9 p>ticul>s 9 ! my?us are intimately connect$ ) kn[n g5u9e hi/ory1 or be> 9 !mselves und5iable & inh]5t *>act]i/ics ( probability3 s t ! critic1 :ile he rejects ! ext]nal =m1 may yet reta9 ! gr\ndwork z hi/orical4 ,! poetical my?us is ! mo/ difficult to di/+ui%1 & ,bau] gives only a negative crit]ion4 ,:5 ! n>rative is s wond]ful on ! "o h& z to exclude ! possibility ( its be+ a detail ( facts1 & :5 on ! o!r x discov]s no attempt to symbolize a p>ticul> ?\ght1 x may be suspect$ t ! entire n>rative owes its bir? to ! imag9ation ( ! poet4 ,s*ell+ p>ticul>ly rem>ks on ! un>tificial & spontane\s orig9 ( my?i 9 g5]al4 ,! unhi/orical :i* is int]wov5 ) ! matt]s ( fact 9 ! hi/orical my?us is n1 he obs]ves1 ! arti/ical product ( design & inv5tion4 ,x has on ! contr>y glid$ 9 ( itself1 z x 71 9 ! lapse ( "t & 9 ! c\rse ( transmission4 ,&1 speak+ ( philosophical my?i1 he says3 ! sages ( antiquity clo!d _! ideas 9 an hi/orical g>b1 n only 9 ord] to accommodate ^? ideas to ! appreh5sion ( a p :o mu/ be awak5$ by s5sible impressions1 b also on _! own acc\nt3 defici5t !mselves 9 cle> ab/ract ideas1 & 9 ability to give expression to _! dim conceptions1 !y s\ght to illum9e :at 0 obscure 9 _! repres5tations by means ( s5sible imag]y4 #db ,we h already rem>k$1 t ! natural mode ( int]pret+ ! ,old ,te/am5t c\ld be ma9ta9$ only s long z ! records 7 held to be contemporane\s1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! ev5ts record$4 ,consequ5tly x 0 precisely ^? !ologians1 ,vat]1 ,de ,wette & o!rs :o controv]t$ ?is op9ion1 :o contribut$ to e/abli% ! my?ical view ( ! sacr$ hi/ories4 ,vat] #dc express$ ! op9ion t ! peculi> "* ( ! n>rations 9 ! ,p5tateu* c\ld n be rightly und]/ood1 unless x 7 conc$$ t !y are n ! production ( an eye witness1 b are a s]ies ( transmitt$ traditions4 ,_! traditional orig9 be+ admitt$1 we cease to feel surpris$ at ! traces :i* !y discov] ( a subsequ5t age2 at num]ical exagg]ations1 toge!r ) o!r inaccuracies & contradictions2 at ! twilight :i* hangs ov] _m ( ! occurr5ces2 & at repres5tations su* z1 t ! clo!s ( ! ,israelites wax$ n old dur+ _! passage ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,vat] ev5 cont5ds1 t unless we ascribe a great %>e ( ! m>vell\s conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* to tradition1 we d viol5ce to ! orig9al s5se ( ! compil]s ( ^! n>ratives4 ,! natural mode ( explanation 0 /ill m decid$ly oppos$ by ,de ,wette ?an by ,vat]4 ,he advocat$ ! my?ical int]pretation ( a l>ge proportion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! hi/orical cr$ibility ( a n>rative1 he says1 #dd we mu/ asc]ta9 ! int5tion ( ! n>rator4 ,if t int5tion be n to satisfy ! natural ?ir/ = hi/orical tru? by a simple n>ration ( facts1 b r to delight or t\* ! feel+s1 or to illu/rate "s philosophical or religi\s tru?1 !n 8 n>rative has no pret5sion to hi/orical validity4 ,ev5 :5 ! n>rator is consci\s ( /rictly hi/orical int5tions1 nev]!less 8 po9t ( view may n be ! hi/orical3 he may be a poetical n>rator1 n inde$ subjectively1 z a poet draw+ inspiration f himself1 b objectively1 z envelop$ by & dep5d+ on poetry ext]nal to himself4 ,?is is evid5tly ! case :5 ! n>rator details z bon fide matt] ( fact ?+s :i* are impossible & incr$ible1 :i* are contr>y n only to exp]i5ce1 b to ! e/abli%$ laws ( nature4 ,n>rations ( ?is description spr+ out ( tradition4 ,tradition1 says ,de ,wette1 is uncritical & p>tial2 its t5d5cy is n hi/orical1 b r patriotic & poetical4 ,& s9ce ! patriotic s5tim5t is gratifi$ by all t flatt]s national pride1 ! m spl5did1 ! m hon\rable1 ! m wond]ful ! n>rative1 ! m acceptable x is2 & :]e tradition has left any blanks1 imag9ation at once /eps 9 & fills !m up4 ,& s9ce1 he cont9ues1 a great "p ( ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t be> ?is /amp1 x has hi!rto be5 believ$ possible 7on ! "p ( ! natural int]pret]s7 to sep>ate ! embelli%m5ts & trans=mations f ! hi/orical sub/ance1 & /ill to consid] !m available z records ( facts4 ,?is might inde$ be done1 _h we1 besides ! m>vell\s biblical n>ratives1 "s o!r purely hi/orical acc\nt ( ! ev5ts4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) reg>d to ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory2 we are solely dep5d5t on ^? acc\nts :i* we _c recognize z purely hi/orical4 ,!y conta9 no crit]ion by :i* to di/+ui% betwe5 ! true & ! false2 bo? are promiscu\sly bl5d$1 & set =? z ( equal dignity4 ,accord+ to ,de ,wette1 ! :ole natural mode ( explanation is set aside by ! pr9ciple t ! only means ( acqua9tance ) a hi/ory is ! n>rative :i* we possess conc]n+ x1 & t beyond ?is n>rative ! hi/orian _c g4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ?is reports to u only a sup]natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 :i* we mu/ ei!r receive or reject3 if we reject x1 we det]m9e to "k no?+ at all ab\t x1 & are n ju/ifi$ 9 all[+ ourselves to inv5t a natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 ( :i* ! n>rative is totally sil5t4 ,x is moreov] inconsi/5t & arbitr>y to ref] ! dress 9 :i* ! ev5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are clo!d to poetry1 & to pres]ve ! ev5ts !mselves z hi/orical2 mu* r d ! p>ticul> details & ! dress 9 :i* !y appe>1 con/itute a :ole belong+ to ! prov9ce ( poetry & my?us4 ,= example1 if ,god's cov5ant ) ,abraham be d5i$ 9 ! =m ( fact1 :il/ at ! same "t x is ma9ta9$ t ! n>rative _h an hi/orical basis1--t is to say1 t ?\gh no objective div9e communication took place1 ! occurr5ce _h a subjective reality 9 ,abraham's m9d 9 a dream or 9 a wak+ vision2 9 o!r words1 t a natural ?\ght 0 awak5$ 9 ,abraham :i* he1 9 ! _s ( ! age1 ref]r$ to ,god3--( ! naturali/ :o ?us reasons1 ,de ,wette asks1 h[ he kn[s t su* ?\ghts arose 9 ,abraham's m9d8 ,! n>ration ref]s !m to ,god2 & if we reject ! n>ration1 we "k no?+ ab\t ^! ?\ghts ( ,abraham1 & consequ5tly _c "k t !y _h aris5 naturally 9 him4 ,accord+ to g5]al exp]i5ce1 su* hopes z are describ$ 9 ?is cov5ant1 t he %\ld become ! fa!r ( a mighty nation :i* %\ld possess ! l& ( ,canaan1 c\ld n h sprung up naturally 9 ,abraham's m9d2 b x is q natural t ! ,israelites :5 !y _h become a num]\s p 9 possession ( t l&1 %\ld h inv5t$ ! cov5ant 9 ord] to r5d] _! ance/or illu/ri\s4 ,?us ! natural explanation1 by its own unnaturalness1 ev] br+s u back to ! my?ical4 ,ev5 ,ei*horn1 :o s ext5sively employ$ ! natural explanation 9 ref]5ce to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p]ceiv$ its inadmissibility 9 relation to ! gospel hi/ories4 ,:atev] 9 ^! n>ratives has a t5d5cy to ! sup]natural1 he rem>ks1 #de we ought n to attempt to trans=m into a natural occurr5ce1 because ?is is impossible )\t viol5ce4 ,if once an ev5t has acquir$ a miracul\s col\r+1 ow+ to ! bl5d+ toge!r ( "s popul> notion ) ! occurr5ce1 ! natural fact c be dis5tangl$ only :5 we possess a second acc\nt :i* has n und]gone ! l trans=mation2 z1 conc]n+ ! dea? ( ,h]od ,agrippa1 we h n only ! n>rative 9 ! ,acts1 b also t ( ,josephus4 #df ,b s9ce we h no su* controll+ acc\nt conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 ! critic :o pret5ds to discov] ! natural c\rse ( ?+s f descriptions ( sup]natural occurr5ces1 w only weave a tissue ( indemon/rable hypo!ses3--a consid]ation :i*1 z ,ei*horn obs]ves1 at once annihilates _m ( ! s-call$ psy*ological int]pretations ( ! ,gospel hi/ories4 ,x is ?is same diff]5ce betwe5 ! natural & my?ical modes ( int]pretation :i* ,krug int5ds to po9t out1 ref]r+ p>ticul>ly to ! hi/ories ( miracles1 :5 he di/+ui%es ! physical or mat]ial1 f ! g5etic or =mal1 mode ( expla9+ !m4 ,foll[+ ! =m] mode1 accord+ to him1 ! inquiry is3 h[ c ! wond]ful ev5t "h relat$ h possibly tak5 place ) all its details by natural means & accord+ to natural laws8 ,:]eas1 foll[+ ! latt]1 ! "q is3 :5ce arose ! n>rative ( ! m>vell\s ev5t8 ,! =m] expla9s ! natural possibility ( ! ?+ relat$ 7! sub/ance ( ! n>rative72 ! latt] traces ! orig9 ( ! exi/+ record 7! =m ( ! n>rative74 ,krug consid]s attempts ( ! =m] k9d to be fruitless1 because !y produce int]pretations yet m wond]ful ?an ! fact itself2 f> pref]able is ! o!r mode1 s9ce x leads to results :i* ?r[ light ^u miracul\s hi/ories collectively4 ,he gives ! pref]5ce to ! exegeti/1 because 9 8 explanation ( ! text he is n oblig$ to d viol5ce to x1 b may accept x altoge!r lit]ally z ! au?or int5d$1 ev5 ?\gh ! ?+ relat$ be impossible2 :]eas ! int]pret]1 :o foll[s ! mat]ial or physical explanation1 is driv5 to +5i\s subtleties :i* make him lose sight ( ! orig9al mean+ ( ! au?ors1 & sub/itute some?+ q diff]5t :i* !y nei!r c\ld nor w\ld h said4 ,9 l mann] ,gabl] recomm5d$ ! my?ical view1 z ! be/ means ( escap+ f ! s call$ natural1 b =c$ explanation1 :i* _h become ! fa%ion4 ,! natural int]pret]1 he rem>ks1 commonly aims to make ! :ole n>rative natural2 & z ?is c b seldom succe$1 he all[s himself ! mo/ viol5t measures1 ow+ to :i* mod]n exegesis has be5 br\ght into disrepute ev5 among/ laym54 ,! my?ical view1 on ! contr>y1 ne$s no su* subtleties2 s9ce ! great] "p ( a n>rative frequ5tly belongs to ! my?ical repres5tation m]ely1 :ile ! nucleus ( fact1 :5 dive/$ ( ! subsequ5tly add$ miracul\s envelopm5ts1 is (t5 v small4 ,nei!r c\ld ,hor/ reconcile himself to ! atomi/ic mode ( proce$+1 :i* select$ f ! m>vell\s n>ratives ( ! ,bible1 z unhi/orical1 isolat$ incid5ts m]ely1 & ins]t$ natural ones 9 _! place1 in/ead ( recogniz+ 9 ! :ole ( ea* n>rative a religi\s moral my?us 9 :i* a c]ta9 idea is embodi$4 ,an anonym\s writ] 9 ,b]?oldt's ,j\rnal has express$ himself v decid$ly aga9/ ! natural mode ( expla9+ ! sacr$ hi/ory1 & 9 fav\r ( ! my?ical4 ,! ess5tial defect ( ! natural int]pretation1 z exhibit$ 9 its fulle/ developm5t by ,paulus's ,comm5t>y1 is1 accord+ to t writ]1 its unhi/orical mode ( proc$ure4 ,he objects3 t x all[s conjecture to supply ! defici5cies ( ! record2 adopts individual speculations z a sub/itute = real hi/ory2 seeks by va9 endeav\rs to repres5t t z natural :i* ! n>rative describes z sup]natural2 & la/ly1 evaporates all sacr$ness & div9ity f ! ,scriptures1 r$uc+ !m to collections ( amus+ tales no long] m]it+ ! "n ( hi/ory4 ,accord+ to our au?or1 ?is insuffici5cy ( ! natural mode ( int]pretation1 :il/ ! sup]natural also is felt to be unsatisfactory1 leads ! m9d to ! my?ical view1 :i* leaves ! sub/ance ( ! n>rative unassail$2 & in/ead ( v5tur+ to expla9 ! details1 accepts ! :ole1 n inde$ z true hi/ory1 b z a sacr$ leg5d4 ,?is view is support$ by ! analogy ( all antiquity1 political & religi\s1 s9ce ! close/ resemblance exi/s betwe5 _m ( ! n>ratives ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! my?i ( pr(ane antiquity4 ,b ! mo/ conv9c+ argum5t is ?is3 if ! my?ical view be once admitt$1 ! innum]able1 & nev] o!rwise to be h>moniz$1 discrepancies & *ronological contradictions 9 ! gospel hi/ories disappe>1 z x 71 at "o /roke4 #dg #i4 ,,! ,,my?ical ,,mode ,,( ,,int]pretation ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,?us ! my?ical mode ( int]pretation 0 adopt$ n only 9 relation to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b also to ! ,new2 n1 h[ev]1 )\t its be+ felt necess>y to ju/ify su* a /ep4 ,gabl] has object$ to ! ,comm5t>y ( ,paulus1 t x conc$es too little to ! my?ical po9t ( view1 :i* mu/ be adopt$ = c]ta9 ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives4 ,= _m ( ^! n>ratives pres5t n only ^? mi/ak5 views ( ?+s :i* might h be5 tak5 by eye-witnesses1 & by ! rectification ( :i* a natural c\rse ( ev5ts may be made out2 b frequ5tly1 also1 false facts & impossible consequ5ces :i* no eye-witness c\ld h relat$1 & :i* c\ld only h be5 ! product ( tradition1 & mu/ !re=e be my?ically und]/ood4 #dh ,! *ief difficulty :i* oppos$ ! transf]5ce ( ! my?ical po9t ( view f ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,new1 0 ?is3--x 0 cu/om>y to look = my?i 9 ! fabul\s primitive ages only1 9 :i* no writt5 records ( ev5ts z yet exi/$2 :]eas1 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 ! my?ical age _h long s9ce pass$ away1 & writ+ _h become common among ! ,jews4 ,s*ell+ _h h[ev] conc$$ 7at lea/ 9 a note7 t ! t]m my?i1 9 a m ext5d$ s5se1 0 appropriate to ^? n>ratives :i*1 ?\gh orig9at+ 9 an age :5 x 0 usual to pres]ve docum5t>y records1 7 nev]!less transmitt$ by ! m\? ( ! p4 ,bau] #di 9 l mann] ass]t$1 t ?\gh a connect$ s]ies ( my?i1--a hi/ory :i* %\ld be altoge!r my?ical1--0 n to be s\ght 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 yet !re might occur 9 x s+le my?s1 ei!r transf]r$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,new1 or hav+ orig9ally sprung up 9 ! latt]4 ,?us he f\nd1 9 ! details ( ! infancy ( ,jesus1 mu* :i* requires to be reg>d$ f a my?ical po9t ( view4 ,z aft] ! decease ( celebrat$ p]sonages1 num]\s anecdotes are circulat$ conc]n+ !m1 :i* fail n to receive _m & wondr\s amplifications 9 ! leg5ds ( a wond]-lov+ p2 s1 aft] ,jesus _h become di/+ui%$ by 8 life1 & yet m glorifi$ by 8 dea?1 8 e>ly ye>s1 :i* _h be5 pass$ 9 obscurity1 became adorn$ ) miracul\s embelli%m5ts4 ,&1 accord+ to ,bau]1 :5ev] 9 ?is hi/ory ( ! infancy we f9d cele/ial be+s1 call$ by "n & be>+ ! human %ape1 pr$ict+ future occurr5ces1 etc41 we h a "r to suppose a my?us2 & to conjecture z its orig91 t ! great actions ( ,jesus be+ ref]r$ to sup]human causes1 ?is explanation came to be bl5d$ ) ! hi/ory4 ,on ! same subject1 ,gabl] #ej rem>k$ t ! notion ( anci5t is relative2 comp>$ ) ! ,mosaic religion ,*ri/ianity is c]ta9ly "y2 b 9 itself x is old en\gh to all[ u to ref] ! orig9al hi/ory ( its f\nd] to anci5t times4 ,t at t "t writt5 docum5ts on o!r subjects exi/$1 proves no?+1 :il/ x c be %[n t = a long p]iod !re 0 no writt5 acc\nt ( ! life ( ,jesus1 & p>ticul>ly ( 8 infancy4 ,oral n>ratives 7 alone transmitt$1 & !y w\ld easily become t+$ ) ! m>vell\s1 mix$ ) ,jewi% ideas1 & ?us gr[ into hi/orical my?i4 ,on _m o!r po9ts !re 0 no tradition1 & "h ! m9d 0 left to its own surmises4 ,! m scanty ! hi/orical data1 ! great] 0 ! scope = conjecture1 & hi/orical guesses & inf]5ces ( ?is description1 =m$ 9 h>mony ) ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian ta/es1 may be call$ ! philosophical1 or r1 ! dogmatical my?i ( ! e>ly *ri/ian ,gospel4 ,! notion ( ! my?us1 concludes ,gabl]1 be+ ?us %[n to be applicable to _m ( ! n>ratives ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :y %\ld we n d>e to call !m by _! "r "n2 :y--t is to say 9 le>n$ discussion--avoid an expression :i* c give (f5ce only to ! prejudic$ or ! mis9=m$8 ,z 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ,ei*horn _h be5 br\ght ov] by ! =ce ( int]nal evid5ce f 8 e>li] natural explanation1 to ! my?ical view ( ! hi/ory ( ! fall2 s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! same ?+ happ5$ to ,u/]i 9 relation to ! hi/ory ( ! temptation4 ,9 an e>li] "w he _h1 foll[+ ,s*lei]ma*]1 consid]$ x z a p>able spok5 by ,jesus b misund]/ood by 8 disciples4 #ea ,soon h[ev] he p]ceiv$ ! difficulties ( ?is int]pretation2 & s9ce bo? ! natural & ! sup]natural views ( ! n>rative appe>$ to him yet m objectionable1 he _h no alt]native b to adopt ! my?ical4 ,once admit1 he rem>ks1 a /ate ( excitem5t1 p>ticul>ly ( religi\s excitem5t1 among a n unpoetical p1 & a %ort "t is suffici5t to give an appe>ance ( ! m>vell\s n only to obscure & conceal$1 b ev5 to public & well-kn[n facts4 ,x is !re=e by no means conceivable t ! e>ly ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 gift$ ) ! _s1 t is1 animat$ ) religi\s en?usiasm1 z !y 71 & famili> ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 %\ld n h be5 9 a condition to inv5t symbolical sc5es su* z ! temptation & o!r ,new ,te/am5t my?i4 ,x is n h[ev] to be imag9$ t any "o individual seat$ himself at 8 table to inv5t !m out ( 8 own head1 & write !m d[n1 z he w\ld a poem3 on ! contr>y1 ^! n>ratives l all o!r leg5ds 7 fa%ion$ by degrees1 by /eps :i* c no long] be trac$2 gradually acquir$ consi/5cy1 & at l5g? receiv$ a fix$ =m 9 our writt5 ,gospels4 ,we h se5 t 9 ref]5ce to ! e>ly hi/ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! my?ical view c\ld be embrac$ by ^? only :o d\bt$ ! composition ( ^! ,scriptures by eye-witnesses or contemporane\s writ]s4 ,?is 0 equally ! case 9 ref]5ce to ! ,new4 ,x 0 n till ,ei*horn #eb became conv9c$ t only a sl5d] ?read ( t primitive ,gospel believ$ by ! ,apo/les ran ?r\gh ! ?ree fir/ ,gospels1 & t ev5 9 ,mat!w ?is ?read 0 entangl$ 9 a mass ( unapo/olic additions1 t he disc>d$ z unhi/orical leg5ds1 ! _m n>ratives :i* he f\nd p]plex+1 f all %>e 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus2 = example1 besides ! ,gospel ( ,infancy1 ! details ( ! temptation2 sev]al ( ! miracles ( ,jesus2 ! ris+ ( ! sa9ts f _! graves at 8 crucifixion2 ! gu>d at ! sepul*re1 etc4 #ec ,p>ticul>ly s9ce ! op9ion1 t ! ?ree fir/ ,gospels orig9at$ f oral traditions1 became firmly e/abli%$1 #ed !y h be5 f\nd to conta9 a cont9ually increas+ numb] ( my?i & my?ical embelli%m5ts4 #ee ,on ?is acc\nt ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospel ( ,john1 & consequ5tly its hi/orical cr$ibility1 is confid5tly ma9ta9$ by mo/ ( ! !ologians ( ! pres5t day3 he only :o1 ) ,brets*neid]1 #ef que/ions its apo/olic composition1 may c$e 9 ?is ,gospel also a consid]able place to ! my?ical elem5t4 #aj4 ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,! ,,my?us ,,9 ,,its ,,application ,,to ,,sacr$ ,,hi/ories ,,n ,,cle>ly ,,appreh5d$ ,,by ,,!ologians4 ,?us1 inde$1 did ! my?ical view ga9 application to ! biblical hi/ory3 /ill ! notion ( ! my?us 0 = a long "t nei!r cle>ly appreh5d$ nor appli$ to a due ext5t4 ,n cle>ly appreh5d$4 ,! *>act]i/ic :i* _h be5 recognis$ z con/itut+ ! di/9ction betwe5 hi/orical & philosophical my?i1 h[ev] j t di/9ction might 9 itself be1 0 ( a k9d :i* easily betray$ ! critic back aga9 into ! sc>cely ab&on$ natural explanation4 ,8 task1 ) reg>d to hi/orical my?i1 0 /ill to sep>ate ! natural fact--! nucleus ( hi/orical reality--f its unhi/orical & miracul\s embelli%m5ts4 ,an ess5tial diff]5ce inde$ exi/$3 ! natural explanation attribut$ ! embelli%m5ts to ! op9ion ( ! actors conc]n$1 or ( ! n>rator2 ! my?ical int]pretation d]iv$ !m f tradition2 b ! mode ( proce$+ 0 left too little det]m9$4 ,if ! ,rationali/ c\ld po9t out hi/orical my?i 9 ! ,bible1 )\t mat]ially *ang+ 8 mode ( explanation2 s ! ,sup]naturali/ on 8 "p felt himself less (f5d$ by ! admission ( hi/orical my?i1 :i* /ill pres]v$ to ! sacr$ n>ratives a basis ( fact1 ?an by ! supposition ( philosophical my?i1 :i* seem$ completely to annihilate e trace ( hi/orical f\ndation4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! int]pret]s :o advocat$ ! my?ical !ory spoke almo/ exclusively ( hi/orical my?i2 t ,bau]1 among/ a consid]able numb] ( my?i :i* he cites f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 f9ds b "o philosophical my?us2 & t a mix$ mode ( int]pretation1 p>tly my?ical & p>tly natural1 7a m$ley f> m contradictory ?an ! pure natural explanation1 f ! difficulties ( :i* ^! critics s\ght to escape17 %\ld h be5 adopt$4 ,?us ,bau] #eg ?\ght t he 0 expla9+ ,jehovah's promise to ,abraham z an hi/orical my?us1 :5 he admitt$ z ! fundam5tal fact ( ! n>rative1 t ,abraham's hopes ( a num]\s po/]ity 7 re-awak5$ by ! contemplation ( ! />-s[n heav5s4 ,ano!r !ologian #eh imag9$ he _h seiz$ ! my?ical po9t ( view1 :51 hav+ dive/$ ! ann\ncem5t ( ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/ ( ! sup]natural1 he /ill reta9$ ! dumbness ( ,za*>iah z ! hi/orical gr\ndwork4 ,9 l mann] ,krug1 #ei imm$iately aft] assur+ u t 8 int5tion is n to expla9 ! sub/ance ( ! hi/ory1 7accord+ to ! natural mode17 b to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! n>rative1 7accord+ to ! my?ical view17 con/itutes an accid5tal j\rney ( ori5tal m]*ants ! basis ( ! n>rative ( ! visit ( ! wise m5 f ! ea/4 ,b ! contradiction is mo/ gl>+ :5 we meet ) palpable misconceptions ( ! true nature ( a my?us 9 a "w on ! my?ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 su* z ,bau]'s2 9 :i* = in/ance he admits1 9 ! case ( ! p>5ts ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 a m>riage :i* _h actually be5 *ildless dur+ _m ye>s2--9 :i* he expla9s ! angelic appe>ance at ! bir? ( ,jesus z a meteoric ph5om5on2 supposes ! occurr5ce ( ?und] & lightn+ & ! accid5tal desc5t ( a dove at 8 baptism2 con/itutes a /orm ! gr\ndwork ( ! transfiguration2 & conv]ts ! angels at ! tomb ( ! ris5 ,jesus into :ite grave-clo!s4 ,kais] also1 ?\gh he compla9s ( ! unnaturalness ( _m ( ! natural explanations1 accords to a v consid]able proportion ( natural explanations a place by ! side ( ! my?ical2 rem>k+--& ! rem>k is 9 itself j--t to attempt to expla9 all ! miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 "o & ! same mann] betrays a limit$ & p>tial compreh5sion ( ! subject4 ,let x be prim>ily admitt$ t ! anci5t au?or int5d$ to n>rate a miracle1 & ! natural explanation is 9 _m in/ances admissible4 ,?is may be ei!r a physical-hi/orical explanation1 z 9 ! n>rative ( ! lep] ^: approa*+ recov]y ,jesus d\btless p]ceiv$2 or x may be a psy*ological explanation2 s9ce1 9 ! case ( _m sick p]sons1 ! fame ( ,jesus & fai? 9 him 7 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 effect+ ! cure2 sometimes inde$ good =tune mu/ be tak5 into ! acc\nt1 z :]e "o app>5tly dead reviv$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jesus1 & he became reg>d$ z ! au?or ( ! sudd5 re-animation4 ,) respect to o!r miracles ,kais] is ( op9ion t ! my?ical int]pretation is to be pref]r$2 he1 h[ev]1 grants a mu* l>g] space to hi/orical1 ?an to philosophical my?i4 ,he consid]s mo/ ( ! miracles 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t real occurr5ces my?ically embelli%$3 su* z ! n>rative ( ! piece ( money 9 ! fi%'s m\?2 & ( ! *ang+ ( wat] into w9e3 :i* latt] hi/ory he supposes to h orig9at$ f a fri5dly je/ on ! "p ( ,jesus4 ,few only ( ! miracles are recognis$ by ?is critic z pure poetry embody+ ,jewi% ideas2 z ! miracul\s bir? ( ,jesus1 & ! murd] ( ! innoc5ts4 #fj ,gabl] 9 p>ticul> calls att5tion to ! error ( treat+ philosophical my?i z if !y 7 hi/orical1 & ( ?us conv]t+ into facts ?+s t nev] happ5$4 #fa ,he is h[ev] z little dispos$ to admit ! exclusive exi/5ce ( philosophical1 z ( hi/orical my?i 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b adopt+ a middle c\rse1 he decides 9 ea* case t ! my?us is ( ?is k9d or ( t accord+ to its intr9sic "*4 ,he ma9ta9s t x is z necess>y to gu>d aga9/ ! arbitr>y proce$+ ( h&l+ z philosophical a my?us ?r\gh :i* a fact unque/ionably glimm]s1 z x is to avoid ! opposite t5d5cy to expla9 naturally or hi/orically t :i* belongs prop]ly to ! my?ical clo?+4 ,9 o!r words3 :5 ! d]ivation ( a my?us f a ?\ght is easy & natural1 & :5 ! attempt to educe f x a matt] ( fact & to give ! wond]ful hi/ory a natural explanation1 does viol5ce to ! s5se or appe>s ridicul\s1 we h1 accord+ to ,gabl]1 c]ta9 evid5ce t ! my?us is philosophical & n hi/orical4 ,he rem>ks 9 conclusion t ! philosophical-my?ical int]pretation is 9 _m cases f> less (f5sive ?an ! hi/orical-my?ical explanation4 #fb ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is pr$ilection 9 fav\r ( ! philosophical my?us 9 relation to biblical hi/ory1 "o is surpris$ to f9d t ,gabl] himself 0 ignorant ( ! true nature bo? ( ! hi/orical & ( ! philosophical my?us4 ,speak+ ( ! my?ological int]pret]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :o _h prec$$ him1 he says t "s ( !m1 su* z ,dr4 ,paulus1 discov] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus hi/orical my?i only2 :il/ o!rs1 ! anonym\s ,e4 ,f4 9 ,h5ke's ,magaz9e = in/ance1 f9d only philosophical my?i4 ,f ?is we see t he conf\nd$ n only ! natural explanation ) ! hi/orical-my?ical view1 7= 9 ,paulus's 8,comm5t>0 ! =m] only is adopt$17 b also hi/orical ) philosophical my?i2 = ! au?or ,e4 ,f4 is s exclusively atta*$ to ! hi/orical-my?ical view t 8 explanations might almo/ be consid]$ z naturali/ic4 ,de ,wette has "s v cog5t obs]vations direct$ equally aga9/ ! arbitr>y adoption ei!r ( ! hi/orical-my?ical or ( ! natural explanation 9 relation to ! ,mosaic hi/ory4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! ,new ,te/am5t an anonym\s writ] 9 ,b]?oldt's ,critical ,j\rnal #fc is ! mo/ decid$ 9 8 condemnation ( e attempt to discov] an hi/orical gr\ndwork ev5 9 ! ,gospel my?i4 ,to him likewise ! midway pa? /ruck out by ,gabl]1 betwe5 ! exclusive adoption ( hi/orical my?i on ! "o h& & ( philosophical my?i on ! o!r1 appe>s inapplicable2 = ?\gh a real occurr5ce may 9 fact con/itute ! basis ( mo/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives1 x may /ill be impossible at ! pres5t "t to sep>ate ! elem5t ( fact f ! my?ical adjuncts :i* h be5 bl5d$ ) x1 & to det]m9e h[ mu* may belong to ! "o & h[ mu* to ! o!r4 ,u/]i likewise express$ ! op9ion t x is no long] possible to discrim9ate betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! symbolical 9 ! gospel my?i2 no critical knife h[ev] %>p is n[ able to sep>ate ! "o elem5t f ! o!r4 ,a c]ta9 measure ( probability respect+ ! prepond]ance ( ! hi/orical 9 "o leg5d1 & ( ! symbolical 9 ano!r1 is ! ultimate po9t to :i* criticism c n[ atta94 ,oppos$ h[ev] to ! onesid$ness ( ^? critics :o f\nd x s easy to dis5gage ! hi/orical cont5ts f ! my?ical n>ratives ( ! ,scriptures1 is ! onesid$ness ( o!r critics1 :o1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( ! propos$ sep>ation1 despair$ ( ! possibility ( success1 & 7 consequ5tly l$ to h&le ! :ole mass ( gospel my?i z philosophical1 at lea/ 9 s f> z to rel9qui% ! endeav\r to extract f !m a residuum ( hi/orical fact4 ,n[ x is precisely ?is latt] onesid$ness :i* has be5 attribut$ to my criticism ( ! life ( ,jesus2 consequ5tly1 sev]al ( ! review]s ( ?is "w h tak5 occasion repeat$ly to call att5tion to ! v>y+ proportions 9 :i* ! hi/orical & ! ideal 9 ! pagan religion & primitive hi/ory1 7! legitimate prov9ce ( ! my?us17 alt]nate2 an int]*ange ) ! hi/orical :i* 9 ! *ri/ian primitive hi/ory1 presuppos+ ! notion ( ! my?us to be admitt$ "h1 mu/ unque/ionably take place 9 a f> great] degree4 ,?us ,ullmann di/+ui%es n only fir/ly ! philosophical1 & secondly ! hi/orical my?us1 b makes a fur!r di/9ction betwe5 ! latt] 7t is ! hi/orical my?us1 9 :i* !re is always a prepond]ance ( ! fictiti\s17 & ?irdly ! my?ical hi/ory1 9 :i* ! hi/orical elem5t1 ?\gh wr\ght into ! ideal1 =ms ! pr$om9at+ con/itu5t2 :il/ f\r?ly 9 hi/ories ( :i* ! leg5d is a compon5t elem5t we tread prop]ly speak+ ^u hi/orical gr\nd1 s9ce 9 ^! hi/ories we meet only ) a few fa9t e*oes ( my?ical fiction4 ,ullmann is moreov] ( op9ion1 & ,brets*neid] & o!rs agree ) him1 t indep5d5tly ( ! repulsion & confusion :i* mu/ inevitably be caus$ by ! application ( ! t]m my?us to t :i* is ,*ri/ian--a t]m orig9ally conceiv$ 9 relation to a religion ( a totally diff]5t "*--x 7 m suitable1 9 connexion ) ! primitive ,*ri/ian records1 to speak only ( ,gospel leg5d1 7,sage7 & ! leg5d>y elem5t4 #fd ,george on ! contr>y has rec5tly attempt$ n only m accurately to def9e ! notions ( ! my?us & ( ! leg5d1 b likewise to demon/rate t ! gospel n>ratives are my?ical r ?an leg5d>y4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we %\ld say1 t he re/ricts ! t]m my?us to :at _h previ\sly be5 di/+ui%$ z philosophical my?i2 & t he applies ! "n leg5d to :at _h hi!rto be5 d5om9at$ hi/orical my?i4 ,he h&les ! two notions z ! antipodes ( ea* o!r2 & grasps !m ) a precision by :i* ! notion ( ! my?us has unque/ionably ga9$4 ,accord+ to ,george1 my?us is ! creation ( a fact out ( an idea3 leg5d ! see+ ( an idea 9 a fact1 or aris+ out ( x4 ,a p1 a religi\s community1 f9ds itself 9 a c]ta9 condition or r\nd ( in/itutions ( :i* ! _s1 ! idea1 lives & acts )9 x4 ,b ! m9d1 foll[+ a natural impulse1 desires to ga9 a complete repres5tation ( t exi/+ condition1 & to "k its orig94 ,?is orig9 h[ev] is buri$ 9 oblivion1 or is too indi/9ctly disc]nible to satisfy pres5t feel+s & ideas4 ,consequ5tly an image ( t orig91 col\r$ by ! light ( exi/+ ideas1 is ca/ ^u ! d>k wall ( ! pa/1 :i* image is h[ev] b a magnifi$ reflex ( exi/+ influ5ces4 ,if su* be ! rise ( ! my?us1 ! leg5d1 on ! contr>y1 proce$s f giv5 facts3 repres5t$1 inde$1 sometimes 9 an incomplete & abridg$1 sometimes 9 an amplifi$ =m1 9 ord] to magnify ! h]oes ( ! hi/ory--b disjo9$ f _! true connexion2 ! po9ts ( view f :i* !y %\ld be contemplat$1 & ! ideas !y orig9ally conta9$1 hav+ 9 ! c\rse ( transmission :olly disappe>$4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t new ideas1 conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( ! diff]5t ages ?r\gh :i* ! leg5d has pass$ d[n1 become sub/itut$ 9 ! /ead ( ! orig9al ideas4 ,= example1 ! p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory subsequ5t to ! "t ( ,moses1 :i* 0 9 po9t ( fact p]vad$ by a gradual elevation ( ideas to mono!ism & to a !ocracy1 is1 9 a lat] leg5d1 repres5t$ 9 ! exactly opposite light1 z a /ate ( fall+ away f ! religi\s con/itution ( ,moses4 ,an idea s unhi/orical w infallibly "h & !re di/ort facts transmitt$ by tradition1 fill up blanks 9 ! hi/ory1 & subjo9 new & significant features--& !n ! my?us reappe>s 9 ! leg5d4 ,x is ! same ) ! my?us3 propagat$ by tradition1 x1 9 ! process ( transmission1 loses its di/9ctive "* & complet5ess1 or becomes exagg]at$ 9 its details--z = example 9 ! matt] ( numb]s--& !n ! my?us comes "u ! influ5ce ( ! leg5d4 ,9 su* wise d ^! two =mations1 s ess5tially di/9ct 9 _! orig91 cross ea* o!r & m+le toge!r4 ,n[1 if ! hi/ory ( ! life ( ,jesus be ( my?ical =mation1 inasmu* z x embodies ! vivid impression ( ! orig9al idea :i* ! fir/ *ri/ian community _h ( _! f\nd]1 ?is hi/ory1 ?\gh unhi/orical 9 its =m1 is nev]!less a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! idea ( ! ,*ri/4 ,if in/ead ( ?is1 ! hi/ory be leg5d>y--if ! actual ext]nal facts are giv5 9 a di/ort$ & (t5 magnifi$ =m--are repres5t$ 9 a false light & embody a false idea1--!n1 on ! contr>y1 ! real t5\r ( ! life ( ,jesus is lo/ to u4 ,s t1 accord+ to ,george1 ! recognition ( ! my?ical elem5t 9 ! ,gospels is f> less prejudicial to ! true int]e/s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? ?an ! recognition ( ! leg5d>y elem5t4 #fe ,) respect to our own op9ion1 )\t tr\bl+ ourselves "h ) ! dogmatic signification1 we ne$ only rem>k 9 ?is introduction1 t we are prep>$ to meet ) bo? leg5d & my?us 9 ! gospel hi/ory2 & :5 we und]take to extract ! hi/orial cont5ts :i* may possibly exi/ 9 n>ratives recogniz$ z my?ical1 we %all be equally c>eful nei!r on ! "o "p by a rude & me*anical sep>ation1 to place ourselves on ! same gr\nd ) ! natural int]pret]2 nor on ! o!r by a hyp]critical refusal to recognize su* cont5ts :]e !y actually exi/1 to lose sight ( ! hi/ory4 #aa4 ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,! ,,my?us ,,too ,,circumscrib$4 ,! notion ( ! my?us1 :5 fir/ admitt$ by !ologians1 0 n only imp]fectly appreh5d$1 b also too mu* limit$ 9 its application to biblical hi/ory4 ,z ,ei*horn recogniz$ a g5u9e my?us only on ! v ?re%old ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 & ?\ght himself oblig$ to expla9 all t foll[$ 9 a natural mann]2 z1 "s "t lat]1 o!r portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 all[$ to be my?ical1 :il/ no?+ ( ! k9d might be suspect$ 9 ! ,new2 s1 :5 ! my?us 0 once admitt$ into ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x 0 "h aga9 long deta9$ at ! ?re%old1 namely1 ! hi/ory ( ! infancy ( ,jesus1 e f>!r advance be+ conte/$4 ,ammon1 #ff ! anonym\s ,e4 ,f4 9 ,h5ke's ,magaz9e1 ,u/]i1 & o!rs ma9ta9$ a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! hi/orical wor? ( ! n>ratives ( ! public life & ^? ( ! infancy ( ,jesus4 ,! records ( ! latt] c\ld n1 !y cont5d1 h be5 contemporane\s2 = p>ticul> att5tion 0 n at t "t direct$ t[>ds him2 & x is equally manife/ t !y c\ld n h be5 writt5 dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( 8 life1 s9ce !y embody ! idea ( ,jesus glorifi$1 & n ( ,jesus 9 conflict & suff]+4 ,consequ5tly _! composition mu/ be ref]r$ to a p]iod subsequ5t to 8 resurrection4 ,b at ?is p]iod accurate data conc]n+ 8 *ildhood 7 no long] to be obta9$4 ,! apo/les knew him fir/ 9 manhood4 ,joseph 0 probably dead2 & ,m>y1 suppos+ h] to be liv+ :5 ! fir/ & ?ird gospels 7 compos$1 _h naturally imp>t$ an imag9ative lu/re to e incid5t treasur$ 9 h] memory1 :il/ h] embelli%m5ts 7 d\btless /ill fur!r magnifi$ 9 accordance ) ! ,messianic ideas ( ^? to :om h] communications 7 made4 ,mu* also t is n>rat$ _h no hi/orical f\ndation1 b orig9at$ entirely f ! notions ( ! age1 & f ! ,old ,te/am5t pr$ictions--t a virg9 %\ld conceive--= example4 ,b1 say ^! critics1 all ?is does n 9 any degree impair ! cr$ibility ( :at foll[s4 ,! object & task ( ! ,evangeli/s 0 m]ely to give an accurate acc\nt ( ! ?ree la/ ye>s ( ! life ( ,jesus2 & "h !y m]it implicit confid5ce1 s9ce !y 7 ei!r !mselves spectators ( ! details !y record1 or else _h le>n$ !m f ! m\? ( tru/wor?y eye-witnesses4 ,?is b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! cr$ibility ( ! hi/ory ( ! public life1 & ! fabul\sness ( ! hi/ory ( ! infancy ( ,jesus1 became yet m def9itely m>k$1 f ! circum/ance t _m !ologians 7 dispos$ to reject ! two fir/ *apt]s ( ,mat!w & ,luke z spuri\s & subsequ5t additions4 #fg ,soon1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! !ologians :o _h conc$$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! hi/ory to ! prov9ce ( my?i1 p]ceiv$ t ! conclusion1 ! hi/ory ( ! asc5sion1 mu/ likewise be reg>d$ z my?ical4 #fh ,?us ! two extremities 7 cut (f by ! prun+ knife ( criticism1 :il/ ! ess5tial body ( ! hi/ory1 ! p]iod f ! baptism to ! resurrection1 rema9$1 z yet1 unassail$3 or 9 ! words ( ! review] ( ,greil+'s ,life ( ,jesus3 #fi ! entrance to ! gospel hi/ory 0 ?r\gh ! decorat$ portal ( my?us1 & ! exit 0 simil> to x1 :il/ ! int]m$iate space 0 /ill trav]s$ by ! crook$ & toilsome pa?s ( natural int]pretations4 ,9 ,gabl]'s #gj writ+s we meet ) a some:at m ext5d$ application ( ! my?ical view4 ,he di/+ui%es 7& rec5tly ,ros5kranz #ga has agre$ ) him7 betwe5 ! miracles wr\ght by ,jesus & ^? op]at$ on him or 9 relation to him1 int]pret+ ! latt] my?ically1 b ! =m] naturally4 ,subsequ5tly h[ev]1 we f9d ,gabl] express+ himself z if ) ! above m5tion$ !ologians he re/rict$ ! my?ical int]pretation to ! miracul\s n>ratives ( ! *ildhood ( ,jesus1 b ?is re/riction is 9 fact a limitation m]ely ( ! admitt$ di/9ction3 s9ce ?\gh all ! miracles connect$ ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,jesus 7 op]at$ 9 relation to him & n wr\ght by him1 _m miracles ( ! same "* occur 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 public life4 ,bau] appe>s to h be5 guid$ by ! same rule 9 8 ,hebrew my?ology4 ,he classes z my?ical ! n>ratives ( ! conception & bir? ( ,jesus1 ( ! ,baptism1 ! transfiguration1 ! angelic app>itions 9 ,ge?semane & at ! sepul*re3 miracles select$ f all p]iods ( ! life ( ,jesus1 b all op]at$ 9 relation to him & n by him4 ,?is enum]ation1 h[ev]1 does n include all ! miracles ( ?is k9d4 ,! (t5 ref]r$ to au?or ( ! treatise 8,^u ! diff]5t views ) :i* & = :i* a ,biograph] ( ,jesus may "w10 has endeav\r$ to %[ t s limit$ an application ( ! notion ( ! my?us to ! hi/ory ( ! life ( ,jesus is insuffici5t & inconsequ5t4 ,?is confus$ po9t ( view f :i* ! gospel n>rative is reg>d$ z p>tly hi/orical & p>tly my?ical owes its orig91 accord+ to him1 to ^? !ologians :o nei!r give up ! hi/ory1 nor are able to satisfy !mselves ) its cle> results1 b :o ?9k to unite bo? p>ties by ?is middle c\rse--a va9 endeav\r :i* ! rigid supranaturali/ pron\nces h]etical1 & ! rationali/ d]ides4 ,! attempt ( ^! reconcil]s1 rem>ks our au?or1 to expla9 z intelligible ev]y?+ :i* is n impossible1 lays !m op5 to all ! *>ges s ju/ly br\ght aga9/ ! natural int]pretation2 :il/ ! admission ( ! exi/5ce ( my?i 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t subjects !m to ! direct reproa* ( be+ inconsequ5t3 ! sev]e/ c5sure :i* c be pass$ ^u a s*ol>4 ,besides1 ! proce$+ ( ^! ,eclectics is mo/ arbitr>y1 s9ce !y decide respect+ :at belongs to ! hi/ory & :at to ! my?us almo/ entirely ^u subjective gr\nds4 ,su* di/9ctions are equally =eign to ! evangeli/s1 to logical reason+1 & to hi/orical criticism4 ,9 consi/5cy ) ^! op9ions1 ?is writ] applies ! notion ( ! my?us to ! entire hi/ory ( ! life ( ,jesus2 recognizes my?i or my?ical embelli%m5ts 9 e portion1 & ranges "u ! category ( my?us n m]ely ! miracul\s occurr5ces dur+ ! infancy ( ,jesus1 b ^? also ( 8 public life2 n m]ely miracles op]at$ on ,jesus1 b ^? wr\ght by him4 ,! mo/ ext5d$ application ( ! notion ( ! philosophical or dogmatical my?us to ! ,gospel hi/ories :i* has yet be5 made1 0 publi%$ 9 #agii 9 an anonym\s "w conc]n+ ,revelation & ,my?ology4 ,! writ] cont5ds t ! :ole life ( ,jesus1 all t he %\ld & w\ld d1 _h an ideal exi/5ce 9 ! ,jewi% m9d long prior to 8 bir?4 ,jesus z an individual 0 n actually su* z accord+ to ,jewi% anticipations he %\ld h be54 ,n ev5 t1 9 :i* all ! records :i* rec\nt 8 actions agree1 is absolutely matt] ( fact4 ,a popul> idea ( ! life ( ,jesus grew out ( v>i\s popul> contributions1 & f ?is s\rce our writt5 ,gospels 7 fir/ d]iv$4 ,a review] objects t ?is au?or appe>s to suppose a /ill small] portion ( ! hi/orical elem5t 9 ! gospels ?an actually exi/s4 ,x w\ld1 he rem>ks1 h be5 wis] to h be5 guid$ by a sob] criticism ( details1 ?an by a sweep+ scepticism4 #gb #ab4 ,,opposition ,,to ,,! ,,my?ical ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,hi/ory4 ,9 adopt+ ! my?ical po9t ( view z hi!rto appli$ to ,biblical hi/ory1 our !ologians _h aga9 approximat$ to ! anci5t allegorical int]pretation4 ,= z bo? ! natural explanations ( ! ,rationali/s1 & ! je/+ expositions ( ! ,dei/s1 belong to t =m ( op9ion :i*1 :il/ x sacrifices all div9e mean+ 9 ! sacr$ record1 /ill upholds its hi/orical "*2 ! my?ical mode ( int]pretation agrees ) ! allegorical1 9 rel9qui%+ ! hi/orical reality ( ! sacr$ n>ratives 9 ord] to pres]ve to !m an absolute inh]5t tru?4 ,! my?ical & ! allegorical view 7z also ! moral7 equally all[ t ! hi/orian app>5tly relates t :i* is hi/orical1 b !y suppose him1 "u ! influ5ce ( a high] inspiration kn[n or unkn[n to himself1 to h made use ( ?is hi/orical semblance m]ely z ! %ell ( an idea--( a religi\s conception4 ,! only ess5tial di/9ction !re=e betwe5 ^! two modes ( explanation is1 t accord+ to ! allegorical ?is high] intellig5ce is ! imm$iate div9e ag5cy2 accord+ to ! my?ical1 x is ! _s ( a p or a community4 7,accord+ to ! moral view x is g5]ally ! m9d ( ! int]pret] :i* sugge/s ! int]pretation47 ,?us ! allegorical view attributes ! n>rative to a sup]natural s\rce1 :il/ ! my?ical view ascribes x to t natural process by :i* leg5ds are orig9at$ & develop$4 ,to :i* x %\ld be add$1 t ! allegorical int]pret] 7z well z ! moral7 may ) ! mo/ unre/ra9$ arbitr>9ess sep>ate f ! hi/ory e ?\ght he deems to be wor?y ( ,god1 z con/itut+ its inh]5t mean+2 :il/ ! my?ical int]pret]1 on ! contr>y1 9 se>*+ out ! ideas :i* are embodi$ 9 ! n>rative1 is controll$ by reg>d to con=mity ) ! _s & modes ( ?\ght ( ! p & ( ! age4 ,?is new view ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures 0 oppos$ alike by ! or?odox & by ! rationali/ic p>ty4 ,f ! fir/1 :il/ ! my?ical int]pretation 0 /ill re/rict$ to ! primitive hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,hess #gc on ! or?odox side1 prote/$ aga9/ x4 ,! ?ree foll[+ conclusions may be giv5 z compris+1 h[ev] incr$ible ?is may appe>1 ! sub/ance ( 8 book1 a "w ( "s compass2 ^u :i* h[ev] x is unnecess>y to rem>k fur!r ?an t ,hess 0 by no means ! la/ or?odox !ologian :o pret5d$ to combat ! my?ical view ) su* weapons4 ,he cont5ds1 #a/1 t my?i are to be und]/ood figuratively2 n[ ! sacr$ hi/orians int5d$ _! writ+s to be und]/ood lit]ally3 consequ5tly !y d n relate my?i4 #bndly1 ,my?ology is some?+ hea!ni%2 ! ,bible is a *ri/ian book2 consequ5tly x conta9s no my?ology4 ,! ?ird conclusion is m complex1 &1 z w appe> bel[1 has m mean+4 ,if1 says ,hess1 ! m>vell\s 7 conf9$ to ^? e>lie/ biblical records ( :i* ! hi/orical validity is less c]ta91 & did n appe> 9 any subsequ5t writ+s1 ! miracul\s might be consid]$ z a pro( ( ! my?ical "* ( ! n>rative2 b ! m>vell\s is no less r$undant 9 ! late/ & und5iably hi/orical records1 ?an 9 ! m anci5t2 consequ5tly x _c be reg>d$ z a crit]ion ( ! my?ical4 ,9 %ort ! mo/ holl[ natural explanation1 did x b reta9 ! slighte/ ve/ige ( ! hi/orical--h[ev] completely x annihilat$ e high] mean+1--0 pref]able1 9 ! eyes ( ! or?odox1 to ! my?ical int]pretation4 ,c]ta9ly no?+ c\ld be worse ?an ,ei*horn's natural explanation ( ! fall4 ,9 consid]+ ! tree ( k z a poison\s plant1 he at once de/roy$ ! intr9sic value & inh]5t mean+ ( ! hi/ory2 ( ?is he aft]w>ds became fully s5sible1 & 9 8 subsequ5t my?ical int]pretation1 he recogniz$ 9 ! n>rative ! incorporation ( a wor?y & elevat$ conception4 ,hess h[ev] decl>$ himself m cont5t ) ,ei*horn's orig9al explanation1 & def5d$ x aga9/ 8 lat] my?ical int]pretation4 ,s true is x t supranaturalism cl+s ) *ildlike fondness to ! empty husk ( hi/orical semblance1 ?\gh void ( div9e significance1 & e/imates x high] ?an ! mo/ valuable k]nel dive/$ ( its v>iegat$ cov]+4 ,some:at lat] ,de ,wette's bold & ?or\gh application ( ! my?ical view to ! ,mosaic writ+s2 8 decid$ r5unciation ( ! s-call$ hi/orical-my?ical1 or m prop]ly speak+ ( ! natural mode ( int]pretation2 & 8 /rict opposition to ! notion ( ! possibility ( arriv+ at any c]ta9ty respect+ ! residue ( fact pres]v$ 9 ^! writ+s1 gave rise to mu* controv]sy4 ,"s agre$ ) ,/eudel 9 totally reject+ ! my?ical view 9 relation to ! ,bible1 & 9 uphold+ ! /rictly hi/orical & inde$ supranatural s5se ( ! ,scriptures3 :il/ ,mey] & o!rs 7 will+ to foll[ ! guidance ( ,de ,wette1 at lea/ z f> z ! pr9ciples ( ,vat]1 :i* p]mitt$ ! attempt to extract "s1 if only probable1 hi/orical data f ! my?ical inve/m5t4 ,if1 says ,mey] #gd1 ! m>vell\sness & irrationality ( _m ( ! n>ratives conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 7n>ratives :i* no "o w\ld h ?\ght ( inv5t+17 toge!r ) ! want ( symmetry & connexion 9 ! n>ration1 & o!r consid]ations1 p]mit u n to mi/ake ! hi/orical gr\ndwork ( ! record2 surely1 all[+ ! exi/5ce ( an hi/orical basis1 a mode/ & cauti\s attempt to seek out or at any rate to approximate t[>ds a discov]y ( t hi/orical f\ndation is admissible4 ,9 ! hope ( pres]v+ ^? :o adopt$ ! hi/orical-my?ical view f relaps+ into ! inconsi/5cies ( ! natural int]pret]s1 ,mey] laid d[n ! foll[+ rules1 :i* h[ev] s]ve r to exhibit afre% ! difficulty ( escap+ ?is dang]4 #a4 ,to ab/ract e ?+ :i* is at once recognizable z my?ical repres5tation z oppos$ to hi/orical fact2 t is ! extraord9>y1 ! miracul\s1 acc\nts ( imm$iate div9e op]ation1 also ! religi\s notions ( ! n>rators 9 relation to f9al causes4 #b4 ,to proce$ f t :i* is simple to t :i* is m complicat$4 ,let a case be suppos$ :]e we h two acc\nts ( ! same ev5t1 ! "o natural1 ! o!r sup]natural1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ga!r+ ( ! eld]s by ,moses1 attribut$1 ,numb]s1 xi4 #af41 to ! sugge/ion ( ,jehovah1 & ,exodus1 xviii4 #ad41 to ! c\nsel ( ,je?ro4 ,accord+ to ?is rule all div9e inspiration mu/ be subtract$ f ! kn[n decisions ( ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 & o!rs4 7,precisely ! proce$+ :i* met ) ! c5sure ( ,de ,wette quot$ above47 #c4 ,z f> z possible to contemplate ! fact :i* =ms ! basis ( a n>rative1 9 its simple & common "*1 ap>t f all collat]al incid5ts4 7,?is h[ev]1 is go+ too f> :]e no basis ( fact exi/s47 ,= example4 ,! /ory ( ! deluge may be r$uc$ ?us2 a great inundation 9 ,asia ,m9or1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 de/roy$ _m wick$4 7,"h ! suppos$ f9al cause is n ab/ract$47 ,noah ! fa!r ( ,%em1 a dev\t man1 7! teleological notion aga967 sav$ himself by swimm+4 ,! exact circum/ances ( ?is pres]vation1 ! "* ( ! vessel1 if su* !re 71 :i* sav$ him1 are left undet]m9$ 9 ord] to avoid arbitr>y explanations4 ,?us1 9 ref]5ce to ! bir? ( ,isaac1 ,mey] is satisfi$ ) say+1 t ! wi% & hope ( ! weal?y & pi\s ,emir ,abraham to possess an heir by 8 wife ,s>a 0 fulfill$ unusually late1 & 9 ! eyes ( o!rs v unexpect$ly4 7,"h aga9 ,de ,wette's c5sure is q applicable47 ,9 l mann] ,ei*horn1 9 8 ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 decl>$ 9 yet /rong] t]ms 8 opposition to ! view advocat$ by ,de ,wette4 ,if ! or?odox 7 displeas$ at hav+ _! hi/orical fai? di/urb$ by ! progressive inroads ( ! my?ical mode ( int]pretation1 ! rationali/s 7 no less disconc]t$ to f9d ! web ( facts !y _h s +5i\sly wov5 toge!r torn asund]1 & all ! art & lab\r exp5d$ on ! natural explanation at once decl>$ useless4 ,unwill+ly does ,dr4 ,paulus admit to himself ! pres5tim5t t ! read] ( 8 ,comm5t>y may possibly exclaim3 8,:]e=e all ?is lab\r to give an hi/orical explanation to su* leg5ds8 h[ s+ul> ?us to h&le my?i z hi/ory1 & to attempt to r5d] m>vell\s fictions intelligible accord+ to ! rules ( causality60 ,contra/$ ) ! toilsom5ess ( 8 natural explanation1 ! my?ical int]pretation appe>s to ?is !ologian m]ely z ! refuge ( m5tal indol5ce1 :i*1 seek+ ! easie/ me?od ( treat+ ! gospel hi/ory1 disposes ( all t is m>vell\s1 & all t is difficult to compreh5d1 "u ! vague t]m--my?us1 & :i*1 9 ord] to escape ! lab\r ( dis5gag+ ! natural f ! sup]natural1 fact f op9ion1 c>ries back ! :ole n>ration into ! cam]a-obscura ( anci5t sacr$ leg5ds4 #ge ,/ill m decid$ 0 ,greil+'s #gf expression ( disapprobation1 elicit$ by ,krug's comm5dation ( ! g5etic--t is to say1 my?ical !ory2 b ea* /roke levell$ by him at ! my?ical int]pretation may be turn$ ) f> great] =ce aga9/ 8 own natural explanation4 ,he is ( op9ion t among all ! attempts to expla9 obscure passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 sc>cely any c be m injuri\s to ! g5u9e hi/orical int]pretation1 to ! asc]ta9+ ( actual facts & _! legitimate objects 7t is1 m prejudicial to ! pret5sions ( ! natural exp\nd]7 ?an ! endeav\r to supply1 by aid ( an inv5tive imag9ation1 ! defici5cies ( ! hi/orical n>rative4 7,! inv5tive imag9ation is t ( ! natural int]pret]1 :i* sugge/s to him collat]al incid5ts ( :i* !re is no trace 9 ! text4 ,! imag9ation ( ! my?ical int]pret] is n inv5tive2 8 "p is m]ely ! recogniz+ & detect+ ( ! fictiti\s47 ,accord+ to ,greil+ ! g5etic1 or my?ical mode ( expla9+ miracles1 is a ne$less & arbitr>y inv5tion ( ! imag9ation4 7,let a grop+ _s ( inquiry be add$1 & ! natural explanation is accurately depict$47 ,_m facts1 he cont9ues1 :i* might be reta9$ z su* are ?us consign$ to ! prov9ce ( fable1 or replac$ by fictions ! production ( ! int]pret]4 7,b x is ! hi/orical my?ical mode ( int]pretation alone :i* sub/itutes su* inv5tions1 & ?is only 9 s f> z x is mix$ up ) ! natural explanation47 ,greil+ ?9ks t ! explanation ( a miracle ought n to *ange ! fact1 & by means ( int]pretation1 z by sleight ( h&1 sub/itute "o ?+ = ano!r2 7:i* is done by ! natural explanation only17 = ?is is n to expla9 t :i* %ocks ! reason1 b m]ely to d5y ! fact1 & leave ! difficulty unsolv$4 7,x is false to say we h a fact to expla92 :at imm$iately lies be=e u is a /atem5t1 respect+ :i* we h to discov] :e!r x embody a fact or n47 ,accord+ to ?is le>n$ critic ! miracles wr\ght by ,jesus %\ld be naturally1 or r psy*ologically1 expla9$2 by :i* means all occasion to *ange1 clip1 & amplify by inv5tion ! record$ facts1 till at l5g? !y become metamorphos$ into fiction1 is obviat$--7) h[ mu* ju/ice ?is c5sure may be appli$ to ! natural mode ( explanation has be5 suffici5tly demon/rat$47 ,heyd5rei* has lately writt5 a "w expressly on ! inadmissibility ( ! my?ical int]pretation ( ! hi/orical portions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,he reviews ! ext]nal evid5ces conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels1 & f9ds ! recognition ( a my?ical elem5t 9 ^! writ+s q incompatible ) _! sub/antiat$ d]ivation f ! ,apo/les1 & ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les4 ,he also exam9es ! "* ( ! gospel repres5tations1 & decides1 9 ref]5ce to _! =m1 t n>ratives at once s natural & simple1 s complete & exact1 c\ld be expect$ only f eye-witnesses1 or ^? connect$ ) !m2 &1 ) respect to _! cont5ts1 t ^? repres5tations :i* are 9 _! nature miracul\s are s wor?y ( ,god1 t no?+ %ort ( an abhorr5ce ( miracles c\ld occasion a d\bt z to _! hi/orical tru?4 ,! div9e op]ations are inde$ g5]ally m$iate1 b accord+ to ,heyd5rei* ?is by no means precludes ! possibility ( occasional int]m$iate ex]tions ( ! div9e en]gy1 :5 requisite to ! accompli%m5t ( "s p>ticul> object2 &1 ref]r+ to ea* ( ! div9e attributes 9 succession1 he %[s t su* int]v5tion 9 n[ise contradicts any ( !m2 & t ea* individual miracle is a peculi>ly appropriate ex]cise ( div9e p[]4 ,^!1 & simil> objections aga9/ ! my?ical int]pretation ( ! gospel hi/ories1 :i* occur 9 rec5t comm5t>ies & 9 ! num]\s writ+s 9 opposition to my "w on ! life ( ,jesus1 w f9d _! place & refutation 9 ! foll[+ pages4 #ac4 ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,my?i ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,evid5ces4 ,! ass]tion t ! ,bible conta9s my?i is1 x is true1 directly oppos$ to ! convictions ( ! believ+ *ri/ian4 ,= if 8 religi\s view be circumscrib$ )9 ! limits ( 8 own community1 he kn[s no reason :y ! ?+s record$ 9 ! sacr$ books %\ld n lit]ally h tak5 place2 no d\bt occurs to him1 no reflection di/urbs him4 ,b1 let 8 horizon be s f> wid5$ z to all[ him to contemplate 8 own religion 9 relation to o!r religions1 & to draw a comp>ison betwe5 !m1 ! conclusion to :i* he !n comes is t ! hi/ories relat$ by ! hea!ns ( _! deities1 & by ! ,mussulman ( 8 prophet1 are s _m fictions1 :il/ ! acc\nts ( ,god's actions1 ( ,*ri/ & o!r ,godlike m5 conta9$ 9 ! ,bible are1 on ! contr>y1 true4 ,su* is ! g5]al notion express$ 9 ! !ological position3 t :i* di/+ui%es ,*ri/ianity f ! hea!n religions is ?is1 !y are my?ical1 x is hi/orical4 ,b ?is position1 ?us /at$ )\t fur!r def9ition & pro(1 is m]ely ! product ( ! limitation ( ! individual to t =m ( belief 9 :i* he has be5 educat$1 :i* r5d]s ! m9d incapable ( embrac+ any b ! affirmative view 9 relation to its own cre$1 any b ! negative 9 ref]5ce to e o!r--a prejudice devoid ( real wor?1 & :i* _c exi/ 9 conjunction ) an ext5sive k ( hi/ory4 ,= let u transplant ourselves among o!r religi\s communities2 ! believ+ ,mohamm$an is ( op9ion t tru? is conta9$ 9 ! ,koran alone1 & t ! great] portion ( our ,bible is fabul\s2 ! ,jew ( ! pres5t day1 :il/ admitt+ ! tru? & div9e orig9 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 rejects ! ,new2 &1 ! same exclusive belief 9 ! tru? ( _! own cre$ & ! falsity ( e o!r 0 ent]ta9$ by ! pr(essors ( mo/ ( ! hea!n religions be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,syncretism4 ,b :i* community is "r8 ,n all1 = ?is is impossible1 s9ce ! ass]tion ( ea* excludes ! o!rs4 ,b :i* p>ticul> "o8 ,ea* claims = itself ! true fai?4 ,! pret5sions are equal2 :at %all decide8 ,! orig9 ( ! sev]al religions8 ,ea* lays claim to a div9e orig94 ,n only does ! ,*ri/ian religion pr(ess to be d]iv$ f ! ,son ( ,god1 & ! ,jewi% f ,god himself1 ?r\gh ,moses2 ! ,mohamm$an religion ass]ts itself to be f\nd$ by a prophet imm$iately inspir$ by ,god2 9 l mann] ! ,greeks attribut$ ! in/itution ( _! wor%ip to ! gods4 8,b 9 no o!r religion0 x is urg$ 8are ! v\*]s ( a div9e orig9 s unequivocal z 9 ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,greek & ,roman my?ologies are ! product ( a collection ( unau!nticat$ leg5ds1 :il/ ! ,bible hi/ory 0 writt5 by eye-witnesses2 or by ^? ^: connexion ) eye-witnesses af=d$ !m opportunities ( asc]ta9+ ! tru?2 & ^: integrity is too app>5t to admit ( a d\bt z to ! s9c]ity ( _! int5tions40 ,x w\ld mo/ unque/ionably be an argum5t ( decisive weight 9 fav\r ( ! cr$ibility ( ! biblical hi/ory1 c\ld x inde$ be %[n t x 0 writt5 by eye-witnesses1 or ev5 by p]sons ne>ly contemporane\s ) ! ev5ts n>rat$4 ,= ?\gh errors & false repres5tations may glide into ! n>rations ev5 ( an eye-witness1 !re is f> less probability ( un9t5tional mi/ake 7int5tional deception may easily be detect$7 ?an :]e ! n>rator is sep>at$ by a long int]val f ! facts he records1 & is oblig$ to d]ive 8 mat]ials ?r\gh ! m$ium ( transmitt$ communications4 ,b ?is alleg$ ocul> te/imony1 or proximity 9 po9t ( "t ( ! sacr$ hi/orians to ! ev5ts record$1 is m]e assumption1 an assumption orig9at+ f ! titles :i* ! biblical books be> 9 our ,canon4 ,^? books :i* describe ! dep>ture ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt1 & _! w&]+s ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 be> ! "n ( ,moses1 :o be+ _! lead] w\ld und\bt$ly give a fai?ful hi/ory ( ^! occurr5ces1 unless he design$ to deceive2 & :o1 if 8 intimate connexion ) ,deity describ$ 9 ^! books be hi/orically true1 0 likewise em95tly qualifi$1 by virtue ( su* connexion1 to produce a cr$ible hi/ory ( ! e>li] p]iods4 ,9 l mann]1 ( ! sev]al acc\nts ( ! life & fate ( ,jesus1 ! sup]scriptions assign "o to ,mat!w & "o to ,john3 two m5 :o hav+ be5 eye-witnesses ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus f its comm5cem5t to its close 7 p>ticul>ly capable ( giv+ a report ( x2 & :o1 f _! confid5tial int]c\rse ) ,jesus & 8 "m1 toge!r ) t sup]natural aid :i*1 accord+ to ,john1 ,jesus promis$ to 8 disciples to tea* !m & br+ all ?+s to _! remembrance1 7 enabl$ to give in=mation ( ! circum/ances ( 8 e>li] ye>s2 ( :i* "s details are record$ by ,mat!w4 ,b t little reliance c be plac$ on ! head+s ( anci5t manuscripts1 & ( sacr$ records m especially1 is evid5t1 & 9 ref]5ce to biblical books has long s9ce be5 prov$4 ,9 ! s-call$ books ( ,moses m5tion is made ( 8 dea? & burial3 b :o n[ supposes t ?is 0 writt5 be=eh& by ,moses 9 ! =m ( prophecy8 ,_m ( ! ,psalms be> ! "n ( ,david :i* presuppose an acqua9tance ) ! mis]ies ( ! exile2 & pr$ictions are put into ! m\? ( ,daniel1 a ,jew liv+ at ! "t ( ! ,babyloni% captivity1 :i* c\ld n h be5 writt5 be=e ! reign ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,x is an incontrov]tible position ( mod]n criticism t ! titles ( ! ,biblical books repres5t no?+ m ?an ! design ( _! au?or1 or ! op9ion ( ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian antiquity respect+ _! orig92 po9ts ! fir/ ( :i* proves no?+2 & z to ! second e ?+ dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ consid]ations3 #a4 ! date ( ! op9ion & ! au?ority on :i* x re/s2 #b4 ! degree ( h>mony exi/+ betwe5 ?is op9ion & ! int]nal "* ( ! writ+s 9 "q4 ,! fir/ consid]ation includes an exam9ation ( ! ext]nal1 ! second ( ! int]nal gr\nds ( evid5ce respect+ ! au!nticity ( ! biblical books4 ,to inve/igate ! int]nal gr\nds ( cr$ibility 9 relation to ea* detail giv5 9 ! ,gospels1 7= x is ) !m alone we are "h conc]n$7 & to te/ ! probability or improbability ( _! be+ ! production ( eye-witnesses1 or ( compet5tly in=m$ writ]s1 is ! sole object ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! ext]nal gr\nds ( evid5ce may be exam9$ 9 ?is introduction1 only s f> h[ev] z is necess>y 9 ord] to judge :e!r !y yield a def9ite result1 :i* may p]haps be 9 opposition to ! int]nal gr\nds ( evid5ce2 or :e!r ! ext]nal evid5ce1 insuffici5t ( itself1 leaves to ! int]nal evid5ce ! decision ( ! "q4 ,we le>n f ! works ( ,ir5u1 ( ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 & ( ,t]tullian1 t at ! end ( ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/ our f\r ,gospels 7 recogniz$ by ! or?odox *ur* z ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les & ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les2 & 7 sep>at$ f _m o!r simil> productions z au!ntic records ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! fir/ ,gospel accord+ to our ,canon is attribut$ to ,mat!w1 :o is enum]at$ among ! twelve ,apo/les2 ! f\r? to ,john ! belov$ disciple ( our ,"l2 ! second to ,m>k ! int]pret] ( ,pet]2 & ! ?ird to ,luke ! companion ( ,paul4 #gg ,we h1 besides1 ! au?ority ( e>li] au?ors1 bo? 9 _! own works & 9 quotations cit$ by o!rs4 ,x is usual1 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ ,gospel1 to adduce ! te/imony ( ,papias1 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 said to h be5 an auditor ( ,john1 7probably ! presbyt]7 & to h suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,m>cus ,aurelius4 7#afa-ahj47 ,papias ass]ts t ,mat!w ! ,apo/le wrote 7 #gh74 ,s*lei]ma*]1 /ra9+ ! mean+ ( 1 has latt]ly und]/ood x to signify m]ely a collection ( ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,b :5 ,papias speaks ( ,m>k1 he seems to use 1 & z equival5t expressions4 ,:5ce x appe>s t ! ^w designates a writ+ compreh5d+ ! acts & fate ( ,jesus2 & ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* 7 ju/ifi$ 9 und]/&+ ! te/imony ( ,papias z relat+ to an entire ,gospel4 #gi ,!y did inde$ apply ?is te/imony decid$ly to our fir/ ,gospel2 b ! words ( ! ,apo/olic fa!r conta9 no su* indication1 & ! manuscript1 ( :i* he speaks1 _c be absolutely id5tical ) our ,gospel2 =1 accord+ to ! /atem5t giv5 by ,papias1 ,mat!w wrote 9 ! ,hebrew language2 & x is a m]e assumption ( ! *ri/ian fa!rs t our ,greek ,mat!w is a translation ( ! orig9al ,hebrew ,gospel #hj4 ,precepts ( ,jesus1 & n>ratives conc]n+ him1 correspond+ m or less exactly ) passages 9 our ,mat!w1 d inde$ occur 9 ! works ( o!r ( ! apo/olic fa!rs2 b !n ^! works are n :olly g5u9e1 & ! quotations !mselves are ei!r 9 a =m :i* indicates t !y might h be5 d]iv$ f oral traditions2 or :]e ^! au?ors ref] to writt5 s\rces1 !y d n m5tion !m z be+ directly apo/olic4 ,_m citations 9 ! writ+s ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7:o di$ #aff7 agree ) passages 9 our ,mat!w2 b !re are also1 mix$ up ) ^!1 o!r elem5ts :i* are n to be f\nd 9 our ,gospels2 & he ref]s to ! writ+s f :i* he d]ives !m g5]ally z 1 or 1 )\t nam+ any au?or 9 p>ticul>4 ,celsus1 #ha ! oppon5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 7subsequ5t to #aej7 m5tions t ! disciples ( ,jesus _h writt5 8 hi/ory1 & he alludes to our pres5t ,gospels :5 he speaks ( ! div]g5ce ( ! acc\nts respect+ ! numb] ( angels se5 at ! resurrection2 b we f9d no m precise ref]5ce to any "o ,evangeli/ 9 8 writ+s1 s f> z we "k !m ?r\gh ,orig54 ,we h ! te/imony ( ! same ,papias :o has ! notice conc]n+ ,mat!w1 a te/imony f ! m\? ( ,john 771 t ,m>k1 :o accord+ to him 0 ! int]pret] ( ,pet] 7 71 wrote d[n ! disc\rses & actions ( ,jesus f 8 recollections ( ! in/ructions ( t ,apo/le4 #hb ,ecclesia/ical writ]s h likewise assum$ t ?is passage f ,papias ref]s to our second ,gospel1 ?\gh x does n say any ?+ ( ! k9d1 & is besides inapplicable to x4 ,= our second ,gospel _c h orig9at$ f recollections ( ,pet]'s in/ructions1 i4e41 f a s\rce peculi> to itself1 s9ce x is evid5tly a compilation1 :e!r made f memory or o!rwise1 f ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels4 #hc ,z little w ! rem>k ( ,papias t ,m>k wrote )\t ord] 7 7 apply to our ,gospel4 ,= he _c by ?is expression int5d a false *ronological arrangem5t1 s9ce he ascribes to ,m>k ! /ricte/ love ( tru?1 :i*1 unit$ ) ! consci\sness t he _h n ! means ( fix+ dates1 mu/ h )held him f mak+ ! attempt4 ,b a total r5unciation ( *ronological connexion1 :i* ,papias c alone h meant to attribute to him1 is n to be f\nd 9 ! second ,gospel4 ,?is be+ ! case1 :at d ^? e*oes :i* our second ,gospel1 9 l mann] z our fir/1 seems to f9d 9 ! mo/ anci5t ecclesia/ical writ]s1 prove8 ,t ,luke1 ! companion ( ,paul1 wrote a ,gospel1 is n atte/$ by any au?ority ( correspond+ weight or antiquity ) t ( ,papias 9 relation to ,mat!w & to ,m>k4 ,! ?ird ,gospel h[ev] possesses a te/imony ( a p>ticul> k9d 9 ! 8,acts ( ! ,apo/les20 n inde$ au!nticat+ x z ! composition ( ,luke1 b attribut+ x to an occasional companion ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,accord+ to ! prom to ! ,acts & t to ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 ^! two books proce$$ f ! same au?or or compil]3 an orig9 :i* ^! writ+s d n1 9 o!r respects1 contradict4 ,9 sev]al *apt]s 9 ! second half ( ! ,book ( ! ,acts ! au?or1 speak+ ( himself toge!r ) ,paul1 makes use ( ! fir/ p]son plural1 #hd & ?us id5tifies himself ) ! companion ( t apo/le4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t _m ( ! details conc]n+ ,paul1 conta9$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! book ( ! ,acts1 are s indef9ite & m>vell\s1 & are moreov] s completely at v>iance ) ,paul's g5u9e epi/les1 t x is extremely difficult to reconcile !m ) ! notion t !y 7 writt5 by a companion ( t apo/le4 ,x is also n a little rem>kable t ! au?or1 nei!r 9 ! introduction to ! ,acts1 nor 9 t to ! ,gospel1 alludes to 8 connexion ) "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! ,apo/les1 s t x is impossible n to suspect t ! passages 9 :i* ! writ] speaks ( himself z an actor 9 ! sc5es describ$1 belong to a di/9ct memorial by ano!r h&1 :i* ! au?or ( ! ,acts has m]ely incorporat$ into 8 hi/ory4 ,b leav+ ?is conjecture out ( ! "q1 x is inde$ possible t ! companion ( ,paul may h compos$ 8 two works at a "t1 & "u circum/ances1 :5 he 0 no long] protect$ by ,apo/olic influ5ce aga9/ ! tide ( tradition2 & t he saw no reason :y1 because he _h n he>d !m previ\sly f ?is ,apo/le1 he %\ld !re=e reject ! in/ructive1 & 7accord+ to 8 notions1 :i* c]ta9ly w\ld n lead him to %un ! m>vell\s17 cr$ible n>ratives d]iv$ f t s\rce4 ,n[1 x is ass]t$ t because ! ,book ( ! ,acts t]m9ates ) ! two ye>s' imprisonm5t ( ,paul at ,rome1 !re=e ?is second "w ( ! disciple ( t apo/le1 mu/ h be5 writt5 dur+ t "t1 7#fc-fe1 ,a4,d47 be=e ! decision ( ,paul's trial1 & t consequ5tly1 ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 ! e>li] "w ( ! same au?or1 c\ld n h be5 ( lat] date4 ,b1 ! break+ (f ( ! ,acts at t p>ticul> po9t might h be5 ! result ( _m o!r causes2 at all ev5ts su* te/imony1 /&+ alone1 is :olly insuffici5t to decide ! hi/orical wor? ( ! ,gospel4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t ,polyc>p1 7he di$ #afg7 :o bo? he>d & saw ! ,apo/le ,john1 #he _h left u a te/imony respect+ him simil> to t ( ,papias conc]n+ ,mat!w4 ,/ill 8 sil5ce on ?is subject1 9 ! "o %ort epi/le :i* has come d[n to u1 is no evid5ce aga9/ ! au!nticity ( t ,gospel1 any m ?an ! m or less ambigu\s allusions 9 sev]al ( ! ,apo/olic fa!rs to ! ,epi/les ( ,john are pro(s 9 its fav\r4 ,b x is matt] ( surprise t ,ir5u ! disciple ( ,polyc>p1 :o 0 call$ ^u to def5d ?is ,gospel f ! attacks ( ^? :o d5i$ its composition by ,john1 %\ld nei!r on ?is occasion1 nor once 9 8 diffuse "w1 h br\ght =w>d ! weighty au?ority ( 8 ,apo/olic ma/]1 z to ?is fact4 ,:e!r or n ! f\r? ,gospel orig9ally bore ! "n ( ,john rema9s unc]ta94 ,we meet ) x fir/ among ! ,val5t9ians & ! ,montani/s1 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,its ,apo/olic orig9 0 h[ev] 7imm$iately aft]7 d5i$ by ! s-call$ ,alogi1 :o ascrib$ x to ,c]9?us2 p>tly because ! ,montani/s d]iv$ f x _! idea ( ! ,p>aclete2 p>tly also because x did n h>monize ) ! o!r ,gospels4 #hf ,! e>lie/ quotation expressly /at$ to be f ! ,gospel ( ,john is f\nd 9 ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 ab\t ! ye> #agb4 #hg ,h[ little reason ! num]\s !ologians ( ! pres5t day h to boa/ ( ! evid5ces 9 fav\r ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :il/ !y d5y ! n less well atte/$ ,apocalypse1 has be5 well rem>k$ by ,?oluck4 ,la/ly1 t !re 7 two ,johns1 ! ,apo/le & ! ,presbyt]1 liv+ contemporane\sly at ,ephesus1 is a circum/ance :i* has n receiv$ suffici5t att5tion 9 connexion ) ! mo/ anci5t te/imonies 9 fav\r ( ! d]ivation f ,john1 ( ! ,apocalypse on ! "o h&1 & ( ! ,gospels & ,epi/les on ! o!r4 ,?us ^! mo/ anci5t te/imonies tell u1 fir/ly1 t an apo/le1 or "s o!r p]son :o _h be5 acqua9t$ ) an apo/le1 wrote a ,gospel hi/ory2 b n :e!r x 0 id5tical ) t :i* aft]w>ds came to be circulat$ 9 ! *ur* "u 8 "n2 secondly1 t writ+s simil> to our ,gospels 7 9 exi/5ce2 b n t !y 7 ascrib$ ) c]ta9ty to any "o individual apo/le or companion ( an apo/le4 ,su* is ! unc]ta9ty ( ^! acc\nts1 :i* aft] all d n rea* fur!r back ?an ! ?ird or f\r? decade ( ! second c5tury4 ,accord+ to all ! rules ( probability1 ! ,apo/les 7 all dead be=e ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury2 n except+ ,john1 :o is said to h liv$ till ,a4,d4 #ajj2 conc]n+ ^: age & dea?1 h[ev]1 _m fables 7 e>ly inv5t$4 ,:at an ample scope = attribut+ to ! ,apo/les manuscripts !y nev] wrote6 ,! ,apo/les1 disp]s$ abroad1 _h di$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! fir/ c5tury2 ! ,gospel became m widely prea*$ ?r\gh\t ! ,roman empire1 & by degrees acquir$ a fix$ =m 9 accordance ) a p>ticul> type4 ,x 0 d\btless f ?is orally circulat$ ,gospel t ! _m passages agree+ accurately ) passages 9 our ,gospels1 :i* occur )\t any indication ( _! s\rce 9 ! e>lie/ ecclesia/ical writ]s1 7 actually d]iv$4 ,be=e long ?is oral tradition>y ,gospel became deposit$ 9 diff]5t manuscripts3 ?is p]son or t1 possibly an apo/le1 furni%+ ! pr9cipal features ( ! hi/ory4 ,b ^! manuscripts 7 n at fir/ compil$ accord+ to a p>ticul> =m & ord]1 & consequ5tly _h to und]go _m revisions & re-arrangem5ts1 ( :i* we h an example 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews & ! citations ( ,ju/94 ,x appe>s t ^! manuscripts did n orig9ally be> ! names ( _! compil]s1 b ei!r t ( ! community by :om !y 7 fir/ read1 z ! ,gospel ( ,hebrews2 or t ( ! ,apo/le or disciple aft] ^: oral disc\rses or notes "s o!r p]son _h compos$ a connect$ hi/ory4 ,! latt] seems to h be5 ! orig9al mean+ atta*$ to ! ^w 2 z 9 ! title to our fir/ ,gospel4 #hh ,no?+ h[ev] 0 m natural ?an ! supposition :i* arose among ! e>ly *ri/ians1 t ! hi/ories conc]n+ ,jesus :i* 7 circulat$ & us$ by ! *ur*es _h be5 writt5 by 8 imm$iate disciples4 ,h5ce ! ascription ( ! gospel writ+s g5]ally to ! apo/les by ,ju/9 & by ,celsus2 & also ( p>ticul> gospels to ^? p>ticul> apo/les & disciples1 ^: oral disc\rses or writt5 notes might possibly h =m$ ! gr\ndwork ( a gospel manuscript1 or :o _h p]haps be5 p>ticul>ly connect$ ) "s c]ta9 di/rict1 or _h be5 held 9 especial e/eem by "s p>ticul> community4 ,! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews successively receiv$ all ?ree k9ds ( appellations2 be+ fir/ call$ ' 1 aft] ! community by :i* x 0 read2 some:at lat]1 ,evangelium juxta duodecim apo/olos2 & f9ally1 secundum ,mat?um4 ,admitt+ h[ev] t we d n possess ! imm$iate record ( an eye-witness 9 any "o ( ! f\r ,gospels1 x is /ill v incompreh5sible1 replies ! objector1 h[ 9 ,pale/9e itself1 & at a "t :5 s _m eye-witnesses yet liv$1 unhi/orical leg5ds & ev5 collections ( !m %\ld h be5 =m$4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! fact t _m su* compilations ( n>ratives conc]n+ ! life ( ,jesus 7 already 9 g5]al circulation dur+ ! lifetime ( ! ,apo/les1 & m especially t any "o ( our gospels 0 kn[n to an ,apo/le & ackn[l$g$ by him1 c nev] be prov$4 ,) respect to isolat$ anecdotes1 x is only necess>y to =m an accurate conception ( ,pale/9e & ( ! real position ( ! eye-witnesses ref]r$ to1 9 ord] to und]/& t ! orig9ation ( leg5ds1 ev5 at s e>ly a p]iod1 is by no means incompreh5sible4 ,:o in=ms u t !y mu/ necess>ily h tak5 root 9 t p>ticul> di/rict ( ,pale/9e :]e ,jesus t>ri$ longe/1 & :]e 8 actual hi/ory 0 well kn[n8 ,& ) respect to eye-witnesses1 if by ^! we are to und]/& ! ,apo/les1 x is to ascribe to !m absolute ubiquity1 to repres5t !m z pres5t "h & !re1 we$+ out all ! unhi/orical leg5ds conc]n+ ,jesus 9 :atev] places !y _h *anc$ to spr+ up & fl\ri%4 ,eye-witnesses 9 ! m ext5d$ s5se1 :o _h only se5 ,jesus occasionally & n be5 8 con/ant companions1 mu/1 on ! contr>y1 h be5 /rongly tempt$ to fill up _! imp]fect k ( 8 hi/ory ) my?ical repres5tations4 ,b x is inconceivable1 !y say1 t su* a mass ( my?i %\ld h orig9at$ 9 an age s hi/orical z t ( ! fir/ ,roman emp]ors4 ,we mu/ n h[ev] be misl$ by too compreh5sive a notion ( an hi/orical age4 ,! sun is n visible at ! same in/ant to e place on ! same m]idian at ! same "t ( ye>2 x gleams ^u ! m\nta9 summits & ! high pla9s be=e x p5etrates ! l[] valleys & ! deep rav9es4 ,no less true is x t ! hi/oric age dawns n ^u all p at ! same p]iod4 ,! p ( highly civiliz$ ,greece1 & ( ,rome ! capital ( ! _w1 /ood on an em95ce :i* _h n be5 rea*$ 9 ,galilee & ,juda4 ,mu* r may we apply to ?is age an expression become trite among hi/orians1 b :i* seems 9 ! pres5t in/ance will+ly =gott53 namely1 t incr$ulity & sup]/ition1 scepticism & fanaticism g h& 9 h&4 ,b ! ,jews1 x is said1 _h long be5 accu/om$ to keep writt5 records2 nay1 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ p]iod ( _! lit]ature 0 already pa/1 !y 7 no long] a progress+ & consequ5tly a productive p1 !y 7 a nation v]g+ to decay4 ,b ! fact is1 ! pure hi/oric idea 0 nev] develop$ among ! ,hebrews dur+ ! :ole ( _! political exi/5ce2 _! late/ hi/orical works1 su* z ! ,books ( ! ,maccabees1 & ev5 ! writ+s ( ,josephus1 are n free f m>vell\s & extravagant tales4 ,inde$ no j notion ( ! true nature ( hi/ory is possible1 )\t a p]ception ( ! inviolability ( ! *a9 ( f9ite causes1 & ( ! impossibility ( miracles4 ,?is p]ception :i* is want+ to s _m m9ds ( our own day 0 /ill m defici5t 9 ,pale/9e1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! ,roman empire4 ,& to a m9d /ill op5 to ! reception ( ! m>vell\s1 if x be once c>ri$ away by ! tide ( religi\s en?usiasm1 all ?+s w appe> cr$ible1 & %\ld ?is en?usiasm lay hold ( a yet wid] circle1 x w awak5 a new creative vig\r1 ev5 9 a decay$ p4 ,to acc\nt = su* an en?usiasm x is by no means necess>y to presuppose ! gospel miracles z ! exi/+ cause4 ,?is may be f\nd 9 ! kn[n religi\s de>? ( t p]iod1 a de>? s great t ! crav+s ( ! m9d aft] "s religi\s belief excit$ a reli% = ! mo/ extravagant =ms ( wor%ip2 secondly 9 ! deep religi\s satisfaction :i* 0 af=d$ by ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! deceas$ ,messiah1 & by ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! doctr9e ( ,jesus4 #ad4 ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,my?i ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,consid]$ ,,on ,,int]nal ,,gr\nds4 ,see+ f :at has already be5 said t ! ext]nal te/imony respect+ ! composition ( our ,gospels1 f> f =c+ ^u u ! conclusion t !y proce$$ f eye-witnesses or well-in=m$ contempor>ies1 leaves ! decision to be det]m9$ :olly by int]nal gr\nds ( evid5ce1 t is1 by ! nature ( ! ,gospel n>ratives !mselves3 we might imm$iately proce$ f ?is introduction to ! peculi> object ( ! pres5t "w1 :i* is an exam9ation ( ^? n>ratives 9 detail4 ,x may h[ev] appe> useful1 be=e ent]+ ^u ?is special inquiry1 to consid] ! g5]al "q1 h[ f> x is consi/5t ) ! "* ( ! ,*ri/ian religion t my?i %\ld be f\nd 9 x1 & h[ f> ! g5]al con/ruction ( ! ,gospel n>ratives au?orizes u to treat !m z my?i4 ,al?\gh1 inde$1 if ! foll[+ critical exam9ation ( ! details be successful 9 prov+ ! actual exi/5ce ( my?i 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?is prelim9>y demon/ration ( _! possibility becomes sup]flu\s4 ,if ) ?is view we comp>e ! ackn[l$g$ my?ical religions ( antiquity ) ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian1 x is true t we are /ruck by _m diff]5ces betwe5 ! sacr$ hi/ories exi/+ 9 ^! religi\s =ms & ^? 9 ! =m]4 ,above all1 x is commonly alleg$ t ! sacr$ hi/ories ( ! ,bible are di/+ui%$ f ! leg5ds ( ! ,indians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 etc41 by _! moral "* & excell5ce4 8,9 ! latt]1 ! /ories ( ! battles ( ! gods1 ! loves ( ,kri%na1 ,jupit]1 etc41 conta9 mu* :i* 0 (f5sive to ! moral feel+ ev5 ( enlight5$ hea!ns1 & :i* is revolt+ to ours3 :il/ 9 ! =m]1 ! :ole c\rse ( ! n>ration1 (f]s only :at is wor?y ( ,god1 in/ructive1 & ennobl+40 ,to ?is x may be answ]$ ) reg>d to ! hea!ns1 t ! appe>ance ( immorality 9 _m ( _! n>ratives is m]ely ! consequ5ce ( a subsequ5t misconception ( _! orig9al mean+3 & ) reg>d to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t ! p]fect moral purity ( its hi/ory has be5 conte/$4 ,(t5 inde$1 x has be5 conte/$ )\t good gr\nds1 because a due di/9ction is n made betwe5 t :i* is ascrib$ to individual m51 7:o1 z !y are repres5t$1 are by no means spotless examples ( purity17 & t :i* is ascrib$ to ,god3 #hi nev]!less x is true t we h comm&s call$ div9e1 :i*1 l t to ! ,israelites on _! dep>ture out ( ,egypt to purlo9 vessels ( gold1 are sc>cely less revolt+ to an enlight5$ moral feel+1 ?an ! !fts ( ! ,grecian ,h]mes4 ,b ev5 admitt+ ?is diff]5ce 9 ! morality ( ! religions to its full ext5t 7& x mu/ be admitt$ at lea/ ) reg>d to ! ,new ,te/am5t71 /ill x furni%es no pro( ( ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,bible2 = ?\gh e /ory relat+ to ,god :i* is immoral is necess>ily fictiti\s1 ev5 ! mo/ moral is n necess>ily true4 8,b t :i* is incr$ible & inconceivable =ms ! /aple ( ! hea!n fables2 :il/ 9 ! biblical hi/ory1 if we only presuppose ! imm$iate int]v5tion ( ! ,deity1 !re is no?+ ( ! k9d40 ,exactly1 if ?is be presuppos$4 ,o!rwise1 we might v likely f9d ! miracles 9 ! life ( ,moses1 ,elias1 or ,jesus1 ! ,!ophany & ,angelophany ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 j z incr$ible z ! fables ( ,jupit]1 ,h]cules1 or ,bac*us3 presuppose ! div9ity or div9e desc5t ( ^! individuals1 & _! actions & fate become z cr$ible z ^? ( ! biblical p]sonages ) ! l presupposition4 ,yet n q s1 x may be return$4 ,vi%nu appe>+ 9 8 ?ree fir/ avat>s z a fi%1 a tortoise1 & a bo>2 ,saturn dev\r+ 8 *ildr52 ,jupit] turn+ himself into a bull1 a swan1 etc4--^! are incr$ibilities ( q ano!r k9d f ,jehovah appe>+ to ,abraham 9 a human =m "u ! t]eb9? tree1 or to ,moses 9 ! burn+ bu%4 ,?is extravagant love ( ! m>vell\s is ! "* ( ! hea!n my?ology4 ,a simil> accusation might inde$ be br\ght aga9/ _m p>ts ( ! ,bible1 su* z ! tales ( ,balaam1 ,jo%ua1 & ,samson2 b /ill x is "h less gl>+1 & does n =m z 9 ! ,indian religion & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,grecian1 ! prevail+ "*4 ,:at h[ev] does ?is prove8 ,only t ! biblical hi/ory might be true1 soon] ?an ! ,indian or ,grecian fables2 n 9 ! lea/ t on ?is acc\nt x mu/ be true1 & c conta9 no?+ fictiti\s4 8,b ! subjects ( ! hea!n my?ology are = ! mo/ "p su*1 z to conv9ce u be=eh& t !y are m]e inv5tions3 ^? ( ! ,bible su* z at once to e/abli% _! own reality4 ,a ,brahma1 an ,ormusd1 a ,jupit]1 )\t d\bt nev] exi/$2 b !re /ill is a ,god1 a ,*ri/1 & !re h be5 an ,adam1 a ,noah1 an ,abraham1 a ,moses40 ,:e!r an ,adam or a ,noah1 h[ev]1 7 su* z !y are repres5t$1 has already be5 d\bt$1 & may /ill be d\bt$4 ,j s1 on ! o!r side1 !re may h be5 some?+ hi/orical ab\t ,h]cules1 ,!seus1 ,a*illes1 & o!r h]oes ( ,grecian /ory4 ,"h1 aga91 we come to ! decision t ! biblical hi/ory might be true soon] ?an ! hea!n my?ology1 b is n necess>ily s4 ,?is decision h[ev]1 toge!r ) ! two di/9ctions already made1 br+s u to an important obs]vation4 ,h[ d ! ,grecian div9ities approve !mselves imm$iately to u z non-exi/+ be+s1 if n because ?+s are ascrib$ to !m :i* we _c reconcile ) our idea ( ! div9e8 :il/ ! ,god ( ! ,bible is a reality to u j 9 s f> z he corresponds ) ! idea we h =m$ ( him 9 our own m9ds4 ,besides ! contradiction to our notion ( ! div9e involv$ 9 ! plurality ( hea!n gods1 & ! intimate description ( _! motives & actions1 we are at once revolt$ to f9d t ! gods !mselves h a hi/ory2 t !y are born1 gr[ up1 m>ry1 h *ildr51 "w out _! purposes1 suff] difficulties & we>9ess1 conqu] & are conqu]$4 ,x is irreconcileable ) our idea ( ! ,absolute to suppose x subject$ to "t & *ange1 to opposition & suff]+2 & !re=e :]e we meet ) a n>rative 9 :i* ^! are attribut$ to a div9e be+1 by ?is te/ we recognize x z unhi/orical or my?ical4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ,bible1 & ev5 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is said to conta9 no my?i4 ,! /ory ( ! creation ) its succession ( ea* day's lab\r end+ 9 a re/ aft] ! completion ( ! task2 ! expression (t5 recurr+ 9 ! f>!r c\rse ( ! n>rative1 ,god rep5t$ ( hav+ done s & s2--^! & simil> repres5tations _c inde$ be entirely v9dicat$ f ! *>ge ( mak+ f9ite ! nature ( ! ,deity1 & ?is is ! gr\nd :i* has be5 tak5 by my?ical int]pret]s ( ! hi/ory ( ! creation4 ,& 9 e o!r in/ance :]e ,god is said to reveal himself exclusively at any def9ite place or "t1 by cele/ial app>ition1 or by miracle wr\ght imm$iately by himself1 x is to be presum$ t ! ,deity has become f9ite & desc5d$ to human modes ( op]ation4 ,x may h[ev] be said 9 g5]al1 t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! div9e nature does n appe> to be ess5tially affect$ by ! temporal "* ( its op]ation1 b t ! temporal %[s itself r z a m]e =m1 an unavoidable appe>ance1 aris+ out ( ! necess>y limitation ( human1 & especially ( uncultivat$ p[]s ( repres5tation4 ,x is obvi\s to e "o1 t !re is some?+ q diff]5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t decl>ations1 t ,god made an alliance ) ,noah1 & ,abraham1 l$ 8 p out ( ,egypt1 gave !m laws1 br\ght !m into ! promis$ l&1 rais$ up = !m judges1 k+s1 & prophets1 & puni%$ !m at la/ = _! disob$i5ce by exile2--f ! tales conc]n+ ,jupit]1 t he 0 born ( ,rhea 9 ,crete1 & hidd5 f 8 fa!r ,saturn 9 a cave2 t aft]w>ds he made w> ^u 8 fa!r1 fre$ ! ,uranides1 & ) _! help & t ( ! lightn+ ) :i* !y furni%$ him1 ov]came ! rebelli\s ,titans1 & at la/ divid$ ! _w among/ 8 bro!rs & *ildr54 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two repres5tations is1 t 9 ! latt]1 ! ,deity himself is ! subject ( progression1 becomes ano!r be+ at ! end ( ! process f :at he 0 at ! beg9n+1 some?+ be+ effect$ 9 himself & = 8 own sake3 :il/ 9 ! =m]1 *ange takes place only on ! side ( ! _w2 ,god rema9s fix$ 9 8 own id5tity z ! ,i ,,am1 & ! temporal is only a sup]ficial reflection ca/ back ^u 8 act+ en]gy by t c\rse ( mundane ev5ts :i* he bo? orig9at$ & guides4 ,9 ! hea!n my?ology ! gods h a hi/ory3 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,god himself has none1 b only 8 p3 & if ! prop] mean+ ( my?ology be ! hi/ory ( gods1 !n ! ,hebrew religion has no my?ology4 ,f ! ,hebrew religion1 ?is recognition ( ! div9e unity & immutability 0 transmitt$ to ! ,*ri/ian4 ,! bir?1 gr[?1 miracles1 suff]+s1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 are circum/ances belong+ to ! de/9y ( ! ,messiah1 above :i* ,god rema9s unaffect$ 9 8 own *angeless id5tity4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t !re=e kn[s no?+ ( my?ology 9 ! above s5se4 ,! /ate ( ! "q is h[ev] some:at *ang$ f t :i* x assum$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t3 = ,jesus is call$ ! ,son ( ,god1 n m]ely 9 ! same s5se z k+s "u ! !ocracy 7 s call$1 b z actually begott5 by ! div9e _s1 or f ! inc>nation 9 8 p]son ( ! div9e 4 ,inasmu* z he is "o ) ! ,fa!r1 & 9 him ! :ole fullness ( ! godhead dwells bodily1 he is m ?an ,moses4 ,! actions & suff]+s ( su* a be+ are n ext]nal to ! ,deity3 ?\gh we are n all[$ to suppose a !opas*itic union ) ! div9e nature1 yet /ill1 ev5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & m 9 ! lat] doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 x is a div9e be+ t "h lives & suff]s1 & :at befals him has an absolute wor? & significance4 ,?us accord+ to ! above accept$ notion ( ! my?us1 ! ,new ,te/am5t has m ( a my?ical "* ?an ! ,old4 ,b to call ! hi/ory ( ,jesus my?ical 9 ?is s5se1 is z unimportant ) reg>d to ! hi/orical "q z x is unexceptionable2 = ! idea ( ,god is 9 no way oppos$ to su* an int]v5tion 9 human affairs z does n affect 8 own immutability2 s t z f> z reg>ds ?is po9t1 ! gospel hi/ory1 not)/&+ its my?ical designation1 might be at ! same "t ?r\gh\t hi/orically true4 ,admitt+ t ! biblical hi/ory does n equally ) ! hea!n my?ology (f5d our idea ( ,deity1 & t consequ5tly x is n 9 l mann] *>act]iz$ by ?is m>k ( ! unhi/orical1 h[ev] f> x be f be>+ any gu>antee ( be+ hi/orical1--we are met by ! fur!r "q :e!r x be n less accordant ) our idea ( ! _w1 & :e!r su* discordancy may n furni% a te/ ( its unhi/orical nature4 ,9 ! anci5t _w1 t is1 9 ! ea/1 ! religi\s t5d5cy 0 s prepond]at+1 & ! k ( nature s limit$1 t ! law ( connexion betwe5 e>?ly f9ite be+s 0 v loosely reg>d$4 ,at e l9k !re 0 a disposition to spr+ into ! ,inf9ite1 & to see ,god z ! imm$iate cause ( e *ange 9 nature or ! human m9d4 ,9 ?is m5tal condition ! biblical hi/ory 0 writt54 ,n t ,god is "h repres5t$ z do+ all & e ?+ himself3--a notion :i*1 f ! manifold direct evid5ce ( ! fundam5tal connexion betwe5 f9ite ?+s1 w\ld be impossible to any reasonable m9d3--b !re prevails 9 ! biblical writ]s a ready disposition to d]ive all ?+s d[n to ! m9ute/ details1 z soon z !y appe> p>ticul>ly important1 imm$iately f ,god4 ,he x is :o gives ! ra9 & sun%9e2 he s5ds ! ea/ w9d & ! /orm2 he disp5ses w>1 fam9e1 pe/il5ce2 he h>d5s he>ts & s(t5s !m1 sugge/s ?\ghts & resolutions4 ,& ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) reg>d to 8 *os5 in/rum5ts & belov$ p4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites we f9d traces ( 8 imm$iate ag5cy at e /ep3 ?r\gh ,moses1 ,elias1 ,jesus1 he p]=ms ?+s :i* nev] w\ld h happ5$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,our mod]n _w1 on ! contr>y1 aft] _m c5turies ( t$i\s rese>*1 has atta9$ a conviction1 t all ?+s are l9k$ toge!r by a *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* suff]s no int]ruption4 ,x is true t s+le facts & gr\ps ( facts1 ) _! conditions & processes ( *ange1 are n s circumscrib$ z to be unsusceptible ( ext]nal influ5ce2 = ! action ( "o exi/5ce or k+dom 9 nature intr5*es on t ( ano!r3 human fre$om controls natural developm5t1 & mat]ial laws react on human fre$om4 ,nev]!less ! totality ( f9ite ?+s =ms a va/ circle1 :i*1 except t x owes its exi/5ce & laws to a sup]ior p[]1 suff]s no intrusion f )\t4 ,?is conviction is s mu* a habit ( ?\ght ) ! mod]n _w1 t 9 actual life1 ! belief 9 a sup]natural manife/ation1 an imm$iate div9e ag5cy1 is at once attribut$ to ignorance or impo/ure4 ,x has be5 c>ri$ to ! extreme 9 t mod]n explanation1 :i*1 9 a _s exactly oppos$ to t ( ! ,bible1 has ei!r totally remov$ ! div9e causation1 or has s f> re/rict$ x t x is imm$iate 9 ! act ( creation alone1 b m$iate f t po9t onw>ds2--i4e41 ,god op]ates on ! _w only 9 s f> z he gave to x ?is fix$ direction at ! creation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 at :i* nature & hi/ory appe> z a compact tissue ( f9ite causes & effects1 x 0 impossible to reg>d ! n>ratives ( ! ,bible1 9 :i* ?is tissue is brok5 by innum]able in/ances ( div9e int]f]5ce1 z hi/orical4 ,x mu/ be confess$ on ne>] inve/igation1 t ?is mod]n explanation1 al?\gh x does n exactly d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 yet puts aside ! idea ( him1 z ! anci5t view did ! idea ( ! _w4 ,= ?is is1 z x has be5 (t5 & well rem>k$1 no long] a ,god & ,creator1 b a m]e f9ite ,arti/1 :o acts imm$iately ^u 8 "w only dur+ its fir/ production1 & !n leaves x to itself2 :o becomes exclud$ ) 8 full en]gy f "o p>ticul> sph]e ( exi/5ce4 ,x has !re=e be5 attempt$ to unite ! two views s z to ma9ta9 = ! _w its law ( sequ5ce1 & = ,god 8 unlimit$ action1 & by ?is means to pres]ve ! tru? ( ! biblical hi/ory4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! _w is suppos$ to move 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( consecutive causes & effects b\nd up ) its con/itution1 & ,god to act ^u x only m$iately3 b 9 s+le in/ances1 :]e he f9ds x necess>y = p>ticul> objects1 he is n held to be re/rict$ f ent]+ into ! c\rse ( human *anges imm$iately4 ,?is is ! view ( mod]n ,supranaturalism #ij2 evid5tly a va9 attempt to reconcile two opposite views1 s9ce x conta9s ! faults ( bo?1 & adds a new "o 9 ! contradiction betwe5 ! two ill-assort$ pr9ciples4 ,= "h ! consecutiv5ess ( nature & hi/ory is brok5 ?r\gh z 9 ! anci5t biblical view2 & ! action ( ,god limit$ z 9 ! contr>y sy/em4 ,! proposition t ,god works sometimes m$iately1 sometimes imm$iately1 ^u ! _w1 introduces a *angeabl5ess1 & !re=e a temporal elem5t1 into ! nature ( 8 action1 :i* br+s x "u ! same condemnation z bo? ! o!r sy/ems2 t1 namely1 ( di/+ui%+ ! ma9ta9+ p[]1 9 ! "o case f individual in/ances ( ! div9e ag5cy1 & 9 ! o!r f ! act ( creation4 #ia ,s9ce !n our idea ( ,god requires an imm$iate1 & our idea ( ! _w a m$iate div9e op]ation2 & s9ce ! idea ( comb9ation ( ! two species ( action is inadmissible3--no?+ rema9s = u b to reg>d !m bo? z s p]man5tly & immoveably unit$1 t ! op]ation ( ,god on ! _w cont9ues = ev] & e :]e tw(old1 bo? imm$iate & m$iate2 :i* comes j to ?is1 t x is nei!r ( ! two1 or ?is di/9ction loses its value4 ,to expla9 m closely3 if we proce$ f ! idea ( ,god1 f :i* arose ! dem& = 8 imm$iate op]ation1 !n ! _w is to be reg>d$ 9 relation to him z a ,:ole3 on ! contr>y1 if we proce$ f ! idea ( ! f9ite1 ! _w is a cong]ies ( sep>ate p>ts1 & h5ce has aris5 ! dem& = a m]ely m$iate ag5cy ( ,god3--s t we mu/ say--,god acts ^u ! _w z a ,:ole imm$iately1 b on ea* "p only by means ( 8 action on e o!r "p1 t is to say1 by ! laws ( nature4 #ib ,?is view br+s u to ! same conclusion ) reg>d to ! hi/orical value ( ! ,bible z ! "o above consid]$4 ,! miracles :i* ,god wr\ght = & by ,moses & ,jesus1 d n proce$ f 8 imm$iate op]ation on ! ,:ole1 b presuppose an imm$iate action 9 p>ticul> cases1 :i* is a contradiction to ! type ( ! div9e ag5cy we h j giv54 ,! supranaturali/s inde$ claim an exception f ?is type on behalf ( ! biblical hi/ory2 a presupposition :i* is inadmissible f our po9t ( view #ic1 accord+ to :i* ! same laws1 al?\gh v>i$ by v>i\s circum/ances1 are supreme 9 e sph]e ( be+ & action1 & !re=e e n>rative :i* (f5ds aga9/ ^! laws1 is to be recogniz$ z s f> unhi/orical4 ,! result1 !n1 h[ev] surpris+1 ( a g5]al exam9ation ( ! biblical hi/ory1 is t ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian religions1 l all o!rs1 h _! my?i4 ,& ?is result is confirm$1 if we consid] ! inh]5t nature ( religion1 :at ess5tially belongs to x & !re=e mu/ be common to all religions1 & :at on ! o!r h& is peculi> & may diff] 9 ea*4 ,if religion be def9$ z ! p]ception ( tru?1 n 9 ! =m ( an idea1 :i* is ! philosophic p]ception1 b inve/$ ) imag]y2 x is easy to see t ! my?ical elem5t c be want+ only :5 religion ei!r falls %ort (1 or goes beyond1 its peculi> prov9ce1 & t 9 ! prop] religi\s sph]e x mu/ necess>ily exi/4 ,x is only among/ ! l[e/ & mo/ b>b>\s p1 su* z ! ,esquimaux1 t we f9d religion n yet fa%ion$ into an objective =m1 b /ill conf9$ to a subjective feel+4 ,!y "k no?+ ( gods1 ( sup]ior spirits & p[]s1 & _! :ole piety consi/s 9 an undef9$ s5tim5t excit$ by ! hurricane1 ! eclipse1 or ! magician4 ,z x progresses h[ev]1 ! religi\s pr9ciple loses m & m ( ?is indef9it5ess1 & ceas+ to be subjective1 becomes objective4 ,9 ! sun1 moon1 m\nta9s1 animals1 & o!r objects ( ! s5sible _w1 high] p[]s are discov]$ & rev]$2 & 9 proportion z ! significance giv5 to ^! objects is remote f _! actual nature1 a new _w ( m]e imag9ation is creat$1 a sph]e ( div9e exi/5ces ^: relations to "o ano!r1 actions1 & influ5ces1 c be repres5t$ only aft] human analogy1 & !re=e z temporal & hi/orical4 ,ev5 :5 ! m9d has rais$ itself to ! conception ( ! ,div9e unity1 /ill ! en]gy & activity ( ,god are consid]$ only "u ! =m ( a s]ies ( acts3 & on ! o!r h&1 natural ev5ts & human actions c be rais$ to a religi\s significance only by ! admission ( div9e int]positions & miracles4 ,x is only f ! philosophic po9t ( view t ! _w ( imag9ation is se5 aga9 to co9cide ) ! actual1 because ! ?\ght ( ,god is compreh5d$ to be 8 ess5ce1 & 9 ! regul> c\rse itself ( nature & ( hi/ory1 ! revelation ( ! div9e idea is ackn[l$g$4 ,x is c]ta9ly difficult to conceive1 h[ n>ratives :i* ?us speak ( imag9ation z reality c h be5 =m$ )\t int5tional deceit1 & believ$ )\t unexampl$ cr$ulity2 & ?is difficulty has be5 held an inv9cible objection to ! my?ical int]pretation ( _m ( ! n>ratives ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 x w\ld apply equally to ! ,hea!n leg5ds2 & on ! o!r h&1 if pr(ane ,my?ology h /e]$ cle> ( ! difficulty1 nei!r w t ( ! ,bible f\nd] ^u x4 ,i %all "h quote at l5g? ! words ( an exp]i5c$ inquir] into ,grecian my?ology & primitive hi/ory1 ,otfri$ ,mll]1 s9ce x is evid5t t ?is prelim9>y k ( ! subject :i* mu/ be d]iv$ f g5]al my?ology1 & :i* is necess>y = ! und]/&+ ( ! foll[+ exam9ation ( ! evangelic my?us1 is n yet famili> to all !ologians4 8,h[10 says ,mll] #id1 8%all we reconcile ?is comb9ation ( ! true & ! false1 ! real & ideal1 9 my?i1 ) ! fact ( _! be+ believ$ & receiv$ z tru?8 ,! ideal1 x may be said1 is no?+ else ?an poetry & fiction clo!d 9 ! =m ( a n>ration4 ,b a fiction ( ?is k9d _c be inv5t$ at ! same "t by _m diff]5t p]sons )\t a miracle1 requir+1 z x does1 a peculi> co9cid5ce ( int5tion1 imag9ation1 & expression4 ,x is !re=e ! "w ( "o p]son3--b h[ did he conv9ce all ! o!rs t 8 fiction _h an actual tru?8 ,%all we suppose him to h be5 "o :o contriv$ to delude by all k9ds ( trick]y & deception1 & p]haps alli$ himself ) simil> deceiv]s1 ^: "p x 0 to af=d atte/ation to ! p ( 8 inv5tions z hav+ be5 witness$ by !mselves8 ,or %all we ?9k ( him z a man ( high] end[m5ts ?an o!rs1 :o believ$ him ^u 8 ^w2 & receiv$ ! my?ical tales "u ^: veil he s\ght to imp>t :olesome tru?s1 z a sacr$ revelation8 ,b x is impossible to prove t su* a ca/e ( deceiv]s exi/$ 9 anci5t ,greece 7or ,pale/9e72 on ! contr>y1 ?is skilful sy/em ( deception1 be x gross or ref9$1 selfi% or philan?ropic1 if we are n misl$ by ! impression we h receiv$ f ! e>lie/ productions ( ! ,grecian 7or ,*ri/ian7 m9d1 is little suit$ to ! noble simplicity ( ^? times4 ,h5ce an inv5t] ( ! my?us 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w is inconceivable4 ,?is reason+ br+s u to ! conclusion1 t ! idea ( a delib]ate & int5tional fabrication1 9 :i* ! au?or clo!s t :i* he kn[s to be false 9 ! appe>ance ( tru?1 mu/ be entirely set aside z insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! my?us4 ,or 9 o!r words1 t !re is a c]ta9 necessity 9 ?is connexion betwe5 ! ideal & ! real1 :i* con/itutes ! my?us2 t ! my?ical images 7 =m$ by ! influ5ce ( s5tim5ts common to all mank9d2 & t ! diff]5t elem5ts grew toge!r )\t ! au?or's be+ himself consci\s ( _! incongruity4 ,x is ?is notion ( a c]ta9 necessity & unconsci\sness 9 ! =mation ( ! anci5t my?i1 on :i* we insi/4 ,if ?is be once und]/ood1 x w also be p]ceiv$ t ! cont5tion :e!r ! my?us proce$ f "o p]son or _m1 f ! poet or ! p1 ?\gh x may be />t$ on o!r gr\nds1 does n g to ! root ( ! matt]4 ,= if ! "o :o inv5ts ! my?us is only obey+ ! impulse :i* acts also ^u ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s1 he is b ! m\? ?r\gh :i* all speak1 ! skilful int]pret] :o has ! address fir/ to give =m & expression to ! ?\ghts ( all4 ,x is h[ev] v possible t ?is notion ( necessity & unconsci\sness1 might appe> itself obscure & my/ical to our antiqu>ians 7& !ologians71 f no o!r reason ?an t ?is my?icis+ t5d5cy has no analogy 9 ! pres5t mode ( ?9k+4 ,b is n hi/ory to ackn[l$ge ev5 :at is /range1 :5 l$ to x by unprejudic$ rese>*80 ,z an example to %[ t ev5 v complicat$ my?i1 9 ! =mation ( :i* _m app>5tly remote circum/ances mu/ h comb9$1 may yet h aris5 9 ?is unconsci\s mann]1 ,mll] !n ref]s to ! ,grecian my?us ( ,apollo & ,m>syas4 8,x 0 cu/om>y to celebrate ! fe/ivals ( ,apollo ) play+ on ! lyre1 & x 0 necess>y to piety1 t ! god himself %\ld be reg>d$ z its au?or4 ,9 ,phrygia1 on ! contr>y1 ! national music 0 ! flute1 :i* 0 simil>ly d]iv$ f a demon ( _! own1 nam$ ,m>syas4 ,! anci5t ,grecians p]ceiv$ t ! tones ( ^! two in/rum5ts 7 ess5tially oppos$3 ! h>% %rill pip+ ( ! flute mu/ be hateful to ,apollo1 & !re=e ,m>syas 8 enemy4 ,?is 0 n en\gh3 9 ord] t ! lyre-play+ ,grecian might flatt] himself t ! inv5tion ( 8 god 0 ! m excell5t in/rum5t1 ,apollo mu/ triumph ov] ,m>syas4 ,b :y 0 x necess>y 9 p>ticul> t ! unlucky ,phrygian %\ld be flay$8 ,"h is ! simple orig9 ( ! my?us4 ,ne> ! ca/le ( ,celne 9 ,phrygia1 9 a cav]n :5ce fl[$ a /ream or torr5t nam$ ,m>syas1 0 susp5d$ a sk9 flask1 call$ by ! ,phrygians1 ! bottle ( ,m>syas2 = ,m>syas 01 l ! ,grecian ,sil5us1 a demi-god symboliz+ ! exub]ance ( ! juices ( nature4 ,n[ :]e a ,grecian1 or a ,phrygian ) ,grecian prepossessions1 look$ on ! bottle1 he pla9ly saw ! cata/rophe ( ,m>syas2 "h 0 /ill susp5d$ 8 sk91 :i* _h be5 torn (f & made into a bottle3--,apollo _h flay$ him4 ,9 all ?is !re is no arbitr>y inv5tion3 ! same ideas might h occurr$ to _m1 & if "o fir/ gave expression to !m1 he knew well t 8 auditors1 imbu$ ) ! same prepossessions1 w\ld n = an in/ant d\bt 8 accuracy40 8,! *ief reason ( ! complicat$ "* ( my?i 9 g5]al1 is _! hav+ be5 =m$ = ! mo/ "p1 n at once1 b successively & by degrees1 "u ! influ5ce ( v diff]5t circum/ances & ev5ts bo? ext]nal & int]nal4 ,! popul> traditions1 be+ orally transmitt$ & n re/rict$ by any writt5 docum5t1 7 op5 to receive e new addition1 & ?us grew 9 ! c\rse ( long c5turies to ! =m 9 :i* we n[ f9d !m4 7,h[ f> ?is applies to a great "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t my?i1 w be %[n h]eaft]47 ,?is is an important & lum9\s fact1 :i* h[ev] is v frequ5tly ov]look$ 9 ! explanation ( my?i2 = !y are reg>d$ z allegories inv5t$ by "o p]son1 at "o /roke1 ) ! def9ite purpose ( inve/+ a ?\ght 9 ! =m ( a n>ration40 ,! view ?us express$ by ,mll]1 t ! my?us is f\nd$ n ^u any individual conception1 b ^u ! m elevat$ & g5]al conception ( a :ole p 7or religi\s community71 is said by a compet5t judge ( ,mll]'s "w to be ! necess>y condition = a "r und]/&+ ( ! anci5t my?us1 ! admission or rejection ( :i* h5ce=? ranges ! op9ions on my?ology into two opposite divisions4 #ie ,x is n h[ev] easy to draw a l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 int5tional & un9t5tional fiction4 ,9 ! case :]e a fact lay at ! f\ndation1 :i*1 be+ ! subject ( popul> conv]sation & admiration1 9 ! c\rse ( "t =m$ itself into a my?us1 we readily dismiss all notion ( wilful fraud1 at lea/ 9 its orig94 ,= a my?us ( ?is k9d is n ! "w ( "o man1 b ( a :ole body ( m51 & ( succe$+ g5]ations2 ! n>rative pass+ f m\? to m\?1 & l a sn[ball gr[+ by ! involunt>y addition ( "o exagg]at+ feature f ?is1 & ano!r f t n>rator4 ,9 "t h[ev] ^! leg5ds are sure to fall into ! way ( "s gift$ m9ds1 :i* w be /imulat$ by !m to ! ex]cise ( _! own poetical1 religi\s1 or didactic p[]s4 ,mo/ ( ! my?ical n>ratives :i* h come d[n to u f antiquity1 su* z ! ,trojan1 & ! ,mosaic s]ies ( leg5ds1 are pres5t$ to u 9 ?is elaborat$ =m4 ,"h !n x w\ld appe> !re mu/ h be5 int5tional deception3 ?is h[ev] is only ! result ( an errone\s assumption4 ,x is almo/ impossible1 9 a critical & enlight5$ age l our own1 to c>ry ourselves back to a p]iod ( civilization 9 :i* ! imag9ation work$ s p[]fully1 t its illusions 7 believ$ z realities by ! v m9ds t creat$ !m4 ,yet ! v same miracles :i* are wr\ght 9 less civiliz$ circles by ! imag9ation1 are produc$ 9 ! m cultivat$ by ! und]/&+4 ,let u take "o ( ! be/ didactic hi/orians ( anci5t or mod]n times1 ,livy1 z an example4 8,numa10 he says1 8gave to ! ,romans a numb] ( religi\s c]emonies1 ne luxuri>5tur otio animi1 & because he reg>d$ religion z ! be/ means ( bridl+ multitud9em imp]itam et illis seculis rudem4 ,idem10 he cont9ues1 8nefa/os dies fa/osque fecit1 quia aliqu&o nihil cum populo agi utile futurum erat40 #if ,h[ did ,livy "k t ^! 7 ! motives ( ,numa8 ,9 po9t ( fact !y c]ta9ly 7 n4 ,b ,livy believ$ !m to be s4 ,! inf]5ce ( 8 own und]/&+ appe>$ to him s necess>y1 t he treat$ x ) full conviction z an actual fact4 ,! popul> leg5d1 or "s anci5t poet1 _h expla9$ ?is f]tility ( religi\s inv5tion 9 ,numa o!rwise2 namely1 t x arose f 8 communication ) ! nymph ,eg]ia1 :o reveal$ to him ! =ms ( wor%ip t w\ld be mo/ acceptable to ! gods4 ,x is obvi\s1 t ! case is pretty ne>ly ! same ) reg>d to bo? repres5tations4 ,if ! latt] _h an individual au?or1 x 0 8 op9ion t ! hi/orical /atem5t c\ld be acc\nt$ = only ^u ! supposition ( a communication ) a sup]ior be+2 z x 0 t ( ,livy1 t its explanation mu/ lie 9 political views4 ,! "o mi/ook ! production ( 8 imag9ation1 ! o!r ! inf]5ce ( 8 und]/&+1 = reality4 ,p]haps x may be admitt$ t !re is a possibility ( unconsci\s fiction1 ev5 :5 an individual au?or is assign$ to x1 provid$ t ! my?ical consi/s only 9 ! fill+ up & adorn+ "s hi/orical ev5t ) imag9>y circum/ances3 b t :]e ! :ole /ory is inv5t$1 & n any hi/orical nucleus is to be f\nd1 ?is unconsci\s fiction is impossible4 ,:atev] view may be tak5 ( ! hea!n my?ology1 x is easy to %[ ) reg>d to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t !re 0 ! greate/ antec$5t probability ( ?is v k9d ( fiction hav+ aris5 respect+ ,jesus )\t any fraudul5t int5tion4 ,! expectation ( a ,messiah _h gr[n up among/ ! ,israeliti% p long be=e ! "t ( ,jesus1 & j !n _h rip5$ to full maturity4 ,& f its beg9n+ ?is expectation 0 n indef9ite1 b det]m9$1 & *>act]iz$ by _m important p>ticul>s4 ,moses 0 said to h promis$ 8 p a prophet l unto himself 7,deut4 xviii4 #ae71 & ?is passage 0 9 ! "t ( ,jesus appli$ to ! ,messiah 7,acts iii4 #bb2 vii4 #cg74 ,h5ce ! rabb9ical pr9ciple3 z ! fir/ r$eem] 7,gl71 s %all be ! second2 :i* pr9ciple 0 c>ri$ out into _m p>ticul>s to be expect$ 9 ! ,messiah aft] 8 prototype ,moses4 #ig ,aga91 ! ,messiah 0 to come ( ! race ( ,david1 & z a second ,david take possession ( 8 ?rone 7,matt4 xxii4 #db2 ,luke i4 #cb2 ,acts ii4 #cj73 & !re=e 9 ! "t ( ,jesus x 0 expect$ t he1 l ,david1 %\ld be born 9 ! little village ( ,be?lehem 7,john vii4 #db2 ,matt4 ii4 #e f474 ,9 ! above passage ,moses describes ! suppos$ ,messiah z a prophet2 s 9 8 own idea1 ,jesus 0 ! greate/ & la/ ( ! prophetic race4 ,b 9 ! old national leg5ds ! prophets 7 made illu/ri\s by ! mo/ wond]ful actions & de/9y4 ,h[ c\ld less be expect$ ( ! ,messiah8 ,0 x n necess>y be=eh&1 t 8 life %\ld be adorn$ ) t :i* 0 mo/ glori\s & important 9 ! lives ( ! prophets8 ,mu/ n ! popul> expectation give him a %>e 9 ! bright portion ( _! hi/ory1 z subsequ5tly ! suff]+s ( himself & 8 disciples 7 attribut$ by ,jesus1 :5 he appe>$ z ! ,messiah1 to a p>ticipation 9 ! d>k side ( ! fate ( ! prophets 7,matt4 xxiii4 #bi ff42 ,luke xiii4 #cc ff42 comp4 ,matt4 v4 #ab78 ,believ+ t ,moses & all ! prophets _h prophesi$ ( ! ,messiah 7,john v4 #df2 ,luke iv4 #ba2 xxiv4 #bg71 x 0 z natural = ! ,jews1 ) _! allegoriz+ t5d5cy1 to consid] _! actions & de/9y z types ( ! ,messiah1 z to take _! say+s = pr$ictions4 ,9 g5]al ! :ole ,messianic era 0 expect$ to be full ( signs & wond]s4 ,! eyes ( ! bl9d %\ld be op5$1 ! e>s ( ! deaf %\ld be unclos$1 ! lame %\ld leap1 & ! tongue ( ! dumb praise ,god 7,isa4 xxxv4 #e f42 xlii4 #g2 comp4 xxxii4 #c1 #d74 ,^! m]ely figurative expressions soon came to be und]/ood lit]ally 7,matt4 xi4 #e2 ,luke vii4 #ba f471 & ?us ! idea ( ! ,messiah 0 cont9ually fill$ up ) new details1 ev5 be=e ! appe>ance ( ,jesus4 #ih ,?us _m ( ! leg5ds respect+ him _h n to be newly inv5t$2 !y already exi/$ 9 ! popul> hope ( ! ,messiah1 hav+ be5 mo/ly d]iv$ ) v>i\s modifications #ii f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & _h m]ely to be transf]r$ to ,jesus1 #ajj & accommodat$ to 8 "* & doctr9es4 ,9 no case c\ld x be easi] = ! p]son :o fir/ add$ any new feature to ! description ( ,jesus1 to believe himself its g5u95ess1 s9ce 8 argum5t w\ld be3 ,su* & su* ?+s mu/ h happ5$ to ! ,messiah2 ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah2 !re=e su* & su* ?+s happ5$ to him4 #aja ,truly x may be said t ! middle t]m ( ?is argum5t1 namely1 t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 w\ld h fail$ 9 pro( to 8 contempor>ies all ! m on acc\nt ( ! common expectation ( miracul\s ev5ts1 if t expectation _h n be5 fulfill$ by him4 ,b ! foll[+ critique on ! ,life ( ,jesus does n dive/ x ( all ^? features to :i* ! "* ( miracul\s has be5 appropriat$3 & besides we mu/ take into acc\nt ! ov]:elm+ impression :i* 0 made ^u ^? ar\nd him by ! p]sonal "* & disc\rse ( ,jesus1 z long z he 0 liv+ among/ !m1 :i* did n p]mit !m delib]ately to scrut9ize & comp>e him ) _! previ\s /&>d4 ,! belief 9 him z ! ,messiah ext5d$ to wid] circles only by sl[ degrees2 & ev5 dur+ 8 lifetime ! p may h report$ _m wond]ful /ories ( him 7comp4 ,matt4 xiv4 #b74 ,aft] 8 dea?1 h[ev]1 ! belief 9 8 resurrection1 h[ev] t belief may h aris51 af=d$ a m ?an suffici5t pro( ( 8 ,messiah%ip2 s t all ! o!r miracles 9 8 hi/ory ne$ n be consid]$ z ! f\ndation ( ! fai? 9 ?is1 b may r be adduc$ z ! consequ5ce ( x4 ,x is h[ev] by no means necess>y to attribute ?is same fre$om f all consci\s int5tion ( fiction1 to ! au?ors ( all ^? n>ratives 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t :i* mu/ be consid]$ z unhi/orical4 ,9 e s]ies ( leg5ds1 especially if any patriotic or religi\s p>ty int]e/ is associat$ ) !m1 z soon z !y become ! subject ( free poetry or any o!r lit]>y composition1 "s k9d ( fiction w be int5tionally mix$ up ) !m4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,hom]ic songs c\ld n h believ$ t e p>ticul> :i* !y relat$ ( _! gods & h]oes _h really happ5$2 & j z little c\ld ! writ] ( ! ,*ronicles h be5 ignorant t 9 8 deviation f ! books ( ,samuel & ( ! ,k+s1 he 0 introduc+ _m ev5ts ( lat] occurr5ce into an e>li] p]iod2 or ! au?or ( ! book ( ,daniel #ajb t he 0 modell+ 8 hi/ory ^u t ( ,joseph1 & accommodat+ prophecies to ev5ts already pa/2 & exactly z little may ?is be said ( all ! unhi/orical n>ratives ( ! ,gospels1 z = example1 ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ?ird1 & _m p>ts ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,b a fiction1 al?\gh n undesign$1 may /ill be )\t evil design4 ,x is true1 ! case is n ! same ) ! suppos$ au?ors ( _m fictions 9 ! ,bible1 z ) poets prop]ly s call$1 s9ce ! latt] write )\t any expectation t _! poems w be receiv$ z hi/ory3 b /ill x is to be consid]$ t 9 anci5t times1 & especially among/ ! ,hebrews1 & yet m :5 ?is p 0 /irr$ up by religi\s excitem5t1 ! l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 hi/ory & fiction1 prose & poetry1 0 n drawn s cle>ly z ) u4 ,x is a fact also des]v+ att5tion t among/ ! ,jews & e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ! mo/ reputable au?ors publi%$ _! works ) ! sub/itution ( v5]at$ names1 )\t an idea t !y 7 guilty ( any falsehood or deception by s do+4 ,! only "q t c arise "h is :e!r to su* fictions1 ! "w ( an individual1 we c give ! "n ( my?i8 ,if we reg>d only _! own intr9sic nature1 ! "n is n appropriate2 b x is s :5 ^! fictions1 hav+ met ) fai?1 come to be receiv$ among/ ! leg5ds ( a p or religi\s p>ty1 = ?is is always a pro( t !y 7 ! fruit1 n ( any individual conception1 b ( an accordance ) ! s5tim5ts ( a multitude4 #ajc ,a frequ5tly rais$ objection rema9s1 = ! refutation ( :i* ! rem>ks above made1 ^u ! date ( ! orig9 ( _m ( ! gospel my?i1 are ma9ly important3 ! objection1 namely1 t ! space ( ab\t ?irty ye>s1 f ! dea? ( ,jesus to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 dur+ :i* ! great] "p ( ! n>ratives mu/ h be5 =m$2 or ev5 ! int]val ext5d+ to ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 ! mo/ di/ant p]iod :i* c be all[$ = ! orig9 ( ev5 ! late/ ( ^! gospel n>ratives1 & = ! writt5 composition ( our gospels2--is mu* too %ort to admit ( ! rise ( s ri* a collection ( my?i4 ,b1 z we h %[n1 ! great] "p ( ^! my?i did n arise dur+ t p]iod1 = _! fir/ f\ndation 0 laid 9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 be=e & aft] ! ,babyloni% exile2 & ! transf]5ce ( ^! leg5ds ) suitable modifications to ! expect$ ,messiah1 0 made 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies :i* elaps$ betwe5 t exile & ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,s t = ! p]iod betwe5 ! =mation ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian community & ! writ+ ( ! ,gospels1 !re rema9s to be effect$ only ! transf]5ce ( ,messianic leg5ds1 almo/ all ready =m$1 to ,jesus1 ) "s alt]ations to adapt !m to *ri/ian op9ions1 & to ! individual "* & circum/ances ( ,jesus3 only a v small proportion ( my?i hav+ to be =m$ entirely new4 #ae4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,evangelical ,,my?us ,,& ,,its ,,di/9ctive ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,! precise s5se 9 :i* we use ! expression my?us1 appli$ to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! gospel hi/ory1 is evid5t f all t has already be5 said2 at ! same "t ! diff]5t k9ds & gradations ( ! my?i :i* we %all meet ) 9 ?is hi/ory may "h by way ( anticipation be po9t$ out4 ,we di/+ui% by ! "n evangelical my?us a n>rative relat+ directly or indirectly to ,jesus1 :i* may be consid]$ n z ! expression ( a fact1 b z ! product ( an idea ( 8 e>lie/ foll[]s3 su* a n>rative be+ my?ical 9 proportion z x exhibits ?is "*4 ,! my?us 9 ?is s5se ( ! t]m meets u1 9 ! ,gospel z else:]e1 sometimes 9 its pure =m1 con/itut+ ! sub/ance ( ! n>rative1 & sometimes z an accid5tal adjunct to ! actual hi/ory4 ,! pure my?us 9 ! ,gospel w be f\nd to h two s\rces1 :i* 9 mo/ cases contribut$ simultane\sly1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t proportions1 to =m ! my?us4 ,! "o s\rce is1 z already /at$1 ! ,messianic ideas & expectations exi/+ accord+ to _! sev]al =ms 9 ! ,jewi% m9d be=e ,jesus1 & indep5d5tly ( him2 ! o!r is t p>ticul> impression :i* 0 left by ! p]sonal "*1 actions1 & fate ( ,jesus1 & :i* s]v$ to modify ! ,messianic idea 9 ! m9ds ( 8 p4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,transfiguration1 = example1 is d]iv$ almo/ exclusively f ! =m] s\rce2 ! only amplification tak5 f ! latt] s\rce be+--t !y :o appe>$ ) ,jesus on ! ,m\nt spake ( 8 decease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! n>rative ( ! r5d+ ( ! veil ( ! temple at ! dea? ( ,jesus seems to h _h its orig9 9 ! ho/ile position :i* ,jesus1 & 8 *ur* aft] him1 su/a9$ 9 relation to ! ,jewi% temple wor%ip4 ,"h already we h some?+ hi/orical1 ?\gh consi/+ m]ely ( c]ta9 g5]al features ( "*1 position1 etc42 we are ?us at once br\ght ^u ! gr\nd ( ! hi/orical my?us4 ,! hi/orical my?us has = its gr\ndwork a def9ite individual fact :i* has be5 seiz$ ^u by religi\s en?usiasm1 & tw9$ ar\nd ) my?ical conceptions cull$ f ! idea ( ! ,*ri/4 ,?is fact is p]haps a say+ ( ,jesus su* z t conc]n+ 8fi%]s ( m50 or ! b>r5 fig-tree1 :i* n[ appe> 9 ! ,gospels transmut$ into m>vell\s hi/ories3 or1 x is p]haps a real transaction or ev5t tak5 f 8 life2 = in/ance1 ! my?ical traits 9 ! acc\nt ( ! baptism 7 built ^u su* a reality4 ,c]ta9 ( ! miracul\s hi/ories may likewise h _h "s f\ndation 9 natural occurr5ces1 :i* ! n>rative has ei!r exhibit$ 9 a sup]natural light1 or enri*$ ) miracul\s incid5ts4 ,all ! species ( imag]y "h enum]at$ may ju/ly be designat$ z my?i1 ev5 accord+ to ! mod]n & precise def9ition ( ,george1 inasmu* z ! unhi/orical :i* !y embody--:e!r =m$ gradually by tradition1 or creat$ by an individual au?or--is 9 ea* case ! product ( an idea4 ,b = ^? p>ts ( ! hi/ory :i* are *>act]iz$ by indef9it5ess & want ( connexion1 by miscon/ruction & trans=mation1 by /range comb9ations & confusion1--! natural results ( a long c\rse ( oral transmission2 or :i*1 on ! contr>y1 are di/+ui%$ by highly col\r$ & pictorial repres5tations1 :i* also seem to po9t to a tradition>y orig92--= ^! p>ts ! t]m leg5d>y is c]ta9ly ! m appropriate4 ,la/ly4 ,x is requisite to di/+ui% equally f ! my?us & ! leg5d1 t :i*1 z x s]ves n to clo! an idea on ! "o h&1 & admits n ( be+ ref]r$ to tradition on ! o!r1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! addition ( ! au?or1 z purely individual1 & design$ m]ely to give cle>ness1 connexion1 & climax1 to ! repres5tation4 ,x is to ! v>i\s =ms ( ! unhi/orical 9 ! ,gospels t ?is enum]ation exclusively ref]s3 x does n involve ! r5unciation ( ! hi/orical :i* !y may likewise conta94 #af4 ,,crit]ia ,,by ,,:i* ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,! ,,unhi/orical ,,9 ,,! ,,gospel ,,n>rative4 ,hav+ %[n ! possible exi/5ce ( ! my?ical & ! leg5d>y 9 ! ,gospels1 bo? on extr9sic & intr9sic gr\nds1 & def9$ _! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 x rema9s 9 conclusion to inquire h[ _! actual pres5ce may be recognis$ 9 individual cases8 ,! my?us pres5ts two phases3 9 ! fir/ place x is n hi/ory2 9 ! second x is fiction1 ! product ( ! p>ticul> m5tal t5d5cy ( a c]ta9 community4 ,^! two phases af=d ! "o a negative1 ! o!r a positive crit]ion1 by :i* ! my?us is to be recognis$4 ,i4 ,negative4 ,t an acc\nt is n hi/orical--t ! matt] relat$ c\ld n h tak5 place 9 ! mann] describ$ is evid5t1 ,fir/4 ,:5 ! n>ration is irreconcilable ) ! kn[n & univ]sal laws :i* gov]n ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,n[ accord+ to ^! laws1 agree+ ) all j philosophical conceptions & all cr$ible exp]i5ce1 ! absolute cause nev] di/urbs ! *a9 ( second>y causes by s+le arbitr>y acts ( int]position1 b r manife/s itself 9 ! production ( ! aggregate ( f9ite causalities1 & ( _! reciprocal action4 ,:5 !re=e we meet ) an acc\nt ( c]ta9 ph5om5a or ev5ts ( :i* x is ei!r expressly /at$ or impli$ t !y 7 produc$ imm$iately by ,god himself 7div9e app>itions--voices f heav5 & ! l71 or by human be+s possess$ ( sup]natural p[]s 7miracles1 prophecies71 su* an acc\nt is 9 s f> to be consid]$ z n hi/orical4 ,& inasmu* z1 9 g5]al1 ! int]m+l+ ( ! spiritual _w ) ! human is f\nd only 9 unau!ntic records1 & is irreconcilable ) all j conceptions2 s n>ratives ( angels & ( devils1 ( _! appe>+ 9 human %ape & int]f]+ ) human conc]ns1 _c possibly be receiv$ z hi/orical4 ,ano!r law :i* controls ! c\rse ( ev5ts is ! law ( succession1 9 accordance ) :i* all occurr5ces1 n except+ ! mo/ viol5t convulsions & ! mo/ rapid *anges1 foll[ 9 a c]ta9 ord] ( sequ5ce ( increase & decrease4 ,if !re=e we are told ( a celebrat$ individual t he attract$ already at 8 bir? & dur+ 8 *ildhood t att5tion :i* he excit$ 9 8 manhood2 t 8 foll[]s at a s+le glance recogniz$ him z be+ all t he actually 02 if ! transition f ! deepe/ despond5cy to ! mo/ ard5t en?usiasm aft] 8 dea? is repres5t$ z ! "w ( a s+le h\r2 we mu/ feel m ?an d\btful :e!r x is a real hi/ory :i* lies be=e u4 ,la/ly1 all ^? psy*ological laws1 :i* r5d] x improbable t a human be+ %\ld feel1 ?9k1 & act 9 a mann] directly oppos$ to 8 own habitual mode & t ( m5 9 g5]al1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,z = example1 :5 ! ,jewi% ,sanh$rim are repres5t$ z believ+ ! decl>ation ( ! wat* at ! grave t ,jesus 0 ris51 & in/ead ( accus+ !m ( hav+ suff]$ ! body to be /ol5 away :il/ !y 7 asleep1 brib+ !m to give curr5cy to su* a report4 ,by ! same rule x is contr>y to all ! laws belong+ to ! human faculty ( memory1 t long disc\rses1 su* z ^? ( ,jesus giv5 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 c\ld h be5 fai?fully recollect$ & reproduc$4 ,x is h[ev] true t effects are (t5 f> m rapidly produc$1 p>ticul>ly 9 m5 ( g5ius & by _! ag5cy1 ?an might be expect$2 & t human be+s frequ5tly act inconsequ5tly1 & 9 opposition to _! g5]al modes & habits2 ! two la/ m5tion$ te/s ( ! my?ical "* mu/ !re=e be cauti\sly appli$1 & 9 conjunction only ) o!r te/s4 ,secondly4 ,an acc\nt :i* %all be reg>d$ z hi/orically valid1 mu/ nei!r be inconsi/5t ) itself1 nor 9 contradiction ) o!r acc\nts4 ,! mo/ decid$ case fall+ "u ?is rule1 am\nt+ to a positive contradiction1 is :5 "o acc\nt affirms :at ano!r d5ies4 ,?us1 "o gospel repres5ts ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee z subsequ5t to ! imprisonm5t ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 :il/ ano!r ,gospel rem>ks1 long aft] ,jesus _h prea*$ bo? 9 ,galilee & 9 ,judea1 t 8,john 0 n yet ca/ into prison40 ,:5 on ! contr>y1 ! second acc\nt1 )\t absolutely contradict+ ! fir/1 diff]s f x1 ! disagreem5t may be m]ely betwe5 ! incid5tal p>ticul>s ( ! n>rative2 su* z "t1 7! cle>+ ( ! ,temple17 place1 7! orig9al resid5ce ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus27 numb]1 7! ,gad>5es1 ! angels at ! sepul*re27 names1 7,mat!w & ,levi27 or x may conc]n ! ess5tial sub/ance ( ! hi/ory4 ,9 ! latt] case1 sometimes ! "* & circum/ances 9 "o acc\nt diff] altoge!r f ^? 9 ano!r4 ,?us1 accord+ to "o n>rator1 ! ,bapti/ recognizes ,jesus z ! ,messiah de/9$ to suff]2 accord+ to ! o!r1 ,john takes (f5ce at 8 suff]+ condition4 ,sometimes an occurr5ce is repres5t$ 9 two or m ways1 ( :i* "o only c be consi/5t ) ! reality2 z :5 9 "o acc\nt ,jesus calls 8 fir/ disciples f _! nets :il/ fi%+ on ! sea ( ,galilee1 & 9 ! o!r meets !m 9 ,judea on 8 way to ,galilee4 ,we may class "u ! same head in/ances :]e ev5ts or disc\rses are repres5t$ z hav+ occurr$ on two di/9ct occasions1 :il/ !y are s simil> t x is impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t bo? ! n>ratives ref] to ! same ev5t or disc\rse4 ,x may "h be ask$3 is x to be reg>d$ z a contradiction if "o acc\nt is :olly sil5t respect+ a circum/ance m5tion$ by ano!r8 ,9 itself1 ap>t f all o!r consid]ations1 ! argum5tum ex sil5tio is ( no weight2 b x is c]ta9ly to be acc\nt$ ( mom5t :51 at ! same "t1 x may be %[n t _h ! au?or kn[n ! circum/ance he c\ld n h fail$ to m5tion x1 & also t he mu/ h kn[n x _h x actually occurr$4 ,,ii4 ,positive4 ,! positive *>act]s ( leg5d & fiction are to be recogniz$ sometimes 9 ! =m1 sometimes 9 ! sub/ance ( a n>rative4 ,if ! =m be poetical1 if ! actors conv]se 9 hymns1 & 9 a m diffuse & elevat$ /ra9 ?an might be expect$ f _! tra9+ & situations1 su* disc\rses1 at all ev5ts1 are n to be reg>d$ z hi/orical4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! m>ks ( ! unhi/orical d n h[ev] prove ! hi/orical validity ( ! n>ration1 s9ce ! my?us (t5 we>s ! mo/ simple & app>5tly hi/orical =m3 9 :i* case ! pro( lies 9 ! sub/ance4 ,if ! cont5ts ( a n>rative /rik+ly accords ) c]ta9 ideas exi/+ & prevail+ )9 ! circle f :i* ! n>rative proce$$1 :i* ideas !mselves seem to be ! product ( preconceiv$ op9ions r ?an ( practical exp]i5ce1 x is m or less probable1 accord+ to circum/ances1 t su* a n>rative is ( my?ical orig94 ,! k ( ! fact1 t ! ,jews 7 fond ( repres5t+ _! great m5 z ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts :o _h long be5 *ildless1 _c b make u d\btful ( ! hi/orical tru? ( ! /atem5t t ?is 0 ! case ) ,john ! ,bapti/2 kn[+ also t ! ,jews saw pr$ictions ev]y:]e 9 ! writ+s ( _! prophets & poets1 & discov]$ types ( ! ,messiah 9 all ! lives ( holy m5 record$ 9 _! ,scriptures2 :5 we f9d details 9 ! life ( ,jesus evid5tly sket*$ aft] ! patt]n ( ^! prophecies & prototypes1 we _c b suspect t !y are r my?ical ?an hi/orical4 ,! m simple *>act]i/ics ( ! leg5d1 & ( additions by ! au?or1 aft] ! obs]vations ( ! =m] section1 ne$ no fur!r elucidation4 ,yet ea* ( ^! te/s1 on ! "o h&1 & ea* n>rative on ! o!r1 consid]$ ap>t1 w r>ely prove m ?an ! possible or probable unhi/orical "* ( ! record4 ,! concurr5ce ( sev]al su* indications1 is necess>y to br+ ab\t a m def9ite result4 ,! acc\nts ( ! visit ( ! ,magi1 & ( ! murd] ( ! innoc5ts at ,be?lehem1 h>monize rem>kably ) ! ,jewi% ,messianic notion1 built ^u ! prophecy ( ,balaam1 respect+ ! /> :i* %\ld come out ( ,jacob2 & ) ! hi/ory ( ! sangu9>y comm& ( ,ph>aoh4 ,/ill ?is w\ld n alone suffice to /amp ! n>ratives z my?ical4 ,b we h also ! corroborative facts t ! describ$ appe>ance ( ! /> is contr>y to ! physical1 ! alleg$ conduct ( ,h]od to ! psy*ological laws2 t ,josephus1 :o gives 9 o!r respects s circum/antial an acc\nt ( ,h]od1 agrees ) all o!r hi/orical au?orities 9 be+ sil5t conc]n+ ! ,be?lehem massacre2 & t ! visit ( ! ,magi toge!r ) ! flight into ,egypt relat$ 9 ! "o ,gospel1 & ! pres5tation 9 ! temple relat$ 9 ano!r ,gospel1 mutually exclude "o ano!r4 ,:]ev]1 z 9 ?is in/ance1 ! sev]al crit]ia ( ! my?ical "* concur1 ! result is c]ta91 & c]ta9 9 proportion to ! accumulation ( su* gr\nds ( evid5ce4 ,x may be t a n>rative1 /&+ alone1 w\ld discov] b slight indications1 or p]haps1 might pres5t no "o di/9ct feature ( ! my?us2 b x is connect$ ) o!rs1 or proce$s f ! au?or ( o!r n>ratives :i* exhibit unque/ionable m>ks ( a my?ical or leg5d>y "*2 & consequ5tly suspicion is reflect$ back f ! latt]1 on ! =m]4 ,e n>rative1 h[ev] miracul\s1 conta9s "s details :i* might 9 !mselves be hi/orical1 b :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( _! connexion ) ! o!r sup]natural incid5ts1 necess>ily become equally d\btful4 ,9 ^! la/ rem>ks we are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 anticipat+ ! "q :i* is1 9 conclusion1 to be consid]$3 viz41 :e!r ! my?ical "* is re/rict$ to ^? features ( ! n>rative1 ^u :i* su* "* is actually /amp$2 & :e!r a contradiction betwe5 two acc\nts invalidate "o acc\nt only1 or bo?8 ,t is to say1 :at is ! precise b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! unhi/orical8--! mo/ difficult "q 9 ! :ole prov9ce ( criticism4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 two n>ratives mutually exclude "o ano!r1 "o only is !reby prov$ to be unhi/orical4 ,if "o be true ! o!r mu/ be false1 b ?\gh ! "o be false ! o!r may be true4 ,?us1 9 ref]5ce to ! orig9al resid5ce ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ ! acc\nt ( ,luke :i* places x at ,naz>e?1 to ! exclusion ( t ( ,mat!w1 :i* pla9ly supposes x to h be5 at ,be?lehem2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 :5 we h to *oose betwe5 two irreconcilable acc\nts1 9 select+ z hi/orical t :i* is ! lea/ oppos$ to ! laws ( nature1 & has ! lea/ correspond5ce ) c]ta9 national or p>ty op9ions4 ,b ^u a m p>ticul> consid]ation x w appe> t1 s9ce "o acc\nt is false1 x is possible t ! o!r may be s likewise3 ! exi/5ce ( a my?us respect+ "s c]ta9 po9t1 %[s t ! imag9ation has be5 active 9 ref]5ce to t p>ticul> subject2 7we ne$ only ref] to ! g5ealogies27 & ! hi/orical accuracy ( ei!r ( two su* acc\nts _c be reli$ ^u1 unless sub/antiat$ by its agreem5t ) "s o!r well au!nticat$ te/imony4 ,conc]n+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( "o & ! same n>rative3 x might be ?\ght = example1 t ?\gh ! appe>ance ( an angel1 & 8 ann\ncem5t to ,m>y t %e %\ld be ! ,"m ( ! ,messiah1 mu/ c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z unhi/orical1 /ill1 t ,m>y %\ld h indulg$ ?is hope be=e ! bir? ( ! *ild1 is n 9 itself incr$ible4 ,b :at %\ld h excit$ ?is hope 9 ,m>y's m9d8 ,x is at once app>5t t t :i* is cr$ible 9 itself is nev]!less unhi/orical :5 x is s intimately connect$ ) :at is incr$ible t1 if y disc>d ! latt]1 y at ! same "t remove ! basis on :i* ! =m] re/s4 ,aga91 any action ( ,jesus repres5t$ z a miracle1 :5 dive/$ ( ! m>vell\s1 might be ?\ght to exhibit a p]fectly natural occurr5ce2 ) respect to "s ( ! miracul\s hi/ories1 ! expulsion ( devils = in/ance1 ?is might ) "s limitation1 be possible4 ,b = ?is reason alone3 9 ^! in/ances1 a cure1 s in/antane\s1 & effect$ by a few words m]ely1 z x is describ$ 9 ! ,gospels1 is n psy*ologically incr$ible2 s t1 ! ess5tial 9 ^! n>ratives rema9s unt\*$4 ,x is diff]5t 9 ! case ( ! heal+ ( a man born bl9d4 ,a natural cure c\ld n h be5 effect$ o!rwise ?an by a gradual process2 ! n>rative /ates ! cure to h be5 imm$iate2 if !re=e ! hi/ory be und]/ood to record a natural occurr5ce1 ! mo/ ess5tial p>ticul> is incorrectly repres5t$1 & consequ5tly all security = ! tru? ( ! o!rwise natural rema9d] is gone1 & ! real fact _c be discov]$ )\t ! aid ( arbitr>y conjecture4 ,! foll[+ examples w s]ve to illu/rate ! mode ( decid+ 9 su* cases4 ,accord+ to ! n>rative1 z ,m>y ent]$ ! h\se & salut$ h] c\s9 ,elizabe?1 :o 0 !n pregnant1 ! babe leap$ 9 h] womb1 %e 0 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 & %e imm$iately address$ ,m>y z ! "m ( ! ,messiah4 ,?is acc\nt be>s indubitable m>ks ( an unhi/orical "*4 ,yet1 x is n1 9 itself1 impossible t ,m>y %\ld h paid a visit to h] c\s91 dur+ :i* ev]y?+ w5t on q naturally4 ,! fact is h[ev] t !re are psy*ological difficulties connect$ ) ?is j\rney ( ! betro!d2 & t ! visit1 & ev5 ! relation%ip ( ! two wom51 seem to h orig9at$ entirely 9 ! wi% to exhibit a connexion betwe5 ! "m ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ! "m ( ! ,messiah4 ,or :5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration x is /at$1 t ! m5 :o appe>$ ) ,jesus on ! ,m\nt 7 ,moses & ,elias3 & t ! brilliancy :i* illum9at$ ,jesus 0 sup]natural2 x might seem "h also t1 aft] d$uct+ ! m>vell\s1 ! pres5ce ( two m5 & a bright morn+ beam might be reta9$ z ! hi/orical facts4 ,b ! leg5d 0 pr$ispos$1 by virtue ( ! curr5t idea conc]n+ ! relation ( ! ,messiah to ^! two prophets1 n m]ely to make any two m5 7^: p]sons1 object & conduct1 if !y 7 n :at ! n>rative repres5ts !m1 rema9 9 ! highe/ degree my/]i\s7 into ,moses & ,elias1 b to create ! :ole occurr5ce2 & 9 l mann] n m]ely to conceive ( "s c]ta9 illum9ation z a sup]natural effulg5ce 7:i*1 if a natural "o1 is mu* exagg]at$ & misrepres5t$71 b to create x at once aft] ! patt]n ( ! brightness :i* illum9$ ! face ( ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,h5ce is d]iv$ ! foll[+ rule4 ,:]e n m]ely ! p>ticul> nature & mann] ( an occurr5ce is critically suspici\s1 its ext]nal circum/ances repres5t$ z miracul\s & ! l2 b :]e likewise ! ess5tial sub/ance & gr\ndwork is ei!r inconceivable 9 itself1 or is 9 /rik+ h>mony ) "s ,messianic idea ( ! ,jews ( t age1 !n n ! p>ticul> alleg$ c\rse & mode ( ! transaction only1 b ! entire occurr5ce mu/ be reg>d$ z unhi/orical4 ,:]e on ! contr>y1 ! =m only1 & n ! g5]al cont5ts ( ! n>ration1 exhibits ! *>act]i/ics ( ! unhi/orical1 x is at lea/ possible to suppose a k]nel ( hi/orical fact2 al?\gh we c nev] confid5tly decide :e!r ?is k]nel ( fact actually exi/s1 or 9 :at x consi/s2 unless1 inde$1 x be discov]able f o!r s\rces4 ,9 leg5d>y n>ratives1 or n>ratives embelli%$ by ! writ]1 x is less difficult1--by dive/+ !m ( all t betrays itself z fictiti\s imag]y1 exagg]ation1 etc4--by endeav\r+ to ab/ract f !m e extrane\s adjunct & to fill up e hiatus--to succe$1 proximately at lea/1 9 sep>at+ ! hi/orical gr\ndwork4 ,! b\nd>y l9e1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! unhi/orical1 9 records1 9 :i* z 9 our ,gospels ?is latt] elem5t is incorporat$1 w ev] rema9 fluctuat+ & unsusceptible ( precise atta9m5t4 ,lea/ ( all c x be expect$ t ! fir/ compreh5sive attempt to treat ^! records f a critical po9t ( view %\ld be successful 9 draw+ a %>ply def9$ l9e ( dem>cation4 ,9 ! obscurity :i* criticism has produc$1 by ! ext9ction ( all lights hi!rto held hi/orical1 ! eye mu/ accu/om itself by degrees to discrim9ate objects ) precision2 & at all ev5ts ! au?or ( ?is "w1 wi%es especially to gu>d himself 9 ^? places :]e he decl>es he kn[s n :at happ5$1 f ! imputation ( ass]t+ t he kn[s t no?+ happ5$4 ,,fir/ ,,"p4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,bir? ,,& ,,*ildhood ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,annunciation ,,& ,,bir? ,,( ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/4 #ag4 ,,acc\nt ,,giv5 ,,by ,,luke4 #ajd ,,imm$iate1 ,,sup]natural ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,repres5tation4 ,ea* ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s repres5ts ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus z prec$$ by t ( ,john ! ,bapti/2 b x is peculi> to ,luke to make ! ,bapti/ ! precursor ( ! ,messiah 9 ref]5ce also to ! ev5t ( 8 bir?4 ,?is acc\nt f9ds a legitimate place 9 a "w devot$ exclusively to ! consid]ation ( ! life ( ,jesus3 fir/ly1 on acc\nt ( ! intimate connexion :i* x exhibits z subsi/+ f ! v comm5cem5t betwe5 ! life ( ,john & ! life ( ,jesus2 & secondly1 because x con/itutes a valuable contribution1 aid+ ess5tially t[>ds ! =mation ( a correct e/imate ( ! g5]al "* ( ! gospel n>ratives4 ,! op9ion t ! two fir/ *apt]s ( ,luke1 ( :i* ?is p>ticul> hi/ory =ms a portion1 are a subsequ5t & unau!ntic addition1 is ! uncritical assumption ( a class ( !ologians :o felt t ! hi/ory ( ! *ildhood ( ,jesus seem$ to require a my?ical int]pretation1 b yet demurr$ to apply ! comp>atively mod]n my?ical view to ! rema9d] ( ! ,gospel4 #aje ,a pi\s sac]dotal pair _h liv$ & gr[n old 9 ! *]i%$1 b unrealiz$ hope1 ( becom+ p>5ts1 :51 on a c]ta9 day1 z ! prie/ is (f]+ inc5se 9 ! sanctu>y1 ! angel ,gabriel appe>s to him1 & promises him a son1 :o %all live consecrat$ to ,god1 & :o %all be ! h>b+] ( ! ,messiah1 to prep>e 8 way :5 he %all visit & r$eem 8 p4 ,za*>ias1 h[ev]1 is incr$ul\s1 & d\bts ! pr$iction on acc\nt ( 8 own advanc$ age & t ( 8 wife2 :]eupon ! angel1 bo? z a sign & z a puni%m5t1 /rikes him dumb until ! "t ( its accompli%m5t2 an infliction :i* endures until ! day ( ! circumcision ( ! actually born son1 :5 ! fa!r1 be+ call$ ^u to assign to ! *ild ! "n pr$et]m9$ by ! angel1 sudd5ly recov]s 8 spee*1 & ) ! rega9$ p[]s ( utt]ance1 breaks =? 9 a hymn ( praise4 7,luke i4 #e-be1 #eg-hj47 ,x is evid5tly ! object ( ?is gospel acc\nt to repres5t a s]ies ( ext]nal & miracul\s occurr5ces4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! bir? ( ! =]unn] ( ! ,messiah is div9ely communicat$ by ! app>ition ( a cele/ial _s2 ! conception takes place "u ! p>ticul> & pret]natural bless+ ( ,god2 & ! infliction & removal ( dumbness are effect$ by extraord9>y means4 ,b x is q ano!r "q1 :e!r we c acc$e to ! view ( ! au?or1 or c feel conv9c$ t ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/ 0 9 fact prec$$ by su* a s]ies ( miracul\s ev5ts4 ,! fir/ (f5ce aga9/ our mod]n notions 9 ?is n>rative is ! appe>ance ( ! angel3 ! ev5t contemplat$ 9 itself1 z well z ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! app>ition4 ,) respect to ! latt]1 ! angel ann\nces himself to be ,gabriel t /&s 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,n[ x is inconceivable t ! con/itution ( ! cele/ial hi]>*y %\ld actually correspond ) ! notions ent]ta9$ by ! ,jews subsequ5t to ! exile2 & t ! names giv5 to ! angels %\ld be 9 ! language ( ?is p4 #ajf ,"h ! supranaturali/ f9ds himself 9 a dilemma1 ev5 ^u 8 own gr\nd4 ,_h ! belief 9 cele/ial be+s1 occupy+ a p>ticul> /ation 9 ! c\rt ( heav51 & di/+ui%$ by p>ticul> names1 orig9at$ f ! reveal$ religion ( ! ,hebrews1--_h su* a belief be5 e/abli%$ by ,moses1 or "s lat] prophet1--!n1 accord+ to ! views ( ! supranaturali/1 !y might1 nay !y mu/1 be admitt$ to be correct4 ,b x is 9 ! ,maccaban ,daniel #ajg & 9 ! apocryphal ,tobit1 #ajh t ?is doctr9e ( angels1 9 its m precise =m1 fir/ appe>s2 & x is evid5tly a product ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,z5d religion ( ! ,p]sians on ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,we h ! te/imony ( ! ,jews !mselves1 t !y br\ght ! names ( ! angels ) !m f ,babylon4 #aji ,h5ce arises a s]ies ( que/ions extremely p]plex+ to ! supranaturali/4 ,0 ! doctr9e false s long z x cont9u$ to be ! exclusive possession ( ! hea!ns1 b true z soon z x became adopt$ by ! ,jews8 or 0 x at all times equally true1 & 0 an important tru? discov]$ by an idolatr\s nation soon] ?an by ! p ( ,god8 ,if nations %ut out f a p>ticul> & div9e revelation1 arriv$ at tru? by ! light ( reason alone1 soon] ?an ! ,jews :o 7 guid$ by t revelation1 !n ei!r ! revelation 0 sup]flu\s1 or its influ5ce 0 m]ely negative3 t is1 x op]at$ z a *eck to ! premature acquisition ( k4 ,if1 9 ord] to escape ?is consequ5ce1 x be cont5d$ t tru?s 7 reveal$ by ! div9e influ5ce to o!r p besides ! ,israelites1 ! supranaturali/ic po9t ( view is annihilat$2 &1 s9ce all ?+s conta9$ 9 religions :i* contradict ea* o!r _c h be5 reveal$1 we are compell$ to ex]cise a critical discrim9ation4 ,?us1 we f9d x to be by no means 9 h>mony ) an elevat$ conception ( ,god to repres5t him z an e>?ly mon>*1 surr\nd$ by 8 c\rt3 & :5 an appeal is made1 9 behalf ( ! reality ( angels /&+ r\nd ! ?rone1 to ! reasonable belief 9 a graduat$ scale ( creat$ intellig5ces1 #aaj ! ,jewi% repres5tation is n !reby ju/ifi$1 b m]ely a mod]n conception sub/itut$ = x4 ,we %\ld1 ?us1 be driv5 to ! exp$i5t ( suppos+ an accommodation on ! "p ( ,god3 t he s5t a cele/ial _s ) ! comm& to simulate a rank & title :i* did n belong to him1 9 ord] t1 by ?is con=mity to ,jewi% notions1 he might insure ! belief ( ! fa!r ( ! ,bapti/4 ,s9ce h[ev] x appe>s t ,za*>ias did n believe ! angel1 b 0 fir/ conv9c$ by ! result1 ! accommodation prov$ fruitless1 & consequ5tly c\ld n h be5 a div9e arrangem5t4 ,) reg>d to ! "n ( ! angel1 & ! improbability t a cele/ial be+ %\ld be> a ,hebrew "n1 x has be5 rem>k$ t ! ^w ,gabriel1 tak5 appellatively 9 ! s5se ( ,man ( ,god1 v appropriately designates ! nature ( ! heav5ly visitant2 & s9ce x may be r5d]$ ) ?is signification into e diff]5t language1 ! "n _c be said to be re/rict$ to ! ,hebrew4 #aaa ,?is explanation h[ev] leaves ! difficulty q unsolv$1 s9ce x conv]ts into a simple appellative a "n evid5tly employ$ z a prop] "n4 ,9 ?is case likewise an accommodation mu/ be suppos$1 namely1 t ! angel1 9 ord] to indicate 8 real nature1 appropriat$ a "n :i* he did n actually be>3 an accommodation already judg$ 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks4 ,b x is n only ! "n & ! alleg$ /ation ( ! angel :i* %ock our mod]n ideas1 we also feel 8 disc\rse & 8 conduct to be unwor?y4 ,paulus inde$ sugge/s t none b a levitical prie/1 & n an angel ( ,jehovah1 c\ld h conceiv$ x necess>y t ! boy %\ld live 9 naz>ite ab/emi\sness1 #aab b to ?is x may be answ]$ t ! angel also might h kn[n t "u ?is =m ,john w\ld obta9 great] influ5ce ) ! p4 ,b !re is a m important difficulty4 ,:5 ,za*>ias1 ov]come by surprise1 d\bts ! promise & asks = a sign1 ?is natural incr$ulity is reg>d$ by ! angel z a crime1 & imm$iately puni%$ ) dumbness4 ,?\gh "s may n co9cide ) ,paulus t a real angel w\ld h laud$ ! _s ( inquiry ev9c$ by ! prie/1 yet all w agree 9 ! rem>k1 t conduct s imp]i\s is less 9 "* ) a truly cele/ial be+ ?an ) ! notions ! ,jews ( t "t ent]ta9$ ( su*4 ,moreov] we d n f9d 9 ! :ole prov9ce ( supranaturalism a p>allel sev]ity4 ,! in/ance1 cit$ by ,paulus1 ( ,jehovah's f> mild] treatm5t ( ,abraham1 :o asks precisely ! same "q unreprov$1 ,g54 xv4 #h1 is refut$ by ,ol%aus51 because he consid]s ! words ( ,abraham1 *ap4 xv4 #f1 an evid5ce ( 8 fai?2 b ?is obs]vation does n apply to *ap4 xviii4 #ab1 :]e ! great] incr$ulity ( ,s>ah1 9 a simil> case1 rema9s unpuni%$2 nor to *ap4 xvii4 #ag1 :]e ,abraham himself is n ev5 blam$1 ?\gh ! div9e promise appe>s to him s incr$ible z to excite laught]4 ,! example ( ,m>y is yet clos]1 :o 7,luke i4 #cd7 9 reg>d to a /ill great] improbability1 b "o :i* 0 simil>ly decl>$ by a special div9e mess5g] to be no impossibility1 puts exactly ! same "q z ,za*>ias2 s t we mu/ agree ) ,paulus t su* inconsi/5cy c]ta9ly _c belong to ! conduct ( ,god or ( a cele/ial be+1 b m]ely to ! ,jewi% repres5tation ( !m4 ,feel+ ! objectionabl5ess ( ! repres5tation 9 its exi/+ =m1 or?odox !ologians h inv5t$ v>i\s motives to ju/ify ?is infliction ( dumbness4 ,hess has attempt$ to scre5 x f ! reproa* ( an arbitr>y proc$ure by reg>d+ x z ! only means ( keep+ secret1 ev5 aga9/ ! w ( ! prie/1 an ev5t1 ! premature proclamation ( :i* might h be5 foll[$ by disa/r\s consequ5ces1 simil> to ^? :i* att5d$ ! ann\ncem5t by ! wise m5 ( ! bir? ( ! *ild ,jesus4 #aac ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! angel says no?+ ( su* an object1 he inflicts ! dumbness b z a sign & puni%m5t2 secondly1 ! loss ( spee* did n h9d] ,za*>ias f communicat+1 at any rate to 8 wife1 ! ma9 features ( ! app>ition1 s9ce we see t %e 0 acqua9t$ ) ! de/9$ "n ( ! *ild be=e appeal 0 made to ! fa!r4 ,?irdly1 :at end did x s]ve ?us to r5d] difficult ! communication ( ! miracul\s annunciation ( ! unborn babe1 s9ce no soon] 0 x born ?an x 0 at once expos$ to all ! dread$ dang]s8--= ! fa!r's sudd5 recov]y ( spee*1 & ! extraord9>y sc5e at ! circumcision excit$ att5tion & became nois$ abroad 9 all ! c\ntry4 ,ol%aus5's view ( ! ?+ is m admissible4 ,he reg>ds ! :ole proce$+1 & especially ! dumbness1 z a moral tra9+ de/9$ to tea* ,za*>ias to "k & conqu] 8 want ( fai?4 #aad ,b ( ?is too we h no m5tion 9 ! text2 besides ! unexpect$ accompli%m5t ( ! pr$iction w\ld h made ,za*>ias suffici5tly a%am$ ( 8 unbelief1 if in/ead ( inflict+ dumbness ! angel _h m]ely remon/rat$ ) him4 ,b h[ev] wor?y ( ,god we might grant ! conduct ( 8 mess5g] to h be51 /ill _m ( ! pres5t day w f9d an angelic app>ition1 z su*1 incr$ible4 ,bau] insi/s t :]ev] angels appe>1 bo? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,old1 ! n>rative is my?ical4 #aae ,ev5 admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( angels1 we _c suppose !m capable ( manife/+ !mselves to human be+s1 s9ce !y belong to ! invisible _w1 & spiritual exi/5ces are n cognizable by ! organs ( s5se2 s t x is always advisable to ref] _! pret5d$ app>itions to ! imag9ation4 #aaf ,x is n probable1 x is add$1 t ,god %\ld make use ( !m accord+ to ! popul> notion1 = ^! app>itions h no app>5t adequate object1 !y s]ve g5]ally only to gratify curiosity1 or to enc\rage man's disposition passively to leave 8 affairs 9 high] h&s4 #aag ,x is also rem>kable t 9 ! old _w ^! cele/ial be+s %[ !mselves active ^u ! smalle/ occasions1 :il/ 9 mod]n times !y rema9 idle ev5 dur+ ! mo/ important occurr5ces4 #aah ,b to d5y _! appe>ance & ag5cy among m5 is to call 9 "q _! v be+1 because x is precisely ?is occupation :i* is a ma9 object ( _! exi/5ce 7,heb4 i4 #ad74 ,accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*] #aai we _c inde$ actually disprove ! exi/5ce ( angels1 yet ! conception is "o :i* c\ld n h orig9at$ 9 our "t1 b belongs :olly to ! anci5t ideas ( ! _w4 ,! belief 9 angels has a tw(old root or s\rce3 ! "o ! natural desire ( ! m9d to presuppose a l>g] am\nt ( intellig5ce 9 ! univ]se ?an is realiz$ 9 ! human race4 ,we :o live 9 ^! days f9d ?is desire satisfi$ 9 ! conviction t o!r worlds exi/ besides our own1 & are peopl$ by intellig5t be+s2 & ?us ! fir/ s\rce ( ! belief 9 angels is de/roy$4 ,! o!r s\rce1 namely1 ! repres5tation ( ,god z an e>?ly mon>* surr\nd$ by 8 c\rt1 contradicts all enlight5$ conceptions ( ,deity2 & fur!r1 ! ph5om5a 9 ! natural _w & ! transitions 9 human life1 :i* 7 =m]ly ?\ght to be wr\ght by ,god himself ?r\gh m9i/]+ angels1 we are n[ able to expla9 by natural causes2 s t ! belief 9 angels is )\t a l9k by :i* x c atta* itself to rightly appreh5d$ mod]n ideas2 & x exi/s only z a lifeless tradition4 ,! result is ! same if1 ) "o ( ! late/ writ]s on ! doctr9e ( angels1 #abj we consid] z ! orig9 ( ?is repres5tation1 man's desire to sep>ate ! two sides ( 8 moral nature1 & to contemplate1 z be+s exi/+ ext]nal to himself1 angels & devils4 ,=1 ! orig9 ( bo? repres5tations rema9s m]ely subjective1 ! angel be+ simply ! ideal ( creat$ p]fection3 :i*1 z x 0 =m$ f ! subord9ate po9t ( view ( a fanciful imag9ation1 disappe>s f ! high] & m compreh5sive obs]vation ( ! intellect4 #aba ,ol%aus51 on ! o!r h&1 seeks to d$uce a positive argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! reality ( ! app>ition 9 "q1 f ^? v reason+s ( ! pres5t day :i*1 9 fact1 negative ! exi/5ce ( angels2 & he does s by view+ ! subject on its speculative side4 ,he is ( op9ion t ! gospel n>rative does n contradict j views ( ! _w1 s9ce ,god is imman5t 9 ! univ]se & moves x by 8 brea?4 #abb ,b if x be true t ,god is imman5t 9 ! _w1 precisely on t acc\nt is ! int]v5tion ( angels sup]flu\s4 ,x is only a ,deity :o dwells ap>t1 ?ron$ 9 heav51 :o requires to s5d d[n 8 angels to fulfil 8 purposes on e>?4 ,x w\ld excite surprise to f9d ,ol%aus5 argu+ ?us1 did we n p]ceive f ! mann] 9 :i* ?is int]pret] con/antly treats ( angelology & demonology1 t he does n consid] angels to be indep5d5t p]sonal entities2 b reg>ds !m r z div9e p[]s1 transitory emanations & fulgurations ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,?us ,ol%aus5's conception ( angels1 9 _! relation to ,god1 seems to correspond ) ! ,sabellian doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity2 b z 8 is n ! repres5tation ( ! ,bible1 z also ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! =m] prove no?+ 9 relation to ! latt]1 x is useless to ent] into fur!r explanation4 ,! reason+ ( ?is same !ologian1 t we mu/ n require ! ord9>9ess ( e-day life = ! mo/ pregnant epo*s 9 ! life ( ! human race2 t ! inc>nation ( ! et]nal ^w 0 accompani$ by extraord9>y manife/ations f ! _w ( spirits1 uncall$ = 9 times less ri* 9 mom5t\s results1 #abc re/s ^u a misappreh5sion4 ,= ! ord9>y c\rse ( e-day life is int]rupt$ 9 su* mom5ts1 by ! v fact t exalt$ be+s l ! ,bapti/ are born into ! _w1 & x w\ld be pu]ile to designate z ord9>y ^? times & circum/ances :i* gave bir? & maturity to a ,john1 because !y 7 unembelli%$ by angelic app>itions4 ,t :i* ! spiritual _w does = ours at su* p]iods is to s5d extraord9>y human intellig5ces1 n to cause angels to asc5d & desc5d4 ,f9ally1 if1 9 v9dication ( ?is n>rative1 x be /at$ t su* an exhibition by ! angel1 ( ! plan ( education = ! unborn *ild1 0 necess>y 9 ord] to make him ! man he %\ld become1 #abd ! assumption includes too mu*2 namely1 t all great m51 9 ord] by _! education to become su*1 mu/ h be5 introduc$ into ! _w 9 l mann]1 or cause mu/ be %[n :y t :i* 0 unnecess>y 9 ! case ( great m5 ( o!r ages & c\ntries 0 indisp5sable = ! ,bapti/4 ,aga91 ! assumption atta*es too mu* importance to ext]nal tra9+1 too little to ! int]nal developm5t ( ! m9d4 ,b 9 conclusion1 _m ( ! circum/ances 9 ! life ( ! ,bapti/1 in/ead ( s]v+ to confirm a belief 9 ! tru? ( ! miracul\s hi/ory1 are on ! contr>y1 z has be5 ju/ly ma9ta9$1 altoge!r irreconcilable ) ! supposition1 t 8 bir? 0 att5d$ by ^! wond]ful occurr5ces4 ,if x 7 inde$ true1 t ,john 0 f ! fir/ di/9ctly & miracul\sly ann\nc$ z ! =]unn] ( ! ,messiah1 x is inconceivable t he %\ld h _h no acqua9tance ) ,jesus prior to 8 baptism2 & t1 ev5 subsequ5t to t ev5t1 he %\ld h felt p]plex$ conc]n+ 8 ,messiah%ip 7,john i4 #cj2 ,matt4 xi4 #b74 #abe ,consequ5tly ! negative conclusion ( ! rationali/ic criticism & controv]sy mu/1 we ?9k1 be admitt$1 namely1 t ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/ c\ld n h be5 prec$$ & att5d$ by ^! sup]natural occurr5ces4 ,! "q n[ arises1 :at positive view ( ! matt] is to replace ! reject$ lit]al or?odox explanation8 #ah4 ,,natural ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,n>rative4 ,9 treat+ ! n>rative be=e u accord+ to ! rationali/ic me?od1 :i* requires ! sep>ation ( ! pure fact f ! op9ion ( int]e/$ p]sons1 ! simple/ alt]ation is ?is3 to reta9 ! two lead+ facts1 ! app>ition & ! dumbness1 z actual ext]nal occurr5ces2 b to acc\nt = !m 9 a natural mann]4 ,?is 7 possible ) respect to ! app>ition1 by suppos+ t a man1 mi/ak5 by ,za*>ias = a div9e mess5g]1 really appe>$ to him1 & address$ to him ! words he believ$ he he>d4 ,b ?is explanation1 view$ 9 connexion ) ! att5dant circum/ances1 be+ too improbable1 x became necess>y to g a /ep fur!r1 & to trans=m ! ev5t f an ext]nal to an int]nal "o2 to remove ! occurr5ce out ( ! physical into ! psy*ological _w4 ,to ?is view ! op9ion ( ,bahrdt1 t a fla% ( lightn+ 0 p]haps mi/ak5 by ,za*>ias = an angel1 #abf =ms a transition2 s9ce he attributes ! great] "p ( ! sc5e to ,za*>ias's imag9ation4 ,b t any man1 9 an ord9>y /ate ( m9d1 c\ld h creat$ s long & consecutive a dialogue out ( a fla% ( lightn+ is incr$ible4 ,a peculi> m5tal /ate mu/ be suppos$2 :e!r x be a swoon1 ! effect ( fright occasion$ by ! lightn+1 #abg b ( ?is !re is no trace 9 ! text 7no fall+ d[n z 9 ,acts ix4 #d72 or1 ab&on+ ! notion ( ! lightn+1 a dream1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c\ld sc>cely occur :il/ burn+ inc5se 9 ! temple4 ,h5ce1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y1 ) ,paulus1 to call to m9d t !re are wak+ visions or ec/asies1 9 :i* ! imag9ation conf\nds int]nal images ) ext]nal occurr5ces4 #abh ,su* ec/asies1 x is true1 are n common2 b1 says ,paulus1 9 ,za*>ias's case _m circum/ances comb9$ to produce s unusual a /ate ( m9d4 ,! excit+ causes 71 fir/ly1 ! long-*]i%$ desire to h a po/]ity2 secondly1 ! exalt$ vocation ( adm9i/]+ 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies1 (f]+ up ) ! inc5se ! pray]s ( ! p to ! ?rone ( ,jehovah1 :i* seem$ to ,za*>ias to =etok5 ! acceptance ( 8 own pray]2 & ?irdly1 p]haps an exhortation f 8 wife z he left 8 h\se1 simil> to t ( ,ra*el to ,jacob4 ,g54 xxx4 #a767 ,9 ?is highly excit$ /ate ( m9d1 z he prays 9 ! dimly-light$ sanctu>y1 he ?9ks ( 8 mo/ ard5t wi%1 & expect+ t n[ or nev] 8 pray] %all be he>d1 he is prep>$ to disc]n a sign ( its acceptance 9 ! slighte/ occurr5ce4 ,z ! glimm] ( ! lamps falls ^u ! asc5d+ cl\d ( inc5se1 & %apes x into v>y+ =ms1 ! prie/ imag9es he p]ceives ! figure ( an angel4 ,! app>ition at fir/ al>ms him2 b he soon reg>ds x z an assurance f ,god t 8 pray] is he>d4 ,no soon] does a transi5t d\bt cross 8 m9d1 ?an ! s5sitively pi\s prie/ looks ^u himself z s9ful1 believes himself reprov$ by ! angel1 &--"h two explanations are possible--ei!r an apoplectic seizure actually deprives him ( spee*1 :i* he receives z ! j puni%m5t ( 8 incr$ulity1 till ! excessive joy he exp]i5ces at ! circumcision ( 8 son re/ores ! p[] ( utt]ance3 s t ! dumbness is reta9$ z an ext]nal1 physical1 ?\gh n miracul\s1 occurr5ce2 #abi or ! proce$+ is psy*ologically und]/ood1 namely1 t ,za*>ias1 9 accordance ) a ,jewi% sup]/ition1 = a "t d5i$ himself ! use ( ! (f5d+ memb]4 #acj ,reanimat$ 9 o!r respects by ! extraord9>y ev5t1 ! prie/ returns home to 8 wife1 & %e becomes a second ,s>ah4 ,) reg>d to ?is acc\nt ( ! angelic app>ition giv5 by ,paulus1--& ! o!r explanations are ei!r ( ess5tially simil> "*1 or are s manife/ly unt5able1 z n to ne$ refutation--x may be obs]v$ t ! object s labori\sly /riv5 aft] is n atta9$4 ,paulus fails to free ! n>rative ( ! m>vell\s2 = by 8 own admission1 ! majority ( m5 h no exp]i5ce ( ! k9d ( vision "h suppos$4 #aca ,if su* a /ate ( ec/asy occur 9 p>ticul> cases1 x mu/ result ei!r f a pr$isposition 9 ! individual1 ( :i* we f9d no sign 9 ,za*>ias1 & :i* 8 advanc$ age mu/ h r5d]$ highly improbable2 or x mu/ h be5 induc$ by "s peculi> circum/ances1 :i* totally fail 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 #acb ,a hope :i* has be5 long indulg$ is inadequate to ! production ( ec/atic vehem5ce1 & ! act ( burn+ inc5se is insuffici5t to cause s extraord9>y an excitem5t1 9 a prie/ :o has gr[n old 9 ! s]vice ( ! temple4 ,?us ,paulus has 9 fact sub/itut$ a miracle ( *ance = a miracle ( ,god4 ,%\ld x be said t to ,god no?+ is impossible1 or to *ance no?+ is impossible1 bo? explanations are equally prec>i\s & unsci5tific4 ,inde$1 ! dumbness ( ,za*>ias z expla9$ f ?is po9t ( view is v unsatisfactory4 ,= _h x be51 z accord+ to "o explanation1 ! result ( apoplexy2 admitt+ ,paulus's ref]5ce to ,lev4 xxi4 #af1 to be set aside by ! contr>y rem>k ( ,lightfoot1 #acc /ill1 we mu/ jo9 ) ,s*lei]ma*] 9 wond]+ h[ ,za*>ias1 not)/&+ ?is apoplectic seizure1 return$ home 9 o!r respects heal?y & vigor\s2 #acd & t 9 spite ( p>tial p>alysis 8 g5]al /r5g? 0 unimpair$1 & 8 long-*]i%$ hope fulfill$4 ,x mu/ also be reg>d$ z a /range co9cid5ce1 t ! fa!r's tongue %\ld h be5 loos$ exactly at ! "t ( ! circumcision2 = if ! recov]y ( spee* is to be consid]$ z ! effect ( joy1 #ace surely ! fa!r mu/ h be5 f> m elat$ at ! bir? ( ! e>ne/ly-desir$ son1 ?an at ! circumcision2 = by t "t he w\ld h become accu/om$ to ! possession ( 8 *ild4 ,! o!r explanation3 t ,za*>ias's sil5ce 0 n f any physical imp$im5t1 b f a notion1 to be psy*ologically expla9$1 t he ought n to speak1 is 9 direct contradiction to ! words ( ,luke4 ,:at d all ! passages1 collect$ by ,paulus to %[ t may signify n only a positive non posse1 b likewise a m]e non su/9]e1 #acf prove aga9/ ! cle> mean+ ( ! passage & its context8 ,if p]haps ! n>rative phrase 7v4 #bb71 might be =c$ to be> ?is s5se1 yet c]ta9ly 9 ! suppos$ vision ( ,za*>ias1 _h ! angel only =bidd5 him to speak1 in/ead ( depriv+ him ( ! p[] ( spee*1 he w\ld n h said3 1 1 b 1 ' 4 ,! words 7v4 #ba7 also mo/ naturally mean actual dumbness4 ,?is view assumes1 & inde$ necess>ily s1 t ! gospel hi/ory is a correct report ( ! acc\nt giv5 by ,za*>ias himself2 if !n x be d5i$ t ! dumbness 0 actual1 z ,za*>ias affirms t actual dumbness 0 ann\nc$ to him by ! angel1 x mu/ be admitt$ t1 ?\gh p]fectly able to speak1 he believ$ himself to be dumb1 :i* leads to ! conclusion t he 0 mad3 an imputation n to be laid ^u ! fa!r ( ! ,bapti/ )\t compulsory evid5ce 9 ! text4 ,aga91 ! natural explanation makes too light ( ! incr$ibly accurate fulfilm5t ( a pr$iction orig9at+1 z x supposes1 9 an unnatural1 ov]-excit$ /ate ( m9d4 ,9 no o!r prov9ce ( inquiry w\ld ! realization ( a pr$iction :i* ow$ its bir? to a vision be f\nd cr$ible1 ev5 by ! ,rationali/4 ,if ,dr4 ,paulus 7 to read t a somnambuli/1 9 a /ate ( ec/asy1 _h =etold ! bir? ( a *ild1 "u circum/ances 9 ! highe/ degree improbable2 & n only ( a *ild1 b ( a boy2 & _h moreov]1 ) accurate m9ut5ess1 pr$ict$ 8 future mode ( life1 "*1 & position 9 hi/ory2 & t ea* p>ticul> _h be5 exactly v]ifi$ by ! result3 w\ld he f9d su* a co9cid5ce cr$ible8 ,mo/ assur$ly to no human be+1 "u any conditions :atsoev]1 w\ld he conc$e ! p[] ?us to p5etrate ! mo/ my/]i\s work+s ( nature2 on ! contr>y he w\ld compla9 ( ! outrage on human free-w1 :i* is annihilat$ by ! admission t a man's entire intellectual & moral developm5t may be pr$et]m9$ l ! movem5ts ( a clock4 ,& he w\ld on ?is v gr\nd compla9 ( ! inaccuracy ( obs]vation1 & untru/wor?9ess ( ! report :i* repres5t$1 z matt]s ( fact1 ?+s 9 _! v nature impossible4 ,:y does he n foll[ ! same rule ) respect to ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rative8 ,:y admit 9 ! "o case :at he rejects 9 ! o!r8 ,is biblical hi/ory to be judg$ by "o set ( laws1 & pr(ane hi/ory by ano!r8--,an assumption :i* ! ,rationali/ is compell$ to make1 if he admits z cr$ible 9 ! ,gospels t :i* he rejects z unwor?y ( cr$it 9 e o!r hi/ory--:i* is 9 fact to fall back on ! supranaturali/ic po9t ( view1 s9ce ! assumption1 t ! natural laws :i* gov]n 9 e o!r prov9ce are n applicable to sacr$ hi/ory1 is ! v ess5tial ( supranaturalism4 ,no o!r rescue f ?is self-annihilation rema9s to ! anti-sup]natural mode ( explanation1 ?an to "q ! v]bal accuracy ( ! hi/ory4 ,?is is ! simple/ exp$i5t1 felt to be su* by ,paulus himself1 :o rem>ks1 t 8 ef=ts may be deem$ sup]flu\s to give a natural explanation ( a n>rative1 :i* is no?+ m ?an "o ( ^? /ories inv5t$ ei!r aft] ! dea? or ev5 dur+ ! lifetime ( e di/+ui%$ man to embelli% 8 e>ly hi/ory4 ,paulus1 h[ev]1 aft] an imp>tial exam9ation1 is ( op9ion t ! analogy1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 is n applicable4 ,! pr9cipal gr\nd = ?is op9ion is ! too %ort int]val betwe5 ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/1 & ! composition ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke4 #acg ,we1 on ! contr>y1 9 h>mony ) ! obs]vations 9 ! introduction1 w\ld rev]se ! "q & inquire ( ?is int]pret]1 h[ he w\ld r5d] x cr$ible1 t ! hi/ory ( ! bir? ( a man s fam$ z ! ,bapti/ %\ld h be5 transmitt$1 9 an age ( great excitem5t1 ?r\gh a p]iod ( m ?an sixty ye>s1 9 all its primitive accuracy ( detail8 ,paulus's answ] is ready3 an answ] approv$ by o!rs 7,heid5rei*1 ,ol%aus573--! passage ins]t$ by ,luke i4 #e2 ii4 #ci 0 possibly a family record1 :i* circulat$ among ! relatives ( ! ,bapti/ & ( ,jesus2 & ( :i* ,za*>ias 0 probably ! au?or4 #ach ,k4 ,*4 ,l4 ,s*midt controv]ts ?is hypo!sis ) ! rem>k1 t x is impossible t a n>rative s disfigur$ 7we %\ld r say1 s embelli%$7 c\ld h be5 a family record2 & t1 if x does n belong altoge!r to ! class ( leg5ds1 its hi/orical basis1 if su* !re be1 is no long] to be di/+ui%$4 #aci ,x is fur!r ma9ta9$1 t ! n>rative pres5ts c]ta9 features :i* no poet w\ld h conceiv$1 & :i* prove x to be a direct impression ( facts2 = in/ance1 ! ,messianic expectations express$ by ! diff]5t p]sonages introduc$ by ,luke 7*ap4 i4 & ii47 correspond exactly ) ! situation & relation ( ea* individual4 #adj ,b ^! di/9ctions are by no means s /rik+ z ,paulus repres5ts2 !y are only ! *>act]i/ics ( a hi/ory :i* goes into details1 mak+ a transition f g5]alities to p>ticul>s1 :i* is natural alike to ! poet & to ! popul> leg5d2 besides1 ! peculi> ,judaical phraseology 9 :i* ! ,messianic expectations are express$1 & :i* x is cont5d$ confirm ! op9ion t ?is n>rative 0 writt51 or receiv$ its fix$ =m1 be=e ! dea? ( ,jesus1 cont9u$ to be us$ aft] t ev5t ,acts i4 #f #ada4 ,moreov] we mu/ agree ) ,s*lei]ma*] :5 he says3 #adb lea/ ( all is x possible to reg>d ^! utt]ances z /rictly hi/orical2 or to ma9ta9 t ,za*>ias1 9 ! mom5t t he recov]$ 8 spee*1 employ$ x 9 a song ( praise1 un9t]rupt$ by ! exultation & wond] ( ! company1 s5tim5ts :i* ! n>rator int]rupts himself to indulge4 ,x mu/1 at all ev5ts1 be admitt$ t ! au?or has made additions ( 8 own1 & has enri*$ ! hi/ory by ! lyric effusions ( 8 muse4 ,ku9l supposes t ,za*>ias compos$ & wrote d[n ! canticle subsequ5t to ! occasion2 b ?is /range surmise contradicts ! text4 ,!re are "s o!r features :i*1 x is cont5d$1 belong n to ! creations ( ! poet2 su* z1 ! signs made to ! fa!r1 ! debate 9 ! family1 ! position ( ! angel on ! "r h& ( ! alt>4 #adc ,b ?is criticism is m]ely a pro( t ^! int]pret]s h1 or det]m9e to h1 no j conception ( poetry or popul> leg5d2 = ! g5u9e *>act]i/ic ( poetry & my?us is natural & pictorial repres5tation ( details4 #add #ai4 ,,my?ical ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,n>rative ,,9 ,,its ,,diff]5t ,,/ages4 ,! above exposition ( ! necessity1 & la/ly1 ( ! possibility ( d\bt+ ! hi/orical fidelity ( ! gospel n>rative1 has l$ _m !ologians to expla9 ! acc\nt ( ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/ z a poetical composition2 sugge/$ by ! importance attribut$ by ! ,*ri/ians to ! =]unn] ( ,jesus1 & by ! recollection ( "s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories1 9 :i* ! bir?s ( ,i%mael1 ,isaac1 ,samuel1 & especially ( ,samson1 are relat$ to h be5 simil>ly ann\nc$4 ,/ill ! matt] 0 n all[$ to be altoge!r inv5t$4 ,x may h be5 hi/orically true t ,za*>ias & ,elizabe? liv$ long )\t (fspr+2 t1 on "o occasion :il/ 9 ! temple1 ! old man's tongue 0 sudd5ly p>alyz$2 b t soon aft]w>ds 8 ag$ wife bore him a son1 & he1 9 8 joy at ! ev5t1 recov]$ ! p[] ( spee*4 ,at t "t1 b /ill m :5 ,john became a rem>kable man1 ! hi/ory excit$ att5tion1 & out ( x ! exi/+ leg5d grew4 #ade ,x is surpris+ to f9d an explanation almo/ id5tical ) ! natural "o we h criticis$ above1 aga9 br\ght =w>d "u a new title2 s t ! admission ( ! possibility ( an admixture ( subsequ5t leg5ds 9 ! n>rative has little influ5ce on ! view ( ! matt] itself4 ,z ! mode ( explanation we are n[ advocat+ d5ies all confid5ce 9 ! hi/orical au!nticity ( ! record1 all ! details mu/ be 9 !mselves equally problematic2 & :e!r hi/orical validity c be reta9$ = ?is or t p>ticul> incid5t1 c be det]m9$ only by its be+ ei!r less improbable ?an ! re/1 or else less 9 h>mony ) ! _s1 int]e/1 & design ( ! poetic leg5d1 s z to make x probable t x _h a di/9ct orig94 ,! b>r5ness ( ,elizabe? & ! sudd5 dumbness ( ,za*>ias are "h reta9$ z incid5ts ( ?is "*3 s t only ! appe>+ & pr$iction ( ! angel are giv5 up4 ,b by tak+ away ! angelic app>ition1 ! sudd5 infliction & z sudd5 removal ( ! dumbness loses its only adequate sup]natural cause1 s t all difficulties :i* beset ! natural int]pretation rema9 9 full =ce3 a dilemma into :i* ^! !ologians are1 mo/ unnecess>ily1 br\ght by _! own inconsequ5ce2 = ! mom5t we ent] ^u my?ical gr\nd1 all obligation to hold fa/ ! assum$ hi/orical fidelity ( ! acc\nt ceases to exi/4 ,besides1 t :i* !y propose to reta9 z hi/orical fact1 namely1 ! long b>r5ness ( ! p>5ts ( ! ,bapti/1 is s /rictly 9 h>mony ) ! _s & "* ( ,hebrew leg5d>y poetry1 t ( ?is incid5t ! my?ical orig9 is lea/ to be mi/ak54 ,h[ confus$ has ?is misappreh5sion made1 = example1 ! reason+ ( ,bau]6 ,x 0 a prevail+ op9ion1 says he1 consonant ) ,jewi% ideas1 t all *ildr5 born ( ag$ p>5ts1 :o _h previ\sly be5 *ildless1 became di/+ui%$ p]sonages4 ,john 0 ! *ild ( ag$ p>5ts1 & became a notable prea*] ( rep5tance2 consequ5tly x 0 ?\ght ju/ifiable to inf] t 8 bir? 0 pr$ict$ by an angel4 ,:at an illogical conclusion6 = :i* he has no o!r gr\nd ?an ! assumption t ,john 0 ! son ( ag$ p>5ts4 ,let ?is be made a settl$ po9t1 & ! conclusion foll[s )\t difficulty4 ,x 0 readily believ$1 he proce$s1 ( rem>kable m5 t !y 7 born ( ag$ p>5ts1 & t _! bir?1 no long] 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature to be expect$1 0 ann\nc$ by a heav5ly mess5g] #adf2 ,john 0 a great man & a prophet2 consequ5tly1 ! leg5d repres5t$ him to h be5 born ( an ag$ c\ple1 & 8 bir? to h be5 proclaim$ by an angel4 ,see+ t ?is explanation ( ! n>rative be=e u1 z a half 7s call$ hi/orical7 my?us1 is encumb]$ ) all ! difficulties ( a half measure1 ,gabl] has treat$ x z a pure philosophical1 or dogmatical my?us4 #adg ,hor/ likewise consid]s x1 & inde$ ! entire two fir/ *apt]s ( ,luke1 ( :i* x =ms a "p1 z an +5i\s fiction1 9 :i* ! bir? ( ! ,messiah1 toge!r ) t ( 8 precursor1 & ! pr$ictions conc]n+ ! "* & m9i/ry ( ! latt]1 fram$ aft] ! ev5t1 are set =?2 x be+ precisely ! loquaci\s circum/antiality ( ! n>ration :i* betrays ! poet4 #adh ,s*lei]ma*] likewise expla9s ! fir/ *apt] z a little poem1 simil> 9 "* to _m ( ! ,jewi% poems :i* we meet ) 9 _! apocrypha4 ,he does n h[ev] consid] x altoge!r a fabrication4 ,x might h _h a f\ndation 9 fact1 & 9 a widespread tradition2 b ! poet has all[$ himself s full a lic5se 9 arrang+1 & comb9+1 9 m\ld+ & embody+ ! vague & fluctuat+ repres5tations ( tradition1 t ! attempt to detect ! purely hi/orical 9 su* n>ratives1 mu/ prove a fruitless & useless ef=t4 #adi ,hor/ goes s f> z to suppose ! au?or ( ! piece to h be5 a ,judais+ ,*ri/ian2 :il/ ,s*lei]ma*] imag9es x to h be5 compos$ by a ,*ri/ian ( ! fam$ ,jewi% s*ool1 at a p]iod :5 x compris$ "s :o /ill cont9u$ /rict disciples ( ,john2 & :om x 0 ! object ( ! n>rative to br+ ov] to ,*ri/ianity1 by exhibit+ ! relation%ip ( ,john to ! ,*ri/ z 8 peculi> & highe/ de/9y2 & also by hold+ out ! expectation ( a /ate ( temporal greatness = ! ,jewi% p at ! reappe>ance ( ,*ri/4 ,an att5tive consid]ation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories1 to :i*1 z mo/ int]pret]s admit1 ! n>rative ( ! annunciation & bir? ( ! ,bapti/ be>s a /rik+ aff9ity1 w r5d] x abundantly evid5t t ?is is ! only j view ( ! passage 9 "q4 ,b x mu/ n "h be imag9$1 z is n[ s readily affirm$ 9 ! confutation ( ! my?ical view ( ?is passage1 t ! au?or ( our n>rative fir/ made a collection f ! ,old ,te/am5t ( its individual traits2 mu* r _h ! scatt]$ traits respect+ ! late bir? ( diff]5t di/+ui%$ m51 z record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 bl5d$ !mselves into a comp\nd image 9 ! m9d ( _! read]1 :5ce he select$ ! features mo/ appropriate to 8 pres5t subject4 ,( ! *ildr5 born ( ag$ p>5ts1 ,isaac is ! mo/ anci5t prototype4 ,z x is said ( ,za*>ias & ,elizabe?1 8!y bo? 7 advanc$ 9 _! days0 7v4 #g7 1 s ,abraham & ,s>ah 87 advanc$ 9 _! days0 7,g54 xviii4 #aa2 ,,lxx3 71 :5 !y 7 promis$ a son4 ,x is likewise f ?is hi/ory t ! incr$ulity ( ! fa!r1 on acc\nt ( ! advanc$ age ( bo? p>5ts1 & ! dem& ( a sign1 are borr[$ 9 our n>rative4 ,z ,abraham1 :5 ,jehovah promises him he %all h a son & a num]\s po/]ity :o %all inh]it ! l& ( ,canaan1 d\bt+ly inquires1 8,:]eby %all ,i "k t ,i %all inh]it x80 1 2 7sc4 4 ,g54 xv4 #h4 ,,lxx473 s ,za*>ias--8,:]eby %all ,i "k ?is80 2 7v4 #ah47 ,! incr$ulity ( ,s>ah is n made use ( = ,elizabe?2 b %e is said to be ( ! daught]s ( ,a>on1 & ! "n ,elizabe? may p]haps h be5 sugge/$ by t ( ,a>on's wife 7,exod4 vi4 #bc4 ,,lxx474 ,! incid5t ( ! angel ann\nc+ ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/ is tak5 f ! hi/ory ( ano!r late-born *ild1 ,samson4 ,9 our n>rative1 inde$1 ! angel appe>s fir/ to ! fa!r 9 ! temple1 :]eas 9 ! hi/ory ( ,samson he %[s himself fir/ to ! "m1 & aft]w>ds to ! fa!r 9 ! field4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an alt]ation aris+ naturally out ( ! diff]5t situations ( ! respective p>5ts 7,judges xiii474 ,accord+ to popul> ,jewi% notions1 x 0 no unusual occurr5ce = ! prie/ to be visit$ by angels & div9e app>itions :il/ (f]+ inc5se 9 ! temple4 #aej ,! comm& :i* be=e 8 bir? pr$e/9$ ! ,bapti/--^: lat] ascetic mode ( life 0 kn[n--to be a ,naz>ite1 is tak5 f ! same s\rce4 ,z1 to ,samson's "m dur+ h] pregnancy1 w9e1 /rong dr9k1 & unclean food1 7 =bidd51 s a simil> diet is prescrib$ = h] son1 #aea add+1 z 9 ! case ( ,john1 t ! *ild %all be consecrat$ to ,god f ! womb4 #aeb ,! bless+s :i* x is pr$ict$ t ^! two m5 %all realize = ! p ( ,israel are simil> 7comp4 ,luke i4 #af1 #ag1 ) ,judges xiii4 #e71 & ea* n>rative concludes ) ! same expression respect+ ! hopeful gr[? ( ! *ild4 #aec ,x may be too bold to d]ive ! ,levitical desc5t ( ! ,bapti/ f a ?ird ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory ( a late-born son--f ! hi/ory ( ,samuel 7comp>e #a ,sam4 i4 #a2 ,*ron4 vii4 #bg72 b ! lyric effusions 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,luke are imitations ( ?is hi/ory4 ,z ,samuel's "m1 :5 consign+ him to ! c>e ( ! high prie/1 breaks =? into a hymn 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #a71 s ! fa!r ( ,john does ! same at ! circumcision2 ?\gh ! p>ticul> expressions 9 ! ,canticle utt]$ by ,m>y--( :i* we %all h to speak h]eaft]--h a clos] resemblance to ,hannah's song ( praise ?an t ( ,za*>ias4 ,! significant appellation ,john 7 71 pr$et]m9$ by ! angel1 _h its prec$5t 9 ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! names ( ,i%mael & ,isaac #aed2 b ! gr\nd ( its selection 0 ! app>5tly provid5tial co9cid5ce betwe5 ! signification ( ! "n & ! hi/orical de/9ation ( ! man4 ,! rem>k1 t ! "n ( ,john 0 n 9 ! family 7v4 #fa71 only br\ght its cele/ial orig9 m fully into view4 ,! tablet 77 ^u :i* ! fa!r wrote ! "n 7v4 #fc71 0 necess>y on acc\nt ( 8 incapacity to speak2 b x also _h its type 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,isaiah 0 comm&$ to write ! significant names ( ! *ild ,mah]-%alal-ha%-baz ^u a tablet 7,isaiah viii4 #a ff474 ,! only sup]natural incid5t ( ! n>rative1 ( :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t may seem to (f] no precise analogy1 is ! dumbness2 & ?is is ! po9t fix$ ^u by ^? :o conte/ ! my?ical view4 #aee ,b if x be borne 9 m9d t ! ask+ & receiv+ a sign f heav5 9 confirmation ( a promise or prophecy 0 usual among ! ,hebrews 7comp4 ,isaiah vii4 #aa ff472 t ! tempor>y loss ( "o ( ! s5ses 0 ! peculi> puni%m5t inflict$ aft] a heav5ly vision 7,acts ix4 #h1 #ag ff472 t ,daniel became dumb :il/ ! angel 0 talk+ ) him1 & did n recov] 8 spee* till ! angel _h t\*$ 8 lips & op5$ 8 m\? 7,dan4 x4 #ae f473 ! orig9 ( ?is incid5t also w be f\nd 9 ! leg5d1 & n 9 hi/orical fact4 ,( two ord9>y & subord9ate features ( ! n>rative1 ! "o1 ! righte\sness ( ! p>5ts ( ! ,bapti/ 7v4 #f71 is m]ely a conclusion f\nd$ ^u ! belief t to a pi\s c\ple alone w\ld ! bless+ ( su* a son be v\*saf$1 & consequ5tly is void ( all hi/orical wor?2 ! o!r1 ! /atem5t t ,john 0 born 9 ! reign ( ,h]od 7! ,great7 7v4 #e71 is )\t d\bt a correct calculation4 ,s t we /& "h ^u purely my?ical-poetical gr\nd2 ! only hi/orical reality :i* we c hold fa/ z positive matt] ( fact be+ ?is3--! impression made by ,john ! ,bapti/1 by virtue ( 8 m9i/ry & 8 relation to ,jesus1 0 s p[]ful z to lead to ! subsequ5t glorification ( 8 bir? 9 connection ) ! bir? ( ! ,messiah 9 ! ,*ri/ian leg5d4 #aef ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,davidical ,,desc5t ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,g5ealogical ,,tables ,,( ,,mat!w ,,& ,,luke4 #bj4 ,,! ,,two ,,g5ealogies ,,( ,,jesus ,,consid]$ ,,sep>ately ,,& ,,irrespectively ,,( ,,"o ,,ano!r4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/1 we _h ! s+le acc\nt ( ,luke2 b reg>d+ ! g5ealogical desc5t ( ,jesus we h also t ( ,mat!w2 s t 9 ?is case ! mutual control ( two n>rators 9 "s respects multiplies1 :il/ 9 o!rs x light5s1 our critical lab\r4 ,x is inde$ true t ! au!nticity ( ! two fir/ *apt]s ( ,mat!w1 :i* conta9 ! hi/ory ( ! bir? & *ildhood ( ,jesus1 z well z t ( ! p>allel section ( ,luke1 has be5 que/ion$3 b z 9 bo? cases ! "q has orig9at$ m]ely 9 a prejudic$ view ( ! subject1 ! d\bt has be5 sil5c$ by a decisive refutation4 #aeg ,ea* ( ^! two ,gospels conta9s a g5ealogical table design$ to exhibit ! ,davidical desc5t ( ,jesus1 ! ,messiah4 ,t ( ,mat!w 7i4 #a-ag7 prec$es1 t ( ,luke 7iii4 #bc-ch7 foll[s1 ! hi/ory ( ! ann\ncem5t & bir? ( ,jesus4 ,^! two tables1 consid]$ ea* 9 itself1 or bo? comp>$ toge!r1 af=d s important a key to ! "* ( ! evangelic records 9 ?is section1 z to r5d] a close exam9ation ( !m imp]ative4 ,we %all fir/ consid] ea* sep>ately1 & !n ea*1 b p>ticul>ly t ( ,mat!w1 9 comp>ison ) ! passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to :i* x is p>allel4 ,9 ! ,g5ealogy giv5 by ! au?or ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 !re is a comp>ison ( ! acc\nt ) itself :i* is important1 z x gives a result1 a sum at its conclusion1 ^: correctness may be prov$ by comp>+ x ) ! previ\s /atem5ts4 ,9 ! summ+ up x is said1 t f ,abraham to ,*ri/ !re are ?ree divisions ( f\rte5 g5]ations ea*1 ! fir/ f ,abraham to ,david1 ! second f ,david to ! ,babyloni% exile1 ! ?ird f ! exile to ,*ri/4 ,n[ if we compute ! numb] ( names = ourselves1 we f9d ! fir/ f\rte5 f ,abraham to ,david1 bo? includ$1 complete 7#b-e72 also t f ,solomon to ,je*onias1 aft] :om ! ,babyloni% exile is m5tion$ 7#f-aa72 b f ,je*onias to ,jesus1 ev5 reckon+ ! latt] z "o1 we c discov] only ?irte5 7#ab-af74 ,h[ %all we expla9 ?is discrepancy8 ,! supposition t "o ( ! names has escap$ f ! ?ird division by an error ( a transcrib]1 #aeh is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 s9ce ! defici5cy is m5tion$ s e>ly z by ,porphyry4 #aei ,! ins]tion1 9 "s manuscripts & v]sions1 ( ! "n ,jehoiakim #afj betwe5 ,josias & ,je*onias1 does n supply ! defici5cy ( ! ?ird division2 x only adds a sup]flu\s g5]ation to ! second division1 :i* 0 already complete4 ,z also !re is no d\bt t ?is defici5cy orig9at$ ) ! au?or ( ! g5ealogy1 ! "q arises3 9 :at mann] did he reckon s z to c\nt f\rte5 g5]ations = 8 ?ird s]ies8 ,truly x is possible to c\nt 9 v>i\s ways1 if an arbitr>y inclusion & exclusion ( ! fir/ & la/ memb]s ( ! sev]al s]ies be p]mitt$4 ,x might inde$ h be5 presuppos$1 t a g5]ation already includ$ 9 "o division 0 necess>ily exclud$ f ano!r3 b ! compil] ( ! g5ealogy may p]haps h ?\ght o!rwise2 & s9ce ,david is twice m5tion$ 9 ! table1 x is possible t ! au?or c\nt$ him twice3 namely1 at ! end ( ! fir/ s]ies1 & aga9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second4 ,?is w\ld n inde$1 any m ?an ! ins]tion ( ,jehoiakim1 fill up ! defici5cy 9 ! ?ird division1 b give too _m to ! second2 s t we mu/1 ) "s comm5tators1 #afa conclude ! second s]ies n ) ,je*onias1 z is usually done1 b ) 8 pr$ecessor ,josias3 & n[1 by means ( ! d\ble enum]ation ( ,david1 ,je*onias1 :o 0 sup]flu\s 9 ! second division1 be+ available = ! ?ird1 ! la/ s]ies1 includ+ ,jesus1 has its f\rte5 memb]s complete4 ,b x seems v arbitr>y to reckon ! conclud+ memb] ( ! fir/ s]ies twice1 & n also t ( ! second3 to avoid :i* inconsi/5cy "s int]pret]s h propos$ to c\nt ,josias twice1 z well z ,david1 & ?us complete ! f\rte5 memb]s ( ! ?ird s]ies )\t ,jesus4 ,b :il/ ?is computation escapes "o blund]1 x falls into ano!r2 namely1 t :]eas ! expression 444 7v4 #ag7 is suppos$ to include ! latt]1 9 1 ! latt] is exclud$4 ,?is difficulty may be avoid$ by c\nt+ ,je*onias twice in/ead ( ,josias1 :i* gives u f\rte5 names = ! ?ird division1 includ+ ,jesus2 b !n1 9 ord] n to h too _m 9 ! second1 we mu/ drop ! d\ble enum]ation ( ,david1 & ?us be liable to ! same *>ge ( inconsi/5cy z 9 ! =m] case1 s9ce ! d\ble enum]ation is made betwe5 ! second & ?ird divisions1 & n betwe5 ! fir/ & second4 ,p]haps ,de ,wette has f\nd ! "r clue :5 he rem>ks1 t 9 v4 #ag1 9 bo? transitions "s memb] ( ! s]ies is m5tion$ twice1 b 9 ! fir/ case only t memb] is a p]son 7,david71 & !re=e to be twice reckon$4 ,9 ! second case x is ! ,babyloni% captivity occurr+ betwe5 ,josias & ,je*onias1 :i* latt]1 s9ce he _h reign$ only ?ree mon?s 9 ,j]usalem 7! great] "p ( 8 life hav+ pass$ aft] ! c>ry+ away to ,babylon71 0 m5tion$ inde$ at ! conclusion ( ! second s]ies = ! sake ( connexion1 b 0 to be reckon$ only at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird4 #afb ,if we n[ comp>e ! g5ealogy ( ,mat!w 7/ill )\t ref]5ce to t ( ,luke7 ) ! correspond+ passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we %all also f9d discrepancy1 & 9 ?is case ( a nature exactly ! rev]se ( ! prec$+3 = z ! table consid]$ 9 itself requir$ ! duplication ( "o memb] 9 ord] to complete its s*eme1 s :5 comp>$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we f9d t _m ( ! names !re record$ h be5 omitt$1 9 ord] t ! numb] f\rte5 might n be exce$$4 ,t is to say1 ! ,old ,te/am5t af=ds data = comp>ison ) ?is g5ealogical table z ! fam$ p$igree ( ! royal race ( ,david1 f ,abraham to ,zorobabel & 8 sons2 aft] :om1 ! ,davidical l9e beg9s to retire into obscurity1 & f ! sil5ce ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ! g5ealogy ( ,mat!w ceases to be "u any control4 ,! s]ies ( g5]ations f ,abraham to ,judah1 ,ph>ez1 & ,hezron1 is suffici5tly well kn[n f ,g5esis2 f ,ph>ez to ,david we f9d x 9 ! conclusion ( ! book ( ,ru?1 & 9 ! #bnd *apt] ( ! #a/ ,*ronicles2 t f ,david to ,z]ubbabel 9 ! #crd *apt] ( ! same book2 besides passages t are p>allel ) sep>ate portions ( ! s]ies4 ,to complete ! comp>ison3 we f9d ! l9e f ,abraham to ,david1 t is1 ! :ole fir/ division ( f\rte5 9 our g5ealogy1 9 exact accordance ) ! names ( m5 giv5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t3 leav+ out h[ev] ! names ( "s wom51 "o ( :i* makes a difficulty4 ,x is said v4 #e t ,rahab 0 ! "m ( ,boaz4 ,n only is ?is )\t confirmation 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b ev5 if %e be made ! great-gr&mo!r ( ,jesse1 ! fa!r ( ,david1 !re are too few g5]ations betwe5 h] "t & t ( ,david 7f ab\t #adej to #ajej ,b4,c471 t is1 c\nt+ ei!r ,rahab or ,david z "o1 f\r = #djj ye>s4 ,yet ?is error falls back ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t g5ealogy itself1 9 s f> z ,jesse's great-gr&fa!r ,salmon1 :om ,mat!w calls ! husb& ( ,rahab1 is said ,ru? iv4 #bj1 z well z by ,mat!w1 to be ! son ( ,nah%on1 :o1 accord+ to ,numb]s i4 #g1 liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! m>* ?r\gh ! wild]ness3 #afc f :i* circum/ance ! idea 0 naturally sugge/$1 to m>ry 8 son ) t ,rahab :o sav$ ! ,israeliti% spies1 & ?us to introduce a woman = :om ! ,israelites _h an especial reg>d 7comp>e ,james ii4 #be1 ,heb4 xi4 #ca7 into ! l9eage ( ,david & ! ,messiah4 ,_m discrepancies are f\nd 9 ! second division f ,david to ,zorobabel & 8 son1 z well z 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird4 ,fir/ly1 x is said v4 #h ,joram begat ,ozias2 :]eas we "k f #a ,*ron4 iii4 #aa1 #ab1 t ,uzziah 0 n ! son1 b ! gr&son ( ! son ( ,joram1 & t ?ree k+s occur betwe5 !m1 namely1 ,ahaziah1 ,joa%1 & ,amaziah1 aft] :om comes ,uzziah 7#b ,*ron4 xxvi4 #a1 or z he is call$ #a ,*ron4 iii4 #ab1 & #b ,k+s xiv4 #ba1 ,az>iah74 ,secondly3 our g5ealogy says v4 #aa1 ,josias begat ,je*onias & 8 bre?r54 ,b we f9d f #a ,*ron4 iii4 #af1 t ! son & successor ( ,josiah 0 call$ ,jehoiakim1 aft] :om came 8 son & successor ,je*oniah or ,jehoia*94 ,moreov] bre?r5 are ascrib$ to ,je*oniah1 :]eas ! ,old ,te/am5t m5tions none4 ,jehoiakim1 h[ev]1 _h bro!rs3 s t ! m5tion ( ! bre?r5 ( ,je*onias 9 ,mat!w appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 an ex*ange ( ^! two p]sons4--,a ?ird discrepancy relates to ,zorobabel4 ,he is "h call$1 v4 #ab1 a son ( ,sala?iel2 :il/ 9 #a ,*ron4 iii4 #ai1 he is desc5d$ f ,je*oniah1 n ?r\gh ,%ealtiel1 b ?r\gh 8 bro!r ,p$aiah4 ,9 ,ezra v4 #b1 & ,haggai i4 #a1 h[ev]1 ,z]ubbabel is designat$1 z "h1 ! son ( ,%ealtiel4--,9 ! la/ place1 ,abiud1 :o is "h call$ ! son ( ,zorobabel1 is n to be f\nd among/ ! *ildr5 ( ,z]ubbabel m5tion$ #a ,*ron4 iii4 #ai f43 p]haps because ,abiud 0 only a surname d]iv$ f a son ( "o ( ^? !re m5tion$4 #afd ,! second & ?ird ( ^! discrepancies may h crept 9 )\t evil int5tion1 & )\t any great degree ( c>elessness1 = ! omission ( ,jehoiakim may h aris5 f ! simil> s\nd ( ! names 7 & 71 :i* acc\nts also = ! transposition ( ! bro!rs ( ,je*oniah2 :il/ respect+ ,zorobabel ! ref]5ce to ! ,old ,te/am5t is p>tly adv]se1 p>tly fav\rable4 ,b ! fir/ discrepancy we h adduc$1 namely1 ! omission ( ?ree kn[n k+s1 is n s easily to be set aside4 ,x has inde$ be5 held t ! simil>ity ( names may "h also h l$ ! au?or to pass un9t5tionally f ,joram to ,ozias1 in/ead ( to ! simil> s\nd+ ,ahaziah 79 ! ,,lxx4 ,o*ozias74 ,b ?is omission falls 9 s happily ) ! au?or's design ( ! ?reefold f\rte5 7admitt+ ! d\ble enum]ation ( ,david71 t we _c avoid believ+1 ) ,j]ome1 t ! ov]sight 0 made on purpose ) a view to x4 #afe ,f ,abraham to ,david1 :]e ! fir/ division pres5t$ itself1 hav+ f\nd f\rte5 memb]s1 he seems to h wi%$ t ^? ( ! foll[+ divisions %\ld correspond 9 numb]4 ,9 ! :ole rema9+ s]ies ! ,babyloni% exile (f]$ itself z ! natural po9t ( sep>ation4 ,b z ! second division f ,david to ! exile gave him f\r sup]num]>y memb]s1 !re=e he omitt$ f\r ( ! names4 ,= :at reason ^! p>ticul> f\r 7 *os5 w\ld be difficult to det]m9e1 at lea/ = ! ?ree la/ m5tion$4 ,! cause ( ! compil]'s lay+ s mu* /ress on ! ?reefold equal numb]s1 may h be5 simply1 t by ?is adoption ( ! ,ori5tal cu/om ( division into equal sections1 ! g5ealogy might be m easily committ$ to memory3 #aff b ) ?is motive a my/ical idea 0 probably comb9$4 ,! "q arises :e!r ?is is to be s\ght 9 ! numb] :i* is ?rice repeat$1 or :e!r x consi/s 9 ! ?reefold repetition8 ,f\rte5 is ! d\ble ( ! sacr$ numb] sev52 b x is improbable t x 0 select$ = ?is reason1 #afg because o!rwise ! sev5 w\ld sc>cely h be5 s completely lo/ sight ( 9 ! f\rte54 ,/ill m improbable is ! conjecture ( ,ol%aus51 t ! numb] f\rte5 0 specially *os5 z be+ ! num]ic value ( ! "n ( ,david2 #afh = pu]ilities ( ?is k9d1 appropriate to ! rabb9ical gematria1 are to be f\nd 9 no o!r "p ( ! ,gospels4 ,x is m likely t ! object ( ! g5ealogi/s consi/$ m]ely 9 ! repetition ( an equal numb] by reta9+ ! f\rte5 :i* _h fir/ accid5tally pres5t$ itself3 s9ce x 0 a notion ( ! ,jews t signal div9e visitations1 :e!r ( prosp]ity or adv]sity1 recurr$ at regul> p]iodical int]vals4 ,?us1 z f\rte5 g5]ations _h int]v5$ betwe5 ,abraham1 ! f\nd] ( ! holy p1 & ,david ! k+ aft] ,god's own he>t1 s f\rte5 g5]ations mu/ int]v5e betwe5 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom & ! com+ ( ! son ( ,david1 ! ,messiah4 #afi ,! mo/ anci5t g5ealogies 9 ,g5esis exhibit ! v same uni=mity4 ,z accord+ to ! 1 cap4 v41 f ,adam ! fir/1 to ,noah ! second1 fa!r ( m51 7 t5 g5]ations3 s f ,noah1 or r f 8 son1 ! t5? is ,abraham ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful4 #agj ,?is priori treatm5t ( 8 subject1 ?is ,procru/es-b$ ^u :i* ! au?or ( our g5ealogy n[ /ret*es1 n[ curtails x1 almo/ l a philosoph] con/ruct+ a sy/em1--c excite no pr$isposition 9 8 fav\r4 ,x is 9 va9 to appeal to ! cu/om ( ,ori5tal g5ealogi/s to indulge !mselves 9 simil> lic5ce2 = :5 an au?or pres5ts u ) a p$igree expressly decl>+ t all ! g5]ations dur+ a space ( "t 7 f\rte51 :]eas1 ?r\gh accid5t or int5tion1 _m memb]s are want+1--he betrays an arbitr>9ess & want ( critical accuracy1 :i* mu/ %ake our confid5ce 9 ! c]ta9ty ( 8 :ole g5ealogy4 ,! g5ealogy ( ,luke1 consid]$ sep>ately1 does n pres5t s _m defects z t ( ,mat!w4 ,x has no conclud+ /atem5t ( ! numb] ( g5]ations compris$ 9 ! g5ealogy1 to act z a *eck ^u itself1 nei!r c x be te/$1 to mu* ext5t1 by a comp>ison ) ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,=1 f ,david to ,na?an1 ! l9e trac$ by ,luke has no correspond5ce ) any ,old ,te/am5t g5ealogy1 except+ 9 two ( its memb]s1 ,sala?iel & ,zorobabel2 & ev5 ) respect to ^! two1 !re is a contradiction betwe5 ! /atem5t ( ,luke & t ( #a ,*ron4 iii4 #ag1 #ai f43 = ! =m] calls ,sala?iel a son ( ,n]i1 :il/1 accord+ to ! latt]1 he 0 ! son ( ,je*oniah4 ,luke also m5tions "o ,resa z ! son ( ,zorobabel1 a "n :i* does n appe> among/ ! *ildr5 ( ,z]ubbabel 9 #a ,*ron4 iii4 #ag1 #ai4 ,also1 9 ! s]ies be=e ,abraham1 ,luke ins]ts a ,ca9an1 :o is n to be f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew text1 ,g54 x4 #bd2 xi4 #ab ff41 b :o 0 h[ev] already ins]t$ by ! ,,lxx4 ,9 fact1 ! orig9al text has ?is "n 9 its fir/ s]ies z ! ?ird f ,adam1 & !nce ! translation appe>s to h transplant$ him to ! correspond+ place 9 ! second s]ies z ! ?ird f ,noah4 #ba4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,g5ealogies--,,attempt ,,to ,,reconcile ,,_! ,,contradictions4 ,if we comp>e ! g5ealogies ( ,mat!w & ,luke toge!r1 we become aw>e ( /ill m /rik+ discrepancies4 ,"s ( ^! diff]5ces inde$ are unimportant1 z ! opposite direction ( ! two tables1 ! l9e ( ,mat!w desc5d+ f ,abraham to ,jesus1 t ( ,luke asc5d+ f ,jesus to 8 ance/ors4 ,also ! great] ext5t ( ! l9e ( ,luke2 ,mat!w d]iv+ x no fur!r ?an f ,abraham1 :ile ,luke 7p]haps l5g!n+ "s exi/+ docum5t 9 ord] to make x m consonant ) ! univ]salism ( ! doctr9es ( ,paul7 #aga c>ries x back to ,adam & to ,god himself4 ,m important is ! consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( g5]ations = equal p]iods1 ,luke hav+ #da betwe5 ,david & ,jesus1 :il/ ,mat!w has only #bf4 ,! ma9 difficulty1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ?is3 t 9 "s p>ts ( ! g5ealogy1 9 ,luke totally diff]5t individuals are made ! ance/ors ( ,jesus f ^? ( ,mat!w4 ,x is true1 bo? writ]s agree 9 d]iv+ ! l9eage ( ,jesus ?r\gh ,joseph f ,david & ,abraham1 & t ! names ( ! individual memb]s ( ! s]ies correspond f ,abraham to ,david1 z well z two ( ! names 9 ! subsequ5t portion2 ^? ( ,sala?iel & ,zorobabel4 ,b ! difficulty becomes desp]ate :5 we f9d t1 ) ^! two exceptions ab\t midway1 ! :ole ( ! names f ,david to ! fo/]-fa!r ( ,jesus are totally diff]5t 9 ,mat!w & 9 ,luke4 ,9 ,mat!w1 ! fa!r ( ,joseph is call$ ,jacob2 9 ,luke1 ,heli4 ,9 ,mat!w1 ! son ( ,david ?r\gh :om ,joseph desc5d$ f t k+ is ,solomon2 9 ,luke1 ,na?an3 & s on1 ! l9e desc5ds1 9 ,mat!w1 ?r\gh ! race ( kn[n k+s2 9 ,luke1 ?r\gh an unkn[n collat]al bran*1 co9cid+ only ) respect to ,sala?iel & ,zorobabel1 :il/ !y /ill diff] 9 ! names ( ! fa!r ( ,sala?iel & ! son ( ,zorobabel4 ,s9ce ?is diff]5ce appe>s to (f] a complete contradiction1 ! mo/ indu/ri\s ef=ts h be5 made at all times to reconcile ! two4 ,pass+ 9 sil5ce explanations evid5tly unsatisfactory1 su* z a my/ical signification1 #agb or an arbitr>y *ange ( names1 #agc we %all consid] two pairs ( hypo!ses :i* h be5 mo/ conspicu\s1 & are mutually support$1 or at lea/ be> aff9ity to "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ pair is =m$ ^u ! presupposition ( ,augu/9e1 t ,joseph 0 an adopt$ son1 & t "o evangeli/ gave ! "n ( 8 real1 ! o!r t ( 8 adopt$1 fa!r #agd2 & ! op9ion ( ! old *ronologi/ ,julius ,africanus1 t a ,levirate m>riage _h tak5 place betwe5 ! p>5ts ( ,joseph1 & t ! "o g5ealogy belong$ to ! natural1 ! o!r to ! legal1 fa!r ( ,joseph1 by ! "o ( :om he 0 desc5d$ f ,david ?r\gh ,solomon1 by ! o!r ?r\gh ,na?an4 #age ,! f>!r "q3 to :i* fa!r d ! respective g5ealogies belong8 is op5 to two species ( criticism1 ! "o f\nd$ ^u lit]al expressions1 ! o!r ^u ! _s & "* ( ea* gospel3 & :i* lead to opposite conclusions4 ,augu/9e z well z ,africanus1 has obs]v$1 t ,mat!w makes use ( an expression 9 describ+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ,joseph & 8 s-call$ fa!r1 :i* m def9itely po9ts out ! natural filial relation%ip ?an t ( ,luke3 = ! =m] says 3 :il/ ! expression ( ! latt]1 1 appe>s equally applicable to a son by adoption1 or by virtue ( a ,levirate m>riage4 ,b s9ce ! v object ( a ,levirate m>riage 0 to ma9ta9 ! "n & race ( a deceas$ *ildless bro!r1 x 0 ! ,jewi% cu/om to inscribe ! fir/-born son ( su* a m>riage1 n on ! family regi/] ( 8 natural fa!r1 z ,mat!w has done "h1 b on t ( 8 legal fa!r1 z ,luke has done on ! above supposition4 ,n[ t a p]son s entirely imbu$ ) ,jewi% op9ions z ! au?or ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 %\ld h made a mi/ake ( ?is k9d1 _c be held probable4 ,accord+ly1 ,s*lei]ma*] & o!rs conceive !mselves b\nd by ! _s ( ! two ,gospels to admit t ,mat!w1 9 spite ( 8 1 mu/ h giv5 ! l9eage ( ! legal fa!r1 accord+ to ,jewi% cu/om3 :il/ ,luke1 :o p]haps 0 n born a ,jew1 & 0 less famili> ) ,jewi% habits1 might h fall5 ^u ! g5ealogy ( ! y\ng] bro!rs ( ,joseph1 :o 7 n1 l ! fir/born1 inscrib$ among/ ! family ( ! deceas$ legal fa!r1 b ) t ( _! natural fa!r1 & might h tak5 ?is = ! g5ealogical table ( ! fir/-born ,joseph1 :il/ x really belong$ to him only by natural desc5t1 to :i* ,jewi% g5ealogi/s paid no reg>d4 #agf ,b1 besides ! fact1 :i* we %all %[ h]eaft]1 t ! g5ealogy ( ,luke c ) difficulty be prov$ to be ! "w ( ! au?or ( t ,gospel3--9 :i* case ! little acqua9tance ( ,luke ) ,jewi% cu/oms ceases to af=d any clue to ! mean+ ( ?is g5ealogy2--x is also to be object$1 t ! g5ealogi/ ( ! fir/ ,gospel c\ld n h writt5 8 ?us )\t any addition1 if he 0 ?9k+ ( a m]e legal pat]nity4 ,:]e=e ^! two views ( ! g5ealogical relation%ip are equally difficult4 ,h[ev]1 ?is hypo!sis1 :i* we h hi!rto consid]$ only 9 g5]al1 requires a m detail$ exam9ation 9 ord] to judge ( its admissibility4 ,9 consid]+ ! proposition ( a ,levirate m>riage1 ! argum5t is ess5tially ! same if1 ) ,augu/9e & ,africanus1 we ascribe ! nam+ ( ! natural fa!r to ,mat!w1 or ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 to ,luke4 ,z an example we %all adopt ! =m] /atem5t3 ! r because ,eusebius1 accord+ to ,africanus1 has left u a m9ute acc\nt ( x4 ,accord+ to ?is repres5tation1 !n1 ! "m ( ,joseph 0 fir/ m>ri$ to t p]son :om ,luke calls ! fa!r ( ,joseph1 namely ,heli4 ,b s9ce ,heli di$ )\t *ildr51 by virtue ( ! ,levirate law1 8 bro!r1 call$ by ,mat!w ,jacob ! fa!r ( ,joseph1 m>ri$ ! wid[1 & by h] begot ,joseph1 :o 0 legally reg>d$ z ! son ( ! deceas$ ,heli1 & s describ$ by ,luke1 :il/ naturally he 0 ! son ( 8 bro!r ,jacob1 & ?us describ$ by ,mat!w4 ,b1 m]ely ?us f>1 ! hypo!sis is by no means adequate4 ,= if ! two fa!rs ( ,joseph 7 real bro!rs1 sons ( ! same fa!r1 !y _h "o & ! same l9eage1 & ! two g5ealogies w\ld h diff]$ only 9 ! fa!r ( ,joseph1 all ! prec$+ portion be+ 9 agreem5t4 ,9 ord] to expla9 h[ ! discordancy ext5ds s f> back z to ,david1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! second proposition ( ,africanus1 t ! fa!rs ( ,joseph 7 only half-bro!rs1 hav+ ! same "m1 b n ! same fa!r4 ,we mu/ also suppose t ?is "m ( ! two fa!rs ( ,joseph1 _h twice m>ri$2 once ) ! ,mat?an ( ,mat!w1 :o 0 desc5d$ f ,david ?r\gh ,solomon & ! l9e ( k+s1 & to :om %e bore ,jacob2 & also1 ei!r be=e or aft]1 ) ! ,mat?at ( ,luke1 ! (fspr+ ( :i* m>riage 0 ,heli3 :i* ,heli1 hav+ m>ri$ & di$ *ildless1 8 half-bro!r ,jacob m>ri$ 8 wid[1 & begot = ! deceas$ 8 legal *ild ,joseph4 ,?is hypo!sis ( s complicat$ a m>riage 9 two successive g5]ations1 to :i* we are =c$ by ! discrepancy ( ! two g5ealogies1 mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be 9 no way impossible1 b /ill highly improbable3 & ! difficulty is d\bl$ by ! unt[>d agreem5t already notic$1 :i* occurs midway 9 ! discordant s]ies1 9 ! two memb]s ,sala?iel & ,zorobabel4 ,= to expla9 h[ ,n]i 9 ,luke1 & ,je*onias 9 ,mat!w1 are bo? call$ ! fa!r ( ,sala?iel1 :o 0 ! fa!r ( ,zorobabel2--n only mu/ ! supposition ( ! ,levirate m>riage be repeat$1 b also t ! two bro!rs :o successively m>ri$ ! same wife1 7 bro!rs only on ! "m's side4 ,! difficulty is n dim9i%$ by ! rem>k1 t any ne>e/ blood-relation1 n only a bro!r1 might succe$ 9 a ,levirate m>riage1--t is to say1 ?\gh n obligatory1 x 0 at lea/ op5 to 8 *oice 7,ru? iii4 #ab4 f41 iv4 #d f4 #agg74 ,= s9ce ev5 9 ! case ( two c\s9s1 ! concurr5ce ( ! two bran*es mu/ take place mu* e>li] ?an "h = ,jacob & ,eli1 & = ,je*onias & ,n]i1 we are /ill oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( half-bro!rs2 ! only amelioration 9 ?is hypo!sis ov] ! o!r be+1 t ^! two v peculi> m>riages d n take place 9 imm$iately consecutive g5]ations4 ,n[ t ?is extraord9>y d\ble incid5t %\ld n only h be5 twice repeat$1 b t ! g5ealogi/s %\ld twice h made ! same selection 9 _! /atem5ts respect+ ! natural & ! legal fa!r1 & )\t any explanation1--is s improbable1 t ev5 ! hypo!sis ( an adoption1 :i* is burd5$ ) only "o-half ( ^! difficulties1 has /ill m ?an x c be>4 ,= 9 ! case ( adoption1 s9ce no frat]nal or o!r relation%ip is requir$1 betwe5 ! natural & adopt+ fa!rs1 ! recurr5ce to a twice-repeat$ half-bro!rhood is disp5s$ )2 leav+ only ! necessity = twice suppos+ a relation%ip by adoption1 & twice ! peculi> circum/ance1 t ! "o g5ealogi/ f want ( acqua9tance ) ,jewi% cu/oms 0 ignorant ( ! fact1 & ! o!r1 al?\gh he took acc\nt ( x1 0 sil5t respect+ x4 ,x has be5 ?\ght by lat] critics t ! knot may be loos$ 9 a mu* easi] way1 by suppos+ t 9 "o ,gospel we h ! g5ealogy ( ,joseph1 9 ! o!r t ( ,m>y1 9 :i* case !re w\ld be no contradiction 9 ! disagreem5t3 #agh to :i* !y are pleas$ to add ! assumption t ,m>y 0 an heiress4 #agi ,! op9ion t ,m>y 0 ( ! race ( ,david z well z ,joseph has be5 long held4 ,foll[+ inde$ ! idea1 t ! ,messiah1 z a second ,mel*iz$ec1 ought to unite 9 8 p]son ! prie/ly ) ! k+ly dignity1 #ahj & guid$ by ! relation%ip ( ,m>y ) ,elizabe?1 :o 0 a daught] ( ,a>on 7,luke i4 #cf72 already 9 e>ly times x 0 n only held by _m t ! races ( ,judah & ,levi 7 bl5d$ 9 ! family ( ,joseph2 #aha b also ! op9ion 0 n r>e t ,jesus1 d]iv+ 8 royal l9eage f ,joseph1 desc5d$ also f ! prie/ly race ?r\gh ,m>y4 #ahb ,! op9ion ( ,m>y's desc5t f ,david1 soon h[ev] became ! m prevail+4 ,_m apocryphal writ]s cle>ly /ate ?is op9ion1 #ahc z well z ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ^: expression1 t ! virg9 0 ( ! race ( ,david1 ,jacob1 ,isaac1 & ,abraham1 may be consid]$ an indication t he appli$ to ,m>y "o ( our g5ealogies1 :i* are bo? trac$ back to ,abraham ?r\gh ,david4 #ahd ,on inquir+ :i* ( ^! two g5ealogies is to be held t ( ,m>y8 we are /opp$ by an app>5tly insurm\ntable ob/acle1 s9ce ea* is di/9ctly ann\nc$ z ! g5ealogy ( ,joseph2 ! "o 9 ! words 1 ! o!r by ! phrase 4 ,"h also1 h[ev]1 ! ( ,mat!w is m def9ite ?an ! ( ,luke1 :i* accord+ to ^? int]pret]s may mean j z well a son-9-law or gr&son2 s t ! g5itive ( ,luke 9 iii4 #bc 0 ei!r int5d$ to express t ,jesus 0 9 common e/imation a son ( ,joseph1 :o 0 ! son-9-law ( ,heli1 ! fa!r ( ,m>y #ahe3--or else1 t ,jesus 01 z 0 believ$1 a son ( ,joseph1 & ?r\gh ,m>y a gr&son ( ,heli4 #ahf ,z x may "h be object$1 t ! ,jews 9 _! g5ealogies 7 accu/om$ to take no acc\nt ( ! female l9e1 #ahg a f>!r hypo!sis is _h rec\rse to1 namely1 t ,m>y 0 an heiress1 i4e4 ! daught] ( a fa!r )\t sons3 & t 9 ?is case1 accord+ to ,numb]s xxxvi4 #f1 & ,nehemiah vii4 #fc1 ,jewi% cu/om requir$ t ! p]son :o m>ri$ h] %\ld n only be ( ! same race ) h]self1 b t he %\ld h5ce=? s9k 8 own family 9 h]s1 & take h] ance/ors z 8 own4 ,b ! fir/ po9t only is prov$ by ! ref]5ce to ,numb]s2 & ! passage 9 ,nehemiah1 comp>$ ) sev]al simil> ones 7,ezra ii4 #fa2 ,numb]s xxxii4 #da2 comp4 ) #a ,*ron4 ii4 #ba f471 %[s only t sometimes1 by way ( exception1 a man took ! "n ( 8 mat]nal ance/ors4 ,?is difficulty ) reg>d to ,jewi% cu/oms1 h[ev]1 is ca/ into %ade by "o mu* m important4 ,al?\gh und5iably ! g5itive case us$ by ,luke1 express+ simply d]ivation 9 a g5]al s5se1 may signify any degree ( relation%ip1 & consequ5tly t ( son-9-law or gr&son2 yet ?is int]pretation de/roys ! consi/5cy ( ! :ole passage4 ,9 ! ?irty-f\r prec$+ memb]s1 :i* are well kn[n to u f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?is g5itive demon/rably indicates ?r\gh\t ! precise relation%ip ( a son2 likewise :5 x occurs betwe5 ,sala?iel & ,zorobabel3 h[ c\ld x be int5d$ 9 ! "o in/ance ( ,joseph to indicate t ( son-9-law8 or1 accord+ to ! o!r int]pretation1 suppos+ ! nom9ative to gov]n ! :ole s]ies1 h[ c we suppose x to *ange its signification f son to gr&son1 great-gr&son1 & s on to ! end8 ,if x be said ! phrase is a pro( t ! g5itive does n necess>ily indicate a son 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 we may reply t x be>s a signification ) reg>d to ! imm$iate ,au?or ( exi/5ce equally inapplicable to ei!r fa!r-9-law or gr&fa!r4 ,a fur!r difficulty is enc\nt]$ by ?is explanation ( ! two g5ealogies 9 common ) ! =m] "o1 9 ! concurr5ce ( ! two names ( ,sala?iel & ,zorobabel4 ,! supposition ( a ,levirate m>riage is z applicable to ?is explanation z ! o!r1 b ! int]pret]s we are n[ exam9+ pref] = ! mo/ "p to suppose1 t ^! simil> names 9 ! diff]5t g5ealogies belong to diff]5t p]sons4 ,:5 ,luke h[ev]1 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ & tw5ty-second g5]ations f ,david1 gives ! v same names t ,mat!w 7includ+ ! f\r omitt$ g5]ations71 gives 9 ! n9ete5? & tw5tie?1 "o ( ^! names be+ ( great notoriety1 x is c]ta9ly impossible to d\bt t !y ref] to ! same p]sons4 ,moreov]1 9 no o!r "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is !re any trace to be f\nd ( ! ,davidical desc5t ( ,m>y3 on ! contr>y1 "s passages are directly oppos$ to x4 ,9 ,luke i4 #bg1 ! expression ref]s only to ! imm$iately prec$+ 1 n to ! m remote 4 ,& m po9t$ /ill is ! turn ( ! s5t5ce 9 ,luke ii4 #d1 -- 1 4441 :]e might s easily h be5 writt5 in/ead ( 1 if ! au?or _h any ?\ght ( includ+ ,m>y 9 ! desc5t f ,david4 ,^! expressions fill to ov]fl[+ ! measure ( pro( already adduc$1 t x is impossible to apply ! g5ealogy ( ! ?ird ,evangeli/ to ,m>y4 #bb4 ,,! ,,g5ealogies ,,unhi/orical4 ,a consid]ation ( ! insurm\ntable difficulties1 :i* unavoidably emb>rass e attempt to br+ ^! two g5ealogies into h>mony ) "o ano!r1 w lead u to despair ( reconcil+ !m1 & w incl9e u to ackn[l$ge1 ) ! m free-?9k+ class ( critics1 t !y are mutually contradictory4 #ahh ,consequ5tly !y _c bo? be true3 if1 !re=e1 "o is to be pref]r$ be=e ! o!r1 sev]al circum/ances w\ld seem to decide 9 fav\r ( ! g5ealogy ( ,luke1 r ?an t ( ,mat!w4 ,x does n exhibit an arbitr>y adh]5ce to a fix$ =m & to equal p]iods3 & :il/ ! ascrib+ ( tw5ty g5]ations to ! space ( "t f ,david to ,je*onias or ,n]i1 9 ,luke1 is at lea/ n m (f5sive to probability1 ?an ! omission ( f\r g5]ations 9 ,mat!w to hi/orical tru?2 ,luke's allotm5t ( tw5ty-two g5]ations f ! p]iod f ,je*onias 7born #fag ,b4,c47 to ,jesus1 i4e4 ab\t #fjj ye>s1 =m+ an av]age ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s & a half to ea* g5]ation1 is m consonant ) natural ev5ts1 p>ticul>ly among/ ea/]n nations1 ?an ! ?irte5 g5]ations ( ,mat!w1 :i* make an av]age ( =ty-two ye>s = ea*4 ,besides ! g5ealogy ( ,luke is less liable ?an t ( ,mat!w to ! suspicion ( hav+ be5 writt5 ) a design to glorify ,jesus1 s9ce x cont5ts itself ) ascrib+ to ,jesus a desc5t f ,david1 )\t trac+ t desc5t ?r\gh ! royal l9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 x is m improbable t ! g5ealogy ( ! comp>atively insignificant family ( ,na?an %\ld h be5 pres]v$1 ?an t ( ! royal bran*4 ,add$ to :i*1 ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! same names is1 z ju/ly rem>k$ by ,h(fmann1 an indication t ! g5ealogy ( ,luke is fictiti\s4 ,9 fact !n nei!r table has any advantage ov] ! o!r4 ,if ! "o is unhi/orical1 s also is ! o!r1 s9ce x is v improbable t ! g5ealogy ( an obscure family l t ( ,joseph1 ext5d+ ?r\gh s long a s]ies ( g5]ations1 %\ld h be5 pres]v$ dur+ all ! confusion ( ! exile1 & ! di/urb$ p]iod t foll[$4 ,yet1 x may be said1 al?\gh we recognise 9 bo?1 s f> z !y are n copi$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & unre/ra9$ play ( ! imag9ation1 or arbitr>y applications ( o!r g5ealogies to ,jesus1--we may /ill reta9 z an hi/orical basis t ,jesus desc5d$ f ,david1 & t only ! int]m$iate memb]s ( ! l9e ( desc5t 7 v>i\sly fill$ up by diff]5t writ]s4 ,b ! "o ev5t on :i* ?is hi/orical basis is ma9ly support$1 namely1 ! j\rney ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus to ,be?lehem 9 ord] to be tax$1 s f> f suffic+ to prove !m to be ( ! h\se & l9eage ( ,david1 is itself1 z we %all pres5tly %[1 by no means e/abli%$ z matt] ( hi/ory4 ,( m weight is ! o!r gr\nd1 namely1 t ,jesus is univ]sally repres5t$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 )\t any contradiction f 8 adv]s>ies1 z ! desc5dant ( ,david4 ,yet ev5 ! phrase is a pr$icate t may naturally h be5 appli$ to ,jesus1 n on hi/orical1 b on dogmatical gr\nds4 ,accord+ to ! prophecies1 ! ,messiah c\ld only spr+ f ,david4 ,:5 !re=e a ,galilean1 ^: l9eage 0 utt]ly unkn[n1 & ( :om consequ5tly no "o c\ld prove t he 0 n desc5d$ f ,david1 _h acquir$ ! reputation ( be+ ! ,messiah2 :at m natural ?an t tradition %\ld "u diff]5t =ms h e>ly ascrib$ to him a ,davidical desc5t1 & t g5ealogical tables1 correspond+ ) ?is tradition1 %\ld h be5 =m$8 :i*1 h[ev]1 z !y 7 con/ruct$ ^u no c]ta9 data1 w\ld necess>ily exhibit su* diff]5ces & contradictions z we f9d actually exi/+ betwe5 ! g5ealogies 9 ,mat!w & 9 ,luke4 #ahi ,if1 9 conclusion1 x be ask$1 :at hi/orical result is to be d$uc$ f ^! g5ealogies8 we reply3 a conviction 7arriv$ at also f o!r s\rces71 t ,jesus1 ei!r 9 8 own p]son or ?r\gh 8 disciples1 act+ ^u m9ds /rongly imbu$ ) ,jewi% notions & expectations1 left among 8 foll[]s s firm a conviction ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 t !y did n hesitate to attribute to him ! prophetical *>act]i/ic ( ,davidical desc5t1 & m ?an "o p5 0 put 9 action1 9 ord]1 by means ( a g5ealogy :i* %\ld au!nticate t desc5t1 to ju/ify 8 recognition z ! ,messiah4 #aij ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,ann\ncem5t ,,( ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,jesus4--,,its ,,sup]natural ,,"*4--,,visit ,,( ,,m>y ,,to ,,elizabe?4 #bc4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,canonical ,,& ,,apocryphal ,,acc\nts4 ,!re is a /rik+ gradation 9 ! diff]5t repres5tations ( ! conception & bir? ( ,jesus giv5 9 ! canonical & 9 ! apocryphal ,gospels4 ,!y exhibit ! v>i\s /eps1 f a simple /atem5t ( a natural occurr5ce1 to a m9ute & miracul\sly embelli%$ hi/ory1 9 :i* ! ev5t is trac$ back to its v e>lie/ date4 ,m>k & ,john presuppose ! fact ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 & cont5t !mselves ) ! incid5tal m5tion ( ,m>y z ! "m 7,m>k vi4 #c71 & ( ,joseph z ! fa!r ( ,jesus 7,john i4 #df74 ,mat!w & ,luke g fur!r back1 s9ce !y /ate ! p>ticul> circum/ances att5d+ ! conception z well z ! bir? ( ! ,messiah4 ,b ( ^! two evangeli/s ,luke m\nts a /ep high] ?an ,mat!w4 ,accord+ to ! latt] ,m>y1 ! betro!d ( ,joseph1 be+ f\nd ) *ild1 ,joseph is (f5d$1 & det]m9es to put h] away2 b ! angel ( ! ,"l visits him 9 a dream1 & assures him ( ! div9e orig9 & exalt$ de/9y ( ,m>y's (fspr+2 ! result ( :i* is t ,joseph takes unto him 8 wife3 b kn[s h] n till %e has br\ght =? h] fir/-born son4 7,matt4 i4 #ah-be47 ,"h ! pregnancy is discov]$ 9 ! fir/ place1 & !n aft]w>ds ju/ifi$ by ! angel2 b 9 ,luke ! pregnancy is prefac$ & ann\nc$ by a cele/ial app>ition4 ,! same ,gabriel1 :o _h pr$ict$ ! bir? ( ,john to ,za*>ias1 appe>s to ,m>y1 ! betro!d ( ,joseph1 & tells h] t %e %all conceive by ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 :]eupon ! de/9$ "m ( ! ,messiah pays a visit full ( holy import to ! already pregnant "m ( 8 =]unn]2 ^u :i* occasion bo? ,m>y & ,elizabe? p\r =? _! emotions to "o ano!r 9 ! =m ( a hymn 7,luke i4 #bf-ef74 ,mat!w & ,luke are cont5t to presuppose ! connexion betwe5 ,m>y & ,joseph2 b ! apocryphal ,gospels1 ! ,protevangelium ,jacobi1 & ! ,evangelium de ,nativitate ,m>iae1 #aia 7books ) ! cont5ts ( :i* ! ,fa!rs p>tially agree17 seek to repres5t ! orig9 ( ?is connexion2 inde$ !y g back to ! bir? ( ,m>y1 & describe x to h be5 prec$$1 equally ) t ( ! ,messiah & ! ,bapti/1 by a div9e annunciation4 ,z ! description ( ! bir? ( ,john 9 ,luke is pr9cipally borr[$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t acc\nts ( ,samuel & ( ,samson1 s ?is hi/ory ( ! bir? ( ,m>y is an imitation ( ! hi/ory 9 ,luke1 & ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories4 ,joa*im1 s says ! apocryphal n>rative1 & ,anna 7! "n ( ,samuel's "m #aib7 are unhappy on acc\nt ( _! long *ildless m>riage 7z 7 ! p>5ts ( ! ,bapti/72 :5 an angel appe>s to !m bo? 7s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,samson7 at diff]5t places1 & promises !m a *ild1 :o %all be ! "m ( ,god1 & comm&s t ?is *ild %all live ! life ( a ,naz>ite 7l ! ,bapti/74 ,9 e>ly *ildhood ,m>y is br\ght by h] p>5ts to ! temple 7l ,samuel72 :]e %e cont9ues till h] twelf? ye>1 visit$ & f$ by angels & hon\r$ by div9e visions4 ,arriv$ at womanhood %e is to quit ! temple1 h] future provision & de/9y be+ reveal$ by ! oracle to ! high prie/4 ,9 con=mity ) ! prophecy ( ,isaiah xi4 #a f43 egr$ietur virga de radice ,jesse1 et flos de radice ejus asc5det1 et requiescet sup] eum spiritus ,dom9i2 ?is oracle comm&$1 accord+ to "o ,gospel1 #aic t all ! unm>ri$ m5 ( ! h\se ( ,david1--accord+ to ! o!r1 #aid t all ! wid[]s among ! p1--%\ld br+ _! rods1 & t he on ^: rod a sign %\ld appe> 7l ! rod ( ,a>on1 ,numb4 xvii471 namely ! sign pr$ict$ 9 ! prophecy1 %\ld take ,m>y unto himself4 ,?is sign 0 manife/$ ^u ,joseph's rod2 =1 9 exact accordance ) ! oracle1 x put =? a blossom & a dove light$ ^u x4 #aie ,! apocryphal ,gospels & ! ,fa!rs agree 9 repres5t+ ,joseph z an old man2 #aif b ! n>rative is some:at diff]5tly told 9 ! two apocryphal ,gospels4 ,accord+ to ! ,evang4 de nativ4 ,m>iae1 not)/&+ ,m>y's alleg$ v[ ( *a/ity1 & ! refusal ( ,joseph on acc\nt ( 8 great age1 betro?m5t took place at ! comm& ( ! prie/1 & subsequ5tly a m>riage--7:i* m>riage1 h[ev]1 ! au?or evid5tly means to repres5ts also z *a/e74 ,accord+ to ! ,protevang4 ,jacobi1 on ! contr>y1 nei!r betro?m5t nor m>riage are m5tion$1 b ,joseph is reg>d$ m]ely z ! *os5 protector ( ! "y virg91 #aig & ,joseph on ! j\rney to ,be?lehem d\bts :e!r he %all describe 8 *>ge z 8 wife or z 8 daught]2 fe>+ to br+ ridicule ^u himself1 on acc\nt ( 8 age1 if he call$ h] 8 wife4 ,aga91 :]e 9 ,mat!w ,m>y is call$ ( ,joseph1 ! apocryphal ,gospel c>efully designates h] m]ely z 1 & ev5 avoids us+ ! t]m or sub/itutes ) :i* _m ( ! ,fa!rs concur4 #aih ,9 ! ,protevangelium x is fur!r relat$ t ,m>y1 hav+ be5 receiv$ into ,joseph's h\se1 0 *>g$1 toge!r ) o!r "y wom51 ) ! fabrication ( ! veil = ! temple1 & t x fell to h] lot to sp9 ! true purple4--,b :il/ ,joseph 0 abs5t on bus9ess ,m>y 0 visit$ by an angel1 & ,joseph on 8 return f\nd h] ) *ild & call$ h] to acc\nt1 n z a husb&1 b z ! gu>dian ( h] hon\r4 ,m>y1 h[ev]1 _h =gott5 ! words ( ! angel & prote/$ h] ignorance ( ! cause ( h] pregnancy4 ,joseph 0 p]plex$ & det]m9$ to remove h] secretly f "u 8 protection2 b an angel appe>$ to him 9 a dream & reassur$ him by 8 explanation4 ,! matt] 0 !n br\ght be=e ! prie/1 & bo? ,joseph & ,m>y be+ *>g$ ) incont95ce 7 condemn$ to dr9k ! 8bitt] wat]10 #aii 1 b z !y rema9$ un9jur$ by x1 !y 7 decl>$ innoc5t4 ,!n foll[s ! acc\nt ( ! tax+ & ( ! bir? ( ,jesus4 #bjj ,s9ce ^! apocryphal n>ratives 7 = a long p]iod held z hi/orical by ! *ur*1 & 7 expla9$1 equally ) ^? ( ! canonical acc\nts1 f ! supranaturali/ic po9t ( view z miracul\s1 !y 7 entitl$ 9 mod]n times to %>e ) ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ories ! b5efit ( ! natural explanation4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 ! belief 9 ! m>vell\s 0 s sup]abundantly /rong 9 ! anci5t *ur*1 t x rea*$ beyond ! limits ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ev5 to ! embrac+ ( ! apocryphal n>ratives1 bl9d+ ! eye to ! p]ception ( _! manife/ly unhi/orical "*2 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! positive rationalism ( "s ( ! h]alds ( ! mod]n modes ( explanation 0 s ov]/rong t !y believ$ x adequate to expla9 ev5 ! apocryphal miracles4 ,( ?is we h an example 9 ! au?or ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! great prophet ( ,naz>e?2 #bja :o does n hesitate to include ! /ories ( ! l9eage & e>ly ye>s ( ,m>y )9 ! circle ( 8 repres5tations1 & to give !m a natural explanation4 ,if we 9 our day1 ) a p]ception ( ! fabul\s "* ( su* n>ratives1 look d[n alike ^u ! ,fa!rs ( ! *ur* & ^u ^! naturali/ic int]pret]s1 we are c]ta9ly s f> 9 ! "r1 z x is only by gross ignorance t ?is "* ( ! apocryphal acc\nts is "h to be mi/ak52 m closely consid]$1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! apocryphal & ! canonical n>ratives conc]n+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,bapti/ & ( ,jesus1 is se5 to be m]ely a diff]5ce ( =m3 !y h sprung1 z we %all h]eaft] f9d1 f ! same root1 ?\gh ! "o is a fre% & heal?y spr\t1 & ! o!r an artificially nurtur$ & weak aft]gr[?4 ,/ill1 ! ,fa!rs ( ! *ur* & ^! naturali/ic int]pret]s _h ?is sup]iority ov] mo/ ( ! !ologians ( our own "t2 t !y did n all[ !mselves to be deceiv$ respect+ ! inh]5t simil>ity by ! diff]5ce ( =m1 b int]pret$ ! k9dr$ n>ratives by ! same me?od2 treat+ bo? z miracul\s or bo? z natural2 & n1 z is n[ usual1 ! "o z fiction & ! o!r z hi/ory4 #bd4 ,,disagreem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,canonical ,,gospels ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,annunciation4 ,aft] ! =ego+ g5]al sket*1 we n[ proce$ to exam9e ! ext]nal circum/ances :i*1 accord+ to our ,gospels1 att5d$ ! fir/ communication ( ! future bir? ( ,jesus to ,m>y & ,joseph4 ,leav+ out ( sight1 = ! pres5t1 ! special import ( ! annunciation1 namely1 t ,jesus %\ld be sup]naturally begott5 ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 we %all1 9 ! fir/ place1 consid] m]ely ! =m ( ! ann\ncem5t2 by :om1 :51 & 9 :at mann] x 0 made4 ,z ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/ 0 previ\sly ann\nc$ by an angel1 s ! conception ( ,jesus 01 accord+ to ! gospel hi/ories1 proclaim$ aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,b :il/1 9 ! "o case1 we h b "o hi/ory ( ! app>ition1 t ( ,luke2 9 ! o!r we h two acc\nts1 acc\nts h[ev] :i* d n correspond1 & :i* we mu/ n[ comp>e4 ,ap>t f ! ess5tial signification ! two acc\nts exhibit ! foll[+ diff]5ces4 #a4 ,! individual :o appe>s is call$ 9 ,mat!w by ! indef9ite appellation1 angel ( ! ,"l1 3 9 ,luke by "n1 ! angel ,gabriel1 4 #b4 ,! p]son to :om ! angel appe>s is1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,joseph1 accord+ to ,luke1 ,m>y4 #c4 ,9 ,mat!w ! app>ition is se5 9 a dream1 9 ,luke :il/ awake4 #d4 ,!re is a disagreem5t 9 relation to ! "t at :i* ! app>ition took place3 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,joseph receives ! heav5ly communication aft] ,m>y 0 already pregnant3 accord+ to ,luke x is made to ,m>y prior to h] pregnancy4 #e4 ,la/ly1 bo? ! purpose ( ! app>ition & ! effect produc$ are diff]5t2 x 0 design$1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 to com=t ,joseph1 :o 0 tr\bl$ on acc\nt ( ! pregnancy ( 8 betro!d3 accord+ to ,luke to prev5t1 by a previ\s ann\ncem5t1 all possibility ( (f5ce4 ,:]e ! discrepancies are s great & s ess5tial1 x may1 at fir/ sight1 appe> altoge!r sup]flu\s to inquire :e!r ! two ,evangeli/s record "o & ! same occurr5ce1 ?\gh ) consid]able disagreem5t2 or :e!r !y record di/9ct occurr5ces1 s t ! two acc\nts c be bl5d$ toge!r1 & ! "o be made to amplify ! o!r8 ,! fir/ supposition _c be admitt$ )\t impea*+ ! hi/orical validity ( ! n>rative2 = :i* reason mo/ ( our !ologians1 inde$ all :o see 9 ! n>rative a true hi/ory1 :e!r miracul\s or natural1 h decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! second supposition4 ,ma9ta9+1 & ju/ly1 t ! sil5ce ( "o ,evangeli/ conc]n+ an ev5t :i* is n>rat$ by ! o!r1 is n a negation ( ! ev5t1 #bjb !y bl5d ! two acc\nts toge!r 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #a1 ,fir/1 ! angel makes kn[n to ,m>y h] approa*+ pregnancy 7,luke72 #b1 %e !n j\rneys to ,elizabe? 7! same ,gospel72 #c1 aft] h] return h] situation be+ discov]$1 ,joseph takes (f5ce 7,mat!w72 :]eupon1 #d1 he likewise is visit$ by an angelic app>ition 7! same ,gospel #bjc74 ,b ?is arrangem5t ( ! incid5ts is1 z ,s*lei]ma*] has already rem>k$1 full ( difficulty #bjd2 & x seems t :at is relat$ by "o ,evangeli/ is n only n presuppos$1 b exclud$1 by ! o!r4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! conduct ( ! angel :o appe>s to ,joseph is n easily expla9$1 if ! same or ano!r angel _h previ\sly appe>$ to ,m>y4 ,! angel 79 ,mat!w7 speaks altoge!r z if 8 communication 7 ! fir/ 9 ?is affair3 he nei!r ref]s to ! message previ\sly receiv$ by ,m>y1 nor reproa*es ,joseph because he _h n believ$ x2 b m ?an all1 ! in=m+ ,joseph ( ! "n ( ! expect$ *ild1 & ! giv+ him a full detail ( ! reasons :y he %\ld be s call$1 7,matt4 i4 #ba7 w\ld h be5 :olly sup]flu\s _h ! angel 7accord+ to ,luke i4 #cd7 already indicat$ ?is "n to ,m>y4 ,/ill m incompreh5sible is ! conduct ( ! betro!d p>ties accord+ to ?is arrangem5t ( ev5ts4 ,_h ,m>y be5 visit$ by an angel1 :o _h made kn[n to h] an approa*+ sup]natural pregnancy1 w\ld n ! fir/ impulse ( a delicate woman h be51 to ha/5 to imp>t to h] betro!d ! import ( ! div9e message1 & by ?is means to anticipate ! humiliat+ discov]y ( h] situation1 & an injuri\s suspicion on ! "p ( h] affianc$ husb&4 ,b exactly ?is discov]y ,m>y all[s ,joseph to make f o!rs1 & ?us excites suspicions2 = x is evid5t t ! expression 7,matt4 i4 #ah7 signifies a discov]y made indep5d5t ( any communication on ,m>y's "p1 & x is equally cle> t 9 ?is mann] only does ,joseph obta9 ! k ( h] situation1 s9ce 8 conduct is repres5t$ z ! result ( t discov]y 774 ,! apocryphal ,protevangelium ,jacobi felt h[ enigmatical ,m>y's conduct mu/ appe>1 & s\ght to solve ! difficulty 9 a mann] :i*1 contemplat$ f ! supranaturali/ic po9t ( view1 is p]haps ! mo/ consi/5t4 ,_h ,m>y reta9$ a recollection ( ! import ( ! heav5ly message--^u ?is po9t ! :ole +5i\s repres5tation ( ! apocryphal ,gospel re/s--%e ought to h imp>t$ x to ,joseph2 b s9ce x is obvi\s f ,joseph's demean\r t %e did n acqua9t him ) x1 ! only rema9+ alt]native is1 to admit t ! my/]i\s communication made to ,m>y _h1 ow+ to h] excit$ /ate ( m9d1 escap$ h] memory1 & t %e 0 h]self ignorant ( ! true cause ( h] pregnancy4 #bje ,9 fact1 no?+ is left to supranaturalism 9 ! pres5t case b to seek refuge 9 ! miracul\s & ! incompreh5sible4 ,! attempts :i* ! mod]n !ologians ( ?is class h made to expla9 ,m>y's sil5ce1 & ev5 to f9d 9 x an admirable trait 9 h] "*1 are s _m ra% & abortive ef=ts to make a virtue ( necessity4 ,accord+ to ,hess #bjf x mu/ h co/ ,m>y mu* self-d5ial to h conceal$ ! communication ( ! angel f ,joseph2 & ?is res]ve1 9 a matt] kn[n only to h]self & to ,god1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a pro( ( h] firm tru/ 9 ,god4 ,)\t d\bt ,m>y commun$ ?us ) h]self3 ,x is n )\t a purpose t ?is app>ition has be5 made to me alone2 _h x be5 int5d$ t ,joseph %\ld h p>ticipat$ 9 ! communication1 ! angel w\ld h appe>$ to him also 7if ea* individual fav\r$ ) a div9e revelation 7 ( ?is op9ion1 h[ _m special revelations w\ld x n require872 besides x is an affair ( ,god alone1 consequ5tly x becomes me to leave x ) him to conv9ce ,joseph 7! argum5t ( indol5ce74 ,ol%aus5 concurs1 & adds 8 fav\rite g5]al rem>k1 t 9 relation to ev5ts s extraord9>y ! measure ( ! ord9>y occurr5ces ( ! _w is n applicable3 a category "u :i*1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! highly ess5tial consid]ations ( delicacy & propriety are includ$4 ,m 9 accordance ) ! views ( ! natural int]pret]s1 ! ,evangelium de nativitate ,m>iae1 #bjg & subsequ5tly "s lat] writ]s1 = example1 ! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e?1 h s\ght to expla9 ,m>y's sil5ce1 by suppos+ ,joseph to h be5 at a di/ance f ! abode ( 8 affianc$ bride at ! "t ( ! heav5ly communication4 ,accord+ to !m ,m>y 0 ( ,naz>e?1 ,joseph ( ,be?lehem2 to :i* latt] place ,joseph dep>t$ aft] ! betro?+1 & did n return to ,m>y until ! expiration ( ?ree mon?s1 :5 he discov]$ ! pregnancy :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! int]im4 ,b s9ce ! assumption t ,m>y & ,joseph resid$ 9 diff]5t localities has no f\ndation1 z w pres5tly be se51 9 ! canonical ,gospels1 ! :ole explanation falls to ! gr\nd4 ,)\t su* an assumption1 ,m>y's sil5ce t[>ds ,joseph might1 p]haps1 h be5 acc\nt$ = f ! po9t ( view ( ! naturali/ic int]pret]s1 by imag9+ h] to h be5 held back ?r\gh mode/y f confess+ a situation s liable to excite suspicion4 ,b "o :o1 l ,m>y1 0 s fully conv9c$ ( ! div9e ag5cy 9 ! matt]1 & _h %[n s ready a compreh5sion ( h] my/]i\s de/9ation 7,luke i4 #ch71 c\ld n possibly h be5 tongue-ti$ by petty consid]ations ( false %ame4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to rescue ,m>y's "*1 )\t br++ reproa* ^u ,joseph's1 & at ! same "t to r5d] 8 unbelief intelligible1 int]pret]s h be5 compell$ to assume t a communication1 ?\gh a t>dy "o1 0 actually made by ,m>y to ,joseph4 ,l ! la/-nam$ apocryphal ,gospel1 !y introduce a j\rney1 n ( ,joseph1 b ( ,m>y--! visit to ,elizabe? m5tion$ 9 ,luke--to acc\nt = ! po/ponem5t ( ! communication4 ,x is probable1 says ,paulus1 t ,m>y did n op5 h] he>t to ,joseph be=e ?is j\rney1 because %e wi%$ fir/ to consult ) h] old] fri5d z to ! mode ( mak+ ! disclosure to him1 & :e!r %e1 z ! "m ( ! ,messiah1 ought to m>ry4 ,x 0 n till aft] h] return1 & !n mo/ likely ?r\gh ! m$ium ( o!rs1 t %e made ,joseph acqua9t$ ) h] situation1 & ) ! promises %e _h receiv$4 ,b ,joseph's m9d 0 n prop]ly attun$ & prep>$ = su* a disclosure2 he became haunt$ by all k9ds ( ?\ghts2 & vacillat$ betwe5 suspicion & hope till at l5g? a dream decid$ him4 #bjh ,b 9 ! fir/ place a motive is "h giv5 to ,m>y's j\rney :i* is =eign to ! acc\nt 9 ,luke4 ,m>y sets (f to ,elizabe?1 n to take c\nsel ( h]1 b to assure h]self reg>d+ ! sign appo9t$ by ! angel4 ,no uneas9ess :i* ! fri5d is to dissipate1 b a pr\d joy1 unalloy$ by ! smalle/ anxiety1 is express$ 9 h] salutation to ! future "m ( ! ,bapti/4 ,b besides1 a confession s t>dily made c 9 n[ise ju/ify ,m>y4 ,:at behavi\r on ! "p ( an affianc$ bride--aft] hav+ receiv$ a div9e communication1 s ne>ly conc]n+ h] future husb&1 & 9 a matt] s delicate--to travel miles away1 to abs5t h]self = ?ree mon?s1 & !n to p]mit h] betro!d to le>n ?r\gh ?ird p]sons t :i* c\ld no long] be conceal$6 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o d n impute to ,m>y a l9e ( conduct :i* c]ta9ly our ,evangeli/s d n impute to h]1 mu/ all[ t %e imp>t$ ! message ( ! angel to h] future husb& z soon z x _h be5 reveal$ to h]2 b t he did n believe h]4 #bji ,b n[ let u see h[ ,joseph's "* is to be dealt )6 ,ev5 ,hess is ( op9ion t1 s9ce ,joseph 0 acqua9t$ ) ,m>y1 he _h no cause to d\bt h] ^w1 :5 %e told him ( ! app>ition %e _h _h4 ,?is scepticism presupposes a mi/ru/ ( 8 betro!d :i* is incompatible ) 8 "* z a j man 7,matt4 i4 #ai71 & an incr$ulity respect+ ! m>vell\s :i* is difficult to reconcile ) a read9ess on o!r occasions to believe 9 angelic app>itions2 nor1 9 any case1 w\ld ?is want ( fai? h escap$ ! c5sure ( ! angel :o subsequ5tly appe>$ to himself4 ,s9ce !n1 to suppose t ! two acc\nts are p>allel1 & complete "o ano!r1 leads unavoidably to results inconsi/5t ) ! s5se ( ! ,gospels1 9 s f> z !y evid5tly meant to repres5t ! *>act]s ( ,joseph & ,m>y z free f blemi%2 ! supposition _c be admitt$1 b ! acc\nts mutually exclude ea* o!r4 ,an angel did n appe>1 fir/ to ,m>y1 & also aft]w>ds to ,joseph2 he c only h appe>$ ei!r to ! "o or to ! o!r4 ,consequ5tly1 x is only ! "o or ! o!r relation :i* c be reg>d$ z hi/orical4 ,& "h diff]5t consid]ations w\ld conduct to opposite decisions4 ,! hi/ory 9 ,mat!w might appe> ! m probable f ! rationali/ic po9t ( view1 because x is m easy to int]pret naturally an app>ition 9 a dream2 :il/ t 9 ,luke might be pref]r$ by ! supranaturali/1 because ! mann] 9 :i* ! suspicion ca/ ^u ! holy virg9 is refut$ is m wor?y ( ,god4 ,b 9 fact1 a ne>] exam9ation proves1 t nei!r has any ess5tial claim to be advanc$ be=e ! o!r4 ,bo? conta9 an angelic app>ition1 & bo? are !re=e encumb]$ ) all ! difficulties :i*1 z 0 /at$ above 9 relation to ! annunciation ( ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/1 oppose ! belief 9 angels & app>itions4 ,aga91 9 bo? n>rations ! import ( ! angelic message is1 z we %all pres5tly see1 an impossibility4 ,?us e crit]ion :i* might det]m9e ! adoption ( ! "o1 & ! rejection ( ! o!r1 disappe>s2 & we f9d ourselves1 9 ref]5ce to bo? acc\nts1 driv5 back by necessity to ! my?ical view4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 all ! v>i\s explanations1 :i* ! ,rationali/s h attempt$ to give ( ! two app>itions1 vani% ( !mselves4 ,paulus expla9s ! app>ition 9 ,mat!w z a natural dream1 occasion$ by ,m>y's previ\s communication ( ! ann\ncem5t :i* _h be5 made to h]2 & ) :i* ,joseph mu/ h be5 acqua9t$1 because ?is alone c acc\nt = 8 hav+ he>d ! same words 9 8 dream1 :i* ! angel _h be=eh& address$ to ,m>y3 b mu* r1 is x precisely ?is simil>ity 9 ! language ( ! presum$ second angel to t ( ! fir/1 ) ! abs5ce ( all ref]5ce by ! latt] to ! =m]1 :i* proves t ! words ( ! fir/ angel 7 n presuppos$ by ! second4 ,besides1 ! natural explanation is annihilat$ ! mom5t ! n>ratives are %[n to be my?ical4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! explanation1 express$ gu>d$ly inde$ by ,paulus1 b op5ly by ! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e?1 namely1 t ! angel :o visit$ ,m>y 79 ,luke7 0 a human be+2 ( :i* we mu/ speak h]eaft]4 ,accord+ to all t has be5 said1 ! foll[+ is ! only judgm5t we c =m ( ! orig9 ( ! two n>ratives ( ! angelic app>itions4 ,! conception ( ,jesus ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ought n to be gr\nd$ ^u a m]e unc]ta9 suspicion2 x mu/ h be5 cle>ly & positively ass]t$2 & to ?is end a mess5g] f heav5 0 requir$1 s9ce !ocratic decorum seem$ to dem& x f> m 9 relation to ! bir? ( ! ,messiah1 ?an ( a ,samson or a ,john4 ,also ! words :i* ! angels use1 correspond 9 "p ) ! ,old ,te/am5t annunciations ( extraord9>y *ildr54 #baj ,! appe>+ ( ! angel 9 ! "o n>rative be=eh& to ,m>y1 b 9 ! o!r at a lat] p]iod to ,joseph1 is to be reg>d$ z a v>iation 9 ! leg5d or 9 ! composition1 :i* f9ds an explanatory c\nt]p>t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! annunciation ( ,isaac4 ,jehovah 7,g54 xvii4 #ae7 promises ,abraham a son by ,s>ah1 ^u :i* ! ,patri>* _c refra9 f laugh+2 b he receives a repetition ( ! assurance2 ,jehovah 7,g54 xviii4 #a ff47 makes ?is promise "u ! ,t]eb9? tree at ,mamre1 & ,s>ah laughs z if x 7 some?+ altoge!r novel & unhe>d ( by h]2 la/ly1 accord+ to ,g5esis xxi4 #e ff4 x is fir/ aft] ,isaac's bir? t ,s>ah m5tions ! laugh+ ( ! p1 :i* is said to h be5 ! occasion ( 8 "n2 :]eby x appe>s t ?is la/ hi/ory does n presuppose ! exi/5ce ( ! two o!r acc\nts ( ! annunciation ( ! bir? ( ,isaac4 #baa ,z 9 relation to ! bir? ( ,isaac1 diff]5t leg5ds or poems 7 =m$ )\t ref]5ce to "o ano!r1 "s simpl]1 "s m embelli%$3 s we h two discordant n>ratives conc]n+ ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,( ^! ! n>rative 9 ,mat!w #bab is ! simpl] & rud] /yle ( composition1 s9ce x does n avoid1 ?\gh x be b by a transi5t suspicion on ! "p ( ,joseph1 ! ?r[+ a %ade ov] ! "* ( ,m>y :i* is only subsequ5tly remov$2 t 9 ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 is a m ref9$ & arti/ical repres5tation1 exhibit+ ,m>y f ! fir/ 9 ! pure light ( a bride ( heav54 #bac #be4 ,,import ,,( ,,! ,,angel',s ,,message4--,,fulfilm5t ,,( ,,! ,,prophecy ,,( ,,isaiah4 ,accord+ to ,luke1 ! angel :o appe>s to ,m>y1 9 ! fir/ place in=ms h] only t %e %all become pregnant1 )\t specify+ aft] :at mann]3 t %e %all br+ =? a son & call 8 "n ,jesus2 ,he %all be great1 & %all he call$ ! ,son ( ! ,highe/ 7 72 & ,god %all give unto him ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,david1 & he %all reign ov] ! h\se ( ,jacob = ev]4 ,! subject1 ! ,messiah is "h treat$ precisely 9 ! language common to ! ,jews1 & ev5 ! t]m ,son ( ! ,highe/1 if no?+ fur!r foll[$1 mu/ be tak5 9 ! same s5se2 z accord+ to #b ,sam4 vii4 #ad1 ,ps4 ii4 #g an ord9>y k+ ( ,israel might be s nam$2 /ill m1 !re=e1 ! greate/ ( ^! k+s1 ! ,messiah1 ev5 consid]$ m]ely z a man4 ,?is ,jewi% language reflects 9 addition a new light ^u ! "q ( ! hi/oric validity ( ! angelic app>ition2 = we mu/ agree ) ,s*lei]ma*] t ! real angel ,gabriel w\ld h>dly h proclaim$ ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah 9 a phraseology s /rictly ,jewi%3 #bad = :i* reason we are incl9$ to co9cide ) ?is !ologian1 & to ascribe ?is p>ticul> portion ( ! hi/ory1 z also t :i* prec$es & relates to ! ,bapti/1 to "o & ! same ,jewi%-*ri/ian au?or4 ,x is n till ,m>y opposes ! fact ( h] virg9ity to ! promises ( a son1 t ! angel def9es ! nature ( ! conception3 t x %all be by ! ,holy ,gho/1 by ! p[] ( ! ,highe/2 aft] :i* ! appellation receives a m precise metaphysical s5se4 ,z a confirmatory sign t a matt] ( ?is k9d is n[ise impossible to ,god1 ,m>y is ref]r$ to t :i* _h occurr$ to h] relative ,elizabe?2 :]eupon %e resigns h]self 9 fai? to ! div9e det]m9ation respect+ h]4 ,9 ,mat!w1 :]e ! ma9 po9t is to dissipate ,joseph's anxiety1 ! angel beg9s at once ) ! communication1 t ! *ild conceiv$ by ,m>y is 7z ! ,evangeli/ _h already /at$ ( 8 own accord1 *ap4 i4 #ah71 ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7 72 & h]eupon ! ,messianic de/9ation ( ,jesus is fir/ po9t$ out by ! expression1 ,he %all save 8 p f _! s9s4 ,?is language may seem to s\nd less ,jewi% ?an t by :i* ! ,messianic /ation ( ! *ild :o %\ld be born1 is set =? 9 ,luke2 x is h[ev] to be obs]v$1 t "u ! t]m s9s 77 is compreh5d$ ! puni%m5t ( ^? s9s1 namely1 ! subjection ( ! p to a =eign yoke2 s t "h also ! ,jewi% elem5t is n want+2 z nei!r 9 ,luke1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! high] de/9ation ( ! ,messiah left :olly out ( sight1 s9ce "u ! t]m to reign1 1 ! rule ov] an ob$i5t & reg5]at$ p is includ$4 ,next is subjo9$ by ! angel1 or m probably by ! n>rator1 an oracle f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 introduc$ by ! (t5 recurr+ phrase1 all ?is 0 done1 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 ( ! ,"l by ! prophet v4 #bb4 ,x is ! prophecy f ,isaiah 7*ap4 vii4 #ad7 :i* ! conception ( ,jesus aft] ?is mann] %\ld accompli%3 namely1 a virg9 %all be ) *ild1 & %all br+ =? a son1 & !y %all call ,8 "n ,emmanuel--,god-)-u4 ,! orig9al s5se ( ?is passage 9 ,isaiah is1 accord+ to mod]n rese>*1 #bae ?is4 ,! prophet is desir\s ( giv+ ,ahaz1 :o1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! k+s ( ,syria & ,israel1 0 dispos$ to make a treaty ) ,assyria1 a lively assurance ( ! spe$y de/ruction ( 8 mu* dread$ enemies2 & he !re=e says to him3 suppose t an unm>ri$ woman n[ on ! po9t ( becom+ a wife #baf %all conceive2 or categorically3 a c]ta9 "y woman is1 or is ab\t to be ) *ild 7p]haps ! prophet's own wife72 n[1 be=e ?is *ild is born1 ! political aspect ( affairs %all be s mu* improv$1 t a "n ( good om5 %all be giv5 to ! *ild2 & be=e he %all be old en\gh to use 8 reason1 ! p[] ( ^! enemies %all be completely annihilat$4 ,t is to say1 prosaically express$3 be=e n9e mon?s %all h pass$ away1 ! condition ( ! k+dom %all be am5d$1 & )9 ab\t ?ree ye>s ! dang] %all h disappe>$4 ,?us mu*1 at all ev5ts1 is demon/rat$ by mod]n criticism1 t1 "u ! circum/ances /at$ by ,isaiah 9 ! introduction to ! oracle1 x is only a sign hav+ ref]5ce to ! actual mom5t & ! ne> future1 :i* c\ld h any mean+4 ,h[ ill *os51 accord+ to ,h5g/5b]g's #bag int]pretation1 is ! prophet's language3 ,z c]ta9ly z ! day %all arrive :51 9 fulfilm5t ( ! cov5ant1 ! ,messiah %all be born1 s impossible is x t ! p among :om he %all arise1 or ! family :5ce he %all spr+1 %all pass away4 ,h[ ill-judg$1 on ! "p ( ! prophet1 to endeav\r to make ! improbability ( a spe$y deliv]ance appe> less improbable1 by an appeal to a yet great] improbability 9 ! f> di/ant future6--,& !n ! giv5 limit ( a few ye>s6 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! two k+doms1 su* is ,h5g/5b]g's explanation1 %all take place--n 9 ! imm$iately succe$+ ye>s1 be=e ! *ild specifi$ %all h acquir$ ! use ( 8 reason1 b--)9 su* a space ( "t1 z 9 ! f> future w elapse betwe5 ! bir? ( ! ,messiah & ! fir/ developm5t ( 8 m5tal p[]s2 !re=e 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,:at a mon/r\s conf\nd+ ( times6 ,a *ild is to be born 9 ! di/ant future1 & t :i* %all happ5 be=e ?is *ild %all "k h[ to use 8 reason1 is to take place 9 ! ne>e/ pres5t "t4 ,?us ,paulus & 8 p>ty are decid$ly "r 9 oppos+ to ,h5g/5b]g & 8 p>ty1 t ! prophecy ( ,isaiah has relation1 9 its orig9al local signification1 to ! !n exi/+ circum/ances1 & n to ! future ,messiah1 /ill less to ,jesus4 ,h5g/5b]g1 on ! o!r h&1 is equally 9 ! "r1 :5 9 opposition to ,paulus he ma9ta9s1 t ! passage f ,isaiah is adopt$ by ,mat!w z a prophecy ( ! bir? ( ,jesus ( a virg94 ,:il/ ! or?odox comm5tators expla9 ! (t5 recurr+ t x might be fulfill$ 7 71 & simil> expressions z signify+3 ?is happ5$ by div9e arrangem5t1 9 ord] t ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecy1 :i* 9 its v orig9 _h ref]5ce to ! ,new ,te/am5t occurr5ce1 might be fulfill$2--! rationali/ic int]pret]s1 on ! contr>y1 und]/& m]ely3 ?is took place aft] su* a mann]1 t x 0 s con/itut$1 t ! ,old ,te/am5t words1 :i*1 orig9ally inde$1 _h relation to some?+ diff]5t1 %\ld admit ( be+ s appli$2 & 9 su* application alone d !y receive _! full v]ification4 ,9 ! fir/ explanation1 ! relation betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t passage & ! ,new ,te/am5t occurr5ce is objective1 arrang$ by ,god himself3 9 ! la/ x is only subjective1 a relation p]ceiv$ by ! lat] au?or2 accord+ to ! =m] x is a relation%ip at once precise & ess5tial3 accord+ to ! latt] bo? inexact & adv5titi\s4 ,b oppos$ to ?is latt] int]pretation ( ,new ,te/am5t passages1 :i* po9t out an ,old ,te/am5t prophecy z fulfill$1 is ! language1 & equally s ! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s4 ,! language3 = nei!r c signify 9 su* connexion any?+ ?an ratum fi]i1 ev5tu comprob>i1 nor any?+ ?an eo consilio ut1 :il/ ! ext5sive adoption ( has aris5 only f dogmatic p]plexity4 #bah ,b su* an int]pretation is altoge!r at v>iance ) ! ,judaical _s ( ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels4 ,paulus ma9ta9s t ! ,ori5tali/ does n s]i\sly believe t ! anci5t prophecy 0 design$ly spok51 or 0 accompli%$ by ,god1 precisely 9 ord] t x %\ld prefigure a mod]n ev5t1 & vice v]sa2 b ?is is to c>ry ov] our sob] ,european modes ( ?\ght into ! imag9ative life ( ! ,ori5tals4 ,:5 h[ev] ,paulus adds3 mu* r did ! co9cid5ce ( a lat] ev5t ) an e>li] prophecy assume only ! =m ( a design$ co9cid5ce 9 ! m9d ( ! ,ori5tal3 he ?us1 at once1 annuls 8 previ\s ass]tion2 = ?is is to admit1 t1 :at 9 our view is m]e co9cid5ce1 appe>$ to ! ori5tal m9d ! result ( design2 & we mu/ ackn[l$ge ?is to be ! mean+ ( an ori5tal repres5tation1 if we w\ld int]pret x accord+ to its orig9al signification4 ,x is well kn[n t ! lat] ,jews f\nd prophecies1 ( ! "t be+ & ( ! future1 ev]y:]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & t !y con/ruct$ a complete image ( ! future ,messiah1 out ( v>i\s1 & 9 "p falsely int]pret$ ,old ,te/am5t passages4 #bai ,& ! ,jew believ$ he saw 9 ! application he gave to ! ,scripture1 h[ev] p]v]t$ x might be1 an actual fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy4 ,9 ! words ( ,ol%aus53 x is a m]e dogmatic prejudice to attribute to ?is =mula1 :5 us$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 an altoge!r diff]5t s5se f t :i* x habitually be>s among _! c\ntrym52 & ?is solely ) ! view to acquit !m ( ! s9 ( falsely int]pret+ ! ,scripture4 ,_m !ologians ( ! pres5t day are suffici5tly imp>tial to admit1 ) reg>d to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 opposition to ! anci5t or?odox int]pretation1 t _m ( ! prophecies orig9ally ref]r$ to ne> ev5ts2 b !y are n suffici5tly ra%1 ) reg>d to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to side ) ! rationali/ic comm5tators1 & to d5y ! decid$ly ,messianic application :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s make ( ^! prophecies2 !y are /ill too prejudic$ to all[1 t "h & !re ! ,new ,te/am5t has falsely int]pret$ ! ,old4 ,consequ5tly1 !y h rec\rse to ! exp$i5t ( di/+ui%+ a d\ble s5se 9 ! prophecy2 ! "o relat+ to a ne> & m9or occurr5ce1 ! o!r to a future & m important ev5t2 & ?us !y nei!r (f5d aga9/ ! pla9 grammatical & hi/orical s5se ( ! ,old ,te/am5t passage on ! "o h&1 nor di/ort or d5y ! signification ( ! ,new ,te/am5t passage on ! o!r4 #bbj ,?us1 9 ! prophecy ( ,isaiah "u consid]ation1 ! _s ( prophecy1 !y cont5d1 _h a d\ble int5tion3 to ann\nce a ne> occurr5ce1 ! deliv]y ( ! affianc$ bride ( ! prophet1 & also a di/9ct ev5t 9 ! f> di/ant future1 namely ! bir? ( ! ,messiah ( a virg94 ,b a d\ble s5se s mon/r\s owes its orig9 to dogmatic p]plexity alone4 ,x has be5 adopt$1 z ,ol%aus5 himself rem>ks1 9 ord] to avoid ! (f5sive admission t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 & ,jesus himself1 did n int]pret ! ,old ,te/am5t rightly1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 accord+ to mod]n pr9ciples ( exegesis1 b expla9$ x aft] ! mann] ( _! own age1 :i* 0 n ! mo/ correct4 ,b s little does ?is (f5ce exi/ = ! unprejudic$1 t ! rev]se w\ld be ! great] difficulty1 t is1 if1 contr>y to all ! laws ( hi/orical & national developm5t1 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s _h elevat$ !mselves completely above ! modes ( int]pretation common to _! age & nation4 ,consequ5tly1 ) reg>d to ! prophecies br\ght =w>d 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we may admit1 accord+ to circum/ances1 )\t fur!r argum5t1 t !y are frequ5tly int]pret$ & appli$ by ! evangeli/s1 9 a s5se :i* is totally diff]5t f t !y orig9ally bore4 ,we h "h 9 fact a complete table ( all ! f\r possible views on ?is po9t3 two extreme & two conciliatory2 "o false & "o1 x is to be hop$1 correct4 #a4 ,or?odox view 7,h5g/5b]g & o!rs73 ,su* ,old ,te/am5t passages _h 9 _! v orig9 an exclusive prophetic ref]5ce to ,*ri/1 = ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s s und]/& !m2 & !y mu/ be 9 ! "r ev5 %\ld human reason be conf\nd$4 #b4 ,rationali/ic view 7,paulus & o!rs73 ,! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s d n assign a /rictly ,messianic s5se to ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 = ?is ref]5ce to ,*ri/ is =eign to ! orig9al signification ( ^! prophecies view$ by ! light ( reason2 & ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s mu/ accord ) reason1 :atev] anci5t beliefs may say to ! contr>y4 #c4 ,my/ical conciliatory view 7,ol%aus5 & o!rs73 ,! ,old ,te/am5t passages orig9ally embody bo? ! deep] signification ascrib$ to !m by ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 & t m proximate mean+ :i* common s5se obliges u to recognize3 ?us s\nd reason & ! anci5t fai? are reconcilable4 #d4 ,decision ( criticism3 ,v _m ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies _h1 orig9ally1 only an imm$iate ref]5ce to ev5ts belong+ to ! "t3 b !y came to be reg>d$ by ! m5 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z actual pr$ictions ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 because ! intellig5ce ( ^! m5 0 limit$ by ! mann] ( ?9k+ ( _! nation1 a fact recogniz$ nei!r by ,rationalism nor ! anci5t fai?4 #bba ,accord+ly we %all n hesitate = a mom5t to all[1 9 relation to ! prophecy 9 "q1 t ! ref]5ce to ,jesus is obtrud$ ^u x by ! ,evangeli/s4 ,:e!r ! actual bir? ( ,jesus ( a virg9 gave rise to ?is application ( ! prophecy1 or :e!r ?is prophecy1 int]pret$ be=eh& z ref]r+ to ! ,messiah1 orig9at$ ! belief t ,jesus 0 born ( a virg91 rema9s to be det]m9$4 #bf4 ,,jesus ,,begott5 ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,or?odox ,,op9ion4 ,! /atem5t ( ,mat!w & ( ,luke conc]n+ ! mode ( ,jesus's conception has1 9 e age1 receiv$ ! foll[+ int]pretation by ! *ur*2 t ,jesus 0 conceiv$ 9 ,m>y n by a human fa!r1 b by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,& truly ! gospel expressions seem1 at fir/ sight1 to ju/ify ?is int]pretation2 s9ce ! words 7,matt4 i4 #ah7 & 7,luke i4 #cd7 preclude ! p>ticipation ( ,joseph or any o!r man 9 ! conception ( ! *ild 9 "q4 ,nev]!less ! t]ms & d n repres5t ! ,holy ,gho/ 9 ! s5se ( ! *ur*1 z ! ?ird p]son 9 ! ,godhead1 b r ! 1 ,spiritus ,dei z us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t3 ,god 9 8 ag5cy ^u ! _w1 & especially ^u man4 ,9 %ort ! words 9 ,mat!w1 & 444 9 ,luke1 express ) suffici5t cle>ness t ! abs5ce ( human ag5cy 0 suppli$--n physically aft] ! mann] ( hea!n repres5tations--b by ! div9e creative en]gy4 ,?\gh ?is seems to be ! repres5tation int5d$ by ! evangeli/s 9 ! passages ref]r$ to conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! life ( ,jesus1 /ill x _c be complet$ )\t consid]able difficulties4 ,we may sep>ate :at we may t]m ! physico-!ological f ! hi/orical-exegetical difficulties4 ,! physiological difficulties am\nt to ?is1 t su* a conception w\ld be a mo/ rem>kable deviation f all natural laws4 ,h[ev] obscure ! physiology ( ! fact1 x is prov$ by an exceptionless exp]i5ce t only by ! concurr5ce ( ! two sexes is a new human be+ g5]at$2 on :i* acc\nt ,plut>*'s rem>k1 8 10 #bbb & ,c]9?us's 8impossible0 become applicable4 #bbc ,x is only among ! l[e/ species ( ! animal k+dom t g5]ation takes place )\t ! union ( sexes2 #bbd s t1 reg>d+ ! matt] purely physiologically1 :at ,orig5 says1 9 ! supranaturali/ic s5se1 w\ld inde$ be true ( a man ( ! l orig92 namely1 t ! words 9 ,psalm xxii4 #g1 ,i am a worm & no man is a prophecy ( ,jesus 9 ! above respect4 #bbe ,b to ! m]ely physical consid]ation a !ological "o is subjo9$ by ! angel 7,luke i4 #cg71 :5 he appeals to ! div9e omnipot5ce to :i* no?+ is impossible4 ,b s9ce ! div9e omnipot5ce1 by virtue ( its unity ) div9e wisdom1 is nev] ex]t$ 9 ! abs5ce ( an adequate motive1 ! exi/5ce ( su*1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 mu/ be demon/rat$4 ,b no?+ less ?an an object wor?y ( ! ,deity1 & at ! same "t necess>ily unatta9able except by a deviation f ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 c\ld con/itute a suffici5t cause = ! susp5sion by ,god ( a natural law :i* he _h e/abli%$4 ,only "h1 x is said1 ! end1 ! r$emption ( mank9d1 requir$ impeccability on ! "p ( ,jesus2 & 9 ord] to r5d] him exempt f s91 a div9ely wr\ght conception1 :i* exclud$ ! p>ticipation ( a s9ful fa!r1 & sev]$ ,jesus f all connexion ) orig9al s91 0 necess>y4 #bbf ,to :i* x has be5 answ]$ by o!rs1 #bbg 7& ,s*lei]ma*] has rec5tly mo/ decisively argu$ ?is side ( ! "q1 #bbh7 t ! exclusion ( ! pat]nal p>ticipation is insuffici5t1 unless1 inde$1 ! inh]itance ( orig9al s91 on ! mat]nal side1 be obviat$ by ! adoption ( ! ,val5t9ian ass]tion1 t ,jesus only pass$ ?r\gh ! body ( ,m>y4 ,b t ! gospel hi/ories repres5t an actual mat]nal p>ticipation is und5iable2 consequ5tly a div9e int]v5tion :i* %\ld sanctify ! p>ticipation ( ! s9ful human "m 9 ! conception ( ,jesus mu/ be suppos$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 8 assum$ necess>y impeccability4 ,b if ,god det]m9$ on su* a purification ( ! mat]nal p>ticipation1 x _h be5 easi] to d ! same ) respect to t ( ! fa!r1 ?an by 8 total exclusion1 to violate ! natural law 9 s unprec$5t$ a mann]2 & consequ5tly1 a fa!rless conception _c be insi/$ ^u z ! necess>y means ( compass+ ! impeccability ( ,jesus4 ,ev5 he :o ?9ks to escape ! difficulties already specifi$1 by envelop+ himself 9 a supranaturalism1 inaccessible to argum5ts bas$ on reason or ! laws ( nature1 mu/ nev]!less admit ! =ce ( ! exegetical-hi/orical difficulties meet+ him ^u 8 own gr\nd1 :i* likewise beset ! view ( ! sup]natural conception ( ,jesus4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is su* an orig9 ascrib$ to ,jesus1 or ev5 di/9ctly allud$ to1 except 9 ^! two acc\nts ( 8 infancy 9 ,mat!w & 9 ,luke4 #bbi ,! hi/ory ( ! conception is omitt$ n only by ,m>k1 b also by ,john1 ! suppos$ au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel & an alleg$ inmate ) ! "m ( ,jesus subsequ5t to 8 dea?1 :o !re=e w\ld h be5 ! mo/ accurately in=m$ conc]n+ ^! occurr5ces4 ,x is said t ,john s\ght r to record ! heav5ly ?an ! e>?ly orig9 ( ,jesus2 b ! "q arises1 :e!r ! doctr9e :i* he sets =? 9 8 prologue1 ( a div9e hypo/asis actually becom+ fle% & rema9+ imman5t 9 ,jesus1 is reconcilable ) ! view giv5 9 ! passages be=e u1 ( a simple div9e op]ation det]m9+ ! conception ( ,jesus2 :e!r !re=e ,john c\ld h presuppos$ ! hi/ory ( ! conception conta9$ 9 ,mat!w & ,luke8 ,?is objection1 h[ev]1 loses its conclusive =ce if 9 ! progress ( our inve/igation ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! f\r? ,gospel is n e/abli%$4 ,! mo/ important consid]ation !re=e is1 t no retrospective allusion to ?is mode ( conception occurs ?r\gh\t ! f\r ,gospels2 n only nei!r 9 ,john nor 9 ,m>k1 b also nei!r 9 ,mat!w nor 9 ,luke4 ,n only does ,m>y h]self designate ,joseph simply z ! fa!r ( ,jesus 7,luke ii4 #dh71 & ! ,evangeli/ speak ( bo? z 8 p>5ts1 7,luke ii4 #da71--;an appellation :i* c\ld only h be5 us$ 9 an ult]ior s5se by "o :o _h j relat$ ! miracul\s conception1--b all 8 contempor>ies 9 g5]al1 accord+ to our ,evangeli/s1 reg>d$ him z a son ( ,joseph1 a fact :i* 0 n unfrequ5tly allud$ to contemptu\sly & by way ( reproa* 9 8 pres5ce 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee2 ,luke iv4 #bb2 ,john vi4 #db71 ?us af=d+ him an opportunity ( mak+ a decisive appeal to 8 miracul\s conception1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he says n a s+le ^w4 ,%\ld x be answ]$1 t he did n desire to conv9ce respect+ ! div9ity ( 8 p]son by ?is ext]nal evid5ce1 & t he c\ld h no hope ( mak+ an impression by su* means on ^? :o 7 9 he>t 8 oppon5ts1--x mu/ also be rememb]$1 t1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 8 own disciples1 ?\gh !y admitt$ him to be ! son ( ,god1 /ill reg>d$ him z ! actual son ( ,joseph4 ,philip introduces ,jesus to ,na?anael z ! son ( ,joseph1 7,john i4 #df71 manife/ly 9 ! same s5se ( real pat]nity :i* ! ,jews atta*$ to ! designation2 & n[h]e is ?is repres5t$ z an errone\s or imp]fect notion :i* ^! ,apo/les _h subsequ5tly to rel9qui%2 mu* r does ! :ole s5se ( ! n>rative1 :i* is n to be mi/ak51 exhibit ! ,apo/les z hav+ a "r belief on ?is po9t4 ,! enigmatical presupposition1 ) :i*1 at ! m>riage 9 ,cana1 ,m>y address$ h]self to ,jesus1 #bcj is f> too vague to prove a recollection ( 8 miracul\s conception on ! "p ( ! "m2 at all ev5ts ?is feature is c\nt]balanc$ by ! oppos+ "o t ! family ( ,jesus1 &1 z appe>s f ,matt4 xii4 #df ff4 comp>$ ) ,m>k iii4 #ba ff41 8 "m also 71 at a lat] "t1 9 error respect+ 8 aims2 :i* is sc>cely explicable1 ev5 ( 8 bro!rs1 suppos+ !m to h _h su* recollections4 ,j z little z 9 ! ,gospels1 is any?+ 9 confirmation ( ! view ( ! sup]natural conception ( ,jesus1 to be f\nd 9 ! rema9+ ,new ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,= :5 ! ,apo/le ,paul speaks ( ,jesus z made ( a woman1 7,gal4 iv4 #d71 ?is expression is n to be und]/ood z an exclusion ( pat]nal p>ticipation2 s9ce ! addition made "u ! law1 1 cle>ly %[s t he w\ld "h indicate 79 ! =m :i* is frequ5t 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 = example ,job xiv4 #a2 ,matt4 xi4 #aa7 human nature ) all its conditions4 ,:5 ,paul 7,rom4 i4 #c1 #d comp>$ ) ix4 #e7 makes ,*ri/ accord+ to ! fle%1 1 desc5d f ,david1 b decl>es him to be ! son ( ,god accord+ to ! ,_s ( ,hol9ess1 2 no "o w "h id5tify ! anti!sis fle% & _s ) ! mat]nal human p>ticipation1 & ! div9e en]gy sup]s$+ ! pat]nal p>ticipation 9 ! conception ( ,jesus4 ,f9ally :5 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7vii4 #c7 ,mel*is$ec is comp>$ ) ! son ( ,god1 1 because )\t fa!r1 1 ! application ( ! lit]ally int]pret$ to ,jesus1 z he appe>$ ^u e>?1 is =bidd5 by ! addition )\t "m1 1 :i* agrees z little ) him z ! imm$iately foll[+ )\t desc5t1 4 #bg4 ,,retrospect ,,( ,,! ,,g5ealogies4 ,! mo/ conclusive exegetical gr\nd ( decision aga9/ ! sup]natural conception ( ,jesus1 :i* be>s m closely on ! po9t ?an all ! hi!rto adduc$ passages1 is f\nd 9 ! two g5ealogies previ\sly consid]$4 ,ev5 ! ,mani*an ,fau/us ass]t$ t x is impossible )\t contradiction to trace ! desc5t ( ,jesus f ,david ?r\gh ,joseph1 z is done by our two g5ealogi/s1 & yet assume t ,joseph 0 n ! fa!r ( ,jesus2 & ,augu/9e _h no?+ conv9c+ to answ] :5 he rem>k$ t x 0 necess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! sup]ior dignity ( ! mascul9e g5d]1 to c>ry ! g5ealogy ( ,jesus ?r\gh ,joseph1 :o 0 ,m>y's husb& if n by a natural by a spiritual alliance4 #bca ,9 mod]n times also ! con/ruction ( ! g5ealogical tables 9 ,mat!w & 9 ,luke has l$ _m !ologians to obs]ve1 t ^! au?ors consid]$ ,jesus z ! actual son ( ,joseph4 #bcb ,! v design ( ^! tables is to prove ,jesus to be ( ! l9eage ( ,david ?r\gh ,joseph2 b :at d !y prove1 if inde$ ,joseph 0 n ! fa!r ( ,jesus8 ,! ass]tion t ,jesus 0 ! son ( ,david1 1 :i* 9 ,mat!w 7i4 #a7 prefaces ! g5ealogy & ann\nces its object1 is altoge!r annull$ by ! subsequ5t d5ial ( 8 conception by means ( ! ,davidical ,joseph4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to ?9k x probable t ! g5ealogy & ! hi/ory ( ! bir? ( ,jesus emanate f ! same au?or #bcc2 & we mu/ concur ) ! !ologians previ\sly cit$1 t ! g5ealogies are tak5 f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,sc>cely c\ld x satisfy to oppose ! rem>k1 t z ,joseph d\btlessly adopt$ ,jesus1 ! g5ealogical table ( ! =m] became fully valid = ! latt]4 ,= adoption might inde$ suffice to secure to ! adopt$ son ! rev]sion ( c]ta9 ext]nal family rights & inh]itances2 b su* a relation%ip c\ld 9 no wise l5d a claim to ! ,messianic dignity1 :i* 0 atta*$ to ! true blood & l9eage ( ,david4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o _h reg>d$ ,joseph z no?+ m ?an ! adopt$ fa!r ( ,jesus1 w\ld h>dly h giv5 himself ! tr\ble to seek out ! ,davidical desc5t ( ,joseph2 b if inde$1 besides ! e/abli%$ belief t ,jesus 0 ! son ( ,god1 x /ill rema9$ important to repres5t him z ! son ( ,david1 ! p$igree ( ,m>y w\ld h be5 pref]r$ = ?is purpose2 =1 h[ev] contr>y to cu/om1 ! mat]nal g5ealogy mu/ h be5 admitt$ 9 a case :]e a human fa!r did n exi/4 ,lea/ ( all is x to be believ$1 t sev]al au?ors w\ld h engag$ 9 ! compilation ( a g5ealogical table = ,jesus :i* trac$ 8 desc5t ?r\gh ,joseph1 s t two diff]5t g5ealogies ( ?is k9d are /ill pres]v$ to u1 if a clos] relation%ip betwe5 ,jesus & ,joseph _h n be5 admitt$ at ! "t ( _! composition4 ,consequ5tly1 ! decision ( ! le>n$ !ologians :o agree t ^! g5ealogies 7 compos$ 9 ! belief t ,jesus 0 ! actual son ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 c h>dly be disput$2 b ! au?ors or compil]s ( our ,gospels1 not)/&+ _! own conviction ( ! div9e orig9 ( ,jesus1 receiv$ !m among _! mat]ials2 only t ,mat!w 7i4 #af7 *ang$ ! orig9al ,joseph begat ,jesus ( ,m>y-- 7comp4 v]ses #c4 #e4 #f7 accord+ to 8 own view2 & s likewise ,luke 7iii4 #bc7 in/ead ( comm5c+ 8 g5ealogy simply )1 ,jesus--! son ( ,joseph-- 1 ins]ts be+ z 0 suppos$1 1 444 ,let x n be object$ t ! view = :i* we cont5d1 namely1 t ! g5ealogies c\ld n h be5 compos$ "u ! notion t ,joseph 0 n ! fa!r ( ,jesus1 leaves no conceivable motive = incorporat+ !m into our pres5t ,gospels4 ,! orig9al con/ruction ( a g5ealogy ( ,jesus1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ! case be=e u x consi/$ simply 9 ! adapt+ ( =eign already exi/+ g5ealogical tables to ,jesus1 requir$ a p[]ful & direct inducem5t2 ?is 0 ! hope !reby to ga9--! corporeal desc5t ( ,jesus f ,joseph be+ presuppos$--a ma9 support to ! belief 9 8 ,messiah%ip2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 a less p[]ful inducem5t 0 suffici5t to incite to ! admission ( ! previ\sly con/ruct$ g5ealogies3 ! expectation t1 not)/&+ ! non-exi/5ce ( any real relation%ip betwe5 ,joseph & ,jesus1 !y might nev]!less s]ve to l9k ,jesus to ,david4 ,?us we f9d1 t 9 ! hi/ories ( ! bir? bo? 9 ,mat!w & 9 ,luke1 ?\gh !y ea* decid$ly exclude ,joseph f ! conception1 great /ress is laid ^u ! ,davidical desc5t ( ,joseph 7,matt4 i4 #bj1 ,luke i4 #bg1 ii4 #d72 t :i* 9 fact _h no real significance1 except 9 connexion ) ! e>li] op9ion1 is reta9$ ev5 aft] ! po9t ( view is *ang$4 ,s9ce1 9 ?is way1 we discov] bo? ! g5ealogies to be memorials belong+ to ! "t & circle ( ! primitive *ur*1 9 :i* ,jesus 0 /ill reg>d$ z a naturally begott5 man1 ! sect ( ! ,ebionites _c fail to occur to u2 z we are told conc]n+ !m1 t !y held ?is view ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ at ?is e>ly p]iod4 #bcd ,we %\ld !re=e h expect$1 m especially1 to h f\nd ^! g5ealogies 9 ! old ,ebioniti% ,gospels1 ( :i* we h /ill k1 & are n a little surpris$ to le>n t precisely 9 ^! ,gospels ! g5ealogies 7 want+4 ,x is true ,epiphanius /ates t ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites comm5c$ ) ! public appe>ance ( ! ,bapti/ #bce2 accord+ly1 by ! g5ealogies1 1 :i* !y are said to h cut away1 might h be5 meant1 ^? hi/ories ( ! bir? & infancy compris$ 9 ! two fir/ *apt]s ( ,mat!w2 :i* !y c\ld n h adopt$ 9 _! pres5t =m1 s9ce !y conta9$ ! fa!rless conception ( ,jesus1 :i* 0 d5i$ by ! ,ebionites3 & x might also h be5 conjectur$ t ?is section :i* 0 9 opposition to _! sy/em _h alone p]haps be5 want+ 9 _! ,gospel2 & t ! g5ealogy :i* 0 9 h>mony ) _! view might nev]!less h be5 some:]e ins]t$4 ,b ?is supposition vani%es z soon z we f9d t ,epiphanius1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,naz>5es1 def9es ! g5ealogies1 7( :i* he is ignorant :e!r !y possess$ !m or n17 z rea*+ f ,abraham to ,*ri/1 #bcf2 consequ5tly1 by ! g5ealogies :i* 7 want+ to "s h]etics1 he evid5tly und]/ood ! g5ealogical tables1 ?\gh1 9 relation to ! ,ebionites1 he might likewise h includ$ "u ?is expression ! hi/ory ( ! bir?4 ,h[ is ! /range ph5om5on1 t ^! g5ealogies are n f\nd among t v sect ( ,*ri/ians :o reta9$ ! p>ticul> op9ion ^u :i* !y 7 con/ruct$1 to be expla9$8 ,a mod]n inve/igator has advanc$ ! supposition1 t ! ,jewi%-*ri/ians omitt$ ! g5ealogical tables f prud5tial motives1 9 ord] n to facilitate or augm5t ! p]secution :i*1 "u ,domitian1 & p]haps ev5 e>li]1 ?reat5$ ! family ( ,david4 #bcg ,b explanations1 hav+ no inh]5t connexion ) ! subject1 d]iv$ f circum/ances 9 !mselves ( d\btful hi/orical validity1 are admissible only z a la/ refuge1 :5 no possible solution ( ! que/ionable ph5om5on is to be f\nd 9 ! ?+ itself1 z "h 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,ebioniti% sy/em4 ,b 9 ?is case ! matt] is by no means s difficult4 ,x is kn[n t ! ,fa!rs speak ( two classes ( ,ebionites1 ( :i* ! "o1 besides /r5u\sly ma9ta9+ ! obligation ( ! ,mosaic law1 held ,jesus to be ! naturally begott5 ,son ( ,joseph & ,m>y2 ! o!r1 f t "t call$ also ,naz>5es1 admitt$ ) ! or?odox *ur* ! conception by ! ,holy ,gho/4 #bch ,b besides ?is di/9ction !re exi/$ yet ano!r4 ,! mo/ anci5t ecclesia/ic writ]s1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,ir5u = example1 are acqua9t$ ) ^? ,ebionites only1 :o reg>d$ ,jesus z a naturally born man fir/ end[$ ) div9e p[]s at 8 baptism4 #bci ,9 ,epiphanius & ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 on ! o!r h&1 we meet ) ,ebionites :o _h imbib$ an elem5t ( speculative ,gno/icism4 ,?is t5d5cy1 :i* accord+ to ,epiphanius is to be dat$ f "o ,elxai1 has be5 ascrib$ to ,ess5ic influ5ce1 #bdj & traces ( ! same h be5 discov]$ 9 ! h]esies ref]r$ to 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians2 :]eas ! fir/ class ( ,ebionites evid5tly proce$$ f common ,judaism4 ,:i* =m ( op9ion 0 ! e>li] & :i* ! lat] develop$ is n s easily det]m9$2 ) ref]5ce to ! la/ detail$ diff]5ce1 x might seem1 s9ce ! speculative ,ebionites are m5tion$ fir/ by ! ,clem5t9es & ,epiphanius1 :il/ ,ebionites hold+ a simpl] view are spok5 ( by ,ju/9 & by ,ir5u1 t ! latt] 7 ! e>li]2 nev]!less z ,t]tullian already notices 9 8 "t ! ,gno/icis+ t5d5cy ( ! op9ions ( ! ,ebionites respect+ ,*ri/ #bda1 & z ! g]m ( su* views exi/$ among ! ,ess5es 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 ! m probable assumption is1 t bo? op9ions arose side by side ab\t ! same p]iod4 #bdb ,z little c x be prov$ ) reg>d to ! o!r diff]5ce1 t ! views conc]n+ ,*ri/ held by ! ,naz>5es became fir/1 at a lat] p]iod1 l[]$ to ^? ( ! ,ebionites #bdc2 s9ce ! notices1 p>tly confus$ & p>tly ( late date1 ( ! ecclesia/ical writ]s1 may be naturally expla9$ z aris+ out ( :at may be call$ an optical delusion ( ! *ur*1 :i*1--:il/ %e 9 fact made cont9ual advances 9 ! glorification ( ,*ri/1 b a "p ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians rema9$ /ation>y1--made x appe> to h] z if %e h]self rema9$ /ation>y1 :il/ ! o!rs fell back into h]esy4 ,by ?us di/+ui%+ ! simple & ! speculative ,ebionites1 s mu* is ga9$1 t ! failure ( ! g5ealogies among ! latt] class1 m5tion$ by ,epiphanius1 does n prove !m to h be5 also want+ among ! =m]4 ,& ! less if we %\ld be able to make x appe> probable1 t ! gr\nds ( _! av]sion to ! g5ealogical table1 & ! gr\nds ( di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! o!r class ( ,ebionites1 7 id5tical4 ,"o ( ^! gr\nds 0 evid5tly ! unfav\rable op9ion1 :i* ! ,ebionites ( ,epiphanius & ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies _h ( ,david1 f :om ! g5ealogy traces ! desc5t ( ,jesus4 ,x is well kn[n t !y di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t a tw(old prophecy1 male & female1 pure & impure1 ( :i* ! =m] only promis$ ?+s heav5ly & true1 ! latt] ?+s e>?ly & delusive2 t proce$+ f ,adam & ,abel1 ?is f ,eve & ,ca92 & bo? con/itut$ an "u curr5t ?r\gh ! :ole hi/ory ( ! revelation4 #bdd ,x 0 only ! pi\s m5 f ,adam to ,jo%ua :om !y ackn[l$g$ z true prophets3 ! lat] prophets & m5 ( ,god1 among :om ,david & ,solomon are nam$1 7 n only n recogniz$1 b abhorr$4 #bde ,we ev5 f9d positive indications t ,david 0 an object ( _! p>ticul> av]sion4 ,!re 7 _m ?+s :i* creat$ 9 !m a dete/ation ( ,david 7& ,solomon74 ,david 0 a bloody w>rior2 b to %$ blood 01 accord+ to ! doctr9es ( ^! ,ebionites1 "o ( ! greate/ ( s9s2 ,david 0 kn[n to h committ$ adult]y1 7,solomon to h be5 a voluptu>y72 & adult]y 0 ev5 m dete/$ by ?is sect ?an murd]4 ,david 0 a p]=m] on /r+$ in/rum5ts2 ?is art1 ! inv5tion ( ! ,canaanites 7,g54 iv4 #ba71 0 held by ^! ,ebionites to be a sign ( false prophecy2 f9ally1 ! prophecies ann\nc$ by ,david & ^? connect$ ) him1 7& ,solomon17 _h ref]5ce to ! k+doms ( ?is _w1 ( :i* ! ,gno/icis+ ,ebionites desir$ to "k no?+4 #bdf ,n[ ! ,ebionites :o _h sprung f common ,judaism c\ld n h %>$ ?is gr\nd ( av]sion to ! g5ealogies2 s9ce to ! or?odox ,jew ,david 0 an object ( ! highe/ v5]ation4 ,conc]n+ a second po9t ! notices are n s lucid & accordant z !y %\ld be2 namely1 :e!r x 0 a fur!r developm5t ( ! g5]al ,ebioniti% doctr9e conc]n+ ! p]son ( ! ,*ri/1 :i* l$ ^! ,ebionites to reject ! g5ealogies4 ,accord+ to ,epiphanius1 !y fully recogniz$ ! ,gno/ic di/9ction betwe5 ,jesus ! son ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 & ! ,*ri/ :o desc5d$ ^u him #bdg2 & consequ5tly might h be5 )held f ref]r+ ! g5ealogy to ,jesus only p]haps by _! abhorr5ce ( ,david4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! :ole t5or ( ! ,clem5t9es1 & f "o passage 9 p>ticul>1 #bdh x has rec5tly be5 inf]r$1 & n )\t app>5t reason1 t ! au?or ( ^! writ+s _h himself ab&on$ ! view ( a natural conception1 & ev5 bir? ( ,jesus #bdi2 :]eby x is yet m manife/ t ! gr\nd ( ! rejection ( ! g5ealogies by ?is sect 0 peculi> to x1 & n common to ! o!r ,ebionites4 ,moreov] positive indications1 t ! ,ebionites :o proce$$ f ,judaism possess$ ! g5ealogies1 d n entirely fail4 ,:il/ ! ,ebionites ( ,epiphanius & ( ! ,clem5t9es call$ ,jesus only ,son ( ,god1 b reject$ ! appellation ,son ( ,david1 z belong+ to ! common op9ion ( ! ,jews #bej2 o!r ,ebionites 7 c5sur$ by ! ,fa!rs = recogniz+ ,jesus only z ! ,son ( ,david1 to :om he is trac$ 9 ! g5ealogies1 & n likewise z ! ,son ( ,god4 #bea ,fur!r1 ,epiphanius relates ( ! e>lie/ ,judais+ ,gno/ics1 ,c]9?us & ,c>pocrates1 t !y us$ a ,gospel ! same 9 o!r respects inde$ z ! ,ebionites1 b t !y adduc$ ! g5ealogies1 :i* !y !re=e read 9 ! same1 9 atte/ation ( ! human conception ( ,jesus by ,joseph4 #beb ,also ! cit$ by ,ju/91 & :i* orig9at$ ^u ,judo-*ri/ian gr\nd1 appe> to h conta9$ a g5ealogy simil> to t 9 our ,mat!w2 s9ce ,ju/9 z well z ,mat!w speaks1 9 relation to ,jesus1 ( a 1 ( a 1 1 #bec2 only t at ! "t1 & 9 ! circle ( ,ju/91 ! op9ion ( a sup]natural conception ( ,jesus _h already sugge/$ ! ref]5ce ( ! g5ealogy to ,m>y1 in/ead ( to ,joseph4 ,h5ce x appe>s t we h 9 ! g5ealogies a memorial1 agree+ ) indications f o!r s\rces1 ( ! fact t 9 ! v e>lie/ ,*ri/ian age1 9 ,pale/9e1 a body ( ,*ri/ians1 num]\s en\gh to e/abli% ^u di/9ct fundam5tal op9ions two diff]5t ,messianic tables ( desc5t1 consid]$ ,jesus to h be5 a naturally conceiv$ human be+4 ,& no pro( is furni%$ to u 9 ! apo/olic writ+s1 t ! ,apo/les w\ld h decl>$ ?is doctr9e to be un*ri/ian2 x appe>$ s fir/ f ! po9t ( view adopt$ by ! au?ors ( ! hi/ories ( ! bir? 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels3 not)/&+ :i*1 h[ev]1 x is treat$ ) surpris+ l5ity by ! ,fa!rs ( ! *ur*4 #bh4 ,,natural ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,conception4 ,if1 z appe>s f ! =ego+ /atem5ts1 s _m weighty difficulties1 philosophical z well z exegetical1 beset ! supranaturali/ic explanation1 x is well wor? :ile to exam9e :e!r x be n possible to give an int]pretation ( ! gospel hi/ory :i* %all obviate ^! objections4 ,rec\rse has be5 _h to ! natural explanation1 & ! two n>ratives s+ly & conjo9tly h be5 successively subject$ to ! rationali/ic mode ( int]pretation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! acc\nt 9 ,mat!w seem$ susceptible ( su* an int]pretation4 ,num]\s rabb9ical passages 7 cit$ to demon/rate1 t x 0 consonant ) ,jewi% notions to consid] a son ( pi\s p>5ts to be conceiv$ by ! div9e co-op]ation1 & t he %\ld be call$ ! son ( ! ,holy ,_s1 )\t its be+ ev] imag9$ t pat]nal p>ticipation 0 !reby exclud$4 ,x 0 consequ5tly cont5d$1 t ! section 9 ,mat!w repres5t$ m]ely ! int5tion ( ! angel to in=m ,joseph1 n inde$ t ,m>y _h become pregnant 9 ! abs5ce ( all human int]c\rse1 b t not)/&+ h] pregnancy %e 0 to be reg>d$ z pure1 n z "o fall5 f virtue4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ t ! exclusion ( pat]nal p>ticipation--:i* is an embelli%m5t ( ! orig9al repres5tation--occurs fir/ 9 ,luke 9 ! words 7i4 #cd74 #bed ,:5 h[ev] ?is view 0 ju/ly oppos$ by ! rem>k1 t ! expression 9 ,mat!w 7i4 #ah7 decid$ly excludes ! p>ticipation ( ! only individual 9 "q1 namely ,joseph2 x 0 !n ?\ght possible to prove t ev5 9 ,luke ! pat]nal exclusion 0 n s positive3 b truly ?is c\ld be done only by an unexegetical subv]sion ( ! cle> s5se ( ! words1 or else by uncritically ?r[+ suspicion on a "p ( a well-connect$ n>rative4 ,! fir/ exp$i5t is to int]pret ,m>y's inquiry ( ! angel i4 #cd1 ?us3 ,c ,i :o am already betro!d & m>ri$ give bir? to ! ,messiah1 = z ! "m ( ! ,messiah ,i mu/ h no husb&8 :]eupon ! angel replies1 t ,god1 ?r\gh 8 p[]1 c\ld make some?+ di/+ui%$ ev5 ( ! *ild conceiv$ ( h] & ,joseph4 #bee ,! o!r proce$+ is no less arbitr>y4 ,m>y's inquiry ( ! angel is expla9$ z an unnatural int]ruption ( 8 communication1 :i* be+ ab/ract$1 ! passage is f\nd to conta9 no decid$ intimation ( ! sup]natural conception4 #bef ,if consequ5tly1 ! difficulty ( ! natural explanation ( ! two acc\nts be equally great1 /ill1 ) respect to bo? x mu/ be alike attempt$ or reject$2 & = ! consi/5t ,rationali/1 a ,paulus = example1 ! latt] is ! only c\rse4 ,?is comm5tator consid]s ! p>ticipation ( ,joseph1 inde$ exclud$ by ,matt4 i4 #ah1 b by no means t ( e o!r man2 nei!r c he f9d a sup]natural div9e int]v5tion 9 ! expression ( ,luke i4 #ce4 ,! ,holy ,gho/-- --is n ) him objective1 an ext]nal influ5ce op]at+ ^u ,m>y1 b h] own pi\s imag9ation4 ,! p[] ( ! ,highe/-- --is n ! imm$iate div9e omnipot5ce1 b e natural p[] employ$ 9 a mann] pleas+ to ,god may be s call$4 ,consequ5tly1 accord+ to ,paulus1 ! mean+ ( ! angelic ann\ncem5t is simply ?is3 prior to h] union ) ,joseph1 ,m>y1 "u ! influ5ce ( a pure en?usiasm 9 sacr$ ?+s on ! "o h&1 & by an human co-op]ation pleas+ to ,god on ! o!r1 became ! "m ( a *ild :o on acc\nt ( ?is holy orig9 0 to be call$ a son ( ,god4 ,let u exam9e r m accurately ! view :i* ?is repres5tative ( rationali/ic int]pretation takes ( ! p>ticul>s ( ! conception ( ,jesus4 ,he beg9s ) ,elizabe?1 ! patriotic & wise daught] ( ,a>on1 z he /yles h]4 ,%e1 hav+ conceiv$ ! hope t %e might give bir? to "o ( ,god's prophets1 naturally desir$ moreov] t he might be ! fir/ ( prophets1 ! =]unn] ( ! ,messiah2 & t ! latt] also might spe$ily be born4 ,n[ !re 0 among h] own k9sfolk a p]son suit$ 9 e respect = ! "m ( ! ,messiah1 ,m>y1 a "y virg91 a desc5dant ( ,david2 no?+ m 0 ne$ful ?an to inspire h] likewise ) su* a special hope4 ,:il/ ^! intimations prep>e u to anticipate a clev]ly conc]t$ plan on ! "p ( ,elizabe? 9 ref]5ce to h] "y relative1 9 ! :i* we hope to become initiat$2 ,paulus "h sudd5ly lets fall ! curta91 & rem>ks1 t ! exact mann] 9 :i* ,m>y 0 conv9c$ t %e %\ld become ! "m ( ! ,messiah mu/ be left hi/orically undet]m9$2 ?us mu* only is c]ta91 t ,m>y rema9$ pure1 = %e c\ld n ) a cle> consci5ce h /ation$ h]self1 z %e aft]w>ds did1 "u ! ,cross ( h] ,son1 _h %e felt t a reproa* re/$ on h] conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! hopes %e _h ent]ta9$ ( him4 ,! foll[+ is ! only h9t subsequ5tly giv5 ( ! p>ticul> view held by ,paulus4 ,x is probable1 he ?9ks1 t ! angelic mess5g] visit$ ,m>y 9 ! ev5+ or ev5 at night2 inde$ accord+ to ! correct read+ ( ,luke i4 #bh1 :i* has n ! ^w angel1 1 )\t 1 ! evangeli/ "h speaks only ( "s "o :o _h come 94 7,z if 9 ?is case1 ! p>ticiple mu/ n necess>ily be accompani$ by 2 or1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! pron\n be ref]r$ to ! subject1 ! angel ,gabriel-- 1 v4 #bf67 ,paulus adds3 t ?is visitant 0 ! angel ,gabriel 0 ! subsequ5t sugge/ion ( ,m>y's own m9d1 aft] %e _h he>d ( ! vision ( ,za*>ias4 ,gabl]1 9 a review ( ,paulus's ,comm5t>y #beg has fully expos$1 ) comm5surate pla9ness ( spee*1 ! transaction :i* lies conceal$ "u ?is explanation4 ,x is impossible1 says he1 to imag9e any o!r int]pretation ( ,paulus's view ?an t "s "o pass$ himself (f = ! angel ,gabriel1 & z ! pret5d$ ,mess5g] ( ,god rema9$ ) ,m>y 9 ord] t %e might become ! "m ( ! ,messiah4 ,:at6 asks ,gabl]1 is ,m>y1 at ! v "t %e is betro!d1 to become pregnant by ano!r1 & is ?is to be call$ an innoc5t holy action1 pleas+ to ,god & irreproa*able8 ,m>y is "h p\rtray$ z a pi\s vision>y1 & ! pret5d$ mess5g] ( heav5 z a deceiv]1 or he too is a gross fanatic4 ,! review] mo/ ju/ly consid]s su* an ass]tion z revolt+1 if contemplat$ f ! *ri/ian po9t ( view2 if f ! sci5tific1 z at v>iance bo? ) ! pr9ciples ( int]pretation & ( criticism4 ,! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e? is1 9 ?is in/ance1 to be consid]$ z ! mo/ wor?y int]pret] ( ,paulus2 = ?\gh ! =m] c\ld n1 9 ?is "p ( 8 "w1 h made use ( ,paulus's ,comm5t>y1 yet1 9 exactly ! same _s1 he unres]v$ly av[s :at ! latt] c>efully veils4 ,he br+s into comp>ison a /ory 9 ,josephus1 #beh accord+ to :i*1 9 ! v "t ( ,jesus1 a ,roman knight won ! *a/e wife ( a ,roman noble to 8 wi%es1 by caus+ h] to be invit$ by a prie/ ( ,isis into ! temple ( ! goddess1 "u ! pretext t ! god ,anubis desir$ to embrace h]4 ,9 innoc5ce & fai?1 ! woman resign$ h]self1 & w\ld p]haps aft]w>ds h believ$ %e _h giv5 bir? to ! *ild ( a god1 _h n ! intrigu]1 ) bitt] scorn1 soon aft] discov]$ to h] ! true /ate ( ! case4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! au?or t ,m>y1 ! betro!d bride ( ! ag$ ,joseph1 0 9 l mann] deceiv$ by "s amor\s & fanatic "y man 79 ! sequel to ! hi/ory he repres5ts him to be ,joseph ( ,arima!a71 & t %e on h] "p1 9 p]fect innoc5ce1 cont9u$ to deceive o!rs4 #bei ,x is evid5t t ?is int]pretation does n diff] f ! anci5t ,jewi% blasphemy1 :i* we f9d 9 ,celsus & 9 ! ,talmud2 t ,jesus falsely repres5t$ himself z born ( a pure virg91 :]eas1 9 fact1 he 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! adult]y ( ,m>y ) a c]ta9 ,pan!ra4 #bfj ,?is :ole view1 ( :i* ! culm9at+ po9t is 9 ! calumny ( ! ,jews1 _c be bett] judg$ ?an 9 ! words ( ,orig54 ,if1 says ?is au?or1 !y wi%$ to sub/itute some?+ else 9 ! place ( ! hi/ory ( ! sup]natural conception ( ,jesus1 !y %\ld at any rate h made x happ5 9 a m probable mann]2 !y ought n1 z x 7 aga9/ _! w1 to admit t ,m>y knew n ,joseph1 b !y might h d5i$ ?is feature1 & yet h all[$ ,jesus to h be5 born ( an ord9>y human m>riage2 :]eas ! =c$ & extravagant "* ( _! hypo!sis betrays its falsehood4 #bfa ,is n ?is z mu* z to say1 t if once "s p>ticul> features ( a m>vell\s n>rative are d\bt$1 x is inconsequ5t to all[ o!rs to rema9 unque/ion$8 ea* "p ( su* an acc\nt ought to be subject$ to critical exam9ation4 ,! correct view ( ! n>rative be=e u is to be f\nd1 t is indirectly1 9 ,orig54 ,= :5 at "o "t he places toge!r1 z ( ! same k9d1 ! miracul\s conception ( ,jesus & ! /ory ( ,plato's conception by ,apollo 7?\gh "h1 inde$1 ! mean+ is t only ill-dispos$ p]sons c\ld d\bt su* ?+s #bfb71 & :5 at ano!r "t he says ( ! /ory conc]n+ ,plato1 t x belongs to ^? my?i by :i* x 0 s\ght to exhibit ! di/+ui%$ wisdom & p[] ( great m5 7b "h he does n include ! n>rative ( ,jesus's conception71 he 9 fact /ates ! two premises1 namely1 ! simil>ity ( ! two n>ratives & ! my?ical "* ( ! "o #bfc2 f :i* ! inf]5ce ( ! m]ely my?ical wor? ( ! n>rative ( ! conception ( ,jesus foll[s2 a conclusion :i* c nev] inde$ h occurr$ to 8 own m9d4 #bi4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,jesus ,,view$ ,,z ,a ,,my?us4 ,if1 says ,gabl] 9 8 review ( ! ,comm5t>y ( ,paulus1 we mu/ rel9qui% ! sup]natural orig9 ( ,jesus1 9 ord] to escape ! ridicule ( our contempor>ies1 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! natural explanation leads to conclusions n only extravagant1 b revolt+2 ! adoption ( ! my?us1 by :i* all ^! difficulties are obviat$1 is to be pref]r$4 ,9 ! _w ( my?ology _m great m5 _h extraord9>y bir?s1 & 7 sons ( ! gods4 ,jesus himself spoke ( 8 heav5ly orig91 & call$ ,god 8 fa!r2 besides1 8 title z ,messiah 0--,son ( ,god4 ,f ,mat!w i4 #bb1 x is fur!r evid5t t ! passage ( ,isaiah1 vii4 #ad1 0 ref]r$ to ,jesus by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is passage ! belief prevail$ t ,jesus1 z ! ,messiah1 %\ld be born ( a virg9 by means ( div9e ag5cy2 x 0 !re=e tak5 = grant$ t :at 0 to be actually did occur2 & ?us orig9at$ a philosophical 7dogmatical7 my?us conc]n+ ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,b accord+ to hi/orical tru?1 ,jesus 0 ! (fspr+ ( an ord9>y m>riage1 betwe5 ,joseph & ,m>y2 an explanation :i*1 x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$1 ma9ta9s at once ! dignity ( ,jesus & ! respect due to 8 "m4 #bfd ,! pron5ess ( ! anci5t _w to repres5t ! great m5 & b5efactors ( _! race z ! sons ( ! gods1 has !re=e be5 ref]r$ to1 9 ord] to expla9 ! orig9 ( su* a my?us4 ,our !ologians h accumulat$ examples f ! ,greco-,roman my?ology & hi/ory4 ,!y h cit$ ,h]cules1 & ! ,dioscuri2 ,romulus1 & ,alex&]2 b above all ,py?agoras1 #bfe & ,plato4 ,( ! latt] philosoph] ,j]ome speaks 9 a mann] q applicable to ,jesus3 sapi5ti pr9cipem non alit] arbitrantur1 nisi de p>tu virg9is editum4 #bff ,f ^! examples x might h be5 inf]r$ t ! n>ratives ( ! sup]natural conception _h possibly orig9at$ 9 a simil> t5d5cy1 & _h no f\ndation 9 hi/ory4 ,"h h[ev] ! or?odox & ! rationali/s are unanim\s 9 d5y+1 ?\gh inde$ ^u diff]5t gr\nds1 ! validity ( ! analogy4 ,orig51 f a p]ception ( ! id5tical "* ( ! two classes ( n>ratives1 is n f> f reg>d+ ! hea!n leg5ds ( ! sons ( ! gods z true sup]natural hi/ories4 ,paulus on 8 side is m decid$1 & is s logical z to expla9 bo? classes ( n>ratives 9 ! same mann]1 z natural1 b /ill z true hi/ories4 ,at lea/ he says ( ! n>rative conc]n+ ,plato3 x _c be affirm$ t ! gr\ndwork ( ! hi/ory 0 a subsequ5t creation2 x is f> m probable t ,p]ictione believ$ h]self to be pregnant by "o ( h] gods4 ,! fact t h] son became a ,plato might inde$ h s]v$ to confirm t belief1 b n to h orig9at$ x4 ,?oluck invites att5tion to ! important di/9ction t ! my?i conc]n+ ,romulus & o!rs 7 =m$ _m c5turies aft] ! lifetime ( ^! m53 ! my?i conc]n+ ,jesus1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ h exi/$ %ortly aft] 8 dea?4 #bfg ,he clev]ly fails to rememb] ! n>rative ( ,plato's bir?1 s9ce he is well aw>e t precisely 9 t p>ticul>1 x is a dang]\s po9t4 ,osi&] h[ev] approa*es ! subject ) mu* pa?os1 & affirms t ,plato's apo!osis z son ( ,apollo did n exi/ till sev]al c5turies aft] him #bfh2 :]eas 9 fact ,plato's si/]'s son speaks ( x z a prevail+ leg5d 9 ,a!ns4 #bfi ,ol%aus51 ) :om ,ne&] co9cides1 refuses to draw any detrim5tal inf]5ce f ?is analogy ( ! my?ical sons ( ! gods2 rem>k+ t ?\gh ^! n>ratives are unhi/orical1 !y ev9ce a g5]al anticipation & desire ( su* a fact1 & !re=e gu>antee its reality1 at lea/ 9 "o hi/orical manife/ation4 ,c]ta9ly1 a g5]al anticipation & repres5tation mu/ h tru? = its basis2 b ! tru? does n consi/ 9 any "o individual fact1 pres5t+ an accurate correspond5ce ) t notion1 b 9 an idea :i* realizes itself 9 a s]ies ( facts1 :i* (t5 be> no resemblance to ! g5]al notion4 ,! widely spread notion ( a gold5 age does n prove ! exi/5ce ( a gold5 age3 s ! notion ( div9e conceptions does n prove t "s "o individual 0 ?us produc$4 ,! tru? :i* is ! basis ( ?is notion is some?+ q diff]5t4 ,a m ess5tial objection #bgj to ! analogy is1 t ! repres5tations ( ! hea!n _w prove no?+ ) respect to ! isolat$ ,jews2 & t ! idea ( sons ( ! gods1 belong+ to poly!ism1 c\ld n h ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! rigidly mono!i/ic notion ( ! ,messiah4 ,at all ev5ts su* an inf]5ce mu/ n be too ha/ily drawn f ! expression 8sons ( ,god10 f\nd likewise among ! ,jews1 :i* z appli$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to magi/rates1 7,ps4 lxxxii4 #f1 or to !ocratic k+s1 #b ,sam4 vii4 #ad1 ,ps4 ii4 #g17 indicates only a !ocratic1 & n a physical or metaphysical relation4 ,/ill less is importance to be atta*$ to ! language ( flatt]y us$ by a ,roman1 9 ,josephus1 :o calls beautiful *ildr5 ( ! ,jewi% pr9ces *ildr5 ( ,god4 #bga ,x 01 h[ev]1 a notion among ! ,jews1 z 0 rem>k$ 9 a =m] section1 t ! ,holy ,_s co-op]at$ 9 ! conception ( pi\s individuals2 moreov]1 t ,god's *oice/ in/rum5ts 7 conceiv$ by div9e assi/ance ( p>5ts1 :o c\ld n h _h a *ild accord+ to ! natural c\rse ( ?+s4 ,& if1 accord+ to ! believ$ repres5tation1 ! ext9ct capability on bo? sides 0 r5ew$ by div9e int]v5tion 7,rom4 iv4 #ai71 x 0 only "o /ep fur!r to ! belief t 9 ! case ( ! conception ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all ,god's ag5ts1 ! ,messiah1 ! total abs5ce ( p>ticipation on ! "o side 0 comp5sat$ by a m complete sup]add$ capability on ! o!r4 ,! latt] is sc>cely a degree m m>vell\s ?an ! =m]4 ,& ?us mu/ x h appe>$ to ! au?or ( ,luke i41 s9ce he dissipates ,m>y's d\bts by ! same reply ) :i* ,jehovah repell$ ,s>a's incr$ulity4 #bgb ,nei!r ! ,jewi% rev]5ce = m>riage1 nor ! preval5t repres5tation ( ! ,messiah z a human be+1 c\ld prev5t ! advance to ?is climax2 to :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ascetic e/imation ( celibacy1 & ! idea1 d]iv$ f ,daniel1 ( ! ,*ri/ z a sup]human be+1 contribut$4 ,b decid$ impulse to ! developm5t ( ! repres5tations embodi$ 9 our hi/ories ( ! bir?1 consi/$ p>tly 9 ! title1 ,son ( ,god1 at "o "t usually giv5 to ! ,messiah4 ,= x is ! nature ( su* orig9ally figurative expressions1 aft] a :ile to come to be int]pret$ accord+ to _! m precise & lit]al signification2 & x 0 a daily occurr5ce1 especially among ! lat] ,jews1 to atta* a s5sible signification to t :i* orig9ally _h m]ely a spiritual or figurative mean+4 ,?is natural disposition to und]/& ! ,messianic title ,son ( ,god m & m lit]ally1 0 fo/]$ by ! expression 9 ! ,psalms 7ii4 #g71 int]pret$ ( ! ,messiah3 ,?\ art my ,son2 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e3 words :i* c sc>cely fail to sugge/ a physical relation2 x 0 also nurtur$ by ! prophecy ( ,isaiah respect+ ! virg9 :o %\ld be ) *ild1 :i* x appe>s 0 appli$ to ! ,messiah2 z 7 s _m o!r prophecies ( :i* ! imm$iate signification _h become obscure4 ,?is application may be se5 9 ! ,greek ^w *os5 by ! ,septuag9t1 1 a pure unspott$ virg91 :]eas by ,aquila & o!r ,greek translators ! ^w is us$4 #bgc ,?us did ! notions ( a son ( ,god & a son ( a virg9 complete "o ano!r1 till at la/ ! div9e ag5cy 0 sub/itut$ = human pat]nal p>ticipation4 ,wet/e9 inde$ affirms t no ,jew ev] appli$ ! prophecy ( ,isaiah to ! ,messiah2 & x 0 ) extreme lab\r t ,s*oettg5 collect$ traces ( ! notion t ! ,messiah %\ld be ! son ( a virg9 f ! ,rabb9ical writ+s4 ,?is h[ev]1 consid]+ ! paucity ( records ( ! ,messianic ideas ( t age1 #bgd proves no?+ 9 opposition to ! presumption t a notion !n prevail$1 ( :i* we h ! gr\ndwork 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & an inf]5ce h>dly to be mi/ak5 9 ! ,new4 ,"o objection yet rema9s1 :i* ,i c no long] designate z peculi> to ,ol%aus51 s9ce o!r !ologians h %[n !mselves solicit\s ( %>+ ! fame4 ,! objection is1 t ! my?ical int]pretation ( ! gospel n>rative is especially dang]\s1 x be+ only too well fitt$ to eng5d]1 obscurely inde$1 pr(ane & blasphem\s notions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ,jesus2 s9ce x _c fail to fav\r an op9ion de/ructive ( ! belief 9 a ,r$eem]1 namely1 t ,jesus came into be+ ?r\gh unholy means2 s9ce1 9 fact1 at ! "t ( h] pregnancy ,m>y 0 n m>ri$4 #bge ,9 ,ol%aus5's fir/ edition ( 8 "w1 he adds t he will+ly all[s t ^! int]pret]s "k n :at !y d3 x is !re=e b j to give him ! advantage ( ! same concession1 s9ce he c]ta9ly appe>s n to "k :at my?ical int]pretation means4 ,h[ o!rwise w\ld he say1 t ! my?ical int]pretation is fitt$ only to fav\r a blasphem\s op9ion2 !re=e t all :o und]/& ! n>rative my?ically1 are dispos$ to commit ! absurdity ) :i* ,orig5 reproa*es ! ,jewi% calumniators2 ! reta9+ "o solit>y incid5t1 namely1 t ,m>y 0 n m>ri$1 :il/ ! rema9d] ( ! n>rative is held to be unhi/orical2 a p>ticul> incid5t :i* evid5tly s]ves only z a support to ! o!r1 t ,jesus 0 conceiv$ )\t human pat]nal p>ticipation1 & ) x1 !re=e1 /&s or falls4 ,no "o among ! int]pret]s :o1 9 ?is n>rative1 recognise a my?us1 9 ! full signification ( t t]m1 has be5 ?us bl9d & inconsequ5t2 all h suppos$ a legitimate m>riage betwe5 ,joseph & ,m>y2 & ,ol%aus5 m]ely pa9ts ! my?ical mode ( int]pretation 9 c>icature1 9 ord] ! m easily to set x aside2 = he confesses t 9 relation to ?is portion ( ! ,gospel 9 p>ticul>1 x has mu* t is dazzl+4 #cj4 ,,relation ,,( ,,joseph ,,to ,,m>y--,,bro!rs ,,( ,,jesus4 ,our ,gospels1 9 ! true _s ( ! anci5t leg5d1 f9d x unbecom+ to all[ ! "m ( ,jesus1 s long z %e bore ! heav5ly g]m1 to be approa*$ or pr(an$ by an e>?ly husb&4 ,consequ5tly ,luke 7ii4 #e7 repres5ts ! connexion betwe5 ,joseph & ,m>y1 prior to ! bir? ( ,jesus1 z a betro?m5t m]ely4 ,&1 z x is /at$ respect+ ! fa!r ( ,plato1 aft] 8 wife _h become pregnant by ,apollo3 1 #bgf s likewise x is rem>k$ ( ,joseph 9 ,mat!w 7i4 #be73 7 7 4 ,9 ea* ( ^! k9dr$ passages ! ,greek ^w 7till7 mu/ evid5tly receive ! same int]pretation4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ quotation ! mean+ is inconte/ably ?is3--t till ! "t ( ,plato's bir? 8 fa!r ab/a9$ f int]c\rse ) 8 wife1 b subsequ5tly assum$ 8 conjugal rights1 s9ce we he> ( ,plato's bro!rs4 ,9 ref]5ce1 !re=e1 to ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 ! _c h a diff]5t signification2 9 ea* case x indicates precisely ! same limitation4 ,s aga9 ! expression 7fir/born7 us$ 9 ref]5ce to ,jesus 9 bo? ! ,gospels 7,matt4 i4 #be1 ,luke ii4 #g7 supposes t ,m>y _h o!r *ildr51 = z ,lucian says3 1 1 4 #bgg ,ev5 9 ! same ,gospels 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee1 ,luke viii4 #ai7 m5tion is made ( 7! bro!rs ( ,jesus74 ,9 ! words ( ,fritzs*e3 ,lub5tissime po/ ,jesu natales ,m>iam concessit ,mat?u 7,luke does ! same7 uxorem ,josepho1 9 hoc uno occupatus1 ne quis ante ,jesu primordia mutu v5]e usos suspic>etur4 ,b ?is did n cont9ue to satisfy ! or?odox2 z ! v5]ation = ,m>y rose ev5 high]1 %e :o _h once become fruitful by div9e ag5cy 0 n subsequ5tly to be pr(an$ by ! common relations ( life4 #bgh ,! op9ion t ,m>y aft] ! bir? ( ,jesus became ! wife ( ,joseph1 0 e>ly rank$ among ! h]esies1 #bgi & ! or?odox ,fa!rs s\ght e means to escape f x & to combat x4 ,!y cont5d$ t accord+ to ! exegetical int]pretation ( 1 x sometimes affirm$ or d5i$ a ?+1 n m]ely up to a c]ta9 limit1 b beyond t limitation & = ev]2 & t ! words ( ,mat!w 444 exclud$ a matrimonial connexion betwe5 ,joseph & ,m>y = all "t4 #bhj ,9 l mann] x 0 ass]t$ ( ! t]m 1 t x did n necess>ily include ! subsequ5t bir? ( o!r *ildr51 b t x m]ely exclud$ any previ\s bir?4 #bha ,b 9 ord] to bani% ! ?\ght ( a matrimonial connexion betwe5 ,m>y & ,joseph1 n only grammatically b physiologically1 !y repres5t$ ,joseph z a v old man1 "u :om ,m>y 0 plac$ = control & protection only2 & ! bro!rs ( ,jesus m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t !y reg>d$ z ! *ildr5 ( ,joseph by a =m] m>riage4 #bhb ,b ?is 0 n all2 soon x 0 insi/$ n only t ,m>y nev] became ! wife ( ,joseph1 b t 9 giv+ bir? to ,jesus %e did n lose h] virg9ity4 #bhc ,b ev5 ! cons]vation ( ,m>y's virg9ity did n long cont9ue to satisfy3 p]petual virg9ity 0 likewise requir$ on ! "p ( ,joseph4 ,x 0 n en\gh t he _h no connexion ) ,m>y2 x 0 also necess>y t 8 entire life %\ld be "o ( celibacy4 ,accord+ly1 ?\gh ,epiphanius all[s t ,joseph _h sons by a =m] m>riage1 ,j]ome rejects ! supposition z an impi\s & audaci\s inv5tion2 & f t "t ! bro!rs ( ,jesus 7 degrad$ to ! rank ( c\s9s4 #bhd ,"s mod]n !ologians agree ) ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 9 ma9ta9+ t no matrimonial connexion subsi/$ at any "t betwe5 ,joseph & ,m>y1 & believe !mselves able to expla9 ! gospel expressions :i* appe> to ass]t ! contr>y4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! t]m fir/born1 ,ol%aus5 cont5ds t x signifies an only son3 no less ?an ! elde/ ( sev]al4 ,paulus all[s t "h he is "r1 & ,clem5 #bhe & ,fritzs*e seek 9 va9 to demon/rate ! impossibility ( ?is signification4 ,= :5 x is said 9 ,ex4 xiii4 #b1 7 ,,lxx47 x 0 n m]ely a fir/born foll[$ by o!rs subsequ5tly born1 :o 0 sanctifi$ to ,jehovah1 b ! fruit ( ! body ( t "m ( :om no o!r *ild _h previ\sly be5 born4 ,!re=e ! t]m mu/ ( necessity be> also ?is signification4 ,truly h[ev] we mu/ confess ) ,w9] #bhf & o!rs1 on ! o!r side1 t if a n>rator :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! :ole sequel ( ! hi/ory us$ t expression1 we %\ld be tempt$ to und]/& x 9 its primitive s5se2 s9ce _h ! au?or int5d$ to exclude o!r *ildr51 he w\ld r h employ$ ! ^w 1 or w\ld h connect$ x ) 4 ,if ?is be n q decisive1 ! reason+ ( ,fritzs*e 9 ref]5ce to ! 1 4441 is m conv9c+4 ,he rejects ! citations adduc$ 9 support ( ! int]pretation ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 prov+ t ?is expression accord+ to its primitive signification affirms only to a giv5 limit1 & beyond t limit supposes ! logical opposite ( ! affirmation to take place2 a signification :i* x loses only :5 ! context %[s cle>ly t ! opposite is impossible 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 #bhg ,= example1 :5 x is said 1 1 x is self-evid5t t ! negation1 dur+ ! "t elaps$ till dea?--_c be trans=m$ aft] dea? into an affirmation2 b :5 x is said1 z 9 ,mat!w1 4 4 1 ! giv+ bir? to ! div9e fruit opposes no impossibility to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! conjugal relations2 on ! contr>y x r5d]s x possible1 i4e4 suitable #bhh = !m n[ to take place4 ,ol%aus51 impell$ by ! same doctr9al motives :i* influ5c$ ! ,fa!rs1 is l$ 9 ?is in/ance to contradict bo? ! evid5ce ( gramm> & ( logic4 ,he ?9ks t ,joseph1 )\t wi%+ to impair ! sanctity ( m>riage1 mu/ h conclud$ aft] ! exp]i5ces he _h _h 787 t 8 m>riage ) ,m>y _h ano!r object ?an ! production ( *ildr52 besides x 0 b natural 787 9 ! la/ desc5dant ( ! h\se ( ,david1 & ( t p>ticul> bran* f :i* ! ,messiah %\ld come =?1 to t]m9ate h] race 9 ?is la/ & et]nal (f%oot4 ,a curi\s ladd] may be =m$ ( ^! diff]5t beliefs & sup]/itions 9 relation to ! connexion betwe5 ,m>y & ,joseph4 #a4 ,contempor>ies ( ,jesus & compos]s ( ! g5ealogies3 ,joseph & ,m>y man & wife--,jesus ! (fspr+ ( _! m>riage4 #b4 ,! age & au?ors ( our hi/ories ( ! bir? ( ,jesus3 ,m>y & ,joseph betro!d only2 ,joseph hav+ no p>ticipation 9 ! conception ( ! *ild1 & previ\s to 8 bir? no conjugal connexion ) ,m>y4 #c4 ,ol%aus5 & o!rs3 subsequ5t to ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ,joseph1 ?\gh !n ! husb& ( ,m>y1 rel9qui%es 8 matrimonial rights4 #d4 ,epiphanius1 ,protevangelium ,jacobi & o!rs3 ,joseph a decrepit old man1 no long] to be ?\ght ( z a husb&3 ! *ildr5 attribut$ to him are ( a =m] m>riage4 ,m especially x is n z a bride & wife t he receives ,m>y2 he takes h] m]ely "u 8 gu>dian%ip4 #e4 ,protevang41 ,*ryso/om & o!rs3 ,m>y's virg9ity 0 n only n de/roy$ by any subsequ5t bir?s ( *ildr5 by ,joseph1 x 0 n 9 ! slighte/ degree impair$ by ! bir? ( ,jesus4 #f4 ,j]ome3 n ,m>y only b ,joseph also obs]v$ an absolute virg9ity1 & ! pret5d$ bro!rs ( ,jesus 7 n 8 sons b m]ely c\s9s to ,jesus4 ,! op9ion t ! 7bro!rs7 & 7si/]s ( ,jesus7 m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7 m]ely half bro!rs or inde$ c\s9s1 appe>s 9 its orig91 z %[n above1 toge!r ) ! notion t no matrimonial connexion ev] subsi/$ betwe5 ,joseph & ,m>y1 z ! m]e inv5tion ( sup]/ition1 a circum/ance highly prejudicial to su* an op9ion4 ,x is h[ev] no less true t purely exegetical gr\nds exi/1 9 virtue ( :i* !ologians :o 7 free f prejudice h decid$1 t ! op9ion t ,jesus actually _h bro!rs is unt5able4 #bhi ,_h we m]ely ! foll[+ passages--,matt4 xiii4 #ee1 ,m>k vi4 #c1 :]e ! p ( ,naz>e?1 a/oni%$ at ! wisdom ( _! c\ntryman1 9 ord] to m>k 8 well kn[n orig91 imm$iately aft] hav+ spok5 ( 7! c>p5t]7 8 fa!r1 & 8 "m ,m>y1 m5tion by "n 8 7bro!rs7 ,james1 ,joses1 ,simon1 & ,judas1 toge!r ) 8 si/]s ^: names are n giv5 #bij2 aga9 ,matt4 xii4 #df1 ,luke viii4 #ai1 :5 8 "m & 8 bre?r5 come to ,jesus2 ,john ii4 #ab1 :]e ,jesus j\rneys ) 8 "m & 8 bre?r5 to ,cap]naum2 ,acts i4 #ad1 :]e !y are m5tion$ 9 imm$iate connexion ) 8 "m--if we _h ^! passages only1 we c\ld n = a mom5t hesitate to recognize "h real bro!rs ( ,jesus at lea/ on ! "m's side1 *ildr5 ( ,joseph & ,m>y2 n only on acc\nt ( ! prop] signification ( ! ^w 1 b also 9 consequ5ce ( its cont9ual conjunction ) ,m>y & ,joseph4 ,ev5 ! passages--,john vii4 #e1 9 :i* x is rem>k$ t 8 bre?r5 did n believe on ,jesus1 & ,m>k iii4 #ba1 comp>$ ) #ca1 :]e1 accord+ to ! mo/ probable explanation1 ! bro!rs ( ,jesus ) 8 "m w5t out to lay hold ( him z "o beside himself--furni% no adequate gr\nds = rel9qui%+ ! prop] signification ( 4 ,_m !ologians h int]pret$ 9 ! la/ cit$ passage half bro!rs1 sons ( ,joseph by a =m] m>riage1 alleg+ t ! real bro!rs ( ,jesus mu/ h believ$ on him1 b ?is is a m]e assumption4 ,! difficulty seems great] :5 we read 9 ,john xix4 #bf f4 t ,jesus1 on ! cross1 enjo9$ ,john to be a son to 8 "m2 an injunction x is n easy to reg>d z suitable "u ! supposition t ,m>y _h o!r *ildr51 except inde$ ^! 7 half-bro!rs & unfri5dly to ,jesus4 ,nev]!less we c imag9e ! exi/5ce bo? ( ext]nal circum/ances & ( individual feel+s :i* might h influ5c$ ,jesus to confide 8 "m to ,john r ?an to 8 bro!rs4 ,t ^! bro!rs appe>$ 9 company ) 8 apo/les aft] ! asc5sion 7,acts i4 #ad7 is no pro( t !y mu/ h believ$ on ,jesus at ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,! real p]plexity 9 ! matt]1 h[ev]1 orig9ates 9 ?is3 t besides ! ,james & ,joses spok5 ( z ! bro!rs ( ,jesus1 two m5 ( ! same "n are m5tion$ z ! sons ( ano!r ,m>y 7,m>k xv4 #dj1 #dg1 xvi4 #a1 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ef71 )\t d\bt t ,m>y :o is designat$1 ,john xix4 #be1 z ! si/] ( ! "m ( ,jesus1 & ! wife ( ,cleophas2 s t we h a ,james & a ,joses n only among ! *ildr5 ( ,m>y ! "m ( ,jesus1 b aga9 among h] si/]'s *ildr54 ,we meet ) sev]al o!rs among ^? imm$iately connect$ ) ,jesus1 ^: names are id5tical4 ,9 ! li/s ( ! apo/les 7,matt4 x4 #b ff41 ,luke vi4 #ad ff47 we h two m ( ! "n ( ,james3 t is f\r1 ! bro!r & c\s9 ( ,jesus includ$2 two m ( ! "n ( ,judas3 t is ?ree1 ! bro!r ( ,jesus includ$2 two ( ! "n ( ,simon1 also mak+ ?ree ) ! bro!r ( ,jesus ( ! same "n4 ,! "q naturally arises1 :e!r ! same individual is n "h tak5 z di/9ct p]sons8 ,! suspicion is almo/ unavoidable 9 ref]5ce to ,james4 ,z ,james ! son ( ,alpheus is1 9 ! li/ ( ! apo/les1 introduc$ aft] ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 z ! second1 p]haps ! y\ng]2 & z ,james ! c\s9 ( ,jesus is call$ 78! less07 ,m>k xv4 #dj2 & s9ce by comp>+ ,john xix4 #be1 we f9d t ! latt] is call$ ! son ( ,cleophas1 x is possible t ! "n 7,cleophas7 giv5 to ! husb& ( ,m>y's si/]1 & ! "n 7,alpheus7 giv5 to ! fa!r ( ! apo/le1 may be only diff]5t =ms ( ! ,hebrew 4 ,?us w\ld ! second ,james enum]at$ among ! apo/les & ! c\s9 ( ,jesus ( t "n be id5tical1 & !re w\ld rema9 besides him only ! son ( ,zeb$ee & ! bro!r ( ,jesus4 ,n[ 9 ! ,acts 7xv4 #ac7 a ,james appe>s :o takes a prom95t "p 9 ! s-call$ apo/olic c\ncil1 & z1 accord+ to ,acts xii4 #b1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee _h previ\sly be5 put to dea?1 & z 9 ! =ego+ portion ( ! book ( ! ,acts no m5tion is made ( any o!r ,james besides ! son ( ,alpheus 7i4 #ac71 s ?is ,james1 ( :om 7,acts xv4 #ac7 no m precise description is giv51 c be no o!r ?an ! son ( ,alpheus4 ,b ,paul speaks ( a ,james 7,gal4 i4 #ai7 ! ,"l's bro!r1 :om he saw at ,j]usalem1 & x is d\btless he ( :om he speaks 9 connexion ) ,cephas & ,john z ! 7pill>s7 ( ! *ur*--= ?is is precisely 9 "* ) ! 7,apo/le7 ,james z he appe>$ at ! apo/olic c\ncil--s t ?is ,james may be consid]$ z id5tical ) ! ,"l's bro!r1 & ! r z ! expression 1 7b o!r ( ! apo/les saw ,i none1 save ,james ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,gal4 i4 #ai71 makes x appe> z if ! ,"l's bro!r 7 reckon$ among ! apo/les2 ) :i* also ! anci5t tradition :i* repres5ts ,james ! ,j1 a bro!r ( ,jesus1 z ! fir/ head ( ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 agrees4 #bia ,b admitt+ ! ,james ( ! ,acts to be id5tical ) ! di/+ui%$ apo/le ( t "n1 !n is he ! son ( ,alpheus1 & n ! son ( ,joseph2 consequ5tly if he be at ! same "t 1 !n _c signify a bro!r4 ,n[ if ,alpheus & ,cleophas are admitt$ to be ! same individual1 ! husb& ( ! si/] ( ,m>y ! "m ( ,jesus1 x is obvi\s t 1 us$ to d5ote ! relation%ip ( 8 son to ,jesus1 mu/ be tak5 9 ! signification1 c\s94 ,if1 aft] ?is mann]1 ,james ! ,apo/le ! son ( ,alpheus be id5tifi$ ) ! c\s91 & ! c\s9 be id5tifi$ ) ! bro!r ( ,jesus ( ! same "n1 x is obvi\s t 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,apo/les 9 ,luke 7,luke vi4 #af1 ,acts i4 #ac71 mu/ be translat$ bro!r ( ,james 7son ( ,alpheus72 & ?is ,apo/le ,jude mu/ be held z id5tical ) ! ,jude 1 t is1 ) ! c\s9 ( ! ,"l & son ( ,m>y ,cleophas 7?\gh ! "n ( ,jude is nev] m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ?is ,m>y74 ,if ! ,epi/le ( ,jude 9 our canon be au!ntic1 x is confirmatory ( ! above d$uction1 t ! au?or 7v]se #a7 designates himself z ! 7bro!r ( ,james74 ,"s moreov] h id5tifi$ ! ,apo/le ,simon or 7,zelotes or ! ,canaanite7 ) ! ,simon enum]at$ among ! bro!rs ( ,jesus 7,m>k vi4 #c71 & :o accord+ to a tradition ( ! *ur* succe$$ ,james z head ( ! *ur* at ,j]usalem #bib2 s t ,joses alone appe>s )\t fur!r designation or appellative4 ,if1 accord+ly1 ^? spok5 ( z 7 m]ely c\s9s1 & ?ree ( ^! 7 apo/les1 x mu/ excite surprise t n only 9 ! ,acts 7i4 #ad71 aft] an enum]ation ( ! apo/les1 ! bro!rs ( ,jesus are sep>ately p>ticul>iz$1 b t also 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #e7 !y appe> to be a class di/9ct f ! apo/les4 ,p]haps1 also1 ! passage ,gal4 i4 #ai ought to be und]/ood z indicat+ t ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r1 0 n an apo/le4 #bic ,if1 !re=e1 ! seem ?us to be extrud$ f ! numb] ( ! apo/les1 x is yet m difficult to reg>d !m m]ely z ! c\s9s ( ,jesus1 s9ce !y appe> 9 s _m places imm$iately associat$ ) ! "m ( ,jesus1 & 9 two or ?ree passages only are two m5 be>+ ! same names m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! o!r ,m>y1 :o accord+ly w\ld be _! real "m4 ,! ,greek ^w may inde$ signify1 9 language :i* pret5ds n to precision1 z well z ! ,hebrew 1 a m di/ant relative2 b z x is repeat$ly us$ to express ! relation%ip ( ^! p]sons to ,jesus1 & is 9 no in/ance replac$ by --a ^w :i* is n =eign to ! ,new ,te/am5t language :5 ! relation%ip ( c\s9 is to be d5ot$ 7,col4 iv4 #aj71 x _c well be tak5 9 any o!r ?an its prop] signification4 ,fur!r1 x ne$ only be po9t$ out t ! highe/ degree ( unc]ta9ty exi/s respect+ n only ! id5tity ( ! names ,alpheus & ,cleophas1 ^u :i* ! id5tity ( ,james ! c\s9 ( ,jesus & ( ! ,apo/le ,james ! ,less re/s1 b also reg>d+ ! translation ( by ! bro!r ( ,james2 & likewise respect+ ! assum$ id5tity ( ! au?or ( ! la/ ,ca?olic ,epi/le ) ! ,apo/le ,jude4 ,?us ! web ( ?is id5tification gives way at all po9ts1 & we are =c$ back to ! position :5ce we set out2 s t we h aga9 real bro!rs ( ,jesus1 also two c\s9s di/9ct f ^! bro!rs1 ?\gh be>+ ! same names ) two ( !m1 besides "s apo/les ( ! same names ) bo? bro!rs & c\s9s4 ,to f9d two pairs ( sons ( ! same names 9 a family is1 inde$1 n s uncommon z to become a s\rce ( objection4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 rem>kable t ! same ,james :o 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians is designat$ 7! ,"l's bro!r71 mu/ unque/ionably1 accord+ to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 be reg>d$ z ! son ( ,alpheus2 :i* he c\ld n be if ?is expression signifi$ a bro!r4 ,s t !re is p]plexity on e side1 :i* c be solv$ only 7& !n1 inde$1 b negatively & )\t hi/orical result7 by admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( obscurity & error on ?is po9t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 & ev5 9 ! v e>lie/ ,*ri/ian traditions2 error :i*1 9 matt]s ( involv$ relation%ips & family names1 is f> m easily fall5 into ?an avoid$4 #bid ,we h consequ5tly no gr\nd = d5y+ t ! "m ( ,jesus bore h] husb& sev]al o!r *ildr5 besides ,jesus1 y\ng]1 & p]haps also old]2 ! latt]1 because ! repres5tation 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t ,jesus 0 ! fir/-born may belong no less to ! my?us ?an ! repres5tation ( ! ,fa!rs t he 0 an only son4 #ca4 ,,visit ,,( ,,m>y ,,to ,,elizabe?4 ,! angel :o ann\nc$ to ,m>y h] own approa*+ pregnancy1 at ! same "t in=m$ h] 7,luke i4 #cf7 ( t ( h] relative ,elizabe?1 ) :om x 0 already ! six? mon?4 ,h]eupon ,m>y imm$iately set out on a j\rney to h] c\s91 a visit :i* 0 att5d$ by extraord9>y occurr5ces2 = :5 ,elizabe? he>d ! salutation ( ,m>y1 ! babe leap$ 9 h] womb = joy2 %e also became inspir$1 & 9 h] exultation p\r$ =? an address to ,m>y z ! future "m ( ! ,messiah1 to :i* ,m>y respond$ by a hymn ( praise 7,luke i4 #ci-ef74 ,! rationali/ic int]pret] believes x to be an easy matt] to give a natural explanation ( ?is n>rative ( ! ,gospel ( ,luke4 ,he is ( op9ion #bie t ! unkn[n individual :o excit$ su* peculi> anticipations1 9 ,m>y1 _h at ! same "t acqua9t$ h] ) ! simil> situation ( h] c\s9 ,elizabe?4 ,?is x 0 :i* impell$ ,m>y ! m /rongly to conf] on ! subject ) h] old] relative4 ,arriv$ at h] c\s9's dwell+1 %e fir/ ( all made kn[n :at _h happ5$ to h]self2 b ^u ?is ! n>rator is sil5t1 n wi%+ to repeat :at he _h j be=e describ$4 ,& "h ! ,rationali/ n only supposes ! address ( ,elizabe? to h be5 prec$$ by "s communication f ,m>y1 b imag9es ,m>y to h relat$ h] hi/ory piecemeal1 s z to all[ ,elizabe? to ?r[ 9 s5t5ces dur+ ! int]vals4 ,! excitem5t ( ,elizabe?--su* is ! cont9uation ( ! rationali/ic explanation--communicat$ itself1 accord+ to natural laws1 to ! *ild1 :o1 z is usual ) an embryo ( six mon?s1 made a movem5t1 :i* 0 fir/ reg>d$ by ! "m z significant1 & z ! consequ5ce ( ! salutation1 aft] ,m>y's f>!r communications4 ,j z natural does x appe> to ! ,rationali/ t ,m>y %\ld h giv5 utt]ance to h] ,messianic expectations1 confirm$ z !y 7 by ,elizabe?1 9 a k9d ( psalmodic recitative1 compos$ ( rem9isc5ces borr[$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b !re is mu* 9 ?is explanation :i* positively contradicts ! text4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t ,elizabe? %\ld h le>n$ ! heav5ly message imp>t$ to ,m>y f ,m>y h]self4 ,!re is no trace 9 ! n>rative ei!r ( any communication prec$+ ,elizabe?'s address1 or ( int]ruptions occasion$ by f>!r explanations on ! "p ( ,m>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 z x is a sup]natural revelation :i* acqua9ts ,m>y ) ! pregnancy ( ,elizabe?1 s also x is to a revelation t ,elizabe?'s imm$iate recognition ( ,m>y1 z ! *os5 "m ( ! ,messiah1 is attribut$4 #bif ,z little w ! o!r feature ( ?is n>rative--t ! entrance ( ! "m ( ! ,messiah occasion$ a responsive movem5t 9 8 "m's womb on ! "p ( 8 =]unn]--be> a natural explanation4 ,9 mod]n times1 inde$1 ev5 or?odox int]pret]s h incl9$ to ?is explanation1 b ) ! modification1 t ,elizabe? 9 ! fir/ place receiv$ a revelation1 9 :i* h[ev] ! *ild1 ow+ to ! "m's excitem5t1 a matt] to be physiologically expla9$1 likewise took "p4 #big ,b ! record does n repres5t ! ?+ z if ! excitem5t ( ! "m 7 ! det]m9+ cause ( ! movem5t ( ! *ild2 on ! contr>y 7v4 #da71 ! emotion ( ! "m foll[s ! movem5t ( ! *ild1 & ,elizabe?'s own acc\nt /ates1 t x 0 ! salutation ( ,m>y 7v4 #dd71 n inde$ f its p>ticul> signification1 b m]ely z ! voice ( ! "m ( ! ,messiah1 :i* produc$ ! movem5t ( ! unborn babe3 und5iably assum+ some?+ sup]natural4 ,& inde$ ! supranaturali/ic view ( ?is miracle is n free f objection1 ev5 on its own gr\nd2 & h5ce ! anxiety ( ! above-m5tion$ mod]n or?odox int]pret]s to evade x4 ,x may be possible to conceive ! human m9d imm$iately act$ ^u by ! div9e m9d1 to :i* x is relat$1 b h[ solve ! difficulty ( an imm$iate communication ( ! div9e m9d to an un9tellig5t embryo8 ,& if we inquire ! object ( s /range a miracle1 none :i* is wor?y pres5ts itself4 ,%\ld x be ref]r$ to ! necessity t ! ,bapti/ %\ld receive ! e>lie/ possible intimation ( ! "w to :i* he 0 de/9$2 /ill we "k n h[ su* an impression c\ld h be5 made ^u an embryo4 ,%\ld ! purpose be suppos$ to c5tre 9 ! o!r individuals1 9 ,m>y or ,elizabe?2 !y _h be5 ! recipi5ts ( f> high] revelations1 & 7 consequ5tly already possess$ ( an adequate measure ( insight & fai?4 ,no few] difficulties oppose ! rationali/ic ?an ! supranaturali/ic explanation ( ! hymn pron\nc$ by ,m>y4 ,= ?\gh x is n1 l ! ,canticle ( ,za*>ias 7v4 #fg7 & ! address ( ,elizabe? 7v4 #da71 introduc$ by ! =mula 1 %e 0 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 /ill ! simil>ity ( ^! utt]ances is s great1 t ! omission _c be adduc$ z a pro( t ! n>rator did n int5d to repres5t ?is1 equally ) ! o!r two1 z ! op]ation ( ! 7_s74 ,b ap>t f ! int5tion ( ! n>rator1 c x be ?\ght natural t two fri5ds visit+ "o ano!r %\ld1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ extraord9>y occurr5ces1 break =? into long hymns1 & t _! conv]sation %\ld entirely lose ! "* ( dialogue1 ! natural =m on su* occasions8 ,by a sup]natural influ5ce alone c\ld ! m9ds ( ! two fri5ds be attun$ to a /ate ( elevation1 s =eign to _! e-day life4 ,b if1 inde$1 ,m>y's hymn is to be und]/ood z ! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s1 x is surpris+ t a spee* emanat+ imm$iately f ! div9e s\rce ( inspiration %\ld n be m /rik+ = its orig9ality1 b %\ld be s int]l>d$ ) rem9isc5ces f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 borr[$ f ! song ( praise spok5 by ! "m ( ,samuel 7#a ,sam4 ii47 "u analog\s circum/ances4 #bih ,accord+ly we mu/ admit t ! compilation ( ?is hymn1 consi/+ ( recollections f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 put toge!r 9 a natural way2 b all[+ its composition to h be5 p]fectly natural1 x _c be ascrib$ to ! artless ,m>y1 b to him :o poetically wr\ght out ! tradition 9 circulation respect+ ! sc5e 9 "q4 ,s9ce !n we f9d all ! pr9cipal incid5ts ( ?is visit inconceivable accord+ to ! sup]natural int]pretation2 also t !y w n be> a natural explanation2 we are l$ to seek a my?ical exposition ( ?is z well z ! prec$+ portions ( ! gospel hi/ory4 ,?is pa? has already be5 ent]$ ^u by o!rs4 ,! view ( ?is n>rative giv5 by ! anonym\s ,e4 ,f4 9 ,h5ke's ,magaz9e #bii is1 t x does n p\rtray ev5ts z !y actually did occur1 b z !y might h occurr$2 t mu* :i* ! sequel taught ( ! de/9y ( _! sons 0 c>ri$ back into ! spee*es ( ^! wom51 :i* 7 also enri*$ by o!r features glean$ f tradition2 t a true fact h[ev] lies at ! bottom1 namely an actual visit ( ,m>y to ,elizabe?1 a joy\s conv]sation1 & ! expression ( gratitude to ,god2 all :i* might h happ5$ solely 9 virtue ( ! high importance atta*$ by ,ori5tals to ! joys ( mat]nity1 ev5 ?\gh ! two mo!rs _h be5 at t "t ignorant ( ! de/9ation ( _! *ildr54 ,?is au?or is ( op9ion t ,m>y1 :5 pond]+ ov] at a lat] p]iod ! rem>kable life ( h] son1 may (t5 h relat$ ! happy meet+ ) h] c\s9 & _! mutual expressions ( ?ankfulness to ,god1 & t ?us ! hi/ory ga9$ curr5cy4 ,hor/ also1 :o has a j conception ( ! fictiti\s nature ( ?is section 9 ,luke1 & ably refutes ! natural mode ( explanation1 yet himself slides unaw>es half-way back into x4 ,he ?9ks x n improbable t ,m>y dur+ h] pregnancy1 :i* 0 9 _m respects a pa9ful "o1 %\ld h visit$ h] old] & m exp]i5c$ c\s91 & t ,elizabe? %\ld dur+ ?is visit h felt ! fir/ movem5t ( h] *ild3 an occurr5ce :i* z x 0 aft]w>ds reg>d$ z om9\s1 0 pres]v$ by ! oral tradition4 #cjj ,^! are f>!r examples ( ! uncritical proce$+ :i* pret5ds to dis5gage ! my?ical & poetical f ! n>rative1 by pluck+ away a few twigs & blossoms ( t gr[?1 :il/ x leaves ! v root ( ! my?us undi/urb$ z purely hi/orical4 ,9 our n>rative ! pr9cipal my?ical feature 7! rema9d] =ms only its adjuncts7 is precisely t :i* ! above-m5tion$ au?ors1 9 _! pret5d$ my?ical explanations1 reta9 z hi/orical3 namely1 ! visit ( ,m>y to ! pregnant ,elizabe?4 ,=1 z we h already se51 ! ma9 t5d5cy ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,luke is to magnify ,jesus by connect+ ! ,bapti/ ) him f ! e>lie/ possible po9t 9 a relation ( inf]iority4 ,n[ ?is object c\ld n be bett] atta9$ ?an by br++ ab\t a meet+1 n 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( ! sons1 b ( ! mo!rs 9 ref]5ce to _! sons1 dur+ _! pregnancy1 at :i* meet+ "s occurr5ce :i* %\ld prefigure ! future relative positions ( ^! two m5 %\ld take place4 ,n[ ! m app>5t ! exi/5ce ( a dogmatical motive z ! orig9 ( ?is visit1 ! less probability is !re t x _h an hi/orical f\ndation4 ,) ?is pr9cipal feature ! o!r details are connect$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--,! visit ( ! two wom5 mu/ be repres5t$ z possible & probable by ! feature ( family relation%ip betwe5 ,m>y & ,elizabe? 7v4 #cf71 :i* w\ld also give a great] suitability to ! subsequ5t connexion ( ! sons4 ,fur!r1 a visit1 s full ( import1 made precisely at t "t1 mu/ h tak5 place by special div9e appo9tm5t2 !re=e x is an angel :o ref]s ,m>y to h] c\s94 ,at ! visit ! subs]vi5t position ( ! ,bapti/ to ,jesus is to be p>ticul>ly exhibit$2--?is c\ld h be5 effect$ by ! "m1 z inde$ x is1 9 h] address to ,m>y1 b x 7 bett] if possible t ! future ,bapti/ himself %\ld give a sign4 ,! mutual relation ( ,esau & ,jacob _h be5 prefigur$ by _! /ruggles & position 9 _! "m's womb 7,g54 xxv4 #bb ff474 ,b1 )\t too viol5t an (f5ce aga9/ ! laws ( probability1 an om9\s movem5t w\ld n be attribut$ to ! *ild prior to t p]iod ( h] pregnancy at :i* ! motion ( ! ftus is felt2 h5ce ! necessity t ,elizabe? %\ld be 9 ! six? mon? ( h] pregnancy :5 ,m>y1 9 consequ5ce ( ! communication ( ! angel1 set out to visit h] c\s9 7v4 #cf74 ,?us1 z ,s*lei]ma*] rem>ks1 #cja ! :ole arrangem5t ( times _h ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> circum/ance ! au?or desir$ to contrive--! joy\s responsive movem5t ( ! *ild 9 8 "m's womb at ! mom5t ( ,m>y's entrance4 ,to ?is end only mu/ ,m>y's visit be delay$ till aft] ! fif? mon?2 & ! angel n appe> to h] be=e t p]iod4 ,?us n only does ! visit ( ,m>y to ,elizabe? ) all ! att5dant circum/ances disappe> f ! page ( hi/ory1 b ! hi/orical validity ( ! fur!r details--t ,john 0 only half a ye> old] ?an ,jesus2 t ! two mo!rs 7 relat$2 t an intimacy subsi/$ betwe5 ! families2--_c be affirm$ on ! te/imony ( ,luke1 unsupport$ by o!r au?orities3 inde$1 ! contr>y r w be f\nd sub/antiat$ 9 ! c\rse ( our critical inve/igations4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,bir? ,,& ,,e>lie/ ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 #cb4 ,,! ,,c5sus4 ,) respect to ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ,mat!w & ,luke agree 9 repres5t+ x z tak+ place at ,be?lehem2 b :il/ ! latt] ent]s into a m9ute detail ( all ! att5dant circum/ances1 ! =m] m]ely m5tions ! ev5t z x 7 incid5tally1 ref]r+ to x once 9 an app5d$ s5t5ce z ! sequel to :at _h gone be=e 7i4 #be71 & aga9 z a presuppos$ occurr5ce 7ii4 #a74 ,! "o ,evangeli/ seems to assume t ,be?lehem 0 ! habitual resid5ce ( ! p>5ts2 b accord+ to ! o!r !y are l$ ?i!r by v p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,?is po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,evangeli/s h[ev] c only be discuss$ aft] we %all h collect$ m data2 we w !re=e leave x = ! pres5t1 & turn our att5tion to an error into :i* ,luke1 :5 comp>$ ) himself & ) dates o!rwise asc]ta9$1 seems to h fall54 ,?is is ! /atem5t1 t ! c5sus1 decre$ by ,augu/us at ! "t :5 ,cyr5ius 7,quir9us7 0 gov]nor ( ,syria1 0 ! occasion ( ! j\rney ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 :o usually resid$ at ,naz>e?1 to ,be?lehem :]e ,jesus 0 born 7,luke ii4 #a ff474 ,! fir/ difficulty is t ! 7namely1 ! inscription ( ! "n & am\nt ( prop]ty 9 ord] to facilitate ! taxation7 comm&$ by ,augu/us1 is ext5d$ to all ! _w1 4 ,?is expression1 9 its common acceptation at t "t1 w\ld d5ote ! orbis ,romanus4 ,b anci5t au?ors m5tion no su* g5]al c5sus decre$ by ,augu/us2 !y speak only ( ! assessm5t ( s+le prov9ces decre$ at diff]5t times4 ,consequ5tly1 x 0 said ,luke meant to indicate by m]ely ! l& ( ,judea1 & n ! ,roman _w accord+ to its ord9>y signification4 ,examples 7 =?) collect$ 9 pro( ( ! possibility ( su* an int]pretation1 #cjb b !y 9 fact prove no?+4 ,= suppos+ x c\ld n be %[n t 9 all ^! citations f ! ,septuag9t1 ,josephus1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! expression really does signify1 9 ! extravagant s5se ( ^! writ]s1 ! :ole kn[n _w2 /ill 9 ! in/ance 9 "q1 :]e ! subject is a decree ( ! ,roman emp]or1 mu/ necess>ily be und]/ood ( ! regions :i* he gov]n$1 & !re=e ( ! orbis ,romanus4 ,?is is ! reason t latt]ly ! opposite side has be5 tak5 up1 & x has be5 ma9ta9$1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,savigny1 t 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us a c5sus ( ! :ole empire 0 actually und]tak54 #cjc ,?is is positively affirm$ by late ,*ri/ian writ]s #cjd3 b ! /atem5t is r5d]$ suspici\s by ! abs5ce ( all m anci5t te/imony #cje2 & x is ev5 contradict$ by ! fact1 t = a consid]able lapse ( "t an equal assessm5t ?r\gh\t ! empire 0 n effect$4 ,f9ally1 ! v expressions ( ^! writ]s %[ t _! te/imony re/s ^u t ( ,luke4 #cjf ,b1 x is said1 ,augu/us at all ev5ts attempt$ an equal assessm5t ( ! empire by means ( an univ]sal c5sus2 & he began ! c>ry+ out 8 project by an assessm5t ( individual prov9ces1 b he left ! fur!r execution & completion to 8 successors4 #cjg ,admit t ! gospel t]m 7decree7 may be int]pret$ z a m]e design1 or1 z ,h(fmann ?9ks1 an undet]m9$ project express$ 9 an imp]ial decree2 /ill ! fulfilm5t ( ?is project 9 ,judea at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,jesus 0 impossible4 ,mat!w places ! bir? ( ,jesus %ortly be=e ! dea? ( ,h]od ! ,great1 :om he repres5ts 7ii4 #ai7 z dy+ dur+ ! abode ( ,jesus 9 ,egypt4 ,luke says ! same indirectly1 = :5 speak+ ( ! ann\ncem5t ( ! bir? ( ! ,bapti/1 he ref]s x to ! days ( ,h]od ! ,great1 & he places ! bir? ( ,jesus precisely six mon?s lat]2 s t accord+ to ,luke1 also1 ,jesus 0 born1 if n1 l ,john1 previ\s to ! dea? ( ,h]od ,i41 %ortly aft] t ev5t4 ,n[1 aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od ! c\ntry ( ,judea fell to 8 son ,ar*elaus 7,matt4 ii4 #bb71 :o1 aft] a reign ( some?+ less ?an t5 ye>s1 0 depos$ & bani%$ by ,augu/us1 #cjh at :i* "t ,judea 0 fir/ con/itut$ a ,roman prov9ce1 & began to be rul$ by ,roman function>ies4 #cji ,?us ! ,roman c5sus 9 "q mu/ h be5 made ei!r "u ,h]od ! ,great1 or at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,ar*elaus4 ,?is is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 = 9 ^? c\ntries :i* 7 n r$uc$ 9 =mam prov9ci1 b 7 gov]n$ by regibus sociis1 ! taxes 7 levi$ by ^! pr9ces1 :o paid a tribute to ! ,romans #caj2 & ?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,judea prior to ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus4 ,x has be5 ! object ( mu* rese>* to make x appe> probable t ,augu/us decre$ a c5sus1 z an extraord9>y measure1 9 ,pale/9e "u ,h]od4 ,att5tion has be5 direct$ to ! circum/ance t ! brevi>ium imp]ii1 :i* ,augu/us left beh9d him1 conta9$ ! f9ancial /ate ( ! :ole empire1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! f9ancial condition ( ,pale/9e1 he caus$ a /atem5t to be prep>$ by ,h]od4 #caa ,ref]5ce has be5 made fir/ to ! record ( ,josephus1 t on acc\nt ( "s di/urbance ( ! relations betwe5 ,h]od & ,augu/us1 ! latt] ?reat5$ = ! future to make him feel 8 subjection #cab2 secondly1 also to ! oa? ( allegiance to ,augu/us :i*1 accord+ to ,josephus1 ! ,jews 7 =c$ to take ev5 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,h]od4 #cac ,f :i* x is inf]r$ t ,augu/us1 s9ce he _h x 9 contemplation aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od to re/rict ! p[] ( 8 sons1 0 v likely to h comm&$ a c5sus 9 ! la/ ye>s ( t pr9ce4 #cad ,b x seems m probable t x took place %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od1 f ! circum/ance t ,ar*elaus w5t to ,rome conc]n+ ! matt] ( succession1 & t dur+ 8 abs5ce ! ,roman procurator ,sab9us occupi$ ,j]usalem1 & oppress$ ! ,jews by e possible means4 #cae ,! ,evangeli/ relieves u f a f>!r inquiry into ?is m or less hi/orical or arbitr>y comb9ation by add+1 t ?is tax+ 0 fir/ made :5 ,cyr5ius 7,quir9us7 0 gov]nor ( ,syria1 2 = x is an au!nticat$ po9t t ! assessm5t ( ,quir9us did n take place ei!r "u ,h]od or e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,ar*elaus1 ! p]iod at :i*1 accord+ to ,luke1 ,jesus 0 born4 ,quir9us 0 n at t "t gov]nor ( ,syria1 a situation held dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ,h]od by ,s5tius ,saturn9us1 & aft] him by ,qu9tilius ,v>us2 & x 0 n till long aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od t ,quir9us 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,syria4 ,t ,quir9us und]took a c5sus ( ,judea we "k c]ta9ly f ,josephus1 #caf :o1 h[ev]1 rem>ks t he 0 s5t to execute ?is measure1 1 or1 #cag2 ?us ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ! "t at :i*1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,luke1 ,jesus mu/ h be5 born4 ,yet comm5tators h suppos$ x possible to reconcile ?is app>5tly und5iable contradiction betwe5 ,luke & hi/ory4 ,! mo/ dauntless expla9 ! :ole ( ! second v]se z a gloss1 :i* 0 e>ly incorporat$ into ! text4 #cah ,"s *ange ! read+ ( ! v]se2 ei!r ( ! nom5 proprium1 by sub/itut+ ! "n ( ,saturn9us or ,qu9tilius1 #cai accord+ to ! example ( ,t]tullian1 :o ascrib$ ! c5sus to ! =m] #cbj2 or ( ! o!r words1 by v>i\s additions & modifications4 ,paulus's alt]ation is ! mo/ simple4 ,he reads1 in/ead ( 1 1 & concludes1 f ! reasons /at$ above1 t ,augu/us actually gave ord]s = a c5sus dur+ ! reign ( ,h]od ,i41 & t ! ord] 0 s f> c>ri$ out z to occasion ! j\rney ( ,joseph & ,m>y to ,be?lehem2 b t ,augu/us be+ aft]w>ds conciliat$1 ! measure 0 ab&on$1 & 0 only c>ri$ into effect a consid]able "t lat]1 by ,quir9us4 ,trifl+ z ?is alt]ation1 :i* leaves ! lett]s un*ang$1 may appe>1 9 ord] to r5d] x admissible x mu/ be support$ by ! context4 ,! rev]se1 h[ev]1 is ! fact4 ,= if "o s5t5ce n>rates a comm& issu$ by a pr9ce1 & ! v next s5t5ce its execution1 x is n probable t a space ( t5 ye>s int]v5$4 ,b *iefly1 accord+ to ?is view ! ,evangeli/ speaks1 v]se #a1 ( ! decree ( ! emp]or2 v]se #b1 ( ! c5sus made t5 ye>s lat]2 b v]se #c1 )\t any rem>k1 aga9 ( a j\rney p]=m$ at ! "t ! comm& 0 issu$2 :i*1 9 a rational n>rative1 is impossible4 ,oppos$ to su* arbitr>y conjectures1 & always to be rank$ above !m1 are ! attempts to solve a difficulty by legitimate me?ods ( int]pretation4 ,truly1 h[ev]1 to take 9 ?is connexion = 1 & 4 n = a g5itive absolute1 b = a g5itive gov]n$ by a comp>ative1 & ?us to und]/& an enrolm5t be=e t ( ,quir9us1 #cba is to d viol5ce to grammatical con/ruction2 & to ins]t aft] #cbb is is no less uncritical4 ,z little is x to be admitt$ t "s prelim9>y measure1 9 :i* ,quir9us 0 n employ$1 p]haps ! already m5tion$ oa? ( allegiance1 took place dur+ ! lifetime ( ,h]od1 9 ref]5ce to ! c5sus subsequ5tly made by ,quir9us2 & t ?is prelim9>y /ep & ! c5sus 7 aft]w>ds compris$ "u ! same "n4 ,9 ord] 9 "s degree to acc\nt = ?is appellation1 ,quir9us is said to h be5 s5t into ,judea1 9 ,h]od's "t1 z an extraord9>y tax-commission] #cbc2 b ?is int]pretation ( ! ^w is r5d]$ impossible by ! addition ( ! ^w 1 9 comb9ation ) :i* ! expression c d5ote only ! ,prses ,syri4 ,?us at ! "t at :i* ,jesus1 accord+ to ,matt4 ii4 #a1 & ,luke i4 #e1 #bf1 0 born1 ! c5sus ( :i* ,luke ii4 #a f4 speaks c\ld n h tak5 place2 s t if ! =m] /atem5ts are correct1 ! latt] mu/ be false4 ,b may n ! rev]se be ! fact1 & ,jesus h be5 born aft] ! bani%m5t ( ,ar*elaus1 & at ! "t ( ! c5sus ( ,quir9us8 ,ap>t f ! difficulties 9 :i* ?is hypo!sis w\ld involve u 9 relation to ! *ronology ( ! future life ( ,jesus1 a ,roman c5sus1 subsequ5t to ! bani%m5t ( ,ar*elaus1 w\ld n h tak5 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus f ,naz>e? 9 ,galilee to ,be?lehem 9 ,judea4 ,= ,judea only1 & :at o!rwise belong$ to ! portion ( ,ar*elaus1 became a ,roman prov9ce & subject$ to ! c5sus4 ,9 ,galilee ,h]od ,antipas cont9u$ to reign z an alli$ pr9ce1 & none ( 8 subjects dwell+ at ,naz>e? c\ld h be5 call$ to ,be?lehem by ! c5sus4 ,! ,evangeli/ !re=e1 9 ord] to get a c5sus1 mu/ h conceiv$ ! condition ( ?+s su* z !y 7 aft] ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus2 b 9 ord] to get a c5sus ext5d+ to ,galilee1 he mu/ h imag9$ ! k+dom to h cont9u$ undivid$1 z 9 ! "t ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,?us he deals 9 manife/ contradictions2 or r he has an exce$+ly sorry acqua9tance ) ! political relations ( t p]iod2 = he ext5ds ! c5sus n only to ! :ole ( ,pale/9e1 b also 7:i* we mu/ n =get7 to ! :ole ,roman _w4 ,/ill ^! *ronological incongruities d n exhau/ ! difficulties :i* beset ?is /atem5t ( ,luke4 ,8 repres5tation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! c5sus 0 made is subject to objection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is said1 ! tax+ took ,joseph to ,be?lehem1 because he 0 ( ! h\se & l9eage ( ,david1 1 & likewise e "o into 8 own city1 1 i4e4 accord+ to ! context1 to ! place :5ce 8 family _h orig9ally sprung4 ,n[1 t e individual %\ld be regi/]$ 9 8 own city 0 requir$ 9 all ,jewi% inscriptions1 because among ! ,jews ! organization ( families & tribes con/itut$ ! v basis ( ! /ate4 ,! ,romans1 on ! contr>y1 7 9 ! habit ( tak+ ! c5sus at ! resid5ces1 & at ! pr9cipal cities 9 ! di/rict4 #cbd ,!y con=m$ to ! usages ( ! conqu]$ c\ntries only 9 s f> z !y did n int]f]e ) _! own objects4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance x w\ld h be5 directly contr>y to _! design1 _h !y remov$ individuals--,joseph = example--to a great di/ance1 :]e ! am\nt ( _! prop]ty 0 n kn[n1 & _! /atem5t conc]n+ x c\ld n be *eck$4 #cbe ,! view ( ,s*lei]ma*] is ! m admissible1 t ! real occasion :i* took ! p>5ts to ,be?lehem 0 a sac]dotal inscription1 :i* ! ,evangeli/ conf\nd$ ) ! bett] kn[n c5sus ( ,quir9us4 ,b ?is concession does n obviate ! contradiction 9 ?is dubi\s /atem5t ( ,luke4 ,he all[s ,m>y to be inscrib$ ) ,joseph1 b accord+ to ,jewi% cu/oms inscriptions _h relation to m5 only4 ,?us1 at all ev5ts1 x is an inaccuracy to repres5t ,m>y z und]tak+ ! j\rney1 9 ord] to be inscrib$ ) h] betro!d 9 8 own city4 ,or1 if ) ,paulus we remove ?is inaccuracy by a =c$ con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce1 we c no long] p]ceive :at inducem5t c\ld h in/igat$ ,m>y1 9 h] p>ticul> situation1 to make s long a j\rney1 s9ce1 unless we adopt ! airy hypo!sis ( ,ol%aus5 & o!rs1 t ,m>y 0 ! heiress ( prop]ty 9 ,be?lehem1 %e _h no?+ to d !re4 ,! ,evangeli/1 h[ev]1 knew p]fectly well :at %e _h to d !re2 namely1 to fulfil ! prophecy ( ,micah 7v4 #a71 by giv+ bir?1 9 ! city ( ,david1 to ! ,messiah4 ,n[ z he set out ) ! supposition t ! habitual abode ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 0 ,naz>e?1 s he s\ght aft] a lev] :i* %\ld set !m 9 motion t[>ds ,be?lehem1 at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,f> & wide no?+ pres5t$ itself b ! celebrat$ c5sus2 he seiz$ x ! m unhesitat+ly because ! obscurity ( 8 own view ( ! hi/orical relations ( t "t1 veil$ f him ! _m difficulties connect$ ) su* a comb9ation4 ,if ?is be ! true hi/ory ( ! /atem5t 9 ,luke1 we mu/ agree ) ,k4 ,*4 ,l4 ,s*midt :5 he says1 t to attempt to reconcile ! /atem5t ( ,luke conc]n+ ! ) *ronology1 w\ld be to d ! n>rator too mu* hon\r2 he wi%$ to place ,m>y 9 ,be?lehem1 & !re=e times & circum/ances 7 to accommodate !mselves to 8 pleasure4 #cbf ,?us we h "h nei!r a fix$ po9t = ! date ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 nor an explanation ( ! occasion :i* l$ to 8 be+ born precisely at ,be?lehem4 ,if !n--x may ju/ly be said--no o!r reason :y ,jesus %\ld h be5 born at ,be?lehem c be adduc$ ?an t giv5 by ,luke1 we h absolutely no gu>antee t ,be?lehem 0 8 bir?-place4 #cc4 ,,p>ticul> ,,circum/ances ,,( ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,! ,,circumcision4 ,! basis ( ! n>rative1 ! arrival ( ,joseph & ,m>y z /rang]s 9 ,be?lehem on acc\nt ( ! c5sus1 be+ once *os5 by ,luke1 ! f>!r details are consi/5tly built ^u x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! influx ( /rang]s br\ght to ,be?lehem by ! c5sus1 !re is no room = ! travell]s 9 ! inn1 & !y are compell$ to put up ) ! accommodation ( a /able :]e ,m>y is =?) deliv]$ ( h] fir/-born4 ,b ! *ild1 :o ^u e>? comes into be+ 9 s humble an abode1 is highly reg>d$ 9 heav54 ,a cele/ial mess5g] ann\nces ! bir? ( ! ,messiah to %eph]ds :o are gu>d+ _! flocks 9 ! fields by night1 & directs !m to ! *ild 9 ! mang]4 ,a *oir ( ! heav5ly ho/ s++ hymns ( praise next appe>s to !m1 aft] :i* !y seek & f9d ! *ild4 7,luke ii4 #f-bj47 ,! apocryphal gospels & ! traditions ( ! ,fa!rs /ill fur!r embelli%$ ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,accord+ to ! ,protevangelium ,jacobi1 #cbg ,joseph conducts ,m>y on an ass to ,be?lehem to be tax$4 ,z !y approa* ! city %e beg9s to make n[ m\rnful1 n[ joy\s ge/ures1 & ^u inquiry expla9s t--7z once 9 ,rebecca's womb ! two ho/ile nations /ruggl$1 ,g54 xxv4 #bc7--%e sees two p be=e h]1 ! "o weep+1 ! o!r laugh+3 i4e4 accord+ to "o explanation1 ! two portions ( ,israel1 to "o ( :om ! adv5t ( ,jesus 0 set 7,luke ii4 #cd7 1 = ! fall1 to ! o!r 1 = ! ris+ aga94 ,accord+ to ano!r int]pretation1 ! two p 7 ! ,jews :o %\ld reject ,jesus1 & ! hea!ns :o %\ld accept him4 #cbh ,soon1 h[ev]1 :il/ /ill )\t ! city--z appe>s f ! context & ! read+ ( sev]al ,,mss4--,m>y is seiz$ ) ! pa9s ( *ild-be>+1 & ,joseph br+s h] into a cave situat$ by ! road side1 :]e1 veil$ by a cl\d ( light1 all nature paus+ 9 celebration ( ! ev5t1 %e br+s h] *ild into ! _w1 & aft] h] deliv]y is f\nd1 by wom5 call$ to h] assi/ance1 /ill a virg94 #cbi ,! leg5d ( ! bir? ( ,jesus 9 a cave 0 kn[n to ,ju/9 #ccj & to ,orig51 #cca :o1 9 ord] to reconcile x ) ! acc\nt 9 ,luke t he 0 laid 9 a mang]1 suppose a mang] situat$ )9 ! cave4 ,_m mod]n comm5tators agree ) !m #ccb2 :il/ o!rs pref] to consid] ! cave itself z 1 9 ! s5se ( fodd]+-/all4 #ccc ,= ! bir? ( ,jesus 9 a cave1 ,ju/9 appeals to ! prophecy 9 ,isaiah xxviii4 #af3 7! righte\s7 4 ,9 l mann]1 = ! /atem5t t on ! ?ird day ! *ild ,jesus1 :5 br\ght f ! cave into ! /able1 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ox5 & ! asses1 ! ,hi/oria de ,nativitate ,m>iae1 #ccd etc4 ref]s to ,isaiah i4 #c3 cognovit bos possessorem suum1 et as9us praesepe dom9i sui4 ,9 sev]al apocryphas1 betwe5 ! ,magi & ! wom5 :o assi/ at ! bir?1 ! %eph]ds are =gott52 b !y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,evangelium infantiae arabicum1 #cce :]e x says1 t :5 !y arriv$ at ! cave1 & _h k9dl$ a fire ( rejoic+1 ! heav5ly ho/ appe>$ to !m4 ,if we take ! circum/ances att5d+ ! bir? ( ,jesus1 n>rat$ by ,luke1 9 a supranaturali/ic s5se1 _m difficulties occur4 ,fir/1 x may reasonably be ask$1 to :at end ! angelic app>ition8 ,! mo/ obvi\s answ] is1 to make kn[n ! bir? ( ,jesus2 b s little did x make x kn[n t1 9 ! neighb\r+ city ( ,j]usalem1 x is ! ,magi :o give ! fir/ in=mation ( ! new-born k+ ( ! ,jews2 & 9 ! future hi/ory ( ,jesus1 no trace ( any su* occurr5ce at 8 bir? is to be f\nd4 ,consequ5tly1 ! object ( t extraord9>y ph5om5on 0 n to give a wide-spread+ intimation ( ! fact2 = if s1 ,god fail$ 9 8 object4 ,mu/ we !n agree ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 t ! aim 0 limit$ to an imm$iate op]ation ^u ! %eph]ds8 ,!n we mu/ also suppose ) him1 t ! %eph]ds1 equally ) ,simeon1 7 fill$ ) ,messianic expectations1 & t ,god design$ by ?is app>ition to rew>d & confirm _! pi\s belief4 ,! n>rative h[ev] says no?+ ( ?is heav5ly frame ( m9d1 nei!r does x m5tion any abid+ effects produc$ ^u ^! m54 ,accord+ to ! :ole t5or ( ! repres5tation1 ! app>ition seems to h _h ref]5ce1 n to ! %eph]ds1 b exclusively to ! glorification & ! proclaim+ ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 z ! ,messiah4 ,b z be=e obs]v$1 ! latt] aim 0 n accompli%$1 & ! =m]1 by itself1 l e m]e empty display1 is an object unwor?y ( ,god4 ,s t ?is circum/ance 9 itself pres5ts no inconsid]able ob/acle to ! supranaturali/ic conception ( ! hi/ory4 ,if1 to ! above consid]ations1 we add ^? already /at$ :i* oppose ! belief 9 app>itions & ! exi/5ce ( angels 9 g5]al1 x is easy to und]/& t ) respect to ?is n>rative also refuge has be5 s\ght 9 a natural explanation4 ,! results ( ! fir/ attempts at a natural explanation 7 c]ta9ly suffici5tly rude4 ,?us ,eck reg>d$ ! angel z a mess5g] f ,be?lehem1 :o c>ri$ a light :i* caught ! eye ( ! %eph]ds1 & ! song ( ! heav5ly ho/ z ! m]ry tones ( a p>ty accompany+ ! mess5g]4 #ccf ,paulus has wov5 toge!r a m ref9$ & matt] ( fact explanation4 ,m>y1 :o _h met ) a hospitable reception 9 a h]dsman's family1 & :o 0 naturally elat$ ) ! hope ( giv+ bir? to ! ,messiah1 told h] expectations to ! memb]s ( ?is family2 to :om z inhabitants ( a city ( ,david ! communication c\ld n h be5 indiff]5t4 ,^! %eph]ds !re=e on p]ceiv+1 :il/ 9 ! fields by night1 a lum9\s appe>ance 9 ! air--a ph5om5on :i* travell]s say is n uncommon 9 ^? regions--!y int]pret x z a div9e intimation t ! /rang] 9 _! fodd]+-/all is deliv]$ ( ! ,messiah2 & z ! meteoric light ext5ds & moves to & fro1 !y take x = a *oir ( angels *aunt+ hymns ( praise4 ,return+ home !y f9d _! anticipations confirm$ by ! ev5t1 & t :i* at fir/ !y m]ely conjectur$ to be ! s5se & int]pretation ( ! ph5om5on1 !y n[1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,ea/1 repres5t z words actually spok54 #ccg ,?is explanation re/s altoge!r on ! assumption1 t ! %eph]ds 7 previ\sly acqua9t$ ) ,m>y's expectation t %e %\ld give bir? to ! ,messiah4 ,h[ o!rwise %\ld !y h be5 l$ to consid] ! sign z ref]r+ p>ticul>ly to ! bir? ( ! ,messiah 9 _! mang]8 ,yet ?is v assumption is ! mo/ direct contradiction ( ! gospel acc\nt4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,evangeli/ evid5tly does n suppose ! mang] to belong to ! %eph]ds3 s9ce aft] he has n>rat$ ! deliv]y ( ,m>y 9 ! mang]1 he !n goes on to speak ( ! %eph]ds z a new & di/9ct subject1 n at all connect$ ) ! mang]4 ,8 words are3 & !re 7 9 ! same c\ntry %eph]ds1 4 ,if ?is explanation 7 correct he w\ld1 at all ev5ts1 h said1 ! %eph]ds etc4 4442 besides he w\ld n h be5 :olly sil5t respect+ ! com+s & go+s ( ^! %eph]ds dur+ ! day1 & _! dep>ture to gu>d ! flock at ! approa* ( night4 ,b1 grant ^! presuppos$ circum/ances1 is x consi/5t 9 ,paulus to repres5t ,m>y1 at fir/ s res]v$ conc]n+ h] pregnancy z to conceal x ev5 f ,joseph1 & !n s communicative t1 j arriv$ among /rang]s1 %e p>ades ! :ole hi/ory ( h] expectations8 ,aga9 ! sequel ( ! n>rative contradicts ! assumption t ! %eph]ds 7 in=m$ ( ! matt] by ,m>y h]self1 be=e h] deliv]y4 ,=1 accord+ to ! gospel hi/ory1 ! %eph]ds receive ! fir/ intellig5ce ( ! bir? ( ! ,savi\r f ! angel :o appe>s to !m1 & :o tells !m1 z a sign ( ! tru? ( 8 communication1 t !y %all f9d ! babe ly+ 9 a mang]4 ,_h !y already he>d f ,m>y ( ! approa*+ bir? ( ! ,messiah1 ! meteoric appe>ance w\ld h be5 a confirmation to !m ( ,m>y's words1 & n ! f9d+ ( ! *ild a pro( ( ! tru? ( ! app>ition4 ,f9ally1 may we s f> confide 9 ! inve/igations already made z to inquire1 :5ce1 if nei!r a miracul\s ann\ncem5t nor a sup]natural conception actually occurr$1 c\ld ,m>y h d]iv$ ! confid5t anticipation t %e %\ld give bir? to ! ,messiah8 ,9 opposition to ?is natural explanation1 s full ( difficulties on e side1 ,bau] ann\nc$ 8 adoption ( ! my?ical view #cch2 9 fact1 h[ev]1 he did n advance "o /ep beyond ! int]pretation ( ! ,rationali/s1 b actually repeat$ ,paulus's exposition po9t = po9t4 ,to ?is mix$ my?ical explanation ,gabl] ju/ly object$ t x1 equally ) ! natural int]pretation1 multiplies improbabilities3 by ! adoption ( ! pure1 dogmatic my?us1 ev]y?+ appe>s simpl]2 !reby1 at ! same "t1 great] h>mony is introduc$ into ! e>ly *ri/ian hi/ory1 all ! prec$+ n>ratives ( :i* ought equally to be int]pret$ z pure my?i4 #cci ,gabl]1 accord+ly1 expla9$ ! n>rative z ! product ( ! ideas ( ! age1 :i* dem&$ ! assi/ance ( angels at ! bir? ( ! ,messiah4 ,n[ _h x be5 kn[n t ,m>y 0 deliv]$ 9 a dwell+ belong+ to %eph]ds1 x w\ld also h be5 conclud$ t angels mu/ h br\ght ! tid+s to ^! good %eph]ds t ! ,messiah 0 born 9 _! mang]2 & ! angels :o cease n prais+ ,god1 mu/ h sung a hymn ( praise on ! occasion4 ,gabl] ?9ks x impossible1 t a ,jewi% *ri/ian :o %\ld h kn[n "s ( ! data ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 c\ld h ?\ght ( x o!rwise ?an z "h depict$4 #cdj ,?is explanation ( ,gabl] %[s1 9 a rem>kable mann]1 h[ difficult x is entirely to extricate oneself f ! natural explanation1 & to rise completely to ! my?ical2 = :il/ ?is !ologian believes he treads on pure my?ical gr\nd1 he /ill /&s ) "o foot ^u t ( ! natural int]pretation4 ,he selects f ! acc\nt ( ,luke "o incid5t z hi/orical :i*1 by its connexion ) o!r unhi/orical /atem5ts & its con=mity to ! _s ( ! primitive *ri/ian leg5d1 is prov$ to be m]ely my?ical2 namely1 t ,jesus 0 really born 9 a %eph]d's dwell+4 ,he also borr[s an assumption f ! natural explanation1 :i* ! my?ical ne$s n to obtrude on ! text3 t ! %eph]ds1 to :om x is alleg$ ! angels appe>$1 7 ! possessors ( ! mang] 9 :i* ,m>y 0 deliv]$4 ,! fir/ detail1 ^u :i* ! second is built1 belongs to ! same ma*9]y by :i* ,luke1 ) ! help ( ! c5sus1 transport$ ! p>5ts ( ,jesus f ,naz>e? to ,be?lehem4 ,n[ we "k :at is ! fact respect+ ! c5sus2 x crumbles away inevitably be=e criticism1 & ) x ! datum built entirely ^u x1 t ,jesus 0 born 9 a mang]4 ,= _h n ! p>5ts ( ,jesus be5 /rang]s1 & _h !y n come to ,be?lehem 9 company ) s l>ge a conc\rse ( /rang]s z ! c5sus might h occasion$1 ! cause :i* oblig$ ,m>y to accept a /able = h] place ( deliv]y w\ld no long] h exi/$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! incid5t1 t ,jesus 0 born 9 a /able & salut$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by %eph]ds1 is s completely 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! anci5t leg5d1 t x is evid5t ! n>rative may h be5 d]iv$ purely f ?is s\rce4 ,!ophylact1 9 8 "t1 po9t$ out its true "*1 :5 he says3 ! angels did n appe> to ! scribes & ph>isees ( ,j]usalem :o 7 full ( all malice1 b to ! %eph]ds1 9 ! fields1 on acc\nt ( _! simplicity & innoc5ce1 & because !y by _! mode ( life 7 ! successors ( ! patri>*s4 #cda ,x 0 9 ! field by ! flocks t ,moses 0 visit$ by a heav5ly app>ition 7,exod4 iii4 #a ff472 & ,god took ,david1 ! =efa!r ( ! ,messiah1 f 8 %eepfolds 7at ,be?lehem71 to be ! %eph]d ( 8 p4 ,psalm lxxviii4 #gj 7comp4 #a ,sam4 xvi4 #aa74 ,! my?i ( ! anci5t _w m g5]ally ascrib$ div9e app>itions to c\ntrym5 #cdb & %eph]ds #cdc2 ! sons ( ! gods1 & ( great m5 7 frequ5tly br\ght up among %eph]ds4 #cdd ,9 ! same _s ( ! anci5t leg5d is ! apocryphal inv5tion t ,jesus 0 born 9 a cave1 & we are at once rem9d$ ( ! cave ( ,jupit] & ( ! o!r gods2 ev5 ?\gh ! misund]/ood passage ( ,isaiah xxxiii4 #af may h be5 ! imm$iate occasion ( ?is incid5t4 #cde ,moreov] ! night1 9 :i* ! sc5e is laid1--7unless "o ref]s "h to ! rabb9ical repres5tations1 accord+ to :i*1 ! deliv]ance by means ( ! ,messiah1 l ! deliv]ance f ,egypt1 %\ld take place by night #cdf7--;=ms ! obscure backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ! manife/$ glory ( ! ,"l %one s mu* ! m brilliantly1 :i*1 z x is said to h glorifi$ ! bir? ( ,moses1 #cdg c\ld n h be5 abs5t f t ( ! ,messiah1 8 exalt$ antitype4 ,! my?ical int]pretation ( ?is section ( ! gospel hi/ory has f\nd an oppon5t 9 ,s*lei]ma*]4 #cdh ,he ?9ks x improbable t ?is comm5cem5t ( ! second *apt] ( ,luke is a cont9uation ( ! fir/1 writt5 by ! same au?or2 because ! frequ5t opportunities ( introduc+ lyrical effusions--z = example1 :5 ! %eph]ds return$ glorify+ & prais+ ,god1 v4 #bj--;are n tak5 advantage ( z 9 ! fir/ *apt]2 & "h inde$ we c 9 "s measure agree ) him4 ,b :5 he adds t a decid$ly poetical "* _c be ascrib$ to ?is n>rative1 s9ce a poetical composition w\ld ( necessity h conta9$ m ( ! lyrical1 ?is only proves t ,s*lei]ma*] has n ju/ly appreh5d$ ! notion ( t k9d ( poetry ( :i* he "h treats1 namely1 ! poetry ( ! my?us4 ,9 a ^w1 my?ical poetry is objective3 ! poetical exi/s 9 ! sub/ance ( ! n>rative1 & may !re=e appe> 9 ! pla9e/ =m1 free f all ! adornm5ts ( lyrical effusions2 :i* latt] are r only ! subsequ5t additions ( a m intellig5t & artificially elaborat$ subjective poetry4 #cdi ,und\bt$ly ?is section seems to h be5 pres]v$ to u m ne>ly 9 its orig9al leg5d>y =m1 :il/ ! n>ratives ( ! fir/ *apt] 9 ,luke be> r ! /amp ( hav+ be5 re-wr\ght by "s poetical individual2 b hi/orical tru? is n on t acc\nt to be s\ght "h any m ?an !re4 ,consequ5tly ! obligation :i* ,s*lei]ma*] fur!r imposes ^u himself1 to trace out ! s\rce ( ?is n>rative 9 ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 c only be reg>d$ z an ex]cise ( +5uity4 ,he refuses to recognize t s\rce 9 ,m>y1 ?\gh a ref]5ce to h] might h be5 f\nd 9 ! obs]vation1 v4 #ai1 %e kept all ^! say+s 9 h] he>t2 :]e9 inde$ he is ! m "r1 s9ce t obs]vation 7a fact to :i* ,s*lei]ma*] does n adv]t7 is m]ely a phrase borr[$ f ! hi/ory ( ,jacob & 8 son ,joseph4 #cej ,= z ! n>rative 9 ,g5esis relates ( ,jacob1 ! fa!r ( ,joseph1 t *ild ( miracle1 t :5 ! latt] told 8 significant dreams1 & 8 bre?r5 envi$ him1 8 fa!r obs]v$ ! say+3 s ! n>rative 9 ,luke1 bo? "h & at v]se #ea1 relates ( ,m>y1 t %e1 :il/ o!rs gave utt]ance al\d to _! admiration at ! extraord9>y occurr5ces :i* happ5$ to h] *ild1 kept all ^! ?+s & pond]$ !m 9 h] he>t4 ,b ! above-nam$ !ologian po9ts out ! %eph]ds in/ead ( ,m>y z ! s\rce ( our n>rative1 alleg+ t all ! details are giv51 n f ,m>y's po9t ( view1 b f t ( ! %eph]ds4 ,m truly h[ev] is ! po9t ( view t ( ! leg5d :i* sup]s$es bo?4 ,if ,s*lei]ma*] f9ds x impossible to believe t ?is n>rative is an air-bubble conglom]at$ out ( no?+1 he mu/ include "u ! ^w no?+ ! ,jewi% & e>ly *ri/ian ideas--conc]n+ ,be?lehem1 z ! necess>y bir?place ( ! ,messiah2 conc]n+ ! condition ( ! %eph]ds1 z be+ peculi>ly fav\r$ by communications f heav52 conc]n+ angels1 z ! int]m$iate ag5ts 9 su* communications--notions we on our side _c possibly hold 9 s little e/imation1 b we f9d x easy to conceive t some?+ simil> to our n>rative might h =m$ itself out out ( !m4 ,f9ally1 :5 he f9ds an adv5titi\s or design$ inv5tion impossible1 because ! ,*ri/ians ( t di/rict might easily h inquir$ ( ,m>y or ( ! disciples conc]n+ ! tru? ( ! matt]3 he speaks too ne>ly ! language ( ! anci5t apologi/s1 & presupposes ! ubiquity ( ^! p]sons1 #cea already allud$ to 9 ! ,introduction1 :o h[ev] c\ld n possibly h be5 9 all places rectify+ ! t5d5cy to =m *ri/ian leg5ds1 :]ev] x manife/$ itself4 ,! notice ( ! circumcision ( ,jesus 7,luke ii4 #ba71 evid5tly proce$s f a n>rator :o _h no real advice ( ! fact1 b :o assum$ z a c]ta9ty t1 accord+ to ,jewi% cu/om1 ! c]emony took place on ! eigh? day1 & :o 0 desir\s ( commemorat+ ?is important ev5t 9 ! life ( an ,israeliti% boy2 #ceb 9 l mann] z ,paul 7,phil4 iii4 #e7 records 8 circumcision on ! eigh? day4 ,! contra/ h[ev] betwe5 ! fulness ( detail ) :i* ?is po9t is elaborat$ & col\r$ 9 ! life ( ! ,bapti/1 & ! b>r5ness & brevity ) :i* x is /at$ 9 ref]5ce to ,jesus1 is /rik+1 & may ju/ify an agreem5t ) ! rem>k ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 t "h1 at lea/ ! au?or ( ! fir/ *apt] is no long] ! orig9ator4 ,su* be+ ! /ate ( ! case1 ?is /atem5t furni%es no?+ = our object1 :i* we might n already h kn[n2 only we h till n[ _h no opportunity ( obs]v+1 di/9ctly1 t ! pret5d$ appo9tm5t ( ! "n ( ,jesus be=e 8 bir? likewise belongs m]ely to ! my?ical dress ( ! n>rative4 ,:5 x is said 8 "n 0 call$ ,jesus1 :i* 0 s nam$ ( ! angel be=e he 0 conceiv$ 9 ! womb1 ! importance atta*$ to ! circum/ance is a cle> sign1 t a dogmatic int]e/ lies at ! bottom ( ?is feature 9 ! n>rative2 :i* int]e/ c be no o!r ?an t :i* gave rise to ! /atem5t--9 ! ,old ,te/am5t conc]n+ an ,isaac & an ,i%mael1 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t conc]n+ a ,john--t ! names ( ^! *ildr5 71 respectively1 reveal$ to _! p>5ts prior to _! bir?1 & on acc\nt ( :i* int]e/ ! rabb9s1 9 p>ticul>1 expect$ t ! same ?+ %\ld occur 9 relation to ! "n ( ! ,messiah4 #cec ,)\t d\bt !re 7 likewise o!r f> m natural reasons :i* induc$ ! p>5ts ( ,jesus to give him ?is "n 7 an abbreviation ( 1 72 a "n :i* 0 v common among 8 c\ntrym52 b because ?is "n agre$ 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ! pa? ( life subsequ5tly *os5 by him z ,messiah & 1 x 0 n ?\ght possible t ?is co9cid5ce c\ld h be5 accid5tal4 ,besides x seem$ m appropriate t ! "n ( ! ,messiah %\ld h be5 det]m9$ by div9e comm& ?an by human arbitration1 & consequ5tly ! appo9tm5t ( ! "n 0 ascrib$ to ! same angel :o _h ann\nc$ ! conception ( ,jesus4 #cd4 ,,! ,,magi ,,& ,,_! ,,/>4 ,,! ,,flight ,,into ,,egypt ,,& ,,! ,,murd] ,,( ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,9 ,,be?lehem4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,supranaturali/ic ,,view4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w also we h a n>rative ( ! ,messiah's entrance into ! _w2 x diff]s consid]ably 9 detail f t ( ,luke1 :i* we h j exam9$1 b 9 ! =m] "p ( ! two acc\nts !re is a g5]al simil>ity 7,matt4 ii4 #a ff474 ,! object ( bo? n>ratives is to describe ! solemn introduction ( ! ,messianic infant1 ! h]ald+ ( 8 bir? und]tak5 by heav5 itself1 & 8 fir/ reception among m54 #ced ,9 bo?1 att5tion is call$ to ! new-born ,messiah by a cele/ial ph5om5on2 accord+ to ,luke1 x is an angel clo!d 9 brightness1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 x is a />4 ,z ! app>itions are diff]5t1 s accord+ly are ! recipi5ts2 ! angel addresses simple %eph]ds2 ! /> is discov]$ by ea/]n magi1 :o are able to int]pret = !mselves ! voiceless sign4 ,bo? p>ties are direct$ to ,be?lehem2 ! %eph]ds by ! words ( ! angel1 ! magi by ! in/ructions !y obta9 9 ,j]usalem2 & bo? d homage to ! infant2 ! poor %eph]ds by s++ hymns ( praise1 ! magi by co/ly pres5ts f _! native c\ntry4 ,b f ?is po9t ! two n>ratives beg9 to div]ge widely4 ,9 ,luke all proce$s happily2 ! %eph]ds return ) gladness 9 _! he>ts1 ! *ild exp]i5ces no mole/ation1 he is pres5t$ 9 ! temple on ! appo9t$ day1 ?rives & gr[s up 9 tranquillity4 ,9 ,mat!w1 on ! contr>y1 affairs take a tragical turn4 ,! inquiry ( ! wise m5 9 ,j]usalem conc]n+ ! new-born ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 is ! occasion ( a murd]\s decree on ! "p ( ,h]od aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ,be?lehem1 a dang] f :i* ! infant ,jesus is rescu$ only by a sudd5 flight into ,egypt1 :5ce he & 8 p>5ts d n return to ! ,holy ,l& till aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od4 ,?us we h "h a d\ble proclamation ( ! ,messianic *ild3 we might1 h[ev]1 suppose t ! "o by ! angel1 9 ,luke1 w\ld ann\nce ! bir? ( ! ,messiah to ! imm$iate neighb\rhood2 ! o!r1 by means ( ! />1 to di/ant l&s4 ,b z1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! bir? ( ,jesus became kn[n at ,j]usalem1 :i* 0 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 by means ( ! />2 if ?is repres5tation be hi/orical1 t ( ,luke1 accord+ to :i* ! %eph]ds 7 ! fir/ to spread abroad ) praises to ,god 7v4 #ag1 #bj71 t :i* _h be5 communicat$ to !m z glad tid+s = all p 7v4 #aj71 _c possibly be correct4 ,s1 on ! o!r h&1 if x be true t ! bir? ( ,jesus 0 made kn[n 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?lehem z ,luke /ates1 by an angelic communication to ! %eph]ds1 ,mat!w mu/ be 9 error :5 he repres5ts ! fir/ intellig5ce ( ! ev5t z subsequ5tly br\ght to ,j]usalem 7:i* is only f two to ?ree h\rs di/ant f ,be?lehem7 by ! magi4 ,b z we h recogniz$ _m indications ( ! unhi/orical "* ( ! ann\ncem5t by ! %eph]ds giv5 9 ,luke1 ! gr\nd is left cle> = t ( ,mat!w1 :i* mu/ be judg$ ( accord+ to its inh]5t cr$ibility4 ,our n>rative comm5ces z if x 7 an admitt$ fact1 t a/rolog]s possess$ ! p[] ( recogniz+ a /> ann\nc+ ! bir? ( ! ,messiah4 ,t ea/]n magi %\ld h k ( a ,k+ ( ! ,jews to :om !y ow$ religi\s homage might inde$ excite our surprise2 b cont5t+ ourselves "h ) rem>k+1 t sev5ty ye>s lat] an expectation did prevail 9 ! ea/ t a rul] ( ! _w w\ld arise f among ! ,jewi% p1 #cee we pass on to a yet m weighty difficulty4 ,accord+ to ?is n>rative x appe>s1 t a/rology is "r :5 x ass]ts t ! bir? ( great m5 & important revolutions 9 human affairs are indicat$ by a/ral ph5om5a2 an op9ion long s9ce consign$ to ! region ( sup]/ition4 ,x is !re=e to be expla9$1 h[ ?is deceptive sci5ce c\ld 9 ?is solit>y in/ance prove true1 ?\gh 9 no o!r case are its inf]5ces to be reli$ on4 ,! mo/ obvi\s explanation1 f ! or?odox po9t ( view1 is an appeal to ! sup]natural int]v5tion ( ,god2 :o1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 9 ord] to br+ ! di/ant magi unto ,jesus1 accommodat$ himself to _! a/rological notions1 & caus$ ! anticipat$ /> to appe>4 ,b ! adoption ( ?is exp$i5t involves v s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,= ! co9cid5ce ( ! rem>kable sequel ) ! a/rological progno/ic c\ld n fail to /r5g!n ! belief1 n only ( ! magi & _! fell[-c\ntrym51 b also ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances1 9 ! spuri\s sci5ce ( a/rology1 !reby creat+ incalculable error & mis*ief4 ,if !re=e x be unadvisable to admit an extraord9>y div9e int]v5tion1 #cef & if ! position t 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 important occurr5ces on ?is e>? are att5d$ by *anges 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 be ab&on$1 ! only rema9+ explanation lies 9 ! supposition ( an accid5tal co9cid5ce4 ,b to appeal to *ance is 9 fact ei!r to say no?+1 or to r5\nce ! supranaturali/ic po9t ( view4 ,b ! or?odox view ( ?is acc\nt n only sanctions ! false sci5ce ( a/rology1 b also confirms ! false int]pretation ( a passage 9 ! prophets4 ,= z ! magi1 foll[+ _! />1 proce$ 9 ! "r direction1 s ! *ief prie/s & scribes ( ,j]usalem :om ,h]od1 on le>n+ ! arrival & object ( ! magi1 summons be=e him & que/ions conc]n+ ! bir?-place ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 int]pret ! passage 9 ,micah v4 #a z signify+ t ! ,messiah %\ld be born 9 ,be?lehem2 & to ?is signification ! ev5t corresponds4 ,n[ su* an application ( ! above passage c only be made by =c+ ! words f _! true mean+ & f all relation ) ! context1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n practice ( ! rabb9s4 ,= indep5d5tly ( ! "q :e!r or n "u ! ^w 1 9 ! passage cit$1 ! ,messiah be int5d$1 ! entire context %[s ! mean+ to be1 n t ! expect$ gov]nor :o 0 to come =? out ( ,be?lehem w\ld actually be born 9 t city1 b only t he w\ld be a desc5dant ( ,david1 ^: family sprang f ,be?lehem4 #ceg ,?us all[+ ! magi to h be5 lightly direct$ by means ( ! rabb9ical exegesis ( ! oracle1 a false int]pretation mu/ h hit on ! tru?1 ei!r by means ( div9e int]v5tion & accommodation1 or by accid5t4 ,! judgm5t pron\nc$ 9 ! case ( ! /> is applicable "h also4 ,aft] receiv+ ! above answ] f ! ,sanh$rim1 ,h]od summons ! magi be=e him1 & 8 fir/ "q conc]ns ! "t at :i* ! /> appe>$ 7v4 #g74 ,:y did he wi% to "k ?is #ceh8 ,! #af? v]se tells u1 t he might !reby calculate ! age ( ! ,messianic *ild1 & ?us asc]ta9 up to :at age x w\ld be necess>y = him to put to dea? ! *ildr5 ( ,be?lehem1 s z n to miss ! "o ann\nc$ by ! />4 ,b ?is plan ( murd]+ all ! *ildr5 ( ,be?lehem up to a c]ta9 age1 t he might de/roy ! "o likely to prove fatal to ! int]e/s ( 8 family1 0 n conceiv$ by ,h]od until aft] ! magi _h disappo9t$ 8 expectation t !y w\ld return to ,j]usalem2 a deception :i*1 if we may judge f 8 viol5t ang] on acc\nt ( x 7v4 #af71 ,h]od _h by no means anticipat$4 ,prior to ?is1 accord+ to v4 #h1 x _h be5 8 int5tion to obta9 f ! magi1 on _! return1 s close a description ( ! *ild1 8 dwell+ & circum/ances1 t x w\ld be easy = him to remove 8 infant9e rival )\t sacrific+ any o!r life4 ,x 0 n until he _h discov]$ ! /ratagem ( ! magi1 t he 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! m viol5t measure = ! execution ( :i* x 0 necess>y = him to "k ! "t ( ! />'s appe>ance4 #cei ,h[ =tunate = him1 !n1 t he _h asc]ta9$ ?is "t be=e he _h decid$ on ! plan t made ! in=mation important2 b h[ inconceivable t he %\ld make a po9t :i* 0 only indirectly connect$ ) 8 orig9al project1 ! subject ( 8 fir/ & mo/ eag] int]rogation 7v4 #g76 ,h]od1 9 ! second place1 commissions ! magi to acqua9t !mselves accurately ) all t conc]ns ! royal infant1 & to imp>t _! k to him on _! return1 t he also may g & t5d] 8 homage to ! *ild1 t is1 accord+ to 8 real mean+1 take sure measures = putt+ him to dea? 7v4 #h74 ,su* a proce$+ on ! "p ( an a/ute mon>* l ,h]od has long be5 held improbable4 #cfj ,ev5 if he hop$ to deceive ! magi1 :ile 9 conf]5ce ) !m1 by adopt+ ?is fri5dly mask1 he mu/ necess>ily =esee t o!rs w\ld pres5tly awak5 !m to ! probability t he h>b\r$ evil designs aga9/ ! *ild1 & ?us prev5t !m f return+ accord+ to 8 injunction4 ,he might conjecture t ! p>5ts ( ! *ild on he>+ ( ! om9\s int]e/ tak5 9 him by ! k+1 w\ld seek 8 safety by flight1 & f9ally1 t ^? inhabitants ( ,be?lehem & its environs :o *]i%$ ,messianic expectations1 w\ld n be a little confirm$ 9 !m by ! arrival ( ! magi4 ,on all ^! gr\nds1 ,h]od's only prud5t measure w\ld h be5 ei!r to deta9 ! magi 9 ,j]usalem1 #cfa & 9 ! meantime by means ( secret emiss>ies to dispat* ! *ild to :om su* peculi> hopes 7 atta*$1 & :o mu/ h be5 easy ( discov]y 9 ! little village ( ,be?lehem2 or to h giv5 ! magi companions :o1 s soon z ! *ild 0 f\nd1 might at once h put an end to 8 exi/5ce4 ,ev5 ,ol%aus5 ?9ks t ^! /rictures are n gr\ndless1 & 8 be/ def5ce aga9/ !m is ! obs]vation t ! hi/ories ( all ages pres5t unacc\ntable in/ances ( =getfulness--a pro( t ! c\rse ( human ev5ts is guid$ by a supreme h&4 ,:5 ! sup]naturali/ invokes ! supreme h& 9 ! case be=e u1 he mu/ suppose t ,god himself bl9d$ ,h]od to ! sure/ means ( atta9+ 8 object1 9 ord] to save ! ,messianic *ild f a premature dea?4 ,b ! o!r side ( ?is div9e contrivance is1 t in/ead ( ! "o *ild1 _m o!rs mu/ die4 ,!re w\ld be no?+ to object aga9/ su* a sub/itution 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 if x c\ld be prov$ t !re 0 no o!r possible mode ( rescu+ ,jesus f a fate inconsi/5t ) ! s*eme ( human r$emption4 ,b if x be once admitt$1 t ,god int]pos$ sup]naturally to bl9d ! m9d ( ,h]od & to sugge/ to ! magi t !y %\ld n return to ,j]usalem1 we are con/ra9$ to ask1 :y did n ,god 9 ! fir/ in/ance inspire ! magi to %un ,j]usalem & proce$ directly to ,be?lehem1 :i!r ,h]od's att5tion w\ld n !n h be5 s imm$iately attract$1 & ?us ! disa/r\s sequel p]haps h be5 altoge!r avoid$8 #cfb ,! supranaturali/ has no answ] to ?is "q b ! old-fa%ion$ argum5t t x 0 good = ! infants to die1 because !y 7 ?us fre$ by transi5t suff]+ f mu* mis]y1 & m especially f ! dang] ( s9n+ aga9/ ,jesus ) ! unbeliev+ ,jews2 :]eas n[ !y _h ! hon\r ( los+ _! lives = ! sake ( ,jesus1 & ?us ( rank+ z m>tyrs1 & s =?4 #cfc ,! magi leave ,j]usalem by night1 ! fav\rite "t = travell+ 9 ! ea/4 ,! />1 :i* !y seem to h lo/ sight ( s9ce _! dep>ture f home1 aga9 appe>s & goes be=e !m on ! road to ,be?lehem1 until at l5g? x rema9s /ation>y ov] ! h\se t conta9s ! wondr\s *ild & its p>5ts4 ,! way f ,j]usalem to ,be?lehem lies s\?w>d2 n[ ! true pa? ( erratic />s is ei!r f we/ to ea/1 z t ( ! planets & ( "s comets1 or f ea/ to we/1 z t ( o!r comets2 ! orbits ( _m comets d inde$ t5d f nor? to s\?1 b ! true motion ( all ^! bodies is s greatly surpass$ by _! app>5t motion f ea/ to we/ produc$ by ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis1 t x is imp]ceptible except at consid]able int]vals4 ,ev5 ! diurnal movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 h[ev]1 is less obvi\s on a %ort j\rney ?an ! m]ely optical "o1 aris+ f ! obs]v]'s own *ange ( place1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a /> t he sees be=e him seems1 z long z he moves =w>d1 to pass on 9 ! same direction ?r\gh inf9ite space2 x _c !re=e /& /ill ov] a p>ticul> h\se & ?us induce a travell] to halt !re also2 on ! contr>y1 ! travell] himself mu/ halt be=e ! /> w appe> /ation>y4 ,! /> ( ! magi c\ld n !n be an ord9>y1 natural />1 b mu/ h be5 "o creat$ by ,god = t p>ticul> exig5cy1 & impress$ by him ) a peculi> law ( motion & re/4 #cfd ,aga91 ?is c\ld n h be5 a true />1 mov+ among ! sy/ems ( our firmam5t1 = su* an "o1 h[ev] impell$ & arre/$1 c\ld nev]1 accord+ to optical laws1 appe> to pause ov] a p>ticul> h\se4 ,x mu/ !re=e h be5 some?+ l[]1 hov]+ ov] ! e>?'s surface2 h5ce "s ( ! ,fa!rs & apocryphal writ]s #cfe suppos$ x to h be5 an angel1 :i*1 d\btless1 might fly be=e ! magi 9 ! =m ( a />1 & take its /ation at a mod]ate height above ! h\se ( ,m>y 9 ,be?lehem2 m mod]n !ologians h conjectur$ t ! ph5om5on 0 a meteor4 #cff ,bo? ^! explanations are oppos$ to ! text ( ,mat!w3 ! =m]1 because x is out ( keep+ ) ! /yle ( our ,gospels to designate any?+ purely sup]natural1 su* z an angelic appe>ance1 by an expression t implies a m]ely natural object1 z 7a />72 ! latt]1 because a m]e meteor w\ld n la/ = s long a "t z mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 ! dep>ture ( ! magi f _! remote home & _! arrival 9 ,be?lehem4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x w be cont5d$ t ,god creat$ "o meteor = ! fir/ monition1 & ano!r = ! second4 ,_m1 ev5 ( ! or?odox expositors1 h f\nd ^! difficulties 9 relation to ! /> s press+1 t !y h /riv5 to escape at any co/ f ! admission t x prec$$ ! magi 9 _! way t[>ds ,be?lehem1 & took its /ation directly ov] a p>ticul> h\se4 ,accord+ to ,ssk9d1 ^: explanation has be5 mu* approv$1 ! v]b 7w5t be=e7 7v4 #i71 :i* is 9 ! imp]fect t5se1 does n signify t ! /> visibly l$ ! magi on _! way1 b is equival5t to ! plup]fect1 :i* w\ld imply t ! /> _h be5 invisibly transf]r$ to ! de/9ation ( ! magi be=e _! arrival1 s t ! ,evangeli/ int5ds to say3 ! /> :i* ! magi _h se5 9 ! ea/ & subsequ5tly lo/ sight (1 sudd5ly made its appe>ance to !m 9 ,be?lehem above ! h\se !y 7 seek+2 x _h !re=e prec$$ !m4 #cfg ,b ?is is a transplantation ( rationali/ic artifice into ! soil ( or?odox exegesis4 ,n only ! ^w 1 b ! less flexible expression 444 7till x came1 etc47 d5otes t ! transit ( ! /> 0 n an already complet$ ph5om5on1 b "o br\ght to pass "u ! obs]vation ( ! magi4 ,expositors :o p]si/ 9 d5y+ ?is mu/1 to be consi/5t1 g /ill f>!r1 & r$uce ! entire n>rative to ! /&>d ( m]ely natural ev5ts4 ,s :5 ,ol%aus5 admits t ! position ( a /> c\ld n possibly indicate a s+le h\se1 t h5ce ! magi mu/ h inquir$ = ! infant's dwell+1 & only ) *ild-l simplicity ref]r$ ! issue z well z ! comm5cem5t ( _! j\rney to a heav5ly guide #cfh2 he des]ts 8 own po9t ( view = t ( ! rationali/s1 & int]l9es ! text ) explanatory p>ticul>s1 an exp$i5t :i* he else:]e ju/ly condemns 9 ,paulus & o!rs4 ,! magi !n ent] ! h\se1 (f] _! adoration to ! infant1 & pres5t to him gifts1 ! productions ( _! native c\ntry4 ,"o might wond] t !re is no notice ( ! a/oni%m5t :i* x mu/ h excit$ 9 ^! m5 to f9d1 in/ead ( ! expect$ pr9ce1 a *ild 9 q ord9>y1 p]haps indig5t circum/ances4 #cfi ,x is n fair1 h[ev]1 to height5 ! contra/ by suppos+1 accord+ to ! common notion1 t ! magi discov]$ ! *ild 9 a /able ly+ 9 ! mang]2 = ?is repres5tation is peculi> to ,luke1 & is altoge!r unkn[n to ,mat!w1 :o m]ely speaks ( a h\se1 1 9 :i* ! *ild 0 f\nd4 ,!n foll[s 7v4 #aj7 ! w>n+ giv5 to ! magi 9 a dream1 conc]n+ :i*1 z be=e rem>k$1 x 7 only to be wi%$ t x _h be5 v\*saf$ e>li]1 s z to av]t ! /eps ( ! magi f ,j]usalem1 & ?us p]*ance prev5t ! :ole subsequ5t massacre4 ,:ile ,h]od awaits ! return ( ! magi1 ,joseph is admoni%$ by an angelic app>ition 9 a dream to flee ) ! ,messianic *ild & its "m into ,egypt = security 7v4 #ac-ae74 ,adopt+ ! evangeli/'s po9t ( view1 ?is is n att5d$ ) any difficulty2 x is o!rwise1 h[ev]1 ) ! prophecy :i* ! above ev5t is said to fulfil1 ,hosea xi4 #a4 ,9 ?is passage ! prophet1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah1 says3 ,:5 ,israel 0 a *ild1 !n ,i lov$ him1 & call$ my son out ( ,egypt4 ,we may v5ture to attribute1 ev5 to ! mo/ or?odox expositor1 en\gh cle>-sight$ness to p]ceive t ! subject ( ! fir/ half ( ! s5t5ce is also ! object ( ! second1 namely ! p ( ,israel1 :o "h1 z else:]e1 7e4g4 ,exod4 iv4 #bb1 ,sira* xxxvi4 #ad71 are collectively call$ ! ,son ( ,god1 & ^: pa/ deliv]ance "u ,moses out ( _! ,egyptian bondage is ! fact ref]r$ to3 t consequ5tly1 ! prophet 0 n contemplat+ ei!r ! ,messiah or 8 soj\rn 9 ,egypt4 ,nev]!less1 z our evangeli/ says1 v4 #ae1 t ! flight ( ,jesus into ,egypt took place expressly t ! above words ( ,hosea might be fulfill$1 he mu/ h und]/ood !m z a prophecy relat+ to ,*ri/--mu/1 !re=e1 h misund]/ood !m4 ,x has be5 pret5d$ t ! passage has a tw(old application1 &1 ?\gh ref]r+ prim>ily to ! ,israeliti% p1 is n ! less a prophecy relative to ,*ri/1 because ! de/9y ( ,israel 8aft] ! fle%0 0 a type ( ! de/9y ( ,jesus4 ,b ?is conv5i5t me?od ( int]pretation is n applicable "h1 = ! analogy w\ld1 9 ! pres5t case1 be altoge!r ext]nal & inane1 s9ce ! only p>allel consi/s 9 ! b>e fact 9 bo? in/ances ( a soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ,israeliti% p & ! *ild ,jesus soj\rn$ !re be+ altoge!r div]se4 #cgj ,:5 ! return ( ! magi has be5 delay$ long en\gh = ,h]od to become aw>e t !y h no int5tion to keep fai? ) him1 he decrees ! dea? ( all ! male *ildr5 9 ,be?lehem & its environs up to ! age ( two ye>s1 t be+1 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ! magi z to ! "t ( ! />'s appe>ance1 ! utmo/ int]val t c\ld h elaps$ s9ce ! bir? ( ! ,messianic *ild 7#af-ah74 ,?is 01 beyond all "q1 an act ( ! bl9de/ fury1 = ,h]od might easily h in=m$ himself :e!r a *ild :o _h receiv$ r>e & co/ly pres5ts 0 yet to be f\nd 9 ,be?lehem3 b ev5 grant+ x n inconsi/5t ) ! disposition ( ! ag$ tyrant to ! ext5t t ,s*lei]ma*] suppos$1 x 7 9 any case to be expect$ t s unprec$5t$ & revolt+ a massacre w\ld be notic$ by o!r hi/orians ?an ,mat!w4 #cga ,b nei!r ,josephus1 :o is v m9ute 9 8 acc\nt ( ,h]od1 nor ! rabb9s1 :o 7 assidu\s 9 black5+ 8 memory1 give ! slighte/ h9t ( ?is decree4 ,! latt] d1 inde$1 connect ! flight ( ,jesus into ,egypt ) a murd]\s sc5e1 ! au?or ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n ,h]od1 b ,k+ ,jannu1 & ! victims n *ildr51 b rabb9s4 #cgb ,_! /ory is evid5tly f\nd$ on a confusion ( ! occurr5ce ga!r$ f ! *ri/ian hi/ory1 ) an e>li] ev5t2 = ,alex&] ,jannu di$ #dj ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,macrobius1 :o liv$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 is ! only au?or :o notices ! slaught] ( ! infants1 & he introduces x obliquely 9 a passage :i* loses all cr$it by conf\nd+ ! execution ( ,antipat]1 :o 0 s f> f a *ild t he compla9$ ( 8 grey hairs1 #cgc ) ! murd] ( ! infants1 r5[n$ among ! ,*ri/ians4 #cgd ,comm5tators h attempt$ to dim9i% our surprise at ! rem>kable sil5ce 9 "q1 by rem9d+ u t ! numb] ( *ildr5 ( ! giv5 age 9 ! petty village ( ,be?lehem1 mu/ h be5 small1 & by rem>k+ t among ! num]\s de$s ( cruelty by :i* ! life ( ,h]od 0 /a9$1 ?is "o w\ld be lo/ sight ( z a drop 9 ! ocean4 #cge ,b 9 ^! obs]vations ! specific atrocity ( murd]+ innoc5t *ildr51 h[ev] few1 is ov]look$2 & x is ?is t mu/ h prev5t$ ! de$1 if really p]petrat$1 f be+ =gott54 #cgf ,"h also ! evangeli/ cites 7v4 #ag1 #ah7 a prophetic passage 7,j]em4 xxxi4 #ae71 z hav+ be5 fulfill$ by ! murd] ( ! infants2 :]eas x orig9ally ref]r$ to some?+ q diff]5t1 namely ! transportation ( ! ,jews to ,babylon1 & _h no k9d ( ref]5ce to an ev5t ly+ 9 remote futurity4 ,:ile ,jesus & 8 p>5ts are 9 ,egypt1 ,h]od ! ,great dies1 & ,joseph is in/ruct$ by an angel1 :o appe>s to him 9 a dream1 to return to 8 native c\ntry2 b z ,ar*elaus1 ,h]od's successor 9 ,juda1 0 to be fe>$1 he has m precise directions 9 a second oracul> dream1 9 ob$i5ce to :i* he fixes 8 abode at ,naz>e? 9 ,galilee1 "u ! mild] gov]nm5t ( ,h]od ,antipas 7#ai-bc74 ,?us 9 ! compass ( ?is s+le *apt]1 we h five extraord9>y int]positions ( ,god2 an anomal\s />1 & f\r visions4 ,= ! /> & ! fir/ vision1 we h already rem>k$1 "o miracle might h be5 sub/itut$1 n only )\t detrim5t1 b ) advantage2 ei!r ! /> or ! vision might f ! beg9n+ h det]r$ ! magi f go+ to ,j]usalem1 & by ?is means p]haps h av]t$ ! massacre orda9$ by ,h]od4 ,b t ! two la/ visions are n unit$ 9 "o is a m]e sup]fluity2 = ! direction to ,joseph to proce$ to ,naz>e? in/ead ( ,be?lehem1 :i* is made ! object ( a special vision1 might j z well h be5 includ$ 9 ! fir/4 ,su* a disreg>d1 ev5 to prodigality1 ( ! lex p>simoni 9 relation to ! miracul\s1 "o is tempt$ to ref] to human imag9ation r ?an to div9e provid5ce4 ,! false int]pretations ( ,old ,te/am5t passages 9 ?is *apt] are cr[n$ by ! la/ v]se1 :]e x is said t by ! settlem5t ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus at ,naz>e? 0 fulfill$ ! say+ ( ! prophets3 ,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e4 ,n[ ?is passage is n to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & unless expositors1 los+ c\rage1 take refuge 9 d>kness by suppos+ t x is extract$ f a canonical #cgg or apocryphal #cgh book n[ lo/1 !y mu/ admit ! conditional validity ( "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ *>ges aga9/ ! evangeli/4 ,if1 z x has be5 alleg$1 he int5d$ to compress ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies t ! ,messiah w\ld be despis$1 into ! oracul> s5t5ce1 ,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e1 i4e4 ! citiz5 ( a despis$ city1 #cgi we mu/ accuse him ( ! mo/ arbitr>y mode ( expression2 or1 if he be suppos$ to give a modification ( 7nasir7 we mu/ tax him ) ! mo/ viol5t trans=mation ( ! ^w & ! grosse/ p]v]sion ( its mean+1 = ev5 if1 contr>y to ! fact1 ?is epi!t 7 appli$ to ! ,messiah 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x c\ld only mean ei!r t he w\ld be a ,naz>ite1 #chj :i* ,jesus nev] 01 or t he w\ld be cr[n$1 #cha z ,joseph1 ,g54 xlix4 #bf1 9 no case t he w\ld be br\ght up 9 ! petty t[n ( ,naz>e?4 ,! mo/ probable int]pretation ( ?is passage1 & t :i* has ! sanction ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians que/ion$ on ! subject by ,j]ome1 is1 t ! evangeli/ "h alludes to ,isa4 xi4 #a1 :]e ! ,messiah is call$ 7surculus ,jesse7 z else:]e 4 #chb ,b 9 e case !re is ! same viol5ce done to ! ^w by atta*+ to a m]e appellative ( ! ,messiah1 an entirely fictiti\s relation to ! "n ( ! city ( ,naz>e?4 #ce4 ,,attempts ,,at ,a ,,natural ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,magi4 ,,transition ,,to ,,! ,,my?ical ,,explanation4 ,to avoid ! _m difficulties :i* beset u at e /ep 9 int]pret+ ?is *apt] aft] ! mann] ( ! supranaturali/s1 x is q wor? our :ile to seek = ano!r exposition :i* may suffice to expla9 ! :ole accord+ to physical & psy*ological laws1 )\t any admixture ( sup]naturalism4 ,su* an exposition has be5 ! mo/ successfully attempt$ by ,paulus4 ,h[ c\ld hea!n magi1 9 a remote c\ntry ( ! ea/1 "k any?+ ( a ,jewi% k+ ab\t to be born8 ,?is is ! fir/ difficulty1 & x is remov$ on ! above sy/em ( int]pretation by suppos+ t ! magi 7 expatriat$ ,jews4 ,b ?is1 app>5tly1 is n ! idea ( ! evangeli/4 ,= ! "q :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ! magi1 8,:]e is he t is born ,k+ ( ! ,jews80 di/+ui%es !m f t p1 & z reg>ds ! t5d5cy ( ! entire n>rative1 ! *ur* seems to h appreh5d$ x m correctly ?an ,paulus ?9ks1 9 repres5t+ ! visit ( ! magi z ! fir/ manife/ation ( ,*ri/ to ! ,g5tiles4 ,nev]!less1 z we h above rem>k$1 ?is difficulty may be cle>$ away )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! supposition ( ,paulus4 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ! natural explanation1 ! real object ( ! j\rney ( ^! m5 0 n to see ! new-born k+1 nor 0 its cause ! /> :i* !y _h obs]v$ 9 ! ea/2 b !y happ5$ to be travell+ to ,j]usalem p]haps ) m]cantile views1 & he>+ f> & wide 9 ! l& ( a new-born k+1 a cele/ial ph5om5on :i* !y _h rec5tly obs]v$ occurr$ to _! remembrance1 & !y e>ne/ly desir$ to see ! *ild 9 "q4 ,by ?is means1 x is true1 ! difficulty aris+ f ! sanction giv5 to a/rology by ! usual conception ( ! /ory is dim9i%$1 b only at ! exp5se ( unprejudic$ int]pretation4 ,= ev5 if x 7 admissible unc]emoni\sly to trans=m magi into m]*ants1 _! purpose 9 ?is j\rney _c h be5 a comm]cial "o1 = _! fir/ inquiry on arriv+ at ,j]usalem is aft] ! new-born k+1 & !y =?) m5tion a />1 se5 by !m 9 ! ea/1 z ! cause n only ( _! "q1 b also ( _! pres5t j\rney1 ! object ( :i* !y av] to be ! pres5tation ( _! homage to ! new-born *ild 7v4 #b74 ,! 7/>7 becomes1 on ?is me?od ( int]pretation1 a natural meteor1 or a comet1 #chc or f9ally1 a con/ellation1 t is1 a conjunction ( planets4 #chd ,! la/ idea 0 put =? by ,kepl]1 & has be5 approv$ by sev]al a/ronom]s & !ologians4 ,is x m easy1 on any "o ( ^! suppositions1 to conceive t ! /> c\ld prec$e ! magi on _! way1 & rema9 /ation>y ov] a p>ticul> h\se1 accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ! text8 ,we h already exam9$ ! two fir/ hypo!ses2 if we adopt ! ?ird1 we mu/ ei!r suppose ! v]b 7v4 #i7 to signify ! disjunction ( ! planets1 previ\sly 9 app>5t union1 #che ?\gh ! text does n imply a p>tition b a =w>d movem5t ( ! entire ph5om5on2 or we mu/ call ,ssk9d's plup]fect to our aid1 & imag9e t ! con/ellation1 :i* ! magi c\ld no long] see 9 ! valley betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,be?lehem1 aga9 bur/ on _! view ov] ! place :]e ! *ild dwelt4 #chf ,= ! expression1 7v4 #i71 d5otes m]ely ! place ( abode1 n ! p>ticul> dwell+ ( ! *ild & 8 p>5ts4 ,?is we grant2 b :5 ! evangeli/ proce$s ?us3 1 7v4 #i71 he gives ! m g5]al expression ! precise mean+ ( dwell+-h\se1 s t ?is explanation is cle>ly a va9 ef=t to abate ! m>vell\sness ( ! evangelical n>rative4 ,! mo/ rem>kable supposition adopt$ by ^? :o reg>d z a conjunction ( planets1 is t !y h]eby obta9 a fix$ po9t 9 accr$it$ hi/ory1 to :i* ! n>rative ( ,mat!w may be atta*$4 ,accord+ to ,kepl]'s calculation1 correct$ by ,idel]1 !re occurr$1 ?ree ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,h]od1 9 ! ye> ( ,rome #gdg1 a conjunction ( ,jupit] & ,saturn 9 ! sign ,pisces4 ,! conjunction ( ^! planets is repeat$ 9 ! above sign1 to :i* a/rolog]s attribute a special relation to ,pale/9e1 ab\t e #hjj ye>s1 & accord+ to ! computation ( ! ,jew ,ab>banel 7#adfc7 x took place ?ree ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,moses2 h5ce x is probable en\gh t ! hope ( ! second great deliv]] ( ! nation w\ld be associat$ ) ! recurr5ce ( ?is conjunction 9 ! "t ( ,h]od1 & t :5 ! ph5om5on 0 actually obs]v$1 x w\ld occasion inquiry on ! "p ( ,babylonian ,jews4 ,b t ! /> m5tion$ by ,mat!w 0 ?is p>ticul> planet>y conjunction1 is1 f our unc]ta9ty z to ! ye> ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 & also z to ! p]iod ( ! above a/rological calculation1 an extremely prec>i\s conjecture2 & z1 besides1 !re are c]ta9 p>ticul>s 9 ! evangelical text1 = in/ance1 ! words & 1 :i* d n accord ) su* an explanation1--s soon z ano!r1 m congru\s ) ,mat!w's n>rative1 pres5ts itself1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ x ! pref]5ce4 ,! difficulties connect$ ) ! errone\s int]pretations ( passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t are1 f ! natural po9t ( view1 elud$ by d5y+ t ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are responsible = ! falsity ( ^! int]pretations4 ,x is said t ! prophecy ( ,micah is appli$ to ! ,messiah & 8 bir? 9 ,be?lehem by ! ,sanh$rim alone1 & t ,mat!w has n committ$ himself to _! int]pretation by "o ^w ( approval4 ,b :5 ! evangeli/ proce$s to n>rate h[ ! issue correspond$ ) ! int]pretation1 he sanctions x by ! au?oritative seal ( fact4 ,9 relation to ! passage f ,hosea1 ,paulus & ,/eudel #chg concur 9 resort+ to a s+ul> exp$i5t4 ,mat!w1 say !y1 wi%$ to gu>d aga9/ ! (f5ce :i* x might possibly give to ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e to le>n t ! ,messiah _h once left ! ,holy ,l&2 he !re=e call$ att5tion to ! fact t ,israel1 9 "o s5se ! fir/-born ( ,god1 _h be5 call$ out ( ,egypt1 = :i* reason1 he w\ld imply1 no "o ought to be a/oni%$ t ! ,messiah1 ! son ( ,god 9 a high] s5se1 _h also visit$ a pr(ane l&4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! passage !re is no trace #chh ( su* a negative1 precaution>y int5tion on ! "p ( ! evangeli/ 9 adduc+ ?is prophecy3 on ! contr>y1 all 8 quotations seem to h ! positive object to confirm ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus by %[+ t 9 him ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies _h _! fulfilm5t4 ,x has be5 attempt$ ) ref]5ce to ! two o!r prophecies cit$ 9 ?is *apt]1 to r$uce ! signification ( ! v]b 7to be fulfill$7 to t ( m]e similitude or applicability2 b ! futility ( ! ef=t ne$s no exposure4 ,! v>i\s directions convey$ to ! p]sons ( our n>rative by means ( visions are1 f ! same po9t ( view1 all expla9$ psy*ologically1 z effects ( wak+ inquiries & reflections4 ,?is appe>s1 inde$1 to be indicat$ by ! text itself1 v4 #bb1 accord+ to :i* ,joseph1 he>+ t ,ar*elaus 0 ma/] ( ,judea1 fe>$ to g ?i!r1 & n until !n did he receive an intimation f a high] s\rce 9 a dream4 ,nev]!less1 on a clos] exam9ation we f9d t ! communication giv5 9 ! dream 0 some?+ new1 n a m]e repetition ( intellig5ce receiv$ 9 wak+ mom5ts4 ,only ! negative conclusion1 t on acc\nt ( ,ar*elaus x 0 n advisable to settle at ,be?lehem1 0 atta9$ by ,joseph :5 awake2 ! positive injunction to proce$ to ,naz>e? 0 sup]add$ 9 8 dream4 ,to expla9 ! o!r visions 9 ! above way is a direct int]polation ( ! text1 = ?is repres5ts bo? ! ho/ility & dea? ( ,h]od z be+ fir/ made kn[n to ,joseph by dreams2 9 l mann]1 ! magi h no di/ru/ ( ,h]od until a dream w>ns !m aga9/ 8 trea*]y4 ,?us1 on ! "o h&1 ! s5se ( ! n>rative 9 ,matt4 ii4 is oppos$ to ! conception ( its occurr5ce z natural2 on ! o!r h&1 ?is n>rative1 tak5 9 its orig9al s5se1 c>ries ! sup]natural into ! extravagant1 ! improbable into ! impossible4 ,we are !re=e l$ to d\bt ! hi/orical "* ( ! n>rative1 & to conjecture t we h be=e u some?+ my?ical4 ,! fir/ prop\nd]s ( ?is op9ion 7 s unsuccessful 9 its illu/ration1 t !y nev] lib]at$ !mselves f ! sph]e ( ! natural int]pretation1 :i* !y s\ght to transc5d4 ,arabian m]*ants 7?9ks ,krug1 = example7 com+ by *ance to ,be?lehem1 met ) ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & le>n+ t !y 7 /rang]s 9 di/ress 7accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 7 n /rang]s 9 ,be?lehem71 made !m pres5ts1 utt]$ _m good wi%es = _! *ild1 & pursu$ _! j\rney4 ,:5 subsequ5tly1 ,jesus 0 reput$ to be ! ,messiah1 ! incid5t 0 rememb]$ & embelli%$ ) a />1 visions1 & believ+ homage4 ,to ^! 7 add$ ! flight into ,egypt & ! infanticide2 ! latt]1 because ! above incid5t 0 suppos$ to h _h "s effect on ,h]od1 :o1 on o!r gr\nds ?an ^? alleg$ 9 ! text1 _h caus$ "s families 9 ,be?lehem to be put to dea?2 ! =m]1 probably because ,jesus _h1 ) "s unkn[n object1 actually visit$ ,egypt at a lat] p]iod4 #chi ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! purely naturali/ic int]pretation1 !re rema9 z s _m g>b1 ! arrival ( "s ori5tal travell]s1 ! flight into ,egypt1 & ! massacre 9 ,be?lehem2 dive/$1 h[ev]1 ( ! m>vell\s g>b ) :i* !y are envelop$ 9 ! evangelical n>rative4 ,9 ?is unadorn$ =m1 ^! occurr5ces are held to be intelligible & su* z might v probably happ51 b 9 po9t ( fact !y are m incompreh5sible ev5 ?an :5 view$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( or?odoxy1 = ) _! sup]natural embelli%m5ts vani%es ! entire basis on :i* !y re/4 ,mat!w's n>rative adequately acc\nts = ! relations betwe5 ! m5 ( ! ea/ & ! p>5ts ( ,jesus2 ?is attempt at my?ical exposition r$uces !m to a wond]ful *ance4 ,! massacre at ,be?lehem has1 9 ! evangelical n>rative1 a def9ite cause2 "h1 we are at a loss to und]/& h[ ,h]od came to orda9 su* an enormity2 s1 ! j\rney into ,egypt1 :i* _h s urg5t a motive accord+ to ,mat!w1 is on ?is s*eme ( int]pretation totally inexplicable4 ,x may inde$ be said3 ^! ev5ts _h _! adequate causes 9 accordance ) ! regul> c\rse ( ?+s1 b ,mat!w has )held ?is natural sequ5ce & giv5 a miracul\s "o 9 its /ead4 ,b if ! writ] or leg5d be capable ( environ+ occurr5ces ) fictiti\s motives & accessory circum/ances1 ei!r ! "o or ! o!r is also capable ( fabricat+ ! occurr5ces !mselves1 & ?is fabrication is ! m probable1 ! m cle>ly we c %[ t ! leg5d _h an int]e/ 9 depict+ su* occurr5ces1 ?\gh !y _h nev] actually tak5 place4 ,?is argum5t is equally valid aga9/ ! attempt1 lately made f ! supranaturali/ic po9t ( view1 to sep>ate ! true f ! false 9 ! evangelical n>rative4 ,9 a n>rative l ?is1 says ,ne&]1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% ! k]nel f ! %ell1 ! ma9 fact f immat]ial circum/ances1 & n dem& ! same degree ( c]titude = all its p>ticul>s4 ,t ! magi by _! a/rological rese>*es 7 l$ to anticipate ! bir? ( a ,savi\r 9 ,judea1 & h5ce j\rney$ to ,j]usalem t !y might (f] him _! homage is1 accord+ to him1 ! only ess5tial & c]ta9 "p ( ! n>rative4 ,b h[1 :5 arriv$ 9 ,j]usalem1 did !y le>n t ! *ild 0 to be born 9 ,be?lehem8 ,f ,h]od1 or by "s o!r means8 ,on ?is po9t ,ne&] is n equally will+ to gu>antee ! v]acity ( ,mat!w's /atem5ts1 & he reg>ds x z uness5tial4 ,! magi1 he cont9ues1 9 s inconsid]able a place z ,be?lehem1 might be guid$ to ! *ild's dwell+ by _m provid5tial arrangem5ts 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts2 = example1 by meet+ ) ! %eph]ds or o!r dev\t p]sons :o _h p>ticipat$ 9 ! great ev5t4 ,:5 h[ev] !y _h once ent]$ ! h\se1 !y might repres5t ! circum/ances 9 ! a/rological guise ) :i* _! m9ds 7 ! mo/ famili>4 ,ne&] aw>ds an hi/orical "* to ! flight into ,egypt & ! infanticide4 #cij ,by ?is explanation ( ! n>rative1 only its heavie/ difficulty1 namely1 t ! /> prec$$ ! magi on _! way & paus$ above a s+le h\se1 is 9 reality ?r[n ov]bo>d2 ! o!r difficulties rema94 ,b ,ne&] has r5\nc$ unlimit$ confid5ce 9 ! v]acity ( ! evangeli/1 & admitt$ t a "p ( 8 n>rative is unhi/orical4 ,if x be ask$ h[ f> ?is unhi/orical portion ext5ds1 & :at is its k9d--:e!r ! nucleus ar\nd :i* leg5d has deposit$ its cry/allizations be hi/orical or ideal--x is easy to %[ t ! few & vague data :i* a less l5i5t criticism ?an t ( ,ne&] c admit z hi/orical1 are f> less adapt$ to give bir? to our n>rative1 ?an ! v precise circle ( ideas & types :i* we are ab\t to exhibit4 #cf4 ,,! ,,purely ,,my?ical ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,n>rative ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,magi1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,ev5ts ,,) ,,:i* ,,x ,,is ,,connect$4 ,sev]al ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* indicat$ ! true key to ! n>rative conc]n+ ! magi :51 9 ord] to expla9 f :at s\rce ^? hea!n a/rolog]s c\ld ga!r any k ( a ,messianic />1 !y put =? ! conjecture t ?is k might h be5 drawn f ! prophecies ( ! hea!n ,balaam1 record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,numb]s4 #cia ,k4 ,*4 ,l4 ,s*midt ju/ly consid]s x a defici5cy 9 ! exposition ( ,paulus1 t x takes no notice ( ! ,jewi% expectation t a /> w\ld become visible at ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah2 & yet1 he adds1 ?is is ! only ?read to guide u to ! true orig9 ( ?is n>rative4 #cib ,! prophecy ( ,balaam 7,num4 xxiv4 #ag71 ,a /> %all come out ( ,jacob1 0 ! cause--n inde$1 z ! ,fa!rs suppos$1 t magi actually recogniz$ a newly-k9dl$ /> z t ( ! ,messiah1 & h5ce j\rney$ to ,j]usalem--b t leg5d repres5t$ a /> to h appe>$ at ! bir? ( ,jesus1 & to h be5 recogniz$ by a/rolog]s z ! /> ( ! ,messiah4 ,! prophecy attribut$ to ,balaam orig9ally ref]r$ to "s =tunate & victori\s rul] ( ,israel2 b x seems to h e>ly receiv$ a ,messianic int]pretation4 ,ev5 if ! translation 9 ! ,t>gum ( ,onkelos1 surget rex ex ,jacobo et ,messias 7unctus7 ungetur ex ,israele1 prove no?+1 because "h ! ^w unctus is synonym\s ) rex1 & might signify an ord9>y k+--x is yet wor?y ( notice t1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,ab5 ,ezra1 #cic & ! passages cit$ by ,wet/e9 & ,s*ttg51 _m rabb9s appli$ ! prophecy to ! ,messiah4 ,! "n ,b>-,co*eba 7son ( a />71 assum$ by a not$ pseudo-,messiah "u ,hadrian1 0 *os5 ) ref]5ce to ! ,messianic int]pretation ( ,balaam's prophecy4 ,x is true t ! passage 9 "q1 tak5 9 its orig9al s5se1 does n speak ( a real />1 b m]ely comp>es to a /> ! future pr9ce ( ,israel1 & ?is is ! int]pretation giv5 to x 9 ! ,t>gum above quot$4 ,b ! gr[+ belief 9 a/rology1 accord+ to :i* e important ev5t 0 signaliz$ by sid]eal *anges1 soon caus$ ! prophecy ( ,balaam to be und]/ood no long] figuratively1 b lit]ally1 z ref]r+ to a /> :i* 0 to appe> contemporane\sly ) ! ,messiah4 ,we h v>i\s pro(s t a belief 9 a/rology 0 preval5t 9 ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,! future greatness ( ,mi?ridates 0 ?\ght to be progno/icat$ by ! appe>ance ( a comet 9 ! ye> ( 8 bir?1 & 9 t ( 8 accession to ! ?rone #cid2 & a comet obs]v$ %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,julius ,cs>1 0 suppos$ to h a close relation to t ev5t4 #cie ,^! ideas 7 n )\t influ5ce on ! ,jews2 at lea/ we f9d traces ( !m 9 ,jewi% writ+s ( a lat] p]iod1 9 :i* x is said t a rem>kable /> appe>$ at ! bir? ( ,abraham4 #cif ,:5 su* ideas 7 afloat1 x 0 easy to imag9e t ! bir? ( ! ,messiah mu/ be ann\nc$ by a />1 especially z1 accord+ to ! common int]pretation ( ,balaam's prophecy1 a /> 0 !re made ! symbol ( ! ,messiah4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,jewi% m9d effect$ ?is comb9ation2 = x is a rabb9ical idea t at ! "t ( ! ,messiah's bir?1 a /> w appe> 9 ! ea/ & rema9 = a long "t visible4 #cig ,! n>rative ( ,mat!w is alli$ to ?is simpl] ,jewi% idea2 ! apocryphal descriptions ( ! /> t ann\nc$ ! bir? ( ,jesus1 to ! extravagant fictions ab\t ! /> said to h appe>$ 9 ! "t ( ,abraham4 #cih ,we may !re=e /ate ! op9ion ( ,k4 ,*4 ,l4 ,s*midt1 #cii rec5tly approv$ by ,fritzs*e & ,de ,wette1 z ! ne>e/ approa* to tru? on ! subject ( ,mat!w's /> 9 ! ea/4 ,9 ! "t ( ,jesus x 0 ! g5]al belief t />s 7 always ! =]unn]s ( great ev5ts2 h5ce ! ,jews ( t p]iod ?\ght t ! bir? ( ! ,messiah w\ld necess>ily be ann\nc$ by a />1 & ?is supposition _h a specific sanction 9 ,num4 xxiv4 #ag4 ,! e>ly conv]t$ ,jewi% ,*ri/ians c\ld confirm _! fai? 9 ,jesus1 & ju/ify x 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 only by lab\r+ to prove t 9 him 7 realiz$ all ! attributes l5t to ! ,messiah by ! ,jewi% notions ( _! age--a proposition t might be urg$ ! m in(f5sively & ) ! less *ance ( refutation1 ! m remote lay ! age ( ,jesus1 & ! m completely ! hi/ory ( 8 *ildhood 0 %r\d$ 9 d>kness4 ,h5ce x soon ceas$ to be matt] ( d\bt t ! anticipat$ appe>ance ( a /> 0 really co9cid5t ) ! bir? ( ,jesus4 #djj ,?is be+ once presuppos$1 x foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse t ! obs]v]s ( ?is appe>ance 7 ea/]n magi2 fir/1 because none c\ld bett] int]pret ! sign ?an a/rolog]s1 & ! ea/ 0 suppos$ to be ! native region ( _! sci5ce2 & secondly1 because x mu/ h seem$ fitt+ t ! ,messianic /> :i* _h be5 se5 by ! spiritual eye ( ! anci5t magus ,balaam1 %\ld1 on its actual appe>ance be fir/ recogniz$ by ! bodily eyes ( lat] magi4 ,?is p>ticul>1 h[ev]1 z well z ! j\rney ( ! magi into ,judea1 & _! co/ly pres5ts to ! *ild1 be> a relation to o!r passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! description ( ! happi] future1 giv5 9 ,isaiah1 *ap4 lx41 ! prophet =etells t1 at t "t1 ! mo/ remote p & k+s w come to ,j]usalem to wor%ip ,jehovah1 ) (f]+s ( gold & inc5se & all acceptable gifts4 #dja ,if 9 ?is passage ! messianic times alone are spok5 (1 :ile ! ,messiah himself is want+1 9 ,psalm lxxii4 we read ( a k+ :o is to be fe>$ z long z ! sun & moon endure1 9 ^: times ! righte\s %all fl\ri%1 & :om all nations %all call bless$2 ?is k+ might easily be reg>d$ z ! ,messiah1 & ! ,psalm says ( him ne>ly 9 ! words ( ,isa4 lx41 t =eign k+s %all br+ him gold & o!r pres5ts4 ,to ?is x may be add$1 t ! pilgrimage ( =eign p to ,j]usalem is connect$ ) a ris5 light1 #djb :i* might sugge/ ! /> ( ,balaam4 ,:at 0 m natural1 :5 on ! "o h& 0 pres5t$ ,balaam's messianic /> out ( ,jacob 7= ! obs]vation ( :i* magian a/rolog]s 7 ! be/ adapt$72 on ! o!r1 a light :i* 0 to arise on ,j]usalem1 & to :i* di/ant nations w\ld come1 br++ gifts--?an to comb9e ! two images & to say3 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! /> :i* _h ris5 ov] ,j]usalem1 a/rolog]s came f a di/ant l& ) pres5ts = ! ,messiah :om ! /> ann\nc$8 ,b :5 ! imag9ation once _h possession ( ! />1 & ( travell]s attract$ by x f a di/ance1 !re 0 an inducem5t to make ! /> ! imm$iate guide ( _! c\rse1 & ! tor* to light !m on _! way4 ,?is 0 a fav\rite idea ( antiquity3 accord+ to ,virgil1 a />1 /ella facem duc5s1 m>k$ out ! way ( neas f ! %ores ( ,troy to ! we/ #djc2 ,?rasybulus & ,timoleon 7 l$ by cele/ial fires2 & a /> 0 said to h guid$ ,abraham on 8 way to ,moriah4 #djd ,besides1 9 ! prophetic passage itself1 ! heav5ly light seems to be associat$ ) ! pilgrimage ( ! (f]]s z ! guide ( _! c\rse2 at all ev5ts ! orig9ally figurative language ( ! prophet w\ld probably1 at a lat] p]iod1 be und]/ood lit]ally1 9 accordance ) ! rabb9ical _s ( int]pretation4 ,! magi are n conduct$ by ! /> directly to ,be?lehem :]e ,jesus 02 !y fir/ proce$ to ,j]usalem4 ,"o reason = ?is might be1 t ! prophetic passage connects ! ris5 light & ! (f]]s ) ,j]usalem2 b ! *ief reason lies 9 ! fact1 t 9 ,j]usalem ,h]od 0 to be f\nd2 = :at 0 bett] adapt$ to in/igate ,h]od to 8 murd]\s decree1 ?an ! al>m+ tid+s ( ! magi1 t !y _h se5 ! /> ( ! great ,jewi% k+8 ,to repres5t a murd]\s decree z hav+ be5 direct$ by ,h]od aga9/ ,jesus1 0 ! int]e/ ( ! primitive *ri/ian leg5d4 ,9 all times leg5d has glorifi$ ! infancy ( great m5 by p]secutions & attempts on _! life2 ! great] ! dang] t hov]$ ov] !m1 ! high] seems _! value2 ! m unexpect$ly _! deliv]ance is wr\ght1 ! m evid5t is ! e/eem 9 :i* !y are held by heav54 ,h5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ildhood ( ,cyrus 9 ,h]odotus1 ( ,romulus 9 ,livy1 #dje & ev5 lat] ( ,augu/us 9 ,suetonius1 #djf we f9d ?is trait2 nei!r has ! ,hebrew leg5d neglect$ to assign su* a di/9ction to ,moses4 #djg ,"o po9t ( analogy betwe5 ! n>rative 9 ,exod4 i41 ii41 & t 9 ,mat!w1 is t 9 bo? cases ! murd]\s decree does n ref] specially to ! "o dang]\s *ild1 b g5]ally to a c]ta9 class ( *ildr52 9 ! =m]1 to all new-born males1 9 ! latt] to all ( & "u ! age ( two ye>s4 ,x is true t1 accord+ to ! n>rative 9 ,exodus1 ! murd]\s decree is det]m9$ on )\t any ref]5ce to ,moses1 ( ^: bir? ,ph>aoh is n suppos$ to h _h any pres5tim5t1 & :o is !re=e only by accid5t implicat$ 9 its consequ5ces4 ,b ?is repres5tation did n suffici5tly m>k out ,moses z ! object ( ho/ile design to satisfy ! _s ( ,hebrew tradition1 & by ! "t ( ,josephus x _h be5 s modifi$ z to resemble m ne>ly ! leg5ds conc]n+ ,cyrus & ,augu/us1 & above all ! n>rative ( ,mat!w4 ,accord+ to ! lat] leg5d1 ,ph>aoh 0 incit$ to issue 8 murd]\s decree by a communication f 8 int]pret]s ( ! sacr$ writ+s1 :o ann\nc$ to him ! bir? ( an infant de/9$ to succ\r ! ,israelites & humble ! ,egyptians4 #djh ,! int]pret]s ( ! sacr$ writ+s "h play ! same "p z ! int]pret]s ( dreams 9 ,h]odotus1 & ! a/rolog]s 9 ,mat!w4 ,leg5d 0 n cont5t ) ?us signaliz+ ! infancy ( ! lawgiv] alone--x soon ext5d$ ! same di/9ction to ! great prog5itor ( ! ,israeliti% nation1 ,abraham1 :om x repres5t$ z be+ 9 p]il ( 8 life f ! murd]\s attempt ( a jeal\s tyrant1 imm$iately aft] 8 bir?4 ,moses 0 oppos$ to ,ph>aoh z an enemy & oppressor2 ,abraham held ! same position ) respect to ,nimrod4 ,?is mon>* 0 =ew>n$ by 8 sages1 ^: att5tion _h be5 excit$ by a rem>kable />1 t ,?>ah w\ld h a son f :om a p[]ful nation w\ld desc5d4 ,appreh5sive ( rivalry1 ,nimrod imm$iately issues a murd]\s comm&1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,abraham happily escapes4 #dji ,:at wond] !n1 t1 z ! great prog5itor & ! lawgiv] ( ! nation _h _! ,nimrod & ,ph>aoh1 a correspond+ p]secutor 0 f\nd = ! re/or] ( ! nation1 ! ,messiah1 9 ! p]son ( ,h]od2--t ?is tyrant 0 said to h be5 appris$ ( ! ,messiah's bir? by wise m51 & to h laid sn>es aga9/ 8 life1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 he happily escapes8 ,! apocryphal leg5d1 inde$1 has introduc$ an imitation ( ?is trait1 aft] its own /yle1 into ! hi/ory ( ! ,=]unn]2 he1 too1 is endang]$ by ,h]od's decree1 a m\nta9 is miracul\sly cleft asund] to receive him & 8 "m1 b 8 fa!r refus+ to po9t out ! boy's hid+ place1 is put to dea?4 #daj ,jesus escapes f ! ho/ile attempts ( ,h]od by o!r means ?an ^? by :i* ,moses1 accord+ to ! mosaic hi/ory1 & ,abraham1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% leg5d1 elude ! decree issu$ aga9/ !m2 namely1 by a flight out ( 8 native l& into ,egypt4 ,9 ! life ( ,moses also !re occurs a flight into a =eign l&2 n1 h[ev]1 dur+ 8 *ildhood1 b aft] he _h sla9 ! ,egyptian1 :51 fe>+ ! v5geance ( ,ph>aoh1 he takes refuge 9 ,midian 7,exod4 ii4 #ae74 ,t ref]5ce 0 made to ?is flight ( ! fir/ ,gl 9 t ( ! second1 our text expressly %[s1 = ! words1 :i* x attributes to ! angel1 :o enc\rages ,joseph to return out ( ,egypt into ,pale/9e1 are ^? by :i* ,moses is induc$ to return out ( ,midian into ,egypt4 #daa ,! *oice ( ,egypt z a place ( refuge = ,jesus1 may be expla9$ 9 ! simple/ mann]3 ! "y ,messiah c\ld n1 l ,moses1 flee out ( ,egypt2 h5ce1 t 8 hi/ory might n be de/itute ( s significant a feature z a connexion ) ,egypt1 t anci5t retreat ( ! patri>*s1 ! relation 0 rev]s$1 & he 0 made to flee into ,egypt1 :i*1 besides1 f its vic9ity1 0 ! mo/ appropriate asylum = a fugitive f ,judea4 ,! prophetic passage :i* ! evangeli/ cites f ,hosea xi4 #a1 ,out ( ,egypt h ,i call$ my son--is less available = ! elucidation ( ?is p>ticul> 9 our n>rative4 ,= ! imm$iate pro(s t ! ,jews ref]r$ ?is passage to ! ,messiah are v unc]ta92 #dab ?\gh1 if we comp>e su* passages z ,ps4 ii4 #g1 9 :i* ! words 7?\ art my son7 are int]pret$ ( ! ,messiah1 x _c appe> incr$ible t ! expression 7my son7 9 ,hosea 0 suppos$ to h a messianic signification4 ,aga9/ ?is my?ical d]ivation ( ! n>rative1 two objections h be5 rec5tly urg$4 ,fir/1 if ! hi/ory ( ! /> orig9at$ 9 ,balaam's prophecy1 :y1 x is ask$1 does n ,mat!w1 fond z he is ( %[+ ! fulfilm5t ( ,old ,te/am5t pr$ictions 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 make ! slighte/ allusion to t prophecy8 #dac ,because x 0 n he :o wove ?is hi/ory out ( ! mat]ials furni%$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 he receiv$ x1 already fa%ion$1 f o!rs1 :o did n communicate to him its real orig94 ,= ! v reason t _m n>ratives 7 transmitt$ to him )\t _! appropriate keys1 he sometimes tries false ones2 z 9 our n>rative1 9 relation to ! ,be?lehem massacre1 he quotes1 "u a total misconception ( ! passage1 ,j]emiah's image ( ,ra*el weep+ = h] *ildr54 #dad ,! o!r objection is ?is3 h[ c\ld ! communities ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 :5ce ?is pret5d$ my?us mu/ h sprung1 ascribe s high an importance to ! hea!n z is impli$ 9 ! /> ( ! magi8 #dae ,z if ! prophets _h n1 9 su* passages z we h quot$1 already ascrib$ to !m ?is importance1 :i*1 9 fact1 consi/s b 9 _! r5d]+ homage & submission to ! ,messiah1 a relation t mu/ be all[$ to correspond ) ! ideas ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 n to speak ( ! p>ticul> conditions on :i* ! hea!n 7 to be admitt$ into ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah4 ,we mu/ !re=e abide by ! my?ical int]pretation ( our n>rative1 & cont5t ourselves ) ga!r+ f x no p>ticul> fact 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 b only a new pro( h[ /rong 0 ! impression ( 8 messiah%ip left by ,jesus on ! m9ds ( 8 contempor>ies1 s9ce ev5 ! hi/ory ( 8 *ildhood receiv$ a messianic =m4 #daf ,let u n[ rev]t to ! n>rative ( ,luke1 *ap4 ii41 s f> z x runs p>allel ) t ( ,mat!w4 ,we h se5 t ! n>rative ( ,mat!w does n all[ u to presuppose t ( ,luke z a s]ies ( prior incid5ts3 /ill less c ! conv]se be true1 namely1 t ! magi arriv$ be=e ! %eph]ds3 x rema9s !n to be ask$1 :e!r ! two n>ratives d n aim to repres5t ! same fact1 ?\gh !y h giv5 x a diff]5t g>b8 ,f ! old] or?odox op9ion t ! /> 9 ,mat!w 0 an angel1 x 0 an easy /ep to id5tify t app>ition ) ! angel 9 ,luke1 & to suppose t ! angels1 :o appe>$ to ! %eph]ds ( ,be?lehem on ! night ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 7 tak5 by ! di/ant magi = a /> v]tical to ,judea1 #dag s t bo? ! acc\nts might be ess5tially correct4 ,( late1 only "o ( ! ,evangeli/s has be5 suppos$ to give ! true circum/ances1 & ,luke has _h ! pref]5ce1 ,mat!w's n>rative be+ reg>d$ z an embelli%$ edition4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 ! angel clo!d 9 heav5ly brightness1 9 ,luke1 became a /> 9 ! tradition record$ by ,mat!w1 ! ideas ( angels & />s be+ conf\nd$ 9 ! high] ,jewi% !ology2 ! %eph]ds 7 exalt$ into royal magi1 k+s be+ 9 antiquity call$ ! %eph]ds ( _! p4 #dah ,?is d]ivation is too elaborate to be probable1 ev5 7 x true1 z x is "h assum$1 t ,luke's n>rative be>s ! /amp ( hi/orical cr$ibility4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we conceive t we h prov$ ! contr>y1 & z1 consequ5tly1 we h be=e u two equally unhi/orical n>ratives1 !re is no reason = pref]r+ a =c$ & unnatural d]ivation ( ,mat!w's n>rative f t ( ,luke1 to ! v simple d]ivation :i* may be trac$ ?r\gh ,old ,te/am5t passages & ,jewi% notions4 ,^! two descriptions ( ! introduction ( ,jesus into ! _w1 are1 !re=e1 two v>iations on ! same !me1 compos$1 h[ev]1 q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 #cg4 ,,*ronological ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,visit ,,( ,,! ,,magi1 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,! ,,flight ,,into ,,egypt1 ,,& ,,! ,,pres5tation ,,9 ,,! ,,temple ,,record$ ,,by ,,luke4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$1 t ! n>ratives ( ,mat!w & ,luke above consid]$ at fir/ run tol]ably p>allel1 b aft]w>ds widely div]ge2 = in/ead ( ! tragical cata/rophe ( ! massacre & flight1 ,luke has pres]v$ to u ! peaceful sc5e ( ! pres5tation ( ! *ild ,jesus 9 ! temple4 ,let u = ! pres5t %ut our eyes to ! result ( ! prec$+ inquiry--! purely my?ical "* ( ,mat!w's n>rative--& ask3 ,9 :at *ronological relation c\ld ! pres5tation 9 ! temple /& to ! visit ( ! magi & ! flight into ,egypt8 ,( ^! occurr5ces ! only "o t has a precise date is ! pres5tation 9 ! temple1 ( :i* x is said t x took place at ! expiration ( ! p]iod appo9t$ by ! law = ! purification ( a "m1 t is1 accord+ to ,lev4 xii4 #b-d1 =ty days aft] ! bir? ( ! *ild 7,luke ii4 #bb74 ,! "t ( ! o!r incid5ts is n fix$ ) ! same exactness2 x is m]ely said t ! magi came to ,j]usalem1 7,matt4 ii4 #a7--;h[ long aft] ! bir? ! ,evangeli/ does n decide4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! p>ticiple connects ! visit ( ! magi ) ! bir? ( ! *ild1 if n imm$iately1 at lea/ s closely t no?+ ( importance c be suppos$ to h int]v5$1 "s expositors h be5 l$ to ! op9ion t ! visit ought to be reg>d$ z prior to ! pres5tation 9 ! temple4 #dai ,admitt+ ?is arrangem5t1 we h to reconcile x ) "o ( two alt]natives2 ei!r ! flight into ,egypt also prec$$ ! pres5tation 9 ! temple2 or1 :ile ! visit ( ! magi prec$$1 ! flight foll[$ t ev5t4 ,if we adopt ! latt] alt]native1 & ?ru/ ! pres5tation 9 ! temple betwe5 ! visit ( ! magi & ! flight1 we come into collision at once ) ! text ( ,mat!w & ! mutual relation ( ! facts4 ,! ,evangeli/ connects ! comm& to flee into ,egypt ) ! return ( ! magi1 by a p>ticipial con/ruction 7v4 #ac7 simil> to t by :i* he connects ! arrival ( ! ori5tal sages ) ! bir? ( ,jesus2 h5ce ^?1 :o 9 ! "o in/ance hold su* a con/ruction to be a reason = plac+ ! ev5ts :i* x associates 9 close succession1 mu/ 9 ! o!r in/ance be )held by x f ins]t+ a ?ird occurr5ce betwe5 ! visit & ! flight4 ,z reg>ds ! mutual relation ( ! facts1 x c h>dly be consid]$ probable1 t at ! v po9t ( "t 9 :i* ,joseph receiv$ a div9e intimation1 t he 0 no long] safe 9 ,be?lehem f ! designs ( ,h]od1 he %\ld be p]mitt$ to take a j\rney to ,j]usalem1 & ?us to ru% directly into ! lion's m\?4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! /ricte/ precautions mu/ h be5 enjo9$ on all :o 7 privy to ! pres5ce ( ! messianic *ild 9 ,j]usalem1 le/ a rum\r ( ! fact %\ld get abroad4 ,b !re is no trace ( ?is solicit\s incognito 9 ,luke's n>rative2 on ! contr>y1 n only does ,simeon call att5tion to ,jesus 9 ! temple1 un*eck$ ei!r by ! ,holy ,_s or by ! p>5ts1 b ,anna also ?9ks %e is s]v+ ! good cause1 by publi%+ z widely z possible ! tid+s ( ! ,messiah's bir? 7,luke ii4 #bh ff41 #ch74 ,x is true t %e is said to h conf9$ h] communications to ^? :o 7 l-m9d$ ) h]self 7 71 b ?is c\ld n h9d] !m f rea*+ ! e>s ( ! ,h]odian p>ty1 = ! great] ! excitem5t produc$ by su* news on ! m9ds ( ^? :o look$ = r$emption1 ! m w\ld ! vigilance ( ! gov]nm5t be ar\s$1 s t ,jesus w\ld inevitably fall into ! h&s ( ! tyrant :o 0 ly+ 9 wait4 ,?us 9 any case1 !y :o place ! pres5tation 9 ! temple aft] ! visit ( ! magi1 mu/ also det]m9e to po/pone x until aft] ! return f ,egypt4 ,b ev5 ?is arrangem5t cla%es ) ! evangelical /atem5t2 = x requires u to ins]t1 betwe5 ! bir? ( ,jesus & 8 pres5tation 9 ! temple1 ! foll[+ ev5ts3 ! arrival ( ! magi1 ! flight into ,egypt1 ! ,be?lehem massacre1 ! dea? ( ,h]od1 & ! return ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus out ( ,egypt--obvi\sly too mu* to be includ$ 9 ! space ( =ty days4 ,x mu/ !re=e be suppos$ t ! pres5tation ( ! *ild1 & ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! "m 9 ! temple1 7 procra/9at$ beyond ! "t appo9t$ by ! law4 ,?is exp$i5t1 h[ev]1 runs c\nt] to ! n>rative ( ,luke1 :o expressly says1 t ! visit to ! temple took place at ! legal "t4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! difficulty is ! same2 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus c\ld1 accord+ to ,mat!w's acc\nt1 z little ?9k ( a j\rney to ,j]usalem aft] _! return f ,egypt1 z imm$iately previ\s to _! dep>ture ?i!r4 ,= if ,joseph1 on 8 return f ,egypt1 0 w>n$ n to ent] ,judea1 because ,ar*elaus 0 ,h]od's successor 9 t prov9ce1 he w\ld lea/ ( all v5ture to ,j]usalem1 ! v seat ( ! r$\bt$ gov]nm5t4 ,on nei!r ( ! above plans1 !re=e1 w ! pres5tation 9 ! temple be> to be plac$ aft] ! visit ( ! magi1 & ! only rema9+ alt]native1 :i* is embrac$ by ! majority ( comm5tators1 #dbj is to make ! incid5t notic$ by ,luke1 prec$e bo? ^? n>rat$ by ,mat!w4 ,?is is s f> ! mo/ natural1 t 9 ,mat!w !re is at lea/ an indirect intimation ( a consid]able int]val betwe5 ! bir? ( ,jesus & ! arrival ( ! magi4 ,= we are told t ,h]od's decree includ$ all ! *ildr5 9 ,be?lehem up to ! age ( two ye>s2 we mu/ !re=e necess>ily inf]1 t ev5 if ,h]od1 to make sure ( 8 object1 exce$$ ! t]m fix$ by ! magi1 ! /> _h be5 visible to ^! a/rolog]s = m ?an a ye>4 ,n[ ! n>rator seems to suppose ! appe>ance ( ! /> to h be5 cotempor>y ) ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,view+ ! n>ratives 9 ?is ord]1 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus fir/ j\rney$ f ,be?lehem1 :]e ! *ild 0 born1 to ,j]usalem1 !re to pres5t ! legal (f]+s2 !y next return$ to ,be?lehem1 :]e 7accord+ to ,matt4 ii4 #a & #e7 !y 7 f\nd by ! magi2 !n foll[$ ! flight into ,egypt1 & aft] ! return f !nce1 ! settlem5t at ,naz>e?4 ,! fir/ & mo/ urg5t "q t "h sugge/s itself is ?is3 ,:at _h ! p>5ts ( ,jesus to d a second "t 9 ,be?lehem1 :i* 0 n _! home1 & :]e _! orig9al bus9ess connect$ ) ! c5sus mu/ surely h be5 despat*$ 9 ! space ( =ty days8 ,! discussion ( ?is "q mu/ be def]r$1 b we c f9d an ample sub/itute = ?is argum5t1 drawn f ! nature ( ! fact1 9 "o :i* re/s on ! words ( ! evangelical n>rative4 ,luke 7v4 #ci7 says1 9 ! mo/ def9ite mann]1 t aft] ! completion ( ! legal obs]vance1 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus return$ to ,naz>e?1 z to _! prop] home1 n to ,be?lehem1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 0 m]ely a tempor>y resid5ce4 #dba ,if1 !n1 ! magi arriv$ aft] ! pres5tation 9 ! temple1 !y mu/ h met ) ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 9 ,naz>e?1 & n 9 ,be?lehem1 z ,mat!w /ates4 ,moreov]1 _h ! arrival ( ! magi really be5 prec$$ by ! pres5tation 9 ! temple1 toge!r ) ! att5tion :i* mu/ h be5 excit$ by ! language ( ,simeon & ,anna2 x is impossible t at ! p]iod ( t arrival ! bir? ( ! messianic *ild c\ld h be5 s mu* a secret 9 ,j]usalem1 t ! ann\ncem5t ( x by ! magi %\ld be1 z ,mat!w relates1 a s\rce ( g5]al a/oni%m5t4 #dbb ,if1 !n1 ! pres5tation ( ,jesus 9 ! temple c h tak5 place nei!r e>li] nor lat] ?an ! visit ( ! magi & ! flight into ,egypt2 & if ! flight into ,egypt c h tak5 place nei!r e>li] nor lat] ?an ! pres5tation 9 ! temple2 x is impossible t bo? ^! occurr5ces really happ5$1 &1 at ! v utmo/1 only "o c be hi/orical4 #dbc ,to escape f ?is dang]\s dilemma1 supranaturalism has lately be5 induc$ to take a fre] position1 t by ! surr5d] ( :at is no long] t5able1 ! residue may be sav$4 ,ne&] f9ds himself con/ra9$ to admit1 t nei!r did ,luke "k any?+ ( :at ,mat!w communicates conc]n+ ! *ildhood ( ,jesus1 nor did ! ,greek editor ( ,mat!w 7to be di/+ui%$ f ! apo/le7 "k any?+ ( ! ev5ts detail$ by ,luke4 ,b1 he cont5ds1 x does n !re=e foll[ t bo? ! diff]5t s]ies ( incid5ts _c h happ5$4 #dbd ,by giv+ ?is turn to ! matt]1 ! difficulties aris+ f ! words ( ! ,evangeli/ are c]ta9ly avoid$2 n s1 ! difficulties aris+ f ! nature ( ! facts4 ,! fir/ ,evangeli/ ranges 9 close succession ! visit ( ! magi & ! flight into ,egypt1 z ?\gh no *ange ( place _h int]v5$2 ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel repres5ts ! p>5ts ( ,jesus z return+ ) ! *ild1 aft] ! pres5tation 9 ! temple1 directly to ,naz>e?4 ,we _c1 on ?is gr\nd1 argue f "o evangeli/ aga9/ ! o!r2 = x is inadmissible to ma9ta9 t c]ta9 ev5ts nev] happ5$1 because !y 7 unkn[n to a remote n>rator4 ,b view+ ! two n>ratives 9 ano!r light1 we p]ceive h[ improbable x is t1 aft] ! sc5e 9 ! temple1 ! bir? ( ! messianic *ild %\ld be s entirely unkn[n 9 ,j]usalem z ! conduct ( ,h]od on ! arrival ( ! magi implies2 h[ incr$ible 7rev]s+ ! ord] ( ! ev5ts7 t ,joseph %\ld be p]mitt$ to g to ,j]usalem1 ) ! *ild :i* ,h]od _h j s\ght to kill2 h[ inconceivable1 f9ally1 t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus %\ld h return$ to ,be?lehem aft] ! pres5tation 9 ! temple 7( :i* m h]eaft]74 ,all ^! difficulties1 ly+ 9 ! nature ( ! facts1 difficulties n less weighty ?an ^? connect$ ) ! words ( ! ,evangeli/s1 /ill subsi/ 9 ,ne&]'s explanation1 & prove its inadequacy4 ,?us ! dilemma above /at$ rema9s1 & 7 we compell$ to *oose "u x1 we %\ld1 9 ! pres5t /age ( our inquiry1 on no acc\nt decide 9 fav\r ( ,mat!w's n>rative1 & aga9/ t ( ,luke2 on ! contr>y1 z we h recogniz$ ! my?ical "* ( ! =m]1 we %\ld h no res\rce b to adh]e1 ) our mod]n critics1 #dbe to ! n>rative ( ,luke1 & surr5d] t ( ,mat!w4 ,b is n ,luke's n>rative ( ! same nature z t ( ,mat!w1 & in/ead ( hav+ to *oose betwe5 ! two1 mu/ we n d5y to bo? an hi/orical "*8 ,! answ] to ?is "q w be f\nd 9 ! succe$+ exam9ation4 #ch4 ,,! ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,temple4 ,! n>rative ( ! pres5tation ( ,jesus 9 ! temple 7,luke ii4 #bb7 seems1 at ! fir/ glance1 to be> a ?or\ghly hi/orical /amp4 ,a d\ble law1 on ! "o h&1 prescrib+ to ! "m an (f]+ ( purification1 on ! o!r1 requir+ ! r$emption ( ! fir/-born son1 leads ! p>5ts ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem & to ! temple4 ,"h !y meet ) a dev\t man1 absorb$ 9 ! expectation ( ! ,messiah1 nam$ ,simeon4 ,_m expositors hold ?is ,simeon to be ! same ) ! ,rabbi ,simeon1 ! son ( ,hillel1 8 successor z presid5t ( ! ,sanh$rim1 & ! fa!r ( ,gamaliel2 "s ev5 id5tify him ) ! ,sameas ( ,josephus1 #dbf & atta* importance to 8 pret5d$ desc5t f ,david1 because ?is desc5t makes him a relative ( ,jesus1 & helps to expla9 ! foll[+ sc5e naturally2 b ?is hypo!sis is improbable1 = ,luke w\ld h>dly h introduc$ s celebrat$ a p]sonage by ! meagre designation1 1 7a c]ta9 man74 #dbg ,)\t ?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 ! sc5e betwe5 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus & ,simeon1 z also ! "p play$ by ,anna ! prophetess1 seems to admit ( a v natural explanation4 ,!re is no necessity = suppos+1 ) ! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory1 #dbh t ,simeon 0 previ\sly aw>e ( ! hope *]i%$ by ,m>y t %e 0 ab\t to give bir? to ! ,messiah2 we ne$ only1 ) ,paulus & o!rs1 conceive ! facts 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,animat$1 l _m ( t p]iod1 ) ! hope ( ! spe$y adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 ,simeon receives1 probably 9 a dream1 ! assurance t be=e 8 dea? he w be p]mitt$ to see ! expect$ deliv]] ( 8 nation4 ,"o day1 9 ob$i5ce to an irresi/ible impulse1 he visit$ ! temple1 & on ?is v day ,m>y br\ght ?i!r h] *ild1 ^: beauty at once attract$ 8 notice2 on le>n+ ! *ild's desc5t f ,david1 ! att5tion & int]e/ ( ,simeon 7 excit$ to a degree t induc$ ,m>y to disclose to him ! hopes :i* 7 repos$ on ?is scion ( anci5t royalty1 ) ! extraord9>y occurr5ces by :i* !y _h be5 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,^! hopes ,simeon embrac$ ) confid5ce1 & 9 en?usia/ic language gave utt]ance to 8 messianic expectations & =ebod+s1 "u ! conviction t !y w\ld be fulfill$ 9 ?is *ild4 ,/ill less d we ne$ ! supposition ( ! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ) respect to ,anna1 namely1 t %e 0 "o ( ! wom5 :o assi/$ at ! bir? ( ! infant ,jesus1 & 0 ?us acqua9t$ be=eh& ) ! m>vels & ! hopes t _h clu/]$ r\nd 8 cradle2 %e _h he>d ! words ( ,simeon1 & be+ animat$ by ! same s5tim5ts1 %e gave !m h] approval4 ,simple z ?is explanation appe>s1 x is n less arbitr>y ?an we h already f\nd o!r specim5s ( natural int]pretation4 ,! evangeli/ n[h]e says1 t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus _h communicat$ any?+ conc]n+ _! extraord9>y hopes to ,simeon1 be=e he p\r$ =? 8 inspir$ words2 on ! contr>y1 ! po9t ( 8 entire n>rative consi/s 9 ! idea t ! ag$ sa9t _h1 by virtue ( ! _s ) :i* he 0 fill$1 in/antane\sly disc]n$ 9 ,jesus ! messianic *ild1 & ! reason :y ! co-op]ation ( ! ,holy ,_s is insi/$ on1 is to make x evid5t h[ ,simeon 0 enabl$1 )\t any previ\s in=mation1 to recognise 9 ,jesus ! promis$ *ild1 & at ! same "t to =etell ! c\rse ( 8 de/9y4 ,our canonical ,gospel ref]s ,simeon's recognition ( ,jesus to a sup]natural pr9ciple resid5t 9 ,simeon himself2 ! ,evangelium infanti arabicum ref]s x to some?+ objective 9 ! appe>ance ( ,jesus #dbi--;f> m 9 ! _s ( ! orig9al n>rative ?an ! natural int]pretation1 = x reta9s ! miracul\s elem5t4 ,b1 ap>t f ! g5]al reasons aga9/ ! cr$ibility ( miracles1 ! admission ( a miracle 9 ?is in/ance is att5d$ ) a special difficulty1 because no wor?y object = an extraord9>y manife/ation ( div9e p[] is discov]able4 ,=1 t ! above occurr5ce dur+ ! infancy ( ,jesus s]v$ to dissem9ate & e/abli% 9 m di/ant circles ! p]suasion ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 !re is no indication2 we mu/ !re=e1 ) ! ,evangeli/1 limit ! object ( ^! sup]natural communications to ,simeon & ,anna1 to ^: dev\t hopes 0 v\*saf$ ! special rew>d ( hav+ _! eyes enlight5$ to disc]n ! messianic *ild4 ,b t miracles %\ld be orda9$ = su* occasional & isolat$ objects1 is n reconcileable ) j ideas ( div9e provid5ce4 ,?us "h aga9 we f9d reason to d\bt ! hi/orical "* ( ! n>rative1 especially z we h f\nd by a previ\s inve/igation t x is annex$ to n>ratives purely my?ical4 ,simeon's real expressions1 say "s comm5tators1 7 probably ^!3 ,w\ld t ,i might yet behold ! new-born ,messiah1 ev5 z ,i n[ be> ?is *ild 9 my arms6--a simple wi% :i* 0 trans=m$ ex ev5tu by tradition1 into ! positive enunciations n[ read 9 ,luke #dcj4 ,b ?is explanation is incomplete1 = ! reason :y su* /ories became curr5t conc]n+ ,jesus1 mu/ be %[n 9 ! relative position ( ?is portion ( ! evangelical n>rative1 & 9 ! int]e/ ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d4 ,z to ! =m]1 ?is sc5e at ! pres5tation ( ,jesus 9 ! temple is obvi\sly p>allel ) t at ! circumcision ( ! ,bapti/1 n>rat$ by ! same evangeli/2 = on bo? occasions1 at ! inspiration ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,god is prais$ = ! bir? ( a national deliv]]1 & ! future de/9y ( ! *ild is prophetically ann\nc$1 9 ! "o case by ! fa!r1 9 ! o!r by a dev\t /rang]4 ,t ?is sc5e is 9 ! =m] in/ance connect$ ) ! circumcision1 9 ! latt] ) ! pres5tation 9 ! temple1 seems to be accid5tal2 :5 h[ev] ! leg5d _h once1 9 relation to ,jesus1 s pr(usely adorn$ ! pres5tation 9 ! temple1 ! circumcision mu/ be left1 z we h above f\nd x1 )\t embelli%m5t4 ,z to ! second spr+ 9 ! =mation ( our n>rative1 namely1 ! int]e/ ( ! ,*ri/ian leg5d1 x is easy to conceive h[ ?is w\ld act4 ,he :o1 z a man1 s cle>ly prov$ himself to be ! ,messiah1 mu/ also1 x 0 ?\ght1 ev5 z a *ild h be5 recognisable 9 8 true "* to an eye r5d]$ acute by ! ,holy ,_s2 he :o at a lat] p]iod1 by 8 p[]ful words & de$s1 manife/$ himself to be ! ,son ( ,god1 mu/ surely1 ev5 be=e he c\ld speak or move ) fre$om1 h borne ! /amp ( div9ity4 ,moreov] if m51 mov$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 s e>ly press$ ,jesus ) love & rev]5ce 9 _! arms1 !n 0 ! _s t animat$ him n an impi\s "o1 z 8 enemies alleg$2 & if a holy se] _h pr$ict$1 along ) ! high de/9y ( ,jesus1 ! conflict :i* he _h to und]go1 & ! angui% :i* 8 fate w\ld cause 8 "m1 #dca !n x 0 assur$ly no *ance1 b a div9e plan1 t l$ him into ! dep?s ( abasem5t on ! way to 8 ultimate exaltation4 ,?is view ( ! n>rative is ?us c\nt5anc$ positively by ! nature ( ! fact1--& negatively by ! difficulties att5d+ any o!r explanation4 ,"o _c b wond]1 !re=e1 h[ ,s*lei]ma*] c be influ5c$ aga9/ x by an obs]vation :i* did n prev5t him f tak+ a simil> view ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,bapti/'s bir?1 namely1 t ! n>rative is too natural to h be5 fabricat$ #dcb2 & h[ ,ne&] c argue aga9/ x1 f exagg]at$ ideas ( ! m impos+ traits :i* ! my?us w\ld h sub/itut$ = our n>rative4 ,f> f all[+ a purification = ! "m ( ,jesus1 & a r$emption = himself1 to take place 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 ,ne&] ?9ks ! my?us w\ld h depict$ an angelic appe>ance1 int5d$ to det] ,m>y or ! prie/ f an obs]vance inconsi/5t ) ! dignity ( ,jesus4 #dcc ,z ?\gh ev5 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul did n ma9ta9 t ,*ri/ 0 born "u ! law 7,gal4 iv4 #d72 h[ mu* m !n ! ,judaic ,*ri/ianity :5ce ^! n>ratives are d]iv$6 ,z ?\gh ,jesus himself _h n1 agreeably to ?is view ( 8 position1 submitt$ to baptism1 & accord+ to ! ,evangeli/ ^: n>rative is 9 "q1 )\t any previ\s expo/ulation on ! "p ( ! ,bapti/6 ,( m weight is ,s*lei]ma*]'s o!r obs]vation1 t suppos+ ?is n>rative to be m]ely a poetical creation1 its au?or w\ld sc>cely h plac$ by ! side ( ,simeon ,anna1 ( :om he makes no poetical use1 /ill less w\ld he h *>act]iz$ h] ) m9ut5ess1 aft] designat+ 8 pr9cipal p]sonage ) comp>ative neglig5ce4 ,b to repres5t ! dignity ( ! *ild ,jesus z be+ proclaim$ by ! m\? ( two witnesses1 & especially to associate a prophetess ) a prophet--?is is j ! symmetrical gr\p+ t ! leg5d loves4 ,! detail$ description ( ,anna may h be5 tak5 f a real p]son :o1 at ! "t :5 our n>rative orig9at$1 0 yet held 9 remembrance = h] di/+ui%$ piety4 ,z to ! ,evangeli/'s omission to assign h] any p>ticul> spee*1 x is to be obs]v$ t h] (fice is to spread abroad ! glad news1 :ile t ( ,simeon is to welcome ,jesus into ! temple3 h5ce z ! "p ( ! prophetess 0 to be p]=m$ beh9d ! sc5es1 h] precise words c\ld n be giv54 ,z 9 a =m] in/ance ,s*lei]ma*] supposes ! ,evangeli/ to h receiv$ 8 hi/ory f ! lips ( ! %eph]ds1 s "h he conceives him to h be5 indebt$ to ,anna1 ( ^: p]son he has s vivid a recollection2 ,ne&] approves ?is op9ion--n ! only /raw ?r[n out by ,s*lei]ma*]1 to :i* ?is !ologian has clung 9 ! em]g5cies ( mod]n criticism4 ,at ?is po9t also1 :]e ,luke's n>rative leaves ,jesus = a s]ies ( ye>s1 !re is a conclud+ s5t5ce on ! prosp]\s gr[? ( ! *ild 7v4 #dj72 a simil> s5t5ce occurs at ! correspond+ p]iod 9 ! life ( ! ,bapti/1 & bo? recall ! analog\s =m ( expression f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ,samson 7,judg4 xiii4 #bd f474 #ci4 ,,retrospect4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,mat!w ,,& ,,luke ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,orig9al ,,resid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,p>5ts ,,( ,,jesus4 ,9 ! =ego+ exam9ations we h call$ 9 "q ! hi/orical cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel n>ratives conc]n+ ! g5ealogy1 bir?1 & *ildhood ( ,jesus1 on two gr\nds3 fir/1 because ! n>ratives tak5 sep>ately conta9 mu* t w n be> an hi/orical int]pretation2 & secondly1 because ! p>allel n>ratives ( ,mat!w & ,luke exclude ea* o!r1 s t x is impossible = bo? to be true1 & "o mu/ necess>ily be false2 ?is imputation h[ev] may atta* to ei!r1 & consequ5tly to bo?4 ,"o ( ! contradictions betwe5 ! two n>ratives ext5ds f ! comm5cem5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! *ildhood to ! po9t we h n[ rea*$2 x has !re=e (t5 come 9 our way1 b we h be5 unable hi!rto to give x our consid]ation1 because only n[ t we h completely review$ ! sc5es 9 :i* x figures1 h we mat]ials en\gh on :i* to f\nd a j e/imate ( its consequ5ces4 ,we ref] to ! div]g5cy t exi/s betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke1 9 relation to ! orig9al dwell+-place ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus4 ,luke1 f ! v beg9n+ ( 8 hi/ory1 gives ,naz>e? z ! abode ( ,joseph & ,m>y2 "h ! angel seeks ,m>y 7i4 #bf72 "h we mu/ suppose ,m>y's h\se 81 to be situat$ 7i4 #ef72 f h5ce ! p>5ts ( ,jesus j\rney to ,be?lehem on acc\nt ( ! c5sus 7ii4 #d73 & hi!r1 :5 circum/ances p]mit1 !y return z to _! own city 7v4 #ci74 ,?us 9 ,luke1 ,naz>e? is evid5tly ! prop] resid5ce ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & !y only visit ,be?lehem = a %ort "t1 ow+ to a casual circum/ance4 ,9 ,mat!w1 x is n /at$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance :]e ,joseph & ,m>y resid$4 ,accord+ to ii4 #a1 ,jesus 0 born 9 ,be?lehem1 & s9ce no extraord9>y circum/ances are said to h l$ 8 p>5ts ?i!r1 x appe>s z if ,mat!w suppos$ !m to h be5 orig9ally resid5t 9 ,be?lehem4 ,"h he makes ! p>5ts ) ! *ild receive ! visit ( ! magi2 !n foll[s ! flight into ,egypt1 on return+ f :i* ,joseph is only det]r$ f aga9 seek+ ,judea by a special div9e admonition1 :i* directs him to ,naz>e? 9 ,galilee 7ii4 #bb74 ,?is la/ p>ticul> r5d]s c]ta9 :at _h be=e seem$ probable1 namely1 t ,mat!w did n ) ,luke suppose ,naz>e?1 b ,be?lehem1 to h be5 ! orig9al dwell+-place ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & t he conceiv$ _! f9al settlem5t at ,naz>e? to h be5 ! result ( un=ese5 circum/ances4 ,?is contradiction is g5]ally glid$ ov] )\t suspicion4 ,! reason ( ?is lies 9 ! peculi> "* ( ,mat!w's ,gospel1 a "* on :i* a mod]n writ] has built ! ass]tion t ?is ,evangeli/ does n contradict ,luke conc]n+ ! orig9al resid5ce ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 = he says no?+ at all on ! subject1 tr\bl+ himself z little ab\t topographical z *ronological accuracy4 ,he m5tions ! lat] abode ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 & ! bir?-place ( ,jesus1 solely because x 0 possible to connect ) !m ,old ,te/am5t prophecies2 z ! abode ( ! p>5t ( ,jesus prior to 8 bir? furni%$ no opportunity = a simil> quotation1 ,mat!w has left x entirely unnotic$1 an omission :i* h[ev]1 9 8 /yle ( n>ration1 is no pro( t he 0 ignorant ( _! abode1 or t he suppos$ x to h be5 ,be?lehem4 #dcd ,b ev5 admitt+ t ! sil5ce ( ,mat!w on ! e>li] resid5ce ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 9 ,naz>e?1 & on ! peculi> circum/ances t caus$ ,be?lehem to be 8 bir?-place1 proves no?+2 yet ! above supposition requires t ! ex*ange ( ,be?lehem = ,naz>e? %\ld be s repres5t$ z to give "s intimation1 or at lea/ to leave a possibility1 t we %\ld und]/& ! =m] to be a m]ely tempor>y abode1 & ! j\rney to ! latt] a return homew>d4 ,su* an intimation w\ld h be5 giv51 _h ,mat!w attribut$ to ! angelic vision1 t det]m9$ ,joseph's settlem5t 9 ,naz>e? aft] 8 return f ,egypt1 su* communications z ! foll[+3 ,return n[ into ! l& ( ,israel & into y\r native city ,naz>e?1 = !re is no fur!r ne$ ( y\r pres5ce 9 ,be?lehem1 s9ce ! prophecy t y\r messianic *ild %\ld be born 9 t place is already fulfill$4 ,b z ,mat!w is alleg$ to be g5]ally indiff]5t ab\t localities1 we w be mod]ate1 & dem& no positive intimation f him1 b simply make ! negative requisition1 t he %\ld n absolutely exclude ! idea1 t ,naz>e? 0 ! orig9al dwell+-place ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus4 ,?is requisition w\ld be met if1 in/ead ( a special cause be+ assign$ = ! *oice ( ,naz>e? z a resid5ce1 x _h be5 m]ely said t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus return$ by div9e direction into ! l& ( ,israel & betook !mselves to ,naz>e?4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly seem abrupt en\gh1 if )\t any preamble ,naz>e? 7 all at once nam$ in/ead ( ,be?lehem3 ( ?is our n>rator 0 consci\s1 & = ?is reason he has detail$ ! causes t l$ to ! *ange 7ii4 #bb74 ,b in/ead ( do+ ?is1 z we h %[n t he mu/ h done if _h he1 ) ,luke1 kn[n ,naz>e? to be ! orig9al dwell+-place ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 8 acc\nt has precisely ! opposite be>+1 :i* und5iably proves t 8 supposition 0 ! rev]se ( ,luke's4 ,= :5 ,mat!w repres5ts ,joseph on 8 return f ,egypt z be+ prev5t$ f go+ to ,judea solely by 8 fe> ( ,ar*elaus1 he ascribes to him an incl9ation to proce$ to t prov9ce--an incl9ation :i* is unacc\ntable if ! affair ( ! c5sus alone _h tak5 him to ,be?lehem1 & :i* is only to be expla9$ by ! supposition t he _h =m]ly dwelt !re4 ,on ! o!r h& z ,mat!w makes ! dang] f ,ar*elaus 7toge!r ) ! fulfilm5t ( a prophecy7 ! sole cause ( ! settlem5t ( ,joseph & ,m>y at ,naz>e?1 he _c h suppos$ t ?is 0 _! orig9al home1 = 9 t case !re w\ld h be5 an indep5d5tly decisive cause :i* w\ld h r5d]$ any o!r sup]flu\s4 ,?us ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ,mat!w ) ,luke1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 turns ^u ! impossibility ( conceiv+ h[ ! p>5ts ( ,jesus c\ld1 on _! return f ,egypt1 h x 9 contemplation to proce$ a second "t to ,be?lehem unless ?is place _h =m]ly be5 _! home4 ,! ef=ts ( comm5tators h accord+ly be5 *iefly appli$ to ! task ( f9d+ o!r reasons = ! exi/5ce ( su* an incl9ation 9 ,joseph & ,m>y4 ,su* ef=ts are ( a v e>ly date4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 hold+ by ,luke1 :o1 :ile he decid$ly /ates ,naz>e? to be ! dwell+-place ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 yet does n repres5t ,joseph z a complete /rang] 9 ,be?lehem 7= he makes x ! place f :i* he l9eally sprang71 seems to suppose t ,naz>e? 0 ! dwell+-place & ,be?lehem ! bir?-place ( ,joseph1 #dce & ,cr$n] ?9ks t ?is passage ( ,ju/9 po9ts out ! s\rce1 & pres5ts ! reconciliation ( ! div]g5t /atem5ts ( our two ,evangeli/s4 #dcf ,b x is f> f pres5t+ a reconciliation4 ,= z ,naz>e? is /ill suppos$ to be ! place :i* ,joseph _h *os5 z 8 home1 no reason appe>s :y1 on 8 return f ,egypt1 he %\ld all at once desire to ex*ange 8 =m] resid5ce = 8 bir?-place1 especially z1 accord+ to ,ju/9 himself1 ! cause ( 8 =m] j\rney to ,be?lehem _h n be5 a plan ( settl+ !re1 b simply ! c5sus--a cause :i*1 aft] ! flight1 no long] exi/$4 ,?us ! /atem5t ( ,ju/9 leans to ! side ( ,luke & does n suffice to br+ him into h>mony ) ,mat!w4 ,t x 0 ! s\rce ( our two evangelical acc\nts is /ill less cr$ible2 = h[ c\ld ! n>rative ( ,mat!w1 :i* m5tions nei!r ,naz>e? z a dwell+-place1 nor ! c5sus z ! cause ( a j\rney to ,be?lehem1 orig9ate 9 ! /atem5t ( ,ju/91 to :i* ^! facts are ess5tial8 ,argu+ g5]ally1 :]e on ! "o h&1 !re are two div]g+ /atem5ts1 on ! o!r1 an insuffici5t attempt to comb9e !m1 x is c]ta9 t ! latt] is n ! p>5t & ! two =m] its (fspr+1 b vice v]s4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( attempt+ reconciliations1 we h already1 9 connection ) ! g5ealogies1 le>n$ to e/imate ,ju/9 or 8 au?orities4 ,a m ?or\gh attempt at reconciliation is made 9 ! ,evangelium de nativitate ,m>i1 & has met ) mu* approval f mod]n !ologians4 ,accord+ to ?is apocryphal book1 ! h\se ( ,m>y's p>5ts 0 at ,naz>e?1 & al?\gh %e 0 br\ght up 9 ! temple at ,j]usalem & !re esp\s$ to ,joseph1 %e return$ aft] ?is occurr5ce to h] p>5ts 9 ,galilee4 ,joseph1 on ! contr>y1 0 n only born at ,be?lehem1 z ,ju/9 seems to intimate1 b also liv$ !re1 & ?i!r br\ght home 8 betro!d4 #dcg ,b ?is mode ( conciliation1 unlike ! o!r1 is fav\rable to ,mat!w & disadvantage\s to ,luke4 ,= ! c5sus ) its att5dant circum/ances is left out1 & necess>ily s1 because if ,joseph 7 at home 9 ,be?lehem1 & only w5t to ,naz>e? to fet* 8 bride1 ! c5sus c\ld n be repres5t$ z ! reason :y he return$ to ,be?lehem1 = he w\ld h done s 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 aft] a few days' abs5ce4 ,above all1 _h ,be?lehem be5 8 home1 he w\ld n on 8 arrival h s\ght an inn :]e !re 0 no room = him1 b w\ld h tak5 ,m>y "u 8 own ro(4 ,h5ce mod]n expositors :o wi% to avail !mselves ( ! outlet pres5t$ by ! apocryphal book1 & yet to save ! c5sus ( ,luke f rejection1 ma9ta9 t ,joseph did inde$ dwell1 & c>ry on 8 trade1 9 ,be?lehem1 b t he possess$ no h\se ( 8 own 9 t place1 & ! c5sus recall+ him ?i!r soon] ?an he _h anticipat$1 he _h n yet provid$ "o4 #dch ,b ,luke makes x appe>1 n only t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 7 n yet settl$ 9 ,be?lehem1 b t !y 7 n ev5 desir\s ( settl+ !re2 t1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 _! int5tion to dep>t aft] ! %orte/ possible /ay4 ,?is op9ion supposes great pov]ty on ! "p ( ,joseph & ,m>y2 ,ol%aus51 on ! o!r h&1 pref]s enri*+ !m1 = ! sake ( conciliat+ ! diff]5ce 9 "q4 ,he supposes t !y _h prop]ty bo? 9 ,be?lehem & ,naz>e?1 & c\ld !re=e h settl$ 9 ei!r place1 b unkn[n circum/ances incl9$ !m1 on _! return f ,egypt1 to fix ^u ,be?lehem until ! div9e w>n+ came z a prev5tive4 ,?us ,ol%aus5 decl9es p>ticul>iz+ ! reason :y x appe>$ desirable to ! p>5ts ( ,jesus to settle 9 ,be?lehem2 b ,heyd5rei* #dci & o!rs h suppli$ 8 omission1 by assum+ t x mu/ h seem$ to !m mo/ fitt+ = him1 :o 0 pre-em95tly ! ,son ( ,david1 to be br\ght up 9 ,david's own city4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !ologians w\ld d well to take = _! model ! hone/y ( ,ne&]1 & to confess ) him t ( ?is int5tion on ! "p ( ,joseph & ,m>y to settle at ,be?lehem1 & ( ! motives :i* induc$ !m to give up ! plan1 ,luke kn[s no?+1 & t !y re/ on ! au?ority ( ,mat!w alone4 ,b :at reason does ,mat!w pres5t = ?is alleg$ *ange ( place8 ,! visit ( ! magi1 ! massacre ( ! infants1 visions 9 dreams--ev5ts ^: evid5tly unhi/orical "* q disqualifies !m f s]v+ z pro(s ( a *ange ( resid5ce on ! "p ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus4 ,on ! o!r h& ,ne&]1 :ile confess+ t ! au?or ( ! fir/ ,gospel 0 probably ignorant ( ! p>ticul> circum/ances :i*1 accord+ to ,luke1 l$ to ! j\rney to ,be?lehem1 & h5ce took ,be?lehem to be ! orig9al resid5ce ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 ma9ta9s t !re may be an ess5tial agreem5t betwe5 ! two acc\nts ?\gh t agreem5t did n exi/ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! writ]s4 #ddj ,b1 once m1 :at cause does ,luke assign = ! j\rney to ,be?lehem8 ,! c5sus1 :i* our previ\s inve/igations h %[n to be z frail a support = ?is /atem5t1 z ! infanticide & its consequ5ces = t ( ,mat!w4 ,h5ce "h aga9 x is n possible by admitt+ ! inacqua9tance ( ! "o n>rator ) :at ! o!r pres5ts to v9dicate ! /atem5ts ( bo?2 s9ce ea* has aga9/ him1 n only ! ignorance ( ! o!r1 b ! improbability ( 8 own n>rative4 ,b we mu/ di/+ui% m exactly ! respective aspects & elem5ts ( ! two acc\nts4 ,z1 accord+ to ! above obs]vations1 ! *ange ( resid5ce on ! "p ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 is 9 ,mat!w s l9k$ ) ! unhi/orical data ( ! infanticide & ! flight into ,egypt1 t )\t ^! e cause = ! migration disappe>s1 we turn to ,luke's acc\nt1 :i* makes ! p>5ts ( ,jesus resid5t 9 ! same place1 bo? aft] & be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,b 9 ,luke1 ! circum/ance ( ,jesus be+ born 9 ano!r place ?an :]e 8 p>5ts dwelt1 is made to dep5d on an ev5t z unhi/orical z ! m>vels ( ,mat!w1 namely ! c5sus4 ,if ?is be surr5d]$1 no motive rema9s t c\ld induce ! p>5ts ( ,jesus to take a =midable j\rney at s critical a p]iod = ,m>y1 & 9 ?is view ( ! case ,mat!w's repres5tation seems ! m probable "o1 t ,jesus 0 born 9 ! home ( 8 p>5ts & n 9 a /range place4 ,hi!rto1 h[ev]1 we h only obta9$ ! negative result1 t ! evangelical /atem5ts1 accord+ to :i* ! p>5ts ( ,jesus liv$ at fir/ 9 ano!r place ?an t 9 :i* !y subsequ5tly settl$1 & ,jesus 0 born else:]e ?an 9 ! home ( 8 p>5ts1 are de/itute ( any gu>antee2 we h yet to seek = a positive conclusion by inquir+ :at 0 really ! place ( 8 bir?4 ,on ?is po9t we are drawn 9 two opposite directions4 ,9 bo? ,gospels we f9d ,be?lehem /at$ to be ! bir?-place ( ,jesus1 & !re is1 z we h se51 no imp$im5t to our suppos+ t x 0 ! habitual resid5ce ( 8 p>5ts2 on ! o!r h&1 ! two ,gospels aga9 concur 9 repres5t+ ,naz>e? z ! ultimate dwell+-place ( ,joseph & 8 family1 & x is only an unsupport$ /atem5t t =bids u to reg>d x z _! orig9al resid5ce1 & consequ5tly z ! bir?-place ( ,jesus4 ,x w\ld be impossible to decide betwe5 ^! contradictory probabilities 7 bo? equally /rong1 b z soon z ! slighte/ inequality betwe5 !m is discov]$1 we are w>rant$ to =m a conclusion4 ,let u fir/ te/ ! op9ion1 t ! ,galilean city ,naz>e? 0 ! f9al resid5ce ( ,jesus4 ,?is is n support$ b>ely by ! passages imm$iately "u consid]ation1 9 ! #bnd *apt]s ( ,mat!w & ,luke2--x re/s on an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( data drawn f ! ,gospels & f ! e>lie/ *ur* hi/ory4 ,! ,galilean1 ! ,naz>5e--7 ! epi!ts con/antly appli$ to ,jesus4 ,z ,jesus ( ,naz>e? he 0 introduc$ by ,philip to ,na?anael1 ^: responsive "q 01 ,c any good ?+ come out ( ,naz>e?8 ,naz>e? is describ$1 n only z ! place :]e he 0 br\ght up1 7,luke iv4 #af f471 b also z 8 c\ntry2 7,matt4 xiii4 #cd1 ,m>k vi4 #a74 ,he 0 kn[n among ! populace z ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 7,luke xviii4 #cg71 & invok$ "u ?is "n by ! demons 7,m>k i4 #bd74 ,! inscription on ! cross /yles him a ,naz>5e 7,john xix4 #ai71 & aft] 8 resurrection 8 apo/les ev]y:]e proclaim$ him z ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 7,acts ii4 #bb71 & work$ miracles 9 8 "n 7,acts iii4 #f74 ,8 disciples too 7 long call$ ,naz>5es1 & x 0 n until a late p]iod t ?is "n 0 exclusively appli$ to a h]etical sect4 #dda ,?is appellation proves1 if n t ,jesus 0 born 9 ,naz>e?1 at lea/ t he resid$ 9 t place = a consid]able "t2 & z1 accord+ to a probable tradition 7,luke iv4 #af f4 p>all471 ,jesus1 dur+ 8 public life1 paid b transi5t visits to ,naz>e?1 ?is prolong$ resid5ce mu/ be ref]r$ to ! e>li] "p ( 8 life1 :i* he pass$ 9 ! bosom ( 8 family4 ,?us 8 family1 at lea/ 8 p>5ts1 mu/ h liv$ 9 ,naz>e? dur+ 8 *ildhood2 & if x be admitt$ t !y once dwelt !re1 x foll[s t !y dwelt !re always1 = we h no hi/orical gr\nds = suppos+ a *ange ( resid5ce3 s t ?is "o ( ! two contradictory propositions has z mu* c]ta9ty z we c expect1 9 a fact belong+ to s remote & obscure a p]iod4 ,nei!r does ! o!r proposition1 h[ev]1 t ,jesus 0 born 9 ,be?lehem1 re/ solely on ! /atem5t ( our ,gospels2 x is sanction$ by an expectation1 orig9at+ 9 a prophetic passage1 t ! ,messiah w\ld be born at ,be?lehem 7comp4 ) ,matt4 ii4 #e f41 ,john vii4 #db74 ,b ?is is a dang]\s support1 :i* !y :o wi% to reta9 z hi/orical ! ,gospel /atem5t1 t ,jesus 0 born 9 ,be?lehem1 w d well to r5\nce4 ,= :]ev] we f9d a n>rative :i* rec\nts ! accompli%m5t ( a long-expect$ ev5t1 a /rong suspicion mu/ arise1 t ! n>rative owes its orig9 solely to ! pre-exi/5t belief t t ev5t w\ld be accompli%$4 ,b our suspicion is conv]t$ into c]ta9ty :5 we f9d ?is belief to be gr\ndless2 & ?is is ! case "h1 = ! alleg$ issue mu/ h confirm$ a false int]pretation ( a prophetic passage4 ,?us ?is prophetic evid5ce ( ! bir? ( ,jesus 9 ,be?lehem1 deprives ! hi/orical evid5ce1 :i* lies 9 ! #bnd *apt]s ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 ( its value1 s9ce ! latt] seems to be built on ! =m]1 & consequ5tly %>es its fall4 ,any o!r v\*] = ?is fact is h[ev] s\ght 9 va94 ,n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! bir? ( ,jesus at ,be?lehem m5tion$2 n[h]e does he appe> 9 any relation ) 8 alleg$ bir?-place1 or pay x ! hon\r ( a visit1 :i* he yet does n d5y to ! unwor?y ,naz>e?2 n[h]e does he appeal to ! fact z a concomitant pro( ( 8 messiah%ip1 al?\gh he _h ! mo/ direct inducem5ts to d s1 = _m 7 repell$ f him by 8 ,galilean orig91 & def5d$ _! prejudice by ref]r+ to ! necessity1 t ! ,messiah %\ld come out ( ,be?lehem1 ! city ( ,david 7,john vii4 #db74 #ddb ,john does n1 x is true1 say t ^! objections 7 utt]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jesus2 #ddc b z1 imm$iately be=e1 he _h annex$ to a disc\rse ( ,jesus a comm5t ( 8 own1 to ! effect t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 n yet giv51 s "h he might v suitably h add$1 9 explanation ( ! d\bts express$ by ! p1 t !y did n yet "k t ,jesus 0 born 9 ,be?lehem4 ,su* an obs]vation w be ?\ght too sup]ficial & trivial = an apo/le l ,john3 ?us mu* h[ev] mu/ be admitt$2 he _h occasion repeat$ly to m5tion ! popul> notion t ,jesus 0 a native ( ,naz>e?1 & ! consequ5t prejudice aga9/ him2 _h he !n kn[n o!rwise1 he mu/ h add$ a corrective rem>k1 if he wi%$ to avoid leav+ ! false impression1 t he also believ$ ,jesus to be a ,naz>5e4 ,z x is1 we f9d ,na?anael1 ,john i4 #df1 alleg+ ?is objection1 )\t hav+ 8 op9ion rectifi$ ei!r m$iately or imm$iately1 = he n[h]e le>ns t ! good ?+ did n really come out ( ,naz>e?1 & ! conclusion he is left to draw is1 t ev5 out ( ,naz>e? some?+ good c come4 ,9 g5]al1 if ,jesus 7 really born 9 ,be?lehem1 ?\gh b =tuit\sly 7accord+ to ,luke's repres5tation71 x is incompreh5sible1 consid]+ ! importance ( ?is fact to ! article ( 8 messiah%ip1 t ev5 8 own adh]5ts %\ld always call him ! ,naz>5e1 in/ead ( oppos+ to ?is epi!t1 pron\nc$ by 8 oppon5ts ) polemical emphasis1 ! hon\rable title ( ! ,be?lehemite4 ,?us ! evangelical /atem5t t ,jesus 0 born at ,be?lehem is de/itute ( all valid hi/orical evid5ce2 nay1 x is contrav5$ by positive hi/orical facts4 ,we h se5 reason to conclude t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus liv$ at ,naz>e?1 n only aft] ! bir? ( ,jesus1 b also1 z we h no c\nt] evid5ce1 prior to t ev5t1 & t1 no cr$ible te/imony to ! contr>y exi/+1 ,jesus 0 probably n born at any o!r place ?an ! home ( 8 p>5ts4 ,) ?is tw(old conclusion1 ! supposition t ,jesus 0 born at ,be?lehem is irreconcileable3 x c !re=e co/ u no fur!r ef=t to decide t ,jesus 0 born1 n 9 ,be?lehem1 b1 z we h no tru/wor?y indications t po9t else:]e1 9 all probability at ,naz>e?4 ,! relative position ( ! two evangeli/s on ?is po9t may be ?us /at$4 ,ea* ( _! acc\nts is p>tly correct1 & p>tly incorrect3 ,luke is "r 9 ma9ta9+ ! id5tity ( ! e>li] ) ! lat] resid5ce ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & h]e9 ,mat!w is wrong2 aga91 ,mat!w is "r 9 ma9ta9+ ! id5tity ( ! bir?-place ( ,jesus ) ! dwell+-place ( 8 p>5ts1 & "h ! error is on ! side ( ,luke4 ,fur!r1 ,luke is entirely correct 9 mak+ ! p>5ts ( ,jesus reside 9 ,naz>e? be=e1 z well z aft]1 ! bir? ( ,jesus1 :ile ,mat!w has only half ! tru?1 namely1 t !y 7 e/abli%$ !re aft] 8 bir?2 b 9 ! /atem5t t ,jesus 0 born at ,be?lehem bo? are decid$ly wrong4 ,! s\rce ( all ! error ( _! n>ratives1 is ! ,jewi% op9ion ) :i* !y fell 91 t ! ,messiah mu/ be born at ,be?lehem2 ! s\rce ( all _! tru?1 is ! fact :i* lay be=e !m1 t he always pass$ = a ,naz>5e2 f9ally1 ! cause ( ! v>i\s admixture ( ! true & ! false 9 bo?1 & ! prepond]ance ( ! latt] 9 ,mat!w1 is ! diff]5t position held by ! two writ]s 9 relation to ! above data4 ,two p>ticul>s 7 to be reconcil$--! hi/orical fact t ,jesus 0 univ]sally reput$ to be a ,naz>5e1 & ! prophetic requisition t1 z ,messiah1 he %\ld be born at ,be?lehem4 ,mat!w1 or ! leg5d :i* he foll[$1 influ5c$ by ! rul+ t5d5cy to apply ! prophecies1 obs]vable 9 8 ,gospel1 effect$ ! desir$ reconciliation 9 su* a mann]1 t ! greate/ prom95ce 0 giv5 to ,be?lehem1 ! locality po9t$ out by ! prophet2 ?is 0 repres5t$ z ! orig9al home ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & ,naz>e? m]ely z a place ( refuge1 recomm5d$ by a subsequ5t turn ( ev5ts4 ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 m b5t on hi/oric detail1 ei!r adopt$ or creat$ t =m ( ! leg5d1 :i* atta*es ! greate/ important to ,naz>e?1 mak+ x ! orig9al dwell+-place ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & reg>d+ ! soj\rn 9 ,be?lehem z a tempor>y "o1 ! consequ5ce ( a casual occurr5ce4 ,su* be+ ! /ate ( ! case1 no "o1 we imag9e1 w be incl9$ ei!r ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 #ddd to leave ! "q conc]n+ ! relation ( ! two n>ratives to ! real facts undecid$1 or ) ,sieff]t1 #dde to pron\nce exclusively 9 fav\r ( ,luke4 #ddf ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,temple1 ,,& ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,jesus4 #dj4 ,,jesus1 ,,:5 ,,twelve ,,ye>s ,,old1 ,,9 ,,! ,,temple4 ,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w passes 9 sil5ce ov] ! entire p]iod f ! return ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus out ( ,egypt1 to ! baptism ( ,jesus by ,john3 & ev5 ,luke has no?+ to tell u ( ! long int]val betwe5 ! e>ly *ildhood ( ,jesus & 8 maturity1 beyond a s+le incid5t--8 demean\r on a visit to ! temple 9 8 twelf? ye> 7ii4 #da-eb74 ,?is anecdote1 out ( ! e>ly y\? ( ,jesus is1 z ,hess has truly rem>k$1 #ddg di/+ui%$ f ! n>ratives hi!rto consid]$1 belong+ to 8 *ildhood1 by ! circum/ance t ,jesus no long]1 z 9 ! latt]1 holds a m]ely passive position1 b pres5ts an active pro( ( 8 high de/9ation2 a pro( :i* has always be5 especially valu$1 z indicat+ ! mom5t 9 :i* ! consci\sness ( t de/9ation 0 k9dl$ 9 ,jesus4 #ddh ,9 8 twelf? ye>1 ! p]iod at :i*1 accord+ to ,jewi% usage1 ! boy became capable ( an indep5d5t p>ticipation 9 ! sacr$ rites1 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 z ?is n>rative in=ms u1 took him = ! fir/ "t to ! ,passov]4 ,at ! expiration ( ! fea/1 ! p>5ts b5t _! way homew>ds2 t _! son 0 miss+ gave !m no imm$iate anxiety1 because !y suppos$ him to be among _! travell+ companions1 & x 0 n until aft] !y _h accompli%$ a day's j\rney1 & 9 va9 s\ght _! son among _! k9sfolk & acqua9tance1 t !y turn$ back to ,j]usalem to look = him !re4 ,?is conduct on ! "p ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus may ) reason excite surprise4 ,x seems inconsi/5t ) ! c>efulness :i* x has be5 ?\ght incumb5t on u to attribute to !m1 t !y %\ld h all[$ ! div9e *ild entru/$ to _! keep+1 to rema9 s long out ( _! sight2 & h5ce !y h on _m sides be5 accus$ ( neglect & a d]eliction ( duty1 9 ! in/ance be=e u4 #ddi ,x has be5 urg$1 z a g5]al consid]ation 9 v9dication ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 t ! great] fre$om p]mitt$ to ! boy is easily conceivable z "p ( a lib]al me?od ( education2 #dej b ev5 accord+ to our mod]n ideas1 x w\ld seem m ?an lib]al = p>5ts to let a boy ( twelve ye>s rema9 out ( _! sight dur+ s long an int]val z our n>rative supposes2 h[ f> less reconcileable mu/ x !n be ) ! m rigid views ( education held by ! anci5ts1 n except+ ! ,jews8 ,x is rem>k$ h[ev]1 t view+ ! case z an extraord9>y "o1 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus knew _! *ild1 & !y c\ld !re=e v well confide 9 8 und]/&+ & "*1 s f> z to be 9 no fe> t any dang] w\ld accrue to him f 8 unusual fre$om2 #dea b we c p]ceive f _! subsequ5t anxiety1 t !y 7 n s entirely at ease on t head4 ,?us _! conduct mu/ be admitt$ to be su* z we %\ld n h anticipat$2 b x is n consequ5tly incr$ible nor does x suffice to r5d] ! entire n>rative improbable1 = ! p>5ts ( ,jesus are no sa9ts to u1 t we %\ld n impute to !m any fault4 ,return$ to ,j]usalem1 !y f9d _! son on ! ?ird day 9 ! temple1 d\btless 9 "o ( ! out] halls1 9 ! mid/ ( an assembly ( doctors1 engag$ 9 a conv]sation ) !m1 & excit+ univ]sal a/oni%m5t 7v4 #de f474 ,f "s indications x w\ld seem t ,jesus held a high] position 9 ! pres5ce ( ! doctors1 ?an c\ld belong to a boy ( twelve ye>s4 ,! ^w 7sitt+7 has excit$ scruples1 = accord+ to ,jewi% records1 x 0 n until aft] ! dea? ( ! ,rabbi ,gamaliel1 an ev5t long subsequ5t to ! "o describ$ 9 our n>rative1 t ! pupils ( ! rabb9s sat1 !y hav+ previ\sly be5 requir$ to /& #deb :5 9 ! s*ool2 b ?is ,jewi% tradition is ( d\btful au?ority4 #dec ,x has also be5 ?\ght a difficulty1 t ,jesus does n m]ely he> ! doctors1 b also asks !m que/ions1 ?us appe>+ to assume ! position ( _! tea*]4 ,su* is inde$ ! repres5tation ( ! apocryphal ,gospels1 = 9 !m ,jesus1 be=e he is twelve ye>s old1 p]plexes all ! doctors by 8 que/ions1 #ded & reveals to 8 in/ructor 9 ! alphabet ! my/ical significance ( ! *>act]s2 #dee :ile at ! above visit to ! temple he proposes controv]sial que/ions1 #def su* z t t\*+ ! ,messiah's be+ at once ,david's ,son & ,"l 7,matt4 xxii4 #da71 & proce$s to ?r[ light on all dep>tm5ts ( k4 #deg ,if ! expressions & impli$ t ,jesus play$ ! "p ( a tea*] 9 ?is sc5e1 s unnatural a feature 9 ! evangelical n>rative w\ld r5d] ! :ole suspici\s4 #deh ,b !re is no?+ to r5d] ?is int]pretation ( ! words necess>y1 = accord+ to ,jewi% cu/om1 rabb9ical tea*+ 0 ( su* a k9d t n only did ! ma/]s int]rogate ! pupils1 b ! pupils int]rogat$ ! ma/]s1 :5 !y wi%$ = explanations on any po9t4 #dei ,we may ) ! m probability suppose t ! writ] int5d$ to attribute to ,jesus su* que/ions z suit$ a boy1 because he1 app>5tly n )\t design1 ref]s ! a/oni%m5t ( ! doctors1 n to 8 que/ions1 b to t 9 :i* he c\ld be/ %[ himself 9 ! light ( an intellig5t pupil--namely1 to 8 answ]s4 ,a m =midable difficulty is ! /atem5t1 t ! boy ,jesus sat 9 ! mid/ ( ! doctors1 4 ,= we le>n f ,paul 7,acts xxii4 #c7 ! position t became a pupil1 :5 he says t he 0 br\ght up at ! feet 7 7 ( ,gamaliel3 x be+ ! cu/om = ! rabb9s to be plac$ on *airs1 :ile _! pupils sat on ! gr\nd1 #dfj & did n take _! places among _! ma/]s4 ,x has inde$ be5 ?\ght t might be s expla9$ z to signify1 ei!r t ,jesus sat betwe5 ! doctors1 :o are suppos$ to h be5 elevat$ on *airs1 :ile ,jesus & ! o!r pupils are pictur$ z sitt+ on ! gr\nd betwe5 !m1 #dfa or m]ely t he 0 9 ! company ( doctors1 t is1 9 ! synagogue2 #dfb b accord+ to ! /rict s5se ( ! words1 ! expression appe>s to signify1 if n z ,s*ttg5 believes1 #dfc 9 majorem ,jesu gloriam1 a place ( pre-em95t hon\r1 at lea/ a position ( equal dignity ) t occupi$ by ! re/4 ,x ne$ only be ask$1 w\ld x h>monize ) ! _s ( our n>rative to sub/itute = 4 4 48 ! answ] w c]ta9ly be 9 ! negative1 & x w !n be inevitable to admit1 t our n>rative places ,jesus 9 ano!r relation to ! doctors ?an t ( a le>n]1 ?\gh ! latt] is ! only natural "o = a boy ( twelve1 h[ev] highly gift$4 ,= ,ol%aus5's position1 #dfd--t 9 ,jesus no?+ 0 =m$ f )\t1 by ! in/rum5tality ( ano!r's wisdom1 because ?is w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( ! ,messiah1 z absolutely self-det]m9$1--contradicts a dogma ( ! *ur* :i* he himself advances1 namely1 t ,jesus 9 8 manife/ation z man1 foll[$ ! regul> c\rse ( human developm5t4 ,= n only is x 9 ! nature ( ?is developm5t to be gradual1 b also1 & /ill m ess5tially1 to be dep5d5t1 :e!r x be m5tal or physical1 on ! int]*ange ( reception & influ5ce4 ,to d5y ?is 9 relation to ! physical life ( ,jesus--to say1 = example1 t ! food :i* he took did n s]ve = ! n\ri%m5t & gr[? ( 8 body by real assimilation1 b m]ely furni%$ occasion = him to reproduce himself f )91 w\ld /rike e "o z ,docetism2 & is ! analog\s proposition 9 relation to 8 spiritual developm5t1 namely1 t he appropriat$ no?+ f )\t1 & us$ :at he he>d f o!rs m]ely z a voice to evoke "o tru? aft] ano!r f ! recesses ( 8 own m9d--is ?is any?+ else ?an a m ref9$ ,docetism8 ,truly1 if we attempt to =m a conception ( ! conv]sation ( ,jesus ) ! doctors 9 ! temple accord+ to ?is !ory1 we make any?+ b a natural sc5e ( x4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t he taught1 nor prop]ly speak+ t he 0 taught1 b t ! disc\rse ( ! doctors m]ely gave an impetus to 8 p[] ( tea*+ himself1 & 0 ! occasion = an ev]-bright5+ light to rise ^u him1 especially on ! subject ( 8 own de/9ation4 ,b 9 t case he w\ld c]ta9ly h giv5 utt]ance to 8 newly acquir$ k2 s t ! position ( a tea*] on ! "p ( ! boy w\ld return ^u u1 a position :i* ,ol%aus5 himself pron\nces to be prepo/]\s4 ,at lea/ su* an indirect mode ( tea*+ is involv$ z ,ness subscribes to1 :5 he supposes t ,jesus1 ev5 ?us e>ly1 made ! fir/ attempt to combat ! prejudices :i* sway$ 9 ! synagogue1 expos+ to ! doctors1 by means ( good-hum\r$ que/ions & reque/s = explanation1 su* z are will+ly p]mitt$ to a boy1 ! weakness ( _m ( _! dogmas4 #dfe ,b ev5 su* a position on ! "p ( a boy ( twelve1 is inconsi/5t ) ! true process ( human developm5t1 ?r\gh :i* x behov$ ! ,god-,man himself to pass4 ,disc\rse ( ?is k9d f a boy mu/1 we grant1 h excit$ ! a/oni%m5t ( all ! he>]s2 nev]!less ! expression 7v4 #dg71 looks too mu* l a panegyrical =mula4 #dff ,! n>rative proce$s to tell u h[ ! "m ( ,jesus reproa*$ h] son :5 %e _h f\nd him ?us1 ask+ him :y he _h n sp>$ 8 p>5ts ! angui% ( _! sorr[ful se>*8 ,to ?is ,jesus returns an answ] :i* =ms ! po9t ( ! entire n>rative2 he asks :e!r !y might n h kn[n t he 0 to be s\ght n[h]e else ?an 9 ! h\se ( 8 ,fa!r1 9 ! temple8 7v4 #dh f47 ,"o might be incl9$ to und]/& ?is designation ( ,god z g5]ally1 z imply+ t ,god 0 ! ,fa!r ( all m51 & only 9 ?is s5se ! ,fa!r ( ,jesus4 ,b ?is int]pretation is =bidd51 n only by ! addition ( ! pron\n 1 ! above s5se requir+ 7z 9 ,matt4 vi4 #i71 b /ill m absolutely by ! circum/ance t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus did n und]/& ^! words 7v4 #ej71 a decid$ indication t !y mu/ h a special mean+1 :i* c "h be no o!r ?an ! my/]y ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 :o z ,messiah1 0 9 a peculi> s5se4 ,b t ,jesus 9 8 twelf? ye> _h already ! consci\sness ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 is a position :i*1 al?\gh x may be consi/5tly adopt$ f ! or?odox po9t ( view1 & al?\gh x is n oppos$ to ! regul> human =m ( ! developm5t ( ,jesus1 :i* ev5 or?odoxy ma9ta9s1 we are n "h b\nd to exam9e4 ,s also ! natural explanation1 :i* reta9s ! above n>rative z a hi/ory1 ?\gh void ( ! miracul\s1 & :i* accord+ly supposes ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 ow+ to a p>ticul> comb9ation ( circum/ances1 to h come ev5 be=e 8 bir? to a conviction ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 & to h in/ill$ ?is conviction into _! son f 8 e>lie/ *ildhood1--?is too may make x pla9 h[ ,jesus c\ld be s cle> z to 8 messianic relation to ,god2 b x c only d s by ! hypo!sis ( an unprec$5t$ co9cid5ce ( extraord9>y accid5ts4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 :o h r5\nc$ ! previ\s incid5ts z hi/orical1 ei!r 9 ! sup]natural or ! natural s5se1 are unable to compreh5d h[ ! consci\sness ( 8 messianic de/9ation c\ld be s e>ly develop$ 9 ,jesus4 ,= ?\gh ! consci\sness ( a m subjective vocation1 z t ( a poet or an arti/1 :i* is dep5d5t solely on ! int]nal gifts ( ! individual 7gifts :i* _c long rema9 lat5t71 may possibly be awak5$ v e>ly2 an objective vocation1 9 :i* ! conditions ( ext]nal reality are a *ief co-op]ator1 z ! vocation ( ! /atesman1 ! g5]al1 ! re=m] ( a religion1 c h>dly be s e>ly evid5t to ! mo/ highly end[$ individual1 because = ?is a k ( cotempor>y circum/ances w\ld be requisite1 :i* only long obs]vation & mature exp]i5ce c conf]4 ,( ! latt] k9d is ! vocation ( ! ,messiah1 & if ?is is impli$ 9 ! words by :i* ,jesus 9 8 twelf? ye> ju/ifi$ 8 l+]+ 9 ! temple1 he _c h utt]$ ! words at t p]iod4 ,9 ano!r po9t ( view also1 x is wor?y ( notice t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus are said 7v4 #ej7 n to h und]/ood ! words :i* he address$ to !m4 ,:at did ^! words signify8 ,t ,god 0 8 ,fa!r1 9 ^: h\se x behov$ him to be4 ,b t h] son w\ld 9 a specific s5se be call$ a _h be5 already made kn[n to ,m>y by ! annunciat+ angel 7,luke i4 #cb1 #ce71 & t he w\ld h a peculi> relation to ! temple %e might inf]1 bo? f ! above title1 & f ! /rik+ reception :i* he _h met ) at 8 fir/ pres5tation 9 ! temple1 :5 yet an infant4 ,! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 or at lea/ ,m>y1 ( :om x is repeat$ly notic$ t %e c>efully kept 9 h] he>t ! extraord9>y communications conc]n+ h] son1 ought n to h be5 9 ! d>k a s+le mom5t z to ! mean+ ( 8 language on ?is occasion4 ,b ev5 at ! pres5tation 9 ! temple1 we are told t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus m>vell$ at ! disc\rse ( ,simeon 7v4 #cc71 :i* is m]ely say+ 9 o!r words t !y did n und]/& him4 ,& _! wond] is n ref]r$ to ! decl>ation ( ,simeon t _! boy w\ld be a cause1 n only ( ! ris+ aga91 b ( ! fall ( _m 9 ,israel1 & t a sword w\ld pi]ce ?r\gh ! he>t ( 8 "m 7an aspect ( 8 vocation & de/9y on :i* no?+ _h previ\sly be5 communicat$ to ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & at :i* !re=e !y might naturally wond]72 = ^! disclosures are n made by ,simeon until aft] ! wond] ( ! p>5ts1 :i* is caus$ only by ,simeon's expressions ( joy at ! sight ( ! ,savi\r1 :o w\ld be ! glory ( ,israel1 & a light ev5 to ! ,g5tiles4 ,& "h aga9 !re is no intimation t ! wond] 0 excit$ by ! idea t ,jesus w\ld be> ?is relation to ! hea!ns1 :i* inde$ x c\ld n well be1 s9ce ?is m ext5d$ de/9ation ( ! ,messiah _h be5 pr$ict$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!re rema9s !re=e z a reason = ! wond] 9 "q1 m]ely ! fact ( ! *ild's ,messiah%ip1 decl>$ by ,simeon2 a fact :i* _h be5 long ago ann\nc$ to !m by angels1 & :i* 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,m>y 9 h] song ( praise4 ,we h j a p>allel difficulty 9 ! pres5t case1 x be+ z inconceivable t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus %\ld n und]/& 8 allusion to 8 messianic "*1 z t !y %\ld wond] at ! decl>ation ( x by ,simeon4 ,we mu/ !re=e draw ?is conclusion3 if ! p>5ts ( ,jesus did n und]/& ^! expressions ( _! son :5 twelve ye>s old1 ^? e>li] communications _c h happ5$2 or1 if ! e>li] communications really occurr$1 ! subsequ5t expressions ( ,jesus _c h rema9$ incompreh5sible to !m4 ,hav+ done away ) ^? e>li] incid5ts z hi/orical1 we might cont5t ourselves ) ?is lat] want ( compreh5sion1 7 x n fair to mi/ru/ ! :ole ( a n>rative ^: lat] portions agree s ill ) ! prec$+4 ,= x is ! "*1 n ( an hi/orical record1 b ( a m>vell\s leg5d1 to repres5t its p]sonages z s p]man5tly 9 a /ate ( wond]1 t !y n only at ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! extraord9>y1 b ev5 at ! second1 ?ird1 t5? repetition1 :5 "o w\ld expect !m to be famili>iz$ ) x1 cont9ually are a/oni%$ & d n und]/&--obvi\sly ) ! view ( exalt+ ! m highly ! div9e imp>tation by ?is la/+ incompreh5sibl5ess4 ,s1 to draw an example f ! lat] hi/ory ( ,jesus1 ! div9e decree ( 8 suff]+ & dea? is set =? 9 all its l(t9ess 9 ! evangelical n>ratives by ! circum/ance1 t ev5 ! repeat$1 explicit disclosures ( ,jesus on ?is subject1 rema9 ?r\gh\t incompreh5sible to ! disciples2 z "h ! my/]y ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus is exalt$ by ! circum/ance1 t 8 p>5ts1 (t5 z x _h be5 ann\nc$ to !m1 at e fre% ^w on ! subject are anew a/oni%$ & d n und]/&4 ,! tw(old =m ( conclusion1 t ! "m ( ,jesus kept all ^! say+s 9 h] he>t 7v4 #ea71 & t ! boy grew 9 wisdom & /ature1 & s =?1 we h already recognis$ z a fav\rite =m ( conclusion & transition 9 ! h]oic leg5d ( ! ,hebrews2 9 p>ticul>1 t :i* relates to ! gr[? ( ! boy is almo/ v]bally p>allel ) a passage relat+ to ,samuel1 z 9 two =m] in/ances simil> expressions appe>$ to h be5 borr[$ f ! hi/ory ( ,samson4 #dfg #da ,,?is ,,n>rative ,,also ,,my?ical4 ,?us "h aga9 we mu/ ackn[l$ge ! influ5ce ( ! leg5d2 b z ! ma9 "p ( ! incid5t is ?or\ghly natural1 we might 9 ?is in/ance pref] ! middle c\rse1 & aft] dis5gag+ ! my?ical1 seek to pres]ve a residue ( hi/ory4 ,we might suppose t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus really took _! son to ,j]usalem 9 8 e>ly y\?1 & t aft] hav+ lo/ sight ( him 7probably be=e _! dep>ture71 !y f\nd him 9 ! temple1 :]e1 eag] = in/ruction1 he sat at ! feet ( ! rabb9s4 ,:5 call$ to acc\nt1 he decl>$ t 8 fav\rite abode 0 9 ! h\se ( ,god2 #dfh a s5tim5t :i* rejoic$ 8 p>5ts1 & won ! approbation ( ! by/&]s4 ,! re/ ( ! /ory we might suppose to h be5 add$ by ! aggr&iz+ leg5d1 aft] ,jesus 0 ackn[l$g$ z ! ,messiah4 ,"h all ! difficulties 9 our n>rative1--! idea ( ! boy sitt+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! doctors1 8 claim+ ,god z 8 fa!r 9 a special s5se1 & ! dep>ture ( ! p>5ts )\t _! son1 w\ld be reject$2 b ! j\rney ( ,jesus :5 twelve ye>s old1 ! eag]ness = k !n manife/$ by him1 & 8 atta*m5t to ! temple1 are reta9$4 ,to ^! p>ticul>s !re is no?+ to object negatively1 = !y conta9 no?+ improbable 9 itself2 b _! hi/orical tru? mu/ become d\btful if we c %[1 positively1 a /rong int]e/ ( ! leg5d1 out ( :i* ! entire n>rative1 & especially ^! intr9sically n improbable p>ticul>s1 might h aris54 ,t 9 ! case ( great m5 :o 9 _! rip] age h be5 di/+ui%$ by m5tal sup]iority1 ! v fir/ presag+ movem5ts ( _! m9d are eag]ly glean$1 & if !y are n to be asc]ta9$ hi/orically1 are inv5t$ "u ! guidance ( probability1 is well kn[n4 ,9 ! ,hebrew hi/ory & leg5d especially1 we f9d manifold pro(s ( ?is t5d5cy4 ,?us ( ,samuel x is said 9 ! old ,te/am5t itself1 t ev5 z a boy he receiv$ a div9e revelation & ! gift ( prophecy 7#a ,sam4 iii471 & ) respect to ,moses1 on ^: boyi% ye>s ! ,old ,te/am5t n>rative is sil5t1 a subsequ5t tradition1 foll[$ by ,josephus & ,philo1 _h /rik+ pro(s to relate ( 8 e>ly developm5t4 ,z 9 ! n>rative be=e u ,jesus %[s himself wise beyond 8 ye>s1 s ?is tradition attributes a l precocity to ,moses2 #dfi z ,jesus1 turn+ away f ! idle tumult ( ! city 9 all ! excitem5t ( fe/ival "t1 f9ds 8 fav\rite ent]ta9m5t 9 ! temple among ! doctors2 s ! boy ,moses 0 n attract$ by *ildi% sports1 b by s]i\s occupation1 & v e>ly x 0 necess>y to give him tutors1 :om1 h[ev]1 l ,jesus 9 8 twelf? ye>1 he quickly surpass$4 #dgj ,accord+ to ,jewi% cu/om & op9ion1 ! twelf? ye> =m$ an epo* 9 developm5t to :i* especial pro(s ( awak5+ g5ius 7 ! r atta*$1 because 9 ! twelf? ye>1 z ) u 9 ! f\rte5?1 ! boy 0 reg>d$ z hav+ outgr[n ! p]iod ( *ildhood4 #dga ,accord+ly x 0 believ$ ( ,moses t 9 8 twelf? ye> he left ! h\se ( 8 fa!r1 to become an indep5d5t organ ( ! div9e revelations4 #dgb ,! ,old ,te/am5t leaves x unc]ta9 h[ e>ly ! gift ( prophecy 0 imp>t$ to ,samuel1 b he 0 said by a lat] tradition to h prophesi$ f 8 twelf? ye>2 #dgc & 9 l mann] ! wise judgm5ts ( ,solomon & ,daniel 7#a ,k+s iii4 #bc ff41 ,susann4 #de ff47 7 suppos$ to h be5 giv5 :5 !y 7 only twelve4 #dgd ,if 9 ! case ( ^! ,old ,te/am5t h]oes1 ! _s t impell$ !m manife/$ itself accord+ to common op9ion s e>ly z 9 _! twelf? ye>1 x 0 argu$ t x c\ld n h rema9$ long] conceal$ 9 ,jesus2 & if ,samuel & ,daniel %[$ !mselves at t age 9 _! lat] capacity ( div9ely inspir$ se]s1 ,solomon 9 t ( a wise rul]1 s ,jesus at ! correspond+ p]iod 9 8 life mu/ h %[n himself 9 ! "* to :i* he subsequ5tly e/abli%$ 8 claim1 t namely1 ( ! ,son ( ,god & ,tea*] ( ,mank9d4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! obvi\s aim ( ,luke to pass ov] no epo* 9 ! e>ly life ( ,jesus )\t surr\nd+ him ) div9e radiance1 ) significant progno/ics ( ! future2 9 ?is /yle he treats 8 bir?1 m5tions ! circumcision at lea/ emphatically1 b above all avails himself ( ! pres5tation 9 ! temple4 ,!re yet rema9$ accord+ to ,jewi% mann]s "o epo*1 ! twelf? ye>1 ) ! fir/ j\rney to ! passov]2 h[ c\ld he d o!rwise ?an1 foll[+ ! leg5d1 adorn ?is po9t 9 ! developm5t ( ,jesus z we f9d t he has done 9 8 n>rative8 & h[ c\ld we d o!rwise ?an reg>d 8 n>rative z a leg5d>y embelli%m5t ( ?is p]iod 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 #dge f :i* we le>n no?+ ( 8 real developm5t1 #dgf b m]ely some?+ ( ! exalt$ notions :i* 7 ent]ta9$ 9 ! primitive *ur* ( ! e>ly rip5$ m9d ( ,jesus8 ,b h[ ?is anecdote c be numb]$ among my?i is f\nd by "s altoge!r inconceivable4 ,x be>s1 ?9ks ,heyd5rei*1 #dgg a ?or\ghly hi/orical "* 7?is is ! v po9t to be prov$71 & ! /amp ( ! highe/ simplicity 7l e popul> leg5d 9 its orig9al =m72 x conta9s no t9cture ( ! miracul\s1 :]e9 ! prim>y *>act]i/ic ( a my?us 7b n ( e my?us7 is held to consi/2 x is s remote f all embelli%m5t t !re is n ! slighte/ detail ( ! conv]sation ( ,jesus ) ! doctors 7! leg5d 0 satisfi$ ) ! dramatic trait1 sitt+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! doctors3 z a dictum1 v4 #di 0 alone important1 & t[>ds ?is ! n>rator ha/5s )\t delay72 nay1 ev5 ! conv]sation betwe5 ,jesus & 8 "m is only giv5 9 a fragm5t>y aphori/ic mann] 7!re is no trace ( an omission72 f9ally1 ! inv5tor ( a leg5d w\ld h made ,jesus speak diff]5tly to 8 "m1 in/ead ( putt+ into 8 m\? words :i* might be con/ru$ into irrev]5ce & indiff]5ce4 ,9 ?is la/ obs]vation ,heyd5rei* agrees ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o f9ds 9 ! behavi\r ( ,jesus to 8 "m1 liable z x is to be mis9t]pret$1 a sure gu>antee t ! :ole hi/ory 0 n inv5t$ to supply some?+ rem>kable conc]n+ ,jesus1 9 connexion ) ! p]iod at :i* ! holy ?+s ( ! temple & ! law 7 fir/ op5$ to him4 #dgh ,9 combat+ ! ass]tion1 t an inv5tor w\ld sc>cely h attribut$ to ,jesus s mu* app>5t h>%ness t[>ds 8 "m1 we ne$ n appeal to ! apocryphal ,evangelium ,?om1 :i* makes ! boy ,jesus say to 8 fo/]-fa!r ,joseph3 insipi5tissime feci/i2 #dgi = ev5 9 ! leg5d or hi/ory ( ! canonical gospels correspond+ traits are to be f\nd4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! w$d+ at ,cana1 we f9d ?is r\gh address to 8 "m3 7,john ii4 #d72 & 9 ! acc\nt ( ! visit paid to ,jesus by 8 "m & bre?r51 ! /rik+ circum/ance t he app>5tly wi%es to take no notice ( 8 relatives 7,matt4 xii4 #df74 ,if ^! are real incid5ts1 !n ! leg5d _h an hi/orical prec$5t to w>rant ! introduction ( a simil> feature1 ev5 into ! e>ly y\? ( ,jesus2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are only leg5ds1 !y are ! mo/ vivid pro(s t an inducem5t z n want+ = ! inv5tion ( su* features4 ,:]e ?is inducem5t lay1 x is easy to see4 ,! figure ( ,jesus w\ld /& 9 ! high] relief f ! obscure backgr\nd ( 8 contract$ family relations1 if x 7 (t5 se5 t 8 p>5ts 7 unable to compreh5d 8 elevat$ m9d1 & if ev5 he himself sometimes made !m feel 8 sup]iority--s f> z ?is c\ld happ5 )\t detrim5t to 8 filial ob$i5ce1 :i*1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 our n>rative expressly pres]ves4 #db4 ,,on ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,life ,,( ,,jesus ,,up ,,to ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,8 ,,public ,,appe>ance4 ,:at 7 ! ext]nal conditions "u :i* ,jesus liv$1 f ! sc5e j consid]$ up to ! "t ( 8 public appe>ance8 ,on ?is subject our canonical gospels give sc>cely an indication4 ,fir/1 z to 8 place ( resid5ce1 all t we le>n explicitly is ?is3 t bo? at ! beg9n+ & at ! end ( ?is obscure p]iod he dwelt at ,naz>e?4 ,accord+ to ,luke ii4 #ea1 ,jesus :5 twelve ye>s old return$ ?i!r ) 8 p>5ts1 & accord+ to ,mat!w iii4 #ac1 ,m>k i4 #i1 he1 :5 ?irty ye>s old 7comp4 ,luke iii4 #bc71 came f !nce to be baptiz$ by ,john4 ,?us our evangeli/s appe> to suppose1 t ,jesus _h 9 ! int]im resid$ 9 ,galilee1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 9 ,naz>e?4 ,?is supposition1 h[ev]1 does n exclude j\rneys1 su* z ^? to ! fea/s 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! employm5t ( ,jesus dur+ ! ye>s ( 8 boyhood & y\? seems1 f an intimation 9 our gospels1 to h be5 det]m9$ by ! trade ( 8 fa!r1 :o is !re call$ a 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee74 ,?is ,greek ^w1 us$ to designate ! trade ( ,joseph1 is g5]ally und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( fab] lign>ius 7c>p5t]72 #dhj a few only1 on my/ical gr\nds1 discov] 9 x a fab] f]r>ius 7blacksmi?71 aur>ius 7goldsmi?71 or cm5t>ius 7mason74 #dha ,! works 9 wood :i* he execut$ are held ( diff]5t magnitude by diff]5t au?ors3 accord+ to ,ju/9 & ! ,evangelium ,?om1 #dhb !y 7 pl\ghs & yokes1 1 & 9 t case he w\ld be :at we call a :eel-wright2 accord+ to ! ,evangelium infanti arabicum1 #dhc !y 7 doors1 milk-vessels1 sieves & c(f]s1 & once ,joseph makes a ?rone = ! k+2 s t "h he is repres5t$ p>tly z a cab9et-mak] & p>tly z a coop]4 ,! ,protevangelium ,jacobi1 on ! o!r h&1 makes him "w at build+s1 1 #dhd )\t d\bt z a c>p5t]4 ,9 ^! lab\rs ( ! fa!r ,jesus appe>s to h %>$1 accord+ to an expression ( ,m>k1 :o makes ! ,naz>5es ask conc]n+ ,jesus1 n m]ely z 9 ! p>allel passage ( ,mat!w3 ,is n ?is ! c>p5t]'s son8 2 b ,is n ?is ! c>p5t]8 7vi4 #c74 ,x is true t 9 reply+ to ! taunt ( ,celsus t ! tea*] ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 a c>p5t] by trade1 1 ,orig5 says1 he mu/ h =gott5 t 9 none ( ! ,gospels receiv$ by ! *ur*es is ,jesus himself call$ a c>p5t]1 4 #dhe ,! above passage 9 ,m>k has1 9 fact1 ! v>i\s read+1 1 :i* ,orig5 mu/ h tak51 unless he be suppos$ altoge!r to h ov]look$ ! passage1 & :i* is pref]r$ by "s mod]n critics4 #dhf ,b "h ,beza has ju/ly rem>k$ t =tasse mutavit aliquis1 exi/imans1 hanc artem ,*ri/i maje/ati p>um conv5ire2 :]eas !re c\ld h>dly be an int]e/ :i* w\ld r5d] ! contr>y alt]ation desirable4 #dhg ,moreov] ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* & apocryphal writ+s repres5t ,jesus1 9 accordance ) ! m g5]ally accept$ read+1 z foll[+ ! trade ( 8 fa!r4 ,ju/9 atta*es especial importance to ! fact t ,jesus made pl\ghs & yokes or scales1 z symbols ( active life & ( ju/ice4 #dhh ,9 ! ,evangelium infanti ,arabicum1 ,jesus goes ab\t ) ,joseph to ! places :]e ! latt] has "w1 to help him 9 su* a mann] t if ,joseph made any?+ too long or too %ort1 ,jesus1 by a t\* or by m]ely /ret*+ out 8 h&1 gave to ! object its "r size1 an assi/ance :i* 0 v useful to 8 fo/]-fa!r1 because1 z ! apocryphal text naively rem>ks3 nec admodum p]itus erat artis fabrilis4 #dhi ,ap>t f ^! apocryphal descriptions1 !re are _m reasons = believ+ t ! above intimation z to ! y\?ful employm5t ( ,jesus is correct4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x accords ) ! ,jewi% cu/om :i* prescrib$ ev5 to "o de/9$ to a le>n$ c>e]1 or 9 g5]al to any spiritual occupation1 ! acquisition ( "s h&icraft2 ?us ,paul1 ! pupil ( ! rabb9s1 0 also a t5t-mak]1 7,acts xviii4 #c74 ,next1 z our previ\s exam9ations h %[n t we "k no?+ hi/orical ( extraord9>y expectations & plans on ! "p ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 9 relation to _! son1 s no?+ is m natural ?an ! supposition t ,jesus e>ly practis$ ! trade ( 8 fa!r4 ,fur!r1 ! ,*ri/ians mu/ h _h an int]e/ 9 d5y+1 r ?an inv5t+1 ?is op9ion z to _! ,messiah's y\?ful occupation1 s9ce x (t5 drew d[n ^u !m ! ridicule ( _! oppon5ts4 ,?us ,celsus1 z we h already m5tion$1 c\ld n ab/a9 f a reflection on ?is subject1 = :i* reason ,orig5 w "k no?+ ( any designation ( ,jesus z a 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & e "o kn[s ! sc(f+ "q ( ,libanius ab\t ! c>p5t]'s son1 a "q :i* seems to h be5 provid$ ) s /rik+ an answ]1 only ex ev5tu4 #dij ,x may c]ta9ly be said 9 opposition to ?is1 t ! notion ( ,jesus hav+ be5 a c>p5t]1 seems to be f\nd$ on a m]e inf]5ce f ! trade ( ! fa!r z to ! occupation ( ! son1 :]eas ! latt] 0 j z likely to apply himself to "s o!r bran* ( indu/ry2 nay1 t p]haps ! :ole tradition ( ! c>p5try ( ,joseph & ,jesus owes its orig9 to ! symbolical significance exhibit$ by ,ju/94 ,z h[ev] ! allusion 9 our ,gospels to ! trade ( ,joseph is v brief & b>e1 & is n[h]e us$ allegorically 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 nor ent]$ into m m9utely2 x is n to be conte/$ t he 0 really a c>p5t]2 b x mu/ rema9 unc]ta9 :e!r ,jesus %>$ 9 ?is occupation4 ,:at 7 ! circum/ances ( ,jesus & 8 p>5ts z to =tune8 ,! answ] to ?is "q has be5 ! object ( _m diss]tations4 ,x is evid5t t ! ascription ( press+ pov]ty to ,jesus1 on ! "p ( or?odox !ologians1 re/$ on dogmatical & /hetic gr\nds4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y wi%$ to ma9ta9 ev5 9 ?is po9t ! /atus ex9anitionis1 & on ! o!r1 !y wi%$ to depict z /rik+ly z possible ! contra/ betwe5 ! 7=m ( ,god7 & ! 7=m ( a s]vant74 ,t ?is contra/ z set =? by ,paul 7,phil4 ii4 #f1 ff471 z well z ! expression 1 :i* ?is apo/le applies to ,*ri/ 7#b ,cor4 viii4 #i7 m]ely *>act]izes ! obscure & labori\s life to :i* he submitt$ aft] 8 heav5ly pre-exi/5ce1 & in/ead ( play+ ! "p ( k+ :i* ! ,jewi% imag9ation attribut$ to ! ,messiah1 is also to be reg>d$ z e/abli%$4 #dia ,! expression ( ,jesus himself1 ,! ,son ( man ha? n :]e to lay 8 head1 7,matt4 viii4 #bj71 may possibly import m]ely 8 volunt>y r5unciation ( ! peaceful enjoym5t ( =tune1 = ! sake ( devot+ himself to ! w&]+ life ( ! ,messiah4 ,!re is only "o o!r p>ticul> be>+ on ! po9t 9 "q1 namely1 t ,m>y pres5t$1 z an (f]+ ( purification1 doves 7,luke ii4 #bd71--;accord+ to ,lev4 xii4 #h1 ! (f]+ ( ! poor3 :i* c]ta9ly proves t ! au?or ( ?is in=mation conceiv$ ! p>5ts ( ,jesus to h be5 9 by no means brilliant circum/ances2 #dib b :at %all assure u t he also 0 n induc$ to make ?is repres5tation by unhi/orical motives8 ,mean:ile we are j z f> f hav+ t5able gr\nd = ma9ta9+ ! contr>y proposition1 namely1 t ,jesus possess$ prop]ty3 at lea/ x is inadmissible to adduce ! coat )\t seam #dic 7,john xix4 #bc71 until we %all h inquir$ m closely :at k9d ( relation x has to ! subject4 #dc4 ,,! ,,intellectual ,,developm5t ,,( ,,jesus4 ,our in=mation conc]n+ ! ext]nal life ( ,jesus dur+ 8 y\? is v scanty3 b we are almo/ de/itute ( any conc]n+ 8 intellectual developm5t4 ,= ! indet]m9ate phrase1 twice occurr+ 9 ,luke's hi/ory ( ! *ildhood1 conc]n+ ! increase ( 8 spiritual /r5g? & 8 gr[? 9 wisdom1 tells u no m ?an we mu/ necess>ily h presuppos$ )\t x2 :ile on ! expectations :i* 8 p>5ts *]i%$ ) respect to him be=e 8 bir?1 & on ! s5tim5t :i* 8 "m especially !n express$1 no conclusion is to be f\nd$1 s9ce ^? expectations & decl>ations are !mselves unhi/orical4 ,! n>rative j consid]$1 ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus 9 ! temple at twelve ye>s ( age1 r gives u a result--! e>ly & peculi> developm5t ( 8 religi\s consci\sness1--?an an explanation ( ! causes & conditions by :i* ?is developm5t 0 fav\r$4 ,b we at lea/ le>n f ,luke ii4 #da 7:at h[ev] is to be ( c\rse suppos$ ( pi\s ,israelites71 t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus us$ to g to ,j]usalem e ye> at ! ,passov]4 ,we may conjecture1 !n1 t ,jesus f 8 twelf? ye> g5]ally accompani$ !m1 & avail$ himself ( ?is excell5t opportunity1 amid ! conc\rse ( ,jews & ,jewi% proselytes ( all c\ntries & all op9ions1 to =m 8 m9d1 to become acqua9t$ ) ! condition ( 8 p & ! false pr9ciples ( ! ,ph>isaic lead]s1 & to ext5d 8 survey beyond ! n>r[ limits ( ,pale/9e4 #did ,:e!r or 9 :at degree ,jesus receiv$ ! le>n$ education ( a rabb91 is also left untold 9 our canonical ,gospels4 ,f su* passages z ,matt4 vii4 #bi1 :]e x is said t ,jesus taught n z ! scribes1 1 we c only inf] t he did n adopt ! me?od ( ! doctors ( ! law1 & x does n foll[ t he _h nev] enjoy$ ! education ( a scribe 774 ,on ! o!r h&1 n only 0 ,jesus call$ & by 8 disciples 7,matt4 xxvi4 #be1 #di2 ,m>k ix4 #e1 xi4 #ba1 xiv4 #de2 ,john iv4 #ca1 ix4 #b1 xi4 #h1 xx4 #af3 comp4 i4 #ch1 #dj1 #ej71 & by supplicat+ suff]]s 7,m>k x4 #e71 b ev5 ! ph>isaic ,nicodemus 7,john iii4 #b7 did n refuse him ?is title4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 conclude f h5ce t ,jesus _h receiv$ ! s*ola/ic in/ruction ( a rabb92 #die = ! salutation ,rabbi1 z also ! privilege ( read+ 9 ! synagogue 7,luke iv4 #af ff471 a p>ticul> :i* has likewise be5 appeal$ to1 belong$ n only to graduat$ rabb9s1 b to e tea*] :o _h giv5 actual pro( ( 8 qualifications4 #dif ,! enemies ( ,jesus explicitly ass]t1 & he does n contradict !m1 t he _h nev] le>n$ lett]s3 7,john vii4 #ae72 & ! ,naz>5es are a/oni%$ to f9d s mu* wisdom 9 him1 :5ce we inf] t he _h n to _! k be5 a /ud5t4 ,^! facts _c be neutraliz$ by ! disc\rse ( ,jesus 9 :i* he repres5ts himself z ! model ( a scribe well in/ruct$ unto ! k+dom ( heav5 #dig 7,matt4 xiii4 #eb71 = ! ^w "h means a doctor ( ! law 9 g5]al1 & n directly a doctor qualifi$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,la/ly1 ! intimate acqua9tance ) ! doctr9al traditions1 & ! abuses ( ! rabb9s1 :i* ,jesus exhibits1 #dih especially 9 ! s]mon on ! m\nt & ! anti-ph>isaic disc\rse ,matt4 xxiii4 he might acquire f ! num]\s disc\rses ( ! ,ph>isees to ! p1 )\t go+ ?r\gh a c\rse ( /udy "u !m4 ,?us ! data on our pres5t subject to be f\nd 9 ! ,gospels1 collectively yield ! result t ,jesus did n pass =mally ?r\gh a rabb9ical s*ool2 on ! o!r h&1 ! consid]ation t x mu/ h be5 ! int]e/ ( ! ,*ri/ian leg5d to repres5t ,jesus z indep5d5t ( human tea*]s1 may induce a d\bt ) respect to ^! /atem5ts 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & a conjecture t ,jesus may n h be5 s entirely a /rang] to ! le>n$ culture ( 8 nation4 ,b f ! abs5ce ( au!ntic in=mation we c arrive at no decision on ?is po9t4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses1 m or less indep5d5t ( ! intimations giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h be5 advanc$ bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times conc]n+ ! intellectual developm5t ( ,jesus3 !y may be divid$ into two pr9cipal classes1 accord+ to _! agreem5t ) ! natural or ! sup]natural view4 ,! sup]natural view ( ! p]son ( ,jesus requires t he %\ld be ! only "o ( 8 k9d1 indep5d5t ( all ext]nal1 human influ5ces1 self-taught or r taught ( ,god2 h5ce1 n only mu/ its advocates det]m9$ly reject e supposition imply+ t he borr[$ or le>n$ any?+1 & consequ5tly place 9 ! mo/ gl>+ light ! difficulties :i* lay 9 ! way ( ! natural developm5t ( ,jesus2 #dii b1 ! m surely to exclude e k9d ( reception1 !y mu/ also be dispos$ to assign z e>ly an appe>ance z possible to t spontaneity :i* we f9d 9 ,jesus 9 8 mature age4 ,?is spontane\s activity is tw(old3 x is !oretical & practical4 ,z reg>ds ! !oretical side1 compris+ judgm5t & k1 ! ef=t to give z e>ly a date z possible to its manife/ation 9 ,jesus1 displays itself 9 ! apocryphal passages :i* h be5 already p>tly cit$1 & :i* describe ,jesus z surpass+ 8 tea*]s long be=e 8 twelf? ye>1 = accord+ to "o ( !m he spoke 9 8 cradle & decl>$ himself to be ! ,son ( ,god4 #ejj ,! practical side1 too1 ( t sup]ior ord] ( spontaneity attribut$ to ,jesus 9 8 lat] ye>s1 namely1 ! p[] ( work+ miracles1 is atta*$ by ! apocryphal gospels to 8 e>lie/ *ildhood & y\?4 ,! ,evangelium ,?om op5s ) ! fif? ye> ( ,jesus ! /ory ( 8 miracles1 #eja & ! ,arabian ,evangelium ,infanti fills ! j\rney into ,egypt ) miracles :i* ! "m ( ,jesus p]=m$ by means ( ! swaddl+ b&s ( h] infant1 & ! wat] 9 :i* he 0 wa%$4 #ejb ,"s ( ! miracles :i* accord+ to ^! apocryphal gospels 7 wr\ght by ,jesus :5 9 8 infancy & boyhood1 are analog\s to ^? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--cures & resuscitations ( ! dead2 o!rs are totally div]se f ! rul+ type 9 ! canonical ,gospels--extremely revolt+ retributive miracles1 by :i* e "o :o opposes ! boy ,jesus 9 any matt] :atev] is smitt5 ) lam5ess1 or ev5 ) dea?1 or else m]e extravagancies1 su* z ! giv+ ( life to sp>r[s =m$ out ( mud4 #ejc ,! natural view ( ! p]son ( ,jesus _h an opposite int]e/1 :i* 0 also v e>ly manife/$ bo? among ,jewi% & hea!n oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* consi/$ 9 expla9+ 8 appe>ance con=mably to ! laws ( causality1 by comp>+ x ) prior & contemporane\s facts to :i* x _h a relation1 & ?us exhibit+ ! conditions on :i* ,jesus dep5d$1 & ! s\rces f :i* he drew4 ,x is true t 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! :ole region ( spirituality be+ a sup]natural "o = hea!ns z well z ,jews1 ! reproa* t ,jesus ow$ 8 wisdom & seem+ly miracul\s p[]s1 n to himself or to ,god1 b to a communication f )\t1 c\ld n usually take ! =m ( an ass]tion t he _h acquir$ natural skill & wisdom 9 ! ord9>y way ( in/ruction f o!rs4 #ejd ,in/ead ( ! natural & ! human1 ! unnatural & ! demoniacal 7 oppos$ to ! div9e & ! sup]natural 7comp4 ,matt xii4 #bd71 & ,jesus 0 accus$ ( work+ 8 miracles by ! aid ( magic acquir$ 9 8 y\?4 ,?is *>ge 0 ! mo/ easily atta*$ to ! j\rney ( 8 p>5ts ) him into ,egypt1 t native l& ( magic & secret wisdom1 & ?us we f9d x bo? 9 ,celsus & 9 ! ,talmud4 ,! =m] makes a ,jew allege aga9/ ,jesus1 among/ o!r ?+s1 t he _h ent]$ into s]vice = wages 9 ,egypt1 t he _h !re possess$ himself ( "s magic arts1 & on ! /r5g? ( ^! _h on 8 return vaunt$ himself = a ,god4 #eje ,! ,talmud gives him a memb] ( ! ,jewi% ,sanh$rim z a tea*]1 makes him j\rney to ,egypt ) ?is companion1 & br+ magic *>ms f !nce into ,pale/9e4 #ejf ,! purely natural explanation ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ,jesus c\ld only become preval5t amid ! enlight5$ culture ( mod]n times4 ,9 work+ out ?is explanation1 ! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce are ! foll[+3 ei!r ! "* ( ,jesus is reg>d$ 9 too circumscrib$ a view1 z ! result ( only "o among ! means ( culture :i* 8 times af=d$1 or m compreh5sively1 z ! result ( all ^! comb9$2 aga91 9 trac+ ?is ext]nal influ5ce1 ei!r ! int]nal gifts & self-det]m9ation ( ,jesus are adequately consid]$1 or !y are n4 ,9 any case1 ! basis ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ,jesus 0 furni%$ by ! sacr$ writ+s ( 8 p1 ( :i* ! disc\rses pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,gospels atte/ 8 zeal\s & pr(\nd /udy4 ,8 ,messianic ideas seem to h be5 =m$ *iefly on ,isaiah & ,daniel3 spiritual religi\sness & elevation above ! prejudices ( ,jewi% nationality 7 impressively %ad[$ =? 9 ! prophetic writ+s g5]ally1 toge!r ) ! ,psalms4 ,next among ! influ5ces affect+ m5tal cultivation 9 ! native c\ntry ( ,jesus1 mu/ be reckon$ ! ?ree sects "u :i* ! spiritual life ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 may be classifi$4 ,among ^!1 ! ,ph>isees1 :om ,jesus at a lat] p]iod s /r5u\sly combat$1 c app>5tly h _h only a negative influ5ce ov] him2 yet along ) _! fondness = tradition & legal p$antry1 _! sanctimoni\sness & hypocrisy1 by :i* ,jesus 0 repell$ f !m1 we mu/ rememb] _! belief 9 angels & 9 immortality1 & _! con/ant admission ( a progressive developm5t ( ! ,jewi% religion aft] ,moses1 :i* 7 s _m po9ts ( union betwe5 !m & ,jesus4 ,/ill z ^! t5ets 7 only peculi> to ! ,ph>isees 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,sadducees1 &1 = ! re/1 7 common to all or?odox ,jews1 we abide by ! op9ion t ! influ5ce ( ! ,ph>isaic sect on ! developm5t ( ,jesus 0 ess5tially negative4 ,9 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus ,sadduceeism is less controv]t$1 nay1 he agrees ) x 9 reject+ ! ,ph>isaic traditions & hypocrisy2 h5ce a few ( ! le>n$ h wi%$ to f9d him a s*ool 9 ?is sect4 #ejg ,b ! m]ely negative agreem5t aga9/ ! errors ( ! ,ph>isees1--an agreem5t :i*1 moreov]1 proce$$ f q ano!r pr9ciple 9 ,jesus ?an 9 ! ,sadducees1--is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! contra/ :i* _! religi\s indiff]5ce1 _! unbelief 9 immortality & 9 spiritual exi/5ces1 =m$ ) ! disposition ( ,jesus1 & 8 mann] ( view+ ! _w4 ,t ! controv]sy ) ! ,sadducees is n prom95t 9 ! ,gospels1 may be v simply expla9$ by ! fact t _! sect _h v slight influ5ce on ! circle ) :i* ,jesus 0 imm$iately connect$1 ! adh]5ts ( ,sadduceeism belong+ to ! high] ranks alone4 #ejh ,conc]n+ "o only ( ! !n exi/+ ,jewi% sects c ! "q s]i\sly arise1 :e!r we ought n to ascribe to x a positive influ5ce on ! developm5t & appe>ance ( ,jesus--! sect1 namely1 ( ! ,ess5es4 #eji ,9 ! la/ c5tury ! d]ivation ( ,*ri/ianity f ,ess5ism 0 v mu* 9 vogue2 n only ,engli% dei/s1 & among ! ,g]mans1 ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i1 b ev5 !ologians1 su* z ,/udl91 embrac$ ! idea4 #eaj ,9 ! days ( freemasonry & secret ord]s1 !re 0 a disposition to transf] _! "* to primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,! concealm5t ( an ,ess5e lodge appe>$ especially adapt$ to expla9 ! sudd5 disappe>ance ( ,jesus aft] ! brilliant sc5es ( 8 infancy & boyhood1 & aga9 aft] 8 re/oration to life4 ,besides ! =]unn] ,john1 ! two m5 on ! ,m\nt ( ,transfiguration1 & ! angels clo!d 9 :ite at ! grave1 & on ! ,m\nt ( ,asc5sion1 7 reg>d$ z memb]s ( ! ,ess5e bro!rhood1 & _m cures ( ,jesus & ! ,apo/les 7 ref]r$ to ! m$ical traditions ( ! ,ess5es4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ^! fancies ( a bygone age1 !re are really "s ess5tial *>act]i/ics :i* seem to speak 9 fav\r ( an intimate relation betwe5 ,ess5ism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s z su* are ! prohibition ( oa?s1 & ! community ( goods3 ) ! =m] 0 connect$ fidelity1 peaceabl5ess1 ob$i5ce to e con/itut$ au?ority2 ) ! latt]1 contempt ( ri*es1 & ! cu/om ( travell+ )\t provisions4 ,^! & o!r features1 su* z ! sacr$ meal p>tak5 9 common1 ! rejection ( sangu9>y sacrifices & ( slav]y1 con/itute s /rong a resemblance betwe5 ,ess5ism & ,*ri/ianity1 t ev5 s e>ly a writ] z ,eusebius mi/ook ! ,!rapeut1 a sect alli$ to ! ,ess5es1 = ,*ri/ians4 #eaa ,b !re are v ess5tial dissimil>ities :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! contempt ( m>riage1 1 s9ce ,josephus ascribes x to a "p only ( ! ,ess5es2 ! asceticism1 ! punctili\s obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 ! purifications1 & o!r sup]/iti\s usages ( ?is sect1 _! ret5tion ( ! names ( ! angels1 ! my/]y :i* !y affect$1 & _! contract$1 exclusive devotion to _! ord]1 are s =eign1 nay s directly oppos$ to ! _s ( ,jesus1 t1 especially z ! ,ess5es are n[h]e m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! aid :i* ?is sect also contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ,jesus1 mu/ be limit$ to ! unc]ta9 influ5ce :i* might be ex]cis$ ov] him by occasional int]c\rse ) ,ess5es4 #eab ,did o!r elem5ts ?an su* z 7 m]ely ,jewi%1 or at lea/ conf9$ to ,pale/9e1 op]ate ^u ,jesus8 ,( ! hea!ns settl$ 9 ,galilee ( ! ,g5tiles1 1 !re 0 h>dly mu* to be le>n$ beyond pati5ce "u frequ5t int]c\rse ) !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ! fea/s 9 ,j]usalem1 n only =eign ,jews1 "s ( :om1 z = example ! ,alex&rian & ,cyr5ian ,jews1 _h synagogues !re 7,acts vi4 #i71 b also dev\t hea!ns 7 to be met ) 7,john xii4 #bj72 & t int]c\rse ) ^! _h "s influ5ce 9 ext5d+ ! intellectual horizon ( ,jesus1 & spiritualiz+ 8 op9ions1 has1 z we h already intimat$1 all hi/orical probability4 #eac ,b :y d we1 9 ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 in=mation1 labori\sly seek aft] unc]ta9 traces ( an influ5ce :i* cotempor>y means ( developm5t may h ex]cis$ on ,jesus8 & yet m1 :y1 on ! o!r side1 are ^! lab\rs s anxi\sly repudiat$8 ,:atev] am\nt ( intellectual mat]ial may be collect$1 ! sp>k by :i* g5ius k9dles x1 & fuses its v>i\s elem5ts into a consi/5t :ole1 is nei!r easi] to expla9 nor r$uc$ 9 value4 ,?us x is ) ,jesus4 ,all[ him to h exhau/$ ! means ( developm5t :i* 8 age af=d$3 a compreh5sive faculty ( reception is ) great m5 ev] ! rev]se side ( _! p[]ful orig9ality2 all[ him to h ow$ f> m to ,ess5ism & ,alex&rianism1 & :atev] o!r s*ools & t5d5cies exi/$1 ?an we1 9 our unc]ta9ty1 are 9 a condition to prove3--/ill1 = ! re=mation ( a _w ^! elem5ts 7 all too little2 ! leav5 necess>y = ?is he mu/ obta9 f ! dep? ( 8 own m9d4 #ead ,b we h n yet spok5 ( an appe>ance to :i* our ,gospels assign a mo/ important influ5ce 9 develop+ ! activity ( ,jesus--t ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,z 8 m9i/ry is fir/ notic$ 9 ! ,gospels 9 connexion ) ! baptism & public appe>ance ( ,jesus1 our inquiry conc]n+ him1 & 8 relation to ,jesus1 mu/ op5 ! second "p4 ,,second ,,"p4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,jesus ,,& ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/4 #dd4 ,,*ronological ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,john ,,& ,,jesus4 ,= ! m9i/ry ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 m5tion$ 9 all ! ,gospels1 ! second & f\r? evangeli/s fix no epo*2 ! fir/ gives u an inexact "o2 ! ?ird1 "o app>5tly precise4 ,accord+ to ,matt4 iii4 #a1 ,john appe>$ z a prea*] ( rep5tance1 9 ^? days1 1 t is1 if we int]pret /rictly ?is ref]5ce to ! previ\s n>rative1 ab\t ! "t :5 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus settl$ at ,naz>e?1 & :5 ,jesus 0 yet a *ild4 ,we are told1 h[ev]1 9 ! context1 t ,jesus came to ,john = baptism2 h5ce betwe5 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,bapti/1 :i* 0 cotempor>y ) ! *ildhood ( ,jesus1 & ! p]iod at :i* ! latt] 0 baptiz$1 we mu/ int]calate a numb] ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,jesus might h become suffici5tly matur$ to p>take ( ,john's baptism4 ,b ,mat!w's description ( ! p]son & "w ( ! ,bapti/ is s concise1 ! (fice attribut$ to him is s little indep5d5t1 s entirely subs]vi5t to t ( ,jesus1 t x 0 c]ta9ly n ! int5tion ( ! evangeli/ to assign a long s]ies ( ye>s to 8 s+le m9i/ry4 ,8 mean+ inconte/ably is1 t ,john's %ort c>e] e>ly atta9$ its goal 9 ! baptism ( ,jesus4 ,x be+ ?us inadmissible to suppose betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ,john & ! baptism ( ,jesus1 t is1 betwe5 v]ses #ab & #ac ( ! #crd *apt] ( ,mat!w1 ! long int]val :i* is 9 e case indisp5sable1 no?+ rema9s b to ins]t x betwe5 ! close ( ! second & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird *apt]1 namely1 betwe5 ! settlem5t ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus at ,naz>e? & ! appe>ance ( ! ,bapti/4 ,to ?is end we may presume1 ) ,paulus1 t ,mat!w has "h introduc$ a fragm5t f a hi/ory ( ! ,bapti/1 n>rat+ _m p>ticul>s ( 8 life imm$iately prec$+ 8 public ag5cy1 & v prop]ly proce$+ ) ! words1 9 ^? days1 1 :i* connect+ phrase ,mat!w1 al?\gh he omitt$ t to :i* x ref]r$1 has nev]!less reta9$ #eae2 or we may1 ) ,ssk9d1 apply ! words1 n to ! settlem5t1 b to ! subsequ5t resid5ce ( ,jesus at ,naz>e?2 #eaf or bett] /ill1 1 l ! correspond+ ,hebrew expression1 e4g41 ,exod4 ii4 #aa1 is probably to be int]pret$ z relat+ inde$ to ! e/abli%m5t at ,naz>e?1 b s t an ev5t happ5+ ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds may yet be said1 speak+ indef9itely1 to occur 9 ^? days4 #eag ,9 nei!r case d we le>n f ,mat!w conc]n+ ! "t ( ,john's appe>ance m ?an ! v vague in=mation1 t x took place 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! infancy & manhood ( ,jesus4 ,luke det]m9es ! date ( ,john's appe>ance by v>i\s syn*ronisms1 plac+ x 9 ! "t ( ,pilate's gov]nm5t 9 ,judea2 9 ! sov]eignty ( ,h]od 7,antipas71 ( ,philip & ( ,lysanias ov] ! o!r divisions ( ,pale/9e2 9 ! high prie/hood ( ,annas & ,caiaphas2 &1 moreov]1 precisely 9 ! #ae? ye> ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 :i*1 reckon+ f ! dea? ( ,augu/us1 corresponds ) ! ye> #bh-bi ( our era #eah 7iii4 #a1 #b74 ,) ?is la/ & close/ dem>cation ( "t all ! =ego+ less precise ones agree4 ,ev5 t :i* makes ,annas high prie/ toge!r ) ,caiaphas appe>s correct1 if we consid] ! peculi> influ5ce :i*1 accord+ to ,john xviii4 #ac1 ,acts iv4 #f1 t ex-high prie/ reta9$1 ev5 :5 depos$1 especially aft] ! assumption ( (fice by 8 son-9-law1 ,caiaphas4 ,a s+le exception occurs 9 ! /atem5t ab\t ,lysanias1 :om ,luke makes cotempor>y ) ,antipas & ,philip z tetr>* ( ,abil5e4 ,josephus1 x is true1 speaks ( an 1 & m5tions a ,lysanias z gov]nor ( ,*alcis 9 ,lebanon1 ne> to :i* lay ! t]ritory ( ,abila2 s t ! same ,lysanias 0 probably ma/] ( ! latt]4 ,b ?is ,lysanias 01 at ! in/igation ( ,cleopatra1 put to dea? #cd ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 & a second ,lysanias is n m5tion$ ei!r by ,josephus or by any o!r writ] on ! p]iod 9 "q4 #eai ,?us1 n only is ! "t ( 8 gov]nm5t e>li] by #fj ye>s ?an ! #ae? ye> ( ,tib]ius1 b x is also at issue ) ! o!r dates associat$ ) x by ,luke4 ,h5ce x has be5 conjectur$ t ,luke "h speaks ( a y\ng] ,lysanias1 ! desc5dant ( ! e>li] "o1 :o possess$ ,abil5e "u ,tib]ius1 b :o1 be+ less fam\s1 is n notic$ by ,josephus4 #ebj ,we _c inde$ prove :at ,ssk9d dem&s = ! refutation ( ?is hypo!sis1 namely1 t _h su* a y\ng] ,lysanias exi/$1 ,josephus mu/ h m5tion$ him2 yet t he _h m ?an "o inducem5t to d s1 ,paulus has satisfactorily %[n4 ,especially1 :5 9 relation to ! times ( ! fir/ & second ,agrippa he designates ,abila1 1 he mu/ h be5 rem9d$ t he _h only treat$ ( ! eld] ,lysanias1 & n at all ( ! y\ng]1 f :om1 z ! lat] rul]1 ! c\ntry mu/ at t "t h d]iv$ its second appellation4 #eba ,if1 accord+ to ?is1 ! y\ng] ,lysanias is b an hi/oric fiction1 ! propos$ alt]native is b a philological "o4 #ebb ,= :5 x is said 9 ! fir/ place3 -- 1 4441 & :5 x foll[s3 3 we _c possibly und]/& f ?is1 t ,philip reign$ also ov] ! ,abil5e ( ,lysanias4 ,= 9 t case ! ^w ought n to h be5 repeat$1 #ebc & ought to h be5 plac$ be=e ,lysanias1 if ! au?or wi%$ to avoid miscon/ruction4 ,! conclusion is !re=e inevitable t ! writ] himself err$1 &1 f ! circum/ance t ,abil5e1 ev5 9 rec5t times1 0 call$1 aft] ! la/ rul] ( ! =m] dyna/y1 1 drew ! inf]5ce t a mon>* ( t "n 0 /ill exi/+2 :ile1 9 fact1 ,abil5e ei!r belong$ to ,philip1 or 0 imm$iately subject to ! ,romans4 #ebd ,! above *ronological notation relates directly to ,john ! ,bapti/ alone2 a simil> "o is want+ :5 ,luke beg9s f>!r on 7v4 #ba ff47 to speak ( ,jesus4 ,( him x is m]ely said t he 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age1 1 on 8 public appe>ance 771 b no date is giv52 :ile1 9 ! case ( ,john1 !re is a contr>y omission4 ,?us ev5 if ,john comm5c$ 8 m9i/ry 9 ! #ae? ye> ( ,tib]ius1 we _c !nce ga!r any?+ z to ! "t :5 ,jesus comm5c$ 81 z x is n[h]e said h[ long ,john _h be5 baptiz+ :5 ,jesus came to him on ! ,jordan2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh we "k t ,jesus1 at 8 baptism1 0 ab\t #cj ye>s old1 ?is does n help u to asc]ta9 ! age ( ,john :5 he ent]$ on 8 m9i/ry z ,bapti/4 ,rememb]+1 h[ev]1 ,luke i4 #bf1 accord+ to :i* ,john 0 j half a ye> old] ?an ,jesus1 & call+ to our aid ! fact t ,jewi% usage w\ld sc>cely p]mit ! ex]cise ( public functions be=e ! ?irtie? ye>1 we might inf] t ! ,bapti/ c\ld only h appe>$ half a ye> be=e ! arrival ( ,jesus on ! banks ( ! ,jordan1 s9ce he w\ld only s mu* e>li] h atta9$ ! requisite age4 ,b no express law =bade a public appe>ance previ\s to ! ?irtie? ye>2 & x has be5 ju/ly que/ion$ :e!r we c apply to ! fre] (fice ( a ,prophet a re/riction :i* conc]n$ ! ,prie/s & ,levites1 = :om ! ?irtie? ye> 0 fix$ = _! entrance on regul> s]vice #ebe 7,num4 iv4 #c1 #dg4 ,comp>e besides #b ,*ron4 xxxi4 #ag1 :]e ! #bj? ye> is nam$74 ,?is !n w\ld n h9d] u f plac+ ! appe>ance ( ,john consid]ably prior to t ( ,jesus1 ev5 presuppos+ ! av]r$ relation betwe5 _! ages4 ,h>dly1 h[ev]1 c\ld ?is be ! int5tion ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,= to asc]ta9 s c>efully ! date ( ! ,=]unn]'s appe>ance1 & leave t ( ! ,messiah himself undet]m9$1 w\ld be too great an ov]sight1 #ebf & we _c b suppose t 8 design1 9 ! p>ticul>s he gives conc]n+ ,john1 0 to fix ! "t = ! appe>ance ( ,jesus4 ,to agree ) ?is purpose1 he mu/ h und]/ood t ,jesus came to ! banks ( ! ,jordan & began to tea*1 %ortly aft] ! appe>ance ( ,john4 #ebg ,= t ! above *ronological det]m9ation 0 orig9ally m]ely ! introduction to a docum5t conc]n+ ,john1 quot$ by ,luke1 is improbable1 s9ce its exactness corresponds ) ! /yle ( him :o _h p]fect und]/&+ ( all ?+s f ! v fir/1 1 & :o s\ght to det]m9e1 9 l mann]1 ! epo* ( ! ,messiah's bir?4 ,x is n easy1 h[ev]1 to imag9e1 9 accordance ) ?is /atem5t1 t ,john 0 by s little ! pr$ecessor ( ,jesus1 nor is x )\t reason t ! improbability ( 8 hav+ _h s %ort an ag5cy is ma9ta9$4 ,= he _h a consid]able numb] ( disciples1 :om he n only baptiz$1 b taught 7,luke xi4 #a71 & he left beh9d a p>ty ( 8 peculi> foll[]s 7,acts xviii4 #be1 xix4 #c71 all :i* c\ld h>dly be ! "w ( a few mon?s4 ,!re ne$$ "t1 x has be5 obs]v$1 = ! ,bapti/ to become s well kn[n1 t p w\ld und]take a j\rney to him 9 ! wild]ness2 !re ne$$ "t = 8 doctr9e to be compreh5d$1 "t = x to ga9 a foot+ & e/abli% itself1 especially z x cla%$ ) ! curr5t ,jewi% ideas2 9 a ^w1 ! deep & la/+ v5]ation 9 :i* ,john 0 held by 8 nation1 accord+ to ,josephus #ebh z well z ! evangeli/s1 c\ld n h be5 s ha/ily won4 #ebi ,b ! =ego+ consid]ations1 al?\gh !y dem&1 9 g5]al1 a long] ag5cy = ! ,bapti/1 d n prove t ! evangeli/s err 9 plac+ ! comm5cem5t ( 8 m9i/ry %ortly be=e t ( ,jesus1 s9ce !y might suppose ! requir$ prolongation z a sequel1 in/ead ( an introduction1 to ! appe>ance ( ,jesus4 ,su* a prolongation ( ! ,bapti/'s m9i/ry1 h[ev]1 is n to be f\nd1 at lea/ 9 ! fir/ two ,gospels2 = n only d ^! conta9 no details conc]n+ ,john1 aft] ! baptism ( ,jesus1 except 8 s5d+ two disciples 7,matt4 xi471 :i* is repres5t$ z a consequ5ce ( 8 imprisonm5t2 b we ga!r f ,matt4 iv4 #ab1 ,m>k i4 #ad1 t dur+ or %ortly aft] ! =ty days' abode ( ,jesus 9 ! wild]ness1 ! ,bapti/ 0 arre/$1 & !reupon ,jesus w5t into ,galilee1 & ent]$ on 8 public c>e]4 ,luke1 x is true 7iv4 #ad71 does n m5tion ! imprisonm5t ( ,john z ! cause ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee1 & he seems to reg>d ! commission ( ! two disciples z occurr+ :ile ,john 0 at l>ge 7vii4 #ah ff472 & ! f\r? ,evangeli/ te/ifies yet m decisively aga9/ ! notion t ,john 0 arre/$ s soon aft] ! baptism ( ,jesus2 = 9 *ap4 iii4 #bd1 x is expressly /at$1 t ,john 0 actively engag$ 9 8 m9i/ry aft] ! fir/ passov]1 att5d$ by ,jesus dur+ ,8 public life4 ,b on ! "o h&1 z x appe>s f ,luke ix4 #i2 ,matt4 xiv4 #a ff42 ,m>k xiv4 #af1 t ,john 0 put to dea? long be=e ,jesus1 ! cont9uance ( 8 ag5cy aft] ! rise ( ! latt] c\ld n be v protract$ 7,luke ix4 #i2 ,matt4 xiv4 #a ff42 ,m>k xiv4 #af72 & on ! o!r1 t :i* may be add$ to ! ag5cy ( ,john aft] ! appe>ance ( ,jesus1 w n make am5ds = t :i* is subtract$ f x be=e t epo*4 ,=1 ap>t f ! fact impli$ by ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 7i4 #ce71 t ! ,bapti/ _h =m$ a def9ite circle ( famili> disciples be=e ! appe>ance ( ,jesus1 x w\ld be difficult to acc\nt = ! firm foot+ acquir$ by 8 s*ool1 if he _h lab\r$ only a few mon?s1 to be1 at _! close1 eclips$ by ,jesus4 ,!re is yet "o res\rce1 namely1 to sep>ate ! baptism ( ,jesus f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 m9i/ry1 & to say3 ,x 0 inde$ aft] ! fir/ half-ye> ( ,john's ag5cy t ,jesus 0 s attract$ by 8 fame1 z to become a c&idate = 8 baptism2 b = "s "t subsequ5tly1 he ei!r rema9$ among ! foll[]s ( ! ,bapti/1 or w5t aga9 into retirem5t1 & did n pres5t himself indep5d5tly until a consid]able int]val _h elaps$4 ,by ?is means we %\ld obta9 ! requisite ext5sion ( ,john's m9i/ry prior to ! m brilliant c>e] ( ,jesus1 )\t impugn+ ! app>5t /atem5t ( our evangeli/s t ! baptism ( ,jesus foll[$ close ^u ! public appe>ance ( ,john4 ,b ! idea ( a long int]im1 betwe5 ! baptism ( ,jesus & ! comm5cem5t ( 8 m9i/ry1 is utt]ly =eign to ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s4 ,= t !y reg>d ! baptism ( ,jesus z 8 consecration to ! ,messianic (fice1 is prov$ by ! accompany+ desc5t ( ! _s & ! voice f heav52 ! only pause :i* !y all[ to int]v5e1 is ! six weeks' fa/ 9 ! wild]ness1 imm$iately aft] :i*1 accord+ to ,luke1 or aft] ! app>5tly cotempor>y arre/ ( ! ,bapti/1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 ,jesus appe>s 9 ,galilee4 ,luke1 9 p>ticul>1 by designat+ 7iii4 #bc7 ! baptism ( ,jesus z 8 1 8 assumption ( (fice1 & by dat+ ! int]c\rse ( ,jesus ) 8 disciples f ! 7,acts i4 #bb71 ev9ces 8 p]suasion t ! baptism & public manife/ation ( ,jesus 7 id5tical4 ,?us ! gospel n>rative is an ob/acle to ! adoption ( ! two mo/ plausible exp$i5ts = ! prolongation ( ,john's m9i/ry1 viz41 t ,jesus pres5t$ himself = baptism lat]1 or t 8 public appe>ance 0 ret>d$ long] aft] 8 baptism1 ?an has be5 g5]ally inf]r$4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 compell$ to r5\nce ei!r ( ^! suppositions1 if we c %[ t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s might h be5 l$ to _! po9t ( view ev5 )\t hi/orical gr\nds4 ,a suffici5t motive lies close at h&1 & is impli$ 9 ! =ego+ obs]vations4 ,let ! ,bapti/ once be consid]$1 z 0 ! case 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7,acts xix4 #d71 n a p]son ( indep5d5t significance1 b simply a ,=]unn] ( ! ,*ri/2 & ! imag9ation w\ld n l+] ) ! m]e ,precursor1 b w\ld ha/5 =w>d to ! object at :i* he po9t$4 ,yet m obvi\s is ! int]e/ :i* primitive ,*ri/ian tradition mu/ h _h 9 exclud+1 :atev] might h be5 ! fact1 any int]val betwe5 ! baptism ( ,jesus & ! beg9n+ ( 8 public c\rse4 ,= to all[ t ,jesus1 by 8 submission to ,john's baptism1 decl>$ himself 8 disciple1 & rema9$ 9 t relation = any l5g? ( "t1 0 (f5sive to ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ! new *ur*1 :i* desir$ a ,f\nd] in/ruct$ by ,god1 & n by man3 ano!r turn1 !re=e1 w\ld soon be giv5 to ! facts1 & ! baptism ( ,jesus w\ld be held to signify1 n 8 initiation into ! s*ool ( ,john1 b a consecration to 8 indep5d5t (fice4 ,?us ! div]g+ te/imony ( ! evangeli/s does n preclude our adopt+ ! conclusion to :i* ! nature ( ! case leads u2 viz41 t ! ,bapti/ _h be5 long lab\r+1 ant]ior to ! appe>ance ( ,jesus4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is1 we accept ! /atem5t ( ,luke 7i4 #bf & iii4 #bc71 t ,jesus1 be+ only half a ye> y\ng] ?an ,john1 0 ab\t 9 8 ?irtie? ye> at 8 appe>ance1 we mu/ suppose t ,john 0 9 8 tw5tie? ye> :5 he began 8 m9i/ry4 ,!re is1 z we h se51 no express law aga9/ s e>ly an ex]cise ( ! prophetic (fice2 nei!r d ,i1 s decid$ly z ,cludius1 #ecj hold x improbable t s "y a prea*] ( rep5tance %\ld make an impression1 or ev5 t he %\ld be tak5 = a prophet ( ! old5 "t--an ,elias2 ,i w only appeal to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s z a sanction = presum+1 t "o :o ent]$ s mu* e>li] ^u ! sc5e ( action 0 proportionately old]1 especially :5 ! pr9ciples & _s ( 8 tea*+ tell s pla9ly ( a mature age z d ! disc\rses ( ,john4 ,!re are exceptions to ?is rule2 b ! /atem5t ( ,luke 7i4 #bf71 t ,john 0 only six mon?s old] ?an ,jesus1 is insuffici5t to e/abli% "o 9 ?is in/ance1 z x accords ) ! int]e/ ( ! poetical leg5d1 & mu/ !re=e be r5\nc$ = ! slighte/ improbability4 ,! result !n ( our critique on ! *ronological data ,luke iii4 #a1 #b1 comp4 #bc & i4 #bf1 is ?is3 if ,jesus1 z ,luke seems to und]/&1 appe>$ 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ,tib]ius1 ! appe>ance ( ,john occurr$1 n 9 ! same ye>1 b e>li]2 & if ,jesus 0 9 8 ?irtie? ye> :5 he began 8 m9i/ry1 ! ,bapti/1 s mu* 8 pr$ecessor1 c\ld h>dly be b six mon?s 8 s5ior4 #de4 ,,appe>ance ,,& ,,design ,,( ,,! ,,bapti/4 ,,8 ,,p]sonal ,,relations ,,) ,,jesus4 ,john1 a ,naz>ite1 accord+ to our au?orities 7,matt4 iii4 #d1 ix4 #ad1 xi4 #ah2 ,luke i4 #ae71 & 9 ! op9ion ( sev]al !ologians1 #eca an ,ess5e1 is said by ,luke 7iii4 #b7 to h be5 summon$ to 8 public "w by ! ^w ( ,god 1 :i* came to him 9 ! wild]ness4 ,n possess+ ! ,bapti/'s own decl>ation1 we _c accept z complete ! dilemma /at$ by ,paulus1 #ecb :5 he says1 t we "k n :e!r ,john himself int]pret$ "s ext]nal or int]nal fact z a div9e call1 or :e!r he receiv$ a summons f ano!r individual2 & we mu/ add z a ?ird possibility1 t 8 foll[]s s\ght to dignify ! vocation ( _! ,tea*] by an expression :i* recalls to m9d ! anci5t ,prophets4 ,:ile f ! acc\nt ( ,luke x appe>s t ! div9e call came to ,john 9 ! wild]ness1 1 b t = ! purpose ( tea*+ & baptiz+ he resort$ to ! c\ntry ab\t ,jordan1 7v]4 #c72 ,mat!w 7iii4 ff47 makes ! wild]ness ( ,judea ! sc5e ( 8 lab\rs1 z if ! ,jordan 9 :i* he baptiz$ fl[$ ?r\gh t wild]ness4 ,x is true t1 accord+ to ,josephus1 ! ,jordan be=e empty+ itself into ! ,dead ,sea trav]ses a great wild]ness1 1 #ecc b ?is 0 n ! wild]ness ( ,judea1 :i* lay f>!r s\?4 #ecd ,h5ce x has be5 suppos$ t ,mat!w1 misl$ by 8 application ( ! prophecy1 ! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 1 to ,john1 :o issu$ f ! wild]ness ( ,judea1 1 plac$ !re 8 lab\rs z a prea*] ( rep5tance & a baptiz]1 al?\gh _! true sc5e 0 ! bloom+ valley ( ! ,jordan4 #ece ,9 ! c\rse ( ,luke's n>rative1 h[ev]1 ?is evangeli/ ceases to intimate t ,john =sook ! wild]ness aft] receiv+ 8 call1 = on ! occasion ( ,john's message to ,jesus1 he makes ! latt] ask1 ,:om w5t ye out into ! wild]ness to see8 7vii4 #bd74 ,n[ z ! valley ( ! ,jordan 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,dead ,sea 0 9 fact a b>r5 pla91 ! n>r[ m>g9 ( ! riv] except$1 no great] mi/ake may belong to ,mat!w ?an t ( specify+ ! wild]ness z ! 2 & ev5 t may be expla9$ away by ! supposition1 ei!r t ,john1 z he alt]nately prea*$ & baptiz$1 pass$ f ! wild]ness ( ,judea to ! bord]s ( ! ,jordan1 #ecf or t ! wa/e tract ?r\gh :i* t riv] fl[$1 be+ a cont9uation ( ! wild]ness ( ,judea1 reta9$ ! same "n4 #ecg ,! baptism ( ,john c\ld sc>cely h be5 d]iv$ f ! baptism ( proselytes1 #ech = ?is rite 0 unque/ionably po/]ior to ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 m analog\s to ! religi\s lu/rations 9 practice among/ ! ,jews1 especially ! ,ess5es1 & 0 app>5tly f\nd$ *iefly on c]ta9 expressions us$ by sev]al ( ! prophets 9 a figurative s5se1 b aft]w>ds und]/ood lit]ally4 ,accord+ to ^! expressions1 ,god requires f ! ,israeliti% p1 z a condition ( _! re/oration to 8 fav\r1 a wa%+ & purification f _! iniquity1 & he promises t he w himself cleanse !m ) wat] 7,isaiah i4 #af1 ,ez4 xxxvi4 #be1 comp4 ,j]4 ii4 #bb74 ,add to ?is ! ,jewi% notion t ! ,messiah w\ld n appe> ) 8 k+dom until ! ,israelites rep5t$1 #eci & we h ! comb9ation necess>y = ! belief t an ablution1 symbolical ( conv]sion & =giv5ess ( s9s1 mu/ prec$e ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah4 ,our acc\nts are n unanim\s z to ! signification ( ,john's baptism4 ,!y all1 x is true1 agree 9 /at+ rep5tance1 1 to be "o ( its ess5tial requirem5ts2 = ev5 :at ,josephus says ( ! ,bapti/1 t he admoni%$ ! ,jews1 practis+ virtue1 j t[>ds ea* o!r1 & dev\t t[>ds ,god1 to come to 8 baptism1 1 1 #edj has ! same s5se "u a ,greek =m4 ,m>k & ,luke1 h[ev]1 :ile designat+ ! baptism ( ,john1 1 add1 7i4 #d1 iii4 #c74 ,mat!w has n ! same addition2 b he1 ) ,m>k1 describes ! baptiz$ z confess+ _! s9s1 7iii4 #f74 ,josephus1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s 9 direct contradiction to !m1 :5 he gives x z ! op9ion ( ! ,bapti/1 t baptism is pleas+ to ,god1 n :5 we ask p>don = "s transgressions1 b :5 we purify ! body1 aft] hav+ fir/ purifi$ ! m9d by righte\sness1 7 7 1 1 ' ' 1 1 4 ,we might "h be l$ to ! supposition t ! words = ! remission ( s9s1 1 z 9 ,acts ii4 #ch1 & o!r passages1 0 commonly us$ 9 relation to ,*ri/ian baptism1 & 0 !nce transf]r$ unhi/orically to t ( ,john2 b z 9 ! passages quot$ f ,ezekiel ! wa%+ typifi$ n only re=mation b =giv5ess1 ! probabilities are 9 fav\r ( ! evangelical /atem5t4 ,moreov]1 x is possible to reconcile ,josephus & ! ,evangeli/s1 by und]/&+ ! words ( ! =m] to mean t ! baptism ( ,john 0 int5d$ to effect a purification1 n f p>ticul> or m]ely ,levitical transgressions1 b ( ! entire man1 n imm$iately & my/]i\sly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( wat]1 b by means ( ! moral acts ( re=mation4 #eda ,! sev]al acc\nts conc]n+ ,john are f>!r at v>iance1 z to ! relation 9 :i* !y place 8 baptism to ! k+dom ( heav51 4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! concise purport ( ! appeal ) :i* he accompani$ 8 baptism 01 ,rep5t1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&1 ' 7iii4 #b72 accord+ to ,luke1 ! ,bapti/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance m5tions only rep5tance & remission ( s9s1 b no k+dom ( heav52 & x is ! conjecture ( ! p1 t he might be ! ,messiah1 by :i* he is fir/ l$ to direct !m to "o :o 0 com+ aft] him 7iii4 #ae ff474 ,9 ,josephus1 !re is no trace ( a relation betwe5 ! m9i/ry ( ,john & ! ,messianic idea4 ,yet we mu/ n !re=e conclude t ! ,bapti/ himself recogniz$ no su* relation1 & t its only s\rce 0 ! ,*ri/ian leg5d4 ,= ! baptism ( ,john1 waiv+ ! op9ion t x 0 d]iv$ f ! baptism ( proselytes1 is n q explicable )\t a ref]5ce to ! above-m5tion$ expiatory lu/rations ( ! p--lu/rations :i* 7 to u%] 9 ! times ( ! ,messiah2 moreov]1 ! appe>ance ( ,jesus is made m compreh5sible by ! supposition1 t ,john _h introduc$ ! idea ( ! proximity ( ! ,messiah's k+dom4 ,t ,josephus %\ld keep back ! ,messianic aspect ( ! fact1 is 9 accordance ) 8 g5]al practice1 :i* is expla9$ by ! position ( 8 p ) respect to ! ,romans4 ,besides1 9 ! expression1 to assemble = baptism1 1 9 8 m5tion ( popul> assemblages1 1 & 9 ! fe> ( ,antipas le/ ,john %\ld excite a revolt1 !re lies an intimation ( precisely su* a religi\s & political movem5t z ! hope ( ! ,messiah 0 calculat$ to produce4 ,t ! ,bapti/ %\ld s di/9ctly =etell ! imm$iate appe>ance ( ! ,messiah's k+dom mu/ create surprise1 & 7,luke's ref]5ce to a div9e call & revelation be+ held unsatisfactory7 might lead to ! supposition t ! ,*ri/ian n>rator1 believ+ t ! true ,messiah 0 actually manife/$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus1 ! cotempor>y ( ,john1 gave to ! language ( ! latt] a def9it5ess :i* did n belong to x orig9ally2 & :ile ! ,bapti/ m]ely said1 consonantly ) ! ,jewi% notion already m5tion$3 ,rep5t1 t ! k+dom ( heav5 may come1 1 4 4 41 a lat] edition ( 8 words gave 7=7 in/ead ( 7t74 ,b su* a supposition is ne$less4 ,9 ^? times ( commotion1 ,john might easily believe t he disc]n$ signs1 :i* c]tifi$ to him ! proximity ( ! ,messiah's k+dom2 ! exact degree ( its proximity he left undecid$4 ,accord+ to ! ,evangeli/s1 ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( heav51 1 0 associat$ by ,john ) a ,messianic individual to :om he ascrib$1 9 di/9ction f 8 own baptism ) wat]1 a baptism ) ! ,holy ,gho/ & ) fire1 7,matt4 iii4 #aa p>all471 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s be+ reg>d$ z a lead+ feature ( ! ,messianic times 7,joel ii4 #bh2 ,acts ii4 #af ff474 ,( ?is p]sonage he f>!r pr$ict$1 9 imag]y ak9 to t us$ by ! prophets on ! same subject1 t he w\ld w9n[ ! p z :eat 7,mal4 iii4 #b1 #c2 ,ze*4 xiii4 #i74 ,! ,synoptical ,gospels /ate ! case z if ,john expressly und]/ood ?is ,messianic individual to be ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,accord+ to ,luke1 inde$1 ! mo!rs ( ^! two m5 7 c\s9s1 & aw>e ( ! de/9ation ( _! sons4 ,! ,bapti/ :ile yet unborn ackn[l$g$ ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 & all ! circum/ances imply t bo? 7 e>ly acqua9t$ ) _! relative position1 pr$et]m9$ by a heav5ly communication4 ,mat!w1 x is true1 says no?+ ( su* a family connexion betwe5 ,john & ,jesus2 b :5 ! latt] pres5ts himself = baptism1 he puts into ! m\? ( ,john words :i* seem to presuppose an e>li] acqua9tance4 ,8 expression ( a/oni%m5t t ,jesus %\ld come to him = baptism1 :5 he _h ne$ to be baptiz$ ( ,jesus1 c\ld only arise f a previ\s k or in/antane\s revelation ( 8 "*4 ,( ! latt] !re is no intimation2 = ! fir/ visible sign ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus did n occur till aft]w>ds4 ,:ile 9 ! fir/ & ?ird ,gospels 79 ! second1 ! facts are s epitomiz$ t ! writ]'s view on ! subject is n evid5t71 ,john & ,jesus seem to h be5 no /rang]s to ea* o!r prior to ! baptism2 9 ! f\r?1 ! ,bapti/ po9t$ly ass]ts t he knew n ,jesus be=e ! heav5ly appe>ance1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,synoptical ,gospels1 0 co9cid5t ) 8 baptism 7i4 #ca1 #cc74 ,simply consid]$1 ?is looks l a contradiction4 ,by ,luke1 ! previ\s acqua9tance ( ! two is /at$ objectively1 z an ext]nal matt] ( fact2 by ,mat!w1 x is betray$ 9 ! involunt>y confession ( ! a/oni%$ ,bapti/2 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 on ! contr>y1 _! previ\s unacqua9tance is atte/$ subjectively1 by 8 prem$itat$ ass]tion4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 a v f>-fet*$ idea ( ! ,wolf5bttel fragm5ti/1 to put d[n ! contradiction to ! acc\nt ( ,john & ,jesus1 & to presume t !y _h 9 fact long kn[n & consult$ ea* o!r1 b t 9 public 79 ord] bett] to play into "o ano!r's h&s7 !y demean$ !mselves z if !y _h hi!rto be5 mutual /rang]s1 & ea* deliv]$ an unbiass$ te/imony to ! o!r's excell5ce4 #edb ,t su* prem$itat$ dissimulation might n be imput$ to ,john1 & indirectly to ,jesus1 x has be5 s\ght to disprove ! exi/5ce ( ! contradiction 9 "q exegetically4 ,:at ,john le>n$ f ! heav5ly sign 0 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus2 to ?is !re=e1 & n to 8 p]son1 ref] ! words1 ,i knew him n1 4 #edc ,b x may be que/ion$ :e!r su* an acqua9tance z ,john mu/ h _h ) ,jesus1 presuppos+ ! n>rative ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 0 sep>able f a k ( 8 ,messiah%ip4 ,! connection & int]c\rse ( ! two families1 z describ$ by ,luke1 w\ld r5d] x impossible = ,john n to be e>ly in=m$ h[ solemnly ,jesus _h be5 ann\nc$ z ! ,messiah1 be=e & at 8 bir?2 he c\ld n !re=e say at a lat] p]iod t1 prior to ! sign f heav51 he _h n kn[n1 b only t he _h n believ$1 ! /ory ( =m] wond]s1 "o ( :i* relates to himself4 #edd ,x be+ ?us unavoidable to ackn[l$ge t by ! above decl>ation 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! ,bapti/ is exclud$1 n only f a k ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 b also f a p]sonal acqua9tance ) him2 x has be5 attempt$ to reconcile ! fir/ *apt] ( ,luke ) ?is ignorance1 by appeal+ to ! di/ance ( resid5ce betwe5 ! two families1 z a prev5tive to ! cont9uance ( _! int]c\rse4 #ede ,b if ! j\rney f ,naz>e? to ! hill c\ntry ( ,judea 0 n too =midable = ! betro!d ,m>y1 h[ c\ld x be s = ! two sons :5 rip5+ to maturity8 ,:at culpable indiff]5ce is h]eby suppos$ 9 bo? families to ! heav5ly communications !y _h receiv$6 nay1 :at c\ld be ! object ( ^? communications1 if !y _h no influ5ce on ! e>ly life & int]c\rse ( ! two sons8 #edf ,let x be grant$ t ! f\r? ,gospel excludes an acqua9tance ) ! ,messiah%ip only ( ,jesus1 & t ! ?ird presupposes an acqua9tance ) 8 p]son only1 on ! "p ( ,john2 /ill ! contradiction is n remov$4 ,= 9 ,mat!w1 ,john1 :5 requir$ to baptize ,jesus1 addresses him z if he knew him1 n g5]ally & p]sonally alone1 b specially1 9 8 "* ( ,messiah4 ,x is true t ! words3 ,i h ne$ to be baptiz$ ( !e1 & come/ ?\ to me8 7iii4 #ad71 h be5 int]pret$1 9 ! true _s ( h>moniz+1 z ref]r+ to ! g5]al sup]ior excell5ce ( ,jesus1 & n to 8 ,messiah%ip4 #edg ,b ! "r to und]take ! baptism :i* 0 to prep>e ! way = ! ,messiah's k+dom1 0 n to be obta9$ by moral sup]iority 9 g5]al1 b 0 conf]r$ by a special call1 su* z ,john himself _h receiv$1 & su* z c\ld belong only to a prophet1 or to ! ,messiah & 8 ,=]unn] 7,john i4 #ai ff474 ,if !n ,john attribut$ to ,jesus au?ority to baptize1 he mu/ h reg>d$ him n m]ely z an excell5t man1 b z indubitably a prophet1 nay1 s9ce he held him wor?y to baptize himself1 z 8 own sup]ior3 t is1 s9ce ,john conceiv$ himself to be ! ,messiah's ,=]unn]1 no o!r ?an ! ,messiah himself4 ,add to ?is1 t ,mat!w _h j cit$ a disc\rse ( ! ,bapti/1 9 :i* he ascribes to ! com+ ,messiah a baptism m p[]ful ?an 8 own2 h[ !n c we und]/& 8 subsequ5t language t[>ds ,jesus o!rwise ?an ?us3 8,( :at use is my wat] baptism to !e1 ,o ,messiah8 ,f> m d ,i ne$ ?y baptism ( ! ,_s60 #edh ,! contradiction _c be cle>$ away2 we mu/ !re=e1 if we w\ld n lay ! bur!n ( int5tional deception on ! ag5ts1 let ! n>rators be> ! blame2 & !re w be ! less h9drance to our do+ s1 ! m obvi\s x is h[ "o or bo? ( !m might be l$ into an errone\s /atem5t4 ,!re is 9 ! pres5t case no ob/acle to ! reconciliation ( ,mat!w ) ! f\r? evangeli/1 f>!r ?an ! words by :i* ! ,bapti/ seeks to det] ,jesus f receiv+ baptism2 words :i*1 if utt]$ be=e ! occurr5ce ( any?+ sup]natural1 presuppose a k ( ,jesus 9 8 "* ( ,messiah4 ,n[ ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 accord+ to ,epiphanius1 places ! entreaty ( ,john t ,jesus w\ld baptize him1 z a sequel to ! sign f heav52 #edi & ?is acc\nt has be5 rec5tly reg>d$ z ! orig9al "o1 abridg$ by ! writ] ( our fir/ ,gospel1 :o1 = ! sake ( effect1 made ! refusal & confession ( ! ,bapti/ co9cid5t ) ! fir/ approa* ( ,jesus4 #eej ,b t we h n 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews ! orig9al =m ( ! n>rative1 is suffici5tly prov$ by its v t$i\s repetition ( ! heav5ly voice & ! diffuse /yle ( ! :ole4 ,x is r a v traditional record1 & ! ins]tion ( ,john's refusal aft] ! sign & voice f heav51 0 n made ) ! view ( avoid+ a contradiction ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* _c be suppos$ to h be5 recogniz$ 9 ! circle ( ! ,ebionite ,*ri/ians1 b f ! v motive errone\sly attribut$ to ,mat!w 9 8 alleg$ transposition1 namely1 to give great] effect to ! sc5e4 ,a simple refusal on ! "p ( ! ,bapti/ appe>$ too weak2 he mu/ at lea/ fall at ! feet ( ,jesus2 & a m suitable occasion c\ld n be giv5 ?an t ( ! sign f heav51 :i* accord+ly mu/ be plac$ be=eh&4 ,?is ,hebrew ,gospel1 !re=e1 w n help u to und]/& h[ ,mat!w 0 l$ into contradiction ) ,john2 /ill less w x avail = ! explanation ( ,luke's n>rative4 ,all is naturally expla9$ by ! consid]ation1 t ! important relation betwe5 ,john & ,jesus mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z exi/+ at all times1 by reason ( t ascription ( pre-exi/5ce to ! ess5tial :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( ! popul> m9d4 ,j z ! s\l1 :5 consid]$ z an ess5ce1 is conceiv$ m or less cle>ly z pre-exi/5t2 s 9 ! popul> m9d1 e relation pregnant ) consequ5ces is end[$ ) pre-exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! ,bapti/1 :o ev5tually held s significant a relation to ,jesus1 mu/ h kn[n him f ! fir/1 z is indi/9ctly intimat$ by ,mat!w1 & m m9utely detail$ by ,luke2 accord+ to :om1 _! mo!rs knew ea* o!r1 & ! sons !mselves 7 br\ght toge!r :ile yet unborn4 ,all ?is is want+ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! writ] ( :i* attributes an opposite ass]tion to ,john1 simply because 9 8 m9d an opposite int]e/ prepond]at$2 = ! less ,jesus 0 kn[n to ,john by :om he 0 aft]w>ds s extoll$1 ! m weight 0 ?r[n on ! miracul\s sc5e :i* arre/$ ! reg>ds ( ! ,bapti/--! m cle>ly 0 8 :ole position ) respect to ,jesus demon/rat$ to be ! effect1 n ( ! natural ord] ( ev5ts1 b ( ! imm$iate ag5cy ( ,god4 #df4 ,,0 ,,jesus ,,ackn[l$g$ ,,by ,,john ,,z ,,! ,,messiah8 ,,& ,,9 ,,:at ,,s5se8 ,to ! =ego+ "q :e!r ,jesus 0 kn[n to ,john be=e ! baptism1 is atta*$ ano!r1 namely1 ,:at did ,john ?9k ( ,jesus & 8 ,messiah%ip8 ,! evangelical n>ratives are unanim\s 9 /at+1 t be=e ,jesus _h pres5t$ himself = baptism1 ,john _h ann\nc$ ! imm$iate com+ ( ,"o to :om he /ood 9 a subord9ate relation2 & ! sc5e at ! baptism ( ,jesus m>k$ him1 beyond mi/ake1 z ! p]sonage ( :om ,john 0 ! =]unn]4 ,accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke1 we mu/ presume t ! ,bapti/ gave cr$5ce to ?is sign2 accord+ to ! f\r? ,gospel1 he expressly atte/$ 8 belief 7i4 #cd71 & moreov] utt]$ words :i* ev9ce ! deepe/ insight into ! high] nature & (fice ( ,jesus 7i4 #bi ff4 #cf2 iii4 #bg ff472 accord+ to ! fir/ ,gospel1 he 0 already conv9c$ ( ^! be=e ! baptism ( ,jesus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mat!w 7xi4 #b ff47 & ,luke 7vii4 #ah ff47 tell u t at a lat] p]iod1 ! ,bapti/1 on he>+ ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 despat*$ "s ( 8 disciples to him ) ! inquiry1 :e!r he 7,jesus7 0 ! promis$ ,messiah1 or :e!r ano!r mu/ be expect$4 ,! fir/ impression f ?is is1 t ! "q d5ot$ an unc]ta9ty on ! "p ( ! ,bapti/ :e!r ,jesus 7 really ! ,messiah2 & s x 0 e>ly und]/ood4 #eea ,b su* a d\bt is 9 direct contradiction ) all ! o!r circum/ances report$ by ! ,evangeli/s4 ,x is ju/ly reg>d$ z psy*ologically impossible t he ^: belief 0 orig9at$ or confirm$ by ! baptismal sign1 :i* he held to be a div9e revelation1 & :o aft]w>ds pron\nc$ s decid$ly on ! ,messianic call & ! sup]ior nature ( ,jesus1 %\ld all at once h become un/eady 9 8 conviction2 he mu/ !n inde$ h be5 l a re$ %ak5 by ! w9d1 a comp>ison :i* ,jesus abnegates on ?is v occasion 7,matt4 xi4 #g74 ,a cause = su* vacillation is 9 va9 s\ght 9 ! conduct or =tunes ( ,jesus at ! "t2 = ! rum\r ( ! works ( ,*ri/1 1 :i* 9 ,luke's idea 7 miracles1 c\ld n awak5 d\bt 9 ! ,bapti/1 & x 0 on ?is rum\r t he s5t 8 message4 ,la/ly1 h[ c\ld ,jesus subsequ5tly 7,john v4 #cc ff47 s confid5tly appeal to ! te/imony ( ! ,bapti/ conc]n+ him1 :5 x 0 kn[n t ,john himself 0 at la/ p]plex$ ab\t 8 ,messiah%ip8 #eeb ,h5ce x has be5 attempt$ to give a diff]5t turn to ! facts1 & to %[ t ,john's inquiry 0 n made on 8 own acc\nt1 b = ! sake ( 8 disciples1 to ov]come 9 !m ! d\bt ) :i* he 0 himself unta9t$4 #eec ,h]eby x is true1 ! above-nam$ difficulties are remov$2 9 p>ticul> x is expla9$ :y ! ,bapti/ %\ld contrive to s5d ?is message precisely on he>+ ( ! miracles ( ,jesus2 he pla9ly hop+ t 8 disciples1 :o _h n believ$ 8 te/imony to ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 w\ld be conv9c$ ( its tru? by behold+ ! m>vell\s works ( ! latt]4 ,b h[ c\ld ,john hope t 8 envoys w\ld *ance to f9d ,jesus 9 ! act ( work+ miracles8 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 inde$1 !y did n s f9d him1 & ,jesus appeals 7v4 #d7 only to 8 =m] works1 _m ( :i* !y _h se51 & ( :i* !y might he> :]ev] he _h pres5t$ himself4 ,luke alone1 9 giv+ 8 evid5tly second-h& n>rative1 #eed miscon/rues ! words ( ,jesus to require t ! disciples ( ,john %\ld h f\nd him 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 sup]natural p[]4 ,fur!r1 if x _h be5 ! object ( ! ,bapti/ to p]suade 8 disciples by a sight ( ! works ( ,jesus1 he w\ld n h *>g$ !m ) a "q :i* c\ld be answ]$ by ! m]e words1 ! au!ntic decl>ation ( ,jesus4 ,= he c\ld n hope by ! ass]tion ( ! p]son ^: ,messiah%ip 0 ! v po9t 9 debate1 to conv9ce ! disciples :om 8 own decl>ation1 9 o!r cases au?oritative1 _h fail$ to satisfy4 ,on ! :ole1 x w\ld h be5 a s+ul> c\rse 9 ! ,bapti/ to l5d 8 own words to ! d\bts ( o!rs1 & !reby1 z ,s*lei]ma*] well obs]ves1 to compromise 8 e>ly & repeat$ te/imony 9 fav\r ( ,jesus4 ,x is cle> t ,jesus und]/ood ! "q propos$ to him by ! mess5g]s z proce$+ f ,john himself2 7 1 ,matt4 xi4 #d27 & he indirectly compla9$ ( ! want ( fai? 9 ! latt] by pron\nc+ ^? bless$ :o 7 n (f5d$ 9 him 7v]4 #f74 #eee ,if !n x mu/ be grant$ t ,john made 8 inquiry on 8 own behalf1 & n on t ( 8 disciples1 & if nev]!less we _c impute to him a sudd5 lapse into d\bt aft] 8 previ\s confid5ce2 no?+ rema9s b to take ! positive in/ead ( ! negative side ( ! "q1 & to consid] its scepticism z ! m]e g>b ( sub/antial enc\ragem5t4 #eef ,on ?is int]pretation1 ! "t :i* ,jesus all[$ to escape )\t publicly manife/+ himself z ! ,messiah1 seem$ too t$i\s to ,john 9 8 imprisonm5t2 he s5t !re=e to inquire h[ long ,jesus w\ld all[ himself to be wait$ =1 h[ long he w\ld delay w9n+ to himself ! bett] "p ( ! p by a decl>ation ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 & /rik+ a decisive bl[ aga9/ ! enemies ( 8 cause--a bl[ t might ev5 lib]ate ! ,bapti/ f 8 prison4 ,b if ! ,bapti/1 on ! /r5g? ( 8 belief t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 hop$ & su$ = a deliv]ance1 p]haps miracul\s1 by him f prison1 he w\ld n clo! 9 ! language ( d\bt an entreaty :i* sprang out ( 8 fai?4 ,n[ ! inquiry 9 our evangelical text is "o ( unmix$ d\bt1 & enc\ragem5t mu/ be foi/$ 91 be=e x c be f\nd !re4 ,h[ great a viol5ce mu/ be done to ! words is se5 by ! way 9 :i* ,s*lei]ma*] h&les !m 9 accordance ) ?is int]pretation4 ,! dubitative "q1 2 he *anges into ! positive assumption1 ?\ art he :o 0 to come2 ! o!r /ill m emb>rass+ int]rogatory1 2 he completely transfigures ?us3 :]e=e 7see+ t ?\ p]=me/ s great works7 d we yet await !e8--%all n ,john ) all 8 au?ority comm&1 ?r\gh u1 all ^? :o h p>tak5 ( 8 baptism to obey !e z ! ,messiah1 & be att5tive to ?y signs8 ,ev5 if we all[1 ) ,ne&]1 ! possibility ( tru? to ?is int]pretation1 a m]e summons to action w n accord ) ! e>li] repres5tation ( ,jesus giv5 by ! ,bapti/4 ,! two enunciations are at issue z to =m2 = if ,john d\bt$ n ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 nei!r c\ld he d\bt 8 bett] k ( ! fitt+ "t & mann] ( 8 appe>ance3 /ill f>!r are !y at issue z to matt]2 = ! ,bapti/ c\ld n take (f5ce at :at is t]m$ ! delay ( ,jesus 9 manife/+ himself z ! ,messiah1 or wi% to animate him to bold] conduct1 if he reta9$ 8 e>ly view ( ! de/9ation ( ,jesus4 ,if he /ill1 z =m]ly1 conceiv$ ,jesus to be ! ,lamb ( ,god t take? away ! s9s ( ! _w1 1 1 no ?\ght c\ld occur to him ( a bl[ to be /ruck by ,jesus aga9/ 8 enemies1 or 9 g5]al1 ( a viol5t proc$ure to be cr[n$ by ext]nal conque/2 r1 ! quiet pa? :i* ,jesus trod mu/ appe> to him ! "r "o--! pa? befitt+ ! de/9ation ( ! ,lamb ( ,god4 ,?us if ! "q ( ,john convey$ a m]e summons to action1 x contradict$ 8 previ\s views4 ,^! exp$i5ts fail+1 ! orig9al explanation returns ^u u2 namely1 t ! inquiry 0 an expression ( unc]ta9ty respect+ ! messianic dignity ( ,jesus1 :i* _h aris5 9 ! ,bapti/'s own m9d2 an explanation :i* ev5 ,ne&] all[s to be ! mo/ natural4 ,?is writ] seeks to acc\nt = ! transi5t apo/acy ( ! ,bapti/ f ! /rong fai? 9 :i* he gave 8 e>li] te/imony1 by ! supposition t a d>k h\r ( d\bt _h ov]tak5 ! man ( ,god 9 8 dismal prison2 & he cites in/ances ( m5 :o1 p]secut$ = _! ,*ri/ian fai? or o!r convictions1 aft] hav+ long borne witness to ! tru? 9 ! face ( dea?1 at l5g? yield$ to human weakness & recant$4 ,b on a clos] exam9ation1 he has giv5 a false analogy4 ,p]secut$ ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5turies1 &1 lat]1 a ,b]5g>ius or a ,galileo1 7 false to ! convictions = :i* !y 7 imprison$1 & by abjur+ :i* !y hop$ to save !mselves3 ! ,bapti/1 to be comp>$ ) !m1 %\ld h retract$ 8 c5sure ( ,h]od1 & n h %ak5 8 te/imony 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/1 :i* _h no relation to 8 imprisonm5t4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is evid5t "h t ^! d\bts _c h be5 prec$$ by a /ate ( c]ta9ty4 ,we come aga9 to ! difficulty aris+ f ! /atem5t ( ,mat!w t ,john s5t 8 two disciples on he>+ ( ! works ( ,*ri/1 1 or z ,luke has x1 because 8 disciples %[$ him ( all ^! ?+s1 4 ,! latt] evangeli/ has n>rat$1 imm$iately be=e1 ! rais+ ( ! wid['s son1 & ! heal+ ( ! c5turion's s]vant4 ,c\ld ,john1 !n1 believe ,jesus to be ! ,messiah be=e he _h p]=m$ any messianic works1 & be seiz$ ) d\bt :5 he began to legitimatize 8 claim by miracles su* z 7 expect$ f ! ,messiah #eeg8 ,?is is s oppos$ to all psy*ological probability1 t ,i wond] ,dr4 ,paulus1 or "s o!r expositor v]s$ 9 psy*ology & n timid 9 v]bal criticism1 has n />t$ ! conjecture t a negative has slipp$ out ( ,matt4 xi4 #b1 & t its prop] read+ is1 1 444 ,x might !n be conceiv$1 t ,john _h inde$ be5 conv9c$1 at a =m] p]iod1 ( ! ,messiah%ip o ,jesus2 n[1 h[ev]1 9 8 imprisonm5t1 ! works ( ,jesus came no long] to 8 e>s1 & imag9+ him inactive1 he 0 assail$ ) d\bt4 ,b _h ,john be5 previ\sly satisfi$ ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 ! m]e want ( acqua9tance ) 8 miracles c\ld n h unh+$ 8 fai?4 ,! actual cause ( ,john's d\bt1 h[ev]1 0 ! report ( ^! miracles2--a /ate ( ! case :i* is irreconcilable ) any previ\s confid5ce4 ,b h[ c\ld he become unc]ta9 ab\t ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 if he _h nev] recognis$ x8 ,n inde$ 9 ! s5se ( beg9n+ to suspect t ,jesus 0 n ! ,messiah2 b q possibly 9 ! s5se ( beg9n+ to conjecture t a man ( su* de$s 0 ! ,messiah4 ,we h "h1 n a decay+1 b a gr[+ c]ta9ty1 & ?is discrim9ation ?r[s light on ! :ole purport ( ! passages 9 "q4 ,john knew no?+ ( ,jesus be=e1 b t he _h1 l _m o!rs1 p>tak5 ( 8 baptism1 & p]haps frequ5t$ ! circle ( 8 disciples2 & n until aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/ did ,jesus appe> z a tea*]1 & work] ( miracles4 ,( ?is ,john he>d1 & !n arose 9 8 m9d a conjecture1 fraught ) hope1 t z he _h ann\nc$ ! proximity ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 ?is ,jesus might be he :o w\ld v]ify 8 idea4 #eeh ,s int]pret$1 ?is message ( ! ,bapti/ excludes 8 previ\s te/imony2 if he _h s spok5 =m]ly1 he c\ld n h s inquir$ latt]ly1 & vice v]s4 ,x is our task1 !re=e1 to comp>e ! two contradictory /atem5ts1 t we may asc]ta9 :i* has m traces ?an ! o!r1 ( tru? or untru?4 ,! mo/ def9ite expressions ( ,john's conviction t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah are f\nd 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 & ^! sugge/ two di/9ct que/ions3 fir/1 :e!r x be conceivable t ,john _h su* a notion ( ! ,messiah z is !re9 conta9$2 &1 secondly1 :e!r x be probable t he believ$ x realiz$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 ! f\r? ,gospel makes ! ,bapti/'s idea ( ! ,messiah include ! *>act]i/ics ( expiatory suff]+1 & ( a premundane1 heav5ly exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 attempt$1 inde$1 s to int]pret ! expressions ) :i* he directs 8 disciples to ,jesus1 z to efface ! notion ( expiatory suff]+4 ,jesus1 we are told1 is comp>$ to a lamb on acc\nt ( 8 meekness & pati5ce2 1 is to be und]/ood ei!r ( a pati5t endurance ( ! _w's malice1 or ( an endeav\r to remove ! s9s ( ! _w by re=m+ x2 & ! s5se ( ! ,bapti/'s words is ?is3 8,h[ mov+ is x t ?is meek & g5tle ,jesus %\ld h und]tak5 s difficult & pa9ful an (fice #eei60 ,b ! be/ critics h %[n t ev5 if by itself might be> ?is int]pretation1 /ill 1 n m]ely ) ! article b ) ! addition 1 mu/ signify1 n a lamb 9 g5]al1 b a special1 holy ,lamb2 & if1 z is mo/ probable1 ?is designation has ref]5ce to ,isa4 liii4 #g41 c only be exp\nd$ by :at is !re pr$icat$ ( ! lamb-l s]vant ( ,god1 t he 1 7,v4 #d1 ,,lxx471 words :i* mu/ signify vic>i\s suff]+4 #efj ,n[ t ! ,bapti/ %\ld h ref]r$ ! above prophetic passage to ! ,messiah1 & h5ce h ?\ght ( him z suff]+1 has be5 rec5tly held m ?an d\btful4 #efa ,= s =eign to ! curr5t op9ion1 at lea/1 0 ?is notion ( ! ,messiah1 t ! disciples ( ,jesus1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( _! int]c\rse ) him1 c\ld n reconcile !mselves to x2 & :5 8 dea? _h actually result$1 _! tru/ 9 him z ! ,messiah 0 utt]ly conf\nd$ 7,luke xxiv4 #bj ff474 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ! ,bapti/1 :o1 accord+ to ! solemn decl>ation ( ,jesus1 ,matt4 xi4 #aa1 confirm$ by ! allusions 9 ! ,gospels to 8 /rict ascetic life1 rank$ bel[ ! lea/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav51 to :i* ! apo/les already belong$--h[ c\ld ?is ali5 disc]n1 long be=e ! suff]+s ( ,jesus1 t !y p]ta9$ to ! "* ( ! ,messiah1 :5 ! d5iz5s 7 only taught ! same lesson by ! issue8 ,or1 if ! ,bapti/ really _h su* insight1 & communicat$ x to 8 disciples1 :y did x n1 by means ( ^? :o left 8 circle = t ( ,jesus1 w9 an entrance into ! latt]--nay1 :y did x n1 by means ( ! great cr$it :i* ,john enjoy$1 mitigate ! (f5ce caus$ by ! dea? ( ,jesus1 9 ! public at l>ge #efb8 ,add to ?is1 t 9 none ( our acc\nts ( ! ,bapti/1 ) ! exception ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 d we f9d t he ent]ta9$ su* views ( ! ,messiah's "*2 =1 n to m5tion ,josephus1 ! ,synoptical ,gospels conf9e 8 repres5tation ( ! ,messianic (fice to ! spiritual baptism & w9n[+ ( ! p4 ,/ill x rema9s possible t a p5etrat+ m9d1 l t ( ! ,bapti/1 might1 ev5 be=e ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ga!r f ,old ,te/am5t phrases & types ! notion ( a suff]+ ,messiah1 & t 8 obscure h9ts on ! subject might n be compreh5d$ by 8 disciples & cotempor>ies4 ,?us ! above consid]ations are n decisive1 & we !re=e turn to ! expressions conc]n+ ! premundane exi/5ce & heav5ly orig9 ( ! ,messiah1 ) ! "q3 ,c\ld ! ,bapti/ h really held su* t5ets8 ,t f ! words1 ,john i4 #ae1 #bg1 #cj3 ,he t come? aft] me is pref]r$ be=e me2 = he 0 be=e me1 1 1 no?+ b dogmatical ob/9acy c bani% ! notion ( pre-exi/5ce1 is se5 by a m]e glance at su* expositions z ?is ( ,paulus3 8,he :o 9 ! c\rse ( "t comes aft] me2 has s appe>$ 9 my eyes1 1 t he 7--1 premiss--conclusion67 des]ves r f 8 rank & "* to be call$ ! fir/40 #efc ,) prepond]at+ argum5ts m unprejudic$ comm5tators h ma9ta9$1 t ! reason "h giv5 :y ,jesus1 :o appe>$ aft] ! ,bapti/ 9 po9t ( "t1 _h ! prec$5ce ( him 9 dignity1 is ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! =m]4 #efd ,we h "h obvi\sly ! fav\rite dogma ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 ! et]nal pre-exi/5ce ( ! 1 pres5t inde$ to ! m9d ( t writ]1 :o _h j be5 indit+ 8 proem1 b t x 0 also pres5t to ! m9d ( ! ,bapti/ is ano!r "q4 ,! mo/ rec5t expositor all[s t ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,evangeli/ int5ds 1 mu/ h be5 v remote f ! ,bapti/'s po9t ( view1 at lea/ s f> z ! is conc]n$4 ,! ,bapti/1 he ?9ks1 held ! popul> ,jewi% notion ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah1 z ! subject ( ! ,old ,te/am5t !ophanies4 #efe ,!re are traces ( ?is ,jewi% notion 9 ! writ+s ( ,paul 7e4g4 #a ,cor4 x4 #d4 ,col4 i4 #ae f47 & ! rabb9s #eff2 & all[+ t x 0 ( ,alex&rian orig91 z ,brets*neid] argues1 #efg we may yet ask :e!r ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/1 ! ,alex&rian-judaic !ology may n h modifi$ ! op9ions ( ! "m c\ntry8 #efh ,ev5 ^! expressions !n1 tak5 alone1 are n conclusive1 al?\gh x beg9s to appe> suspici\s t ! ,bapti/1 o!rwise conspicu\s = exhibit+ ! practical side ( ! idea ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 %\ld h ascrib$ to him by ! f\r? ,evangeli/ solely1 two notions :i* at t "t und\bt$ly belong$ only to ! deepe/ messianic speculations2 & t ! =m 9 :i* ^? notions are express$ is too peculi>ly t ( ! writ]1 n to be put to 8 acc\nt4 ,we arrive at a m decisive result by tak+ into exam9ation ! passage ,john iii4 #bg-cf1 :]e ,john replies to ! compla9ts ( 8 disciples at ! rival baptism ( ,jesus1 9 a way t r$uces all comm5tators to p]plexity4 ,aft] %[+ h[ x lay at ! f\ndation ( _! respective de/9ies1 :i* he desir$ n to ov]/ep1 t he mu/ decrease1 :ile ,jesus mu/ increase1 he proce$s 7v]4 #ca7 to use =ms ( expression precisely simil> to ^? 9 :i* ! ,evangeli/ makes ,jesus speak ( himself1 & 9 :i* he deliv]s 8 own ?\ghts conc]n+ ,jesus4 ,our mo/ rec5t comm5tator #efi all[s t ?is disc\rse ( ,john seems ! e*o ( ! =ego+ conv]sation betwe5 ,jesus & ,nicodemus4 #egj ,! expressions 9 ! spee* l5t to ! ,bapti/ are peculi>ly ^? ( ! apo/le ,john2 = in/ance1 7to seal71 7te/imony71 ! anti!sis ( & 7f above & ( ! e>?71 ! phrase 7to h et]nal life72 & ! "q pres5ts itself3 ,is x m probable t ! ,evangeli/1 z well z ,jesus1 9 ^: m\? ^! expressions are s (t5 put1 borr[$ !m f ! ,bapti/1 or t ! ,evangeli/ l5t !m 7,i w only at pres5t say7 to ! latt]8 ,?is mu/ be decid$ by ! fact t ! ideas1 to :i* ! ,bapti/ "h gives utt]ance1 lie entirely )9 ! doma9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & belong specially to ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,take = example t anti!sis ( 7f above71 & 7( ! e>?71 ! designation ( ,jesus z 7he t come? f above71 z 7he :om ,god ha? s5t71 :o consequ5tly 7speake? ! words ( ,god71 ! relation ( ,jesus to ,god z ! 7son71 :om 7! ,fa!r love?73--:at c be *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ! ,apo/le ,john's mode ( pres5t+ x1 if ^! ideas are n s8 & c\ld !y belong to ! ,bapti/8 ,*ri/ianismus ante ,*ri/um6 ,& !n1 z ,ol%aus5 well obs]ves1 #ega is x consi/5t = ,john1 :o1 ev5 on ! f\r? ,evangeli/'s own %[+1 rema9$ sep>ate f ,jesus1 to speak ( ! bless$ness ( a believ+ union ) him8 7v4 #cc & #cf74 ,?us mu* !n is c]ta91 & has be5 ackn[l$g$ by ! majority ( mod]n comm5tators3 ! words v4 #ca-cf _c h be5 spok5 by ! ,bapti/4 ,h5ce !ologians h conclud$1 t ! ,evangeli/ _c h int5d$ to ascribe !m to him1 b f v4 #ca speaks 9 8 own p]son4 #egb ,?is s\nds plausible1 if !y c only po9t out any m>k ( division betwe5 ! disc\rse ( ! ,bapti/ & ! add5da ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,b none su* is to be f\nd4 ,x is true t ! speak] f v4 #ca uses ! ?ird p]son1 & n ! fir/ z 9 v4 #cj1 :5 ref]r+ to ! ,bapti/3 b 9 ! =m] passage ! ,bapti/ is no long] allud$ to directly & individually1 b z "o ( a class1 9 :i* case he mu/1 ?\gh himself ! speak]1 *oose ! ?ird p]son4 ,?us !re is no def9itive b\nd>y1 & ! spee* glides imp]ceptibly f ^? passages :i* might h be5 utt]$ by ! ,bapti/1 into ^? :i* are altoge!r incongru\s ) 8 position2 moreov] f v4 #cj ,jesus is spok5 ( 9 ! pres5t t5se1 z ! ,evangeli/ might repres5t ! ,bapti/ to speak dur+ ! lifetime ( ,jesus1 b c\ld n 9 8 own p]son h writt5 aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,9 o!r passages1 :5 pres5t+ 8 own reflections conc]n+ ,jesus1 he uses ! pret]ite4 #egc ,?us1 grammatically1 ! ,bapti/ cont9ues to speak f v4 #ca1 & yet1 hi/orically1 x is impossible t he %\ld h utt]$ ! sequel2 a contradiction n to be solv$1 if x be add$ t1 dogmatically1 ! ,evangeli/ _c h ascrib$ to ! ,bapti/ words :i* he nev] really pron\nc$4 ,n[ if we d n *oose to defy ! cle> rules ( gramm>1 & ! sure data ( hi/ory1 = ! sake ( ! vision>y dogma ( inspiration1 we %all r conclude f ! giv5 premises1 ) ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 t ! ,evangeli/ falsely ascribes ! language 9 "q to ! ,bapti/1 putt+ into 8 m\? a ,*ri/ology ( 8 own1 ( :i* ! latt] c\ld "k no?+4 ,?is is no m ?an ,lcke #egd confesses1 ?\gh n q s frankly1 :5 he says t ! reflections ( ! ,evangeli/ are "h m ?an equally mix$ ) ! disc\rse ( ! ,bapti/1 9 su* a way z to be undi/+ui%able4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! reflections ( ! ,evangeli/ are easily to be recogniz$2 b ( ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! ,bapti/ !re is no trace1 unless !y are s\ght = ) a good w :i* am\nts to prejudice1 & to :i* !re=e we make no pret5sion4 ,if !n we h a pro( 9 ! passages j consid]$1 t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ did n hesitate to l5d to ! ,bapti/ messianic & o!r ideas :i* 7 nev] 82 we may h5ce conclude retrospectively conc]n+ ! passages on :i* we =m]ly susp5d$ our decision1 t ! ideas express$ 9 !m ( a suff]+ & pre-exi/5t ,messiah belong$1 n to ! ,bapti/1 b to ! ,evangeli/4 ,9 giv+ ! above reply to our fir/ "q1 we h1 9 /rictness1 answ]$ ! rema9+ "o2 = if ! ,bapti/ _h no su* messianic ideas1 he c\ld n ref] !m to ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,b to /r5g!n ! evid5ce = ! result already obta9$1 we w make ! second "q ! object ( a special exam9ation4 ,accord+ to ! f\r? ,evangeli/ ! ,bapti/ ascrib$ to ,jesus all ! messianic attributes above discuss$4 ,if he did ?is s en?usia/ically1 publicly1 & repeat$ly1 z we read 9 ,john1 he c\ld n h be5 exclud$ by ,jesus f ! k+dom ( heav5 7,matt4 xi4 #aa71 nor h be5 plac$ bel[ ! lea/ ( its citiz5s4 ,= su* a confession z t ( ! ,bapti/1 :5 he calls ,jesus ! 1 :o 0 be=e him1--su* ref9$ insight into ! messianic economy1 z is %[n by 8 designat+ ,jesus 1 1 ,pet] himself _h n to produce1 ?\gh ,jesus n only receives him into ! k+dom ( heav5 = 8 confession1 ,matt4 xvi4 #af1 b con/itutes him ! rock on :i* t k+dom 0 to be f\nd$4 ,b we h some?+ yet m incompreh5sible4 ,john1 9 ! f\r? gospel1 gives x z ! object ( 8 baptism1 7,jesus z ,messiah7 7i4 #ca71 & ackn[l$ges x to be ! div9e ord9ance1 t by ! side ( ! increas+ ,jesus1 he mu/ decrease 7iii4 #cj72 nev]!less aft] ,jesus _h begun to baptize by ! in/rum5tality ( 8 disciples1 ,john cont9ues to practise 8 baptism 7iii4 #cb74 ,:y s1 if he knew ! object ( 8 baptism to be fulfill$ by ! introduction ( ,jesus1 & if he direct$ 8 foll[]s to him z ! ,messiah8 7i4 #cf f474 #ege ,! cont9uance ( 8 baptism w\ld be to no purpose2 = ,lcke's supposition t ,john's baptism 0 /ill ( effect 9 ^? places :]e ,jesus _h n appe>$1 he himself ov]?r[s by ! obs]vation1 t at lea/ at ! p]iod treat$ ( 9 ,john iii4 #bb ff41 ,jesus & ,john mu/ h be5 baptiz+ ne> to ea* o!r1 s9ce ! disciples ( ,john 7 jeal\s ( ! conc\rse to ! baptism ( ,jesus4 ,b ! cont9uance ( ,john's baptism appe>s ev5 to c\nt]act 8 aim1 if t aim 7 m]ely to po9t out ,jesus z ! ,messiah4 ,he !reby deta9$ a circle ( individuals on ! bord]s ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 & ret>d$ or h9d]$ _! go+ ov] to ,jesus 7& t ?r\gh 8 own fault1 n !irs alone1 #egf = he nullifi$ 8 v]bal direction to ,jesus by 8 contradictory example74 ,accord+ly we f9d ! p>ty ( ,john's disciples /ill exi/+ 9 ! "t ( ! ,apo/le ,paul 7,acts xviii4 #bd f41 xix4 #a ff472 &1 if ! ,sabans are to be cr$it$ conc]n+ _! own hi/ory1 ! sect rema9s to ?is day4 #egg ,c]ta9ly1 presuppos+ ! av]r$ conviction ( ! ,bapti/ relative to ,jesus1 x w\ld seem mo/ natural = him to h atta*$ himself to ! latt]2 ?is1 h[ev]1 did n happ51 & h5ce we conclude t he _c h _h t conviction4 #egh ,b *iefly ! "* & entire demean\r ( ! ,bapti/ r5d] x impossible to believe t he plac$ himself on t foot+ ) ,jesus1 describ$ by ! f\r? evangeli/4 ,h[ c\ld ! man ( ! wild]ness1 ! /]n ascetic1 :o f$ on locu/s & wild honey1 & prescrib$ sev]e fa/s to 8 disciples1 ! gloomy1 ?reat5+ prea*] ( rep5tance1 animat$ ) ! _s ( ,elias--h[ c\ld he =m a fri5d%ip ) ,jesus1 9 e ?+ 8 opposite8 ,he mu/ assur$ly1 ) 8 disciples1 h /umbl$ at ! lib]al mann]s ( ,jesus1 & h be5 h9d]$ by !m f recogniz+ him z ! ,messiah4 ,no?+ is m unb5d+ ?an ascetic prejudice2 he :o1 l ! ,bapti/1 e/eems x piety to fa/ & mortify ! body1 w nev] assign a high grade 9 ?+s div9e to him :o disreg>ds su* asceticism4 ,a m9d ) n>r[ views c nev] compreh5d "o ^: vision takes a wid] range1 al?\gh ! latt] may "k h[ to d ju/ice to its inf]ior2 h5ce ,jesus c\ld value & sanction ,john 9 8 prop] place1 b ! ,bapti/ c\ld nev] give ! prec$5ce to ,jesus1 z he is report$ to h done 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,! decl>ation ( ! ,bapti/ 7,john iii4 #cj71 t he mu/ decrease1 b ,jesus mu/ increase1 is frequ5tly prais$ z an example ( ! noble/ & sublime/ resignation4 #egi ,! beauty ( ?is repres5tation we grant2 b n its tru?4 ,! in/ance w\ld be a solit>y "o1 if a man ^: life _h its influ5ce on ! _w's hi/ory1 _h s readily yield$ ! asc5dant1 9 8 own ra1 to "o :o came to eclipse him & r5d] him sup]flu\s4 ,su* a /ep is n less difficult = individuals ?an = nations1 & t n f any vice1 z egotism or ambition1 s t an exception might be presum$ 7?\gh n )\t prejudice7 9 ! case ( a man l ! ,bapti/2 x is a consequ5ce ( t blameless limitation :i*1 z we h already rem>k$1 is prop] to a l[ po9t ( view 9 relation to a high]1 & :i* is all ! m ob/9ately ma9ta9$ if ! inf]ior individual is1 l ,john1 ( a co>se1 rugg$ nature4 ,only f ! div9e po9t ( view1 or f t ( an hi/orian1 b5t on e/abli%+ religi\s doctr9es1 c\ld su* ?+s be spok51 & ! f\r? ,evangeli/ has 9 fact put into ! m\? ( ! ,bapti/ ! v same ?\ghts conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 him & ,jesus1 t ! compil] ( ! #bnd book ( ,samuel has communicat$1 z 8 own obs]vation1 on ! correspond+ relation betwe5 ,saul & ,david4 #ehj ,compet5t judges h rec5tly ackn[l$g$ t !re exi/s a discrepancy betwe5 ! synoptical gospels & ! f\r?1 ! blame ( :i* mu/ be imput$ to ! latt]3 #eha & ?is op9ion is confirm$ & /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ trans=ms ! ,bapti/ into a totally diff]5t "* f t 9 :i* he appe>s 9 ! ,synoptical gospels & 9 ,josephus2 out ( a practical prea*] he makes a speculative *ri/ologi/2 out ( a h>d & unb5d+1 a yield+ & self-r5unciat+ nature4 ,! /yle 9 :i* ! sc5es betwe5 ,john & ,jesus 7,john i4 #bi ff4 #ce ff47 are depict$1 %[s !m to h orig9at$ p>tly 9 ! free composition ( ! imag9ation1 p>tly 9 a remodell+ ( ! synoptical n>ratives ) a view to ! glorification ( ,jesus4 ,) respect to ! =m]3 ,jesus is walk+1 v4 #ce1 ne> to ,john2 9 v4 #bi he is said to come directly to him2 yet on nei!r occasion is !re any acc\nt ( an int]view betwe5 ! two4 ,c\ld ,jesus really h avoid$ contact ) ! ,bapti/1 t !re might be no appe>ance ( preconc]t$ action8 ,?is is ,lampe's conjecture2 b x is ! product ( mod]n reflections1 =eign to ! "t & circum/ances ( ,jesus4 ,or %all we suppose t ! n>rator1 :e!r =tuit\sly or purposely1 omitt$ kn[n details8 ,b ! meet+s ( ,jesus & ,john mu/ h furni%$ him ) peculi>ly int]e/+ matt]1 s t1 z ,lcke all[s1 #ehb 8 sil5ce is enigmatical4 ,f our po9t ( view ! enigma is solv$4 ,! ,bapti/ _h1 9 ! ,evangeli/'s idea1 po9t$ to ,jesus z ! ,messiah4 ,?is1 und]/ood z a visible po9t+1 requir$ t ,jesus %\ld pass by or approa* ,john2 h5ce ?is feature 0 ins]t$ 9 ! n>rative2 b ! p>ticul>s ( an actual meet+ be+ unnecess>y1 71 ?\gh v awkw>dly1 omitt$4 ,! incid5t ( "s disciples atta*+ !mselves to ,jesus 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,bapti/'s direction1 seems to be a free v]sion ( ! s5d+ ( two disciples by ,john f 8 prison4 ,?us1 z 9 ,mat!w xi4 #b1 & ,luke vii4 #ah1 ,john despat*es two disciples to ,jesus ) ! dubitative "q1 8,art ?\ he t %\ld come80 s 9 ! f\r? gospel he likewise s5ds two disciples to ,jesus1 b ) ! positive ass]tion t he 7,jesus7 is ! ,lamb ( ,god1 2 z ,jesus 9 ! =m] case gives to ! disciples1 aft] ! deliv]y ( _! message1 ! direction3 8,g & tell ,john ! ?+s ye h se5 & he>d10 3 s 9 ! latt]1 he gives to ! inquiry conc]n+ 8 abode1 ! answ]3 ,come & see1 4 ,b :ile 9 ! synoptical gospels ! two disciples return to ,john1 9 ! f\r?1 !y p]man5tly atta* !mselves to ,jesus4 ,f ! =ego+ consid]ations1 x is inconceivable t ,john %\ld ev] h held & pron\nc$ ,jesus to be ! ,messiah3 b x is easy to %[ h[ a belief t he did s might obta91 )\t hi/orical f\ndation4 ,accord+ to ,acts xix4 #d1 ! ,apo/le ,paul decl>es :at seems suffici5tly gu>ante$ by hi/ory1 t ,john baptiz$ 1 & ?is com+ ,messiah1 adds ,paul1 to :om ,john po9t$ 0 ,jesus 7 74 ,?is 0 an int]pretation ( ! ,bapti/'s words by ! issue2 = ,jesus _h approv$ himself to a great numb] ( 8 cotempor>ies1 z ! ,messiah ann\nc$ by ,john4 ,!re 0 b a /ep to ! notion t ! ,bapti/ himself _h1 "u ! 1 und]/ood ! individual ,jesus1--_h himself ! 1 444 9 8 m9d2 a view :i*1 h[ev] unhi/orical1 w\ld be invit+ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 9 proportion to _! wi% to su/a9 ! dignity ( ,jesus by ! au?ority ( ! ,bapti/1 !n v influ5tial 9 ! ,jewi% _w4 #ehc ,!re 0 yet ano!r reason1 ga!r$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ance/or ( ! ,messiah1 ,david1 _h likewise 9 ! old ,hebrew leg5d a k9d ( =]unn] 9 ! p]son ( ,samuel1 :o by ord] f ,jehovah ano9t$ him to be k+ ov] ,israel 7#a ,sam4 xvi471 & aft]w>ds /ood 9 ! relation ( a witness to 8 claims4 ,if !n x behov$ ! ,messiah to h a =]unn]1 :o1 besides1 0 m closely *>act]iz$ 9 ! prophecy ( ,mala*i z a second ,elias1 & if1 hi/orically1 ,jesus 0 prec$$ by ,john1 ^: baptism z a consecration correspond$ to an ano9t+2 ! idea 0 n remote ( con=m+ ! relation betwe5 ,john & ,jesus to t betwe5 ,samuel & ,david4 ,we might h decid$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty :i* ( ! two incompatible /atem5ts conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus is to be r5\nc$ z unhi/orical1 by ! univ]sal canon ( int]pretation1 t :]e1 9 n>ratives hav+ a t5d5cy to aggr&ise a p]son or a fact 7a t5d5cy :i* ! ,gospels ev9ce at e /ep71 two contradictory /atem5ts are f\nd1 t :i* be/ corresponds to ?is aim is ! lea/ hi/orical2 because if1 9 accordance ) x1 ! orig9al fact _h be5 s dazzl+1 x is inconceivable t ! o!r less brilliant repres5tation %\ld aft]w>ds arise2 z "h1 if ,john s e>ly ackn[l$g$ ,jesus1 x is inexplicable h[ a /ory c\ld be fabricat$1 :i* reports him to h be5 9 d\bt on ! same subject at a v late p]iod4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 by a sep>ate exam9ation ( ! n>rative 9 ! f\r? gospel1 asc]ta9$ t x is self-contradictory & conta9s its own solution2 h5ce our result1 f\nd indep5d5tly ( ! above canon1 s]ves = its confirmation4 ,mean:ile t result is only ! negative1 t all :i* turns ^u ! e>ly ackn[l$gm5t ( ,jesus by ,john has no claim to be receiv$ z hi/orical2 ( ! positive we "k no?+1 unless ! message out ( prison may be reg>d$ z a clue to ! tru?1 & we mu/ !re=e subject ?is side ( ! matt] to a sep>ate exam9ation4 ,we w n ext5d our argum5ts aga9/ ! probability ( an e>ly & decid$ conviction on ! "p ( ! ,bapti/1 to a m]e conjecture awak5$ 9 him at a lat] p]iod t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah2 & !re=e we leave unconte/$ ! prop] cont5ts ( ! n>rative4 ,b z reg>ds ! =m1 x is n to be conceiv$ )\t difficulty4 ,t ! ,bapti/ 9 prison1 1 %\ld h in=mation ( ! proce$+s ( ,jesus2 t he %\ld f t locality s5d 8 disciples to ,jesus2 & t ^! z we are l$ to inf]1 %\ld br+ him an answ] 9 8 imprisonm5t4 ,accord+ to ,josephus1 #ehd ,h]od imprison$ ,john f fe> ( di/urbances3 all[+ ?is to be m]ely a jo9t cause ) t giv5 by ! ,evangeli/1 x is yet difficult to believe t to a man1 "o motive ( ^: imprisonm5t 0 to seclude him f 8 foll[]s1 8 disciples %\ld h reta9$ free access2 al?\gh we _c prove x an impossibility t circum/ances might fav\r ! admission ( c]ta9 individuals4 ,n[ t ! message 0 s5t f prison we le>n f ,mat!w alone2 ,luke says no?+ ( x1 al?\gh he tells ( ! message4 ,we might h5ce1 ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 #ehe consid] ,luke's acc\nt ! true "o1 & ! ( ,mat!w an unhi/orical addition4 ,b t critic has himself v conv9c+ly %[n1 f ! t$i\s amplifications1 p>tly betray+ ev5 misund]/&+1 :i* ! n>rative ( ,luke conta9s 7vii4 #bj1 #ba1 #bi1 #cj71 t ,mat!w gives ! incid5t 9 its orig9al1 ,luke 9 a revis$ =m4 #ehf ,x w\ld inde$ be s+ul> if ,mat!w _h suppli$ ! :5 x 0 orig9ally want+2 x is f> m natural to suppose t ,luke1 :o 9 ! :ole p>agraph appe>s z a revis]1 expung$ ! orig9al m5tion ( ! prison4 ,9 judg+ ( ,luke's motives = s do+1 we are l$ to notice ! diff]5ce 9 ! dates giv5 by ! evangeli/s = ! imprisonm5t ( ,john4 ,mat!w1 ) :om ,m>k agrees1 places x be=e ! public appe>ance ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee2 = he gives x z ! motive = ! return ( ,jesus into t prov9ce 7,matt4 iv4 #ab2 ,m>k i4 #ad74 ,luke assigns no precise date to ! arre/ ( ! ,bapti/ 7iii4 #ai f471 yet x is to be inf]r$ f 8 sil5ce ab\t ! prison1 9 connexion ) ! s5d+ ( ! two disciples1 t he reg>d$ x z a lat] occurr5ce2 b ,john expressly says1 t aft] ! fir/ passov] att5d$ by ,jesus 9 8 public "*1 ,john 0 n yet ca/ into prison 7iii4 #bd74 ,if x be ask$1 :o is "r8 we answ] t !re is some?+ on ! face ( ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 :i* has incl9$ _m comm5tators to r5\nce x 9 fav\r ( ! two la/4 ,t ,jesus1 on ! report ( ,john's imprisonm5t 9 ,galilee by ,h]od ,antipas1 %\ld h return$ into ! dom9ions ( t pr9ce = ! sake ( safety1 is1 z ,s*neck5burg] well ma9ta9s1 #ehg highly improbable1 s9ce !re1 ( all places1 he 0 ! lea/ secure f a simil> fate4 ,b ev5 if x be held impossible to dissociate ! 7he )drew7 f ! cognate idea ( seek+ security1 we may /ill ask :e!r1 disreg>d+ ! mi/ake 9 ! motive1 ! fact itself may n be ma9ta9$4 ,mat!w & ,m>k connect ) ?is j\rney into ,galilee aft] ,john's imprisonm5t1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus2 & t ?is 0 consequ5t on ! removal ( ! ,bapti/1 ,i am q incl9$ to believe4 ,= x is 9 itself ! mo/ natural t ! exit ( ! ,bapti/ %\ld incite ,jesus to c>ry on 9 8 /ead ! prea*+ ( 2 & ! canon cit$ above is entirely 9 fav\r ( ,mat!w4 ,= if x be ask$ :i* fiction be/ accords ) ! aggr&is+ _s ( ! ,*ri/ian leg5d1--t ( ,john's removal be=e ! appe>ance ( ,jesus1 or t ( _! hav+ long lab\r$ 9 conjunction8--! answ] mu/ be1 ! latt]4 ,if he to :om ! h]o ( a n>rative is sup]ior disappe>s f ! sc5e be=e ! entrance ( ! latt]1 ! cr[n+ opportunity = ! h]o to demon/rate 8 asc5dancy is lo/--! full spl5d\r ( ! ris+ sun c only be appreciat$1 :5 ! wan+ moon is se5 above ! horizon1 gr[+ pal] & pal] 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great] lum9>y4 ,su* is ! case 9 ! ,gospels ( ,luke & ,john1 :ile ,mat!w & ,m>k re/ satisfi$ ) ! less effective repres5tation4 ,h5ce1 z ! lea/ calculat$ to magnify ,jesus1 ! acc\nt ( ,mat!w has ! advantage 9 hi/orical probability4 ,?us at ! "t :5 ! two disciples mu/ h be5 s5t to ,jesus1 ! ,bapti/ 0 already imprison$1 & we h rem>k$ above1 t he c\ld h>dly1 s situat$1 transmit & receive messages4 ,b popul> leg5d might be prompt$ to fabricate su* a message1 t ! ,bapti/ might n dep>t )\t at lea/ an incipi5t recognition ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah2 s t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r ( ! two incompatible /atem5ts is to be reg>d$ z hi/orical4 #dg4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,! ,,evangeli/s ,,& ,,jesus ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,bapti/1 ,,) ,,8 ,,own ,,judgm5t ,,on ,,himself4 ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,relation%ip ,,betwe5 ,,^! ,,two ,,individuals4 ,! ,evangeli/s apply to ,john1 z ! prep>] ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 sev]al passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! abode ( ! prea*] ( rep5tance 9 ! wild]ness1 8 activity 9 prep>+ ! way = ! ,messiah1 necess>ily recall$ ! passage ( ,isaiah 7xl4 #c;ff4 ,,lxx473 444 ,?is passage1 :i* 9 its orig9al connection relat$ n to ! ,messiah & 8 =]unn]1 b to ,jehovah1 = :om a way 0 to be prep>$ ?r\gh ! wild]ness t[>d ,judea1 t he might return ) 8 p f exile1 is quot$ by ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s z a prophecy fulfill$ by ! appe>ance ( ! ,bapti/ 7,matt4 iii4 #c2 ,m>k i4 #c2 ,luke iii4 #d ff474 ,?is might be ?\ght a lat] & ,*ri/ian application1 b !re is no?+ to controv]t ! /atem5t ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 t ! ,bapti/ _h himself *>act]iz$ 8 de/9ation by ^? prophetic words4 ,z ! synoptical gospels h unanim\sly borr[$ ?is passage f ! ,bapti/ himself1 s ,m>k has borr[$ ! application ( ano!r prophetic passage to ! ,bapti/ f ,jesus4 ,jesus _h said 7,matt4 xi4 #aj2 ,luke vii4 #bg73 1 4 ,?is is he ( :om x is writt51 ,behold ,i s5d my mess5g] be=e ?y face1 to prep>e ?y way be=e !e2 & ,m>k 9 ! introduction to 8 ,gospel1 applies ^! words ( ,mala*i 7iii4 #a71 toge!r ) ! above passage f ,isaiah1 )\t di/+ui%+ _! respective s\rces1 to ! =]unn]1 ,john4 ,! text is a messianic "o2 ,jehovah1 h[ev]1 does n !re9 speak ( s5d+ a mess5g] be=e ! ,messiah1 b be=e himself3 & x is only 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t citations 9 all ^! in/ances t ! second p]son 77 is sub/itut$ = ! fir/ 774 ,ano!r notable passage ( ! same prophet 7iii4 #bc1 ,,lxx4 iv4 #d3 1 1 4443 ,behold1 ,i w s5d y ,elijah ! ,ti%bite be=e ! com+ ( ! day ( ! ,"l1 etc47 sugge/$ to ! ,evangeli/s ! assimilation ( ,john ! ,bapti/ to ,elias4 ,t ,john1 lab\r+ = ! re=mation ( ! p1 9 ! _s & p[] ( ,elias1 %\ld prep>e ! way = ! ,div9e visitation 9 ! times ( ! ,messiah1 0 accord+ to ,luke i4 #ag1 pr$ict$ be=e 8 bir?4 ,9 ,john i4 #ba1 :5 ! emiss>ies ( ! ,sanh$rim ask1 8,art ?\ ,elias80 ! ,bapti/ decl9es ?is dignity3 accord+ to ! usual explanation1 he only ext5d$ 8 d5ial to ! rude popul> notion1 t he 0 ! anci5t se] corporeally resuscitat$1 :]eas he w\ld h admitt$ ! view ( ! synoptical gospels1 t he _h ! _s ( ,elias4 ,nev]!less x appe>s improbable t if ! f\r? ,evangeli/ _h be5 famili> ) ! idea ( ! ,bapti/ z a second ,elias1 he w\ld h put into 8 m\? s direct a negative4 ,?is sc5e1 peculi> to ! f\r? gospel1 9 :i* ,john rejects ! title ( ,elias1 ) sev]al o!rs1 dem&s a yet clos] exam9ation1 & mu/ be comp>$ ) a n>rative 9 ,luke 7iii4 #ae71 to :i* x has a /rik+ simil>ity4 ,9 ,luke1 ! cr[d assembl$ r\nd ! ,bapti/ beg9 to ?9k3 ,is n ?is ! ,*ri/8 9 ,john1 ! deputies ( ! ,sanh$rim #ehh ask him1 ,:o art ?\8 2 :i* we inf] f ! ,bapti/'s answ] to mean3 8,art ?\1 z is believ$1 ! ,messiah80 #ehi ,accord+ to ,luke1 ! ,bapti/ answ]s1 ,i inde$ baptize y ) wat]2 b "o mighti] ?an ,i come?1 ! lat*et ( ^: %oes ,i am n wor?y to unloose4 ,accord+ to ,john he gives a simil> reply3 ,i baptize ) wat]2 b !re /&e? "o among y :om ye "k n2 ,he x is :o com+ aft] me is pref]r$ be=e me1 ^: %oes' lat*et ,i am n wor?y to unloose3 ! latt] ,evangeli/ add+ 8 peculi> propositions conc]n+ ! pre-exi/5ce ( ,jesus1 & def]r+ to ano!r occasion 7v4 #cc7 ! m5tion ( ! ,messiah's spiritual baptism1 :i* ,luke gives 9 imm$iate connexion ) ! above passage4 ,9 ,luke1 & /ill m decid$ly 9 ,john1 ?is :ole sc5e is introduc$ ) a design to e/abli% ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 by %[+ t ! ,bapti/ _h r5\nc$ t dignity1 & attribut$ x to "o :o %\ld come aft] him4 ,if at ! f\ndation ( two n>ratives s simil>1 !re c sc>cely be m ?an "o fact1 #eij ! "q is1 :i* gives t fact ! mo/ fai?fully8 ,9 ,luke's acc\nt !re is no intr9sic improbability2 on ! contr>y x is easy to imag9e1 t ! p1 congregat$ r\nd ! man :o ann\nc$ ! ,messiah's k+dom1 & baptiz$ ) a view to x1 %\ld1 9 mom5ts ( en?usiasm1 believe him to be ! ,messiah4 ,b t ! ,sanh$rim %\ld s5d f ,j]usalem to ,john on ! banks ( ! ,jordan1 = ! sake ( ask+ him :e!r he 7 ! ,messiah1 seems less natural4 ,_! object c\ld only be :at1 on a lat] occasion1 x 0 ) respect to ,jesus 7,matt4 xxi4 #bc ff471 namely1 to *all5ge ! au?ority ( ,john to baptize1 z appe>s f v4 #be4 ,moreov]1 f ! ho/ile position :i* ,john _h tak5 t[>ds ! sects ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees 7,matt4 iii4 #g71 to :om ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$rim belong$1 !y mu/ h prejudg$ t he 0 n ! ,messiah1 nor a prophet1 & consequ5tly1 t he _h no "r to und]take a 4 ,b 9 t case1 !y c\ld n possibly h s put _! que/ions z !y are report$ to h done 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,9 ! passage f ,ma!w above cit$1 !y ask$ ,jesus1 q consi/5tly ) _! impression t he _h no prophetic au?ority3 2 ,by :at au?ority doe/ ?\ ^! ?+s8 b 9 ,john1 !y "q ! ,bapti/ precisely z if !y pre-suppos$ him to be ! ,messiah1 & :5 he1 app>5tly to _! con/]nation1 has d5i$ ?is1 !y t5d] him successively ! dignities ( ,elias1 & ( ano!r prophetic =]unn]1 z if !y e>ne/ly wi%$ him to accept "o ( ^! titles4 ,se>*+ oppon5ts w n ?us ?ru/ ! highe/ hon\rs on ! man to :om !y are inimical2--?is is ! repres5tation ( a n>rator :o wi%es to exhibit ! mode/y ( ! man1 & 8 subord9ation to ,jesus1 by 8 rejection ( ^? brilliant titles4 ,to enable him to reject !m1 !y mu/ h be5 (f]$2 b ?is c\ld 9 reality only be done by well-wi%]s1 z 9 ,luke1 :]e ! conjecture t ! ,bapti/ 0 ! ,messiah is attribut$ to ! p4 ,:y !n did n ! f\r? ,evangeli/ attribute ^? que/ions likewise to ! p1 f :om1 ) a slight alt]ation1 !y w\ld h seem$ q natural8 ,jesus1 :5 address+ ! unbeliev+ ,jews 9 ,j]usalem1 7,john v4 #cc71 appeals to _! message to ! ,bapti/1 & to ! fai?ful te/imony !n giv5 by ! latt]4 ,_h ,john giv5 8 decl>ation conc]n+ 8 relation to ,jesus be=e ! common p m]ely1 su* an appeal w\ld h be5 impossible2 = if ,jesus 7 to ref] 8 enemies to ! te/imony ( ,john1 t te/imony mu/ h be5 deliv]$ be=e 8 enemies2 if ! ass]tions ( ! ,bapti/ 7 to h any diplomatic value1 !y mu/ h result$ f ! (ficial inquiry ( a magi/]ial deputation4 ,su* a remodell+ ( ! facts appe>s to h be5 aid$ by ! above-m5tion$ n>rative f ! synoptical traditions1 :]e9 ! high prie/s & scribes ask ,jesus1 by :at au?ority he does su* ?+s 7z ! ca/+ out ( ! buy]s & sell]s74 ,"h also ,jesus ref]s to ,john1 ask+ = _! op9ion z to ! au?ority ( 8 baptism1 only1 x is true1 ) ! negative view ( repress+ _! fur!r inquiries 7,matt4 xxi4 #bc ff4 p>all472 b h[ easily might ?is ref]5ce be made to take an affirmative s5se1 & in/ead ( ! argum5t1 8,if ye "k n :at p[]s 7 entru/$ to ,john1 ye ne$ n "k :5ce m9e are giv510--! foll[+ be sub/itut$3 8,s9ce ye "k :at ,john has decl>$ conc]n+ me1 ye mu/ also "k :at p[] & dignity belong to me20 :]eupon :at 0 orig9ally a "q address$ to ,jesus1 trans=m$ itself into a message to ! ,bapti/4 #eia ,! judgm5t ( ,jesus on ! "* ( ,john is deliv]$ on two occasions 9 ! synoptical gospels2 fir/ aft] ! dep>ture ( ,john's mess5g]s 7,matt xi4 #g ff472 secondly1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ,elias at ! transfiguration 7,matt4 xvii4 #ab ff471 9 reply to ! "q ( a disciple4 ,9 ! f\r? gospel1 aft] an appeal to ! ,bapti/'s te/imony1 ,jesus pron\nces an eulogium on him 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,jews 7v4 #ce71 aft] ref]r+1 z above rem>k$1 to _! s5d+ to ,john4 ,9 ?is passage he calls ! ,bapti/ a burn+ & a %9+ light1 9 ^: beams ! fickle p 7 = a season will+ to rejoice4 ,9 "o synoptical passage1 he decl>es ,john to be ! promis$ ,elias2 9 ! o!r1 !re are ?ree po9ts to be di/+ui%$4 ,fir/1 ) respect to ! "* & ag5cy ( ,john1--! sev]ity & firmness ( 8 m9d1 & ! pre-em95ce :i* z ! messianic =]unn]1 :o ) =cible h& _h op5$ ! k+dom ( heav51 he ma9ta9$ ev5 ov] ! prophets1 are extoll$ 7v4 #g-ad72 secondly1 9 relation to ,jesus & ! citiz5s ( ! k+dom ( heav51 ! ,bapti/1 ?\gh exalt$ above all ! memb]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t economy1 is decl>$ to be 9 ! re> ( e "o on :om1 ?r\gh ,jesus1 ! new light _h aris5 7v4 #aa74 ,we see h[ ,jesus und]/ood ?is f :at foll[s 7v4 #ah71 :5 we comp>e x ) ,matt4 ix4 #af f4 ,9 ! =m] passage ,jesus describes ,john z 1 nei!r eat+ nor dr9k+2 & 9 ! latt] x is ?is v asceticism :i* is said to lik5 him to ! & 1 ! old g>m5ts & old bottles1 ) :i* ! new1 introduc$ by ,jesus1 w n agree4 ,:at else !n c\ld x be1 9 :i* ! ,bapti/ 0 b5ea? ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom ( ,jesus1 b 79 connexion ) 8 non-recognition or only qualifi$ ackn[l$gm5t ( ,jesus z ,messiah7 ! _s ( ext]nal obs]vance1 :i* /ill clung to fa/+ & simil> works1 & 8 gloomy asceticism8 ,&1 9 tru?1 fre$om f ^! is ! te/ ( transition f a religion ( bondage1 to "o ( lib]ty & spirituality4 #eib ,?irdly1 ) respect to ! relation 9 :i* ! ag5cy ( ,john & ,jesus /ood to _! cotempor>ies1 ! same inaptitude to receive ! m9i/rations ( bo? is compla9$ ( v4 #af ff41 al?\gh 9 v4 #ab x is obs]v$1 t ! viol5t zeal ( "s _h1 "u ! guidance ( ,john1 wre/$ = !m an entrance into ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah4 #eic ,9 conclusion1 we mu/ take a review ( ! /eps by :i* tradition has gradually annex$ itself to ! simple hi/orical traits ( ! relation betwe5 ,john & ,jesus4 ,?us mu* seems to be hi/orical3 t ,jesus1 attract$ by ! fame ( ! ,bapti/1 put himself "u ! tuition ( t prea*]1 & t hav+ rema9$ "s "t among 8 foll[]s1 & be5 initiat$ into 8 ideas ( ! approa*+ messianic k+dom1 he1 aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ,john1 c>ri$ on1 "u c]ta9 modifications1 ! same "w1 nev] ceas+1 ev5 :5 he _h f> surpass$ 8 pr$ecessor1 to r5d] him due homage4 ,! fir/ addition to ?is 9 ! ,*ri/ian leg5d1 01 t ,john _h tak5 approv+ notice ( ,jesus4 ,dur+ 8 public m9i/ry1 x 0 kn[n t he _h only indef9itely ref]r$ to "o com+ aft] him2 b x behov$ him1 at lea/ 9 a conjectural way1 to po9t out ,jesus p]sonally1 z t successor4 ,to ?is x 0 ?\ght he might h be5 mov$ by ! fame ( ! works ( ,jesus1 :i*1 l\d z x 01 might ev5 p5etrate ! walls ( 8 prison4 ,!n 0 =m$ ,mat!w's n>rative ( ! message f prison2 ! fir/ mode/ attempt to make ! ,bapti/ a witness = ,jesus1 & h5ce clo!d 9 an int]rogation1 because a categorical te/imony 0 too unprec$5t$4 ,b ?is late & qualifi$ te/imony 0 n en\gh4 ,x 0 a late "o1 = prior to x !re 0 ! baptism :i* ,jesus receiv$ f ,john1 & by :i* he1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 plac$ himself 9 subord9ation to ! ,bapti/2 h5ce ^? sc5es 9 ,luke1 by :i* ! ,bapti/ 0 plac$1 ev5 be=e 8 bir?1 9 a subs]vi5t relation to ,jesus4 ,n only 0 x a late te/imony :i* t message conta9$2 x 0 b half a "o2 = ! "q impli$ unc]ta9ty1 & convey$ indecision4 ,h5ce 9 ! f\r? gospel !re is no long] a "q ab\t ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 b ! mo/ solemn assev]ations on t head1 & we h ! mo/ po9t$ decl>ations ( ! et]nal1 div9e nature ( ,jesus1 & 8 "* z ! suff]+ ,messiah4 ,9 a n>rative aim+ at unity1 z does ! f\r? gospel1 ^! v po9t$ decl>ations c\ld n /& by ! side ( ! dubi\s message1 :i* is !re=e only f\nd 9 ?is ,gospel "u a totally reorganiz$ =m4 ,nei!r does ?is message accord ) t :i* 9 ! synoptical gospels is made to occur at ! baptism ( ,jesus1 & ev5 e>li] 9 8 int]c\rse ) ,john2 b ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s1 9 _! loose compositions1 admitt$1 along ) ! m rec5t =m ( ! tradition1 ! less complete "o1 because !y atta*$ less importance to ! "q ( ,john ?an to ! consequ5t disc\rse ( ,jesus4 #dh4 ,,! ,,execution ,,( ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/4 ,we "h take "u our exam9ation1 by way ( app5dix1 all t has be5 transmitt$ to u conc]n+ ! tragic end ( ! ,bapti/4 ,accord+ to ! unanim\s te/imony ( ! synoptical ,evangeli/s & ,josephus1 #eid he 0 execut$1 aft] a protract$ imprisonm5t1 by ord] ( ,h]od ,antipas1 tetr>* ( ,galilee2 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t acc\nts he is said to h be5 behead$4 7,matt4 xiv4 #c ff42 ,m>k vi4 #ag ff42 ,luke ix4 #i47 ,b ,josephus & ! ,evangeli/s are at v>iance z to ! cause ( 8 imprisonm5t & execution4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 ! c5sure :i* ,john _h pron\nc$ on ! m>riage ( ,h]od ) 8 7half7 bro!r's #eie wife1 0 ! cause ( 8 imprisonm5t1 & ! rev5geful cunn+ ( ,h]odias1 at a c\rt fe/ival1 ( 8 dea?3 ,josephus gives ! fe> ( di/urbances1 :i* 0 awak5$ 9 ,h]od by ! =midable tra9 ( ! ,bapti/'s foll[]s1 z ! cause at once ( ! imprisonm5t & ! execution4 #eif ,if ^! two acc\nts be consid]$ z di/9ct & irreconcilable1 x may be d\bt$ :i* ( ! two des]ves ! pref]5ce4 ,x is n "h z 9 ! case ( ,h]od ,agrippa's dea?1 ,acts xii4 #bc1 viz41 t ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rative1 by int]mix+ a sup]natural cause :]e ,josephus has only a natural "o1 enables u to prejudge x z unhi/orical2 on ! contr>y1 we might "h give ! palm to ! evangelical n>rative1 = ! p>ticul>ity ( its details4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be consid]$ t t v p>ticul>ity1 & especially ! conv]sion ( a political into a p]sonal motive1 corresponds fully to ! developm5t ( ! leg5d>y _s among ! p1 ^: imag9ation is m at home 9 dome/ic ?an 9 political circles4 #eig ,mean:ile x is q possible to reconcile ! two n>ratives4 ,?is has be5 attempt$ by conjectur+1 t ! fe> ( insurrection 0 ! prop] cab9et motive = ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/1 :ile ! irrev]5t c5sure pass$ on ! rul] 0 ?ru/ =w>d z ! o/5sible motive4 #eih ,b ,i greatly d\bt :e!r ,h]od w\ld design$ly expose ! sc&al\s po9t t\*$ on by ,john2 x is m likely1 if a di/9ction is to be "h made betwe5 a private & o/5sible cause1 t ! c5sure ( ! m>riage 0 ! secret reason1 & ! fe> ( insurrection dissem9at$ z an excuse = extreme sev]ity4 #eii ,su* a di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is n ne$$2 = ,antipas might well fe>1 t ,john1 by 8 /rong c5sure ( ! m>riage & ! :ole c\rse ( ! tetr>*'s life1 might /ir up ! p into rebellion aga9/ him4 ,b !re is a div]sity ev5 betwe5 ! evangelical n>ratives !mselves1 n only 9 ?is1 t ,m>k gives ! sc5e at ! fea/ ) ! mo/ graphic details1 :ile ,luke is satisfi$ ) a concise /atem5t 7iii4 #ah-bj1 ix4 #i71 & ,mat!w takes a middle c\rse2 b ,m>k's repres5tation ( ! relation betwe5 ,h]od & ! ,bapti/ diff]s ess5tially f t ( ,mat!w4 ,:ile accord+ to ! latt]1 ,h]od wi%$ to kill ,john1 b 0 )held by 8 dread ( ! p1 :o look$ on ! ,bapti/ z a prophet 7v4 #e72 accord+ to ,m>k1 x 0 ,h]odias :o conspir$ aga9/ 8 life1 b c\ld n atta9 h] object1 because h] husb& 0 9 awe ( ,john z a holy man1 sometimes he>d him gladly1 & n seldom foll[$ 8 c\nsel 7v4 #ai74 #fjj ,"h1 aga91 ! individualiz+ *>act]i/ic ( ,m>k's n>rative has induc$ comm5tators to pref] x to t ( ,mat!w4 #fja ,b 9 ! f9i%+ t\*es & alt]ations ( ,m>k we may detect ! h& ( tradition2 especially z ,josephus m]ely says ( ! p1 t !y gave e> to ! s\nd ( 8 words1 1 :ile he says ( ,h]od1 t hav+ conceiv$ fe>s ( ,john1 he judg$ x exp$i5t to put him to dea?1 7 7 4 ,h[ ne> lay ! temptation to exalt ! ,bapti/1 by repres5t+ ! pr9ce aga9/ :om he _h spok51 & by :om he 0 imprison$1 z feel+ b\nd to v5]ate him1 & only1 to 8 remorse1 s$uc$ into giv+ 8 dea?-w>rant1 by 8 v9dictive wife6 ,x may be add$1 t ! acc\nt ( ,mat!w is n inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( ,antipas1 z ga!r$ f o!r s\rces4 #fjb ,! close ( ! evangelical n>ratives leaves ! impression t ! dissev]$ head ( ,john 0 pres5t$ at table1 & t ! prison 0 consequ5tly close at h&4 ,b we le>n f ! passage 9 ,josephus above cit$1 t ! ,bapti/ 0 conf9$ 9 ,ma*rus1 a =tress on ! s\!rn bord] ( ,p]a1 :]eas ! resid5ce ( ,h]od 0 9 ,tib]ias1 #fjc a day's j\rney di/ant f ,ma*rus4 ,h5ce ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/ c\ld only be pres5t$ to ,h]od aft] two days' j\rney1 & n :ile he yet sat at table4 ,! contradiction "h app>5t is n to be remov$ by ! consid]ation1 t x is n expressly said 9 ! ,gospels t ,john's head 0 br\ght 9 dur+ ! meal1 = ?is is necess>ily inf]r$ f ! entire n>rative4 ,n only are ! commission ( ! execution] & 8 return ) ! head1 detail$ 9 imm$iate connexion ) ! incid5ts ( ! meal2 b only ?us has ! :ole dramatic sc5e its appropriate conclusion2--only ?us is ! contra/ complete1 :i* is =m$ by ! dea?-w>rant & ! fea/3 9 f9e1 ! 1 on :i* ! dissev]$ head is pres5t$1 m>ks x z ! co/lie/ vi& :i* ! unnatural rev5ge ( a woman c\ld desire at table4 ,b we h1 z a probable solution1 ! in=mation ( ,josephus1 #fjd t ,h]od ,antipas 0 !n at w> ) ! ,arabian k+1 ,aretas1 betwe5 ^: k+dom & 8 own lay ! =tress ( ,ma*rus2 & !re ,h]od might possibly h resid$ ) 8 c\rt at t p]iod4 ,?us we see t ! life ( ,john 9 ! evangelical n>ratives is1 f easily conceiv$ reasons1 ov]spread ) my?ical lu/re on ! side :i* is turn$ t[>ds ,jesus1 :ile on ! o!r its hi/orical l9eam5ts are m visible4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,baptism ,,& ,,temptation ,,( ,,jesus4 #di4 ,,:y ,,did ,,jesus ,,receive ,,baptism ,,f ,,john8 ,9 con=mity ) ! evangelical view ( ! fact1 ! cu/om>y answ] giv5 by ! or?odox to ?is "q is1 t ,jesus1 by 8 submission to ,john's baptism1 signifi$ 8 consecration to ! messianic (fice2 an explanation :i* is support$ by a passage 9 ,ju/91 accord+ to :i* x 0 ! ,jewi% notion1 t ! ,messiah w\ld be unkn[n z su* to himself & o!rs1 until ,elias z 8 =]unn] %\ld ano9t him1 & !reby make him di/+ui%able by all4 #fje ,! ,bapti/ himself1 h[ev]1 z he is repres5t$ by ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 c\ld n h p>tak5 ( ?is design2 = _h he reg>d$ 8 baptism z a consecration :i* ! ,messiah mu/ necess>ily und]go1 he w\ld n h hesitat$ to p]=m x on ! p]son ( ,jesus 7iii4 #ad74 ,our =m] inquiries h %[n t ,john's baptism relat$ p>tly 1 its recipi5ts promis+ a believ+ prep>ation = ! expect$ ,messiah2 h[ !n c\ld ,jesus1 if he 0 consci\s ( be+ himself ! 1 submit himself to ?is baptism8 ,! usual answ] f ! or?odox po9t ( view is1 t ,jesus1 al?\gh consci\s ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 yet1 s long z x 0 n publicly atte/$ by ,god1 spoke & act$1 n z ,messiah1 b m]ely z an ,israelite1 :o held himself b\nd to obey e div9e ord9ance relative to 8 nation4 #fjf ,b1 "h1 !re is a di/9ction to be made4 ,negatively1 x became ,jesus to refra9 f p]=m+ any messianic de$s1 or us+ any ( ! ,messiah's pr]ogatives1 be=e 8 title 0 solemnly atte/$2 ev5 positively1 x became him to submit himself to ! ord9ances :i* 7 incumb5t on e ,israelite2 b to jo9 9 a new rite1 :i* symboliz$ ! expectation ( ano!r & a future ,messiah1 c\ld nev]1 )\t dissimulation1 be ! act ( "o :o 0 consci\s ( be+ ! actual ,messiah himself4 ,m rec5t !ologians h !re=e wisely admitt$1 t :5 ,jesus came to ,john = baptism1 he _h n a decid$ conviction ( 8 ,messiah%ip4 #fjg ,!y inde$ reg>d ?is unc]ta9ty z only ! /ruggle ( mode/y4 ,paulus1 = in/ance1 obs]ves t ,jesus1 not)/&+ he _h he>d f 8 p>5ts ( 8 messianic de/9ation1 & _h felt ?is fir/ intimation confirm$ by _m ext]nal incid5ts1 z well z by 8 own spiritual developm5t1 0 yet n ov] eag] to appropriate ! hon\r1 :i* _h be5 z x 7 ?ru/ ^u him4 ,b1 if ! previ\s n>ratives conc]n+ ,jesus be reg>d$ z a hi/ory1 & !re=e1 ( necessity1 z a sup]natural "o2 !n mu/ he1 :o 0 h]ald$ by angels1 miracul\sly conceiv$1 welcom$ into ! _w by ! homage ( magi & prophets1 & :o 9 8 twelf? ye> knew ! temple to be 8 ,fa!r's h\se1 h long held a conviction ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 above all ! scruples ( a false mode/y4 ,if on ! contr>y x be ?\ght possible1 by criticism1 to r$uce ! hi/ory ( ! *ildhood ( ,jesus to a m]ely natural "o1 !re is no long] any?+ to acc\nt = 8 e>ly belief t he 0 ! ,messiah2 & ! position :i* he adopt$ by ! reception ( ,john's baptism becomes1 in/ead ( an affect$ diffid5ce1 a real ignorance ( 8 messianic de/9y4--,too mode/1 cont9ue ^! comm5tators1 to decl>e himself ,messiah on 8 own au?ority1 ,jesus fulfill$ all t ! /ricte/ self-judgm5t c\ld require1 & wi%$ to make ! decisive exp]im5t1 :e!r ! ,deity w\ld all[ t he1 z well z e o!r1 %\ld d$icate himself to ! com+ ,messiah1 or :e!r a sign w\ld be grant$1 t he himself 0 ! 4 ,b to d some?+ se5 to be inappropriate1 m]ely to try :e!r ,god w correct ! mi/ake1 is j su* a *all5g+ ( ! div9e p[] z ,jesus1 %ortly aft] 8 baptism1 decid$ly condemns4 ,?us x mu/ be all[$ t1 ! baptism ( ,john be+ a baptism 1 if ,jesus c\ld submit himself to x )\t dissimulation or presumption1 he c\ld n at ! "t h held himself to be t 1 & if he really utt]$ ! words 1 4441 ,suff] x to be s n[1 etc4 7:i*1 h[ev]1 c\ld only be call$ =? by ! refusal ( ! ,bapti/--a refusal t /&s or falls ) 8 previ\s conviction ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus71 he c\ld only mean by !m1 t x became him1 ) e pi\s ,israelite1 to devote himself by anticipation to ! expect$ ,messiah1 9 baptism1 al?\gh ! ,evangeli/1 in/ruct$ by ! issue1 put on !m a diff]5t con/ruction4 ,b ! relation hi!rto discuss$ is only "o aspect ( ,john's baptism2 ! o!r1 :i* is yet m /rongly atte/$ by hi/ory1 %[s x z a 1 a baptism ( rep5tance4 ,! ,israelites1 we are told1 ,matt4 iii4 #f1 7 baptiz$ ( ,john1 confess+ _! s9s3 %all we !n suppose t ,jesus made su* a confession8 ,!y receiv$ ! comm& to rep5t3 did ,jesus ackn[l$ge su* a comm&8 ,?is difficulty 0 felt ev5 9 ! e>ly *ur*4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 adopt$ by ! ,naz>5es1 ,jesus asks 8 "m & bro!r1 :5 invit$ by !m to receive ,john's baptism1 :]e9 he _h s9n$1 t ?is baptism 0 ne$ful = him8 #fjh & an h]etical apocryphal "w appe>s to h attribut$ to ,jesus a confession ( 8 own s9s at 8 baptism4 #fji ,! sum ( :at mod]n !ologians h contribut$ t[>ds ! removal ( ?is difficulty1 consi/s 9 ! application to ,jesus ( ! di/9ction betwe5 :at a man is z an individual1 & :at he is z a memb] ( ! community4 ,he ne$$1 say !y1 no rep5tance on 8 own behalf1 b1 aw>e ( its necessity = all o!r m51 ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham n except$1 he wi%$ to demon/rate 8 approval ( an in/itute :i* confirm$ ?is tru?1 & h5ce he submitt$ to x4 ,b let ! read] only take a ne>] view ( ! facts4 ,accord+ to ,matt4 iii4 #f1 ,john appe>s to h requir$ a confession ( s9s previ\s to baptism2 su* a confession ,jesus1 presuppos+ 8 impeccability1 c\ld n deliv] )\t falsehood2 if he refus$1 ,john w\ld h>dly baptize him1 = he did n yet believe him to be ! ,messiah1 & f e o!r ,israelite he mu/ h consid]$ a confession ( s9s indisp5sable4 ,! non-compliance ( ,jesus might v probably orig9ate ! dispute to :i* ,mat!w gives a :olly diff]5t "*2 b c]ta9ly1 if ! refusal ( ,john _h su* a cause1 ! matt] c\ld sc>cely h be5 adju/$ by a m]e suff] x to be s n[1 = no confession be+ giv51 ! ,bapti/ w\ld n h p]ceiv$ t all righte\sness 0 fulfill$4 ,ev5 suppos+ t a confession 0 n requir$ ( e baptiz$ p]son1 ,john w\ld n conclude ! c]emony ( baptism )\t address+ ! neophyte on ! subject ( rep5tance4 ,c\ld ,jesus tacitly sanction su* an address to himself1 :5 consci\s t he ne$$ no reg5]ation8 & w\ld he n1 9 s do+1 p]plex ! m9ds :i* 7 aft]w>ds to believe 9 him z ! s9less "o8 ,we w ev5 ab&on ! position t ,john s address$ ! neophytes1 & only urge t ! ge/ures ( ^? :o plung$ into ! purify+ wat] mu/ h be5 ^? ( contrition2 yet if ,jesus con=m$ himself to ^! ev5 9 sil5ce1 )\t ref]r+ !m to 8 own condition1 he _c be absolv$ f ! *>ge ( dissimulation4 ,!re is !n no alt]native b to suppose1 t z ,jesus _h n1 up to ! "t ( 8 baptism1 ?\ght ( himself z ! ,messiah1 s ) reg>d to ! 7rep5tance71 he may h ju/ly rank$ himself among/ ! mo/ excell5t 9 ,israel1 )\t exclud+ himself f :at is pr$icat$ 9 ,job iv4 #ah1 xv4 #ae4 ,!re is little hi/orical gr\nd = controv]t+ ?is2 = ! words1 :i* ( y conv9ce? me ( s98 7,john viii4 #df7 c\ld only ref] to op5 del9qu5cies1 & to a lat] p]iod 9 ! life ( ,jesus4 ,! sc5e 9 8 twelf? ye>1 ev5 if hi/orical1 c\ld n by itself prove a s9less developm5t ( 8 p[]s4 #ej4 ,,! ,,sc5e ,,at ,,! ,,baptism ,,( ,,jesus ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,sup]natural ,,& ,,z ,,natural4 ,at ! mom5t t ,john _h complet$ 8 baptism ( ,jesus1 ! synoptical gospels tell u t ! heav5s 7 op5$1 ! ,holy ,_s desc5d$ on ,jesus 9 ! =m ( a dove1 & a voice f heav5 designat$ him ! ,son ( ,god1 9 :om ! ,fa!r 0 well pleas$4 ,! f\r? ,evangeli/ 7i4 #cb ff47 makes ! ,bapti/ n>rate t he saw ! ,holy ,_s desc5d l a dove1 & rema9 on ,jesus2 b z 9 ! imm$iate context ,john says ( 8 baptism1 t x 0 de/9$ = ! manife/ation ( ! ,messiah1 & z ! description ( ! desc5d+ dove corresponds almo/ v]bally ) ! synoptical acc\nts1 x is n to be d\bt$ t ! same ev5t is int5d$4 ,! old & lo/ ,gospels ( ,ju/9 & ! ,ebionites give1 z concomitants1 a heav5ly light1 & a flame bur/+ out ( ! ,jordan2 #faj 9 ! dove & heav5ly voice also1 !y h alt]ations1 h]eaft] to be notic$4 ,= ^: b5efit ! appe>ance 0 grant$1 rema9s d\btful on a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s n>ratives4 ,9 ,john1 :]e ! ,bapti/ recites x to 8 foll[]s1 ^! seem n to h be5 eye-witnesses2 & f 8 /at+ t he :o s5t him to baptize1 promis$ ! desc5t & repose ( ! ,_s z a m>k ( ! ,messiah1 we ga!r t ! appe>ance 0 design$ specially = ! ,bapti/4 ,accord+ to ,m>k x is ,jesus1 :o1 9 asc5d+ f ! wat]1 sees ! heav5s op5 & ! ,_s desc5d4 ,ev5 9 ,mat!w x is ! mo/ natural to ref] 1 he saw1 & 1 7 op5$ to him1 to 1 ,jesus1 ! subject imm$iately be=e2 b z x is said1 9 cont9uation1 t he saw ! ,holy ,_s ' 1 n ' 7,m>k's ' 1 :i* does n agree ) 8 con/ruction1 is expla9$ by 8 dep5d5ce on ,mat!w71 ! behold] seems n to be ! same z he on :om ! ,_s desc5d$1 & we are oblig$ to ref] & to ! m remote antec$5t1 namely ! ,bapti/1 :o1 z ! heav5ly voice speaks ( ,jesus 9 ! ?ird p]son1 is mo/ naturally to be reg>d$ z also a witness4 ,luke appe>s to give a mu* l>g] numb] ( spectators to ! sc5e1 = accord+ to him1 ,jesus 0 baptiz$ 1 :5 all ! p 7 baptiz$1 & consequ5tly he mu/ h suppos$ t ! sc5e describ$ occurr$ 9 _! pres5ce4 #faa ,! n>rations directly convey no o!r mean+1 ?an t ! :ole sc5e 0 ext]nally visible & audible1 & ?us !y h be5 always und]/ood by ! majority ( comm5tators4 ,b 9 endeav\r+ to conceive ! incid5t z a real "o1 a cultivat$ & reflect+ m9d mu/ /umble at no insignificant difficulties4 ,fir/1 t = ! appe>ance ( a div9e be+ on e>?1 ! visible heav5s mu/ divide !mselves1 to all[ ( 8 desc5t f 8 accu/om$ seat1 is an idea t c h no objective reality1 b mu/ be ! entirely subjective creation ( a "t :5 ! dwell+-place ( ,deity 0 imag9$ to be above ! vault ( heav54 ,fur!r1 h[ is x reconcilable ) ! true idea ( ! ,holy ,_s z ! div9e1 all-p]vad+ ,p[]1 t he %\ld move f "o place to ano!r1 l a f9ite be+1 & embody himself 9 ! =m ( a dove8 ,f9ally1 t ,god %\ld utt] articulate tones 9 a national idiom1 has be5 ju/ly held extravagant4 #fab ,ev5 9 ! e>ly *ur*1 ! m enlight5$ fa!rs adopt$ ! op9ion1 t ! heav5ly voices spok5 ( 9 ! biblical hi/ory 7 n ext]nal s\nds1 ! effect ( vibrations 9 ! air1 b inw>d impressions produc$ by ,god 9 ! m9ds ( ^? to :om he will$ to imp>t himself3 ?us ( ! appe>ance at ! baptism ( ,jesus1 ,orig5 & ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia ma9ta9 t x 0 a vision1 & n a reality1 1 4 #fac ,to ! simple inde$1 says ,orig51 9 _! simplicity1 x is a light ?+ to set ! univ]se 9 motion1 & to sev] a solid mass l ! heav5s2 b ^? :o se>* m deeply into su* matt]s1 w1 he ?9ks1 ref] to ^? high] revelations1 by means ( :i* *os5 p]sons1 ev5 wak+1 & /ill m frequ5tly 9 _! dreams1 are l$ to suppose t !y p]ceive some?+ ) _! bodily s5ses1 :ile _! m9ds only are affect$3 s t consequ5tly1 ! :ole appe>ance 9 "q %\ld be und]/ood1 n z an ext]nal incid5t1 b z an inw>d vision s5t by ,god2 an int]pretation :i* has also met ) mu* approbation among mod]n !ologians4 ,9 ! fir/ two ,gospels & 9 ! f\r?1 ?is int]pretation is fav\r$ by ! expressions1 7 op5$ to him1 1 he saw1 1 & ,i beheld1 1 :i* seem to imply t ! appe>ance 0 subjective1 9 ! s5se int5d$ by ,!odore1 :5 he obs]ves t ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s 0 n se5 by all pres5t1 b t1 by a c]ta9 spiritual contemplation1 x 0 visible to ,john alone1 1 3 to ,john h[ev] we mu/ add ,jesus1 :o1 accord+ to ,m>k1 p>ticipat$ 9 ! vision4 ,b 9 opposition to ?is /&s ! /atem5t ( ,luke3 ! expressions :i* he uses1 ---- -- --1 x came to pass--0 op5$--& desc5d$--& a voice came1 be> a "* s totally objective & ext]ior1 #fad especially if we add ! words1 9 a bodily =m1 1 t 7abid+ by ! notion ( ! p]fect tru?fulness ( all ! evangelical records7 ! less explicit n>ratives mu/ be int]pret$ by ! unequivocal "o ( ,luke1 & ! incid5t !y rec\nt mu/ be und]/ood z some?+ m ?an an inw>d revelation to ,john & ,jesus4 ,h5ce x is prud5t 9 ,ol%aus5 to all[1 9 concession to ,luke1 t !re 0 pres5t on ! occasion a cr[d ( p]sons1 :o saw & he>d some?+1 yet to ma9ta9 t ?is 0 no?+ di/9ct or compreh5sible4 ,by ?is means1 on ! "o h&1 ! occurr5ce is aga9 transf]r$ f ! doma9 ( subjective visions to t ( objective ph5om5a2 :ile on ! o!r1 ! desc5d+ dove is suppos$ visible1 n to ! bodily eye1 b only to ! op5 spiritual "o1 & ! words audible to ! s\l1 n to ! bodily e>4 ,our und]/&+ fails u 9 ?is pneumatology ( ,ol%aus51 :]e9 !re are s5sible realities transc5d+ ! s5ses2 & we ha/5 out ( ?is mi/y atmosph]e into ! cle>] "o ( ^?1 :o simply tell u1 t ! appe>ance 0 an ext]nal incid5t1 b "o purely natural4 ,?is p>ty appeals to ! cu/om ( antiquity1 to reg>d natural occurr5ces z div9e intimations1 & 9 mom5t\s crises1 :]e a bold resolution 0 to be tak51 to adopt !m z guides4 ,to ,jesus1 spiritually matur$ into ! ,messiah1 & only await+ an ext]nal div9e sanction1 & to ! ,bapti/ :o _h already c$$ ! sup]iority to ! fri5d ( 8 y\?1 9 _! solemn frame ( m9d at ! baptism ( ! =m] by ! latt]1 e natural ph5om5on t happ5$ at ! "t1 mu/ h be5 pregnant ) mean+1 & h appe>$ z a sign ( ! div9e w4 ,b :at ! natural appe>ance actually 01 is a po9t on :i* ! comm5tators are divid$ 9 op9ion4 ,"s1 ) ! synoptical writ]s1 include a s\nd z well z an appe>ance2 o!rs give1 ) ,john1 an appe>ance only4 ,!y int]pret ! op5+ ( ! heav5s1 z a sudd5 p>t+ ( ! cl\ds1 or a fla% ( lightn+2 ! dove !y consid] z a real bird ( t species1 :i* by *ance hov]$ ov] ! head ( ,jesus2 or !y assume t ! lightn+ or "s meteor 0 comp>$ to a dove1 f ! mann] ( its desc5t4 ,!y :o include a s\nd z a "p ( ! ma*9]y 9 ! sc5e1 suppose a clap ( ?und]1 :i* 0 imag9$ by ^? pres5t to be a ,ba? ,kol1 & int]pret$ into ! words giv5 by ! fir/ ,evangeli/4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 und]/& :at is said ( audible words1 m]ely z an explanation ( ! visible sign1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z an atte/ation t ,jesus 0 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?is la/ op9ion sacrifices ! synoptical writ]s1 :o und5iably speak ( an audible voice1 to ,john1 & ?us conta9s a critical d\bt z to ! hi/orical "* ( ! n>ratives1 :i*1 consi/5tly foll[$ out1 leads to q o!r gr\nd ?an t ( ! naturali/ic int]pretation4 ,if ! s\nd 0 m]e ?und]1 & ! words only an int]pretation put ^u x by ! by/&]s2 !n1 z 9 ! synoptical acc\nts1 ! words are evid5tly suppos$ to h be5 audibly articulat$1 we mu/ all[ t !re is a traditional +r$i5t 9 ^! records4 ,s f> z ! appe>ance is conc]n$1 x is n to be d5i$ t ! sudd5 p>t+ ( cl\ds1 or a fla% ( lightn+1 might be describ$ z an op5+ ( heav52 b 9 n[ise c\ld ! =m ( a dove be ascrib$ to lightn+ or a meteor4 ,! =m is expressly ! po9t ( comp>ison 9 ,luke only1 b x is d\btless s int5d$ by ! o!r n>rators2 al?\gh ,fritzs*e cont5ds t ! words l a dove1 1 9 ,mat!w ref] only to ! rapid motion4 ,! flight ( ! dove has no?+ s peculi> & di/9ctive1 t1 suppos+ ?is to be ! po9t ( comp>ison1 !re w\ld n be 9 any ( ! p>allel passages a v>iation1 a sub/itution ( "s o!r bird1 or an entirely new figure4 ,z1 in/ead ( ?is1 ! m5tion ( ! dove is inv>iable ?r\gh all ! f\r gospels1 ! simile mu/ turn ^u some?+ exclusively prop] to ! dove1 & ?is c app>5tly be no?+ b its =m4 ,h5ce ^? commit ! lea/ viol5ce on ! text1 :o adopt ! supposition ( a real dove4 ,paulus1 h[ev]1 9 s do+1 incurr$ ! h>d task ( %[+ by a multitude ( facts f natural hi/ory & o!r s\rces1 t ! dove might be tame en\gh to fly t[>ds a man2 #fae h[ x c\ld l+] s long ov] "o1 t x might be said1 ' 1 x abode ^u him1 he has n succe$$ 9 expla9+1 & he ?us comes into collision ) ! n>rative ( ,john1 by :i* he _h su/a9$ 8 supposition ( ! abs5ce ( a voice4 #faf #ea4 ,,an ,,attempt ,,at ,a ,,criticism ,,& ,,my?ical ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,n>ratives4 ,if !n a m intelligible repres5tation ( ! sc5e at ! baptism ( ,jesus is n to be giv51 )\t do+ viol5ce to ! evangelical text1 or )\t suppos+ x to be p>tially errone\s1 we are necess>ily driv5 to a critical treatm5t ( ! acc\nts2 & inde$1 accord+ to ,de ,wette & ,s*lei]ma*]1 #fag ?is is ! preval5t c\rse 9 relation to ! above po9t 9 ! evangelical hi/ory4 ,f ! n>rative ( ,john1 z ! pure s\rce1 x is s\ght to d]ive ! synoptical acc\nts1 z turbid /reams4 ,9 ! =m]1 x is said1 !re is no op5+ heav51 no heav5ly voice2 only ! desc5t ( ! ,_s is1 z _h be5 promis$1 a div9e witness to ,john t ,jesus is ! ,messiah2 b 9 :at mann] ! ,bapti/ p]ceiv$ t ! ,_s re/$ on ,jesus1 he does n tell u1 & possibly ! only sign may h be5 ! disc\rse ( ,jesus4 ,"o _c b wond] at ,s*lei]ma*]'s ass]tion1 t ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,bapti/ p]ceiv$ ! desc5d+ ,_s is n giv5 9 ! f\r? gospel1 :5 "h also ! expression 1 l a dove1 tells x pla9ly en\gh2 & ?is p>ticul> m>ks ! desc5t z a visible "o1 & n a m]e inf]5ce f ! disc\rse ( ,jesus4 ,u/]i1 inde$1 ?9ks t ! ,bapti/ m5tion$ ! dove1 m]ely z a figure1 to d5ote ! g5tle1 mild _s :i* he _h obs]v$ 9 ,jesus4 ,b _h ?is be5 all1 he w\ld r h comp>$ ,jesus himself to a dove1 z on ano!r occasion he did to a lamb1 ?an h sugge/$ ! idea ( a s5sible appe>ance by ! picturesque description1 ,i saw ! ,_s desc5d+ f heav5 l a dove4 ,x is !re=e n true 9 relation to ! dove1 t fir/ 9 ! m remote tradition giv5 by ! synoptical writ]s1 :at 0 orig9ally figurative1 0 receiv$ 9 a lit]al s5se2 = 9 ?is s5se x is und]/ood by ,john1 & if he h ! correct acc\nt1 ! ,bapti/ himself mu/ h spok5 ( a visible dove-l appe>ance1 z ,bleek1 ,ne&]1 & o!rs1 ackn[l$ge4 ,:ile ! alleg$ di/9ction 9 relation to ! dove1 betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree evangeli/s & ! f\r?1 is n to be f\nd2 ) respect to ! voice1 ! diff]5ce is s wide1 t x is inconceivable h[ ! "o acc\nt c\ld be drawn f ! o!r4 ,= x is said t ! te/imony :i* ,john gave conc]n+ ,jesus1 aft] ! appe>ance3 ,?is is ! ,son ( ,god 7,john i4 #cd71 tak5 9 connexion ) ! prec$+ words3 ,he t s5t me to baptize1 ! same said unto me1 etc41 became1 9 ! process ( tradition1 an imm$iate heav5ly decl>ation1 su* z we see 9 ,mat!w3 ,?is is my belov$ ,son1 9 :om ,i am well pleas$4 ,suppos+ su* a trans=mation admissible1 "s in/igation to x mu/ be %[n4 ,n[ 9 ,isaiah xlii4 #a1 ,jehovah says ( 8 s]vant3 2 words :i*1 except+ ^? betwe5 ! p>5!ses1 are almo/ lit]ally translat$ by ! decl>ation ( ! heav5ly voice 9 ,mat!w4 ,we le>n f ,matt4 xii4 #ag ff4 t ?is passage 0 appli$ to ,jesus z ! ,messiah2 & 9 x ,god himself is ! speak]1 z 9 ! synoptical acc\nt ( ! baptism4 ,"h !n 0 :at w\ld mu* m readily prompt ! fiction ( a heav5ly voice1 ?an ! expressions ( ,john4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we d n ne$ a misappreh5sion ( ! ,bapti/'s language to expla9 ! /ory ( ! div9e voice1 & s9ce we _c use x = ! d]ivation ( ! allusion to ! dove2 we mu/ seek = ! s\rce ( our n>rative1 n 9 "o ( ! evangelical docum5ts1 b beyond ! ,new ,te/am5t1--9 ! doma9 ( cotempor>y ideas1 f\nd$ on ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! total neglect ( :i* has greatly dim9i%$ ! value ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s critique on ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,to reg>d decl>ations conc]n+ ! ,messiah1 put by poets into ! m\? ( ,jehovah1 z real1 audible voices f heav51 0 :olly 9 ! _s ( ! lat] ,judaism1 :i* n seldom suppos$ su* vocal communications to fall to ! lot ( di/+ui%$ rabb9s1 #fah & ( ! messianic prejudices1 :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ians bo? %>$ !mselves1 & 7 compell$1 9 confront+ ! ,jews1 to satisfy4 ,9 ! passage quot$ f ,isaiah1 !re 0 a div9e decl>ation1 9 :i* ! pres5t ,messiah 0 po9t$ to z x 7 ) ! f+]1 & :i* 0 !re=e specially adapt$ = a heav5ly annunciation conc]n+ him4 ,h[ c\ld ! _s ( ,*ri/ian leg5d be sl[ to imag9e a sc5e1 9 :i* ^! words 7 audibly spok5 f heav5 ( ! ,messiah4 ,b we detect a f>!r motive = su* a repres5tation ( ! case by obs]v+1 t 9 ,m>k & ,luke1 ! heav5ly voice addresses ,jesus 9 ! second p]son1 & by comp>+ ! words :i*1 accord+ to ! ,fa!rs1 7 giv5 9 ! old & lo/ gospels z ^? ( ! voice4 ,ju/91 foll[+ 8 ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 1 ?us reports !m3 4 2 #fai ,?\ art my ,son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 accord+ to ,epiphanius2 #fbj ?is decl>ation 0 comb9$ ) t :i* our ,gospels conta94 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria #fba & ,augu/9 #fbb seem to h read ! words ev5 9 "s copies ( ! latt]2 & x is at lea/ c]ta9 t "s ( our pres5t manuscripts ( ,luke h ?is addition4 #fbc ,"h 7 words utt]$ by ! heav5ly voice1 drawn1 n f ,isaiah1 b f ,psalm ii4 #g1 a passage consid]$ messianic by ,jewi% int]pret]s2 #fbd 9 ,heb4 i4 #e1 appli$ to ,*ri/2 &1 f _! be+ c\*$ 9 ! =m ( a direct address1 conta9+ a yet /rong] inducem5t to conceive x z a voice s5t to ! ,messiah f heav54 ,if !n ! words ( ! psalm 7 orig9ally attribut$ to ! heav5ly voice1 or if !y 7 only tak5 9 connexion ) ! passage 9 ,isaiah 7z is probable f ! use ( ! second p]son1 1 9 ,m>k & ,luke1 s9ce ?is =m is pres5t$ 9 ! psalm1 & n 9 ,isaiah71 we h a suffici5t indication t ?is text1 long int]pret$ ( ! ,messiah1 & easily reg>d$ z an address f heav5 to ! ,messiah on e>?1 0 ! s\rce ( our n>rative ( ! div9e voice1 he>d at ! baptism ( ,jesus4 ,to unite x ) ! baptism1 foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 :5 ?is 0 held to be a consecration ( ,jesus to 8 (fice4 ,we proce$ to ! desc5t ( ! ,_s 9 ! =m ( a dove4 ,9 ?is exam9ation we mu/ sep>ate ! desc5t ( ! ,_s f ! =m ( ! dove1 & consid] ! two p>ticul>s ap>t4 ,t ! ,div9e ,_s 0 to re/ 9 a peculi> measure on ! ,messiah1 0 an expectation necess>ily result+ f ! notion1 t ! messianic times 7 to be ^? ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s ^u all fle% 7,joel iii4 #a ff472 & 9 ,isaiah xi4 #a f4 x 0 expressly said ( ! /em ( ,jesse1 t ! _s ( ! ,"l w\ld re/ on x 9 all its fulness1 z ! ,_s ( wisdom & und]/&+1 ( might1 & ( ! fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,! communication ( ! ,_s1 consid]$ z an individual act1 co9cid5t ) ! baptism1 _h a type 9 ! hi/ory ( ,david1 on :om1 :5 ano9t$ by ,samuel1 ! _s ( ,god came f t day =w>d 7#a ,sam4 xvi4 #ac74 ,fur!r1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t phrases conc]n+ ! imp>t+ ( ! ,div9e ,_s to m51 especially 9 t expression ( ,isaiah1 1 :i* be/ corresponds to ! ( ,john1 !re already lay ! g]m ( a symbolical repres5tation2 = t ,hebrew v]b is appli$ also to ! halt+ ( armies1 or1 l ! p>allel ,arabic ^w1 ev5 ( animals4 ,! imag9ation1 once /imulat$ by su* an expression1 w\ld be ! m /rongly impell$ to complete ! picture by ! necessity = di/+ui%+ ! desc5t ( ! ,_s on ! ,messiah1--9 ! ,jewi% view1 f ! mode 9 :i* x 0 imp>t$ to ! prophets 7e4g4 ,isaiah lxi4 #a7--;9 ! ,*ri/ian view1 f its ord9>y communication to ! baptiz$ 7e4g4 ,acts xix4 #a ff74 #fbe ,! position be+ once laid d[n t ! ,_s 0 to desc5d on ! ,messiah1 ! "q imm$iately occurr$3 ,h[ w\ld x desc5d8 ,?is 0 necess>ily decid$ accord+ to ! popul> ,jewi% idea1 :i* always repres5t$ ! ,div9e ,_s "u "s =m or o!r4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ev5 9 ! ,new 7,acts ii4 #c71 fire is ! pr9cipal symbol ( ! ,holy ,_s2 b x by no means foll[s t o!r s5sible objects 7 n simil>ly us$4 ,9 an important passage ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,g54 i4 #b71 ! ,_s ( ,god is describ$ z hov]+ 771 a ^w :i* sugge/s1 z its s5sible repres5tation1 ! movem5t ( a bird1 r ?an ( fire4 ,?us ! expression 1 ,deut4 xxxii4 #aa1 is us$ ( ! hov]+ ( a bird ov] its "y4 ,b ! imag9ation c\ld n be satisfi$ ) ! g5]al figure ( a bird2 x mu/ h a specific image1 & ev]y?+ l$ to ! *oice ( ! dove4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 & especially 9 ,syria1 ! dove is a sacr$ bird1 #fbf & x is s = a reason :i* almo/ necessitat$ its association ) ! ,_s mov+ on ! face ( ! primitive wat]s 7,g54 i4 #b74 ,! brood+ dove 0 a symbol ( ! quick5+ w>m? ( nature2 #fbg x ?us p]fectly repres5t$ ! function :i*1 9 ! ,mosaic cosmogony1 is ascrib$ to ! ,_s ( ,god1--! call+ =? ( ! _w ( life f ! *aos ( ! fir/ creation4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! e>? 0 a second "t cov]$ ) wat]1 x is a dove1 s5t by ,noah1 :i* hov]s ov] its waves1 & :i*1 by pluck+ an olive leaf1 & at l5g? f9ally disappe>+1 ann\nces ! r5ew$ possibility ( liv+ on ! e>?4 ,:o !n c wond] t 9 ,jewi% writ+s1 ! ,_s hov]+ ov] ! primeval wat]s is expressly comp>$ to a dove1 #fbh & t1 ap>t f ! n>rative "u exam9ation1 ! dove is tak5 z a symbol ( ! ,holy ,_s8 #fbi ,h[ ne> to ?is lay ! association ( ! hov]+ dove ) ! ,messiah1 on :om ! dove-l _s 0 to desc5d1 is evid5t1 )\t our hav+ rec\rse to ! ,jewi% writ+s1 :i* designate ! ,_s hov]+ ov] ! wat]s1 ,g54 i4 #b1 z ! ,_s ( ! ,messiah1 #fcj & also connect ) him its emblem1 ! ,noa*ian dove4 #fca ,:51 9 ?is mann]1 ! heav5ly voice1 & ! ,div9e ,_s d[n-hov]+ l a dove1 ga!r$ f ! cotempor>y ,jewi% ideas1 _h become integral p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian leg5d conc]n+ ! circum/ances ( ! baptism ( ,jesus2 x foll[$1 ( c\rse1 t ! heav5s %\ld op5 !mselves1 = ! ,_s1 once embodi$1 mu/ h a road be=e x c\ld desc5d ?r\gh ! vault ( heav54 #fcb ,! result ( ! prec$+ inquiries1 viz41 t ! alleg$ miracul\s circum/ances ( ! baptism ( ,jesus h m]ely a my?ical value1 might h be5 mu* m readily obta9$1 9 ! way ( inf]5ce f ! prec$+ *apt]2 = if1 accord+ to t1 ,john _h n ackn[l$g$ ,jesus to be ! ,messiah1 !re c\ld h be5 no appe>ances at ! baptism ( ,jesus1 demon/rative to ,john ( 8 ,messiah%ip4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 e/abli%$ ! my?ical "* ( ! baptismal ph5om5a1 )\t presuppos+ ! result ( ! previ\s *apt]2 & ?us ! two indep5d5tly obta9$ conclusions may s]ve to /r5g!n ea* o!r4 ,suppos+ all ! imm$iate circum/ances ( ! baptism ( ,jesus unhi/orical1 ! "q occurs1 :e!r ! baptism itself be also a m]e my?us4 ,fritzs*e seems n dis9cl9$ to ! affirmative1 = he leaves x undecid$ :e!r ! fir/ ,*ri/ians knew hi/orically1 or only suppos$1 9 con=mity ) _! messianic expectations1 t ,jesus 0 consecrat$ to 8 messianic (fice by ,john1 z 8 =]unn]4 ,?is view may be support$ by ! obs]vation1 t 9 ! ,jewi% expectation1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,david1 comb9$ ) ! prophecy ( ,mala*i1 !re 0 adequate inducem5t to assume su* a consecration ( ,jesus by ! ,bapti/1 ev5 )\t hi/orical w>rant2 & ! m5tion ( ,john's baptism 9 relation to ,jesus 7,acts i4 #bb71 9 a n>rative1 itself traditional1 proves no?+ to ! contr>y4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x is to be consid]$ t ! baptism ( ,jesus by ,john furni%es ! mo/ natural basis = an explanation ( ! messianic project ( ,jesus4 ,:5 we h two cotempor>ies1 ( :om "o ann\nces ! proximity ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 & ! o!r subsequ5tly assumes ! "* ( ,messiah2 ! conjecture arises1 ev51 )\t positive in=mation1 t !y /ood 9 a relation to ea* o!r--t ! latt] ow$ 8 idea to ! =m]4 ,if ,jesus _h ! messianic idea excit$ 9 him by ,john1 yet1 z is natural1 only s f> t he also look$ =w>d to ! adv5t ( ! messianic individual1 :om he did n1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 id5tify ) himself2 he w\ld mo/ likely submit himself to ! baptism ( ,john4 ,?is w\ld probably take place )\t any /rik+ occurr5ces2 & ,jesus1 9 no way ann\nc$ by x z ! ,bapti/'s sup]ior1 might1 z above rem>k$1 cont9ue = "s "t to demean himself z 8 disciple4 ,if we take a comp>ative retrospect ( our evangelical docum5ts1 ! pre-em95ce :i* has ( late be5 s\ght = ! f\r? gospel appe>s totally unm]it$4 ,! s+le hi/orical fact1 ! baptism ( ,jesus by ,john1 is n m5tion$ by ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 :o is solicit\s ab\t ! my?ical adjuncts alone1 & ^! he 9 reality gives no m simply ?an ! synoptical writ]s1 8 omission ( ! op5+ heav5 except$2 = ! div9e spee* is n want+ 9 8 n>rative1 if we read x imp>tially4 ,9 ! words1 i4 #cc3 ,he t s5t me to baptize ) wat]1 ! same said unto me1 ,^u :om ?\ %alt see ! ,_s desc5d+1 & rema9+ on him1 ! same is he :i* baptize? ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 we h n only sub/antially ! same purport z t convey$ by ! heav5ly voice 9 ! synoptical gospels1 b also a div9e decl>ation2 ! only diff]5ce be+1 t "h ,john is address$ exclusively1 & prior to ! baptism ( ,jesus4 ,?is diff]5ce orig9at$ p>tly 9 ! importance :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ atta*$ to ! relation betwe5 ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus1 & :i* requir$ t ! crit]ia ( ! messianic individual1 z well z ! proximity ( 8 k+dom1 %\ld h be5 reveal$ to ,john at 8 call to baptize2 & x might be p>tly sugge/$ by ! n>rative 9 #a ,sam4 xvi41 accord+ to :i* ,samuel1 be+ s5t by ,jehovah to ano9t a k+ select$ f ! sons ( ,jesse1 is ?us admoni%$ by ,jehovah on ! entrance ( ,david3 ,arise & ano9t him1 = ?is is he 7v4 #ab74 ,! desc5t ( ! ,_s1 :i* 9 ,david's case foll[s 8 consecration1 is1 by ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 made an antec$5t sign ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus4 #eb4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,sup]natural ,,at ,,! ,,baptism ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,! ,,sup]natural ,,9 ,,8 ,,conception4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is *apt]1 we enquir$ into ! subjective views ( ,jesus 9 8 reception ( ,john's baptism1 or ! idea :i* he ent]ta9$ ( its relation to 8 own "*4 ,we close ?is discussion ) an inquiry into ! objective purpose ( ! miracles at ! baptism ( ,jesus1 or ! mode 9 :i* !y 7 to subs]ve ! manife/ation ( 8 messiah%ip4 ,! common answ] to su* an inquiry is1 t ,jesus 0 !reby induct$ to 8 public (fice1 & decl>$ to be ! ,messiah1 #fcc i4e4 t no?+ 0 conf]r$ on him1 & t simply ! "* :i* he already possess$ 0 manife/$ to o!rs4 ,b1 x may be ask$1 is su* an ab/raction int5d$ by our n>rators8 ,a consecration to an (fice1 effect$ by div9e co-op]ation1 0 ev] consid]$ by antiquity z a delegation ( div9e p[]s = its fulfilm5t2 h5ce1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! k+s1 z soon z !y are ano9t$1 are fill$ ) ! _s ( ,god 7#a ,sam4 x4 #f1 #aj1 xvi4 #ac72 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t also1 ! apo/les1 be=e ent]+ on _! vocation1 are furni%$ ) sup]natural gifts 7,acts ii474 ,x may1 !re=e1 be be=eh& conjectur$1 t accord+ to ! orig9al s5se ( ! ,gospels1 ! consecration ( ,jesus at 8 baptism 0 att5d$ ) a supply ( high] p[]s2 & ?is is confirm$ by an exam9ation ( our n>ratives4 ,= ! synoptical writ]s all /ate1 t aft] ! baptism1 ! ,_s l$ ,jesus into ! wild]ness1 obvi\sly m>k+ ?is j\rney z ! fir/ effect ( ! high] pr9ciple infus$ at 8 baptism3 & 9 ,john1 ! words ' 1 appli$ to ! desc5d+ ,_s1 seem to intimate1 t f ! "t ( ! baptism !re 0 a relation n previ\sly subsi/+1 betwe5 ! & ,jesus4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! m>vels at ! baptism ( ,jesus seems 9 contradiction ) ! n>ratives ( 8 conception4 ,if ,jesus1 z ,mat!w & ,luke /ate1 0 conceiv$ by ! ,holy ,gho/2 or if1 z ,john prop\nds1 ! div9e 1 ! ^w1 0 made fle% 9 him1 f ! beg9n+ ( 8 e>?ly exi/5ce2 :y did he yet ne$1 at 8 baptism1 a special intromission ( ! 8 ,sev]al mod]n expositors h se51 & s\ght to solve1 ?is difficulty4 ,ol%aus5's explanation consi/s 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! pot5tial & ! actual2 b x is self-contradictory4 #fcd ,= if ! "* ( ! :i* 0 manife/$ act1 ) ! rip5$ manhood ( ,jesus1 at 8 baptism1 0 already pres5t pot5ti 9 ! *ild & y\?2 !re mu/ h also be5 an inw>d pr9ciple ( developm5t1 by means ( :i* 8 p[]s w\ld gradually unfold !mselves f )91 in/ead ( be+ fir/ awak5$ by a sudd5 illapse ( ! ,_s f )\t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n preclude ! possibility t ! div9e pr9ciple1 exi/+ 9 ,jesus1 z sup]naturally conceiv$1 f ! mom5t ( 8 bir?1 might ne$1 ow+ to ! human =m ( its developm5t1 "s impulse f )\t2 & ,lcke #fce has m ju/ly proce$$ on ?is contra/ betwe5 ext]nal impulse & inw>d developm5t4 ,! 1 pres5t 9 ,jesus f 8 bir?1 ne$$1 he ?9ks1 h[ev] /rong might be ! inw>d b5t1 "s ext]nal /imulus & vivification1 9 ord] to arrive at full activity & manife/ation 9 ! _w2 & t :i* awak5s & guides ! div9e life-g]m 9 ! _w is1 on apo/olic %[+1 ! 4 ,all[+ ?is1 yet ! inw>d disposition & ! requisite =ce ( ! outw>d /imulus /& 9 an inv]se relation to ea* o!r2 s t ! /rong] ! outw>d /imulus requir$1 ! weak] is ! inw>d disposition2 b 9 a case :]e ! inw>d disposition is consummate1--z x mu/ be suppos$ 9 ,jesus1 eng5d]$ by ! ,_s1 or animat$ by ! 1--! ext]ior impulse ought to be a m9imum1 t is1 e circum/ance1 ev5 ! mo/ common1 might s]ve z a det]m9ation ( ! inw>d t5d5cy4 ,b at ! baptism ( ,jesus we see ! maximum ( ext]ior impulse1 9 ! visible desc5t ( ! div9e ,_s2 & al?\gh we all[ = ! special nature ( ! messianic task1 = ! fulfilm5t ( :i* he mu/ be qualifi$1 #fcf yet ! maximum ( inw>d disposition1 :i* fitt$ him to be ! 1 _c at ! same "t be suppos$ z exi/+ 9 him f 8 bir?3 a consequ5ce :i* ,lcke only escapes1 by r$uc+ ! baptismal sc5e to a m]e inauguration1 ?us1 z has be5 already %[n1 contradict+ ! evangelical records4 ,we mu/ "h give a simil> decision to t at :i* we arriv$ conc]n+ ! g5ealogies2 viz41 t 9 t circle ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*1 9 :i* ! n>rative ( ! desc5t ( ! on ,jesus at 8 baptism 0 =m$1 ! idea t ,jesus 0 g5]at$ by ! same _c h prevail$2 & :ile1 at ! pres5t day1 ! communication ( ! div9e nature to ,jesus is ?\ght ( z cotempor>y ) 8 conception1 ^? ,*ri/ians mu/ h reg>d$ 8 baptism z ! epo* ( su* communication4 ,9 fact1 ^? primitive ,*ri/ians :om1 9 a =m] discussion1 we f\nd to h kn[n no?+1 or to h believ$ no?+1 ( ! sup]natural conception ( ,jesus1 7 also ^? :o connect$ ! fir/ communication ( div9e p[]s to ,jesus ) 8 baptism 9 ! ,jordan4 ,= no o!r doctr9e did ! or?odox fa!rs ( ! *ur* m fi]cely p]secute ! anci5t ,ebionites1 #fcg ) _! gno/ic fell[-believ] ,c]9?us1 #fch ?an = ?is3 t ! ,holy ,_s fir/ unit$ himself ) ,jesus at 8 baptism4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites x 0 writt5 t ! n only desc5d$ on ,jesus 9 ! =m ( a dove1 b ent]$ into him2 #fci & accord+ to ,ju/91 x 0 ! g5]al expectation ( ! ,jews1 t high] p[]s w\ld fir/ be grant$ to ! ,messiah1 :5 he %\ld be ano9t$ by 8 =]unn] ,elias4 #fdj ,! developm5t ( ^! ideas seems to h be5 ! foll[+4 ,:5 ! messianic dignity ( ,jesus began to be ackn[l$g$ among ! ,jews1 x 0 ?\ght appropriate to connect 8 com+ into possession ( ! requisite gifts1 ) ! epo* f :i* he 0 9 "s degree kn[n1 & :i*1 f ! c]emony t m>k$ x1 0 also be/ adapt$ to repres5t t ano9t+ ) ! ,holy ,_s1 expect$ by ! ,jews = _! ,messiah3 & f ?is po9t ( view 0 =m$ ! leg5d ( ! occurr5ces at ! baptism4 ,b z rev]5ce = ,jesus 0 height5$1 & m5 appe>$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* :o 7 acqua9t$ ) m exalt$ messianic ideas1 ?is t>dy manife/ation ( messiah%ip 0 no long] suffici5t2 8 relation ) ! ,holy ,_s 0 ref]r$ to 8 conception3 & f ?is po9t ( view 0 =m$ ! tradition ( ! sup]natural conception ( ,jesus4 ,"h too1 p]haps1 ! words ( ! heav5ly voice1 :i* might orig9ally be ^? ( ,ps4 ii4 #g1 7 alt]$ aft] ,isaiah xlii4 #a4 ,= ! words1 1 ,?is day h ,i begott5 !e1 7 consi/5t ) ! notion t ,jesus 0 con/itut$ ! ,son ( ,god at 8 baptism2 b !y 7 no long] suitable to t occasion1 :5 ! op9ion _h aris5 t ! orig9 ( 8 life 0 an imm$iate div9e act4 ,by ?is lat] repres5tation1 h[ev]1 ! e>li] "o 0 by no means supplant$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 tradition & h] record]s be+ l>ge-he>t$1 bo? n>ratives--t ( ! miracles at ! baptism1 & t ( ! sup]natural conception1 or ! indwell+ ( ! 9 ,jesus f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 life1 al?\gh1 /rictly1 !y exclude ea* o!r1 w5t =? peaceably side by side1 & s 7 depict$ by our ,evangeli/s1 n except+ ev5 ! f\r?4 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! g5ealogies3 ! n>rative ( ! imp>t+ ( ! ,_s at ! baptism c\ld n arise aft] ! =mation ( ! idea t ,jesus 0 eng5d]$ by ! ,_s2 b x might be reta9$ z a supplem5t1 because tradition is ev] unwill+ to r5\nce any ( its acquir$ treasures4 #ec4 ,,place ,,& ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,temptation ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,div]g5cies ,,( ,,! ,,evangeli/s ,,on ,,?is ,,subject4 ,! transition f ! baptism to ! temptation ( ,jesus1 z x is made by ! synoptical writ]s1 is att5d$ ) difficulty 9 relation bo? to place & "t4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 x /rikes u at once1 t accord+ to all ! synoptical gospels1 ,jesus aft] 8 baptism 0 l$ into ! wild]ness to be tempt$1 imply+ t he 0 n previ\sly 9 ! wild]ness1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ,matt4 iii4 #a1 ,john1 by :om he 0 baptiz$1 ex]cis$ 8 m9i/ry !re4 ,?is app>5t contradiction has be5 expos$ by ! mo/ rec5t critic ( ,mat!w's gospel1 = ! sake ( prov+ ! /atem5t t ,john baptiz$ 9 ! wild]ness to be errone\s4 #fda ,b !y :o _c resolve to reject ?is /atem5t on gr\nds previ\sly laid d[n1 may "h avail !mselves ( ! supposition1 t ,john deliv]$ 8 prelim9>y disc\rses 9 ! wild]ness ( ,judea1 b resort$ to ! ,jordan = ! purpose ( baptiz+2 or1 if ! banks ( ! ,jordan be reckon$ "p ( t wild]ness1 ( ! presumption t ! ,evangeli/s c only h int5d$ t ! ,_s l$ ,jesus f>!r into ! recesses ( ! wild]ness1 b h neglect$ to /ate ?is ) precision1 because _! description ( ! sc5e at ! baptism _h oblit]at$ f _! imag9ation _! =m] designation ( ! locality ( ,john's ag5cy4 ,b !re is1 besides1 a *ronological difficulty3 namely1 t :ile1 accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 ,jesus1 9 ! pl5itude ( ! ,_s1 j communicat$ to him at ! ,jordan1 betakes himself1 9 consequ5ce ( t communication1 = =ty days to ! wild]ness1 :]e ! temptation occurs1 & !n returns into ,galilee2 ,john1 on ! contr>y1 is sil5t conc]n+ ! temptation1 & appe>s to suppose an int]val ( a few days only1 betwe5 ! baptism ( ,jesus & 8 j\rney into ,galilee2 ?us all[+ no space = a six weeks' resid5ce 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! f\r? ,evangeli/ comm5ces 8 n>rative ) ! te/imony :i* ! ,bapti/ deliv]s to ! emiss>ies ( ! ,sanh$rim 7i4 #ai72 ! next day 7 7 he makes ! ,bapti/ recite ! incid5t :i* 9 ! synoptical gospels is foll[$ by ! baptism 7v4 #bi73 aga91 ! next day 7 7 he causes two ( 8 disciples to foll[ ,jesus 7v4 #ce72 f>!r1 ! next day 7 1 v4 #dd71 z ,jesus is on ! po9t ( j\rney+ into ,galilee1 ,philip & ,na?anael jo9 him2 & la/ly1 on ! ?ird day1 7ii4 #a71 ,jesus is at ! w$d+ 9 ,cana ( ,galilee4 ,! mo/ natural inf]5ce is1 t ! baptism took place imm$iately be=e ,john's n>rative ( its att5dant occurr5ces1 & z accord+ to ! synoptical gospels ! temptation foll[$ close on ! baptism1 bo? ^! ev5ts mu/ be ins]t$ betwe5 v4 #bh & #bi1 z ,eu?ymius suppos$4 ,b betwe5 t :i* is n>rat$ d[n to v4 #bh1 & ! sequel f v4 #bi inclusive1 !re is only ! int]val ( a morr[1 1 :ile ! temptation requires a p]iod ( =ty days2 h5ce1 expositors h ?\ght x necess>y to give ! wid] s5se ( aft]w>ds2 ?is h[ev] is inadmissible1 because ! expression 1 ! ?ird day1 foll[s 9 connexion ) 1 & re/ricts its mean+ to ! morr[4 ,we might !re=e be incl9$1 ) ,ku9l1 to sep>ate ! baptism & ! temptation1 to place ! baptism aft] v4 #bh1 & to reg>d ! next day's int]view betwe5 ,jesus & ,john 7v4 #bi7 z a p>t+ visit f ! =m] to ! latt]3 ins]t+ aft] ?is ! j\rney into ! wild]ness & ! temptation4 ,b )\t insi/+ t ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s seem n to all[ ev5 ( a day's int]val betwe5 ! baptism & ! dep>ture ( ,jesus into ! wild]ness1 yet ev5 lat] we h ! same difficulty 9 f9d+ space = ! =ty days4 ,= x is no m possible to place ! resid5ce 9 ! wild]ness betwe5 ! suppos$ p>t+ visit & ! direction ( ! two disciples to ,jesus1 t is betwe5 v4 #cd & #ce1 z ,ku9l attempts1 ?an betwe5 v4 #bh & #bi1 s9ce ! =m] z well z ! latt] passages are connect$ by 1 on ! morr[4 ,h5ce we mu/ desc5d to v4 #dc & #dd2 b "h also !re is only ! int]val ( a morr[1 & ev5 *ap4 ii4 #a1 we are %ut out by an 1 ?ird day1 s t1 proce$+ 9 ?is way1 ! temptation w\ld at la/ be c>ri$ to ! resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee1 9 direct opposition to ! /atem5t ( ! synoptical writ]s2 :ile1 9 fur!r contradiction to !m1 ! temptation is plac$ at a f>!r & f>!r di/ance f ! baptism4 ,?us nei!r at v4 #bi1 nor bel[ x1 c ! =ty days' resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ! wild]ness ) ! temptation be int]calat$3 & x mu/ !re=e be ref]r$1 accord+ to ! plan ( ,lcke & o!rs1 #fdb to ! p]iod be=e v4 #ai1 :i* seems to all[ ( z l>ge an int]polation z c be desir$1 inasmu* z ! f\r? ,evangeli/ !re comm5ces 8 hi/ory4 ,n[ x is true t :at foll[s f v4 #ai to #bh is n ( a k9d absolutely to exclude ! baptism & temptation ( ,jesus z e>li] occurr5ces2 b f v4 #bi to #cd1 ! ,evangeli/ is f> f mak+ ! ,bapti/ speak z if !re _h be5 an int]val ( six weeks betwe5 ! baptism & 8 n>rative ( its circum/ances4 #fdc ,t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ %\ld h omitt$1 by *ance m]ely1 ! hi/ory ( ! temptation1 important z x 0 9 ! view ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 seems improbable3 x is r to be conclud$1 ei!r t x 0 dogmatically (f5sive to him1 s t he omitt$ x design$ly1 or t x 0 n curr5t 9 ! circle ( tradition f :i* he drew 8 mat]ials4 ,! p]iod ( =ty days is assign$ by all ?ree ( ! synoptical writ]s = ! resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ! wild]ness2 b to ?is agreem5t is annex$ ! n inconsid]able discrepancy1 t1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! temptation by ! devil comm5ces aft] ! lapse ( ! =ty days1 :ile1 accord+ to ! o!rs1 x appe>s to h be5 go+ =w>d dur+ ?is "t2 = ! words ( ,m>k 7i4 #ac71 he 0 9 ! wild]ness =ty days tempt$ ( ,satan1 1 & ! simil> ones ( ,luke i4 #b1 c h no o!r mean+4 ,add$ to ?is1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two latt] evangeli/s2 ,m>k only plac+ ! temptation g5]ally )9 ! duration ( =ty days1 )\t nam+ ! p>ticul> acts ( ! tempt]1 :i* accord+ to ,mat!w1 7 subsequ5t to ! =ty days2 :ile ,luke m5tions bo? ! prolong$ temptation 77 ( ! =ty days1 & ! ?ree special temptations 77 :i* foll[$4 #fdd ,x has be5 ?\ght possible to make ! ?ree acc\nts tally by suppos+ t ! devil tempt$ ,jesus dur+ ! =ty days1 z ,m>k /ates2 t aft] ! lapse ( t "t he approa*$ him ) ! ?ree temptations giv5 by ,mat!w2 & t ,luke's n>rative includes ! :ole4 #fde ,fur!r1 ! temptations h be5 di/+ui%$ into two k9ds2 t :i* is only g5]ally m5tion$1 z cont9u$ ?r\gh ! =ty days1 be+ consid]$ invisible1 l ! ord9>y attempts ( ,satan aga9/ m52 & ! ?ree p>ticul>iz$ temptations be+ reg>d$ z p]sonal & visible assaults1 resort$ to on ! failure ( ! fir/4 #fdf ,b ?is di/9ction is evid5tly built on ! air2 moreov]1 x is inconceivable :y ,luke %\ld n specify "o ( ! temptations ( ! =ty days1 & %\ld only m5tion ! ?ree subsequ5t ones detail$ by ,mat!w4 ,we might conjecture t ! ?ree temptations n>rat$ by ,luke did n occur aft] ! six weeks1 b 7 giv5 by way ( specim5 f among ! _m t took place dur+ t "t2 & t ,mat!w misund]/ood !m to be a sequel to ! =ty days' temptation4 #fdg ,b ! *all5ge to make /ones bread mu/ 9 any case be plac$ at ! end ( t p]iod1 = x appeal$ to ! hung] ( ,jesus1 aris+ f a =ty days' fa/ 7a cause omitt$ by ,m>k alone74 ,n[ 9 ,luke also ?is is ! fir/ temptation1 & if ?is occurr$ at ! close ( ! =ty days1 ! o!rs c\ld n h be5 e>li]4 ,= x is n to be admitt$ t ! sep>ate temptations be+ unit$ 9 ,luke m]ely by 1 & n by & z 9 ,mat!w1 we are n b\nd to pres]ve ! ord] ( !m1 & t )\t violat+ ! int5tion ( ! ?ird ,evangeli/ we may place ! second & ?ird temptation be=e ! fir/4 ,?us ,luke is convict$ ( a want ( hi/orical fact2 = aft] repres5t+ ,jesus z tempt$ by ! devil =ty days1 he has no details to give conc]n+ ?is long p]iod1 b n>rates lat] temptations2 h5ce we are n incl9$1 ) ! mo/ rec5t critic ( ,mat!w's ,gospel1 to reg>d ,luke's z ! orig9al1 & ,mat!w's z ! traditional & adult]at$ n>rative4 #fdh ,r1 z 9 ,m>k ! temptation is notic$ )\t f>!r details ?an t x la/$ =ty days1 & 9 ,mat!w ! p>ticul> cases ( temptation are n>rat$1 ! hung] :i* induc$ ! fir/ r5d]+ x necess>y to place !m aft] ! =ty days2 ,luke has evid5tly ! second>y /atem5t1 = he unites ! two previ\s ones 9 a mann] sc>cely tol]able1 giv+ ! =ty days' process ( temptation1 & !n sup]flu\sly br++ =w>d p>ticul> in/ances z additional facts4 ,x is n on ?is acc\nt to be conclud$ t ,luke wrote aft] ,m>k1 & 9 dep5d5ce on him2 b suppos+1 on ! contr>y1 t ,m>k "h borr[$ f ,luke1 he extract$ only ! fir/ & g5]al "p ( ! latt] ,evangeli/'s n>rative1 hav+ ready1 9 lieu ( ! f>!r detail ( s+le temptations1 an addition peculi> to himself2 namely1 t ,jesus1 dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ! wild]ness 0 1 ) ! wild bea/s4 ,:at 0 ,m>k's object 9 introduc+ ! wild bea/s1 x is difficult to say4 ,! majority ( expositors are ( op9ion t he int5d$ to complete ! t]rible picture ( ! wild]ness2 #fdi b to ?is x is n )\t reason object$1 t ! clause w\ld !n h be5 9 clos] connexion ) ! words 1 he 0 9 ! wild]ness1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ aft] 1 tempt$4 #fej ,u/]i has haz>d$ ! conjecture t ?is p>ticul>ity may be design$ to m>k ,*ri/ z ! antitype ( ,adam1 :o1 9 ,p>adise1 also /ood 9 a peculi> relation to ! animals1 #fea & ,ol%aus5 has eag]ly laid hold on ?is my/ical notion2 b x is an int]pretation :i* f9ds little support 9 ! context4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 9 pron\nc+ ?is feature ( ,m>k's n>rative extravagant1 #feb d\btless means t ?is ,evangeli/ "h1 z 9 o!r in/ances ( exagg]ation1 bord]s on ! /yle ( ! apocryphal gospels1 = ^: caprici\s fictions we are n seldom unable to sugge/ a cause or an object1 & ?us we mu/ re/ cont5t$1 = ! pres5t1 to p5etrate no f>!r into ! s5se ( 8 /atem5t4 ,) respect to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! sev]al temptations1 we mu/ equally abide by ,s*lei]ma*]'s criticism & v]dict1 namely1 t ,mat!w's ord] seems to be ! orig9al1 because x is f\nd$ on ! relative importance ( ! temptations1 :i* is ! ma9 consid]ation1--! invitation to wor%ip ,satan1 :i* is ! /ronge/ temptation1 be+ made ! f9al "o2 :]eas ! arrangem5t ( ,luke looks l a lat] & n v happy transposition1 proce$+ f ! consid]ation--ali5 to ! orig9al _s ( ! n>rative--t ,jesus c\ld m readily g ) ! devil f ! wild]ness to ! adjac5t m\nta9 & f !nce to ,j]usalem1 ?an out ( ! wild]ness to ! city & f !nce back aga9 to ! m\nta94 #fec ,:ile ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s close _! n>rative ( ! temptation ) ! m9i/]+ ( angels to ,jesus1 ,luke has a conclusion peculi> to himself1 namely1 t ! devil left ,jesus = a season1 7v4 #ac71 app>5tly intimat+ t ! suff]+s ( ,jesus 7 a f>!r assault ( ! devil2 an idea n resum$ by ,luke1 b allud$ to 9 ,john xiv4 #cj4 #ed4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,temptation ,,conceiv$ ,,9 ,,! ,,s5se ,,( ,,! ,,evangeli/s4 ,few evangelical passages h und]gone a m indu/ri\s criticism1 or m completely run ?r\gh ! circle ( all possible int]pretations1 ?an ! hi/ory 9 "q4 ,= ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ! devil1 :i* x seems to conta91 0 a ?orn :i* w\ld n all[ comm5tators to repose on ! mo/ obvi\s int]pretation1 b incessantly urg$ !m to new ef=ts4 ,! s]ies ( explanations h5ce result+1 l$ to critical comp>isons1 among :i* ^? ( ,s*midt1 #fed ,fritzs*e1 #fee & ,u/]i1 #fef seem to h c>ri$ ! inquiry to its utmo/ limits4 ,! fir/ int]pretation t sugge/s itself on an unprejudic$ consid]ation ( ! text is ?is2 t ,jesus 0 l$ by ! ,div9e ,_s receiv$ at 8 baptism into ! wild]ness1 !re to und]go a temptation by ! devil1 :o accord+ly appe>$ to him visibly & p]sonally1 & 9 v>i\s ways1 & at v>i\s places to :i* he 0 ! conductor1 prosecut$ 8 purpose ( temptation2 b meet+ ) a victori\s resi/ance1 he )drew f ,jesus1 & angels appe>$ to m9i/] to him4 ,su* is ! simple exegesis ( ! n>rative1 b view$ z a hi/ory x is encumb]$ ) difficulties4 ,to take ! portions ( ! n>rative 9 _! prop] ord]3 if ! ,div9e ,_s l$ ,jesus into ! wild]ness ) ! design ( expos+ him to temptation1 z ,mat!w expressly says1 1 7iv4 #a71 ( :at use 0 ?is temptation8 ,t x _h a vic>i\s & r$eem+ value w h>dly be ma9ta9$1 or t x 0 necess>y = ,god to put ,jesus to a trial2 nei!r c x be consi/5tly %[n t by ?is temptation ,jesus 0 to be made l u1 &1 accord+ to ,heb4 iv4 #ae1 tempt$ 9 all ?+s l z we are2 = ! fulle/ measure ( trial fell to 8 %>e 9 aft] life1 & a temptation1 effect$ by ! devil 9 p]son1 w\ld r make him unlike u1 :o are sp>$ su* appe>ances4 ,! =ty days' fa/1 too1 is s+ul>4 ,"o does n und]/& h[ ,jesus c\ld hung] aft] six weeks ( ab/95ce f all food )\t hav+ hung]$ long be=e2 s9ce 9 ord9>y cases ! human frame _c su/a9 a week's deprivation ( n\ri%m5t4 ,x is true1 expositors #feg console !mselves by call+ ! =ty days a r\nd numb]1 & by suppos+ t ! expression ( ,mat!w1 1 & ev5 t ( ,luke1 1 are n to be tak5 /rictly1 & d n d5ote ab/95ce f all food1 b only f t :i* is cu/om>y1 s t ! use ( roots & h]bs is n exclud$4 ,on no supposition1 h[ev]1 c s mu* be subtract$ f ! =ty days z to leave only ! duration ( a conceivable fa/2 & t no?+ %ort ( entire ab/95ce f all n\ri%m5t 0 int5d$ by ! ,evangeli/s ,fritzs*e has cle>ly %[n1 by po9t+ out ! p>allel betwe5 ! fa/ ( ,jesus & t ( ,moses & ,elias1 ! =m] ( :om is said to h eat5 no bread & drunk no wat] = =ty days 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #bh2 ,deut4 ix4 #i1 #ah71 & ! latt] to h gone = ! same p]iod 9 ! /r5g? ( a meal tak5 be=e 8 j\rney 7#a ,k+s xix4 #h74 ,b su* a fa/ wants ! cr$5tials ( utility1 z well z ( possibility4 ,f ! context x appe>s1 t ! fa/ ( ,jesus 0 prompt$ by ! same ,_s :i* occasion$ 8 j\rney to ! wild]ness1 & :i* n[ mov$ him to a holy self-discipl9e1 :]eby m5 ( ,god1 "u ! old disp5sation1 purifi$ !mselves1 & became wor?y ( div9e visions4 ,b x c\ld n be hidd5 f t ,_s1 t ,satan1 9 attack+ ,jesus1 w\ld avail himself ( ?is v fa/1 & make ! hung] !nce aris+ an accomplice 9 8 temptation4 ,& 0 n ! fa/1 9 ?is case1 a k9d ( *all5ge to ,satan1 an act ( presumption1 ill becom+ ev5 ! be/ w>rant$ self-confid5ce8 #feh ,b ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ! devil is ! great /umbl+-block 9 ! pres5t n>rative4 ,if1 x is said1 !re be a p]sonal devil1 he _c take a visible =m2 & if t 7 possible1 he w\ld h>dly demean himself z he is repres5t$ to h done 9 ! gospels4 ,x is ) ! exi/5ce ( ! devil z ) t ( angels--ev5 ! believ]s 9 a revelation are p]plex$ by x1 because ! idea did n spr+ up among ! recipi5ts ( revelation1 b 0 transplant$ by !m1 dur+ exile1 f a pr(ane soil4 #fei ,moreov]1 to ^? :o h n q %ut out ! lights ( ! pres5t age1 ! exi/5ce ( a devil is become 9 ! highe/ degree d\btful4 ,on ?is subject1 z well z on t ( angels1 ,s*lei]ma*] may s]ve z an int]pret] ( mod]n op9ion4 ,he %[s t ! idea ( a be+ su* z ! devil1 is an assemblage ( contradictions3 t z ! idea ( angels orig9at$ 9 a limit$ obs]vation ( nature1 s t ( ! devil orig9at$ 9 a limit$ obs]vation ( self1 & z our k ( human nature progresses1 mu/ rec$e f>!r into ! backgr\nd1 & ! appeal to ! devil be h5ce=? reg>d$ z ! res\rce ( ignorance & slo?4 #ffj ,ev5 admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( a devil1 a visible & p]sonal appe>ance on 8 "p1 su* z is "h suppos$1 has its peculi> difficulties4 ,ol%aus5 himself obs]ves1 t !re is no p>allel to x ei!r 9 ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t4 ,f>!r1 if ! devil1 t he might h "s hope ( deceiv+ ,jesus1 ab&on$ 8 own =m1 & took t ( a man1 or ( a good angel2 x may be reasonably ask$ :e!r ! passage1 #b ,cor4 xi4 #ad1 ,satan is trans=m$ into an angel ( light1 be int5d$ lit]ally1 & if s1 :e!r ?is fanta/ic conception c be sub/antially true8 #ffa ,z to ! temptations1 x 0 e>ly ask$ by ,julian1 h[ ! devil c\ld hope to deceive ,jesus1 kn[+1 z he mu/1 8 high] nature8 #ffb ,& ,!odore's answ] t ! div9ity ( ,jesus 0 !n unkn[n to ! devil1 is contradict$ by ! obs]vation1 t _h he n !n beheld a high] nature 9 ,jesus1 he w\ld sc>cely h tak5 ! tr\ble to appe> specially to him 9 p]son4 ,9 relation to ! p>ticul> temptations1 an ass5t _c be )held f ! canon1 t1 to be cr$ible1 ! n>rative mu/ ascribe no?+ to ! devil inconsi/5t ) 8 e/abli%$ cunn+4 #ffc ,n[ ! fir/ temptation1 appeal+ to hung]1 we grant1 is n ill-conceiv$2 if ?is 7 ineffectual1 ! devil1 z an artful tactician1 %\ld h _h a yet m allur+ temptation at h&2 b in/ead ( ?is1 we f9d him1 9 ,mat!w1 propos+ to ,jesus ! neck-break+ feat ( ca/+ himself d[n f ! p9nacle ( ! temple--a f> less invit+ exp]im5t ?an ! metamorphosis ( ! /ones4 ,?is proposition f9d+ no acceptance1 !re foll[s1 z a cr[n+ ef=t1 a sugge/ion :i*1 :atev] might be ! bribe1 e true ,israelite w\ld in/antly reject ) abhorr5ce--to fall d[n & wor%ip ! devil4 ,s indiscreet a *oice & arrangem5t ( temptations has ?r[n mo/ mod]n comm5tators into p]plexity4 #ffd ,z ! ?ree temptations took place 9 ?ree diff]5t & di/ant places1 ! "q occurs3 h[ did ,jesus pass ) ! devil f "o to ! o!r8 ,ev5 ! or?odox hold t ?is *ange ( place 0 effect$ q naturally1 = !y suppose t ,jesus set out on a j\rney1 & t ! devil foll[$ him4 #ffe ,b ! expressions1 ! devil takes him--sets him1 -- 1 9 ,mat!w3 tak+1 1 br\ght1 1 set1 1 9 ,luke1 obvi\sly imply t ! transportation 0 effect$ by ! devil1 & moreov]1 ! p>ticul> giv5 9 ,luke1 t ! devil %[$ ,jesus all ! k+doms ( ! _w 9 a mom5t ( "t1 po9ts to some?+ magical2 s t )\t d\bt ! ,evangeli/s int5d$ to convey ! idea ( magical transportations1 z 9 ,acts viii4 #bi1 a p[] ( c>ry+ away1 1 is attribut$ to ! ,_s ( ! ,"l4 ,b x 0 e>ly f\nd irreconcilable ) ! dignity ( ,jesus t ! devil %\ld ?us ex]cise a magical p[] ov] him1 & c>ry him ab\t 9 ! air2 #fff an idea :i* seem$ extravagant ev5 to ^? :o tol]at$ ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ! devil4 ,! incr$ibility is augm5t$1 :5 we consid] ! s5sation :i* ! appe>ance ( ,jesus on ! ro( ( ! temple mu/ h excit$1 ev5 suppos+ x to be ! ro( ( ,solomon's ,por* only1 9 :i* case ! gild$ spe>s on ! holy ( holies1 & ! prohibition to laym5 to tread its ro(1 w\ld n be an ob/acle4 #ffg ,! well-kn[n "q sugge/$ by ! la/ temptation1 z to ! situation ( ! m\nta91 f ^: summit may be se5 all ! k+doms ( ! _w1 has be5 met by ! in=mation t "h means no m ?an ,pale/9e1 & 1 its sev]al k+doms & tetr>*ies2 #ffh b ?is is a sc>cely less ludicr\s explanation ?an ! "o t ! devil %[$ ,jesus all ! k+doms ( ! _w on a map6 ,no answ] rema9s b t su* a m\nta9 exi/$ only 9 ! anci5t idea ( ! e>? z a pla91 & 9 ! popul> imag9ation1 :i* c easily /ret* a m\nta9 up to heav51 & %>p5 an eye to p5etrate inf9ity4 ,la/ly1 ! incid5t ) :i* our n>rative closes1 namely1 t angels came & m9i/]$ to ,jesus1 is n )\t difficulty1 ap>t f ! above-m5tion$ d\bts z to ! exi/5ce ( su* be+s4 ,= ! expression c signify no o!r k9d ( m9i/]+ ?an t ( pres5t+ food2 & ?is is prov$ n only by ! context1 accord+ to :i* ,jesus _h ne$ ( su* t5dance1 b by a comp>ison ( ! circum/ances ) #a ,k+s xix4 #e1 :]e an angel br+s food to ,elijah4 ,b ( ! only two possible suppositions1 bo? are equally incongru\s3 t e!real be+s l angels %\ld convey e>?ly mat]ial food1 or t ! human body ( ,jesus %\ld be n\ri%$ ) heav5ly sub/ances1 if any su* exi/4 #ee4 ,,! ,,temptation ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,natural ,,occurr5ce ,,ei!r ,,int]nal ,,or ,,ext]nal2 ,,& ,,also ,,z ,a ,,p>able4 ,! impossibility ( conceiv+ ! sudd5 removals ( ,jesus to ! temple & ! m\nta91 l$ "s ev5 ( ! anci5t comm5tators to ! op9ion1 t at lea/ ! locality ( ! second & ?ird temptations 0 n pres5t to ,jesus corporeally & ext]nally1 b m]ely 9 a vision2 #ffi :ile "s mod]n ones1 to :om ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ! devil 0 especially (f5sive1 h suppos$ t ! :ole transaction ) him pass$ f beg9n+ to end )9 ! recesses ( ! s\l ( ,jesus4 ,h]e) !y h reg>d$ ! =ty days' fa/ ei!r z a m]e int]nal repres5tation #fgj 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is a mo/ inadmissible p]v]sion ( ! pla9ly hi/oric text3 1 ,matt4 iv4 #b71 or z a real fact1 9 :i* case ! =midable difficulties m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ section rema9 valid4 ,! int]nal repres5tation ( ! temptations is by "s made to accompany a /ate ( ec/atic vision1 = :i* !y reta9 a sup]natural cause1 d]iv+ x ei!r f ,god1 or f ! k+dom ( d>kness3 #fga o!rs ascribe to ! vision m ( ! nature ( a dream1 & accord+ly seek a natural cause = x1 9 ! reflections ) :i* ,jesus 0 occupi$ dur+ 8 wak+ mom5ts4 #fgb ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ,jesus1 9 ! solemn mood :i* ! baptismal sc5e 0 calculat$ to produce1 reviews 8 messianic plan1 & toge!r ) ! true means = its execution1 he recalls _! possible abuses2 an excessive use ( miracles & a love ( dom9ation1 by :i* man1 9 ! ,jewi% mode ( ?9k+1 became1 in/ead ( an in/rum5t ( ,god1 a promot] ( ! plans ( ! devil4 ,:ile surr5d]+ himself to su* m$itations1 8 f9ely organiz$ body is ov]come by _! excit+ influ5ce2 he s9ks = "s "t into deep exhau/ion1 & !n into a dream-l /ate1 9 :i* 8 m9d unconsci\sly embodies 8 previ\s ?\ghts 9 speak+ & act+ =ms4 ,to support ?is transf]5ce ( ! :ole sc5e to ! inw>d nature ( ,jesus1 comm5tators ?9k t !y c produce "s features ( ! evangelical n>rative itself4 ,! expression ( ,mat!w 7iv4 #a71 1 & /ill m t ( ,luke 7iv4 #a71 1 correspond fully to ! =ms3 1 ,rev4 i4 #aj1 1 xvii4 #c1 & to simil> ones 9 ,ezekiel2 & z 9 ^! passages inw>d intuition is alone ref]r$ to1 nei!r 9 ! evangelical ones1 x is said1 c any ext]nal occurr5ce be int5d$4 ,b x has be5 ) reason object$1 #fgc t ! above =ms may be adapt$ ei!r to a real ext]nal abduction by ! ,div9e ,_s 7z 9 ,acts viii4 #ci2 #b ,k+s ii4 #af71 or to "o m]ely int]nal & vision>y1 z 9 ! quotation f ! ,apocalypse1 s t betwe5 ^! two possible significations ! context mu/ decide2 t 9 works replete ) visions1 z are ! ,apocalypse & ,ezekiel1 ! context inde$ pron\nces 9 fav\r ( a m]ely spiritual occurr5ce2 b 9 an hi/orical "w su* z our gospels1 ( an ext]nal "o4 ,dreams1 & especially visions1 are always expressly ann\nc$ z su* 9 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t3 suppos+1 !re=e1 t ! temptation 0 a vision1 x %\ld h be5 introduc$ by ! words 1 1 z 9 ,acts ix4 #ab1 x4 #aj2 or ' 1 z 9 ,matt4 i4 #bj1 ii4 #ac4 ,besides1 if a dream _h be5 n>rat$1 ! transition to a cont9uation ( ! real hi/ory mu/ h be5 m>k$ by a 1 be+ awak$1 z 9 ,matt4 i4 #bd1 ii4 #ad1 #ba2 :]eby1 z ,paulus truly says1 mu* lab\r w\ld h be5 sp>$ to expositors4 ,x is fur!r alleg$ aga9/ ! above explanations1 t ,jesus does n seem to h be5 at any o!r "t subject to ec/asies1 & t he n[h]e else atta*es importance to a dream1 or ev5 recapitulates "o4 #fgd ,to :at end ,god %\ld h excit$ su* a vision 9 ,jesus1 x is difficult to conceive1 or h[ ! devil %\ld h _h p[] & p]mission to produce x2 especially 9 ,*ri/4 ,! or?odox1 too1 %\ld n =get t1 admitt+ ! temptation to be a dream1 result+ f ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus1 ! false messianic ideas :i* 7 a "p ( ^? ?\ghts1 are suppos$ to h _h a /rong influ5ce on 8 m9d4 #fge ,if1 !n1 ! hi/ory ( ! temptation is n to be und]/ood z conf9$ to ! s\l ( ,jesus1 & if we h be=e %[n t x _c be reg>d$ z sup]natural2 no?+ seems to rema9 b to view x z a real1 yet ?or\ghly natural1 ev5t1 & to r$uce ! tempt] to a m]e man4 ,aft] ,john _h drawn att5tion to ,jesus z ! ,messiah 7?9ks ! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?71 #fgf ! rul+ p>ty 9 ,j]usalem commission$ an artful ,ph>isee to put ,jesus to ! te/1 & to asc]ta9 :e!r he really possess$ miracul\s p[]s1 or :e!r he might n be drawn into ! int]e/ ( ! prie/hood1 & be induc$ to give 8 c\nt5ance to an ent]prise aga9/ ! ,romans4 ,?is conception ( ! is 9 dignifi$ consi/5cy ) t ( ! 1 :o appe>$ aft] 8 dep>ture1 to refre% ,jesus1 z an approa*+ c>avan ) provisions1 or z s(t reviv+ breezes4 #fgg ,b ?is view1 z ,u/]i says1 has s long complet$ its phases 9 ! !ological _w1 t to refute x w\ld be to wa/e words4 ,if ! =ego+ discussions h prov$ t ! temptation1 z n>rat$ by ! synoptical ,evangeli/s1 _c be conceiv$ z an ext]nal or int]nal1 a sup]natural or natural occurr5ce1 ! conclusion is inevitable1 t x _c h tak5 place 9 ! mann] repres5t$4 ,! lea/ invidi\s exp$i5t is to suppose t ! s\rce ( our hi/ories ( ! temptation 0 "s real ev5t 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 s n>rat$ by him to 8 disciples z to convey no accurate impression ( ! fact4 ,tempt+ ?\ghts1 :i* intrud$ !mselves into 8 s\l dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ! wild]ness1 or at v>i\s seasons1 & "u v>i\s circum/ances1 b :i* 7 imm$iately quell$ by ! unimpair$ =ce ( 8 w1 71 accord+ to ! ori5tal mode ( ?\ght & expression1 repres5t$ by him z a temptation ( ! devil2 & ?is figurative n>rative 0 und]/ood lit]ally4 #fgh ,! mo/ prom95t objection to ?is view1 t x compromises ! impeccability ( ,jesus1 #fgi be+ f\nd$ on a dogma1 has no exi/5ce = ! critic3 we c1 h[ev]1 ga!r f ! t5or ( ! evangelical hi/ory1 t ! practical s5se ( ,jesus 0 ?or\ghly cle> & j2 b ?is becomes que/ionable1 if he c\ld ev] feel an incl9ation correspond+ to ! second temptation 9 ,mat!w1 or ev5 if he m]ely *ose su* a =m = communicat+ a m reasonable temptation to 8 disciples4 ,fur!r1 9 su* a n>rative ,jesus w\ld h pres5t$ a confus$ mixture ( fiction & tru? out ( 8 life1 n to be expect$ f an +5u\s tea*]1 z he o!rwise appe>s to be1 especially if x be suppos$ t ! tempt+ ?\ghts did n really occur to him aft] 8 =ty days' soj\rn 9 ! wild]ness1 & t ?is p>ticul> is only a portion ( ! fictiti\s inve/iture2 :ile if x be assum$1 on ! contr>y1 t ! date is hi/orical1 !re rema9s ! =ty days' fa/1 "o ( ! mo/ insurm\ntable difficulties ( ! n>rative4 ,if ,jesus wi%$ simply to describe a m5tal ex]cise 9 ! mann] ( ! ,jews1 :o1 trac+ ! effect to ! cause1 ascrib$ evil ?\ghts to diabolical ag5cy1 no?+ m 0 requisite ?an to say t ,satan sugge/$ su* & su* ?\ghts to 8 m9d2 & x 0 q sup]flu\s to depict a p]sonal devil & a j\rney ) him1 unless1 toge!r ) ! purpose ( n>ration1 or 9 its /ead1 !re exi/$ a poetical & didactic int5tion4 ,su* an int5tion1 inde$1 is attribut$ to ,jesus by ^? :o hold t ! hi/ory ( ! temptation 0 n>rat$ by him z a p>able1 b und]/ood lit]ally by 8 disciples4 ,?is op9ion is n encumb]$ ) ! difficulty ( mak+ "s real inw>d exp]i5ce ( ,jesus ! basis ( ! hi/ory2 #fhj x does n suppose t ,jesus himself und]w5t su* temptations1 b only t he s\ght to secure 8 disciples f !m1 by impress+ on !m1 z a comp5dium ( messianic & apo/olic wisdom1 ! ?ree foll[+ maxims3 fir/ to p]=m no miracle = _! own advantage ev5 9 ! greate/ exig5cy2 secondly1 nev] to v5ture on a *im]ical und]tak+ 9 ! hope ( extraord9>y div9e aid2 ?irdly1 nev] to ent] into fell[%ip ) ! wick$1 h[ev] /rong ! enticem5t4 #fha ,x 0 long ago obs]v$1 9 opposition to ?is int]pretation1 t ! n>rative is n easily recogniz$ z a p>able1 & t its moral is h>d to disc]n4 #fhb ,) respect to ! latt] objection1 x is true t ! second temptation w\ld be an ill-*os5 image2 b ! =m] rem>k is ! m important "o4 ,to prove t ?is n>rative has n ! *>act]i/ics ( a p>able1 ! foll[+ def9ition has be5 rec5tly giv53 a p>able1 be+ ess5tially hi/orical 9 its =m1 is only di/+ui%able f real hi/ory :5 its ag5ts are ( an obvi\sly fictiti\s "*4 #fhc ,?is is ! case :]e ! subjects are m]e g5]alizations1 z 9 ! p>ables ( ! s[]1 ! k+1 & o!rs ( a l k9d2 or :5 !y are1 inde$1 individualiz$1 b s z to be at once recogniz$ z unhi/orical p]sons1 z m]e supports = ! drap]y ( fiction1 ( :i* ev5 ,laz>us1 9 ! p>able ( ! ri* man1 is an example1 ?\gh di/+ui%$ by a "n4 ,9 nei!r species ( p>able is x admissible to introduce z a subject a p]son corporeally pres5t1 & necess>ily det]m9ate & hi/orical4 ,?us ,jesus c\ld n make ,pet] or any o!r ( 8 disciples ! subject ( a p>able1 /ill less himself1 = ! recit] ( a p>able is pre-em95tly pres5t to 8 auditors2 & h5ce he _c h deliv]$ ! hi/ory ( ! temptation1 ( :i* he is ! subject1 to 8 disciples z a p>able4 ,to assume t ! hi/ory _h orig9ally ano!r subject1 = :om oral tradition sub/itut$ ,jesus1 is inadmissible1 because ! n>rative1 ev5 z a p>able1 has no def9ite significance unless ! ,messiah be its subject4 #fhd ,if su* a p>able conc]n+ himself or any o!r p]son1 c\ld n h be5 deliv]$ by ,jesus1 yet x is possible t x 0 made by "s o!r individual conc]n+ ,jesus2 & ?is is ! view tak5 by ,!ile1 :o has rec5tly expla9$ ! hi/ory ( ! temptation z a p>abolic admonition1 direct$ by "s p>tisan ( ,jesus aga9/ ! ma9 features ( ! worldly messianic hope1 ) ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! spiritual & moral view ( ! new economy4 #fhe ,"h is ! transition to ! my?ical po9t ( view1 :i* ! above !ologian %uns1 p>tly because ! n>rative is n suffici5tly picturesque 7?\gh x is s 9 a high degree72 p>tly because x is too pure 7?\gh he ?us imputes false ideas to ! primitive ,*ri/ians72 & p>tly because ! =mation ( ! my?us 0 too ne> ! "t ( ,jesus 7an objection :i* mu/ be equally valid aga9/ ! e>ly miscon/ruction ( ! p>able74 ,if x c be %[n1 on ! contr>y1 t ! n>rative 9 "q is =m$ less out ( in/ructive ?\ghts & _! poetical clo?+1 z is ! case ) a p>able1 ?an out ( ,old ,te/am5t passages & types1 we %all n hesitate to designate x a my?us4 #ef4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,temptation ,,z ,a ,,my?us4 ,satan1 ! evil be+ & enemy ( mank9d1 borr[$ f ! ,p]sian religion1 0 by ! ,jews1 ^: exclusiv5ess limit$ all t 0 good & truly human to ! ,israeliti% p1 view$ z ! special adv]s>y ( _! nation1 & h5ce z ! "l ( ! hea!n /ates ) :om !y 7 9 ho/ility4 #fhf ,! int]e/s ( ! ,jewi% p be+ c5tr$ 9 ! ,messiah1 x foll[$ t ,satan 0 emphatically 8 adv]s>y2 & ?us ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d ! idea ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah associat$ ) t ( ,satan z ! enemy ( 8 p]son & cause4 ,*ri/ hav+ appe>$ to de/roy ! works ( ! devil 7#a ,john iii4 #h71 ! latt] seizes e opportunity ( s[+ t>es among ! good se$ 7,matt4 xiii4 #ci71 & n only aims1 ?\gh unsuccessfully1 at obta9+ ! ma/]y ov] ,jesus himself 7,john xiv4 #cj71 b cont9ually assails ! fai?ful 7,eph4 vi4 #aa2 #a ,pet4 v4 #h74 ,z ^! attacks ( ! devil on ! pi\s are no?+ else ?an attempts to get !m into 8 p[]1 t is1 to entice !m to s92 & z ?is c only be done by ! indirect sugge/ion or imm$iate ins9uation ( evil1 s$uctive ?\ghts1 ,satan _h ! appellation ( 1 ! tempt]4 ,9 ! prologue to ! book ( ,job1 he seeks to s$uce ! pi\s man f ,god1 by ! in/rum5tality ( a succession ( plagues & mis=tunes3 :ile ! ensn>+ c\nsel :i* ! s]p5t gave to ! woman 0 e>ly consid]$ an imm$iate diabolical sugge/ion4 7,wisdom ii4 #bd2 ,john viii4 #dd2 ,rev4 xii4 #i47 ,9 ! m anci5t ,hebrew !ology1 ! idea 0 curr5t t temptation 71 ,,lxx4 7 0 an act ( ,god himself1 :o ?us put 8 fav\rites1 z ,abraham 7,g54 xxii4 #a71 & ! p ( ,israel 7,exod4 xvi4 #d1 & else:]e71 to ! te/1 or 9 j ang] ev5 in/igat$ m5 to p]nici\s de$s4 ,b z soon z ! idea ( ,satan 0 =m$1 ! (fice ( temptation 0 transf]r$ to him1 & )drawn f ,god1 ) ^: absolute goodness x began to be view$ z incompatible 7,james i4 #ac74 ,h5ce x is ,satan1 :o by 8 importunity obta9s ! div9e p]mission to put ,job to ! sev]e/ trial ?r\gh suff]+2 h5ce ,david's culpable project ( numb]+ ! p1 :i* 9 ! second book ( ,samuel 0 trac$ to ! ang] ( ,god1 is 9 ! lat] *ronicles 7#a ,*ron4 xxii4 #a7 put directly to ! acc\nt ( ! devil2 & ev5 ! well-meant temptation ) :i*1 accord+ to ,g5esis1 ,god visit$ ,abraham1 9 requir+ f him ! sacrifice ( 8 son1 0 9 ! op9ion ( ! lat] ,jews1 und]tak5 by ,god at ! in/igation ( ,satan4 #fhg ,nor 0 ?is en\gh--sc5es 7 imag9$ 9 :i* ! devil p]sonally enc\nt]$ ,abraham on 8 way to ! place ( sacrifice1 & 9 :i* he tempt$ ! p ( ,israel dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,moses4 #fhh ,if ! mo/ em95t m5 ( piety 9 ,hebrew antiquity 7 ?us tempt$1 9 ! e>li] view1 by ,god1 9 ! lat] "o1 by ,satan1 :at 0 m natural ?an to suppose t ! ,messiah1 ! ,head ( all ! righte\s1 ! repres5tative & *ampion ( ,god's p1 w\ld be ! prim>y object ( ! assaults ( ,satan8 #fhi ,& we f9d ?is actually record$ z a rabb9ical op9ion1 #fij 9 ! mat]ial mode ( repres5tation ( ! lat] ,judaism1 "u ! =m ( a bodily appe>ance & a p]sonal dialogue4 ,if a place 7 dem&$ :]e ,satan might probably und]take su* a temptation ( ! ,messiah1 ! wild]ness w\ld pres5t itself f m ?an "o qu>t]4 ,n only _h x be5 f ,azazel 7,lev4 xvi4 #h-aj71 & ,asmodeus 7,tobit viii4 #c71 to ! demons eject$ by ,jesus 7,matt4 xii4 #dc71 ! fe>ful dwell+-place ( ! inf]nal p[]s3 x 0 also ! sc5e ( temptation = ! p ( ,israel1 t filius ,dei collectivus4 #fia ,add$ to ?is1 x 0 ! habit ( ,jesus to retire to solit>y places = /ill m$itation & pray] 7,matt4 xiv4 #ac2 ,m>k i4 #ce2 ,luke vi4 #ab2 ,john vi4 #ae72 to :i* aft] 8 consecration to ! messianic (fice he w\ld feel m ?an usually dispos$4 ,x is h5ce possible t1 z "s !ologians #fib h suppos$1 a resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ! wild]ness aft] 8 baptism 7?\gh n "o ( precisely =ty days' duration7 s]v$ z ! hi/orical f\ndation ( our n>rative2 b ev5 )\t ?is connect+ ?read1 bo? ! already notic$ *oice ( place & t ( "t are to be expla9$ by ! consid]ation1 t x seem$ consonant ) ! de/9y ( ! ,messiah t1 l a second ,h]cules1 he %\ld und]go su* a trial on 8 entrance into mature age & ! messianic (fice4 ,b :at _h ! ,messiah to d 9 ! wild]ness8 ,t ! ,messiah1 ! second ,savi\r1 %\ld l 8 typical pr$ecessor1 ,moses1 on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 submit himself to ! holy discipl9e ( fa/+1 0 an idea ! m invit+1 because x furni%$ a suitable introduction to ! fir/ temptation :i* presuppos$ extreme hung]4 ,! type ( ,moses & t ( ,elias 7#a ,k+s xix4 #h71 det]m9$ also ! duration ( ?is fa/ 9 ! wild]ness1 = !y too _h fa/$ =ty days2 moreov]1 ! numb] =ty 0 held sacr$ 9 ,hebrew antiquity4 #fic ,above all1 ! =ty days ( ! temptation ( ,jesus seem1 z ,ol%aus5 ju/ly obs]ves1 a m9iature image ( ! =ty ye>s' trial 9 ! wild]ness1 endur$ by ! ,israeliti% p z a p5al emblem ( ! =ty days sp5t by ! spies 9 ! l& ( ,canaan 7,num4 xiv4 #cd74 ,=1 t 9 ! temptations ( ,jesus !re 0 a special ref]5ce to ! temptation ( ,israel 9 ! wild]ness1 is %[n by ! circum/ance t all ! passages cit$ by ,jesus 9 opposition to ,satan are drawn f ! recapitulatory description ( ! j\rney+s ( ! ,israelites 9 ,deut4 vi4 & viii4 ,! apo/le ,paul too1 #a ,cor4 x4 #f1 enum]ates a s]ies ( p>ticul>s f ! behavi\r ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness1 ) ! consequ5t judgm5ts ( ,god1 & w>ns ,*ri/ians aga9/ simil> conduct1 pron\nc+1 v4 #f & #aa1 ! puni%m5ts inflict$ on ! anci5ts to be types = ! admonition ( ! liv+1 8 cotempor>ies1 on :om ! ends ( ! _w 7 come2 :]e=e1 he adds1 let him t ?9ke? he /&e? take he$ le/ he fall4 ,x is n probable t ?is 0 m]ely ! private op9ion ( ! apo/le--x seems r to h be5 a curr5t notion t ! h>d trials ( ! p l$ by ,moses1 z well z ( ,moses individually1 7 types ( ^? :i* await$ ! foll[]s ( ! ,messiah 9 ! cata/rophe :i* he 0 to u%] 91 & /ill m emphatically ! ,messiah himself1 :o "h appe>s z ! antitype ( ! p1 glori\sly ov]com+ all ! temptations "u :i* !y _h fall54 ,! ,israelites 7 pr9cipally tempt$ by hung] dur+ _! w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness2 #fid h5ce ! fir/ temptation ( ! ,messiah 0 det]m9$ be=eh&4 ,! rabb9s1 too1 among ! v>i\s temptations ( ,abraham :i* !y rec\nt1 g5]ally reckon hung]4 #fie ,t ,satan1 :5 prompt+ ,jesus to seek relief f 8 hung] by an ex]tion ( 8 own w in/ead ( await+ x 9 fai? f ,god1 %\ld make use ( ! t]ms giv5 9 our ,evangeli/s1 _c be matt] ( surprise if we consid]1 n only t ! wild]ness 0 /ony1 b t to produce a ?+ f /ones 0 a prov]bial expression1 d5ot+ ! supply ( an object altoge!r want+ 7,matt4 iii4 #i2 ,luke xix4 #dj71 & t /one & bread =m$ a common contra/ 7,matt4 vii4 #i74 ,! reply ( ,jesus to ?is sugge/ion is 9 ! same tra9 ( ideas on :i* ! entire fir/ act ( temptation is con/ruct$2 = he quotes ! lesson :i*1 accord+ to ,deut]onomy viii4 #c1 ! p ( ,israel t>dily le>n$ f ! temptation ( hung] 7a temptation1 h[ev]1 "u :i* !y 7 n resign$1 b 7 provok$ to murmur73 namely1 t man %all n live by bread alone1 etc4 ,b "o temptation w\ld n suffice4 ,( ,abraham ! rabb9s enum]at$ t52 b ?is numb] 0 too l>ge = a dramatic n>rative l t 9 ! gospels1 & among l[] numb]s ! sacr$ ?ree mu/ h ! pref]5ce4 ,?rice dur+ 8 spiritual conte/ 9 ,ge?semane ,jesus sev]$ himself f 8 disciples 7,matt4 xxvi472 ?rice ,pet] d5i$ 8 ,"l1 & ?rice ,jesus subsequ5tly que/ion$ 8 love 7,john xxi474 ,9 t rabb9ical passage :i* repres5ts ,abraham z tempt$ by ! devil 9 p]son1 ! patri>* p>ries ?ree ?ru/s f him2 9 :i* p>ticul>1 z well z 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,old ,te/am5t texts are b&i$ by ! p>ties1 ! sc5e is alli$ to ! evangelical "o4 #fif ,! second temptation 79 ,mat!w7 0 n det]m9$ by its relation to ! prec$+2 h5ce its pres5tation seems abrupt1 & ! *oice =tuit\s or caprici\s4 ,?is may be true ) respect to its =m1 b its sub/antial mean+ is 9 close connexion ) ! =ego+ temptation1 s9ce x also has ref]5ce to ! conduct ( ! ,jewi% p 9 ! wild]ness4 ,to !m ! w>n+ 0 giv5 9 ,deut vi4 #af to tempt ,god no m z !y _h tempt$ him at ,massah2 a w>n+ :i* 0 reit]at$ #a ,cor4 x4 #i to ! memb]s ( ! new cov5ant1 ?\gh m 9 allusion to ,num4 xxi4 #d4 ,to ?is cry+ s91 !re=e1 "u :i* ! anci5t p ( ,god _h fall51 mu/ ! ,messiah be incit$1 t by resi/+ ! incitem5t he might comp5sate1 z x 71 = ! transgression ( ! p4 ,n[ ! conduct :i* 0 condemn$ 9 !m z a tempt+ ( ! ,"l1 1 0 occasion$ by a de>? ( wat]1 & consi/$ 9 _! murmurs at ?is deprivation4 ,?is1 to lat] tradition1 did n seem fully to correspond to ! t]ms2 some?+ m suitable 0 s\ght =1 & f ?is po9t ( view !re c\ld h>dly be a m eligible *oice ?an ! "o we actually f9d 9 our hi/ory ( ! temptation1 = no?+ c be m prop]ly call$ a tempt+ ( ,god ?an s audaci\s an appeal to 8 extraord9>y succ\r1 z t sugge/$ by ,satan 9 8 second temptation4 ,! reason :y a leap f ! p9nacle ( ! temple 0 nam$ z an example ( su* presumption1 is put into ! m\? ( ,satan himself4 ,x occurr$ to ! orig9ator ( ?is feature 9 ! n>rative1 t ! passage ,ps4 xci4 #aa 0 capable ( p]v]sion into a motive = a ra% act4 ,x is !re promis$ to "o dwell+ "u ! protection ( ,jehovah 7a designation "u :i* ! ,messiah 0 pre-em95tly und]/ood71 t angels %\ld be> him up 9 _! h&s1 le/ at any "t he %\ld da% 8 foot aga9/ a /one4 ,be>+ up 9 _! h&s to prev5t a fall1 seem$ to imply a precipitation f "s em95ce1 & ?is might induce ! idea t ! div9ely-protect$ ,messiah might hurl himself f a height ) impunity4 ,b f :at height8 ,!re c\ld be no hesitation on ?is po9t4 ,to ! pi\s man1 & !re=e to ! head ( all ! pi\s1 is appropriat$1 accord+ to ,ps4 xv4 #a1 xxiv4 #c1 ! di/9ction ( go+ up to ,jehovah's holy hill1 & /&+ )9 8 holy place3 h5ce ! p9nacle ( ! temple1 9 ! presumptu\s mode ( inf]5ce suppos$1 might be reg>d$ z ! height :5ce ! ,messiah c\ld precipitate himself unhurt4 ,! ?ird temptation :i* ,jesus und]w5t--to wor%ip ! devil--is n app>5t among ! temptations ( ,god's anci5t p4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ fatal s$uctions by :i* ! ,israelites 7 l$ a/ray 9 ! wild]ness 0 t ( idolatry2 & ! apo/le ,paul adduces x z admonitory to ,*ri/ians4 ,n only is ?is s9 d]iv$ imm$iately f ! devil 9 a passage above quot$2 #fig b 9 ! lat] ,jewi% idea1 idolatry 0 id5tical ) ! wor%ip ( ! devil 7,b>u* iv4 #g2 #a ,cor4 x4 #bj74 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ! wor%ip ( ! devil be sugge/$ to ! ,messiah 9 ! =m ( a temptation8 ,! notion ( ! ,messiah z he :o1 be+ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jewi% p1 0 de/9$ to be "l ( all o!r nations1 & t ( ,satan z ! rul] ( ! hea!n _w #fih to be conqu]$ by ! ,messiah1 7 "h comb9$4 ,t dom9ion ov] ! _w :i*1 9 ! *ri/ianiz$ imag9ation ( ! p]iod1 ! ,messiah 0 to obta9 by a long & pa9ful /ruggle1 0 (f]$ him z an easy b>ga9 if he w\ld only pay ,satan ! tribute ( wor%ip4 ,?is temptation ,jesus meets ) ! maxim inculcat$ on ! ,israelites1 ,deut4 vi4 #ac1 t ,god alone is to be wor%ipp$1 & ?us gives ! enemy a f9al dismissal4 ,mat!w & ,m>k cr[n _! hi/ory ( ! temptation ) ! appe>ance ( angels to ,jesus1 & _! refre%+ him ) n\ri%m5t aft] 8 long fa/ & ! fatigues ( temptation4 ,?is incid5t 0 prefigur$ by a simil> m9i/ration to ,elijah aft] 8 =ty days' fa/1 & 0 br\ght ne>] to ! imag9ation by ! circum/ance t ! manna :i* appeas$ ! hung] ( ! p 9 ! wild]ness 0 nam$1 1 angels' food 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #be1 ,,lxx42 ,wisdom xvi4 #bj74 #fii ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,locality ,,& ,,*ronology ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 #eg4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,synoptical ,,writ]s ,,& ,,john1 ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,cu/om>y ,,sc5e ,,( ,,! ,,m9i/ry ,,( ,,jesus4 ,accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 ,jesus1 born inde$ at ,be?lehem 9 ,judea1 b br\ght up at ,naz>e? 9 ,galilee1 only abs5t$ himself f ,galilee dur+ ! %ort int]val betwe5 8 baptism & ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/2 imm$iately aft] :i*1 he return$ ?i!r & began 8 m9i/ry1 tea*+1 heal+1 call+ disciples1 s z to trav]se all ,galilee2 us+ z ! c5tre ( 8 ag5cy1 8 previ\s dwell+-place1 ,naz>e?1 alt]nately ) ,cap]naum1 on ! nor?-we/ bord] ( ! lake ( ,tib]ias 7,matt iv4 #ab-be p>all474 ,m>k & ,luke h _m p>ticul>s conc]n+ ?is m9i/ry 9 ,galilee :i* are n f\nd 9 ,mat!w1 & ^? :i* !y h 9 common ) him are arrang$ 9 a diff]5t ord]2 b z !y all agree 9 ! geographical circuit :i* !y assign to ,jesus1 ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/ may s]ve z ! basis ( our criticism4 ,accord+ to him ! incid5ts n>rat$ took place 9 ,galilee1 & p>tly 9 ,cap]naum d[n to viii4 #ah1 :]e ,jesus crosses ! ,galilean sea1 b is sc>cely l&$ on ! ea/ side :5 he returns to ,cap]naum4 ,"h foll[s a s]ies ( sc5es connect$ by %ort transitions1 su* z 7ix4 #i1 #bg71 pass+ f !nce1 7v4 #ad71 !n1 7v4 #ah71 :ile he spake ^! ?+s2 expressions :i* c imply no important *ange ( place1 t is1 ( "o prov9ce = ano!r1 :i* x is ! habit ( ! writ] to m>k mu* m c>efully4 ,! passage1 ix4 #ce1 -- 1 is evid5tly only a repetition ( iv4 #bc1 & is !re=e to be und]/ood m]ely ( excursions 9 ,galilee4 ,! message ( ! ,bapti/ 7*ap4 xi47 is also receiv$ by ,jesus 9 ,galilee1 at lea/ su* appe>s to be ! op9ion ( ! n>rator1 f 8 plac+ 9 imm$iate connexion ! compla9ts ( ,jesus aga9/ ! ,galilean cities4 ,:5 deliv]+ ! p>able 9 *ap4 xiii4 ,jesus is by ! sea1 d\btless t ( ,galilee1 &1 z !re is m5tion ( 8 h\se1 7v4 #a71 probably 9 ! vic9ity ( ,cap]naum4 ,next1 aft] hav+ visit$ 8 native city ,naz>e? 7xiii4 #ec7 he passes ov] ! sea 7xiv4 #ac71 accord+ to ,luke 7ix4 #aj71 into ! c\ntry ( ,be?saida 7,julias72 :5ce1 h[ev]1 aft] ! miracle ( ! loaves1 he spe$ily returns to ! we/]n bord] 7xiv4 #cd74 ,jesus !n proce$s to ! nor!rn extremity ( ,pale/9e1 on ! fronti]s ( ,phnicia 7xv4 #ba72 soon1 h[ev]1 return$ to ! sea ( ,galilee 7v4 #bi71 he takes %ip to ! ea/]n side1 9 ! coa/ ( ,magdala 7v4 #ci71 b aga9 dep>ts nor?w>d into ! c\ntry ( ,cs>ea ,philippi 7xvi4 #ac71 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lebanon1 among ! l[] ridges ( :i* is to be s\ght ! m\nt ( ! transfiguration 7xvii4 #a74 ,aft] j\rney+ 9 ,galilee = "s "t long] ) 8 disciples 7xvii4 #bb71 & once m visit+ ,cap]naum 7v4 #bd71 he leaves ,galilee 7xix4 #a7 to travel 7z x is mo/ probably expla9$7 #gjj ?r\gh ,p]ea into ,judea 7a j\rney :i*1 accord+ to ,luke ix4 #eb1 he seems to h made ?r\gh ,sam>ia72 xx4 #ag1 he is on 8 way to ,j]usalem2 v4 #bi1 he comes ?r\gh ,j]i*o2 & xxi4 #a1 is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem1 :i*1 v4 #aj1 he ent]s4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 ,jesus1 f 8 return aft] be+ baptiz$ by ,john1 to 8 f9al j\rney to ,j]usalem1 nev] goes beyond ! limits ( ,nor? ,pale/9e1 b trav]ses ! c\ntries we/ & ea/ ( ! ,galilean sea & ! upp] ,jordan1 9 ! dom9ions ( ,h]od ,antipas & ,philip1 )\t t\*+ on ,sam>ia to ! s\?1 /ill less ,judea1 or ! c\ntry "u ! imm$iate adm9i/ration ( ! ,romans4 ,& )9 ^? limits1 to be /ill m precise1 x is ! l& we/ ( ! ,jordan1 & ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 & !re=e ,galilee1 ! prov9ce ( ,antipas1 9 :i* ,jesus is especially active2 only ?ree %ort excursions on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! sea1 & two sc>cely long] on ! nor!rn fronti]s ( ! c\ntry1 be+ record$4 ,q o!rwise is ! !atre ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus m>k$ out 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,x is true t "h also he goes aft] 8 baptism by ,john into ,galilee1 to ! w$d+ at ,cana 7ii4 #a71 & f !nce to ,cap]naum 7v4 #ab72 b 9 a few days ! approa*+ passov] calls him to ,j]usalem 7v4 #ac74 ,f ,j]usalem he proce$s into ! c\ntry ( ,judea 7iii4 #bb71 & aft] "s "t ex]cis+ 8 m9i/ry !re 7iv4 #a7 he returns ?r\gh ,sam>ia into ,galilee 7v4 #dc74 ,no?+ is report$ ( 8 ag5cy 9 ?is prov9ce b a s+le cure1 & imm$iately on ?is a new fea/ summons him to ,j]usalem 7v4 #a71 :]e he is repres5t$ z p]=m+ a cure1 be+ p]secut$1 & deliv]+ long disc\rses1 until he betakes himself 7vi4 #a7 to ! ea/]n %ore ( ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 & f !nce to ,cap]naum 7v4 #ag1 #ei74 ,he !n it9]ates = "s "t 9 ,galilee 7vii4 #a71 b aga9 leaves x1 on occasion ( ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 = ,j]usalem 7v4 #b1 #aj74 ,to ?is visit ! ,evangeli/ ref]s _m disc\rses & vicissitudes ( ,jesus 7vii4 #aj1 x4 #ba71 & moreov] connects ) x ! comm5cem5t ( 8 public m9i/ry at ! fea/ ( d$ication1 )\t notic+ any int]m$iate j\rney out ( ,j]usalem & ,judea 7x4 #bb74 ,aft] ?is ,jesus aga9 retires into ! c\ntry ( ,p]ea1 :]e he _h fir/ be5 ) ! ,bapti/ 7x4 #dj71 & !re rema9s until ! dea? ( ,laz>us recalls him to ,be?any1 ne> ,j]usalem 7xi4 #a71 :5ce he )draws to ,ephraim1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! wild]ness ( ,judea1 until ! approa* ( ! passov]1 :i* he visit$ z 8 la/ 7xii4 #a ff474 ,?us1 accord+ to ,john1 ,jesus 0 pres5t at f\r fea/s 9 ,j]usalem1 be=e ! f9al "o3 0 besides once 9 ,be?any1 & _h be5 active = a consid]able "t 9 ,judea & on 8 j\rney ?r\gh ,sam>ia4 ,:y1 x mu/ be ask$1 h ! synoptical writ]s be5 sil5t on ?is frequ5t pres5ce ( ,jesus 9 ,judea & ,j]usalem8 ,:y h !y repres5t$ ! matt]1 z if ,jesus1 be=e 8 la/ fatal j\rney to ,j]usalem1 _h n ov]/epp$ ! limits ( ,galilee & ,p]ea8 ,?is discrepancy betwe5 ! synoptical writ]s & ,john 0 long ov]look$ 9 ! *ur*1 & ( late x has be5 ?\ght feasible to d5y its exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 said1 t ,mat!w1 at ! comm5cem5t1 lays ! sc5e 9 ,galilee & ,cap]naum1 & pursues 8 n>rative )\t notic+ any j\rney into ,judea until ! la/2 b t we are n h5ce to conclude t ,mat!w 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! e>li] m9i/ry ( ,jesus 9 ,judea1 = z ) ?is ,evangeli/ ! local int]e/ is subord9ate to ! ef=t at an appropriate arrangem5t ( 8 ev5ts1 _m p>ticul>s 9 ! =m] "p ( 8 hi/ory1 :i* he n>rates )\t indicat+ any place1 may h be5 kn[n1 ?\gh n /at$ by him1 to h occurr$ 9 ! e>li] j\rneys & resid5ces 9 ,judea4 #gja ,b ?is alleg$ subord9ation ( ! local int]e/ 9 ,mat!w1 is no?+ m ?an a fiction ( ! h>moni/1 z ,s*neck5burg] has rec5tly prov$4 #gjb ,mat!w v c>efully m>ks 7*ap4 iv47 ! beg9n+ & 7*ap4 xix47 ! end ( ! almo/ exclusive resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee2 all ! int]v5+ n>ration mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z belong+ to t resid5ce1 unless ! contr>y be express$2 & s9ce ! ,evangeli/ is on ! al]t to notice ! %ort excursions ( ,jesus across ! lake & into ! nor? ( ,galilee1 he w\ld h>dly pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! m important1 & sometimes prolong$ visits to ,judea1 _h !y be5 kn[n or cr$it$ by him4 ,?us mu* only is to be all[$1 t ,mat!w frequ5tly neglects ! m precise /atem5t ( localities1 z ! designation ( ! spot or neighb\rhood 9 :i* ,jesus lab\r$ f "t to "t3 b 9 8 m g5]al biographical /atem5ts1 su* z ! designation ( ! t]ritories & prov9ces ( ,pale/9e1 )9 ! b\nd>ies ( :i* ,jesus ex]cis$ 8 m9i/ry1 he is z accurate z any o!r ,evangeli/4 ,expositors mu/ !re=e accommodate !mselves to ! admission ( a diff]5ce betwe5 ! synoptical writ]s & ,john1 #gjc & ^? :o ?9k x incumb5t on !m to h>monize ! ,gospels mu/ take c>e le/ ?is diff]5ce be f\nd a contradiction2 :i* c only be prev5t$ by d$uc+ ! discrepancy1 n f a disp>ity betwe5 ! ideas ( ! ,evangeli/s z to ! sph]e ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 b f ! diff]5ce ( m5tal bias "u :i* !y sev]ally wrote4 ,"s suppose t ,mat!w1 be+ a ,galilean1 saw ! mo/ int]e/ 9 ,galilean occurr5ces1 & h5ce conf9$ 8 n>rative to !m1 ?\gh aw>e ( ! ag5cy ( ,jesus at ,j]usalem4 #gjd ,b :at biograph]1 :o _h himself accompani$ 8 h]o into v>i\s prov9ces1 & beheld 8 lab\rs !re1 w\ld conf9e 8 n>ration to :at he _h p]=m$ 9 8 7! biograph]'s7 native prov9ce8 ,su* prov9cial exclusiv5ess w\ld surely be q unexampl$4 ,h5ce o!rs h pref]r$ ! supposition t ,mat!w1 writ+ at ,j]usalem1 purposely select$ f ! mass ( disc\rses & actions ( ,jesus ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 ^? ( :i* ,galilee 0 ! !atre1 because !y 7 ! lea/ kn[n at ,j]usalem1 & requir$ n>rat+ m ?an :at _h happ5$ )9 ! he>+1 & 0 fre% 9 ! memories ( its inhabitants4 #gje ,9 opposition to ?is x has be5 already rem>k$1 #gjf t !re is no pro( ( ,mat!w's gospel be+ especially int5d$ = ! ,*ri/ians ( ,judea & ,j]usalem3 t ev5 assum+ ?is1 a ref]5ce to ! ev5ts :i* _h happ5$ 9 ! read]'s own c\ntry c\ld n be sup]flu\s3 & t1 la/ly1 ! l limitation ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus to ,galilee by ,m>k & ,luke _c be ?us acc\nt$ =1 s9ce ^! ,evangeli/s obvi\sly did n write = ,judea 7nei!r 7 !y ,galileans1 s t ?is objection is equally valid aga9/ ! fir/ explanation72 & 7 n 9 s s]vile a relation to ,mat!w z to h no access to indep5d5t in=mation t might give !m a m ext5d$ horizon4 ,x is curi\s en\gh t ^! two attempts to solve ! contradiction betwe5 ! synoptical writ]s & ,john1 are !mselves 9 ! same pr$icam5t ( mutual contradiction4 ,= if ,mat!w has be5 sil5t on ! incid5ts 9 ,judea1 accord+ to "o1 on acc\nt ( 8 proximity1 accord+ to ! o!r1 on acc\nt ( 8 remot5ess1 x foll[s t1 two contr>y hypo!ses be+ made ) equal ease to expla9 ! same fact1 bo? are alike inadequate4 ,no supposition f\nd$ on ! local relations ( ! writ]s suffic+ to expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 "q1 high] gr\nd mu/ be tak51 9 a consid]ation ( ! _s & t5d5cy ( ! evangelical writ+s4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! foll[+ proposition has be5 giv53 ,! cause :i* det]m9$ ! diff]5ce 9 ! cont5ts ( ! f\r? gospel & t ( ! synoptical ones1 acc\nts also = _! div]g5cy z to ! limits !y assign to ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus2 9 o!r words1 ! disc\rses deliv]$ by ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem1 & record$ by ,john1 requir$ = _! compreh5sion a m mature developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity ?an t pres5t$ 9 ! fir/ apo/olic p]iod2 h5ce !y 7 n reta9$ 9 ! primitive evangelical tradition1 ( :i* ! synoptical writ]s 7 ! organs1 & 7 fir/ re/or$ to ! *ur* by ,john1 :o wrote :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 9 a m advanc$ /age4 #gjg ,b nei!r is ?is attempt at an explanation satisfactory1 ?\gh x is less sup]ficial ?an ! prec$+4 ,= h[ c\ld ! popul> & ! esot]ic 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus be sep>at$ ) su* nicety1 t ! =m] %\ld be conf9$ to ,galilee1 & ! latt] to ,j]usalem 7! h>% disc\rse 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum alone except$78 ,x may be said3 9 ,j]usalem he _h a m enlight5$ public ar\nd him1 & c\ld be m readily und]/ood ?an 9 ,galilee4 ,b ! ,galileans c\ld sc>cely h misund]/ood ,jesus m lam5tably ?an did ! ,jews f fir/ to la/1 accord+ to ,john's repres5tation1 & z 9 ,galilee he _h ! mo/ undi/urb$ communion ) 8 disciples1 we %\ld r h conjectur$ t "h w\ld be ! sc5e ( 8 m pr(\nd in/ruction4 ,besides1 z ! synoptical writ]s h giv5 a pl5tiful glean+ ( lucid & popul> disc\rses f ! f9al resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem1 !re is no gr\nd :atev] = believ+ t 8 e>li] visits 7 devoid ( su*1 & t 8 conv]se on ^! occasions took ?r\gh\t a high] tone4 ,b ev5 all[+ t all ! e>li] disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ,judea & ,j]usalem 7 beyond ! range ( ! fir/ apo/olic tradition1 de$s 7 p]=m$ !re1 su* z ! cure ( ! man :o _h _h an infirmity ?irty-eight ye>s1 ! conf]r+ ( sight on ! man born bl9d1 & ! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 :i*1 f _! impos+ rank among ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 mu/ also h necessitat$ ! m5tion ( ^? e>ly visits ( ,jesus to ,judea dur+ :i* !y occurr$4 ,?us x is impossible to expla9 :y ! synoptical writ]s1 if !y knew ( ! e>li] visits ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem1 %\ld n h m5tion$ !m1 & x mu/ be conclud$ t if ,john be "r1 ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s knew no?+ ( an ess5tial "p ( ! e>li] m9i/ry ( ,jesus2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! latt] be "r1 ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 or ( ! tradition by :i* he 0 guid$1 fabricat$ a l>ge portion ( :at he has n>rat$ conc]n+ ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 or at lea/ assign$ to x a false locality4 ,on a clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ! relation betwe5 ,john & ! synoptical writ]s is n simply su*1 t ! latt] might n "k :at ! =m] records1 b su*1 t !y mu/ h proce$$ f positively opposite data4 ,= example1 ! synoptical writ]s1 ,mat!w especially1 z (t5 z ,jesus leaves ,galilee1 f ! "t t he takes up 8 abode !re aft] ! ,bapti/'s imprisonm5t1 seldom neglect to give a p>ticul> reason2 su* z t he wi%$ to escape f ! cr[d by a passage across ! sea 7,matt4 viii4 #ah71 or t he )drew into ! wild]ness ( ,p]ea to avoid ! sn>es ( ,h]od 7xiv4 #ac71 or t he retir$ into ! region ( ,tyre & ,sidon on acc\nt ( ! (f5ce tak5 by ! scribes at 8 prea*+ 7xv4 #ba73 ,john1 on ! contr>y1 g5]ally alleges a special reason :y ,jesus leaves ,judea1 & retires into ,galilee4 ,n to cont5d t 8 v fir/ j\rney ?i!r appe>s to be occasion$ solely by ! invitation to ,cana1 8 dep>ture aga9 into ,galilee aft] ! fir/ passov] att5d$ by him 9 8 public "*1 is expressly acc\nt$ = by ! om9\s att5tion :i* ! increas+ numb] ( 8 disciples _h excit$ among ! ,ph>isees 7iv4 #a ff474 ,8 retirem5t aft] ! second fea/1 also1 into ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,sea ( ,tib]ias 7vi4 #a71 mu/ be view$ 9 relation to ! 7v4 #ah71 s9ce imm$iately aft]1 ! ,evangeli/ assigns z a reason = ! cont9uance ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee1 ! malignant designs ( 8 enemies1 :i* r5d]$ 8 abode 9 ,judea p]il\s to 8 life 7vii4 #a74 ,! int]val betwe5 ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles & ! ,fea/ ( ! ,d$ication seems to h be5 sp5t by ,jesus 9 ! capital1 #gjh no unpropiti\s circum/ances compell+ him to abs5t himself 7x4 #bb72 on ! o!r h&1 8 j\rney into ,p]ea 7x4 #dj7 & t into ,ephraim 7xi4 #ed7 are pres5t$ z effects ( 8 p]secution by ! ,jews4 ,?us precisely ! same relation z t :i* exi/s betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke1 ) respect to ! orig9al dwell+-place ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus is f\nd betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s & ! f\r?1 ) respect to ! pr9cipal !atre ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,z1 9 ! =m] in/ance1 ,mat!w pre-supposes ,be?lehem to be ! orig9al place ( abode1 & ,naz>e? ! "o subsequ5tly adopt$ ?r\gh =tuit\s circum/ances1 :ile ,luke gives ! contr>y repres5tation2 s 9 ! latt]1 ! entire /atem5t ( ! synoptical writ]s turns on ! idea t1 until 8 la/ j\rney1 ,galilee 0 ! *os5 field ( ! lab\rs ( ,jesus1 & t he only left x occasionally1 f p>ticul> motives & = a %ort "t2 :ile t ( ,john1 on ! contr>y1 turns on ! supposition1 t ,jesus w\ld h taught solely 9 ,judea & ,j]usalem _h n prud5ce sometimes c\nsell$ him to retire into ! m remote prov9ces4 #gji ,( ^! two repres5tations "o only c be true4 ,be=e !y 7 p]ceiv$ to be contradictory1 ! n>rative ( ,john 0 incorporat$ ) t ( ! synoptical writ]s2 s9ce !y h be5 all[$ to be irreconcilable1 ! v]dict has always be5 9 fav\r ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/2 & s preval5t is ?is cu/om1 t ev5 ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia does n use ! diff]5ce to ! disadvantage ( ! latt]4 ,de ,wette numb]s x among ! objections to ! au!nticity ( ,mat!w's gospel1 t x errone\sly limits ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus to ,galilee1 #gaj & ,s*neck5burg] has no m important gr\nd ( d\bt to produce aga9/ ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! fir/ canonical gospel1 ?an ! unacqua9tance ( its au?or ) ! extra-,galilean lab\rs ( ,jesus4 #gaa ,if ?is decision be well f\nd$1 x mu/ re/ on a c>eful consid]ation ( ! "q1 :i* ( ! two incompatible n>ratives has ! great] corroboration f ext]nal s\rces1 & ! m int]nal v]isimilitude8 ,we h %[n 9 ! introduction t ! ext]nal evid5ce or te/imony = ! au!nticity ( ! f\r? gospel & ( ! synoptical ones1 t ( ,mat!w emphatically1 is ( ab\t equal value3 t is1 x det]m9es no?+ 9 ei!r case1 b leaves ! decision to ! int]nal evid5ce4 ,9 relation to ?is1 ! foll[+ "q mu/ be consid]$3 is x m probable t1 al?\gh ,jesus 0 actually (t5 9 ,judea & ,j]usalem previ\s to 8 la/ j\rney1 yet at ! "t & place :5ce ! synoptical gospels arose1 all traces ( ! fact _h disappe>$3 or t1 on ! contr>y1 al?\gh ,jesus nev] ent]$ ,judea = ! ex]cise ( 8 public m9i/ry be=e 8 la/ j\rney ?i!r1 yet at ! "t & place ( ! composition ( ! f\r? gospel a tradition ( sev]al su* visits _h be5 =m$8 ,! above critics seek to %[ t ! fir/ might be ! case1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! fir/ gospel1 !y say1 #gab & m or less ! two middle ones1 conta9 ! tradition conc]n+ ! life ( ,jesus z x 0 =m$ 9 ,galilee1 :]e ! memory ( :at ,jesus did & said 9 t prov9ce w\ld be pres]v$ ) a natural p>tiality--:ile1 ( t "p ( 8 life :i* 0 sp5t out ( ,galilee1 only ! mo/ critical incid5ts1 su* z 8 bir?1 consecration1 & especially 8 la/ j\rney1 :i* issu$ 9 8 dea?1 w\ld be reta9$2 ! rema9d]1 includ+ 8 e>ly j\rneys to ! v>i\s fea/s1 be+ ei!r unkn[n or =gott51 s t any fragm5ts ( in=mation conc]n+ "o or o!r ( ! previ\s resid5ces ( ,jesus at ,j]usalem w\ld be ref]r$ to ! la/1 no o!r be+ kn[n4 ,b ,john himself1 9 :om our !ologians re/ all _! confid5ce1 expressly m5tions 7iv4 #de7 t at ! fir/ passov] visit$ by ,jesus aft] 8 baptism 7& probably at o!rs also7 ! ,galileans 7 pres5t1 & app>5tly 9 great numb]s1 s9ce z a consequ5ce ( _! hav+ witness$ 8 works 9 ,j]usalem1 ,jesus f\nd a fav\rable reception 9 ,galilee4 ,if we add to ?is1 t mo/ ( ! disciples :o accompani$ ,jesus 9 8 e>ly j\rneys to ! fea/s 7 ,galileans 7,john iv4 #bb1 ix4 #b71 x is inconceivable t tid+s ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus at ,j]usalem %\ld n f ! fir/ rea* ,galilee4 ,once !re1 c\ld "t ext+ui% !m8 ,we grant t x is 9 ! nature ( tradition to fuse & remodel its mat]ials1 & z ! la/ j\rney ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem 0 pre-em95tly memorable1 x might absorb ! recollections ( ! previ\s ones4 ,b tradition has also ano!r impulse1 & x is its /ronge/2 namely to glorify4 ,x may inde$ be said t to circumscribe ! e>ly m9i/ry ( ,jesus by ! fronti]s ( ,galilee w\ld s]ve ! purpose ( glorify+ t prov9ce1 9 :i* ! synoptical tradition _h its orig94 ,b ! aim ( ! synoptical leg5d 0 n to glorify ,galilee1 on :i* x pron\nces sev]e judgm5ts2--,jesus is ! object r\nd :i* x w\ld ca/ a halo1 & 8 greatness is proportionate to ! sph]e ( 8 influ5ce4 ,h5ce1 to %[ t f ! beg9n+ ( 8 m9i/ry he made himself kn[n beyond ! ,galilean angulus t]r1 & t he (t5 pres5t$ himself on ! brilliant !atre ( ! capital1 especially on occasions :5 x 0 cr[d$ ) spectators & he>]s f all regions1 0 entirely accord+ to ! b5t ( ! leg5d4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re _h hi/orically be5 b "o j\rney ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem1 tradition might be tempt$ to create m by degrees1 s9ce x w\ld argue--h[ c\ld s great a light z ,jesus h rema9$ s long "u a bu%el1 & n r h e>ly & (t5 plac$ himself on ! l(ty /& :i* ,j]usalem pres5t$8 ,oppon5ts1 too1 might object1 l ! unbeliev+ bre?r5 ( ,jesus 7,john vii4 #c1 #d71 t he :o is consci\s ( ! p[] to p]=m some?+ truly great1 does n conceal himself1 b seeks publicity1 9 ord] t 8 capabilities may be recogniz$2 & to ^! oppon5ts x 0 ?\ght ! be/ answ] to %[ t ,jesus actually did seek su* publicity1 & e>ly obta9$ recognition 9 an ext5d$ sph]e4 ,out ( ?is repres5tation w\ld easily gr[ ! idea :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! f\r? gospel1 t n ,galilee1 b ,judea1 0 ! prop] resid5ce ( ,jesus4 ,?us1 view$ f ! po9t ( ! possible =mation ( a leg5d1 ! balance incl9es 9 fav\r ( ! synoptical writ]s4 ,b is ! result ! same :5 we asc5d to ! relations & designs ( ,jesus1 & f ?is po9t ( view inquire1 if x be m probable t ,jesus visit$ ,j]usalem once only or sev]al times dur+ 8 public life8 ,! alleg$ difficulty1 t ! v>i\s j\rneys to ! fea/s (f] ! pr9cipal means ( acc\nt+ = ! intellectual developm5t ( ,jesus is easily remov$4 ,= ^? j\rneys alone w\ld n suffice to expla9 ! m5tal pre-em95ce ( ,jesus & z ! ma9 /ress mu/ /ill be plac$ on 8 int]nal gifts1 we _c pron\nce :e!r to a m9d l 81 ev5 ,galilee might n pres5t en\gh alim5t = _! matur+2 besides1 an adh]5ce to ! synoptical writ]s w\ld only oblige u to r5\nce ^? j\rneys to ! fea/s :i* ,jesus took aft] 8 public appe>ance1 s t he might /ill h be5 pres5t at _m fea/s previ\s to 8 messianic c>e]1 )\t assum+ a conspicu\s "*4 ,x has be5 held inconceivable t ,jesus1 s long aft] 8 assumption ( ! messianic "*1 %\ld conf9e himself to ,galilee1 in/ead ( tak+ 8 /& 9 ,judea & ,j]usalem1 :i*1 f ! high] culture & m ext5sive =eign int]c\rse ( _! population1 7 a mu* m suitable field = 8 lab\rs2 b x has be5 long rem>k$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,jesus c\ld f9d easi] access to ! simple & en]getic m9ds ( ,galilee1 less fett]$ by prie/craft & ,ph>isaism1 & !re=e act$ judici\sly 9 obta9+ a firm foot+ !re by a protract$ m9i/ry1 be=e he v5tur$ to ,j]usalem1 :]e1 9 ! c5tre ( prie/ly & ,ph>isaic dom9ation1 he mu/ expect /rong] opposition4 ,!re is a grav] difficulty 9 ! synoptical /atem5t1 consid]$ 9 relation to ! ,mosaic law & ,jewi% cu/om4 ,! law rigor\sly requir$ t e ,israelite %\ld appe> be=e ,jehovah ye>ly at ! ?ree pr9cipal fea/s 7,exod4 xxiii4 #ad ff471 & ! rev]5ce ( ,jesus = ! ,mosaic in/itutes 7,matt4 v4 #ag ff47 r5d]s x improbable t1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 m9i/ry1 he %\ld h und]tak5 b "o j\rney ( obs]vance4 #gac ,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 h[ev]1 be our judgm5t :at x may z to ! date & place ( its composition1 did c]ta9ly arise 9 a community ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 :o well knew :at ! law prescrib$ to ! dev\t ,israelite1 & mu/ !re=e be aw>e ( ! contradiction to ! law 9 :i* ! practice ( ,jesus 0 involv$1 :51 dur+ a public m9i/ry ( sev]al ye>s' duration1 only "o att5dance at ,j]usalem 0 notic$1 or 79 case ! synoptical writ]s suppos$ b a s+le ye>'s m9i/ry1 ( :i* we %all speak bel[7 :5 he 0 repres5t$ z neglect+ two ( ! great annual fea/s4 ,if !n1 a circle 9 close proximity to ,jewi% usage f\nd no?+ (f5sive 9 ! op9ion t ,jesus att5d$ b "o fea/1 may n ?is au?ority remove all hesitation on ! subject f our m9ds8 ,besides1 on a m c>eful weigh+ ( ! hi/orical & geographical relations1 ! "q sugge/s itself1 :e!r betwe5 ! di/ant1 half ,g5tile ,galilee1 & ,j]usalem1 ! ecclesia/ical bond 0 s close t ! obs]vance ( all ! fea/s c\ld be expect$ f a ,galilean8 ,ev5 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel1 ,jesus omitt$ att5d+ "o passov] t occurr$ 9 ! p]iod ( 8 public c>e] 7,john vi4 #d74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t unfav\rable to ! synoptical writ]s4 ,t ,jesus 9 8 la/ visit to ,j]usalem %\ld1 )9 ! %ort space ( ! fea/ day1 h br\ght himself into su* decid$ ho/ility to ! rul+ p>ty 9 ! capital1 t !y contriv$ 8 arre/ & dea?1 is inexplicable1 if we reject ! /atem5t ( ,john1 t ?is ho/ility orig9at$ & 0 gradually aggravat$ dur+ 8 frequ5t previ\s visits4 #gad ,if x be rejo9$1 t ev5 9 ,galilean synagogues !re 7 /ation>y scribes & ,ph>isees 7,matt ix4 #c1 xii4 #ad71 t su* z 7 resid5t 9 ! capital (t5 visit$ ! prov9ces 7,matt4 xv4 #a71 & t ?us !re exi/$ a hi]>*ical nexus by means ( :i* a deadly enmity aga9/ ,jesus might be propagat$ 9 ,j]usalem be=e he _h ev] publicly appe>$ !re2 we !n h precisely t ecclesia/ical bond betwe5 ,galilee & ,j]usalem :i* r5d]s improbable on ! "p ( ,jesus ! non-obs]vance ( a s]ies ( fea/s4 ,moreov] ! synoptical writ]s h record$ an expression ( ,jesus :i* tells /rongly aga9/ _! own view4 ,! words3 ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem--h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r--& ye w\ld n1 h no mean+ :atev] 9 ,luke1 :o puts !m into ! m\? ( ,jesus be=e he _h ev5 se5 ,j]usalem dur+ 8 public m9i/ry 7xiii4 #cd72 & ev5 f ! bett] arrangem5t ( ,mat!w 7xxiii4 #cg7 x is n to be und]/ood h[ ,jesus1 aft] a s+le resid5ce ( a few days 9 ,j]usalem1 c\ld f\nd 8 reproa*es on multipli$ ef=ts to w9 ov] its inhabitants to 8 cause4 ,?is :ole apo/rophe ( ,jesus has s orig9al a "*1 t x is difficult to believe x incorrectly assign$ to him2 h5ce to expla9 its exi/5ce1 we mu/ suppose a s]ies ( e>li] resid5ces 9 ,j]usalem1 su* z ^? record$ by ! f\r? ,evangeli/4 ,!re is only "o res\rce1--to pron\nce ! /atem5t ( ! synoptical writ]s unhi/orical 9 ! p>ticul> ( limit+ ! decisive visit ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem to ! few days ( ! fea/1 & to suppose t he made a m protract$ /ay 9 ! capital4 #gae ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ discussion1 :e!r1 :5 s mu* is to be argu$ pro & contra1 ! unhesitat+ decision ( ! critics 9 fav\r ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/'s /atem5t is a j "o4 ,= our own "p1 we are f> f be+ equally ha/y 9 decl>+ = ! synoptical writ]s1 & are cont5t to h submitt$ ! actual /ate ( ! controv]sy1 z to ! comp>ative m]its ( ,john & ! synoptical writ]s1 to fur!r consid]ation4 #eh4 ,,! ,,resid5ce ,,( ,,jesus ,,at ,,cap]naum4 ,dur+ ! "t sp5t by ,jesus 9 ,judea1 ! capital & its environs recomm5d$ !mselves z ! mo/ eligible !atre = 8 ag5cy2 & we might h conjectur$ t 9 l mann]1 :5 9 ,galilee1 he w\ld h *os5 8 native city1 ,naz>e?1 z ! c5tre ( 8 lab\rs4 ,in/ead ( ?is we f9d him1 :5 n travell+1 dome/icat$ at ,cap]naum1 z already m5tion$2 ! synoptical writ]s designate ?is place ! ( ,jesus 7,matt4 ix4 #a1 comp4 ,m>k ii4 #a72 "h1 accord+ to !m1 0 ! 1 :i* ,jesus 0 accu/om$ to inhabit 7,m>k ii4 #a1 iii4 #bj2 ,matt4 xiii4 #a1 #cf7 probably t ( ,pet] 7,m>k i4 #bi2 ,matt4 viii4 #ad1 xvii4 #be2 ,luke iv4 #ch74 ,9 ! f\r? gospel1 :i* only m5tions v transi5t visits ( ,jesus to ,galilee1 ,cap]naum is n giv5 z 8 dwell+-place1 & ,cana is ! place ) :i* he is suppos$ to h ! mo/ connexion4 ,aft] 8 baptism he proce$s fir/ to ,cana 7ii4 #a71 on a special occasion1 x is true2 aft] ?is he makes a %ort /ay at ,cap]naum 7v4 #ab72 & on 8 return f 8 fir/ att5dance at ! passov]1 x is aga9 ,cana to :i* he resorts & 9 :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ makes him effect a cure 7iv4 #df ff471 accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 p]=m$ at ,cap]naum1 & aft] ?is we f9d him once aga9 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum 7vi4 #ei74 ,! mo/ em95t disciples1 also1 are said by ! writ] ( ! f\r? gospel1 n z by ! synoptical writ]s1 to come f ,cap]naum1 b p>tly f ,cana 7xxi4 #b7 & p>tly f ,be?saida 7i4 #de74 ,! latt] place1 ev5 9 ! synoptical gospels1 is m5tion$1 ) ,*oraz91 z "o 9 :i* ,jesus _h be5 pre-em95tly active 7,matt4 xi4 #ba2 ,luke x4 #ac74 ,:y ,jesus *ose ,cap]naum z 8 c5tral resid5ce 9 ,galilee1 ,m>k does n attempt to %[1 b conducts him ?i!r )\t comm5t aft] 8 return into ,galilee1 & ! call+ ( ! two pairs ( fi%]m5 7i4 #ba74 ,mat!w 7iv4 #ac ff47 alleges z a motive1 t an ,old ,te/am5t prophecy 7,isa4 viii4 #bc1 ix4 #a71 0 !reby fulfill$2 a dogmatical motive1 & !re=e ( no hi/orical value4 ,luke ?9ks he has f\nd ! reason 9 a fact1 :i* is m wor?y ( notice4 ,accord+ to him1 ,jesus aft] 8 return f baptism does n imm$iately take up 8 resid5ce 9 ,cap]naum1 b makes an essay to tea* 9 ,naz>e?1 & aft] its failure fir/ turns to ,cap]naum4 ,?is ,evangeli/ tells u 9 ! mo/ graphic /yle h[ ,jesus pres5t$ himself at ! synagogue on ! sabba?-day1 & exp\nd$ a prophetic passage1 s z to excite g5]al admiration1 b at ! same "t to provoke malici\s reflections on ! n>r[ circum/ances ( 8 family4 ,jesus1 9 reply1 is made to ref] ! discont5t ( ! ,naz>5es1 t he p]=m$ no miracles be=e !m z at ,cap]naum1 to ! contempt :i* e prophet meets ) 9 8 own c\ntry1 & to ?reat5 !m 9 ,old ,te/am5t allusions1 t ! div9e b5efits w\ld be )drawn f !m & conf]r$ on /rang]s4 ,exasp]at$ by ?is1 !y lead him to ! br[ ( ! hill1 int5d+ to ca/ him d[n2 he1 h[ev]1 passes unhurt ?r\gh ! mid/ ( !m 7iv4 #af-cj74 ,bo? ! o!r synoptical writ]s are acqua9t$ ) a visit ( ,jesus to ,naz>e?2 b !y transf] x to a mu* lat] p]iod1 :5 ,jesus _h be5 long lab\r+ 9 ,galilee1 & resid5t 9 ,cap]naum 7,matt4 xiii4 #ed ff42 ,m>k vi4 #a ff474 ,to reconcile _! n>rative ) t ( ,luke1 x has be5 cu/om>y to suppose t ,jesus1 not)/&+ 8 fir/ r\gh reception1 z describ$ by ,luke1 wi%$ to make "o m exp]im5t :e!r 8 long abs5ce & subsequ5t fame might n h alt]$ ! op9ion ( ! ,naz>5es--an op9ion wor?y ( a petty t[n3 b ! result 0 equally unfav\rable4 #gaf ,! two sc5es1 h[ev]1 are too simil> to be prev5t$ f m+l+ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 bo? in/ances ! tea*+ ( ,jesus 9 ! synagogue makes ! same impression on ! ,naz>5es1--t ( amazem5t at ! wisdom ( ! c>p5t]'s son 7,luke only giv+ m details73 9 bo? in/ances !re is a lack ( miracles on ! "p ( ,jesus1 ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s pres5t+ m prom95tly its cause1 namely1 ! unbelief ( ! ,naz>5es1 & ! ?ird dwell+ m on its unfav\rable effect3 la/ly 9 bo? in/ances1 ,jesus deliv]s ! maxim 7! result ( 8 exp]i5ce71 t a prophet is ! lea/ e/eem$ 9 8 own c\ntry3 & to ?is ,luke app5ds a m ample disc\rse1 :i* irritates ! ,naz>5es to attempt an act ( viol5ce1 unnotic$ by ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,b ! fact :i* mo/ decisively %[s t ! two n>ratives _c exi/ 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce1 is t !y bo? claim to relate ! fir/ incid5t ( ! k9d2 #gag = 9 bo?1 ! ,naz>5es express _! a/oni%m5t at ! sudd5ly reveal$ intellectual gifts ( ,jesus1 :i* !y c\ld n at once reconcile ) 8 kn[n condition4 #gah ,! fir/ supposition t pres5ts itself is1 t ! sc5e describ$ by ,luke prec$$ t ( ,mat!w & ,m>k2 b if s1 ! ,naz>5es c\ld n wond] a second "t & inquire1 :5ce ha? ?is man ?is wisdom8 s9ce !y mu/ h _h pro( on t po9t on ! fir/ occasion2 if1 on ! contr>y1 we try to give ! lat] date to ,luke's incid5t1 x appe>s unnatural1 = ! same reason t !y %\ld wond] at ! graci\s words :i* proce$$ out ( 8 m\?1 nei!r c\ld ,jesus well say1 ,?is day is ?is scripture fulfill$ 9 y\r e>s1 )\t sev]ely reflect+ on _! =m] ins5sibility1 :i* _h ret>d$ t fulfilm5t4 ,^! consid]ations h l$ ! majority ( mod]n comm5tators to ! op9ion1 t ,luke & ! o!r synoptical ,evangeli/s h "h giv5 ! same hi/ory1 m]ely diff]+ 9 ! date1 & 9 ! col\r+ ( ! facts2 #gai & ! only "q among !m is1 :i* ( ! two n>rations des]ves ! pref]5ce4 ,) respect to ! date1 t ( ,luke seems1 at ! fir/ glance1 to h ! advantage2 x gives ! desid]at$ motive = ! *ange ( resid5ce1 & ! wond] ( ! ,naz>5es appe>s mo/ natural on ! supposition t !n he fir/ assum$ ! function ( a public tea*]2 h5ce ,mat!w's div]g5cy f ,luke has be5 rec5tly made a s]i\s reproa* to him1 z a *ronological error4 #gbj ,b !re is "o p>ticul> 9 all ! ?ree n>ratives :i* is an ob/acle to our ref]r+ ! incid5t to s e>ly a p]iod4 ,if ,jesus pres5t$ himself ?us at ,naz>e? be=e he _h made ,cap]naum ! pr9cipal !atre ( 8 ag5cy1 ! ,naz>5es c\ld n utt] ! words :i* ,jesus imputes to !m 9 ,luke3 ,:atsoev] we h he>d done 9 ,cap]naum1 d also "h 9 ?y c\ntry2 nor c\ld !y1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 be a/oni%$ at ! mighty works ( ,jesus1 #gba = z he p]=m$ few if any miracles at ,naz>e?1 t expression1 not)/&+ its p]plex+ connexion ) ! 1 ! wisdom1 manife/$ 9 t city1 mu/ ref] to works p]=m$ else:]e4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,naz>5es wond]$ at ! de$s ( ,jesus at ,cap]naum1 or 7 jeal\s ( ! di/9ction conf]r$ on t city1 ,jesus mu/ h previ\sly resid$ !re1 & c\ld n h proce$$ ?i!r = ! fir/ "t 9 consequ5ce ( ! sc5e at ,naz>e?4 ,f ?is1 x is pla9 t ! lat] *ronological position ( ! n>rative is ! orig9al "o1 & t ,luke1 9 plac+ x e>li]1 out ( m]e conjecture1 0 hone/ or c>eless en\gh to reta9 ! m5tion ( ! wond]s at ,cap]naum1 ?\gh only consi/5t ) ! lat] position4 #gbb ,if1 ) reg>d to ! date ( ! incid5t1 ! advantage is ?us on ! side ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 we are left 9 d>kness z to ! motive :i* l$ ,jesus to alt] 8 abode f ,naz>e? to ,cap]naum2 unless ! circum/ance t "s ( 8 mo/ confid5tial disciples _h _! home !re1 & ! m ext5sive traffic ( ! place1 may be reg>d$ z inducem5ts to ! measure4 ,! fulness & p>ticul>ity ( ,luke's description ( ! sc5e1 contra/$ ) ! summ>y /yle 9 :i* x is giv5 by ! o!r two ,evangeli/s1 has g5]ally won = ! =m] ! praise ( sup]ior accuracy4 #gbc ,let u look m closely1 & we %all f9d t ! great] p>ticul>ity ( ,luke %[s itself *iefly 9 ?is1 t he is n satisfi$ ) a m]ely g5]al m5tion ( ! disc\rse deliv]$ by ,jesus 9 ! synagogue1 b cites ! ,old ,te/am5t passage on :i* he enl>g$1 & ! comm5cem5t ( its application4 ,! passage is f ,isa4 lxi4 #a1 #b1 :]e ! prophet ann\nces ! return f exile1 ) ! exception ( ! words to set at lib]ty !m t are bruis$1 1 :i* are f ,isa4 lviii4 #f4 ,to ?is passage ,jesus gives a messianic int]pretation1 = he decl>es x to be fulfill$ by 8 appe>ance4 ,:y he select$ ?is text f among all o!rs has be5 v>i\sly conjectur$4 ,x is kn[n t among ! ,jews at a lat] p]iod1 c]ta9 extracts f ! ,?orah & ! ,prophets 7 /at$ly read on p>ticul> sabba?s & fea/ days1 & x has h5ce be5 sugge/$ t ! above passage 0 ! selection appo9t$ = ! occasion 9 "q4 ,x is true t ! *apt] f :i* ! words 444 are tak51 us$ to be read on ! great ,day ( ,atonem5t1 & ,b5gel has made ! supposition1 t ! sc5e we are consid]+ occurr$ on t day1 a ma9 pill> ( 8 evangelical *ronology4 #gbd ,b if ,jesus _h adh]$ to ! regul> c\rse ( read+1 he w\ld n m]ely h extract$ f ! lesson appo9t$ = ?is fea/ a few /ray words1 to ins]t !m 9 a totally disconnect$ passage2 & aft] all1 x is impossible to demon/rate t1 s e>ly z ! "t ( ,jesus1 !re 7 prescrib$ read+s1 ev5 f ! prophets4 #gbe ,if !n ,jesus 0 n ?us circum/antially direct$ to ! passage cit$1 did he op5 ^u x design$ly or =tuit\sly8 ,_m imag9e him turn+ ov] ! leaves until he f\nd ! text :i* 0 9 8 m9d3 #gbf b ,ol%aus5 is "r 9 say+ t ! words d n imply t he f\nd ! passage aft] se>*+ = x1 b t he alight$ on x "u ! guidance ( ! ,div9e ,_s4 #gbg ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b a poor contrivance1 to hide ! improbability1 t ,jesus %\ld =tuit\sly op5 on a passage s well adapt$ to s]ve z a motto = 8 fir/ messianic ent]prize1 beh9d an appeal to ! ,_s1 z deus ex ma*94 ,jesus might v likely h quot$ ?is text ) ref]5ce to himself1 & ?us x w\ld rema9 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,evangeli/s z a prophecy fulfill$ 9 ,jesus2 ,mat!w w\ld probably h introduc$ x 9 8 own p]son ) 8 usual =m1 1 & w\ld h said t ,jesus _h n[ begun 8 messianic annunciation1 1 t ! prophecy ,isa4 lxi4 #a ff4 might be fulfill$2 b ,luke1 :o is less p>tial to ?is =m1 or ! tradition :5ce he drew 8 mat]ials1 puts ! words into ! m\? ( ,jesus on 8 fir/ messianic appe>ance1 v judici\sly1 x is true1 b1 ow+ to ! *ances :i* x is necess>y to suppose1 less probably2 s t ,i am m incl9$ to be satisfi$ ) ! indef9ite /atem5t ( ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,! o!r po9t 9 :i* ! description ( ,luke m]its ! praise ( p>ticul>ity1 is 8 dramatic picture ( ! tumultu>y clos+ sc5e2 b ?is sc5e p]plexes ev5 ^? :o on ! :ole give ! pref]5ce to 8 n>rative4 ,x is n to be conceal$ t ! extremely viol5t expulsion ( ,jesus by ! ,naz>5es1 seems to h _h no adequate provocation3 #gbh & we _c ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 #gbi expunge ! notion t ! life ( ,jesus 0 ?reat5$1 )\t imput+ to ! writ] a false addition ( ! words 7v4 #bi71 & ?us mat]ially affect+ ! cr$ibility ( 8 entire n>ration4 ,b ! /ill m rem>kable clause1 7v4 #cj71 is ! ma9 difficulty4 ,x is n to be expla9$ 7at lea/ n 9 accordance ) ! ,evangeli/'s view7 z an effect m]ely ( ! comm&+ glance ( ,jesus1 z ,hase supposes2 & ,ol%aus5 is aga9 "r :5 he says1 t ! ,evangeli/ int5d$ to signify t ,jesus pass$ unh>m$ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( 8 furi\s enemies1 because 8 div9e p[] fett]$ _! s5ses & limbs1 because 8 h\r 0 n yet come 7,john viii4 #bj71 & because no man c\ld take 8 life f him until he himself laid x d[n 7,john x4 #ah74 #gcj ,"h aga9 we h a display ( ! glorify+ t5d5cy ( tradition1 :i* lov$ to repres5t ,jesus z "o def5d$ f 8 enemies1 l ,lot 7,g54 xix4 #aa71 or ,eli%a 7#b ,k+s vi4 #ah71 by a heav5ly h&1 or bett] /ill1 by ! p[] ( 8 own sup]ior nature2 unless !re be suppos$ 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! two examples f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a tempor>y infliction ( bl9dness1 an illud]e p] calig9em1 ! idea ( :i* ,t]tullian reprobates4 #gca ,?us 9 ?is in/ance also1 ! less impos+ acc\nt ( ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s is to be pref]r$1 namely t ,jesus1 imp$$ f fur!r activity by ! unbelief ( ! ,naz>5es1 volunt>ily =sook 8 ungrateful pat]nal city4 #ei4 ,,div]g5cies ,,( ,,! ,,evangeli/s ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,*ronology ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,duration ,,( ,,8 ,,public ,,m9i/ry4 ,9 consid]+ ! *ronology ( ! public life ( ,jesus1 we mu/ di/+ui% ! "q ( its total duration1 f t ( ! arrangem5t ( its p>ticul> ev5ts4 ,n "o ( our ,evangeli/s expressly tells u h[ long ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus la/$2 b :ile ! synoptical writ]s give u no clue to a decision on ! subject1 we f9d 9 ,john c]ta9 data1 :i* seem to w>rant "o4 ,9 ! synoptical gospels !re is no intimation h[ long aft] ! baptism ( ,jesus 8 imprisonm5t & dea? occurr$3 n[h]e are mon?s & ye>s di/+ui%$2 & ?\gh x is once or twice said3 ' or 7,matt4 xvii4 #a1 #b71 ^! isolat$ fix$ po9ts furni% u ) no guidance 9 a sea ( g5]al unc]ta9ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! _m j\rneys to ! fea/s by :i* ! n>rative ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ is di/+ui%$ f t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 furni%es u1 s to speak1 ) *ronological abutm5ts1 z = ea* appe>ance ( ,jesus at "o ( ^! annual fea/s1 ! ,passov] especially1 we mu/1 d$uct+ ! fir/1 reckon a full ye> ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,we h1 9 ! f\r? gospel1 aft] ! baptism ( ,jesus1 & app>5tly at a %ort int]val 7comp4 i4 #bi1 #ce1 #dd1 ii4 #a1 #ab71 a passov] att5d$ by him 7ii4 #ac74 ,b ! next fea/ visit$ by ,jesus 7v4 #a7 :i* is indef9itely designat$ a fea/ ( ! ,jews1 has be5 ! p]petual crux ( ,new ,te/am5t *ronologi/s4 ,x is only important 9 det]m9+ ! duration ( ! public life ( ,jesus1 on ! supposition t x 0 a passov]2 = 9 ?is case x w\ld m>k ! close ( 8 fir/ ye>'s m9i/ry4 ,we grant t 1 ,,! fea/ ( ! ,jews1 might v probably d5ote ! ,passov]1 :i* 0 pre-em95t among _! in/itutions3 #gcb b x happ5s t ! be/ manuscripts h 9 ! pres5t passage no article1 & )\t x1 ! above expression c only signify indef9itely "o ( ! ,jewi% fea/s1 :i* ! au?or ?\ght x immat]ial to specify4 #gcc ,?us intr9sically x might mean ei!r ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/1 #gcd ,purim1 #gce ! ,passov]1 #gcf or any o!r2 #gcg b 9 its actual connection x is evid5tly n int5d$ by ! n>rator to imply ! ,passov]1 bo? because he w\ld h>dly h glanc$ ?us slightly at ! mo/ important ( all ! fea/s1 & because1 vi4 #d1 !re comes ano!r ,passov]1 s t on ! supposition we are conte/+1 he w\ld h pass$ 9 sil5ce ov] a :ole ye> betwe5 v4 #dg1 & vi4 #a4 ,= to give ! words1 7vi4 #d71 a retrospective mean+1 is too artificial an exp$i5t ( ,paulus1 s9ce1 z he himself confesses1 #gch ?is phrase1 else:]e 9 ,john1 is inv>iably us$ ) ref]5ce to ! imm$iately approa*+ fea/ 7ii4 #ac1 vii4 #b1 xi4 #ee71 & mu/ f its nature h a prospective mean+1 unless ! context indicate ! contr>y4 ,?us n until ,john vi4 #d1 d we meet ) ! second passov]1 & to ?is x is n m5tion$ t ,jesus resort$4 #gci ,!n foll[ ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles & t ( ! ,d$ication1 & aft]w>ds1 xi4 #ee1 xii4 #a1 ! la/ passov] visit$ by ,jesus4 ,accord+ to our view ( ,john v4 #a1 & vi4 #d1 !re=e1 we obta9 two ye>s = ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 besides ! int]val betwe5 8 baptism & ! fir/ ,passov]4 ,! same result is f\nd by ^? :o1 ) ,paulus1 hold ! fea/ m5tion$1 v4 #a1 to be a passov]1 b vi4 #d1 only a retrospective allusion2 :]eas ! anci5t ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 reckon+ a sep>ate ,passov] to ea* ( ! passages 9 "q1 made out ?ree ye>s4 ,mean:ile1 by ?is calculation1 we only get ! m9imum duration ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus possible accord+ to ! f\r? gospel1 = ! writ] n[h]e intimates t he has be5 punctili\s 9 nam+ e fea/ t fell )9 t m9i/ry1 includ+ ^? n obs]v$ by ,jesus1 nei!r1 unless we reg>d x z e/abli%$ t ! writ] 0 ! apo/le ,john1 h we any gu>antee t he knew ! entire numb]4 ,x may be urg$ 9 opposition to ! calculations1 built on ! repres5tations ( ,john1 t ! synoptical writ]s give no reasons = limit+ ! t]m ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus to a s+le ye>3 #gdj b ?is objection re/s on a supposition borr[$ f ,john himself1 namely t ,jesus1 ,galilean ?\gh he 01 made x a rule to att5d e ,passov]3 a supposition1 aga91 :i* is ov]turn$ by ! same writ]'s own repres5tation4 ,accord+ to him1 ,jesus left unobs]v$ ! passov] m5tion$1 vi4 #d1 = f vi4 #a1 :]e ,jesus is on ! ea/ side ( ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 ?r\gh vi4 #ag & #ei1 :]e he goes to ,cap]naum1 & vii4 #a1 :]e he frequ5ts ,galilee1 9 ord] to avoid ! ,jews1 to vii4 #b & #aj1 :]e he proce$s to ,j]usalem on occasion ( ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 ! ,evangeli/'s n>rative is s closely consecutive t a j\rney to ! ,passov] c n[h]e be ins]t$4 ,out ( ! synoptical gospels1 by !mselves1 we ga!r no?+ z to ! l5g? ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 = ?is repres5tation admits ( our assign+ him ei!r sev]al ye>s ( activity1 or only "o2 _! re/riction ( 8 int]c\rse ) ,j]usalem to 8 f9al j\rney be+ ! sole po9t 9 :i* !y control our conclusion4 ,x is true t sev]al ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 #gda z well z "s h]etics1 #gdb speak ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus z hav+ la/$ b a s+le ye>2 b t ! s\rce ( ?is op9ion 0 n ! abs5ce ( e>ly j\rneys to ! fea/s 9 ! synoptical gospels1 b an entirely =tuit\s association1 we le>n f ^? ,fa!rs !mselves1 = !y d]ive x f ! prophetic passage ,isa4 lxi4 #a f4 appli$ by ,jesus 7,luke iv47 to himself4 ,9 ?is passage !re is m5tion ( ! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l1 1 :i* ! prophet or1 accord+ to ! ,evangelical int]pretation1 ! ,messiah is s5t to ann\nce4 ,und]/&+ ?is phrase 9 its /rict *ronological s5se1 !y adopt$ f x ! notion ( a s+le messianic ye>1 :i* 0 m easily reconcilable ) ! synoptical gospels ?an ) t ( ,john1 aft] ^: /atem5t ! calculation ( ! *ur* soon came to be regulat$4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ ) ?is l[e/ computation ( "t1 is ! tradition1 also v anci5t1 t ,jesus 0 baptiz$ 9 8 ?irtie? ye>1 b at ! "t ( 8 crucifixion 0 n f> f 8 fiftie?4 #gdc ,b ?is op9ion is equally f\nd$ on a misund]/&+4 ,! eld]s :o _h conv]sations ) ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 9 ,asia1 1--on ^: te/imony ,ir5u relies :5 he says1 su* is ! tradition ( ,john1 1--_h giv5 no in=mation fur!r ?an t ,*ri/ taught1 tatem s5iorem hab5s4 ,t ?is tas s5ior 0 ! age ( f =ty to fifty ye>s is m]ely ! inf]5ce ( ,ir5u1 f\nd$ on :at ! ,jews allege z an objection to ! disc\rse ( ,jesus1 ,john viii4 #eg3 ,?\ art n yet fifty ye>s old1 & ha/ ?\ se5 ,abraham8 language :i* accord+ to ,ir5u c\ld only be address$ to "o1 qui jam quadrag9ta annos excessit1 qu9quagesimum autem annum nondum attigit4 ,b ! ,jews might v well say to a man a little m ?an ?irty1 t he 0 mu* too "y to h se5 ,abraham1 s9ce he _h n rea*$ 8 fiftie? ye>1 :i*1 9 ! ,jewi% idea1 complet$ ! t]m ( manhood4 #gdd ,?us we c obta9 no precise in=mation f our gospels z to h[ long ! public lab\rs ( ,jesus la/$2 all we c ga!r is1 t if we foll[ ! f\r? gospel we mu/ n reckon less ?an two ye>s & some?+ ov]4 ,b ! repeat$ j\rneys to ! fea/s on :i* ?is calculation is f\nd$ are !mselves n e/abli%$ beyond d\bt4 ,oppos$ to ?is m9imum1 we ga9 a maximum1 if we und]/&1 f ,luke iii4 #a ff4 & #bc1 t ! baptism ( ,jesus took place 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( ,tib]ius1 & add to ?is t 8 crucifixion occurr$ "u ! procurator%ip ( ,pontius ,pilate4 ,= z ,pilate 0 recall$ f 8 po/ 9 ! ye> ( ,tib]ius's dea?1 #gde & z ,tib]ius reign$ r m ?an sev5 ye>s aft] ! fifte5? ye> ( 8 reign1 #gdf x foll[s t sev5 ye>s are ! maximum ( ! possible duration ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus aft] 8 baptism4 ,b :ile "o ( ^! data1 namely1 t ,jesus 0 crucifi$ "u ,pilate1 is well atte/$1 ! o!r is r5d]$ suspici\s by its association ) a *ronological error1 s t 9 fact we _c a*ieve "h ev5 a proximate1 /ill less an accurate solution ( our "q4 #fj4 ,,! ,,attempts ,,at ,a ,,*ronological ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,p>ticul> ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,public ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 ,9 attempt+ a *ronological arrangem5t ( ! p>ticul> ev5ts occurr+ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! baptism ( ,jesus & 8 crucifixion1 ! peculi> relation ( ! synoptical writ]s to ,john1 r5d]s x necess>y to give !m bo? a sep>ate & a comp>ative exam9ation4 ,z to ! latt]1 if its result be a reconciliation ( ! two acc\nts1 ! j\rneys to ! fea/s 9 ,john mu/ =m ! panels betwe5 :i* ! mat]ials ( ! synoptical writ]s mu/ be s ins]t$1 t betwe5 ea* pair ( j\rneys ) ! incid5ts at ,j]usalem to :i* !y gave rise1 w\ld fall a portion ( ! ,galilean hi/ory4 ,= ?is incorporation to be effect$ ) any c]ta9ty1 two ?+s w\ld be ess5tial2 fir/1 a notice ( ! dep>ture ( ,jesus f ,galilee by ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s1 z (t5 z ! f\r? speaks ( a resid5ce 9 ,j]usalem2 &1 secondly1 on ! "p ( ,john1 an intimation1 if n a n>ration1 betwe5 8 acc\nts ( ! sev]al fea/s1 ( ! ,galilean occurr5ces repres5t$ by ! synoptical writ]s z an un9t]rupt$ tra94 ,b we h se5 t ! synoptical writ]s fail 9 ! requir$ notice2 :ile x is notori\s t ,john1 f ! baptism ( ,jesus to ! clos+ sc5es ( 8 life1 is only 9 two or ?ree in/ances 9 co9cid5ce ) ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,john says 7iii4 #bd7 t :5 ,jesus began 8 m9i/ry1 ,john 0 n yet ca/ into prison2 ,mat!w makes ! return ( ,jesus into ,galilee subsequ5t to ! imprisonm5t ( ! ,bapti/ 7iv4 #ab71 h5ce x has be5 inf]r$ t t return 0 f ! fir/ passov]1 & n f ! baptism2 #gdg b x is und5iable t ,mat!w places ! comm5cem5t ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee1 & presupposes no e>li] m9i/ry at ! fea/ 9 ,j]usalem1 s t ! two /atem5ts1 in/ead ( dovetail+1 z has be5 imag9$1 are altoge!r incompatible4 ,! next1 b v dubi\s po9t ( contact1 occurs 9 ! heal+ ( ! nobleman's son1 accord+ to ,john iv4 #df ff41 or ! c5turion's s]vant1 accord+ to ,matt4 viii4 #e ff41 & ,luke vii4 #a ff41 :i* ,john places 7v4 #dg7 imm$iately aft] ! return ( ,jesus f 8 prolong$ resid5ce 9 ,judea & ,sam>ia1 dur+ & aft] ! fir/ passov]4 ,x 0 to be expect$1 !n1 t ! correspond+ n>ration ( ! synoptical writ]s w\ld be prec$$ by "s intimation ( ! fir/ j\rney made by ,jesus to a fea/4 ,n only is su* an intimation want+--!re is n a s+le ap]ture to be f\nd = ! ins]tion ( ?is j\rney1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 ! cure 9 "q 0 an imm$iate sequel to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :i* ,mat!w & ,luke repres5t z ! culm9at+ po9t1 ( an app>5tly un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( tea*+ & miracles 9 ,galilee4 ,?us nei!r at ?is po9t is ! *ronology ( ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s to be ek$ out by t ( ! f\r?1 s9ce !y n[h]e pres5t a jo9t on to :i* ! /atem5ts ( ! latt] c be articulat$4 ,ano!r m decid$ co9cid5ce betwe5 ! two p>ties exi/s 9 ! associat$ n>ratives ( ! miracle ( ! loaves1 & t ( walk+ on ! sea1 ,john vi4 #a-ba1 ,matt4 xiv4 #ad-cf p>all41 :i* ,john places 9 ! int]val imm$iately prec$+ ! second passov]1 unvisit$ by ,jesus2 b he diff]s s completely f ! synoptical writ]s 9 8 acc\nt ( ^! miracles1 bo? 9 _! introduction & t]m9ation1 t ei!r he or !y mu/ inevitably be wrong4 ,= :ile1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,jesus retires f ,naz>e? probably1 at all ev5ts f "s "p ( ,galilee1 to ! opposite side ( ! sea1 :]e he effects ! multiplication ( ! loaves2 accord+ to ,john he sets out f ,j]usalem4 ,fur!r1 9 ! fir/ two gospels ,jesus proce$s aft] ! miracle ( ! loaves into a di/rict :]e he 0 less kn[n 7bo? ,matt4 v4 #ce & ,m>k v4 #ed expressly /at+ t ! p knew him71 :]eas 9 ,john he goes directly to ,cap]naum1 ) :i* ( all places he 0 ! mo/ famili>4 ,we "k n "h :e!r to tax ! synoptical writ]s or ,john ) a mi/ake3 & z we _c pron\nce :e!r he or !y h plac$ ?is incid5t too e>ly or too late1 we are equally ignorant h[ mu* ( ! synoptical n>ratives we are to place be=e1 & h[ mu* aft]1 ! second passov]1 :i* ,john makes ne>ly cotempor>y ) ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ?is ,evangeli/ & 8 pr$ecessors are at an end1 until we come to ! la/ j\rney ( ,jesus2 & if !y are too unc]ta9 to promise ev5 a simple division ( ! synoptical mat]ials by ! two ,passov]s1 h[ c we hope1 by ! j\rneys ( ,jesus to ! fea/ ( ! ,jews1 1 to ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 or to ! fea/ ( ,d$ication1 if t be a sep>ate j\rney1 to classify *ronologically ! un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( ,galilean occurr5ces 9 ! fir/ ?ree gospels8 ,nev]!less ?is has be5 attempt$ by a succession ( !ologians d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ) an exp5diture ( acum5 & erudition1 wor?y ( a m f]tile subject2 #gdh b unprejudic$ judges h decid$1 t z ! n>rative ( ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s has sc>cely any elem5ts t c give c]titude to su* a classification1 n "o ( ! h>monies ( ! gospels yet writt5 has any claim to be consid]$ any?+ m ?an a tissue ( hi/orical conjectures4 #gdi ,x rema9s to e/imate ! *ronological value ( ! synoptical writ]s1 ap>t f ,john4 ,!y are s frequ5tly at v>iance ) ea* o!r 9 ! ord] ( ev5ts1 & x is s seldom t "o has all ! probabilities on 8 side1 t ea* ( !m may be convict$ ( num]\s *ronological errors1 :i* mu/ und]m9e our confid5ce 9 8 accuracy4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t1 9 ! composition ( _! books1 !y m$itat$ no precise *ronological ord]1 #gej & ?is is p>tially confirm$ by _! mode ( n>ration4 ,?r\gh\t ! int]val betwe5 ! baptism ( ,jesus & ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion1 _! n>ratives resemble a collection ( anecdotes1 /rung toge!r mo/ly on a ?read ( m]e analogy & association ( ideas4 ,b !re is a di/9ction to be made 9 ref]5ce to ! above op9ion4 ,x is true t f ! purport ( _! n>ratives1 & ! indecisiv5ess & uni=mity ( _! connect+ phrases1 we c detect _! want ( insight into ! m accurate *ronological relations ( :at !y record2 b t ! au?ors flatt]$ !mselves !y 7 giv+ a *ronological n>ration1 is evid5t f ^? v connect+ phrases1 :i*1 h[ev] indecisive1 h almo/ always a *ronological "*1 su* z 1 1 1 1 1 1 etc4 #gea ,! incid5ts & disc\rses detail$ by ,john are1 = ! mo/ "p1 peculi> to himself2 he is !re=e n liable to ! same control 9 8 *ronology f indep5d5t au?ors1 z are ! synoptical writ]s f ea* o!r2 nei!r is 8 n>ration want+ 9 connect$ness & sequ5ce4 ,h5ce our decision on ! m]its ( 8 *ronological ord] is dep5d5t on ! answ] to ! foll[+ "q3 ,is ! developm5t & progress ( ! cause & plan ( ,jesus1 z giv5 by ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 cr$ible 9 itself & on comp>ison ) available data1 drawn f ! o!r gospels8 ,! solution to ?is "q is involv$ 9 ! succe$+ inquiry4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,jesus ,,z ,,! ,,messiah4 #geb #fa4 ,,jesus1 ,,! ,,son ,,( ,,man4 ,9 treat+ ( ! relation 9 :i* ,jesus conceiv$ himself to /& to ! messianic idea1 we c di/+ui% 8 dicta conc]n+ 8 own p]son f ^? conc]n+ ! "w he _h und]tak54 ,! appellation :i* ,jesus commonly gives himself 9 ! ,gospels is1 ! ,son ( man1 4 ,! exactly correspond+ ,hebrew expression is 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t a frequ5t designation ( man 9 g5]al1 & ?us we might be induc$ to und]/& x 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus4 ,?is int]pretation w\ld suit "s passages2 = example1 ,matt4 xii4 #h1 :]e ,jesus says3 ,! ,son ( man is "l also ( ! ,sabba? day1 1--words :i* w fitly en\gh take a g5]al mean+1 su* z ,grotius affixes to !m1 namely1 t man is "l ( ! ,sabba?1 especially if we comp>e ,m>k 7ii4 #bg71 :o introduces !m by ! proposition1 ,! ,sabba? 0 made = man1 & n man = ! ,sabba?1 1 4 ,b 9 ! majority ( cases1 ! phrase 9 "q is evid5tly us$ z a special designation4 ,?us1 ,matt4 viii4 #bj1 a scribe volunte]s to become a disciple ( ,jesus1 & is admoni%$ to c\nt ! co/ 9 ! words1 ,! ,son ( man ha? n :]e to lay 8 head1 1 3 "h "s p>ticul> man mu/ be int5d$1 nay1 ! p>ticul> man into ^: companion%ip ! scribe wi%$ to ent]1 t is1 ,jesus himself4 ,z a reason = ! self-application ( ?is t]m by ,jesus1 x has be5 sugge/$ t he us$ ! ?ird p]son aft] ! ori5tal mann]1 to avoid ! ,i4 #gec ,b = a speak] to use ! ?ird p]son 9 ref]5ce to himself1 is only admissible1 if he w\ld be und]/ood1 :5 ! designation he employs is precise1 & inapplicable to any o!r p]son pres5t1 z :5 a fa!r or a k+ uses 8 appropriate title ( himself2 or :51 if ! designation be n precise1 its relation is made cle> by a demon/rative pron\n1 :i* limitation is em95tly indisp5sable if an individual speak ( himself "u ! univ]sal designation man4 ,we grant t occasionally a ge/ure might supply ! place ( ! demon/rative pron\n2 b t ,jesus 9 e in/ance ( 8 us+ ?is habitual expression _h rec\rse to "s visible explanatory sign1 or t ! ,evangeli/s w\ld n1 9 t case1 h suppli$ its necess>y abs5ce f a writt5 docum5t by "s demon/rative addition1 is inconceivable4 ,if bo? ,jesus & ! ,evangeli/s held su* an elucidation sup]flu\s1 !y mu/ h se5 9 ! expression itself ! key to its precise application4 ,"s are ( op9ion t ,jesus int5d$ by x to po9t himself out z ! ideal man--man 9 ! noble/ s5se ( ! ^w2 #ged b ?is is a mod]n !ory1 n an hi/orical inf]5ce1 = !re is no trace ( su* an int]pretation ( ! expression 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 #gee & x w\ld be m easy to %[1 z o!rs h attempt$1 t ! appellation1 ,son ( ,man1 s frequ5tly us$ by ,jesus1 _h ref]5ce to 8 l[ly & despis$ condition4 #gef ,ap>t h[ev] f ! objection t ?is acceptation also w\ld require ! addition ( ! demon/rative pron\n1 ?\gh x might be adapt$ to _m passages1 z ,matt4 viii4 #bj2 ,john i4 #ea1 !re are o!rs 7su* z ,matt4 xvii4 #bb1 :]e ,jesus1 =etell+ 8 viol5t dea?1 designates himself 7 :i* dem& ! contra/ ( high dignity ) an ignom9i\s fate4 ,s 9 ,matt4 x4 #bc1 ! assurance giv5 to ! commission$ disciples t be=e !y _h gone ov] ! cities ( ,israel ! ,son ( ,man w\ld come1 c\ld h no weight unless ?is expression d5ot$ a p]son ( importance2 & t su* 0 its significance is prov$ by a comp>ison ( ,matt4 xvi4 #bh1 :]e !re is also a m5tion ( an 1 a com+ ( ! ,son ( man1 b ) ! addition 4 ,z ?is addition c only ref] to ! messianic k+dom1 ! mu/ be ! ,messiah4 ,h[ s app>5tly vague an appellation came to be appropriat$ to ! ,messiah1 we ga!r f ,matt4 xxvi4 #fd p>all41 :]e ! ,son ( man is depict$ z com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,?is is evid5tly an allusion to ,dan4 vii4 #ac f4 :]e aft] hav+ treat$ ( ! fall ( ! f\r bea/s1 ! writ] says3 ,i saw 9 ! night visions1 & behold1 "o l ! ,son ( ,man 7 1 ,,lxx47 came ) ! cl\ds ( heav51 & came to ! ,anci5t ( days4 ,& !re 0 giv5 him dom9ion1 & glory1 & a k+dom1 t all p1 nations & languages %\ld s]ve him3 8 dom9ion is an ev]la/+ dom9ion4 ,! f\r bea/s 7v4 #ag ff47 7 symbolical ( ! f\r great empires1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 ! ,mac$onian1 ) its (f%oot1 ,syria4 ,aft] _! fall1 ! k+dom 0 to be giv5 9 p]petuity to ! ,p ( ,god1 ! sa9ts ( ! ,mo/ ,high3 h5ce1 he :o 0 to come ) cl\ds ( heav5 c\ld only be1 ei!r a p]sonification ( ! holy p1 #geg or a lead] ( heav5ly orig9 "u :om !y 7 to a*ieve _! de/9$ triumph--9 a ^w1 ! ,messiah2 & ?is 0 ! cu/om>y int]pretation among ! ,jews4 #geh ,two ?+s are pr$icat$ ( ?is p]sonage1--t he 0 l ! ,son ( man1 & t he came ) ! cl\ds ( heav52 b ! =m] p>ticul> is 8 di/9ctive *>act]i/ic1 & imports ei!r t he _h n a sup]human =m1 t ( an angel = in/ance1 ?\gh desc5d+ f heav51 or else t ! k+dom ab\t to be e/abli%$ pres5t$ 9 its humanity a contra/ to ! inhumanity ( its pr$ecessors1 ( :i* f]oci\s bea/s 7 ! fitt+ emblems4 #gei ,at a lat] p]iod1 x is true1 ! ,jews reg>d$ ! com+ ) ! cl\ds ( heav5 z ! m ess5tial attribute ( ! ,messiah1 & h5ce gave him ! "n ,anani1 aft] ! ,jewi% ta/e ( mak+ a m]ely accessory circum/ance ! p]man5t epi!t ( a p]son or ?+4 #gfj ,if1 !n1 ! expression necess>ily recall$ ! above passage 9 ,daniel1 g5]ally believ$ to relate to ! ,messiah1 x is impossible t ,jesus c\ld s (t5 use x1 & 9 connexion ) decl>ations evid5tly ref]r+ to ! ,messiah1 )\t int5d+ x z ! designation ( t p]sonage4 ,t by ! expression 9 "q ,jesus meant himself1 )\t relation to ! messianic dignity1 is less probable ?an ! contr>y supposition1 t he might (t5 mean ! ,messiah :5 he spoke ( ! ,son ( ,man1 )\t relation to 8 own p]son4 ,:51 ,matt4 x4 #bc1 on ! fir/ mission ( ! twelve apo/les to ann\nce ! k+dom ( heav51 he com=ts !m "u ! prospect ( _! future p]secutions by ! assurance t !y w\ld n h gone ov] all ! cities ( ,israel be=e ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man1 we %\ld r1 tak+ ?is decl>ation alone1 ?9k ( a ?ird p]son1 ^: spe$y messianic appe>ance ,jesus 0 promis+1 ?an ( ! speak] himself1 see+ t he 0 already come1 & x w\ld n be antec$5tly cle> h[ he c\ld repres5t 8 own com+ z "o /ill 9 anticipation4 ,s also :5 ,jesus 7,matt4 xiii4 #cg ff47 int]prets ! ,s[] ( ! p>able to be ! ,son ( ,man1 :o at ! end ( ! _w w h a h>ve/ & a tribunal1 he might be suppos$ to ref] to ! ,messiah z a ?ird p]son di/9ct f himself4 ,?is is equally ! case1 xvi4 #bg f41 :]e1 to prove ! proposition t ! loss ( ! s\l is n to be comp5sat$ by ! ga9 ( ! :ole _w1 he urges ! spe$y com+ ( ! ,son ( ,man1 to adm9i/] retribution4 ,la/ly1 9 ! connect$ disc\rses1 ,matt4 xxiv41 xxv4 p>all41 _m p>ticul>s w\ld be m easily conceiv$1 if ! ^: ,jesus describes1 7 und]/ood to mean ano!r ?an himself4 ,b ?is explanation is f> f be+ applicable to ! majority ( in/ances 9 :i* ,jesus uses ?is expression4 ,:5 he repres5ts ! ,son ( ,man1 n z "o /ill to be expect$1 b z "o already come & actually pres5t1 = example1 9 ,matt xviii4 #aa1 :]e he says3 ,! ,son ( ,man is come to save t :i* 0 lo/2 :5 he ju/ifies 8 own acts by ! au?ority ) :i* ! ,son ( ,man 0 inve/$1 z 9 ,matt4 ix4 #f2 :51 ,m>k viii4 #ca ff4 comp4 ,matt4 xvi4 #bb1 he speaks ( ! approa*+ suff]+s & dea? ( ! ,son ( ,man1 s z to elicit f ,pet] ! exclamation1 1 ?is %all n be unto !e2 9 ^! & simil> cases he c only1 by ! 1 h int5d$ himself4 ,& ev5 ^? passages1 :i*1 tak5 s+ly1 we might h f\nd capable ( application to a messianic p]son1 di/9ct f ,jesus1 lose ?is capability :5 consid]$ 9 _! entire connexion4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 ei!r t ! writ] may h misplac$ c]ta9 expressions1 or t ! ultimately preval5t conviction t ,jesus 0 ! ,son ( ,man caus$ :at 0 orig9ally said m]ely ( ! latt]1 to be view$ 9 imm$iate relation to ! =m]4 ,?us besides ! fact t ,jesus on _m occasions call$ himself ! ,son ( ,man1 !re rema9s ! possibility t on _m o!rs1 he may h design$ ano!r p]son2 & if s1 ! latt] w\ld 9 ! ord] ( "t naturally prec$e ! =m]4 ,:e!r ?is possibility c be height5$ ta a reality1 mu/ dep5d on ! answ] to ! foll[+ "q3 ,is !re1 9 ! p]iod ( ! life ( ,jesus1 f :i* all 8 record$ decl>ations are tak51 any fragm5t :i* indicates t he _h n yet conceiv$ himself to be ! ,messiah8 #fb4 ,,h[ ,,soon ,,did ,,jesus ,,conceive ,,himself ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,messiah1 ,,& ,,f9d ,,recognition ,,z ,,su* ,,f ,,o!rs8 ,jesus held & express$ ! conviction t he 0 ! ,messiah2 ?is is an indisputable fact4 ,n only did he1 accord+ to ! ,evangeli/s1 receive ) satisfaction ! confession ( ! disciples t he 0 ! 7,matt4 xvi4 #af f47 & ! salutation ( ! p1 ,hosanna to ! ,son ( ,david 7xxi4 #ae f472 n only did he be=e a public tribunal 7,matt4 xxvi4 #fd1 comp4 ,john xviii4 #cg7 z well z to private individuals 7,john iv4 #bf1 ix4 #cg1 x4 #be7 repeat$ly decl>e himself to be ! ,messiah2 b ! fact t 8 disciples aft] 8 dea? believ$ & proclaim$ t he 0 ! ,messiah1 is n to be compreh5d$1 unless1 :5 liv+1 he _h implant$ ! conviction 9 _! m9ds4 ,to ! m se>*+ "q1 h[ soon ,jesus began to decl>e himself ! ,messiah & to be reg>d$ z su* by o!rs1 ! ,evangeli/s almo/ unanim\sly reply1 t he assum$ t "* f ! "t ( 8 baptism4 ,all ( !m atta* to 8 baptism circum/ances :i* mu/ h conv9c$ himself1 if yet unc]ta91 & all o!rs :o witness$ or cr$it$ !m1 t he 0 no less ?an ! ,messiah2 ,john makes 8 e>lie/ disciples recognise 8 "r to t dignity on _! fir/ int]view 7i4 #db ff471 & ,mat!w attributes to him at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 m9i/ry1 9 ! s]mon on ! m\nt1 a repres5tation ( himself z ! ,judge ( ! _w 7vii4 #ba ff47 & !re=e ! ,messiah4 ,nev]!less1 on a clos] exam9ation1 !re appe>s a rem>kable div]g5cy on ?is subject betwe5 ! synoptical /atem5t & t ( ,john4 ,:ile1 namely1 9 ,john1 ,jesus rema9s ?r\gh\t true to 8 ass]tion1 & ! disciples & 8 foll[]s among ! populace to _! conviction1 t he is ! ,messiah2 9 ! synoptical gospels !re is a vacillation disc]nible--! previ\sly express$ p]suasion on ! "p ( ! disciples & p t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 sometimes vani%es & gives place to a mu* l[] view ( him1 & ev5 ,jesus himself becomes m res]v$ 9 8 decl>ations4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly /rik+ :5 ! synoptical /atem5t is comp>$ ) t ( ,john2 b ev5 :5 !y are sep>ately consid]$1 ! result is ! same4 ,accord+ to ,john 7vi4 #ae71 aft] ! miracle ( ! loaves ! p 7 incl9$ to con/itute ,jesus _! 7messianic7 ,k+2 on ! contr>y1 accord+ to ! o!r ?ree ,evangeli/s1 ei!r ab\t ! same "t 7,luke ix4 #ah f47 or /ill lat] 7,matt4 xvi4 #ac f42 ,m>k viii4 #bg f47 ! disciples c\ld only report1 on ! op9ions ( ! p respect+ _! ma/]1 t "s said he 0 ! resuscitat$ ,bapti/1 "s ,elias1 & o!rs ,j]emiah or "o ( ! old prophets3 9 ref]5ce to t passage ( ,john1 h[ev]1 z also to ! synoptical "o1 ,matt4 xiv4 #cc1 accord+ to :i*1 "s "t be=e ,jesus elicit$ ! above report ( ! popul> op9ion1 ! p :o 7 ) him 9 ! %ip #gfa :5 he _h allay$ ! /orm1 fell at 8 feet & wor%ipp$ him z ! ,son ( ,god1 x may be obs]v$ t :5 ,jesus _h spok5 or act$ ) peculi> impressiv5ess1 individuals1 9 ! exaltation ( ! mom5t1 might be p5etrat$ ) a conviction t he 0 ! ,messiah1 :ile ! g5]al & calm voice ( ! p yet pron\nc$ him to be m]ely a prophet4 ,b !re is a m tr\blesome div]g5cy relative to ! disciples4 ,9 ,john1 ,&rew1 aft] 8 fir/ int]view ) ,jesus1 says to 8 bro!r1 we h f\nd ! ,messiah1 7i4 #db72 & ,philip describes him to ,na?anael z ! p]son =etold by ,moses & ! prophets 7v4 #df72 ,na?anael salutes him z ! ,son ( ,god & ,k+ ( ,israel 7v4 #ej72 & ! subsequ5t confession ( ,pet] appe>s m]ely a r5ew$ av[al ( :at _h be5 long a famili> tru?4 ,9 ! synoptical ,evangeli/s x is only aft] prolong$ int]c\rse ) ,jesus1 & %ortly be=e 8 suff]+s1 t ! ard5t ,pet] arrives at ! conclusion t ,jesus is ! 1 7,matt4 xvi4 #af1 p>all474 ,x is impossible t ?is confession %\ld make s /rong an impression on ,jesus t1 9 consequ5ce ( x1 he %\ld pron\nce ,pet] bless$1 & 8 confession ! fruit ( imm$iate div9e revelation1 z ,mat!w n>rates2 or t1 z all ! ?ree ,evangeli/s in=m u 7xvi4 #bj1 viii4 #cj1 ix4 #ba71 he %\ld1 z if al>m$1 =bid ! disciples to promulgate _! conviction1 unless x repres5t$ n an op9ion long *]i%$ 9 ! circle ( 8 disciples1 b a new light1 :i* _h j fla%$ on ! m9d ( ,pet]1 & ?r\gh him 0 communicat$ to 8 associates4 ,!re is a ?ird equally s]i\s discrepancy1 relative to ! decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 ,messiah%ip4 ,accord+ to ,john he sanctions ! homage :i* ,na?anael r5d]s to him z ! ,son ( ,god & ,k+ ( ,israel1 9 ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 public c>e]1 & imm$iately proce$s to speak ( himself "u ! messianic title1 ,son ( ,man 7i4 #ea f473 to ! ,sam>itans also aft] 8 fir/ visit to ! passov] 7iv4 #bf1 #ci ff471 & to ! ,jews on ! second 7v4 #df71 he makes himself kn[n z ! ,messiah pr$ict$ by ,moses4 ,accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 on ! contr>y1 he prohibits1 9 ! in/ance above cit$ & 9 _m o!rs1 ! dissem9ation ( ! doctr9e ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 beyond ! circle ( 8 adh]5ts4 ,f>!r1 :5 he asks 8 disciples1 ,:om d m5 say t ,i am8 7,matt4 xvi4 #ae7 he seems to wi% #gfb t !y %\ld d]ive _! conviction ( 8 ,messiah%ip f 8 disc\rses & actions1 & :5 he ascribes ! av[$ fai? ( ,pet] to a revelation f 8 heav5ly ,fa!r1 he excludes ! possibility ( 8 hav+ himself previ\sly made ?is disclosure to 8 disciples1 ei!r 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,john1 or 9 ! m indirect "o attribut$ to him by ,mat!w 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 unless we suppose t ! disciples _h n hi!rto believ$ 8 assurance1 & t h5ce ,jesus ref]r$ ! new-born fai? ( ,pet] to div9e influ5ce4 ,?us1 on ! po9t "u discussion ! synoptical /atem5t is contradictory1 n only to t ( ,john1 b to itself2 x appe>s !re=e t x ought to be unconditionally surr5d]$ be=e t ( ,john1 :i* is consi/5t ) itself1 & "o ( our critics has ju/ly reproa*$ x ) d]ang+ ! messianic economy 9 ! life ( ,jesus4 #gfc ,b "h aga9 we mu/ n lose sight ( our approv$ canon1 t 9 glorify+ n>ratives1 su* z our gospels1 :]e v>i\s /atem5ts are confront$1 t is ! lea/ probable :i* be/ subs]ves ! object ( glorification4 ,n[ ?is is ! case ) ,john's /atem5t2 accord+ to :i*1 f ! comm5cem5t to ! close ( ! public life ( ,jesus1 8 ,messiah%ip %9es =? 9 un*ang+ spl5d\r1 :ile1 accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 x is liable to a v>iation 9 its light4 ,b ?\gh ?is crit]ion ( probability is 9 fav\r ( ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s1 x is impossible t ! ord] 9 :i* !y make ignorance & concealm5t foll[ on pla9 decl>ations & recognitions ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus c be correct2 & we mu/ suppose t !y h m+l$ & conf\nd$ two sep>ate p]iods ( ! life ( ,jesus1 9 ! latt] ( :i* alone he pres5t$ himself z ! ,messiah4 ,we f9d1 9 fact1 t ! wat*word ( ,jesus on 8 fir/ appe>ance diff]$ n1 ev5 v]bally1 f t ( ,john1 :o pr(ess$ m]ely to be a =]unn]2 x is ! same ,rep5t1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h& 7,matt4 iv4 #ag7 ) :i* ,john _h r\s$ ! ,jews 7iii4 #b72 & indicates 9 nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r an assumption ( ! "* ( ,messiah1 ) ^: com+ ! k+dom ( heav5 0 actually to comm5ce1 b m]ely t ( a tea*] :o po9ts to x z yet future4 #gfd ,h5ce ! late/ critic ( ! fir/ gospel ju/ly expla9s all ^? disc\rses & actions !re9 n>rat$1 by :i* ,jesus explicitly claims to be ! ,messiah1 or1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ?is dignity is attribut$ to him & accept$1 if !y occur be=e ! manife/ation ( himself record$ 9 ,john v41 or be=e ! acc\nt ( ! apo/olic confession 7,matt4 xvi471 z (f5ces ( ! writ] aga9/ *ronology or lit]al tru?4 #gfe ,we h only to premise1 t z *ronological confusion prevails ?r\gh\t1 ! position ( ?is confession %ortly be=e ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion1 9 n[ise obliges u to suppose t x 0 s late be=e ,jesus 0 recognis$ z ! ,messiah among 8 disciples1 s9ce ,pet]'s av[al may h occurr$ 9 a mu* e>li] p]iod ( _! int]c\rse4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is incompreh5sible--t ! same reproa* %\ld n atta* ev5 m /rongly to ! f\r? gospel ?an to ! fir/1 or to ! synoptical writ]s 9 g5]al4 ,= x is surely m p>donable t ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s %\ld give u ! pre-messianic memoirs 9 ! wrong place1 ?an t ! f\r? %\ld n give !m at all2 m endurable 9 ! =m]1 to m+le ! two p]iods1 ?an 9 ! latt]1 q to oblit]ate ! e>li] "o4 ,if !n ,jesus did n lay claim to ! ,messiah%ip f ! beg9n+ ( 8 public c>e]1 0 ?is omission ! result ( unc]ta9ty 9 8 own m9d2 or _h he f ! fir/ a conviction t he 0 ! ,messiah1 b conceal$ x = c]ta9 reasons8 ,9 ord] to decide ?is "q1 a po9t already m5tion$ mu/ be m c>efully weigh$4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s1 b n s exclusively t ! f\r? has no?+ simil>1 :5 ,jesus effects a miracle ( heal+ he almo/ inv>iably =bids ! p]son cur$ to promulgate ! ev5t1 9 ^! or simil> words1 2 e4g4 ! lep]1 ,matt4 viii4 #d1 p>all42 ! bl9d m51 ,matt4 ix4 #cj2 a multitude ( ! heal$1 ,matt4 xii4 #af2 ! p>5ts ( ! resuscitat$ damsel1 ,m>k v4 #dc2 above all he enjo9s sil5ce on ! demoniacs1 ,m>k i4 #cd1 iii4 #ab2 & ,john v4 #ac1 x is said1 aft] ! cure ( ! man at ! pool ( ,be!sda1 ,jesus _h convey$ himself away1 a multitude be+ 9 t place4 ,?us also he =bade ! ?ree :o 7 ) him on ! m\nt ( ! ,transfiguration1 to publi% ! sc5e !y _h witness$ 7,matt4 xvii4 #i72 & aft] ! confession ( ,pet]1 he *>ges ! disciples to tell no man ! conviction x express$ 7,luke ix4 #ba74 ,?is prohibition ( ,jesus c\ld h>dly1 z mo/ comm5tators suppose1 #gff be det]m9$ by v>i\s circum/antial motives1 at "o "t hav+ relation to ! disposition ( ! p]son heal$1 at ano!r to ! hum\r ( ! p1 at ano!r to ! situation ( ,jesus3 r1 z !re is an ess5tial simil>ity 9 ! conditions "u :i* he lays ?is injunction on ! p1 if we disc]n a probable motive = x on any occasion1 we are w>rant$ 9 apply+ ! same motive to ! rema9+ cases4 ,?is motive is sc>cely any o!r ?an ! desire t ! belief t he 0 ! ,messiah %\ld n be too widely spread4 ,:5 7,m>k i4 #cd7 ,jesus w\ld n all[ ! eject$ demons to speak because !y knew him1 :5 he *>g$ ! multitudes t !y %\ld n make him kn[n 7,matt4 xii4 #af71 he evid5tly int5d$ t ! =m] %\ld n proclaim him 9 ! "* 9 :i* _! m p5etrative1 demoniacal glance _h view$ him1 nor ! latt] 9 t reveal$ by ! miracul\s cure he _h wr\ght on !m--9 %ort1 !y 7 n to betray _! k t he 0 ! ,messiah4 ,z a reason = ?is wi% on ! "p ( ,jesus1 x has be5 alleg$1 on ! /r5g? ( ,john vi4 #ae1 t he s\ght to avoid awak5+ ! political idea ( ! ,messiah's k+dom 9 ! popul> m9d1 ) ! di/urbance :i* w\ld be its inevitable result4 #gfg ,?is w\ld be a valid reason2 b ! synoptical writ]s repres5t ! wi%1 p>tly z ! effect ( humility2 #gfh ,mat!w1 9 connexion ) a prohibition ( ! k9d allud$ to1 apply+ to ,jesus a passage 9 ,isaiah 7xlii4 #a f47 :]e ! s]vant ( ,god is said to be di/+ui%$ by 8 /illness & unobtrusiv5ess3 p>tly1 & 9 a great] degree1 z ! effect ( an appreh5sion t ! ,messiah1 at lea/ su* an "o z ,jesus1 w\ld be at once proscrib$ by ! ,jewi% hi]>*y4 ,f all ?is x might appe> t ,jesus 0 re/ra9$ m]ely by ext]nal motives1 f ! op5 decl>ation ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 & t 8 own conviction ( x exi/$ f ! fir/ 9 equal /r5g?2 b ?is conclusion _c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! face ( ! consid]ation above m5tion$1 t ,jesus began 8 c>e] ) ! same ann\ncem5t z ! ,bapti/1 an ann\ncem5t :i* c sc>cely h m ?an "o import--an exhortation to prep>e = a com+ ,messiah4 ,! mo/ natural supposition is t ,jesus1 fir/ ! disciple ( ! ,bapti/1 & aft]w>ds 8 successor1 9 prea*+ rep5tance & ! approa* ( ! k+dom ( heav51 took orig9ally ! same position z 8 =m] ma/] 9 relation to ! messianic k+dom1 not)/&+ ! great] rea* & lib]ality ( 8 m9d1 & only gradually atta9$ ! elevation ( ?9k+ himself ! ,messiah4 ,?is supposition expla9s 9 ! simple/ mann] ! prohibition we h be5 consid]+1 especially t annex$ to ! confession ( ,pet]4 ,= z (t5 z ! ?\ght t he might be ! ,messiah sugge/$ itself to o!rs1 & 0 pres5t$ to him f )\t1 ,jesus mu/ h %runk1 z if appall$1 to he> confid5tly utt]$ t :i* he sc>cely v5tur$ to surmise1 or :i* _h b rec5tly become cle> to himself4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! ,evangeli/ (t5 put su* prohibitions into ! m\? ( ,jesus unseasonably 7witness ! occasion m5tion$1 ,matt4 viii4 #d1 :51 aft] a cure effect$ be=e a cr[d ( spectators1 x 0 ( little avail to enjo9 secrecy on ! cur$71 #gfi x is probable t evangelical tradition1 enam\r$ ( ! my/]i\sness t lay 9 ?is incognito ( ,jesus1 #ggj unhi/orically multipli$ ! in/ances ( its adoption4 #fc4 ,,jesus1 ,,! ,,son ,,( ,,god4 ,9 ,luke i4 #ce1 we f9d ! n>r[e/ & mo/ lit]al int]pretation ( ! expression1 2 namely1 z d]iv$ f 8 conception by means ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! wide/ moral & metaphorical s5se is giv5 to ! expression 9 ,matt4 v4 #de1 :]e ^? :o imitate ! love ( ,god t[>ds 8 enemies are call$ ! sons ( ! ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,!re is an int]m$iate s5se :i* we may t]m ! metaphysical1 because :ile x includes m ?an m]e con=mity ( w1 x is di/9ct f ! notion ( actual pat]nity1 & implies a spiritual community ( be+4 ,9 ?is s5se x is pr(usely employ$ & ref]r$ to 9 ! f\r? gospel2 z :5 ,jesus says t he speaks & does no?+ ( himself1 b only :at z a son he has le>n$ f ! ,fa!r 7v4 #ai1 xii4 #di2 & else:]e71 :o1 moreov]1 is 9 him 7xvii4 #ba71 & not)/&+ 8 exaltation ov] him 7xiv4 #bh71 is yet "o ) him 7x4 #cj74 ,!re is yet a f\r? s5se 9 :i* ! expression is pres5t$4 ,:5 7,matt4 iv4 #c7 ! devil *all5ges ,jesus to *ange ! /ones into bread1 mak+ ! supposition1 ,if ?\ be ! ,son ( ,god2 :5 ,na?anael says to ,jesus1 ,?\ art ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,k+ ( ,israel 7,john i4 #di72 :5 ,pet] confesses1 ,?\ art ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god 7,matt4 xvi4 #af2 comp4 ,john vi4 #fi72 :5 ,m>?a ?us expresses h] fai? 9 ,jesus1 ,i believe t ?\ art ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god 7,john xi4 #bg72 :5 ! high prie/ adjures ,jesus to tell him if he be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god 7,matt4 xxvi4 #fc73 x is obvi\s t ! devil means no?+ m ?an1 ,if ?\ be ! ,messiah2 & t 9 ! o!r passages ! 1 unit$ z x is ) & 1 is b an appellation ( ! ,messiah4 ,9 ,hos4 xi4 #a2 ,exod4 iv4 #bb1 ! p ( ,israel1 & 9 #b ,sam1 vii4 #ad2 ,ps4 ii4 #g 7comp4 lxxxix4 #bh71 ! k+ ( t p1 are call$ ! son & ! fir/-born ( ,god4 ,! k+s 7z also ! p7 ( ,israel _h ?is appellation1 9 virtue ( ! love :i* ,jehovah bore !m1 & ! tutel>y c>e :i* he ex]cis$ ov] !m 7#b ,sam4 vii4 #ad72 & f ! second psalm we ga!r ! f>!r reason1 t z e>?ly k+s *oose _! sons to reign ) or "u !m1 s ! ,israeliti% k+s 7 inve/$ by ,jehovah1 ! supreme rul]1 ) ! gov]nm5t ( 8 fav\rite prov9ce4 ,?us ! designation 0 orig9ally applicable to e ,israeliti% k+ :o adh]$ to ! pr9ciple ( ! !ocracy2 b :5 ! messianic idea 0 develop$1 x 0 pre-em95tly assign$ to ! ,messiah1 z ! be/-belov$ ,son1 & ! mo/ p[]ful viceg]5t ( ,god on e>?4 #gga ,if1 !n1 su* 0 ! orig9al hi/orical signification ( ! epi!t1 ,son ( ,god1 z appli$ to ! ,messiah1 we h to ask3 is x possible t ,jesus us$ x ( himself 9 ?is signification only1 or did he use x also 9 ei!r ( ! ?ree s5ses previ\sly adduc$8 ,! n>r[e/1 ! m]ely physical import ( ! t]m is n put into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 b into t ( ! annunciat+ angel1 ,luke i4 #ce2 & = ?is ! ,evangeli/ alone is responsible4 ,9 ! int]m$iate1 metaphysical s5se1 imply+ unity ( ess5ce & community ( exi/5ce ) ,god1 x might possibly h be5 und]/ood by ,jesus1 suppos+ him to h remodell$ 9 8 own conceptions ! !ocratic int]pretation curr5t among 8 compatriots4 ,x is true t ! abundant expressions hav+ ?is t5d5cy 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john1 appe> to contradict ^? ( ,jesus on an occasion record$ by ! synoptical writ]s 7,m>k x4 #ag f42 ,luke xviii4 #ah f471 :5 to a disciple :o acco/s him z ,good ,ma/]1 he replies3 ,:y calle/ ?\ me good8 !re is none good b "o1 t is ,god4 ,"h ,jesus s t5aci\sly ma9ta9s ! di/9ction betwe5 himself & ,god1 t he r5\nces ! pr$icate ( 7p]fect7 goodness1 & insi/s on its appropriation to ,god alone4 #ggb ,ol%aus5 supposes t ?is rejection relat$ solely to ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! disciple address$1 :o1 reg>d+ ,jesus z a m]ely human tea*]1 ought n f 8 po9t ( view to h giv5 him a div9e epi!t1 & t x 0 n int5d$ by ,jesus z a d5ial t he 01 accord+ to a j e/imate ( 8 "*1 actually ! 9 :om ! "o good ,be+ 0 reflect$ z 9 a mirror2 b ?is is to take = grant$ :at is fir/ to be prov$1 namely1 t ! decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ himself 9 ! f\r? gospel are on a level z to cr$ibility ) ^? record$ by ! synoptical writ]s4 ,two ( ^! writ]s cite "s words ( ,jesus :i* h an important be>+ on our pres5t subject3 ,all ?+s are deliv]$ to me ( my ,fa!r3 & no man kn[e? ! ,son b ! ,fa!r3 nei!r kn[e? any man ! ,fa!r1 b ! ,son1 & he to :omsoev] ! ,son w reveal him1 ,matt4 xi4 #bg4 ,tak+ ?is passage 9 connexion ) ! "o be=e quot$1 we mu/ inf] t ,jesus _h inde$ an intimate communion ( ?\ght & w ) ,god1 b "u su* limitations1 t ! attribute ( p]fect goodness1 z well z ( absolute k 7e4g41 ( ! day & h\r ( ! la/ day1 ,m>k xiii4 #cb p>all47 belong$ exclusively to ,god1 & h5ce ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 div9e & human 0 /rictly pres]v$4 ,ev5 9 ! f\r? gospel ,jesus decl>es1 ,my ,fa!r is great] ?an ,i1 7xiv4 #bh71 b ?is slight e*o ( ! synoptical /atem5t does n remove ! difficulty ( conciliat+ ! num]\s disc\rses ( a totally diff]5t t5or 9 ! =m]1 ) ! rejection ( ! epi!t 9 ! latt]4 ,x is surpris+1 too1 t ,jesus 9 ! f\r? gospel appe>s altoge!r ignorant ( ! !ocratic s5se ( ! expression 1 & c only v9dicate 8 use ( x 9 ! metaphysical s5se1 by retreat+ to its vague & metaphorical application4 ,:51 namely 7,john x4 #cd ff471 to ju/ify 8 assumption ( ?is title1 he adduces ! scriptural application ( ! t]m to o!r m51 su* z pr9ces & magi/rates1 we are at a loss to und]/& :y ,jesus %\ld resort to ?is remote & prec>i\s argum5t1 :5 close at h& lay ! f> m cog5t "o1 t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a !ocratic k+ ( ,israel1 or accord+ to ! cu/om>y int]pretation ( ! mo/ /rik+ passages1 ! ,messiah1 is call$ ! ,son ( ,jehovah1 & t !re=e he1 hav+ decl>$ himself to be ! ,messiah 7v4 #be71 might consi/5tly claim ?is appellation4 ,) respect to ! light 9 :i* ,jesus 0 view$ z ! ,son ( ,god by o!rs1 we may rem>k t 9 ! addresses ( well-affect$ p]sons ! title is (t5 s associat$ z to be obvi\sly a m]e synonym ( 1 & ?is ev5 9 ! f\r? gospel2 :ile on ! o!r h& ! cont5ti\s ( ?is gospel seem 9 _! objections z ignorant z ,jesus 9 8 def5ce1 ( ! !ocratic1 & only notice ! metaphysical mean+ ( ! expression4 ,x is true t1 ev5 9 ! synoptical gospels1 :5 ,jesus answ]s affirmatively ! "q :e!r he be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god 7,matt4 xxvi4 #fe1 p>all471 ! high prie/ taxes him ) blasphemy2 b he ref]s m]ely to :at he consid]s ! unw>rant$ arrogation ( ! !ocratic dignity ( ! ,messiah1 :]eas 9 ! f\r? gospel1 :5 ,jesus repres5ts himself z ! ,son ( ,god 7v4 #ag f41 x4 #cj ff471 ! ,jews seek to kill him = ! express reason t he !reby makes himself 1 nay ev5 4 ,accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 ! high prie/ s unhesitat+ly consid]s ! idea ( ! ,son ( ,god to p]ta9 to t ( ! ,messiah1 t he associates ! two titles z if !y 7 int]*angeable1 9 ! "q he addresses to ,jesus3 on ! contr>y ! ,jews 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john reg>d ! "o idea z s f> transc5d+ ! o!r1 t !y li/5 pati5tly to ! decl>ation ( ,jesus t he is ! ,messiah 7x4 #be71 b z soon z he beg9s to claim to be ! ,son ( ,god1 !y take up /ones to /one him4 ,9 ! synoptical gospels ! reproa* ca/ on ,jesus is1 t be+ a common man1 he gives himself out = ! ,messiah2 9 ! f\r? gospel1 t be+ a m]e man1 he gives himself out = a div9e be+4 ,h5ce ,ol%aus5 & o!rs h ju/ly insi/$ t 9 ^? passages ( ! latt] gospel to :i* our rem>ks h ref]5ce1 ! is n synonym\s ) ,messiah1 b is a "n f> transc5d+ ! ord9>y idea ( ! ,messiah2 #ggc !y are n1 h[ev]1 w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t !re=e 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s also #ggd ! same expression imports m ?an ! ,messiah4 ,= ! only legitimate int]pretation ( ! high prie/'s "q 9 ,mat!w makes a synonym ( 1 & ?\gh 9 ! p>allel passage ( ,luke1 ! judges fir/ ask ,jesus if he be ! ,*ri/ 7xxii4 #fg78 & :5 he decl9es a direct answ]1--pr$ict+ t !y w behold ! ,son ( man seat$ at ! "r h& ( ,god1--ha/ily int]rupt him ) ! "q1 ,art ?\ ! ,son ( ,god8 7v4 #gj72 yet1 aft] receiv+ :at !y consid] an affirmative answ]1 !y accuse him be=e ,pilate z "o :o pret5ds to be ,*ri/1 a k+ 7xxiii4 #b71 ?us cle>ly %[+ t ,son ( man1 ,son ( ,god1 & ,messiah1 mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z int]*angeable t]ms4 ,x mu/ !re=e be conc$$ t !re is a discrepancy on ?is po9t betwe5 ! synoptical writ]s & ,john1 & p]haps also an inconsi/5cy ( ! latt] ) himself2 = 9 sev]al addresses to ,jesus he reta9s ! cu/om>y =m1 :i* associat$ ,son ( ,god ) ,*ri/ or ,k+ ( ,israel1 )\t be+ consci\s ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! signification :i* 4 4 mu/ h 9 su* a connexion1 & t 9 :i* he us$ x else:]e--a want ( p]ception :i* habitual =ms ( expression are calculat$ to induce4 ,we h be=e cit$ examples ( ?is ov]sight 9 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 7,john i4 #di1 vi4 #fi1 xi4 #bg74 ,! au?or ( ! ,probabilia reasonably consid]s x suspici\s t1 9 ! f\r? gospel1 ,jesus & 8 oppon5ts %\ld appe> entirely ignorant ( ! !ocratic s5se :i* is else:]e atta*$ to ! expression 1 & :i* mu/ h be5 m famili> to ! ,jews ?an any o!r1 unless we suppose "s ( !m to h p>tak5 ( ,alex&rian culture4 ,to su*1 we grant1 z well z to ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 judg+ f 8 prologue1 ! metaphysical relation ( ! to ,god w\ld be ! mo/ *]i%$ association4 #fd4 ,,! ,,div9e ,,mission ,,& ,,au?ority ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,8 ,,pre-,,exi/5ce4 ,! f\r ,evangeli/s are 9 unison z to ! decl>ation ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 div9e mission & au?ority4 ,l e prophet1 he is s5t by ,god 7,matt4 x4 #dj2 ,john v4 #bc f41 #ef f471 acts & speaks by ! au?ority1 & "u ! imm$iate guidance ( ,god 7,john v4 #ai ff471 & exclusively possesses an adequate k ( ,god1 :i* x is 8 (fice to imp>t to m5 7,matt xi4 #bg2 ,john iii4 #ac74 ,to him1 z ! ,messiah1 all p[] is giv5 7,matt4 xi4 #bg72 fir/1 ov] ! k+dom :i* he is appo9t$ to f\nd & to rule ) all its memb]s 7,john x4 #bi1 xvii4 #f72 next1 ov] mank9d 9 g5]al 7,john xvii4 #b71 & ev5 ext]nal nature 7,matt1 xxviii4 #ah72 consequ5tly1 %\ld ! int]e/s ( ! messianic k+dom dem& x1 p[] to effect a ?or\gh revolution 9 ! :ole _w4 ,at ! future comm5cem5t ( 8 reign1 ,jesus1 z ,messiah1 is au?oriz$ to awake ! dead 7,john v4 #bh71 & to sit z a judge1 sep>at+ ^? wor?y to p>take ( ! heav5ly k+dom f ! unwor?y 7,matt4 xxv4 #ca ff42 ,john v4 #bb1 #bi72 (fices :i* ,jewi% op9ion attribut$ to ! ,messiah1 #gge & :i* ,jesus1 once conv9c$ ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 w\ld necess>ily transf] to himself4 ,! ,evangeli/s are n equally unanim\s on ano!r po9t4 ,accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 ,jesus claims1 x is true1 ! highe/ human dignity1 & ! mo/ exalt$ relation ) ,god1 = ! pres5t & future1 b he nev] ref]s to an exi/5ce ant]ior to 8 e>?ly c>e]3 9 ! f\r? gospel1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d sev]al disc\rses ( ,jesus :i* conta9 ! repeat$ ass]tion ( su* a pre-exi/5ce4 ,we grant t :5 ,jesus describes himself z com+ d[n f heav5 7,john iii4 #ac1 xvi4 #bh71 ! expression1 tak5 alone1 may be und]/ood z a m]ely figurative intimation ( 8 sup]human orig94 ,x is m difficult1 b p]haps admissible1 to int]pret1 ) ! ,soc9ian ,crell1 ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 ,be=e ,abraham 01 ,i am1 1 7,john viii4 #eh71 z ref]r+ to a purely ideal exi/5ce 9 ! pre-det]m9ation ( ,god2 b sc>cely possible to consid] ! pray] to ! ,fa!r 7,john xvii4 #e7 to confirm ! 7glory7 :i* ,jesus _h ) ,him be=e ! _w 01 1 z an entreaty = ! communication ( a glory pr$e/9$ = ,jesus f et]nity4 ,b ! language ( ,jesus1 ,john vi4 #fb1 :]e he speaks ( ! ,son ( man reasc5d+ :]e he 0 be=e 1 is 9 its intr9sic mean+1 z well z 9 t :i* is reflect$ on x f o!r passages1 unequivocally significative ( actual1 n m]ely ideal1 pre-exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 already conjectur$ #ggf t ^! expressions1 or at lea/ ! adaptation ( !m to a real pre-exi/5ce1 are d]iv$1 n f ,jesus1 b f ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 ) ^: op9ions1 z prop\nd$ 9 8 introduction1 !y specifically agree2 = if ! ,^w 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god 7 71 ,jesus1 9 :om x 0 made fle%1 might attribute to himself an exi/5ce be=e ,abraham1 & a p>ticipation ( glory ) ! ,fa!r be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,nev]!less1 we are n w>rant$ 9 adopt+ ?is view1 unless x c be %[n t nei!r 0 ! idea ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah extant among ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e be=e ! "t ( ,jesus1 nor is x probable t ,jesus atta9$ su* a notion1 indep5d5tly ( ! ideas peculi> to 8 age & nation4 ,! latt] supposition1 t ,jesus spoke f 8 own memory ( 8 pre-human & pre-mundane exi/5ce1 is liable to comp>ison ) dang]\s p>allels 9 ! hi/ory ( ,py?agoras1 ,ennius1 & ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 ^: alleg$ rem9isc5ces ( individual /ates :i* !y _h exp]i5c$ prior to _! bir?1 #ggg are n[ g5]ally reg>d$ ei!r z subsequ5t fables1 or z en?usia/ic self-delusions ( ^? celebrat$ m54 ,= ! o!r alt]native1 t ! idea 9 "q 0 common to ! ,jewi% nation1 a presumption may be f\nd 9 ! description1 already quot$ f ,daniel1 ( ! ,son ( man com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 s9ce ! au?or1 possibly1 &1 at all ev5ts1 _m read]s1 imag9$ t p]sonage to be a sup]human be+1 dwell+ be=eh& ) ,god1 l ! angels4 ,b t e "o :o ref]r$ ?is passage to ! ,messiah1 or t ,jesus 9 p>ticul>1 associat$ ) x ! notion ( a pre-exi/5ce1 is n to be prov$2 =1 if we exclude ! repres5tation ( ,john1 ,jesus depicts 8 com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 n z if he _h come z a visitant to e>? f 8 home 9 heav51 b1 accord+ to ,matt4 xxvi4 #fe 7comp4 xxiv4 #be71 z if he1 ! e>?-born1 aft] ! completion ( 8 e>?ly c\rse1 w\ld be receiv$ into heav51 & f !nce w\ld return to e/abli% 8 k+dom3 ?us mak+ ! com+ f heav5 n necess>ily include ! idea ( pre-exi/5ce4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,prov]bs1 9 ,sira*1 & ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 ! idea ( a p]sonifi$ & ev5 hypo/asiz$ ,wisdom ( ,god1 & 9 ! ,psalms & ,prophets1 /rongly m>k$ p]sonifications ( ! ,div9e ^w2 #ggh & x is especially wor?y ( note1 t ! lat] ,jews1 9 _! horror ( an?ropomorphism 9 ! idea ( ! ,div9e be+1 attribut$ 8 spee*1 appe>ance1 & imm$iate ag5cy1 to ! ,^w 77 or ! dwell+ place 77 ( ,jehovah1 z may be se5 9 ! v5]able #ggi ,t>gum ( ,onkelos4 #ghj ,^! expressions1 at fir/ m]e p>aphrases ( ! "n ( ,god1 soon receiv$ ! my/ical signification ( a v]itable hypo/asis1 ( a be+ at once di/9ct f1 & "o ) ,god4 ,z mo/ ( ! revelations & int]positions ( ,god1 ^: organ ?is p]sonifi$ ,^w 0 consid]$ to be1 7 design$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,israeliti% p1 x 0 natural = !m to assign to ! manife/ation :i* 0 /ill await$ f ,him1 & :i* 0 to be ! cr[n+ b5efit ( ,israel1--! manife/ation1 namely1 ( ! ,messiah1--a peculi> relation ) ! ,^w or ,%e*9a4 #gha ,f ?is g]m sprang ! op9ion t ) ! ,messiah ! ,%e*9a w\ld appe>1 & t :at 0 ascrib$ to ! ,%e*9a p]ta9$ equally to ! ,messiah3 an op9ion n conf9$ to ! ,rabb9s1 b sanction$ by ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,accord+ to x1 ! ,messiah 01 ev5 9 ! wild]ness1 ! invisible guide & b5efactor ( ,god's p 7#a ,cor4 x4 #d1 #i72 #ghb he 0 ) our fir/ p>5ts 9 ,p>adise2 #ghc he 0 ! ag5t 9 creation 7,col4 i4 #af72 he ev5 exi/$ be=e ! creation1 #ghd & prior to 8 inc>nation 9 ,jesus1 0 9 a glori\s fell[%ip ) ,god 7,phil4 ii4 #f74 ,z x is ?us evid5t t1 imm$iately aft] ! "t ( ,jesus1 ! idea ( a pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah 0 incorporat$ 9 ! high] ,jewi% !ology1 x is no f>-fet*$ conjecture1 t ! same idea 0 afloat :5 ! m9d ( ,jesus 0 matur+1 & t 9 8 conception ( himself z ! ,messiah1 ?is attribute 0 includ$4 ,b :e!r ,jesus 7 z deeply initiat$ 9 ! speculations ( ! ,jewi% s*ools z ,paul1 is yet a "q1 & z ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 v]s$ 9 ! ,alex&rian doctr9e ( ! 1 /&s alone 9 ascrib+ to ,jesus ! ass]tion ( a pre-exi/5ce1 we are unable to decide :e!r we are to put ! dogma to ! acc\nt ( ,jesus1 or ( 8 biograph]4 #fe4 ,,! ,,messianic ,,plan ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,indications ,,( ,a ,,political ,,elem5t4 ,! ,bapti/ po9t$ to a future individual1 & ,jesus to himself1 z ! f\nd] ( ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! idea ( t messianic k+dom belong$ to ! ,israeliti% nation2 did ,jesus hold x 9 ! =m 9 :i* x exi/$ among 8 cotempor>ies1 or "u modifications ( 8 own8 ,! idea ( ! ,messiah grew up among/ ! ,jews 9 soil half religi\s1 half political3 x 0 nurtur$ by national adv]sity1 & 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! gospels1 x 0 embodi$ 9 ! expectation t ! ,messiah w\ld asc5d ! ?rone ( 8 ance/or ,david1 free ! ,jewi% p f ! ,roman yoke1 & f\nd a k+dom :i* w\ld la/ = ev] 7,luke i4 #cb f41 #fh ff42 ,acts i4 #f74 ,h5ce our fir/ "q mu/ be ?is4 ,did ,jesus include ?is political elem5t 9 8 messianic plan8 ,t ,jesus aspir$ to be a temporal rul]1 has at all times be5 an allegation ( ! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 b has be5 ma9ta9$ by none ) s mu* exegetical acum5 z by ! au?or ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts1 #ghe :o1 be x obs]v$1 by no means d5ies to ,jesus ! praise ( aim+ at ! moral re=mation ( 8 nation4 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 ! fir/ indication ( a political plan on ! "p ( ,jesus is1 t he unambigu\sly ann\nc$ ! approa*+ messianic k+dom1 & laid d[n ! conditions on :i* x 0 to be ent]$1 )\t expla9+ :at ?is k+dom 01 & :]e9 x consi/$1 #ghf z if he suppos$ ! curr5t idea ( its nature to be correct4 ,n[ ! fact is1 t ! preval5t conception ( ! messianic reign _h a /rong political bias2 h5ce1 :5 ,jesus spoke ( ! ,messiah's k+dom )\t a def9ition1 ! ,jews c\ld only ?9k ( an e>?ly dom9ion1 & z ,jesus c\ld n h presuppos$ any o!r int]pretation ( 8 words1 he mu/ h wi%$ to be s und]/ood4 ,b 9 opposition to ?is x may be rem>k$1 t 9 ! ,p>ables by :i* ,jesus %ad[$ =? ! k+dom ( heav52 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 9 :i* he illu/rates ! duties ( its citiz5s2 & la/ly1 9 8 :ole demean\r & c\rse ( action1 we h suffici5t evid5ce1 t 8 idea ( ! messianic k+dom 0 peculi> to himself4 ,!re is n s ready a c\nt]poise = ! difficulty1 t ,jesus s5t ! apo/les1 ) ^: conceptions he c\ld n be unacqua9t$1 to ann\nce ! ,messiah's k+dom ?r\gh\t ! l& 7,matt4 x474 ,^!1 :o disput$ :i* ( !m %\ld be greate/ 9 ! k+dom ( _! ma/] 7,matt1 xviii4 #a2 ,luke xxii4 #bd72 ( :om two petition$ = ! seats at ! "r & left ( ! messianic k+ 7,m>k x4 #ce ff472 :o1 ev5 aft] ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus1 expect$ a re/oration ( ! k+dom to ,israel 7,acts i4 #f72--^! _h cle>ly f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( _! int]c\rse ) ,jesus1 no o!r ?an ! popul> notion ( ! ,messiah2 :51 !re=e1 ,jesus despat*$ !m z h]alds ( 8 k+dom1 x seems necess>ily a "p ( 8 design1 t !y %\ld dissem9ate 9 all places _! political messianic idea4 ,among ! disc\rses ( ,jesus !re is "o especially wor?y ( note 9 ,matt4 xix4 #bh 7comp4 ,luke xxii4 #cj74 ,9 reply to ! "q ( ,pet]1 ,we h left all & foll[$ !e2 :at %all we h !re=e8 ,jesus promises to 8 disciples t 9 ! 1 :5 ! ,son ( man %all sit on 8 ?rone1 !y also %all sit on twelve ?rones1 judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4 ,t ! lit]al import ( ?is promise =m$ "p ( ! tissue ( ! messianic hopes *]i%$ by ! ,jews ( t p]iod1 is n to be controv]t$4 ,x is argu$1 h[ev]1 t ,jesus spoke figuratively on ?is occasion1 & only employ$ famili> ,jewi% images to convey to ! apo/les an assurance1 t ! sacrifices !y _h made "h w\ld be ri*ly comp5sat$ 9 _! future life by a p>ticipation 9 8 glory4 #ghg ,b ! disciples mu/ h und]/ood ! promise lit]ally1 :51 ev5 aft] ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 !y h>b\r$ anticipations ( worldly greatness2 & z ,jesus _h _h _m pro(s ( ?is prop5sity1 he w\ld h>dly h adopt$ su* language1 _h he n int5d$ to n\ri% _! temporal hopes4 ,! supposition t he did s m]ely to animate ! c\rage ( 8 disciples1 )\t himself %>+ _! views1 imputes duplicity to ,jesus2--a duplicity 9 ?is case q gratuit\s1 s9ce1 z ,ol%aus5 ju/ly obs]ves1 ,pet]'s "q w\ld h be5 satisfactorily answ]$ by any o!r laudatory ackn[l$gm5t ( ! devotion ( ! disciples4 ,h5ce x appe>s a fair inf]5ce1 t ,jesus himself %>$ ! ,jewi% expectations :i* he "h sanctions3 b expositors h made ! mo/ desp]ate ef=ts to escape f ?is unwelcome conclusion4 ,"s h resort$ to an arbitr>y alt]ation ( ! read+2 #ghh o!rs to ! detection ( irony1 direct$ aga9/ ! disproportion betwe5 ! pret5sions ( ! disciples1 & _! trivial s]vices1 #ghi o!rs to diff]5t exp$i5ts1 b all m unnatural ?an ! admission1 t ,jesus1 9 accordance ) ,jewi% ideas1 "h promises 8 disciples ! dignity ( be+ 8 assessors 9 8 visible messianic judgm5t1 & t he ?us indicates ! exi/5ce ( a national elem5t 9 8 notion ( ! ,messiah's k+dom4 ,x is obs]vable1 too1 t 9 ! ,acts 7i4 #g71 ,jesus1 ev5 aft] 8 resurrection1 does n d5y t he w re/ore ! k+dom to ,israel1 b m]ely disc\rages curiosity z to ! times & seasons ( its re/oration4 ,among ! actions ( ,jesus1 8 la/ entry into ,j]usalem 7,matt4 xxi4 #a ff47 is especially appeal$ to z a pro( t 8 plan 0 p>tly political4 ,accord+ to ! ,fragm5ti/1 all ! circum/ances po9t to a political design3 ! "t :i* ,jesus *ose1--aft] a suffici5tly long prep>ation ( ! p 9 ! prov9ces2 ! ,passov]1 :i* !y visit$ 9 great numb]s2 ! animal on :i* he rode1 & by :i*1 f a popul> int]pretation ( a passage 9 ,ze*>iah1 he ann\nc$ himself z ! de/9$ ,k+ ( ,j]usalem2 ! approval :i* he pron\nces :5 ! p receive him ) a royal greet+2 ! viol5t proc$ure :i* he haz>ds 9 ! temple2 & f9ally1 8 sev]e philippic on ! high] class ( ! ,jews 7,matt4 xxiii471 at ! close ( :i* he seeks to awe !m into a reception ( him z _! messianic k+1 by ! ?reat t he w %[ himself to !m no m 9 any o!r guise4 #ff4 ,,data ,,= ,,! ,,pure ,,spirituality ,,( ,,! ,,messianic ,,plan ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,balance4 ,n[h]e 9 our evangelical n>ratives is !re a trace ( ,jesus hav+ s\ght to =m a political p>ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 he )draws f ! eag]ness ( ! p to make him a k+ 7,john vi4 #ae72 he decl>es t ! messianic k+dom comes n ) obs]vation1 b is to be s\ght = 9 ! recesses ( ! s\l 7,luke xvii4 #bj f472 x is 8 pr9ciple to unite ob$i5ce to ,god ) ob$i5ce to temporal au?ority1 ev5 :5 hea!n 7,matt4 xxii4 #ba72 on 8 solemn entry into ! capital1 he *ooses to ride ! animal ( peace1 & aft]w>ds escapes f ! multitude1 in/ead ( us+ _! excitem5t = ! purposes ( 8 ambition2 la/ly1 he ma9ta9s be=e 8 judge1 t 8 k+dom is n f h5ce 1 is n ( ?is _w 7,john xvi4 #cf71 & we h no reason 9 ?is in/ance to "q ei!r 8 or ! ,evangeli/'s v]acity4 ,?us we h a s]ies ( indications to c\nt]balance ^? detail$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity h held exclusively to ! argum5ts = a political1 or r a revolution>y1 project1 on ! "p ( ,jesus1 :ile ! or?odox !ologians adh]e to ^? only :i* tell = ! pure spirituality ( 8 plan3 #gij & ea* p>ty has lab\r$ to invalidate by h]m5eutical skill ! passages unfav\rable to its !ory4 ,x has ( late be5 ackn[l$g$ t bo? are equally p>tial1 & t !re is ne$ ( arbitration betwe5 !m4 ,?is has be5 attempt$ *iefly by suppos+ an e>li] & a lat] =m ( ! plan ( ,jesus4 #gia ,al?\gh1 x has be5 said1 ! moral improvem5t & religi\s elevation ( 8 p 7 f ! fir/ ! prim>y object ( ,jesus1 he nev]!less1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 public life1 *]i%$ ! hope ( reviv+1 by means ( ?is int]nal reg5]ation1 ! ext]nal glories ( ! !ocracy1 :5 he %\ld be ackn[l$g$ by 8 nation z ! ,messiah1 & !reby be con/itut$ ! supreme au?ority 9 ! /ate4 ,b 9 ! disappo9tm5t ( ?is hope1 he recognis$ ! div9e rejection ( e political elem5t 9 8 plan1 & !nce=? ref9$ x into pure spirituality4 ,x is held to be a presumption 9 fav\r ( su* a *ange 9 ! plan ( ,jesus1 t !re is a gladness diffus$ ov] 8 fir/ appe>ance1 :i* gives place to melan*oly 9 ! latt] p]iod ( 8 m9i/ry2 t in/ead ( ! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l1 ann\nc$ 9 8 initiative address at ,naz>e?1 sorr[ is ! bur!n ( 8 lat] disc\rses1 & he explicitly says ( ,j]usalem1 t he _h attempt$ to save x1 b t n[ its fall1 bo? religi\s & political1 0 inevitable1 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! evangeli/s d n keep ! ev5ts & disc\rses prop] to ^! di/9ct p]iods )9 _! respective limits1 b happ5 to give ! two mo/ important data = ! imputation ( a political design to ,jesus 7namely ! promise ( ! twelve ?rones & ! public entrance into ! capital71 ne> ! close ( 8 life2 we mu/ attribute to ^! writ]s a *ronological confusion1 z 9 ! case ( ! relation :i* ! views ( ,jesus bore to ! messianic idea 9 g5]al3 unless z an alt]native x be conceivable1 t ,jesus utt]$ dur+ ! same p]iod ! decl>ations :i* seem to indicate1 & ^? :i* disclaim1 a political design4 ,?is1 9 our appreh5sion1 is n inconceivable2 = ,jesus might anticipate a = himself & 8 disciples1 n reg>d+ ! means ( its atta9m5t z a political revolution1 b z a revolution to be effect$ by ! imm$iate int]position ( ,god4 ,t su* 0 8 view may be inf]r$ f 8 plac+ t judici>y appe>ance ( 8 disciples 9 ! 2 = ?is 0 n a political revolution1 any m ?an a spiritual reg5]ation1--x 0 a resurrection ( ! dead1 :i* ,god 0 to effect ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,messiah1 & :i* 0 to u%] 9 ! messianic times4 #gib ,jesus c]ta9ly expect$ to re/ore ! ?rone ( ,david1 & ) 8 disciples to gov]n a lib]at$ p2 9 no degree1 h[ev]1 did he re/ 8 hopes on ! sword ( human adh]5ts 7,luke xxii4 #ch2 ,matt4 xxvi4 #eb71 b on ! legions ( angels1 :i* 8 heav5ly ,fa!r c\ld s5d him 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ec74 ,:]ev] he speaks ( com+ 9 8 messianic glory1 he depicts himself surr\nd$ by angels & heav5ly p[]s 7,matt4 xvi4 #bg1 xxiv4 #cj f41 xxv4 #ca2 ,john i4 #eb72 be=e ! maje/y ( ! ,son ( man1 com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 all nations are to b[ )\t ! co]cion ( ! sword1 & at ! s\nd ( ! angel's trumpet1 are to pres5t !mselves1 ) ! awak5$ dead1 be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ! ,messiah & 8 twelve apo/les4 ,all ?is ,jesus w\ld n br+ to pass ( 8 own w1 b he wait$ = a signal f 8 heav5ly ,fa!r1 :o alone knew ! appropriate "t = ?is cata/rophe 7,m>k xiii4 #cb71 & he app>5tly 0 n disconc]t$ :5 8 end approa*$ )\t 8 hav+ receiv$ ! expect$ intimation4 ,!y :o %r9k f ?is view1 m]ely because !y conceive t x makes ,jesus an en?usia/1 #gic w d well to reflect h[ closely su* hopes correspond$ ) ! long *]i%$ messianic idea ( ! ,jews1 #gid & h[ easily1 9 t day ( sup]naturalism1 & 9 a nation segregat$ by ! peculi>ities ( its fai?1 an idea1 9 itself extravagant1 if only x 7 consi/5t1 & _h1 9 "s ( its aspects1 tru? & dignity1 might allure ev5 a reasonable man b5ea? its influ5ce4 ,) respect to t :i* awaits ! righte\s aft] judgm5t1--ev]la/+ life 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,fa!r1--x is true t ,jesus1 9 accordance ) ,jewi% notions1 #gie comp>es x to a fea/ 7,matt4 viii4 #aa1 xxii4 #b ff471 at :i* he hopes himself to ta/e ! fruit ( ! v9e 7,matt4 xxvi4 #bi71 & to celebrate ! ,passov] 7,luke xxii4 #af72 b 8 decl>ation t 9 ! ! organic relation betwe5 ! sexes w cease1 & m5 w be l ! angels 71 ,luke xx4 #ce ff471 seems m or less to r$uce ! above disc\rses to a m]ely symbolical significance4 ,?us we conclude t ! messianic hope ( ,jesus 0 n political1 nor ev5 m]ely e>?ly1 = he ref]r$ its fulfilm5t to sup]natural means1 & to a sup]mundane !atre 7! reg5]at$ e>?73 z little 0 x a purely spiritual hope1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 = x includ$ important & unprec$5t$ *anges 9 ! ext]nal condition ( ?+s3 b x 0 ! national1 !ocratic hope1 spiritualiz$ & ennobl$ by 8 own peculi> moral & religi\s views4 #fg4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,! ,,mosaic ,,law4 ,! ,mosaic in/itutions 7 actually ext+ui%$ 9 ! *ur* ( :i* ,jesus 0 ! f\nd]2 h5ce x is natural to suppose t _! abolition =m$ a "p ( 8 design3--a rea* ( vision1 beyond ! horizon ( ! c]emonial wor%ip ( 8 age & c\ntry1 ( :i* apologi/s h be5 ev] anxi\s to prove t he 0 possess$4 #gif ,nei!r are !re want+ spee*es & actions ( ,jesus :i* seem to fav\r _! ef=t4 ,:5ev] he details ! conditions ( p>ticipation 9 ! k+dom ( heav51 z 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 he insi/s1 n on ! obs]vance ( ! ,mosaic ritual1 b on ! _s ( religion & morality2 he atta*es no value to fa/+1 pray+1 & almsgiv+1 unless accompani$ by a correspond+ b5t ( m9d 7,matt4 vi4 #a-ah72 ! two ma9 elem5ts ( ! ,mosaic wor%ip1 sacrifice & ! keep+ ( sabba?s & fea/s1 he n only n[h]e enjo9s1 b puts a m>k$ slight on ! =m]1 by comm5d+ ! scribe :o decl>$ t ! love ( ,god & "o's neighb\r 0 m ?an :ole burnt-(f]+s & sacrifices1 z "o n f> f ! k+dom ( ,god 7,m>k xii4 #bc f471 #gig & he ran c\nt] 9 action z well z 9 spee* to ! cu/om>y mode ( celebrat+ ! ,sabba? 7,matt4 xii4 #a-ac2 ,m>k ii4 #bc-bh1 iii4 #a-e2 ,luke vi4 #a-aj1 xiii4 #aj ff41 xiv4 #a ff42 ,john v4 #e ff41 vii4 #bb1 ix4 #a ff471 ( :i* 9 8 "* ( ,son ( ,man he claim$ to be ,"l4 ,! ,jews1 too1 appe> to h expect$ a revision ( ! ,mosaic law by _! ,messiah4 #gih ,a some:at analog\s s5se is c\*$ 9 ! decl>ations attribut$ by ! f\r? ,evangeli/ to ,jesus 7ii4 #ai72 ,mat!w 7xxvi4 #fa7 & ,m>k 7xiv4 #eh7 repres5t him z be+ accus$ by false witnesses ( say+1 ,i am able to de/roy 7,john1 de/roy7 ! temple ( ,god 7,m>k1 t is made ) h&s71 & to build x 9 ?ree days 7,m>k1 ,i w build ano!r made )\t h&s74 ,! au?or ( ! ,acts has some?+ simil> z an article ( accusation aga9/ ,/eph51 b in/ead ( ! latt] half ( ! s5t5ce x is ?us add$1 & 7he1 i4e4 ,jesus7 %all *ange ! cu/oms :i* ,moses deliv]$ u2 & p]haps ?is may be reg>d$ z an au!ntic comm5t on ! less explicit text4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t to "o :o1 l ,jesus1 is s f> alive to ! absolute value ( ! int]nal comp>$ ) ! ext]nal1 ( ! b5t ( ! entire disposition comp>$ ) isolat$ acts1 t he pron\nces ! love ( ,god & our neighb\r to be ! ess5ce ( ! law 7,matt4 xxii4 #cf ff471--to him x _c be a secret1 t all precepts ( ! law :i* d n be> on ^! two po9ts are uness5tial4 ,b ! argum5t app>5tly mo/ decisive ( a design on ! "p ( ,jesus to aboli% ! ,mosaic wor%ip1 is furni%$ by 8 pr$iction t ! temple1 ! c5tre ( ,jewi% wor%ip 7,matt4 xxiv4 #b p>all471 w\ld be de/roy$1 & t ! adoration ( ,god w\ld be fre$ f local fett]s1 & become purely spiritual 7,john iv4 #ba ff474 ,! above1 h[ev]1 pres5ts only "o aspect ( ! position assum$ by ,jesus t[>ds ! ,mosaic law2 !re are also data = ! belief t he did n m$itate ! ov]?r[ ( ! anci5t con/itution ( 8 c\ntry4 ,?is side ( ! "q has be51 at a =m] p]iod1 & f easily-conceiv$ reasons1 ! "o :i* ! enemies ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its ecclesia/ical =m1 h *os5 to exhibit2 #gii b x is only 9 rec5t times t1 ! !ological horizon be+ ext5d$1 ! unprejudic$ expositors ( ! *ur* #hjj h ackn[l$g$ its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 dur+ 8 life ,jesus rema9s fai?ful to ! pat]nal law2 he att5ds ! synagogue on ! sabba?1 j\rneys to ,j]usalem at ! "t ( ! fea/1 & eats ( ! pas*al lamb ) 8 disciples4 ,x is true t he heals on ! sabba?1 all[s 8 disciples to pluck e>s ( corn 7,matt4 xii4 #a ff471 & requires no fa/+ or wa%+ be=e meat 9 8 society 7,matt4 iv4 #ad1 xv4 #b74 ,b ! ,mosaic law conc]n+ ! sabba? simply prescrib$ cessation f common lab\r1 7,exod4 xx4 #h ff41 xxxi4 #ab ff41 ,deut4 v4 #ab ff471 includ+ pl\gh+1 reap+ 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #ba71 ga!r+ ( /icks 7,num4 xv4 #cb ff471 & simil> "w1 & x 0 only ! _s ( petty obs]vance1 ! gr[? ( a lat] age1 t made x an (f5ce to p]=m cures1 or pluck a few e>s ( corn4 #hja ,! wa%+ ( h&s be=e eat+ 0 b a rabb9ical cu/om2 #hjb 9 ! law "o g5]al ye>ly fa/ 0 alone prescrib$ 7,lev4 xvi4 #bi ff41 xxiii4 #bg ff47 & no private fa/+ requir$2 h5ce ,jesus _c be convict$ ( infr++ ! precepts ( ,moses4 #hjc ,9 t v ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 9 :i* ,jesus exalts spiritual religion s f> above all ritual1 he cle>ly presupposes ! cont9uation ( sacrifices 7,matt4 v4 #bc f471 & decl>es t he is n come to de/roy ! law & ! prophets1 b to fulfil 7,matt4 v4 #ag74 ,ev5 if 1 9 all probability1 ref]s *iefly to ! accompli%m5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 mu/ at ! same "t be und]/ood ( ! cons]vation ( ! ,mosaic law1 s9ce 9 ! context1 p]petuity is promis$ to its smalle/ lett]1 & he :o repres5ts its lighte/ precept z n obligatory1 is ?reat5$ ) ! l[e/ rank 9 ! k+dom ( heav54 #hjd ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ! apo/les adh]$ /rictly to ! ,mosaic law1 ev5 aft] ! fea/ ( ,p5teco/2 !y w5t at ! h\r ( pray] into ! temple 7,acts iii4 #a71 clung to ! synagogues & to ! ,mosaic injunctions respect+ food 7x4 #ad71 & 7 unable to appeal to any express decl>ation ( ,jesus z a sanction = ! proc$ure ( ,b>nabas & ,paul1 :5 ! judaiz+ p>ty compla9$ ( _! baptiz+ ,g5tiles )\t lay+ on !m ! bur!n ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,?is app>5t contradiction 9 ! conduct & language ( ,jesus has be5 apologetically expla9$ by ! supposition1 t n only ! p]sonal ob$i5ce ( ,jesus to ! law1 b also 8 decl>ations 9 its fav\r1 7 a necess>y concession to ! views ( 8 cotempor>ies1 :o w\ld at once h )drawn _! confid5ce f him1 _h he ann\nc$ himself z ! de/roy] ( _! holy & v5]at$ law4 #hje ,we all[ t ! ob$i5ce ( ,jesus to ! law 9 8 own p]son1 might be expla9$ 9 ! same way z t ( ,paul1 :i*1 on 8 own %[+1 0 a measure ( m]e exp$i5cy 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #bj1 comp4 ,acts xvi4 #c74 ,b ! /rong decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! p]petuity ( ! law1 & ! guilt ( him :o d>es to violate its lighte/ precept1 _c possibly be d]iv$ f ! pr9ciple ( concession2 = to pron\nce t indisp5sable1 :i* "o secretly holds sup]flu\s1 & :i* "o ev5 seeks to br+ gradually into disuse1 w\ld1 leav+ hone/y out ( ! "q1 be 9 ! la/ degree injudici\s4 ,h5ce o!rs h made a di/9ction betwe5 ! moral & ! ritual law1 & ref]r$ ! decl>ation ( ,jesus t he wi%$ n to abrogate ! law1 to ! =m] alone1 :i* he extricat$ f a web ( trivial c]emonies1 & embodi$ 9 8 own example4 #hjf ,b su* a di/9ction is n f\nd 9 ^? /rik+ passages f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 r 9 ! & 1 ! law & ! prophets1 we h ! mo/ compreh5sive designation ( ! :ole religi\s con/itution ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #hjg & "u ! mo/ trivial comm&m5t1 & ! smalle/ lett] ( ! law1 alike pron\nc$ imp]i%able1 we _c well und]/& any?+ else ?an ! c]emonial precepts4 #hjh ,a happi] di/9ction is t betwe5 really ,mosaic in/itutes1 & _! traditional amplifications4 #hji ,x is c]ta9 t ! sabba? cures ( ,jesus1 8 neglect ( ! p$antic ablutions be=e eat+1 & ! l1 ran c\nt]1 n to ,moses1 b to lat] rabb9ical requirem5ts1 & sev]al disc\rses ( ,jesus turn ^u ?is di/9ction4 ,matt4 xv4 #c ff41 ,jesus places ! comm&m5t ( ,god 9 opposition to ! tradition ( ! eld]s1 & ,matt4 xxiii4 #bc1 he decl>es t :]e !y are compatible1 ! =m] may be obs]v$ )\t reject+ ! latt]1 9 :i* case he admoni%es ! p to d all t ! scribes & ,ph>isees enjo92 :]e1 on ! contr>y1 ei!r ! "o or ! o!r only c be respect$1 he decides t x is bett] to transgress ! tradition ( ! eld]s1 ?an ! comm&m5t ( ,god z giv5 by ,moses 7,matt4 xv4 #c ff474 ,he describes ! mass ( traditional precepts1 z a bur!n griev\s to be borne1 :i* he w\ld remove f ! oppress$ p1 sub/itut+ 8 own light bur!n & easy yoke2 :5ce x may be se51 t ) all 8 =be>ance t[>ds exi/+ in/itutions1 s f> z !y 7 n positively p]nici\s1 x 0 8 int5tion t all ^! comm&m5ts ( m51 z plants :i* 8 heav5ly ,fa!r _h n plant$1 %\ld be root$ up 7xv4 #i1 #ac74 ,! majority ( ! ,ph>isaical precepts ref]r$ to ext]nals1 & _h ! effect ( bury+ ! noble morality ( ! ,mosaic law "u a heap ( c]emonial obs]vances2 a gift to ! temple suffic$ to absolve ! giv] f 8 filial duties 7xv4 #e71 & ! paym5t ( ti! ( anise & cumm9 sup]s$$ ju/ice1 m]cy1 & fai? 7xxiii4 #bc74 ,h5ce ?is di/9ction is 9 "s degree id5tical ) ! =m]1 s9ce 9 ! rabb9ical in/itutes x 0 _! m]ely c]emonial t5d5cy t ,jesus c5sur$1 :ile1 9 ! ,mosaic law1 x 0 ! k]nel ( religion & morality t he *iefly valu$4 ,x mu/ only n be cont5d$ t he reg>d$ ! ,mosaic law z p]man5t solely 9 its spiritual "p1 = ! passages quot$1 especially f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 cle>ly %[ t he did n contemplate ! abolition ( ! m]ely ritual precepts4 ,jesus1 suppos+ t he _h disc]n$ morality & ! spiritual wor%ip ( ,god to be ! sole ess5tials 9 religion1 mu/ h reject$ all :i*1 be+ m]ely ritual & =mal1 _h usurp$ ! importance ( a religi\s obligation1 & "u ?is description mu/ fall a l>ge proportion ( ! ,mosaic precepts2 b x is well kn[n h[ sl[ly su* consequ5ces are d$uc$1 :5 !y come into collision ) usages consecrat$ by antiquity4 ,ev5 ,samuel1 app>5tly1 0 aw>e t ob$i5ce is bett] ?an sacrifice 7#a ,sam4 xv4 #bb71 & ,asaph1 t an (f]+ ( ?anksgiv+ is m acceptable to ,god ?an "o ( sla9 animals 7,ps4 #a472 yet h[ long aft] 7 sacrifices reta9$ toge!r ) true ob$i5ce1 or 9 its /ead6 ,jesus 0 m ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ) ?is conviction ?an ^? anci5ts2 ) him1 ! true comm&m5ts ( ,god 9 ! ,mosaic law 7 simply1 ,hon\r ?y fa!r & ?y "m1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 etc41 & above all1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,b 8 deep-root$ respect = ! sacr$ book ( ! law1 caus$ him1 = ! sake ( ^! ess5tial cont5ts1 to hon\r ! uness5tial2 :i* 0 ! m natural1 z 9 comp>ison ) ! absurdly exagg]at$ p$antry ( ! traditional obs]vances1 ! ritual ( ! ,p5tateu* mu/ h appe>$ highly simple4 ,to hon\r ?is latt] "p ( ! law z ( ,div9e orig91 b to decl>e x abrogat$ on ! pr9ciple1 t 9 ! education ( ! human race1 ,god f9ds necess>y = an e>li] p]iod an arrangem5t :i* is sup]flu\s = a lat] "o1 implies t idea ( ! law z a s*oolma/]1 7,gal4 iii4 #bd71 :i* seems fir/ to h be5 develop$ by ! ,apo/le ,paul2 nev]!less1 its g]m lies 9 ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 t ,god _h p]mitt$ to ! e>ly ,hebrews1 on acc\nt ( ! h>dness ( _! he>ts 7,matt4 xix4 #h f471 _m ?+s :i*1 9 a m advanc$ /ate ( culture1 7 inadmissible4 ,a simil> limitation ( ! duration ( ! law is involv$ 9 ! pr$ictions ( ,jesus 7if inde$ !y 7 utt]$ by ,jesus1 a po9t :i* we h to discuss71 t ! temple w\ld be de/roy$ at 8 approa*+ adv5t 7,matt4 xxiv4 p>all471 & t devotion w\ld be fre$ f all local re/rictions 7,john iv472 = ) ^! mu/ fall ! entire ,mosaic sy/em ( ext]nal wor%ip4 ,?is is n contradict$ by ! decl>ation t ! law w\ld endure until heav5 & e>? %\ld pass away 7,matt4 v4 #ah71 = ! ,hebrew associat$ ! fall ( 8 /ate & sanctu>y ) ! end ( ! old _w or disp5sation1 s t ! expressions1 s long z ! temple /&s1 & s long z ! _w /&s1 7 equival5t4 #haj ,x is true t ! words ( ,jesus1 ,luke xvi4 #af1 1 seem to imply1 t ! appe>ance ( ! ,bapti/ put an end to ! validity ( ! law2 b ?is passage loses its depreciatory s5se :5 comp>$ ) its p>allel1 ,matt xi4 #ac4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,luke xvi4 #ag controls ,matt4 v4 #ah1 & r$uces x to a m]e comp>ison betwe5 ! /ability ( ! law1 & t ( heav5 & e>?4 ,! only "q !n is1 9 :i* ( ! gospels are ! two passages m correctly /at$8 ,z giv5 9 ! fir/1 !y intimate t ! law w\ld reta9 its supremacy until1 & n aft]1 ! close ( ! old disp5sation4 ,) ?is agrees ! pr$iction1 t ! temple w\ld be de/roy$2 = ! spiritualization ( religion1 &1 accord+ to ,/eph5's int]pretation1 ! abolition ( ! ,mosaic law1 :i* 7 to be ! results ( t ev5t1 7 und\bt$ly id5tifi$ by ,jesus ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! ( ! ,messiah4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! view ( ,paul & t ( ,jesus is ?is3 t ! latt] anticipat$ ! ext9ction ( ! ,mosaic sy/em z a concomitant ( 8 glori\s adv5t or return to ! reg5]at$ e>?1 :ile ! =m] believ$ its abolition p]missible on ! old1 unreg5]at$ e>?1 9 virtue ( ! ,messiah's fir/ adv5t4 #haa #fh4 ,,scope ,,( ,,! ,,messianic ,,plan ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,g5tiles4 ,al?\gh ! *ur* f\nd$ by ,jesus did1 9 fact1 e>ly ext5d itself beyond ! limits ( ! ,jewi% p1 !re are yet indications :i* might induce a belief t he did n contemplate su* an ext5sion4 #hab ,:5 he s5ds ! twelve on _! fir/ mission1 8 comm& is1 ,g n into ! way ( ! ,g5tiles--,g r to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel 7,matt4 x4 #e f474 ,t ,mat!w alone has ?is injunction1 & n ! two o!r synopti/s1 is less probably expla9$ by ! supposition t ! ,hebrew au?or ( ! fir/ gospel int]polat$ x1 ?an by ! opposite "o1 namely1 t x 0 wilfully omitt$ by ! ,hell5i/ic au?ors ( ! second & ?ird gospels4 ,=1 z ! judaiz+ t5d5cy ( ,mat!w is n s m>k$ t he assigns to ,jesus ! int5tion ( limit+ ! messianic k+dom to ! ,jews2 z1 on ! contr>y1 he makes ,jesus unequivocally =etell ! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles 7viii4 #aa f41 xxi4 #cc ff41 xxii4 #a ff41 xxviii4 #ai f473 he _h no motive = fabricat+ ?is p>ticul>iz+ addition2 b ! two o!r ,evangeli/s _h a /rong "o = its omission1 9 ! (f5ce :i* x w\ld cause to ! ,g5tiles already )9 ! fold4 ,its pres5ce 9 ,mat!w1 h[ev]1 dem&s an explanation1 & expositors h ?\ght to furni% "o by suppos+ ! injunction ( ,jesus to be a measure ( prud5ce4 #hac ,x is unque/ionable t1 ev5 if ! plan ( ,jesus compreh5d$ ! ,g5tiles z well z ! ,jews1 he mu/ at fir/1 if he w\ld n = ev] ru9 8 cause ) 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 adopt1 & prescribe to ! disciples1 a rule ( national exclusiv5ess4 ,?is necessity on 8 "p might acc\nt = 8 answ] to ! ,canaaniti% woman1 ^: daught] he refuses to heal1 because he 0 only s5t to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel 7,matt4 xv4 #bd71 7 x n t ! boon :i* he "h d5ies is n a reception into ! messianic k+dom1 b a temporal b5efit1 su* z ev5 ,elijah & ,eli%a _h conf]r$ on ^? :o 7 n ,israelites 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #i ff42 #b ,k+s v4 #a ff47--examples to :i* ,jesus else:]e appeals 7,luke iv4 #be ff474 ,h5ce ! disciples ?\ght x natural & unobjectionable to grant ! woman's petition1 & x c\ld n be prud5tial consid]ations t )held ,jesus1 = a "t1 f compliance4 ,t an av]sion to ! ,g5tiles may n appe> to be 8 motive1 x has be5 conjectur$ #had t ,jesus1 wi%+ to pres]ve an incognito 9 t c\ntry1 avoid$ ! p]=mance ( any messianic "w4 ,b su* a design ( concealm5t is only m5tion$ by ,m>k 7vii4 #be71 :o repres5ts x z be+ defeat$ by ! entreaties ( ! woman1 contr>y to ! incl9ations ( ,jesus2 & z ?is ,evangeli/ omits ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 t he 0 n s5t b to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel1 we mu/ suspect t he 0 guid$ by ! wi% to supply a less (f5sive motive = ! conduct ( ,jesus1 r ?an by hi/orical accuracy4 ,_h ,jesus really be5 influ5c$ by ! motive :i* ,m>k assigns1 he mu/ at once h alleg$ x to 8 disciples in/ead ( a m]ely o/5sible "o1 calculat$ to /r5g!n _! already rigid exclusiv5ess4 ,we %\ld !re=e r li/5 to ! op9ion t ,jesus s\ght1 by 8 repeat$ refusal1 to prove ! fai? ( ! woman1 & furni% an occasion = its exhibition1 #hae if we c\ld f9d 9 ! text ! slighte/ trace ( m]e dissimulation2 & none ( a real *ange ( m9d4 #haf ,ev5 ,m>k1 b5t z he 0 on s(t5+ ! features ( ! incid5t1 _c h ?\ght ( a dissimulation ( ?is k9d2 o!rwise1 in/ead ( omitt+ ! h>% words & mak+ ! inadequate addition1 & w\ld h no man "k x1 he w\ld h remov$ ! (f5ce 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]1 by an obs]vation su* z1 he said ?is to prove h] 7comp4 ,john vi4 #f74 ,?us x mu/ be all[$ t ,jesus 9 ?is case seems to %>e ! antipa?y ( 8 c\ntrym5 t[>ds ! ,g5tiles1 nay1 8 antipa?y seems to be ( a deep] /amp ?an t ( 8 disciples2 unless _! advocacy ( ! woman be a t\* f ! p5cil ( tradition1 = ! sake ( contra/ & gr\p+4 ,?is n>rative1 h[ev]1 is neutraliz$ by ano!r1 9 :i* ,jesus is said to act 9 a directly opposite mann]4 ,! c5turion ( ,cap]naum1 also a ,g5tile 7z we ga!r f ! rem>ks ( ,jesus71 has sc>cely compla9$ ( a di/ress simil> to t ( ! ,canaaniti% woman1 :5 ,jesus himself volunte]s to g & heal 8 s]vant 7,matt4 viii4 #e74 ,if1 !n1 ,jesus has no hesitation1 9 ?is in/ance1 to ex]cise 8 p[] ( heal+ 9 fav\r ( a hea!n1 h[ comes x t he refuses to d s 9 ano!r q analog\s case8 ,truly if ! relative position ( ! two n>ratives 9 ! gospels h any weight1 he mu/ h %[n himself m h>% & n>r[ at ! lat] p]iod ?an at ! e>li] "o4 ,mean:ile1 ?is s+le act ( b5evol5ce to a ,g5tile1 /&+ z x does 9 inexplicable contradiction to ! n>rative above exam9$1 _c prove1 9 opposition to ! comm& expressly giv5 to ! disciples1 n to g to ! ,g5tiles1 t ,jesus contemplat$ _! admission z su* into ! messianic k+dom4 ,ev5 ! pr$iction ( ,jesus t ! k+dom ( heav5 w\ld be tak5 f ! ,jews & giv5 to ! ,g5tiles1 does n prove ?is4 ,9 ! above int]view ) ! c5turion ( ,cap]naum1 ,jesus decl>es t _m %all come f ! ea/ & ! we/1 & sit d[n ) ! patri>*s 9 ! k+dom ( heav51 :ile ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom 7obvi\sly ! ,jews71 = :om x 0 orig9ally design$1 w be ca/ out 7,matt4 viii4 #aa f474 ,yet m decid$ly1 :5 apply+ ! p>able ( ! husb&m5 9 ! v9ey>d1 he w>ns 8 c\ntrym5 t ! k+dom ( ,god %all be tak5 f !m1 & giv5 to a nation br++ =? ! fruits !re( 7,matt4 xxi4 #dc74 ,all ?is may be und]/ood 9 ! s5se int5d$ by ! prophets1 9 _! promises t ! messianic k+dom w\ld ext5d to all nations2 namely1 t ! ,g5tiles w\ld turn to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 embrace ! ,mosaic religion 9 its entire =m1 & aft]w>ds be receiv$ into ! ,messiah's k+dom4 ,x w\ld accord v well ) ?is expectation1 t1 prior to su* a conv]sion1 ,jesus %\ld =bid 8 disciples to direct _! ann\ncem5t ( 8 k+dom to ! ,g5tiles4 ,b 9 ! disc\rses conc]n+ 8 re-appe>ance1 ,jesus reg>ds ! publication ( ! gospel to all nations z "o ( ! circum/ances t mu/ prec$e t ev5t 7,matt4 xxiv4 #ad2 ,m>k xiii4 #aj72 & aft] 8 resurrection1 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 he gave 8 disciples ! comm&1 ,g ye1 & tea* all nations1 baptiz+ !m1 etc4 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai2 ,m>k xvi4 #ae2 ,luke xxiv4 #dg72 i4e4 g to !m ) ! (f] ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 ev5 ?\gh !y may n be=eh& h become ,jews4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 d ! disciples1 aft] ! fir/ ,p5teco/1 neglect to execute ?is comm&1 b :5 a case is ?ru/ on !m :i* (f]s !m an opportunity = compliance ) x1 !y act z if !y 7 altoge!r ignorant t su* a direction _h be5 giv5 by ,jesus 7,acts x41 xi474 ,! hea!n c5turion ,cornelius1 wor?y1 f 8 dev\t life1 ( a reception into ! messianic community1 is po9t$ out by an angel to ! ,apo/le ,pet]4 ,b because x 0 n hidd5 f ,god1 ) :at difficulty ! apo/le w\ld be induc$ to receive a hea!n1 )\t fur!r prelim9>y1 into ! ,messiah's k+dom1 he saw x ne$ful to prep>e him = su* a /ep by a symbolical vision4 ,9 consequ5ce ( su* an admonition ,pet] goes to ,cornelius2 b to impel him to baptize him & 8 family1 he ne$s a second sign1 ! p\r+ out ( ! ,holy ,gho/ on ^! uncircumcis$4 ,:51 subsequ5tly1 ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 9 ,j]usalem call him to acc\nt = ?is reception ( ,g5tiles1 ,pet] appeals 9 8 ju/ification solely to ! rec5t vision1 & to ! ,holy ,gho/ giv5 to ! c5turion's family4 ,:atev] judgm5t we may =m ( ! cr$ibility ( ?is hi/ory1 x is a memorial ( ! _m delib]ations & cont5tions :i* x co/ ! apo/les aft] ! dep>ture ( ,jesus1 to conv9ce !mselves ( ! eligibility ( ,g5tiles = a p>ticipation 9 ! k+dom ( _! ,*ri/1 & ! reasons :i* at la/ br\ght !m to a decision4 ,n[ if ,jesus _h giv5 s explicit a comm& z t above quot$1 :at ne$ 0 !re ( a vision to enc\rage ,pet] to its fulfilm5t8 or1 suppos+ ! vision to be a leg5d>y inve/iture ( ! natural delib]ations ( ! disciples1 :y did !y g ab\t 9 se>* ( ! reflection1 t all m5 ought to be baptiz$1 because be=e ,god all m5 & all animals1 z 8 creatures1 are clean1 if !y c\ld h appeal$ to an express injunction ( ,jesus8 ,"h1 !n1 is ! alt]native3 if ,jesus himself gave ?is comm&1 ! disciples _c h be5 l$ to ! admission ( ! ,g5tiles by ! means n>rat$ 9 ,acts x41 xi42 if1 on ! o!r h&1 t n>rative is au!ntic1 ! alleg$ comm& ( ,jesus _c be hi/orical4 ,our canon decides = ! latt] proposition4 ,= t ! subsequ5t practice & pre-em95t di/9ction ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 its accessibility to all nations1 & its indiff]5ce to circumcision or uncircumcision1 %\ld h la9 9 ! m9d ( its f\nd]1 is ! view be/ adapt$ to exalt & adorn ,jesus2 :ile t1 aft] 8 dea?1 & ?r\gh ! gradual developm5t ( relations1 ! *ur*1 :i* its ,f\nd] _h design$ = ! ,g5tiles only 9 s f> z !y became ,jews1 %\ld break ?r\gh ^! limits1 is 9 ! simple1 natural1 & !re=e ! probable c\rse ( ?+s4 #fi4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,messianic ,,plan ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,! ,,sam>itans4 ,,8 ,,int]view ,,) ,,! ,,woman ,,( ,,sam>ia4 ,!re is ! same app>5t contradiction 9 ! position :i* ,jesus took1 & prescrib$ to 8 disciples1 t[>ds ! inhabitants ( ,sam>ia4 ,:ile 9 8 in/ructions to 8 disciples 7,matt4 x4 #e71 he =bids !m to visit any city ( ! ,sam>itans1 we read 9 ,john 7iv47 t ,jesus himself 9 8 j\rney ?r\gh ,sam>ia lab\r$ z ! ,messiah ) great effect1 & ultimately /ay$ two days 9 a ,sam>itan t[n2 & 9 ! ,acts 7i4 #h71 t be=e 8 asc5sion he *>g$ ! disciples to be 8 witnesses1 n only 9 ,j]usalem & 9 all ,judea1 b also 9 ,sam>ia4 ,t ,jesus did n entirely %un ,sam>ia1 z t prohibition might appe> to intimate1 is evid5t f ,luke ix4 #eb 7comp4 xvii4 #aa71 :]e 8 disciples bespeak lodg+s = him 9 a ,sam>itan village1 :5 he has det]m9$ to g to ,j]usalem2 a circum/ance :i* accords ) ! in=mation ( ,josephus1 t ^? ,galileans :o j\rney$ to ! fea/s usually w5t ?r\gh ,sam>ia4 #hag ,t ,jesus 0 n unfav\rable to ! ,sam>itans1 nay1 t 9 _m respects he ackn[l$g$ _! sup]iority to ! ,jews1 is evid5t f 8 p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan 7,luke x4 #cj ff472 he also be/[s a m>k$ notice on ! case ( a ,sam>itan1 :o1 among t5 cleans$1 0 ! only "o t te/ifi$ 8 gratitude 7,luke xvii4 #af72 &1 if we may v5ture on su* a conclusion f ,john iv4 #be1 & subsequ5t records1 #hah ! inhabitants ( ,sam>ia !mselves _h "s t9cture ( ! messianic idea4 ,h[ev] natural x may appe> t ,jesus %\ld avail himself ( ?is susceptible side ( ! ,sam>itans1 by opportunely ann\nc+ to !m ! messianic k+dom2 ! aspect :i* ! f\r ,evangeli/s be> to ea* o!r on ?is subject mu/ excite surprise4 ,mat!w has no occasion on :i* ,jesus comes 9 contact ) ! ,sam>itans1 or ev5 m5tions !m1 except 9 ! prohibition above quot$2 ,m>k is m neutral ?an ,mat!w1 & has n ev5 t prohibition2 ,luke has two in/ances ( contact1 "o ( !m unfav\rable1 ! o!r fav\rable1 toge!r ) ! p>able 9 :i* ,jesus pres5ts a ,sam>itan z a model1 & 8 approv+ notice ( ! gratitude ( "o :om he _h heal$2 ,john1 f9ally1 has a n>rative 9 :i* ,jesus appe>s 9 a v intimate & highly fav\rable relation to ! ,sam>itans4 ,are all ^! v>i\s acc\nts well f\nd$8 ,if s1 h[ c\ld ,jesus at "o "t prohibit 8 disciples f includ+ ! ,sam>itans 9 ! messianic plan1 & at ano!r "t1 himself receive !m )\t hesitation8 ,moreov]1 if ! *ronological ord] ( ! ,evangeli/s des]ve reg>d1 ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus 9 ,sam>ia mu/ h prec$$ ! prohibition conta9$ 9 8 in/ructions to 8 disciples on _! fir/ mission4 ,= ! sc5e ( t mission be+ ,galilee1 & !re be+ no space = its occurr5ce dur+ ! %ort /ay :i*1 accord+ to ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 ,jesus made 9 t prov9ce be=e ! fir/ ,passov] 7ii4 #a-ac71 x mu/ be plac$ aft] t ,passov]2 &1 z ! visit to ,sam>ia 0 made on 8 j\rney1 aft] t visit also4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ,jesus1 aft] hav+ ) ! mo/ desirable issue1 p]sonally taught 9 ,sam>ia1 & pres5t$ himself z ! ,messiah1 =bid 8 disciples to c>ry ?i!r _! messianic tid+s8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! sc5es n>rat$ by ,john occurr$ aft] ! comm& record$ by ,mat!w1 ! disciples1 in/ead ( wond]+ t ,jesus talk$ s e>ne/ly ) a woman 7,john iv4 #bg71 ought r to h wond]$ t he held any conv]se ) a ,sam>itan4 #hai ,s9ce !n ( ! two extreme n>ratives at lea/1 9 ,mat!w & ,john1 nei!r presupposes ! o!r1 we mu/ ei!r d\bt ! au!nticity ( ! exclusive comm& ( ,jesus1 or ( 8 connexion ) ! inhabitants ( ,sam>ia4 ,9 ?is conflict betwe5 ! gospels1 we h aga9 ! advantage ( appeal+ to ! ,book ( ,acts z an umpire4 ,be=e ,pet]1 at ! div9e in/igation1 _h receiv$ ! fir/fruits ( ! ,g5tiles into ! ,messiah's k+dom1 ,philip ! deacon1 be+ driv5 f ,j]usalem by ! p]secution ( :i* ,/eph5's dea? 0 ! comm5cem5t1 j\rney$ to ! city ( ,sam>ia1 :]e he prea*$ ,*ri/1 & by miracles ( all k9ds won ! ,sam>itans to ! fai?1 & to ! reception ( baptism 7,acts viii4 #e ff474 ,?is n>rative is a complete contra/ to t ( ! fir/ admission ( ! ,g5tiles3 :ile 9 ! "o !re 0 ne$ ( a vision1 & a special intimation f ! ,_s1 to br+ ,pet] into communication ) ! hea!ns2 9 ! o!r1 ,philip1 )\t any prec$5t1 unhesitat+ly baptizes ! ,sam>itans4 ,& le/ x %\ld be said t ! deacon 0 p]haps ( a m lib]al _s ?an ! apo/le1 we h ,pet] himself com+ =?) to ,sam>ia 9 company ) ,john1--an incid5t :i* =ms ano!r po9t ( opposition betwe5 ! two n>ratives2 =1 :ile ! fir/ admission ( ! ,g5tiles makes a highly unfav\rable impression on ! "m *ur* at ,j]usalem1 ! report t ,sam>ia _h receiv$ ! ^w ( ,god meets ) s w>m an approval !re1 t ! two mo/ di/+ui%$ apo/les are commission$ to confirm & consummate ! "w begun by ,philip4 ,! t5or ( ?is proce$+ makes x n improbable t !re 0 a prec$5t = x 9 ! conduct ( ,jesus1 or at lea/ a sanction 9 8 expressions4 ,! n>rative 9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7iv47 w\ld =m a p]fect prec$5t 9 ! conduct ( ,jesus1 b we h yet to exam9e :e!r x be>s ! /amp ( hi/orical cr$ibility4 ,we d n1 ) ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 /umble at ! designation ( ! locality1 & ! op5+ ( ! conv]sation betwe5 ,jesus & ! woman2 #hbj b f v4 #af inclusively1 !re are1 z imp>tial expositors confess1 #hba _m grave difficulties4 ,! woman _h entreat$ ,jesus to give h] ( ! wat] :i* 0 = ev] to ext+ui% ?ir/1 & ,jesus imm$iately says1 ,g1 call ?y husb&4 ,:y s8 ,x has be5 said t ,jesus1 well kn[+ t ! woman _h no lawful husb&1 s\ght to %ame h]1 & br+ h] to rep5tance4 #hbb ,lcke1 disapprov+ ! imputation ( dissimulation to ,jesus1 conjectures t1 p]ceiv+ ! woman's dulness1 he hop$ by summon+ h] husb&1 possibly h] sup]ior 9 intellig5ce1 to create an opportunity = a m b5eficial conv]sation4 ,b if ,jesus1 z x pres5tly appe>s1 knew t ! woman _h n at ! "t any prop] husb&1 he c\ld n 9 e>ne/ desire h] to summon him2 & if1 z ,lcke all[s1 he _h t k 9 a sup]natural mann]1 x c\ld n be hidd5 f him1 :o knew :at 0 9 man1 t %e w\ld be little incl9$ to comply ) 8 injunction4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he _h a presci5ce t :at he requir$ w\ld n be done1 ! injunction 0 a fe9t1 & _h "s lat5t object4 ,b t ?is object 0 ! p5it5ce ( ! woman !re is no indication 9 ! text1 = ! ultimate effect on h] is n %ame & p5it5ce1 b fai? 9 ! prophetic insight ( ,jesus 7v4 #ai74 ,& ?is 0 d\btless :at ,jesus wi%$1 = ! n>rative proce$s z if he _h atta9$ 8 purpose ) ! woman1 & ! issue correspond$ to ! design4 ,! difficulty "h lies1 n s mu* 9 :at ,lcke t]ms dissimulation1--s9ce ?is comes "u ! category ( blameless temptation 771 else:]e occurr+1--z 9 ! viol5ce ) :i* ,jesus wre/s an opportunity = ! display ( 8 prophetic gifts4 ,by a transition equally abrupt1 ! woman urges ! conv]sation to a po9t at :i* ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus may become fully evid5t4 ,z soon z %e has recognis$ ,jesus to be a prophet1 %e ha/5s to consult him on ! controv]sy p5d+ betwe5 ! ,jews & ,sam>itans1 z to ! place appropriat$ to ! true wor%ip ( ,god 7v4 #bj74 ,t s vivid an int]e/ 9 ?is national & religi\s "q is n consi/5t ) ! limit$ m5tal & circum/antial condition ( ! woman1 ! majority ( mod]n comm5tators virtually confess1 by _! adoption ( ! op9ion1 t h] drift 9 ?is rem>k 0 to turn away ! conv]sation f h] own affairs4 #hbc ,if !n ! impli$ qu]y conc]n+ ! place = ! true wor%ip ( ,god1 _h no s]i\s int]e/ = ! woman1 b 0 prompt$ by a false %ame calculat$ to h9d] confession & rep5tance1 ^? expositors %\ld rememb] :at !y else:]e repeat to satiety1 #hbd t 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john ! answ]s ( ,jesus ref] n s mu* to ! o/5sible mean+ ( que/ions1 z to ! "u curr5t ( feel+ ( :i* !y are ! indications4 ,9 accordance ) ?is me?od1 ,jesus %\ld n h answ]$ ! artificial "q ( ! woman z if x _h be5 "o ( deep s]i\sness2 he ought r to h evad$ x1 & recurr$ to ! already detect$ /a9 on h] consci5ce1 :i* %e 0 n[ seek+ to hide1 9 ord] if possible to br+ h] to a full conviction & op5 av[al ( h] guilt4 ,b ! fact is t ! object ( ! ,evangeli/ 0 to %[ t ,jesus _h be5 recognis$1 n m]ely z a prophet1 b z ! ,messiah1 & he believ$ t to turn ! conv]sation to ! "q ( ! legitimate place = ! wor%ip ( ,god1 ! solution ( :i* 0 expect$ f ! ,messiah1 #hbe w\ld be/ conduce to t end4 ,jesus ev9ces 7v4 #ag7 an acqua9tance ) ! pa/ hi/ory & pres5t position ( ! woman4 ,! rationali/s h endeav\r$ to expla9 ?is by ! supposition1 t :ile ,jesus sat at ! well1 & ! woman 0 advanc+ f ! city1 "s pass]-by h9t$ to him t he _h bett] n engage 9 conv]sation ) h]1 z %e 0 on ! wat* to obta9 a six? husb&4 #hbf ,b n to insi/ on ! improbability t a pass]-by %\ld hold a colloquy ) ,jesus on ! "* ( an obscure woman1 ! fri5ds z well z ! enemies ( ! f\r? gospel n[ agree1 t e natural explanation ( t k on ! "p ( ,jesus1 directly c\nt]acts ! design ( ! ,evangeli/4 #hbg ,=1 accord+ to him1 ! disclosure :i* ,jesus makes ( 8 privity to ! woman's intimate conc]ns1 is ! imm$iate cause1 n only ( h] own fai? 9 him1 b ( t ( _m inhabitants ( ! city 7v4 #ci71 & he obvi\sly int5ds to imply t !y 7 n too precipitate 9 receiv+ him z a prophet1 on t gr\nd alone4 ,?us 9 ! view ( ! ,evangeli/1 ! k 9 "q 0 an efflu5ce ( ! high] nature ( ,jesus1 & mod]n supranaturali/s adh]e to ?is explanation1 adduc+ 9 its support ! p[] :i* ,john attributes to him 7ii4 #bd f471 ( disc]n+ :at is 9 man )\t ! aid ( ext]nal te/imony4 #hbh ,b ?is does n meet ! case2 = ,jesus "h n only kn[s :at is 9 ! woman1--h] pres5t equivocal /ate ( m9d t[>ds him :o is n h] husb&1--he has cognizance also ( ! extr9sic fact t %e has _h five husb&s1 ( :om we _c suppose t ea* _h left a di/9ct image 9 h] m9d traceable by ! obs]vation ( ,jesus4 ,t by means ( ! p5etrative acum5 ) :i* he scrut9iz$ ! he>ts ( ^? ) :om he _h to d1 ,jesus %\ld also h a prophetic insight into 8 own messianic de/9y1 & ! =tunes ( 8 k+dom1 may "u a c]ta9 view ( 8 p]son appe> probable1 & 9 any case mu/ be deem$ 9 ! highe/ degree dignifi$2 b t he %\ld be acqua9t$1 ev5 to ! mo/ trivial details1 ) ! adv5titi\s hi/ory ( obscure individuals1 is an idea t degrades him 9 proportion to ! exaltation ( 8 prophetic dignity4 ,su* empirical kn[+ness 7n omnisci5ce7 w\ld moreov] annihilate ! human consci\sness :i* ! or?odox view supposes to co-exi/ 9 ,jesus4 #hbi ,b ! possession ( ?is k1 h[ev] x may cla% ) our conception ( dignity & wisdom1 closely corresponds to ! ,jewi% notion ( a prophet1 m especially ( ! ,messiah2 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,daniel recites a dream ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 :i* t mon>* himself _h =gott5 7,dan4 ii472 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 ! true prophet is 1 1 2 #hcj & ! rabb9s numb] su* a k ( p]sonal secrets among ! signs ( ! ,messiah1 & obs]ve t f ! want ( x1 ,b>-,co*eba 0 detect$ to be a pseudo-,messiah4 #hca ,f>!r on 7v4 #bc7 ,jesus reveals to ! woman :at ,hase t]ms ! sublime/ pr9ciple ( 8 religion1 namely1 t ! s]vice ( ,god consi/s 9 a life ( piety2 tells h] t all c]emonial wor%ip is ab\t to be aboli%$2 & t he is ! p]sonage :o w effect ?is mom5t\s *ange1 t is1 ! ,messiah4 ,we h already %[n x to be improbable t ,jesus1 :o did n give 8 disciples to und]/& t he 0 ! ,messiah until a comp>atively late p]iod1 %\ld make an e>ly & di/9ct disclosure on ! subject to a ,sam>itan woman4 ,9 :at respect 0 %e wor?y ( a communication m explicit ?an ev] fell to ! lot ( ! disciples8 ,:at c\ld induce ,jesus to s5d roam+ into ! futurity ( religi\s hi/ory1 ! contemplation ( a woman1 :om he %\ld r h induc$ to exam9e h]self1 & to pond] on ! corruptions ( h] own he>t8 ,no?+ b ! wi% to elicit f h]1 at any co/1 & )\t reg>d to h] moral b5efit1 an ackn[l$gm5t1 n only ( 8 prophetic gifts1 b ( 8 ,messiah%ip2 to :i* end x 0 necess>y to give ! conv]sation ! above direction4 ,b s contract$ a design c nev] be imput$ to ,jesus1 :o1 on o!r occasions1 exemplifies a m suitable mode ( deal+ ) mank9d3 x is ! design ( ! glorify+ leg5d1 or ( an idealiz+ biograph]4 ,mean:ile1 cont9ues ! n>rative 7v4 #bg71 ! disciples ( ,jesus return$ f ! city ) provisions1 & m>vell$ t he talk$ ) a woman1 contr>y to rabb9ical rule4 #hcb ,:ile ! woman1 excit$ by ! la/ disclosure ( ,jesus1 ha/5s homew>d to invite h] fell[-citiz5s to come & behold ! ,messiah-l /rang]1 ! disciples entreat him to p>take ( ! food !y h procur$2 he answ]s1 ,i h meat to eat t ye "k n ( 7v4 #cb74 ,!y1 misund]/&+ 8 words1 imag9e t "s p]son has suppli$ him ) food 9 _! abs5ce3 "o ( ^? c>nal int]pretations ( expressions int5d$ spiritually by ,jesus1 :i* are ( p]petual recurr5ce 9 ! f\r? gospel1 & are !re=e suspici\s4 ,!n foll[s a disc\rse on s[+ & reap+ 7v4 #ce ff471 :i*1 comp>$ ) v4 #cg1 c only mean t :at ,jesus has s[n1 ! disciples w reap4 #hcc ,we admit t ?is is susceptible ( ! g5]al int]pretation1 t ! g]m ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 :i* blossom$ & bore fruit "u ! cultivation ( ! apo/les1 0 fir/ deposit$ 9 ! _w by ,jesus3 b x _c be d5i$ t a special application is also int5d$4 ,jesus =esees t ! woman1 :o is ha/5+ t[>ds ! city1 w procure him an opportunity ( s[+ ! se$ ( ! gospel 9 ,sam>ia1 & he promises ! disciples t !y at a future "t %all reap ! fruits ( 8 lab\rs4 ,:o is n "h rem9d$ ( ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,sam>ia by ,philip & ! apo/les1 z n>rat$ 9 ! ,acts8 #hcd ,t1 ev5 ab/ract+ all sup]naturalism f our idea ( ! p]son ( ,jesus1 he might h =ese5 ?is progress ( 8 cause 9 ,sam>ia f 8 k ( its inhabitants1 is n to be d5i$2 b z ! above figurative pr$iction =ms "p ( a :ole m ?an improbable 9 an hi/orical po9t ( view1 x is equally liable to suspicion1 especially z x is easy to %[ h[ x might orig9ate )\t any f\ndation 9 fact4 ,accord+ to ! preval5t tradition ( ! e>ly *ur*1 z record$ 9 ! synoptical gospels1 ,jesus lab\r$ p]sonally 9 ,galilee1 ,judea1 & ,p]ea only1--n 9 ,sam>ia1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z we le>n f ! ,acts1 embrac$ ! gospel at no remote p]iod f 8 dea?4 ,h[ natural ! t5d5cy to p]fect ! ag5cy ( ,jesus1 by repres5t+ him to h s[n ! heav5ly se$ 9 ,sam>ia1 ?us ext5d+ 8 m9i/ry ?r\gh all p>ts ( ,pale/9e2 to limit ! glory ( ! apo/les & o!r tea*]s to t ( be+ ! m]e reap]s ( ! h>ve/ 9 ,sam>ia2 & to put ?is di/9ction1 on a suitable occasion1 into ! m\? ( ,jesus6 ,! result1 !n1 ( our exam9ation ( ,john's ,sam>itan n>rative is1 t we _c receive x z a real hi/ory3 & ! impression :i* x leaves z a :ole t5ds to ! same conclusion4 ,s9ce ,h]acleon & ,orig51 #hce ! m anci5t comm5tators h seldom refra9$ f giv+ ! int]view ( ,jesus ) ! woman ( ,sam>ia an allegorical int]pretation1 on ! gr\nd t ! entire sc5e has a leg5d>y & poetic col\r+4 ,jesus is seat$ at a well1--t idyllic locality ) :i* ! old ,hebrew leg5d associates s _m critical incid5ts2 at ! id5tical well1 moreov]1 :i* a tradition1 f\nd$ on ,g54 xxxiii4 #ai1 xlviii4 #bb2 ,jo%4 xxiv4 #cb1 report$ to h be5 giv5 by ,jacob to 8 son ,joseph2 h5ce ! spot1 9 addition to its idyllic int]e/1 has ! m decid$ consecration ( national & patri>*al recollections1 & is all ! m wor?y ( be+ trodd5 by ! ,messiah4 ,at ! well ,jesus meets ) a woman :o has come out to draw wat]1 j z1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! expectant ,eliez] enc\nt]s ,rebekah ) h] pit*]1 & z ,jacob meets ) ,ra*el1 ! de/9$ ance/ress ( ,israel1 or ,moses ) 8 future wife4 ,jesus begs ( ! woman to let him dr9k2 s does ,eliez] ( ,rebekah2 aft] ,jesus has made himself kn[n to ! woman z ! ,messiah1 %e runs back to ! city1 & fet*es h] neighb\rs3 s ,rebekah1 aft] ,eliez] has ann\nc$ himself z ,abraham's /ew>d1 & ,ra*el1 aft] %e has discov]$ t ,jacob is h] k9sman1 ha/5 homew>d to call _! fri5ds to welcome ! hon\r$ gue/4 ,x is1 c]ta9ly1 n "o blameless z ^? e>ly mo!rs 9 ,israel1 :om ,jesus "h enc\nt]s2 = ?is woman came =? z ! repres5tative ( an impure p1 :o _h be5 fai?less to _! m>riage bond ) ,jehovah1 & 7 !n liv+ 9 ! practice ( a false wor%ip2 :ile h] good-w1 h] defici5t moral /r5g?1 & h] obtus5ess 9 spiritual ?+s1 p]fectly typify ! actual /ate ( ! ,sam>itans4 ,?us1 ! int]view ( ,jesus ) ! woman ( ,sam>ia is only a poetical repres5tation ( 8 m9i/ry among ! ,sam>itans n>rat$ 9 ! sequel2 & ?is is itself a leg5d>y prelude to ! propagation ( ! gospel 9 ,sam>ia aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,r5\nc+ ! ev5t 9 "q z unhi/orical1 we "k no?+ ( any connexion =m$ by ,jesus ) ! ,sam>itans1 & !re rema9 z indications ( 8 views reg>d+ !m1 only 8 fav\rable notice ( an individual f among !m 7,luke xvii4 #af72 8 unpropiti\s reception 9 "o ( _! villages 7,luke ix4 #ec72 ! prohibition ) respect to !m1 address$ to 8 disciples 7,matt4 x4 #e72 ! eulogi/ic p>able 7,luke x4 #cj ff472 & 8 val$ictory comm&1 t ! gospel %\ld be prea*$ 9 ,sam>ia 7,acts i4 #h74 ,?is express comm& be+ subsequ5t to ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 its reality mu/ rema9 problematical = u until we h exam9$ ! evid5ce = t capital fact2 & x is to be que/ion$ :e!r )\t x1 & not)/&+ ! alleg$ prohibition1 ! unhesitat+ conduct ( ! apo/les1 ,acts viii41 c be expla9$4 ,are we !n to suppose on ! "p ( ! apo/olic hi/ory1 a cancell+ ( hesitations & delib]ations t really occurr$2 or on ! "p ( ,mat!w1 an unw>rant$ ascription ( national bigotry to ,jesus2 or1 f9ally1 on ! "p ( ,jesus1 a progressive enl>gem5t ( view8 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,disciples ,,( ,,jesus4 #gj4 ,,call+ ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,companions ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,two ,,evangeli/s ,,& ,,! ,,f\r?4 ,! fir/ two ,evangeli/s agree 9 /at+ t ,jesus1 :5 walk+ by ! sea ( ,galilee1 call$1 fir/1 ! two bro!rs ,&rew & ,pet]1 & imm$iately aft]1 ,james & ,john1 to =sake _! fi%+ nets1 & to foll[ him 7,matt4 iv4 #ah-bb2 ,m>k i4 #af-bj74 ,! f\r? ,evangeli/ also n>rates 7i4 #ce-ea71 h[ ! fir/ disciples came to atta* !mselves to ,jesus1 & among !m we f9d ,pet] & ,&rew1 &1 9 all probability1 ,john1 = x is g5]ally agre$ t ! nameless companion ( ,&rew 0 t ultimately fav\rite apo/le4 ,james is abs5t f ?is acc\nt1 & in/ead ( 8 vocation1 we h t ( ,philip & ,na?anael4 ,b ev5 :5 ! p]sons are ! same1 all ! p>ticul>s ( _! meet+ ) ,jesus are v>i\sly detail$4 ,9 ! two synoptical gospels1 ! sc5e is ! coa/ ( ! ,galilean sea3 9 ! f\r?1 ,&rew1 ,pet]1 & _! anonym\s fri5d1 unite !mselves to ,jesus 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,jordan2 ,philip & ,na?anael1 on ! way f !nce into ,galilee4 ,9 ! =m]1 aga91 ,jesus 9 two in/ances calls a pair ( bro!rs2 9 ! latt]1 x is fir/ ,&rew & 8 companion1 !n ,pet]1 & anon ,philip & ,na?anael1 :o meet ) ,jesus4 ,b ! mo/ important diff]5ce is ?is3 :ile1 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 ! bre?r5 are call$ f _! fi%+ imm$iately by ,jesus2 9 ,john1 no?+ m is said ( ! respective situations ( ^? :o 7 summon$1 ?an t !y come1 & are f\nd1 & ,jesus himself calls only ,philip2 ,&rew & 8 nameless companion be+ direct$ to him by ! ,bapti/1 ,pet] br\ght by ,&rew1 & ,na?anael by ,philip4 ,?us ! two n>ratives appe> to ref] to sep>ate ev5ts2 & if x be ask$ :i* ( ^? ev5ts 0 prior to ! o!r1 we mu/ reply t ,john seems to assign ! e>li] date to 8 incid5ts1 = he repres5ts !m z tak+ place be=e ! return ( ,jesus f ! sc5e ( 8 baptism into ,galilee2 :ile ! synopti/s place !irs aft] t j\rney1 especially if1 accord+ to a calculation (t5 adopt$1 we reg>d ! return into ,galilee1 :i* !y make s important an epo*1 z be+ t f ! fir/ ,passov]1 n f ! baptism4 ,x is evid5t1 too1 f ! intr9sic nature ( ! occurr5ces report$ by ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 t !y c\ld n h succe$$ ^? 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,= if1 z ^! writ]s tells u1 ,&rew & ,john _h already foll[$ ,jesus1 !y c\ld n aga9 be 9 ! tra9 ( ! ,bapti/1 z we see !m 9 ! f\r? gospel1 nor w\ld x h be5 necess>y = t tea*] to h direct$ _! att5tion to ,jesus2 nei!r if ,pet] _h already be5 call$ by ,jesus himself to become a fi%] ( m51 0 !re any ne$ = 8 bro!r ,&rew to br+ him to 8 already elect$ ma/]4 ,nev]!less1 expositors ) "o voice decl>e t ! two n>ratives are equally adapt$ to prec$e1 or foll[1 ea* o!r4 ,! f\r? gospel1 say !y1 #hcf rec\nts m]ely ! fir/ introduction ( ^! m5 to ,jesus2 !y did n =?) become 8 con/ant foll[]s1 b 7 fir/ in/all$ by ,jesus 9 _! prop] disciple%ip on ! occasion :i* ! synopti/s h pres]v$4 ,let u te/ ! ju/ness ( _! view4 ,9 ! synoptical n>rative ,jesus says to 8 future disciples1 ,come aft] me1 1 & ! result is t !y foll[ him 7 74 ,if we und]/& f ?is t ! disciples !nce=? con/antly foll[$ ,jesus1 h[ c we give a diff]5t int]pretation to ! simil> expression 9 ! f\r? gospel1 ,foll[ me1 8 ,x is !re=e a laudable consi/5cy 9 ,paulus1 to see1 9 bo? in/ances1 m]ely an invitation to a tempor>y companion%ip dur+ a walk 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 #hcg ,b ?is int]pretation is incompatible ) ! synoptical hi/ory4 ,h[ c\ld ,pet]1 at a lat] p]iod1 say s emphatically to ,jesus1 ,we h left all1 & foll[$ !e3 :at %all we h !re=e8--h[ c\ld ,jesus promise to him & to e "o :o _h =sak5 h\ses1 etc41 a hundr$fold recomp5se 7,matt4 xix4 #bg ff471 if ?is =sak+ & foll[+ _h be5 s transi5t & int]rupt$8 ,f ^! consid]ations alone x is probable t ! 9 ,john also d5otes ! comm5cem5t ( a p]man5t connexion2 b !re are besides ! pla9e/ indications t ?is is ! case 9 ! context to ! n>rative4 ,precisely z 9 ! synoptical gospels1 ,jesus appe>s alone be=e ! sc5e ( ! vocation1 b aft] ?is on e fit occasion ! att5dance ( 8 disciples is m5tion$3 s 9 ! f\r? gospel1 f ! "t ( ! occurr5ce 9 "q1 ! previ\sly solit>y ,jesus appe>s 9 ! company ( 8 disciples 7ii4 #b1 xii4 #ag1 iii4 #bb1 iv4 #h1 #bg1 etc474 ,to say t ^! disciples1 acquir$ 9 ,p]a1 aga9 disp]s$ !mselves aft] ! return ( ,jesus into ,galilee1 #hch is to d viol5ce to ! gospels out ( h>moni/ic zeal4 ,b ev5 suppos+ su* a disp]sion1 !y c\ld n1 9 ! %ort "t :i* x is possible to all[ = _! sep>ation f ,jesus1 h become s completely /rang]s to him1 t he w\ld h be5 oblig$ to re-op5 an acqua9tance ) !m aft] ! mann] n>rat$ by ! synoptical writ]s4 ,/ill less probable is x t ,jesus1 aft] hav+ di/+ui%$ ,simon 9 ! mo/ individual mann] by ! surname ,cephas on _! fir/ int]view1 w\ld on a lat] occasion address to him ! summons to be a fi%] ( m5--a de/9ation :i* 0 common to all ! disciples4 ,! rationali/ic comm5tators p]ceive a special advantage 9 _! position ( ! two n>ratives4 ,x acc\nts1 say !y1 = :at mu/ o!rwise be 9 ! highe/ degree surpris+1 namely1 t ,jesus m]ely 9 pass+1 & at ! fir/ glance1 %\ld *oose f\r fi%]m5 = 8 disciples1 & t among !m he %\ld h alight$ on ! two mo/ di/+ui%$ apo/les2 t1 moreov]1 ^! f\r m51 actively employ$ 9 _! bus9ess1 %\ld leave x on ! in/ant ( _! receiv+ an enigmatical summons f a man ) :om !y _h no intimate acqua9tance1 & devote !mselves to him z 8 foll[]s4 ,n[ on comp>+ ! f\r? gospel1 we see t ,jesus _h le>n$ to "k ^! m5 long be=e1 & t !y1 too1 _h _h demon/ration ( 8 excell5ce1 :5ce x is easy to und]/& ! felicity ( 8 *oice1 & _! read9ess to foll[ him4 ,b ?is app>5t advantage is ! condemn+ circum/ance 9 ! above position3 = no?+ c m directly c\nt]act ! int5tion ( ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s1 ?an to suppose a previ\s acqua9tance betwe5 ,jesus & ! bre?r5 :om he summons to foll[ him4 ,9 bo? ,gospels1 great /ress is laid on ! fact t !y imm$iately left _! nets1 resolv$ to foll[ ,jesus3 ! writ]s mu/ !re=e h deem$ ?is some?+ extraord9>y1 :i* x c]ta9ly 0 n1 if ^! m5 _h previ\sly be5 9 8 tra94 ,9 relation to ,jesus also1 ! po9t ( ! n>rative lies 9 8 hav+1 ) a prophetic _s1 & at ! fir/ glance1 select$ ! "r individuals1 n ne$+ t any %\ld te/ify ( man1 = he knew :at 0 9 man1 accord+ to ,john ii4 #be1 & ?us pres5t+ "o ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* ! ,jews expect$ 9 _! ,messiah4 ,if1 !n1 ea* ( ^! two div]se n>ratives pr(esses to describe ! fir/ acqua9tance ( ,jesus ) 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ disciples1 x foll[s t "o only c be correct1 :ile ! o!r is necess>ily errone\s4 #hci ,x is our task to inquire :i* has ! m intr9sic pro(s ( v]acity4 ,) respect to ! synoptical repres5tation1 we %>e ! difficulty :i* is felt by ,paulus1 9 reg>d+ x z a true acc\nt ( ! fir/ int]view betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,a p5etration into ! "* ( m5 at ! fir/ glance1 su* z is "h suppos$ to h be5 ev9c$ by ,jesus1 transc5ds all t is naturally possible to ! mo/ =tunate & practis$ k ( mank9d4 ,! nature ( man is only reveal$ by 8 words & actions2 ! gift ( disc]n+ x )\t ^! means1 belongs to ! vision>y1 or to t species ( intuition = :i* ! rabb9ical designation ( ?is messianic attribute1 odor&o judic>e1 #hdj is n at all too mon/r\s4 ,sc>cely less improbable is ! unhesitat+ ob$i5ce ( ! disciples1 = ,jesus _h n yet acquir$ 8 ,galilean fame2 & to acc\nt = ?is promptitude we mu/ suppose t ! voice & w ( ,jesus _h a co]cive influ5ce ov] m9ds1 indep5d5tly ( prep>ation & motives1 #hda :i* w\ld be to complete ! incr$ibility ( ! n>rative by add+ a magical trait to ! vision>y "o already expos$4 ,if ^! negative argum5ts are deem$ /rong en\gh to annul ! pret5sions ( ! n>rative to an hi/orical "*1 ! alt]native is to assign to x a my?ical int]pretation1 if we c %[ on positive gr\nds t x might h be5 con/ruct$ 9 a traditional mann] )\t hi/orical f\ndation4 ,z adequate inducem5ts to ! =mation ( su* a leg5d1 we may po9t1 n only to ! above cit$ ,jewi% notion ( ! ,messiah z ! se>*] ( he>ts1 b to a specific type ( ?is vocation ( ! apo/les1 conta9$ 9 ! n>rative 7#a ,k+s xix4 #ai-ba7 ( ! mode 9 :i* ! prophet ,elijah summon$ ,eli%a to become 8 foll[]4 ,"h ,jesus calls ! bre?r5 f _! nets & _! fi%+2 !re ! prophet calls 8 future disciple f ! ox5 & ! pl\gh2 9 bo? cases !re is a transition f simple physical lab\r to ! highe/ spiritual (fice--a contra/ :i*1 z is exemplifi$ 9 ! ,roman hi/ory1 tradition is apt ei!r to *]i% or to create4 ,fur!r1 ! fi%]m51 at ! call ( ,jesus1 =sake _! nets & foll[ him2 s ,eli%a1 :5 ,elijah ca/ 8 mantle ov] him1 left ! ox51 & ran aft] ,elijah4 ,?is is "o app>5t div]g5cy1 :i* is a yet m /rik+ pro( ( ! relation betwe5 ! two n>ratives1 ?an is _! g5]al simil>ity4 ,! prophet's disciple entreat$ t be=e he atta*$ himself entirely to ,elijah1 he might be p]mitt$ to take leave ( 8 fa!r & "m2 & ! prophet does n hesitate to grant him ?is reque/1 on ! und]/ood condition t ,eli%a %\ld return to him4 ,simil> petitions are (f]$ to ,jesus 7,luke ix4 #ei ff42 ,matt4 viii4 #ba f47 by "s :om he _h call$1 or :o _h volunte]$ to foll[ him2 b ,jesus does n acc$e to ^! reque/s3 on ! contr>y1 he enjo9s ! "o :o wi%$ previ\sly to bury 8 fa!r1 to ent] on 8 disciple%ip )\t delay2 & ! o!r1 :o _h begg$ p]mission to bid f>ewell to 8 fri5ds1 he at once dismisses z unfit = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,9 /rong contra/ ) ! divid$ _s manife/$ by ^! feeble proselytes1 x is said ( ! apo/les1 t !y1 )\t ask+ any delay1 imm$iately =sook _! occupation1 &1 9 ! case ( ,james & ,john1 _! fa!r4 ,c\ld any?+ betray m cle>ly ?an ?is "o feature1 t ! n>rative is an embelli%$ imitation ( t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t int5d$ to %[ t ,jesus1 9 8 "* ( ,messiah1 exact$ a m decid$ adhesion1 accompani$ ) great] sacrifices1 ?an ,elijah1 9 8 "* ( ,prophet m]ely1 requir$ or 0 au?oriz$ to require8 #hdb ,! hi/orical g]m ( ! n>rative may be ?is3 sev]al ( ! mo/ em95t disciples ( ,jesus1 p>ticul>ly ,pet]1 dwell+ on ! %ores ( ! sea ( ,galilee1 _h be5 fi%]m51 :5ce ,jesus dur+ _! subsequ5t apo/olic ag5cy may h sometimes /yl$ !m fi%]s ( m54 ,b )\t d\bt1 _! relation ) ,jesus 0 =m$ gradually1 l o!r human relations1 & is only elevat$ into a m>vel ?r\gh ! oblivi\sness ( tradition4 ,by remov+ ! synoptical n>rative we make room = t ( ,john2 b :e!r we are to receive x z hi/orical1 c only be decid$ by an exam9ation ( its matt]4 ,at ! v outset1 x excites no fav\rable prejudice1 t ,john ! ,bapti/ is ! "o :o directs ! fir/ two disciples to ,jesus2 = if !re be any tru? 9 ! repres5tation giv5 9 a =m] *apt] ( ! relation betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,bapti/1 "s disciples ( ! latt] might1 inde$1 ( _! own accord atta* !mselves to ,jesus1 =m]ly _! fell[-disciple1 b no?+ c\ld be f>!r f ! int5tion ( ! ,bapti/ ?an to resign 8 own adh]5ts to ,jesus4 ,?is p>ticul> seems indebt$ = its exi/5ce to ! apologetic int]e/ ( ! f\r? gospel1 :i* seeks to /r5g!n ! cause ( ,jesus by ! te/imony ( ! ,bapti/4 ,fur!r1 t ,&rew1 aft] "o ev5+'s int]c\rse ) ,jesus1 %\ld ann\nce him to 8 bro!r ) ! words1 ,we h f\nd ! ,messiah 7i4 #db72 t ,philip too1 imm$iately aft] 8 call1 %\ld speak ( him 9 a simil> mann] to ,na?anael 7v4 #df72 is an improbability :i* ,i "k n h[ to put /rongly en\gh4 ,we ga!r f ! synoptical /atem5t1 :i* we h above decid$ to be tru/wor?y1 t "s "t 0 necess>y = ! disciples to recognise ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 & op5ly confess _! belief ?r\gh _! spokesman ,pet]1 ^: t>dy disc]nm5t ,jesus w\ld h be5 incorrect 9 panegyriz+ z a div9e revelation1 if x am\nt$ to no m ?an :at 0 communicat$ to him by 8 bro!r ,&rew at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 disciple%ip4 ,equally unnatural is ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus is said to h receiv$ ,simon4 ,he acco/s him ) ! words1 ,?\ art ,simon1 ! son ( ,jona1--a mode ( salutation :i* seems1 z ,b5gel has well rem>k$1 #hdc to imply t ,jesus _h a sup]natural acqua9tance ) ! "n & orig9 ( a man previ\sly unkn[n to him1 analog\s to 8 cognizance ( ! numb] ( ! ,sam>itan woman's husb&s1 & ( ,na?anael's pres5ce "u ! fig-tree4 ,jesus !n proce$s to be/[ on ,simon ! significant surname ( ,cephas or ,pet]4 ,if we are n incl9$ to degrade ! spee* ( ,jesus into buffoon]y1 by ref]r+ ?is appellation to ! bodily organization ( ! disciple1 #hdd we mu/ suppose t ,jesus at ! fir/ glance1 ) ! eye ( him :o knew he>ts1 p5etrat$ into ! inmo/ nature ( ,simon1 & discov]$ n only 8 g5]al fitness = ! apo/le%ip1 b also ! special1 individual qualities :i* r5d]$ him comp>able to a rock4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 x 0 n until aft] long int]c\rse ) ,jesus1 & aft] he _h giv5 _m manife/ations ( 8 peculi> "*1 t ?is surname 0 conf]r$ on ,simon1 accompani$ by an explanation ( its mean+ 7xvi4 #ah73 evid5tly a mu* m natural acc\nt ( ! matt] ?an t ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 :o makes ,jesus disc]n at ! fir/ glance ! future value ( ,simon to 8 cause1 an odor&o judic>e :i* transc5ds ! synoptical repres5tation 9 ! same ratio z ! decl>ation1 ,?\ %alt be call$ ,cephas1 presupposes a m intimate k1 ?an ! proposal1 ,i w make y fi%]s ( m54 ,ev5 aft] a m l5g!n$ conv]sation ) ,pet]1 su* z ,lcke supposes1 #hde ,jesus c\ld n pron\nce s decid$ly on 8 "*1 )\t be+ a se>*] ( he>ts1 or fall+ "u ! imputation ( =m+ too precipitate a judgm5t4 ,x is inde$ possible t ! ,*ri/ian leg5d1 attract$ by ! significance ( ! "n1 may h repres5t$ ,jesus z its au?or1 :ile1 9 fact1 ,simon _h borne x f 8 bir?4 ,! entire n>rative conc]n+ ,na?anael is a tissue ( improbabilities4 ,:5 ,philip speaks to him ( a ,messiah f ,naz>e?1 he makes ! celebrat$ answ]1 ,c any good ?+ come out ( ,naz>e? 7v4 #dg78 ,!re is no hi/orical datum = suppos+ t ,naz>e?1 :5 ,jesus began 8 m9i/ry1 0 ! object ( p>ticul> odium or contempt1 #hdf & !re is e probability t ! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity 7 ! fir/ to ca/ an asp]sion on ! native city ( ! ,messiah :om !y reject$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 ,naz>e? 0 only depreciat$ by ! ,jews1 z be+ a ,galilean city--a /igma :i* x bore 9 common ) _m o!rs3 b 9 ?is s5se x c\ld n be despis$ by ,na?anael1 = he 0 himself a ,galilean 7xxi4 #b74 ,! only probable explanation is t a d]isive "q1 :i*1 at ! "t ( ! composition ( ! f\r? gospel1 ! ,*ri/ians _h (t5 to he> f _! oppon5ts1 0 put into ! m\? ( a cotempor>y ( ,jesus1 t by ! mann] 9 :i* he 0 dive/$ ( 8 d\bt1 o!rs might be induc$ to comply ) ! invitation1 to come & see4 ,z ,na?anael approa*es ,jesus1 ! latt] pron\nces ?is judgm5t on 8 "*1 ,behold an ,israelite inde$ 9 :om is no guile 7v4 #dh76 ,paulus is ( op9ion t ,jesus might h previ\sly ga!r$ "s intimations conc]n+ ,na?anael at ,cana1 :]e he _h j be5 att5d+ a m>riage ( "s relations4 #hdg ,b if ,jesus _h become acqua9t$ ) ,na?anael's "* 9 a natural way1 he mu/1 9 answ] to ! "q ,:5ce kn[e/ ?\ me8 ei!r h rem9d$ him ( ! occasion on :i* !y _h _h an e>li] int]view1 or ref]r$ to ! fav\rable report ( o!rs4 ,in/ead ( ?is he speaks ( 8 k t ,na?anael _h be5 t>ry+ "u a fig-tree3 a k :i* f its result is evid5tly int5d$ to appe> sup]natural4 ,n[ to use in=mation1 obta9$ by ord9>y means1 s z to induce a belief t x has be5 communicat$ sup]naturally1 is *>latanism1 if any?+ des]ve ! "n4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! n>rator c]ta9ly did n mean to impute su* artifice to ,jesus1 x is und5iably 8 int5tion to ascribe to him a sup]natural k ( ,na?anael's "*4 ,z little are ! words1 ,:5 ?\ wa/ "u ! fig-tree1 ,i saw !e1 expla9$ by ! exclamation ( ,paulus1 8,h[ (t5 "o sees & obs]ves a man :o is unconsci\s ( "o's gaze60 ,lcke & ,?oluck are also ( op9ion1 t ,jesus obs]v$ ,na?anael "u ! fig-tree 9 a natural mann]2 !y add1 h[ev]1 ! conjecture1 t ! latt] 0 engag$ 9 "s occupation1 su* z pray] or ! /udy ( ! law1 :i* af=d$ ,jesus a key to 8 "*4 ,b if ,jesus meant to imply1 8,h[ c ,i fail to be conv9c$ ( ?y virtue1 hav+ wat*$ !e dur+ ?y e>ne/ /udy ( ! law1 & ?y f]v5t pray] "u ! fig-tree80 he w\ld n h omitt$ ! ^w 7pray+71 or 7read+71 = want ( :i* we c extract no o!r s5se f 8 decl>ation ?an ?is3 8,?\ maye/ be assur$ ( my p[] to p5etrate into ?y inmo/ s\l1 f ! fact t ,i beheld !e :5 ?\ wa/ 9 a situation f :i* all m]ely human obs]v]s 7 exclud$40 ,"h ! :ole /ress is ?r[n n on any peculi>ity 9 ! situation ( ! p]son se51 b on ! fact t ,jesus saw him1 :5ce x is necess>ily inf]r$ t he did s by no ord9>y1 natural means4 ,to imag9e t ,jesus possess$ su* a second sight1 is1 we grant1 n a little extravagant2 b = t v reason1 x is ! m accordant ) ! !n exi/+ notions ( a prophet1 & ( ! ,messiah4 ,a l p[] ( see+ & he>+ beyond ! limits assign$ to human organs1 is attribut$ to ,eli%a 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,:5 7#b ,k+s vi4 #h1 ff47 ! k+ ( ,syria makes w> aga9/ ,israel1 ,eli%a indicates to ! k+ ( ,israel e position ( ! enemy's camp2 & :5 ! k+ ( ,syria expresses 8 suspicion t he is betray$ by des]t]s1 he is told t ! ,israeliti% prophet kn[s all ! words t he1 ! k+ ( ,syria1 speaks 9 8 private *amb]4 ,?us also 7xxi4 #cb71 ,eli%a kn[s t ,joram has s5t out mess5g]s to murd] him4 ,h[ c\ld x be endur$ t ! ,messiah %\ld fall %ort ( ! prophet 9 8 p[]s ( vision8 ,?is p>ticul>1 too1 enables our ,evangeli/ to =m a climax1 9 :i* ,jesus asc5ds f ! p5etration ( "o imm$iately pres5t 7v4 #db71 to t ( "o approa*+ = ! fir/ "t 7v4 #dh71 & f9ally1 to ! p]ception ( "o out ( ! rea* ( human eyesight4 ,t ,jesus goes a /ep f>!r 9 ! climax1 & says1 t ?is pro( ( 8 messianic second sight is a trifle comp>$ ) :at ,na?anael has yet to see1--t on him1 ! ,son ( man1 ! angels ( ,god %all desc5d f ! op5$ heav5s 7v4 #ea71--;9 n[ise %[s1 z ,paulus ?9ks1 t !re 0 no?+ miracul\s 9 t fir/ pro(1 = !re is a gradation ev5 9 miracles4 ,?us 9 ! n>rative ( ,john we /umble at e /ep on difficulties1 9 "s in/ances great] ?an ^? ) :i* ! synoptical acc\nts are encumb]$3 h5ce we le>n z little f ! "o z ! o!r1 conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! fir/ disciples atta*$ !mselves to ,jesus4 ,i _c agree ) ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 #hdh 9 d]iv+ ! div]g5cy ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ f 8 pr$ecessors1 f ! wi% to avoid m5tion+ ! d]id$ fi%+ trade ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ apo/les2 s9ce 9 *ap4 xxi41 :i* ,brets*neid] all[s to be by ! same h& z ! re/ ( ! gospel1 he unhesitat+ly introduces ! obnoxi\s employm5t4 ,i r surmise t ! idea ( _! hav+ receiv$ _! decisive apo/olic call :ile actually engag$ ) _! fi%+-nets1 0 n afloat 9 ! tradition f :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ drew2 & t ?is writ] =m$ 8 sc5es1 p>tly on ! probably hi/orical report t "s disciples ( ,jesus _h belong$ to ! s*ool ( ! ,bapti/1 & p>tly f ! wi% to repres5t 9 ! mo/ fav\rable light ! relation betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,bapti/1 & ! sup]natural gifts ( ! =m]4 #ga4 ,,pet]',s ,,draught ,,( ,,fi%es4 ,we h hi!rto exam9$ only two acc\nts ( ! vocation ( ,pet] & 8 companions2 !re is a ?ird giv5 by ,luke 7v4 #a-aa74 ,i %all n dilate on ! m9or po9ts ( diff]5ce #hdi betwe5 8 n>rative & t ( ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s2 ! ess5tial di/9ction is1 t 9 ,luke ! disciples d n1 z 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 unite !mselves to ,jesus on a simple invitation1 b 9 consequ5ce ( a pl5tiful draught ( fi%es1 to :i* ,jesus has assi/$ ,simon4 ,if ?is feature be all[$ to con/itute ,luke's n>rative a sep>ate "o f t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 we h next to inquire into its intr9sic cr$ibility1 & !n to asc]ta9 its relation to t ( ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,jesus1 oppress$ by ! ?rong ( p on ! %ore ( ! ,galilean sea1 ent]s into a %ip1 t he may address !m ) m ease at a little di/ance f l&4 ,hav+ br\ght 8 disc\rse to a close1 he desires ,simon1 ! own] ( ! boat1 to laun* out into ! deep1 & let d[n 8 nets = a draught4 ,simon1 al?\gh little enc\rag$ by ! poor result ( ! la/ night's fi%+1 decl>es himself will+1 & is rew>d$ by s extraord9>y a draught1 t ,pet] & 8 p>tn]s1 ,james & ,john 7,&rew is n "h m5tion$71 are /ruck ) a/oni%m5t1 ! =m] ev5 ) awe1 be=e ,jesus1 z a sup]ior be+4 ,jesus !n says to ,simon1 ,fe> n2 f h5ce=? ?\ %alt cat* m51 & ! issue is t ! ?ree fi%]m5 =sake all1 & foll[ him4 ,! rationali/ic comm5tators take pa9s to %[ t :at is above n>rat$ might occur 9 a natural way4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! a/oni%+ consequ5ce ( lett+ d[n ! net 0 ! result ( an accurate obs]vation on ! "p ( ,jesus1 assi/$ by a happy =tuity4 ,paulus #hej supposes t ,jesus at fir/ wi%$ to laun* out f>!r into ! deep m]ely to escape f ! cr[d1 & t x 0 n until aft] sail+ to "s di/ance1 t1 descry+ a place :]e ! fi% 7 abundant1 he desir$ ,pet] to let d[n ! net4 ,b he has fall5 into a tw(old contradiction ( ! evangelical n>rative4 ,9 close connexion ) ! comm& to laun* out into ! deep1 ,jesus adds1 ,let d[n y\r nets = a draught 7 1 1 44471 z if ?is 7 "o ( 8 objects 9 *ang+ ! locality2 & if he spoke ?us :5 at a little di/ance only f ! %ore1 8 hope ( a successful draught c\ld n be ! effect ( 8 hav+ obs]v$ a place abundant 9 fi% on ! ma9 sea1 :i* ! vessel _h n yet rea*$4 ,our rationali/s mu/ !re=e take refuge 9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,prophet ( ,naz>e?1 :o says1 ,jesus conjectur$ on g5]al gr\nds1 t "u exi/+ circum/ances 7indicative probably ( an approa*+ /orm71 fi%+ 9 ! middle ( ! sea w\ld succe$ bett] ?an x _h done 9 ! night4 ,b1 proce$+ f ! natural po9t ( view1 h[ c\ld ,jesus be a bett] judge 9 ?is matt] ?an ! m5 :o _h sp5t half _! life on ! sea 9 ! employm5t ( fi%+8 ,c]ta9ly if ! fi%]m5 obs]v$ no?+ :i* c\ld give !m hope ( a pl5tiful draught1 nei!r 9 a natural mann] c\ld ,jesus2 & ! agreem5t betwe5 8 words & ! result1 mu/1 adh]+ to ! natural po9t ( view1 be put d[n :olly to ! acc\nt ( *ance4 ,b :at s5seless audacity1 to promise at r&om a success1 :i*1 judg+ f ! occurr5ces ( ! pa/ night1 0 little likely to foll[6 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t ,jesus only desires ,pet] to make ano!r attempt1 )\t giv+ any def9ite promise4 ,b1 we mu/ rejo91 9 ! emphatic injunction1 :i* ,pet]'s rem>k on ! inauspici\s aspect ( circum/ances = fi%+ does n induce him to revoke1 !re is a lat5t promise1 & ! words1 ,let d[n y\r nets1 etc41 9 ! pres5t passage1 c h>dly h any o!r mean+ ?an t pla9ly express$ 9 ! simil> sc5e1 ,john xxi4 #f1 ,ca/ ! net on ! "r side ( ! %ip1 & ye %all f9d4 ,:51 moreov]1 ,pet] retracts 8 objection 9 ! words1 ,nev]!less at ?y ^w ,i w let d[n ! net1 1 ?\gh may be translat$ by comm& r ?an by promise1 9 ei!r case he implies a hope t :at ,jesus enjo9s w n be )\t result4 ,if ,jesus _h n int5d$ to excite ?is hope1 he mu/ imm$iately h put an end to x1 if he w\ld n expose himself to disgrace 9 ! ev5t ( failure2 & on no acc\nt ought he to h accept$ ! attitude & expressions ( ,pet] z 8 due1 if he _h only m]it$ !m by a piece ( lucky advice giv5 at a v5ture4 ,! drift ( ! n>rative1 !n1 obliges u to admit t ! writ] int5d$ to signalize a miracle4 ,?is miracle may be view$ ei!r z "o ( p[]1 or ( k4 ,if ! =m]1 we are to conceive t ,jesus by 8 sup]natural p[]1 caus$ ! fi% to congregate 9 t "p ( ! sea :]e he comm&$ ,pet] to ca/ 9 8 net4 ,n[ t ,jesus %\ld be able1 by ! imm$iate action ( 8 w1 to influ5ce m51 9 ! nature ( ^: m9ds 8 spiritual en]gy might f9d a fulcrum1 may to a c]ta9 ext5t be conceiv$1 )\t any wide deviation f psy*ological laws2 b t he c\ld ?us influ5ce irrational be+s1 & ^? n isolat$ animals imm$iately pres5t to him1 b %oals ( fi% 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 x is impossible to imag9e out ( ! doma9 ( magic4 ,ol%aus5 comp>es ?is op]ation ( ,jesus to t ( ! div9e omnipot5ce 9 ! annual migrations ( fi% & birds2 #hea b ! comp>ison is worse ?an lame1--x lacks all p>allelism2 = ! latt] is an effect ( ! div9e ag5cy1 l9k$ 9 ! close/ mann] ) all ! o!r op]ations ( ,god 9 ext]nal nature1 ) ! *ange ( seasons1 etc42 :ile ! =m]1 ev5 presuppos+ ,jesus to be actually ,god1 w\ld be an isolat$ act1 int]rupt+ ! *a9 ( natural ph5om5a2 a di/9ction t removes any semblance ( p>allelism betwe5 ! two cases4 ,all[+ ! possibility ( su* a miracle 7& f ! supranaturali/ic po9t ( view1 no?+ is 9 itself impossible71 did x subs]ve any app>5t object1 adequate to det]m9e ,jesus to s extravagant a use ( 8 miracul\s p[]s8 ,0 x s important t ,pet] %\ld be inspir$ by ?is incid5t ) a sup]/iti\s fe>1 n accordant ) ! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,0 ?is ! only prep>ation = engraft+ ! true fai?8 or did ,jesus believe t x 0 only by su* signs t he c\ld w9 disciples8 ,h[ little fai? mu/ he !n h _h 9 ! =ce ( m9d & ( tru?6 h[ mu* too meanly mu/ he h e/imat$ ,pet]1 :o1 at a lat] p]iod at lea/ 7,john vi4 #fh71 clung to 8 society1 n on acc\nt ( ! miracles :i* he beheld ,jesus p]=m1 b = ! sake ( ! words ( et]nal life :i* came f 8 lips6 ,"u ! pressure ( ^! difficulties1 refuge may be s\ght 9 ! o!r supposition z ! m facile "o2 namely1 t ,jesus1 by means ( 8 sup]human k1 0 m]ely aw>e t 9 a c]ta9 place !re 0 !n to be f\nd a multitude ( fi%es1 & t he communicat$ ?is in=mation to ,pet]4 ,if by ?is x be meant t ,jesus1 ?r\gh ! possession ( an omnisci5ce su* z is commonly attribut$ to ,god1 knew at all times1 all ! fi%1 9 all seas1 riv]s & lakes2 !re is an end to 8 human consci\sness4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be m]ely meant t :5 he cross$ any wat] he became cognizant ( its v>i\s tribes ( fi%1 ) _! relative position2 ev5 ?is w\ld be q en\gh to encumb] ! space 9 8 m9d t 0 due to m weighty ?\ghts4 ,la/ly1 if x be meant t he knew ?is1 n con/antly & necess>ily1 b z (t5 z he wi%$2 x is impossible to und]/& h[1 9 a m9d l t ( ,jesus1 a desire = su* k %\ld arise1--h[ he1 ^: vocation _h ref]5ce to ! dep?s ( ! human he>t1 %\ld be tempt$ to occupy himself ) ! fi%-frequ5t$ dep?s ( ! wat]s4 ,b be=e we pron\nce on ?is n>rative ( ,luke1 we mu/ consid] x 9 relation to ! cognate hi/ories 9 ! fir/ two synoptical gospels4 ,! *ronological relation ( ! respective ev5ts is ! fir/ po9t4 ,! supposition t ! miracul\s draught ( fi%es 9 ,luke 0 prior to ! vocation n>rat$ by ! two o!r ,evangeli/s1 is exclud$ by ! consid]ation1 t ! firm atta*m5t :i* t miracle awak5$ 9 ! disciples1 w\ld r5d] a new call sup]flu\s2 or by ! /ill /rong] objection1 t if an invitation1 accompani$ by a miracle1 _h n suffic$ to ally ! m5 to ,jesus1 he c\ld h>dly flatt] himself t a subsequ5t b>e summons1 unsupport$ by any miracle1 w\ld h a bett] issue4 ,! contr>y *ronological position pres5ts a bett] climax2 b :y a second invitation1 if ! fir/ _h succe$$8 ,= to suppose t ! bre?r5 :o foll[$ him on ! fir/ summons1 aga9 left him until ! second1 is to cut ! knot1 in/ead ( unty+ x4 ,/ill m complicat$ is ! difficulty1 :5 we take 9 addition ! n>rative ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/3 = :at %all we ?9k ( ! connexion betwe5 ,jesus & 8 disciples1 if x began 9 ! mann] describ$ by ,john2 if1 aft] ?is1 ! disciples hav+ f "s unkn[n cause sep>at$ f _! ma/]1 he aga9 call$ !m1 z if no?+ ( ! k9d _h be=e occurr$1 on ! %ore ( ! ,galilean sea2 & if1 ?is invitation also produc+ no p]man5t adh]5ce1 he = ! ?ird "t summon$ !m to foll[ him1 =tify+ ?is f9al exp]im5t by a miracle8 ,! entire drift ( ,luke's n>rative is su* z to exclude1 r ?an to imply1 any e>li] & m intimate relation betwe5 ,jesus & 8 ultimate disciples4 ,= ! indiff]5t m5tion ( two %ips on ! %ore1 ^: own]s 7 gone out ( !m to wa% _! nets1 ,simon be+ unnam$ until ,jesus *ooses to avail himself ( 8 boat1 seems1 z ,s*lei]ma*] has conv9c+ly %[n1 #heb to convey ! idea t ! two p>ties 7 entire /rang]s to ea* o!r1 & t ^! incid5ts 7 prep>atory to a relation yet to be =m$1 n indicative ( "o already exi/+3 s t ! heal+ ( ,pet]'s "m-9-law1 previ\sly rec\nt$ by ,luke1 ei!r occurr$1 l _m o!r cures ( ,jesus1 )\t produc+ any intimate connexion1 or has too e>ly a date assign$ to x by t ,evangeli/4 ,! latt] conjecture is support$ by ! fact t ,mat!w places ! miracle lat]4 ,?us1 x f>es ) ! n>rative ( ,luke1 :5 view$ 9 relation to t ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 z x did ) t ( ,john1 :5 plac$ 9 ! same light2 nei!r w be> ! o!r to prec$e1 or to foll[ x1--9 %ort1 !y exclude ea* o!r4 #hec ,:i* !n is ! correct n>rative8 ,s*lei]ma*] pref]s t ( ! ,evangeli/ on :om he has comm5t$1 because x is m p>ticul> #hed2 & ,sieff]t #hee has rec5tly ass]t$ ) great emphasis1 t no "o has ev] yet d\bt$ ! sup]iority ( ,luke's n>rative1 z a fai?ful picture ( ! entire occurr5ce1 ! numb] ( its special1 dramatic1 & intr9sically au!nticat$ details1 advantage\sly di/+ui%+ x f ! acc\nt 9 ! fir/ 7& second7 gospel1 :i* by its omission ( ! critical incid5t1 ! turn+ po9t 9 ! n>rative 7! draught ( fi%es71 is *>act]iz$ z ! recital ( "o :o 0 n an eye-witness4 ,i h already pres5t$ myself else:]e #hef to ?is critic1 z "o h>dy en\gh to express ! d\bt ( :i* he d5ies ! exi/5ce1 & ,i "h repeat ! "q3 suppos+ "o only ( ! two n>ratives to h be5 modifi$ by oral tradition1 :i* alt]native is m 9 accordance ) ! nature ( t means ( transmission1--t ! tangible fact ( a draught ( fi%es %\ld evaporate into a m]e say+ respect+ fi%]s ( m51 or t ?is figurative expression %\ld be cond5s$ into a lit]al hi/ory8 ,! answ] to ?is "q _c be dubi\s2 = :5 0 x 9 ! nature ( ! leg5d to spiritualize8 to *ange ! real1 su* z ! /ory ( a miracle1 into ! ideal1 su* z a m]e v]bal image8 ,! /age ( human culture to :i* ! leg5d belongs1 & ! m5tal faculty 9 :i* x orig9ates1 dem& t x %\ld give a /able body to fleet+ ?\ght1 t x %\ld c\nt]act ! ambiguity & *angeabl5ess ( words1 by affix+ !m to ! p]man5t & univ]sally und]/ood symbol ( action4 ,x is easy to %[ h[1 out ( ! expression pres]v$ by ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 ! miracul\s /ory ( ! ?ird might be =m$4 ,if ,jesus1 9 allusion to ! =m] occupation ( "s ( 8 apo/les1 _h call$ !m fi%]s ( m52 if he _h comp>$ ! k+dom ( heav5 to a net ca/ into ! sea1 9 :i* all k9ds ( fi% 7 tak5 7,matt4 xiii4 #dg72 x 0 b a foll[+ out ( ^! ideas to repres5t ! apo/les z ^? :o1 at ! ^w ( ,jesus1 ca/ out ! net1 & ga!r$ 9 ! miracul\s multitude ( fi%es4 #heg ,if we add to ?is1 t ! anci5t leg5d 0 fond ( occupy+ its wond]-work]s ) affairs ( fi%+1 z we see 9 ! /ory relat$ ( ,py?agoras by ,jambli*us & ,porphyry2 #heh x w no long] appe> improbable1 t ,pet]'s miracul\s draught ( fi%es is b ! expression ab\t ! fi%]s ( m51 transmut$ into ! hi/ory ( a miracle1 & ?is view w at once set u free f all ! difficulties t att5d ! natural1 z well z ! supranatural int]pretation ( ! n>rative4 ,a simil> miracul\s draught ( fi%es is record$ 9 ! app5dix to ! f\r? gospel1 z hav+ occurr$ aft] ! resurrection 7*4 xxi474 ,"h aga9 ,pet] is fi%+ on ! ,galilean sea1 9 company ) ! sons ( ,zeb$ee & "s o!r disciples1 & aga9 he has be5 toil+ all night1 & has tak5 no?+4 #hei ,e>ly 9 ! morn+1 ,jesus comes to ! %ore1 & asks1 )\t _! recognis+ him1 if !y h any meat8 ,on _! answ]+ 9 ! negative1 he directs !m to ca/ ! net on ! "r side ( ! %ip1 :]eupon !y h an extremely ri* draught1 & are l$ by ?is sign to recognise ,jesus4 ,t ?is hi/ory is di/9ct f ! "o giv5 by ,luke1 is1 f its great simil>ity1 sc>cely conceivable2 ! same n>rative has d\btless be5 plac$ by tradition 9 diff]5t p]iods ( ! life ( ,jesus4 #hfj ,let u n[ comp>e ^! ?ree fi%+ hi/ories1--! two n>rat$ ( ,jesus1 & t n>rat$ ( ,py?agoras1--& _! my?ical "* w be obvi\s4 ,t :i*1 9 ,luke1 is indubitably int5d$ z a miracle ( p[]1 is1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jambli*us1 a miracle ( k2 = ,py?agoras m]ely tells 9 a sup]natural mann] ! numb] ( fi% already caught by natural means4 ,! n>rative ( ,john holds a middle place1 = 9 x also ! numb] ( ! fi% 7#aec7 plays a "p2 b in/ead ( be+ pr$et]m9$ by ! work] ( ! miracle1 x is simply /at$ by ! n>rator4 ,"o leg5d>y feature common to all ! ?ree n>ratives1 is ! mann] 9 :i* ! multitude & weight ( ! fi%es are describ$2 especially z ?is sam5ess ( mann] accompanies a div]sity 9 p>ticul>s4 ,accord+ to ,luke1 ! multitude is s great t ! net is brok51 "o %ip w n hold !m1 & aft] !y h be5 divid$ betwe5 ! two vessels1 bo? ?reat5 to s9k4 ,9 ! view ( ! tradition giv5 9 ! f\r? gospel1 x 0 n calculat$ to magnify ! p[] ( ! miracul\s ag5t1 t ! net :i* he _h s m>vell\sly fill$ %\ld break2 b z "h also ! aim is to exalt ! miracle by celebrat+ ! numb] & weight ( ! fi%es1 !y are said to be 7great71 & x is add$ t ! m5 7 n able to draw ! net = ! multitude ( fi%es3 in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( laps+ out ( ! miracul\s into ! common by ! break+ ( ! net1 a second miracle is +5i\sly made1--t = all !re 7 s _m1 yet 0 n ! net brok54 ,jambli*us pres5ts a fur!r wond] 7! only "o he has1 besides ! k ( ,py?agoras z to ! numb] ( ! fi%73 namely1 t :ile ! fi% 7 be+ c\nt$1 a process t mu/ h requir$ a consid]able "t1 n "o ( !m di$4 ,if !re be a m9d t1 n p]ceiv+ 9 ! n>ratives we h comp>$ ! f+]-m>ks ( tradition1 & h5ce ! leg5d>y "* ( ^! evangelical anecdotes1 /ill leans to ! hi/orical int]pretation1 :e!r natural or sup]natural2 t m9d mu/ be alike ignorant ( ! true "* bo? ( leg5d & ( hi/ory1 ( ! natural & ! sup]natural4 #gb4 ,,call+ ,,( ,,mat!w4 ,,connexion ,,( ,,jesus ,,) ,,! ,,publicans4 ,! fir/ gospel 7ix4 #i ff47 tells ( a man nam$ ,mat!w1 to :om1 :5 sitt+ at ! receipt ( cu/om1 ,jesus said1 ,foll[ me4 ,in/ead ( ,mat!w1 ! second & ?ird gospels h ,levi1 & ,m>k adds he t 0 ! son ( ,alphu 7,m>k ii4 #ad ff42 ,luke v4 #bg ff474 ,at ! call ( ,jesus1 ,luke says t he left all2 ,mat!w m]ely /ates1 t he foll[$ ,jesus & prep>$ a meal1 ( :i* _m publicans & s9n]s p>took1 to ! great sc&al ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,f ! diff]5ce ( ! names x has be5 conjectur$ t ! ,evangeli/s ref] to two diff]5t ev5ts2 #hfa b ?is diff]5ce ( ! "n is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! simil>ity ( ! circum/ances4 ,9 all ! ?ree cases ! call ( ! publican is prec$$ & foll[$ by ! same occurr5ces2 ! subject ( ! n>rative is 9 ! same situation2 ,jesus addresses him 9 ! same words2 & ! issue is ! same4 #hfb ,h5ce ! op9ion is pretty g5]al1 t ! ?ree synopti/s h 9 ?is in/ance detail$ only "o ev5t4 ,b did !y also und]/& only "o p]son "u diff]5t names1 & 0 t p]son ! ,apo/le ,mat!w8 ,?is is commonly repres5t$ z conceivable on ! supposition t ,levi 0 ! prop] "n ( ! individual1 & ,mat!w m]ely a surname2 #hfc or t aft] he _h atta*$ himself to ,jesus1 he ex*ang$ ! =m] = ! latt]4 #hfd ,to sub/antiate su* an op9ion1 !re %\ld be "s indication t ! ,evangeli/s :o "n ! *os5 publican ,levi1 int5d "u t designation no o!r ?an ! ,mat!w m5tion$ 9 _! catalogues ( ! apo/les 7,m>k iii4 #ah2 ,luke vi4 #ae2 ,acts i4 #ac74 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ^! catalogues1 :]e _m surnames & d\ble names occur1 n only d !y omit ! "n ( ,levi z ! e>li] or m prop] appellation ( ,mat!w1 b !y leave him undi/+ui%$ by ! epi!t1 7! publican71 add$ by ! fir/ ,evangeli/ 9 8 catalogue 7x4 #c72 ?us prov+ t !y d n consid] ! ,apo/le ,mat!w to be id5tical ) ! ,levi summon$ f ! receipt ( cu/om4 #hfe ,if !n ! ,evangeli/s describe ! vocation ( two diff]5t m5 9 a precisely simil> way1 x is improbable t !re is accuracy on bo? sides1 s9ce an ev5t c\ld h>dly be repeat$ 9 its m9ute p>ticul>s4 ,"o ( ! n>ratives1 !re=e1 is 9 error2 & ! bur!n has be5 ?r[n on ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 because he places ! call+ ( ,mat!w consid]ably aft] ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 :ile accord+ to ,luke 7vi4 #ac ff471 all ! twelve _h be5 *os5 be=e t disc\rse 0 deliv]$4 #hff ,b ?is w\ld only prove1 at ! mo/1 t ! fir/ gospel gives a wrong position to ! hi/ory2 n t x n>rates t hi/ory incorrectly4 ,x is !re=e unju/ to impute special difficulties to ! n>rative ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/3 nei!r are su* to be f\nd 9 t ( ,m>k & ,luke1 unless x be ?\ght an inconsi/5cy 9 ! latt] to attribute a =sak+ ( all1 1 to "o :om he does n include among ! con/ant foll[]s ( ,jesus4 #hfg ,! only "q is1 d !y n lab\r "u a common difficulty1 suffici5t to /amp bo? acc\nts z unhi/orical8 ,! close analogy betwe5 ?is call & t ( ! two pairs ( bre?r51 mu/ excite att5tion4 ,!y 7 summon$ f _! nets2 he f ! cu/om-h\se2 z 9 _! case1 s "h1 no?+ fur!r is ne$$ ?an a simple ,foll[ me2 & ?is call ( ! ,messiah has s irresi/ible a p[] ov] ! m9d ( ! call$1 t ! publican1 l ! fi%]m51 leaves all1 & foll[s him4 ,x is n to be d5i$1 t z ,jesus _h be5 = a consid]able "t ex]cis+ 8 m9i/ry 9 t c\ntry1 ,mat!w mu/ h long kn[n him2 & ?is is ! argum5t ) :i* ,fritzs*e repels ! accusation ( ,julian & ,porphyry1 :o ma9ta9 t ,mat!w "h %[s himself ra% & inconsid]ate4 ,b ! long] ,jesus _h obs]v$ him1 ! m easily might he h f\nd opportunity = draw+ him gradually & quietly into 8 tra91 in/ead ( hurry+ him 9 s tumultu>y a mann] f ! mid/ ( 8 bus9ess4 ,paulus inde$ ?9ks t no call to disciple%ip1 no sudd5 =sak+ ( a previ\s occupation1 is "h int5d$1 b t ,jesus hav+ br\ght 8 tea*+ to a close1 m]ely signifi$ to ! fri5d :o _h giv5 him an invitation to d9n]1 t he 0 n[ ready to g home ) him1 & sit d[n to table4 #hfh ,b ! meal appe>s1 especially 9 ,luke1 to be ! consequ5ce1 & n ! cause1 ( ! summons2 moreov]1 a mode/ gue/ w\ld say to ! ho/ :o _h invit$ him1 ,i w foll[ !e1 1 n ,foll[ me1 2 & 9 f9e1 ?is int]pretation r5d]s ! :ole anecdote s trivial1 t x w\ld h be5 bett] omitt$4 #hfi ,h5ce ! abruptness & impetuosity ( ! sc5e return ^u u1 & we are compell$ to pron\nce t su* is n ! c\rse ( real life1 nor ! proc$ure ( a man :o1 l ,jesus1 respects ! laws & =malities ( human society2 x is ! proc$ure ( leg5d & poetry1 :i* love contra/s1 & effective sc5es1 :i* aim to give a graphic conception ( a man's exit f an old sph]e ( life1 & 8 entrance into a new "o1 by repres5t+ him z at once disc>d+ ! implem5ts ( 8 =m] trade1 leav+ ! sc5e ( 8 daily bus9ess1 & /raightway comm5c+ a new life4 ,! hi/orical g]m ( ! /ory may be1 t ,jesus actually _h publicans among 8 disciples1 & possibly t ,mat!w 0 "o4 ,^! m5 _h truly left ! cu/om-h\se to foll[ ,jesus2 b only 9 ! figurative s5se ( ?is concise expression1 n 9 ! lit]al "o depict$ by ! leg5d4 ,x is n less a/oni%+ t ! publican %\ld h a great fea/ 9 read9ess = ,jesus imm$iately aft] 8 call4 ,= t ?is fea/ 0 n prep>$ until ! foll[+ day1 #hgj is directly oppos$ to ! n>ratives1 ! two fir/ especially4 ,b x is entirely 9 ! tone ( ! leg5d to demon/rate ! joy ( ! publican1 & ! condesc5sion ( ,jesus1 & to create an occasion = ! reproa*es ca/ on ! latt] on acc\nt ( 8 intimacy ) s9n]s1 by inv5t+ a great fea/1 giv5 to ! publicans at ! h\se ( _! late associate imm$iately aft] 8 call4 ,ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) ?is n>rative m]its p>ticul> att5tion4 ,accord+ to ! common op9ion conc]n+ ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel1 ,mat!w !re9 n>rates 8 own call4 ,we may consid] x grant$ t !re are no positive indications ( ?is 9 ! n>rative2 b x is n s cle> t !re are no negative indications :i* r5d] x impossible or improbable4 ,t ! ,evangeli/ does n "h speak 9 ! fir/ p]son1 nor :5 describ+ ev5ts 9 :i* he _h a %>e 9 ! fir/ p]son plural1 l ! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 proves no?+2 = ,josephus & o!r hi/orians n less classical1 write ( !mselves 9 ! ?ird p]son1 & ! we ( ! pseudo-,mat!w 9 ! ,ebionite gospel has a v suspici\s s\nd4 ,! use ( ! expression1 1 1 :i* ! ,mani*eans made an objection1 #hga z !y did ! above-m5tion$ circum/ance1 is n )\t a prec$5t 9 ! writ+s ( ,x5ophon1 :o 9 8 ,anabasis introduces himself z ,x5ophon1 a c]ta9 ,a!nian1 4 #hgb ,! ,greek1 h[ev]1 did n fall into ?is /yle f absorption 9 8 subject1 nor f unaffect$ fre$om f egotism1--causes :i* ,ol%aus5 supposes 9 ! ,evangeli/2 b ei!r f a wi% n to pass = ! au?or1 z an old tradition /ates1 #hgc or f consid]ations ( ta/e1 nei!r ( :i* motives w be attribut$ to ,mat!w4 ,:e!r we are !re=e to consid] t expression z a sign t ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel 0 n ,mat!w1 may be difficult to decide3 #hgd b x is c]ta9 t ?is hi/ory ( ! publican's call is ?r\gh\t less cle>ly n>rat$ 9 t gospel ?an 9 ! ?ird4 ,9 ! =m]1 we are at a loss to und]/& :y x is abruptly said t ,jesus sat at meat 9 ! h\se1 if ! ,evangeli/ 7 himself ! hospitable publican1 s9ce x w\ld !n seem mo/ natural = him to let 8 joy on acc\nt ( 8 call appe> 9 ! n>rative1 by tell+1 z ,luke does1 t he imm$iately made a great fea/ 9 8 h\se4 ,to say t he )held ?is f mode/y1 is to inve/ a rude ,galilean ( t age ) ! affectation belong+ to ! mo/ ref9$ self-consci\sness ( mod]n days4 ,to ?is fea/ at ! publican's1 ( :i* _m ( ! same obnoxi\s class p>took1 ! ,evangeli/s annex ! reproa*es ca/ at ! disciples by ! ,ph>isees & ,scribes1 because _! ma/] ate ) publicans & s9n]s4 ,jesus1 be+ )9 he>+ ( ! c5sure1 repell$ x by ! well-kn[n text on ! de/9ation ( ! physician = ! sick1 & ! ,son ( ,man = s9n]s 7,matt4 ix4 #aa ff4 p>all474 ,t ,jesus %\ld be frequ5tly taunt$ by 8 ph>isaical enemies ) 8 too great pr$ilection = ! despis$ class ( publicans 7comp4 ,matt4 xi4 #ai71 accords fully ) ! nature ( 8 position1 & is !re=e hi/orical1 if any?+ be s3 ! answ]1 too1 :i* is "h put into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 is f its pi?y & concise "* well adapt$ = lit]al transmission4 ,fur!r1 x is n improbable t ! reproa* 9 "q may h be5 especially call$ =?1 by ! circum/ance t ,jesus ate ) publicans & s9n]s1 & w5t "u _! ro(s4 ,b t ! cavils ( 8 oppon5ts %\ld h be5 accompanim5ts ( ! publican's d9n]1 z ! evangelical acc\nt leads u to inf]1 especially t ( ,m>k 7v4 #af71 is n s easily conceivable4 #hge ,= z ! fea/ 0 9 ! h\se 7 71 & z ! disciples also p>took ( x1 h[ c\ld ! ,ph>isees utt] _! reproa*es to !m1 :ile ! meal 0 go+ =w>d1 )\t defil+ !mselves by becom+ ! gue/s ( a man t 0 a s9n]1--! v act :i* !y repreh5d$ 9 ,jesus8 7,luke xix4 #g74 ,x w h>dly be suppos$ t !y wait$ outside until ! fea/ 0 end$4 ,x is difficult = ,s*lei]ma*] to ma9ta91 ev5 on ! repres5tation ( ,luke tak5 s+ly1 t ! evangelical n>rative only implies1 t ! publican's fea/ 0 ! cause ( ! ,ph>isees' c5sure1 & n t !y 7 contempor>y4 #hgf ,_! imm$iate connexion might easily orig9ate 9 a leg5d>y mann]2 9 fact1 "o sc>cely kn[s h[ tradition1 9 its process ( transmut+ ! ab/ract into ! concrete1 c\ld repres5t ! g5]al idea t ! ,ph>isees _h tak5 (f5ce at ! fri5dly int]c\rse ( ,jesus ) ! publicans1 o!rwise ?an ?us3 ,jesus once fea/$ 9 a publican's h\se1 9 company ) _m publicans2 ! ,ph>isees saw ?is1 w5t to ! disciples & express$ _! c5sure1 :i* ,jesus also he>d1 & p>ri$ by a laconic answ]4 ,aft] ! ,ph>isees1 ,mat!w makes ! disciples ( ,john approa* ,jesus ) ! "q1 :y 8 disciples did n fa/1 z !y did 7v4 #ad f472 9 ,luke 7v4 #cc ff47 x is /ill ! ,ph>isees :o vaunt _! own fa/s & ^? ( ,john's disciples1 z contra/$ ) ! eat+ & dr9k+ ( ! disciples ( ,jesus2 ,m>k's acc\nt is n cle> 7v4 #ah74 ,accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 e unprejudic$ p]son mu/ p]ceive 9 ! /atem5t ( ,mat!w comp>$ ) t ( ,luke1 ! confus+ em5dations ( a second editor1 :o c\ld n expla9 to himself h[ ! ,ph>isees came to appeal to ! disciples ( ,john2 :]eas1 ?9ks ,s*lei]ma*]1 ! "q w\ld h be5 pu]ile 9 ! m\? ( ! latt]2 b x is easy to imag9e t ! ,ph>isees might avail !mselves ( an ext]nal resemblance to ! disciples ( ,john :5 oppos+ ,jesus1 :o _h himself receiv$ baptism ( t tea*]4 ,x is c]ta9ly surpris+ t aft] ! ,ph>isees1 :o 7 (f5d$ because ,jesus ate ) publicans1 "s disciples ( ,john %\ld /ep =? z if !y _h be5 cit$ = ! purpose1 to c5sure g5]ally ! unre/rict$ eat+ & dr9k+ ( ,jesus & 8 disciples4 ,! probable explanation is1 t evangelical tradition associat$ ! two circum/ances f _! intr9sic simil>ity1 & t ! fir/ ,evangeli/ errone\sly gave !m ! additional connexion ( "t & place4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ! ?ird ,evangeli/ fuses ! two p>ticul>s1 appe>s a yet m artificial comb9ation1 & is c]ta9ly n hi/orical1 because ! reply ( ,jesus c\ld only be direct$ to ,john's disciples1 or to fri5dly inquir]s3 to ,ph>isees1 he w\ld h giv5 ano!r & a m sev]e answ]4 #hgg ,ano!r n>rative1 :i* is peculi> to ,luke 7xix4 #a-aj71 treats ( ! same relation z t conc]n+ ,mat!w or ,levi4 ,:5 ,jesus1 on 8 la/ j\rney to ! fea/1 passes ?r\gh ,j]i*o1 a *ief among ! publicans1 nam$ ,zac*u1 t he might1 not)/&+ 8 %ort /ature1 get a sight ( ,jesus among ! cr[d1 climb$ a tree1 :]e ,jesus obs]v$ him1 & imm$iately held him wor?y to ent]ta9 ! ,messiah = ! night4 ,"h1 aga91 ! fav\r %[n to a publican excites ! discont5t ( ! m rigid spectators2 & :5 ,zac*u has made v[s ( atonem5t & b5efic5ce1 ,jesus aga9 ju/ifies himself1 on ! gr\nd t 8 (fice _h ref]5ce to s9n]s4 ,! :ole sc5e is v dramatic1 & ?is might be deem$ by "s an argum5t = its hi/orical "*2 b !re are c]ta9 int]nal ob/acles to its reception4 ,we are n l$ to inf] t ,jesus previ\sly knew ,zac*u1 or t "s "o po9t$ him out to ,jesus by "n2 #hgh b1 z ,ol%aus5 truly says1 ! k ( ,zac*u t ,jesus "h sudd5ly ev9c$1 is to be ref]r$ to 8 p[] ( disc]n+ :at 0 9 m5 )\t ! aid ( te/imony4 ,we h be=e decid$ t ?is p[] is a leg5d>y attribute2 h5ce ! above p>ticul>1 at lea/1 _c be hi/orical1 & ! n>rative is possibly a v>iation on ! same !me z t treat$ ( 9 connexion ) ! acc\nt ( ,mat!w's call1 namely1 ! fri5dly relation ( ,jesus to ! publicans4 #gc4 ,,! ,,twelve ,,apo/les4 ,! m5 ^: vocation we h be5 consid]+1 namely1 ! sons ( ,jonas & ,zeb$ee1 ) ,philip & ,mat!w 7,na?anael alone be+ except$7 =m ! half ( t n>r[ circle ( disciples :i* appe>s ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t "u ! "n ( ! twelve1 1 ! twelve disciples or apo/les1 or 4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s conc]n+ ! twelve1 is t ,jesus himself *ose !m 7,m>k iii4 #ac f42 ,luke vi4 #ac2 ,john vi4 #gj1 xv4 #af74 ,mat!w does n give u ! hi/ory ( ! *oice ( all ! twelve1 b he tacitly presupposes x by introduc+ !m z a college already in/itut$ 7x4 #a74 ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 n>rates h[1 aft] a night sp5t on ! m\nta9 9 vigils & pray]1 ,jesus select$ twelve f ! m ext5sive circle ( 8 adh]5ts1 & !n desc5d$ ) !m to ! pla91 to deliv] :at is call$ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7vi4 #ab74 ,m>k also tells u 9 ! same connexion1 t ,jesus :5 on a m\nta9 made a volunt>y *oice ( twelve f ! mass ( 8 disciples 7iii4 #ac74 ,accord+ to ,luke1 ,jesus *ose ! twelve imm$iately be=e he deliv]$ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & app>5tly ) ref]5ce to x2 b !re is no discov]able motive :i* c expla9 ?is mode ( associat+ ! two ev5ts1 = ! disc\rse 0 n specially address$ to ! apo/les1 #hgi nei!r _h !y any (fice to execute dur+ its deliv]y4 ,m>k's repres5tation1 ) ! exception ( ! vague tradition f :i* he sets out1 t ,jesus *ose ! twelve1 seems to h be5 wr\ght out ( 8 own imag9ation1 & furni%es no di/9ct notion ( ! occasion & mann] ( ! *oice4 #hhj ,mat!w has adopt$ ! be/ me?od 9 m]ely presuppos+1 )\t describ+1 ! p>ticul> vocation ( ! apo/les2 & ,john pursues ! same plan1 beg9n+ 7vi4 #fg7 to speak ( ! twelve1 )\t any previ\s notice ( _! appo9tm5t4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re=e1 x is m]ely presuppos$ 9 ! gospels1 t ,jesus himself fix$ ! numb] ( ! apo/les4 ,is ?is presupposition correct8 ,!re c]ta9ly is little d\bt t ?is numb] 0 fix$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ,jesus2 = n only does ! au?or ( ! ,acts repres5t ! twelve z s compact a body imm$iately aft] ! asc5sion ( _! ma/]1 t !y ?9k x incumb5t on !m to fill up ! brea* made by ! apo/asy ( ,judas by ! election ( a new memb] 7i4 #ae ff472 b ! ,apo/le ,paul also notices an appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,jesus1 specially to ! twelve 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #e74 ,s*lei]ma*]1 h[ev]1 d\bts :e!r ,jesus himself *ose ! twelve1 & he ?9ks x m probable t ! peculi> relation ultimately borne to him by twelve f among/ 8 disciples1 gradually & spontane\sly =m$ itself4 #hha ,we h1 inde$1 no w>rant = suppos+ t ! appo9tm5t ( ! twelve 0 a s+le solemn act2 on ! contr>y1 ! gospels explicitly n>rate1 t six ( !m 7 call$ s+ly1 or by pairs1 & on sep>ate occasions2 b x is /ill a "q :e!r ! numb] twelve 0 n det]m9$ by ,jesus1 & :e!r he did n will+ly abide by x z an exp$i5t = *eck+ ! multiplication ( 8 famili> companions4 ,! numb] is ! less likely to h be5 =tuit\s1 ! m significant x is1 & ! m evid5t ! inducem5ts to its *oice by ,jesus4 ,he himself1 9 promis+ ! disciples 7,matt4 xix4 #bh7 t !y %all sit on twelve ?rones1 judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel1 gives _! numb] a relation to t ( ! tribes ( 8 p2 & x 0 ! op9ion ( ! highe/ ,*ri/ian antiquity t ?is relation det]m9$ 8 *oice4 #hhb ,if he & 8 disciples 7 prim>ily s5t to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel 7,matt4 x4 #f1 xv4 #bd71 x might seem appropriate t ! numb] ( ! %eph]ds %\ld correspond to t ( ! %eph]dless tribes 7,matt4 ix4 #cf74 ,! de/9ation ( ! twelve is only g5]ally intimat$ 9 ,john 7xv4 #af72 9 ,m>k1 on ! contr>y1 x is p>ticul>ly1 & )\t d\bt accurately1 /at$4 ,he orda9$ twelve1 x is "h said1 t !y %\ld be ) him1 t is1 t he might n be )\t companion%ip1 aid1 & att5dance on 8 j\rneys2 & accord+ly we f9d !m helpful to him 9 procur+ lodg+s 7,luke ix4 #cb2 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ag f471 food 7,john iv4 #h71 & o!r travell+ requisites 7,matt4 xxi4 #a ff472 b above all !y 7 9 8 society to become scribes well in/ruct$ unto ! k+dom ( heav5 7,matt4 xiii4 #eb74 ,to ?is end !y _h ! opportunity ( be+ pres5t at mo/ ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 & ev5 ( obta9+ private elucidations ( _! mean+ 7,matt4 xiii4 #aj ff41 #cf ff472 ( purify+ _! m9ds by 8 sev]e b fri5dly discipl9e 7,matt4 viii4 #bf1 xvi4 #bc1 xviii4 #a ff4 #ba ff42 ,luke ix4 #ej1 #ee f42 ,john xiii4 #ab ff4 etc471 & ( elevat+ _! s\ls by ! contemplation ( 8 example 7,john xiv4 #ai74 ,ano!r motive ( ,jesus 9 *oos+ ! twelve1 01 accord+ to ,m>k1 t he might s5d !m =? to prea*1 t is1 to prea* ! k+dom ( heav5 dur+ 8 life1 accord+ to ! imm$iate mean+ ( ,m>k2 b ! promulgation ( 8 cause aft] 8 dea?1 mu/ be suppos$ z an additional object on ! "p ( ,jesus4 7,m>k proce$s to enum]ate ! p[]s ( heal+ & ( ca/+ out devils2 b on ^! po9ts we _c dilate until we rea* a future /age ( our inquiry47 ,x 0 ?is latt] de/9ation t won = !m ! di/+ui%$ "n ( apo/les1 7,matt4 x4 #b2 ,m>k vi4 #cj2 ,luke vii4 #ac1 etc474 ,x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r ,jesus himself conf]r$ ?is "n on ! twelve1 accord+ to ,luke vi4 #ac1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t x 0 n giv5 !m until lat]1 ex ev5tu4 #hhc ,b t ,jesus %\ld h call$ !m 8 envoys _c be improbable1 if he really s5t !m on a j\rney to ann\nce ! approa*+ k+dom ( ! ,messiah4 ,we grant t x is possible to reg>d ?is j\rney z an ev5t transpos$ f ! p]iod aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus to 8 lifetime1 9 ord] t a sort ( rehe>sal ( ! subsequ5t mission ( ! apo/les might pass "u ! eye ( ,jesus2 b z x is n improbable t ,jesus1 p]haps ev5 be=e he _h a full conviction ( 8 own ,messiah%ip1 s5t out mess5g]s to ann\nce ! ,messiah's k+dom1 we are n w>rant$ to urge su* a d\bt4 ,john kn[s no?+ ( ?is mission1 record$ by ! synopti/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are ignorant ( a circum/ance alleg$ by ,john1 namely1 t ! disciples baptiz$ dur+ ! life ( ,jesus 7iv4 #b74 ,accord+ to ! synoptical ,evangeli/s1 x 0 n until aft] ! resurrection1 t ,jesus gave 8 disciples au?ority to baptize 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai1 p>all474 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! rite ( baptism 0 introduc$ by ,john1 & we h reason to believe t ,jesus1 = a "t1 made t tea*] 8 model1 x is highly probable t he & 8 disciples also practis$ baptism1 & h5ce t ! positive /atem5t ( ! f\r? gospel is correct4 ,b ! negative /atem5t t ,jesus himself baptis$ n 7iv4 #b71 has ! appe>ance ( an aft]-?\ght1 int5d$ to correct ! import ( ! previ\s passages 7iii4 #bb1 iv4 #a71 & is mo/ probably to be acc\nt$ = by ! t5d5cy ( ! f\r? gospel to exalt ,jesus above ! ,bapti/1 & by a correspond+ dread ( mak+ ,jesus ex]cise ! function ( ! m]e =]unn]4 ,! "q :e!r ,jesus did n baptize at lea/ ! apo/les1 aft]w>ds occasion$ mu* demur 9 ! *ur*4 ,) ! exception ( ! mission m5tion$ above1 ! gospels speak ( no important sep>ation betwe5 ,jesus & 8 twelve disciples1 = !re is no?+ c]ta9 to be ga!r$ f ! resumption ( _! bus9ess aft] 8 dea? 7,john xxi4 #b ff474 ,no "o c\ld detect 9 our gospels any indications ( a repeat$ int]ruption to ! int]c\rse ( ,jesus ) 8 disciples1 b !ologians1 ^: h>moni/ic zeal wi%$ to f9d room = a second & ?ird vocation2 or expositors1 :o1 9 _! unwe>i$ application to details1 ca/ ab\t = a means ( subsi/5ce = s _m indig5t m51 & ?\ght x necess>y to suppose t !y 7 occasionally provid$ = by a return to _! secul> lab\rs4 ,z to ! subsi/5ce ( ,jesus & 8 disciples1 we h suffici5t s\rces = x 9 ! hospitality ( ! ,ea/1 :i*1 among ! ,jews1 0 especially available to ! rabb9s2 9 ! companion%ip ( ri* wom5 :o m9i/]$ unto him ( _! sub/ance 7,luke viii4 #b f472 & f9ally 9 ! 1 m5tion$1 x is true1 only by ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 7xii4 #f1 xiii4 #bi71 :i* 0 ample en\gh to furni% assi/ance to ! poor1 z well z to supply ! wants ( ! society1 & 9 :i*1 x is probable1 pres5ts f weal?y fri5ds ( ,jesus 7 deposit$4 ,!y :o d n hold ^! means adequate )\t ! lab\r ( ! disciples1 or :o ?9k1 on m g5]al gr\nds1 t ! total r5unciation ( _! secul> employm5t on ! "p ( ! twelve1 is improbable1 mu/ n try to =ce _! op9ion on ! ,evangeli/s1 :o by ! /ress :i* !y lay on ! expression ( ! apo/les1 we h left all 7,matt4 xix4 #bg ff471 pla9ly intimate ! opposite view4 ,we ga!r1 z to ! rank ( ! twelve disciples ( ,jesus1 t !y all belong$ to ! l[] class3 f\r1 or p]haps m 7,john xxi4 #b71 7 fi%]m51 "o a publican1 & = ! o!rs1 x is probable f ! degree ( cultivation !y ev9ce1 & ! pref]5ce always express$ by ,jesus = ! poor 1 & ! little ones1 7,matt4 v4 #c1 xi4 #e1 #be71 t !y 7 ( a simil> grade4 #gd4 ,,! ,,twelve ,,consid]$ ,,individually4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,or ,,f\r ,,mo/ ,,confid5tial ,,disciples ,,( ,,jesus4 ,we h 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t f\r catalogues ( ! apo/les2 "o 9 ea* ( ! synoptical gospels1 & "o 9 ! ,acts 7,matt4 x4 #b-d2 ,m>k iii4 #f-aj2 ,luke vi4 #ad-af2 ,acts i4 #ac74 ,ea* ( ^! f\r li/s may be divid$ into ?ree quat]nions2 9 ea* correspond+ quat]nion ! fir/ memb] is ! same2 & 9 ! la/1 ! conclud+ memb] also1 if we except ,acts i4 #ac1 :]e he is abs5t3 b ! int]m$iate memb]s are diff]5tly arrang$1 & 9 ! conclud+ quat]nions !re is a diff]5ce ( names or ( p]sons4 ,at ! head ( ! fir/ quat]nion 9 all ! catalogues1 & 9 ,mat!w ) ! prefix 7! fir/71 /&s ,simon ,pet]1 ! son ( ,jonas 7,matt4 xvi4 #ag72 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel1 ( ,be?saida 7i4 #de72 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 resid5t 9 ,cap]naum #hhd 7,matt4 viii4 #ad1 p>all474 ,we he> an e*o ( ! old polemical dispute1 :5 ,prote/ant expositors ascribe ?is position to m]e *ance1--an assumption :i* is oppos$ by ! fact t all f\r ( ! catalogues agree 9 giv+ ! prec$5ce to ,pet]1 ?\gh !y diff] 9 o!r po9ts ( arrangem5t2 or :5 ^? expositors allege1 9 explanation1 t ,pet] 0 fir/ call$1 #hhe :i*1 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel1 0 n ! case4 ,t ?is inv>iable priority is indicative ( a c]ta9 pre-em95ce ( ,pet] among ! twelve1 is evid5t f ! "p he plays else:]e 9 ! evangelical hi/ory4 ,ard5t by nature1 he is always be=eh& ) ! re/ ( ! apo/les1 :e!r 9 spee* 7,matt4 xv4 #ae1 xvi4 #af1 #bb1 xvii4 #d1 xviii4 #ba1 xxvi4 #cc2 ,john vi4 #fh71 or 9 action 7,matt4 xiv4 #bh1 xxvi4 #eh2 ,john xviii4 #af72 & if x is n seldom ! case t ! spee* & action are faulty1 & t 8 prompt c\rage quickly evaporates1 z 8 d5ial %[s1 yet he is1 accord+ to ! synoptical /atem5t1 ! fir/ :o expresses a decid$ conviction ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus 7,matt4 xvi4 #af1 p>all474 ,x is true t ( ! eulogies & pr]ogatives be/[$ on him on t occasion1 t :i* is impli$ 9 8 surname is ! only "o t rema9s peculi>ly 82 = ! au?ority to b9d & to loose1 t is1 to =bid & to p]mit1 #hhf 9 ! newly-f\nd$ ,messianic k+dom1 is soon aft] ext5d$ to all ! apo/les 7xviii4 #ah74 ,yet m decid$ly does ?is pre-em95ce ( ,pet] among ! orig9al apo/les appe> 9 ! ,acts1 & 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul4 ,next to ,pet]1 ! catalogue ( ! fir/ & ?ird gospels places 8 bro!r ,&rew2 t ( ! second gospel & ! ,acts1 ,james1 & aft] him1 ,john4 ,! fir/ & ?ird ,evangeli/s are evid5tly guid$ by ! propriety ( unit+ ! c\ples ( bre?r52 ,m>k & ! au?or ( ! ,acts1 by t ( pref]r+ ! two apo/les next 9 di/9ction to ,pet] to ! less conspicu\s ,&rew1 :om !y accord+ly put la/ 9 ! quat]nion4 ,we h already consid]$ ! mann] 9 :i* ^! f\r apo/les are signaliz$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian leg5d by a special hi/ory ( _! vocation4 ,!y appe> toge!r 9 o!r passages ( ,m>k2 fir/ 7i4 #bi71 :]e ,jesus1 9 company ) ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 ent]s ! h\se ( ,simon & ,&rew3 z1 h[ev]1 ! o!r ,evangeli/s only m5tion ,pet] on ?is occasion1 ,m>k may h add$ ! o!r names inf]5tially1 conclud+ t ! f\r fi%]m51 s rec5tly call$1 w\ld n be ap>t f ,jesus1 & t ,&rew _h a %>e 9 8 bro!r's h\se1 a ?+ 9 itself probable4 #hhg ,aga91 ,m>k xiii4 #c1 our f\r apo/les concur 9 ask+ ,jesus privately 7' 7 conc]n+ ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ! temple1 & ( 8 second adv5t4 ,b ! p>allel passages 9 ! o!r gospels d n ?us p>ticul>ize any ( ! disciples4 ,mat!w says1 ,! disciples came to him privately 7xxiv4 #c72 h5ce x is probable t ,m>k's limitation is an errone\s "o4 ,possibly ! words ' 1 be+ us$ 9 ! docum5t to :i* he ref]r$ to d5ote ! sep>ation ( ! twelve f ! multitude1 appe>$ to him1 f association1 an introductory =m1 ( :i* !re are o!r examples 7,matt4 xvii4 #a2 ,m>k ix4 #b71 to a private conf]5ce ( ,jesus ) ,pet]1 ,james & ,john1 to :om he might add ,&rew on acc\nt ( ! frat]nity4 ,luke1 on ! o!r h&1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! miracul\s draught ( fi%es1 & ! vocation ( ! fi%]m5 7v4 #aj71 omits ,&rew1 ?\gh he is includ$ 9 ! correspond+ n>ratives1 probably because he does n else:]e appe> z "o ( ! select apo/les2 = except on ! occasions already notic$1 he is only m5tion$ by ,john 7vi4 #i1 xii4 #bb71 & t 9 no v important connexion4 ,! two sons ( ,zeb$ee are ! only disciples ^: di/9ction rivals t ( ,pet]4 ,l him1 !y ev9ce an ard5t & some:at ra% zeal 7,luke ix4 #ed2 once ,john is nam$ alone1 ,m>k ix4 #ch2 ,luke ix4 #di72 & x 0 to ?is disposition1 app>5tly1 t !y ow$ ! surname ,sons ( ,?und]1 7,m>k iii4 #ag71 #hhh conf]r$ on !m by ,jesus4 ,s high did !y /& among ! twelve1 t ei!r !y 7,m>k xi4 #ce ff471 or _! "m = !m 7,matt4 xx4 #bj ff471 ?\ght !y might claim ! fir/ place 9 ! ,messiah's k+dom4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t n only 9 ! f\r catalogues1 b else:]e :5 ! two bro!rs are nam$1 z 9 ,matt4 iv4 #ba1 xvii4 #a2 ,m>k i4 #ai1 #bi1 v4 #cg1 ix4 #b1 x4 #ce1 xiii4 #c1 xiv4 #cc2 ,luke v4 #aj1 ix4 #ed2 ) ! exception ( ,luke viii4 #ea1 ix4 #bh2 ,james is always m5tion$ fir/1 & ,john is app5d$ to him z 8 bro!r 7 74 ,?is is surpris+2 because1 :ile we "k no?+ rem>kable ( ,james1 ,john is memorable z ! fav\rite disciple ( ,jesus4 ,h5ce x is suppos$ t ?is prec$5ce _c possibly d5ote a sup]iority ( ,james to ,john1 & an explanation has be5 s\ght 9 8 s5iority4 #hhi ,nev]!less1 x rema9s a d\bt :e!r s con/ant a prec$5ce d n intimate a pre-em95ce on ! "p ( ,james2 at lea/1 if1 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! synopti/s1 ,john _h be5 z decid$ly pref]r$ z he is repres5t$ to h be5 9 ! f\r? gospel1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t !y w\ld h nam$ him be=e 8 bro!r ,james1 ev5 all[+ him to be ! y\ng]4 ,?is leads u to a diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s & ! f\r? :i* requires a clos] exam9ation4 ,9 ! synoptical gospels1 z we h obs]v$1 ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 =m ! select circle ( disciples :om ,jesus admits to c]ta9 sc5es1 :i* ! re/ ( ! twelve 7 n spiritually mature en\gh to compreh5d2 z ! transfiguration1 ! conflict 9 ,ge?semane1 &1 accord+ to ,m>k 7v4 #cg71 ! rais+ ( ! daught] ( ,jairus4 #hij ,aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 also1 a ,james1 ,pet] & ,john appe> z ! pill>s ( ! *ur* 7,gal4 ii4 #i72 ?is ,james1 h[ev]1 is n ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 :o _h be5 e>ly put to dea? 7,acts xii4 #b71 b ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l 7,gal4 i4 #ai71 :o ev5 9 ! fir/ apo/olic c\ncil appe>s to h possess$ a pr$om9ant au?ority1 & :om _m hold to be ! second ,james ( ! apo/olic catalogue giv5 9 ,acts i44 #hia ,x is obs]vable f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,acts1 t ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee is eclips$ by ,pet] & ,john4 ,z1 !n1 ?is ,james ! eld] 0 n en\gh di/+ui%$ or ev5 kn[n 9 ! primitive *ur*1 = 8 e>ly m>tyrdom to h drawn mu* lu/re on 8 "n1 tradition _h no inducem5t1 f subsequ5t ev5ts1 to reflect an unhi/orical spl5d\r on 8 relation to ,jesus2 !re is !re=e no reason to d\bt ! /atem5t z to ! prom95t position held by ,james1 9 conjunction ) ,pet] & ,john1 among ! twelve apo/les4 ,s mu* ! m mu/ x excite surprise to f9d1 9 ! f\r? gospel ! triumvirate almo/ conv]t$ into a mon>*y3 ,james1 l ano!r ,lepidus1 is :olly ca/ out1 :ile ,pet] & ,john are 9 ! position ( ,antony & ,octavius1 ! latt] hav+ ne>ly /ripp$ 8 rival ( all pret5sions to an equal rank ) himself1 to say no?+ ( a high]4 ,james is n ev5 nam$ 9 ! f\r? gospel2 only 9 ! app5dix 7xxi4 #b7 is !re any m5tion ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee2 :ile sev]al n>ratives ( ! vocations ( diff]5t apo/les are giv51 app>5tly includ+ t ( ,john himself1 no ,james appe>s 9 !m1 nei!r is !re any spee* ( 81 z ( _m o!r apo/les1 ?r\gh\t ?is gospel4 ,q diff]5tly does ! f\r? ,evangeli/ treat ,pet]4 ,he makes him "o ( ! fir/ :o ent] ! society ( ,jesus1 & gives him a prom95t importance n less (t5 ?an ! synopti/s2 he does n conceal t ,jesus be/[$ on him an hon\rable surname 7i4 #db72 he puts 9 8 m\? 7vi4 #fh f47 a confession :i* seems b a new v]sion ( ! celebrat$ "o 9 ,matt4 xvi4 #af2 accord+ to him1 ,pet] once ?r[s himself into ! sea t he may m quickly rea* ,jesus 7xxi4 #g72 at ! la/ supp]1 & 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1 he makes ,pet] m active ?an ev5 ! synopti/s repres5t him 7xiii4 #f ff41 xviii4 #aj f472 he accords him ! hon\r ( foll[+ ,jesus into ! high prie/'s palace 7xviii4 #ae71 & ( be+ "o ( ! fir/ to visit ! grave ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection 7xx4 #c ff472 nay1 he ev5 details a special conv]sation betwe5 ! ris5 ,jesus & ,pet] 7xxi4 #ae ff474 ,b ^! advantages ( ,pet] are 9 ! f\r? gospel invalidat$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 & put into ! %ade1 9 fav\r ( ,john4 ,! synopti/s tell u t ,pet] & ,john 7 call$ to ! apo/le%ip 9 ! same way1 & ! =m] some:at be=e ! latt]2 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ pref]s associat+ ,&rew ) ! nameless disciple :o is tak5 = ,john1 & makes ,pet] come to him ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( 8 bro!r4 #hib ,he also admits ! hon\rable int]pretation ( ! surname ,pet]1 & ! panegyric on ,pet]'s confession2 b ?is he does 9 common ) ,m>k & ,luke1 :ile ! spee*es & ! action attribut$ 9 ! f\r? gospel to ,pet] dur+ ! la/ supp] & 9 ! g>d51 are to be class$ z only s _m mi/akes4 ,! m we approa* ! cata/rophe1 ! m m>k$ is ! subord9ation ( ,pet] to ,john4 ,at ! la/ supp]1 inde$1 ,pet] is p>ticul>ly anxi\s = ! discov]y ( ! traitor3 he _c1 h[ev]1 apply imm$iately to ,jesus 7xiii4 #bc ff471 b is oblig$ to make ,john1 :o 0 lean+ on ,jesus' bosom1 8 m$ium ( communication4 ,:ile1 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 ,pet] alone foll[$ ,jesus into ! palace ( ! high prie/2 accord+ to ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 ,john accompani$ him1 & "u su* circum/ances1 t )\t him ,pet] c\ld n h ent]$1--,john1 z "o kn[n to ! high prie/1 hav+ to obta9 admission = him 7xviii4 #ae f474 ,9 ! synoptical gospels1 n "o ( ! disciples is bold en\gh to v5ture to ! cross2 b 9 ! f\r?1 ,john is plac$ "u x1 & is !re e/abli%$ 9 a new relation to ! "m ( 8 dy+ ma/]3 a relation ( :i* we else:]e f9d no trace 7xix4 #bf f474 ,on ! appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,jesus at ! ,galilean sea 7xxi471 ,pet]1 z ! 1 ca/s himself into ! sea2 b x is n until aft] ,john1 z ! 7,eu?ymius71 has recogniz$ ! ,"l 9 ! p]son /&+ on ! %ore4 ,9 ! ensu+ conv]sation1 ,pet] is inde$ hon\r$ ) ! commission1 ,fe$ my %eep2 b ?is hon\r is ov]%ad[$ by ! dubitative "q1 ,love/ ?\ me8 & :ile ! prospect ( m>tyrdom is held up to him1 ,john is promis$ ! di/9ction ( t>ry+ till ,jesus came aga91 an advantage :i* ,pet] is w>n$ n to envy4 ,la/ly1 :ile1 accord+ to ,luke 7xxiv4 #ab71 ,pet]1 fir/ among ! apo/les1 & alone1 comes to ! vacant grave ( 8 ris5 ma/]1 ! f\r? gospel 7xx4 #c71 gives him a companion 9 ,john1 :o outruns ,pet] & arrives fir/ at ! grave4 ,pet] goes into ! grave be=e ,john1 x is true2 b x is ! latt] 9 ^: hon\r x is record$1 t he saw & believ$1 almo/ 9 contradiction to ! /atem5t ( ,luke1 t ,pet] w5t home wond]+ 9 himself at t :i* 0 come to pass4 ,?us 9 ! f\r? gospel1 ,john1 bo? lit]ally & figuratively1 outruns ,pet]1 = ! entire impression :i* ! att5tive read] mu/ receive f ! repres5tation !re giv5 ( ! relative position ( ,pet] & ,john1 is t ! writ] wi%$ a comp>ison to be drawn 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 #hic ,b ,john is moreov] especially di/+ui%$ 9 ! gospel :i* be>s 8 "n1 by ! con/ant epi!t1 ! belov$ disciple1 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 1 or 7xiii4 #bc1 xix4 #bf1 xx4 #b1 xxi4 #g1 #bj74 ,x is true t we h no absolute pro( f ! cont5ts ( ! f\r? gospel1 :e!r intr9sically or comp>atively consid]$1 t by ! above =mula1 or ! m indet]m9ate "o1 ! o!r 1 or ano!r disciple1 7x4 #ae f41 xx4 #c1 #d1 #h71 :i*1 z x appe>s f xx4 #b f41 is its equival5t1 we are to und]/& ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,= nei!r is ! designation 9 "q any:]e us$ int]*angeably ) ! "n ( ! apo/le1 nor is !re any?+ n>rat$ 9 ! f\r? gospel ( ! fav\rite disciple1 :i* 9 ! ?ree fir/ is ascrib$ to ,john4 ,because 9 xxi4 #b ! sons ( ,zeb$ee are nam$ among ! assi/ants1 x does n foll[ t ! disciple m5tion$ 9 v4 #g z ! "o :om ,jesus lov$ mu/ be ,john2 ,james1 or ! "o ( ! two o!r disciples m5tion$ 9 v4 #b1 might be meant4 ,nev]!less1 x is ! immemorial tradition ( ! *ur* t ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ 0 ,john1 nor are all reasons = su* a belief ext9ct ev5 to u2 = 9 ! ,greek circle f :i* ! f\r? gospel sprang1 !re c\ld sc>cely be among ! apo/les :om x leaves unnam$1 "o s well kn[n z to be recogniz$ "u t description unless x 7 ,john1 ^: resid5ce at ,ephesus is h>dly to be reject$ z a m]e fable4 ,x may appe> m d\btful :e!r ! au?or int5d$ by ?is title to designate himself1 & ?us to ann\nce himself z ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,! conclusion ( ! tw5ty-fir/ *apt]1 v4 #bd1 does c]ta9ly make ! fav\rite disciple ! te/ifi] & writ] ( ! prec$+ hi/ory2 b we may assume x z grant$ t ?is passage is an addition by a /range h&4 #hid ,:51 h[ev]1 9 ! g5u9e text ( ! gospel 7xix4 #ce71 ! writ] says ( ! effect produc$ by ! pi]c+ ( ! side ( ,jesus1 he t saw b>e record1 1 no o!r ?an ! fav\rite disciple c be int5d$1 because he alone among all ! disciples 7! only p>ties eligible z witnesses 9 ! case71 is suppos$ to be pres5t at ! cross4 ,! probability t ! au?or "h speaks ( himself is n at all affect$ by 8 use ( ! ?ird p]son2 b ! pret]ite annex$ to x may well excite a d\bt :e!r an appeal be n "h made to ! te/imony ( ,john1 z "o di/9ct f ! writ]4 #hie ,?is mode ( expression1 h[ev]1 may be expla9$ also 9 accordance ) ! o!r supposition1 #hif :i* is support$ by ! circum/ance t ! au?or 9 i4 #ad1 #af1 seems to ann\nce himself z ! eye-witness ( ! hi/ory he n>rates4 ,0 t au?or1 !n1 really ! ,apo/le ,john1 z he app>5tly wi%es u to surmise8 ,?is is ano!r "q on :i* we c only pron\nce :5 we %all h complet$ our inve/igation4 ,we w m]ely allude to ! difficulty ( suppos+ t ! ,apo/le ,john c\ld give s unhi/orical a sket* ( ! ,bapti/ z t 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,b we ask1 is x at all probable t ! real ,john w\ld s unbecom+ly neglect ! well-f\nd$ claims ( 8 bro!r ,james to a special notice8 & is n su* an omission r indicative ( a late ,hell5i/ic au?or1 :o sc>cely _h he>d ! "n ( ! bro!r s e>ly m>tyr$8 ,! designation1 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 :i* 9 xxi4 #bj has ! prolix addition1 :o also lean$ on 8 brea/ at supp]1 & said1 ,"l :i* is he t betraye? !e8 is n to be consid]$ z an (f5ce aga9/ mode/y4 #hig ,x is c]ta9ly f> too lab\r$ & embelli%$ = "o :o1 )\t any ult]ior view1 wi%es to indicate himself1 = su* an "o w\ld1 at lea/ sometimes1 h simply employ$ 8 "n3 b a v5]ator ( ,john1 issu+ p]haps f "o ( 8 s*ools1 might v naturally be induc$ to designate ! rev]$ apo/le1 "u ^: "n he wi%$ to write1 9 ?is half hon\rable1 half my/]i\s mann]4 #hih #ge4 ,,! ,,re/ ,,( ,,! ,,twelve1 ,,& ,,! ,,sev5ty ,,disciples4 ,! second quat]nion 9 all ! f\r catalogues beg9s ) ,philip4 ,! ?ree fir/ gospels "k no?+ m ( him ?an 8 "n4 ,! f\r? alone gives 8 bir?-place1 ,be?saida1 & n>rates 8 vocation 7i4 #dd f472 9 ?is gospel he is m ?an once an int]locutor1 b 8 obs]vations are f\nd$ on mi/akes 7vi4 #g1 xiv4 #h72 & he p]haps appe>s ) mo/ dignity1 :5 ! 1 :o wi% to see ,jesus1 apply imm$iately to him 7xii4 #ba74 ,! next 9 ! evangelical li/s is ,b>?olomew2 a "n :i* is n[h]e f\nd out ( ! catalogues4 ,9 ! synoptical gospels ,b>?olomew is c\pl$ ) ,philip2 9 ! hi/ory ( ! vocations giv5 by ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 7i4 #df71 ,na?anael appe>s 9 company ) ! latt] & 7xxi4 #b7 is aga9 pres5t$ 9 ! society ( ! apo/les4 ,na?anael1 h[ev]1 f9ds no place among ! twelve1 unless he be id5tical ) "o o!rwise nam$ by ! synopti/s4 ,if s1 x is ?\ght t ,b>?olomew is ! mo/ easily adapt$ to su* an alias1 z ! ?ree fir/ gospels c\ple him ) ,philip1 j z ! f\r?1 :i* has no ,b>?olomew1 does ,na?anael2 to :i* x may be add$ t is a m]e patronymic1 :i* mu/ h be5 accompani$ by a prop] "n1 su* z ,na?anael4 #hii ,b we h no adequate gr\nd = su* an id5tification1 s9ce ! juxtaposition ( ,b>?olomew & ,philip is %[n to be accid5tal1 by our f9d+ ! =m] 7,acts i4 #ac71 z well z ! latt] 7,john xxi4 #b71 l9k$ ) diff]5t names2 ! abs5ce ( ,b>?olomew f ! f\r? gospel is n peculi> to him among ! twelve2 f9ally1 second names z surnames 7 add$ to prop] z well z to patronymic names1 z ,simon ,pet]1 ,joseph ,caiaphas1 ,john ,m>k1 & ! l2 s t any o!r apo/le n nam$ by ,john might be equally well id5tifi$ ) ,na?anael1 & h5ce ! suppos$ relation betwe5 ! two appellations is altoge!r unc]ta94 ,9 ! catalogue giv5 9 ! ,acts1 ,philip is foll[$1 n by ,b>?olomew1 b by ,?omas1 :o 9 ! li/ ( ! fir/ gospel comes aft] ,b>?olomew1 9 t ( ! o!rs1 aft] ,mat!w4 ,?omas1 9 ,greek 1 appe>s 9 ! f\r? gospel1 on "o occasion1 9 ! guise ( m\rnful fidelity 7xi4 #af72 on ano!r1 9 ! m not$ "o ( incr$ulity 7xx4 #bd ff472 & once aga9 9 ! app5dix 7xxi4 #b74 ,mat!w1 ! next 9 ! s]ies1 is f\nd n[h]e else except 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 vocation4 ,! ?ird quat]nion is uni=mly op5$ by ,james ! son ( ,alpheus1 ( :om we h already spok54 ,aft] him comes 9 bo? ,luke's li/s1 ,simon1 :om he calls ,zelotes1 or ! zealot1 b :om ,mat!w & ,m>k 79 ^: catalogues he is plac$ "o degree l[]7 di/+ui% z ! ,cannanite 7f 1 to be zeal\s74 ,?is surname seems to m>k him z a =m] adh]5t ( ! ,jewi% sect ( zealots = religion1 #ijj a p>ty :i*1 x is true1 did n atta9 consi/5ce until ! late/ p]iod ( ! ,jewi% /ate1 b :i* 0 already 9 ! process ( =mation4 ,9 all ! li/s t reta9 ! "n ( ,judas ,isc>iot1 he occupies ! la/ place1 b ( him we mu/ n speak until we ent] on ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion4 ,luke1 9 8 fill+ up ( ! rema9+ places ( ?is quat]nion1 diff]s f ! two o!r ,evangeli/s1 & p]haps ^! also diff] f ea* o!r2 ,luke has a second ,judas1 :om he /yles ! bro!r ( ,james2 ,mat!w1 ,lebbeus2 & ,m>k1 ,?addeus4 ,x is true t we n[ commonly read 9 ,mat!w1 ,lebbeus1 ^: surname 0 ,?addeus2 b ! vacillation 9 ! e>ly read+s seems to betray ^! words to be a lat] addition int5d$ to reconcile ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s2 #ija an attempt :i* o!rs h made by po9t+ out a simil>ity ( mean+ betwe5 ! two names1 ?\gh su* a simil>ity does n exi/4 #ijb ,b all[+ validity to "o or o!r ( ^! h>moniz+ ef=ts1 !re yet rema9s a discrepancy betwe5 ,mat!w & ,m>k ) _! ,lebbeus-,?addeus1 & ,luke ) 8 ,judas1 ! bro!r ( ,james4 ,s*lei]ma*] ju/ly disapproves ! exp$i5ts1 almo/ all ( !m con/ra9$ & unnatural1 :i* h be5 resort$ to = ! sake ( prov+ t "h also1 we h b "o p]son "u two diff]5t names4 ,he seeks to expla9 ! div]g5cy1 by suppos+1 t dur+ ! lifetime ( ,jesus1 "o ( ! two m5 di$ or left ! circle ( ! apo/les1 & ! o!r took 8 place2 s t "o li/ gives ! e>li]1 ! o!r ! lat] memb]4 #ijc ,b x is sc>cely possible to admit t any "o ( our catalogues 0 drawn up dur+ ! life ( ,jesus2 & aft] t p]iod1 no writ] w\ld ?9k ( includ+ a memb] :o _h previ\sly retir$ f ! college ( apo/les2 ^? only w\ld be enum]at$ :o 7 ultimately atta*$ to ,jesus4 ,x is ! mo/ reasonable to all[ t !re is a discrepancy betwe5 ! li/s1 s9ce x is easy to acc\nt = x by ! probability t :ile ! numb] ( ! apo/les1 & ! names ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ among !m1 7 well kn[n1 v>y+ traditions suppli$ ! place ( m positive data conc]n+ ! less conspicu\s4 ,luke makes u acqua9t$ ) a circle ( disciples1 int]m$iate to ! twelve & ! mass ( ! p>tisans ( ,jesus4 ,he tells u 7x4 #a ff47 t besides ! twelve1 ,jesus *ose o!r sev5ty also1 & s5t !m two & two be=e him into all ! di/ricts :i* he int5d$ to visit on 8 la/ j\rney1 t !y might proclaim ! approa* ( ! k+dom ( heav54 ,z ! o!r ,evangeli/s h no allusion to ?is ev5t1 ! mo/ rec5t critics h n hesitat$ to make _! sil5ce on ?is head a reproa* to !m1 p>ticul>ly to ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 9 8 suppos$ "* ( apo/le4 #ijd ,b ! disfav\r t[>ds ,mat!w on ?is score ought to be mod]at$ by ! consid]ation1 t nei!r 9 ! o!r gospels1 nor 9 ! ,acts1 nor 9 any apo/olic epi/le1 is !re any trace ( ! sev5ty disciples1 :o c\ld sc>cely h pass$ ?us unnotic$1 _h _! mission be5 z fruitful 9 consequ5ces1 z x is commonly suppos$4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t ! importance ( ?is appo9tm5t lay 9 its significance1 r ?an 9 its effects4 ,z ! numb] ( ! twelve apo/les1 by its relation to t ( ! tribes ( ,israel1 %ad[$ =? ! de/9ation ( ,jesus = ! ,jewi% p2 s ! sev5ty1 or z "s au?orities h x1 ! sev5ty-two disciples1 7 repres5tatives ( ! sev5ty or sev5ty-two peoples1 ) z _m diff]5t tongues1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% & e>ly ,*ri/ian view1 =m$ ! sum ( ! e>?'s inhabitants1 #ije & h5ce !y d5ot$ ! univ]sal de/9ation ( ,jesus & 8 k+dom4 #ijf ,moreov]1 sev5ty 0 a sacr$ numb] ) ! ,jewi% nation2 ,moses deput$ sev5ty eld]s 7,num4 xi4 #af1 #be72 ! ,sanh$rim _h sev5ty memb]s2 #ijg ! ,old ,te/am5t1 sev5ty translators4 ,_h ,jesus1 !n1 "u ! press+ circum/ances t m>k 8 public c>e]1 no?+ m important to d ?an to ca/ ab\t = significant numb]s1 & to surr\nd himself ) inn] & out] circles ( disciples1 regulat$ by ^! my/ic measures8 or r1 is n ?is con/ant pref]5ce = sacr$ numb]s1 ?is assidu\s developm5t ( an idea to :i* ! numb] ( ! apo/les furni%$ ! sugge/ion1 :olly 9 ! _s ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d8 ,?is1 suppos+ x imbu$ ) ,jewi% prepossessions1 w\ld inf]1 t z ,jesus _h respect to ! twelve tribes 9 fix+ ! numb] ( 8 apo/les1 he w\ld ext5d ! p>allel by appo9t+ sev5ty subord9ate disciples1 correspond+ to ! sev5ty eld]s2 or1 suppos+ ! leg5d animat$ by ! m univ]sal s5tim5ts ( ,paul1 x c\ld n escape ! p]suasion t to ! symbol ( ! relation ( 8 (fice to ! ,israeliti% p1 ,jesus w\ld annex ano!r1 significative ( its de/9ation = all ! k9dr$s ( ! e>?4 ,h[ev] agreeable ?is class ( sev5ty disciples may h always be5 to ! *ur*1 z a s]ies ( ni*es = ! reception ( m5 :o1 )\t belong+ to ! twelve1 7 yet ( importance to h]1 z ,m>k1 ,luke & ,mat!w2 we are compell$ to pron\nce ! decision ( our mo/ rec5t critic precipitate1 & to admit t ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 by its acceptance ( su* a n>rative1 de/itute z x is ( all hi/orical confirmation1 & ( any o!r app>5t s\rce ?an dogmatical int]e/s1 is plac$ 9 disadvantage\s comp>ison ) t ( ,mat!w4 ,we ga!r1 inde$1 f ,acts i4 #ba f4 t ,jesus _h m ?an ! twelve z 8 con/ant companions2 b t ^! =m$ a body ( exactly sev5ty1 or t t numb] 0 select$ f !m1 does n seem adequately w>rant$ #ijh4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,disc\rses ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,?ree ,,fir/ ,,gospels4 #iji #gf4 ,,! ,,s]mon ,,on ,,! ,,m\nt4 ,9 review+ ! public life ( ,jesus1 we may sep>ate f ! ev5ts ^? disc\rses :i* 7 n m]ely incid5tal1 b :i* /& indep5d5t & entire4 ,?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is n precise1 = _m disc\rses1 ow+ to ! occurr5ces t sugge/$ !m1 may be class$ z ev5ts2 & _m ev5ts1 f ! explanations annex$ to !m1 seem to range !mselves ) ! disc\rses4 ,! disc\rses ( ,jesus giv5 9 ! synoptical gospels1 & ^? attribut$ to him 9 ! f\r?1 diff] widely bo? 9 =m & matt]1 hav+ only a few isolat$ s5t5ces 9 common3 !y mu/1 !re=e1 be subject$ to a sep>ate exam9ation4 ,aga91 !re is a dissimilitude betwe5 ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s3 ,mat!w affects long disc\rses1 & collects into "o mass a numb] ( say+s1 :i* 9 ,luke are di/ribut$ among v>i\s places & occasions2 ea* ( ^! two ,evangeli/s has also "s disc\rses peculi> to himself4 ,9 ,m>k1 ! elem5t ( disc\rses exi/s 9 a v small proportion4 ,our purpose w1 !re=e1 be be/ answ]$1 if we make ,mat!w's compreh5sive disc\rses our />t+ po9t2 asc]ta9 all ! correspond+ ones 9 ! o!r gospels2 inquire :i* among/ !m has ! be/ arrangem5t & repres5tation ( ^! disc\rses2 &1 f9ally1 endeav\r to =m a judgm5t z to h[ f> !y really proce$$ f ! lips ( ,jesus4 ,! fir/ long disc\rse 9 ,mat!w is t kn[n z ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7v4-vii474 ,! ,evangeli/1 hav+ record$ ! return ( ,jesus aft] 8 baptism into ,galilee1 & ! call+ ( ! fi%]m51 in=ms u1 t ,jesus w5t ?r\gh all ,galilee1 tea*+ & heal+2 t great multitudes foll[$ him f all p>ts ( ,pale/9e2 & t = _! in/ruction he asc5d$ a m\nta91 & deliv]$ ! s]mon 9 "q 7iv4 #bc ff474 ,we seek 9 va9 = its p>allel 9 ,m>k1 b ,luke 7vi4 #bj-di7 gives a disc\rse :i* has ! same introduction & conclusion1 & pres5ts 9 its :ole t5or ! mo/ /rik+ simil>ity ) t ( ,mat!w2 moreov]1 9 bo? cases1 ,jesus1 at ! t]m9ation ( 8 disc\rse1 goes to ,cap]naum1 & heals ! c5turion's s]vant4 ,x is true t ,luke gives a lat] ins]tion to ! disc\rse1 = previ\s to x he n>rates _m j\rney+s & cures ( ,jesus1 :i* ,mat!w places aft] x2 & :ile ! latt] repres5ts ,jesus z asc5d+ a m\nta91 & be+ seat$ !re dur+ deliv]y ( 8 disc\rse1 ,luke says1 almo/ 9 contradiction to him1 t ,jesus came d[n & /ood 9 ! pla94 ,fur!r1 ! s]mon 9 ,luke conta9s b a f\r? "p ( t 9 ,mat!w1 :ile x has "s elem5ts peculi>ly its own4 ,to avoid ! unpleasant admission t "o ( two inspir$ ,evangeli/s mu/ be 9 error1--:i* is inevitable if 9 relation to ! same disc\rse "o ( !m makes ,jesus deliv] x on ! m\nta91 ! o!r 9 ! pla92 ! "o sitt+1 ! o!r /&+2 ! "o e>li]1 ! o!r lat]2 if ei!r ! "o has made important omissions1 or ! o!r z important additions2--! anci5t h>moni/s pron\nc$ ^! disc\rses to be di/9ct1 #iaj on ! plea t ,jesus mu/ frequ5tly h treat$ ( ! ess5tial po9ts ( 8 doctr9e1 & may !re=e h repeat$ ^w = ^w c]ta9 impressive enunciations4 ,?is may be positively d5i$ ) respect to long disc\rses1 & ev5 concise maxims w always be reproduc$ 9 a new guise & connexion by a gift$ & inv5tive tea*]2 to say ! lea/1 x is impossible t any b a v b>r5 m9d %\ld repeat ! same =mal exordium1 & ! same conclud+ illu/ration1 on sep>ate occasions4 ,! id5tity ( ! disc\rses be+ e/abli%$1 ! fir/ ef=t 0 to conciliate or to expla9 ! div]g5cies betwe5 ! two acc\nts s z to leave _! cr$ibility unimpea*$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! diff]5t designation ( ! locality1 ,paulus insi/s on ! ( ,luke1 :i* he int]prets to imply t ,jesus /ood ov] ! pla91 & !re=e on a hill4 ,?oluck1 m happily1 di/+ui%es ! level space1 1 f ! pla9 prop]ly s call$1 & reg>ds x z a less abrupt "p ( ! m\nta94 ,b z "o ,evangeli/ makes ,jesus asc5d ! m\nta9 to deliv] 8 disc\rse1 :ile ! o!r makes him desc5d = ! same purpose1 ^! conciliators ought to admit1 ) ,ol%aus51 t if ,jesus taught 9 ! pla91 accord+ to ,luke1 ,mat!w has ov]look$ ! desc5t t prec$$ ! disc\rse2 or if1 z ,mat!w says1 ,jesus taught seat$ on ! m\nta91 ,luke has =gott5 to m5tion t aft] he _h desc5d$1 ! pressure ( ! cr[d induc$ him to reasc5d be=e he comm5c$ 8 h>angue4 ,& )\t d\bt ea* 0 ignorant ( :at he omits1 b ea* knew t tradition associat$ ?is disc\rse ) a soj\rn ( ,jesus on a m\nta94 ,mat!w ?\ght ! m\nta9 a conv5i5t elevation = "o address+ a multitude2 ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 imag9$ a desc5t necess>y = ! purpose3 h5ce ! d\ble discrepancy1 = he :o tea*es f a m\nta9 is suffici5tly elevat$ ov] 8 he>]s to sit1 b he :o tea*es 9 a pla9 w naturally /&4 ,! *ronological div]g5cies1 z well z ! local1 mu/ be admitt$1 if we w\ld ab/a9 f fruitless ef=ts at conciliation4 #iaa ,! diff]5ce z to ! l5g? & cont5ts ( ! disc\rse is susceptible ( ?ree explanations3 ei!r ! concise record ( ,luke is a m]e extract f ! entire disc\rse :i* ,mat!w gives )\t abridgm5t2 or ,mat!w has incorporat$ _m say+s belong+ prop]ly to o!r occasions2 or1 la/ly1 bo? ^! causes ( v>iety h concurr$4 ,he :o1 ) ,?oluck1 wi%es to pres]ve intact ! fides div9a1 or ) ,paulus1 ! fides humana ( ! ,evangeli/s1 w pref] ! fir/ supposition1 because to )hold ! true is m innoc5t ?an to add ! false4 ,! above !ologians hold t ! tra9 ( ?\ght 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 z giv5 by ,mat!w1 is closely consecutive1 & t ?is is a pro( ( its orig9al unity4 ,b any compil] n totally devoid ( ability1 c give a tol]able appe>ance ( connect$ness to say+s :i* did n orig9ally belong to ea* o!r2 & ev5 ^! comm5tators are oblig$ to admit #iab t ! alleg$ consecutiv5ess ext5ds ov] no m ?an half ! s]mon1 = f vi4 #ai x is a /r+ ( m or less isolat$ s5t5ces1 "s ( !m v unlikely to h be5 utt]$ on ! occasion4 ,m rec5t criticism has !re=e decid$ t ! %ort] acc\nt ( ,luke pres5ts ! disc\rse ( ,jesus 9 its orig9al =m1 & t ,mat!w has tak5 ! lic5ce ( incorporat+ ) ?is mu* t 0 utt]$ by ,jesus at v>i\s times1 s z to reta9 ! g5]al sket*--! exordium1 p]oration1 & ess5tial tra9 ( ?\ght2 :ile betwe5 ^! comp>tm5ts he ins]t$ _m say+s m or less analog\s borr[$ f else:]e4 #iac ,?is view is especially support$ by ! fact t _m ( ! s5t5ces1 :i* 9 ,mat!w make "p ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 are 9 ,m>k & ,luke disp]s$ ?r\gh a v>iety ( sc5es4 ,compell$ to grant ?is1 yet e>ne/ly solicit\s to av]t f ! ,evangeli/ an imputation t might invalidate 8 claim to be consid]$ an eye-witness1 o!r !ologians ma9ta9 t ,mat!w did n compile ! disc\rse "u ! idea t x 0 actually spok5 on a s+le occasion1 b ) ! cle>e/ k t su* 0 n ! case4 #iad ,x is ) ju/ice rem>k$ 9 opposition to ?is1 t :5 ,mat!w repres5ts ,jesus z asc5d+ ! m\nta9 be=e he beg9s 8 disc\rse1 & desc5d+ aft] its close1 he obvi\sly makes ^! two incid5ts ! limits ( a s+le address2 & t :5 he speaks ( ! impression :i* ! disc\rse produc$ on ! multitude1 ^: pres5ce he /ates z ! inducem5t to its deliv]y1 he c\ld n b int5d to convey ! idea ( a cont9u\s h>angue4 #iae ,z to ,luke's edition ( ! s]mon1 !re are p>ts 9 :i* ! int]rupt$ connexion betrays defici5cies1 & !re are additions :i* d n look g5u9e2 #iaf x is also d\btful :e!r he assigns a m appropriate connexion to ! passages 9 ! position ( :i* he diff]s f ,mat!w2 #iag & h5ce1 z we %all soon see m fully1 he has 9 ?is in/ance no advantage ov] 8 pr$ecessor4 ,! assemblage to :om ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 0 address$1 might f ,luke's acc\nt be suppos$ a n>r[ circle1 = he /ates t ! *oice ( ! apo/les imm$iately prec$$ ! disc\rse1 & t at its comm5cem5t ,jesus lift$ up 8 eyes on 8 disciples1 & he does n1 l ,mat!w1 note ! multitude1 1 z "p ( ! audi5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mat!w also m5tions t be=e ! s]mon ! disciples ga!r$ r\nd ,jesus & 7 taught by him2 & ,luke repres5ts ! disc\rse z be+ deliv]$ 9 ! audi5ce ( ! p 7vii4 #a72 x is !re=e evid5t t ,jesus spoke to ! cr[d 9 g5]al1 b ) a p>ticul> view to ! edification ( 8 disciples4 #iah ,we h no reason to d\bt t a real h>angue ( ,jesus1 m ?an ord9>ily solemn & public1 0 ! f\ndation ( ! evangelical acc\nts be=e u4 ,let u n[ proce$ to an exam9ation ( p>ticul>s4 ,9 bo? editions1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is op5$ by a s]ies ( beatitudes2 9 ,luke1 h[ev]1 n only are sev]al want+ :i* we f9d 9 ,mat!w1 b mo/ ( ^? common to bo? are 9 ! =m] tak5 9 ano!r s5se ?an 9 ! latt]4 #iai ,! poor1 1 are n specifi$ z 9 ,mat!w by ! addition1 9 _s1 2 !y are !re=e n ^? :o h a deep consci\sness ( inw>d pov]ty & mis]y1 b ! lit]ally poor2 nei!r is ! hung] ( ! 7hung]+7 ref]r$ to 7righte\sness72 x is !re=e n spiritual hung]1 b bodily2 moreov]1 ! adv]b 1 n[1 def9itely m>ks out ^? :o hung] & ^? :o weep1 ! & 4 ,?us 9 ,luke ! anti!sis is n1 z 9 ,mat!w1 betwe5 ! pres5t sorr[s ( pi\s s\ls1 ^: pure desires are yet unsatisfi$1 & _! satisfaction ab\t to come2 b betwe5 pres5t suff]+ & future well-be+ 9 g5]al4 #ibj ,?is mode ( contra/+ ! & ! 1 ! pres5t age & ! future1 is else:]e obs]vable 9 ,luke1 especially 9 ! p>able ( ! ri* man2 & )\t "h inquir+ :i* ( ! two repres5tations is probably ! orig9al1 ,i %all m]ely rem>k1 t ?is ( ,luke is conceiv$ entirely 9 ! _s ( ! ,ebionites1--a _s :i* has ( late be5 suppos$ disc]nible 9 ,mat!w4 ,x is a capital pr9ciple ) ! ,ebionites1 z !y are depict$ 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 t he :o has 8 portion 9 ! pres5t age1 w be de/itute 9 ! age to come2 :ile he :o r5\nces e>?ly possessions1 !reby accumulates heav5ly treasures4 #iba ,! la/ beatitude relates to ^? :o are p]secut$ = ! sake ( ,jesus4 ,luke 9 ! p>allel passage has1 = ! ,son ( man's sake2 h5ce ! words = my sake 9 ,mat!w1 mu/ be und]/ood to ref] to ,jesus solely 9 8 "* ( ,messiah4 #ibb ,! beatitudes are foll[$ 9 ,luke by z _m woes 1 :i* are want+ 9 ,mat!w4 ,9 ^! ! opposition e/abli%$ by ! ,ebionites betwe5 ?is _w & ! o!r1 is yet m /rongly m>k$2 = woe is d5\nc$ on ! ri*1 ! full1 & ! joy\s1 simply z su*1 & !y are ?reat5$ ) ! evils correspond+ to _! pres5t advantages1 "u ! new ord] ( ?+s to be introduc$ by ! ,messiah2 a view t rem9ds u ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james1 v4 #a ff4 ,! la/ woe is some:at /iffly =m$ aft] ! model ( ! la/ beatitude1 = x is evid5tly = ! sake ( ! contra/ to ! true prophets1 s mu* calumniat$1 t ! false prophets are said1 )\t any hi/orical f\ndation1 to h be5 spok5 well ( by all m54 ,we may !re=e conjecture1 ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 #ibc t we are indebt$ = ^! mal$ictions to ! inv5tive f]tility ( ! au?or ( ! ?ird gospel4 ,he add$ ?is supplem5t to ! beatitudes1 less because1 z ,s*lei]ma*] supposes1 he p]ceiv$ a *asm1 :i* he knew n h[ to fill1 ?an because he judg$ x consi/5t ) ! "* ( ! ,messiah1 t1 l ,moses ( old1 he %\ld c\ple curses ) bless+s4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is reg>d$ z ! c\nt]p>t ( ! law1 deliv]$ on ,m\nt ,s9ai2 b ! introduction1 especially 9 ,luke1 rem9ds u m ( a passage 9 ,deut]onomy1 9 :i* ,moses comm&s t on ! entrance ( ! ,israeliti% p into ! promis$ l&1 "o half ( !m %all take _! /& on ,m\nt ,g]izim1 & pron\nce a manifold bless+ on ! obs]v]s ( ! law1 ! o!r half on ,m\nt ,ebal1 :5ce !y 7 to fulm9ate z manifold a curse on its transgressors4 ,we read 9 ,jo%4 viii4 #cc ff4 t ?is injunction 0 fulfill$4 #ibd ,) ! beatitudes1 ,mat!w suitably connects ! repres5tation ( ! disciples z ! salt ( ! e>?1 & ! light ( ! _w 7v4 #ac ff474 ,9 ,luke1 ! disc\rse on ! salt is1 ) a r diff]5t op5+1 introduc$ 9 ano!r place 7xiv4 #cd f471 :]e ,jesus admoni%es 8 he>]s to pond] ! sacrifices t mu/ be made by ^? :o w\ld foll[ him1 & r to ab/a9 f ! pr(ession ( disciple%ip ?an to ma9ta9 x di%on\rably2 & to ?is succe$s aptly en\gh ! comp>ison ( su* deg5]ate disciples to salt t has lo/ its sav\r4 ,?us ! dictum accords ) ei!r context1 & f its aphori/ical concis5ess w\ld be likely to recur1 s t x may h be5 really spok5 9 bo? disc\rses4 ,on ! contr>y1 x _c h be5 spok5 9 ! sequ5ce 9 :i* x is plac$ by ,m>k 7ix4 #ej73 = ! idea t e "o %all be salt$ ) fire 79 allusion to hell71 has no int]nal connexion ) ! comp>ison ( ! true disciples ( ,jesus to salt1 d5ot+ _! sup]iority3 ! connexion is m]ely ext]nal1 result+ f ! v]bal aff9ity ( & 1--x is ! connexion ( ! diction>y4 #ibe ,! alt]$ sequel :i* ,m>k gives to ! apo!gm 7h salt 9 y\rselves1 & be at peace ) "o ano!r7 might c]ta9ly be unit$ to x )\t incongruity1 b x w\ld accord equally well ) q a diff]5t tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,! apo!gm on ! light :i* is n to be hidd51 z ! salt is n to be )\t sav\r1 is also want+ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt z giv5 by ,luke2 :o1 h[ev]1 omitt+ ! special application to ! disciples1 has sub/antially ! same doctr9e 9 two diff]5t places4 ,we f9d x fir/ 7viii4 #af7 imm$iately aft] ! int]pretation ( ! p>able ( ! s[]1 :]e x also occurs 9 ,m>k 7iv4 #ba71 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is no incoh]5ce 9 associat+ ! %9+ ( ! light ) ! fructification ( ! se$2 /ill1 a judici\s tea*] w pause on ! int]pretation ( a p>able1 & w n di/urb its effect by a ha/y transition to new images4 ,at any rate !re is no intr9sic connexion betwe5 ! %9+ ( ! inw>d light1 & ! decl>ation app5d$ to x by ,luke1 t all secrets %all be made manife/4 ,we h "h a case :i* is ( frequ5t recurr5ce ) ?is ,evangeli/2 t1 namely1 ( a v>iety ( isolat$ say+s be+ ?r[n confus$ly toge!r betwe5 two indep5d5t disc\rses or n>ratives4 ,?us betwe5 ! p>able ( ! s[] & ! n>rative ( ! visit paid to ,jesus by 8 "m & bre?r51 ! apo!gm on ! light is ins]t$ on acc\nt ( its int]nal analogy ) ! p>able2 !n1 because 9 ?is apo!gm !re occurs ! opposition betwe5 concealm5t & manife/ation1 x sugge/$ to ! writ] ! o!rwise het]og5e\s disc\rse on ! revelation ( all secrets2 :]eupon is add$1 q irrelevantly to ! context1 b ) "s relation to ! p>able1 ! decl>ation1 ,:osoev] ha?1 to him %all be giv54 ,9 ! second passage on ! manife/ation ( ! light 7xi4 #cc71 ! subject has absolutely no connexion1 unless we int]polate "o #ibf ) t ( ! context1 :i* turns on ! condemnation ( ! cotempor>ies ( ,jesus by ! ,n9evites4 ,! fact is1 t "h aga91 betwe5 ! disc\rses aga9/ ! dem& = signs & ^? at ! ,ph>isee's d9n]1 we h a *asm fill$ up ) disjo9t$ fragm5ts ( h>angues4 ,at v4 #ag ff4 foll[s ! transition to ! ma9 subject ( ! s]mon2 ! assurance ( ,jesus t he came n to de/roy ! law & ! prophets1 b to fulfil1 etc4 ,n[ z ,jesus h]e9 pla9ly presupposes t he is himself ! ,messiah1 to :om 0 ascrib$ au?ority to aboli% a "p ( ! law1 ?is decl>ation _c prop]ly belong to a p]iod 9 :i*1 if ,matt4 xvi4 #ac ff4 be rightly plac$1 he _h n yet decl>$ himself to be ! ,messiah4 ,luke 7xvi4 #ag7 ins]ts ?is decl>ation toge!r ) ! app>5tly contradictory "o1 t ! law & ! prophets 7 9 =ce until ! com+ ( ,john4 ,^! are two propositions t we _c suppose to h be5 utt]$ consecutively2 & ! secret ( _! conjunction 9 ,luke's gospel lies 9 ! ^w 1 law1 :i* happ5s to occur 9 bo?4 #ibg ,x is to be obs]v$ t betwe5 ! p>able ( ! /ew>d & t ( ! ri* man1 we h ano!r ( ^? pauses 9 :i* ,luke is fond ( introduc+ 8 fragm5ts4 ,s little1 x appe>s f v4 #bj1 is x ! design ( ,jesus to inculcate a disreg>d ( ! ,mosaic law1 t he requires a f> /rict] obs]vance ( its precepts ?an ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 & he makes ! latt] appe> 9 contra/ to himself z ! und]m9]s ( ! law4 ,!n foll[s a s]ies ( ,mosaic comm&m5ts1 on :i* ,jesus comm5ts s z to %[ t he p5etrates into ! _s ( ! law1 in/ead ( cleav+ to ! m]e lett]1 & especially disc]ns ! wor?lessness ( ! rabb9ical glosses 7#dh74 ,?is section1 9 ! ord] & complet5ess 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ,mat!w1 is want+ 9 ,luke's ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 a decisive pro( t ! latt] has defici5cies4 ,= n only does ?is *apt] conta9 ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ! disc\rse z giv5 by ,mat!w1 b ! desultory say+s :i* ,luke gives1 conc]n+ ! love ( enemies1 m]cifulness & b5efic5ce1 only acquire a def9ite purpose & po9t ( union 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ! spiritual int]pretation ( ! law giv5 by ,jesus1 & ! c>nal "o giv5 by ! doctors ( ! "t4 ,! words1 too1 ) :i* ,luke makes ,jesus proce$ aft] ! la/ woe3 ,b ,i say unto y1 & ^? at v4 #ci1 ,& he spake a p>able unto !m1 h be5 correctly po9t$ out z indicative ( *asms4 #ibh ,z reg>ds ! isolat$ p>allel passages1 ! admonition to a quick reconciliation ) an adv]s>y 7v4 #be f471 is1 to say ! lea/1 n s easily br\ght into connexion ) ! =ego+ matt] 9 ,luke 7xii4 #eh7 z 9 ,mat!w4 #ibi ,x is /ill worse ) ! passage 9 ,luke :i* is p>allel ) ,matt4 v4 #cb2 ?is text 7relative to divorce71 :i* 9 ,mat!w is l9k$ 9 ! g5]al *a9 ( ideas1 is 9 ,luke 7xvi4 #ah7 ?ru/ into "o ( ! ap]tures we h notic$1 betwe5 ! assurance ( ! p]petuity ( ! law & ! p>able ( ! ri* man4 ,ol%aus5 tries to f9d a ?read ( connexion betwe5 ! passage & ! "o prec$+ x1 by int]pret+ adult]y1 1 allegorically1 z fai?lessness to ! div9e law2 & ,s*lei]ma*] #icj atta*es x to ! succe$+ p>able by ref]r+ x to ! adult]\s ,h]od3 b su* int]pretations are altoge!r vision>y4 #ica ,probably tradition _h appriz$ ! ,evangeli/ t ,jesus1 aft] ! =ego+ decl>ation z to ! p]petuity ( ! ,mosaic law1 _h enunciat$ 8 sev]e pr9ciple on ! subject ( divorce1 & h5ce he gave x ?is position1 n kn[+ m ( its orig9al connexion4 ,9 ,matt4 xix4 #i1 we f9d a reit]ation ( ?is pr9ciple on an occasion v likely to call x =?4 ,! exhortations to pati5ce & submissiv5ess1 =m1 9 ,mat!w1 ! spiritual int]pretation ( ! old rule1 an eye = an eye1 etc41 & are !re=e a foll[+ out ( ! previ\s tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,9 ,luke 7vi4 #bi71 !y are introduc$ ) mu* less precision by ! comm& conc]n+ love to enemies3 :i* comm& is also decid$ly bett] giv5 9 ,mat!w z ! rectification ( ! precept1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r1 & hate ?9e enemy 7#dc ff474 ,aga93 ! obs]vation t to love fri5ds is no?+ m ?an bad m5 c d1 is1 9 ,mat!w1 made1 9 ord] to controv]t ! traditional p]v]sion ( ! ,mosaic injunction to love "o's neighb\r1 into a p]mission to hate enemies3 9 ,luke1 ! obs]vation foll[s ! rule1 ,:atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 etc41 :i* 9 ,mat!w occurs f>!r on 7vii4 #ab7 )\t any connexion4 ,on ! :ole1 if ! passage 9 ,luke f vi4 #b-cf1 be comp>$ ) ! correspond+ "o 9 ,mat!w1 !re w be f\nd 9 ! latt] an ord]ly c\rse ( ?\ght2 9 ! =m]1 consid]able confusion4 #icb ,! w>n+s aga9/ ,ph>isaic hypocrisy 7vi4 #a-f7 are )\t a p>allel 9 ,luke2 b he has "o ( ! model pray]1 :i* rec5t criticism has turn$ n a little to ! disadvantage ( ,mat!w4 ,! anci5t h>moni/s1 x is true1 _h no hesitation 9 suppos+ t ,jesus deliv]$ ?is pray] twice1--9 ! connexion 9 :i* x is giv5 by ,mat!w1 z well z "u ! circum/ances n>rat$ by ,luke 7xi4 ff474 #icc ,b if ,jesus _h already 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt giv5 a model pray]1 8 disciples w\ld sc>cely h reque/$ "o aft]w>ds1 z if no?+ ( ! k9d _h occurr$2 & x is /ill m improbable t ,jesus w\ld repeat ! same =mul>y1 )\t any recollection t he _h deliv]$ x to ^! disciples long be=e4 ,h5ce our mo/ rec5t critics h decid$ t ,luke alone has pres]v$ ! natural & true occasion on :i* ?is pray] 0 communicat$1 & t l _m o!r fragm5ts1 x 0 int]polat$ 9 ,mat!w's ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt by ! writ]4 #icd ,b ! vaunt$ naturalness ( ,luke's repres5tation1 ,i1 = "o1 _c discov]4 ,ap>t f ! improbability1 admitt$ ev5 by ! above critics1 t ! disciples ( ,jesus %\ld h rema9$ )\t any direction to pray until ! la/ j\rney1 9 :i* ,luke places ! sc5e2 x is any?+ b natural t ,jesus %\ld ab/a9 f giv+ 8 disciples ! exempl> :i* 0 9 8 m9d until !y s\ght = x1 & t !n he %\ld =?) fall into pray]4 ,he _h1 d\btless1 (t5 pray$ 9 _! circle f ! comm5cem5t ( _! int]c\rse2 & if s1 _! reque/ 0 sup]flu\s1 & mu/1 z 9 ,john xiv4 #i1 h produc$ only an admonition to recollect :at !y _h long se5 & he>d 9 8 society4 ,! acc\nt ( ,luke seems to h be5 fram$ on m]e conjecture2 x 0 kn[n t ! above pray] proce$$ f ,jesus1 & ! fur!r "q z to ! motive = its communication1 receiv$ ! gratuit\s answ]3 )\t d\bt 8 disciples _h ask$ him = su* an exempl>4 ,)\t1 !re=e1 ma9ta9+ t ,mat!w has pres]v$ to u ! connexion 9 :i* ?is pray] 0 orig9ally utt]$ by ,jesus1 we are n ! less 9 d\bt :e!r x has a m accurate position 9 ,luke4 #ice ,) reg>d to ! elem5ts ( ! pray]1 x is impossible to d5y :at ,wet/e9 says3 tota hc oratio ex =mulis ,hebrorum conc9nata e/2 #icf b ,fritzs*e's obs]vation is also j1 t desires ( s g5]al a nature might be utt]$ 9 ! pray]s ( v>i\s p]sons1 ev5 9 simil> phraseology1 )\t any o!r cause ?an ! broad uni=mity ( human feel+4 #icg ,we may add t ! selection & allocation ( ! petitions 9 ! pray] are entirely orig9al1 & be> ! impress ( t religi\s consci\sness :i* ,jesus possess$ & s\ght to imp>t to 8 foll[]s4 #ich ,mat!w ins]ts aft] ! conclusion ( ! pray] two propositions1 :i* are prop]ly ! coroll>y ( ! ?ird petition1 b :i* seem inaptly plac$1 n only because !y are sev]$ by ! conclud+ petition f ! passage to :i* !y h ref]5ce1 b because !y h no po9t ( co9cid5ce ) ! succe$+ c5sures & admonitions :i* turn on ! hypocrisy ( ! ,ph>isaic fa/s4 ,m>k1 h[ev]1 has /ill m infelicit\sly app5d$ ^! propositions to ! disc\rse ( ,jesus on ! efficacy ( believ+ pray] 7xi4 #be74 #ici ,at vi4 #ai1 ! ?read ( /rict connexion is brok51 accord+ to ! admission ( ,paulus1 & s f> all expositors are b\nd to agree ) him4 ,b 8 position1 t not)/&+ ! admitt$ lack ( coh]5ce 9 ! succe$+ collection ( s5t5ces1 ,jesus spoke !m consecutively1 is n equally t5able2 on ! contr>y1 our m rec5t critics h all ! probabilities on _! side :5 !y suppose1 t 9 ?is latt] half ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt ,mat!w has incorporat$ a v>iety ( say+s utt]$ by ,jesus on diff]5t occasions4 ,fir/ /&s ! apo!gm on e>?ly & heav5ly treasures 7#ai-ba71 :i* ,luke1 ) m app>5t correctness1 ins]ts 9 a disc\rse ( ,jesus1 ! entire drift ( :i* is to w>n 8 adh]5ts aga9/ e>?ly c>es 7xii4 #cc f474 ,x is o!rwise ) ! next s5t5ce1 on ! eye be+ ! light ( ! body4 ,luke annexes ?is to ! apo!gm already m5tion$ on ! light t is to be exhibit$2 n[ z ! light 1 plac$ on a c&le/ick1 d5otes some?+ q di/9ct f :at is int5d$ by ! comp>ison ( ! eye to a light1 1 ! only reason = comb9+ ! two apo!gms lies 9 ! b>e ^w 3 a rule ( association :i* belongs prop]ly to ! diction>y1 & :i*1 beyond x1 is worse ?an none4 ,!n foll[s1 also )\t any app>5t connexion1 ! apo!gm on ! two ma/]s1 app5d$ by ,luke to ! p>able ( ! /ew>d1 ) :i* x happ5s to h ! ^w ,mammon1 1 9 common4 ,next comes1 9 ,mat!w v4 #be-cd1 a dissuasion f e>?ly solicitude1 on ! gr\nd t natural objects fl\ri% & are su/a9$ )\t anxiety on _! "p2 9 ,luke1 ?is doctr9e is consi/5tly unit$ ) ! p>able 7f\nd only 9 ! ?ird gospel7 ( ! man :o1 9 ! mid/ ( amass+ e>?ly treasures1 is summon$ away by dea? 7xii4 #bb ff474 #idj ,! w>n+ n to be bl9d to our own faults :ile we are %>p-sight$ & sev]e t[>ds ^? ( o!rs 7vii4 #a-e71 w\ld1 if we reject$ ! passage f v4 #ai1 ( *ap1 vi4 to ! end1 =m a suitable cont9uation to ! previ\s admonition aga9/ ,ph>isaic sanctimoni\sness 7vi4 #af-ah71 & might1 !re=e1 h belong$ to ! orig9al body ( ! disc\rse4 #ida ,?is is ! m probable because ,luke has ! same w>n+ 9 8 ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7#cg f41 #da f471 :]e x happ5s to assort v well ) ! prec$+ exhortation to m]cifulness2 b at v4 #ci & #dj1 & "p ( #ch1 x is int]rupt$ by subjects altoge!r irrelevant4 ,! text1 ,) :at measure ye mete1 etc41 is v inappropriately int]pos$ by ,m>k 7iv4 #bd71 9 a passage simil> 9 k9d to "o ( ,luke's int]m$iate miscellanies4 ,v4 #f1 9 ,mat!w1 is equally de/itute ( connexion & p>allel2 b ! succe$+ assurances & argum5ts z to ! efficacy ( pray] 7v4 #g-aa71 are f\nd 9 ,luke xi4 #i1 v fitly associat$ ) ano!r p>able peculi> to t ,evangeli/3 t ( ! fri5d awak$ at midnight ,! apo!gm1 ,:at ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d unto y1 etc41 is q isolat$ 9 ,mat!w2 9 ,luke1 x has only an imp]fect connexion4 #idb ,! foll[+ passage 7v4 #ac f47 on ! /rait gate is introduc$ 9 ,luke 7xiii4 #bc7 by ! "q address$ to ,jesus3 ,are !re few t be sav$8 2 :i* seems likely en\gh to h be5 conceiv$ by "o :o knew t ,jesus _h utt]$ su* a say+ z ! above1 b 0 at a loss = an occasion t might prompt ! idea2 moreov]1 ! image is f> less completely c>ri$ out 9 ,luke ?an 9 ,mat!w1 & is bl5d$ ) p>abolical elem5ts4 #idc ,! apo!gm on ! tree be+ kn[n by its fruits 7v4 #af-bj71 appe>s 9 ,luke 7vi4 #dc ff471 & ev5 9 ,mat!w1 f>!r on 7xii4 #cc ff471 to h a g5]al application1 b 9 ,mat!w's ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 x has a special relation to ! false prophets2 9 ,luke1 x is 9 ! la/ degree misplac$4 ,! d5unciation ( ^? :o say to ,jesus1 ,"l1 ,"l1 b :o1 on acc\nt ( _! evil de$s w be reject$ by him at ! day ( judgm5t 7#ba-bc71 decid$ly presupposes ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 & _c !re=e1 h well belong$ to s e>ly a p]iod z t ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 h5ce x is m appropriately plac$ by ,luke 7xiii4 #be ff474 ,! p]oration ( ! disc\rse is1 z we h m5tion$1 common to bo? ,evangeli/s4 ,! =ego+ comp>ison %[s u t ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 l fragm5ts ( granite1 c\ld n be dissolv$ by ! flood ( oral tradition2 b !y 7 n seldom torn f _! natural connexion1 float$ away f _! orig9al situation1 & deposit$ 9 places to :i* !y did n prop]ly belong4 ,relative to ?is effect1 !re is ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s2 ,mat!w1 l an able compil]1 ?\gh f> f be+ suffici5tly in=m$ to give ea* relic 9 its orig9al connexion1 has yet = ! mo/ "p succe$$ 9 judici\sly associat+ analog\s mat]ials2 :ile ! two o!r ,evangeli/s h left _m small fragm5ts j :]e *ance ?rew !m1 9 ! int]vals betwe5 long] disc\rses4 ,luke has lab\r$ 9 "s in/ances to comb9e ^! fragm5ts artificially1 b he c\ld n ?us comp5sate = ! abs5ce ( natural connexion4 #gg4 ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,! ,,twelve4 ,,lam5tations ,,ov] ,,! ,,galilean ,,cities4 ,,joy ,,ov] ,,! ,,call+ ,,( ,,! ,,simple4 ,! fir/ gospel 7x47 reports ano!r long disc\rse z hav+ be5 deliv]$ by ,jesus1 on ! occasion ( 8 s5d+ out ! twelve to prea* ! k+dom ( heav54 ,"p ( ?is disc\rse is peculi> to ! fir/ gospel2 t portion ( x :i* is common to ! two o!r synopti/s is only p>tially assign$ by !m to ! same occasion1 ,luke introduc+ its sub/ance 9 connexion ) ! mission ( ! sev5ty 7x4 #b ff471 & 9 a subsequ5t conv]sation ) ! disciples 7xii4 #b ff474 ,"s portion ( ! disc\rse is also f\nd repeat$ bo? 9 ,mat!w & ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 9 ! prophetic description giv5 by ,jesus ( 8 second adv5t4 ,9 ?is in/ance aga91 :ile ! old] h>moni/s h no hesitation 9 suppos+ a repetition ( ! same disc\rse1 #idd our m rec5t critics are ( op9ion t ,luke only has ! true occasions & ! orig9al arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials1 & t ,mat!w has assembl$ !m accord+ to 8 own discretion4 #ide ,^? expositors :o are apologetically incl9$1 ma9ta9 t ,mat!w 0 n only consci\s ( "h associat+ say+s utt]$ at v>i\s times1 b presum$ t ?is w\ld be obvi\s to 8 read]s4 #idf ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ju/ly obs]v$ t ! mann] 9 :i* ! disc\rse is introduc$ by ! words3 ,^! twelve ,jesus s5t =?1 & comm&$ !m 7v4 #e72 & clos$ by ! words3 :5 ,jesus made an end ( comm&+ 8 twelve disciples1 etc4 7xi4 #a72 proves cle>ly en\gh t x 0 ! int5tion ( ! ,evangeli/ to give 8 compilation ! "* ( a cont9u\s h>angue4 #idg ,mu* t is peculi> to ,mat!w 9 ?is disc\rse1 appe>s to be m]ely an amplification on ?\ghts :i* are also f\nd 9 ! correspond+ passages ( ! two o!r synopti/s2 b !re are two p>ticul>s 9 ! op5+ ( ! in/ructions z detail$ by ! =m]1 :i* diff] specifically f any?+ pres5t$ by 8 fell[ ,evangeli/s4 ,^! are ! limitation ( ! ag5cy ( ! disciples to ! ,jews 7v4 #e1 #f71 & ! commission 7associat$ ) t to ann\nce ! k+dom ( heav5 & heal ! sick1 ( :i* ,luke also speaks1 ix4 #b71 to raise ! dead3 a surpris+ commission1 s9ce we "k ( no in/ances previ\s to ! dep>ture ( ,jesus1 9 :i* ! apo/les rais$ ! dead2 & to suppose su* :5 !y are n n>rat$1 aft] ! example ( ,ol%aus51 is an exp$i5t to :i* few w be incl9$4 ,all t ! synopti/s h /rictly 9 common 9 ! in/ructions to ! twelve1 are ! rules = _! ext]nal conduct2 h[ !y 7 to j\rney1 & h[ to behave "u a v>iety ( circum/ances 7,matt4 v4 #i-aa1 #ad2 ,m>k vi4 #h-aa2 ,luke ix4 #c-e74 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we f9d a discrepancy2 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,luke1 ,jesus =bids ! disciples to take ) !m1 n only gold1 a scrip1 & ! l1 b ev5 %oes1 1 & a /aff1 2 accord+ to ,m>k1 on ! contr>y1 he m]ely =bids _! tak+ m ?an a /aff & s&als1 & 4 ,?is discrepancy is mo/ easily acc\nt$ = by ! admission1 t tradition only pres]v$ a rem9isc5ce ( ,jesus hav+ signifi$ ! simplicity ( ! apo/olic equipm5t by ! m5tion ( ! /aff & %oes1 & t h5ce "o ( ! ,evangeli/s und]/ood t ,jesus _h int]dict$ all travell+ requisites except ^!2 ! o!r1 t ^! also 7 includ$ 9 8 prohibition4 ,x 0 consi/5t ) ,m>k's love ( ! picturesque to imag9e a w&]+ apo/le furni%$ ) a /aff1 & !re=e to give ! pref]5ce to ! =m] view4 ,x is on ! occasion ( ! mission ( ! sev5ty1 t ,luke 7x4 #b7 puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus ! words :i* ,mat!w gives 7ix4 #cg f47 z ! motive = s5d+ =? ! twelve1 namely1 ! apo!gm1 ,! h>ve/ truly is ready1 b ! lab\r]s are few2 also ! decl>ation t ! lab\r] is wor?y ( 8 hire 7v4 #g1 comp4 ,matt x4 #aj72 ! disc\rse on ! apo/olic salutation & its effect 7,matt4 v4 #ab f42 ,luke v4 #e f472 ! d5unciation ( ^? :o %\ld reject ! apo/les & _! message 7,matt4 v4 #ae2 ,luke v4 #ab72 & f9ally1 ! words1 ,behold1 ,i s5d y =? z lambs1 etc4 7,matt4 v4 #af2 ,luke v4 #c74 ,! sequ5ce ( ^! propositions is ab\t equally natural 9 bo? cases4 ,_! complet5ess is alt]nately great] 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r2 b ,mat!w's additions g5]ally turn on ess5tials1 z 9 v4 #af2 ^? ( ,luke on ext]nals1 z 9 v4 #g1 #h1 & 9 v4 #d1 :]e !re is ! s+ul> injunction to salute no man by ! way1 :i* might appe> an unhi/orical exagg]ation ( ! urg5cy ( ! apo/olic err&1 did we n "k t ! ,jewi% greet+s ( t p]iod 7 n a little c]emoni\s4 #idh ,sieff]t obs]ves t ! in/ructions :i* ,jesus gave--accord+ to ,mat!w1 to ! twelve1 accord+ to ,luke1 to ! sev5ty--might1 s f> z _! t5or is conc]n$1 h be5 imp>t$ ) equal fitness on ei!r occasion2 b ,i d\bt ?is1 = x seems to me improbable t ,jesus %\ld1 z ,luke /ates1 dismiss 8 m confid5tial disciples ) scanty rules = _! outw>d conduct1 & t to ! sev5ty he %\ld make communications ( mu* great] mom5t & pa?os4 #idi ,! above critic at l5g? decides 9 fav\r ( ,luke1 ^: n>rative appe>s to him m precise1 because x di/+ui%es ! sev5ty f ! twelve4 ,we h already discuss$ ?is po9t1 & h f\nd t a comp>ison is r to ! advantage ( ,mat!w4 ,! bless+ pron\nc$ on him :o %\ld give ev5 a cup ( cold wat] to ! disciples ( ,jesus 7v4 #db71 is at lea/ m judici\sly ins]t$ by ,mat!w z ! conclusion ( ! disc\rse ( in/ructions1 ?an 9 ! endless confusion ( ! latt] "p ( ,m>k ix4 7v4 #da71 :]e 7if71 & 7:osoev]71 seem to =m ! only tie betwe5 ! successive propositions4 ,! case is o!rwise :5 we reg>d ^? portions ( ! disc\rse :i* ,luke places 9 8 twelf? *apt]1 & ev5 lat]1 & :i* 9 ,mat!w are di/+ui%able z a second "p ( ! same disc\rse4 ,su* are ! directions to ! apo/les z to _! conduct be=e tribunals 7,matt4 x4 #ai f42 ,luke xii4 #aa72 ! exhortation n to fe> ^? :o c only kill ! body 7,matt4 v4 #bh2 ,luke v4 #d f472 ! w>n+ aga9/ ! d5ial ( ,jesus 7,matt4 v4 #cb f42 ,luke v4 #h f472 ! disc\rse on ! g5]al disunion ( :i* he w\ld be ! cause 7,matt4 v4 #cd ff42 ,luke v4 #ea ff472 a passage to :i* ,mat!w1 prompt$ app>5tly by ! enum]ation ( ! memb]s ( a family1 atta*es ! decl>ation ( ,jesus t ^! are n to be valu$ above him1 t 8 cross mu/ be tak51 etc41 :i* he p>tly repeats on a subsequ5t occasion1 & 9 a m suitable connexion 7xvi4 #bd f472 fur!r1 pr$ictions :i* recur 9 ! disc\rse on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 relative to ! univ]sal p]secution ( ! disciples ( ,jesus 7v4 #ag f4 #bb1 comp4 xxiv4 #i1 #ac72 ! say+ :i* ,luke ins]ts 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7vi4 #dj71 & :i* also appe>s 9 ,john 7xv4 #bj71 t ! disciple has no claim to a bett] lot ?an 8 ma/] 7v4 #bd f472 la/ly1 ! direction1 :i* is peculi> to ! disc\rse 9 ,mat!w1 to flee f "o city to ano!r1 ) ! accompany+ consolation 7v4 #bc74 ,^! comm&s & exhortations h be5 ju/ly pron\nc$ by critics #iej to be unsuitable to ! fir/ mission ( ! twelve1 :i*1 l ! alleg$ mission ( ! sev5ty1 _h no o!r ?an happy results 7,luke ix4 #aj1 x4 #ag72 !y presuppose ! tr\bl\s circum/ances :i* sup]v5$ aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 or p]haps 9 ! latt] p]iod ( 8 life4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,luke is m correct ?an ,mat!w 9 assign+ ^! disc\rses to ! la/ j\rney ( ,jesus2 #iea unless1 inde$1 su* descriptions ( ! subsequ5t fate ( ! apo/les & o!r adh]5ts ( ,jesus 7 produc$ ex ev5tu1 aft] 8 dea?1 & put into 8 m\? 9 ! =m ( prophecies2 a conjecture :i* is /rongly sugge/$ by ! words1 ,he :o take? n up 8 cross1 etc4 7v4 #ch74 #ieb ,! next long disc\rse ( ,jesus 9 ,mat!w 7*ap4 xi47 we h already consid]$1 s f> z x relates to ! ,bapti/4 ,f v4 #bj-bd1 !re foll[ compla9ts & ?reat5+s aga9/ ! ,galilean cities1 9 :i* mo/ ( 8 mighty works 7 done1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 believ$ n4 ,our mod]n critics are p]haps "r 9 _! op9ion t ^! apo/rophes are less suitable to ! p]iod ( 8 ,galilean m9i/ry1 9 :i* ,mat!w places !m1 ?an to t 9 :i* !y are introduc$ by ,luke 7x4 #ac ff472 namely1 :5 ,jesus _h left ,galilee1 & 0 on 8 way to ,judea & ,j]usalem1 ) a view to 8 f9al exp]im5t4 #iec ,b a consid]ation ( ! imm$iate context seems to rev]se ! probability4 ,9 ,mat!w1 ! description ( ! ungraci\s reception :i* ,jesus & ,john _h alike met )1 leads v naturally to ! accusations aga9/ ^? places :i* _h be5 ! *ief !atres ( ! m9i/ry ( ! =m]2 b x is difficult to suppose1 accord+ to ,luke1 t ,jesus w\ld speak ( 8 pa/ sad exp]i5ce to ! sev5ty1 ^: m9ds mu/ h be5 entirely direct$ to ! future1 unless we conceive t he *ose a subject s little adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( ^? :om he 0 address+1 9 ord] to unite ! ?reat5$ judgm5t on ! ,galilean cities1 ) t :i* he _h j d5\nc$ aga9/ ! cities t %\ld reject 8 mess5g]s4 ,b x is m likely t ?is association proce$$ solely f ! writ]1 :o1 by ! comp>ison ( a city t %\ld prove refractory to ! disciples ( ,jesus1 to ,sodom1 0 rem9d$ ( ! analog\s comp>ison to ,tyre & ,sidon1 ( places t _h be5 disob$i5t to ,jesus himself1 )\t p]ceiv+ ! incongruity ( ! "o ) ! circum/ances :i* _h dictat$ ! o!r4 #ied ,! joy1 1 express$ by ,jesus 7v4 #be-bg7 on acc\nt ( ! insight af=d$ to babes1 1 is b loosely atta*$ by ,mat!w to ! prec$+ mal$ictions4 ,z x supposes a *ange 9 ! m5tal frame ( ,jesus1 induc$ by pleas+ circum/ances1 ,luke 7x4 #ag1 #ba ff471 w\ld h all ! probabilities on 8 side1 9 mak+ ! return ( ! sev5ty ) satisfactory tid+s ! cause ( ! above expression2 7 x n t ! appo9tm5t ( ! sev5ty1 & consequ5tly _! return1 are altoge!r problematical2 besides1 x is possible to ref] ! passage 9 "q to ! return ( ! twelve f _! mission4 ,mat!w connects ) ?is rejoic+ ( ,jesus 8 invitation to ! we>y & heavy lad5 7v4 #bh-cj74 ,?is is want+ 9 ,luke1 :o1 in/ead1 makes ,jesus turn to 8 disciples privately1 & pron\nce !m bless$ 9 be+ privileg$ to see & he> ?+s :i* _m prophets & k+s ye>n$ aft] 9 va9 7#bc f473 an obs]vation :i* does n s specifically agree ) ! prec$+ tra9 ( ?\ght1 z ! context assign$ to x by ,mat!w1 & :i* is moreov] ins]t$ by ! latt] ,evangeli/ 9 a connexion 7xiii4 #af f47 t may be advantage\sly confront$ ) t ( ,luke4 #gh4 ,,! ,,p>ables4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w 7*ap4 xiii471 ,jesus deliv]$ sev5 p>ables1 all relat+ to ! 4 ,mod]n criticism1 h[ev]1 has d\bt$ :e!r ,jesus really utt]$ s _m ( ^! symbolical disc\rses on "o occasion4 #iee ,! p>able1 x has be5 obs]v$1 is a k9d ( problem1 to be solv$ by ! reflection ( ! he>]2 h5ce aft] e p>able a pause is requisite1 if x be ! object ( ! tea*] to convey real in/ruction1 & n to di/ract by a multiplicity ( ill-und]/ood images4 #ief ,x w1 at lea/1 be admitt$1 ) ,ne&]1 t p>ables on ! same or closely-relat$ subjects c only be spok5 consecutively1 :51 "u manifold =ms1 & f v>i\s po9ts ( view1 !y lead to ! same result4 #ieg ,among ! sev5 p>ables 9 "q1 ^? ( ! mu/>d-se$ & ! leav5 h a common fundam5tal idea1 diff]5tly %ad[$ =?--! gradual gr[? & ultimate preval5ce ( ! k+dom ( ,god3 ^? ( ! net & ! t>es repres5t ! m+l+ ( ! good ) ! bad 9 ! k+dom ( ,god2 ^? ( ! treasure & ! pe>l inculcate ! ine/imable & all-indemnify+ value ( ! k+dom ( ,god2 & ! p>able ( ! s[] depicts ! unequal susceptibility ( m5 to ! prea*+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?us !re are no less ?an f\r sep>ate fundam5tal ideas involv$ 9 ?is collection ( p>ables--ideas :i* are inde$ connect$ by _! g5]al relation to ! k+dom ( ,god1 b :i* pres5t ?is object "u aspects s widely diff]5t1 t = _! ?or\gh compreh5sion a pause aft] ea* 0 indisp5sable4 ,h5ce1 x has be5 conclud$1 ,jesus w\ld n m]it ! praise ( be+ a judici\s tea*]1 if1 z ,mat!w repres5ts1 he _h spok5 all ! above p>ables 9 rapid succession4 #ieh ,if we suppose 9 ?is in/ance1 aga91 an assemblage ( disc\rses simil> 9 k9d1 b deliv]$ on diff]5t occasions1 we are anew l$ to ! discussion z to :e!r ,mat!w 0 aw>e ( ! latt] circum/ance1 or :e!r he believ$ t he 0 record+ a cont9u\s h>angue4 ,! introductory =m1 ,& he spake _m ?+s to !m 9 p>ables 7v4 #c73 1 & ! conclud+ "o1 :5 ,jesus _h f9i%$ ^! p>ables 7v4 #ec73 1 seem to be a cle> pro( t he did n pres5t ! int]m$iate matt] z a compilation4 ,m>k1 inde$1 n>rates 7iv4 #aj71 t at ! close ( ! fir/ p>able1 ! disciples be+ aga91 1 9 private1 ) ,jesus1 ask$ him = its int]pretation2 & h5ce x has be5 cont5d$ #iei t !re 0 an int]ruption ( ! disc\rse at ?is po9t2 b ?is _c s]ve to expla9 ! acc\nt ( ,mat!w1 = he repres5ts ! reque/ ( ! disciples z be+ pref]r$ on ! spot1 )\t any previ\s retirem5t f ! cr[d2 ?us prov+ t he did n suppose su* an int]ruption4 ,! conclud+ =m :i* ,mat!w ins]ts aft] ! f\r? p>able 7v4 #cd f471 might1 ) bett] reason1 be adduc$ z intimat+ an int]ruption1 = he !re comprises all ! =ego+ p>ables 9 "o address by ! words1 ,all ^! ?+s spake ,jesus 9 p>ables1 etc41 4441 & makes ! pause /ill m complete by ! application ( an ,old ,te/am5t prophecy2 moreov]1 ,jesus is "h said 7#cf7 to *ange 8 locality1 to dismiss ! multitude to :om he _h hi!rto be5 speak+ on ! %ore ( ! ,galilean sea1 & ent] ! h\se1 1 :]e he gives ?ree new p>ables1 9 addition to ! int]pretation :i* 8 disciples _h solicit$ ( ! second4 ,b t ! deliv]y ( ! la/ ?ree p>ables 0 sep>at$ f t ( ! prec$+ ones by a *ange ( place1 & consequ5tly by a %ort int]val ( "t1 v little alt]s ! /ate ( ! case4 ,= x is highly improbable t ,jesus w\ld )\t int]mission tax ! memory ( ! populace1 ^: m9ds x 0 s easy to ov]bur!n1 ) f\r p>ables1 two ( :i* 7 highly significant2 & t he %\ld =?) ov]:elm 8 disciples1 ^: p[] ( compreh5sion he _h be5 oblig$ to aid 9 ! application ( ! fir/ two p>ables1 ) ?ree new ones1 in/ead ( asc]ta9+ if !y 7 capable ( indep5d5tly exp\nd+ ! ?ird & f\r?4 ,fur!r1 we h only to look m closely at ,mat!w's n>rative1 9 ord] to obs]ve t he has fall5 q involunt>ily on ! int]ruption at v4 #cd ff4 ,if x 7 8 int5tion to communicate a s]ies ( p>ables1 ) ! explanations t ,jesus privately gave to 8 disciples ( ! two :i* 7 mo/ important1 & 7 !re=e to be plac$ at ! head ( ! s]ies1 !re 7 only ?ree me?ods on :i* he c\ld proce$4 ,fir/1 he might make ,jesus1 imm$iately aft] ! enunciation ( a p>able1 give its int]pretation to 8 disciples 9 ! pres5ce ( ! multitude1 z he actually does 9 ! case ( ! fir/ p>able 7#aj-bc74 ,b ! repres5tation is beset ) ! difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ ,jesus1 surr\nd$ by a cr[d1 ^: expectation 0 on ! /ret*1 c\ld f9d leisure = a conv]sation aside ) 8 disciples4 #ifj ,?is inconv5i5ce ,m>k p]ceiv$1 & !re=e *ose ! second res\rce t 0 op5 to him--t ( mak+ ,jesus ) 8 disciples )draw aft] ! fir/ p>able into ! h\se1 & !re deliv] its int]pretation4 ,b su* a proce$+ w\ld be too great a h9drance to "o :o propos$ publicly to deliv] sev]al p>ables "o aft] ! o!r2 = if ,jesus return$ to ! h\se imm$iately aft] ! fir/ p>able1 he _h left ! sc5e 9 :i* ! succe$+ ones c\ld be conv5i5tly imp>t$ to ! p4 ,consequ5tly1 ! n>rator 9 ! fir/ gospel _c1 ) respect to ! int]pretation ( ! second p>able1 ei!r repeat 8 fir/ plan1 or resort to ! second2 he !re=e adopts a ?ird1 & proce$+ un9t]rupt$ly ?r\gh two fur!r p>ables1 x is only at _! close t he conducts ,jesus to ! h\se1 & !re makes him imp>t ! arre> ( int]pretation4 ,h]e) !re arose 9 ! m9d ( ! n>rator a sort ( rivalry betwe5 ! p>ables :i* he _h yet 9 res]ve1 & ! int]pretation1 ! arre> ( :i* emb>rass$ him2 z soon z ! =m] 7 abs5t f 8 recollection1 ! latt] w\ld be pres5t ) its inevitably associat$ =m ( conclusion & return homew>d2 & :5 any rema9+ p>ables recurr$ to him1 he 0 oblig$ to make !m ! sequel ( ! int]pretation4 ,?us x befel ) ! ?ree la/ p>ables 9 ,mat!w's n>ration2 s t he 0 r$uc$ almo/ aga9/ 8 w to make ! disciples _! sole p>ticipants1 ?\gh x does n appe> to h be5 ! cu/om ( ,jesus ?us to clo! 8 private in/ructions2 & ,m>k 7v4 #cc f47 pla9ly supposes ! p>ables :i* foll[ ! int]pretation ( ! second1 to be also address$ to ! p4 #ifa ,m>k1 :o 7iv4 #a7 depicts ! same sc5e by ! sea-side1 z ,mat!w1 has 9 connexion ) x only ?ree p>ables1 ( :i* ! fir/ & ?ird correspond to ! fir/ & ?ird ( ,mat!w1 b ! middle "o is commonly deem$ peculi> to ,m>k4 #ifb ,mat!w has 9 its place ! p>able :]e9 ! k+dom ( heav5 is lik5$ to a man :o s[$ good se$ 9 8 field2 b :ile m5 slept1 ! enemy came & s[$ t>es among x1 :i* grew up ) ! :eat4 ,! s]vants "k n f :5ce ! t>es come1 & propose to root !m up2 b ! ma/] comm&s !m to let bo? gr[ toge!r until ! h>ve/1 :5 x w be "t en\gh to sep>ate !m4 ,9 ,m>k1 ,jesus comp>es ! k+dom ( heav5 to a man :o ca/s se$ into ! gr\nd1 & :ile he sleeps & rises aga91 ! se$ passes1 he kn[s n h[1 f "o /age ( developm5t to ano!r3 & :5 x is ripe1 he puts 9 ! sickle1 because ! h>ve/ is come4 ,9 ?is p>able !re is want+ :at con/itutes ! dom9ant idea 9 t ( ,mat!w1 ! t>es1 s[n by ! enemy2 b z1 nev]!less1 ! o!r ideas1 ( s[+1 sleep+1 gr[+ "o kn[s n h[1 & h>ve/1 :olly correspond1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r ,m>k does n "h m]ely give ! same p>able 9 a diff]5t v]sion1 :i* he pref]r$ to t ( ,mat!w1 because x seem$ m int]m$iate betwe5 ! fir/ p>able ( ! s[]1 & ! ?ird ( ! mu/>d-se$4 ,luke1 also1 has only ?ree ( ! sev5 p>ables giv5 9 ,matt4 xiii42 namely1 ^? ( ! s[]1 ! mu/>d-se$1 & ! leav52 s t ! p>ables ( ! buri$ treasure1 ! pe>l1 & ! net1 z also t ( ! t>es 9 ! field1 are peculi> to ,mat!w4 ,! p>able ( ! s[] is plac$ by ,luke 7viii4 #d ff47 some:at e>li]1 & 9 o!r circum/ances1 ?an by ,mat!w1 & ap>t f ! two o!r p>ables :i* he has 9 common ) ! fir/ ,evangeli/'s s]ies4 ,^! he introduces lat]1 xiii4 #ah-ba2 a position :i* rec5t critics unanim\sly ackn[l$ge z ! correct "o4 #ifc ,b ?is decision is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable to :i* ! criticism ( ! pres5t age has be5 l$ by its p>tiality to ,luke4 ,= if we exam9e ! vaunt$ connect$ness ( ?is ,evangeli/'s passages1 we f9d t ,jesus1 hav+ heal$ a woman b[$ d[n by a _s ( infirmity1 sil5ces ! punctili\s rul] ( ! synagogue by ! argum5t ab\t ! ox & ass1 aft] :i* x is add$ 7v4 #ag71 ,& :5 he _h said ^! ?+s1 all 8 adv]s>ies 7 a%am$2 & all ! p rejoic$ = all ! glori\s ?+s t 7 done by him4 ,surely s complete & m>k$ a =m ( conclusion is int5d$ to w9d up ! previ\s n>rative1 & "o _c conceive t ! sequel w5t =w>d 9 ! same sc5e2 on ! contr>y1 ! phrases1 !n said he1 & aga9 he said1 by :i* ! p>ables are connect$1 indicate t ! writ] _h no long] any k ( ! occasion on :i* ,jesus utt]$ !m1 & h5ce ins]t$ !m at r&om 9 ?is indet]m9ate mann]1 f> less judici\sly ?an ,mat!w1 :o at lea/ 0 c>eful to associate !m ) analog\s mat]ials4 #ifd ,we proce$ to notice ! o!r evangelical p>ables1 #ife & fir/ among !m1 ^? :i* are peculi> to "o ,evangeli/4 ,we come =emo/ 9 ,mat!w to ! p>able ( ! s]vant 7xviii4 #bc ff47 :o1 al?\gh 8 "l _h =giv5 him a debt ( t5 ?\s& tal5ts1 _h no m]cy on 8 fell[-s]vant :o ow$ him a hundr$2 tol]ably well introduc$ by an exhortation to placability 7v4 #ae71 & ! "q ( ,pet]1 ,h[ (t %all my bro!r s9 aga9/ me1 & ,i =give him8 ,likewise peculi> to ,mat!w is ! p>able ( ! lab\r]s 9 ! v9ey>d 7xx4 #a ff471 :i* suitably en\gh =ms a c\nt]poise to ! =ego+ promise ( a ri* recomp5se to ! disciples4 ,( ! s5t5ces :i* ,mat!w app5ds to ?is p>able 7v4 #af71 ! fir/1 ,s ! la/ %all be fir/1 & ! fir/ la/1 by :i* he _h also prefac$ x 7xix4 #cj71 is ! only "o ) :i* x has any int]nal connexion2 ! o!r1 = _m are call$1 b few *os51 r gives ! moral ( ! p>able ( ! royal fea/ & ! w$d+ g>m5t1 9 connexion ) :i* ,mat!w actually repeats x 7xxii4 #ad74 ,x 0 well adapt$1 h[ev]1 ev5 torn f ?is connexion1 to circulate z an indep5d5t apo!gm1 & z x appe>$ fitt+ to ! ,evangeli/ to annex "o or m %ort s5t5ces to ! end ( a p>able1 he might be induc$1 by "s sup]ficial simil>ity to ! "o already giv51 to place !m 9 companion%ip4 ,f>!r1 ! p>able ( ! two sons s5t into ! v9ey>d1 is also peculi> to ,mat!w 7xxi4 #bh ff471 & is n ill-plac$ 9 connexion ) ! =ego+ que/ions & retorts betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,ph>isees2 its anti-,ph>isaic significance is also well br\ght out by ! sequel 7#ca f474 ,among ! p>ables :i* are peculi> to ,luke1 t ( ! two debtors 7vii4 #da ff472 t ( ! good ,sam>itan 7x4 #cj ff472 t ( ! man ^: accumulation ( e>?ly treasure is int]rupt$ by dea? 7xii4 #af ff4 comp4 ,wis4 xi4 #ag ff472 & also ! two :i* figure ! efficacy ( importunate pray] 7xi4 #e ff41 xviii4 #b ff472 h a def9ite1 cle> signification1 & ) ! exception ( ! la/1 :i* is introduc$ abruptly1 a tol]ably consi/5t connexion4 ,we may le>n f ! two la/ p>ables1 t x is (t5 necess>y entirely to ab/ract p>ticul> features f ! p>ables ( ,jesus1 see+ t 9 "o ( !m ,god is repres5t$ by a lukew>m fri5d1 9 ! o!r by an unju/ judge4 ,to ! latt] is annex$ ! p>able ( ! ,ph>isee & ,publican 7#i-ad71 ( :i* only ,s*lei]ma*]1 on ! /r5g? ( a connexion1 fabricat$ by himself betwe5 x & ! =ego+1 c d5y ! antiph>isaic t5d5cy4 #iff ,! p>ables ( ! lo/ %eep1 ! piece ( silv]1 & ! prodigal son 7,luke xv4 #c-cb71 h ! same direction4 ,mat!w also has ! fir/ ( ^! 7xviii4 #ab ff471 b 9 a diff]5t connexion1 :i* det]m9es its import some:at diff]5tly1 & )\t d\bt1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 less correctly4 ,x is easy to imag9e t ^! ?ree p>ables 7 spok5 9 imm$iate succession1 because ! second is m]ely a v>iation ( ! fir/1 & ! ?ird is an amplification & elucidation ( !m bo?4 ,:e!r1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( mod]n criticism1 ! two succe$+ p>ables also belong ) ! above to "o cont9u\s disc\rse1 #ifg mu/ be det]m9$ by a clos] exam9ation ( _! cont5ts1 :i* are 9 !mselves notewor?y4 ,! p>able ( ! unju/ /ew>d1 notori\sly ! crux int]pretum1 is yet )\t any intr9sic difficulty4 ,if we read to ! end ( ! p>able1 includ+ ! moral 7v4 #i71 we ga!r ! simple result1 t ! man :o )\t precisely us+ unju/ means to obta9 ri*es1 is yet 9 ! sight ( ,god an unpr(itable s]vant1 7,luke xvii4 #aj71 &1 9 ! employm5t ( ! gifts intru/$ to him by ,god1 a /ew>d ( inju/ice1 1 may be/ atone = ?is p]vad+ unfai?fulness by l5ity & b5efic5ce t[>ds 8 fell[-m51 & may by _! int]v5tion procure a place 9 heav54 ,x is true t ! b5efic5ce ( ! fictiti\s /ew>d is a fraud2 b we mu/ ab/ract ?is p>ticul>1 z1 9 ! case ( two previ\s p>ables1 we h to ab/ract ! lukew>mness ( ! fri5d1 & ! inju/ice ( ! judge3 nay1 ! necessity = su* an ab/raction is intimat$ 9 ! n>rative itself1 = f v4 #h we ga!r t :at ! /ew>d did 9 a worldly _s is1 9 ! application1 to be und]/ood 9 a m exalt$ s5se ( ! *ildr5 ( light4 ,c]ta9ly1 if we suppose ! words1 ,he t is fai?ful 9 t :i* is lea/1 etc4 7#aj-ab7 to h be5 utt]$ 9 _! pres5t connexion1 x appe>s z if ! /ew>d 7 set =? z a model1 des]v+ 9 "s s5se or o!r ! praise ( fai?fulness2 & :5 7v4 #ac7 x is said t no s]vant c s]ve two ma/]s1 ! int5d$ inf]5ce seems to be t ?is /ew>d _h held to ! rightful "o4 ,h5ce we h expositions su* z t ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o "u ! ma/] und]/&s ! ,romans2 "u ! debtors1 ! ,jewi% p2 "u ! /ew>d1 ! publicans1 :o 7 g5]\s to ! latt] at ! exp5se ( ! =m]2 ?us1 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y mann]1 trans=m+ ! ma/] into a viol5t man1 & ju/ify+ ! /ew>d4 #ifh ,ol%aus5 c>ries ! p]v]sion ( ! p>able to ! extreme1 = he degrades ! ma/]1 :o1 by 8 judicial position evid5tly ann\nces himself z ! repres5tative ( ,god1 into 1 ! pr9ce ( ?is _w1 :ile he exalts ! /ew>d into ! image ( a man :o applies ! ri*es ( ?is _w to spiritual objects4 ,b z 9 ! moral 7v4 #i7 ! p>able has a consi/5t end+2 & z inaccurate association is by no means unexampl$ 9 ,luke2 x is n admissible to conc$e to ! foll[+ v]ses any influ5ce ov] ! int]pretation ( ! p>able1 unless a close relation ( idea c be made manife/4 ,n[ ! fact is1 t ! v opposite1 namely1 ! mo/ p]plex+ div]sity1 exi/s4 ,moreov]1 x is n difficult to %[ :at might h s$uc$ ,luke into a false association4 ,9 ! p>able !re 0 m5tion ( ! mammon ( unrighte\sness1 2 ?is sugge/$ to him ! say+ ( ,jesus1 t he :o proves fai?ful 9 ! 1 ! unrighte\s mammon1 z t :i* is lea/1 may also h ! true ri*es committ$ to 8 tru/4 ,b ! ^w mammon hav+ once tak5 possession ( ! writ]'s m9d1 h[ c\ld he avoid recollect+ ! well-kn[n aphorism ( ,jesus on ,god & ,mammon1 z two incompatible ma/]s1 & add+ x 7v4 #ac71 h[ev] sup]flu\sly1 to ! prec$+ texts8 #ifi ,t by ?is addition ! previ\s p>able 0 plac$ 9 a ?or\ghly false light1 gave ! writ] little conc]n1 p]haps because he _h n seiz$ its real mean+1 or because1 9 ! endeav\r completely to disbur!n 8 evangelical mean+1 he lo/ all solicitude ab\t ! sequ5ce ( 8 passages4 ,x ought1 9 g5]al1 to be m consid]$1 t ^? ( our ,evangeli/s :o1 accord+ to ! n[ preval5t op9ion1 not$ d[n oral traditions1 mu/1 9 ! composition ( _! writ+s1 h ex]t$ _! memory to an ext5t t w\ld repress ! activity ( reflection2 consequ5tly ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials 9 _! n>ratives is gov]n$ by ! association ( ideas1 ! laws ( :i* are p>tly dep5d5t on ext]nal relations2 & we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d _m passages1 especially f ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 rang$ toge!r = ! sole cause t !y happ5 to h 9 common c]ta9 /rik+ consonant words4 ,if f h5ce we glance back on ! position1 t ! p>able ( ! unju/ /ew>d mu/ h be5 spok5 9 connexion ) ! =ego+ "o ( ! prodigal son1 we p]ceive t x re/s m]ely on a false int]pretation4 ,accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 x is ! def5ce ( ! publicans aga9/ ! ,ph>isees1 t =ms ! bond2 b !re is no trace ( publicans & ,ph>isees 9 ! latt] p>able4 ,accord+ to ,ol%aus51 ! compassionate love ( ,god1 repres5t$ 9 ! =ego+ p>able1 is plac$ 9 juxtaposition ) ! compassionate love ( man1 repres5t$ 9 ! succe$+ "o2 b simple b5efic5ce is ! sole idea on :i* ! latt] turns1 & a p>allel betwe5 ?is & ! mann] 9 :i* ,god meets ! lo/ ) p>don1 is equally remote f ! int5tion ( ! tea*] & ! nature ( ! subject4 ,! rem>k 7v4 #ad7 t ! ,ph>isees he>d all ^! ?+s1 &1 be+ covet\s1 d]id$ ,jesus1 does n necess>ily ref] to ! individuals m5tion$ xv4 #b1 s z to imply t !y _h li/5$ to ! int]m$iate matt] z "o cont9u\s disc\rse2 & ev5 if t 7 ! case1 x w\ld only %[ ! view ( ! writ] ) respect to ! connect$ness ( ! p>ables2 a view :i*1 9 ! face ( ! =ego+ inve/igation1 _c possibly be b9d+ on u4 #igj ,we h already discuss$ ! passage f v4 #ae to #ah2 x consi/s ( disconnect$ say+s1 & to ! la/1 on adult]y1 is annex$ ! p>able ( ! ri* man1 9 a mann] :i*1 z we h already notic$1 x is attempt$ 9 va9 to %[ z a real connexion4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be conc$$ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 t if we sep>ate !m1 ! alt]native1 namely1 ! common application ( ! p>able to ! p5al ju/ice ( ,god1 is att5d$ ) great difficulties4 #iga ,= !re is no indication ?r\gh\t ! p>able1 ( any actions on ! "p ( ! ri* man & ,laz>us1 t c\ld1 accord+ to our notions1 ju/ify ! exaltation ( ! "o to a place 9 ,abraham's bosom1 & ! condemnation ( ! o!r to torm5t2 ! guilt ( ! "o appe>s to lie 9 8 weal?1 ! m]it ( ! o!r 9 8 pov]ty4 ,x is inde$ g5]ally suppos$ ( ! ri* man1 t he 0 immod]ate 9 8 indulg5ce1 & t he _h treat$ ,laz>us unk9dly4 #igb ,b ! latt] is n[h]e intimat$2 = ! picture ( ! begg> ly+ at ! door ( ! ri* man1 is n int5d$ 9 ! light ( a reproa* to ! latt]1 because he might easily h t5d]$ 8 aid1 & yet neglect$ to d s2 x is design$ to exhibit ! contra/1 n only betwe5 ! e>?ly condition ( ! two p>ties1 b betwe5 _! proximity 9 ?is life1 & _! wide sep>ation 9 ano!r4 ,s ! o!r p>ticul>1 t ! begg> 0 eag] = ! crumbs t fell f ! ri* man's table1 does n imply t ! ri* man d5i$ him ?is pittance1 or t he ought to h giv5 him m ?an ! m]e crumbs2 x d5otes ! deep degradation ( ! e>?ly lot ( ,laz>us comp>$ ) t ( ! ri* man1 9 opposition to _! rev]s$ position aft] dea?1 :5 ! ri* man is fa9 to entreat = a drop ( wat] f ! h& ( ,laz>us4 ,on ! supposition t ! ri* man _h be5 want+ 9 compassion t[>ds ,laz>us1 ! ,abraham ( ! p>able c\ld only reply 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,?\ had/ once easy access to ,laz>us1 & yet ?\ did/ n relieve him2 h[ !n can/ ?\ expect him to trav]se a long di/ance to give !e alleviation80 ,! sumptu\s life ( ! ri* man1 likewise1 is only depict$ z a contra/ to ! mis]y ( ! begg>2 = if he _h be5 suppos$ guilty ( excess1 ,abraham mu/ h rem9d$ him t he _h tak5 too mu* ( ! good ?+s ( ?is life1 n m]ely t he _h receiv$ 8 %>e ( !m4 ,equally gr\ndless is x1 on ! o!r h&1 to suppose high moral excell5cies 9 ,laz>us1 s9ce !re is no intimation ( su* 9 ! description ( him1 :i* m]ely reg>ds 8 outw>d condition1--nei!r are su* ascrib$ to him by ,abraham2 8 sole m]it is1 ! hav+ receiv$ evil 9 ?is life4 ,?us1 9 ?is p>able ! measure ( future recomp5se is n ! am\nt ( good done1 or wick$ness p]petrat$1 b ( evil endur$1 & =tune enjoy$1 #igc & ! apte/ motto = ?is disc\rse is to be f\nd 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 accord+ to ,luke's edition3 ,bless$ be ye poor1 = y\rs is ! k+dom ( ,god6 ,woe to y t are ri*6 = ye h receiv$ y\r consolation2 a passage conc]n+ :i* we h already rem>k$1 t x accords fully ) ! ,ebionite view ( ! _w4 ,a simil> e/imation ( ext]nal pov]ty is ascrib$ to ,jesus by ! o!r synopti/s1 9 ! n>rative ( ! ri* "y man1 & 9 ! aphorisms on ! camel & ! ne$le's eye 7,matt4 xix4 #af ff42 ,m>k x4 #ag ff42 comp4 ,luke xviii4 #ah ff474 ,:e!r ?is e/imation belong to ,jesus himself1 or only to ! synoptical tradition conc]n+ him1 x 0 probably g5]at$ by ! notions ( ! ,ess5es4 #igd ,we h hi!rto consid]$ ! cont5ts ( ! p>able d[n to v4 #bg3 f :5ce to ! conclusion ! subject is1 ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z ! adequate & only means ( grace4 ,9 conclusion1 we turn to a gr\p ( p>ables1 among :i* "s1 z relat+ to ! dea? & return ( ,*ri/1 ought1 accord+ to our plan1 to be except$ f ! pres5t review2 b s f> z !y are connect$ ) ! re/1 x is necess>y to include !m4 ,!y are ! ?ree p>ables ( ! rebelli\s husb&m5 9 ! v9ey>d 7,matt4 xxi4 #cc ff4 p>all471 ( ! tal5ts or m9 7,matt4 xxv4 #ad ff42 ,luke xix4 #ab ff471 & ! m>riage fea/ 7,matt4 xxii4 #b;ff42 ,luke xiv4 #af ff474 ,( ^! ! p>able ( ! husb&m5 9 all ! acc\nts1 t ( ! tal5ts 9 ,mat!w1 & t ( ! m>riage fea/ 9 ,luke1 are simple p>ables1 unatt5d$ ) difficulty4 ,n s ! p>able ( ! m9 9 ,luke1 & ( ! m>riage fea/ 9 ,mat!w4 ,t ! =m] is fundam5tally ! same ) t ( ! tal5ts 9 ,mat!w1 is und5iable1 not)/&+ ! _m div]g5cies4 ,9 bo? are f\nd ! j\rney ( a ma/]2 ! assembl+ ( ! s]vants to entru/ !m ) a capital1 to be put into circulation2 aft] ! return ( ! ma/]1 a reckon+ 9 :i* ?ree s]vants are signaliz$1 two ( !m z active1 ! ?ird z inactive1 :5ce ! latt] is puni%$1 & ! =m] rew>d$2 & 9 ! annunciation ( ?is issue ! words ( ! ma/] are ne>ly id5tical 9 ! two /atem5ts4 ,! pr9cipal div]g5cy is1 t besides ! relation betwe5 ! ma/] :o j\rneys into a f> c\ntry & 8 s]vants1 9 ,luke !re is a second relation betwe5 ! =m] & c]ta9 rebelli\s citiz5s2 & accord+ly1 :ile 9 ,mat!w ! ma/] is simply designat$ 1 a man1 9 ,luke he is /yl$ 1 a nobleman1 & a k+dom is assign$ to him1 ! object ( 8 j\rney be+ to receive = himself a k+dom3 an object ( :i* !re is no m5tion 9 ,mat!w4 ,! subjects ( ?is p]sonage1 x is fur!r said1 hat$ him1 & aft] 8 dep>ture r5\nc$ _! allegiance4 ,h5ce at ! return ( ! "l1 ! rebelli\s citiz5s1 z well z ! slo?ful s]vant1 are puni%$2 b 9 _! case ! retribution is t ( dea?3 ! fai?ful s]vants1 on ! o!r h&1 are n only rew>d$ g5]ally by an entrance into ! joy ( _! ,"l1 b royally1 by ! gift ( a numb] ( cities4 ,!re are o!r div]g5cies ( less mom5t betwe5 ,luke & ,mat!w2 su* z1 t ! numb] ( s]vants is undet]m9$ by ! "o1 & limit$ to t5 by ! o!r2 t 9 ,mat!w !y receive tal5ts1 9 ,luke m92 9 ! "o unequal sums1 9 ! o!r equal2 9 ! "o1 !y obta9 unequal pr(its f unequal sums by an equal exp5diture ( ef=t1 & are !re=e equally rew>d$2 9 ! o!r1 !y obta9 unequal pr(its f equal sums by an unequal exp5diture ( ef=t1 & are !re=e unequally rew>d$4 ,suppos+ ?is p>able to h proce$$ f ! lips ( ,jesus on two sep>ate occasions1 & t ,mat!w & ,luke are "r 9 _! respective arrangem5ts1 he mu/ h deliv]$ x fir/ 9 ! m complex =m giv5 by ,luke1 & !n 9 ! simple "o giv5 by ,mat!w2 #ige s9ce ! =m] places x be=e1 ! latt] aft] ! entrance into ,j]usalem4 ,b ?is w\ld be contr>y to all analogy4 ,! fir/ pres5tation ( an idea is1 accord+ to ! laws ( ?\ght1 ! mo/ simple2 ) ! second new relations may be p]ceiv$1 ! subject may be view$ "u v>i\s aspects1 & br\ght into manifold comb9ations4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a f\ndation = ,s*lei]ma*]'s op9ion1 t contr>y to ! arrangem5t 9 ! ,gospels1 ,jesus fir/ deliv]$ ! p>able 9 ! m simple =m1 & amplifi$ x on a subsequ5t occasion4 #igf ,b = our p>ticul> case ?is ord] is n less inconceivable ?an ! o!r4 ,! au?or ( a composition su* z a p>able1 especially :5 x exi/s only 9 8 m9d & on 8 lips1 & is n yet fix$ 9 writ+1 rema9s ! p]fect ma/] ( 8 mat]ials ev5 on _! second & m elaborate pres5tation2 ! =m :i* he _h previ\sly giv5 to !m is n rigid & inflexible1 b pliant1 s t he c adapt ! orig9al ?\ghts & images to ! additional ones1 & ?us give unity to 8 production4 ,h5ce1 _h he :o gave ! above p>able ! =m :i* x has 9 ,luke1 be5 its real au?or1 he w\ld1 aft] hav+ trans=m$ ! ma/] into a k+1 & ins]t$ ! p>ticul>s respect+ ! rebelli\s citiz5s1 h intru/$ arms to ! s]vants in/ead ( money 7comp4 ,luke xxii4 #cf71 #igg & w\ld h made !m %[ _! fidelity r by conflict ) ! rebels1 ?an by increas+ _! capital2 or 9 g5]al w\ld h introduc$ "s relation betwe5 ! two classes ( p]sons 9 ! p>able1 ! s]vants & ! citiz5s2 in/ead ( :i*1 !y are totally unconnect$ ?r\gh\t1 & =m two ill-cem5t$ divisions4 #igh ,?is %[s v decisively t ! p>able 0 n enri*$ ) ^! additional p>ticul>s by ! imag9ation ( its au?or1 b t x 0 ?us amplifi$ by ano!r 9 ! process ( transmission4 ,?is _c h be5 effect$ 9 a leg5d>y mann]1 by ! gradual fill+ up ( ! orig9al sket*1 or ! developm5t ( ! primitive g]m2 = ! idea ( rebelli\s citiz5s c\ld nev] be evolv$ f t ( s]vants & tal5ts1 b mu/ h be5 add$ f )\t1 & !re=e h previ\sly exi/$ z "p ( an indep5d5t :ole4 ,?is am\nts to ! position t we h "h an example ( two orig9ally di/9ct p>ables1 ! "o treat+ ( s]vants & tal5ts1 ! o!r ( rebelli\s citiz5s1 fl[+ toge!r 9 consequ5ce ( _! mutually possess+ ! images ( a rul]'s dep>ture & return4 #igi ,! pro( ( our proposition mu/ dep5d on our be+ able easily to dis5tangle ! two p>ables2 & ?is we c effect 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]1 = by extract+ v4 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 & #bg1 & slightly modify+ !m1 we get 9 a r curtail$ b consi/5t =m1 ! p>able ( ! rebelli\s citiz5s1 & we !n recognise ! simil>ity ( its t5d5cy ) t ( ! rebelli\s husb&m5 9 ! v9ey>d4 #ihj ,a simil> relation subsi/s betwe5 ! =m 9 :i* ! p>able ( ! m>riage fea/ is giv5 by ,luke 7xiv4 #af ff471 & t 9 :i* x is giv5 by ,mat!w 7xxii4 #b ff472 only t 9 ?is case ,luke1 z 9 ! o!r1 ,mat!w1 has ! m]it ( hav+ pres]v$ ! simple orig9al v]sion4 ,on bo? sides1 ! p>ticul>s ( ! fea/1 ! invitation1 its rejection1 & ! consequ5t bidd+ ( o!r gue/s1 te/ify ! id5tity ( ! two p>ables2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ho/ :o 9 ,luke is m]ely a c]ta9 man1 1 is 9 ,mat!w a k+1 1 ^: fea/ is occasion$ by ! m>riage ( 8 son2 ! invit$ gue/s1 :o 9 ,luke excuse !mselves on v>i\s pleas to ! mess5g] only once s5t out to !m1 9 ,mat!w refuse to come on ! fir/ invitation1 & on ! second m urg5t "o "s g to _! occupations1 :ile o!rs maltreat & kill ! s]vants ( ! k+1 :o imm$iately s5ds =? 8 armies to de/roy ^? murd]]s1 & burn up _! city4 ,no?+ ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ,luke2 accord+ to him1 ! ho/ m]ely causes ! poor & afflict$ to be assembl$ 9 place ( ! gue/s fir/ invit$1 a p>ticul> :i* ,mat!w also app5ds to 8 =e-m5tion$ incid5ts4 ,luke closes ! p>able ) ! decl>ation ( ! ho/1 t none ( ! fir/ bidd5 gue/s %all p>take ( 8 supp]2 b ,mat!w proce$s to n>rate h[1 :5 ! h\se 0 full1 & ! k+ _h assembl$ 8 gue/s1 "o 0 discov]$ to be )\t a w$d+ g>m5t1 & 0 =?) c>ri$ away into out] d>kness4 ,! maltreatm5t & murd] ( ! k+'s mess5g]s are features 9 ! n>rative ( ,mat!w :i* at once /rike u z inconsi/5t--z a dep>ture f ! orig9al design4 ,disreg>d ( an invitation is suffici5tly demon/rat$ by ! rejection ( x on empty pretexts su* z ,luke m5tions2 ! maltreatm5t & ev5 ! murd] ( ^? :o deliv] ! invitation1 is an exagg]ation :i* x is less easy to attribute to ,jesus ?an to ! ,evangeli/4 ,! latt] _h imm$iately be=e communicat$ ! p>able ( ! rebelli\s husb&m52 h5ce !re hov]$ 9 8 recollection ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 said to h us$ ! mess5g]s ( _! "l1 beat+ "o1 kill+ & /on+ o!rs 7 1 1 71 & he 0 ?us l$ to incorporate simil> p>ticul>s into ! pres5t p>able 7 71 ov]look+ ! circum/ance t :at might h be5 p]petrat$ ) suffici5t motive aga9/ s]vants :o appe>$ ) dem&s & au?ority to en=ce !m1 _h 9 ! latt] case no motive :atev]4 ,t h]eupon1 ! k+1 n satisfi$ ) exclud+ !m f ! fea/1 s5ds out 8 armies to de/roy !m & burn up _! city1 necess>ily foll[s f ! prec$+ incid5ts1 b appe>s1 l !m1 to be ! e*o ( a p>able :i* pres5t$ ! relation betwe5 ! ma/] & ! dep5d5ts1 n 9 ! mild] =m ( a reject$ invitation1 b 9 ! m sev]e "o ( an insurrection2 z 9 ! p>able ( ! husb&m5 9 ! v9ey>d1 & t ( ! rebelli\s citiz5s1 :i* we h above sep>at$ f ! p>able ( ! m94 ,yet m decid$ly does ! drift ( ! la/ p>ticul> 9 ,mat!w's p>able1 t ( ! w$d+ g>m5t1 betray t x 0 n orig9ally associat$ ) ! re/4 ,= if ! k+ _h comm&$ t all1 bo? bad & good1 :o 7 to be f\nd 9 ! highways1 %\ld be bidd5 to ! fea/1 he c\ld n wond] t !y _h n all w$d+ attire4 ,to assume t ^? ?us sudd5ly summon$ w5t home to wa%1 & adju/ _! dress1 is an arbitr>y em5dation ( ! text4 #iha ,little pref]able is ! supposition t1 accord+ to ori5tal mann]s1 ! k+ _h ord]$ a caftan to be pres5t$ to ea* gue/1 & might !re=e ju/ly reproa* ! meane/ = n avail+ himself ( ! gift2 #ihb = x is n to be prov$ t su* a cu/om exi/$ at ! p]iod1 #ihc & x is n admissible to presuppose x m]ely because ! ang] ( ! k+ appe>s o!rwise unf\nd$4 ,b ! addition 9 "q is n only out ( h>mony ) ! imag]y1 b ) ! t5d5cy ( ?is p>able4 ,= :ile hi!rto its aim _h be5 to exhibit ! national contra/ betwe5 ! p]v]sity ( ! ,jews1 & ! will+ness ( ! ,g5tiles3 x all at once passes to ! moral "o1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! wor?y & ! unwor?y4 ,t aft] ! ,jews _h contemn$ ! invitation to p>take ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 ! hea!ns w\ld be call$ into x1 is "o complete idea1 ) :i* ,luke v prop]ly concludes 8 p>able2 t he :o does n prove himself wor?y ( ! vocation by a correspond+ disposition1 w be aga9 ca/ out ( ! k+dom1 is ano!r idea1 :i* appe>s to dem& a sep>ate p>able = its exhibition4 ,"h aga9 x may be conjectur$ t ! conclusion ( ,mat!w's p>able is ! fragm5t ( ano!r1 :i*1 f its also ref]r+ to a fea/1 might 9 tradition1 or 9 ! memory ( an individual1 be easily m+l$ ) ! =m]1 pres]v$ 9 its purity by ,luke4 #ihd ,?is o!r p>able mu/ h simply set =?1 t a k+ _h invit$ v>i\s gue/s to a w$d+ fea/1 ) ! tacit condition t !y %\ld provide !mselves ) a suitable dress1 & t he deliv]$ an individual :o _h neglect$ ?is obs]vance to 8 m]it$ puni%m5t4 ,suppos+ our conjectures correct1 we h "h a /ill m comp\nd p>able ?an 9 ! =m] case3 a p>able 9 :i*1 #a/ly1 ! n>rative ( ! ungrateful invit$ p>ties 7,luke xiv47 =ms ! ma9 tissue1 b s t1 #bndly1 a ?read f ! p>able ( ! rebelli\s husb&m5 is int]wov52 :ile1 #crdly1 a conclusion is /it*$ on1 ga!r$ app>5tly f an unkn[n p>able on ! w$d+ g>m5t4 ,?is analysis gives u an insight into ! proc$ure ( evangelical tradition ) its mat]ials1 :i* mu/ be pregnant ) results4 #gi4 ,,miscellane\s ,,in/ructions ,,& ,,controv]sies ,,( ,,jesus4 ,z ! disc\rses 9 ,mat!w xv4 #a-bj h be5 already consid]$1 we mu/ pass on to xviii4 #a ff41 ,m>k ix4 #cc ff41 ,luke ix4 #df ff41 :]e v>i\s disc\rses are connect$ ) ! exhibition ( a little *ild1 occasion$ by a cont5tion = pre-em95ce among ! disciples4 ,! admonition to become z a little *ild1 & to humble "o's self z a little *ild1 9 ,mat!w1 =ms a p]fectly suitable comm5t on ! symbolical repro( 7v4 #c1 #d172 b ! connexion betwe5 ?is & ! foll[+ decl>ation ( ,jesus1 t :osoev] receives "o su* little *ild 9 8 "n1 receives him1 is n s obvi\s4 ,= ! *ild 0 set up to tea* ! disciples 9 :at !y 7 to imitate x1 n h[ !y 7 to behave t[>ds x1 & h[ ,jesus c\ld all at once lose sight ( 8 orig9al object1 x is difficult to conceive4 ,b yet m gl>+ is ! irrelevance ( ! decl>ation 9 ,m>k & ,luke2 = !y make x foll[ imm$iately on ! exhibition ( ! *ild1 s t1 accord+ to ?is1 ,jesus mu/1 9 ! v act1 h =gott5 its object1 namely1 to pres5t ! *ild to 8 ambiti\s disciples z wor?y ( imitation1 n z 9 want ( reception4 #ihe ,jesus 0 accu/om$ to say ( 8 disciples1 t :osoev] receiv$ !m1 receiv$ him1 & 9 him1 ! ,fa!r :o _h s5t him 7,matt4 x4 #dj ff42 ,luke x4 #af2 ,john xiii4 #bj74 ,( *ildr5 he else:]e says m]ely1 t :osoev] does n receive ! k+dom ( heav5 z a little *ild _c ent] !re9 7,m>k x4 #ae2 ,luke xviii4 #ag74 ,?is decl>ation w\ld be p]fectly adapt$ to ! occasion 9 "q1 & we may almo/ v5ture to conjecture t 1 0 ! orig9al passage1 & t ! actual "o is ! result ( its confusion ) ,mat!w x4 #dj1 4 ,closely connect$ by ! ^w 1 answ]+1 ) ! s5t5ces j consid]$1 ,m>k 7ix4 #ch f47 & ,luke 7ix4 #di f47 introduce ! in=mation :i* ,john is said to give to ,jesus1 t ! disciples hav+ se5 "o ca/+ out devils 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 )\t atta*+ himself to _! society1 _h =bidd5 him4 ,s*lei]ma*] expla9s ! connexion ?us3 because ,jesus _h comm&$ ! reception ( *ildr5 9 8 "n1 ,john 0 l$ to ! confession1 t he & 8 associates _h hi!rto be5 s f> f reg>d+ ! p]=mance ( an act 9 ! "n ( ,jesus z ! po9t ( *ief importance1 t !y _h int]dict$ ! use ( 8 "n to "o :o foll[$ n ) !m4 #ihf ,all[+ ?is explanation to be correct1 we mu/ believe t ,john1 arre/$ by ! phrase1 9 my "n 7:i* yet is n prom95t 9 ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 & :i* mu/ h be5 ?r[n /ill fur!r into ! backgr\nd by ! sight ( ! *ild set up 9 ! mid/71 drew f x ! g5]al inf]5ce1 t 9 all actions ! ess5tial po9t is to p]=m !m 9 ! "n ( ,jesus2 & ) equal rapidity1 leap$ to ! remote reflection1 t ! conduct ( ! disciples t[>ds ! exorci/ 0 9 contradiction ) ?is rule4 ,b all ?is supposes ! facility ( comb9ation :i* belongs to a ,s*lei]ma*]1 n ! dulness :i* /ill *>act]iz$ ! disciples4 ,nev]!less1 ! above critic has unque/ionably op5$ on ! true ve9 ( connexion betwe5 ! prec$+ apo!gm & ?is ( ,john2 he has only fail$ to p]ceive t ?is connexion is n intr9sic & orig9al1 b extr9sic & second>y4 ,x 0 q beyond ! rea* ( ! disciples to apply ! words 9 my "n1 by a tra9 ( d$uctions1 to an obliquely connect$ case 9 _! own exp]i5ce2 b1 accord+ to our previ\s obs]vations1 no?+ c\ld be m consi/5t ) ! habit ( association t *>act]izes ! writ] ( ! evangelical tradition 9 ! ?ird gospel1 :5ce ! second ,evangeli/ seems to h borr[$1 ?an t he %\ld be rem9d$ by ! /rik+ phrase1 9 my "n1 9 ! prec$+ disc\rse ( ,jesus1 ( an anecdote conta9+ ! same expression1 & %\ld unite ! two = ! sake ( t po9t ( ext]nal simil>ity alone4 #ihg ,to ! exhortation to receive su* little *ildr51 ,mat!w annexes ! w>n+ aga9/ (f5d+ "o ( ^! little ones1 1 an epi!t :i*1 9 x4 #db1 is appli$ to ! disciples ( ,jesus1 b 9 ?is passage1 app>5tly1 to *ildr54 #ihh ,m>k 7v4 #db7 has ! same cont9uation1 not)/&+ ! int]ruption above notic$1 probably because he =sook ,luke 7:o "h breaks (f ! disc\rse1 & does n introduce ! admonition aga9/ (f5ces until lat]1 xvii4 #a f41 & ap>t f any occasion t might prompt x71 & appeal$ to ,mat!w4 #ihi ,!n foll[s 9 ,mat!w 7v4 #h f47 & ,m>k 7v4 #dc f47 a passage :i* alone ought to op5 ! eyes ( comm5tators to ! mode 9 :i* ! synopti/s arrange ! say+s ( ,jesus4 ,to ! w>n+ aga9/ ! (f5d+1 1 ( ! little ones1 & ! woe pron\nc$ on ^? by :om (f5ces come1 1 !y annex ! apo!gm on ! (f5d+1 1 ( ! h&1 eye1 etc4 ,jesus c\ld n proce$ ?us1--= ! injunctions3 ,mislead n ! little ones6 &1 ,let n y\r s5suality mislead y6 h no?+ 9 common b ! ^w mislead4 ,x is easy1 h[ev]1 to acc\nt = _! association by ! writ] ( ! fir/ gospel4 #iij ,! ^w recall$ to 8 m9d all ! disc\rses ( ,jesus conta9+ a simil> expression t _h come to 8 k1 & al?\gh he _h previ\sly pres5t$ ! admonitions conc]n+ s$uction by ! memb]s1 9 a bett] connexion1 z "p ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 he c\ld n resi/ ! temptation ( reproduc+ !m "h1 = ! sake ( ?is slight v]bal aff9ity ) ! =ego+ text4 ,b at v4 #aj he resumes ! ?read :i* he _h dropp$ at v4 #g1 & adds a fur!r disc\rse on ! little ones1 4 ,mat!w makes ,jesus confirm ! value ( ! little ones by ! decl>ation1 t ! ,son ( man 0 come to seek ! lo/1 & by ! p>able ( ! lo/ %eep 7v4 #aa-ad74 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 evid5t :y ,jesus %\ld class ! ) ! 7lo/72 & bo? ! decl>ation & ! p>able seem to be bett] plac$ by ,luke1 :o introduces ! =m] 9 ! n>rative ( ! call+ ( ,zac*eus 7xix4 #aj71 & ! latt]1 9 a reply to ! objections ( ! ,ph>isees aga9/ ! amity ( ,jesus ) ! publicans 7xv4 #c ff474 ,mat!w seems to h plac$ !m "h1 m]ely because ! disc\rse on ! little ones rem9d$ him ( t on ! lo/--bo? exemplify+ ! mildness & humility ( ,jesus4 ,betwe5 ! moral ( ! above p>able 7v4 #ad7 & ! foll[+ rules = ! conduct ( ,*ri/ians "u injuries 7v4 #ae ff471 !re is aga9 only a v]bal connexion1 :i* may be trac$ by means ( ! words1 1 %\ld p]i%1 & 1 ?\ ha/ ga9$2 = ! proposition3 ,god wills n t "o ( ^! little ones %\ld p]i%1 might recall ! proposition3 ,we %\ld endeav\r to w9 ov] our bro!r1 by %[+ a read9ess to =give4 ,! direction to br+ ! (f5d] be=e ! *ur*1 1 is g5]ally adduc$ z a pro( t ,jesus int5d$ to f\nd a *ur*4 ,b he "h speaks ( ! z an in/itution already exi/+3 h5ce we mu/ ei!r ref] ! expression to ! ,jewi% synagogue1 an int]pretation :i* is fav\r$ by ! analogy ( ?is direction ) ,jewi% precepts2 or if1 accord+ to ! /rict mean+ ( ! ^w & its connexion1 mu/ be und]/ood z ! designation ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 :i* did n !n exi/1 x mu/ be admitt$ t we h "h1 at lea/ 9 ! =m ( expression1 an anticipation ( a subsequ5t /ate ( ?+s4 #iia ,! writ] c]ta9ly _h 9 view ! new *ur*1 ev5tually to be f\nd$ 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 :51 9 cont9uation1 he repres5t$ ! latt] z imp>t+ to ! body ( ! disciples ! au?ority to b9d & to loose1 previ\sly giv5 to ,pet]1 & ?us to =m a messianic religi\s con/itution4 ,! decl>ations conc]n+ ! success ( unanim\s pray]1 & ! pres5ce ( ,jesus among two or ?ree ga!r$ toge!r 9 8 "n1 accord ) ?is prospective idea4 #iib ,! next disc\rse t pres5ts itself 7,matt4 xix4 #c-ab1 ,m>k x4 #b-ab71 ?\gh belong+1 accord+ to ! ,evangeli/s1 to ! la/ j\rney ( ,jesus1 is ( ! same /amp ) ! disputations :i* !y1 = ! mo/ "p1 assign to ! la/ resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem4 ,"s ,ph>isees propose to ,jesus ! "q1 at t "t mu* discuss$ 9 ! ,jewi% s*ools1 #iic :e!r x be lawful = a man to put away 8 wife = e cause4 ,to avoid a contradiction betwe5 mod]n practice & ! dictum ( ,jesus1 x has be5 alleg$ t he "h c5sures ! species ( divorce :i* 0 ! only "o kn[n at t p]iod1 namely1 ! arbitr>y dismissal ( a wife2 b n ! judicial sep>ation resort$ to 9 ! pres5t day4 #iid ,b ?is v argum5t involves ! admission1 t ,jesus d5\nc$ all ! =ms ( divorce kn[n to him2 h5ce ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r1 if he c\ld h _h cognizance ( ! mod]n proc$ure 9 dissolv+ matrimony1 he w\ld h held x "r to limit 8 g5]al c5sure4 ,( ! succe$+ decl>ation1 prompt$ by a "q ( ! disciples1 #iie namely1 t celibacy may be practis$ = ! k+dom ( heav5's sake1 ,jesus himself says1 t x _c be und]/ood by all1 b only by ^? to :om x is giv5 7v4 #aa74 ,t ! doctr9e ( ,jesus may n run c\nt] to mod]n op9ion1 x has be5 eag]ly sugge/$1 t 8 panegyric on celibacy _h relation solely to ! circum/ances ( ! com+ "t1 or to ! nature ( ! apo/olic mission1 :i* w\ld be imp$$ by family ties4 #iif ,b !re is ev5 less intimation ( ?is special be>+ 9 ! text1 ?an 9 ! analog\s passage #a ,cor4 vii4 #be ff41 #iig &1 adh]+ to a simple int]pretation1 x mu/ be grant$ t we h "h "o ( ! in/ances 9 :i* ascetic pr9ciples1 su* z 7 !n preval5t1 especially among ! ,ess5es1 #iih manife/ !mselves 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 z repres5t$ 9 ! synoptical gospels4 ,! controv]sial disc\rses :i* ,mat!w1 almo/ ?r\gh\t 9 agreem5t ) ! o!r synopti/s1 places aft] ! entrance ( ,jesus into ,j]usalem 7xxi4 #bc-bg2 xxii4 #ae-df71 #iii are c]ta9ly pre-em95tly g5u9e fragm5ts1 hav+ precisely ! _s & tone ( ! rabb9ical dialectics 9 ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,! ?ird & fif? among !m are p>ticul>ly wor?y ( note1 because !y exhibit ,jesus z an int]pret] ( ,scripture4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 :]e9 ,jesus endeav\rs to conv9ce ! ,sadducees t !re w be a resurrection ( ! dead1 f ! ,mosaic designation ( ,god z ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ( ,isaac1 & ( ,jacob1 ma9ta9+ t he is n ! ,god ( ! dead1 b ( ! liv+ 7,matt4 xxii4 #ca-cc p>all473 ,paulus admits t ,jesus "h argues subtilly1 :ile he cont5ds t ! conclusion is really involv$ 9 ! premises4 ,b 9 ! expression ! ,god ( ,abraham1 etc41 :i* _h become a m]e =mula1 no?+ m is impli$ ?an t ,jehovah1 z he _h be5 ! protect+ ,deity ( ^! m51 w\ld = ev] cont9ue su* to _! po/]ity4 ,an individual relation subsi/+ betwe5 ,jehovah & ! patri>*s aft] _! dea?1 is n[h]e else allud$ to 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & c\ld only be discov]$ 9 ! above =m by rabb9ical int]pret]s1 at a "t :5 x 0 ?\ght desirable1 at any co/1 to %[ t ! idea ( immortality1 :i* _h become preval5t1 0 conta9$ 9 ! law2 :]e1 h[ev]1 x is n to be met ) by unprejudic$ eyes4 ,we f9d ! relation ( ,god to ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 adduc$ z a gu>antee ( immortality else:]e 9 rabb9ical argum5tations1 all ( :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 modell$ on ?is "o ( ,jesus4 #ajjj ,if we look into ! mo/ rec5t comm5t>ies1 we n[h]e f9d a c&id confession z to ! real "* ( ! argum5tation 9 "q4 ,ol%aus5 has wond]s to tell ( ! deep tru? conta9$ 9 x1 & ?9ks t he c d$uce f x1 9 ! %orte/ way1 ! au!nticity & div9ity ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,paulus sees ! validity ( ! pro( betwe5 ! l9es ( ! text2 ,fritzs*e is sil5t4 ,:]e=e ^! evasions8 ,:y is ! praise ( hav+ se5 cle>ly1 & spok5 op5ly1 9 ?is matt]1 ab&on$ to ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/8 #ajja ,:at spectres & d\ble-sight$ be+s1 mu/ ,moses & ,jesus h be51 if !y mix$ ) _! cotempor>ies )\t any real p>ticipation 9 _! op9ions & weaknesses1 _! joys & griefs3 if1 m5tally dwell+ ap>t f _! age & nation1 !y con=m$ to ^! relations only ext]nally & by accommodation1 :ile1 int]nally & accord+ to _! nature1 !y /ood among ! =emo/ ranks ( ! enlight5$ 9 mod]n times6 ,f> m noble 7 ^! m51 nay1 !y w\ld !n only engage our sympa?y & rev]5ce1 if1 9 a g5u9ely human mann]1 /ruggl+ ) ! limitations & prejudices ( _! age1 !y succumb$ to !m 9 a hundr$ second>y matt]s1 & only atta9$ p]fect fre$om 9 relation to ! "o po9t by :i* ea* 0 de/9$ to contribute to ! advancem5t ( mank9d4 ,a controv]sial "q conc]n+ ! ,messiah is propos$ 7v4 #da-df7 to ! ,ph>isees by ,jesus1 namely1 ,h[ c ! same p]sonage be at once ! ,"l & ! son ( ,david8 ,paulus ma9ta9s t ?is is a model ( int]pretation 9 con=mity ) ! text2 #ajjb an ass]tion :i* is no good augury t 8 own possesses t qualification4 ,accord+ to him1 ,jesus1 9 ask+ h[ ,david c\ld call ! ,messiah1 ,"l1 :5 9 ! g5]al op9ion he 0 8 son1 int5d$ to apprise ! ,ph>isees1 t 9 ?is ,psalm x is n ,david :o is speak+ ( ! ,messiah1 b ano!r poet :o is speak+ ( ,david z 8 "l1 s t to suppose ?is w>like psalm a messianic "o1 is a mi/ake4 ,:y1 asks ,paulus1 %\ld n ,jesus h f\nd out ?is int]pretation1 s9ce x is ! true "o8 ,b ?is is ! gr& error ( 8 entire s*eme ( int]pretation--to suppose t :at is tru? 9 itself1 or m correctly1 = u1 mu/1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ details1 h be5 tru? = ,jesus & ! apo/les4 ,! majority ( anci5t ,jewi% int]pret]s apply ?is psalm to ! ,messiah2 #ajjc ! apo/les use x z a prophecy conc]n+ ,*ri/ 7,acts ii4 #cd f42 #a ,cor4 xv4 #be72 ,jesus himself1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 adds to 1 ?us pla9ly giv+ 8 approval to ! notion t x is ,david :o !re speaks1 & t ! ,messiah is 8 subject3 h[ !n c x be ?\ght t he held ! contr>y op9ion8 ,x is f> m probable1 z ,ol%aus5 has well %[n1 t ,jesus believ$ ! psalm to be a messianic "o3 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,paulus is equally correct 9 ma9ta9+ t x orig9ally ref]r$1 n to ! ,messiah1 b to "s ,jewi% rul]1 :e!r ,david or ano!r4 ,?us we f9d t ,jesus "h gives a model ( int]pretation1 9 con=mity1 n ) ! text1 b ) ! _s ( 8 "t3 a discov]y :i*1 if ! above obs]vations be j1 ought to excite no surprise4 ,! solution ( ! enigma :i* ,jesus "h proposes to ! ,ph>isees1 lay )\t d\bt1 accord+ to 8 idea1 9 ! doctr9e ( ! high] nature ( ! ,messiah2 :e!r he held t1 9 virtue ( ?is1 he might be /yl$ ! ,"l ( ,david1 :ile1 9 virtue ( 8 human nature1 he might also be reg>d$ z 8 son2 or :e!r he wi%$ to remove ! latt] notion z errone\s4 #ajjd ,! result1 h[ev]1 & p]haps also ! int5tion ( ,jesus ) respect to ! ,ph>isees1 0 m]ely to conv9ce !m t he 0 capable ( retaliat+ on !m1 9 _! own way1 by emb>rass+ !m ) capti\s que/ions1 & t ) bett] success ?an !y _h obta9$ 9 _! attempts to entrap him4 ,h5ce ! ,evangeli/s place ?is passage at ! close ( ! disputations prompt$ by ! ,ph>isees1 & ,mat!w adds1 ,nei!r dur/ any man f t day =? ask him any m que/ions3 a conclud+ =m :i* is m suitable "h ?an aft] ! lesson adm9i/]$ to ! ,sadducees1 :]e x is plac$ by ,luke 7xx4 #dj71 or ?an aft] ! discussion on ! greate/ comm&m5t1 :]e x is introduc$ by ,m>k 7xii4 #cd74 ,imm$iately be=e ?is "q ( ,jesus1 ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s n>rate a conv]sation ) a lawy]1 1 or scribe1 1 conc]n+ ! greate/ comm&m5t4 7,matt4 xxii4 #cd ff42 ,m>k xii4 #bh ff47 ,mat!w annexes ?is conv]sation to ! dispute ) ! ,sadducees1 z if ! ,ph>isees wi%$1 by _! "q z to ! greate/ comm&m5t1 to av5ge ! defeat ( ! ,sadducees4 ,x is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ^! sects 7 n ?us fri5dly2 on ! contr>y1 we read 9 ! ,acts 7xxiii4 #g71 t ! ,ph>isees 7 incl9$ to g ov] to ! side ( "o :om !y _h previ\sly p]secut$1 solely because he _h _h ! address to take ! position ( an oppon5t t[>ds ! ,sadducees4 ,we may "h quote ,s*neck5burg]'s obs]vation1 #ajje t ,mat!w n seldom 7iii4 #g1 xvi4 #a7 places ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees side by side 9 a way t repres5ts1 n _! real ho/ility1 b _! association 9 ! memory ( tradition1 9 :i* "o opposite sugge/$ ano!r4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,m>k's mode ( annex+ ?is conv]sation to ! =ego+1 is m consi/5t2 b all ! synopti/s seem to lab\r "u a common mi/ake 9 suppos+ t ^! discussions1 gr\p$ toge!r 9 tradition on acc\nt ( _! analogy1 foll[$ ea* o!r s closely 9 "t1 t "o colloquy elicit$ ano!r4 ,luke does n give ! "q conc]n+ ! greate/ comm&m5t 9 connexion ) ! controv]sies on ! resurrection & on ! ,messiah2 b he has a simil> incid5t e>li]1 9 8 n>rative ( ! j\rney to ,j]usalem 7x4 #be ff474 ,! g5]al op9ion is t ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s rec\nt ! same occurr5ce & ! ?ird1 a di/9ct "o4 #ajjf ,x is true t ! n>rative ( ,luke diff]s f t ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 9 sev]al n immat]ial po9ts4 ,! fir/ diff]5ce1 :i* we h already notic$1 relates to *ronological position1 & ?is has be5 ! *ief inducem5t to ! supposition ( two ev5ts4 ,! next diff]5ce lies 9 ! nature ( ! "q1 :i*1 9 ,luke1 turns on ! rule ( life calculat$ to insure ! inh]itance ( et]nal life1 b1 9 ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 on ! greate/ comm&m5t4 ,! ?ird diff]5ce is 9 ! subject :o pron\nces ?is comm&m5t1 ! fir/ two synopti/s repres5t+ x to be ,jesus1 ! ?ird1 ! lawy]4 ,la/ly1 !re is a diff]5ce z to ! issue1 ! lawy] 9 ,luke putt+ a second1 self-v9dicatory1 "q1 :i* calls =? ! p>able ( ! good ,sam>itan2 :ile 9 ! two o!r ,evangeli/s1 he retires ei!r satisfi$1 or sil5c$ by ! answ] to ! fir/4 ,mean:ile1 ev5 betwe5 ! n>rative ( ,mat!w & t ( ,m>k1 !re are important div]g5cies4 ,! pr9cipal relates to ! "* ( ! qu]i/1 :o 9 ,mat!w proposes 8 "q ) a view to tempt ,jesus 772 9 ,m>k1 ) good int5tions1 because he _h p]ceiv$ t ,jesus _h answ]$ ! ,sadducees well4 ,paulus1 inde$1 al?\gh he else:]e 7,luke x4 #be7 consid]s ! act ( tempt+ 77 z ! putt+ a p]son to ! pro( to subs]ve int]e/$ views1 pron\nces t ! ^w 9 ?is in/ance c only be int5d$ 9 a good s5se4 ,b ! sole gr\nd = ?is int]pretation lies1 n 9 ,mat!w1 b 9 ,m>k1 & 9 ! unf\nd$ supposition t ! two writ]s c\ld n h a diff]5t idea ( ! "* & int5tion ( ! inquir+ doctor ( ! law4 ,fritzs*e has correctly po9t$ out ! difficulty ( conciliat+ ,mat!w & ,m>k z ly+1 p>tly 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w 1 & p>tly 9 ! context1 x be+ inadmissible to suppose "o among a s]ies ( malevol5t que/ions1 fri5dly1 )\t any intimation ( ! di/9ction on ! "p ( ! writ]4 ,) ?is important div]sity is connect$ ! m9or "o1 t :ile 9 ,mat!w1 ! scribe1 aft] ,jesus has recit$ ! two comm&m5ts1 is sil5t1 app>5tly f %ame1 :i* is no sign ( a fri5dly disposition on 8 "p t[>ds ,jesus2 9 ,m>k1 he n only be/[s on ,jesus ! approv+ expression1 ,well1 ,ma/]1 ?\ ha/ said ! tru?1 b enl>ges on 8 doctr9e s z to draw f ,jesus ! decl>ation t he has answ]$ discreetly1 & is1 n f> f ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,x may be also notic$ t :ile 9 ,mat!w ,jesus simply repeats ! comm&m5t ( love1 9 ,m>k he prefaces x by ! words1 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l ?y ,god is "o ,"l4 ,?us1 if x be held t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! n>rative ( ,luke1 & t ( ! two o!r ,evangeli/s1 entail a necessity = suppos+ t !y are f\nd$ on two sep>ate ev5ts2 ! no slight] diff]5ces betwe5 ,m>k & ,mat!w mu/ 9 all consi/5cy be made a reason = suppos+ a ?ird4 ,b x is s difficult to cr$it ! reality ( ?ree occurr5ces ess5tially alike1 t ! o!r alt]native1 ( r$uc+ !m to "o1 mu/1 prejudice ap>t1 be always pref]r$4 ,! n>ratives ( ,mat!w & ,m>k are ! mo/ easily id5tifi$2 b !re are n want+ po9ts ( contact betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke1 = 9 bo? ! lawy] appe>s z a tempt] 771 & is n impress$ 9 fav\r ( ,jesus by 8 answ]2 nor ev5 betwe5 ,luke & ,m>k1 = ^! agree 9 app5d+ explanatory rem>ks to ! greate/ comm&m5t1 z well z 9 ! ins]tion ( =ms ( ass5t1 su* z1 ,?\ ha/ answ]$ "r1 ,?\ ha/ said ! tru?4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t to fuse only two ( _! n>ratives is a half measure1 & t we mu/ ei!r reg>d all ?ree z indep5d5t1 or all ?ree z id5tical3 :5ce aga9 we may obs]ve ! fre$om :i* 0 us$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian leg5d1 9 giv+ v>i\s =ms to a s+le fact or idea--! fundam5tal fact 9 ! pres5t case be+1 t1 out ( ! :ole ,mosaic code1 ,jesus _h select$ ! two comm&m5ts conc]n+ ! love ( ,god & our neighb\r z ! mo/ excell5t4 #ajjg ,we come n[ to ! great anti-ph>isaic disc\rse1 :i* ,mat!w gives 7xxiii47 z a sort ( pit*$ battle aft] ! skirmi%+ ( ! prec$+ disputations4 ,m>k 7xii4 #ch ff47 & ,luke 7xx4 #de ff47 h also a disc\rse ( ,jesus aga9/ ! scribes1 1 b ext5d+ no f>!r ?an a few v]ses4 ,x is h[ev] highly probable1 z our mod]n critics all[1 #ajjh t ,jesus %\ld laun* out into full] invectives aga9/ t body ( m5 "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,mat!w places t disc\rse1 & x is almo/ c]ta9 t su* %>p enunciations mu/ h prec$$ ! cata/rophe2 s t x is n admissible to control ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/ by ! meagre "o ( ! two o!r synopti/s1 #ajji especially z ! =m] is di/+ui%$ by connect$ness & unity4 ,x is true t mu* ( :at ,mat!w "h pres5ts z a cont9u\s address1 is assign$ by ,luke to v>i\s sc5es & occasions1 & x w\ld h5ce foll[ t ! =m] has1 9 ?is case aga91 bl5d$ ! orig9al elem5ts ( ! disc\rse ) k9dr$ matt]1 belong+ to ! disc\rses ( v>i\s p]iods1 #ajaj if x c\ld be %[n t ! arrangem5t ( ,luke is ! correct "o3 a position :i* mu/ !re=e be exam9$4 ,^? p>ts ( ! anti-ph>isaic h>angue :i* ,luke has 9 common ) ,mat!w1 are1 except+ ! c\ple ( v]ses :i* he places 9 ! same connexion z ,mat!w1 introduc$ by him z concomitant ) two ent]ta9m5ts to :i* he repres5ts ,jesus z be+ invit$ by ,ph>isees 7xi4 #cg ff42 xiv4 #a ff47--a polit5ess on _! "p :i* appe>s 9 no o!r gospel4 ,! expositors ( ! pres5t day1 almo/ ) "o voice1 concur 9 admir+ ! naturalness & fai?fulness ) :i* ,luke has pres]v$ to u ! orig9al occasions ( ^! disc\rses4 #ajaa ,x is c]ta9ly natural en\gh t1 9 ! second ent]ta9m5t1 ,jesus1 obs]v+ ! ef=ts ( ! gue/s to obta9 ! highe/ places = !mselves1 %\ld take occasion to admoni% !m aga9/ assum+ ! prec$5ce at fea/s1 ev5 on ! l[ gr\nd ( prud5tial consid]ations2 & ?is admonition appe>s 9 a curtail$ =m1 & )\t any special cause 9 ! f9al anti-ph>isaic disc\rse 9 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ev5 9 ,luke aga9 7xx4 #df74 ,b x is o!rwise ) ! disc\rse :i* ,luke atta*es to ! e>li] ent]ta9m5t 9 ! ,ph>isee's h\se4 ,9 ! v comm5cem5t ( ?is repa/1 ,jesus n only speaks ( ! rav5+1 1 & wick$ness1 1 ) :i* ! ,ph>isees fill ! cup & platt]1 & hon\rs !m ) ! title ( fools1 1 b breaks =? into a d5unciation ( woe1 1 aga9/ !m & ! scribes & doctors ( ! law1 ?reat5+ !m ) retribution = all ! blood t _h be5 %$ by _! fa!rs1 ^: de$s !y approv$4 ,we grant t ,attic urbanity is n to be expect$ 9 a ,jewi% tea*]1 b ev5 accord+ to ! ori5tal /&>d1 su* invectives utt]$ at table aga9/ ! ho/ & 8 gue/s1 w\ld be ! grosse/ d]eliction ( :at is due to hospitality4 ,?is 0 obvi\s to ,s*lei]ma*]'s acute p]ception2 & he !re=e supposes t ! meal pass$ (f amicably1 & t x 0 n until its close1 :5 ,jesus 0 aga9 out ( ! h\se1 t ! ho/ express$ 8 surprise at ! neglect ( ! usual ablutions by ,jesus & 8 disciples1 & t ,jesus answ]$ ) s mu* asp]ity4 #ajab ,b to assume t ! writ] has n describ$ ! meal itself & ! incid5ts t accompani$ x1 & t he has notic$ x m]ely = ! sake ( its connexion ) ! subsequ5t disc\rse1 is an arbitr>y mode ( ov]com+ ! difficulty4 ,= ! text runs ?us3 ,& he w5t 9 & sat d[n to meat4 ,& :5 ! ,ph>isee saw x1 he m>vell$ t he _h n fir/ wa%$ be=e d9n]4 ,& ! ,"l said unto him1 1 -- 4 ,x is manife/ly impossible to ?ru/ 9 betwe5 ^! s5t5ces ! duration ( ! meal1 & x mu/ h be5 ! int5tion ( ! writ] to atta* he m>vell$ to he sat d[n to meat 1 & he said to he m>vell$ 4 ,b if ?is c\ld n really h be5 ! case1 unless ,jesus violat$ 9 ! grosse/ mann] ! simple/ dictates ( civility1 !re is an end to ! vaunt$ accuracy ( ,luke 9 8 allocation ( ?is disc\rse3 & we h only to inquire h[ he c\ld be l$ to give x s false a position4 ,?is is to be discov]$ by comp>+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! two o!r synopti/s m5tion ! (f5ce ( ! ,ph>isees1 at ! omission ( ! ablutions be=e meals by ,jesus & 8 disciples3 a circum/ance to :i* !y annex disc\rses diff]5t f ^? giv5 by ,luke4 ,9 ,mat!w 7xv4 #a ff71 scribes & ,ph>isees f ,j]usalem ask ,jesus :y 8 disciples d n obs]ve ! cu/om ( wa%+ be=e meat8 ,x is ?us impli$ t !y knew ( ?is omission1 z may easily be suppos$1 by report4 ,9 ,m>k 7vii4 #a ff471 !y look on 717 :ile "s disciples ( ,jesus eat ) unwa%5 h&s1 & call !m to acc\nt = ?is irregul>ity4 ,la/ly1 9 ,luke1 ,jesus himself d9es ) a ,ph>isee1 & on ?is occasion x is obs]v$ t he neglects ! usual wa%+s4 ,?is is an evid5t climax3 he>+1 witness+1 tak+ food toge!r4 ,0 x =m$1 9 ! desc5d+ gradation1 f ,luke to ,mat!w1 or1 9 ! asc5d+ "o1 f ,mat!w to ,luke8 ,f ! po9t ( view adopt$ by ! rec5t critics ( ! fir/ gospel1 ! =m] mode w be held ! mo/ probable1 namely1 t ! memory ( ! orig9al sc5e1 ! repa/ 9 ! ,ph>isee's h\se1 0 lo/ 9 ! process ( tradition1 & is !re=e want+ 9 ! fir/ gospel4 ,b1 ap>t f ! difficulty ( conceiv+ t ?is disc\rse 0 utt]$ "u ! circum/ances ) :i* x is inve/$ by ,luke1 x is by no means 9 accordance ) ! c\rse ( tradition1 :5 once 9 possession ( s dramatic a p>ticul> z a fea/1 to let x fall aga91 b r to supply x1 if lack+4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! leg5d is to trans=m ! ab/ract into ! concrete1 ! m$iate into ! imm$iate1 he>say into vision1 ! spectator into ! p>ticipator2 & z ! (f5ce tak5 aga9/ ,jesus by ! ,ph>isees ref]r$1 among o!r ?+s1 to ! usages ( ! table1 no?+ 0 m natural ?an = leg5d to associate ! orig9 ( ! (f5ce ) a p>ticul> place & occasion1 & = ?is purpose to imag9e invitations giv5 to ,jesus by ,ph>isees--invitations :i* w\ld be hi/orically suspici\s1 if = no o!r reason ?an t ,luke alone kn[s any?+ ( !m4 ,"h1 !n1 we aga9 f9d ,luke 9 8 fav\rite employm5t ( furni%+ a frame to ! disc\rses ( ,jesus :i* tradition _h deliv]$ to him2 a proc$ure mu* f>!r remov$ f hi/oric fai?fulness1 ?an ! ef=t ( ,mat!w to give unity to disc\rses ga!r$ f diff]5t p]iods1 )\t add+ matt] ( 8 own4 ,! =mation ( ! climax above display$1 c only be conceiv$1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al relation betwe5 ! synopti/s1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,m>k1 :o 9 ?is in/ance evid5tly _h ,mat!w be=e him1 enri*$ 8 acc\nt ) ! dramatic expression 2 :ile ,luke1 indep5d5t ( bo?1 has add$ a repa/1 1 :e!r pres5t$ to him by a m develop$ tradition1 or inv5t$ by 8 own m f]tile imag9ation4 ,toge!r ) ?is unhi/orical position1 ! proportions !mselves seem to be disfigur$ 9 ,luke 7xi4 #ci-da1 #di71 & ! obs]vation ( ! lawy]1 ,ma/]1 ?us say+ ?\ reproa*e/ u also 7xi4 #de71 too mu* resembles an artificial transition f ! philippic aga9/ ! ,ph>isees1 to t aga9/ ! doctors ( ! law4 #ajac ,ano!r passage 9 ?is disc\rse has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,x is t 7v4 #ce7 9 :i* ,jesus ?reat5s 8 cotempor>ies1 t all ! innoc5t blood %$ f t ( ,abel to t ( ,za*>ias1 ! son ( ,b>a*ias1 sla9 9 ! temple1 w be requir$ ( _! g5]ation4 ,! ,za*>ias ( :om su* an end is n>rat$ #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #bj ff4 0 a son1 n ( ,b>a*ias1 b ( ,jehoiada4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 a ,za*>ias1 ! son ( ,b>u*1 :o came to a simil> end 9 ! ,jewi% w>4 #ajad ,moreov]1 x appe>s unlikely t ,jesus w\ld ref] to a murd] :i* took place #hej ,b4,c4 z ! la/4 ,h5ce x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t we h 9 v4 #ce a prophecy1 & aft]w>ds1 a confusion ( ! e>li] ) ! lat] ev5t2 & ! latt] notion has be5 us$ z an accessory pro( t ! fir/ gospel is a po/]ior compilation4 #ajae ,x is1 h[ev]1 equally probable1 t ! ,za*>ias1 son ( ,jehoiada1 ^: dea? is n>rat$ 9 ! ,*ronicles1 has be5 conf\nd$ ) ! prophet ,ze*>iah1 :o 0 a son ( ,b>a*ias 7,ze*4 i4 #a2 ,,lxx42 ,b>u*1 9 ,josephus1 is n ! same "n72 #ajaf especially z a ,t>gum1 evid5tly 9 consequ5ce ( a l confusion ) ! prophet :o 0 a gr&son ( ,iddo1 calls ! murd]$ ,ze*>iah a son ( ,iddo4 #ajag ,! murd] ( a prophet1 m5tion$ by ,j]emiah 7xxvi4 #bc71 0 d\btless subsequ5t to t ( ,ze*>iah1 b 9 ! ,jewi% ord] ( ! canonical books1 ,j]emiah prec$es ! ,*ronicles2 & to oppose a murd] reveal$ 9 ! fir/ canonical book1 to "o record$ 9 ! la/1 0 entirely 9 ! /yle ( ,jewi% p>lance4 #ajah ,aft] hav+ consid]$ all ! disc\rses ( ,jesus giv5 by ,mat!w1 & comp>$ !m ) _! p>allels1 ) ! exception ( ^? :i* _h come be=e u 9 previ\s discussions1 or :i* h yet to come be=e u 9 our exam9ation ( s+le incid5ts 9 ! public m9i/ry1 or ( ! hi/ory ( ! passion3 x might appe> requisite to ! complet5ess ( our criticism1 t we %\ld also give a sep>ate inve/igation to ! connexion 9 :i* ! two o!r synopti/s give ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 & f ?is po9t review ! p>allels 9 ,mat!w4 ,b we h already ca/ a comp>ative glance ov] ! mo/ rem>kable disc\rses 9 ,luke & ,m>k1 & gone ?r\gh ! p>ables :i* are peculi> to ea*2 & z to ! rema9d] ( :at !y (f] 9 ! =m ( disc\rses1 x w ei!r come "u our future consid]ation1 or if n1 ! po9t ( view f :i* x is to be criticis$1 has be5 suffici5tly indicat$ 9 ! =ego+ inve/igations4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,disc\rses ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 #hj4 ,,conv]sation ,,( ,,jesus ,,) ,,nicodemus4 ,! fir/ consid]able specim5 :i* ! f\r? gospel gives ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 is 8 conv]sation ) ,nicodemus 7iii4 #a-ba74 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] 7#bc-be7 x is n>rat$1 t dur+ ! fir/ passov] att5d$ by ,jesus aft] 8 entrance on 8 public m9i/ry1 he _h won _m to fai? 9 him by ! miracles1 1 :i* he p]=m$1 b t he did n commit himself to !m because he saw ?r\gh !m3 he 0 aw>e1 t is1 ( ! unc]ta9ty & impurity ( _! fai?4 ,!n foll[s 9 our pres5t *apt]1 z an example1 n only ( ! adh]5ts :om ,jesus _h f\nd ev5 ?us e>ly1 b also ( ! w>9ess ) :i* he te/$ & receiv$ !m1 a m detail$ acc\nt h[ ,nicodemus1 a rul] ( ! ,jews & a ,ph>isee1 appli$ to him1 & h[ he 0 treat$ by ,jesus4 ,x is ?r\gh ! ,gospel ( ,john alone t we le>n any?+ ( ?is ,nicodemus1 :o 9 vii4 #ej f4 appe>s z ! advocate ( ,jesus1 s f> z to prote/ aga9/ 8 be+ condemn$ )\t a he>+1 & 9 xix4 #ci z ! p>tak] ) ,joseph ( ,arima!a ( ! c>e ( int]r+ ,jesus4 ,mod]n criticism1 ) reason1 consid]s x surpris+ t ,mat!w 7) ! o!r synopti/s7 does n ev5 m5tion ! "n ( ?is rem>kable adh]5t ( ,jesus1 & t we h to ga!r all our k ( him f ! f\r? gospel2 s9ce ! peculi> relation 9 :i* ,nicodemus /ood to ,jesus1 & 8 p>ticipation 9 ! c>e ( 8 int]m5t1 mu/ h be5 z well kn[n to ,mat!w z to ,john4 ,?is difficulty has be5 numb]$ among ! argum5ts :i* are ?\ght to prove t ! fir/ gospel 0 n writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,mat!w1 b 0 ! product ( a tradition consid]ably m remote f ! "t & locality ( ,jesus4 #ajai ,b ! fact is t ! common fund ( tradition on :i* all ! synopti/s drew _h pres]v$ no notice ( ?is ,nicodemus4 ,) t\*+ piety ! ,*ri/ian leg5d has record$ 9 ! tablets ( h] memory1 ! names ( all ! o!rs :o help$ to r5d] ! la/ hon\rs to _! murd]$ ma/]--( ,joseph ( ,arima!a & ! two ,m>ys 7,matt4 xxvii4 #eg-fa p>all472 :y !n 0 ,nicodemus ! only neglect$ "o--he :o 0 especially di/+ui%$ among ^? :o t5d$ ! rema9s ( ,jesus1 by 8 nocturnal int]view ) ! tea*] s5t f ,god1 & by 8 advocacy ( him among ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees8 ,x is s difficult to conceive t ! "n ( ?is man1 if he _h really assum$ su* a position1 w\ld h vani%$ f ! popul> evangelical tradition )\t leav+ a s+le trace1 t "o is induc$ to inquire :e!r ! contr>y supposition be n m capable ( explanation3 namely1 t su* a relation betwe5 ,nicodemus & ,jesus might h be5 fabricat$ by tradition1 & adopt$ by ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel )\t hav+ really subsi/$4 ,john xii4 #db1 x is expressly said t _m among ! *ief rul]s believ$ on ,jesus1 b conceal$ _! fai? f dread ( excommunication by ! ,ph>isees1 because !y lov$ ! praise ( m5 m ?an ! praise ( ,god4 #ajbj ,t t[>ds ! end ( 8 c>e] _m p ( rank believ$ 9 ,jesus1 ev5 9 secret only1 is n v probable1 s9ce no indication ( x appe>s 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 = t ! advice ( ,gamaliel 7,acts v4 #cd ff47 did n orig9ate 9 a positively fav\rable disposition t[>ds ! cause ( ,jesus1 seems to be suffici5tly demon/rat$ by ! _s ( 8 disciple ,saul4 ,moreov] ! synopti/s make ,jesus decl>e 9 pla9 t]ms t ! secret ( 8 ,messiah%ip _h be5 reveal$ only to babes1 & hidd5 f ! wise & prud5t 7,matt4 xi4 #be2 ,luke x4 #ba71 & ,joseph ( ,arima!a is ! only individual ( ! rul+ class :om !y m5tion z an adh]5t ( ,jesus4 ,h[1 !n1 if ,jesus did n really atta* to himself any f ! upp] ranks1 came ! case to be repres5t$ diff]5tly at a lat] p]iod8 ,9 ,john vii4 #dh f4 we read t ! ,ph>isees s\ght to disp>age ,jesus by ! rem>k t none ( ! rul]s or ( ! ,ph>isees1 b only ! ignorant populace1 believ$ on him2 & ev5 lat] adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 = example1 ,celsus1 laid great /ress on ! circum/ance t ,jesus _h _h z 8 disciples 1 4 #ajba ,?is reproa* 0 a ?orn 9 ! side ( ! e>ly *ur*1 & ?\gh z long z h] memb]s 7 drawn only f ! p1 %e might reflect ) satisfaction on ! decl>ations ( ,jesus1 9 :i* he _h pron\nc$ ! poor1 1 & simple1 1 bless$3 yet s soon z %e 0 jo9$ by m5 ( rank & education1 ^! w\ld lean to ! idea t conv]ts l !mselves _h n be5 want+ to ,jesus dur+ 8 life4 ,b1 x w\ld be object$1 no?+ _h be5 hi!rto kn[n ( su* conv]ts4 ,naturally en\gh1 x might be answ]$2 s9ce fe> ( _! equals w\ld induce !m to conceal _! relations ) ,jesus4 ,?us a door 0 op5$ = ! admission ( any numb] ( secret adh]5ts among ! high] class 7,john xii4 #db f474 ,b1 x w\ld be fur!r urg$1 h[ c\ld !y h int]c\rse ) ,jesus unobs]v$8 ,"u ! veil ( ! night1 w\ld be ! answ]2 & ?us ! sc5e 0 laid = ! int]views ( su* m5 ) ,jesus 7xix4 #ci74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n suffice2 a repres5tative ( ?is class mu/ actually appe> on ! sc5e3 ,joseph ( ,arima!a might h be5 *os51 8 "n be+ /ill extant 9 ! synoptical tradition2 b ! idea ( him 0 too def9ite1 & x 0 ! int]e/ ( ! leg5d to "n m ?an "o em95t fri5d ( ,jesus4 ,h5ce a new p]sonage 0 devis$1 ^: ,greek "n seems to po9t him out significantly z ! repres5tative ( ! dom9ant class4 #ajbb ,t ?is developm5t ( ! leg5d is conf9$ to ! f\r? gospel1 is to be expla9$1 p>tly by ! g5]ally admitt$ lat5ess ( its orig91 & p>tly on ! gr\nd t 9 ! evid5tly m cultivat$ circle 9 :i* x arose1 ! limitation ( ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus to ! common p w\ld be m (f5sive1 ?an 9 ! circle 9 :i* ! synoptical tradition 0 =m$4 ,?us ! reproa* :i* mod]n criticism has ca/ on ! fir/ gospel1 on ! score ( its sil5ce respect+ ,nicodemus1 is turn$ ^u ! f\r?1 on ! score ( its in=mation on ! same subject4 ,^! consid]ations1 h[ev]1 %\ld n create any prejudice aga9/ ! ensu+ conv]sation1 :i* is ! prop] object ( our inve/igations4 ,?is may /ill be 9 ! ma9 g5u9e2 ,jesus may h held su* a conv]sation ) "o ( 8 adh]5ts1 & our ,evangeli/ may h embelli%$ x no fur!r ?an by mak+ ?is int]locutor a man ( rank4 ,nei!r w we1 ) ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 take umbrage at ! op5+ address ( ,nicodemus1 nor compla91 ) him1 t !re is a want ( connexion betwe5 t address & ! answ] ( ,jesus4 #ajbc ,! requisition ( a new bir? 7 71 z a condition ( entrance into ! k+dom ( heav51 does n diff] ess5tially f ! summons ) :i* ,jesus op5s 8 m9i/ry 9 ! synoptical gospels1 ,rep5t ye1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4 ,new bir?1 or new creation1 0 a curr5t image among ! ,jews1 especially z d5ot+ ! conv]sion ( an idolat] into a wor%ipp] ( ,jehovah4 ,x 0 cu/om>y to say ( ,abraham1 t :51 accord+ to ! ,jewi% supposition1 he r5\nc$ idolatry = ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 he became a new creature 7 74 #ajbd ,! proselyte1 too1 9 allusion to 8 rel9qui%+ all 8 previ\s associations1 0 comp>$ to a new-born *ild4 #ajbe ,t su* phraseology 0 common among ! ,jews at t p]iod1 is %[n by ! confid5ce ) :i* ,paul applies1 z if x requir$ no explanation1 ! t]m new creation1 1 to ^? truly conv]t$ to ,*ri/4 ,n[1 if ,jesus requir$1 ev5 f ! ,jews1 z a condition ( entrance into ! messianic k+dom1 ! new bir? :i* !y ascrib$ to _! hea!n proselytes1 ,nicodemus might naturally wond] at ! requisition1 s9ce ! ,israelite ?\ght himself1 z su*1 unconditionally entitl$ to t k+dom3 & ?is is ! con/ruction :i* has be5 put ^u 8 "q v4 #d4 #ajbf ,b ,nicodemus does n ask1 ,h[ can/ ?\ say t a ,jew1 or a *ild ( ,abraham1 mu/ be born aga98 ,8 gr\nd ( wond] is t ,jesus appe>s to suppose x possible = a man to be born aga91 & t :5 he is old4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 a/oni% him t spiritual new bir? %\ld be expect$ 9 a ,jew1 b corporeal new bir? 9 a man4 ,h[ an ori5tal1 to :om figurative spee* 9 g5]al--h[ a ,jew1 to :om ! image ( ! new bir? 9 p>ticul> mu/ h be5 famili>--h[ especially a ma/] ( ,israel1 9 :om ! miscon/ruction ( figurative phrases _c1 z 9 ! apo/les 7e4g4 ,matt4 xv4 #ae f42 xvi4 #g71 be ascrib$ to want ( education--c\ld und]/& ?is expression lit]ally1 has be5 matt] ( extreme surprise to expositors ( all p>ties1 z well z to ,jesus 7v4 #aj74 ,h5ce "s h suppos$ t ! ,ph>isee really und]/ood ,jesus1 & only int5d$ by 8 "q to te/ ! ability ( ,jesus to int]pret 8 figurative expression into a simple proposition3 #ajbg b ,jesus does n treat him z a hypocrite1 z 9 t case he mu/ h done--he cont9ues to in/ruct him1 z "o really ignorant 7v4 #aj74 ,o!rs give ! "q ! foll[+ turn3 ,?is _c be meant 9 a physical s5se1 h[ !n o!rwise8 #ajbh ,b ! true drift ( ! "q is r ! contr>y3 ,by ^! words ,i c only und]/& physical new bir?1 b h[ is ?is possible8 ,our wond] at ! ignorance ( ! ,jewi% doctor1 !re=e1 returns ^u u2 & x is height5$ :51 aft] ! copi\s explanation ( ,jesus 7v4 #e-h71 t ! new bir? :i* he requir$ 0 a spiritual bir?1 1 ,nicodemus has made no advance 9 compreh5sion1 b asks ) ! same obtus5ess z be=e 7v4 #i71 ,h[ c ^! ?+s be8 ,by ?is la/ difficulty ,lcke is s /rait5$1 t1 contr>y to 8 ord9>y exegetical tact1 he ref]s ! cont9u$ amazem5t ( ,nicodemus 7z o!r expositors _h ref]r$ 8 orig9al "q7 to ! circum/ance t ,jesus ma9ta9$ ! necessity ( new bir? ev5 = ,israelites4 ,b1 9 t case1 ,nicodemus w\ld h inquir$ conc]n+ ! necessity1 n ! possibility1 ( t bir?2 in/ead ( ask+1 ,h[ c ^! ?+s be8 he w\ld h ask$1 ,:y mu/ ^! ?+s be8 ,?is inconceivable mi/ake 9 a ,jewi% doctor is n !n to be expla9$ away1 & our surprise mu/ become /rong suspicion s soon z x c be %[n1 t leg5d or ! ,evangeli/ _h inducem5ts to repres5t ?is individual z m simple ?an he really 04 ,fir/1 !n1 x mu/ occur to u1 t 9 all descriptions & recitals1 contra/s are eag]ly exhibit$2 h5ce 9 ! repres5tation ( a colloquy 9 :i* "o p>ty is ! tea*]1 ! o!r ! taught1 !re is a /rong temptation to create a contra/ to ! wisdom ( ! =m] by exagg]at+ ! simplicity ( ! latt]4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ rememb] ! satisfaction x mu/ give to a ,*ri/ian m9d ( t age1 to place a ma/] ( ,israel 9 ! position ( an un9tellig5t p]son1 by ! side ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,la/ly1 x is1 z we %all pres5tly see m cle>ly1 ! con/ant me?od ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 9 detail+ ! conv]sations ( ,jesus1 to =m ! knot & ! progress ( ! discussion1 by mak+ ! int]locutors und]/& lit]ally :at ,jesus int5d$ figuratively4 ,9 reply to ! second qu]y ( ,nicodemus1 ,jesus takes entirely ! tone ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/'s prologue 7v4 #aa-ac74 #ajbi ,! "q h5ce arises1 :e!r ! ,evangeli/ borr[$ f ,jesus1 or l5t to him 8 own /yle4 ,a previ\s inve/igation has decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt] alt]native4 #ajcj ,b ?is inquiry ref]r$ m]ely to ! =m ( ! disc\rses2 9 relation to _! matt]1 its analogy ) ! ideas ( ,philo1 does n au?orize u at once to conclude t ! writ] "h puts 8 ,alex&rian doctr9e ( ! ,logos into ! m\? ( ,jesus2 #ajca because ! expressions1 ,we speak t we d "k1 etc4 4441 &1 ,no man ha? asc5d$ up to heav51 etc4 4441 h an analogy ) ,matt4 xi4 #bg2 & ! idea ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah :i* is "h prop\nd$1 is1 z we h se51 n =eign to ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,v4 #ad & #ae ,jesus proce$s f ! m simple ?+s ( ! e>?1 1 ! communications conc]n+ ! new bir?1 to ! m difficult ?+s ( heav51 1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! de/9ation ( ! ,messiah to a vic>i\s dea?4 ,! ,son ( ,man1 he says1 mu/ be lift$ up 71 :i*1 9 ,john's phraseology1 signifies crucifixion1 ) an allusion to a glorify+ exaltation71 9 ! same way1 & ) ! same effect1 z ! braz5 s]p5t ,num4 xxi4 #h1 #i4 ,"h _m que/ions press ^u u4 ,is x cr$ible1 t ,jesus already1 at ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 public m9i/ry1 =esaw 8 dea?1 & 9 ! specific =m ( crucifixion8 & t long be=e he in/ruct$ 8 disciples on ?is po9t1 he made a communication on ! subject to a ,ph>isee8 ,c x be held consi/5t ) ! wisdom ( ,jesus z a tea*]1 t he %\ld imp>t su* k to ,nicodemus8 ,ev5 ,lcke #ajcb puts ! "q :y1 :5 ,nicodemus _h n und]/ood ! m obvi\s doctr9e1 ,jesus torm5t$ him ) ! m recondite1 & especially ) ! secret ( ! ,messiah's dea?1 :i* 0 !n s remote8 ,he answ]s3 x accords p]fectly ) ! wisdom ( ,jesus z a tea*]1 t he %\ld reveal ! suff]+s appo9t$ = him by ,god z e>ly z possible1 because no in/ruction 0 bett] adapt$ to ca/ d[n false worldly hopes4 ,b ! m remote ! idea ( ! ,messiah's dea? f ! conceptions ( 8 cotempor>ies1 ow+ to ! worldl9ess ( _! expectations1 ! m impressively & unequivocally mu/ ,jesus express t idea1 if he wi%$ to promulgate x2 n 9 an enigmatical =m :i* he c\ld n be sure t ,nicodemus w\ld und]/&4 ,lcke cont9ues3 ,nicodemus 0 a man op5 to in/ruction2 "o ( :om good might be expect$4 ,b 9 ?is v conv]sation1 8 dulness ( compreh5sion 9 e>?ly ?+s1 1 _h ev9c$ t he mu/ h /ill less capacity = heav5ly ?+s1 2 &1 accord+ to v4 #ab1 ,jesus himself despair$ ( enlight5+ him ) respect to !m4 ,lcke1 h[ev]1 obs]ves1 t x 0 a practice ) ,jesus to foll[ up easy doctr9e :i* _h n be5 compreh5d$1 by difficult doctr9e :i* 0 ( c\rse less compreh5sible2 t he purpos$ ?us to give a spur to ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s1 & by /ra9+ _! att5tion1 engage !m to reflect4 ,b ! examples :i* ,lcke adduces ( su* proce$+ on ! "p ( ,jesus1 are all drawn f ! f\r? gospel4 ,n[ ! v po9t 9 "q is1 :e!r t gospel correctly repres5ts ! tea*+ ( ,jesus2 consequ5tly ,lcke argues 9 a circle4 ,we h se5 a simil> proc$ure ascrib$ to ,jesus 9 8 conv]sation ) ! woman ( ,sam>ia1 & we h already decl>$ our op9ion t su* an ov]bur!n+ ( weak faculties ) enigma on enigma1 does n accord ) ! wise rule z to ! communication ( doctr9e1 :i* ! same gospel puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 xvi4 #ab4 ,x w\ld n /imulate1 b confuse1 ! m9d ( ! he>]1 :o p]si/$ 9 a misappreh5sion ( ! well-kn[n figure ( ! new bir?1 to pres5t to him ! novel comp>ison ( ! ,messiah & 8 dea?1 to ! braz5 s]p5t & its effects2 a comp>ison q incongru\s ) 8 ,jewi% ideas4 #ajcc ,9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels ,jesus pursues an entirely diff]5t c\rse4 ,9 ^!1 :]e a miscon/ruction betrays itself on ! "p ( ! disciples1 ,jesus 7except :]e he breaks (f altoge!r1 or :]e x is evid5t t ! ,evangeli/ unhi/orically associates a numb] ( metaphorical disc\rses7 applies himself ) ! assiduity ( an e>ne/ tea*] to ! ?or\gh explanation ( ! difficulty1 & n until he has effect$ ?is does he proce$1 /ep by /ep1 to convey fur!r in/ruction 7e4g4 ,matt4 xiii4 #aj ff41 #cf ff41 xv4 #af1 xvi4 #h ff474 #ajcd ,?is is ! me?od ( a wise tea*]2 on ! contr>y1 to leap f "o subject to ano!r1 to ov]bur!n & /ra9 ! m9d ( ! he>]1 a mode ( in/ruction :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ attributes to ,jesus1 is :olly inconsi/5t ) t "*4 ,to expla9 ?is inconsi/5cy1 we mu/ suppose t ! writ] ( ! f\r? gospel ?\ght to height5 9 ! mo/ effective mann] ! contra/ :i* appe>s f ! fir/1 betwe5 ! wisdom ( ! "o p>ty & ! incapacity ( ! o!r1 by repres5t+ ! tea*] z ov]:elm+ ! pupil1 :o put un9tellig5t que/ions on ! mo/ elem5t>y doctr9e1 ) l(ty & difficult !mes1 b5ea? :i* 8 faculties are laid pro/rate4 ,f v4 #af1 ev5 ^? comm5tators :o pret5d to "s ability 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 lose all hope ( %[+ t ! rema9d] ( ! disc\rse may h be5 spok5 by ,jesus4 ,n only does ,paulus make ?is confession1 b ev5 ,ol%aus51 ) a concise /atem5t ( 8 reasons4 #ajce ,at ! above v]se1 any special ref]5ce to ,nicodemus vani%es1 & !re is comm5c$ an entirely g5]al disc\rse on ! de/9ation ( ! ,son ( ,god1 to conf] a bless+ on ! _w1 & on ! mann] 9 :i* unbelief =feits ?is bless+4 ,moreov]1 ^! ideas are express$ 9 a =m1 :i* at "o mom5t appe>s to be a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,evangeli/'s introduction1 & at ano!r has a /rik+ simil>ity ) passages 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john4 #ajcf ,9 p>ticul>1 ! expression1 ! only begott5 ,son1 1 :i* is repeat$ly 7v4 #af & #ah7 attribut$ to ,jesus z a designation ( 8 own p]son1 is n[h]e else f\nd 9 8 m\?1 ev5 9 ! f\r? gospel2 ?is circum/ance1 h[ev]1 m>ks x /ill m positively z a fav\rite phrase ( ! ,evangeli/ 7i4 #ad-ah71 & ( ! writ] ( ! ,epi/les 7#a ,john iv4 #i74 ,fur!r1 _m ?+s are spok5 ( z pa/1 :i* at ! suppos$ p]iod ( ?is conv]sation ) ,nicodemus 7 yet future4 ,= ev5 if ! words1 he gave1 1 ref] n to ! giv+ ov] to dea?1 b to ! s5d+ ( ! ,messiah into ! _w2 ! expressions1 m5 lov$ d>kness1 1 &1 _! de$s 7 evil1 7v4 #ai71 z ,lcke also rem>ks1 c\ld only be us$ aft] ! triumph ( d>kness _h be5 a*iev$ 9 ! rejection & execution ( ,jesus3 !y belong !n to ! ,evangeli/'s po9t ( view at ! "t :5 he wrote1 n to t ( ,jesus :5 on ! ?re%old ( 8 public m9i/ry4 ,9 g5]al ! :ole ( ?is disc\rse attribut$ to ,jesus1 ) its con/ant use ( ! ?ird p]son to designate ! suppos$ speak]2 ) its dogmatical t]ms only begott51 light1 & ! l1 appli$ to ,jesus2 ) its compreh5sive view ( ! crisis & its results1 :i* ! appe>ance ( ,jesus produc$1 is f> too objective = u to believe t x came f ! lips ( ,jesus4 ,jesus c\ld n speak ?us ( himself1 b ! ,evangeli/ might speak ?us ( ,jesus4 ,h5ce ! same exp$i5t has be5 adopt$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,bapti/'s disc\rse already consid]$1 & x has be5 suppos$ t ,jesus is ! speak] d[n to v4 #af1 b t f t po9t ! ,evangeli/ app5ds 8 own dogmatic reflections4 #ajcg ,b !re is aga9 "h no intimation ( su* a transition 9 ! text2 r1 ! connect+ ^w =1 7v4 #af71 seems to indicate a cont9uation ( ! same disc\rse4 ,no writ]1 & lea/ ( all ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 7comp4 vii4 #ci1 xi4 #ea f41 xii4 #af1 xxxiii4 #cg ff471 w\ld scatt] 8 own obs]vations ?us undi/+ui%+ly1 unless he wi%$ to create a misappreh5sion4 #ajch ,if !n x be e/abli%$ t ! evangeli/1 f v4 #af to ! end ( ! disc\rse1 means to repres5t ,jesus z ! speak]1 :ile ,jesus c nev] h s spok51 we _c re/ satisfi$ ) ! half measure adopt$ by ,lcke1 :5 he ma9ta9s t x is really ,jesus :o cont9ues to speak f ! above passage1 b t ! ,evangeli/ has inwov5 8 own explanations & amplifications m lib]ally ?an be=e4 ,= ?is admission und]m9es all c]ta9ty z to h[ f> ! disc\rse belongs to ,jesus1 & h[ f> to ! ,evangeli/2 besides1 z ! disc\rse is di/+ui%$ by ! close/ uni=mity ( ?\ght & /yle1 x mu/ be ascrib$ ei!r :olly to ,jesus or :olly to ! ,evangeli/4 ,( ^! two alt]natives ! =m] is1 accord+ to ! above consid]ations1 impossible2 we are !re=e re/rict$ to ! latt]1 :i* we h obs]v$ to be entirely consi/5t ) ! mann] ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/4 ,b n only on ! passage v4 #af-ba mu/ we pass ?is judgm5t3 v4 #ad has appe>$ to u out ( keep+ ) ! position ( ,jesus2 & ! behavi\r ( ,nicodemus1 v4 #d & #i1 altoge!r inconceivable4 ,?us 9 ! v fir/ sample1 :5 comp>$ ) ! obs]vations :i* we h already made on ,john iii4 #bb ff41 iv4 #a ff41 ! f\r? gospel pres5ts to u all ! peculi>ities :i* *>act]ize its mode ( report+ ! disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,!y are usually comm5c$ 9 ! =m ( dialogue1 & s f> z ?is ext5ds1 ! lev] t propels ! conv]sation is ! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! spiritual s5se & ! c>nal int]pretation ( ! language ( ,jesus2 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! dialogue is m]g$ into an un9t]rupt$ disc\rse1 9 :i* ! writ] bl5ds ! p]son ( ,jesus ) 8 own1 & makes ! =m] use conc]n+ himself1 language :i* c\ld only be us$ by ,john conc]n+ ,jesus4 #ha4 ,,! ,,disc\rses ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,john ,v4-,,xii4 ,9 ! fif? *apt] ( ,john1 a long disc\rse ( ,jesus is connect$ ) a cure wr\ght by him on ! sabba? 7#ai-dg74 ,! mode 9 :i* ,jesus at v4 #ag def5ds 8 activity on ! sabba?1 is wor?y ( notice1 z di/+ui%$ f t adopt$ by him 9 ! e>li] gospels4 ,^! ascribe to him1 9 su* cases1 ?ree argum5ts3 ! example ( ,david1 :o ate ! %ew-bread2 ! prec$5t ( ! sabbatical lab\rs ( ! prie/s 9 ! temple1 quot$ also 9 ,john vii4 #bc 7,matt4 xii4 #c ff4 p>all472 & ! c\rse pursu$ ) respect to an ox1 %eep1 or ass1 t falls into ! pit 7,matt4 xii4 #aa1 p>all471 or is l$ out to wat]+ on ! sabba? 7,luke xiii4 #ah73 all :i* argum5ts are entirely 9 ! practical _s t *>act]izes ! popul> tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! f\r? ,evangeli/1 on ! contr>y1 makes him argue f ! un9t]rupt$ activity ( ,god1 & rem9ds u by ! expression :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 ,my ,fa!r worke? hi!rto1 1 ( a pr9ciple 9 ! ,alex&rian metaphysics1 viz4 ,god nev] ceases to act1 3 #ajci a metaphysical proposition m likely to be famili> to ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel ?an to ,jesus4 ,9 ! synoptical gospels1 miracles ( heal+ on ! sabba? are foll[$ up by decl>ations respect+ ! nature & design ( ! sabbatical in/itution1 a species ( in/ruction ( :i* ! p 7 greatly 9 ne$2 b 9 ! pres5t passage1 a digression is imm$iately made to ! ma9 !me ( ! gospel1 ! p]son ( ,*ri/ & 8 relation to ! ,fa!r4 ,! p]petual recurr5ce ( ?is !me 9 ! f\r? gospel has l$ its adv]s>ies1 n )\t reason1 to accuse x ( a t5d5cy purely !oretic1 & direct$ to ! glorification ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! succe$+ disc\rse !re is no?+ to create a difficulty1 no?+ t ,jesus might n h spok51 = x treats1 ) ! /ricte/ coh]5ce1 ( ?+s :i* ! ,jews expect$ ( ! ,messiah1 or :i* ,jesus attribut$ to himself1 accord+ to ! synopti/s also3 z1 = in/ance1 ! rais+ ( ! dead1 & ! (fice ( judg+ ! _w4 ,b ?is consi/5cy 9 ! matt] only height5s ! difficulty connect$ ) ! =m & phraseology 9 :i* x is express$4 ,= ! disc\rse1 especially its latt] half 7f v4 #ca71 is full ( ! close/ analogies ) ! fir/ epi/le ( ,john1 & ) passages 9 ! gospel 9 :i* ei!r ! au?or speaks1 or ,john ! ,bapti/4 #ajdj ,"o means ( expla9+ ! =m] resemblance is to suppose1 t ! ,evangeli/ =m$ 8 /yle by closely imitat+ t ( ,jesus4 ,t ?is is possible1 is n to be disput$2 b x is equally c]ta9 t x c\ld proce$ only f a m9d de/itute ( orig9ality & self-confid5ce1--a "* :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 9 n[ise exhibits4 ,fur!r1 z 9 ! o!r gospels ,jesus speaks 9 a ?or\ghly diff]5t tone & /yle1 x w\ld foll[1 if he really spoke z he is repres5t$ to h done by ,john1 t ! mann] attribut$ to him by ! synopti/s is fictiti\s4 ,n[1 t ?is mann] did n orig9ate ) ! ,evangeli/s is pla9 f ! fact1 t ea* ( !m is s little ma/] ( 8 matt]4 ,nei!r c\ld ! bulk ( ! disc\rses h be5 ! "w ( tradition1 n only because !y h a highly orig9al ca/1 b because !y be> ! impress ( ! alleg$ "t & locality4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 by ! ease ) :i* he disposes 8 mat]ials1 awak5s ! suspicion t !y are ( 8 own production2 & "s ( 8 fav\rite ideas & phrases1 su* z1 ,! ,fa!r %[e? ! ,son all t himself doe?1 #ajda & ^? already quot$1 seem to h sprung f an ,hell5i/ic s\rce1 r ?an f ,pale/9e4 ,b ! *ief po9t 9 ! argum5t is1 t 9 ?is gospel ,john ! ,bapti/ speaks1 z we h se51 9 precisely ! same /ra9 z ! au?or ( ! gospels1 & 8 ,jesus4 ,x _c be suppos$1 t n only ! ,evangeli/1 b ! ,bapti/1 ^: public c>e] 0 prior to t ( ,jesus1 & ^: "* 0 /rongly m>k$1 modell$ 8 expressions ) v]bal m9ut5ess on ^? ( ,jesus4 ,h5ce only two cases are possible3 ei!r ! ,bapti/ det]m9$ ! /yle ( ,jesus & ! ,evangeli/ 7:o inde$ appe>s to h be5 ! ,bapti/'s disciple72 or ! ,evangeli/ det]m9$ ! /yle ( ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus4 ,! =m] alt]native w be reject$ by ! or?odox1 on ! gr\nd ( ! high] nature t dwelt 9 ,*ri/2 & we are equally dis9cl9$ to adopt x1 = ! reason t ,jesus1 ev5 ?\gh he may h be5 excit$ to activity by ! ,bapti/1 yet appe>s z a "* ess5tially di/9ct f him1 & orig9al2 & = ! /ill m weighty consid]ation1 t ! /yle ( ! ,evangeli/ is mu* too feeble = ! rude ,bapti/1--too my/ical = 8 practical m9d4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 b ! latt] alt]native1 namely1 t ! ,evangeli/ has giv5 8 own /yle bo? to ,jesus & to ! ,bapti/3 an explanation 9 itself m natural ?an ! =m]1 & support$ by a multitude ( examples f all k9ds ( hi/orical writ]s4 ,if h[ev] ! ,evangeli/ is ?us responsible = ! =m ( ?is disc\rse1 x is /ill possible t ! matt] may h belong$ to ,jesus1 b we _c pron\nce to :at ext5t ?is is ! case1 & we h already _h pro( t ! ,evangeli/1 on suitable opportunities1 v freely pres5ts 8 own reflections 9 ! =m ( a disc\rse f ,jesus4 ,9 *ap4 vi41 ,jesus repres5ts himself1 or r 8 ,fa!r1 v4 #bg ff41 z ! giv] ( ! spiritual manna4 ,?is is analog\s to ! ,jewi% idea above quot$1 t ! second ,gl1 l ! fir/1 w\ld provide manna2 #ajdb & to ! invitation ( ,wisdom 9 ! ,prov]bs1 ix4 #e1 ,come1 eat ( my bread3 1 4 ,b ! succe$+ decl>ation1 t he is himself ! bread ( life t come? d[n f heav51 7v4 #cc & #ce7 appe>s to f9d its true analogy only 9 ! idea ( ,philo1 t ! div9e ^w1 1 is t :i* n\ri%es ! s\l1 4 #ajdc ,f v4 #ea1 ! difficulty becomes /ill great]4 ,jesus proce$s to repres5t 8 fle% z ! bread f heav51 :i* he w give = ! life ( ! _w1 & to eat ! fle% ( ! ,son ( ,man1 & to dr9k 8 blood1 he pron\nces to be ! only means ( atta9+ et]nal life4 ,! simil>ity ( ^! expressions to ! words :i* ! synopti/s & ,paul attribute to ,jesus1 at ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 l$ ! old] comm5tators g5]ally to und]/& ?is passage z hav+ ref]5ce to ! ,sacram5tal supp]1 ultimately to be appo9t$ by ,jesus4 #ajdd ,! *ief objection to ?is int]pretation is1 t be=e ! in/itution ( ! supp]1 su* an allusion w\ld be totally un9telligible4 ,/ill ! disc\rse might h "s s5se1 h[ev] errone\s1 = ! he>]s1 z inde$ x _h1 accord+ to ! n>rator's /atem5t2 & ! impossibility ( be+ und]/ood is n1 9 ! f\r? gospel1 s %unn$ by ,jesus1 t t circum/ance alone w\ld suffice to r5d] ?is int]pretation improbable4 ,x is c]ta9ly support$ by ! analogy betwe5 ! expressions 9 ! disc\rse1 & ! words associat$ ) ! in/itution ( ! supp]1 & ?is analogy has wrung f "o ( our rec5t critics ! admission1 t ev5 if ,jesus himself1 9 utt]+ ! above expressions1 did n ref] to ! supp]1 ! ,evangeli/1 9 *oos+ & convey+ ?is disc\rse ( ,jesus might h _h t in/itution 9 8 m9d1 & might h suppos$ t ,jesus "h gave a premonition ( its import4 #ajde ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 he c\ld sc>cely h ab/a9$ f modify+ ! language ( ,jesus2 s t1 if ! *oice ( ! expression eat ! fle%1 etc41 c only be adequately expla9$ on ! supposition ( a ref]5ce to ! ,"l's ,supp]1 we owe x1 )\t d\bt1 to ! ,evangeli/ alone4 ,hav+ once said1 app>5tly 9 accordance ) ,alex&rian ideas1 t ,jesus _h describ$ himself z ! bread ( life1 h[ c\ld he fail to be rem9d$ ( ! bread1 :i* 9 ! ,*ri/ian community 0 p>tak5 ( z ! body ( ,*ri/1 toge!r ) a bev]age1 z 8 blood8 ,he w\ld ! m gladly seize ! opportunity ( mak+ ,jesus in/itute ! supp] prophetically1 z x 72 because1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 he knew no?+ def9ite ( its hi/orical in/itution by ,jesus4 #ajdf ,! disc\rse above consid]$1 also be>s ! =m ( a dialogue1 & x exhibits /rik+ly ! type ( dialogue :i* especially belongs to ! f\r? gospel3 t1 namely1 9 :i* language int5d$ spiritually1 is und]/ood c>nally4 ,9 ! fir/ place 7v4 #cd71 ! ,jews 7z ! woman ( ,sam>ia 9 relation to ! wat]7 suppose t by ! bread :i* come? d[n f heav51 ,jesus means "s mat]ial food1 & entreat him ev]more to supply !m ) su*4 ,su* a misappreh5sion 0 c]ta9ly natural2 b "o w\ld h ?\ght t ! ,jews1 be=e !y c>ri$ ! subject f>!r1 w\ld h indignantly prote/$ aga9/ ! ass]tion ( ,jesus 7v4 #cb71 t ,moses _h n giv5 !m heav5ly bread4 ,:5 ,jesus proce$s to call himself ! bread f heav51 ! ,jews 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum murmur t he1 ! son ( ,joseph1 ^: fa!r & "m !y knew1 %\ld arrogate to himself a desc5t f heav5 7v4 #da72 a reflection :i* ! synopti/s ) m probability attribute to ! p ( ,naz>e?1 ! native city ( ,jesus1 & to :i* !y assign a m natural cause4 ,t ! ,jews %\ld n und]/& 7v4 #ec7 h[ ,jesus c\ld give !m 8 fle% to eat is v conceivable2 & = t reason1 z we h obs]v$1 x is ! less s t ,jesus %\ld express himself ?us un9telligibly4 ,nei!r is x surpris+ t ?is h>d say+1 1 %\ld cause _m disciples to fall away f him1 nor easy to p]ceive h[ ,jesus c\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 himself give reason = ! secession1 & !n1 on its occurr5ce1 feel s mu* displeasure z is impli$ 9 v4 #fa & #fg4 ,x is inde$ said1 t ,jesus wi%$ to sift 8 disciples1 to remove f 8 society ! sup]ficial believ]s1 ! e>?ly-m9d$1 :om he c\ld n tru/2 b ! measure :i* he "h adopt$ 0 "o calculat$ to ali5ate f him ev5 8 be/ & mo/ intellig5t foll[]s4 ,= x is c]ta9 t ! twelve1 :o on o!r occasions knew n :at 0 meant by ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees 7,matt4 xvi4 #g71 or by ! opposition betwe5 :at goes into ! m\?1 & :at comes out ( x 7,matt4 xv4 #ae71 w\ld n und]/& ! pres5t disc\rse2 & ! words ( et]nal life1 = ! sake ( :i* !y rema9$ ) him 7v4 #fh71 7 assur$ly n ! words ( ?is six? *apt]4 #ajdg ,! fur!r we read 9 ! f\r? gospel1 ! m /rik+ is ! repetition3 ( ! same ideas & expressions4 ,! disc\rses ( ,jesus dur+ ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 *4 vii4 & viii4 are1 z ,lcke has rem>k$1 m]e repetitions & amplifications ( ! oppositions previ\sly pres5t$ 7especially 9 *4 v471 ( ! com+1 speak+1 & act+1 ( ,jesus1 & ( ,god 7vii4 #ag1 #bh f41 viii4 #bh f41 #ch1 #dj1 #db1 comp>e ) v4 #cj1 #dc1 #ch72 ( be+ f above1 1 & f b5ea?1 7viii4 #bc1 comp4 iii4 #ca72 ( be>+ witness ( "o's self1 & receiv+ witness f ,god 7viii4 #ac-ai1 comp4 v4 #ca-cg72 ( light & d>kness 7viii4 #ab1 comp4 iii4 #aj1 ff41 also xii4 #ce f472 ( true & false judgm5t 7viii4 #ae f41 comp4 v4 #cj74 ,all t is new 9 ^! *apt]s1 is quickly repeat$1 z ! m5tion ( ! dep>ture ( ,jesus :i!r ! ,jews _c foll[ him 7vii4 #cc f41 viii4 #ba1 comp4 xiii4 #cc1 xiv4 #b ff41 xvi4 #af ff472 a decl>ation1 to :i* are atta*$1 9 ! fir/ two in/ances1 v improbable misappreh5sions or p]v]sions on ! "p ( ! ,jews1 :o1 al?\gh ,jesus _h said1 ,i g unto him t s5t me1 are repres5t$ z imag9+1 at "o "t1 t he purpos$ j\rney+ to ! disp]s$ among ! ,g5tiles1 at ano!r1 t he m$itat$ suicide4 ,h[ (t51 aga91 9 ?is *apt] are repeat$ ! assev]ations1 t he seeks n 8 own hon\r1 b ! hon\r ( ! ,fa!r 7vii4 #ag f41 viii4 #ej1 #ed72 t ! ,jews nei!r "k :5ce he came1 nor ! fa!r :o s5t him 7vii4 #bh1 viii4 #ad1 #ai1 #ed72 t :osoev] believe? 9 him %all h et]nal life1 %all n see dea?1 :ile :osoev] believe? n mu/ die 9 8 s9s1 hav+ no %>e 9 et]nal life 7viii4 #ba1 #bd1 #ea1 comp4 iii4 #cf1 vi4 #dj74--,! n9? *apt]1 consi/+ *iefly ( ! delib]ations ( ! ,sanh$rim ) ! man born bl9d1 :om ,jesus _h re/or$ to sight1 has ( c\rse ! =m ( conv]sation1 b z ,jesus is less on ! sc5e ?an h]et(ore1 !re is n ! usual am\nt ( artificial contra/2 9 its /ead1 h[ev]1 !re is1 z we %all pres5tly f9d1 ano!r evid5ce ( arti/ic design 9 ! n>rator4 ,! t5? *apt] comm5ces ) ! well-kn[n disc\rse on ! ,good ,%eph]d2 a disc\rse :i* has be5 incorrectly call$ a p>able4 #ajdh ,ev5 ! briefe/ among ! o!r p>ables ( ,jesus1 su* z t ( ! leav5 & ( ! mu/>d-se$1 conta9 ! outl9e ( a hi/ory t develops itself1 hav+ a comm5cem5t1 progress1 & conclusion4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 !re is no hi/orical developm5t2 ev5 ! p>ticul>s t h an hi/orical "* are /at$ g5]ally1 z ?+s t are wont to happ51 n z ?+s t once happ5$1 & !y are left )\t fur!r limitation2 moreov]1 ! door usurps ! place ( ! ,%eph]d1 :i* is at fir/ ! pr9cipal image2 s t we h "h1 n a p>able1 b an allegory4 ,!re=e ?is passage at lea/--7& we %all f9d no o!r1 = ! similitude ( ! v9e1 *4 xv41 comes1 z ,lcke confesses1 "u ! same category z ! "o 9 "q7--furni%es no argum5t aga9/ ! allegation by :i* rec5t critics h ju/ifi$ _! suspicions z to ! au!nticity ( ! f\r? gospel2 namely1 t its au?or seems ignorant ( ! p>abolic mode ( tea*+ :i*1 accord+ to ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 0 habitual ) ,jesus4 ,x does n h[ev] appe> totally unkn[n to ! f\r? ,evangeli/ t ,jesus 0 fond ( tea*+ by p>ables1 = he attempts to give examples ( ?is me?od1 bo? 9 *4 x4 & xv41 ! fir/ ( :i* he expressly /yles a p>able1 4 ,b x is obvi\s t ! p>abolic =m 0 n accordant ) 8 ta/e1 & t he 0 too defici5t 9 ! faculty ( depict+ ext]nal ?+s1 to ab/a9 f ! int]mixture ( reflections1 :5ce ! p>able 9 8 h& became an allegory4 ,! disc\rses ( ,jesus at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ext5d to x4 #ah4 ,f v4 #be1 ! ,evangeli/ pr(esses to record say+s :i* 7 utt]$ by ,jesus ?ree mon?s lat]1 at ! ,fea/ ( ,d$ication4 ,:51 on ?is occasion1 ! ,jews desire f him a di/9ct decl>ation :e!r he be ! ,messiah1 8 imm$iate reply is1 t he has already told !m ?is suffici5tly1 & he repeats 8 appeal to ! te/imony ( ! ,fa!r1 z giv5 9 ! works1 1 done by ,jesus 9 8 "n 7z 9 v4 #cf74 ,h]eupon he obs]ves t 8 unbeliev+ int]rogators are n ( 8 %eep1 :5ce he rev]ts to ! allegory ( ! %eph]d1 :i* he _h ab&on$1 & repeats "p ( x ^w = ^w4 #ajdi ,b ,jesus _h n rec5tly ab&on$ ?is allegory2 = s9ce its deliv]y ?ree mon?s are suppos$ to h elaps$1 & x is c]ta9 t 9 ! int]im mu* mu/ h be5 spok51 done1 & exp]i5c$ by ,jesus1 t w\ld ?ru/ ?is figurative disc\rse into ! backgr\nd ( 8 memory1 s t he w\ld be v unlikely to recur to x1 & 9 no case w\ld he be able to repeat x1 ^w = ^w4 ,he :o _h j quitt$ ! allegory 0 ! ,evangeli/1 to :om ?ree mon?s _h n int]v5$ betwe5 ! indit+ ( ! fir/ half ( ?is *apt]1 & t ( ! second4 ,he wrote at once :at1 accord+ to 8 /atem5t1 0 *ronologically sep>at$ by a wide int]val2 & h5ce ! allegory ( ! %eph]d might well leave s di/9ct an e*o 9 8 memory1 ?\gh n 9 t ( ,jesus4 ,if any ?9k t !y c solve ?is difficulty by putt+ only ! v]bal simil>ity ( ! lat] disc\rse to ! e>li] "o to ! acc\nt ( ! ,evangeli/1 su* an op9ion _c be int]dict$ to !m4 ,= o!rs1 ?is in/ance1 9 connexion ) ! re/1 w be a positive pro( t ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! f\r? gospel are to a great ext5t ! free compositions ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,! same conclusion is to be drawn f ! disc\rse ) :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ repres5ts ,jesus z clos+ 8 public m9i/ry 7xii4 #dd-ej74 ,?is disc\rse is entirely compos$ ( rem9isc5ces out ( previ\s *apt]s1 #ajej &1 z ,paulus expresses x1 #ajea is a m]e e*o ( "s ( ! pr9cipal apoph!gms ( ,jesus occurr+ 9 ! =m] "p ( ! gospel4 ,"o _c easily cons5t to let ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus close ) a disc\rse s little orig9al1 & ! majority ( rec5t comm5tators are ( op9ion t x is ! int5tion ( ! ,evangeli/ "h to give u a m]e epitome ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 #ajeb ,accord+ to our view also1 ! ,evangeli/ is ! real speak]2 b we mu/ cont5d t 8 introductory words1 ,jesus cri$ & said1 1 are int5d$ to imply t :at foll[s is an actual h>angue1 f ! lips ( ,jesus4 ,?is comm5tators w n admit1 & !y c appeal1 n )\t a %[ ( reason1 to ! /atem5t ( ! ,evangeli/1 v4 #cf1 t ,jesus )drew himself f ! public eye1 & to 8 ensu+ obs]vations on ! ob/9ate unbelief ( ! ,jews1 9 :i* he seems to put a p]iod to ! public c>e] ( ,jesus2 :5ce x w\ld be contr>y to 8 plan to make ,jesus aga9 /ep =w>d to deliv] a val$ictory disc\rse4 ,i w n1 ) ! old] expositors1 oppose to ^! argum5ts ! supposition t ,jesus1 aft] 8 )drawal1 return$ to pron\nce ^! words 9 ! e>s ( ! ,jews2 b ,i hold fa/ to ! proposition t by ! introduction above quot$1 ! ,evangeli/ c only h int5d$ to ann\nce an actual h>angue4 ,x is said1 inde$1 t ! aori/ 9 & has ! signification ( ! plup]fect1 & t we h "h a recapitulation ( ! previ\s disc\rses ( ,jesus1 not)/&+ :i* ! ,jews _h n giv5 him cr$5ce4 ,b to give ?is retrospective signification !re ought to be a correspond+ indication 9 ! words !mselves1 or 9 ! context1 :]eas ?is is f> less ! case ?an e4g4 9 ,john xviii4 #bd4 ,h5ce ! mo/ probable view ( ! "q is ?is3 ,john _h inde$ int5d$ to close ! n>rative ( ! public m9i/ry ( ,jesus at v4 #cf1 b 8 conclud+ obs]vations1 v4 #cg ff41 ) ! categories ( fai?1 1 & unbelief1 1 rem9d$ him ( disc\rses :i* he _h already record$1 & he c\ld n resi/ ! temptation ( mak+ ,jesus recapitulate !m ) additional emphasis 9 a p>t+ h>angue4 #hb4 ,,isolat$ ,,maxims ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,common ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel ,,& ,,! ,,synoptical ,,ones4 ,! long disc\rses ( ,jesus above exam9$ are peculi> to ! f\r? gospel2 x has only a few brief maxims to :i* ! synopti/s pres5t p>allels4 ,among ! latt]1 we ne$ n give a special exam9ation to ^? :i* are plac$ by ,john 9 an equally suitable connexion1 ) t assign$ to !m by ! o!r ,evangeli/s 7z xii4 #be1 comp4 ) ,matt4 x4 #ci1 xvi4 #be2 & xiii4 #af1 comp4 ) ,matt4 x4 #bd72 & z ! passage ii4 #ai comp>$ ) ,matt4 xxvi4 #fa1 mu/ be res]v$ until we treat ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion1 !re rema9 to u only ?ree passages = our pres5t consid]ation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is iv4 #dd1 :]e ! ,evangeli/1 aft] hav+ m5tion$ t ,jesus dep>t$ f ,sam>ia into ,galilee1 adds1 ,= ,jesus himself te/ifi$ t a prophet has no hon\r 9 8 own c\ntry1 4 1 4 ,we f9d ! same idea 9 ,mat!w xiii4 #eg 7,m>k vi4 #d2 ,luke iv4 #bd71 ,a prophet is n )\t hon\r1 save 9 8 own c\ntry & 9 8 own h\se1 1 4 ,b :ile 9 ! latt] case x /&s 9 a highly appropriate connexion1 z a rem>k prompt$ by ! ungraci\s reception :i* ,jesus met ) 9 8 native city1 & :i* caus$ him to leave x aga93 9 ,john1 on ! contr>y1 x is giv5 z a motive = ! return ( ,jesus into 8 own c\ntry1 ,galilee1 :]e1 moreov]1 he is imm$iately said to be w>mly receiv$4 ,! exp]i5ce /at$ 9 ! above s5t5ce w\ld r h dis9cl9$ ?an induc$ ,jesus to und]take a j\rney into ,galilee2 h5ce ! exp$i5t ( translat+ by al?\gh1 is ! be/ adapt$ to ! necessity ( ! case1 & has ev5 be5 embrac$ by ,ku9l1 except t1 unhappily1 x is an op5 defiance ( ! laws ( language4 #ajec ,unque/ionably1 if ,jesus knew t ! prophet held ?is unfav\rable position 9 8 native c\ntry1 1 x is n probable t he w\ld reg>d x z a reason = go+ ?i!r4 ,"s expositors1 !re=e1 h be5 induc$ to und]/& 1 n z ! prov9ce1 b 9 a n>r[] s5se1 z ! native city1 & to supply1 aft] ! /atem5t t ,jesus w5t into ,galilee1 ! obs]vation1 :i* !y assume ! ,evangeli/ to h omitt$1 t he avoid$ 8 native city1 ,naz>e?1 = ! reason giv5 9 ! ensu+ v]se4 ,b an ellipsis su* z ?is explanation requires u to suppose1 belongs n less to ! ord] ( impossibilities ?an ! transmutation ( into ?\gh4 ,! attempt to introduce ! desid]at$ /atem5t t ,jesus did n visit 8 own into ! pres5t passage has be5 !re=e r5\nc$3 b x has yet be5 ?\ght possible to discov] !re an intimation t he did n soon return ?i!r2 a delay = :i* ! maxim1 444 might consi/5tly be quot$ z a reason4 #ajed ,b to r5d] ?is int]pretation admissible1 ! entire p]iod ( ! abs5ce ( ,jesus f ,galilee mu/ h be5 m5tion$ imm$iately be=e ! notice ( 8 return2 in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 only ! %ort "t t ,jesus _h t>ri$ 9 ,sam>ia is giv5 7v4 #de71 s t 9 ludicr\s disproportion ( cause & effect1 ! fe> ( ! contempt ( 8 fell[ c\ntry m5 w\ld on ! above supposition1 be made ! reason = delay+ 8 return into ,galilee1 n until aft] a resid5ce ( "s mon?s 9 ,judea1 b until aft] ! lapse ( two days sp5t 9 ,sam>ia4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z ,galilee & ,naz>e? are admitt$ to be ! ( ,jesus1 ! passage 9 "q _c be v9dicat$ f ! absurdity ( repres5t+1 t ,jesus 0 in/igat$ to return ?i!r by ! contempt :i* he knew to await him4 ,consequ5tly1 x becomes ! int]e/ ( ! expositor to recollect1 t ,mat!w & ,luke pron\nce ,be?lehem to be ! bir?place ( ,jesus1 :5ce x foll[s t ,judea 0 8 native c\ntry1 :i* he n[ =sook on acc\nt ( ! contempt he _h !re exp]i5c$4 #ajee ,b accord+ to iv4 #a1 comp4 ii4 #bc1 iii4 #bf ff41 ,jesus _h won a consid]able numb] ( adh]5ts 9 ,judea1 & c\ld n !re=e compla9 ( a lack ( hon\r1 2 moreov] ! enmity ( ! ,ph>isees1 h9t$ at 9 iv4 #a1 0 excit$ by ! gr[+ consequ5ce ( ,jesus 9 ,judea1 & 0 n at all ref]able to su* a cause z t indicat$ 9 ! maxim3 444 ,fur!r1 ! entrance into ,galilee is n connect$ 9 our passage ) a dep>ture f ,judea1 b f ,sam>ia2 & z1 accord+ to ! import ( ! text1 ,jesus dep>t$ f ,sam>ia & w5t into ,galilee1 because he _h f\nd t a prophet has no hon\r 9 8 own c\ntry1 ,sam>ia might r seem to be po9t$ out z 8 native c\ntry1 9 con=mity ) ! reproa* ca/ on him by ! ,jews1 viii4 #dh2 ?\gh ev5 ?is supposition w\ld n give consi/5cy to ! passage1 = 9 ,sam>ia also ,jesus is said1 iv4 #ci1 to h _h a fav\rable reception4 ,besides1 we h already se51 #ajef t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ kn[s no?+ ( ! bir? ( ,jesus 9 ,be?lehem1 b on all occasions presupposes him to be a ,galilean & a ,naz>5e4 ,f ! above consid]ations we obta9 only ! negative result1 t x is impossible to discov] any consi/5t relation betwe5 ! maxim 9 "q & ! context4 ,a positive result1--namely1 h[ ! maxim came to occupy its actual position1 not)/&+ ?is want ( relation1 w p]haps be obta9$ :5 we h exam9$ ! two o!r passages belong+ to ! pres5t head ( our inquiry4 ,! decl>ation xiii4 #bj1 ,he t receive? y receive? me1 & he t receive? me receive? him t s5t me1 has an almo/ v]bal p>allel 9 ,matt4 x4 #dj4 ,9 ,john1 x is prec$$ by ! pr$iction ( ! betrayal ( ,jesus1 & 8 explanation to 8 disciples t he _h told !m ?is be=e x came to pass1 9 ord] t :5 8 pr$iction 0 fulfill$1 !y might believe 9 him z ! ,messiah4 ,:at is ! connexion betwe5 ^! subjects & ! above decl>ation1 or betwe5 ! latt] & its ensu+ context1 :]e ,jesus recurs to 8 betray]8 ,x is said t ,jesus wi%$ to impress on 8 disciples ! high dignity ( a messianic mission>y1 a dignity :i* ! betray] ?\ght lightly ( los+2 #ajeg b ! negative idea ( loss1 on :i* ?is supposition turns1 is n intimat$ 9 ! text4 ,o!rs are ( op9ion t ,jesus1 obs]v+ ! disciples to be di%e>t5$ by ! m5tion ( ! betray]1 s\ght to inspire !m ) new c\rage by repres5t+ to !m _! high value2 #ajeh b 9 t case he w\ld h>dly h rev]t$ imm$iately aft] to ! traitor4 ,o!rs1 aga91 conjecture t "s int]m$iate s5t5ces h be5 omitt$ by ! writ]2 #ajei b ?is exp$i5t is n mu* happi] ?an t ( ,ku9l1 :o supposes ! passage to be a gloss tak5 f ,matt4 x4 #dj1 unit$ orig9ally to v4 #af ( *ap4 xiii4 ( ,john1 b by "s *ance transpos$ to ! end ( ! p>agraph4 ,nev]!less1 ! indication ( v4 #af is an useful way-m>k4 ,?is v]se1 z well z v4 #bj1 has a p>allel 9 ! disc\rse ( in/ructions 9 ,mat!w 7x4 #bd72 if a few fragm5ts ( ?is disc\rse _h rea*$ ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel ?r\gh ! m$ium ( tradition1 x is v probable t "o ( !m w\ld br+ ! o!rs to 8 recollection4 ,9 v4 #af !re is m5tion ( ! s5t1 1 & ( him :o s5t him1 2 s 9 v4 #bj1 ( ^? :om ,jesus w s5d1 & ( ,him :o s5t ,jesus4 ,x is true1 t ! "o passage has a humiliat+1 ! o!r an enc\rag+ t5d5cy1 & _! aff9ity lies1 !re=e1 n 9 ! s5se1 b 9 ! words2 s t z soon z ! f\r? ,evangeli/ puts d[n1 f memory1 traditional say+s ( ,jesus1 we see him subject to ! same law ( association z ! synopti/s4 ,x w\ld h be5 ! mo/ natural arrangem5t to place v4 #bj imm$iately aft] v4 #af2 b ! ?\ght ( ! traitor 0 upp]mo/ 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 & he c\ld easily po/pone ! ins]tion ( an apoph!gm t _h only a v]bal connexion ) 8 previ\s matt]4 ,our ?ird passage1 xiv4 #ca1 lies yet f>!r )9 ! doma9 ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion ?an ! "o la/ exam9$1 b z1 l ?is1 x c be view$ q indep5d5tly1 we %all n be anticipat+ if we include x 9 our pres5t *apt]4 ,9 ! above passage1 ! words ,arise1 let u g h5ce1 1 1 rem9d u ( ^? by :i* ,jesus1 ,matt4 xxvi4 #df2 ,m>k xiv4 #db1 summons 8 disciples to jo9 him 9 enc\nt]+ ! traitor3 ,rise1 let u be go+1 4 ,! position ( ! words 9 ,john is p]plex+1 because ! summons to dep>t has no effect2 ,jesus1 z if he _h said no?+ ( ! k9d1 imm$iately cont9ues 7xv4 #a71 ,i am ! true v9e1 etc41 & does n take 8 dep>ture ) 8 disciples until aft] he has consid]ably prolong$ 8 disc\rse4 ,expositors ( e hue h be5 s+ul>ly unanim\s 9 expla9+ ! above words by ! supposition1 t ,jesus c]ta9ly int5d$ at ! mom5t to dep>t & betake himself to ,ge?semane1 b love = 8 disciples1 & a /rong desire to imp>t to !m /ill fur!r admonition & com=t1 deta9$ him2 t h5ce1 ! fir/ "p ( ! summons1 ,arise1 0 execut$1 b t1 /&+ 9 ! room 9 :i* he _h supp$1 he pursu$ 8 disc\rse1 until1 lat] 7xviii4 #a71 he also put into effect ! words1 let u g h5ce4 #ajfj ,x is possible t ! circum/ances 7 su*2 x is also possible t ! image ( ?is la/ ev5+1 ) all its details1 might be engrav5 s deeply & accurately 9 ! memory ( a disciple1 t he might n>rate h[ ,jesus arose1 & h[ t\*+ly he l+]$4 ,b "o :o wrote "u ! influ5ce ( a recollection ?us lively1 w\ld note ! p>ticul>s :i* 7 mo/ app>5t2 ! ris+ to dep>t & ! delay1--n ! m]e words1 :i* )\t ! addition ( ^? circum/ances are altoge!r un9telligible4 ,"h aga91 !n1 ! conjecture arises t a rem9isc5ce ( ! evangelical tradition pres5t$ itself to ! writ]1 & t he ins]t$ x j :]e x occurr$ to him1 n1 z x happ5$1 9 ! be/ connexion2 & ?is conjecture assumes probability s soon z we discov] :at might h rem9d$ him ( ! above expression4 ,9 ! synoptical p>allels ! comm&1 ,rise1 let u be go+1 is connect$ ) ! ann\ncem5t1 ,behold ! h\r is at h&1 & ! ,son ( man is betray$ into ! h&s ( s9n]s--behold he is at h& t do? betray me2 ) ! ann\ncem5t1 t is1 ( ! ho/ile p[] :i* is approa*+1 be=e :i*1 h[ev]1 ,jesus exhibits no fe>1 b goes to enc\nt] ! dang] ) ! decision impli$ 9 t comm&4 ,9 ,john's gospel1 also1 ,jesus1 9 ! passage "u our notice1 _h be5 speak+ ( a ho/ile p[] :5 he said1 ,! ,pr9ce ( ?is _w come? & ha? no?+ 9 me4 ,x makes little diff]5ce t 9 ,john x is ! p[] t dwells 9 ! betray]1 & 9 ^? l$ by him1 :ile1 9 ! synoptical gospels1 x is ! betray] :o is impell$ by t p[]1 t is said to approa*4 ,if ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel knew by tradition t ,jesus _h unit$ ) ! ann\ncem5t ( an approa*+ dang] ! words1 ,rise1 let u be go+1 ?is expression w\ld be likely to occur to him on ! m5tion ( ! pr9ce ( ?is _w2 & z 9 t /age ( 8 n>rative he _h plac$ ,jesus & 8 disciples 9 ! city & )9 doors1 s t a consid]able *ange ( place 0 necess>y be=e !y c\ld enc\nt] ! enemy1 he add$ to 7let u g71 7h5ce74 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is traditional fragm5t _h intrud$ itself unaw>es into ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 :i* he design$ to put z a f>ewell disc\rse into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 x 0 imm$iately lo/ sight (1 & a free c\rse 0 giv5 to ! /ream ( val$ictory in/ruction1 n yet exhau/$4 ,if1 f ! po9t ( view n[ atta9$1 we glance back on our fir/ passage1 iv4 #dd1 x is easy to see h[ ! ,evangeli/ might be l$ to ins]t 9 s unsuitable a connexion ! te/imony ( ,jesus z to ! treatm5t ( a prophet 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,x 0 kn[n to him traditionally1 & he appe>s to h appli$ x to ,galilee 9 g5]al1 be+ ignorant ( any unfav\rable contact ( ,jesus ) ! ,naz>5es4 ,z1 !re=e1 he knew ( no special sc5e by :i* ?is obs]vation might h be5 prompt$1 he introduc$ x :]e ! simple m5tion ( ,galilee sugge/$ x1 app>5tly )\t any def9ite idea ( its be>+4 ,! result ( ! above inve/igation is ?is3 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ succe$s 9 giv+ connect$ness to 8 mat]ials1 :5 he pres5ts 8 own ?\ghts 9 ! =m ( disc\rses deliv]$ by ,jesus2 b he (t5 fails lam5tably 9 t p>ticul>1 :5 he has to deal ) ! real traditional say+s ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! above in/ances1 :5 he has ! same problem be=e him z ! synopti/s1 he is z un=tunate 9 its solution z !y2 nay1 he is 9 a yet m evil case1 = 8 n>rative is n homog5e\s ) ! common evangelical tradition1 & pres5t$ few places :]e a g5u9e traditional relic c\ld be ins]t$4 ,besides1 he 0 accu/om$ to ca/ 8 metal1 liquid f 8 own inv5tion1 & 0 little skill$ 9 ! art ( adapt+ indep5d5t fragm5ts to ea* o!r1 s z to =m an h>moni\s mosaic4 #hc4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,discussions ,,on ,,! ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,! ,,disc\rses ,,9 ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,john4 ,,result4 ,! =ego+ exam9ation ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! f\r? gospel1 has suffici5tly prep>$ u to =m a judgm5t on ! controv]sy ( :i* !y h rec5tly be5 ! subject4 ,mod]n criticism views ^! disc\rses ) suspicion1 p>tly on acc\nt ( _! int]nal contexture1 :i* is at v>iance ) c]ta9 g5]ally receiv$ rules ( hi/orical probability1 & p>tly on acc\nt ( _! ext]nal relation to o!r disc\rses & n>ratives4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is gospel has _h num]\s def5d]s4 ,) respect to ! int]nal contexture ( ! above disc\rses1 !re arises a tw(old "q3 ,does x correspond to ! laws1 fir/ ( v]isimilitude1 & secondly1 ( memory8 ,x is alleg$ by ! fri5ds ( ! f\r? gospel t its disc\rses are di/+ui%$ by a peculi> /amp ( tru? & cr$ibility2 t ! conv]sations :i* x repres5ts ,jesus z hold+ ) m5 ( ! mo/ div]se disposition & capacity1 are fai?ful del9eations ( "*1 satisfy+ ! /ricte/ dem&s ( psy*ological criticism4 #ajfa ,9 opposition to ?is1 x is ma9ta9$ to be 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 t ,jesus %\ld h adopt$ precisely ! same /yle ( tea*+ to p]sons diff]+ widely 9 _! degrees ( cultivation2 t he %\ld h spok5 to ! ,galileans 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum n m intelligibly ?an to a ma/] ( ,israel2 t ! matt] ( 8 disc\rses %\ld h turn$ almo/ entirely on "o doctr9e--! dignity ( 8 p]son2 & t _! =m %\ld h be5 su* z to seem select$ ) a view to p]plex & repel 8 he>]s4 ,nei!r1 x is fur!r urg$1 d ! int]locutors express !mselves 9 con=mity ) _! position & "*4 ,! mo/ educat$ ,ph>isee has no advantage 9 intellig5ce ov] a ,sam>itan woman ( ! l[e/ grade2 ! "o1 z well z ! o!r1 c only put a c>nal int]pretation on ! disc\rse :i* ,jesus int5ds spiritually2 _! miscon/ructions1 too1 are frequ5tly s gl>+1 z to transc5d all belief1 & s uni=m t !y seem to belong to a /&+ set ( features ) :i* ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel has *os51 = ! sake ( contra/1 to depict ^? :om he br+s into conv]sation ) ,jesus4 #ajfb ,h5ce1 ,i confess1 ,i und]/& n :at is ! mean+ ( v]isimilitude 9 ! m9d ( ^? :o ascribe x to ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,z to ! second po9t1 reg>d+ ! p[]s ( memory1 x is pretty g5]ally agre$ t disc\rses ( ! k9d peculi> to ,john's gospel1--9 contradi/9ction to ! apoph!gms & p>ables1 ei!r isolat$ or /rung toge!r1 9 ! synoptical gospels1--namely1 s]ies ( dep5d5t propositions1 or prolong$ dialogues1 are among ! mo/ difficult to reta9 & reproduce ) accuracy4 #ajfc ,unless su* disc\rses 7 r$uc$ to writ+ at ! mom5t ( _! deliv]y1 all hope ( _! fai?ful reproduction mu/ be ab&on$4 ,h5ce ,dr4 ,paulus once actually ent]ta9$ ! idea1 t 9 ! judgm5t-halls ( ! temple or ! synagogues at ,j]usalem1 !re 7 /ation$ a sort ( %or?& writ]s1 ^: (fice x 0 to draw up v]bal processes1 & t f _! records ! ,*ri/ians1 aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 made transcripts4 #ajfd ,9 l mann]1 ,b]?oldt 0 ( op9ion1 t our ,evangeli/1 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,jesus1 took d[n mo/ ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! ,araman language1 & made ^! notes ! f\ndation ( 8 gospel1 compos$ at a mu* lat] p]iod4 #ajfe ,^! mod]n hypo!ses are cle>ly unhi/orical2 #ajff nev]!less1 _! prop\nd]s 7 able to adduce _m reasons 9 _! support4 ,! prophetic decl>ations ( ,jesus relative to 8 dea? & resurrection1 said ,b]?oldt1 are m indef9ite 9 ,john ?an 9 ! synoptical gospels1 a sure sign t !y 7 record$ be=e _! fulfilm5t1 = o!rwise ! writ]'s exp]i5ce ( ! ev5t w\ld h reflect$ m cle>ness on ! pr$ictions4 ,to ?is we may add ! k9dr$ argum5t1 by :i* ,h5ke ?\ght x possible to e/abli% ! g5u95ess ( ! disc\rses 9 ,john3 namely1 t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ n seldom app5ds explanatory rem>ks1 (t5 inde$ errone\s1 to ! obscure expressions ( ,jesus1 ?us prov+ t he 0 scrupul\sly consci5ti\s 9 report+ ! disc\rses1 = o!rwise he w\ld h m+l$ 8 comm5ts ) _! orig9al matt]4 #ajfg ,b x is ) ju/ice object$1 t ! obscurity ( ! pr$ictions 9 ! f\r? gospel is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! my/ical _s t p]vades ! "w1 & z1 besides1 ! au?or1 toge!r ) 8 fondness = ! obscure & enigmatical1 indisputably possess$ ta/e1 he mu/ h be5 consci\s t a prophecy w\ld only be ! m piquant & g5u9e-look+1 ! m d>kly x 0 deliv]$3 h5ce1 ?\gh he put ^? pr$ictions into ! m\? ( ,jesus long aft] ! ev5ts to :i* !y ref]1 he might yet *oose to give !m an indef9ite =m4 ,?is obs]vation helps to expla9 :y ! ,evangeli/1 :5 elucidat+ "s obscure expressions ( ,jesus1 adds t 8 disciples did n und]/& !m until aft] 8 resurrection1 or aft] ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s 7ii4 #bb1 vii4 #ci72 = ! opposition ( ! d>kness 9 :i* ! disciples at "o "t grop$1 to ! light :i* ultimately arose on !m1 belongs to t ord] ( contra/s ) :i* ?is gospel ab\nds4 ,ano!r argum5t1 adopt$ by ,b]?oldt & approv$ by ,?oluck1 is1 t 9 ! disc\rses ( ! f\r? gospel !re sometimes occur obs]vations1 :i*1 hav+ no precise mean+ 9 !mselves1 nor any connexion ) ! re/ ( ! disc\rse1 mu/ h be5 occasion$ by "s ext]nal circum/ance1 & c only be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition ( prompt1 nay1 ( imm$iate r$uction to writ+2 & among _! examples ! passage1 ,arise1 let u g h5ce 7xiv4 #ca71 is "o ( ! mo/ important4 #ajfh ,b ! orig9 ( su* digressive rem>ks has be5 above expla9$ 9 a mann] t r5d]s ! hypo!sis ( in/antane\s notetak+ sup]flu\s4 ,?us comm5tators _h to excogitate "s o!r means ( c]tify+ ! g5u95ess ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,! g5]al argum5t1 s (t5 adduc$1 f\nd$ on :at a good memory might a*ieve1 especially among m5 ( simple lives1 unus$ to writ+1 lies 9 ! region ( ab/ract possibility1 :]e1 z ,lcke rem>ks1 #ajfi !re may always be ne>ly z mu* said aga9/ z = a !ory4 ,x has be5 ?\ght m effectual to adopt an argum5t re/+ on a n>r[] basis1 & to appeal to ! individual di/9ctions ( ! ,apo/le ,john1--to 8 intimate & peculi> relation to ,jesus z ! fav\rite disciple1--to 8 en?usiasm = 8 ma/]1 :i* mu/ surely h /r5g!n$ 8 memory1 & h enabl$ him to pres]ve 9 ! mo/ lively recollection all t came f ! lips ( 8 div9e fri5d4 #ajgj ,al?\gh ?is peculi> relation ( ,john to ,jesus re/s on ! au?ority ( ,john's gospel alone1 we might1 )\t reason+ 9 a circle1 draw f x conclusions z to ! cr$ibility ( ! disc\rses communicat$ by him1 7 ! faults ( :i* 8 gospel is accus$ only su* z proce$ f ! inevitable fad+ ( ! memory2 because ! positive notices ( t relation c\ld nev] fl[ f ?is negative cause4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! suspicion :i* has aris5 to ! prejudice ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ has gone f> beyond ^? limits1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( tax+ him ) free inv5tion1 no fact re/+ on ! ^w ( ,john c be us$ 9 support ( ! disc\rses :i* he communicates4 ,b nei!r ! above relation1 if admitt$1 nor ! rem>k t ,john app>5tly atta*$ himself to ,jesus 9 e>ly y\?1 :5 impressions s9k deepe/1 & f ! "t ( 8 ma/]'s dea? liv$ 9 a circle :]e ! memory ( 8 words & de$s 0 *]i%$1 #ajga suffices to r5d] x probable t ,john c\ld reta9 9 8 m9d long s]ies ( ideas1 & complicat$ dialogues1 until ! p]iod 9 :i* ! composition ( 8 gospel mu/ be plac$4 ,= critics are agre$ t ! t5d5cy ( ! f\r? gospel1 its evid5t aim to spiritualize ! common fai? ( ,*ri/ians into ! ,gnosis1 & ?us to cru% _m errors :i* _h sprung up1 is a decisive atte/ation t x 0 compos$ at a p]iod :5 ! *ur* _h atta9$ a degree ( maturity1 & consequ5tly 9 ! extreme old age ( ! apo/le4 #ajgb ,h5ce ! *ampions ( ! disc\rses 9 "q are fa9 to br+ =w>d1 z a =lorn hope1 ! sup]natural assi/ance ( ! ,p>aclete1 :i* 0 promis$ to ! disciples1 & :i* 0 to re/ore all t ,jesus _h said to _! remembrance4 ,?is is done by ,?oluck ) great confid5ce1 #ajgc by ,lcke ) "s diffid5ce1 #ajgd :i* ,?oluck's ,anzeig] sev]ely c5sures1 b :i* we consid] laudable1 because x implies a lat5t consci\sness ( ! circle t is made1 9 attempt+ to prove ! tru?fulness ( ! disc\rses 9 ,john1 by a promise :i* appe>s n[h]e b 9 ^? disc\rses2 #ajge & ( ! inadequacy ( an appeal1 9 a sci5tific inquiry1 to a popul> notion1 su* z t ( ! aid ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is inadequacy %[s itself indirectly 9 ,?oluck1 = he ekes out ! assi/ance ( ! ,p>aclete by e>ly notes2 & 9 ,lcke also1 = he r5\nces ! v]bal au!nticity ( ! disc\rses 9 ,john1 & only cont5ds = _! sub/antial v]acity on gr\nds *iefly connect$ ) ! relation :i* !y be> to o!r disc\rses4 ,! ext]nal relation ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ,john's gospel is also tw(old2 = !y may be comp>$ bo? ) ^? disc\rses :i* ! synopti/s put into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 & ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel expresses himself :5 he is av[$ly ! speak]4 ,z a result ( ! =m] comp>ison1 critics h po9t$ out ! important diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 ! respective disc\rses 9 _! matt]1 z well z 9 _! =m4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree gospels1 ,jesus closely adapts 8 tea*+ to ! necessities ( 8 %eph]dless p1 contra/+1 at "o "t1 ! corrupt in/itutions ( ! ,ph>isees ) ! moral & religi\s precepts ( ! ,mosaic law2 at ano!r1 ! c>nal messianic hopes ( ! age ) ! purely spiritual nature ( 8 k+dom1 & ! conditions ( entrance !re94 ,9 ! f\r? gospel1 on ! contr>y1 he is p]petually dilat+1 & (t5 9 a b>r51 speculative mann]1 on ! doctr9e ( 8 p]son & high] nature3 s t 9 opposition to ! div]sifi$ doctr9al & practical mat]ials ( ! synoptical disc\rses1 we h 9 ,john a "o-sid$ dogmatism4 #ajgf ,t ?is opposition does n hold inv>iably1 & t 9 ! disc\rses ( ! synoptical gospels !re are passages :i* h m aff9ity ) ^? ( ,john1 & vice v]s1 mu/ be grant$ to judici\s critics2 #ajgg b ! important prepond]ance ( ! dogmatical elem5t on ! "o side1 & ( ! practical on ! o!r1 is a difficulty t dem&s a ?or\gh explanation4 ,9 answ] to ?is requisition1 x is common to adduce ! end :i* ,john is suppos$ to h _h 9 view 9 ! composition ( 8 gospel3 namely1 to furni% a supplem5t to ! fir/ ?ree gospels1 & to supply _! omissions4 ,b if ,jesus taught fir/ 9 "o /yle1 !n 9 ano!r1 h[ 0 x t ! synopti/s select$ almo/ exclusively ! practical & popul>1 ,john1 ne>ly )\t exception1 ! dogmatic & speculative portions ( 8 disc\rse8 ,?is is acc\nt$ = 9 a mann] intr9sically probable4 ,9 ! oral tradition1 x is obs]v$1 on :i* ! fir/ ?ree gospels 7 f\nd$1 ! simple & popul>1 ! concise & s5t5ti\s disc\rses ( ,jesus1 be+ ! mo/ easy ( ret5tion1 w\ld alone be propagat$1 :ile 8 m pr(\nd1 subtle & diffuse disc\rses w\ld be lo/4 #ajgh ,b accord+ to ! above supposition1 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ came z a glean] aft] ! synopti/s3 n[ x is c]ta9 t all ! disc\rses ( ,jesus hav+ a practical t5d5cy _h n be5 pres]v$ by !m2 h5ce1 t ! =m] has almo/ inv>iably avoid$ giv+ any relic ( su* disc\rses1 c only be expla9$ by 8 pref]5ce = ! dogmatic & speculative ve93 a pref]5ce :i* mu/ h _h bo? an objective & a subjective s\rce1 ! necessities ( 8 "t & circum/ances1 & ! b5t ( 8 own m9d4 ,?is is admitt$ ev5 by critics :o are fav\rable to ! au!nticity ( ! f\r? gospel1 #ajgi ) ! res]vation1 t ! pref]5ce betrays itself only negatively1 by omission1 n positively1 by addition4 ,!re is a fur!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! synoptical gospels & ! f\r?1 z to ! =m ( tea*+ adopt$ by ,jesus2 9 ! "o1 x is aphori/ic & p>abolic1 9 ! o!r1 dialectic4 #ajhj ,we h se5 t ! p>able is altoge!r want+ 9 ! f\r? gospel1 & x is natural to ask :y1 s9ce ,luke1 z well z ,mat!w1 has _m admirable p>ables peculi> to himself1 ,john has n be5 able to make a ri* glean+1 ev5 aft] ^? two pr$ecessors8 ,x is true t isolat$ apo!gms & s5t5ces1 simil> to ! synoptical ones1 are n entirely abs5t f ! f\r? gospel3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! prevail+ aphori/ic & p>abolic =m ( in/ruction1 ascrib$ to ,jesus by ! synopti/s1 is m suit$ to ! "* ( a popul> tea*] ( ,pale/9e1 ?an ! dialectic =m :i* he is made to adopt by ,john4 #ajha ,b ! relation ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! gospel ( ,john1 to ! ,evangeli/'s own /yle ( ?9k+ & writ+1 is decisive4 ,"h we f9d a simil>ity1 #ajhb :i*1 z x ext5ds to ! disc\rses ( a ?ird p>ty1 namely1 ! ,bapti/1 _c be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! disciple _h =m$ 8 /yle on t ( ! ma/]1 #ajhc b requires u to admit t ! ,evangeli/ has l5t 8 own /yle to ! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 8 n>rative4 ,! late/ comm5tator on ,john has n only ackn[l$g$ ?is ) reg>d to ! col\r+ ( ! expression2 he ev5 ?9ks t 9 ! matt] itself he c "h & !re detect ! explanatory amplifications ( ! ,evangeli/1 :o1 to use 8 own phrase1 has _h a h& 9 ! composition ( ! long] & m difficult disc\rses4 #ajhd ,b s9ce ! ,evangeli/ does n pla9ly indicate 8 additions1 :at is to assure u t !y are n ?r\gh\t int]wov5 ) ! ideas ( ,jesus1 nay1 t all ! disc\rses :i* he communicates are n entirely 8 own productions8 ,! /yle furni%es no guidance1 = ?is is ev]y:]e ! same1 & is admitt$ to be ! ,evangeli/'s own2 nei!r does ! s5se1 = 9 x also !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce :e!r ! ,evangeli/ speaks 9 8 own "n or 9 t ( ,jesus3 :]e !n is ! gu>antee t ! disc\rses ( ,jesus are n1 z ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia ma9ta9s1 free inv5tions ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/8 ,lcke adduces "s p>ticul>s1 :i* on ?is supposition w\ld be 9 8 op9ion inexplicable4 #ajhe ,fir/1 ! almo/ v]bal agreem5t ( ,john ) ! synopti/s 9 isolat$ say+s ( ,jesus4 ,b z ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 0 )9 ! pale ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 he mu/ h _h at 8 comm& a tradition1 f :i*1 ?\gh draw+ g5]ally on 8 own res\rces1 he might occasionally borr[ isolat$1 m>k$ expressions1 ne>ly unmodifi$4 ,ano!r argum5t ( ,lcke is yet m futile4 ,if1 he says1 ,john _h really _h ! incl9ation & ability to inv5t disc\rses = ,jesus1 he w\ld h be5 m lib]al 9 long disc\rses2 & ! alt]nation ( brief rem>ks ) prolong$ addresses1 is n to be expla9$ on ! above supposition4 ,b ?is w\ld foll[ only if ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel appe>$ to be a ta/eless writ]1 ^: p]ception did n tell him1 t to "o occasion a %ort disc\rse 0 suitable1 to ano!r a long "o1 & t ! alt]nation ( diffuse h>angues ) concise s5t5ces 0 adapt$ to produce ! be/ impression4 ,( m weight is ! obs]vation ( ,paulus1 t if ! f\r? ,evangeli/ _h giv5 ! re9 to 8 inv5tion 9 attribut+ disc\rses to ,jesus1 he w\ld h obtrud$ m ( 8 own views1 ( :i* he has giv5 an ab/ract 9 8 prologue2 :]eas ! scrupul\sness ) :i* he ab/a9s f putt+ 8 doctr9e ( ! ,logos into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 is a pro( ( ! fai?fulness ) :i* he conf9$ himself to ! mat]ials pres5t$ by 8 memory or 8 au?orities4 #ajhf ,b ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos is sub/antially conta9$ 9 ! succe$+ disc\rse ( ,jesus2 & t ! =m 9 :i* x is prop\nd$ by ! evangeli/ 9 8 preface1 does n also reappe>1 is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! consid]ation1 t he mu/ h kn[n t =m to be altoge!r =eign to ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,we !re=e hold x to be e/abli%$1 t ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ,john's gospel are ma9ly free compositions ( ! ,evangeli/2 b we h admitt$ t he has cull$ sev]al say+s ( ,jesus f an au!ntic tradition1 & h5ce we d n ext5d ?is proposition to ^? passages :i* are c\nt5anc$ by p>allels 9 ! synoptical gospels4 ,9 ^! compilations we h an example ( ! vicissitudes :i* befal disc\rses1 t are pres]v$ only 9 ! memory ( a second p>ty4 ,sev]$ f _! orig9al connexion1 & brok5 up into small] & small] fragm5ts1 !y pres5t :5 reassembl$ ! appe>ance ( a mosaic1 9 :i* ! connexion ( ! p>ts is a purely ext]nal "o1 & e transition an artificial juncture4 ,! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ,john pres5t j ! opposite appe>ance4 ,_! gradual transitions1 only r5d]$ occasionally obscure by ! my/ical dep?s ( mean+ 9 :i* !y lie1--transitions 9 :i* "o ?\ght develops itself out ( ano!r1 & a succe$+ proposition is frequ5tly b an explanatory amplification ( ! prec$+1 #ajhg--;are indicative ( a pliable1 unresi/+ mass1 su* z is nev] pres5t$ to a writ] by ! traditional say+s ( ano!r1 b su* z proce$s f ! /ores ( 8 own ?\ght1 :i* he m\lds accord+ to 8 w4 ,= ?is reason ! contributions ( tradition to ^! /ores ( ?\ght 7ap>t f ! say+s :i* are also f\nd 9 ! e>li] gospels7 7 n s likely to h be5 p>ticul>1 indep5d5t dicta ( ,jesus1 z r c]ta9 ideas :i* =m$ ! basis ( _m ( 8 disc\rses1 & :i* 7 modifi$ & develop$ accord+ to ! b5t ( a m9d ( ,alex&rian or ,greek culture4 ,su* are ! correlative ideas ( & 7fa!r & son71 & 7light & d>kness71 & 7life & dea?71 & 7above & b5ea?71 & 7fle% & _s72 also "s symbolical expressions1 z 7bread ( life71 7wat] ( life74 ,^! & a few o!r ideas1 v>i\sly comb9$ by an +5i\s au?or1 compose ! bulk ( ! disc\rses attribut$ to ,jesus by ,john2 a c]ta9 uni=mity necess>ily att5d+ ?is elem5tal simplicity4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,public ,,life ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,exclud+ ,,! ,,miracles4 #hd4 ,,g5]al ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,n>ration ,,t ,,di/+ui%es ,,! ,,sev]al ,,evangeli/s4 ,if1 be=e proce$+ to ! consid]ation ( details1 we comp>e ! g5]al "* & tone ( ! hi/orical n>ration 9 ! v>i\s gospels1 we f9d diff]5ces1 fir/1 betwe5 ,mat!w & ! two o!r synopti/s2 secondly1 betwe5 ! ?ree fir/ evangeli/s collectively & ! f\r?4 ,among ! reproa*es :i* mod]n criticism has heap$ on ! gospel ( ,mat!w1 a prom95t place has be5 giv5 to its want ( individualiz$ & dramatic life2 a want :i* is ?\ght to prove t ! au?or 0 n an eye-witness1 s9ce an eye-witness is ord9>ily di/+ui%$ by ! precision & m9ut5ess ( 8 n>ration4 #ajhh ,c]ta9ly1 :5 we read ! indef9ite designation ( times1 places & p]sons1 ! p]petually recurr+ 1 !n1 1 dep>t+ f !nce1 1 a man1 :i* *>act]ize ?is gospel2 :5 we recollect its :olesale /atem5ts1 su* z t ,jesus w5t ?r\gh all ! cities & villages 7ix4 #ce1 xi4 #a1 comp4 iv4 #bc72 t !y br\ght to him all sick p1 & t he heal$ !m all 7iv4 #bd f41 xiv4 #ce f41 comp4 xv4 #bi ff472 & f9ally1 ! b>5ess & brevity ( _m isolat$ n>ratives3 we _c disapprove ! decision ( ?is criticism1 t ,mat!w's :ole n>rative resembles a record ( ev5ts :i*1 be=e !y 7 committ$ to writ+1 _h be5 long curr5t 9 oral tradition1 & _h ?us lo/ ! impress ( p>ticul>ity & m9ut5ess4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$1 t ?is pro(1 tak5 alone1 is n absolutely conv9c+2 = 9 mo/ cases we may v]ify ! rem>k1 t ev5 an eye-witness may be unable graphically to n>rate :at he has se54 #ajhi ,b our mod]n critics h n only measur$ ,mat!w by ! /&>d ( :at is to be expect$ f an eye-witness1 9 ! ab/ract2 !y h also comp>$ him ) 8 fell[-evangeli/s4 ,!y are ( op9ion1 n only t ,john decid$ly surpasses ,mat!w 9 ! p[] ( del9eation1 bo? 9 _! few p>allel passages & 9 8 entire n>rative1 b also t ! two o!r synopti/s1 especially ,m>k1 are g5]ally f> cle>] & full] 9 _! /yle ( n>ration4 #ajij ,?is is ! actual fact1 & x ought n to be any long] evad$4 ,) respect to ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 x is true t1 z "o w\ld h anticipat$1 he is n devoid ( g5]al1 :olesale /atem5ts1 su* z1 t ,jesus dur+ ! fea/ did _m miracles1 t h5ce _m believ$ on him 7ii4 #bc71 ) o!rs ( a simil> k9d 7iii4 #bb1 vii4 #a73 & he n seldom designates p]sons indecisively4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 he gives ! names ( individuals :om ,mat!w does n specify 7xii4 #c1 #d1 comp4 ) ,matt4 xxvi4 #g1 #h2 & xviii4 #aj ) ,matt4 xxvi4 #ea2 also vi4 #e ff4 ) ,matt4 xiv4 #af f472 & he g5]ally lets u "k ! di/rict or c\ntry 9 :i* an ev5t happ5$4 ,8 c>eful *ronology we h already notic$2 b ! po9t ( *ief importance is t 8 n>ratives 7e4g4 t ( ! man born bl9d1 & t ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us7 h a dramatic & life-l "*1 :i* we seek 9 va9 9 ! fir/ gospel4 ,! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s are n free f indecisive designations ( "t 7e4g4 ,m>k viii4 #a2 ,luke v4 #ag1 viii4 #bb72 ( place 7,m>k iii4 #ac2 ,luke vi4 #ab72 & ( p]sons 7,m>k x4 #ag2 ,luke xiii4 #bc72 nor f /atem5ts t ,jesus w5t ?r\gh all cities1 & heal$ all ! sick 7,m>k i4 #cb ff41 #ch f42 ,luke iv4 #dj f472 b !y (t5 give u ! details ( :at ,mat!w has only /at$ g5]ally4 ,n only does ,luke associate _m disc\rses ( ,jesus ) special occasions conc]n+ :i* ,mat!w is sil5t1 b bo? he & ,m>k notice ! (fice or names ( p]sons1 to :om ,mat!w gives no precise designation 7,matt4 ix4 #ah2 ,m>k v4 #bb2 ,luke viii4 #da2 ,matt4 xix4 #af2 ,luke xviii4 #ah2 ,matt4 xx4 #cj2 ,m>k x4 #df74 ,b x is *iefly 9 ! lively description ( p>ticul> incid5ts1 t we p]ceive ! decid$ sup]iority ( ,luke1 & /ill m ( ,m>k1 ov] ,mat!w4 ,let ! read] only comp>e ! n>rative ( ! execution ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k 7,matt4 xiv4 #c2 ,m>k vi4 #ag71 & t ( ! demoniac or demoniacs ( ,gad>a 7,matt4 viii4 #bh ff4 p>all474 ,^! facts are1 9 ! op9ion ( our late/ critics1 a confirmation ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/'s claim to ! "* ( an eye-witness1 & ( ! great] proximity ( ! second & ?ird ,evangeli/s to ! sc5es !y describe1 ?an c be attribut$ to ! fir/4 ,b1 ev5 all[+ t "o :o does n n>rate graphically _c be an eye-witness1 ?is does n involve ! proposition t :oev] does n>rate graphically mu/ be an eye-witness4 ,9 all cases 9 :i* !re are extant two acc\nts ( a s+le fact1 ! "o full1 ! o!r concise1 op9ions may be divid$ z to :i* ( !m is ! orig9al4 #ajia ,:5 ^! acc\nts h be5 liable to ! modifications ( tradition1 x is important to be> 9 m9d t tradition has two t5d5cies3 ! "o1 to sublimate ! concrete into ! ab/ract1 ! individual into ! g5]al2 ! o!r1 n less ess5tial1 to sub/itute arbitr>y fictions = ! hi/orical reality :i* is lo/4 #ajib ,if !n we put ! want ( precision 9 ! n>rative ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/ to ! acc\nt ( ! =m] function ( ! leg5d1 ought we at once to reg>d ! precision & dramatic effect ( ! o!r gospels1 z a pro( t _! au?ors 7 eye-witnesses8 ,mu/ we n r exam9e :e!r ^! qualities be n d]iv$ f ! second function ( ! leg5d8 #ajic ,! decision ) :i* ! o!r inf]5ce is drawn1 is 9 fact m]ely an aft]-ta/e ( ! old or?odox op9ion1 t all our gospels proce$ imm$iately f eye-witnesses1 or at lea/ ?r\gh a m$ium incapable ( error4 ,mod]n criticism has limit$ ?is supposition1 & admitt$ ! possibility t "o or ! o!r ( our gospels may h be5 affect$ by oral tradition4 ,accord+ly x ma9ta9s1 n )\t probability1 t a gospel 9 :i* ! descriptions are ?r\gh\t de/itute ( col\r+ & life1 _c be ! production ( an eye-witness1 & mu/ h suff]$ f ! effac+ f+]s ( tradition4 ,b ! c\nt] proposition1 t ! o!r gospels1 9 :i* ! /yle ( n>ration is m detail$ & dramatic1 re/ on ! te/imony ( eye-witnesses1 w\ld only foll[ f ! suppos$ necessity t ?is mu/ be ! case ) "s ( our gospels4 ,= if su* a supposition be made ) respect to sev]al n>ratives ( bo? ! above k9ds1 !re is no "q t ! m graphic & vivid ones are ) prepond]ant probability to be ref]r$ to eye-witnesses4 ,b ?is supposition has m]ely a subjective f\ndation4 ,x 0 an easi] transition = comm5tators to make f ! old notion t all ! gospels 7 imm$iately or m$iately autoptical n>ratives1 to ! limit$ admission t p]haps "o may fall %ort ( ?is "*1 ?an to ! g5]al admission t x may be equally want+ to all4 ,b1 accord+ to ! rigid rules ( consequ5ce1 ) ! or?odox view ( ! scriptural canon1 falls ! assumption ( pure ocul> te/imony1 n only = "o or o!r ( ! gospels1 b = all2 ! possibility ( ! contr>y mu/ be presuppos$ 9 relation to !m all1 & _! pret5sions mu/ be e/imat$ accord+ to _! int]nal "*1 comp>$ ) ! ext]nal te/imonies4 ,f ?is po9t ( view--! only "o t criticism c consi/5tly adopt--x is z probable1 consid]+ ! nature ( ! ext]nal te/imonies exam9$ 9 our ,introduction1 t ! ?ree la/ ,evangeli/s owe ! dramatic effect 9 :i* !y surpass ,mat!w1 to ! embelli%m5ts ( a m mature tradition1 z t ?is quality is ! result ( a clos] communication ) eye-witnesses4 ,t we may n anticipate1 let u1 9 relation to ?is "q1 ref] to ! results we h already obta9$4 ,! great] p>ticul>ity by :i* ,luke is di/+ui%$ f ,mat!w 9 8 acc\nt ( ! occasions t sugge/$ _m disc\rses ( ,jesus1 has appe>$ to u (t5 to be ! result ( subsequ5t additions2 & ! names ( p]sons 9 ,m>k 7xiii4 #c comp4 v4 #cg2 ,luke viii4 #ea7 h seem$ to re/ on a m]e inf]5ce ( ! n>rator4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t we are ab\t to ent] on an exam9ation ( p>ticul> n>ratives1 we w consid]1 f ! po9t ( view above indicat$1 ! con/ant =ms ( introduction1 conclusion1 & transition1 already notic$1 9 ! sev]al gospels4 ,"h we f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mat!w & ! o!r synopti/s1 z to _! m or less dramatic /yle1 impr9t$ 9 a mann] t c be/ tea* u h[ mu* ?is /yle is wor?4 ,mat!w 7viii4 #af f47 /ates 9 g5]al t]ms1 t on ! ev5+ aft] ! cure ( ,pet]'s "m-9-law1 _m demoniacs 7 br\ght to ,jesus1 all ( :om1 toge!r ) o!rs t 7 sick1 he heal$4 ,m>k 7i4 #cb7 9 a highly dramatic mann]1 z if he himself _h witness$ ! sc5e1 tells1 t on ! same occasion1 ! :ole city 0 ga!r$ toge!r at ! door ( ! h\se 9 :i* ,jesus 02 at ano!r "t1 he makes ! cr[d block up ! entrance 7ii4 #b72 9 two o!r in/ances1 he describes ! conc\rse z s great1 t ,jesus & 8 disciples c\ld n take _! food 7iii4 #bj1 vi4 #ca72 & ,luke on "o occasion /ates1 t ! p ev5 ga!r$ toge!r 9 innum]able multitudes s t !y trode "o ^u ano!r 7xii4 #a74 ,all highly vivid t\*es1 c]ta9ly3 b ! want ( !m c h>dly be prejudicial to ,mat!w1 = !y look ?or\ghly l /rokes ( imag9ation1 su* z ab\nd 9 ,m>k's n>rative1 & (t51 z ,s*lei]ma*] obs]ves1 #ajid give x almo/ an apocryphal appe>ance4 ,9 detail$ n>ratives1 ( :i* we %all pres5tly notice _m examples1 :ile ,mat!w simply tells :at ,jesus said on a c]ta9 occasion1 ! two o!r ,evangeli/s are able to describe ! glance ) :i* 8 words 7 accompani$ 7,m>k iii4 #e1 x4 #ba2 ,luke vi4 #aj74 ,on ! m5tion ( a bl9d begg> ( ,j]i*o1 ,m>k is c>eful to give u 8 "n1 & ! "n ( 8 fa!r 7x4 #df74 ,f ^! p>ticul>s we might already augur1 :at ! exam9ation ( s+le n>ratives w prove3 namely1 t ! copi\sness ( ,m>k & ,luke is ! product ( ! second function ( ! leg5d1 :i* we may call ! function ( embelli%m5t4 ,0 ?is embelli%m5t gradually wr\ght out by oral tradition1 or 0 x ! arbitr>y addition ( our ,evangeli/s8 ,conc]n+ ?is1 !re may be a diff]5ce ( op9ion1 & a degree ( probability 9 relation to p>ticul> passages is ! ne>e/ approa* t c be made to a decision4 ,9 any case1 n only mu/ x be grant$1 t a n>rative adorn$ by ! writ]'s own additions is m remote f primitive tru? ?an "o free f su* additions2 b we may v5ture to pron\nce t ! e>li] ef=ts ( ! leg5d are rapid sket*es1 t5d+ to set (f only ! lead+ po9ts :e!r ( spee* or action1 & t at a lat] p]iod x aims r to give a symmetrical effect to ! :ole1 includ+ collat]al incid5ts2 s t1 9 ei!r view1 ! close/ approximation to tru? rema9s on ! side ( ! fir/ gospel4 ,:ile ! diff]5ce z to ! m or less dramatic /yle ( conclud+ & connect+ =ms1 lies *iefly betwe5 ,mat!w & ! o!r synopti/s2 ano!r diff]5ce ) respect to ^! =ms1 exi/s betwe5 all ! synopti/s & ,john4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! synoptical anecdotes f ! public life ( ,jesus are w\nd up by a panegyric1 ^? ( ,john g5]ally t]m9ate1 s to speak1 polemically4 ,x is true t ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s sometimes m5tion1 by way ( conclusion1 ! (f5ce t ,jesus gave to ! n>r[-he>t$1 & ! ma*9ations ( 8 enemies aga9/ him 7,matt4 viii4 #cd1 xii4 #ad1 xxi4 #df1 xxvi4 #c f42 ,luke iv4 #bh f41 xi4 #ec f472 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ closes "s disc\rses & miracles by ! rem>k1 t 9 consequ5ce ( !m1 _m believ$ on ,jesus 7ii4 #bc1 iv4 #ci1 #ec1 vii4 #ca1 #dj f41 viii4 #cj1 x4 #db1 xi4 #de74 ,b 9 ! synoptical gospels1 ?r\gh\t ! p]iod previ\s to ! resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem1 we f9d =ms imply+ t ! fame ( ,jesus _h ext5d$ f> & wide 7,matt4 iv4 #bd1 ix4 #bf1 #ca2 ,m>k i4 #bh1 #de1 v4 #bj1 vii4 #cf2 ,luke iv4 #cg1 v4 #ae1 vii4 #ag1 viii4 #ci72 t ! p 7 a/oni%$ at 8 doctr9e 7,matt4 vii4 #bh2 ,m>k i4 #bb1 xi4 #ah2 ,luke xix4 #dh71 & miracles 7,matt4 viii4 #bg1 ix4 #h1 xiv4 #cc1 xv4 #ca71 & h5ce foll[$ him f all p>ts 7,matt4 iv4 #be1 viii4 #a1 ix4 #cf1 xii4 #ae1 xiii4 #b1 xiv4 #ac74 ,9 ! f\r? gospel1 on ! contr>y1 we are cont9ually told t ! ,jews s\ght to kill ,jesus 7v4 #ah1 vii4 #a72 ! ,ph>isees wi% to take him1 or s5d out (fic]s to seize him 7vii4 #cj1 #cb1 #dd2 comp4 viii4 #bj1 x4 #ci72 /ones are tak5 up to ca/ at him 7viii4 #ei1 x4 #ca72 & ev5 9 ^? passages :]e !re is m5tion ( a fav\rable disposition on ! "p ( ! p1 ! ,evangeli/ limits x to "o portion ( !m1 & repres5ts ! o!r z inimical to ,jesus 7vii4 #aa-ac74 ,he is especially fond ( draw+ att5tion to su* circum/ances1 z t be=e ! f9al cata/rophe all ! guile & p[] ( ! enemies ( ,jesus 7 ex]t$ 9 va91 because 8 h\r 0 n yet come 7vii4 #cj1 viii4 #bj72 t ! emiss>ies s5t out aga9/ him1 ov]come by ! =ce ( 8 words1 & ! dignity ( 8 p]son1 retir$ )\t fulfill+ _! err& 7vii4 #cb1 #dd ff472 & t ,jesus pass$ unh>m$ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( an exasp]at$ cr[d 7viii4 #ei1 x4 #ci2 comp4 ,luke iv4 #cj74 ,! writ]1 z we h above rem>k$1 c]ta9ly does n int5d u 9 ^! in/ances to ?9k ( a natural escape1 b ( "o 9 :i* ! high] nature ( ,jesus1 8 invuln]ability s long z he did n *oose to lay d[n 8 life1 0 8 protection4 ,& ?is ?r[s "s light on ! object :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ _h 9 view1 9 giv+ prom95ce to su* traits z ^? j enum]at$3 !y help$ him to add to ! numb] ( ! contra/s1 by :i*1 ?r\gh\t 8 works1 he aims to exalt ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,! pr(\nd wisdom ( ,jesus1 z ! div9e ,logos1 appe>$ ! m respl5d5t1 f its opposition to ! rude unappreh5siv5ess ( ! ,jews2 8 goodness wore a m t\*+ aspect1 confront$ ) ! invet]ate malice ( 8 enemies2 8 appe>ance ga9$ 9 impressiv5ess1 by ! /rife he excit$ among ! p2 & 8 p[]1 z t ( "o :o _h life 9 himself1 comm&$ ! m rev]5ce1 ! (t5] 8 enemies & _! in/rum5ts tri$ to seize him1 &1 z if re/ra9$ by a high] p[]1 7 n able to lay h&s on him1--! m m>vell\sly he pass$ ?r\gh ! ranks ( adv]s>ies prep>$ to take away 8 life4 ,x has be5 made matt] ( praise to ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 t he alone pres5ts ! opposition ( ! ph>isaic p>ty to ,jesus1 9 its rise & gradual progress3 b !re are reasons = que/ion+ :e!r ! c\rse ( ev5ts describ$ by him1 be n r fictiti\s ?an real4 ,p>tially fictiti\s1 x evid5tly is2 = he appeals to ! sup]natural = a reason :y ! ,ph>isees s long effect$ no?+ aga9/ ,jesus3 :]eas ! synopti/s pres]ve ! natural sequ5ce ( ! facts by /at+ z a cause1 t ! ,jewi% hi]>*y fe>$ ! p1 :o 7 atta*$ to ,jesus z a prophet 7,matt4 xxi4 #df2 ,m>k xii4 #ab2 ,luke xx4 #ai74 ,if !n ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 0 s f> guid$ by 8 dogmatical int]e/1 t = ! escape ( ,jesus f ! m e>ly sn>es & assaults ( 8 enemies1 he inv5t$ su* a reason z be/ suit$ 8 purpose2 :at %all assure u t he has n also1 9 consi/5cy ) ! *>act]i/ics :i* we h already disc]n$ 9 him1 fabricat$1 = ! sake ( t int]e/1 entire sc5es ( ! k9d above notic$8 ,n t we hold x improbable1 t _m futile plots & attacks ( ! enemies ( ,jesus prec$$ ! f9al cata/rophe ( 8 fate3--we are only dubi\s :e!r ^! attempts 7 precisely su* z ! gospel ( ,john describes4 #he4 ,,isolat$ ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,anecdotes4 ,,imputation ,,( ,a ,,league ,,) ,,beelzebub1 ,,& ,,dem& ,,( ,a ,,sign4 ,9 con=mity ) ! aim ( our criticism1 we %all "h conf9e our att5tion to ^? n>ratives1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! leg5d may be demon/rat$4 ,! /ronge/ evid5ce ( ?is influ5ce is f\nd :]e "o n>rative is bl5d$ ) ano!r1 or :]e ! "o is a m]e v>iation ( ! o!r3 h5ce1 *ronology hav+ refus$ u its aid1 we %all arrange ! anecdotes ab\t to be consid]$ accord+ to _! mutual aff9ity4 ,to beg9 ) ! m simple =m ( leg5d>y influ5ce3 ,s*ulz has already compla9$1 t ,mat!w m5tions two in/ances1 9 :i* a league ) ,beelzebub 0 imput$ to ,jesus1 & a sign dem&$ f him2 circum/ances :i* 9 ,m>k & ,luke happ5 only once4 #ajie ,! fir/ "t ! imputation occurs 7,matt4 ix4 #cb ff471 ,jesus has cur$ a dumb demoniac2 at ?is ! p m>vel1 b ! ,ph>isees obs]ve1 ,he ca/s out demons ?r\gh ! pr9ce 77 ( ! demons4 ,mat!w does n "h say t ,jesus return$ any answ] to ?is accusation4 ,on ! second occasion 7xii4 #bb ff471 x is a bl9d & dumb demoniac :om ,jesus cures2 aga9 ! p are amaz$1 & aga9 ! ,ph>isees decl>e t ! cure is effect$ by ! help ( ,beelzebub1 ! ( ! demons1 :]eupon ,jesus imm$iately exposes ! absurdity ( ! accusation4 ,t x %\ld h be5 alleg$ aga9/ ,jesus m ?an once :5 he ca/ out demons1 is 9 itself probable4 ,x is h[ev] suspici\s t ! demoniac :o gives occasion to ! ass]tion ( ! ,ph>isees1 is 9 bo? in/ances dumb 79 ! second only1 bl9dness is add$74 ,demoniacs 7 ( _m k9ds1 e v>iety ( malady be+ ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ( evil spirits2 :y1 !n1 %\ld ! above imputation be n once atta*$ to ! cure ( ano!r k9d ( demoniac1 b twice to t ( a dumb "o8 ,! difficulty is height5$ if we comp>e ! n>rative ( ,luke 7xi4 #ad f471 :i*1 9 its introductory description ( ! circum/ances1 corresponds n to ! second n>rative 9 ,mat!w1 b to ! fir/2 = z !re1 s 9 ,luke1 ! demoniac is only dumb1 & 8 cure & ! a/oni%m5t ( ! p are told ) precisely ! same =m ( expression3--9 all :i* po9ts1 ! second n>rative ( ,mat!w is m remote f t ( ,luke4 ,b ) ?is cure ( ! dumb demoniac1 :i* ,mat!w repres5ts z pass+ (f 9 sil5ce on ! "p ( ,jesus1 ,luke connects ! v disc\rse :i* ,mat!w app5ds to ! cure ( ! "o bo? bl9d & dumb2 s t ,jesus mu/ on bo? ^! successive occasions1 h said ! same ?+4 ,?is is a v unlikely repetition1 & unit$ ) ! improbability1 t ! same accusation %\ld be twice made 9 connexion ) a dumb demoniac1 x sugge/s ! "q1 :e!r leg5d may n "h h d\bl$ "o & ! same incid5t8 ,h[ ?is c h tak5 place1 ,mat!w himself %[s u1 by repres5t+ ! demoniac z1 9 ! "o case1 simply dumb1 9 ! o!r1 bl9d also4 ,mu/ x n h be5 a /rik+ cure :i* excit$1 on ! "o h&1 ! a/oni%m5t ( ! p1 on ! o!r1 ?is desp]ate attack ( ! enemies ( ,jesus8 ,dumbness alone might soon appe> an insuffici5t malady = ! subject ( ! cure1 & ! leg5d1 ev] prone to enhance1 might deprive him ( sight also4 ,if !n1 toge!r ) ?is new =m ( ! leg5d1 ! old "o too 0 h&$ d[n1 :at wond] t a compil]1 m consci5ti\s ?an critical1 su* z ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel1 adopt$ bo? z di/9ct hi/ories1 m]ely omitt+ on "o occasion ! disc\rse ( ,jesus1 = ! sake ( avoid+ repetition4 #ajif ,mat!w1 hav+ omitt$ 7ix4 #cd7 ! disc\rse ( ,jesus1 0 oblig$ also to def] ! dem& ( a sign1 :i* requir$ a previ\s rejo9d] on ! "p ( ,jesus1 until 8 second n>ration ( ! *>ge conc]n+ ,beelzebub2 & 9 ?is po9t aga9 ! n>rative ( ,luke1 :o also atta*es ! dem& ( a sign to ! accusation1 is p>allel ) ! lat] passage ( ,mat!w4 #ajig ,b ,mat!w n only has1 ) ,luke1 a dem& ( a sign 9 connexion ) ! above *>ge2 he has also ano!r1 aft] ! second fe$+ ( ! multitude 7xvi4 #a ff471 & ?is second dem& ,m>k also has 7viii4 #aa f471 :ile he omits ! fir/4 ,"h ! ,ph>isees come to ,jesus 7accord+ to ,mat!w1 9 ! unlikely companion%ip ( ,sadducees71 & tempt him by ask+ = a sign f heav51 4 ,to ?is ,jesus gives an answ]1 ( :i* ! conclud+ proposition1 a wick$ & adult]\s g5]ation seeke? aft] a sign2 & !re %all no sign be giv5 unto x1 b ! sign ( ! prophet ,jonas2 1 1 1 9 ,mat!w1 agrees ^w = ^w ) ! op5+ ( ! e>li] refusal4 ,x is already improbable en\gh1 t ,jesus %\ld h twice respond$ to ! above requisition ) ! same enigmatical ref]5ce to ,jonah2 b ! words 7v4 #b1 #c7 :i*1 9 ! second passage ( ,mat!w1 prec$e ! s5t5ce la/ quot$1 are totally un9telligible4 ,= :y ,jesus1 9 reply to ! dem& ( 8 enemies t he w\ld %[ !m a sign f heav51 %\ld tell !m t !y 7 inde$ well v]s$ 9 ! natural signs ( ! heav5s1 b 7 s mu* ! m gl>+ly ignorant ( ! spiritual signs ( ! messianic times1 is s f> f evid5t1 t ! o!rwise unf\nd$ omission ( v4 #b & #c1 seems to h aris5 f despair ( f9d+ any connexion = !m4 #ajih ,luke1 :o also has 7xii4 #ed f471 9 words only p>tly v>i$1 ?is reproa* ( ,jesus t 8 cotempor>ies und]/ood bett] ! signs ( ! wea!r ?an ( ! times1 gives x ano!r position1 :i* might be reg>d$ z ! pref]able "o2 s9ce aft] speak+ ( ! fire :i* he 0 to k9dle1 & ! divisions :i* he 0 to cause1 ,jesus might v aptly say to ! p3 ,y take no notice ( ! unmi/akable progno/ics ( ?is great revolution :i* is be+ prep>$ by my means1 s ill d y und]/& ! signs ( ! times4 #ajii ,b on a clos] exam9ation1 ,luke's arrangem5t appe>s j z abrupt "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! two p>ables 7xiii4 #ah74 #aajj ,if f h5ce we turn aga9 to ,mat!w1 we easily see h[ he 0 l$ to 8 mode ( repres5tation4 ,he may h be5 induc$ to d\ble ! dem& ( a sign1 by ! v]bal v>iation :i* he met )1 ! requir$ sign be+ at "o "t call$ simply a 1 at ano!r a 4 ,& if he knew t ,jesus _h exhort$ ! ,jews to /udy ! signs ( ! times1 z !y _h hi!rto /udi$ ! appe>ance ( ! heav5s1 ! conjecture 0 n v remote1 t ! ,jews _h giv5 occasion = ?is admonition by dem&+ a sign f heav51 4 ,?us ,mat!w "h pres5ts u1 z ,luke (t5 does else:]e1 ) a fictiti\s introduction to a disc\rse ( ,jesus2 a pro( ( ! proposition1 advanc$ inde$1 b too little reg>d$ by ,sieff]t3 #aaja t x is 9 ! nature ( traditional records1 su* z ! ?ree fir/ gospels1 t "o p>ticul> %\ld be be/ pres]v$ 9 ?is n>rative1 ano!r 9 t2 s t fir/ "o1 & !n ! o!r1 is at a disadvantage1 9 comp>ison ) ! re/4 #hf4 ,,visit ,,( ,,! ,,"m ,,& ,,bre?r5 ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,! ,,woman ,,:o ,,pron\nces ,,! ,,"m ,,( ,,jesus ,,bless$4 ,all ! synopti/s m5tion a visit ( ! "m & bre?r5 ( ,jesus1 on be+ appris$ ( :i* ,jesus po9ts to 8 disciples1 & decl>es t !y :o d ! w ( ,god are 8 "m & 8 bre?r5 7,matt4 xii4 #df ff42 ,m>k iii4 #ca ff42 ,luke viii4 #ai ff474 ,mat!w & ,luke d n tell u ! object ( ?is visit1 nor1 consequ5tly1 :e!r ?is decl>ation ( ,jesus1 :i* appe>s to imply a dis[n+ ( 8 relatives1 0 occasion$ by any special circum/ance4 ,on ?is subject ,m>k gives u unexpect$ in=mation2 he tells u 7v4 #ba7 t :ile ,jesus 0 tea*+ among a conc\rse ( p1 :o ev5 prev5t$ him f tak+ food1 8 relatives1 "u ! idea t he 0 beside himself1 w5t out to seize him1 & take him into ! keep+ ( 8 family4 #aajb ,9 describ+ ?is incid5t1 ! ,evangeli/ makes use ( ! expression1 7!y said1 he is beside himself71 & x 0 m]ely ?is expression1 app>5tly1 t sugge/$ to him :at he next proce$s to n>rate3 1 444 7! scribes said1 he ha? ,beelzebub1 etc41 comp4 ,john x4 #bj74 ,) ?is reproa*1 :i* h[ev] he does n atta* to an expulsion ( demons1 he connects ! answ] ( ,jesus2 he !n recurs to ! relatives1 :om he n[ p>ticul>izes z ! "m & bre?r5 ( ,jesus1 suppos+ !m to h arriv$ 9 ! meantime2 & he makes _! ann\ncem5t call =? f ,jesus ! answ] ( :i* we h above spok54 ,^! p>ticul>s imp>t$ by ,m>k are v welcome to comm5tators1 z a means ( expla9+ & ju/ify+ ! app>5t h>%ness ( ! answ] :i* ,jesus returns to ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 ne>e/ relatives1 on ! gr\nd ( ! p]v]t$ object ( _! visit4 ,b1 ap>t f ! difficulty t1 on ! usual int]pretation ( ! acc\nts ( ! *ildhood ( ,jesus1 x is n to be expla9$ h[ 8 "m c\ld1 aft] ! ev5ts !re9 describ$1 be ?us mi/ak5 9 h] son1 x is v que/ionable :e!r we ought to accept ?is in=mation ( ,m>k's4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is associat$ ) ! obvi\s exagg]ation1 t ,jesus & 8 disciples 7 prev5t$ ev5 f tak+ food by ! ?rong ( p2 & 9 ! second place1 x has 9 itself a /range appe>ance1 f its want ( relation to ! context4 ,if ^! po9ts are consid]$1 x w sc>cely be possible to avoid agree+ ) ! op9ion ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 t no explanation ( ! !n exi/+ relations ( ,jesus ) 8 family is to be s\ght 9 ?is addition2 t x r belongs to ^? exagg]ations to :i* ,m>k is s prone1 z well 9 8 introductions to isolat$ incid5ts1 z 9 8 g5]al /atem5ts4 #aajc ,he wi%$ to make x und]/ood :y ,jesus return$ an ungraci\s answ] to ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 relatives2 = ?is purpose he ?\ght x necess>y to give _! visit an object ( :i* ,jesus did n approve1 & z he knew t ! ,ph>isees _h pron\nc$ him to be "u ! influ5ce ( ,beelzebub1 he attribut$ a simil> op9ion to 8 relatives4 ,if we lay aside ?is addition ( ,m>k's1 ! comp>ison ( ! ?ree v simil> n>ratives pres5ts no result z x reg>ds _! matt]2 #aajd b !re is a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! connexions 9 :i* ! ,evangeli/s place ! ev5t4 ,mat!w & ,m>k ins]t x aft] ! def5ce aga9/ ! suspicion ( diabolical aid1 & be=e ! p>able ( ! s[]2 :]eas ,luke makes ! visit consid]ably prior to t imputation1 & places ! p>able ev5 be=e ! visit4 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 h[ev]1 t ,luke has1 aft] ! def5ce aga9/ ! accusation ( a league ) ,beelzebub1 9 ! position :i* ! two o!r ,evangeli/s give to ! visit ( ! relatives ( ,jesus1 an incid5t :i* issues 9 a decl>ation1 precisely simil> to t :i* ! ann\ncem5t calls =?4 ,aft] ! refutation ( ! ,ph>isaic reproa*1 & ! disc\rse on ! return ( ! unclean _s1 a woman 9 ! cr[d is fill$ ) admiration1 & pron\nces ! "m ( ,jesus bless$1 on :i* ,jesus1 z be=e on ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 "m1 replies2 ,yea1 r bless$ are !y :o he> ! ^w ( ,god & keep x6 #aaje ,s*lei]ma*] "h aga9 pref]s ! acc\nt ( ,luke3 he ?9ks ?is little digression on ! exclamation ( ! woman especially ev9ces a fre% & lively recollection1 :i* has ins]t$ x 9 its real place & circum/ances2 :]eas ,mat!w1 conf\nd+ ! answ] ( ,jesus to ! ejaculation ( ! woman1 ) ! v simil> "o to ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 relatives1 gives to ! latt] ! place ( ! =m]1 & ?us passes ov] ! sc5e ) ! woman4 #aajf ,b h[ ! woman c\ld feel h]self hurri$ away into s en?usia/ic an exclamation1 precisely on he>+ ! ab/ruse disc\rse on ! return ( ! expell$ demons1 or ev5 ! =ego+ repreh5sive reply to ! ,ph>isees1 x is difficult to und]/&1 & ! contr>y conjecture to t ( ,s*lei]ma*] might r be e/abli%$2 namely1 t 9 ! place ( ! ann\ncem5t ( ! relatives1 ! writ] ( ! ?ird gospel ins]t$ ! sc5e ) ! woman1 f its hav+ a l t]m9ation4 ,! evangelical tradition1 z we see f ,mat!w & ,m>k1 :e!r f hi/orical or m]ely accid5tal motives1 _h associat$ ! above visit & ! say+ ab\t ! spiritual relatives1 ) ! disc\rse ( ,jesus on ! accusation ( a league ) ,beelzebub1 & on ! return ( ! unclean _s2 & ,luke also1 :5 he came to ! conclusion ( t disc\rse1 0 rem9d$ ( ! anecdote ( ! visit & its po9t--! extoll+ ( a spiritual relation%ip to ,jesus4 ,b he _h already m5tion$ ! visit2 #aajg he !re=e seiz$ on ! sc5e ) ! woman1 :i* pres5t$ a simil> t]m9ation4 ,f ! /rong resemblance betwe5 ! two anecdotes1 ,i c sc>cely believe t !y are f\nd$ on two really di/9ct incid5ts2 r1 x is m likely t ! memorable decl>ation ( ,jesus1 t he pref]r$ 8 spiritual be=e 8 bodily relatives1 _h 9 ! leg5d receiv$ two diff]5t sett+s or frames4 ,accord+ to "o1 x seem$ ! mo/ natural t su* a depreciation ( 8 k9dr$ %\ld be unit$ ) an actual rejection ( !m2 to ano!r1 t ! exaltation ( ^? :o 7 spiritually ne> to him1 %\ld be call$ =? by a bless+ pron\nc$ on ^? :o 7 ne>e/ to him 9 ! fle%4 ,( ^! two =ms ( ! leg5d1 ,mat!w & ,m>k give only ! fir/2 ,luke1 h[ev]1 _h already dispos$ ( ?is on an e>li] occasion2 :51 !re=e1 he came to ! passage :]e1 9 ! common evangelical tradition1 t anecdote occurr$1 he 0 induc$ to supply its place by ! second =m4 #hg4 ,,cont5tions ,,= ,,pre-,,em95ce ,,among ,,! ,,disciples4 ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,jesus ,,= ,,*ildr54 ,! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s n>rate sev]al cont5tions = pre-em95ce :i* arose among ! disciples1 ) ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus compos$ ^! diff]5ces4 ,"o su* cont5tion1 :i* is said to h aris5 among ! disciples aft] ! transfiguration1 & ! fir/ pr$iction ( ! passion1 is common to all ! gospels 7,matt4 xviii4 #a ff42 ,m>k ix4 #cc ff42 ,luke ix4 #df ff474 ,!re are inde$ div]g5cies 9 ! n>ratives1 b ! id5tity ( ! incid5t on :i* !y are f\nd$ is atte/$ by ! fact1 t 9 all ( !m1 ,jesus sets a little *ild be=e 8 disciples z an example2 a sc5e :i*1 z ,s*lei]ma*] rem>ks1 #aajh w\ld h>dly be repeat$4 ,mat!w & ,m>k concur 9 m5tion+ a dispute ab\t pre-em95ce1 :i* 0 excit$ by ! two sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,^! disciples 7accord+ to ,m>k71 or _! "m = !m 7accord+ to ,mat!w71 petition$ = ! two fir/ places next to ,jesus 9 ! messianic k+dom 7,matt4 xx4 #bj ff42 ,m>k x4 #ce ff474 #aaji ,( su* a reque/ on ! "p ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 ! ?ird ,evangeli/ kn[s no?+2 b ap>t f ?is occasion1 !re is a fur!r cont5tion = pre-em95ce1 on :i* disc\rses are utt]$1 simil> to ^? :i* ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s h connect$ ) ! above petition4 ,at ! la/ supp] ( :i* ,jesus p>took ) 8 disciples be=e 8 passion1 ,luke makes ! latt] fall into a 7dispute7 :i* among !m %all be ! greate/2 a dispute :i* ,jesus seeks to quell by ! same reasons1 & p>tly ) ! same words1 t ,mat!w & ,m>k give 9 connexion ) ! 1 7indignation71 excit$ 9 ! disciples g5]ally by ! reque/ ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,luke "h reproduces a s5t5ce :i* he1 9 common ) ,m>k1 _h previ\sly giv5 almo/ 9 ! same =m1 z accompany+ ! pres5tation ( ! *ild2 & :i* ,mat!w has1 n only on ! occasion ( ,salome's pray]1 b also 9 ! great anti-ph>isaic disc\rse 7comp4 ,luke xxii4 #bf2 ,m>k ix4 #ce2 ,luke ix4 #dh2 ,matt4 xx4 #bf f41 xxiii4 #aa74 ,h[ev] cr$ible x may be t ) ! worldly messianic hopes ( ! disciples1 ,jesus %\ld (t5 h to suppress disputes among !m on ! subject ( _! future rank 9 ! ,messiah's k+dom1 x is by no means probable t1 = example1 ! s5t5ce1 ,:osoev] w be great among y1 let him be ! s]vant ( all3 %\ld be spok51 #a/1 on ! pres5tation ( ! *ild2 #bndly1 9 connexion ) ! pray] ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee2 #crdly1 9 ! anti-ph>isaic disc\rse1 & #d?ly1 at ! la/ supp]4 ,!re is "h obvi\sly a traditional confusion1 :e!r x be 7z ,sieff]t 9 su* cases is fond ( suppos+7 t sev]al orig9ally di/9ct occurr5ces h be5 assimilat$ by ! leg5d1 i4e4 ! same disc\rse errone\sly repeat$ on v>i\s occasions2 or t out ( "o incid5t ! leg5d has made _m1 i4e4 has inv5t$ v>i\s occasions = ! same disc\rse4 ,our decision betwe5 ^! two possibilities mu/ dep5d on ! answ] to ! foll[+ "q3 ,h ! v>i\s facts1 to :i* ! analog\s disc\rses on humility are atta*$1 ! dep5d5t appe>ance ( m]e frames to ! disc\rses1 or ! indep5d5t "o ( occurr5ces t c>ry _! tru? & significance 9 !mselves8 ,x w n be d5i$ t ! petition ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 is 9 itself too specific & rem>kable to be a m]e backgr\nd to ! ensu+ disc\rse2 & ! same judgm5t mu/ be pass$ on ! sc5e ) ! *ild3 s t we h already two cases ( cont5tion = pre-em95ce subsi/+ 9 !mselves4 ,if we w\ld assign to ea* ( ^! occurr5ces its appropriate disc\rses1 ! decl>ations :i* ,mat!w connects ) ! pres5tation ( ! *ild3 ,unless ye become z ?is *ild1 etc41 & ,:osoev] %all humble himself z ?is *ild1 etc41 evid5tly belong to ?is occasion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s5t5ces on rul+ & s]v+ 9 ! _w & 9 ! k+dom ( ,jesus1 seem to be a p]fectly suitable comm5t on ! petition ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 ) :i* ,mat!w associates !m3 also ! say+ ab\t ! fir/ & ! la/1 ! greate/ & ! lea/1 :i* ,m>k & ,luke give s e>ly z at ! sc5e ) ! *ild1 ,mat!w seems rightly to h res]v$ = ! sc5e ) ! sons ( ,zeb$ee4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! cont5tion spok5 ( by ,luke 7xxii4 #bd ff474 ,?is cont5tion orig9ates 9 no p>ticul> occasion1 nor does x issue 9 any /rongly m>k$ sc5e 7unless we *oose to ins]t "h ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet1 describ$ by ,john1 :o1 = ! re/1 m5tions no dispute2--( :i* sc5e1 h[ev]1 we _c treat until we come to ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion74 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is cont5tion is u%]$ 9 m]ely by ! words1 1--ne>ly ! same by :i* ! fir/ cont5tion is introduc$1 ix4 #df1--;& leads to a disc\rse f ,jesus1 :i*1 z we h already notic$1 ,mat!w & ,m>k repres5t him to h deliv]$ 9 connexion ) ! e>li] in/ances ( rivalry2 s t ?is passage ( ,luke has no?+ peculi>ly its own1 beyond its position1 at ! la/ supp]4 ,?is position1 h[ev]1 is n v secure2 = t imm$iately aft] ! disc\rse on ! betray]1 s humiliat+ to ! disciples1 pride %\ld s /rongly h tak5 possession ( !m1 is z difficult to believe1 z x is easy to discov]1 by a comp>ison ( v4 #bc & #bd1 h[ ! writ] might be l$1 )\t hi/orical gr\nds1 to ins]t "h a cont5tion = pre-em95ce4 ,x is cle> t ! words 1 1 2 sugge/$ to him ! simil> ones1 1 2 t is1 ! disputes ab\t ! betray] call$ to 8 remembrance ! disputes ab\t pre-em95ce4 ,"o su* dispute inde$1 he _h already m5tion$1 b _h only connect$ ) x1 "o s5t5ce except$1 ! disc\rses occasion$ by ! exhibition ( ! *ild2 he _h yet 9 res]ve ^? :i* ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s atta* to ! petition ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 an occasion :i* seems n to h be5 pres5t to ! m9d ( ! ?ird ,evangeli/1 :5ce he introduces ! disc\rses p]ta9+ to x "h1 ) ! g5]al /atem5t t !y orig9at$ 9 a cont5tion = pre-em95ce1 :i* broke out among ! disciples4 ,mean:ile ! *ronological position1 also1 ( ! two fir/-nam$ disputes ab\t rank1 has v little probability2 = 9 bo? in/ances1 x is aft] a pr$iction ( ! passion1 :i*1 l ! pr$iction ( ! betrayal1 w\ld seem calculat$ to suppress su* ?\ghts ( e>?ly ambition4 #aaaj ,we !re=e welcome ! indication :i* ! evangelical n>rative itself pres5ts1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! n>rators 7 l$ unhi/orically to su* an arrangem5t4 ,9 ! answ] ( ,jesus to ! pray] ( ,salome1 ! sali5t po9t 0 ! suff]+ t await$ him & 8 disciples2 h5ce by ! mo/ natural association ( ideas1 ! ambition ( ! two disciples1 ! antidote to :i* 0 ! ann\ncem5t ( approa*+ trial1 0 connect$ ) ! pr$iction ( ! passion4 ,aga91 on ! fir/ occasion ( rivalry1 ! prec$+ pr$iction ( ! passion leads 9 ,m>k & ,luke to ! obs]vation1 t ! disciples did n und]/& ! words ( ,jesus1 & yet fe>$ to ask him conc]n+ !m1 :5ce x may be inf]r$ t !y debat$ & disput$ on ! subject among !mselves2 "h1 !n1 ! association ( ideas caus$ ! ,evangeli/s to introduce ! cont5tion = pre-em95ce1 also c>ri$ on 9 ! abs5ce ( ,jesus4 ,?is explanation is n applicable to ! n>rative ( ,mat!w1 = !re1 betwe5 ! pr$iction ( ! passion & ! dispute ( ! disciples1 ! anecdote ( ! co9 angl$ = by ,pet]1 int]v5es4 ,) ! above cont5tions = pre-em95ce1 ano!r anecdote is indirectly connect$ by means ( ! *ild :i* is put =w>d on "o ( ^? occasions4 ,*ildr5 are br\ght to ,jesus t he may bless !m2 ! disciples wi% to prev5t x1 b ,jesus speaks ! enc\rag+ words1 ,suff] little *ildr5 to come unto me1 & adds t only = *ildr51 & ^? :o resemble *ildr51 is ! k+dom ( heav5 de/9$ 7,matt4 xix4 #ac ff42 ,m>k x4 #ac ff42 ,luke xviii4 #ae ff474 ,?is n>rative has _m po9ts ( resemblance to t ( ! *ild plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! disciples4 ,fir/ly1 9 bo?1 ,jesus pres5ts *ildr5 z a model1 & decl>es t only ^? :o resemble *ildr5 c ent] ! k+dom ( ,god2 secondly1 9 bo?1 ! disciples appe> 9 ! light ( opposition to *ildr52 &1 ?irdly1 9 bo?1 ,m>k says1 t ,jesus took ! *ildr5 9 8 arms 774 ,if ^! po9ts ( resemblance be e/eem$ adequate gr\nd = r$uc+ ! two n>ratives to "o1 ! latt] mu/1 beyond all "q1 be reta9$ z ! ne>e/ to tru?1 because ! say+ ( ,jesus1 ,suff] little *ildr51 etc41 :i* f its reta9+ ?is orig9al =m 9 all ! n>ratives1 be>s ! /amp ( g5u95ess1 c\ld sc>cely h be5 utt]$ on ! o!r occasion2 :]eas1 ! s5t5ces on *ildr5 z patt]ns ( humility1 giv5 9 connexion ) ! cont5tion ab\t rank1 might v well h be5 utt]$ "u ! circum/ances above describ$1 9 retrospective allusion to previ\s cont5tions ab\t rank4 ,nev]!less1 ?is might r be ! place = suppos+ an assimilation ( orig9ally div]se occurr5ces1 s9ce x is at lea/ evid5t1 t ,m>k has ins]t$ ! expression 9 bo?1 simply on acc\nt ( ! resemblance betwe5 ! two sc5es4 #hh4 ,,! ,,purification ,,( ,,! ,,temple4 ,jesus1 dur+ 8 fir/ resid5ce 9 ,j]usalem1 accord+ to ,john 7ii4 #ad ff471 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 dur+ 8 la/ 7,matt4 xxi4 #ab ff4 p>all471 und]took ! purification ( ! temple4 ,! anci5t comm5tators ?\ght1 & _m mod]n ones /ill ?9k1 #aaaa t ^! 7 sep>ate ev5ts1 especially z1 besides ! *ronological diff]5ce1 !re is "s div]g5cy betwe5 ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s & ! f\r? 9 _! p>ticul>s4 ,:ile1 namely1 ! =m]1 9 relation to ! conduct ( ,jesus1 m]ely speak 9 g5]al t]ms ( an expulsion1 1 ,john says t he made a sc\rge ( small cords1 1 = ?is purpose3 aga91 :ile accord+ to ! =m]1 he treats all ! sell]s alike1 he appe>s1 accord+ to ,john1 to make "s di/9ction1 & to use ! sell]s ( doves some:at m mildly2 moreov]1 ,john does n say t he drove out ! buy]s1 z well z ! sell]s4 ,!re is also a diff]5ce z to ! language us$ by ,jesus on ! occasion2 9 ! synoptical gospels1 x is giv5 9 ! =m ( an exact quotation f ! ,old ,te/am5t2 9 ,john1 m]ely z a free allusion4 ,b1 above all1 !re is a diff]5ce z to ! result3 9 ! f\r? gospel1 ,jesus is imm$iately call$ to acc\nt2 9 ! synoptical gospels1 we read no?+ ( ?is1 & accord+ to !m1 x is n until ! foll[+ day t ! ,jewi% au?orities put to ,jesus a "q1 :i* seems to h ref]5ce to ! purification ( ! temple 7,matt4 xxi4 #bc ff471 & to :i* ,jesus replies q o!rwise ?an to ! remon/rance 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,to expla9 ! repetition ( su* a measure1 x is rem>k$ t ! abuse 0 n likely to cease on ! fir/ expulsion1 & t on e revival ( x1 ,jesus w\ld feel himself anew call$ on to int]f]e2 t1 moreov]1 ! temple purification 9 ,john is indicat$ to be an e>li] ev5t ?an t 9 ! synoptical gospels1 by ! circum/ance1 t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ repres5ts ,jesus z be+ imm$iately call$ to acc\nt1 :ile 8 impunity 9 ! o!r case appe>s a natural consequ5ce ( ! height5$ consid]ation :i* he _h 9 ! meantime won4 ,b all[+ to ^! div]g5cies _! full weight1 ! agreem5t betwe5 ! two n>ratives prepond]ates4 ,we h 9 bo? ! same abuse1 ! same viol5t mode ( *eck+ x1 by ca/+ out 77 ! p1 & ov]?r[+ 77 ! tables2 nay1 virtually1 ! same language 9 ju/ification ( ?is proc$ure1 = 9 ,john1 z well z 9 ! o!r gospels1 ! words ( ,jesus conta9 a ref]5ce1 ?\gh n a v]bally precise "o1 to ,isa4 lvi4 #g2 ,j]4 vii4 #aa4 ,^! important po9ts ( resemblance mu/ at lea/ extort su* an admission z t ( ,sieff]t1 #aaab namely1 t ! two occurr5ces1 orig9ally b little alike1 7 assimilat$ by tradition1 ! features ( ! "o be+ transf]r$ to ! o!r4 ,b ?us mu* seems cle>2 ! synopti/s "k z little ( an e>li] ev5t ( ?is k9d1 z 9 fact ( an e>li] visit ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem3 & ! f\r? ,evangeli/ seems to h pass$ ov] ! purification ( ! temple aft] ! la/ entrance ( ,jesus into ! metropolis1 n because he presum$ x to be already kn[n f ! o!r gospels1 b because he believ$ t he mu/ give an e>ly date to ! sole act ( ! k9d ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$4 ,if !n ea* ( ! ,evangeli/s knew only ( "o purification ( ! temple1 we are n w>rant$ ei!r by ! slight div]g5cies 9 ! description ( ! ev5t1 or by ! important diff]5ce 9 its *ronological position1 to suppose t !re 7 two2 s9ce *ronological diff]5ces are by no means r>e 9 ! gospels1 & are q natural 9 writ+s ( traditional orig94 ,x is !re=e ) ju/ice t our mo/ mod]n int]pret]s h1 aft] ! example ( "s old] ones1 decl>$ !mselves 9 fav\r ( ! id5tity ( ! two hi/ories4 #aaac ,on :i* side lies ! error8 ,we may "k be=eh& h[ ! criticism ( ! pres5t day w decide on ?is "q3 namely1 9 fav\r ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,accord+ to ,lcke1 ! sc\rge1 ! div]sifi$ treatm5t ( ! diff]5t classes ( trad]s1 ! m indirect allusion to ! ,old ,te/am5t passage1 are s _m indications t ! writ] 0 an eye & e> witness ( ! sc5e he describes2 :ile z to *ronology1 x is well kn[n t ?is is 9 no degree reg>d$ by ! synopti/s1 b only by ,john1 :5ce1 accord+ to ,sieff]t1 #aaad to surr5d] ! n>rative ( ! latt] to t ( ! =m]1 w\ld be to r5\nce ! c]ta9 = ! unc]ta94 ,z to ,john's dramatic details1 we may mat* !m by a p>ticul> peculi> to ,m>k1 ,& !y w\ld n suff] t any man %\ld c>ry any vessel ?r\gh ! temple 7v4 #af71 :i* besides has a support 9 ! ,jewi% cu/om :i* did n p]mit ! c\rt ( ! temple to be made a ?or\ghf>e4 #aaae ,if1 nev]!less1 ?is p>ticul> is put to ! acc\nt ( ,m>k's o!rwise asc]ta9$ pr$ilection = arbitr>y embelli%m5t1 #aaaf :at au?orizes u to reg>d simil> arti/ic t\*es f ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 z necess>y pro(s ( 8 hav+ be5 an eye-witness8 ,to appeal "h to 8 "* ( eye-witness z a recogniz$ fact1 #aaag is too gl>+ a petitio pr9cipii1 at lea/ 9 ! po9t ( view tak5 by a comp>ative criticism1 9 :i* ! decision z to :e!r ! arti/ic details ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ are m]e embelli%m5ts1 mu/ dep5d solely on intr9sic probability4 ,al?\gh ! diff]5t treatm5t ( ! diff]5t classes ( m5 is 9 itself a probable feature1 & ! fre] allusion to ! ,old ,te/am5t is at lea/ an indiff]5t "o2 x is q o!rwise ) ! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ! n>rative ( ,john4 ,orig5 has set ! example ( object+ to ! twi/+ & application ( ! sc\rge ( small cords1 z f> too viol5t & disord]ly a proc$ure4 #aaah ,mod]n int]pret]s s(t5 ! picture by suppos+ t ,jesus us$ ! sc\rge m]ely aga9/ ! cattle #aaai 7a supposition1 h[ev]1 oppos$ to ! text1 :i* repres5ts all z be+ driv5 out by ! sc\rge72 yet /ill !y _c avoid p]ceiv+ ! use ( a sc\rge at all to be unseemly 9 a p]son ( ! dignity ( ,jesus1 & only calculat$ to aggravate ! already tumultu>y "* ( ! proce$+4 #aabj ,! feature peculi> to ,m>k is encumb]$ ) no su* difficulties1 & :ile x is reject$1 is ?is ( ,john to be receiv$8 ,c]ta9ly n1 if we c only f9d an indication 9 :at way ! f\r? ,evangeli/ might be l$ to ! free inv5tion ( su* a p>ticul>4 ,n[ x is evid5t f ! quotation v4 #ag1 :i* is peculi> to him1 t he look$ on ! act ( ,jesus z a demon/ration ( holy zeal--a suffici5t temptation to exagg]ate ! traits ( zeal\sness 9 8 conduct4 ,9 relation to ! *ronological diff]5ce1 we ne$ only rememb] h[ ! f\r? ,evangeli/ ant$ates ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah by ! disciples1 & ! conf]r+ ( ! "n ( ,pet] on ,simon1 to be fre$ f ! common assumption ( 8 pre-em95t *ronological accuracy1 :i* is alleg$ 9 fav\r ( 8 position ( ! purification ( ! temple4 ,= ?is p>ticul> case1 h[ev]1 x is impossible to %[ any reason :y ! occurr5ce 9 "q w\ld bett] suit ! "t ( ! fir/ ?an ( ! la/ passov] visit$ by ,jesus1 :]eas !re are no slight gr\nds = ! opposite op9ion4 ,x is true t no?+ 9 relation to *ronology is to be f\nd$ on ! improbability t ,jesus %\ld s e>ly h ref]r$ to 8 dea? & resurrection1 z he mu/ h done1 accord+ to ,john's int]pretation ( ! say+ ab\t ! de/ruction & rebuild+ ( ! temple2 #aaba = we %all see1 9 ! prop] place1 t ?is ref]5ce to ! dea? & resurrection1 owes its introduction into ! decl>ation ( ,jesus to ! ,evangeli/ alone4 ,b x is no inconsid]able argum5t aga9/ ,john's position ( ! ev5t1 t ,jesus1 ) 8 prud5ce & tact1 w\ld h>dly h v5tur$ ?us e>ly on s viol5t an ex]cise ( 8 messianic au?ority4 #aabb ,= 9 t fir/ p]iod ( 8 m9i/ry he _h n giv5 himself out z ! ,messiah1 & "u any o!r ?an messianic au?ority1 su* a /ep c\ld !n sc>cely h be5 haz>d$2 moreov]1 he 9 ! beg9n+ r *ose to meet 8 cotempor>ies on fri5dly gr\nd1 & x is !re=e h>dly cr$ible t he %\ld at once1 )\t try+ mild] means1 h adopt$ an appe>ance s antagoni/ic4 ,b to ! la/ week ( 8 life su* a sc5e is p]fectly suit$4 ,!n1 aft] 8 messianic entrance into ,j]usalem1 x 0 8 direct aim 9 all t he did & said1 to ass]t 8 messiah%ip1 9 defiance ( ! contradiction ( 8 enemies2 !n1 all lay s entirely at /ake1 t no?+ m 0 to be lo/ by su* a /ep4 ,z reg>ds ! nature ( ! ev5t1 ,orig5 long ago ?\ght x incr$ible1 t s great a multitude %\ld h unresi/+ly submitt$ to a s+le man1--"o1 too1 ^: claims _h ev] be5 ob/9ately conte/$3 8 only res\rce 9 ?is exig5cy is to appeal to ! sup]human p[] ( ,jesus1 by virtue ( :i* he 0 able sudd5ly to ext+ui% ! wra? ( 8 enemies1 or to r5d] x impot5t2 & h5ce ,orig5 ranks ?is expulsion among ! greate/ miracles ( ,jesus4 #aabc ,mod]n expositors decl9e ! miracle1 #aabd b ,paulus is ! only "o among !m :o has adequately weigh$ ,orig5's rem>k1 t 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s ! multitude w\ld h oppos$ !mselves to a s+le p]son4 ,:atev] may be said ( ! surprise caus$ by ! sudd5ness ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus #aabe 7if1 z ,john relates1 he made himself a sc\rge ( cords1 he w\ld ne$ "s "t = prep>ation71 ( ! =ce ( "r on 8 side #aabf 7on ! side ( ^? :om he attack$1 h[ev]1 !re 0 e/abli%$ usage72 or1 f9ally1 ( ! irresi/ible impression produc$ by ! p]sonality ( ,jesus #aabg 7on usur]s & cattle-deal]s--on brute m51 z ,paulus calls !m873 /ill1 su* a multitude1 c]ta9 z x might be ( ! protection ( ! prie/hood1 w\ld n h unresi/+ly all[$ !mselves to be driv5 out ( ! temple by a s+le man4 ,h5ce ,paulus is ( op9ion t a numb] ( o!rs1 equally sc&aliz$ by ! sacrilegi\s traffic1 made common cause ) ,jesus1 & t to _! unit$ /r5g? ! buy]s & sell]s 7 compell$ to yield4 #aabh ,b ?is supposition is fatal to ! entire incid5t1 = x makes ,jesus ! cause ( an op5 tumult2 & x is n easy ei!r to reconcile ?is conduct ) 8 usual av]sion to ev]y?+ revolution>y1 or to expla9 ! omission ( 8 enemies to use x z an accusation aga9/ him4 ,= t !y held !mselves b\nd 9 consci5ce to admit t ! conduct ( ,jesus 0 ju/ifiable 9 ?is case1 is ! less cr$ible1 s9ce1 accord+ to a rabb9ical au?ority1 #aabi ! ,jews appe> to h be5 s f> f tak+ umbrage at ! m>ket 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles 7& ?is is all we are to und]/& by ! ^w 71 #aacj t ! abs5ce ( x seem$ to !m l a melan*oly desolation ( ! temple4 ,accord+ to ?is1 x is n surpris+ t ,orig5 ca/s a d\bt on ! hi/orical value ( ?is n>rative1 by ! expression1 7if x really happ5$71 & at mo/ admits t ! ,evangeli/1 9 ord] to pres5t an idea allegorically1 7also borr[$ ! =m ( an actual occurr5ce74 #aaca ,b 9 ord] to conte/ ! reality ( ?is hi/ory1 9 defiance ( ! agreem5t ( all ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 ! negative gr\nds hi!rto adduc$ mu/ be second$ by satisfactory positive ones1 f :5ce x might be se5 h[ ! primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d c\ld be l$ to ! inv5tion ( su* a sc5e1 ap>t f any hi/orical f\ndation4 ,b ^! appe> to be want+4 ,= our only positive data 9 relation to ?is occurr5ce are ! passages cit$ by ! synopti/s f ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 prohibit+ t ! temple %\ld be made a d5 ( robb]s2 & ! passage f ,mala*i iii4 #a-c1 accord+ to :i* x 0 expect$ t 9 ! messianic times ,jehovah w\ld sudd5ly come to 8 temple1 t no "o w\ld /& be=e 8 appe>+1 & t he w\ld und]take a purification ( ! p & ! wor%ip4 ,c]ta9ly ^! passages seem to h "s be>+ on ! irresi/ible re=m+ activity ( ,jesus 9 ! temple1 z describ$ by our ,evangeli/s2 b !re is s little indication t !y _h ref]5ce 9 p>ticul> to ! m>ket 9 ! out] c\rt ( ! temple1 t x seems necess>y to suppose an actual opposition on ! "p ( ,jesus to ?is abuse1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! fulfilm5t ( ! above prophecies by him be+ repres5t$ "u ! =m ( an expulsion ( buy]s & sell]s4 #hi4 ,,n>ratives ,,( ,,! ,,ano9t+ ,,( ,,jesus ,,by ,a ,,woman4 ,an occasion on :i* ,jesus 0 ano9t$ by a woman z he sat at meat1 is m5tion$ by all ! ,evangeli/s 7,matt4 xxvi4 #f ff42 ,m>k xiv4 #c ff42 ,luke vii4 #cf ff42 ,john xii4 #a ff471 b ) "s div]g5cies1 ! mo/ important ( :i* lie betwe5 ,luke & ! o!r ?ree4 ,fir/1 z to ! *ronology2 ,luke places ! incid5t 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ! life ( ,jesus1 be=e 8 dep>ture f ,galilee1 :ile ! o!r ?ree assign x to ! la/ week ( 8 life2 secondly1 z to ! "* ( ! woman :o ano9ts ,jesus3 %e is1 accord+ to ,luke1 a woman :o 0 a s9n]1 2 accord+ to ! two o!r synopti/s1 a p]son ( unsulli$ reputation2 accord+ to ,john1 :o is m precise1 ,m>y ( ,be?any4 ,f ! second po9t ( diff]5ce x foll[s1 t 9 ,luke ! objection ( ! spectators turns on ! admission ( s infam\s a p]son1 9 ! o!r gospels1 on ! wa/efulness ( ! woman2 f bo?1 x foll[s1 t ,jesus 9 8 def5ce dwells1 9 ! =m]1 on ! grateful love ( ! woman1 z contra/$ ) ! haughty indiff]5ce ( ! ,ph>isees1 9 ! latt]1 on 8 approa*+ dep>ture1 9 opposition to ! con/ant pres5ce ( ! poor4 ,!re are yet ! m9or diff]5ces1 t ! place 9 :i* ! ent]ta9m5t & ! ano9t+ occur1 is by ! two fir/ & ! f\r? ,evangeli/s call$ ,be?any1 :i* accord+ to ,john xi4 #a1 0 a 7t[n71 by ,luke a 7city71 )\t any m precise designation2 fur!r1 t ! objection1 accord+ to ! ?ree =m]1 proce$s f ! disciples1 accord+ to ,luke1 f ! ent]ta9]4 ,h5ce ! majority ( comm5tators di/+ui% two ano9t+s1 ( :i* "o is n>rat$ by ,luke ! o!r by ! ?ree rema9+ ,evangeli/s4 #aacb ,b x mu/ be ask$1 if ! reconciliation ( ,luke ) ! o!r ?ree ,evangeli/s is despair$ (1 :e!r ! agreem5t ( ! latt] among/ !mselves is s decid$1 & :e!r we mu/ n r proce$1 f ! di/9ction ( two ano9t+s1 to ! di/9ction ( ?ree1 or ev5 f\r8 ,to f\r c]ta9ly x w sc>cely ext5d2 = ,m>k does n dep>t f ,mat!w1 except 9 a few t\*es ( 8 well-kn[n dramatic mann]2 b betwe5 ^! two ,evangeli/s on ! "o side1 & ,john on ! o!r1 !re are diff]5ces :i* may fairly be comp>$ ) ^? betwe5 ,luke & ! re/4 ,! fir/ diff]5ce relates to ! h\se 9 :i* ! ent]ta9m5t is said to h be5 giv52 accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 x 0 ! h\se ( ,simon ! lep]1 a p]son else:]e unnotic$2 ! f\r? does n1 x is true1 expressly "n ! ho/1 b s9ce he m5tions ,m>?a z ! p]son :o wait$ on ! gue/s1 & h] bro!r ,laz>us z "o ( ^? :o sat at meat1 !re is no d\bt t he int5d$ to indicate ! h\se ( ! latt] z ! locality ( ! repa/4 #aacc ,nei!r is ! "t ( ! occurr5ce precisely ! same1 = accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k ! sc5e takes place aft] ! solemn entrance ( ,jesus into ,j]usalem1 only two days at ! utmo/ be=e ! passov]2 accord+ to ,john1 on ! o!r h&1 be=e ! entrance1 z e>ly z six days prior to ! passov]4 #aacd ,fur!r1 ! individual :om ,john /ates to be t ,m>y ( ,be?any s intimately unit$ to ,jesus1 is only kn[n to ! two fir/ evangeli/s z a woman1 2 #aace nei!r d !y repres5t h] z be+1 l ,m>y1 9 ! h\se1 & "o ( ! ho/'s family1 b z com+1 "o kn[s n :5ce1 to ,jesus1 :ile he recl9$ at table4 ,moreov]1 ! act ( ano9t+ is 9 ! f\r? gospel ano!r ?an 9 ! two fir/4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! woman p\rs h] o9tm5t ( spik5>d on ! head ( ,jesus2 9 ,john1 on ! contr>y1 %e ano9ts 8 feet1 & dries !m ) h] hair1 #aacf a diff]5ce :i* gives ! :ole sc5e a new "*4 ,la/ly1 ! two synopti/s are n aw>e t x 0 ,judas :o gave utt]ance to ! c5sure aga9/ ! woman2 ,mat!w attribut+ x to ! disciples1 ,m>k1 to ! spectators g5]ally4 #aacg ,?us betwe5 ! n>rative ( ,john1 & t ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 !re is sc>cely less diff]5ce ?an betwe5 ! acc\nt ( ^! ?ree collectively1 & t ( ,luke3 :oev] supposes two di/9ct occurr5ces 9 ! "o case1 mu/1 to be consi/5t1 d s 9 ! o!r2 & ?us1 ) ,orig51 hold1 at lea/ conditionally1 t !re 7 ?ree sep>ate ano9t+s4 ,s soon1 h[ev]1 z ?is consequ5ce is m closely exam9$1 x mu/ create a difficulty1 = h[ improbable is x t ,jesus %\ld h be5 exp5sively ano9t$ ?ree times1 ea* "t at a fea/1 ea* "t by a woman1 t woman be+ always a diff]5t "o2 t moreov] ,jesus %\ld1 9 ea* in/ance1 h _h to def5d ! act ( ! woman aga9/ ! c5sures ( ! spectators6 #aach ,above all1 h[ is x to be conceiv$ t aft] ,jesus1 on "o & ev5 on two e>li] occasions1 _h s decid$ly giv5 8 sanction to ! hon\r r5d]$ to him1 ! disciples1 or "o ( !m1 %\ld h p]si/$ 9 c5sur+ x8 #aaci ,^! consid]ations oblige u to ?9k ( r$uctions1 & x is ! mo/ natural to comm5ce ) ! n>ratives ( ! two fir/ synopti/s & ( ,john1 = ^! agree n only 9 ! place1 ,be?any1 b also1 g5]ally1 9 ! "t ( ! ev5t1 ! la/ week ( ! life ( ,jesus2 above all1 ! c5sure & ! reply are ne>ly ! same on bo? sides4 ,9 connexion ) ^! simil>ities ! diff]5ces lose _! importance1 p>tly f ! improbability t an incid5t ( ?is k9d %\ld be repeat$2 p>tly f ! probability1 t 9 ! traditional propagation ( ! anecdote su* div]g5cies %\ld h ins9uat$ !mselves4 ,b if 9 ?is case ! id5tity ( ! occurr5ces be admitt$1 9 consid]ation ( ! simil>ities1 & 9 spite ( ! dissimil>ities2 !n1 on ! o!r h&1 ! div]g5cies peculi> to ! n>rative ( ,luke c no long] h9d] u f pron\nc+ x to be id5tical ) t ( ! ?ree o!r ,evangeli/s1 provid$ t !re appe> to be only a few important po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! two4 ,& su* really exi/1 = ,luke n[ /rik+ly accords ) ,mat!w & ,m>k1 9 opposition to ,john3 n[1 ) ! latt]1 9 opposition to ! =m]4 ,luke gives ! ent]ta9] ! same "n z ! two fir/ synopti/s1 namely1 ,simon1 ! only diff]5ce be+1 t ! =m] calls him a ,ph>isee1 :ile ! latt] /yle him ! lep]4 ,aga91 ,luke agrees ) ! o!r synopti/s 9 opposition to ,john1 9 repres5t+ ! woman :o ano9ts ,jesus z a nameless individual1 n belong+ to ! h\se2 & fur!r1 9 mak+ h] appe> ) a box ( o9tm5t1 1 :ile ,john speaks only ( a p\nd ( o9tm5t1 1 )\t specify+ ! vessel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,luke co9cides 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ,john1 & diff]s f ! two o!r ,evangeli/s1 z to ! mode ( ! ano9t+4 ,:ile1 namely1 accord+ to ! latt]1 ! o9tm5t is p\r$ on ! head ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ,luke1 ! woman1 :o 0 a s9n]1 z1 accord+ to ,john1 ,m>y1 ano9ts ! feet ( ,jesus2 & ev5 ! /rik+ p>ticul>1 t %e dri$ !m ) h] hair1 #aadj is giv5 by bo? 9 ne>ly ! same words2 except+ t 9 ,luke1 :]e ! woman is describ$ z a s9n]1 x is add$ t %e ba!d ! feet ( ,jesus ) h] te>s1 & kiss$ !m4 ,?us1 )\t d\bt1 we h "h b "o hi/ory "u ?ree v>i\s =ms2 & ?is seems to h be5 ! real conclusion ( ,orig51 z well z rec5tly ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! case1 ! ef=t is to escape z *eaply z possible1 & to save ! div]g5cies ( ! sev]al ,evangeli/s at lea/ f ! appe>ance ( contradiction4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s & ! la/1 x has be5 attempt$ to reconcile ! discrepant dates by ! supposition1 t ! meal at ,be?any 0 held really1 z ,john in=ms u1 six days be=e ,ea/]2 b t ,mat!w1 aft] :om ,m>k wrote1 has no contradictory date2 t r he has no date at all2 = ?\gh he ins]ts ! n>rative ( ! meal & ! ano9t+ aft] ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 t aft] two days is ! fea/ ( ! ,passov]1 1 ?is does n prove t he int5d$ to place x lat] z to "t1 = x is probable t he gave x ?is position simply because he wi%$ to note "h1 be=e com+ to ! betrayal by ,judas1 ! occasion on :i* ! traitor fir/ embrac$ 8 black resolve1 namely1 ! repa/ at :i* he 0 inc5s$ by ,m>y's prodigality1 & embitt]$ by ! rebuke ( ,jesus4 #aada ,b 9 opposition to ?is1 mod]n criticism has %[n t1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! mild & altoge!r g5]al reply ( ,jesus !re c\ld lie no?+ p]sonally (f5sive to ,judas2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! two fir/ gospels d n "n ,judas z ! p>ty :o c5sur$ ! ano9t+1 b ! disciples or ! by/&]s g5]ally3 :]eas1 if !y _h not$ ?is sc5e purely because x 0 ! motive = ! trea*]y ( ,judas1 !y mu/ h especially po9t$ out ! manife/ation ( 8 feel+4 #aadb ,!re rema9s1 consequ5tly1 a *ronological contradiction 9 ?is in/ance betwe5 ! two fir/ synopti/s & ,john3 a contradiction :i* ev5 ,ol%aus5 admits4 #aadc ,x has be5 attempt$ 9 a v>iety ( ways to evade ! f>!r diff]5ce z to ! p]son ( ! ho/4 ,z ,mat!w & ,m>k speak only ( ! h\se ( ,simon ! lep]1 1 "s h di/+ui%$ ! own] ( ! h\se1 ,simon1 f ! giv] ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 :o d\btless 0 ,laz>us1 & h suppos$ t h5ce1 9 bo? cases )\t error1 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ m5tions ! latt]1 ! two fir/ synopti/s ! =m]4 #aadd ,b :o w\ld di/+ui% an ent]ta9m5t by ! "n ( ! h\sehold]1 if he 7 n 9 any way ! giv] ( ! ent]ta9m5t8 ,aga91 s9ce ,john does n expressly call ,laz>us ! ho/1 b m]ely "o ( ! 7^? sitt+ at ! table71 & s9ce ! inf]5ce t he 0 ! ho/ is drawn solely f ! circum/ance t 8 si/] ,m>?a s]v$1 2 o!rs h reg>d$ ,simon z ! husb& ( ,m>?a1 ei!r sep>at$ on acc\nt ( 8 leprosy1 or already deceas$1 & h suppos$ t ,laz>us !n resid$ ) 8 wid[$ si/]3 #aade an hypo!sis :i* x is m easy to reconcile ) ! n>ratives ?an ! =m]1 b :i* is unsupport$ by any c]ta9 in=mation4 ,we come next to ! div]g5cy relative to ! mode ( ano9t+2 accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 ! o9tm5t 0 p\r$ on ! head ( ,jesus2 accord+ to ! f\r?1 on 8 feet4 ,! old1 trivial mode ( h>moniz+ ! two /atem5ts1 by suppos+ t bo? ! head & ! feet 7 ano9t$1 has rec5tly be5 exp&$ into ! conjecture t ,m>y inde$ int5d$ only to ano9t ! feet ( ,jesus 7,john71 b z %e accid5tally broke ! vessel 71 ,m>k71 ! o9tm5t fl[$ ov] 8 head also 7,matt474 #aadf ,?is attempt at reconciliation falls into ! comic1 = z we _c imag9e h[ a woman :o 0 prep>+ to ano9t ! feet ( ,jesus c\ld br+ ! vessel ( o9tm5t ov] 8 head1 we mu/ suppose t ! o9tm5t spirt$ upw>ds l an eff]vesc+ draught4 ,s t "h also ! contradiction rema9s1 & n only betwe5 ,mat!w & ,john1 :]e x is admitt$ ev5 by ,s*neck5burg]1 b also betwe5 ! latt] ,evangeli/ & ,m>k4 ,! two div]g5cies relative to ! p]son ( ! woman :o ano9ts ,jesus1 & to ! p>ty :o blames h]1 7 ?\ght to be ! mo/ readily expla9$4 ,t :at ,john ascribes to ,judas s+ly1 ,mat!w & ,m>k ref] to all ! disciples or spectators1 0 believ$ to be simply acc\nt$ = by ! supposition1 t :ile ! re/ manife/$ _! disapprobation by ge/ures only1 ,judas v5t$ 8 9 words4 #aadg ,we grant t ! ^w 7!y said71 prec$$ z x is 9 ,m>k by ! words 7hav+ indignation )9 !mselves71 & foll[$1 z 9 ,mat!w1 by ! words 7b ,jesus kn[+71 does n necess>ily imply t all ! disciples gave audible expression to _! feel+s2 z1 h[ev]1 ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s imm$iately aft] ?is meal n>rate ! betrayal by ,judas1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h nam$ ! traitor on ! above occasion1 _h he1 to _! k1 made himself conspicu\s 9 connection ) ! covet\s blame :i* ! woman's lib]ality drew =?4 ,t ,john p>ticul>izes ! woman1 ^: "n is n giv5 by ! synopti/s1 z ,m>y ( ,be?any1 is1 9 ! ord9>y view1 only an example h[ ! f\r? ,evangeli/ supplies ! omissions ( 8 pr$ecessors4 #aadh ,b z ! two fir/ synopti/s atta* s mu* importance to ! de$ ( ! woman1 t !y make ,jesus pr$ict ! p]petuation ( h] memory on acc\nt ( x--a p>ticul> :i* ,john has n--!y w\ld assur$ly h also giv5 h] "n _h !y kn[n x2 s t 9 any case we may conclude ?us mu*3 !y knew n :o ! woman 01 /ill less did !y conceive h] to be ,m>y ( ,be?any4 ,?us if ! id5tity only ( ! la/ ,evangeli/'s n>rative ) t ( ! two fir/ be ackn[l$g$1 x mu/ be confess$ t we h1 on ! "o side or ! o!r1 an acc\nt :i* is inaccurate1 & disfigur$ by tradition4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n only betwe5 ^!1 b also betwe5 ,luke & 8 fell[ ,evangeli/s collectively1 t !y :o suppose only "o incid5t to be ! f\ndation ( _! n>ratives1 seek to remove z f> z possible ! appe>ance ( contradiction4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ^: highe/ au?ority is ,john1 b :o w on no acc\nt r5\nce ,luke1 comes 9 ?is in/ance1 :5 ! two s widely div]ge1 into a peculi> dilemma1 f :i* he mu/ h ?\ght t he c\ld extricate himself ) s+ul> dext]ity1 s9ce he has n evad$ x1 z he does o!rs ( a simil> k9d1 by ! supposition ( two fundam5tal occurr5ces4 ,x is true t he f9ds himself con/ra9$ to conc$e1 9 fav\r ( ,john1 t ,luke's in=mant c\ld n 9 ?is case h be5 an eyewitness2 :5ce m9or div]g5cies1 z = in/ance ^? relative to ! locality1 are to be expla9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! app>5tly important diff]5ces t1 accord+ to ,luke1 ! woman is a s9n]1 accord+ to ,john1 ,m>y ( ,be?any2 t accord+ to ! =m]1 ! ho/1 accord+ to ! latt]1 ! disciples1 make objections2 & t ! reply ( ,jesus is 9 ! respective n>rations totally diff]5t--^!1 9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s op9ion1 h _! f\ndation 9 ! fact t ! occurr5ce may be reg>d$ f two po9ts ( view4 ,! "o aspect ( ! occurr5ce is ! murmur+ ( ! disciples1 & ?is is giv5 by ,mat!w2 ! o!r1 namely1 ! relations ( ,jesus ) ! ph>isaic ho/1 is exhibit$ by ,luke2 & ,john confirms bo? repres5tations4 ,! mo/ decid$ imp$im5t to ! reconciliation ( ,luke ) ! o!r evangeli/s1 8 designation ( ! woman z a s9n]1 1 ,s*lei]ma*] invalidates1 by call+ x a false inf]5ce ( ! n>rator f ! address ( ,jesus to ,m>y1 ,?y s9s are =giv5 !e1 4 ,?is ,jesus might say to ,m>y 9 allusion to "s error1 unkn[n to u1 b su* z ! pure/ are liable to1 )\t compromis+ h] reputation ) ! spectators1 :o 7 well acqua9t$ ) h] "*2 & x 0 only ! n>rator :o errone\sly conclud$ f ! above words ( ,jesus1 & f 8 fur!r disc\rse1 t ! woman conc]n$ 0 a s9n] 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 :5ce he has incorrectly amplifi$ ! ?\ghts ( ! ho/1 v4 #ci4 #aadi ,x is n1 h[ev]1 simply ( s9s1 1 b ( _m s9s1 1 t ,jesus speaks 9 relation to ! woman2 & if ?is also be an addition ( ! n>rator1 to be reject$ z su* because x is inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( ,m>y ( ,be?any1 !n has ! entire spee* ( ,jesus f v4 #dj-dh1 :i* turns on ! opposition betwe5 =giv+ & lov+ little & mu*1 be5 falsifi$ or misrepres5t$ by ! ,evangeli/3 & on ! side ( ,luke especially1 x is 9 va9 to attempt to h>monize ! discordant n>ratives4 ,if1 !n1 ! f\r n>ratives c be reconcil$ only by ! supposition t sev]al ( !m h und]gone important traditional modifications3 ! "q is1 :i* ( !m is ! ne>e/ to ! orig9al fact8 ,t mod]n critics %\ld unanim\sly decide 9 fav\r ( ,john1 _c surprise u aft] our previ\s obs]vations2 & z little c ! nature ( ! reason+ by :i* _! judgm5t is support$4 ,! n>rative ( ,john1 say !y 7reason+ 9 a circle71 be+ t ( an eye-witness1 mu/ be at once suppos$ ! true "o1 #aaej & ?is conclusion is sometimes re/$ = great] security on ! false premiss1 t ! m circum/antial & dramatic n>rator is ! m accurate report]--! eye-witness4 #aaea ,! break+ ( ! box ( o9tm5t1 9 ,m>k1 al?\gh a dramatic p>ticul>1 is readily reject$ z a m]e embelli%m5t2 b does n ,john's /atem5t ( ! quantity ( spik5>d z a p\nd1 bord] on exagg]ation8 & ought n ! extravagance :i* ,ol%aus51 9 relation to ?is disproportionate consumption ( o9tm5t1 attributes to ,m>y's love1 to be r ref]r$ to ! ,evangeli/'s imag9ation1 :i* w\ld !n also h ! entire cr$it ( ! circum/ance1 t ! h\se 0 fill$ ) ! od\r ( ! o9tm5t8 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 t ! e/imate ( ! value ( ! p]fume at #cjj d5>ii1 is giv5 by ,john & ,m>k alone2 z also at ! miracul\s fe$+ ( ! multitude1 x is ^! two ,evangeli/s :o rate ! necess>y food at #bjj d5>ii4 ,if ,m>k only _h ?is close e/imate1 h[ quickly w\ld x be pron\nc$1 at lea/ by ,s*lei]ma*]1 a gratuit\s addition ( ! n>rator6 ,:at !n is x t1 9 ! actual /ate ( ! case1 prev5ts ! utt]ance ( ?is op9ion1 ev5 z a conjecture1 b ! prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! f\r? gospel8 ,ev5 ! ano9t+ ( ! head1 :i* is atte/$ by two ( ! synopti/s1 is1 because ,john m5tions ! feet in/ead ( ! head1 reject$ z unusual1 & incompatible ) ! position ( ,jesus at a meal3 #aaeb :]eas ! ano9t+ ( ! feet ) preci\s oil 0 f> less usual2 & ?is ! mo/ rec5t comm5tator on ! f\r? gospel admits4 #aaec ,b peculi> gratitude is r5d]$ to ! eye-witness ,john1 because he has rescu$ f oblivion ! names1 bo? ( ! ano9t+ woman1 & ( ! c5sori\s disciple4 #aaed ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! synopti/s did 9 fact "k ! "n ( ! woman1 b )held x f ! appreh5sion t dang] might possibly accrue to ! family ( ,laz>us1 :ile ,john1 writ+ lat]1 0 "u no su* re/ra9t2 #aaee b ?is exp$i5t re/s on m]e assumptions4 ,our =m] conclusion !re=e subsi/s1 namely1 t ! e>li] ,evangeli/s knew no?+ ( ! "n ( ! woman2 & ! "q arises1 h[ 0 ?is possible8 ,jesus hav+ expressly promis$ immortal r5[n to ! de$ ( ! woman1 ! t5d5cy mu/ arise to p]petuate h] "n also1 & if ?is 7 id5tical ) ! kn[n & (t-repeat$ "n ( ,m>y ( ,be?any1 x is n easy to und]/& h[ ! association ( ! de$ & ! "n c\ld be lo/ 9 tradition1 & ! woman :o ano9t$ ,jesus become nameless4 ,x is p]haps /ill m incompreh5sible1 suppos+ ! covet\s blame ca/ ^u ! woman to h be5 really utt]$ by him :o prov$ ! betray]1 t ?is %\ld be =gott5 9 tradition1 & ! expression ( blame attribut$ to ! disciples g5]ally4 ,:5 a fact is n>rat$ ( a p]son o!rwise unkn[n1 or ev5 :5 ! p]son be+ kn[n1 ! fact does n obvi\sly accord ) 8 g5]al "*1 x is natural t ! "n %\ld be lo/ 9 tradition2 b :5 ! n>rat$ ^w or "w ( a p]son agrees s entirely ) 8 kn[n "*1 z does ! covet\s & hypocritical blame 9 "q ) ! "* ( ! traitor1 x is difficult to suppose t ! leg5d w\ld sev] x f 8 "n4 ,moreov]1 ! hi/ory 9 :i* ?is blame occurs1 v]ges s ne>ly on ! mom5t ( ! betrayal 7especially accord+ to ! position giv5 to x by ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s71 t _h ! blame really proce$$ f ,judas1 ! two facts w\ld h be5 almo/ inevitably associat$4 ,nay1 ev5 if t expression ( lat5t cupidity _h n really belong$ to ,judas1 !re mu/ h be5 a temptation ev5tually to ascribe x to him1 z a help to ! del9eation ( 8 "*1 & to ! explanation ( 8 subsequ5t trea*]y4 ,?us ! case is rev]s$1 & ! "q is :e!r1 in/ead ( prais+ ,john t he has pres]v$ to u ?is precise in=mation1 we ought n r to give our approbation to ! synopti/s1 t !y h ab/a9$ f s natural b unhi/orical a comb9ation4 ,we c arrive at no o!r conclusion ) respect to ! designation ( ! woman :o ano9ts ,jesus z ,m>y ( ,be?any4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is inconceivable t ! de$1 if orig9ally h]s1 %\ld be sep>at$ f h] celebrat$ "n2 on ! o!r1 ! leg5d1 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 might naturally come to attribute to "o ^: spiritual relations ) ,jesus _h1 accord+ to ! ?ird & f\r? gospels1 e>ly obta9$ great celebrity 9 ! primitive *ur*1 an act ( devot$ love t[>ds him1 :i* orig9ally belong$ to ano!r & less kn[n p]son4 ,b f ano!r side also we f9d ourselves induc$ to reg>d ! n>ratives ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 :o give no "n to ! woman1 r ?an t ( ,john1 :o di/+ui%es h] z ,m>y ( ,be?any1 z ! p>5t /em ( ! gr\p ( anecdotes be=e u4 ,our position ( ! id5tity ( all ! f\r n>ratives mu/1 to be t5able1 enable u also to expla9 h[ ,luke's repres5tation ( ! facts c\ld arise4 ,n[1 suppos+ ! n>rative ( ,john to be ! ne>e/ to ! tru?1 x is n a little surpris+ t 9 ! leg5d1 ! ano9t+ woman %\ld d\bly desc5d f ! highly hon\r$ ,m>y1 si/] ( ,laz>us1 to an unkn[n1 nameless individual1 & !nce ev5 to a notori\s s9n]2 x appe>s f> m natural to give ! int]m$iate position to ! indiff]5t /atem5t ( ! synopti/s1 out ( ^: equivocal nameless woman might equally be made1 ei!r 9 an asc5d+ scale1 a ,m>y2 or1 9 a desc5d+ "o1 a s9n]4 ,! possibility ( ! fir/ trans=mation has be5 already %[n3 x mu/ next be ask$1 :]e c\ld be an inducem5t1 )\t hi/orical gr\nds1 gradually to inve/ ! ano9t+ woman ) ! "* ( a s9n]8 ,9 ! n>rative itself our only clue is a feature :i* ! two fir/ synopti/s h n1 b :i* ,john has 9 common ) ,luke2 namely1 t ! woman ano9t$ ! feet ( ,jesus4 ,to ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 ?is tribute ( feel+ appe>$ 9 accordance ) ! s5sitive1 devot$ nature ( ,m>y1 :om he else:]e also 7xi4 #cb71 repres5ts z fall+ at ! feet ( ,jesus2 b by ano!r x might be tak51 z by ,luke1 = ! ge/ure ( contrition2 an idea :i* might fav\r ! conception ( ! woman z a s9n]--might fav\r1 we say1 n cause3 = a cause1 we mu/ se>* else:]e4 #ij4 ,,! ,,n>ratives ,,( ,,! ,,woman ,,tak5 ,,9 ,,adult]y1 ,,& ,,( ,,m>y ,,& ,,m>?a4 ,9 ! ,gospel ( ,john 7viii4 #a-aa71 ! ,ph>isees & scribes br+ a woman tak5 9 adult]y to ,jesus1 t !y may obta9 8 op9ion z to ! proc$ure to be obs]v$ aga9/ h]2 :]eupon ,jesus1 by appeal+ to ! consci5ces ( ! accus]s1 lib]ates ! woman1 & dismisses h] ) an admonition4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is passage has be5 /rongly conte/$1 nay1 its spuri\sness might be reg>d$ z demon/rat$1 7 x n t ev5 ! mo/ ?or\gh inve/igations on ! subject #aaef indirectly betray a design1 :i* ,paulus op5ly av[s1 ( w>d+ (f ! dang]\s surmises z to ! orig9 ( ! f\r? gospel1 :i* are occasion$ by ! supposition t ?is passage1 encumb]$ z x is ) improbabilities1 is a g5u9e portion ( t gospel4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ! scribes say to ,jesus3 ,moses 9 ! law comm&$ u t su* %\ld be /on$3 n[ 9 no "p ( ! ,p5tateu* is ?is puni%m5t prescrib$ = adult]y1 b simply dea?1 ! mode ( inflict+ x be+ left undet]m9$ 7,lev4 xx4 #aj2 ,deut4 xxii4 #bb72 nor 0 /on+ = adult]y a latt] in/itution ( ! ,talmud1 = accord+ to ! canon3 omne mortis supplicium1 9 scriptur absolute positum esse /rangulationem1 #aaeg ! puni%m5t appo9t$ = ?is (f5ce 9 ! ,talmud is /rangulation4 #aaeh ,fur!r1 x is difficult to discov] :at !re 0 to ensn>e ,jesus 9 ! "q propos$ to him2 #aaei ! scribes quot$ to him ! comm&m5t ( ! law1 z if !y w\ld w>n him1 r ?an tempt him1 = !y c\ld n expect t he w\ld decide o!rwise ?an agreeably to ! law4 ,aga91 ! decision ( ,jesus is op5 to ! /ricture1 t if only he :o is consci\s ( p]fect purity 7 au?oriz$ to judge & puni%1 all social ord] w\ld be at an end4 ,! circum/ance ( ,jesus writ+ on ! gr\nd has a leg5d>y & my/ical air1 = ev5 if x be n correctly expla9$ by ! gloss ( ,j]ome3 eorum videlicet1 qui accusabant1 et omnium mortalium peccata1 x yet seems to imply some?+ m my/]i\s ?an a m]e manife/ation ( contempt = ! accus]s4 ,la/ly1 x is sc>cely conceivable t e "o ( ^? m5 :o dragg$ ! woman be=e ,jesus1 zeal\s = ! law1 & adv]se to 8 cause z !y are suppos$ to be1 %\ld h _h s t5d] a consci5ce1 z on ! appeal ( ,jesus to retire )\t prosecut+ _! design1 & leave ! woman beh9d !m un9jur$2 ?is r appe>s to belong m]ely to ! leg5d>y or poetical embelli%m5t ( ! sc5e4 ,yet h[ev] improbable x may appe>1 f ^! obs]vations1 t ! occurr5ce happ5$ precisely z x is "h n>rat$1 ?is1 z ,brets*neid] ju/ly ma9ta9s1 #aafj proves no?+ aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! passage1 s9ce x is argu+ 9 a circle to assume ! apo/olic composition ( ! f\r? gospel1 & ! consequ5t impossibility t a n>rative conta9+ contradictions %\ld =m a portion ( x1 prior to an exam9ation ( its sev]al p>ts4 ,nev]!less1 on ! o!r h&1 ! abs5ce ( ! passage 9 ! olde/ au?orities is s suspici\s1 t a decision on ! subject _c be haz>d$4 ,9 any case1 ! n>rative ( an int]view betwe5 ,jesus & a woman ( ! above "* mu/ be v anci5t1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 x 0 f\nd 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,papias4 #aafa ,x 0 long ?\ght t ! woman m5tion$ 9 ! ,hebrew gospel & by ,papias 0 id5tical ) ! adult]ess 9 ,john2 b aga9/ ?is x has be5 ju/ly obs]v$1 t "o :o _h ! reproa* ( _m s9s1 mu/ be di/9ct f h] :o 0 detect$ 9 ! "o act ( adult]y4 #aafb ,i wond]1 h[ev]1 t no "o has1 to my k1 ?\ght1 9 connexion ) ! passage ( ,eusebius1 ( ! woman 9 ,luke ( :om ,jesus says t h] _m s9s1 1 are =giv54 ,x is true t ! ^w does n fully agree ) ?is idea1 = ,luke does n speak ( actual expressions ( ! ,ph>isee 9 disp>agem5t ( ! woman1 b m]ely ( ! unfav\rable ?\ghts :i* he _h conc]n+ h]2 & 9 ?is respect ! passage 9 ,eusebius w\ld agree bett] ) ! n>rative ( ,john1 :i* has an express d5unciation1 a 4 ,?us we are l$ on ext]nal gr\nds1 by ! d\bt :e!r an anci5t notice ref] to ! "o or ! o!r ( ! two n>ratives1 to a p]ception ( _! aff9ity1 #aafc :i* is besides evid5t f int]nal reasons4 ,9 bo? we h a woman1 a s9n]1 be=e ,jesus2 9 bo?1 ?is woman is reg>d$ ) an evil eye by ,ph>isaic sanctimoni\sness1 b is tak5 into protection by ,jesus1 & dismiss$ ) a fri5dly 1 g4 ,^! 7 precisely ! features1 ! orig9 ( :i* we c\ld n und]/& 9 ! n>rative ( ,luke1 view$ z a m]e v>iation ( ! hi/ory ( ! ano9t+ giv5 by ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,n[1 :at is m natural ?an to suppose t !y 7 transf]r$ into ,luke's hi/ory ( ! ano9t+1 f t ( ! =giv5 s9n]8 ,if ! ,*ri/ian leg5d possess$1 on ! "o side1 a woman :o _h ano9t$ ,jesus1 :o 0 on ?is acc\nt reproa*$1 b 0 def5d$ by ,jesus2 & on ! o!r side a woman :o 0 accus$ be=e him ( _m s9s1 b :om he p>don$2 h[ easily1 aid$ by ! idea ( an ano9t+ ( ! feet ( ,jesus1 :i* be>s ! int]pretation ( an act ( p5it5ce1 might ! two hi/ories fl[ toge!r--! ano9t+ woman become also a s9n]1 & ! s9n] also an ano9t]8 ,!n1 t ! sc5e ( ! p>don 0 an ent]ta9m5t1 0 a feature also drawn f ! hi/ory ( ! ano9t+3 ! ent]ta9] mu/ be a ,ph>isee1 because ! accusation ( ! woman ought to proce$ f a ,ph>isaic p>ty1 & because1 z we h se51 ,luke has a pr$ilection = ,ph>isaic ent]ta9m5ts4 ,la/ly1 ! disc\rse ( ,jesus may h be5 borr[$1 p>tly f ! orig9al n>rative ( ! woman :o 0 a s9n]1 p>tly f analog\s occasions4 ,if ^! conjectures be correct1 ! n>ratives are pres]v$ unmix$1 on ! "o h&1 by ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s2 on ! o!r1 by ! f\r?1 or :oev] 0 ! au?or ( ! passage on ! adult]ess2 = if ! latt] conta9s mu* t is leg5d>y1 x is at lea/ free f any admixture ( ! hi/ory ( ! ano9t+4 ,hav+ ?us acc\nt$ = "o modification ( ! n>rative conc]n+ ! ano9t+ woman1 namely1 h] degradation into a s9n]1 by ! influ5ce ( ano!r & some:at simil> anecdote1 :i* 0 curr5t 9 ! fir/ age ( ,*ri/ianity1 we may proce$ to consid]1 exp]im5tally1 :e!r a l ext]nal influ5ce may n h help$ to produce ! opposite modification ( ! unkn[n into ,m>y ( ,be?any3 a modification :i*1 = ! re/1 we h already se5 to be easy ( explanation4 ,su* an influ5ce c\ld only proce$ f ! sole notice ( ,m>y 7) ! exception ( h] appe>ance at ! resurrection ( ,laz>us7 :i* has be5 pres]v$ to u1 & :i* is r5d]$ memorable by ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 ,"o ?+ is ne$ful1 & ,m>y ha? *os51 etc4 7,luke x4 #ch ff474 ,we h1 9 fact1 "h z well z !re1 ,m>?a occupi$ 9 s]v+ 7,john xii4 #b1 2 ,luke x4 #dj1 72 "h1 ,m>y sitt+ at ! feet ( ,jesus1 !re1 ano9t+ 8 feet2 "h1 blam$ by h] si/]1 !re by ,judas1 = h] useless conduct1 & 9 bo? cases1 def5d$ by ,jesus4 ,x is surely unavoidable to say1 if once ! n>rative ( ! ano9t+ ( ,jesus by a woman 7 curr5t toge!r ) t ( ,m>y & ,m>?a1 x 0 v natural1 f ! num]\s po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 !m1 t !y %\ld be bl5d$ 9 ! leg5d1 or by "s individual1 into "o /ory2 t ! unkn[n woman :o ano9t$ ! feet ( ,jesus1 :o 0 blam$ by ! spectators1 & v9dicat$ by ,jesus1 %\ld be *ang$ into ,m>y1 :om tradition _h depict$ 9 a simil> situation2 ! task ( s]v+ at ! meal ) :i* ! ano9t+ 0 connect$ attribut$ to ,m>y's si/]1 ,m>?a2 & f9ally1 h] bro!r ,laz>us made a p>tak] ( ! meal3--s t "h ! n>rative ( ,luke on ! "o side1 & t ( ! two synopti/s on ! o!r1 appe> to be pure anecdotes1 t ( ,john a mix$ "o4 ,fur!r1 9 ,luke's n>rative ( ! visit ( ,jesus to ! two si/]s1 !re is no m5tion ( ,laz>us1 ) :om1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,john 7xi4 & xii471 ,m>y & ,m>?a appe> to h dwelt2 nay1 ,luke speaks precisely z if ! pres5ce or exi/5ce ( ?is bro!r1 :om inde$ nei!r he nor ei!r ( ! o!r synopti/s any:]e notices1 7 entirely unkn[n to him4 ,= _h he kn[n any?+ ( ,laz>us1 or _h he ?\ght ( him z pres5t1 he c\ld n h said3 ,a c]ta9 woman1 nam$ ,m>?a1 receiv$ him into h] h\se2 he mu/ at lea/ h nam$ h] bro!r also1 especially z1 accord+ to ,john1 ! latt] 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,jesus4 ,?is sil5ce is rem>kable1 & comm5tators h n succe$$ 9 f9d+ a bett] explanation ( x ?an t giv5 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e?1 :]e ! %ortly subsequ5t dea? ( ,laz>us is made available = ! supposition t he 01 ab\t ! "t ( t visit ( ,jesus1 on a j\rney = ! b5efit ( 8 heal?4 #aafd ,n less /rik+ is ano!r po9t relative to ! locality ( ?is sc5e4 ,accord+ to ,john1 ,m>y & ,m>?a dwelt 9 ,be?any1 a small t[n 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,j]usalem2 :]eas ,luke1 :5 speak+ ( ! visit ( ,jesus to ^! si/]s1 only m5tions a c]ta9 t[n1 1 :i* is ?\ght1 h[ev]1 to be easily reconcil$ ) ! /atem5t ( ,john1 by ! obs]vation1 t ,luke assigns ! visit to ! j\rney ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem1 & to "o travell+ ?i!r out ( ,galilee1 ,be?any w\ld lie 9 ! way4 ,b x w\ld lie q at ! end ( ?is way1 s t ! visit ( ,jesus mu/ fall at ! close ( 8 j\rney1 :]eas ,luke places x soon aft] ! dep>ture out ( ,galilee1 & sep>ates x f ! entrance into ,j]usalem by a multitude ( incid5ts fill+ eight entire *apt]s4 ,?us mu* !n is cle>3 ! au?or or editor ( ! ?ird gospel 0 ignorant t t visit 0 paid 9 ,be?any1 or t ,m>y & ,m>?a dwelt !re1 & x is only t ,evangeli/ :o repres5ts ,m>y z ! ano9t+ woman1 :o also names ,be?any z ! home ( ,m>y3 ! same place :]e1 accord+ to ! two fir/ synopti/s1 ! ano9t+ occurr$4 ,if ,m>y 7 once made id5tical ) ! ano9t+ woman1 & if ! ano9t+ 7 kn[n to h happ5$ 9 ,be?any1 x w\ld naturally foll[ t ?is t[n w\ld be repres5t$ z ,m>y's home4 ,h5ce x is probable t ! ano9t+ woman owes h] "n to ! curr5t n>rative ( ! visit ( ,jesus to ,m>?a & ,m>y1 & t ,m>y owes h] home to ! n>rative ( ! meal at ,be?any4 ,we %\ld ?us h a gr\p ( five hi/ories1 among :i* ! n>rative giv5 by ! two fir/ synopti/s ( ! ano9t+ ( ,jesus by a woman1 w\ld =m ! c5tre1 t 9 ,john ( ! adult]ess1 & t 9 ,luke ( ,m>y & ,m>?a1 ! extremes1 :ile ! ano9t+ by ! s9n] 9 ,luke1 & t by ,m>y 9 ,john1 w\ld fill ! int]m$iate places4 ,x is true t all ! five n>ratives might ) "s plausibility be reg>d$ z v>i$ editions ( "o hi/orical incid5t2 b f ! ess5tial dissimil>ity betwe5 ! ?ree to :i* ,i h assign$ ! middle & extreme places1 ,i am r ( op9ion t ^! are ea* f\nd$ on a special incid5t1 b t ! two int]m$iate n>ratives are second>y =mations :i* owe _! exi/5ce to ! int]mixture ( ! prim>y ones by tradition4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,miracles ,,( ,,jesus4 #ia4 ,,jesus ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,work] ,,( ,,miracles4 ,t ! ,jewi% p 9 ! "t ( ,jesus expect$ miracles f ! ,messiah is 9 itself natural1 s9ce ! ,messiah 0 a second ,moses & ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 & to ,moses & ! prophets ! national leg5d attribut$ miracles ( all k9ds3 by lat] ,jewi% writ+s x is r5d]$ probable2 #aafe by our gospels1 c]ta94 ,:5 ,jesus on "o occasion _h 7)\t natural means7 cur$ a bl9d & dumb demoniac1 ! p 7 h]eby l$ to ask3 ,is n ?is ! son ( ,david8 7,matt4 xii4 #bc71 a pro( t a miracul\s p[] ( heal+ 0 reg>d$ z an attribute ( ! ,messiah4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 on he>+ ( ! works ( ,jesus 771 s5t to him ) ! inquiry1 ,art ?\ he t %\ld come 778 ,jesus1 9 pro( ( ! affirmative1 m]ely appeal$ aga9 to 8 miracles 7,matt4 xi4 #b ff4 p>all474 ,at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 :i* 0 celebrat$ by ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem1 _m ( ! p believ$ on him1 say+1 9 ju/ification ( _! fai?1 ,:5 ,*ri/ come?1 w he d m miracles ?an ^! :i* ?is man ha? done8 7,john vii4 #ca74 ,b n only 0 x pr$et]m9$ 9 ! popul> expectation t ! ,messiah %\ld "w miracles 9 g5]al1--! p>ticul> k9ds ( miracles :i* he 0 to p]=m 7 fix$1 also 9 accordance ) ,old ,te/am5t types & decl>ations4 ,moses disp5s$ meat & dr9k to ! p 9 a sup]natural mann] 7,exod4 xvi4 #ag73 ! same 0 expect$1 z ! rabb9s explicitly say1 f ! ,messiah4 ,at ! pray] ( ,eli%a1 eyes 7 9 "o case clos$1 9 ano!r1 op5$ sup]naturally 7#b ,k+s vi473 ! ,messiah also 0 to op5 ! eyes ( ! bl9d4 ,by ?is prophet & 8 ma/]1 ev5 ! dead _h be5 rais$ 7#a ,k+s xvii42 #b ,k+s iv473 h5ce to ! ,messiah also p[] ov] dea? c\ld n be want+4 #aaff ,among ! prophecies1 ,isa4 xxxv4 #e1 #f 7comp4 xlii4 #g7 0 especially influ5tial 9 =m+ ?is portion ( ! messianic idea4 ,x is "h said ( ! messianic times3 ,!n %all ! eyes ( ! bl9d be op5$ & ! e>s ( ! deaf un/opp$2 !n %all ! lame man leap z a h>t1 & ! tongue ( ! dumb %all s+4 ,^! words1 x is true1 /& 9 ,isaiah 9 a figurative connexion1 b !y 7 e>ly und]/ood lit]ally1 z is evid5t f ! circum/ance t ,jesus describes 8 miracles to ! mess5g]s ( ,john 7,matt4 xi4 #e7 ) an obvi\s allusion to ?is prophetic passage4 ,jesus1 9 s f> z he _h giv5 himself out & 0 believ$ to be ! ,messiah1 or ev5 m]ely a prophet1 _h to meet ?is expectation :51 accord+ to sev]al passages already consid]$ 7,matt4 xii4 #ch1 xvi4 #a1 p>all471 8 ,ph>isaic enemies requir$ a sign f him2 :51 aft] ! viol5t expulsion ( ! trad]s & money-*ang]s f ! temple1 ! ,jews desir$ f him a sign t %\ld legitimate su* an assumption ( au?ority 7,john ii4 #ah72 & :5 ! p 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum1 on 8 requir+ fai? 9 himself z ! s5t ( ,god1 made x a condition ( ?is fai? t he %\ld %[ !m a sign 7,john vi4 #cj74 ,accord+ to ! gospels1 ,jesus m ?an satisfi$ ?is dem& made by 8 cotempor>ies on ! ,messiah4 ,n only does a consid]able "p ( ! evangelical n>ratives consi/ ( descriptions ( 8 miracles2 n only did 8 disciples aft] 8 dea? especially call to _! own remembrance & to t ( ! ,jews ! 7miracles7 7signs7 & 7wond]s7 wr\ght by him 7,acts ii4 #bb2 comp4 ,luke xxiv4 #ai73 b ! p also 71 ev5 dur+ 8 life1 s well satisfi$ ) ?is aspect ( 8 "* t _m believ$ on him 9 consequ5ce 7,john ii4 #bc2 comp4 vi4 #b71 contra/$ him ) ! ,bapti/ :o gave no sign 7,john x4 #da71 & ev5 believ$ t he w\ld n be surpass$ 9 ?is respect by ! future ,messiah 7,john vii4 #ca74 ,! above dem&s ( a sign d n appe> to prove t ,jesus _h p]=m$ no miracles1 especially z sev]al ( !m occur imm$iately aft] important miracles1 e4g4 aft] ! cure ( a demoniac1 ,matt4 xii4 #ch2 & aft] ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 ,john vi4 #cj4 ,?is position inde$ creates a difficulty1 = h[ ! ,jews c\ld d5y to ^! two acts ! "* ( prop] signs x is n easy to und]/&2 ! p[] ( expell+ demons1 9 p>ticul>1 be+ rat$ v highly 7,luke x4 #ag74 ,! sign dem&$ on ^! two occasions mu/ !re=e be m precisely def9$ accord+ to ,luke xi4 #af 7comp4 ,matt xvi4 #a2 ,m>k viii4 #aa71 z a sign f heav51 1 & we mu/ und]/& x to be ! specifically messianic sign ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 heav51 7,matt4 xxiv4 #cj74 ,if h[ev] x be pref]r$ to sev] ! connexion betwe5 ^! dem&s ( a sign & ! =ego+ miracles1 x is possible t ,jesus may h wr\ght num]\s miracles1 & yet t "s ho/ile ,ph>isees1 :o _h n happ5$ to be eyewitnesses ( any ( !m1 may /ill h desir$ to see "o = !mselves4 ,t ,jesus c5sures ! seek+ = miracles 7,john iv4 #dh7 & refuses to comply ) any "o ( ! dem&s = a sign1 does n 9 itself prove t he might n h volunt>ily work$ miracles 9 o!r cases1 :5 !y appe>$ to him to be m seasonable4 ,:5 9 relation to ! dem& ( ! ,ph>isees1 ,m>k viii4 #ab1 he decl>es t !re %all be no sign giv5 to ?is g5]ation 1 or ,matt xii4 #ci f41 xvi4 #d2 ,luke xi4 #bi f41 t !re %all no sign be giv5 to x b ! sign ( ,jonah ! prophet1 x w\ld appe> t by ?is g5]ation1 1 :i* 9 ,mat!w & ,luke he *>act]izes z evil & adult]\s1 he c\ld only mean ! ,ph>isaic "p ( 8 cotempor>ies :o 7 ho/ile to him1 & t he int5d$ to decl>e1 t to ^! %\ld be grant$ ei!r no sign at all1 or m]ely ! sign ( ,jonas1 t is1 z he int]prets x 9 ,mat!w1 ! miracle ( 8 resurrection1 or z mod]n expositors ?9k1 ! impressive manife/ation ( 8 p]son & tea*+4 ,b if we take ! words 9 ! s5se t 8 enemies 7 to obta9 no sign f him1 we enc\nt] two difficulties3 on ! "o h&1 ?+s mu/ h *anc$ s+ul>ly if among ! _m miracles wr\ght by ,jesus 9 ! greate/ publicity1 n "o fell "u ! obs]vation ( ,ph>isees 7moreov] ,matt4 xii4 #bd f4 p>all4 contradicts ?is1 = !re ,ph>isees are pla9ly suppos$ to be pres5t at ! cure ( ! bl9d & dumb demoniac73 on ! o!r h&1 if signs p]sonally witness$ are "h int5d$1 ! enemies ( ,jesus c]ta9ly did n see 8 resurrection1 or 8 p]son aft] he 0 ris54 ,h5ce ! above decl>ation _c well mean m]ely t 8 enemies %\ld be exclud$ f an actual sight ( 8 miracles4 ,!re is yet ano!r exp$i5t1 namely1 to suppose t ! expression ref]s to a sign :i* %\ld conduce to ! good ( ! subject ( :i* x is pr$icat$3 b all ! miracles ( ,jesus happ5$ equally ) 8 orig9al mission & 8 resurrection at once = ! b5efit ( t subject & ! contr>y1 namely1 9 _! object = its b5efit1 9 _! result n s4 ,no?+ !re=e rema9s b to und]/& ! ( ! cotempor>ies ( ,jesus g5]ally1 & ! to ref] to obs]vation g5]ally1 m$iate or imm$iate3 s t ?us ,jesus w\ld appe> to h "h repudiat$ ! work+ ( miracles 9 g5]al4 ,?is is n v consi/5t ) ! num]\s n>ratives ( miracles 9 ! gospels1 b x accords fully ) ! fact t 9 ! prea*+ & epi/les ( ! apo/les1 a c\ple ( g5]al notices except$ 7,acts ii4 #bb1 x4 #ch f471 ! miracles ( ,jesus appe> to be unkn[n1 & ev]y?+ is built on 8 resurrection3 on :i* ! rem>k may be v5tur$ t x c\ld nei!r h be5 s unexpect$ nor c\ld x h =m$ s def9ite an epo*1 if ,jesus _h previ\sly rais$ m ?an "o dead p]son1 & _h wr\ght ! mo/ transc5d5t miracles ( all k9ds4 ,?is !n is ! "q3 ,ought we1 on acc\nt ( ! evangelical n>ratives ( miracles1 to expla9 away t expression ( ,jesus1 or d\bt its au!nticity2 or ought we n1 r1 on ! /r5g? ( t decl>ation1 & ! sil5ce ( ! apo/olic writ+s1 to become di/ru/ful ( ! num]\s hi/ories ( miracles 9 ! gospels8 ,?is c only be decid$ by a close exam9ation ( ^! n>ratives1 among :i*1 = a reason t w be obvi\s h]eaft]1 we give ! prec$5ce to ! expulsions ( demons4 #ib4 ,,! ,,demoniacs1 ,,consid]$ ,,g5]ally4 ,:ile 9 ! f\r? gospel1 ! expressions to h a demon1 & 1 be+ a demoniac1 appe> n[h]e except 9 ! accusations ( ! ,jews aga9/ ,jesus1 & z p>allels to 1 to be mad 7viii4 #dh f41 x4 #bj f42 comp4 ,m>k iii4 #bb1 #cj2 ,matt4 xi4 #ah71 ! synopti/s may be said to repres5t demoniacs z ! mo/ frequ5t objects ( ! curative p[]s ( ,jesus4 ,:5 !y describe ! comm5cem5t ( 8 m9i/ry 9 ,galilee1 !y give ! demoniacs #aafg a prom95t place among ! suff]]s :om ,jesus heal$ 7,matt iv4 #bd2 ,m>k i4 #cd71 & 9 all _! summ>y notices ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 demoniacs play a *ief "p 7,matt4 viii4 #af f42 ,m>k i4 #ci1 iii4 #aa f42 ,luke vi4 #ah74 ,! p[] to ca/ out devils is be=e any?+ else imp>t$ by ,jesus to 8 disciples 7,matt4 x4 #a1 #h2 ,m>k iii4 #ae1 vi4 #g2 ,luke ix4 #a71 :o to _! great joy succe$ 9 us+ x accord+ to _! wi%es 7,luke x4 #ag1 #bj2 ,m>k vi4 #ac74 ,besides ^! summ>y notices1 h[ev]1 sev]al cures ( demoniacs are n>rat$ to u 9 detail1 s t we c =m a tol]ably accurate idea ( _! peculi> condition4 ,9 ! "o ^: cure 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum is giv5 by ! ,evangeli/s z ! fir/ ( ?is k9d 7,m>k i4 #bc ff42 ,luke iv4 #cc ff471 we f9d1 on ! "o h&1 a di/urbance ( ! self-consci\sness1 caus+ ! possess$ individuals to speak 9 ! p]son ( ! demon1 :i* appe>s also 9 o!r demoniacs1 z = example1 ! ,gad>5es 7,matt4 viii4 #bi f4 p>all472 on ! o!r h&1 spasms & convulsions ) savage cries4 ,?is spasmodic /ate has1 9 ! demoniac :o is also call$ a lunatic 7,matt4 xvii4 #ad ff4 p>all471 rea*$ ! /age ( manife/ epilepsy2 = sudd5 falls1 (t5 9 dang]\s places1 cries1 gna%+ ( ! tee?1 & foam+1 are kn[n symptoms ( t malady4 #aafh ,! o!r aspect ( ! demoniacal /ate1 namely1 ! di/urbance ( ! self-consci\sness1 am\nts 9 ! demoniac ( ,gad>a1 by ^: lips a demon1 or r a plurality ( ^! evil spirits1 speaks z a subject1 to misan?ropic madness1 ) attacks ( maniacal fury aga9/ himself & o!rs4 #aafi ,moreov]1 n only ! insane & epileptic1 b ! dumb 7,matt4 ix4 #cb2 ,luke xi4 #ad2 ,matt4 xii4 #bb1 ! dumb demoniac is also bl9d7 & ^? suff]+ f a g\ty contraction ( ! body 7,luke xiii4 #aa ff471 are by ! evangeli/s designat$ m or less precisely z demoniacs4 ,! idea ( ^! suff]]s presuppos$ 9 ! gospels & %>$ by _! au?ors1 is t a wick$1 unclean _s 71 71 or sev]al h tak5 possession ( !m 7h5ce _! condition is describ$ by ! expressions 1 1 to h a demon1 to be a demoniac71 speak ?r\gh _! organs 7?us ,matt4 viii4 #ca1 71 & put _! limbs 9 motion at pleasure 7?us ,m>k ix4 #bj1 71 until1 =cibly expell$ by a cure1 !y dep>t f ! pati5t 71 74 ,accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ,jesus also held ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,x is true t :51 z a means ( lib]at+ ! possess$1 he addresses ! demons )9 !m 7z 9 ,m>k ix4 #be2 ,matt4 viii4 #cb2 ,luke iv4 #ce71 we might ) ,paulus #aagj reg>d ?is z a mode ( ent]+ into ! fix$ idea ( ^! m or less insane p]sons1 x be+ ! "p ( a physical physician1 if he w\ld produce any effect1 to accommodate himself to ?is idea1 h[ev] /rongly he may 9 reality be conv9c$ ( its gr\ndlessness4 ,b ?is is n all2 ,jesus1 ev5 9 8 private conv]sations ) 8 disciples1 n only says no?+ calculat$ to und]m9e ! notion ( demoniacal possession1 b r speaks repeat$ly on a supposition ( its tru?2 z e4g4 9 ,matt4 x4 #h1 :]e he gives ! commission1 ,ca/ out devils2 9 ,luke x4 #ah ff42 & especially 9 ,matt4 xvii4 #ba1 p>all41 :]e he says1 ,?is k9d goe? n out b by pray] & fa/+4 ,aga91 9 a purely !oretical disc\rse1 p]haps also 9 ! m intimate circle ( 8 disciples1 ,jesus gives a description q accordant ) ! idea ( 8 cotempor>ies ( ! dep>ture ( ! unclean _s1 8 w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness1 & 8 return ) a re9=cem5t 7,matt4 xii4 #dc ff474 ,) ^! facts be=e u1 ! attempt made by g5]ally unprejudic$ inquir]s1 su* z ,w9]1 #aaga to %[ t ,jesus did n %>e ! popul> op9ion on demoniacal possession1 b m]ely accommodat$ 8 language to _! und]/&+1 appe>s to u a m]e adju/m5t ( 8 ideas by our own4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ! la/-m5tion$ passage w suffice to remove e ?\ght ( a m]e accommodation on ! "p ( ,jesus4 ,x is true t comm5tators h s\ght to evade all t is conclusive 9 ?is passage1 by int]pret+ x figuratively1 or ev5 z a p>able1 #aagb 9 e explanation ( :i* 7if we set aside su* z t giv5 by ,ol%aus5 #aagc aft] ,calmet71 ! ess5tial idea is1 t sup]ficial conv]sion to ! cause ( ,jesus is foll[$ by a relapse into aggravat$ s94 #aagd ,b1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k1 :at ju/ifies u 9 ab&on+ ! lit]al int]pretation ( ?is disc\rse8 ,9 ! propositions !mselves !re is no indication ( a figurative mean+1 nor is x r5d]$ probable by ! g5]al /yle ( tea*+ us$ by ,jesus1 = he n[h]e else pres5ts moral relations 9 ! g>b ( demoniacal conditions2 on ! contr>y1 :5ev] he speaks1 z "h1 ( ! dep>ture ( evil spirits1 e4g4 9 ,matt4 xvii4 #ba1 he evid5tly int5ds to be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,b does ! context fav\r a figurative int]pretation8 ,luke 7xi4 #bd ff47 places ! disc\rse 9 "q aft] ! def5ce ( ,jesus aga9/ ! ,ph>isaic accusation1 t he ca/ out devils by ,beelzebub3 a position :i* is und\bt$ly errone\s1 z we h se51 b :i* is a pro( t he at lea/ und]/ood ,jesus to speak lit]ally--( real demons4 ,mat!w also places ! disc\rse ne> to ! above accusation & def5ce1 b he ins]ts betwe5 !m ! dem& ( a sign1 toge!r ) its refusal1 & he makes ,jesus conclude ) ! application1 ,ev5 s %all x be also unto ?is wick$ g5]ation4 ,?is addition1 x is true1 gives ! disc\rse a figurative application to ! moral & religi\s condition ( 8 cotempor>ies1 b only ?us3 ,jesus int5d$ ! =ego+ description ( ! expell$ & return+ demon lit]ally1 ?\gh he made a second>y use ( ?is ev5t z an image ( ! moral condition ( 8 cotempor>ies4 ,at any rate ,luke1 :o has n ! same addition1 gives ! disc\rse ( ,jesus1 to use ! expression ( ,paulus1 z a w>n+ aga9/ demoniacal relapses4 ,t ! majority ( !ologians 9 ! pres5t day1 )\t decid$ support on ! "p ( ,mat!w1 & 9 decid$ contradiction to ,luke1 advocate ! m]ely figurative int]pretation ( ?is passage1 appe>s to be f\nd$ 9 an av]sion to ascribe to ,jesus s /rongly develop$ a demonology1 z lies 9 8 words lit]ally und]/ood4 ,b ?is is n to be avoid$1 ev5 leav+ ! above passage out ( consid]ation4 ,9 ,matt4 xii4 #be f4 #bi1 ,jesus speaks ( a k+dom & h\sehold ( ! devil1 9 a mann] :i* obvi\sly out/eps ! doma9 ( ! m]ely figurative3 b above all1 ! passage already quot$1 ,luke x4 #ah-bj1 is ( su* a nature z to compel ev5 ,paulus1 :o is g5]ally s fond ( l5d+ to ! hall[$ p]sonages ( primitive ,*ri/ian hi/ory ! views ( ! pres5t age1 to admit t ! k+dom ( ,satan 0 n m]ely a symbol ( evil to ,jesus1 & t he believ$ 9 actual demoniacal possession4 ,= he says v ju/ly1 t z ,jesus "h speaks1 n to ! pati5t or to ! p1 b to ^? :o !mselves1 accord+ to 8 in/ructions1 cur$ demoniacs1 8 words are n to be expla9$ z a m]e accommodation1 :5 he confirms _! belief t ! spirits are subject unto !m1 & describes _! capability ( cur+ ! malady 9 "q1 z a p[] ov] ! p[] ( ! enemy4 #aage ,9 answ] also to ! repugnance ( ^? ) ^: enlight5m5t a belief 9 demoniacal possession is inconsi/5t1 to admit t ,jesus held t belief1 ! same !ologian ju/ly obs]ves t ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m9d may reta9 a false idea1 preval5t among 8 cotempor>ies1 if x happ5 to lie out ( 8 peculi> sph]e ( ?\ght4 #aagf ,"s light is ?r[n on ! evangelical conception ( ! demoniacs1 by ! op9ions on ?is subject :i* we f9d 9 writ]s m or less cotempor>y4 ,! g5]al idea t evil spirits _h influ5ce on m51 produc+ melan*oly1 insanity1 & epilepsy1 0 e>ly preval5t among ! ,greeks #aagg z well z ! ,hebrews2 #aagh b ! m di/9ct idea t evil spirits ent]$ into ! human body & took possession ( its memb]s 0 n develop$ until a consid]ably lat] p]iod1 & 0 a consequ5ce ( ! dissem9ation ( ! ,ori5tal1 p>ticul>ly ! ,p]sian pneumatology among bo? ,hebrews & ,greeks4 #aagi ,h5ce we f9d 9 ,josephus ! expressions 1 #aahj #aaha 7demons ent]+ into ! liv+1 settl+ !mselves !re71 & ! same ideas 9 ,lucian #aahb & ,philo/ratus4 #aahc ,( ! nature & orig9 ( ^! spirits no?+ is expressly /at$ 9 ! gospels1 except t !y belong to ! h\sehold ( ,satan 7,matt4 xii4 #bf ff4 p>all471 :5ce ! acts ( "o ( !m are directly ascrib$ to ,satan 7,luke xiii4 #af74 ,b f ,josephus1 #aahd ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #aahe & ,philo/ratus1 #aahf ) :om rabb9ical writ+s agree1 #aahg we le>n t ^! demons 7 ! disembodi$ s\ls ( wick$ m52 & mod]n !ologians h n scrupl$ to attribute ?is op9ion on _! orig9 to ! ,new ,te/am5t also4 #aahh ,ju/9 & ! rabb9s m ne>ly p>ticul>ize1 z spirits t torm5t ! liv+1 ! s\ls ( ! giants1 ! (fspr+ ( ^? angels :o alli$ !mselves to ! daught]s ( m52 ! rabb9s fur!r add ! s\ls ( ^? :o p]i%$ 9 ! deluge1 & ( ^? :o p>ticipat$ 9 build+ ! t[] ( ,babel2 #aahi & ) ?is agree ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 =1 accord+ to !m also1 ^! s\ls ( ! giants1 hav+ become demons1 seek to atta* !mselves1 z ! /rong]1 to human s\ls1 & to inhabit human bodies4 #aaij ,z1 h[ev]1 9 ! cont9uation ( ! passage fir/ cit$1 ,ju/9 endeav\rs to conv9ce ! hea!ns ( immortality f _! own ideas1 ! op9ion :i* he !re expresses1 ( demons be+ ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ 9 g5]al1 c sc>cely be reg>d$ z 81 especially z 8 pupil ,tatian expressly decl>es himself aga9/ x2 #aaia :ile ,josephus af=ds no crit]ion z to ! lat5t idea ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 s9ce 8 ,greek education r5d]s x v unc]ta9 :e!r he pres5ts ! doctr9e ( demoniacal possession 9 its orig9al ,jewi%1 or 9 a ,grecian =m4 ,if x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,hebrews ow$ _! doctr9e ( demons to ,p]sia1 we "k t ! ,deves ( ! ,z5d my?ology 7 orig9ally & ess5tially wick$ be+s1 exi/+ prior to ! human race2 ( ^! two *>act]i/ics1 ,hebraism z su* might be induc$ to expunge ! =m]1 :i* p]ta9$ to ,dualism1 b c\ld h no reason = reject+ ! latt]4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! ,hebrew view1 ! demons 7 ! fall5 angels ( ,g54 vi41 ! s\ls ( _! (fspr+ ! giants1 & ( ! great crim9als be=e & imm$iately aft] ! deluge1 :om ! popul> imag9ation gradually magnifi$ into sup]human be+s4 ,b 9 ! ideas ( ! ,hebrews1 !re lay no motive = desc5d+ beyond ! circle ( ^! s\ls1 :o might be conceiv$ to =m ! c\rt ( ,satan4 ,su* a motive 0 only eng5d]$ by ! union ( ! ,grco-roman culture ) ! ,hebraic3 ! =m] _h no ,satan1 & consequ5tly no ret9ue ( spirits devot$ to 8 s]vice1 b x _h an abundance ( ,manes1 ,lemures1 & ! l1--all names = disembodi$ s\ls t disquiet$ ! liv+4 ,n[1 ! comb9ation ( ^! ,grco-roman ideas ) ! above-m5tion$ ,jewi% ones1 seems to h be5 ! s\rce ( ! demonology ( ,josephus1 ( ,ju/91 & also ( ! lat] rabb9s2 b x does n foll[ t ! same mix$ view belongs to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,r1 z ?is ,grcis$ =m ( ! doctr9e 9 "q is n[h]e positively put =? by ! evangelical writ]s1 :ile on ! contr>y ! demons are 9 "s passages repres5t$ z ! h\sehold ( ,satan3 !re is no?+ to contrav5e ! inf]5ce to be drawn f ! unmix$ly ,jewi% "* ( ?\ght :i* reigns 9 ! synoptical gospels on all o!r subjects 7ap>t f ,*ri/ian modifications72 namely1 t we mu/ attribute to !m ! pure & orig9al ,jewi% conception ( ! doctr9e ( demons4 ,x is well kn[n t ! old] !ology1 mov$ by a reg>d = ! au?ority ( ,jesus & ! ,evangeli/s1 esp\s$ ! belief 9 ! reality ( demoniacal possession4 ,! new !ology1 on ! contr>y1 especially s9ce ! "t ( ,seml]1 #aaib 9 consid]ation ( ! simil>ity betwe5 ! condition ( ! demoniacs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & _m naturally diseas$ subjects ( our own day1 has begun to ref] ! malady ( ! =m] also to natural causes1 & to ascribe ! evangelical supposition ( sup]natural causes to ! prejudices ( t age4 ,9 mod]n days1 on ! occurr5ce ( epilepsy1 insanity1 & ev5 a di/urbance ( ! self-consci\sness resembl+ ! condition ( ! possess$ describ$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is no long] ! cu/om to acc\nt = !m by ! supposition ( demoniacal influ5ce3 & ! reason ( ?is seems to be1 p>tly t ! advancem5t 9 ! k ( nature & ( m9d has plac$ at comm& a wid] range ( facts & analogies1 :i* may s]ve to expla9 ! above conditions naturally3 p>tly t ! contradiction1 involv$ 9 ! idea ( demoniacal possession1 is beg9n+ to be at lea/ dimly p]ceiv$4 ,=--ap>t f ! difficulties :i* ! notion ( ! exi/5ce ( a devil & demons entails--:atev] !ory may be held z to ! relation betwe5 ! self-consci\sness & ! bodily organs1 x rema9s absolutely inconceivable h[ ! union betwe5 ! two c\ld be s f> dissolv$1 t a =eign self-consci\sness c\ld ga9 an entrance1 ?ru/ out t :i* belong$ to ! organism1 & usurp its place4 ,h5ce = e "o :o at once reg>ds actual ph5om5a ) enlight5$ eyes1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives ) or?odox ones1 !re results ! contradiction1 t :at n[ proce$s f natural causes1 mu/ 9 ! "t ( ,jesus h be5 caus$ sup]naturally4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is inconceivable diff]5ce betwe5 ! conditions ( "o age & ano!r1 avoid+ at ! same "t any imputation on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,ol%aus51 :om we may fairly take z ! repres5tative ( ! my/ical !ology & philosophy ( ! pres5t day1 d5ies bo? t all /ates ( ! k9d 9 "q h n[ a natural cause1 & t !y _h 9 ! "t ( ,jesus inv>iably a sup]natural cause4 ,) respect to our own "t he asks1 if ! apo/les 7 to ent] our mad-h\ses1 h[ w\ld !y "n _m ( ! inmates8 #aaic ,we answ]1 !y w\ld to a c]ta9ty "n _m ( !m demoniacs1 by reason ( _! p>ticipation 9 ! ideas ( _! p & _! age1 n by reason ( _! apo/olic illum9ation2 & ! (ficial :o act$ z _! conductor w\ld v prop]ly endeav\r to set !m "r3 :atev] names !re=e !y might give to ! inmates ( our asylums1 our conclusions z to ! naturalness ( ! disord]s ( ^? inmates w\ld n be at all affect$4 ,) respect to ! "t ( ,jesus1 ?is !ologian ma9ta9s t ! same =ms ( disease 71 ev5 by ! ,jews1 9 "o case held demoniacal1 9 ano!r n s1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 _! orig93 = example1 "o :o _h become insane ?r\gh an organic disord] ( ! bra91 or dumb ?r\gh an injury ( ! tongue1 0 n look$ on z a demoniac1 b only ^?1 ! cause ( ^: condition 0 m or less psy*ical4 ,( su* a di/9ction 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 ,ol%aus5 is manife/ly b\nd to give u in/ances4 ,:5ce c\ld ! ,jews ( t age h acquir$ _! k ( ! lat5t natural causes ( ^! conditions--:5ce ! crit]ion by :i* to di/+ui% an insanity or imbecility orig9at+ 9 a mal=mation ( ! bra91 f "o purely psy*ical8 ,0 n _! obs]vation limit$ to outw>d ph5om5a1 & ^? ( ! co>se/ "*8 ,! nature ( _! di/9ctions seems to be ?is3 ! /ate ( an epileptic ) 8 sudd5 falls & convulsions1 or ( a maniac 9 8 delirium1 especially if1 f ! reaction ( ! popul> idea respect+ himself he speaks 9 ! p]son ( ano!r1 seems to po9t to an ext]nal influ5ce :i* gov]ns him2 & consequ5tly1 s soon z ! belief 9 demoniacal possession exi/$ among ! p1 all su* /ates 7 ref]r$ to ?is cause1 z we f9d !m to be 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 :]eas 9 dumbness & g\ty contraction or lam5ess1 ! influ5ce ( an ext]nal p[] is less decid$ly indicat$1 s t ^! afflictions 7 at "o "t ascrib$ to a possess+ demon1 at ano!r n s4 ,( ! =m] case we f9d an example 9 ! dumb p]sons already m5tion$1 ,matt4 ix4 #cb1 xii4 #bb1 & 9 ! woman1 :o 0 b[$ d[n1 ,luke xiii4 #aa2 ( ! latt]1 9 ! man :o 0 deaf & _h an imp$im5t 9 8 spee*1 ,m>k vii4 #cb ff41 & 9 ! _m p>alytics m5tion$ 9 ! gospels4 ,! decision = ! "o op9ion or ! o!r 0 h[ev] c]ta9ly n f\nd$ on an inve/igation into ! orig9 ( ! disease1 b solely on its ext]nal symptoms4 ,if !n ! ,jews1 & ) !m ! ,evangeli/s1 ref]r$ ! two *ief classes ( ^! conditions to demoniacal influ5ce1 !re rema9s = him :o believes himself b\nd by _! op9ion1 )\t *oos+ to %ut out ! lights ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! gl>+ inconsi/5cy ( consid]+ ! same diseases z 9 "o age natural1 9 ano!r sup]natural4 ,b ! mo/ =midable difficulty = ,ol%aus51 9 8 attempt$ m$iation betwe5 ! ,judaical demonology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! intellig5ce ( our own day1 arises f ! influ5ce ( ! latt] on 8 own m9d--an influ5ce :i* r5d]s him adv]se to ! idea ( p]sonal demons4 ,?is !ologian1 initiat$ 9 ! philosophy ( ! pres5t age1 endeav\rs to resolve ! ho/ ( demons1 :i* 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are reg>d$ z di/9ct individuals1 into a sy/em ( emanations1 =m+ ! cont9uity ( a s+le sub/ance1 :i* inde$ s5ds =? f itself sep>ate p[]s1 n1 h[ev]1 to subsi/ z indep5d5t individuals1 b to return z accid5ts into ! unity ( ! sub/ance4 ,?is ca/ ( ?\ght we h already obs]v$ 9 ! op9ions ( ,ol%aus5 conc]n+ angels1 & x appe>s /ill m decid$ly 9 8 demonology4 ,p]sonal demons are too repugnant1 & z ,ol%aus5 himself expresses x1 #aaid ! compreh5sion ( two subjects 9 "o individual is too inconceivable to f9d a ready acceptation4 ,h5ce x is ev]y:]e ) vague g5]ality t a k+dom ( evil & d>kness is spok5 (2 & ?\gh a p]sonal pr9ce is giv5 to x1 its demons are und]/ood to be m]e effluxes & op]ations1 by :i* ! evil pr9ciple manife/s itself4 ,b ! mo/ vuln]able po9t ( ,ol%aus5's op9ion conc]n+ demons is ?is3 x is too mu* = him to believe t ,jesus ask$ ! "n ( ! demon 9 ! ,gad>5e2 s9ce he himself d\bts ! p]sonality ( ^? emanations ( ! k+dom ( d>kness1 x _c1 he ?9ks1 h be5 ?us decid$ly suppos$ by ,*ri/2--h5ce he und]/&s ! "q1 ,:at is ?y "n8 7,m>k v4 #i7 to be address$1 n to ! demon1 b to ! man1 #aaie pla9ly 9 opposition to ! :ole context1 = ! answ]1 ,legion1 appe>s to be 9 no degree ! result ( a misund]/&+1 b ! "r answ]--! "o expect$ by ,jesus4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! demons are1 accord+ to ,ol%aus5's op9ion1 imp]sonal p[]s1 t :i* guides !m & det]m9es _! v>i\s functions is ! law :i* gov]ns ! k+dom ( d>kness 9 relation to ! k+dom ( light4 ,on ?is !ory1 ! worse a man is morally1 ! clos] mu/ be ! connexion betwe5 him & ! k+dom ( evil1 & ! close/ conceivable connexion--! entrance ( ! p[] ( d>kness into ! p]sonality ( ! man1 i4e4 possession--mu/ always occur 9 ! mo/ wick$4 ,b hi/orically ?is is n s3 ! demoniacs 9 ! gospels appe> to be s9n]s only 9 ! s5se t all sick p]sons ne$ =giv5ess ( s9s2 & ! greate/ s9n]s 7,judas = example7 are sp>$ ! infliction ( possession4 ,! common op9ion1 ) its p]sonal demons1 escapes ?is contradiction4 ,x is true t ?is op9ion also1 z we f9d = in/ance1 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 firmly ma9ta9s x to be by s9 only t man subjects himself to ! +ress ( ! demon2 #aaif b "h !re is yet scope = ! individual w ( ! demon1 :o (t51 f motives n to be calculat$1 passes by ! wor/1 & holds 9 *ase ! less wick$4 #aaig ,on ! contr>y1 if ! demons are consid]$1 z by ,ol%aus51 to be ! actions ( ! p[] ( evil 9 its relation to ! p[] ( goodness2 ?is relation be+ regulat$ by laws1 ev]y?+ arbitr>y & accid5tal is exclud$4 ,h5ce x evid5tly co/s t !ologian "s pa9s to disprove ! consequ5ce1 t accord+ to 8 !ory ! possess$ mu/ always be ! mo/ wick$4 ,proce$+ f ! app>5t conte/ ( two p[]s 9 ! demoniacs1 he adopts ! position t ! /ate ( demoniacal possession does n appe> 9 ^? :o entirely give !mselves up to evil1 & ?us ma9ta9 an int]nal unity ( disposition1 b only 9 ^? 9 :om !re exi/s a /ruggle aga9/ s94 #aaih ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 ! above /ate1 be+ r$uc$ to a purely moral ph5om5on1 mu/ appe> f> m frequ5tly2 e viol5t inw>d /ruggle mu/ manife/ itself "u ?is =m1 & especially ^? :o ultimately give !mselves up to evil mu/1 be=e arriv+ at ?is po9t1 pass ?r\gh a p]iod ( conflict1 t is ( possession4 ,ol%aus5 !re=e adds a physical condition1 namely1 t ! prepond]ance ( evil 9 ! man mu/ h weak5$ 8 corporeal organization1 p>ticul>ly ! n]v\s sy/em1 be=e he c become susceptible ( ! demoniacal /ate4 ,b s9ce su* disord]s ( ! n]v\s sy/em may occur )\t any moral fault1 :o does n see t ! /ate :i* x is int5d$ to ascribe to demoniacal p[] z its prop] s\rce1 is ?us ref]r$ *iefly to natural causes1 & t !re=e ! argum5t defeats its own object8 ,h5ce ,ol%aus5 quickly turns away f ?is side ( ! "q1 & l+]s on ! comp>ison ( ! 7demoniac7 ) ! 7wick$72 :]eas he ought r to comp>e ! =m] ) ! epileptic & insane1 = x is only by ?is means t any light c be ?r[n on ! nature ( possession4 ,?is %ift+ ( ! "q f ! gr\nd ( physiology & psy*ology to t ( morality & religion1 r5d]s ! discussion conc]n+ ! demoniacs "o ( ! mo/ useless :i* ,ol%aus5's "w conta9s4 #aaii ,let u !n rel9qui% ! ungrateful attempt to mod]nize ! ,new ,te/am5t conception ( ! demoniacs1 or to judaize our mod]n ideas2--let u r1 9 relation to ?is subject1 und]/& ! /atem5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z simply z !y are giv51 )\t all[+ our inve/igations to be re/rict$ by ! ideas !re9 pres5t$1 :i* belong$ to ! age & nation ( its writ]s4 #abjj ,! me?od adopt$ = ! cure ( ! demoniacal /ate 01 especially among ! ,jews1 9 con=mity ) :at we h asc]ta9$ to h be5 ! idea ( its nature4 ,! cause ( ! malady 0 n suppos$ to be1 z 9 natural diseases1 an imp]sonal object or condition1 su* z an impure fluid1 a morbid excitem5t or debility1 b a self-consci\s be+2 h5ce x 0 treat$1 n me*anically or *emically1 b logically1 i4e4 by words4 ,! demon 0 enjo9$ to dep>t2 & to give effect to ?is injunction1 x 0 c\pl$ ) ! names ( be+s :o 7 believ$ to h p[] ov] demons4 ,h5ce ! ma9 in/rum5t aga9/ demoniacal possession 0 conjuration1 #abja ei!r 9 ! "n ( ,god1 or ( angels1 or ( "s o!r pot5t be+1 e4g4 ! ,messiah 7,acts xix4 #ac71 ) c]ta9 =ms :i* 7 said to be d]iv$ f ,solomon4 #abjb ,9 addition to ?is1 c]ta9 roots1 #abjc /ones1 #abjd fumigations & amulets #abje 7 us$1 9 ob$i5ce to traditions likewise believ$ to h be5 h&$ d[n f ,solomon4 ,n[ z ! cause ( ! malady 0 n seldom really a psy*ical "o1 or at lea/ "o ly+ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* may be act$ on to an incalculable ext5t by moral in/rum5tality1 ?is psy*ological treatm5t 0 n altoge!r illusory6 = by excit+ 9 ! pati5t ! belief t ! demon by :i* he 0 possess$1 c\ld n reta9 8 hold be=e a =m ( conjuration1 x might (t5 effect ! removal ( ! disord]4 ,jesus himself admits t ! ,jewi% exorci/s sometimes succe$$ 9 work+ su* cures 7,matt4 xii4 #bg74 ,b we read ( ,jesus t )\t conjuration by any o!r p[]1 & )\t ! appliance ( any fur!r means1 he expell$ ! demons by 8 ^w4 ,! mo/ rem>kable cures ( ?is k9d1 ( :i* ! gospels in=m u1 we are n[ ab\t to exam9e4 #ic4 ,,cases ,,( ,,! ,,expulsion ,,( ,,demons ,,by ,,jesus1 ,,consid]$ ,,s+ly4 ,among ! circum/antial n>ratives :i* are giv5 u 9 ! ?ree fir/ gospels ( cures wr\ght by ,jesus on demoniacs1 ?ree are especially rem>kable3 ! cure ( a demoniac 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum1 t ( ! ,gad>5es possess$ by a multitude ( demons1 & la/ly1 t ( ! lunatic :om ! disciples 7 unable to cure4 ,9 ,john ! conv]sion ( wat] into w9e is ! fir/ miracle p]=m$ by ,jesus aft] 8 return f ! sc5e ( 8 baptism into ,galilee2 b 9 ,m>k 7i4 #bc ff47 & ,luke 7iv4 #cc ff47 ! cure ( a demoniac 9 ! synagogue ( ,cap]naum has ?is position4 ,jesus _h produc$ a deep impression by 8 tea*+1 :5 sudd5ly1 a demoniac :o 0 pres5t1 cri$ out 9 ! "* ( ! demon t possess$ him1 t he w\ld h no?+ to d ) him1 t he knew him to be ! ,messiah :o 0 come to de/roy !m--! demons2 :]eupon ,jesus comm&$ ! demon to hold 8 peace & come out ( ! man1 :i* happ5$ amid cries & convulsions on ! "p ( ! demoniac1 & to ! great a/oni%m5t ( ! p at ! p[] ?us exhibit$ by ,jesus4 ,"h we might1 ) rationali/ic comm5tators1 repres5t ! case to ourselves ?us3 ! demoniac1 dur+ a lucid int]val1 ent]$ ! synagogue1 0 impress$ by ! p[]ful disc\rse ( ,jesus1 & ov]he>+ "o ( ! audi5ce speak ( him z ! ,messiah1 0 seiz$ ) ! idea t ! unclean _s by :i* he 0 possess$1 c\ld n ma9ta9 itself 9 ! pres5ce ( ! holy ,messiah2 :5ce he fell into a p>oxysm1 & express$ 8 awe ( ,jesus 9 ! "* ( ! demon4 ,:5 ,jesus p]ceiv$ ?is1 :at 0 m natural ?an t he %\ld make use ( ! man's p]suasion ( 8 p[]1 & comm& ! demon to come out ( him1 ?us lay+ hold ( ! maniac by 8 fix$ idea2 :i* accord+ to ! laws ( m5tal hygi5e1 might v probably h a fav\rable effect4 ,x is "u ?is view t ,paulus reg>ds ! occasion z t on :i* ! ?\ght ( us+ 8 messianic fame z a means ( cur+ su* suff]]s1 fir/ occurr$ to ,jesus4 #abjf ,b _m difficulties oppose !mselves to ?is natural conception ( ! case4 ,! demoniac is suppos$ to le>n t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah f ! p 9 ! synagogue4 ,on ?is po9t ! text is n m]ely sil5t1 b decid$ly contradicts su* an op9ion4 ,! demon1 speak+ ?r\gh ! man1 evid5tly proclaims 8 k ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 9 ! words1 4441 n z in=mation casually imp>t$ by man1 b z an intuition ( 8 demoniacal nature4 ,fur!r1 :5 ,jesus cries1 ,hold ?y peace6 he ref]s to :at ! demon _h j utt]$ conc]n+ 8 messiah%ip2 = x is relat$ ( ,jesus t he suff]$ n ! demons to speak because !y knew him 7,m>k i4 #cd2 ,luke iv4 #da71 or because !y made him kn[n 7,m>k iii4 #ab74 ,if !n ,jesus believ$ t by enjo9+ sil5ce on ! demon he c\ld h9d] ! promulgation ( 8 messiah%ip1 he mu/ h be5 ( op9ion1 n t ! demoniac _h he>d some?+ ( x f ! p 9 ! synagogue1 b contr>iwise t ! latt] might le>n x f ! demoniac2 & ?is accords ) ! fact1 t at ! "t ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,jesus1 9 :i* ! ,evangeli/s place ! occurr5ce1 no "o _h yet ?\ght ( him z ! ,messiah4 ,if x be ask$1 h[ ! demoniac c\ld discov] t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 ap>t f any ext]nal communication1 ,ol%aus5 presses into 8 s]vice ! pret]naturally height5$ activity ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i*1 9 demoniacs z 9 somnambules1 %>p5s ! pres5ti5t p[]1 & produces a k9d ( cle>-sight$ness1 by means ( :i* su* a man might v well disc]n ! importance ( ,jesus z reg>d$ ! :ole realm ( spirits4 ,! evangelical n>rative1 x is true1 does n ascribe t k to a p[] ( ! pati5t1 b ( ! demon dwell+ )9 him1 & ?is is ! only view consi/5t ) ! ,jewi% ideas ( t p]iod4 ,! ,messiah 0 to appe>1 9 ord] to ov]?r[ ! demoniacal k+dom 7 1 comp4 #a ,john iii4 #h2 ,luke x4 #ah f47 #abjg & to ca/ ! devil & 8 angels into ! lake ( fire 7,matt4 xxv4 #da2 ,rev4 xx4 #aj7 #abjh3 x foll[$ ( c\rse t ! demons w\ld recognize him :o 0 to pass su* a s5t5ce on !m4 #abji ,?is h[ev] might be d$uct$ z an admixture ( ! op9ion ( ! n>rator1 )\t damage to ! re/ ( ! n>rative2 b x mu/ fir/ be grant$ admissible to ascribe s ext5sive a pres5ti5t p[] to demoniacal subjects4 ,n[1 z x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t a n]v\s pati5t1 h[ev] int5sely excit$1 %\ld recognize ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 at a "t :5 he 0 n believ$ to be su* by any "o else1 p]haps n ev5 by himself2 & z on ! o!r h& ?is recognition ( ! ,messiah by ! demon s entirely agrees ) ! popul> ideas2--we mu/ conjecture t on ?is po9t ! evangelical tradition is n 9 p]fect accordance ) hi/orical tru?1 b has be5 attun$ to ^? ideas4 #abaj ,!re 0 ! m inducem5t to ?is1 ! m su* a recognition ( ,jesus on ! "p ( ! demons w\ld r$\nd to 8 glory4 ,z :5 adults dis[n$ him1 praise 0 prep>$ = him out ( ! m\? ( babes 7,matt4 xxi4 #af7--;z he 0 conv9c$ t if m5 7 sil5t1 ! v /ones w\ld cry out 7,luke xix4 #dj73 s x mu/ appe> fitt+1 t :5 8 p :om he came to save w\ld n ackn[l$ge him1 he %\ld h ! involunt>y homage ( demons1 ^: te/imony1 s9ce !y _h only ru9 to expect f him1 mu/ be imp>tial1 & f _! high] spiritual nature 0 to be reli$ on4 ,9 ! above hi/ory ( ! cure ( a demoniac1 we h a case ( ! simple/ k9d2 ! cure ( ! possess$ ,gad>5es on ! contr>y 7,matt4 viii4 #bh ff42 ,m>k v4 #a ff42 ,luke viii4 #bf ff47 is a v complex "o1 = 9 ?is in/ance we h1 toge!r ) sev]al div]g5cies ( ! ,evangeli/s1 in/ead ( "o demon1 _m1 & in/ead ( a simple dep>ture ( ^! demons1 _! entrance into a h]d ( sw9e4 ,aft] a /ormy passage across ! sea ( ,galilee to its ea/]n %ore1 ,jesus meets1 accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke1 a demoniac :o liv$ among ! tombs1 #abaa & 0 subject to outbreaks ( t]rific fury aga9/ himself #abab & o!rs2 accord+ to ,mat!w1 !re 7 two4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ long h>moni/s h resort$ to mis]able exp$i5ts1 su* z t ,m>k & ,luke m5tion only "o because he 0 p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ by wildness1 or ,mat!w two1 because he includ$ ! att5dant :o gu>d$ ! maniac1 #abac r ?an admit an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two n>ratives4 ,s9ce ?is /ep has be5 ga9$1 ! pref]5ce has be5 giv5 to ! /atem5t ( ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s1 f ! consid]ation t maniacs ( ?is class are g5]ally unsociable2 & ! addition ( a second demoniac by ,mat!w has be5 expla9$ by suppos+ t ! plurality ( ! demons spok5 ( 9 ! n>ratives became 9 8 appreh5sion a plurality ( demoniacs4 #abad ,b ! impossibility t two maniacs %\ld 9 reality associate !mselves1 or p]haps be associat$ m]ely 9 ! orig9al leg5d1 is n s decid$ z to furni% 9 itself a gr\nd = pref]r+ ! n>rative 9 ,m>k & ,luke to t 9 ,mat!w4 ,at lea/ if x be ask$1 :i* ( ! two repres5tations c\ld ! mo/ easily h be5 =m$ f ! o!r by tradition1 ! probability on bo? sides w be f\nd equal4 ,= if accord+ to ! above supposition1 ! plurality ( demons might give rise to ! idea ( a plurality ( demoniacs1 x may also be said1 conv]sely3 ! m accurate repres5tation ( ,mat!w1 9 :i* a plurality ( demoniacs z well z ( demons 0 m5tion$1 did n give prom95ce to ! specifically extraord9>y feature 9 ! case1 namely1 t "o man 0 possess$ by _m demons2 & z1 9 ord] to exhibit ?is1 ! n>rative :5 reproduc$ mu/ be s express$ z to make x cle> t _m demons inhabit$ "o man1 ?is might easily occasion by degrees ! opposition ( ! demoniac 9 ! s+ul> to ! plural numb] ( ! demons4 ,= ! re/1 ! introduction ( ,mat!w's n>rative is concise & g5]al1 t ( ! two o!rs circum/antially descriptive2 ano!r diff]5ce f :i* ! great] orig9ality ( ! latt] has be5 d$uc$4 #abae ,b x is q z probable t ! details :i* ,luke & ,m>k h 9 common1 namely1 t ! possess$ w\ld we> no clo?+1 broke all fett]s1 & w\nd$ himself ) /ones1 are an arbitr>y enl>gem5t on ! simple *>act]i/ic1 exce$+ fi]ce1 :i* ,mat!w gives1 ) ! consequ5ce t no "o c\ld pass by t way1--z t ! latt] is a vague abridgm5t ( ! =m]4 ,?is sc5e betwe5 ,jesus & ! demoniac or demoniacs op5s1 l ! o!r1 ) a cry ( t]ror f ! latt]1 :o1 speak+ 9 ! p]son ( ! possess+ demon1 exclaims t he wi%es to h no?+ to d ) ,jesus1 ! ,messiah1 f :om he has to expect only torm5t4 ,two hypo!ses h be5 fram$1 to expla9 h[ ! demoniac came at once to recognize ,jesus z ! ,messiah3 accord+ to "o1 ,jesus 0 ev5 !n reput$ to be ! ,messiah on ! ,p]an %ore2 #abaf accord+ to ! o!r1 "s ( ^? :o _h come across ! sea ) ,jesus _h said to ! man 7:om on acc\nt ( 8 fi]c5ess no "o c\ld come ne>67 t ! ,messiah _h j l&$ at su* a spot3 #abag b bo? are alike gr\ndless1 = x is pla9 t 9 ?is n>rative1 z 9 ! =m]1 ! above feature is a product ( ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian op9ion respect+ ! relation ( ! demons to ! ,messiah4 #abah ,"h1 h[ev]1 ano!r diff]5ce meets u4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! possess$1 :5 !y see ,jesus1 cry3 ,:at h we to d ) !e8 ,art ?\ come to torm5t u8--accord+ to ,luke1 ! demoniac falls at ! feet ( ,jesus & says besee*+ly1 ,torm5t me n2 & la/ly1 accord+ to ,m>k1 he runs f a di/ance to meet ,jesus1 falls at 8 feet & adjures him by ,god n to torm5t him4 ,?us we h aga9 a climax3 9 ,mat!w1 ! demoniac1 /rick5 ) t]ror1 deprecates ! unwelcome approa* ( ,jesus2 9 ,luke1 he acco/s ,jesus1 :5 arriv$1 z a suppliant2 9 ,m>k1 he eag]ly runs to meet ,jesus1 :ile yet at a di/ance4 ,^? comm5tators :o "h take ,m>k's n>rative z ! /&>d "o1 are oblig$ !mselves to admit1 t ! ha/5+ ( a demoniac t[>ds ,jesus :om he all ! :ile dread$1 is some:at ( a contradiction2 & !y endeav\r to relieve !mselves ( ! difficulty1 by ! supposition t ! man set (f to meet ,jesus 9 a lucid mom5t1 :5 he wi%$ to be fre$ f ! demon1 b be+ heat$ by runn+1 #abai or excit$ by ! words ( ,jesus1 #abbj he fell into ! p>oxysm 9 :i*1 assum+ ! "* ( ! demon1 he entreat$ t ! expulsion might be susp5d$4 ,b 9 ! closely consecutive phrases ( ,m>k1 ,see+--he ran--& wor%ipp$--& cri$--& said1 ---- -- -- !re is no trace ( a *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! demoniac1 & ! improbability ( 8 repres5tation subsi/s1 = "o really possess$1 if he _h recogniz$ ! ,messiah at a di/ance1 w\ld h anxi\sly avoid$1 r ?an h approa*$ him2 & ev5 sett+ ?is aside1 x is impossible t "o :o believ$ himself to be possess$ by a demon inimical to ,god1 %\ld adjure ,jesus by ,god1 z ,m>k makes ! demoniac d4 #abba ,if !n 8 n>rative _c be ! orig9al "o1 t ( ,luke1 :i* is only s f> ! simpl] t x does n repres5t ! demoniac z runn+ t[>ds ,jesus & adjur+ him1 is too closely alli$ to x to be reg>d$ z ! ne>e/ to ! fact4 ,t ( ,mat!w is )\t d\bt ! pure/1 = ! t]ror-/rick5 "q1 ,art ?\ come to de/roy u be=e ! "t8 is bett] suit$ to a demon1 :o1 z ! enemy ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 c\ld expect no =be>ance f ! ,messiah ?an ! entreaty = clem5cy 9 ,m>k & ,luke2 ?\gh ,philo/ratus1 9 a n>rative :i* might be reg>d$ z an imitation ( ?is evangelical "o1 has *os5 ! latt] =m4 #abbb ,f ! c\rse ( ! n>ratives hi!rto1 x w\ld appe> t ! demons1 9 ?is z 9 ! fir/ n>rative1 address$ ,jesus 9 ! mann] describ$1 be=e any?+ occurr$ on 8 "p2 yet ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s g on to /ate1 t ,jesus _h comm&$ ! unclean _s to come out ( ! man4 ,:5 did ,jesus d ?is8 ,! mo/ natural answ] w\ld be3 be=e ! man spoke to him4 ,n[ 9 ,luke ! address ( ! demoniac is s closely connect$ ) ! ^w 1 he fell d[n1 & !n aga9 ) 1 hav+ cri$ out1 t x seems necess>y to place ! comm& ( ,jesus be=e ! cry & ! pro/ration1 & h5ce to consid] x z _! cause4 ,yet ,luke himself r gives ! m]e sight ( ,jesus z ! cause ( ^? demon/rations on ! "p ( ! demoniac1 s t 8 repres5tation leaves u 9 p]plexity z to :]e ! comm& ( ,jesus %\ld f9d its place4 ,! case is /ill worse 9 ,m>k1 = "h a simil> dep5d5ce ( ! successive phrases ?ru/s back ! comm& ( ,jesus ev5 be=e ! ^w 1 he ran1 s t we %\ld h to imag9e r /rangely t ,jesus cri$ to ! demon1 1 ,come out1 f a di/ance4 ,?us ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s are 9 an error ) reg>d ei!r to ! consecutive p>ticul>s t prec$e ! comm& or to ! comm& itself1 & our only "q is1 :]e may ! error be mo/ probably presum$ to lie8 ,"h ,s*lei]ma*] himself admits1 t if 9 ! orig9al n>rative an antec$5t comm& ( ,jesus _h be5 spok5 (1 x w\ld h be5 giv5 9 its prop] place1 be=e ! pray] ( ! demons1 & z a quotation ( ! precise words ( ,jesus2 :]eas ! supplem5t>y mann] 9 :i* x is actually ins]t$1 ) its abbreviat$ & indirect =m 79 ,luke2 ,m>k *anges x aft] 8 usual /yle1 into a direct address71 is a /rong f\ndation = ! op9ion t x is an explanatory addition furni%$ by ! n>rator f 8 own conjecture4 #abbc ,& x is an extremely awkw>d addition1 = x obliges ! read] to reca/ 8 conception ( ! entire sc5e4 ,at fir/ ! pi? ( ! incid5t seems to be1 t ! demoniac _h in/antane\sly recogniz$ & supplicat$ ,jesus2 b ! n>rator drops ?is orig9al idea1 & reflect+ t ! pray] ( ! demon mu/ h be5 prec$$ by a sev]e comm& f ,jesus1 he corrects 8 previ\s omission1 & rem>ks t ,jesus _h giv5 8 comm& 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,to _! m5tion ( ?is comm&1 ,m>k & ,luke annex ! "q put by ,jesus to ! demon3 ,:at is ?y "n8 ,9 reply1 a multitude ( demons make kn[n _! pres5ce1 & give z _! "n1 ,legion4 ,( ?is episode ,mat!w has no?+4 ,9 ! above addition we h f\nd a supplem5t>y explanation ( ! =m] "p ( ! n>rative3 :at if ?is "q & answ] 7 an anticipatory introduction to ! sequel1 & likewise ! spontane\s production ( ! leg5d or ! n>rator8 ,let u exam9e ! reasons t r5d] x probable3 ! wi% imm$iately express$ by ! demons to ent] ! h]d ( sw9e1 does n 9 ,mat!w presuppose a multitude ( demons 9 ea* ( ! two possess$1 s9ce we _c "k :e!r ! ,hebrews 7 n able to believe t ev5 two demons only c\ld possess a :ole h]d ( sw9e3 b a lat] writ] might well ?9k x requisite to make ! numb] ( ! evil spirits equal ! numb] ( ! sw9e4 ,n[1 :at a h]d is 9 relation to animals1 an army or a division ( an army is 9 relation to m5 & sup]ior be+s1 & z x 0 requir$ to express a l>ge division1 no?+ c\ld m readily sugge/ itself ?an ! ,roman legion1 :i* t]m 9 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ec1 is appli$ to angels1 z "h to demons4 ,b )\t fur!r consid]+ ?is m precise e/imate ( ! ,evangeli/s1 we mu/ pron\nce x inconceivable t sev]al demons _h set up _! habitation 9 "o individual4 ,= ev5 if we _h atta9$ s f> z to conceive h[ "o demon by a subjection ( ! human consci\sness c\ld possess himself ( a human organization1 imag9ation w\ld /ill fail u to conceive t _m p]sonal demons c\ld at once possess "o man4 ,= z possession means no?+ else1 ?an t ! demon con/itutes himself ! subject ( ! consci\sness1 & z consci\sness c 9 reality h b "o focus1 "o c5tral po9t3 x is "u e condition absolutely inconceivable t sev]al demons %\ld at ! same "t take possession ( "o man4 ,manifold possession c\ld only exi/ 9 ! s5se ( an alt]nation ( possession by v>i\s demons1 & n z "h 9 t ( a :ole army ( !m dwell+ at once 9 "o man1 & at once dep>t+ f him4 ,all ! n>ratives agree 9 ?is1 t ! demons 79 ord]1 z ,m>k says1 n to be s5t out ( ! c\ntry1 or accord+ to ,luke1 into ! deep7 entreat$ ( ,jesus p]mission to ent] into ! h]d ( sw9e fe$+ ne>2 t ?is 0 grant$ !m by ,jesus2 & t =?)1 ow+ to _! influ5ce1 ! :ole h]d ( sw9e 7,m>k1 we mu/ n ask on :at au?ority1 fixes _! numb] at ab\t two ?\s&7 7 precipitat$ into ! sea & dr[n$4 ,if we adopt "h ! po9t ( view tak5 9 ! gospel n>ratives1 :i* ?r\gh\t suppose ! exi/5ce ( real demons1 x is yet to be ask$3 h[ c demons1 admitt+ ev5 t !y c take possession ( m51--h[1 we say1 c !y1 be+ at all ev5ts intellig5t spirits1 h & obta9 ! wi% to ent] into brutal =ms8 ,e religion & philosophy :i* rejects ! transmigration ( s\ls1 mu/1 = ! same reason1 also d5y ! possibility ( ?is passage ( ! demons into sw9e2 & ,ol%aus5 is q "r 9 class+ ! sw9e ( ,gad>a 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ) ,balaam's ass 9 ! ,old1 z a simil> sc&al & /umbl+ block4 #abbd ,?is !ologian1 h[ev]1 r evades ?an ov]comes ! difficulty1 by ! obs]vation t we are "h to suppose1 n an entrance ( ! individual demons into ! individual sw9e1 b m]ely an influ5ce ( all ! evil spirits on ! sw9e collectively4 ,= ! expression1 1 to ent] into ! sw9e1 z x /&s oppos$ to ! expression1 1 to g out ( ! man1 _c possibly mean o!rwise ?an t ! demons 7 to assume ! same relation to ! sw9e :i* !y _h borne to ! possess$ man2 besides1 a m]e influ5ce c\ld n pres]ve !m f bani%m5t out ( ! c\ntry or into ! deep1 b only an actual habitation ( ! bodies ( ! animals3 s t ! sc&al & /umbl+ block rema94 ,?us ! pray] 9 "q _c possibly h be5 (f]$ by real demons1 ?\gh x might by ,jewi% maniacs1 %>+ ! ideas ( _! p4 ,accord+ to ^! ideas x is a torm5t to evil spirits to be de/itute ( a corporeal envelopm5t1 because )\t a body !y _c gratify _! s5sual desires2 #abbe if !re=e !y 7 driv5 out ( m5 !y mu/ wi% to ent] into ! bodies ( brutes1 & :at 0 bett] suit$ to an impure _s 1 ?an an impure animal 1 l a sw9e8 #abbf ,s f>1 !re=e1 x is possible t ! ,evangeli/s might correctly repres5t ! fact1 only1 9 accordance ) _! national ideas1 ascrib+ to ! demons :at %\ld r h be5 ref]r$ to ! madness ( ! pati5t4 ,b :5 x is fur!r said t ! demons actually ent]$ ! sw9e1 d n ! ,evangeli/s affirm an evid5t impossibility8 ,paulus ?9ks t ! ,evangeli/s "h z ev]y:]e else id5tify ! possess$ m5 ) ! possess+ demons1 & h5ce attribute to ! latt] ! entrance into ! sw9e1 :ile 9 fact x 0 only ! =m]1 :o1 9 ob$i5ce to _! fix$ idea1 ru%$ ^u ! h]d4 #abbg ,x is true t ,mat!w's expression 1 tak5 alone1 might be und]/ood ( a m]e ru%+ t[>ds ! sw9e2 n only h[ev]1 z ,paulus himself mu/ admit1 does ! ^w 9 ! two o!r ,evangeli/s di/9ctly imply a real entrance into ! sw9e2 b also ,mat!w has l !m be=e ! ^w 1 !y ent]$1 ! expression 1 ! demons com+ out 7sc4 out ( ! m573 ?us pla9ly en\gh di/+ui%+ ! demons :o ent]$ ! sw9e f ! m54 #abbh ,?us our ,evangeli/s d n 9 ?is in/ance m]ely relate :at actually happ5$1 9 ! col\rs :i* x took f ! false lights ( _! age2 !y h "h a p>ticul>1 :i* _c possibly h happ5$ 9 ! mann] !y allege4 ,a new difficulty arises f ! effect :i* ! demons are said to h produc$ 9 ! sw9e4 ,sc>cely _h !y ent]$ !m1 :5 !y compell$ ! :ole h]d to precipitate !mselves into ! sea4 ,x is reasonably ask$1 :at !n did ! demons ga9 by ent]+ into ! animals1 if !y imm$iately de/roy$ ! bodies ( :i* !y _h tak5 possession1 & ?us robb$ !mselves ( ! tempor>y abode = :i* !y _h s e>ne/ly entreat$8 #abbi ,! conjecture1 t ! design ( ! demons 9 de/roy+ ! sw9e1 0 to inc5se ! m9ds ( _! own]s aga9/ ,jesus1 :i* is said to h be5 ! actual result1 #abcj is too f>-fet*$2 ! o!r conjecture t ! demoniacs1 ru%+ ) cries on ! h]d1 toge!r ) ! flight ( _! keep]s1 t]rifi$ ! sw9e & *as$ !m into ! wat]1 #abca--;ev5 if x 7 n oppos$ z we h se5 to ! text1--w\ld n suffice to expla9 ! dr[n+ ( a h]d ( sw9e am\nt+ to #b1jjj1 accord+ to ,m>k2 or only a num]\s h]d1 accord+ to ! g5]al /atem5t ( ,mat!w4 ,! exp$i5t ( suppos+ t 9 tru? x 0 only a "p ( ! h]d t 0 dr[n$1 #abcb has n ! slighte/ f\ndation 9 ! evangelical n>rative4 ,! difficulties connect$ ) ?is po9t are multipli$ by ! natural reflection t ! dr[n+ ( ! h]d w\ld involve no slight injury to ! own]s1 & t ( ?is injury ,jesus 0 ! m$iate au?or4 ,! or?odox1 b5t on ju/ify+ ,jesus1 suppose t ! p]mission to ! demons to ent] into ! sw9e 0 necess>y to r5d] ! cure ( ! demoniac possible1 &1 !y argue1 brutes are assur$ly to be kill$ t man may live2 #abcc b !y d n p]ceive t !y ?us1 9 a mann] mo/ inconsi/5t ) _! po9t ( view1 circumscribe ! p[] ( ,jesus ov] ! demoniacal k+dom4 ,aga91 x is suppos$1 t ! sw9e probably belong$ to ,jews1 & t ,jesus int5d$ to puni% !m = _! covet\s transgression ( ! law1 #abcd t he act$ ) div9e au?ority1 :i* (t5 sacrifices individual good to high] objects1 & by lightn+1 hail & inundations causes de/ruction to ! prop]ty ( _m m51 #abce 9 :i* case1 to accuse ,god ( inju/ice w\ld be absurd4 #abcf ,b to adopt ?is exp$i5t is to conf\nd1 9 a way ! mo/ inadmissible on ! or?odox sy/em1 ,*ri/'s /ate ( humiliation ) 8 /ate ( exaltation3 x is to dep>t1 9 a _s ( my/icism1 f ! wise doctr9e ( ,paul1 t he 0 made "u ! law1 7,gal4 iv4 #d71 & t he made himself ( no reputation 7,phil4 ii4 #g73 x is to make ,jesus a be+ altoge!r =eign to u1 s9ce 9 relation to ! moral e/imate ( 8 actions1 x lifts him above ! /&>d ( humanity4 ,no?+ rema9s1 !re=e1 b to take ! naturali/ic supposition ( ! ru%+ ( ! demoniacs among ! sw9e1 & to repres5t ! consequ5t de/ruction ( ! latt] z some?+ unexpect$ by ,jesus1 = :i* !re=e he is n responsible3 #abcg 9 ! pla9e/ contradiction to ! evangelical acc\nt1 :i* makes ,jesus1 ev5 if n directly cause ! issue1 =esee x 9 ! mo/ decid$ mann]4 #abch ,?us !re appe>s to atta* to ,jesus ! *>ge ( an injury done to ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 & ! oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity h long ago made ?is use ( ! n>rative4 #abci ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,py?agoras 9 a simil> case act$ f> m ju/ly1 = :5 he lib]at$ "s fi% f ! net1 he indemnifi$ ! fi%]m5 :o _h tak5 !m4 #abdj ,?us ! n>rative be=e u is a tissue ( difficulties1 ( :i* ^? relat+ to ! sw9e are n ! slighte/4 ,x is no wond] !re=e t comm5tators began to d\bt ! ?or\gh hi/orical tru? ( ?is anecdote e>li] ?an t ( mo/ o!rs 9 ! public life ( ,jesus1 & p>ticul>ly to sev] ! connexion betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ! sw9e & ! expulsion ( ! demons by ,jesus4 ,?us ,krug ?\ght t tradition _h rev]s$ ! ord] ( ^! two facts4 ,! sw9e accord+ to him 7 precipitat$ into ! sea be=e ! l&+ ( ,jesus1 by ! /orm :i* rag$ dur+ 8 voyage1 & :5 ,jesus subsequ5tly wi%$ to cure ! demoniac1 ei!r he himself or "o ( 8 foll[]s p]suad$ ! man t 8 demons 7 already gone into ^? sw9e & _h hurl$ !m into ! sea2 :i* 0 !n believ$ & report$ to be ! fact4 #abda ,k4 ,*4 ,l4 ,s*midt makes ! sw9e-h]ds g to meet ,jesus on 8 l&+2 dur+ :i* int]im _m ( ! unt5d$ sw9e fall into ! sea2 & z ab\t ?is "t ,jesus _h comm&$ ! demon to dep>t f ! man1 ! by/&]s imag9e t ! two ev5ts #abdb /ood 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,! prom95t "p :i* is play$ 9 ^! endeav\rs at explanation1 by ! accid5tal co9cid5ce ( _m circum/ances1 betrays t maladroit mixture ( ! my?ical sy/em ( int]pretation ) ! natural :i* *>act]izes ! e>lie/ attempts1 f ! my?ical po9t ( view4 ,in/ead ( inv5t+ a natural f\ndation1 = :i* we h n[h]e any w>rant1 & :i* 9 no degree expla9s ! actual n>rative 9 ! gospels1 adorn$ z x is ) ! miracul\s2 we mu/ r ask1 :e!r 9 ! probable p]iod ( ! =mation ( ! evangelical n>ratives1 !re are n ideas to be f\nd f :i* ! /ory ( ! sw9e 9 ! hi/ory be=e u might be expla9$8 ,we h already adduc$ "o op9ion ( t age be>+ on ?is po9t1 namely1 t demons are unwill+ to rema9 )\t bodies1 & t !y h a pr$ilection = impure places1 :5ce ! bodies ( sw9e mu/ be be/ suit$ to !m3 ?is does n h[ev] expla9 :y !y %\ld h precipitat$ ! sw9e into ! wat]4 ,b we are n de/itute ( in=mation t w ?r[ light on ?is also4 ,josephus tells u ( a ,jewi% conjuror :o ca/ out demons by =ms & means d]iv$ f ,solomon1 t 9 ord] to conv9ce ! by/&]s ( ! reality ( 8 expulsions1 he set a vessel ( wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! possess$ p]son1 s t ! dep>t+ demon mu/ ?r[ x d[n & ?us give ocul> pro( to ! spectators t he 0 out ( ! man4 #abdc ,9 l mann] x is n>rat$ ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 t he comm&$ a demon :i* possess$ a "y man1 to dep>t ) a visible sign1 :]eupon ! demon entreat$ t he might ov]turn a /atue t /ood ne> at h&2 :i* to ! great a/oni%m5t ( ! spectators actually ensu$ 9 ! v mom5t t ! demon w5t out ( ! y\?4 #abdd ,if !n ! agitation ( "s ne> object1 )\t visible contact1 0 held ! sure/ pro( ( ! reality ( an expulsion ( demons3 ?is pro( c\ld n be want+ to ,jesus2 nay1 :ile 9 ! case ( ,eleaz>1 ! object be+ only a little 77 remov$ f ! exorcis] & ! pati5t1 ! possibility ( deception 0 n altoge!r exclud$1 ,mat!w notices 9 relation to ,jesus1 m emphatically ?an ! two o!r ,evangeli/s1 ! fact t ! h]d ( sw9e 0 fe$+ a good way (f 771 ?us remov+ ! la/ remnant ( su* a possibility4 ,t ! object to :i* ,jesus appli$ ?is pro(1 0 f ! fir/ said to be a h]d ( sw9e1 imm$iately proce$$ f ! ,jewi% idea ( ! relation betwe5 unclean spirits & animals1 b x furni%$ a welcome opportunity = satisfy+ ano!r t5d5cy ( ! leg5d4 ,n only did x behove ,jesus to cure ord9>y demoniacs1 su* z ! "o 9 ! hi/ory fir/ consid]$2 he mu/ h succe$$ 9 ! mo/ difficult cures ( ?is k9d4 ,x is ! evid5t object ( ! pres5t n>rative1 f ! v comm5cem5t1 ) its />tl+ description ( ! fe>ful condition ( ! ,gad>5e1 to repres5t ! cure z "o ( extreme difficulty4 ,b to make x m complicat$1 ! possession mu/ be1 n simple1 b manifold1 z 9 ! case ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 out ( :om 7 ca/ sev5 demons 7,luke viii4 #b71 or 9 ! demoniacal relapse 9 :i* ! expell$ demon returns ) sev5 worse ?an himself 7,matt4 xii4 #de72 :5ce ! numb] ( ! demons 0 "h made1 especially by ,m>k1 to exce$ by f> ! probable numb] ( a h]d4 ,z 9 relation to an inanimate object1 z a vessel ( wat] or a /atue1 ! influ5ce ( ! expell$ demons c\ld n be m cle>ly manife/$ by any means1 ?an by its fall+ ov] contr>y to ! law ( gravity2 s 9 animals x c\ld n be m surely atte/$ 9 any way1 ?an by _! dr[n+ !mselves contr>y to _! in/9ctive desire ( life4 ,only by ?is d]ivation ( our n>rative f ! conflu5ce ( v>i\s ideas & int]e/s ( ! age1 c we expla9 ! above notic$ contradiction1 t ! demons fir/ petition = ! bodies ( ! sw9e z a habitation1 & imm$iately aft] ( _! own accord de/roy ?is habitation4 ,! petition grew1 z we h said1 out ( ! idea t demons %unn$ incorporeality1 ! de/ruction1 out ( ! ord9>y te/ ( ! reality ( an exorcism2--:at wond] if ! comb9ation ( ideas s het]og5e\s produc$ two contradictory features 9 ! n>rative8 ,! ?ird & la/ circum/antially n>rat$ expulsion ( a demon has ! peculi> feature1 t 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! disciples 9 va9 attempt ! cure1 :i* ,jesus !n effects ) ease4 ,! ?ree synopti/s 7,matt4 xvii4 #ad ff42 ,m>k ix4 #ad ff42 ,luke ix4 #cg ff47 unanim\sly /ate t ,jesus hav+ desc5d$ ) 8 ?ree mo/ confid5tial disciples f ! ,m\nt ( ! ,transfiguration1 f\nd 8 o!r disciples 9 p]plexity1 because !y 7 unable to cure a possess$ boy1 :om 8 fa!r _h br\ght to !m4 ,9 ?is n>rative also !re is a gradation f ! greate/ simplicity 9 ,mat!w1 to ! greate/ p>ticul>ity ( description 9 ,m>k2 & "h aga9 ?is gradation has l$ to ! conclusion t ! n>rative ( ,mat!w is ! f>!/ f ! fact1 & mu/ be made subord9ate to t ( ! two o!r ,evangeli/s4 #abde ,9 ! introduction ( ! incid5t 9 ,mat!w1 ,jesus1 hav+ desc5d$ f ! m\nta91 jo9s ! multitude 771 :]eupon ! fa!r ( ! boy approa*es1 & on 8 knees entreats ,jesus to cure 8 *ild2 9 ,luke1 ! multitude 77 meet ,jesus2 la/ly1 9 ,m>k1 ,jesus sees ar\nd ! disciples a great multitude1 among :om 7 scribes disput+ ) !m2 ! p1 :5 !y see him1 run t[>ds him & salute him1 he inquires :at is ! subject ( dispute1 & on ?is ! fa!r ( ! boy beg9s to speak4 ,"h we h a climax 9 relation to ! conduct ( ! p2 9 ,mat!w1 ,jesus appe>s to jo9 !m by accid5t2 9 ,luke1 !y come to meet him2 & 9 ,m>k1 !y run t[>ds him to salute him4 ,! la/ ,evangeli/ has ! s+ul> rem>k3 ,& /raightway all ! p1 :5 !y saw him1 7 greatly amaz$4 ,:at c\ld !re possibly be s greatly to amaze ! p 9 ! arrival ( ,jesus ) "s disciples8 ,?is rema9s1 9 spite ( all ! o!r means ( explanation t h be5 devis$1 s ?or\gh a my/]y1 t ,i _c f9d s absurd z ,fritzs*e e/eems x1 ! idea ( ,eu?ymius1 t ,jesus hav+ j desc5d$ f ! ,m\nt ( ,transfiguration1 "s ( ! heav5ly radiance :i* _h !re %one ar\nd him 0 /ill visible1 z on ,moses :5 he came d[n f ,s9ai 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #bi f474 ,t among ?is ?rong ( p !re 7 scribes :o arraign$ ! disciples on ! gr\nd ( _! failure1 & involv$ !m 9 a dispute1 is 9 & by itself q natural2 b connect$ z x is ) ! exagg]ations conc]n+ ! behavi\r ( ! multitude1 ?is feature also becomes suspici\s1 especially z ! o!r two ,evangeli/s h x n2 s t if x c be %[n h[ ! n>rator might be l$ to ins]t x by a m5tal comb9ation ( 8 own1 we %all h suffici5t w>rant = r5\nc+ x4 ,%ortly be=e 7viii4 #aa71 on ! occasion ( ! dem& ( a sign f ,jesus by ! ,ph>isees1 ,m>k says1 1 !y began to "q ) him1 app>5tly on ! subject ( 8 ability to "w miracles2 & s "h :5 ! disciples %[ !mselves unable to p]=m a miracle1 he repres5ts ! scribes 7! majority ( :om belong$ to ! ,ph>isaic sect71 z 1 que/ion+ ) ! disciples4 ,9 ! succe$+ description ( ! boy's /ate !re is ! same gradation z to p>ticul>ity1 except t ,mat!w is ! "o :o alone has ! expression 7is lunatic71 :i* x is unfair to make a reproa* to him1 #abdf s9ce ! ref]5ce ( p]iodical disord]s to ! moon 0 n uncommon 9 ! "t ( ,jesus4 #abdg ,m>k alone calls ! _s t possess$ ! dumb boy 7v4 #ag71 & deaf 7v4 #be74 ,! emission ( in>ticulate s\nds by epileptics dur+ _! fits1 might be reg>d$ z ! dumbness ( ! demon1 & _! incapability ( notic+ any words address$ to !m1 z 8 deafness4 ,:5 ! fa!r has in=m$ ,jesus ( ! subject ( dispute & ( ! inability ( ! disciples to relieve ! boy1 ,jesus breaks =? into ! exclamation1 ,o fai?less & p]v]se g5]ation1 etc4 ,on a comp>ison ( ! close ( ! n>rative 9 ,mat!w1 :]e ,jesus1 :5 8 disciples ask him :y !y c\ld n ca/ out ! demon1 answ]s2 ,because ( y\r unbelief1 & proce$s to extol ! p[] ( fai?1 ev5 ?\gh no l>g] ?an a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 z suffici5t to remove m\nta9s 7v4 #ai ff473 x _c be d\bt$ t 9 ?is expression ( dissatisfaction ,jesus apo/rophizes 8 disciples1 9 ^: inability to ca/ out ! demon1 he f9ds a pro( ( _! /ill defici5t fai?4 #abdh ,?is conclud+ explanation ( ! want ( p[] 9 ! disciples1 by _! unbelief1 ,luke omits3 & ,m>k n only imitates him 9 ?is1 b also int]weaves 7v4 #ba-bd71 a by-sc5e betwe5 ,jesus & ! fa!r1 9 :i* he fir/ gives an amplifi$ description ( ! symptoms ( ! *ild's malady1 drawn p>tly f ,mat!w1 p>tly f 8 own res\rces1 & !n repres5ts ! fa!r1 on be+ requir$ to believe1 z confess+ ) te>s ! weakness ( 8 fai?1 & 8 desire t x may be /r5g!n$4 ,tak+ ?is toge!r ) ! m5tion ( ! disputative scribes1 we _c err 9 suppos+ ! spee* ( ,jesus1 ,o fai?less g5]ation1 etc41 9 ,m>k & also 9 ,luke to ref] to ! p1 z di/+ui%$ f ! disciples2 9 ,m>k1 m p>ticul>ly to ! fa!r1 ^: unbelief is intimat$ to be an imp$im5t to ! cure1 z 9 ano!r case 7,matt4 ix4 #b71 ! fai? ( relatives appe>s to fur!r ! desir$ object4 ,z h[ev] bo? ! ,evangeli/s give ?is aspect to ! circum/ances1 because !y d n "h give ! explanation ( ! ineffici5cy ( ! disciples by _! unbelief1 toge!r ) ! decl>ation conc]n+ ! p[] ( fai? to remove m\nta9s3 we mu/ inquire :e!r ! connexion 9 :i* !y place ^! disc\rses is m suitable ?an ?is 9 :i* !y are ins]t$ by ,mat!w4 ,9 ,luke ! decl>ation3 ,if ye h fai? z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 etc4 7nei!r he nor ,m>k has1 ,because ( y\r unbelief71 occurs xvii4 #e1 #f1 ) only ! slight v>iation1 t in/ead ( ! m\nta9 a tree is nam$2 b x is "h de/itute ( any connexion ei!r ) ! =ego+ or ! foll[+ context1 & has ! appe>ance ( a %ort /ray fragm5t1 ) an introduction1 no d\bt fictiti\s 7( ! same k9d z ,luke xi4 #a1 xiii4 #bc71 9 ! =m ( an entreaty f ! disciples3 ,"l1 increase our fai?4 ,m>k gives ! s5t5ce on ! fai? :i* removes m\nta9s z ! moral ( ! hi/ory ( ! curs$ fig tree1 :]e ,mat!w also has x a second "t4 ,b to ?is hi/ory ! decl>ation is totally unsuitable1 z we %all pres5tly see2 & if we are unwill+ to cont5t ourselves ) ignorance ( ! occasion on :i* x 0 utt]$1 we mu/ accept its connexion 9 ,mat!w z ! orig9al "o1 = x is p]fectly appropriate to a failure ( ! disciples 9 an attempt$ cure4 ,m>k has s\ght to make ! sc5e m effective by o!r additions1 beside ?is episode ) ! fa!r2 he tells u t ! p ran toge!r t !y might obs]ve :at 0 pass+1 t aft] ! expulsion ( ! demon ! boy 0 z "o dead1 insomu* t _m said1 he is dead2 b t ,jesus1 tak+ him by ! h&1 z he does else:]e ) ! dead 7,matt4 ix4 #be71 lifts him up & re/ores him to life4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! cure1 ,luke dismisses ! n>rative ) a brief notice ( ! a/oni%m5t ( ! p2 b ! two fir/ synopti/s pursue ! subject by mak+ ! disciples1 :5 alone ) ,jesus1 ask him :y !y 7 n able to ca/ out ! demon8 ,9 ,mat!w ! imm$iate reply ( ,jesus acc\nts = _! incapability by _! unbelief2 b 9 ,m>k1 8 answ] is1 ,?is k9d goe? n out b by pray] & fa/+1 :i* ,mat!w also adds aft] ! disc\rse on unbelief & ! p[] ( fai?4 ,?is seems to be an un=tunate connexion ( ,mat!w's2 = if fa/+ & pray+ 7 necess>y = ! cure1 ! disciples1 9 case !y _h n previ\sly fa/$1 c\ld n h ca/ out ! demon ev5 if !y _h possess$ ! firme/ fai?4 #abdi ,:e!r ^! two reasons giv5 by ,jesus = ! inability ( ! disciples c be made consi/5t by ! obs]vation1 t fa/+ & pray] are means ( /r5g!n+ fai?2 #abej or :e!r we are to suppose ) ,s*lei]ma*] an association ( two orig9ally unrelat$ passages1 we w n "h attempt to decide4 ,t su* a spiritual & corporeal discipl9e on ! "p ( ! exorci/ %\ld h effect on ! possess$1 has be5 held surpris+3 x has be5 ?\ght ) ,porphyry1 #abea t x w\ld r be to ! purpose t ! pati5t %\ld obs]ve ?is discipl9e1 & h5ce x has be5 suppos$ t ! 1 pray] & fa/+1 7 prescrib$ to ! demoniac z a means ( mak+ ! cure radical4 #abeb ,b ?is is evid5tly 9 contradiction to ! text4 ,= if fa/+ & pray+ on ! "p ( ! pati5t 7 necess>y = ! success ( ! cure1 x mu/ h be5 gradual & n sudd51 z all cures are :i* are attribut$ to ,jesus 9 ! gospels1 & z ?is is pla9ly en\gh impli$ to be by ! words1 1 & ! *ild 0 cur$ f t v h\r1 9 ,mat!w1 & ! ^w 1 he cur$1 plac$ betwe5 444 ,jesus rebuk$ ! unclean _s1 & 444 deliv]$ him aga9 to 8 fa!r1 9 ,luke4 ,x is true ,paulus turns ! above expression ( ,mat!w to 8 advantage1 = he und]/&s x to mean t f t "t =w>d ! boy1 by ! application ( ! prescrib$ discipl9e1 gradually recov]$4 ,b we ne$ only obs]ve ! same =m ( expression :]e x else:]e occurs z ! f9al s5t5ce 9 n>ratives ( cures1 to be conv9c$ ( ! impossibility ( su* an int]pretation4 ,:51 = example1 ! /ory ( ! woman :o _h an issue ( blood closes ) ! rem>k 7,matt4 ix4 #bb7 1 ?is w h>dly be translat$1 et ex9de muli] paulatim s]vabatur3 x c only mean3 s]vata e/ 7et s]vatam se prbuit7 ab illo temporis mom5to4 ,ano!r po9t to :i* ,paulus appeals z a pro( t ,jesus "h comm5c$ a cure :i* 0 to be consummat$ by degrees1 is ! expression ( ,luke1 1 he deliv]$ him aga9 to 8 fa!r1 :i*1 he argues1 w\ld h be5 r sup]flu\s1 if x 7 n int5d$ to imply a recomm5dation to special c>e4 ,b ! m imm$iate signification ( is n to deliv] or give up1 b to give back2 & !re=e 9 ! above expression ! only s5se is3 pu]um1 quem san&um accep]at1 sanatum r$didit1 t is1 ! boy :o _h fall5 into ! h&s ( a /range p[]--( ! demon--0 re/or$ to ! p>5ts z _! own4 ,la/ly1 h[ arbitr>y is x 9 ,paulus to take ! expression 1 goe? out 7,matt4 v4 #ba71 9 ! clos] signification ( a total dep>ture1 & to di/+ui% ?is f ! prelim9>y dep>ture :i* foll[$ on ! b>e ^w ( ,jesus 7v4 #ah76 ,?us 9 ?is case1 z 9 e o!r1 ! gospels pres5t to u1 n a cure :i* 0 protract$ ?r\gh days & weeks1 b a cure :i* 0 in/antane\sly complet$ by "o miracle3 h5ce ! fa/+ & pray] _c be reg>d$ z a prescription = ! pati5t4 ,) ?is :ole hi/ory mu/ be comp>$ an analog\s n>rative 9 #b ,k+s iv4 #bi ff4 ,"h ! prophet ,eli%a attempts to br+ a dead *ild to life1 by s5d+ 8 /aff by ! h&s ( 8 s]vant ,gehazi1 :o is to lay x on ! face ( ! *ild2 b ?is measure does n succe$1 & ,eli%a is oblig$ 9 8 own p]son to come & call ! boy to life4 ,! same relation t exi/s 9 ?is ,old ,te/am5t /ory betwe5 ! prophet & 8 s]vant1 is se5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rative betwe5 ! ,messiah & 8 disciples3 ! latt] c d no?+ )\t _! ma/]1 b :at 0 too difficult = !m1 he effects ) c]ta9ty4 ,n[ ?is feature is a clue to ! t5d5cy ( bo? n>ratives1 namely1 to exalt _! ma/] by exhibit+ ! di/ance betwe5 him & 8 mo/ intimate disciples2 or1 if we comp>e ! evangelical n>rative be=e u ) t ( ! demoniacs ( ,gad>a1 we may say3 ! latt] case 0 made to appe> "o ( extreme difficulty 9 itself2 ! =m]1 by ! relation 9 :i* ! p[] ( ,jesus1 :i* is adequate to ! occasion1 is plac$ to ! p[] ( ! disciples1 :i*1 h[ev] great 9 o!r in/ances1 0 "h insuffici5t4 ,( ! o!r m briefly n>rat$ expulsions ( demons1 ! cure ( a dumb demoniac & ( "o :o 0 bl9d also1 has be5 already suffici5tly exam9$ 9 connexion ) ! accusation ( a league ) ,beelzebub3 z also ! cure ( ! woman :o 0 b[$ d[n1 9 our g5]al consid]ations on ! demoniacs4 ,! cure ( ! possess$ daught] ( ! ,canaaniti% woman 7,matt4 xv4 #bb ff42 ,m>k vii4 #be ff47 has no fur!r peculi>ity ?an t x 0 wr\ght by ! ^w ( ,jesus at a di/ance3 a po9t ( :i* we %all speak lat]4 ,accord+ to ! evangelical n>ratives1 ! attempt ( ,jesus to expel ! demon succe$$ 9 e "o ( ^! cases4 ,paulus rem>ks t cures ( ?is k9d1 al?\gh !y contribut$ m ?an any?+ else to impress ! multitude ) v5]ation = ,jesus1 7 yet ! easie/ 9 !mselves1 & ev5 ,de ,wette sanctions a psy*ological explanation ( ! cures ( demoniacs1 ?\gh ( no o!rs4 #abec ,) ^! op9ions we _c b agree2 = if we reg>d ! real "* ( ! demoniacal /ate z a species ( madness accompani$ by a convulsive t5d5cy ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 we "k t psy*ical & n]v\s disord]s are mo/ easily wr\ght ^u by psy*ical influ5ce2--an influ5ce to :i* ! surpass+ dignity ( ,jesus z a prophet1 & ev5tually ev5 z ! ,messiah himself1 pres5t$ all ! requisite conditions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ gradation among ^! /ates1 accord+ z ! psy*ical d]angem5t has m or less fix$ itself corporeally1 & ! di/urbance ( ! n]v\s sy/em has become m or less habitual1 & %>$ by ! re/ ( ! organization4 ,we may !re=e lay d[n ! foll[+ rule3 ! m /rictly ! malady 0 conf9$ to m5tal d]angem5t1 on :i* ! ^w ( ,jesus might h an imm$iate moral influ5ce1 or 9 a comp>atively slight di/urbance ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 on :i* he w\ld be able to act p[]fully ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! m9d1 ! m possible 0 x = ,jesus by 8 ^w 7,matt4 viii4 #af71 & in/antly 7,luke xiii4 #ac71 to put an end to su* /ates3 on ! o!r h&1 ! m ! malady _h already confirm$ itself1 z a bodily disease1 ! m difficult is x to believe t ,jesus 0 able to relieve x 9 a purely psy*ological mann] & at ! fir/ mom5t4 ,f ?is rule results a second3 namely1 t to any ext5sive psy*ological influ5ce on ! "p ( ,jesus ! full recognition ( 8 dignity z a prophet 0 requisite2 :5ce x foll[s t at times & 9 di/ricts :]e he _h long _h t reputation1 he c\ld effect m 9 ?is way ?an :]e he _h x n4 ,if we apply ^! two measures to ! cures 9 ! gospels1 we %all f9d t ! fir/1 viz41 t ( ! demoniac 9 ! synagogue at ,cap]naum1 is n1 s soon z we cease to consid] ! ,evangeli/'s n>rative ( x circum/antially correct1 altoge!r de/itute ( probability4 ,x is true t ! words attribut$ to ! demon seem to imply an intuitive k ( ,jesus2 b ?is may be probably acc\nt$ = by ! supposition t ! widely-spread fame ( ,jesus 9 t c\ntry1 & 8 p[]ful disc\rse 9 ! synagogue1 _h impress$ ! demoniac ) ! belief1 if n t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 z ! ,evangeli/s say1 at lea/ t he mu/ be a prophet3 a belief t w\ld give effect to 8 words4 ,z reg>ds ! /ate ( ?is demoniac we are only told ( 8 fix$ idea 7t he 0 possess$71 & ( 8 attacks ( convulsions2 8 malady may !re=e h be5 ( ! less root$ k9d1 & accessible to psy*ological influ5ce4 ,! cure ( ! ,gad>5es is att5d$ ) m difficulty 9 bo? po9ts ( view4 ,fir/ly1 ,jesus 0 comp>atively little kn[n on ! ea/]n %ore2 & secondly1 ! /ate ( ^! demoniacs is describ$ z s viol5t & deep-seat$ a mania1 t a ^w f ,jesus c\ld h>dly suffice to put an end to x4 ,"h !re=e ! natural explanation ( ,paulus w n suffice1 & if we are to reg>d ! n>rative z hav+ any f\ndation 9 fact1 we mu/ suppose t ! description ( ! demoniac's /ate1 z well z o!r p>ticul>s1 has be5 exagg]at$ by ! leg5d4 ,! same judgm5t mu/ be pass$ 9 relation to ! cure ( ! boy :o 0 lunatic1 s9ce an epilepsy :i* _h exi/$ f infancy 7,m>k v4 #ba7 & ! attacks ( :i* 7 s viol5t & regul>1 mu/ be too deeply root$ 9 ! sy/em = ! possibility ( s rapid & purely psy*ological a cure to be cr$ible4 ,t ev5 dumbness & a contraction ( _m ye>s' duration1 :i* we _c ) ,paulus expla9 z a m]e insane imag9ation t spee* or an erect c>riage 0 n p]mitt$1 #abed--t ^! afflictions %\ld disappe> at a ^w1 no "o :o is n committ$ to dogmatical op9ions c p]suade himself4 ,la/ly1 lea/ ( all is x to be conceiv$1 t ev5 )\t ! impos+ influ5ce ( 8 pres5ce1 ! miracle-work] c\ld effect a cure at a di/ance1 z ,jesus is said to h done on ! daught] ( ! ,canaaniti% woman4 ,?us 9 ! nature ( ?+s !re is no?+ to prev5t ! admission1 t ,jesus cur$ _m p]sons :o suff]$ f suppos$ demoniacal insanity or n]v\s disord]1 9 a psy*ical mann]1 by ! asc5dancy ( 8 mann] & words 7if inde$ ,v5tur9i #abee & ,kais] #abef are n "r 9 _! conjecture1 t pati5ts ( ?is class (t5 believ$ !mselves to be cur$1 :5 9 fact ! crisis only ( _! disord] _h be5 brok5 by ! influ5ce ( ,jesus2 & t ! ,evangeli/s /ate !m to h be5 cur$ because !y le>n$ no?+ fur!r ( !m1 & ?us knew no?+ ( _! probable relapse74 ,b :ile grant+ ! possibility ( _m cures1 x is evid5t t 9 ?is field ! leg5d has n be5 idle1 b has conf\nd$ ! easi] cases1 :i* alone c\ld be cur$ psy*ologically1 ) ! mo/ difficult & complicat$1 to :i* su* a treatm5t 0 totally inapplicable4 #abeg ,is ! refusal ( a sign on ! "p ( ,jesus reconcilable ) su* a manife/ation ( p[] z we h above def9$1--or mu/ ev5 su* cures z c be expla9$ psy*ologically1 b :i* 9 8 age mu/ h seem$ miracles1 be d5i$ 9 ord] to make t refusal compreh5sible8 ,we w n "h put ?is alt]native o!rwise ?an z a "q4 ,if 9 conclusion we ca/ a glance on ! gospel ( ,john1 we f9d t x does n ev5 m5tion demoniacs & _! cure by ,jesus4 ,?is omission has n seldom be5 turn$ to ! advantage ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 ! alleg$ au?or1 z indicat+ a sup]ior degree ( enlight5m5t4 #abeh ,if h[ev] ?is apo/le did n believe 9 ! reality ( possession by devils1 he mu/ h _h1 z ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 accord+ to ! ord9>y view ( 8 relation to ! synoptical writ]s1 ! /ronge/ motives = rectify+ _! /atem5ts1 & prev5t+ ! dissem9ation ( :at he held to be a false op9ion1 by sett+ ! cures 9 "q 9 a true light4 ,b h[ c\ld ! ,apo/le ,john arrive at ! rejection ( ! op9ion t ! above diseases _h _! f\ndation 9 demoniacal possession8 ,accord+ to ,josephus x 0 at t p]iod a popul> ,jewi% op9ion1 f :i* a ,jew ( ,pale/9e :o1 l ,john1 did n visit a =eign l& until late 9 life1 w\ld h>dly be 9 a condition to lib]ate himself2 x 01 accord+ to ! nature ( ?+s & ! synoptical acc\nts1 ! op9ion ( ,jesus himself1 ,john's ador$ ma/]1 f :om ! fav\rite disciple c]ta9ly w\ld n be incl9$ to sw]ve ev5 a hair's bread?4 ,b if ,john %>$ ) 8 cotempor>ies & ) ,jesus himself ! notion ( real demoniacal possession1 & if ! cure ( demoniacs =m$ ! pr9cipal "p1 nay1 p]haps ! true f\ndation ( ! alleg$ miracul\s p[]s ( ,jesus3 h[ comes x t ! ,apo/le nev]!less makes no m5tion ( !m 9 8 gospel8 ,t he pass$ ov] !m because ! o!r ,evangeli/s _h collect$ en\gh ( su* hi/ories1 is a supposition t ought by ?is "t to be rel9qui%$1 s9ce he repeats m ?an "o hi/ory ( a miracle :i* !y _h already giv52 & if x be said t he repeat$ ^! because !y ne$$ correction1--we h se51 9 our exam9ation ( ! cures ( demoniacs1 t 9 _m a r$uction ( !m to _! simple hi/orical elem5ts w\ld be v mu* 9 place4 ,!re yet rema9s ! supposition t1 ! hi/ories ( demoniacs be+ incr$ible or (f5sive to ! cultivat$ ,greeks ( ,asia ,m9or1 among :om ,john is said to h writt51 he left !m out ( 8 gospel = ! sake ( accommodat+ himself to _! ideas4 ,b we mu/ ask1 c\ld or %\ld an apo/le1 out ( m]e accommodation to ! ref9$ e>s ( 8 auditors1 )hold s ess5tial a feature ( ! ag5cy ( ,jesus8 ,c]ta9ly ?is sil5ce1 suppos+ ! au!nticity ( ! ?ree fir/ gospels1 r indicates an au?or :o _h n be5 an eye-witness ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus2 or1 accord+ to our view1 at lea/ "o :o _h n at 8 comm& ! orig9al tradition ( ,pale/9e1 b only a tradition modifi$ by ,hell5i/ic influ5ce1 9 :i* ! expulsions ( demons1 be+ less accordant ) ! high] culture ( ! ,greeks1 7 ei!r totally suppress$ or kept s f> 9 ! backgr\nd t !y might h escap$ ! notice ( ! au?or ( ! gospel4 #id4 ,,cures ,,( ,,lep]s4 ,among ! suff]]s :om ,jesus heal$1 ! lepr\s play a prom95t "p1 z might h be5 anticipat$ f ! t5d5cy ( ! climate ( ,pale/9e to produce cutane\s disease4 ,:51 accord+ to ! synoptical writ]s1 ,jesus directs ! att5tion ( ! ,bapti/'s mess5g]s to ! actual pro(s :i* he _h giv5 ( 8 ,messiah%ip 7,matt4 ix4 #e71 he adduces among ^!1 ! cleans+ ( lep]s2 :51 on ! fir/ mission ( ! disciples1 he emp[]s !m to p]=m all k9ds ( miracles1 ! cleans+ ( lep]s is numb]$ among ! fir/ 7,matt4 x4 #h71 & two cases ( su* cures are n>rat$ to u 9 detail4 ,"o ( ^! cases is common to all ! synoptical writ]s1 b is plac$ by !m 9 two diff]5t connexions3 namely1 by ,mat!w1 imm$iately aft] ! deliv]y ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7viii4 #a ff472 by ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 at "s p]iod1 n precisely m>k$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus 9 ,galilee 7,m>k i4 #dj ff42 ,luke v4 #ab ff474 ,accord+ to ! n>ratives1 a lep] comes t[>ds ,jesus1 & fall+ on 8 knees1 entreats t he may be cleans$2 ?is ,jesus effects by a t\*1 & !n directs ! lep] to pres5t himself to ! prie/ 9 ob$i5ce to ! law1 t he may be pron\nc$ clean 7,lev4 xiv4 #b ff474 ,! /ate ( ! man is 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k describ$ simply by ! ^w 1 a lep]2 b 9 ,luke m /rongly1 by ! words1 1 full ( leprosy4 ,paulus1 inde$1 reg>ds ! be+ ?us replete ) leprosy z a symptom t ! pati5t 0 curable 7! eruption & peel+ ( ! leprosy on ! entire sk9 be+ indicative ( ! heal+ crisis72 & accord+ly1 t comm5tator repres5ts ! incid5t to himself 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! lep] appli$ to ,jesus 9 8 "* ( ,messiah = an op9ion on 8 /ate1 &1 ! result be+ fav\rable1 = a decl>ation t he 0 clean 7 1 71 :i* might ei!r sp>e him an application to ! prie/1 or at all ev5ts give him a consolatory hope 9 mak+ t application4 ,jesus express+ himself ready to make ! desir$ exam9ation 771 /ret*$ out 8 h&1 9 ord] to feel ! pati5t1 )\t all[+ too ne> an approa* :ile he 0 possibly /ill capable ( communicat+ contagion2 & aft] a c>eful exam9ation1 he express$1 z its result1 ! conviction t ! pati5t 0 no long] 9 a contagi\s /ate 771 :]eupon quickly & easily 77 ! leprosy actually disappe>$4 #abei ,"h1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! supposition t ! lep] 0 precisely at ! crisis ( heal+ is =eign to ! text1 :i* 9 ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s speaks m]ely ( leprosy1 :ile ! ( ! ?ird c mean no?+ else ?an ! ,old ,te/am5t expression 7,exod4 iv4 #f1 ,num4 xii4 #aj2 #b ,k+s v4 #bg71 :i*1 accord+ to ! connexion 9 e in/ance1 signifies ! wor/ /age ( leprosy4 ,t ! ^w 9 ! ,hebraic & ,hell5i/ic use ( ! ,greek language1 might also mean m]ely to pron\nce clean is n to be d5i$1 only x mu/ reta9 ! signification ?r\gh\t ! passage4 ,b t aft] hav+ n>rat$ t ,jesus _h said1 ,be ?\ clean1 1 ,mat!w %\ld h add$ 444 9 ! s5se t ?us ! sick man 0 actually pron\nc$ clean by ,jesus1 is1 f ! absurd tautology su* an int]pretation w\ld introduce1 s inconceivable1 t we mu/ "h1 & consequ5tly ?r\gh\t ! n>rative1 und]/& ! ^w ( actual cleans+4 ,x is suffici5t to rem9d ! read] ( ! expressions 1 ! lep]s are cleans$ 7,matt4 xi4 #e71 & 1 cleanse ! lep]s 7,matt4 x4 #h71 :]e nei!r c ! latt] ^w signify m]ely to pron\nce clean1 nor c x h ano!r mean+ ?an 9 ! n>rative be=e u4 ,b ! po9t 9 :i* ! natural int]pretation ! mo/ pla9ly betrays its weakness1 is ! disjunction ( 1 ,i w1 f 1 be ?\ clean4 ,:o c p]suade himself t ^! words1 unit$ z !y are 9 all ! ?ree n>ratives1 7 sep>at$ by a consid]able pause--t 0 spok5 dur+ or m prop]ly be=e ! manipulation1 aft]1 :5 all ! ,evangeli/s repres5t ! two words z hav+ be5 utt]$ by ,jesus )\t sep>ation :il/ he t\*$ ! lep]8 ,surely1 if ! alleg$ s5se _h be5 ! orig9al "o1 at lea/ "o ( ! ,evangeli/s1 in/ead ( ! words 1 1 ,jesus t\*$ him1 say+1 ,i w1 be ?\ clean1 w\ld h sub/itut$ ! m accurate expression1 4 1 1 ,jesus answ]$1 ,i w2 & hav+ t\*$ him1 said3 be ?\ clean4 ,b if 0 spok5 9 "o brea? ) 1 s t ,jesus ann\nces ! cleans+ simply z a result ( 8 w )\t any int]m$iate exam9ation1 ! =m] ^w _c possibly signify a m]e decl>ation ( cleanness1 to :i* a previ\s exam9ation w\ld be requisite1 & x mu/ signify an actual mak+ clean4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! ^w 9 ?is connexion is n to be und]/ood ( an exploratory manipulation1 b1 z 9 all o!r n>ratives ( ! same class1 ( a curative t\*4 ,9 support ( 8 natural explanation ( ?is incid5t1 ,paulus appeals to ! rule1 t inv>iably ! ord9>y & regul> is to be presuppos$ 9 a n>rative :]e ! contr>y is n expressly indicat$4 #abfj ,b ?is rule %>es ! ambiguity :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! entire sy/em ( natural int]pretation1 s9ce x leaves undecid$ :at is ord9>y & regul> 9 our e/imation1 & :at 0 s 9 ! ideas ( ! au?or ^: writ+s are to be expla9$4 ,c]ta9ly1 if ,i h a ,gibbon be=e me1 ,i mu/ 9 8 n>ratives presuppose only natural causes & occurr5ces :5 he does n expressly convey ! contr>y1 because to a writ] ( 8 cultivation1 ! sup]natural is at ! utmo/ only conceivable z a r>e exception4 ,b ! case is alt]$ :5 ,i take up an ,h]odotus1 9 ^: mode ( ?\ght ! int]v5tion ( high] p[]s is by no means unusual & out ( rule2 & :5 ,i am consid]+ a collection ( anecdotes :i* are ! product ( ,jewi% soil1 & ! object ( :i* is to repres5t an individual z a prophet ( ! highe/ rank--z a man 9 ! mo/ intimate connexion ) ! ,deity1 to meet ) ! sup]natural is s completely a ?+ ( c\rse1 t ! rule ( ! rationali/s mu/ "h be rev]s$1 & we mu/ say3 :]e1 9 su* n>ratives1 importance is atta*$ to results :i*1 reg>d$ z natural1 w\ld h no importance :atev]1--!re1 sup]natural causes mu/ be expressly exclud$1 if we are n to presuppose x ! op9ion ( ! n>rator t su* causes 7 9 action4 ,moreov]1 9 ! hi/ory be=e u1 ! extraord9>y "* ( ! incid5t is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! /atem5t1 t ! leprosy left ! pati5t imm$iately on ! ^w ( ,jesus4 ,paulus1 x is true1 contrives1 z we h already obs]v$1 to int]pret ?is /atem5t z imply+ a gradual1 natural heal+1 on ! gr\nd t 1 ! ^w by :i* ! ,evangeli/s det]m9e ! "t ( ! cure1 signifies1 accord+ to ! diff]5t connexions 9 :i* x may occur1 9 "o case imm$iately1 9 ano!r m]ely soon1 & unob/ruct$ly4 ,grant+ ?is1 are we to und]/& ! words 1 :i* foll[ 9 close connexion 9 ,m>k 7v4 #dc71 z signify+ t soon & )\t h9drance ,jesus s5t ! cleans$ lep] away8 ,or is ! ^w to be tak5 9 a diff]5t s5se 9 two consecutive v]ses8 ,we conclude1 !n1 t 9 ! int5tion ( ! evangelical writ]s ! in/antane\s disappe>ance ( ! leprosy 9 consequ5ce ( ! ^w & t\* ( ,jesus1 is ! fact on :i* _! n>ratives turn4 ,n[ to repres5t ! possibility ( ?is to "o's self is q ano!r task ?an to imag9e ! in/antane\s release ( a man "u ! grasp ( a fix$ idea1 or a p]man5tly invigorat+ impression on a n]v\s pati5t4 ,leprosy1 f ! ?or\gh d]angem5t ( ! animal fluids ( :i* x is ! symptom1 is ! mo/ ob/9ate & malignant ( cutane\s diseases2 & t a sk9 corrod$ by ?is malady %\ld by a ^w & t\* in/antly become pure & heal?y1 is1 f its involv+ ! imm$iate effectuation ( :at w\ld require a long c\rse ( treatm5t1 s inconceivable1 #abfa t e "o :o is free f c]ta9 prejudices 7z ! critic ought always to be7 mu/ involunt>ily be rem9d$ by x ( ! realm ( fable4 ,& 9 ! fabul\s region ( ,ori5tal & m p>ticul>ly ( ,jewi% leg5d1 ! sudd5 appe>ance & disappe>ance ( leprosy pres5ts itself ! fir/ ?+4 ,:5 ,jehovah end[$ ,moses1 z a prep>ation = 8 mission into ,egypt1 ) ! p[] ( work+ all k9ds ( signs1 among/ o!r tok5s ( ?is gift he comm&$ him to put 8 h& into 8 bosom1 & :5 he drew x out aga91 x 0 cov]$ ) leprosy2 aga9 he 0 comm&$ to put x into 8 bosom1 & on draw+ x out a second "t x 0 once m clean 7,exod4 iv4 #f1 #g74 ,subsequ5tly1 on acc\nt ( an attempt at rebellion aga9/ ,moses1 8 si/] ,miriam 0 sudd5ly /rick5 ) leprosy1 b on ! int]cession ( ,moses 0 soon heal$ 7,num4 xii4 #aj ff474 ,above all1 among ! miracles ( ! prophet ,eli%a ! cure ( a lep] plays an important "p1 & to ?is ev5t ,jesus himself ref]s 7,luke iv4 #bg474 ,! ,syrian g5]al1 ,naaman1 :o suff]$ f leprosy1 appli$ to ! ,israeliti% prophet = 8 aid2 ! latt] s5t to him ! direction to wa% sev5 times 9 ! riv] ,jordan1 & on ,naaman's obs]vance ( ?is prescription ! leprosy actually disappe>$ b 0 subsequ5tly transf]r$ by ! prophet to 8 deceitful s]vant ,gehazi 7#b ,k+s v474 ,i "k n :at we ought to ne$ beyond ^! ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! evangelical anecdotes4 ,:at ! fir/ ,gl 0 emp[]$ to d 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ,jehovah's commission1 ! second ,gl mu/ also be able to p]=m & ! greate/ ( prophets mu/ n fall %ort ( ! a*ievem5ts ( any "o prophet4 ,if !n1 ! cure ( leprosy 0 )\t d\bt includ$ 9 ! ,jewi% idea ( ! ,messiah2 ! ,*ri/ians1 :o believ$ ! ,messiah to h really appe>$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus1 _h a yet m decid$ inducem5t to glorify 8 hi/ory by su* traits1 tak5 f ! ,mosaic & prophetic leg5d2 ) ! s+le diff]5ce t1 9 accordance ) ! mild _s ( ! ,new ,cov5ant 7,luke ix4 #ee f47 !y dropp$ ! punitive side ( ! old miracles4 ,some:at m plausible is ! appeal ( ! rationali/s to ! abs5ce ( an express /atem5t1 t a miracul\s cure ( ! leprosy is int5d$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! t5 lep]s1 giv5 by ,luke alone 7xvii4 #ab ff474 ,"h nei!r d ! lep]s expressly desire to be cur$1 _! words be+ only1 ,h m]cy on u2 nor does ,jesus utt] a comm& directly ref]r+ to su* a result1 = he m]ely enjo9s !m to %[ !mselves to ! prie/s3 & ! rationali/s avail !mselves ( ?is indirectness 9 8 reply1 z a help to _! supposition1 t ,jesus1 aft] asc]ta9+ ! /ate ( ! pati5ts1 enc\rag$ !m to subject !mselves to ! exam9ation ( ! prie/s1 :i* result$ 9 _! be+ pron\nc$ clean1 & ! ,sam>itan return$ to ?ank ,jesus = ,8 enc\rag+ advice4 #abfb ,b m]e advice does n call =? s ard5t a demon/ration ( gratitude z is "h describ$ by ! words 1 he fell d[n on 8 face2 /ill less c\ld ,jesus desire t because 8 advice _h _h a fav\rable issue1 all ! t5 %\ld h return$1 & return$ to glorify ,god--= :at8 t he _h enabl$ ,jesus to give !m su* good advice8 ,no3 a m real s]vice is "h presuppos$2 & ?is ! n>rative itself implies1 bo? 9 attribut+ ! return ( ! ,sam>itan to 8 discov]y t he 0 heal$ 7 71 & 9 mak+ ,jesus indicate ! reason :y ?anks 7 to be expect$ f all1 by ! words3 2 ,7 !re n t5 cleans$8 ,bo? ^! expressions c only by an extremely =c$ int]pretation be made to imply1 t because ! lep]s saw ! correctness ( ! judgm5t ( ,jesus 9 pron\nc+ !m clean1 "o ( !m actually return$ to ?ank him1 & ! o!rs ought to h return$4 ,b t :i* is mo/ decisive aga9/ ! natural explanation is ?is s5t5ce3 ,& z !y w5t !y 7 cleans$1 4 ,if ! n>rator int5d$1 accord+ to ! above int]pretation1 m]ely to say3 ! lep]s hav+ gone to ! prie/1 & %[$ !mselves to him1 7 pron\nc$ clean3 he mu/ at lea/ h said3 1 hav+ made ! j\rney !y 7 cleans$1 :]eas ! delib]ate *oice ( ! expression 7:ile 9 ! act ( go+71 inconte/ibly %[s t a heal+ effect$ dur+ ! j\rney is int5d$4 ,?us "h also we h a miracul\s cure ( leprosy1 :i* is burd5$ ) ! same difficulties z ! =m] anecdote2 ! orig9 ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 z easily expla9$4 ,b 9 ?is n>rative !re is a peculi>ity :i* di/+ui%es x f ! =m]4 ,"h !re is no simple cure1 nay1 ! cure does n prop]ly =m ! ma9 object ( ! n>rative3 ?is lies r 9 ! diff]5t conduct ( ! cur$1 & ! "q ( ,jesus1 7 !re n t5 cleans$1 etc4 7v4 #ag71 =ms ! po9t ( ! :ole1 :i* ?us closes altoge!r morally1 & seems to h be5 n>rat$ = ! sake ( ! in/ruction convey$4 #abfc ,t ! "o :o appe>s z a model ( ?ankfulness happ5s to be a ,sam>itan1 _c pass )\t rem>k1 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,evangeli/ :o alone has ! p>able ( ! ,good ,sam>itan4 ,z !re two ,jews1 a prie/ & a ,levite1 %[ !mselves pitiless1 :ile a ,sam>itan1 on ! contr>y1 proves exempl>ily compassionate3 s "h1 n9e un?ankful ,jews /& contra/$ ) "o ?ankful ,sam>itan4 ,may x n be !n 79 s f> z ! sudd5 cure ( ^! lep]s _c be hi/orical7 t we h "h1 z well z !re1 a p>able pron\nc$ by ,jesus1 9 :i* he int5d$ to repres5t gratitude1 z 9 ! o!r case compassion1 9 ! example ( a ,sam>itan8 ,x w\ld !n be ) ! pres5t n>rative z "s h ma9ta9$ x to be ) ! hi/ory ( ! temptation4 ,b 9 relation to ?is we h bo? %[n1 & giv5 ! reason1 t ,jesus nev] made himself imm$iately figure 9 a p>able1 & ?is he mu/ h done if he _h giv5 a n>rative ( t5 lep]s once heal$ by him4 ,if !n we are n incl9$ to rel9qui% ! idea t some?+ orig9ally p>abolic is ! g]m ( our pres5t n>rative1 we mu/ repres5t ! case to ourselves ?us3 f ! leg5ds ( cures p]=m$ by ,jesus on lep]s1 on ! "o h&2 & on ! o!r1 f p>ables 9 :i* ,jesus 7z 9 t ( ! compassionate ,sam>itan7 pres5t$ individuals ( ?is hat$ race z models ( v>i\s virtues1 ! ,*ri/ian leg5d wove ?is n>rative1 :i* is !re=e p>tly an acc\nt ( a miracle & p>tly a p>able4 #ie4 ,,cures ,,( ,,! ,,bl9d4 ,"o ( ! fir/ places among ! suff]]s cur$ by ,jesus is fill$ 7also agreeably to ! nature ( ! climate #abfd7 by ! bl9d1 ( ^: cure aga9 we read n only 9 ! g5]al descriptions :i* are giv5 by ! ,evangeli/s 7,matt4 xv4 #cj f42 ,luke vii4 #ba71 & by ,jesus himself 7,matt4 xi4 #e71 ( 8 messianic works1 b also 9 "s detail$ n>ratives ( p>ticul> cases4 ,we h inde$ m ( ^! cures ?an ( ! k9d la/ notic$1 d\btless because bl9dness1 z a malady affect+ ! mo/ delicate & complicat$ ( organs1 admitt$ a great] div]sity ( treatm5t4 ,"o ( ^! cures ( ! bl9d is common to all ! synoptical writ]s2 ! o!rs 7) ! exception ( ! bl9d & dumb demoniac 9 ,mat!w1 :om we ne$ n "h reconsid]7 are respectively peculi> to ! fir/1 second1 & f\r? ,evangeli/s4 ,! n>rative common to all ! ?ree synoptical writ]s is t ( a cure ( bl9dness wr\ght by ,jesus at ,j]i*o1 on 8 la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem 7,matt4 xx4 #bi p>all473 b !re are important diff]5ces bo? z to ! object ( ! cure1 ,mat!w hav+ two bl9d m51 ! two o!r ,evangeli/s only "o2 & also z to its locality1 ,luke mak+ x take place on ! entrance ( ,jesus into ,j]i*o1 ,mat!w & ,m>k on 8 dep>ture out ( ,j]i*o4 ,moreov] ! t\*+ ( ! eyes1 by :i*1 accord+ to ! fir/ evangeli/1 ,jesus effect$ ! cure1 is n m5tion$ by ! two o!r n>rators4 ,( ^! diff]5ces ! latt] may be expla9$ by ! obs]vation1 t ?\gh ,m>k & ,luke are sil5t z to ! t\*+1 !y d n !re=e d5y x3 ! fir/1 relative to ! numb] cur$1 pres5ts a heavi] difficulty4 ,to remove ?is x has be5 said by ^? :o give ! prior au?ority to ,mat!w1 t "o ( ! two bl9d m5 0 possibly m rem>kable ?an ! o!r1 on :i* acc\nt he alone 0 reta9$ 9 ! fir/ tradition2 b ,mat!w1 z an eye-witness1 aft]w>ds suppli$ ! second bl9d man4 ,on ?is supposition ,luke & ,m>k d n contradict ,mat!w1 = !y n[h]e d5y t ano!r besides _! s+le bl9d man 0 heal$2 nei!r does ,mat!w contradict !m1 = :]e !re are two1 !re is also "o4 #abfe ,b :5 ! simple n>rator speaks ( "o individual 9 :om some?+ extraord9>y has happ5$1 & ev51 l ,m>k1 m5tions 8 "n1 x is pla9 t he tacitly contradicts ! /atem5t t x happ5$ 9 two individuals--to contradict x expressly !re 0 no occasion4 ,let u turn !n to ! o!r side &1 tak+ ! s+ul> numb] ( ,m>k & ,luke z ! orig9al "o1 conjecture t ! in=mant ( ,mat!w 7! latt] be+ sc>cely on ?is hypo!sis an eye-witness7 probably mi/ook ! bl9d man's guide = a second bl9d man4 #abff ,h]eby a decid$ contradiction is admitt$1 :ile to acc\nt = x an extremely improbable cause is sup]flu\sly inv5t$4 ,! ?ird diff]5ce relates to ! place2 ,mat!w & ,m>k h 1 z !y dep>t$ f1 ,luke1 1 z !y came nigh to ,j]i*o4 ,if !re be any :om ! words !mselves fail to conv9ce t ?is diff]5ce is irreconcilable1 let !m read ! =c$ attempts to r5d] ^! passages consi/5t ) ea* o!r1 :i* h be5 made by comm5tators f ,grotius d[n to ,paulus4 ,h5ce x 0 a bett] exp$i5t :i* ! old] h>moni/s #abfg adopt$1 & :i* has be5 approv$ by "s mod]n critics4 #abfh ,9 consid]ation ( ! la/-nam$ diff]5ce1 !y "h di/+ui%$ two ev5ts1 & held t ,jesus cur$ a bl9d man fir/ on 8 entrance into ,j]i*o 7accord+ to ,luke71 & !n aga9 on 8 dep>ture f t place 7accord+ to ,mat!w & ,luke74 ,( ! o!r div]g5cy1 relative to ! numb]1 ^! h>moni/s believ$ t !y _h dis5cumb]$ !mselves by ! supposition t ,mat!w connect$ 9 "o ev5t ! two bl9d m51 ! "o cur$ on ent]+ & ! o!r on leav+ ,j]i*o1 & gave ! latt] position to ! cure ( bo?4 ,b if s mu* weight is all[$ to ! /atem5t ( ,mat!w relative to ! locality ( ! cure1 z to make x1 9 conjunction ) t ( ,m>k1 a reason = suppos+ two cures1 "o at ea* extremity ( ! t[n1 ,i "k n :y equal cr$it %\ld n be giv5 to 8 num]ical /atem5t1 & ,/orr appe>s to me to proce$ m consi/5tly :51 all[+ equal weight to bo? diff]5ces1 he supposes t ,jesus on 8 entrance into ,j]i*o1 cur$ "o bl9d man 7,luke7 & subsequ5tly on 8 dep>ture two 7,mat!w74 #abfi ,! claim ( ,mat!w is ?us fully v9dicat$1 b on ! o!r h& t ( ,m>k is d5i$4 ,= if ! latt] be associat$ ) ,mat!w1 z is "h ! case1 = ! sake ( 8 locality1 x is necess>y to d viol5ce to 8 num]ical /atem5t1 :i* tak5 alone w\ld r require him to be associat$ ) ,luke2 s t to avoid impea*+ ei!r ( 8 /atem5ts1 :i* on ?is sy/em ( int]pretation is n admissible1 8 n>rative mu/ be equally deta*$ f t ( bo? ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,?us we %\ld h ?ree di/9ct cures ( ! bl9d at ,j]i*o3 #a/1 ! cure ( "o bl9d man on ! entrance ( ,jesus1 #bnd1 t ( ano!r on 8 dep>ture1 & #crd1 ! cure ( two bl9d m51 also dur+ ! dep>ture2 9 all1 ( f\r bl9d m54 ,n[ to sep>ate ! second & ?ird cases is inde$ difficult4 ,= x w n be ma9ta9$ t ,jesus c h gone out by two diff]5t gates at ! same "t1 & x is ne>ly z difficult to imag9e t hav+ m]ely set out ) ! int5tion ( leav+ ,j]i*o1 he return$ aga9 into ! t[n1 & n until aft]w>ds took 8 f9al dep>ture4 ,b1 view+ ! case m g5]ally1 x is sc>cely an admissible supposition1 t ?ree incid5ts s entirely simil> ?us fell toge!r 9 a gr\p4 ,! accumulation ( cures ( ! bl9d is en\gh to surprise u2 b ! behavi\r ( ! companions ( ,jesus is incompreh5sible2 = aft] hav+ se5 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ent]+ ,j]i*o1 t !y _h act$ 9 opposition to ! designs ( ,jesus by rebuk+ ! bl9d man = 8 importunity1 s9ce ,jesus call$ ! man to him1 !y nev]!less repeat$ ?is conduct on ! second & ev5 on ! ?ird occasion4 ,/orr1 x is true1 is n disconc]t$ by ?is repetition 9 at lea/ two incid5ts ( ?is k9d1 = he ma9ta9s t no "o kn[s :e!r ^? :o _h enjo9$ sil5ce on go+ out ( ,j]i*o 7 n altoge!r diff]5t p]sons f ^? :o _h done ! l on ent]+ ! t[n3 inde$1 suppos+ !m to be ! same1 su* a repetition ( conduct :i* ,jesus _h implicitly disapprov$1 h[ev] unbecom+1 0 n !re=e impossible1 s9ce ev5 ! disciples :o _h be5 pres5t at ! fir/ miracul\s fe$+1 yet ask$1 be=e ! second1 :5ce bread c\ld be _h = su* a multitude8--b ?is is m]ely to argue ! reality ( "o impossibility f t ( ano!r1 z we %all pres5tly see :5 we ent] on ! consid]ation ( ! two miracul\s fe$+s4 ,fur!r1 n only ! conduct ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus1 b also almo/ e feature ( ! incid5t mu/ h be5 repeat$ 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y mann]4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! bl9d m5 cry1 ,h m]cy ^u u1 7or me17 ?\ son ( ,david2 !n 7aft] sil5ce has be5 enjo9$ on !m by ! spectators7 ,jesus comm&s t !y %\ld be br\ght to him3 he next asks :at !y w t he %\ld d to !m2 !y answ]1 t we may receive our sight2 he complies ) _! wi%1 & !y gratefully foll[ him4 ,t all ?is 0 s exactly repeat$ ?rice1 or ev5 twice1 is an improbability am\nt+ to an impossibility2 & we mu/ suppose1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis adopt$ by ,sieff]t 9 su* cases1 a leg5d>y assimilation ( diff]5t facts1 or a tradition>y v>iation ( a s+le occurr5ce4 ,if1 9 ord] to arrive at a decision1 x be ask$3 :at c\ld m easily happ51 :5 once ! int]v5tion ( ! leg5d is presuppos$1 ?an t "o & ! same hi/ory %\ld be told fir/ ( "o1 !n ( sev]al1 fir/ ( ! entrance1 !n ( ! dep>ture8 x w n be necess>y to discuss ! o!r possibility1 s9ce ?is is s incomp>ably m probable t !re _c be ev5 a mom5t>y hesitation 9 embrac+ x z real4 ,b 9 ?us r$uc+ ! numb] ( ! facts1 we mu/ n ) ,sieff]t /op %ort at two1 = 9 t case n only d ! difficulties ) respect to ! repetition ( ! same incid5t rema91 b we fall into a want ( logical sequ5cy 9 admitt+ "o div]g5cy 79 ! numb]7 z uness5tial1 = ! sake ( remov+ ano!r 79 ! locality74 ,if x be fur!r ask$1 suppos+ only "o incid5t to be "h n>rat$1 :i* ( ! sev]al n>ratives is ! orig9al "o8 ! /atem5ts z to ! locality w n aid u 9 com+ to a decision2 = ,jesus might j z well meet a bl9d man on ent]+ z on leav+ ,j]i*o4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] is m likely to furni% u ) a basis = a decision1 & x w be 9 fav\r ( ,m>k & ,luke1 :o h ea* only "o bl9d man2 n1 x is true1 = ! reason alleg$ by ,s*lei]ma*]1 #abgj namely1 t ,m>k1 by 8 m5tion ( ! bl9d man's "n1 ev9ces a m accurate acqua9tance ) ! circum/ances2 = ,m>k1 f 8 prop5sity to individualize out ( 8 own imag9ation1 ought lea/ ( all to be tru/$ ) respect to names :i* are giv5 by him alone4 ,our decision is f\nd$ on ano!r circum/ance4 ,x seems probable t ,mat!w 0 l$ to add a second bl9d man by 8 recollection ( a previ\s cure ( two bl9d m5 n>rat$ by him alone 7ix4 #bg ff474 ,"h1 likewise1 :5 ,jesus is 9 ! act ( dep>ture1--f ! place1 namely1 :]e he _h rais$ ! rul]'s daught]1--two bl9d m5 foll[ him 7^? at ,j]i*o are sitt+ by ! way side71 & 9 a simil> mann] cry = m]cy ( ! ,son ( ,david1 :o "h also1 z 9 ! o!r in/ance1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 imm$iately cures !m by t\*+ _! eyes4 ,) ^! simil>ities !re are c]ta9ly no slight div]g5cies2 no?+ is "h said ( an injunction to ! bl9d m5 to be sil5t1 on ! "p ( ! companions ( ,jesus2 &1 :ile at ,j]i*o ,jesus imm$iately calls ! bl9d m5 to him1 9 ! e>li] case1 !y come 9 ! fir/ in/ance to him :5 he is aga9 9 ! h\se2 fur!r1 :ile !re he asks !m1 :at !y w h him to d to !m8 "h he asks1 if !y believe him able to cure !m8 ,la/ly1 ! prohibition to tell :at _h happ5$1 is peculi> to ! e>li] incid5t4 ,! two n>ratives /&+ 9 ?is relation to ea* o!r1 an assimilation ( !m might h tak5 place ?us3 ,mat!w transf]r$ ! two bl9d m5 & ! t\* ( ,jesus f ! fir/ anecdote to ! second2 ! =m ( ! appeal f ! bl9d m51 f ! second to ! fir/4 ,! two hi/ories1 z !y are giv51 pres5t b few data = a natural explanation4 ,nev]!less ! rationali/ic comm5tators h endeav\r$ to frame su* an explanation4 ,:5 ,jesus 9 ! e>li] occurr5ce ask$ ! bl9d m5 :e!r !y _h confid5ce 9 8 p[]1 he wi%$1 say !y1 to asc]ta9 :e!r _! tru/ 9 him w\ld rema9 firm dur+ ! op]ation1 & :e!r !y w\ld punctually obs]ve 8 fur!r prescriptions2 #abga hav+ !n ent]$ ! h\se1 9 ord] to be free f int]ruption1 he exam9$1 = ! fir/ "t1 _! disease1 & :5 he f\nd x curable 7accord+ to ,v5tur9i #abgb x 0 caus$ by ! f9e du/ ( t c\ntry71 he assur$ ! suff]]s t ! result %\ld be accord+ to ! measure ( _! fai?4 ,h]eupon ,paulus m]ely says briefly1 t ,jesus remov$ ! ob/ruction to _! vision2 b he also mu/ h imag9$ to himself some?+ simil> to :at is describ$ 9 detail by ,v5tur9i1 :o makes ,jesus ano9t ! eyes ( ! bl9d m5 ) a /rong wat] prep>$ be=eh&1 & ?us cleanse !m f ! irritat+ du/1 s t 9 a %ort "t _! sight return$4 ,b ?is natural explanation has n ! slighte/ root 9 ! text2 = nei!r c ! fai? 77 requir$ f ! pati5t imply any?+ else ?an1 z 9 all simil> cases1 tru/ 9 ! miracul\s p[] ( ,jesus1 nor c ! ^w 1 he t\*$1 signify a surgical op]ation1 b m]ely t t\* :i* appe>s 9 s _m ( ! evangelical curative miracles1 :e!r z a sign or a conductor ( ! heal+ p[] ( ,jesus2 ( fur!r prescriptions = ! completion ( ! cure !re is absolutely no?+4 ,x is n o!rwise ) ! cure ( ! bl9d at ,j]i*o1 :]e1 moreov]1 ! two middle ,evangeli/s d n ev5 m5tion ! t\*+ ( ! eyes4 ,if !n1 accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! n>rators1 ! bl9d in/antane\sly receive _! sight z a consequ5ce ( ! simple ^w or t\* ( ,jesus1 !re are ! same difficulties to be enc\nt]$ "h z 9 ! =m] case ( ! lep]s4 ,= a disease ( ! eyes1 h[ev] slight1 z x is only eng5d]$ gradually by ! reit]at$ action ( ! di/urb+ cause1 is /ill less likely to disappe> on a ^w or a t\*2 x requires v complicat$ treatm5t1 p>tly surgical1 p>tly m$ical1 & ?is mu/ be pre-em95tly ! case ) bl9dness1 suppos+ x to be ( a curable k9d4 ,h[ %\ld we repres5t to ourselves ! sudd5 re/oration ( vision to a bl9d eye by a ^w or a t\*8 z purely miracul\s & magical8 ,t w\ld be to give up ?9k+ on ! subject4 ,z magnetic8 ,!re is no prec$5t ( magnetism hav+ influ5ce ov] a disease ( ?is nature4 ,or1 la/ly1 z psy*ical8 ,b bl9dness is some?+ s indep5d5t ( ! m5tal life1 s entirely corporeal1 t ! idea ( its removal at all1 /ill less ( its sudd5 removal by means ( a m5tal op]ation1 is n to be ent]ta9$4 ,we mu/ !re=e ackn[l$ge t an hi/orical conception ( ^! n>ratives is m ?an m]ely difficult to u2 & we proce$ to inquire :e!r we _c %[ x to be probable t leg5ds ( ?is k9d %\ld arise unhi/orically4 ,we h already quot$ ! passage 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! fir/ & ?ird gospels1 ,jesus 9 reply to ! mess5g]s ( ! ,bapti/ :o _h to ask him :e!r he 7 ! 7he t %\ld come71 appeals to 8 works4 ,n[ he "h m5tions 9 ! v fir/ place ! cure ( ! bl9d1 a significant pro( t ?is p>ticul> miracle 0 expect$ f ! ,messiah1 8 words be+ tak5 f ,isa4 xxxv4 #e1 a prophecy int]pret$ messianically2 & 9 a rabb9ical passage above cit$1 among ! wond]s :i* ,jehovah is to p]=m 9 ! messianic times1 ?is is enum]at$1 t he oculos ccorum ap]iet1 id quod p] ,elisam fecit4 #abgc ,n[ ,eli%a did n cure a positive bl9dness1 b m]ely on "o occasion op5$ ! eyes ( 8 s]vant to a p]ception ( ! sup]s5sual _w1 & on ano!r1 remov$ a bl9dness :i* _h be5 inflict$ on 8 enemies 9 consequ5ce ( 8 pray] 7#b ,k+s vi4 #ag-bj74 ,t ^! de$s ( ,eli%a 7 conceiv$1 d\btless ) ref]5ce to ! passage ( ,isaiah1 z a real op5+ ( ! eyes ( ! bl9d1 is prov$ by ! above rabb9ical passage1 & h5ce cures ( ! bl9d 7 expect$ f ! ,messiah4 #abgd ,n[ if ! ,*ri/ian community1 proce$+ z x did f ! bosom ( ,judaism1 held ,jesus to be ! messianic p]sonage1 x mu/ manife/ ! t5d5cy to ascribe to him e messianic pr$icate1 & !re=e ! "o 9 "q4 ,! n>rative ( ! cure ( a bl9d man at ,be?saida1 & t ( ! cure ( a man t 0 deaf & _h an imp$im5t 9 8 spee*1 :i* are bo? peculi> to ,m>k 7viii4 #bb ff41 vii4 #cb ff471 & :i* we %all !re=e consid] toge!r1 are ! especial fav\rites ( all rationali/ic comm5tators4 ,if1 !y exclaim1 9 ! o!r evangelical n>ratives ( cures1 ! accessory circum/ances by :i* ! facts might be expla9$ 7 b pres]v$ z !y are "h1 we c\ld prove hi/orically t ,jesus did n heal by 8 m]e ^w1 & pr(\nd inve/igators might discov] ! natural means by :i* 8 cures 7 effect$6 #abge ,& 9 fact *iefly on ! gr\nd ( ^! n>ratives1 9 connexion ) p>ticul> features 9 o!r p>ts ( ! second gospel1 ,m>k has ( late be5 repres5t$1 ev5 by !ologians :o d n greatly fav\r ?is me?od ( int]pretation1 z ! patron ( ! naturali/ic sy/em4 #abgf ,9 ! two cures be=e u1 x is at once a good augury = ! rationali/ic comm5tators t ,jesus takes bo? ! pati5ts ap>t f ! multitude1 = no o!r purpose1 z !y believe1 ?an t ( exam9+ _! condition m$ically1 & asc]ta9+ :e!r x 7 susceptible ( relief4 ,su* an exam9ation is1 accord+ to ^! comm5tators1 intimat$ by ! ,evangeli/ himself1 :5 he describes ,jesus z putt+ 8 f+]s into ! e>s ( ! deaf man1 by :i* means he discov]$ t ! deafness 0 curable1 aris+ probably f ! h>d5+ ( secretions 9 ! e>1 & h]eupon1 also ) ! f+]1 he remov$ ! h9drance to he>+4 ,n only are ! words1 he put 8 f+]s into 8 e>s1 1 int]pret$ z d5ot+ a surgical op]ation1 b ! words1 he t\*$ 8 tongue1 1 are suppos$ to imply t ,jesus cut ! ligam5t ( ! tongue 9 ! degree necess>y to re/ore ! pliancy :i* ! organ _h lo/4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! case ( ! bl9d man1 ! words1 :5 he _h put 8 h&s ^u him1 1 are expla9$ z probably mean+ t ,jesus by press+ ! eyes ( ! pati5t remov$ ! cry/all9e l5s :i* _h become opaque4 ,a fur!r help to ?is mode ( int]pretation is f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t bo? to ! tongue ( ! man :o _h an imp$im5t 9 8 spee*1 & to ! eyes ( ! bl9d man1 ,jesus appli$ spittle4 ,saliva has 9 itself1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! op9ion ( anci5t physicians1 #abgg a salut>y effect on ! eyes2 z1 h[ev]1 x 9 no case acts s rapidly z in/antane\sly to cure bl9dness & a defect 9 ! organs ( spee*1 x is conjectur$1 ) respect to bo? in/ances1 t ,jesus us$ ! saliva to moi/5 "s m$icam5t1 probably a cau/ic p[d]2 t ! bl9d man only he>d ! spitt+ & saw no?+ ( ! mixture ( ! m$icam5ts1 & t ! deaf man1 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! age1 gave little he$ to ! natural means1 or t ! leg5d did n pres]ve !m4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! deaf man ! cure is simply /at$1 b t ( ! bl9d man is yet fur!r di/+ui%$1 by its repres5t+ ! re/oration ( 8 sight circum/antially1 z gradual4 ,aft] ,jesus _h t\*$ ! eyes ( ! pati5t z above m5tion$1 he ask$ him if he saw aught2 n at all1 obs]ves ,paulus1 9 ! mann] ( a miracle-work]1 :o is sure ( ! result1 b precisely 9 ! mann] ( a physician1 :o aft] p]=m+ an op]ation endeav\rs to asc]ta9 if ! pati5t is b5efit$4 ,! bl9d man answ]s t he sees1 b fir/ indi/9ctly1 s t m5 seem to him l trees4 ,"h app>5tly ! rationali/ic comm5tator may triumphantly ask ! or?odox "o3 if div9e p[] = ! work+ ( cures /ood at ! comm& ( ,jesus1 :y did he n at once cure ! bl9d man p]fectly8 ,if ! disease pres5t$ an ob/acle :i* he 0 n able to ov]come1 is x n cle> f !nce t 8 p[] 0 a f9ite1 ord9>ily human p[]8 ,jesus once m puts 8 h&s on ! eyes ( ! bl9d man1 9 ord] to aid ! effect ( ! fir/ op]ation1 & only !n is ! cure complet$4 #abgh ,! complac5cy ( ! rationali/ic comm5tators 9 ^! n>ratives ( ,m>k1 is liable to be di/urb$ by ! frigid obs]vation1 t1 "h also1 ! circum/ances :i* are requisite to r5d] ! natural explanation possible are n giv5 by ! ,evangeli/s !mselves1 b are int]polat$ by ! said comm5tators4 ,= 9 bo? cures ,m>k furni%es ! saliva only2 ! efficaci\s p[d] is infus$ by ,paulus & ,v5tur9i3 x is !y alone :o make ! introduction ( ! f+]s into ! e>s fir/ a m$ical exam9ation & !n an op]ation2 & x is !y alone :o1 contr>y to ! signification ( language1 expla9 ! words 1 to lay ! h&s ^u ! eyes1 z imply+ a surgical op]ation on ^? organs4 ,aga91 ! circum/ance t ,jesus takes ! bl9d man aside1 is %[n by ! context 7vii4 #cf1 viii4 #bf7 to h ref]5ce to ! design ( ,jesus to keep ! miracul\s result a secret1 n to ! desire to be undi/urb$ 9 ! application ( natural means3 s t all ! supports ( ! rationali/ic explanation s9k b5ea? x1 & ! or?odox "o may confront x anew4 ,?is reg>ds ! t\* & ! spittle ei!r z a condesc5sion t[>ds ! suff]]s1 :o 7 !reby made m ?or\ghly s5sible to ^: p[] !y ow$ _! cure2 or z a conduct+ m$ium = ! spiritual p[] ( ,*ri/1 a m$ium ) :i* he might nev]!less h disp5s$4 #abgi ,t ! cure 0 gradual1 is on ?is sy/em acc\nt$ = by ! supposition1 t ,jesus int5d$ by means ( ! p>tial cure to animate ! fai? ( ! bl9d man1 & only :5 he 0 ?us r5d]$ wor?y 0 he completely cur$2 #abhj or x is conjectur$ t1 ow+ to ! malady be+ deep-seat$1 a sudd5 cure w\ld p]haps h be5 dang]\s4 #abha ,b by ^! attempts to int]pret ! evangelical n>ratives1 especially 9 ! la/ p>ticul>1 ! sup]naturali/ic !ologians1 :o br+ !m =w>d1 betake !mselves to ! same gr\nd z ! rationali/s1 = !y are equally op5 to ! *>ge ( introduc+ into ! n>ratives :at is n 9 ! remote/ degree intimat$ by ! text4 ,= :]e1 9 ! proc$ure ( ,jesus t[>ds ! bl9d man1 is !re a trace t 8 design 9 ! fir/ in/ance 0 to prove & to /r5g!n ! fai? ( ! pati5t8 ,9 t case1 in/ead ( ! expression1 ,he ask$ him if he saw aught1 :i* relates only to 8 ext]nal condition1 we mu/ r h read1 z 9 ,matt4 ix4 #bh1 ,believe ye t ,i am able to d ?is8 ,b :at %all we say to ! conjecture t a sudd5 cure might h be5 injuri\s6 ,! curative act ( a work] ( miracles is 7accord+ to ,ol%aus5's own op9ion7 n to be reg>d$ z ! m]ely negative "o ( ! removal ( a disease1 b also z ! positive "o ( an imp>tation ( new & fre% /r5g? to ! organ affect$1 :5ce ! idea ( dang] f an in/antane\s cure :5 wr\ght by miracul\s ag5cy1 is n to be ent]ta9$4 ,?us no motive is to be discov]$ :i* c\ld induce ,jesus to put a re/ra9t on ! imm$iate action ( 8 miracul\s p[]1 & x mu/ !re=e h be5 re/rict$1 indep5d5tly ( 8 volition1 by ! =ce ( ! deep-seat$ malady4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is entirely oppos$ to ! idea ( ! gospels1 :i* repres5t ! miracul\s p[] ( ,jesus z sup]ior to dea? itself2 x _c !re=e h be5 ! mean+ ( our ,evangeli/s4 ,if we take into consid]ation ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ,m>k z an au?or1 x w appe> t 8 only aim is to give dramatic effect to ! sc5e4 ,e sudd5 result is difficult to br+ be=e ! imag9ation3 he :o wi%es to give to ano!r a vivid idea ( a rapid movem5t1 fir/ goes ?r\gh x sl[ly1 & a quick result is p]fectly conceivable only :5 ! n>rator has %[n ! process 9 detail4 ,consequ5tly a writ] ^: object x is to assi/ z f> z may be ! imag9ation ( 8 read]1 w :]ev] x is possible exhibit ! prop5sity to r5d] ! imm$iate m$iate1 & :5 record+ a sudd5 result1 /ill to br+ =w>d ! successive /eps t l$ to x4 #abhb ,s "h ,m>k1 or 8 in=mant1 suppos$ t he 0 contribut+ greatly to ! dramatic effect1 :5 he ins]t$ betwe5 ! bl9dness ( ! man & ! entire re/oration ( 8 sight1 ! p>tial cure1 or ! see+ m5 z trees1 & e read] w say1 f 8 own feel+1 t ?is object is fully a*iev$4 ,b h]e91 z o!rs also h rem>k$1 #abhc ,m>k is s f> f manife/+ an incl9ation to ! natural conception ( su* miracles1 t he1 on ! contr>y1 n seldom lab\rs to aggr&ize ! miracle1 z we h p>tly se5 9 ! case ( ! ,gad>5e1 & %all yet h frequ5t reason to rem>k4 ,9 a simil> mann] may also be expla9$ :y ,m>k 9 ^! n>ratives :i* are peculi> to him 7& else:]e also1 z 9 vi4 #ac1 :]e he obs]ves t ! disciples ano9t$ ! sick ) oil71 m5tions ! application ( ext]nal means & manife/ations 9 miracul\s cures4 ,t ^! means1 ! saliva p>ticul>ly1 7 n 9 ! popul> op9ion ( t age naturally efficaci\s causes ( ! cure1 we may be conv9c$ by ! n>rative conc]n+ ,vespasian quot$ above1 z also by passages ( ,jewi% & ,roman au?ors1 accord+ to :i* saliva 0 believ$ to h a magical pot5cy1 especially aga9/ diseases ( ! eye4 #abhd ,h5ce ,ol%aus5 p]fectly reproduces ! conception ( t age :5 he expla9s ! t\*1 saliva1 & ! l1 to be conductors ( ! sup]ior p[] resid5t 9 ! work] ( miracles4 ,we _c inde$ make ?is op9ion ours1 unless ) ,ol%aus5 we proce$ ^u ! supposition ( a p>allelism betwe5 ! miracul\s p[] ( ,jesus & ! ag5cy ( animal magnetism3 a supposition :i*1 = ! explanation ( ! miracles ( ,jesus1 especially ( ! "o be=e u1 is inadequate & !re=e sup]flu\s4 ,h5ce we put ?is means m]ely to ! acc\nt ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,to him also we may !n d\btless ref] ! tak+ aside ( ! bl9d man1 ! exagg]at$ description ( ! a/oni%m5t ( ! p1 7 1 vii4 #cg17 & ! /rict prohibition to tell any man ( ! cure4 ,?is secrecy gave ! affair a my/]i\s aspect1 :i*1 z we may ga!r f o!r passages1 0 pleas+ to ,m>k4 ,we h ano!r trait belong+ to ! my/]i\s 9 ! n>ratives ( ! cure ( ! deaf man1 :]e ,m>k says1 ,& look+ up to heav5 he sigh$ 7vii4 #cd74 ,:at cause 0 !re = sigh+ at t p>ticul> mom5t8 ,0 x ! mis]y ( ! human race1 #abhe :i* mu/ h be5 long kn[n to ,jesus f _m melan*oly examples8 ,or %all we evade ! difficulty by expla9+ ! expression z imply+ no?+ fur!r ?an sil5t pray] or audible spee*8 #abhf ,:oev] kn[s ,m>k w r recognise ! exagg]at+ n>rator 9 ! circum/ance t he ascribes to ,jesus a deep emotion1 on an occasion :i* c\ld n inde$ h excit$ x1 b :i*1 be+ accompani$ by x1 _h a m my/]i\s appe>ance4 ,b above all1 !re appe>s to me to be an air ( my/]y 9 ?is1 t ,m>k gives ! au?oritative ^w ) :i* ,jesus op5$ ! e>s ( ! deaf man 9 its orig9al ,syriac =m1 1 z on ! resuscitation ( ! daught] ( ,jairus1 ?is ,evangeli/ alone has ! words 7v4 #da74 ,x is inde$ said t ^! expressions are any?+ r ?an magical =ms2 #abhg b t ,m>k *ooses to give ^! au?oritative words 9 a language =eign to 8 read]s1 to :om he is oblig$ at ! same "t to expla9 !m1 nev]!less proves t he mu/ h attribut$ to ?is orig9al =m a special significance1 :i*1 z x appe>s f ! context1 c only h be5 a magical "o4 ,?is incl9ation to ! my/]i\s we may n[ retrospectively f9d indicat$ 9 ! application ( ^? outw>d means :i* h no relation to ! result2 = ! my/]i\s consi/s precisely 9 ! pres5tation ( inf9ite p[] ?r\gh a f9ite m$ium1 9 ! comb9ation ( ! /ronge/ effect ) app>5tly inefficaci\s means4 ,if we h be5 unable to receive z hi/orical ! simple n>rative giv5 by all ! synoptical writ]s ( ! cure ( ! bl9d man at ,j]i*o1 we are /ill less prep>$ to aw>d ?is "* to ! my/]i\s description1 giv5 by ,m>k alone1 ( ! cure ( a bl9d man at ,be?saida1 & we mu/ reg>d x z a product ( ! leg5d1 ) m or less addition f ! evangelical n>rator4 ,! same judgm5t mu/ be pron\nc$ on 8 n>rative ( ! cure ( ! deaf man :o _h an imp$im5t 9 8 spee* 2 =1 toge!r ) ! negative reasons already adduc$ aga9/ its hi/orical cr$ibility1 !re are n want+ positive causes = its my?ical orig91 s9ce ! prophecy relat+ to ! messianic times1 -- 1 ! e>s ( ! deaf %all be un/opp$1 ! tongue ( ! dumb %all s+ 7,isa4 xxxv4 #e1 #f71 0 9 exi/5ce1 & accord+ to ,matt4 xi4 #e1 0 int]pret$ lit]ally4 ,if ! n>ratives ( ,m>k :i* we h j consid]$1 seem at ! fir/ glance to be fav\rable to ! natural explanation1 ! n>rative ( ,john1 *ap4 ix41 mu/1 "o w\ld ?9k1 be unfav\rable & de/ructive to x2 = "h ! "q is n conc]n+ a bl9d man1 ^: malady hav+ orig9at$ accid5tally1 might be easi] to remove1 b conc]n+ a man born bl9d4 ,nev]!less1 z ! expositors ( ?is class are %>p-sight$1 & d n soon lose c\rage1 !y are able ev5 "h to discov] mu* 9 _! fav\r4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y f9d t ! condition ( ! pati5t is b vaguely describ$1 h[ev] def9ite ! expression1 bl9d f 8 bir?1 may seem to s\nd4 ,! /atem5t ( "t :i* ?is expression includes1 ,paulus1 x is true1 refra9s f ov]?r[+ 7?\gh 8 =be>ance is unwill+ & 9 fact incomplete73 h5ce he has ! m urg5t necessity = attempt+ to %ake ! /atem5t z to quality4 is n to signify total bl9dness1 & z ,jesus tells ! man to g to ! pool ( ,siloam1 n to get himself l$ ?i!r1 he mu/ h /ill _h "s glimm]+ ( eye-sight1 by means ( :i* he c\ld himself f9d ! way ?i!r4 ,/ill m help d ! rationali/ic comm5tators f9d = !mselves 9 ! mode ( cure adopt$ by ,jesus4 ,he says be=eh& 7v4 #d7 he mu/ "w ! works ( him t s5t him :ile x is day1 1 = 9 ! night no man c "w2 a suffici5t pro( t he _h n ! idea ( cur+ ! bl9d man by a m]e ^w1 :i* he might j z well h utt]$ 9 ! night--t1 on ! contr>y1 he int5d$ to und]take a m$ical or surgical op]ation1 = :i* c]ta9ly daylight 0 requir$4 ,fur!r1 ! clay1 1 :i* ,jesus made ) 8 spittle1 & ) :i* he ano9t$ ! eyes ( ! bl9d man1 is /ill m fav\rable to ! natural explanation ?an ! expression hav+ spit1 9 a =m] case1 & h5ce x is a f]tile s\rce ( que/ions & conjectures4 ,:5ce did ,john "k t ,jesus took no?+ m ?an spittle & du/ to make 8 eye-salve8 ,0 he himself pres5t1 or did he und]/& x m]ely f ! n>rative ( ! cur$ bl9d man8 ,! latt] c\ld n3 ) 8 !n weak glimm]+ ( sight1 correctly see :at ,jesus took3 p]haps ,jesus :ile he mix$ a salve out ( o!r +r$i5ts accid5tally spat ^u ! gr\nd1 & ! pati5t fell into ! error ( suppos+ t ! spittle made "p ( ! salve4 ,/ill m3 :ile or be=e ,jesus put some?+ on ! eyes1 did he n also remove some?+ by extraction or friction1 or o!rwise effect a *ange 9 ! /ate ( ^! organs8 ,?is w\ld be an ess5tial fact :i* might easily be mi/ak5 by ! bl9d man & ! spectators = a m]ely accessory circum/ance4 ,la/ly1 ! wa%+ 9 ! pool ( ,siloam :i* 0 prescrib$ to ! pati5t 0 p]haps cont9u$ _m days--0 a protract$ cure by means ( ! ba?--& ! words he came see+1 d n necess>ily imply t he came ?us aft] 8 fir/ ba?1 b t at a conv5i5t "t aft] ! completion ( 8 cure1 he came aga9 see+4 #abhh ,b1 to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 ! mean+ "h giv5 to & is too %all[ ev5 = ,v5tur9i1 #abhi & especially cla%es ) ! context 7v4 #e71 :i* ?r\gh\t dem&s an int]pretation ( ! words ) ref]5ce to ! spe$y dep>ture ( ,jesus4 #abij ,z to ! conjecture t ! clay 0 made ( m$ic9al +r$i5ts ( "s k9d or o!r1 x is ! m gr\ndless1 s9ce x _c be said "h1 z 9 ! =m] case1 t only s mu* is /at$ z ! pati5t c\ld le>n by 8 he>+ or by a slight glimm]+ ( light1 =1 on ?is occasion1 ,jesus und]took ! cure1 n 9 private1 b 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 disciples4 ,conc]n+ ! fur!r supposition ( previ\s surgical op]ations1 by :i* ! ano9t+ & wa%+1 alone m5tion$ 9 ! text1 are r$uc$ to m]e accessories1 no?+ m is to be said1 ?an t by ?is example we may see h[ completely ! _s ( natural explanation despises all re/ra9ts1 n scrupl+ to p]v]t ! cle>e/ words ( ! text 9 support ( its arbitr>y comb9ations4 ,fur!r1 :51 f ! circum/ance t ,jesus ord]$ ! bl9d man to g to ! pool ( ,siloam1 x is inf]r$ t he mu/ h _h a %>e ( light1 we may rem>k1 9 opposition to ?is1 t ,jesus m]ely told ! pati5t :i!r he %\ld g 772 h[ he 0 to g1 :e!r alone or ) a guide1 he left to 8 own discretion4 ,la/ly1 :5 ! closely connect$ words he w5t 8 way1 !re=e1 & wa%$ & came see+1 7v4 #g2 comp4 v4 #aa7 are /ret*$ out into a process ( cure la/+ sev]al weeks1 x is j z if ! words v5i1 vidi1 vici1 7 translat$ ?us3 ,aft] my arrival ,i reconnoitr$ = sev]al days1 f\ght battles at suitable int]vals1 & f9ally rema9$ conqu]or4 ,?us "h also ! natural explanation w n s]ve u1 & we h /ill be=e u ! n>rative ( a man born bl9d1 miracul\sly cur$ by ,jesus4 ,t ! d\bts already express$ z to ! reality ( ! cures ( ! bl9d1 apply ) increas$ =ce to ! case ( a man born bl9d1 is self-evid5t4 ,& !y are aid$ 9 ?is in/ance by c]ta9 special critical reasons4 ,n "o ( ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s m5tions ?is cure4 ,n[1 if 9 ! =mation ( ! apo/olic tradition1 & 9 ! selection :i* x made f among ! miracles ( ,jesus1 any k9d ( reason 0 ex]cis$1 x mu/ h tak5 ! %ape ( ! two foll[+ rules3 fir/1 to *oose ! great] miracles be=e ^? app>5tly less important2 & secondly1 ^? ) :i* edify+ disc\rses 7 connect$1 be=e ^? :i* 7 n ?us di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! fir/ respect1 x is pla9 t ! cure ( a man bl9d f 8 bir?1 z ! incomp>ably m difficult miracle1 0 by all means to be *os5 r ?an t ( a man 9 :om bl9dness _h sup]v5$1 & x is n to be conceiv$ :y1 if ,jesus really gave sight to a man born bl9d1 no?+ ( ?is %\ld h ent]$ into ! evangelical tradition1 & f !nce into ! synoptical gospels4 ,x is true t ) ?is consid]ation ( ! magnitude ( ! miracles1 a reg>d to ! edify+ nature ( ! disc\rses connect$ ) !m might n seldom come into collision1 s t a less /rik+1 b f ! conv]sations :i* x caus$1 a m in/ructive miracle1 might be pref]r$ to "o m /rik+1 b pres5t+ less ( ! latt] k9d ( int]e/4 ,b ! cure ( ! bl9d man 9 ,john is accompani$ by v rem>kable conv]sations1 fir/1 ( ,jesus ) ! disciples1 !n1 ( ! cur$ man ) ! magi/rates1 & la/ly ( ,jesus ) ! cur$ man1 su* z !re is no trace ( 9 ! synoptical cures ( ! bl9d2 conv]sations 9 :i*1 if n ! entire c\rse ( ! dialogue1 at lea/ "s aphori/ic pe>ls 7z v4 #d1 #e1 #ci71 7 admirably suit$ to ! purpose ( ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s4 ,^! writ]s1 !re=e1 c\ld n h fail$ to introduce ! cure ( ! man born bl9d into _! hi/ories1 in/ead ( _! less rem>kable & less edify+ cures ( ! bl9d1 if ! =m] _h made a "p ( ! evangelical tradition :5ce !y drew4 ,x might possibly h rema9$ unkn[n to ! g5]al ,*ri/ian tradition1 if x _h tak5 place at a "t & "u circum/ances :i* did n fav\r its promulgation--if x _h be5 effect$ 9 a remote corn] ( ! c\ntry1 )\t fur!r witnesses4 ,b ,jesus p]=m$ ?is miracle 9 ,j]usalem1 9 ! circle ( 8 disciples2 x made a great s5sation 9 ! city1 & 0 highly (f5sive to ! magi/racy1 h5ce ! affair mu/ h be5 kn[n if x _h really occurr$2 & z we d n f9d x 9 ! common evangelical tradition1 ! suspicion arises t x p]haps nev] did occur4 ,b x w be said1 ! writ] :o atte/s x is ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is too improbable1 n only on acc\nt ( ! incr$ible nature ( ! cont5ts ( ! n>rative1 :i* c\ld ?us h>dly h proce$$ f an eyewitness1 b also f ano!r reason4 ,! n>rator int]prets ! "n ( ! pool1 ,siloam1 by ! ,greek 7v4 #g72 a false explanation1 = "o :o is s5t is call$ 1 :]eas accord+ to ! mo/ probable int]pretation signifies a wat]fall4 #abia ,! ,evangeli/1 h[ev]1 *ose ! above int]pretation1 because he s\ght = "s significant relation betwe5 ! "n ( ! pool1 & ! s5d+ ?i!r ( ! bl9d man1 & ?us seems to h imag9$ t ! pool _h by a special provid5ce receiv$ ! "n ( ,s5t1 because at a future "t ! ,messiah1 z a manife/ation ( 8 glory1 0 to s5d ?i!r a bl9d man4 #abib ,n[1 we grant t an apo/le might give a grammatically incorrect explanation1 9 s f> z he is n held to be inspir$1 & t ev5 a native ( ,pale/9e might mi/ake ! etymology ( ,hebrew words1 z ! ,old ,te/am5t itself %[s2 nev]!less1 su* a play ^u words looks m l ! lab\r$ attempt ( a writ] remote f ! ev5t1 ?an ( an eye-witness4 ,! eye-witness w\ld h _h en\gh ( important matt]s 9 ! miracle :i* he _h beheld1 & ! conv]sation to :i* he _h li/5$2 only a remote n>rator c\ld fall into ! triviality ( try+ to extort a significant mean+ f ! smalle/ accessory circum/ance4 ,?oluck & ,lcke are highly revolt$ by ?is allegory1 :i*1 z ! latt] expresses himself1 approa*es to absolute folly1 h5ce !y are unwill+ to admit t x proce$$ f ,john1 & reg>d x z a gloss4 ,z1 h[ev]1 all critical au?orities1 except "o ( m9or importance1 pres5t ?is p>ticul>1 su* a position is %e] arbitr>9ess1 & ! only *oice left u is ei!r ) ,ol%aus51 to edify ourselves by ?is int]pretation z an apo/olic "o1 #abic or1 ) ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 to numb] x among ! indications t ! f\r? gospel _h n an apo/olic orig94 #abid ,! reasons :i* might prev5t ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 or ! tradition :5ce he drew1 f re/+ cont5t$ ) ! cures ( ! bl9d n>rat$ by ! synoptical writ]s1 & ?us induce ! "o or ! o!r to frame ! hi/ory be=e u1 are already po9t$ out by ! =ego+ rem>ks4 ,! obs]vation has be5 already made by o!rs1 t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ has few] miracles ?an ! synoptical writ]s1 b t ?is defici5cy 9 numb] is comp5sat$ by a sup]iority 9 magnitude4 #abie ,?us :ile ! o!r ,evangeli/s h simple p>alytics cur$ by ,jesus1 ! f\r? gospel has "o :o _h be5 lame ?irty-eight ye>s2 :ile1 9 ! =m]1 ,jesus resuscitates p]sons :o _h j expir$1 9 ! latt]1 he calls back to life "o :o _h la9 9 ! grave f\r days1 9 :om !re=e x might be presum$ t decomposition _h begun2 & s "h1 in/ead ( a cure ( simple bl9dness1 we h t ( a man born bl9d1--a height5+ ( ! miracle altoge!r suit$ to ! apologetic & dogmatic t5d5cy ( ?is gospel4 ,9 :at way ! au?or1 or ! p>ticul> tradition :i* he foll[$1 might be l$ to depict ! v>i\s details ( ! n>rative1 is easily se54 ,! act ( spitt+1 1 0 common 9 magical cures ( ! eyes2 clay1 1 0 a ready sub/itute = an eye-salve1 & else:]e occurs 9 magical proce$+s2 #abif ! comm& to wa% 9 ! pool ( ,siloam may h be5 an imitation ( ,eli%a's ord]1 t ! lep] ,naaman %\ld ba! sev5 times 9 ! riv] ,jordan4 ,! conv]sations connect$ ) ! cure p>tly proce$ f ! t5d5cy ( ! ,gospel ( ,john already rem>k$ by ,/orr1 namely1 to atte/ & to r5d] z au!ntic z possible bo? ! cure ( ! man1 & ! fact ( 8 hav+ be5 born bl9d1 :5ce ! repeat$ exam9ation ( ! cur$ man1 & ev5 ( 8 p>5ts2 p>tly !y turn ^u ! symbolical mean+ ( ! expressions1 bl9d & see+1 day & night1--a mean+ :i* x is true is n =eign to ! synoptical writ]s1 b :i* specifically belongs to ! circle ( images 9 fav\r ) ,john4 #if4 ,,cures ,,( ,,p>alytics4 ,,did ,,jesus ,,reg>d ,,diseases ,,z ,,puni%m5ts8 ,an important feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ! cure ( ! man born bl9d has be5 pass$ ov]1 because x c only be prop]ly e/imat$ 9 connexion ) a correspond+ "o 9 ! synoptical n>ratives ( ! cure ( a p>alytic 7,matt4 ix4 #a ff42 ,m>k ii4 #a ff42 ,luke v4 #ag ff471 :i* we h 9 ! next place to consid]4 ,"h ,jesus fir/ decl>es to ! sick man3 1 ?y s9s are =giv5 !e1 & !n z a pro( t he _h au?ority to =give s9s1 he cures him4 ,x is impossible n to p]ceive 9 ?is a ref]5ce to ! ,jewi% op9ion1 t any evil befall+ an individual1 & especially disease1 0 a puni%m5t ( 8 s9s2 an op9ion :i*1 pres5t$ 9 its ma9 elem5ts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,lev4 xxvi4 #ad ff42 ,deut4 xxviii4 #ae ff42 #b ,*ron4 xxi4 #ae1 #ah f47 0 express$ 9 ! mo/ def9ite mann] by ! lat] ,jews4 #abig ,_h we possess$ t synoptical n>rative only1 we mu/ h believ$ t ,jesus %>$ ! op9ion ( 8 cotempor>y fell[-c\ntrym5 on ?is subject1 s9ce he proves 8 au?ority to =give s9s 7z ! cause ( disease7 by an example ( 8 p[] to cure disease 7! consequ5ce ( s974 ,b1 x is said1 !re are o!r passages :]e ,jesus directly contradicts ?is ,jewi% op9ion2 :5ce x foll[s1 t :at he !n says to ! p>alytic 0 a m]e accommodation to ! ideas ( ! sick man1 int5d$ to promote 8 cure4 #abih ,! pr9cipal passage commonly adduc$ 9 support ( ?is position1 is ! introduction to ! hi/ory ( ! man born bl9d1 :i* 0 la/ consid]$ 7,john ix4 #a-c74 ,"h ! disciples1 see+ on ! road ! man :om !y knew to h be5 bl9d f 8 bir?1 put to ,jesus ! "q1 :e!r 8 bl9dness 0 ! consequ5ce ( 8 own s9s1 or ( ^? ( 8 p>5ts8 ,! case 0 a peculi>ly difficult "o on ! ,jewi% !ory ( retribution4 ,) respect to diseases :i* atta* !mselves to a man 9 8 c\rse ?r\gh life1 an obs]v] :o has once tak5 a c]ta9 bias1 may easily discov] or assume "s peculi> del9qu5cies on ! "p ( ?is man z _! cause4 ,) respect to inborn diseases1 on ! contr>y1 ?\gh ! old ,hebraic op9ion 7,exod4 xx4 #e2 ,deut4 v4 #i2 #b ,sam4 iii4 #bi71 x is true1 pres5t$ ! explanation t by ^! ! s9s ( ! fa!rs 7 visit$ on _! po/]ity3 yet z1 = human regulations1 ! ,mosaic law itself orda9$ t ea* %\ld suff] = 8 own s9s alone 7,deut4 xxiv4 #af2 #b ,k+s xiv4 #f72 & z also1 9 relation to ! p5al ju/ice ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 ! prophets pr$ict$ a simil> disp5sation 7,j]4 xxxi4 #cj2 ,ezek4 xviii4 #ai f472 rabb9ical acum5 resort$ to ! exp$i5t ( suppos+1 t m5 s afflict$ might probably h s9n$ 9 _! "m's womb1 #abii & ?is 0 d\btless ! notion :i* ! disciples _h 9 view 9 _! "q1 v4 #b4 ,jesus says1 9 answ]1 t nei!r = 8 own s9 nor = t ( 8 p>5ts1 did ?is man come into ! _w bl9d2 b 9 ord] t by ! cure :i* he1 z ! ,messiah1 w\ld effect 9 him1 he might be an in/rum5t 9 manife/+ ! miracul\s p[] ( ,god4 ,?is is g5]ally und]/ood z if ,jesus repudiat$ ! :ole op9ion1 t disease & o!r evils 7 ess5tially puni%m5ts ( s94 ,b ! words ( ,jesus are expressly limit$ to ! case be=e him2 he simply says1 t ?is p>ticul> mis=tune _h its f\ndation1 n 9 ! guilt ( ! individual1 b 9 high] provid5tial designs4 ,! supposition t 8 expressions _h a m g5]al s5se1 & includ$ a repudiation ( ! entire ,jewi% op9ion1 c\ld only be w>rant$ by o!r m decid$ decl>ations f him to t effect4 ,z1 on ! contr>y1 accord+ to ! above obs]vations1 a n>rative is f\nd 9 ! synoptical gospels :i*1 simply int]pret$1 implies ! concurr5ce ( ,jesus 9 ! preval5t op9ion1 ! "q arises3 :i* is easi]1 to reg>d ! expression ( ,jesus 9 ! synoptical n>ratives z an accommodation1 or t 9 ,john z hav+ relation solely to ! case imm$iately be=e him8--a "q :i* w be decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt] alt]native by e "o :o1 on ! "o h&1 kn[s ! difficulties att5d+ ! hypo!sis ( accommodation z appli$ to ! expressions ( ,jesus 9 ! gospels1 & on ! o!r1 is cle>-sight$ en\gh to p]ceive1 t 9 ! passage 9 "q 9 ! f\r? gospel1 !re is n ! slighte/ intimation t ! decl>ation ( ,jesus _h a m g5]al mean+4 ,x is true t accord+ to correct pr9ciples ( int]pretation1 "o ,evangeli/ ought n to be expla9$ imm$iately by ano!r1 & 9 ! pres5t case x is v possible t :ile ! synoptical writ]s ascribe to ,jesus ! common op9ion ( 8 age1 ! m highly cultivat$ au?or ( ! f\r? gospel may make him reject x3 b t he also conf9$ ! rejection ( ! curr5t op9ion on ! "p ( ,jesus to t s+le case1 is prov$ by ! mann] 9 :i* he repres5ts ,jesus z speak+ on ano!r occasion4 ,:51 namely1 ,jesus says to ! man :o _h be5 lame ?irty-eight ye>s 7,john v47 & _h j be5 cur$1 1 7v4 #ad71 ,s9 no m1 le/ a worse ?+ come unto !e2 ?is is equival5t to 8 say+ to ! p>alytic :om he 0 ab\t to cure1 1 ?y s9s are =giv5 !e3 9 ! "o case disease is remov$1 9 ! o!r ?reat5$1 z a puni%m5t ( s94 ,b "h aga9 ! expositors1 to :om x is n agreeable t ,jesus %\ld hold an op9ion :i* !y reject1 f9d a means ( evad+ ! direct s5se ( ! words4 ,jesus1 say !y1 p]ceiv$ t ! p>ticul> disease ( ?is man 0 a natural consequ5ce ( c]ta9 excesses1 & w>n$ him f a repetition ( ^! z calculat$ to br+ on a m dang]\s relapse4 #acjj ,b an insight into ! natural connexion betwe5 c]ta9 excesses & c]ta9 diseases z _! consequ5ce1 is f> m remov$ f ! mode ( ?9k+ ( ! age 9 :i* ,jesus liv$1 ?an ! notion ( a positive connexion betwe5 s9 9 g5]al & disease z its puni%m5t2 h5ce1 if we are nev]!less to ascribe ! =m] s5se to ! words ( ,jesus1 x mu/ be v di/9ctly convey$ 9 ! text4 ,b ! fact is t 9 ! :ole n>rative !re is no intimation ( any p>ticul> excess on ! "p ( ! man2 ! words relate only to s9 9 g5]al1 & to supply a conv]sation ( ,jesus ) ! sick man1 9 :i* he is suppos$ to h acqua9t$ ! =m] ) ! connexion betwe5 8 suff]+s & a p>ticul> s91 #acja is ! mo/ arbitr>y fiction4 ,:at exposition6 = ! sake ( evad+ a result :i* is dogmatically unwelcome1 to ext5d ! "o passage 7,john ix47 to a g5]ality ( mean+ n really belong+ to x1 to elude ! o!r 7,matt4 ix47 by ! hypo!sis ( accommodation1 & =cibly to affix to a ?ird 7,john v47 a mod]n idea2 :]eas if ! fir/ passage be only p]mitt$ to say no m ?an x actually says1 ! direct mean+ ( ! o!r two may rema9 unviolat$6 ,b ano!r passage1 & t a synoptical "o1 is adduc$ 9 v9dication ( ! sup]iority ( ,jesus to ! popul> op9ion 9 "q4 ,?is passage is ,luke xiii4 #a ff41 :]e ,jesus is told ( ! ,galileans :om ,pilate _h caus$ to be sla9 :ile !y 7 9 ! act ( sacrific+1 & ( o!rs :o 7 kill$ by ! fall+ ( a t[]4 ,f :at foll[s1 we mu/ suppose ! in=mants to h intimat$ _! op9ion t ^! calamities 7 to be reg>d$ z a div9e visitation = ! peculi> wick$ness ( ! p>ties s signally de/roy$4 ,jesus repli$ t !y mu/ n suppose ^? m5 to h be5 especially s9ful2 !y !mselves 7 9 no degree bett]1 & unless !y rep5t$ w\ld meet ) a simil> de/ruction4 ,truly x is n cle> h[ 9 ^! expressions ( ,jesus a repudiation ( ! popul> notion c be f\nd4 ,if ,jesus wi%$ to give 8 voice 9 opposition to ?is1 he mu/ ei!r h said3 y are equally great s9n]s1 ?\gh y may n p]i% bodily 9 ! same mann]2 or3 d y believe t ^? m5 p]i%$ on acc\nt ( _! s9s8 ,no6 ! contr>y may be se5 9 y1 :o1 not)/&+ y\r wick$ness1 are n ?us smitt5 ) dea?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! expressions ( ,jesus z giv5 by ,luke c only h ! foll[+ s5se3 t ^? m5 h already met ) su* calamities is no evid5ce ( _! peculi> wick$ness1 any m ?an ! fact t y h be5 hi!rto sp>$ ! l1 is an evid5ce ( y\r great] wor?1 on ! contr>y1 e>li] or lat]1 simil> judgm5ts fall+ on y w atte/ y\r equal guilt3--:]eby ! suppos$ law ( ! connexion betwe5 ! s9 & mis=tune ( e individual is confirm$1 n ov]?r[n4 ,?is vulg> ,hebrew op9ion conc]n+ sickness & evil1 is inde$ 9 contradiction ) t esot]ic view1 p>tly ,ess5e1 p>tly ,ebionite1 :i* we h f\nd 9 ! introduction to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! p>able ( ! ri* man1 & else:]e1 & accord+ to :i* ! righte\s 9 ?is g5]ation are ! suff]+1 ! poor & ! sick2 b bo? op9ions are cle>ly to be se5 9 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus by an unprejudic$ exegesis1 & ! contradiction1 :i* we f9d betwe5 !m au?orizes u nei!r to put a =c$ con/ruction on ! "o class ( expressions1 nor to d5y !m to h really come f ,jesus1 s9ce we _c calculate h[ he may h solv$ = himself ! opposition betwe5 two ideas ( ! _w1 pres5t$ to him by diff]5t sides ( ! ,jewi% culture ( t age4 ,z reg>ds ! above-m5tion$ cure1 ! synoptical writ]s make ,jesus 9 8 reply to ! mess5g]s ( ! ,bapti/1 appeal to ! fact t ! lame walk$ 7,matt4 xi4 #e71 & at ano!r "t ! p wond] :51 among o!r miracles1 !y see ! maim$ to be :ole & ! lame to walk 7,matt4 xv4 #ca74 ,9 ! place ( ! lame1 1 p>alytics1 are else:]e br\ght =w>d 7,matt4 iv4 #bd71 & especially 9 ! detail$ hi/ories ( cures relat+ to ?is k9d ( suff]]s 7z ,matt4 ix4 #a ff4 p>all41 viii4 #e1 p>all471 1 & n 1 are nam$4 ,! sick man at ! pool ( ,be!sda 7,john v4 #e7 belongs probably to ! spok5 ( 9 v4 #c2 !re also 1 )]$1 are m5tion$1 & 9 ,matt4 xii4 #i ff4 p>all4 we f9d ! cure ( a man :o _h a )]$ h&4 ,z h[ev] ! ?ree la/ nam$ cures w return to u "u diff]5t heads1 all t rema9s "h = our exam9ation is ! cure ( ! p>alytic ,matt4 ix4 #a ff4 p>all4 ,z ! def9itions :i* ! anci5t physicians give ( p>alysis1 ?\gh !y all %[ x to h be5 a species ( lam5ess1 yet leave x undecid$ :e!r ! lam5ess 0 total or p>tial2 #acjb & z1 besides1 no /rict adh]5ce to m$ical te*nicalities is to be expect$ f ! ,evangeli/s1 we mu/ ga!r :at !y und]/& by p>alytics f _! own descriptions ( su* pati5ts4 ,9 ! pres5t passage1 we read ( ! p>alytic t he 0 borne on a b$ 1 & t to enable him to arise & c>ry 8 b$ 0 an unprec$5t$ wond] 1 :5ce we mu/ conclude t he 0 lame1 at lea/ 9 ! feet4 ,:ile "h !re is no m5tion ( pa9s1 or ( an acute "* ( disease1 9 ano!r n>rative 7,matt4 viii4 #f7 ^! are evid5tly presuppos$ :5 ! c5turion says t 8 s]vant is sick ( ! palsy1 griev\sly torm5t$1 --1 2 s t "u p>alytics 9 ! gospels we h at "o "t to und]/& a lam5ess )\t pa91 at ano!r a pa9ful1 g\ty disease ( ! limbs4 #acjc ,9 ! description ( ! sc5e 9 :i* ! p>alytic 7,matt4 ix4 #a ff4 p>all47 is br\ght to ,jesus1 !re is a rem>kable gradation 9 ! ?ree acc\nts4 ,mat!w says simply1 t z ,jesus1 aft] an excursion to ! opposite %ore1 return$ to ,cap]naum1 !re 0 br\ght to him a p>alytic1 /ret*$ on a b$4 ,luke describes p>ticul>ly h[ ,jesus1 surr\nd$ by a great multitude1 *iefly ,ph>isees & scribes1 taught & heal$ 9 a c]ta9 h\se1 & h[ ! be>]s1 because on acc\nt ( ! press !y c\ld n rea* ,jesus1 let ! sick man d[n to him ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,if we call to m9d ! /ructure ( ori5tal h\ses1 :i* _h a flat ro(1 to :i* an op5+ l$ f ! upp] /ory2 #acjd & if we add to ?is ! rabb9ical mann] ( speak+1 9 :i* to ! via p] portum 7 7 0 oppos$ ! via p] tectum 7 7 z a no less ord9>y way = rea*+ ! upp] /ory or *amb]1 #acje we _c "u ! expression 1 to let d[n ?r\gh ! til+1 und]/& any?+ else ?an t ! be>]s--:o1 ei!r by means ( /airs lead+ ?i!r directly f ! /reet1 or f ! ro( ( a neighb\r+ h\se1 ga9$ access to ! ro( ( ! h\se 9 :i* ,jesus 01--let d[n ! sick man ) 8 b$1 app>5tly by cords1 ?r\gh ! op5+ already exi/+ 9 ! ro(4 ,m>k1 :o1 :ile ) ,mat!w he places ! sc5e at ,cap]naum1 agrees ) ,luke 9 ! description ( ! great cr[d & ! consequ5t asc5t to ! ro(1 goes yet fur!r ?an ,luke1 n only 9 det]m9+ ! numb] ( ! be>]s to be f\r1 b also 9 mak+ !m1 reg>dless ( ! op5+ already exi/+1 uncov] ! ro( & let d[n ! sick man ?r\gh an ap]ture newly brok54 ,if we ask "h also 9 :i* direction1 upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 ! climax may mo/ probably h be5 =m$1 ! n>rative ( ,m>k1 :i* /&s at ! summit1 has s _m difficulties t x c sc>cely be reg>d$ z ne>e/ ! tru?4 ,= n only h oppon5ts ask$1 h[ c\ld ! ro( be brok5 op5 )\t injury to ^? b5ea?8 #acjf b ,ol%aus5 himself admits t ! di/urbance ( ! ro(1 cov]$ ) tiles1 p>takes ( ! extravagant4 #acjg ,to avoid ?is1 _m expositors suppose t ,jesus taught ei!r 9 ! inn] c\rt1 #acjh or 9 ! op5 air 9 front ( ! h\se1 #acji & t ! be>]s only broke d[n a "p ( ! p>apet 9 ord] to let d[n ! sick man m conv5i5tly4 ,b bo? ! phrase1 1 9 ,luke1 & ! expressions ( ,m>k1 r5d] ?is conception ( ! ?+ impossible1 s9ce "h nei!r c mean p>apet1 nor ! break+ ( ! p>apet1 :ile c only mean ! break+ ( a hole4 ,?us ! di/urbance ( ! ro( subsi/s1 b ?is is fur!r r5d]$ improbable on ! gr\nd t x 0 altoge!r sup]flu\s1 inasmu* z !re 0 a door 9 e ro(4 ,h5ce help has be5 s\ght 9 ! supposition t ! be>]s inde$ us$ ! door previ\sly !re1 b because ?is 0 too n>r[ = ! b$ ( ! pati5t1 !y wid5$ x by ! removal ( ! surr\nd+ tiles4 #acaj ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s ! dang] to ^? bel[1 & ! words imply an op5+ actually made1 n m]ely wid5$4 ,b dang]\s & sup]flu\s z su* a proce$+ w\ld be 9 reality1 x is easy to expla9 h[ ,m>k1 wi%+ fur!r to elaborate ! n>rative ( ,luke1 might be l$ to add su* a feature4 ,luke _h said t ! sick man 0 let d[n1 s t he desc5d$ 9 ! mid/ be=e ,jesus1 4 ,h[ c\ld ! p precisely hit ^u ?is place1 unless ,jesus accid5tally /ood "u ! door ( ! ro(1 except by break+ op5 ! ro( above ! spot :]e !y knew him to be 7 78 #acaa ,?is trait ,m>k ! m gladly seiz$ because x 0 adapt$ to place 9 ! /ronge/ light ! zeal :i* confid5ce 9 ,jesus infus$ into ! p1 & :i* 0 to be daunt$ by no lab\r4 ,?is la/ int]e/ seems to be ! key also to ,luke's dep>ture f ,mat!w4 ,9 ,mat!w1 :o makes ! be>]s br+ ! p>alytic to ,jesus 9 ! ord9>y way1 d\btless reg>d+ ! labori\s conveyance ( ! sick man on 8 b$ z itself a pro( ( _! fai?1 x is yet less evid5t :]e9 ,jesus sees _! fai?4 ,if ! orig9al =m ( ! hi/ory 0 t 9 :i* x appe>s 9 ! fir/ gospel1 ! temptation might easily arise to make ! be>]s devise a m conspicu\s means ( ev9c+ _! fai?1 :i*1 s9ce ! sc5e 0 already describ$ z happ5+ 9 a great cr[d1 might appe> to be mo/ suitably f\nd 9 ! uncommon way 9 :i* !y contriv$ to br+ _! sick man to ,jesus4 ,b ev5 ! acc\nt ( ,mat!w we _c reg>d z a true n>rative ( a fact4 ,x has inde$ be5 attempt$ to repres5t ! result z a natural "o1 by expla9+ ! /ate ( ! man to be a n]v\s weakness1 ! wor/ symptom ( :i* 0 ! idea ( ! sick man t 8 disease mu/ cont9ue z a puni%m5t ( 8 s92 #acab ref]5ce has be5 made to analog\s cases ( a rapid psy*ical cure ( lam5ess2 #acac & a subsequ5t use ( long-cont9u$ curative means has be5 suppos$4 #acad ,b ! fir/ & la/ exp$i5ts are purely arbitr>y2 & if 9 ! alleg$ analogies !re may be "s tru?1 yet x is always incomp>ably m probable t hi/ories ( cures ( ! lame & p>alytic 9 accordance ) messianic expectation1 %\ld be =m$ by ! leg5d1 ?an t !y %\ld really h happ5$4 ,9 ! passage ( ,isaiah already quot$ 7xxxv4 #f71 x 0 promis$ 9 relation to ! messianic "t3 !n %all ! lame man leap z a h>t1 1 & 9 ! same connexion1 v4 #c1 ! prophet addresses to ! feeble knees ! exhortation1 ,be /rong1 1 :i*1 ) ! accompany+ p>ticul>s1 mu/ h be5 und]/ood lit]ally1 ( a miracle to be expect$ f ! ,messiah1 s9ce ,jesus1 z we h already m5tion$1 among o!r pro(s t he 0 ! adduc$ ?is3 1 ! lame walk4 #ig4 ,,involunt>y ,,cures4 ,occasionally 9 _! g5]al /atem5ts conc]n+ ! curative p[] ( ,jesus1 ! synoptical writ]s rem>k1 t all k9ds ( sick p only s\ght to t\* ,jesus1 or to lay hold on ! hem ( 8 g>m5t1 9 ord] to be heal$1 & t imm$iately on ?is slight contact1 a cure actually foll[$ 7,matt4 xiv4 #cf2 ,m>k iii4 #aj1 vi4 #ef2 ,luke vi4 #ai74 ,9 ^! cases ,jesus op]at$1 n1 z we h hi!rto always se51 ) a precise aim t[>ds any p>ticul> suff]]1 b on entire masses1 )\t tak+ special notice ( ea* individual2 8 p[] ( heal+ appe>s n "h1 z else:]e1 to reside 9 8 w1 b 9 8 body & its cov]+s2 he does n by 8 own volunt>y act disp5se its virtues1 b is subject to h !m drawn f him )\t 8 cons5t4 ,( ?is species ( cure aga9 a detail$ example is pres]v$ to u1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! woman :o _h an issue ( blood1 :i* all ! synoptical writ]s give1 & int]weave 9 a peculi> mann] ) ! hi/ory ( ! resuscitation ( ! daught] ( ,jairus1 mak+ ,jesus cure ! woman on 8 way to ! rul]'s h\se 7,matt4 ix4 #bj ff42 ,m>k v4 #be ff42 ,luke viii4 #dc ff474 ,on comp>+ ! acc\nt ( ! incid5t 9 ! sev]al ,evangeli/s1 we might 9 ?is in/ance be tempt$ to reg>d t ( ,luke z ! orig9al1 because x seems to (f] an explanation ( ! uni=m connexion ( ! two hi/ories4 ,z1 namely1 ! duration ( ! woman's suff]+s is fix$ by all ! n>rators at twelve ye>s1 s ,luke1 :om ,m>k foll[s1 gives twelve ye>s also z ! age ( ! daught] ( ,jairus2 a num]ical simil>ity :i* might be a suffici5t inducem5t to associate ! two hi/ories 9 ! evangelical tradition4 ,b ?is reason is f> too isolat$ by itself to w>rant a decision1 :i* c only proce$ f a ?or\gh comp>ison ( ! ?ree n>ratives 9 _! v>i\s details4 ,mat!w describes ! woman simply z 1 :i* signifies t %e _h = twelve ye>s be5 subject to an important loss ( blood1 probably 9 ! =m ( excessive m5/ruation4 ,luke1 ! reput$ physician1 %[s himself "h 9 no degree fav\rable to 8 pr(essional bre?r51 = he adds t ! woman _h sp5t all h] liv+ on physicians )\t obta9+ any help f !m4 ,m>k1 yet m unfav\rable1 says t %e _h suff]$ _m ?+s ( _m physicians1 & 0 no?+ bett]$1 b r grew worse4 ,^? :o surr\nd ,jesus :5 ! woman approa*es him are1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 8 disciples1 accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke1 a ?rong+ multitude4 ,aft] all ! n>rators h describ$ h[ ! woman1 z timid z %e 0 believ+1 came beh9d ,jesus & t\*$ ! hem ( 8 g>m5t1 ,m>k & ,luke /ate t %e 0 imm$iately heal$1 b t ,jesus1 be+ consci\s ( ! egress ( curative p[]1 ask$ :o t\*$ me8 ,! disciples1 a/oni%$1 ask 9 return1 h[ he c di/+ui% a s+le t\* amid/ s g5]al a ?rong+ & pressure ( ! cr[d4 ,accord+ to ,luke1 he p]si/s 9 8 ass]tion2 accord+ to ,m>k1 he looks inquir+ly ar\nd him 9 ord] to discov] ! p>ty :o _h t\*$ him3 !n1 accord+ to bo? ^! ,evangeli/s1 ! woman approa*es trembl+1 falls at ,8 feet & confesses all1 :]eupon ,jesus gives h] ! tranquilliz+ assurance t h] fai? has made h] :ole4 ,mat!w has n ?is complex tra9 ( circum/ances2 he m]ely /ates t aft] ! t\* ,jesus look$ r\nd1 discov]$ ! woman1 & ann\nc$ to h] t h] fai? _h wr\ght h] cure4 ,?is diff]5ce is an important "o1 & we ne$ n greatly wond] t x induc$ ,/orr to suppose two sep>ate cures ( wom5 afflict$ 9 ! same mann]4 #acae ,to ?is exp$i5t he 0 yet m decid$ly det]m9$ by ! /ill wid] div]g5cies 9 ! n>rative ( ! resuscitation ( ! daught] ( ,jairus1 a n>rative :i* is int]lac$ ) ! "o be=e u2 x is1 h[ev]1 ?is v int]lacem5t :i* r5d]s x totally impossible to imag9e t ,jesus1 twice1 on bo? occasions :5 he 0 on 8 way to re/ore to life ! daught] ( a ,jewi% rul] 771 cur$ a woman :o _h _h an issue ( blood twelve ye>s4 ,:ile1 on ?is consid]ation1 criticism has long ago decid$ = ! s+l5ess ( ! fact on :i* ! n>ratives are f\nd$1 x has at ! same "t giv5 ! pref]5ce to ^? ( ,m>k & ,luke z ! mo/ vivid & circum/antial4 #acaf ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 if x be admitt$ t ,m>k's addition 1 b r grew worse1 is m]ely a f9i%+ t\* f 8 own imag9ation to ! expression ' nei!r c\ld be heal$ ( any1 :i* he f\nd 9 ,luke2 !re seems to be ! same reason = reg>d+ ?is p>ticul> ( ,luke's z an inf]5ce ( 8 own by :i* he has amplifi$ ! simple /atem5t 1 :i* ,mat!w gives )\t any addition4 ,if ! woman _h be5 ill twelve ye>s1 %e mu/1 x 0 ?\ght1 dur+ t p]iod h frequ5tly _h rec\rse to physicians3 & z1 :5 contra/$ ) ! ineffici5cy ( ! physicians1 ! miracul\s p[] ( ,jesus1 :i* in/antane\sly wr\ght a cure1 appe>$ 9 all ! m brilliant a light2 s 9 ! leg5d1 or 9 ! imag9ation ( ! n>rators1 !re grew up ^! additions4 ,:at if ! same obs]vation appli$ to ! o!r diff]5ces8 ,t ! woman accord+ to ,mat!w also1 only t\*$ ,jesus f beh9d1 impli$ ! ef=t & ! hope to rema9 conceal$2 t ,jesus imm$iately look$ r\nd aft] h]1 impli$ t he 0 consci\s ( h] t\*4 ,?is hope on ! "p ( ! woman became ! m acc\ntable1 & ?is consci\sness on ! "p ( ,jesus ! m m>vell\s1 ! great] ! cr[d t surr\nd$ ,jesus & press$ ^u him2 h5ce ! companion%ip ( ! disciples 9 ,mat!w is by ! o!r two ,evangeli/s *ang$ into a ?rong+ ( ! multitude 7 74 ,aga91 ,mat!w m5tions t ,jesus look$ r\nd aft] ! woman t\*$ him2 on ?is circum/ance ! supposition might be f\nd$ t he _h p]ceiv$ h] t\* 9 a peculi> mann]2 h5ce ! sc5e 0 fur!r work$ up1 & we are %[n h[ ,jesus1 ?\gh press$ on all sides1 _h yet a special consci\sness ( t p>ticul> t\* by ! heal+ p[] :i* x _h drawn f him2 :ile ! simple feature 1 he turn$ him ab\t1 & :5 he saw h]1 9 ,mat!w1 is trans=m$ into an inquiry & a se>*+ glance ar\nd ^u ! cr[d to discov] ! woman1 :o !n is repres5t$ z com+ =w>d1 trembl+1 to make h] confession4 ,la/ly1 on a comp>ison ( ,matt xiv4 #cf1 ! po9t ( ?is n>rative1 ev5 z giv5 9 ! fir/ gospel1 appe>s to lie 9 ! fact t simply to t\* ! clo!s ( ,jesus _h 9 itself a heal+ efficacy4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! propagation ( ?is hi/ory1 !re 0 a cont9ual ef=t to make ! result foll[ imm$iately on ! t\*1 & to repres5t ,jesus z rema9+1 ev5 aft] ! cure1 = "s "t unc]ta9 ) respect to ! individual :o _h t\*$ him1 a circum/ance :i* is 9 contradiction ) t sup]ior k else:]e attribut$ to ,jesus4 ,?us1 "u e aspect1 ! n>rative 9 ! fir/ gospel pres5ts itself z ! e>li] & m simple1 t ( ! second & ?ird z a lat] & m embelli%$ =mation ( ! leg5d4 ,z reg>ds ! common sub/ance ( ! n>ratives1 x has 9 rec5t times be5 a difficulty to all !ologians1 :e!r or?odox or rationali/ic1 t ! curative p[] ( ,jesus %\ld h be5 exhibit$ ap>t f 8 volition4 ,paulus & ,ol%aus5 agree 9 ! op9ion1 #acag t ! ag5cy ( ,jesus is ?us r$uc$ too completely into ! doma9 ( physical nature2 t ,jesus w\ld !n be l a magnetis] :o 9 op]at+ on a n]v\s pati5t is consci\s ( a dim9ution ( /r5g?1 or l a *>g$ electrical batt]y1 :i* a m]e t\* w dis*>ge4 ,su* an idea ( ,*ri/1 ?9ks ,ol%aus51 is repugnant to ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness1 :i* det]m9es ! fulness ( p[] resid5t 9 ,jesus to h be5 entirely "u ! gov]nance ( 8 w2 & ?is w to h be5 guid$ by a k ( ! moral condition ( ! p]sons to be heal$4 ,x is !re=e suppos$ t ,jesus fully recogniz$ ! woman ev5 )\t see+ h]1 & consid]+ t %e might be spiritually won ov] to him by ?is bodily succ\r1 he consci\sly communicat$ to h] an influx ( 8 curative p[]2 b 9 ord] to put an end to h] false %ame & con/ra9 h] to a confession1 he behav$ z if he knew n :o _h t\*$ him4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness1 9 cases ( ?is k9d1 means no?+ else ?an ! advanc$ religi\s culture ( our age1 :i* _c appropriate ! antiquat$ ideas ( ! ,bible4 ,n[ ?is consci\sness mu/ be neutral :]e we are conc]n$1 n ) ! dogmatical appropriation1 b purely ) ! exegetical discov]y ( ! biblical ideas4 ,! int]f]5ce ( ?is alleg$ ,*ri/ian consci\sness is ! secret ( ! majority ( exegetical errors1 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance x has l$ ! above nam$ comm5tators a/ray f ! evid5t s5se ( ! text4 ,= ! "q ( ,jesus 9 bo? ! m detail$ n>ratives 2 :o t\*$ me8 repeat$ z x is 9 ,luke1 & /r5g!n$ z x is 9 ,m>k by a se>*+ glance ar\nd1 has ! appe>ance ( be+ meant ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/2 & inde$ x is ! object ( ^! two ,evangeli/s to place ! miracul\s nature ( ! curative p[] ( ,jesus 9 a p>ticul>ly cle> light by %[+ t ! m]e t\*+ ( 8 clo!s accompani$ by fai?1 no previ\s k on 8 "p ( ! p]son :o t\*$1 nor s mu* z a ^w f him1 be+ requisite1 0 suffici5t to obta9 a cure4 ,nay1 ev5 orig9ally1 9 ! m concise acc\nt ( ,mat!w1 ! expressions hav+ come beh9d him1 %e t\*$1 & he turn$ him ab\t1 & :5 he saw h]1 cle>ly imply t ,jesus knew ! woman only aft] %e _h t\*$ him4 ,if !n1 x is n to be prov$ t ,jesus _h a k ( ! woman previ\s to h] cure & a special w to heal h]2 no?+ rema9s = ^? :o w n admit an involunt>y exhibition ( curative p[] 9 ,jesus1 b to suppose 9 him a con/ant g5]al w to cure1 ) :i* x 0 only necess>y t fai? on ! "p ( ! diseas$ p]son %\ld concur1 9 ord] to produce an actual cure4 ,b t1 not)/&+ ! abs5ce ( a special direction ( ! w to ! cure ( ?is woman on ! "p ( ,jesus1 %e 0 re/or$ to heal?1 simply by h] fai?1 )\t ev5 t\*+ 8 clo!s1 is assur$ly n ! idea ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is _! int5tion to sub/itute = an individual act ( ! w on ! "p ( ,jesus1 ! t\* on ! "p ( ! sick p]son2 ?is x is :i*1 in/ead ( ! =m]1 br+s into action ! lat5t p[] ( ,jesus3 s t ! mat]iali/ic "* ( ! repres5tation is n 9 ?is way to be avoid$4 ,a /ep fur!r 0 necess>y to ! rationali/ic int]pretation1 :i* n only ) mod]n supranaturalism reg>ds z incr$ible ! unconsci\s efflux ( curative p[] f ,jesus1 b also d5ies 9 g5]al any efflux ( su* p[]1 & yet wi%es to pres]ve unatta9t$ ! hi/orical v]acity ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ,jesus 0 l$ to ask :o t\*$ him1 solely because he felt himself held back 9 8 progress2 ! ass]tion t consci\sness ( a dep>ture ( p[]1 1 0 ! cause ( 8 "q1 is a m]e inf]5ce ( ! two n>rators1 ( :om ! "o1 ,m>k1 actually gives x z 8 own obs]vation2 & x is only ,luke :o incorporates x ) ! "q ( ,jesus4 ,! cure ( ! woman 0 effect$ by means ( h] exalt$ confid5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* :5 %e t\*$ ! hem ( ,jesus %e 0 seiz$ ) a viol5t %udd]+ 9 h] :ole n]v\s sy/em1 :i* probably caus$ a sudd5 contraction ( ! relax$ vessels2 at ! fir/ mom5t %e c\ld only believe1 n c]ta9ly "k t %e 0 cur$1 & only by degrees1 probably aft] ! use ( means recomm5d$ to h] by ,jesus1 did ! malady entirely cease4 #acah ,b :o c repres5t to himself ! timid t\* ( a sick woman ^: design 0 to rema9 conceal$1 & ^: fai? r5d]$ h] c]ta9 ( obta9+ a cure by ! slighte/ t\*1 z a grasp :i* arre/$ ! progress ( ,jesus1 press$ ^u z he 01 accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke1 by ! cr[d8 ,fur!r1 :at a va/ conception ( ! p[] ( confid5ce is dem&$ by ! op9ion1 t x heal$ a disease ( twelve ye>s' duration )\t ! concurr5ce ( any real =ce on ! "p ( ,jesus6 ,la/ly1 if ! ,evangeli/s are suppos$ to h put into ! m\? ( ,jesus an inf]5ce ( _! own 7t heal+ efficacy _h gone out ( him7--if !y are suppos$ to h describ$ a gradual cure z an in/antane\s "o2 !n1 ) ! r5unciation ( ^! p>ticul>s all w>rant = ! hi/orical reality ( ! entire n>rative falls to ! gr\nd1 & at ! same "t all necessity = tr\bl+ ourselves ) ! natural int]pretation4 ,9 fact1 if we only exam9e ! n>rative be=e u some:at m closely1 & comp>e x ) k9dr$ anecdotes1 we _c rema9 9 d\bt z to its prop] "*4 ,z "h & 9 "s o!r passages x is n>rat$ ( ,jesus1 t ! sick 7 cur$ by ! b>e t\* ( 8 clo!s3 s 9 ! ,acts we are told t ! h&k]*iefs & aprons ( ,paul cur$ all k9ds ( sick p]sons to :om !y 7 appli$ 7xix4 #aa f471 & t ! v %ad[ ( ,pet] 0 believ$ to h ! same efficacy 7v4 #ae72 :ile ! apocryphal gospels repres5t a mass ( cures to h be5 wr\ght by means ( ! swaddl+ b&s ( ! infant ,jesus1 & ! wat] 9 :i* he 0 wa%$4 #acai ,9 read+ ^! la/ hi/ories1 e "o kn[s t he is 9 ! realm ( fiction & leg5d2 b :]e9 are ! cures wr\ght by ! pocket-h&k]*iefs ( ,paul to be di/+ui%$ f ^? wr\ght by ! swaddl+ b&s ( ,jesus1 unless x be t ! latt] proce$$ f a *ild1 ! =m] f a man8 ,x is c]ta9 t if ! /ory relative to ,paul 7 n f\nd 9 a canonical book1 e "o w\ld deem x fabul\s1 & yet ! cr$ibility ( ! n>ratives %\ld n be conclud$ f ! assum$ orig9 ( ! book :i* conta9s !m1 b on ! contr>y1 our judgm5t ( ! book mu/ be f\nd$ on ! nature ( its p>ticul> n>ratives4 ,b aga91 betwe5 ^! cures by ! pocket-h&k]*iefs & ^? by ! t\* ( ! hem ( ! g>m5t1 !re is no ess5tial di/9ction4 ,9 bo? cases we h ! contact ( objects :i* are 9 a m]ely ext]nal connexion ) ! work] ( ! miracle2 ) ! s+le diff]5ce1 t ?is connexion is ) reg>d to ! pocket-h&k]*iefs an int]rupt$ "o1 ) reg>d to ! clo!s a cont9u\s "o2 9 bo? cases aga91 results :i*1 ev5 accord+ to ! or?odox view1 are only d]iv$ f ! spiritual nature ( ! m5 9 "q1 & are to be reg>d$ z acts ( _! w 9 virtue ( its union ) ! div9e1 are r$uc$ to physical effects & effluxes4 ,! subject ?us desc5ds f ! religi\s & !ological sph]e to ! natural & physical1 because a man ) a p[] ( heal+ resid5t 9 8 body1 & float+ z an atmosph]e ar\nd him1 w\ld belong to ! objects ( natural sci5ce1 & n ( religion4 ,b natural sci5ce is n able to accr$it su* a heal+ p[] by sure analogies or cle> def9itions2 h5ce ^! cures1 be+ driv5 f ! objective to ! subjective region1 mu/ receive _! explanation f psy*ology4 ,n[ psy*ology1 tak+ into acc\nt ! p[] ( imag9ation & ( fai?1 w c]ta9ly all[ ! possibility t )\t a real curative p[] 9 ! reput$ miracle-work]1 solely by ! /rong confid5ce ( ! diseas$ p]son t he possesses ?is p[]1 bodily maladies :i* h a close connexion ) ! n]v\s sy/em may be cur$3 b :5 we seek = hi/orical v\*]s = ?is possibility1 criticism1 :i* mu/ "h be call$ to aid1 w soon %[ t a f> great] numb] ( su* cures has be5 inv5t$ by ! fai? ( o!rs1 ?an has be5 p]=m$ by ! p>ties alleg$ to be conc]n$4 ,?us x is 9 itself by no means impossible1 t ?r\gh /rong fai? 9 ! heal+ p[] resid+ ev5 9 ! clo!s & h&k]*iefs ( ,jesus & ! apo/les1 _m sick p]sons on t\*+ ^! articles 7 consci\s ( real b5efit2 b x is at lea/ equally probable1 t only aft] ! dea? ( ^! m51 :5 _! fame 9 ! *ur* 0 ev] on ! increase1 anecdotes ( ?is k9d 7 believ+ly n>rat$1 & x dep5ds on ! nature ( ! acc\nts1 = :i* ( ! two alt]natives we are to decide4 ,9 ! g5]al /atem5t 9 ! ,gospels & ! ,acts1 :i* speak ( :ole masses hav+ be5 cur$ 9 ! above way1 ?is accumulation at any rate is traditional4 ,z to ! detail$ hi/ory :i* we h be5 exam9+1 9 its repres5tation t ! woman _h suff]$ twelve ye>s f a v ob/9ate disease1 & "o ! lea/ susceptible ( m]ely psy*ical influ5ce1 & t ! cure 0 p]=m$ by p[] consci\sly emitt$ f ,jesus1 in/ead ( by ! imag9ation ( ! pati5t3 s l>ge a portion betrays itself to be my?ical t we c no long] disc]n any hi/orical elem5ts1 & mu/ reg>d ! :ole z leg5d>y4 ,x is n difficult to see :at might give rise to ?is bran* ( ! evangelical miracul\s leg5d1 9 di/9ction f o!rs4 ,! fai? ( ! popul> m9d1 dep5d5t on ! s5ses1 & incapable ( appreh5d+ ! div9e ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?\ght alone1 /rives p]petually to draw x d[n into mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to a lat] op9ion1 ! sa9t mu/ cont9ue to "w miracles :5 8 bones are di/ribut$ z relics1 & ! body ( ,*ri/ mu/ be pres5t 9 ! transub/antiat$ ho/2 h5ce also1 accord+ to an idea develop$ mu* e>li]1 ! curative p[] ( ! m5 celebrat$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ be atta*$ to _! body & its cov]+s4 ,! less ! *ur* reta9$ ( ! words ( ,jesus1 ! m t5aci\sly %e clung to ! efficacy ( 8 mantle1 & ! fur!r %e 0 remov$ f ! free spiritual en]gy ( ! apo/le ,paul1 ! m consolatory 0 ! idea ( c>ry+ home 8 curative en]gy 9 a pocket-h&k]*ief4 #ih4 ,,cures ,,at ,a ,,di/ance4 ,! cures p]=m$ at a di/ance are1 prop]ly speak+1 ! opposite ( ^! involunt>y cures4 ,! latt] are effect$ by m]e corporeal contact )\t a special act ( ! w2 ! =m] solely by ! act ( ! w )\t corporeal contact1 or ev5 local proximity4 ,b !re imm$iately arises ?is objection3 if ! curative p[] ( ,jesus 0 s mat]ial t x disp5s$ itself involunt>ily at a m]e t\*1 x _c h be5 s spiritual t ! simple w c\ld convey x ov] consid]able di/ances2 or conv]sely1 if x 0 s spiritual z to act ap>t f bodily pres5ce1 x _c h be5 s mat]ial z to disp5se itself indep5d5tly ( ! w4 ,s9ce we h pron\nc$ ! purely physical mode ( influ5ce 9 ,jesus to be improbable1 free space is left to u = ! purely spiritual1 & our decision on ! latt] w !re=e dep5d entirely on ! exam9ation ( ! n>ratives & ! facts !mselves4 ,z pro(s t ! curative p[] ( ,jesus act$ ?us at a di/ance1 ,mat!w & ,luke n>rate to u ! cure ( ! sick s]vant ( a c5turion at ,cap]naum1 ,john t ( ! son ( a nobleman 1 at ! same place 7,matt4 viii4 #e ff42 ,luke vii4 #a ff42 ,john iv4 #df ff472 & aga9 ,mat!w 7xv4 #bb ff471 & ,m>k 7vii4 #be ff471 t ( ! daught] ( ! ,canaaniti% woman4 ,( ^! examples1 z 9 ! summ>y n>ration ( ! la/ !re is no?+ peculi>1 we h "h to consid] ! two fir/ only4 ,! common op9ion is1 t ,mat!w & ,luke d inde$ n>rate ! same fact1 b ,john "o di/9ct f ?is1 s9ce 8 n>rative diff]s f t ( ! two o!rs 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 fir/ly1 ! place f :i* ,jesus cures1 is 9 ! synoptical gospels ! place :]e ! sick man resides1 ,cap]naum1--9 ,john a diff]5t "o1 namely1 ,cana2 secondly1 ! "t at :i* ! synopti/s lay ! incid5t1 namely1 :5 ,jesus is 9 ! act ( return+ home aft] 8 ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 is diff]5t f t assign$ to x 9 ! f\r? gospel1 :i* is imm$iately aft] ! return ( ,jesus f ! fir/ passov] & 8 m9i/ry 9 ,sam>ia2 ?irdly1 ! sick p]son is accord+ to ! =m] ! slave1 accord+ to ! latt] ! son ( ! suppliant2 b ! mo/ important div]g5cies are ^? :i* relate1 f\r?ly1 to ! suppliant himself1 = 9 ! fir/ & ?ird gospels he is a milit>y p]son 7an 71 9 ! f\r? a p]son 9 (fice at c\rt 771 accord+ to ! =m] 7,matt4 v4 #aj ff471 a ,g5tile1 accord+ to ! latt] )\t d\bt a ,jew2 above all1 ! synopti/s make ,jesus eulogize him z a patt]n ( ! mo/ f]v5t1 humble fai?1 because1 9 ! conviction t ,jesus c\ld cure at a di/ance1 he prev5t$ him f go+ to 8 h\se2 :]eas 9 ,john1 on ! contr>y1 he is blam$ = 8 weak fai? :i* requir$ signs & wond]s1 because he ?\ght ! pres5ce ( ,jesus 9 8 h\se necess>y = ! purpose ( ! cure4 #acbj ,^! div]g5cies are c]ta9ly important en\gh to be a reason1 ) ^? :o reg>d !m f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 = ma9ta9+ ! di/9ction ( ! fact ly+ at ! f\ndation ( ! synoptical n>ratives f t report$ by ,john3 only ?is accuracy ( discrim9ation mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! div]sities betwe5 ! two synoptical n>ratives !mselves mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,fir/1 ev5 9 ! designation ( ! p]son ( ! pati5t !y are n p]fectly 9 unison2 ,luke calls him 1 a s]vant :o 0 de> to ! c5turion2 9 ,mat!w1 ! latt] calls him 1 :i* may equally mean ei!r a son or a s]vant1 & z ! c5turion :5 speak+ 7v4 #i7 ( 8 s]vant1 uses ! ^w 1 :ile ! cur$ individual is aga9 7v4 #ac7 spok5 ( z 1 x seems mo/ probable t ! =m] s5se 0 int5d$4 ,) respect to 8 disease1 ! man is describ$ by ,mat!w z a p>alytic griev\sly torm5t$2 ,luke is n only sil5t z to ?is species ( disease1 b he is ?\ght by _m to presuppose a diff]5t "o1 s9ce aft] ! indef9ite expression 1 be+ ill1 he adds1 1 0 ready to die1 & p>alysis is n g5]ally a rapidly fatal malady4 #acba ,b ! mo/ important diff]5ce is "o :i* runs ?r\gh ! entire n>rative1 namely1 t all :i* accord+ to ,mat!w ! c5turion does 9 8 own p]son1 is 9 ,luke done by mess5g]s1 = "h 9 ! fir/ in/ance he makes ! entreaty1 n p]sonally1 z 9 ,mat!w1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,jewi% eld]s1 & :5 he aft]w>ds wi%es to prev5t ,jesus f ent]+ 8 h\se1 he does n come =w>d himself1 b commissions "s fri5ds to act 9 8 /ead4 ,to reconcile ?is diff]5ce1 x is usual to ref] to ! rule3 quod quis p] alium facit1 etc4 #acbb ,if !n x be said1 & inde$ no o!r conception ( ! matt] is possible to expositors :o make su* an appeal1--,mat!w well knew t betwe5 ! c5turion & ,jesus ev]y?+ 0 transact$ by means ( deputies1 b = ! sake ( brevity1 he employ$ ! figure ( spee* above allud$ to1 & repres5t$ him z himself acco/+ ,jesus3 ,/orr is p]fectly "r 9 8 oppos+ rem>k1 t sc>cely any hi/orian w\ld s p]sev]+ly c>ry t metonymy ?r\gh an entire n>rative1 especially 9 a case :]e1 on ! "o h&1 ! figure ( spee* is by no means s obvi\s z :51 = example1 t is ascrib$ to a g5]al :i* is done by 8 soldi]s2 & :]e1 on ! o!r h&1 precisely ?is po9t1 :e!r ! p]son act$ = himself or ?r\gh o!rs1 is ( "s consequ5ce to a full e/imate ( 8 "*4 #acbc ,) laudable consi/5cy1 !re=e1 ,/orr1 z he believ$ x necess>y to ref] ! n>rative ( ! f\r? gospel to a sep>ate fact f t ( ! fir/ & ?ird1 on acc\nt ( ! important diff]5ces2 s1 on acc\nt ( ! div]g5cies :i* he f\nd betwe5 ! two la/1 pron\nces ^! also to be n>ratives ( two sep>ate ev5ts4 ,if any "o wond] t at ?ree diff]5t times s entirely simil> a cure %\ld h happ5$ at ! same place 7= accord+ to ,john also1 ! pati5t lay & 0 cur$ at ,cap]naum71 ,/orr on 8 side wond]s h[ x c be reg>d$ z 9 ! lea/ improbable t 9 ,cap]naum at two diff]5t p]iods two c5turions %\ld h _h ea* a sick s]vant1 & t aga9 at ano!r "t a nobleman %\ld h _h a sick son at ! same place2 t ! second c5turion 7,luke7 %\ld h he>d ! hi/ory ( ! fir/1 h appli$ 9 a simil> mann] to ,jesus1 & s\ght to surpass 8 example ( humility1 z ! fir/ c5turion 7,mat!w71 to :om ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! nobleman 7,john7 0 kn[n1 wi%$ to surpass ! weak fai? ( ! latt]2 & la/ly1 t ,jesus cur$ all ! ?ree pati5ts 9 ! same mann] at a di/ance4 ,b ! incid5t ( a di/+ui%$ (ficial p]son apply+ to ,jesus to cure a dep5d5t or relative1 & ( ,jesus at a di/ance op]at+ on ! latt] 9 su* a mann]1 t ab\t ! "t 9 :i* ,jesus pron\nc$ ! curative ^w1 ! pati5t at home recov]$1 is s s+ul> 9 its k9d t a ?reefold repetition ( x may be reg>d$ z impossible1 & ev5 ! supposition t x occurr$ twice only1 has difficulties2 h5ce x is our task to asc]ta9 :e!r ! ?ree n>ratives may n be trac$ to a s+le root4 ,n[ ! n>rative ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ :i* is mo/ g5]ally held to be di/9ct1 has n only an aff9ity ) ! synoptical n>ratives 9 ! outl9e already giv52 b 9 _m rem>kable details ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ! synopti/s agrees m closely ) ,john ?an ) 8 fell[ synopti/4 ,?us1 :ile 9 designat+ ! pati5t z 1 ,mat!w may be held to accord ) ! ( ,john1 at lea/ z probably z ) ! ( ,luke2 ,mat!w & ,john decid$ly agree 9 ?is1 t accord+ to bo? ! function>y at ,cap]naum applies 9 8 own p]son to ,jesus1 & n z 9 ,luke by deputies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! acc\nt ( ,john agrees ) t ( ,luke 9 its description ( ! /ate ( ! pati5t2 9 nei!r is !re any m5tion ( ! p>alysis ( :i* ,mat!w speaks1 b ! pati5t is describ$ z ne> dea?1 9 ,luke by ! words 1 9 ,john by 1 9 addition to :i* x is incid5tally impli$ 9 ! latt]1 v4 #eb1 t ! disease 0 accompani$ by a fev]1 4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus effect$ ! cure ( ! pati5t1 & 9 :i* 8 cure 0 made kn[n1 ,john /&s aga9 on ! side ( ,mat!w 9 opposition to ,luke4 ,:ile namely1 ! latt] has n an express assurance on ! "p ( ,jesus t ! s]vant 0 heal$1 ! two =m] make him say to ! (fic]1 9 v simil> t]ms1 ! "o1 1 1 ,g ?y way1 & z ?\ ha/ believ$ s %all x be done unto !e1 ! o!r1 1 1 ,g ?y way1 ?y son live?2 & ! conclusion ( ,mat!w also1 1 has at lea/ 9 its =m m resemblance to ! /atem5t ( ,john1 t by subsequ5t inquiry ! fa!r asc]ta9$ x to be 1 at ! same h\r 9 :i* ,jesus _h spok5 ! ^w t 8 son _h begun to am5d1 ?an to ! /atem5t ( ,luke1 t ! mess5g]s :5 !y return$ f\nd ! sick man re/or$ to heal?4 ,9 ano!r po9t ( ?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 ! agreem5t ) ,john is transf]r$ f ,mat!w aga9 to ,luke4 ,9 bo? ,luke & ,john1 namely1 a k9d ( embassy is spok5 (1 :i* t[>ds ! close ( ! n>rative comes out ( ! h\se ( ! (fic]2 9 ! =m] x consi/s ( ! c5turion's fri5ds1 ^: err& x is to dissuade ,jesus f giv+ himself unnecess>y tr\ble2 9 ! latt]1 ( s]vants :o rejoic+ly meet _! ma/] & br+ him ! news ( 8 son's recov]y4 ,unque/ionably :]e ?ree n>ratives are s ?or\ghly entw9$ ) ea* o!r z ^!1 we ought n m]ely to pron\nce two ( !m id5tical & all[ "o to /& = a di/9ct fact1 b mu/ r ei!r di/+ui% all1 or bl5d all into "o4 ,! latt] c\rse 0 adopt$ by ,seml]1 aft] old] examples1 #acbd & ,?oluck has at lea/ decl>$ x possible4 ,b ) su* expositors ! next object is s to expla9 ! div]g5cies ( ! ?ree n>ratives1 t no "o ( ! ,evangeli/s may seem to h said any?+ false4 ,) respect to ! rank ( ! applicant1 !y make ! 9 ,john a milit>y (fic]1 = :om ! ( ! two o!rs w\ld only be a m specific designation2 z reg>ds ! ma9 po9t1 h[ev]1 namely1 ! conduct ( ! applicant1 x is ?\ght t ! diff]5t n>rators may h repres5t$ ! ev5t 9 diff]5t p]iods ( its progress2 t is1 ,john may h giv5 ! e>li] circum/ance1 t ,jesus compla9$ ( ! orig9ally weak fai? ( ! suppliant1 ! synopti/s only ! lat]1 t he prais$ its rapid gr[?4 ,we h already %[n h[ x has be5 suppos$ possible1 9 a yet easi] mann]1 to adju/ ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! two synoptical acc\nts relative to ! m$iate or imm$iate entreaty4 ,b ?is ef=t to expla9 ! contradictions betwe5 ! ?ree n>ratives 9 a fav\rable mann] is altoge!r va94 ,!re /ill subsi/ ^! difficulties3 ! synopti/s ?\ght ( ! applicant z a c5turion1 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ z a c\rti]2 ! =m] z /rong1 ! latt] z weak 9 fai?2 ,john & ,mat!w imag9$ t he appli$ 9 8 own p]son to ,jesus2 ,luke1 t out ( mode/y he s5t deputies4 #acbe ,:i* !n repres5ts ! fact 9 ! "r way1 :i* 9 ! wrong8 ,if we take fir/ ! two synopti/s by !mselves1 expositors ) "o voice decl>e t ,luke gives ! m correct acc\nt4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is ?\ght improbable t ! pati5t %\ld h be51 z ,mat!w says1 a p>alytic1 s9ce 9 ! case ( a disease s seldom fatal ! mode/ c5turion w\ld sc>cely h met ,jesus to implore 8 aid imm$iately on 8 entrance into ! city3 #acbf z if a v pa9ful disease su* z is describ$ by ,mat!w did n r5d] desirable ! quicke/ help1 & z if !re 7 any want ( mode/y 9 ask+ ,jesus be=e he rea*$ home to utt] a heal+ ^w4 ,r1 ! contr>y relation betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke seems probable f ! obs]vation1 t ! miracle1 & consequ5tly also ! disease ( ! p]son cur$ miracul\sly1 is nev] dim9i%$ 9 tradition b always exagg]at$2 h5ce ! torm5t$ p>alytic w\ld m probably be height5$ into "o ready to die1 1 ?an ! latt] r$uc$ to a m]e suff]]4 ,b especially ! d\ble message 9 ,luke is1 accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 a feature v unlikely to h be5 inv5t$4 ,h[ if1 on ! contr>y1 x v pla9ly manife/$ itself to be an inv5tion8 ,:ile 9 ,mat!w ! c5turion1 on ! (f] ( ,jesus to accompany him1 seeks to prev5t him by ! objection3 ,"l1 ,i am n wor?y t ?\ %\lde/ come "u my ro(1 9 ,luke he adds by ! m\? ( 8 mess5g]1 :]e=e nei!r ?\ght ,i myself wor?y to come unto !e1 by :i* we pla9ly discov] ! conclusion on :i* ! second embassy 0 f\nd$4 ,if ! man decl>$ himself unwor?y t ,jesus %\ld come to him1 he _c1 x 0 ?\ght1 h held himself wor?y to come to ,jesus2 an exagg]ation ( 8 humility by :i* ! n>rative ( ,luke aga9 betrays its second>y "*4 ,! fir/ embassy seems to h orig9at$ 9 ! desire to introduce a previ\s recomm5dation ( ! c5turion z a motive = ! promptitude ) :i* ,jesus (f]$ to ent] ! h\se ( a ,g5tile4 ,! ,jewi% eld]s1 aft] hav+ in=m$ ,jesus ( ! case ( disease1 add t he 0 wor?y = :om he %\ld d ?is1 = he love? our nation & has built u a synagogue3 a recomm5dation ! t5or ( :i* is n unlike :at ,luke 7,acts x4 #bb7 makes ! mess5g]s ( ,cornelius say to ,pet] to induce him to return ) !m1 namely1 t ! c5turion 0 a j man1 & "o t fe>e? ,god1 & 9 good report among all ! nation ( ! ,jews4 ,t ! d\ble embassy _c h be5 orig9al1 appe>s ! mo/ cle>ly f ! fact1 t by x ! n>rative ( ,luke loses all coh]5ce4 ,9 ,mat!w all hangs well toge!r3 ! c5turion fir/ describes to ,jesus ! /ate ( ! suff]]1 & ei!r leaves x to ,jesus to decide :at he %all next d1 or be=e he pref]s 8 reque/ ,jesus anticipates him by ! (f] to g to 8 h\se1 :i* ! c5turion decl9es 9 ! mann] /at$4 ,comp>e ) ?is 8 /range conduct 9 ,luke3 he fir/ s5ds to ,jesus by ! ,jewi% eld]s ! reque/ t he w come & heal 8 s]vant1 b :5 ,jesus is actually com+1 rep5ts t he has occasion$ him to d s1 & asks only = a miracul\s ^w f ,jesus4 ,! supposition t ! fir/ reque/ proce$$ solely f ! eld]s & n f ! c5turion #acbg runs c\nt] to ! express words ( ! ,evangeli/1 :o by ! expressions3 ---- 1 he s5t--! eld]s--besee*+ him1 repres5ts ! pray] z com+ f ! c5turion himself2 & t ! latt] by ! ^w meant only t ,jesus %\ld come into ! neighb\rhood ( 8 h\se1 b :5 he saw t ,jesus int5d$ actually to ent] 8 h\se1 decl9$ ?is z too great a fav\r1--is too absurd a demean\r to attribute to a man :o o!rwise appe>s s5sible1 & ( :om = ?is reason s caprici\s a *ange ( m9d z is impli$ 9 ! text ( ,luke1 0 /ill less to be expect$4 ,! :ole difficulty w\ld h be5 avoid$1 if ,luke _h put into ! m\? ( ! fir/ mess5g]s1 z ,mat!w 9 t ( ! c5turion1 only ! entreaty1 direct or indirect1 = a cure 9 g5]al2 & !n aft] ,jesus _h (f]$ to g to ! h\se :]e ! pati5t lay1 _h attribut$ to ! same mess5g]s ! mode/ rejection ( ?is (f]4 ,b on ! "o h&1 he ?\ght x requisite to furni% a motive = ! resolution ( ,jesus to g into ! ,g5tile's h\se2 & on ! o!r1 tradition pres5t$ him ) a deprecation ( ?is p]sonal tr\ble on ! "p ( ,jesus3 he 0 unable to attribute ! pray] & ! deprecation to ! same p]sons1 & he 0 !re=e oblig$ to contrive a second embassy4 ,h]eby1 h[ev]1 ! contradiction 0 only app>5tly avoid$1 s9ce bo? embassies are s5t by ! c5turion4 ,p]haps also ! c5turion :o 0 unwill+ t ,jesus %\ld take ! tr\ble to ent] 8 h\se1 rem9d$ ,luke ( ! mess5g] :o w>n$ ,jairus n to tr\ble ! ma/] to ent] 8 h\se1 likewise aft] an entreaty t he w\ld come into ! h\se2 & z ! mess5g] says to ,jairus1 accord+ to him & ,m>k1 1 tr\ble n ! ma/] 7,luke viii4 #di71 s "h he puts into ! m\? ( ! second envoys1 ! words1 1 ,"l1 tr\ble n ?yself1 al?\gh su* an ord] has a reason only 9 ! case ( ,jairus1 9 ^: h\se ! /ate ( ?+s _h be5 *ang$ s9ce ! fir/ summons by ! dea? ( 8 daught]1 & none at all 9 t ( ! c5turion ^: s]vant /ill rema9$ 9 ! same /ate4 ,mod]n expositors are det]r$ f ! id5tification ( all ! ?ree n>ratives1 by ! fe> t x may pres5t ,john 9 ! light ( a n>rator :o has n appreh5d$ ! sc5e ) suffici5t accuracy1 & has ev5 mi/ak5 its ma9 drift4 #acbh ,7 !y nev]!less to v5ture on a union1 !y w\ld z f> z possible v9dicate to ! f\r? gospel ! mo/ orig9al acc\nt ( ! facts2 a position ( :i* we %all =?) te/ ! security1 by an exam9ation ( ! intr9sic "* ( ! n>ratives4 ,t ! suppliant is accord+ to ! f\r? ,evangeli/ a 1 :ile accord+ to ! two o!rs he is an 1 is an indiff]5t p>ticul> f :i* we c draw no conclusion on ei!r side2 & x may appe> to be ! same ) ! div]g5cy z to ! relation ( ! diseas$ p]son to ! "o :o entreats 8 cure4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be ask$ ) ref]5ce to ! la/ po9t1 f :i* ( ! ?ree designations ! o!r two c\ld mo/ easily h aris58 x c sc>cely be suppos$ t ! ( ,john became 9 a desc5d+ l9e1 fir/ ! d\btful t]m 1 & !n 2 & ev5 ! rev]se asc5d+ ord] is "h less probable ?an ! int]m$iate alt]native1 t out ( ! ambigu\s 7 7 !re bran*$ (f 9 "o direction ! s5se ( s]vant1 z 9 ,luke2 9 ! o!r1 ( son1 z 9 ,john4 ,we h already rem>k$1 t ! description ( ! pati5t's /ate 9 ,john1 z well z 9 ,luke1 is an enhancem5t on t 9 ,mat!w1 & consequ5tly ( lat] orig94 ,z reg>ds ! diff]5ce 9 ! locality1 f ! po9t ( view n[ g5]ally tak5 9 ! comp>ative criticism ( ! gospels1 ! decision w\ld d\btless be1 t 9 ! tradition f :i* ! synoptical writ]s drew1 ! place f :i* ,jesus p]=m$ ! miracles 0 conf\nd$ ) t 9 :i* ! sick p]son lay1 ! less not$ ,cana be+ absorb$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,cap]naum2 :]eas ,john1 be+ an eye-witness1 reta9$ ! m correct details4 ,b ! relation betwe5 ! ,evangeli/s appe>s to /& ?us only :5 ,john is assum$ to h be5 an eye-witness2 if ! critic seeks1 z he is b\nd to d1 to base 8 decision solely on ! intr9sic "* ( ! n>ratives1 he w arrive at a totally diff]5t result4 ,"h is a n>rative ( a cure p]=m$ at a di/ance1 9 :i* ! miracle appe>s ! great]1 ! wid] ! di/ance betwe5 ! cur] & ! cur$4 ,w\ld oral tradition1 9 propagat+ ?is n>rative1 h ! t5d5cy to dim9i% t di/ance1 & consequ5tly ! miracle1 s t 9 ! acc\nt ( ,john1 :o makes ,jesus p]=m ! cure at a place f :i* ! nobleman does n rea* 8 son until ! foll[+ day1 we %\ld h ! orig9al n>rative1 9 t ( ! synopti/s on ! contr>y1 :o repres5t ,jesus z be+ 9 ! same t[n ) ! sick s]vant1 ! "o modifi$ by tradition8 ,only ! conv]se ( ?is supposition c be held accordant ) ! nature ( ! leg5d1 & "h aga9 ! n>rative ( ,john manife/s itself to be a traditional "o4 ,aga91 ! precis5ess ) :i* ! h\r ( ! pati5t's recov]y is asc]ta9$ 9 ! f\r? gospel has a highly fictiti\s appe>ance4 ,! simple expression ( ,mat!w1 usually f\nd at ! conclusion ( hi/ories ( cures3 he 0 heal$ 9 ! self-same h\r1 is dilat$ into an inquiry on ! "p ( ! fa!r z to ! h\r 9 :i* ! son began to am5d1 an answ] f ! s]vants t ye/]day at ! sev5? h\r ! fev] left him1 & la/ly ! result1 t 9 ! v h\r 9 :i* ,jesus _h said1 ,?y son live?1 ! recov]y took place4 ,?is is a solicit\s accuracy1 a t$i\sness ( calculation1 t seems to bespeak ! anxiety ( ! n>rator to e/abli% ! miracle1 r ?an to %[ ! real c\rse ( ! ev5t4 ,9 repres5t+ ! z conv]s+ p]sonally ) ,jesus1 ! f\r? gospel has pres]v$ ! orig9al simplicity ( ! n>rative bett] ?an ! ?ird2 ?\gh z has be5 rem>k$1 ! s]vants :o come to meet _! ma/] 9 ! =m] seem to be repres5tatives ( ,luke's second embassy4 ,b 9 ! ma9 po9t ( diff]5ce1 relative to ! "* ( ! applicant1 x might be ?\ght t1 ev5 accord+ to our own /&>d1 ! pref]5ce mu/ be giv5 to ,john be=e ! two o!r n>rators4 ,= if t n>rative is ! m leg5d>y1 :i* exhibits an ef=t at aggr&izem5t or embelli%m5t1 x might be said t ! applicant ^: fai? is 9 ,john r weak1 is 9 ,luke embelli%$ into a model ( fai?4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 on embelli%m5t 9 g5]al t leg5d or ! inv5tive n>rator is b5t1 b on embelli%m5t 9 subs]vi5ce to _! gr& object1 :i* 9 ! gospels is ! glorification ( ,jesus2 & view$ 9 ?is light1 ! embelli%m5t w 9 two respects be f\nd on ! side ( ,john4 ,fir/1 z ?is ,evangeli/ cont9ually aims to exhibit ! pre-em95ce ( ,jesus1 by pres5t+ a contra/ to x 9 ! weakness ( all :o are br\ght into communication ) him1 s "h ?is purpose might be s]v$ by repres5t+ ! suppliant z weak r ?an /rong 9 fai?4 ,! reply1 h[ev]1 :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 ,unless ye see signs & wond]s ye w n believe1 has prov$ too sev]e1 = :i* reason x r$uces mo/ ( our comm5tators to p]plexity4 ,secondly1 x might seem unsuitable t ,jesus %\ld all[ himself to be div]t$ f 8 orig9al int5tion ( ent]+ ! h\se 9 :i* ! pati5t 01 & ?us appe> to be guid$ by ext]nal circum/ances2 x might be reg>d$ z m consi/5t ) 8 "* t he %\ld orig9ally resolve to effect ! cure at a di/ance in/ead ( be+ p]suad$ to ?is by ano!r4 ,if !n1 z tradition said1 ! suppliant did nev]!less make a k9d ( remon/rance1 ?is mu/ h _h an opposite drift to ! "o 9 ! synoptical gospels1 namely1 to induce ,jesus to a j\rney to ! h\se :]e ! pati5t lay4 ,9 relation to ! next "q1 ! possibility & ! actual c\rse ( ! incid5t be=e u1 ! natural int]pretation seems to f9d ! mo/ pliant mat]ial 9 ! n>rative ( ,john4 ,"h1 x is rem>k$1 ,jesus n[h]e says t he w effect ! pati5t's cure1 he m]ely assures ! fa!r t 8 son is out ( dang] 7 71 & ! fa!r1 :5 he f9ds t ! fav\rable turn ( 8 son's malady co9cides ) ! "t at :i* he 0 conv]s+ ) ,jesus1 9 no way draws ! inf]5ce t ,jesus _h wr\ght ! cure at a di/ance4 ,h5ce1 ?is hi/ory is only a pro( t ,jesus by means ( 8 pr(\nd acqua9tance ) semeiology1 0 able1 on receiv+ a description ( ! pati5t's /ate1 correctly to pr$ict ! c\rse ( 8 disease2 t su* a description is n "h giv5 is no pro( t ,jesus _h n obta9$ x2 :ile fur!r ?is pro( ( k is call$ a 7v4 #ed7 because x 0 a sign ( a k9d ( skill 9 ,jesus :i* ,john _h n be=e intimat$1 namely1 ! ability to pr$ict ! cure ( "o dang]\sly ill4 #acbi ,b1 ap>t f ! mis9t]pretation ( ! ^w 1 & ! int]polation ( a conv]sation n intimat$ 9 ! text2 ?is view ( ! matt] w\ld place ! "* & ev5 ! und]/&+ ( ,jesus 9 ! mo/ equivocal light4 ,= if we %\ld pron\nce a physician imprud5t1 :o 9 ! case ( a pati5t believ$ to be dy+ ( fev]1 %\ld ev5 f 8 own obs]vation ( ! symptoms1 gu>antee a cure1 & ?us risk 8 reputation3 h[ mu* m ra%ly w\ld ,jesus h act$1 _h he1 on ! m]e description ( a man :o 0 n a physician1 giv5 assurance t a disease 0 att5d$ ) no dang]8 ,we _c ascribe su* conduct to him1 because x w\ld be 9 direct contradiction ) 8 g5]al conduct1 & ! impression :i* he left on 8 cotempor>ies4 ,if !n ,jesus m]ely pr$ict$ ! cure )\t effect+ x1 he mu/ h be5 assur$ ( x 9 a m c]ta9 mann] ?an by natural reason+1--he mu/ h kn[n x 9 a sup]natural mann]4 ,?is is ! turn giv5 to ! n>rative by "o ( ! mo/ rec5t comm5tators on ! gospel ( ,john4 ,he puts ! "q1 :e!r we h "h a miracle ( k or ( p[]2 & z !re is no m5tion ( an imm$iate effect f ! words ( ,jesus1 :ile else:]e 9 ! f\r? gospel ! sup]ior k ( ,jesus is especially held up to our view1 he is ( op9ion t ,jesus1 by means ( 8 high] nature1 m]ely knew t at t mom5t ! dang]\s crisis ( ! disease 0 pa/4 #accj ,b if our gospel frequ5tly exhibits ! sup]ior k ( ,jesus1 ?is proves no?+ to ! purpose1 = x j z frequ5tly directs our att5tion to 8 sup]ior p[]4 ,fur!r1 :]e ! sup]natural k ( ,jesus is conc]n$1 ?is is pla9ly /at$ 7z i4 #di1 ii4 #be1 vi4 #fd71 & h5ce if a sup]natural cognizance ( ! already effect$ cure ( ! boy _h be5 int5d$1 ,john w\ld h made ,jesus speak on ?is occasion z he did be=e to ,na?anael1 & tell ! fa!r t he already saw 8 son on 8 b$ 9 an ameliorat$ /ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 n only is !re no intimation ( ! ex]cise ( sup]ior k1 b we are pla9ly en\gh giv5 to und]/& t !re 0 an ex]cise ( miracul\s p[]4 ,:5 ! sudd5 cure ( "o at ! po9t ( dea? is spok5 (1 ! imm$iate "q is1 ,:at br\ght ab\t ?is unexpect$ *ange8 & :5 a n>rative :i* else:]e makes miracles foll[ on ! ^w ( its h]o1 puts into 8 m\? an assurance t ! pati5t lives1 x is only ! mi/ak5 ef=t to dim9i% ! m>vell\s1 :i* c prev5t ! admission1 t 9 ?is assurance ! au?or means to give ! cause ( ! cure4 ,9 ! case ( ! synoptical n>ratives1 ! supposition ( a m]e pr$iction w n suffice1 s9ce "h ! fa!r 7,matt4 v4 #h7 entreats ! ex]cise ( heal+ p[]1 & ,jesus 7v4 #ac71 acc$es to ?is entreaty4 ,h5ce e way w\ld seem to be clos$ to ! natural int]pretation 7= ! di/ance ( ,jesus f ! pati5t made all physical or psy*ical influ5ce impossible71 if a s+le feature 9 ! n>rative _h n pres5t$ unexpect$ help4 ,?is feature is ! comp>ison :i* ! c5turion in/itutes betwe5 himself & ,jesus4 ,z he ne$ only speak a ^w 9 ord] to see ?is or t comm& p]=m$ by 8 soldi]s & s]vants1 s1 he concludes1 x w\ld co/ ,jesus no m ?an a ^w to re/ore 8 s]vant to heal?4 ,out ( ?is comp>ison x has be5 f\nd possible to extract an intimation t z on ! side ( ! c5turion1 s on t ( ,jesus1 human proxies 7 ?\ght (4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! c5turion int5d$ to repres5t to ,jesus1 t he ne$ only speak a ^w to "o ( 8 disciples1 & ! latt] w\ld g ) him & cure 8 s]vant1 :i* is suppos$ to h =?) happ5$4 #acca ,b z ?is w\ld be ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* ,jesus _h caus$ a cure to be wr\ght by 8 disciples1 & ! only "o 9 :i* he commissions !m imm$iately to p]=m a p>ticul> cure1 h[ c\ld ?is peculi> circum/ance be sil5tly presuppos$ 9 ! o!rwise detail$ n>rative ( ,luke8 ,:y1 s9ce ?is n>rator is n sp>+ 9 sp9n+ out ! re/ ( ! mess5g]'s spee*1 does he /9t ! few words :i* w\ld h expla9$ all--! simple addition aft] 1 speak ! ^w1 ( 1 to "o ( ?y disciples1 or some?+ simil>8 ,b1 above all1 at ! close ( ! n>rative1 :]e ! result is told1 ?is mode ( int]pretation falls into ! greate/ p]plexity1 n m]ely ?r\gh ! sil5ce ( ! n>rator1 b ?r\gh 8 positive /atem5t4 ,luke1 namely1 concludes ) ! in=mation t :5 ! fri5ds ( ! c5turion return$ into ! h\se1 !y f\nd ! s]vant already recov]$4 ,n[1 if ,jesus _h caus$ ! cure by s5d+ ) ! mess5g]s "o or m ( 8 disciples1 ! pati5t c\ld only beg9 gradually to be bett] aft] ! disciples _h come into ! h\se ) ! mess5g]s2 he c\ld n h be5 already well on _! arrival4 ,paulus inde$ supposes t ! mess5g]s l+]$ = "s "t li/5+ to ! disc\rse ( ,jesus1 & t ?us ! disciples arriv$ be=e !m2 b h[ ! =m] c\ld s unnecess>ily l+]1 & h[ ! ,evangeli/ c\ld h be5 sil5t on ?is po9t z well z on ! commission ( ! disciples1 he omits to expla94 ,:e!r in/ead ( ! disciples1 we hold t :i* corresponds on ! side ( ,jesus to ! soldi]s ( ! c5turion to be demons ( disease1 #accb m9i/]+ angels1 #accc or m]ely ! ^w & ! curative p[] ( ,jesus2 #accd 9 any case !re rema9s to u a miracle wr\ght at a di/ance4 ,?is k9d ( ag5cy on ! "p ( ,jesus is1 accord+ to ! admission ev5 ( su* comm5tators z h n g5]ally any repugnance to ! miracul\s1 att5d$ ) special difficulty1 because f ! want ( ! p]sonal pres5ce ( ,jesus1 & its b5eficial influ5ce on ! pati5t1 we are depriv$ ( e possibility ( r5d]+ ! cure conceivable by means ( an analogy obs]vable 9 nature4 #acce ,accord+ to ,ol%aus51 inde$1 ?is di/ant influ5ce has its analogies2 namely1 9 animal magnetism4 #accf ,i w n directly conte/ ?is1 b only po9t out ! limits )9 :i*1 s f> z my k ext5ds1 ?is ph5om5on conf9es itself 9 ! doma9 ( animal magnetism4 ,accord+ to our exp]i5ce hi!rto1 ! cases 9 :i* "o p]son c ex]t an influ5ce ov] ano!r at a di/ance are only two3 fir/1 ! magnetiz] or an individual 9 magnetic relation to him c act ?us on ! somnambule1 b ?is di/ant action mu/ always be prec$$ by imm$iate contact1--a prelim9>y :i* is n suppos$ 9 ! relation ( ,jesus to ! pati5t 9 our n>rative2 secondly1 su* an influ5ce is f\nd to exi/ 9 p]sons :o are !mselves somnambules1 or o!rwise "u a disord]$ /ate ( ! n]ves3 nei!r ( :i* descriptions c apply to ,jesus4 ,if ?us su* a cure ( di/ant p]sons z is ascrib$ to ,jesus 9 our n>ratives1 f> out/eps ! extreme limits ( natural causation1 z exhibit$ 9 magnetism & ! k9dr$ ph5om5a2 !n mu/ ,jesus h be51 s f> z ! above n>ratives c lay claim to hi/orical cr$it1 a sup]natural be+4 ,b be=e we admit him to h be5 s really1 x is wor? our :ile z critical inquir]s1 ta exam9e :e!r ! n>rative "u consid]ation c\ld n h aris5 )\t any hi/orical f\ndation2 especially z by ! v fact ( ! v>i\s =ms :i* x has tak5 9 ! diff]5t gospels x %[s itself to conta9 leg5d>y +r$i5ts4 ,& "h x is evid5t t ! miracul\s cures ( ,jesus by m]ely t\*+ ! pati5t1 su* z we h examples ( 9 t ( ! lep]1 ,matt4 viii4 #c1 & 9 t ( ! bl9d m51 ,matt4 ix4 #bi1 might by a natural climax rise1 fir/ into ! cure ( p]sons :5 9 8 pres5ce1 by a m]e ^w1 z 9 ! case ( ! demoniacs1 ( ! lep]s1 ,luke xvii4 #ad1 & o!r suff]]s2 & !n into ! cure ev5 ( ! abs5t by a ^w2 ( :i* !re is a /rongly m>k$ prec$5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 #b ,k+s v4 #i ff4 we read t :5 ! ,syrian g5]al ,naaman came be=e ! dwell+ ( ! prophet ,eli%a t he might be cur$ ( 8 leprosy1 ! prophet came n out to meet him1 b s5t to him by a s]vant ! direction to wa% himself sev5 times 9 ! riv] ,jordan4 ,at ?is ! ,syrian 0 s indignant t he 0 ab\t to return home )\t reg>d+ ! direction ( ! prophet4 ,he _h expect$1 he said1 t ! prophet w\ld come to him1 & call+ on 8 ,god1 /rike 8 h& ov] ! lepr\s place2 t )\t any p]sonal proc$ure ( ?is k9d1 ! prophet m]ely direct$ him to g to ! riv] ,jordan & wa%1 disc\rag$ & irritat$ him1 s9ce if wat] 7 ! ?+ requir$1 he might h _h x bett] at home ?an "h 9 ,israel4 ,by ?is ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory we see :at 0 ord9>ily expect$ f a prophet1 namely1 t he %\ld be able to cure :5 pres5t by bodily contact2 t he c\ld d s )\t contact1 & at a di/ance1 0 n presuppos$4 ,eli%a effect$ ! cure ( ! lepr\s g5]al 9 ! latt] mann] 7= ! wa%+ 0 n ! cause ( cure "h1 any m ?an 9 ,john ix41 b ! miracul\s p[] ( ! prophet1 :o saw fit to annex its influ5ce to ?is ext]nal act71 & h]eby prov$ himself a highly di/+ui%$ prophet3 ought !n ! ,messiah 9 ?is p>ticul> to fall %ort ( ! prophet8 ,?us our ,new ,te/am5t n>rative is manife/$ to be a necess>y reflection ( t ,old ,te/am5t /ory4 ,z1 !re1 ! sick p]son w n believe 9 ! possibility ( 8 cure unless ! prophet comes out ( 8 h\se2 s "h accord+ to "o edition ( ! /ory ! applicant likewise d\bts ! possibility ( a cure1 unless ,jesus w come 9 to 8 h\se2 accord+ to ! o!r editions1 he is conv9c$ ( ! p[] ( ,jesus to heal ev5 )\t ?is2 & all agree t ,jesus1 l ! prophet1 succe$$ 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is especially difficult miracle4 #ii4 ,,cures ,,on ,,! ,,sabba?4 ,jesus1 accord+ to ! gospels1 gave great sc&al to ! ,jews by n seldom p]=m+ 8 curative miracles on ! sabba?4 ,"o example ( ?is is common to ! ?ree synoptical writ]s1 two are peculi> to ,luke1 & two to ,john4 ,9 ! n>rative common to ! ?ree synoptical writ]s1 two cases ( suppos$ desecration ( ! sabba? are unit$2 ! pluck+ ( ! e>s ( corn by ! disciples 7,matt4 xii4 #a p>all471 & ! cure ( ! man ) ! )]$ h& by ,jesus 7v4 #i ff4 p>all474 ,aft] ! conv]sation :i* 0 occasion$ by ! pluck+ ( ! corn1 & :i* took place 9 ! fields1 ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s cont9ue z if ,jesus w5t f ?is sc5e imm$iately into ! synagogue ( ! same place1 to :i* no special designation is giv51 & !re1 on ! occasion ( ! cure ( ! man ) ! )]$ h&1 aga9 held a dispute on ! obs]vance ( ! sabba?4 ,x is evid5t t ^! two hi/ories 7 orig9ally unit$ only on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity 9 _! t5d5cy2 h5ce x is to ! cr$it ( ,luke1 t he has expressly sep>at$ !m *ronologically by ! words 1 on ano!r ,sabba?4 #accg ,! fur!r inquiry1 :i* n>rative is "h ! m orig9al8 we may dismiss ) ! obs]vation1 t if ! "q :i* ,mat!w puts into ! m\? ( ! ,ph>isees1 ,is x lawful to heal on ! sabba? days8 is held up z a specim5 ( inv5t$ dialogue2 #acch we may ) equal ju/ice *>act]ize 9 ! same way ! "q l5t to ,jesus by ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s2 :ile _! mu* prais$ #acci description ( ,jesus call+ to ! man to /& =? 9 ! mid/1 & !n ca/+ reprov+ glances ar\nd1 may be accus$ ( hav+ ! air ( dramatic fiction4 ,! n>ratives all agree 9 repres5t+ ! affliction "u :i* ! pati5t lab\r$1 z a 1 or 4 ,indef9ite z ?is expression is1 x is treat$ too freely :5 x is und]/ood1 z by ,paulus1 to imply only t ! h& 0 injur$ by heat1 #acdj or ev5 by a spra91 accord+ to ,v5tur9i's supposition4 #acda ,= :51 9 ord] to det]m9e ! signification 9 :i* ?is t]m is us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we ref]1 z x is prop] to d1 to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we f9d 7#a ,k+s xiii4 #d7 a h& :i*1 on be+ /ret*$ out1 771 describ$ z incapable ( be+ drawn back aga91 s t we mu/ und]/& a lam5ess & rigidity ( ! h&2 & on a comp>ison ( ,m>k ix4 #ah1 :]e ! expression to be )]$ or wa/$ away is appli$ to an epileptic1 a dry+ up & %r9k+ ( t memb]4 #acdb ,n[ f ! n>rative be=e u a v plausible argum5t may be drawn 9 fav\r ( ! supposition1 t ,jesus employ$ natural means 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is & o!r diseases4 ,only su* cures1 x is said1 7 prohibit$ on ! sabba? z 7 att5d$ ) any k9d ( lab\r2 ?us1 if ! ,ph>isees1 z x is "h said1 expect$ ,jesus to transgress ! sabbatical laws by effect+ a cure1 !y mu/ h kn[n t he 0 n accu/om$ to cure by 8 m]e ^w1 b by m$icam5ts & surgical op]ations4 #acdc ,z1 h[ev]1 a cure m]ely by means ( a conjuration o!rwise lawful1 0 =bidd5 on ! sabba?1 a fact :i* ,paulus himself else:]e adduces2 #acdd z moreov] !re 0 a controv]sy betwe5 ! s*ools ( ,hillel & ,s*ammai1 :e!r x 7 p]mitt$ ev5 to adm9i/] consolation to ! sick on ! sabba?2 #acde & z aga91 accord+ to an obs]vation ( ,paulus1 ! m anci5t rabb9s 7 /rict] on ! po9t ( sabbatical obs]vance ?an ^? ^: writ+s on ?is subject h come d[n to u2 #acdf s ! cures ( ,jesus1 ev5 suppos+ t he us$ no natural means1 might by capti\s ,ph>isees be br\ght "u ! category ( violations ( ! sabba?4 ,! pr9cipal objection to ! rationali/ic explanation1 namely1 ! sil5ce ( ! ,evangeli/s z to natural means1 ,paulus believes to be obviat$ 9 ! pres5t case by conceiv+ ! sc5e ?us3 at t "t1 & 9 ! synagogue1 !re 0 inde$ no application ( su* means2 ,jesus m]ely caus$ ! h& to be %[n to him1 t he might see h[ f> ! rem$ies hi!rto prescrib$ by him 7:i* rem$ies h[ev] are /ill a b>e assumption7 _h be5 s]viceable1 & he !n f\nd t x 0 completely cur$2 = ! expression 1 us$ by all ! n>rators1 implies a cure complet$ previ\sly1 n "o sudd5ly effect$ 9 ! pass+ mom5t4 ,x is true t ! context seems to require ?is int]pretation1 s9ce ! out/ret*+ ( ! h& prior to ! cure w\ld appe> to be z little possible1 z 9 #a ,k+s xiii4 #d1 ! act ( draw+ x back3 nev]!less ! ,evangeli/s give u only ! ^w ( ,jesus z ! s\rce ( ! cure2 n natural means1 :i* are ! gratuit\s addition ( expositors4 #acdg ,decisive evid5ce1 alike = ! necessity ( view+ ?is z a miracul\s cure1 & = ! possibility ( expla9+ ! orig9 ( ! anecdote1 is to be obta9$ by a clos] exam9ation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t n>rative already m5tion$1 #a ,k+s xiii4 #a ff44 ,a prophet out ( ,judah ?reat5$ ,j]oboam1 :ile (f]+ inc5se on 8 idolatr\s alt>1 ) ! de/ruction ( ! alt> & ! ov]?r[ ( 8 false wor%ip2 ! k+ ) out/ret*$ h& comm&$ t ?is prophet ( evil %\ld be seiz$1 :5 sudd5ly 8 h& dri$ up s t he c\ld n draw x aga9 t[>ds him1 & ! alt> 0 r5t4 ,on ! entreaty ( ! k+1 h[ev]1 ! prophet bes\ght ,jehovah = ! re/oration ( ! h&1 & its full use 0 aga9 grant$4 #acdh ,paulus also ref]s to ?is n>rative 9 ! same connexion1 b only = ! purpose ( apply+ to x 8 natural me?od ( explanation2 he obs]ves t ,j]oboam's ang] may h produc$ a transi5t convulsive rigidity ( ! muscles & s =?1 9 ! h& j /ret*$ out ) su* impetuosity4 ,b :o does n see t we h "h a leg5d design$ to glorify ! mono!i/ic ord] ( prophets1 & to hold up to infamy ! ,israeliti% idolatry 9 ! p]son ( its f\nd] ,j]oboam8 ,! man ( ,god d5\nces on ! idolatr\s alt> quick & miracul\s de/ruction2 ! idolatr\s k+ impi\sly /ret*es =? 8 h& aga9/ ! man ( ,god2 ! h& is p>alyz$1 ! idolatr\s alt> falls asund] into ! du/1 & only on ! int]cession ( ! prophet is ! k+ re/or$4 ,:o c argue ab\t ! miracul\s & ! natural 9 :at is s evid5tly a my?us8 ,& :o c fail to p]ceive 9 our evangelical n>rative an imitation ( ?is ,old ,te/am5t leg5d1 except t agreeably to ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity ! )]+ ( ! h& appe>s1 n z a retributive miracle1 b z a natural disease1 & only its cure is ascrib$ to ,jesus2 :5ce also ! out/ret*+ ( ! h& is n1 z 9 ! case ( ,j]oboam1 ! crim9al cause ( ! infliction1 cont9u$ z a puni%m5t1 & ! draw+ ( x back aga9 a sign ( cure2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! h& :i* _h previ\sly be5 drawn inw>ds1 ow+ to disease1 c aft] ! completion ( ! cure be aga9 ext5d$4 ,t1 9 o!r in/ances1 ab\t t p]iod1 ! p[] ( work+ cures ( ?is k9d 0 9 ! ,ea/ ascrib$ to ! fav\rites ( ! gods1 may be se5 f a n>rative already adduc$1 9 :i*1 toge!r ) ! cure ( bl9dness1 ! re/oration ( a diseas$ h& is attribut$ to ,vespasian4 #acdi ,b ?is curative miracle does n appe> indep5d5tly & z an object by itself3 ! hi/ory ( x h+es on ! fact t ! cure 0 wr\ght on ! ,sabba?1 & ! po9t ( ! :ole lies 9 ! words by :i* ,jesus v9dicates 8 activity 9 heal+ on ! ,sabba? aga9/ ! ,ph>isees4 ,9 ,luke & ,m>k ?is def5ce consi/s 9 ! "q1 ,is x lawful to d good on ! sabba? days1 or to d evil1 to save life or to de/roy x8 9 ,mat!w1 9 a "p ( ?is "q1 toge!r ) ! aphorism on sav+ ! %eep :i* might fall into ! pit on ! sabba?4 ,luke1 :o has n ?is say+ on ! pres5t occasion1 places x 7v>i$ by ! sub/itution ( 1 an ass or an ox = %eep1 & ( 1 well or pit = 1 dit*7 9 connexion ) ! cure ( an a man :o _h ! dropsy 7xiv4 #e72 a n>rative :i* has 9 g5]al a /rik+ simil>ity to ! "o "u consid]ation4 ,jesus takes food 9 ! h\se ( "o ( ! *ief ,ph>isees1 :]e1 z 9 ! o!r in/ance 9 ! synagogue1 he is wat*$ 7"h1 1 !re1 74 ,a dropsical p]son is pres5t2 z1 !re1 a man ) a )]$ h&4 ,9 ! synagogue1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! ,ph>isees ask ,jesus1 2 ,is x lawful to heal on ! sabba? days8 ,accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke1 ,jesus asks !m :e!r x be lawful to save life1 etc43 s1 "h1 he asks !m1 2 ,is x lawful to heal on ! sabba?8 :]eupon 9 bo? hi/ories ! int]rogat$ p>ties are sil5t 79 t ( ! )]$ h&1 ,m>k3 2 9 t ( ! dropsical pati5t1 ,luke3 74 ,la/ly1 9 bo? hi/ories we h ! say+ ab\t ! animal fall5 into a pit1 9 ! "o z an epilogue to ! cure1 9 ! o!r 7t ( ,mat!w7 z a prologue4 ,a natural explanation1 :i* has n be5 left untri$ ev5 ) ?is cure ( ! dropsy1 #acej seems m ?an usually a va9 lab\r1 :]e1 z 9 ?is case1 we h be=e u no p>ticul> n>rative1 re/+ on its own hi/orical basis1 b a m]e v>iation on ! !me ( ! sabba? cures1 & ! text on ! endang]$ dome/ic animal1 :i* might come to "o 7,mat!w7 9 connexion ) ! cure ( a )]$ h&1 to ano!r 7,luke7 ) ! cure ( a dropsical pati5t1 & to a ?ird 9 a diff]5t connexion /ill2 = !re is yet a ?ird ,/ory ( a miracul\s cure ) :i* a simil> say+ is associat$4 ,luke1 namely1 n>rates 7xiii4 #aj ff47 ! cure ( a woman b[$ d[n by demoniacal influ5ce1 z hav+ be5 p]=m$ by ,jesus on ! sabba?2 :5 to ! indignant remon/rance ( ! rul] ( ! synagogue1 ,jesus replies by ask+1 :e!r e "o does n loose 8 ox or ass f ! /all on ! sabba?1 & lead him away to wat]+8 a "q :i* is und5iably a v>iation ( ! "o giv5 above4 ,s entirely id5tical does ?is hi/ory appe> ) ! "o la/ nam$1 t ,s*lei]ma*] comes to ?is conclusion3 s9ce 9 ! second !re is no ref]5ce to ! fir/1 & s9ce consequ5tly ! repetition is n excus$ by confession1 ! two passages ,luke xiii4 #aj1 & xiv4 #e1 _c h be5 writt5 "o aft] ! o!r by ! same au?or4 #acea ,?us we h "h1 n ?ree diff]5t incid5ts1 b only ?ree diff]5t frames 9 :i* leg5d has pres]v$ ! memorable & ?or\ghly popul> aphorism on ! dome/ic animal1 to be rescu$ or t5d$ on ! sabba?4 ,yet1 unless we w\ld d5y to ,jesus s orig9al & appropriate an argum5t1 !re mu/ lie at ! f\ndation a cure ( "s k9d actually p]=m$ by him on ! sabba?2 n1 h[ev]1 a miracul\s "o4 ,we h se5 t ,luke unites ! say+ ) ! cure ( a demoniacal pati5t3 n[ x might h be5 utt]$ by ,jesus on ! occasion ( "o ( ^? cures ( demoniacs ( :i*1 "u c]ta9 limitations1 we h admitt$ ! natural possibility4 ,or1 :5 ,jesus 9 cases ( illness among 8 foll[]s appli$ ! usual m$icam5ts )\t reg>d to ! sabba?1 he may h f\nd ?is appeal to ! practical s5se ( m5 ne$ful = 8 v9dication4 ,or la/ly1 if !re be "s tru? 9 ! op9ion ( rationali/ic comm5tators t ,jesus1 accord+ to ! ori5tal & m p>ticul>ly ! ,ess5e cu/om1 occupi$ himself ) ! cure ( ! body z well z ( ! s\l1 he may1 :5 comply+ ) a summons to ! =m] "w on ! sabba?1 h _h occasion = su* an apology4 ,b 9 adopt+ ?is la/ supposition1 we mu/ n1 ) ^! comm5tators1 seek 9 ! p>ticul> sup]natural cures :i* ! gospels n>rate1 ! natural reality2 on ! contr>y1 we mu/ admit t ?is is totally lo/ to u1 & t ! sup]natural has usurp$ its place4 #aceb ,fur!r1 x _c h be5 cures 9 g5]al ) :i* t say+ ( ,jesus 0 connect$2 b any s]vice p]=m$ by him or 8 disciples :i* might be reg>d$ z a rescu+ or pres]vation ( life1 & :i* 0 accompani$ by ext]nal lab\r1 might 9 8 position ) respect to ! ,ph>isaic p>ty1 furni% an occasion = su* a def5ce4 ,( ! two cures on ! sabba? n>rat$ 9 ! f\r? gospel1 "o has already be5 consid]$ ) ! cures ( ! bl9d2 ! o!r 7v4 #a ff47 might h be5 numb]$ among ! cures ( p>alytics1 b z ! pati5t is n s designat$1 x 0 admissible to res]ve x = our pres5t head4 ,9 ! por*es ( ! pool ( ,be!sda 9 ,j]usalem1 ,jesus f\nd a man :o1 z x subsequ5tly appe>s1 _h be5 lame = ?irty-eight ye>s2 ?is suff]] he enables by a ^w to /& up & c>ry home 8 b$1 b1 z x 0 ! sabba?1 he ?us draws d[n on himself ! ho/ility ( ! ,jewi% hi]>*y4 ,wool/on #acec & _m lat] writ]s h ?\ght to get cle> ( ?is hi/ory 9 a s+ul> mann]1 by ! supposition t ,jesus "h did n cure a real suff]] b m]ely unmask$ a hypocrite4 #aced ,! sole reason :i* c ) any plausibility be urg$ 9 fav\r ( ?is notion1 is t ! cur$ man po9ts out ,jesus to 8 enemies z ! "o :o _h comm&$ him to c>ry 8 b$ on ! sabba? 7v4 #ae2 comp4 #aa ff471 a circum/ance :i* is only to be expla9$ on ! gr\nd t ,jesus _h enjo9$ :at 0 unwelcome4 ,b t notification to ! ,ph>isees might equally be giv51 ei!r ) a fri5dly int5tion1 z 9 ! case ( ! man born bl9d 7,john ix4 #aa1 #be71 or at lea/ ) ! innoc5t "o ( devolv+ ! def5ce ( ! alleg$ violation ( ! sabba? on a /rong] ?an himself4 #acee ,! ,evangeli/ at lea/ gives x z 8 op9ion t ! man 0 really afflict$1 & suff]$ f a we>isome disease1 :5 he describes him z hav+ _h an infirmity ?irty-eight ye>s1 7v4 #e73 = ! =c$ int]pretation once put on ?is passage by ,paulus1 ref]r+ ! ?irty-eight ye>s to ! man's age1 & n to ! duration ( 8 disease1 he has n ev5 himself v5tur$ to reproduce4 #acef ,on ?is view ( ! incid5t x is also impossible to expla9 :at ,jesus says to ! cur$ man on a subsequ5t meet+ 7v4 #ad73 ,behold ?\ art made :ole2 s9 no m le/ a worse ?+ come unto !e4 ,ev5 ,paulus is compell$ by ^! words to admit t ! man _h a real infirmity1 ?\gh only a trifl+ "o3--9 o!r words he is compell$ to admit ! inadequacy ( ! idea on :i* 8 explanation ( ! incid5t is bas$1 s t "h aga9 we reta9 a miracle1 & t n ( ! smalle/4 ,9 relation to ! hi/orical cr$ibility ( ! n>rative1 x may c]ta9ly be held rem>kable t s important a sanative in/itution z ,be!sda is describ$ to be by ,john1 is n m5tion$ ei!r by ,josephus or ! rabb9s1 especially if ! popul> belief connect$ a miracul\s cure ) ?is pool3 #aceg b ?is af=ds no?+ decisive4 ,x is true t 9 ! description ( ! pool !re lies a fabul\s popul> notion1 :i* appe>s also to h be5 receiv$ by ! writ] 7= ev5 if v4 #d be spuri\s1 some?+ simil> is conta9$ 9 ! words 1 v4 #c1 & 1 v4 #g74 ,b ?is proves no?+ aga9/ ! tru? ( ! n>rative1 s9ce ev5 an eye-witness & a disciple ( ,jesus may h %>$ a vulg> error4 ,to make cr$ible1 h[ev]1 su* a fact z t a man :o _h be5 lame eight-&-?irty ye>s1 s t he 0 unable to walk1 & completely b$-ridd51 %\ld h be5 p]fectly cur$ by a ^w1 ! supposition ( psy*ological influ5ce w n suffice1 = ! man _h no k :atev] ( ,jesus1 v4 #ac2 nor w any physical analogy1 su* z magnetism & ! l1 s]ve ! purpose3 b if su* a result really happ5$1 we mu/ exalt t by :i* x happ5$ above all ! limits ( ! human & ! natural4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x ought nev] to h be5 ?\ght a difficulty #aceh t f among ! multitude ( ! infirm wait+ 9 ! por*es ( ! pool1 ,jesus select$ "o only z ! object ( 8 curative p[]1 s9ce ! cure ( him ^: suff]+s _h be5 ( ! longe/ duration 0 n only p>ticul>ly adapt$1 b also suffici5t1 to glorify ! miracul\s p[] ( ! ,messiah4 ,nev]!less1 x is ?is v trait :i* sugge/s a suspicion t ! n>rative has a my?ical "*4 ,on a great !atre ( disease1 cr[d$ ) all k9ds ( suff]]s1 ,jesus1 ! exalt$ & miracul\sly gift$ physician1 appe>s & selects ! "o :o is afflict$ ) ! mo/ ob/9ate malady1 t by 8 re/oration he may pres5t ! mo/ brilliant pro( ( 8 miracul\s p[]4 ,we h already rem>k$ t ! f\r? gospel1 in/ead ( ext5d+ ! curative ag5cy ( ,jesus ov] l>ge masses & to a great v>iety ( diseases1 z ! synoptical gospels d1 conc5trates x on a few cases :i* proportionately ga9 9 int5sity3 ?us "h1 9 ! n>rative ( ! cure ( a man :o _h be5 lame ?irty-eight ye>s1 x has f> surpass$ all ! synoptical acc\nts ( cures p]=m$ on p]sons ) diseas$ limbs1 among :om ! longe/ suff]] is describ$ 9 ,luke xiii4 #aa1 only z a woman :o _h _h a _s ( infirmity eighte5 ye>s4 ,)\t d\bt ! f\r? ,evangeli/ _h receiv$ "s intimation 7?\gh1 z we h ga!r$ f o!r p>ts ( 8 hi/ory1 x 0 f> f precise7 ( cures ( ?is nature p]=m$ by ,jesus1 especially ( t wr\ght on ! p>alytic1 ,matt4 ix4 #b ff4 p>all41 = ! address to ! pati5t1 & ! result ( ! cure are 9 ?is n>rative 9 ,john almo/ v]bally ! same z 9 t case1 especially accord+ to ,m>k's acc\nt4 #acei ,!re is ev5 a ve/ige 9 ?is hi/ory ( ,john1 ( ! circum/ance t 9 ! synoptical n>rative ! cure appe>s 9 ! light ( a =giv5ess ( s9s3 = z ,jesus 9 ! latt] consoles ! pati5t1 be=e ! cure1 ) ! assurance1 ?y s9s are =giv5 !e1 s 9 ! =m]1 he w>ns him1 aft] ! cure1 9 ! words1 s9 no m1 etc4 ,= ! re/1 ?is highly embelli%$ hi/ory ( a miracul\s cure 0 repres5t$ z happ5+ on ! sabba?1 probably because ! comm& to take up ! b$ :i* x conta9$ appe>$ ! mo/ suitable occasion = ! reproa* ( violat+ ! sabba?4 #ajj4 ,,resuscitations ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 ,! ,evangeli/s tell u ( ?ree in/ances 9 :i* ,jesus recall$ ! dead to life4 ,"o ( ^! is common to ! ?ree synopti/s1 "o belongs solely to ,luke1 & "o to ,john4 ,! in/ance :i* is common to ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s is ! resuscitation ( a girl1 & is 9 all ! ?ree gospels unit$ ) ! n>rative ( ! woman :o _h an issue ( blood 7,matt4 ix4 #ah f42 #bc-bf2 ,m>k v4 #bb ff42 ,luke viii4 #da ff474 ,9 ! m precise designation ( ! girl & h] fa!r1 ! synoptical writ]s v>y4 ,mat!w introduces ! fa!r g5]ally z a c]ta9 rul]1 )\t any "n2 ! two o!rs z a rul] ( ! synagogue nam$ ,jairus3 ! latt] moreov] describe ! girl z be+ twelve ye>s old1 & ,luke /ates t %e 0 ! only *ild ( h] fa!r2 p>ticul>s ( :i* ,mat!w is ignorant4 ,a m important diff]5ce is1 t accord+ to ,mat!w ! rul] 9 ! fir/ in/ance speaks ( 8 daught] to ,jesus z be+ dead1 & intreats him to re/ore h] to life2 :]eas accord+ to ! two o!r ,evangeli/s1 he left h] :ile yet liv+1 ?\gh on ! po9t ( dea?1 t he might fet* ,jesus to av]t h] actual decease1 & fir/ :5 ,jesus 0 on ! way ) him1 p came out ( 8 h\se ) ! in=mation t 8 daught] _h 9 ! meantime expir$1 s t to tr\ble ,jesus fur!r 0 9 va94 ,! circum/ances ( ! resuscitation also are diff]5tly describ$1 = ,mat!w kn[s n t ,jesus1 z ! o!r ,evangeli/s /ate1 took ) him only 8 ?ree mo/ confid5tial disciples z witnesses4 ,"s !ologians1 ,/orr = example1 h ?\ght ^! div]g5cies s important1 t !y h suppos$ two diff]5t cases 9 :i*1 among o!r simil> circum/ances1 ! daught]1 9 "o case ( a civil rul] 7,mat!w71 9 ! o!r1 ( a rul] ( ! synagogue nam$ ,jairus 7,m>k & ,luke71 0 rais$ f ! dead by ,jesus4 #acfj ,b t1 z ,/orr supposes1 & z x is inevitable to suppose on 8 view1 ,jesus n only twice resuscitat$ a girl1 b also on bo? ^! occasions1 heal$ a woman ) an issue imm$iately be=e1 is a co9cid5ce :i* does n at all ga9 9 probability by ! vague obs]vation ( ,/orr1 t x is q possible = v simil> ?+s to happ5 at diff]5t times4 ,if !n x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,evangeli/s n>rate only "o ev5t1 ! weak attempt to give p]fect agreem5t to _! n>ratives %\ld be =borne4 ,= nei!r c ! expression ( ,mat!w mean1 z ,ku9l ma9ta9s1 #acfa e/ morti proxima1 nor c t ( ,m>k1 1 or ( ,luke 1 imply t dea? _h already tak5 place3 n to m5tion t accord+ to bo?1 ! fact ( ! dea? is subsequ5tly ann\nc$ to ! fa!r z some?+ new4 #acfb ,our m mod]n critics h wisely admitt$ a div]g5cy betwe5 ! acc\nts 9 do+ :i* !y h unanim\sly giv5 ! palm ( sup]ior accuracy to ! int]m$iate ,evangeli/s4 ,"s are l5i5t t[>ds ,mat!w1 & only attribute to 8 mode ( n>ration a brevity :i* might belong ev5 to ! repres5tation ( an eye-witness2 #acfc :ile o!rs reg>d ?is want ( p>ticul>ity z an indication t ! fir/ gospel _h n an apo/olic orig94 #acfd ,n[ t ,m>k & ,luke give ! "n ( ! applicant1 on :i* ,mat!w is sil5t1 & also t !y det]m9e 8 rank m precisely ?an ! latt]1 w j z well be> an unfav\rable con/ruction = !m1 z ! usual fav\rable "o2 s9ce ! designation ( p]sons by "n1 z we h be=e rem>k$1 is n seldom an addition ( ! lat] leg5d4 ,= example1 ! woman ) ! issue fir/ receives ! "n ( ,v]onica 9 ! tradition ( ,john ,malala2 #acfe ! ,canaaniti% woman t ( ,ju/a 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies3 #acff & ! two ?ieves crucifi$ ) ,jesus1 ! names ( ,ge/as & ,demas 9 ! ,gospel ( ,nicodemus4 #acfg ,luke's 7"o only daught]7 only s]ves to make ! sc5e m t\*+1 & ! twelve ye>s ( age1 he1 & aft] him ,m>k1 might h borr[$ f ! hi/ory ( ! woman ) ! issue4 ,! div]g5cy t1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! maid5 is spok5 ( 9 ! fir/ in/ance z dead1 accord+ to ! two o!rs z only dy+1 mu/ h be5 consid]$ v sup]ficially by ^? :o h ?\ght x possible to turn x 9 accordance ) our own rule to ! disadvantage ( ,mat!w1 on ! gr\nd t 8 repres5tation s]ves to aggr&ize ! miracle4 ,= 9 bo? ! o!r gospels ! dea? ( ! girl is subsequ5tly ann\nc$1 & its be+ suppos$ 9 ,mat!w to h occurr$ a few mom5ts e>li] is no aggr&izem5t ( ! miracle4 ,nay1 x is ! rev]se2 = ! miracul\s p[] ( ,jesus appe>s great] 9 ! =m]1 n inde$ objectively1 b subjectively1 because x is height5$ by contra/ & surprise4 ,!re1 :]e ,jesus is 9 ! fir/ in/ance intreat$ to re/ore ! dead to life1 he does no m ?an :at 0 desir$ ( him2 "h1 on ! contr>y1 :]e supplicat$ only = ! cure ( a sick p]son1 he actually br+s t p]son to life aga91 he does m ?an ! int]e/$ p>ties seek or und]/&4 ,!re1 :]e ! p[] ( awak+ ! dead is presuppos$ by ! fa!r to belong to ,jesus1 ! extraord9>y nature ( su* a p[] is less m>k$ ?an "h1 :]e ! fa!r at fir/ only presupposes ! p[] ( heal+ ! sick1 & :5 dea? has sup]v5$1 is div]t$ f any fur!r hope4 ,9 ! description ( ! arrival & ! conduct ( ,jesus 9 ! h\se :]e ! corpse lay1 ,mat!w's brevity is at lea/ cle>] ?an ! diffuse acc\nts ( ! two o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,mat!w tells u t ,jesus1 hav+ rea*$ ! h\se1 put =? ! m9/rels already assembl$ = ! fun]al1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( ! cr[d1 on ! gr\nd t !re w\ld be no fun]al !re2 ?is is p]fectly intelligible4 ,b ,m>k & ,luke tell u besides t he exclud$ 8 disciples also1 ) ! exception ( ?ree1 f ! sc5e ab\t to take place1 & = ?is x is difficult to discov] a reason4 ,t a great] numb] ( spectators w\ld h be5 physically or psy*ologically an imp$im5t to ! resuscitation1 c only be said on ! supposition t ! ev5t 0 a natural "o4 ,admitt+ ! miracle1 ! reason = ! exclusion c only be s\ght 9 ! want ( fitness 9 ! exclud$ p>ties1 :om1 h[ev]1 ! sight ( su* a miracle w\ld surely h be5 ! v means to b5efit4 ,b we mu/ n omit to obs]ve t ! two lat] synopti/s1 9 opposition to ! conclud+ /atem5t ( ,mat!w t ! fame ( ?is ev5t w5t abroad 9 ! :ole l&1 repres5t ,jesus z enjo9+ ! /ricte/ sil5ce on ! witnesses3 s t on ! :ole x r appe>s t ,m>k & ,luke reg>d$ ! incid5t z a my/]y1 to :i* only ! ne>e/ relatives & ! mo/ fav\r$ disciples 7 admitt$4 ,la/ly1 ! diff]5ce on :i* ,s*ulz insi/s z fav\rable to ! second & ?ird ,evangeli/s1 namely1 t :ile ,mat!w makes ,jesus simply take ! maid5 by ! h&1 !y h pres]v$ to u ! words :i* he at ! same "t utt]$1 ! =m] ev5 9 ! orig9al language2--c ei!r h no weight at all1 or x mu/ fall into ! opposite scale4 ,= t ,jesus1 if he said any?+ :5 recall+ a girl to life1 made use ( "s su* words z 1 maid51 ,i say unto !e1 arise1 ! mo/ remote n>rator might imag9e1 & to reg>d ! ( ,m>k z an indication t ?is ,evangeli/ drew f a peculi>ly orig9al s\rce1 is to =get ! m simple supposition t he translat$ ^! words f ! ,greek ( 8 in=mant = ! sake ( pres5t+ ! life giv+ ^w 9 its orig9al =eign g>b1 & ?us enhanc+ its my/]i\sness1 z we h be=e obs]v$ ) ref]5ce to ! 9 ! cure ( ! deaf man4 ,aft] :at we h se5 we %all will+ly ab/a9 f f9d+ out :e!r ! individual :o orig9ally furni%$ ! n>rative 9 ,luke 7 "o ( ! ?ree confid5tial disciples1 & :e!r ! "o :o orig9ally relat$ x1 also put x into writ+3 a task to :i* only ! acum5 ( ,s*lei]ma*] is equal4 #acfh ,9 relation to ! facts ( ! case1 ! natural int]pretation speaks ) m ?an its usual confid5ce1 "u ! p]suasion t x has on its side ! assurance ( ,jesus himself1 t ! maid5 0 n really dead1 b m]ely 9 a sleep-l swoon2 & n only rationali/s1 l ,paulus1 & semi-rationali/s1 l ,s*lei]ma*]1 b also decid$ supranaturali/s1 l ,ol%aus51 believe1 on ! /r5g? ( t decl>ation ( ,jesus1 t ?is 0 no resuscitation ( ! dead4 #acfi ,! la/-nam$ comm5tator atta*es especial importance to ! anti!sis 9 ! spee* ( ,jesus1 & because ! words 1 is n dead1 are foll[$ by 1 b sleepe?1 is ( op9ion t ! =m] expression _c be int]pret$ to mean m]ely1 %e is n dead1 s9ce ,i h resolv$ to re/ore h] to life2 /range criticism1--= x is precisely ?is addition :i* %[s t %e 0 only n dead1 9 s f> z x 0 9 ! p[] ( ,jesus to recall h] to life4 ,ref]5ce is also made to ! decl>ation ( ,jesus conc]n+ ,laz>us1 ,john xi4 #ad1 1 ,laz>us is dead1 :i* is directly ! rev]se ( ! passage 9 "q1 1 ! damsel is n dead4 ,b ,jesus _h be=e said ( ,laz>us1 1 ?is sickness is n unto dea? 7v4 #d71 & 1 our fri5d ,laz>us sleepe? 7v4 #aa74 ,?us 9 ! case ( ,laz>us also1 :o 0 really dead1 we h j z direct a d5ial ( dea?1 & affirmation ( m]e sleep1 z 9 ! n>rative be=e u4 ,h5ce ,fritzs*e is und\bt$ly "r :5 he p>aphrases ! words ( ,jesus 9 our passage z foll[s3 puellam ne pro mortua habetote1 s$ dormire exi/imatote quippe 9 vitam mox r$ituram4 ,moreov]1 ,mat!w subsequ5tly 7xi4 #e7 makes ,jesus say1 1 ! dead are rais$ up2 & z he m5tions no o!r in/ance ( resuscitation by ,jesus1 he mu/ app>5tly h _h ?is 9 8 m9d4 #acgj ,b ap>t f ! false int]pretation ( ! words ( ,jesus1 ?is view ( ! subject has _m difficulties4 ,t 9 _m diseases conditions may pres5t !mselves :i* h a deceptive resemblance to dea?1 or t 9 ! indiff]5t /ate ( m$ical sci5ce among ! ,jews ( t age especially1 a swoon might easily be mi/ak5 = dea? is n to be d5i$4 ,b h[ 0 ,jesus to "k t !re 0 su* a m]ely app>5t dea? 9 ?is p>ticul> case8 ,h[ev] m9utely ! fa!r detail$ to him ! c\rse ( ! disease1 nay1 ev5 if ,jesus 7 acqua9t$ be=eh& ) ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! girl's illness 7z ! natural explanation supposes73 we mu/ /ill ask1 h[ c\ld he build s mu* on ?is in=mation z1 )\t hav+ se5 ! girl1 & 9 contradiction to ! assurance ( ! eye-witnesses1 decid$ly to decl>e t %e 0 n dead1 accord+ to ! rationali/ic int]pretation ( 8 words8 ,?is w\ld h be5 ra%ness & folly to boot1 unless ,jesus _h obta9$ c]ta9 k ( ! true /ate ( ! case 9 a sup]natural way3 #acga to admit :i*1 h[ev]1 is to ab&on ! naturali/ic po9t ( view4 ,to return to ! explanation ( ,paulus2 betwe5 ! expressions1 1 he took h] by ! h&1 & 1 ! maid arose1 expressions :i* are closely en\gh connect$ 9 ,mat!w1 & are /ill m insep>ably l9k$ by ! words & 9 ! o!r two gospels1 he ins]ts a c\rse ( m$ical treatm5t1 & ,v5tur9i c ev5 specify ! diff]5t re/oratives :i* 7 appli$4 #acgb ,aga9/ su* arbitr>y suppositions1 ,ol%aus5 ju/ly ma9ta9s t 9 ! op9ion ( ! evangelical n>rator ! life-giv+ ^w ( ,jesus 7& we might add1 ! t\* ( 8 h&1 furni%$ ) div9e p[]7 0 ! means ( re/or+ ! girl to life4 ,9 ! case ( resuscitation n>rat$ by ,luke alone 7vii4 #aa ff47 ! natural explanation has n su* a h&le z 0 pres5t$ by ! decl>ation ( ,jesus 9 ! n>rative j consid]$4 ,nev]!less1 ! rationali/ic comm5tators take c\rage1 & re/ _! hopes ma9ly on ! circum/ance t ,jesus speaks to ! "y man ly+ 9 ! c(f9 7v4 #ad74 ,n[1 say !y1 no "o w\ld speak to a dead p]son1 b only to su* an "o z is asc]ta9$ or guess$ to be capable ( he>+4 #acgc ,b ?is rule w\ld prove t all ! dead :om ,*ri/ w raise at ! la/ day are only app>5tly dead1 z o!rwise !y c\ld n he> 8 voice1 :i* x is expressly said !y w d 7,john v4 #bh2 comp4 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #af72 x w\ld !re=e prove too mu*4 ,c]ta9ly "o :o is spok5 to mu/ be suppos$ to he>1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se to be liv+2 b 9 ! pres5t in/ance ?is holds only 9 s f> z ! voice ( him :o quick5s ! dead c p5etrate ev5 to ! e>s f :i* life has dep>t$4 ,we mu/ inde$ admit ! possibility t ) ! bad cu/om :i* prevail$ among ! ,jews ( bury+ _! dead a few h\rs aft] _! decease1 a m]ely app>5t corpse might easily be c>ri$ to ! grave2 #acgd b all by :i* x is attempt$ to %[ t ?is possibility 0 "h a reality1 is a tissue ( fictions4 ,9 ord] to expla9 h[ ,jesus1 ev5 )\t any int5tion to p]=m a miracle1 came to jo9 ! fun]al procession1 & h[ ! conjecture c\ld occur to him t ! individual ab\t to be buri$ 0 n really dead1 x is fir/ imag9$ t ! two processions1 t ( ! fun]al & t ( ! companions ( ,jesus1 met precisely "u ! gate ( ! city1 & z !y imp$$ ea* o!r1 halt$ = a :ile3--directly 9 opposition to ! text1 :i* makes ! be>]s fir/ /& /ill :5 ,jesus t\*es ! bi]4 ,affect$ by ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! case1 :i* he _h le>n$ dur+ ! pause 9 8 progress1 ,jesus1 x is said1 approa*$ ! "m1 & n ) any ref]5ce to a resurrection :i* he int5d$ to effect1 b m]ely z a consolatory address1 said to h]1 ,weep n4 #acge ,b :at an empty1 presum+ com=t] w\ld he be1 :o1 :5 a "m 0 ab\t to consign h] only son to ! grave1 %\ld =bid h] ev5 ! relief ( te>s1 )\t (f]+ to h] ei!r real help by recall+ ! dep>t$ "o1 or ideal1 by sugge/+ gr\nds = consolation6 ,n[ ! latt] ,jesus does n attempt3 h5ce unless we w\ld all[ him to appe> altoge!r he>tless1 he mu/ be suppos$ to h resolv$ on ! =m]1 & = ?is he 9 fact makes e prep>ation1 design$ly t\*+ ! bi]1 & caus+ ! be>]s to /& /ill4 ,"h1 be=e ! reanimat+ ^w ( ,jesus1 ! natural explanation ins]ts ! circum/ance t ,jesus obs]v$ "s sign ( life 9 ! y\?1 & on ?is1 ei!r imm$iately or aft] a previ\s application ( m$icam5ts1 #acgf spoke ! words1 :i* help$ completely to awake him4 ,b sett+ aside ! fact t ^? int]v5+ measures are only int]polat$ into ! text1 & t ! /rong words3 1 1 1 ,"y man1 ,i say unto !e arise6 resemble r ! au?oritative comm& ( a miracle work] ?an ! attempt ( a physician to re/ore animation2 h[1 if ,jesus 7 consci\s t ! y\? 0 alive :5 he met him1 & 0 n fir/ recall$ to life by himself1 c\ld he ) a good consci5ce receive ! praise :i*1 accord+ to ! n>rative1 ! multitude lavi%$ on him z a great prophet on acc\nt ( ?is de$8 ,accord+ to ,paulus1 he 0 himself unc]ta9 h[ he ought to reg>d ! result2 b if he 7 n conv9c$ t he ought to ascribe ! result to himself1 x 0 8 duty to disclaim all praise on acc\nt ( x2 & if he omitt$ to d ?is1 8 conduct places him 9 an equivocal light1 9 :i* he by no means appe>s 9 ! o!r evangelical hi/ories1 s f> z !y are fairly int]pret$4 ,?us "h also we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! ,evangeli/ int5ds to n>rate to u a miracul\s resuscitation ( ! dead1 & t accord+ to him1 ,jesus also reg>d$ 8 de$ z a miracle4 #acgg ,9 ! ?ird hi/ory ( a resurrection1 :i* is peculi> to ,john 7*ap4 xi471 ! resuscitat$ individual is nei!r j dead nor be+ c>ri$ to 8 grave1 b has be5 already buri$ sev]al days4 ,"h "o w\ld h ?\ght !re 0 little hope ( effect+ a natural explanation2 b ! ardu\sness ( ! task has only /imulat$ ! +5uity & indu/ry ( ! rationali/s 9 develop+ _! conception ( ?is n>rative4 ,we %all also see t toge!r ) ! rigor\sly consequ5t mode ( int]pretation ( ! rationali/s1--:i*1 ma9ta9+ ! hi/orical integrity ( ! evangelical n>rative ?r\gh\t1 assumes ! responsibility ( expla9+ e "p naturally1 !re has appe>$ ano!r sy/em1 :i* di/+ui%es c]ta9 features ( ! n>rative z additions aft] ! ev5t1 & is ?us an advance t[>ds ! my?ical explanation4 ,! rationali/ic expositors set out "h f ! same premises z 9 ! =m] n>rative1 namely1 t x is 9 itself possible = a man :o has la9 9 a tomb f\r days to come to life aga91 & t ?is possibility is /r5g!n$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance by ! kn[n cu/om ( ! ,jews2 propositions :i* we %all n ab/ract$ly controv]t4 ,f ?is !y proce$ to a supposition :i* we p]haps ought n to let pass s easily1 #acgh namely1 t f ! mess5g] :om ! si/]s _h s5t ) ! news ( _! bro!r's illness1 ,jesus _h obta9$ accurate in=mation ( ! circum/ances ( ! disease2 & ! answ] :i* he gave to ! mess5g]1 ,?is sickness is n unto dea? 7v4 #d71 is said to express1 m]ely z an inf]5ce :i* he _h drawn f ! report ( ! mess5g]1 8 conviction t ! disease 0 n fatal4 ,su* a view ( 8 fri5d's condition w\ld c]ta9ly accord ! be/ ) 8 conduct 9 rema9+ two days 9 ,p]a aft] ! reception ( ! message 7v4 #f72 s9ce1 accord+ to t supposition1 he c\ld n reg>d 8 pres5ce 9 ,be?any z a matt] ( urg5t necessity4 ,b h[ comes x t aft] ! lapse ( ^! two days1 he n only resolves to j\rney ?i!r 7v4 #h71 b also has q a diff]5t op9ion ( ! /ate ( ,laz>us1 nay1 c]ta9 k ( 8 dea?1 :i* he fir/ obscurely 7v4 #aj7 & !n pla9ly 7v4 #ad7 ann\nces to 8 disciples8 ,"h ! ?read ( ! natural explanation is lo/1 & ! break is only r5d]$ m conspicu\s by ! fiction ( a second mess5g]1 #acgi aft] ! lapse ( two days1 br++ ^w to ,jesus t ,laz>us _h expir$ 9 ! int]im4 ,= ! au?or ( ! gospel at lea/ _c h kn[n ( a second mess5g]1 o!rwise he mu/ h m5tion$ him1 s9ce ! omission to d s gives ano!r aspect to ! :ole n>rative1 oblig+ u to inf] t ,jesus _h obta9$ in=mation ( ! dea? ( ,laz>us 9 a sup]natural mann]4 ,jesus1 :5 he _h resolv$ to g to ,be?any1 said to ! disciples1 ,laz>us sleepe?1 b ,i g t ,i may awake him out ( sleep 7----v4 #aa72 ?is ! naturali/s expla9 by ! supposition t ,jesus mu/ 9 "s way h ga!r$ f ! /atem5ts ( ! mess5g]s :o ann\nc$ ! dea? ( ,laz>us1 t ! latt] 0 only 9 a /ate ( le?>gy4 ,b we c z little "h z 9 ! =m] case impute to ,jesus ! fooli% presumption ( giv+1 be=e he _h ev5 se5 ! alleg$ corpse1 ! positive assurance t he yet liv$4 #achj ,f ?is po9t ( view1 x is also a difficulty t ,jesus says to 8 disciples 7v4 #ae7 ,i am glad = y\r sakes t ,i 0 n !re1 to ! int5t ye may believe 7 74 ,paulus expla9s ^! words to imply t ,jesus fe>$ le/ ! dea?1 _h x happ5$ 9 8 pres5ce1 might h %ak5 _! fai? 9 him2 b1 z ,gabl] #acha has rem>k$1 _c mean m]ely ! negative3 n to lose fai?1 :i* w\ld r h be5 express$ by a phrase su* z3 1 t y\r fai? fail n 7see ,luke xxii4 #cb72 & moreov] we n[h]e f9d t ! idea :i* ! disciples =m$ ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah 0 incompatible ) ! dea? ( a man1 or1 m correctly1 ( a fri5d1 9 8 pres5ce4 ,f ! arrival ( ,jesus 9 ,be?any ! evangelical n>rative is some:at m fav\rable to ! natural explanation4 ,x is true t ,m>?a's address to ,jesus 7v4 #ba f471 ,"l1 if ?\ had/ be5 "h1 my bro!r _h n di$1 b ,i "k t ev5 n[1 :atsoev] ?\ wilt ask ( ,god1 he w give x !e1 1 1 1 1 appe>s evid5tly to express ! hope t ,jesus may be able ev5 to recall ! dead "o to life4 ,h[ev]1 on ! assurance ( ,jesus :i* foll[s1 ,?y bro!r %all rise aga91 1 %e answ]s despond+ly1 ,yes1 at ! la/ day4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a help to ! natural explanation1 = x seems retrospectively to give to ! above decl>ation ( ,m>?a 7v4 #bb7 ! g5]al s5se1 t ev5 n[1 al?\gh he has n pres]v$ ! life ( h] bro!r1 %e believes ,jesus to be him to :om ,god grants all t he desires1 t is1 ! fav\rite ( ! ,deity1 ! ,messiah4 ,b ! expression :i* ,m>?a !re uses is n b 1 & ! turn ( phrase3 ,i "k t ?is w happ5 if ?\ only wille/ x to be s1 is a common b indirect =m ( petition1 & is "h ! m unmi/akable1 because ! object ( ! entreaty is cle>ly indicat$ by ! =ego+ anti!sis4 ,m>?a evid5tly means1 ,?\ ha/ n inde$ prev5t$ ! dea? ( our bro!r1 b ev5 n[ x is n too late1 = at ?y pray] ,god w re/ore him to !e & u4 ,m>?a's *ange ( m9d1 f ! hope :i* is b indirectly express$ 9 h] fir/ reply 7v4 #bd7 to its ext9ction 9 ! second1 _c be held v surpris+ 9 a woman :o "h & else:]e manife/s a v ha/y disposition1 & x is 9 ! pres5t case suffici5tly expla9$ by ! =m ( ! =ego+ assurance ( ,jesus 7v4 #bc74 ,m>?a _h expect$ t ,jesus w\ld reply to h] indirect pray] by a decid$ promise ( its fulfilm5t1 & :5 he answ]s q g5]ally & ) an expression :i* x 0 usual to apply to ! resurrection at ! la/ day 771 %e gives a half-impati5t half-despond+ reply4 #achb ,b t g5]al decl>ation ( ,jesus1 z well z ! yet m indef9ite "o 7v4 #be f471 ,i am ! resurrection & ! life1 is ?\ght fav\rable to ! rationali/ic view3 ,jesus1 x is said1 0 yet f> f ! expectation ( an extraord9>y result1 h5ce he consoles ,m>?a m]ely ) ! g5]al hope t he1 ! ,messiah1 w\ld procure = ^? :o believ$ 9 him a future resurrection & a life ( bless$ness4 ,z h[ev] ,jesus _h be=e 7v4 #aa7 spok5 confid5tly to 8 disciples ( awak+ ,laz>us1 he mu/ !n h alt]$ 8 op9ion 9 ! int]im--a *ange = :i* no cause is app>5t4 ,fur!r1 :5 7v4 #dj7 ,jesus is ab\t to awake ,laz>us1 he says to ,m>?a1 ,said ,i n unto !e t if ?\ w\ld/ believe ?\ %\ld/ see ! glory ( ,god8 evid5tly allud+ to v4 #bc1 9 :i* !re=e he mu/ h meant to pr$ict ! resurrection :i* he 0 go+ to effect4 ,t he does n decl>e ?is di/9ctly1 & t he aga9 veils ! sc>cely utt]$ promise 9 relation to ! bro!r 7v4 #be7 9 g5]al promises = ! believ+1 is ! effect ( design1 ! object ( :i* is to try ! fai? ( ,m>?a1 & ext5d h] sph]e ( ?\ght4 #achc ,:5 ,m>y at l5g? comes out ( ! h\se ) h] companions1 h] weep+ moves ,jesus himself to te>s4 ,to ?is circum/ance ! natural int]pretation appeals ) unusual confid5ce1 ask+ :e!r if he 7 already c]ta9 ( 8 fri5d's resurrection1 he w\ld n h approa*$ 8 grave ) ! mo/ f]v5t joy1 s9ce he 0 consci\s ( be+ able to call him aga9 liv+ f ! grave 9 ! next mom5t8 ,9 ?is view ! words 7v4 #cc7 & 7v4 #ch7 are und]/ood ( a =cible repression ( ! sorr[ caus$ by ! dea? ( 8 fri5d1 :i* subsequ5tly f\nd v5t 9 te>s 774 ,b bo? by its etymology1 accord+ to :i* x signifies frem]e 9 aliquem or 9 se1 & by ! analogy ( its use 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :]e x appe>s only 9 ! s5se ( increp>e aliquem 7,matt4 ix4 #cj2 ,m>k i4 #dc1 xiv4 #e71 is det]m9$ to imply an emotion ( ang]1 n ( sorr[2 :]e x is unit$1 n ) ! dative ( ano!r p]son1 b ) & 1 x mu/ be und]/ood ( a sil5t1 suppress$ displeasure4 ,?is s5se w\ld be v appropriate 9 v4 #ch1 :]e x occurs ! second "t2 = 9 ! =ego+ obs]vation ( ! ,jews1 ,c\ld n ?is man1 :o op5$ ! eyes ( ! bl9d1 h caus$ t ev5 ?is man %\ld n h di$8 !re lies an intimation t !y 7 sc&aliz$1 ! prior conduct ( ,jesus p]plex+ !m z to 8 pres5t demean\r1 & vice v]s4 ,b :]e ! ^w is fir/ us$ v4 #cc1 ! g5]al weep+ seems to h be5 likely to excite 9 ,jesus a melan*oly1 r ?an an angry emotion3 yet ev5 "h a /rong disapproval ( ! want ( fai? 77 :i* 0 manife/$ 0 n impossible4 ,t ,jesus !n himself broke out into te>s1 only proves t 8 indignation aga9/ ! fai?less g5]ation ar\nd him dissolv$ into melan*oly1 n t melan*oly 0 8 emotion f ! beg9n+4 ,la/ly1 t ! ,jews 7v4 #cf7 9 relation to ! te>s :i* ,jesus %$1 said among !mselves1 ,behold1 h[ he lov$ him6 appe>s to be r aga9/ ?an = ^? :o reg>d ! emotion ( ,jesus z sorr[ = ! dea? ( 8 fri5d1 & sympa?y ) ! si/]s2 =1 z ! "* ( ! n>rative ( ,john 9 g5]al w\ld r lead u to expect an opposition betwe5 ! real import ( ! demean\r ( ,jesus1 & ! int]pretation put ^u x by ! spectators1 s 9 p>ticul> ! ,jews 9 ?is gospel are always ^? :o ei!r misund]/& or p]v]t ! words & actions ( ,jesus4 ,x is true t ! mild "* ( ,jesus is urg$1 z inconsi/5t ) ! h>%ness :i* displeasure on 8 "p at ! v natural weep+ ( ,m>y & ! re/ w\ld imply2 #achd b su* a mode ( ?9k+ is by no means =eign to ! ,*ri/ ( ,john's gospel4 ,he :o gave to ! 1 :5 pref]r+ ! in(f5sive reque/ t he w\ld come to 8 h\se & heal 8 son1 ! rebuke1 ,except ye see signs & wond]s ye w n believe2 he :o1 :5 "s ( 8 disciples murmur$ at ! h>d doctr9es ( ! six? *apt]1 assail$ !m ) ! cutt+ "q1 ,do? ?is (f5d y8 & ,w ye also g away8 7vi4 #fa1 #fg72 he :o repuls$ 8 own "m1 :5 at ! w$d+ at ,cana %e compla9$ to him ( ! want ( w9e1 ) ! h>% reply1 ,:at h ,i to d ) !e1 ,woman8 7ii4 #d7--:o ?us 0 always ! mo/ displeas$ :5 m51 n compreh5d+ 8 high] mode ( ?\ght or action1 %[$ !mselves despond+ or importunate1--w\ld "h f9d peculi> reason = ?is k9d ( displeasure4 ,if ?is be ! true int]pretation ( ! passage1 & if x be n sorr[ = ! dea? ( ,laz>us :i* ,jesus "h exhibits1 !re is an end to ! assi/ance :i* ! natural explanation ( ! entire ev5t is ?\ght to d]ive f ?is p>ticul> feature2 mean:ile1 ev5 on ! o!r int]pretation1 a mom5t>y emotion produc$ by sympa?y ) ! m\rn]s is q reconcilable ) ! =ekn[l$ge ( ! resurrection4 #ache ,& h[ c\ld ! words ( ! ,jews v4 #cg1 s]ve1 z rationali/ic comm5tators ?9k1 to excite 9 ,jesus ! hope t ,god w\ld n[ p]haps p]=m some?+ extraord9>y = him8 ,! ,jews did n express ! hope t he c\ld awake ! dead1 b only ! conjecture t he might p]haps h be5 able to pres]ve 8 fri5d's life2 ,m>?a !re=e _h previ\sly said m :5 %e decl>$ h] belief t ev5 n[ ! ,fa!r w\ld grant him :at he ask$2 s t if su* hopes 7 excit$ 9 ,jesus f )\t1 !y mu/ h be5 excit$ e>li]1 & especially be=e ! weep+ ( ,jesus1 to :i* x is cu/om>y to appeal z ! pro( t !y did n yet exi/4 ,ev5 supranaturali/s admit t ! expression ( ,m>?a :5 ,jesus comm&$ t ! /one %\ld be tak5 away f ! grave1 1 7v4 #ci71 is no pro( at all t decomposition _h really comm5c$1 nor consequ5tly t a natural resuscitation 0 impossible1 s9ce x may h be5 a m]e inf]5ce f ! l5g? ( "t s9ce ! burial4 #achf ,b m weight mu/ be atta*$ to ! words ) :i* ,jesus1 repell+ ! objections ( ,m>?a1 p]si/s 9 hav+ ! tomb op5$ 7v4 #dj73 ,said ,i n unto !e t if ?\ w\ld/ believe ?\ %\ld/ see ! glory ( ,god8 ,h[ c\ld he say ?is unless he 0 decid$ly consci\s ( 8 p[] to resuscitate ,laz>us8 ,accord+ to ,paulus1 ?is decl>ation only impli$ g5]ally t ^? :o h fai? w1 9 "s way or o!r1 exp]i5ce a glori\s manife/ation ( ! div9ity4 ,b :at glori\s manife/ation ( ! div9ity 0 to be se5 "h1 on ! op5+ ( ! grave ( "o :o _h be5 buri$ f\r days1 unless x 7 8 re/oration to life8 & :at c\ld be ! s5se ( ! words ( ,jesus1 z oppos$ to ! obs]vation ( ,m>?a1 t h] bro!r 0 already )9 ! grasp ( decay1 b t he 0 emp[]$ to arre/ decay8 ,b 9 ord] to le>n ) c]ta9ty ! mean+ ( ! words 9 our pres5t passage we ne$ only ref] to v4 #d1 :]e ,jesus _h said t ! sickness ( ,laz>us 0 n unto dea?1 1 b = ! glory ( ,god1 4 ,"h ! fir/ memb] ( ! anti!sis1 n unto dea?1 cle>ly %[s t ! signifies ! glorification ( ,god by ! life ( ,laz>us1 t is1 s9ce he 0 n[ dead1 by 8 resurrection3 a hope :i* ,jesus c\ld n v5ture to excite 9 ! mo/ critical mom5t1 )\t hav+ a sup]ior assurance t x w\ld be fulfill$4 #achg ,aft] ! op5+ ( ! grave1 & be=e he says to ! dead man1 ,come =?6 he ?anks ! ,fa!r = hav+ he>d 8 pray]4 ,?is is adduc$1 9 ! rationali/ic po9t ( view1 z ! mo/ satisfactory pro( t he did n fir/ recall ,laz>us to life by ^? words1 b on look+ into ! grave f\nd him already alive aga94 ,truly1 su* an argum5t 0 n to be expect$ f !ologians :o h "s insight into ! "* ( ,john's gospel4 ,^! ought to h rememb]$ h[ common x is 9 ?is gospel1 z = example 9 ! expression glorify ?y son1 to repres5t t :i* is yet to be effect$ or :i* is only j begun1 z already p]=m$2 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance x is especially suit$ to m>k ! c]ta9ty ( obta9+ fulfilm5t1 t x is spok5 ( z hav+ already happ5$4 ,& :at inv5tion does x fur!r require to expla91 bo? h[ ,jesus c\ld p]ceive 9 ,laz>us ! evid5ces ( return+ life1 & h[ ! latt] c\ld h come to life aga96 ,betwe5 ! removal ( ! /one1 says ,paulus1 & ! ?anksgiv+ ( ,jesus1 lies ! critical int]val :5 ! surpris+ result 0 accompli%$2 !n mu/ ,jesus1 yet "s /eps remov$ f ! grave1 h disc]n$ t ,laz>us 0 liv+4 ,by :at means8 & h[ s quickly & unhesitat+ly8 & :y did he & no "o else disc]n x8 ,he may h disc]n$ x by ! movem5ts ( ,laz>us1 x is conjectur$4 ,b h[ easily might he deceive himself ) respect to a dead body ly+ 9 a d>k cav]n2 h[ precipitate 0 he1 if )\t hav+ exam9$ m ne>ly1 he s quickly & decid$ly decl>$ 8 conviction t ,laz>us liv$6 ,or1 if ! movem5ts ( ! suppos$ corpse 7 /rong & n to be mi/ak51 h[ c\ld !y escape ! notice ( ! surr\nd+ spectators8 ,la/ly1 h[ c\ld ,jesus 9 8 pray] repres5t ! incid5t ab\t to take place z a sign ( 8 div9e mission1 if he 0 consci\s t he _h n effect$1 b only discov]$1 ! resuscitation ( ,laz>us8 ,z argum5ts = ! natural possibility ( a return ( life 9 a man :o _h be5 int]r$ f\r days1 ! rationali/ic explanation adduces our ignorance ( ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! suppos$ dea?1 ! rapidity ( int]m5t among ! ,jews1 aft]w>ds ! coolness ( ! cave1 ! /rong fragrance ( ! spices1 & la/ly1 ! reanimat+ draught ( w>m air1 :i* on ! roll+ away ( ! /one /ream$ into ! cave4 ,b all ^! circum/ances d n produce m ?an ! l[e/ degree ( possibility1 :i* co9cides ) ! highe/ degree ( improbability3 & ) ?is ! c]ta9ty ) :i* ,jesus pr$icts ! result mu/ rema9 irreconcilable4 #achh ,^! decid$ pr$ictions are inde$ ! ma9 h9drance to ! natural int]pretation ( ?is *apt]2 h5ce x has be5 s\ght to neutralize !m1 /ill f ! rationali/ic position1 by ! supposition t !y did n proce$ f ,jesus1 b may h be5 add$ ex ev5tu by ! n>rator4 ,paulus himself f\nd ! words 7v4 #aa7 q too decid$1 & !re=e v5tur$ ! conjecture t ! n>rator1 writ+ ) ! result 9 8 m9d1 _h omitt$ a qualify+ p]haps1 :i* ,jesus _h ins]t$4 #achi ,?is exp$i5t has be5 m ext5sively adopt$ by ,gabl]4 ,n only does he p>take ! op9ion ( ,paulus z to ! above expression1 b already 9 v4 #d1 he is incl9$ to lay ! words = ! glory ( ,god1 to ! acc\nt ( ! ,evangeli/3 aga9 v4 #ae1 he conjectures t 9 ! words ' 1 1 1 ,i am glad = y\r sakes t ,i 0 n !re1 to ! int5t ye may believe1 !re is a slight exagg]ation result+ f ,john's k ( ! issue2 la/ly1 ev5 9 relation to ! words ( ,m>?a v4 #bb1 444 he admits ! idea ( an addition f ! p5 ( ! writ]4 #acij ,by ! adoption ( ?is exp$i5t1 ! natural int]pretation av[s its inability by itself to cope ) ! difficulties 9 ,john's n>rative4 ,= if1 9 ord] to r5d] its application possible1 x is necess>y to expunge ! mo/ significant passages1 x is pla9 t ! n>rative 9 its actual /ate does n admit ( a natural explanation4 ,x is true t ! passages1 ! incompatibility ( :i* ) ! rationali/ic mode ( explanation is confess$ by _! excision1 are v sp>+ly *os52 b f ! above obs]vations x is cle>1 t if all ! features 9 ?is n>rative :i* are really oppos$ to ! natural view ( ! entire ev5t 7 ascrib$ to ! ,evangeli/1 x w\ld 9 ! end be little %ort ( ! :ole t mu/ be reg>d$ z 8 inv5tion4 ,?us1 :at we h done ) ! two fir/ n>ratives ( resuscitations1 is ) ! la/ & mo/ rem>kable hi/ory ( ?is k9d1 effect$ by ! v>i\s successive attempts at explanation !mselves1 namely1 to r$uce ! subject to ! alt]native3 t we ei!r receive ! ev5t z sup]natural1 accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ! evangelical n>rative2 or1 if we f9d x incr$ible z su*1 d5y t ! n>rative has an hi/orical "*4 ,9 ord]1 9 ?is dilemma1 to arrive at a decision1 ) respect to all ! ?ree n>ratives1 we mu/ ref] to ! peculi> "* ( ! k9d ( miracles :i* we h n[ be=e u4 ,we h hi!rto be5 asc5d+ a ladd] ( miracles2 fir/1 cures ( m5tal disord]s1 !n1 ( all k9ds ( bodily maladies1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! organization ( ! suff]] 0 n s injur$ z to cause ! cessation ( consci\sness & life2 & n[1 ! revivification ( bodies1 f :i* ! life has actually dep>t$4 ,?is progression 9 ! m>vell\s is1 at ! same "t1 a gradation 9 inconceivability4 ,we h inde$ be5 able to repres5t to ourselves h[ a m5tal d]angem5t1 9 :i* none ( ! bodily organs 7 attack$ beyond ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* is imm$iately connect$ ) m5tal action1 might h be5 remov$1 ev5 9 a purely psy*ical mann]1 by ! m]e ^w1 look1 & influ5ce ( ,jesus3 b ! m deeply ! malady appe>$ to h p5etrat$ into ! entire corporeal sy/em1 ! m inconceivable to u 0 a cure ( ?is k9d4 ,:]e 9 insane p]sons ! bra9 0 di/urb$ to ! ext5t ( rag+ madness1 or :]e 9 n]v\s pati5ts ! disord] 0 s confirm$ z to manife/ itself 9 p]iodical epilepsy2 !re we c\ld sc>cely imag9e h[ p]man5t b5efit c\ld be conf]r$ by t m5tal influ5ce2 & ?is 0 yet m difficult :]e ! disease _h no imm$iate connection ) ! m9d1 z 9 leprosy1 bl9dness1 lam5ess1 etc4 ,& yet1 up to ?is po9t1 !re 0 always some?+ pres5t1 to :i* ! miracul\s p[] ( ,jesus c\ld apply itself2 !re 0 /ill a consci\sness 9 ! objects1 on :i* to make an impression--a n]v\s life to be /imulat$4 ,n s ) ! dead4 ,! corpse f :i* life & consci\sness h fl[n has lo/ ! la/ fulcrum = ! p[] ( ! miracle work]2 x p]ceives him no long]--receives no impression f him2 = ! v capability ( receiv+ impressions mu/ be conf]r$ on him anew4 ,b to conf] ?is1 t is1 to give life 9 ! prop] s5se1 is a creative act1 & to ?9k ( ?is z be+ ex]cis$ by a man1 we mu/ confess to be beyond our p[]4 ,b ev5 )9 ! limits ( our ?ree hi/ories ( resurrections1 !re is an evid5t climax4 ,wool/on has rem>k$ ) ju/ice1 t x seems z if ea* ( ^! n>ratives 7 int5d$ to supply :at 0 want+ 9 ! prec$+4 #acia ,! daught] ( ,jairus is re/or$ to life on ! same b$ on :i* %e _h j expir$2 ! y\? ( ,na91 :5 already 9 8 c(f91 & on 8 way to int]m5t2 la/ly1 ,laz>us1 aft] f\r days' abode 9 ! tomb4 ,9 ! fir/ hi/ory1 a ^w 0 ! only intimation t ! maid5 _h fall5 "u ! p[]s ( ! grave2 9 ! second1 ! fact is impr9t$ on ! imag9ation also1 by ! picture ( ! "y man be+ already c>ri$ out ( ! city t[>ds 8 grave2 b 9 ! ?ird1 ,laz>us1 :o _h be5 "s "t inclos$ 9 ! grave1 is depict$ 9 ! /ronge/ mann] z an inhabitant ( ! ne!r _w3 s t1 if ! reality ( ! dea? c\ld be d\bt$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ?is w\ld become m difficult 9 ! second1 & 9 ! ?ird1 z good z impossible4 #acib ,) ?is gradation1 !re is a correspond+ increase 9 ! difficulty ( r5d]+ ! ?ree ev5ts conceivable2 if1 inde$1 :5 ! fact itself is inconceivable1 !re c exi/ degrees ( inconceivabl5ess betwe5 its v>i\s modifications4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! resurrection ( a dead p]son 9 g5]al 7 possible1 x mu/ r be possible 9 ! case ( "o j dep>t$1 & yet hav+ "s rema9s ( vital w>m?1 ?an 9 t ( a corpse1 cold & be+ c>ri$ to ! grave2 & aga91 9 ?is1 r ?an 9 ! case ( "o :o _h already la9 f\r days 9 ! grave1 & 9 :i* decay is suppos$ to h comm5c$1 nay1 ) respect to :i*1 ?is supposition1 if n confirm$1 is at lea/ n d5i$4 ,b1 sett+ aside ! miracul\s "p ( ! hi/ories 9 "q1 ea* succe$+ "o is bo? intr9sically m improbable1 & ext]nally less atte/$1 ?an ! =ego+4 ,z reg>ds ! int]nal improbability1 "o elem5t ( ?is1 :i* inde$ lies 9 all1 & !re=e also 9 ! fir/1 is especially conspicu\s 9 ! second4 ,z a motive by :i* ,jesus 0 induc$ to raise ! "y man at ,na91 ! n>rative m5tions compassion = ! "m 7v4 #ac74 ,toge!r ) ?is we are to include1 accord+ to ,ol%aus51 a ref]5ce to ! "y man himself4 ,=1 he obs]ves1 man z a consci\s be+ c nev] be treat$ z a m]e in/rum5t1 :i* w\ld be ! case "h1 if ! joy ( ! "m 7 reg>d$ z ! sole object ( ,jesus 9 rais+ ! y\?4 #acic ,?is rem>k ( ,ol%aus5 dem&s our ?anks1 n t x removes ! difficulty ( ?is & e o!r resuscitation ( ! dead1 b t x exhibits t difficulty 9 ! cle>e/ light4 ,= ! conclusion1 t :at 9 itself1 or accord+ to enlight5$ ideas1 is n all[able or fitt+1 _c be ascrib$ to ,jesus by ! ,evangeli/s1 is totally inadmissible4 ,we %\ld r 7presuppos+ ! purity ( ! "* ( ,jesus7 conclude t :5 ! evangelical n>ratives ascribe to him :at is n all[able1 !y are incorrect4 ,n[ t ,jesus1 9 8 resuscitations ( ! dead1 made x a consid]ation :e!r ! p]sons to be re/or$ to life might1 f ! spiritual condition 9 :i* !y di$1 d]ive advantage f ! re/oration or ! contr>y1 we f9d no indication2 t1 z ,ol%aus5 supposes1 ! corporeal awak5+ 0 att5d$ ) a spiritual awak5+1 or t su* a result 0 expect$1 is n[h]e said4 ,^! resuscitat$ individuals1 n except+ ev5 ,laz>us1 rec$e altoge!r f our obs]vation aft] _! return to life1 & h5ce ,wool/on 0 l$ to ask :y ,jesus rescu$ f ! grave precisely ^! insignificant p]sons1 & n r ,john ! ,bapti/1 or "s o!r g5]ally useful man4 ,is x said1 he knew x to be ! w ( ,provid5ce t ^! m51 once dead1 %\ld rema9 s8 ,b !n1 x %\ld seem1 he mu/ h ?\ght ! same ( all :o _h once di$1 & to ,wool/on's objection !re rema9s no answ] b ?is3 z x 0 positively kn[n conc]n+ celebrat$ m51 t ! brea* :i* _! dea?s occasion$ 0 nev] fill$ up by _! re/oration to life1 leg5d c\ld n annex ! resurrections :i* %e 0 pleas$ to n>rate to su* names1 b mu/ *oose unkn[n subjects1 9 relation to :i* %e 0 n "u ! same control4 ,! above difficulty is common to all ! ?ree n>ratives1 & is only r5d]$ m prom95t 9 ! second by an accid5tal expression3 b ! ?ird n>rative is full ( difficulties entirely peculi> to itself1 s9ce ! conduct ( ,jesus ?r\gh\t1 &1 to a consid]able ext5t1 t ( ! o!r p>ties1 is n easily to be conceiv$4 ,:5 ,jesus receives ! in=mation ( ! dea? ( ,laz>us1 & ! reque/ ( ! si/]s impli$ !re91 t he w\ld come to ,be?any1 he rema9s /ill two days 9 ! same place1 & does n set out t[>d ,judea till aft] he is c]ta9 ( ! dea?4 ,:y s8 ,t x 0 n because he ?\ght ! illness att5d$ ) no dang]1 has be5 already %[n2 on ! contr>y1 he =esaw ! dea? ( ,laz>us4 ,t indiff]5ce 0 n ! cause ( ! delay1 is expressly rem>k$ by ! ,evangeli/ 7v4 #e74 ,:at !n8 ,lcke conjectures t ,jesus 0 !n occupi$ ) a p>ticul>ly fruitful m9i/ry 9 ,p]a1 :i* he 0 n will+ to int]rupt = ! sake ( ,laz>us1 hold+ x 8 duty to po/pone 8 less important call z a work] ( miracles & a succ\r+ fri5d1 to 8 high] call z a tea*]4 #acid ,b he might "h h v well done ! "o1 & n h left ! o!r undone2 he might ei!r h left "s disciples to c>ry =w>d 8 "w 9 t c\ntry1 or rema9+ !re himself1 h /ill cur$ ,laz>us1 :e!r ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a disciple1 or by ! p[] ( 8 w at a di/ance4 ,moreov]1 our n>rator is entirely sil5t z to su* a cause = ! delay ( ,jesus4 ,?is view ( x1 !re=e1 c be li/5$ to only on ! supposition t no o!r motive = ! delay is intimat$ by ! ,evangeli/1 & ev5 !n z no?+ m ?an a conjecture4 ,n[ ano!r motive is cle>ly indicat$1 z ,ol%aus5 has rem>k$1 9 ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 v4 #ae1 t he is glad he 0 n pres5t at ! dea? ( ,laz>us1 because1 = ! object ( /r5g!n+ ! fai? ( ! disciples1 ! resurrection ( 8 fri5d w\ld be m effectual ?an 8 cure4 ,?us ,jesus _h design$ly all[$ ,laz>us to die1 t by 8 miracul\s re/oration to life1 he might procure s mu* ! m fai? 9 himself4 ,?oluck & ,ol%aus5 on ! :ole put ! same con/ruction on ?is decl>ation ( ,jesus2 b !y conf9e !mselves too completely to ! moral po9t ( view1 :5 !y speak ( ,jesus z design+1 9 8 "* ( tea*]1 to p]fect ! spiritual condition ( ! family at ,be?any & ( 8 disciples2 #acie s9ce1 accord+ to expressions1 su* z 4 4 7v4 #d71 8 design 0 r ! messianic "o ( spread+ & confirm+ fai? 9 himself z ! ,son ( ,god1 ?\gh pr9cipally1 x is true1 )9 t n>r[ circle4 ,"h ,lcke exclaims3 by no means6 nev] did ! ,savi\r ( ! ne$y1 ! noble/ fri5d ( man1 act ?us arbitr>ily & caprici\sly2 #acif & ,de ,wette also obs]ves1 t ,jesus 9 no o!r in/ance design$ly br+s ab\t or increases 8 miracles4 #acig ,! =m]1 z we h se51 concludes t some?+ ext]nal1 preoccupation else:]e1 deta9$ ,jesus2 a supposition :i* is contr>y to ! text1 & :i* ev5 ,de ,wette f9ds inadequate1 ?\gh he po9ts out no o!r exp$i5t4 ,if !n ^! critics are correct 9 ma9ta9+ t ! real ,jesus _c h act$ ?us2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are incorrect 9 d5y+ t ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel makes 8 ,jesus act ?us3 no?+ rema9s b ) ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 #acih f ?is incongruity ( ! ,*ri/ 9 ,john's gospel ) ! ,*ri/ alone conceivable z ! real "o1 to conclude t ! n>rative ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ is unhi/orical4 ,! alleg$ conduct ( ! disciples also1 v4 #ab f41 is su* z to excite surprise4 ,if ,jesus _h repres5t$ to !m1 or at lea/ to ! ?ree pr9cipal among !m1 ! dea? ( ! daught] ( ,jairus z a m]e sleep1 h[ c\ld !y1 :5 he said ( ,laz>us1 he sleeps1 ,i w awake him1 1 ?9k t he ref]r$ to a natural sleep8 ,"o w\ld n awake a pati5t out ( a heal?y sleep2 h5ce x mu/ h imm$iately occurr$ to ! disciples t "h sleep 77 0 spok5 ( 9 ! same s5se z 9 ! case ( ! maid54 ,t1 in/ead ( ?is1 ! disciples und]/& ! deep expressions ( ,jesus q sup]ficially1 is entirely 9 ! f\r? ,evangeli/'s fav\rite mann]1 :i* we h le>n$ to recognise by _m examples4 ,if tradition _h 9 any way made kn[n to him1 t to speak ( dea? z a sleep 0 "p ( ! cu/om>y phraseology ( ,jesus1 !re w\ld imm$iately spr+ up 9 8 imag9ation1 s f]tile 9 ?is k9d ( anti!sis1 a misund]/&+ correspond+ to t figure ( spee*4 #acii ,! obs]vation ( ! ,jews1 v4 #cg1 is sc>cely conceivable1 presuppos+ ! tru? ( ! synoptical resuscitations ( ! dead4 ,! ,jews appeal to ! cure ( ! man born bl9d 7,john ix471 & draw ! inf]5ce1 t he :o _h re/or$ sight to ?is individual1 mu/ surely h be5 able to av]t ! dea? ( ,laz>us4 ,h[ came !y to ref] to ?is het]og5e\s & inadequate example1 if !re lay be=e !m1 9 ! two resuscitations ( ! dead1 miracles m analog\s1 & adapt$ to give hope ev5 9 ?is case ( actual dea?8 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,galilean resuscitations 7 prior to ?is ( ,laz>us1 s9ce ,jesus aft] ?is p]iod w5t no m into ,galilee2 nei!r c\ld ^? ev5ts rema9 unkn[n 9 ! capital1 #adjj especially z we are are expressly told t ! fame ( !m w5t abroad into all t l&1 ?r\gh\t all ,juda1 & ?r\gh\t all ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t4 ,to ! real ,jews !re=e ^! cases mu/ h be5 well kn[n2 & z ! f\r? ,evangeli/ makes 8 ,jews ref] to some?+ less to ! po9t1 x is probable t he knew no?+ ( ! above ev5ts3 = t ! ref]5ce belongs to him1 & n to ! ,jews !mselves1 is evid5t f ! fact1 t he makes !m ref] to ! v cure :i* he _h la/ n>rat$4 ,a =midable difficulty lies also 9 ! pray] :i* is put into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 v4 #da f4 ,aft] ?ank+ ! ,fa!r = he>+ 8 pray]1 he adds1 t = himself he knew well t ! ,fa!r he>d him always1 & t he utt]$ ?is special ?anksgiv+ only = ! sake ( ! p ar\nd him1 9 ord] to obta9 _! belief 9 8 div9e mission4 ,?us he fir/ gives 8 address a relation to ,god1 & aft]w>ds r$uces ?is relation to a feign$ "o1 int5d$ to exi/ only 9 ! conceptions ( ! p4 ,nor is ! s5se ( ! words su* z ,lcke repres5ts x1 namely1 t ,jesus = 8 own "p w\ld h pray$ 9 sil5ce1 b = ! b5efit ( ! p utt]$ 8 pray] al\d 7= 9 ! c]ta9ty ( fulfilm5t !re lies no motive = sil5t pray]72 !y imply t = himself he _h no ne$ to ?ank ! ,fa!r = a s+le result1 z if surpris$1 s9ce he 0 sure be=eh& ( hav+ 8 wi% grant$1 s t ! wi% & ! ?anks 7 co9cid5t2 t is1 to speak g5]ally1 8 relation to ! ,fa!r did n consi/ 9 s+le acts ( pray]1 fulfilm5t1 & ?anks1 b 9 a cont9ual & p]man5t int]*ange ( ^! reciprocal functions1 9 :i* no s+le act ( gratitude 9 & by itself c\ld be di/+ui%$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,if x may be admitt$ t 9 relation to ! necessities ( ! p1 & out ( sympa?y ) !m1 su* an isolat$ act c\ld h tak5 place on ! "p ( ,jesus2 yet1 if !re be any tru? 9 ?is explanation1 ,jesus mu/ h be5 entirely borne away by sympa?y1 mu/ h made ! position ( ! p 8 own1 & ?us 9 t mom5t h pray$ f 8 own impulse1 & on 8 own behalf4 #adja ,b1 "h1 sc>cely has he begun to pray :5 ! reflection arises t he does ?is f no ne$ ( 8 own2 he prays !re=e f no lively feel+1 b out ( cold accommodation1 & ?is mu/ be felt difficult to conceive1 nay1 ev5 revolt+4 ,he :o 9 ?is mann] prays solely = ! edification ( o!rs1 ought 9 no case to tell !m t he prays f _! po9t ( view1 n f 8 own2 s9ce an audible pray] _c make any impression on ! he>]s1 unless !y suppose ! speak]'s :ole s\l to be engag$4 ,h[ !n c\ld ,jesus make 8 pray] ineffective by ?is addition8 ,if he felt impell$ to lay be=e ,god a confession ( ! true /ate ( ! case1 he might h done ?is 9 sil5ce2 t he utt]$ ! confession al\d1 & t we 9 consequ5ce read x1 c\ld only happ5 on a calculation ( advantage to lat] ,*ri/5dom1 to ! read]s ( ! gospel4 ,:ile ! ?anksgiv+ 01 = obvi\s reasons1 ne$ful to awake ! fai? ( ! spectators1 ! m develop$ fai? :i* ! f\r? gospel presupposes1 might reg>d x z a difficulty2 because x might possibly appe> to proce$ f a too subord9ate1 & m p>ticul>ly1 a too little con/ant relation betwe5 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,consequ5tly ! pray] :i* 0 necess>y = ! he>]s1 mu/ be annull$ = read]s ( a lat] p]iod1 or its value re/rict$ to t ( a m]e accommodation4 ,b ?is consid]ation _c h be5 pres5t 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus3 x c\ld belong only to a ,*ri/ian :o liv$ lat]4 ,?is has be5 already felt by "o critic1 :o has h5ce propos$ to ?r[ v4 #db out ( ! text1 z an unau!nticat$ addition by a latt] h&4 #adjb ,b z ?is judgm5t is de/itute ( any ext]nal reason1 if ! above passage c\ld n h be5 utt]$ by ,jesus1 we mu/ conclude t ! ,evangeli/ only l5t ! words to ,jesus 9 ord] to expla9 ! prec$+1 v4 #da2 & to ?is op9ion ,lcke has %[n himself n altoge!r dis9cl9$4 #adjc ,assur$ly we h "h words1 :i* are only l5t to ,jesus by ! ,evangeli/3 b if x be s ) ^! words1 :at is our security t x is s only ) ^!8 ,9 a gospel 9 :i* we h already detect$ _m disc\rses to be m]ely l5t to ! alleg$ speak]s--9 a n>rative :i* pres5ts hi/orical improbabilities at all po9ts1--! difficulty conta9$ 9 a s+le v]se is n a sign t t v]se does n belong to ! re/1 b t ! :ole tak5 toge!r does n belong to ! class ( hi/orical compositions4 #adjd ,z reg>ds ! gradation 9 ! ext]nal te/imony to ! ?ree n>ratives1 x has already be5 ju/ly obs]v$ by ,wool/on1 t only ! resurrection ( ! daught] ( ,jairus1 9 :i* ! miracul\s is ! lea/ m>k$1 appe>s 9 ?ree ,evangeli/s2 ! two o!rs are ea* relat$ by "o ,evangeli/ only3 #adje & z x is f> less easy to und]/& ! omission 9 ! o!r gospels 9 relation to ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 ?an 9 relation to ! rais+ ( ! y\? at ,na91 !re is "h aga9 a complete climax4 ,t ! la/-nam$ ev5t is m5tion$ by ! au?or ( ,luke's gospel alone2--especially t ,mat!w & ,m>k h x n in/ead ( ! resuscitation ( ! daught] ( ,jairus1 or toge!r ) t n>rative1--is a difficulty 9 m ?an "o respect4 #adjf ,ev5 view$ g5]ally z a resuscitation ( a dead p]son1 "o w\ld h ?\ght1 z !re 7 few ( su* miracles accord+ to our gospels1 & z !y are highly calculat$ to c>ry conviction1 x c\ld n h be5 too mu* tr\ble to ! ,evangeli/s to rec\nt x z a second in/ance2 especially z ,mat!w has ?\ght x wor? :ile1 = example1 to n>rate ?ree cures ( bl9dness1 :i* nev]!less 7 ( f> less importance1 & ( :i*1 !re=e1 he might h sp>$ two1 ins]t+ in/ead ( !m ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ! rema9+ resuscitations ( ! dead4 ,b admitt+ t ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s _h "s reason1 no long] to be discov]$1 = n giv+ m ?an "o hi/ory ( a resurrection1 !y ought1 "o mu/ ?9k1 to h *os5 t ( ! y\? at ,na9 f> r ?an t ( ! daught] ( ,jairus1 because ! =m]1 z we h above obs]v$1 0 a m indubitable & /rik+ resurrection4 ,z nev]!less !y give only ! latt]1 ,mat!w at lea/ c h kn[n no?+ ( ! o!rs2 ,m>k1 x is true1 probably _h x be=e him 9 ,luke1 b he _h1 z e>ly z iii4 #g1 or #bj1 leap$ f ,luke vi4 #ab 7#ag7 to ,matt4 xii4 #ae2 & only at iv4 #ce 7#ba ff47 returns to ,luke viii4 #bb 7#af ff472 #adjg ?us pass+ ov] ! resurrection ( ! y\? 7,luke vii4 #aa ff474 ,b n[ arises ! second "q3 h[ c ! resurrection ( ! y\?1 if x really happ5$1 h rema9$ unkn[n to ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel8 ,ev5 ap>t f ! supposition t ?is gospel _h an apo/olic orig91 ?is "q is fraught ) no less difficulty ?an ! =m]4 ,besides ! p1 !re 7 pres5t _m ( 8 disciples1 2 ! place1 ,na91 accord+ to ! acc\nt :i* ,josephus gives ( its position relative to ,m\nt ,tabor1 _c h be5 f> f ! ord9>y ,galilean !atre ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus2 #adjh la/ly1 ! fame ( ! ev5t1 z 0 natural1 0 widely dissem9at$ 7v4 #ag74 ,s*lei]ma*] is ( op9ion t ! au?ors ( ! fir/ sket*es f ! life ( ,jesus1 n be+ )9 ! apo/olic circle1 did n g5]ally v5ture to apply to ! mu* occupi$ apo/les1 b r s\ght ! fri5ds ( ,jesus ( ! second ord]1 & 9 do+ s !y naturally turn$ to ^? places :]e !y might hope = ! ri*e/ h>ve/s1--to ,cap]naum & ,j]usalem2 ev5ts :i*1 l ! resuscitation 9 "q1 occurr$ 9 o!r places1 c\ld n s easily become common prop]ty4 ,b fir/1 ?is conception ( ! case is too subjective1 mak+ ! promulgation ( ! mo/ important de$s ( ,jesus1 dep5d5t on ! rese>*es ( amateurs & collectors ( anecdotes1 :o w5t ab\t glean+1 l ,papias1 at a lat] p]iod2 secondly1 7& ^! two objections are ess5tially connect$17 !re lies at its f\ndation ! errone\s idea t su* hi/ories 7 fix$1 l in]t bodies once fall5 to ! gr\nd1 9 ! places to :i* !y belong$1 gu>d$ !re z lifeless treasures1 & only exhibit$ to ^? :o took ! tr\ble to resort to ! spot3 in/ead ( :i*1 !y 7 r l ! light-w+$ inhabitants ( ! air1 fly+ f> away f ! place :i* gave !m bir?1 roam+ ev]y:]e1 & n seldom los+ all association ) _! orig9al locality4 ,we see ! same ?+ happ5 daily2 innum]able hi/ories1 bo? true & false1 are repres5t$ z hav+ occurr$ at ! mo/ widely diff]5t places4 ,su* a n>rative1 once =m$1 is itself ! sub/ance1 ! alleg$ locality1 ! accid5t3 by no means c ! locality be ! sub/ance1 to :i* ! n>rative is unit$ z ! accid5t1 z x w\ld foll[ f ,s*lei]ma*]'s supposition4 ,s9ce !n x _c well be conceiv$ t an incid5t ( ?is k9d1 if x really happ5$1 c\ld rema9 =eign to ! g5]al tradition1 & h5ce unkn[n to ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel3 ! fact ( ?is au?or's ignorance ( ! incid5t gives rise to a suspicion t x did n really happ54 ,b ?is gr\nd ( d\bt falls ) incomp>ably great] weight1 on ! n>rative ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,if ! au?ors or collectors ( ! ?ree fir/ gospels knew ( ?is1 !y c\ld n1 = m ?an "o reason1 avoid introduc+ x into _! writ+s4 ,=1 fir/1 ( all ! resuscitations effect$ by ,jesus1 nay1 ( all 8 miracles1 ?is resurrection ( ,laz>us1 if n ! mo/ wond]ful1 is yet ! "o 9 :i* ! m>vell\s pres5ts itself ! mo/ obvi\sly & /rik+ly1 & :i* !re=e1 if its hi/orical reality c be e/abli%$1 is a pre-em95tly /rong pro( ( ! extraord9>y end[m5ts ( ,jesus z a div9e mess5g]2 #adji :5ce ! ,evangeli/s1 al?\gh !y _h relat$ "o or two o!r in/ances ( ! k9d1 c\ld n ?9k x sup]flu\s to add ?is also4 ,b1 secondly1 ! resurrection ( ,laz>us _h1 accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ,john1 a direct influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ! fate ( ,jesus2 = we le>n f xi4 #dg ff41 t ! increas$ resort to ,jesus1 & ! cr$it :i* ?is ev5t procur$ him1 l$ to t consultation ( ! ,sanh$rim 9 :i* ! sangu9>y c\nsel ( ,caiaphas 0 giv5 & approv$4 ,?us ! ev5t _h a d\ble importance--pragmatical z well z dogmatical2 consequ5tly1 ! synoptical writ]s c\ld n h fail$ to n>rate x1 _h x be5 )9 _! k4 ,nev]!less1 !ologians h f\nd out all sorts ( reasons :y ^? ,evangeli/s1 ev5 _h ! fact be5 kn[n to !m1 %\ld refra9 f its n>ration4 ,"s h be5 ( op9ion t at ! "t ( ! composition ( ! ?ree fir/ gospels1 ! hi/ory 0 /ill 9 e m\?1 s t to make a writt5 record ( x 0 sup]flu\s2 #adaj o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 h conjectur$ t x 0 ?\ght desirable to gu>d aga9/ its fur!r publication1 le/ dang] %\ld accrue to ,laz>us & 8 family1 ! =m] ( :om1 accord+ to ,john xii4 #aj1 0 p]secut$ by ! ,jewi% hi]>*y on acc\nt ( ! miracle :i* _h be5 pre=m$ 9 him2 a caution = :i* !re 0 no necessity at ! lat] p]iod at :i* ,john wrote 8 gospel4 #adaa ,x is pla9 t ^! two reasons nullify ea* o!r1 & nei!r ( !m is 9 itself wor?y ( a s]i\s refutation2 yet z simil> modes ( evad+ a difficulty are /ill m frequ5tly resort$ to ?an might be suppos$1 we ought n to ?9k "s animadv]sion on !m altoge!r ?r[n away4 ,! proposition1 t ! resurrection ( ,laz>us 0 n record$ by ! synopti/s because x 0 g5]ally kn[n 9 _! circle1 proves too mu*2 s9ce on ?is rule1 precisely ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 8 baptism1 dea?1 & resurrection1 mu/ h rema9$ unwritt54 ,moreov]1 writ+s1 :i* l our gospels1 orig9ate 9 a religi\s community1 d n s]ve m]ely to make kn[n ! unkn[n2 x is _! (fice also to pres]ve :at is already kn[n4 ,9 opposition to ! o!r explanation1 x has be5 rem>k$ by o!rs1 t ! publication ( ?is hi/ory among ^? :o 7 n natives ( ,pale/9e1 z 0 ! case ) ^? = :om ,m>k & ,luke wrote1 c\ld h done no injury to ,laz>us2 & ev5 ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel1 admitt+ t he wrote 9 & = ,pale/9e1 c\ld h>dly h )held a fact 9 :i* ! glory ( ,*ri/ 0 s peculi>ly manife/$1 m]ely out ( consid]ation to ,laz>us1 :o1 suppos+ ! m improbable case t he 0 yet liv+ at ! "t ( ! composition ( ! fir/ gospel1 ought n1 ,*ri/ian z he d\btless 01 to refuse to suff] = ! "n ( ,*ri/2 & ! same obs]vation w\ld apply to 8 family4 ,! mo/ dang]\s "t = ,laz>us accord+ to ,john xii4 #aj1 0 t imm$iately aft] 8 resurrection1 & a n>rative :i* appe>$ s long aft]1 c\ld sc>cely h height5$ or r5ew$ ?is dang]2 besides1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,be?any & ,j]usalem :5ce dang] 0 ?reat5$ to ,laz>us1 ! ev5t mu/ h be5 s well-kn[n & rememb]$ t no?+ 0 to be risk$ by its publication4 #adab ,x appe>s !n t ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 s9ce x is n n>rat$ by ! synopti/s1 _c h be5 kn[n to !m2 & ! "q arises1 h[ 0 ?is ignorance possible8 ,hase gives ! my/]i\s answ]1 t ! reason ( ?is omission lies hid 9 ! common relations "u :i* ! synopti/s 9 g5]al 7 sil5t conc]n+ all ! e>li] incid5ts 9 ,juda2 b ?is leaves x unc]ta91 at lea/ s f> z ! expressions g1 :e!r we ought to decide to ! disadvantage ( ! f\r? gospel or ( its pr$ecessors4 ,! late/ criticism ( ! gospel ( ,mat!w has cle>$ up ! ambiguity 9 ,hase's answ] aft] its usual mann]1 det]m9+ ! nature ( ^? common relations :i* he vaguely adduces1 ?us3 ,e "o ( ! synopti/s1 by 8 ignorance ( a hi/ory :i* an apo/le mu/ h kn[n1 betrays himself to be no apo/le4 #adac ,b ?is r5unciation ( ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! fir/ gospel1 does n by any means enable u to expla9 ! ignorance ( its au?or & 8 compe]s ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us4 ,= besides ! rem>kable "* ( ! ev5t1 its occurr5ce 9 ! v he>t ( ,juda1 ! great att5tion excit$ by x1 & its hav+ be5 witness$ by ! apo/les1--all ^! consid]ations r5d] x incompreh5sible t x %\ld n h ent]$ into ! g5]al tradition1 & f !nce into ! synoptical gospels4 ,x is argu$ t ^! gospels are f\nd$ on ,galilean leg5ds1 i4e4 oral n>ratives & writt5 notices by ! ,galilean fri5ds & companions ( ,jesus2 t ^! 7 n pres5t at ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 & !re=e did n include x 9 _! memoirs2 & t ! au?ors ( ! fir/ gospels1 /rictly conf9+ !mselves to ! ,galilean s\rces ( in=mation1 likewise pass$ ov] ! ev5t4 #adad ,b !re 0 n su* a wall ( p>tition betwe5 ,galilee & ,juda1 t ! fame ( an ev5t l ! resurrection ( ,laz>us c\ld help s\nd+ ov] f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,ev5 if x did n happ5 dur+ a fea/ "t1 :5 7,john iv4 #de7 _m ,galileans might be eye-witnesses1 yet ! disciples1 :o 7 = ! great] "p ,galileans1 7 pres5t 7v4 #af71 & mu/1 s soon z !y return$ into ,galilee aft] ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 h spread abroad ! hi/ory ?r\gh\t ?is prov9ce1 or r1 be=e ?is1 ! ,galileans :o kept ! la/ passov] att5d$ by ,jesus1 mu/ h le>n$ ! ev5t1 ! report ( :i* 0 s rife 9 ! city4 ,h5ce ev5 ,lcke f9ds ?is explanation ( ,gabl]'s unsatisfactory2 & on 8 own side attempts to solve ! enigma by ! obs]vation1 t ! orig9al evangelical tradition1 :i* ! synopti/s foll[$1 did n repres5t ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion ma9ly 9 a pragmatical light1 & !re=e gave no he$ to ?is ev5t z ! secret motive ( ! murd]\s resolve aga9/ ,jesus1 & t only ,john1 :o 0 initiat$ into ! secret hi/ory ( ! ,sanh$rim1 0 9 a condition to supply ?is explanatory fact4 #adae ,?is view ( ! case w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to neutralize "o reason :y ! synopti/s mu/ h notic$ ! ev5t 9 "q1 namely1 t drawn f its pragmatical importance2 b :5 x is add$1 t z a miracle reg>d$ 9 itself1 ap>t f its m p>ticul> circum/ances1 x might easily be lo/ among ! re/ ( ^? n>ratives f :i* we h 9 ! ?ree fir/ gospels a p>tly accid5tal selection1--we mu/ reply1 t ! synoptical selection ( miracles appe>s to be an accid5tal "o only :5 t is at once assum$ :i* ought fir/ to be prov$3 namely1 t ! miracles 9 ! f\r? gospel are hi/orical3 & unless ! selection be casual to a degree inconsi/5t ) ! slighte/ intellig5ce 9 ! compil]s1 su* a miracle _c h be5 ov]look$4 #adaf ,x has d\btless be5 ^! & simil> consid]ations1 :i* h l$ ! late/ writ]s on ! controv]sy conc]n+ ! fir/ gospel1 to compla9 ( ! "o-sid$ness ) :i* ! above "q is always answ]$ to ! disadvantage ( ! synopti/s1 especially ,mat!w1 z if x 7 =gott5 t an answ] dang]\s to ! f\r? gospel lies j z ne> at h&4 #adag ,= our own "p1 we are n s greatly al>m$ by ! fulm9ations ( ,lcke1 z to be det]r$ f ! expression ( our op9ion on ! subject4 ,?is !ologian1 ev5 9 8 late/ editions1 reproa*es ^? :o1 f ! sil5ce ( ! synoptical writ]s1 conclude t ?is n>rative is a fiction & ! gospel ( ,john n au!ntic1 ) an unp>allel$ lack ( disc]nm5t1 & a total want ( insight into ! mutual relations ( our gospels 7t is1 into ^? relations view$ accord+ to ! pr(essional conviction ( !ologians1 :i* is un%ak5 ev5 by ! (t5 well-direct$ attacks ( ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia74 ,we1 nev]!less1 di/9ctly decl>e t we reg>d ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 n only z 9 ! highe/ degree improbable 9 itself1 b also de/itute ( ext]nal evid5ce2 & ?is :ole *apt]1 9 connexion ) ^? previ\sly exam9$1 z an indication ( ! unau!nticity ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,if x is ?us prov$ t all ! ?ree evangelical hi/ories ( resuscitations are r5d]$ m or less d\btful by negative reasons3 all t is n[ want+ to u is positive pro(1 t ! tradition ( ,jesus hav+ rais$ ! dead might easily be =m$ )\t hi/orical f\ndation4 ,accord+ to rabb9ical1 #adah z well z ,new ,te/am5t passages 7e4g4 ,john v4 #bh f41 vi4 #dj1 #dd2 #a ,cor4 xv42 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #af71 ! resuscitation ( ! dead 0 expect$ ( ! ,messiah at 8 com+4 ,n[ ! 1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah ,jesus on e>?1 0 9 ! view ( ! e>ly *ur* brok5 by 8 dea? into two p>ts2 ! fir/ compris$ 8 prep>atory appe>ance1 :i* began ) 8 human bir?1 & end$ ) ! resurrection & asc5sion2 ! second 0 to comm5ce ) 8 future adv5t on ! cl\ds ( heav51 9 ord] to op5 ! 1 ! age to come4 ,z ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,jesus _h want$ ! glory & maje/y expect$ 9 ! ,messiah1 ! great demon/rations ( messianic p[]1 & 9 p>ticul> ! g5]al resurrection ( ! dead1 7 assign$ to 8 second1 & z yet future appe>ance on e>?4 ,nev]!less1 z an imm$iate pl$ge ( :at 0 to be anticipat$1 ev5 9 ! fir/ adv5t "s =e-spl5d\rs ( ! second mu/ h be5 visible 9 s+le in/ances2 ,jesus mu/1 ev5 9 8 fir/ adv5t1 by awak+ "s ( ! dead1 h gu>ante$ 8 au?ority "o day to awake all ! dead2 he mu/1 :5 que/ion$ z to 8 messiah%ip1 h be5 able to adduce among o!r crit]ia ! fact t ! dead 7 rais$ up by him 7,matt4 xi4 #e71 & he mu/ h imp>t$ ! same p[] to 8 disciples 7,matt4 xi4 #h1 comp4 ,acts ix4 #dj1 xx4 #aj72 b especially z a close prefiguration ( ! h\r 9 :i* all t are 9 _! graves %all he> 8 voice1 & %all come =? 7,john v4 #bh f471 he mu/ h cri$ ) a l\d voice1 ,come =?6 to "o :o _h la9 9 ! grave f\r days 7,john xi4 #ag1 #dc74 ,= ! orig9ation ( detail$ n>ratives ( s+le resuscitations1 !re lay1 besides1 ! mo/ appropriate types 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! prophets ,elijah & ,eli%a 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #ag ff42 #b ,k+s iv4 #ah ff47 _h awak$ ! dead1 & to ^! in/ances ,jewi% writ+s appeal$ z a type ( ! messianic "t4 #adai ,! object ( ! resuscitation 0 ) bo? ^! prophets a *ild1 b a boy1 :ile 9 ! n>rative common to ! synopti/s we h a girl2 ! two prophets reviv$ him :ile he lay on ! b$1 z ,jesus does ! daught] ( ,jairus2 bo? ent]$ alone into ! *amb] ( dea?1 z ,jesus excludes all save a few confid5tial fri5ds2 only1 z x is fitt+1 ! ,messiah ne$s n ! labori\s manipulations by :i* ! prophets atta9$ _! object4 ,elijah 9 p>ticul> rais$ ! son ( a wid[1 z ,jesus did at ,na92 he met ! wid[ ( ,z>epha? at ! gate 7b be=e ! dea? ( h] son7 z ,jesus met ! wid[ ( ,na91 "u ! gate ( ! city 7aft] ! dea? ( h] son72 la/ly1 x is 9 bo? in/ances told 9 ! same words h[ ! miracle-work] re/or$ ! son to ! "m4 #adbj ,ev5 "o already laid 9 8 grave1 l ,laz>us1 0 re/or$ to life by ! prophet ,eli%a2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! prophet himself _h be5 long dead1 & ! contact ( 8 bones reanimat$ a corpse :i* 0 accid5tally ?r[n ^u !m 7#b ,k+s xiii4 #ba74 ,!re is yet ano!r po9t ( simil>ity betwe5 ! resuscitations ( ! dead 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & t ( ,laz>us2 x is t ,jesus1 :ile 9 8 =m] resuscitation he utt]s ! au?oritative ^w )\t any prelim9>y1 9 t ( ,laz>us (f]s a pray] to ,god1 z ,eli%a1 & m p>ticul>ly ,elijah1 are said to h done4 ,:ile ,paulus ext5ds to ^! n>ratives 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! natural explanation :i* he has appli$ to ^? 9 ! ,new1 !ologians ( m enl>g$ views h long ago rem>k$1 t ! resurrections 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are no?+ m ?an my?i1 :i* _h _! orig9 9 ! t5d5cy ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*1 to make h] ,messiah agree ) ! type ( ! prophets1 & ) ! messianic ideal4 #adba #aja4 ,,anecdotes ,,hav+ ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,sea4 ,z 9 g5]al1 at lea/ accord+ to ! repres5tations ( ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s ! c\ntry ar\nd ! ,galilean sea 0 ! *ief !atre ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus2 s a consid]able numb] ( 8 miracles h an imm$iate ref]5ce to ! sea4 ,"o ( ?is class1 ! miracul\s draught ( fi%es grant$ to ,pet]1 has already pres5t$ itself = our consid]ation2 besides ?is1 !re are ! miracul\s /ill+ ( ! /orm :i* _h aris5 on ! sea :ile ,jesus slept1 9 ! ?ree synopti/s2 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,john2 ! summ>y ( mo/ ( ^?1 ! walk+ ( ,jesus on ! sea1 likewise dur+ a /orm1 9 incid5ts :i* ! app5dix to ! f\r? gospel places aft] ! resurrection2 & la/ly1 ! anecdote ( ! co9 t 0 to be angl$ = by ,pet]1 9 ,mat!w4 ,! fir/-nam$ n>rative 7,matt4 viii4 #bc ff4 p>all47 is int5d$1 accord+ to ! ,evangeli/'s own words1 to repres5t ,jesus to u z him :om ! w9ds & ! sea obey1 4 ,?us1 to foll[ out ! gradation 9 ! miracul\s :i* has be5 hi!rto obs]v$1 x is "h presuppos$1 n m]ely t ,jesus c\ld act on ! human m9d & liv+ body 9 a psy*ological & magnetic mann]2 or ) a revivify+ p[] on ! human organism :5 x 0 =sak5 by vitality2 nay1 n m]ely z 9 ! hi/ory ( ! draught ( fi%es e>li] exam9$1 t he c\ld act imm$iately ) det]m9ative p[]1 on irrational yet animat$ exi/5ces1 b t he c\ld act ?us ev5 on inanimate nature4 ,! possibility ( f9d+ a po9t ( union betwe5 ! alleg$ sup]natural ag5cy ( ,jesus1 & ! natural ord] ( ph5om5a1 "h absolutely ceases3 "h1 at ! late/1 !re is an end to miracles 9 ! wid] & n[ m fav\r$ s5se2 & we come to ^? :i* mu/ be tak5 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 or to ! miracle prop]4 ,! purely supranaturali/ic view is !re=e ! fir/ to sugge/ itself4 ,ol%aus5 has ju/ly felt1 t su* a p[] ov] ext]nal nature is n ess5tially connect$ ) ! de/9ation ( ,jesus = ! human race & = ! salvation ( man2 :5ce he 0 l$ to place ! natural ph5om5on :i* is "h controll$ by ,jesus 9 a relation to s91 & !re=e to ! (fice ( ,jesus4 ,/orms1 he says1 are ! spasms & convulsions ( nature1 & z su* ! consequ5ces ( s91 ! fe>ful effects ( :i* are se5 ev5 on ! physical side ( exi/5ce4 #adbb ,b x is only t limit$ obs]vation ( nature :i* 9 not+ ! p>ticul> =gets ! g5]al1 t c reg>d /orms1 tempe/s1 & simil> ph5om5a 7:i* 9 connexion ) ! :ole h _! necess>y place & b5eficial influ5ce7 z evils & dep>ture f orig9al law3 & a !ory ( ! _w 9 :i* x is s]i\sly upheld1 t be=e ! fall !re 7 no /orms & tempe/s1 z1 on ! o!r h&1 no bea/s ( prey & poison\s plants1 p>takes--"o does n "k :e!r to say1 ( ! fanatical1 or ( ! *ildi%4 ,b to :at purpose1 if ! above explanation w n hold1 c\ld ,jesus be gift$ ) su* a p[] ov] nature8 ,z a means ( awak5+ fai? 9 him1 x 0 inadequate & sup]flu\s3 because ,jesus f\nd individual adh]5ts )\t any demon/ration ( a p[] ( ?is k9d1 & g5]al acceptance ev5 ?is did n procure him4 ,z little c x be reg>d$ z a type ( ! orig9al dom9ion ( man ov] ext]nal nature1 a dom9ion :i* he is de/9$ to reatta92 = ! value ( ?is dom9ion consi/s precisely 9 ?is1 t x is a m$iate "o1 a*iev$ by ! progressive reflection & ! unit$ ef=ts ( ages1 n an imm$iate & magical dom9ion1 :i* co/s no m ?an a ^w4 ,h5ce 9 relation to t "p ( nature ( :i* we are "h speak+ ! compass & ! /eam-vessel are an incomp>ably tru] realization ( man's dom9ion ov] ! ocean1 ?an ! allay+ ( ! waves by a m]e ^w4 ,b ! subject has ano!r aspect1 s9ce ! dom9ion ( man ov] nature is n m]ely ext]nal & practical1 b also imman5t or !oretical1 t is1 man ev5 :5 ext]nally he is subject$ to ! might ( ! elem5ts1 yet is n int]nally conqu]$ by !m2 b1 9 ! conviction t ! p[]s ( physical nature c only de/roy 9 him t :i* belongs to 8 physical exi/5ce1 is elevat$ 9 ! self-c]ta9ty ( ! _s above ! possible de/ruction ( ! body4 ,?is spiritual p[]1 x is said1 0 exhibit$ by ,jesus1 = he slept tranquilly 9 ! mid/ ( ! /orm1 & :5 awak$ by 8 trembl+ disciples1 inspir$ !m ) c\rage by 8 words4 ,b = c\rage to be %[n1 real dang] mu/ be appreh5d$3 n[ = ,jesus1 suppos+ him to be consci\s ( an imm$iate p[] ov] nature1 dang] c\ld 9 no degree exi/3 !re=e he c\ld n "h give any pro( ( ?is !oretical p[]4 ,9 bo? respects ! natural explanation w\ld f9d only ! conceivable & ! desirable attribut$ to ,jesus 9 ! evangelical n>rative2 namely1 on ! "o h&1 an intellig5t obs]vation ( ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 & on ! o!r1 exalt$ c\rage 9 ! pres5ce ( real p]il4 ,:5 we read t ,jesus comm&$ ! w9ds 1 we are to und]/& simply t he made "s rem>k on ! /orm1 or "s exclamations at its viol5ce3 & 8 calm+ ( ! sea we are to reg>d only z a progno/ication1 f\nd$ on ! obs]vation ( c]ta9 signs1 t ! /orm w\ld soon subside4 ,8 address to ! disciples is said to h proce$$1 l ! celebrat$ say+ ( ,cs>1 f ! confid5ce t a man :o 0 to leave an impress on ! _w's hi/ory1 c\ld n s lightly be cut %ort 9 8 c>e] by an accid5t4 ,t ^? :o 7 9 ! %ip reg>d$ ! subsid5ce ( ! /orm z ! effect ( ! words ( ,jesus1 proves no?+1 = ,jesus n[h]e confirms _! inf]5ce4 #adbc ,b nei!r does he disapprove x1 al?\gh he mu/ h obs]v$ ! impression :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( t inf]5ce1 ! result _h made on ! p2 #adbd he mu/ !re=e1 z ,v5tur9i actually supposes1 h design$ly refra9$ f %ak+ _! high op9ion ( 8 miracul\s p[]1 9 ord] to atta* !m to him ! m firmly4 ,b1 sett+ ?is altoge!r aside1 0 x likely t ! natural presages ( ! /orm %\ld h be5 bett] und]/ood by ,jesus1 :o _h nev] be5 occupi$ on ! sea1 ?an by ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 :o _h be5 at home on x f _! y\? upw>ds8 #adbe ,x rema9s !n t1 tak+ ! incid5t z x is n>rat$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 we mu/ reg>d x z a miracle2 b to raise ?is f an exegetical result to a real fact1 is1 accord+ to ! above rem>ks extremely difficult3 :5ce !re arises a suspicion aga9/ ! hi/orical "* ( ! n>rative4 ,view$ m ne>ly h[ev]1 & tak+ ,mat!w's acc\nt z ! basis1 !re is no?+ to object to ! n>rative until ! middle ( v4 #bf4 ,x might really h happ5$ t ,jesus 9 "o ( 8 frequ5t passages across ! ,galilean sea1 0 sleep+ :5 a /orm arose2 t ! disciples awak$ him ) al>m1 :ile he1 calm & self-possess$1 said to !m1 ,:y are ye fe>ful1 ,o ye ( little fai?8 ,:at foll[s--! comm&+ ( ! waves1 :i* ,m>k1 ) 8 well-kn[n fondness = su* au?oritative words1 reproduces z if he 7 giv+ ! exact words ( ,jesus 9 a ,greek translation 71 67--might h be5 add$ 9 ! propagation ( ! anecdote f "o to ano!r4 ,!re 0 an inducem5t to attribute to ,jesus su* a comm& ov] ! w9ds & ! sea1 n only 9 ! op9ion ent]ta9$ ( 8 p]son1 b also 9 c]ta9 features ( ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,"h1 9 poetical descriptions ( ! passage ( ! ,israelites ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 ,jehovah is designat$ z he :o rebuk$ ! ,r$ ,sea1 7,psa4 cvi4 #i2 ,,lxx4 comp4 ,nahum i4 #d71 s t x retreat$4 ,n[1 z ! in/rum5t 9 ?is p>tition ( ! ,r$ ,sea 0 ,moses1 x 0 natural to ascribe to 8 great successor1 ! ,messiah1 a simil> function2 accord+ly we actually f9d f rabb9ical passages1 t a dry+ up ( ! sea 0 expect$ to be wr\ght by ,god 9 ! messianic times1 d\btless ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,messiah1 z =m]ly ?r\gh t ( ,moses4 #adbf ,t in/ead ( dry+ up ! sea ,jesus is said only to produce a calm1 may be expla9$1 on ! supposition t ! /orm & ! composure exhibit$ by ,jesus on ! occasion 7 hi/orical1 z a consequ5ce ( ! my?ical hav+ comb9$ itself ) ?is hi/orical elem5t2 =1 z accord+ to ?is1 ,jesus & 8 disciples 7 on bo>d a %ip1 a dry+ up ( ! sea w\ld h be5 out ( place4 ,/ill x is altoge!r )\t any sure prec$5t1 t a my?ical addition %\ld be engraft$ on ! /em ( a real incid5t1 s z to leave ! latt] totally unmodifi$4 ,& !re is "o feature1 ev5 9 ! "p hi!rto assum$ to be hi/orical1 :i*1 m n>r[ly exam9$1 might j z probably h be5 inv5t$ by ! leg5d z h really happ5$4 ,t ,jesus1 be=e ! /orm breaks out1 is sleep+1 & ev5 :5 x arises1 does n imm$iately awake1 is n 8 volunt>y de$1 b *ance2 #adbg x is ?is v *ance1 h[ev]1 :i* alone gives ! sc5e its full significance1 = ,jesus sleep+ 9 ! /orm is by ! contra/ :i* he pres5ts1 a n less emblematical image ?an ,ulysses sleep+ :51 aft] s _m /orms1 he 0 ab\t to l& on 8 isl& home4 ,n[ t ,jesus really slept at ! "t t a /orm broke out1 may inde$ h happ5$ by *ance 9 "o case out ( t52 b 9 ! n9e cases also1 :5 ?is did n happ51 & ,jesus only %[$ himself calm & c\rage\s dur+ ! /orm1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! leg5d w\ld s f> h und]/ood h] int]e/1 t1 z %e _h repres5t$ ! contra/ ( ! tranquillity ( ,jesus ) ! rag+ ( ! elem5ts to ! intellect1 by means ( ! words ( ,jesus1 s %e w\ld depict x = ! imag9ation1 by means ( ! image ( ,jesus sleep+ 9 ! %ip 7or z ,m>k has x1 #adbh on a pill[ 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! %ip74 ,if !n t :i* may possibly h happ5$ 9 a s+le case1 mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 inv5t$ by ! leg5d 9 n9e cases2 ! expositor mu/ 9 reason prep>e himself = ! und5iable possibility1 t we h be=e u "o ( ! n9e cases1 in/ead ( t s+le case4 #adbi ,if !n x be grant$ t no?+ fur!r rema9s z an hi/orical f\ndation = our n>rative1 ?an t ,jesus exhort$ 8 disciples to %[ ! firm c\rage ( fai? 9 opposition to ! rag+ waves ( ! sea1 x is c]ta9ly possible t he may once h done ?is 9 a /orm at sea2 b j z he said3 if ye h fai? z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 ye may say to ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ remov$1 & ca/ into ! sea 7,matt4 xxi4 #ba71 or to ?is tree1 ,be ?\ pluck$ up by ! root1 & be ?\ plant$ 9 ! sea 7,luke xvii4 #f71 & bo? %all be done 7 1 ,luke73 s he might1 n m]ely on ! sea1 b 9 any situation1 make use ( ! figure1 t to him :o has fai?1 w9ds & waves %all be ob$i5t at a ^w 7 1 1 ,luke74 ,if we n[ take into acc\nt :at ev5 ,ol%aus5 rem>ks1 & ,s*neck5burg] has %[n1 #adcj t ! conte/ ( ! k+dom ( ,god ) ! _w 0 9 ! e>ly times ( ,*ri/ianity commonly comp>$ to a voyage ?r\gh a /ormy ocean2 we see at once1 h[ easily leg5d might come to frame su* a n>rative z ! above1 on ! sugge/ions af=d$ by ! p>allel betwe5 ! ,messiah & ,moses1 ! expressions ( ,jesus1 & ! conception ( him z ! pilot :o /e]s ! little vessel ( ! k+dom ( ,god ?r\gh ! tumultu\s waves ( ! _w4 ,sett+ ?is aside1 h[ev]1 & view+ ! matt] only g5]ally1 9 relation to ! idea ( a miracle-work]1 we f9d a simil> p[] ov] /orms & tempe/s1 ascrib$1 = example1 to ,py?agoras4 #adca ,we h a m complicat$ anecdote connect$ ) ! sea1 want+ 9 ,luke1 b conta9$ 9 ,john vi4 #af ff41 z well z 9 ,matt4 xiv4 #bb ff41 & ,m>k vi4 #de ff41 :]e a /orm ov]takes ! disciples :5 sail+ by night1 & ,jesus appe>s to _! rescue1 walk+ t[>ds !m on ! sea4 ,"h1 aga91 ! /orm subsides 9 a m>vell\s mann] on ! entrance ( ,jesus into ! %ip2 b ! peculi> difficulty ( ! n>rative lies 9 ?is1 t ! body ( ,jesus appe>s s entirely exempt f a law :i* gov]ns all o!r human bodies )\t exception1 namely1 ! law ( gravitation1 t he n only does n s9k "u ! wat]1 b does n ev5 dip into x2 on ! contr>y1 he walks erect on ! waves z on firm l&4 ,if we are to repres5t ?is to ourselves1 we mu/ 9 "s way or o!r1 conceive ! body ( ,jesus z an e!real phantom1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! ,docet2 a conception :i* ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* condemn$ z irreligi\s1 & :i* we mu/ reject z extravagant4 ,ol%aus5 inde$ says1 t 9 a sup]ior corporeality1 impregnat$ ) ! p[]s ( a high] _w1 su* an appe>ance ne$ n create surprise3 #adcb b ^! are words to :i* we c atta* no def9ite idea4 ,if ! spiritual activity ( ,jesus :i* ref9$ & p]fect$ 8 corporeal nature1 in/ead ( be+ conceiv$ z t :i* m & m completely emancipat$ 8 body f ! psy*ical laws ( passion & s5suality1 is und]/ood z if by its means ! body 0 exempt$ f ! physical law ( gravity3--?is is a mat]ialism ( :i*1 z 9 a =m] case1 x is difficult to decide :e!r x be m fanta/ical or *ildi%4 ,if ,jesus did n s9k 9 ! wat]1 he mu/ h be5 a spectre1 & ! disciples 9 our n>rative w\ld n h be5 wrong 9 tak+ him = "o4 ,we mu/ also recollect t on 8 baptism 9 ! riv] ,jordan1 ,jesus did n exhibit ?is prop]ty1 b 0 subm]g$ l an ord9>y man4 ,n[ _h he at t "t also ! p[] ( su/a9+ himself on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & only refra9$ f us+ x8 & did he ?us increase or r$uce 8 specific gravity by an act ( 8 w8 or are we to suppose1 z ,ol%aus5 w\ld p]haps say1 t at ! "t ( 8 baptism he _h n atta9$ s f> 9 ! process ( subtiliz+ 8 body1 z to be freely borne up by ! wat]1 & t he only rea*$ ?is po9t at a lat] p]iod8 ,^! are que/ions :i* ,ol%aus5 ju/ly calls absurd3 nev]!less !y s]ve to op5 a glimpse into ! abyss ( absurdities 9 :i* we are involv$ by ! supranaturali/ic int]pretation1 & p>ticul>ly by t :i* ?is !ologian gives ( ! n>rative be=e u4 ,to avoid ^!1 ! natural explanation has tri$ _m exp$i5ts4 ,! bolde/ is t ( ,paulus1 :o ma9ta9s t ! text does n /ate t ,jesus walk$ on ! wat]2 & t ! miracle 9 ?is passage is no?+ b a philological mi/ake1 s9ce is analog\s to ! expression 1 ,exod4 xiv4 #b1 & signifies to walk1 z ! o!r to encamp1 ov] ! sea1 t is1 on ! elevat$ sea-%ore4 #adcc ,accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! words tak5 sep>ately1 ?is explanation is possible3 its real applicability 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 h[ev]1 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! context4 ,n[ ?is repres5ts ! disciples z hav+ r[$ tw5ty-five or ?irty furlongs 7,john71 or z be+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea 7,mat!w & ,m>k71 & !n x is said t ,jesus came t[>ds ! %ip1 & s ne> t he c\ld speak to !m1 4 ,h[ c\ld he d ?is if he rema9$ on ! %ore8 ,to obviate ?is objection1 ,paulus conjectures t ! disciples 9 t /ormy night probably only skirt$ ! %ore2 b ! words 1 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 ?\gh n1 we grant1 to be con/ru$ ) ma!matical /rictness1 yet1 ev5 tak5 accord+ to ! popul> mode ( speak+1 are too decid$ly oppos$ to su* a supposition = x to be wor? our fur!r consid]ation4 ,b ?is mode ( int]pretation enc\nt]s a fatal bl[ 9 ! passage :]e ,mat!w says ( ,pet]1 t hav+ come d[n out ( ! %ip he walk$ on ! wat]1 7v4 #bi72 = z x is said %ortly aft] t ,pet] began to s9k 771 walk+ m]ely on ! %ore _c h be5 int5d$ "h2 & if n "h1 nei!r c x h be5 int5d$ 9 ! =m] in/ance relat+ to ,jesus1 ! expressions be+ sub/antially ! same4 #adcd ,b if ,pet]1 9 8 attempt to walk ^u ! wat]s1 1 began to s9k1 may we n /ill suppose t bo? he & ,jesus m]ely swam 9 ! sea1 or wad$ ?r\gh its %all[s8 ,bo? ^! suppositions h actually be5 advanc$4 #adce ,b ! act ( wad+ mu/ h be5 express$ by 1 & _h t ( swimm+ be5 int5d$1 "o or o!r ( ! p>allel passages w\ld c]ta9ly h sub/itut$ ! precise expression = ! ambigu\s "o3 besides1 x mu/ be alike impossible ei!r to swim f tw5ty-five to ?irty furlongs 9 a /orm1 or to wade to ab\t ! middle ( ! sea1 :i* c]ta9ly 0 beyond ! %all[s2 a swimm] c\ld n easily be tak5 = a spectre2 &1 la/ly1 ! pray] ( ,pet] = special p]mission to imitate ,jesus1 & 8 failure 9 x f want ( fai?1 po9t to some?+ sup]natural4 #adcf ,! reason+ on :i* ! natural mode ( int]pretation re/s "h1 z else:]e1 has be5 enunciat$ by ,paulus 9 connexion ) ?is passage 9 a =m :i* reveals its fundam5tal error 9 a p>ticul>ly happy mann]4 ,! "q1 he says1 9 su* cases is always ?is3 :i* is m probable1 t ! evangelical writ] %\ld use an expression n p]fectly exact1 or t !re %\ld be a dep>ture f ! c\rse ( nature8 ,x is evid5t t ! dilemma is falsely /at$1 & %\ld r be put ?us3 ,is x m probable t ! au?or %\ld express himself inaccurately 7r1 9 direct contradiction to ! suppos$ s5se71 or t he %\ld mean to n>rate a dep>ture f ! c\rse ( nature8 ,= only :at he means to n>rate is ! imm$iate po9t ( inquiry2 :at really happ5$ is1 ev5 accord+ to ! di/9ction ( ! judgm5t ( a writ] f ! fact t he /ates1 on :i* ,paulus ev]la/+ly insi/s1 an altoge!r diff]5t "q4 ,because accord+ to our views a dep>ture f ! c\rse ( nature _c h tak5 place1 x by no means foll[s1 t a writ] belong+ to ! primitive age ( ,*ri/ianity c\ld n h cr$it$ & n>rat$ su* a case2 #adcg & !re=e to aboli% ! miracul\s1 we mu/ n expla9 x away f ! n>rative1 b r inquire :e!r ! n>rative itself1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 mu/ n be exclud$ f ! doma9 ( hi/ory4 ,9 relation to ?is inquiry1 fir/ ( all1 ea* ( our ?ree acc\nts has peculi> features :i* 9 an hi/orical light are suspici\s4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! features is f\nd 9 ,m>k v4 #dh1 :]e he says ( ,jesus t he came walk+ on ! sea t[>ds ! disciples1 & w\ld h pass$ by !m1 1 b t he 0 con/ra9$ by _! anxi\s cries to take notice ( !m4 ,) ju/ice ,fritzs*e int]prets ,m>k's mean+ to be1 t x 0 ! int5tion ( ,jesus1 support$ by div9e p[]1 to walk across ! :ole sea z on firm l&4 ,b ) equal ju/ice ,paulus asks1 ,c\ld any?+ h be5 m useless & extravagant ?an to p]=m s s+ul> a miracle )\t any eye to witness x8 ,we mu/ n h[ev] on ?is acc\nt1 ) ! latt] !ologian1 int]pret ! words ( ,m>k z imply+ a natural ev5t1 namely1 t ,jesus1 be+ on ! l&1 0 go+ to pass by ! disciples :o 7 sail+ 9 a %ip n f> f ! %ore1 = ! miracul\s int]pretation ( ! passage is p]fectly accordant ) ! _s ( our ,evangeli/4 ,n cont5t$ ) ! repres5tation ( 8 in=mant1 t ,jesus1 on ?is "o occasion1 adopt$ ?is extraord9>y mode ( progress ) special ref]5ce to 8 disciples1 he aims by ! above addition to convey ! idea ( walk+ on ! wat] be+ s natural & cu/om>y ) ,jesus1 t )\t any reg>d to ! disciples1 :5ev] a %eet ( wat] lay 9 8 road1 he walk$ across x z unconc]n$ly z if x _h be5 dry l&4 ,b su* a mode ( proc$ure1 if habitual ) ,jesus1 w\ld presuppose mo/ decid$ly a subtilization ( 8 body su* z ,ol%aus5 supposes2 x w\ld !re=e presuppose :at is inconceivable4 ,h5ce ?is p>ticul> ( ,m>k's pres5ts itself z "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ among ^? by :i* ! second ,evangeli/ n[ & !n approa*es to ! exagg]ations ( ! apocryphal gospels4 #adch ,9 ,mat!w1 ! miracle is 9 a diff]5t mann]1 n s mu* height5$ z complicat$2 = !re1 n only ,jesus1 b ,pet] also makes an exp]im5t 9 walk+ on ! sea1 n inde$ altoge!r successful4 ,?is trait is r5d]$ suspici\s by its intr9sic "*1 z well z by ! sil5ce ( ! two o!r n>rators4 ,imm$iately on ! ^w ( ,jesus1 & 9 virtue ( ! fai? :i* he has 9 ! beg9n+1 ,pet] actually succe$s 9 walk+ on ! wat] = "s "t1 & only :5 he is assail$ by fe> & d\bt does he beg9 to s9k4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( ?is8 ,admitt+ t ,jesus1 by means ( 8 e!realiz$ body1 c\ld walk on ! wat]1 h[ c\ld he comm& ,pet]1 :o 0 n gift$ ) su* a body1 to d ! same8 or if by a m]e ^w he c\ld give ! body ( ,pet] a disp5sation f ! law ( gravitation1 c he h be5 a man8 & if a ,god1 w\ld he ?us lightly cause a susp5sion ( natural laws at ! caprice ( a man8 or1 la/ly1 are we to suppose t fai? has ! p[] in/antane\sly to less5 ! specific gravity ( ! body ( a believ]8 ,fai? is c]ta9ly said to h su* a p[] 9 ! figurative disc\rse ( ,jesus j ref]r$ to1 accord+ to :i* ! believ] is able to remove m\nta9s & trees into ! sea1--& :y n also himself to walk on ! sea8 ,! moral t z soon z fai? falt]s1 p[] ceases1 c\ld n be s aptly pres5t$ by ei!r ( ! two =m] figures z by ! latt]1 9 ! foll[+ =m3 z long z a man has fai? he is able to walk unh>m$ on ! un/able sea1 b no soon] does he give way to d\bt ?an he s9ks1 unless ,*ri/ ext5d to him a help+ h&4 ,! fundam5tal ?\ght1 !n1 ( ,mat!w's episodical n>rative is1 t ,pet] 0 too confid5t 9 ! firmness ( 8 fai?1 t by its sudd5 failure he incurr$ great dang]1 b 0 rescu$ by ,jesus2 a ?\ght :i* is actually express$ 9 ,luke xxii4 #ca f41 :]e ,jesus says to ,simon3 ,satan ha? desir$ to h y t he may sift y z :eat2 b ,i h pray$ = !e t ?y fai? fail n4 ,^! words ( ,jesus h ref]5ce to ,pet]'s com+ d5ial2 ?is 0 ! occasion :5 8 fai?1 on ! /r5g? ( :i* he _h j be=e (f]$ to g ) ,jesus to prison & to dea?1 w\ld h wav]$1 _h n ! ,"l by 8 int]cession1 procur$ him new /r5g?4 ,if we add to ?is ! above-m5tion$ habit ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to repres5t ! p]secut+ _w "u ! image ( a turbul5t sea1 we _c fail1 ) "o ( ! late/ critics1 to p]ceive 9 ! description ( ,pet] c\rage\sly volunte]+ to walk on ! sea1 soon1 h[ev]1 s9k+ f fa9!>t$ness1 b borne up by ,jesus1 an allegorical & my?ical repres5tation ( t trial ( fai? :i* ?is disciple :o imag9$ himself s /rong1 met s weakly1 & :i* high] assi/ance alone enabl$ him to surm\nt4 #adci ,b ! acc\nt ( ! f\r? gospel also is n want+ 9 peculi> features1 :i* betray an unhi/orical "*4 ,x has ev] be5 a cross to h>moni/s1 t :ile accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 ! %ip 0 only 9 ! middle ( ! sea :5 ,jesus rea*$ x3 accord+ to ,john1 x imm$iately aft] arriv$ at ! opposite %ore2 t :ile1 accord+ to ! =m]1 ,jesus actually ent]$ into ! %ip1 & ! /orm !reupon subsid$3 accord+ to ,john1 on ! contr>y1 ! disciples did inde$ wi% to take him into ! %ip1 b _! actually do+ s 0 r5d]$ sup]flu\s by _! imm$iate arrival at ! place ( disemb>kation4 ,x is true t "h also abundant me?ods ( reconciliation h be5 f\nd4 ,fir/1 ! ^w 1 !y wi%$1 add$ to 1 to receive1 is said to be a m]e r$undancy ( expression2 !n1 to signify simply ! joyfulness ( ! reception1 z if x _h be5 said1 2 !n1 to describe ! fir/ impression :i* ! recognition ( ,jesus made on ! disciples1 8 reception into ! %ip1 :i* really foll[$1 n be+ m5tion$4 #addj ,b ! sole reason = su* an int]pretation lies 9 ! unau?oriz$ comp>ison ) ! synoptical acc\nts3 9 ! n>rative ( ,john1 tak5 sep>ately1 !re is no gr\nd = x1 nay1 x is exclud$4 ,= ! succe$+ s5t5ce3 1 1 imm$iately ! %ip 0 at ! l& :i!r !y w5t1 ?\gh x is unit$1 n by b by 1 c nev]!less only be tak5 anti!tically1 9 ! s5se t ! reception ( ,jesus into ! %ip1 not)/&+ ! read9ess ( ! disciples1 did n really take place1 because !y 7 already at ! %ore4 ,9 consid]ation ( ?is diff]5ce1 ,*ryso/om held t !re 7 two occasions on :i* ,jesus walk$ on ! sea4 ,he says t on ! second occasion1 :i* ,john n>rates1 ,jesus did n ent] into ! %ip1 9 ord] t ! miracle might be great] 4 #adda ,?is view we may transf] to ! ,evangeli/1 & say3 if ,m>k has aggr&iz$ ! miracle1 by imply+ t ,jesus int5d$ to walk pa/ ! disciples across ! entire sea2 s ,john goes yet f>!r1 = he makes him actually accompli% ?is design1 & )\t be+ tak5 into ! %ip1 arrive at ! opposite %ore4 #addb ,n only1 h[ev]1 does ! f\r? ,evangeli/ seek to aggr&ize ! miracle be=e u1 b also to e/abli% & au!nticate x m securely4 ,accord+ to ! synopti/s1 ! sole witnesses 7 ! disciples1 :o saw ,jesus come t[>ds !m1 walk+ on ! sea3 ,john adds to ^! few imm$iate witnesses1 a multitude ( m$iate ones1 namely1 ! p :o 7 assembl$ :5 ,jesus p]=m$ ! miracle ( ! loaves & fi%es4 ,^!1 :5 on ! foll[+ morn+ !y no long] f9d ,jesus on ! same spot1 make ! calculation1 t ,jesus _c h cross$ ! sea by %ip1 = he did n get into ! same boat ) ! disciples1 & no o!r boat 0 !re 7v4 #bb72 :ile1 t he did n g by l&1 is involv$ 9 ! circum/ance t ! p :5 !y h =?) cross$ ! sea1 f9d him on ! opposite %ore 7v4 #be71 :i!r he c\ld h>dly h arriv$ by l& 9 ! %ort int]val4 ,?us 9 ! n>rative ( ! f\r? gospel1 z all natural means ( passage are cut (f f ,jesus1 !re rema9s = him only a sup]natural "o1 & ?is consequ5ce is 9 fact inf]r$ by ! multitude 9 ! a/oni%$ "q :i* !y put to ,jesus1 :5 !y f9d him on ! opposite %ore3 ,rabbi1 :5 came/ ?\ hi!r8 ,z ?is *a9 ( evid5ce = ! miracul\s passage ( ,jesus dep5ds on ! rapid transportation ( ! multitude1 ! ,evangeli/ ha/5s to procure o!r boats = _! s]vice 7v4 #bc74 ,n[ ! multitude :o take %ip 7v4 #bb1 #bf ff47 are describ$ z ! same :om ,jesus _h miracul\sly f$1 & ^! am\nt$ 7accord+ to v4 #aj7 to ab\t #ejjj4 ,if only a fif?1 nay1 a t5? ( ^! pass$ ov]1 !re ne$$ = ?is1 z ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia has ju/ly obs]v$1 a :ole fleet ( %ips1 especially if !y 7 fi%+ boats2 b ev5 if we suppose !m vessels ( freight1 ^! w\ld n all h be5 b\nd = ,cap]naum1 or h *ang$ _! de/9ation = ! sake ( accommodat+ ! cr[d4 ,?is passage ( ! multitude1 !re=e1 appe>s only to h be5 inv5t$1 #addc on ! "o h&1 to confirm by _! evid5ce ! walk+ ( ,jesus on ! sea2 on ! o!r1 z we %all pres5tly see1 to ga9 an opportunity = mak+ ,jesus1 :o accord+ to ! tradition _h gone ov] to ! opposite %ore imm$iately aft] ! multiplication ( ! loaves1 speak yet fur!r ) ! multitude on ! subject ( ?is miracle4 ,aft] prun+ away ^! (f%oots ( ! miracul\s :i* are peculi> to ! respective n>ratives1 ! ma9 /em is /ill left1 namely1 ! miracle ( ,jesus walk+ on ! sea = a consid]able di/ance1 ) all its att5dant improbabilities z above expos$4 ,b ! solution ( ^! accessory p>ticul>s1 z x l$ u to discov] ! causes ( _! unhi/orical orig91 has facilitat$ ! discov]y ( su* causes = ! ma9 n>rative1 & has !reby r5d]$ possible ! solution ( ?is also4 ,we h se51 by an example already adduc$1 t x 0 usual ) ! ,hebrews & e>ly ,*ri/ians1 to repres5t ! p[] ( ,god ov] nature1 a p[] :i* ! human _s :5 unit$ to him 0 suppos$ to %>e1 "u ! image ( supremacy ov] ! rag+ waves ( ! sea4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! ,exodus ?is supremacy is manife/$ by ! sea be+ driv5 out ( its place at a sign1 s t a dry pa? is op5$ to ! p ( ,god 9 its b$2 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rative previ\sly consid]$1 ! sea is n remov$ out ( its place1 b only s f> laid to re/ t ,jesus & 8 disciples c cross x 9 safety 9 _! %ip3 9 ! anecdote be=e u1 ! sea /ill rema9s 9 its place z 9 ! second1 b !re is ?is po9t ( simil>ity to ! fir/1 t ! passage is made on foot1 n by %ip1 yet z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! o!r p>ticul>1 on ! surface ( ! sea1 n 9 its b$4 ,/ill m imm$iate inducem5ts to develop 9 su* a mann] ! conception ( ! p[] ( ! miracle-work] ov] ! waves1 may be f\nd bo? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 ! op9ions preval5t 9 ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,among ! miracles ( ,eli%a1 x is n only told t he divid$ ! ,jordan by a /roke ( 8 mantle1 s t he c\ld g ?r\gh x dry %od 7#b ,k+s ii4 #ad71 b also t he caus$ a piece ( iron :i* _h fall5 into ! wat] to swim 7#b ,k+s vi4 #f72 an asc5dancy ov] ! law ( gravitation :i* x w\ld be imag9$ ! miracle-work] might be able to ev9ce 9 relation to 8 own body also1 & ?us to exhibit himself1 z x is said ( ,jehovah1 ,job ix4 #h1 ,,lxx41 ' 1 walk+ ^u ! sea z ^u a pavem5t4 ,9 ! "t ( ,jesus mu* 0 told ( miracle-work]s :o c\ld walk on ! wat]4 ,ap>t f conceptions exclusively ,grecian1 #addd ! ,greco-ori5tal leg5d feign$ t ! hyp]borean ,ab>is possess$ an arr[1 by means ( :i* he c\ld be> himself up 9 ! air1 & ?us trav]se riv]s1 seas1 & abysses1 #adde & popul> sup]/ition attribut$ to _m wond]-work]s ! p[] ( walk+ on wat]4 #addf ,h5ce ! possibility t ) all ^! elem5ts & inducem5ts exi/+1 a simil> leg5d %\ld be =m$ conc]n+ ,jesus1 appe>s incomp>ably /rong]1 ?an t a real ev5t ( ?is k9d %\ld h occurr$3--& ) ?is conclusion we may dismiss ! subject4 ,! manife/ation ( ,jesus at ! sea ( ,tib]ias n>rat$ ,john xxi4 has s /rik+ a resemblance to ! sea anecdotes hi!rto consid]$1 t al?\gh ! f\r? gospel places x 9 ! p]iod aft] ! resurrection1 we are induc$1 z 9 an e>li] in/ance we br\ght "p ( x "u notice 9 connexion ) ! n>rative ( ,pet]'s draught ( fi%es1 s "h to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 its o!r features1 & ! n>rative ( ,jesus walk+ on ! sea4 ,9 bo? cases1 ,jesus is p]ceiv$ by ! disciples 9 ! twilight ( e>ly morn+2 only 9 ! latt] in/ance he does n1 z 9 ! =m]1 walk on ! sea1 b /&s on ! %ore1 & ! disciples are 9 con/]nation1 n because ( a /orm1 b because ( ! fruitlessness ( _! fi%+4 ,9 bo? in/ances !y are afraid ( him2 9 ! "o1 !y take him = a spectre1 9 ! o!r1 n "o ( !m v5tures to ask him :o he is1 kn[+ t x is ! ,"l4 ,b especially ! sc5e ) ,pet]1 peculi> to ! fir/ gospel1 has its correspond+ "o 9 ! pres5t passage4 ,z1 !re1 :5 ,jesus walk+ on ! sea makes himself kn[n to 8 disciples1 ,pet] entreats p]mission to g to him on ! wat]3 s "h1 z soon z ,jesus is recogniz$ /&+ on ! %ore1 ,pet] ?r[s himself into ! wat] t he may rea* him ! %orte/ way by swimm+4 ,?us1 t :i* 9 ! e>li] n>rative 0 ! miracul\s act ( walk+ on ! sea1 becomes 9 ! "o be=e u1 9 relation to ,jesus1 ! simple act ( /&+ on ! %ore1 9 relation to ,pet]1 ! natural act ( swimm+2 s t ! latt] hi/ory s\nds almo/ l a rationali/ic p>aphrase ( ! =m]3 & !re h n be5 want+ ^? :o h ma9ta9$ t at lea/ ! anecdote ab\t ,pet] 9 ! fir/ gospel1 is a traditional trans=mation ( ! incid5t 9 ,john xxi4 #g into a miracle4 #addg ,mod]n criticism is re/ra9$ f ext5d+ ?is conjecture to ! anecdote ( ,jesus walk+ on ! sea1 by ! fact t ! suppos$ apo/olic f\r? gospel itself has ?is feature 9 ! e>li] n>rative 7vi4 #af ff474 ,b f our po9t ( view x appe>s q possible1 t ! hi/ory 9 "q ei!r came to ! au?or ( ?is gospel 9 ! "o =m1 & to ! au?or ( ! app5dix 9 ! o!r2 or t x came to ! "o au?or ( bo? 9 a d\ble =m1 & 0 ins]t$ by him 9 sep>ate p>ts ( 8 n>rative4 ,mean:ile1 if ! two hi/ories are to be comp>$1 we ought n at once to assume t ! "o1 ,john xxi41 is ! orig9al1 ! o!r1 ,matt4 xiv4 p>all41 ! second>y2 we mu/ fir/ ask :i* ( ! two be>s intr9sic m>ks ( "o or ! o!r "*4 ,n[ c]ta9ly if we adh]e to ! rule t ! m miracul\s n>rative is ! lat]1 t 9 ,john xxi4 appe>s1 9 relation to ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus approa*es ! disciples1 & 9 :i* ,pet] rea*es ,jesus1 to be ! orig9al4 ,b ?is rule is connect$ 9 ! close/ mann] ) ano!r2 namely1 t ! m simple n>rative is ! e>li]1 ! m complex "o ! lat]1 z ! conglom]ate is a lat] =mation ?an ! homog5e\s /one2 & accord+ to ?is rule1 ! conclusion is rev]s$1 & ! n>rative 9 ,john xxi4 is ! m traditional1 = 9 x ! p>ticul>s m5tion$ above are int]wov5 ) ! miracul\s draught ( fi%es1 :ile 9 ! e>li] n>rative !y =m 9 !mselves an indep5d5t :ole4 ,x is inde$ true1 t a great] :ole may be brok5 up into small] p>ts2 b su* fragm5ts h n at all ! appe>ance ( ! sep>ate n>ratives ( ! draught ( fi%es & ! walk+ on ! sea1 s9ce ^!1 on ! contr>y1 leave ! impression ( be+ ea* a f9i%$ :ole4 ,f ?is int]weav+ ) ! miracle ( ! draught ( fi%es1--to :i* we mu/ add ! circum/ance t ! entire circle ( ev5ts turns ^u ! ris5 ,jesus1 :o is already 9 himself a miracle1--x is app>5t h[1 contr>y to ! g5]al rule1 ! (t-nam$ p>ticul>s c\ld lose _! miracul\s "*1 s9ce by _! comb9ation ) o!r miracles !y 7 r$uc$ to m]e accessories1 to a sort ( natural scaffold+4 ,if !n ! n>rative 9 ,john xxi4 is entirely second>y1 its hi/orical value has already be5 e/imat$ ) t ( ! n>ratives :i* furni%$ its mat]ials4 ,if1 be=e we proce$ fur!r1 we take a retrospect ( ! s]ies ( sea-anecdotes hi!rto exam9$1 we f9d1 x is true1 t ! two extreme anecdotes are altoge!r dissimil>1 ! "o relat+ ma9ly to fi%+1 ! o!r to a /orm2 nev]!less1 on a prop] arrangem5t1 ea* ( !m appe>s to be connect$ ) ! prec$+ by a common feature4 ,! n>rative ( ! call ( ! fi%]s ( m5 7,matt4 iv4 #ah ff4 p>47 op5s ! s]ies2 t ( ,pet]'s draught ( fi%es 7,luke v4 #a ff47 has 9 common ) ?is ! say+ ab\t ! fi%]s ( m51 b ! fact ( ! draught ( fi%es is peculi> to x2 ?is fact reappe>s 9 ,john xxi41 :]e ! circum/ances ( ,jesus /&+ on ! %ore 9 ! morn+ twilight1 & ! swimm+ ( ,pet] t[>ds him1 are add$2 ^! two circum/ances are 9 ,matt4 xiv4 #bb ff4 p>all4 metamorphos$ into ! act ( walk+ on ! sea on ! "p ( ,jesus & ( ,pet]1 & at ! same "t a /orm1 & its cessation on ! entrance ( ,jesus into ! %ip1 are introduc$2 la/ly1 9 ,matt4 viii4 #bc ff4 p>all41 we h an anecdote s+le 9 its k9d1 namely1 t ( ! /ill+ ( ! /orm by ,jesus4 ,we come to a hi/ory = :i* a place is less readily f\nd 9 ! =ego+ s]ies1 9 ,matt4 xvii4 #bd ff4 ,x is true t "h aga9 !re is a direction ( ,jesus to ,pet] to g & fi%1 to :i*1 al?\gh x is n expressly /at$1 we mu/ suppose t ! issue correspond$3 b fir/1 x is only "o fi% :i* is to be caught1 & ) an angle2 & secondly1 ! ma9 po9t is1 t 9 its m\? is to be f\nd a piece ( gold to s]ve = ! paym5t ( ! temple tribute = ,jesus & ,pet]1 f ! latt] ( :om ?is tax _h be5 dem&$4 ,?is n>rative z x is "h pres5t$ has peculi> difficulties1 :i* ,paulus well exhibits1 & :i* ,ol%aus5 does n d5y4 ,fritzs*e ju/ly rem>ks1 t !re are two miracul\s p>ticul>s presuppos$3 fir/1 t ! fi% _h a co9 9 its m\?2 secondly1 t ,jesus _h a =ekn[l$ge ( ?is4 ,on ! "o h&1 we mu/ reg>d ! =m] ( ^! p>ticul>s z extravagant1 & consequ5tly ! latt] also2 & on ! o!r1 ! :ole miracle appe>s to h be5 unnecess>y4 ,c]ta9ly1 t metals & o!r valuables h be5 f\nd 9 ! bodies ( fi% is else:]e n>rat$1 #addh & is n incr$ible2 b t a fi% %\ld h a piece ( money 9 its m\?1 & keep x !re :ile x snapp$ at ! bait--?is ev5 ,dr4 ,s*napp+] #addi f\nd inconceivable4 ,moreov]1 ! motive ( ,jesus = p]=m+ su* a miracle c\ld n be want ( money1 = ev5 if at t "t !re 0 no /ore 9 ! common fund1 /ill ,jesus 0 9 ,cap]naum1 :]e he _h _m fri5ds1 & :]e consequ5tly he c\ld h obta9$ ! ne$ful money 9 a natural way4 ,to exclude ?is possibility1 we mu/ ) ,ol%aus5 conf\nd borr[+ ) begg+1 & reg>d x z inconsi/5t ) ! decorum div9um :i* mu/ h be5 obs]v$ by ,jesus4 ,nor aft] s _m pro(s ( 8 miracul\s p[]1 c\ld ,jesus ?9k ?is additional miracle necess>y to /r5g!n ,pet]'s belief 9 8 messiah%ip4 ,h5ce we ne$ n wond] t rationali/ic comm5tators h attempt$ to free !mselves at any co/ f a miracle :i* ev5 ,ol%aus5 pron\nces to be ! mo/ difficult 9 ! evangelical hi/ory1 & we h only to see h[ !y proce$ 9 ?is und]tak+4 ,! pi? ( ! natural explanation ( ! fact lies 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ^w 1 ?\ %alt f9d1 9 ! comm& ( ,jesus1 n ( an imm$iate discov]y ( a /at] 9 ! fi%1 b ( a m$iate acquisition ( ?is sum by sell+ :at 0 caught4 #adej ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! above ^w may be> ?is signification also2 b if we are to give x ?is s5se in/ead ( ! usual "o1 we mu/ 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance h a cle> intimation to ?is effect 9 ! context4 ,?us1 if x 7 said 9 ! pres5t passage3 ,take ! fir/ f9e fi%1 c>ry x to ! m>ket1 1 & !re ?\ %all f9d a /at]1 ?is explanation w\ld be 9 place2 z h[ev] in/ead ( ?is1 ! ^w is prec$$ by 1 :5 ?\ ha/ op5$ 8 m\?1--z1 !re=e1 no place ( sale1 b a place inside ! fi%1 is m5tion$1 z t on ! op5+ ( :i* ! co9 is to be obta9$1--we c only und]/& an imm$iate discov]y ( ! piece ( money 9 ?is "p ( ! fi%4 #adea ,besides1 to :at purpose w\ld ! op5+ ( ! fi%'s m\? be m5tion$1 unless ! desid]atum 7 to be f\nd !re8 ,paulus sees 9 ?is only ! injunction to release ! fi% f ! hook )\t delay1 9 ord] to keep x alive1 & ?us to r5d] x m saleable4 ,! ord] to op5 ! m\? ( ! fi% might inde$1 if x /ood alone1 be suppos$ to h ! extraction ( ! hook z its object & consequ5ce2 b z x is foll[$ by 1 ?\ %alt f9d a /at]1 x is pla9 t ?is is ! imm$iate end ( op5+ ! m\?4 ,! p]ception t1 s long z ! op5+ ( ! fi%'s m\? is spok5 ( 9 ?is passage1 x w be inf]r$ t ! co9 0 to be f\nd !re1 has induc$ ! rationali/ic comm5tators to try :e!r !y c\ld n ref] ! ^w 1 m\?1 to ano!r subject ?an ! fi%1 & no o!r rema9$ ?an ! fi%]1 ,pet]4 ,b z appe>$ to be connect$ ) ! fi% by ! ^w 1 :i* imm$iately foll[$ x1 ,dr4 ,paulus1 mod]at+ or exagg]at+ ! sugge/ion ( a fri5d1 :o propos$ to read in/ead (--1 --all[$ to rema91 b took x adv]bially1 & translat$ ! passage ?us3 ?\ ha/ !n only to op5 ?y m\? to (f] ! fi% = sale1 & ?\ wilt on ! spot 77 receive a /at] z its price4 ,b1 x w\ld /ill be ask$1 h[ c\ld a s+le fi% fet* s high a price 9 ,cap]naum1 :]e fi% 7 s abundant8 ,h5ce ,paulus und]/&s ! words1 1 take up ! fi% t fir/ come? up1 collectively ?us3 cont9ue "t aft] "t to take ! fi% t fir/ comes to !e1 until ?\ ha/ caught z _m z w be wor? a /at]4 ,if ! s]ies ( /ra9$ int]pretations :i* are necess>y to a natural explanation ( ?is n>rative ?r[ u back on t :i* all[s x to conta9 a miracle2 & if ?is miracle appe> to u1 accord+ to our =m] decision1 bo? extravagant & useless1 no?+ rema9s b to presume t "h also !re is a leg5d>y elem5t4 ,?is view has be5 comb9$ ) ! admission1 t a real b natural fact 0 probably at ! f\ndation ( ! leg5d3 namely1 t ,jesus once ord]$ ,pet] to fi% until he _h caught en\gh to procure ! am\nt ( ! temple tribute2 :5ce ! leg5d arose t ! fi% _h ! tribute money 9 its m\?4 #adeb ,b1 9 our op9ion1 a m likely s\rce ( ?is anecdote is to be f\nd 9 ! mu*-us$ !me ( a cat*+ ( fi% by ,pet]1 on ! "o side1 & on ! o!r1 ! well-kn[n /ories ( preci\s ?+s hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! bodies ( fi%4 ,pet]1 z we le>n f ,matt4 iv41 ,luke v41 ,john xxi41 0 ! fi%] 9 ! evangelical leg5d ta :om ,jesus 9 v>i\s =ms1 fir/ symbolically1 & !n lit]ally1 grant$ ! ri* draught ( fi%es4 ,! value ( ! capture appe>s "h 9 ! %ape ( a piece ( money1 :i*1 z simil> ?+s are else:]e said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! belly ( fi%es1 is by an exagg]ation ( ! m>vel said to be f\nd 9 ! m\? ( ! fi%4 ,t x is ! /at]1 requir$ = ! temple tribute1 might be occasion$ by a real decl>ation ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 relation to t tax2 or conv]sely1 ! /at] :i* 0 accid5tally nam$ 9 ! leg5d ( ! fi% angl$ = by ,pet]1 might br+ to recollection ! temple tribute1 :i* am\nt$ to t sum = two p]sons1 & ! decl>ation ( ,jesus relative to ?is subject4 ,) ?is tale conclude ! sea anecdotes4 #ajb4 ,,! ,,miracul\s ,,multiplication ,,( ,,! ,,loaves ,,& ,,fi%es4 ,z1 9 ! hi/ories la/ consid]$1 ,jesus det]m9$ & mitigat$ ! motions ( irrational & ev5 ( inanimate exi/5ces2 s1 9 ! n>ratives :i* we are ab\t to exam9e1 he exhibits ! p[] ( multiply+ n only natural objects1 b also productions ( nature :i* _h be5 wr\ght ^u by art4 ,t ,jesus miracul\sly multipli$ prep>$ articles ( food1 fe$+ a great multitude ( m5 ) a few loaves & fi%es1 is n>rat$ to u ) s+ul> unanimity by all ! ,evangeli/s 7,matt4 xiv4 #ac ff42 ,m>k vi4 #cj ff42 ,luke ix4 #aj ff42 ,john vi4 #a ff474 ,& if we believe ! two fir/1 ,jesus did n d ?is m]ely once2 = 9 ,matt4 xv4 #cb ff42 ,m>k viii4 #a ff4 we read ( a second multiplication ( loaves & fi%es1 ! circum/ances ( :i* are sub/antially ! same z ^? ( ! =m]4 ,x happ5s some:at lat]2 ! place is r diff]5tly describ$1 & ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! multitude /ay$ ) ,jesus is diff]5tly /at$2 moreov]1 & ?is is a po9t ( great] importance1 ! proportion betwe5 ! /ock ( food & ! numb] ( m5 is diff]5t1 =1 on ! fir/ occasion1 five ?\s& m5 are satisfi$ ) five loaves & two fi%es1 &1 on ! second1 f\r ?\s& ) sev5 loaves & a few fi%es2 on ! fir/ twelve baskets are fill$ ) ! fragm5ts1 on ! second only sev54 ,not)/&+ ?is1 n only is ! sub/ance ( ! two hi/ories exactly ! same--! satisfy+ ( a multitude ( p ) disproportionately small means ( n\ri%m5t2 b also ! description ( ! sc5e 9 ! "o1 entirely corresponds 9 its pr9cipal features to t 9 ! o!r4 ,9 bo? in/ances1 ! locality is a solit>y region 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,galilean sea2 ,jesus is l$ to p]=m ! miracle because ! p h l+]$ too long ) him2 he manife/s a wi% to fe$ ! p f 8 own /ores1 :i* ! disciples reg>d z impossible2 ! /ock ( food at 8 disposal consi/s ( loaves & fi%es2 ,jesus makes ! p sit d[n1 &1 aft] giv+ ?anks1 di/ributes ! provisions to !m ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! disciples2 !y are completely satisfi$1 & yet a disproportionately great quantity ( fragm5ts is aft]w>ds collect$ 9 baskets2 la/ly1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ,jesus aft] ?us fe$+ ! multitude1 crosses ! sea4 ,?is repetition ( ! same ev5t creates _m difficulties4 ,! *ief ( ^! is sugge/$ by ! "q3 ,is x conceivable t ! disciples1 aft] !y _h !mselves witness$ h[ ,jesus 0 able to fe$ a great multitude ) a small quantity ( provision1 %\ld nev]!less on a second occasion ( ! same k9d1 h totally =gott5 ! fir/1 & h ask$1 ,:5ce %\ld we h s mu* bread 9 ! wild]ness z to fe$ s great a multitude8 ,to r5d] su* an oblivi\sness on ! "p ( ! disciples probable1 we are rem9d$ t !y _h1 9 j z incompreh5sible a mann]1 =gott5 ! decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 approa*+ suff]+s & dea?1 :5 ^! ev5ts occurr$2 #adec b x is equally a p5d+ "q1 :e!r aft] su* pla9 pr$ictions f ,jesus1 8 dea? c\ld 9 fact h be5 s unexpect$ to ! disciples4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t a long] int]val _h elaps$ betwe5 ! two miracles1 & t dur+ ?is !re _h occurr$ a numb] ( simil> cases1 9 :i* ,jesus did n ?9k fit to af=d miracul\s assi/ance3 #aded b1 on ! "o h&1 ^! are pure fictions2 on ! o!r1 x w\ld rema9 j z inconceivable z ev]1 t ! /rik+ simil>ity ( ! circum/ances prec$+ ! second fe$+ ( ! multitude to ^? prec$+ ! fir/1 %\ld n h rem9d$ ev5 "o ( ! disciples ( t =m] ev5t ,paulus !re=e is "r 9 ma9ta9+1 t _h ,jesus once already f$ ! multitude by a miracle1 ! disciples1 on ! second occasion1 :5 he express$ 8 det]m9ation n to s5d ! p away fa/+1 w\ld confid5tly h call$ ^u him = a repetition ( ! =m] miracle4 ,9 any case !n1 if ,jesus on two sep>ate occasions f$ a multitude ) disproportionately small provision1 we mu/ suppose1 z "s critics h done1 t _m features 9 ! n>rative ( ! "o incid5t 7 transf]r$ to ! o!r1 & ?us ! two1 orig9ally unlike1 became 9 ! c\rse ( oral tradition m & m simil>2 ! incr$ul\s "q ( ! disciples especially hav+ be5 utt]$ only on ! fir/ occasion1 & n on ! second4 #adee ,x may seem to speak 9 fav\r ( su* an assimilation1 t ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 ?\gh 9 8 num]ical /atem5t he is 9 accordance ) ! fir/ n>rative ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 yet has1 9 common ) ! second1 ! circum/ances t ! sc5e op5s ) an address ( ,jesus & n ( ! disciples1 & t ! p come to ,jesus on a m\nta94 ,b if ! fundam5tal features be all[$ to rema91--! wild]ness1 ! fe$+ ( ! p1 ! collection ( ! fragm5ts1--x is /ill1 ev5 )\t t "q ( ! disciples1 suffici5tly improbable t ! sc5e %\ld h be5 repeat$ 9 s entirely simil> a mann]4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ^! g5]al features be r5\nc$ 9 relation to "o ( ! hi/ories1 x is no long] app>5t1 h[ ! v]acity ( ! evangelical n>ratives z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! second multiplication ( loaves & fi%es took place c be que/ion$ on all po9ts1 & yet _! /atem5t z to ! fact ( its occurr5ce be ma9ta9$ z tru/wor?y1 especially z ?is /atem5t is conf9$ to ,mat!w & 8 imitator ,m>k4 ,h5ce lat] critics h1 ) m #adef or less #adeg decision1 express$ ! op9ion1 t "h "o & ! same fact has be5 d\bl$1 ?r\gh a mi/ake ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 :o 0 foll[$ by ! second4 ,!y suppose t sev]al n>ratives ( ! miracul\s fe$+ ( ! multitude 7 curr5t :i* pres5t$ div]g5cies f ea* o!r1 especially 9 relation to numb]s1 & t ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel1 to :om e additional hi/ory ( a miracle 0 a welcome prize1 & :o 0 !re=e little qualifi$ = ! critical r$uction ( two diff]5t n>ratives ( ?is k9d into "o1 introduc$ bo? into 8 collection4 ,?is fully expla9s h[ on ! second occasion ! disciples c\ld aga9 express !mselves s incr$ul\sly3 namely1 because 9 ! tradition :5ce ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel obta9$ ! second hi/ory ( a miracul\s multiplication ( loaves & fi%es1 x 0 ! fir/ & only "o1 & ! ,evangeli/ did n oblit]ate ?is feature because1 app>5tly1 he incorporat$ ! two n>ratives into 8 writ+ j z he read or he>d !m4 ,among o!r pro(s t ?is 0 ! case1 may be m5tion$ ! con/ancy ) :i* he & ,m>k1 :o copi$ him1 n only 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ev5ts1 b also 9 ! subsequ5t allusion to !m 7,matt4 xvi4 #i f42 ,m>k viii4 #ai f471 call ! baskets 9 ! fir/ fe$+1 1 9 ! second 4 #adeh ,x is inde$ correctly ma9ta9$1 t ! ,apo/le ,mat!w c\ld n possibly take "o ev5t = two1 & relate a new hi/ory :i* nev] happ5$3 #adei b ?is proposition does n involve ! reality ( ! second miracul\s fe$+ ( ! multitude1 unless ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! fir/ gospel be at once presuppos$1 :]eas ?is yet rema9s to be prov$4 ,paulus fur!r objects1 t ! duplication ( ! hi/ory 9 "q c\ld be ( no advantage :atev] to ! design ( ! ,evangeli/2 & ,ol%aus51 develop+ ?is idea m fully1 obs]ves t ! leg5d w\ld n h left ! second n>rative z simple & b>e z ! fir/4 ,b ?is argum5t1 t a n>rative _c be fictiti\s1 because if x 7 s x w\ld h be5 m elaborately adorn$1 may v prop]ly be at once dismiss$1 s9ce its limits be+ altoge!r undef9$1 x might be repeat$ "u all circum/ances1 & 9 ! end w\ld prove fable itself n suffici5tly fabul\s4 ,b1 9 ?is case p>ticul>ly1 x is totally baseless1 because x presupposes ! n>rative ( ! fir/ fe$+ ( ! multitude to be hi/orically accurate2 n[1 if we h already 9 ?is a leg5d>y production1 ! o!r edition ( x1 namely1 ! second hi/ory ( a miracul\s fe$+1 ne$s n to be di/+ui%$ by special tradition>y features4 ,b n only is ! second n>rative n embelli%$ z reg>ds ! miracul\s1 :5 comp>$ ) ! fir/2 x ev5 dim9i%es ! miracle1 =1 :ile increas+ ! quantity ( provision1 x r$uces ! numb] ( ^? :om x satisfi$3 & ?is retrogression 9 ! m>vell\s is ?\ght ! sure/ pro( t ! second fe$+ ( ! multitude really occurr$2 =1 x is said1 he :o *ose to inv5t an additional miracle ( ?is k9d1 w\ld h made x surpass ! fir/1 & in/ead ( five ?\s& m5 w\ld h giv51 n f\r1 b t5 ?\s&4 #adfj ,?is argum5t1 also1 re/s on ! unf\nd$ assumption t ! fir/ n>rative is ( c\rse ! hi/orical "o2 ?\gh ,ol%aus5 himself has ! idea t ! second might ) probability be reg>d$ z ! hi/orical basis1 & ! fir/ z ! leg5d>y copy1 & !n ! fictiti\s w\ld h ! requir$ relation to ! true--t ( exagg]ation4 ,b :5 9 opposition to ?is1 he obs]ves1 h[ improbable x is t an unscrupul\s n>rator w\ld place ! au!ntic fact1 be+ ! less impos+1 la/1 & eclipse x be=eh& by ! false "o1--t su* a writ] w\ld r seek to outdo ! tru?1 & !re=e place 8 fiction la/1 z ! m brilliant1--he aga9 %[s t he does n compreh5d ! my?ical view ( ! biblical n>ratives1 9 ! degree necess>y = =m+ a judgm5t on ! subject4 ,= !re is no "q "h ( an unscrupul\s n>rator1 :o w\ld design$ly surpass ! true hi/ory ( ! miracul\s multiplication ( ! loaves & fi%es1 & lea/ ( all is ,mat!w pron\nc$ to be su* a n>rator3 on ! contr>y1 x is held t ) p]fect hone/y1 "o acc\nt gave five ?\s&1 ano!r f\r1 & t1 ) equal hone/y1 ! fir/ ,evangeli/ copi$ f bo?2 & = ! v reason t he w5t to "w innoc5tly & undesign$ly1 x 0 ( no importance to him :i* ( ! two hi/ories /ood fir/ & :i* la/1 ! m important or ! less /rik+ "o2 b he all[$ himself to be det]m9$ on ?is po9t by accid5tal circum/ances1 su* z t he f\nd ! "o connect$ ) incid5ts :i* appe>$ to him ! e>li]1 ! o!r ) su* z he suppos$ to be ! lat]4 ,a simil> in/ance ( duplication occurs 9 ! ,p5tateu* 9 relation to ! hi/ories ( ! fe$+ ( ! ,israelites ) quails1 & ( ! production ( wat] out ( ! rock1 ! =m] ( :i* is n>rat$ bo? 9 ,exod4 xvi4 & ,num4 xi41 ! latt] 9 ,exod4 xvii4 & aga9 9 ,num4 xx41 9 ea* in/ance ) an alt]ation 9 "t1 place1 & o!r circum/ances4 #adfa ,mean:ile1 all ?is yields u only ! negative result t ! d\ble n>ratives ( ! fir/ gospels _c h be5 f\nd$ on two sep>ate ev5ts4 ,to det]m9e :i* ( ! two is hi/orical1 or :e!r ei!r ( !m des]ves t epi!t1 mu/ be ! object ( a special inquiry4 ,to evade ! pre-em95tly magical appe>ance :i* ?is miracle pres5ts1 ,ol%aus5 gives x a relation to ! moral /ate ( ! p>ticipants1 & supposes t ! miracul\s fe$+ ( ! multitude 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( _! spiritual hung]4 ,b ?is is ambigu\s language1 :i*1 on ! fir/ attempt to det]m9e its mean+1 vani%es into no?+4 ,= 9 cures1 = example1 ! int]m$iation "h appeal$ to consi/s 9 ! op5+ ( ! pati5t's m9d to ! influ5ce ( ,jesus by fai?1 s t :5 fai? is want+1 ! requisite fulcrum = ! miracul\s p[] ( ,jesus is also want+3 "h !re=e ! int]m$iation is real4 ,n[ if ! same k9d ( int]m$iation took place 9 ! case be=e u1 s t on ^? among ! multitude :o 7 unbeliev+ ! satisfy+ p[] ( ,jesus _h no influ5ce1 !n mu/ ! satisfaction ( hung] "h 7z1 9 ! above cases1 ! cure7 be reg>d$ z some?+ effect$ by ,jesus directly 9 ! body ( ! hungry p]sons1 )\t any antec$5t augm5tation ( ! ext]nal means ( n\ri%m5t4 ,b su* a conception ( ! matt]1 z ,paul u ju/ly rem>ks1 & z ev5 ,ol%aus5 intimates1 is preclud$ by ! /atem5t ( ! ,evangeli/s1 t real food 0 di/ribut$ among ! multitude2 t ea* enjoy$ z mu* z he want$2 & t at ! end ! residue 0 great] ?an ! orig9al /ore4 ,x is ?us pla9ly impli$ t !re 0 an ext]nal & objective increase ( ! provisions1 z a prelim9>y to ! fe$+ ( ! multitude4 ,n[1 ?is _c be conceiv$ z effect$ by means ( ! fai? ( ! p 9 a real mann]1 9 ! s5se t t fai? co-op]at$ 9 produc+ ! multiplication ( ! loaves4 ,! int]m$iation :i* ,ol%aus5 "h supposes1 c !re=e h be5 only a teleological "o1 t is1 we are to und]/& by x1 t ,jesus und]took to multiply ! loaves & fi%es = ! sake ( produc+ a c]ta9 moral condition 9 ! multitude4 ,b an int]m$iation ( ?is k9d af=ds me n ! slighte/ help 9 =m+ a conception ( ! ev5t2 = ! "q is n :y1 b h[ x happ5$4 ,?us all :i* ,ol%aus5 believes himself to h done t[>ds r5d]+ ?is miracle m intelligible1 re/s on ! ambiguity ( ! expression1 int]m$iation2 & ! inconceivabl5ess ( an imm$iate influ5ce ( ! w ( ,jesus on irrational nature1 rema9s *>geable ^u ?is hi/ory z ^u ^? la/ exam9$4 ,b !re is ano!r difficulty :i* is peculi> to ! n>rative be=e u4 ,we h "h n m]ely1 z hi!rto1 a modification or a direction ( natural objects1 b a multiplication ( !m1 & t to an enorm\s ext5t4 ,no?+1 x is true1 is m famili> to our obs]vation ?an ! gr[? & multiplication ( natural objects1 z pres5t$ to u 9 ! p>able ( ! s[]1 & ! gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 = example4 ,b1 fir/1 ^! ph5om5a d n take place )\t ! co-op]ation ( o!r natural ag5ts1 z e>?1 wat]1 air1 s t "h1 also1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( physics1 !re is n prop]ly speak+ an augm5tation ( ! sub/ance1 b only a *ange 9 ! accid5ts2 secondly1 ^! processes ( gr[? & multiplication are c>ri$ =w>d s z to pass ?r\gh _! v>i\s /ages 9 correspond+ int]vals ( "t4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! multiplication ( ! loaves & fi%es by ,jesus1 nei!r ! "o rule nor ! o!r is obs]v$3 ! bread 9 ! h& ( ,jesus is no long]1 l ! /alk on :i* ! corn grew1 9 communication ) ! mat]nal e>?1 nor is ! multiplication gradual1 b sudd54 ,b h]e91 x is said1 consi/s ! miracle1 :i* 9 relation to ! la/ po9t especially1 may be call$ ! accel]ation ( a natural process4 ,t :i* comes to pass 9 ! space ( ?ree qu>t]s ( a ye>1 f se$-"t to h>ve/1 0 "h effect$ 9 ! m9utes :i* 7 requir$ = ! di/ribution ( ! food2 = natural developm5ts are capable ( accel]ation1 & to h[ great an ext5t we _c det]m9e4 #adfb ,x w\ld1 inde$1 h be5 an accel]ation ( a natural process1 if 9 ! h& ( ,jesus a gra9 ( corn _h borne fruit a hundr$-fold1 & br\ght x to maturity1 & if he _h %ak5 ! multipli$ gra9 out ( 8 h&s z !y 7 fill$ aga9 & aga91 t ! p might gr9d1 knead1 & bake x1 or eat x raw f ! husk 9 ! wild]ness :]e !y 72--or if he _h tak5 a liv+ fi%1 sudd5ly call$ =? ! eggs f its body1 & conv]t$ !m into full-gr[n fi%1 :i* !n ! disciples or ! p might h boil$ or roa/$1 ?is1 we %\ld say1 w\ld h be5 an accel]ation ( a natural process4 ,b x is n corn t he takes into 8 h&1 b bread2 & ! fi% also1 z !y are di/ribut$ 9 pieces1 mu/ h be5 prep>$ 9 "s way1 p]haps1 z 9 ,luke xxiv4 #db1 comp4 ,john xxi4 #i1 broil$ or salt$4 ,"h !n1 on bo? sides1 ! production ( nature is no long] simple & liv+1 b dead & modifi$ by art3 s t to introduce a natural process ( ! above k9d1 ,jesus mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 by 8 miracul\s p[] h metamorphos$ ! bread into corn aga91 ! roa/$ fi% into raw & liv+ ones2 !n in/antane\sly h effect$ ! describ$ multiplication2 & la/ly1 h re/or$ ! :ole f ! natural to ! artificial /ate4 ,?us ! miracle w\ld be compos$1 #a/1 ( a revivification1 :i* w\ld exce$ 9 miracul\sness all o!r in/ances 9 ! gospels2 secondly1 ( an extremely accel]at$ natural process2 & ?irdly1 ( an artificial process1 effect$ invisibly1 & likewise extremely accel]at$1 s9ce all ! t$i\s proce$+s ( ! mill] & bak] on ! "o h&1 & ( ! cook on ! o!r1 mu/ h be5 accompli%$ 9 a mom5t by ! ^w ( ,jesus4 ,h[ !n c ,ol%aus5 deceive himself & ! believ+ read]1 by ! agreeably s\nd+ expression1 accel]at$ natural process1 :5 ?is nev]!less c designate only a ?ird "p ( ! fact ( :i* we are speak+8 #adfc ,b h[ are we to repres5t su* a miracle to ourselves1 & 9 :at /age ( ! ev5t mu/ x be plac$8 ,9 relation to ! latt] po9t1 ?ree op9ions are possible1 correspond+ to ! numb] ( ! gr\ps t act 9 our n>rative2 = ! multiplication may h tak5 place ei!r 9 ! h&s ( ,jesus1 or 9 ^? ( ! disciples :o disp5s$ ! food1 or 9 ^? ( ! p :o receiv$ x4 ,! la/ idea appe>s1 on ! "o h&1 pu]ile ev5 to extravagance1 if we are to imag9e ,jesus & ! apo/les di/ribut+1 ) great c>efulness1 t !re might be en\gh = all1 little crumbs :i* 9 ! h&s ( ! recipi5ts swell$ into consid]able pieces3 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld h be5 sc>cely a possible task1 to get a p>ticle1 h[ev] small1 = e individual 9 a multitude ( five ?\s& m51 out ( five loaves1 :i*1 accord+ to ,hebrew cu/om1 & p>ticul>ly z !y 7 c>ri$ by a boy1 _c h be5 v l>ge2 & /ill less out ( two fi%es4 ,( ! two o!r op9ions ,i ?9k1 ) ,ol%aus51 ! "o mo/ suitable is t :i* supposes t ! food 0 augm5t$ "u ! creative h&s ( ,jesus1 & t he "t aft] "t disp5s$ new quantities to ! disciples4 ,we may !n endeav\r to repres5t ! matt] to ourselves 9 two ways3 fir/ we may suppose t z fa/ z "o loaf or fi% 0 gone1 a new "o came out ( ! h&s ( ,jesus1 or secondly1 t ! s+le loaves & fi%es grew1 s t z "o piece 0 brok5 (f1 its loss 0 repair$1 until on a calculation ! turn came = ! next loaf or fi%4 ,! fir/ conception appe>s to be oppos$ to ! text1 :i* z x speaks ( fragm5ts 1 ( ! five loaves 7,john vi4 #ac71 c h>dly be held to presuppose an increase ( ?is numb]2 ?us !re rema9s only ! second1 by ! poetical description ( :i* ,lavat] has done b a poor s]vice to ! or?odox view4 #adfd ,= ?is miracle belongs to ! class :i* c only appe> 9 any degree cr$ible s long z !y c be reta9$ 9 ! obscurity ( an indef9ite conception3 #adfe no soon] does ! light %9e on !m1 s t !y c be exam9$ 9 all _! p>ts1 ?an !y dissolve l ! unsub/antial creations ( ! mi/4 ,loaves1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ! di/ributors exp& l wett$ sponges1--broil$ fi%1 9 :i* ! sev]$ p>ts are replac$ in/antane\sly1 z 9 ! liv+ crab gradually1--pla9ly belong to q ano!r doma9 ?an t ( reality4 ,:at gratitude !n d we n owe to ! rationali/ic int]pretation1 if x be true t x c free u1 9 ! easie/ mann]1 f ! burd5 ( s unhe>d-( a miracle8 ,if we are to believe ,dr4 ,paulus1 #adff ! ,evangeli/s _h no idea t !y 7 n>rat+ any?+ miracul\s1 & ! miracle 0 fir/ convey$ into _! acc\nts by expositors4 ,:at !y n>rate is1 accord+ to him1 only ?us mu*3 t ,jesus caus$ 8 small /ore ( provisions to be di/ribut$1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! entire multitude obta9$ en\gh to eat4 ,"h1 9 any case1 we want a middle t]m1 :i* w\ld di/9ctly in=m u1 h[ x 0 possible t1 al?\gh ,jesus _h s little food to (f]1 ! :ole multitude obta9$ en\gh to eat4 ,a v natural middle t]m h[ev] is to be ga!r$1 accord+ to ,paulus1 out ( ! hi/orical comb9ation ( ! circum/ances4 ,z1 on a comp>ison ) ,john vi4 #d1 ! multitude appe> to h consi/$ = ! great] "p ( a c>avan on its way to ! fea/1 !y _c h be5 q de/itute ( provisions1 & probably a few indig5t p]sons only _h exhau/$ _! /ores4 ,9 ord] !n to induce ! bett] provid$ to %>e _! food ) ^? :o 7 9 want1 ,jesus arrang$ t !y %\ld h a meal1 & himself set ! example ( imp>t+ :at he & 8 disciples c\ld sp>e f _! own little /ore2 ?is example 0 imitat$1 & ?us ! di/ribution ( bread by ,jesus hav+ l$ to a g5]al di/ribution1 ! :ole multitude 7 satisfi$4 ,x is true t ?is natural middle t]m mu/ be fir/ m5tally int]polat$ into ! text2 z1 h[ev]1 ! sup]natural middle t]m :i* is g5]ally receiv$ is j z little /at$ expressly1 & bo? alike dep5d ^u inf]5ce1 ! read] c h>dly d o!rwise ?an decide = ! natural "o4 ,su* is ! reason+ ( ,dr4 ,paulus3 b ! alleg$ id5tity 9 ! relation ( ! two middle t]ms to ! text does n 9 fact exi/4 ,= :ile ! natural explanation requires u to suppose a new di/ribut+ subject 7! bett] provid$ among ! multitude71 & a new di/ribut$ object 7_! provisions71 toge!r ) ! act ( di/ribut+ ^! provisions3 ! supranatural explanation cont5ts itself ) ! subject actually pres5t 9 ! text 7,jesus & 8 disciples71 ) ! s+le object !re giv5 7_! little /ore71 & ! describ$ di/ribution ( ?is2 & only requires u to supply f our imag9ation ! means by :i* ?is /ore c\ld be made suffici5t to satisfy ! hung] ( ! multitude1 namely its miracul\s augm5tation "u ! h&s ( ,jesus 7or ( 8 disciples74 ,h[ c x be yet ma9ta9$ t nei!r ( ! two middle t]ms is any m sugge/$ by ! text ?an ! o!r8 ,t ! miracul\s multiplication ( ! loaves & fi%es is n expressly m5tion$1 is expla9$ by ! consid]ation t ! ev5t itself is "o ( :i* no cle> conception c be =m$1 & !re=e x is be/ convey$ by ! result alone4 ,b h[ w ! natural !ologian acc\nt = no?+ be+ said ( ! di/ribution1 call$ =? by ! example ( ,jesus1 on ! "p ( ^? among ! multitude :o _h provisions8 ,x is altoge!r arbitr>y to ins]t t di/ribution betwe5 ! s5t5ces1 ,he gave !m to ! disciples1 & ! disciples to ! multitude 7,matt4 xiv4 #ai71 &1 !y did all eat & 7 fill$ 7v4 #bj72 :ile ! words1 1 & ! two fi%es divid$ he among !m all 7,m>k vi4 #da71 pla9ly indicate t only ! two fi%es--& consequ5tly only ! five loaves--7 ! object ( di/ribution = all4 #adfg ,b ! natural explanation falls into especial emb>rassm5t :5 x comes to ! baskets :i*1 aft] all 7 satisfi$1 ,jesus caus$ to be fill$ ) ! fragm5ts t rema9$4 ,! f\r? ,evangeli/ says3 1 1 1 !re=e !y ga!r$ !m toge!r1 & fill$ twelve baskets ) ! fragm5ts ( ! five b>ley loaves1 :i* rema9$ ov] & above unto !m t _h eat5 7vi4 #ac74 ,?is seems cle>ly en\gh to imply t out ( ^? id5tical five loaves1 aft] five ?\s& m5 _h be5 satisfi$ by !m1 !re /ill rema9$ fragm5ts en\gh to fill twelve baskets1--m1 t is1 ?an ! am\nt ( ! orig9al /ore4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! natural expositor is put to ! mo/ extravagant contrivances 9 ord] to evade ! miracle4 ,x is true1 :5 ! synopti/s simply say t ! remnants ( ! meal 7 collect$1 & twelve baskets fill$ ) !m1 x might be ?\ght f ! po9t ( view ( ! natural explanation1 t ,jesus1 out ( reg>d to ! gift ( ,god1 caus$ ! fragm5ts :i* ! cr[d _h left f _! own provisions to be collect$ by 8 disciples4 ,b z1 on ! "o h&1 ! fact t ! p all[$ ! rema9s ( ! repa/ to lie1 & did n appropriate !m1 seems to indicate t !y treat$ ! n\ri%m5t pres5t$ to !m z ! prop]ty ( ano!r2 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ,jesus1 :51 )\t any prelim9>y1 he directs 8 disciples to ga!r !m up1 appe>s to reg>d !m z 8 own prop]ty4 ,h5ce ,paulus und]/&s ! words 4441 ( ! synopti/s1 n ( a collection fir/ made aft] ! meal1 ( t :i* rema9$ :5 ! p _h be5 satisfi$1 b ( ! ov]plus ( ! little /ore belong+ to ,jesus & ! disciples1 :i* ! latt]1 aft] res]v+ :at 0 necess>y = ,jesus & !mselves1 c>ri$ r\nd z an introduction & inducem5t to ! g5]al repa/4 ,b h[1 :5 ! words 1 !y did all eat & 7 fill$1 are imm$iately foll[$ by 1 & !y took up1 c ! latt] memb] ( ! v]se ref] to ! "t prior to ! meal8 ,mu/ x n !n h necess>ily be5 said at lea/ 1 = !y took up8 ,fur!r1 h[1 aft] x _h j be5 said t ! p did eat & 7 fill$1 c 1 t :i* rema9$1 especially succe$$ z x is 9 ,luke by 1 to !m1 mean any?+ else ?an :at ! p _h left8 ,la/ly1 h[ is x possible t out ( five loaves & two fi%es1 aft] ,jesus & 8 disciples _h res]v$ en\gh = !mselves1 or ev5 )\t ?is1 !re c\ld 9 a natural mann] be twelve baskets fill$ = di/ribution among ! p8 ,b /ill m /rangely does ! natural explanation deal ) ! n>rative ( ,john4 ,jesus "h adds1 z a reason = ga!r+ up ! fragm5ts1 1 t no?+ be lo/2 h5ce x appe>s impossible to dive/ ! succe$+ /atem5t t !y fill$ twelve baskets ) ! rema9s ( ! five loaves1 ( its relation to ! "t aft] ! meal2 & 9 ?is case1 x w\ld be impossible to get cle> ( a miracul\s multiplication ( ! loaves4 ,paulus !re=e1 al?\gh ! words 4441 !re=e !y ga!r$ !m toge!r & fill$ twelve baskets1 etc41 =m a /rictly coh]5t :ole1 *ooses r to deta* 1 &1 by a /ill m =c$ con/ruction ?an t :i* he employ$ ) ! synoptical text1 makes ! n>rative pass all at once1 )\t ! slighte/ notice1 into ! plup]fect1 & ?us leap back to ! "t be=e ! meal4 ,"h1 !n1 ! natural explanation once m fails to fulfil its task3 ! text reta9s its miracle1 & if we h reason to ?9k ?is incr$ible1 we mu/ inquire :e!r ! n>rative ( ! text des]ves cr$5ce4 ,! agreem5t ( all ! f\r ,evangeli/s is g5]ally adduc$ 9 pro( ( its di/+ui%$ cr$ibility3 b ?is agreem5t is by no means s p]fect4 ,!re are m9or diff]5ces1 fir/ betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke2 !n betwe5 ^! two & ,m>k1 :o 9 ?is in/ance aga9 embelli%es2 & la/ly1 betwe5 ! synopti/s collectively & ,john1 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 ! sc5e ( ! ev5t is a des]t place1 accord+ to ,john1 a m\nta92 accord+ to ! =m]1 ! sc5e op5s ) an address f ! disciples1 accord+ to ,john1 ) a "q f ,jesus 7two p>ticul>s 9 :i*1 z we h already rem>k$1 ! n>rative ( ,john approa*es t ( ! second fe$+ 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k72 la/ly1 ! words :i* ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s put into ! m\? ( ! disciples indef9itely1 ! f\r? 9 8 individualiz+ mann] ascribes to ,philip & ,&rew1 & ! same ,evangeli/ also designates ! be>] ( ! loaves & fi%es z a boy 774 ,^! div]g5cies h[ev] may be pass$ ov] z less ess5tial1 t we may give our att5tion only to "o1 :i* has a deep] hold4 ,:ile1 namely1 accord+ to ! synoptical acc\nts1 ,jesus _h be5 long tea*+ ! p & heal+ _! sick1 & 0 only l$ to fe$ !m by ! approa* ( ev5+1 & ! rem>k ( ! disciples t ! p ne$$ refre%m5t3 9 ,john1 ! fir/ ?\ght ( ,jesus1 :5 he lifts up 8 eyes & sees ! p ga!r+ r\nd him1 is t :i* he expresses 9 8 "q to ,philip3 ,:5ce %all we buy bread t ^! may eat8 or r1 z he ask$ ?is m]ely to prove ,philip1 well kn[+ himself :at he w\ld d1 he at once =ms ! resolution ( fe$+ ! multitude 9 a miracul\s mann]4 ,b h[ c\ld ! design ( fe$+ ! p arise 9 ,jesus imm$iately on _! approa*8 ,!y did n come to him = ?is1 b = ! sake ( 8 tea*+ & 8 curative p[]4 ,he mu/ !re=e h conceiv$ ?is design entirely ( 8 own accord1 ) a view to e/abli% 8 miracul\s p[] by s signal a demon/ration4 ,b did he ev] ?us "w a miracle )\t any necessity1 & ev5 )\t any inducem5t1--q arbitr>ily1 & m]ely = ! sake ( work+ a miracle8 ,i am unable to describe /rongly en\gh h[ impossible x is t eat+ %\ld "h h be5 ! fir/ ?\ght ( ,jesus1 h[ impossible t he c\ld ?us obtrude 8 miracul\s repa/ on ! p4 ,?us 9 relation to ?is po9t1 ! synoptical n>rative1 9 :i* !re is a reason = ! miracle1 mu/ h ! pref]5ce to t ( ,john1 :o1 ha/5+ t[>ds ! miracle1 ov]looks ! requisite motive = x1 & makes ,jesus create in/ead ( await+ ! occasion = its p]=mance4 ,an eye-witness c\ld n n>rate ?us2 #adfh & if1 !re=e1 ! acc\nt ( t gospel to :i* ! greate/ au?ority is n[ aw>d$1 mu/ be reject$ z unhi/orical2 s1 ) respect to ! o!r n>ratives1 ! difficulties ( ! fact itself are suffici5t to ca/ a d\bt on _! hi/orical cr$ibility1 especially if 9 addition to ^! negative gr\nds we c discov] positive reasons :i* r5d] x probable t our n>rative _h an unhi/orical orig94 ,su* reasons are actually f\nd bo? )9 ! evangelical hi/ory itself1 & beyond x 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 & ! ,jewi% popul> belief4 ,9 relation to ! =m] s\rce1 x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t 9 ! synoptical gospels z well z 9 ,john1 !re are m or less imm$iately app5d$ to ! fe$+ ( ! multitude by ,jesus ) lit]al bread1 figurative disc\rses ( ,jesus on bread & leav53 namely1 9 ! latt]1 ! decl>ations conc]n+ ! bread ( heav51 & ! bread ( life :i* ,jesus gives 7,john vi4 #bg ff472 9 ! =m]1 ^? conc]n+ ! false leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 t is1 _! false doctr9e & hypocrisy4 #adfi 7,matt4 xvi4 #e ff42 ,m>k viii4 #ad ff42 comp4 ,luke xii4 #a72 & on bo? sides1 ! figurative disc\rse ( ,jesus is errone\sly und]/ood ( lit]al bread4 ,x w\ld n !n be a v /ra9$ conjecture1 t z 9 ! passages quot$ we f9d ! disciples & ! p g5]ally1 und]/&+ lit]ally :at ,jesus meant figuratively2 s ! same mi/ake 0 made 9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,if1 9 figurative disc\rses1 ,jesus _h sometimes repres5t$ himself z him :o 0 able to give ! true bread ( life to ! w&]+ & hung]+ p1 p]haps also plac+ 9 opposition to ?is1 ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees3 ! leg5d1 agreeably to its reali/ic t5d5cy1 may h conv]t$ ?is into ! fact ( a miracul\s fe$+ ( ! hungry multitude 9 ! wild]ness by ,jesus4 ,! f\r? ,evangeli/ makes ! disc\rse on ! bread ( heav5 arise out ( ! miracle ( ! loaves3 b ! relation might v well h be5 ! rev]se1 & ! hi/ory owe its orig9 to ! disc\rse1 especially z ! "q :i* introduces ,john's n>rative1 ,:5ce %all we buy bread t ^! may eat8 may be m easily conceiv$ z be+ utt]$ by ,jesus on ! fir/ sight ( ! p1 if he allud$ to fe$+ !m ) ! ^w ( ,god 7comp4 ,john iv4 #cb ff471 to appeas+ _! spiritual hung] 7,matt4 v4 #f71 9 ord] to ex]cise 77 ! high] und]/&+ ( 8 disciples1 ?an if he really ?\ght ( ! satisfaction ( _! bodily hung]1 & only wi%$ to try :e!r 8 disciples w\ld 9 ?is case confide 9 8 miracul\s p[]4 ,! synoptical n>rative is less sugge/ive ( su* a view2 = ! figurative disc\rse on ! leav5 c\ld n by itself orig9ate ! hi/ory ( ! miracle4 ,?us ! gospel ( ,john /&s alone ) ref]5ce to ! above mode ( d]ivation1 & x is m agreeable to ! "* ( ?is gospel to conjecture t x has appli$ ! n>rative ( a miracle pres5t$ by tradition to ! production ( figurative disc\rses 9 ! ,alex&rian ta/e1 ?an to suppose t x has pres]v$ to u ! orig9al disc\rses out ( :i* ! leg5d spun t miracul\s n>rative4 ,if !n we c discov]1 beyond ! limits ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 v p[]ful causes = ! orig9ation ( our n>rative1 we mu/ r5\nce ! attempt to con/ruct x out ( mat]ials pres5t$ by ! gospels !mselves4 ,& "h ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 by putt+ into ! m\? ( ! p a ref]5ce to ! manna1 t bread ( heav5 :i* ,moses gave to ! fa!rs 9 ! wild]ness 7v4 #ca71 rem9ds u ( "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ passages 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,israelites 7,exod4 xvi471 :i* 0 p]fectly adapt$ to eng5d] ! expectation t its antitype w\ld occur 9 ! ,messianic times2 & we 9 fact le>n f rabb9ical writ+s1 t among ^? functions ( ! fir/ ,gl :i* 7 to be reviv$ 9 ! second1 a *ief place 0 giv5 to ! imp>tation ( bread f heav54 #adgj ,if ! ,mosaic manna pres5ts itself z t :i* 0 mo/ likely to be held a type ( ! bread miracul\sly augm5t$ by ,jesus2 ! fi% :i* ,jesus also multipli$ miracul\sly1 may rem9d u t ,moses gave ! p1 n only a sub/itute = bread 9 ! manna1 b also animal food 9 ! quails 7,exod4 xvi4 #h1 xii4 #ac2 ,num4 xi4 #d ff474 ,on comp>+ ^! ,mosaic n>ratives ) our evangelical ones1 !re appe>s a /rik+ resemblance ev5 9 details4 ,! locality 9 bo? cases is ! wild]ness2 ! inducem5t to ! miracle "h z !re1 is fe> le/ ! p %\ld suff] f want 9 ! wild]ness1 or p]i% f hung]2 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 ?is fe> is express$ by ! p 9 l\d murmurs1 9 t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x results f ! %ortsight$ness ( ! disciples1 & ! b5evol5ce ( ,jesus4 ,! direction ( ! latt] to 8 disciples t !y %\ld give ! p food1 a direction :i* implies t he _h already =m$ ! design ( fe$+ !m miracul\sly1 may be p>allel$ ) ! comm& :i* ,jehovah gave to ,moses to fe$ ! p ) manna 7,exod4 xvi4 #d71 & ) quails 7,exod4 xvi4 #ab2 ,num4 xi4 #ah-bj74 ,b !re is ano!r po9t ( simil>ity :i* speaks yet m directly to our pres5t purpose4 ,z1 9 ! evangelical n>rative1 ! disciples ?9k x an impossibility t provision = s great a mass ( p %\ld be procur$ 9 ! wild]ness1 s1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 ,moses replies d\bt+ly to ! promise ( ,jehovah to satisfy ! p ) fle% 7,num4 xi4 #ba f474 ,to ,moses1 z to ! disciples1 ! multitude appe>s too great = ! possibility ( provid+ suffici5t food = !m2 z ! latt] ask1 :5ce !y %\ld h s mu* bread 9 ! wild]ness1 s ,moses asks ironically :e!r !y %\ld slay ! flocks & ! h]ds 7:i* !y _h n74 ,& z ! disciples object1 t n ev5 ! mo/ impov]i%+ exp5diture on _! "p w\ld ?or\ghly meet ! dem&1 s ,moses1 clo?+ ! idea 9 ano!r =m1 _h decl>$1 t to satisfy ! p z ,jehovah promis$1 an impossibility mu/ happ5 7! fi% ( ! sea be ga!r$ toge!r = !m72 objections :i* ,jehovah !re1 z "h ,jesus1 does n reg>d1 b issues ! comm& t ! p %\ld prep>e = ! reception ( ! miracul\s food4 ,b ?\gh ^! two cases ( a miracul\s supply ( n\ri%m5t are ?us analog\s1 !re is ?is ess5tial di/9ction1 t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 relation bo? to ! manna & ! quails1 x is a miracul\s procur+ ( food n previ\sly exi/+ :i* is spok5 (1 :ile 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is a miracul\s augm5tation ( provision already pres5t1 b inadequate2 s t ! *asm betwe5 ! ,mosaic n>rative & ! evangelical "o is too great = ! latt] to h be5 d]iv$ imm$iately f ! =m]4 ,if we se>* = an int]m$iate /ep1 a v natural "o betwe5 ,moses & ! ,messiah is af=d$ by ! prophets4 ,we read ( ,elijah1 t ?r\gh him & = 8 sake1 ! little /ore ( meal & oil :i* he f\nd 9 ! possession ( ! wid[ ( ,z>epha? 0 miracul\sly repl5i%$1 or r 0 made to suffice ?r\gh\t ! duration ( ! fam9e 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #h-af74 ,?is species ( miracle is develop$ /ill fur!r1 & ) a great] resemblance to ! evangelical n>rative1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,eli%a 7#b ,k+s iv4 #db ff474 ,z ,jesus f$ five ?\s& m5 9 ! wild]ness ) five loaves & two fi%es1 s ?is prophet1 dur+ a fam9e1 f$ a hundr$ m5 ) tw5ty loaves1 7:i* l ^? di/ribut$ by ,jesus 9 ,john1 are call$ b>ley loaves17 toge!r ) "s gr\nd corn 71 ,,lxx4 72 a disproportion betwe5 ! quantity ( provisions & ! numb] ( m51 :i* 8 s]vant1 l ! disciples 9 ! o!r in/ance1 indicates 9 ! "q3 ,:at6 %\ld ,i set ?is be=e a hundr$ m58 ,eli%a1 l ,jesus1 is n div]t$ f 8 purpose1 b comm&s ! s]vant to give :at he has to ! p2 & z 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rative great /ress is laid on ! collection ( ! rema9+ fragm5ts1 s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x is specially notic$ at ! close ( ?is /ory1 t not)/&+ s _m _h eat5 ( ! /ore1 !re 0 /ill an ov]plus4 #adga ,! only important diff]5ce "h is1 t on ! side ( ! evangelical n>rative1 ! numb] ( ! loaves is small]1 & t ( ! p great]2 b :o does n "k t 9 g5]al ! leg5d does n easily imitate1 )\t at ! same "t surpass+1 & :o does n see t 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance x 0 entirely suit$ to ! position ( ! ,messiah1 t 8 miracul\s p[]1 comp>$ ) t ( ,eli%a1 %\ld be plac$1 z x reg>ds ! ne$ ( natural means1 9 ! relation ( five to tw5ty1 b z x reg>ds ! sup]natural p]=mance1 9 t ( five ?\s& to "o hundr$8 ,paulus inde$1 9 ord] to preclude ! inf]5ce1 t z ! two n>ratives 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are to be und]/ood my?ically1 s also is ! /rik+ly simil> evangelical n>rative1 ext5ds to ! =m] ! attempt at a natural explanation :i* he has pursu$ ) ! latt]1 mak+ ! wid['s cruse ( oil to be repl5i%$ by ! aid ( ! s*ol>s ( ! prophets1 & ! tw5ty loaves suffice = "o hundr$ m5 by means ( a praisewor?y mod]ation2 #adgb a mode ( explanation :i* is m practicable "h ?an ) ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rative1 9 proportion z1 by reason ( ! great] remot5ess ( ^! anecdotes1 !y pres5t few] critical 7&1 by reason ( _! m]ely m$iate relation to ,*ri/ianity1 few] dogmatical7 motives = ma9ta9+ _! hi/orical v]acity4 ,no?+ m is want+ to complete ! my?ical d]ivation ( ?is hi/ory ( ! miracul\s fe$+ ( ! multitude1 except ! pro(1 t ! lat] ,jews also believ$ ( p>ticul>ly holy m51 t by _! means a small am\nt ( provision 0 made suffici5t1 & ( ?is pro( ! dis9t]e/$ indu/ry ( ,dr4 ,paulus z a collector1 has put u 9 possession4 ,he adduces a rabb9ical /atem5t t 9 ! "t ( a specially holy man1 ! small quantity ( %ew-bread m ?an suffic$ = ! supply ( ! prie/s4 #adgc ,to be consequ5t1 ?is comm5tator %\ld try to expla9 ?is /ory also naturally1--by ! mod]ation ( ! prie/s1 = in/ance3 b x is n 9 ! canon1 h5ce he c unhesitat+ly reg>d x z a fable1 & he only s f> admits its /rik+ simil>ity to ! evangelical n>rative z to obs]ve1 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,jewi% belief 9 su* augm5tations ( food1 atte/$ by t rabb9ical /atem5t1 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rative may 9 e>ly times h be5 und]/ood by judaiz+ ,*ri/ians 9 ! same 7miracul\s7 s5se4 ,b our exam9ation has %[n t ! evangelical n>rative 0 design$ly compos$ s z to convey ?is s5se1 & if ?is s5se 0 an elem5t ( ! popul> ,jewi% leg5d1 !n is ! evangelical n>rative )\t d\bt a product ( t leg5d4 #adgd #ajc4 ,,jesus ,,turns ,,wat] ,,into ,,w9e4 ,next to ! hi/ory ( ! multiplication ( ! loaves & fi%es1 may be rang$ ! n>rative 9 ! f\r? gospel 7ii4 #a ff471 ( ,jesus at a w$d+ 9 ,cana ( ,galilee turn+ wat] into w9e4 ,accord+ to ,ol%aus51 bo? miracles fall "u ! same category1 s9ce 9 bo? a sub/ratum is pres5t1 ! sub/ance ( :i* is modifi$4 #adge ,b he ov]looks ! logical di/9ction1 t 9 ! miracle ( ! loaves & fi%es1 ! modification is "o ( quantity m]ely1 an augm5tation ( :at 0 already exi/+1 )\t any *ange ( its quality 7bread becomes m bread1 b rema9s bread72 :]eas at ! w$d+ 9 ,cana ! sub/ratum is modifi$ 9 quality--out ( a c]ta9 sub/ance !re is made n m]ely m ( ! same k9d1 b some?+ else 7out ( wat]1 w9e72 9 o!r words1 a real transub/antiation takes place4 ,x is true !re are *anges 9 quality :i* are natural results1 & ! in/antane\s effectuation ( :i* by ,jesus w\ld be ev5 m easy to conceive1 ?an an equally rapid augm5tation ( quantity2 = example1 if he _h sudd5ly *ang$ mu/ into w9e1 or w9e into v9eg>1 ?is w\ld only h be5 to conduct 9 an accel]at$ mann] ! same vegetable sub/ratum1 ! v9\s juice1 ?r\gh v>i\s conditions natural to x4 ,! miracle w\ld be already height5$ if ,jesus _h imp>t$ to ! juice ( ano!r fruit1 ! apple = in/ance1 ! quality ( t ( ! grape1 al?\gh ev5 9 ?is 8 ag5cy w\ld h be5 )9 ! limits ( ! same k+dom ( nature4 ,b "h1 :]e wat] is turn$ into w9e1 !re is a transition f "o k+dom ( nature to ano!r1 f ! elem5t>y to ! vegetable2 a miracle :i* z f> exce$s t ( ! multiplication ( ! loaves1 z if ,jesus _h he>k5$ to ! c\nsel ( ! tempt]1 & turn$ /ones into bread4 #adgf ,to ?is miracle1 z to ! =m]1 ,ol%aus51 aft] ,augu/9e1 #adgg applies 8 def9ition ( an accel]at$ natural process1 by :i* we are to und]/& t we h "h simply ! occurr5ce1 9 an accel]at$ mann]1 ( t :i* is pres5t$ ye>ly 9 ! v9e 9 a sl[ process ( developm5t4 ,?is mode ( view+ ! matt] w\ld h "s f\ndation1 if ! sub/ratum on :i* ,jesus op]at$ _h be5 ! same out ( :i* w9e is wont to be naturally produc$2 if he _h tak5 a v9e 9 8 h&1 & sudd5ly caus$ x to bloom1 & to be> ripe grapes1 ?is might h be5 call$ an accel]at$ natural process4 ,ev5 !n inde$ we %\ld /ill h no w9e1 & if ,jesus 7 to produce ?is also f ! v9e :i* he took into 8 h&1 he mu/ add an op]ation :i* w\ld be an invisible sub/itute = ! w9epress1 t is1 an accel]at$ artificial process2 s t on ?is supposition ! category ( ! accel]at$ natural process w\ld already be insuffici5t4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 we h no v9e z a sub/ratum = ?is production ( w9e1 b wat]1 & 9 ?is case we c\ld only speak ) propriety ( an accel]at$ natural process1 if by any means1 h[ev] gradual1 w9e 7 ev] produc$ out ( wat]4 ,"h x is urg$1 t c]ta9ly out ( wat]1 out ( ! moi/ure produc$ 9 ! e>? by ra9 & ! l1 ! v9e draws its sap1 :i* 9 due ord] x applies to ! production ( ! grape1 & ( ! w9e !re9 conta9$2 s t ?us ye>ly1 by means ( a natural process1 w9e does actually come out ( wat]4 #adgh ,b ap>t f ! fact t wat] is only "o ( ! elem5t>y mat]ials :i* are requir$ = ! fructification ( ! v9e1 & t to ?is end1 soil1 air1 & light1 mu/ concur2 x c\ld n be said ei!r ( "o1 or ( all ^! elem5t>y mat]ials toge!r1 t !y produce ! grape or ! w9e1 nor1 consequ5tly1 t ,jesus1 :5 he produc$ w9e out ( wat]1 did ! same ?+1 only m quickly1 :i* is repeat$ e ye> z a gradual process3 on ! contr>y1 "h aga9 !re is a confusion ( ess5tially di/9ct logical categories4 ,= we may place ! relation ( ! product to ! produc+ ag5t1 :i* is "h treat$ (1 "u ! category ( p[] & manife/ation1 or ( cause & effect3 nev] c x be said t wat] is ! p[] or ! cause1 :i* produces grapes & w9e1 = ! p[] :i* gives exi/5ce to !m is /rictly ! vegetable individuality ( ! v9e-plant1 to :i* wat]1 ) ! re/ ( ! elem5t>y ag5cies1 is relat$ only z ! solicitation to ! p[]1 z ! /imulus to ! cause4 ,t is1 )\t ! co-op]ation ( wat]1 air1 etc1 grapes c]ta9ly _c be produc$1 any m ?an )\t ! v9e plant2 b ! di/9ction is1 t 9 ! v9e ! grape1 9 itself or 9 its g]m1 is already pres5t1 & wat]1 air1 etc41 only assi/ 9 its developm5t2 :]eas 9 ^! elem5t>y sub/ances1 ! grape is pres5t nei!r actu nor pot5ti2 !y c 9 no way produce ! fruit out ( !mselves1 b only out ( some?+ else--! v9e4 ,to turn wat] into w9e is n !n to make a cause act m rapidly ?an x w\ld act 9 a natural way1 b x is to make ! effect appe> )\t a cause1 out ( a m]e accessory circum/ance2 or1 to ref] m p>ticul>ly to organic nature1 x is to call =? ! organic product )\t ! produc+ organism1 out ( ! simple inorganic mat]ials1 or r out ( "o ( ^! mat]ials only4 ,?is is ab\t ! same ?+ z to make bread out ( e>? )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! corn plant1 fle% out ( bread )\t a previ\s assimilation ( x by an animal body1 or 9 ! same imm$iate mann]1 blood out ( w9e4 ,if ! supranaturali/ is n "h cont5t$ ) appeal+ to ! incompreh5sibl5ess ( an omnipot5t ^w ( ,jesus1 b also endeav\rs1 ) ,ol%aus51 to br+ ! process :i* mu/ h be5 conta9$ 9 ! miracle 9 "q ne>] to 8 conception1 by reg>d+ x 9 ! light ( a natural process2 he mu/ n1 9 ord] to r5d] ! matt] m probable1 suppress a "p ( ! necess>y /ages 9 t process1 b exhibit !m all4 ,!y w\ld !n pres5t ! foll[+ s]ies3 #a/1 to ! wat]1 z "o only ( ! elem5t>y ag5ts1 ,jesus mu/ h add$ ! p[] ( ! o!r elem5ts above nam$2 #bndly 7& ?is is ! *ief po9t71 he mu/ h procur$1 9 an equally invisible mann]1 ! organic individuality ( ! v9e2 #crdly1 he mu/ h accel]at$1 to ! degree ( in/antane\sness1 ! natural process result+ f ! reciprocal action ( ^! objects ^u "o ano!r1 ! bloom+ & fructification ( ! v9e1 toge!r ) ! rip5+ ( ! grape2 #d?ly1 he mu/ h caus$ ! artificial process ( press+1 & s =?1 to occur invisibly & sudd5ly2 & la/ly1 he mu/ aga9 h accel]at$ ! fur!r natural process ( f]m5tation1 s z to r5d] x mom5t>y4 ,?us1 "h aga91 ! designation ( ! miracle z an accel]at$ natural process1 w\ld apply to two /ages only out ( five1 ! o!r ?ree be+ su* z _c possibly be br\ght "u ?is po9t ( view1 ?\gh ! two fir/1 especially ! second1 are ( great] importance ev5 ?an belong$ to ! /ages :i* 7 neglect$ 9 ! application ( ?is view to ! hi/ory ( ! miracul\s fe$+3 s t ! def9ition ( an accel]at$ natural process is z inadequate "h z !re4 #adgi ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is is ! only1 or ! extreme category1 "u :i* we c br+ su* op]ations ne>] to our conception & compreh5sion2 x foll[s t if ?is category be %[n to be inapplicable1 ! ev5t itself is inconceivable4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 has ! miracle be=e u be5 impea*$ 9 relation to possibility1 b also 9 relation to utility & fitness4 ,x has be5 urg$ bo? 9 anci5t #adhj & mod]n #adha times1 t x 0 unwor?y ( ,jesus t he %\ld n only rema9 9 ! society ( drunk>ds1 b ev5 fur!r _! intemp]ance by an ex]cise ( 8 miracul\s p[]4 ,b ?is objection %\ld be disc>d$ z an exagg]ation1 s9ce1 z expositors ju/ly obs]ve1 f ! words aft] m5 h well drunk1 7v4 #aj71 :i* ! rul] ( ! fea/ uses ) ref]5ce to ! usual c\rse ( ?+s at su* fea/s1 no?+ c ) c]ta9ty be d$uc$ ) respect to ! occasion 9 "q4 ,we mu/ h[ev] /ill reg>d z valid an objection1 :i* is n only po9t$ out by ,paulus & ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 #adhb b admitt$ ev5 by ,lcke & ,ol%aus5 to be at ! fir/ glance a press+ difficulty3 namely1 t by ?is miracle ,jesus did n1 z 0 usual ) him1 relieve any want1 any real ne$1 b only furni%$ an additional incitem5t to pleasure2 %[$ himself n s mu* helpful z c\rte\s2 r1 s to speak1 p]=m$ a miracle ( luxury1 ?an ( true b5efic5ce4 ,if x be "h said t x 0 a suffici5t object = ! miracle to confirm ! fai? ( ! disciples1 #adhc :i* accord+ to v4 #aa 0 its actual effect2 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 z a g5]al rule1 n only _h ! miracles ( ,jesus1 consid]$ ) reg>d to _! =m1 i4e4 z extraord9>y results1 some?+ desirable z _! consequ5ce1 = in/ance1 ! fai? ( ! spectators2 b also1 consid]$ ) reg>d to _! matt]1 i4e4 z consi/+ ( cures1 multiplications ( loaves1 & ! l1 7 direct$ to "s really b5efic5t end4 ,9 ! pres5t miracle ?is *>act]i/ic is want+1 & h5ce ,paulus is n wrong :5 he po9ts out ! contradiction :i* w\ld lie 9 ! conduct ( ,jesus1 if t[>ds ! tempt] he reject$ e *all5ge to su* miracles z1 )\t be+ mat]ially b5efic5t1 or call$ = by any press+ necessity1 c\ld only =mally produce fai? & a/oni%m5t1 & yet 9 ?is in/ance p]=m$ a miracle ( t v nature4 #adhd ,! supranaturali/ 0 !re=e driv5 to ma9ta9 t x 0 n fai? 9 g5]al :i* ,jesus "h int5d$ to produce1 b a conviction entirely special1 & only to be wr\ght by ?is p>ticul> miracle4 ,proce$+ on ?is supposition1 no?+ 0 m natural ?an to be rem9d$ by ! opposition ( wat] & w9e on :i* ! miracle turns1 ( ! opposition betwe5 him :o baptiz$ ) wat] 7,matt4 iii4 #aa71 :o at ! same "t came nei!r eat+ nor dr9k+ 7,luke i4 #ae2 ,matt4 xi4 #ah71 & him :o1 z he baptiz$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/ & ) fire1 s he did n d5y himself ! ard5t1 animat+ fruit ( ! v9e1 & 0 h5ce reproa*$ ) be+ a w9e-bibb] 7,matt4 xi4 #ai72 especially z ! f\r? gospel1 9 :i* ! n>rative ( ! w$d+ at ,cana is conta9$1 manife/s 9 a peculi> degree ! t5d5cy to lead ov] ! contemplation f ! ,bapti/ to ,jesus4 ,on ^! gr\nds ,h]d]1 #adhe & aft] him "s o!rs1 #adhf h held ! op9ion1 t ,jesus by ! above miracul\s act int5d$ to symbolize to 8 disciples1 sev]al ( :om _h be5 disciples ( ! ,bapti/1 ! relation ( 8 _s & (fice to ^? ( ,john1 & by ?is pro( ( 8 sup]ior p[]1 to put an end to ! (f5ce :i* !y might take at 8 m lib]al mode ( life4 ,b "h ! reflection obtrudes itself1 t ,jesus does n avail himself ( ?is symbolical miracle1 to enlight5 8 disciples by explanatory disc\rses conc]n+ 8 relation to ! ,bapti/2 an omission :i* ev5 ! fri5ds ( ?is int]pretation pron\nce to be surpris+4 #adhg ,h[ ne$ful su* an exposition 01 if ! miracle 7 n to fail ( its special object1 is evid5t f ! fact1 t ! n>rator himself1 accord+ to v4 #aa1 und]/ood x n at all 9 ?is light1 z a symbolization ( a p>ticul> maxim ( ,jesus1 b q g5]ally1 z a manife/ation ( 8 glory4 #adhh ,?us if t special lesson 7 ! object ( ,jesus 9 p]=m+ ! miracle be=e u1 !n ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 t is1 accord+ to ! supposition ( ! above !ologians1 8 mo/ appreh5sive pupil1 misund]/ood him1 & ,jesus delay$ 9 an injudici\s mann] to prev5t ?is misund]/&+2 or if bo? ^! conclusions are reject$1 !re /ill subsi/s ! difficulty1 t ,jesus1 contr>y to ! prevail+ t5d5cy ( 8 conduct1 s\ght to atta9 ! g5]al object ( prov+ 8 miracul\s p[]1 by an act = :i* app>5tly he might h sub/itut$ a m useful "o4 ,aga91 ! disproportionate quantity ( w9e ) :i* ,jesus supplies ! gue/s1 mu/ excite a/oni%m5t4 ,six vessels1 ea* conta9+ f two to ?ree 1 suppos+ ! ,attic 1 correspond+ to ! ,hebrew ba?1 to be equival5t to #a ,roman amphor1 or tw5ty-"o ,wirtemb]g measures1 #adhi w\ld yield #beb-cgh measures4 #adij ,:at a quantity = a company :o _h already drunk freely6 ,:at enorm\s vessels6 exclaims ,dr4 ,paulus1 & leaves no ef=t untri$ to r$uce ! /atem5t ( measures 9 ! text4 ,) a total disreg>d ( ! rules ( ! language1 he gives to ! preposition a collective mean+1 in/ead ( its prop] di/ributive "o1 s z to make ! six wat] pots 77 conta91 n ea*1 b altoge!r1 f two to ?ree 2 & ev5 ,ol%aus5 consoles himself1 aft] ,seml]1 ) ! fact1 t x is n[h]e rem>k$ t ! wat] 9 all ! vessels 0 turn$ into w9e4 ,b ^! are subt]fuges2 !y to :om ! supply ( s extravagant & dang]\s a quantity ( w9e on ! "p ( ,jesus is incr$ible1 mu/ conclude t ! n>rative is unhi/orical4 ,peculi> difficulty is occasion$ by ! relation 9 :i* ?is n>rative places ,jesus to 8 "m1 & 8 "m to him4 ,accord+ to ! express /atem5t ( ! ,evangeli/1 ! turn+ ( wat] into w9e 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! miracles ( ,jesus1 2 & yet 8 "m reckons s confid5tly on 8 p]=m+ a miracle "h1 t %e believes x only necess>y to po9t out to him ! defici5cy ( w9e1 9 ord] to induce him to af=d sup]natural aid2 & ev5 :5 %e receives a disc\rag+ answ]1 %e is s f> f los+ hope1 t %e enjo9s ! s]vants to be ob$i5t to ! directions ( h] son 7v4 #c1 #e74 ,h[ is ?is expectation ( a miracle on ! "p ( ! "m ( ,jesus to be expla9$8 ,are we to ref] ! decl>ation ( ,john1 t ! metamorphosis ( ! wat] 0 ! fir/ miracle ( ,jesus1 m]ely to ! p]iod ( 8 public life1 & to presuppose z real ev5ts1 = 8 previ\s ye>s1 ! apocryphal miracles ( ! ,gospels ( ! ,infancy8 ,or1 believ+ t ,*ryso/om 0 "r 9 reg>d+ ?is z too uncritical1 #adia are we r to conjecture t ,m>y1 9 consequ5ce ( h] conviction t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 a conviction wr\ght 9 h] by ! signs t att5d$ 8 bir?1 expect$ miracles f him1 & z p]haps on "s e>li] occasions1 s n[ on ?is1 :5 ! p]plexity 0 great1 desir$ f him a pro( ( 8 p[]8 #adib ,7 only t e>ly conviction ( ! relatives ( ,jesus t he 0 ! ,messiah some:at m probable1 & especially ! extraord9>y ev5ts ( ! *ildhood1 by :i* x is suppos$ to h be5 produc$1 bett] accr$it$6 ,moreov]1 ev5 presuppos+ ! belief ( ,m>y 9 ! miracul\s p[] ( h] son1 x is /ill n at all cle> h[1 not)/&+ 8 disc\rag+ answ]1 %e c\ld yet confid5tly expect t he w\ld j on ?is occasion p]=m 8 fir/ miracle1 & feel assur$ t %e positively knew t he w\ld act precisely s z to require ! assi/ance ( ! s]vants4 #adic ,?is decid$ k on ! "p ( ,m>y1 ev5 respect+ ! mann] ( ! miracle ab\t to be wr\ght1 appe>s to indicate an antec$5t disclosure ( ,jesus to h]1 & h5ce ,ol%aus5 supposes t ,jesus _h giv5 8 "m an intimation conc]n+ ! miracle on :i* he _h resolv$4 ,b :5 c\ld ?is disclosure h be5 made8 ,already z !y 7 go+ to ! fea/8 ,!n ,jesus mu/ h =ese5 t !re w\ld be a want ( w9e1 9 :i* case ,m>y c\ld n h appris$ him ( x z ( an unexpect$ emb>rassm5t4 ,or did ,jesus make ! disclosure aft] h] appeal1 & consequ5tly 9 connexion ) ! words3 ,:at h ,i to d ) !e1 woman1 etc48 ,b ) ?is answ]1 x is impossible to conceive s opposite a decl>ation to h be5 unit$2 x w\ld !re=e be necess>y1 on ,ol%aus5's view1 to imag9e t ,jesus utt]$ ! negative words al\d1 ! affirmative 9 an und]tone1 m]ely = ,m>y3 a supposition :i* w\ld give ! sc5e ! appe>ance ( a com$y4 ,?us x is on no supposition to be und]/ood h[ ,m>y c\ld expect a miracle at all1 /ill less precisely su* an "o4 ,! fir/ difficulty might inde$ be plausibly evad$1 by ma9ta9+ t ,m>y did n "h apply to ,jesus 9 expectation ( a miracle1 b simply t %e might obta9 h] son's advice 9 ! case1 z %e 0 wont to d 9 all difficult circum/ances3 #adid 8 reply h[ev] %[s t he reg>d$ ! words ( 8 "m z a summons to p]=m a miracle1 & moreov] ! direction :i* ,m>y gave to ! s]vants rema9s on ?is supposition totally unexpla9$4 ,! answ] ( ,jesus to ! intimation ( 8 "m 7v4 #d7 has be5 j z (t5 blam$ ) exagg]ation #adie z ju/ifi$ on insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,h[ev] truly x may be urg$ t ! ,hebrew phrase1 1 to :i* ! ,greek corresponds1 appe>s else:]e z an expression ( g5tle blame1 e4g4 #b ,sam4 xvi4 #aj2 #adif or t ) ! entrance ( ,jesus on 8 special (fice 8 relation to 8 "m z reg>d$ 8 actions 0 dissolv$3 #adig x nev]!less rema9s und5iable1 t x 0 fitt+ = ,jesus to be mode/ly appris$ ( opportunities = ! ex]cise ( 8 miracul\s p[]1 & if "o :o po9t$ out to him a case ( disease & add$ an entreaty = help1 did n des]ve repreh5sion1 z little & ev5 less did ,m>y1 :5 %e br\ght to 8 k a want :i* _h aris51 ) a m]ely impli$ entreaty = assi/ance4 ,! case w\ld h be5 diff]5t _h ,jesus consid]$ ! occasion n adapt$1 or ev5 unwor?y to h a miracle connect$ ) x2 he might !n h repell$ ) sev]ity ! impli$ summons1 z an incitem5t to a false use ( miracul\s p[] 7in/anc$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! temptation72 z1 on ! contr>y1 he imm$iately aft] %[$ by 8 actions t he held ! occasion wor?y ( a miracle1 x is absolutely incompreh5sible h[ he c\ld blame 8 "m = h] in=mation1 :i* p]haps only came to him a few mom5ts too soon4 #adih ,"h aga9 x has be5 attempt$ to escape f ! num]\s difficulties ( ! supranatural view1 by a natural int]pretation ( ! hi/ory4 ,! comm5tators :o advance ?is explanation set out f ! fact1 t x 0 ! cu/om among ! ,jews to make pres5ts ( oil or w9e at m>riage fea/s4 ,n[ ,jesus1 x is said1 hav+ br\ght ) him five new disciples z un9vit$ gue/s1 might =esee a defici5cy ( w9e1 & wi%$ out ( pleasantry to pres5t 8 gift 9 an unexpect$ & my/]i\s mann]4 ,! 7glory7 :i* he manife/$ by ?is proce$+1 is said to be m]ely 8 humanity1 :i* 9 ! prop] place did n disda9 to pass a je/2 ! 1 7fai?7 :i* he !reby excit$ 9 8 disciples1 0 a joyful adh]5ce to a man :o exhibit$ none ( ! oppressive sev]ity :i* _h be5 anticipat$ 9 ! ,messiah4 ,m>y 0 aw>e ( h] son's project1 & w>n$ him :5 x appe>$ to h] "t to put x 9 execution2 b he rem9d$ h] playfully n to spoil 8 je/ by ov]-ha/e4 ,8 caus+ wat] to be drawn1 seems to h belong$ to ! playful deception :i* he int5d$2 t all at once w9e 0 f\nd 9 ! vessels in/ead ( wat]1 & t ?is 0 reg>d$ z a miracul\s metamorphosis1 might easily happ5 at a late h\r ( ! night1 :5 !re _h already be5 consid]able dr9k+2 la/ly1 t ,jesus did n enlight5 ! w$d+ p>ty z to ! true /ate ( ! case1 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( 8 wi% n himself to dissipate ! delusion :i* he _h playfully caus$4 #adii ,= ! re/1 h[ ! plan 0 effect$1 by :at arrangem5ts on ! "p ( ,jesus ! w9e 0 convey$ 9 ! place ( ! wat]1 ?is1 ,paulus ?9ks1 is n n[ to be asc]ta9$2 x is en\gh = u to "k t all happ5$ naturally4 ,z h[ev]1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ?is expositor1 ! ,evangeli/ 0 aw>e1 9 a g5]al mann]1 t ! :ole occurr5ce 0 natural1 :y has he giv5 u no intimation to t effect8 ,did he wi% to prep>e = ! read] ! same surprise t ,jesus _h prep>$ = ! spectators8 /ill he mu/ aft]w>ds h solv$ ! enigma1 if he did n int5d ! delusion to be p]man5t4 ,above all1 he ought n to h us$ ! mislead+ expression1 t ,jesus by ?is act manife/$ =? 8 glory 7 1 v4 #aa71 :i*1 9 ! phraseology ( ?is gospel1 c only mean 8 sup]ior dignity2 he ought n to h call$ ! incid5t a sign 771 by :i* some?+ sup]natural is impli$2 la/ly1 he ought n1 by ! expression1 ! wat] t 0 made w9e 7 1 v4 #i71 & /ill less by ! subsequ5t designation ( ,cana z ! place :]e he made ! wat] w9e 7 71 to h occasion$ ! impression1 t he approv$ ! miracul\s conception ( ! ev5t4 #aejj ,! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory s\ght to elude ^! difficulties by ! admission1 t ! n>rator himself1 ,john1 reg>d$ ! ev5t z a miracle1 & meant to describe x z su*4 ,n to m5tion1 h[ev]1 ! unwor?y mann] 9 :i* he expla9s ?is error on ! "p ( ! ,evangeli/1 #aeja x is n easy to conceive ( ,jesus t he %\ld h kept 8 disciples 9 ! same delusion z ! re/ ( ! gue/s1 & n h giv5 to !m at lea/ an explanation conc]n+ ! real c\rse ( ! ev5t4 ,x w\ld !re=e be necess>y to suppose t ! n>rator ( ?is ev5t 0 n "o ( ! disciples ( ,jesus3 a supposition :i* goes beyond ! sph]e ( ?is sy/em ( int]pretation4 ,b ev5 admitt+ t ! n>rator himself1 :oev] he may h be51 0 includ$ 9 ! same deception ) ^? :o reg>d$ ! affair z a miracle1 9 :i* case 8 mode ( repres5tation & ! expressions :i* he uses w\ld be acc\nt$ =2 /ill ! proc$ure ( ,jesus1 & 8 mode ( act+1 are all ! m inconceivable1 if no real miracle 7 on foot4 ,:y did he ) ref9$ assiduity arrange ! pres5tation ( ! w9e1 s t x might appe> to be a miracul\s gift8 ,:y1 9 p>ticul>1 did he cause ! vessels 9 :i* he int5d$ =?) to pres5t ! w9e1 to be fill$ be=eh& ) wat]1 ! necess>y removal ( :i* c\ld only be a h9drance to ! secret execution ( 8 plan8 unless inde$ x be suppos$1 ) ,wool/on1 t he m]ely imp>t$ to ! wat] ! ta/e ( w9e1 by p\r+ into x "s liquor4 ,?us !re is a d\ble difficulty2 on ! "o h&1 t ( imag9+ h[ ! w9e c\ld be introduc$ into ! vessels already fill$ ) wat]2 on ! o!r1 t ( free+ ,jesus f ! suspicion ( hav+ wi%$ to create ! appe>ance ( a miracul\s transmutation ( ! wat]4 ,x may h be5 ! p]ception ( ^! difficulties :i* induc$ ! au?or ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory entirely to sev] ! connexion betwe5 ! wat] :i* 0 p\r$ 91 & ! w9e :i* subsequ5tly appe>$1 by ! supposition t ,jesus _h caus$ ! wat] to be fet*$1 because !re 0 a defici5cy ( ?is also1 & ,jesus wi%$ to recomm5d ! b5eficial practice ( wa%+ be=e & aft] meals1 b t he aft]w>ds caus$ ! w9e to be br\ght out ( an adjo9+ room :]e he _h plac$ x3--a conception ( ! matt] :i* requires u ei!r to suppose ! intoxication ( all ! gue/s1 & especially ( ! n>rator1 z s consid]able1 t !y mi/ook ! w9e br\ght out ( ! adjo9+ room1 = w9e drawn out ( ! wat] vessels2 or else t ! deceptive arrangem5ts ( ,jesus 7 contriv$ ) v great art1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! /raight=w>dness ( "* else:]e ascrib$ to him4 ,9 ?is dilemma betwe5 ! supranatural & ! natural int]pretations1 ( :i*1 9 ?is case aga91 ! "o is z insuffici5t z ! o!r1 we %\ld be r$uc$1 ) "o ( ! mo/ rec5t comm5tators on ! f\r? gospel1 to wait 8until x pleas$ ,god1 by fur!r developm5ts ( judici\s ,*ri/ian reflection1 to evolve a solution ( ! enigma to ! g5]al satisfaction20 #aejb did we n disc]n an outlet 9 ! fact1 t ! hi/ory 9 "q is f\nd 9 ,john's gospel alone4 ,s+le 9 its k9d z ?is miracle is1 if x 7 also ! fir/ p]=m$ by ,jesus1 x mu/1 ev5 if all ! twelve 7 n !n ) ,jesus1 h yet be5 kn[n to !m all2 & ev5 if among ! re/ ( ! ,evangeli/s !re 7 no apo/le1 /ill x mu/ h pass$ into ! g5]al ,*ri/ian tradition1 & f !nce into ! synoptical memoirs3 consequ5tly1 z ,john alone has x1 ! supposition t x arose 9 a region ( tradition unkn[n to ! synopti/s1 seems easi] ?an ! alt]native1 t x s e>ly disappe>$ out ( t f :i* !y drew2 ! only "q is1 :e!r we are 9 a condition to %[ h[ su* a leg5d c\ld arise )\t hi/orical gr\nds4 ,kais] po9ts = ?is purpose to ! extravagant _s ( ! ori5tal leg5d1 :i* has ev] be5 s f]tile 9 metamorphoses3 b ?is s\rce is s wide & indef9ite1 t ,kais] f9ds x necess>y also to suppose a real je/ on ! "p ( ,jesus1 #aejc & ?us rema9s uneasily susp5d$ betwe5 ! my?ical & ! natural explanations1 a position :i* _c be escap$ f1 until !re c be produc$ po9ts ( my?ical connexion & orig9 m def9ite & exact4 ,n[ 9 ! pres5t case we ne$ halt nei!r at ! "* ( ea/]n leg5d 9 g5]al1 nor at metamorphoses 9 g5]al1 s9ce transmutations ( ?is p>ticul> elem5t ( wat] are to be f\nd )9 ! n>r[] circle ( ! anci5t ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,besides "s n>ratives ( ,moses procur+ = ! ,israelites wat] out ( ! fl9ty rock 9 ! wild]ness 7,exod4 xvii4 #a ff42 ,num4 xx4 #a ff47--a be/[al ( wat] :i*1 aft] be+ repeat$ 9 a modifi$ mann] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,samson 7,judges xv4 #ah f471 0 made a feature 9 ! messianic expectations2 #aejd--! fir/ transmutation ( wat] ascrib$ to ,moses1 is ! turn+ ( all ! wat] 9 ,egypt into blood1 :i* is enum]at$ among ! s-call$ plagues 7,exod4 vii4 #ag ff474 ,toge!r ) ?is mutatio 9 det]ius1 !re is 9 ! hi/ory ( ,moses a mutatio 9 melius1 also effect$ 9 wat]1 = he made bitt] wat] sweet1 "u ! direction ( ,jehovah 7,exod4 xiv4 #bc ff4 #aeje72 z at a lat] era1 ,eli%a also is said to h made unheal?y wat] good & innoxi\s 7#b ,k+s ii4 #ai ff4 #aejf74 ,z1 accord+ to ! rabb9ical passage quot$1 ! be/[al ( wat]1 s also1 accord+ to ?is n>rative 9 ,john1 ! transmutation ( wat] appe>s to h be5 transf]r$ f ,moses & ! prophets to ! ,messiah1 ) su* modifications1 h[ev]1 z lay 9 ! nature ( ! case4 ,if namely1 on ! "o h&1 a *ange ( wat] = ! worse1 l t ,mosaic transmutation into blood--if a miracle ( ?is retributive k9d might n seem well suit$ to ! mild _s ( ! ,messiah z recognis$ 9 ,jesus3 s on ! o!r h&1 su* a *ange = ! bett] z1 l ! removal ( bitt]ness or noxi\sness1 did n g beyond ! species ( wat]1 & did n1 l ! *ange into blood1 alt] ! sub/ance ( ! wat] itself1 might appe> insuffici5t = ! ,messiah2 if !n ! two conditions be unit$1 a *ange ( wat] = ! bett]1 :i* %\ld at ! same "t be a specific alt]ation ( its sub/ance1 mu/ almo/ ( necessity be a *ange into w9e4 ,n[ ?is is n>rat$ by ,john1 9 a mann] n inde$ 9 accordance ) reality1 b :i* mu/ be held all ! m 9 accordance ) ! _s ( 8 gospel4 ,= ! h>%ness ( ,jesus t[>ds 8 "m is1 hi/orically consid]$1 incr$ible2 b x is entirely 9 ! _s ( ! f\r? gospel1 to place 9 relief ! exaltation ( ,jesus z ! div9e ,logos by su* demean\r t[>ds suppliants 7z 9 ,john iv4 #dh71 & ev5 t[>ds 8 "m4 #aejg ,equally 9 ! _s ( ?is gospel is x also1 to exhibit ! firm fai? :i* ,m>y ma9ta9s not)/&+ ! negative answ] ( ,jesus1 by mak+ h] give ! direction to ! s]vants above consid]$1 z if %e _h a preconception ev5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus w\ld p]=m 8 miracle1 a preconception :i* is hi/orically impossible4 #aejh #ajd4 ,,jesus ,,curses ,a ,,b>r5 ,,fig-,,tree4 ,! anecdote ( ! fig-tree :i* ,jesus caus$ to )] by 8 ^w1 because :5 he 0 hungry he f\nd no fruit on x1 is peculi> to ! two fir/ gospels 7,matt4 xxi4 #ah ff42 ,m>k xi4 #ab ff471 b is n>rat$ by !m ) div]g5cies :i* mu/ affect our view ( ! fact4 ,"o ( ^! div]g5cies ( ,m>k f ,mat!w1 appe>s s fav\rable to ! natural explanation1 t1 *iefly 9 consid]ation ( x1 a t5d5cy t[>ds ! natural view ( ! miracles ( ,jesus has be5 ( late ascrib$ to ?is ,evangeli/2 & = ! sake ( ?is "o fav\rable div]g5cy1 he has be5 def5d$ 9 relation to ! o!r r inconv5i5t "o1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! n>rative be=e u4 ,if we 7 re/rict$ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! fir/ ,evangeli/ /ates ! consequ5ce ( ! curse ( ,jesus3 & imm$iately ! fig-tree )]$ away 1 x w\ld be difficult "h to c>ry out a natural explanation2 = ev5 ! =c$ int]pretation ( ,paulus1 :i* makes ! ^w 7imm$iately7 only exclude fur!r human accession to ! fact1 & n a long] space ( "t1 re/s only on an unw>rant$ transf]5ce ( ,m>k's p>ticul>s into ! n>rative ( ,mat!w4 ,9 ,m>k1 ,jesus curses ! fig-tree on ! morn+ aft] ,8 entrance into ,j]usalem1 & n till ! foll[+ morn+ ! disciples rem>k1 9 pass+1 t ! tree is )]$4 ,?r\gh ?is int]im1 :i* ,m>k leaves op5 betwe5 ! decl>ation ( ,jesus & ! )]+ ( ! tree1 ! natural explanation ( ! :ole n>rative ins9uates itself1 tak+ its /& on ! possibility1 t 9 ?is int]val ! tree might h )]$ f natural causes4 ,accord+ly1 ,jesus is suppos$ to h rem>k$ 9 ! tree1 besides ! lack ( fruit1 a condition f :i* he progno/icat$ t x w\ld soon )] away1 & to h utt]$ ?is pr$iction 9 ! words3 ,no "o w ev] aga9 ga!r fruit f !e4 ,! heat ( ! day hav+ realiz$ ! pr$iction ( ,jesus ) unexpect$ rapidity1 & ! disciples rem>k+ ?is ! next morn+1 !y !n fir/ connect$ ?is result ) ! words ( ,jesus on ! previ\s morn+1 & began to reg>d !m z a curse3 an int]pretation :i*1 inde$1 ,jesus does n confirm1 b impresses on ! disciples1 t if !y h only "s self-reliance1 !y w be able1 n only to pr$ict su* physiologically evid5t results1 b also to "k & effect ?+s f> m difficult4 #aeji ,b ev5 admitt+ ,m>k's /atem5t to be ! correct "o1 ! natural explanation /ill rema9s impossible4 ,= ! words ( ,jesus 9 ,m>k 7v4 #ad73 1 ,no man eat fruit ( !e h]eaft] = ev]1 if !y _h be5 meant to imply a m]e conjecture z to :at w\ld probably happ51 mu/ necess>ily h _h a pot5tial signification giv5 to !m by ! addition ( 2 & 9 ! expression ( ,mat!w3 1 ,let no fruit gr[ on !e h5ce=w>d = ev]1 ! comm& is n to be mi/ak51 al?\gh ,paulus w\ld only f9d 9 ?is also ! expression ( a possibility4 ,moreov] ! circum/ance t ,jesus addresses ! tree itself1 z also ! solemn 1 = ev]1 :i* he adds1 speaks aga9/ ! idea ( a m]e pr$iction1 & 9 fav\r ( a curse2 ,paulus p]ceives ?is fully1 & h5ce ) unw>rantable viol5ce he int]prets ! words he sai? to x1 z if !y introduc$ a say+ m]ely 9 ref]5ce to ! tree1 :ile he depreciates ! expression 1 by ! translation3 9 "t to come4 ,b ev5 if we grant t ! ,evangeli/s1 ow+ to _! errone\s conception ( ! incid5t1 may h some:at alt]$ ! words ( ,jesus1 & t he 9 reality only progno/icat$ ! )]+ ( ! tree2 /ill1 :5 ! pr$iction 0 fulfill$1 ,jesus did nev]!less ascribe ! result to 8 own sup]natural influ5ce4 ,= 9 speak+ ( :at he has done 9 relation to ! fig-tree1 he uses ! v]b 7v4 #ba ,matt472 :i* _c except by a =c$ int]pretation1 be ref]r$ to a m]e pr$iction4 ,b m ?an ?is1 he comp>es :at he has done 9 relation to ! fig-tree1 ) ! removal ( m\nta9s2 & h5ce1 z ?is1 accord+ to e possible int]pretation1 is an act ( causation1 s ! o!r mu/ be reg>d$ z an influ5ce on ! tree4 ,9 any case1 :5 ,pet] spoke ( ! fig-tree z hav+ be5 curs$ by ,jesus 7v4 #ba ,m>k71 ei!r ! latt] mu/ h contradict$ ! con/ruction ?us put on 8 words1 or 8 sil5ce mu/ h impli$ 8 acquiesc5ce4 ,if !n ,jesus 9 ! issue ascribes ! )]+ ( ! tree to 8 influ5ce1 he ei!r by 8 address to x design$ to produce an effect1 or he ambiti\sly misus$ ! accid5tal result = ! sake ( delud+ 8 disciples2 a dilemma1 9 :i* ! words ( ,jesus1 z !y are giv5 by ! ,evangeli/s1 decid$ly direct u to ! =m] alt]native4 ,?us we are inexorably ?r[n back f ! naturali/ic attempt at an explanation1 to ! conception ( ! supranaturali/s1 pre-em95tly difficult z ?is is 9 ! hi/ory be=e u4 ,we pass ov] :at might be said aga9/ ! physical possibility ( su* an influ5ce z is !re presuppos$2 n1 inde$1 because1 ) ,hase1 we c\ld compreh5d x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( natural magic1 #aeaj b because ano!r difficulty be=eh& excludes ! inquiry1 & does n all[ u to come to ! consid]ation ( ! physical possibility4 ,?is decisive difficulty relates to ! moral possibility ( su* an act on ! "p ( ,jesus4 ,! miracle he "h p]=ms is ( a punitive "*4 ,ano!r example ( ! k9d is n f\nd 9 ! canonical acc\nts ( ! life ( ,jesus2 ! apocryphal gospels alone1 z has be5 above rem>k$1 are full ( su* miracles4 ,9 "o ( ! synoptical gospels !re is1 on ! contr>y1 a passage (t5 quot$ already 7,luke ix4 #ee f471 9 :i* x is decl>$1 z ! pr(\nd conviction ( ,jesus1 t ! employm5t ( miracul\s p[] 9 ord] to execute puni%m5t or to take v5geance1 is contr>y to ! _s ( 8 vocation2 & ! same s5tim5t is attribut$ to ,jesus by ! ,evangeli/1 :5 he applies to him ! words ( ,isaiah3 ,he %all n break a bruis$ re$1 etc4 7,matt4 xii4 #bj74 ,agreeably to ?is pr9ciple1 & to 8 preval5t mode ( action1 ,jesus mu/ r h giv5 new life to a )]$ tree1 ?an h made a gre5 "o )]2 & 9 ord] to compreh5d 8 conduct on ?is occasion1 we mu/ be able to %[ reasons :i* he might possibly h _h1 = dep>t+ 9 ?is in/ance f ! above pr9ciple1 :i* has no m>k ( unau!nticity4 ,! occasion on :i* he enunciat$ t pr9ciple 0 :51 on ! refusal ( a ,sam>itan village to ex]cise hospitality t[>ds ,jesus & 8 disciples1 ! sons ( ,zeb$ee ask$ him :e!r !y %\ld n ra9 d[n fire on ! village1 aft] ! example ( ,elijah4 ,jesus repli$ by rem9d+ !m ( ! nature ( ! _s to :i* !y belong$1 a _s ) :i* s de/ructive an act 0 incompatible4 ,9 our pres5t case ,jesus _h n to deal ) m5 :o _h treat$ him ) inju/ice1 b ) a tree :i* he happ5$ n to f9d 9 ! desir$ /ate4 ,n[1 !re is "h no special reason = dep>t+ f ! above rule2 on ! contr>y1 ! *ief reason :i* 9 ! fir/ case might possibly h mov$ ,jesus to det]m9e on a judicial miracle1 is n pres5t 9 ! second4 ,! moral end ( puni%m5t1 namely1 to br+ ! puni%$ p]son to a conviction & ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 error1 c h no exi/5ce 9 relation to a tree2 & ev5 puni%m5t 9 ! light ( retribution is out ( ! "q :5 we are treat+ ( natural objects de/itute ( volition4 #aeaa ,= "o to be irritat$ aga9/ an inanimate object1 :i* does n happ5 to be f\nd j 9 ! desir$ /ate1 is ) reason pron\nc$ to be a pro( ( an uncultivat$ m9d2 to c>ry su* indignation to ! de/ruction ( ! object is reg>d$ z b>b>\s1 & unwor?y ( a reasonable be+2 & h5ce ,wool/on is n wrong 9 ma9ta9+1 t 9 any o!r p]son ?an ,jesus1 su* an act w\ld be sev]ely blam$4 #aeab ,x is true t :5 a natural object is intr9sically & habitually defective1 x may v well happ51 t x may be remov$ out ( ! way1 9 ord] to put a bett] 9 its place2 a measure1 h[ev]1 = :i*1 9 e case1 only ! own] has ! adequate motive & au?ority 7comp4 ,luke xiii4 #g74 ,b t ?is tree1 because j at t "t x pres5t$ no fruit1 w\ld n h borne any 9 succe$+ ye>s1 0 by no means self-evid5t3--nay1 ! contr>y is impli$ 9 ! n>rative1 s9ce ! =m 9 :i* ! curse ( ,jesus is express$1 t fruit %all nev] m gr[ on ! tree1 presupposes1 t )\t ?is curse ! tree might yet h be5 fruitful4 ,?us ! evil condition ( ! tree 0 n habitual b tempor>y2 /ill fur!r1 if we foll[ ,m>k1 x 0 n ev5 objective1 or exi/+ intr9sically 9 ! tree1 b purely subjective1 t is1 a result ( ! accid5tal relation ( ! tree to ! mom5t>y wi% & want ( ,jesus4 ,= accord+ to an addition :i* =ms ! second feature peculi> to ,m>k 9 ?is n>rative1 x 0 n !n ! "t ( figs 7v4 #ac72 x 0 n !re=e a defect1 b1 on ! contr>y1 q 9 due ord]1 t ?is tree1 z well z o!rs1 _h no figs on x1 & ,jesus 79 :om x is already en\gh to excite surprise t he expect$ to f9d figs on ! tree s out ( season7 might at lea/ h reflect$1 :5 he f\nd none1 on ! gr\ndlessness ( 8 expectation1 & h =borne s :olly unju/ an act z ! curs+ ( ! tree4 ,ev5 "s ( ! fa!rs /umbl$ at ?is addition ( ,m>k's & felt t x r5d]$ ! conduct ( ,jesus enigmatical2 #aeac & to desc5d to lat] times1 ,wool/on's ridicule is n unf\nd$1 :5 he says t if a ,k5ti% c\ntryman 7 to seek = fruit 9 8 g>d5 9 spr+1 & 7 to cut d[n ! trees :i* _h none1 he w\ld be a common laugh+-/ock4 ,expositors h attempt$ to free !mselves f ! difficulty :i* ?is addition introduces1 by a motley s]ies ( conjectures & int]pretations4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! wi% t ! p]plex+ words did n /& 9 ! text1 has be5 turn$ into ! hypo!sis t !y may probably be a subsequ5t gloss4 #aead ,on ! o!r h&1 z1 if an addition ( ?is k9d mu/ /& !re1 ! contr>y /atem5t1 namely1 t x 0 !n ! "t ( figs1 7 r to be desir$1 9 ord] to r5d] intelligible ! expectation ( ,jesus1 & 8 displeasure :5 he f\nd x deceiv$2 x has be5 attempt$ 9 v>i\s ways to remove ! negative out ( ! proposition4 ,"o exp$i5t is altoge!r viol5t1 be+ read in/ead ( 1 a po9t ins]t$ aft] 1 & a second suppli$ aft] 1 s t ! translation runs ?us3 ubi enim tum v]sabatur 7,jesus71 tempus ficuum erat2 #aeae ano!r exp$i5t1 ! trans=mation ( ! s5t5ce into an int]rogatory "o1 nonne enim1 etc41 is absurd4 #aeaf ,a ?ird exp$i5t is to und]/& ! words z imply+ ! "t ( ! fig-ga!r+1 & ?us to take ,m>k's addition z a /atem5t t ! figs 7 n yet ga!r$1 i4e4 7 /ill on ! trees1 #aeag 9 support ( :i* int]pretation1 appeal is made to ! phrase 7,matt4 xxi4 #cd74 ,b ?is expression /rictly ref]s only to ! antec$5t ( ! h>ve/1 ! exi/5ce ( ! fruits 9 ! fields or on ! trees2 :5 x /&s 9 an affirmative proposition1 x c only be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! consequ5t1 namely1 ! possible ga!r+ ( ! fruit1 9 s f> z x also includes ! antec$5t1 ! exi/5ce ( ! fruits 9 ! field3 h5ce c only mean ?us mu*3 ! 7ripe7 fruits /& 9 ! fields1 & are !re=e ready to be ga!r$4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! above expression /&s 9 a negative proposition1 ! antec$5t1 ! exi/5ce ( ! fruits 9 ! field1 on ! trees1 etc41 is prim>ily d5i$1 t ( ! consequ5t only second>ily & by implication2 ?us 1 means3 ! figs are n on ! trees1 & !re=e n ready to be ga!r$2 by no means ! rev]se3 !y are n yet ga!r$1 & !re=e are /ill on ! trees4 ,b ?is unexampl$ figure ( spee*1 by :i*1 :ile accord+ to ! words ! antec$5t is d5i$1 accord+ to ! s5se only ! consequ5t is d5i$1 & ! antec$5t affirm$1 is n all :i* ! above explanation entails ^u u2 x also requires ! admission ( ano!r figure :i* is sometimes call$ syn*isis1 sometimes hyp]baton4 ,=1 z a /atem5t t ! figs 7 !n /ill on ! trees1 ! addition 9 "q does n %[ ! reason :y ,jesus f\nd none on t tree1 b :y he expect$ ! contr>y2 x ought !re=e1 say ! advocates ( ?is explanation1 to /&1 n aft] he f\nd no?+ b leaves1 b aft] he came1 if haply he might f9d any ?+ !reon2 a transposition1 h[ev]1 :i* only proves t ?is :ole explanation runs c\nt] to ! text4 ,conv9c$1 on ! "o h&1 t ! addition ( ,m>k d5ies ! preval5ce ( circum/ances fav\rable to ! exi/5ce ( figs on t tree1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 /ill lab\r+ to ju/ify ! expectation ( ,jesus1 o!r expositors h s\ght to give to t negation1 in/ead ( ! g5]al s5se1 t x 0 n ! "r season ( ! ye> = figs1 a fact ( :i* ,jesus mu/ unavoidably h be5 aw>e1 ! p>ticul> s5se1 t special circum/ances only n necess>ily kn[n to ,jesus1 h9d]$ ! fruitfulness ( ! tree4 ,x w\ld h be5 a h9drance altoge!r special1 if ! soil 9 :i* ! tree 0 root$ _h be5 an unfruitful "o2 h5ce1 accord+ to "s1 ! words actually signify a soil fav\rable to figs4 #aeah ,o!rs ) m reg>d to ! v]bal mean+ ( 1 adh]e x is true to ! int]pretation ( x z fav\rable "t1 b in/ead ( und]/&+ ! /atem5t ( ,m>k univ]sally1 z ref]r+ to a regul>1 annual season1 9 :i* figs 7 n to be obta9$1 !y ma9ta9 x to mean t t p>ticul> ye> 0 f "s incid5tal causes unfav\rable to figs4 #aeai ,b ! imm$iate signification ( is ! "r1 9 opposition to ! wrong season1 n a fav\rable season z oppos$ to an unfav\rable "o4 ,n[1 :5 any "o1 ev5 9 an unproductive ye>1 seeks = fruits at ! "t 9 :i* !y are wont to be ripe1 x _c be said t x is ! wrong season = fruit2 on ! contr>y1 ! idea ( a bad ye> might be at once convey$ by ! /atem5t1 t :5 ! "t = fruit came1 1 !re 0 none to be f\nd4 ,9 any case1 if ! :ole c\rse ( ! ye> 7 unfav\rable to figs1 a fruit s abundant 9 ,pale/9e1 ,jesus mu/ almo/ z necess>ily h kn[n ?is z t x 0 ! wrong season2 s t ! enigma rema9s1 h[ ,jesus c\ld be s indignant t ! tree 0 9 a condition :i*1 ow+ to circum/ances kn[n to him1 0 inevitable4 ,b let u only rememb] :o x is to :om we owe t addition4 ,x is ,m>k1 :o1 9 8 ef=ts aft] ! explanatory & ! picturesque1 s frequ5tly draws on 8 own imag9ation2 & 9 do+ ?is1 z x has be5 long ago p]ceiv$1 & z we also h _h suffici5t opportunities ( obs]v+ on our way1 he does n always g to "w 9 ! mo/ consid]ate mann]4 ,?us1 "h1 he is arre/$ by ! fir/ /rik+ p>ticul> t pres5ts itself1 namely1 t ! tree 0 )\t fruit1 & ha/5s to furni% ! explanation1 t x 0 n ! "t = figs1 n obs]v+ t :ile he acc\nts physically = ! b>r5ness ( ! tree1 he makes ! conduct ( ,jesus morally inexplicable4 ,aga91 ! above-m5tion$ div]g5cy f ,mat!w 9 relation to ! "t )9 :i* ! tree )]$1 f> f ev9c+ m au!ntic in=mation1 #aebj or a t5d5cy to ! natural explanation ( ! m>vell\s on ! "p ( ,m>k1 is only ano!r product ( ! same dramatis+ ef=t z t :i* gave bir? to ! above addition4 ,! idea ( a tree sudd5ly )]+ at a ^w1 is difficult = ! imag9ation p]fectly to fa%ion2 :]eas x _c be call$ a bad dramatic contrivance1 to lay ! process ( )]+ beh9d ! sc5es1 & to make ! result be fir/ notic$ by ! subsequ5t pass]s by4 ,= ! re/1 9 ! ass]tion t x 0 !n 7a few days be=e ,ea/]7 no "t = figs1 ,m>k is s f> "r1 z x reg>ds ! conditions ( climate 9 ,pale/9e1 t at s e>ly a "t ( ! ye> ! new figs ( ! season 7 n yet ripe1 = ! e>ly fig or boccore is n ripe until ! middle or t[>ds ! end ( ,june2 :ile ! prop] fig1 ! k]mus1 rip5s only 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re might ab\t ,ea/] /ill be met ) "h & !re1 hang+ on ! tree1 ! ?ird fruit ( ! fig-tree1 ! late k]mus1 :i* _h rema9$ f ! previ\s autumn1 & ?r\gh ! w9t]3 #aeba z we read 9 ,josephus t a "p ( ,pale/9e 7! %ores ( ! ,galilean sea71 m fruitful1 c]ta9ly1 ?an ! c\ntry ar\nd ,j]usalem1 :]e ! hi/ory 9 "q occurr$1 produces figs un9t]rupt$ly dur+ t5 mon?s ( ! ye>1 4 #aebb ,b ev5 :5 we h ?us set aside ?is p]plex+ addition ( ,m>k's1 t ! tree 0 n really defective1 b only appe>$ s to ,jesus 9 consequ5ce ( an errone\s expectation3 !re /ill subsi/s1 ev5 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! incongruity t ,jesus appe>s to h de/roy$ a natural object on acc\nt ( a defici5cy :i* might possibly be m]ely tempor>y4 ,he _c h be5 prompt$ to ?is by economical consid]ations1 s9ce he 0 n ! own] ( ! tree2 /ill less c he h be5 actuat$ by moral views1 9 relation to an inanimate object ( nature2 h5ce ! exp$i5t has be5 adopt$ ( sub/itut+ ! disciples z ! prop] object on :i* ,jesus "h int5d$ to act1 & ( reg>d+ ! tree1 & :at ,jesus does to x1 z a m]e means to 8 ultimate design4 ,?is is ! symbolical int]pretation1 by :i* fir/ ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 & ( late ! majority ( or?odox !ologians among ! mod]ns1 h ?\ght to free ,jesus f ! *>ge ( an unsuitable action4 ,accord+ to !m1 ang] t[>ds ! tree :i* pres5t$ no?+ to appease 8 hung]1 0 n ! feel+ ( ,jesus1 9 p]=m+ ?is action2 8 object n simply ! ext]m9ation ( ! unfruitful plant3 on ! contr>y1 he judici\sly avail$ himself ( ! occasion ( f9d+ a b>r5 tree1 9 ord] to impress a tru? on 8 disciples m vividly & indelibly ?an by words4 ,?is tru? may ei!r be conceiv$ "u a special =m1 namely1 t ! ,jewi% nation :i* p]si/$ 9 r5d]+ no pleas+ fruit to ,god & to ! ,messiah1 w\ld be de/roy$2 or "u ! g5]al =m1 t e "o :o 0 z de/itute ( good works z ?is tree 0 ( fruit1 _h to look =w>d to a simil> condemnation4 #aebc ,o!r comm5tators h[ev] ) reason ma9ta91 t if ,jesus _h _h su* an end 9 view 9 ! action1 he mu/ 9 "s way h expla9$ himself on ! subject2 = if an elucidation 0 necess>y :5 he deliv]$ a p>able1 x 0 ! m indisp5sable :5 he p]=m$ a symbolical action1 9 proportion z ?is1 )\t su* an indication ( an object ly+ beyond itself1 0 m likely to be mi/ak5 = an object 9 itself2 #aebd x is true t1 "h z well z else:]e1 x might be suppos$1 t ,jesus probably enl>g$ on :at he _h done1 = ! in/ruction ( 8 disciples1 b t ! n>rators1 cont5t ) ! miracle1 h omitt$ ! illu/rative disc\rse4 ,if h[ev] ,jesus gave an int]pretation ( 8 act 9 ! alleg$ symbolical s5se1 ! ,evangeli/s h n m]ely be5 sil5t conc]n+ ?is disc\rse1 b h ins]t$ a false "o 9 its place2 = !y repres5t ,jesus1 aft] 8 proc$ure ) respect to ! tree1 n z be+ sil5t1 b z giv+1 9 answ] to an expression ( a/oni%m5t on ! "p ( 8 disciples1 an explanation :i* is n ! above symbolical "o1 b a diff]5t1 nay1 an opposite "o4 ,= :5 ,jesus says to !m t !y ne$ n wond] at ! )]+ ( ! fig-tree1 s9ce ) only a little fai? !y w be able to effect yet great] ?+s1 he lays ! *ief /ress on 8 ag5cy 9 ! matt]1 n on ! condition & ! fate ( ! tree z a symbol3 !re=e1 if 8 design turn$ ^u ! latt]1 he w\ld h spok5 to 8 disciples s z to contrav5e t design2 or r1 if he s spoke1 t _c h be5 8 design4 ,= ! same reason1 falls also ,sieff]t's totally unsupport$ hypo!sis1 t ,jesus1 n inde$ aft]1 b be=e t act1 :5 on ! way to ! fig-tree1 _h held a conv]sation ) 8 disciples on ! actual condition & future lot ( ! ,jewi% nation1 & t to ?is conv]sation ! symbolical curs+ ( ! tree 0 a m]e key-/one1 :i* expla9$ itself3 = all compreh5sion ( ! act 9 "q :i* t introduction might h facilitat$1 mu/1 especially 9 t age :5 !re 0 s /rong a bias t[>ds ! miracul\s1 h be5 aga9 oblit]at$ by ! subsequ5t decl>ation ( ,jesus1 :i* reg>d$ only ! miracul\s side ( ! fact4 ,h5ce ,ullmann has judg$ rightly 9 pref]r+ to ! symbolical int]pretation1 al?\gh he consid]s x admissible1 ano!r :i* _h previ\sly be5 advanc$3 #aebe namely1 t ,jesus by ?is miracle int5d$ to give 8 foll[]s a new pro( ( 8 p]fect p[]1 9 ord] to /r5g!n _! confid5ce 9 him "u ! approa*+ p]ils4 ,or r1 z a special ref]5ce to com+ trial is n[h]e exhibit$1 & z ! words ( ,jesus conta9 no?+ :i* he _h n already said at an e>li] p]iod 7,matt4 xvii4 #bj2 ,luke xvii4 #f71 ,fritzs*e is m correct 9 express+ ! view ( ! ,evangeli/s q g5]ally1 ?us3 ,jesus us$ 8 displeasure at ! unfruitfulness ( ! tree1 z an occasion = p]=m+ a miracle1 ! object ( :i* 0 m]ely ! g5]al "o ( all 8 miracles1 namely to atte/ 8 ,messiah%ip4 #aebf ,h5ce ,eu?ymius speaks entirely 9 ! _s ( ! n>rators1 z describ$ by ,fritzs*e1 #aebg :5 he =bids all inve/igation into ! special end ( ! action1 & exhorts ! read] only to look at x 9 g5]al z a miracle4 #aebh ,b x by no means foll[s f h5ce t we too %\ld refra9 f all reflection on ! subject1 & believ+ly receive ! miracle )\t fur!r "q2 on ! contr>y1 we _c avoid obs]v+1 t ! p>ticul> miracle :i* we h n[ be=e u1 does n admit ( be+ expla9$ z a real act ( ,jesus1 ei!r ^u ! g5]al gr\nd ( p]=m+ miracles1 or f any peculi> object or motive :atev]4 ,f> f ?is1 x is 9 e respect oppos$ bo? to 8 !ory & 8 prevail+ practice1 & on ?is acc\nt1 ev5 ap>t f ! "q ( its physical possibility1 mu/ be pron\nc$ m decid$ly1 ?an any o!r1 to be su* a miracle z ,jesus _c really h p]=m$4 ,x is incumb5t on u1 h[ev]1 to adduce positive pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( su* causes z1 ev5 )\t hi/orical f\ndation1 might give rise to a n>rative ( ?is k9d4 ,n[ 9 our usual s\rce1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we d1 inde$1 f9d _m figurative disc\rses & n>ratives ab\t trees1 & fig-trees 9 p>ticul>2 b none :i* has s specific an aff9ity to our n>rative1 t we c\ld say ! latt] is an imitation ( x4 ,b we ne$ n se>* long 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 be=e we f9d1 fir/ 9 ! m\? ( ! ,bapti/ 7,matt4 iii4 #aj71 !n 9 t ( ,jesus 7vii4 #ai71 ! apo!gm ( ! tree1 :i*1 because x be>s no good fruit1 is cut d[n & ca/ into ! fire2 & fur!r on 7,luke xiii4 #f ff47 ?is !me is dilat$ into ! fictiti\s hi/ory ( a man :o = ?ree ye>s 9 va9 seeks = fruit on a fig-tree 9 8 v9ey>d1 & on ?is acc\nt det]m9es to cut x d[n1 b t ! g>d5] int]c$es = ano!r ye>'s respite4 ,x 0 already an idea ( "s fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 t ! curs+ ( ! fig-tree 0 only ! p>able ( ! b>r5 fig-tree c>ri$ out into action4 #aebi ,x is true t !y held ?is op9ion 9 ! s5se ( ! explanation be=e cit$1 namely1 t ,jesus himself1 z he _h previ\sly exhibit$ ! actual condition & ! approa*+ cata/rophe ( ! ,jewi% p 9 a figurative disc\rse1 int5d$ on ! occasion 9 "q to repres5t !m by a symbolical action2 :i*1 z we h se51 is inconceivable4 ,nev]!less1 we _c help conjectur+1 t we h be=e u "o & ! same !me "u ?ree diff]5t modifications3 fir/1 9 ! mo/ conc5trat$ =m1 z an apo!gm2 !n exp&$ into a p>able2 & la/ly realiz$ z a hi/ory4 ,b we d n suppose t :at ,jesus twice describ$ 9 words1 he at l5g? repres5t$ by an action2 9 our op9ion1 x 0 tradition :i* conv]t$ :at x met ) z an apo!gm & a p>able into a real incid5t4 ,t 9 ! real hi/ory ! end ( ! tree is some:at diff]5t f t ?reat5$ 9 ! apo!gm & p>able1 namely1 )]+ in/ead ( be+ cut d[n1 ne$ n am\nt to a difficulty4 ,= _h ! p>able once become a real hi/ory1 ) ,jesus = its subject1 & consequ5tly its :ole didactic & symbolical significance pass$ into ! ext]nal act1 !n mu/ ?is1 if x 7 to h any weight & int]e/1 take ! =m ( a miracle1 & ! natural de/ruction ( ! tree by means ( ! axe mu/ be trans=m$ into an imm$iate )]+ on ! ^w ( ,jesus4 ,x is true t !re seems to be ! v same objection to ?is conception ( ! n>rative :i* all[s its inmo/ k]nel to be symbolical1 z to ! "o above consid]$2 namely1 t x is contrav5$ by ! words ( ,jesus :i* are app5d$ to ! n>rative4 ,b on our view ( ! gospel hi/ories we are w>rant$ to say1 t ) ! trans=mation ( ! p>able into a hi/ory1 its orig9al s5se also 0 lo/1 & z ! miracle began to be reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! pi? ( ! matt]1 t disc\rse on miracul\s p[] & fai?1 0 errone\sly annex$ to x4 ,ev5 ! p>ticul> circum/ance t l$ to ! selection ( ! say+ ab\t ! removal ( ! m\nta9 = association ) ! n>rative ( ! fig-tree1 may be %[n ) probability4 ,! p[] ( fai?1 :i* is "h repres5t$ by an effectual comm& to a m\nta93 ,be ?\ remov$ & be ?\ ca/ into ! sea1 is else:]e 7,luke xvii4 #f7 symboliz$ by an equally effectual comm& to a species ( fig-tree 773 ,be ?\ pluck$ up by ! root1 & be ?\ plant$ 9 ! sea4 ,h5ce ! curs+ ( ! fig-tree1 s soon z its )]+ 0 conceiv$ to be an effect ( ! miracul\s p[] ( ,jesus1 br\ght to m9d ! tree or ! m\nta9 :i* 0 to be transport$ by ! miracul\s p[] ( fai?1 & ?is say+ became app5d$ to t fact4 ,?us1 9 ?is in/ance1 praise is due to ! ?ird gospel = hav+ pres]v$ to u ! p>able ( ! b>r5 1 & ! apo!gm ( ! to be transplant$ by fai?1 di/9ct & pure1 ea* 9 its orig9al =m & significance2 :ile ! two o!r synopti/s h trans=m$ ! p>able into a hi/ory1 & h misappli$ ! apo!gm 79 a some:at alt]$ =m7 to a false explanation ( t pret5d$ hi/ory4 #aecj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,transfiguration ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,& ,,8 ,,la/ ,,j\rney ,,to ,,j]usalem4 #aje4 ,,! ,,transfiguration ,,( ,,jesus ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,miracul\s ,,ext]nal ,,ev5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration ( ,jesus on ! m\nta9 c\ld n be rang$ ) ! n>ratives ( miracles :i* we h hi!rto exam9$2 n only because x relates to a miracle :i* took place 9 ,jesus in/ead ( a miracle p]=m$ by him2 b also because x has ! "* ( an epo* 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 :i* on ! score ( resemblance c\ld only be associat$ ) ! baptism & resurrection4 ,h5ce ,h]d] has correctly designat$ ^! ?ree ev5ts z ! ?ree lum9\s po9ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 :i* atte/ 8 heav5ly mission4 #aeca ,accord+ to ! impression produc$ by ! fir/ glance at ! synoptical n>rative 7,matt4 xvii4 #a ff42 ,m>k ix4 #b ff42 ,luke ix4 #bh ff47--= ! hi/ory is n f\nd 9 ! f\r? gospel--we h "h a real1 ext]nal1 & miracul\s ev5t4 ,jesus1 six or eight days aft] ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( 8 passion1 asc5ds a m\nta9 ) 8 ?ree mo/ confid5tial disciples1 :o are !re witnesses h[ all at once 8 c\nt5ance1 & ev5 8 clo!s1 are illum9at$ ) sup]natural spl5d\r2 h[ two v5]able =ms f ! realm ( spirits1 ,moses & ,elias1 appe> talk+ ) him2 & la/ly1 h[ a heav5ly voice1 out ( ! bright cl\d1 decl>es ,jesus to be ! ,son ( ,god1 to :om !y are to give e>4 ,^! few po9ts 9 ! hi/ory give rise to a multitude ( que/ions1 by ! collection ( :i* ,gabl] has done a m]itori\s s]vice4 #aecb ,9 relation to ea* ( ! ?ree phases ( ! ev5t--! light1 ! app>ition ( ! dead1 & ! voice--bo? its possibility1 & ! adequacy ( its object1 may be ! subject ( "q4 ,fir/1 :5ce came ! extraord9>y light ) :i* ,jesus 0 inve/$8 ,let x be rememb]$ t a metamorphosis ( ,jesus is spok5 ( 7 73 n[ ?is w\ld appe> to imply1 n a m]e illum9ation f )\t1 b an irradiation f )91 a transi5t effulg5ce1 s to speak1 ( ! beams ( ! div9e glory ?r\gh ! veil ( humanity4 ,?us ,ol%aus5 reg>ds ?is ev5t z an important crisis 9 ! process ( purification & glorification1 ?r\gh :i* he supposes ! corporeality ( ,jesus to h pass$1 dur+ 8 :ole life up to ! "t ( 8 asc5sion4 #aecc ,b )\t "h dilat+ fur!r on our previ\s argum5ts1 t ei!r ,jesus 0 no real man1 or ! purification :i* he und]w5t dur+ 8 life1 mu/ h consi/$ 9 some?+ else ?an ! illum9ation & subtilization ( 8 body2 x is 9 no case to be conceiv$ h[ 8 clo!s1 z well z 8 body1 c\ld p>ticipate 9 su* a process ( transfiguration4 ,if1 on ?is acc\nt1 x be r pref]r$ to suppose an illum9ation f )\t1 ?is w\ld n be a metamorphosis1 :i* h[ev] is ! t]m us$ by ! ,evangeli/s3 s t no consi/5t conception c be =m$ ( ?is sc5e1 unless inde$ we *oose1 ) ,ol%aus51 to include bo? modes1 & ?9k ( ,jesus z bo? radiat+1 & irradiat$4 ,b ev5 suppos+ ?is illum9ation possible1 !re /ill rema9s ! "q1 :at purpose c\ld x s]ve8 ,! answ] :i* mo/ imm$iately sugge/s itself is3 to glorify ,jesus2 b comp>$ ) ! spiritual glory :i* ,jesus creat$ = himself by ^w & de$1 ?is physical glorification1 consi/+ 9 ! inve/+ ( 8 body ) a brilliant light1 mu/ appe> v insignificant1 nay1 almo/ *ildi%4 ,if x be said t1 nev]!less1 su* a mode ( glorify+ ,jesus 0 necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( weak fai?3 we reply t 9 t case1 x mu/ h be5 effect$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! multitude1 or at lea/ be=e ! entire circle ( ! disciples1 n surely be=e j ! select ?ree :o 7 spiritually ! /ronge/2 /ill less w\ld ^! few eye-witnesses h be5 prohibit$ f communicat+ ! ev5t precisely dur+ ! mo/ critical p]iod1 namely1 until aft] ! resurrection4--,^! two que/ions apply ) enhanc$ =ce to ! second feature 9 our hi/ory1 ! app>ition ( ! two dead m54 ,c dep>t$ s\ls become visible to ! liv+8 & if1 z x appe>s1 ! two m5 ( ,god pres5t$ !mselves 9 _! =m] bodies1 only transfigur$1 :5ce _h !y ^!--accord+ to biblical ideas--be=e ! univ]sal resurrection8 ,c]ta9ly 9 relation to ,elijah1 :o w5t up to heav5 )\t lay+ aside 8 body1 ?is difficulty is n s great2 ,moses1 h[ev]1 di$1 & 8 corpse 0 buri$4 ,b fur!r1 to :at end are we to suppose t ^! two illu/ri\s dead appe>$8 ,! evangelical n>rative1 by repres5t+ ! =ms z talk+ ) ,jesus1 41 seems to place ! object ( _! appe>ance 9 ,jesus2 & if ,luke be correct1 x _h ref]5ce m imm$iately to ! approa*+ suff]+s & dea? ( ,jesus4 ,b !y c\ld n h made ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ^! ev5ts to him1 =1 accord+ to ! unanim\s te/imony ( ! synopti/s1 he _h himself pr$ict$ !m a week be=e 7,matt4 xvi4 #ba p>all474 ,h5ce x is conjectur$1 t ,moses & ,elias only in=m$ ,jesus m m9utely conc]n+ ! p>ticul> circum/ances & conditions ( 8 dea?3 #aecd b1 on ! "o h&1 x is n accordant ) ! position :i* ! gospels assign to ,jesus 9 relation to ! anci5t prophets1 t he %\ld h ne$$ in/ruction f !m2 & on ! o!r h&1 ,jesus _h already =etold 8 passion s circum/antially1 t ! m special revelations f ! _w ( spirits c\ld only h ref]r$ to ! p>ticul>s ( 8 be+ deliv]$ to ! ,g5tiles1 & ! spitt+ 9 8 face1 ( :i* he does n speak till a subsequ5t occasion 7,matt4 xx4 #ai2 ,m>k x4 #cd74 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be sugge/$1 t ! communication to be made to ,jesus consi/$ n s mu* 9 in=mation1 z 9 ! conf]r+ ( /r5g? = 8 approa*+ suff]+s3 we submit t at ?is p]iod !re is n yet any trace ( a /ate ( m9d 9 ,jesus1 :i* might seem to dem& assi/ance ( ?is k9d2 :ile = 8 lat] suff]+s ?is e>ly /r5g!n+ did n suffice1 z is evid5t f ! fact1 t 9 ,ge?semane a new imp>tation is necess>y4 ,?us we are driv51 ?\gh already 9 opposition to ! text1 to try :e!r we _c give ! appe>ance a relation to ! disciples2 b fir/1 ! object ( /r5g!n+ fai? is too g5]al to be ! motive ( s special a disp5sation2 secondly1 ,jesus1 9 ! p>able ( ! ri* man1 mu/ on ?is supposition h falsely exp\nd$ ! pr9ciple ( ! div9e gov]nm5t 9 ?is respect1 = he !re says t he :o w n he> ! writ+s ( ,moses & ! prophets1--& h[ mu* m he :o w n he> ! pres5t ,*ri/8--w\ld n be br\ght to believe1 ?\gh "o %\ld return to him f ! dead3 :5ce x mu/ be inf]r$ t su* an app>ition1 at lea/ to t end1 is n p]mitt$ by ,god4 ,! m special object1 ( conv9c+ ! disciples t ! doctr9e & fate ( ,jesus 7 9 accordance ) ,moses & ! prophets1 _h be5 already p>tly atta9$2 & x 0 n completely atta9$ until aft] ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus1 & ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s3 ! transfiguration n hav+ =m$ any epo* 9 _! enlight5m5t on ?is subject4--,la/ly1 ! voice out ( ! bright cl\d 7)\t d\bt ! ,%e*9ah7 is1 l t at ! baptism1 a div9e voice3 b :at an an?ropomorphic conception ( ! ,div9e ,be+ mu/ t be1 :i* admits ! possibility ( real1 audible spee* on 8 "p6 ,or if x be said1 t a communication ( ,god to ! spiritual e>1 is alone spok5 ( "h1 #aece ! sc5e ( ! transfiguration is r$uc$ to a vision1 & we are sudd5ly transport$ to a totally diff]5t po9t ( view4 #ajf4 ,,! ,,natural ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,n>rative ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,=ms4 ,x has be5 s\ght to escape f ! difficulties ( ! op9ion :i* reg>ds ! transfiguration ( ,jesus z n only a miracul\s1 b also an ext]nal ev5t1 by conf9+ ! entire incid5t to ! int]nal exp]i5ce ( ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,9 adopt+ ?is position1 ! miracul\s is n at once rel9qui%$2 x is only transf]r$ to ! int]nal work+s ( ! human m9d1 z be+ ?us m simple & conceivable4 ,accord+ly x is suppos$1 t by div9e influ5ce ! spiritual nature ( ! ?ree apo/les1 & probably also ( ,jesus himself1 0 exalt$ to a /ate ( ec/asy1 9 :i* !y ei!r actually ent]$ into int]c\rse ) ! high] _w1 or 7 able to %ad[ =? its =ms to !mselves 9 ! mo/ vivid mann]2 t is1 ! ev5t is reg>d$ z a vision4 #aecf ,b ! *ief support ( ?is int]pretation1 namely1 t ,mat!w himself1 by ! expression 1 vision 7v4 #i71 describes ! ev5t z m]ely subjective & vision>y1 gives way s soon z x is rememb]$1 t nei!r is !re any?+ 9 ! signification ( ! ^w :i* det]m9es x to ref] to :at is m]ely m5tal1 nor is x exclusively s appli$ ev5 9 ! phraseology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 = we also f9d x1 z 9 ,acts vii4 #ca1 us$ to d5ote some?+ p]ceiv$ ext]nally4 #aecg ,z reg>ds ! fact itself1 x is improbable1 & at lea/ )\t scriptural prec$5t1 t sev]al p]sons1 z1 "h1 ?ree or f\r1 %\ld h _h ! same v complex vision2 #aech to :i* x may be add$1 t on ?is view ( ! subject also1 ! :ole difficult "q recurs conc]n+ ! utility ( su* a miracul\s disp5sation4 ,to avoid ! above difficulty1 o!rs1 /ill conf9+ ! ev5t to ! int]nal exp]i5ce ( ! p>ties1 reg>d x z ! product ( a natural activity ( s\l1 & ?us expla9 ! :ole z a dream4 #aeci ,dur+ or aft] a pray] (f]$ by ,jesus1 or by !mselves1 9 :i* m5tion 0 made ( ,moses & ,elias1 & _! adv5t z messianic =]unn]s desir$1 ! ?ree disciples1 accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 slept1 & 7! two names m5tion$ by ,jesus yet s\nd+ 9 _! e>s7 dream$ t ,moses & ,elias 7 pres5t1 & t ,jesus conv]s$ ) !m3 an illusion :i* cont9u$ dur+ ! fir/ confus$ mom5ts aft] _! awak+4 ,z ! =m] explanation re/s on ! ( ,mat!w1 s x is alleg$ 9 support ( ?is1 t ,luke describes ! disciples z heavy ) sleep1 1 & only t[>ds ! end ( ! sc5e z fully awake1 7v4 #cb74 ,! hold :i* ! ?ird ,evangeli/ "h pres5ts to ! natural explanation1 has be5 made a reason = assign+ to 8 n>rative an important sup]iority ov] t ( ! two o!r ,evangeli/s2 rec5t critics pron\nc+ t by ?is & o!r p>ticul>s1 :i* br+ ! ev5t ne>] to natural possibility1 ! acc\nt 9 ,luke ev9ces itself to be ! orig9al1 :ile t ( ,mat!w1 by its omission ( ^? p>ticul>s1 is prov$ to be ! tradition>y "o1 s9ce ) ! eag]ness = ! miracul\s :i* *>act]iz$ t age1 no "o w\ld fabricate p>ticul>s calculat$ to dim9i% ! miracle1 z is ! case ) ! sleep9ess ( ! disciples4 #aedj ,?is mode ( conclusion we also %\ld be oblig$ to adopt1 if 9 reality ! above features c\ld only be und]/ood 9 ! _s ( ! natural int]pretation4 ,b we h only to recollect h[ 9 ano!r sc5e1 :]e9 ! suff]+s1 :i* accord+ to ,luke 7 ann\nc$ at ! transfiguration1 began to be accompli%$1 & :]e91 accord+ to ! same ,evangeli/1 ,jesus likewise held communication ) a heav5ly app>ition1 namely1 9 ,ge?semane1 ! disciples1 9 all ! synoptical gospels1 aga9 appe> asleep1 7,matt4 xxvi4 #dj p>all474 ,if x be admitt$1 t ! m]ely ext]nal1 =mal resemblance ( ! two sc5es1 might cause a n>rator to convey ! trait ( ! slumb] into ! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration1 !re is a yet /rong] probability t ! int]nal import ( ! trait might appe> to him appropriate to ?is occasion also1 = ! sleep+ ( ! disciples at ! v mom5t :5 _! ma/] 0 go+ ?r\gh 8 mo/ critical exp]i5ce1 exhibits _! inf9ite di/ance f him1 _! inability to atta9 8 exalt$ level2 ! prophet1 ! recipi5t ( a revelation1 is among ord9>y m5 l a wat*] among ! sleep+3 h5ce x foll[$1 ( c\rse1 t z 9 ! deepe/ suff]+1 s "h also 9 ! highe/ glorification ( ,jesus1 ! disciples %\ld be repres5t$ z heavy ) sleep4 ,?us ?is p>ticul>1 s f> f furni%+ aid to ! natural explanation1 is r int5d$ by a contra/ to height5 ! miracle :i* took place 9 ,jesus4 ,we are1 !re=e1 no long] w>rant$ 9 reg>d+ ! n>rative 9 ,luke z ! orig9al "o1 & 9 build+ an explanation ( ! ev5t on 8 /atem5t2 on ! contr>y1 we consid] t addition1 9 connexion ) ! "o already m5tion$ 7v4 #ca71 a sign t 8 acc\nt is a tradition>y & embelli%$ "o1 #aeda & mu/ r adh]e to t ( ! two o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 does ! int]pretation :i* sees 9 ! transfiguration only a natural dream ( ! apo/les1 fail z to its ma9 support1 b x has besides a multitude ( int]nal difficulties4 ,x presupposes only ! ?ree disciples to h be5 dream+1 leav+ ,jesus awake1 & ?us n includ$ 9 ! illusion4 ,b ! :ole t5or ( ! evangelical n>rative implies t ,jesus z well z ! disciples saw ! appe>ance2 & :at is /ill m decisive1 _h ! :ole be5 a m]e dream ( ! disciples1 he c\ld n aft]w>ds h said to !m3 ,tell ! vision to no man1 s9ce by ^! words he mu/ h confirm$ 9 !m ! belief t !y _h witness$ some?+ special & miracul\s4 ,suppos+ h[ev] t ,jesus _h no %>e 9 ! dream1 x /ill rema9s altoge!r unexampl$1 t ?ree p]sons %\ld 9 a natural mann] h _h ! same dream at ! same "t4 ,?is ! fri5ds ( ! above int]pretation h p]ceiv$1 & h5ce h suppos$ t ! ard5t ,pet]1 :o inde$ is ! only speak]1 alone _h ! dream1 b t ! n>rators1 by a synecdo*e attribut$ to all ! disciples :at 9 fact happ5$ only to "o4 ,b f ! circum/ance t ,pet] "h1 z well z else:]e1 is ! spokesman1 x does n foll[ t he alone _h ! vision1 & ! contr>y c by no figure ( spee* be remov$ f ! cle> words ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,b ! explanation 9 "q /ill m pla9ly betrays its inadequacy4 ,n only does x require1 z already notic$1 t ! audible utt]ance ( ! "n ( ,moses & ,elias on ! "p ( ,jesus1 %\ld be bl5d$ ) ! dream ( ! disciples2 b x also calls 9 ! aid ( a /orm1 :i* by its fla%es ( lightn+ is suppos$ to h giv5 rise 9 !m to ! idea ( sup]natural spl5d\r1 by its peals ( ?und]1 to t ( conv]sation & heav5ly voices1 & to h held !m 9 ?is delusion ev5 = "s "t aft] !y awak$4 ,b1 accord+ to ,luke1 x 0 on ! wak+ ( ! disciples 7 4447 t !y saw ! two m5 /&+ by ,jesus3 ?is does n look l a m]e illusion protract$ f a dream into wak+ mom5ts2 h5ce ,ku9l introduces ! fur!r supposition1 t1 :ile ! disciples slept1 !re came to ,jesus two unkn[n m51 :om !y1 9 awak+1 connect$ ) _! dream1 & mi/ook = ,moses & ,elias4 ,by giv+ ?is turn to ! circum/ances1 all ^? occurr5ces :i* on ! int]pretation bas$ on ! supposition ( a dream1 %\ld be reg>d$ z m]e m5tal conceptions1 are aga9 made ext]nal realities3 = ! idea ( sup]natural brilliancy is suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by a fla% ( lightn+1 ! idea ( voices1 by ?und]1 & la/ly1 ! idea ( two p]sons 9 company ) ,jesus1 by ! actual pres5ce ( two unkn[n individuals4 ,all ?is ! disciples c\ld prop]ly p]ceive only :5 !y 7 awake2 & h5ce ! supposition ( a dream falls to ! gr\nd z sup]flu\s4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ?is int]pretation1 by /ill reta9+ a ?read ( connexion betwe5 ! alleg$ "* ( ! ev5t & a m5tal condition1 has ! peculi> difficulty ( mak+ ?ree p>take 9 ! same dream1 x is bett] entirely to break ?is ?read1 & re/ore all to ! ext]nal _w3 s t we n[ h a natural ext]nal occurr5ce be=e u1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance we _h a sup]natural "o4 ,some?+ objective pres5t$ itself to ! disciples2 ?us x is expla9$ h[ x c\ld be p]ceiv$ by sev]al at once3 !y deceiv$ !mselves :5 awake z to :at !y saw2 ?is 0 natural1 because !y 7 all born )9 ! same circle ( ideas1 7 9 ! same frame ( m9d1 & 9 ! same situation4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 ! ess5tial fact 9 ! sc5e on ! m\nta91 is a secret int]view :i* ,jesus _h preconc]t$1 & ) a view to :i* he took ) him ! ?ree mo/ confid5tial ( 8 disciples4 ,:o ! two m5 7 ) :om ,jesus held ?is int]view1 ,paulus does n v5ture to det]m9e2 ,ku9l conjectures t !y 7 secret adh]5ts ( ! same k9d z ,nicodemus2 accord+ to ,v5tur9i1 !y 7 ,ess5es1 secret allies ( ,jesus4 ,be=e ^! 7 arriv$1 ,jesus pray$1 & ! disciples1 n be+ invit$ to jo91 slept2 = ! sleep notic$ by ,luke1 ?\gh x 7 dreamless1 is gladly reta9$ 9 ?is int]pretation1 s9ce a delusion appe>s m probable 9 ! case ( p]sons j awak+4 ,on he>+ /range voices talk+ ) ,jesus1 !y awake1 see ,jesus1 :o probably /ood on a high] po9t ( ! m\nta9 ?an !y1 envelop$ 9 unwont$ brilliancy1 proce$+ f ! fir/ rays ( morn+1 :i*1 p]haps reflect$ f a %eet ( sn[1 fell on ,jesus1 b 7 mi/ak5 by !m 9 ! surprise ( ! mom5t = a sup]natural illum9ation2 !y p]ceive ! two m51 :om1 = "s unkn[n reasons1 ! dr[sy ,pet]1 & aft] him ! re/1 take = ,moses & ,elias2 _! a/oni%m5t increases :5 !y see ! two unkn[n individuals disappe> 9 a bright morn+ cl\d1 :i* desc5ds z !y are 9 ! act ( dep>t+1 & he> "o ( !m pron\nce out ( ! cl\d ! words3 4441 :i* !y "u ^! circum/ances unavoidably reg>d z a voice f heav54 #aedb ,?is explanation1 :i* ev5 ,s*lei]ma*] is incl9$ to fav\r1 #aedc is suppos$1 l ! =m]1 to f9d a special support 9 ,luke1 because 9 ?is ,evangeli/ ! ass]tion t ! two m5 are ,moses & ,elias1 is mu* less confid5tly express$ ?an 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 & m z a m]e notion ( ! dr[sy ,pet]4 ,= :ile ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s directly say3 7!re appe>$ unto !m ,moses & ,elias71 ,luke m w>ily1 z x seems1 speaks ( 1 7two m51 :o 7 ,moses & ,elias71 ! fir/ designation be+ held to conta9 ! objective fact1 ! second its subjective int]pretation4 ,b ?is int]pretation is obvi\sly approv$ by ! n>rator1 f 8 *oice ( ! ^w 1 in/ead ( 2 t he fir/ speaks ( two m51 & aft]w>ds gives !m _! names1 _c h be5 to leave ano!r int]pretation op5 to ! read]1 b only to imitate ! my/]i\sness ( ! extraord9>y sc5e1 by ! indef9it5ess ( 8 fir/ expression4 ,:ile ?is explanation has ?us z little support 9 ! evangelical n>ratives z ^? previ\sly consid]$1 x has at ! same "t no few] difficulties 9 itself4 ,! disciples mu/ h be5 s f> acqua9t$ ) ! appe>ance ( ! morn+ beams on ! m\nta9s ( _! native l&1 z to be able to di/+ui% !m f a heav5ly glory2 h[ !y came to h ! idea t ! two unkn[n individuals 7 ,moses & ,elias1 is n easy to expla9 on any ( ! =m] views1 b lea/ ( all on ?is2--:y ,jesus1 :5 ,pet]1 by 8 proposal ab\t ! build+ ( ! ?ree tab]nacles1 gave him to und]/& ! delusion ( ! disciples1 did n remove x1 is incompreh5sible1 & ?is difficulty has induc$ ,paulus to resort to ! supposition1 t ,jesus did n he> ! address ( ,pet]2--! :ole conjecture ab\t secret allies ( ,jesus has ju/ly lo/ all repute2 & la/ly1 ! "o ( ^? allies :o spoke ! words to ! disciples out ( ! cl\d1 mu/ h p]mitt$ himself to use an unwor?y my/ification4 #ajg4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,transfiguration ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,my?us4 ,?us "h1 z 9 e =m] in/ance1 aft] hav+ run ?r\gh ! circle ( natural explanations1 we are l$ back to ! sup]natural2 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 we are preclud$ f re/+ by difficulties equally decisive4 ,s9ce !n ! text =bids a natural int]pretation1 :ile x is impossible to ma9ta9 z hi/orical ! sup]natural int]pretation :i* x sanctions1 we mu/ apply ourselves to a critical exam9ation ( its /atem5ts4 ,^! are inde$ said to be especially tru/wor?y 9 ! n>rative be=e u1 ! fact be+ n>rat$ by ?ree ,evangeli/s1 :o /rik+ly agree ev5 9 ! precise det]m9ation ( ! "t1 & be+ moreov] atte/$ by ! ,apo/le ,pet] 7#b ,pet4 i4 #ag74 #aedd ,! agreem5t z to ! "t 7! eight days ( ,luke mean+1 accord+ to ! usual reckon+1 ! same z ! six days ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s7 is c]ta9ly /rik+2 & besides ?is1 all ! ?ree n>rators concur 9 plac+ imm$iately aft] ! transfiguration ! cure ( ! demoniacal boy1 :i* ! disciples _h fail$ to effect4 ,b bo? ^! po9ts ( agreem5t may be acc\nt$ =1 by ! orig9 ( ! synoptical gospels f a fix$ fund ( evangelical tradition1 9 relation to :i*1 we ne$ n be m surpris$ t x has gr\p$ toge!r _m anecdotes 9 a p>ticul> mann] )\t any objective reason1 ?an t x has (t5 pres]v$ expressions 9 :i* x might h v>i$1 ?r\gh all ! ?ree editions4 #aede ,! atte/ation ( ! hi/ory by ! ?ree synopti/s is1 h[ev]1 v mu* weak5$1 at lea/ on ! ord9>y view ( ! relation :i* ! f\r gospels be> to ea* o!r1 by ! sil5ce ( ,john2 s9ce x does n appe> :y ?is ,evangeli/ %\ld n h includ$ 9 8 hi/ory an ev5t :i* 0 s important1 & :i* moreov] accord$ s well ) 8 sy/em1 nay1 exactly realiz$ ! decl>ation 9 8 prologue 7v4 #ad73 ,we beheld 8 glory1 ! glory z ( ! only begott5 ( ! ,fa!r4 ,! worn-out reason1 t he might suppose ! ev5t to be suffici5tly kn[n ?r\gh 8 pr$ecessors1 is1 ov] & above its g5]al invalidity1 p>ticul>ly unavailable "h1 because no "o ( ! synopti/s 0 9 ?is in/ance an eye-witness1 & consequ5tly !re mu/ be _m ?+s 9 _! n>ratives :i* "o :o1 l ,john1 _h p>ticipat$ 9 ! sc5e1 might rectify & expla94 ,h5ce ano!r reason has be5 s\ght = ?is & simil> omissions 9 ! f\r? gospel2 & su* an "o has be5 suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ! anti-gno/ic1 or1 m /rictly1 ! anti-docetic t5d5cy :i* has be5 ascrib$ to ! gospel1 9 common ) ! epi/les1 be>+ ! "n ( ,john4 ,x is1 accord+ly1 ma9ta9$ t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration1 ! spl5d\r :i* illum9at$ ,jesus1 ! trans=mation ( 8 appe>ance into some?+ m ?an e>?ly1 might give c\nt5ance to ! op9ion t 8 human =m 0 no?+ b an unsub/antial veil1 ?r\gh :i* at times 8 true1 sup]human nature %one =?2 t 8 conv]se ) ! spirits ( anci5t prophets might lead to ! conjecture1 t he 0 himself p]haps only a l _s ( "s ,old ,te/am5t sa9t revisit+ ! e>?2 & t1 r ?an give n\ri%m5t to su* errone\s notions1 :i* began e>ly to be =m$ among gno/icis+ ,*ri/ians1 ,john *ose to suppress ?is & simil> hi/ories4 #aedf ,b besides t x does n correspond ) ! apo/olic pla9ness ( spee* 77 to suppress important facts 9 ! evangelical hi/ory1 on acc\nt ( _! possible abuse by individuals4 ,john1 if he 7 guid$ by ! above consid]ation mu/ at lea/ h proce$$ ) "s consi/5cy1 & h exclud$ f ! circle ( 8 acc\nts all n>ratives :i*1 9 an equal degree ) ! "o 9 "q1 7 susceptible ( a docetic mis9t]pretation4 ,n[1 "h1 e "o mu/ at once be rem9d$ ( ! hi/ory ( ! walk+ ( ,jesus on ! sea1 :i* is at lea/ equally calculat$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration1 to produce ! idea t ! body ( ,jesus 0 a m]e phantom1 b :i* ,john nev]!less records4 ,x is true t ! relative importance ( ev5ts might introduce a di/9ction2 s t ( two n>ratives ) an equally /rong docetic aspect1 ,john might include ! "o on acc\nt ( its sup]ior weight1 :ile he omitt$ ! less important4 ,b no "o w cont5d t ! walk+ ( ,jesus on ! sea surpasses1 or ev5 equals1 9 importance ! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration4 ,john1 if he 7 int5t on avoid+ :at wore a docetic appe>ance1 mu/ on e consid]ation h suppress$ ! fir/ hi/ory be=e all o!rs4 ,z he has n done s1 ! above pr9ciple _c h influ5c$ him1 & consequ5tly c nev] be advanc$ z a reason = ! design$ omission ( a hi/ory 9 ! f\r? gospel2 r x may be conclud$1 & p>ticul>ly 9 relation to ! ev5t 9 "q1 t ! au?or knew no?+1 or at lea/ no?+ precise1 ( t hi/ory4 #aedg ,x is true t ?is conclusion c =m an objection to ! hi/orical "* ( ! n>rative ( ! transfiguration1 to ^? only :o suppose ! f\r? gospel to be ! "w ( an apo/le2 s t f ?is sil5ce we _c argue aga9/ ! tru? ( ! n>rative4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! agreem5t ( ! synopti/s proves no?+ 9 its fav\r1 s9ce we h already be5 oblig$ to pron\nce unhi/orical m ?an "o n>rative 9 :i* ?ree1 nay1 all f\r gospels agree4 ,la/ly1 z reg>ds ! alleg$ te/imony ( ,pet]1 f ! m ?an d\btful g5u95ess ( ! second ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 ! passage :i* c]ta9ly ref]s to our hi/ory ( ! transfiguration is r5\nc$ z a pro( ( its hi/orical tru? ev5 by or?odox !ologians4 #aedh ,on ! o!r h& besides ! difficulties previ\sly enum]at$1 ly+ 9 ! miracul\s cont5ts ( ! n>rative1 we h /ill a fur!r gr\nd = d\bt 9 relation to ! hi/orical validity ( ! transfiguration3 namely1 ! conv]sation :i*1 accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 ! disciples held ) ,jesus imm$iately aft]4 ,9 desc5d+ f ! m\nta91 ! disciples ask ,jesus3 1 2 ,:y !n say ! scribes t ,elias mu/ fir/ come8 7,matt4 v4 #aj74 ,?is s\nds j z if some?+ _h happ5$1 f :i* !y necess>ily inf]r$ t ,elias w\ld n appe>2 & n 9 ! lea/ z if !y 7 com+ directly f a sc5e 9 :i* he _h actually appe>$2 = 9 ! latt] case !y w\ld n h ask$ a "q1 z if unsatisfi$1 b mu/ r h indicat$ _! satisfaction by ! rem>k1 444 ,truly !n d ! scribes say1 etc4 #aedi ,h5ce1 expositors int]pret ! "q ( ! disciples to ref]1 n to ! abs5ce ( an appe>ance ( ,elias 9 g5]al1 b to ! abs5ce ( a c]ta9 concomitant 9 ! sc5e :i* !y _h j witness$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! scribes1 namely1 _h taught !m to anticipate t ,elias on 8 second appe>ance w\ld ex]t a re=m+ influ5ce on ! life ( ! nation2 :]eas 9 ! appe>ance :i* !y _h j beheld he _h pres5tly vani%$ aga9 )\t fur!r activity4 #aeej ,?is explanation w\ld be admissible if ! words 7w re/ore all ?+s7 /ood 9 ! "q ( ! disciples2 in/ead ( ?is1 h[ev]1 x /&s 9 bo? n>ratives 7,matt4 v4 #aa2 ,m>k v4 #ab7 only 9 ! answ] ( ,jesus3 s t ! disciples1 accord+ to ?is supposition1 mu/1 9 ! mo/ contradictory mann]1 h be5 sil5t z to :at !y really miss$1 ! re/oration ( all ?+s1 & only h m5tion$ t :i* aft] ! =ego+ appe>ance !y c\ld n h miss$1 namely1 ! com+ ( ,elias4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( ! disciples presupposes no previ\s appe>ance ( ,elias1 b1 on ! contr>y1 expresses ! feel+ t su* an appe>ance 0 want+1 s ! answ] :i* ,jesus gives !m has ! same purport4 ,= :5 he replies3 ! scribes are "r 9 say+ t ,elias mu/ come be=e ! ,messiah2 b ?is is no argum5t aga9/ my ,messiah%ip1 s9ce an ,elias has already prec$$ me 9 ! p]son ( ! ,bapti/1--:5 he ?us seeks to gu>d 8 disciples aga9/ ! d\bt :i* might arise f ! expectation ( ! scribes1 by po9t+ out to !m ! figurative ,elias :o _h prec$$ him1--x is impossible t an appe>ance ( ! actual ,elias c h previ\sly tak5 place2 o!rwise ,jesus mu/ 9 ! fir/ place h ref]r$ to ?is appe>ance1 & only 9 ! second place to ! ,bapti/4 #aeea ,?us ! imm$iate connexion ( ?is conv]sation ) t appe>ance _c be hi/orical1 b is r ow+ solely to ?is po9t ( simil>ity2--t 9 bo? m5tion is made ( ,elias4 #aeeb ,b n ev5 at an int]val1 & aft] ! lapse ( int]m$iate ev5ts1 c su* a conv]sation h be5 prec$$ by an appe>ance ( ,elias2 = h[ev] long aft]w>ds1 bo? ,jesus & ! ?ree eye-witnesses among 8 disciples mu/ h rememb]$ x1 & c\ld nev] h spok5 z if su* an appe>ance _h n tak5 place4 ,/ill fur!r1 an appe>ance ( ! real ,elias _c h happ5$ ev5 aft] su* a conv]sation1 9 accordance ) ! or?odox idea ( ,jesus4 ,= he1 too1 explicitly decl>es 8 op9ion t ! lit]al ,elias 0 n to be expect$1 & t ! ,bapti/ 0 ! promis$ ,elias2 if !re=e1 nev]!less1 an appe>ance ( ! real ,elias did subsequ5tly take place1 ,jesus mu/ h be5 mi/ak52 a consequ5ce :i* precisely ^? :o are mo/ conc]n$ = ! hi/orical reality ( ! transfiguration1 are ! lea/ 9 a position to admit4 ,if !n ! appe>ance & ! conv]sation directly exclude ea* o!r1 ! "q is1 :i* ( ! two passages c bett] be r5\nc$8 ,n[ ! purport ( ! conv]sation is s confirm$ by ,matt4 xi4 #ad1 comp4 ,luke i4 #ag1 :ile ! transfiguration is r5d]$ s improbable by all k9ds ( difficulties1 t !re _c be mu* d\bt z to ! decision4 ,accord+ to ?is1 x appe>s "h z 9 "s =m] cases1 t two n>ratives proce$+ f q diff]5t presuppositions1 & hav+ aris5 also 9 diff]5t times1 h be5 awkw>dly en\gh comb9$3 ! passage conta9+ ! conv]sation proce$+ f ! probably e>li] op9ion1 t ! prophecy conc]n+ ,elias _h its fulfilm5t 9 ,john2 :]eas ! n>rative ( ! transfiguration d\btless orig9at$ at a lat] p]iod1 :5 x 0 n held suffici5t t 9 ! messianic "t ( ,jesus1 ,elias %\ld only h appe>$ figuratively1 9 ! p]son ( ! ,bapti/1--:5 x 0 ?\ght fitt+ t he %\ld also h %[n himself p]sonally & lit]ally1 if 9 no m ?an a transi5t appe>ance be=e a few witnesses 7a public & m influ5tial "o be+ well kn[n n to h tak5 place74 #aeec ,9 ord] next to und]/& h[ su* a n>rative c\ld arise 9 a leg5d>y mann]1 ! fir/ feature to be consid]$1 on ! exam9ation ( :i* t ( all ! re/ w mo/ easily foll[1 is ! sun-l spl5d\r ( ! c\nt5ance ( ,jesus1 & ! bright lu/re ( 8 clo!s4 ,to ! ori5tal1 & m p>ticul>ly to ! ,hebrew imag9ation1 ! beautiful1 ! maje/ic1 is ! lum9\s2 ! poet ( ! ,song ( ,songs comp>es 8 belov$ to ! hues ( morn+1 to ! moon1 to ! sun 7vi4 #i72 ! holy man support$ by ! bless+ ( ,god1 is comp>$ to ! sun go+ =? 9 8 might 7,judg4 v4 #ca72 & above all ! future lot ( ! righte\s is lik5$ to ! spl5d\r ( ! sun & ! />s 7,dan4 xii4 #c2 ,matt4 xiii4 #dc74 #aeed ,h5ce1 n only does ,god appe> clo!d 9 light1 & angels ) respl5d5t c\nt5ances & %9+ g>m5ts 7,ps4 l4 #b1 #c2 ,dan4 vii4 #i f41 x4 #e1 #f2 ,luke xxiv4 #d2 ,rev4 i4 #ac ff471 b also ! pi\s ( ,hebrew antiquity1 z ,adam be=e ! fall1 & among subsequ5t in/ances1 m p>ticul>ly ,moses & ,jo%ua1 are repres5t$ z be+ di/+ui%$ by su* a spl5d\r2 #aeee & ! lat] ,jewi% tradition ascribes cele/ial spl5d\r ev5 to em95t rabb9s 9 exalt$ mom5ts4 #aeef ,b ! mo/ celebrat$ example ( ?is k9d is ! lum9\s c\nt5ance ( ,moses1 :i* is m5tion$1 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #bi ff41 & z 9 o!r po9ts1 s 9 ?is1 a conclusion 0 drawn f him 9 relation to ! ,messiah1 a m9ori ad majus4 ,su* a mode ( argu+ is indicat$ by ! ,apo/le ,paul1 #b ,cor4 iii4 #g ff41 ?\gh he opposes to ,moses1 ! m9i/] ( ! lett]1 1 n ,jesus1 b1 9 accordance ) ! occasion ( 8 epi/le1 ! apo/les & ,*ri/ian tea*]s1 m9i/]s ( ! _s1 1 & ! glory1 1 ( ! latt]1 :i* surpass$ ! glory ( ,moses1 is an object ( hope1 1 to be atta9$ only 9 ! future life4 ,b especially 9 ! ,messiah himself1 x 0 expect$ t !re w\ld be a spl5d\r :i* w\ld correspond to t ( ,moses1 nay1 out%9e x2 & a ,jewi% writ+ :i* takes no notice ( our hi/ory ( ! transfiguration1 argues q 9 ! _s ( ! ,jews ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian p]iod1 :5 x urges t ,jesus _c h be5 ! ,messiah1 because 8 c\nt5ance _h n ! spl5d\r ( ! c\nt5ance ( ,moses1 to say no?+ ( a high] spl5d\r4 #aeeg ,su* objections1 d\btless he>d by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians f ! ,jews1 & p>tly sugge/$ by _! own m9ds1 c\ld n b g5]ate 9 ! e>ly *ur* a t5d5cy to introduce into ! life ( ,jesus an imitation ( t trait 9 ! life ( ,moses1 nay1 9 "o respect to surpass x1 & in/ead ( a %9+ c\nt5ance t might be cov]$ ) a veil1 to ascribe to him a radiance1 ?\gh b transitory1 :i* 0 diffus$ ev5 ov] 8 g>m5ts4 ,t ! illum9ation ( ! c\nt5ance ( ,moses s]v$ z a type = ! transfiguration ( ,jesus1 is besides prov$ by a s]ies ( p>ticul> features4 ,moses obta9$ 8 spl5d\r on ,m\nt ,s9ai3 ( ! transfiguration ( ,jesus also ! sc5e is a m\nta92 ,moses1 on an e>li] asc5t ( ! m\nta91 :i* might easily be conf\nd$ ) ! lat] "o1 aft] :i* 8 c\nt5ance became lum9\s1 _h tak5 ) him1 besides ! sev5ty eld]s1 ?ree confid5tial fri5ds1 ,a>on1 ,nadab1 & ,abihu1 to p>ticipate 9 ! vision ( ,jehovah 7,exod4 xxiv4 #a1 #i-aa72 s ,jesus takes ) him 8 ?ree mo/ confid5tial disciples1 t1 s f> z _! p[]s 7 adequate1 !y might be witnesses ( ! sublime spectacle1 & _! imm$iate object 01 accord+ to ,luke v4 #bh1 to pray1 3 j z ,jehovah calls ,moses ) ! ?ree companions & ! eld]s1 to come on ! m\nta91 t !y might wor%ip at a di/ance4 ,z aft]w>ds1 :5 ,moses asc5d$ ,s9ai ) ,jo%ua1 ! glory ( ! ,"l1 1 cov]$ ! m\nta9 z a cl\d1 7v4 #ae f4 ,,lxx472 z ,jehovah call$ to ,moses out ( ! cl\d1 until at l5g? ! latt] ent]$ into ! cl\d 7v4 #af-ah73 s we h 9 our n>rative a bright cl\d1 1 :i* ov]%ad[s ,jesus & ! heav5ly =ms1 a voice out ( ! cl\d1 1 & 9 ,luke an ent]+1 1 ( ! ?ree into ! cl\d4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! address pron\nc$ by ! voice out ( ! cl\d1 consi/s ( ! messianic decl>ation1 compos$ out ( ,ps4 ii4 #g1 & ,isa4 xlii4 #a1 :i* _h already s\nd$ f heav5 at ! baptism ( ,jesus2 ! second "p is tak5 f ! words ) :i* ,moses1 9 ! passage ( ,deut]onomy quot$ e>li] 7xviii4 #ae71 accord+ to ! usual int]pretation1 ann\nces to ! p ! future ,messiah1 & admoni%es !m to ob$i5ce t[>ds him4 #aeeh ,by ! transfiguration on ! m\nt ,jesus 0 br\ght into contact ) 8 type ,moses1 & z x _h ent]$ into ! anticipation ( ! ,jews t ! messianic "t1 accord+ to ,isa4 lii4 #f ff41 w\ld h n m]ely "o1 b sev]al =]unn]s1 #aeei & t among o!rs ! anci5t lawgiv] especially w\ld appe> 9 ! "t ( ! ,messiah3 #aefj s no mom5t 0 m appropriate = 8 appe>ance ?an t 9 :i* ! ,messiah 0 be+ glorifi$ on a m\nta91 z he _h himself once be54 ,) him 0 !n naturally associat$ ! prophet1 :o1 on ! /r5g? ( ,mal4 iii4 #bc1 0 ! mo/ decid$ly expect$ to be a messianic =]unn]1 &1 inde$1 accord+ to ! rabb9s1 to appe> contemporane\sly ) ,moses4 ,if ^! two m5 appe>$ to ! ,messiah1 x foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse t !y conv]s$ ) him2 & if x 7 ask$ :at 0 ! t5or ( _! conv]sation1 no?+ w\ld sugge/ itself s soon z ! approa*+ suff]+s & dea? ( ,jesus1 :i* _h be5 ann\nc$ 9 ! =ego+ passage1 & :i* besides1 z con/itut+ emphatically ! messianic my/]y ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7 be/ adapt$ = ! subject ( su* a conv]sation ) be+s ( ano!r _w3 :5ce "o _c b wond] h[ ,ol%aus5 c ma9ta9 t ! my?us w\ld nev] h fall5 ^u ?is !me ( conv]sation4 ,accord+ to ?is1 we h "h a my?us1 #aefa ! t5d5cy ( :i* is tw(old3 fir/1 to exhibit 9 ! life ( ,jesus an enhanc$ repetition ( ! glorification ( ,moses2 & secondly1 to br+ ,jesus z ! ,messiah into contact ) 8 two =]unn]s1--by ?is appe>ance ( ! lawgiv] & ! prophet1 ( ! f\nd] & ! re=m] ( ! !ocracy1 to repres5t ,jesus z ! p]fect] ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 & ! fulfilm5t ( ! law & ! prophets2 & besides ?is1 to %[ a confirmation ( 8 messianic dignity by a heav5ly voice4 #aefb ,be=e we "p ) our subject1 ?is example may s]ve to %[ u ) peculi> cle>ness1 h[ ! natural sy/em ( int]pretation1 :ile x seeks to pres]ve ! hi/orical c]ta9ty ( ! n>ratives1 loses _! ideal tru?--sacrifices ! ess5ce to ! =m3 :]eas ! my?ical int]pretation1 by r5\nc+ ! hi/orical body ( su* n>ratives1 rescues & pres]ves ! idea :i* resides 9 !m1 & :i* alone con/itutes _! vitality & _s4 ,?us if1 z ! natural explanation w\ld h x1 ! spl5d\r ar\nd ,jesus 0 an accid5tal1 optical ph5om5on1 & ! two appe>ances ei!r images ( a dream or unkn[n m51 :]e is ! significance ( ! incid5t8 :]e ! motive = pres]v+ 9 ! memory ( ! *ur* an anecdote s void ( ideas1 & s b>r5 ( inf]5ce1 re/+ on a common delusion & sup]/ition8 ,on ! contr>y1 :ile accord+ to ! my?ical int]pretation1 ,i d n1 x is true1 see 9 ! evangelical n>rative any real ev5t1--,i yet reta9 a s5se1 a purpose 9 ! n>rative1 "k to :at s5tim5ts & ?\ghts ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian community x owes its orig91 & :y ! au?ors ( ! gospels includ$ s important a passage 9 _! memoirs4 #aefc #ajh4 ,,div]g+ ,,acc\nts ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,j\rney ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,j]usalem4 ,%ortly aft] ! transfiguration on ! m\nta91 ! ,evangeli/s make ,jesus ent] on ! fatal j\rney :i* conduct$ him to 8 dea?4 ,) respect to ! place f :5ce he set out on ?is j\rney1 & ! r\te :i* he took1 ! evangelical acc\nts diff]4 ,! synopti/s agree z to ! po9t ( dep>ture1 = !y all repres5t ,jesus z sett+ out f ,galilee 7,matt4 xix4 #a2 ,m>k x4 #a2 ,luke ix4 #ea2 9 ?is la/ passage1 ,galilee is n inde$ expressly nam$1 b we necess>ily inf] x to be ! suppos$ locality f :at prec$es1 9 :i* only ,galilee & di/ricts 9 ,galilee are spok5 (1 z well z f ! j\rney ?r\gh ,sam>ia1 m5tion$ 9 ! succe$+ passage73 #aefd b conc]n+ ! r\te :i* ,jesus *ose f !nce to ,juda1 !y appe> to be at v>iance4 ,x is true t ! /atem5ts ( two ( !m on ?is po9t are s obscure1 t !y might appe> to l5d "s aid to ! h>moniz+ exegesis4 ,m>k says 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ def9ite mann] t ,jesus took 8 c\rse ?r\gh ,p]a2 b 8 /atem5t1 ,he came into ! coa/s ( ,juda on ! fur!r side ( ,jordan1 1 is sc>cely any?+ m ?an ! mode 9 :i* he judg$ x "r to expla9 ! h>dly intelligible expression ( ,mat!w1 :om he foll[s 9 ?is *apt]4 ,:at x precisely is :i* ! latt] int5ds by ! words1 ,he dep>t$ f ,galilee1 & came into ! coa/s ( ,juda beyond ,jordan1 1 is 9 fact n at all evid5t4 ,= if ! explanation3 he came into t "p ( ,juda :i* lies on ! opposite side ( ! ,jordan1 #aefe cla%es alike ) geography & gramm>1 s ! int]pretation to :i* ! comp>ison ( ,m>k incl9es ! majority ( comm5tators1 namely1 t ,jesus came into ,juda ?r\gh ! c\ntry on ! f>!r side ( ! ,jordan1 #aeff is1 ev5 z modifi$ by ,fritzs*e1 n free f grammatical difficulty4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ?us mu* rema9s3 t ,mat!w1 z well z ,m>k1 makes ,jesus take ! mo/ circuit\s c\rse ?r\gh ,p]a1 :ile ,luke1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s to lead him ! m direct way ?r\gh ,sam>ia4 ,x is true t 8 expression1 xvii4 #aa1 :]e he says t ,jesus1 on 8 j\rney to ,j]usalem1 pass$ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ,sam>ia & ,galilee1 is sc>cely cle>] ?an ! "o j cit$ f ,mat!w4 ,accord+ to ! cu/om>y mean+ ( words1 he seems to /ate t ,jesus fir/ cross$ ,sam>ia1 & !n ,galilee1 9 ord] to arrive at ,j]usalem4 ,b ?is is an inv]sion ( ! true ord]2 = if he set out f a place 9 ,galilee1 he mu/ fir/ trav]se ! re/ ( ,galilee1 & n until !n c\ld he ent] ,sam>ia4 ,h5ce ! words 444 h be5 int]pret$ to mean a progress along ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,galilee & ,sam>ia1 #aefg & ,luke has be5 reconcil$ ) ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s by ! supposition1 t ,jesus j\rney$ along ! ,galilean-,sam>ian fronti]1 until he rea*$ ! ,jordan1 t he !n cross$ ?is riv]1 & s proce$$ ?r\gh ,p]a t[>ds ,juda & ,j]usalem4 ,b ?is latt] supposition does n agree ) ,luke ix4 #ea ff42 = we le>n f ?is passage t ,jesus1 aft] 8 dep>ture f ,galilee1 w5t directly to a ,sam>itan village1 & "h made an unfav\rable impression1 because 8 face 0 z ?\gh he w\ld g to ,j]usalem1 4 ,n[ ?is seems cle>ly to indicate t ,jesus took 8 way directly f ,galilee1 ?r\gh ,sam>ia1 to ,juda4 ,we %all !re=e be on ! side ( probability1 if we judge ?is /atem5t to be an artificial arrangem5t ( words1 to :i* ! writ] 0 l$ by 8 desire to introduce ! n>rative ( ! t5 lep]s1 "o ( :om 0 a ,sam>itan2 #aefh & consequ5tly admit t !re is "h a div]g5cy betwe5 ! synoptical gospels4 #aefi ,t[>ds ! end ( ! j\rney ( ,jesus1 !y are once m 9 unison1 = accord+ to _! unanim\s /atem5t1 ,jesus arriv$ at ,j]usalem f ,j]i*o 7,matt4 xx4 #bi1 p>all472 a place :i*1 we may obs]ve1 lay m 9 ! direct road = a ,galilean com+ ?r\gh ,p]a1 ?an = "o com+ ?r\gh ,sam>ia4 ,?us !re is inde$ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! synopti/s ) reg>d to ! way tak5 by ,jesus2 b /ill !y agree z to ! fir/ po9t ( dep>ture1 & ! la/ /age ( ! road2 ! acc\nt ( ,john1 h[ev]1 div]ges f !m 9 bo? respects4 ,accord+ to him1 x is n ,galilee f :5ce ,jesus sets out to att5d ! la/ passov]1 = s e>ly z be=e ! fea/ ( tab]nacles ( ! previ\s ye>1 he _h left t prov9ce1 app>5tly = ! la/ "t 7vii4 #a1 #aj72 t betwe5 ?is fea/ & t ( ! d$ication 7x4 #bb7 he _h return$ ?i!r1 is at lea/ n /at$2 aft] ! latt] fea/1 h[ev]1 he betook himself to ,p]a1 & rema9$ !re 7x4 #dj7 until ! illness & dea? ( ,laz>us recall$ him into ,juda1 & into ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,j]usalem1 namely1 to ,be?any 7xi4 #h ff474 ,on acc\nt ( ! ma*9ations ( 8 enemies1 he quickly )drew f !nce aga91 b1 because he int5d$ to be pres5t at ! com+ ,passov]1 he retir$ no fur!r ?an to ! little city ( ,ephraim1 ne> to ! wild]ness 7xi4 #ed72 & f ?is place1 no m5tion be+ made ( a resid5ce 9 ,j]i*o 7:i*1 besides1 did n lie 9 ! way f ,ephraim1 accord+ to ! situation usually assign$ to ! latt] city71 he proce$$ to ,j]usalem to ! fea/4 ,s total a div]g5cy necess>ily gave unwont$ occupation to ! h>moni/s4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! dep>ture f ,galilee m5tion$ by ! synopti/s1 is n ! dep>ture to ! la/ ,passov]1 b to ! fea/ ( d$ication2 #aegj ?\gh ,luke1 :5 he says1 :5 ! "t came t he %\ld be receiv$ up1 7ix4 #ea71 incontrov]tibly m>ks x z ! dep>ture to t fea/ on :i* ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,jesus await$ him1 & ?\gh all ! synopti/s make ! j\rney !n begun end 9 t triumphal entry into ,j]usalem :i*1 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel also1 took place imm$iately be=e ! la/ passov]4 #aega ,if1 accord+ to ?is1 ! dep>ture f ,galilee n>rat$ by ! synopti/s is reg>d$ z t to ! fea/ ( d$ication1 & ! entrance into ,j]usalem :i* !y m5tion z t to ! subsequ5t passov]2 !y mu/ h entirely pass$ ov] all :i*1 on ?is supposition1 lay betwe5 ^! two po9ts1 namely1 ! arrival & resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem dur+ ! fea/ ( d$ication1 8 j\rney f !nce into ,p]a1 f ,p]a to ,be?any1 & f ,be?any to ,ephraim4 ,if f ?is x %\ld appe> to foll[ t ! synopti/s 7 ignorant ( all ^! p>ticul>s3 our h>moni/s urge1 on ! contr>y1 t ,luke makes ,jesus soon aft] 8 j\rney out ( ,galilee1 enc\nt] scribes1 :o try to put him to ! pro( 7x4 #be ff472 !n %[s him 9 ,be?any 9 ! vic9ity ( ,j]usalem 7x4 #ch ff472 h]eupon1 removes him to ! fronti]s ( ,sam>ia & ,galilee 7xvii4 #aa72 & n until !n1 makes him proce$ to ! passov] 9 ,j]usalem 7xix4 #bi ff473 all :i* pla9ly en\gh indicates1 t betwe5 t dep>ture out ( ,galilee1 & ! f9al entrance into ,j]usalem1 ,jesus made ano!r j\rney to ,juda & ,j]usalem1 & f !nce back aga94 #aegb ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! pres5ce ( ! scribes proves absolutely no?+2 & 9 ! second1 ,luke makes no m5tion ( ,be?any1 b only ( a visit to ,m>y & ,m>?a1 :om ! f\r? ,evangeli/ places 9 t village3 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x does n foll[ t ! ?ird also suppos$ !m to dwell !re1 & consequ5tly imag9$ ,jesus :5 at _! home1 to be 9 ! vic9ity ( ,j]usalem4 ,aga91 f ! fact t s v long aft] 8 dep>ture 7ix4 #ea-xvii4 #aa71 ,jesus fir/ appe>s on ! fronti] betwe5 ,galilee & ,sam>ia1 x only foll[s t we h be=e u no ord]ly progressive n>rative4 ,b1 accord+ to ?is h>moniz+ view1 ev5 ,mat!w 0 aw>e ( ^? int]m$iate ev5ts1 & has indicat$ !m = ! m att5tive read]3 ! "o memb] ( 8 s5t5ce1 he dep>t$ f ,galilee1 1 intimates ! j\rney ( ,jesus to ! fea/ ( d$ication1 & ?us =ms a sep>ate :ole2 ! o!r1 & came into ! coa/s ( ,juda beyond ,jordan1 1 ref]s to ! dep>ture ( ,jesus f ,j]usalem into ,p]a 7,john x4 #dj71 & op5s a new p]iod4 ,9 adopt+ ?is exp$i5t1 h[ev]1 x is hon\rably confess$ t )\t ! data ga!r$ f ,john1 no "o w\ld h ?\ght ( su* a dismemb]m5t ( ! passage 9 ,mat!w4 #aegc ,9 opposition to su* artifices1 no way is op5 to ^? :o presuppose ! accuracy ( ,john's n>rative1 b t adopt$ by ! mo/ rec5t criticism2 namely1 to r5\nce ! supposition t ,mat!w1 :o treats ( ! j\rney v briefly1 0 an eye-witness2 & to suppose ( ,luke1 ^: acc\nt ( x is v full1 t ei!r he or "o ( ! collectors ( ^: lab\rs he avail$ himself1 m+l$ toge!r two sep>ate n>ratives1 ( :i* "o ref]r$ to ! e>li] j\rney ( ,jesus to ! fea/ ( d$ication1 ! o!r to 8 la/ j\rney to ! passov]1 )\t suspect+ t betwe5 ! dep>ture ( ,jesus out ( ,galilee1 & 8 entrance into ,j]usalem1 !re fell yet an e>li] resid5ce 9 ,j]usalem1 toge!r ) o!r j\rneys & adv5tures4 #aegd ,we may n[ obs]ve h[ 9 ! c\rse ( ! n>rative conc]n+ ! la/ j\rney or j\rneys to ,j]usalem1 ! relation betwe5 ! synoptical gospels & t ( ,john is 9 a s+ul> mann] rev]s$4 ,z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 we discov]$ a great blank on ! side ( ! =m]1 9 _! omission ( a mass ( int]m$iate ev5ts :i* ,john notices2 s n[1 t[>ds ! end ( ! acc\nt ( ! j\rney1 !re appe>s on ! side ( ! latt]1 a simil>1 ?\gh small] blank1 = he gives no intimation ( ,jesus hav+ come ?r\gh ,j]i*o on 8 way to ,j]usalem4 ,x may inde$ be said1 t ,john might ov]look ?is passage ?r\gh ,j]i*o1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 x 0 di/+ui%$ by a cure ( ! bl9d1 & ! visit to ,zac*u2 b1 x is to be ask$1 is !re 9 8 n>rative room = a passage ?r\gh ,j]i*o8 ,?is city does n lie on ! way f ,ephraim to ,j]usalem1 b consid]ably to ! ea/w>d2 h5ce help is s\ght 9 ! supposition t ,jesus made all k9ds ( m9or excursions1 9 "o ( :i* he came to ,j]i*o1 & f h5ce w5t =w>d to ,j]usalem4 #aege ,9 any case a rem>kable want ( unity prevails 9 ! evangelical acc\nts ( ! la/ j\rney ( ,jesus2 = accord+ to ! common1 synoptical tradition1 he j\rney$ out ( ,galilee by ,j]i*o 7&1 z ,mat!w & ,m>k say1 ?r\gh ,p]a1 z ,luke says1 ?r\gh ,sam>ia72 :ile accord+ to ! f\r? gospel1 he mu/ h come hi!r f ,ephraim3 /atem5ts :i* x is impossible to reconcile4 #aji4 ,,div]g5cies ,,( ,,! ,,gospels1 ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,po9t ,,f ,,:i* ,,jesus ,,made ,,8 ,,entrance ,,into ,,j]usalem4 ,ev5 conc]n+ ! close ( ! j\rney ( ,jesus--conc]n+ ! la/ /ation be=e he rea*$ ,j]usalem1 ! ,evangeli/s are n entirely 9 unison4 ,:ile f ! synoptical gospels x appe>s1 t ,jesus ent]$ ,j]usalem on ! same day on :i* he left ,j]i*o1 & consequ5tly )\t halt+ long at any int]v5+ place 7,matt4 xx4 #cd1 xxi4 #a ff4 p>all473 ! f\r? gospel makes him g f ,ephraim only s f> z ,be?any1 sp5d ! night !re1 & ent] ,j]usalem only on ! foll[+ day 7xii4 #a1 #ab ff474 ,9 ord] to reconcile ! two acc\nts x is said3 we ne$ n wond] t ! synopti/s1 9 _! summ>y n>rative1 d n expressly t\* ^u ! sp5d+ ( ! night 9 ,be?any1 & we are n to inf] f ?is t !y int5d$ to d5y x2 !re exi/s1 !re=e1 no contradiction betwe5 !m & ,john1 b :at !y pres5t 9 a compact =m1 he exhibits 9 detail4 #aegf ,b :ile ,mat!w does n ev5 "n ,be?any1 ! two o!r synopti/s m5tion ?is place 9 a way :i* decid$ly precludes ! supposition t ,jesus sp5t ! night !re4 ,!y n>rate t :5 ,jesus came ne> to ,be?phage & ,be?any1 1 he caus$ an ass to be fet*$ f ! next village1 & =?) rode on ?is into ! city4 ,betwe5 ev5ts s connect$ x is impossible to imag9e a night int]pos$2 on ! contr>y1 ! n>rative fully conveys ! impression t imm$iately on ! message ( ,jesus1 ! ass 0 surr5d]$ by its own]1 & t imm$iately aft] ! arrival ( ! ass1 ,jesus prep>$ to ent] ! city4 ,moreov]1 if ,jesus int5d$ to rema9 9 ,be?any = ! night1 x is impossible to discov] 8 motive 9 s5d+ = ! ass4 ,= if we are to suppose ! village to :i* he s5t to be ,be?any1 & if ! animal on :i* he purpos$ to ride w\ld n be requir$ until ! foll[+ morn+1 !re 0 no ne$ = him to s5d =w>d ! disciples1 & he might conv5i5tly h wait$ until he arriv$ ) !m 9 ,be?any2 ! o!r alt]native1 t be=e he _h rea*$ ,be?any1 & asc]ta9$ :e!r ! animal he requir$ might n be f\nd !re1 he %\ld h s5t beyond ?is ne>e/ village to ,be?phage1 9 ord] !re to procure an ass = ! foll[+ morn+1 is altoge!r de/itute ( probability2 & yet ,mat!w1 at lea/1 says decid$ly t ! ass 0 procur$ 9 ,be?phage4 ,to ?is x may be add$1 t accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ,m>k1 :5 ,jesus arriv$ 9 ,j]usalem1 ! ev5+ 1 _h already comm5c$ 7xi4 #aa71 & consequ5tly x 0 only possible = him to take a cursory survey ( ! city & ! temple1 aft] :i* he aga9 return$ to ,be?any4 ,x is n1 c]ta9ly1 to be prov$ t ! f\r? gospel lays ! entrance 9 ! morn+2 b x mu/ be ask$1 :y did n ,jesus1 :5 he only came f s ne> a place z ,be?any1 set out e>li] f !nce1 t he might h "t to d some?+ wor? speak+ ( 9 ,j]usalem8 ,! late arrival ( ,jesus 9 ! city1 z /at$ by ,m>k1 is evid5tly to be expla9$ only by ! long] di/ance f ,j]i*o ?i!r2 if he came f ,be?any m]ely1 he w\ld sc>cely set out s late1 z t aft] he _h only look$ r\nd him 9 ! city1 he mu/ aga9 return to ,be?any1 9 ord] on ! foll[+ day to set out e>li]1 :i* no?+ _h h9d]$ him f do+ on ?is day4 ,x is true t1 9 def]r+ ! arrival ( ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem until late 9 ! ev5+1 ,m>k is n support$ by ! two o!r synopti/s1 = ^! repres5t ,jesus z und]tak+ ! purification ( ! temple on ! day ( 8 arrival1 & ,mat!w ev5 makes him p]=m cures1 & give answ]s to ! high prie/s & scribes 7,matt4 xxi4 #ab ff473 b ev5 )\t ?is /atem5t z to ! h\r ( entrance1 ! arrival ( ,jesus ne> to ! above villages1 ! s5d+ ( ! disciples1 ! br++ ( ! ass1 & ! rid+ into ! city1 are too closely consecutive1 to all[ ( our ins]t+ 9 ! n>rative ( ! synopti/s a night's resid5ce 9 ,be?any4 ,if !n x rema9s1 t ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s make ,jesus proce$ directly f ,j]i*o1 )\t any /ay 9 ,be?any1 :ile ! f\r? makes him come to ,j]usalem f ,be?any only1 !y mu/1 if !y are mutually correct1 speak ( two sep>ate entrances2 & ?is has be5 rec5tly ma9ta9$ by sev]al critics4 #aegg ,accord+ to !m1 ,jesus fir/ 7z ! synopti/s relate7 proce$$ directly to ,j]usalem ) ! c>avan go+ to ! fea/1 & on ?is occasion !re happ5$1 :5 he made himself conspicu\s by m\nt+ ! animal1 an unprem$itat$ demon/ration ( homage on ! "p ( 8 fell[-travell]s1 :i* conv]t$ ! entrance into a triumphal progress4 ,hav+ retir$ to ,be?any 9 ! ev5+1 on ! foll[+ morn+ 7z ,john relates7 a great multitude w5t out to meet him1 9 ord] to convey him into ! city1 & z he met ) !m on ! way f ,be?any1 !re 0 a repetition on an enl>g$ scale ( ! sc5e on ! =ego+ day1--?is "t preconc]t$ by 8 adh]5ts4 ,?is di/9ction ( an e>li] entrance ( ,jesus into ,j]usalem be=e 8 approa* 0 kn[n 9 ! city1 & a lat]1 aft] x 0 le>n$ t he 0 9 ,be?any1 is fav\r$ by ! diff]5ce1 t accord+ to ! synoptical n>rative1 ! p :o r5d] homage to him are only go+ be=e 1 & foll[+ 7,matt4 v4 #i71 :ile accord+ to t ( ,john1 !y are meet+ him 7v4 #ac1 #ah74 ,if h[ev] x be ask$3 :y !n among all our n>rators1 does ea* give only "o entrance1 & n "o ( !m %[ any trace ( a second8 ,! answ] 9 relation to ,john is1 t ?is ,evangeli/ is sil5t z to ! fir/ entrance1 probably because he 0 n pres5t on ! occasion1 hav+ possibly be5 s5t to ,be?any to ann\nce ! arrival ( ,jesus4 #aegh ,z1 h[ev]1 accord+ to our pr9ciples1 if x be assum$ ( ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 t he is ! apo/le nam$ 9 ! sup]scription1 ! same assumption mu/ also be made respect+ ! au?or ( ! fir/3 we ask 9 va91 :i!r are we !n to suppose t ,mat!w 0 s5t on ! second entrance1 t he knew no?+ to relate conc]n+ x8 s9ce ) ! repeat$ dep>ture f ,be?any to ,j]usalem1 !re is no conceivable cause = su* an err&4 ,9 relation to ,john inde$ x is a pure inv5tion2 n to insi/1 t ev5 if ! two ,evangeli/s 7 n p]sonally pres5t1 !y mu/ yet h le>n$ en\gh ( an ev5t s mu* talk$ ( 9 ! circle ( ! disciples1 to be able to furni% an acc\nt ( x4 ,above all1 z ! n>rative ( ! synopti/s does n indicate t a second entrance _h tak5 place aft] ! "o describ$ by !m3 s t ( ,john is ( su* a k9d1 t be=e ! entrance :i* x describes1 x is impossible to conceive ano!r4 ,= accord+ to ?is n>rative1 ! day be=e ! entrance :i* x details 7consequ5tly1 accord+ to ! giv5 supposition1 on ! day ( ! synoptical entrance71 _m ,jews w5t f ,j]usalem to ,be?any1 because !y _h he>d ( ! arrival ( ,jesus1 & n[ wi%$ to see him & ,laz>us :om he _h re/or$ to life 7v4 #i1 comp4 #ab74 ,b h[ c\ld !y le>n on ! day ( ! synoptical entrance1 t ,jesus 0 at ,be?any8 ,on t day ,jesus did inde$ pass ei!r by or ?r\gh ,be?any1 b he proce$$ directly to ,j]usalem1 :5ce1 accord+ to all ! n>ratives1 he c\ld h return$ to ,be?any only at s late an h\r 9 ! ev5+1 t ,jews :o n[ fir/ w5t f ,j]usalem1 c\ld no long] hope to be able to see him4 #aegi ,b :y %\ld !y take ! tr\ble to seek ,jesus 9 ,be?any1 :5 !y _h on t v day se5 him 9 ,j]usalem itself8 ,surely 9 ?is case x mu/ h be5 said--n m]ely1 t !y came n = ,jesus' sake ,,only1 b t !y might see ,laz>us also1 ' 1--b r t !y _h inde$ se5 ,jesus himself 9 ,j]usalem1 b z !y wi%$ to see ,laz>us also1 !y came !re=e to ,be?any3 :]eas ! ,evangeli/ repres5ts ^! p z com+ f ,j]usalem p>tly to see ,jesus2 he _c !re=e h suppos$ t ,jesus might h be5 se5 9 ,j]usalem on t v day4 ,fur!r1 :5 x is said 9 ,john1 t on ! foll[+ day x 0 he>d 9 ,j]usalem t ,jesus 0 com+ 7v4 #ab71 ?is does n at all seem to imply t ,jesus _h already be5 !re ! day be=e1 b r t ! news _h come f ,be?any1 ( 8 int5tion to ent] on ?is day4 ,s also ! reception :i* is imm$iately prep>$ = him1 alone has its prop] significance :5 x is reg>d$ z ! glorification ( 8 fir/ entrance into ! metropolis2 x c\ld only h be5 appropriate on 8 second entrance1 if ,jesus _h ! day be=e ent]$ unobs]v$ & unhon\r$1 & x _h be5 wi%$ to repair ?is omission on ! foll[+ day--n if ! fir/ entrance _h already be5 s brilliant4 ,moreov]1 on ! second entrance e feature ( ! fir/ mu/ h be5 repeat$1 :i*1 :e!r we ref] x to a preconceiv$ arrangem5t on ! "p ( ,jesus1 or to an accid5tal co9cid5ce ( circum/ances1 /ill rema9s improbable4 ,) respect to ,jesus1 x is n easy to und]/& h[ he c\ld arrange ! repetition ( a spectacle :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance significant1 if act$ a second "t w\ld be flat & unmean+2 #aehj on ! o!r h&1 circum/ances mu/ h co9cid$ 9 an unprec$5t$ mann]1 if on bo? occasions !re happ5$ ! same demon/rations ( homage on ! "p ( ! p1 ) ! same expressions ( envy on ! "p ( 8 oppon5ts2 if1 on bo? occasions1 too1 !re /ood at ! comm& ( ,jesus an ass1 by rid+ :i* he br\ght to m9d ! prophecy ( ,ze*>iah4 ,we might !re=e call to our aid ,sieff]t's hypo!sis ( assimilation1 & suppose t ! two entrances1 orig9ally m diff]5t1 became ?us simil> by traditional int]mixture3 7 n ! supposition t two di/9ct ev5ts lie at ! f\ndation ( ! evangelical n>ratives1 r5d]$ improbable by ano!r circum/ance4 ,on ! fir/ glance1 inde$1 ! supposition ( two entrances seems to f9d support 9 ! fact1 t ,john makes 8 entrance take place ! day aft] ! meal 9 ,be?any1 at :i* ,jesus 0 ano9t$ "u memorable circum/ances2 :]eas ! two fir/ synopti/s 7= ,luke kn[s no?+ ( a meal at ,be?any 9 ?is p]iod ( ! life ( ,jesus7 make _! entrance prec$e ?is meal3 & ?us1 q 9 accordance ) ! above supposition1 ! synoptical entrance w\ld appe> ! e>li]1 t ( ,john ! lat]4 ,?is w\ld be v well1 if ,john _h n plac$ 8 entrance s e>ly1 & ! synopti/s _! meal at ,be?any s late1 t ! =m] _c possibly h be5 subsequ5t to ! latt]4 ,accord+ to ,john1 ,jesus comes six days be=e ! passov] to ,be?any1 & on ! foll[+ day ent]s ,j]usalem 7xiii4 #a1 #ab72 on ! o!r h&1 ! meal at ,be?any1 m5tion$ by ! synopti/s 7,matt4 xxvi4 #f ff4 p>all471 c h be5 at ! mo/ b two days be=e ! passov] 7v4 #b72 s t if we are to suppose ! synoptical entrance prior to ! meal & ! entrance 9 ,john1 !re mu/ !n h be5 aft] all ?is1 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 a second meal 9 ,be?any4 ,b betwe5 ! two meals ?us presuppos$1 z betwe5 ! two entrances1 !re w\ld h be5 ! mo/ /rik+ resemblance ev5 to ! m9ute/ po9ts2 & aga9/ ! int]weav+ ( two su* d\ble incid5ts1 !re is s /rong a presumption1 t x w sc>cely be said !re 7 two entrances & two meals1 :i* 7 orig9ally f> m dissimil>1 b1 f ! transf]5ce ( features out ( ! "o incid5t into ! o!r by tradition1 !y h become z simil> to ea* o!r z we n[ see !m3 on ! contr>y1 "h if any:]e1 x is easi]1 :5 once ! au!nticity ( ! acc\nts is giv5 up1 to imag9e t tradition has v>i$ "o incid5t1 ?an t x has assimilat$ two4 #aeha #aaj4 ,,m ,,p>ticul> ,,circum/ances ,,( ,,! ,,entrance4 ,,its ,,object ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,reality4 ,:ile ! f\r? gospel fir/ makes ! multitude t /ream$ =? to meet ,jesus r5d] him _! homage1 & !n briefly /ates t ,jesus m\nt$ a "y ass :i* he _h obta9$2 ! synopti/s comm5ce _! description ( ! entrance ) a m9ute acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus came by ! ass4 ,:51 namely1 he _h arriv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem1 t[>ds ,be?phage & ,be?any1 at ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 he s5t two ( 8 disciples into ! village ly+ be=e !m1 tell+ !m t :5 !y came !re !y w\ld f9d--,mat!w says1 an ass ti$1 & a colt ) h]2 ! two o!rs1 a colt :]eon nev] man sat--:i* !y 7 to loose & br+ to him1 sil5c+ any objections ( ! own] by ! obs]vation1 ! ,"l ha? ne$ ( him 7or !m74 ,?is hav+ be5 done1 ! disciples spread _! clo!s1 & plac$ ,jesus--on bo? ! animals1 accord+ to ,mat!w2 accord+ to ! two o!r synopti/s1 on ! s+le animal4 ,! mo/ /rik+ "p ( ?is acc\nt is obvi\sly ! /atem5t ( ,mat!w1 t ,jesus n only requir$ two asses1 ?\gh he alone int5d$ to ride1 b t he also actually sat on !m bo?4 ,x is true t1 z is natural1 !re are n want+ attempts to expla9 ! =m] p>ticul>1 & to d away ) ! latt]4 ,jesus1 x is said1 caus$ ! "m animal to be br\ght ) ! colt1 on :i* alone he int5d$ to ride1 9 ord] t ! "y & /ill suck+ animal might by ?is means be made to g m easily2 #aehb or else ! "m1 accu/om$ to h] "y "o1 foll[$ ( h] own accord3 #aehc b a "y animal1 yet unwean$1 w\ld sc>cely be giv5 up by its own] to be ridd54 ,a suffici5t motive on ! "p ( ,jesus 9 s5d+ = ! two animals1 c\ld only be t he int5d$ to ride bo?1 :i* ,mat!w appe>s pla9ly en\gh to say2 = 8 words imply1 n only t ! clo!s 7 spread1 b also t ,jesus 0 plac$ on ! two animals 7 74 ,b h[ are we to repres5t ?is to ourselves8 ,z an alt]nate m\nt+ ( ! "o & ! o!r1 ,fritzs*e ?9ks3 #aehd b ?is1 = s %ort a di/ance w\ld h be5 a sup]flu\s inconv5i5ce4 ,h5ce comm5tators h s\ght to rid !mselves ( ! s+ul> /atem5t4 ,"s1 aft] v weak au?orities1 & 9 opposition to all critical pr9ciples1 read 9 ! words relative to ! spread+ ( ! clo!s1 ' 7 71 ^u x 7! colt71 in/ead ( 1 ^u !m2 & !n 9 ! m5tion+ t ,jesus plac$ himself !reon1 ref] ! to ! clo!s :i* 7 spread on "o ( ! animals4 #aehe ,o!rs1 ?9k+ to escape ! difficulty )\t an alt]ation ( ! read+1 *>act]ize ,mat!w's /atem5t z an enallage num]i1 #aehf by :i*1 accord+ to ,w9]'s explanation1 x is meant t ! ,evangeli/1 us+ an inaccurate mode ( expression1 c]ta9ly speaks ( bo? ! animals1 b only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we say ( him :o spr+s f "o ( two horses h>ness$ toge!r1 t he spr+s f ! horses4 #aehg ,admitt+ ?is exp$i5t to be suffici5t1 x aga9 becomes incompreh5sible :y ,jesus1 :o accord+ to ?is only meant to use "o animal1 %\ld h s5t = two4 ,! :ole /atem5t becomes ! m suspici\s1 :5 we consid] t x is giv5 by ! fir/ ,evangeli/ alone2 = 9 ord] to reconcile ! o!rs ) him x w n suffice to say1 z we ord9>ily read1 t !y "n only ! foal z be+ t on :i* ,jesus rode1 & t :ile omitt+ ! ass z an accessory fact1 !y d n exclude x4 ,b h[ 0 ,mat!w l$ into ?is s+ul> /atem5t8 ,its true s\rce has be5 po9t$ out1 ?\gh 9 a curi\s mann]1 by ^? :o conjecture1 t ,jesus 9 8 in/ructions to ! two disciples1 & ,mat!w 9 8 orig9al writ+1 foll[+ ! passage ( ,ze*>iah 7ix4 #i71 made use ( sev]al expressions = ! "o idea ( ! ass1 :i* expressions 7 by ! ,greek translator ( ! fir/ gospel miscon/ru$ to mean m ?an "o animal4 #aehh ,und\bt$ly x 0 ! accumulat$ designations ( ! ass 9 ! above passage3 1 1 ,,lxx4 :i* occasion$ ! duplication ( x 9 ! fir/ gospel2 = ! & :i* 9 ! ,hebrew 0 int5d$ 9 an explanatory s5se1 0 errone\sly und]/ood to d5ote an addition1 & h5ce in/ead (3 an ass1 t is1 an ass's foal1 0 sub/itut$3 an ass toge!r ) an ass's foal4 #aehi ,b ?is mi/ake _c h orig9at$ ) ! ,greek translator1 :o1 if he _h f\nd ?r\gh\t ,mat!w's n>rative b "o ass1 w\ld sc>cely h d\bl$ x purely on ! /r5g? ( ! prophetic passage1 & z (t5 z 8 orig9al spoke ( "o ass1 h add$ a second1 or introduc$ ! plural numb] in/ead ( ! s+ul>2 x mu/ r h be5 made by "o ^: only writt5 s\rce 0 ! prophetic passage1 out ( :i*1 ) ! aid ( oral tradition1 he spun 8 entire n>rative1 i4e4 ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel2 :o h]eby1 z rec5t criticism correctly ma9ta9s1 irrecov]ably =feits ! reputation ( an eye-witness8 #aeij ,if ! fir/ gospel /&s alone 9 ?is mi/ake1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s h a feature peculi> to !mselves1 :i* x is to ! advantage ( ! fir/ to h avoid$4 ,we %all m]ely po9t out 9 pass+ ! prolixity ) :i* ,m>k & ,luke 7?\gh !y1 z well z ,mat!w1 make ,jesus describe to ! two disciples1 h[ !y w\ld f9d ! ass1 & :]e) !y 7 to satisfy ! own]71 yet d n sp>e !mselves or ! read] ! tr\ble ( almo/ v]bally repeat+ e p>ticul> z hav+ occurr$ 7,m>k v4 #d ff42 ,luke v4 #cb ff472 :]eas ,mat!w1 ) m judgm5t1 cont5ts himself ) ! obs]vation1 & ! disciples w5t & did z ,jesus comm&$ !m4 ,?is1 z affect+ m]ely ! =m ( ! n>rative1 we %all n dwell on fur!r4 ,b x conc]ns ! sub/ance1 t1 accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke1 ,jesus desir$ an animal :]eon yet nev] man sat1 ' 3 a p>ticul> ( :i* ,mat!w kn[s no?+4 ,"o does n und]/& h[ ,jesus c\ld design$ly increase ! difficulty ( 8 progress1 by ! *oice ( a hi!rto unridd5 animal1 :i*1 unless he kept x 9 ord] by div9e omnipot5ce 7= ! mo/ consummate human skill w\ld n suffice = ?is on ! fir/ rid+71 mu/ inevitably h occasion$ mu* di/urbance to ! triumphal procession1 especially z we are n to suppose t x 0 prec$$ by its "m1 ?is circum/ance hav+ ent]$ into ! repres5tation ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/ only4 ,to su* an inconv5i5ce ,jesus w\ld assur$ly n h expos$ himself )\t a cog5t reason3 su* a reason h[ev] appe>s to lie suffici5tly ne> 9 ! op9ion ( antiquity1 accord+ to :i*1 to use ,wet/e9's expression1 animalia1 usibus humanis nondum mancipata1 sacra habebantur2 s t ?us ,jesus1 = 8 consecrat$ p]son1 & ! high occasion ( 8 messianic entrance1 may h *os5 to use only a sacr$ animal4 ,b reg>d$ m closely1 ?is reason w appe> frivol\s1 & absurd also2 = ! spectators _h no means ( kn[+ t ! ass _h nev] be5 ridd5 be=e1 except by ! unrul9ess ) :i* he may h di/urb$ ! peaceful progress ( ! triumphal tra94 #aeia ,if we are ?us unable to compreh5d h[ ,jesus c\ld seek an hon\r = himself 9 m\nt+ an animal :i* _h nev] yet be5 ridd52 we %all1 on ! contr>y1 f9d x easy to compreh5d h[ ! primitive ,*ri/ian community might e>ly believe x due to 8 hon\r t he %\ld ride only on su* an animal1 z subsequ5tly t he %\ld lie only 9 an unus$ grave4 ,! au?ors ( ! int]m$iate gospels did n hesitate to receive ?is trait into _! memoirs1 because !y inde$1 9 writ+1 w\ld n exp]i5ce ! same inconv5i5ce f ! undiscipl9$ animal1 :i* x mu/ h caus$ to ,jesus 9 rid+4 ,! two difficulties already consid]$ belong respectively to ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 & ! two int]m$iate ones3 ano!r is common to !m all1 namely1 t :i* lies 9 ! circum/ance t ,jesus s confid5tly s5ds two disciples = an ass :i* !y w\ld f9d 9 ! next village1 9 su* & su* a situation1 & t ! issue corresponds s closely to 8 pr$iction4 ,x might "h appe> ! mo/ natural1 to suppose t he _h previ\sly bespok5 ! ass1 & t consequ5tly x /ood ready = him at ! h\r & place appo9t$2 #aeib b h[ c\ld he h ?us bespok5 an ass 9 ,be?phage1 see+ t he 0 j come f ,j]i*o8 ,h5ce ev5 ,paulus 9 ?is in/ance f9ds some?+ else m probable3 namely1 t ab\t ! "t ( ! fea/s1 9 ! villages ly+ on ! high road to ,j]usalem1 _m bea/s ( burd5 /ood ready to be hir$ by travell]s2 b 9 opposition to ?is x is to be obs]v$1 t ,jesus does n at all seem to speak ( ! fir/ animal t may happ5 to pres5t itself1 b ( a p>ticul> animal4 ,h5ce we _c b be surpris$ t ,ol%aus5 describes x z only ! probable idea ( ! n>rator1 t to ! ,messiah mak+ 8 entrance into ,j]usalem1 ! provid5ce ( ,god pres5t$ ev]y?+ j z he ne$$ x2 z also t ! same expositor1 9 ord] to expla9 ! ready compliance ( ! own]s ( ! animal1 f9ds x necess>y to suppose t !y 7 fri5ds ( ,jesus2 s9ce ?is trait r s]ves to exhibit ! z x 7 magical p[] :i* resid$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1 at ! m5tion ( :i* ! own] ( ! ass unresi/+ly plac$ x at 8 disposal1 z subsequ5tly ! inhabitant ( ! room gave x up at a ^w f ! ,ma/] 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ah p>all474 ,to ?is div9e provid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,messiah1 & ! irresi/ible p[] ( 8 "n1 is unit$ ! sup]ior k by means ( :i* ,jesus "h cle>ly disc]ns a di/ant fact :i* might be available = ! supply ( 8 wants4 ,n[ admitt+ ?is to be ! mean+ & design ( ! ,evangeli/s1 su* a pr$iction ( an accid5tal circum/ance might c]ta9ly be conceiv$ z ! effect ( a magnetic clairvoyance4 #aeic ,b1 on ! "o h&1 we "k full well ! t5d5cy ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d to create su* pro(s ( ! sup]ior nature ( h] ,messiah 7witness ! call+ ( ! two pairs ( bre?r52 b ! in/ance mo/ analog\s has be5 j allud$ to1 & is h]eaft] to be m closely exam9$1 namely1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus causes ! room to be bespok5 = 8 la/ supp] ) ! twelve72 on ! o!r h&1 ! dogmatic reasons drawn f prophecy1 = display+ ! f>-see+ ( ,jesus "h z precisely ! k ( an ass be+ ti$ at a c]ta9 place1 are cle>ly obvi\s2 s t we _c ab/a9 f ! conjecture1 t we h "h no?+ m ?an a product ( ! t5d5cy :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,*ri/ian leg5d1 & ( ! ef=t to base ,*ri/ian belief on anci5t prophecy4 ,9 consid]+1 namely1 ! passage quot$ 9 ! fir/ & f\r? gospels f ,ze*>iah1 :]e x is m]ely said t ! meek & l[ly k+ w come rid+ on an ass1 9 g5]al2 x is usual to ov]look ano!r prophetic passage1 :i* conta9s m precisely ! ti$ ass ( ! ,messiah4 ,?is passage is ,g54 xlix4 #aa1 :]e ! dy+ ,jacob says to ,judah conc]n+ ! ,%iloh1 1 ,b9d+ 8 foal unto ! v9e1 & 8 ass's colt unto ! *oice v9e1 4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr und]/&s ?is passage also1 z well z ! "o f ,ze*>iah1 z a pr$iction relative to ! entrance ( ,jesus1 & h5ce directly ass]ts t ! foal :i* ,jesus caus$ to be fet*$ 0 b\nd to a v9e4 #aeid ,9 l mann] ! ,jews n only held ! g5]al int]pretation t ! ,%iloh 0 ! ,messiah1 z may be %[n already 9 ! ,t>gum1 #aeie b also comb9$ ! passage relative to ! b9d+ ( ! ass ) t on ! rid+ ( x into ,j]usalem4 #aeif ,t ! above prophecy ( ,jacob is n cit$ by any "o ( our ,evangeli/s1 only proves1 at ! utmo/1 t x 0 n v]bally pres5t to _! m9ds :5 !y 7 writ+ ! n>rative be=e u3 x c by no means prove t ! passage 0 n an elem5t 9 ! conceptions ( ! circle 9 :i* ! anecdote 0 fir/ =m$4 ,! transmission ( ! n>rative ?r\gh ! h&s ( _m :o 7 n aw>e ( its orig9al relation to ! passage 9 ,g5esis1 may c]ta9ly be argu$ f ! fact t x no long] p]fectly corresponds to ! prophecy4 ,= a p]fect agreem5t to exi/1 ,jesus1 aft] he _h1 accord+ to ,ze*>iah1 ridd5 into ! city on ! ass1 mu/ on dism\nt+1 h b\nd x to a v9e1 in/ead ( caus+ x to be unb\nd 9 ! next village 7accord+ to ,m>k1 f a door by ! way-side7 z he actually does4 ,by ?is means1 h[ev]1 !re 0 obta9$1 toge!r ) ! fulfilm5t ( ^? two prophecies1 a pro( ( ! sup]natural k ( ,jesus1 & ! magical p[] ( 8 "n2 & 9 relation to ! =m] po9t1 x might be rememb]$ 9 p>ticul>1 t ,samuel also _h once prov$ 8 gifts z a se] by ! pr$iction1 t z ,saul 0 return+ homew>d1 two m5 w\ld meet him ) ! in=mation t ! asses ( ,kis 8 fa!r 7 f\nd 7#a ,sam4 x4 #b74 ,! n>rative 9 ! f\r? gospel1 hav+ no connection ) ! ,mosaic passage1 says no?+ ( ! ass be+ ti$1 or ( its be+ fet*$ by ! disciples1 & m]ely /ates ) ref]5ce to ! passage ( ,ze*>iah alone3 ,jesus1 hav+ f\nd a "y ass1 sat !reon 7v4 #ad74 #aeig ,! next feature t pres5ts itself = our consid]ation1 is ! homage :i* is r5d]$ to ,jesus by ! populace4 ,accord+ to all ! n>rators except ,luke1 ?is consi/$ 9 cutt+ d[n ! bran*es ( trees1 :i*1 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 7 /rew$ 9 ! way1 accord+ to ,john 7:o ) m p>ticul>ity m5tions palm bran*es71 7 c>ri$ by ! multitude t met ,jesus2 fur!r1 accord+ to all except ,john1 9 ! spread+ ( clo!s 9 ! way4 ,to ?is 7 add$ joy\s acclamations1 ( :i* all h1 ) unimportant modifications1 ! words 1 ,bless$ be he t come? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l2 all except ,luke ! 1 ,hosanna2 & all1 ! greet+ z ,k+1 or ,son ( ,david4 ,! fir/1 f ,ps4 cxviii4 #bf1 1 01 x is true1 a cu/om>y =m ( salutation to p]sons visit+ ! fea/s1 & ev5 ! second1 1 tak5 f ! prec$+ v]se ( ! same psalm1 0 a usual cry at ! fea/ ( tab]nacles & ! passov]2 #aeih b ! addition 1 to ! ,son ( ,david1 & 1 ! ,k+ ( ,israel1 %[s t ! p "h appli$ ^! g5]al =ms to ,jesus especially z ! ,messiah1 bid him welcome 9 a pre-em95t s5se1 & wi%$ success to 8 und]tak+4 ,9 relation to ! p>ties :o pres5t ! homage1 ,luke's acc\nt is ! mo/ circumscrib$1 = he s connects ! spread+ ( ! clo!s 9 ! way 7v4 #cf7 ) ! imm$iately prec$+ context1 t he appe>s to ascribe x1 z well z ! lay+ ( ! clo!s on ! ass1 solely to ! disciples1 & he expressly attributes ! acclamations to ! :ole multitude ( ! disciples only 7 72 :]eas ,mat!w & ,m>k make ! homage proce$ f ! accompany+ mass ( p4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 c be easily reconcil$2 = :5 ,luke speaks ( ! multitude ( ! disciples1 1 ?is means ! wid] circle ( ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! v great multitude 9 ,mat!w1 only means all ^? :o 7 fav\rable to him among ! multitude4 ,b :ile ! synopti/s rema9 )9 ! limits ( ! company :o 7 proce$+ to ! fea/1 & :o 7 ?us ! fell[-travell]s ( ,jesus1 ,john1 z above notic$1 makes ! :ole solemnity proce$ f ^? :o g out ( ,j]usalem to meet ,jesus 7v4 #ac71 :ile he repres5ts ! multitude :o are approa*+ ) ,jesus z te/ify+ to ! =m] ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 on acc\nt ( :i*1 accord+ to ,john1 ! solemn escort ( ,jesus into ,j]usalem 0 prep>$ 7v4 #ag f474 ,?is cause we _c admit z au!ntic1 inasmu* z we h f\nd critical reasons = d\bt+ ! resurrection ( ,laz>us3 b ) ! alleg$ cause1 ! fact itself ( ! escort is %ak52 especially if we reflect1 t ! dignity ( ,jesus might appe> to dem& t ! inhabitants ( ! city ( ,david %\ld h gone =? to br+ him 9 ) all solemnity1 & t x fully h>monizes ) ! prevail+ *>act]i/ics ( ! repres5tation ( ! f\r? gospel1 to describe1 be=e ! arrival ( ,jesus at ! fea/1 h[ int5tly ! expectations ( ! p 7 fix$ ^u him 7vii4 #aa ff41 xi4 #ef74 ,! la/ trait 9 ! picture be=e u1 is ! displeasure ( ! enemies ( ,jesus at ! /rong atta*m5t to him1 exhibit$ by ! p on ?is occasion4 ,accord+ to ,john 7v4 #ai71 ! ,ph>isees said to ea* o!r3 we see f ?is t ! 7l5i5t7 proce$+s :i* we h hi!rto adopt$ are ( no avail2 all ! _w is foll[+ him 7we mu/ int]pose1 ) =cible measures74 ,accord+ to ,luke 7v4 #ci f471 "s ,ph>isees address$ ,jesus z if !y expect$ him to impose sil5ce on 8 disciples2 on :i* he answ]s1 t if ^! 7 sil5t1 ! /ones w\ld cry out4 ,:ile 9 ,luke & ,john ?is happ5s dur+ ! progress1 9 ,mat!w x is only aft] ,jesus has arriv$ ) ! procession 9 ! temple1 & :5 ! *ildr51 ev5 "h1 cont9ue to cry1 ,hosanna to ! ,son ( ,david1 t ! high prie/s & scribes direct ! att5tion ( ,jesus to ! impropriety1 z x appe>s to !m1 :]eupon he repulses !m ) a s5t5ce out ( ,ps4 viii4 #c4 7,out ( ! m\? ( babes & suckl+s ?\ ha/ p]fect$ praise7 7v4 #ae f472 a s5t5ce :i* 9 ! orig9al obvi\sly relates to ,jehovah1 b :i* ,jesus ?us applies to himself4 ,! lam5tation ( ,jesus ov] ,j]usalem1 connect$ by ,luke ) ! entrance1 w come "u our consid]ation fur!r on4 ,john1 & m p>ticul>ly ,mat!w by 8 phrase 1 4441 ,all ?is 0 done t x might be fulfill$1 etc4 7v4 #d71 unequivocally express ! idea t ! design1 fir/ ( ,god1 inasmu* z he orda9$ ?is sc5e1 & next ( ! ,messiah1 z ! p>ticipant 9 ! ,div9e c\nsels1 01 by giv+ ?is "* to ! entrance1 to fulfil an anci5t prophecy4 ,if ,jesus saw 9 ! passage ( ,ze*>iah 7ix4 #i71 #aeii a prophecy conc]n+ himself z ! ,messiah1 ?is _c h be5 a k result+ f ! high] pr9ciple )9 him2 =1 ev5 if ?is prophetic passage ought n to be ref]r$ to an hi/orical pr9ce1 z ,uzziah1 #afjj or ,john ,hyrcanus1 #afja b to a messianic individual1 #afjb /ill ! latt]1 ?\gh a pacific1 mu/ yet be und]/ood z a temporal pr9ce1 & moreov] z 9 peaceful possession ( ,j]usalem--?us z "o altoge!r diff]5t f ,jesus4 ,b x appe>s q possible = ,jesus to h come to su* an int]pretation 9 a natural way1 s9ce at lea/ ! rabb9s ) decid$ unanimity int]pret ! passage ( ,ze*>iah ( ! ,messiah4 #afjc ,above all1 we "k t ! contradiction :i* appe>$ to exi/ betwe5 ! insignificant adv5t "h pr$ict$ ( ! ,messiah1 & ! brilliant "o :i* ,daniel _h =etold1 0 at a lat] p]iod commonly reconcil$ by ! doctr9e1 t accord+ z ! ,jewi% p %[$ !mselves wor?y or ! contr>y1 _! ,messiah w\ld appe> 9 a maje/ic or a l[ly =m4 #afjd ,n[ ev5 if ?is di/9ction did n exi/ 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 b only 9 g5]al a ref]5ce ( ! passage ,ze*4 ix4 #i to ! ,messiah3 /ill ,jesus might imag9e t n[1 on 8 fir/ appe>ance1 ! prophecy ( ,ze*>iah mu/ be fulfill$ 9 him1 b h]eaft]1 on 8 second appe>ance1 ! prophecy ( ,daniel4 ,b !re is a ?ird possibility2 namely1 t ei!r an accid5tal rid+ into ,j]usalem on an ass by ,jesus 0 subsequ5tly int]pret$ by ! ,*ri/ians 9 ?is mann]1 or t1 le/ any messianic attribute %\ld be want+ to him1 ! :ole n>rative ( ! entrance 0 freely compos$ aft] ! two prophecies & ! dogmatic presupposition ( a sup]human k on ! "p ( ,jesus4 ,,?ird ,,"p4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,passion1 ,,dea? ,,& ,,resurrection ,,( ,,jesus4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,relation ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,suff]+ ,,& ,,dy+ ,,messiah2 ,,8 ,,disc\rses ,,on ,,8 ,,dea?1 ,,resurrection1 ,,& ,,second ,,adv5t4 #aaa4 ,,did ,,jesus ,,9 ,,precise ,,t]ms ,,pr$ict ,,8 ,,passion ,,& ,,dea?8 ,accord+ to ! gospels1 ,jesus m ?an once1 & :ile ! result 0 yet di/ant1 #afje pr$ict$ to 8 disciples t suff]+s & a viol5t dea? await$ him4 ,moreov]1 if we tru/ ! synoptical acc\nts1 he did n pr$ict 8 fate m]ely 9 g5]al t]ms1 b specifi$ be=eh& ! place ( 8 passion1 namely1 ,j]usalem2 ! "t1 namely1 ! approa*+ passov]2 ! p]sons f :om he w\ld h to suff]1 namely1 ! *ief prie/s1 scribes & ,g5tiles2 ! ess5tial =m ( 8 passion1 namely1 crucifixion1 9 consequ5ce ( a judicial s5t5ce2 & ev5 its accessory circum/ances1 namely1 sc\rg+1 revil+1 & spitt+ 7,matt4 xvi4 #ba1 xvii4 #ab1 #bb f41 xx4 #ag ff41 xxvi4 #ab ) ! p>all41 ,luke xiii4 #cc74 ,betwe5 ! synopti/s & ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 !re exi/s a ?reefold diff]5ce 9 relation to ?is subject4 ,fir/ly & *iefly1 9 ! latt] ! pr$ictions ( ,jesus d n appe> s cle> & intelligible1 b are = ! mo/ "p pres5t$ 9 obscure figurative disc\rses1 conc]n+ :i* ! n>rator himself confesses t ! disciples und]/ood !m n until aft] ! issue 7ii4 #bb74 ,9 addition to a decid$ decl>ation t he w volunt>ily lay d[n 8 life 7x4 #ae ff471 ,jesus 9 ?is gospel is p>ticul>ly fond ( allud+ to 8 approa*+ dea? "u ! expressions 1 1 to lift up1 to be lift$ up1 9 ! application ( :i* he seems to vacillate betwe5 8 exaltation on ! cross1 & 8 exaltation to glory 7iii4 #ad1 viii4 #bh1 xii4 #cb72 he comp>es 8 approa*+ exaltation ) t ( ! braz5 s]p5t 9 ! wild]ness 7iii4 #ad71 z1 9 ,mat!w1 he comp>es 8 fate ) t ( ,jonah 7xii4 #dj72 on ano!r occasion1 he speaks ( go+ away :i!r no man c foll[ him 7vii4 #cc ff41 viii4 #ba f471 z1 9 ! synopti/s1 ( a tak+ away ( a bridegroom1 :i* w plunge 8 fri5ds into m\rn+ 7,matt4 ix4 #ae p>all471 & ( a cup1 :i* he mu/ dr9k1 & :i* 8 disciples w f9d x h>d to p>take ( ) him 7,matt4 xx4 #bb p>all474 ,! two o!r diff]5ces are less m>k$1 b are /ill obs]vable4 ,"o ( !m is1 t :ile 9 ,john ! allusions to ! viol5t dea? ( ,jesus run 9 an equal degree ?r\gh ! :ole gospel2 9 ! synopti/s1 ! repeat$ & def9ite ann\ncem5ts ( 8 dea? are f\nd only t[>ds ! end1 p>tly imm$iately be=e1 p>tly dur+1 ! la/ j\rney2 9 e>li] *apt]s !re occurs1 ) ! exception ( ! obscure disc\rse on ! sign ( ,jonah 7:i* we %all soon see to be no pr$iction ( dea?71 only ! intimation ( a removal 7d\btless viol5t7 ( ! bridegroom4 ,! la/ diff]5ce is1 t :ile accord+ to ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s1 ,jesus imp>ts ^? pr$ictions 7aga9 ) ! s+le exception ( ! above intimation1 ,matt4 ix4 #ae7 only to ! confid5tial circle ( 8 disciples2 9 ,john1 he utt]s !m 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p1 & ev5 ( 8 enemies4 ,9 ! critical inve/igation ( ^! evangelical acc\nts1 we %all proce$ f ! special to ! g5]al1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,fir/ we %all ask3 ,is x cr$ible t ,jesus _h a =ekn[l$ge ( s _m p>ticul> features ( ! fate :i* await$ him8 & next3 ,is ev5 a g5]al =ekn[l$ge & pr$iction ( 8 suff]+s1 on ! "p ( ,jesus1 probable8 9 :i* inquiry1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! repres5tation ( ,john & t ( ! synopti/s1 w necess>ily come "u our consid]ation4 ,!re are two modes ( expla9+ h[ ,jesus c\ld s precisely =ekn[ ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( 8 passion & dea?2 ! "o re/+ on a sup]natural1 ! o!r on a natural basis4 ,! =m] appe>s adequate to solve ! problem by ! simple position1 t be=e ! prophetic _s1 :i* dwelt 9 ,jesus 9 ! ri*e/ pl5itude1 8 de/9y mu/ h la9 unfold$ f ! beg9n+4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,jesus himself1 9 8 ann\ncem5ts ( 8 suff]+s1 expressly appeal$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! prophecies ( :i* conc]n+ him mu/ be fulfill$ 9 all po9ts 7,luke xviii4 #ca1 comp4 xxii4 #cg1 xxiv4 #be ff42 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ed73 s ! or?odox view ought n to despise ?is help1 b mu/ give to its explanation ! modification1 t ,jesus cont9ually occupi$ ) ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 may h drawn ^? p>ticul>ities out ( !m1 by ! aid ( ! _s t dwelt )9 him4 #afjf ,accord+ to ?is1 :ile ! k ( ! "t ( 8 passion rema9s consign$ to 8 prophetic pres5tim5t1 unless he be suppos$ to h calculat$ ?is out ( ,daniel1 or "s simil> s\rce2 ,jesus mu/ h come to reg>d ,j]usalem z ! sc5e ( 8 suff]+ & dea?1 by contemplat+ ! fate ( e>li] prophets z a type ( 8 own1 ! ,_s tell+ him1 t :]e s _m prophets _h suff]$ dea?1 !re1 =tiori1 mu/ ! ,messiah also suff] 7,luke xiii4 #cc72 t 8 dea? w\ld be ! sequel ( a =mal s5t5ce1 he mu/ h ga!r$ f ,isa4 liii4 #h1 :]e a judgm5t is spok5 ( z imp5d+ ov] ! s]vant ( ,god1 & f v4 #ab1 :]e x is said t he 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors1 7comp4 ,luke xxii4 #cg72 t 8 s5t5ce w\ld proce$ f ! rul]s ( 8 own p1 he might p]haps h conclud$ f ,ps4 cxviii4 #bb1 :]e ! build]s1 :o reject ! corn]-/one1 are1 accord+ to apo/olic int]pretation 7,acts iv4 #aa71 ! ,jewi% rul]s2 t he w\ld be deliv]$ to ! ,g5tiles1 he might inf] f ! fact1 t 9 sev]al pla9tive psalms1 :i* are susceptible ( a messianic int]pretation1 ! p]secut+ p>ties are repres5t$ z 1 i4e4 hea!ns2 t ! precise mann] ( 8 dea? w\ld be crucifixion1 he might h d$uc$1 p>tly f ! type ( ! braz5 s]p5t :i* 0 susp5d$ on a pole1 ,num4 xxi4 #h f4 7comp4 ,john iii4 #ad71 p>tly f ! pi]c+ ( ! h&s & feet1 ,ps4 xxii4 #ag1 ,,lxx42 la/ly1 t he w\ld be ! object ( scorn & p]sonal maltreatm5t1 he might h conclud$ f passages su* z v4 #g ff4 9 ! ,psalm above quot$1 ,isa4 l4 #f1 etc4 ,n[ if ! _s :i* dwelt 9 ,jesus1 & :i*1 accord+ to ! or?odox op9ion1 reveal$ to him ! ref]5ce ( ^! prophecies & types to 8 ultimate de/9y1 0 a _s ( tru?3 ?is ref]5ce to ,jesus mu/ admit ( be+ prov$ to be ! true & orig9al s5se ( ^? ,old ,te/am5t passages4 ,b1 to conf9e ourselves to ! pr9cipal passages only1 a pr(\nd grammatical & hi/orical exposition has conv9c+ly %[n1 = all :o are 9 a condition to lib]ate !mselves f dogmatic presuppositions1 t 9 none ( ^! is !re any allusion to ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ,isa4 l4 #f1 speaks ( ! ill usage :i* ! prophets _h to exp]i5ce2 #afjg ,isa4 liii4 ( ! calamities ( ! prophetic ord]1 or m probably ( ! ,israeliti% p2 #afjh ,ps4 cxviii4 ( ! unexpect$ deliv]ance & exaltation ( t p1 or ( "o ( _! pr9ces2 #afji :ile ,ps4 xxii4 is ! compla9t ( an oppress$ exile4 #afaj ,z to ! #ag? v]se ( ?is ,psalm1 :i* has be5 int]pret$ z hav+ ref]5ce to ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 ev5 presuppos+ ! mo/ improbable int]pretation ( by p]fod]unt1 ?is mu/ 9 no case be und]/ood lit]ally1 b only figuratively1 & ! image w\ld be d]iv$1 n f a crucifixion1 b f a *ase1 or a combat ) wild bea/s2 #afaa h5ce ! application ( ?is passage to ,*ri/ is n[ only ma9ta9$ by ^? ) :om x w\ld be lo/ lab\r to cont5d4 ,accord+ to ! or?odox view1 h[ev]1 ,jesus1 9 a sup]natural mann]1 by means ( 8 high] nature1 discov]$ 9 ^! passages a pre-intimation ( ! p>ticul> features ( 8 passion2 b1 9 t case1 s9ce su* is n ! true s5se ( ^! passages1 ! _s t dwelt 9 ,jesus _c h be5 ! _s ( tru?1 b a ly+ _s4 ,?us ! or?odox expositor1 s f> z he does n exclude himself f ! light disp5s$ by an unprejudic$ int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is driv51 = ! sake ( 8 own int]e/1 to adopt ! natural op9ion2 namely1 t ,jesus 0 l$ to su* an int]pretation ( ,old ,te/am5t passages1 n by div9e inspiration1 b by a comb9ation ( 8 own4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 #afab !re 0 no difficulty 9 =esee+ t x w\ld be ! rul+ sac]dotal p>ty to :i* ,jesus mu/ succumb1 s9ce1 on ! "o h&1 x 0 pre-em95tly embitt]$ aga9/ ,jesus1 on ! o!r1 x 0 9 possession ( ! necess>y p[]2 & equally obvi\s 0 x t !y w\ld make ,j]usalem ! !atre ( 8 judgm5t & execution1 s9ce ?is 0 ! c5tre ( _! /r5g?2 t aft] be+ s5t5c$ by ! rul]s ( 8 p1 he w\ld be deliv]$ to ! ,romans = execution1 foll[$ f ! limitation ( ! ,jewi% judicial p[] at t p]iod2 t crucifixion 0 ! dea? to :i* he w\ld be s5t5c$1 might be conjectur$ f ! fact t ) ! ,romans ?is species ( dea? 0 a cu/om>y infliction1 especially on rebels2 la/ly1 t sc\rg+ & revil+ w\ld n be want+1 might likewise be inf]r$ f ,roman cu/om1 & ! b>b>ity ( judicial proce$+s 9 t age4--,b view+ ! subject m ne>ly1 h[ c\ld ,jesus s c]ta9ly "k t ,h]od1 :o _h direct$ a ?reat5+ att5tion to 8 movem5ts 7,luke xiii4 #ca71 w\ld n =e/all ! sac]dotal p>ty1 & add to ! murd] ( ! ,bapti/1 t ( 8 m important foll[]8 ,& ev5 if he felt himself w>rant$ 9 believ+ t real dang] ?reat5$ him f ! side ( ! hi]>*y only 7,luke xiii4 #cc72 :at 0 8 gu>antee t "o ( _! tumultu>y attempts to murd] him w\ld n at la/ succe$ 7comp4 ,john viii4 #ci1 x4 #ca71 & t he w\ld n1 z ,/eph5 did at a lat] p]iod1 )\t any fur!r =malities1 & )\t a previ\s deliv]y to ! ,romans1 f9d 8 dea? 9 q ano!r mann] ?an by ! ,roman puni%m5t ( crucifixion8 ,la/ly1 h[ c\ld he s confid5tly ass]t t ! v next plot ( 8 enemies1 aft] s _m failures1 w\ld be successful1 & t ! v next j\rney to ! passov] w\ld be 8 la/8--,b ! natural explanation also c call to its aid ! ,old ,te/am5t passages1 & say3 ,jesus1 :e!r by ! application ( a mode ( int]pretation !n curr5t among 8 c\ntrym51 or "u ! guidance ( 8 own individual views1 ga!r$ f ! passages already quot$1 a precise idea ( ! circum/ances att5dant on ! viol5t end :i* await$ him z ! ,messiah4 #afac ,b if 9 ! fir/ place x w\ld be difficult to prove1 t already 9 ! lifetime ( ,jesus all ^! v>i\s passages 7 ref]r$ to ! ,messiah2 & if x be equally difficult to conceive t ,jesus c\ld indep5d5tly1 prior to ! issue1 discov] su* a ref]5ce2 s x w\ld be a case undi/+ui%able f a miracle1 if ! result _h actually correspond$ to s false an int]pretation2 moreov]1 ! ,old ,te/am5t oracles & types w n suffice to expla9 all ! p>ticul> features 9 ! pr$ictions ( ,jesus1 especially ! precise det]m9ation ( "t4 ,if !n ,jesus _c h _h s precise a =ekn[l$ge ( ! circum/ances ( 8 passion & dea?1 ei!r 9 a sup]natural or a natural way3 he _c h _h su* a =ekn[l$ge at all3 & ! m9ute pr$ictions :i* ! ,evangeli/s put into 8 m\? mu/ be reg>d$ z a vatic9ium po/ ev5tum4 #afad ,comm5tators :o h arriv$ at ?is conclusion1 h n fail$ to extol ! acc\nt ( ,john1 9 opposition to t ( ! synopti/s1 on ! gr\nd t precisely ^? traits 9 ! pr$ictions ( ,jesus :i*1 f _! special "*1 he _c h utt]$1 are only f\nd 9 ! synopti/s1 :ile ,john attributes to ,jesus no m ?an indef9ite intimations1 & di/+ui%es ^! f 8 own int]pretation1 made aft] ! issue2 a pla9 pro( t 9 8 gospel alone we h ! disc\rses ( ,jesus unfalsifi$1 & 9 _! orig9al =m4 #afae ,b1 reg>d$ m ne>ly1 ! case does n /& s t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ c only be tax$ ) putt+ an errone\s int]pretation on ! o!rwise unfalsifi$ decl>ations ( ,jesus3 = 9 "o passage1 at lea/1 he has put into 8 m\? an expression :i*1 obscurely1 x is true1 b /ill unmi/akably1 det]m9es ! mann] ( 8 dea? z crucifixion2 & consequ5tly1 he has "h alt]$ ! words ( ,jesus to correspond ) ! result4 ,we ref] to ! expression 1 to be lift$ up3 9 ^? passages ( ! f\r? gospel :]e ,jesus speaks 9 a passive s5se ( ! ,son ( ,man be+ lift$ up1 ?is expression might possibly mean 8 exaltation to glory1 al?\gh 9 iii4 #ad1 f ! comp>ison ) ! s]p5t 9 ! wild]ness1 :i* 0 well kn[n to h be5 elevat$ on a pole1 ev5 ?is becomes a difficulty2 b :51 z 9 viii4 #bh1 he repres5ts ! exaltation ( ! ,son ( ,man z ! act ( 8 enemies 7 4 471 x is obvi\s t ^! c\ld n lift him up imm$iately to glory1 b only to ! cross2 consequ5tly1 if ! result above /at$ be admitt$ z valid1 ,john mu/ himself h fram$ ?is expression1 or at lea/ h di/ort$ ! ,araman words ( ,jesus1 & h5ce he ess5tially falls "u ! same category ) ! synoptical writ]s4 ,t ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 ?\gh ! passion & dea? ( ,jesus 7 to him pa/ ev5ts1 & !re=e cle>ly pres5t to 8 m9d1 nev]!less makes ,jesus pr$ict !m 9 obscure expressions1--?is has its f\ndation 9 ! entire mann] ( ?is writ]1 ^: fondness = ! enigmatical & my/]i\s "h happily met ! requirem5t1 to give an un9telligible =m to prophecies :i* 7 n und]/ood4 ,!re 7 suffici5t inducem5ts = ! ,*ri/ian leg5d ?us to put into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 aft] ! ev5t1 a pr$iction ( ! p>ticul> features ( 8 passion1 especially ( ! ignom9i\s crucifixion4 ,! m ! ,*ri/ crucifi$ became to ! ,jews a /umbl+-block1 & to ! ,greeks fooli%ness 7#a ,cor4 i4 #bc71 ! m ne$ 0 !re to remove ?is (f5ce by e possible means2 & z1 among subsequ5t ev5ts1 ! resurrection especially s]v$ z a retrospective cancell+ ( t %ameful dea?2 s x mu/ h be5 e>ne/ly desir$ to take ! /+ f t (f5sive cata/rophe be=eh& also1 & ?is c\ld n be done m effectually ?an by su* a m9ute pr$iction4 ,= z ! mo/ unimportant fact1 :5 prophetically ann\nc$1 ga9s importance1 by ?us be+ made a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( a high] k3 s ! mo/ ignom9i\s fate1 :5 x is pr$ict$ z "p ( a div9e plan ( salvation1 ceases to be ignom9i\s2 above all1 :5 ! v p]son ov] :om su* a fate imp5ds1 also possesses ! prophetic _s1 :i* enables him to =esee & =etell x1 & ?us n only suff]s1 b p>ticipates 9 ! div9e presci5ce ( 8 suff]+s1 he manife/s himself z ! ideal p[] ov] ^? suff]+4 ,b ! f\r? ,evangeli/ has gone /ill f>!r on ?is track2 he believes x due to ! hon\r ( ,jesus to repres5t him z also ! real p[] ov] 8 suff]+s1 z n hav+ 8 life tak5 away by ! viol5ce ( o!rs1 b z resign+ x volunt>ily 7x4 #ag f473 a repres5tation :i* inde$ already f9ds "s c\nt5ance 9 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ec1 :]e ,jesus ass]ts ! possibility ( pray+ to ! ,fa!r = legions ( angels1 9 ord] to av]t 8 suff]+s4 #aab4 ,,! ,,pr$ictions ,,( ,,jesus ,,conc]n+ ,,8 ,,dea? ,,9 ,,g5]al2 ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,jewi% ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,messiah3 ,,decl>ations ,,( ,,jesus ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,object ,,& ,,effects ,,( ,,8 ,,dea?4 ,if 9 ?is mann] we subtract f ! decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 approa*+ fate1 attribut$ to him 9 ! gospels1 all :i* reg>ds ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ?is cata/rophe2 !re /ill rema9s on ! "p ( ,jesus ! g5]al ann\ncem5t1 t suff]+ & dea? await$ him1 & also t ?is "p ( 8 c>e] 0 a fulfilm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies relative to ! ,messiah4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! pr9cipal passages cit$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* treat ( suff]+ & dea?1 are only by mi/ake ref]r$ to ! ,messiah1 :ile o!rs1 z ,dan4 ix4 #bf2 ,ze*4 xii4 #aj1 h n ?is signification3 #afaf ! or?odox1 above all1 mu/ aga9 bew>e ( attribut+ s false an int]pretation ( ^! prophecies1 to ! sup]natural pr9ciple 9 ,jesus4 ,t in/ead ( ?is1 ,jesus might possibly1 by a purely natural comb9ation1 h educ$ ! g5]al result1 t s9ce he _h made ! hi]>*y ( 8 nation 8 implacable enemies1 he _h1 9 s f> z he 0 resolv$ n to sw]ve f ! pa? ( 8 de/9ation1 ! wor/ to fe> f _! rev5ge & au?ority 7,john x4 #aa ff472 t f ! fate ( =m] prophets 7,matt4 v4 #ab1 xxi4 #cc ff42 ,luke xiii4 #cc f471 & isolat$ passages be>+ su* an int]pretation1 he might progno/icate a simil> end to 8 own c>e]1 & accord+ly pr$ict to 8 foll[]s t e>li] or lat] a viol5t dea? await$ him--?is x w\ld be a ne$less ov]/ra9+ ( ! supranaturali/ic view any long] to d5y1 & ! rational mode ( consid]+ ! subject %\ld be admitt$4 #afag ,x may appe> surpris+ if1 aft] ?is admission1 we /ill put ! "q1 :e!r1 accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t repres5tation1 x be probable t ,jesus actually utt]$ su* a pr$iction8 s9ce1 c]ta9ly1 a g5]al ann\ncem5t ( 8 viol5t dea? is ! lea/ :i* ! evangelical acc\nts appe> to conta91 b our mean+ 9 ! "q is ?is3 is ! sequel1 especially ! conduct ( ! disciples1 s describ$ 9 ! gospels1 z to be reconcilable ) a prior disclosure ( ,jesus relative to ! suff]+s :i* await$ him8 ,n[ ! express /atem5ts ( ! ,evangeli/s d n m]ely t5d to %[ t ! disciples did n und]/& ! disc\rses ( ,jesus on 8 com+ dea?1 9 ! s5se t !y did n "k h[ to adju/ ^! facts 9 _! own m9ds1 or to make !m tally ) _! preconceiv$ ideas conc]n+ ! ,messiah1--a difficulty :i* drew f ,pet] ! fir/ "t t ,jesus ann\nc$ 8 dea?1 ! exclamation3 ,be x f> f !e1 ,"l1 ?is %all n be unto !e2--= we f9d ! words ( ,m>k 7ix4 #cb71 ,b !y und]/ood n t say+1 1 ?us amplifi$ 9 ,luke3 & x 0 hid f !m1 t !y p]ceiv$ x n1 ' 7ix4 #de72 & ! latt] ,evangeli/ on ano!r occasion says3 & !y und]/ood none ( ^! ?+s1 & ?is say+ 0 hid f !m1 nei!r knew !y ! ?+s t 7 spok51 1 ' 1 7xviii4 #cd73 expressions :i* appe> to imply t ! disciples absolutely did n und]/& :at ! words ( ,jesus meant4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ! condemnation & execution ( ,jesus fall ^u !m z a bl[ = :i* !y are entirely unprep>$1 & consequ5tly annihilate all ! hopes :i* !y _h fix$ on him z ! ,messiah 7,luke xxiv4 #bj f41 ,! *ief prie/s & our rul]s h crucifi$ him4 ,b we tru/$ t x _h be5 he :i* %\ld h r$eem$ ,israel74 ,b _h ,jesus spok5 ( 8 dea? to ! disciples ) su* p]fect op5ness 71 ,m>k viii4 #cb71 !y mu/ necess>ily h und]/ood 8 cle> words & detail$ disc\rses1 & _h he besides %[n !m t 8 dea? 0 =e%ad[$ 9 ! messianic prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 0 consequ5tly a "p ( ! ,messiah's de/9ation 7,luke xviii4 #ca1 xxii4 #cg71 !y c\ld n1 :5 8 dea? actually ensu$1 h s entirely lo/ all belief 9 8 messiah%ip4 ,x is true t ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/ is wrong 9 8 attempt to %[ 9 ! conduct ( ,jesus1 z describ$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 indications t 8 dea? 0 unexpect$ ev5 to himself2 b1 look+ m]ely at ! conduct ( ! disciples1 x is difficult to avoid ! conclusion :i* t writ] draws1 namely1 t to judge by t conduct1 ,jesus _c h made any antec$5t disclosure to 8 disciples conc]n+ 8 dea?2 on ! contr>y1 !y appe> to ! v la/ mom5t to h held ! common op9ion on ?is matt]1 & only to h adopt$ ! *>act]i/ics ( suff]+ & dea? into _! conception ( ! ,messiah1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus _h unexpect$ly come ^u !m4 #afah ,at all ev5ts we h be=e u ! foll[+ dilemma3 ei!r ! /atem5ts ( ! ,evangeli/s z to ! inability ( ! disciples to und]/& ! pr$ictions ( ,jesus1 & _! surprise at 8 dea?1 are unhi/orically exagg]at$2 or ! decid$ decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! dea? :i* await$ him1 7 compos$ ex ev5tu1 nay1 x becomes d\btful :e!r he ev5 9 g5]al pr$ict$ 8 dea? z a "p ( 8 messianic de/9y4 ,on bo? sides1 ! leg5d might be l$ into unhi/orical repres5tations4 ,= ! fabrication ( a pr$iction ( 8 dea? 9 g5]al1 !re 7 ! same reasons :i* we h above %[n to be an adequate motive = attribut+ to him a progno/ication ( ! p>ticul> features ( 8 passion3 to ! fiction ( s total a want ( compreh5sion 9 ! disciples1 an inducem5t might be f\nd1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! desire to exhibit ! pr(\ndness ( ! my/]y ( a suff]+ ,messiah reveal$ by ,jesus1 ?r\gh ! inability ( ! disciples to und]/& x2 on ! o!r1 9 ! fact t 9 ! evangelical tradition ! disciples 7 lik5$ to unconv]t$ ,jews & hea!ns1 to :om any?+ 0 m intelligible ?an ! dea? ( ! ,messiah4 ,9 ord] to decide betwe5 ^! alt]natives1 we mu/ fir/ exam9e :e!r1 prior to ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & indep5d5tly ( t ev5t1 ! messianic ideas ( ! age includ$ ! *>act]i/ics ( suff]+ & dea?4 ,if already 9 ! lifetime ( ,jesus x 0 ! ,jewi% op9ion t ! ,messiah mu/ die a viol5t dea?1 !n x is highly probable t ,jesus imbib$ ?is idea z a "p ( 8 convictions1 & communicat$ x to 8 disciples2 :o1 9 t case1 c\ld s mu* ! less h rema9$ un9/ruct$ on ?is po9t1 & ov]:elm$ by ! actual result1 9 ! degree alleg$ by ! ,evangeli/s4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 t idea 0 n diffus$ among 8 c\ntrym5 be=e ! dea? ( ,jesus1 x /ill rema9s possible t ,jesus might arrive at t idea by 8 private reflection2 b x is a prior possibility t ! disciples 7 ! fir/ to adopt ! *>act]i/ics ( suff]+ & dea? into _! conception ( ! ,messiah1 aft] !y _h be5 taught by ! issue4 ,! "q :e!r ! idea ( a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah 0 already diffus$ among ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult po9ts ( discussion among !ologians1 & "o conc]n+ :i* !y are ! lea/ agre$4 ,& ! difficulty ( ! "q does n lie 9 ! int]e/s ( p>ty1 s t x might be hop$ t ) ! rise ( imp>tial inve/igation1 ! subject w\ld cease to be p]plex$2 =1 z ,/udl9 has aptly %[n1 #afai bo? ! or?odox & ! rationali/ic int]e/ may alt]nately t5d 9 ea* direction1 & we 9 fact f9d !ologians ( bo? p>ties on bo? sides4 #afbj ,! difficulty lies 9 ! defici5cy ( in=mation1 & 9 ! unc]ta9ty ( t :i* we d possess4 ,if ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9$ ! doctr9e ( a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah1 x might c]ta9ly !nce be inf]r$ ) m ?an m]e probability1 t ?is doctr9e exi/$ among ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,jesus3 z1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :ile x does inde$ conta9 ! doctr9e ( an expiation ( ! s9s ( ! p to take place at ! messianic era 7,ezek4 xxxvi4 #be1 xxxvii4 #bc2 ,ze*4 xiii4 #a2 ,dan4 ix4 #bd71 has no trace ( ?is expiation be+ effect$ by ! suff]+ & dea? ( ! ,messiah #afba3 !re is no decision ( ! "q be=e u to be expect$ f ?is qu>t]4 ,! apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t lie ne>] to ! "t ( ,jesus2 b z ^! are altoge!r sil5t conc]n+ ! ,messiah 9 g5]al1 #afbb !re c be no discussion z to _! conta9+ t special feature4 ,aga91 if we turn to ,philo & ,josephus1 ! two au?ors :o wrote soone/ aft] ! p]iod 9 "q1 we f9d ! latt] sil5t z to ! messianic hopes ( 8 nation2 #afbc & ?\gh ! =m] does inde$ speak ( messianic times1 & a messiah-l h]o1 he says no?+ ( suff]+s on 8 "p4 #afbd ,?us !re rema91 z s\rces ( in=mation on ?is po9t1 only ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! lat] ,jewi% writ+s4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 almo/ ev]y?+ is calculat$ to give ! impression1 t a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah 0 un?\ght-( among ! ,jews :o 7 contempor>y ) ,jesus4 ,to ! majority ( ! ,jews1 we are told1 ! doctr9e ( a crucifi$ ,messiah 0 a 1 & ! disciples 7 at a loss to und]/& ,jesus 9 8 repeat$ & explicit ann\ncem5ts ( 8 dea?4 ,?is does n look z if ! doctr9e ( a suff]+ ,messiah _h be5 curr5t among ! ,jews ( t p]iod2 on ! contr>y1 ^! circum/ances accord fully ) ! decl>ation :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ puts into ! m\? ( ! ,jewi% multitude1 7xii4 #cd71 namely1 t !y _h he>d 9 ! law 77 t ,*ri/ abide? = ev]1 4 #afbe ,inde$1 = a g5]al acceptation ( ! idea ( a suff]+ ,messiah among ! ,jews ( t p]iod1 ev5 ^? !ologians :o take ! affirmative side 9 ?is argum5t d n cont5d2 b1 admitt+ t ! hope ( a worldly ,messiah ^: reign 0 to endure = ev]1 0 ! preval5t "o1 !y only ma9ta9 7& h]e9 ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/ agrees ) !m7 #afbf1 t a less num]\s p>ty1--accord+ to ,/udl91 ! ,ess5es2 accord+ to ,h5g/5b]g1 ! bett] & m enlight5$ "p ( ! p 9 g5]al--held ! belief t ! ,messiah w\ld appe> 9 a humble guise1 & only ent] into glory ?r\gh suff]+ & dea?4 ,9 support ( ?is !y appeal especially to two passages2 "o out ( ! ?ird1 & "o out ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,:5 ,jesus is pres5t$ z an infant 9 ! temple at ,j]usalem1 ! ag$ ,simeon1 among o!r prophecies1 p>ticul>ly conc]n+ ! opposition :i* h] son w\ld h to enc\nt]1 says to ,m>y3 ,yea1 a sword %all pi]ce ?r\gh ?9e own s\l also 7,luke ii4 #ce72 words :i* seem to describe h] mat]nal sorr[ at ! dea? ( h] son1 & consequ5tly to repres5t ! op9ion1 t a viol5t dea? await$ ! ,messiah1 z "o already curr5t be=e ,*ri/4 ,/ill m pla9ly is ! idea ( a suff]+ ,messiah conta9$ 9 ! words :i* ! f\r? gospel makes ! ,bapti/ utt] on see+ ,jesus3 ,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w 7i4 #bi76 ,?is1 view$ 9 its relation to ,isa4 liii41 w\ld 9 ! m\? ( ! ,bapti/ likewise t5d to prove1 t ! idea ( expiatory suff]+ on ! "p ( ! ,messiah 0 9 exi/5ce be=e ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,b bo? ^! passages h be5 above %[n to be unhi/orical1 & f ! fact t ! primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d 0 l$1 a consid]able "t aft] ! issue1 to attribute to p]sons :om x held div9ely inspir$1 a =ekn[l$ge ( ! div9e decree ) respect to ! dea? ( ,jesus1 x c by no means be conclud$1 t ?is insight really exi/$ prior to ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,9 conclusion1 x is urg$1 t at lea/ ! ,evangeli/s & apo/les ref] to ! idea ( a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 :5ce x is ?\ght w>rantable to conclude1 t ?is int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t passages connect$ ) our pres5t subject1 0 n unprec$5t$ among ! ,jews4 ,c]ta9ly ,pet] 7,acts iii4 #ah f42 #a ,pet4 i4 #aa f47 & ,paul 7,acts xxvi4 #bb f42 #a ,cor4 xv4 #c7 appeal to ,moses & ! prophets z annunciators ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & ,philip1 9 8 int]view ) ! ,e?iopian eunu*1 int]prets a passage 9 ,isa4 liii4 ( ! suff]+s ( ! ,messiah3 b z ^? tea*]s ( ! *ur* spoke & wrote all ?is aft] ! ev5t1 we h no assurance t !y did n assign to c]ta9 ,old ,te/am5t passages a relation to ! suff]+s ( ! ,messiah1 solely 9 consequ5ce ( t ev5t1 & n by adopt+ a mode ( int]pretation previ\sly curr5t among _! ,jewi% cotempor>ies4 #afbg ,if1 accord+ to ?is1 ! op9ion t ! idea 9 "q already exi/$ among ! c\ntrym5 ( ,jesus dur+ 8 lifetime1 has no solid f\ndation 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 we mu/ proce$ to inquire :e!r t idea may n be f\nd 9 ! lat] ,jewi% writ+s4 ,among ! e>lie/ writ+s ( ?is class n[ extant1 are ! ,*aldee p>aphrases ( ,onkelos & ,jona?an2 & ! ,t>gum ( ! latt]1 :o1 accord+ to rabb9ical tradition1 0 a pupil ( ,hillel ! eld]1 #afbh is commonly cit$ z pres5t+ ! idea ( a suff]+ ,messiah1 because x ref]s ! passage1 ,isa4 lii4 #ac-liii4 #ab1 to ! ,messiah4 ,b ) respect to ! int]pretation ( ?is passage 9 ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an1 x is ! s+ul> fact1 t :ile ! prophecies :i* x conta9s are 9 g5]al int]pret$ messianically1 yet s (t5 z suff]+ & dea? are spok5 (1 ei!r ^! ideas are avoid$ ) m>k$ design1 & = ! mo/ "p by "s extremely =c$ exp$i5t1 or are transf]r$ to a diff]5t subject1 namely1 ! p ( ,israel3 a significant pro( t to ! au?or1 suff]+ & viol5t dea? appe>$ irreconcilable ) ! idea ( ! ,messiah4 #afbi ,b ?is1 we are told1 is ! comm5cem5t ( t ab]ration f ! true s5se ( ! sacr$ text1 into :i* ! lat] ,jews 7 s$uc$ by _! c>nal disposition1 & _! ho/ility to ,*ri/ianity3 ! m anci5t int]pret]s1 x is said1 discov]$ 9 ?is passage ( ,isaiah a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah4 ,x is true t ,ab5ezra1 ,ab>banel & o!rs1 te/ify t _m anci5t tea*]s ref]r$ ,isa4 liii4 to ! ,messiah3 #afcj b "s ( _! /atem5ts leave x by no means cle> t ^? m anci5t int]pretations are n z p>tial z t ( ,jona?an2 & 9 relation to all ( !m x rema9s unc]ta91 :e!r ! int]pret]s ( :om !y speak rea* z f> back z ! age ( ,jona?an1 :i* is highly improbable ) respect to ^? p>ts ( ! book ,soh>1 :]e9 ! passage 9 "q is ref]r$ to a suff]+ ,messiah4 #afca ,! writ+ :i*1 toge!r ) t ( ,jona?an1 may be reg>d$ z ! ne>e/ to ! "t ( ,jesus1 namely1 ! apocryphal f\r? book ( ,esdras1 drawn up1 accord+ to ! mo/ probable computation1 %ortly aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem "u ,titus1 #afcb does inde$ m5tion ! dea? ( ! ,messiah3 n h[ev] z a pa9ful "o1 b only z a dea? :i*1 aft] ! long duration ( ! messianic k+dom1 0 to prec$e ! g5]al resurrection4 #afcc ,! idea ( great calamities1 ! bir?-?roes1 z x 71 ( ! ,messiah 7 1 comp4 1 ,matt4 xxiv4 #h71 :i* w\ld u%] 9 ! messianic times1 0 und\bt$ly dissem9at$ be=e ,*ri/2 #afcd & equally e>ly !re appe>s to h be5 plac$ 9 ! front ( ^! ills1 :i* 7 to press ^u ! p ( ,israel 9 p>ticul>1 ! ,anti*ri/1 1 :om ! ,*ri/1 w\ld h to oppose 7#b ,!ss4 ii4 #c ff473 #afce b s9ce he 0 to annihilate ?is adv]s>y 9 a sup]natural mann]1 ) ! _s ( 8 m\?1 1 ?is involv$ no suff]+ = ! ,messiah4 ,nev]!less1 !re are to be f\nd passages 9 :i* a suff]+ ( ! ,messiah is spok5 (1 & 9 :i* ?is suff]+ is ev5 repres5t$ z vic>i\s1 on behalf ( ! p3 #afcf b fir/1 ?is is only a suff]+1 & no dea? ( ! ,messiah2 secondly1 x befals him ei!r be=e 8 desc5t into e>?ly life1 9 8 pre-exi/5ce1 #afcg or dur+ ! concealm5t 9 :i* he keeps himself f 8 bir? until 8 appe>ance z ,messiah3 #afch la/ly1 ! antiquity ( ^! ideas is d\btful1 & accord+ to c]ta9 indications1 !y c\ld only be dat$ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,jewi% /ate by ,titus4 #afci ,mean:ile1 ,jewi% writ+s are by no means de/itute ( passages1 9 :i* x is directly ass]t$ t a ,messiah w\ld p]i% 9 a viol5t mann]3 b ^! passages relate1 n to ! prop] ,messiah1 ! (fspr+ ( ,david1 b to ano!r1 f among ! po/]ity ( ,joseph & ,ephraim1 :o 0 appo9t$ to hold a subord9ate position 9 relation to ! =m]4 ,?is ,messiah b5 ,joseph 0 to prec$e ! ,messiah b5 ,david1 to unite ! t5 tribes ( ! =m] k+dom ( ,israel ) ! two tribes ( ! k+dom ( ,judah1 b aft] ?is to p]i% by ! sword 9 ! battle ) ,gog & ,magog3 a cata/rophe to :i* ,ze*4 xii4 #aj 0 ref]r$4 #afdj ,b ( ?is second1 dy+ ,messiah1 any c]ta9 traces are want+ be=e ! ,babylonian ,gem>a1 :i* 0 compil$ 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies aft] ,*ri/1 & ! book ,soh>1 ! age ( :i* is extremely d\btful4 #afda ,al?\gh1 accord+ to ?is1 x _c be prov$1 & is ev5 n probable1 t ! idea ( a suff]+ ,messiah already exi/$ among ! ,jews 9 ! "t ( ,jesus3 x is /ill possible t1 ev5 )\t su* a prec$5t1 ,jesus himself1 by an obs]vation ( circum/ances1 & a comp>ison ( !m ) ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives & prophecies1 might come to ent]ta9 ! belief t suff]+ & dea? 7 a "p ( ! (fice & de/9ation ( ! ,messiah2 & if s1 x w\ld be m natural t he %\ld embrace ?is conviction gradually 9 ! c\rse ( 8 public m9i/ry1 & t he %\ld *iefly h conf9$ 8 communications on ! subject to 8 intimate fri5ds1 ?an t he %\ld h _h ?is conviction f ! beg9n+1 & h express$ x be=e indiff]5t p]sons1 nay enemies4 ,! latt] is ! repres5tation ( ,john2 ! =m]1 ( ! synopti/s4 ,9 relation also to ! decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! object & effects ( 8 dea?1 we c1 z above 9 relation to ! ann\ncem5t ( ! dea? itself1 di/+ui% a m natural1 f a m supranatural po9t ( view4 ,:5 ,jesus 9 ! f\r? gospel lik5s himself to ! true %eph]d1 :o lays d[n 8 life = ! %eep 7x4 #aa1 #ae73 ?is may h ! p]fectly natural s5se1 t he is det]m9$ n to sw]ve f 8 (fice ( %eph]d & tea*]1 ev5 ?\gh1 9 ! prosecution ( x1 dea? %\ld ?reat5 him 7! moral necessity ( 8 dea?72 #afdb ! =ebod+ expression 9 ! same gospel 7xii4 #bd71 t except a corn ( :eat fall into ! gr\nd & die1 x abide? alone1 b if x die x br+e? =? mu* fruit1 admits ( an equally rational explanation1 z a figurative repres5tation ( ! victori\s p[] :i* m>tyrdom gives to an idea & conviction 7! moral efficacy ( 8 dea?72 #afdc la/ly1 t :i* is s (t5 repeat$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john1--namely1 t x is good = ! disciples t ,jesus %\ld g away1 = )\t 8 dep>ture ! com=t]1 w n come to !m1 :o w glorify him 9 !m1--may be suppos$ to express ! p]fectly natural consid]ation ( ,jesus1 t )\t ! removal ( 8 s5sible pres5ce1 ! hi!rto s mat]ial ideas ( 8 disciples w\ld n be spiritualiz$ 7! psy*ological efficacy ( 8 dea?74 #afdd ,! words ( ,jesus at ! in/itution ( ! sacram5tal supp]1 belong m to ! supranaturali/ic mode ( view4 ,= if t :i* ! int]m$iate ,evangeli/s make him say on ?is occasion--t ! cup pres5t$ is ! blood ( ! new te/am5t1 7,m>k xiv4 #bd71 & ! new te/am5t 9 8 blood1 7,luke xxii4 #bj71--might appe> to signify no m ?an t1 z by ! bloody sacrifice at ,s9ai 0 seal$ ! cov5ant ( ?is anci5t p ) ,god1 s by 8 7! ,messiah's7 blood w\ld be seal$ 9 a high] s5se ! community ( ! new cov5ant1 ga!r+ r\nd him3 9 ! acc\nt ( ,mat!w1 on ! contr>y1 :5 he makes ,jesus add1 t 8 blood w be %$ = _m = ! remission ( s9s1 1 ! idea ( ! cov5ant sacrifice is bl5d$ ) t ( expiatory sacrifice3 & also 9 ! two o!r ,evangeli/s by ! addition3 :i* is %$ = _m1 or = y1 1 1 ! transition is made f ! cov5ant sacrifice to ! expiatory sacrifice4 ,fur!r1 :5 9 ! fir/ gospel 7xx4 #bh7 ,jesus says1 he mu/ give 8 life a ransom = _m1 1 ?is is d\btless to be ref]r$ to ,isa4 liii41 :]e1 accord+ to a notion curr5t among ! ,hebrews 7,isa4 xliii4 #c2 ,prov4 xxi4 #ah71 ! dea? ( ! s]vant ( ,god is suppos$ to h a propitiatory relation to ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,?us ,jesus might by psy*ological reflection come to ! conviction t su* a cata/rophe w\ld be fav\rable to ! spiritual developm5t ( 8 disciples1 & t x 0 indisp5sable = ! spiritualiz+ ( _! messianic ideas1 nay1 9 accordance ) national conceptions1 & by a consid]ation ( ,old ,te/am5t passages1 ev5 to ! idea t 8 messianic dea? w\ld h an expiatory efficacy4 ,/ill1 :at ! synopti/s make ,jesus say ( 8 dea?1 z a s9 (f]+1 might especially appe> to belong r to ! sy/em :i* 0 develop$ aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus2 & :at ! f\r? ,evangeli/ puts into 8 m\? conc]n+ ! ,p>aclete1 to h be5 conceiv$ ex ev5tu3 s t1 aga91 9 ^! expressions ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! object ( 8 dea?1 !re mu/ be a sep>ation ( ! g5]al f ! special4 #aac4 ,,precise ,,decl>ations ,,( ,,jesus ,,conc]n+ ,,8 ,,future ,,resurrection4 ,accord+ to ! evangelical acc\nts1 ,jesus pr$ict$ 8 resurrection 9 words n less cle> ?an ^? 9 :i* he ann\nc$ 8 dea?1 & also fix$ ! "t ( its occurr5ce ) s+ul> precision4 ,z (t5 z he said to 8 disciples1 ! ,son ( ,man w be crucifi$1 he add$3 ,& ! ?ird day he %all rise aga91 1 or 7,matt4 xvi4 #ba1 xvii4 #bc1 xx4 #ai p>all4 comp4 xvii4 #i1 xxvi4 #cb p>all474 ,b ( ?is ann\ncem5t also x is said1 t ! disciples und]/ood x n2 s little1 t !y ev5 debat$ among !mselves :at ! ris+ f ! dead %\ld mean1 7,m>k ix4 #aj72 & 9 consi/5cy ) ?is want ( compreh5sion1 !y1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 exhibit no trace ( a recollection t 8 resurrection _h be5 =etold to !m1 no sp>k ( hope t ?is pr$iction w\ld be fulfill$4 ,:5 ! fri5ds ( ,jesus _h tak5 d[n 8 body f ! cross1 & laid x 9 ! grave1 !y und]took 7,john xix4 #dj7--or ! wom5 res]v$ to !mselves 7,m>k xvi4 #a2 ,luke xxiii4 #ef7--! task ( embalm+ him1 :i* is only p]=m$ 9 ! case ( ^? :o are reg>d$ z ! prey ( corruption2 :51 on ! morn+ :i*1 accord+ to ! mode ( reckon+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 op5$ ! day :i* _h be5 pr$et]m9$ z t ( ! resurrection1 ! wom5 w5t to ! grave1 !y 7 s f> f ?9k+ ( a pr$ict$ resurrection1 t !y 7 anxi\s ab\t ! probable difficulty ( roll+ away ! /one f ! grave 7,m>k xvi4 #c72 :5 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & aft]w>ds ,pet]1 f\nd ! grave empty1 _! fir/ ?\ght1 _h ! resurrection be5 pr$ict$1 mu/ h be51 t x _h n[ actually tak5 place3 in/ead ( ?is1 ! =m] conjectures t ! body may h be5 /ol5 7,john xx4 #b71 :ile ,pet] m]ely wond]s1 )\t com+ to any def9ite conjecture 7,luke xxiv4 #ab72 :5 ! wom5 told ! disciples ( ! angelic app>ition :i* !y _h witness$1 & dis*>g$ ! commission giv5 !m by ! angel1 ! disciples p>tly reg>d$ _! words z idle tales1 7,luke xxiv4 #aa71 & 7 p>tly mov$ to fe> & a/oni%m5t 7 1 ,luke xxiv4 #bb ff472 :5 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & subsequ5tly ! disciples go+ to ,emmaus1 assur$ ! elev51 t !y _h !mselves se5 ! ris5 "o1 !y met ) no cr$5ce 7,m>k xvi4 #aa1 #ac71 & ,?omas /ill lat] did n believe ev5 ! assurance ( 8 fell[-apo/les 7,john xx4 #be72 la/ly1 :5 ,jesus himself appe>$ to ! disciples 9 ,galilee1 all ( !m did n ev5 !n ca/ (f d\bt 7 1 ,m>k xxviii4 #ag74 ,all ?is we mu/1 ) ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 #afde f9d incompreh5sible1 if ,jesus _h s cle>ly & decid$ly pr$ict$ 8 resurrection4 ,x is true1 t z ! conduct ( ! disciples1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 speaks aga9/ su* a pr$iction on ! "p ( ,jesus1 s ! conduct ( 8 enemies appe>s to speak = x4 ,= :51 accord+ to ,matt4 xxvii4 #fb ff41 ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees entreat ,pilate to set a wat* at ! grave ( ,jesus1 !y allege z a reason = _! reque/1 t ,jesus :ile yet alive _h said3 ,aft] ?ree days ,i w rise aga91 4 ,b ?is n>rative ( ! fir/ gospel1 :i* we c only e/imate at a future po9t 9 our inve/igation1 at pres5t decides no?+1 b only falls to "o side ( ! dilemma1 s t we mu/ n[ say3 if ! disciples really s act$ aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 !n nei!r c he h decid$ly =etold 8 resurrection1 nor c ! ,jews 9 consid]ation ( su* a pr$iction h plac$ a wat* at 8 grave2 or1 if ! two latt] /atem5ts be true1 ! disciples _c h s act$4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to blunt ! edge ( ?is dilemma1 by attribut+ to ! above pr$ictions1 n ! lit]al s5se1 t ! deceas$ ,jesus w\ld return out ( ! grave1 b only ! figurative s5se t 8 doctr9e & cause1 aft] hav+ be5 app>5tly cru%$1 w\ld aga9 exp& & fl\ri%4 #afdf ,z ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets1 x 0 said1 repres5t ! re/oration ( ! ,israeliti% p to r5ew$ prosp]ity1 "u ! image ( a resurrection f ! dead 7,isa4 xxvi4 #ai2 ,ezek4 xxxvii472 z !y m>k ! %ort int]val )9 :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ?is turn ( ?+s 0 to be expect$1 by ! expression3 9 two or ?ree days w ,jehovah revive ! smitt5 "o1 & raise ! dead 7,hos4 vi4 #b71 #afdg a /atem5t ( "t :i* ,jesus also uses indef9itely = a %ort int]val 7,luke xiii4 #cb73 s by ! decl>ation t he w rise on ! ?ird day aft] 8 dea?1 1 he int5ds to say no m ?an t ev5 ?\gh he may succumb to ! p[] ( 8 enemies & be put to dea?1 /ill ! "w :i* he has begun w n come to an end1 b w 9 a %ort "t g =w>d ) a fre% impetus4 ,^! m]ely figurative modes ( speak+ adopt$ by ,jesus1 ! apo/les1 aft] ,jesus _h actually ris5 9 ! body1 und]/ood lit]ally1 & reg>d$ !m z prophecies ( 8 p]sonal resurrection4 ,n[ t 9 ! prophetic passages adduc$1 ! expressions & h only ! alleg$ figurative s5se1 is true2 b ^! are passages ! :ole t5or ( :i* is figurative1 & 9 :i*1 9 p>ticul>1 ! depression & dea? :i* prec$e ! revivification are !mselves to be und]/ood only 9 a figurative s5se4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 all ! =ego+ expressions3 1 1 1 444 7to be deliv]$1 condemn$1 crucifi$1 kill$1 etc47 are to be und]/ood lit]ally2 h5ce all at once1 ) ! words & 1 to ent] on a figurative mean+1 w\ld be an unprec$5t$ abruptness ( transition2 n to m5tion t passages su* z ,matt4 xxvi4 #cb1 :]e ,jesus says3 ,aft] ,i am ris5 aga9 ,i w g be=e y into ,galilee1 1 c h no mean+ at all unless be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,9 ?is closely consecutive s]ies ( expressions1 :i* mu/ be tak5 9 a purely lit]al s5se1 !re is !n no w>rant1 & ev5 no inducem5t1 to und]/& ! /atem5t ( "t :i* is connect$ ) !m1 o!rwise ?an also lit]ally1 & 9 its /rictly etymological mean+4 ,?us if ,jesus really us$ ^! words1 & 9 ! same connexion 9 :i* !y are giv5 by ! ,evangeli/s1 he _c h meant to ann\nce by !m m]ely ! spe$y victory ( 8 cause2 8 mean+ mu/ h be51 t he himself w\ld return to life 9 ?ree days aft] 8 viol5t dea?4 #afdh ,z h[ev] ,jesus1 judg+ f ! conduct ( 8 disciples aft] 8 dea?1 _c h ann\nc$ 8 resurrection 9 pla9 words3 o!r comm5tators h resign$ !mselves to ! admission1 t ! ,evangeli/s1 aft] ! issue1 gave to ! disc\rses ( ,jesus a def9it5ess :i*1 z utt]$ by him1 !y did n possess2 t !y h n m]ely und]/ood lit]ally1 :at ,jesus int5d$ figuratively1 ( ! revival ( 8 cause aft] 8 dea?1 b 9 accordance ) _! errone\s int]pretation1 h s modifi$ 8 words t1 z we n[ read !m1 we mu/ c]ta9ly und]/& !m 9 a lit]al s5se2 #afdi yet t n all ! disc\rses ( ,jesus are alt]$ 9 ?is mann]2 "h & !re 8 orig9al expressions /ill rema94 #aad4 ,,figurative ,,disc\rses1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,jesus ,,is ,,suppos$ ,,to ,,h ,,ann\nc$ ,,8 ,,resurrection4 ,accord+ to ! f\r? gospel1 ,jesus1 at ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 m9i/ry1 9 figurative language1 ref]r$ 8 enemies1 ! ,jews1 to 8 future resurrection 7ii4 #ai ff474 ,on 8 fir/ messianic visit to ,j]usalem1 & :51 aft] ! abuse ( ! m>ket 9 ! temple _h provok$ him to t exhibition ( holy zeal ( :i* we h =m]ly spok51 ! ,jews require a sign f him1 by :i* he %\ld legitimatize 8 claim to be consid]$ a mess5g] ( ,god1 :o _h au?ority to adopt su* viol5t measures1 ,jesus gives !m ?is answ]1 ,de/roy ?is temple1 & aft] ?ree days ,i w raise x up1 1 4 ,! ,jews took ^! words 9 ! s5se1 :i*1 s9ce !y 7 spok5 9 ! temple1 0 ! mo/ natural1 & urg$1 9 reply to ,jesus1 t z x _h tak5 =ty ye>s to build ?is temple1 he w\ld sc>cely be able1 if x 7 de/roy$1 to rebuild x 9 ?ree days2 b ! ,evangeli/ in=ms u1 t ?is 0 n ! mean+ ( ,jesus1 & t he "h spoke 7?\gh inde$ ! disciples 7 n aw>e ( ?is until aft] 8 resurrection71 ( ! temple ( 8 body1 3 i4e4 "u ! de/ruction & rebuild+ ( ! temple1 he allud$ to 8 dea? & resurrection4 ,ev5 if we admit1 :at h[ev] ! mo/ mod]ate expositors d5y1 #afej t ,jesus c\ld prop]ly 7z he is also repres5t$ to h done 9 ,mat!w xii4 #ci ff47 :5 ! ,jews ask$ him = a visible & imm$iate sign1 ref] !m to 8 resurrection z ! greate/1 & = 8 enemies ! mo/ ov]:elm+ miracle 9 8 hi/ory3 /ill he mu/ h done ?is 9 t]ms :i* x 0 possible = !m to und]/& 7z 9 ! above passage ( ,mat!w1 :]e he expresses himself q pla9ly74 ,b ! expressions ( ,jesus1 z "h giv51 c\ld n possibly be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se4 ,= :5 "o :o is 9 ! temple1 speaks ( ! de/ruction ( ?is temple1 e "o w ref] 8 words to ! build+ itself4 ,h5ce ,jesus1 :5 he utt]$ ! words1 ?is temple1 1 mu/ h po9t$ to 8 body ) 8 f+]2 z1 inde$1 is g5]ally presuppos$ by ! fri5ds ( ?is int]pretation4 #afea ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,evangeli/ says no?+ ( su* a ge/ure1 not)/&+ t x lay 9 8 int]e/ to notice ?is1 z a support ( 8 int]pretation4 ,9 ! second place1 ,gabl] has ) ju/ice rem>k$1 h[ ill-judg$ & ineffective x w\ld h be51 by ! addition ( a m]e ge/ure to give a totally new mean+ to a spee*1 :i* v]bally1 & !re=e logically1 ref]r$ to ! temple4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,jesus us$ ?is exp$i5t1 ! motion ( 8 f+] c\ld n h be5 unobs]v$2 ! ,jews mu/ r h dem&$ f him h[ he c\ld be s arrogant z to call 8 body ! temple1 2 or ev5 if n s1 /ill1 presuppos+ t action1 ! disciples c\ld n h rema9$ 9 ! d>k conc]n+ ! mean+ ( 8 words1 until aft] ! resurrection4 #afeb ,by ^! difficulties mod]n exegeti/s h felt con/ra9$ to r5\nce ,john's explanation ( ! words ( ,jesus1 z errone\s & made ex ev5tu1 & to attempt to p5etrate1 indep5d5tly ( ! ,evangeli/'s explanation1 into ! s5se ( ! enigmatical say+ :i* he attributes to ,jesus4 #afec ,! con/ruction put ^u x by ! ,jews1 :o ref] ! words ( ,jesus to a real de/ruction & rebuild+ ( ! national sanctu>y1 _c be approv$ )\t imput+ to ,jesus an extravagant example ( va9-glori\s boa/+1 at v>iance ) ! "* :i* he else:]e exhibits4 ,if on ?is acc\nt se>* be made = "s figurative mean+ :i* may possibly be assign$ to ! decl>ation1 !re pres5ts itself fir/ a passage 9 ! same gospel 7iv4 #ba ff47 :]e ,jesus ann\nces to ! woman ( ,sam>ia1 t ! "t is imm$iately com+1 9 :i* ! ,fa!r w no long] be wor%ipp$ exclusively 9 ,j]usalem 7 71 b w1 z a ,_s1 receive spiritual wor%ip4 ,n[ 9 ! pres5t passage also1 ! de/ruction ( ! temple might1 x is said1 h signifi$ ! abolition ( ! temple-s]vice at ,j]usalem1 suppos$ to be ! only valid mode ( wor%ip4 ,?is int]pretation is confirm$ by a n>rative 9 ! ,acts 7vi4 #ad74 ,/eph51 :o1 z x appe>s1 _h adopt$ ! above expressions ( ,jesus1 0 tax$ by 8 accus]s ) decl>+1 t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? %all de/roy ?is place1 & %all *ange ! cu/oms :i* ,moses deliv]$1 1 1 3 9 :i* words a *ange ( ! ,mosaic religi\s in/itutions1 )\t d\bt a spiritualization ( !m1 is describ$ z a sequel to ! de/ruction ( ! temple4 ,to ?is may be add$ a passage 9 ! synoptical gospels4 ,ne>ly ! same words :i* 9 ,john are utt]$ by ,jesus himself1 appe> 9 ! two fir/ gospels 7,matt4 xxvi4 #fj f42 ,m>k xiv4 #eg f47 z ! accusation ( false witnesses aga9/ him2 & "h ,m>k1 9 addition1 designates ! temple :i* is to be de/roy$1 z "o made ) h&s1 1 & ! new "o :i* is to be built1 z ano!r1 made )\t h&s1 1 1 :]eby he appe>s to indicate ! same contra/ betwe5 a c]emonial & a spiritual religi\s sy/em4 ,by ! aid ( ^! passages1 x is ?\ght1 ! decl>ation 9 ,john may be expla9$ ?us3 ! sign ( my au?ority to purify ! temple1 is my ability 9 a %ort "t to introduce 9 ! place ( ! ,jewi% c]emonial wor%ip1 a spiritual s]vice ( ,god2 i4e4 ,i am au?oriz$ to re=m ! old sy/em1 9 s f> z ,i am qualifi$ to f\nd a new "o4 ,x is c]ta9ly a trivial objection to ?is explanation1 t 9 ,john ! object is n *ang$1 z 9 ,m>k1 :]e ! temple :i* is to be built is spok5 ( z ano!r 771 b in/ead ( ?is1 is indicat$ by ! ^w 1 z ! same ) ! "o de/roy$2 #afed s9ce1 inde$1 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ( religion 9 relation to ! ,jewi%1 may1 j z ! ris5 body ( ,jesus 9 relation to ! dead "o1 be conceiv$ z at once id5tical & diff]5t1 inasmu* z 9 bo? cases ! sub/ance is ! same1 :ile ! transitory accid5ts only are suppos$ to be remov$4 ,b x is a m =midable objection :i* atta*es itself to ! det]m9ation ( "t1 4 ,t ?is expression is also us$ indef9itely & prov]bially1 9 ! s5se ( a %ort int]val ( "t 9 g5]al1 is n adequately prov$ by ! two passages :i* are usually appeal$ to ) ?is view2 = 9 !m ! ?ird day1 by be+ plac$ 9 connexion ) ! second & fir/ 7,hos4 vi4 #b3 2 ,luke xiii4 #cb3 7 is ann\nc$ z a m]ely relative & proximate /atem5t1 :]eas 9 our passage x /&s alone1 & ?us pres5ts itself z an absolute & precise det]m9ation ( "t4 #afee ,?us alike invit$ & repell$ by bo? explanations1 #afef !ologians take refuge 9 a d\ble s5se1 :i* holds ! middle place ei!r betwe5 ! int]pretation ( ,john & ! symbolical "o la/ /at$1 #afeg or betwe5 ! int]pretation ( ,john & t ( ! ,jews2 #afeh s t ,jesus ei!r spoke at once ( 8 body :i* 0 to be kill$ & aga9 re/or$ to life1 & ( ! modification ( ! ,jewi% religion :i* 0 to be effect$1 *iefly by means ( t dea? & resurrection2 or1 9 ord] to repel ! ,jews1 he *all5g$ !m to de/roy _! real temple1 & on ?is condition1 nev] to be fulfill$1 promis$ to build ano!r1 /ill1 h[ev]1 comb9+ ) ?is o/5sible s5se = ! multitude1 an esot]ic s5se1 :i* 0 only und]/ood by ! disciples aft] ! resurrection1 & accord+ to :i* d5ot$ 8 body4 ,b su* a *all5ge address$ to ! ,jews1 toge!r ) ! engagem5t app5d$ to x1 w\ld h be5 an unbecom+ manife/ation ( petulance1 & ! lat5t intimation to ! disciples1 a useless play on words2 besides t1 9 g5]al1 a d\ble mean+ ei!r ( ! "o or ! o!r k9d is unhe>d ( 9 ! disc\rse ( a judici\s man4 #afei ,z1 9 ?is mann]1 ! possibility ( expla9+ ! passage 9 ,john might be entirely despair$ (1 ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia appeals to ! fact t ! synopti/s call ! witnesses1 :o allege be=e ! judgm5t seat t ,jesus _h utt]$ t decl>ation1 1 false witnesses2 :5ce he concludes1 t ,jesus nev] said :at ,john "h attributes to him1 & ?us ga9s an exemption f ! explanation ( ! passage1 s9ce he reg>ds x z a figm5t ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 ^: object 0 bo? to expla9 ! calumniations ( ! accus]s1 & also to nullify !m by a my/ical int]pretation ( 8 words4 #affj ,b1 on ! "o h&1 x does n foll[1 f ! fact t ! synopti/s call ! witnesses false1 t1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ,jesus _h nev] said any?+ :atev] ( t :]e( !y accus$ him2 = he might only h said x some:at diff]5tly 71 n 71 or h int5d$ x 9 a diff]5t s5se 7figuratively in/ead ( lit]ally73 on ! o!r h&1 if he said no?+ at all ( ?is k9d1 x is difficult to expla9 h[ ! false witnesses %\ld come to *oose t decl>ation1 & especially ! rem>kable phrase1 4 ,if1 accord+ to ?is1 on e int]pretation ( ! expression1 except ! inadmissible "o relative to ! body ( ,jesus1 ! words =m a difficulty3 a res\rce might be f\nd 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,acts1 z be+ free f t det]m9ation ( "t4 ,= "h ,/eph5 is only accus$ ( say+1 4 4 7 71 4 ,:at is false 9 ?is allegation 7= ! witnesses aga9/ ,/eph5 also are describ$ z 71 might be ! second proposition1 :i* speaks 9 lit]al t]ms ( a *ang+ ( ! in/itutes ( ,moses1 & in/ead ( ?is1 ,/eph51 & be=e him ,jesus1 may v probably h said 9 ! figurative signification above develop$1 7--7 1 or 77 7--74 ,mean:ile1 ?is exp$i5t is n at all ne$ful1 s f> z any insurm\ntable difficulty 9 ! words 1 is conc]n$4 ,z ! numb] #c is us$ prov]bially1 n only 9 connexion ) #b or #d 7,prov4 xxx4 #ae1 #ah1 #ba1 #bi2 ,wis4 xxiii4 #ba1 xxvi4 #be71 b also by itself 7,wis4 xxv4 #a1 #c72 s ! expression1 9 ?ree days1 if x 7 once1 9 comb9ation ) ! second & fir/ day1 become common z an indef9ite /atem5t ( "t1 might probably at l5g? be appli$ 9 ! same s5se :5 /&+ alone4 ,:e!r ! expression %\ld signify a long or a %ort p]iod w\ld !n dep5d on ! connexion3 "h1 9 opposition to ! con/ruction ( a great & elaborate build+1 to ! real1 natural erection ( :i*1 z ! ,jews directly rem>k1 a long s]ies ( ye>s 0 requir$1 ! expression c only be und]/ood z d5ot+ ! %orte/ "t4 #affa ,a pr$iction1 or ev5 a m]e intimation ( ! resurrection1 is !re=e n conta9$ 9 ^! words4 ,z1 "h1 ,jesus is said to h intimat$ 8 resurrection be=eh&1 by ! image ( ! de/roy+ & rebuild+ ( ! temple1 s1 on ano!r occasion1 he is suppos$ to h quot$ ! type ( ! prophet ,jonah ) ! same int5tion 7,matt4 xii4 #ci ff41 comp4 xvi4 #d2 ,luke xi4 #bi ff474 ,:5 ! scribes & ,ph>isees desir$ to see a sign f him1 ,jesus is said to h repuls$ _! dem& by ! reply1 t to s evil a g5]ation no sign %all be giv51 b ! sign ( ! prophet ,jonah1 1 :i*1 9 ! fir/ passage ( ,mat!w1 ,jesus himself expla9s ?us3 z ,jonah 0 ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! belly ( ! :ale1 1 s also ! ,son ( man w pass ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! he>t ( ! e>?1 4 ,9 ! second passage1 9 :i* ,mat!w attributes ?is decl>ation to ,jesus1 he does n repeat ! above int]pretation2 :ile ,luke1 9 ! p>allel passage1 expla9s x simply ?us3 ,= z ,jonah 0 a sign to ! ,n9evites1 s %all also ! ,son ( man be to ?is g5]ation4 ,n[ aga9/ ! possibility ( ,jesus hav+ himself giv5 ! int]pretation ( ! sign ( ,jonah :i* ,mat!w puts into 8 m\?1 v4 #dj1 a v>iety ( objections may be urg$4 ,x is inde$ sc>cely a t5able argum5t1 t ,jesus _c h spok5 ( ?ree days & ?ree nights1 :i* he w\ld pass 9 ! he>t ( ! e>?1 because he only lay 9 ! grave "o day & two nights3 #affb s9ce ! phraseology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t decid$ly has ! peculi>ity ( designat+ ! abode ( ,jesus 9 ! grave z ( ?ree days' duration1 because x t\*$ ^u ! ev5+ ( ! day be=e ! ,sabba?1 & ! morn+ ( ! day aft] x2 & if ?is "o day1 toge!r ) two nights1 7 once tak5 = ?ree :ole days1 x w\ld only be a r\nd way ( express+ ?is complet5ess1 to add to ! days ! nights also1 :i*1 besides1 w\ld naturally foll[ 9 ! comp>ison ) ! ?ree days & ?ree nights ( ,jonah4 #affc ,b if ,jesus gave ! explanation ( ! sign ( ,jonah :i* ,mat!w attributes to him1 ?is w\ld h be5 s cle> a pr$iction ( 8 resurrection1 t = ! same reasons :i*1 accord+ to ! above obs]vations1 are oppos$ to ! lit]al pr$ictions ( t ev5t1 we mu/ conclude t ,jesus _c h giv5 ?is explanation4 ,at all ev5ts x mu/ h l$ ! disciples :o1 accord+ to v4 #di1 7 pres5t1 to "q ,jesus1 & 9 t case x is n to be und]/ood :y he did n make ! subject p]fectly cle>1 & ?us ann\nce 8 resurrection 9 pla9 words4 ,b if he _c h done ?is1 because !n ! disciples c\ld n h act$ aft] 8 dea? z !y are said to h done 9 ! evangelical acc\nts3 nei!r c he1 by t comp>ison ( ! fate :i* await$ him ) t ( ,jonah1 h call$ =? f 8 disciples a "q1 :i*1 if propos$ to him1 he mu/ h answ]$2 b :i*1 judg+ f ! sequel1 he _c h answ]$4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 mod]n critics h pron\nc$ ! explanation ( ! 9 ,mat!w to be an int]pretation made po/ ev5tum by ! ,evangeli/1 & by him falsely attribut$ to ,jesus4 #affd ,accord+ to !m1 ,jesus inde$ direct$ ! att5tion ( ! ,ph>isees to ! sign ( ,jonah1 b only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,luke makes him expla9 x3 namely1 t z ,jonah himself1 by 8 m]e appe>ance & prea*+ ( rep5tance1 )\t miracles1 _h suffic$ z a sign f ,god to ! ,n9evites2 s 8 own cotempor>ies1 in/ead ( crav+ = miracles1 %\ld be satisfi$ ) 8 p]son & prea*+4 ,?is int]pretation is ! only "o :i* accords ) ! t5or ( ! disc\rse ( ,jesus--ev5 9 ,mat!w1 & m p>ticul>ly ) ! p>allel betwe5 ! relation ( ! ,n9evites to ,jonah1 & t ( ! que5 ( ! s\? to ,solomon4 ,z x 0 ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 1 by :i* ! latt] felt h]self attract$ f ! ends ( ! e>?3 s1 9 ,jonah1 ev5 accord+ to ! expression ( ,mat!w1 x 0 solely 8 prea*+1 1 :i* br\ght ! ,n9evites to rep5tance4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! future t5se 9 ,luke3 4 4 771 ,s %all also ! ,son ( ,man be to ?is g5]ation 7a sign71 _c be ref]r$ to ,jesus & 8 prea*+ z manife/$ at t mom5t1 b only to some?+ future1 z 8 resurrection3 b ?is 9 reality po9ts ei!r to ! future judgm5t 1 9 :i* x w be made manife/1 t z ,jonah 0 reckon$ a sign to ! ,n9evites1 s 0 ! ,son ( ,man to ! ,jews !n liv+2 or to ! fact t :5 ,jesus spoke ^! words1 8 appe>ance _h n yet atta9$ its consummation1 & _m ( its /ages lay yet 9 futurity4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ h be5 at an e>ly p]iod1 z we see f ! fir/ gospel1 t ! fate ( ,jonah 0 plac$ 9 a typical relation to ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus1 s9ce ! primitive *ur* anxi\sly se>*$ ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t = types & prophecies ( ! (f5sive cata/rophe :i* befel _! ,messiah4 ,!re are /ill "s expressions ( ,jesus 9 ! f\r? gospel1 :i* h be5 und]/ood z lat5t prophecies ( ! resurrection4 ,! disc\rse on ! corn ( :eat1 xii4 #bd1 x is true1 too obvi\sly relates to ! "w ( ,jesus z likely to be fur!r$ by 8 dea?1 to be "h tak5 into fur!r consid]ation4 ,b 9 ! f>ewell disc\rses 9 ,john !re are "s decl>ations1 :i* _m are /ill incl9$ to ref] to ! resurrection4 ,:5 ,jesus says3 ,i w n leave y com=tless1 ,i w come unto y2 yet a little "t1 & ! _w sees me no m1 b ye see me2 a little :ile1 & ye %all n see me1 & aga9 a little :ile & ye %all see me1 etc4 7xiv4 #ah ff41 xvi4 #af ff472 _m believe t ^! expressions--) ! relation betwe5 1 a little :ile1 & aga9 a little :ile2 ! opposition betwe5 7 7 1 manife/ to y 7! disciples7 & n to ! _w2 ! words & 1 ,i %all see y aga91 & ye %all see1 :i* appe> to indicate a /rictly p]sonal int]view--c be ref]r$ to no?+ else ?an ! resurrection1 :i* 0 precisely su* a reappe>ance aft] a %ort removal1 & moreov] a p]sonal reappe>ance grant$ to ! fri5ds ( ,jesus alone4 #affe ,b ?is promis$ reappe>ance is at ! same "t describ$ by ,jesus 9 a mann] :i* w n suit ! days ( ! resurrection4 ,if ! words because ,i live1 7xiv4 #ai71 d5ote 8 resurrection1 we are at a loss to "k :at c be meant by ! succe$+ clause1 ye %all live also1 4 ,aga91 ,jesus says t on t reappe>ance 8 disciples w "k 8 relation to ! ,fa!r1 & w no m ne$ to ask any?+ ( him 7xiv4 #bj1 xvi4 #bc73 yet ev5 on ! v la/ day ( _! int]c\rse ) him aft] ! resurrection1 !y ask a "q ( him 7,acts i4 #f71 & "o :i* f ! po9t ( view ( ! f\r? gospel is altoge!r s5seless4 ,la/ly1 :5 he promises t to him :o loves him1 he & ! ,fa!r w come1 & make _! abode ) him1 x is p]fectly cle> t ,jesus "h speaks n ( a corporeal return1 b ( 8 spiritual return1 ?r\gh ! 4 #afff ,nev]!less1 ev5 ?is explanation has its difficulties1 s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 ! expressions ye %all see me1 1 & ,i %all see y1 1 w n entirely suit t purely spiritual return3 h5ce we mu/ def] ! solution ( ?is app>5t contradiction until we c give a m complete elucidation ( ! disc\rses 9 :i* ^! expressions occur4 ,9 ! meantime we m]ely obs]ve1 t ! f>ewell disc\rses 9 ,john1 be+ admitt$1 ev5 by ! fri5ds ( ! f\r? gospel1 to conta9 an int]mixture ( ! ,evangeli/'s own ?\ghts1 are ! la/ s\rce f :i* to obta9 a pro( on ?is subject4 ,aft] all1 !re might seem to be a res\rce 9 ! supposition1 t ?\gh ,jesus did n inde$ speak ( 8 future resurrection1 x 0 n ! less =ekn[n by him4 ,n[ if he _h a =ekn[l$ge ( 8 resurrection1 ei!r he obta9$ x 9 a sup]natural mann]1 by means ( ! prophetic _s1 ! high] pr9ciple t dwelt )9 him--by means ( 8 div9e nature1 if t be pref]r$3 or he knew x 9 a natural mann]1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 human reason4 ,b a sup]natural =ekn[l$ge ( t ev5t1 z well z ( 8 dea?1 is inconceivable1 ow+ to ! relation 9 :i* ,jesus places x to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,n m]ely 9 passages su* z ,luke xviii4 #ca 7:i*1 z prophecies1 c no long] h an hi/orical value = u aft] ! result ( our la/ inquiry71 does ,jesus repres5t 8 resurrection1 toge!r ) 8 passion & dea?1 z a fulfilm5t ( all ?+s t are writt5 by ! prophets conc]n+ ! ,son ( man1 2 b ev5 aft] ! issue1 he admoni%es 8 disciples t !y ought to believe all t ! prophets h spok51 1 namely1 t ,*ri/ ought to h suff]$ ^! ?+s & to ent] into 8 glory1 1 7,luke xxiv4 #be f474 ,accord+ to ! sequel ( ! n>rative1 ,jesus =?) exp\nd$ to ^! disciples 7go+ to ,emmaus7 all ! passages ( scripture relat+ to himself1 beg9n+ at ,moses & all ! prophets1 1 to :i* f>!r on 7v4 #dd7 ! psalms are add$2 b no s+le passage is giv5 u z hav+ be5 int]pret$ by ,jesus ( 8 resurrection1 except t x w\ld foll[ f ,matt4 xii4 #ci f41 t he reg>d$ ! fate ( ! prophet ,jonah z a type ( 8 own2 & reg>d+ ! subsequ5t apo/olic int]pretation z an e*o ( t ( ,jesus1 x might be conclud$1 t he1 z aft]w>ds ! apo/les1 f\nd su* prophecies *iefly 9 ,ps4 xvi4 #h ff4 7,acts ii4 #be ff41 xiii4 #ce72 ,isa4 liii4 7,acts viii4 #cb ff472 ,isa4 lv4 #c 7,acts xiii4 #cd71 & possibly also 9 ,hos4 vi4 #b4 ,b ! fate ( ,jonah has n ev5 an ext]nal simil>ity to t ( ,jesus2 & ! book :i* n>rates 8 hi/ory c>ries its object s completely 9 itself1 t :oev] may ascribe to x or to "o ( its p>ticul>s1 a typical relation to ev5ts 9 futurity1 assur$ly mi/akes its true s5se & ! design ( its au?or4 ,isa4 lv4 #c is s obvi\sly irrelevant t "o c sc>cely conceive h[ ! passage c\ld be br\ght into special connexion ) ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,isa4 liii4 ref]s decid$ly to a collective subject p]petually re/or$ to life 9 new memb]s4 ,hosea vi4 has a figurative ref]5ce1 n to be mi/ak51 to ! p & /ate ( ,israel4 ,la/ly1 ! pr9cipal passage1 ,ps4 xvi4 c only be int]pret$ ( a pi\s man1 :o by ! help ( ,jehovah hopes to escape f ! dang] ( dea?1 n 9 ! s5se t he1 l ,jesus1 w\ld rise aga9 f ! grave1 b t he w\ld n be laid !re--t is1 obvi\sly1 n = ! pres5t1 & ) ! und]/&+1 t :5 8 "t %\ld come1 he mu/ pay ! tribute ( nature3 #affg :i*1 aga91 w n apply to ,jesus4 ,?us if a sup]natural pr9ciple 9 ,jesus--a prophetic _s--caus$ him to discov] a pre-intimation ( 8 resurrection 9 ^! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ories & passages2 !n1 z no "o ( !m really conta9$ su* a pre-intimation1 ! _s 9 him _c h be5 ! _s ( tru?1 b mu/ h be5 a ly+ _s1 ! sup]natural pr9ciple 9 him1 n a div9e1 b a demoniacal pr9ciple4 ,if1 9 ord] to avoid ?is consequ5ce1 supranaturali/s :o are accessible to a rational int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 resort to _! only rema9+ exp$i5t1 ( reg>d+ ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 resurrection z purely natural & human3 we mu/ reply1 t ! resurrection1 conceiv$ z a miracle1 0 a secret ( ! div9e c\nsels1 to p5etrate into :i*1 prior to ! issue1 0 an impossibility to a human intellig5ce2 :ile view$ z a natural result1 x 0 a *ance ! la/ to be calculat$ ^u1 ap>t f ! supposition ( an app>5t dea? plann$ by ,jesus & 8 colleagues4 ,?us ! =ekn[l$ge1 z well z ! pr$iction ( ! resurrection1 0 attribut$ to ,jesus only aft] ! issue2 & 9 fact1 x 0 an easy matt]1 ) ! gr\ndless arbitr>9ess ( ,jewi% exegesis1 = ! disciples & ! au?ors ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to discov] 9 ! ,old1 types & prophecies ( ! resurrection4 ,n t !y did ?is ) crafty design1 accord+ to ! accusation ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 & o!rs ( 8 class3 b z he :o has look$ at ! sun1 long sees its image :]ev] he may turn 8 gaze2 s !y1 bl9d$ by _! en?usiasm = ! new ,messiah1 saw him on e page ( ! only book !y read1 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 ! conviction t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 f\nd$ 9 ! g5u9e feel+ t he _h satisfi$ _! deepe/ ne$--a conviction & a feel+ :i* we also /ill hon\r--!y laid hold on supports :i* h long be5 brok51 & :i* c no long] be made t5able by ! mo/ zeal\s ef=ts ( an exegesis :i* is beh9d ! age4 #aae4 ,,! ,,disc\rses ,,( ,,jesus ,,on ,,8 ,,second ,,adv5t4 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,int]pretations4 ,n only did ,jesus1 accord+ to ! evangelical acc\nts1 pr$ict t he %\ld return to life ?ree days aft] 8 dea?2 b also t at a lat] p]iod1 9 ! mid/ ( ! calamities :i* w\ld issue 9 ! de/ruction ( ! temple 9 ,j]usalem1 he %\ld come 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 to close ! pres5t p]iod ( ! _w1 & by a g5]al judgm5t1 op5 ! future age 7,matt4 xxiv4 & xxv42 ,m>k4 xiii42 ,luke xvii4 #bb-cg1 xxi4 #e-cf74 ,z ,jesus = ! la/ "t w5t out ( ! temple 7,luke has n ?is circum/ance71 & 8 disciples 7,luke says indef9itely1 "s7 admir+ly drew 8 att5tion to ! magnific5t build+1 he assur$ !m t all :i* !y !n look$ on1 w\ld be de/roy$ f its f\ndations 7,matt4 xxiv4 #a1 #b1 p>all474 ,on ! "q ( ! disciples1 :5 ?is w\ld happ51 & :at w\ld be ! sign ( ! ,messiah's com+1 :i* 9 _! idea 0 associat$ ) su* a crisis 7v4 #c71 ,jesus w>ns !m n to be deceiv$ by p]sons falsely giv+ !mselves out to be ! ,messiah1 & by ! notion t ! expect$ cata/rophe mu/ foll[ imm$iately on ! fir/ progno/ics2 = w>s & rum\rs ( w>1 ris+s ( nation aga9/ nation & k+dom aga9/ k+dom1 fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 & e>?quakes 9 div]s places1 w\ld be only ! beg9n+ ( ! sorr[s :i* 7 to prec$e ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah 7v4 #d-h74 ,!y !mselves1 8 adh]5ts1 mu/ fir/ suff] hatr$1 p]secution1 & ! sword2 p]fidy1 trea*]y1 deception by false prophets1 lukew>mness & g5]al corruption ( morals1 w\ld prevail among m52 b at ! same "t ! news ( ! ,messiah's k+dom mu/ be promulgat$ ?r\gh ! :ole _w4 ,only aft] all ?is1 c\ld ! end ( ! pres5t p]iod ( ! _w arrive1 until :51 he :o w\ld p>take ( ! bless$ness ( ! future mu/ endure ) con/ancy 7v4 #i-ad74 ,a ne>] presage ( ?is cata/rophe w\ld be ! fulfilm5t ( ! oracle ( ,daniel 7ix4 #bg71 ! /&+ ( ! abom9ation ( desolation 9 ! holy place 7accord+ to ,luke xxi4 #bj1 ! encompass+ ( ,j]usalem ) armies74 ,:5 ?is %\ld take place1 x w\ld be high "t = ! mo/ precipitate flight 7accord+ to ,luke1 because ! deva/ation ( ,j]usalem w\ld be at h&1 an ev5t :i* he m ne>ly p>ticul>izes 9 ! address ( ,jesus to ! city1 xix4 #dc f43 ?9e enemies %all ca/ a tr5* ab\t !e1 & compass !e r\nd1 & keep !e 9 on e side1 & %all lay !e ev5 ) ! gr\nd1 & ?y *ildr5 )9 !e2 & !y %all n leave 9 !e "o /one ^u ano!r74 ,at ?is juncture1 all :o %\ld h h9drances to rapid dep>ture w\ld be des]v+ ( compassion1 & x w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree desirable t ! recomm5d$ flight %\ld n fall 9 an unfav\rable season2 = !n w\ld comm5ce unexampl$ tribulation 7accord+ to ,luke1 v4 #bd1 consi/+ *iefly 9 _m ( ! p ( ,israel p]i%+ by ! sword1 9 o!rs be+ c>ri$ away captive1 & 9 ,j]usalem be+ trodd5 d[n ( ! ,g5tiles = a pr$et]m9$ p]iod73 a tribulation :i* only ! m]ciful abridgm5t ( its duration by ,god1 = ! sake ( ! elect1 c\ld r5d] supportable 7v4 #ae-bb74 ,at ?is "t w\ld arise false prophets & ,messiahs1 seek+ to delude by miracles & signs1 & promis+ to %[ ! ,messiah 9 ?is or t place3 :]eas a ,messiah :o 0 conceal$ any:]e1 & mu/ be s\ght out1 c\ld n be ! true "o2 = 8 adv5t w\ld be l ! lightn+1 a sudd5 & univ]sal revelation1 ( :i* ! c5tral po9t w\ld be ,j]usalem1 ! object ( puni%m5t on acc\nt ( its s9 7v4 #bc-bh74 ,imm$iately aft] ?is "t ( tribulation1 ! d>k5+ ( ! sun & moon1 ! fall+ ( ! />s1 & ! %ak+ ( all ! p[]s ( heav5 w\ld u%] 9 ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah1 :o1 to ! dismay ( ! dwell]s on ! e>?1 w\ld come ) great glory 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 & imm$iately s5d =? 8 angels to ga!r toge!r 8 elect f all ! corn]s ( ! e>? 7v4 #bi-ca74 ,by ! =e-nam$ signs ! approa* ( ! describ$ cata/rophe w\ld be z c]ta9ly disc]nible z ! approa* ( summ] by ! budd+ ( ! fig-tree2 ! exi/+ g5]ation w\ld1 by all t 0 true1 live to witness x1 ?\gh its m precise p]iod 0 kn[n to ,god only 7v4 #cb-cf74 ,b1 aft] ! usual mann] ( mank9d 7:at foll[s1 ,m>k & ,luke p>tly h n at all1 p>tly n 9 ?is connexion71 !y w\ld all[ ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 z =m]ly ! deluge1 to ov]take !m 9 ?\ghtless security 7v4 #cg-ci73 & yet x w\ld be an extremely critical p]iod1 9 :i* ^? :o /ood 9 ! close/ relation to ea* o!r1 w\ld be deliv]$ ov] to entirely opposite de/9ies 7v4 #dj1 #da74 ,h5ce wat*fulness w\ld be requisite1 z 9 all cases :]e ! p]iod ( a decisive issue is unc]ta93 an admonition :i* is !n illu/rat$ by ! image ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se & ! ?ief 7v4 #dc1 #dd72 ( ! s]vant to :om 8 "l1 :5 ab\t to travel1 entru/$ ! rule ( 8 h\se 7v4 #de-ea72 ( ! wise & fooli% virg9s 7xxv4 #a-ac73 & la/ly1 ( ! tal5ts 7v4 #ad-cj74 ,h]eupon foll[s a description ( ! solemn judgm5t1 :i* ! ,messiah w\ld hold ov] all nations1 & 9 :i*1 accord+ z ! duties ( humanity 7 obs]v$ or neglect$1 he w\ld aw>d bless$ness or mis]y 7v4 #ca-df74 #affh ,?us 9 ^! disc\rses ,jesus ann\nces t %ortly 71 xxiv4 #bi71 aft] t calamity1 :i* 7especially accord+ to ! repres5tation 9 ,luke's gospel7 we mu/ id5tify ) ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & its temple1 & )9 ! t]m ( ! cotempor>y g5]ation 7 1 v4 #cd71 he w\ld visibly make 8 second adv5t 9 ! cl\ds1 & t]m9ate ! exi/+ disp5sation4 ,n[ z x w soon be eighte5 c5turies s9ce ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & an equally long p]iod s9ce ! g5]ation cotempor>y ) ,jesus disappe>$ f ! e>?1 :ile 8 visible return & ! end ( ! _w :i* he associat$ ) x1 h n tak5 place3 ! ann\ncem5t ( ,jesus appe>s s f> to h be5 errone\s4 ,already 9 ! fir/ age ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 ! return ( ,*ri/ 0 delay$ long] ?an _h be5 anticipat$1 !re arose1 accord+ to #b ,pet] iii4 #c f41 sc(f]s1 ask+3 :]e is ! promise ( 8 com+8 = s9ce ! fa!rs fell asleep1 all ?+s cont9ue z !y 7 f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation4 ,9 mod]n times1 ! inf]5ce :i* may app>5tly be drawn f ! above consid]ation1 to ! disadvantage ( ,jesus & ! apo/les1 has be5 by no "o m po9t$ly express$ ?an by ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/4 ,no promise ?r\gh\t ! :ole scriptures1 he ?9ks1 is on ! "o h& m def9itely express$1 & on ! o!r1 has turn$ out m flagrantly false1 ?an ?is1 :i* yet =ms "o ( ! ma9 pill>s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& he does n see 9 ?is a m]e error1 b a prem$itat$ deception on ! "p ( ! apo/les 7to :om1 & n to ,jesus himself1 he attributes t promise1 & ! disc\rses 9 :i* x is conta9$72 a deception induc$ by ! necessity ( allur+ ! p on ^: contributions !y wi%$ to subsi/1 by ! promise ( a spe$y rew>d3 & disc]nible by ! boldness ( _! attempts to evade ! d\bts spr++ f ! protract$ delay ( ! return ( ,*ri/3 ,paul1 = example1 9 ! second epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians1 %elt]+ himself 9 obscure phrases2 & ,pet]1 9 8 second epi/le1 resort+ to ! prepo/]\s exp$i5t ( appeal+ to ! div9e mode ( reckon+ "t1 9 :i* a ?\s& ye>s are equal to "o day4 #affi ,su* inf]5ces f ! disc\rse be=e u w\ld inflict a fatal w\nd on ,*ri/ianity2 h5ce x is natural t exegeti/s %\ld endeav\r by all means to obviate !m4 ,& z ! :ole difficulty consi/s 9 ,jesus hav+ app>5tly plac$ an ev5t n[ long pa/1 9 imm$iate *ronological connexion ) "o /ill future1 ?ree exp$i5ts are possible3 ei!r to d5y t ,jesus 9 "p spoke ( some?+ n[ pa/1 & to allege t he spoke solely ( :at is /ill future2 or to d5y t a "p ( 8 disc\rse relates to some?+ /ill future1 & ?us to ref] ! entire pr$iction to :at is already ly+ 9 ! pa/2 or la/ly1 to admit t ! disc\rse ( ,jesus does inde$ p>tly ref] to some?+ :i* is /ill future to u1 b ei!r to d5y t he places ! two s]ies ( ev5ts 9 imm$iate *ronological succession1 or to ma9ta9 t he has also notic$ :at is int]m$iate4 ,"s ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 z ,ir5u & ,hil>y--yet liv+ 9 ! primitive expectation ( ! return ( ,*ri/1 & at ! same "t n s practis$ 9 regul> exegesis1 z to be incapable ( ov]look+ c]ta9 difficulties att5dant on a desirable int]pretation--ref]r$ ! entire pr$iction1 f its comm5cem5t 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 to its end 9 ,matt4 xxv41 to ! /ill future return ( ,*ri/ to judgm5t4 #afgj ,b z ?is int]pretation admits t ,jesus 9 ! comm5cem5t ( 8 disc\rse uses ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem z a type ( ! f9al cata/rophe1 x virtually nullifies itself4 ,= :at does t admission signify1 b t ! disc\rse ( ,jesus1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 produces ! impression t he spoke ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 i4e4 ( some?+ n[ pa/1 & t only m ext5d$ reflection & comb9ation c give x a relation to some?+ /ill ly+ 9 futurity8 ,to mod]n rationalism1 bas$ z x 0 on naturali/ic pr9ciples1 ! hope ( ! second adv5t ( ,*ri/ 0 9 e =m annihilat$4 ,h5ce1 n scrupl+ at any exegetical viol5ce = ! sake ( remov+ f scripture :at 0 discordant ) its preconceiv$ sy/em1 x ?rew itself on ! opposite side1 & haz>d$ ! attempt to ref] ! disc\rses 9 "q1 9 _! entire t5or1 solely to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & ! ev5ts :i* imm$iately prec$$ & foll[$ x4 #afga ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 ! end spok5 ( is only ! cessation ( ! ,judeo-,g5tile economy ( ! _w2 :at is said ( ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ 9 ! cl\ds1 is only a figurative description ( ! promulgation & triumph ( 8 doctr9e2 ! assembl+ ( ! nations to judgm5t1 & ! s5d+ ( "s into bless$ness1 & o!rs into condemnation1 is an image ( ! happy consequ5ces :i* w\ld result f embrac+ ! doctr9e & cause ( ,jesus1 & ! evil consequ5ces att5dant on indiff]5ce or ho/ility to !m4 ,b 9 ?is explanation !re is a want ( simil>ity betwe5 ! symbols & ! ideas repres5t$1 :i* is n only unprec$5t$ 9 itself1 b p>ticul>ly inconceivable 9 ?is case2 s9ce ,jesus is "h address+ m9ds ( ,jewi% culture1 & mu/ !re=e be aw>e t :at he said ( ! ,messiah's adv5t 9 ! cl\ds1 ( ! judgm5t1 & ! end ( ! exi/+ p]iod ( ! _w1 w\ld be und]/ood 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! disc\rse ( ,jesus w n z a :ole1 admit ( be+ ref]r$ ei!r to ! de/ruction ( ! ,jewi% /ate1 or to ! ev5ts at ! end ( ! _w2 x w\ld !re=e be necess>ily ref]r$ to some?+ di/9ct f bo?1 if ?is tw(old impossibility adh]$ alike to all its p>ts4 ,b ! case is n s2 = :ile1 on ! "o h&1 :at is said ,matt4 xxiv4 #b1 #c1 #ae ff4 ( ! deva/ation ( ! temple1 _c be ref]r$ to ! end ( ! _w3 on ! o!r h&1 :at is pr$ict$ xxv4 #ca ff4 ( ! judgm5t to be held by ! ,son ( ,man1 w n suit ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,z1 accord+ to ?is1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! disc\rse ( ,jesus1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem is ! pr$om9ant subject1 b 9 ! subsequ5t "p1 ! end ( all ?+s3 x is possible to make a division1 s z to ref] ! =m] to ! m proximate ev5t1 ! latt] to ! m remote "o4 ,?is is ! middle pa? :i* has be5 tak5 by ! majority ( mod]n exegeti/s1 & "h ! only "q is3 :]e is ! p>tition to be made8 ,z x mu/ pres5t a space ( "t )9 :i* ! :ole p]iod f ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem to ! la/ day may be suppos$ to fall1 & :i* !re=e w\ld include _m c5turies1 x mu/1 "o w\ld ?9k1 be pla9ly indicat$1 s z to be easily & unanim\sly f\nd4 ,x is no good augury = ! plan1 t ?is unanimity does n exi/1--t1 on ! contr>y1 ! requir$ division is made 9 widely diff]5t p>ts ( ! disc\rse ( ,jesus4 ,?us mu* on ! "o h& appe>$ to be decid$3 t at lea/ ! close ( ! #be? *apt]1 f v4 #ca1 ) its description ( ! solemn tribunal :i* ! ,messiah1 surr\nd$ by 8 angels1 w\ld hold ov] all nations1 _c be ref]r$ to ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,h5ce _m !ologians believ$ t !y c\ld fix ! b\nd>y "h1 reta9+ ! relation to ! end ( ! ,jewi% /ate until xxv4 #cj1 & at ?is po9t mak+ ! transition to ! end ( ! _w4 #afgb ,on ! v fir/ glance at ?is explanation1 x mu/ appe> /range t ! great *asm :i* x supposes to exi/ betwe5 v4 #cj & #ca1 is m>k$ simply by a 4 ,moreov]1 n only are ! d>k5+ ( ! sun & moon1 e>?quakes1 & fall+ ( ! />s1 und]/ood z a m]e image ( ! subv]sion ( ! ,jewi% /ate & wor%ip2 b :5 xxiv4 #ca1 x is said ( ! ,messiah1 t he w come 9 ! cl\ds1 ?is is suppos$ to mean1 invisibly2 ) p[]--only obs]vable by ! effects he produces2 ) great glory--) su* z consi/s 9 ! conclusions :i* may be drawn f ^? effects2 :ile ! angels :o ga!r toge!r ! nations by ! s\nd ( ! trumpet1 are suppos$ to repres5t ! apo/les prea*+ ! gospel4 #afgc ,q errone\sly1 appeal is made1 9 support ( ?is m]ely figurative mean+1 to ! prophetic pictures ( ! div9e day ( judgm5t1 ,isa4 xiii4 #i ff41 xxiv4 #ah ff42 ,j]4 iv4 #bc f42 ,ezek4 xxxii4 #g ff42 ,joel iii4 #c ff42 ,amos viii4 #i2 f>!r1 to descriptions #afgd su* z ,judges v4 #bj2 ,acts ii41 xvii4 ff4 ,9 ^? prophetic passages1 real eclipses ( ! sun & moon1 e>?quakes1 & ! l1 are int5d$1 & are describ$ z prodigies :i* w accompany ! pr$ict$ cata/rophe2 ! song ( ,deborah1 aga91 celebrates a real p>ticipation ( heav5 9 ! battle aga9/ ,sis]a1 a p>ticipation :i* 9 ! n>rative1 iv4 #ae1 is ascrib$ to ,god himself1 9 ! song1 to 8 heav5ly ho/s2 la/ly1 ,pet] expects1 t ! outp\r+ ( ! _s w be succe$$ by ! appe>ances 9 ! heav5s1 promis$ among ! signs ( ! great day ( ! ,"l4 ,! attempt to effect a division ne> ! end ( ! disc\rse1 at xxv4 #cj1 fail+1 f its r5d]+ mu* t goes be=e incapable ( explanation2 ! next exp$i5t is to retreat z f> t[>ds ! comm5cem5t z possible1 by consid]+ h[ f> x is inevitable to recognise a relation to ! imm$iate future4 ,! fir/ re/+ place is aft] xxiv4 #bh2 = :at is said1 up to ?is po9t1 ( w> & o!r calamities1 ( ! abom9ation 9 ! temple1 ( ! necessity = spe$y flight1 9 ord] to escape unprec$5t$ mis]y1 _c be dive/$ ( a ref]5ce to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem )\t ! greate/ viol5ce3 :ile :at foll[s conc]n+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 ! cl\ds1 etc41 j z imp]atively dem&s an application to ! la/ day4 #afge ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 x appe>s incompreh5sible h[ ! enorm\s int]val1 :i* on ?is explanation also is suppos$ to fall betwe5 ! "o portion ( ! disc\rse & ! o!r1 c be introduc$ betwe5 two v]ses1 ( all o!rs1 :i* ,mat!w connects by an adv]b expressive ( ! %orte/ possible "t 774 ,x has be5 s\ght to remove ?is inconv5i5ce by ! ass]tion t does n "h signify ! quick succession ( ! "o incid5t on ! o!r1 b only ! unexpect$ occurr5ce ( an ev5t1 & t consequ5tly1 :at is "h said am\nts m]ely to ?is3 sudd5ly1 at "s p]iod 7h[ di/ant is undet]m9$7 aft] ! calamities att5dant on ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ! ,messiah w visibly appe>4 ,su* an int]pretation ( is1 z ,ol%aus5 correctly p]ceives1 m]ely a desp]ate res\rce3 b ev5 7 x o!rwise1 x w\ld af=d no real aid1 s9ce n only does ,m>k 9 8 p>allel passage1 v4 #bd1 by ! words1 9 ^? days1 aft] t tribulation1 1 place ! ev5ts :i* he proce$s to m5tion 9 un9t]rupt$ *ronological succession ) ^? :i* he _h be=e detail$2 b also1 %ortly aft] ?is po9t 9 ea* ( ! n>ratives 7,matt4 v4 #cd p>all471 we f9d ! assurance t all ?is w be witness$ by ! exi/+ g5]ation4 ,z ?us ! op9ion1 t f v4 #bi1 ev]y?+ relates to ! return ( ,*ri/ to judge ! _w1 0 ?reat5$ ) annihilation by v4 #cd2 ! ^w 1 z ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/ #afgf compla9s1 0 put to ! torture1 t x might cease to be> witness aga9/ ?is mode ( division4 ,at "o "t x is made to signify ! ,jewi% nation2 #afgg at ano!r ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus2 #afgh & ( bo? ! "o & ! o!r ,jesus is suppos$ to say t x w 7h[ _m g5]ations h5ce be+ left unc]ta97 be /ill 9 exi/5ce on ! arrival ( t cata/rophe4 ,s to expla9 ! v]se 9 "q1 t x may n conta9 a det]m9ation ( "t1 is ev5 ma9ta9$ to be necess>y on a consid]ation ( ! context1 v4 #ce3 = z 9 ?is ,jesus decl>es x impossible to det]m9e ! p]iod ( t cata/rophe1 he _c imm$iately be=e h giv5 su* a det]m9ation1 9 ! assurance t 8 cotempor>ies w\ld yet live to see all ( :i* he _h be5 speak+4 ,b ?is alleg$ necessity s to int]pret ! ^w 1 has long be5 dissipat$ by ! di/9ction betwe5 an inexact indication ( ! space ( "t1 beyond :i* ! ev5t w n be def]r$ 771 & ! precise det]m9ation ( ! epo* 7 7 at :i* x w occur2 ! =m] ,jesus gives1 ! latt] he decl>es himself unable to give4 #afgi ,b ! v possibility ( int]pret+ 9 ! above mann] vani%es1 :5 x is consid]$1 t 9 connexion ) a v]b ( "t1 & )\t any?+ to imply a special application1 _c h any o!r ?an its orig9al s5se3 i4e4 g5]ation1 age2 t 9 a passage aim+ to det]m9e ! signs ( ! ,messiah's adv5t1 x w\ld be v unsuitable to introduce a decl>ation :i*1 in/ead ( giv+ any in=mation conc]n+ ! arrival ( t cata/rophe1 %\ld r treat ( ! duration ( ! ,jewi% nation1 or ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 ( :i* no?+ _h previ\sly be5 said2 t1 moreov]1 already at v4 #cc1 9 ! words 1 4441 ,ye1 :5 ye %all ,,see all ^! ?+s1 "k1 etc41 x is presuppos$ t ! p>ties address$ w\ld witness ! approa* ( ! ev5t 9 "q2 & la/ly1 t 9 ano!r passage 7,matt4 xvi4 #bh p>all47 ! c]ta9ty ( liv+ to see ! com+ ( ! ,son ( man is ass]t$ n simply ( ?is g5]ation1 1 b ( "s /&+ "h1 1 :]eby x is %[n 9 ! mo/ decisive mann]1 t 9 ! pres5t passage also1 ,jesus int5d$ by ! above expression ! race ( 8 cotempor>ies1 :o 7 n to h become ext9ct be=e t cata/rophe %\ld occur4 #afhj ,unable to d5y ?is1 & yet anxi\s to sep>ate z widely z possible ! end ( ! _w "h ann\nc$1 & ! age ( ,jesus1 o!rs w\ld f9d 9 ! decl>ation be=e u no?+ m ?an ?is3 ! ev5ts hi!rto describ$ w beg9 to be fulfill$ 9 ! pres5t age1 ?\gh _! complete fulfilm5t may yet be def]r$ _m c5turies4 #afha ,b :5 already at v4 #h ! subject is said to be ! beg9n+ ( ! tribulation1 :ile f v4 #ad we h a description ( ! end ( ! pres5t p]iod ( ! _w1 :i* t tribulation w\ld introduce1 & x is "h 7v4 #cd7 said1 ! exi/+ g5]ation %all n pass away1 1 until all ^! ?+s be fulfill$3 we mu/ inevitably und]/& by 1 all ^! ?+s1 n m]ely ! beg9n+1 b also ! la/-m5tion$ ev5ts at ! end ( ! _w4 ,?us !re is /ill at v4 #cd some?+ :i* mu/ be ref]r$ to an ev5t v ne> to ! "t ( ,jesus3 h5ce ! disc\rse ( ,jesus _c f s e>ly a po9t z v4 #bi1 ref] to ! end ( ! _w1 an epo* s f> di/ant2 & ! division mu/ be made some:at f>!r on1 aft] v4 #ce or #db4 #afhb ,b on ?is plan1 expressions are ?r[n into ! fir/ "p ( ! disc\rse1 :i* resi/ ! assign$ application to ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2--! glori\s adv5t ( ,*ri/ 9 ! cl\ds1 & ! assembl+ ( all nations by angels 7v4 #cj f47 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! same extravagant figures1 :i* =m]ly =bade our acceptance ( ano!r mode ( division4 ,?us ! decl>ation v4 #cd :i*1 toge!r ) ! prec$+ symbolical disc\rse on ! fig tree 7v4 #cb f471 & ! app5d$ assev]ation 7v4 #ce71 mu/ ref] to a v ne> ev5t1 has1 bo? be=e & aft] x1 expressions :i* c only relate to ! m di/ant cata/rophe3 h5ce x has appe>$ to "s z a sort ( oasis 9 ! disc\rse1 hav+ a s5se isolat$ f ! imm$iate context4 ,s*ott1 = in/ance1 supposes t1 up to v4 #bf1 ,jesus _h be5 speak+ ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 t at v4 #bg he does inde$ make a transition to ! ev5ts at ! end ( ! pres5t p]iod ( ! _w2 b t at v4 #cb1 he rev]ts to ! orig9al subject1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 & only at v4 #cf proce$s aga9 to speak ( ! end ( ! _w4 #afhc ,b ?is is to hew ! text 9 pieces1 out ( desp]ation4 ,jesus _c possibly h spok5 ) s little ord] & coh]5ce2 /ill less c he h s l9k$ 8 s5t5ces toge!r z to give no intimation ( su* abrupt transitions4 ,nor is ?is imput$ to him by ! mo/ rec5t critics4 ,accord+ to !m1 x is ! ,evangeli/ :o has jo9$ toge!r1 n 9 ! be/ ord]1 di/9ct & het]og5e\s decl>ations ( ,jesus4 ,mat!w1 inde$1 admits ,s*ulz1 imag9$ t ^! disc\rses 7 spok5 )\t int]mission1 & only arbitr>9ess & viol5ce c 9 ?is respect sev] !m f ea* o!r2 b h>dly did ,jesus himself deliv] !m 9 ?is consecutive mann]1 & ) ?is impr9t ( unity4 #afhd ,! v>i\s phases ( 8 com+1 ?9ks ,sieff]t1 8 figurative appe>ance at ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & 8 lit]al appe>ance at ! la/ day1 ?\gh !y may n h be5 expressly discrim9at$1 7 c]ta9ly n positively connect$ by ,jesus2 b subjects :i* he spoke ( 9 succession 71 f _! obscurity1 confus$ toge!r by ! ,evangeli/4 #afhe ,& z 9 ?is in/ance !re recurs ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke1 t :at ,mat!w repres5ts z be+ spok5 on a s+le occasion1 ,luke di/ributes into sep>ate disc\rses2 to :i* x is also to be add$1 t mu* ( :at ,mat!w gives1 ,luke ei!r has n1 or has x 9 a diff]5t =m3 !re=e ,s*lei]ma*] #afhf believ$ himself w>rant$ to rectify ! composition ( ,mat!w by t ( ,luke1 & to ma9ta9 t :ile 9 ,luke ! two sep>ate disc\rses1 xvii4 #bb ff4 & xxi4 #e ff41 h ea* _! appropriate connexion & _! indubitable application1 9 ,mat!w 7*ap4 xxiv4 & xxv471 by ! bl5d+ ( ^? two disc\rses1 & ! introduction ( portions ( o!r disc\rses1 ! connexion is de/roy$1 & ! application obscur$4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! disc\rse1 ,luke xxi41 tak5 alone1 conta9s no?+ :i* out/eps ! ref]5ce to ! capture ( ,j]usalem & ! accompany+ ev5ts4 ,yet "h also 7v4 #bg7 we f9d ! decl>ation1 ,!n %all !y see ! ,son ( ,man com+ 9 a cl\d1 2 & :5 ,s*lei]ma*] expla9s ?is z a m]e image repres5t+ ! revelation ( ! religi\s significance ( ! political & natural ev5ts be=e describ$1 he falls into a viol5ce ( int]pretation :i* ov]turns 8 entire op9ion z to ! mutual relation ( ^! acc\nts4 ,if1 !n1 9 ! connexion ( ! end ( all ?+s ) ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ,mat!w by no means /&s alone1 b is c\nt5anc$ by ,luke--to say no?+ ( ,m>k1 ^: acc\nt 9 ?is in/ance is an extract f ,mat!w3 we may1 x is true1 conclude1 t z 9 o!r disc\rses ( ,jesus1 s p]haps 9 ?is also1 _m ?+s :i* 7 utt]$ at diff]5t times are associat$2 b !re is no?+ to w>rant ! supposition1 t precisely :at relates to ! two ev5ts1 :i* 9 our idea are s remote f ea* o!r1 is ! =eign matt]1 especially s9ce we see1 f ! unanim\s repres5tation ( ! rema9+ ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 t ! primitive *ur* expect$1 z a spe$y issue1 ! return ( ,*ri/1 toge!r ) ! end ( ! pres5t p]iod ( ! _w 7#a ,cor4 x4 #aa1 xv4 #ea2 ,phil4 iv4 #e2 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ae ff42 ,james v4 #h2 #a ,pet4 iv4 #g2 #a ,john ii4 #ah2 ,rev4 i4 #a1 #c1 iii4 #aa1 xxii4 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #bj74 ,?us x is impossible to evade ! ackn[l$gm5t1 t 9 ?is disc\rse1 if we d n mutilate x to suit our own views1 ,jesus at fir/ speaks ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & f>!r on & until ! close1 ( 8 return at ! end ( all ?+s1 & t he places ! two ev5ts 9 imm$iate connexion4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 b "o exp$i5t = v9dicat+ ! correctness ( 8 ann\ncem5t1 namely1 on ! "o h&1 to assign ! com+ ( :i* he speaks to ! future1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 to br+ x at ! same "t into ! pres5t--in/ead ( a m]ely future1 to make x a p]petual com+4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w1 x is said1 s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 is an invisible return on 8 "p1 a spiritual judgm5t :i* he holds ov] mank9d4 ,( ?is1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 79 our passage until v4 #bh7 is only ! fir/ act2 9 imm$iate succession 71 v4 #bi ff47 comes ! revolution effect$ among mank9d by ! publication ( ! gospel2 a revolution :i* is to be c>ri$ on 9 a s]ies ( acts & epo*s1 until ! end ( all ?+s1 :5 ! judgm5t gradually effect$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 w be made kn[n by an all-compreh5d+1 f9al revelation4 #afhg ,b ! fam\s utt]ance ( ! poet1 #afhh spok5 f ! inmo/ dep? ( mod]n conviction1 is ill-adapt$ to become ! key ( a disc\rse1 :i* m ?an any o!r has its root 9 ! po9t ( view prop] to ! anci5t _w4 ,to reg>d ! judgm5t ( ! _w1 ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 z some?+ successive1 is a mode ( conception 9 ! mo/ direct opposition to t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! v expressions by :i* x designates t cata/rophe1 z t day or ! la/ day1 or 1 %[ t x is to be ?\ght ( z mom5t>y2 ! 1 end ( ! age 7v4 #c71 conc]n+ ! signs ( :i* ! apo/les inquire1 & :i* ,jesus else:]e 7,matt4 xiii4 #ci7 repres5ts "u ! image ( ! h>ve/1 c only be ! f9al close ( ! c\rse ( ! _w1 n some?+ :i* is gradually effect$ dur+ ?is c\rse2 :5 ,jesus comp>es 8 com+ to lightn+ 7xxiv4 #bg71 & to ! entrance ( ! ?ief 9 ! night 7v4 #dc71 he repres5ts x z "o sudd5 ev5t1 & n z a s]ies ( ev5ts4 #afhi ,if we consid] 9 addition to ?is ! extravagant figures1 :i* x is n less necess>y to suppose on ?is int]pretation1 ?an on ! above-m5tion$ ref]5ce ( ! #bd? *apt] to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 #afij x w appe> necess>y to ab/a9 f ?is exp$i5t1 z f all ! previ\s ones4 ,?us ! la/ attempt to discov] 9 ! disc\rse be=e u ! imm5se int]val :i*1 look+ f our position 9 ! pres5t day1 is fix$ betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! end ( all ?+s1 hav+ fail$2 we are taught practically t t int]val lies only 9 our own conception1 :i* we are n ju/ifi$ 9 introduc+ into ! text4 ,& :5 we consid] t we owe our idea ( t int]val only to ! exp]i5ce ( _m c5turies1 :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem3 x _c be difficult to u to imag9e h[ ! au?or ( ?is disc\rse1 :o _h n _h ?is exp]i5ce1 might ent]ta9 ! belief t %ortly aft] ! fall ( ! ,jewi% sanctu>y1 ! _w itself1 ( :i*1 9 ! ,jewi% idea1 t sanctu>y 0 ! c5tre1 w\ld also come to an end1 & ! ,messiah appe> 9 judgm5t4 #aaf4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,disc\rses ,,on ,,! ,,second ,,adv5t4 ,! result j obta9$ involves a consequ5ce1 to avoid :i* has be5 ! object ( all ! futile attempts at explanation hi!rto exam9$3 if1 namely1 ,jesus conceiv$ & decl>$ t ! fall ( ! ,jewi% sanctu>y w\ld be %ortly foll[$ by 8 visible return & ! end ( ! _w1 :ile x is n[ ne>ly #ahjj ye>s s9ce ! "o cata/rophe1 & yet ! o!r has n arriv$2 x foll[s t 9 ?is p>ticul> he 0 mi/ak54 ,h5ce expositors1 :o s f> yield to exegetical evid5ce1 z to agree ) u 9 ! above conclusion conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! disc\rse be=e u1 seek f dogmatical consid]ations to evade ?is legitimate consequ5ce4 ,h5g/5b]g1 z is well kn[n1 has advanc$1 9 relation to ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 ! foll[+ !ory1 :i* has met ) approval f o!r expositors4 ,to ! spiritual vision ( ^! m51 he says1 future ?+s pres5t$ !mselves n s mu* ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "t z ( space--z x 71 9 great pictures2 & ?us1 z is ! case 9 pa9t+s or p]spective views1 ! mo/ di/ant object (t5 appe>$ to !m to /& imm$iately beh9d ! ne>e/1 =egr\nd & backgr\nd be+ int]m+l$ ) ea* o!r3 & ?is !ory ( a p]spective vision we are to apply to ,jesus1 especially 9 reg>d to ! disc\rse 9 "q4 #afia ,b we may "h cite ! appropriate rem>k ( ,paulus1 #afib t z "o1 :o 9 a p]spective ext]nally pres5t$1 does n "k h[ to di/+ui% di/ances1 lab\rs "u an optical delusion1 i4e4 errs3 s likewise 9 an int]nal p]spective ( ideas1 if su* !re be1 ! disreg>d ( di/ances mu/ be pron\nc$ an error2 consequ5tly ?is !ory does n %[ t ! above m5 did n err1 b r expla9s h[ !y easily might err4 ,ev5 ,ol%aus5 consid]s ?is !ory1 :i* he else:]e adopts1 insuffici5t 9 ! pres5t case to remove all appe>ance ( error on ! "p ( ,jesus2 & he !re=e seeks to d]ive special gr\nds ( ju/ification1 f ! p>ticul> nature ( ! ev5t pr$ict$4 #afic ,9 ! fir/ place he reg>ds x z indisp5sable to ! full moral influ5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s return1 t ?is cata/rophe %\ld be reg>d$ z possible1 nay probable1 at any mom5t4 ,?is consid]ation may inde$ ju/ify su* enunciations z ,matt4 xxiv4 #cg ff41 :]e ,jesus admoni%es to wat*fulness1 because no "o c "k h[ soon ! decisive mom5t may arrive2 b by no means su* z xxiv4 #cd1 :]e he decl>es t )9 ! t]m ( ! exi/+ g5]ation1 all w be fulfill$4 ,= "o ^: m9d is 9 a heal?y /ate1 conceives ! possible z possible1 ! probable z probable2 & if he wi%es to abide by ! tru?1 he s exhibits !m to o!rs3 he1 on ! contr>y1 by :om ! m]ely possible or probable is conceiv$ z ! real1 is "u a mi/ake2 & he :o1 )\t s conceiv+ x himself1 yet = a moral or religi\s object1 s repres5ts x to o!rs1 p]mits himself to use a pi\s fraud4 ,ol%aus5 fur!r avails himself ( a position already notic$1 namely1 t ! op9ion t ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ is at h&1 is a true "o1 inasmu* z ! entire hi/ory ( ! _w is a com+ ( ,*ri/2 ?\gh n s z to exclude 8 f9al com+ at ! end ( all ?+s4 ,b if x is prov$ t ,jesus repres5t$ 8 lit]al1 f9al com+ z ne> at h&1 :ile1 9 fact1 only 8 figurative p]petual com+ occurr$ 9 ! p]iod indicat$3 he has confus$ ^! two modes ( 8 com+4 ,! la/ argum5t :i* ,ol%aus5 adduces--t because ! accel]ation or delay ( ! return ( ,*ri/ dep5ds on ! conduct ( m51 consequ5tly on _! free-w1 8 prophecy is only to be und]/ood conditionally--/&s or falls ) ! fir/2 = to repres5t some?+ conditional z unconditional is to create a false impression4 ,sieff]t1 likewise1 reg>ds ! gr\nds on :i* ,ol%aus5 seeks to free ! ass]tions ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 return f ! imputation ( error1 z inadequate2 nev]!less he holds x an impossibility to ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness1 to ascribe an errone\s expectation to ,jesus4 #afid ,9 no case w\ld ?is furni% a w>rant1 arbitr>ily to sev] f ea* o!r ^? elem5ts 9 ! disc\rse ( ,jesus :i* ref] to ! ne>] ev5t1 f ^? :i* 9 our view ref] to ! m remote "o3 r1 if we _h reasons = hold+ su* an error on ! "p ( ,jesus inconceivable1 we mu/ d5y 9 g5]al t ! disc\rses on ! second adv5t1 9 :i* ^? two sets ( mat]ials are s inextricably int]wov51 orig9at$ ) him4 ,b1 look+ f ! or?odox po9t ( view1 ! "q is n3 :at w x satisfy ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness ( ! pres5t day to believe or n to believe conc]n+ ,*ri/8 b1 :at /&s writt5 conc]n+ ,*ri/8 & to ?is ! above consci\sness mu/ accommodate itself z x be/ may4 ,consid]+ ! subject rationally1 h[ev]1 a feel+ re/+ on presuppositions1 su* z ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian consci\sness1 has no voice 9 matt]s ( sci5ce2 & z (t5 z x seeks to int]m$dle ) !m1 is to be r$uc$ to ord] by ! simple reprim&3 muli] taceat 9 ecclesi6 #afie ,b h we no o!r gr\nds = que/ion+ t ,jesus really utt]$ ! pr$ictions conta9$ 9 ,matt xxiv4 & xxv4 p>all48 ,9 pursu+ ?is inquiry1 we may fir/ take our /& on ! ass]tion ( supranaturali/ic !ologians1 t :at ,jesus "h pr$icts1 he c\ld n "k 9 ! natural way ( reasonable calculation1 b only 9 a sup]natural mann]4 #afif ,ev5 ! ma9 fact1 t ! temple w\ld be de/roy$ & ,j]usalem laid wa/e1 c\ld n1 accord+ to ?is op9ion1 be s c]ta9ly =ekn[n4 ,:o c\ld conjecture1 x is ask$1 t ! ,jews w\ld c>ry _! frantic ob/9acy s f> z to r5d] su* an issue inevitable8 ,:o c\ld calculate1 t precisely su* emp]ors1 w\ld s5d su* procurators1 z w\ld provoke insurrection by _! bas5ess & pusillanimity8 ,/ill m rem>kable is x1 t _m p>ticul> incid5ts :i* ,jesus =etold actually occurr$4 ,! w>s1 pe/il5ce1 e>?quakes1 fam9es1 :i* he prophesi$1 may be %[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ! succe$+ times2 ! p]secution ( 8 foll[]s really took place2 ! pr$iction t !re w\ld be false prophets1 & ev5 su* z w\ld1 by promises ( miracles1 allure ! p into ! wild]ness 7,matt4 xxiv4 #aa1 #bd ff4 p>all471 may be comp>$ ) a /rik+ly simil> passage f ,josephus1 describ+ ! la/ times ( ! ,jewi% /ate2 #afig ! encompass+ ( ,j]usalem ) armies1 m5tion$ by ,luke1 ) ! tr5*1 1 :i* he else:]e 7xix4 #dc f47 speaks ( z be+ ca/ ab\t ! city1 may be recogniz$ 9 ! circum/ance record$ by ,josephus1 t ,titus caus$ ,j]usalem to be enclos$ by a wall2 #afih la/ly x may also excite a/oni%m5t t ! decl>ations1 !re %all n be left "o /one ^u ano!r1 1 9 relation to ! temple1 & !y %all lay !e ev5 ) ! gr\nd1 1 7,luke xix4 #dd71 9 relation to ! city1 7 fulfill$ to ! lett]4 #afii ,:5 on ! or?odox po9t ( view1 f ! impossibility ( =esee+ su* p>ticul>s 9 a natural mann]1 x is conclud$ t ,jesus _h a sup]natural insight into ! future2 ?is conclusion is "h att5d$ n only ) ! same difficulty z above1 9 connection ) ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 dea? & resurrection1 b ) ano!r also4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 accord+ to ,mat!w 7xxiv4 #ae71 & ,m>k 7xiii4 #ad71 ,jesus repres5t$ ! fir/ /age ( ! cata/rophe z a fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ( ,daniel conc]n+ an abom9ation ( desolation1 & consequ5tly ref]r$ ,dan4 ix4 #bg 7comp4 xi4 #ca1 xii4 #aa7 to an ev5t at ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem by ! ,romans4 ,= :at ,paulus ma9ta9s1--namely1 t ,jesus "h only borr[s an expression f ,daniel1 )\t reg>d+ t decl>ation ( ! prophet z a prophecy conc]n+ some?+ :i* 9 8 "t 7! "t ( ,jesus7 0 /ill future--is "h r5d]$ especially inconceivable by ! addition3 let him t reade? und]/&4 ,n[ x may be reg>d$ z an e/abli%$ po9t 9 ! mod]n criticism & explanation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t ! above passages 9 ,daniel h ref]5ce to ! desecration ( ! temple by ,antio*us ,epiphanes2 #agjj consequ5tly1 ! int]pretation ( !m :i* ! ,evangeli/s "h l5d to ,jesus is a false "o4 ,b to proce$ to ! difficulty :i* is peculi> to ! prophecy 9 ,matt4 xxiv41 xxv43 only "o side ( x1 t relat+ to ,j]usalem1 has be5 fulfill$2 ! o!r1 t relat+ to ! return ( ,jesus & ! end ( ! _w1 rema9s unfulfill$4 ,su* a half-true prophecy z ?is _c h be5 drawn by ,jesus f 8 high] nature1 & he mu/ h be5 left 9 ?is matt] to 8 human faculties4 ,b t he %\ld be able1 by means ( ^!1 to =esee a result1 dep5d5t on s _m =tuities z 0 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ) its p>ticul> circum/ances1 appe>s inconceivable2 & h5ce ! conjecture arises1 t ^! disc\rses1 9 ! def9it5ess :i* !y n[ possess1 7 n utt]$ prior to ! issue1 consequ5tly n by ,jesus1 b t !y may h be5 put into 8 m\? z prophecies aft] ! issue4 ,?us ,kais]1 = example1 is ( op9ion t ,jesus ?reat5$ a t]rible fate to ! temple & ! nation by means ( ! ,romans1 conditionally1 9 case ! nation did n accept salvation f ! ,messiah1 & describ$ ?is fate 9 prophetic types2 b t ! unconditional =m & ! m precise del9eations 7 giv5 to 8 disc\rse po/ ev5tum4 ,cr$n] also inf]s1 f ! circum/ances1 t incid5ts accompany+ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem are put into ! m\? ( ,jesus z prophecies1 t ! ?ree fir/ gospels _c h be5 compos$ be=e ?is ev5t4 #agja ,x mu/ c]ta9ly be suppos$ t ! prophecy1 z we h x 9 ! two fir/ gospels1 0 =m$ imm$iately aft] or ev5 dur+ ! issue1 s9ce "h ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah is pr$ict$ z an ev5t t w\ld imm$iately succe$ ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 :i* 9 lat] ye>s c\ld no long] be ! expectation4 ,z ?is imm$iate *ronological connexion ( ! two cata/rophes is n s expressly made by ,luke1 x has be5 suppos$ t ?is ,evangeli/ gives ! prophecy z x 0 modifi$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! ,messiah's adv5t & ! end ( ! _w _h 9 n[ise foll[$ close on ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 #agjb ,9 opposition to ^! two op9ions1 t ! prophecy 9 "q _h a sup]natural s\rce1 & t x 0 only made aft] ! issue2 x is s\ght1 9 a ?ird qu>t]1 to %[ t :at is "h pr$ict$1 ,jesus might really h kn[n 9 a natural way4 #agjc ,:ile1 on ! "o h&1 x is held 9 ! highe/ degree a/oni%+ t ! result %\ld h s closely correspond$ ) ! mo/ m9ute features ( ! prophecy ( ,jesus2 on ! o!r h&1 !re are expositors by :om ?is correspond5ce is call$ 9 "q4 ,! encompass+ ( ,j]usalem ) armies1 say !y1 is precisely :at ,titus1 accord+ to ,josephus1 pron\nces impossible to be effect$2 #agjd x is pr$ict$ t a tr5* w\ld be ca/ ab\t ! city1 :ile ,josephus in=ms u1 t aft] ! fir/ attempt at =m+ an embankm5t _h be5 r5d]$ useless1 by an act ( inc5di>ism on ! "p ( ! besieg$1 #agje ,titus desi/$ f 8 s*eme2 ( false ,messiahs1 aris+ 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! dea? ( ,jesus & ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 hi/ory says no?+2 ! commotions among nations1 & ! natural ph5om5a1 9 t p]iod1 are f> f be+ s important z !y are "h repres5t$2 b above all1 9 ^! prophecies1 especially z !y are giv5 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 x is n ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem :i* is pr$ict$1 b solely t ( ! temple3 pla9 div]g5cies ( ! prophecy f ! result1 :i* w\ld n exi/1 if ei!r a sup]natural glance into ! future1 or a vatic9ium po/ ev5tum 7 conc]n$4 ,accord+ to ^! !ologians1 we are on ! wrong track 9 seek+ ! c\nt]p>t ( ^! prophecies =w>ds1 9 ! result2 s9ce x 0 backw>ds1 on types pres5t$ 9 ! pa/1 t ! au?ors look$4 ,a mass ( su* types 0 furni%$ by ! ,jewi% conception ( ! circum/ances :i* w\ld prec$e ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah4 ,false prophets & ,messiahs1 w>1 fam9e & pe/il5ce1 e>?quakes & commotions 9 ! heav5s1 preval5t corruption ( mann]s1 p]secution ( ! fai?ful s]vants ( ,jehovah1 7 held to be ! imm$iate h>b+]s ( ! messianic k+dom4 ,moreov]1 9 ! prophets !re are descriptions ( ! tribulation :i* w\ld presage & accompany ! day ( ! com+ ( ,jehovah 7,isa4 xiii4 #i ff42 ,joel i4 #ae1 ii4 #a ff41 #aj ff41 iii4 #c ff41 iv4 #ae f42 ,zeph4 i4 #ad ff42 ,hagg4 ii4 #g2 ,ze*4 xiv4 #a ff42 ,mal4 iii4 #a ff471 or :i* w\ld prec$e ! messianic k+dom ( ! sa9ts 7,dan4 vii4-xii471 z also expressions 9 lat] ,jewi% writ+s1 #agjf s analog\s ) our evangelical pr$iction1 z to put x beyond "q1 t ! description :i* x gives ( ! "t ( ! ,messiah's adv5t is drawn f a circle ( ideas :i* _h long be5 curr5t among ! ,jews4 ,ano!r "q is1 :e!r ! pr9cipal feature 9 ! picture be=e u1 ! de/ruction ( ! temple & ! deva/ation ( ,j]usalem1 z introductory to ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 may also be %[n to h made "p ( ! popul> conception 9 ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,9 ,jewi% writ+s we f9d ! notion1 t ! bir? ( ! ,messiah w\ld co9cide ) ! de/ruction ( ! sanctu>y3 #agjg b ?is idea 0 obvi\sly fir/ =m$ aft] ! fall ( ! temple1 9 ord] t a f\nta9 ( consolation might spr+ out ( ! l[e/ dep? ( mis]y4 ,josephus f9ds 9 ,daniel1 toge!r ) :at relates to ,antio*us1 a prophecy ( ! annihilation ( ! ,jewi% /ate by ! ,romans3 #agjh b z ?is is n ! prim>y object 9 any ( ! visions 9 ,daniel1 ,josephus might fir/ make ?is int]pretation aft] ! issue1 9 :i* case x w\ld prove no?+ z to ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,nev]!less1 x is conceivable1 t already 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 ! ,jews might attribute to ! prophecies ( ,daniel a ref]5ce to ev5ts yet future1 al?\gh ^! prophecies 9 fact relat$ to a f> e>li] p]iod2 & !y might d s on ! same gr\nds z ^? on :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( ! pres5t age /ill look =w>d to ! full realization ( ,matt4 xxiv4 & xxv4 ,z imm$iately aft] ! fall ( ! k+dom made ( iron mix$ ) clay1 & ( ! horn t speaks blasphemies & makes w> aga9/ ! sa9ts1 ! com+ ( ! ,son ( man 9 ! cl\ds1 & ! comm5cem5t ( ! ev]la/+ k+dom ( ! sa9ts1 is prophesi$1 :ile ?is result _h n by any means succe$$ ! defeat ( ,antio*us3 !re 0 an inducem5t /ill to look to ! future1 n only = ! heav5ly k+dom1 b also1 s9ce !y 7 made imm$iately to prec$e x1 = ! calamities caus$ by ! k+dom ( iron & clay2 among :i* calamities1 by analogy ) :at 0 pr$ict$ ( ! horn1 ! desecration ( ! temple 0 conspicu\s4 ,b :ile ! prophecy 9 ,daniel includes only ! desecration ( ! temple & ! int]ruption ( ! wor%ip1 toge!r ) 7! p>tial #agji7 de/ruction ( ! city3 9 ! disc\rse be=e u complete de/ruction is pr$ict$ to ! temple--& likewise to ! city1 n m]ely 9 ,luke1 :]e ! expressions are v m>k$1 b und\bt$ly 9 ! two o!r ,evangeli/s also1 z appe>s to be indicat$ by ! exhortation to ha/y flight f ! city2--:i* pr$iction ( total de/ruction1 z x is n conta9$ 9 ! type1 c app>5tly h be5 ga!r$ only f ! result4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 ! description 9 ,daniel ) ! expressions & 7ix4 #bf f41 xii4 #aa71 :i* ! ,,lxx4 translates by 1 desolation1 & 1 ,i de/roy1 may easily be also und]/ood ( a total de/ruction2 & secondly1 if once1 9 connexion ) ! s9s ( ! nation1 ! temple & city _h be5 de/roy$ & ! p c>ri$ away captive1 e en?usia/ic ,israelite1 to :om ! religi\s & moral condition ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 appe>$ corrupt & irrem$iable1 might !nce=? expect & pr$ict a repetition ( t =m] judgm5t4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ev5 ^? p>ticul>s 9 :i*1 z we h se5 9 ! =ego+ section1 ,luke surpasses 8 fell[-n>rators 9 def9it5ess1 are n ( a k9d to oblige u to suppose1 ei!r a sup]natural =ekn[l$ge1 or a vatic9ium po/ ev5tum3 on ! contr>y1 all may be expla9$ by a close consid]ation ( :at is n>rat$ conc]n+ ! fir/ de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 #b ,k+s xxv42 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi42 & ,j]4 xxxix4 #eb4 ,!re is only "o po9t :i* ,jesus1 z ! au?or ( ?is disc\rse1 c\ld n h ga!r$ f any types1 b mu/ h drawn entirely f himself3 namely1 ! decl>ation t ! cata/rophe :i* he describ$ w\ld arrive )9 ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,?is pr$iction we mu/ hesitate to d]ive f a sup]natural k1 = ! reason1 already notic$1 t x is only half fulfill$3 :ile ! o!r side ( ! fact1 ! /rik+ fulfilm5t ( at lea/ ! "o half ( ! prophecy1 might incl9e u to di/ru/ ! supposition ( a m]ely natural calculation1 & to reg>d ?is det]m9ation ( "t z a feature introduc$ into ! disc\rse ( ,jesus aft] ! issue4 ,mean:ile1 x is cle> f ! passages cit$ at ! conclusion ( ! la/ section1 t ! apo/les !mselves expect$ ! return ( ,*ri/ to take place )9 _! lifetime2 & x is n improbable t ,jesus also believ$ t ?is ev5t1 toge!r ) ! ru9 ( ! city & temple1 :i* accord+ to ,daniel 0 to prec$e x1 0 v ne> at h&4 ,! m g5]al "p ( ! expectation1 namely1 ! appe>+ at "s future "t 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 to awake ! dead1 to sit 9 judgm5t1 & to f\nd an ev]la/+ k+dom1 w\ld necess>ily1 f a consid]ation ( ,daniel1 :]e su* a com+ is ascrib$ to ! ,son ( man1 be contemplat$ by ,jesus z a "p ( 8 own de/9y1 s soon z he held himself to be ! ,messiah2 :ile1 ) reg>d to ! "t1 x 0 natural t he %\ld n conceive a v long int]val z de/9$ to elapse betwe5 8 fir/ messianic com+ 9 humiliation1 & 8 second1 9 glory4 ,"o objection to ! g5u95ess ( ! synoptical disc\rses on ! second adv5t1 is yet 9 res]ve2 x has1 h[ev]1 less weight 9 our po9t ( view ?an 9 t ( ! preval5t criticism ( ! gospels4 ,?is objection is d]iv$ f ! abs5ce ( any detail$ description ( ! second adv5t ( ,jesus 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john4 #agaj ,x is true t ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s return are pla9ly discov]able 9 ! f\r? gospel also4 #agaa ,jesus !re9 ascribes to himself ! (fices ( ! future judgm5t1 & ! awak+ ( ! dead 7,john v4 #ba-cj72 :i* la/ is n inde$ numb]$ among ! concomitants ( ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ 9 ! synoptical gospels1 b n seldom appe>s 9 t connexion else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7e4g4 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bc2 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #af74 ,:5 ,jesus1 9 ! f\r? gospel1 sometimes d5ies t he is come into ! _w = judgm5t 7iii4 #ag1 viii4 #ae1 xii4 #dg71 ?is ref]s only to 8 fir/ pres5ce on e>?1 & is limit$ by opposite decl>ations1 9 :i* he ass]ts t he is come into ! _w = judgm5t 7ix4 #ci1 comp4 viii4 #af71 to ! s5se t ! object ( 8 mission is n to condemn b to save1 & t 8 judgm5t is n individual or p>tial2 t x consi/s1 n 9 an au?oritative s5t5ce proce$+ subjectively f himself1 b 9 an objective act proce$+ f ! intr9sic t5d5cy ( ?+s1 a doctr9e :i* is significantly express$ 9 ! decl>ation1 t him :o he>s 8 ^w )\t believ+ he judges n1 b ! ^w1 :i* he has spok51 %all judge him 9 ! la/ day 7 1 1 1 xii4 #dh74 ,fur!r1 :5 ! ,jesus ( ,john's gospel says ( ! believ]3 1 he is n judg$1 1 he %all n come into judgm5t 7iii4 #ah1 v4 #bd71 ?is is to be und]/ood ( a judgm5t ) a condemnatory issue2 :5 on ! contr>y1 x is said ( ! unbeliev]3 1 he is judg$ already 7iii4 #ah71 ?is only means t ! assign+ ( ! m]it$ lot to ea* is n res]v$ until ! future judgm5t at ! end ( all ?+s1 s9ce ea* "o 9 8 inw>d disposition be>s )9 himself ! fate :i* is 8 due4 ,?is does n exclude a future solemn act ( judgm5t1 :]e9 t :i* has at pres5t only a lat5t exi/5ce w be made matt] ( awful revelation2 = 9 ! v passage la/ quot$ we f9d ! consignm5t to condemnation1 & else:]e ! aw>d+ ( future bless$ness 7v4 #bh f41 vi4 #ci f41 #ed71 associat$ ) ! la/ day & ! resurrection4 ,9 l mann]1 ,jesus says 9 ,luke also1 9 ! same connexion 9 :i* he describes 8 return z a /ill future1 ext]nal cata/rophe1 xvii4 #bj f43 ,! k+dom ( ,god come? n ) obs]vation2 nei!r %all !y say1 lo "h6 or1 lo !re6 = behold ! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y4 ,a c]ta9 int]pretation ( ! words utt]$ by ! ,jesus ( ,john's gospel1 supposes him ev5 to intimate t 8 return 0 n f> di/ant4 ,! expressions already m5tion$ 9 ! f>ewell disc\rses1 9 :i* ,jesus promises 8 disciples n to leave !m com=tless1 b1 aft] hav+ gone to ! ,fa!r1 %ortly 7xvi4 #af7 to come aga9 to !m 7xiv4 #c1 #ah71 are n seldom und]/ood ( ! return ( ,*ri/ at ! la/ day2 #agab b :5 we he> ,jesus say ( ?is same return1 t he w !re9 reveal himself only to 8 disciples1 & n to ! _w 7xiv4 #ai1 comp4 #bb71 x is impossible to ?9k ( x z ! return to judgm5t1 9 :i* ,jesus conceiv$ t he %\ld reveal himself to good & bad )\t di/9ction4 ,!re is a p>ticul>ly enigmatical allusion to ! com+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! app5dix to ! f\r? gospel1 *ap4 xxi44 ,on ! "q ( ,pet] z to :at w become ( ! apo/le ,john1 ,jesus "h replies1 ,if ,i w t he t>ry till ,i come1 :at is t to !e8 7v4 #bb7 :5ce1 z x is add$1 ! ,*ri/ians inf]r$ t ,john w\ld n die1 s9ce !y suppos$ ! com+ 77 "h spok5 (1 to be ! f9al return ( ,*ri/1 9 :i* ^? :o witness$ x 7 to be *ang$1 )\t ta/+ dea? 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ea f474 ,b1 adds ! au?or correctively1 ,jesus did n say1 ! disciple w\ld n die1 b only1 if he will$ t he %\ld t>ry till he came1 :at 0 t to ,pet]8 ,h]eby ! ,evangeli/ may h int5d$ to rectify ! inf]5ce 9 two ways4 ,ei!r x appe>$ to him errone\s to id5tify ! rema9+ until ,jesus came1 ) n dy+1 i4e4 to take ! com+ ( :i* ,jesus "h spoke = ! la/1 :i* w\ld put an end to dea?2 & 9 t case he mu/ h und]/ood by x an invisible com+ ( ,*ri/1 possibly 9 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem3 #agac or1 he held x errone\s t :at ,jesus _h only said hypo!tically--ev5 if he will$ ! giv5 case1 t 0 no conc]n ( ,pet]'s--%\ld be und]/ood categorically1 z if su* _h really be5 ! w ( ,jesus2 9 :i* case ! w\ld reta9 its cu/om>y s5se4 #agad ,if1 accord+ to ?is1 all ! ma9 features ( ! doctr9e ( ! second adv5t are put into ! m\? ( ,jesus 9 ! f\r? gospel also1 /ill we n[h]e f9d any?+ ( ! detail$1 graphic description ( ! ext]nal ev5t1 :i* we read 9 ! synoptical gospels4 ,?is relation betwe5 ! two repres5tations1 creates no slight difficulty on ! ord9>y view ( ! orig9 ( ! gospels1 & especially t ( ! f\r?4 ,if ,jesus really spoke ( 8 return s fully & solemnly z ! synopti/s repres5t him to h done1 & treat$ ( ! "r k & obs]vation ( ! signs z some?+ ( ! highe/ importance2 x is inconceivable t ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel c\ld pass ov] all ?is1 if he 7 an imm$iate disciple ( ,jesus4 ,! usual mode ( acc\nt+ = su* an omission1 by ! supposition t he believ$ ?is "p ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus to be suffici5tly kn[n f ! synoptical gospels1 or f oral tradition1 is ! m inadequate "h 9 proportion z all :i* be>s a prophetic "*1 especially :5 relat+ to ev5ts at once s mu* long$ = & dread$1 is expos$ to mis9t]pretation2 z we may see f ! rectification j notic$1 :i* ! au?or ( ,john xxi4 f\nd x necess>y to apply to ! op9ion ( 8 contempor>ies conc]n+ ! promise giv5 by ,jesus to ,john4 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t case1 an explanatory ^w w\ld h be5 highly seasonable & useful1 especially z ! repres5tation ( ! fir/ gospel1 :i* made ! end ( all ?+s foll[ imm$iately on ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 mu/ be ! m an occasion ( d\bt & (f5ce ! ne>] ! latt] ev5t came1 & 9 a /ill great] degree :5 x 0 pa/4 ,& :o 0 m capable ( af=d+ su* enlight5m5t ?an ! fav\rite disciple1 p>ticul>ly if1 accord+ to ,m>k xiii4 #c1 he 0 ! only ,evangeli/ :o _h be5 pres5t at ! disc\rse ( ,jesus on ?is subject8 ,h5ce1 "h aga91 a special reason = 8 sil5ce is s\ght 9 ! alleg$ de/9ation ( 8 gospel = non-judaical1 idealiz+ ,gno/ics1 ^: po9t ( view ^? descriptions w\ld n h suit$1 & 7 !re=e omitt$4 #agae ,b precisely 9 relation to su* read]s1 x w\ld h be5 a culpable compliance1 a confirmation 9 _! idealiz+ t5d5cy1 _h ,john1 out ( def]5ce to !m1 suppress$ ! real side ( ! return ( ,*ri/4 ,! apo/le mu/ r h )/ood ! prop5sity ( ^! p to evaporate ! ext]nal1 hi/orical "p ( ,*ri/ianity1 by giv+ due prom95ce to x2 z1 9 8 epi/le1 9 opposition to _! ,docetism1 he lays /ress on ! corporeality ( ,jesus3 s1 9 opposition ta _! idealism1 he mu/ h be5 especially assidu\s to exhibit 9 ! return ( ,*ri/ ! ext]nal facts by :i* x w\ld be signaliz$4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 he himself speaks ne>ly l a ,gno/ic1 & con/antly aims1 9 relation to ! return ( ,*ri/1 to resolve ! ext]nal & ! future into ! int]nal & ! pres5t4 ,h5ce !re is n s mu* exagg]ation1 z ,ol%aus5 supposes1 9 ! op9ion ( ,fleck1 t ! repres5tation ( ! doctr9e ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 return 9 ! synoptical gospels1 & t giv5 9 ! f\r?1 exclude ea* o!r2 #agaf = if ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel be an apo/le1 ! disc\rses on ! second adv5t :i* ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s attribute to ,jesus1 _c h be5 s deliv]$ by him1 & vice v]s4 ,we1 h[ev]1 z we h said1 _c avail ourselves ( ?is argum5t1 hav+ long r5\nc$ ! pre-supposition t ! f\r? gospel _h an apo/olic orig94 ,b1 on our po9t ( view1 we c fully expla9 ! relation :i* ! repres5tation ( ! f\r? gospel be>s to t ( ! synopti/s4 ,9 ,pale/9e1 :]e ! tradition record$ by ! ?ree fir/ gospels 0 =m$1 ! doctr9e ( a solemn adv5t ( ! ,messiah :i* 0 !re preval5t1 & :i* ,jesus embrac$1 0 receiv$ 9 its :ole bread? into ! ,*ri/ian belief3 :]eas 9 ! ,hell5i/ic-!osophic circle 9 :i* ! f\r? gospel arose1 ?is idea 0 dive/$ ( its mat]ial envelopm5t1 & ! return ( ,*ri/ became ! ambigu\s m$ium betwe5 a real & an ideal1 a pres5t & a future ev5t1 :i* x appe>s 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ma*9ations ,,( ,,! ,,enemies ,,( ,,jesus2 ,,trea*]y ,,( ,,judas2 ,,la/ ,,supp] ,,) ,,8 ,,disciples4 #aag4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,8 ,,enemies4 ,9 ! ?ree fir/ gospels ! pr9cipal enemies ( ,jesus are ! ,ph>isees & scribes1 #agag :o saw 9 him ! mo/ ru9\s oppon5t ( _! in/itutions2 toge!r ) ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 :o1 z ! heads ( ! ext]nal temple-wor%ip & ! hi]>*y f\nd$ ^u x1 c\ld h no fri5dly feel+ t[>ds "o :o on e opportunity repres5t$ z ! ma9 po9t1 ! int]nal s]vice ( ,god ) ! devotion ( ! m9d4 ,else:]e we f9d among ! enemies ( ,jesus ! ,sadducees 7,matt4 xvi4 #a1 xxii4 #bc ff4 p>all4 comp4 ,matt4 xvi4 #f ff4 p>all471 to ^: mat]ialism mu* 9 8 op9ions mu/ h be5 repugnant2 & ! ,h]odian p>ty 7,m>k iii4 #f2 ,matt4 xxii4 #af p>all47 :o1 hav+ be5 unfav\rable to ! ,bapti/1 7 naturally s to 8 successor4 ,! f\r? gospel1 ?\gh x sometimes m5tions ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees1 ! mo/ frequ5tly designates ! enemies ( ,jesus by ! g5]al expression3 1 ! ,jews2 an expression :i* proce$s f a lat]1 ,*ri/ian po9t ( view4 ,! f\r ,evangeli/s unanim\sly relate1 t ! m def9$ ma*9ations ( ! ,ph>isaic-hi]>*ical p>ty aga9/ ,jesus1 took _! rise f an (f5ce committ$ by ! latt] aga9/ ! preval5t rules conc]n+ ! obs]vation ( ! sabba?4 ,:5 ,jesus _h cur$ ! man ) ! )]$ h&1 x is said 9 ,mat!w3 ! ,ph>isees w5t out1 & held a c\ncil aga9/ him1 h[ !y might de/roy him 7xii4 #ad1 comp4 ,m>k iii4 #f2 ,luke vi4 #aa72 & 9 l mann] ,john obs]ves1 on ! occasion ( ! ,sabba? cure at ! pool ( ,be!sda3 !re=e did ! ,jews p]secute ,jesus1 & aft] m5tion+ a decl>ation ( ,jesus1 proce$s ?us3 !re=e ! ,jews s\ght ! m to kill him 7v4 #af1 #ah74 ,b imm$iately aft] ?is comm5c+ po9t1 ! synoptical acc\nt ( ! relation 9 "q div]ges f t ( ,john4 ,9 ! synopti/s1 ! next (f5ce is giv5 by ! neglect ( wa%+ be=e meals on ! "p ( ,jesus & 8 disciples1 ) ! %>p invectives :i*1 :5 call$ to acc\nt on ! subject1 he laun*$ =? aga9/ ! _s ( petty obs]vance1 & ! hypocrisy & _s ( p]secution ) :i* x 0 unit$ 9 ! ,ph>isees & lawy]s2 aft] all :i* x is said1 t ! latt] conceiv$ a deep animosity aga9/ him1 & tri$ to sift him & entrap him by dang]\s que/ions1 9 ord] to obta9 gr\nds ( accusation aga9/ him 7,luke xi4 #cg-ed1 comp4 ,matt4 xv4 #a ff42 ,m>k vii4 #a ff474 ,on 8 la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem1 ! ,ph>isees gave ,jesus a w>n+ aga9/ ,h]od 7,luke xiii4 #ca71 :i* app>5tly _h no o!r object ?an to induce him to leave ! c\ntry4 ,! next important cause ( (f5ce to ! hi]>*ical p>ty1 0 ! /rik+ homage paid to ,jesus by ! p on 8 entrance into ,j]usalem1 & ! purification ( ! temple :i* he imm$iately und]took3 b !y 7 /ill )held f any viol5t measures t[>ds him by ! /r5g? ( 8 int]e/ ) ! p 7,matt4 xxi4 #ae f42 ,m>k ix4 #ah2 ,luke xix4 #ci1 #dg f471 :i* 0 ! sole reason :y !y did n possess !mselves ( 8 p]son1 aft] ! sev]e mann] 9 :i* he _h *>act]iz$ !m1 9 ! p>able ( ! husb&m5 ( ! v9ey>d 7,matt4 xxi4 #de f4 p>all474 ,aft] ^! ev5ts1 x sc>cely ne$$ ! anti-,ph>isaic disc\rse ,matt4 xxiii4 to make ! *ief prie/s1 ! scribes & eld]s1 i4e4 ! ,sanh$rim1 assemble 9 ! palace ( ! high prie/1 %ortly be=e ! passov]1 = a consultation1 t !y might take ,jesus by subtlety & kill him 7,matt4 xxvi4 #c ff4 p>all474 ,9 ! f\r? gospel1 also1 ! great numb] ( ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus among ! p is sometimes1 x is true1 describ$ z ! reason :y 8 enemies desir$ to seize him 7vii4 #cb1 #dd1 comp4 iv4 #a ff471 & 8 solemn entrance into ,j]usalem embitt]s !m "h also 7xii4 #ai72 sometimes _! murd]\s designs are m5tion$ )\t any motive be+ /at$ 7vii4 #a1 #ai1 #be1 viii4 #dj73 b ! ma9 cause ( (f5ce 9 ?is gospel1 lies 9 ! decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 exalt$ dignity4 ,ev5 on ! occasion ( ! cure ( ! lame man on ! ,sabba?1 :at *iefly irritat$ ! ,jews 0 t ,jesus ju/ifi$ x by appeal+ to ! un9t]rupt$ ag5cy ( ,god z 8 ,fa!r1 :i* 9 _! op9ion 0 a blasphem\s mak+ ( himself equal ) ,god1 7v4 #ah72 :5 he spoke ( 8 div9e mission1 !y s\ght to lay hold on him 7vii4 #cj1 comp4 viii4 #bj72 on 8 ass]t+ t he 0 be=e ,abraham1 !y took up /ones to ca/ at him 7viii4 #ei72 !y did ! same :5 he decl>$ t he & ! ,fa!r 7 "o 7x4 #ca71 & :5 he ass]t$ t ! ,fa!r 0 9 him & he 9 ! ,fa!r1 !y aga9 attempt$ to seize him 7x4 #ci74 ,b t :i*1 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel1 turns ! scale1 & causes ! ho/ile p>ty to take a =mal resolution aga9/ ,jesus1 is ! resuscitation ( ,laz>us4 ,:5 ?is act 0 report$ to ! ,ph>isees1 !y & ! *ief prie/s conv5$ a c\ncil ( ! ,sanh$rim1 9 :i* ! subject ( delib]ation 01 t if ,jesus cont9u$ to p]=m s _m signs1 1 all w\ld at l5g? adh]e to him1 & !n ! ,roman p[] w\ld be ex]t$ to ! de/ruction ( ! ,jewi% nation2 :]eupon ! high prie/ ,caiaphas pron\nc$ ! mom5t\s decision1 t x 0 bett] = "o man to die = ! p ?an = ! :ole nation to p]i%4 ,8 dea? 0 n[ det]m9$ ^u1 & x 0 enjo9$ on e "o to po9t out 8 abode1 t he might be arre/$ 7xi4 #df ff474 ,) reg>d to ?is diff]5ce mod]n criticism obs]ves1 t we %\ld n at all compreh5d ! tragical turn ( ! fate ( ,jesus f ! synoptical acc\nts1 & t ,john alone op5s to u a glance into ! mann] 9 :i*1 /ep by /ep1 ! brea* betwe5 ! hi]>*ical p>ty & ,jesus 0 wid5$2 9 %ort1 t 9 ?is po9t also ! repres5tation ( ! f\r? gospel %[s itself a pragmatical "o1 :i* t ( ! o!r gospels is n4 #agah ,b :at x is 9 :i* ! ,gospel ( ,john exhibits sup]iority 9 gradation & progress1 x is difficult to see1 s9ce ! v fir/ def9ite /atem5t conc]n+ ! incipi5t enmity 7v4 #ah7 conta9s ! extreme ( ! (f5ce 7 1 mak+ himself equal ) ,god7 & ! extreme ( ! enmity 7 1 !y s\ght to kill him72 s t all :i* is n>rat$ fur!r conc]n+ ! ho/ility ( ! ,jews is m]e repetition1 & ! only fact :i* pres5ts itself z a /ep t[>ds m decid$ measures is ! resolution ( ! ,sanh$rim1 *ap4 xi44 ,?is species ( gradation1 h[ev]1 is n want+ 9 ! synoptical acc\nt also3 "h we h ! transition f ! indef9ite lay+ wait = ,jesus1 & ! commun+ :at might be done to him 7,luke xi4 #ed1 vi4 #aa71 or z x is m precisely giv5 9 ,mat!w 7xii4 #ad71 & 9 ,m>k 7iii4 #f71 ! tak+ c\nsel h[ !y might de/roy him1 to ! def9ite resolve z to ! mann] 77 & ! "t 7 ,matt4 xxvi4 #d f4 p>all74--,b x is especially made a reproa* to ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s1 t 9 pass+ ov] ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 !y h omitt$ t incid5t :i* gave ! f9al impulse to ! fate ( ,jesus4 #agai ,if we1 on ! contr>y1 9 virtue ( ! above result ( our criticism ( ?is miracul\s n>rative1 mu/ r praise ! synopti/s1 t !y d n repres5t z ! turn+ po9t 9 ! fate ( ,jesus1 an incid5t :i* nev] really happ5$3 s ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 by ! mann] 9 :i* he relates ! murd]\s resolve to :i* x 0 ! imm$iate inducem5t1 by no means manife/s himself z "o ^: au?ority c be held by u a suffici5t w>rant = ! tru? ( 8 n>rative4 ,! circum/ance t he ascribes to ! high prie/ ! gift ( prophecy 7)\t d\bt 9 accordance ) a sup]/iti\s idea ( 8 age #agbj71 & reg>ds 8 spee* z a pr$iction ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 w\ld c]ta9ly n by itself prove t he c\ld n h be5 an apo/le & eye-witness4 #agba ,b x has ) ju/ice be5 held a difficulty1 t our ,evangeli/ designates ,caiaphas z ! high prie/ ( t ye>1 7xi4 #di71 & ?us appe>s to suppose t ?is dignity1 l _m ,roman magi/racies1 0 an annual "o2 :]eas x 0 orig9ally held = life1 & ev5 9 t p]iod ( ,roman asc5dancy1 0 n a regul> annual (fice1 b 0 transf]r$ z (t5 z x pleas$ ! arbitr>9ess ( ! ,romans4 ,to conclude on ! au?ority ( ! f\r? gospel1 9 opposition to ! g5]al cu/om1 & not)/&+ ! sil5ce ( ,josephus1 t ,annas & ,caiaphas1 by a private agreem5t1 held ! (fice = a ye> by turns1 #agbb is an exp$i5t to :i* ^? may resort :om x pleases2 to take indef9itely = 1 #agbc is1 f ! tw(old repetition ( ! same expression1 v4 #ea & xviii4 #ac1 inadmissible2 t at t p]iod ! high prie/hood 0 frequ5tly transf]r$ f "o to ano!r1 & "s high prie/s 7 n all[$ to rema9 9 _! (fice long] ?an a ye>1 #agbd did n ju/ify our au?or 9 designat+ ,caiaphas z ! high prie/ ( a p>ticul> ye>1 :5 9 fact he fill$ t po/ = a s]ies ( ye>s1 & c]ta9ly ?r\gh\t ! duration ( ! public ag5cy ( ,jesus2 la/ly1 t ,john int5d$ to say t ,caiaphas 0 high prie/ 9 ! ye> 9 :i* ,jesus di$1 )\t !reby exclud+ e>li] & lat] ye>s1 9 :i* he also held ! (fice1 #agbe is an equally unt5able position4 ,= if ! "t 9 :i* an incid5t occurs is describ$ z a c]ta9 ye>1 ?is mode ( expression mu/ imply1 t ei!r ! incid5t ! date ( :i* is to be det]m9$1 or ! fact by :i* t date is to be det]m9$1 is connect$ ) ! t]m ( a ye>4 ,?us ei!r ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel mu/ h be5 ( ! op9ion1 t f ! dea? ( ,jesus1 to :i* ?is decision ( ,caiaphas 0 ! initiative /ep1 a pl5itude ( spiritual gifts1 includ+ ! gift ( prophecy to ! high prie/ ( t p]iod1 0 disp5s$ ?r\gh\t t p>ticul> ye>1 #agbf & no long]2 or1 if ?is be a f>-fet*$ explanation1 he mu/ h imag9$ t ,caiaphas 0 high prie/ = ! t]m ( t ye> only4 ,lcke concludes t z1 accord+ to ,josephus1 ! high prie/ ( t p]iod held 8 (fice = t5 ye>s successively1 !re=e ,john _c h meant1 by ! expression 1 t ! (fice ( high prie/ 0 an annual "o2 :]eas ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 on ! gr\nd t ! evid5ce ( ?is mean+ 9 ! words ( ! gospel1 is f> m c]ta9 ?an t ,john is its au?or1 rev]ses ?is proposition1 & concludes1 t z ! f\r? gospel "h pres5ts an idea conc]n+ ! duration ( ! (fice ( high prie/ :i* c\ld n be ent]ta9$ 9 ,pale/9e1 !re=e its au?or _c h be5 a native ( ,pale/9e4 #agbg ,( ! fur!r /atem5ts also1 z to ! po9ts 9 :i* ,jesus gave (f5ce to ! hi]>*y ( 8 nation1 ^? :i* ! synopti/s h alone1 or 9 common ) ,john1 are cr$ible2 ^? :i* are peculi> to ! latt]1 n s4 ,among ^? :i* are common to bo? sides1 ! solemn entrance ( ,jesus into ,j]usalem1 & ! /rong atta*m5t ( ! p to him1 7 equally natural causes ( (f5ce ) 8 disc\rses & actions 9 opposition to ! sabbatical in/itutions1 9 :atev] ! latt] may h consi/$3 on ! contr>y1 ! mann] 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel1 ! ,jews take (f5ce at ! decl>ations ( ,jesus conc]n+ himself z ! ,son ( ,god1 is1 accord+ to our e>li] analysis1 #agbh z inconceivable1 z x is consi/5t ) ! common ord] ( ?+s t ! polemical tone t[>ds ! ,ph>isees :i* ! fir/ ,evangeli/s all l5d to ,jesus1 %\ld irritate ! p>ty attack$4 ,?us no new or m pr(\nd insight into ! causes & motives ( ! reaction aga9/ ,jesus1 is to be obta9$ f ! f\r? gospel3 b ! in=mation :i* ! synopti/s h pres]v$ to u fully suffices to make t fact intelligible4 #aah4 ,,jesus ,,& ,,8 ,,betray]4 ,al?\gh x _h be5 resolv$ 9 ! c\ncil ( ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 t ! fea/ "t %\ld be all[$ to pass ov] be=e any measures 7 tak5 aga9/ ,jesus1 because any act ( viol5ce aga9/ him 9 ^! days might easily excite an insurrection1 on ! "p ( 8 num]\s adh]5ts among ! visitants to ! fea/ 7,matt4 xxvi4 #e2 ,m>k xiv4 #b73 yet ?is consid]ation 0 sup]s$$ by ! facility ) :i* "o ( 8 disciples (f]$ to deliv] him into _! h&s4 ,judas1 surnam$ 1 d\btless on acc\nt ( 8 orig9 f ! ,jewi% city ( ,k]io? #agbi 7,jo%4 xv4 #be71 w5t1 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 a few days be=e ! passov]1 to ! heads ( ! prie/hood1 & volunte]$ to deliv] ,jesus quietly into _! h&s1 = :i* s]vice !y promis$ him money1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ?irty pieces ( silv] 71 ,matt xxvi4 #ad ff4 p>all474 ,( su* an antec$5t transaction betwe5 ,judas & ! enemies ( ,jesus1 ! f\r? gospel n only says no?+1 b appe>s moreov] to repres5t ! matt] z if ,judas _h n =m$ ! det]m9ation ( betray+ ,jesus to ! prie/hood1 until ! la/ supp]1 & _h !n promptly put x into execution4 ,! same ent]+ 77 ( ,satan into ,judas1 :i* ,luke 7xxii4 #c7 places be=e 8 fir/ int]view ) ! *ief prie/s1 & be=e any prep>ation _h be5 made = ,jesus & 8 disciples to eat ! passov] toge!r1 is repres5t$ by ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel z occurr+ at ?is meal1 be=e ,judas left ! company 7xiii4 #bg73 a pro(1 z x appe>s1 t 9 ! op9ion ( ?is ,evangeli/1 ,judas n[ made 8 fir/ traitor\s visit4 ,he does inde$ obs]ve1 be=e ! meal 7xiii4 #b71 t ! devil _h put x into ! he>t ( ,judas to betray ,jesus1 & ?is is commonly reg>d$ z ! p>allel ( ,luke's 7,satan ent]$ into him71 be+ und]/ood to imply ! =mation ( ! trea*]\s resolve1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,judas w5t to ! *ief prie/s3 b if he _h previ\sly be5 9 treaty ) !m1 ! betrayal 0 already complet$1 & x is !n n easy to p]ceive :at c be meant by ! words on ! occasion ( ! la/ meal1 s9ce ! summon+ ( ^? :o 7 to seize ,jesus 0 no new diabolical resolution1 b only ! execution ( t :i* _h already be5 embrac$4 ,! expression 9 ,john v4 #bg only obta9s an entirely consi/5t s5se 9 di/9ction f v4 #b1 :5 ! ' 9 ! latt]1 is und]/ood ( ! ris+ ( ! ?\ght1 ! 9 ! =m]1 ( ! rip5+ ( ?is ?\ght into resolution1 ! supposition t ,judas _h pl$g$ himself to ! *ief prie/s be=e ! meal be+ ?us exclud$4 #agcj ,9 ?is mann]1 h[ev]1 ! /atem5t ( ! synopti/s t ,judas1 "s "t be=e ! p]petration ( 8 trea*]\s act1 made a b>ga9 ) ! enemies ( ,jesus1 /&s 9 contradiction ) t ( ,john1 t he only put himself 9 league ) !m imm$iately be=e ! de$2 & "h ,lcke decides 9 fav\r ( ,john1 ma9ta9+ x to be aft] 8 dep>ture f ! la/ supp] 7xiii4 #cj71 t ,judas made t application to ! *ief prie/s :i* ! synopti/s 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ad f4 p>all47 place be=e ! meal4 #agca ,b ?is decision ( ,lcke's is f\nd$ solely on def]5ce to ! presuppos$ au?ority ( ,john2 = ev5 if1 z he rem>ks1 ,judas c\ld v well obta9 an int]view ) ! prie/s :5 night _h comm5c$3 /ill1 reg>d+ ! matt] ap>t f any presuppositions1 ! probability is beyond comp>ison /rong] on ! side ( ! synopti/s1 :o all[ "s "t = ! affair1 ?an on t ( ,john1 accord+ to :om x is altoge!r sudd51 & ,judas1 truly z if he 7 possess$1 ru%es out :5 x is already night to treat ) ! prie/s1 & imm$iately hurry to ! de$4 ,conc]n+ ! motives :i* induc$ ,judas to league himself ) ! enemies ( ,jesus1 we le>n f ! ?ree fir/ gospels no m ?an t he receiv$ money f ! *ief prie/s4 ,?is w\ld indicate t he 0 actuat$ by covet\sness1 especially accord+ to ! n>rative 9 ,mat!w1 :]e ,judas1 be=e he promises to betray ,jesus1 puts ! "q1 ,:at w ye give me8 ,cle>] light is ?r[n on ?is subject by ! /atem5t ( ! f\r? gospel 7xii4 #d ff471 t on ! occasion ( ! meal 9 ,be?any1 ,judas 0 indignant at ! ano9t+1 z an unnecess>y exp5diture1--t he c>ri$ ! purse1 & act$ ! ?ief 9 t (fice2 :5ce x might be suppos$ t ! av>ice ( ,judas1 no long] satisfi$ by 8 peculations on ! funds ( ! society1 hop$ to reap a m consid]able h>ve/ by betray+ ,jesus to ! ri* & p[]ful sac]dotal p>ty4 ,we mu/ hold ourselves "u obligation to ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 t by ! pres]vation ( ^! p>ticul>s1 :i* are want+ 9 ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 he has made ! act ( ,judas some:at m compreh5sible1--s soon z 8 /atem5ts are %[n to h an hi/orical f\ndation4 ,we h %[n above1 h[ev]1 h[ improbable x is t1 _h t c5sure really proce$$ f ,judas1 ! leg5d %\ld h lo/ ?is trait2 #agcb h[ probable1 on ! o!r h&1 a leg5d>y orig9 ( x1 x is easy to disc]n4 ,! meal at ,be?any /ood 9 ! evangelical tradition ne> to ! end ( ! life ( ,jesus1 an end br\ght ab\t by ! trea*]y ( ,judas2--h[ easily might ! ?\ght arise 9 "s "o1 t ! n>r[-m9d$ c5sure ( a noble prodigality c\ld only come f ! covet\s ,judas8 ,t ! c5sure at ! same "t turn$ ^u ! propriety ( sell+ ! o9tm5t = ! b5efit ( ! poor1 c\ld 9 ! m\? ( ,judas be only a pretext1 beh9d :i* he conceal$ 8 selfi%ness3 b advantage to himself f ! sale ( ! o9tm5t c\ld n be expect$ by him1 unless he all[$ himself to purlo9 "s ( ! money sav$2 & ?is aga9 he c\ld n d unless he 7 ! purse-be>]4 ,if x ?us appe> possible = ! /atem5t t ,judas 0 a ?ief & _h ! bag1 to h _h an unhi/orical orig93 we h next to inquire :e!r !re are any reasons = suppos+ t su* 0 actually ! case4 ,"h we mu/ take into consid]ation ano!r po9t on :i* ! synopti/s & ,john diff]1 namely1 ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,jesus t ,judas w\ld betray him4 ,9 ! synoptical gospels1 ,jesus fir/ manife/s ?is k at ! la/ supp]1 consequ5tly at a "t 9 :i* ! de$ ( ,judas _h virtually be5 p]petrat$2 & app>5tly b a %ort "t be=e1 ,jesus _h s little pres5tim5t t "o ( ! twelve w\ld be lo/ to him1 t he promis$ !m all1 )\t exception1 ! hon\r ( sitt+ on twelve ?rones ( judgm5t 9 ! pal+5esia 7,matt4 xix4 #bh74 ,accord+ to ,john1 on ! contr>y1 ,jesus decl>es %ortly be=e ! "t ( ! la/ passov] b "o1 consequ5tly a ye> be=e ! result1 t "o ( ! twelve is a devil1 1 mean+1 accord+ to ! obs]vation ( ! ,evangeli/1 ,judas1 z 8 future betray] 7vi4 #gj72 =1 z x _h be5 obs]v$ %ortly be=e 7v4 #fd71 ,jesus knew f ! beg9n+1--:o %\ld betray him4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,jesus knew f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 acqua9tance ) ,judas1 t ?is disciple w\ld prove a traitor2 & n m]ely did he =esee ?is ext]nal issue1 b also1 s9ce he knew :at 0 9 man 7,john ii4 #be71 he mu/ h p5etrat$ ! motives ( ,judas1 namely1 covet\sness & love ( money4 ,&1 if s1 w\ld he h made him purse-be>]1 i4e4 plac$ him 9 a position 9 :i* 8 prop5sity to seek ga9 by any means1 ev5 ?\gh di%one/1 mu/ h _h ! mo/ abundant n\ri%m5t8 ,w\ld he h made him a ?ief by giv+ him opportunity1 & ?us1 z if design$ly1 h br\ght up 9 him a betray] = himself8 ,consid]$ simply 9 an economical po9t ( view1 :o entru/s a purse to "o ( :om he kn[s t he robs x8 ,!n1 9 relation to ! idea ( ,jesus z a moral tea*]1 :o places ! weak 9 a situation :i* s con/antly appeals to 8 weak po9t1 z to r5d] x c]ta9 t he w soon] or lat] give way to ! temptation8 ,no truly3 ,jesus assur$ly did n s play ) ! s\ls imm$iately entru/$ to him1 did n exhibit to !m s completely ! opposite ( :at he taught !m to pray =1 lead u n into temptation 7,matt4 vi4 #ac71 z to h made ,judas1 ( :om he =eknew t he w\ld become 8 betray] out ( covet\sness1 ! purse-be>] ( 8 society2 or1 if he gave him ?is (fice1 he _c h _h su* a =ekn[l$ge4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a decision 9 ?is alt]native1 we mu/ consid] t =ekn[l$ge sep>ately1 & inquire :e!r1 ap>t f ! treasur]%ip ( ,judas1 x be probable or n8 ,we %all n ent] on ! "q ( ! psy*ological possibility1 because !re is always fre$om ( appeal to ! div9e nature ( ,jesus2 b ) reg>d to ! moral possibility x is to be ask$1 :e!r presuppos+ t =ekn[l$ge1 x be ju/ifiable 9 ,jesus to h *os5 ,judas among ! twelve1 & to h reta9$ him )9 ?is circle8 ,z x 0 only by ?is vocation t 8 trea*]y z su* c\ld be r5d]$ possible2 s ,jesus appe>s1 if he =esaw ?is trea*]y1 to h design$ly drawn him into ! s94 ,x is urg$ t int]c\rse ) ,jesus af=d$ ,judas ! possibility ( escap+ t abyss3 #agcc b ,jesus is suppos$ to h =ese5 t ?is possibility w\ld n be realiz$4 ,x is fur!r said t ev5 9 o!r circles ! evil implant$ 9 ,judas w\ld n ! less h develop$ itself 9 a diff]5t =m3 a proposition :i* has a /rong t+e ( fatalism4 ,aga91 :5 x is said to be ( no avail to a man t ! evil1 ! g]m ( :i* lies )9 him1 %\ld n be develop$1 ?is appe>s to lead to consequ5ces :i* are repudiat$ by ! apo/le ,paul1 ,rom4 iii4 #h1 vi4 #a f4 ,& reg>d+ ! subject 9 relation to feel+ m]ely1--h[ c\ld ,jesus endure to h a man1 ( :om he knew t he w\ld be 8 betray]1 & t all in/ruction w\ld be fruitless to him1 z 8 con/ant att5dant ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( 8 public life8 ,mu/ n ! pres5ce ( su* a p]son h e h\r int]f]$ ) 8 confid5tial int]c\rse ) ! re/ ( ! twelve8 ,assur$ly !y mu/ h be5 weighty motives1 = ! sake ( :i* ,jesus impos$ on himself any?+ s repugnant & difficult4 ,su* motives or objects mu/ ei!r h _h relation to ,judas1 & ?us h consi/$ 9 ! design to make him bett]--:i* h[ev] 0 preclud$ by ! decid$ =ekn[l$ge ( 8 crime2 or !y mu/ h _h relation to ,jesus himself & 8 "w1 i4e4 ,jesus _h ! conviction t if ! "w ( r$emption by means ( 8 dea? 7 to be effect$1 !re mu/ be "o to betray him4 #agcd ,b = ! purpose ( r$emption1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian !ory1 ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 ! only indisp5sable means3 :e!r ?is %\ld be br\ght ab\t by a betrayal1 or 9 any o!r way1 0 ( no mom5t1 & t ! enemies ( ,jesus mu/1 e>li] or lat]1 h succe$$ 9 gett+ him into _! p[] )\t ! aid ( ,judas1 is und5iable4 ,t ! betray] 0 indisp5sable 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! dea? ( ,jesus exactly at ! passov]1 :i* 0 a type ( himself #agce--) su* trivialities x w sc>cely be attempt$ to put u (f 9 ^! days4 ,if !n we are unable to discov] any adequate motive :i* c\ld induce ,jesus adv]t5tly to receive & reta9 9 8 society 8 betray] 9 ! p]son ( ,judas3 x appe>s decid$ t he _c be=eh& h kn[n him to be su*4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 9 ord] t he may n infr+e on ! au?ority ( ,john by d5y+ ?is =ekn[l$ge1 pref]s d\bt+ t ,jesus *ose ! twelve purely by 8 own act1 & supposes t ?is circle 0 r =m$ by ! volunt>y adh]5ce ( ! disciples3 s9ce x w\ld be m easy to ju/ify ! conduct ( ,jesus1 if he m]ely refra9$ f reject+ ,judas :5 he spontane\sly (f]$ himself ?an if he drew him to himself by free *oice4 #agcf ,b h]eby ! au?ority ( ,john is /ill endang]$1 = x is he :o makes ,jesus say to ! twelve3 ,ye h n *os5 me1 b ,i h *os5 y 7xv4 #af1 comp4 vi4 #gf72 moreov]1 ev5 dismiss+ ! idea ( a decid$ act ( election1 /ill = any "o to rema9 con/antly ) ,jesus !re ne$$ 8 p]mission & sanction1 & ev5 ^! he c\ld n1 act+ humanly1 give to a man ( :om he knew t1 by means ( ?is relation to himself1 he w\ld be enabl$ to mature ! blacke/ crime4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t ,jesus put himself entirely into ! ,div9e po9t ( view1 & admitt$ ,judas into 8 society1 = ! sake ( ! possibility ( re=mation :i* he yet =eknew w\ld nev] be realis$2 b ?is w\ld be a ,div9e inhumanity1--n ! conduct ( ! ,god-man4 ,if1 accord+ to ?is1 x is extremely difficult to ma9ta9 z hi/orical ! /atem5t ( ! f\r? gospel1 t ,jesus f ! beg9n+ knew ,judas to be 8 betray]3 s x is equally easy to disc]n :at ev5 )\t hi/orical f\ndation might lead to su* a repres5tation4 ,x w\ld be natural to suppose1 t ! fact ( ,jesus be+ betray$ by "o ( 8 own disciples1 w\ld be injuri\s to him 9 ! eyes ( 8 enemies1 ev5 if we did n "k t ,celsus1 9 ! "* ( a ,jew1 reproa*$ ,jesus t he 0 betray$ by "o ( ^? :om he call$ 8 disciples1 ' 1 z a pro( t he 0 less able to atta* 8 foll[]s to himself ?an e robb]-*ief4 #agcg ,n[ z ! injuri\s consequ5ces to be drawn f ! ignom9i\s dea? ( ,jesus1 appe>$ to be mo/ completely obviat$ by ! ass]tion t he _h long =ekn[n 8 dea?3 s1 ! argum5ts aga9/ ,jesus d]iv$ f ! trea*]y ( ,judas1 might seem to be mo/ effectually repell$ by ! /atem5t1 t he _h p5etrat$ into ! "* ( ! traitor f ! fir/1 & c\ld h escap$ :at 8 treason prep>$ = him2 s9ce ?is w\ld involve ! inf]5ce t he _h expos$ himself to ! effects ( 8 fai?lessness by 8 own free w1 & out ( high] consid]ations4 #agch ,?is me?od includ$ a second advantage1 :i* atta*es to ! enunciator ( e pr$iction alleg$ to be fulfill$1 & :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ naively makes 8 ,jesus express1 :51 aft] ! exposure ( ! betray]1 he puts into 8 m\? ! words3 ,n[ ,i tell y be=e x come1 t :5 x is come to pass1 ye may believe t ,i am he 7xiii4 #ai7--;,9 fact1 ! be/ motto = e vatic9ium po/ ev5tum4 ,^! two objects 7 ! m completely atta9$1 ! e>li] ! p]iod 9 ! life ( ,jesus to :i* ?is =ekn[l$ge 0 ref]r$2 :5ce x is to be expla9$ :y ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 n satisfi$ ) ! ord9>y repres5tation1 t ,jesus pr$ict$ 8 betrayal by ,judas at ! la/ supp]1 plac$ 8 k on ?is subject 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! connexion betwe5 him & ,judas4 #agci ,?is e>ly k on ! "p ( ,jesus conc]n+ ! trea*]y ( ,judas be+ dismiss$ z unhi/orical1 !re w\ld be room = ! /atem5t t ,judas c>ri$ ! purse ( ! society2 s9ce ?is p>ticul> only appe>$ incompatible ) ! above =ekn[l$ge1 :ile1 if ,jesus 0 9 g5]al mi/ak5 9 ,judas1 he might1 "u ?is error1 h entru/$ ! funds to him4 ,b by ! pro( t ! repres5tation ( ,john1 9 relation to ! k ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 betray]1 is a fictiti\s "o1 its cr$ibility 9 ?is matt] is s %ak51 t no confid5ce c be plac$ 9 ! o!r /atem5t4 ,if ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel has embelli%$ ! relation betwe5 ,jesus & ,judas on ! side connect$ ) ,jesus1 he c sc>cely h left ! side ( ,judas unadorn$2 if he has introduc$ ! fact1 t ,jesus 0 betray$1 by mak+ ,jesus =esee ?is "p ( 8 de/9y1 8 o!r /atem5t1 t ,judas _h be=eh& exhibit$ 8 av>ice by a di%one/ use ( ! common purse1 may easily be only an introduction to ! fact1 t ,jesus 0 betray$ by ,judas4 ,b ev5 ?\gh we r5\nce ! in=mation giv5 by ,john conc]n+ ! "* & motives ( ,judas3 we /ill reta91 9 ! =em5tion$ /atem5t ( ! synopti/s1 ! mo/ decid$ intimation t ! *ief motive ( 8 de$ 0 covet\sness4 #aai4 ,,diff]5t ,,op9ions ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,judas1 ,,& ,,! ,,motives ,,( ,,8 ,,trea*]y4 ,f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times !re h be5 p]sons1 :o h held op9ions at issue ) ?is view ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s conc]n+ ! motives ( ,judas1 & ) _! entirely reprobatory judgm5t ^u !m 7comp4 ,acts i4 #af ff472 & ?is div]g5cy has aris5 p>tly out ( an exagg]at$ supranaturalism1 & p>tly out ( a rationali/ic bias4 ,an ov]-/ra9$ supranaturalism1 proce$+ f ! po9t ( view pres5t$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t itself1 namely1 t ! dea? ( ,jesus1 decre$ 9 ! ,div9e plan ( ! _w = ! salvation ( mank9d1 might ev5 reg>d ,judas1 by ^: trea*]y ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 br\ght ab\t1 z a blameless in/rum5t 9 ! h& ( ,provid5ce1 a co-op]ator 9 ! r$emption ( mank9d4 ,he might be plac$ 9 ?is light by ! supposition t he _h k ( t ,div9e decree1 & t its fulfilm5t 0 ! object at :i* he aim$ 9 betray+ ,jesus4 ,we actually f9d ?is mode ( view+ ! subject on ! "p ( ! gno/ic sect ( ! ,ca9ites1 :o1 accord+ to ! anci5t writ]s on h]esies1 held t ,judas _h lib]at$ himself f ! n>r[ ,jewi% op9ions ( ! o!r disciples & atta9$ to ! gnosis1 & accord+ly betray$ ,jesus because he knew t by 8 dea? ! k+dom ( ! inf]ior spirits :o rul$ ! _w w\ld be ov]?r[n4 #agdj ,o!rs 9 ! e>ly *ur* admitt$ t ,judas betray$ ,jesus out ( covet\sness2 ma9ta9+1 h[ev]1 t he did n anticipate ! dea? ( ,jesus z a consequ5ce ( 8 betrayal1 b suppos$ t he w\ld1 z he _h (t5 previ\sly done1 escape f 8 enemies by an ex]tion ( 8 sup]natural p[]3 #agda an op9ion :i* =ms ! transition to ! mod]n me?ods ( ju/ify+ ! traitor4 ,z ! above m5tion$ supranaturali/ic exaltation ( ,judas by ! ,ca9ites imm$iately proce$$ f _! antagoni/ic position ) respect to ,judaism1 9 virtue ( :i* !y _h made x a pr9ciple to hon\r all :o 7 blam$ by ! ,jewi% au?ors ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! judaiz+ au?ors ( ! ,new1 & vice v]s3 s ,rationalism especially 9 its fir/ indignation at ! long subjection ( ! reason to ! fett]s ( au?ority1 felt a c]ta9 delight bo? 9 dive/+ ( _! nimbus ^? biblical p]sonages :o accord+ to its views _h be5 too zeal\sly deifi$ by or?odoxy1 & also 9 def5d+ & elevat+ ^? :o 7 condemn$ or depreciat$ by ! latt]4 ,h5ce1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! exaltation ( ,esau ov] ,jacob1 ( ,saul ov] ,samuel2 9 ! ,new1 ( ,m>?a ov] ,m>y1 ! eulogiums on ! d\bt+ ,?omas1 & n[ ! apology ev5 = ! traitor ,judas4 ,accord+ to "s1 he became a crim9al out ( injur$ hon\r3 ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus reprov$ him at ! meal at ,be?any1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! inf]ior degree ( reg>d :i* he exp]i5c$ 9 comp>ison ) o!r disciples1 conv]t$ 8 love = 8 tea*] into hatr$ & rev5ge4 #agdb ,o!rs h pref]r$ ! conjecture pres]v$ by ,!ophylact1 t ,judas may h hop$ to see ,jesus ?is "t also escape f 8 enemies4 ,"s h tak5 up ?is idea 9 ! supranaturali/ic s5se1 suppos+ x to be ! expectation ( ,judas t ,jesus w\ld set himself at lib]ty by an ex]tion ( 8 miracul\s p[]2 #agdc o!rs consi/5tly ) _! po9t ( view h suppos$ t ,judas may probably h expect$ t if ,jesus 7 tak5 prison] ! p w\ld raise an insurrection 9 8 fav\r & set him at lib]ty4 #agdd ,^! op9ions repres5t ,judas z "o :o1 9 common ) ! o!r disciples1 conceiv$ ! messianic k+dom z an e>?ly & political "o1 & h5ce 0 discont5t$ t ,jesus s long ab/a9$ f avail+ himself ( ! popul> fav\r1 9 ord] to assume ! "* ( ! messianic rul]4 ,in/igat$ ei!r by attempts at brib]y on ! "p ( ! ,sanh$rim1 or by ! rum\r ( _! plan to seize ,jesus 9 secret aft] ! fea/1 ,judas s\ght to =e/all ?is project1 :i* mu/ h be5 fatal to ,jesus1 & to br+ ab\t 8 arre/ be=e ! expiration ( ! fea/ "t1 9 :i* he might c]ta9ly hope to see ,jesus lib]at$ by an insurrection1 by :i* means he w\ld be compell$ at la/ to ?r[ himself into ! arms ( ! p1 & ?us take ! decisive /ep t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 dom9ion4 ,:5 he he>d ,jesus speak ( ! necessity ( 8 be+ captur$1 & ( 8 ris+ aga9 9 ?ree days1 he und]/ood ^! expressions z an intimation ( ! concurr5ce ( ,jesus 9 8 plan2 "u ?is mi/ake1 he p>tly fail$ to he>1 & p>tly mis9t]pret$1 8 additional admonitory disc\rse2 & especially und]/ood ! words3 ,:at ?\ doe/1 d quickly1 z an actual enc\ragem5t to ! execution ( 8 design4 ,he took ! ?irty pieces ( silv] f ! prie/s ei!r to conceal 8 real int5tions "u ! appe>ance ( covet\sness1 & ?us to lull e suspicion on _! "p2 or1 because1 :ile he expect$ an exaltation to "o ( ! fir/ places 9 ! k+dom ( 8 ma/]1 he 0 n unwill+ to comb9e ) x ev5 t small advantage4 ,b ,judas _h miscalculat$ 9 two po9ts3 fir/1 9 n consid]+ t aft] ! fea/+ ( ! pas*al night1 ! p w\ld n be e>ly on ! al]t = an insurrection2 secondly1 9 ov]look+ ! probability1 t ! ,sanh$rim w\ld ha/5 to deliv] ,jesus into ! h&s ( ! ,romans1 f :om a popul> insurrection w\ld h>dly suffice to deliv] him4 ,?us ,judas is suppos$ to be ei!r an hone/ man misund]/ood1 #agde or a delud$ "o1 :o h[ev] 0 ( no common "*1 b exhibit$ ev5 9 8 despair ! wreck ( apo/olic greatness2 #agdf or1 he is suppos$1 by evil means1 inde$1 to h s\ght ! atta9m5t ( an object1 :i* 0 nev]!less good4 #agdg ,ne&] imag9es ! two opposite op9ions conc]n+ ,jesus1 ! sup]natural & ! natural1 to h pres5t$ !mselves to ! m9d ( ,judas 9 ! =m ( a dilemma1 s t he reason$ ?us3 if ,jesus is ! ,messiah1 a deliv]y into ! h&s ( 8 enemies w1 ow+ to 8 sup]natural p[]1 9 no way injure him1 b w1 on ! contr>y1 s]ve to accel]ate 8 glorification3 if1 on ! o!r h&1 he is n ! ,messiah1 he des]ves de/ruction4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! betrayal 0 m]ely a te/1 by :i* ! d\bt+ disciple meant to try ! messiah%ip ( 8 ma/]4 #agdh ,among ^! views1 t :i* d]ives ! trea*]y ( ,judas f w\nd$ ambition1 is ! only "o :i* c adduce a positive indication 9 its fav\r3 namely1 ! repulse :i* ! traitor drew on himself f ,jesus at ! meal 9 ,be?any4 ,b aga9/ su* an appeal to ?is repro( we h already1 on ano!r occasion1 appli$ ! rem>k ( ! mo/ rec5t criticism1 t its mildness1 especially z comp>$ ) ! f> m sev]e rebuke adm9i/]$ to ,pet]1 ,matt4 xvi4 #bc1 mu/ =bid our attribut+ to x su* an effect z ! ranc\r :i* x is suppos$ to h eng5d]$ 9 ,judas2 #agdi :ile t 9 o!r in/ances he 0 less consid]$ ?an 8 fell[-disciples1 we h n[h]e any trace4 ,all ! o!r conjectures z to :at 0 prop]ly ! motive ( ! de$ ( ,judas1 c only be support$ by negative gr\nds1 i4e4 gr\nds :i* make x improbable 9 g5]al t 8 project _h a bad aim1 & 9 p>ticul>1 t 8 motive 0 covet\sness2 a positive pro(1 t he int5d$ to fur!r ! "w ( ,jesus1 & especially t he 0 actuat$ by viol5t political views ( ! ,messiah's k+dom1 is n to be discov]$4--,t ,judas _h 9 g5]al no evil designs aga9/ ,jesus is argu$ *iefly f ! fact1 t aft] ! deliv]y ( ,jesus to ! ,romans1 & ! inevitabl5ess ( 8 dea? _h come to 8 k1 he fell into despair2 ?is be+ reg>d$ z a pro( t he _h expect$ an opposite result4 ,b n only does ! un=tunate result ( crime1 z ,paulus ?9ks1 b also its =tunate result1 t is1 its success1 8exhibit t :i* _h be=e be5 veil$ "u a ?\s& ext5uat+ pretexts1 9 all ! blackness ( its real =m40 ,crime once become real1 once pass$ into act1 ?r[s (f ! mask :i* x might we> :ile x rema9$ m]ely ideal1 & exi/$ 9 ?\ght alone2 h5ce1 z little z ! rep5tance ( _m a murd]]1 :5 he sees 8 victim lie be=e him1 proves t he did n really int5d to commit ! murd]2 s little c ! angui% ( ,judas1 :5 he saw ,jesus beyond rescue1 prove t he _h n be=eh& contemplat$ ! dea? ( ,jesus z ! issue ( 8 de$4 ,b1 x is fur!r said1 covet\sness _c h be5 ! motive ( ,judas2 = if ga9 _h be5 8 object1 he c\ld n be bl9d to ! fact t ! cont9u$ *>ge ( ! purse 9 ! society ( ,jesus1 w\ld yield him m ?an ! mis]able ?irty pieces ( silv] 7f #bj to #be ?al]s1 #agej ( our money71 a sum :i* among ! ,jews =m$ ! comp5sation = a w\nd$ slave1 be+ f\r mon?s' wages4 ,b ^! ?irty pieces ( silv] are 9 va9 s\ght = 9 any o!r n>rator ?an ,mat!w4 ,john is entirely sil5t z to any rew>d (f]$ to ,judas by ! prie/s2 ,m>k & ,luke speak indef9itely ( money 1 :i* !y _h promis$ him2 & ,pet] 9 ! ,acts 7i4 #ah7 m]ely m5tions a rew>d1 1 :i* ,judas obta9$4 ,mat!w1 h[ev]1 :o alone has t def9ite sum1 leaves u at ! same "t 9 no d\bt z to ! hi/orical value ( 8 /atem5t4 ,aft] relat+ ! end ( ,judas 7xxvii4 #i f471 he cites a passage f ,ze*>iah 7xi4 #ab f42 he ascribes x by mi/ake to ,j]emiah71 :]e9 likewise ?irty pieces ( silv] appe> z a price at :i* "s "o is valu$4 ,x is true t 9 ! prophetic passage ! ?irty pieces ( silv] are n giv5 z pur*ase money1 b z hire2 he to :om !y are paid is ! prophet1 ! repres5tative ( ,jehovah1 & ! smallness ( ! sum is an emblem ( ! slight value :i* ! ,jews set ^u ! div9e b5efits s pl5tifully be/[$ on !m4 #agea ,b h[ easily might ?is passage1 :]e !re 0 m5tion ( a %amefully l[ price 7ironically a goodly price 71 at :i* ! ,israelites _h rat$ ! speak] 9 ! prophecy1 rem9d a ,*ri/ian read] ( 8 ,messiah1 :o1 9 any case1 _h be5 sold = a paltry price comp>$ ) 8 value1 & h5ce be l$ to det]m9e by ?is passage1 ! price :i* 0 paid to ,judas = betray+ ,jesus4 #ageb ,?us ! ?irty pieces ( silv]1 1 pres5t no support to ^? :o w\ld prove t x c\ld n be ! rew>d :i* made ,judas a traitor2 = !y leave u z ignorant z ev] h[ great or h[ small 0 ! rew>d :i* ,judas receiv$4 ,nei!r c we1 ) ,ne&]1 conclude t ! sum 0 trifl+ f ,matt xxvii4 #f ff42 ,acts i4 #ah1 :]e x is said t a field1 or 1 0 pur*as$ ) ! rew>d assign$ to ! trea*]y ( ,judas2 s9ce1 ev5 ap>t f ! hi/orical value ( t /atem5t1 h]eaft] to be exam9$1 ! two expressions adduc$ may d5ote a l>g] or a small] piece ( l&1 & ! additional obs]vations ( ,mat!w1 t x 0 de/9$ to bury /rang]s 91 w n all[ u to ?9k ( a v small ext5t4 ,h[ ! same !ologian c discov] 9 ! /atem5t ( ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s1 t ! ,jewi% rul]s _h promis$ ,judas money1 1 an intimation t ! sum 0 small1 x is impossible to conceive4--,f> m weighty is ! obs]vation above made ) a diff]5t aim1 t ,jesus w\ld sc>cely h appo9t$ & reta9$ z purse-be>] "o :om he knew to be covet\s ev5 to di%one/y2 :5ce ,ne&] directly inf]s t ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 :5 he d]iv$ ! rem>k ( ,judas at ! meal 9 ,be?any f 8 covet\sness1 put a false con/ruction ^u x1 9 consequ5ce ( ! idea :i* ultimately prevail$ respect+ ,judas1 & especially add$ ! accusation1 t ,judas robb$ ! common fund1 out ( 8 own imag9ation4 #agec ,b 9 opposition to ?is x is to be ask$1 :e!r 9 ,ne&]'s po9t ( view x be admissible to impute to ! apo/le ,john1 :o is "h und]/ood to be ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 s gr\ndless a calumny--= su* x w\ld be accord+ to ,ne&]'s supposition2 &1 9 our po9t ( view1 x w\ld at lea/ be m natural to conclude1 t ,jesus inde$ knew ,judas to be fond ( money1 b did n until ! la/ believe him to be di%one/1 & h5ce did n consid] him unfit = ! po/ 9 "q4 ,ne&] obs]ves 9 conclusion3 if ,judas c\ld be induc$ by money to betray ,jesus1 he mu/ h long lo/ all true fai? 9 him4 ,?is inde$ foll[s ( necessity1 & mu/ be suppos$ 9 e view ( ! subject2 b ?is ext9ction ( fai? c\ld ( itself only lead him to g back1 7,john vi4 #ff72 9 ord] to prompt him to m$itate trea*]y !re mu/ be a fur!r1 special incitem5t1 :i*1 intr9sically1 might j z well be covet\sness1 z ! views :i* are attribut$ to him by ,ne&] & o!rs4 ,t covet\sness1 consid]$ z su* an imm$iate motive1 suffices to expla9 ! de$ ( ,judas1 ,i w n ma9ta92 ,i only cont5d t any o!r motives are nei!r /at$ nor any:]e intimat$ 9 ! gospels1 & t consequ5tly e hypo!sis z to _! exi/5ce is built on ! air4 #aged #abj4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,! ,,passov]4 ,on ! fir/ day ( unleav5$ bread1 9 ! ev5+ ( :i* ! pas*al lamb 0 to be sla91 consequ5tly1 ! day be=e ! fea/ prop]ly speak+1 :i* h[ev] comm5c$ on t ev5+1 i4e4 ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 ,jesus1 accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 9 compliance ) a "q address$ to ,him by ! disciples1 s5t--,mat!w leaves x undecid$ :i* & h[ _m1 ,m>k says1 two disciples1 :om ,luke designates z ,pet] & ,john--to ,j]usalem 7p]haps f ,be?any71 to bespeak a place 9 :i* he might p>take ( ! passov] ) !m1 & to make ! fur!r arrangem5ts 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ag ff4 p>all474 ,! ?ree n>rators d n altoge!r agree z to ! directions :i* ,jesus gave to ^! disciples4 ,accord+ to all1 he s5ds !m to a man ( :om !y _h only to desire1 9 ! "n ( _! ma/] 1 a place 9 :i* to celebrate ! passov]1 9 ord] at once to h _! want suppli$3 b fir/1 ?is locality is m p>ticul>ly describ$ by ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s ?an by ,mat!w1 namely z a l>ge upp] room1 :i* 0 already furni%$ & prep>$ = ! reception ( gue/s2 & secondly1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 to f9d ! own]1 is describ$ by ! =m] o!rwise ?an by ! latt]4 ,mat!w makes ,jesus m]ely say to ! disciples1 t !y 7 to g to su* a man1 3 ! o!rs1 t1 be+ come into ! city1 !y w\ld meet a man be>+ a pit*] ( wat]1 :om !y 7 to foll[ into ! h\se :i* he %\ld ent]1 & !re make _! application to ! own]4 ,9 ?is n>rative !re h be5 f\nd a multitude ( difficulties1 :i* ,gabl] has assembl$ 9 a special treatise4 #agee ,at ! v ?re%old ( ! n>rative x occasions surprise1 t ,jesus %\ld n h ?\ght ( any prep>ation = ! passov] until ! la/ day1 nay1 t he %\ld ev5 !n h ne$$ to be rem9d$ ( x by ! disciples1 z ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s tell u3 = ow+ to ! great influx ( p at ! "t ( ! passov] 7#b1gjj1jjj1 accord+ to ,josephus71 #agef ! accommodations 9 ! city 7 soon dispos$ (1 & ! majority ( ! /rang]s 7 oblig$ to encamp 9 t5ts be=e ! city4 ,x is ! m rem>kable1 !n1 t1 not)/&+ all ?is ! mess5g]s ( ,jesus f9d ! desir$ *amb] dis5gag$1 & n only s1 b actually kept 9 res]ve by ! own] & prep>$ = a repa/1 z if he _h _h a pres5tim5t t x w\ld be bespok5 by ,jesus4 ,& s confid5tly is ?is reckon$ on by ,jesus t he directs 8 disciples to ask ! own] ( ! h\se1--n :e!r he c obta9 f him a room 9 :i* to eat ! passov]1 b m]ely--:]e ! gue/-*amb] appropriat$ to ?is purpose may be8 or1 if we take ,mat!w's acc\nt1 he directs !m to say to him t he w eat ! passov] at 8 h\se2 to :i* x mu/ be add$ t1 accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke1 ,jesus ev5 kn[s :at k9d ( *amb] w be assign$ him1 & 9 :at "p ( ! h\se x is situat$4 ,b ! way 9 :i*1 accord+ to ^! two ,evangeli/s1 ! two disciples 7 to f9d _! way to ! "r h\se1 is especially rem>kable4 ,! words 9 ,mat!w 7v4 #ah71 s\nd z if ,jesus _h nam$ ! p]son to :om ! disciples 7 to g1 b t ! n>rator ei!r w\ld n or c\ld n repeat x3 :]eas 9 ! two o!r ,evangeli/s1 ,jesus indicates ! h\se into :i* !y 7 to ent]1 by means ( a p]son :om !y w\ld meet c>ry+ a vessel ( wat]4 ,n[ h[ c\ld ,jesus 9 ,be?any1 or :]ev] else he might be1 =ekn[ ?is accid5tal circum/ance1 unless1 inde$1 x _h be5 pre-conc]t$ t at ?is p>ticul> "t a s]vant f ! h\se %\ld appe> ) a vessel ( wat]1 & ?us await ! mess5g]s ( ,jesus8 ,to ! rationali/ic expositors ev]y?+ 9 our n>rative appe>$ to po9t to a preconc]t$ arrangem5t2 & ?is be+ presuppos$1 !y believ$ t all its difficulties w\ld at once be solv$4 ,! disciples1 dispat*$ s late1 c\ld only f9d a room dis5gag$ if x _h be5 previ\sly bespok5 by ,jesus2 he c\ld only direct !m to address ! own] ( ! h\se s categorically1 if he _h already previ\sly made an arrangem5t ) him2 ?is w\ld expla9 ! precise k ( ,jesus z to ! locality1 &1 la/ly1 7! po9t f :i* ?is explanation sets out71 8 c]ta9ty t ! disciples w\ld meet a man c>ry+ wat] f t p>ticul> h\se4 ,?is circumlocutory mann] ( indicat+ ! h\se1 :i* might h be5 avoid$ by ! simple m5tion ( ! own]'s "n1 is suppos$ to h be5 adopt$ by ,jesus1 t ! place :]e he int5d$ to keep ! passov] might n be kn[n be=e ! "t to ! betray]1 :o w\ld o!rwise p]haps h surpris$ him !re1 & ?us h di/urb$ ! repa/4 #ageg ,b su* is n at all ! impression produc$ by ! evangelical n>rative4 ,( a preconc]t$ arrangem5t1 ( a previ\s bespeak+ ( ! ap>tm5t1 x says no?+2 on ! contr>y1 ! words1 !y f\nd z he _h said unto !m1 9 ,m>k & ,luke1 seem int5d$ to convey ! idea t ,jesus 0 able to pr$ict ev]y?+ z !y aft]w>ds actually f\nd x2 a solicit\s =esight is n[h]e indicat$1 b r a miracul\s =ekn[l$ge4 ,"h1 9 fact1 z above 9 ! procur+ ( ! animal = ! entrance into ,j]usalem1 we h a tw(old miracle3 fir/1 ! fact t ev]y?+ /&s ready to supply ! wants ( ,jesus1 & t no "o is able to )/& ! p[] ( 8 "n2 secondly1 ! ability ( ,jesus to take cognizance ( di/ant circum/ances1 & to pr$ict ! m]e/ =tuities4 #ageh ,x mu/ create surprise t1 =cibly z ?is supranaturali/ic conception ( ! n>rative be=e u urges itself ^u ! read]1 ,ol%aus5 himself seeks to elude x1 by argum5ts :i* w\ld nullify mo/ ( ! hi/ories ( miracles1 & :i* we are accu/om$ to he> only f rationali/s4 ,to ! imp>tial expositor1 he says1 #agei ! n>rative does n pres5t ! slighte/ w>rant = a miracul\s int]pretation 7we almo/ fancy ourselves transport$ into ! comm5t>y ( ,paulus72 if ! n>rators int5d$ to rec\nt a miracle1 !y mu/ h expressly obs]v$ t no previ\s arrangem5t _h be5 made 7precisely ! rationali/ic dem&--if a cure 7 meant to be recognis$ z a miracle1 ! application ( natural means mu/ h be5 expressly d5i$72 moreov] ! object ( su* a miracle is n to be disc]n$1 a /r5g!n+ ( ! fai? ( ! disciples 0 n !n necess>y1 nor 0 x to be effect$ by ?is unimportant miracle1 aft] ! m exalt$ ones :i* _h prec$$ x3--gr\nds on :i* ! ?or\ghly simil> n>rative ( ! procur+ ( ! ass = ! entrance1 :i* ,ol%aus5 upholds z a miracle1 w\ld be equally exclud$ f ! sph]e ( ! sup]natural4 ,! pres5t n>rative1 inde$1 is s /rik+ly alli$ to ! e>li] "o j m5tion$1 t 9 relation to _! hi/orical reality1 ! same judgm5t mu/ be pass$ on bo?4 ,9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r1 ,jesus has a want1 ! spe$y supply ( :i* is s c>$ = by ,god1 t ,jesus =ekn[s to ! m9ute/ p>ticul> ! mann] 9 :i* x is to be suppli$2 9 ! "o he ne$s a gue/ *amb]1 z 9 ! o!r an animal on :i* to ride2 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r1 he s5ds out two disciples1 to bespeak ! ?+ requir$2 9 ! "o he gives !m z a sign by :i* to f9d ! "r h\se--a man c>ry+ wat] :om !y are to meet1 z 9 ! o!r !y h a sign 9 ! circum/ance ( ! ass be+ ti$ :]e two roads meet2 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r1 he directs 8 disciples simply to m5tion him to ! own]1 9 ! "o case z ! ma/]1 1 9 ! o!r1 z ! "l1 1 9 ord] to ensure unhesitat+ compliance ) 8 dem&2 9 bo? in/ances ! result closely corresponds to 8 pr$iction4 ,9 ! n>rative m imm$iately "u our consid]ation1 z 9 ! e>li] "o1 !re is want+ an adequate object1 = ! sake ( :i* s manifold a miracle %\ld h be5 orda9$2 :ile ! motive :i* might occasion ! developm5t ( ! miracul\s n>rative 9 ! primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d is obvi\s4 ,an ,old ,te/am5t n>rative1 to :i* we h already _h occasion to ref] 9 connexion ) ! e>li] miracle1 is /ill m /rik+ly recall$ by ! "o be=e u4 ,aft] disclos+ to ,saul t he 0 de/9$ to be ,k+ ( ,israel1 ,samuel1 z a sign ( ! tru? ( ?is m remote ann\ncem5t1 =etells :om ,saul w meet on 8 return homew>ds3 namely1 fir/ two m5 ) ! in=mation t 8 fa!r's asses are f\nd2 !n ?ree o!rs1 :o w be c>ry+ animals = sacrifice1 bread & w9e1 & w (f] him "s ( ! bread1 etc4 7#a ,sam4 x4 #a ff473 :5ce we see by :at k9d ( pr$ictions ! ,hebrew leg5d made its prophets atte/ _! inspiration4 ,z reg>ds ! relation ( ! gospels to ea* o!r1 ! n>rative ( ,mat!w is commonly plac$ f> bel[ t ( ! two o!r synopti/s1 & reg>d$ z ! lat] & m traditional4 #agfj ,! circum/ance ( ! man c>ry+ wat]1 especially1 is held to h belong$ to ! orig9al fact1 b to h be5 lo/ 9 tradition be=e ! n>rative rea*$ ,mat!w1 :o ins]t$ 9 its place ! enigmatical 1 g to su* a man4 ,b we h se51 on ! contr>y1 t ! pres5ts no difficulty2 :ile ! circum/ance ( ! wat]-be>] is 9 ! highe/ degree enigmatical4 #agfa ,/ill less is ! omission ( ,mat!w to designate ! two commission$ disciples z ,pet] & ,john1 an indication t ! n>rative ( ! ?ird gospel is ! m orig9al "o4 ,= :5 ,s*lei]ma*] says t ?is trait might easily be lo/ 9 ! c\rse ( transmission ?r\gh sev]al h&s1 b t x c\ld sc>cely h be5 add$ by a lat] h&1--! latt] half ( 8 proposition1 at lea/1 is )\t f\ndation4 ,!re is little probability t ,jesus %\ld h assign$ s purely economical an (fice to ! two mo/ em95t disciples2 :]eas x is easy to conceive t 9 ! fir/ in/ance x 0 simply n>rat$1 z by ,mat!w1 t ,jesus s5t ! disciples or "s disciples1 t h]eupon ! numb] 0 fix$ at two1 p]haps f ! n>rative ( ! procur+ ( ! ass1 & t at l5g?1 z ! appo9tm5t _h relation to a task :i* 0 ultimately ( high importance1--! prep>+ ( ! la/ meal ( ,jesus1--^! places 7 fill$ by ! two *ief apo/les1 s t 9 ?is in/ance ev5 ,m>k appe>s to h kept ne>] to ! orig9al fact1 s9ce he has n adopt$ into 8 n>rative ! names ( ! two disciples1 :i* are pres5t$ by ,luke4 #aba4 ,,div]g5t ,,/atem5ts ,,respect+ ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,supp]4 ,n only does ! f\r? ,evangeli/ omit all m5tion ( ! above arrangem5ts = ! pas*al meal2 he also widely div]ges f ! synopti/s 9 relation to ! meal itself4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! diff]5ce :i* runs ?r\gh\t ! description ( ! sc5e1 & :i* c only be h]eaft] consid]$1 he appe>s1 9 reg>d to ! "t ( ! meal1 to repres5t x z occurr+ be=e ! passov]1 z decid$ly z x is repres5t$ by ! synopti/s to be ! pas*al meal itself4 ,:5 we read 9 ! latt]1 t ! day on :i* ! disciples 7 direct$ by ,jesus to prep>e = ! meal1 0 already ! fir/ day ( unleav5$ bread1 1 :5 ! passov] mu/ be kill$1 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ag p>all473 we _c suppose ! meal 9 "q to h be5 any o!r ?an ! pas*al2 fur!r1 :5 ! disciples ask ,jesus1 ,:]e wilt ?\ t we prep>e = !e to eat ! passov]8 2 :5 x is h]eupon said ( ! disciples1 t !y made ready ! passov]1 7,matt4 v4 #ai p>all471 & ( ,jesus1 t :5 ev5+ 0 come1 he sat d[n ) ! twelve1 7v4 #bj73 ! meal to :i* !y "h sat d[n appe>s to be m>k$ out ev5 to ! sup]fluity z ! pas*al1 ev5 if ,luke 7xxii4 #ae7 did n make ,jesus op5 ! repa/ ) ! words3 ,) desire ,i h desir$ to eat ?is passov] ) y1 ' 4--,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r? gospel comm5ces its n>rative ( ! la/ meal ) ! /atem5t ( "t3 be=e ! fea/ ( ! passov]1 1 7xiii4 #a72 ! supp]1 1 :i* is m5tion$ imm$iately aft] 7v4 #b71 appe>s also to happ5 be=e ! passov]2 especially z ?r\gh\t ,john's description ( ?is ev5+1 :i*1 especially 9 relation to ! disc\rses accompany+ ! meal1 is v ample1 !re is n any notice or ev5 allusion1 to indicate t ,jesus 0 on ?is occasion celebrat+ ! passov]4 ,fur!r1 :5 ,jesus aft] ! meal addresses ! traitor ) ! summons1 :at ?\ doe/1 d quickly1 ?is is misund]/ood by ! re/ ( ! disciples to mean1 ,buy ^? ?+s t we h ne$ ( aga9/ ! fea/1 7v4 #bi74 ,n[ ! requirem5ts = ! fea/ relat$ *iefly to ! pas*al meal1 & consequ5tly ! meal j conclud$ _c h be5 ! pas*al4 ,aga91 x is said1 xviii4 #bh1 t on ! foll[+ morn+1 ! ,jews w\ld n ent] ! ,g5tile prtorium1 le/ !y %\ld be defil$2 b t !y might eat ! passov]1 1 ' 1 3 :5ce x w\ld seem t ! pas*al meal 0 yet 9 prospect4 ,to ?is x may be add$ t ?is same succe$+ day1 on :i* ,jesus 0 crucifi$1 is call$ ! prep>ation ( ! passov]1 1 i4e4 ! day on ! ev5+ ( :i* ! pas*al lamb 0 to be eat52 moreov]1 :5 x is said ( ! second day aft] ! meal 9 "q1 be+ t :i* ,jesus pass$ 9 ! grave3 t sabba? day 0 an high day1 7xix4 #ca72 ?is peculi> solemnity appe>s to h proce$$ f ! circum/ance1 t on t sabba? fell ! fir/ day ( ! passov]1 s t ! pas*al lamb 0 n eat5 on ! ev5+ on :i* ,jesus 0 arre/$1 b on ! ev5+ ( 8 burial4 ,^! div]g5cies are s important1 t _m expositors1 9 ord] to prev5t ! ,evangeli/s f fall+ into contradiction ) ea* o!r1 h "h also tri$ ! old exp$i5t ( suppos+ t !y d n speak ( ! same ?+--t ,john int5ds to describe an altoge!r diff]5t repa/ f t ( ! synopti/s4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! ( ,john 0 an ord9>y ev5+ meal1 d\btless 9 ,be?any2 on ?is occasion ,jesus wa%$ ! disciples' feet1 spoke ( ! betray]1 & aft] ,judas _h left ! company1 add$ o!r disc\rses ( a consol+ & admonitory t5d5cy1 until at l5g?1 on ! morn+ ( ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 he summon$ ! disciples to dep>t f ,be?any & proce$ to ,j]usalem1 9 ! words3 ,arise1 let u g h5ce 7xiv4 #ca74 ,"h ! synoptical acc\nt may be int]pos$1 s9ce x repres5ts ! two disciples z be+ s5t =w>d to ,j]usalem to prep>e = ! pas*al meal1 & !n records its celebration1 conc]n+ :i* ,john is sil5t1 & only takes up ! ?read ( ! n>rative at ! disc\rses deliv]$ aft] ! pas*al meal 7xv4 #a ff474 #agfb ,b ?is attempt to avoid contradiction by ref]r+ ! respective n>ratives to totally diff]5t ev5ts1 is c\nt]act$ by ! und5iable id5tity ( _m features 9 ! two meals4 ,indep5d5tly ( isolat$ p>ticul>s :i* are f\nd alike 9 bo? acc\nts1 x is pla9 t ,john1 z well z ! synopti/s1 int5ds to describe ! la/ meal ( :i* ,jesus p>took ) 8 disciples4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! introduction to ,john's n>rative2 = ! pro( :i* is !re said to be giv5 ( ,jesus hav+ lov$ 8 own unto ! end1 1 may be ! mo/ suitably ref]r$ to 8 la/ mom5ts ( companion%ip ) !m4 ,9 l mann]1 ! disc\rses aft] ! meal po9t to ! prospect ( imm$iate sep>ation2 & ! meal & disc\rses are1 9 ,john also1 imm$iately foll[$ by ! dep>ture to ,ge?semane & ! arre/ ( ,jesus4 ,x is true t1 accord+ to ! above op9ion1 ^! la/-nam$ incid5ts are connect$ only ) ^? disc\rses :i* 7 deliv]$ on ! occasion ( ! lat] meal1 omitt$ by ,john 7xv4 #ag73 b t betwe5 xiv4 #ca & xv4 #a ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel int5tionally omitt$ ! :ole incid5t ( ! pas*al meal1 is a position :i*1 al?\gh x might appe> to expla9 ) "s plausibility ! s+ul> 1 1 ,arise1 let u g h5ce1 no "o w n[ s]i\sly ma9ta94 ,b ev5 admitt+ su* an ellipsis1 !re /ill rema9s ! fact t ,jesus 7xiii4 #ch7 =etells to ,pet] 8 d5ial ) ?is det]m9ation ( "t3 1 ! cock %all n cr[1 :i* he c\ld only make use ( at ! la/ meal1 & n1 z is "h presuppos$1 at an e>li] "o4 #agfc ,?us ?is exp$i5t mu/ be rel9qui%$1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t all ! ,evangeli/s int5d to speak ( ! same meal1 namely1 ! la/ ( :i* ,jesus p>took ) 8 disciples4 ,& 9 mak+ ?is admission1 ! fairness :i* we owe to e au?or1 & :i* 0 believ$ to be due 9 a peculi> degree to ! au?ors ( ! ,bible1 appe>$ to dem& an enquiry :e!r1 al?\gh !y repres5t "o & ! same ev5t ) great div]g5cies 9 sev]al respects1 yet nev]!less bo? sides may n be correct4 ,to obta9 an affirmative result ( ?is inquiry x mu/ be %[n1 z reg>ds ! "t1 ei!r t ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s1 z well z ! f\r?1 d n int5d to describe a pas*al meal1 or t ! latt]1 z well z ! =m]1 does s int5d4 ,9 an anci5t ,fragm5t #agfd x is s\ght to solve ! problem 9 ! fir/ me?od1 by d5y+ t ,mat!w places ! la/ meal ( ,jesus at ! prop] "t = ! pas*al meal1 ! ev5+ ( ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 & 8 passion on ! fir/ day ( ! fea/ ( ! passov]1 ! #ae? ( ,nisan2 b "o does n see h[ ! express indications respect+ ! passov] 9 ! synopti/s c be neutraliz$4 ,h5ce x has be5 a f> m g5]al attempt 9 rec5t times1 to draw ,john to ! side ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 #agfe ,8 expression be=e ! fea/ ( ! passov]1 7xiii4 #a71 0 ?\ght to be dive/$ ( its difficulty by ! obs]vation t x is n imm$iately connect$ ) ! supp] 1 b only ) ! /atem5t t ,jesus knew t 8 h\r 0 come1 & t he lov$ 8 own unto ! end2 x is only 9 ! succe$+ v]se t !re is any m5tion ( ! meal1 to :i* !re=e t det]m9ation ( "t does n ref]4 ,b to :at !n c x ref]8 to ! k t 8 h\r 0 come8 ?is is only an incid5tal rem>k2 or to ! love :i* endur$ to ! end8 b to ?is s special a det]m9ation ( "t c only ref]1 if an ext]nal pro( ( love be int5d$1 & su* an "o is pres5t$ 9 8 conduct at ! meal1 :i* consequ5tly rema9s ! po9t to :i* t det]m9ation ( ! day mu/ apply4 ,x is !re=e conjectur$ fur!r t ! words 7 us$ out ( accommodation to ! ,greeks = :om ,john wrote3 s9ce t p did n1 l ! ,jews1 beg9 _! day ) ! ev5+1 ! meal tak5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ day ( ! passov]1 w\ld appe> to !m to be tak5 on ! ev5+ be=e ! passov]4 ,b :at judici\s writ]1 if he supposes a miscon/ruction possible on ! "p ( ! read]1 *ooses language :i* c only s]ve to enc\rage t miscon/ruction8 ,a /ill m =midable difficulty is pres5t$ by xviii4 #bh1 :]e ! ,jews1 on ! morn+ aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ,jesus1 w n ent] ! judgm5t hall le/ !y %\ld be defil$1 b t !y may eat ! passov]1 ' 4 ,nev]!less x 0 suppos$ t passages su* z ,deut4 xvi4 #a1 #b1 :]e all ! sacrifices to be kill$ dur+ ! "t ( ! passov] are d5ot$ by ! expression 1 au?orise ! int]pretation ( 9 ?is place ( ! rema9+ sacrifices to be (f]$ dur+ ! pas*al week1 & especially ( ! ,*agiga1 :i* 0 to be consum$ t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ fea/ day4 ,b z ,mo%eim has correctly rem>k$1 f ! fact t ! pas*al lamb1 toge!r ) ! re/ ( ! sacrifices to be (f]$ dur+ ! fea/ ( ! passov] 0 designat$ 1 x by no means foll[s t ^! c be s designat$ ) ! exclusion ( ! pas*al lamb4 #agff ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fri5ds ( ! above view h s\ght to %[ ! necessity ( _! mode ( int]pretation1 by obs]v+ t = ! eat+ ( ! passov] :i* 0 celebrat$ late 9 ! ev5+1 consequ5tly at ! comm5cem5t ( ! succe$+ day1 ! ent]+ ( a ,g5tile h\se 9 ! morn+1 be+ a defilem5t :i* la/$ only ?r\gh ! curr5t day1 w\ld h be5 no disqualification2 b t x w\ld h be5 su* = ! p>tak+ ( ! ,*agiga1 :i* 0 eat5 9 ! aft]noon1 consequ5tly on ! same day on :i* ! defilem5t 0 contract$2 s t only ?is1 & n ! passov]1 c h be5 int5d$4 ,b fir/1 we d n "k :e!r entrance into a ,g5tile h\se 0 a defilem5t = ! day m]ely2 secondly1 if su* 7 ! case1 ! ,jews1 by a defilem5t contract$ 9 ! morn+1 w\ld /ill h disqualifi$ !mselves f p>ticipat+ 9 ! prep>atory proce$+s1 :i* fell on ! aft]noon ( ! #ad? ( ,nisan2 z1 = example1 ! slay+ ( ! lamb 9 ! out] c\rt ( ! temple4 ,la/ly1 9 ord] to int]pret ! passage xix4 #ad 9 consi/5cy ) _! own view1 ! h>moni/s und]/& ! prep>ation ( ! passov]1 1 to mean ! day ( prep>ation = ! sabba? 9 ! ,ea/] week2 a viol5ce ( int]pretation :i* at lea/ f9ds no c\nt5ance 9 xix4 #ca1 :]e ! is said to be ! prep>ation = ! sabba?1 s9ce f ?is passage x only appe>s1 t ! ,evangeli/ conceiv$ ! fir/ day ( ! passov] z occurr+ t ye> on ! sabba?4 #agfg ,^! difficulties1 :i* resi/ ! ref]5ce ( ! n>rative 9 ,john to a real pas*al meal1 appe>$ to be obviat$ by a presupposition d]iv$ f ,lev4 xxiii4 #e2 ,num4 ix4 #c2 & a passage 9 ,josephus2 #agfh namely1 t ! pas*al lamb 0 eat51 n on ! ev5+ f ! #ad? to ! #ae?1 b on t f ! #ac? to ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 s t betwe5 ! pas*al meal & ! fir/ fea/ day1 ! #ae? ( ,nisan1 !re fell a work+ day1 ! #ad?4 ,on ?is supposition1 x w\ld be correct t ! day foll[+ ! la/ pas*al meal tak5 by ,jesus1 %\ld be call$1 z 9 ,john xix4 #ad1 ! prep>ation ( ! passov]1 1 because x 0 actually a day ( prep>ation = ! fea/ day2 x w\ld also be correct t ! foll[+ sabba? %\ld be call$ 7xix4 #ca71 s9ce x w\ld co9cide ) ! fir/ day ( ! fea/4 #agfi ,b ! greate/ difficulty1 :i* lies 9 ,john xviii4 #bh1 rema9s unsolv$2 = on ?is plan ! words1 t !y might eat ! passov]1 1 mu/1 s9ce ! pas*al meal w\ld be already pa/1 be und]/ood ( ! unleav5$ bread1 :i* 0 eat5 also dur+ ! succe$+ fea/ days3 an int]pretation :i* is contr>y to all ! usages ( language4 ,if to ?is x be add$1 t ! supposition ( a work+ day fall+ betwe5 ! passov] & ! fir/ fea/ day1 has no f\ndation 9 ! ,p5tateu* & ,josephus1 t x is decid$ly oppos$ to lat] cu/om1 & is 9 itself extremely improbable2 ?is exp$i5t _c b be rel9qui%$4 #aggj ,p]ceiv+ ! impossibility ( effect+ ! reconciliation ( ! synopti/s ) ,john by ?is simple me?od1 o!r expositors h resort$ to a m artificial exp$i5t4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,evangeli/s hav+ plac$ ! la/ meal ( ,jesus on diff]5t days1 is alleg$ to h its tru? 9 ! fact1 t ei!r ! ,jews or ,jesus celebrat$ ! passov] on ano!r ?an ! usual day4 ,! ,jews1 say "s1 9 ord] to avoid ! inconv5i5ce aris+ f ! circum/ance1 t 9 t ye> ! fir/ day ( ! passov] fell on a ,friday1 s t two consecutive days mu/ h be5 solemniz$ z a sabba?1 def]r$ ! pas*al meal until ! ,friday ev5+1 :5ce on ! day ( ! crucifixion !y _h /ill to bew>e ( defilem5t2 ,jesus1 h[ev]1 adh]+ /rictly to ! law1 celebrat$ x at ! prescrib$ "t1 on ! ,?ursday ev5+3 s t ! synopti/s are "r :5 !y describe ! la/ meal ( ,jesus z an actual celebration ( ! passov]2 & ,john also is "r :5 he repres5ts ! ,jews z1 ! day aft]1 /ill look+ =w>d to ! eat+ ( ! pas*al lamb4 #agga ,9 ?is case1 ,m>k w\ld be wrong 9 8 /atem5t1 t on ! day :5 !y kill$ ! passov]1 7v4 #ab71 ,jesus also caus$ x to be prep>$2 b ! ma9 po9t is1 t ?\gh 9 c]ta9 cases ! passov] 0 celebrat$ 9 a lat] mon?1 x 0 /ill on ! #ae? day2 !re is n[h]e any trace ( a transf]5ce to a lat] day ( ! same mon?4--,x has !re=e be5 a m fav\rite supposition t ,jesus anticipat$ ! usual "t ( eat+ ! passov]4 ,f purely p]sonal motives1 "s h ?\ght1 =esee+ t at ! prop] "t ( ! pas*al supp] he %\ld be already ly+ 9 ! grave1 or at lea/ n sure ( life until t p]iod1 he1 l ^? ,jews :o 7 prev5t$ f j\rney+ to ! fea/1 & l all ! ,jews ( ! pres5t day1 )\t a sacrific$ lamb1 & ) m]e sub/itutes = x1 celebrat$ a commemorative passov]1 4 #aggb ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 ,jesus w\ld n !n1 z ,luke says1 h kept ! passov] on ! day on :i* ! passov] mu/ be kill$1 2 & secondly1 9 ! m]ely commemorative celebration ( ! passov]1 ?\gh ! prescrib$ locality 7,j]usalem7 is disp5s$ )1 ! regul> "t 7! ev5+ f ! #ad? to ! #ae? ,nisan7 is inviolably obs]v$3 :]eas 9 ! case ( ,jesus ! rev]se w\ld hold1 & he w\ld h celebrat$ ! passov] at ! usual place1 b at an unusual "t1 :i* is )\t example4 ,to %ield ! alleg$ transposition ( ! passov] by ,jesus f ! *>ge ( be+ unprec$5t$ & arbitr>y1 x has be5 ma9ta9$ t an entire p>ty ( 8 cotempor>ies jo9$ 9 celebrat+ ! passov] e>li] ?an ! great body ( ! nation4 ,x is kn[n t ! ,jewi% sect ( ! ,c>aites or ,scripturali/s diff]$ f ! ,rabb9ites or ,traditionali/s especially 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! new moon1 ma9ta9+ t ! practice ( ! latt] 9 fix+ ! new moon accord+ to a/ronomical calculation 0 an innovation1 :]eas !y1 true to ! anci5t1 legal practice1 det]m9$ x accord+ to an empirical obs]vation ( ! phase ( ! new lum9>y4 ,n[ 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 we are told1 ! ,sadducees1 f :om ! ,c>aites are said to h sprung1 det]m9$ ! "t ( ! new moon1 & ) x t ( ! fe/ival ( ! passov]1 :i* 0 dep5d5t ^u x1 diff]5tly f ! ,ph>isees2 & ,jesus1 z ! oppon5t ( tradition & ! fri5d ( scripture1 fav\r$ _! practice 9 ?is matt]4 #aggc ,b n to insi/ t ! connexion ( ! ,c>aites ) ! anci5t ,sadducees is a m]e conjecture2 x 0 a well-f\nd$ objection put =? by ! ,c>aites1 t ! det]m9ation ( ! new moon by calculation did n arise until aft] ! de/ruction ( ! temple by ! ,romans2 s t at ! "t ( ,jesus su* a diff]5ce _c h exi/$2 nor is !re besides any indication to be discov]$ t at t "t ! passov] 0 celebrat$ on diff]5t days by diff]5t p>ties4 #aggd ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 t ! above diff]5ce z to ! det]m9+ ( ! new moon already prevail$ 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 ! settl+ ( x accord+ to ! phase1 :i* ,jesus is suppos$ to h foll[$1 w\ld r h result$ 9 a lat] ?an an e>li] celebration ( ! passov]2 :5ce "s h actually conjectur$ t m probably ,jesus foll[$ ! a/ronomical calculation4 #agge ,besides :at may ?us be sep>ately urg$ aga9/ e attempt at an amicable adju/m5t ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,evangeli/s1 z to ! "t ( ! la/ supp]2 !re is "o circum/ance :i* is decisive aga9/ all1 & :i* only ! mo/ rec5t criticism has adequately expos$4 ,) respect1 namely1 to ?is contradiction1 ! case is n s t among passages = ! mo/ "p h>moni\s1 !re appe> only "o or two /atem5ts ( an app>5tly inconsi/5t s5se1 ( :i* x might be said t ! au?or _h "h us$ an inaccurate expression1 to be expla9$ f ! rema9+ passages3 b1 t all ! *ronological /atem5ts ( ! synopti/s t5d to %[ t ,jesus mu/ h celebrat$ ! passov]1 all ^? ( ,john1 on ! contr>y1 t he _c h celebrat$ x4 #aggf ,?us !re /& oppos$ to ea* o!r two diff]+ s]ies ( evangelical passages1 :i* are manife/ly bas$ on two diff]5t views ( ! fact on ! "p ( ! n>rators3 h5ce1 z ,sieff]t rem>ks1 to p]si/ 9 disput+ ! exi/5ce ( a div]g5cy betwe5 ! ,evangeli/s1 c no long] be reg>d$ z sci5tific exposition1 b only z unsci5tific arbitr>9ess & ob/9acy4 ,mod]n criticism is !re=e con/ra9$ to admit1 t on "o side or ! o!r !re is an error2 &1 sett+ aside ! curr5t prejudices 9 fav\r ( ! f\r? gospel1 x 0 really an important reason :i* appe>$ to necessitate ! imputation ( ?is error to ! synopti/s4 ,! anci5t ,fragm5t attribut$ to ,apoll9>is1 m5tion$ above1 objects to ! op9ion t ,jesus suff]$ on ! great day ( unleav5$ bread1 1 t ?is w\ld h be5 contr>y to ! law 2 & 9 rec5t times also x has be5 obs]v$1 t ! day foll[+ ! la/ meal ( ,jesus is treat$ on all sides s entirely z a work+ day1 t x _c be suppos$ ! fir/ day ( ! passov]1 nor1 consequ5tly1 ! meal ( ! previ\s ev5+1 ! pas*al meal4 ,jesus does n solemnize ! day1 = he goes out ( ! city1 an act :i* 0 =bidd5 on ! night ( ! passov]2 nor d 8 fri5ds1 = !y beg9 ! prep>ations = 8 burial1 & only leave !m unf9i%$ on acc\nt ( ! arrival ( ! next day1 ! sabba?2 /ill less d ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$rim keep x sacr$1 = !y n only s5d _! s]vants out ( ! city to arre/ ,jesus1 b also p]sonally und]take judicial proce$+s1 a trial1 s5t5ce1 & accusation be=e ! ,procurator2 9 g5]al1 !re appe>s1 ?r\gh\t1 only ! fe> ( desecrat+ ! foll[+ day1 :i* comm5c$ on ! ev5+ ( ! crucifixion1 & n[h]e any solicitude ab\t ! curr5t "o3 cle> signs t ! synoptical repres5tation ( ! meal z a pas*al "o1 is a lat] error1 s9ce 9 ! rema9+ n>rative ( ! synopti/s !mselves1 !re is evid5ce1 n easy to be mi/ak51 ( ! real fact1 t ,jesus 0 crucifi$ be=e ! passov]4 #aggg ,^! obs]vations are c]ta9ly ( weight4 ,x is true t ! fir/1 relative to ! conduct ( ,jesus1 might p]haps be invalidat$ by ! contradiction exi/+ betwe5 ! ,jewi% decisions z to ! law cit$2 #aggh :ile ! la/ & /ronge/ may be oppos$ by ! fact1 t try+ & giv+ s5t5ce on ! sabba?s & fea/ days 0 n only p]mitt$ among ! ,jews1 b !re 0 ev5 a l>g] place = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice on su* days1 on acc\nt ( ! great] conc\rse ( p2 s1 also1 accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t itself1 ! ,jews s5t out (fic]s to seize ,jesus on ! great day ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7,john vii4 #dd f471 & at ! ,fea/ ( ,d$ication !y 7 ab\t to /one him 7,john x4 #ca71 :ile ,h]od caus$ ,pet] to be imprison$ dur+ ! days ( unleav5$ bread2 ?\gh inde$ he int5d$ to def] ! public s5t5c+ & execution until aft] ! passov] 7,acts xii4 #b f474 ,9 pro( t ! crucifixion ( ,jesus might take place on ! fea/ ( ! passov]1 x is urg$ t ! execution 0 p]=m$ by ,roman soldi]s2 & t moreov]1 ev5 accord+ to ,jewi% cu/om1 x 0 usual to res]ve ! execution ( important crim9als = a fea/ "t1 9 ord] to make an impression on a great] multitude4 #aggi ,b only ?us mu* is to be prov$3 t dur+ ! fea/ "t1 & ?us dur+ ! passov]1 on ! five int]m$iate & less solemn days1 crim9als 7 tri$ & execut$1--n t ?is 0 admissible also on ! fir/ & la/ days ( ! passov]1 :i* rank$ z sabba?s2 #aghj & ?us we read 9 ! ,talmud t ,jesus 0 crucifi$ on ! 1 i4e4 ! ev5+ be=e ! passov]4 #agha ,x w\ld be ano!r ?+ if1 z ,dr4 ,baur /rives to prove1 ! execution ( crim9als1 z a sangu9>y expiation = ! p1 belong$ to ! ess5tial significance ( ! passov]1 z a fea/ ( expiation1 & h5ce ! cu/om1 notic$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 ( lib]at+ a prison] at ! fea/ _h be5 only ! rev]se side to ! execution ( ano!r1 pres5t+ ! same relation z t betwe5 ! two goats & ! two sp>r[s 9 ! ,jewi% (f]+s ( atonem5t & purification4 #aghb ,x is c]ta9ly v possible t ! primitive ,*ri/ian tradition might be l$ ev5 unhi/orically to associate ! la/ supp] ( ,jesus ) ! pas*al lamb1 & ! day ( 8 dea? ) ! fea/ ( ! passov]4 ,z ! ,*ri/ian supp] repres5t$ 9 its =m1 ! passov]1 & 9 its import1 ! dea? ( ,jesus3 x 0 natural en\gh to unite ^! two po9ts--to place ! execution ( ,jesus on ! fir/ day ( ! passov]1 & to reg>d 8 la/ meal1 at :i* he 0 held to h f\nd$ ! ,*ri/ian supp]1 z ! pas*al meal4 ,x is true t presuppos+ ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel to h be5 an apo/le & a p>ticipator 9 ! la/ meal ( ,jesus1 x is difficult to expla9 h[ he c\ld fall into su* a mi/ake4 ,at lea/ x is n en\gh to say1 ) ,!ile1 t ! m ! la/ meal p>tak5 ) _! ma/] transc5d$ all pas*al meals 9 int]e/ to ! disciples1 ! less w\ld !y conc]n !mselves z to ! "t ( x1 :e!r x occurr$ on ! ev5+ ( ! passov]1 or a day e>li]4 #aghc ,= ! fir/ ,evangeli/ does n leave ?is undet]m9$1 b speaks expressly ( a pas*al meal1 & to ?is degree a real p>ticipator1 h[ev] long he might write aft] t ev5+1 c\ld n possibly deceive himself4 ,?us on ! above view1 ! supposition t ! fir/ ,evangeli/ 0 an eye-witness mu/ be r5\nc$1 & he mu/ be held1 9 common ) ! two int]m$iate ones1 to h drawn 8 mat]ials f tradition4 #aghd ,! difficulty aris+ f ! fact1 t all ! synopti/s1 & consequ5tly all ^? writ]s :o h pres]v$ to u ! common evangelical tradition1 agree 9 su* an error1 #aghe may p]haps be remov$ by ! obs]vation1 t j z g5]ally z 9 ! ,judo-,*ri/ian communities1 9 :i* ! evangelical tradition 0 orig9ally =m$1 ! ,jewi% passov] 0 /ill celebrat$1 s g5]ally mu/ ! ef=t pres5t itself to give t fea/ a ,*ri/ian import1 by ref]r+ x to ! dea? & ! la/ meal ( ,jesus4 ,b x is equally easy1 presuppos+ ! correctness ( ! synoptical det]m9ation ( "t1 to conceive h[ ,john might be l$ errone\sly to place ! dea? ( ,jesus on ! aft]noon ( ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 & 8 la/ meal on ! previ\s ev5+4 ,if1 namely1 ?is ,evangeli/ f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t ! legs ( ! crucifi$ ,*ri/ 7 n brok51 a fulfilm5t ( ! words ,n a bone ( him %all be brok51 7,exod4 xii4 #df73 ?is suppos$ relation betwe5 ! dea? ( ,jesus & ! pas*al lamb might sugge/ to him ! idea1 t at ! same "t 9 :i* ! pas*al lambs 7 kill$1 on ! aft]noon ( ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 ,jesus suff]$ on ! cross & gave up ! gho/2 #aghf 9 :i* case ! meal tak5 ! ev5+ be=e 0 n ! pas*al meal4 #aghg ,?us we c conceive a possible cause ( error on bo? sides1 & s9ce ! int]nal difficulty ( ! synoptical det]m9ation ( "t1 namely1 ! manifold violations ( ! fir/ day ( ! passov]1 is 9 "s degree remov$ by ! obs]vations above cit$1 & is c\nt]pois$ by ! agreem5t ( ?ree ,evangeli/s3 our only c\rse is to ackn[l$ge an irreconcilable contradiction betwe5 ! respective acc\nts1 )\t v5tur+ a decision z to :i* is ! correct "o4 #abb4 ,,div]g5cies ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,occurr5ces ,,at ,,! ,,la/ ,,meal ,,( ,,jesus4 ,n only 9 relation to ! "t ( ! la/ meal ( ,jesus1 b also 9 relation to :at pass$ on t occasion1 !re is a div]g5cy betwe5 ! ,evangeli/s4 ,! *ief diff]5ce lies betwe5 ! synopti/s & ! f\r? gospel3 b1 on a /rict] comp>ison1 x is f\nd t only ,mat!w & ,m>k closely agree1 & t ,luke div]ges f !m consid]ably1 ?\gh on ! :ole he is m accordant ) 8 pr$ecessors ?an ) 8 successor4 ,besides ! meal itself1 ! foll[+ features are common to all ! acc\nts3 t1 dur+ ! meal1 ! com+ betrayal by ,judas is spok5 (2 & t1 dur+ or aft] ! meal1 ,jesus pr$icts to ,pet] 8 d5ial4 ,z m9or diff]5ces we may notice1 t 9 ,john1 ! mode ( indicat+ ! traitor is ano!r & m precise ?an t describ$ by ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 & has a result ( :i* ! latt] are ignorant2 & t1 fur!r1 9 ! f\r? gospel ! meal is foll[$ by prolong$ f>ewell disc\rses1 :i* are n f\nd 9 ! synopti/s3 b ! pr9cipal diff]5ce is1 t :ile accord+ to ! synopti/s ,jesus in/itut$ ! ,"l's supp] at ?is f9al meal1 9 ,john he in/ead ( ?is wa%es ! disciples' feet4 ,! ?ree synopti/s h 9 common ! in/itut+ ( ! ,"l's supp]1 toge!r ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! betrayal1 & ! d5ial2 b !re exi/s a div]g5cy betwe5 ! two fir/ & ! ?ird z to ! ord] ( ^! occurr5ces1 = 9 ! =m] ! ann\ncem5t ( ! betrayal /&s fir/1 9 ! latt]1 ! in/itut+ ( ! ,supp]2 :ile ! ann\ncem5t ( ,pet]'s d5ial1 9 ,luke1 app>5tly takes place 9 ! room 9 :i* ! repa/ _h be5 held1 9 ! two o!r ,evangeli/s1 on ! way to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,aga91 ,luke introduces "s passages :i* ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s ei!r d n give at all1 or n 9 ?is connexion3 ! cont5tion = pre-em95ce & ! promise ( ! twelve ?rones1 h 9 _! n>ratives a totally diff]5t position2 :ile :at passes 9 ,luke on ! subject ( ! swords is 9 !m entirely want+4 ,9 8 div]g5cy f ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 ,luke makes "s approximation to ! f\r?4 ,z ,john1 9 ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet1 pres5ts a symbolical act hav+ ref]5ce to ambiti\s cont5tion = pre-em95ce1 accompani$ by disc\rses on humility3 s ,luke actually m5tions a cont5tion = pre-em95ce1 & app5ds to x disc\rses n entirely )\t aff9ity ) ^? 9 ,john2 fur!r1 x is 9 common ) ,john t ,luke makes ! obs]vations conc]n+ ! betray] occur at ! op5+ ( ! repa/1 & aft] a symbolical act2 & la/ly1 t he repres5ts ! ann\ncem5t ( ,pet]'s d5ial z hav+ be5 deliv]$ 9 ! room :]e ! repa/ _h be5 held4 ,! greate/ difficulty "h naturally arises f ! div]g5cy1 t ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's supp]1 unanim\sly record$ by ! synopti/s1 is want+ 9 ,john1 :o 9 its /ead relates a totally diff]5t act ( ,jesus1 namely1 ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet4 ,c]ta9ly1 by ^? :o1 9 simil> cases1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole previ\s c\rse ( ! evangelical n>rative1 h f\nd a suffici5t res\rce 9 ! supposition1 t x 0 ! object ( ,john to supply ! omissions ( ! e>li] gospels1 ! pres5t difficulty is surm\nt$ z well1 or z ill1 z any o!r4 ,john1 x is said1 saw t ! in/itution ( ! ,supp] 0 already n>rat$ 9 ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s 9 a way :i* fully agre$ ) 8 own recollection2 h5ce he held a repetition ( x sup]flu\s4 #aghh ,b if1 among ! hi/ories already record$ 9 ! ?ree fir/ gospels1 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ really int5d$ to reproduce only ^? 9 ! repres5tation ( :i* he f\nd some?+ to rectify or supply3 :y does he give ano!r edition ( ! hi/ory ( ! miracul\s fe$+1 9 :i* he makes no em5dation ( any consequ5ce1 & at ! same "t omit ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's supp]8 ,= "h ! div]g5cies betwe5 ! synopti/s 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! sc5e1 & ! turn giv5 to ! words ( ,jesus1 & m especially ! circum/ance t !y1 accord+ to 8 repres5tation1 errone\sly1 make t in/itution occur on ! ev5+ ( ! passov]1 mu/ h appe>$ to him a reason = furni%+ an au!ntic acc\nt4 ,9 consid]ation ( ?is difficulty1 ! position t ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel 0 acqua9t$ ) ! synoptical writ+s1 & design$ to complete & rectify !m1 is n[1 inde$1 ab&on$2 b x is /ill ma9ta9$ t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! common oral tradition1 & suppos$ x kn[n to 8 read]s also1 & on ?is gr\nd1 x is alleg$ he pass$ ov] ! in/itution ( ! ,supp] z a hi/ory g5]ally kn[n4 #aghi ,b t x %\ld be ! object ( an evangelical writ+ to n>rate only ! less kn[n1 omitt+ ! kn[n1 is an idea :i* _c be consi/5tly ent]ta9$4 ,writt5 records imply a mi/ru/ ( oral tradition2 !y are int5d$ n m]ely z a supplem5t to ?is1 b also z a means ( fix+ & pres]v+ x1 & h5ce ! capital facts1 be+ ! mo/ spok5 (1 & !re=e ! mo/ expos$ to misrepres5tation1 are precisely ^? :i* writt5 records c ! lea/ prop]ly omit4 ,su* a fact is ! f\nd+ ( ! ,"l's supp]1 & we f9d1 f a comp>ison ( ! diff]5t ,new ,te/am5t acc\nts1 t ! expressions ) :i* ,jesus in/itut$ x mu/ h e>ly receiv$ additions or mutilations2 consequ5tly1 x is ! la/ p>ticul> :i* ,john %\ld h omitt$4 ,b1 x is fur!r said1 ! n>rat+ ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's supp] 0 ( no importance to ! object ( ! f\r? gospel4 #agij ,h[ s8 ,) reg>d to its g5]al object1 ! conv9c+ ( its read]s t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god 7xx4 #ca71 0 x ( no importance to communicate a sc5e 9 :i* he appe>s z ! f\nd] ( a new cov5ant1 8 & 9 relation to ! special object ( ! passage 9 "q1 namely1 ! exhibit+ ( ! love ( ,jesus z a love :i* endur$ unto ! end 7xiii4 #a71 w\ld x h contribut$ no?+ to m5tion h[ he (f]$ 8 body & blood z meat & dr9k to 8 foll[]s1 & ?us realiz$ 8 words 9 ,john vi48 ,b1 x is said1 ,john "h z else:]e1 only conc]ns himself ) ! m pr(\nd disc\rses ( ,jesus1 = :i* reason he passes ov] ! in/itution ( ! ,supp]1 & beg9s 8 n>rative ) ! disc\rse connect$ ) ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet4 #agia ,no?+1 h[ev]1 b ! mo/ obdurate prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! f\r? gospel1 c make ?is disc\rse on humility appe> m pr(\nd ?an :at ,jesus says ( ! p>tak+ ( 8 body & blood1 :5 in/itut+ ! ,"l's supp]4 ,b ! ma9 po9t is t h>moni/s %\ld %[ u 9 :at "p ( ,john's n>rative1 if we are to believe t he presuppos$ ,jesus to h in/itut$ ! ,supp] at ?is la/ meal1 he c h made ! alleg$ omission--t !y %\ld indicate ! break at :i* t incid5t may be suitably introduc$4 ,on look+ into ! diff]5t comm5t>ies1 !re appe>s to be m ?an "o place excell5tly adapt$ to su* an ins]tion4 ,accord+ to ,ol%aus51 ! end ( ! #ac? *apt]1 aft] ! ann\ncem5t ( ,pet]'s d5ial1 pres5ts ! int]val 9 :i* ! in/itution ( ! ,supp] mu/ be suppos$ to occur2 h]e) ! repa/ clos$1 & ! succe$+ disc\rses f xiv4 #a 7 utt]$ by ,jesus aft] ! g5]al ris+ f table1 & :ile /&+ 9 ! *amb]4 #agib ,b1 "h1 x appe>s z if ,ol%aus51 = ! sake ( obta9+ a re/+ place betwe5 xiii4 #ch & xiv4 #a1 _h resign$ himself to ! delusion ( suppos+ t ! words ,arise1 let u g h5ce1 at :i* he makes ,jesus rise f table & deliv] ! re/ ( 8 disc\rse /&+1 are f\nd at ! end ( ! #ac? *apt]1 :]eas !y d n occur until ! end ( ! #ad?4 ,jesus _h be5 speak+ ( go+ :i!r 8 disciples c\ld n foll[ him1 & _h j rebuk$ ! ra%ness ( ,pet]1 9 volunte]+ to lay d[n life = 8 sake1 by ! pr$iction ( 8 d5ial3 "h1 at xiv4 #a ff41 he calms ! m9ds ( ! disciples1 :om ?is pr$iction _h di/urb$1 exhort+ !m to fai?1 & direct+ _! att5tion to ! bless$ effects ( 8 dep>ture4--,repell$ by ! firm coh]5ce ( ?is "p ( ! disc\rse1 o!r comm5tators1 e4g4 ,paulus1 retreat to xiii4 #cj1 & are ( op9ion t ! in/itution ( ! ,supp] may be ! mo/ fitly introduc$ aft] ! )drawal ( ,judas1 = ! purpose ( putt+ 8 trea*]y into execution1 s9ce ?is circum/ance might naturally excite 9 ,jesus ^? ?\ghts conc]n+ 8 dea? :i* lie at ! basis ( ! in/itution4 #agic ,b ev5 reject+ ! op9ion ( ,lcke & o!rs1 t 1 :5 he w5t out1 %\ld be unit$ to 1 ,jesus said1 x is unque/ionable t ! words ( ,jesus v4 #ca1 ,n[ is ! ,son ( man glorifi$1 etc41 & :at he says f>!r on 7v4 #cc7 ( 8 spe$y dep>ture1 h an imm$iate ref]5ce to ! retir+ ( ,judas4 ,= ! v]b 9 ! f\r? gospel always signifies ! glorification ( ,jesus1 to :i* he is to be l$ by suff]+2 & ) ! dep>ture ( ! apo/ate disciple to ^? :o br\ght suff]+ & dea? on ,jesus1 8 glorification & 8 spe$y dea? 7 decid$4--,! v]ses #ca-cc be+ ?us insep>ably connect$ ) v4 #cj2 ! next /ep is to c>ry ! in/itution ( ! ,supp] some:at l[]1 & place x :]e ?is connexion may appe> to cease3 accord+ly1 ,lcke makes x fall betwe5 v4 #cc & #cd1 suppos+ t aft] ,jesus 7v4 #ca-cc7 _h compos$ ! m9ds ( ! disciples1 di/urb$ & %ock$ by ! dep>ture ( ! traitor1 & _h prep>$ !m = ! sacr$ meal1 he1 at v4 #cd f41 annexes to ! di/ribution ( ! bread & w9e ! new comm&m5t ( love4 ,b1 z x has be5 else:]e rem>k$1 #agid s9ce at v4 #cf ,pet] asks ,jesus1 9 allusion to v4 #cc1 :i!r he w g1 x is impossible t ! ,supp] c h be5 in/itut$ aft] ! decl>ation ( ,jesus v4 #cc2 = o!rwise ,pet] w\ld h int]pret$ ! expression ,i g1 1 by ! body giv5 & ! blood %$ 1 or 9 any case w\ld r h felt prompt$ to ask ! mean+ ( ^! latt] expressions4--,ackn[l$g+ ?is1 ,ne&] retreats a v]se1 & ins]ts ! ,supp] betwe5 v4 #cb & #cc2 #agie b he ?us viol5tly sev]s ! obvi\s connexion betwe5 ! words %all /raightway glorify him 9 ! =m] v]se1 & ! words ' yet a little :ile ,i am ) y 9 ! latt]4--,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to retreat /ill f>!r ?an ,ne&]1 or ev5 ,paulus3 b z f v4 #cj up to v4 #ah1 ! disc\rse turns un9t]rupt$ly on ! traitor1 & ?is disc\rse aga9 is insep>ably l9k$ to ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet & ! explanation ( t act1 !re is no place at :i* ! in/itution ( ! ,supp] c be ins]t$ until ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 accord+ to "o ( ! mo/ rec5t critics1 x may be ins]t$ 9 a way :i* p]fectly exon]ates ! au?or ( ! gospel f ! reproa* ( mislead+ 8 read] by an acc\nt :i* is app>5tly cont9u\s1 :ile x nev]!less passes ov] ! ,supp]4 ,=1 says ?is critic1 f ! v comm5cem5t ,john does n pr(ess to n>rate any?+ ( ! meal itself1 or :at 0 concomitant ) x1 b only :at occurr$ aft] ! meal2 inasmu* z ! mo/ natural int]pretation ( is3 aft] ! meal 0 end$1 :ile ! words 1 he rise? f supp]1 pla9ly %[ t ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet 0 n comm5c$ until aft] ! meal4 #agif ,b aft] ! wa%+ ( ! feet is conclud$1 x is said ( ,jesus1 t he sat d[n aga9 7 v4 #ab71 consequ5tly ! meal 0 n yet end$ :5 he comm5c$ t act1 & by ! words he rise? f supp]1 x is meant t he rose to wa% ! disciples' feet f ! yet unf9i%$ meal1 or at lea/ aft] ! places _h be5 tak5 prep>atory to ! meal4 ,aga91 does n mean3 aft] a meal 0 end$1 any m ?an ! words 4 7,matt4 xxvi4 #f7 mean3 aft] ,jesus _h be5 9 ,be?any3 z ! latt] expression is int5d$ by ,mat!w to d5ote ! "t dur+ ! resid5ce ( ,jesus 9 ,be?any1 s ! =m] is int5d$ by ,john to d5ote ! c\rse ( ! meal itself4 #agig ,h5ce he !reby pr(esses to in=m u ( e rem>kable occurr5ce connect$ ) t meal1 & 9 omitt+ to m5tion ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's supp]1 :i* 0 "o ( its features1 he incurs ! reproa* ( hav+ giv5 a defici5t n>rative1 nay ( hav+ left out precisely :at is mo/ important4--,in/ead ( ?is highe/ extremity ( ,john's acc\nt1 ,k]n has rec5tly tak5 ! l[e/1 & has plac$ ! in/itution ( ! ,supp] aft] ! words1 ,arise1 let u g h5ce1 xiv4 #ca2 #agih :]eby he assigns to x ! improbable & inde$ unwor?y position1 ( an act only occurr+ to ,jesus :5 he is prep>+ to dep>t4 ,?us1 view+ ! subject g5]ally1 !re is no conceivable motive :y ,john1 if he spoke ( ?is la/ ev5+ at all1 %\ld h omitt$ ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's supp]2 :ile1 on desc5d+ to a p>ticul> consid]ation1 !re is 9 ! c\rse ( 8 n>rative no po9t :]e x c\ld be ins]t$3 h5ce no?+ rema9s b to conclude t he does n m5tion x because x 0 unkn[n to him4 ,b z a means ( resi/+ ?is conclusion1 !ologians1 ev5 su* z ackn[l$ge !mselves unable to expla9 ! omission ( ! in/itution1 rely on ! obs]vation1 t a rite s univ]sally preval5t 9 ! primitive *ur* z 0 ! ,"l's supp]1 _c possibly h be5 unkn[n to ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 :oev] he may h be54 #agii ,c]ta9ly1 he knew ( ! ,"l's supp] z a ,*ri/ian rite1 = ?is may be inf]r$ f 8 #f? *apt]1 & unavoidably he mu/ h kn[n ( x2 x may1 h[ev]1 h be5 unkn[n to him "u :at circum/ances ,jesus =mally in/itut$ ?is obs]vance4 ,! ref]r+ ( s rev]$ an usage to ! au?ority ( ,jesus himself 0 an object ( int]e/ to ?is ,evangeli/2 b f unacqua9tance ) ! synoptical sc5e1 & also f a p>tiality = ! my/]i\s1 :i* l$ him to put into ! m\? ( ,jesus expressions un9telligible at ! mom5t1 & only to be expla9$ by ! issue1 he effect$ ?is purpose1 n by mak+ ,jesus actually in/itute ! rite1 b by attribut+ to him obscure expressions ab\t ! necessity ( eat+ 8 fle% & dr9k+ 8 blood1 :i*1 be+ r5d]$ intelligible only by ! rite ( ! ,"l's supp] introduc$ into ! *ur* aft] 8 dea?1 might be reg>d$ z an indirect in/itution ( t rite4 ,z ,john omits ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's supp]1 s ! synopti/s omit ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet3 b x _c be ma9ta9$ ) equal decision t !y 7 !re=e ignorant ( ?is incid5t2 p>tly on acc\nt ( its inf]ior importance & ! m fragm5t>y "* ( ?is "p ( ! synoptical n>rative2 & p>tly because1 z has be5 above rem>k$1 ! cont5tion = pre-em95ce 9 ,luke v4 #bd ff4 has appe>$ to _m expositors to be connect$ ) ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet1 z ! inducem5t to t action on ! "p ( ,jesus4 #ahjj ,b z reg>ds ?is cont5tion = pre-em95ce1 we h %[n above1 t be+ unsuit$ to ! t5or ( ! sc5e be=e u1 x may owe its position only to a =tuit\s association ( ideas 9 ! n>rator3 #ahja :ile ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet1 9 ,john1 might appe> to be a leg5d>y developm5t ( a synoptical disc\rse on humility4 ,9 ,mat!w 7xx4 #bf ff47 ,jesus admoni%es 8 disciples t he among !m :o w\ld be great mu/ be ! m9i/] ( ! o!rs1 j z he himself came n to be m9i/]$ unto b to m9i/] 1 2 & 9 ,luke 7xxii4 #bg7 he expresses ! same ?\ght 9 ! "q3 ,:e!r is great]1 he t sitte? at meat or he t t s]ve?8 2 1 2 & adds1 b ,i am among y z he t s]ve?1 4 ,n[ x is c]ta9ly probable t ,jesus might see fit to impress ?is lesson on ! disciples ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! s5ses1 by an actual s]v+ among !m1 :ile !y play$ ! "p ( ^? sitt+ at meat 772 b x is equally probable1 s9ce ! synopti/s are sil5t respect+ su* a measure1 t ei!r ! leg5d1 be=e x rea*$ ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 or ?is writ] himself1 spun ! fact out ( ! dictum4 #ahjb ,nor is x necess>y to suppose t ! above decl>ation came to him z hav+ be5 utt]$ at ! la/ meal ( ,jesus1 9 accordance ) ! repres5tation ( ,luke2 = x naturally result$ f ! expressions 7to recl9e at meat71 & 7to s]ve71 t ?is symboliz+ ( ! relation :i* !y d5ote %\ld be atta*$ to a meal1 & ?is meal might on easily conceivable gr\nds appe> to be ! mo/ appropriately repres5t$ z ! la/4 ,accord+ to ,luke's repres5tation1 ,jesus on ?is occasion addresses ! disciples z ^? :o _h cont9u$ ) him 9 8 temptations1 & z a rew>d = ?is fidelity promises !m t !y %all sit ) him at table 9 8 k+dom1 & seat$ on ?rones1 judge ! twelve tribes ( ,israel 7v4 #bh-cj74 ,?is appe>s incongru\s ) a sc5e 9 :i* he _h imm$iately be=e ann\nc$ 8 betrayal by "o ( ! twelve1 & 9 :i* he imm$iately aft] pr$ict$ 8 d5ial by ano!r2 at a "t1 moreov]1 9 :i* ! temptations prop]ly s call$1 7 yet future4 ,aft] :at we h already obs]v$ 9 relation to ! entire "* ( ! sc5e 9 ,luke1 we c h>dly seek ! reason = ! ins]tion ( ?is fragm5t ( a disc\rse1 9 any?+ else ?an a =tuit\s association ( ideas1 9 :i* ! cont5tion ab\t rank among ! disciples might sugge/ ! rank promis$ to !m by ,jesus1 & ! disc\rse on sitt+ at table & s]v+1 ! promise t ! disciples %\ld sit at table ) ,jesus 9 8 messianic k+dom4 #ahjc ,9 ! succe$+ conv]sation ,jesus says to 8 disciples figuratively1 t n[ x w be necess>y to buy !mselves swords1 s ho/ilely w !y be met on all sides1 b is und]/ood by !m lit]ally1 & is %[n two swords already 9 ! possession ( ! society4 ,conc]n+ ?is passage ,i am incl9$ to agree ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o is ( op9ion t ,luke introduc$ x "h z a prelude to ,pet]'s use ( ! sword 9 ! ensu+ n>rative4 #ahjd ,! o!r div]g5cies 9 relation to ! la/ meal w come "u review 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ inve/igations4 #abc4 ,,ann\ncem5t ,,( ,,! ,,betrayal ,,& ,,! ,,d5ial4 ,9 ! /atem5t t ,jesus f ! beg9n+ knew :o w\ld be 8 betray]1 ! f\r? gospel /&s alone2 b all f\r ( ! ,evangeli/s concur 9 te/ify+ t at 8 la/ meal he pr$ict$ 8 betrayal by "o ( 8 disciples4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place !re is ?is diff]5ce3 :ile accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k ! disc\rse respect+ ! betray] op5s ! sc5e1 & 9 p>ticul> prec$es ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's supp] 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ba ff42 ,m>k xiv4 #ah ff472 ,luke repres5ts ,jesus z n speak+ ( ! betray] until aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! meal1 & ! in/itution ( ! commemorative rite 7xxii4 #ba ff472 & 9 ,john :at relates to ! betray] goes =w>d dur+ & aft] ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet 7xiii4 #aj-cj74 ,! intr9sically trivial "q1 :i* ,evangeli/ is "h "r1 is extremely important to !ologians1 because its decision involves ! answ] to ano!r "q1 namely1 :e!r ! betray] also p>took ( ! ritual ,supp]4 ,x nei!r appe>$ consi/5t ) ! idea ( t supp] z a fea/ ( ! mo/ intimate love & union1 t a virtual ali5 l ,judas %\ld p>ticipate 9 x1 nor did x seem to accord ) ! love & compassion ( ! ,"l1 t he %\ld h p]mitt$ an unwor?y disciple by ?is p>ticipation to aggravate 8 guilt4 #ahje ,s undesirable a view ( ! facts 0 believ$ to be avoid$ by foll[+ ! arrangem5t ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 & mak+ ! designation ( ! betray] prec$e ! in/itution ( ! ,supp]3 = z x 0 kn[n f ,john1 t z soon z ,judas saw himself detect$ & expos$1 he )drew f ! company1 x w\ld !nce appe> t ,jesus did n in/itute ! ,supp] until aft] ! retirem5t ( ! traitor4 #ahjf ,b ?is exp$i5t is f\nd$ on no?+ b an inadmissible incorporation ( ! n>rative ( ,john ) t ( ! synopti/s4 ,= ! )drawal ( ,judas is m5tion$ only by ! f\r? ,evangeli/2 & he alone ne$s ! supposition ( su* a circum/ance1 because1 accord+ to him1 ,judas n[ fir/ ent]$ into 8 transactions ) ! enemies ( ,jesus1 & ?us1 9 ord] to come to t]ms ) !m1 & obta9 ! requisite =ce1 ne$$ a some:at long] "t4 ,9 ! synopti/s !re is no trace ( ! betray] hav+ left ! company2 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ 9 _! n>rative appe>s to imply t ,judas1 fir/ on ! g5]al dep>ture f ! room 9 :i* ! repa/ _h be5 tak51 in/ead ( go+ directly to ! g>d51 w5t to ! *ief prie/s1 ( :om he at once1 ! agreem5t hav+ be5 made be=eh&1 receiv$ ! necess>y =ce = ! arre/ ( ,jesus4 ,?us :e!r ,luke or ,mat!w be "r 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! sc5e1 all ! synopti/s intimate t ,judas did n leave ! company be=e ! g5]al dep>ture1 & consequ5tly t he p>took ( ! ritual ,supp]4 ,b also z to ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus po9t$ out 8 betray]1 !re exi/s no slight div]g5cy betwe5 ! ,evangeli/s4 ,9 ,luke ,jesus only makes ! brief rem>k t ! h& ( 8 betray] is ) him on ! table1 :]eupon ! disciples ask among !mselves1 :o x c be t is capable ( su* a de$8 ,9 ,mat!w & ,m>k he says1 fir/1 t "o ( ^?1 :o are pres5t w betray him2 & :5 ! disciples individually ask him1 ,"l1 is x ,i8 he replies3 he t dippe? 8 h& ) me 9 ! di%2 until at la/1 aft] a woe has be5 d5\nc$ on ! traitor1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,judas also puts t "q1 & receives an affirmative answ]4 ,9 ,john1 ,jesus alludes to ! betray] dur+ & aft] ! wa%+ ( ! disciples' feet1 9 ! obs]vations1 t n all ! disciples pres5t are clean1 & t on ! contr>y ! scripture mu/ be fulfill$3 he t eate? bread ) me1 ha? lift$ up 8 heel aga9/ me4 ,!n he says pla9ly1 t "o ( !m w betray him2 ! disciples look inquir+ly at ea* o!r1 wond]+ ( :om he speaks1 :5 ,pet] prompts ,john1 :o is ly+ next to ,jesus1 to ask :o is ! traitor8 ,jesus replies1 he to :om he %all give a sop1 :i* he imm$iately does to ,judas1 ) an admonition to ha/5 ! execution ( 8 project2 :]eupon ,judas leaves ! company4 ,"h aga9 ! h>moni/s are at once ready to incorporate ! diff]5t sc5es ) ea* o!r1 & r5d] !m mutually consi/5t4 ,accord+ to !m1 ,jesus1 on ! "q ( ea* disciple :e!r he 7 ! traitor1 fir/ decl>$ al\d t "o ( 8 companions at table w\ld betray him 7,mat!w72 h]eupon ,john ask$ 9 a :isp] :i* ( !m he meant1 & ,jesus also 9 a :isp] made ! answ]1 he to :om he %\ld give ! sop 7,john72 !n ,judas1 likewise 9 a :isp]1 ask$ :e!r x 7 he1 & ,jesus 9 ! same mann] repli$ 9 ! affirmative 7,mat!w72 la/ly1 aft] an admonition f ,jesus to be spe$y1 ! betray] left ! company 7,john74 #ahjg ,b t ! "q & answ] int]*ang$ betwe5 ,jesus & ,judas 7 spok5 9 a :isp]1 ,mat!w1 :o alone communicates !m1 gives no intimation1 nor is ?is easily conceivable )\t presuppos+ ! improbable circum/ance1 t ,judas recl9$ on ! "o side ( ,jesus1 z ,john did on ! o!r3 if1 h[ev]1 ! colloquy 7 utt]$ al\d1 ! disciples c\ld n1 z ,john n>rates1 h s /rangely misund]/ood ! words1 :at ?\ doe/1 d quickly1--& ! supposition ( a /amm]+ "q on ! side ( ,judas1 & a l[-ton$ answ] f ,jesus1 _c be s]i\sly held a satisfactory explanation4 #ahjh ,nor is x probable t ,jesus1 aft] hav+ already made ! decl>ation3 he :o dippe? ) me 9 ! di% w betray me1 w\ld = ! m precise indication ( ! traitor h also giv5 him a sop2 x is r to be suppos$ t ^! are b two diff]5t modes ( report+ ! same p>ticul>4 ,b :5 once ?is is admitt$1 z x is by ,paulus & ,ol%aus51 s mu* is already r5\nc$ ei!r 9 relation to ! "o n>rative or ! o!r1 t x is inconsi/5t to resort to =c$ suppositions1 9 ord] to ov]come ! difficulty involv$ 9 ! explicit answ] :i* ,mat!w makes ,jesus give to ! traitor2 & x %\ld r be all[$ t we h be=e u two div]g5t acc\nts1 ( :i* ! "o 0 n s fram$ t its defici5cies might be suppli$ by ! o!r4 ,hav+1 ) ,sieff]t & ,fritzs*e1 atta9$ ?is degree ( insight1 ! only rema9+ "q is3 to :i* ( ! two n>ratives mu/ we give ! pref]5ce z ! orig9al8 ,sieff]t has answ]$ ?is "q v decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ,john2 n m]ely1 z he ma9ta9s1 because he %>es 9 ! prejudice :i* attributes to t ,evangeli/ ! "* ( an eye-witness2 b also because 8 n>rative is 9 ?is "p1 by its intr9sic evid5ce ( tru?fulness1 & ! vividness ( its sc5es1 advantage\sly di/+ui%$ f t ( ,mat!w1 :i* pres5ts no indications ( an autoptical orig94 ,= example1 :ile ,john is able to describe ) ! utmo/ m9ut5ess ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus indicat$ 8 betray]3 ! n>rative ( ! fir/ gospel is su* z to induce ! conjecture t its au?or _h only receiv$ ! g5]al in=mation1 t ,jesus _h p]sonally indicat$ 8 betray]4 #ahji ,x c]ta9ly _c be d5i$1 t ! direct answ] :i* ,jesus gives to ,judas 9 ,mat!w 7v4 #be7 has entirely ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 fram$1 )\t mu* f]tility ( imag9ation1 to accord ) ! above g5]al in=mation2 & 9 s f> x mu/ be reg>d$ z inf]ior to ! m indirect1 & !re=e m probable mode ( indicat+ ! traitor1 9 ,john4 ,b 9 relation to ano!r feature1 ! result ( ! comp>ison is diff]5t4 ,9 ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s ,jesus says3 he :o has dipp$ or :o dippe? ) me1 or ' 3 9 ,john1 he to :om ,i %all give a sop :5 ,i h dipp$ x1 2 a diff]5ce 9 :i* ! great] precis5ess ( ! indication1 & consequ5tly ! inf]ior probability1 is on ! side ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,9 ,luke1 ,jesus designates ! traitor m]ely z "o ( ^? :o are sitt+ at meat ) him2 & z reg>ds ! expression 444 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 ! int]pretation giv5 ( x by ,ku9l & ,h5neb]g1 #ahaj :o suppose x to mean "o ( ! p>ty at table1 leav+ x unc]ta9 :i*1 is n s mi/ak5 z ,ol%aus5 repres5ts x to be4 ,=1 fir/1 to ! "q ( ! sev]al disciples1 is x ,i8 ,jesus might see fit to return an evasive answ]2 & secondly1 ! above answ]1 z ,ku9l has correctly rem>k$1 /&s 9 ! relation ( an appropriate climax to ! previ\s decl>ation3 "o ( y %all betray me 7v4 #ba71 s9ce x pres5ts t aggravat+ circum/ance ( ! betrayal1 fell[%ip at table4 ,ev5 if ! au?ors ( ! two fir/ gospels und]/ood ! expression 9 "q to imply1 t ,judas 9 p>ticul> dipp$ 8 h& 9 ! di% ) ,jesus1 & h5ce suppos$ ?is second decl>ation to h indicat$ him p]sonally3 /ill ! p>allel passage 9 ,luke1 & ! words 1 "o ( ! twelve1 :i* 9 ,m>k prec$e 1 %[ t orig9ally ! second expression 0 m]ely an amplification ( ! =m]1 ?\gh f ! wi% to h a ?or\ghly unequivocal designation ( ! betray] on ! "p ( ,jesus1 x 0 e>ly int]pret$ 9 ! o!r m special s5se4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a leg5d>y exagg]ation ( ! precis5ess ( ! indication is once admitt$1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! f\r? gospel describes t indication mu/ be includ$ 9 ! s]ies ( progressive repres5tations1 & accord+ to ,sieff]t1 x mu/ h be5 ! orig9al f :i* all ! re/ proce$$4 ,b if we be=eh& r5\nce ! affirmative reply to ,judas1 1 ?\ ha/ said1 9 ,mat!w1 ! mode ( designation 9 ,john is ! mo/ def9ite ( all2 = ! intimation3 "o ( my companions at table1 is comp>atively indef9ite1 & ev5 ! expression3 he :o dippe? ) me 9 ! di%1 is a less direct sign ( ! traitor1 ?an if ,jesus _h himself dipp$ ! morsel & pres5t$ x to him4 ,n[ is x 9 ! _s ( ! anci5t leg5d1 if ,jesus really gave ! m precise designation1 to lose its hold ( ?is1 & sub/itute "o less precise1 s z to dim9i% ! miracle ( ! =ekn[l$ge exhibit$ by ,jesus8 ,assur$ly n2 b r ! v rev]se holds true4 ,h5ce we conclude t ,mat!w1 toge!r ) ! unhi/orically precise1 has yet at ! same "t pres]v$ ! hi/orically less precise2 :]eas ,john has entirely lo/ ! latt] & has reta9$ only ! =m]4 ,alt] ?us r5\nc+ :at is n>rat$ ( a p]sonal designation ( ! traitor by ,jesus1 z compos$ po/ ev5tum1 !re yet rema9s to u ! g5]al precognition & pr$iction on ! "p ( ,jesus1 t "o ( 8 disciples & companions at table w\ld betray him4 ,b ev5 ?is is att5d$ ) difficulties4 ,t ,jesus receiv$ any ext]nal notification ( treason brood+ aga9/ him 9 ! circle ( 8 confid5tial fri5ds1 !re is no indication 9 ! gospels3 he appe>s to h ga!r$ ?is feature ( 8 de/9y also out ( ! scriptures alone4 ,he repeat$ly decl>es t by 8 approa*+ betrayal ! scripture w be fulfill$ 7,john xiii4 #ah1 xvii4 #ab2 comp4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bd p>all471 & 9 ! f\r? gospel 7xiii4 #ah71 he cites z ?is scripture1 1 ! words3 ,he t eate? bread ) me1 ha? lift$ up 8 heel aga9/ me1 ' 1 f ,ps4 xli4 #aj4 ,?is passage 9 ! ,psalms ref]s ei!r to ! well-kn[n p]fidi\s fri5ds ( ,david1 ,ahi?ophel & ,mephibo%e?1 or1 if ! ,psalm be n ! composition ( ,david1 to "s unkn[n individuals :o /ood 9 a simil> relation to ! poet4 #ahaa ,!re is s little trace ( a messianic significance1 t ev5 ,?oluck & ,ol%aus5 ackn[l$ge ! above to be ! orig9al s5se4 ,b accord+ to ! latt]1 9 ! fate ( ,david 0 imag$ t ( ! ,messiah2 accord+ to ! =m]1 ,david himself1 "u a div9e impulse (t5 us$ expressions conc]n+ himself1 :i* conta9$ special allusions to ! fate ( ,jesus4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,?oluck adds3 ,david himself1 "u ! influ5ce ( inspiration1 did n always compreh5d ?is m pr(\nd s5se ( 8 expressions2 :at is ?is b a confession t by ! int]pretation ( su* passages z relat+ to ,*ri/ !re is giv5 to !m ano!r s5se ?an t 9 :i* _! au?or orig9ally int5d$ !m8 ,n[ t ,jesus d$uc$ f ?is passage ( ! #da/ ,psalm1 t x w\ld be 8 lot to be betray$ by a fri5d1 9 ! way ( natural reflection1 is ! m inconceivable1 because !re is no indication to be discov]$ t ?is ,psalm 0 int]pret$ messianically among ! ,jews3 :ile t su* an int]pretation 0 a result ( ! div9e k 9 ,jesus is impossible1 because x is a false int]pretation4 ,x is r to be suppos$1 t ! passage 9 "q 0 appli$ to ! trea*]y ( ,judas only aft] ! issue4 ,x is necess>y to figure to ourselves ! con/]nation :i* ! dea? ( ! ,messiah mu/ h produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 fir/ adh]5ts1 & ! solicit\s indu/ry ) :i* !y endeav\r$ to compreh5d ?is cata/rophe2 & to rememb] t to a m9d ( ,jewi% culture1 to compreh5d a fact or doctr9e 0 n to reconcile x ) consci\sness & reason1 b to br+ x into h>mony ) scripture4 ,9 seek+ su* a result1 ! primitive ,*ri/ians f\nd pr$ict$ 9 ! oracles ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 n only ! dea? ( ! ,messiah1 b also 8 fall+ by means ( ! p]fidy ( "o ( 8 fri5ds1 & ev5 ! subsequ5t fate & end ( ?is traitor 7,matt4 xxvii4 #i f42 ,acts i4 #bj72 & z ! mo/ /rik+ ,old ,te/am5t au?ority = ! betrayal1 !re pres5t$ itself ! above passage f ,ps4 xli41 :]e ! au?or compla9s ( maltreatm5t f "o ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds4 ,^! v\*]s f ! ,old ,te/am5t might be introduc$ by ! writ]s ( ! evangelical hi/ory ei!r z reflections f !mselves or o!rs by way ( app5dix to _! n>rative ( ! result1 z is done by ! au?ors ( ! fir/ gospel & ! ,acts1 :]e !y relate ! end ( ,judas3 or1 :at w\ld be m impressive1 !y might put !m into ! m\? ( ,jesus himself be=e ! issue1 z is done by ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,! ,psalmi/ _h meant by "o :o g5]ally 0 accu/om$ to eat bread ) him3 b ?is expression might easily come to be reg>d$ z ! designation ( "o 9 ! act ( eat+ bread ) ! subject ( ! prophecy3 & h5ce x seem$ appropriate to *oose z ! sc5e = ! deliv]y ( ! pr$iction1 a meal ( ,jesus ) 8 disciples1 & = ! sake ( proximity to ! end ( ,jesus to make ?is meal ! la/4 ,= ! re/1 ! precise words ( ! psalm 7 n adh]$ to1 = in/ead ( ' 1 he :o eate? bread ) me1 0 sub/itut$ ei!r ! synonym\s phrase ' 1 ) me on ! table1 z 9 ,luke2 or1 9 accordance ) ! repres5tation ( ! synopti/s t ?is la/ 0 a pas*al meal1 an allusion to ! p>ticul> sauce us$ on t occasion3 1 he :o dippe? ) me 9 ! di%1 z 9 ,m>k & ,mat!w4 ,?is1 at fir/ entirely synonym\s ) ! expression 4441 z a designation ( "s "o ( 8 companions at table1 0 soon1 f ! desire = a p]sonal designation1 miscon/ru$ to mean t ,judas accid5tally dipp$ 8 h& into ! di% at ! same mom5t ) ,jesus1 & at l5g? ! morsel dipp$ into ! di% by ,judas at ! same "t ) ,jesus1 0 by ! f\r? ,evangeli/ conv]t$ into ! sop pres5t$ by ,jesus to 8 betray]4 ,!re are o!r p>ts also ( ?is sc5e 9 ,john1 :i*1 in/ead ( hav+ a natural "*1 z ,sieff]t ma9ta9s1 mu/ r be pron\nc$ artificial4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,pet] has to use ! int]v5tion ( ! disciple lean+ on ,jesus' bosom1 9 ord] to obta9 f ! latt] a m def9ite intimation conc]n+ ! betray]1 besides be+ =eign to ! synopti/s1 belongs to t unhi/orical col\r+ :i*1 z we h above %[n1 ! f\r? gospel gives to ! relation ( ! two apo/les4 ,moreov]1 to disguise an indication ( ,judas 9 ! evil "* ( ! traitor1 b5ea? an action ( fri5dl9ess1 z t ( giv+ him ! sop1 mu/ reta9 some?+ untru?ful & revolt+1 :atev] may be imag9$ ( objects :i* ,jesus might h 9 view1 su* z ! t\*+ ( ! traitor ) compunction ev5 at t h\r4 ,la/ly1 ! address1 ,:at ?\ doe/1 d quickly1 aft] all t c be done to s(t5 x1 #ahab is /ill h>%1--a k9d ( brav+ ( ! imp5d+ cata/rophe2 & r ?an resort to any ref9em5ts 9 ord] to ju/ify ^! words z spok5 by ,jesus1 ,i pref] agree+ ) ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 :o sees 9 !m ! ef=t ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ to improve on ! ord9>y repres5tation1 accord+ to :i* ,jesus =eknew ! betrayal & refra9$ f prev5t+ x1 by mak+ him ev5 *all5ge ! traitor to exp$ite 8 und]tak+4 #ahac ,besides ! betrayal1 ,jesus is said to h pr$ict$ ! d5ial by ,pet]1 & to h fix$ ! precise "t ( its occurr5ce1 decl>+ t be=e ! cock %\ld cr[ 7,m>k says twice7 on ! foll[+ morn+1 ,pet] w\ld d5y him ?rice 7,matt4 xxvi4 #cc ff4 p>all473 :i* pr$iction1 accord+ to ! gospels1 0 exactly accompli%$4 ,x is "h obs]v$ on ! side ( ,rationalism1 t ! ext5sion ( ! prophetic gift to ! cognizance ( su* m]ely accessory circum/ances z ! cr[+ ( cocks1 mu/ excite a/oni%m5t2 z also t ,jesus1 in/ead ( w>n+1 pr$icts ! result z inevitable3 #ahad a feature :i* calls to m9d ! ,fate ( ! ,greek trag$y1 9 :i* a man1 9 spite ( 8 endeav\r to avoid :at ! oracle has pr$ict$ ( him1 nev]!less fulfils its inexorable decree4 ,paulus w n admit ei!r 1 or 1 or 1 to h be5 spok5 9 _! /rict v]bal signification1 b gives to ! entire spee* ( ,jesus only ?is indecisive & problematical s5se3 s easily to be %ak5 is ! imag9$ firmness ( ?is disciple1 t betwe5 ! pres5t mom5t & ! e>ly morn+1 ev5ts may arise :i* w\ld cause him m ?an once to /umble & be unfai?ful to 8 ma/]4 ,b ?is is n ! "r mode ( remov+ ! difficulty ( ! evangelical n>rative4 ,! words attribut$ to ,jesus s closely agree ) ! subsequ5t ev5t1 t ! idea ( a m]ely =tuit\s co9cid5ce is n to be "h ent]ta9$4 ,occurr+ z !y d 9 a tissue ( prophecies po/ ev5tum1 we mu/ r suppose t aft] ,pet] _h really d5i$ ,jesus m ?an once dur+ t night1 ! ann\ncem5t ( su* a result 0 put into ! m\? ( ,jesus1 ) ! common m>k+ ( "t by ! cr[+ ( ! cock1 #ahae & ! r$uction ( ! in/ances ( d5ial to ?ree4 ,t ?is det]m9ation ( "t & numb] 0 p]man5t 9 ! evangelical tradition 7except t ,m>k1 d\btless arbitr>ily1 = ! sake ( balanc+ ! ?rice d5y+ by ano!r numb]1 speaks ( ! twice cr[+ ( ! cock71 appe>s to be expla9$ )\t any great difficulty by ! famili>ity ( ! expressions e>ly *os51 & ! ease ) :i* !y c\ld be reta9$ 9 ! memory4 ,j z little claim to be reg>d$ z a real prophecy has ! ann\ncem5t ( ,jesus to ! re/ ( 8 disciples t !y w all ( !m be (f5d$ because ( him 9 ! com+ night1 t !y w =sake him & disp]se 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ca p>all41 comp4 ,john xvi4 #cb72 especially z ! ,evangeli/s !mselves1 9 ! words3 ,= x is writt51 ,i w smite ! %eph]d1 & ! %eep ( ! flock %all be scatt]$ abroad1 po9t out to u ! ,old ,te/am5t passage 7,ze*4 xiii4 #g71 :i*1 fir/ s\ght out by ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus = ! satisfaction ( _! own difficulties z to ! dea? ( _! ma/]1 & ! melan*oly consequ5ces :i* imm$iately ensu$1 0 soon put into ! m\? ( ,jesus z a prophecy ( ^! consequ5ces4 #abd4 ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,! ,,"l',s ,,supp]4 ,x 0 at ! la/ meal1 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 ) :om ! ,apo/le ,paul also agrees 7#a ,cor4 xi4 #bc ff471 t ,jesus gave to ! unleav5$ bread & ! w9e :i*1 agreeably to ! cu/om ( ! pas*al fea/1 #ahaf he1 z head ( ! family1 _h to di/ribute among 8 disciples1 a relation to 8 spe$ily approa*+ dea?4 ,dur+ ! repa/1 we are told1 he took bread1 & aft] giv+ ?anks1 broke x & gave x to 8 disciples ) ! decl>ation3 ,?is is my body1 1 to :i* ,paul & ,luke add3 :i* is giv5 or brok5 = y1 or 2 9 l mann]1 accord+ to ,paul & ,luke aft] supp]1 he pres5t$ to !m a cup ( w9e ) ! words3 ,?is is my blood ( ! new te/am5t1 1 1 or1 accord+ to ,paul & ,luke3 ! new te/am5t 9 my blood1 :i* is %$ = _m1 or = y1 1 or 1 1 to :i* ,mat!w adds3 = ! remission ( s9s1 1 & ,paul1 :at he & ,luke previ\sly give 9 ref]5ce to ! bread3 ,d ?is1 7,paul1 ) ! w9e1 z (t z ye dr9k x1 71 9 remembrance ( me1 4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 ! diff]5t confessions z to ! mean+ ( ^! words1--:e!r !y signify a transmutation ( bread & w9e into ! body & blood ( ,*ri/1 or a pres5ce ( ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ ) & b5ea? ^? elem5ts1 or la/ly1 ! symboliz+ ( ! body & blood ( ,*ri/ by bread & w9e1--may be pron\nc$ obsolete1 & ought n to be any long] pursu$1 at lea/ exegetically1 because x is f\nd$ on a misplac$ di/9ction4 ,x is only :5 transmitt$ to a mod]n age1 & to ! occid5tal m9d1 9 :i* ! =ms ( ?\ght are m ab/ract1 t :at ! anci5t ori5tal und]/ood by ! words1 1 divides itself into ! above v>iety ( possible significations2 & if we w\ld obta9 a correct conception ( ! idea :i* orig9ally sugge/$ ! expression1 we mu/ cease to discrim9ate ?us4 ,to expla9 ! words 9 "q z imply+ a transmutation ( ! sub/ance1 is to g too f>1 & to be too def9ite2 to und]/& !m ( an exi/5ce cum et sub specie1 etc41 is too mu* ( a ref9em5t2 :ile to translate !m3 ?is signifies1 is too limit$ & meagre an int]pretation4 ,to ! writ]s ( our gospels1 ! bread 9 ! commemorative supp] 0 ! body ( ,*ri/3 b _h !y be5 ask$1 :e!r ! bread 7 transmut$1 !y w\ld h d5i$ x2 _h !y be5 spok5 to ( a p>tak+ ( ! body ) & "u ! =m ( bread1 !y w\ld n h und]/ood x2 _h x be5 inf]r$ t consequ5tly ! bread m]ely signifi$ ! body1 !y w\ld n h be5 satisfi$4 ,?us to dispute f>!r on ?is po9t is a fruitless lab\r3 x is a m int]e/+ "q1 :e!r ,jesus m]ely int5d$ ?is peculi>ly significant di/ribution ( bread & w9e z a p>t+ demon/ration ( atta*m5t to 8 disciples1 or :e!r he design$ t x %\ld be celebrat$ by 8 disciples 9 memory ( him aft] 8 dep>ture4 ,if we _h only ! acc\nt ( ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1--?is is admitt$ ev5 by or?odox !ologians1 #ahag--!re w\ld be no solid gr\nd = ! latt] supposition2 b ! words1 ,d ?is 9 remembrance ( me1 :i* are add$ by ,paul & ,luke1 appe> decisive ( ! fact t ,jesus purpos$ ! f\nd+ ( a commemorative meal1 :i*1 accord+ to ,paul1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 to celebrate1 until he %\ld come1 4 ,conc]n+ ?is v addition1 h[ev]1 x has be5 ( late conjectur$ t x may n h be5 orig9ally utt]$ by ,jesus1 b t 9 ! celebration ( ! ,"l's supp] 9 ! primitive *ur*1 ! presid+ memb] ( ! community1 9 di/ribut+ ! elem5ts1 may h exhort$ ! re/ to cont9ue ! repetition ( ?is meal 9 remembrance ( ,*ri/1 & t f ?is primitive ,*ri/ian ritual ! above words 7 add$ to ! address ( ,jesus4 #ahah ,?is conjecture %\ld n be oppos$ by an exagg]at$ e/imate ( ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 su* z t ( ,ol%aus51 :o inf]s f ! words1 ,i h receiv$ ( ! ,"l1 1 t he "h deliv]s an imm$iate revelation f ,*ri/1 nay1 t ,*ri/ himself speaks ?r\gh him3 s9ce1 z ev5 ,ssk9d has admitt$1 & z ,s*ulz has rec5tly %[n 9 ! mo/ conv9c+ mann]1 #ahai ! phrase _c signify an imm$iate reception1 b only a m$iate transmission f ! individual specifi$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,paul _h n t addition f ,jesus himself1 /ill ,ssk9d ?9ks himself able to prove t x mu/ h be5 communicat$1 or at lea/ confirm$1 by an apo/le1 & is ( op9ion1 9 ! mann] ( 8 s*ool1 t by a s]ies ( ab/ract di/9ctions1 he c def9e c]ta9 b\nd>y l9es :i* mu/ 9 ?is case prev5t ! intrusion ( an unhi/orical tradition4 ,b ! sev]e att5tion to evid5ce :i* *>act]izes our own day1 ought n to be expect$ f an infant religi\s society1 betwe5 ! di/ant portions ( :i* !re 0 n yet any organiz$ connexion1 or = ! mo/ "p any o!r ?an oral communication4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 we mu/ n be induc$ to reg>d ! words 444 z a lat] addition to ! address ( ,jesus1 on false gr\nds1 su* z1 t x w\ld h be5 repugnant to ! humility ( ,jesus to f\nd a rite 9 remembrance ( himself2 #ahbj nor mu/ we rate too highly ! sil5ce ( ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 9 opposition to ! te/imony ( ,paul4 ,p]haps ?is po9t may be decid$ by means ( ano!r m g5]al "q1 namely1 :at l$ ,jesus to make ?is peculi>ly significant di/ribution ( bread & w9e among 8 disciples8 ,or?odox !ologians seek to remove z f> z possible f ! p]son ( ,jesus1 z div9e1 all progress1 & especially a gradual or sudd5 orig9ation ( plans & resolutions n previ\sly pres5t 9 8 m9d3 h5ce1 accord+ to !m1 !re lay 9 ,jesus f ! beg9n+1 toge!r ) ! =ekn[l$ge ( 8 de/9y1 & 8 entire plan1 ! design to in/itute ?is supp]1 z a commemorative rite to be obs]v$ by 8 *ur*2 & ?is op9ion may at lea/ appeal = support1 to ! allusions imply+ t he already contemplat$ ! in/itution a ye> be=eh&1 attribut$ to ,jesus 9 ! six? *apt] ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,?is is c]ta9ly an insecure support1 =1 z a previ\s enquiry has %[n1 ^? allusions1 totally un9telligible be=e ! in/itution ( ! ,supp]1 _c h proce$$ f ,jesus1 b only f ! ,evangeli/4 #ahba ,fur!r1 z1 view+ ! subject g5]ally1 x appe>$ to annul ! reality ( ! human nature 9 ,jesus1 to suppose t all lay =ese5 & prep>$ 9 him f ! fir/1 or at lea/ f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 mature age2 ,rationalism has ma9ta9$1 on ! contr>y1 t ! idea ( ! symbolical act & words 9 "q did n arise 9 ,jesus until ! la/ ev5+4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 at ! sight ( ! brok5 bread & ! outp\r$ w9e1 ,jesus _h a =ebod+ ( 8 ne> & viol5t dea?2 he saw 9 ! =m] an image ( 8 body :i* 0 to be put to dea?1 & 9 ! latt] ( 8 blood :i* 0 to be %$2 & ?is mom5t>y impression 0 communicat$ by him to 8 disciples4 #ahbb ,b su* a tragical impression c\ld only be felt by ,jesus if he contemplat$ 8 dea? z a ne> ev5t4 ,t he did s ) a great] di/9ctness at ! la/ meal1 is ?\ght to be prov$ by ! assurance :i*1 accord+ to all ! synopti/s1 he gave to 8 disciples1 t he w\ld no m dr9k ( ! fruit ( ! v9e until he drank x new 9 ! k+dom ( 8 ,fa!r2 :5ce1 z !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ a v[ ( ab/95ce on 8 "p1 he mu/ h =ese5 t 8 end w\ld arrive )9 ! next few days4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we obs]ve h[ 9 ,luke ?is assurance 9 relation to ! w9e is prec$$ by ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 t he w no m eat ! passov] until x be fulfill$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 x appe>s probable t orig9ally ! fruit ( ! v9e also 0 und]/ood n z w9e 9 g5]al1 b z specially ! bev]age ( ! passov]2 ( :i* a trace may p]haps be discov]$ 9 ! expression ( ,mat!w & ,m>k--?is fruit ( ! v9e1 4 ,meals 9 ! messianic k+dom 71 9 accordance ) ! ideas ( ! age1 (t5 spok5 ( by ,jesus1 & he may h expect$ t 9 t k+dom ! ,passov] w\ld be obs]v$ ) peculi> solemnity4 ,:5 !re=e he decl>es t he w no m p>take ( ?is meal 9 ! pres5t age1 1 b only 9 ! future2 fir/1 ?is does n apply to eat+ & dr9k+ 9 g5]al1 & h5ce does n mean t 8 soj\rn 9 ?is pre-messianic _w 0 to h an end )9 ! next few days1 b only )9 ! space ( a ye>2 nor1 secondly1 does x necess>ily involve ! idea t ?is *ange 0 to be introduc$ by 8 dea?1 = he might ev5 yet expect t ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah w\ld comm5ce dur+ 8 life4 ,mean:ile1 to d5y e pres5tim5t ( 8 end on ! "p ( ,jesus 9 ^! la/ days ( 8 life1 is on ! "o h&1 n w>rant$ by our previ\s exam9ation2 & on ! o!r1 w\ld compel u to d\bt ! in/itution ( ! ritual ,supp] by ,jesus1 :i* we c h>dly d 9 opposition to ! te/imony ( ,paul4 ,x is moreov] easily conceivable1 t ! cont9ually increas+ involvem5t ( 8 relation to ! ,jewi% hi]>*y1 might at l5g? br+ to ,jesus ! conviction t 8 dea? 0 inevitable1 & t 9 a mom5t ( emotion he might ev5 fix ! next passov] z ! t]m :i* he %\ld n survive4 ,?us ea* ( ! suppos$ cases appe>s possible3 ei!r t1 ow+ to a ?\ght sugge/$ by ! impressiv5ess ( ! mom5t1 at ! la/ passov] :i* he celebrat$ ) 8 disciples1 he made bread & w9e ! symbols ( 8 body :i* 0 to be sla9 & 8 blood :i* 0 to be %$2 or t = "s "t previ\sly he _h embrac$ ! design ( bequea?+ su* a commemorative meal to 8 adh]5ts1 9 :i* case he may v probably h utt]$ ! words pres]v$ by ,paul & ,luke4 ,b be=e ?is intimation ( ! dea? ( ,jesus _h be5 duly appropriat$ by ! disciples1 & receiv$ into _! conviction1 !y 7 ov]tak5 by ! actual cata/rophe1 = :i*1 !re=e1 !y might be reg>d$ z :olly unprep>$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,retirem5t ,,to ,,! ,,m\nt ,,( ,,olives1 ,,arre/1 ,,trial1 ,,condemnation ,,& ,,crucifixion ,,( ,,jesus4 #abe4 ,,agony ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,g>d54 ,accord+ to ! synoptical n>ratives1 ,jesus1 imm$iately aft] ! conclusion ( ! meal & ! s++ ( ! ,hallel1 x be+ 8 habit dur+ ?is fea/ "t to sp5d ! night out ( ,j]usalem 7,matt4 xxi4 #ag2 ,luke xxii4 #ci71 w5t to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 into a g>d5 79 ,john1 7 call$ ,ge?semane 7,matt4 xxvi4 #cj1 #cf p>all474 ,john1 :o gives ! additional p>ticul> t ! g>d5 lay ov] ! brook ,k$ron1 does n repres5t him z dep>t+ ?i!r until aft] a long s]ies ( val$ictory disc\rses 7xiv4-xvii471 ( :i* we %all h]eaft] h to speak aga94 ,:ile ,john makes ! arre/ ( ,jesus foll[ imm$iately on ! arrival ( ,jesus 9 ! g>d51 ! synopti/s ins]t betwe5 ! two t sc5e :i* is usually designat$ ! agony ( ,jesus4 ,_! acc\nts ( ?is sc5e are n 9 unison4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 ,jesus takes ) him 8 ?ree mo/ confid5tial disciples1 ,pet] & ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 leav+ ! re/ beh9d1 is seiz$ ) te>fulness & trembl+1 tells ! ?ree disciples t he is sorr[ful ev5 unto dea?1 & admoni%+ !m to rema9 wakeful 9 ! mean "t1 removes to a di/ance f !m also1 t he may (f] a pray] = himself1 9 :i*1 ) 8 face b5t to ! e>?1 he entreats t ! cup ( suff]+ may pass f him1 b /ill resigns all to ! w ( 8 ,fa!r4 ,:5 he returns to ! disciples1 he f9ds !m sleep+1 aga9 admoni%es !m to wat*fulness1 !n removes f !m a second "t1 & repeats ! =m] pray]1 aft] :i* he once m f9ds 8 disciples asleep4 ,= ! ?ird "t he retires to repeat ! pray]1 & return+1 = ! ?ird "t f9ds ! disciples sleep+1 b n[ awakes !m1 9 ord] to meet ! com+ betray]4 ,( ! numb] ?ree1 :i* ?us d\bly figures 9 ! n>rative ( ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 ,luke says no?+2 accord+ to him1 ,jesus retires f all ! disciples1 aft] admoni%+ !m to wat*1 = ! di/ance ( ab\t a /one's ca/1 & prays kneel+1 once only1 b ne>ly 9 ! same words z 9 ! o!r gospels1 !n returns to ! disciples & awakes !m1 because ,judas is approa*+ ) ! multitude4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,luke 9 8 s+le sc5e ( pray]1 has two circum/ances :i* are =eign to ! o!r n>rators1 namely1 t :ile ,jesus 0 yet pray+1 & imm$iately be=e ! mo/ viol5t m5tal /ruggle1 an angel appe>$ to /r5g!n him1 & t dur+ ! agony :i* ensu$1 ! sweat ( ,jesus 0 z x 7 great drops ( blood fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ?is sc5e 9 ,ge?semane has be5 a /umbl+-block1 because ,jesus !re9 appe>s to betray a weakness & fe> ( dea? :i* might be consid]$ unwor?y ( him4 ,celsus & ,julian1 d\btless hav+ 9 _! m9ds ! great examples ( a dy+ ,socrates & o!r hea!n sages1 express$ contempt = ! fe> ( dea? exhibit$ by ,jesus2 #ahbc ,van9i boldly extoll$ 8 own demean\r 9 ! face ( execution z sup]ior to t ( ,jesus2 #ahbd & 9 ! ,evangelium ,nicodemi1 ,satan concludes f ?is sc5e t ,*ri/ is a m]e man4 #ahbe ,! supposition resort$ to 9 ?is apocryphal book1 t ! tr\ble ( ,jesus 0 only assum$ 9 ord] to enc\rage ! devil to ent] into a conte/ ) him1 #ahbf is b a confession ( inability to reconcile a real tru? ( t k9d ) ! ideal ( ,jesus4 ,h5ce appeal has be5 made to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two natures 9 ,*ri/2 ! sorr[fulness & ! pray] = ! removal ( ! cup hav+ be5 ascrib$ to ! human nature1 ! resignation to ! w ( ! ,fa!r1 to ! div9e4 #ahbg ,z h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is appe>$ to introduce an inadmissible division 9 ! nature ( ,jesus2 & 9 ! second place1 ev5 a fe> exp]i5c$ by 8 human nature 9 ! prospect ( approa*+ bodily suff]+s appe>$ unwor?y ( him3 8 con/]nation 0 repres5t$ z be+ ( a spiritual & sympa!tic "*--z aris+ f ! wick$ness ( ,judas1 ! dang] :i* ?reat5$ 8 disciples1 & ! fate :i* 0 imp5d+ ov] 8 nation4 #ahbh ,! ef=t to free ! sorr[ ( ,jesus f all ref]5ce to physical suff]+1 or to 8 own p]son1 atta9$ its highe/ pit* 9 ! ecclesia/ical t5et1 t ,jesus by sub/itution 0 bur!n$ ) ! guilt ( all mank9d1 & vic>i\sly endur$ ! wra? ( ,god aga9/ t guilt4 #ahbi ,"s h ev5 suppos$ t ! devil himself wre/l$ ) ,jesus4 #ahcj ,b su* a cause = ! tr\ble ( ,jesus is n f\nd 9 ! text2 on ! contr>y1 "h z else:]e 7,matt4 xx4 #bb f4 p>all471 ! cup = ! removal ( :i* ,jesus prays1 mu/ be und]/ood ( 8 own bodily suff]+s & dea?4 ,moreov]1 ! above ecclesia/ical op9ion is f\nd$ on an unscriptural conception ( ! vic>i\s (fice ( ,jesus4 ,x is true t ev5 9 ! conception ( ! synopti/s1 ! suff]+ ( ,jesus is a vic>i\s "o = ! s9s ( _m2 b ! sub/itution consi/s1 accord+ to !m1 n 9 ,jesus hav+ imm$iately borne ^! s9s & ! puni%m5t due to mank9d on acc\nt ( !m1 b 9 a p]sonal suff]+ be+ laid ^u him on acc\nt ( ^? s9s1 & 9 ord] to remove _! puni%m5t4 ,?us1 z on ! cross1 x 0 n directly ! s9s ( ! _w1 & ! ang] ( ,god 9 relation to !m1 :i* afflict$ him1 b ! w\nds :i* he receiv$1 & 8 :ole lam5table situation1 :]e9 he 0 inde$ plac$ = ! s9s ( mank9d3 s1 accord+ to ! idea ( ! ,evangeli/s1 9 ,ge?semane also1 x 0 n imm$iately ! feel+ ( ! mis]y ( humanity :i* occasion$ 8 dismay1 b ! pres5tim5t ( 8 own suff]+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ! /ead ( mank9d4 ,f ! unt5able ecclesia/ical view ( ! agony ( ,jesus1 a desc5t has 9 m mod]n times be5 made to co>se mat]ialism1 by r$uc+ :at x 0 ?\ght hopeless to ju/ify e?ically1 z a m5tal condition1 to a purely physical "o1 & suppos+ t ,jesus 0 attack$ by "s malady 9 ,ge?semane2 #ahca an op9ion :i* ,paulus1 ) a sev]ity :i* he %\ld only h m indu/ri\sly appli$ to 8 own explanations1 pron\nces to be altoge!r unseemly & oppos$ to ! text1 ?\gh he does n reg>d z improbable ,heumann's hypo!sis1 t 9 addition to 8 inw>d sorr[1 ,jesus _h contract$ a cold 9 ! clayey gr\nd trav]s$ by ! ,k$ron4 #ahcb ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sc5e has be5 depict$ 9 ! col\rs ( mod]n s5tim5talism1 & ! feel+s ( fri5d%ip1 ! pa9 ( sep>ation1 ! ?\ghts ( p>t+1 h be5 assign$ z ! causes :i* s lac]at$ ! m9d ( ,jesus3 #ahcc or a confus$ bl5d+ ( all ! diff]5t k9ds ( sorr[1 selfi% & sympa!tic1 s5sual & spiritual1 has be5 presuppos$4 #ahcd ,paulus expla9s 1 7if x be possible1 let ?is cup pass f me7 z ! expression ( a purely moral anxiety on ! "p ( ,jesus1 z to :e!r x 7 ! w ( ,god t he %\ld give himself up to ! attack imm$iately at h&1 or :e!r x 7 n m accordant ) ! ,div9e pleasure1 t he %\ld yet escape f ?is dang]3 ?us conv]t+ into a m]e inquiry ( ,god1 :at is obvi\sly ! mo/ urg5t pray]4 ,:ile ,ol%aus5 falls back on ! ecclesia/ical !ory1 & au?oritatively decl>es t ! supposition ( ext]nal corporeal suff]+ hav+ call$ =? ! angui% ( ,jesus1 ought to be bani%$ z "o :i* w\ld annihilate ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( 8 mission2 o!rs h m correctly ackn[l$g$ t 9 t angui% ! passionate wi% to be deliv]$ f ! t]rible suff]+s 9 prospect1 ! horror ( s5sitive nature 9 ! face ( annihilation1 are c]ta9ly app>5t4 #ahce ,) ju/ice also x is rem>k$1 9 opposition to ! reproa* :i* has be5 ca/ on ,jesus1 t ! spe$y conque/ ov] rebelli\s nature removes e appe>ance ( s9fulness2 #ahcf t1 moreov]1 ! %r9k+ ( physical nature at ! prospect ( annihilation belongs to ! ess5tial conditions ( life2 #ahcg nay1 t ! pur] ! human nature 9 an individual1 ! m susceptible is x 9 relation to suff]+ & annihilation2 #ahch t ! conque/ ov] suff]+ int5sely appreciat$ is great] ?an a /oical or ev5 a ,socratic ins5sibility4 #ahci ,) m reason1 criticism has attack$ ! peculi> repres5tation ( ! ?ird gospel4 ,! /r5g!n+ angel has creat$ no little difficulty to ! anci5t *ur* on dogmatical gr\nds1--to mod]n exposition on critical gr\nds4 ,an anci5t s*olium on ! consid]ation1 t he :o 0 ador$ & glorifi$ ) fe> & trembl+ by all ! cele/ial p[]s1 did n ne$ ! /r5g!n+ ( ! angel1 1 int]prets ! ascrib$ to ! angel z a decl>+ /rong1 i4e4 z ! (f]+ ( a doxology2 #ahdj :ile o!rs1 r ?an admit t ,jesus c\ld ne$ to be /r5g!n$ by an angel1 trans=m ! into an evil angel1 :o attempt$ to use =ce aga9/ ,jesus4 #ahda ,! or?odox also1 by f\nd+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! /ate ( humiliation & privation 9 ,*ri/ & t ( 8 glorification1 or 9 "s simil> way1 h long blunt$ ! edge ( ! dogmatical difficulty3 b 9 place ( ?is a critical objection has be5 only s mu* ! m decid$ly develop$4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! suspicion :i*1 accord+ to our e>li] obs]vations1 atta*es to e alleg$ angelic appe>ance1 x has be5 s\ght to r$uce ! angel 9 ?is n>rative fir/ into a man1 #ahdb & !n into an image ( ! composure :i* ,jesus rega9$4 #ahdc ,b ! "r po9t 9 ! angelic appe>ance = criticism to grapple )1 is indicat$ by ! circum/ance t ,luke is ! only ,evangeli/ f :om we le>n x4 #ahdd ,if1 accord+ to ! ord9>y presupposition1 ! fir/ & f\r? gospels are ( apo/olic orig92 :y ?is sil5ce z to ! angel on ! "p ( ,mat!w1 :o is believ$ to h be5 9 ! g>d51 :y especially on ! "p ( ,john1 :o 0 among ! ?ree 9 ! ne>] neighb\rhood ( ,jesus8 ,if x be said3 because sleepy z !y 71 & at "s di/ance1 & moreov] "u cov] ( ! night1 !y did n obs]ve him3 x mu/ be ask$1 :5ce are we to suppose t ,luke receiv$ ?is in=mation8 #ahde ,t1 assum+ ! disciples n to h !mselves obs]v$ ! appe>ance1 ,jesus %\ld h n>rat$ x to !m on t ev5+1 !re is1 f ! int5se excitem5t ( ^? h\rs & ! circum/ance t ! return ( ,jesus to 8 disciples 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ! arrival ( ,judas1 little probability2 & z little1 t he communicat$ x to !m 9 ! days aft] ! resurrection1 & t nev]!less ?is in=mation appe>$ wor?y ( record to none b ! ?ird ,evangeli/1 :o yet receiv$ x only at second h&4 ,z 9 ?is mann] !re is e presumption aga9/ ! hi/orical "* ( ! angelic appe>ance2 :y %\ld n ?is also1 l all appe>ances ( ! same k9d :i* h come "u our notice1 especially 9 ! hi/ory ( ! infancy ( ,jesus1 be int]pret$ by u my?ically8 ,gabl] has be5 be=e u 9 advanc+ ! idea1 t 9 ! primitive ,*ri/ian community ! rapid transition f ! mo/ viol5t m5tal conflict to ! mo/ tranquil resignation1 :i* 0 obs]vable 9 ,jesus on t night1 0 expla9$1 agreeably to ! ,jewi% mode ( ?\ght1 by ! int]v5tion ( a /r5g!n+ angel1 & t ?is explanation may h m+l$ itself ) ! n>rative3 ,s*lei]ma*]1 too1 f9ds x ! mo/ probable t ?is mom5t1 describ$ by ,jesus himself z "o ( h>d trial1 0 e>ly glorifi$ 9 hymns by angelic appe>ances1 & t ?is embelli%m5t1 orig9ally int5d$ 9 a m]ely poetical s5se1 0 receiv$ by ! n>rator ( ! ?ird gospel z hi/orical4 #ahdf ,! o!r feature peculi> to ,luke1 namely1 ! bloody sweat1 0 e>ly felt to be no less fraught ) difficulty ?an ! /r5g!n+ by ! angel4 ,at lea/ x appe>s to h be5 ?is m ?an any?+ else1 :i* occasion$ ! exclusion ( ! entire addition 9 ,luke1 v4 #dc & #dd1 f _m anci5t copies ( ! gospels4 ,= z ! or?odox1 :o accord+ to ,epiphanius #ahdg reject$ ! passage1 appe> to h %runk ! mo/ f ! l[e/ degree ( fe> :i* is express$ by ! bloody sweat3 s to ! docetic op9ions ( "s :o did n receive ?is passage1 #ahdh ?is 0 ! only p>ticul> :i* c\ld give (f5ce4 ,?us 9 an e>li] age1 d\bts 7 rais$ respect+ ! fitness ( ! bloody sweat ( ,jesus on dogmatical consid]ations3 :ile 9 m mod]n times ?is has be5 done on physiological gr\nds4 ,x is true t au?orities are adduc$ = in/ances ( bloody sweat f ,ari/otle #ahdi d[n to ! m rec5t inve/igators ( nature2 #ahej b su* a ph5om5on is only m5tion$ z extremely r>e1 & z a symptom ( decid$ disease4 ,h5ce ,paulus po9ts to ! 7z x 771 z indicat+ t x is n directly a bloody sweat :i* is "h spok5 (1 b only a sweat :i* might be comp>$ to blood3 ?is comp>ison1 h[ev]1 he ref]s only to ! ?ick appe>ance ( ! drops1 & ,ol%aus5 also agrees ) him ?us f>1 t a r$ col\r ( ! p]spiration is n necess>ily includ$ 9 ! comp>ison4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( a n>rative :i* is meant z a prelude to ! sangu9>y dea? ( ,jesus1 x is ! mo/ natural to take ! comp>ison ( ! sweat to drops ( blood1 9 its full s5se4 ,fur!r1 "h1 yet m =cibly ?an 9 relation to ! angelic appe>ance1 ! "q sugge/s itself3 h[ did ,luke obta9 ?is in=mation8 or to pass by all que/ions :i* mu/ take ! same =m 9 ?is in/ance z 9 ! previ\s "o1 h[ c\ld ! disciples1 at a di/ance & 9 ! night1 disc]n ! fall+ ( drops ( blood8 ,accord+ to ,paulus inde$ x ought n to be said t ! sweat fell1 = z ! ^w 1 fall+1 ref]s n to 1 sweat1 b to ! 1 drops ( blood1 :i* are introduc$ m]ely = ! purpose ( comp>ison1 x is only meant t a sweat z ?ick & heavy z fall+ drops ( blood /ood on ! br[ ( ,jesus4 ,b :e!r x be said3 ! sweat fell l drops ( blood to ! e>?1 or3 x 0 l drops ( blood fall+ to ! e>?1 x comes pretty mu* to ! same ?+2 at lea/ ! comp>ison ( a sweat /&+ on ! br[ to blood fall+ on ! e>? w\ld n be v apt1 especially if toge!r ) ! fall+1 we are to ab/ract also ! col\r ( ! blood1 s t ( ! words1 z x 7 drops ( blood fall+ on ! gr\nd1 1 only 1 z x 7 drops1 w\ld prop]ly h any decid$ mean+4 ,s9ce !n we c nei!r compreh5d ! circum/ance1 nor conceive :at hi/orical au?ority = x ! n>rator c\ld h _h1 let u1 ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 r take ?is feature also z a poetical "o con/ru$ hi/orically by ! ,evangeli/1 or bett] /ill1 z a my?ical "o1 ! orig9 ( :i* may be easily expla9$ f ! t5d5cy to p]fect ! conflict 9 ! g>d5 z a prelude to ! suff]+s ( ,jesus on ! cross1 by %[+ t n m]ely ! psy*ical aspect ( t suff]+ 0 =e-%ad[$ 9 ! m5tal tr\ble1 b also its physical aspect1 9 ! bloody sweat4 ,z a c\nt]poise to ?is peculi>ity ( ,luke1 8 two pr$ecessors h1 z we h said1 ! tw(old occurr5ce ( ! numb] ?ree1--! ?ree disciples tak5 ap>t1 & ! ?ree retirem5ts & pray]s ( ,jesus4 ,x has inde$ be5 cont5d$ t s re/less a movem5t hi!r & ?i!r1 s rapid an alt]nation ( retirem5t & return1 is entirely suit$ to ! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* ,jesus !n 01 #ahea & also1 t 9 ! repetition ( ! pray] !re is correctly %[n an appropriate gradation2 a m & m complete resignation to ! w ( ! ,fa!r4 #aheb ,b t ! two n>rators c\nt ! retirem5ts ( ,jesus1 m>k+ !m by ! expressions & 1 at once %[s t ! numb] ?ree 0 a po9t ( importance to !m2 & :5 ,mat!w1 ?\gh he c]ta9ly gives 9 ! second pray] an expression some:at diff]5t f t ( ! fir/1 9 ! ?ird makes ,jesus only repeat ! same words1 1 & :5 ,m>k does ?is ev5 ! second "t1--?is is a significant pro( t !y 7 emb>rass$ h[ to fill up ! fav\rite numb] ?ree ) appropriate matt]4 ,accord+ to ,ol%aus51 ,mat!w1 ) 8 ?ree acts ( ?is conflict1 mu/ be "r 9 opposition to ,luke1 because ^! ?ree attacks made on ,jesus ?r\gh ! m$ium ( fe>1 correspond to ! ?ree attacks ?r\gh ! m$ium ( desire1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! temptation4 ,?is p>allel is well f\nd$2 x only leads to an opposite result to t d$uc$ by ,ol%aus54 ,= :i* is m probable2 t 9 bo? cases ! ?reefold repetition ( ! attack _h an objective gr\nd1 9 a lat5t law ( ! k+dom ( spirits1 & h5ce is to be reg>d$ z really hi/orical2 or t x _h m]ely a subjective gr\nd 9 ! mann] ( ! leg5d1 s t ! occurr5ce ( ?is numb] "h1 z c]ta9ly z above 9 ! hi/ory ( ! temptation1 po9ts to some?+ my?ical8 #ahec ,if !n we subtract ! angel1 ! bloody sweat1 & ! precisely ?reefold repetition ( ! retirem5t & pray] ( ,jesus1 z my?ical additions1 !re rema9s s f>1 z an hi/orical k]nel1 ! fact1 t ,jesus on t ev5+ 9 ! g>d5 exp]i5c$ a viol5t access ( fe>1 & pray$ t 8 suff]+s might be av]t$1 ) ! res]vation nev]!less ( an entire submission to ! w ( ,god3 & at ?is po9t ( ! inquiry1 x is n a little surpris+1 on ! ord9>y view ( ! relation betwe5 our gospels1 t ev5 ?is fundam5tal fact ( ! hi/ory 9 "q1 is want+ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john4 #abf4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel ,,to ,,! ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,ge?semane4 ,,! ,,f>ewell ,,disc\rses ,,9 ,,john1 ,,& ,,! ,,sc5e ,,foll[+ ,,! ,,ann\ncem5t ,,( ,,! ,,greeks4 ,! relation ( ,john to ! synoptical n>ratives j consid]$ has1 :5 reg>d$ m closely1 two aspects3 fir/1 he has n :at ! synopti/s pres5t2 & secondly1 in/ead ( ?is he has some?+ :i* x is difficult to reconcile ) _! /atem5ts4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ & negative side1 x has to be expla9$ h[1 on ! ord9>y supposition conc]n+ ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel & ! correctness ( ! synoptical acc\nt1 x happ5s t ,john1 :o accord+ to ! two fir/ gospels 0 "o ( ! ?ree :om ,jesus took ) him1 to be ! m imm$iate witnesses ( 8 conflict1 passes 9 sil5ce ov] ! :ole ev5t8 ,x w n suffice to appeal to 8 sleep9ess dur+ ! sc5e2 =1 if ?is 0 a h9drance to its n>ration1 all ! ,evangeli/s mu/ h be5 sil5t on ! subject1 & n ,john alone4 ,h5ce ! usual exp$i5t is tri$ "h also1 & he is said to h omitt$ ! sc5e because he f\nd x already pres5t$ ) suffici5t c>e 9 ! writ+s ( ! synopti/s4 #ahed ,b betwe5 ! two fir/ synopti/s & ! ?ird !re is "h s important a div]g5cy1 z to dem& mo/ urg5tly t ,john1 if he took _! acc\nts into consid]ation1 %\ld speak a m$iat+ ^w 9 ?is diff]5ce4 ,if h[ev]1 ,john _h n ! works ( 8 pr$ecessors ly+ be=e him1 he might /ill1 x is said1 suppose t hi/ory to be suffici5tly famili> to 8 read]s z a "p ( evangelical tradition4 #ahee ,b z ?is tradition 0 ! s\rce ( ! div]g5t repres5tations ( ! synopti/s1 x mu/ itself h e>ly begun to exhibit v>iations1 & to n>rate ! fact fir/ 9 "o way1 !n 9 ano!r3 consequ5tly on ?is view also !re 0 a call on ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel to rectify ^! wav]+ acc\nts4 ,h5ce ( late an entirely new supposition has be5 adopt$1 namely1 t ,john omits ! ev5ts 9 ,ge?semane le/1 by ! m5tion ( ! /r5g!n+ angel1 he %\ld give any fur!rance to ! ,ebioniti% op9ion t ! high] nature 9 ,*ri/ 0 an angel1 :i* unit$ itself ) him at baptism2 & n[ z x might be inf]r$1 aga9 dep>t$ f him be=e ! h\r ( suff]+4 #ahef ,b--n to urge t we h already f\nd any hypo!sis ( ?is nature inadequate to expla9 ! omissions 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john--if ?is ,evangeli/ wi%$ to avoid any indication ( a close relation betwe5 ,jesus & angels1 he mu/ also h exclud$ o!r passages f 8 gospel3 above all1 z ,lcke rem>ks1 #aheg ! decl>ation conc]n+ ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ ( angels ^u him1 i4 #eb2 & also ! idea1 giv5 inde$ only z ! conjecture ( "s by/&]s1 t an angel spake to him1 1 xii4 #bi4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he on any gr\nd :atev]1 f\nd special matt] ( hesitation 9 ! appe>ance ( ! angel 9 ! g>d53 ?is w\ld only be a reason = omitt+ ! int]v5tion ( ! angel1 ) ,mat!w & ,m>k1 & n = exclud+ ! :ole sc5e1 :i* 0 easily sep>able f ?is s+le p>ticul>4 ,if ! m]e abs5ce ( ! incid5t f ! n>rative ( ,john is n to be expla9$1 ! difficulty increases :5 we consid] :at ?is ,evangeli/ communicates to u in/ead ( ! sc5e 9 ! g>d51 conc]n+ ! m5tal condition ( ,jesus dur+ ! la/ h\rs previ\s to 8 arre/4 ,9 ! same place :i* ! synopti/s assign to ! agony 9 ! g>d51 ,john1 x is true1 has no?+1 = he makes ! capture ( ,jesus foll[ at once on 8 arrival 9 ! g>d53 b imm$iately be=e1 at & aft] ! la/ meal1 he has disc\rses inspir$ by a /ate ( m9d1 :i* c\ld h>dly h z a sequel sc5es l ^? :i* accord+ to ! synoptical n>ratives occurr$ 9 ! g>d54 ,9 ! f>ewell disc\rses 9 ,john1 namely1 xiv4-xvii41 ,jesus speaks precisely 9 ! tone ( "o :o has already inw>dly triumph$ ov] approa*+ suff]+2 f a po9t ( view 9 :i* dea? is qu5*$ 9 ! beams ( ! glory :i* is to come aft]2 ) a div9e peace :i* is *e]ful 9 ! c]ta9ty ( its immovability3 h[ is x possible t imm$iately aft]1 ?is peace %\ld give place to ! mo/ viol5t m5tal emotion1 ?is tranquillity1 to a tr\ble ev5 unto dea?1 & t f victory a*iev$ he %\ld s9k aga9 into d\btful conte/1 9 :i* he ne$$ /r5g!n+ by an angel8 ,9 ^? f>ewell disc\rses1 he appe>s ?r\gh\t z "o :o f ! pl5itude ( 8 inw>d s]5ity & confid5ce1 com=ts 8 trembl+ fri5ds3 & yet he n[ seeks spiritual aid f ! dr[sy disciples1 = he reque/s !m to wat* ) him2 !re1 he is s c]ta9 ( ! salut>y effects ( 8 approa*+ dea?1 z to assure 8 foll[]s1 t x is well = !m t he %\ld g away1 else ! ,com=t] w\ld n come to !m3 "h1 he aga9 d\bts :e!r 8 dea? be really ! w ( ! ,fa!r2 !re1 he exhibits a consci\sness :i* "u ! necessity ( dea?1 inasmu* z x compreh5ds t necessity1 recov]s fre$om1 s t 8 w to die is "o ) ! div9e w t he %\ld die3 "h1 ^! two wills are s at v>iance1 t ! subjective1 submissively inde$1 b pa9fully1 b[s to ! absolute4 ,& ^! two opposite /ates ( m9d are n ev5 sep>at$ by any int]v5+ incid5t ( an appall+ "*1 b only by ! %ort space ( "t :i* elaps$ dur+ ! walk f ,j]usalem to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 across ! ,k$ron3 j z if1 9 t brook1 z 9 ano!r ,le!1 ,jesus _h lo/ all remembrance ( ! =ego+ disc\rses4 ,x is true t we are "h ref]r$ to ! alt]nation ( m5tal /ates1 :i* naturally becomes m rapid 9 proportion z ! decisive mom5t approa*es2 #aheh to ! fact t n seldom 9 ! life ( believ]s !re occurs a sudd5 )drawal ( ! high] su/5ance ( ! s\l1 an ab&onm5t ( !m by ,god1 :i* alone r5d]s ! victory nev]!less a*iev$ truly great & admirable4 #ahei ,b ?is latt] op9ion at once betrays its un9tellig5t orig9 f a purely imag9ative species ( ?\ght 7to :i* ! s\l c appe> l a lake1 ebb+ or fl[+ accord+ z ! floodgates ( ! conduct+ canals are op5$ or clos$71 by ! contradictions 9 :i* x is on all sides involv$4 ,! triumph ( ,*ri/ ov] ! fe> ( dea? is said only to appe> 9 its true magnitude1 :5 we consid]1 t :ile a ,socrates c\ld only conqu] because he rema9$ 9 ! full possession ( 8 m5tal en]gies1 ,*ri/ 0 able to triumph ov] all ! p[]s ( d>kness1 ev5 :5 =sak5 by ,god & ! fulness ( 8 _s1 by 8 m]ely human s\l 3--b is n ?is ! ranke/ ,pelagianism1 ! mo/ flagrant contradiction ( ! doctr9e ( ! *ur*1 z ( s\nd philosophy1 :i* alike ma9ta9 t )\t ,god1 man c d no good ?+1 t only by 8 arm\r c man repel ! %afts ( ! wick$ "o8 ,to escape f ?us contradict+ ! results ( sob] reflection1 ! imag9ative ?9k] is driv5 to contradict himself1 by suppos+ t 9 ! /r5g!n+ angel 7:i*1 incid5tally1 contr>y to ! v]bal significance ( ! text1 is r$uc$ to a m]ely int]nal vision ( ,jesus7 !re 0 imp>t$ to ,jesus1 :5 wre/l+ 9 ! extremity ( 8 ab&onm5t1 an influx ( spiritual /r5g?2 s t he ?us w\ld n1 z x 0 at fir/ vaunt$1 h conqu]$ )\t1 b only ) ,div9e aid2 if1 9 accordance ) ,luke1 ! angel be suppos$ to h appe>$ prior to ! la/1 mo/ viol5t "p ( ! conflict1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ,jesus = ?is ultimate trial4 ,b r ?an fall into s evid5t a self-contradiction1 ,ol%aus5 pref]s cov]tly to contradict ! text1 & h5ce transposes ! ord] ( ! incid5ts1 assum+1 )\t fur!r prelim9>y1 t ! /r5g!n+ came aft] ! ?ird pray]1 consequ5tly aft] ! victory _h be5 already ga9$1 :5ce he is driv5 to ! extreme arbitr>9ess ( int]pret+ ! phrase3 1 & be+ 9 an agony he pray$1 z ! plup]fect--he _h pray$4 ,b sett+ aside ?is figurative repres5tation ( ! cause :i* produc$ ! sudd5 *ange ( mood 9 ,jesus2 su* a *ange is 9 itself bur!n$ ) _m difficulties4 ,correctly speak+1 :at "h took place 9 ,jesus 0 n a m]e *ange1 b a relapse ( ! mo/ />tl+ k9d4 ,9 ! s-call$ sac]dotal pray]1 ,john xvii4 especially1 ,jesus _h completely clos$ 8 acc\nt ) ! ,fa!r2 all fe> 9 relation to :at await$ him lay s f> beh9d ! po9t :i* he _h "h atta9$1 t he sp5t n a s+le ^w on 8 own suff]+1 & only spoke ( ! afflictions :i* ?reat5$ 8 fri5ds2 ! *ief subject ( 8 communion ) ! ,fa!r 0 ! glory into :i* he 0 ab\t to ent]1 & ! bless$ness :i* he hop$ to h obta9$ = 8 foll[]s3 s t 8 dep>ture to ! sc5e ( 8 arre/ has entirely ! "* ( an accessory fact1 m]ely consummat+ by ext]nal realization :at 0 already inw>dly & ess5tially effect$4 ,n[ if ,jesus aft] ?is clos+ ( 8 acc\nt ) ,god1 once m op5$ x2 if aft] hav+ held himself already victor1 he once m sank into anxi\s conflict3 mu/ he n h laid himself op5 to ! remon/rance3 :y did/ ?\ n1 in/ead ( indulg+ 9 va9 anticipations ( glory1 r occupy ?yself betimes ) e>ne/ ?\ghts ( ! com+ trial1 t by su* a prep>ation1 ?\ mighte/ sp>e ?yself p]il\s surprise on its approa*8 :y did/ ?\ utt] ! words ( triumph be=e ?\ had/ f\ght1 s z to be oblig$ ) %ame to cry = help at ! on-com+ ( ! battle8 ,9 fact aft] ! assurance ( already a*iev$ victory express$ 9 ! f>ewell disc\rses1 & especially 9 ! f9al pray]1 ! lapse into su* a /ate ( m9d z t describ$ by ! synopti/s1 w\ld h be5 a v humiliat+ decl5sion1 :i* ,jesus c\ld n h =ese51 o!rwise he w\ld n h express$ himself ) s mu* confid5ce2 & :i*1 !re=e1 w\ld prove t he 0 deceiv$ 9 himself1 t he held himself to be /rong] ?an he actually f\nd himself1 & t he _h giv5 utt]ance to ?is too high self-valuation1 n )\t a degree ( presumption4 ,^? :o reg>d ?is z inconsi/5t ) ! equally judici\s & mode/ "* :i* ,jesus manife/s on o!r occasions1 w f9d !mselves urg$ to ! dilemma1 t ei!r ! f>ewell disc\rses 9 ,john1 at lea/ ! f9al pray]1 or else ! ev5ts 9 ,ge?semane1 _c be hi/orical4 ,x is to be regrett$ t 9 com+ to a decision 9 ?is case1 !ologians h set out r f dogmatical prejudices ?an f critical gr\nds4 ,u/]i's ass]tion1 at lea/1 t ! repres5tation giv5 9 ,john ( ! /ate ( m9d ( ,jesus 9 8 la/ h\rs is ! only correct "o1 :ile t ( ! synopti/s is unhi/orical1 #ahfj is only to be acc\nt$ = by t au?or's !n zeal\s adh]5ce to ! p>agraphs ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,dogmatik1 :]e9 ! idea ( ! impeccability ( ,jesus is c>ri$ to an ext5t :i* excludes ev5 ! slighte/ degree ( conflict2 = t1 ap>t f su* presuppositions1 ! repres5tation giv5 9 ,john ( ! la/ h\rs ( ,jesus1 is ! m natural & appropriate1 x might be difficult to prove4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,brets*neid] might r appe> to be "r1 :5 he claims ! sup]iority 9 naturalness & intr9sic evid5ce ( tru? = ! synopti/s3 #ahfa 7 x n t our confid5ce 9 ! decisions ( ?is writ] is und]m9$1 by 8 dislike = ! dogmatical & metaphysical purport ( ! disc\rses assign$ to ?is p]iod 9 ,john--a dislike :i* appe>s to indicate t 8 entire polemic aga9/ ,john orig9at$ 9 ! discordance betwe5 8 own critical philosophy ( reflection1 & ! speculative doctr9e ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,john1 inde$1 z ev5 ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia rem>ks1 has n :olly pass$ ov] ! anxiety ( ,jesus 9 relation to 8 approa*+ dea?2 he has only assign$ to x an e>li] epo*1 ,john xii4 #bg ff4 ,! sc5e ) :i* ,john connects x takes place imm$iately aft] ! entrance ( ,jesus into ,j]usalem1 :5 c]ta9 ,greeks1 d\btless proselytes ( ! gate1 :o _h come among ! multitude to ! fea/1 wi%$ to h an int]view ) him4 ,) all ! div]sity ( ! circum/ances & ( ! ev5t itself1 !re is yet a /rik+ agreem5t betwe5 :at "h occurs & :at ! synopti/s place 9 ! la/ ev5+ ( ! life ( ,jesus1 & 9 ! seclusion ( ! g>d54 ,z ,jesus "h decl>es to 8 disciples1 my s\l is tr\bl$ ev5 unto dea?1 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ch73 s !re he says3 ,n[ is my s\l tr\bl$1 7,john xii4 #bg72 z he "h prays1 t if x be possible1 ?is h\r may pass f him1 1 1 ' 7,m>k xiv4 #ce73 s !re he entreats3 ,fa!r1 save me f ?is h\r1 1 7,john xii4 #bg72 z "h he calms himself by ! re/riction3 nev]!less1 n z ,i w1 b z ?\ wilt1 ' 1 7,m>k xiv4 #cf73 s !re1 by ! reflection3 b = ?is cause came ,i to ?is h\r1 7,john xii4 #bg72 la/ly1 z "h an angel appe>s /r5g!n+ ,jesus1 7,luke xxii4 #dc73 s !re some?+ happ5s :i* occasions ! by/&]s to obs]ve t an angel spake to him1 7,john xii4 #bi74 ,?is simil>ity has induc$ _m ( ! m mod]n !ologians to pron\nce ! incid5t 9 ,john xii4 #bg ff41 & t 9 ,ge?semane id5tical2 & aft] ?is admission ! only "q 01 on :i* side ! reproa* ( inaccurate n>ration1 & m especially ( errone\s position1 ought to fall4 ,agreeably to ! t5d5cy ( ! late/ criticism ( ! gospels1 ! bur!n ( error 9 ?is matt] has be5 m imm$iately ca/ on ! synopti/s4 ,! true occasion ( ! m5tal conflict ( ,jesus is said to be f\nd only 9 ,john1 namely1 9 ! approa* ( ^? ,greeks :o intimat$ to him ?r\gh ,philip & ,&rew _! wi% = an int]view ) him4 ,^! p]sons d\btless wi%$ to make ! proposal t he %\ld leave ,pale/9e & c>ry =w>d 8 "w among ! =eign ,jews2 su* a proposal held out to him ! enticem5t ( escape f ! ?reat5+ dang]1 & ?is = "s mom5ts plac$ him 9 a /ate ( d\bt & inw>d conflict1 :i* h[ev] end$ by 8 refus+ to admit ! ,greeks to 8 pres5ce4 #ahfb ,"h we h ! effects ( a vision r5d]$ s acute by a d\ble prejudice1 bo? critical & dogmatical1 z to read /atem5ts betwe5 ! l9es ( ! text2 = ( su* an int5d$ proposal on ! "p ( ! ,greeks1 !re is no trace 9 ,john2 & yet1 ev5 all[+ t ! ,evangeli/ knew no?+ ( ! plan ( ! ,greeks f ^! individuals !mselves1 !re mu/ h be5 "s intimation 9 ! disc\rse ( ,jesus t 8 emotion _h ref]5ce to su* a proposal4 ,judg+ f ! context1 ! reque/ ( ! ,greeks _h no o!r motive ?an t ! solemn entrance ( ,jesus1 & ! popul> rum\r conc]n+ him1 _h r5d]$ !m curi\s to see & "k ! celebrat$ man2 & ?is desire ( !irs 0 n connect$ ) ! emotion :i* ,jesus exp]i5c$ on ! occasion1 o!rwise ?an t x l$ ,jesus to ?9k ( ! spe$y propagation ( 8 k+dom 9 ! ,g5tile _w1 & ( its indisp5sable condition1 namely1 8 dea?4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( 8 dea? is only m$iately & remotely pres5t$ to ! s\l ( ,jesus2 h5ce x is ! m difficult to conceive h[ x c\ld affect him s /rongly1 z t he %\ld feel himself urg$ to besee* ! ,fa!r = deliv]y f ?is h\r2 & if he 7 ev] pr(\ndly mov$ by ! pres5tim5t ( dea?1 ! synopti/s appe> to place ?is fe> 9 a m suitable position1 9 imm$iate proximity to ! comm5cem5t ( 8 suff]+s4 ,! repres5tation ( ,john is also defici5t 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 pres5t$ by ! synopti/s1 :i* appe> to v9dicate ! tr\ble ( ,jesus4 ,9 ! solitude ( ! g>d5 & ! gloom ( night1 su* an ebullition ( feel+ is m conceivable2 & its unrepress$ utt]ance to 8 mo/ intimate & wor?y fri5ds is natural & ju/ifiable4 ,b accord+ to ,john t agitation seiz$ ,jesus 9 ! broad daylight1 9 a conc\rse ( p2 a situation 9 :i* x is ord9>ily m easy to ma9ta9 composure1 or 9 :i* at lea/ x is usual1 f ! possibility ( miscon/ruction1 to suppress ! m pr(\nd emotions4 ,h5ce x is m easy to agree ) ,!ile's op9ion1 t ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel has ins]t$ ! incid5t1 correctly plac$ by ! synopti/s1 9 a false position4 #ahfc ,jesus hav+ said1 z an introduction to ! answ] :i* he return$ to ! reque/ ( ! ,greeks1 t !y might see ! man :o _h be5 s glorifi$ by 8 entrance into ! city3 ,yes1 ! h\r ( my glorification is come1 b ( glorification by dea? 7xii4 #bc f473 ?is l$ ! n>rator a/ray1 & induc$ him1 in/ead ( giv+ ! real answ] ( ,jesus to ! ,greeks toge!r ) ! result1 to make ,jesus dilate on ! intr9sic necessity ( 8 dea?1 & !n almo/ unconsci\sly to int]weave ! description ( ! int]nal conflict :i* ,jesus _h to exp]i5ce 9 virtue ( 8 volunt>y sacrifice1 :5ce he subsequ5tly1 9 its prop] place1 omits ?is conflict4 ,!re is no?+ /range 9 ,!ile's op9ion1 except t he supposes x possible = ! ,apo/le ,john to h made su* a transposition4 ,t ! sc5e 9 ,ge?semane1 f 8 hav+ be5 asleep :ile x 0 pass+1 0 n deeply impr9t$ on 8 m9d1 & t x 0 besides ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd ( 8 memory by ! crucifixion :i* %ortly foll[$1 might h be5 consid]$ explanatory ( an entire omission1 or a m]ely summ>y acc\nt ( ! sc5e on 8 "p1 b by no means ( an incorrect position4 ,if not)/&+ 8 sleep9ess at ! "t1 he _h tak5 any notice ( ! ev5t1 he mu/ at lea/ h reta9$ ?us mu*--t t peculi> /ate ( m9d 9 ,jesus befel him close ^u ! comm5cem5t ( 8 suff]+s1 9 ! night & 9 privacy3 h[ c\ld he ev] s f> belie 8 memory z to make ! sc5e take place at a mu* e>li] p]iod1 9 ! op5 day1 & among _m p8 ,r ?an ?us endang] ! au!nticity ( ! ,gospel ( ,john1 o!rs1 alleg+ ! possibility t su* a /ate ( m9d might occur m ?an once 9 ! latt] "p ( ! life ( ,jesus1 d5y ! id5tity ( ! two sc5es4 #ahfd ,c]ta9ly1 betwe5 ! synoptical repres5tation ( ! m5tal conflict ( ,jesus & t giv5 9 ,john1 besides ! ext]nal diff]5ce ( position1 !re exi/ important int]nal div]g5cies2 ! n>rative 9 ,john conta9+ features :i* h no analogy ) any?+ 9 ! synoptical acc\nt ( ! ev5ts 9 ,ge?semane4 ,x is true t ! petition ( ,jesus 9 ,john = deliv]ance f ?is h\r1 is p]fectly 9 unison ) 8 pray] 9 ! synopti/s3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no p>allel to ! additional pray] 9 ,john3 ,fa!r1 glorify ?y "n1 1 7xii4 #bh73 fur!r1 ?\gh 9 bo? acc\nts an angel is spok5 (1 yet !re is no trace 9 ! synopti/s ( ! heav5ly voice :i* 9 ! f\r? gospel occasions ! belief t an angel is conc]n$4 ,su* heav5ly voices are n f\nd 9 ! ?ree fir/ gospels else:]e ?an at ! baptism & aga9 at ! transfiguration2 ( :i* latt] sc5e ! pray] ( ,jesus 9 ,john3 ,fa!r1 glorify ?y "n1 may rem9d u4 ,9 ! synoptical description ( ! transfiguration1 x is true ! expressions 1 glory & 1 to glorify1 are n f\nd3 b ! ,second ,epi/le to ,pet] repres5ts ,jesus z receiv+ 9 ! transfiguration hon\r & glory1 1 & ! heav5ly voice z com+ f ! excell5t glory1 7i4 #ag f474 ,?us 9 addition to ! two n>ratives already consid]$1 !re pres5ts itself a ?ird z a p>allel2 s9ce ! sc5e 9 ,john xii4 #bg ff4 is on ! "o side1 by ! tr\ble ( _s & ! angel1 alli$ to ! occurr5ces 9 ,ge?semane1 :ile on ! o!r side1 by ! pray] = glorification & ! confirmatory voice f heav51 x has "s aff9ity ) ! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration4 ,& "h two cases are possible3 ei!r t ! n>rative ( ,john is ! simple root1 ! sep>ation ( :i* into its con/itu5t elem5ts has giv5 rise 9 a traditional mann] to ! two synoptical anecdotes ( ! transfiguration & ! agony 9 ! g>d52 or t ^! la/ are ! orig9al =mations1 f ! fus+ & int]m+l+ ( :i* 9 ! leg5d ! n>rative ( ,john is ! mix$ product3 betwe5 :i* cases only ! intr9sic "* ( ! n>ratives c decide4 ,t ! synoptical n>ratives ( ! transfiguration & ! agony 9 ! g>d5 are cle> pictures1 ) /rongly m>k$ features1 c by itself prove no?+2 s9ce1 z we h suffici5tly %[n1 a n>rative ( leg5d>y orig9 may j z well possess ^! *>act]i/ics z "o ( a purely hi/orical nature4 ,?us if ! n>rative 9 ,john 7 m]ely less cle> & def9ite1 ?is ne$ n prev5t x f be+ reg>d$ z ! orig9al1 simple sket*1 f :i* ! embelli%+ h& ( tradition _h elaborat$ ^? m highly col\r$ pictures4 ,b ! fact is t ! n>rative 9 ,john is want+ n only 9 def9it5ess1 b 9 agreem5t ) ! att5dant circum/ances & ) itself4 ,we h no intimation :at 0 ! answ] ( ,jesus to ! ,greeks1 or :at became ( ^? p]sons !mselves2 no appropriate motive is giv5 = ! sudd5 angui% ( ,jesus & 8 pray] = glorification4 ,su* a mixture ( het]og5e\s p>ts is always ! sign ( a second>y product1 ( an alluvial conglom]ation2 & h5ce we seem w>rant$ to conclude1 t 9 ! n>rative ( ,john ! two synoptical anecdotes ( ! transfiguration & ! agony 9 ! g>d5 are bl5d$ toge!r4 ,if1 z is app>5tly ! case1 ! leg5d :5 x rea*$ ! f\r? ,evangeli/ pres5t$ ^! two incid5ts 9 fad$ col\rs1 #ahfe & 9 indi/9ct outl9e3 x w\ld be easy = him1 s9ce 8 idea ( glorification 77 _h ! d\ble aspect ( suff]+ & exaltation1 to confuse ! two2 :at he ga!r$ f ! n>rative ( ! agony 9 ! g>d51 ( a pray] ( ,jesus to ! ,fa!r1 he might connect ) ! heav5ly voice 9 ! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration1 mak+ ?is an answ] to ! pray]2 to ! voice1 ! m p>ticul> import ( :i*1 z giv5 by ! synopti/s1 0 unkn[n to him1 he gave1 9 accordance1 ) 8 g5]al notion ( ?is incid5t z a glory conf]r$ on ,jesus1 ! import3 ,i h bo? glorifi$ & w glorify aga91 1 1 & to make x correspond ) ?is div9e response1 he _h to unite ) ! pray] ( ,jesus = deliv]ance t = glorification also2 ! /r5g!n+ angel1 ( :i* ! f\r? ,evangeli/ _h p]haps also he>d some?+1 0 includ$ 9 ! op9ion ( ! p z to ! s\rce ( ! heav5ly voice2 9 reg>d to ! "t1 ,john plac$ 8 n>rative ab\t midway betwe5 ! transfiguration & ! agony 9 ! g>d51 & f ignorance ( ! orig9al circum/ances ! *oice 9 ?is respect 0 infelicit\s4 ,if we "h rev]t to ! "q f :i* we set out1 :e!r we are r to reta9 ! f>ewell disc\rses 9 ,john z ?or\ghly hi/orical1 & r5\nce ! synoptical repres5tation ( ! sc5e 9 ,ge?semane1 or vice v]s3 we %all be m incl9$1 consid]+ ! result ( ! inquiry j in/itut$1 to embrace ! latt] alt]native4 ,! difficulty1 t x is sc>cely conceivable h[ ,john c\ld accurately rememb] ^! long disc\rses ( ,jesus1 ,paulus has ?\ght to solve1 by ! conjecture1 t ! apo/le1 probably on ! next ,sabba?1 :ile ,jesus lay 9 ! grave1 recall$ to 8 m9d ! conv]sations ( ! previ\s ev5+1 & p]haps also wrote !m d[n4 #ahff ,b 9 t p]iod ( depression1 :i* ,john also %>$1 he w\ld be sc>cely 9 a condition to reproduce ^! disc\rses )\t obscur+ _! peculi> hue ( uncl\d$ s]5ity2 on ! contr>y1 z ! au?or ( ! ,wolf5bttel fragm5ts obs]ves1 _h ! n>rative ( ! words & de$s ( ,jesus be5 committ$ to writ+ by ! ,evangeli/s 9 ! c\ple ( days aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 :5 !y _h no long] any hope1 all promises w\ld h be5 exclud$ f _! gospels4 #ahfg ,h5ce ev5 ,lcke1 9 consid]ation ( ! mode ( expression 9 ! f>ewell disc\rses1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! f9al pray]1 be+ s peculi>ly t ( ,john1 has rel9qui%$ ! position t ,jesus spoke 9 ! v words :i* ,john puts into 8 m\?1 i4e4 ! au!nticity ( ^! disc\rses 9 ! /ricte/ s5se2 b only to ma9ta9 ! m firmly _! au!nticity 9 ! wid] s5se1 i4e4 ! g5u95ess ( ! sub/antial ?\ghts4 #ahfh ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 has be5 attack$ by ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia1 = he asks1 ) especial ref]5ce to *ap4 xvii41 :e!r x be conceivable t ,jesus 9 ! anticipation ( viol5t dea?1 _h no?+ ( m imm$iate conc]n ?an to commune ) ,god on ! subject ( 8 p]son1 ! works he _h already a*iev$1 & ! glory to be expect$8 & :e!r x be n r highly probable t ! pray] fl[$ only f ! m9d ( ! writ]1 & 0 int5d$ by him z a confirmation ( 8 doctr9e ( ,jesus z ! inc>nate ^w 1 & ( ! dignity ( ! apo/les8 #ahfi ,?is repres5tation is s f> true t ! f9al pray] 9 "q resembles n an imm$iate outp\r+ ( s\l1 b a product ( reflection--is r a disc\rse on ,jesus ?an a disc\rse f him4 ,x pres5ts ev]y:]e ! mode ( ?\ght ( "o :o /&s f> 9 advance ( ! circum/ances ( :i* he writes1 & h5ce already sees ! =m ( ,jesus 9 ! glorify+ haze ( di/ance2 an illusion :i* he height5s by putt+ 8 own ?\ghts1 :i* _h sprung f an advanc$ developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 into ! m\? ( its ,f\nd] prior to its actual exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ! prec$+ f>ewell disc\rses also !re are _m ?\ghts :i* appe> to h tak5 _! %ape f an exp]i5ce ( ! ev5t4 ,_! entire tone may be ! mo/ naturally expla9$ by ! supposition1 t !y are ! "w ( "o to :om ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 already a pa/ ev5t1 ! t]rors ( :i* _h melt$ away 9 its bless$ consequ5ces1 & 9 ! devotional contemplation ( ! *ur*4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ap>t f :at is said ( ! return ( ,*ri/1 t era 9 ! ,*ri/ian cause :i* is g5]ally call$ ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 is pr$ict$ 9 ! decl>ations conc]n+ ! ,p>aclete1 & ! judgm5t :i* he w\ld hold ov] ! _w 7xiv4 #af ff4 #be1 xv4 #bf1 xvi4 #g ff4 #ac ff471 ) a di/9ctness :i* seems to indicate light borr[$ f ! issue4 ,9 relation1 h[ev]1 to ! fact t ! f>ewell disc\rses involve ! decid$ =ekn[l$ge ( ! imm$iately approa*+ result1 ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,jesus 7xiii4 #ah ff41 #cc1 #ch1 xiv4 #cj f4 xvi4 #e ff4 #af1 #cb f471 ! n>rative ( ,john /&s on ! same gr\nd ) ! synoptical "o1 s9ce ?is also re/s on ! presupposition ( ! mo/ exact presci5ce ( ! h\r & mom5t :5 ! suff]+s w comm5ce4 ,x 0 n only at ! la/ meal & on ! dep>ture to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 t ?is =ekn[l$ge 0 %[n1 accord+ to ! ?ree fir/ gospels1 = 9 !m z well z 9 ,john1 ,jesus pr$icts t ! d5ial ( ,pet] w take place be=e ! cock cr[2 n only does ! agony 9 ! g>d5 re/ on ! =ekn[l$ge ( ! imp5d+ suff]+s1 b at ! end ( ?is conflict ,jesus is able to say t n[1 at ?is v m9ute1 ! betray] is 9 ! act ( approa*+ 7,matt4 xxvi4 #de f474 ,paulus1 x is true1 ma9ta9s t ,jesus saw f a di/ance ! troop ( gu>ds com+ out ( ! city1 :i*1 z !y _h tor*es1 0 c]ta9ly possible f a g>d5 on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives3 b )\t be+ previ\sly in=m$ ( ! plans ( 8 enemies1 ,jesus c\ld n "k t he 0 ! object ( pursuit2 & at any rate ! ,evangeli/s n>rate ! words ( ,jesus z a pro( ( 8 sup]natural k4 ,b if accord+ to our previ\s inquiry1 ! =ekn[l$ge ( ! cata/rophe 9 g5]al c\ld n proce$ f ! high] pr9ciple 9 ,jesus1 nei!r c\ld t ( ! precise mom5t :5 x w\ld comm5ce2 :ile t he 9 a natural way1 by means ( secret fri5ds 9 ! ,sanh$rim1 or o!rwise1 0 appris$ ( ! fatal bl[ :i* ! ,jewi% rul]s ) ! help ( "o ( 8 disciples 7 ab\t to aim at him 9 ! com+ night1 we h no trace 9 our ,evangelical acc\nts1 & we are !re=e n au?oriz$ to presuppose any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ! above decl>ation ( ,jesus is giv5 by ! n>rators z a pro( ( 8 high] k1 ei!r we mu/ receive x z su*1 or1 if we _c d ?is1 we mu/ embrace ! negative inf]5ce1 t !y are "h incorrect 9 n>rat+ su* a pro(2 & ! positive conclusion on :i* ?is bord]s is1 n t t k 0 9 fact only a natural "o1 b1 t ! evangelical n>rators mu/ h _h an int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ a sup]natural k ( 8 approa*+ suff]+s on ! "p ( ,jesus2 an int]e/ ! nature ( :i* has be5 already unfold$4 ,! motive also = height5+ ! presci5ce into a real pres5tim5t1 & ?us = creat+ ! sc5e 9 ,ge?semane1 is easy ( discov]y4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re _c be a m obvi\s pro( t a =ekn[l$ge ( an ev5t or condition has exi/$1 ?an its hav+ ris5 to ! vividness ( a pres5tim5t2 on ! o!r h&1 ! suff]+ mu/ appe> ! m awful1 if ! m]e pres5tim5t extort$ f him :o 0 de/9$ to t suff]+1 angui% ev5 to bloody sweat1 & pray] = deliv]ance4 ,fur!r1 ! suff]+s ( ,jesus 7 exhibit$ 9 a high] s5se1 z volunt>y1 if be=e !y came ^u him ext]nally1 he _h resign$ himself to !m int]nally2 & la/ly1 x mu/ h gratifi$ primitive ,*ri/ian devotion1 to )draw ! real crisis ( ^! suff]+s f ! pr(ane eyes to :i* he 0 expos$ on ! cross1 & to en%r9e x z a my/]y only witness$ by a n>r[ circle ( ! initiat$4 ,z mat]ials = ! =mation ( ?is sc5e1 besides ! description ( ! sorr[ & ! pray] :i* 7 ess5tial to x1 !re pres5t$ itself fir/ ! image ( a cup 1 us$ by ,jesus himself z a designation ( 8 suff]+s 7,matt4 xx4 #bb f472 & secondly1 ,old ,te/am5t passages1 9 ,psalms ( lam5tation1 xlii4 #f1 #ab1 xliii4 #e1 :]e 9 ! ,,lxx4 ! 7s\l exce$+ sorr[ful7 occurs1 & 9 addition to ?is ! expression 7unto dea?7 ! m naturally sugge/$ itself1 s9ce ,jesus 0 "h really ab\t to enc\nt] dea?4 ,?is repres5tation mu/ h be5 ( e>ly orig91 because 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7v4 #g7 !re is an indubitable allusion to ?is sc5e4--,?us ,gabl] said too little :5 he pron\nc$ ! angelic appe>ance1 a my?ical g>b ( ! fact t ,jesus 9 ! deepe/ sorr[ ( t night sudd5ly felt an accession ( m5tal /r5g?2 s9ce r1 ! entire sc5e 9 ,ge?semane1 because x re/s on presuppositions de/itute ( pro(1 mu/ be r5\nc$4 ,h]e) ! dilemma above /at$ falls to ! gr\nd1 s9ce we mu/ pron\nce unhi/orical n only "o ( ! two1 b bo? repres5tations ( ! la/ h\rs ( ,jesus be=e 8 arre/4 ,! only degree ( di/9ction betwe5 ! hi/orical value ( ! synoptical acc\nt & t ( ,john is1 t ! =m] is a my?ical product ( ! fir/ era ( traditional =mation1 ! latt] ( ! second1--or m correctly1 ! "o is a product ( ! second ord]1 ! o!r ( ! ?ird4 ,! repres5tation common to ! synopti/s & to ,john1 t ,jesus =eknew 8 suff]+s ev5 to ! day & h\r ( _! arrival1 is ! fir/ modification :i* ! pi\s leg5d gave to ! real hi/ory ( ,jesus2 ! /atem5t ( ! synopti/s1 t he ev5 _h an antec$5t exp]i5ce ( 8 suff]+s1 is ! second /ep ( ! my?ical2 :ile1 t al?\gh he =eknew !m1 & also 9 "o in/ance _h a =eta/e ( !m 7,john xii4 #bg ff471 he _h yet long be=eh& completely triumph$ ov] !m1 & :5 !y /ood imm$iately be=e him1 look$ !m 9 ! face ) unp]turb$ s]5ity--?is repres5tation ( ! f\r? gospel is ! ?ird & highe/ grade ( devotional1 b unhi/orical embelli%m5t4 #abg4 ,,arre/ ,,( ,,jesus4 ,9 /rict accordance ) ! decl>ation ( ,jesus t ev5 n[ ! betray] is at h&1 ,judas :ile he is yet speak+ approa*es ) an arm$ =ce 7,matt4 xxvi4 #dg p>all41 comp4 ,john xvii4 #c74 ,?is b&1 :i* accord+ to ! synopti/s came f ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 0 accord+ to ,luke l$ by ! capta9s ( ! temple 1 & h5ce 0 probably a deta*m5t ( ! soldi]s ( ! temple1 to :om1 judg+ f ! ^w 1 & f /aves be+ m5tion$ among ! weapons1 0 app>5tly jo9$ a tumultu\s cr[d3 accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ,john1 :o1 toge!r ) ! s]vants or (fic]s ( ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees1 1 speaks ( a b& 1 & a capta9 1 )\t m5tion+ any tumultu>y =ce1 x appe>s z if ! ,jewi% magi/rates _h procur$ z a support a deta*m5t ( ,roman soldi]y4 #ahgj ,accord+ to ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s1 ,judas /eps =? & kisses ,jesus1 9 ord] by ?is preconc]t$ sign to indicate him to ! approa*+ b& z ! individual :om !y 7 to seize3 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel1 on ! contr>y1 ,jesus advances app>5tly out ( ! g>d5 77 to meet !m1 & pres5ts himself z ! p]son :om !y seek4 ,9 ord] to reconcile ?is div]g5cy1 "s h conceiv$ ! occurr5ces ?us3 ,jesus1 to prev5t 8 disciples f be+ tak51 fir/ w5t t[>ds ! multitude1 & made himself kn[n2 h]eupon ,judas /epp$ =?1 & indicat$ him by ! kiss4 #ahga ,b _h ,jesus already made himself kn[n1 ,judas might h sp>$ ! kiss2 = t ! p did n believe ! ass]tion ( ,jesus t he 0 ! man :om !y s\ght1 & /ill wait$ = its confirmation by ! kiss ( ! brib$ disciple1 is a supposition incompatible ) ! /atem5t ( ! f\r? gospel t ! words ,i am he1 made s /rong an impression on !m t !y w5t backw>d & fell to ! gr\nd4 ,h5ce o!rs h inv]t$ ! ord] ( ! sc5e1 imag9+ t ,judas fir/ /epp$ =w>d & di/+ui%$ ,jesus by ! kiss1 & t !n1 be=e ! cr[d c\ld press into ! g>d51 ,jesus himself advanc$ & made himself kn[n4 #ahgb ,b if ,judas _h already indicat$ him by ! kiss1 & he _h s well und]/ood ! object ( ! kiss z is impli$ 9 8 answ] to x1 ,luke v4 #dh3 !re 0 no ne$ = him /ill to make himself kn[n1 see+ t he 0 already made kn[n2 to d s = ! protection ( ! disciples 0 equally sup]flu\s1 s9ce he mu/ h inf]r$ f ! traitor's kiss1 t x 0 int5d$ to s+le him out & c>ry him away f 8 foll[]s2 if he did s m]ely to %[ 8 c\rage1 ?is 0 almo/ !atrical3 :ile1 9 g5]al1 ! idea t ,jesus1 betwe5 ! kiss ( ,judas1 & ! entrance ( ! cr[d1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly imm$iate1 advanc$ t[>ds ! latt] ) que/ions & answ]s1 ?r[s into 8 demean\r a degree ( hurry & precipitancy s ill suit$ to 8 circum/ances1 t ! ,evangeli/s c sc>cely h meant su* an inf]5ce to be drawn4 ,x %\ld !re=e be ackn[l$g$ t nei!r ( ! two repres5tations is design$ z a supplem5t to ! o!r1 #ahgc s9ce ea* has a diff]5t conception ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus 0 made kn[n1 & 9 :i* ,judas 0 active 9 ! affair4 ,t ,judas 0 guide to !m t took ,jesus1 7,acts i4 #af71 all ! ,evangeli/s agree4 ,b :ile accord+ to ! synoptical acc\nt ! task ( ,judas includes n only ! po9t+ out ( ! place1 b also ! di/+ui%+ ( ! p]son by ! kiss1 ,john makes ! ag5cy ( ,judas end ) ! indication ( ! place1 & repres5ts him aft] ! arrival on ! spot z /&+ inactive among ! cr[d 7 --' 1 v4 #e74 ,:y ,john does n assign to ,judas ! task ( p]sonally indicat+ ,jesus1 x is easy to see3 because1 namely1 he w\ld h ,jesus appe>1 n z "o deliv]$ up1 b z deliv]+ himself up1 s t 8 suff]+s may be manife/$ 9 a high] degree z und]tak5 volunt>ily4 ,we h only to rememb] h[ ! e>lie/ oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity imput$ ! retirem5t ( ,jesus out ( ! city into ! di/ant g>d51 z an ignom9i\s flight f 8 enemies1 #ahgd 9 ord] to f9d x conceivable t !re arose among ! ,*ri/ians at an e>ly p]iod ! incl9ation to transc5d ! common evangelical tradition 9 repres5t+ 8 demean\r on 8 arre/ 9 ! light ( a volunt>y self-resignation4 ,9 ! synopti/s ! kiss ( ,judas is foll[$ by ! cutt+ "q ( ,jesus to ! traitor2 9 ,john1 aft] ,jesus has utt]$ ! 1 ,i am he1 x is /at$ t "u ! influ5ce ( ^! comm&+ words1 ! multitude :o _h come out to seize him w5t backw>d & fell to ! gr\nd1 s t ,jesus _h to repeat 8 decl>ation & z x 7 enc\rage ! p to seize him4 ,( late x has be5 d5i$ t !re 0 any miracle "h3 ! impression ( ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 x is said1 act$ psy*ologically on ^? among ! cr[d :o _h already (t5 se5 & he>d ,jesus2 & 9 support ( ?is op9ion ref]5ce is made to ! examples ( ?is k9d 9 ! life ( ,m>ius1 ,coligny1 & o!rs4 #ahge ,b nei!r 9 ! synoptical acc\nt1 accord+ to :i* !re ne$$ ! indication ( ,jesus by ! kiss1 nor 9 t ( ,john1 accord+ to :i* !re ne$$ ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 ,i am he1 does ,jesus appe> to be kn[n to ! cr[d1 at lea/ 9 su* a mann] z to ex]cise any pr(\nd influ5ce ov] !m2 :ile ! above examples only %[ t sometimes ! p[]ful impression ( a man's p]sonality has p>alyz$ ! murd]\s h&s ( an individual or ( a few1 b n t a :ole deta*m5t ( civil (fic]s & soldi]s has be5 made1 n m]ely to draw back1 b to fall to ! gr\nd4 ,x answ]s no purpose = ,lcke to make fir/ a few fall d[n & !n ! :ole cr[d1 except t ( r5d]+ x impossible to imag9e ! sc5e ) gravity4 ,h5ce we turn to ! old !ologians1 :o "h unanim\sly ackn[l$ge a miracle4 ,! ,*ri/ :o by ^w ( 8 m\? ca/ d[n ! ho/ile multitude1 is no o!r ?an he :o accord+ to #b ,!ss4 ii4 #h1 %all consume ! ,anti*ri/ ) ! _s ( 8 m\?1 i4e4 n ! hi/orical ,*ri/1 b ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,jewi% & primitive ,*ri/ian imag9ation4 ,! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel especially1 :o _h s (t5 rem>k$ h[ ! enemies ( ,jesus & _! creatures 7 unable to lay h&s on him1 because 8 h\r 0 n yet come 7vii4 #cj1 #cb1 #dd ff41 viii4 #bj71 _h an inducem5t1 n[1 :5 ! h\r 0 come1 to repres5t ! ultimately successful attempt z also fail+ at ! fir/ 9 a ?or\ghly a/\nd+ mann]2 especially z ?is fully accord$ ) ! int]e/ by :i* he is gov]n$ ?r\gh\t ! description ( ?is :ole sc5e--! demon/rat+ t ! capture ( ,jesus 0 purely an act ( 8 own free w4 ,:5 ,jesus lays ! soldi]s pro/rate by ! p[] ( 8 ^w1 he gives !m a pro( ( :at he c\ld d1 if to lib]ate himself 7 8 object2 & :5 he all[s himself to be seiz$ imm$iately aft]1 ?is appe>s z ! mo/ purely volunt>y self-sacrifice4 ,?us 9 ! f\r? gospel ,jesus gives a practical pro( ( t p[]1 :i* 9 ! fir/ he only expresses by words1 :5 he says to "o ( 8 disciples3 ,?9ke/ ?\ t ,i _c n[ pray to my ,fa!r1 & he %all pres5tly give me twelve legions ( angels 7v4 #ec78 ,aft] ?is1 ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel v inappropriately holds up ! solicitude :i* ,jesus manife/$ t 8 disciples %\ld n be tak5 captive ) him1 z a fulfilm5t ( ! decl>ation ( ,jesus 7xvii4 #ab71 t he _h lo/ none ( ^? intru/$ to him by ! ,fa!r2 a decl>ation :i* 0 previ\sly m suitably ref]r$ to ! spiritual pres]vation ( 8 disciples4 ,z ! next feature 9 ! sc5e1 all ! ,evangeli/s agree1 t :5 ! soldi]s began to lay h&s on ,jesus1 "o ( 8 disciples drew 8 sword1 & cut (f ! e> ( ! high prie/'s s]vant1 an act :i* met ) a repro( f ,jesus4 ,/ill ,luke & ,john h ea* a peculi> trait4 ,n to m5tion t bo? p>ticul>ize ! e> z ! "r e>1 :ile _! two pr$ecessors _h left ?is po9t undet]m9$2 ! latt] n only gives ! "n ( ! w\nd$ s]vant1 b /ates t ! disciple :o w\nd$ him 0 ,pet]4 ,:y ! synopti/s d n "n ,pet]1 x has be5 s\ght to expla9 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! supposition t !y wi%$ to avoid compromis+ ! apo/le1 :o at ! "t ( ! composition ( _! gospels 0 yet liv+1 #ahgf belongs to ! ju/ly explod$ fictions ( an exegesis fram$ on ! false pr9ciple ( supply+ conjecturally all ^? l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( natural causation :i* are want+ 9 ! gospels4 ,t ^! ,evangeli/s else:]e = ! mo/ "p omit names1 #ahgg is too sweep+ an accusation z reg>ds ,mat!w1 ?\gh he does inde$ leave unnam$ indiff]5t p]sons1 su* z ,jairus1 or ,b>timu2 b t ! real ,mat!w1 or ev5 ! common evangelical tradition1 ?us e>ly & g5]ally %\ld h lo/ ! "n f an anecdote ( ,pet]1 s ?or\ghly accordant ) ! "p play$ by ?is apo/le1 c sc>cely be consid]$ v probable4 ,to me1 ! rev]se w\ld be mu* m conceivable1 namely1 t ! anecdote 0 orig9ally curr5t )\t ! m5tion ( any "n 7& :y %\ld n a less di/+ui%$ adh]5t ( ,jesus--= f ! synopti/s x is n necess>ily to be inf]r$ t x 0 "o ( ! twelve--^: "n 0 !re=e ! m readily =gott51 h _h c\rage & ra%ness en\gh to draw 8 sword at t crisis871 b a lat] n>rator ?\ght su* a mode ( conduct p>ticul>ly suit$ to ! impetu\s "* ( ,pet]1 & h5ce ascrib$ x to him by a comb9ation ( 8 own4 ,on ?is supposition1 we ne$ n appeal1 9 support ( ! possibility t ,john c\ld "k ! s]vant's "n1 to 8 acqua9tance ) ! h\sehold ( ! high prie/1 #ahgh any m ?an to a peculi> acqua9tance ( ,m>k ) "s inhabitants ( ,j]i*o1 9 explanation ( 8 obta9+ ! "n ( ! bl9d man4 ,! di/9ctive trait 9 ,luke's acc\nt ( ?is p>ticul> is1 t ,jesus heals ! s]vant's e>1 app>5tly by a miracle4 ,ol%aus5 "h makes ! complac5t rem>k1 t ?is circum/ance be/ expla9s h[ ,pet] c\ld escape un9jur$--a/oni%m5t at ! cure absorb$ ! g5]al att5tion3 :ile accord+ to ,paulus1 ,jesus by t\*+ ! w\nd$ e> 77 only meant to exam9e x1 & !n told :at mu/ be done = ! purpose ( heal+ 7 72 _h he cur$ x by a miracle !re mu/ h be5 "s notice ( ! a/oni%m5t ( ! spectators4 ,su* pa9s-tak+ int]pretations are "h especially ne$less1 s9ce ! fact t ,luke /&s alone 9 giv+ ! trait 9 "q1 toge!r ) ! :ole t5or ( ! sc5e1 tells u pla9ly en\gh :at op9ion we are to =m on ! subject4 ,%\ld ,jesus1 :o _h remov$ by 8 miracul\s p[] s mu* suff]+ ( :i* he 0 innoc5t1 leave uncur$ suff]+ :i* "o ( 8 disciples out ( atta*m5t to him1 & ?us indirectly he himself1 _h caus$8 ,?is mu/ soon h be5 f\nd inconceivable1 & h5ce to ! /roke ( ! sword ( ,pet] 0 unit$ a miracul\s cure on ! "p ( ,jesus--! la/ 9 ! evangelical hi/ory4 ,"h1 imm$iately be=e he is l$ away1 ! synopti/s place ! remon/rance :i* ,jesus address$ to ^? :o _h come to take him prison]3 t ?\gh1 by 8 daily public appe>ance 9 ! temple he _h giv5 ! be/ opportunity = !m to lay h&s ^u him1 yet--a bad augury = ! purity ( _! cause--!y came to a di/ance to seek him ) z _m prep>ations1 z aga9/ a ?ief8 ,9 ! f\r? gospel1 he is made to say some?+ simil> to ,annas1 to ^: inquiries conc]n+ 8 disciples & 8 doctr9e1 he replies by ref]r+ him to ! publicity ( 8 entire ag5cy1 to 8 tea*+ 9 ! temple & synagogue 7xviii4 #bj f474 ,luke1 z if he _h ga!r$ f bo?1 t ,jesus _h said some?+ ( ?is k9d to ! high prie/1 & also at ! "t ( 8 arre/1 repres5ts ! *ief prie/s & eld]s !mselves z be+ pres5t 9 ! g>d51 & ,jesus z "h speak+ to !m 9 ! above mann]1 :i* is c]ta9ly a m]e blund]4 #ahgi ,accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 all ! disciples n[ fl$4 ,"h ,m>k has ! special p>ticul>1 t a "y man ) a l95 clo? ca/ ab\t 8 nak$ body1 :5 he 0 9 dang] ( be+ seiz$1 left ! l95 clo? & fl$ nak$4 ,ap>t f ! indu/ri\s conjectures ( anci5t & ev5 mod]n expositors1 z to :o ?is "y man 02 ?is in=mation ( ,m>k's has be5 reg>d$ z a pro( ( ! v e>ly orig9 ( ?is gospel1 on ! gr\nd t s unimportant an anecdote1 & "o moreov] to :i* no "n is atta*$1 c\ld h no int]e/ except = ^? :o /ood 9 close proximity to ! p]sons & ev5ts4 #ahhj ,b ?is inf]5ce is errone\s2 = ! above trait gives ev5 to u1 at ?is remote di/ance ( "t1 a vivid idea ( ! panic & rapid flight ( ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus1 & mu/ !re=e h be5 welcome to ,m>k1 f :atev] s\rce he may h receiv$ x1 or h[ late soev] he may h writt54 #abh4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,jesus ,,be=e ,,! ,,high ,,prie/4 ,f ! place ( arre/ ! synopti/s /ate ,jesus to h be5 l$ to ! high prie/1 ^: "n1 ,caiaphas1 is1 h[ev]1 only m5tion$ by ,mat!w2 :ile ,john repres5ts him z be+ l$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ,annas1 ! fa!r-9-law ( ! exi/+ high prie/2 & only subsequ5tly to ,caiaphas 7,matt4 xxvi4 #eg ff4 p>all42 ,john xviii4 #ab ff474 ,! important rank ( ,annas r5d]s ?is repres5tation ( ,john z conceivable z ! sil5ce ( ! synopti/s is explicable1 on ! gr\nd t ! ex-high prie/ _h no p[] ( decid+ 9 ?is cause4 ,b x is m surpris+ t1 z mu/ be believ$ f ! fir/ glance1 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ m]ely gives "s details ( ! transaction ) ,annas1 & appe>s entirely to pass by ! decisive trial be=e ! actual high prie/1 except t he /ates ,jesus to h be5 l$ away to ,caiaphas4 ,!re 0 no m ready exp$i5t = ! h>moni/s ?an ! supposition1 :i* is f\nd e4g4 9 ,eu?ymius1 t ,john1 9 consi/5cy ) ! supplem5t>y "* ( 8 gospel1 pres]v$ ! exam9ation be=e ,annas z be+ omitt$ by ! synopti/s1 :ile he pass$ by t be=e ,caiaphas1 because x 0 describ$ ) suffici5t p>ticul>ity by 8 pr$ecessors4 #ahha ,?is op9ion1 t ,john & ! synopti/s speak ( two entirely di/9ct trials1 has a confirmation 9 ! fact t ! t5or ( ! respective trials is totally diff]5t4 ,9 t :i* ! synopti/s describe1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 ! false witnesses fir/ appe> aga9/ ,jesus2 ! high prie/ !n asks him if he really pret5ds to be ! ,messiah1 & on receiv+ an affirmative answ]1 decl>es him guilty ( blasphemy1 & wor?y ( dea?1 :]eupon foll[s maltreatm5t ( 8 p]son4 ,9 ! trial depict$ by ,john1 ,jesus is m]ely que/ion$ conc]n+ 8 disciples & 8 doctr9e1 he appeals to ! publicity ( 8 conduct1 & aft] hav+ be5 maltreat$ = ?is reply by an att5dant 771 is s5t away )\t ! pass+ ( any s5t5ce4 ,t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ %\ld ?us give no p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! trial be=e ,caiaphas is ! m surpris+1 s9ce 9 ! "o be=e ,annas1 if x be ?is :i* he n>rates1 accord+ to 8 own repres5tation no?+ 0 decid$1 & consequ5tly ! gr\nds = ! condemnation ( ,jesus by ! ,jewi% au?orities1 & ! s5t5ce itself1 are altoge!r want+ 9 8 gospel4 ,to expla9 ?is by ! supplem5t>y object ( ,john is to impute to him too irrational a mode ( proc$ure2 = if he omitt$ facts because ! o!r ,evangeli/s _h already giv5 !m1 )\t intimat+ t he did s purely = t reason1 he c\ld only reckon on introduc+ confusion1 & entail+ on himself ! suspicion ( hav+ giv5 a false n>rative4 ,he c h>dly h _h ! op9ion t ! trial be=e ,annas 0 ! pr9cipal "o1 & t !re=e x 0 all[able to omit ! o!r1 s9ce he reports no judgm5t z hav+ be5 pass$ 9 ! =m]2 b if he knew ! trial be=e ,caiaphas to h be5 ! pr9cipal "o1 & yet gave no m p>ticul> in=mation conc]n+ x1 ?is also 0 a highly s+ul> c\rse = him to take4 ,?us ! v simple/ view ( ! case seems at once to po9t to ! attempt to discov] 9 ! acc\nt ( ! f\r? gospel indications t x also is to be und]/ood ( ! trial be=e ,caiaphas4 ,:at af=ds ! /ronge/ presumption ( ! id5tity ( ! two trials is ! id5tity ( an incid5t concomitant ) bo?1 ,john z well z ! synopti/s mak+ ,pet] d5y ,jesus dur+ ! trial detail$4 ,x is fur!r rem>kable t aft] ,annas has be5 spok5 (1 at v4 #ac1 z ! fa!r-9-law ( ,caiaphas1 !re foll[s at v4 #ad1 a m precise designation ( ,caiaphas z ! au?or ( ! fatal c\nsel1 record$ 9 ,john xi4 #ej1 al?\gh app>5tly ! ,evangeli/ proce$s to n>rate a trial held1 n be=e ,caiaphas1 b be=e ,annas4 ,moreov] 9 ! description ( ! trial itself1 !re is m5tion ?r\gh\t ( ! palace & ( que/ions f ! high prie/1 a title :i* ,john n[h]e else applies to ,annas1 b only to ,caiaphas4 ,b t 9 accordance ) ! above supposition1 ! ,evangeli/ f v4 #ae1 %\ld be describ+ some?+ :i* pass$ be=e ,caiaphas1 appe>s impossible f v4 #bd1 = x is !re fir/ said t ,annas s5t ,jesus to ,caiaphas1 s t he mu/ until !n h be5 be=e ,annas4 ,) ready ?\ght ?is difficulty 0 fir/ met by remov+ ! #bd? v]se to ! place :]e x 0 want$1 namely1 aft] v4 #ac1 & lay+ ! blame ( its pres5t too late position on ! neglig5ce ( transcrib]s4 #ahhb ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is transposition1 be+ de/itute ( any critical au?ority1 mu/ appe> an arbitr>y & viol5t exp$i5t = gett+ rid ( ! difficulty1 x 0 next tri$ :e!r ! /atem5t 9 v4 #bd1 )\t be+ actually mov$ f its place1 might n receive su* an int]pretation z to come 9 po9t ( s5se aft] v4 #ac2 i4e41 ! ^w 0 tak5 z a plup]fect1 & x 0 suppos$ t ,john int5d$ "h to supply retrospectively :at he _h =gott5 to obs]ve at v4 #ac1 namely1 t ,annas imm$iately s5t ,jesus to ,caiaphas1 s t ! trial j describ$ 0 conduct$ by ! latt]4 #ahhc ,z ! g5]al possibility ( su* an enallage temporum is admissible1 ! only "q is :e!r x be accordant ) ! /yle ( ! pres5t writ]1 & :e!r x be intimat$ 9 ! context4 ,9 ! latt] respect x is c]ta9ly true t if no?+ important _h occurr$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,annas1 ! ,evangeli/1 9 annex+ to 8 notice ( ! relation%ip ( ,annas to ,caiaphas ! m precise designation ( ! latt]1 might be drawn on to speak )\t fur!r preface ( ! trial be=e ,caiaphas1 & might aft]w>ds1 by way ( app5dix1 at "s re/+ place1 z "h at ! close ( ! transactions ( ! high prie/ ) ,jesus1 intimate ! transition :i* he _h made4 ,an accurate ,greek writ] c]ta9ly 9 ?is case1 if he did n use ! plup]fect1 w\ld at lea/ h made evid5t ! explanatory ref]5ce to :at _h prec$$1 by ! addition ( a to ! aori/4 ,our ,evangeli/1 h[ev]1 9 :om ! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5i/ic writ]s to connect _! propositions b loosely1 9 accordance ) ! g5ius ( ! ,hebrew language1 is v /rongly m>k$1 might p]haps h introduc$ t supplem5t>y obs]vation ev5 )\t a p>ticle1 or1 accord+ to ! ord9>y read+1 by 1 :i* is n m]ely indicative t a subject is cont9u$1 b also t x is resum$4 #ahhd ,if ^! consid]ations be held to e/abli% t he also int5d$ to n>rate ! trial be=e ,caiaphas3 x is cle> f ! aspect ( 8 acc\nt tak5 by itself1 z well z f ! previ\s comp>ison ) ! synoptical "o1 t 8 n>rative _c be complete4 ,we turn1 !re=e1 to ! acc\nt ( ! synopti/s1 & among !m also1 namely1 betwe5 ! two fir/ & ! ?ird1 we f9d num]\s div]g5cies4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 :5 ,jesus 0 br\ght into ! palace ( ! high prie/1 ! scribes & eld]s 7 already assembl$1 & :ile x 0 /ill night proce$$ to hold a trial1 9 :i* fir/ witnesses appe>$1 & !n ! high prie/ address$ to him ! decisive "q1 on ! answ] to :i* ! assembly decl>$ him wor?y ( dea? 79 ,john also ! trial goes =w>d 9 ! night1 b !re is no intimation ( ! pres5ce ( ! great c\ncil74 ,accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ! ?ird gospel1 on ! o!r h&1 ,jesus ?r\gh\t ! night is m]ely kept "u gu>d 9 ! high prie/'s palace1 & maltreat$ by ! und]l+s2 & :5 at ! break ( day ! ,sanh$rim assembles1 no witnesses appe>1 b ! high prie/ precipitates ! s5t5ce by ! decisive "q4 ,n[1 t 9 ! dep? ( ! night1 :ile ,judas 0 gone out ) ! gu>d1 ! memb]s ( ! c\ncil %\ld h assembl$ !mselves = ! reception ( ,jesus1 might be reg>d$ z improbable1 & 9 s f>1 ! pref]5ce might be giv5 to ! repres5tation ( ! ?ird gospel1 :i* makes !m assemble at daybreak only3 #ahhe 7 x n t ,luke himself neutralizes ?is advantage by mak+ ! high prie/s & eld]s pres5t at ! arre/2 a zeal :i* might well h driv5 !m /raightway to assemble = ! sake ( accel]at+ ! conclusion4 ,b 9 ! acc\nt ( ,mat!w & ,m>k also !re is ?is s+ul>ity1 t aft] !y h n>rat$ to u ! :ole trial toge!r ) ! s5t5ce1 !y yet 7xxvii4 #a & xv4 #a7 say3 :5 ! morn+ 0 come1 !y took c\nsel1 1 ?us mak+ x appe>1 if n t ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$rim reassembl$ 9 ! morn+1 :i* c\ld h>dly be1 see+ t !y _h be5 toge!r ! :ole night2 yet t !y n[ fir/ came to a def9ite resolution aga9/ ,jesus1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ^! same ,evangeli/s1 ?is _h already be5 done 9 ! nocturnal c\ncil4 #ahhf ,x may be said t to ! s5t5ce ( dea? already pass$ 9 ! night1 0 add$ 9 ! morn+ ! resolution to deliv] ,jesus to ,pilate3 b accord+ to ! !n exi/+ /ate ( ! law1 ?is foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 & ne$$ no special resolution4 ,t ,luke & ,john omit ! production ( ! false witnesses1 is to be reg>d$ z a defici5cy 9 _! n>rative4 ,= f ! co9cid5ce ( ,john ii4 #ai & ,acts vi4 #ad ) ,mat!w & ,m>k1 x is highly probable t ! decl>ation ab\t ! de/ruction & rebuild+ ( ! temple 0 really utt]$ by ,jesus2 :ile t t decl>ation %\ld be us$ z an article ( accusation aga9/ him on 8 trial 0 an almo/ necess>y result4 ,! abs5ce ( ?is weighty po9t 9 ,luke1 ,s*lei]ma*] expla9s by ! circum/ance1 t ! au?or ( ?is passage 9 ! ?ird gospel _h inde$ foll[$ ! escort :i* conduct$ ,jesus f ! g>d51 b _h ) mo/ o!rs be5 exclud$ f ! palace ( ! high prie/1 & consequ5tly n>rat$ :at occurr$ !re m]ely f he>say4 ,b1 n to anticipate future po9ts1 ! s+le trait ( ! cure ( ! s]vant's e> suffices to preclude our attribut+ to ! au?or ( ?is portion ( ,luke's gospel s close a proximity to ! fact4 ,x r appe>s t ! above decl>ation came to ! ?ird ,evangeli/ "u ! =m ( an article ( accusation aga9/ ,/eph51 in/ead ( ,jesus2 :ile ! f\r? has x only z a decl>ation f ,jesus1 & n z an article ( accusation aga9/ him4 ,?is subject hav+ h[ev] necess>ily come "u our obs]vation at an e>li] po9t ( our inquiry1 x is ne$less to pursue x fur!r "h4 #ahhg ,:5 ,jesus made no answ] to ! allegations ( ! witnesses1 he 0 ask$1 accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 by ! high prie/1--9 ! ?ird gospel1 )\t ! above cause1 by ! ,sanh$rim1--:e!r he actually ma9ta9$ t he 0 ! ,messiah 7! ,son ( ,god78 ,to ?is "q1 accord+ to ! two =m]1 he at once replies 9 ! affirmative1 9 ! words 1 ?\ ha/ said1 & 1 ,i am1 & adds t h]eaft] or imm$iately 7' 7 !y w\ld see ! ,son ( man sitt+ on ! "r h& ( ! div9e p[]1 & com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav52 accord+ to ,luke1 on ! o!r h&1 he fir/ decl>es t 8 answ] w be ( no avail1 & !n adds t h]eaft] ! ,son ( man %all sit on ! "r h& ( ! p[] ( ,god2 :]eupon all eag]ly ask3 ,art ?\ !n ! ,son ( ,god8 & he replies 9 ! affirmative4 ,?us ,jesus "h expresses ! expectation t by 8 dea? he w at once ent] into ! glory ( sitt+ z ,messiah at ! "r h& ( ,god1 accord+ to ,ps4 cx4 i1 :i* he _h already1 ,matt4 xxii4 #dd1 int]pret$ ( ! ,messiah4 ,= ev5 if he at fir/ p]haps ?\ght ( atta9+ 8 messianic glorification )\t ! int]v5tion ( dea?1 because ?is int]v5tion 0 n pres5t$ to him by ! ideas ( ! age2 if x 0 only at a lat] p]iod1 & z a result ( circum/ances1 t ! =ebod+ ( su* a necessity began to arise & gradually to acquire di/9ctness 9 8 m9d2 n[1 a prison]1 =sak5 by 8 adh]5ts1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! rancor\sly ho/ile ,sanh$rim1 x mu/1 if he w\ld reta9 ! conviction ( 8 messiah%ip1 become a c]ta9ty to him1 t he c\ld ent] into 8 messianic glorification by dea? alone4 ,:51 accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 ,jesus adds to ! sitt+ on ! "r h& ( p[]1 ! com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav51 he pr$icts1 z on an e>li] occasion1 8 spe$y adv5t1 & 9 ?is in/ance he decid$ly pr$icts x z a return4 ,ol%aus5 ma9ta9s t ! ' ( ,mat!w ought to be ref]r$ only to 4441 because x w\ld n suit 4441 s9ce x is n to be conceiv$ t ,jesus c\ld !n h repres5t$ himself z ab\t to come 9 ! cl\ds3 a purely dogmatical difficulty1 :i* does n exi/ 9 our po9t ( view1 b :i* _c 9 any po9t ( view w>rant su* an (f5ce aga9/ grammatical int]pretation z ?is ( ,ol%aus54 ,on ! above decl>ation ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k ! high prie/ r5ds 8 clo!s1 decl>+ ,jesus convict$ ( blasphemy1 & ! c\ncil pron\nces him guilty ( dea?2 & 9 ,luke also1 all ^? assembl$ obs]ve t n[ !re is no ne$ ( any fur!r witness1 s9ce ! crim9al decl>ation has be5 utt]$ by ,jesus 9 _! own he>+4 ,to ! s5t5ce is !n add$ 9 ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s ! maltreatm5t ( ,jesus1 :i* ,john1 :o "h m5tions no s5t5ce1 repres5ts z foll[+ ! appeal ( ,jesus to ! publicity ( 8 "w1 :ile ,luke places x be=e ! trial2 m probably because x 0 n any long] precisely kn[n :5 ?is maltreatm5t occurr$1 ?an because x 0 repeat$ at v>i\s times & "u v>i\s circum/ances4 ,9 ,john ! maltreatm5t is said to proce$ f an att5dant1 9 ,luke1 f ! m5 t held ,jesus1 42 9 ,m>k1 on ! contr>y1 ^? :o began to spit 9 ! face ( ,jesus 7 7 mu/ h be5 "s ( ^? 77 :o _h j be=e condemn$ him1 s9ce he di/+ui%es ! 1 s]vants1 f !m2 & 9 ,mat!w also1 :o1 )\t introduc+ a new nom9ative proce$s m]ely ) 1 !n began !y1 x is pla9ly ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$rim !mselves :o desc5d to su* unwor?y conduct3 :i* ,s*lei]ma*] ju/ly consid]s improbable1 & 9 s f> pref]s ! repres5tation ( ,luke to t ( ,mat!w4 #ahhh ,9 ,john ! maltreatm5t consi/s 9 a bl[ on ! *eek ) ! palm ( ! h&1 1 :i* an att5dant gives ,jesus on acc\nt ( a suppos$ insol5t answ] to ! high prie/2 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 9 spitt+ on ! face 7 71 & bl[s on ! head & *eek1 to :i* x is add$1 9 ,luke also1 t he 0 bl9dfold$1 !n /ruck on ! face1 & sc(f+ly ask$ to atte/ 8 messianic second sight by tell+ :o 0 ! giv] ( ! bl[4 #ahhi ,accord+ to ,ol%aus51 ! _s ( prophecy did n scorn to pr$ict ^! rud5esses 9 detail1 & at ! same "t to describe ! /ate ( m9d :i* ! ,holy ,"o ( ,god oppos$ to ! unholy multitude4 ,he correctly adduces 9 relation to ?is sc5e ,isa4 l4 #f f42 7,,lxx473 ,i gave my back to ! smit]s1 & my *eeks to !m t pluck$ (f ! hair3 ,i hid n my face f %ame & spitt+1 etc41 1 1 444 7comp4 ,mic4 iv4 #ad72 & = ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus bore all ?is1 ! well-kn[n passage ,isa4 liii4 #g1 :]e ! s]vant ( ,god is repres5t$ z endur+ maltreatm5t 9 sil5ce4 ,b ! int]pretation ( ^! passages 9 ,isaiah z prophecies conc]n+ ! ,messiah is equally oppos$ to ! context 9 bo? in/ances3 #ahij consequ5tly ! agreem5t ( ! result ) ^! passages mu/ ei!r h be5 ! effect ( human design1 or purely accid5tal4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t ! s]vants & soldi]s 9 _! maltreatm5t _h n ! int5tion ( caus+ prophecies to be fulfill$ 9 ,jesus2 & x w h>dly be *os5 to suppose t ,jesus affect$ sil5ce ) ?is view2 :ile to d$uce f m]e *ance a co9cid5ce :i* c]ta9ly1 z ,ol%aus5 says1 ext5ds to m9uti1 is always unsatisfactory4 ,probable z x is f ! rude mann]s ( t age1 t ,jesus 0 maltreat$ :5 a prison]1 & moreov] t among/ o!r ?+s he receiv$ j su* insults z are describ$ by ! ,evangeli/s3 x is yet sc>cely to be d5i$1 t _! descriptions are modell$ on prophecies :i*1 :5 once ,jesus appe>$ z a suff]] & maltreat$ p]son1 7 appli$ to him2 & h[ev] consi/5t x may be ) ! "* ( ,jesus t he %\ld h borne ?is maltreatm5t pati5tly1 & repell$ improp] que/ions by a dignifi$ sil5ce3 ! ,evangeli/s w\ld sc>cely h notic$ ?is s (t5 & s solicit\sly1 #ahia if x _h n be5 _! int5tion ?us to exhibit ! fulfilm5t ( ,old ,te/am5t oracles4 #abi4 ,,! ,,d5ial ,,( ,,pet]4 ,! two fir/ ,evangeli/s /ate1 t at ! mom5t 9 :i* ,jesus 0 l$ away f ! g>d51 all ! disciples =sook him & fl$2 b 9 _! acc\nts1 z well z 9 ^? ( ,luke & ,john1 ,pet] is said to h foll[$ him at a di/ance1 & to h obta9$ admission ) ! escort into ! c\rt ( ! high prie/'s palace3 :ile1 accord+ to ! synopti/s1 x is ,pet] alone :o gives ?is pro( ( c\rage & atta*m5t to ,jesus1 :i* h[ev] soon en\gh issues 9 ! deepe/ humiliation = him2 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ gives him ,john = a companion1 & moreov] repres5ts ! latt] z ! "o :o1 by means ( 8 acqua9tance ) ! high prie/1 procures admittance = ,pet] into 8 palace2 a div]g5cy :i*1 ) ! :ole peculi> relation 9 :i* ?is gospel places ,pet] ) respect to ,john1 has be5 already consid]$4 #ahib ,accord+ to all ! ,evangeli/s1 x 0 9 ?is c\rt1 1 t ,pet]1 intimidat$ by ! inauspici\s turn 9 ! =tunes ( ,jesus1 & ! high prie/'s dome/ics by :om he 0 surr\nd$1 s\ght to allay ! repeat$ly express$ suspicion t he 0 "o ( ! foll[]s ( ! arre/$ ,galilean1 by reit]at$ assev]ations t he knew him n4 ,b1 z we h already intimat$1 9 relation to ! own] ( ?is habitation1 !re exi/s an app>5t div]g5cy betwe5 ! f\r? gospel & ! synopti/s4 ,9 ,john1 to judge f ! fir/ glance at 8 n>rative1 ! fir/ d5ial 7xviii4 #ag7 happ5s dur+ ! trial be=e ,annas1 s9ce x /&s aft] ! /atem5t t ,jesus 0 l$ to ,annas 7v4 #ac71 & be=e ! v]se 9 :i* he is said to h be5 s5t to ,caiaphas 7v4 #bd71 & only ! two fur!r acts ( d5ial 7v4 #be-bg71 9 s f> z !y foll[ ! la/-nam$ /atem5t1 & z imm$iately aft] !m ! deliv]y to ,pilate is n>rat$ 7v4 #bh71 appe> 9 ,john also to h occurr$ dur+ ! trial be=e ,caiaphas & 9 8 palace4 ,b to ?is supposition ( a diff]5t locality = ! fir/ d5ial & ! two subsequ5t ones1 !re is a h9drance 9 ! acc\nt ( ! f\r? gospel itself4 ,aft] ! m5tion ( ! fir/ d5ial1 :i* happ5$ at ! door ( ! palace 7( ,annas app>5tly71 x is said t ! night be+ cold ! s]vants & (fic]s _h made a fire ( coals1 & ,pet] /ood ) !m & w>m$ himself1 ' 7v4 #ah74 ,n[1 :5 f>!r on1 ! n>rative ( ! second & ?ird d5ial is op5$ ) ne>ly ! same words3 ,& ,simon ,pet] /ood & w>m$ himself1 7v4 #be73 ?is _c be und]/ood o!rwise ?an z an allusion to ! previ\sly notic$ circum/ances ( ! fire ( coals1 & ( ,pet]'s /&+ by x to w>m himself1 & h5ce x mu/ be inf]r$ t ! ,evangeli/ int5d$ to repres5t ! second & ?ird d5ial z hav+ occurr$ by ! same fire1 consequ5tly1 on ! above supposition1 likewise 9 ! h\se ( ,annas4 ,x is true t ! synopti/s speak ( a fire 9 ! c\rt ( ! palace ( ,caiaphas also 7,m>k v4 #ed2 ,luke v4 #ee71 at :i* ,pet] w>m$ himself 7"h1 h[ev]1 sitt+1 z 9 ,john /&+73 b x does n !nce foll[ t ,john also imag9$ a simil> fire to h be5 9 ! c\rt ( ! actual high prie/1 & accord+ to ! supposition on :i* we h hi!rto proce$$1 he only m5tions su* a fire 9 ! h\se ( ,annas4 ,!y :o reg>d z too artificial an exp$i5t ! conjecture ( ,eu?ymius1 t ! dwell+s ( ,annas & ,caiaphas p]haps _h a common c\rt1 & t consequ5tly ,pet] c\ld rema9 /&+ by ! same fire aft] ,jesus _h be5 l$ away f ! =m] to ! latt]1 pref] ! supposition t ! second & ?ird d5ial occurr$1 accord+ to ,john1 n aft]1 b dur+ ! lead+ away ( ,jesus f ,annas to ,caiaphas4 #ahic ,?us on ! presupposition t ,john n>rates a trial be=e ,annas1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gospels 9 relation to ! locality ( ! d5ial rema9s a total "o2 & 9 ?is irreconcilable div]g5cy1 "s h decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,john1 on ! gr\nd t ! scatt]$ disciples _h only fragm5t>y in=mation conc]n+ ?is sc5e1--t ,pet] himself be+ a /rang] 9 ,j]usalem did n "k 9 :i* palace he _h1 to 8 mis=tune1 ent]$2 b t he1 & aft] him ! fir/ ,evangeli/s1 suppos$ ! d5ials to h tak5 place 9 ! c\rt ( ,caiaphas2 :]eas ,john1 f 8 m intimate acqua9tance ) ! city & ! high prie/'s palace1 0 able to rectify ?is mi/ake4 #ahid ,b ev5 admitt+ ! incr$ible supposition t ,pet] errone\sly believ$ himself to h d5i$ ,jesus 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas1 /ill ,john1 :o 9 ^! days 0 9 ! society ( ,pet]1 w\ld c]ta9ly at once h correct$ 8 ass]tion1 s t su* an errone\s op9ion c\ld n h become fix$ 9 8 m9d4 ,h5ce x might be pref]r$ to rev]se ! attempt1 & to v9dicate ! synopti/s at ! exp5se ( ,john3 7 x n t ! obs]vations conta9$ 9 ! =ego+ section 7accord+ to :i* ,john1 aft] hav+ m]ely m5tion$ t ,jesus 0 l$ away to ,annas1 may speak f v4 #ae ( :at occurr$ 9 ! palace ( ,caiaphas71 pres5t a possible solution ( ?is contradiction also4 ,9 relation to ! sep>ate acts ( d5ial1 all ! ,evangeli/s agree 9 /at+ t !re 7 ?ree ( !m1 9 accordance ) ! pr$iction ( ,jesus2 b 9 ! description ( ! sev]al in/ances !y are at v>iance4 ,fir/1 z x reg>ds place & p]sons2 accord+ to ,john ! fir/ d5ial is utt]$ on ! v entrance ( ,pet]1 to a damsel t kept ! door1 7v4 #ag72 9 ! synopti/s1 9 ! inn] c\rt1 :]e ,pet] sat at ! fire1 to a damsel1 7,matt4 v4 #fi f4 p>all474 ,! second takes place1 9 ,john 7v4 #be71 & also 9 ,luke1 :o at lea/ notices no *ange ( position 7v4 #eh71 at ! fire3 9 ,mat!w 7v4 #ga7 & ,m>k 7v4 #fh ff471 aft] ,pet] 0 gone out into ! por*4 1 2 fur!r1 9 ,john x is made to sev]al p]sons2 9 ,luke1 to "o2 9 ,mat!w to ano!r damsel ?an ! "o to :om he made ! fir/ d5ial2 9 ,m>k1 to ! same4 ,! ?ird d5ial happ5$1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 :o m5tion no *ange ( place aft] ! second1 likewise 9 ! por*2 accord+ to ,luke & ,john1 s9ce !y likewise m5tion no *ange ( place1 und\bt$ly /ill 9 ! inn] c\rt1 at ! fire2 fur!r1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 to _m by/&]s1 accord+ to ,luke to "o3 accord+ to ,john1 to "o :o happ5s to be a relative ( ! s]vant :o _h be5 w\nd$ 9 ! g>d54 ,z reg>ds ! conv]sation :i* pass$ on ?is occasion1 ! suspici\s qu]ies are at "o "t address$ to ,pet] himself1 at ano!r to ! by/&]s1 9 ord] to po9t him out to _! obs]vation1 & 9 ! two fir/ in/ances !y are giv5 by ! diff]5t ,evangeli/s ) tol]able agreem5t1 z m]ely express+ ! op9ion t he appe>$ to be "o ( ! adh]5ts ( ! man rec5tly tak5 prison]4 ,b 9 ! ?ird in/ance1 :]e ! p>ties r5d] a motive = _! suspicion1 !y accord+ to ! synopti/s m5tion 8 ,galilean dialect z a pro( ( its tru?2 :ile 9 ,john ! relative ( ,mal*us appeals to 8 recollection ( hav+ se5 ,pet] 9 ! g>d54 ,n[ ! =m] mode ( acc\nt+ = ! suspicion is z natural z ! second1 toge!r ) ! designation ( ! individual :o adduc$ x z a relative ( ,mal*us1 appe>s artificial1 & fabricat$ = ! sake ( firmly int]weav+ into ! n>rative ! connexion ( ! sword-/roke giv5 9 ! g>d5 ) ! "n ( ,pet]4 #ahie ,9 ! answ]s ( ,pet] !re is ! div]g5cy1 t accord+ to ,mat!w he already ! second "t =tifies 8 d5ial by an oa?1 :ile accord+ to ,m>k ?is is n ! case until ! ?ird d5ial1 & 9 ! two o!r ,evangeli/s ?is circum/ance is n m5tion$ at all2 moreov]1 ,mat!w1 to pres]ve a gradation1 adds on ! ?ird d5ial t ,pet] began to curse z well z to swe> 1 a repres5tation :i* :5 comp>$ ) ! o!r gospels may appe> exagg]at$4 ,s to adju/ ^! v diff]5tly n>rat$ d5ials 9 su* a mann] t no ,evangeli/ may be tax$ ) hav+ giv5 an incorrect or ev5 a m]ely inexact acc\nt1 0 no light lab\r = ! h>moni/s4 ,n only did ! old]1 supranaturali/ic expositors1 su* z ,b5gel1 und]take ?is task1 b ev5 rec5tly1 ,paulus has giv5 himself mu* tr\ble to br+ ! v>i\s acts ( d5ial rec\nt$ by ! ,evangeli/s into appropriate ord]1 & ?us to %[ t !y h a natural sequ5ce4 ,accord+ to him1 ,pet] d5ies ! ,"l1 #a4 ,be=e ! portress 7#a/ d5ial 9 ,john72 #b4 ,be=e sev]al /&+ at ! fire 7#bnd 9 ,john72 #c4 ,be=e a damsel at ! fire 7#a/ 9 ! synopti/s72 #d4 ,be=e "o :o has no p>ticul> designation 7#bnd 9 ,luke72 #e4 ,on go+ out into ! por*1 be=e a damsel 7#bnd 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,out ( ?is d5ial ,paulus %\ld 9 consi/5cy h made two1 s9ce ! damsel1 :o po9ts out ,pet] to ! by/&]s1 is accord+ to ,m>k ! same z ! "o 9 ,no4 #c1 b accord+ to ,mat!w ano!r72 #f4 ,be=e ! relative ( ,mal*us 7#crd 9 ,john72 #g4 ,be=e "o :o pr(esses to detect him by 8 ,galilean dialect 7#crd 9 ,luke71 & :o =?) #h4 is second$ by sev]al o!rs1 to :om ,pet] yet m /rongly affirms t he kn[s n ,jesus 7#crd 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k74 ,mean:ile by su* a discrim9ation ( ! acc\nts out ( respect to ! v]acity ( ! ,evangeli/s1 !re 0 incurr$ ! dang] ( impea*+ ! yet m important v]acity ( ,jesus2 = he _h spok5 ( a ?reefold d5ial3 :]eas1 on ! plan ( discrim9ation1 accord+ to ! m or less consequ5t mann] 9 :i* x is c>ri$ out1 ,pet] w\ld h d5i$ ,jesus f #f to #i times4 ,! old exegesis f\nd help 9 ! canon3 abnegatio ad plures plurium int]rogationes facta uno p>oxysmo1 pro un num]atur4 #ahif ,b ev5 grant+ su* a mode ( reckon+ admissible1 /ill1 z ea* ( ! f\r n>rators = ! mo/ "p notices a great] or less int]val betwe5 ! sep>ate d5ials :i* he rec\nts2 9 ea* in/ance1 d5ials relat$ by diff]5t ,evangeli/s1 e4g4 "o n>rat$ by ,mat!w1 "o by ,m>k1 & s =?1 mu/ h occurr$ 9 imm$iate succession3 a supposition altoge!r arbitr>y4 ,h5ce ( late x has be5 a m fav\rite exp$i5t to urge t ! ?rice 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus 0 only a r\nd numb] int5d$ to express a repeat$ d5ial1 z also t ,pet]1 once entangl$ 9 ! confusion to a suppos$ necessity = falsehood1 w\ld be m likely to repeat 8 assev]ations to #f or #g ?an m]ely to ?ree inquir]s4 #ahig ,b ev5 if1 accord+ to ,luke 7v4 #ei f471 ! int]val f ! fir/ d5ial to ! la/ be e/imat$ z m ?an an h\r1 /ill su* a que/ion+ f all k9ds ( p on all sides1 z well z ! ultimate impunity ( ,pet] amid s g5]al a suspicion1 is extremely improbable2 & :5 expositors describe ! /ate ( m9d ( ,pet] dur+ ?is sc5e z a complete /upefaction1 #ahih !y r pres5t ! condition :i* befals ! read] :o has to arrange 8 ideas 9 su* a cr[d ( cont9ually repeat$ que/ions & answ]s hav+ an id5tical mean+--l ! incessant & lawless beat+ ( a wat* out ( ord]4 ,ol%aus5 has ju/ly disc>d$ ! attempt to remove su* diff]5ces z a fruitless lab\r3 nev]!less he1 on ! "o h&1 imm$iately proce$s to a =c$ reconciliation ( ! div]g5cies at "s po9ts ( ! n>rative2 & on ! o!r1 he ma9ta9s t !re 7 precisely ?ree d5ials1 :]eas ,paulus aga9 has ev9c$ a m correct disc]nm5t 9 po9t+ out ! prem$itat$ ef=t ( ! ,evangeli/s to %[ t ! d5ial 0 ?reefold4 ,:at on t ev5+ happ5$ repeat$ly 7n1 h[ev]1 eight or n9e times71 0 repres5t$ z hav+ happ5$ precisely ?ree times1 9 ord] to furni% ! close/ fulfilm5t to ! pr$iction ( ,jesus1 :i* 0 und]/ood 9 its /ricte/ lit]ality4 ,! t]m9ation1 & z x 7 ! cata/rophe1 ( ! :ole hi/ory ( ! d5ial is1 9 all ! n>ratives1 accord+ to ! pr$iction ( ,jesus1 introduc$ by ! cr[+ ( ! cock4 ,9 ,m>k1 x cr[s aft] ! fir/ d5ial 7v4 #fh71 & !n a second "t aft] ! ?ird2 9 ! o!r ,evangeli/s only once1 aft] ! la/ act ( d5ial4 ,:ile ,john concludes 8 acc\nt ) ?is p>ticul>1 ,mat!w & ,m>k proce$ to tell u t on he>+ ! cock cr[1 ,pet] rememb]$ ! words ( ,jesus & wept2 b ,luke has an additional feature peculi> to himself1 namely1 t on ! cr[+ ( ! cock ,jesus turn$ & look$ at ,pet]1 :]eupon ! latt]1 rememb]+ ! pr$iction ( ,jesus1 broke out into bitt] weep+4 ,n[ accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 ,pet] 0 n 9 ! same locality ) ,jesus3 = he is said to h be5 )\t 7,matt v4 #fi7 or b5ea? 7,m>k v4 #ff7 9 ! c\rt 1 & x is ?us impli$ t ,jesus 0 9 an inn] or upp] ap>tm5t ( ! palace3 x mu/ be ask$1 !re=e1 h[ c\ld ,jesus he> ! d5ial ( ,pet]1 & !reupon turn to look at him8 ,9 relation to ! latt] "p ( ! difficulty1 ! usual answ] is t ,jesus 0 at t mom5t be+ l$ f ! palace ( ,annas to t ( ,caiaphas1 & look$ significantly at ! weak disciple 9 pass+4 #ahii ,b ( su* a removal ( ,jesus ,luke kn[s no?+2 & 8 expression1 ! ,"l turn$ & look$ on ,pet]1 1 w\ld n s well imply t ,jesus look$ at ,pet] 9 pass+1 z t he turn$ r\nd to d s :5 /&+2 besides1 ! above supposition w n expla9 h[ ,jesus became aw>e t 8 disciple _h d5i$ him1 s9ce 9 ! tumult ( ?is ev5+ he c\ld n well1 z ,paulus ?9ks1 h he>d :5 9 a room ( ! palace ! l\d tones ( ,pet] 9 ! c\rt4 ,x is true t ! express di/9ction ( ! places 9 :i* ,jesus & ,pet] 7 is n f\nd 9 ,luke1 & accord+ to him ,jesus also might h _h to rema9 "s "t 9 ! c\rt3 b fir/1 ! repres5tation ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s is "h m probable3 secondly1 ,luke's own n>rative ( ! d5ial does n previ\sly create ! impression t ,jesus 0 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,b hypo!ses = ! explanation ( t look ( ,jesus might h be5 sp>$1 _h a critical glance be5 direct$ to ! orig9 ( ! incid5t4 ,! unacc\ntable mann] 9 :i* ,jesus1 :o 9 ! :ole previ\s occurr5ce is kept beh9d ! sc5e1 "h all on a sudd5 ca/s a glance ^u x1 ought itself1 toge!r ) ! sil5ce ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 to h be5 tak5 z an indication ( ! real "* ( ?is feature 9 ,luke's n>rative4 ,:5 also x is add$1 t z ,jesus look$ on ,pet] ! latt] rememb]$ ! words :i* ,jesus _h e>li] spok5 to him conc]n+ 8 com+ d5ial2 x might h be5 obs]v$ t ! glance ( ,jesus is no?+ else ?an ! s5sible image ( ,pet]'s remorseful recollection4 ,! n>rative ( ,john1 :i* is 9 ?is case ! simple/1 exhibits ! fulfilm5t ( ! pr$iction ( ,jesus objectively1 by ! cr[+ ( ! cock2 ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s add to ?is ! subjective impression1 :i* ?is co9cid5ce made on ,pet]2 :ile ,luke r5d]s ?is aga9 objective1 & makes sorr[ful remembrance ( ! words ( ! ma/]1 ) ! =ce ( a p5etrat+ glance1 pi]ce ! inmo/ s\l ( ! disciple4 #aijj #acj4 ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,betray]4 ,on he>+ t ,jesus 0 condemn$ to dea?1 ,judas1 accord+ to ! fir/ gospel 7xxvii4 #c ff471 0 smitt5 ) remorse1 & ha/5$ to ! *ief prie/s & eld]s to return to !m ! ?irty pieces ( silv]1 ) ! decl>ation t he _h betray$ an innoc5t p]son4 ,:5 h[ev] ! latt] scornfully retort$ t on him alone re/$ all responsibility = t de$1 ,judas1 aft] ca/+ d[n ! money 9 ! temple1 impell$ by despair1 w5t away & hang$ himself4 ,h]eupon ! ,sanh$ri/s1 hold+ x unlawful to put ! money return$ by ,judas into ! treasury1 s9ce x 0 ! price ( blood1 b\ght ) x a pott]'s field z a bury+ place = /rang]s4 ,to ?is p>ticul> ! ,evangeli/ app5ds two rem>ks3 fir/1 t f ?is mode ( pur*ase1 ! piece ( gr\nd 0 call$ ! field ( blood up to 8 "t3 & secondly1 t by ?is c\rse ( ?+s an anci5t prophecy 0 fulfill$4--,! re/ ( ! ,evangeli/s are sil5t conc]n+ ! end ( ,judas2 b on ! o!r h& we f9d 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7i4 #af ff47 "s in=mation on ?is subject :i* 9 sev]al po9ts div]ges f t ( ,mat!w4 ,pet]1 :5 ab\t to propose ! completion ( ! apo/olic numb] by ! *oice ( a new colleague1 ?9ks prop]1 by way ( prelim9>y to rem9d 8 he>]s ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! vacancy 9 ! apo/olic circle _h aris51 i4e4 ( ! trea*]y & ! end ( ,judas2 & 9 relation to ! latt] he says1 t ! betray] pur*as$ himself a field ) ! rew>d ( 8 crime1 b fell headlong1 & bur/ asund] 9 ! mid/1 s t all 8 b[els gu%$ out1 :i* be+ kn[n 9 all ,j]usalem1 ! piece ( gr\nd 0 call$ 1 i4e4 ! field ( blood4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! n>rator makes ,pet] obs]ve t ^! occurr5ces 7 a fulfilm5t ( two passages 9 ! ,psalms4 ,betwe5 ^! two acc\nts !re exi/s a d\ble div]g5cy3 ! "o p]ta9+ to ! mann] ( ! dea? ( ,judas1 ! o!r to ! /atem5t :5 & by :om ! piece ( gr\nd 0 b\ght4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 ,mat!w decl>es t ,judas laid viol5t h&s on himself out ( remorse & despair3 :]eas 9 ! ,acts no?+ is said ( remorse on ! "p ( ! traitor1 & 8 dea? has n ! appe>ance ( suicide1 b ( an accid5t1 or m accurately1 ( a calamity decre$ by heav5 z a puni%m5t2 fur!r1 9 ,mat!w he inflicts dea? on himself by ! cord3 accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ,pet]1 x is a fall :i* puts an end to 8 life by caus+ a horrible rupture ( ! body4 ,h[ active ! h>moni/s ( all times h be5 9 reconcil+ ^! div]g5cies1 may be se5 9 ,suc] #aija & ,ku9l3 "h we ne$ only briefly adduce ! pr9cipal exp$i5ts = ?is purpose4 ,z ! div]g5cy lay *iefly 9 ! words 1 he hang$ himself1 9 ,mat!w1 & 1 fall+ headlong1 9 ,luke1 ! mo/ obvi\s res\rce 0 to see :e!r "o ( ^! expressions c\ld n be drawn to ! side ( ! o!r4 ,?is has be5 tri$ ) 9 v>i\s ways2 ?is ^w be+ int]pret$ at "o "t z signify+ only ! torm5ts ( a guilty consci5ce1 #aijb at ano!r1 a disease consequ5t on ^!1 #aijc at ano!r1 any dea? *os5 out ( melan*oly & despair2 #aijd & to ?is x has be5 ?\ght t ! /atem5t 444 9 ! ,acts add$ ! m precise in=mation1 t ! k9d ( dea? to :i* ,judas 0 driv5 by an evil consci5ce & despair 0 precipitation f a /eep em95ce4 ,o!rs on ! contr>y h s\ght to accommodate ! mean+ ( to 1 und]/&+ x m]ely to express z a circum/ance :at expresses z an act3 & accord+ly ma9ta9+ t if ! latt] %\ld be r5d]$ se susp5dit1 ! =m] %\ld be translat$ by susp5sus4 #aije ,f repugnance to ! obvi\s viol5ce ( ?is attempt1 o!rs1 sp>+ ! natural mean+ ( ! expressions on bo? sides1 h reconcil$ ! div]g5t acc\nts by ! supposition t ,mat!w n>rates an e>li]1 ! au?or ( ! ,acts a lat]1 /age ( ! ev5ts :i* m>k$ ! end ( ,judas4 ,"s ( ! anci5t comm5tators inde$ sep>at$ ^! two /ages s widely z to see 9 ,mat!w's /atem5t 77 only an unsuccessful attempt at self-de/ruction1 :i* f ! b\gh :]eon he susp5d$ himself hav+ brok51 or f "s o!r cause1 ,judas outliv$1 until ! judgm5t ( heav5 ov]took him 9 ! 1 fall+ headlong4 #aijf ,b s9ce ,mat!w evid5tly int5ds 9 8 expression to n>rate ! la/ mom5ts ( ! traitor3 ! two epo*s1 ! acc\nt ( :i* is suppos$ to be respectively giv5 by ,mat!w & ! ,acts1 h 9 lat] times be5 plac$ 9 clos] proximity1 & x has be5 held t ,judas attempt$ to hang himself to a tree on an em95ce1 b z ! rope gave way or ! bran* broke1 he 0 precipitat$ into ! valley ov] /eep cliffs & %>p bu%es1 :i* lac]at$ 8 body4 #aijg ,! au?or ( a treatise on ! fate ( ,judas 9 ,s*midt's ,biblio!k #aijh has already rem>k$ z a surpris+ circum/ance1 h[ fai?fully accord+ to ?is op9ion1 ! two n>rators h %>$ ! in=mation betwe5 !m3 = x is n ! case t "o gives ! less precise /atem5t1 ! o!r ! m precise2 b t "o ( !m n>rates precisely ! fir/ "p ( ! incid5t )\t t\*+ on ! second1 ! o!r1 ! second )\t intrud+ on ! fir/2 & ,hase ju/ly ma9ta9s t ea* n>rator knew only ! /ate ( ! fact :i* he has pres5t$1 s9ce o!rwise he c\ld n h omitt$ ! o!r half4 #aiji ,aft] ?us witness+ ! total failure ( ! attempts at reconciliation 9 relation to ! fir/ diff]5ce2 we h n[ to inquire :e!r ! o!r1 relative to ! acquisition ( ! piece ( gr\nd1 c be m easily adju/$4 ,x consi/s 9 ?is3 accord+ to ,mat!w1 x is ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$rim :o1 aft] ! suicide ( ,judas1 pur*ase a field ) ! money :i* he _h left beh9d 7f a pott] moreov]--a p>ticul> :i* is want+ 9 ! ,acts72 :]eas1 accord+ to ! ,acts1 ,judas himself pur*ases ! piece ( gr\nd1 & on ?is v spot is ov]tak5 by sudd5 dea?2 & f ?is diff]5ce !re results ano!r1 namely1 t accord+ to ! latt] acc\nt1 x 0 ! blood ( ! betray] %$ on ! piece ( gr\nd1 accord+ to ! =m]1 ! blood ( ,jesus cleav+ to ! pur*ase money1 :i* caus$ ! gr\nd to be nam$ ! field ( blood1 or 4 ,n[ "h ,mat!w's mann] ( express+ himself is s precise1 t x _c well be twi/$ s z to fav\r ! o!r n>rative2 b ! ^w 7he pur*as$ or acquir$7 9 ! ,acts pres5ts invit+ facilities = its adaptation to ,mat!w4 ,by ! rew>d ( trea*]y1 ,judas acquir$ a field--su*1 x is said1 is ! mean+ 9 ! ,acts--n imm$iately1 b m$iately2 s9ce by return+ ! money he gave occasion = ! pur*ase ( a piece ( gr\nd2 n = himself1 b = ! ,sanh$rim or ! public good4 #aiaj ,b h[ev] num]\s ! passages adduc$ 9 :i* has ! signification3 to acquire = ano!r1 /ill 9 su* in/ances x is necess>y t ! o!r p>ty = :om "o acquires %\ld be specifi$ or intimat$1 & :5 ?is is n ! case1 z 9 ! passage 9 ! ,acts1 x reta9s ! orig9al mean+3 to acquire = "o's self4 #aiaa ,?is ,paulus felt1 & h5ce gave ! facts ! foll[+ turn3 ! t]rible fall ( ,judas into a lime pit 0 ! cause ( ?is piece ( gr\nd be+ pur*as$ by ! ,sanh$rim1 & ?us ,pet] might v well say ( ,judas ironically1 t 9 dea? by ! fall ( 8 corpse he _h appropriat$ to himself a f9e prop]ty4 #aiab ,b 9 ! fir/ place ?is int]pretation is 9 itself /ra9$2 & 9 ! second1 ! passage cit$ by ,pet] f ! ,psalms3 let 8 habitation be desolate1 1 %[s t he ?\ght ( ! piece ( gr\nd z ! real prop]ty ( ,judas1 & z be+ judicially doom$ to desolation z ! sc5e ( 8 dea?4 ,accord+ to ?is1 nei!r ! "o diff]5ce nor ! o!r admits ( a fav\rable reconciliation2 inde$ ! exi/5ce ( a real div]g5cy 0 admitt$ ev5 by ,salmasius1 & ,hase ?9ks t he c expla9 ?is discrepancy1 )\t endang]+ ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! two /atem5ts1 f ! viol5t excitem5t ( ^? days1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* only ! g5]al fact t ,judas committ$ suicide 0 positively kn[n1 & conc]n+ ! m p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! ev5t1 v>i\s reports 7 believ$4 ,b 9 ! ,acts no?+ is said ( suicide1 & t two apo/les1 ,mat!w & ,pet] 7if ! fir/ gospel be suppos$ to proce$ f ! =m]1 ! disc\rse 9 ! ,acts f ! latt]71 %\ld h rema9$ s entirely 9 ! d>k conc]n+ ! dea? ( _! late colleague1 a dea? :i* took place 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity1 t "o ( !m repres5t$ him z dy+ by accid5t1 ! o!r volunt>ily1 is difficult to believe4 ,t !re=e only "o ( ! two acc\nts c be ma9ta9$ z apo/olic1 has be5 correctly p]ceiv$ by ! au?or ( ! above-m5tion$ treatise 9 ,s*midt's ,biblio!k4 ,& 9 *oos+ betwe5 ! two he has proce$$ on ! pr9ciple t ! n>rative ! lea/ t5d+ to glorification is ! m au!ntic2 :5ce he gives ! pref]5ce to ! acc\nt 9 ! ,acts be=e t 9 ! fir/ gospel1 because ! =m] has n ! glorify+ circum/ances ( ! remorse ( ,judas1 & 8 confession ( ! innoc5ce ( ,jesus4 ,b1 x is ev] ! case ) two contradictory n>ratives1 n only t if "o /&s x excludes ! o!r1 b also t if "o falls x %akes ! o!r3 h5ce1 if ! repres5tation ( ! facts :i* is atte/$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le ,mat!w be r5\nc$1 !re is no long] any w>rant = ! o!r1 :i* pr(ess$ly re/s on ! te/imony ( ! ,apo/le ,pet]4 ,if !n we are to treat ! two n>ratives on ! same foot+1 namely z leg5ds1 ) respect to :i* x is fir/ to be discov]$ h[ f> _! hi/orical nucleus ext5ds1 & h[ f> !y consi/ ( traditional deposits2 we mu/1 9 ord] to be cle> on ! subject1 consid] ! data :i* =m ! roots ( ! two n>ratives4 ,"h we f9d "o :i* is common to bo?1 ) two o!rs ( :i* ea* has "o peculi>ly to itself4 ,! datum common to bo? n>ratives is1 t !re 0 9 ,j]usalem a piece ( gr\nd :i* 0 call$ ! field ( blood1 or 1 or 9 ! orig9al tongue1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ! ,acts1 4 ,z ?is in=mation is concurr5tly giv5 by two n>ratives 9 o!r respects totally div]g5t1 & z1 besides1 ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel appeals to ! actual practice ( 8 day 9 pro( t ! field 0 call$ by ?is "n3 we _c well d\bt ! exi/5ce ( a piece ( gr\nd s nam$4 ,t x really _h a relation to ! betray] ( ,jesus is less c]ta91 s9ce our two n>ratives give diff]5t acc\nts ( ?is relation3 ! "o /at+ t ,judas himself b\ght ! prop]ty1 ! o!r t x 0 n pur*as$ until aft] 8 dea?1 ) ! ?irty pieces ( silv]4 ,we c !re=e draw no fur!r conclusion ?an t ! primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d mu/ h e>ly attribut$ to t field ( blood a relation to ! betray]4 ,b ! reason :]e=e ?is relation took v>i\s =ms is to be s\ght 9 ! o!r datum f :i* our n>ratives proce$1 namely1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t passages1 :i* ! au?ors cite 7f diff]5t s\rces1 h[ev]71 z be+ fulfill$ by ! fate ( ,judas4 ,9 ! passage ( ! ,acts1 ,ps4 lxix4 #be1 & ,ps4 cix4 #h1 are quot$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! latt] is a psalm :i* ! fir/ ,*ri/ians f among ! ,jews c\ld n avoid ref]r+ to ! relation ( ,judas to ,jesus4 ,= n only does ! au?or1 alleg$ to be ,david1 b d\btless a mu* lat] individual1 #aiac dilate f ! op5+ ( ! psalm on su* z speak falsely & insidi\sly aga9/ him1 & return him hatr$ = 8 love1 b f v4 #f1 :]e ! curses comm5ce1 he directs himself aga9/ a p>ticul> p]son1 s t ! ,jewi% expositors ?\ght ( ,doeg1 ,david's calumniator ) ,saul1 & ! ,*ri/ians j z naturally ( ,judas4 ,f ?is psalm is ga!r$ ! v]se :i*1 treat+ ( ! transf] ( "o (fice to ano!r1 appe>$ p]fectly to suit ! case ( ,judas4 ,! o!r psalm1 x is true1 speaks m vaguely ( su* z hate & p]secute ! au?or )\t cause1 yet ?is also is ascrib$ to ,david1 & is s simil> to ! o!r 9 purport & /yle1 t x might be reg>d$ z its p>allel1 & if curses might be appli$ to ! betray] out ( ! =m]1 !y might be s out ( ! latt]4 #aiad ,n[ if ,judas _h actually b\ght ) ! wages ( 8 trea*]y a piece ( l&1 :i* f be+ ! sc5e ( 8 horrible end1 subsequ5tly rema9$ wa/e3 x 0 a matt] ( c\rse to ref] to him precisely ^? passages 9 ?is psalm :i* d5\nce on ! enemies ! desolation ( _! habitation 4 ,z1 h[ev]1 f ! div]g5cy ( ,mat!w1 ! fact t ,judas himself b\ght t piece ( gr\nd & came to 8 end ^u x1 is d\btful3 :ile x c sc>cely be suppos$ t ! piece ( l& on :i* ! betray] ( ,jesus met 8 end w\ld be s abhorr5t to ! ,jews t !y w\ld let x lie wa/e z a l& ( blood2 x is m probable t ?is "n _h ano!r orig9 no long] to be discov]$1 & 0 int]pret$ by ! ,*ri/ians 9 accordance ) _! own ideas2 s t we mu/ n d]ive ! application ( ! passage 9 ! ,psalms1 & ! nam+ ( t wa/e piece ( l&1 f an actual possession ( x by ,judas1 b on ! contr>y1 we mu/ ref] to ^? two causes ! exi/5ce ( ! leg5d1 :i* ascribes su* a possession to ,judas4 ,= if ! two psalms 9 "q 7 once appli$ to ! betray]1 & if 9 "o ( !m ! desolation ( 8 7,,lxx47 0 d5\nc$1 he mu/ h previ\sly be5 9 possession ( su* an 1 & ?is x 0 ?\ght1 he w\ld probably h pur*as$ ) ! rew>d ( 8 treason4 ,or r1 t out ( ! above psalms ! desolation ( ! 0 a p>ticul> specially *os51 appe>s to h be5 f\nd$ on ! natural presupposition1 t ! curse w\ld be *iefly manife/$ 9 relation to some?+ :i* he _h acquir$ by ! wages ( 8 iniquity2 add$ to ! circum/ance t among ! objects ana!matiz$ 9 ! psalm1 ! "o mo/ capable ( be+ b\ght 0 ! 4 ,?is conception ( ! facts 0 met 9 ! mo/ felicit\s mann] by ! ly+ ne> ,j]usalem1 :i*1 ! less 0 kn[n ( ! orig9 ( its "n & ( ! horror atta*$ to x1 might ! m easily be appli$ by ! primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d to its own purposes1 & reg>d$ z ! desolate habitation1 1 ( ! betray]4 ,in/ead ( ^! passages f ! ,psalms1 ! fir/ gospel cites z be+ fulfill$ by ! la/ acts ( ,judas1 a passage :i* x attributes to ,j]emiah1 b to :i* no?+ correspond+ is to be f\nd except 9 ,ze*4 xi4 #ab f41 :5ce x is n[ pretty g5]ally admitt$ t ! ,evangeli/ sub/itut$ "o "n = ! o!r by mi/ake4 #aiae ,h[ ,mat!w might be l$ by ! fundam5tal idea ( ?is passage--an unreasonably small price = ! speak] 9 ! prophecy--to an application ( x to ! trea*]y ( ,judas1 :o = a paltry sum _h z x 7 sold 8 ma/]1 has be5 already %[n4 #aiaf ,n[ ! prophetic passage conta9s a comm& f ,jehovah to ! au?or ( ! prophecy1 to ca/ ! mis]able sum ) :i* he _h be5 paid1 into ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 & also 1 :i*1 x is add$1 0 done4 ,! p]son :o ca/s d[n ! money is 9 ! prophecy ! same ) ! speak]1 & consequ5tly ) him :o is rat$ at ! l[ price1 because ! sum "h is n pur*ase money b hire1 & h5ce is receiv$ by ! p]son s meanly e/imat$1 :o alone c ca/ x away aga93 9 ! application ( ! ,evangeli/1 on ! contr>y1 ! sum be+ consid]$ z pur*ase money1 ano!r ?an ! "o s meanly e/imat$ 0 to be ?\ght ( z receiv+ & ca/+ away ! sum4 ,if ! "o sold = s paltry a price 0 ,jesus3 he :o receiv$ ! money & f9ally reject$ x c\ld be no o!r ?an 8 betray]4 ,h5ce x is said ( ! latt]1 t he ca/ d[n ! pieces ( silv] 9 ! temple correspond+ to ! phrase 9 ! prophetic passage1 al?\gh ^! v words happ5 to be abs5t f ! extremely mutilat$ citation ( ,mat!w4 ,b 9 apposition to ! 1 :]e9 ! money 0 ca/1 !re /ood besides 4 ,! ,,lxx4 translates3 1 into ! melt+ furnace2 n[1 x is ) reason conjectur$ t ! po9t+ %\ld be alt]$ ?us3 1 & ! ^w r5d]$3 into ! treasury2 #aiag ! au?or ( our gospel adh]$ to ! lit]al translation by pott]4 ,b :at ! pott] _h to d "h1--:y ! money %\ld be giv5 to him1 mu/ at fir/ h be5 z incompreh5sible to him z x is to u :5 we adh]e to ! common read+4 ,"h h[ev] !re occurr$ to 8 recollection ! field ( blood1 to :i*1 z we ga!r f ! ,acts1 ! ,*ri/ian leg5d gave a relation to ,judas1 & h5ce result$ ! welcome comb9ation1 t x 0 probably t field = :i* ! ?irty pieces ( silv] 7 to be giv5 to ! pott]4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x 0 impossible to conceive ! pott] z be+ 9 ! temple :5 receiv+ ! money1 & yet accord+ to ! prophetic passage ! pieces ( silv] 7 ca/ into ! temple3 a sep>ation 0 made betwe5 ! ca/+ into ! temple & ! paym5t to ! pott]4 ,if ! =m] mu/ be ascrib$ to ,judas1 if he _h ?us once ca/ away ! money1 he himself c\ld no long] pur*ase ! piece ( gr\nd f ! pott]1 b ?is mu/ be done by ano!r p>ty1 ) ! money :i* ,judas _h ca/ away4 ,:o ?is p>ty mu/ be foll[$ ( c\rse3 if ,judas gave up ! money1 he w\ld give x up to ^? f :om he _h receiv$ x2 if he ca/ x into ! temple1 x w\ld fall into ! h&s ( ! rul]s ( ! temple3 ?us 9 bo? ways x w\ld rev]t to ! ,sanh$rim4 ,! object ( ! latt] 9 pur*as+ ! gr\nd 0 p]haps drawn f ! use to :i* t wa/e place 0 actually appropriat$4 ,la/ly1 if ,judas ca/ away aga9 ! rew>d ( 8 trea*]y1 ?is1 x mu/ be inf]r$1 c\ld only be out ( remorse4 ,to make ,judas manife/ remorse1 & ?us w9 f ! traitor himself a te/imony to ! innoc5ce ( ,jesus1 0 z natural to ! conception ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian community1 z to conv]t ,pilate1 & to make ,tib]ius himself propose 9 ! ,roman s5ate ! deification ( ,*ri/4 #aiah ,b h[ w\ld ! remorse ( ,judas fur!r manife/ itself8 ,a return to ! "r on 8 "p1 0 n only unatte/$ by any facts1 b 0 besides f> too good a lot = ! traitor3 h5ce rep5tance mu/ h become 9 him despair1 & he mu/ h *os5 ! end ( ! well-kn[n traitor 9 ! hi/ory ( ,david1 ,ahi?ophel1 ( :om x is said1 #b ,sam4 xvii4 #bc3 -- 1 he arose1 & w5t--& hang$ himself1 z ( ,judas "h3 1 he dep>t$1 & w5t & hang$ himself4 ,a tradition ref]r$ to ,papias appe>s to be alli$ to ! n>rative 9 ! ,acts r ?an to t ( ,mat!w4 cum5ius1 quot+ ! above collector ( traditions1 says1 t ,judas1 z an awful example ( impiety1 _h 8 body di/5d$ to su* a degree1 t a space :]e a *>iot c\ld pass 0 no long] suffici5tly wide = him1 & t at la/ be+ cru%$ by a *>iot1 he bur/ asund] & all 8 b[els 7 press$ out4 #aiai ,! latt] /atem5t d\btless arose f a miscon/ruction ( ! anci5t leg5d2 = ! *>iot 0 n orig9ally br\ght into imm$iate contact ) ! body ( ,judas1 b 0 m]ely us$ z a measure ( 8 size1 & ?is 0 aft]w>ds errone\sly und]/ood z if a *>iot 9 pass+ _h cru%$ ! swoll5 body ( ,judas4 ,h5ce1 n only 9 ,!ophylact & 9 an anci5t ,s*olium1 #aibj )\t any di/9ct ref]5ce to ,papias1 b also 9 a ,cat5a ) an express citation ( 8 1 we actually f9d ! fact n>rat$ )\t t addition4 #aiba ,! mon/r\s swell+ ( ,judas1 spok5 ( 9 ?is passage1 might1 x is suppos$1 orig9ally be only an explanation ( ! displac+ & protrusion ( ! visc]a1 & 9 l mann] ! dropsy into :i* ,!ophylact repres5ts him z fall+ might be reg>d$ z an explanation ( ?is swell+3 :51 h[ev]1 9 ,ps4 cix41 appli$ 9 ! ,acts to ,judas1 among/ o!r mal$ictions1 we read3 77 ,,lxx3 7 7 1 s let x 7curs+7 come into 8 b[els l wat] 7v4 #ah73 x appe>s possible t ! dropsical disease1 1 may h be5 also tak5 f ?is passage2 z also "o ( ! features 9 ! mon/r\s description :i* ,papias gives ( ! condition ( ,judas1 namely1 t f ! enorm\s swell+ ( 8 eyelids he c\ld no long] see ! light ( day1 might rem9d u ( v4 #bc 9 ! o!r psalm appli$ to ,judas1 :]e1 among ! curses ?is is enum]at$3 ,let _! eyes be d>k5$ t !y see n1 1 a h9drance to sight1 :i* :5 once ! swoll5 body ( ,judas 0 presuppos$1 mu/ necess>ily assume ! =m ( a swell+ up ( ! eyelids4 ,if !n ! tradition :i* is alli$ to ! acc\nt 9 ,acts i4 develop$ its idea ( ! end ( ,judas *iefly 9 correspond5ce ) ! ideas pres5t$ 9 ^! two psalms2 & if 9 t passage ( ! ,acts itself ! acc\nt ( ! connexion ( ,judas ) ! piece ( gr\nd is d]iv$ f ! same s\rce3 x is no f>fet*$ conjecture t :at is said 9 ! ,acts conc]n+ ! end ( ! betray] may h _h a simil> orig94 ,t he di$ an e>ly dea? may be hi/orical2 b ev5 if n s1 9 ,psalm cix4 9 ! v same v]se 7v4 #h71 :i* conta9s ! transf] ( ! (fice1 1 to ano!r1 an e>ly dea? is pr$ict$ = ! betray] 9 ! words3 ,let 8 days be few1 1 & x might also be believ$ t ! dea? by fall+ headlong also 0 ga!r$ f ,ps4 lxix4 #bb1 :]e x is said3 ,let _! table become a sn>e be=e !m1 -- 774 ,?us we sc>cely "k ) c]ta9ty conc]n+ ,judas ev5 s mu* z t he came to a viol5t & untimely dea?1 = if1 z 0 natural1 aft] 8 dep>ture f ! community ( ,jesus1 he retir$1 s f> z ! k ( its memb]s 0 conc]n$1 into an obscurity 9 :i* all hi/orical in=mation z to 8 fur!r fate 0 ext+ui%$3 ! primitive ,*ri/ian leg5d might )\t h9drance repres5t z be+ fulfill$ 9 him all t ! prophecies & types ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ?reat5$ to ! false fri5d ( ! ,son ( ,david1 & might ev5 associate ! memory ( 8 crime ) a well-kn[n desecrat$ place 9 ! vic9ity ( ,j]usalem4 #aibb #aca4 ,,jesus ,,be=e ,,pilate ,,& ,,h]od4 ,accord+ to all ! ,evangeli/s x 0 9 ! morn+ :5 ! ,jewi% magi/rates1 aft] hav+ decl>$ ,jesus wor?y ( dea?1 #aibc caus$ him to be l$ away to ! ,roman procurator1 ,pontius ,pilate 7,matt4 xxvii4 #a ff4 p>all42 ,john xviii4 #bh74 ,accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 ,jesus 0 b\nd prep>atory to 8 be+ conduct$ be=e ,pilate1 accord+ to ,john xviii4 #ab1 imm$iately on 8 arre/ 9 ! g>d52 ,luke says no?+ ( 8 be+ b\nd4 ,to ?is measure ( s5d+ him to ,pilate !y 7 compell$1 accord+ to ,john xviii4 #ca1 by ! circum/ance t ! ,sanh$rim 0 depriv$ ( ! au?ority to execute ! puni%m5t ( dea? 7)\t ! concurr5ce ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t73 #aibd b at all ev5ts ! ,jewi% rul]s mu/ 9 ?is in/ance h be5 anxi\s to call 9 ! ag5cy ( ! ,romans1 s9ce only _! p[] c\ld af=d security aga9/ an upro> among ! p 1 :i* ! =m] fe>$ z a result ( ! execution ( ,jesus dur+ ! fea/ "t 7,matt4 xxvi4 #e p>all474 ,arriv$ at ! ,prtorium1 ! ,jews1 accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ! f\r? gospel1 rema9$ )\t1 f fe> ( ,levitical defilem5t1 b ,jesus 0 l$ into ! int]ior ( ! build+3 s t ,pilate mu/ alt]nately h come out :5 he w\ld speak to ! ,jews1 & h gone 9 aga9 :5 he proce$$ to "q ,jesus 7xviii4 #bh ff474 ,! synopti/s 9 ! sequel repres5t ,jesus z 9 ! same locality ) ,pilate & ! ,jews1 = 9 !m ,jesus imm$iately he>s ! accusations ( ! ,jews1 & answ]s !m 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pilate4 ,s9ce !y1 z well z ,john1 make ! condemnation take place 9 ! op5 air 7aft] ! condemnation !y repres5t ,jesus z be+ l$ into ! ,prtorium1 ,matt4 xxvii4 #bg1 & ,mat!w1 l ,john1 xix4 #ac1 describes ,pilate asc5d+ ! judgm5t seat 1 :i* accord+ to ,josephus #aibe /ood 9 ! op5 air71 )\t m5tion+ any *ange ( place 9 connexion ) ! trial3 !y app>5tly conceiv$ ! :ole transaction to h pass$ on ! out] place1 & suppos$1 9 div]g5cy f ,john1 t ,jesus himself 0 !re4 ,! fir/ "q ( ,pilate to ,jesus is accord+ to all ! gospels3 ,art ?\ ! k+ ( ! ,jews8 1 i4e4 ! ,messiah8 ,9 ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s ?is "q is n introduc$ by any accusation on ! "p ( ! ,jews 7,matt4 v4 #aa2 ,m>k v4 #b72 9 ,john1 ,pilate1 /epp+ out ( ! ,prtorium1 asks ! ,jews :at accusation !y h to br+ aga9/ ,jesus 7xviii4 #bi71 on :i* !y insol5tly reply3 ,if he 7 n a malefactor1 we w\ld n h deliv]$ him up unto !e3 an answ] by :i* !y c\ld n expect to facilitate _! obta9+ f ! ,roman a ratification ( _! s5t5ce1 #aibf b only to embitt] him4 ,aft] ,pilate1 ) surpris+ mildness1 has rejo9$ t !y may take him & judge him accord+ to _! law--app>5tly n suppos+ a crime involv+ dea?--& ! ,jews h oppos$ to ?is p]mission _! inability to adm9i/] ! puni%m5t ( dea?3 ! procurator re-ent]s & addresses to ,jesus ! def9ite "q3 ,art ?\ ! k+ ( ! ,jews8 :i* ?us "h likewise has no suitable introduction4 ,?is is ! case only 9 ,luke1 :o fir/ adduces ! accusations ( ! ,sanh$ri/s aga9/ ,jesus1 t he /irr$ up ! p & enc\rag$ !m to refuse tribute to ,cs>1 giv+ himself out to be ,*ri/ a k+1 7xxiii4 #b74 ,if 9 ?is mann] ! n>rative ( ,luke enables u to und]/& h[ ,pilate c\ld at once put to ,jesus ! "q :e!r he 7 ! k+ ( ! ,jews2 x leaves u 9 all ! great] d>kness z to h[ ,pilate1 imm$iately on ! affirmative answ] ( ,jesus1 c\ld )\t any fur!r inquiries decl>e to ! accus]s t he f\nd no fault 9 ! accus$4 ,he mu/ fir/ h asc]ta9$ ! gr\nds or ! want ( gr\nds = ! *>ge ( excit+ ! populace1 & also h in=m$ himself z to ! s5se 9 :i* ,jesus claim$ ! title ( k+ ( ! ,jews1 be=e he c\ld pron\nce ! words3 ,i f9d no fault 9 ?is man4 ,9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 x is true1 to ! affirmation ( ,jesus t he is ! k+ ( ! ,jews is add$ 8 sil5ce1 9 opposition to ! manifold accusations ( ! ,sanh$ri/s--a sil5ce :i* surprises ,pilate3 & ?is is n foll[$ by a precise decl>ation t no fault is to be f\nd 9 ,jesus1 b m]ely by ! procurator's attempt to set ,jesus at lib]ty by c\pl+ him ) ,b>abbas2 /ill :at %\ld move him ev5 to ?is attempt does n appe> f ! above gospels4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is po9t is suffici5tly cle> 9 ! f\r? gospel4 ,x is c]ta9ly surpris+ t :5 ,pilate asks :e!r he be really ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 ,jesus %\ld reply by ! c\nt]-"q1 :e!r he say ?is ( himself or at ! sugge/ion ( ano!r4 ,9 an accus$ p]son1 h[ev] consci\s ( innoc5ce1 su* a "q _c be held w>rantable1 & h5ce x has be5 s\ght 9 e possible way to give ! words ( ,jesus a s5se m consonant ) propriety3 b ! "q ( ,jesus is too def9ite to be a m]e repulse ( ! accusation z absurd1 #aibg & too indef9ite to be reg>d$ z an inquiry1 :e!r ! ,procurator int5d$ ! title 9 ! ,roman s5se 7' 7 or 9 ! ,jewi% 7 74 #aibh ,& ,pilate does n s und]/& x1 b z an unw>rantable "q to :i* x is a m>k ( 8 indulg5ce t he replies2--9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x is true1 ) "s impati5ce1 by ! second c\nt]-"q1 :e!r he be a ,jew1 & ?us able ( himself to h in=mation conc]n+ a crime s specifically ,jewi%2 b h]eupon he good-natur$ly adds t x is ! ,jews & _! rul]s by :om ,jesus has be5 deliv]$ to him1 & t he is !re=e at lib]ty to speak m p>ticul>ly ( ! crime :i* ^! lay to 8 *>ge4 ,n[ on ?is ,jesus gives ,pilate an answ] :i*1 add$ to ! impression ( 8 :ole appe>ance1 might c]ta9ly induce 9 ! ,procurator a conviction ( 8 innoc5ce4 ,he replies1 namely1 t 8 k+dom is n ( ?is _w 1 & adduces z a pro( ( ?is1 ! peaceful1 passive conduct ( 8 adh]5ts on 8 arre/ 7v4 #cf74 ,on ! fur!r "q ( ,pilate1 :e!r1 s9ce ,jesus has ?us ascrib$ to himself a k+dom1 al?\gh no e>?ly "o1 he !n claims to be a k+8 he replies t c]ta9ly he is s1 b only 9 s f> z he is born to be a witness to ! tru?3 :]eupon foll[s ! fam\s "q ( ,pilate3 ,:at is tru?8 2 ,al?\gh 9 ?is latt] reply ( ,jesus we _c b be /ruck by its pres5t+ ! peculi> hue ( ?\ght :i* *>act]izes ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1 9 ! use ( ! idea ( tru? 1 z we 7 be=e surpris$ at ! unw>rantable nature ( ! c\nt]-"q ( ,jesus2 /ill ?is acc\nt 9 ,john r5d]s x conceivable h[ ,pilate c\ld imm$iately /ep =? & decl>e to ! ,jews t he f\nd no fault 9 ,jesus4 ,b ano!r po9t might easily create suspicion aga9/ ?is n>rative ( ,john4 ,accord+ to him ! trial ( ,jesus w5t =w>d 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,prtorium1 :i* no ,jew w\ld v5ture to ent]2 :o !n are we to suppose he>d ! conv]sation ( ! ,procurator ) ,jesus1 & 0 ! in=mant :o communicat$ x to ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel8 ,! op9ion ( ! old] comm5tators t ,jesus himself n>rat$ ^! conv]sations to 8 disciples aft] ! resurrection is r5\nc$ z extravagant2 ! m mod]n idea t p]haps ,pilate himself 0 ! s\rce ( ! in=mation conc]n+ ! trial1 is sc>cely less improbable1 & r ?an take refuge1 ) ,lcke1 9 ! supposition t ,jesus rema9$ at ! entrance ( ! ,prtorium1 s t ^? /&+ imm$iately )\t might ) "s att5tion & /illness 787 h he>d ! conv]sation1 ,i %\ld pref] appeal+ to ! att5dants ( ! ,procurator1 :o w\ld sc>cely be alone ) ,jesus4 ,mean:ile x is easily conceivable t we h "h a conv]sation1 :i* owes its orig9 solely to ! ,evangeli/'s own comb9ation1 & 9 ?is case we ne$ n be/[ s mu* lab\r 9 asc]ta9+ ! precise s5se ( ,pilate's "q3 :at is tru?8 s9ce ?is w\ld only be an example ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/'s fav\rite =m ( dialogue1 ! contra/ ( pr(\nd communications on ! "p ( ,jesus1 ) que/ions ei!r ( misappreh5sion or ( total un9tellig5ce on ! "p ( ! he>]s1 z xii4 #cd1 ! ,jews ask :o is ?is ,son ( man8 4 48 s "h ,pilate3 :at is tru?8 8 #aibi ,be=e ! introduction ( ,b>abbas1 :i* 9 all ! o!r ,evangeli/s comes next 9 ord]1 ,luke has an episode peculi> to himself4 ,on ! decl>ation ( ,pilate t he f9ds no guilt 9 ! accus$1 ! *ief prie/s & _! adh]5ts among ! multitude p]si/ 9 ass]t+ t ,jesus /irr$ up ! p by 8 ag5cy z a tea*] f ,galilee to ,j]usalem3 ,pilate notices ! ^w ,galilee1 asks :e!r ! accus$ be a ,galilean1 & :5 ?is is confirm$1 he seizes x z a welcome pretext = ridd+ himself ( ! ungrateful bus9ess1 & s5ds ,jesus to ! ,tetr>* ( ,galilee1 ,h]od ,antipas1 at t "t 9 ,j]usalem 9 obs]vance ( ! fea/2 p]haps also design+ z a second>y object1 :at at lea/ 0 ! result1 to conciliate ! petty pr9ce by ?is %[ ( respect = 8 jurisdiction4 ,?is measure1 x is said1 gave great satisfaction to ,h]od1 because hav+ he>d mu* ( ,jesus1 he _h long be5 desir\s to see him1 9 ! hope t he w\ld p]haps p]=m a miracle4 ,! ,tetr>* address$ v>i\s que/ions to him1 ! ,sanh$ri/s urg$ vehem5t accusations aga9/ him1 b ,jesus gave no answ]2 :]eupon ,h]od ) 8 soldi]s betook !mselves to mock]y1 & at l5g?1 aft] array+ him 9 a gorge\s robe1 s5t him back to ,pilate 7xxiii4 #d ff474 ,?is n>rative ( ,luke's1 :e!r we consid] x 9 itself or 9 its relation to ! o!r gospels1 has mu* to a/oni% u4 ,if ,jesus z a ,galilean really belong$ to ! jurisdiction ( ,h]od1 z ,pilate1 by deliv]+ ! accus$ to him1 appe>s to ackn[l$ge3 h[ came ,jesus 7& ! "q is equally difficult :e!r we reg>d him z ! s9less ,jesus ( ! or?odox sy/em1 or z ! "o :o 9 ! hi/ory ( ! tribute-p5ny manife/$ 8 subjection to ! exi/+ au?orities7 to )hold f him ! answ] :i* 0 8 due8 & h[ 0 x t ,h]od1 )\t any fur!r proc$ures1 s5t him away aga9 f 8 tribunal8 ,to say1 ) ,ol%aus51 t ! int]rogation be=e ,h]od _h elicit$ ! fact t ,jesus 0 n born 9 ,naz>e? & ,galilee1 b 9 ,be?lehem1 & consequ5tly 9 ,juda1 is on ! "o h& an inadmissible appeal to ! hi/ory ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ( ! /atem5ts 9 :i* !re is no fur!r trace 9 ! :ole subsequ5t c\rse ( ,luke's gospel2 & on ! o!r h&1 a totally accid5tal bir? 9 ,juda1 su* z t repres5t$ by ,luke1 ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & ev5 ,jesus himself1 be+ bo? be=e & aft] resid5t 9 ,galilee1 w\ld n h con/itut$ ,jesus a ,judan2 b above all we mu/ ask1 ?r\gh :om 0 ! ,judan orig9 ( ,jesus br\ght to light1 s9ce x is said ( ,jesus t he gave no answ]1 :ile accord+ to all ! in=mation we possess1 t orig9 0 totally unkn[n to ! ,jews8 ,x w\ld be pref]able to expla9 ! sil5ce ( ,jesus by ! unbecom+ mann] ( ,h]od's int]rogation1 :i* manife/$1 n ! s]i\sness ( ! judge1 b m]e curiosity2 & to acc\nt = 8 be+ s5t back to ,pilate by ! fact1 t n only ! arre/1 b also a "p ( ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus _h occurr$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( ,pilate4 ,b :y d ! re/ ( ! ,evangeli/s say no?+ ( ! entire episode8 ,especially :5 ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel is reg>d$ z ! ,apo/le ,john1 x is n easy to see h[ ?is omission c be expla9$4 ,! common plea1 t he suppos$ ! fact suffici5tly kn[n f ! synopti/s1 w n s]ve "h1 s9ce ,luke is ! sole ,evangeli/ :o n>rates ! incid5t1 & ?us x does n appe> to h be5 v widely spread2 ! conjecture1 t x may probably h appe>$ to him too unimportant1 #aicj loses all f\ndation :5 x is consid]$ t ,john does n scorn to m5tion ! lead+ away to ,annas1 :i* nev]!less 0 equally indecisive2 & 9 g5]al1 ! n>rative ( ^! ev5ts 9 ,john is1 z ,s*lei]ma*] himself confesses1 s consecutive t x n[h]e pres5ts a break 9 :i* su* an episode c\ld be ins]t$4 ,h5ce ev5 ,s*lei]ma*] at la/ takes refuge 9 ! conjecture t possibly ! s5d+ to ,h]od may h escap$ ! notice ( ,john1 because x happ5$ on an opposite side to t on :i* ! disciple /ood1 ?r\gh a back door2 & t x came to ! k ( ,luke because 8 in=mant _h an acqua9tance 9 ! h\sehold ( ,h]od1 z ,john _h 9 t ( ,annas3 ! =m] conjecture1 h[ev]1 is figuratively z well z lit]ally no?+ m ?an a back door2 ! latt]1 a fiction :i* is b ! ef=t ( despair4 ,c]ta9ly if we r5\nce ! presupposition t ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel 0 an apo/le1 we lose ! gr\nd ( attack aga9/ ! n>rative ( ,luke1 :i* 9 any case1 s9ce ,ju/9 kn[s ( ! consignm5t to ,h]od1 #aica is ( v e>ly orig94 ,nev]!less1 fir/1 ! sil5ce ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s 9 a portion ( _! common hi/ory1 9 :i*1 ) ?is exception1 !re prevails an agreem5t z to ! pr9cipal /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! fate ( ,jesus2 & secondly1 ! int]nal difficulties ( ! n>rative1 rema9 s suspici\s1 t x mu/ /ill be op5 to u to conjecture1 t ! anecdote arose out ( ! ef=t to place ,jesus be=e all ! tribunals t c\ld possibly be ga!r$ toge!r 9 ,j]usalem2 to make e au?ority n hi]>*ical1 ?\gh treat+ him ) ignom9y1 /ill ei!r explicitly or tacitly ackn[l$ge 8 innoc5ce2 & to repres5t him z ma9ta9+ 8 equable demean\r & dignity be=e all4 ,if ?is be probable ) respect to ! pres5t n>rative1 9 :i* ! ?ird ,evangeli/ /&s alone1 a simil> conjecture conc]n+ ! lead+ away to ,annas1 9 :i* we h se5 t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ /&s alone1 w\ld only be w>d$ (f by ! circum/ance t ?is sc5e is n describ$ 9 detail1 & h5ce pres5ts no int]nal difficulties4 ,aft] ,jesus1 be+ s5t back by ,h]od1 0 return$ ^u 8 h&s1 ,pilate1 accord+ to ,luke1 once m call$ toge!r ! ,sanh$ri/s & ! p1 & decl>$1 alleg+ 9 8 support ! judgm5t ( ,h]od z accordant ) 8 own1 8 wi% to dismiss ,jesus ) *a/isem5t2 = :i* purpose he might avail himself ( ! cu/om ( releas+ a prison] at ! fea/ ( ! passov]4 #aicb ,?is circum/ance1 :i* is some:at abridg$ 9 ,luke1 is m fully exhibit$ 9 ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 especially 9 ,mat!w4 ,z ! privilege to entreat ! release ( a prison] belong$ to ! p1 ,pilate1 well kn[+ t ,jesus 0 p]secut$ by ! rul]s out ( jeal\sy1 s\ght to turn to 8 advantage ! bett] disposition ( ! p t[>ds him2 & 9 ord] virtually to oblige !m to free ,jesus1 :om1 p>tly out ( mock]y ( ! ,jews1 p>tly to det] !m f 8 execution z degrad+ to !mselves1 he nam$ ! ,messiah or ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 he rem9d$ !m t _! *oice lay betwe5 him & a notable prison]1 1 ,b>abbas1 #aicc :om ,john designates z a robb]1 1 b ,m>k & ,luke z "o :o 0 imprison$ = insurrection & murd]4 ,?is plan h[ev] fail$1 = ! p1 suborn$1 z ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s obs]ve1 by _! rul]s1 ) "o voice desir$ ! release ( ,b>abbas & ! crucifixion ( ,jesus4 ,z a circum/ance :i* _h especial weight ) ,pilate 9 fav\r ( ,jesus1 & mov$ him to make ! proposal relative to ,b>abbas z urg5tly z possible1 x is /at$ by ,mat!w t :ile ! procurator sat on 8 tribunal1 8 wife1 #aicd 9 consequ5ce ( a di/urb+ dream1 s5t to him a w>n+ to incur no responsibility 9 relation to t j man 7xxvii4 #ai74 ,n only ,paulus1 b ev5 ,ol%aus51 expla9s ?is dream z a natural result ( :at ,pilate's wife might h he>d ( ,jesus & ( 8 capture on ! prec$+ ev5+2 to :i* may be add$ z an explanatory conjecture1 ! notice ( ! ,evangelium ,nicodemi1 t %e 0 pi\s1 1 & judaiz+1 4 #aice ,nev]!less1 z con/antly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 dreams are reg>d$ z a special disp5sation f heav51 s ?is assur$ly 9 ! op9ion ( ! n>rator happ5$ non s9e num9e2 & h5ce x %\ld be possible to conceive a motive & an object = ! disp5sation4 ,if ! dream 7 really int5d$ to prev5t ! dea? ( ,jesus1 tak+ ! or?odox po9t ( view1 9 :i* ?is dea? 0 necess>y = ! salvation ( man1 we mu/ be l$ to ! op9ion ( "s ( ! anci5ts1 t x may h be5 ! devil :o sugge/$ t dream to ! wife ( ! procurator1 9 ord] to h9d] ! propitiatory dea?2 #aicf if on ! contr>y1 ! dream 7 n int5d$ to prev5t ! dea? ( ,jesus1 its object mu/ h be5 limit$ to ,pilate or 8 wife4 ,b z f> z ,pilate 0 conc]n$1 s late a w>n+ c\ld only aggravate 8 guilt1 )\t suffic+ to det] him f ! /ep already half tak52 :ile t 8 wife 0 conv]t$ by means ( ?is dream1 z _m h suppos$1 #aicg is totally unatte/$ by hi/ory or tradition1 & su* an object is n intimat$ 9 ! n>rative4 ,b1 z ! "p :i* ,pilate himself plays 9 ! evangelical n>rative is su* z to exhibit ! bl9d hatr$ ( ! fell[-c\ntrym5 ( ,jesus 9 contra/ ) ! imp>tial judgm5t ( a ,g5tile2 s 8 wife is made to r5d] a te/imony to ,jesus1 9 ord] t1 n only out ( ! m\? ( babes & suckl+s 7,matt4 xxi4 #af71 b also out ( ! m\? ( a weak woman1 praise might be prep>$ = him2 & to increase its importance x is trac$ to a significant dream4 ,to give ?is an appe>ance ( probability1 simil> in/ances are adduc$ f pr(ane hi/ory ( dreams :i* h act$ z pres5tim5ts & w>n+s be=e a sangu9>y cata/rophe3 #aich b ! m num]\s are ^! analog\s cases1 ! m is ! suspicion excit$ t z ! majority ( ^!1 s also ! dream 9 our evangelical passage1 may h be5 fabricat$ aft] ! ev5t1 = ! sake ( height5+ its tragical effect4 ,:5 ! ,jews1 9 reply to ! repeat$ que/ions ( ,pilate1 vehem5tly & ob/9ately dem& ! release ( ,b>abbas & ! crucifixion ( ,jesus1 ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s repres5t him z at once yield+ to _! desire2 b ,mat!w fir/ int]poses a c]emony & a colloquy 7xxvii4 #bd ff474 ,accord+ to him ,pilate calls = wat]1 wa%es 8 h&s be=e ! p1 & decl>es himself innoc5t ( ! blood ( ?is j man4 ,! wa%+ ( ! h&s1 z a prote/ation ( purity f ! guilt ( %$d+ blood1 0 a cu/om specifically ,jewi%1 accord+ to ,deut4 xxi4 #f f4 #aici ,x has be5 ?\ght improbable t ! ,roman %\ld h "h int5tionally imitat$ ?is ,jewi% cu/om1 & h5ce x has be5 cont5d$1 t to any "o :o wi%$ s solemnly to decl>e 8 innoc5ce no?+ w\ld m readily sugge/ itself ?an ! act ( wa%+ ! h&s4 #aidj ,b t an individual1 ap>t f any allusion to a kn[n usage1 %\ld inv5t extemporane\sly a symbolical act1 or ev5 t he %\ld m]ely fall 9 ) ! cu/om ( a =eign nation1 w\ld require him to be deeply int]e/$ 9 ! fact :i* he int5ds to symbolize4 ,t ,pilate1 h[ev]1 %\ld be deeply int]e/$ 9 atte/+ 8 innoc5ce ( ! execution ( ,jesus1 is n s probable z t ! ,*ri/ians %\ld h be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 ?us ga9+ a te/imony to ! innoc5ce ( _! ,messiah3 :5ce !re arises a suspicion t p]haps ,pilate's act ( wa%+ 8 h&s owes its orig9 to !m alone4 ,?is conjecture is confirm$1 :5 we consid] ! decl>ation ) :i* ,pilate accompanies 8 symbolical act3 ,i am innoc5t ( ! blood ( ?is j man1 4 ,= t ! judge %\ld publicly & emphatically designate z a j man1 1 "o :om he 0 nev]!less deliv]+ ov] to ! sev]e/ infliction ( ! law1--?is ev5 ,paulus f9ds s contradictory t he "h1 contr>y to 8 usual mode ( exposition1 supposes t ! n>rator himself expresses 9 ^! words 8 own int]pretation ( ,pilate's symbolical act4 ,x is surpris+ t he is n also /ruck by ! equal improbability ( ! answ] :i* is attribut$ to ! ,jews on ?is occasion4 ,aft] ,pilate has decl>$ himself guiltless ( ! blood ( ,jesus1 & by ! addition3 see ye to x1 has laid ! responsibility on ! ,jews1 x is said 9 ,mat!w t all ! p 1 cri$3 ,8 blood be on u & on our *ildr51 ' 4 ,b ?is is obvi\sly spok5 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o 9 ! mis]ies :i* %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus fell ) cont9ually increas+ weight on ! ,jewi% nation1 saw no?+ else ?an ! paym5t ( ! debt ( blood :i* !y _h incurr$ by ! crucifixion ( ,jesus3 s t ?is :ole episode1 :i* is peculi> to ! fir/ gospel1 is 9 ! highe/ degree suspici\s4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 ,pilate n[ caus$ ,jesus to be sc\rg$1 prep>atory to 8 be+ l$ away to crucifixion4 ,"h ! sc\rg+ appe>s to correspond to ! virgis cd]e1 :i* accord+ to ,roman usage prec$$ ! securi p]cut]e1 & to ! sc\rg+ ( slaves prior to crucifixion4 #aida ,9 ,luke x has a totally diff]5t "*4 ,:ile 9 ! two =m] ,evangeli/s x is said3 ,:5 he _h sc\rg$ ,jesus1 he deliv]$ him to be crucifi$1 4 3 9 ,luke1 ,pilate repeat$ly 7v4 #af & #bb7 makes ! proposal3 hav+ *a/is$ him ,i w let him g1 3 i4e4 :ile !re ! sc\rg+ has ! appe>ance ( a m]e accessory ( ! crucifixion1 "h x appe>s to be int5d$ z a sub/itute = ! crucifixion3 ,pilate wi%es by ?is *a/isem5t to appease ! hatr$ ( ! enemies ( ,jesus1 & induce !m to desi/ f dem&+ 8 execution4 ,aga91 :ile 9 ,luke ! sc\rg+ does n actually take place1--because ! ,jews w 9 n[ise acc$e to ! repeat$ proposal ( ,pilate3 9 ,john ! latt] causes ,jesus to be sc\rg$1 exhibits him to ! p ) ! purple robe & ! cr[n ( ?orns & tries :e!r 8 pitiable aspect1 toge!r ) ! repeat$ decl>ation ( 8 innoc5ce1 w n mollify _! embitt]$ m9ds3 ?is1 h[ev]1 prov+ also 9 va9 7xix4 #a ff474 ,?us !re exi/s a contradiction betwe5 ! ,evangeli/s 9 relation to ! sc\rg+ ( ,jesus1 :i* is n to be conciliat$ aft] ! me?od ( ,paulus1 namely by p>aphras+ ! words 4 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k ?us3 ,jesus1 :om he _h already be=e sc\rg$ 9 ord] to save him1 suff]$ ?is 9 va91 s9ce he 0 /ill deliv]$ ov] to crucifixion4 ,b1 ackn[l$g+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! acc\nts1 we mu/ only ask1 :i* ( ! two has ! advantage z reg>ds hi/orical probability8 ,al?\gh x is c]ta9ly n to be prov$ t sc\rg+ be=e crucifixion 0 a ,roman cu/om admitt+ no exception3 /ill1 on ! o!r h&1 x is a purely h>moni/ic ef=t to allege1 t sc\rg+ 0 only made to prec$e crucifixion 9 cases :]e ! puni%m5t 0 int5d$ to be p>ticul>ly sev]e1 #aidb & t consequ5tly ,pilate1 :o _h no wi% to be cruel to ,jesus1 c only h caus$ him to be sc\rg$ ) ! special design :i* ,luke & ,john m5tion1 & :i* is also to be und]/ood 9 ! n>ratives ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,x is f> m probable t 9 reality ! sc\rg+ only took place z x is describ$ by ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 namely1 z an introduction to ! crucifixion1 & t ! ,*ri/ian leg5d 7to :i* t side ( ,pilate's "*1 9 virtue ( :i* he endeav\r$ 9 v>i\s ways to save ,jesus1 0 p>ticul>ly welcome z a te/imony aga9/ ! ,jews7 gave su* a turn ev5 to ! fact ( ! sc\rg+ z to obta9 f x a new attempt at release on ! "p ( ,pilate4 ,?is use ( ! fact is only incipi5t 9 ! ?ird gospel1 = "h ! sc\rg+ is a m]e proposal ( ,pilate3 :]eas 9 ! f\r?1 ! sc\rg+ actually takes place1 & becomes an additional act 9 ! drama4 ,) ! sc\rg+ is connect$ 9 ! two fir/ gospels & ! f\r?1 ! maltreatm5t & mock]y ( ,jesus by ! soldi]s1 :o attir$ him 9 a purple robe1 plac$ a cr[n ( ?orns on 8 head1 #aidc put1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 a re$ 9 8 h&1 & 9 ?is disguise fir/ greet$ him z ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 & !n smote & maltreat$ him4 #aidd ,luke does n m5tion any d]ision on ! "p ( ! soldi]s "h1 b he has some?+ simil> 9 8 n>rative ( ! int]rogation ( ,jesus be=e ,h]od1 = he repres5ts ?is pr9ce ) 8 m5 ( w>1 1 z mock+ ,jesus1 & s5d+ him back to ,pilate 9 a gorge\s robe1 4 ,_m suppose t ?is 0 ! same purple robe :i* 0 aft]w>ds put on ,jesus by ! soldi]s ( ,pilate2 b x mu/ r h be5 ?rice t ,jesus _h to we> ?is disguise1 if we take ! n>rative ( ,john into ! acc\nt & at ! same "t refuse to attribute error to any ( ! synopti/s3 fir/ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,h]od 7,luke72 secondly1 be=e ,pilate br\ght ,jesus =? to ! ,jews1 t he might excite _! compassion ) ! words3 ,behold ! man1 7,john72 ?irdly1 aft] he 0 deliv]$ to ! soldi]s = crucifixion 7,mat!w & ,m>k74 ,?is repetition is z improbable z x is probable t ! "o disguis+ ( ,jesus1 :i* _h come to ! k ( ! ,evangeli/s1 0 assign$ by !m to diff]5t places & times1 & ascrib$ to diff]5t p]sons4 ,:ile 9 ! two fir/ gospels ! process ( trial is already conclud$ be=e ! sc\rg+1 & 9 ! ?ird1 on ! rejection ( 8 proposal to sc\rge & release ,jesus by ! ,jews1 ,pilate =?) deliv]s him to be crucifi$3 9 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ ! sc5e ( ! trial is fur!r develop$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,:5 ev5 ! exhibition ( ,jesus sc\rg$ & disguis$ avails no?+1 b 8 crucifixion is ob/9ately dem&$1 ! procurator is inc5s$1 & cries to ! ,jews1 t !y may take him & crucify him !mselves1 = he f9ds no fault 9 him4 ,! ,jews reply t accord+ to _! law he mu/ die1 s9ce he _h made himself ! ,son ( ,god 2 a rem>k :i* affects ,pilate ) a sup]/iti\s fe>1 :5ce he once m leads ,jesus into ! ,prtorium1 & inquires conc]n+ 8 orig9 7:e!r x be really heav5ly71 on :i* ,jesus gives him no answ]1 & :5 ! procurator seeks to al>m him by rem9d+ him ( ! p[] :i* he possesses ov] 8 life1 ref]s to ! high] s\rce f :5ce he _h ?is p[]4 ,pilate1 aft] ?is reply1 seeks 7yet m e>ne/ly ?an be=e7 to release ,jesus2 b at la/ ! ,jews hit ^u ! "r means ( mak+ him acc$e to _! w1 by ?r[+ out ! intimation t1 if he release ,jesus :o has oppos$ himself to ,cs> z an usurp]1 he _c be ,cs>'s fri5d4 ,?us1 intimidat$ by ! possibility ( 8 be+ calumniat$ to ,tib]ius1 he m\nts ! tribunal1 &1 s9ce he _c prosecute 8 w1 betakes himself to d]ision ( ! ,jews 9 ! "q1 :e!r !y !n wi% t he %\ld crucify _! k+8 ,:]eupon !y1 keep+ to ! position :i* !y _h la/ tak5 ) su* evid5t effect1 prote/ t !y w h no k+ b ,cs>4 ,! procurator n[ cons5ts to deliv] ,jesus to be crucifi$1 = :i* purpose1 z ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s rem>k1 ! purple mantle 0 remov$1 & he 0 aga9 attir$ 9 8 own clo!s4 #acb4 ,,! ,,crucifixion4 ,ev5 conc]n+ ! progress ( ,jesus to ! place ( crucifixion !re is a div]g5cy betwe5 ! synopti/s & ,john1 = accord+ to ! latt] ,jesus himself c>ri$ 8 cross ?i!r 7xix4 #ag71 :ile ! =m] /ate t "o ,simon a ,cyr5ian bore x 9 8 /ead 7,matt4 xxvii4 #cb p>all474 ,! comm5tators inde$1 z if a real agreem5t 7 assum$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 reconcile ^! /atem5ts ?us3 at fir/ ,jesus himself endeav\r$ to be> ! cross1 b z ! attempt made x obvi\s t he 0 too mu* exhau/$1 x 0 laid on ,simon4 #aide ,b :5 ,john says3 ,& he be>+ 8 cross w5t =? into--,golgo?a1 :]e !y crucifi$ him1 -- 3 he pla9ly presupposes t ! cross 0 borne by ,jesus on ! way ?i!r4 #aidf ,b ! /atem5t s unanim\sly giv5 by ! synopti/s respect+ ! sub/itution ( ,simon appe>s ! less capable ( be+ reject$1 ! m difficult x is to discov] a motive :i* might lead to its fabrication4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is individual trait might v probably h rema9$ unkn[n 9 ! circle 9 :i* ! f\r? gospel _h its orig91 & ! au?or might h ?\ght t1 accord+ to ! g5]al cu/om1 ,jesus mu/ h c>ri$ 8 cross4 ,all ! synopti/s designate ?is ,simon z a ,cyr5ian1 i4e4 probably "o :o _h come to ,j]usalem to ! fea/1 f ! ,libyan city ( ,cyr5e1 :]e _m ,jews resid$4 #aidg ,accord+ to all1 ! c>ry+ ( ! cross 0 =c$ ^u him1 a circum/ance :i* c z little be urg$ = z aga9/ ! op9ion t he 0 fav\rable to ,jesus4 #aidh ,accord+ to ,luke & ,m>k1 ! man came directly out ( ! c\ntry1 ' 1 & z he attempt$ to pass by ! cr[d advanc+ to ! place ( crucifixion1 he 0 made use ( to relieve ,jesus4 ,m>k designates him yet m p>ticul>ly z ! fa!r ( ,alex&] & ,rufus1 :o appe> to h be5 not$ p]sons 9 ! primitive *ur* 7comp4 ,rom4 xvi4 #ac2 ,acts xix4 #cc 7872 #a ,tim4 i4 #bj 7872 #b ,tim4 iv4 #ad 78774 #aidi ,on ! way to ! place ( execution1 accord+ to ,luke1 !re foll[$ ,jesus1 lam5t+ him1 a great company1 consi/+ especially ( wom51 :om he h[ev] admoni%$ to weep r = !mselves & _! *ildr51 9 prospect ( ! t]rible "t1 :i* w\ld soon come ^u !m 7xxiii4 #bg ff474 ,! details are tak5 p>tly f ! disc\rse on ! second adv5t1 ,luke xxi4 #bc2 = z !re x is said1 1 1 1 s "h ,jesus says1 t ! days are com+ 9 :i* 1 1 1 w be pron\nc$ bless$2 p>tly f ,hosea x4 #h1 = ! words 444 7!n %all !y beg9 to say to ! m\nta9s1 etc47 are almo/ exactly ! ,alex&rian translation ( t passage4 ,! place ( execution is nam$ by all ! ,evangeli/s ,golgo?a1 ! ,*aldaic 1 & !y all int]pret ?is designation by ! place ( a skull1 or a skull 7,matt4 v4 #cc p>all474 ,f ! latt] "n x might appe> t ! place 0 s call$ because x resembl$ a skull 9 =m2 :]eas ! =m] int]pretation1 & inde$ ! nature ( ! case1 r5d]s x probable t x ow$ its "n to its de/9ation z a place ( execution1 & to ! bones & skulls ( ! execut$ :i* 7 heap$ up !re4 ,:]e ?is place 0 situat$ is n kn[n1 b d\btless x 0 out ( ! city2 ev5 t x 0 a hill1 is a m]e conjecture4 #aiej ,! c\rse ( ev5ts aft] ! arrival at ! place ( execution is n>rat$ by ,mat!w 7v4 #cd ff47 9 a some:at s+ul> ord]4 ,fir/1 he m5tions ! bev]age (f]$ to ,jesus2 next1 he says t aft] !y _h nail$ him to ! cross1 ! soldi]s %>$ 8 clo!s among !m2 !n1 t !y sat d[n & wat*$ him2 aft] ?is he notices ! sup]scription on ! cross1 & at l5g?1 & n z if supply+ a previ\s omission1 b ) a p>ticle expressive ( succession 9 "t 771 ! fact t two ?ieves 7 crucifi$ ) him4 ,m>k foll[s ,mat!w1 except t in/ead ( ! /atem5t ab\t ! wat*+ ( ! cross1 he has a det]m9ation ( ! "t at :i* ,jesus 0 crucifi$3 :ile ,luke m correctly relates fir/ ! crucifixion ( ! two malefactors ) ,jesus1 & !n ! ca/+ ( lots = ! clo!s2 & ! same ord] is obs]v$ by ,john4 ,b x is inadmissible on ?is acc\nt to transpose ! v]ses 9 ,mat!w 7#cd1 #cg1 #ch1 #ce1 #cf71 z has be5 propos$2 #aiea & we mu/ r ab&on ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel to ! *>ge1 t 9 8 anxiety n to omit any ( ! *ief ev5ts at ! crucifixion ( ,jesus1 he has neglect$ ! natural ord] ( "t4 #aieb ,z reg>ds ! mode ( ! crucifixion !re is n[ sc>cely any debat$ po9t1 if we except ! "q1 :e!r ! feet z well z ! h&s 7 nail$ to ! cross4 ,z x lay 9 ! int]e/ ( ! or?odox view to prove ! affirmative3 s x 0 equally important to ! rationali/ic sy/em to ma9ta9 ! negative4 ,f ,ju/9 ,m>tyr #aiec d[n to ,h5g/5b]g #aied & ,ol%aus51 ! or?odox f9d 9 ! nail+ ( ! feet ( ,jesus to ! cross a fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ,ps4 xxii4 #ag1 :i* ! ,,lxx4 translates3 1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! orig9al text really speaks ( pi]c+1 & 9 no case does x allude to crucifixion3 moreov] ! passage is n[h]e appli$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,to ! rationali/s1 on ! contr>y1 x is at once m easy to expla9 ! dea? ( ,jesus z a m]ely app>5t dea?1 & only possible to conceive h[ he c\ld walk imm$iately aft] ! resurrection1 :5 x is suppos$ t 8 feet 7 left unw\nd$2 b ! case %\ld r be /at$ ?us3 if ! hi/orical evid5ce g to prove t ! feet also ( ,jesus 7 nail$1 x mu/ be conclud$ t ! resuscitation & ! p[] ( walk+ %ortly aft]1 ei!r happ5$ sup]naturally or n at all4 ,( late !re h /ood oppos$ to ea* o!r two le>n$ & pr(\nd inve/igations ( ?is po9t1 ! "o by ,paulus aga9/1 ! o!r by ,bhr1 9 fav\r (--! nail+ ( ! feet4 #aiee ,f ! evangelical n>rative1 ! =m] op9ion c pr9cipally allege 9 its support1 t nei!r is ! above passage 9 ! ,psalms any:]e us$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 ?\gh on ! presupposition ( a nail+ ( ! feet x 0 s entirely suit$ to _! mode ( acc\nt+ = facts1 nor 9 ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection is !re any m5tion ( w\nds 9 ! feet1 toge!r ) ! w\nds 9 ! h&s & side 7,john xx4 #bj1 #be1 #bg74 ,! o!r op9ion appeals n )\t reason to ,luke xxiv4 #ci1 :]e ,jesus invites ! disciples to behold 8 h&s & 8 feet 7 73 x is c]ta9ly n "h said t ! feet 7 pi]c$1 b x is difficult to und]/& h[ ,jesus %\ld h po9t$ out 8 feet m]ely to produce a conviction ( ! reality ( 8 body4 ,! fact t among ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 ^? :o1 liv+ be=e ,con/ant9e1 might be acqua9t$ ) ! mode ( crucifixion f p]sonal obs]vation1 z ,ju/9 & ,t]tullian1 suppose ! feet ( ,jesus to h be5 nail$1 is ( weight4 ,x might inde$ be conclud$ f ! rem>k ( ! latt]3 ,qui 7,*ri/us7 solus a populo tam insignit] crucifixus e/1 #aief t = ! sake ( ! passage 9 ! ,psalms ^! fa!rs suppos$ t 9 ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ 8 feet also 7 pi]c$ by way ( exception2 b1 z ,t]tullian _h be=e call$ ! pi]c+ ( ! h&s & feet ! propria atrocia crucis1 x is pla9 t ! above words imply1 n a special mann] ( crucifixion1 b ! special mann] ( dea? by crucifixion1 :i* does n occur 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & by :i* !re=e ,jesus 0 di/+ui%$ f all ! *>act]s !re9 celebrat$4 ,among ! passages 9 pr(ane writ]s1 ! mo/ important is t ( ,plautus1 9 :i*1 to m>k a crucifixion z extraord9>ily sev]e1 x is said3 (figantur bis p$es1 bis bra*ia4 #aieg ,"h ! "q is3 does ! extraord9>y feature lie 9 ! bis1 s t ! nail+ ( ! feet z well z ( ! h&s only once is presuppos$ z ! ord9>y usage2 or 0 ! bis (fig]e ( ! h&s1 i4e4 ! nail+ ( bo? ! h&s1 ! usual practice1 & ! nail+ ( ! feet an extraord9>y aggravation ( ! puni%m5t8 ,e "o w pron\nce ! =m] alt]native to be ! mo/ accordant ) ! words4 ,h5ce x appe>s to me at pres5t1 t ! balance ( hi/orical evid5ce is on ! side ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! feet z well z ! h&s ( ,jesus 7 nail$ to ! cross4 ,x 0 be=e ! crucifixion1 accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s1 t !re 0 (f]$ to ,jesus a bev]age1 :i* ,mat!w 7v4 #cd7 describes z v9eg> m+l$ ) gall1 1 ,m>k 7v4 #bc7 z w9e m+l$ ) myrrh1 1 b :i*1 accord+ to bo?1 ,jesus 7,mat!w says1 aft] hav+ ta/$ x7 refus$ to accept4 ,z x is n und]/ood ) :at object gall c\ld be mix$ ) ! v9eg>1 ! ( ,mat!w is usually expla9$1 by ! aid ( ! ( ,m>k1 z imply+ bitt] vegetable +r$i5ts1 especially myrrh2 & !n ei!r w9e is actually sub/itut$ = v9eg>1 or ! latt] is und]/ood z s\r w9e2 #aieh 9 ord] t ! bev]age (f]$ to ,jesus may ?us appe> to h be5 ! /upefy+ draught consi/+ ( w9e & /rong spices1 :i*1 accord+ to ,jewi% usage1 0 pres5t$ to ^? ab\t to be execut$1 = ! purpose ( blunt+ _! susceptibility to pa94 #aiei ,b ev5 if ! text admitt$ ( ?is read+1 & ! words ( ?is int]pretation1 ,mat!w w\ld assur$ly prote/ /rongly aga9/ ! real gall & ! v9eg> be+ ?us expla9$ away f 8 n>rative1 because by ?is means he w\ld lose ! fulfilm5t ( ! passage 9 ! psalm ( lam5tation else:]e us$ messianically3 7,,lxx47 1 1 !y gave me also gall = my meat1 & 9 my ?ir/ !y gave me v9eg> to dr9k 7,ps4 lxix4 #ba74 ,mat!w inconte/ably means1 9 accordance ) ?is prophecy1 real gall ) v9eg>1 & ! comp>ison ) ,m>k is only calculat$ to sugge/ ! "q1 :e!r x be m probable t ,m>k pres5ts ! incid5t 9 its orig9al =m1 :i* ,mat!w has remodell$ into a clos] accordance ) ! prophecy2 or t ,mat!w orig9ally drew ! p>ticul> f ! passage 9 ! ,psalm1 & t ,m>k s modifi$ x z to give x an appe>ance ( great] hi/orical probability8 ,9 ord] to come to a decision on ?is "q we mu/ take ! two o!r ,evangeli/s into consid]ation4 ,! pres5tation to ,jesus ( a dr9k m+l$ ) v9eg> is m5tion$ by all f\r1 & ev5 ! two :o h ! v9eg> m+l$ ) gall1 or ! myrrh$ w9e1 z ! fir/ dr9k (f]$ to ,jesus1 m5tion aft]w>ds ! (f]+ ( simple v9eg>4 ,accord+ to ,luke1 ?is (f]+ ( v9eg> 1 0 an act ( d]ision committ$ by ! soldi]s n v long aft] ! crucifixion1 & be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! d>kness 7v4 #cf f472 accord+ to ,m>k1 %ortly be=e ! end1 ?ree h\rs aft] ! d>kness came on1 "o ( ! by/&]s1 on he>+ ! cry ( ,jesus3 my ,god1 my ,god1 etc41 pres5t$ v9eg> to him1 likewise 9 d]ision1 by means ( a sponge fix$ on a re$ 7v4 #cf72 accord+ to ,mat!w1 "o ( ! by/&]s1 on ! same cry1 & 9 ! same mann]1 pres5t$ v9eg> to him1 b ) a b5evol5t int5tion1 z we ga!r f ! circum/ance t ! sc(f]s wi%$ to det] him f ! act 7v4 #dh f472 #aifj :]eas 9 ,john x is on ! exclamation3 ,i ?ir/1 t "s fill a sponge ) v9eg> f a vessel /&+ ne>1 & raise x on a /em ( hyssop to ! m\? ( ,jesus 7v4 #bi74 ,h5ce x has be5 suppos$ t !re 7 ?ree sep>ate attempts to give a bev]age to ,jesus3 ! fir/ be=e ! crucifixion1 ) ! /upefy+ dr9k 7,mat!w & ,m>k72 ! second aft] ! crucifixion1 :5 ! soldi]s 9 mock]y (f]$ him "s ( _! ord9>y bev]age1 a mixture ( v9eg> & wat] call$ posca #aifa 7,luke72 & ! ?ird1 on ! compla9+ cry ( ,jesus 7,matt41 ,m>k & ,john74 #aifb ,b if ! pr9ciple ( consid]+ e div]g5t n>rative z a sep>ate ev5t be once admitt$1 x mu/ be consi/5tly c>ri$ out3 if ! bev]age m5tion$ by ,luke mu/ be di/+ui%$ f t ( ,mat!w & ,m>k on acc\nt ( a diff]5ce 9 ! "t1 !n mu/ t ( ,mat!w be di/+ui%$ f t ( ,m>k on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! design2 &1 aga91 ! bev]age m5tion$ by ,john mu/ n be reg>d$ z ! same ) t ( ! two fir/ synopti/s1 s9ce x foll[s a totally diff]5t exclamation4 ,?us we %\ld obta9 9 all five in/ances 9 :i* a dr9k 0 (f]$ to ,jesus1 & we %\ld at lea/ be at a loss to und]/& :y ,jesus aft] v9eg> _h already be5 ?rice pres5t$ to 8 lips1 %\ld yet a f\r? "t h desir$ to dr9k4 ,if !n we mu/ resort to simplification1 x is by no means only ! bev]age 9 ! two fir/ gospels1 & t 9 ! f\r?1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! agreem5t 9 ! "t & mann] ( pres5tation1 are to be und]/ood z "o2 b also t ( ,m>k 7& ?r\gh ?is ! o!rs7 mu/ be pron\nc$ id5tical ) t ( ,luke1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ alike (f]$ 9 d]ision4 ,?us !re rema9 two in/ances ( a dr9k be+ (f]$ to ,jesus1 ! "o be=e ! crucifixion1 ! o!r aft]2 & bo? h a presumptive support f hi/ory1 ! =m] 9 ! ,jewi% cu/om ( giv+ a /upefy+ draught to p]sons ab\t to be execut$1 ! o!r 9 ! ,roman cu/om1 accord+ to :i* ! soldi]s on _! exp$itions1--& ! complet+ an execution 0 consid]$ z su*1--7 9 ! habit ( tak+ ) !m _! posca4 ,b toge!r ) ?is possible hi/orical root1 !re is a possible prophetic "o 9 ,ps4 lxix41 & ! two h an opposite influ5ce3 ! latt] excites a suspicion t ! n>rative may n h any?+ hi/orical at its f\ndation2 ! =m] ?r[s d\bt on ! explanation t ! :ole /ory has be5 spun out ( ! prophecies4 ,on once m glanc+ ov] ! v>i\s n>ratives1 we %all at lea/ f9d t _! div]g5cies are precisely ( a nature to h aris5 f a v>i\s application ( ! passage 9 ! ,psalms4 ,! eat+ ( gall & ! dr9k+ ( v9eg> be+ !re spok5 (1 x appe>s z if 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! =m] p>ticul> _h be5 set aside z inconceivable1 & ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy f\nd 9 ! circum/ance 7v possibly hi/orical1 s9ce x is m5tion$ by all ! f\r ,evangeli/s71 t ,jesus _h v9eg> pres5t$ to him :5 on ! cross4 ,?is might ei!r be reg>d$ z an act ( compassion1 z by ,mat!w & ,john1 or ( mock]y1 ) ,m>k & ,luke4 ,9 ?is mann] ! words3 !y gave me v9eg> to dr9k1 1 7 inde$ lit]ally fulfill$1 b n ! prec$+ phrase3 9 my ?ir/1 2 h5ce ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel might ?9k x probable t ,jesus actually compla9$ ( ?ir/1 i4e4 cri$1 ,i ?ir/1 1 an exclamation1 :i* he expressly designates z a fulfilm5t ( ! scripture1 1 by :i* we are d\btless to und]/& ! above passage 9 ! ,psalms 7comp4 ,ps4 xxii4 #af72 nay1 s9ce he introduces ! 1 t ! scripture might be fulfill$1 by 1 1 ,jesus1 kn[+ t all ?+s 7 n[ accompli%$1 he almo/ appe>s to mean t ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy 0 ! sole object ( ,jesus 9 utt]+ t exclamation3 b a man susp5d$ on ! cross 9 ! agonies ( dea? is n ! "o to occupy himself ) su* typological trifl+--?is is only ! "p ( 8 biograph] :o f9ds himself 9 p]fect ease4 ,ev5 ?is addition1 h[ev]1 only %[$ ! fulfilm5t ( "o half ( ! messianic v]se1 t relat+ to ! v9eg>3 !re /ill rema9$ :at 0 said ( ! gall1 :i*1 z ! conc5tration ( all bitt]ness1 0 peculi>ly adapt$ to be plac$ 9 relation to ! suff]+ ,messiah4 ,x is true t ! pres5tation ( ! gall1 1 z meat1 1 :i* ! prophecy /rictly tak5 requir$1 0 /ill suppress$ z inconceivable3 b x appe>$ to ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 or to ! au?ority :i* he "h foll[s1 q practicable to introduce ! gall z an +r$i5t 9 ! v9eg>1 a mixture :i* ,jesus might c]ta9ly be unable to dr9k1 f its unpalatabl5ess4 ,m conc]n$ ab\t hi/orical probability ?an prophetic connexion1 ! second ,evangeli/1 ) ref]5ce to a ,jewi% cu/om1 & p]haps 9 accordance ) hi/orical fact1 conv]t$ ! v9eg> m+l$ ) gall1 into w9e m+l$ ) myrrh1 & made ,jesus reject ?is1 d\btless f a wi% to avoid /upefaction4 ,z h[ev] ! n>rative ( ! v9eg> m+l$ ) gall rea*$ ^! two ,evangeli/s 9 company ) ! orig9al "o ( ! pres5tation ( simple v9eg> to ,jesus2 !y 7 unwill+ t ?is %\ld be exclud$ by ! =m]1 & h5ce plac$ ! two side by side4 ,b 9 mak+ ^! obs]vations1 z has be5 be=e rem>k$1 x is n int5d$ to d5y t su* a bev]age may h be5 (f]$ to ,jesus be=e ! crucifixion1 & aft]w>ds v9eg> also1 s9ce ! =m] 0 app>5tly cu/om>y1 & ! latt]1 f ! ?ir/ :i* torm5t$ ! crucifi$1 natural3 x is m]ely int5d$ to %[1 t ! ,evangeli/s d n n>rate ?is circum/ance1 & "u su* v>i\s =ms1 because !y knew hi/orically t x occurr$ 9 ?is or t mann]1 b because !y 7 conv9c$ dogmatically t x mu/ h occurr$ accord+ to ! above prophecy1 :i* h[ev] !y appli$ 9 diff]5t ways4 #aifc ,dur+ or imm$iately aft] ! crucifixion ,luke repres5ts ,jesus z say+3 ,fa!r1 =give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d 7v4 #cd72 an int]cession :i* is by "s limit$ to ! soldi]s :o crucifi$ him1 #aifd by o!rs1 ext5d$ to ! real au?ors ( 8 dea?1 ! ,sanh$ri/s & ,pilate4 #aife ,h[ev] accordant su* a pray] may be ) ! pr9ciples conc]n+ love to enemies else:]e inculcat$ by ,jesus 7,matt4 v4 #dd71 & h[ev] great ! int]nal probability ( ,luke's /atem5t view$ 9 ?is light3 /ill x is to be obs]v$1 especially z he /&s alone 9 giv+ ?is p>ticul>1 t x may possibly h be5 tak5 f ! reput$ messianic *apt]1 ,isa4 liii41 :]e 9 ! la/ v]se1 ! same f :i* ! words3 he 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors1 are borr[$1 x is said3 7he made int]cession = ! transgressors71 :i* ! ,,lxx4 errone\sly translate 1 he 0 deliv]$ = _! transgressions1 b :i* already ! ,t>gum ,jona?an r5d]s by pro peccatis 7x %\ld be peccatoribus7 deprecatus e/4 ,all ! ,evangeli/s agree 9 /at+ t two malefactors 7,mat!w & ,m>k call !m ?ieves7 7 crucifi$1 "o on ea* side ( ,jesus2 & ,m>k1 if 8 #bh? v]se be g5u9e1 sees 9 ?is a lit]al fulfilm5t ( ! words3 he 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors1 :i*1 accord+ to ,luke xxii4 #cg1 ,jesus _h ! ev5+ be=e quot$ z a prophecy ab\t to be accompli%$ 9 him4 ,( ! fur!r demean\r ( ^! fell[-suff]]s1 ,john says no?+2 ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s repres5t !m z revil+ ,jesus 7,matt4 xxvii4 #dd2 ,m>k xv4 #cb73 :]eas ,luke n>rates t only "o ( !m 0 guilty ( ?is (f5ce1 & t he 0 rebuk$ by ! o!r 7xxiii4 #ci ff474 ,9 ord] to reconcile ?is diff]5ce1 comm5tators h advanc$ ! supposition1 t at fir/ bo? crim9als revil$ ,jesus1 b t subsequ5tly "o ( !m 0 conv]t$ by ! m>vell\s d>kness2 #aiff m mod]n ones h resort$ to ! supposition ( an enallage num]i3 #aifg b )\t d\bt ^? only are "r :o admit a real diff]5ce betwe5 ,luke & 8 pr$ecessors4 #aifh ,x is pla9 t ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s knew no?+ ( ! m precise details :i* ,luke pres5ts conc]n+ ! relation ( ! two malefactors to ,jesus4 ,he n>rates1 namely1 t :5 "o ( !m d]id$ ,jesus by call+ ^u him1 if he 7 ! ,messiah1 to deliv] himself & !m1 ! o!r e>ne/ly rebuk$ su* mock]y ( "o ) :om he 0 %>+ a l fate1 & moreov] z a guilty "o ) ! guiltless1 entreat+ = 8 own "p t ,jesus w\ld rememb] him :5 he %\ld come into 8 k+dom 3 :]eupon ,jesus gave him ! promise t he %\ld t v day be ) him 9 ,p>adise 4 ,9 ?is sc5e !re is no?+ to create difficulty1 until we come to ! words :i* ! second malefactor addresses to ,jesus4 ,= to expect f "o susp5d$ on ! cross a future com+ to e/abli% ! messianic k+dom1 w\ld presuppose ! conception ( ! :ole sy/em ( a dy+ ,messiah1 :i* be=e ! resurrection ! apo/les !mselves c\ld n compreh5d1 & :i* !re=e1 accord+ to ! above repres5tation ( ,luke1 a ?ief mu/ h be5 be=eh& ) !m 9 embrac+4 ,?is is s improbable1 t x _c excite surprise to f9d _m reg>d+ ! conv]sion ( ! ?ief on ! cross z a miracle1 #aifi & ! supposition :i* comm5tators call 9 to _! aid1 namely1 t ! man 0 no common crim9al1 b a political "o1 p]haps conc]n$ 9 ! insurrection ( ,b>abbas1 #aigj only s]ves to r5d] ! incid5t /ill m inconceivable4 ,= if he 0 an ,israelite incl9$ to rebellion1 & b5t on lib]at+ 8 nation f ! ,roman yoke1 8 idea ( ! ,messiah 0 assur$ly ! mo/ incompatible ) ! ackn[l$gm5t z su*1 ( "o s completely annihilat$ 9 a political view1 z ,jesus !n 04 ,h5ce we are l$ to ! "q1 :e!r we h "h a real hi/ory & n r a creation ( ! leg5d8 ,two malefactors 7 crucifi$ ) ,jesus3 ?us mu* 0 indubitably pres5t$ by hi/ory 7or did ev5 ?is owe its orig9 to ! prophecy1 ,isa4 liii4 #ab874 ,at fir/ !y 7 susp5d$ by ! side ( ,jesus z mute figures1 & ?us we f9d !m 9 ! n>rative ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 into ^: region ( tradition only ! simple /atem5t1 t !y 7 crucifi$ ) ,jesus1 _h p5etrat$4 ,b x 0 n possible = ! leg5d long to re/ cont5t$ ) s slight a use ( !m3 x op5$ _! m\?s1 & z only insults 7 report$ to h proce$$ f ! by/&]s1 ! two malefactors 7 at fir/ made to jo9 9 ! g5]al d]ision ( ,jesus1 )\t any m p>ticul> acc\nt be+ giv5 ( _! words 7,matt4 & ,m>k74 ,b ! malefactors admitt$ ( a /ill bett] use4 ,if ,pilate _h borne witness 9 fav\r ( ,jesus2 if %ortly aft]1 a ,roman c5turion--nay1 all nature by its miracul\s convulsions--_h atte/$ 8 exalt$ "*3 s 8 two fell[-suff]]s1 al?\gh crim9als1 c\ld n rema9 entirely imp]vi\s to ! impression ( 8 greatness1 b1 ?\gh "o ( !m did inde$ revile ,jesus agreeably to ! orig9al =m ( ! leg5d1 ! o!r mu/ h express$ an opposite /ate ( feel+1 & h %[n fai? 9 ,jesus z ! ,messiah 7,luke74 ,! address ( ! latt] to ,jesus & 8 answ] are besides conceiv$ entirely 9 ! _s ( ,jewi% ?\ght & expression2 = accord+ to ! idea !n preval5t1 p>adise 0 t "p ( ! ne!r _w :i* 0 to h>b\r ! s\ls ( ! pi\s 9 ! int]val betwe5 _! dea? & ! resurrection3 a place 9 p>adise & a fav\rable remembrance 9 ! future age 7 ! object ( ! ,israelite's petition1 to ,god1 z "h to ! ,messiah2 #aiga & x 0 believ$ conc]n+ a man di/+ui%$ = piety t he c\ld conduct ^? :o 7 pres5t at ! h\r ( 8 dea? into p>adise4 #aigb ,to ! cross ( ,jesus 0 affix$1 accord+ to ! ,roman cu/om1 #aigc a sup]scription 7,m>k & ,luke71 or a title 7,john7 :i* conta9$ 8 accusation 7,mat!w & ,m>k71 consi/+ accord+ to all ! ,evangeli/s 9 ! words3 1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,luke & ,john /ate t ?is sup]scription 0 c\*$ 9 ?ree diff]5t tongues1 & ! latt] in=ms u t ! ,jewi% rul]s 7 fully alive to ! d]ision :i* ?is =m ( sup]scription reflect$ on _! nation1 & on ?is acc\nt entreat$ ,pilate1 b 9 va91 = an alt]ation ( ! t]ms 7v4 #ba f474 ,( ! soldi]s1 accord+ to ,john f\r 9 numb]1 :o crucifi$ ,jesus1 ! ,evangeli/s unanim\sly relate t !y p>t$ ! clo!s ( ,jesus among !mselves by lot4 ,accord+ to ! ,roman law de bonis damnatorum #aigd ! ve/m5ts ( ! execut$ fell z spolia to ! execution]s1 & 9 s f> t /atem5t ( ! ,evangeli/s has a po9t ( contact ) hi/ory4 ,b1 l mo/ ( ! features 9 ?is la/ sc5e ( ! life ( ,jesus1 x has also a po9t ( contact ) prophecy4 ,x is true t 9 ,mat!w ! quotation ( ! passage ,ps4 xxii4 #ah is d\btless an int]polation2 b on ! o!r h& ! same quotation is und\bt$ly g5u9e 9 ,john 7xix4 #bd73 7v]bally aft] ! ,,lxx47 1 1 t ! scripture might be fulfill$ :i* sai?1 ,!y p>t$ my raim5t among !m1 & = my ve/ure !y did ca/ lots4 ,"h also1 accord+ to ! ass]tion ( or?odox expositors1 ,david ! au?or ( ! psalm1 "u div9e guidance1 9 ! mom5ts ( inspiration *ose su* figurative expressions z _h a lit]al fulfilm5t 9 ,*ri/4 #aige ,r we mu/ say1 ,david1 or :oev] else may h be5 ! au?or ( ! psalm1 z a man ( poetical imag9ation us$ ^? expressions z m]e metaphors to d5ote a total defeat2 b ! petty1 prosaic _s ( ,jewi% int]pretation1 :i* ! ,evangeli/s %>$ )\t any fault ( !irs1 & f :i* or?odox !ologians1 by _! own fault h[ev]1 h n p]fectly lib]at$ !mselves aft] ! lapse ( eighte5 c5turies1 l$ to ! belief t ^? words mu/ be und]/ood lit]ally1 & 9 ?is s5se mu/ be %[n to be fulfill$ 9 ! ,messiah4 ,:e!r ! ,evangeli/s drew ! circum/ance ( ! ca/+ ( lots = ! clo!s m f hi/orical in=mation :i* /ood at _! comm&1 or f ! prophetic passage :i* !y v>i\sly int]pret$1 mu/ be decid$ by a comp>ison ( _! n>ratives4 ,^! pres5t ! div]g5cy1 t :ile accord+ to ! synopti/s all ! clo!s 7 p>t$ by lot1 z is evid5t f ! words3 1 1 !y p>t$ 8 g>m5ts1 ca/+ lots1 9 ,mat!w 7v4 #ce71 & ! simil> turn ( expression 9 ,luke 7v4 #cd71 b /ill m decid$ly f ! addition ( ,m>k3 1 :at e man %\ld take 7v4 #bd73 9 ,john x is ! coat or tunic1 1 alone = :i* lots are ca/1 ! o!r g>m5ts be+ p>t$ equally 7v4 #bc f474 ,?is div]g5cy is commonly ?\ght ( mu* too lightly1 & is tacitly treat$ z if ! synoptical repres5tation 7 relat$ to t ( ,john z ! indef9ite to ! def9ite4 ,ku9l 9 consid]ation ( ,john translates ! words ( ,mat!w ?us3 p>tim dividebant1 p>tim 9 sortem conjiciebant3 b ! mean+ is n to be ?us di/ribut$1 = ! 1 !y p>t$1 /ates :at !y did1 ! 1 ca/+ lots1 h[ !y did x3 besides ,ku9l passes 9 total sil5ce ov] ! words 1 because !y und5iably imply t lots 7 ca/ = sev]al articles3 :ile accord+ to ,john ! lots _h ref]5ce only to "o g>m5t4 ,if x be n[ ask$1 :i* ( ! two contradictory n>ratives is ! correct "o1 ! answ] giv5 f ! po9t ( view to :i* ! comp>ative criticism ( ! gospels has at pres5t atta9$ is1 t ! eye-witness ,john gives ! correct p>ticul>s1 b ! synopti/s _h m]ely receiv$ ! indef9ite in=mation1 t 9 p>t+ ! clo!s ( ,jesus ! soldi]s made use ( ! lot1 & ?is1 f unacqua9tance ) ! m m9ute p>ticul>s1 !y und]/ood z if lots _h be5 ca/ = all ! g>m5ts ( ,jesus4 #aigf ,b n only does ! circum/ance t x is ,john alone :o expressly cites ! passage 9 ! ,psalms prove t he _h an especial view to t passage3 b1 9 g5]al1 ?is div]g5cy ( ! ,evangeli/s is precisely :at might be expect$ f a diff]5ce 9 ! int]pretation ( t suppos$ prophecy4 ,:5 ! psalm speaks ( ! p>t+ ( ! g>m5ts & a ca/+ ( lots = ! ve/ure3 ! second p>ticul> is1 accord+ to ! g5ius ( ! ,hebrew language :i* ab\nds 9 p>allelism1 only a m precise def9ition ( ! fir/1 & ! synopti/s1 correctly und]/&+ ?is1 make "o ( ! two v]bs a p>ticiple4 ,"o h[ev] :o did n be> 9 m9d ?is peculi>ity ( ! ,hebrew /yle1 or _h an int]e/ 9 exhibit+ ! second feature ( ! prophecy z specially fulfill$1 might und]/& ! &1 :i* 9 reality 0 indicative only ( m precise def9ition1 z d5ot+ addition1 & ?us reg>d ! ca/+ ( lots & ! di/ribution z sep>ate acts4 ,!n ! 77 :i* 0 orig9ally a synonyme ( 77 mu/ become a di/9ct g>m5t1 ! clos] p>ticul>ization ( :i*1 s9ce x 0 n 9 any way convey$ 9 ! ^w itself1 0 left to *oice4 ,! f\r? ,evangeli/ det]m9$ x to be ! 1 tunic1 & because he believ$ x due to 8 read]s to %[ "s cause = a mode ( proc$ure ) respect to ?is g>m5t1 s diff]5t f ! equal di/ribution ( ! o!rs1 he intimat$ t ! reason :y x 0 *os5 to ca/ lots = ! tunic r ?an to divide x1 probably 0 t x _h no seam 77 :i* might r5d] sep>ation easy1 b 0 wov5 9 "o piece 7 ' 74 #aigg ,?us we %\ld h 9 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ exactly ! same proc$ure z we h f\nd on ! side ( ! fir/1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! entrance into ,j]usalem3 9 bo? cases ! d\bl+ ( a trait orig9ally s+le1 ow+ to a false int]pretation ( ! 9 ! ,hebrew p>allelism2 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! fir/ ,evangeli/ 9 ! passage ref]r$ to is less arbitr>y ?an ! f\r? is "h1 = he at lea/ sp>es u ! trac+ out ( ! reason :y two asses mu/ !n h be5 requir$ = "o rid]4 ,! m evid5t x ?us becomes t ! repres5tation ( ! po9t 9 "q 9 ! diff]5t ,evangeli/s is dep5d5t on ! mann] 9 :i* ea* int]pret$ t suppos$ prophecy 9 ! ,psalms3 ! less does a sure hi/orical k appe> to h _h any %>e 9 _! repres5tation1 & h5ce we rema9 ignorant :e!r lots 7 ca/ on ! di/ribution ( ! clo!s ( ,jesus1 nay :e!r 9 g5]al a di/ribution ( clo!s took place "u ! cross ( ,jesus2 confid5tly z ,ju/9 appeals 9 support ( ?is v p>ticul> to ! ,acts ( ,pilate1 :i* he _h nev] se54 #aigh ,( ! conduct ( ! ,jews :o 7 pres5t at ! crucifixion ( ,jesus1 ,john tells u no?+2 ,luke repres5ts ! p z /&+ to look on1 & only ! rul]s & ! soldi]s z d]id+ ,jesus by ! summons to save himself if he 7 ! ,messiah1 to :i* ! latt] adds ! (f] ( ! v9eg> 7v4 #ce ff472 ,mat!w & ,m>k h no?+ "h ( mock]y on ! "p ( ! soldi]s1 b 9 comp5sation !y make n only ! *ief prie/s1 scribes1 & eld]s1 b also ! pass]s by1 1 v5t insults aga9/ ,jesus 7v4 #ci ff41 #bi ff474 ,! expressions ( ^! p p>tly ref] to =m] disc\rses & actions ( ,jesus2 ?us1 ! s>casm3 ,?\ t de/roye/ ! temple & builde/ x aga9 9 ?ree days1 save ?yself 7,matt4 & ,m>k71 is an allusion to ! words ( t t5or ascrib$ to ,jesus2 :ile ! reproa*3 he sav$ o!rs1 himself he _c save1 or save ?yself 79 all ?ree71 ref]s to 8 cures4 ,p>tly h[ev] ! conduct ( ! ,jews t[>ds ,jesus on ! cross1 is depict$ aft] ! same psalm ( :i* ,t]tullian ju/ly says t x conta9s totam ,*ri/i passionem4 #aigi ,:5 x is said 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k3 ,& !y t pass$ by revil$ him1 wagg+ _! heads & say+3 1 7,luke says ( ! rul]s !y d]id$ him 71 ?is is c]ta9ly no?+ else ?an a m]e reproduction ( :at /&s 9 ,ps4 xxii4 #h 7,,lxx473 ,all !y t see me laugh me to scorn1 !y %oot out ! lip & %ake ! head3 1 1 2 & ! words :i* are h]eupon l5t to ! ,sanh$ri/s 9 ,mat!w3 ,he tru/$ 9 ,god2 let him deliv] him n[ if he w h him1 1 1 1 are ! same ) ^? ( ! foll[+ v]se 9 t ,psalm3 ,he tru/$ 9 ! ,"l t he w\ld deliv] him3 let him deliv] him1 see+ he delight$ 9 him1 1 1 4 ,n[ ?\gh ! taunts & %ak+ ( ! head on ! "p ( ! enemies ( ,jesus may1 not)/&+ t ! description ( !m is drawn accord+ to ! above ,old ,te/am5t passage1 /ill v probably h really happ5$3 x is q o!rwise ) ! words :i* are attribut$ to ^! mock]s4 ,words :i*1 l ^? above quot$1 are 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t put into ! m\? ( ! enemies ( ! godly1 c\ld n be adopt$ by ! ,sanh$ri/s )\t _! volunt>ily assum+ ! "* ( ! ungodly3 :i* !y w\ld surely h tak5 c>e to avoid4 ,only ! ,*ri/ian leg5d1 if x once appli$ ! ,psalm to ! suff]+s ( ,jesus1 & especially to 8 la/ h\rs1 c\ld attribute ^! words to ! ,jewi% rul]s1 & f9d !re9 ! fulfilm5t ( a prophecy4 ,! two fir/ ,evangeli/s d n tell u t any "o ( ! twelve 0 pres5t at ! crucifixion ( ,jesus3 !y m5tion m]ely sev]al ,galilean wom51 ?ree ( :om !y p>ticul>ize3 namely1 ,m>y ,magdal5e2 ,m>y ! "m ( ,james ! ,less & ( ,joses2 &1 z ! ?ird1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! "m ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 accord+ to ,m>k1 ,salome1 bo? :i* designations are commonly und]/ood to relate to ! same p]son 7,matt4 v4 #ee f42 ,m>k v4 #dj f473 accord+ to ^! ,evangeli/s ! twelve appe> n yet to h reassembl$ aft] _! flight on ! arre/ ( ,jesus4 #aihj ,9 ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 among all 8 acqua9tance1 1 :om he repres5ts z behold+ ! crucifixion 7v4 #di7 ! twelve w\ld seem to be includ$3 b ! f\r? gospel expressly s+les out f among ! disciples ! "o :om ,jesus lov$1 i4e4 ,john1 z pres5t1 & among ! wom51 toge!r ) ,m>y ,magdal5e & ! wife ( ,cleopas1 names in/ead ( ! "m ( ,james & ,john1 ! "m ( ,jesus himself4 ,moreov]1 :ile accord+ to all ! o!r acc\nts ! acqua9tances ( ,jesus /ood af> (f1 1 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel ,john & ! "m ( ,jesus mu/ h be5 9 ! close/ proximity to ! cross1 s9ce x repres5ts ,jesus z address+ !m f ! cross1 & appo9t+ ,john to be 8 sub/itute 9 ! filial relation to 8 "m 7v4 #be ff474 ,ol%aus5 believes t he c remove ! contradiction :i* exi/s betwe5 ! synoptical /atem5t & ! presupposition ( ! f\r? gospel z to ! position ( ! fri5ds ( ,jesus1 by ! conjecture t at fir/ !y did inde$ /& at a di/ance1 b t subsequ5tly "s approa*$ ne> to ! cross3 x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 9 opposition to ?is1 t ! synopti/s m5tion t position ( ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus j at ! close ( ! sc5e ( crucifixion & dea?1 imm$iately be=e ! tak+ d[n f ! cross1 & ?us presuppose t !y _h reta9$ ?is position until ! end ( ! sc5e2 a /ate ( ! case :i* _c b be held entirely consi/5t ) ! al>m :i* fill$ ! m9ds ( ! disciples dur+ ^? days1 & /ill m ) fem99e timidity4 ,if ! h]oism ( a ne>] approa* might p]haps be expect$ f mat]nal t5d]ness3 /ill1 ! total sil5ce ( ! synopti/s1 z ! int]pret]s ( ! common evangelical tradition1 r5d]s ! hi/orical reality ( t p>ticul> d\btful4 ,! synopti/s _c h kn[n any?+ ( ! pres5ce ( ! "m ( ,jesus at ! cross1 o!rwise !y w\ld h m5tion$ h] z ! *ief p]son1 be=e all ! o!r wom52 nor does any?+ appe> to h be5 kn[n ( a m intimate relation betwe5 h] & ,john3 at lea/ 9 ! ,acts 7i4 #ab f47 ! "m ( ,jesus is suppos$ to be ) ! twelve 9 g5]al1 8 bro!rs1 & ! wom5 ( ! society4 ,x is at lea/ n s easy to und]/& h[ ! memory ( t affect+ pres5ce & rem>kable relation c\ld be lo/1 z to conceive h[ ! idea ( !m might orig9ate 9 ! circle f :i* ! f\r? gospel proce$$4 ,if ?is circle be imag9$ z "o 9 :i* ! ,apo/le ,john enjoy$ peculi> v5]ation1 on :i* acc\nt our gospel drew him out ( ! trio ( ! m confid5tial associates ( ,jesus1 & isolat$ him z ! belov$ disciple3 x w appe> t no?+ c\ld be m /rik+ly adapt$ to confirm ?is relation ?an ! /atem5t t ,jesus bequea!d1 z x 71 ! de>e/ legacy1 8 "m 79 ref]5ce to :om1 z well z to ! alleg$ belov$ disciple1 x mu/ h be5 a natural "q1 :e!r %e _h left ! side ( ,jesus 9 ?is la/ trial71 to ,john1 & ?us plac$ ?is disciple 9 8 /ead1--made him vic>ius ,*ri/i4 ,z ! address ( ,jesus to 8 "m & ! fav\rite disciple is peculi> to ! f\r? gospel3 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! exclamation1 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8 1 1 2 is only f\nd 9 ! two fir/ gospels 7,matt4 v4 #df2 ,m>k v4 #cd74 ,?is exclamation1 ) ! m5tal /ate f :i* x proce$$1 l ! agony 9 ,ge?semane1 con/itutes 9 ! op9ion ( ! *ur* a "p ( ! vic>i\s suff]+ ( ,*ri/4 ,z h[ev] 9 ?is in/ance also x 0 impossible to be bl9d to ! difficulties ( ! supposition1 t ! m]e corporeal suff]+1 unit$ ) ! ext]nal depression ( 8 cause1 ov]:elm$ ,jesus to su* a degree t he felt himself =sak5 by ,god1 :ile !re h be5 bo? be=e & aft] him p]sons :o1 "u suff]+s equally sev]e1 h yet pres]v$ composure & =titude3 ! op9ion ( ! *ur* has "h also1 9 addition to ! natural corporeal & spiritual affliction1 suppos$ z ! true cause ( t /ate ( m9d 9 ,jesus1 a )drawal ( ,god f 8 s\l1 a consci\sness ( ! div9e wra?1 :i* x 0 decre$ t he %\ld be> 9 ! /ead ( mank9d1 by :om x 0 des]v$ z a puni%m5t4 #aiha ,h[1 presuppos+ ! dogma ( ! *ur* conc]n+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 a )drawal ( ,god f 8 s\l is conceivable1 x is ! "p ( ! def5d]s ( ?is op9ion !mselves1 to decide4 ,0 x ! human nature 9 him :i* felt s =sak58 ,!n w\ld its unity ) ! div9e h be5 int]rupt$1 & ?us ! v basis ( ! p]sonality ( ,*ri/1 accord+ to ! above sy/em1 remov$4 ,or ! div9e8 ,9 t case ! second p]son 9 ! ,godhead w\ld h be5 sep>at$ f ! fir/4 ,z little c x h be5 ! ,god-man1 consi/+ ( bo? natures1 t felt =sak5 by ,god1 s9ce ! v ess5ce ( ?is is ! unity & insep>abl5ess ( ! div9e & ! human4 ,?us urg$ by ! self-contradiction ( ?is supranaturali/ic explanation1 to fall back on ! natural mode ( acc\nt+ = ! above exclamation by ! s5se ( ext]nal suff]+1 & yet repell$ f ! idea t ,jesus %\ld h be5 s completely subdu$ by ?is1 comm5tators h attempt$ to mollify ! s5se ( ! exclamation4 ,x consi/s ( ! op5+ words ( ,ps4 xxii41 a passage :i* is classical = ?is la/ sc5e 9 ! life ( ,jesus4 ,n[ ?is psalm beg9s ) a compla9+ description ( ! deepe/ suff]+1 b 9 ! c\rse ( its progress so>s into joyful hope ( deliv]ance2 h5ce x has be5 suppos$ t ! words :i* ,jesus imm$iately utt]s d n give 8 entire exp]i5ce1 & t 9 ?us recit+ ! fir/ v]se he at ! same "t quotes ! :ole psalm & especially its exult+ close1 j z if he meant to say3 ,x is true t ,i1 l ! au?or ( ?is psalm1 appe> n[ =sak5 ( ,god1 b 9 me1 z 9 him1 ! div9e succ\r w only be s mu* ! m glorifi$4 #aihb ,b if ,jesus utt]$ ?is exclamation ) a view to ! by/&]s1 & 9 ord] to assure !m t 8 affliction w\ld soon be m]g$ 9 triumph1 he w\ld h *os5 ! means ! lea/ adapt$ to 8 purpose1 if he _h utt]$ precisely ^? words ( ! ,psalm :i* express ! deepe/ mis]y2 & in/ead ( ! fir/ v]se he w\ld r h *os5 "o f ! #aj? to ! #ab?1 or f ! #bj? to ! end4 ,if h[ev] 9 t exclamation he meant m]ely to give v5t to 8 own feel+1 he w\ld n h *os5 ?is v]se if 8 actual exp]i5ce 9 ^! mom5ts _h be51 n :at is !re express$1 b :at is describ$ 9 ! succe$+ v]ses4 ,n[ if ?is exp]i5ce 0 8 own1 & if1 all sup]natural gr\nds ( explanation be+ dismiss$1 x proce$$ f 8 ext]nal calamities2 we mu/ obs]ve t "o :o1 z ! gospels n>rate ( ,jesus1 _h long includ$ suff]+ & dea? 9 8 idea ( ! ,messiah1 & h5ce _h reg>d$ !m z a "p ( ! div9e arrangem5ts1 c\ld sc>cely compla9 ( !m :5 !y actually arriv$ z an ab&onm5t by ,god2 r1 on ! above supposition1 we %\ld be l$ to ?9k t ,jesus _h f\nd himself deceiv$ 9 ! expectations :i* he _h previ\sly *]i%$1 & ?us believ$ himself =sak5 by ,god 9 ! prosecution ( 8 plan4 #aihc ,b we c\ld only resort to su* conjectures if ! above exclamation ( ,jesus 7 %[n to h an hi/orical f\ndation4 ,9 ?is respect ! sil5ce ( ,luke & ,john w\ld n1 x is true1 be s s]i\s a difficulty 9 our eyes1 t we %\ld take refuge 9 explanations l ! foll[+3 ,john suppress$ ! exclamation1 le/ x %\ld s]ve to c\nt5ance ! ,gno/ic op9ion1 by admitt+ ! inf]5ce t ! on :i* 0 insusceptible ( suff]+1 dep>t$ f ,jesus 9 t mom5t4 #aihd ,b ! relation ( ! words ( ,jesus to ! #bbnd ,psalm does c]ta9ly r5d] ?is p>ticul> suspici\s4 ,if ! ,messiah 0 once conceiv$ ( z suff]+1 & if t psalm 0 us$ z a sort ( programme ( 8 suff]+--= :i* x 0 by no means necess>y z an inducem5t t ,jesus %\ld h really quot$ "o ( its v]ses on ! cross3--! op5+ words ( ! psalm :i* are expressive ( ! deepe/ suff]+ mu/ appe> s+ul>ly adapt$ to be put into ! m\? ( ! crucifi$ ,messiah4 ,9 ?is case ! d]isive spee* #aihe ( ! by/&]s1 he calle? = ,elias1 etc41 c h _h no o!r orig9 ?an ?is--t ! wi% = a v>iety ( taunts to complete ?is sc5e aft] ! model ( ! psalm1 0 met by ! simil>ity ( s\nd betwe5 ! 9 ! exclamation l5t to ,jesus1 & ! "n ( ,elias :i* 0 associat$ ) ! ,messiah4 ,conc]n+ ! la/ words :i* ! expir+ ,jesus 0 he>d to utt]1 ! ,evangeli/s diff]4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 x 0 m]ely a l\d voice1 1 ) :i* he dep>t$ 7v4 #ej1 #cg72 accord+ to ,luke x 0 ! petition3 ,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s1 1 7v4 #df72 :ile accord+ to ,john x 0 on ! brief expression3 x is f9i%$1 1 t he b[$ 8 head & expir$ 7v4 #cj74 ,"h x is possible to reconcile ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s ) "o or o!r ( ! succe$+ ones by ! supposition1 t :at ! =m] describe indef9itely z a l\d cry1 & :at accord+ to _! repres5tation might be tak5 = an in>ticulate expression ( angui%1 ! o!rs1 ) m p>ticul>ity1 give 9 its precise v]bal =m4 ,x is m difficult to reconcile ! two la/ gospels4 ,= :e!r we suppose t ,jesus fir/ comm5d$ 8 s\l to ,god1 & h]eupon cri$3 x is f9i%$2 or vice v]s2 bo? collocations are alike oppos$ to ! int5tion ( ! ,evangeli/s1 = ! expression ( ,luke _c be r5d]$1 z ,paulus w\ld h x1 by3 soon aft] he _h said ?is1 he expir$2 & ! v words ( ! exclamation 9 ,john def9e x z ! la/ utt]ance ( ,jesus2 ! two writ]s =m+ diff]5t conceptions ( ! clos+ words4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ,luke1 ! common =m ( expression = ! dea? ( ,jesus3 7he deliv]$ up 8 _s7 appe>s to h be5 int]pret$ z an actual comm5d+ ( 8 s\l to ,god on ! "p ( ,jesus1 & to h be5 fur!r develop$ ) ref]5ce to ! passage ,ps4 xxxi4 #e3 7,"l7 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s1 77 7,,lxx471--a passage :i* f ! /rong resemblance ( ?is ,psalm to ! #bbnd w\ld be apt to sugge/ itself4 #aihf ,:]eas ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel appe>s to h l5t to ,jesus an expression m imm$iately proce$+ f 8 position 9 relation to 8 messianic (fice1 mak+ him express 9 ! ^w x is f9i%$ ! completion ( 8 "w1 or ! fulfilm5t ( all ! prophecies 7) ! exception1 ( c\rse1 ( :at c\ld only be complet$ & fulfill$ 9 ! resurrection74 ,n only ^! la/ words1 h[ev]1 b also ! e>li] expressions ( ,jesus on ! cross1 w n admit ( be+ rang$ 9 ! succession 9 :i* !y are g5]ally suppos$4 ,! spee*es ( ,jesus on ! cross are commonly reckon$ to be sev52 b s _m are n m5tion$ by any s+le ,evangeli/1 = ! two fir/ h only "o3 ! exclamation my ,god1 my ,god1 etc4 1 1 444 ,luke has ?ree2 ! pray] ( ,jesus = 8 enemies1 ! promise to ! ?ief1 & ! comm5d+ ( 8 _s into ! h&s ( ! ,fa!r2 ,john has likewise ?ree1 b all diff]5t3 ! address to 8 "m & ! disciple1 ) ! exclamations1 ,i ?ir/ & ,x is f9i%$ 4 ,n[ ! int]cessory pray]1 ! promise & ! recomm5dation ( ,m>y to ! c>e ( ! disciple1 might c]ta9ly be conceiv$ z foll[+ ea* o!r3 b ! & ! come into collision1 s9ce bo? exclamations are foll[$ by ! same incid5t1 ! (f]+ ( v9eg> by means ( a sponge on a re$4 ,:5 to ?is we add ! entanglem5t ( ! ) ! 4441 x %\ld surely be se5 & admitt$1 t no "o ( ! ,evangeli/s1 9 attribut+ words to ,jesus :5 on ! cross1 knew or took into consid]ation ^? l5t to him by ! o!rs2 t on ! contr>y ea* depict$ ?is sc5e 9 8 own mann]1 accord+ z he1 or ! leg5d :i* /ood at 8 comm&1 _h develop$ ! conception ( x to suit ?is or t prophecy or design4 ,a special difficulty is "h caus$ by ! computation ( ! h\rs4 ,accord+ to all ! synopti/s ! d>kness prevail$ f ! six? h\r until ! n9? h\r1 79 our reckon+1 f twelve at midday to ?ree 9 ! aft]noon72 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,m>k1 x 0 ab\t ! n9? h\r t ,jesus compla9$ ( be+ =sak5 by ,god1 & %ortly aft] yield$ up ! gho/2 accord+ to ,m>k x 0 ! ?ird h\r 7n9e 9 ! morn+7 :5 ,jesus 0 crucifi$ 7v4 #be74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,john says 7xix4 #ad7 t x 0 ab\t ! six? h\r 7:5 accord+ to ,m>k ,jesus _h already hung ?ree h\rs on ! cross7 t ,pilate fir/ sat 9 judgm5t ov] him4 ,unless we are to suppose t ! sun-dial w5t backw>d1 z 9 ! "t ( ,hezekiah1 ?is is a contradiction :i* is n to be remov$ by a viol5t alt]ation ( ! read+1 nor by appeal+ to ! 7ab\t7 9 ,john1 or to ! inability ( ! disciples to take note ( ! h\rs "u su* afflictive circum/ances2 at ! utmo/ x might p]haps be cancell$ if x 7 possible to prove t ! f\r? gospel ?r\gh\t proce$s ^u ano!r mode ( reckon+ "t ?an t us$ by ! synopti/s4 #aihg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,dea? ,,& ,,resurrection ,,( ,,jesus4 #acc4 ,,prodigies ,,att5dant ,,on ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,jesus4 ,accord+ to ! evangelical acc\nts1 ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 accompani$ by extraord9>y ph5om5a4 ,?ree h\rs be=e1 we are told1 a d>kness diffus$ itself1 & la/$ until ,jesus expir$ 7,matt4 xxvii4 #de p>all472 9 ! mom5t ( 8 dea? ! veil ( ! temple 0 torn asund] f ! top to ! bottom1 ! e>? quak$1 ! rocks 7 r5t1 ! graves 7 op5$1 & _m bodies ( dep>t$ sa9ts arose1 ent]$ into ! city1 & appe>$ to _m 7,matt4 v4 #ea ff4 p>all474 ,^! details are v unequally di/ribut$ among ! ,evangeli/s3 ! fir/ alone has !m all2 ! second & ?ird m]ely ! d>kness & ! r5d+ ( ! veil3 :ile ! f\r? kn[s no?+ ( all ^! m>vels4 ,we w exam9e !m s+ly accord+ to _! ord]4 ,! d>kness :i* is said to h aris5 :ile ,jesus hung on ! cross1 _c h be5 an ord9>y eclipse ( ! sun1 caus$ by ! int]position ( ! moon betwe5 8 disc & ! e>?1 #aihh s9ce x happ5$ dur+ ! ,passov]1 & consequ5tly ab\t ! "t ( ! full moon4 ,! gospels h[ev] d n directly use ! t]ms 7eclipse ( ! sun71 ! two fir/ speak+ only ( d>kness 9 g5]al2 & ?\gh ! ?ird adds ) some:at m p>ticul>ity3 1 & ! sun 0 d>k5$1 /ill ?is might be said ( any species ( widely ext5d$ obscuration4 ,h5ce x 0 an explanation :i* lay ne> at h& to ref] ?is d>kness to an atmosph]ic1 in/ead ( an a/ronomical cause1 & to suppose t x proce$$ f obscur+ vap\rs 9 ! air1 su* z are especially wont to prec$e e>?quakes4 #aihi ,t su* obscurations ( ! atmosph]e may be diffus$ ov] :ole c\ntries1 is true2 b n only is ! /atem5t t ! "o 9 "q ext5d$ or 1 i4e41 accord+ to ! mo/ natural explanation1 ov] ! entire globe1 to be subtract$ z an exagg]ation ( ! n>rator3 #aiij b also ! presupposition1 evid5t 9 ! :ole t5or ( _! repres5tation1 t ! d>kness _h a sup]natural cause1 appe>s de/itute ( f\ndation f ! want ( any adequate object = su* a miracle4 ,s9ce !n1 ) ^! accessory features ! ev5t does n 9 itself at once c>ry ! conviction ( its cr$ibility1 x is natural to inquire if x h any extr9sic confirmation4 ,! fa!rs ( ! *ur* appeal 9 its support to ! te/imony ( hea!n writ]s1 among :om ,phlegon especially 9 8 is alleg$ to h notic$ ! above d>kness3 #aiia b on comp>+ ! passage pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 :i* is app>5tly ! "o ( ,phlegon allud$ to1 we f9d t x det]m9es m]ely ! ,olympiad1 sc>cely ! ye>1 & 9 no case ! season & day ( ?is d>kness4 #aiib ,m mod]n apologi/s appeal to simil> cases 9 anci5t hi/ory1 ( :i* ,wet/e9 9 p>ticul> has made a copi\s collection4 ,he adduces f ,greek & ,roman writ]s ! notices ( ! eclipses ( ! sun :i* occurr$ at ! disappe>ance ( ,romulus1 ! dea? ( ,cs>1 #aiic & simil> ev5ts2 he cites decl>ations :i* conta9 ! idea t eclipses ( ! sun betok5 ! fall ( k+doms & ! dea? ( k+s2 la/ly he po9ts to ,old ,te/am5t passages 7,isa4 l4 #c2 ,joel iii4 #bj2 ,amos viii4 #i2 comp4 ,j]4 xv4 #i7 & rabb9ical dicta1 9 :i* ei!r ! obscur+ ( ! light ( day is describ$ z ! m\rn+ g>b ( ,god1 #aiid or ! dea? ( great tea*]s comp>$ ) ! s9k+ ( ! sun at mid-day1 #aiie or ! op9ion advanc$ t at ! dea? ( exalt$ hi]>*ical p]sonages1 if ! la/ hon\rs are n paid to !m1 ! sun is wont to be d>k5$4 #aiif ,b ^! p>allels1 in/ead ( be+ supports to ! cr$ibility ( ! evangelical n>rative1 are s _m premises to ! conclusion1 t we h "h also no?+ m ?an ! my?ical (fspr+ ( univ]sally preval5t ideas1--a ,*ri/ian leg5d1 :i* w\ld make all nature put on ! we$s ( m\rn+ to solemnize ! tragic dea? ( ! ,messiah4 #aiig ,! second prodigy is ! r5d+ ( ! veil ( ! temple1 d\btless ! inn] veil be=e ! ,holy ( ,holies1 s9ce ! ^w 1 us$ to designate ?is1 is g5]ally r5d]$ 9 ! ,,lxx4 by 4 ,x 0 ?\ght possible to int]pret ?is r5d+ ( ! veil also z a natural ev5t1 by reg>d+ x z an effect ( ! e>?quake4 ,b1 z ,lightfoot has already ju/ly obs]v$1 x is m conceivable t an e>?quake %\ld r5d /ation>y fix$ bodies su* z ! rocks subsequ5tly m5tion$1 ?an t x %\ld te> a pliant1 loosely hung curta94 ,h5ce ,paulus supposes t ! veil ( ! temple 0 /ret*$ & fa/5$ n only above b also bel[ & at ! sides4 ,b fir/1 ?is is a m]e conjecture3 & secondly1 if ! e>?quake %ook ! walls ( ! temple s viol5tly1 z to te> a veil :i* ev5 ?\gh /ret*$1 0 /ill pliant3 su* a convulsion w\ld r h caus$ a "p ( ! build+ to fall1 z is said to h be5 ! case 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews3 #aiih unless x be *os5 to add1 ) ,ku9l1 ! conjecture t ! veil 0 t5d] f age1 & might !re=e be torn by a slight concussion4 ,t our n>rators _h no su* causes 9 _! m9ds is prov$ by ! fact t ! second & ?ird ,evangeli/s are sil5t conc]n+ ! e>?quake1 & t ! fir/ does n m5tion x until aft] ! r5d+ ( ! veil4 ,?us if ?is ev5t really happ5$ we mu/ reg>d x z a miracle4 ,n[ ! object ( ! div9e ,provid5ce 9 effect+ su* a miracle c\ld only h be5 ?is3 to produce 9 ! ,jewi% cotempor>ies ( ,jesus a deep impression ( ! importance ( 8 dea?1 & to furni% ! fir/ promulgators ( ! gospel ) a fact to :i* !y might appeal 9 support ( _! cause4 ,b1 z ,s*lei]ma*] has %[n1 n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ei!r 9 ! apo/olic epi/les or 9 ! ,acts1 or ev5 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 9 connexion ) ! subject ( :i* x c\ld sc>cely fail to be sugge/$1 is ?is ev5t m5tion$3 on ! contr>y1 ) ! exception ( ?is b>e synoptical notice1 e trace ( x is lo/2 :i* c\ld sc>cely h be5 ! case if x _h really =m$ a gr\nd ( apo/olical argum5t4 ,?us ! div9e purpose 9 orda9+ ?is miracle mu/ h totally fail$2 or1 s9ce ?is is inconceivable1 x _c h be5 orda9$ = ?is object--9 o!r words1 s9ce nei!r any o!r object ( ! miracle1 nor yet a mode 9 :i* ! ev5t might happ5 naturally c be discov]$1 x _c h happ5$ at all4 ,9 ano!r way1 c]ta9ly1 a peculi> relation ( ,jesus to ! veil ( ! temple is treat$ ( 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,:ile be=e ,*ri/1 only ! prie/s _h access into ! holy place1 & into ! ,holy ( ,holies only ! high prie/ might ent] once 9 ! ye> ) ! blood ( atonem5t2 ,*ri/ z ! et]nal high prie/1 ent]$ by 8 own blood into ! holy place )9 ! veil1 into ! ,holy ( ,holies 9 heav51 :]eby he became ! =]unn]1 1 ( ,*ri/ians1 & op5$ access to !m also1 f\nd+ an et]nal r$emption1 7vi4 #ai f41 ix4 #f1 #ab1 x4 #ai f474 ,ev5 ,paulus f9ds 9 ^! metaphors s close an aff9ity to our n>rative1 t he ?9ks x possible to numb] ! latt] among ^? fables :i* accord+ to ,h5ke's def9itions are to be d]iv$ e figurato g5]e dic5di2 #aiii at lea/ ! ev5t1 ev5 if x really happ5$1 mu/ h be5 especially important to ! ,*ri/ians on acc\nt ( its symbolical significance1 z int]pret$ by ! images 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews3 namely1 t by ,*ri/'s dea? ! veil ( ! ,jewi% wor%ip 0 r5t asund]1 & access to ,god op5$ to all by means ( wor%ip 9 ! ,_s4 ,b if1 z has be5 %[n1 ! hi/orical probability ( ! ev5t 9 "q is extremely weak1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! causes :i* might lead to ! =mation ( su* a n>rative )\t hi/orical f\ndation v p[]ful2 x is m consi/5t1 ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 entirely to r5\nce ! incid5t z hi/orical1 on ! gr\nd t s soon z x began to be ! practice to repres5t ! (fice ( ,*ri/ "u ! images :i* reign ?r\gh\t ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 nay1 9 ! v e>lie/ dawn ( ?is k9d ( doctr9e1 on ! fir/ reception ( ! ,g5tiles1 :o 7 left free f ! bur!n ( ,jewi% obs]vances1 & :o ?us rema9$ )\t p>ticipation 9 ! ,jewi% sacrifices1 su* repres5tations mu/ h ent]$ into ! ,*ri/ian hymns 7& ! evangelical n>ratives74 #bjjj ,on ! succe$+ p>ticul>s ( ! e>?quake & ! r5d+ ( ! rocks1 we c only pron\nce a judgm5t 9 connexion ) ^? already exam9$4 ,an e>?quake by :i* rocks are disp>t$1 is n unprec$5t$ z a natural ph5om5on3 b x also n seldom occurs z a poetical or my?ical embelli%m5t ( ! dea? ( a di/+ui%$ man2 z1 = example1 on ! dea? ( ,cs>1 ,virgil is n cont5t ) eclips+ ! sun1 b also makes ! ,alps tremble ) unwont$ commotion4 #bjja ,n[ z we h only be5 able to view ! prodigies previ\sly m5tion$ 9 ! latt] light1 & z1 besides1 ! hi/orical validity ( ! "o be=e u is weak5$ by ! fact t x re/s solely on ! te/imony ( ,mat!w2 we mu/ pron\nce ^u ?is also 9 ! words ( ,fritzs*e3 ,messi obitum atrocibus o/5tis1 quibus1 quantus vir quummaxime exspirsset1 orbi t]r>um indic>etur1 illu/rem esse oportebat4 #bjjb ,! la/ miracul\s sign at ! dea? ( ,jesus1 likewise peculi> to ! fir/ ,evangeli/1 is ! op5+ ( ! graves1 ! resurrection ( _m dead p]sons1 & _! appe>ance 9 ,j]usalem4 ,to r5d] ?is incid5t conceivable is a matt] ( unusual difficulty4 ,x is nei!r 9 itself cle> h[ x is suppos$ to h f>$ ) ^! anci5t ,hebrew sa9ts1 1 #bjjc aft] _! resurrection2 #bjjd nor is any?+ satisfactory to be discov]$ conc]n+ a possible object = s extraord9>y a disp5sation4 #bjje ,purely 9 ! resuscitat$ !mselves ! object _c app>5tly h la91 = _h x be5 s1 !re is no conceivable gr\nd :y !y %\ld be all awak$ precisely 9 ! mom5t ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & n ea* at ! p]iod prescrib$ by ! c\rse ( 8 own developm5t4 ,b if ! conviction ( o!rs 0 ! object1 ?is 0 /ill less atta9$ ?an 9 ! miracle ( ! r5d+ ( ! veil1 = n only is any appeal to ! app>ition ( ! sa9ts totally want+ 9 ! apo/olic epi/les & disc\rses1 b also among ! ,evangeli/s1 ,mat!w is ! only "o by :om x is record$4 ,a special difficulty arises f ! position :i* ! det]m9ation ( "t3 aft] 8 resurrection1 1 occupies betwe5 ! app>5tly consecutive /ages ( ! ev5t4 ,= if we connect ^! words ) :at prec$es1 & ?us suppose t at ! mom5t ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ! deceas$ sa9ts 7 only reanimat$1 & did n come out ( _! graves until aft] 8 resurrection1--?is w\ld h be5 a torm5t = ! damn$ r ?an a gu]don = ! holy2 if1 on ! contr>y1 we unite t det]m9ation ( "t to :at foll[s1 & ?us int]pret ! ,evangeli/'s mean+ to be1 t ! resuscitat$ sa9ts did inde$ come out ( _! graves imm$iately on _! be+ reanimat$ at ! mom5t t ,jesus di$1 b did n g into ! city until aft] 8 resurrection1--any reason = ! latt] p>ticul> is s\ght 9 va94 ,x is b an in>tificial way ( avoid+ ^! difficulties to pron\nce ! :ole passage an int]polation1 )\t any critical gr\nds = su* a decision4 #bjjf ,a m dext]\s c\rse is pursu$ by ! rationali/ic expositors1 :5 !y endeav\r to subtract ! miracul\s f ! ev5t1 & by ?is means indirectly to remove ! o!r difficulties4 ,"h1 z 9 relation to ! r5d+ ( ! veil1 ! e>?quake is reg>d$ z ! *ief ag5t3 ?is1 x is said1 laid op5 sev]al tombs1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( "s prophets1 :i* 7 f\nd empty1 because ! bodies _h ei!r be5 remov$ by ! %ock1 or become decompos$1 or fall5 a prey to wild bea/s4 ,aft] ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 ^? :o 7 fri5dly to him 9 ,j]usalem be+ fill$ ) ?\ghts ( resurrection f ! dead1 ^! ?\ghts1 toge!r ) ! circum/ance ( ! graves be+ f\nd empty1 excit$ 9 !m dreams & visions 9 :i* !y believ$ t !y beheld ! pi\s ance/ors :o _h be5 int]r$ 9 ^? graves4 #bjjg ,b ! fact ( ! graves be+ f\nd empty w\ld sc>cely1 ev5 unit$ ) ! news ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 h suffic$ to produce su* visions1 unless !re _h previ\sly prevail$ among ! ,jews ! expectation t ! ,messiah w\ld recall to life ! dep>t$ sa9ts ( ,israel4 ,if h[ev] ?is expectation exi/$1 x w\ld m probably give bir? to ! leg5d ( a resurrection ( ! sa9ts co9cid5t ) ! dea? ( ,jesus ?an to dreams2 :5ce ,hase wisely disc>ds ! supposition ( dreams1 & attempts to f9d a suffici5t explanation ( ! n>rative 9 ! empt9ess ( ! graves on ! "o h&1 & ! above ,jewi% expectation on ! o!r4 #bjjh ,b on a ne>] view x appe>s t if once ?is ,jewi% idea exi/$ !re ne$$ no real op5+ ( ! graves 9 ord] to give rise to su* a my?us3 accord+ly ,s*neck5burg] has left ! empt9ess ( ! graves out ( 8 calculation4 #bjji ,:51 h[ev]1 he yet speaks ( vision>y appe>ances :i* 7 se5 by ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem1 "u ! excitem5t produc$ by 8 resurrection1 he is n less inconsequ5t ?an ,hase1 :5 he omits ! dreams & yet reta9s ! lay+ op5 ( ! graves2 = ^! two p>ticul>s be+ connect$ z cause & effect1 if "o ( !m be r5\nc$ z unhi/orical s also mu/ ! o!r4 ,9 opposition to ?is view x is rem>k$1 n )\t an appe>ance ( reason1 t ! above ,jewi% expectation does n suffice to expla9 ! orig9 ( su* a my?us4 #bjaj ,! actual expectation may be m correctly /at$ ?us4 ,f ! epi/les ( ,paul 7#a ,!ss4 iv4 #af2 comp4 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bb f47 & m decid$ly f ! ,apocalypse 7xx4 #d f471 we ga!r t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians anticipat$1 z a concomitant ( ! return ( ,*ri/1 a resurrection ( ! sa9ts1 :o w\ld !nce=? reign ) ,*ri/ a ?\s& ye>s2 only at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld ! re/ ( ! dead arise1 & f ?is second resurrection ! =m] 0 di/+ui%$ z ! fir/ resurrection 1 or ! resurrection ( ! j 7,luke xiv4 #ad871 9 place ( :i* ,ju/9 has ! holy resurrection 4 #bjaa ,b ?is is ! ,*ri/ianiz$ =m ( ! ,jewi% idea2 = ! latt] ref]r$1 n to ! return1 b to ! fir/ adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 & to a resurrection ( ,israelites only4 #bjab ,n[ 9 ! /atem5t ( ,mat!w likewise1 t resurrection is assign$ to ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,messiah2 = :at reason1 h[ev]1 x is !re connect$ ) 8 dea?1 !re is c]ta9ly no indication 9 ! ,jewi% expectation tak5 9 & by itself1 :ile 9 ! modification introduc$ by ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus !re w\ld appe> r to h la9 an inducem5t to unite ! resurrection ( ! sa9ts ) 8 own2 especially z ! connect+ ( x ) 8 dea? seems to be 9 contradiction ) ! primitive ,*ri/ian idea else:]e express$1 t ,jesus 0 ! fir/-begott5 f ! dead1 7,col4 i4 #ah2 ,rev4 i4 #e71 ! fir/ fruits ( !m t sleep1 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #bj74 ,b we d n "k :e!r ?is idea 0 univ]sal1 & if "s ?\ght x due to ! messianic dignity ( ,jesus to reg>d him z ! fir/ :o rose f ! dead1 !re are obvi\s motives :i* might 9 o!r cases lead to ! repres5tation t already at ! dea? ( ,jesus !re 0 a resurrection ( sa9ts4 ,fir/ !re 0 an ext]nal motive3 among ! prodigies at ! dea? ( ,jesus an e>?quake is m5tion$1 & 9 describ+ its viol5ce x 0 natural to add to ! r5d+ ( ! rocks ano!r feature :i* appe>s else:]e 9 acc\nts ( viol5t e>?quakes1 #bjac namely1 ! op5+ ( ! graves3 "h !n 0 an invit+ h+e = ! resurrection ( ! sa9ts4 ,b !re 0 also an int]nal motive3 accord+ to ! ideas e>ly develop$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian community1 ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 ! specially efficaci\s po9t 9 ! "w ( r$emption1 & 9 p>ticul> ! desc5t into ,hades connect$ ) x 7#a ,pet4 iii4 #ai f47 0 ! means ( deliv]+ ! previ\sly deceas$ f ?is abode2 #bjad h5ce f ^! ideas !re might result an inducem5t to repres5t ! bonds ( ! grave z hav+ be5 bur/ asund] = ! anci5t sa9ts precisely 9 ! mom5t ( ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,besides1 by ?is position1 yet m decid$ly ?an by a connexion ) ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 ! resuscitation ( ! righte\s 0 assign$ to ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,messiah1 9 accordance ) ! ,jewi% idea1 :i* might v naturally be e*o$ 9 su* a n>rative1 9 ! ,judaiz+ circles ( primitive ,*ri/5dom2 :ile at ! same "t ,paul & also ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse already assign$ ! fir/ resurrection to ! second & /ill future adv5t ( ! ,messiah4 ,x 0 !n app>5tly ) ref]5ce to ?is m develop$ idea1 t ! words aft] 8 resurrection 7 add$ z a re/riction1 probably by ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel himself4 ,! synopti/s conclude _! description ( ! ev5ts at ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ) an acc\nt ( ! impression :i* !y made m imm$iately on ! ,roman c5turion ^: (fice x 0 to wat* ! crucifixion4 ,accord+ to ,luke 7v4 #dg7 ?is impression 0 produc$ by 7:at 0 done71 i4e41 s9ce he _h be=eh& m5tion$ ! d>kness1 by ! dep>ture ( ,jesus ) an audible pray]1 t be+ ! p>ticul> :i* he _h la/ notic$2 inde$ ,m>k1 z if exp\nd+ ,luke1 repres5ts ! exclamation3 truly ?is man 0 ! ,son ( ,god z be+ call$ =? f ! c5turion by ! circum/ance t ,jesus s cri$ out1 & gave up ! gho/1 7v4 #ci74 ,n[ 9 ,luke1 :o gives a pray] z ! la/ utt]ance ( ,jesus1 x is possible to conceive t ?is edify+ end might impress ! c5turion ) a fav\rable op9ion ( ,jesus3 b h[ ! fact ( 8 expir+ ) a l\d cry c\ld lead to ! inf]5ce t he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 w 9 no way appe>4 ,mat!w h[ev] gives ! mo/ suitable relation to ! words ( ! c5turion1 :5 he repres5ts !m z be+ call$ =? by ! e>?quake & ! o!r prodigies :i* accompani$ ! dea? ( ,jesus3 7 x n t ! hi/orical reality ( ?is spee* ( ! c5turion mu/ /& or fall ) its alleg$ causes4 ,9 ,mat!w & ,m>k ?is (fic] expresses ! conviction t ,jesus is 9 tru? ! ,son ( ,god1 9 ,luke1 t he is a righte\s man4 ,! ,evangeli/s 9 cit+ ! =m] expression evid5tly int5d to convey ! idea t a ,g5tile bore witness to ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus2 b 9 ?is specifically ,jewi% s5se ! words _c well h be5 und]/ood by ! ,roman soldi]3 we might r suppose t he reg>d$ ,jesus z a son ( ,god 9 ! hea!n s5se1 or z an innoc5t man unju/ly put to dea?1 7 x n t ! cr$ibility ( ! :ole synoptical acc\nt ( ! ev5ts :i* signaliz$ ! dea? ( ,jesus be+ %ak51 ?is1 :i* =ms ! top /one z x 71 mu/ also be ( d\btful security2 especially :5 we look at ! n>rative ( ,luke1 :o besides ! impression on ! c5turion adds t on ! re/ ( ! spectators1 & makes !m return to ! city ) rep5tance & m\rn+--a trait :i* appe>s to repres5t1 n s probably :at ! ,jews actually felt & did1 z :at 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,*ri/ians !y ought to h felt & done4 #acd4 ,,! ,,w\nd ,,by ,a ,,spe> ,,9 ,,! ,,side ,,( ,,jesus4 ,:ile ! synopti/s repres5t ,jesus z hang+ on ! cross f ! 1 i4e4 ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 :5 he expir$1 until ! 1 i4e4 probably ab\t six 9 ! ev5+1 )\t any?+ fur!r happ5+ to him3 ! f\r? ,evangeli/ int]poses a rem>kable episode4 ,accord+ to him1 ! ,jews1 9 ord] to prev5t ! desecration ( ! com+ sabba?1 :i* 0 a peculi>ly hall[$ "o1 by ! cont9u$ exposure ( ! bodies on ! cross1 bes\ght ! ,procurator t _! legs might be brok5 & t !y might =?) be c>ri$ away4 ,! soldi]s1 to :om ?is task 0 committ$1 execut$ x on ! two crim9als crucifi$ ) ,jesus2 b :5 !y p]ceiv$ 9 ! latt] ! signs ( life hav+ already become ext9ct1 !y held su* a measure sup]flu\s 9 8 case1 & cont5t$ !mselves ) ?ru/+ a spe> into 8 side1 :]eupon !re came =? blood & wat] 7xix4 #ca-cg74 ,?is ev5t is ord9>ily reg>d$ z ! *ief v\*] = ! reality ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & 9 relation to x ! pro( to be drawn f ! synopti/s is held inadequate4 ,accord+ to ! reckon+ :i* gives ! longe/ space ( "t1 t ( ,m>k1 ,jesus hung on ! cross f ! ?ird to ! n9? h\r1 t is1 six h\rs1 be=e he di$2 if1 z to _m x has appe>$ probable1 9 ! two o!r synopti/s ! comm5cem5t ( ! d>kness at ! six? h\r m>ks also ! comm5cem5t ( ! crucifixion1 ,jesus1 accord+ to !m1 hung only ?ree h\rs liv+ on ! cross2 & if we presuppose 9 ,john ! ord9>y ,jewi% mode ( reckon+ ! h\rs1 & attribute to him ! same op9ion z to ! p]iod ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 x foll[s1 s9ce he makes ,pilate pron\nce judgm5t on him only ab\t ! six? h\r1 t ,jesus mu/ h di$ aft] hang+ on ! cross n mu* m ?an two h\rs4 ,b crucifixion does n 9 o!r cases kill ?us spe$ily4 ,?is may be inf]r$ f ! nature ( ! puni%m5t1 :i* does n consi/ 9 ! infliction ( sev]e w\nds s z to cause a rapid loss ( blood1 b r 9 ! /ret*+ ( ! limbs1 s z to produce a gradual rigidity2 moreov] x is evid5t f ! /atem5ts ( ! ,evangeli/s !mselves1 = accord+ to !m ,jesus1 imm$iately be=e ! mom5t :i* !y reg>d z ! la/1 _h yet /r5g? to utt] a l\d cry1 & ! two ?ieves crucifi$ ) him 7 /ill alive aft] t "t2 la/ly1 ?is op9ion is support$ by examples ( individuals ^: life has la/$ = sev]al days on ! cross1 & :o h only at l5g? expir$ f hung] & simil> causes4 #bjae ,h5ce fa!rs ( ! *ur* & old] !ologians advanc$ ! op9ion1 t ! dea? ( ,jesus1 :i* w\ld n h ensu$ s quickly 9 a natural way1 0 accel]at$ sup]naturally1 ei!r by himself or by ,god2 #bjaf physicians & m mod]n !ologians h appeal$ to ! accumulat$ corporeal & spiritual suff]+s ( ,jesus on ! ev5+ ( ! night prior to 8 crucifixion2 #bjag b !y also = ! mo/ "p leave op5 ! possibility t :at appe>$ to ! ,evangeli/s ! sup]v5tion ( dea? itself1 0 only a swoon produc$ by ! /oppage ( ! circulation1 & t ! w\nd ) ! spe> 9 ! side fir/ consummat$ ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,b conc]n+ ?is w\nd itself1 ! place1 ! in/rum5t1 & ! mann] ( its infliction--conc]n+ its object & effects1 !re has always be5 a great div]sity ( op9ion4 ,! in/rum5t is call$ by ! ,evangeli/ a 1 :i* may equally signify ei!r ! light javel9 or ! heavy lance2 s t we are left 9 unc]ta9ty z to ! ext5t ( ! w\nd4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! w\nd 0 inflict$ he describes by ! v]b 1 :i* sometimes d5otes a mortal w\nd1 sometimes a slight scrat*1 nay1 ev5 a ?ru/ :i* does n s mu* z draw blood2 h5ce we are ignorant ( ! dep? ( ! w\nd3 ?\gh s9ce ,jesus1 aft] ! resurrection1 makes ,?omas lay only 8 f+]s 9 ! pr9t ( ! nails1 b1 9 or ev5 m]ely on ! w\nd 9 ! side1 8 h& 7,john xx4 #bg71 ! /roke ( ! spe> seems to h made a consid]able w\nd4 ,b ! "q turns ma9ly on ! place 9 :i* ! w\nd 0 made4 ,?is ,john describes z ! side1 & c]ta9ly if ! spe> ent]$ ! left side betwe5 ! ribs & p5etrat$ into ! he>t1 dea? mu/ inevitably h ensu$3 b ! above expression may j z prop]ly imply ! "r side z ! left1 & 9 ei!r side any spot f ! %\ld] to ! hip4 ,mo/ ( ^! po9ts inde$ w\ld be at once decid$1 if ! object ( ! soldi] _h be5 to kill ,jesus1 suppos+ he %\ld n be already dead2 9 ?is case he w\ld d\btless h pi]c$ ,jesus 9 ! mo/ fatal place1 & z deeply z possible1 or r1 h brok5 8 legs1 z 0 done to ! two ?ieves3 b s9ce he treat$ ,jesus o!rwise ?an 8 fell[ suff]]s1 x is evid5t t 9 relation to him he _h a diff]5t object1 namely1 9 ! fir/ place to asc]ta9 by ?is /roke ( ! spe>1 :e!r dea? _h really tak5 place--a conclusion :i* he believ$ might securely be drawn f ! fl[+ ( blood & wat] out ( ! w\nd4 ,b ?is result ( ! w\nd is 9 fact ! subject on :i* !re is ! lea/ unanimity4 ,! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 on ! gr\nd t blood no long] fl[s f corpses1 reg>d$ ! blood & wat]1 1 :i* fl[$ f ! corpse ( ,jesus z a miracle1 a sign ( 8 sup]human nature4 #bjah ,m mod]n !ologians1 f\nd+ on ! same exp]i5ce1 h int]pret$ ! expression z a h5diadys1 imply+ t ! blood /ill fl[$1 & t ?is 0 a sign t dea? _h n yet1 or n until n[ tak5 place4 #bjai ,z1 h[ev]1 blood is itself a fluid1 ! wat] add$ to ! blood _c signify m]ely ! fluid /ate ( ! latt]1 b mu/ d5ote a peculi> admixture :i* ! blood fl[+ f ! side ( ,jesus conta9$4 ,to expla9 ?is to !mselves1 & at ! same "t obta9 ! mo/ infallible pro( ( dea?1 o!rs h fall5 on ! idea t ! wat] mix$ ) ! blood came out ( ! p]ic>dium1 :i* _h be5 pi]c$ by ! spe>1 & 9 :i*1 especially 9 su* z die "u sev]e angui%1 a quantity ( fluid is said to be accumulat$4 #bjbj ,b--besides t ! pi]c+ ( ! p]ic>dium is a m]e supposition--on ! "o h&1 ! quantity ( su* fluid1 :]e no dropsy exi/s1 is s trifl+1 t its emission w\ld n be p]ceptible2 & on ! o!r h&1 x is only a s+le small spot 9 front ( ! brea/ :]e ! p]ic>dium c be s /ruck t an emission outw>d is possible3 9 all o!r cases1 :atev] 0 emitt$ w\ld be p\r$ into ! cavity ( ! ?orax4 #bjba ,)\t d\bt ! idea :i* 0 pres5t 9 ! ,evangeli/'s m9d 0 r ! fact1 :i* may be obs]v$ 9 e in/ance ( blood-lett+1 t ! blood1 s soon z x has ceas$ to take "p 9 ! vital process1 beg9s to divide itself into plac5ta & s]um2 & he int5d$ by repres5t+ ?is sep>ation z hav+ already tak5 place 9 ! blood ( ,jesus1 to adduce a pro( ( 8 real dea?4 #bjbb ,b :e!r ?is outfl[ ( blood & wat] 9 p]ceptible sep>ation be a possible pro( ( dea?1--:e!r ,hase & ,w9] be "r :5 !y ma9ta9 t on deep incisions 9 corpses ! blood sometimes fl[s 9 ?is decompos$ /ate2 or ! fa!rs1 :5 !y deem ?is s unprec$5t$ t x mu/ be reg>d$ z a miracle 9 ,jesus1--?is is ano!r "q4 ,a di/+ui%$ anatomi/ has expla9$ ! /ate ( ! fact to me 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #bjbc ,ord9>ily1 )9 an h\r aft] dea? ! blood beg9s to coagulate 9 ! vessels1 & consequ5tly no long] to fl[ on incisions2 only by way ( exception 9 c]ta9 species ( dea?1 z n]v\s fev]s1 or suffocation1 does ! blood reta9 its fluidity 9 ! corpse4 ,n[ if x be *os5 to place ! dea? on ! cross "u ! category ( suffocation--:i*1 h[ev]1 f ! l5g? ( "t t crucifi$ p]sons h (t5 rema9$ alive1 & 9 relation to ,jesus especially1 f 8 be+ said to h spok5 to ! la/1 appe>s impracticable2 or if x be suppos$ t ! w\nd 9 ! side foll[$ s quickly on ! in/ant ( dea? t x f\nd ! blood /ill fluid1--a supposition :i* is discordant ) ! n>ratives1 = !y /ate ,jesus to h be5 already dead at ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 :ile ! bodies mu/ h be5 tak5 away only at six 9 ! ev5+3 !n1 if ! spe> /ruck "o ( ! l>g] blood vessels1 blood w\ld h fl[$1 b )\t wat]2 if1 h[ev]1 ,jesus _h already be5 dead ab\t an h\r1 & 8 corpse 0 9 ! ord9>y /ate3 no?+ at all w\ld h fl[$4 ,?us ei!r blood or no?+3 9 no case blood & wat]1 because ! s]um & plac5ta are n sep>at$ 9 ! vessels ( ! corpse z 9 ! bas9 aft] blood-lett+4 ,h>dly !n _h ! au?or ( ?is trait 9 ! f\r? gospel himself se5 ! fl[+ out ( ! side ( ,jesus1 z a sign t 8 dea? _h tak5 place2 r1 because aft] blood-lett+ he _h se5 ! above sep>ation take place 9 ! blood z x lo/ its vitality1 & because he 0 desir\s to %[ a c]ta9 pro( ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 he repres5t$ ^? sep>ate +r$i5ts z fl[+ out ( 8 w\nd$ corpse4 ,! ,evangeli/ assures u1 ) ! mo/ solicit\s e>ne/ness1 t ?is really happ5$ to ,jesus1 & t 8 acc\nt is tru/wor?y1 z be+ f\nd$ on p]sonal obs]vation 7v4 #ce74 ,accord+ to "s1 he gives ?is te/imony 9 opposition to docetic ,gno/ics1 :o d5i$ ! true corporeality ( ,jesus3 #bjbd b :]e=e !n ! m5tion ( ! wat]8 ,accord+ to o!rs1 on acc\nt ( ! notewor?y fulfilm5t ( two prophecies by t proc$ure ) respect to ! body ( ,jesus4 #bjbe ,b1 z ,lcke himself says1 ?\gh ,john does c]ta9ly else:]e1 ev5 9 subord9ate po9ts1 seek a fulfilm5t ( prophecy1 he n[h]e atta*es to x s extraord9>y a weight z he w\ld "h h done accord+ to ?is supposition4 ,h5ce x appe>s ! mo/ natural supposition t ! ,evangeli/ int5d$ by ^? assurances to confirm ! tru? ( ! dea? ( ,jesus1 #bjbf & t he m]ely app5d$ ! ref]5ce to ! fulfilm5t ( ,scripture z a second>y illu/rative addition4 ,! abs5ce ( an hi/orical indication1 t s e>ly z ! p]iod ( ! composition ( ! f\r? gospel1 !re exi/$ a suspicion t ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 only app>5t1 does n suffice1 9 ! paucity ( in=mation at our comm& conc]n+ t p]iod1 to prove t a suspicion s easy ( sugge/ion _h n actually to be combat$ 9 ! circle 9 :i* ! above gospel arose1 & t x may n h giv5 occasion to ! adduction ( pro(s n only ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 b also ( 8 dea?4 #bjbg ,ev5 9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k a simil> ef=t is visible4 ,:5 ?is ,evangeli/1 9 n>rat+ ,joseph's entreaty = ! body ( ,jesus1 says3 ,& ,pilate m>vell$ if he 7 already dead 7v4 #dd73 ?is sugge/s ! idea t he l5t to ,pilate an a/oni%m5t :i* he mu/ h he>d express$ by _m ( 8 cotempor>ies conc]n+ ! rapidity ) :i* ! dea? ( ,jesus _h ensu$2 & :5 he proce$s to /ate t ! procurator obta9$ f ! c5turion c]ta9 in=mation t ,jesus _h be5 "s "t dead1 3 x appe>s z if he wi%$1 9 sil5c+ ! d\bt ( ,pilate1 to sil5ce t ( 8 cotempor>ies also2 b 9 t case he c h kn[n no?+ ( a w\nd ) a spe>1 & its consequ5ces1 o!rwise he w\ld n h left unnotic$ ?is secure/ w>rant ( dea? hav+ really tak5 place3 s t ! repres5tation 9 ,john has ! appe>ance ( be+ a full] developm5t ( a t5d5cy ( ! leg5d already visible 9 ,m>k4 ,?is view ( ,john's n>rative is fur!r confirm$ by 8 citation ( ,old ,te/am5t passages1 z fulfill$ 9 ?is ev5t4 ,9 ! /roke ( ! spe> he sees ! fulfilm5t ( ,ze*4 xii4 #aj 7bett] translat$ by ,john ?an by ! ,,lxx471 :]e ,jehovah says to ! ,israelites !y %all look on him :om !y h pi]c$1 9 ! s5se1 t !y w "o day return to him :om !y _h s griev\sly (f5d$4 #bjbh ,! ^w 1 to pi]ce1 und]/ood lit]ally1 expresses an act :i* appe>s m capable ( be+ direct$ aga9/ a man ?an aga9/ ,jehovah3 ?is int]pretation is support$ by ! v>iation 9 ! read+ 2 & x mu/ h be5 confirm$ by ! succe$+ context1 :i* proce$s 9 ! ?ird p]son ?us3 & !y %all m\rn = him1 z "o m\rne? = 8 only son1 & %all be 9 bitt]ness = him1 z "o t is 9 bitt]ness = 8 fir/-born4 ,h5ce ! ,rabb9s int]pret$ ?is passage ( ! ,messiah b5 ,joseph1 :o w\ld be pi]c$ by ! sword 9 battle1 #bjbi & ! ,*ri/ians might ref] x1 z !y did s _m passages 9 ,psalms ( lam5tation1 to _! ,messiah1 at fir/ und]/&+ ! pi]c+ ei!r figuratively or z imply+ ! nail+ ( ! h&s 7& feet7 9 crucifixion 7comp4 ,rev4 i4 #g72 until at la/ "s "o1 :o desir$ a m decisive pro( ( dea? ?an crucifixion 9 itself af=d$1 int]pret$ x z a special pi]c+ ) ! spe>4 ,if !n ?is trait ( ! pi]c+ ) ! spe> proce$$ f ! comb9$ int]e/s ( obta9+ a pro( ( dea?1 & a lit]al fulfilm5t ( a prophecy3 ! re/ mu/ be reg>d$ z m]ely its prep>atory gr\ndwork4 ,! pi]c+ 0 only ne$ful z a te/ ( dea?1 if ,jesus _h to be e>ly tak5 d[n f ! cross1 :i* accord+ to ,jewi% law 7,deut4 xxi4 #bb2 ,jo%4 viii4 #bi1 x4 #bf1 f4--an exception occurs 9 #b ,sam4 xxi4 #f ff4 #bjcj7 mu/ 9 any case be be=e night2 b 9 p>ticul> 9 ! pres5t in/ance 7a special circum/ance :i* ,john alone notes71 be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! passov]4 ,if ,jesus di$ unusually soon1 & if ! two :o 7 crucifi$ ) him 7 yet to be tak5 d[n at ! same "t1 ! dea? ( ! latt] mu/ be ha/5$ by viol5t means4 ,?is might be done likewise by means ( a /roke ( ! spe>3 b !n ! pi]c+1 :i* 9 ,ze*4 xii4 #aj 0 pr$ict$ specially ( ! ,messiah1 w\ld equally happ5 to o!rs4 ,?us 9 _! case x w\ld be bett] to *oose ! break+ ( ! legs1 :i* w\ld n1 inde$1 in/antane\sly sup]9duce dea?1 b :i* yet made x ultimately c]ta9 z a consequ5ce ( ! mortification produc$ by ! fracture4 ,x is true t ! crurifragium appe>s n[h]e else 9 connexion ) crucifixion among ! ,romans1 b only z a sep>ate puni%m5t = slaves1 prison]s ( w>1 & ! l4 #bjca ,b x 0 n ! less suitable 9 a prophetic po9t ( view2 = 0 x n said ( ! ,pas*al lamb ) :i* ,jesus 0 else:]e also comp>$ 7#a ,cor4 v4 #g73 n a bone ( him %all be brok5 7,exod4 xii4 #df78 s t bo? ! prophecies 7 fulfill$1 ! "o det]m9+ :at %\ld happ5 exclusively to ,jesus1 ! o!r :at %\ld happ5 to 8 fell[-suff]]s1 b n to him4 #ace4 ,,burial ,,( ,,jesus4 ,accord+ to ,roman cu/om ! body ( ,jesus mu/ h rema9$ susp5d$ until consum$ by ! wea!r1 birds ( prey1 & corruption2 #bjcb accord+ to ! ,jewi%1 x mu/ h be5 int]r$ 9 ! di%on\rable bury+ place assign$ to ! execut$3 #bjcc b ! evangelical acc\nts in=m u t a di/+ui%$ adh]5t ( ! deceas$ begg$ 8 body ( ! procurator1 :i*1 agreeably to ! ,roman law1 #bjcd 0 n refus$1 b 0 imm$iately deliv]$ to him 7,matt4 xxvii4 #eg p>all474 ,?is man1 :o 9 all ! gospels is nam$ ,joseph1 & said to be d]iv$ f ,arima!a1 0 accord+ to ,mat!w a ri* man & a disciple ( ,jesus1 b ! latt]1 z ,john adds1 only 9 secret2 ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s describe him z an hon\rable memb] ( ! high c\ncil1 9 :i* "*1 ,luke rem>ks1 he _h n giv5 8 voice = ! condemnation ( ,jesus1 & !y bo? repres5t him z *]i%+ messianic expectations4 ,t we h "h a p]sonal description gradually develop$ into m & m precis5ess is evid5t4 ,9 ! fir/ gospel ,joseph is a disciple ( ,jesus--& su* mu/ h be5 ! man :o "u circum/ances s unfav\rable did n hesitate to take *>ge ( 8 body2 t1 accord+ to ! same gospel1 he 0 a ri* man already rem9ds u ( ,isa4 liii4 #i1 :]e x is said :i* might possibly be und]/ood ( a burial ) ! ri*1 & ?us become ! s\rce at lea/ ( ?is pr$icate ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a4 ,t he ent]ta9$ messianic ideas1 z ,luke & ,m>k add1 foll[$ ( c\rse f 8 relation to ,jesus2 t he 0 a c\nsellor1 1 z ! same ,evangeli/s decl>e1 is c]ta9ly a new piece ( in=mation3 b t z su* he c\ld n h concurr$ 9 ! condemnation ( ,jesus 0 aga9 a matt] ( c\rse2 la/ly1 t he _h hi!rto kept 8 adh]5ce to ,jesus a secret1 z ,john obs]ves1 accords ) ! peculi> position 9 relation to ,jesus :i* ?is ,evangeli/ gives to c]ta9 exalt$ adh]5ts1 especially to ,nicodemus1 :o is subsequ5tly associat$ ) ,joseph4 ,h5ce x mu/ n be at once suppos$ t ! additional p>ticul>s :i* ea* succe$+ ,evangeli/ gives1 re/ on hi/orical in=mation :i* he possess$ ov] & above t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,:ile ! synopti/s repres5t ! int]m5t ( ,jesus z be+ p]=m$ by ,joseph alone1 ) no o!r behold]s ?an ! wom51 ,john1 z we h obs]v$1 introduces ,nicodemus z an assi/ant2 a p>ticul>1 ! au!nticity ( :i* has be5 already consid]$ 9 connexion ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,nicodemus4 #bjce ,?is individual br+s spices = ! purpose ( embalm+ ,jesus2 a mixture ( myrrh & aloes1 9 ! quantity ( ab\t a hundr$ p\nds4 ,9 va9 h comm5tators lab\r$ to )draw f ! ^w 1 :i* ,john "h uses1 ! signification ( ! ,lat9 libra1 & to sub/itute a small] weight3 #bjcf ! above surpris+ quantity is1 h[ev]1 satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by ! rem>k ( ,ol%aus51 t ! sup]fluity 0 a natural expression ( ! v5]ation ( ^? m5 = ,jesus4 ,9 ! f\r? gospel ! two m5 p]=m ! (fice ( embalm+ imm$iately aft] ! tak+ d[n ( ! body f ! cross1 w9d+ x 9 l95 clo!s aft] ! ,jewi% practice2 9 ,luke ! wom51 on _! return home f ! grave ( ,jesus1 provide spices & o9tm5ts1 9 ord] to comm5ce ! embalm+ aft] ! sabba? 7xxiii4 #ef1 xxiv4 #a72 9 ,m>k !y d n buy ! sweet spices until ! sabba? is pa/ 7xvi4 #a72 :ile 9 ,mat!w !re is no m5tion ( an embalm+ ( ! body ( ,jesus1 b only ( its be+ wrapp$ 9 a clean l95 clo? 7xxvii4 #ei74 ,"h x has be5 ?\ght possible to reconcile ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,m>k & ,luke 9 relation to ! "t ( ! pur*ase ( ! spices1 by draw+ ov] "o ( ! two n>rators to ! side ( ! o!r4 ,x appe>$ ! mo/ easy to accommodate ,m>k to ,luke by ! supposition ( an enallage temporum2 8 v]b 1 !y b\ght1 us$ 9 connexion ) ! day aft] ! sabba?1 be+ tak5 z ! plup]fect1 & und]/ood to imply1 9 accordance ) ! /atem5t ( ,luke1 t ! wom5 _h ! spices 9 read9ess f ! ev5+ ( ! burial4 #bjcg ,b aga9/ ?is reconciliation x has already be5 rem>k$ ) triumphant indignation by ! ,fragm5ti/1 t ! aori/1 /&+ betwe5 a det]m9ation ( "t & ! /atem5t ( an object1 _c possibly signify any?+ else ?an :at happ5$ at t "t 9 relation to t object1 & ?us ! words 1 !y b\ght sweet spices1 plac$ betwe5 1 ,! sabba? be+ pa/1 & 1 t !y might come & ano9t him1 c only signify a pur*ase made aft] ! sabba? _h elaps$4 #bjch ,h5ce ,mi*aelis1 :o und]took to v9dicate ! hi/ories ( ! burial & resurrection f ! *>ge ( contradiction urg$ by ! ,fragm5ti/1 betook himself to ! opposite measure1 & s\ght to con=m ,luke to ,m>k4 ,:5 ,luke writes3 1 & !y return$1 & b\ght sweet spices & o9tm5ts1 he does n1 we are told1 mean t !y _h made ?is pur*ase imm$iately aft] _! return1 & consequ5tly on ! ev5+ ( ! burial3 on ! contr>y1 by ! addition 1 & re/$ ! sabba? day1 accord+ to ! comm&m5t1 he himself gives u to und]/& t x did n happ5 until ! sabba? 0 pa/1 s9ce betwe5 _! return f ! grave & ! comm5cem5t ( ! sabba? at six 9 ! ev5+1 !re 0 no "t left = ! pur*ase4 #bjci ,b :5 ,luke places 8 7!y prep>$7 betwe5 7be+ return$7 & 7!y re/$71 ?is c z little signify some?+ occurr+ aft] ! re/ ( ! sabba?1 z 9 ,m>k ! simil>ly plac$ ^w c signify some?+ :i* _h happ5$ be=e ! sabba?4 ,h5ce m rec5t !ologians h p]ceiv$ t ea* ( ^! two ,evangeli/s mu/ be all[$ to reta9 ! direct s5se ( 8 words2 nev]!less !y h believ$ x possible to free bo? ! "o & ! o!r f ! appe>ance ( error by ! supposition t ! spices prep>$ be=e ! sabba? 7 n suffici5t1 & t ! wom51 agreeably to ,m>k's /atem5t1 really b\ght an additional /ock aft] ! sabba?4 #bjdj ,b !re mu/ h be5 an enorm\s requirem5t ( spices if fir/ ! hundr$ p\nds weight contribut$ by ,nicodemus _h n suffic$1 & on ?is acc\nt ! wom5 on ! ev5+ be=e ! sabba? _h laid ready m spices1 & !n ^! too 7 f\nd insuffici5t1 s t !y _h to buy yet m on ! morn+ aft] ! sabba?4 ,?us h[ev]1 9 consi/5cy1 x is necess>y to solve ! second contradiction :i* exi/s betwe5 ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s unit$ly & ! f\r?1 namely1 t accord+ to ! latt] ,jesus 0 embalm$ ) a hundr$ weight ( o9tm5t be=e be+ laid 9 ! grave1 :ile accord+ to ! =m] ! embalm+ 0 def]r$ until aft] ! sabba?4 ,b z f> z ! quantity 0 conc]n$1 ! hundr$ p\nds ( myrrh & aloes 7 m ?an en\gh3 t :i* 0 want+1 & _h to be suppli$ aft] ! sabba?1 c\ld only relate to ! mann]1 i4e4 t ! spices _h n yet be5 appli$ to ! body 9 ! "r way--because ! process _h be5 int]rupt$ by ! arrival ( ! sabba?4 #bjda ,b1 if we li/5 to ,john1 ! int]m5t ( ,jesus on ! ev5+ ( 8 dea? 0 p]=m$ 1 z ! mann] ( ! ,jews is to bury1 i4e4 rit1 9 due =m1 ! corpse be+ w\nd 9 ! l95 clo!s ) ! spices 7v4 #dj71 :i* con/itut$ ! :ole ( ,jewi% embalm+1 s t accord+ to ,john no?+ 0 want+ 9 relation to ! mann]2 #bjdb n to m5tion t if ! wom51 z ,m>k & ,luke /ate1 b\ght fre% spices & plac$ !m 9 read9ess1 ! embalm+ ( ,nicodemus mu/ h be5 defective z to quantity also4 ,?us 9 ! burial ( ,jesus z n>rat$ by ,john no?+ objective 0 want+3 nev]!less1 x has be5 ma9ta9$ t subjectively1 z reg>d$ ! wom51 x _h n be5 p]=m$1 i4e4 !y 7 ignorant t ,jesus _h already be5 embalm$ by ,nicodemus & ,joseph4 #bjdc ,"o is a/oni%$ t su* a position c be advanc$1 s9ce ! synopti/s expressly /ate t ! wom5 7 pres5t at ! int]m5t ( ,jesus1 & beheld1 n m]ely ! place 7 1 ,m>k71 b also ! mann] 9 :i* he 0 int]r$ 7 1 ,luke74 ,!re is a ?ird div]g5cy relative to ?is po9t betwe5 ,mat!w & ! re/ ( ! ,evangeli/s1 9 s f> z ! =m] m5tions no embalm+ ei!r be=e or aft] ! sabba?4 ,?is div]g5cy1 z x consi/s m]ely 9 ! sil5ce ( "o n>rator1 has be5 hi!rto little reg>d$1 & ev5 ! ,fragm5ti/ admits t ! wrapp+ ( ! body 9 a clean l95 clo?1 m5tion$ by ,mat!w1 involves also ! ,jewi% me?od ( embalm+4 ,b 9 ?is in/ance !re might easily be drawn an argum5t ex sil5tio4 ,:5 we read 9 ! n>rative ( ! ano9t+ at ,be?any ! decl>ation ( ,jesus1 t ! woman by ?is de$ _h ano9t$ 8 body = burial 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ab p>all473 ?is has inde$ its significance 9 all ! n>ratives1 b a peculi>ly /rik+ "o 9 ,mat!w1 accord+ to ^: subsequ5t n>rative no ano9t+ took place at ! burial ( ,jesus1 #bjdd & ?is fact appe>s to be ! only suffici5t explanation ( ! special importance :i* ! ,evangelical tradition atta*$ to ! action ( ! woman4 ,if he :o 0 rev]$ z ! ,messiah did n1 "u ! pressure ( unfav\rable circum/ances1 receive at 8 burial ! due hon\r ( embalmm5t3 !n mu/ ! ?\ghts ( 8 adh]5ts rev]t ) peculi> complac5cy to an ev5t 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 9 :i* a humble-m9d$ female vot>y1 z if =ebod+ t ?is hon\r w\ld be d5i$ to him :5 dead1 r5d]$ x to him :ile yet liv+4 ,view$ 9 ?is light ! diff]5t repres5tation ( ! ano9t+ 9 ! o!r ,evangeli/s w\ld h ! appe>ance ( a gradual developm5t ( ! leg5d4 ,9 ,m>k & ,luke x /ill rema9s1 z 9 ,mat!w1 t ! corpse ( ,jesus is n really embalm$3 b1 said ! leg5d1 already out/epp+ ! n>rative ( ! fir/ gospel1 ! embalm+ 0 design$ = him1--?is int5tion 0 ! motive = ! resort ( ! wom5 to 8 grave on ! morn+ aft] ! sabba?1 & its execution 0 only prev5t$ by ! resurrection4 ,9 ! f\r? gospel1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is ano9t+1 f be+ fir/ p]=m$ on him by anticipation :ile he 0 yet liv+1 & !n int5d$ = him :5 dead1 resolv$ itself into an actual embalm+ ( 8 body aft] dea?3 9 conjunction ) :i*1 h[ev]1 aft] ! mann] ( leg5d>y =mations1 ! ref]5ce ( ! e>li] ano9t+ to ! burial ( ,jesus 0 left /&+4 ,! body ( ,jesus1 accord+ to all ! n>rators1 0 =?) deposit$ 9 a tomb hewn out ( a rock1 & clos$ ) a great /one4 ,mat!w describes ?is tomb z 1 new2 an epi!t :i* ,luke & ,john m closely det]m9e by /at+ t no man _h yet be5 laid !re94 ,we may obs]ve 9 pass+1 t !re is z mu* reason = suspicion ) respect to ?is newness ( ! grave1 z ) respect to ! unridd5 ass 9 ! hi/ory ( ! entrance ( ,jesus1 s9ce "h 9 ! same way z !re1 ! temptation lay irresi/ibly ne>1 ev5 )\t hi/orical gr\nds1 to repres5t ! sacr$ receptacle ( ! body ( ,jesus z nev] hav+ be5 pollut$ by any corpse4 ,b ev5 9 relation to ?is tomb ! ,evangeli/s exhibit a div]g5cy4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w x 0 ! prop]ty ( ,joseph1 :o _h himself caus$ x to be hewn 9 ! rock2 & ! two o!r synopti/s also1 s9ce !y make ,joseph unhesitat+ly dispose ( ! grave1 appe> to proce$ on ! same presupposition4 ,accord+ to ,john1 on ! contr>y1 ,joseph's "r ( prop]ty 9 ! grave 0 n ! reason t ,jesus 0 laid !re2 b because "t press$1 he 0 deposit$ 9 ! new sepul*re1 :i* happ5$ to be 9 a neighb\r+ g>d54 ,"h aga9 ! h>moni/s h tri$ _! art on bo? sides4 ,mat!w 0 to be br\ght into agreem5t ) ,john by ! obs]vation1 t a manuscript ( 8 gospel omits ! 78 own7 aft] 2 :ile an anci5t translation read1 in/ead ( 7:i* he _h hewn71-- 7:i* 0 hewn73 #bjde z if ^! alt]ations 7 n obvi\sly ow+ already to h>moniz+ ef=ts4 ,h5ce ! opposite side has be5 tak51 & x has be5 rem>k$ t ! words ( ,john by no means exclude ! possibility t ,joseph may h be5 ! own] ( ! tomb1 s9ce bo? reasons--! vic9ity1 & ! fact t ! grave belong$ to ,joseph--may h co-op]at$4 #bjdf ,b ! contr>y is r ! tru?3 namely1 t ! vic9ity ( ! grave :5 alleg$ z a motive1 excludes ! fact ( possession3 a h\se 9 :i* ,i %\ld take %elt] f a %[]1 because x is ne>1 w\ld n be my own2 unless inde$ ,i 7 ! own] ( two h\ses1 "o ne> & "o m di/ant1 ( :i* ! latt] 0 my prop] dwell+3 & 9 l mann] a grave1 9 :i* a p]son lays a relative or fri5d :o does n himself possess "o1 because x is ne>1 _c be 8 own1 unless he possess m ?an "o1 & int5d at great] leisure to convey ! deceas$ into ! o!r2 :i* h[ev] 9 our case1 s9ce ! ne> grave 0 f its newness adapt$ above all o!rs = ! int]m5t ( ,jesus1 is n easily conceivable4 ,if accord+ to ?is ! contradiction subsi/s1 !re does n appe> 9 ! n>ratives !mselves any gr\nd = decision 9 fav\r ( ! "o or ( ! o!r4 #bjdg #acf4 ,,! ,,wat* ,,at ,,! ,,grave ,,( ,,jesus4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ! ,sabba?1 #bjdh ! *ief prie/s & ,ph>isees1 accord+ to ,mat!w 7xxvii4 #fb ff47 came to ,pilate1 & ) ref]5ce to ! pr$iction ( ,jesus1 t he %\ld rise aga9 aft] ?ree days1 reque/$ him to place a wat* by 8 grave1 le/ 8 disciples %\ld take occasion f ! expectation :i* t pr$iction _h awak5$1 to /eal 8 body & !n spread a report t he 0 ris5 aga94 ,pilate grant$ _! reque/1 & accord+ly !y w5t away1 seal$ ! /one1 & plac$ ! wat* be=e ! grave4 ,! subsequ5t resurrection ( ,jesus 7we mu/ "h anticipate s f>71 & ! angelic appe>ances :i* accompani$ x1 s t]rifi$ ! gu>ds1 t !y became z dead m51 1--=?)1 h[ev]1 ha/5$ to ! city & gave an acc\nt ( ! ev5t to ! *ief prie/s4 ,! latt] aft] hav+ delib]at$ on ! subject 9 an assembly ) ! eld]s1 brib$ ! soldi]s to pret5d t ! disciples _h /ol5 ! body by night2 :5ce1 ! n>rator adds1 ?is report 0 dissem9at$1 & 0 p]si/$ 9 up to 8 "t 7xxviii4 #d1 #aa ff474 ,9 ?is n>rative1 peculi> to ! fir/ gospel1 critics h f\nd all k9ds ( difficulties1 :i* h be5 expos$ ) ! mo/ acum5 by ! au?or ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts1 & aft] him by ,paulus4 #bjdi ,! difficulties lie fir/ ( all 9 ?is3 t nei!r ! requisite conditions ( ! ev5t1 nor its necess>y consequ5ces1 are pres5t$ 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 x is n to be conceiv$ h[ ! ,sanh$ri/s c\ld obta9 ! in=mation1 t ,jesus 0 to return to life ?ree days aft] 8 dea?3 s9ce !re is no trace ( su* an idea hav+ exi/$ ev5 among 8 disciples4 ,!y say3 ,we rememb] t t deceiv] said1 :ile he 0 yet alive1 etc4 ,if we are to und]/& f ?is t !y rememb]$ to h he>d him speak to t effect2 ,jesus1 accord+ to ! evangelical acc\nts1 nev] spoke pla9ly ( 8 resurrection 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 enemies2 & ! figurative disc\rses :i* rema9$ un9telligible to 8 confid5tial disciples1 c\ld /ill less be und]/ood by ! ,jewi% hi]>*s1 :o 7 less accu/om$ to 8 mode ( ?\ght & expression4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,sanh$ri/s m]ely int5d to say1 t !y _h he>d f o!rs ( 8 hav+ giv5 su* a promise3 ?is intellig5ce c\ld only h proce$$ f ! disciples2 b z ^! _h n1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ! slighte/ anticipation ( 8 resurrection1 !y c\ld n h excit$ su* an anticipation 9 o!rs2--n to m5tion t we h be5 oblig$ to reject z unhi/orical ! :ole ( ! pr$ictions ( ! resurrection l5t to ,jesus 9 ! gospels4 ,equally incompreh5sible ) ?is k on ! "p ( ! enemies ( ,jesus1 is ! sil5ce ( 8 fri5ds1 ! ,apo/les & ! o!r ,evangeli/s besides ,mat!w1 conc]n+ a circum/ance s fav\rable to _! cause4 ,x is c]ta9ly apply+ too mod]n a /&>d to ! conduct ( ! disciples to say ) ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 t !y mu/ h entreat$ f ,pilate a lett] "u 8 seal 9 atte/ation ( ! fact t a wat* _h be5 set ov] ! grave3 b x mu/ be held surpris+ t 9 none ( ! apo/olic spee*es is !re any:]e an appeal to s /rik+ a fact1 & t ev5 9 ! gospels1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/1 x has left no discov]able trace4 ,an attempt has be5 made to expla9 ?is sil5ce f ! consid]ation1 t ! brib+ ( ! gu>ds by ! ,sanh$rim _h r5d]$ an appeal to !m fruitless3 #bjej b tru? is n s readily surr5d]$ to su* obvi\s falsehoods1 & at all ev5ts1 :5 ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus _h to def5d !mselves be=e ! ,sanh$rim1 ! m5tion ( su* a fact mu/ h be5 a p[]ful weapon4 ,! cause is already half giv5 up :5 its advocates retreat to ! position1 t ! disciples probably did n become acqua9t$ ) ! true cause ( ! ev5t imm$iately1 b only lat]1 :5 ! soldi]s began to betray ! secret4 #bjea ,= ev5 if ! gu>ds 9 ! fir/ in/ance m]ely set afloat ! tale ( ! !ft1 & ?us admitt$ t !y _h be5 plac$ by ! grave1 ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus c\ld already con/rue = !mselves ! real /ate ( ! case1 & might boldly appeal to ! gu>ds1 :o mu/ h be5 witnesses ( some?+ q diff]5t f ! !ft ( a corpse4 ,b le/ we be told ( ! invalidity ( an argum5t drawn f ! m]ely negative fact ( sil5ce1 !re is some?+ positive n>rat$ conc]n+ a "p ( ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus1 namely1 ! wom51 :i* is n reconcilable ) ! fact ( a wat* be+ plac$ at ! grave4 ,n only d ! wom5 :o resort to ! grave on ! morn+ aft] ! ,sabba?1 int5d to complete ! embalm+ :i* !y c\ld n hope to be p]mitt$ to d1 if !y knew t a wat* 0 plac$ be=e ! grave1 & t ?is 0 besides seal$3 #bjeb b accord+ to ,m>k _! :ole p]plexity on _! way to ! grave turns ^u ! "q1 :o w roll away ! /one = !m f ! grave2 a cle> pro( t !y knew no?+ ( ! gu>ds1 s9ce ^! ei!r w\ld n h all[$ !m to remove ! /one1 h[ev] light1 or if !y w\ld h all[$ ?is1 w\ld also h help$ !m to roll away a heavi] "o2 s t 9 any case ! difficulty z to ! weight ( ! /one w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s4 ,b t ! plac+ ( ! wat* %\ld h rema9$ unkn[n to ! wom5 is1 f ! att5tion :i* ev]y?+ relative to ! end ( ,jesus excit$ 9 ,j]usalem 7,luke xxiv4 #ah71 highly improbable4 ,b )9 ! n>rative also1 e feature is full ( difficulties1 =1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,paulus1 no "o ( ! p]sons :o appe> 9 x1 acts 9 accordance ) 8 "*4 ,t ,pilate %\ld h grant$ ! reque/ ( ! ,jewi% magi/rates = a wat*1 ,i w n say )\t hesitation1 b s entirely )\t ridicule1 mu/ be held surpris+ aft] 8 previ\s conduct2 #bjec su* m9or p>ticul>s might h[ev] be m]ely pass$ ov] by ,mat!w 9 8 summ>y mode ( rec\nt+ ! incid5ts4 ,x is m a/oni%+ t ! gu>ds %\ld h be5 s easily induc$ to tell a falsehood :i* ! sev]ity ( ,roman discipl9e made s dang]\s1 z t !y _h fail$ 9 _! duty by sleep+ on _! po/2 especially z1 f ! bad und]/&+ :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! ,sanh$rim & ! procurator1 !y c\ld n "k h[ f> ! m$iation promis$ by ! =m] w\ld avail4 ,b ! mo/ inconceivable feature is ! alleg$ conduct ( ! ,sanh$rim4 ,! difficulty :i* lies 9 _! go+ to ! hea!n procurator on ! ,sabba?1 defil+ !mselves by approa*+ ! grave1 & plac+ a wat*1 has c]ta9ly be5 ov]/ra9$ by ! ,fragm5ti/2 b _! conduct1 :5 ! gu>ds1 return+ f ! grave1 appris$ !m ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 is truly impossible4 ,!y believe ! ass]tion ( ! soldi]s t ,jesus _h aris5 out ( 8 grave 9 a miracul\s mann]4 ,h[ c\ld ! c\ncil1 _m ( ^: memb]s 7 ,sadducees1 receive ?is z cr$ible8 ,ev5 ! ,ph>isees 9 ! ,sanh$rim1 ?\gh !y held 9 !ory ! possibility ( a resurrection1 w\ld n1 ) ! mean op9ion :i* !y ent]ta9$ ( ,jesus1 be incl9$ to believe 9 8 resurrection2 especially z ! ass]tion 9 ! m\? ( ! gu>ds s\nd$ j l a falsehood inv5t$ to scre5 a failure 9 duty4 ,! real ,sanh$ri/s1 on he>+ su* an ass]tion f ! soldi]s1 w\ld h repli$ ) exasp]ation3 ,y lie6 y h slept & all[$ him to be /ol52 b y w h to pay de>ly = ?is1 :5 x comes to be inve/igat$ by ! procurator4 ,b in/ead ( ?is1 ! ,sanh$ri/s 9 our gospel speak !m fair1 & entreat !m ?us3 ,tell a lie1 say t y h slept & all[$ him to be /ol53 moreov]1 !y pay !m ri*ly = ! falsehood1 & promise to exculpate !m to ! procurator4 ,?is is evid5tly spok5 entirely on ! ,*ri/ian presupposition ( ! reality ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus2 a presupposition h[ev] :i* is q incorrectly attribut$ to ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$rim4 ,x is also a difficulty1 n m]ely se>*$ out by ! ,fragm5ti/1 b ev5 ackn[l$g$ by or?odox expositors1 #bjed t ! ,sanh$rim1 9 a regul> assembly1 & aft] a =mal consultation1 %\ld h resolv$ to corrupt ! soldi]s & put a lie into _! m\?s4 ,t 9 ?is mann] a college ( sev5ty m5 %\ld h (ficially decid$ on sugge/+ & rew>d+ ! utt]ance ( a falsehood1 is1 z ,ol%aus5 ju/ly obs]ves1 too widely at v>iance ) ! decorum1 ! s5se ( propriety1 insep>able f su* an assembly4 ,! exp$i5t ( suppos+ t x 0 m]ely a private meet+1 s9ce only ! *ief prie/s & eld]s1 n ! scribes1 are said to h embrac$ ! resolution ( brib+ ! soldi]s1 #bjee w\ld involve ! s+ul>ity1 t 9 ?is assembly ! scribes 7 abs5t1 :ile 9 ! %ortly previ\s int]view ) ! procurator1 :]e ! scribes are repres5t$ by ! ,ph>isees :o =m$ _! majority1 ! eld]s 7 want+3 :5ce x is evid5t r t1 x be+ inconv5i5t inv>iably to designate ! ,sanh$rim by a full enum]ation ( its con/itu5t p>ts1 x 0 n seldom indicat$ by ! m5tion ( only "s or "o ( ^!4 ,if x !re=e rema9s t accord+ to ,mat!w ! high c\ncil mu/ 9 a =mal session h resolv$ on brib+ ! gu>ds3 su* an act ( bas5ess c\ld only be attribut$ to ! c\ncil z su*1 by ! ranc\r ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 among :om our anecdote arose4 ,^! difficulties 9 ! pres5t n>rative ( ! fir/ gospel h be5 felt to be s press+1 t x has be5 attempt$ to remove !m by ! supposition ( int]polation2 #bjef :i* has lately be5 mod]at$ into ! op9ion1 t :ile ! anecdote did n inde$ proce$ f ! ,apo/le ,mat!w himself x 0 n h[ev] add$ by a h& o!rwise ali5 to our gospel1 b 0 ins]t$ by ! ,greek translator ( ! ,hebrew ,mat!w4 #bjeg ,aga9/ ! =m] supposition ! abs5ce ( all critical au?ority is decisive2 ! appeal ( ^? :o advance ! o!r op9ion to ! unapo/olic "* ( ! anecdote1 w\ld n w>rant its sep>ation f ! context ( ! ma9 n>rative1 unless t n>rative itself 7 already prov$ to be ( apo/olic orig92 :ile ! anecdote is s f> f pres5t+ any want ( connexion ) ! re/1 t1 on ! contr>y1 ,paulus is "r 9 8 rem>k t an int]polator 7or ins]t+ translator7 w\ld sc>cely h giv5 himself ! tr\ble to di/ribute 8 int]polation 9 ?ree diff]5t places 7xxvii4 #fb-ff2 xxviii4 #d1 #aa-ae71 b w\ld h compress$ x into "o passage1 or at mo/ two4 ,nei!r c ! "q be settl$ s *eaply z ,ol%aus5 imag9es1 :5 he concludes t ! entire n>rative is apo/olic & correct1 save t ! ,evangeli/ err$ 9 repres5t+ ! corruption ( ! gu>ds z be+ resolv$ on 9 full c\ncil1 :]eas ! affair 0 probably manag$ 9 secret by ,caiaphas alone3 z if ?is assembly ( ! c\ncil 7 ! sole difficulty ( ! n>rative1 & z if1 :5 errors _h ins9uat$ !mselves 9 relation to ?is p>ticul>1 !y might n ext5d to o!rs also4 #bjeh ,paulus correctly po9ts out h[ ,mat!w himself1 by ! /atem5t3 & ?is say+ is commonly report$ among ! ,jews to ?is day1--indicates a calumni\s ,jewi% report z ! s\rce ( 8 n>rative4 ,b :5 ?is !ologian expresses ! op9ion t ! ,jews !mselves propagat$ ! /ory1 t !y _h plac$ a wat* at ! grave ( ,jesus1 b t ! gu>ds _h p]mitt$ 8 body to be /ol53 ?is is z p]v]t$ a view z t ( ,hase1 :5 he conjectures t ! report 9 "q proce$$ fir/ ( all f ! fri5ds ( ,jesus1 & 0 aft]w>ds modifi$ by 8 enemies4 ,= z reg>ds ! =m] supposition1 ,ku9l has already correctly rem>k$1 t ,mat!w m]ely designates ! ass]tion respect+ ! !ft ( ! corpse z a ,jewi% report1 n ! entire n>rative ( ! plac+ ( a wat*2 nei!r is !re any reason to be conceiv$ :y ! ,jews %\ld h fabricat$ su* a report z t a wat* 0 set at ! grave ( ,jesus3 ,paulus says1 x 0 hop$ !reby to r5d] ! ass]tion t ! body ( ,jesus 0 /ol5 by 8 disciples m easy ( acceptation ) ! cr$ul\s3 b ^? mu/ inde$ h be5 v cr$ul\s :o did n obs]ve1 t ! plac+ ( ! wat* 0 ! v ?+ to r5d] a furtive removal ( ! body ( ,jesus improbable4 ,paulus appe>s to repres5t ! matt] to himself ?us3 ! ,jews wi%$ to obta9 witnesses z x 7 to ! accusation ( a !ft1 & = ?is purpose fabricat$ ! /ory ( ! gu>d be+ plac$ by ! grave4 ,b t ! gu>ds ) op5 eyes quietly beheld ! disciples ( ,jesus c>ry away 8 body1 no "o c\ld cr$it3 :ile1 if !y saw no?+ ( ?is1 because !y slept1 !y gave no te/imony1 s9ce !y c\ld !n only by inf]5ce arrive at ! conclusion1 t ! body might h be5 /ol53 a conclusion :i* c\ld be drawn j z well )\t !m4 ,?us 9 no way c ! wat* h belong$ to ! ,jewi% basis ( ! pres5t n>rative2 b ! report dissem9at$ among ! ,jews consi/$1 z ! text also says1 m]ely 9 ! ass]tion t ! disciples _h /ol5 ! body4 ,z ! ,*ri/ians wi%$ to oppose ?is calumny1 !re 0 =m$ among !m ! leg5d ( a wat* plac$ at ! grave ( ,jesus1 & n[ !y c\ld boldly confront _! sl&]]s ) ! "q3 h[ c ! body h be5 c>ri$ away1 s9ce y plac$ a wat* at ! grave & seal$ ! /one8 ,& because1 z we h ourselves prov$ 9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry1 a leg5d is n fully convict$ ( gr\ndlessness until x has be5 %[n h[ x c\ld arise ev5 )\t hi/orical gr\nds3 x 0 attempt$ on ! side ( ! ,*ri/ians1 9 %[+ :at 0 suppos$ to be ! true /ate ( ! case1 to expose also ! orig9 ( ! false leg5d1 by d]iv+ ! falsehood propagat$ among ! ,jews f ! contrivance ( ! ,sanh$rim1 & _! corruption ( ! gu>ds4 ,?us ! tru? is precisely ! rev]se ( :at ,hase says1 namely1 t ! leg5d probably arose among ! fri5ds ( ,jesus & 0 modifi$ by 8 enemies3--! fri5ds fir/ _h an inducem5t to ! fiction ( ! wat*1 :5 ! enemies _h already spok5 ( a !ft4 #bjei #acg4 ,,fir/ ,,tid+s ,,( ,,! ,,resurrection4 ,t ! fir/ news ( ! grave ( ,jesus be+ op5$ & empty on ! second morn+ aft] 8 burial1 came to ! disciples by ! m\? ( wom51 is unanim\sly /at$ by ! f\r ,evangeli/s3 b 9 all ! m p>ticul> circum/ances !y div]ge f ea* o!r1 9 a way :i* has pres5t$ ! ri*e/ mat]ial = ! polemic ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 & on ! o!r h& has giv5 abundant "w to ! h>moni/s & apologi/s1 )\t !re hav+ be5 hi!rto any successful attempt at a satisfactory m$iation betwe5 ! two p>ties4 #bjfj ,leav+ beh9d ! diff]5ce :i* is connect$ ) ! div]g5cies 9 ! hi/ory ( ! burial1 z to ! object ( ! wom5 9 resort+ to ! grave1--namely1 t accord+ to ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s !y int5d$ to embalm ! body ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ! two o!rs m]ely to pay a visit to ! grave1--we f9d1 fir/1 a v complicat$ div]g5cy relative to ! numb] ( ! wom5 :o made ?is visit4 ,luke m]ely speaks indef9itely ( _m wom52 n alone ^? :om he describes xxiii4 #ee1 z hav+ come ) ,jesus f ,galilee1 & ( :om he m5tions by "n1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,joanna1 & ,m>y ! "m ( ,james1 b also c]ta9 o!rs ) !m1 7xxiv4 #a74 ,m>k has m]ely ?ree wom52 two ( ^? :om ,luke also names1 b z ! ?ird1 ,salome in/ead ( ,joanna 7xvi4 #a74 ,mat!w has n ?is ?ird woman1 respect+ :om ! two int]m$iate ,evangeli/s diff]1 b m]ely ! two ,m>ies conc]n+ :om !y agree 7xxviii4 #a74 ,la/ly1 ,john has only "o ( ^!1 ,m>y ,magdal5e 7xx4 #a74 ,! "t at :i* ! wom5 g to ! grave is likewise n det]m9$ ) uni=mity2 = ev5 if ! words ( ,mat!w1 ,9 ! end ( ! sabba?1 z x began to dawn t[>d ! fir/ day ( ! week1 1 1 make no diff]5ce1 #bjfa /ill ! addition ( ,m>k3 at ! ris+ ( ! sun1 1 are 9 contradiction ) ! expressions :5 x 0 yet d>k1 1 9 ,john1 & v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 1 9 ,luke4--,9 relation to ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! wom5 fir/ saw ! grave !re may appe> to be a diff]5ce1 at lea/ betwe5 ,mat!w & ! ?ree o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 z !y approa* & look t[>ds ! grave1 !y see t ! /one has already be5 roll$ away by an unkn[n h&3 :]eas ! n>rative ( ! fir/ ,evangeli/ has appe>$ to _m to imply t ! wom5 !mselves beheld ! /one roll$ away by an angel4--,manifold are ! div]g5cies z to :at ! wom5 fur!r saw & le>n$ at ! grave4 ,accord+ to ,luke !y ent] into ! grave1 f9d t ! body ( ,jesus is n !re1 & are h5ce 9 p]plexity1 until !y see /&+ by !m two m5 9 %9+ g>m5ts1 :o ann\nce to !m 8 resurrection4 ,9 ,m>k1 :o also makes !m ent] into ! grave1 !y see only "o "y man 9 a long :ite g>m5t1 n /&+1 b sitt+ on ! "r side1 :o gives !m ! same intellig5ce4 ,9 ,mat!w !y receive ?is in=mation be=e !y ent] into ! grave1 f ! angel1 :o aft] roll+ away ! /one _h sat ^u x4 ,la/ly1 accord+ to ,john1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 z soon z %e sees ! /one tak5 away1 & )\t witness+ any angelic appe>ance1 runs back into ! city4--,moreov] ! relation 9 :i* ! disciples ( ,jesus are plac$ ) respect to ! fir/ news ( 8 resurrection is a diff]5t "o 9 ! diff]5t gospels4 ,accord+ to ,m>k1 ! wom51 out ( fe>1 tell no "o ( ! angelic appe>ance :i* !y h beheld2 accord+ to ,john1 ,m>y ,magdal5e has no?+ m to say to ,john & ,pet]1 to :om %e ha/5s f ! grave1 ?an t ,jesus is tak5 away2 accord+ to ,luke1 ! wom5 report ! appe>ance to ! disciples 9 g5]al1 & n m]ely to two ( !m2 :ile accord+ to ,mat!w1 z !y 7 9 ! act ( ha/5+ to ! disciples1 ,jesus himself met !m1 & !y 7 able to communicate ?is also to ! disciples4 ,9 ! two fir/ gospels no?+ is said ( "o ( ! disciples himself go+ to ! grave on he>+ ! report ( ! wom52 accord+ to ,luke1 ,pet] w5t ?i!r1 f\nd x empty & return$ wond]+1 & f ,luke xxiv4 #bd x appe>s t o!r disciples besides him w5t ?i!r 9 a simil> mann]2 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel ,pet] 0 accompani$ by ,john1 :o on ?is occasion 0 conv9c$ ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,luke says t ,pet] made 8 visit to ! sepul*re aft] he _h already be5 in=m$ by ! wom5 ( ! angelic appe>ance2 b 9 ! f\r? gospel ! two disciples g to ! grave be=e ,m>y ,magdal5e c h told !m ( su* an appe>ance2 x 0 only :5 %e _h proce$$ a second "t to ! grave ) ! two disciples1 & :5 !y _h return$ home aga91 t1 /oop+ into ! sepul*re1 %e saw1 accord+ to ?is gospel1 two angels 9 :ite1 sitt+1 ! "o at ! head & ! o!r at ! feet1 :]e ! body ( ,jesus _h la91 by :om %e 0 ask$1 :y %e wept8 & on turn+ r\nd %e beheld ,jesus himself2 a p>ticul> ( :i* !re is a fragm5t>y notice 9 ,m>k v4 #i1 ) ! additional rem>k1 t %e communicat$ ?is news to 8 =m] companions4 ,x has be5 ?\ght possible to reconcile ! great] "p ( ^! div]g5cies by suppos+1 in/ead ( "o sc5e v>i\sly describ$1 a multiplicity ( diff]5t sc5es2 = :i* purpose ! ord9>y grammatical & o!r artifices ( ! h>moni/s 7 press$ into ! s]vice4 ,t ,m>k might n contradict ! :ile x 0 yet d>k ( ,john1 ! apologi/s did n scruple to translate ! words by orituro sole2 #bjfb ! contradiction betwe5 ,mat!w & ! re/1 :5 ! =m] appe>s to say t ! wom5 saw ! /one roll$ away by ! angel1 seem$ to be m easy ( solution1 n inde$ by suppos+1 ) ,mi*aelis1 #bjfc t 7& behold67 d5otes a recurr5ce to a previ\s ev5t1 & t has ! signification ( a plup]fect 7an exp$i5t :i* has be5 ju/ly combat$ by mod]n criticism 9 opposition to ,less+1 :o 0 incl9$ to admit x72 #bjfd b by und]/&+ ! v4 #a to express a yet unf9i%$ progress ( ! wom5 t[>ds ! grave1 9 :i* case ! & :at foll[s may1 9 accordance ) its prop] mean+1 relate some?+ t happ5$ aft] ! dep>ture ( ! wom5 f _! home1 b be=e _! arrival at ! grave4 #bjfe ,9 relation to ! numb] & ! visit ( ! wom51 x 0 9 ! fir/ place urg$ t ev5 accord+ to ,john1 al?\gh he m5tions only ,m>y ,magdal5e by "n1--sev]al wom5 mu/ h accompani$ h] to ! grave1 s9ce he makes h] say aft] h] return to ! two disciples3 we "k n :]e !y h laid him2 #bjff a plural1 :i* c]ta9ly intimates ! pres5ce ( o!r b unspecifi$ p]sons1 ) :om ,m>y ,magdal5e1 :e!r at ! grave itself or on h] return1 _h conv]s$ on ! subject be=e %e came to ! ,apo/les4 ,?us1 x is said1 ,m>y ,magdal5e w5t to ! grave ) ! o!r wom51 m or few] ( :om are m5tion$ by ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,z h[ev] %e return$ )\t hav+1 l ! o!r wom51 se5 an angel1 x is suppos$ t %e ran back alone z soon z %e saw ! /one roll$ away3 :i* is acc\nt$ = by h] impetu\s temp]am5t1 %e hav+ be5 =m]ly a demoniac4 #bjfg ,:ile %e ha/5$ back to ! city1 ! o!r wom5 saw ! appe>ances ( :i* ! synopti/s speak4--,to all x is ma9ta9$1 ! angels appe>$ )9 ! grave2 = ! /atem5t 9 ,mat!w t "o sat outside on ! /one1 is only a plup]fect3 :5 ! wom5 came he _h already )drawn into ! sepul*re1 & accord+ly1 aft] _! conv]sation ) him1 ! wom5 are describ$ z dep>t+ f ! sepul*re1 7v4 #h73 #bjfh 9 :i* obs]vation x is only ov]look$ t betwe5 ! fir/ address ( ! angel & ! above expression1 !re /&s 8 invitation to ! wom5 to come ) him into ! grave & see ! place :]e ,jesus _h la94 ,9 relation to ! diff]5ce t accord+ to ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s ! wom5 see only "o angel1 accord+ to ! ?ird1 two1 ev5 ,calv9 resorts to ! mis]able exp$i5t ( suppos+ a synecdo*e1 namely t all ! ,evangeli/s c]ta9ly knew ( two angels1 b ,mat!w & ,m>k m5tion only ! "o :o act$ z speak]4 ,o!rs make diff]5t wom5 see diff]5t appe>ances3 "s1 ( :om ,mat!w & ,m>k speak1 see+ only "o angel2 ! o!rs1 to :om ,luke ref]s1 & :o came e>li] or p]haps lat] ?an ! above1 see+ two2 #bjfi b ,luke makes ! same two ,m>ies :o1 accord+ to 8 pr$ecessors1 _h se5 only "o angel1 n>rate to ! ,apo/les an appe>ance ( two angels4 ,x is also said t ! wom5 return$ 9 sep>ate gr\ps1 s t ,jesus might meet ^? ( :om ,mat!w speaks )\t be+ se5 by ^? ( ,luke2 & ?\gh ^? ( ,m>k at fir/ tell no "o f fe>1 ! re/1 & !y !mselves aft]w>ds1 might communicate :at !y _h se5 to ! disciples4 #bjgj--,on he>+ ! report br\ght by sev]al wom51 ,pet]1 accord+ to ,luke1 /raightway goes to ! grave1 f9ds x empty & turns away wond]+4 ,b accord+ to ! hypo!sis :i* we are n[ detail+1 ,m>y ,magdal5e _h run back a consid]able "t be=e ! o!r wom51 & _h br\ght ) h] to ! grave ,pet] & ,john4 ,?us ,pet]1 fir/ on he>+ ! imp]fect intellig5ce ( ,m>y ,magdal5e t ! grave 0 empty1 mu/ h gone ?i!r ) ,john2 & subsequ5tly1 on ! acc\nt ( ! angelic appe>ance br\ght by ! o!r wom51 he mu/ h gone a second "t alone3 9 :i* case x w\ld be p>ticul>ly surpris+ t :ile 8 companion arriv$ at a belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus on ! v fir/ visit1 he himself _h n atta9$ fur!r ?an wond] ev5 on ! second4 ,besides1 z ! ,fragm5ti/ has already ably %[n1 ! n>rative 9 ! ?ird gospel ( ! visit ( ,pet] alone1 & t 9 ! f\r? ( ! visit ( ,pet] & ,john1 are s /rik+ly simil> ev5 9 words1 #bjga t ! majority ( comm5tators reg>d !m z ref]r+ to a s+le visit1 ,luke hav+ only omitt$ to notice ! companion ( ,pet]3 9 support ( :i* op9ion !y c appeal to ,luke xxiv4 #bd4 ,b if ! visit ( ! two ,apo/les1 occasion$ by ! return ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 be "o & ! same ) t occasion$ by ! return ( ! o!r wom51 !n ! return ( ! wom5 is also n a d\ble "o2 if h[ev] !y return$ 9 company ) ea* o!r1 we h a contradiction4 ,aft] ! two ,apo/les are return$ )\t hav+ se5 an angel1 ,m>y1 :o rema9s beh9d1 z %e looks into ! grave1 all at once sees two4 ,:at a /range play+ at hide & seek mu/ !re h be5 on ! "p ( ! angels1 accord+ to ! h>moni/ic comb9ation ( ^! n>ratives6 ,fir/ only "o %[s himself to "o gr\p ( wom51 to ano!r gr\p two %[ !mselves2 bo? =?) conceal !mselves f ! disciples2 b aft] _! dep>ture bo? aga9 become visible4 ,to remove ^! int]missions ,paulus has plac$ ! appe>ance pres5t$ to ,m>y ,magdal5e be=e ! arrival ( ! two disciples3 b by ?is viol5t transposition ( ! ord] *os5 by ! n>rator1 he has only confess$ ! impossibility ( ?us incorporat+ ! v>i\s ,evangeli/s ) ea* o!r4 ,h]eupon1 z ,m>y ,magdal5e raises h]self f look+ into ! grave & turns r\nd1 %e sees ,jesus /&+ beh9d h]4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,jesus appe>$ to ,m>y ,magdal5e & ! o!r ,m>y1 :5 !y _h already set out on _! way to ! city1 consequ5tly :5 !y 7 at "s di/ance f ! grave4 ,?us ,jesus w\ld h fir/ appe>$ to ,m>y ,magdal5e alone1 close to ! grave1 & a second "t :5 %e 0 on h] way f !nce1 9 ! company ( ano!r woman4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! want ( purpose atta*+ to ! repetition ( an appe>ance ( ,jesus aft] s %ort an int]val1 comm5tators h "h call$ 9 ! above supposition1 t ,m>y ,magdal5e _h previ\sly sep>at$ h]self f ! wom5 ( :om ,mat!w speaks3 #bjgb b 9 t case1 s9ce ,mat!w has besides ,m>y ,magdal5e only ! o!r ,m>y1 x w\ld h be5 only "o woman to :om ,jesus appe>$ on ! way f ! grave3 :]eas ,mat!w ?r\gh\t speaks ( sev]al 7 74 ,to escape f ?is re/less runn+ to & fro ( ! disciples & ! wom51 ?is phantasmagoric appe>ance1 disappe>ance1 & reappe>ance ( ! angels1 & ! useless repetition ( ! appe>ances ( ,jesus be=e ! same p]son1 :i* result f ?is h>moni/ic me?od1 we mu/ consid] ea* ,evangeli/ by himself3 we !n obta9 f ea* a quiet picture ) simple dignifi$ features2 "o visit ( ! wom5 to ! grave1 or accord+ to ,john1 two2 "o angelic appe>ance2 "o appe>ance ( ,jesus1 accord+ to ,john & ,mat!w2 & "o visit to ! grave by "o or two ( ! disciples1 accord+ to ,luke & ,john4 ,b ) ! above difficulties ( ! h>moni/ic me?od ( incorporation z to ! sub/ance1 !re is associat$ a difficulty z to =m1 9 ! "q1 h[ comes x1 "u ! presuppositions ( ?is mode ( view+ ! gospels1 t f ! entire s]ies ( occurr5ces1 ea* n>rator has select$ a sep>ate portion = himself1--t ( ! _m visits & appe>ances n "o ,evangeli/ relates all1 & sc>cely "o ! same z 8 neighb\r1 b = ! mo/ "p ea* has *os5 only "o = repres5tation1 & ea* aga9 a diff]5t "o8 ,! mo/ plausible answ] to ?is "q has be5 giv5 by ,griesba* 9 a special treatise on ?is subject4 #bjgc ,he supposes t ea* ,evangeli/ rec\nts ! resurrection ( ,jesus 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x fir/1 became kn[n to him3 ,john receiv$ ! fir/ in=mation f ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & h5ce he n>rates only :at he le>n$ f h]2 to ,mat!w 7= )\t d\bt ! disciples1 z /rang]s visit+ ! fea/1 resid$ 9 diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! city71 ! fir/ news 0 communicat$ by ^? wom5 to :om ,jesus himself appe>$ on _! way f ! grave1 & h5ce he relates only :at ^! _h exp]i5c$4 ,b "h ?is explanation already f\nd]s on ! facts1 t 9 ,mat!w1 ( ! wom5 :o see ,jesus on _! way homew>d1 ,m>y ,magdal5e is "o2 & t 9 ,john1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 aft] h] second visit to ! grave1 9 :i* ,jesus appe>$ to h]1 no long] w5t to ,john & ,pet] alone1 b to ! disciples 9 g5]al1 & communicat$ to !m ! appe>ance %e _h se5 & ! commission %e _h receiv$3 s t ,mat!w 9 any case mu/ also h kn[n ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus to ,m>y ,magdal5e4 #bjgd ,fur!r1 :51 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ,m>k n>rates ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection z he _h le>n$ x 9 ! h\se ( 8 "m :o liv$ 9 ,j]usalem 7,acts xii4 #ab72 ,luke1 z he _h receiv$ x f ,joanna1 :om he alone m5tions3 we _c b wond] at ! t5acity ) :i*1 accord+ to ?is1 ea* mu/ h clung to ! n>rative :i* he _h happ5$ fir/ to receive1 s9ce ! resurrection ( ,jesus mu/ h be5 ! subject ( all o!rs on :i* !re 0 ! mo/ lively int]*ange ( n>ratives among 8 adh]5ts1 s t ! ideas conc]n+ ! fir/ tid+s ( ! ev5t mu/ h f\nd _! level4 ,to remove ^! difficulties1 ,griesba* has fur!r suppos$1 t ! disciples _h x 9 _! int5tion to comp>e ! discordant acc\nts ( ! wom5 & r$uce !m to ord]2 :51 h[ev]1 ! resuscitat$ ,jesus himself appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 !y neglect$ ?is1 because !y n[ no long] f\nd$ _! fai? on ! ass]tions ( ! wom51 b on ! appe>ances :i* !y _h !mselves witness$3 b ! m ! in=mation ( ! wom5 fell into ! backgr\nd1 ! less conceivable is x1 h[ 9 ! sequel ea* c\ld s ob/9ately cl+ to :at ?is or t woman _h *anc$ fir/ to communicate to him4 ,if !n ! plan ( incorporation w n lead to ! desir$ end1 #bjge we mu/ try t ( selection1 & inquire :e!r we mu/ n adh]e to "o ( ! f\r acc\nts1 z pre-em95tly apo/olic1 & by ?is rectify ! o!rs2 9 :i* inquiry "h z else:]e1 f ! ess5tial equality ( ! ext]nal evid5ce1 only ! int]nal "* ( ! sep>ate n>ratives c decide4 ,f ! numb] ( ^? acc\nts conc]n+ ! fir/ intellig5ce ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus :i* h any claim to ! rank ( autoptical te/imonies1 mod]n criticism has exclud$ t ( ! fir/ gospel2 #bjgf & we _c1 z 9 o!r in/ances1 compla9 ( ?is disfav\r z an inju/ice4 ,= 9 _m respects ! n>rative ( ! fir/ gospel "h betrays itself to h be5 c>ri$ a /ep f>!r 9 traditional developm5t ?an t ( ! o!r gospels4 ,fir/1 t ! miracul\s op5+ ( ! grave is se5 by ! wom5--if inde$ ,mat!w int5ds to say ?is--c\ld sc>cely1 _h x really be5 ! case1 h be5 s entirely lo/ f remembrance z x is 9 ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 b might v well be =m$ gradually 9 tradition2 fur!r1 t ! roll+ away ( ! /one 0 effect$ by ! angel1 evid5tly re/s only on ! comb9ation ( "o :o did n "k any bett] means ( answ]+ ! "q1 h[ ! great /one 0 remov$ f ! grave1 & ! gu>ds tak5 out ( ! way1 ?an to use = bo? purposes ! angel pres5t$ to him 9 ! curr5t n>ratives ( ! appe>ance witness$ by ! wom52 to :i* he add$ ! e>?quake z a fur!r embelli%m5t ( ! sc5e4 ,b besides ?is1 !re is 9 ! n>rative ( ,mat!w yet ano!r trait1 :i* has any?+ b an hi/orical aspect4 ,aft] ! angel has already ann\nc$ ! resurrection ( ,jesus to ! wom51 & *>g$ !m to deliv] to ! disciples ! message t !y %\ld g into ,galilee1 :]e !y w\ld see ! ris5 "o3 ,jesus himself meets !m & repeats ! message :i* !y are to deliv] to ! disciples4 ,?is is a s+ul> sup]fluity4 ,jesus _h no?+ to add to ! purport ( ! message :i* ! angel _h giv5 to ! wom52 h5ce he c\ld only wi% to confirm x & r5d] x m au!ntic4 ,b to ! wom5 x ne$$ no fur!r confirmation1 = !y 7 already fill$ ) great joy by ! tid+s ( ! angel1 & ?us 7 believ+2 :ile = ! disciples ev5 t confirmation did n suffice1 = !y rema9$ incr$ul\s ev5 to ! acc\nt ( ^? :o assur$ !m t !y _h se5 ,jesus1 until !y _h se5 him !mselves4 ,?us x appe>s t two diff]5t n>rations1 z to ! fir/ news ( ! resurrection1 h "h become entangl$ ) ea* o!r2 ! "o repres5t+ angels1 ! o!r ,jesus himself1 z ! m$ium by :i* ! wom5 7 in=m$ ( ! ev5t & s5t ) a message to ! disciples3--! latt] evid5tly ! lat] tradition4 ,! pre-em95ce 9 orig9ality d5i$ to ! n>rative ( ,mat!w1 is "h z else:]e aw>d$ to t ( ,john4 ,traits s *>act]i/ic1 says ,lcke1 z t on ! visit to ! grave ! o!r disciple w5t fa/] ?an ,pet] & came to ! spot be=e him1 atte/ ! au!nticity ( ! gospel ev5 to ! mo/ sceptical4 ,b ! matt] has yet ano!r aspect4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$1 at an e>li] po9t ( our inquiry1 t ?is p>ticul> belongs to ! ef=t1 :i* ! f\r? gospel exhibits 9 a peculi> mann]1 to place ,john above ,pet]4 #bjgg ,we may n[ discuss ! po9t ) m p>ticul>ity1 by comp>+ ! acc\nt 9 ,luke already m5tion$ ( ! visit ( ,pet] to ! grave1 ) ! acc\nt 9 ! f\r? gospel ( ! visit ( ! two disciples4 ,accord+ to ,luke 7xxiv4 #ab71 ,pet] runs to ! grave3 accord+ to ,john 7xx4 #c ff471 ,pet] & ! fav\rite disciple g toge!r1 b s t ! latt] runs fa/]1 & comes fir/ to ! grave4 ,9 ! ?ird gospel1 ,pet] /oops d[n1 looks into ! sepul*re1 & sees ! l95 clo!s3 9 ! f\r?1 ,john does ?is1 & sees ! same4 ,9 ! ?ird gospel1 no?+ is said ( an ent]+ into ! grave3 b ! f\r? makes ,pet] ent] fir/1 & look m closely at ! l95 clo!s1 !n ,john also1 & ! latt] ) ! result t he beg9s to believe 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 #bjgh ,t 9 ^! two n>ratives we h "o & ! same incid5t1 has be5 above %[n probable f _! simil>ity ev5 9 ! expressions4 ,?us ! only "q is3 :i* is ! orig9al n>rative1 ! "o ne>e/ to ! fact8 ,if t ( ,john3 !n mu/ 8 "n h be5 gradually lo/ out ( ! n>rative 9 ! c\rse ( tradition1 & ! visit to ! grave ascrib$ to ,pet] only2 :i*1 s9ce ! importance ( ,pet] ?rew all o!rs into ! %ade1 is easily conceivable4 ,we might re/ cont5t$ ) ?is conclusion1 reg>d+ ^! two p>allel n>ratives by !mselves3 b 9 connexion ) ! :ole suspici\s position :i* ! f\r? gospel assigns to ,john 9 relation to ,pet]1 ! contr>y relation ( ! two n>ratives mu/ "h aga9 be held ! m probable4 ,z 9 ! entrance into ! high prie/'s palace1 s 9 ! visit to ! grave ( ,jesus1 only 9 ! f\r? gospel is ,john giv5 z a companion to ,pet]2 z 9 ! =m] case x is he :o ga9s an entrance = ,pet]1 s 9 ! latt] he runs be=e him & ca/s ! fir/ glance into ! grave1 a circum/ance :i* is repeat$ly m5tion$4 ,t aft]w>ds ,pet] is ! fir/ to ent] into ! grave1 is only an app>5t advantage1 :i* is all[$ him out ( def]5ce to ! common idea ( 8 position3 = aft] him ,john also ent]s1 & ) a result ( :i* ,pet] c\ld n boa/1 namely1 t he believ$ 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 & ?us 0 ! fir/ :o atta9$ to t degree ( fai?4 ,f ?is ef=t to make ,john ! fir/-born among ! believ]s 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus may also be expla9$ ! div]g5cy1 t accord+ to ! n>rative ( ! f\r? gospel alone1 ,m>y ,magdal5e ha/5s back to ! two disciples be=e %e has yet se5 an angel4 ,= _h %e be=eh& witness$ an angelic appe>ance1 :i* %e w\ld n any m ?an ! wom5 9 ,mat!w h mi/ru/$1 %e w\ld h be5 ! fir/ believ]1 & w\ld h won ! prec$5ce ( ,john 9 ?is respect2 b ?is is avoid$ by repres5t+ h] z com+ to ! two disciples imm$iately aft] p]ceiv+ ! empt9ess ( ! grave1 & "u ! disquietude excit$ 9 h] by ?is circum/ance4 ,?is presupposition s]ves also to expla9 :y ! f\r? gospel makes ! woman return+ f ! grave g1 n to ! disciples 9 g5]al1 b only to ,pet] & ,john4 ,z1 namely1 ! intellig5ce :i*1 accord+ to ! orig9al n>rative1 0 br\ght to all ! disciples1 occasion$1 accord+ to ,luke1 only ,pet] to g to ! grave1 & z moreov]1 accord+ to ,m>k 7v4 #g71 ! message ( ! wom5 0 de/9$ m especially = ,pet]3 ! idea might easily be =m$1 t ! news came to ?is disciple alone1 ) :om ! object ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ w\ld !n require t he %\ld associate ,john4 ,only aft] ! two disciples _h come to ! grave1 & 8 ,john _h atta9$ fai?1 c\ld ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel introduce ! appe>ances ( ! angel & ( ,jesus himself1 :i* 7 said to h be5 grant$ to ! wom54 ,t in/ead ( ^! collectively he names only ,m>y ,magdal5e--al?\gh z has be5 e>li] rem>k$1 he xx4 #b presupposes at lea/ a subsequ5t meet+ betwe5 h] & o!r wom5--?is might c]ta9ly1 "u o!r circum/ances1 be reg>d$ z ! orig9al repres5tation1 :5ce ! synoptical "o arose by a process ( g5]alization3 b x might j z well be ! case t ! o!r wom51 be+ less kn[n1 7 eclips$ by ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,! description ( ! sc5e betwe5 h] & ,jesus1 ) ! non-recognition ( him at ! fir/ mom5t1 etc41 c]ta9ly does hon\r to ! +5uity & pa?os ( ! au?or2 #bjgi b "h also !re is an unhi/orical sup]fluity simil> to t 9 ,mat!w4 ,= "h ! angels h n1 z 9 ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 to ann\nce ! resurrection to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & to make a disclosure to h]2 b !y m]ely ask h]1 ,:y weepe/ ?\8 :]eupon %e compla9s to !m ( ! disappe>ance ( ! body ( ,jesus1 b1 )\t wait+ = any fur!r explanation1 turns r\nd & sees ,jesus /&+4 ,?us z 9 ,mat!w ! appe>ance ( ,jesus1 s9ce x is n repres5t$ z ! pr9cipal & effective "o1 is a sup]flu\s addition to t ( ! angel3 s "h ! angelic appe>ance is an idle1 o/5tati\s introduction to ! appe>ance ( ,jesus4 ,if we turn to ! ?ird acc\nt1 t ( ,m>k1 to asc]ta9 :e!r he may n p]haps be ! ne>e/ to ! fact3 we f9d x s incoh]5t1 & compos$ ( mat]ials s little capable ( be+ fitt$ toge!r1 t su* a relation is n to be ?\ght (4 ,aft] x has be5 already n>rat$ t e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! day succe$+ ! ,sabba? ! wom5 came to ! grave ( ,jesus1 & 7 in=m$ by an angel ( 8 resurrection1 b out ( fe> said no?+ to any "o ( ! appe>ance :i* !y _h se5 7xvi4 #a-h73 at v4 #i1 z if no?+ _h previ\sly be5 said ei!r ( ! resurrection or ( ! "t at :i* x happ5$1 ! n>rator proce$s3 ,n[ :5 ,jesus 0 ris5 e>ly ! fir/ day ( ! week1 he appe>$ fir/ to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 out ( :om he _h ca/ sev5 devils1 4 ,?is /atem5t also does n suit ! =ego+ n>rative1 because ?is is n =m$ on ! supposition ( an appe>ance specially int5d$ = ,m>y ,magdal5e3 on ! contr>y1 z %e is said to be in=m$ by an angel ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 toge!r ) two o!r wom51 ,jesus c\ld n h appe>$ to h] be=eh&2 :ile aft]w>ds1 on h] way to ! city1 %e 0 9 company ) ! o!r wom51 :51 accord+ to ,mat!w1 !y 7 all actually met by ,jesus4 ,:e!r on ?is acc\nt we are to reg>d ! end ( ! gospel ( ,m>k1 f v4 #i1 z a lat] addition1 #bjhj is inde$ d\btful1 f ! want ( decisive critical gr\nds1 & /ill m f ! abruptness ( ! conclusion 1 = !y 7 afraid1 :i* ! gospel w\ld !n pres5t3 b 9 any case we h "h a n>rative :i* ! au?or1 )\t any cle> idea ( ! /ate ( ! fact & ! succession ( ! ev5ts1 ha/ily compil$ out ( ! het]og5e\s elem5ts ( ! curr5t leg5d1 :i* he knew n h[ to manage4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ,luke !re w\ld be no special difficulty3 b x has a suspici\s elem5t 9 common ) ! o!rs1 namely1 ! angelic appe>ance1 & moreov]1 9 a tw(old =m4 ,:at _h ! angels to d 9 ?is sc5e8 ,mat!w tells u3 to roll away ! /one f ! grave2 on :i* x has already be5 rem>k$ by ,celsus1 t accord+ to ! or?odox presupposition1 ! ,son ( ,god c\ld f9d no su* aid necess>y = ?is purpose3 #bjha he might inde$ f9d x suitable & becom+4 ,9 ,m>k & ,luke ! angels appe> m z hav+ to imp>t in=mation & commissions to ! wom53 b z1 accord+ to ,mat!w & ,john1 ,jesus himself appe>$ imm$iately aft]1 & repeat$ ^? commissions1 ! deliv]y ( !m by angels 0 sup]flu\s4 ,h5ce1 no?+ rema9s b to say3 ! angels belong$ to ! embelli%m5t ( ! great sc5e1 z cele/ial att5dants :o _h to op5 to ! ,messiah ! door by :i* he meant to issue =?2 z a gu>d ( hon\r on ! spot f :i* ! once dead _h j dep>t$ ) recov]$ life4 ,b "h occurs ! "q3 does ?is species ( pomp exi/ 9 ! real c\rt ( ,god1 or only 9 ! *ildi% conception =m$ ( x by antiquity8 ,h5ce comm5tators h lab\r$ 9 v>i\s ways to trans=m ! angels 9 ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection into natural appe>ances4 ,sett+ out f ! acc\nt ( ! fir/ gospel 9 :i* ! angel is said to h a =m or c\nt5ance l lightn+1 1 & to effect ! roll+ away ( ! /one & ! pro/ration ( ! gu>ds1 :ile an e>?quake is connect$ ) 8 appe>ance3 x no long] lay f> out ( ! way to ?9k ( a fla% ( lightn+1 :i* /ruck ! /one ) =ce suffici5t to %att] x1 & ca/ ! gu>ds to ! e>?2 or ( an e>?quake :i*1 accompani$ by flames bur/+ out ( ! gr\nd1 produc$ ! same effect2 9 :i* case ! flames & ! ov]:elm+ =ce ( ! ph5om5on 7 tak5 by ! wat*+ soldi]s = an angel4 #bjhb ,b p>tly ! circum/ance t ! angel seat$ himself on ! /one aft] x _h be5 roll$ away1 p>tly1 & /ill m decid$ly1 ! /atem5t t he spoke to ! wom51 r5d]s ?is hypo!sis insuffici5t4 ,h5ce an ef=t has be5 made to complete x by ! supposition t ! sublime ?\ght1 ,jesus is ris56 :i* on ! discov]y t ! grave 0 empty began to arise 9 ! wom5 & gradually to subdue _! fir/ d\bts1 0 ascrib$ by !m1 aft] ! ori5tal mode ( ?\ght & language1 to an angel4 #bjhc ,b h[ comes x t 9 all ! gospels ! angels are repres5t$ z clo!d 9 :ite1 %9+ g>m5ts8 ,is t too an ori5tal figure ( spee*8 ,! ori5tal may inde$ describe a good ?\ght :i* occurs to him z be+ :isp]$ to him by an angel3 b to depict ! clo?+ & aspect ( ?is angel1 passes ! b\nds ( ! m]ely figurative ev5 among ori5tals4 ,9 ! description ( ! fir/ gospel ! suppos$ lightn+ might be call$ to aid1 9 ! conjecture t ! effect !reby produc$ on ! s5ses ( ! wom5 0 ascrib$ by !m to an angel1 :i*1 ) ref]5ce to t lightn+1 !y depict$ z "o clo!d 9 %9+ g>m5ts4 ,b1 accord+ to ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 ! roll+ away ( ! /one1 ex hypo!si by ! lightn+1 0 n se5 by ! wom52 on ! contr>y1 :5 !y w5t or look$ into ! grave1 ! :ite =ms appe>$ to !m 9 a p]fectly tranquil position4 ,accord+ to ?is1 x mu/ h be5 some?+ )9 ! grave :i* sugge/$ to !m ! idea ( :ite-rob$ angels4 ,n[ 9 ! grave1 accord+ to ,luke & ,john1 !re lay ! :ite l95 clo!s 9 :i* ! body ( ,jesus _h be5 wrapt3 ^!1 :i* 7 recogniz$ simply z su* by ! m compos$ & c\rage\s m51 might1 x is said1 by timid & excit$ wom51 9 ! d>k grave & by ! deceptive morn+ twilight1 be easily mi/ak5 = angels4 #bjhd ,b h[ %\ld ! wom51 :o mu/ h expect$ to f9d 9 ! grave a corpse envelop$ 9 :ite1 be prompt$ by ! sight ( ^! clo!s to a ?\ght s /range1 & :i* !n lay s remote f _! anticipations1 z t !y might be an angel :o w\ld ann\nce to !m ! resurrection ( _! deceas$ ma/]8 ,x has be5 ?\ght 9 ano!r qu>t] q sup]flu\s "h to advance s _m +5i\s conjectures z to :at ! angels may h be51 s9ce1 among ! f\r n>ratives1 two expressly tell u :at !y 73 namely1 natural m51 ,m>k call+ 8 angel a "y man1 1 ,luke 8 two angels1 two m51 4 #bjhe ,:om !n are we to suppose ^! m5 to h be58 ,"h aga9 ! door is op5$ = ! supposition ( secret colleagues ( ,jesus1 :o mu/ h be5 unkn[n ev5 to ! two disciples3--^! m5 se5 at ! grave may h be5 ! same :o met him 9 ! s-call$ ,transfiguration1 p]haps ,ess5es1 :ite be+ worn by ?is sect1--or :atev] else ( ! l conjectures ! antiquat$ pragmatism ( a ,bahrdt or ,v5tur9i has to (f]4 ,or w x r be *os5 to suppose a purely accid5tal meet+8 or1 la/ly1 ) ,paulus1 to leave ! matt] 9 an obscurity1 f ! mid/ ( :i*1 s soon z x is endeav\r$ to cle> x up by def9ite ?\ghts1 ! two =ms ( ! secret colleagues inv>iably pres5t !mselves8 ,a correct disc]nm5t w "h also r recognize ! =ms ( ! ,jewi% popul> conception1 by :i* ! primitive ,*ri/ian tradition held x necess>y to glorify ! resurrection ( its ,messiah3 a recognition1 :i* at once solves 9 ! mo/ simple mann] ! diff]5ces 9 ! numb] & modes ( appe>ance ( ^? cele/ial be+s4 #bjhf ,h]e)1 h[ev]1 x is at ! same "t ackn[l$g$ t we c succe$ no bett] ) ! plan ( selection ?an ) t ( incorporation2 b mu/ r confess1 t 9 all ! evangelical acc\nts ( ^! fir/ tid+s ( ! resurrection1 we h be=e u no?+ m ?an traditional reports4 #bjhg #ach4 ,,appe>ances ,,( ,,! ,,ris5 ,,jesus ,,9 ,,galilee ,,& ,,9 ,,judea1 ,,includ+ ,,^? ,,m5tion$ ,,by ,,paul ,,& ,,by ,,apocryphal ,,writ+s4 ,! mo/ important ( all ! diff]5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection turns ^u ! "q1 :at locality did ,jesus design to be ! *ief !atre ( 8 appe>ances aft] ! resurrection8 ,! two fir/ gospels make ,jesus1 be=e 8 dea?1 :5 retir+ to ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 utt] ?is promise to 8 disciples3 ,aft] ,i am ris5 aga9 ,i w g be=e y into ,galilee 7,matt4 xxvi4 #cb2 ,m>k xiv4 #bh72 ! same assurance is giv5 to ! wom5 by ! angels on ! morn+ ( ! resurrection1 ) ! addition3 !re %all ye see him 7,matt4 xxviii4 #g2 ,m>k xvi4 #g72 & 9 ,mat!w1 besides all ?is1 ,jesus 9 8 own p]son commissions ! wom5 to say to ! disciples3 t !y g into ,galilee1 & !re %all !y see me 7xxviii4 #aj74 ,9 ,mat!w ! j\rney ( ! disciples into ,galilee1 ) ! appe>ance ( ,jesus :i* !y !re witness$ 7! only "o to ! disciples record$ by ?is ,evangeli/71 is actually n>rat$ 9 ! sequel4 ,m>k1 aft] describ+ ! amazem5t into :i* ! wom5 7 ?r[n by ! angelic appe>ance1 breaks (f 9 ! enigmatical mann] already m5tion$1 & app5ds "s appe>ances ( ,jesus1 :i*1--z ! fir/ happ5s imm$iately aft] ! resurrection1 & !re=e necess>ily 9 ,j]usalem1 & no *ange ( place is m5tion$ be=e ! succe$+ ones1 :ile ! e>li] direction to g into ,galilee is lo/ sight (1--mu/ all be reg>d$ z appe>ances 9 & ar\nd ,j]usalem4 ,john kn[s no?+ ( a direction to ! disciples to g into ,galilee1 & makes ,jesus %[ himself to ! disciples on ! ev5+ ( ! day ( resurrection1 & aga9 eight days aft]1 9 ,j]usalem2 ! conclud+ *apt]1 h[ev]1 :i* =ms an app5dix to 8 gospel1 describes an appe>ance by ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,9 ,luke1 on ! o!r h&1 n only is !re no trace ( an appe>ance 9 ,galilee1 ,j]usalem ) its environs be+ made ! sole !atre ( ! appe>ances ( ,*ri/ :i* ?is gospel relates2 b !re is also put into ! m\? ( ,jesus :51 on ! ev5+ aft] ! resurrection1 he appe>s to ! assembl$ disciples 9 ,j]usalem1 ! injunction3 t>ry ye 9 ! city ( ,j]usalem 79 ! ,acts i4 #d1 m def9itely express$ by ! negative1 t !y %\ld n dep>t f ,j]usalem71 until ye be endu$ ) p[] f on high 7xxiv4 #di74 ,"h two que/ions inevitably arise3 #a/1 h[ c ,jesus h direct$ ! disciples to j\rney into ,galilee1 & yet at ! same "t h comm&$ !m to rema9 9 ,j]usalem until ,p5teco/8 & #bndly1 h[ c\ld he ref] !m to a promis$ appe>ance 9 ,galilee1 :5 he _h ! int5tion ( %[+ himself to !m t v day 9 & ne> ,j]usalem8 ,! fir/ contradiction :i* pres5ts itself m imm$iately betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke1 has by no "o be5 m po9t$ly exhibit$ ?an by ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/4 ,if1 he writes1 x be true1 z ,luke says1 t ,jesus appe>$ to 8 disciples 9 ,j]usalem on ! day ( 8 resurrection1 & comm&$ !m to rema9 !re1 & n to dep>t !nce until ,p5teco/3 !n is x false t he comm&$ !m )9 ! same p]iod to j\rney into ,galilee1 t he might appe> to !m !re1 & vice v]s4 #bjhh ,! h>moni/s inde$ affect$ to reg>d ?is objection z unimportant1 & only rem>k$ briefly1 t ! injunction to rema9 9 a city 0 n equival5t to an arre/1 & did n exclude walks & excursions 9 ! neighb\rhood2 & t ,jesus m]ely =bade ! removal ( resid5ce f ,j]usalem1 & ! go+ out into all ! _w to prea* ! gospel1 be=e ! giv5 t]m %\ld arrive4 #bjhi ,b ! j\rney f ,j]usalem to ,galilee is n a m]e walk1 b ! longe/ exp$ition :i* ! ,jew c\ld make )9 ! limits ( 8 own c\ntry2 z little 0 x an excursion = ! apo/les1 b r a return to _! home3 :ile :at ,jesus int5d$ to prohibit to ! disciples 9 t injunction _c h be5 ! go+ out into all ! _w to prea* ! gospel1 s9ce !y w\ld h no impulse to d ?is be=e ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s2 nor c x h be5 ! removal ( resid5ce f ,j]usalem1 s9ce !y 7 !re only z /rang]s visit+ at ! fea/3 r ,jesus mu/ h meant to det] !m f t v j\rney :i* x 0 ! mo/ natural = !m to take1 i4e4 f ! return to _! native prov9ce ,galilee1 aft] ! expiration ( ! fea/ days4 ,besides ?is--& ev5 ,mi*aelis confesses himself oblig$ to wond] "h--if ,luke does n mean by t prohibition ( ,jesus to exclude ! j\rney into ,galilee1 :y is x t he alludes to ?is by no s+le ^w8 & 9 l mann]1 if ,mat!w knew t 8 direction to g into ,galilee 0 consi/5t ) ! comm& to rema9 9 ! metropolis1 :y has he omitt$ ! latt]1 toge!r ) ! appe>ances 9 ,j]usalem8 ,?is is c]ta9ly a pla9 pro( t ! acc\nts ( ! two ,evangeli/s are bas$ on a diff]5t idea z to ! !atre on :i* ! ris5 ,jesus appe>$4 ,9 ?is exig5cy ( hav+ to reconcile two contradictory comm&s giv5 on ! same day1 ! comp>ison ) ! ,acts pres5t$ a welcome help by indicat+ a di/9ction ( ! times4 ,"h1 namely1 ! comm& ( ,jesus t ! disciples %\ld n leave ,j]usalem is plac$ 9 8 la/ appe>ance1 =ty days aft] ! resurrection1 & imm$iately be=e ! asc5sion3 at ! close ( ! gospel ( ,luke x is likewise 9 ! la/ int]view1 t]m9at+ 9 ! asc5sion1 t ! above comm& is giv54 ,n[ ?\gh f ! summ>y repres5tation ( ! gospel tak5 by itself1 x mu/ be believ$ t all occurr$ on ! v day ( ! resurrection3 we nev]!less see1 x is said1 f ! hi/ory ( ! ,acts by ! same au?or1 t betwe5 v4 #dc & #dd 9 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 gospel we mu/ int]pose ! =ty days f ! resurrection to ! asc5sion4 ,h]e)1 !n1 ! app>5t contradiction betwe5 ^! two comm&s vani%es3 = "o :o 9 ! fir/ in/ance inde$ enjo9s a j\rney into ,galilee1 may v well =ty days lat]1 aft] ?is j\rney has be5 made1 & ! p>ties are once m 9 ! metropolis1 n[ =bid any fur!r removal f !nce4 #bjij ,b z ! dread ( admitt+ a contradiction betwe5 diff]5t ,new ,te/am5t au?ors is no gr\nd = dep>t+ f ! natural int]pretation ( _! expressions3 s nei!r c ?is be ju/ifi$ by ! appreh5sion t ! same au?or may 9 diff]5t writ+s contradict himself2 s9ce if ! "o 7 writt5 some:at lat] ?an ! o!r1 ! au?or may 9 ! int]im h be5 on _m po9ts o!rwise in=m$1 ?an :5 he compos$ 8 fir/ "w4 ,t ?is 0 actually ! case ) ,luke 9 relation to t "p ( ! life ( ,jesus :i* foll[$ 8 resurrection1 we %all h reason to be conv9c$ :5 we come to ! hi/ory ( ! asc5sion3 & ?is conclusion removes all gr\nd = int]pos+ ne>ly five weeks betwe5 ! 1 v4 #dc1 & 1 v4 #dd1 9 defiance ( _! obvi\sly imm$iate connexion2 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x does away ) ! possibility ( reconcil+ ! opposite comm&s ( ,jesus 9 ,mat!w & ,luke by a di/9ction ( times4 ,mean:ile1 ev5 admitt+ t ?is contradiction might be 9 "s way or o!r remov$1 /ill1 ev5 )\t t express comm& :i* ,luke m5tions1 ! m]e facts z n>rat$ by him & 8 pr$ecessor & successor1 rema9 irreconcilable ) ! injunction :i* ,jesus gives to ! disciples 9 ,mat!w4 ,=1 asks ! ,fragm5ti/1 if ! disciples collectively twice saw him1 spoke ) him1 t\*$ him1 & ate ) him1 9 ,j]usalem2 h[ c x be t !y mu/ h _h to take ! long j\rney into ,galilee 9 ord] to see him8 #bjia ,! h>moni/s1 x is true1 boldly reply3 :5 ,jesus causes 8 disciples to be told t !y w see him 9 ,galilee1 x is by no means said t !y w see him n[h]e else1 /ill less t !y w n see him 9 ,j]usalem4 #bjib ,b1 ! ,fragm5ti/ might rejo91 aft] 8 mann]3 z little z "o :o says to me1 g to ,rome1 !re y %all see ! ,pope1 c mean t ! ,pope w inde$ fir/ come ?r\gh my pres5t place ( resid5ce1 s z to be se5 by me "h1 b aft]w>ds ,i mu/ yet g to ,rome1 9 ord] to see him aga9 !re3 s little w\ld ! angel 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k1 if he _h _h any anticipation ( ! appe>ance 9 ,j]usalem on ! v same day1 h said to ! disciples3 g into ,galilee1 !re w ,jesus %[ himself to y2 b r3 be com=t$1 y %all yet see him "h 9 ,j]usalem be=e ev5+4 ,:]e=e ! ref]5ce to ! m remote ev5t1 :5 !re 0 "o ( ! same k9d close at h&8 :]e=e an appo9tm5t by means ( ! wom51 = ! disciples to meet ,jesus 9 ,galilee1 if ! latt] =esaw t he %\ld on ! same day p]sonally speak ) ! disciples8 ,) reason does ! late/ criticism insi/ on :at ,less+ _h previ\sly urg$2 #bjic namely1 t no rational p]son w\ld make an appo9tm5t ) 8 fri5ds ?r\gh a ?ird p>ty = a joyful reunion at a di/ant place1 if he 7 c]ta9 ( see+ !m repeat$ly on ! same day 9 _! pres5t locality4 #bjid ,if ?us ! angel & ,jesus himself1 :5 !y 9 ! morn+ by means ( ! wom5 direct$ ! disciples to g into ,galilee1 _c yet h kn[n t he w\ld %[ himself to !m on ! ev5+ ( ! same day 9 & ne> ,j]usalem3 he mu/ 9 ! morn+ h /ill held ! int5tion ( go+ imm$iately into ,galilee1 b 9 ! c\rse ( ! day h embrac$ ano!r purpose4 ,accord+ to ,paulus1 #bjie an indication ( su* an orig9al int5tion is f\nd 9 ,luke1 9 ! travell+ ( ,jesus t[>ds ,emmaus1 :i* lay 9 ! direction ( ,galilee2 :ile ! reason = ! alt]ation ( plan is suppos$ by ! same expositor1 ) :om 9 ?is in/ance ,ol%aus5 agrees1 #bjif to h be5 ! belief ( ! disciples1 z m p>ticul>ly manife/$ to ,jesus on occasion ( ! j\rney to ,emmaus4 ,h[ s errone\s a calculation on ! "p ( ,jesus c consi/ ) ! or?odox view ( 8 p]son1 is ,ol%aus5's c>e2 b ev5 reg>d+ him 9 a purely human "*1 !re appe>s no suffici5t reason = su* a *ange ( m9d4 ,especially aft] ,jesus _h be5 recognis$ by ! two disciples go+ to ,emmaus1 he might be c]ta9 t ! te/imony ( ! m5 w\ld s accr$it ! ass]tion ( ! wom51 z to lead ! disciples ) at lea/ a glimm]+ ray ( fai? & hope into ,galilee4 ,b 9 g5]al1 if a *ange ( m9d & a div]sity ( plan 9 ,jesus be=e & aft] t *ange1 really exi/$3 :y does no "o ,evangeli/ take any notice ( su* a retractation8 ,:y does ,luke speak z if he knew no?+ ( ! orig9al plan2 ,mat!w1 z if he knew no?+ ( a subsequ5t alt]ation2 ,john1 z if ! pr9cipal !atre ( ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus _h be5 ,j]usalem1 & he _h only by way ( supplem5t at l5g? %[$ himself 9 ,galilee8 ,la/ly1 :y does ,m>k speak s z to make x evid5t t1 hav+ ga!r$ ! orig9al direction to g into ,galilee f ,mat!w1 & ! succe$+ appe>ances 9 ,j]usalem & its environs f ,luke or else:]e1 he 0 unable1 nor did he ev5 make ! attempt1 9 any way to reconcile !m2 b plac$ !m toge!r z he f\nd !m1 r\gh hewn & contradictory4 ,accord+ to ?is we mu/ agree ) ! late/ criticism ( ! gospel ( ,mat!w1 9 ackn[l$g+ ! contradiction betwe5 x & ! re/ 9 relation to ! locality ( ! appe>ances ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection3 b1 x mu/ be ask$1 c we also approve ! v]dict ( ?is criticism :5 x at once r5\nces ! repres5tation ( ! fir/ gospel 9 fav\r ( t ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 #bjig ,if1 sett+ aside all presuppositions z to ! apo/olic orig9 ( ?is or t gospel1 we put ! "q3 :i* ( ! two div]g5t acc\nts is ! be/ adapt$ to be reg>d$ z a traditional modification & developm5t ( ! o!r8 we c "h ref]1 n m]ely to ! g5]al nature ( ! acc\nts1 b also to a s+le po9t at :i* ! two t\* ea* o!r 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,?is is ! address ( ! angel to ! wom51 9 :i* accord+ to all ! synopti/s ,galilee is m5tion$1 b 9 a diff]5t way4 ,9 ,mat!w ! angel1 z has be5 already notic$1 says ( ,jesus3 he goe? be=e y into ,galilee1--lo1 ,i h told y 7xxviii4 #g71 -- 4 ,9 ,m>k he says ! same1 except t in/ead ( ! latt] addition1 by :i* 9 ,mat!w ! angel seeks to impress 8 own words on ! wom51 he has ! expression3 z he said unto y1 1 ) :i* he ref]s to ! e>li] pr$iction ( ,jesus conc]n+ ?is circum/ance4 ,if we fir/ comp>e ^! two repres5tations3 ! confirmatory ,i h told y1 1 might easily appe> sup]flu\s & nugatory2 :ile on ! o!r h& ! ref]5ce to ! e>li] pr$iction ( ,jesus by he said1 1 might seem m appropriate1 & on ?is ! conjecture might be f\nd$ t p]haps ,m>k has "h ! correct & orig9al phrase1 ,mat!w a v>iation n unaccompani$ by a misund]/&+4 #bjih ,b if we include ! acc\nt ( ,luke 9 ! comp>ison1 we f9d "h1 z 9 ,m>k1 ! words3 rememb] h[ he spake unto y :5 he 0 yet 9 ,galilee1 1 1 a ref]5ce to an e>li] pr$iction ( ,jesus1 n h[ev] ref]r+ to ,galilee1 b deliv]$ 9 ,galilee4 ,"h ! "q occurs3 is x m probable t ,galilee1 f be+ ! designation ( ! locality 9 :i* ! prophecy ( ! resurrection 0 utt]$1 %\ld at a lat] p]iod be errone\sly conv]t$ into a designation ( ! locality :]e ! ris5 "o w\ld appe>2 or ! contr>y8 ,9 ord] to decide ?is1 we mu/ asc]ta9 9 :i* ( ! two positions ! m5tion ( ,galilee is ! m intr9sically suit$ to ! context4 ,n[ t on ! ann\ncem5t ( ! resurrection x 0 an important po9t :e!r & :]e ! ris5 ,jesus 0 to be se51 is self-evid5t2 x 0 ( less mom5t1 9 ref]r+ to an e>li] pr$iction1 to specify :]e ?is pr$iction 0 utt]$4 ,h5ce f ?is comp>ison ( ! passages x might already be held m probable t x 0 orig9ally said1 ! angels direct$ ! disciples to g into ,galilee1 !re to see ! ris5 "o 7,matt472 b aft]w>ds1 :5 ! n>ratives ( ! appe>ances ( ,jesus 9 ,judea _h gradually supplant$ ^? 9 ,galilee1 a diff]5t turn 0 giv5 to ! m5tion ( ,galilee 9 ! address ( ! angel1 s z to make x imply t already 9 ,galilee ,jesus _h pr$ict$ 8 resurrection 7,luke72 :]eupon ,m>k appe>s to h tak5 a middle c\rse1 s9ce he ) ,luke ref]s ! 7*ang$ into 7 to ,jesus1 b ) ,mat!w reta9s ,galilee z ! !atre1 n ( ! e>li] pr$iction ( ,jesus1 b ( ! com+ appe>ance4 ,if we next take into consid]ation ! g5]al "* ( ! two n>ratives & ! nature ( ! case1 !re exi/ ! same objections to ! supposition t ,jesus aft] 8 resurrection appe>$ sev]al times to 8 disciples 9 & ne> ,j]usalem1 b t ! remembrance ( ?is fact 0 lo/1 & ! same argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! opposite supposition1 z we h respectively appli$ to ! analog\s alt]natives 9 relation to ! v>i\s j\rneys to ! fea/s & ,judan resid5ces ( ,jesus4 #bjii ,t ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus 9 ,j]usalem %\ld undesign$ly1 t is1 by a total oblit]ation ( !m f ! m9ds ( individuals1 h sunk into oblivion 9 ,galilee1 :]e accord+ to ?is presupposition ! tradition ( ,mat!w 0 =m$1 is difficult to conceive1 bo? f ! pre-em95t importance ( ^! appe>ances1 :i*1 z = example ^? be=e ! assembl$ elev5 & be=e ,?omas1 involv$ ! sure/ atte/ations ( ! reality ( 8 resurrection1 & also f ! organiz+ influ5ce ( ! community 9 ,j]usalem2 :ile t ! ,judan appe>ances ( ,jesus 7 inde$ kn[n 9 ,galilee1 b int5tionally suppress$ by ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! hon\r = 8 prov9ce alone1 w\ld presuppose an exclusivism1 an opposition ( ! ,galilean ,*ri/ians to ! *ur* at ,j]usalem1 ( :i* we h n ! slighte/ hi/orical trace4 ,! o!r contr>y possibility1 t p]haps orig9ally only ,galilean appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus 7 kn[n1 b t tradition gradually add$ appe>ances 9 ,judea & ,j]usalem1 & t at l5g? ^! completely supplant$ ! =m]1 may on _m gr\nds be height5$ into a probability4 ,fir/1 z respects ! "t1 ! tid+s ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus 7 ! m /rik+1 ! m imm$iately 8 appe>ances foll[$ on 8 burial & resurrection3 if h[ev] he fir/ appe>$ 9 ,galilee1 su* an imm$iate sequ5ce ( ! ev5ts c\ld n exi/2 fur!r1 x 0 a natural idea t ! resurrection ( ,jesus mu/ h be5 atte/$ by appe>ances 9 ! place :]e he di$2 la/ly1 ! objection t ,jesus aft] 8 pret5d$ resurrection only appe>$ to 8 own fri5ds1 & 9 a corn] ( ,galilee1 0 9 "s degree repell$ :5 x c\ld be alleg$ t on ! contr>y1 he walk$ z "o aris5 f ! dead 9 ! metropolis1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 furi\s enemies1 ?\gh inde$ he 0 nei!r to be tak5 nor se5 by !m4 ,b :5 once sev]al appe>ances ( ,jesus 7 laid 9 ,judea & ,j]usalem1 ! appe>ances 9 ,galilee lo/ _! importance1 & might !nce=? ei!r be app5d$ 9 a subord9ate position1 z 9 ! f\r? gospel1 or ev5 be entirely ov]look$1 z 9 ! ?ird4 ,?is result1 drawn f ! possible mode ( leg5d>y =mation1 n be+ oppos$1 z 9 ! inquiry conc]n+ ! !atre ( ! m9i/ry ( ! liv+ ,jesus1 by a contr>y "o drawn f ! circum/ances & designs ( ,jesus3 we may1 9 contradiction to ! criticism ( ! day1 decide 9 fav\r ( ! fir/ gospel1 ^: acc\nt ( ! appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,jesus recomm5ds itself z ! m simple & free f difficulty4 #bajj ,z reg>ds ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus tak5 s+ly1 ! fir/ gospel has two3 "o on ! morn+ ( ! resurrection to ! wom5 7xxviii4 #i f471 & "o1 ! "t ( :i* is undet]m9$1 be=e ! disciples 9 ,galilee 7xxviii4 #af f474 ,m>k1 9 :at is inde$ a m]ely summ>y /atem5t1 enum]ates ?ree3 ! fir/1 to ,m>y ,magdal5e on ! morn+ ( ! resurrection 7xvi4 #i f472 a second1 to two disciples go+ into ! c\ntry 7xvi4 #ab72 & a ?ird1 to ! elev5 z !y sat at meat1 d\btless 9 ,j]usalem 7xvi4 #ad74 ,luke n>rates only two appe>ances3 t be=e ! disciples go+ to ,emmaus on ! day ( ! resurrection 7xxiv4 #ac ff471 & ! la/1 be=e ! elev5 & o!r disciples 9 ,j]usalem1 accord+ to xxiv4 #cf ff41 on ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 accord+ to ! ,acts i4 #d ff4 =ty days lat]2 b :5 ! travell]s to ,emmaus1 on rejo9+ ! apo/les1 are greet$ by !m1 be=e ,jesus has appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 ) ! in=mation3 ! ,"l is ris5 inde$1 & ha? appe>$ to ,simon 7xxiv4 #cd73 "h a ?ird appe>ance is presuppos$1 :i* 0 grant$ to ,pet] alone4 ,john has f\r su* appe>ances3 ! fir/1 to ,m>y ,magdal5e at ! grave 7xx4 #ad ff472 ! second to ! disciples :5 ! doors 7 %ut 7xx4 #ai ff472 ! ?ird1 likewise 9 ,j]usalem1 eight days lat]1 :5 ,?omas 0 conv9c$ 7xx4 #bf ff472 ! f\r?1 ( :i* ! "t is unspecifi$1 at ! ,galilean sea 7xxi474 ,b "h we h also to take into consid]ation a /atem5t ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 :o #a ,cor4 xv4 #e ff41 if we d$uct ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ grant$ to himself1 enum]ates five appe>ances aft] ! resurrection1 )\t h[ev] giv+ any precise description ( !m3 "o to ,cephas2 "o to ! twelve2 "o be=e m ?an five hundr$ bre?r5 at once2 "o to ,james2 & la/ly1 "o be=e all ! apo/les4 ,n[ h[ %all we make an ord]ly arrangem5t ( ^! v>i\s appe>ances8 ,! "r ( priority is1 9 ,john1 & /ill m expressly 9 ,m>k1 claim$ = t to ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,! second mu/ h be5 ! meet+ ( ,jesus ) ! wom5 return+ f ! grave1 9 ,mat!w2 b z ,m>y ,magdal5e 0 likewise among ^!1 & !re is no indication t %e _h previ\sly se5 ,jesus1 ^! two appe>ances _c be reg>d$ z di/9ct1 b r z "o "u two diff]5t g>bs4 ,paul1 :o 9 ! above nam$ passage speaks z if he meant to enum]ate all ! appe>ances ( ! resuscitat$ ,*ri/1 ( :i* he knew1 omits ! "o 9 "q2 b x may p]haps be said 9 explanation ( ?is1 t he did n *oose to adduce ! te/imony ( wom54 ,z ! ord] 9 :i* he enum]ates 8 ,*ri/ophanies1 to judge f ! succession ( & & ! conclusion ) 1 appe>s to be ! ord] ( "t3 #baja accord+ to him ! appe>ance be=e ,cephas 0 ! fir/ t happ5$ be=e a man4 ,?is w\ld agree well ) ! repres5tation ( ,luke1 9 :i* ! j\rney]s to ,emmaus1 on rejo9+ ! disciples 9 ,j]usalem1 are met by !m ) ! in=mation t ,jesus is really aris5 & has appe>$ to ,simon1 :i* might possibly be ! case be=e 8 int]view ) ^? two disciples4 ,z ! next appe>ance1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,luke1 we mu/ numb] t la/ nam$1 :i* ,paul w\ld n m5tion1 p]haps because he *ose to adduce only ^? :i* 7 se5 by apo/les1 & f among ! re/ only ^? :i* happ5$ be=e great masses ( witnesses1 or m probably1 because x 0 unkn[n to him4 ,m>k xvi4 #ab f4 evid5tly ref]s to ! same appe>ance2 ! contradiction1 t :ile 9 ,luke ! assembl$ disciples meet ^? com+ f ,emmaus ) ! believ+ exclamation3 ! ,"l is ris51 etc41 9 ,m>k ! disciples are said to h rema9$ incr$ul\s ev5 to ! acc\nt ( ^? two witnesses1 probably proce$s f no?+ m ?an an exagg]ation ( ,m>k1 :o w n lose 8 hold ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! mo/ conv9c+ appe>ances ( ,jesus & ! ob/9ate unbelief ( ! disciples4 ,! appe>ance on ! way to ,emmaus is 9 ,luke imm$iately foll[$ by t 9 ! assembly ( ! elev5 & o!rs4 ,?is is g5]ally held to be id5tical ) ! appe>ance be=e ! twelve m5tion$ by ,paul1 & ) t :i* ,john n>rates :5 ,jesus on ! ev5+ aft] ! resurrection ent]$ :ile ! doors 7 clos$ among ! disciples1 out ( ^: numb]1 h[ev]1 ,?omas 0 want+4 ,x is n fair to urge 9 opposition to ?is id5tification ! elev5 ( ,luke1 z at v>iance ) ! /atem5t ( ,john t only t5 apo/les 7 pres5t1 any m ?an ! twelve ( ,paul1 f :i* numb] ,judas at lea/ mu/ be d$uct$2 moreov] ! simil> mann] 9 :i* ! two ,evangeli/s describe ! entrance ( ,jesus by & 1 & ! greet+ cit$ 9 bo? in/ances3 1 appe> to indicate ! id5tity ( ! two appe>ances2 nev]!less1 if we consid] t ! h&l+ ( ! body ( ,jesus1 :i* 9 ,john fir/ happ5s eight days lat]1 & ! eat+ ( ! broil$ fi%1 :i* ,john assigns to ! /ill lat] appe>ance 9 ,galilee1 are connect$ by ,luke ) t sc5e 9 ,j]usalem on ! day ( ! resurrection3 x is evid5t t ei!r ! ?ird ,evangeli/ has "h compress$ sev]al incid5ts into "o1 or ! f\r? has divid$ "o into sev]al--:i*ev] alt]native may be *os54 ,?is appe>ance be=e ! apo/les 9 ,j]usalem h[ev]1 z has be5 above rem>k$1 accord+ to ,mat!w c\ld n h happ5$1 s9ce ?is ,evangeli/ makes ! elev5 j\rney to ,galilee 9 ord] to see ,jesus4 ,m>k1 & ,luke 9 8 gospel1 annex ! asc5sion to ?is appe>ance1 & ?us exclude all subsequ5t ones4 ,z ! next appe>ance1 ! apo/le ,paul has t be=e five hundr$ bre?r51 :i* is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! same ) ! "o :i* ,mat!w places on a m\nta9 9 ,galilee3 #bajb b at ?is only ! elev5 are /at$ to h be5 pres5t1 & moreov] ! disc\rse ( ,jesus on ! occasion1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( (ficial in/ructions1 appe>s m suit$ to ?is n>r[ circle4 ,paul next adduces an appe>ance to ,james1 ( :i* !re is also an apocryphal acc\nt1 9 ! ,hebrew gospel ( ,j]ome1 accord+ to :i* h[ev] x mu/ h be5 ! fir/ ( all4 #bajc ,"h !re w\ld be space = t appe>ance 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! f\r? gospel eight days aft] ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 ,?omas 0 conv9c$2 :]e) ,paul w\ld closely agree1 if 8 expression1 to all ! apo/les1 7v4 #g71 :i* he uses 9 relation to ?is appe>ance1 7 really to be und]/ood ( a full assembly ( ! elev5 9 di/9ction f ! e>li] "o1 :5 ,?omas 0 n pres5t3 :i* h[ev]1 z ,paul1 accord+ to ! above presupposition1 _h describ$ ?is also z an appe>ance be=e ! twelve1 is impossible2 on ! contr>y1 ! apo/le int5ds z well by ! 1 twelve1 z by 1 all ! apo/les1 ! collective body ( apo/les 7^: prop] numb] 0 !n inde$ incomplete by "o man71 9 opposition to ! individuals 7,cephas & ,james7 ( :om 9 ea* case he _h j be=e spok51 z hav+ witness$ a ,*ri/ophany4 ,if h[ev] we 7 nev]!less to reg>d ! fif? appe>ance ( ,jesus accord+ to ,paul z id5tical ) ! ?ird 9 ,john3 x w\ld only be ! m cle>ly evid5t t ! f\r? ( ,paul1 be=e ! five hundr$ bre?r51 _c h be5 ! "o 9 ,galilee record$ by ,mat!w4 ,= z1 9 ,john1 ! ?ird took place 9 ,j]usalem1 ! f\r? 9 ,galilee3 ,jesus & ! apo/les mu/ 9 t case h gone into ,galilee aft] ! fir/ appe>ances 9 ,j]usalem1 & h met on ! m\nta92 !n h return$ to ,j]usalem :]e ,jesus %[$ himself to ,?omas2 !n aga9 h proce$$ into ,galilee :]e ! appe>ance by ! sea occurr$2 & la/ly1 h once m return$ to ,j]usalem = ! asc5sion4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is useless j\rney+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 & yet to be able to comb9e ^? two appe>ances1 ,ol%aus5 lays ! appe>ance be=e ,?omas 9 ,galilee3 an inadmissible viol5ce1 s9ce n only is !re no m5tion ( a *ange ( place betwe5 ?is & ! =ego+1 :i* is by implication repres5t$ z happ5+ 9 ,j]usalem1 b ! place ( assembly is 9 bo? in/ances describ$ 9 ! same mann]2 nay ! addition1 ! doors be+ %ut1 w n all[ ! supposition ( any o!r locality ?an ,j]usalem1 because 9 ,galilee1 :]e !re 0 less excitem5t aga9/ ,jesus f ! enmity ( ! prie/hood1 !re _c be suppos$ to h be5 ! same reason = t precaution1 9 ! fe> ( ! ,jews4 ,?us1 fir/ :]e ! ,judean appe>ances close ) t happ5+ eight days aft] ! resurrection1 we %\ld obta9 room to ins]t ! ,galilean appe>ances ( ,mat!w & ,john4 ,b ^! h ! peculi> position1 t ea* claims to be ! fir/1 & t ( ,mat!w at ! same "t ! la/4 #bajd ,by ! t5or ( 8 :ole n>rative1 & expressly by add+1 aft] ! /atem5t t ! disciples w5t to a m\nta9 9 ,galilee1 ! words3 :]e ,jesus _h appo9t$ !m1 41 ,mat!w m>ks ?is appe>ance z ! "o to :i* ,jesus _h ref]r$ on ! morn+ ( ! resurrection1 fir/ by ! angel1 & !n 9 8 own p]son2 b no "o conc]ts a second meet+ 9 a p>ticul> place1 leav+ ! fir/ undet]m9$3 consequ5tly1 z an un=ese5 e>li] meet+ is incompatible ) ! evangelical idea ( ,jesus1 #baje t meet+1 s9ce x 0 ! conc]t$ "o1 0 also ! fir/ 9 ,galilee4 ,if ?us ! appe>ance at ! sea ( ,tib]ias 9 ,john1 _c possibly be plac$ be=e t on ! m\nta9 9 ,mat!w3 s ! latt] w j z little suff] ! o!r to foll[ x1 s9ce x is a =mal leave-tak+ ( ,jesus f 8 disciples4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld be m ?an ev] difficult to und]/& h[ ! appe>ance 9 ,john c\ld be made out1 9 accordance ) ! ,evangeli/'s own /atem5t1 to be ! ?ird ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ be=e 8 disciples 7xxi4 #ad71 if t ( ! fir/ gospel mu/ also be suppos$ to prec$e x4 ,mean:ile1 ev5 all[+ ! priority to ! =m]1 ?is num]ical notice ( ,john rema9s suffici5tly p]plex+4 ,we might1 x is true1 d$uct ! appe>ances be=e ! wom51 because1 ?\gh ,john himself n>rates t to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 he does n take x into 8 acc\nt2 b if we numb] t to ,cephas z ! fir/1 & t on ! way to ,emmaus z ! second3 !n ?is ,galilean appe>ance1 z ! ?ird1 w\ld fall betwe5 ! above & t be=e ! elev5 on ! ev5+ ( ! resurrection1 :i* w\ld presuppose a rapidity ( locomotion totally impossible2 nay1 if t appe>ance be=e ! assembl$ elev5 is ! same ) ! "o at :i*1 accord+ to ,john1 ,?omas 0 abs5t1 ! ?ird appe>ance ( ,john w\ld fall be=e 8 fir/4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 :5 we consid] ! expression3 %[$ himself to 8 disciples1 1 we ought to und]/& t ,john only numb]s su* appe>ances z happ5$ be=e sev]al disciples at once1 s t ^? be=e ,pet] & ,james %\ld be d$uct$4 ,9 t case1 we mu/ numb] z ! fir/1 ! appe>ance to ! two disciples go+ to ,emmaus2 z ! second1 t be=e ! assembl$ elev5 on ! ev5+ ( ! resurrection3 & ?us 9 ! eight days betwe5 ?is & ! "o be=e ,?omas1 ! j\rney into ,galilee w\ld fall some:at m conv5i5tly1--b also ! ?ird appe>ance ( ,john w\ld fall be=e 8 second4 ,p]haps1 !n1 ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel held ! two disciples :om ,jesus met on ! way to ,emmaus too small a numb]1 to entitle ?is ,*ri/ophany to rank z a 4 ,on ?is supposition ! entrance ( ,jesus among ! assembl$ disciples 9 ! ev5+ w\ld be ! fir/ appe>ance2 h]eupon ! five hundr$ bre?r5 to :om ,jesus %[$ himself at once w\ld surely be num]\s en\gh to be tak5 into ! reckon+3 s t ! ,galilean appe>ance ( ,john1 t is1 8 ?ird1 mu/ be ins]t$ aft] ?is1 b !n x w\ld /ill fall be=e t to ,?omas & all ! apo/les1 :i* ,john enum]ates z ! second4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! appe>ance ( ,jesus be=e ! five hundr$ is to be plac$ lat]1 s t aft] t entrance ( ,jesus among ! assembl$ disciples w\ld fir/ foll[ ! sc5e ) ,?omas1 aft] ?is ! appe>ance at ! sea ( ,galilee1 & only !n ! sight ( ,jesus grant$ to ! five hundr$4 ,b if ! appe>ance be=e ,?omas is to be reckon$ ! same ) ! fif? 9 ,paul's enum]ation1 ?is apo/le mu/ h rev]s$ ! ord] ( 8 two la/ appe>ances1 a transposition = :i* !re 0 no reason3 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld h be5 m natural to place la/ ! appe>ance be=e ! five hundr$ bre?r51 z ! mo/ important4 ,?us no?+ rema9s b to say3 ,john und]/ood "u ! ^w m]ely a great] or a small] assembly ( ! apo/les2 b among ! five hundr$ !re 0 no apo/le2 h5ce he omitt$ ^! also1 & ?us correctly numb]$ ! appe>ance at ! sea ( ,tib]ias z ! ?ird3 if inde$ ?is c\ld h happ5$ be=e ! "o on ! m\nta9 9 ,galilee1 :i*1 we h se51 to be inconceivable4 ,! above exp$i5ts resort$ to by way ( accommodation are 9 "p ridicul\s en\gh3 b ,k]n has lately surpass$ !m all by a sugge/ion :i* he advances ) great confid5ce1 namely1 t ,john "h int5ds to numb]1 n ! appe>ances1 b ! days on :i* appe>ances took place1 s t 4 1 ?is is n[ ! ?ird "t t ,jesus %[$ himself to ! disciples1 means3 n[ _h ,jesus already appe>$ to 8 disciples on ?ree sep>ate days3 namely1 f\r times on ! day ( ! resurrection2 !n once eight days aft]2 & n[ aga9 "s days lat]4 #bajf ,r5\nc+ su* exp$i5ts1 no?+ rema9s b to ackn[l$ge t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ numb]s only ^? appe>ances ( ,jesus to 8 disciples1 :i* he _h himself n>rat$2 & ! reason ( ?is c sc>cely h be5 t ! re/1 f "s cause or o!r1 appe>$ to him less important1 b r t he knew no?+ ( !m4 #bajg ,& aga91 ,mat!w ) 8 la/ ,galilean appe>ance1 c h kn[n no?+ ( ! two 9 ,j]usalem record$ by ,john2 = if 9 ! fir/ ( ^! t5 apo/les _h be5 conv9c$ ( ! reality ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 & 9 ! second ,?omas also3 x c\ld n h be5 t at t lat] appe>ance on ! m\nta9 9 ,galilee "s ( ! elev5 7= only ^! are repres5t$ by ,mat!w z go+ ?i!r7 /ill d\bt$ 7 1 v4 #ag74 ,la/ly1 if ,jesus "h deliv]$ to 8 disciples ! f9al comm& to g into all ! _w tea*+ & baptiz+1 & gave !m ! promise to be ) !m until ! end ( ! exi/+ age1 :i* is manife/ly ! tone ( "o :o is tak+ leave3 he _c subsequ5tly1 z is n>rat$ 9 ! introduction to ! ,acts1 h communicat$ to !m 8 la/ comm&s & tak5 leave ( !m at ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ to ! conclusion ( ! gospel ( ,luke1 ?is f>ewell dep>ture on ! contr>y occurs mu* e>li] ?an c be suppos$ 9 accordance ) ,mat!w2 & 9 ! close ( ! gospel ( ,m>k1 :]e ,jesus is repres5t$ z p>t+ f 8 disciples 9 ,j]usalem on ! v day ( 8 resurrection1 p>tly ! same words are put into 8 m\? z1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 are spok5 9 ,galilee1 & 9 any case lat] ?an on ! day ( ! resurrection4 ,! fact1 t ! two books ( ! same au?or1 ,luke1 div]ge s widely f ea* o!r 9 relation to ! "t dur+ :i* ,jesus appe>$ to 8 disciples aft] 8 resurrection1 t "o det]m9es ?is "t to h be5 a s+le day1 ! o!r1 =ty days1 _c be tak5 into m p>ticul> consid]ation until we h rea*$ a f>!r po9t ( our inquiry4 ,?us ! v>i\s evangelical writ]s only agree z to a few ( ! appe>ances ( ,jesus aft] 8 resurrection2 ! designation ( ! locality 9 "o excludes ! appe>ances n>rat$ by ! re/2 ! det]m9ation ( "t 9 ano!r leaves no space = ! n>ratives ( 8 fell[ ,evangeli/s2 ! enum]ation ( a ?ird is giv5 )\t any reg>d to ! ev5ts report$ by 8 pr$ecessors2 la/ly1 among sev]al appe>ances rec\nt$ by v>i\s n>rators1 ea* claims to be ! la/1 & yet has no?+ 9 common ) ! o!rs4 ,h5ce no?+ b wilful bl9dness c prev5t ! p]ception t no "o ( ! n>rators knew & presuppos$ :at ano!r records2 t ea* aga9 _h he>d a diff]5t acc\nt ( ! matt]2 & t consequ5tly at an e>ly p]iod1 !re 7 curr5t only unc]ta9 & v v>i$ reports conc]n+ ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus4 #bajh ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 does n %ake ! passage 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians :i*1 7x be+ und\bt$ly g5u9e17 0 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #ei aft] ,*ri/1 consequ5tly n #cj ye>s aft] 8 resurrection4 ,on ?is au?ority we mu/ believe t _m memb]s ( ! primitive *ur* :o 7 yet liv+ at ! "t :5 ?is epi/le 0 writt51 especially ! apo/les1 7 conv9c$ t !y _h witness$ appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,:e!r ?is involves ! admission t "s objective reality lay at ! f\ndation ( ^! appe>ances1 w h]eaft] become ! subject ( inquiry2 conc]n+ ! pres5t po9t1 ! div]g5cies ( ! ,evangeli/s1 especially 9 relation to ! locality1 ! passage ( ,paul (f]s no?+ decisive1 s9ce he has giv5 no p>ticul> description ( any ( ^? appe>ances4 #aci4 ,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,& ,,life ,,( ,,jesus ,,aft] ,,! ,,resurrection4 ,b h[ are we to repres5t to ourselves ?is cont9uation ( ! life ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection1 & especially ! nature ( 8 body 9 ?is p]iod8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q we mu/ once m ca/ a glance ov] ! sep>ate n>ratives ( 8 appe>ances :5 ris54 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,jesus on ! morn+ ( ! resurrection meets 77 ! wom5 z !y are ha/5+ back f ! grave2 !y recognize him1 embrace 8 feet 9 sign ( v5]ation1 & he speaks to !m4 ,at ! second int]view on ! ,galilean m\nta9 ! disciples see him 771 b "s /ill d\bt1 & "h also ,jesus speaks to !m4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* he came & w5t1 we h "h no precise in=mation4 ,9 ,luke1 ,jesus jo9s ! two disciples :o are on _! way f ,j]usalem to ! neighb\r+ village ( ,emmaus 7 72 !y d n recognize him on ! way1 a circum/ance :i* ,luke attributes to a subjective h9drance produc$ 9 !m by a high] influ5ce 7 1 71 & only ,m>k1 :o compresses ?is ev5t into few words1 to an objective alt]ation ( 8 =m 7 74 ,on ! way ,jesus conv]ses ) ! two disciples1 aft] _! arrival 9 ! village complies ) _! invitation to accompany !m to _! lodg+1 sits d[n to table ) !m1 & proce$s accord+ to 8 wont to break & di/ribute bread4 ,9 ?is mom5t ! miracul\s spell is )drawn f ! eyes ( ! disciples1 & !y "k him3 #baji b 9 ! same mom5t he becomes invisible to !m 7 ' 74 ,j z sudd5ly z he "h vani%$1 he appe>s to h %[n himself imm$iately aft] 9 ! assembly ( ! disciples1 :5 x is said t he all at once /ood 9 ! mid/ ( !m 7 71 & !y1 t]rifi$ at ! sight1 suppos$ t !y saw a _s4 ,to dispel ?is al>m+ idea1 ,jesus %[$ !m 8 h&s & feet1 & invit$ !m to t\* him1 t by feel+ 8 fle% & bones !n might conv9ce !mselves t he 0 no spectre2 he also caus$ a piece ( broil$ fi% & ( honeycomb to be br\ght to him1 & ate x 9 _! pres5ce4 ,! appe>ance to ,simon is 9 ,luke describ$ by ! expression 2 ,paul 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians uses ! same v]b = all ! ,*ri/ophanies !re enum]at$1 & ,luke 9 ! ,acts comprises all ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus dur+ ! =ty days "u ! expressions 7i4 #c7 & 7x4 #dj74 ,9 ! same mann] ,m>k describes ! appe>ance to ,m>y ,magdal5e by 1 & ^? to ! disciples on ! way to ,emmaus & to ! elev5 by 4 ,john describes ! appe>ance at ! sea ( ,tib]ias by 1 & to all ! ,*ri/ophanies n>rat$ by him he applies ! ^w 4 ,m>k & ,luke add1 z ! close ( ! e>?ly life ( ! ris5 ,jesus1 t he 0 tak5 away f be=e ! eyes ( ! disciples1 & 7by a cl\d1 accord+ to ,acts i4 #i7 c>ri$ up to heav54 ,9 ! f\r? gospel ,jesus fir/ /&s beh9d ,m>y ,magdal5e z %e is turn+ away f ! grave2 %e h[ev]1 does n recognize him ev5 :5 he speaks to h]1 b takes him = ! g>d5]1 until he 79 ! tone s famili> to h]7 calls h] by h] "n4 ,:5 on ?is %e attempts to manife/ h] v5]ation1 ,jesus prev5ts h] by ! words3 ,t\* me n1 1 & s5ds h] ) a message to ! disciples4 ,! second appe>ance ( ,jesus 9 ,john occurr$ "u peculi>ly rem>kable circum/ances4 ,! disciples 7 assembl$1 f fe> ( ! ho/ile ,jews1 ) clos$ doors3 :5 all at once ,jesus came & /ood 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 greet$ !m1 & pres5t$--app>5tly to _! sight only--8 h&s & feet1 t !y might recognize him z _! crucifi$ ma/]4 ,:5 ,?omas1 :o 0 n pres5t1 refus$ to be conv9c$ by ! acc\nt ( 8 fell[ disciples ( ! reality ( ?is appe>ance1 & requir$ = 8 satisfaction himself to see & t\* ! w\nds ( ,jesus3 ! latt]1 9 an appe>ance eight days aft]1 grant$ him ?is pro(1 mak+ him t\* ! m>ks ( ! nails 9 8 h&s & ! w\nd 9 8 side4 ,la/ly1 at ! appe>ance by ! sea ( ,galilee1 ,jesus /ood on ! %ore 9 ! morn+ twilight1 )\t be+ kn[n by ! disciples 9 ! %ip1 ask$ !m = fi%1 & 0 at l5g? recogniz$ by ,john1 ?r\gh ! ri* draught ( fi%es :i* he procur$ !m2 /ill1 h[ev]1 ! disciples1 :5 come to l&1 did n v5ture to ask him :e!r x 7 really he4 ,h]eupon he di/ribut$ among !m bread & fi%1 ( :i* he d\btless himself p>took1 & f9ally held a conv]sation ) ,john & ,pet]4 #baaj ,n[ ! g5]al ideas :i* may be =m$ ( ! life ( ,jesus aft] 8 resurrection are two3 ei!r x 0 a natural & p]fectly human life1 & accord+ly 8 body cont9u$ to be subject to ! physical & organic laws2 or 8 life 0 already ( a high]1 sup]human "*1 & 8 body sup]natural & transfigur$3 & ! acc\nts1 tak5 unit$ly1 pres5t c]ta9 traits to :i*1 on ! fir/ view1 ea* ( ^! two ideas may respectively appeal4 ,! human =m ) its natural memb]s1 ! possibility ( be+ kn[n by means ( !m1 ! cont9uance ( ! m>ks ( ! w\nds1 ! human spee*1 ! acts ( walk+ & break+ bread1--all ^! appe> to speak 9 fav\r ( a p]fectly natural life on ! "p ( ,jesus ev5 aft] ! resurrection4 ,if x 7 possible /ill to demur to ?is1 & to conjecture1 t ev5 a high]1 heav5ly corporeality might give itself su* an aspect & p]=m su* functions3 all d\bts mu/ be quell$ by ! fur!r /atem5t1 t ,jesus aft] ! resurrection consum$ e>?ly food1 & all[$ himself to be t\*$4 ,su* ?+s are inde$ ascrib$ ev5 to high] be+s 9 old my?s1 z = example1 eat+ to ! heav5ly =ms f :om ,abraham receiv$ a visit 7,g54 xviii4 #h71 & palpability to ! ,god t wre/l$ ) ,jacob 7,g54 xxxii4 #bd ff473 b x mu/ nev]!less be insi/$ t 9 reality bo? ^! conditions c only belong to mat]ial1 organiz$ bodies4 ,h5ce n only ! rationali/s1 b ev5 or?odox expositors1 consid] ^! p>ticul>s z an irrefragable pro( t ! body & life ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection mu/ be reg>d$ z rema9+ /ill natural & human4 #baaa ,?is op9ion is fur!r support$ by ! rem>k1 t 9 ! /ate ( ! ris5 ,jesus !re is obs]vable precisely ! same progress z might be expect$ 9 ! gradual1 natural cure ( a p]son sev]ely w\nd$4 ,9 ! fir/ h\rs aft] ! resurrection he is oblig$ to rema9 9 ! vic9ity ( ! grave2 9 ! aft]noon 8 /r5g? suffices = a walk to ! neighb\r+ village ( ,emmaus2 & only lat] is he able to und]take ! m di/ant j\rney into ,galilee4 ,!n also 9 ! p]mission to t\* 8 body !re exi/s ! rem>kable gradation1 t on ! morn+ ( ! resurrection ,jesus =bids ,m>y ,magdal5e to t\* him1 because 8 w\nd$ body 0 z yet too suff]+ & s5sitive2 b eight days lat]1 he himself invites ,?omas to t\* 8 w\nds4 ,ev5 ! circum/ance t ,jesus aft] 8 resurrection 0 s seldom ) 8 disciples & = s %ort a "t1 is1 accord+ to ?is explanation1 a pro( t he _h br\ght f ! grave 8 natural1 human body1 = su* an "o w\ld necess>ily feel s weak f ! w\nds & torture ( ! cross1 z always aft] %ort p]iods ( ex]tion to require long] int]vals ( quiet retirem5t4 ,b ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives1 z we h se51 also conta9 p>ticul>s :i* fav\r ! opposite idea ( ! corporeality ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection3 h5ce ! advocates ( ! op9ion hi!rto detail$ mu/ und]take s to int]pret ^! app>5tly antagoni/ic features t !y may no long] pres5t a contradiction4 ,"h x may seem t ! v expressions by :i* ! appe>ances ( ,jesus are ord9>ily introduc$1 z us$ ( ! appe>ance 9 ! burn+ bu% 7,exod4 iii4 #b1 ,,lxx472 1 ( ! appe>ance ( ! angel 9 ,tobit xii4 #ai2 1 ( ! angelic appe>ances 9 ,matt4 i4 & ii41 may seem already to po9t to some?+ sup]natural4 ,z /ill m decid$ indications1 ! idea ( a natural go+ & com+ :i* may be presuppos$ 9 "s sc5es1 is contradict$ 9 o!rs by a sudd5 appe>ance & disappe>ance2 ! supposition ( an ord9>y human body is oppos$ by ! frequ5t non-recognition on ! "p ( fri5ds1 nay1 by ! express m5tion ( ano!r =m1 2 above all1 ! palpability ( ! body ( ,jesus appe>s to be oppos$ by ! capability :i*1 accord+ to ! fir/ impression f ! text1 is l5t to him 9 ,john1 namely1 t ( ent]+ ?r\gh clos$ doors4 ,b1 t ,m>y ,magdal5e mi/ook ,jesus at fir/ = ! g>d5]1 is ?\ght ev5 by comm5tators :o ord9>ily are n diffid5t ( ! miracul\s1 to be mo/ probably acc\nt$ = by ! supposition t ,jesus _h borr[$ clo!s f ! g>d5]1 :o v likely dwelt ne> to ! grave2 moreov]1 say ^! writ]s1 bo? 9 ?is in/ance & 9 ! j\rney to ,emmaus1 ! disfiguration ( ! c\nt5ance ( ,jesus by ! suff]+s ( crucifixion may h contribut$ to prev5t 8 be+ recogniz$1 & ^! two circum/ances are alone to be und]/ood f ! expression 1 ano!r =m1 9 ,m>k4 #baab ,z to ! disciples go+ to ,emmaus1 9 ! joyful a/oni%m5t caus$ by ! sudd5 recognition ( him :om !y _h believ$ dead1 ,jesus1 x is said1 may easily h )drawn f !m unobs]v$ 9 ! mo/ natural mann]2 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y1 to :om ! :ole fact ( ! resuscitation ( ,jesus 0 a miracle1 might reg>d z a sup]natural disappe>ance4 #baac ,nor1 we are told1 d ! expressions3 or he /ood 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 especially 9 ,john1 :]e !y are accompani$ by ! ord9>y words he came1 & he comes1 imply any?+ sup]natural1 b m]ely ! />tl+ arrival ( "o :o _h j be5 spok5 (1 )\t 8 be+ expect$2 & ! assembl$ disciples took him = a _s1 n because he ent]$ 9 a miracul\s mann]1 b because !y c\ld n believe 9 ! real resuscitation ( _! deceas$ ma/]4 #baad ,la/ly1 ev5 ! trait :i* is suppos$ to be decisive aga9/ ! op9ion t ! body ( ! ris5 ,jesus 0 a natural & human "o1--! com+ :5 ! doors 7 %ut 9 ,john1--has long be5 int]pret$ ev5 by or?odox !ologians s z no long] to pres5t any ob/acle to t op9ion4 ,we w n discuss explanations su* z t ( ,heumann1 accord+ to :i* ! doors 7 n ^? ( ! h\se 9 :i* ! disciples 7 assembl$1 b ! doors ( ,j]usalem 9 g5]al1 & ! /atem5t t !y 7 %ut is an intimation ( its hav+ be5 t h\r ( ! night 9 :i* x 0 cu/om>y to close ! doors1 :ile ! fe> ( ! ,jews repres5ts ! motive1 n = ! clos+ ( ! doors1 b = ! assembl+ ( ! disciples4 ,ap>t f ^! exp$i5ts1 ,calv9 himself pron\nces ! op9ion t ! body ( ! ris5 ,jesus pass$ p] m$ium f]rum et ass]es1 to be pu]iles arguti1 = :i* ! text gives no occasion1 s9ce x does n say t ,jesus ent]$ p] januas clausas1 b only t he sudd5ly appe>$ among 8 disciples1 cum claus ess5t janu4 #baae ,/ill ,calv9 upholds ! entrance ( ,jesus ( :i* ,john "h speaks z a miracle1 :i* mu/ consequ5tly be suppos$ to consi/ 9 ?is1 t ,jesus ent]$ cum =es claus fuiss5t1 s$ qu ,dom9o v5i5te subito patu]unt ad nutum div9 maje/atis ejus4 #baaf ,:ile m mod]n or?odox div9es only cont5d = ! less def9ite position1 t 9 ! entrance ( ,jesus "s miracle took place1 its precise "* be+ unasc]ta9$4 #baag ,rationalism has f\nd means entirely to bani% ! miracul\s f ! ev5t4 ,! clos$ doors1 we are told1 7 op5$ to ,jesus by human h&s2 :i* ,john omits to notice1 only because x is und]/ood z a matt] ( c\rse1 nay1 x w\ld h be5 absurd ( him to say3 !y op5$ ! doors = him1 & he w5t 94 #baah ,b 9 ?us int]pret+ ! words 1 !ologians h be5 by no means unprejudic$4 ,lea/ ( all ,calv92 = :5 he says1 ! papi/s ma9ta9 a real p5etration ( ! body ( ,jesus ?r\gh clos$ doors 9 ord] to ga9 support = _! t5et t ! body ( ,*ri/ is imm5se1 & conta9$ 9 no place1 ut corpus ,*ri/i imm5sum esse1 nulloque loco cont9]i obt9eant3 x is pla9 t he combats t int]pretation ( ! words ( ,john m]ely to avoid giv+ any c\nt5ance to ! (f5sive doctr9e ( ! ubiquity ( ,*ri/'s body4 ,! m mod]n expositors1 on ! o!r h&1 7 int]e/$ 9 avoid+ ! contradiction :i* to our p]ceptions is conta9$ 9 ! /atem5t1 t a body c consi/ ( solid matt]1 & yet pass )\t h9drance ?r\gh o!r solid matt]3 b z we "k n :e!r ?is 0 also a contradiction 9 ! view ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 ! appreh5sion ( x gives u no au?ority to disc>d t int]pretation1 provid+ x be %[n to be 9 accordance ) ! text4 ,we might c]ta9ly1 on a p>tial consid]ation1 und]/& ! expression ! doors be+ %ut1 1 z an intimation ( ! anxi\s /ate into :i* ! disciples 7 ?r[n by ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,b already ! circum/ance t ?is p>ticul> is repeat$ on ! appe>ance ( ,jesus be=e ,?omas excites d\bts1 s9ce if ! above 0 ! only mean+1 x 0 sc>cely wor? :ile to repeat ! obs]vation4 #baai ,b z 9 fact 9 ?is second in/ance ! above cause = ! clos+ ( ! doors no long] exi/s1 :ile ! words are imm$iately unit$ ) 1 he comes3 :at 0 be=e ! mo/ app>5t mean+1 namely1 t !y are int5d$ to det]m9e ! mann] ( ! com+ ( ,jesus1 is "h height5$ into a probability4 #babj ,fur!r1 ! repeat$ /atem5t t ,jesus came :5 ! doors 7 clos$ is aga9 foll[$ by ! words 1 :i* ev5 9 connexion ) 1 to :i* !y are relat$ z a m precise det]m9ation1 imply t ,jesus sudd5ly pres5t$ himself1 )\t 8 approa* hav+ be5 se53 :5ce x is und5iably evid5t t ! writ] "h speaks ( a com+ )\t ! ord9>y means1 consequ5tly1 ( a miracul\s com+4 ,b did ?is miracle consi/ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! bo>ds ( ! doors8 ,?is is combat$ ev5 by ^? :o esp\se ! cause ( miracles 9 g5]al1 & !y confid5tly appeal to ! fact1 t x is n[h]e said1 he ent]$ ?r\gh ! clos$ doors 4 #baba ,b ! ,evangeli/ does n mean to convey ! precise notion t ,jesus1 z ,mi*aelis expresses himself1 pass$ /raight ?r\gh ! pores ( ! wood ( :i* ! doors 7 made2 he m]ely means t ! doors 7 %ut & rema9$ s1 & nev]!less ,jesus sudd5ly /ood 9 ! *amb]1--walls1 doors1 9 %ort all mat]ial b>ri]s1 =m+ no ob/acle to 8 entrance4 ,?us 9 reply to _! unju/ dem& ( u1 to %[ !m 9 ! text ( ,john a precise det]m9ation :i* is q away f ! int5tion ( ?is writ]1 we mu/ ask !m to expla9 :y he has n notic$ ! 7miracul\s7 op5+ ( ! doors1 if he presuppos$ su* a circum/ance8 ,9 relation to ?is po9t ,calv9 v infelicit\sly ref]s to ,acts xii4 #f ff41 :]e x is n>rat$ ( ,pet]1 t he came out ( ! clos$ prison2 no "o1 he says1 "h supposes t ! doors rema9$ clos$1 & t ,pet] p5etrat$ ?r\gh wood & iron4 ,assur$ly n2 because "h x is expressly said ( ! iron gate ( ! prison :i* l$ into ! city1 t x op5$ to him ( its own accord 7v4 #aj74 ,?is obs]vation s]ves to give s lively & graphic an idea ( ! miracle1 t our ,evangeli/ w\ld c]ta9ly n1 9 two in/ances1 h omitt$ a simil> "o1 if he _h ?\ght ( a miracul\s op5+ ( ! doors4 ,?us 9 ?is n>rative ( ,john ! sup]natural w n admit ( be+ remov$ or dim9i%$3 nor is ! natural explanation m satisfactory 9 relation to ! expressions by :i* ,luke describes ! com+ & go+ ( ,jesus4 ,= if1 accord+ to ?is ,evangeli/1 8 com+ 0 a /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! disciples1 1 8 go+ a becom+ invisible to !m1 ' 3 ! concurr5ce ( ^! two repres5tations1 tak5 9 connexion ) ! t]ror ( ! disciples & _! mi/ak+ him = a _s1 w h>dly all[ ! supposition ( any?+ else ?an a miracul\s appe>ance4 ,besides1 if we might p]haps =m "s idea h[ ,jesus c\ld ent] 9 a natural mann] )\t be+ obs]v$ into a room fill$ ) m53 we %\ld /ill be at a loss to imag9e h[ x c\ld be possible = him1 :5 he sat at table at ,emmaus1 app>5tly ) ! two disciples alone1 to )draw himself f !m unobs]v$1 & s t !y 7 n able to foll[ him4 #babb ,t ,m>k1 "u ! words und]/&s a =m miracul\sly alt]$1 ought nev] to h be5 d5i$2 #babc b ?is is a po9t ( m9or importance1 because x involves only ! n>rator's own int]pretation ( ! circum/ance :i* _h be5 already /at$1 b ) a diff]5t explanation1 by ,luke3 namely1 t ! two disciples did n "k ,jesus4 ,t ,m>y ,magdal5e took ,jesus = ! g>d5]1 0 h>dly1 9 ! view ( ! ,evangeli/1 ! consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ borr[$ ! g>d5]'s clo!s3 r1 ! _s ( ! n>rative w\ld require u to expla9 h] n kn[+ him by suppos+ t h] eyes 7 held 71 ,luke xxiv4 #af71 or t ,jesus _h assum$ ano!r =m2 :ile h] tak+ him = ! g>d5] might !n be simply acc\nt$ = by ! fact t %e met ! unkn[n man 9 ! g>d54 ,nor are we au?oriz$ by ! evangelical n>ratives to suppose a disfiguration ( ,jesus by ! suff]+s ( ! cross1 & a gradual heal+ ( 8 w\nds4 ,! words ,t\* me n 9 ,john1 if !y 7 to be reg>d$ z a prohibition ( a t\* z pa9ful1 w\ld be 9 contradiction1 n m]ely ) ,mat!w1 accord+ to :om ,jesus on ! same morn+--t ( ! resurrection--all[$ ! wom5 to embrace 8 feet1 b also ) ,luke1 accord+ to :om he on ! same day invit$ ! disciples to h&le him2 & we mu/ !n ask1 :i* repres5tation is correct8 ,b !re is no?+ at all 9 ! context to intimate t ,jesus =bade ,m>y to t\* him = fe> ( pa92 he may h done s f v>i\s motives3 conc]n+ :i*1 h[ev]1 ! obscurity ( ! passage has hi!rto preclud$ any decision4 #babd ,b ! mo/ s+ul>ly p]v]t$ inf]5ce is ?is3 t ! infrequ5t & brief int]views ( ,jesus ) 8 disciples aft] ! resurrection are a pro( t he 0 z yet too weak = long & multipli$ ef=ts1 & consequ5tly 0 und]go+ a natural cure4 ,on ?is v supposition ( 8 ne$+ bodily t5dance1 he %\ld h be5 n seldom1 b con/antly1 ) 8 disciples1 :o 7 ^? f :om he c\ld ! mo/ imm$iately expect su* t5dance4 ,= :]e are we to suppose t he dwelt 9 ! long int]vals betwe5 8 appe>ances8 9 solitude8 9 ! op5 air8 9 ! wild]ness & on m\nta9s8 ,t 0 no suitable abode = an invalid1 & no?+ rema9s b to suppose t he mu/ h be5 conceal$ among secret colleagues ( :om ev5 8 disciples knew no?+4 ,b ?us to conceal 8 real abode ev5 f 8 own disciples1 to %[ himself to !m only seldom1 & design$ly to pres5t & )draw himself sudd5ly1 w\ld be a k9d ( d\ble deal+1 an affectation ( ! sup]natural1 :i* w\ld exhibit ,jesus & 8 cause 9 a light =eign to ! object itself s f> z x lies be=e u 9 our orig9al s\rces ( in=mation1 & only ?r[n ^u x by ! d>k lant]n ( mod]n1 yet already obsolete1 conceptions4 ,! op9ion ( ! ,evangeli/s is no o!r ?an t ! ris5 ,jesus1 aft] ^? %ort appe>ances among 8 foll[]s1 )drew l a high] be+ into invisibility1 f :i*1 on fitt+ occasions1 he aga9 /ept =?4 #babe ,la/ly1 on ! presupposition t ,jesus by 8 resurrection return$ to a purely natural exi/5ce1 :at conception mu/ be =m$ ( 8 end8 ,9 consi/5cy he mu/ be suppos$1 :e!r at ! end ( a long] #babf or a %ort] "t aft] 8 resuscitation1 to h di$ a natural dea?2 & accord+ly ,paulus intimates t ! too int5sely affect$ body ( ,jesus1 not)/&+ x _h recov]$ f ! dea?-l rigidity produc$ by crucifixion1 0 yet completely worn out by natural maladies & consum+ fev]4 #babg ,t ?is is at lea/ n ! view ( ! ,evangeli/s conc]n+ ! end ( ,jesus is evid5t1 s9ce two ( !m repres5t him z tak+ leave ( 8 disciples l an immortal1 ! o!rs z be+ visibly c>ri$ up to heav54 ,?us be=e ! asc5sion1 at ! late/1 if until !n ,jesus _h reta9$ a natural human body1 x mu/ h und]gone a *ange :i* qualifi$ him to dwell 9 ! heav5ly regions2 ! s$im5t ( gross corporeality mu/ h fall5 to ! e>?1 & only its f9e/ ess5ce h asc5d$4 ,b ( any natural rema9s ( ! asc5d$ ,jesus ! ,evangeli/s say no?+2 & z ! disciples :o 7 spectators ( 8 asc5sion mu/ h obs]v$ !m _h !re be5 su*1 no?+ is left = ! uphold]s ( ?is op9ion b ! exp$i5t ( c]ta9 !ologians ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool1 :o reg>d z ! residuum ( ! corporeality ( ,jesus1 ! cl\d :i* envelop$ him 9 8 asc5sion1 & 9 :i* :at 0 mat]ial 9 him is suppos$ to h be5 dissolv$ & z x 7 evaporat$4 #babh ,z ?us ! ,evangeli/s nei!r repres5t to !mselves ! end ( ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection z a natural dea?1 nor m5tion any *ange und]gone by 8 body at ! asc5sion1 & moreov] n>rate ( ,jesus 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! resurrection & asc5sion ?+s :i* are inconceivable ( a natural body3 !y _c h repres5t$ to !mselves 8 life aft] ! resurrection z natural1 b only z sup]natural1 nor 8 body z mat]ial & organic1 b only z transfigur$4 ,9 ! po9t ( view held by ! ,evangeli/s1 ?is conception is n contradict$ ev5 by ^? p>ticul>s :i* ! fri5ds ( ! purely natural op9ion respect+ ! life ( ! ris5 ,jesus are accu/om$ to urge 9 _! support4 ,t ,jesus ate & drank 01 9 ! circle ( ideas )9 :i* ! gospels orig9at$1 z f> f presuppos+ a real necessity1 z ! meal ( :i* ,jehovah p>took ) two angels 9 ! t5t ( ,abraham3 ! p[] ( eat+ is "h no pro( ( a necessity = eat+4 #babi ,t he caus$ himself to be t\*$1 0 ! only possible mode ( refut+ ! conjecture t an incorporeal spectre _h appe>$ to ! disciples2 moreov]1 div9e exi/5ces1 n m]ely 9 ,grecian1 b also 7accord+ to ! passage above quot$1 ,g54 xxxii4 #bd7 9 ,hebrew antiquity1 sometimes appe>$ palpable1 9 di/9ction f unsub/antial %ades1 ?\gh !y o!rwise %[$ !mselves z little b\nd by ! laws ( mat]iality z ! palpable ,jesus1 :5 he sudd5ly vani%$1 & 0 able to p5etrate )\t h9drance into a room ( :i* ! door 0 clos$4 #bacj ,x is q ano!r "q1 :e!r on our m advanc$ position1 & ) our m correct k ( nature1 ^? two diff]5t classes ( p>ticul>s c be held compatible ) ea* o!r4 ,"h we mu/ c]ta9ly say3 a body :i* consumes visible food1 mu/ itself be visible2 ! consumption ( food presupposes an organism1 b an organism is organiz$ matt]1 & ?is has n ! prop]ty ( alt]nately vani%+ & becom+ visible aga9 at w4 #baca ,m especially1 if ! body ( ,jesus 0 capable ( be+ felt1 & pres5t$ p]ceptible fle% & bones1 x ?us exhibit$ ! imp5etrability ( matt]1 prop] to x z solid3 if on ! o!r h& he 0 able to pass into clos$ h\ses & rooms1 unh9d]$ by ! int]position ( walls & doors1 he ?us prov$ t ! imp5etrability ( solid matt] did n belong to him4 ,s9ce !n accord+ to ! evangelical acc\nts he mu/ at ! same "t h _h & n h _h ! same prop]ty3 ! evangelical repres5tation ( ! corporeality ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection is manife/$ to be contradictory4 ,& ?is contradiction is n ( su* a k9d t x is divid$ among ! diff]5t n>rators2 b ! acc\nt ( "o & ! same ,evangeli/ includes ^? contradictory features )9 itself4 ,! brief acc\nt ( ,mat!w1 x is true1 implies 9 ! embrac+ ( ! feet ( ,jesus by ! wom5 7v4 #i7 only ! attribute ( palpability1 )\t at ! same "t pres5t+ an opposite "o2 ) ,m>k ! case is rev]s$1 8 /atem5t t ,jesus appe>$ 9 ano!r =m 7v4 #ab7 imply+ some?+ sup]natural1 :ile on ! o!r h& he does n decid$ly presuppose ! opposite2 9 ,luke1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p]mission to t\* 8 body & ! act ( eat+ speak z decid$ly 9 fav\r ( organic mat]iality1 z ! sudd5 appe>ance & disappe>ance speak aga9/ x2 b ! memb]s ( ?is contradiction come ! mo/ directly into collision 9 ,john1 :]e ,jesus1 imm$iately aft] he has ent]$ into ! clos$ room unimp$$ by walls & doors1 #bacb causes ! d\bt+ ,?omas to t\* him4 #adj4 ,,debates ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,! ,,dea? ,,& ,,resurrection ,,( ,,jesus4 ,! proposition3 a dead man has return$ to life1 is compos$ ( two su* contradictory elem5ts1 t :5ev] x is attempt$ to ma9ta9 ! "o1 ! o!r ?reat5s to disappe>4 ,if he has really return$ to life1 x is natural to conclude t he 0 n :olly dead2 if he 0 really dead1 x is difficult to believe t he has really become liv+4 #bacc ,:5 we =m a correct op9ion ( ! relation betwe5 s\l & body1 n ab/ractly sep>at+ ! two1 b conceiv+ !m at once 9 _! id5tity1 ! s\l z ! int]ior ( ! body1 ! body z ! ext]ior ( ! s\l1 we "k n h[ to imag9e1 to say no?+ ( compreh5d+1 ! revivification ( a dead p]son4 ,:at we call ! s\l is ! gov]n+ c5tre :i* holds 9 comb9ation ! p[]s & op]ations ( ! body2 its function1 or r ! s\l itself1 consi/s 9 keep+ all o!r processes ( :i* ! body is susceptible 9 un9t]rupt$ subjection to ! sup]ior unity ( ! process ( organic life1 :i* 9 man is ! basis ( 8 spiritual nature3 s soon z ?is regulat+ p[] ceases to act1 ! supremacy 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body is assum$ by ^! o!r1 inf]ior pr9ciples1 ^: "w 9 its prosecution is corruption4 ,:5 once ^! h acc$$ to ! dom9ion1 !y w n be incl9$ to r5d] x back to _! =m] mon>*1 ! s\l2 or r ?is is impossible1 because1 q ap>t f ! "q ( ! immortality ( ! human _s 7,gei/71 ! s\l 7,seele7 z su* ceases 9 ! same mom5t ) its dom9ion & activity1 :i* con/itute its exi/5ce2 consequ5tly1 9 a revivification1 ev5 if resort be _h to a miracle1 ?is mu/ consi/ 9 ! direct creation ( a new s\l4 ,only 9 ! dualism :i* has become popul> on ! subject ( ! relation betwe5 body & s\l1 is !re any?+ to fav\r ! op9ion ( ! possibility ( a revivification prop]ly s call$4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ! s\l 9 its relation to ! body is repres5t$ z l a bird1 :i*1 ?\gh x may = a "t h fl[n out ( ! cage1 c yet be once m caught & replac$ 9 its =m] abode2 & x is to su* figures t an imag9ative species ( ?\ght cleaves1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! notion ( revivification4 ,b ev5 9 ?is duali/ic view1 ! inconceivability ( su* an ev5t is r conceal$ ?an really dim9i%$4 ,= 9 ! mo/ ab/ract sep>ation1 ! co-exi/5ce ( ! body & s\l _c be held z indiff]5t & lifeless z t ( a box & its cont5ts2 on ! contr>y1 ! pres5ce ( ! s\l 9 ! body produces effects1 :i* aga9 are ! conditions :]eby t pres5ce is r5d]$ possible4 ,?us s soon z ! s\l has =sak5 ! body1 !re is a cessation 9 ! latt] ( ^? activities :i* accord+ to ! duali/ic idea 7 ! imm$iate expressions ( ! influ5ce ( ! s\l2 at ! same "t1 ! organs ( ^! activities--bra91 blood1 etc41 beg9 to /agnate2 a *ange :i* is co9cid5t ) ! mom5t ( dea?4 ,?us if x c\ld occur to ! dep>t$ s\l1 or be impos$ on x by ano!r1 to re-ent] its =m] dwell+-place3 x w\ld f9d ?is dwell+1 ev5 aft] ! fir/ mom5ts1 un9habitable 9 its noble/ p>ts1 & unfit = use4 ,to re/ore1 9 ! same way z an infirm memb]1 ! mo/ imm$iate organs ( its activity1 is an impossibility to ! s\l1 s9ce 9 ord] to effect any?+ 9 ! body x has ne$ ( ! s]vice ( ^! v organs3 ?us ! s\l1 al?\gh rem&$ into ! body1 mu/ suff] x to decay1 f inability to ex]cise any influ5ce ov] x2 or !re mu/ be add$ to ! miracle ( its reconveyance into ! body1 ! second miracle ( a re/oration ( ! lifeless bodily organs3 an imm$iate int]position ( ,god 9 ! regul> c\rse ( nature1 irreconcileable ) enlight5$ ideas ( ! relation ( ,god to ! _w4 ,h5ce ! cultivat$ intellect ( ! pres5t day has v decid$ly /at$ ! foll[+ dilemma3 ei!r ,jesus 0 n really dead1 or he did n really rise aga94 ,rationalism has pr9cipally giv5 its adhesion to ! =m] op9ion4 ,! %ort "t t ,jesus hung on ! cross1 toge!r ) ! o!rwise asc]ta9$ t>d9ess ( dea? by crucifixion1 & ! unc]ta9 nature & effects ( ! w\nd f ! spe>1 appe>$ to r5d] ! reality ( ! dea? d\btful4 ,t ! ag5ts 9 ! crucifixion1 z well z ! disciples !mselves1 ent]ta9$ no su* d\bt1 w\ld be expla9$ n only by ! g5]al difficulty ( di/+ui%+ deep swoons & ! rigidity ( syncope f real dea?1 b also f ! l[ /ate ( m$ical sci5ce 9 t age2 :ile at lea/ "o example ( ! re/oration ( a crucifi$ p]son appe>$ to r5d] conceivable a resuscitation 9 ! case ( ,jesus also4 ,?is example is f\nd 9 ,josephus1 :o in=ms u t ( ?ree crucifi$ acqua9tances ^: release he begg$ f ,titus1 two di$ aft] be+ tak5 d[n f ! cross1 b "o surviv$4 #bacd ,h[ long ^! p _h hung on ! cross ,josephus does n m5tion2 b f ! mann] 9 :i* he connects !m ) 8 exp$ition to ,!koah1 by /at+ t he saw !m on 8 return f !nce1 !y mu/ probably h be5 crucifi$ dur+ ?is exp$ition1 & z ?is1 f ! trifl+ di/ance ( ! above place f ,j]usalem1 might possibly be a*iev$ 9 a day1 !y _h 9 all probability n hung on ! cross m ?an a day1 & p]haps a yet %ort] "t4 ,^! ?ree p]sons1 !n1 c sc>cely h hung mu* long] ?an ,jesus1 :o1 accord+ to ,m>k1 0 on ! cross f n9e 9 ! morn+ till t[>ds six 9 ! ev5+1 & !y 7 app>5tly tak5 d[n :ile !y /ill %[$ signs ( life2 yet ) ! mo/ c>eful m$ical t5dance only "o surviv$4 ,truly x is difficult to p]ceive h[ x c h5ce be %[n probable t ,jesus1 :o :5 tak5 f ! cross %[$ all ! signs ( dea?1 %\ld h come to life entirely ( himself1 )\t ! application ( m$ical skill4 #bace ,accord+ to a c]ta9 op9ion1 h[ev]1 ^! two conditions--"s rema9s ( consci\s life1 & c>eful m$ical treatm5t--7 n want+ 9 ! case ( ,jesus1 al?\gh !y are n m5tion$ by ! ,evangeli/s4 ,jesus1 we are told1 see+ no o!r way ( purify+ ! preval5t messianic idea f ! admixture ( mat]ial & political hopes1 expos$ himself to crucifixion1 b 9 do+ s reli$ on ! possibility ( procur+ a spe$y removal f ! cross by e>ly b[+ 8 head1 & ( be+ aft]w>ds re/or$ by ! m$ical skill ( "s among 8 secret colleagues2 s z to inspirit ! p at ! same "t by ! appe>ance ( a resurrection4 #bacf ,o!rs h at lea/ exon]at$ ,jesus f su* contrivance1 & h admitt$ t he really sank into a dea?like slumb]2 b h ascrib$ to 8 disciples a preconceiv$ plan ( produc+ app>5t dea? by means ( a potion1 & ?us by occasion+ 8 e>ly removal f ! cross1 secur+ 8 re/oration to life4 #bacg ,b ( all ?is our evangelical s\rces give no intimation1 & = conjectur+ su* details we h no gr\nd4 ,judici\s fri5ds ( ! natural explanation1 :o repudiate su* mon/r\s productions ( a sy/em :i* remodels hi/ory at w1 h h5ce r5\nc$ ! supposition ( any rema9s ( consci\s life 9 ,jesus1 & h cont5t$ !mselves1 = ! explanation ( 8 revivification1 ) ! vital =ce :i* rema9$ 9 8 /ill "y & vigor\s body1 ev5 aft] ! cessation ( consci\sness2 & h po9t$ out1 in/ead ( prem$itat$ t5dance by ! h&s ( m51 ! b5eficial influ5ce :i* ! p>tly oleag9\s sub/ances appli$ to 8 body mu/ h _h 9 promot+ ! heal+ ( 8 w\nds1 &1 unit$ ) ! air 9 ! cave1 impregnat$ ) ! p]fumes ( ! spices1 9 reawak5+ feel+ & consci\sness 9 ,jesus2 #bach to all :i* 0 add$ z a decisive impulse1 ! e>?quake & ! lightn+ :i* on ! morn+ ( ! resurrection op5$ ! grave ( ,jesus4 #baci ,o!rs h rem>k$1 9 opposition to ?is1 t ! cold air 9 ! cave mu/ h _h any?+ r ?an a vivify+ t5d5cy2 t /rong aromatics 9 a conf9$ space w\ld r h _h a /upefy+ & /ifl+ influ5ce2 #badj & ! same effect mu/ h be5 produc$ by a fla% ( lightn+ bur/+ into ! grave1 if ?is 7 n a m]e figm5t ( rationali/ic expositors4 ,not)/&+ all ^! improbabilities1 :i* are aga9/ ! op9ion t ,jesus came to life aft] a m]ely app>5t dea? by ! op]ation ( natural causes1 ?is nev]!less rema9s s f> possible1 t if we _h secure evid5ce ( ! resuscitation ( ,jesus1 we might1 on ! /r5g? ( su* c]ta9ty z to ! result1 supply ! omissions 9 ! n>rative1 & approve ! op9ion above pres5t$1--) ! rejection1 h[ev]1 ( all precise conjectures4 ,secure evid5ce ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 w\ld be ! atte/ation ( x 9 a decid$ & accordant mann] by imp>tial witnesses4 ,b ! imp>tiality ( ! alleg$ witnesses = ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 is ! v po9t :i* ! oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 f ,celsus d[n to ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 h inv>iably call$ 9 "q4 ,jesus %[$ himself to 8 adh]5ts only3 :y n also to 8 enemies1 t !y too might be conv9c$1 & t by _! te/imony po/]ity might be preclud$ f e conjecture ( a design$ fraud on ! "p ( 8 disciples8 #bada ,i _c c]ta9ly atta* mu* weight to ! replies by :i* apologi/s h s\ght to repel ?is objection1 f t ( ,orig51 :o says3 ,*ri/ avoid$ ! judge :o condemn$ him1 & 8 enemies1 t !y might n be smitt5 ) bl9dness2 #badb to ! op9ions ( ! mod]n !ologians1 :o by _! vacillation betwe5 ! ass]tion t by su* an appe>ance ! enemies ( ,jesus w\ld h be5 compell$ to believe1 & ! opposite "o1 t !y w\ld n h believ$ ev5 on su* evid5ce1--mutually confute "o ano!r4 #badc ,nev]!less1 x c /ill be urg$ 9 reply to t objection1 t ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus1 f _! hopelessness1 :i* is bo? unanim\sly atte/$ by ! n>ratives1 & is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! nature ( ! case1 "h rise to ! rank ( imp>tial witnesses4 ,if !y _h expect$ a resurrection ( ,jesus & we _h !n be5 call$ ^u to believe x on _! te/imony alone3 !re w\ld c]ta9ly be a possibility & p]haps also a probability1 if n ( an int5tional deception1 yet ( an involunt>y self-delusion on _! "p2 b ?is possibility vani%es 9 proportion z ! disciples ( ,jesus lo/ all hope aft] 8 dea?4 ,n[ ev5 if x be d5i$ t any "o ( ! gospels proce$$ imm$iately f a disciple ( ,jesus1 x is /ill c]ta9 f ! epi/les ( ,paul & ! ,acts t ! ,apo/les !mselves _h ! conviction t !y _h se5 ! ris5 ,jesus4 ,we might !n re/ satisfi$ ) ! evangelical te/imonies 9 fav\r ( ! resurrection1 7 b ^! te/imonies 9 ! fir/ place suffici5tly precise1 & 9 ! second1 9 agreem5t ) !mselves & ) ea* o!r4 ,b 9 fact ! te/imony ( ,paul1 :i* is intr9sically consi/5t & is o!rwise mo/ important1 is s g5]al & vague1 t tak5 by itself1 x does n c>ry u beyond ! subjective fact1 t ! disciples 7 conv9c$ ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus2 :ile ! m fully detail$ n>ratives ( ! gospels1 9 :i* ! resurrection ( ,jesus appe>s z an objective fact1 are1 f ! contradictions ( :i* !y are convict$1 incapable ( be+ us$ z evid5ce1 & 9 g5]al _! acc\nt ( ! life ( ,jesus aft] 8 resurrection is n "o :i* has connexion & unity1 pres5t+ a cle> hi/orical idea ( ! subject1 b a fragm5t>y compilation1 #badd :i* pres5ts a s]ies ( visions1 r ?an a cont9u\s hi/ory4 ,if we comp>e ) ?is acc\nt ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 ! precise & int]nally consi/5t atte/ation ( 8 dea?3 we mu/ incl9e to ! o!r side ( ! dilemma above /at$1 & be induc$ to d\bt ! reality ( ! resurrection r ?an t ( ! dea?4 ,h5ce ,celsus *ose ?is alt]native1 d]iv+ ! alleg$ appe>ance ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection1 f ! self-delusion ( ! disciples1 especially ! wom51 ei!r dream+ or wak+2 or f :at appe>$ to him /ill m probable1 int5tional deception3 #bade & m mod]n writ]s1 z1 = example1 ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 h adopt$ ! accusation ( ! ,jews 9 ,mat!w1 namely1 t ! disciples /ole ! body ( ,jesus1 & aft]w>ds fabricat$1 ) sl5d] agreem5t1 /ories ( 8 resurrection & subsequ5t appe>ances4 #badf ,?is suspicion is repell$ by ! rem>k ( ,orig51 t a spontane\s falsehood on ! "p ( ! disciples c\ld n possibly h animat$ !m to s unfl9*+ an ann\ncem5t ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus amid ! greate/ p]ils2 #badg & x is a j argum5t ( mod]n apologi/s t ! a/oni%+ revolution f ! deep depression & utt] hopelessness ( ! disciples at ! dea? ( ,jesus1 to ! /rong fai? & en?usiasm ) :i* !y proclaim$ him z ! ,messiah on ! succe$+ ,p5teco/1 w\ld be inexplicable unless 9 ! int]im some?+ extraord9>ily enc\rag+ _h tak5 place--some?+1 9 fact1 :i* _h conv9c$ !m ( 8 resurrection4 #badh ,b t ?is cause ( conviction 0 precisely a real appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,jesus--t1 inde$ x 0 necess>ily an ext]nal ev5t at all--is by no means prov$4 ,if we *ose to rema9 on supranatural gr\nd1 we might ) ,sp9oza suppose t a vision 0 produc$ by miracul\s means 9 ! m9ds ( ! disciples1 ! object ( :i* 0 to make evid5t to !m1 9 a mann] accordant ) _! p[]s ( compreh5sion & ! ideas ( _! age1 t ,jesus by 8 virtu\s life _h ris5 f spiritual dea?1 & t to ^? :o foll[$ 8 example he w\ld grant a simil> resurrection4 #badi ,) "o foot at lea/ on ! same gr\nd /&s ! supposition ( ,weisse1 t ! dep>t$ _s ( ,jesus really act$ on ! disciples :om he _h left beh9d2 9 connexion ) :i* he ref]s to ! app>itions ( spirits1 ! impossibility ( :i* rema9s unprov$4 #baej ,9 ord] to escape f ! magic circle ( ! sup]natural1 o!rs h se>*$ = natural ext]nal causes :i* might induce ! belief t ,jesus _h ris5 & _h be5 se5 aft] 8 resurrection4 ,! fir/ impetus to ?is op9ion1 x has be5 conjectur$1 0 giv5 by ! circum/ance t on ! second morn+ aft] ! burial 8 grave 0 f\nd empty1 ! l95 clo!s :i* lay 9 x be+ tak5 fir/ = angels & !n = an appe>ance ( ! ris5 ,jesus himself3 #baea b if ! body ( ,jesus 0 n reanimat$1 h[ are we to suppose t x came out ( ! grave8 ,"h x w\ld be necess>y to recur to ! supposition ( a !ft3 unless ! intimation ( ,john1 t ,jesus on acc\nt ( ha/e 0 laid 9 a /range grave1 7 ?\ght available = ! conjecture t p]haps ! own] ( ! grave caus$ ! corpse to be remov$3 :i* h[ev] ! disciples mu/ subsequ5tly h le>n$1 & :i* 9 any case has too frail a f\ndation 9 ! solit>y /atem5t ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,f> m fruitful is ! appeal to ! passage ( ,paul 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #e ff471 z ! mo/ appropriate />t+ po9t 9 ?is inquiry1 & ! key to ! compreh5sion ( all ! appe>ances ( ,jesus aft] 8 resurrection4 #baeb ,:5 ,paul !re places ! ,*ri/ophany :i* occurr$ to himself 9 ! same s]ies ) ! appe>ances ( ,jesus 9 ! days aft] 8 resurrection3 ?is au?orizes u1 s f> z no?+ else /&s 9 ! way ( su* an inf]5ce1 to conclude t1 = aught ! ,apo/le knew1 ^? e>li] appe>ances 7 ( ! same nature ) ! "o exp]i5c$ by himself4 ,n[ ) respect to ! latt] z n>rat$ to u 9 ! ,acts 7ix4 #a ff41 xxii4 #c ff41 xxvi4 #ab ff471 x is no long] possible1 aft] ! analysis ( ,ei*horn #baec & ,ammon1 #baed to reta9 x z an ext]nal1 objective appe>ance ( ! real ,*ri/2 ev5 ,ne&] #baee does n positively d>e to ma9ta9 m ?an an int]nal influ5ce ( ,*ri/ on ! m9d ( ,paul1 only app5d+ 9 a v besee*+ mann] ! supposition ( an ext]nal appe>ance2 & ev5 t int]nal influ5ce he himself r5d]s sup]flu\s by detail+ ! causes :i* might 9 a natural mann] produce su* a revolution 9 ! disposition ( ! man ?us3 ! fav\rable impression ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( ! doctr9e1 life & conduct ( its adh]5ts1 :i* he _h "h & !re receiv$1 especially on ! occasion ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/eph51 ?rew 8 m9d into a /ate ( excitem5t & conflict1 :i* he might inde$ = a "t =cibly repress1 p]haps ev5 by r$\bl$ zeal aga9/ ! new sect1 b :i* mu/ at la/ f9d v5t 9 a decisive spiritual crisis1 conc]n+ :i* x ne$ n surprise u t 9 an ori5tal x took ! =m ( a ,*ri/ophany4 ,if accord+ to ?is we h 9 ! ,apo/le ,paul an example1 t /rong impressions f ! infant ,*ri/ian community might c>ry an ard5t m9d t _h long /riv5 aga9/ x1 to a pit* ( exaltation :i* issu$ 9 a ,*ri/ophany1 & a total *ange ( s5tim5t3 surely ! impression ( ! sublime p]sonality ( ,jesus w\ld suffice to inspire into 8 imm$iate disciples1 /ruggl+ ) ! d\bts conc]n+ 8 messiah%ip :i* 8 dea? _h excit$ 9 !m1 ! exp]i5ce ( simil> visions4 ,!y :o ?9k x necess>y & desirable 9 relation to ! ,*ri/ophany ( ,paul to call 9 ! aid ( ext]nal natural ph5om5a1 z ?und] & lightn+1 may also seek to facilitate ! explanation ( ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus :i* 8 imm$iate disciples believ$ !mselves to h previ\sly _h1 by ! supposition ( simil> incid5ts4 #baef ,only x mu/ be obs]v$ t1 z ,ei*horn's explanation ( ! ev5t 9 ! life ( ,paul prov$ a failure f 8 ma9ta9+ z hi/orical e s+le detail 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t n>rative1 z ! bl9dness ( ,paul & 8 cure1 ! vision ( ,ananias1 & s on1 :i* he c\ld only trans=m into natural occurr5ces by a v /ra9$ int]pretation3 s x w\ld inevitably r5d] impossible ! psy*ological explanation ( ! appe>ances ( ,jesus1 to ackn[l$ge z hi/orical all ! evangelical n>ratives conc]n+ !m1 especially ^? ( ! te/s :i* ,?omas appli$ by t\*+ ! w\nds ( ,jesus1 & :i* ,jesus himself af=d$ by tak+ mat]ial n\ri%m5t2 & inde$ ^! n>ratives1 f ! contradiction :i* !y are %[n to pres5t1 h n ! slighte/ claim to su* a "*4 ,! two fir/ gospels1 & our *ief in=mant 9 ?is matt]1 ! ,apo/le ,paul1 tell u no?+ ( su* te/s1 & x is q natural t ! ,*ri/ophanies :i*1 9 ! actual exp]i5ce ( ! wom5 & ,apo/les1 may h float$ be=e !m z visions ( mu* ! same "* z t :i* ,paul _h on ! way to ,damascus1 :5 once receiv$ into tradition1 %\ld by reason ( ! apologetic ef=t to cut (f all d\bts z to _! reality1 be cont9ually m & m consolidat$ s t ! mute appe>ances became speak+ ones1 ! gho/like =m 0 ex*ang$ = "o t ate1 & ! m]ely visible body 0 made palpable also4 ,"h h[ev] !re pres5ts itself a di/9ction1 :i* seems at once to r5d] ! ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,paul unavailable = ! explanation ( ^? e>li] appe>ances4 ,to ! ,apo/le ,paul1 namely1 ! idea t ,jesus _h ris5 & appe>$ to _m p]sons 0 deliv]$ z ! belief ( ! sect :i* he p]secut$2 he _h only to receive x into 8 conviction & to vivify x 9 8 imag9ation until x became a "p ( 8 own exp]i5ce3 ! e>li] disciples1 on ! contr>y1 _h be=e !m z a fact m]ely ! dea? ( _! ,messiah1--! notion ( a resurrection on 8 "p !y c\ld n[h]e ga!r1 b mu/1 accord+ to our conception ( ! matt]1 h fir/ produc$ x2 a problem :i* appe>s to be beyond all comp>ison m difficult ?an t subsequ5tly pres5t$ to ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,9 ord] to =m a correct judgm5t on ?is subject1 we mu/ transport ourselves yet m completely into ! situation & frame ( m9d into :i* ! disciples ( ,jesus 7 ?r[n by 8 dea?4 ,dur+ sev]al ye>s' int]c\rse ) !m he _h con/antly impress$ !m m & m decid$ly ) ! belief t he 0 ! ,messiah2 b 8 dea?1 :i* !y 7 unable to reconcile ) _! messianic ideas1 _h = ! mom5t annihilat$ ?is belief4 ,n[ :51 aft] ! fir/ %ock 0 pa/1 ! e>li] impression began to revive3 !re spontane\sly arose 9 !m ! psy*ological necessity ( solv+ ! contradiction betwe5 ! ultimate fate ( ,jesus & _! e>li] op9ion ( him--( adopt+ into _! idea ( ! ,messiah ! *>act]i/ics ( suff]+ & dea?4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ) ! ,jews ( t age to compreh5d meant no?+ else ?an to d]ive f ! sacr$ scriptures3 !y turn$ to ^!1 to asc]ta9 :e!r !y might n p]haps f9d 9 !m intimations ( a suff]+ & dy+ ,messiah4 ,=eign z ! idea ( su* a ,messiah is to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! disciples1 :o wi%$ to f9d x !re1 mu/ nev]!less h reg>d$ z intimations ( ?is k9d1 all ^? poetical & prophetic passages :i*1 l ,isa4 liii41 ,ps4 xxii41 repres5t$ ! man ( ,god z afflict$ & b[$ d[n ev5 to dea?4 ,?us ,luke /ates z ! *ief occupation ( ! ris5 ,jesus 9 8 int]view ) ! disciples1 t beg9n+ at ,moses & all ! prophets1 he exp\nd$ unto !m 9 all ! scriptures ! ?+s conc]n+ himself1 i4e4 t ,*ri/ ought to h suff]$ su* ?+s 7xxiv4 #bf f41 #dd ff474 ,:5 !y _h 9 ?is mann] receiv$ into _! messianic idea ignom9y1 suff]+ & dea?1 ! ignom9i\sly execut$ ,jesus 0 n lo/1 b /ill rema9$ to !m3 by 8 dea? he _h only ent]$ into 8 messianic glory 7,luke xxiv4 #bf7 9 :i* he 0 invisibly ) !m always1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w 7,matt4 xxviii4 #bj74 ,b h[ c\ld he fail1 out ( ?is glory1 9 :i* he liv$1 to give tid+s ( himself to 8 foll[]s8 & h[ c\ld !y1 :5 _! m9d 0 op5$ to ! hi!rto hidd5 doctr9e ( a dy+ ,messiah conta9$ 9 ! scriptures1 & :5 9 mom5ts ( unwont$ inspiration _! he>ts burn$ )9 !m 7,luke xxiv4 #cb71--;h[ c\ld !y avoid conceiv+ ?is to be an influ5ce %$ on !m by _! glorifi$ ,*ri/1 an op5+ ( _! und]/&+ by him 7v4 #de71 nay1 an actual conv]s+ ) him8 #baeg ,la/ly1 h[ conceivable is x t 9 individuals1 especially wom51 ^! impressions 7 height5$1 9 a purely subjective mann]1 into actual vision2 t on o!rs1 ev5 on :ole assemblies1 some?+ or o!r ( an objective nature1 visible or audible1 sometimes p]haps ! sight ( an unkn[n p]son1 creat$ ! impression ( a revelation or appe>ance ( ,jesus3 a height ( pi\s en?usiasm :i* is wont to appe> else:]e 9 religi\s societies peculi>ly oppress$ & p]secut$4 ,b if ! crucifi$ ,messiah _h truly ent]$ into ! highe/ =m ( bless$ exi/5ce1 he ought n to h left 8 body 9 ! grave3 & if 9 precisely su* ,old ,te/am5t passages z admitt$ ( a typical relation to ! suff]+s ( ! ,messiah1 !re 0 at ! same "t express$ ! hope3 ?\ wilt n leave my s\l 9 hell1 nei!r wilt ?\ suff] ?y holy "o to see corruption 7,ps4 xvi4 #aj2 ,acts ii4 #bg72 :ile 9 ,isa4 liii4 #aj1 he :o _h be5 repres5t$ z l$ to ! slaught] & buri$1 0 yet promis$ a prolongation ( 8 days3 :at 0 m natural to ! disciples ?an to re9/ate _! e>li] ,jewi% ideas1 :i* ! dea? ( ,jesus _h di/urb$1 namely1 t ! ,*ri/ rema9e? = ev] 7,john xii4 #cd71 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an actual revivification ( _! dead ma/]1 &1 z x 0 a messianic attribute "o day to call ! dead bodily f ! grave1 to imag9e also z return+ to life 9 ! mann] ( a resurrection8 ,mean:ile1 if ! body ( ,jesus 0 int]r$ 9 a kn[n place1 & c\ld !re 7s f> z we are n at lib]ty to suppose a !ft1 or an accid5tal removal7 be s\ght = & exhibit$3 x is difficult to conceive h[ ! disciples 9 ,j]usalem itself1 & n q two days aft] ! int]m5t1 c\ld believe & decl>e t ,jesus 0 ris51 )\t refut+ !mselves1 or meet+ ) refutation f _! adv]s>ies1 7to :om h[ev] !y appe> to h made ! fir/ disclosure z to ! resurrection ( _! ,messiah at ,p5teco/17 by ocul> demon/ration at ! grave4 #baeh ,n[ x is "h t ! n>rative ( ! fir/ gospel1 :i* has be5 unju/ly plac$ bel[ ! o!rs1 pres5ts an explanatory & satisfactory indication4 ,accord+ to ?is gospel also ! ris5 ,jesus does inde$ appe> 9 ,j]usalem1 b only to ! wom51 & s entirely z a m]e prep>ation = a succe$+ int]view1 nay1 s sup]flu\sly1 t we h already que/ion$ ! tru? ( ?is appe>ance1 & pron\nc$ x to be a lat] modification ( ! leg5d ( ! angelic appe>ance1 :i* ,mat!w nev]!less also includ$ 9 8 n>rative4 #baei ,! sole important appe>ance ( ,jesus aft] ! resurrection occurs1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 9 ,galilee1 :i!r an angel1 & ,jesus himself on ! la/ ev5+ ( 8 life & on ! morn+ ( ! resurrection1 mo/ urg5tly direct$ 8 disciples1 & :]e ! f\r? gospel also1 9 its app5dix1 places an appe>ance ( ! resuscitat$ ,jesus4 ,t ! disciples1 disp]s$ by _! al>m1 at ! execution ( _! ,messiah1 %\ld return to _! home 9 ,galilee1 :]e !y _h no ne$1 z 9 ! metropolis ( ,judea1 ! seat ( ! enemies ( _! crucifi$ ,*ri/1 to %ut ! doors = fe> ( ! ,jews1 0 natural4 ,"h 0 ! place :]e !y gradually began to brea! freely1 & :]e _! fai? 9 ,jesus1 :i* _h be5 tempor>ily depress$1 might once m exp& ) its =m] vig\r4 ,b "h also1 :]e no body lay 9 ! grave to contradict bold suppositions1 might gradually be =m$ ! idea ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus2 & :5 ?is conviction _h s elevat$ ! c\rage & en?usiasm ( 8 adh]5ts t !y v5tur$ to proclaim x 9 ! metropolis1 x 0 no long] possible by ! sight ( ! body ( ,jesus ei!r to convict !mselves1 or to be convict$ by o!rs4 ,accord+ to ! ,acts1 x is true1 ! disciples s e>ly z on ! next ,p5teco/1 sev5 weeks aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 appe>$ 9 ,j]usalem ) ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 resurrection1 & 7 !mselves already conv9c$ ( x on ! second morn+ aft] 8 burial1 by appe>ances :i* !y witness$4 ,b h[ long w x yet be1 until ! mann] 9 :i* ! au?or ( ! ,acts places ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! disciples ( ,jesus ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! new doctr9e1 precisely on ! fe/ival ( ! ann\ncem5t ( ! old law1 be recogniz$ z "o :i* re/s purely on dogmatical gr\nds2 :i* is !re=e hi/orically wor?less1 & 9 no way b9ds u to assign s %ort a duration to t "t ( quiet prep>ation 9 ,galilee8 ,z reg>ds ! o!r /atem5t--x might c]ta9ly require "s "t = ! m5tal /ate ( ! disciples to become exalt$ 9 ! degree necess>y1 be=e ?is or t individual among/ !m c\ld1 purely z an op]ation ( 8 own m9d1 make pres5t to himself ! ris5 ,*ri/ 9 a vision>y mann]2 or be=e :ole assemblies1 9 mom5ts ( highly wr\ght en?usiasm1 c\ld believe t !y he>d him 9 e impressive s\nd1 or saw him 9 e /rik+ appe>ance3 b x w\ld nev]!less be conceiv$1 t1 z x 0 n possible t he %\ld be held by ! bonds ( dea? 7,acts ii4 #bd71 he _h pass$ only a %ort "t 9 ! grave4 ,z to ! m precise det]m9ation ( ?is int]val1 if x be held an insuffici5t explanation1 t ! sacr$ numb] ?ree w\ld be ! fir/ to sugge/ itself2 !re is a fur!r idea :i* might occur1--:e!r or n x be hi/orical t ,jesus 0 buri$ on ! ev5+ be=e a sabba?1--namely1 t he only rema9$ 9 ! grave dur+ ! re/ ( ! sabba?1 & ?us rose on ! morn+ aft] ! sabba? :i* by ! kn[n mode ( reckon+ might be reconcil$ ) ! r\nd numb] ( ?ree days4 #bafj ,:5 once ! idea ( a resurrection ( ,jesus _h be5 =m$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! great ev5t c\ld n be all[$ to h happ5$ s simply1 b mu/ be surr\nd$ & embelli%$ ) all ! pomp :i* ! ,jewi% imag9ation furni%$4 ,! *ief ornam5ts :i* /ood at comm& = ?is purpose1 7 angels3 h5ce ^! mu/ op5 ! grave ( ,jesus1 mu/1 aft] he _h come =? f x1 keep wat* 9 ! empty place1 & deliv] to ! wom51 :o 7because )\t d\bt wom5 _h _h ! fir/ visions7 mu/ be ! fir/ to g to ! grave1 ! tid+s ( :at _h happ5$4 ,z x 0 ,galilee :]e ,jesus subsequ5tly appe>$ to !m1 ! j\rney ( ! disciples ?i!r1 :i* 0 no?+ else ?an _! return home1 some:at ha/5$ by fe>1 0 d]iv$ f ! direction ( an angel2 nay1 ,jesus himself mu/ already be=e 8 dea?1 &1 z ,mat!w too zeal\sly adds1 once m aft] ! resurrection also1 h enjo9$ ?is j\rney on ! disciples4 ,b ! fur!r ^! n>ratives 7 propagat$ by tradition1 ! m mu/ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! locality ( ! resurrection itself & ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 "o1 be all[$ to fall out ( sight z inconv5i5t2 & s9ce ! locality ( ! dea? & resurrection 0 n transf]able1 ! appe>ances 7 gradually plac$ 9 ! same locality z ! resurrection1--9 ,j]usalem1 :i* z ! m brilliant !atre & ! seat ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 0 especially appropriate = !m4 #bafa ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,asc5sion4 #ada4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,comm&s ,,& ,,promises ,,( ,,jesus4 ,9 ! la/ int]view ( ,jesus ) 8 disciples1 :i* accord+ to ,m>k & ,luke clos$ ) ! asc5sion1 ! ?ree fir/ ,evangeli/s 7! f\r? has some?+ simil> on ! v fir/ int]view7 repres5t ,jesus z deliv]+ te/am5t>y comm&s & promises1 :i* ref]r$ to ! e/abli%m5t & propagation ( ! messianic k+dom on e>?4 ,) reg>d to ! comm&s1 ,jesus 9 ,luke 7xxiv4 #dg f42 ,acts i4 #h7 9 p>t+ f 8 disciples appo9ts !m to be witnesses ( 8 messiah%ip1 & *>ges !m to prea* rep5tance & remission ( s9s 9 8 "n f ,j]usalem to ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,m>k 7xvi4 #ae f47 he enjo9s !m to g into all ! _w & br+ to e creature ! glad tid+s ( ! messianic k+dom f\nd$ by him2 he :o believes & is baptiz$ w be sav$1 he :o believe? n1 w 79 ! future messianic judgm5t7 be condemn$4 ,9 ,mat!w 7xxviii4 #ai f47 ! disciples are also commission$ to make disciples ( all nations 1 & "h baptism is n m5tion$ incid5tally m]ely1 z 9 ,m>k1 b is made ! subject ( an express comm& by ,jesus1 & is besides m precisely describ$ z a baptism 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 4 ,! imp$im5ts to ! supposition t ,jesus deliv]$ to 8 disciples ! express comm& to c>ry ! ann\ncem5t ( ! gospel to ! ,g5tiles1 h be5 already po9t$ out 9 an e>li] connexion4 #bafb ,b t ?is m def9ite =m ( baptism proce$$ f ,jesus1 is also oppos$ by ! fact1 t su* an allocation ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,_s does n else:]e appe>1 except z a =m ( salutation 9 apo/olic epi/les 7#b ,cor4 xiii4 #ad3 ! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 etc472 :ile z a m def9ite =m ( baptism x is n to be met ) ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t save 9 ! above passage ( ! fir/ gospel3 = 9 ! apo/olic epi/les & ev5 9 ! ,acts1 baptism is designat$ z a 1 or baptis+ 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 or 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 or _! equival5t 7,rom4 vi4 #c2 ,gal4 iii4 #bg2 ,acts ii4 #ch1 viii4 #af1 x4 #dh1 xix4 #e71 & ! same ?reefold ref]5ce to ,god1 ,jesus1 & ! ,holy ,_s is only f\nd 9 ecclesia/ical writ]s1 z1 = example1 ,ju/94 #bafc ,inde$ ! =mula 9 ,mat!w s\nds s exactly z if x _h be5 borr[$ f ! ecclesia/ical ritual1 t !re is no slight probability 9 ! supposition t x 0 transf]r$ f !nce into ! m\? ( ,jesus4 ,b ?is does n au?orize u to ?r[ ! passage out ( ! text z an int]polation1 #bafd s9ce1 if ev]y?+ 9 ! gospels :i* _c h happ5$ to ,jesus1 or :i* _c h be5 done or spok5 by him 9 ! mann] !re describ$1 7 to be pron\nc$ =eign to ! orig9al text1 ! int]polations w\ld soon become too num]\s4 ,s f> x is ) ju/ice t o!rs h def5d$ ! g5u95ess ( ! baptismal =mula2 #bafe b _! gr\nds = ! ass]tion t x 0 deliv]$ 9 ?is mann] by ,jesus himself are insuffici5t3 ! two op9ions !n resolve !mselves into a ?ird1 namely1 t ?is m def9ite =m ( baptism does inde$ belong to ! orig9al context ( ! fir/ gospel1 b )\t hav+ be5 s deliv]$ by ,jesus4 #baff ,jesus _h1 dur+ 8 life1 pr$ict$ 9 div]s ways ! propagation ( 8 k+dom beyond ! limits ( ! ,jewi% nation1 p]haps also _h intimat$ ! introduction ( baptism to be 8 w2 &--:e!r x be ! fact t1 z we le>n 9 ! f\r? gospel1 ! disciples already practis$ baptism 9 ! lifetime ( ,jesus1 or t !y fir/ made ?is rite a sign ( reception into ! new messianic society aft] 8 dea?1--9 any case x 0 entirely 9 ! mann] ( ! leg5d to place ! injunction to baptize1 z well z to g out into all ! _w1 9 ! m\? ( ! dep>t+ ,*ri/ z a la/ decl>ation ( 8 w4 ,! promises :i* ,jesus gives to 8 adh]5ts 9 p>t+ f !m1 are 9 ,mat!w1 :]e !y are direct$ exclusively to ! elev51 limit$ simply to ! assurance t he1 to :om z ! exalt$ ,messiah all p[] 0 deliv]$ bo? 9 heav5 & on e>?1 w\ld be invisibly ) !m dur+ ! pres5t age1 1 until at ! consummation ( ?is t]m1 he %\ld ent] into p]man5t visible communion ) !m3 precisely ! expression ( ! belief :i* 0 =m$ 9 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian community1 :5 ! equilibrium 0 recov]$ aft] ! oscillations caus$ by ! dea? ( ,jesus4--,9 ,m>k1 ! la/ promises ( ,jesus seem to be ga!r$ f ! popul> op9ion conc]n+ ! gifts ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :i* 0 curr5t at ! p]iod ( ! composition ( ?is gospel4 ,( ! signs1 1 :i* are "h promis$ to believ]s 9 g5]al1 ! speak+ ) 7new7 tongues1 77 9 ! s5se int5d$ #a ,cor4 xiv41 n 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ,acts ii4 :i* is a my?ical modification1 #bafg actually appe>$ 9 ! primitive *ur*2 z also ! ca/+ out ( devils 2 & x may ev5 be conceiv$ t sick p]sons 7 cur$ 9 a natural mann] by fai? 9 ! lay+ on ( h&s1 by a ,*ri/ian3 on ! contr>y ! tak+ up ( s]p5ts 7comp4 ,luke x4 #ai7 & ! p[] ( dr9k+ poisons ) impunity1 h nev] _h any exi/5ce except 9 ! sup]/iti\s belief ( ! vulg>1 & su* signs ( disciple%ip w\ld h be5 ! la/ to :i* ,jesus w\ld h atta*$ any value4--,9 ,luke1 ! object ( ! la/ promise ( ,jesus is ! p[] f on high 1 :i* accord+ to ! promise ( ! ,fa!r1 1 he w\ld s5d on ! apo/les1 & ! imp>tation ( :i* !y 7 to await 9 ,j]usalem 7xxiv4 #di72 & 9 ,acts i4 #e ff4 ,jesus m precisely designates ?is imp>tation ( p[] z a baptism ) ! ,holy ,_s1 1 :i* 9 a few days w\ld be grant$ to ! disciples 9 ord] to qualify !m = ! ann\ncem5t ( ! gospel4 ,^! passages ( ,luke1 :i* place ! imp>tation ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! days aft] ! asc5sion1 seem to be 9 contradiction ) ! /atem5t ( ! f\r? gospel1 t ,jesus communicat$ ! ,holy ,_s to 8 disciples 9 ! days ( 8 resurrection1 nay1 on 8 v fir/ appe>ance 9 ! circle ( ! elev54 ,9 ,john xx4 #bb f4 we read1 t ,jesus1 appe>+ among ! disciples :5 ! doors 7 clos$1 brea!d on !m & said3 ,receive ye ! ,holy ,gho/1 1 :]e) he connect$ ! au?ority to remit & reta9 s9s4 ,if ?is 7 ! only passage relat+ to ! imp>tation ( ! ,_s1 e "o w\ld believe t ! disciples _h x communicat$ to !m by ,jesus :5 he 0 p]sonally pres5t among !m1 & n fir/ aft] 8 exaltation to heav54 ,b 9 accordance ) ! h>moniz+ int]e/1 x has be5 conclud$1 fir/ by ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 & rec5tly by ,?oluck1 #bafh t ! ^w 1 receive1 9 ,john1 mu/ be tak5 9 ! s5se ( 1 ye %all receive1 because accord+ to ,luke ! ,holy ,_s 0 n imp>t$ to ! disciples until lat]1 at ,p5teco/4 ,b z if he wi%$ to preclude su* a wre/+ ( 8 words1 ! ,jesus ( ,john adds to !m ! symbolical action ( brea?+ on ! disciples1 :i* unmi/akably repres5ts ! receiv+ ( ! ,holy ,_s z a pres5t fact4 #bafi ,x is true t expositors h f\nd out a way ( elud+ ev5 ?is act ( brea?+1 by attribut+ to x ! foll[+ signification3 z c]ta9ly z ,jesus n[ brea!s ^u !m1 s c]ta9ly w !y at a future "t receive ! ,holy ,gho/4 #bagj ,b ! act ( brea?+ ^u a p]son is z decid$ a symbol ( a pres5t imp>tation z ! lay+ on ( h&s1 & z ^? on :om ! apo/les laid _! h&s 7 imm$iately fill$ ) ! ,_s 7,acts viii4 #ag1 xix4 #f71 s1 accord+ to ! above n>rative1 ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel mu/ h ?\ght t ! ,apo/les on t occasion receiv$ ! ,_s f ,jesus4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! necessity ( d5y+1 9 opposition to ! cle> mean+ ( ,john1 t an imp>tation ( ! ,_s actually took place imm$iately aft] ! resurrection1 or ( com+ into contradiction ) ,luke1 :o assigns ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s to a lat] p]iod1 expositors n[ ord9>ily suppose t ! ,_s 0 grant$ to ! ,apo/les bo? at ! e>li] & ! lat] p]iod1 ! imp>tation at ,p5teco/ be+ only an increas+ & p]fect+ ( ! =m]4 #baga ,or m correctly1 s9ce ,mat!w x4 #bj speaks ( ! ,_s ( ! ,fa!r z already su/a9+ ! disciples 9 _! fir/ mission3 x is suppos$ t !y 7 fir/ end[$ ) "s extraord9>y p[] be=e t mission1 9 ! lifetime ( ,jesus2 t on ! occasion 9 "q1 %ortly aft] 8 resurrection1 he height5$ ?is p[]2 b t all ! fulness ( ! ,_s 0 n p\r$ out ^u !m until ,p5teco/4 #bagb ,:at con/itutes ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! /eps1 & especially 9 :at ! increase ( ! gifts ( ! ,_s consi/$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 is1 h[ev]1 z ,mi*aelis has already rem>k$1 n easy to disc]n4 ,if 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! apo/les 7 end[$ ) ! p[] ( work+ miracles 7,matt4 x4 #a1 #h7 toge!r ) ! gift ( speak+ freely 7p>7r7si_/a7 be=e tribunals 7v4 #bj71 x c\ld only be a m correct insight into ! spirituality ( 8 k+dom t ,jesus communicat$ to !m by brea?+ on !m2 b ( ?is !y 7 /ill de/itute imm$iately be=e ! asc5sion1 :51 accord+ to ,acts i4 #f1 !y ask$ :e!r1 ) ! imp>tation ( ! ,_s1 )9 ! next few days1 w\ld be associat$ ! re/oration ( ! k+dom to ,israel4 ,if h[ev] x be suppos$ t ea* successive imp>tation ( ! ,_s conf]r$ no new p[]s on ! disciples1 b 0 m]ely an addition 9 measure to t :i* 0 already pres5t 9 all its div]sifi$ p[]s3 #bagc x mu/ /ill be held surpris+ t no ,evangeli/ m5tions1 toge!r ) an e>li] imp>tation1 a lat] amplification2 b in/ead ( ?is1 besides an incid5tal m5tion ( ! ,_s z enabl+ ! disciples to def5d !mselves be=e tribunals1 9 ,luke 7xii4 #ab71--:i*1 s9ce x is n "h1 z 9 ,mat!w1 connect$ ) a mission1 may be reg>d$ m]ely z a ref]5ce to ! "t aft] ! lat] outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1--ea* ( ! ,evangeli/s m5tions only "o imp>tation1 & repres5ts ?is z ! fir/ & la/4 ,?is is1 inde$1 a cle> pro( t1 to place 9 juxtaposition ?ree imp>tations & to reg>d !m z s _m diff]5t degrees1 is only an ef=t to h>monize ! gospels by introduc+ into !m :at is =eign to ! text4 ,?us !re are 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ?ree di/9ct op9ions conc]n+ ! imp>tation ( ! ,_s to ! disciples ( ,jesus2 & 9 two respects !y =m a climax4 ,z reg>ds ! "t1 ,mat!w places ! imp>tation ! e>lie/--)9 ! p]iod ( ! natural life ( ,jesus2 ,luke1 ! late/--9 ! "t aft] 8 complete dep>ture f ! e>?2 ,john 9 an int]m$iate position--9 ! days ( ! resurrection4 ,z reg>ds ! conception ( ! fact1 x is ! simple/ 9 ,mat!w1 ! lea/ p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 = he has no special & ext]nal act ( imp>tation2 ,john already has su* a feature1 9 ! act ( brea?+ on ! disciples2 :ile ) ,luke1 9 ! ,acts1 ! g5tle brea?+ has become a viol5t /orm1 :i* %akes ! h\se1 & ) :i* o!r miracul\s appe>ances are unit$4 ,^! two s]ies ( gradations /& 9 opposite relations to hi/orical probability4 ,t ! ,_s 1 :i*1 :e!r x be reg>d$ z natural or z sup]natural1 is 9 ei!r case ! animat+ p[] ( ! messianic idea 9 its ,*ri/ian modification1 0 communicat$ to ! adh]5ts ( ,jesus s e>ly z ,mat!w n>rates1 is contradict$ by 8 own repres5tation1 = accord+ to him1 t ,*ri/ian modification--! introduction ( ! *>act]i/ics ( suff]+ & dea? into ! idea ( ! ,messiah1--0 n compreh5d$ by ! disciples long aft] ! mission describ$ 9 ,matt4 x42 & z ! disc\rse ( in/ructions !re giv5 conta9s o!r p>ticul>s also1 :i* w only suit lat] times & circum/ances3 x is easy to imag9e t ! promise 9 "q may h be5 errone\sly ref]r$ to t e>li] p]iod4 ,only aft] ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus c we conceive :at ! ,new ,te/am5t calls ! to h be5 develop$ 9 ! disciples1 & 9 s f> ! repres5tation ( ,john /&s ne>] to reality ?an t ( ,mat!w2 b1 z c]ta9ly ! revolution 9 ! s5tim5ts ( ! disciples describ$ 9 ! =ego+ section1 _h n tak5 place s e>ly z two days aft] ! crucifixion3 ! acc\nt ( ,john does n approa* s ne> to ! tru? z t ( ,luke1 :o all[s an int]val ( at lea/ fifty days = ! =mation ( ! new op9ions 9 ! disciples4 ,! position ( ! n>ratives ) respect to hi/orical tru? is rev]s$ by ! o!r climax4 ,= 9 proportion z a n>rative repres5ts ! imp>tation ( a spiritual p[] z p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 ! =mation ( a s5tim5t :i* might spr+ f natural causes z miracul\s1 ! orig9 ( a faculty :i* c only h be5 develop$ gradually1 z in/antane\s3 9 ! same proportion does su* a n>rative div]ge f ! tru?2 & 9 ?is respect1 ,mat!w w\ld /& at ! lea/ di/ance f ! tru?1 ,luke at ! greate/4 ,if we !re=e recognise 9 ! repres5tation ( ! latt] ! mo/ mature product ( tradition1 x may be wond]$ h[ tradition c h wr\ght 9 two opposite ways3 rec$+ f ! tru? 9 relation to ! det]m9ation ( ! mann] & =m ( ! imp>tation1 approa*+ ! tru? 9 relation to ! det]m9ation ( ! "t4 ,b ?is is expla9$ z soon z x is consid]$1 t 9 ! *anges 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! "t1 tradition 0 n guid$ by critical inquiry aft] tru?--?is might well h caus$ surprise1--b by ! same t5d5cy t l$ to ! o!r alt]ation1 namely1 to pres5t ! imp>tation ( ! ,_s z a s+le miracul\s act4 ,if ,jesus 0 said to h %$ ! ,_s on 8 disciples by a special act3 x mu/ seem appropriate to assign ?is act to 8 /ate ( glorification1 & ?us ei!r ) ,john to place x aft] ! resurrection1 or ) ,luke aft] ! asc5sion2 inde$ ! f\r? ,evangeli/ expressly rem>ks t 9 ! lifetime ( ,jesus1 ! ,_s 0 n yet giv51 because ,jesus 0 n yet glorifi$ 7vii4 #ci74 ,?is int]pretation ( ! op9ion ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ conc]n+ ! imp>tation ( ! ,_s to ! disciples1 is atte/$ z ! correct "o by ! fact1 t x ?r[s unexpect$ light on an obscurity 9 8 gospel ) respect to :i* we 7 previ\sly unable to come to a decision4 ,9 relation to ! f>ewell disc\rses ( ,jesus1 x 0 n possible to settle ! dispute1 :e!r :at ,jesus !re says ( 8 return is to be ref]r$ to ! days ( 8 resurrection1 or to ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 because ! description ( t return z a see+ aga9 seem$ to speak z decid$ly = ! =m]1 z ! obs]vation t 9 t "t !y w\ld no long] ask him any?+1 & w\ld und]/& him fully1 = ! latt]3 a dispute :i* is decid$ 9 ! mo/ welcome mann]1 if x c be %[n to be ! op9ion ( ! n>rator t ! imp>tation ( ! ,_s fell 9 ! days ( ! resurrection4 #bagd ,at fir/ inde$ x might be ?\ght1 t ?is imp>tation1 especially z 9 ,john x is connect$ ) ! =mal appo9tm5t ( 8 disciples z 8 envoys1 & ! communication ( ! au?ority to remit & reta9 s9s 7comp4 ,matt4 xviii4 #ah71 w\ld h be5 m appropriate at ! close ?an ! comm5cem5t ( ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus1 & 9 a full assembly ( ! ,apo/les ?an 9 "o f :i* ,?omas 0 abs5t2 b on ?is acc\nt to suppose ) ,ol%aus5 t ! ,evangeli/ = ! sake ( brevity m]ely app5ds ! imp>tation ( ! ,_s to ! fir/ appe>ance1 ?\gh x really belong$ to a lat] int]view1 is an inadmissible viol5ce2 & we mu/ r all[1 t ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel reg>d$ ?is fir/ appe>ance ( ,jesus z ! pr9cipal "o1 & ! "o eight days lat] z m]ely sup]num]>y 9 fav\r ( ,?omas4 ,! appe>ance *ap4 xxi4 is also a supplem5t1 :i* ! au?or1 :5 he wrote 8 gospel1 ei!r _h n kn[n1 or at lea/ did n recollect4 #adb4 ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,asc5sion ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,sup]natural ,,& ,,z ,a ,,natural ,,ev5t4 ,! asc5sion ( ,jesus is report$ to u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ?ree diff]5t n>ratives1 :i* 9 po9t ( fulness ( detail & picturesqu5ess ( description =m a progressive s]ies4 ,m>k1 :o 9 ! la/ portion ( 8 gospel is 9 g5]al v brief & abrupt1 only says1 t aft] ,jesus _h spok5 to ! disciples = ! la/ "t1 he 0 receiv$ up 77 into heav5 & sat on ! "r h& ( ,god 7xvi4 #ai74 ,) sc>cely m def9it5ess x is said 9 ! gospel ( ,luke t ,jesus l$ 8 disciples out z f> z ,be?any1 1 & :ile he "h ) uplift$ h&s gave !m 8 bless+1 he 0 p>t$ f !m 771 & c>ri$ up into heav5 772 :]eupon ! disciples fell d[n & wor%ipp$ him1 & =?) return$ to ,j]usalem ) great joy 7xxiv4 #ej ff474 ,9 ! introduction to ! ,acts1 ,luke gives m ample details conc]n+ ?is sc5e4 ,on ! m\nt ( ,olives1 :]e ,jesus deliv]$ to 8 disciples 8 la/ comm&s & promises1 he 0 tak5 up be=e _! eyes 771 & a cl\d receiv$ him out ( _! sight4 ,:ile ! disciples 7 wat*+ him1 z he w5t up into heav5 on ! cl\d1 !re sudd5ly /ood by !m two m5 9 :ite app>el1 :o induc$ !m to desi/ f ?us gaz+ aft] him by ! assurance1 t ! ,jesus n[ tak5 f !m w\ld come aga9 f heav5 9 ! same mann] z he _h j asc5d$ into heav52 on :i* !y 7 satisfi$1 & return$ to ,j]usalem 7i4 #a-ab74 ,! fir/ impression f ?is n>rative is cle>ly ?is3 t x is int5d$ z a description ( a miracul\s ev5t1 an actual exaltation ( ,jesus into heav51 z ! dwell+-place ( ,god1 & an atte/ation ( ?is by angels2 z or?odox !ologians1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 correctly ma9ta94 ,! only "q is1 :e!r !y c also help u to surm\nt ! difficulties :i* /& 9 our way :5 we attempt to =m a conception ( su* an ev5t8 ,"o ma9 difficulty is ?is3 h[ c a palpable body1 :i* has /ill fle% & bones1 & eats mat]ial food1 be qualifi$ = a cele/ial abode8 h[ c x s f> lib]ate itself f ! laws ( gravity1 z to be capable ( an asc5t ?r\gh ! air8 & h[ c x be conceiv$ t ,god gave s pret]natural a capability to ,jesus by a miracle8 #bage ,! only possible reply to ^! que/ions is1 t ! gross] elem5ts :i* ! body ( ,jesus /ill reta9$ aft] ! resurrection1 7 remov$ be=e ! asc5sion1 & only ! f9e/ ess5ce ( 8 corporeality1 z ! integum5t ( ! s\l1 0 tak5 by him into heav54 #bagf ,b z ! disciples :o 7 pres5t at ! asc5sion obs]v$ no residuum ( 8 body :i* he _h left beh9d1 ?is leads ei!r to ! above m5tion$ absurdity ( an evaporation ( ! body ( ,jesus1 or to ,ol%aus5's process ( subtilization :i*1 /ill incomplete ev5 aft] ! resurrection1 0 n p]fect$ until ! mom5t ( ! asc5sion2 a process :i* mu/ h be5 conduct$ ) s+ul>ly rapid retrograde transitions 9 ^! la/ days1 if ! body ( ,jesus1 :5 p5etrat+ into ! clos$ room :]e ! disciples 7 assembl$1 is to be suppos$ immat]ial2 imm$iately aft] :5 ,?omas t\*$ him1 mat]ial2 & la/ly1 9 ! asc5sion1 aga9 immat]ial4 ,! o!r difficulty lies 9 ! consid]ation1 t accord+ to a j idea ( ! _w1 ! seat ( ,god & ( ! bless$1 to :i* ,jesus is suppos$ to h be5 exalt$1 is n to be s\ght = 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air1 nor1 9 g5]al1 9 any det]m9ate place2--su* a locality c\ld only be assign$ to x 9 ! *ildi%1 limit$ conceptions ( antiquity4 ,we are well aw>e t he :o w\ld atta9 to ,god & ! circle ( ! bless$ w\ld make a sup]flu\s circuit1 if he ?\ght x necess>y = ?is purpose to so> al(t into ! high] regions ( ! firmam5t2 & ! m intimately ,jesus 0 acqua9t$ ) ,god & div9e ?+s1 ! f>!r c]ta9ly w\ld he be f mak+ su* a circuit1 or f be+ caus$ to make x by ,god4 #bagg ,?us !re w\ld be no o!r res\rce ?an to suppose a div9e accommodation to ! idea ( ! _w 9 t age1 & to say3 ,god 9 ord] to conv9ce ! disciples ( ! return ( ,jesus into ! high] _w1 al?\gh ?is _w is 9 reality by no means to be s\ght = 9 ! upp] air1 nev]!less prep>$ ! spectacle ( su* an exaltation4 #bagh ,b ?is is to repres5t ,god z !atrically arrang+ an illusion4 ,z an attempt to set u free f su* difficulties & absurdities1 ! natural explanation ( ?is n>rative mu/ ne$s be welcome4 #bagi ,?is di/+ui%es 9 ! evangelical acc\nts ( ! asc5sion1 :at 0 actually beheld1 & :at 0 inf]r$ by reason+4 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 x is said 9 ! ,acts3 :ile !y beheld1 he 0 tak5 up1 3 ! exaltation to heav5 seems "h to be repres5t$ z a fact actually witness$4 ,b ! ,rationali/s tell u t we are n to und]/& 1 z signify+ an elevation above ! e>?1 b only t ,jesus1 9 ord] to bless ! disciples1 drew up 8 =m & ?us appe>$ m elevat$ to !m4 ,!y !n br+ =w>d ! ^w 1 he 0 p>t$ f !m1 9 ! conclusion ( ,luke's gospel1 & int]pret x to mean t ,jesus 9 tak+ leave ( 8 disciples remov$ himself f>!r f !m4 ,h]eupon1 !y cont9ue1 9 ! same way z on ! m\nt ( ,transfiguration1 a cl\d 0 int]pos$ betwe5 ,jesus & ! disciples1 & toge!r ) ! num]\s olive-trees on ! m\nt1 conceal$ him f _! sight2 a result :i*1 on ! assurance ( two unkn[n m51 !y reg>d$ z a reception ( ,jesus into heav54 ,b1 :5 ,luke 9 ! ,acts imm$iately connects ) ! /atem5t1 & a cl\d receiv$ him1 3 he implies t ! tak+ up 0 an introduction to ! be+ receiv$ by ! cl\d2 :i* x w\ld n be if x 7 a m]e draw+ up ( ! body1 b only if x 7 an exaltation ( ,jesus above ! e>?1 s9ce only 9 ?is case c\ld a cl\d float "u1 c>ry1 & envelop him1 :i* is ! idea express$ by 4 ,aga91 9 ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 ! fact t he 0 p>t$ f !m is repres5t$ z some?+ :i* took place :ile he bless$ !m1 2 n[ no "o :5 pron\nc+ a b5$iction on ano!r1 w remove f him3 :]eas x appe>s v suitable1 t ,jesus :ile communicat+ 8 bless+ to ! disciples %\ld be c>ri$ upw>d1 & ?us1 :ile ris+1 h cont9u$ to ext5d ov] !m 8 out/ret*$ h& z a symbol ( 8 bless+4 ,?us ! natural explanation ( ! disappe>ance 9 ! cl\d falls to ! gr\nd ( itself2 :ile 9 ! supposition t ! two individuals clo!d 9 :ite app>el 7 natural m51 ,paulus only disguises a f9al & /rongly m>k$ essay ( ! op9ion esp\s$ by ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i1 t sev]al epo*s 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 especially aft] 8 crucifixion1 7 br\ght ab\t by ! ag5cy ( secret colleagues4 ,& ,jesus himself--:at1 accord+ to ?is op9ion1 mu/ we suppose to h become ( him aft] ?is la/ sep>ation f 8 disciples8 ,%all we1 ) ,bahrdt1 dream ( an ,ess5e lodge1 into :i* he retir$ aft] ! completion ( 8 "w8 & ) ,br5necke appeal1 9 pro( t ,jesus long cont9u$ sil5tly to "w = ! welf>e ( mank9d1 to 8 appe>ance = ! purpose ( ! conv]sion ( ,paul8 ,b1 tak+ ! n>rative ( ! ,acts z hi/orical1 ?is 0 connect$ ) circum/ances & effects :i* c\ld be produc$ by no natural man1 ev5 ?\gh a memb] ( a secret ord]4 ,or %all we ) ,paulus suppose1 t %ortly aft] ! la/ int]view ! body ( ,jesus sank b5ea? ! injuries x _h receiv$8 ,?is c\ld n well h happ5$ 9 ! v next mom5ts aft] he _h appe>$ /ill active among 8 disciples1 s t ! two m5 :o jo9$ !m might h be5 witnesses ( 8 decease1--:o1 ev5 admitt+ ?is1 w\ld n h spok5 9 accordance ) ! tru?2 b if he cont9u$ to live = any l5g? ( "t he mu/ h _h ! int5tion to rema9 = t p]iod 9 ! concealm5t ( a secret society2 & to ?is mu/ !n be suppos$ to belong ! two m5 clo!d 9 :ite1 :o1 d\btless ) 8 previ\s sanction1 p]suad$ ! disciples t he _h asc5d$ into heav54 #bahj ,b ?is is a mode ( repres5tation1 f :i* 9 ?is in/ance z 9 e o!r1 a s\nd judgm5t mu/ turn away ) av]sion4 #adc4 ,,insuffici5cy ,,( ,,! ,,n>ratives ,,( ,,! ,,asc5sion4 ,,my?ical ,,conception ,,( ,,^? ,,n>ratives4 ,among all ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ories ( miracles1 ! asc5sion lea/ dem&$ su* an exp5diture ( p]v]t$ acum51 s9ce ! atte/ations to its hi/orical validity are peculi>ly weak1--n only to u :o1 hav+ no ris5 ,jesus1 c consequ5tly h no asc5d$ "o1 b ap>t f all prior conclusions & 9 e po9t ( view4 ,mat!w & ,john1 :o accord+ to ! common idea 7 ! two eyewitnesses among ! ,evangeli/s1 d n m5tion x2 x is n>rat$ by ,m>k & ,luke alone1 :ile 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s decid$ allusions to x are want+4 ,b ?is abs5ce ( allusions to ! asc5sion 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is d5i$ by or?odox expositors4 ,:51 say !y1 ,jesus 9 ,mat!w 7xxvi4 #fd71 decl>es be=e ! high prie/1 t h]eaft] ! ,son ( ,man w be se5 sitt+ at ! "r h& ( ,god3 ?is presupposes an exaltation ?i!r1 consequ5tly an asc5sion2 :5 9 ,john 7iii4 #ac71 he says1 no "o ha? asc5d$ into heav5 b ! ,son ( ,man :o came f heav51 & at ano!r "t 7vi4 #fb7 tells ! disciples t !y w h]eaft] see him asc5d :]e he 0 be=e2 fur!r1 :5 on ! morn+ ( ! resurrection he decl>es t he is n yet asc5d$ to 8 ,fa!r1 imply+ t he is ab\t to d s 7xx4 #ag73 !re c\ld h>dly be m explicit allusions to ! asc5sion2 aga91 :5 ! apo/les 9 ! ,acts s (t5 speak ( an exaltation ( ,jesus to ! "r h& ( ,god 7ii4 #cc1 v4 #ca1 comp4 vii4 #ef71 & ,paul repres5ts him z asc5d$ up f> above all heav5s 7,ephes4 iv4 #aj71 ,pet]1 z gone into heav5 7#a ,pet4 iii4 #bb73 !re c be no d\bt t !y all knew ( 8 asc5sion4 #baha ,all ^! passages1 h[ev]1 ) ! exception p]haps ( ,john vi4 #fb1 :]e a ,,see+ ! ,son ( ,man asc5d1 1 is spok5 (1 conta9 only 9 g5]al 8 exaltation to heav51 )\t intimat+ t x 0 an ext]nal1 visible fact1 t took place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! disciples4 ,r1 :5 we f9d ,paul 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #e ff4 rank+ ! appe>ance ( ,jesus to himself1 :i* occurr$ long aft] ! alleg$ asc5sion1 ) ! ,*ri/ophanies be=e ?is epo*1 s entirely )\t any pause or indication ( a di/9ction3 we mu/ d\bt1 n m]ely t all ! appe>ances :i* he enum]ates besides 8 own c h occurr$ be=e ! asc5sion1 #bahb b :e!r ! ,apo/le c h _h any k at all ( an asc5sion z an ext]nal fact :i* clos$ ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus4 ,z to ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel1--9 8 metaphorical language1 we are n compell$ by ! ^w 1 any m ?an by ! 9 relation to ! angels asc5d+ & desc5d+ ^u ,jesus1 i4 #eb1 to ascribe to him a k ( ! visible asc5sion ( ,jesus1 ( :i* he gives no intimation at ! conclusion ( 8 gospel4 ,comm5tators h1 x is true1 tak5 all possible pa9s to expla9 ! want ( a n>rative ( ! asc5sion 9 ! fir/ & f\r? gospels1 9 a way :i* may n prove inimical ei!r to ! au?ority ( ! writ+s1 or to ! hi/orical value ( ! fact4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! ,evangeli/s :o are sil5t on ! subject1 held x ei!r unnecess>y1 or impossible1 to n>rate ! asc5sion4 ,!y held x unnecess>y1 say ^! expositors1 ei!r intr9sically1 f ! m9or importance ( ! ev5t2 #bahc or extr9sically1 on ! consid]ation t x 0 g5]ally kn[n z a "p ( ! evangelical tradition2 #bahd ,john 9 p>ticul> suppos$ x to be kn[n f ,m>k & ,luke2 #bahe or la/ly1 bo? ,mat!w & ,john omitt$ x z n belong+ to ! e>?ly life ( ,jesus1 to ! description ( :i* _! writ+s 7 exclusively devot$4 #bahf ,b we mu/ cont5d1 on ! contr>y1 t ! life ( ,jesus1 especially t enigmatical life :i* he l$ aft] 8 return f ! grave1 absolutely requir$ su* a close z ! asc5sion4 ,:e!r x 7 g5]ally kn[n or n1 :e!r x 7 important or unimportant1--! simple /hetic int]e/ :i* dictates ev5 to an uncultivat$ au?or1 t a n>rative %\ld be w\nd up ) a conclusion1 mu/ h l$ e evangelical writ] :o knew ( ! asc5sion to m5tion x1 ?\gh x 7 b summ>ily at ! end ( 8 hi/ory1 9 ord] to avoid ! /range impression left by ! fir/ gospel & /ill m by ! f\r?1 z n>ratives los+ !mselves 9 vague obscurity4 ,h5ce our apologi/s resort to ! supposition t ! fir/ & f\r? ,evangeli/s held x impossible to give an acc\nt ( ! asc5sion ( ,jesus1 because ! eyewitnesses1 h[ev] long !y might gaze aft] him1 c\ld /ill only see him hov]+ 9 ! air & encircl$ by ! cl\d1 n ent]+ heav5 & tak+ 8 place on ! "r h& ( ,god4 #bahg ,b 9 ! ideas ( ! anci5t _w1 to :i* heav5 0 ne>] ?an to u1 an entrance into ! cl\ds 0 9 itself a real asc5t into heav51 z we see f ! /ories ( ,romulus & ,elijah4 ,?us x is und5iable t ! above ,evangeli/s 7 ignorant ( ! asc5sion3 b ! conclusion ( ! mo/ rec5t criticism1 t ?is ignorance is a reproa* to ! fir/ ,evangeli/ z a sign ( 8 unapo/olic "*1 #bahh is ! less 9 place "h1 because ! ev5t 9 "q is r5d]$ suspici\s n m]ely by ! sil5ce ( two ,evangeli/s1 b also by ! want ( agreem5t betwe5 ^? :o n>rate x4 ,m>k is at v>iance ) ,luke1 nay1 ,luke is at v>iance ) himself4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! =m]1 x appe>s z if ,jesus _h asc5d$ into heav5 imm$iately f ! meal 9 :i* he appe>$ to ! elev51 consequ5tly f out ( a h\se 9 ,j]usalem2 = ! phrases3 he appe>$ ) ! elev5 z !y sat at meat1 & upbraid$ !m--& he said--,s !n aft] ! ,"l _h spok5 unto !m he 0 receiv$ up into heav51 etc41 -- -- -- 1 1 444 h an imm$iate dep5d5ce on ea* o!r1 & x is only by viol5ce t a *ange ( place or a di/9ction ( "t c be introduc$4 #bahi ,n[ an asc5t into heav5 directly out ( a room is c]ta9ly n easy to imag9e2 h5ce ,luke repres5ts x z tak+ place 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 8 gospel he makes ,jesus imm$iately be=e 8 asc5sion1 lead out 8 disciples z f> z ,be?any 1 b 9 ! ,acts he places ! sc5e on ! m\nt call$ ,olivet 2 ?is1 h[ev]1 _c be imput$ to him z a contradiction1 s9ce ,be?any lay 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! m\nt ( ,olives4 #baij ,b !re is a m important div]g5cy 9 8 /atem5t ( "t2 = 9 8 gospel1 z 9 ,m>k1 we are left to inf] t ! asc5sion took place on ! same day ) ! resurrection3 :]eas 9 ! ,acts x is expressly rem>k$1 t ! two ev5ts 7 sep>at$ by an int]val ( =ty days4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t ! latt] det]m9ation ( "t mu/ h come to ! k ( ,luke 9 ! int]im betwe5 ! composition ( ! gospel & t ( ! ,acts4 ,! m num]\s ! n>ratives ( appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus1 & ! m v>i\s ! places to :i* !y 7 assign$3 ! less w\ld ! %ort space ( a day suffice = 8 life on e>? aft] ! resurrection2 :ile ! det]m9ation ( ! l5g!n$ p]iod :i* _h become necess>y to =ty days precisely1 _h its f\ndation 9 ! "p :i* ?is numb] is kn[n to h play$ 9 ! ,jewi%1 & already 9 ! ,*ri/ian leg5d4 ,! p ( ,israel 7 =ty ye>s 9 ! wild]ness2 ,moses 0 =ty days on m\nt ,s9ai2 he & ,elias fa/$ =ty days2 & ,jesus himself previ\s to ! temptation rema9$ ! same l5g? ( "t )\t n\ri%m5t 9 ! wild]ness4 ,z1 !n1 all ^! my/]i\s int]m$iate /ates & p]iods ( transition 7 det]m9$ by ! numb] =ty3 ?is numb] pres5t$ itself z especially appropriate = ! det]m9ation ( ! my/]i\s int]val betwe5 ! resurrection & asc5sion ( ,jesus4 #baia ,z reg>ds ! description ( ! ev5t itself1 x might be ?\ght admissible to ascribe ! sil5ce ( ,m>k1 & ( ,luke 9 8 gospel1 conc]n+ ! cl\d & ! angels1 purely to ! brevity ( _! n>ratives2 b s9ce ,luke at ! close ( 8 gospel n>rates circum/antially en\gh ! conduct ( ! disciples--h[ !y fell d[n & wor%ipp$ ! asc5d$ ,jesus1 & return$ to ! city ) great joy3 s he w\ld d\btless h po9t$ out ! in=mation communicat$ to !m by angels z ! imm$iate s\rce ( _! joy1 _h he kn[n any?+ ( su* a p>ticul> at ! "t :5 he compos$ 8 fir/ writ+4 ,h5ce ?is feature seems r to h be5 gradually =m$ 9 tradition1 9 ord] to r5d] due hon\r to ?is la/ po9t also 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 & to pres5t a confirmation ( ! insuffici5t te/imony ( m5 z to 8 exaltation into heav5 by ! m\? ( two heav5ly witnesses4 ,z1 accord+ to ?is1 ^? :o knew ( an asc5sion ( ,jesus1 _h by no means ! same idea ( its p>ticul> circum/ances3 !re mu/ h be5 9 g5]al two diff]5t modes ( conceiv+ ! close ( ! life ( ,jesus2 "s reg>d+ x z a visible asc5sion1 o!rs n s4 #baib ,:5 ,mat!w makes ,jesus be=e ! tribunal ( ! high prie/ pr$ict 8 exaltation to ! "r h& ( ! div9e p[] 7xxvi4 #fd71 & aft] 8 resurrection decl>e t n[ all p[] is giv5 to him 9 heav5 & e>? 7xxviii4 #ah72 & nev]!less has no?+ ( a visible asc5sion1 b on ! contr>y puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus ! assurance3 ,i am ) y alway1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w1 ' 7v4 #bj73 x is evid5t t ! lat5t idea1 on :i* 8 repres5tation is f\nd$1 is t ,jesus1 d\btless imm$iately on 8 resurrection1 asc5d$ invisibly to ! ,fa!r1 ?\gh at ! same "t rema9+ invisibly ) 8 foll[]s2 & t out ( ?is concealm5t he1 z (t5 z he f\nd x exp$i5t1 reveal$ himself 9 ,*ri/ophanies4 ,! same view is to be disc]n$ 9 ! ,apo/le ,paul1 :5 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 he undi/+ui%+ly places ! appe>ance to himself ( ! ,*ri/ already asc5d$ into heav51 9 "o s]ies ) ! e>li] ,*ri/ophanies2 & also ! au?or ( ! f\r? gospel & ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s only presuppose :at mu/ necess>ily be presuppos$ accord+ to ! messianic passage3 ,sit ?\ at my "r h&1 ,ps4 cx4 #a3 t ,jesus 0 exalt$ to ! "r h& ( ,god2 )\t decid+ any?+ z to ! mann] ( ! exaltation1 or repres5t+ to !mselves ! asc5sion z a visible "o4 ,! imag9ation ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians mu/ h[ev] h felt a /rong temptation to depict ?is exaltation z a brilliant spectacle4 ,:5 x 0 once conclud$ t ! ,messiah ,jesus _h arriv$ at s exalt$ a position1 x w\ld appe> desirable to gaze aft] him1 z x 71 on 8 way ?i!r4 ,if x 0 expect$1 9 accordance ) ! prophecy ( ,daniel1 t 8 future return f heav5 w\ld be a visible desc5t 9 ! cl\ds3 ?is w\ld naturally sugge/ t 8 dep>ture to heav5 %\ld be repres5t$ z a visible asc5t on a cl\d2 & :5 ,luke makes ! two :ite-app>ell$ angels1 :o jo9$ ! disciples aft] ! removal ( ,jesus1 say3 ?is same ,jesus1 :o is tak5 up f y into heav51 %all s come 9 l mann] z ye h se5 him g into heav5 7,acts i4 #aa73 we ne$ only take ! conv]se ( ?is decl>ation 9 ord] to h be=e u ! g5esis ( ! conception ( ! asc5sion ( ,jesus2 = ! mode ( conclusion 0 ?is3 z ,jesus w at "s future "t return f heav5 9 ! cl\ds1 s he mu/ surely h dep>t$ ?i!r #baic 9 ! same mann]4 ,comp>$ ) ^! prim>y inc5tives1 ! ,old ,te/am5t prec$5ts :i* ! asc5sion ( ,jesus has 9 ! translation ( ,eno* 7,g54 v4 #bd2 comp4 ,wis4 xliv4 #af1 xlix4 #af2 ,heb4 xi4 #e71 & especially 9 ! asc5sion ( ,elijah 7#b ,k+s ii4 #aa2 comp4 ,wis4 xlviii4 #i2 #a ,macc4 ii4 #eh71 toge!r ) ! ,grecian & ,roman apo!oses ( ,h]cules & ,romulus1 rec$e into ! backgr\nd4 ,ap>t f ! "q :e!r ! latt] 7 kn[n to ! second & ?ird ,evangeli/s2 ! /atem5t relative to ,eno* is too vague2 :ile ! *>iot & horses ( fire t transport$ ,elijah 7 n adapt$ to ! mild] _s ( ,*ri/4 ,in/ead ( ?is ! envelop+ cl\d & ! removal :ile hold+ a f>ewell conv]sation1 may appe> to h be5 borr[$ f ! lat] repres5tation ( ! removal ( ,moses1 :i* h[ev] 9 o!r p>ticul>s has consid]able div]g5cies f t ( ,jesus4 #baid ,p]haps also "o trait 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,acts may be expla9$ out ( ! hi/ory ( ,elijah4 ,:5 ?is prophet1 be=e 8 translation1 is entreat$ by 8 s]vant ,eli%a t he w bequea? him a d\ble measure ( 8 _s3 ,elijah atta*es to ! concession ( ?is boon ! condition3 if ?\ see me :5 ,i am tak5 f !e1 x %all be s unto !e2 b if n1 x %all n be s2 :5ce we might p]haps ga!r ! reason :y ,luke 7,acts i4 #i7 lays /ress on ! fact t ! disciples beheld ,jesus z he w5t up 7 73 namely1 because1 accord+ to ! n>rative conc]n+ ,elijah1 ?is 0 necess>y1 if ! disciples 7 to receive ! _s ( _! ma/]4 ,,conclud+ ,,diss]tation4 ,,! ,,dogmatic ,,import ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus4 #add4 ,,necess>y ,,transition ,,f ,,criticism ,,to ,,dogma4 ,! results ( ! inquiry :i* we h n[ br\ght to a close1 h app>5tly annihilat$ ! greate/ & mo/ valuable "p ( t :i* ! ,*ri/ian has be5 wont to believe conc]n+ 8 ,savi\r ,jesus1 h uproot$ all ! animat+ motives :i* he has ga!r$ f 8 fai?1 & )]$ all 8 consolations4 ,! b\ndless /ore ( tru? & life :i* = eighte5 c5turies has be5 ! alim5t ( humanity1 seems irretrievably dissipat$2 ! mo/ sublime levell$ ) ! du/1 ,god dive/$ ( 8 grace1 man ( 8 dignity1 & ! tie betwe5 heav5 & e>? brok54 ,piety turns away ) horror f s fe>ful an act ( desecration1 & /rong 9 ! impregnable self-evid5ce ( its fai?1 pron\nces t1 let an audaci\s criticism attempt :at x w1 all :i* ! ,scriptures decl>e1 & ! ,*ur* believes ( ,*ri/1 w /ill subsi/ z et]nal tru?1 nor ne$s "o iota ( x to be r5\nc$4 ,?us at ! conclusion ( ! criticism ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 !re pres5ts itself ?is problem3 to re-e/abli% dogmatically t :i* has be5 de/roy$ critically4 ,at ! fir/ glance1 ?is problem appe>s to exi/ m]ely z a *all5ge address$ by ! believ] to ! critic1 n z a result ( ! moral requirem5ts ( ei!r4 ,! believ] w\ld appe> to ne$ no re-e/abli%m5t ( ! fai?1 s9ce = him x _c be subv]t$ by criticism4 ,! critic seems to require no su* re-e/abli%m5t1 s9ce he is able to endure ! annihilation result+ f 8 own lab\rs4 ,h5ce x might be suppos$ t ! critic1 :5 he seeks to rescue ! dogma f ! flames :i* 8 criticism has k9dl$1 acts falsely 9 relation to 8 own po9t ( view1 s9ce1 to satisfy ! believ]1 he treats :at is valueless = himself z if he e/eem$ x to be a jewel2 :ile 9 relation to ! believ]1 he is und]tak+ a sup]flu\s task1 9 lab\r+ to def5d t :i* ! latt] consid]s 9 no way endang]$4 ,b on a ne>] view ! case appe>s o!rwise4 ,to all belief1 n built on demon/ration1 d\bt is inh]5t1 ?\gh x may n be develop$2 ! mo/ firmly believ+ ,*ri/ian has )9 him ! elem5ts ( criticism z a lat5t deposit ( unbelief1 or r z a negative g]m ( k1 & only by its con/ant repression c he ma9ta9 ! pr$om9ance ( 8 fai?1 :i* is ?us ess5tially a re-e/abli%$ fai?4 ,& j z ! believ] is intr9sically a sceptic or critic1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! critic is intr9sically a believ]4 ,9 proportion z he is di/+ui%$ f ! naturali/ic !ologian1 & ! free-?9k]1--9 proportion z 8 criticism is conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1--he is fill$ ) v5]ation = e religion1 & especially = ! sub/ance ( ! sublime/ ( all religions1 ! ,*ri/ian1 :i* he p]ceives to be id5tical ) ! deepe/ philosophical tru?2 & h5ce1 aft] hav+ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 criticism exhibit$ only ! diff]5ces betwe5 8 conviction & ! hi/orical belief ( ! ,*ri/ian1 he w feel urg$ to place t id5tity 9 a j light4 ,fur!r1 our criticism1 ?\gh 9 its progress x treats ( details1 yet on becom+ "p ( our int]nal conviction1 resolves itself into ! simple elem5t ( d\bt1 :i* ! believ] neutralizes by an equally simple veto1 & !n spreads anew 9 undim9i%$ luxuriance all ! fulness ( 8 cre$4 ,b h]eby ! decisions ( criticism are only dismiss$1 n vanqui%$1 & t :i* is believ$ is support$ by no int]m$iate pro(1 b re/s absolutely on its own evid5ce4 ,criticism _c b direct itself aga9/ ?is abs5ce ( int]m$iate pro(1 & ?us ! controv]sy :i* seem$ end$ is r5ew$1 & we are ?r[n back to ! beg9n+ ( our inquiry2 yet ) a diff]5ce :i* con/itutes a /ep =w>d 9 ! discussion4 ,hi!rto our criticism _h = its object ! data ( ,*ri/ianity1 z hi/orically pres5t$ 9 ! evangelical records2 n[1 ^! data hav+ be5 call$ 9 "q 9 _! hi/orical =m1 assume t ( a m5tal product1 & f9d a refuge 9 ! s\l ( ! believ]2 :]e !y exi/1 n z a simple hi/ory1 b z a reflect$ hi/ory1 t is1 a confession ( fai?1 a receiv$ dogma4 ,aga9/ ?is dogma1 pres5t+ itself totally unsupport$ by evid5ce1 criticism mu/ inde$ awake1 z x does aga9/ all defici5cy ( pro(1 9 ! "* ( a negativ+ p[]1 & a cont5d] = int]m$iate pro(3 x w1 h[ev]1 no long] be occupi$ ) hi/ory1 b ) doctr9es4 ,?us our hi/orical criticism is foll[$ up by dogmatical criticism1 & x is only aft] ! fai? has pass$ ?r\gh bo? ^! trials1 t x is ?or\ghly te/$ & con/itut$ sci5ce4 ,?is second process ?r\gh :i* ! fai? has to pass1 ought1 l ! fir/1 to be made ! subject ( a di/9ct "w3 ,i %all "h m]ely give a sket* ( its mo/ important features1 t ,i may n t]m9ate an hi/orical criticism )\t po9t+ out its ultimate object1 :i* c only be arriv$ at by dogmatical criticism z a sequel4 #ade4 ,,! ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,! ,,or?odox ,,sy/em4 ,! dogmatic import ( ! life ( ,jesus implicitly receiv$1 & develop$ on ?is basis1 con/itutes ! or?odox doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/4 ,its fundam5tal pr9ciples are f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! root ( fai? 9 ,jesus 0 ! conviction ( 8 resurrection4 ,he :o _h be5 put to dea?1 h[ev] great dur+ 8 life1 c\ld n1 x 0 ?\ght1 be ! ,messiah3 8 miracul\s re/oration to life prov$ s mu* ! m /rongly t he 0 ! ,messiah4 ,fre$ by 8 resurrection f ! k+dom ( %ades1 & at ! same "t elevat$ above ! sph]e ( e>?ly humanity1 he 0 n[ translat$ to ! heav5ly regions1 & _h tak5 8 place at ! "r h& ( ,god 7,acts ii4 #cb ff41 iii4 #ae ff41 v4 #cj ff42 & else:]e74 ,n[1 8 dea? appe>$ to be ! *ief article 9 8 messianic de/9ation2 accord+ to ,isa4 liii41 he _h suff]$ = ! s9s ( 8 p & ( mank9d 7,acts viii4 #cb ff42 comp4 ,matt4 xx4 #bh2 ,john i4 #bi1 #cf2 #a ,john ii4 #b72 8 blood p\r$ out on ! cross1 op]at$ l t :i* on ! great day ( atonem5t ! high prie/ spr9kl$ on ! m]cy-seat 7,rom4 iii4 #be72 he 0 ! pure lamb by ^: blood ! believ+ are r$eem$ 7#a ,pet4 i4 #ah f472 ! et]nal1 s9less high prie/1 :o by ! (f]+ ( 8 own body1 at once effect$ t1 :i* ! ,jewi% high prie/s 7 unable to effect1 by _! p]petually repeat$ sacrifices ( animals 7,heb4 x4 #aj ff41 etc474 ,b1 !nce=?1 ! ,messiah :o 0 exalt$ to ! "r h& ( ,god1 c\ld n h be5 a common man3 n only 0 he ano9t$ ) ! div9e _s 9 a great] measure ?an any prophet 7,acts iv4 #bg1 x4 #ch72 n only did he prove himself to be a div9e mess5g] by miracles & signs 7,acts ii4 #bb72 b also1 accord+ z ! "o idea or ! o!r 0 mo/ readily =m$1 ei!r he 0 sup]naturally eng5d]$ by ! ,holy ,_s 7,matt4 & ,luke i471 or he _h desc5d$ z ! ,^w & ,wisdom ( ,god into an e>?ly body 7,john i474 ,z1 be=e 8 appe>ance on ! e>?1 he 0 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 9 div9e maje/y 7,john xvii4 #e72 s 8 desc5t into ! _w ( mortals1 & /ill m 8 submission to an ignom9i\s dea?1 0 a volunt>y humiliation1 to :i* he 0 mov$ by 8 love to mank9d 7,phil4 ii4 #e ff474 ,! ris5 & asc5d$ ,jesus w "o day return to wake ! dead & judge ! _w 7,acts i4 #aa1 xvii4 #ca72 he ev5 n[ takes *>ge ( 8 *ur* 7,rom4 viii4 #cd2 #a ,john ii4 #a71 p>ticipat+ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 z he orig9ally did 9 its creation 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ah2 ,john i4 #c1 #aj2 ,col4 i4 #af f474 ,9 addition to all ?is1 e trait 9 ! image ( ! ,messiah z sket*$ by ! popul> expectation1 0 attribut$ ) necess>y or gratuit\s modifications to ,jesus2 nay1 ! imag9ation1 once /imulat$1 inv5t$ new *>act]i/ics4 ,h[ ri*ly fraught ) bless+ & elevation1 ) enc\ragem5t & consolation1 7 ! ?\ghts :i* ! e>ly ,*ur* d]iv$ f ?is view ( ! ,*ri/6 ,by ! mission ( ! ,son ( ,god into ! _w1 by 8 deliv]y ( himself to dea? = ! sake ( ! _w1 heav5 & e>? are reconcil$ 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ah ff42 ,eph4 i4 #aj2 ,col4 i4 #bj72 by ?is mo/ /up5d\s sacrifice1 ! love ( ,god is securely gu>ante$ to man 7,rom4 v4 #h ff41 viii4 #ca ff42 #a ,john iv4 #i71 & ! brighte/ hopes are reveal$ to him4 ,did ! ,son ( ,god become man8 ,!n are m5 8 bre?r51 & z su* ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 & heirs ) ,*ri/ to ! treasure ( div9e bliss 7,rom4 viii4 #af f41 #bi74 ,! s]vile relation ( man to ,god1 z x exi/$ "u ! law1 has ceas$2 love has tak5 ! place ( ! fe> ( ! puni%m5t ?reat5$ by ! law 7,rom4 viii4 #ae2 ,gal4 iv4 #a ff474 ,believ]s are r$eem$ f ! curse ( ! law by ,*ri/'s sacrifice ( himself1 inasmu* z he suff]$ a dea? on :i* ! law _h laid a curse 7,gal4 iii4 #ac74 ,n[1 !re is no long] impos$ on u ! impossible task ( satisfy+ all ! dem&s ( ! law 7,gal4 iii4 #aj f47--a task :i*1 z exp]i5ce %[s1 no man fulfils 7,rom4 i4 #ah-;iii4 #bj71 :i*1 by reason ( 8 s9ful nature1 no man c fulfil 7,rom4 v4 #ab ff471 & :i* only involves him :o /rives to fulfil x1 m & m deeply 9 ! mo/ mis]able conflict ) himself 7,rom4 vii4 #g ff473 :]eas he :o believes 9 ,*ri/1 & confides 9 ! aton+ efficacy ( 8 dea?1 possesses ! fav\r ( ,god2 n by works & qualifications ( 8 own1 b by ! free m]cy ( ,god1 is ! man :o ?r[s himself on t m]cy j be=e ,god1 by :i* all self-exaltation is exclud$ 7,rom4 iii4 #ca ff474 ,z ! ,mosaic law is no long] b9d+ on ! believ]1 he be+ dead to x ) ,*ri/ 7,rom4 vii4 #a ff472 z1 moreov]1 by ! et]nal & all-suffici5t sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 ! ,jewi% sacrificial & prie/ly s]vice is aboli%$ 7,heb472 !re=e ! p>tition wall :i* sep>at$ ! ,jews & ,g5tiles is brok5 d[n3 ! latt]1 :o be=e 7 ali5s & /rang]s to ! !ocracy1 )\t ,god & )\t hope 9 ! _w1 are n[ invit$ to p>ticipate 9 ! new cov5ant1 & free access is op5$ to !m to ! pat]nal ,god2 s t ! two portions ( mank9d1 =m]ly sep>at$ by ho/ile op9ions1 are n[ at peace ) ea* o!r1 memb]s 9 common ( ! body ( ,*ri/--/ones 9 ! spiritual build+ ( 8 ,*ur* 7,eph4 ii4 #aa ff474 ,b to h ju/ify+ fai? 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 is1 virtually1 to die ) him spiritually--t is1 to die to s92 & z ,*ri/ arose f ! dead to a new & immortal life1 s mu/ ! believ] 9 him arise f ! dea? ( s9 to a new life ( righte\sness & hol9ess1 put (f ! old man & put on ! new 7,rom4 vi4 #a ff474 ,9 ?is1 ,*ri/ himself aids him by 8 ,_s1 :o fills ^? :om he inspires ) spiritual /riv+s1 & makes !m ev] m & m free f ! slav]y ( s9 7,rom4 viii4 #a ff474 ,nor alone spiritually1 w ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ animate ^? 9 :om he dwells1 b corporeally also1 = at ! end ( _! e>?ly c\rse1 ,god1 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 w resuscitate _! bodies1 z he did ! body ( ,*ri/ 7,rom4 viii4 #aa74 ,*ri/1 :om ! bonds ( dea? & ! ne!r _w c\ld n hold1 has vanqui%$ bo? = u1 & has deliv]$ ! believ] f ! fe> ( ^! dread p[]s :i* rule ov] mortality 7,rom4 viii4 #ch f42 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ee ff42 ,heb4 ii4 #ad f474 ,8 resurrection n only conf]s aton+ efficacy on 8 dea? 7,rom4 iv4 #be71 b at ! same "t is ! pl$ge ( our own future resurrection1 ( our %>e 9 ,*ri/ 9 a future life1 9 8 messianic k+dom1 to ! bless$ness ( :i* he w1 at 8 second adv5t1 lead all 8 p4 ,mean:ile1 we may console ourselves t we h 9 him an ,int]cessor1 :o f 8 own exp]i5ce ( ! weakness & frailty ( our nature1 :i* he himself assum$1 & 9 :i* he 0 9 all po9ts tempt$ z we are1 b )\t s91 kn[s h[ mu* indulg5ce & aid we ne$ 7,heb4 ii4 #ag f41 iv4 #ae f474 ,! exp$i5cy ( describ+ 9 comp5di\s =ms ! ri*es ( _! fai? 9 ,*ri/1 0 e>ly felt by 8 foll[]s4 ,!y celebrat$ him z ,*ri/ t di$1 yea r1 t is ris5 aga91 :o is ev5 at ! "r h& ( ,god1 :o also make? int]cession = u1 1 1 1 7,rom4 viii4 #cd72 or ) m p>ticul>ity z ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l1 :o 0 made ( ! se$ ( ,david accord+ to ! fle%1 & decl>$ to be ! ,son ( ,god ) p[]1 accord+ to ! ,_s ( hol9ess1 by ! resurrection f ! dead1 4 4 1 1 1 7,rom4 i4 #c f472 & z confess$ly ! great my/]y ( godl9ess1 1 ! foll[+ propositions 7 pres5t$3 ,god 0 manife/ 9 ! fle%1 ju/ifi$ 9 ! ,_s1 se5 ( angels1 prea*$ unto ! ,g5tiles1 believ$ on 9 ! _w1 receiv$ up into glory1 1 1 1 1 1 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #af74 ,! baptismal =mula 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai71 by its allocation ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 pres5t$ a sort ( framework 9 :i* to arrange ! mat]ials ( ! new fai?4 ,on ?is basis 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! fir/ c5turies :at 0 call$ ! rule ( fai?1 regula fidei1 :i* 9 div]s =ms1 "s m concise1 o!rs m diffuse1 "s m popul>1 o!rs m subtle1 is f\nd 9 ! diff]5t fa!rs4 #baie ,! m popul> =m at l5g? settl$ into :at is call$ ! cre$ ( ! apo/les4 ,?is symbol1 9 t edition ( x :i* is receiv$ 9 ! evangelical *ur*1 has 9 its second & mo/ elaborate article on ! ,son1 ! foll[+ po9ts ( belief3 et 7cr$o7 9 ,jesum ,*ri/um1 filium ejus 7,dei patris7 unicum1 ,dom9um no/rum2 qui conceptus e/ de ,spiritu ,sancto1 natus ex ,m>ia virg9e2 passus sub ,pontio ,pilato1 crucifixus1 mortuus et sepultus1 desc5dit ad inf]na2 t]tia die resurrexit a mortuis1 asc5dit ad clos1 s$et ad dextram ,dei patris omnipot5tis2 inde v5turus e/1 judic>e vivos et mortuos4 ,toge!r ) ?is popul> =m ( ! confession ( fai? 9 relation to ,*ri/1 !re 0 also fram$ a m rigor\s & m9ute !ological dige/1 occasion$ by ! diff]5ces & controv]sies :i* e>ly arose on c]ta9 po9ts4 ,! fundam5tal !sis ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 t ! ,^w 0 made fle%1 1 or1 ,god 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%1 1 0 endang]$ on all sides1 "o que/ion+ ! ,godhead1 ano!r ! manhood1 & a ?ird ! v]itable union ( ! two natures4 ,x is true t ^? :o1 l ! ,ebionites1 d5i$ ! ,godhead1 or l t sect ( ! ,gno/ics call$ ,docet1 ! manhood ( ,*ri/1 sep>at$ !mselves too decid$ly f ! ,*ri/ian community1 :i* on h] "p ma9ta9$ t x 0 necess>y t ! m$iator ( ,god & man %\ld unite bo? 9 fri5d%ip & h>mony by means ( a prop] relation%ip to ea*1 & t :ile he repres5t$ man to ,god1 he %\ld reveal ,god to man1 1 1 4 #baif ,b :5 x 0 m]ely ! pl5itude ( ! "o nature or ! o!r1 :i* 0 conte/$1--z :5 ,arius ma9ta9$ t ! be+ :o became man 9 ,*ri/ 0 inde$ div9e1 b creat$1 & subord9ate to ! supreme ,god2 :51 :ile ascrib+ to ,*ri/ a human body1 he held t ! place ( ! s\l 0 occupi$ by t sup]ior be+2 :5 ,apoll9>is ma9ta9$ t n only ! body ( ,jesus 0 truly human1 b 8 s\l also1 & t ! div9e be+ only s]v$ 9 ! /ead ( ! ?ird pr9ciple 9 man1 ! 7und]/&+72--^! 7 op9ions to :i* x 0 easi] to give a ,*ri/ian guise4 ,nev]!less ! ,*ur* reject$ ! ,arian idea ( a subord9ate ,god become man 9 ,jesus1 = ?is reason among o!rs less ess5tial1 t on ?is !ory ! image ( ! ,godhead w\ld n h be5 manife/$ 9 ,*ri/2 #baig & %e condemn$ ! idea ( ,arius & ,apoll9>is1 t ! human nature ( ,*ri/ _h n ! human 7s\l71 or ! human 7und]/&+71 = ?is reason *iefly1 t only by ! union ( ! div9e1 ) an entire human nature1 c\ld ! human race be r$eem$4 #baih ,n only might ! "o or ! o!r aspect ( ! nature ( ,*ri/ be defac$ or put out ( sight1 b 9 relation also to ! union ( ! two1 !re might be error1 & aga9 9 two opposite directions4 ,! dev\t en?usiasm ( _m l$ !m to believe1 t !y c\ld n draw too closely ! newly-entw9$ bond betwe5 heav5 & e>?2 h5ce !y no long] wi%$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,godhead & manhood 9 ,*ri/1 & s9ce he _h appe>$ 9 "o p]son1 !y ackn[l$g$ 9 him only "o nature1 t ( ! ,son ( ,god made fle%4 ,o!rs1 m scrupul\s1 c\ld n reconcile !mselves to su* a confusion ( ! div9e & ! human3 x seem$ to !m blasphem\s to say t a human "m _h giv5 bir? to ,god3 h5ce !y ma9ta9$ t %e _h only borne ! man :om ! ,son ( ,god select$ z 8 temple2 & t 9 ,*ri/ !re 7 two natures1 unit$ inde$ s f> z ! adoration ( 8 foll[]s 0 conc]n$1 b di/9ct z reg>d$ _! ess5ce4 ,to ! ,*ur*1 bo? ^! views appe>$ to encroa* on ! my/]y ( ! inc>nation3 if ! two natures 7 held to be p]man5tly di/9ct1 !n 0 ! union ( ! div9e & human1 ! vital po9t ( ,*ri/ianity1 de/roy$2 if a mixture ( ! two 7 admitt$1 !n nei!r nature 9 its individual quality 0 capable ( a union ) ! o!r1 & ?us aga9 no true unity w\ld be atta9$4 ,h5ce bo? ^! op9ions 7 condemn$1 ! latt] 9 ! p]son ( ,euty*es1 ! =m]1 n ) equal ju/ice1 9 t ( ,ne/orius2 & z ! ,nic5e cre$ e/abli%$ ! true ,godhead ( ,*ri/1 s t ( ,*alc$on e/abli%$ 8 true & p]fect manhood1 & ! union ( ! two natures 9 "o undivid$ p]son4 #baii ,:5 subsequ5tly !re arose a controv]sy conc]n+ ! w ( ,*ri/1 analog\s to t conc]n+ 8 nature1 ! ,*ur*1 9 accordance ) its previ\s decisions1 pron\nc$ t 9 ,*ri/1 z ! ,god-man1 !re 7 two wills1 di/9ct b n discordant1 ! human w be+ subord9ate to ! div9e4 #bbjj ,9 comp>ison ) ! controv]sies on ! be+ & ess5ce ( ,*ri/1 ! o!r bran* ( ! fai?1 ! doctr9e ( 8 "w1 0 develop$ 9 tranquillity4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive view ( x 0 ?is3 ! ,son ( ,god1 by assum+ ! human nature1 gave x a holy & div9e "* #bbja--;above all he end[$ x ) immortality2 #bbjb :ile 9 a moral view1 ! mission ( ! ,son ( ,god into ! _w be+ ! highe/ pro( ( ! love ( ,god1 0 ! mo/ efficaci\s means ( awak5+ a return ( love 9 ! human brea/4 #bbjc ,to ?is "o great effect ( ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 7 annex$ collat]al b5efits3 8 salut>y tea*+1 8 sublime example1 7 held up to view1 #bbjd b especial importance 0 atta*$ to ! viol5t dea? :i* he suff]$4 ,! idea ( sub/itution1 already giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 0 m fully develop$3 ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 reg>d$1 n[ z a ransom paid by him to ! devil = ! lib]ation ( mank9d1 :o _h fall5 into ! p[] ( ! evil "o ?r\gh s92 n[ z a means devis$ by ,god = remov+ guilt1 & enabl+ him to remit ! puni%m5t ?reat5$ to ! s9s ( man1 )\t detrim5t to 8 tru?fulness1 ,*ri/ hav+ tak5 t puni%m5t on himself4 #bbje ,! latt] idea 0 work$ up by ,anselm1 9 8 book entitl$ ,cur ,deus homo1 into ! well kn[n !ory ( satisfaction1 by :i* ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s "w ( r$emption is plac$ 9 ! close/ connexion ) t ( 8 p]son4 ,man owes to ,god p]fect ob$i5ce2 b ! s9n]--& su*1 are all m5--)holds f ,god ! s]vice & hon\r :i* are ,8 due4 ,n[ ,god1 by reason ( 8 ju/ice1 _c suff] an (f5ce aga9/ 8 hon\r3 !re=e1 ei!r man mu/ volunt>ily re/ore to ,god t :i* is ,god's1 nay1 mu/1 = complete satisfaction1 r5d] to him m ?an he has hi!rto )held2 or1 ,god mu/ z a puni%m5t take f man t :i* is man's1 namely1 ! happ9ess = :i* he 0 orig9ally creat$4 ,man is n able to d ! =m]2 = z he owes to ,god all ! duties t he c p]=m1 9 ord] n to fall into s91 he c h no ov]plus ( m]it1 :]e) to cov] pa/ s9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t ,god %\ld obta9 satisfaction by ! infliction ( et]nal puni%m5t1 is oppos$ to 8 un*angeable goodness1 :i* moves him actually to lead man to t bliss = :i* he 0 orig9ally de/9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c happ5 consi/5tly ) div9e ju/ice1 unless satisfaction be made = man1 & accord+ to ! measure ( t :i* has be5 tak5 f ,god1 some?+ be r5d]$ to him1 great] ?an all else except ,god4 ,b ?is c be none o!r ?an ,god himself2 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 man alone c satisfy = man3 x mu/ !re=e be a ,god-man :o gives satisfaction4 ,moreov] ?is _c consi/ 9 active ob$i5ce1 9 a s9less life1 because e reasonable be+ owes ?is to ,god on 8 own behalf2 b to suff] dea?1 ! wages ( s91 a s9less be+ is n b\nd1 & ?us ! satisfaction = ! s9s ( man consi/s 9 ! dea? ( ! ,god-man1 ^: rew>d1 s9ce he himself1 z "o ) ,god1 _c be rew>d$1 is put to ! acc\nt ( man4 ,?is doctr9al sy/em ( ! anci5t *ur* conc]n+ ! p]son & "w ( ,*ri/1 pass$ also into ! confessions ( ! ,lu!ran *ur*es1 & 0 /ill m elaborately develop$ by _! !ologians4 #bbjf ,) reg>d to ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 !y adh]$ to ! union ( ! div9e & human natures 9 "o p]son3 accord+ to !m1 9 ! act ( ?is union1 unitio p]sonalis1 :i* 0 simultane\s ) ! conception1 x 0 ! div9e nature ( ! ,son ( ,god :i* adopt$ ! human into ! unity ( its p]sonality2 ! /ate ( union1 ! unio p]sonalis1 0 nei!r ess5tial1 nor yet m]ely accid5tal1 nei!r my/ical nor moral1 /ill less m]ely v]bal1 b a real & sup]natural union1 & et]nal 9 its duration4 ,f ?is union ) ! div9e nature1 !re result to ! human nature 9 ,*ri/ c]ta9 pre-em95t advantages3 namely1 :at at fir/ appe>s a defici5cy1 t ( be+ 9 itself imp]sonal1 & ( hav+ p]sonality only by its union ) ! div9e nature2 fur!r1 impeccability1 & ! possibility ( n dy+4 ,besides ^! special advantages1 ! human nature ( ,*ri/ obta9s o!rs also f its union ) ! div9e4 ,! relation ( ! two natures is n a dead1 ext]nal "o1 b a reciprocal p5etration1 a 2 an union n l t ( two bo>ds glu$ toge!r1 b l t ( fire & metal 9 gl[+ iron1 or ( ! body & s\l 9 man4 ,?is communion ( natures1 communio natur>um1 is manife/$ by a communication ( prop]ties1 communicatio idiomatum1 9 virtue ( :i* ! human nature p>ticipates 9 ! advantages ( ! div9e1 & ! div9e 9 ! r$eem+ "w ( ! human4 ,?is relation is express$ 9 ! propositions conc]n+ ! p]son1 propositionibus p]sonalibus1 & ^? conc]n+ ! prop]ties1 idiomaticis2 ! =m] are propositions 9 :i* ! concrete ( ! "o nature1 i4e4 ! "o nature z conceiv$ 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 is pr$icat$ ( ! o!r1 z 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #dg3 ! second man is ! ,"l f heav52 ! latt] are propositions 9 :i* det]m9ations ( "o or ! o!r nature1 are ref]r$ to ! entire p]son 7g5us idiomaticum71 or 9 :i* acts ( ! entire p]son are ref]r$ to "o or ! o!r nature 7g5us apotelesmaticum71 or la/ly1 9 :i* attributes ( ! "o nature are transf]r$ to ! o!r1 :i* h[ev] is only possible f ! div9e to ! human1 n f ! human to ! div9e 7g5us au*ematicum74 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! successive /ages ( ! "w ( r$emption1 ,*ri/ ) 8 p]son end[$ ) two natures1 exp]i5c$1 accord+ to ! expression ( ! dogmatical !ologians1 f\nd$ on ,phil4 ii4 #f ff41 two /ates1 /atum ex9anitionis1 & /atum exaltationis4 ,8 human nature 9 its union ) ! div9e1 p>ticipat$ f ! mom5t ( conception 9 div9e prop]ties3 b z dur+ 8 e>?ly life ,jesus made no cont9u\s use ( !m1 t life to ! "t ( 8 dea? & burial1 is reg>d$ z a /ate ( humiliation3 :]eas1 ) ! resurrection1 or ev5 ) ! desc5t into hell1 comm5c$ ! /ate ( exaltation :i* 0 consummat$ by ! sessio ad dextram patris4 ,z to ! "w ( ,*ri/1 ! doctr9e ( our ,*ur* attributes to him a triple (fice4 ,z prophet1 he has reveal$ to man ! highe/ tru?1 ! div9e decree ( r$emption1 confirm+ 8 te/imony by miracles2 & he /ill unceas+ly controls ! ann\ncem5t ( ?is tru?4 ,z high prie/1 he has1 on ! "o h&1 by 8 irreproa*able life1 fulfill$ ! law 9 our /ead 7ob$i5tia activa72 on ! o!r1 he has borne1 9 8 suff]+s & dea?1 ! puni%m5t :i* imp5d$ ov] u 7ob$i5tia passiva71 & n[ p]petually int]c$es = u ) ! ,fa!r4 ,la/ly1 z k+1 he gov]ns ! _w1 & m p>ticul>ly ! ,*ur*1 :i* he w lead f ! conflicts ( e>? to ! glory ( heav51 complet+ its de/9y by ! g5]al resurrection & ! la/ judgm5t4 #adf4 ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,! ,re=m$ ,*ur* did n g ?us f> ) ! ,lu!rans 9 _! doctr9e ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 = !y did n admit ! la/ & bolde/ consequ5ce drawn by ! latt] f ! union ( ! manhood & ,godhead--! communicatio idiomatum1 or communication ( prop]ties4 ,! ,lu!rans !mselves did n hold t ! prop]ties ( ! human nature 7 communicat$ to ! div9e1 nor t all ! prop]ties ( ! div9e nature1 et]nity = example1 c\ld be communicat$ to ! human2 #bbjg & ?is gave occasion on ! "p ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 to ! foll[+ objection3 ! communication ( prop]ties mu/ be reciprocal & complete1 or x is none at all2 moreov]1 by ! communication ( ! prop]ties ( an inf9ite nature to a f9ite "o1 ! latt] is n less annihilat$ z to its ess5ce ?an an inf9ite nature w\ld be1 7 x to receive ! prop]ties ( a f9ite "o4 #bbjh ,:5 ! ,lu!rans s\ght %elt] 9 ! position1 t ! prop]ties ( ! "o nature 7 only s f> %>$ by ! o!r1 z accord+ to its "* is possible1 uti p] suam indolem pote/1 #bbji !y 9 fact did away altoge!r ) ! communicatio idiomatum2 & inde$ ?is doctr9e has be5 explicitly giv5 up ev5 by or?odox !ologians s9ce ,re9h>d4 ,b ! simple root ( ?is complicat$ ex*ange ( prop]ties1 ! union ( ! div9e & human natures 9 "o p]son1 has also met ) contradiction4 ,! ,soc9ians d5i$ x on ! gr\nd t two natures1 ea* ( :i* alone con/itutes a p]son1 _c be unit$ to =m a s+le p]son1 especially :5 !y possess prop]ties s opposite1 z :]e ! "o is immortal1 ! o!r mortal1 ! "o uncreat$1 ! o!r creat$2 #bbaj & ! ,rationali/s agree ) !m1 insi/+ m p>ticul>ly t ! =mul ( ! ,*ur*1 9 :i* ! above union is def9$1 are almo/ entirely negative1 ?us pres5t+ no conception to ! m9d1 & t 9 a ,*ri/1 :o by ! aid ( a div9e nature dwell+ )9 him1 )/ood evil & kept himself f s91 ! man :o is de/itute ( su* aid c h no true example4 #bbaa ,! ess5tial & t5able po9ts ( ! rationali/ic objections to ?is doctr9e1 h be5 ! mo/ acutely p]ceiv$ & arrang$ by ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o1 on ?is subject z on _m o!rs1 has br\ght ! negative criticism ( ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur* to complet5ess4 #bbab ,be=e all else he f9ds x a difficulty1 t by ! expression1 div9e nature & human nature1 div9ity & humanity are plac$ "u "o category1 & :at is m1 "u ! category ( nature1 :i* ess5tially d5otes only a limit$ be+1 conceiv$ by means ( its opposite4 ,fur!r1 :ile ord9>ily "o nature is common to _m individuals or p]sons1 "h "o p]son is suppos$ to p>take ( two diff]5t natures4 ,n[ if by p]son be meant ! p]man5t consci\s unity ( a liv+ be+1 & by nature1 ! sum ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! conditions ( life 9 t be+3 x is n to be conceiv$1 h[ two opposite sy/ems ( conditions c h b "o c5tre4 ,! absurdity ( ?is doctr9e becomes1 accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 especially evid5t 9 ! supposition ( two wills 9 ,*ri/1 s9ce1 = consi/5cy1 two wills mu/ be associat$ ) two und]/&+s1 & z ! und]/&+ & w con/itute ! p]sonality1 ,*ri/ w\ld on ?is supposition be inevitably divid$ into two p]sons4 ,x is true t ! two wills are suppos$ always to w 9 unison3 b1 on ! "o h&1 !re results f ?is only a moral1 n a p]sonal unity2 on ! o!r h&1 ?is unison ( wills is n possible 9 relation to ! div9e & ! human w1 s9ce ! latt]1 :i* f its v ess5ce c only ex]cise itself on p>ticul>s z !y pres5t !mselves 9 succession1 c z little w ! same ) ! =m]1 ^: object is ! :ole 9 its developm5t1 z ! human und]/&+1 :i* acts by reason+1 c ?9k ! same ) ! div9e und]/&+1 :i* acts intuitively4 ,h5ce x evid5tly foll[s also t a communication ( prop]ties betwe5 ! two natures is n to be admitt$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! "w ( ,*ri/ did n escape a simil> criticism4 ,pass+ ov] :at has be5 object$ 9 po9t ( =m to ! division ( ?is "w into ?ree (fices1 ! ideas ( revelation & miracles1 "u ! head ( ! prophetic (fice1 7 *iefly call$ 9 "q4 ,x 0 argu$ t ^! ideas agre$ nei!r objectively ) j conceptions ( ,god & ! _w 9 _! reciprocal relation1 nor subjectively ) ! laws ( ! human intellect2 t ! p]fect ,god c\ld n h creat$ a _w :i* f "t to "t ne$$ ! extraord9>y int]position ( ! ,creator1 nor m p>ticul>ly a human nature :i* 0 incapable ( atta9+ its de/9ation by ! developm5t ( its innate faculties2 t ! immutable ,be+ c\ld n op]ate on ! _w fir/ 9 ?is mann]1 !n 9 t1 at "o "t m$iately1 at ano!r imm$iately1 b t he mu/ always h op]at$ on x 9 ! same mann]1 namely1 9 himself & on ! :ole imm$iately1 b = u & on individuals m$iately2 t to admit an int]ruption ( ! ord] ( nature1 & ( ! developm5t ( humanity1 w\ld be to r5\nce all rational ?\ght1 :ile1 9 ! p>ticul> case 9 "q1 a revelation or miracle is n confid5tly to be recogniz$ z su*1 s9ce1 9 ord] to be sure t c]ta9 results h n proce$$ f ! p[]s ( nature & ! faculties ( ! human m9d1 a p]fect k ( ! res\rces ( bo? w\ld be requisite1 & ( su* a k man is n possess$4 #bbac ,b ! ma9 difficulty lay 9 ! (fice ( high prie/1 attribut$ to ,jesus--9 ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t4 ,t :i* especially drew =? objections 0 ! human aspect :i* 9 ,anselm's sy/em 0 giv5 to ! relation ( ,god to ! ,son ( man4 ,z x well becomes man to =give (f5ces )\t exact+ v5geance1 s1 ?\ght ,soc9us1 might ,god =give ! (f5ces committ$ aga9/ him by m51 )\t satisfaction4 #bbad ,to meet ?is objection ,hugo ,grotius argu$1 t n z 9 consequ5ce ( p]sonal injuries1 b to ma9ta9 ! ord] ( ! moral _w inviolable1 or 9 virtue ( 8 ju/itia rectoria1 ,god _c =give s9s )\t satisfaction4 #bbae ,nev]!less1 grant+ ! necessity = satisfaction1 x did n appe> to be met by ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,:ile ,anselm1 & /ill m decid$ly ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #bbaf spoke ( a satisfactio sup]abundans1 ,soc9us d5i$ t ,*ri/ _h ev5 borne z mu* puni%m5t z m5 h des]v$2 = e individual man hav+ des]v$ et]nal dea?1 consequ5tly1 z _m sub/itutes z s9n]s ought to h suff]$ et]nal dea?2 :]eas 9 ?is case1 ! s+le ,*ri/ has suff]$ m]ely temporal dea?1 & t z an introduction to ! highe/ glory2 nor did ?is dea? atta* to 8 div9e nature1 s t x might be said to h inf9ite value1 b only to 8 human nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,duns ,scotus1 #bbag 9 opposition to ,?omas1 & subsequ5tly ,grotius & ! ,arm9ians 7equi-di/ant f or?odoxy & ,soc9ianism71 adopt$ ! exp$i5t ( ma9ta9+1 t ! m]it ( ,*ri/ 0 inde$ 9 itself f9ite l its subject1 8 human nature1 & h5ce 0 inadequate z a satisfaction = ! s9s ( ! _w2 b t ,god accept$ x z adequate out ( 8 free grace4 ,b f ! admission t ,god c cont5t himself ) an inadequate satisfaction1 & ?us c =give a "p ( ! guilt )\t satisfaction1 x foll[s necess>ily1 t he mu/ also be able ?us to =give ! :ole4 ,besides ^! m precise def9itions1 h[ev]1 ! fundam5tal idea ( ! :ole fabric1 namely1 t "o individual c take ^u himself ! puni%m5t due to ! s9s ( ano!r1 has be5 attack$ z an ignorant transf]5ce ( ! conditions ( a l[] ord] ( relation to a high]4 ,moral transgressions1 x has be5 said1 are n transmissible obligations2 x is n ) !m z ) debts ( money1 :i* x is immat]ial to ! cr$itor :o pays1 provid$ !y are paid2 r x is ess5tial to ! puni%m5t ( s91 t x %\ld fall on ! guilty only4 #bbah ,if1 accord+ to ?is1 ! s-call$ passive ob$i5ce ( ,*ri/ _c h be5 vic>i\s1 /ill less c 8 active ob$i5ce h be5 s1 s9ce z man he 0 b\nd to r5d] ?is on 8 own behalf4 #bbai ,9 relation to ! k+ly (fice ( ,*ri/1 ! hope ( 8 second adv5t to judge ! _w lo/ gr\nd 9 ! s5tim5t ( ! ,*ur*1 9 proportion z ! op9ion obta9$1 t e individual ent]s on a /ate ( complete retribution imm$iately aft] dea?1 = ?is op9ion made ! g5]al judgm5t appe> sup]flu\s4 #bbbj #adg4 ,,! ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,rationalism4 ,! ,rationali/s1 reject+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* conc]n+ ,*ri/1 8 p]son1 & 8 "w1 z self-contradictory1 useless1 nay1 ev5 hurtful to ! true morality ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 prop\nd$ 9 its /ead a sy/em :i*1 :ile x avoid$ all contradictions1 yet 9 a c]ta9 s5se reta9$ = ,jesus ! "* ( a div9e manife/ation1 :i* ev51 rightly consid]$1 plac$ him f> high]1 & moreov] embodi$ ! /ronge/ motives to practical piety4 #bbba ,accord+ to !m1 ,jesus 0 /ill a div9e mess5g]1 a special fav\rite & *>ge ( ! ,deity1 inasmu* z1 furni%$ by ! disposition ( ,provid5ce ) an extraord9>y measure ( spiritual end[m5t1 he 0 born 9 an age & nation1 & guid$ 9 a c>e]1 ! mo/ fav\rable to 8 developm5t into t = :i* he 0 de/9$2 &1 especially1 inasmu* z he 0 subject$ to a species ( dea? t r5d]$ possible 8 app>5t resurrection1 on :i* dep5d$ ! success ( 8 entire "w1 & 0 encompass$ by a s]ies ( circum/ances :i* actually br\ght t resurrection to pass4 ,! ,rationali/s hold t _! idea ( ! ,*ri/ is n ess5tially bel[ ! or?odox "o1 z reg>ds 8 natural end[m5ts & 8 ext]nal de/9y1 = 9 _! view also he is ! greate/ man t ev] trod ! e>?--a h]o1 9 ^: fate ,provid5ce is 9 ! highe/ degree glorifi$3 :ile1 z reg>ds ! int]nal developm5t & free ag5cy ( ,jesus1 !y believe _! doctr9e ess5tially to surpass t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ri/ ( ! ,*ur*1 !y cont5d1 is a m]e automaton1 ^: manhood lies "u ! control ( 8 ,godhead l a lifeless in/rum5t1 :i* acts ) moral p]fection because x has no p[] to s91 & = ?is reason c nei!r h moral m]it1 nor be ! object ( affection & rev]5ce3 accord+ to ! rationali/ic view1 on ! contr>y1 ,jesus _h implant$ 9 him by ,god ! natural conditions only ( t :i* he 0 ultimately to become1 & 8 realization ( ?is de/9y 0 ! result ( 8 own spontaneity4 ,8 admirable wisdom he acquir$ by ! judici\s application ( 8 intellectual p[]s1 & ! consci5ti\s use ( all ! aids )9 8 rea*2 8 moral greatness1 by ! zeal\s culture ( 8 moral dispositions1 ! re/ra9t ( 8 s5sual incl9ations & passions1 & a scrupul\s ob$i5ce to ! voice ( 8 consci5ce3 & on ^! alone re/$ all t 0 exalt$ 9 8 p]sonality1 all t 0 enc\rag+ 9 8 example4 ,z reg>ds ! "w ( ,jesus1 ! rationali/ic view is1 t he has ende>$ himself to mank9d by ?is above all else1 t he has taught !m a religion to :i* = its purity & excell5ce is ju/ly ascrib$ a c]ta9 div9e p[] & dignity2 & t he has illu/rat$ & en=c$ ?is religion by ! brilliant example ( 8 own life4 ,?is prophetic (fice ( ,*ri/ is ) ,soc9ians & ,rationali/s ! ess5ce ( 8 "w1 & to ?is !y ref] all ! re/1 especially :at ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* compreh5ds "u ! (fice ( high prie/4 ,) !m ! s-call$ active ob$i5ce has value solely z an example2 & ! dea? ( ,jesus conduces to ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 solely by fur!r+ ! re=mation ( ! s9n] 9 "o ( ^! two ways3 ei!r1 z a confirmation ( 8 doctr9e1 & a type ( ! devot$ fulfilm5t ( duty1 x s]ves to k9dle a zeal = virtue2 or1 z a pro( ( ! love ( ,god to man1 ( 8 incl9ation to p>don ! conv]t$ s9n]1 x invigorates moral c\rage4 #bbbb ,if ,*ri/ 0 no m1 & did no m1 ?an ?is rationali/ic doctr9e supposes1 x is n easy to see h[ piety has come to make him h] special object1 or dogmatism to lay d[n special propositions conc]n+ him4 ,consi/5t ,rationali/s h 9 fact admitt$1 t :at ! or?odox dogma calls ,*ri/ology1 =ms no integral "p ( ! rationali/ic sy/em1 s9ce ?is sy/em consi/s inde$ ( a religion :i* ,*ri/ taught1 b n ( a religion ( :i* he is ! object2 t1 view+ ,*ri/ology z ! doctr9e ( ! ,messiah1 x is m]ely an accommodation to ! ,jewi% m9d1--t ev5 tak5 9 a m noble s5se1 z ! doctr9e ( ! life1 ! actions1 & ! fate ( ,jesus z a div9e mess5g]1 x does n belong to a sy/em ( fai?1 = ! univ]sal tru?s ( religion are z little connect$ ) our ideas conc]n+ ! p]son ( him :o fir/ enunciat$ !m1 z are ! philosophical propositions 9 ! sy/ems ( ,leibnitz & ,wolf1 ( ,kant1 ,fi*te1 & ,s*ell+1 ) ! op9ions we may happ5 to =m ( ! p]sons ( _! au?ors2 t :at relates to ! p]son & "w ( ,jesus belongs1 n to religion itself1 b to ! hi/ory ( religion1 & mu/ ei!r be prefix$ to a sy/em ( religi\s doctr9e z an hi/orical introduction1 or app5d$ to x z an elucidatory sequel4 #bbbc ,accord+ly ,h5ke1 9 8 ,l9eam5ts1 has remov$ ,*ri/ology f its wont$ position z an integral "p ( sy/ematic !ology1 & has plac$ x z a subdivision "u ! head ( an?ropology4 ,?us1 h[ev]1 ,rationalism ent]s into op5 w> ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 = x seeks to ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd1 nay1 to bani% f ! prov9ce ( !ology1 t :i* is its ess5tial po9t1 & corn]-/one4 ,b ?is v opposition is decisive ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! rationali/ic sy/em1 prov+ t x does n p]=m :at is dem&$ f e sy/em ( religi\s doctr9e3 namely1 fir/1 to give adequate expression to ! fai? :i* is ! object ( ! doctr9e2 & secondly1 to place ?is expression 9 a relation1 :e!r positive or negative1 to sci5ce4 ,n[ ! ,rationali/s1 9 ! ef=t to br+ ! fai? into h>mony ) sci5ce1 re/rict its expression2 = a ,*ri/ :o is only a di/+ui%$ man1 creates inde$ no difficulty to ! und]/&+1 b is n ! ,*ri/ 9 :om ! ,*ur* believes4 #adh4 ,,! ,,eclectic ,,*ri/ology ,,( ,,s*lei]ma*]4 ,x is ! ef=t ( ?is !ologian to avoid bo? ^! ungrateful results1 & )\t prejudice to ! fai?1 to =m su* a conception ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ z may be pro( aga9/ ! attacks ( sci5ce4 #bbbd ,on ! "o h&1 he has adopt$ 9 its fulle/ ext5t ! negative criticism direct$ by ,rationalism aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 nay1 he has r5d]$ x ev5 m se>*+2 on ! o!r h&1 he has s\ght to reta9 :at ,rationalism _h lo/1 ! ess5tial "p ( positive ,*ri/ianity3 & ?us he has sav$ _m 9 ^! days f ! n>r[ness ( ,supranaturalism1 & ! empt9ess ( ,rationalism4 ,?is simplification ( ! fai? ,s*lei]ma*] effects 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 he does n set out1 ) ! ,prote/ant1 f ! doctr9e ( ,scripture1 nor ) ! ,ca?olic f ! decision ( ! *ur*1 = 9 bo? ^! ways he w\ld h to deal ) a precise1 develop$ sy/em1 :i*1 hav+ orig9at$ 9 remote c5turies1 mu/ come into collision ) ! sci5ce ( ! pres5t day2 b he sets out f ! consci\sness ( ! ,*ri/ian1 f t int]nal exp]i5ce result+ to ! individual f 8 connexion ) ! ,*ri/ian community1 & he ?us obta9s a mat]ial :i*1 z its basis is feel+1 is m flexible1 & to :i* x is easi] to give dialectically a =m t satisfies sci5ce4 ,z a memb] ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*--?is is ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! ,*ri/ology ( ,s*lei]ma*] #bbbe--;,i am consci\s ( ! removal ( my s9fulness1 & ! imp>tation ( absolute p]fection3 9 o!r words1 9 communion ) ! *ur*1 ,i feel op]at+ ^u me ! influ5ce ( a s9less & p]fect pr9ciple4 ,?is influ5ce _c proce$ f ! ,*ri/ian community z an effect ( ! reciprocal action ( its memb]s on ea* o!r2 = to e "o ( ^! s9 & imp]fection are inh]5t1 & ! co-op]ation ( impure be+s c nev] produce any?+ pure z its result4 ,x mu/ be ! influ5ce ( "o :o possess$ t s9lessness & p]fection z p]sonal qualities1 & :o moreov] /&s 9 su* a relation to ! ,*ri/ian community1 t he c imp>t ^! qualities to its memb]s3 t is1 s9ce ! ,*ri/ian *ur* c\ld n exi/ prior to ?is imp>tation1 x mu/ be ! influ5ce ( its f\nd]4 ,z ,*ri/ians1 we f9d some?+ op]at$ )9 u2 h5ce1 z f e effect we argue to its cause1 we inf] ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/1 & f ?is aga91 ! nature ( 8 p]son1 :i* mu/ h _h ! p[]s necess>y to ! ex]tion ( ?is influ5ce4 ,to speak m closely1 t :i* we exp]i5ce z memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 is a /r5g!n+ ( our consci\sness ( ,god1 9 its relation to our s5su\s exi/5ce2 t is1 x is r5d]$ easi] to u to deprive ! s5ses ( _! asc5dancy )9 u1 to make all our impressions ! s]vants ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 & all our actions its (fspr+4 ,accord+ to :at has be5 /at$ above1 ?is is ! effect wr\ght 9 u by ,*ri/1 :o imp>ts to u ! /r5g? ( 8 consci\sness ( ,god1 frees u f ! bondage ( s5suality & s91 & is ?us ! ,r$eem]4 ,9 ! feel+ ( ! /r5g!n$ consci\sness ( ,god :i* ! ,*ri/ian possesses by 8 communion ) ! ,r$eem]1 ! ob/ructions ( 8 natural & social life are n felt z ob/ructions to 8 consci\sness ( ,god2 !y d n int]rupt ! bless$ness :i* he enjoys 9 8 inmo/ religi\s life2 :at has be5 call$ evil1 & div9e *a/isem5t1 is n su* = him3 & z x is ,*ri/ :o by receiv+ him into ! communion ( 8 bless$ness1 frees him !refrom1 ! (fice ( expiation is unit$ to t ( r$emption4 ,9 ?is s5se alone is ! doctr9e ( ! *ur* conc]n+ ! ?reefold (fice ( ,*ri/ to be int]pret$4 ,he is a prophet1 9 t by ! ^w--by ! sett+ =? ( himself1 & n o!rwise1--he c\ld draw mank9d t[>ds himself1 & !re=e ! *ief object ( 8 doctr9e 0 8 own p]son2 he is at once a high prie/ & a sacrifice1 9 t he1 ! s9less "o1 f ^: exi/5ce1 !re=e1 no evil c\ld be evolv$1 ent]$ into communion ) ! life ( s9ful humanity1 & endur$ ! evils :i* adh]e to x1 t he might take u into communion ) 8 s9less & bless$ life3 9 o!r words1 deliv] u f ! p[] & consequ5ces ( s9 & evil1 & pres5t u pure be=e ,god2 la/ly1 he is a k+1 9 t he br+s ^! bless+s to mank9d 9 ! =m ( an organiz$ society1 ( :i* he is ! head4 ,f ?is :i* ,*ri/ effects1 we ga!r :at he is4 ,if we owe to him ! cont9ual /r5g!n+ ( ! consci\sness ( ,god )9 u1 ?is consci\sness mu/ h exi/$ 9 him 9 absolute /r5g?1 s t x1 or ,god 9 ! =m ( ! consci\sness1 0 ! only op]ative =ce )9 him1 & ?is is ! s5se ( ! expression ( ! *ur*--,god became man 9 ,*ri/4 ,if1 fur!r1 ,*ri/ works 9 u a m & m complete conque/ ov] s5suality1 9 himself !re mu/ h be5 an absolute conque/ ov] x2 9 no mom5t ( 8 life c ! s5sual consci\sness h disput$ ! victory ) 8 consci\sness ( ,god2 nev] c a vacillation or /ruggle h _h place )9 him3 9 o!r words1 ! human nature 9 him 0 s9less1 & 9 ! /rict] s5se1 t1 9 virtue ( ! ess5tial pr$om9ance )9 him ( ! high] p[]s ov] ! l[]1 x 0 impossible = him to s94 ,by ?is peculi>ity ( 8 nature he is ! ,ar*etype1 ! actualization ( ! ideal ( humanity1 :i* 8 *ur* c only approa*1 nev] surpass2 yet mu/ he1--= o!rwise !re c\ld be no true fell[%ip betwe5 him & u1--h be5 develop$ "u ! ord9>y conditions ( human life3 ! ideal mu/ 9 him h be5 p]fectly hi/orical1 ea* phasis ( 8 actual life mu/ h borne ! impress ( ! ideal2 & ?is is ! prop] s5se ( ! *ur* =mula1 t ! div9e & human nature 7 9 him unit$ into "o p]son4 ,only ?us f> c ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ be d$uc$ f ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian1 & ?us f>1 accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 x is n oppos$ to sci5ce3 :atev] 9 ! dogma ( ! *ur* goes beyond ?is1--z1 = example1 ! sup]natural conception ( ,jesus1 & 8 miracles1 also ! facts ( ! resurrection & asc5sion1 & ! prophecies ( 8 second com+ to judge ! _w1--ought n to be br\ght =w>d z integral p>ts ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ ,= he f ^: influ5ce ^u u comes all ! /r5g!n+ ( our consci\sness ( ,god1 may h be5 ! ,*ri/1 ?\gh he %\ld n h ris5 bodily f ! dead1 & asc5d$ into heav51 etc43 s t we believe ^! facts1 n because !y are involv$ 9 our int]nal exp]i5ce1 b only because !y are /at$ 9 ,scripture2 n s mu*1 !re=e1 9 a religi\s & dogmatical1 z 9 an hi/orical mann]4 ,?is ,*ri/ology is und5iably a beautiful ef=t ( ?\ght1 & z we %all pres5tly see1 does ! utmo/ t[>ds r5d]+ ! union ( ! div9e & ! human 9 ,*ri/ conceivable2 b if its au?or suppos$ t he kept ! fai? unmutilat$ & sci5ce un(f5d$1 we are compell$ to pron\nce t he 0 9 bo? po9ts deceiv$4 #bbbf ,sci5ce op5s its attack on ! proposition1 t ! ideal man 0 hi/orically manife/$ 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,x did n escape ,s*lei]ma*] himself t ?is 0 a dang]\s po9t4 ,no soon] has he put =? ! above proposition1 ?an he reflects on ! difficulty ( suppos+ t ! ideal %\ld be realiz$ 9 "o hi/orical individual2 s9ce1 9 o!r cases1 we nev] f9d ! ideal realiz$ 9 a s+le appe>ance1 b only 9 an entire cycle ( appe>ances1 :i* reciprocally complete ea* o!r4 ,x is true t ?is !ologian does n hold ! "* ( ,*ri/1 z ! ideal man1 to ext5d to ! manifold relations ( human life1 s z to be ! ar*etype = all ! sci5ce1 art1 & policy1 t are develop$ 9 human society2 he conf9es x to ! doma9 ( ! consci\sness ( ,god4 ,b1 z ,s*mid has ju/ly obs]v$1 ?is does n alt] ! case1 = ! consci\sness ( ,god also1 be+1 9 its developm5t & manife/ation1 subject to ! conditions ( f9it5ess & imp]fection2 ! supposition t ev5 9 ?is dep>tm5t exclusively1 ! ideal 0 manife/$ 9 a s+le hi/orical individual1 involves a violation ( ! laws ( nature by a miracle4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is f> f al>m+ ,s*lei]ma*]2 on ! contr>y1 he ma9ta9s t ?is is ! place1 & ! only place1 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e mu/ necess>ily admit a miracle1 s9ce ! orig9at+ ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ c only be conceiv$ z ! result ( a special div9e act ( creation4 ,x is true1 he limits ! miracul\s to ! fir/ introduction ( ,*ri/ into ! s]ies ( exi/5ces1 & all[s ! :ole ( 8 fur!r developm5t to h be5 subject to all ! conditions ( f9ite exi/5ce3 b ?is concession _c repair ! brea*1 :i* ! supposition only ( "o miracle makes 9 ! sci5tific !ory ( ! _w4 ,/ill less c any help be d]iv$ f vague analogies l ! foll[+3 z x is /ill possible t matt] %\ld beg9 to agglom]ate & !nce to revolve 9 inf9ite space2 s sci5ce mu/ admit1 t !re may be 9 ! doma9 ( spiritual life an appe>ance1 :i* 9 l mann] we c only expla9 z ! comm5cem5t1 ! fir/ po9t1 9 a high] process ( developm5t4 #bbbg ,?is comp>ison sugge/s ! obs]vation made by ,braniss1 namely1 t x w\ld be contr>y to ! laws ( all developm5t to reg>d ! initial memb] ( a s]ies z ! greate/--to suppose t 9 ,*ri/1 ! f\nd] ( t community1 ! object ( :i* is ! /r5g!n+ ( ! consci\sness ( ,god1 ! /r5g? ( ?is consci\sness 0 absolute1 a p]fection :i* is r ! inf9itely di/ant goal ( ! progressive developm5t ( ! community f\nd$ by him4 ,s*lei]ma*] does inde$ attribute to ,*ri/ianity p]fectibility 9 a c]ta9 s5se3 n z a capability ( surpass+ ,*ri/ 9 8 nature1 b solely 9 ! conditions ( its manife/ation4 ,8 view is ?is3 ! limitation1 ! imp]fection ( ! relations ( ,*ri/1 ! language 9 :i* he express$ himself1 ! nationality )9 :i* he 0 plac$1 modifi$ 8 ?\ghts & actions1 b 9 _! =m alone2 _! ess5ce rema9$ nev]!less ! p]fect ideal4 ,n[ if ,*ri/ianity 9 its progressive advancem5t 9 doctr9e & practice1 rejects m & m ( ^? temporal & national limitations by :i* ! actions & tea*+ ( ,jesus 7 circumscrib$2 ?is is n to surpass ,*ri/1 x is r to give a m p]fect expression ( 8 inn] life4 ,b1 z ,s*mid has satisfactorily %[n1 an hi/orical individual is t :i* appe>s ( him1 & no m2 8 int]nal nature is kn[n by 8 words & actions1 ! condition ( 8 age & nation are a "p ( 8 individuality1 & :at lies b5ea? ?is ph5om5al exi/5ce z ! ess5ce1 is n ! nature ( ?is individual1 b ! human nature 9 g5]al1 :i* 9 p>ticul> be+s op]ates only "u ! limitations ( _! individuality1 ( "t1 & ( circum/ances4 ,?us to surpass ! hi/orical appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 is to rise ne>]1 n to 8 nature1 b to ! idea ( humanity 9 g5]al2 & if we are to suppose t x is /ill ,*ri/ ^: nature is m truly express$1 :5 ) ! rejection ( ! temporal & national1 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( 8 doctr9e & life are fur!r develop$3 x w\ld n be difficult1 by a simil> ab/raction1 to repres5t ,socrates1 z ! "o :o 9 ?is mann] _c be surpass$4 ,z nei!r an individual 9 g5]al1 nor1 9 p>ticul>1 ! comm5c+ po9t 9 an hi/orical s]ies1 c pres5t ! p]fect ideal3 s1 if ,*ri/ be reg>d$ decid$ly z man1 ! ar*etypal nature & developm5t :i* ,s*lei]ma*] ascribes to him1 _c be br\ght to accord ) ! laws ( human exi/5ce4 ,impeccability1 9 ! s5se ( ! impossibility ( s9n+1 z x is suppos$ to exi/ 9 ,*ri/1 is a quality totally incompatible ) ! human nature2 = to man1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 ag5cy be+ liable to guidance by ! motives ( ! s5ses z well z ( ! reason1 ! possibility ( s9n+ is ess5tial4 ,& if ,*ri/ 0 entirely free f inw>d conflict1 f all vacillation ( ! spiritual life betwe5 good & evil1 he c\ld n be a man ( l nature ) u2 = ! action & re-action betwe5 ! spiritual nature 9 g5]al & ! ext]nal _w1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 betwe5 ! sup]ior religi\s & moral p[]s1 & ! op]ations ( ! m9d 9 subord9ation to ! s5ses1 necess>ily manife/s itself z a conflict4 #bbbh ,if1 on ! "o side1 ! ,*ri/ology 9 "q is f> f satisfy+ sci5ce1 x is equally f>1 on ! o!r side1 f satisfy+ ! fai?4 ,we w n ent] into ^? po9ts 9 :i*1 in/ead ( ! decisions ( ! *ur*1 x at lea/ (f]s acceptable sub/itutes 7conc]n+ :i*1 h[ev]1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r !y are a full comp5sation74 #bbbi ,its disagreem5t ) ! fai? is ! mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! position1 t ! facts ( ! resurrection & asc5sion d n =m ess5tial p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,= ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ is ! f\ndation /one1 )\t :i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur* c\ld n h be5 built2 nor c\ld ! cycle ( ,*ri/ian fe/ivals1 :i* are ! ext]nal repres5tation ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 n[ suff] a m fatal mutilation ?an by ! removal ( ! fe/ival ( ,ea/]3 ! ,*ri/ :o di$ c\ld n be :at he is 9 ! belief ( ! *ur*1 if he 7 n also ! ,*ri/ :o rose aga94 ,?us ! doctr9e ( ,s*lei]ma*] conc]n+ ! p]son & conditions ( ,*ri/1 betrays a tw(old inadequacy1 n meet+ ! requirem5ts ei!r ( ! fai? ( ! *ur*1 or ( sci5ce4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 f 8 doctr9e ( ! "w ( ,*ri/1 t 9 ord] to satisfy ! =m] s f> z is "h done1 su* a contradiction ( ! latt] 0 q unnecess>y1 & an easi] c\rse might h be5 pursu$4 ,= re/+ m]ely on a backw>d inf]5ce f ! inw>d exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian z ! effect1 to ! p]son ( ,*ri/ z ! cause1 ! ,*ri/ology ( ,s*lei]ma*] has b a frail support1 s9ce x _c be prov$ t t inw>d exp]i5ce is n to be expla9$ )\t ! actual exi/5ce ( su* a ,*ri/4 ,s*lei]ma*] himself did n ov]look ! probable objection t ! *ur*1 induc$ m]ely by ! relative excell5ce ( ,jesus1 conceiv$ an ideal ( absolute p]fection1 & transf]r$ ?is to ! hi/orical ,*ri/1 f :i* comb9ation %e cont9ually /r5g!ns & vivifies h] consci\sness ( ,god3 b he held ?is objection to be preclud$ by ! obs]vation1 t s9ful humanity1 by reason ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! w & ! und]/&+1 is incapable ( conceiv+ an immaculate ideal4 ,b1 z x has be5 aptly rem>k$1 if ,s*lei]ma*] claims a miracle = ! orig9ation ( 8 real ,*ri/1 we h an equal "r to claim "o = ! orig9ation ( ! ideal ( a ,*ri/ 9 ! human s\l4 #bbcj ,mean:ile1 x is n true t s9ful human nature is incapable ( conceiv+ a s9less ideal4 ,if by ?is ideal be und]/ood m]ely a g5]al conception1 !n ! conception ( ! p]fect & ! s9less is z necess>ily co-exi/5t ) ! consci\sness ( imp]fection & s9fulness z ! conception ( inf9ity ) t ( f9it5ess2 s9ce ! two ideas conditionate "o ano!r1 & ! "o is n possible )\t ! o!r4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 by ?is ideal be meant a concrete image1 ! conception ( a "* 9 :i* all ! individual features are portray$1 x may be admitt$ t a s9ful individual or age _c depict su* an image )\t blemi%2 b ( ?is inability ! age or individual itself is n consci\s1 n hav+ any sup]ior /&>d1 & if ! image be b slightly drawn1 if x leave room = ! modifications ( increas$ enlight5m5t1 x may cont9ue to be reg>d$ z immaculate ev5 by a lat] & m cle>-sight$ age1 s long z ?is age is incl9$ to view x "u ! mo/ fav\rable light4 ,we may n[ e/imate ! tru? ( ! reproa*1 :i* made ,s*lei]ma*] s indignant1 namely1 t 8 0 n an hi/orical1 b an ideal ,*ri/4 ,x is unju/ 9 relation to ! op9ion ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 = he firmly believ$ t ! ,*ri/1 z con/ru$ by him1 really liv$2 b x is j 9 relation to ! hi/orical /ate ( ! facts1 because su* a ,*ri/ nev] exi/$ b 9 idea2 & 9 ?is s5se1 inde$1 ! reproa* has ev5 a /rong] be>+ on ! sy/em ( ! *ur*1 because ! ,*ri/ !re9 pres5t$ c /ill less h exi/$4 ,la/ly1 x is j 9 relation to ! consequ5ce ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s sy/em1 s9ce to effect :at ,s*lei]ma*] makes him effect1 no o!r ,*ri/ is necess>y1 &1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,s*lei]ma*] respect+ ! relation ( ,god to ! _w1 ( ! sup]natural to ! natural1 no o!r ,*ri/ is possible1 ?an an ideal "o3--& 9 ?is s5se ! reproa* atta*es specifically to ,s*lei]ma*]'s doctr9e1 = accord+ to ! premises ( ! or?odox doctr9e1 an hi/orical ,*ri/ is bo? possible & necess>y4 #adi4 ,,*ri/ology ,,int]pret$ ,,symbolically4 ,,kant4 ,,de ,,wette4 ,! attempt to reta9 9 comb9ation ! ideal 9 ,*ri/ ) ! hi/orical1 hav+ fail$1 ^! two elem5ts sep>ate !mselves3 ! latt] falls z a natural residuum to ! gr\nd1 & ! =m] rises z a pure sublimate into ! e!real _w ( ideas4 ,hi/orically1 ,jesus c h be5 no?+ m ?an a p]son1 highly di/+ui%$ inde$1 b subject to ! limitations inevitable to all t is mortal3 by means ( 8 exalt$ "*1 h[ev]1 he ex]t$ s p[]ful an influ5ce ov] ! religi\s s5tim5t1 t x con/itut$ him ! ideal ( piety2 9 accordance ) ! g5]al rule1 t an hi/orical fact or p]son _c become ! basis ( a positive religion until x is elevat$ into ! sph]e ( ! ideal4 #bbca ,sp9oza made ?is di/9ction :5 ma9ta9+1 t to "k ! hi/orical ,*ri/ is n necess>y to felicity1 b only to "k ! ideal ,*ri/1 namely1 ! et]nal wisdom ( ,god1 :i* is manife/$ 9 all ?+s1 9 ! human m9d p>ticul>ly1 & 9 a pre-em95t degree 9 ,jesus ,*ri/--t wisdom :i* alone tea*es man :at is true & false1 good & bad4 #bbcb ,accord+ to ,kant1 also1 x ought n to be made a condition ( salvation to believe1 t !re 0 once a man :o by 8 hol9ess & m]it gave satisfaction = himself & = all o!rs2 = ( ?is ! reason tells u no?+2 b x is ! duty ( m5 univ]sally to elevate !mselves to ! ideal ( moral p]fection deposit$ 9 ! reason1 & to obta9 moral /r5g? by ! contemplation ( ?is ideal4 ,su* moral fai? alone man is b\nd to ex]cise1 & n hi/orical fai?4 #bbcc ,tak+ 8 /& on ?is pr9ciple1 ,kant proce$s to int]pret ! doctr9es ( ! ,bible & ! *ur* z symbols ( ! ideal4 ,x is humanity1 or ! rational "p ( ?is sy/em ( ?+s1 9 its entire moral p]fection1 t c\ld alone make a _w ! object ( div9e ,provid5ce1 & ! end ( creation4 ,?is idea ( a humanity well-pleas+ to ,god1 has exi/$ 9 ,god f all et]nity2 x proce$s f 8 ess5ce1 & is !re=e no creat$ ?+1 b 8 et]nal ,son1 ! ,^w1 ?r\gh :om1 t is1 = ^: sake1 all ?+s 7 creat$1 & 9 :om ,god lov$ ! _w4 ,z ?is idea ( moral p]fection has n man = its au?or1 z x has be5 introduc$ into him ev5 )\t 8 be+ able to conceive h[ 8 nature c h be5 susceptible ( su* an idea1 x may be said to h come d[n to u f heav51 & to h assum$ ! human nature1 & ?is union ) u may be reg>d$ z an abasem5t ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?is ideal ( moral p]fection1 s f> z x is compatible ) ! condition ( a be+ dep5d5t on necessities & incl9ations1 c only be conceiv$ by u "u ! =m ( a man4 ,n[ j z we c obta9 no idea ( ! am\nt ( a =ce1 b by calculat+ ! degree ( resi/ance :i* x c ov]come1 s we c =m no e/imate ( ! /r5g? ( ! moral disposition1 b by imag9+ h>d conflicts 9 :i* x c triumph3 h5ce ! man :o embodies ! p]fect ideal mu/ be "o :o w\ld volunt>ily und]take1 n only to p]=m e duty ( man on 8 own behalf1 & by precept & example to dissem9ate ! good & ! true ar\nd him z ext5sively z possible2 b also1 ?\gh tempt$ by ! /ronge/ allurem5ts1 to submit to all suff]+s1 ev5 to ! mo/ ignom9i\s dea?1 = ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,9 a practical relation ?is idea has its reality completely )9 itself1 & x ne$$ no exemplification 9 exp]i5ce 9 ord] to become a model b9d+ on u1 s9ce x is en%r9$ z su* 9 our reason4 ,nay1 ?is ideal rema9s ess5tially conf9$ to ! reason1 because x _c be adequately repres5t$ by any example 9 outw>d exp]i5ce1 s9ce su* an example w\ld n fully disclose ! inw>d disposition1 b w\ld only admit ( our =m+ dubi\s inf]5ces !reon4 ,nev]!less1 z all m5 ought to be con=m$ to ?is ideal1 & consequ5tly mu/ be capable ( su* con=mity1 x is always possible 9 exp]i5ce t a man may appe>1 :o 9 8 tea*+1 c\rse ( life1 & suff]+s1 may pres5t an example ( a man well-pleas+ to ,god3 b ev5 9 ?is manife/ation ( ! ,god-man1 x w\ld n prop]ly be t :i* is obvi\s to ! s5ses1 or c be kn[n by exp]i5ce1 :i* w\ld be ! object ( sav+ fai?2 b ! ideal ly+ 9 ! reason1 :i* we %\ld attribute to ?is manife/ation ( ! ,god-man1 because he appe>$ to u to be con=m$ to x--t is1 inde$1 s f> only z ?is c be conclud$ f outw>d exp]i5ce4 ,inasmu* z all ( u1 ?\gh naturally g5]at$ m51 feel b\nd1 & consequ5tly able1 ourselves to pres5t su* an example1 we h no reason to reg>d t exemplification ( ! ideal man z sup]naturally g5]at$1 nor does he ne$ ! atte/ation ( miracles2 = besides ! moral fai? 9 ! idea1 no?+ fur!r is requisite ?an ! hi/orical conviction t 8 life 0 con=m$ to t idea1 9 ord] to accr$it him z its p]sonification4 ,he :o is consci\s ( su* a moral disposition1 z to h a well-f\nd$ confid5ce1 t "u temptations & suff]+s simil> to ^? :i* are attribut$ to ! ideal man1 z a t\*/one ( 8 moral disposition1 he w\ld adh]e unalt]ably to ?is exempl>1 & fai?fully foll[ 8 /eps1 su* a man alone is entitl$ to consid] himself an object ( ! div9e complac5cy4 ,to elevate himself to su* a /ate ( m9d1 man mu/ dep>t f evil1 ca/ (f ! old man1 crucify ! fle%2 a *ange :i* is ess5tially connect$ ) a s]ies ( sorr[s & suff]+s4 ,^! ! =m] man has des]v$ z a puni%m5t1 b !y fall on ! new3 = ! reg5]at$ man1 :o takes !m on himself1 ?\gh physically & 9 8 empirical "*1 z a be+ det]m9$ by ! s5ses1 he rema9s ! =m] man2 is morally1 z an intellectual be+1 ) 8 *ang$ disposition1 become a new man4 ,hav+ by ?is *ange tak5 ^u him ! disposition ( ! ,son ( ,god1 t :i* is /rictly a sub/itution ( ! new man = ! old1 may be repres5t$1 by a p]sonification ( ! idea1 z a sub/itution ( ! ,son ( ,god1 & x may be said1 t ! latt] himself1 z a sub/itute1 be>s = man1 = all :o practically believe 9 him1 ! guilt ( s92 z a r$eem]1 satisfies supreme ju/ice by suff]+ & dea?2 & z an int]cessor1 imp>ts ! hope ( appe>+ ju/ifi$ be=e ! judge3 ! suff]+ :i* ! new man1 9 dy+ to ! old1 mu/ p]petually incur ?r\gh life1 be+ conceiv$ 9 ! repres5tative ( mank9d1 z a dea? suff]$ once = all4 #bbcd ,kant1 l ,s*lei]ma*] 7^: ,*ri/ology 9 _m respects recalls t ( ,kant71 #bbce c>ries 8 appropriation ( ! ,*ri/ology ( ! *ur* no fur!r ?an ! dea? ( ,*ri/3 ( 8 resurrection & asc5sion1 he says1 t !y _c be available to religion )9 ! limits ( pure reason1 because !y w\ld involve ! mat]iality ( all exi/5ces4 ,/ill1 9 ano!r light1 he employs ^! facts z symbols ( ! ideas ( ! reason2 z images ( ! entrance into ! abode ( bless$ness1 t is1 into communion ) all ! good3 :ile ,tieftrunk has yet m decid$ly giv5 x z 8 op9ion1 t )\t ! resurrection1 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus w\ld t]m9ate 9 a revolt+ cata/rophe2 t ! eye w\ld turn away ) melan*oly & dissatisfaction f an ev5t1 9 :i* ! patt]n ( humanity fell a victim to impi\s rage1 & 9 :i* ! sc5e clos$ ) a dea? z unm]it$ z sorr[ful2 t ! hi/ory requires to be cr[n$ ) ! fulfilm5t ( ! expectation t[>ds :i* ! moral contemplations ( e "o are irresi/ibly drawn--) ! passage into a comp5sat+ immortality4 #bbcf ,9 ! same mann]1 ,de ,wette ascrib$ to ! evangelical hi/ory1 z to e hi/ory1 & p>ticul>ly to ! hi/ory ( religion1 a symbolical1 ideal "*1 9 virtue ( :i* x is ! expression & image ( ! human m9d & its v>i\s op]ations4 ,! hi/ory ( ! miracul\s conception ( ,jesus repres5ts ! div9e orig9 ( religion2 ! n>ratives ( 8 miracles1 ! indep5d5t =ce ( ! human m9d1 & ! sublime doctr9e ( spiritual self-reliance2 8 resurrection is ! image ( ! victory ( tru?1 a =e-%ad[+ ( ! future triumph ( good ov] evil2 8 asc5sion1 ! symbol ( ! et]nal maje/y ( religion4 ,! fundam5tal religi\s ideas :i* ,jesus enunciat$ 9 8 tea*+1 are express$ ) equal cle>ness 9 8 hi/ory4 ,?is hi/ory is an expression ( devot$ en?usiasm1 9 ! c\rage\s m9i/ry ( ,jesus1 & 9 ! victori\s p[] ( 8 appe>ance2 ( resignation1 9 8 conte/ ) ! wick$ness ( m51 9 ! melan*oly ( 8 premonitory disc\rses1 & above all 9 8 dea?4 ,*ri/ on ! cross is ! image ( humanity purifi$ by self-sacrifice2 we ought all to crucify ourselves ) him1 t we may rise ) him to new life4 ,la/ly1 ! idea ( devotion 0 ! key-note 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 e mom5t ( 8 life be+ d$icat$ to ! ?\ght ( 8 heav5ly ,fa!r4 #bbcg ,at an e>li] p]iod1 ,hor/ pres5t$ ?is symbolical view ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus ) s+ul> cle>ness4 ,:e!r1 he says1 all t is n>rat$ ( ,*ri/ happ5$ precisely s1 hi/orically1 is a "q indiff]5t to u1 nor c x n[ be settl$4 ,nay1 if we w\ld be c&id ) ourselves1 t :i* 0 once sacr$ hi/ory = ! ,*ri/ian believ]1 is1 = ! enlight5$ portion ( our cotempor>ies1 only fable3 ! n>ratives ( ! sup]natural bir? ( ,*ri/1 ( 8 miracles1 ( 8 resurrection & asc5sion1 mu/ be reject$ by u z at v>iance ) ! inductions ( our intellect4 ,let !m h[ev] only be no long] int]pret$ m]ely by ! und]/&+ z hi/ory1 b by ! feel+s & imag9ation1 z poetry2 & x w be f\nd t 9 ^! n>ratives no?+ is inv5t$ arbitr>ily1 b all spr+s f ! dep?s & div9e impulses ( ! human m9d4 ,consid]$ f ?is po9t ( view1 we may annex to ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ all t is important to religi\s tru/1 animat+ to ! pure dispositions1 attractive to ! t5d] feel+s4 ,t hi/ory is a beautiful1 sacr$ poem ( ! human race--a poem 9 :i* are embodi$ all ! wants ( our religi\s in/9ct2 & ?is is ! highe/ hon\r ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! /ronge/ pro( ( its univ]sal applicability4 ,! hi/ory ( ! gospel is 9 fact ! hi/ory ( human nature conceiv$ ideally1 & exhibits to u 9 ! life ( an individual1 :at man ought to be1 &1 unit$ ) him by foll[+ 8 doctr9e & example1 c actually become4 ,x is n d5i$ t :at to u c appe> only sacr$ poetry1 0 to ,paul1 ,john1 ,mat!w & ,luke1 fact & c]ta9 hi/ory4 ,b x 0 ! v same int]nal cause :i* made ! n>ratives ( ! gospel sacr$ fact & hi/ory to !m1 :i* makes ^? n>ratives to u a sacr$ my?us & poetry4 ,! po9ts ( view only are diff]5t3 human nature1 & 9 x ! religi\s impulse1 rema9s ev] ! same4 ,^? fir/ ,*ri/ians ne$$ 9 _! _w1 = ! animat+ ( ! religi\s & moral dispositions 9 ! m5 ( _! "t1 hi/ory & fact1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! inmo/ k]nel consi/$ ( ideas3 to u1 ! facts are become sup]annuat$ & d\btful1 & only = ! sake ( ! fundam5tal ideas1 are ! n>ratives ( ^? facts an object ( rev]5ce4 #bbch ,?is view 0 met imm$iately on ! "p ( ! *ur* by ! reproa*1 t in/ead ( ! ri*es ( div9e reality :i* fai? discov]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 x palm$ ^u u a collection ( empty ideas & ideals2 in/ead ( a consolatory "w effect$1 an ov]:elm+ obligation4 ,= ! c]ta9ty1 t ,god once actually unit$ himself ) human nature1 ! admonition t man ought to obta9 div9e dispositions1 (f]s a poor comp5sation3 = ! peace :i* ! r$emption complet$ by ,*ri/ br+s to ! believ]1 x is no equival5t to put be=e him ! duty ( free+ himself f s94 ,by ?is sy/em1 man is ?ru/ out ( ! reconcil$ _w 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity places him1 into an unreconcil$ _w1 out ( a _w ( happ9ess into a _w ( mis]y2 = :]e reconciliation has yet to be effect$1 :]e happ9ess has yet to be atta9$1 !re is at pres5t enmity & unhapp9ess4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ! hope ( entire deliv]ance f ^! conditions1 is1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ?is sy/em1 :i* only admits an inf9ite approximation t[>ds ! idea1 a deceptive "o2 = t :i* is only to be rea*$ 9 an endless progression1 is 9 fact unatta9able4 ,b n ! fai? alone1 sci5ce also 9 its newe/ developm5t1 has f\nd ?is sy/em unsatisfactory4 ,sci5ce has p]ceiv$ t to conv]t ideas simply into an obligatory possibility1 to :i* no reality corresponds1 is 9 fact to annihilate !m2 j z x w\ld be to r5d] ! inf9ite f9ite1 to repres5t x z t :i* lies beyond ! f9ite4 ,sci5ce has conceiv$ t ! inf9ite has its exi/5ce 9 ! alt]nate production & ext9ction ( ! f9ite2 t ! idea is realis$ only 9 ! entire s]ies ( its manife/ations2 t no?+ c come into exi/5ce :i* does n already ess5tially exi/2 &1 !re=e1 t x is n to be requir$ ( man1 t he %\ld reconcile himself ) ,god1 & assimilate 8 s5tim5ts to ! div9e1 unless ?is reconciliation & ?is assimilation are already virtually effect$4 #aej4 ,,! ,,speculative ,,*ri/ology4 ,kant _h already said t ! good pr9ciple did n desc5d f heav5 m]ely at a p>ticul> "t1 b _h desc5d$ on mank9d invisibly f ! comm5cem5t ( ! human race2 & ,s*ell+ laid d[n ! proposition3 ! inc>nation ( ,god is an inc>nation f et]nity4 #bbci ,b :ile ! =m] und]/ood "u t expression only ! moral in/9ct1 :i*1 ) its ideal ( good1 & its s5se ( duty1 has be5 f ! beg9n+ implant$ 9 man2 ! latt] und]/ood "u ! inc>nate ,son ( ,god ! f9ite itself1 9 ! =m ( ! human consci\sness1 :i* 9 its contradi/9ction to ! inf9ite1 :]e) x is nev]!less "o1 appe>s z a suff]+ ,god1 subject$ to ! conditions ( "t4 ,9 ! mo/ rec5t philosophy ?is idea has be5 fur!r develop$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 #bbdj ,:5 x is said ( ,god t he is a ,_s1 & ( man t he also is a ,_s1 x foll[s t ! two are n ess5tially di/9ct4 ,to speak m p>ticul>ly1 x is ! ess5tial prop]ty ( a _s1 9 ! di/ribution ( itself into di/9ct p]sonalities1 to rema9 id5tical ) itself1 to possess itself 9 ano!r ?an itself4 ,h5ce ! recognition ( ,god z a _s implies1 t ,god does n rema9 z a fix$ & immutable ,inf9ite encompass+ ! ,f9ite1 b ent]s into x1 produces ! ,f9ite1 ,nature1 & ! human m9d1 m]ely z a limit$ manife/ation ( himself1 f :i* he et]nally returns into unity4 ,z man1 consid]$ z a f9ite _s1 limit$ to 8 f9ite nature1 has n tru?2 s ,god1 consid]$ exclusively z an inf9ite _s1 %ut up 9 8 inf9itude1 has n reality4 ,! inf9ite _s is real only :5 x discloses itself 9 f9ite spirits2 z ! f9ite _s is true only :5 x m]ges itself 9 ! inf9ite4 ,! true & real exi/5ce ( _s1 !re=e1 is nei!r 9 ,god by himself1 nor 9 man by himself1 b 9 ! ,god-man2 nei!r 9 ! inf9ite alone1 nor 9 ! f9ite alone1 b 9 ! int]*ange ( imp>tation & )drawal betwe5 ! two1 :i* on ! "p ( ,god is revelation1 on ! "p ( man religion4 ,if ,god & man are 9 !mselves "o1 & if religion is ! human side ( ?is unity3 !n mu/ ?is unity be made evid5t to man 9 religion1 & become 9 him consci\sness & reality4 ,c]ta9ly1 s long z man kn[s n t he is a _s1 he _c "k t ,god is man3 :ile he is "u ! guidance ( nature only1 he w deify nature2 :5 he has le>n$ to submit himself to law1 & ?us to regulate 8 natural t5d5cies by ext]nal means1 he w set ,god be=e him z a lawgiv]4 ,b :51 9 ! vicissitudes ( ! _w's hi/ory1 ! natural /ate discloses its corruptions1 ! legal its mis]y2 ! =m] w exp]i5ce ! ne$ ( a ,god :o elevates x above itself1 ! latt]1 ( a ,god :o desc5ds to its level4 ,man be+ once mature en\gh to receive z 8 religion ! tru? t ,god is man1 & man ( a div9e race2 x necess>ily foll[s1 s9ce religion is ! =m 9 :i* ! tru? pres5ts itself to ! popul> m9d1 t ?is tru? mu/ appe>1 9 a guise intelligible to all1 z a fact obvi\s to ! s5ses3 9 o!r words1 !re mu/ appe> a human individual :o is recognis$ z ! visible ,god4 ,?is ,god-man unit+ 9 a s+le be+ ! div9e ess5ce & ! human p]sonality1 x may be said ( him t he _h ! ,div9e ,_s = a fa!r & a woman = 8 "m4 ,8 p]sonality reflect+ itself n 9 himself1 b 9 ! absolute sub/ance1 hav+ ! w to exi/ only = ,god1 & n at all = itself1 he is s9less & p]fect4 ,z a man ( ,div9e ess5ce1 he is ! p[] t subdues nature1 a work] ( miracles2 b z ,god 9 a human manife/ation1 he is dep5d5t on nature1 subject to its necessities & suff]+s--is 9 a /ate ( abasem5t4 ,mu/ he ev5 pay ! la/ tribute to nature8 does n ! fact t ! human nature is subject to dea? preclude ! idea t t nature is "o ) ! div9e8 ,no3 ! ,god-man dies1 & ?us proves t ! inc>nation ( ,god is real1 t ! inf9ite _s does n scorn to desc5d into ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! f9ite1 because he kn[s h[ to f9d a way ( return into himself1 because 9 ! mo/ entire ali5ation ( himself1 he c reta9 8 id5tity4 ,fur!r1 ! ,god-man1 9 s f> z he is a _s reflect$ 9 8 inf9ity1 /&s contra/$ ) m51 9 s f> z !y are limit$ to _! f9it5ess3 h5ce opposition & conte/ result1 & ! dea? ( ! ,god-,man becomes a viol5t "o1 inflict$ by ! h&s ( s9n]s2 s t to physical degradation is add$ ! moral degradation ( ignom9y & accusation ( crime4 ,if ,god !n f9ds a passage f heav5 to ! grave1 s mu/ a way be discov]able = man f ! grave to heav53 ! dea? ( ! pr9ce ( life is ! life ( mortals4 ,by 8 entrance into ! _w z ,god-man1 ,god %[$ himself reconcil$ to man2 by 8 dy+1 9 :i* act he ca/ (f ! limitations ( mortality1 he %[$ moreov] ! way 9 :i* he p]petually effects t reconciliation3 namely1 by rema9+1 ?r\gh\t 8 manife/ation ( himself "u ! limitations ( a natural exi/5ce1 & 8 suppression ( t exi/5ce1 id5tical ) himself4 ,inasmu* z ! dea? ( ! ,god-man is m]ely ! cessation ( 8 /ate ( ali5ation f ! inf9ite1 x is 9 fact an exaltation & return to ,god1 & ?us ! dea? is necess>ily foll[$ by ! resurrection & asc5sion4 ,! ,god-man1 :o dur+ 8 life /ood be=e 8 cotempor>ies z an individual di/9ct f !mselves1 & p]ceptible by ! s5ses1 is by dea? tak5 out ( _! sight2 he ent]s into _! imag9ation & memory3 ! unity ( ! div9e & human 9 him1 becomes a "p ( ! g5]al consci\sness2 & ! *ur* mu/ repeat spiritually1 9 ! s\ls ( its memb]s1 ^? ev5ts ( 8 life :i* he exp]i5c$ ext]nally4 ,! believ]1 f9d+ himself environ$ ) ! conditions ( nature1 mu/1 l ,*ri/1 die to nature--b only inw>dly1 z ,*ri/ did outw>dly1--mu/ spiritually crucify himself & be buri$ ) ,*ri/1 t by ! virtual suppression ( 8 own s5sible exi/5ce1 he may become1 9 s f> z he is a _s1 id5tical ) himself1 & p>ticipate 9 ! bliss & glory ( ,*ri/4 #aea4 ,,la/ ,,dilemma4 ,?us by a high] mode ( argum5tation1 f ! idea ( ,god & man 9 _! reciprocal relation1 ! tru? ( ! conception :i* ! *ur* =ms ( ,*ri/ appe>s to be confirm$1 & we seem to be reconduct$ to ! or?odox po9t ( view1 ?\gh by an inv]t$ pa?3 = :ile !re1 ! tru? ( ! conceptions ( ! *ur* conc]n+ ,*ri/ is d$uc$ f ! correctness ( ! evangelical hi/ory2 "h1 ! v]acity ( ! hi/ory is d$uc$ f ! tru? ( ^? conceptions4 ,t :i* is rational is also real2 ! idea is n m]ely ! moral imp]ative ( ,kant1 b also an actuality4 ,prov$ to be an idea ( ! reason1 ! unity ( ! div9e & human nature mu/ also h an hi/orical exi/5ce4 ,! unity ( ,god ) man1 says ,m>he9eke1 #bbda 0 really & visibly manife/$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 9 him1 accord+ to ,ros5kranz1 #bbdb ! div9e p[] ov] nature 0 conc5trat$1 he c\ld n act o!rwise ?an miracul\sly1 & ! work+ ( miracles1 :i* surprises u1 0 to him natural4 ,8 resurrection1 says ,conradi1 #bbdc is ! necess>y sequel ( ! completion ( 8 p]sonality1 & s little ought x to surprise u1 t1 on ! contr>y1 we mu/ r h be5 surpris$ if x _h n happ5$4 ,b d ^! d$uctions remove ! contradictions :i* h exhibit$ !mselves 9 ! doctr9e ( ! *ur*1 conc]n+ ! p]son & "w ( ,*ri/8 ,we ne$ only to comp>e ! /ructures1 :i* ,ros5kranz 9 8 ,review has pass$ on ,s*lei]ma*]'s criticism ( ! ,*ri/ology ( ! *ur*1 ) :at ! same au?or proposes z a sub/itute 9 8 ,encyclopdia1 9 ord] to p]ceive1 t ! g5]al propositions on ! unity ( ! div9e & human natures1 d n 9 ! lea/ s]ve to expla9 ! appe>ance ( a p]son1 9 :om ?is unity exi/$ individually1 9 an exclusive mann]4 ,?\gh ,i may conceive t ! div9e _s 9 a /ate ( r5unciation & abasem5t becomes ! human1 & t ! human nature 9 its return into & above itself becomes ! div9e2 ?is does n help me to conceive m easily1 h[ ! div9e & human natures c h con/itut$ ! di/9ct & yet unit$ portions ( an hi/orical p]son4 ,?\gh ,i may see ! human m9d 9 its unity ) ! div9e1 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory1 m & m completely e/abli% itself z ! p[] :i* subdues nature2 ?is is q ano!r ?+1 ?an to conceive a s+le man end[$ ) su* p[]1 = individual1 volunt>y acts4 ,la/ly1 f ! tru?1 t ! suppression ( ! natural exi/5ce is ! resurrection ( ! _s1 c nev] be d$uc$ ! bodily resurrection ( an individual4 ,we %\ld ?us h fall5 back aga9 to ,kant's po9t ( view1 :i* we h ourselves f\nd unsatisfactory3 = if ! idea h no correspond+ reality1 x is an empty obligation & ideal4 ,b d we !n deprive ! idea ( all reality8 ,by no means3 we reject only t :i* does n foll[ f ! premises4 #bbdd ,if reality is ascrib$ to ! idea ( ! unity ( ! div9e & human natures1 is ?is equival5t to ! admission t ?is unity mu/ actually h be5 once manife/$1 z x nev] _h be51 & nev] m w be1 9 "o individual8 ,?is is inde$ n ! mode 9 :i* ,idea realizes itself2 x is n wont to lavi% all its fulness on "o exempl>1 & be nigg>dly t[>ds all o!rs #bbde--to express itself p]fectly 9 t "o individual1 & imp]fectly 9 all ! re/3 x r loves to di/ribute its ri*es among a multiplicity ( exempl>s :i* reciprocally complete ea* o!r--9 ! alt]nate appe>ance & suppression ( a s]ies ( individuals4 ,& is ?is no true realization ( ! idea8 is n ! idea ( ! unity ( ! div9e & human natures a real "o 9 a f> high] s5se1 :5 ,i reg>d ! :ole race ( mank9d z its realization1 ?an :5 ,i s+le out "o man z su* a realization8 is n an inc>nation ( ,god f et]nity1 a tru] "o ?an an inc>nation limit$ to a p>ticul> po9t ( "t4 ,?is is ! key to ! :ole ( ,*ri/ology1 t1 z subject ( ! pr$icate :i* ! *ur* assigns to ,*ri/1 we place1 in/ead ( an individual1 an idea2 b an idea :i* has an exi/5ce 9 reality1 n 9 ! m9d only1 l t ( ,kant4 ,9 an individual1 a ,god-man1 ! prop]ties & functions :i* ! *ur* ascribes to ,*ri/ contradict !mselves2 9 ! idea ( ! race1 !y p]fectly agree4 ,humanity is ! union ( ! two natures--,god become man1 ! inf9ite manife/+ itself 9 ! f9ite1 & ! f9ite _s rememb]+ its inf9itude2 x is ! *ild ( ! visible ,"m & ! invisible ,fa!r1 ,nature & ,_s2 x is ! work] ( miracles1 9 s f> z 9 ! c\rse ( human hi/ory ! _s m & m completely subjugates nature1 bo? )9 & ar\nd man1 until x lies be=e him z ! in]t matt] on :i* he ex]cises 8 active p[]2 #bbdf x is ! s9less exi/5ce1 = ! c\rse ( its developm5t is a blameless "o1 pollution cleaves to ! individual only1 & does n t\* ! race or its hi/ory4 ,x is ,humanity t dies1 rises1 & asc5ds to heav51 = f ! negation ( its ph5om5al life !re ev] proce$s a high] spiritual life2 f ! suppression ( its mortality z a p]sonal1 national1 & t]re/rial _s1 arises its union ) ! inf9ite _s ( ! heav5s4 ,by fai? 9 ?is ,*ri/1 especially 9 8 dea? & resurrection1 man is ju/ifi$ be=e ,god2 t is1 by ! k9dl+ )9 him ( ! idea ( ,humanity1 ! individual man p>ticipates 9 ! div9ely human life ( ! species4 ,n[ ! ma9 elem5t ( t idea is1 t ! negation ( ! m]ely natural & s5sual life1 :i* is itself ! negation ( ! _s 7! negation ( negation1 !re=e71 is ! sole way to true spiritual life4 #bbdg ,?is alone is ! absolute s5se ( ,*ri/ology3 t x is annex$ to ! p]son & hi/ory ( "o individual1 is a necess>y result ( ! hi/orical =m :i* ,*ri/ology has tak54 ,s*lei]ma*] 0 q "r :5 he =ebod$1 t ! speculative view w\ld n leave mu* m ( ! hi/orical p]son ( ! ,savi\r ?an 0 reta9$ by ! ,ebionites4 ,! ph5om5al hi/ory ( ! individual1 says ,hegel1 is only a />t+ po9t = ! m9d4 ,fai?1 9 h] e>ly /ages1 is gov]n$ by ! s5ses1 & !re=e contemplates a temporal hi/ory2 :at %e holds to be true is ! ext]nal1 ord9>y ev5t1 ! evid5ce = :i* is ( ! hi/orical1 =5sic k9d--a fact to be prov$ by ! te/imony ( ! s5ses1 & ! moral confid5ce inspir$ by ! witnesses4 ,b m9d hav+ once tak5 occasion by ?is ext]nal fact1 to br+ "u its consci\sness ! idea ( humanity z "o ) ,god1 sees 9 ! hi/ory only ! pres5tation ( t idea2 ! object ( fai? is completely *ang$2 in/ead ( a s5sible1 empirical fact1 x has become a spiritual & div9e idea1 :i* has its confirmation no long] 9 hi/ory b 9 philosophy4 ,:5 ! m9d has ?us gone beyond ! s5sible hi/ory1 & ent]$ into ! doma9 ( ! absolute1 ! =m] ceases to be ess5tial2 x takes a subord9ate place1 above :i* ! spiritual tru?s sugge/$ by ! hi/ory /& self-support$2 x becomes z ! fa9t image ( a dream :i* belongs only to ! pa/1 & does n1 l ! idea1 %>e ! p]man5ce ( ! _s :i* is absolutely pres5t to itself4 #bbdh ,ev5 ,lu!r subord9at$ ! physical miracles to ! spiritual1 z ! truly great miracles4 ,& %all we int]e/ ourselves m 9 ! cure ( "s sick p 9 ,galilee1 ?an 9 ! miracles ( intellectual & moral life belong+ to ! hi/ory ( ! _w--9 ! increas+1 ! almo/ incr$ible dom9ion ( man ov] nature--9 ! irresi/ible =ce ( ideas1 to :i* no un9tellig5t matt]1 :atev] its magnitude1 c oppose any endur+ resi/ance8 ,%all isolat$ incid5ts1 9 !mselves trivial1 be m to u ?an ! univ]sal ord] ( ev5ts1 simply because 9 ! latt] we presuppose1 if we d n p]ceive1 a natural cause1 9 ! =m] ! contr>y8 ,?is w\ld be a direct contrav5tion ( ! m enlight5$ s5tim5ts ( our own day1 ju/ly & conclusively express$ by ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,! int]e/s ( pity1 says ?is !ologian1 c no long] require u s to conceive a fact1 t by its dep5d5ce on ,god x is dive/$ ( ! conditions :i* w\ld belong to x z a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( nature2 = we h outgr[n ! notion1 t ! div9e omnipot5ce is m completely manife/$ 9 ! int]ruption ( ! ord] ( nature1 ?an 9 its pres]vation4 #bbdi ,?us if we "k ! inc>nation1 dea? & resurrection1 ! duplex negatio affirmat1 z ! et]nal circulation1 ! inf9itely repeat$ pulsation ( ! div9e life2 :at special importance c atta* to a s+le fact1 :i* is b a m]e s5sible image ( ?is un5d+ process8 ,our age dem&s to be l$ 9 ,*ri/ology to ! idea 9 ! fact1 to ! race 9 ! individual3 a !ology :i*1 9 its doctr9es on ! ,*ri/1 /ops %ort at him z an individual1 is n prop]ly a !ology1 b a homily4 ,9 :at relation1 !n1 mu/ ! pulpit /& to !ology1--nay1 h[ is ! cont9uance ( a m9i/ry 9 ! *ur* possible :5 !ology has rea*$ ?is /age8 ,?is is ! difficult "q :i* pres5ts itself to u 9 conclusion4 #aeb4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,critical ,,& ,,speculative ,,!ology ,,to ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,s*lei]ma*] has said1 t :5 he reflect$ on ! approa*+ crisis 9 !ology1 & imag9$ himself oblig$ to *oose "o ( two alt]natives1 ei!r to surr5d] ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 l e common hi/ory1 z a spoil to criticism1 or to hold 8 fai? 9 fee to ! speculative sy/em2 8 decision 01 t = himself1 consid]$ s+ly1 he w\ld embrace ! latt]1 b t1 reg>d+ himself z a memb] ( ! *ur*1 & especially z "o ( its tea*]s1 he %\ld be induc$ r to take ! opposite c\rse4 ,= ! idea ( ,god & ( man on :i*1 accord+ to ! speculative sy/em1 ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? re/s1 is inde$ a preci\s jewel1 b x c be possess$ only by a few1 & he w\ld n wi% to be t privileg$ individual 9 ! *ur*1 :o alone among ?\s&s held ! fai? on its true gr\nds4 ,z a memb] ( ! *ur*1 he c\ld h no satisfaction b 9 p]fect equality1 9 ! consci\sness t all receive alike1 bo? 9 k9d & mann]1 f ! same s\rce4 ,& z a tea*] & spokesman to ! *ur*1 he c\ld n possibly attempt ! task ( elevat+ old & "y1 )\t di/9ction1 to ! idea ( ,god & ( man3 he mu/ r attack _! fai? z a gr\ndless "o1 or else endeav\r to /r5g!n & confirm x :ile kn[+ x to be gr\ndless4 ,z ?us 9 ! matt] ( religion an impassable gulf w\ld be fix$ betwe5 two p>ties 9 ! *ur*1 ! speculative !ology ?reat5s u ) ! di/9ction ( an esot]ic & exot]ic doctr9e1 :i* ill accords ) ! decl>ation ( ,*ri/1 t all %all be taught ( ,god4 ,! sci5tific alone h ! f\ndation ( ! fai?3 ! unsci5tific h only ! fai?1 & receive x only by means ( tradition4 ,if ! ,ebioniti% view1 on ! contr>y1 leave b little ( ,*ri/1 yet ?is little is equally atta9able by all1 & we are !reby secur$ f ! hi]>*y ( speculation1 :i* ev] t5ds to m]ge itself 9 ! hi]>*y ( ,rome4 #bbej ,"h we see pres5t$1 "u ! =m ( ?\ght belong+ to a cultivat$ m9d1 ! same op9ion :i* is n[ express$ by _m 9 a less cultivat$ fa%ion3 namely1 t ! !ologian :o is at once critical & speculative1 mu/ 9 relation to ! *ur* be a hypocrite4 ,! real /ate ( ! case is ?is4 ,! *ur* ref]s h] ,*ri/ology to an individual :o exi/$ hi/orically at a c]ta9 p]iod3 ! speculative !ologian to an idea :i* only atta9s exi/5ce 9 ! totality ( individuals2 by ! *ur* ! evangelical n>ratives are receiv$ z hi/ory3 by ! critical !ologian1 !y are reg>d$ = ! mo/ "p z m]e my?i4 ,if he w\ld cont9ue to imp>t in/ruction to ! *ur*1 f\r ways are op5 to him3 ,fir/1 ! attempt already exclud$ by ! above obs]vations ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 namely1 to elevate ! *ur* to 8 own po9t ( view1 & = x1 also1 to resolve ! hi/orical into ! ideal3--an attempt :i* mu/ necess>ily fail1 because to ! ,*ur* all ^? premises are want+ on :i* ! !ologian re/s 8 speculative conclusions2 & ^u :i*1 !re=e1 only an en?usia/ = int]pretation w\ld v5ture4 ,! second & opposite measure w\ld be1 to transport himself to ! po9t ( view ( ! *ur*1 & = ! sake ( imp>t+ edification ecclesia/ically1 to desc5d f ! sph]e ( ! ideal into ! region ( ! popul> conception4 ,?is exp$i5t is commonly und]/ood & judg$ too n>r[ly4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ologian & ! *ur* is reg>d$ z a total "o2 x is ?\ght1 t 9 answ] to ! "q1 :e!r he believes 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/1 he ought to say exactly1 no2 :]eas he says1 yes3 & ?is is a falsehood4 ,x is true1 t if 9 ! disc\rses & in/ructions ( ! spiritual tea*]1 ! ma9 int]e/ 7 an hi/orical "o1 ?is w\ld be a correct repres5tation ( ! case3 b1 9 fact1 ! int]e/ is a religi\s "o1--x is ess5tial religion :i* is "h communicat$ "u ! =m ( a hi/ory2 h5ce he :o does n believe 9 ! hi/ory z su*1 may yet appreciate ! religi\s tru?s !re9 conta9$1 equally ) "o :o does also receive ! hi/ory z su*3 ! di/9ction is "o ( =m m]ely1 & does n affect ! sub/ance4 ,h5ce x is an evid5ce ( an uncultivat$ m9d1 to d5\nce z a hypocrite a !ologian :o prea*es1 = example1 on ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 s9ce1 ?\gh he may n believe 9 ! reality ( t ev5t z a s+le s5sible fact1 he may1 nev]!less1 hold to be true ! repres5tation ( ! process ( spiritual life1 :i* ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ af=ds4 ,/rictly consid]$1 h[ev]1 ?is id5tity ( ! sub/antial tru?1 exi/s only 9 ! appreh5sion ( him :o kn[s h[ to di/+ui% ! sub/ance f ! =m ( religion1 i4e41 ( ! !ologian1 n ( ! *ur*1 to :om he speaks4 ,! latt] c conceive no fai? 9 ! dogmatical tru? ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 = example1 ap>t f a conviction ( its hi/orical reality3 & if x come to discov] t ! !ologian has n ?is conviction1 & yet prea*es on ! resurrection1 he mu/ appe> 9 ! eyes ( ! *ur* a hypocrite1 & ?us ! entire relation betwe5 ! !ologian & ! *ur* w\ld be virtually cancell$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! !ologian1 ?\gh 9 himself no hypocrite1 w\ld appe> su* to ! *ur*1 & w\ld be consci\s ( ?is miscon/ruction4 ,if not)/&+ ?is1 he %\ld cont9ue to in/ruct ! *ur* "u ! =m ( its own conceptions1 he w\ld ultimately appe> a hypocrite to himself also1 & w\ld be driv5 to ! ?ird1 desp]ate c\rse1 ( =sak+ ! m9i/]ial (fice4 ,x avails no?+ to say1 he has only to desc5d f ! pulpit1 & m\nt ! pr(essor's *air1 :]e he w n be "u ! necessity ( )hold+ 8 sci5tific op9ions f su* z are de/9$ to sci5ce2 = if he1 :om ! c\rse ( 8 own intellectual culture has oblig$ to r5\nce ! m9i/]ial (fice1 %\ld by 8 in/ructions lead _m to ! same po9t1 & ?us r5d] !m also incapable ( t (fice1 ! orig9al evil w\ld only be multipli$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x c\ld n be held good = ! *ur*1 t all ^? :o pursue criticism & speculation to ! results above pres5t$1 %\ld dep>t f _! position z tea*]s4 ,= no cl]gyman w\ld any long] m$dle ) su* inquiries1 if he ?us ran ! risk ( be+ l$ to results :i* w\ld oblige him to ab&on ! m9i/]ial (fice2 criticism & philosophy w\ld fall into ! h&s ( ^? :o are n pr(ess$ !ologians1 & to ! !ologian no?+ w\ld rema9 b ! fai?1 :i* !n c\ld n possibly long resi/ ! attacks ( ! critical & speculative laity4 ,b :]e tru? is conc]n$1 ! possible consequ5ces h no weight2 h5ce ! above rem>k ought n to be made4 ,?us mu*1 h[ev]1 may be ma9ta9$ 9 relation to ! real "q3 he :om 8 !ological /udies h l$ to an intellectual position1 respect+ :i* he mu/ believe1 t he has atta9$ ! tru?1 t he has p5etrat$ into ! deepe/ my/]ies ( !ology1 _c feel ei!r incl9$ or b\nd j at ?is po9t 9 8 c>e] to ab&on !ology3 on ! contr>y1 su* a /ep w\ld be unnatural1 nay1 impossible4 ,he w !re=e seek ano!r exp$i5t2 & z su* !re pres5ts itself a f\r?1 :i* is n1 l ! two fir/1 "o-sid$1 nor l ! ?ird1 m]ely negative1 b :i* (f]s a positive mode ( reconcil+ ! two extremes--! consci\sness ( ! !ologian1 & t ( ! *ur*4 ,9 8 disc\rses to ! *ur*1 he w inde$ adh]e to ! =ms ( ! popul> conception1 b on e opportunity he w exhibit _! spiritual significance1 :i* to him con/itutes _! sole tru?1 & ?us prep>e--?\gh su* a result is only to be ?\ght ( z an un5d+ progress--! resolution ( ^? =ms into _! orig9al ideas 9 ! consci\sness ( ! *ur* also4 ,?us1 to abide by ! example already *os51 at ! fe/ival ( ,ea/]1 he w inde$ set out f ! s5sible fact ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 b he w dwell *iefly on ! be+ buri$ & ris+ aga9 ) ,*ri/1 :i* ! ,apo/le himself has /r5u\sly inculcat$4 ,?is v c\rse e prea*]1 ev5 ! mo/ or?odox1 /rictly takes1 z (t5 z he draws a moral f ! evangelical text on :i* he prea*es3 = ?is is no?+ else ?an ! transition f ! ext]nally hi/orical to ! inw>d & spiritual4 ,x is true1 we mu/ n ov]look ! di/9ction1 t ! or?odox prea*] builds 8 moral on ! text 9 su* a way1 t ! latt] rema9s z an hi/orical f\ndation2 :]eas1 ) ! speculative prea*]1 ! transition f ! biblical hi/ory or ! *ur* doctr9e1 to ! tru? :i* he !nce d]ives1 has ! negative effect ( annihilat+ ! =m]4 ,view$ m closely1 h[ev]1 ! transition ( ! or?odox prea*] f ! evangelical text to ! moral application1 is n free f ?is negative t5d5cy2 9 proce$+ f ! hi/ory to ! doctr9e he implies at lea/ ?us mu*3 ! hi/ory is n en\gh1 x is n ! :ole tru?1 x mu/ be transmut$ f a pa/ fact into a pres5t "o1 f an ev5t ext]nal to y1 x mu/ become y\r own intimate exp]i5ce3 s t ) ?is transition1 ! case is ! same z ) ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 9 :i* ! cosmical exi/5ce1 :i* is ! po9t ( dep>ture1 app>5tly rema9s z a f\ndation1 b is 9 fact negativ$ z a true exi/5ce1 & m]g$ 9 ! absolute4 ,nev]!less1 !re rema9s a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ^! two propositions3 s9ce1 & 9 s f> z1 ?is has happ5$1 s & s is y\r duty & y\r consolation--&3 ?is is inde$ relat$ z hav+ happ5$ once1 b ! tru? is1 t x always s happ5s1 & bo? 9 & by y ought to happ54 ,at lea/1 ! community w n receive bo? z id5tical2 & ?us1 "h aga91 9 e excess or dim9ution :i* ! m or less spontane\s relation ( ! tea*] to critical !ology1 toge!r ) ! v>iety 9 ! degrees ( culture ( ! community1 introduces1--! dang] is incurr$ t ! community may discov] ?is diff]5ce1 & ! prea*] appe> to x1 & consequ5tly to himself1 a hypocrite4 ,9 ?is difficulty1 ! !ologian may f9d himself driv5 ei!r directly to /ate 8 op9ions1 & attempt to elevate ! p to 8 ideas3 or1 s9ce ?is attempt mu/ necess>ily fail1 c>efully to adapt himself to ! conception ( ! community2 or1 la/ly1 s9ce1 ev5 on ?is plan1 he may easily betray himself1 9 ! end to leave ! m9i/]ial pr(ession4 ,we h ?us admitt$ ! difficulty ) :i* ! critical & speculative views are bur!n$1 ) ref]5ce to ! relation ( ! cl]gyman to ! *ur*2 we h exhibit$ ! collision into :i* ! !ologian falls1 :5 x is ask$1 :at c\rse rema9s = him 9 s f> z he has adopt$ su* views8 & we h %[n t our age has n arriv$ at a c]ta9 decision on ?is subject4 ,b ?is collision is n ! effect ( ! curiosity ( an individual2 x is necess>ily introduc$ by ! progress ( "t & ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian !ology2 x surprises & ma/]s ! individual1 )\t 8 be+ able to gu>d himself f x4 ,or r he c d ?is ) slight lab\r1 if he ab/a9 f /udy & ?\ght1 or1 if n f ^!1 f fre$om ( spee* & writ+4 ,( su* !re are already en\gh 9 our day1 & !re 0 no ne$ to make cont9ual additions to _! numb] ?r\gh ! calumniation ( ^? :o h express$ !mselves 9 ! _s ( advanc$ sci5ce4 ,b !re are also a few1 :o1 not)/&+ su* attacks1 freely decl>e :at c no long] be conceal$--& "t w %[ :e!r by ! "o p>ty or ! o!r1 ! ,*ur*1 ,mank9d1 & ,tru? are be/ s]v$4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,notes #a ,?is passage v>ies slightly f ! orig9al1 a subsequ5t amplification by ,dr4 ,/rauss be+ incorporat$ ) x4--,tr4 #b ,plato1 de ,republ4 ii4 p4 #cgg4 ,/eph42 ,p9d>1 ,nem4 vii4 #ca4 #c ,diog4 ,lart4 ,l4 ii4 c4 iii4 ,no4 #g4 #d ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #aj4 #ae4 ,comp4 ,a!nag4 ,legat4 #bb4 ,tatian1 c4 ,grc4 ,orat4 #ba4 ,clem5t4 homil4 #f1 #a f4 #e ,diodor4 ,sic4 ,bibl4 ,fragm4 ,l4 vi4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #db4 #f ,hi/4 vi4 #ef4 #g ,dpke1 die ,h]m5eutik d] neute/am5tli*5 ,s*rift/ell]1 s4 #abc4 ff4 #h ,gfrr]4 ,dhne4 #i ,homil4 #e4 9 ,levit4 #e4 #aj ,homil4 #b4 9 ,exod4 iii43 ,nolite put>e1 ut spe jam diximus1 vet]um vobis fabulas recit>i1 s$ doc]i vos p] hc1 ut agnoscatis ord9em vit4 #aa ,homil4 #e4 9 ,levit4 i43 ,hc omnia1 nisi alio s5su accipiamus quam lit] textus o/5dit1 ob/aculum magis et subv]sionem ,*ri/ian religioni1 quam hortationem dificationemque pr/abunt4 #ab ,contra ,cels4 vi4 #gj4 #ac ,de pr9cipp4 ,l4 iv4 #bj3 77 1 4 #ad ,comm4 9 ,joann41 ,tom4 x4 #d3-- 1 1 4 #ae ,de pr9cipp4 iv4 #ae3 1 1 1 4 ,de pr9cipp4 iv4 #af3 1 1 4 #af ,de pr9cipp4 iv4 #af4 #ag ,homil4 #f1 9 ,g54 iii43 ,qu nobis dificatio erit1 leg5tibus1 ,abraham1 tantam patri>*am1 non solum m5titum esse ,abimele* regi1 s$ et pudicitiam conjugis prodidisse8 ,quid nos dificat tanti patri>* uxor1 si putetur contam9ationibus exposita p] conniv5tiam m>italem8 ,hc ,judi put5t et si qui cum eis sunt lit] amici1 non spiritus4 #ah ,de pr9cipp4 iv4 #af3 1 '1 1 1 4 #ai ,contra ,celsum1 i4 #dj4 #bj ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 ,tom4 xvi4 #bf4 #ba ,comm4 9 ,joann41 ,tom4 x4 #ag4 #bb ,de pr9cipp4 iv4 #ai4 ,aft] ,orig51 t k9d ( allegory only :i* left ! hi/orical s5se unimpair$ 0 reta9$ 9 ! *ur*2 & :]e1 subsequ5tly1 a giv+ up ( ! v]bal mean+ is spok5 (1 ?is ref]s m]ely to a trope or a simile4 #bc ,9 8 ,amyntor1 #afih4 ,see ,lel&'s ,view ( ! ,dei/ical ,writ]s4 #bd ,see ,lel&4 #be ,9 8 "w entitl$ ,! ,moral ,philosoph]4 #bf ,po/hum\s ,works1 #agdh4 #bg ,*ubb1 ,po/hum\s ,works1 i4 #ajb4 #bh ,ibid41 ii4 #bfi4 #bi ,! ,resurrection ( ,jesus ,consid]$1 by a ,moral ,philosoph]1 #agdd4 #cj ,six ,disc\rses on ! ,miracles ( our ,savi\r4 ,publi%$ s+ly1 f #agbg-agbi4 #ca ,s*rckh1 ,kirs*5ges*1 seit d] ,re=m4 #f ,?4 s4 #aia4 #cb ,fragm5te des ,wolf5bttels*5 ,ung5annt5 von ,g4 ,e4 ,less+ h]ausgegeb54 #cc ,rec5sion d] brig51 no* ung$ruckt5 ,w]ke des ,wolf5bttel] ,fragm5ti/51 9 ,ei*horns allgeme9] ,biblio!k1 er/] ,b& #ates u4 #btes ,/ck4 #cd ,paulus's ,comm5t> b] das neue ,te/am5t4 #ce ,ei*horn's ,urges*i*te1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,gabl]1 #c ,?l4 s4 #ih4 ff4 #cf ,allgem4 ,biblio?4 #a ,bd4 s4 #ihi1 & ,e9leitung 9 das ,a4 ,t4 #c ,?l4 s4 #hb4 #cg ,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 drittes ,/ck4 ,no4 ,,vi43 ,d] ,kir*5glaube hat zu se9em h*/5 ,ausleg] d5 re95 ,religionsglaub54 #ch ,ad4 ,apollod4 ,a!n4 ,biblio?4 n1 p4 #c f4 #ci ,hebrais*e ,my?ologie des alt5 und neu5 ,te/am5ts4 ,g4 ,l4 ,bau]1 #ahjb4 #dj ,in/itutiones ,!ol4 ,*r4 ,dogm4 #db4 #da ,ammon1 ,progr4 quo inquiritur 9 n>rationum de vit ,jesu ,*ri/i primordiis fontes1 etc41 9 ,pott's & ,rup]ti's ,sylloge ,comm4 !ol4 ,no4 #e1 und ,gabl]'s n4 !ol4 ,j\rnal1 #e ,bd4 s4 #hc und #cig4 #db ,ueb] ,my!n1 hi/oris*e ,sag5 und ,philosopheme d] lte/5 ,welt4 ,9 ,paulus ,memorabili51 #e /uck4 #agic4 #dc ,vid4 die ,abh&lung b] ,moses und die ,v]fass] des ,p5tateu*s1 im #ct54 ,b& des ,comm4 b] d5 ,p5t4 s4 #ffj4 #dd ,kritik d] ,mosais*5 ,ges*i*te4 ,e9l4 s4 #aj4 ff4 #de ,e9leit4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #djh4 ff4 #df ,antiquit4 xix4 viii4 #b4 #dg ,die v]s*i$55 ,rcksi*t51 9 wel*5 und fr wel*e d] ,biograph ,jesu arbeit5 kann4 ,9 ,b]?oldt's krit4 ,j\rnal1 #e ,bd4 s4 #bce4 ff4 #dh ,rec5s-von ,paulus ,comm5t>1 im neue/5 !ol4 ,j\rnal #g1 #d1 s4 #cie ff4 7#ahja74 #di ,hebris*e ,my?ologie4 #a ,?l4 ,e9l4 #e4 #ej ,i/ es erlaubt1 9 d] ,bibel1 und sog> im ,n4,t41 ,my!n anzunehm58 ,im ,j\rnal fr aus]les5e !ol4 ,lit]atur1 #b1 #a1 s4 #di ff4 #ea ,ueb] d5 ,tuf] ,johannes1 die ,taufe und ,v]su*ung ,*ri/i1 9 ,ullmann's u4 ,umbreit's !ol4 ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik51 #b1 #c1 s4 #def ff4 #eb ,beitrag zur ,erklrung d] ,v]su*ungsges*i*te1 9 d]s4 ,zeits*rift1 #ahcb1 #d4 ,heft4 #ec ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #dbb ff4 #dec ff4 #ed ,besond]s dur* ,giesel]1 b] die ,ent/ehung und die frh/5 ,s*icksale d] s*riftli*5 ,evangeli54 #ee ,vid4 d5 ,anhang d] ,s*ulz's*5 ,s*rift b] das ,ab5dmahl1 und die ,s*rift5 von ,sieff]t und ,s*neck5burg] b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanonis*5 ,evangeliums4 #ef ,9 d5 ,probabili54 #eg ,ges*i*te d] hebris*5 ,nation1 ,!il4 i4 s4 #abc4 #eh ,9 ,h5ke's ,magaz91 #et5 ,bdes4 #ates ,/ck4 s4 #afc4 #ei ,v]su* b] die g5etis*e od] =melle ,erklrungs>t d] ,wund]4 ,9 ,h5ke's ,museum1 i4 #c4 #ahjc4 #fj ,kais]'s biblis*e ,!ologie1 #a ,?l4 #fa ,gabl]'s ,j\rnal fr aus]les5e !ol4 ,lit]atur4 ii4 #a4 s4 #df4 #fb ,gabl]'s neue/es !olog4 ,j\rnal1 #g ,bd4 #fc ,b]?oldt's ,krit4 ,j\rnal1 v4 s4 #bce4 #fd ,ullmann1 ,rec5s4 me9es ,l4 ,j41 9 d5 ,!ol4 ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik5 #ahcf4 #c4 #fe ,george1 ,my?us und ,sage2 ,v]su* e9] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,entwicklung dies] ,begriffe und ihres ,v]hltnisses zum *ri/li*5 ,glaub51 s4 #aa4 ff4 #ajh4 ff4 #ff ,"w cit$1 #h1 note #d4 ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #cb4 ,?oluck1 s4 #bjh4 ff4 ,k]n1 die ,hauptsa*5 d] evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te1 #a/ ,article1 ,tb+] ,zeits*rift fr ,!ologie1 #ahcf1 ii4 s4 #ci4 #fg ,comp4 ,ku9l1 ,prolegom4 9 ,mat?um1 #c2 9 ,lucam1 #f4 #fh e4g4 ,ammon1 9 d] ,diss43 ,asc5sus ,j4 ,c4 9 clum hi/oria biblica1 9 se95 ,opusc4 nov4 #fi ,9 ,b]?oldt's ,krit4 ,j\rn4 v4 ,bd4 s4 #bdh4 #gj ,gabl]'s neue/es !ol4 ,j\rnal1 ,bd4 vii4 s4 #cie4 #ga ,encyclopdie d] !ol4 ,wiss5s*aft51 s4 #afa4 #gb ,9 ,gabl]'s neue/em !olog4 ,j\rnal1 ,bd4 vi4 #dtes ,/ck4 s4 #cej4 #gc ,grnzbe/immung dess51 0 9 d] ,bibel ,my?us1 u4 s4 f41 und 0 wirkli*e ,ges*i*te i/4 ,9 se9] ,biblio!k d] heilig5 ,ges*i*te1 ii4 ,bd4 s4 #aee4 ff4 #gd ,mey]1 ,apologie d] ges*i*tli*5 ,auffassung d] hi/oris*5 ,bu*] des ,a4 ,t41 besond]s des ,p5tateu*s1 im ,geg5satz geg5 die blos my?is*e ,deutung des letzt]n4 ,fritzs*e4 ,kelle4 #ge ,exegetis*es ,h&bu*1 i4 a4 s4 #a1 #ga4 #gf ,greil+ 9 ,h5ke's ,museum1 i4 #d4 s4 #fba4 ff4 #gg ,see ! quotations giv5 by ,de ,wette 9 8 8,e9leitung 9 d4 ,n4 ,t40 #gf4 #gh ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e41 iii4 #ci4 #gi ,ullman1 ,cr$n]1 ,lcke1 ,de ,wette4 #hj ,hi]on4 de vir4 illu/r4 #c4 #ha ,contra ,celsum1 ii4 #af4 v4 #ef4 #hb ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci4 #hc ,?is is cle>ly demon/rat$ by ,griesba* 9 8 8,comm5tatio1 qu ,m>ci ,evangelium totum e ,mat?i et ,luc comm5t>iis dec]ptum esse demon/ratur40 #hd ,*ap4 xvi4 #aj-ag2 xx4 #e-ae2 xxi4 #a-ag2 xxvii4 #a-bh2 xxviii4 #aj-af4 #he ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 v4 #bj1 #bd4 #hf ,de ,wette1 ,giesel]4 #hg ,ad4 ,autol4 ii41 #bb4 #hh ,see ,s*lei]ma*]4 #hi ,?is same want ( di/9ction has l$ ! ,alex&rians to allegorize1 ! ,dei/s to sc(f1 & ! ,sup]naturali/s to /ra9 ! mean+ ( words2 z 0 done lately by ,h(fmann 9 describ+ ,david's behavi\r to ! conqu]$ ,ammonites4 7,*ri/ot]pe auf #ahch1 s4 #ahd47 #ij ,heyd5rei*1 b] die ,unzulssigkeit1 u4 s4 f4 #a /ck4 ,comp>e ,/orr1 doctr4 *ri/4 #ce4 ff4 #ia ,if ! ,supranatural view conta9s a !ological contradiction1 s ! new evangelical !ology1 :i* e/eems itself rais$ s f> above ! old supranatural view1 conta9s a logical contradiction4 ,to say t ,god acts only m$iately ^u ! _w z ! g5]al rule1 b sometimes1 by way ( exception1 imm$iately1--has "s mean+1 ?\gh p]haps n a wise "o4 ,b to say t ,god acts always imm$iately on ! _w1 b 9 "s cases m p>ticul>ly imm$iately1--is a flat contradiction 9 itself4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( ! imman5ce or imm$iate ag5cy ( ,god 9 ! _w1 to :i* ! new evangelical !ology lays claim1 ! idea ( ! miracul\s is impossible4 ,comp4 my ,/reits*rift51 i4 #c1 s4 #df f4 #ib ,9 ?is view ess5tially co9cide ,wegs*eid]1 in/it4 !ol4 dogm4 #ab2 ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogm41 ,vorb]eitung2 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,glaub5sl4 #df f42 ,m>he9eke1 ,dogm4 #bfi ff4 ,comp4 ,george1 s4 #gh f4 #ic ,to a fre$om f ?is presupposition we lay claim 9 ! foll[+ "w2 9 ! same s5se z a /ate might be call$ free f presupposition :]e ! privileges ( /ation1 etc41 7 ( no acc\nt4 ,su* a /ate inde$ has "o presupposition1 t ( ! natural equality ( its citiz5s2 & simil>ly d we take = grant$ ! equal am5ability to law ( all ev5ts2 b ?is is m]ely an affirmative =m ( expression = our =m] negation4 ,b to claim = ! biblical hi/ory especial laws ( its own1 is an affirmative proposition1 :i*1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ rule1 is t :i* requires pro(1 & n our d5ial ( x1 :i* is m]ely negative4 ,& if ! pro( _c be giv51 or be f\nd insuffici5t1 x is ! =m] & n ! latt]1 :i* is to be consid]$ a presupposition4 ,see my ,/reits*rift5 i4 #c4 s4 #cf ff4 #id ,prolegom5a zu e9] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,my?ologie1 s4 #aaj ff4 ,) ?is ,ullmann1 & ,j4 ,mll] 9 _! reviews ( ?is "w1 ,h(fmann1 s4 #aac f41 & o!rs are agre$ z f> z relates to ! hea!n my?i4 ,especially comp>e ,george1 ,my?us und ,sage1 s4 #ae ff4 #ajc4 #ie ,! words ( ,baur 9 8 review ( ,mll]'s ,prolegom5a1 9 ,jahn's ,jahrb*]n f4 ,philol4 u4 ,pdag4 #ahbh4 #a ,heft1 s4 #g4 #if ,i4 #ai4 #ig ,midras* ,kohele? f4 #gc1 #c 79 ,s*ttg51 hor hebraic et talmudic1 #b1 ,s4 #bea f474 ,r4 ,b]e*ias nom9e ,r4 ,isaaci dixit3 ,quemadmodum ,gl primus 7,moses71 sic etiam po/remus 7,messias7 comp>atus e/4 ,de ,gle primo quidnam scriptura dicit8 ,exod4 iv4 #bj3 et sumsit ,moses uxorem et filios1 eosque as9o imposuit4 ,sic ,gl po/remus1 ,za*>4 ix4 #i3 paup] et insid5s as9o4 ,quidnam de ,gle primo no/i8 ,is desc5d]e fecit ,man1 q4 d4 ,exod4 xvi4 #ad3 ecce ego plu]e faciam vobis panem de clo4 ,sic etiam ,gl po/remus ,manna desc5d]e faciet1 q4 d4 ,ps4 lxxii4 #af3 erit multitudo frum5ti 9 t]ra4 ,quomodo ,gl primus comp>atus fuit8 ,is asc5d]e fecit puteum3 sic quoque ,gl po/remus asc5d]e faciet aquas1 q4 d4 ,joel iv4 #ah3 et fons e domo ,dom9i egr$ietur1 et torr5tem ,sittim irrigabit4 #ih ,tan*uma f4 #ed1 #d4 79 ,s*ttg51 p4 #gd73 ,r4 ,a*a nom9e ,r4 ,samuelis b> ,na*mani dixit3 ,qucumque ,deus ,s4 ,b4 facturus e/ 7tempore ,messiano7 ea jam ante fecit p] manus ju/orum 7seculo ante ,messiam elapso74 ,deus ,s4 ,b4 suscitabit mortuos1 id quod jam ante fecit p] ,eliam1 ,elisam et ,eze*ielem4 ,m>e exsiccabit1 pr\t p] ,mos5 factum e/4 ,oculos ccorum ap]iet1 id quod p] ,elisam fecit4 ,deus ,s4 ,b4 futuro tempore visitabit /]iles1 quemadmodum 9 ,abrahamo et ,s> fecit4 #ii ,! ,old ,te/am5t leg5ds h und]gone _m *anges & amplifications1 ev5 )\t any ref]5ce to ! ,messiah1 s t ! p>tial discrepancy betwe5 ! n>ratives conc]n+ ,jesus ) ^? relat+ to ,moses & ! prophets1 is n a decisive pro( t ! =m] 7 n d]iv$ f ! latt]4 ,comp>e ,acts vii4 #bb1 #ec1 & ! correspond+ "p ( ,josephus ,antiq4 ii4 iii4 ) ! acc\nt ( ,moses giv5 9 ,exodus4 ,also ! biblical acc\nt ( ,abraham ) ,antiq4 i4 #h1 #b2 ( ,jacob ) i4 #ai1 #f2 ( ,joseph ) ii4 #e1 #d4 #ajj ,george1 s4 #abe3 ,if we consid] ! firm conviction ( ! disciples1 t all :i* _h be5 prophesi$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! ,messiah mu/ necess>ily h be5 fulfill$ 9 ! p]son ( _! ma/]2 & moreov] t !re 7 _m blank spaces 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/2 we %all see t x 0 impossible to h happ5$ o!rwise ?an t ^! ideas %\ld h embodi$ !mselves1 & ?us ! my?i h aris5 :i* we f9d4 ,ev5 if a m correct repres5tation ( ! life ( ,jesus _h be5 possible by means ( tradition1 ?is conviction ( ! disciples mu/ h be5 /rong en\gh to triumph ov] x4 #aja ,comp>e ,o4 ,mll]1 ,prolegom5a1 s4 #g1 on a simil> conclusion ( ,grecian poets4 #ajb ,! comp>ison ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is book ) ! hi/ory ( ,joseph 9 ,g5esis1 gives an in/ructive view ( ! t5d5cy ( ! lat] ,hebrew leg5d & poetry to =m new relations ^u ! patt]n ( ! old4 ,z ,joseph 0 c>ri$ captive to ,egypt1 s 0 ,daniel to ,babylon 7i4 #b72 l ,joseph he mu/ *ange 8 "n 7#g74 ,god makes ! fav\rable to him1 z ! to ,joseph 7#i72 he ab/a9s f pollut+ himself ) p>tak+ ( ! k+'s meats & dr9ks1 :i* are press$ ^u him 7#h72 a self-d5ial held z m]itori\s 9 ! "t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 z t ( ,joseph ) reg>d to ,potiph>'s wife2 l ,joseph he ga9s em95ce by ! int]pretation ( a dream ( ! k+1 :i* 8 7 unable to expla9 to him 7ii472 :il/ ! additional circum/ance t ,daniel is enabl$ to give n only ! int]pretation1 b ! dream itself1 :i* _h escap$ ! memory ( ! k+1 appe>s to be a romantic exagg]ation ( t :i* 0 attribut$ to ,joseph4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ,josephus1 ! hi/ory ( ,daniel has react$ 9 a s+ul> mann] ^u t ( ,joseph2 = z ,nebu*adnezz> =gets 8 dream1 & ! int]pretation accord+ to ,josephus reveal$ to him at ! same "t1 s does he make ,ph>aoh =get ! int]pretation %[n to him ) ! dream4 ,antiq4 ii4 #e1 #d4 #ajc ,?us ,j4 ,mll]1 !ol4 ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik51 #ahcf1 iii4 s4 #hci ff4 #ajd ,x may "h be obs]v$1 once = all1 t :5ev] 9 ! foll[+ inquiry ! names 8,mat!w10 8,luke10 etc41 are us$1 x is ! au?or ( ! sev]al ,gospels :o is ?us briefly indicat$1 q irrespective ( ! "q :e!r ei!r ( ! ,gospels 0 writt5 by an apo/le or disciple ( t "n1 or by a lat] unkn[n au?or4 #aje ,see ,ku9l ,comm4 9 ,luc41 ,proleg41 p4 #bdg4 #ajf ,paulus1 exeget4 ,h&bu*1 #a a4 s4 #gh f4 #if4 ,bau]1 hebr4 ,my?ol41 #b ,bd4 s4 #bah f4 #ajg ,"h ,mi*ael is call$ "o ( ! *ief pr9ces4 #ajh ,"h ,raphael is repres5t$ z "o ( ! sev5 angels :i* g 9 & out be=e ! glory ( ! holy ,"o2 7,tobit1 xii4 #ae71 almo/ ! same z ,gabriel 9 ,luke i4 #ai1 except+ ! m5tion ( ! numb]4 ,?is numb] is 9 imitation ( ! ,p]sian ,ams*asp&s4 ,vid4 ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogmatik1 #aga b4 #aji ,hi]os4 ros* has*anah f4 lvi4 #d4 7,lightfoot1 hor hebr4 et talmud4 9 ,,iv4 ,evangg41 p4 #gbc73 ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,la*is* dicit3 nom9a angelorum asc5d]unt 9 manu ,isralis ex ,babylone4 ,nam antea dictum e/3 advolavit ad me unus ,s]aphim1 ,s]aphim /et]unt ante eum1 ,jes4 vi42 at po/3 vir ,gabriel1 ,dan4 ix4 #ba1 ,mi*al pr9ceps ve/]1 ,dan4 x4 #ba4 #aaj ,ol%aus51 biblis*] ,comm5t> zum ,n4,t41 #a ,?l4 s4 #bi 7#bte ,auflage74 ,comp4 ,h(fmann1 s4 #abd f4 #aaa ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 ,h(fmann1 s4 #ace4 #aab ,ut sup4 s4 #gg4 #aac ,ges*i*te d] drei letzt5 ,leb5sjahre ,jesu1 sammt dess5 ,jug5dges*i*te4 ,tb+51 #aggi4 #a ,bd4 s4 #ab4 #aad ,bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #aae4 #aae ,hebr4 ,my?ol4 ii4 s4 #bah4 #aaf ,bau]1 ut sup4 i4 s4 #abi4 ,paulus1 exeget4 ,h&bu*1 i4 a1 #gd4 #aag ,paulus1 ,comm5t>1 i4 s4 #ab4 #aah ,bau]1 ut sup4 #aai ,glaub5slehre1 #a ,?l4 #db und #dc 7#bte ,ausgabe74 #abj ,b9d]1 ,/udi5 d] evang4 ,gei/li*keit ,wrtemb]gs1 ix4 #b1 #e4 #aa ff4 #aba ,comp>e my ,dogmatik1 i4 #di4 #abb ,bibl4 ,comm41 #a4 ,?l4 s4 #aai4 #abc ,ut sup4 s4 #ib4 #abd ,hess1 ,ges*i*te d] drei letzt5 ,leb5sjahre ,jesu u4 s4 w41 #a4 ,?l4 s4 #ac1 #cc4 #abe ,hor/ 9 ,h5ke's ,museum1 i4 #d4 s4 #gcc f4 ,gabl] 9 se9em neue/4 !ol4 ,j\rnal1 vii4 #a4 s4 #djc4 #abf ,briefe b] die ,bibel im ,volk/one 7,ausg4 ,frankfurt und ,leipzig1 #ahjj71 #ates ,bnd*51 #ft] ,brief1 s4 #ea f4 #abg ,bahrdt1 ut sup4 s4 #eb4 #abh ,exeget4 ,h&b4 #a1 a4 s4 #gd ff4 #abi ,bahrdt1 ut sup4 #gt] ,brief1 s4 #fj4--;,e4 ,f4 b] die beid5 er/5 ,kapitel des ,mat?u und ,lukas1 9 ,h5ke's ,magaz91 v4 #a4 s4 #afc4 ,bau]1 hebr4 ,my?ol4 #b1 s4 #bbj4 #acj ,exeget4 ,h&b4 #a1 a4 s4 #gg-hj4 #aca ,ut sup4 s4 #gc4 #acb ,comp4 ,s*lei]ma*] b] die ,s*rift5 des ,lukas1 s4 #be4 #acc ,hor hebr4 et talmud41 ed4 ,c>pzov4 p4 #gbb4 #acd ,ut sup4 s4 #bf4 #ace ,examples borr[$ f ,aulus ,gellius1 v4 #i1 & f ,val]ius ,maximus1 i4 #h1 are cit$4 #acf ,ut sup4 s4 #bf4 #acg ,ut sup4 s4 #gb f4 #ach ,ut sup4 s4 #fi4 #aci ,9 ,s*midt's ,biblio!k fr ,kritik und ,exegese1 iii4 #a1 s4 #aai4 #adj ,paulus1 ut sup4 #ada ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a4 #b1 s4 #i4 #adb b] die ,s*rift5 des ,lukas1 s4 #bc4 #adc ,paulus und ,ol%aus5 z4 d4 ,/41 ,heyd5rei* a4 a4 ,o4 #a1 s4 #hg4 #add ,comp4 ,hor/1 9 ,h5ke's ,museum1 i4 #d1 s4 #gje2 ,vat]1 ,comm5t> zum ,p5tateu*1 #c1 s4 #eig ff42 ,hase ,l4 ,j41 #ce2 au* ,george1 s4 #cc f4 #ia4 #ade ,e4 ,f4 b] die zwei er/5 ,kapitel u4 s4 w4 9 ,h5ke's ,magaz91 v4 #a1 s4 #afb ff41 und ,bau] hebr4 ,my?ol41 ii4 #bbj f4 #adf ,! adoption ( ?is op9ion is be/ expla9$ by a passage--) respect to ?is matt] classical--9 ! ,evangelium de nativitate ,m>i1 9 ,fabricius codex apocryphus ,n4 ,ti4 #a1 p4 #bb f41 & 9 ,?ilo #a1 p4 #cbb1 8,deus0--x is "h said1--cum alicujus ut]um claudit1 ad hoc facit1 ut mirabilius d5uo ap]iat1 et non libid9is esse1 quod nascitur1 s$ div9i mun]is cognoscatur4 ,prima enim g5tis ve/r ,s>a mat] nonne usque ad octogesimum annum infecunda fuit8 et tam5 9 ultim s5ectutis tate g5uit ,isaac1 cui repromissa erat b5$ictio omnium g5tium4 ,ra*el quoque1 tantum ,dom9o grata tantumque a sancto ,jacob amata diu /]ilis fuit1 et tam5 ,joseph g5uit1 non solum dom9um gypti1 s$ plurim>um g5tium fame p]itur>um lib]atorem4 ,quis 9 ducibus vel =tior ,sampsone1 vel sanctior ,samuele8 et tam5 hi ambo /]iles matres habu]e4--ergo--cr$e--dilatos diu conceptus et /]iles p>tus mirabiliores esse sol]e4 #adg ,neue/es !ol4 ,j\rnal1 vii4 #a1 s4 #djb f4 #adh ,9 ,h5ke's ,museum1 i4 #d1 s4 #gjb ff4 #adi ,hase 9 8 ,leb5 ,jesu makes ! same admission2 comp>e #eb ) #cb4 #aej ,wet/e9 zu ,luke i4 #aa1 s4 #fdg f4 adduces passages f ,josephus & f ! ,rabb9s record+ app>itions se5 by ! high prie/s4 ,h[ readily x 0 presum$ t ! same ?+ happ5$ to ord9>y prie/s is app>5t f ! n>rative be=e u4 #aea ,judges xiii4 #ad 7,,lxx473 ,luc4 i4 #ae43 7al4 1 hebr4 7 4 4 #aeb ,judg4 xiii4 #e3 ,luc4 i4 #ae43 7al4 7 7al4 74 4 #aec ,judg4 xiii4 #bd f43 ,luc4 i4 #hj3 1 ' 7al4 7 1 1 1 4 4 ,comp4 ,g54 xxi4 #bj4 #aed ,g54 xvi4 #aa4 7,,lxx473 ,luc4 i4 #ac3 4 4 xvii4 #ai3 -- -- 4 #aee ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm5t>1 #a4 s4 #aaf4 ,h(fmann1 s4 #adf4 #aef ,) ?is view ( ! passage comp>e ,de ,wette1 ,exeg4 ,h&bu* zum ,n4 ,t41 #a1 #b1 s4 #ab4 #aeg ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 ,proleg41 p4 xxvii4 f4 #aeh ,paulus1 p4 #bib4 #aei ,hi]on4 9 ,daniel4 init4 #afj ,see ,wet/e94 #afa e4g4 ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 p4 #ac4 #afb ,exegt4 ,h&bu*1 i4 #a1 s4 #ab f4 #afc ,! exp$i5t ( ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 p4 #c1 to di/+ui% ! ,rahab "h m5tion$ f ! celebrat$ "o1 becomes h5ce sup]flu\s1 besides t x is p]fectly arbitr>y4 #afd ,h(fmann1 s4 #aed1 accord+ to ,hug1 ,e9l41 ii4 s4 #bga4 #afe ,comp>e ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 p4 #ai2 ,paulus1 exeget4 ,h&bu*1 i4 s4 #bhi2 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 9 loco4 #aff ,fritzs*e 9 ,mat?41 p4 #aa4 #afg ,paulus1 s4 #bib4 #afh ,bibl4 ,comm41 p4 #df1 note4 #afi ,see ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge zur ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t41 s4 #da f41 & ! passage cit$ f ,josephus1 ,b4 j4 vi4 #h4 ,also may be comp>$ ! passage cit$ by ,s*ttg51 hor hebr4 et talm4 zu ,mat?4 i4 f ,synopsis ,soh>1 p4 #acb1 n4 #ah4 ,ab ,abrahamo usque ad ,salomonem ,,xv4 sunt g5]ationes2 atque tunc luna fuit 9 pl5ilunio4 ,a ,salomone usque ad ,z$ekiam it]um sunt ,,xv4 g5]ationes1 et tunc luna defecit1 et ,z$eki effossi sunt oculi4 #agj ,de ,wette has already call$ att5tion to ! analogy betwe5 ^! ,old ,te/am5t g5ealogies & ^? ( ! ,gospels1 ) reg>d to ! int5tional equality ( numb]s4 ,kritik d] mos4 ,ges*i*te1 s4 #fi4 ,comp4 s4 #dh4 #aga ,see ,*ryso/om & ,lu!r1 9 ,cr$n]1 ,e9leitung 9 d4 ,n4 ,t41 #a1 s4 #adc f4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]bu*1 #a41 s4 #fei4 #agb ,orig4 homil4 9 ,lucam #bh4 #agc ,lu!r1 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 #ad4 ,wal*4 ,ausg4 s4 #h ff4 #agd ,de cons5su ,evangeli/>um1 ii4 #c1 u4 c4 ,fau/41 iii4 #c2 among/ ! mod]ns1 = example1 ,e4 ,f4 9 ,h5ke's ,magaz9 #e1 #a1 #ahj f4 ,aft] ,augu/9e _h subsequ5tly become acqua9t$ ) ! writ+ ( ,africanus1 he gave up 8 own op9ion = t ( ! latt]4 ,retract1 ii4 #g4 #age ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 i4 #g1 & lately e4g4 ,s*lei]ma*] on ,luke1 p4 #ec4 #agf ,s4 #ec4 ,comp4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]bu*1 #a ,bd4 s4 #ffj4 #agg ,comp4 ,mi*aelis1 ,mos4 ,re*t4 ii4 s4 #bjj4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]b4 ii4 s4 #bb f4 #agh ,?us e4g4 ,spanheim1 dubia evang4 p4 #a4 s4 #ac ff4 ,lightfoot1 ,mi*aelis1 ,paulus1 ,ku9l1 ,ol%aus51 lately ,h(fmann & o!rs4 #agi ,epiphanius1 ,grotius4 ,ol%aus51 s4 #dc4 #ahj ,te/am5t ,,xii4 ,patri>*41 ,te/4 ,simeon c4 #ga4 ,9 ,fabric4 ,codex pseudepigr4 ,v4 ,t4 p4 #edb3 7! races ( ,levi & ,juda7 4 1 444 #aha ,comp4 ,?ilo1 cod4 apocr4 ,n4,t4 #a1 s4 #cgd ff4 #ahb ,?us e4g4 ! ,mani*an ,fau/us 9 ,augu/94 contra ,fau/4 ,l4 xxiii4 #d4 #ahc ,protevangel4 ,jacobi c4 #a f4 u4 #aj4 & evangel4 de nativitate ,m>i c4 #a4 ,joa*im & ,anna1 ( ! race ( ,david1 are "h m5tion$ z ! p>5ts ( ,m>y4 ,fau/us on ! contr>y1 9 ! above cit$ passage1 gives ,joa*im ! title ( ,sac]dos4 #ahd ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #dc4 #ajj4 7,p>is1 #agdb47 #ahe ,paulus4 ,! ,jews also 9 _! repres5tation ( a ,m>y1 ! daught] ( ,heli1 torm5t$ 9 ! l[] _w 7see ,lightfoot71 appe> to h tak5 ! g5ealogy ( ,luke1 :i* sets out f ,heli1 = t ( ,m>y4 #ahf e4g4 ,lightfoot1 hor1 p4 #gej2 ,osi&]1 s4 #hf4 #ahg ,ju*as9 f4 #ee1 #b4 9 ,lightfoot s4 #ahc1 & ,bava ba?ra1 f4 #aaj1 #b4 9 ,wet/e9 s4 #bcj f4 ,comp4 ,joseph4 ,vita1 #a4 #ahh ,?us ,ei*horn1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a ,dd s4 #dbe4 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bcb4 ,wegs*eid]1 ,in/itut4 #abc1 n4 d4 de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogm4 #bgi1 & exeget4 ,h&bu* #a1 #b1 s4 #cb4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]b4 #a1 s4 #ffj f4 ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #cc4 ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,matt1 p4 #ce4 ,ammon1 ,=tbildung des ,*ri/5?ums zur ,weltreligion #a1 s4 #aif ff4 #ahi ,see ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogm4 & exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #ad2 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 ,eusebius gives a n improbable explanation ( ?is disagreem5t 7ad4 ,/eph4 qu/4 iii41 po9t$ out by ,cr$n]1 #a1 p4 #fh f47 t besides ! notion among/ ! ,jews1 t ! ,messiah mu/ spr+ f ! royal l9e ( ,david1 ano!r _h aris51 t ?is l9e hav+ become pollut$ & decl>$ unwor?y ( cont9u+ on ! ?rone ( ,david 7,j]em4 xxii4 #cj71 by ! wick$ness ( its lat] reign+ memb]s1 a l9e m pure ?\gh less fam$ 0 to be pref]r$ to x4 #aij ,! f>!r consid]ations on ! orig9 & import ( ^! g5ealogies1 :i* arise f _! connexion ) ! acc\nt ( ! miracul\s bir? ( ,jesus1 mu/ be res]v$ till aft] ! exam9ation ( ! latt] po9t4 #aia ,fabricius1 ,codex apocryphus ,n4 ,t4 #a1 p4 #ai ff4 #ff ff42 ,?ilo1 #a1 p4 #afa ff4 #cai ff4 #aib ,gregory ( ,nyssa or 8 int]polator is rem9d$ ( ?is "m ( ,samuel by ! apocryphal ,anna :5 he says ( h]3 444 ,fabricius1 #a1 p4 #f4 #aic ,evang4 de nativ4 ,m>4 c4 #g3 cunctos de domo et familia ,david nuptui habiles1 non conjugatos4 #aid ,protev4 ,jac c4 #h3 4 #aie ,x is ?us 9 ! ,evang4 de nativ4 ,m>iae vii4 & viii42 b r diff]5t 9 ! ,protev4 ,jac4 c4 ix4 #aif ,protev4 c4 #i3 4 ,evang4 de nativ4 ,m>4 #h43 gr&aevus4 ,epiphan4 adv4 ha]es4 #gh1 #h3 1 4 #aig 4 c4 ix4 ,comp>e ) ,evang4 de nativ4 ,m>4 viii4 & x4 #aih ,see ! v>iations 9 ,?ilo1 p4 #bbg1 & ! quotations f ! ,fa!rs at p4 #cfe n4 #aii ,numb4 v4 #ah4 #bjj ,protev4 ,jac4 x4-xvi4 ,! acc\nt 9 ! ,evang4 de nativ4 ,m>4 is less *>act]i/ic4 #bja 8,die natrli*e ,ges*i*te des gross5 ,prophet5 von ,naz>et10 #at] ,b&1 s4 #aai ff4 #bjb ,augu/91 de cons5s4 evangeli/4 ii4 #e4 #bjc ,paulus1 ,ol%aus51 ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 p4 #ef4 #bjd ,comp4 de ,wette's exeg4 ,h&bu*1 i4 #a1 s4 #ah4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,ueb] die ,s*rift5 des ,lukas1 s4 #db ff4 #bje ,protev4 ,jac4 c4 #ab3 4 ,:5 que/ion$ by ,joseph %e assures him ) te>s3 1 4 c4 #ac4 #bjf ,ges*i*te d] drei letzt5 ,leb5sjahre ,jesu u4 s4 w4 #a4 ,?l4 s4 #cf4 ,comp4 ,h(fmann1 s4 #agf f4 #bjg ,*4 viii4-x4 #bjh ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a a1 s4 #aba4 #ade4 #bji ,to ?is op9ion ,ne&] incl9es1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*4 s4 #ah4 #baj ,g54 xvii4 #ai2 ,,lxx4 7,annunciation ( ,matt4 i4 #ba4 ,isaac73 7 --7 1 1 4 ,judg4 xiii4 #e4 7,annunciation ( 4 ,samson73 ,luke i4 #cj ff4 4 -- 1 ,g54 xvi4 #aa ff4 7,annunciation ( 1 ,i%mael73 4 4----4 1 4 -- --4 #baa ,comp4 de ,wette1 ,kritik d] mos4 ,ges*i*te1 s4 #hf ff4 #bab ,! vision :i*1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,joseph _h 9 8 sleep1 _h besides a k9d ( type 9 ! vision by :i*1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% tradition relat$ by ,josephus1 ! fa!r ( ,moses 0 com=t$ "u simil> circum/ances1 :5 suff]+ anxiety conc]n+ ! pregnancy ( 8 wife1 al?\gh = a diff]5t reason4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 ,,ii4 ix4 #c4 8,a man ^: "n 0 ,amram1 "o ( ! nobl] sort ( ,hebrews1 0 afraid = 8 :ole nation1 le/ x %\ld fail1 by ! want ( "y m5 to be br\ght up h]eaft]1 & 0 v uneasy at x1 8 wife be+ !n ) *ild1 & he knew n :at to d4 ,h]eupon he betook himself to pray] to ,god4444 ,accord+ly ,god _h m]cy on him1 & 0 mov$ by 8 supplication4 ,he /ood by him 9 8 sleep1 & exhort$ him n to despair ( 8 future fav\rs4444 ,= ?is *ild ( ?9e %all deliv] ! ,hebrew nation f ! di/ress !y are "u f ! ,egyptians4 ,8 memory %all be fam\s :ile ! _w la/s40 #bac ,comp4 ,ammon1 ,=tbildung des ,*ri/5?ums1 i4 s4 #bjh f4 #bad ,ueb] die ,s*rift5 des ,lukas1 s4 #bc4 #bae ,comp>e ,ges5ius & ,hitzig4 ,comm5t>5 zum ,jesaia2 ,umbreit1 ,ueb] die ,geburt des ,immanuel dur* e9e ,jungfrau1 9 d5 !ol4 ,/udi5 u4 ,krit41 #ahcj1 #c4 ,heft1 s4 #eda ff4 #baf ,?is explanation does away ) ! importance ( ! controv]sy respect+ ! ^w 4 ,moreov] x ought to be decid$ by ! fact t ! ^w does n signify an immaculate1 b a m>riageable "y woman 7see ,ges5ius74 ,s e>ly z ! "t ( ,ju/9 ! ,jews ma9ta9$ t ! ^w ought n to be r5d]$ by b by 4 ,dial c4 ,tryph4 no4 #dc4 p4 #acj ,e4 ,comp4 ,ir54 adv4 ha]4 iii4 #ba4 #bag ,*ri/ologie des ,a4 ,t4 s4 #a1 b1 s4 #dg4 #bah ,see ,w9]1 ,grammatik des neute/4 ,spra*idioms1 #cte ,aufl4 s4 #chb ff4 ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 p4 #di4 #cag und ,excurs4 #a1 p4 #hcf ff4 #bai ,see ! ,introduction1 #ad4 #bbj ,see ,bleek 9 d5 !ol4 ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik51 #ahce1 #b1 s4 #dda ff4 #bba ,! :ole rationali/ic int]pretation ( ,scripture re/s ^u a suffici5tly palpable p>alogism1 by :i* x /&s or falls3 ,! ,new ,te/am5t au?ors are n to be int]pret$ z if !y said some?+ irrational 7c]ta9ly n some?+ contr>y to _! own modes ( ?9k+74 ,n[ accord+ to a p>ticul> int]pretation _! ass]tions are irrational 7t is contr>y to our modes ( ?9k+74 ,consequ5tly ! int]pretation _c give ! orig9al s5se1 & a diff]5t int]pretation mu/ be giv54 ,:o does n "h p]ceive ! quat]nio t]m9orum & ! fatal inconsequ5ce1 :5 ,rationalism takes its /& ^u ! same gr\nd ) sup]naturalism2 t1 namely1 :il/ ) reg>d to all o!r m5 ! fir/ po9t to be exam9$ is :e!r !y speak or write :at is j & true1 to ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s ! pr]ogative is grant$ ( ?is be+1 9 _! case1 already presuppos$8 #bbb ,conjugial4 prcept4 ,opp4 ed4 ,hutton1 ,vol4 #g4 s4 #dbh4 #bbc ,ir5u1 adv4 ha]4 #a1 #bf3 ,c]9?us1 ,jesum subjecit non ex virg9e natum1 impossibile enim hoc ei visum e/4 #bbd ,9 ,h5ke's neuem ,magaz91 iii4 #c1 s4 #cfi4 #bbe ,homil4 9 ,lucam xiv4 ,comp4 my ,/reits*rift51 i4 #b1 s4 #gb f4 #bbf ,ol%aus51 ,bibl4 ,comm4 s4 #di4 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*4 s4 #af f4 #bbg e4g4 by ,ei*horn1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a4 ,bd4 s4 #djg4 #bbh ,glaub5slehre1 #b ,?l4 #ig4 s4 #gc f4 d] zweit5 ,auflage4 #bbi ,?is side is p>ticul>ly consid]$ 9 d] ,skiagraphie des ,dogma's von ,jesu b]natrli*] ,geburt1 9 ,s*midt's ,biblio!k1 i4 #c1 s4 #djj ff42 9 d5 ,bem]kung5 b] d5 ,glaub5spunkt3 ,*ri/us i/ empfang5 vom heil4 ,gei/1 9 ,h5ke's neuem ,magaz91 iii4 #c1 #cfe ff42 9 ,kais]'s bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bca f42 ,de ,wette's bibl4 ,dogmatik1 #bha2 ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,glaub5slehre1 #b ,?l4 #ig4 #bcj ,br\ght to be> ^u ?is po9t by ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*4 s4 #ab4 #bca ,augu/9us contra ,fau/um ,mani*aeum1 ,l4 #bc4 #c4 #d4 #h4 #bcb ,see ,s*midt1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 & ,wegs*eid]1 ,in/it4 #abc 7n4 d74 #bcc ,ei*horn ?9ks ?is probable1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 i4 s4 #dbe1 ,de ,wette possible1 exeg4 ,h&b4 i4 #a1 s4 #g4 #bcd ,ju/9 ,m>t4 ,dial4 cum ,tryphone1 #dh2 ,orig9es contra ,celsum1 ,l4 #e1 #fa4 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 #c1 #bg4 #bce ,epiphan4 ha]es4 #cj1 #ad4 #bcf ,ha]es4 #bi1 #i4 #bcg ,cr$n]1 9 d5 ,beitrg5 zur ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #ddc4 ,anm4 #bch ,orig4 ut sup4 #bci ,see ,ne&]1 ,k4 ,g4 #a1 #b1 s4 #fae f4 #bdj ,cr$n]1 b] ,ess5]1 und e95 !ilweis5 ,zusamm5hang beid]1 9 ,w9]'s ,zeits*rift f4 wiss5s*aftli*e ,!ologie1 #a4 ,bd4 #btes & #ctes ,heft2 see ,baur1 ,progr4 de ,ebionit>um orig9e et doctr9 ab ,ess5is repet5d1 und *ri/l4 ,gnosis1 s4 #djc4 #bda ,de c>ne ,*ri/i1 c4 #ad3 ,pot]it haec op9io ,hebioni conv5ire1 qui nudum hom9em1 et tantum ex sem9e ,david1 i4e4 non et ,dei filium1 con/ituit ,jesum1 ut 9 illo angelum fuisse edicat4 #bdb ,ne&] & ,s*neck5burg] are ( ! latt]1 ,giesel] & ,cr$n] ( ! =m] op9ion4 #bdc ,i "h ref] to ! acc\nt ( ,hegesippus 9 ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 iv4 #bb4 #bdd ,homil4 #c1 #bc-bg4 #bde ,epiphan4 ha]es4 #cj1 #ah4 comp4 #ae4 #bdf ,t ^! 7 ! traits 9 ,david's "* :i* displeas$ ! ,*ri/ian sect 9 "q1 is suffici5tly evid5t f a passage 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 ?\gh ! "n is n giv53 ,homil4 #c1 #be2 7 7 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 #bdg ,epiphan4 ha]4 #cj1 #ad4 #af4 #cd4 #bdh ,homil4 #c1 #ag4 #bdi ,s*neck5burg]1 b] das ,evang4 d] ,aegypt]1 s4 #g2 ,baur1 *ri/l4 ,gnosis1 s4 #gfj ff4 ,see on ! o!r side ,cr$n] & ,h(fmann4 #bej ,orig4 ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 ,t4 #af1 #ab4 ,t]tullian1 ,de c>ne ,*ri/i1 #ad1 s4 ,anm4 #ac 7a passage 9 :i* inde$ ! speculative & ord9>y ,ebionites are m+l$ toge!r74 #bea ,clem5t1 homil4 #ah1 #ac4 ,!y ref]r$ ! words ( ,mat?4 xi4 #bg3 1 444 to 1 1 1 & compla9$ t 4 #beb ,ha]es4 #cj1 #ad3 ' 7 7 1 4 #bec ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #ajj4 #abj4 #bed ,br4441 die ,na*ri*t1 dass ,jesus dur* d5 heil4 ,gei/ und von e9] ,jungfrau gebor5 sei1 aus ,zeitbegriff5 erlut]t4 ,9 ,s*midt's ,bibl4 #a1 #a4 s4 #aja ff4--,hor/1 9 ,h5ke's ,museum #a1 #d1 #dig ff41 b] die beid5 er/5 ,kapitel 9 ,evang4 ,lukas4 #bee ,bem]kung5 b] d5 ,glaub5spunkt3 ,*ri/us i/ empfang5 vom heil4 ,gei/4 ,9 ,h5ke's neuem ,magaz91 #c1 #c1 #cii4 #bef ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bf f4 #beg ,im neue/5 !ol4 ,j\rnal1 #g4 ,bd4 #d4 ,/ck1 s4 #djg f4 #beh ,antiq4 xviii4 #c1 #d4 #bei ,it] ,!il1 s4 #adj ff4 #bfj ,! leg5d has und]gone v>i\s modifications1 b ! "n ( ,pan!ra or ,p&ira has be5 uni=mly reta9$4 ,vid4 ,orig5es c4 ,cels4 #a1 #bh41 #cb4 ,s*ttg51 ,hor #b1 #fic ff4 aus ,tract4 ,sanh$r9 u4 ,a42 ,eis5m5g]1 entdecktes ,jud5?um1 #a1 s4 #aje ff4 aus d] ,s*mhs*rift3 ,tol$o? ,jes*u2 ,?ilo1 cod4 apocr4 s4 #ebh4 ,comp4 my ,abh&lung b] die ,nam5 ,pan!r1 ,pan!ras1 ,p&]a1 9 jdis*5 und patri/is*5 ,erzhlung5 von d] ,ab/ammung ,jesu4 ,a!num1 ,febr4 #ahci1 s4 #ae ff4 #bfa ,orig4 c4 ,celsus i4 #cb4 #bfb ,ibid4 vi4 #h4 #bfc ,ibid4 i4 #cg4 #bfd ,gabl]1 9 se9em neue/5 !ol4 ,j\rnal1 #g1 #d4 s4 #djh f42 ,ei*horn1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #dbh f42 ,bau]1 hebr4 ,my?ol4 #a1 #aib e ff42 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ologie1 #a1 s4 #bca f42 ,wegs*eid]1 ,in/it4 #abc2 ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogmat4 #bha1 und exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #ah f41 ,ammon1 ,=tbildung des ,*ri/5?4 s4 #bja ff42 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #cc2 ,fritzs*e1 ,comm5t4 9 ,mat?4 s4 #ef4 ,! latt] ju/ly rem>ks 9 ! title to ! fir/ *apt]3 non m9us ille 7,jesus7 ut f]unt doctorum ,judaicorum de ,messi s5t5ti1 patrem habet spiritum div9um1 matrem virg9em4 #bfe ,jambli*4 vita ,py?agor4 cap4 #b1 ed4 ,kiessl+4 #bff ,adv4 ,jov94 #a1 #bf4 ,diog4 ,lart41 #c1 #a1 #b4 #bfg ,glaubwrdigkeit1 s4 #fd4 #bfh ,apologie des ,l4 ,j4 s4 #ib4 #bfi ,diog4 ,lart a4 a4 ,o43 7,sororis ,platonis filius1 ,hi]on47 ' 1 1 1 444 #bgj ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*4 s4 #aj4 #bga ,antiq4 #ae4 #b4 #f4 #bgb ,g54 xviii41 #ad ,sept4 ,luke i4 #cg4 2 4 #bgc ,de ,wette1 ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #ag4 #bgd ,!y are to be f\nd h[ev] 9 ! m mod]n ,rabb9s1 s4 ,mat?i1 ,religionsgl4 d] ,apo/el #b1 a4 s4 #eee ff4 #bge ,bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #dg4 ,also ,daub4 #b a4 s4 #caa f2 ,!ile1 #ad4 ,ne&]1 s4 #i4 #bgf ,diog4 ,lart4 a4 a4 ,o4 ,see ,orig5es c4 ,cels4 #a1 #cg4 #bgg ,demonax1 #bi4 #bgh ,s4 ,orig5es 9 ,mat?um1 ,opp4 ed4 de la ,rue1 ,vol4 #c4 s4 #dfc4 #bgi ,! ,arian ,eunomius accord+ to ,photius taught 4 ,?is 0 also1 accord+ to ,epiphanius1 ! doctr9e ( ^? call$ by him ,dima]ites & ,antidicom>ianites1 & 9 ! "t ( ,j]ome1 ( ,helvidius & 8 foll[]s4 ,comp>e on ?is po9t ! ,sammlung von ,suic]1 im ,!saurus ii41 s4 v4 1 fol4 #cje f4 #bhj ,comp4 ,hi]on4 adv4 ,helv4 #f1 #g1 ,!ophylact & ,suidas 9 ,suic]1 #a1 s4 v4 1 fol4 #abid f4 #bha ,hi]on4 z4 d4 ,/4 #bhb ,see ,orig4 9 ,mat?4 ,tom4 #aj1 #ag2 ,epiphan4 ha]es4 #gh1 #g2 ,hi/oria ,josephi1 c4 #b2 ,protev4 ,jac4 #i4 #ah4 #bhc ,*ryso/omus1 hom4 #adb1 9 ,suic]1 s4 v4 1 mo/ repulsively describ$ 9 ! ,protev4 ,jac4 xix4 & xx4 #bhd ,hi]on4 ad ,mat?4 #ab1 und adv]s4 ,helvid4 #ai4 #bhe ,die ,brd] ,jesu4 ,9 ,w9]'s ,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,!ologie1 #a1 #c4 s4 #cfd f4 #bhf ,biblis*es ,realwrt]bu*1 #a ,bd4 s4 #ffd1 ,anm4 ,de ,wette1 z4 d4 ,/4 ,ne&] ,l4 ,j4 ,*41 s4 #cd4 #bhg ,comm5t4 9 ,mat?4 s4 #ec ff41 vgl4 au* s4 #hce4 #bhh ,ol%aus5 is exce$+ly unhappy 9 ! example *os5 by him 9 support ( 8 int]pretation ( 4 ,= :5 x is said1 we wait$ till midnight b no "o came1 c]ta9ly ?is by no means implies t aft] midnight "s "o did come1 b x does imply t aft] midnight we wait$ no long]2 s t "h ! expression till reta9s its signification ( exclusion4 #bhi ,on ?is subject comp>e 9 p>ticul> ,clem51 die ,brd] ,jesu1 9 ,w9]'s ,zeits*rift fr wiss4 ,!ol4 #a1 #c1 s4 #cbi ff42 ,paulus1 ,exeg4 ,h&bu*1 #a ,bd4 s4 #eeg ff42 ,fritzs*e1 a4 a4 ,o4 s4 #dhj ff42 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]bu*1 9 d5 ,a4 ,a42 ,jesus1 ,jacobus1 ,apo/el4 #bij ,see ! diff]5t names assign$ !m 9 ! leg5d 9 ,?ilo1 ,codex apocryphus ,n4,t41 #a4 s4 #cfj note4 #bia ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 #b1 #a4 #bib ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 #c1 #aa4 #bic ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 p4 #dhb4 #bid ,!ile1 ,biographie ,jesu1 #ah4 #bie ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a4 a1 s4 #abj ff4 #bif ,s4 ,ol%aus5 und de ,wette1 z4 d4 ,/4 #big ,hess1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #bf2 ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm4 z4 d4 ,/42 ,h(fmann1 s4 #bbf2 ,lange1 s4 #gf ff4 #bih ,comp>e ,luke i4 #dg ) #a ,sam4 ii4 #a4 11 i4 #di 11 11 ii4 #b4 11 i4 #ea 11 11 ii4 #c1 #d4 11 i4 #eb 11 11 ii4 #h4 11 i4 #ec 11 11 ii4 #e4 ,p>ticul>ly ,comp>e ,luke i4 #dh ) #a ,sam4 i4 #aa4 ,luke i4 #ej ,deut4 vii4 #i4 11 i4 #eb ,ecclesia/icus x4 #ad4 11 i4 #ed ,ps4 xcviii4 #c4 #bii #e ,b&1 #a4 ,/ck1 s4 #afa4 f4 #cjj ,9 ,h5ke's ,museum1 #a1 #d1 s4 #gbe4 #cja ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bc f4 #cjb ,ol%aus51 ,paulus1 ,ku9l4 #cjc ,?oluck1 s4 #aid ff4 ,ne&]1 s4 #ai4 #cjd ,cassiodor4 ,v>i>um1 #c1 #eb4 ,isidor4 ,orig4 #e1 #cf4 #cje ,to ref] "h to ! ,monum5tum ,ancyranum1 :i* is said to record a c5sus ( ! :ole empire 9 ! ye> ( ,rome #gdf 7,osi&]1 p4 #ie71 is pro( ( ! greate/ c>elessness4 ,= he :o exam9es ?is inscription w f9d m5tion only ( ?ree assessm5ts c5sus civium ,romanorum1 :i* ,suetonius designates c5sus populi1 & ( :i* ,dio ,cassius speaks1 at lea/ ( "o ( !m1 z 4 ,see ,idel]1 ,*ronol4 #b1 s4 #cci4 #cjf ,9 ! au?oritative citations 9 ,suidas are ! words tak5 f ,luke1 4 #cjg ,h(fmann1 s4 #bca4 #cjh ,joseph4 ,antiq4 #ag1 #ac1 #b4 ,b4 j4 #b1 #g1 #c4 #cji ,antiq4 #ag1 #ac1 #e4 #ah1 #a1 #a4 ,b4 j4 #b1 #h1 #a4 #caj ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 a1 s4 #aga4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]bu*4 #caa ,tacit4 ,annal4 #a1 #aa4 ,sueton4 ,octav4 #aia4 ,b if 9 ?is docum5t opes public cont9ebantur3 quantum civium sociorumque 9 armis2 quot classes1 regna1 prov9ci1 tributa aut vectigalia1 et necessitates ac l>gitiones3 ! numb] ( troops & ! sum :i* ! ,jewi% pr9ce _h to furni%1 might h be5 giv5 )\t a ,roman tax be+ levi$ 9 _! l&4 ,= ,judea 9 p>ticul> ,augu/us _h be=e him ! subsequ5t c5sus made by ,quir9us4 #cab 1 1 4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 #af1 #i1 #c4 ,b ! diff]5ce 0 adju/$ long be=e ! dea? ( ,h]od4 ,antiq4 #af1 #aj1 #i4 #cac ,joseph4 ,ant4 #ag1 #b1 #d4 ' 4 ,t ?is oa?1 f> f be+ a humiliat+ measure = ,h]od1 co9cid$ ) 8 int]e/1 is prov$ by ! zeal ) :i* he puni%$ ! ,ph>isees :o refus$ to take x4 #cad ,?oluck1 s4 #aib f4 ,b ! insurrection :i* ! aft] ! depositions ( ,ar*elaus actually occasion$--a fact :i* outweighs all ,?oluck's surmises--proves x to h be5 ! fir/ ,roman measure ( ! k9d 9 ,judea4 #cae ,antiq4 #ag1 #i1 #aj1 #a ff4 ,b4 j4 #b4 #b4 #b4 ,8 oppressions h[ev] _h ref]5ce only to ! =tresses & ! treasures ( ,h]od4 #caf ,antiq4 #ah1 #a1 #a4 #cag ,bell4 jud4 #b1 #h1 #a4 #i4 #a4 ,antiq4 #ag1 #ac1 #e4 #cah ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,luc4 p4 #cbj4 #cai ,w9]4 #cbj ,adv4 ,m>cion4 #d1 #ai4 #cba ,/orr1 opusc4 acad4 #c1 s4 #abf f4 ,ssk9d1 v]mis*te ,aufstze1 s4 #fc4 ,?oluck1 s4 #ahb f4 #cbb ,mi*aelis1 ,anm4 z4 d4 ,/4 und ,e9l4 9 d4 ,n4,t4 #a1 #ga4 #cbc ,mnt]1 ,/]n d] ,weis51 s4 #hh4 #cbd ,paulus4 ,wet/e94 #cbe ,cr$n]4 #cbf ,9 ,s*midt's ,biblio!k fr ,kritik und ,exegese1 #c1 #a4 s4 #abd4 ,see ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bcj2 ,ammon1 ,=tbildung1 #a1 s4 #aif2 ,cr$n]1 ,e9leitung1 9 d4 ,n4,t4 #a1 s4 #aee2 ,de ,wette1 exeget4 ,h&bu*4 #cbg ,*ap4 #ag4 ,comp>e ,hi/oria de nativ4 ,m>iae et de infanti ,s]vatoris1 c4 #ac4 #cbh ,fabricius1 im ,codex ,apocryph4 ,n4,t4 #a1 s4 #aje1 n4 y4 #cbi ,ambrosius & ,j]ome4 ,see ,giesel]1 ,k4 ,g4 #a1 s4 #eaf4 #ccj ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #gh4 #cca ,c4 ,cels4 #a1 #ea4 #ccb ,hess1 ,ol%aus51 ,paulus4 #ccc ,paulus4 #ccd ,*ap4 #ad4 #cce ,*ap4 #d 9 ,?ilo1 s4 #fi4 #ccf ,9 se9em ,v]su* b] die ,wund]ges*i*t5 des ,n4 ,t4 ,see ,gabl]'s ,neue/es !ol4 ,j\rnal1 #g1 #d1 s4 #daa4 #ccg ,exeg4 ,h&b4 s4 #ahj ff4 ,z ,paulus supposes an ext]nal natural ph5om5on s ,mat?i imag9es a m5tal vision ( angels4 ,synopse d] vi] ,evangeli51 s4 #c4 #cch ,hebris*e ,my?ologie1 #b4 ,?l4 s4 #bbc ff4 #cci ,rec5sion von ,bau]'s hebr4 ,my?ologie 9 ,gabl]'s ,j\rnal fr aus]les5e !ol4 ,lit]atur1 #b1 #a1 s4 #eh f4 #cdj ,neue/es !ol4 ,j\rnal1 #g1 #d1 s4 #dab f4 #cda ,9 ,luc4 #b4 9 ,suic]1 #b1 p4 #ghi4 #cdb ,s]vius ad ,v]g4 ,ecl4 #aj1 #bf4 #cdc ,liban4 progymn4 p4 #ach1 9 ,wet/e91 s4 #ffb4 #cdd ,?us ,cyrus1 see ,h]od4 #a1 #aaj ff4 ,romulus1 see ,livy1 #a1 #d4 #cde ,?ilo1 ,codex ,apocr4 ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #chc n4 #cdf ,vid4 ,s*ttg51 #b1 s4 #eca4 #cdg ,sota1 #a1 #dh3 ,sapi5tes no/ri p]hib5t1 circa horam nativitatis ,mosis totam domum repletam fuisse luce 7,wet/e974 #cdh ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bi4 f4 ,) :om ,ne&] & o!rs n[ agree4--,l4 ,j4 ,*4 s4 #ba f4 #cdi ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 ,kritik d] mosais*5 ,ges*i*te1 s4 #aaf2 ,george1 ,my?us u4 ,sage1 s4 #cc f4 #cej ,g54 xxxvii4 #aa 7,,lxx473 ,luc4 #b1 #ah f43 -- -- 1 4--,s*ttg51 1 4 horae1 #a1 #bfb4 #b1 #ea3 4 #cea ,see ,introduction4 #ceb ,p]haps z a precaution>y measure to obviate objections on ! "p ( ! ,jews4 7,ammon1 ,=tbildung1 #a1 s4 #bag47 #cec ,pirke ,r4 ,elies]1 #cc3 ,sex hom9um nom9a dicta sunt1 antequam nasc]5tur3 ,isaaci nempe1 ,ismalis1 ,mosis1 ,salomonis1 ,josi et nom5 regis ,messi4 ,b]es*i? rabba1 sect4 #a1 fol4 #c1 #c4--7,s*ttg51 horae1 #b1 s4 #dcf73 ,sex res prv5]unt creationem mundi3 qudam ex illis creat sunt1 nempe lex et ?ronus glori2 ali asc5d]unt 9 cogitationem 7,dei7 ut cre>5tur1 nimirum ,patri>*1 ,isral1 templum1 et nom5 ,messi4 #ced ,comp4 ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanonis*5 ,evangeliums1 s4 #fi ff4 #cee ,joseph4 ,b4 ,j4 vi4 vi4 #d3 ,tacit4 ,hi/or4 v4 #ac2 ,sueton4 ,vespas4 #d4 ,all ! extant allusions to ! exi/5ce ( su* a hope at ! era ( ,*ri/'s bir?1 relate only 9 an indet]m9ate mann] to a rul] ( ! _w4 ,virg4 ,eclog4 #d2 ,sueton4 ,octav4 #id4 #cef ,9 say+ t x is inadmissible to suppose a div9e int]v5tion directly t5d+ to c\nt5ance sup]/ition1 ,i ref] to :at is call$ imm$iate int]v5tion4 ,9 ! doctr9e ( m$iate int]v5tion1 :i* includes ! co-op]ation ( man1 !re is d\btless a mixture ( tru? & error4 ,ne&] confuses ! two4 ,l4 ,j4 ,*41 s4 #bi4 #ceg ,paulus & ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 9 loc4 #ceh ,accord+ to ,h(fmann 7p4 #bef71 t he might control ! ass]tion ( ! magi by inquir+ ( 8 own a/rolog]s1 :e!r !y _h se5 ! /> at ! same "t4 ,?is is n m]ely unsupport$ by ! text--x is 9 direct contradiction to x1 = we are !re told t ,h]od at once gave t]rifi$ cr$5ce to ! magi4 #cei ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 aptly says--comp]to1 quasi magos non ad se r$ituros /atim scivisset1 orti sid]is tempore1 etc4 #cfj ,k4 ,*4 ,l4 ,s*midt1 exeg4 ,beitrge1 #a1 s4 #aej f4 ,comp4 ,fritzs*e & ,de ,wette 9 loc4 #cfa ,h(fman ?9ks t ,h]od %unn$ ?is measure z a brea* ( hospitality2 yet ?is v ,h]od he repres5ts z a mon/] ( cruelty1 & t ju/ly1 = ! conduct attribut$ to ! mon>* 9 *ap4 ii4 ( ,mat!w is n unwor?y ( 8 he>t1 aga9/ :i* ,ne&] sup]flu\sly argues 7p4 #cj f471 b ( 8 head4 #cfb ,s*midt1 ut sup4 p4 #aee f4 #cfc ,/>k1 ,synops4 bibl4 exeg4 9 ,n4 ,t41 p4 #fb4 #cfd ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 e4g4 ,euseb4 ,demon/r4 evang4 #i1 ap4 ,suic]1 #a1 s4 #eei2 ,joann4 ,damasc4 de fide or?od4 ii4 #g4 #cfe ,*ryso/omus & o!rs ap4 ,suic]1 ut sup4 & ! ,evang4 infant4 arab4 c4 vii4 #cff ,see ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 p4 #bc4 #cfg ,v]mis*te ,aufstze1 s4 #h4 #cfh ,bibl4 ,comm4 9 loc1 ,h(fmann1 s4 #bfa4 #cfi ,s*midt1 exeg4 ,beitrge1 #a1 #aeb ff4 #cgj ,?is is %[n 9 opposition to ,ol%aus5 by ,/eudel 9 ,b5gel's ,ar*iv4 vii4 ii4 #dbe f4 viii4 iii4 #dhg4 #cga ,s*midt1 ut sup4 p4 #aef4 #cgb ,babylon4 ,sanh$r4 f4 cvii4 #b1 ap4 ,lightfoot1 p4 #bjg4 ,comp4 ,s*ttg51 ii4 p4 #ecc4 ,accord+ to ,josephus ,antiq4 xiii4 xiii4 #e1 xiv4 #b1 !y 7 ,jews ( ea* sex & ( all ages1 & *iefly ,ph>isees4 #cgc ,joseph4 ,b4 ,j4 i4 xxx4 #c4 ,comp4 ,antiq4 xvii4 iv4 #a4 #cgd ,macrob4 ,saturnal4 ii4 #d3 ,quum audisset 7,augu/us7 int] pu]os1 quos 9 ,syri ,h]odes rex ,judorum intra bimatum jussit int]fici1 filium quoque ejus occisum1 ait3 melius e/1 ,h]odis porcum 77 esse quam filium 774 #cge ,vid4 ,wet/e91 ,ku9l1 ,ol%aus5 9 loc4 ,w9] d4 ,a4 ,h]odes4 #cgf ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,matt41 p4 #ic f4 #cgg ,*ryso/om & o!rs4 #cgh ,vid4 ,gratz1 ,comm4 zum ,ev4 ,mat?4 #a1 s4 #aae4 #cgi ,ku9l1 ad ,mat?4 p4 #dd f4 #chj ,wet/e91 9 loc4 #cha ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge zur ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t41 s4 #db4 #chb ,giesel]1 ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 #ahca1 #c4 ,heft1 s4 #ehh f4 ,fritzs*e1 s4 #ajd4 ,comp4 ,hi]on4 ad ,jesai4 xi4 #a4 #chc ,= bo? ^! explanations1 see ,ku9l1 9 loc4 #chd ,kepl]1 9 v>i\s treatises2 ,mnt]1 d] ,/]n d] ,weis52 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!mat4 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie1 #b4 ,bd4 s4 #cii ff4 #che ,ol%aus51 s4 #fg4 #chf ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #bjb1 #bba4 #chg ,b5gel's ,ar*iv4 vii4 ii4 p4 #dbd4 #chh ,at a lat] p]iod1 x is true1 ?is j\rney ( ,jesus 0 ! occasion ( calumnies f ! ,jews1 b ^? 7 ( an entirely diff]5t nature1 z w be se5 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 #chi ,ueb] =melle od] g5etis*e ,erklrungs>t d] ,wund]4 ,9 ,h5ke's ,museum1 #a1 #c1 #cii ff4 ,simil> essays see 9 ! ,abh&lung5 b] die beid5 er/5 ,kapitel des ,mat?u u4 ,lukas1 9 ,h5ke's ,magaz91 #e1 #a1 #aga ff41 & 9 ,mat?i1 ,religionsgl4 d] ,apo/el1 #b1 s4 #dbb ff4 #cij ,l4 ,j4 ,*41 s4 #bi ff4 #cia ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 i4 #fj4 ,auctor1 op4 imp]f4 9 ,mat?4 ap4 ,fabricius ,pseudepigr4 ,v4 ,t41 p4 #hjg ff4 #cib ,s*midt's ,biblio!k1 #c1 #a1 s4 #acj4 #cic ,9 loc4 ,num4 7,s*ttg51 hor1 ii4 p4 #aeb73 ,multi ,int]pretati sunt hc de ,messi4 #cid ,ju/91 ,hi/4 #cg4 #cie ,sueton4 ,jul4 ,cs4 #hh4 #cif ,jalkut ,rub5i1 f4 xxxii4 #c 7ap4 ,wet/e973 qu hor natus e/ ,abrahamus1 pat] no/]1 sup] quem sit pax1 /etit quoddam sidus 9 ori5te et deglutivit quatuor a/ra1 qu erant 9 quatuor cli plagis4 ,accord+ to an ,arabic writ+ entitl$ ,maallem1 ?is />1 progno/icat+ ! bir? ( ,abraham1 0 se5 by ,nimrod 9 a dream4 ,fabric4 ,cod4 pseudepigr4 ,v4 ,t4 i4 s4 #cde4 #cig ,te/am5tum ,,xii4 ,patri>*>um1 te/4 ,levi1 #ah 7,fabric4 ,cod4 pseud4 ,v4 ,t4 p4 #ehd f473 7( ! ,messianic 7 1-- 444 ,pesikta ,sot>ta1 f4 xlviii4 #a 7ap4 ,s*ttg51 ii4 p4 #eca73 ,et prodibit /ella ab ori5te1 qu e/ /ella ,messi1 et 9 ori5te v]sabitur dies ,x ,v4 ,comp4 ,soh> ,g5es4 f4 #gd4 ,s*ttg51 ii4 #ebd1 & "s o!r passages :i* are po9t$ out by ,idel] 9 ! ,h&bu* d] ,*ronologie1 #b ,bd4 s4 #dji1 ,anm4 #a1 & ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ologia ,judorum1 #ad4 #cih ,comp>e ) ! passages cit$ ,note #g4 ,protevang4 ,jac4 cap4 xxi43 1 4 ,/ill m exagg]at$ 9 ,ignat4 ep4 ad ,ephes4 #ai4 ,see ! collection ( passages connect$ ) ?is subject 9 ,?ilo1 cod4 apocr4 i4 p4 #cij f4 #cii ,exeg4 ,beitrge1 i4 s4 #aei ff4 #djj ,fritzs*e 9 ! p>aphrase ( *ap4 ii4 ,etiam /ella1 quam judaica discipl9a sub ,messi natale visum iri dicit1 quo ,jesus nascebatur tempore exorta e/4 #dja ,z 9 ,matt4 ii4 #aa x is said ( ! magi -- 3 s 9 ,isa4 lx4 #f 7,,lxx473 1 1 4 ,! ?ird pres5t is 9 ,matt4 1 9 ,isa4 4 #djb ,v4 #a4 und #c3 7,,lxx3 7 3-- #djc neid1 ii4 #fic ff4 #djd ,wet/e91 9 loc4 #dje ,h]od1 i4 #ajh ff4 ,liv4 i4 #d4 #djf ,octav4 #id3--;ante paucos quam nasc]etur m5ses prodigium ,rom factum publice1 quo d5untiabatur1 regem populi ,romani naturam p>turire4 ,s5atum ext]ritum1 c5suisse1 ne quis illo anno g5itus educ>etur4 ,eos1 qui gravidas uxores hab]5t1 quo ad se quisque spem trah]et1 curasse1 ne ,s5atus consultum ad r>ium def]retur4 #djg ,bau] 7b] das ,my?is*e 9 d] frh]5 ,leb5sp]4 des ,moses1 9 ! n4 ,!ol4 ,j\rn4 #ac1 #c7 _h already comp>$ ! m>vell\s deliv]ance ( ,moses ) t ( ,cyrus & ,romulus2 ! comp>ison ( ! infanticides 0 add$ by ,de ,wette1 ,kritik d] ,mos4 ,ges*i*te1 s4 #agf4 #djh ,joseph4 ,antiq4 ii4 ix4 #b4 #dji ,jalkut ,rub5i 7cont4 ( ! passage cit$ 9 ,note #f73 dix]unt sapi5tes ,nimrodi3 natus e/ ,?> filius hc ips hor1 ex quo egressurus e/ populus1 qui hr$itabit prs5s et futurum seculum2 si tibi placu]it1 detur patri ipsius domus arg5to auroque pl5a1 et occidat ipsum4 ,comp4 ! passage ( ! ,arabic book quot$ by ,fabric4 ,cod4 pseudepigr4 ut sup4 #daj ,protev4 ,jacobi1 c4 xxii4 f4 #daa ,ex4 iv4 #ai1 ,,lxx3 ,matt4 ii4 #bj3 1 1 -- 4 4 ,we may rem>k t ! inappropriate use ( ! plural 9 ! evangelical passage1 c only be expla9$ on ! supposition ( a ref]5ce to ! passage 9 ,exod4 ,see ,w9]1 ,n4 ,t4 ,gramm4 s4 #adi4 ,comp4 also ,exod4 iv4 #bj ) ,matt4 ii4 #ad1 #ba4 #dab ,vide e4g4 ,s*ttg51 ,hor1 ii4 p4 #bji4 #dac ,!ile1 zur ,biographie ,jesu1 #ae1 ,anm4 #i4 ,h(fmann1 s4 #bfi4 #dad ,comp4 my ,/reits*rift51 i4 #a1 s4 #db f42 ,george1 s4 #ci4 #dae ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*4 s4 #bg4 #daf ,s*lei]ma*] 7,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #dg71 expla9s ! n>rative conc]n+ ! magi z a symbolical "o2 b he scorns to take into consid]ation ! passages f ! ,o4 ,t4 & o!r writ+s1 :i* h a be>+ on ! subject1 & by way ( retribution1 8 exposition at "o "t re/s 9 g5]alities1 at ano!r1 takes a wrong pa?4 #dag ,lightfoot1 ,hor1 p4 #bjb4 #dah ,s*neck5burg]1 ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanonis*5 ,evangeliums1 s4 #fi ff4 #dai ,?us1 e4g4 ,augu/9 de cons5su evangeli/>um1 ii4 #e4 ,/orr1 opusc4 acad4 iii4 s4 #if ff4 ,ssk9d1 9 ,b5gel's ,ar*iv4 i4 #a1 s4 #baf ff4 #dbj ,e4g4 ,hess1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #ea ff4 ,paulus1 ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #dba ,ssk9d1 ut sup4 s4 #bbb4 #dbb ,! same diff]5ce z to ! *ronological relation ( ! two incid5ts exi/s betwe5 ! two diff]5t texts ( ! apocryphal book3 ,hi/oria de nativitate ,m>i et de inf4 ,s]v41 see ,?ilo1 p4 #che1 n4 #dbc ,?is incompatibility ( ! two n>ratives 0 p]ceiv$ at an e>ly p]iod by "s oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,epiphanius names "o ,philosabbatius1 toge!r ) ,celsus & ,porphyry 7hres4 li4 #h74 #dbd ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*4 s4 #cc1 ,anm4 #dbe ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #dg4 ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup4 #dbf ,antiq4 xiv4 ix4 #d1 xv4 i4 #a & x4 #d4 #dbg ,! ,evang4 ,nicodemi inde$ calls him1 c4 xvi4 1 & ! ,protev4 ,jacobi1 c4 xxiv4 makes him a prie/ or ev5 high prie/1 vid4 ,v>r4 ap4 ,?ilo ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #bga1 comp4 #bjc4 #dbh #a ,?4 s4 #bje ff4 #dbi ,cap4 vi4 ,viditque illum ,simeon s5ex in/> column lucis refulg5tem1 cum ,dom9a ,m>ia virgo1 mat] ejus1 ulnis suis eum ge/>et1--et circumdabant eum angeli in/> circuli1 celebrantes illum1 etc4 ,ap4 ,?ilo1 p4 #ga4 #dcj ,?us ,e4 ,f4 9 ! treatise1 on ! two fir/ *apt]s ( ,mat?4 & ,luke4 ,9 ,h5ke's ,mag4 #e bd4 s4 #afi f4 ,a simil> half measure is 9 ,mat?i1 ,synopse d] #d ,evan4 s4 #c1 #e f4 #dca ,) ! words ( ,simeon address$ to ,m>y3 7v4 #ce7 comp4 ! words 9 ! messianic psalm ( sorr[1 xxii4 #ba3 4 #dcb ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #cg4 ,comp>e on ! o!r h& ! obs]vations 9 #ah1 ) ^? ( ! au?ors !re quot$1 ,note #ai4 #dcc ,ne&] "h 7s4 #bd f47 mi/akes ! apocryphal = ! my?ical1 z he _h be=e done ! poetical4 #dcd ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm4 #a4 s4 #adb f4 #dce ,dial4 c4 ,trypho1 #gh3 ,joseph came f ,naz>e?1 :]e he liv$1 to ,be?lehem1 :5ce he 01 to be enroll$1 77 1 1 1 1 4 ,! words might h[ev] be und]/ood z signify+ m]ely ! place ( 8 tribe1 especially if ,ju/9's addition be consid]$3 ,= 8 race 0 ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 :i* inhabits t l&1 4 #dcf ,beitrge zur ,e9leit4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a4 s4 #bag4 ,comp4 ,h(fmann1 s4 #bch f4 #bgg ff4 #dcg ,c4 ,i4 #h4 #aj4 #dch ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 a1 s4 #agh4 #dci ,ueb] die ,unzulssigkeit d] my?is*5 ,auffassung u4 s4 f4 #a1 s4 #aja4 #ddj ,l4 ,j4 ,*4 s4 #cc4 #dda ,t]tull4 adv4 ,m>cion iv4 #h4 ,epiphan4 hr4 xxix4 #a4 #ddb ,comp ,k4 ,*4 ,l4 ,s*midt1 9 ,s*midt's ,biblio!k1 #c1 #a1 s4 #abc f42 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bcj4 #ddc ,on ?is ,heyd5rei* re/s 8 def5ce1 ,ueb] die ,unzulssigkeit4 #a4 s4 #ii4 #ddd ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #di4 ,!re is a simil> hesitation 9 ,!lte1 ,biographie ,jesu1 #ae4 #dde ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 w41 s4 #fh f4 u4 s4 #aeh4 #ddf ,comp4 ,ammon4 ,=tbildung1 #a1 s4 #aid ff42 ,de ,wette1 exeget4 ,h&b4 #a1 #b1 s4 #bd f42 ,george1 s4 #hd ff4 ,t diff]5t n>rators may give diff]5t explanations ( ! same fact1 & t ^! diff]5t explanations may aft]w>ds be unit$ 9 "o book1 is prov$ by _m examples 9 ! ,o4 ,t4 ,?us 9 ,g5esis1 ?ree d]ivations are giv5 ( ! "n ( ,isaac2 two ( t ( ,jacob 7xxv4 #bf41 xxvii4 #af71 & s ( ,edom & ,be]%eba 7xxi4 #ca41 xxvi4 #cc74 ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 ,kritik d] mos4 ,ges*41 s4 #aaj4 #aah ff4 & my ,/reits*rift51 ,i1 #a1 s4 #hc ff4 #ddg ,hess1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #aaj4 #ddh ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #ade f4 #ddi ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #a4 #aej4 #dej ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #cg4 #dea ,heyd5rei*1 b] die ,unzulssigkeit u4 s4 f4 #a1 s4 #ajc4 #deb ,megillah1 f4 #ba1 apud ,lightfoot1 9 loc4 #dec ,vid4 ,ku9l1 9 ,luc4 p4 #cec4 #ded ,evang4 ,?om1 c4 vi4 ff4 ,ap4 ,?ilo4 p4 #bhh ff4 & ,evang4 infant1 arab4 c4 xlviii4 p4 #abc1 ,?ilo4 #dee ,ibid4 #def ,evang4 infant1 arab4 c4 l4 #deg ,ibid4 c4 l4 & li42 comp4 ev4 ,?om1 c4 xix4 #deh ,ol%aus5 confesses ?is1 s4 #aea4 #dei ,= pro(s 7e4g4 ,hi]os4 ,taani?1 lxvii4 #d7 see ,wet/e9 & ,lightfoot1 9 loc4 #dfj ,lightfoot1 ,hor1 p4 #gdb4 #dfa ,paulus1 s4 #bgi4 #dfb ,ku9l1 s4 #cec f4 #dfc ,hor1 ii4 p4 #hhf4 #dfd ,bibl4 ,comm4 p4 #aea4 #dfe ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #aab4 #dff ,9 ! simil> acc\nt also :i* ,josephus gives u ( himself :5 f\rte51 x is easy to disc]n ! exagg]ation ( a self-complac5t man4 ,life1 #b3 ,moreov]1 :5 ,i 0 a *ild1 & ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 ,i 0 comm5d$ by all = ! love ,i _h to le>n+1 on :i* acc\nt ! high prie/s & pr9cipal m5 ( ! city came !re frequ5tly to me toge!r1 9 ord] to "k my op9ion ab\t ! accurate und]/&+ ( po9ts ( ! law4 #dfg #a ,sam4 ii4 #bf 7,,lxx73 ,luc4 ii4 #eb3 1 1 4 4 ,comp>e also :at ,josephus says ,antiq4 ii4 ix4 #f ( ! ( ,moses4 #dfh ,gabl] neue/4 !ol4 ,j\rnal #c1 #a1 s4 #ci4 #dfi ,joseph4 ,antiq4 ii4 ix4 #f4 #dgj ,philo1 de vita ,mosis1 ,opp4 ed4 ,mangey1 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #hc f4 --' 1 1 4 ' 1 1 -- 1 4 #dga ,*agiga1 ap4 ,wet/e91 9 loc4 ,a ,,xii anno filius c5setur maturus4 ,s ,joma f4 lxxxii4 #a4 ,b]a*o? f4 xxiv4 #a2 :]eas ,b]es*i? ,rabba lxiii4 m5tions ! #ac? ye> z ! critical "o4 #dgb ,s*emo? ,r4 ap4 ,wet/e93 ,dixit ,r1 ,*ama3 ,moses duod5>ius avulsus e/ a domo patris sui etc4 #dgc ,joseph4 ,antiq4 v4 x4 #d3 1 4 #dgd ,ignat4 ep4 7int]pol47 ad ,magnes4 c4 iii43 -- 1 4-- 1 4 ,b ,solomon1 444 be+ k+ at ! age ( twelve ye>s1 gave t t]rible & pr(\nd judgm5t betwe5 ! wom5 ) respect to ! *ildr54444 ,daniel1 ! wise man1 :5 twelve ye>s old1 0 possess$ by ! div9e _s1 & convict$ ^? calumniat+ old m5 :o1 c>ry+ gray hairs 9 va91 covet$ ! beauty t belong$ to ano!r4 ,?is1 x is true1 is f\nd 9 a ,*ri/ian writ+1 b on comp>+ x ) ! above data1 we are l$ to believe t x 0 drawn f a m anci5t ,jewi% leg5d4 #dge ,?is ,kais] has se51 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 #bcd4 #dgf ,nei!r d we le>n :at ,hase 7,leb5 ,jesu #cg7 supposes to be convey$ 9 ?is n>rative1 namely1 t z x exhibits ! same union ) ,god t con/itut$ ! idea ( ! lat] life ( ,jesus1 x is an intimation t 8 lat] excell5ce 0 n ! result ( conv]sion f y\?ful errors1 b ( ! un9t]rupt$ developm5t ( 8 fre$om4 #dgg ,ueb] die ,unzulssigkeit u4 s4 f4 #a1 s4 #ib4 #dgh ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ci f4 #dgi ,cap4 v4 ,9 ! ,greek text also ! m probable read+ is 1 vid4 ,?ilo1 p4 #bhg4 #dhj ,h5ce ! title ( an ,arabian apocryphal "w 7accord+ to ! ,lat9 translation 9 ,?ilo1 #a1 p4 #c73 hi/oria ,josephi1 fabri lign>ii4 #dha ,vid4 ,?ilo1 ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,n4 ,t4 p4 #cfh f4 n4 #dhb ,ju/94 ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #hh4 ,accord+ to him ,jesus makes ^! implem5ts1 d\btless "u ! direction ( ,joseph4 ,9 ! ,evang4 ,?om c4 xiii4 ,joseph is ! workman4 #dhc ,cap4 xxxviii4 ap4 ,?ilo1 p4 #aab ff4 #dhd ,c4 ix4 & xiii4 #dhe ,c4 ,cels4 vi4 #cf4 #dhf ,fritzs*e1 9 ,m>c4 p4 #bjj4 #dhg ,vid4 ,wet/e9 & ,paulus1 9 loc42 ,w9]1 ,realwrt]bu*1 #a1 s4 #ffe4 ,note2 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r4 s4 #df f4 ,note4 #dhh ,ut sup43 1 4 1 4 #dhi ,cap4 xxxviii4 #dij ,!odoret4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #bc4 #dia ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #gj2 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realw4 #a1 s4 #ffe4 #dib ,w9]1 ut sup4 #dic ,?is is done by bo? ! above-nam$ !ologians4 #did ,paulus1 exeget4 ,h&b4 #a1 a1 s4 #bgc ff4 #die ,su*1 h[ev]1 are ! argum5ts ( ,paulus1 ut sup4 #bge ff4 #dif ,comp4 ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #ch2 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r4 s4 #de f4 #dig ,paulus1 ut sup4 #dih ,to ?is ,s*ttg5 appeals1 ,*ri/us rabb9orum summus1 9 8 hor1 ii4 p4 #hij f4 #dii ,z e4g4 ,re9h>d does1 9 8 ,plan ,jesu4 #ejj ,evang4 infant4 arab4 c4 i4 p4 #fj f4 ap4 ,?ilo1 & ! passages quot$ #dj out ( ! same ,gospel & ! ,evang4 ,?om4 #eja ,cap4 ii4 p4 #bgh1 ,?ilo4 #ejb ,cap4 x4 ff4 #ejc ,e4g4 ,evang4 ,?om1 c4 iii4-v4 ,evang4 infant4 arab4 c4 xlvi4 f4 ,evang4 ,?om1 c4 ii4 ,evang4 inf4 arab4 c4 xxxvi4 #ejd ,yet "s isolat$ in/ances occur1 vid4 ,seml]1 ,baumg>t5's ,glaub5slehre1 #a1 s4 #db1 ,anm4 #h4 #eje ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 #a4 #bh3 77 7 7 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ' 4 #ejf ,sanh$r4 f4 cvii4 #b3 ,r4 ,josua f4 ,p]a*ja et ,alex&rian ,aegypti pr(ecti sunt -- -- ex illo tempore magiam ex]cuit1 et ,isralitas ad pessima quvis p]duxit4 7,an important ana*ronism1 z ?is ,josua ,b5 ,p]a*ja liv$ ab\t a c5tury e>li]4 ,see ,jo/1 ,ges*i*te des ,isr41 #b1 s4 #hj ff4 & #adb ( ! ,app5dices47 ,s*abba? f4 civ4 #b3 ,traditio e/1 ,r4 ,elies]em dixisse ad viros doctos3 annon f4 ,satdae 7i4e4 ,jesus7 magiam ex ,aegypto adduxit p] incisionem 9 c>ne su factam8 vid4 ,s*ttg51 hor1 ii4 p4 #fig ff4 ,eis5m5g]1 entdecktes ,jud5?um1 #a1 s4 #adi f4 #ejg ,e4g4 ,des ,ctes1 ,s*utzs*rift fr ,jesus von ,naz>et1 s4 #abh ff4 #ejh ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r4 s4 #ci ff4 #eji ,vid4 ,joseph4 ,b4 j4 ii4 viii4 #b-ac4 ,antiq4 xviii4 i4 #e4 ,comp4 ,philo1 quod omnis probus lib] & de vita contemplativa4 #eaj ,?is op9ion is judici\sly develop$ by ,/udl91 ,ges*i*te d] ,sitt5lehre ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #egj ff42 & 9 a romantic mann] 9 ! ,ges*i*te des ,gross5 ,prophet5 von ,naz>et1 #a4 ,b&4 #eaa ,h4 ,e4 ii4 #af f4 #eab ,comp4 ,b5gel1 ,bem]kung5 b] d5 ,v]su*4 das ,*ri/5?um aus dem ,essismus abzuleit51 9 ,flatt's ,magaz91 #g1 s4 #abf ff42 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r4 s4 #da ff4 #eac ,?is is /at$ ) exagg]ation by ,bahrdt1 ,briefe b] die ,bibel1 zweites ,bnd*51 #aht]1 #bj/] ,brief ff4 #dtes ,bnd*51 #di/] ,brief4 #ead ,comp4 ,paulus ut sup4 #a1 a1 #bgc ff4 ,planck1 ,ges*i*te des ,*ri/5?ums 9 d] ,p]iode se9] er/5 ,e9fhrung #a1 s4 #hd4 ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogm4 #bab4 ,hase ,l4 ,j4 #ch4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realw4 s4 #fgg f4 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r4 s4 #ch ff4 #eae ,exeget4 ,h&bu*4 #a a1 s4 #df4 ,s*neck5burg] agrees ) him1 b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanon4 ,evang41 s4 #cj4 #eaf ,v]mis*te ,aufstze1 s4 #gf ff4 ,comp>e ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup4 #eag ,de ,wette & ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 #eah ,see ,paulus1 ut sup41 s4 #ccf4 #eai ,i "h collect all ! passages 9 ,josephus relative to ,lysanias1 ) ! p>allel passages 9 ,dion ,cassius4 ,antiq4 xiii4 xvi4 #c1 xiv4 iii4 #b1 vii4 #h4--;,antiq4 xv4 iv4 #a4 ,b4 j4 i4 xiii4 #a 7,dio ,cassius xlix4 #cb74 ,antiq4 xv4 x4 #a-c4 ,b4 j4 i4 xx4 #d 7,dio ,cass4 liv4 #i74 ,antiq4 xvii4 xi4 #d4 ,b4 j4 ii4 vi4 #c4 ,antiq4 xviii4 vi4 #aj4 ,b4 j4 ii4 ix4 #f 7,dio ,cass4 lix4 #h74 ,antiq4 xix4 v4 #a4 ,b4 j4 ii4 xi4 #e4 ,antiq4 xx4 v4 #b1 vii4 #a4 ,b4 j4 ii4 xii4 #h4 #ebj ,ssk9d1 v]mis*te ,aufstze1 s4 #ae ff4 #ic ff4 #eba ,?oluck ?9ks he has f\nd a p]fectly correspond+ example 9 ,tacitus4 ,:5 ?is hi/orian1 ,annal4 ii4 #db 7,a4,d4 #ag71 m5tions ! dea? ( an ,ar*elaus1 k+ ( ,cappadocia1 & yet1 ,annal4 vi4 #da 7,a4,d4 #cf71 cites an ,ar*elaus1 also a ,cappadocian1 z rul] ( ! ,clit1 ! same hi/orical conjecture1 says ,?oluck1 is necess>y1 viz41 t !re 7 two ,cappadocians nam$ ,ar*elaus4 ,b :5 ! same hi/orian1 aft] notic+ ! dea? ( a man1 introduces ano!r ( ! same "n1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 x is no conjecture1 b a cle> hi/oric datum1 t !re 7 two su* p]sons4 ,x is q o!rwise :51 z 9 ! case ( ,lysanias1 two writ]s h ea* "o ( ! same "n1 b assign him di/9ct epo*s4 ,"h x is inde$ a conjecture to admit two successive p]sons2 a conjecture s mu* ! less hi/orical1 ! m improbable x is %[n to be t "o ( ! two writ]s w\ld h be5 sil5t respect+ ! second ( ! l-nam$ m51 _h su* an "o exi/$4 #ebb ,mi*aelis1 ,paulus1 9 loc4 ,s*neck5burg]1 9 ,ullmann's und ,umbreit's ,/udi51 #ahcc1 #d ,heft1 s4 #ajef ff4 ,?oluck1 s4 #bja ff4 #ebc ,=1 on ! au?ority ( a s+le manuscript to erase1 ) ,s*neck5burg] & o!rs1 ! second 1 is too evid5t viol5ce4 #ebd ,comp>e ) ?is view1 ,allgem4 ,lit4 ,ztg41 #ahjc1 ,no4 #cdd1 s4 #eeb3 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&bu*1 9 loc4 #ebe ,see ,paulus1 s4 #bid4 #ebf ,see ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #fb4 #ebg ,b5gel 0 also ( ?is op9ion4 ,ordo temporum1 s4 #bjd f4 ed4 #b4 #ebh ,antiq4 xviii4 v4 #b4 #ebi ,s ,cludius1 b] die ,zeit und ,leb5sdau] ,johannis und ,jesu4 ,9 ,h5ke's ,museum1 ii4 iii4 #ejb ff4 #ecj ,cludius1 ut sup4 #eca ,/udl91 ,ges*i*te d] ,sitt5lehre ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #ehj4 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a a1 s4 #acf4 ,comp4 also ,creuz]1 ,symbolik1 #d1 s4 #dac ff4 #ecb ,ut sup4 p4 #cdg4 #ecc ,bell4 jud4 iii4 x4 #g4 #ecd ,see ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]bu*1 ,a4 ,w/e4 ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanonis*5 ,evangeliums1 s4 #ci4 #ece ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup41 s4 #ch f4 #ecf ,w9]1 ut sup41 s4 #fia4 #ecg ,paulus1 ut sup41 s4 #cja4 #ech ,s*neck5burg]1 b] das ,alt] d] ,jdis*5 ,proselyt5taufe4 #eci ,sanh$r4 f4 xcvii4 #b3 ,r4 ,elies] dixit3 si ,isralit pnit5tiam agunt1 tunc p] ,glem lib]antur2 s9 v]o1 non lib]antur4 ,s*ttg51 hor1 #b1 p4 #ghj ff4 #edj ,antiq4 xviii4 v4 #b4 #eda ,?us ,paulus1 ut sup41 s4 #cad & #cfa1 ,anm4 #edb ,fragm5t von dem ,zwecke ,jesu und se9] ,jng]1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,less+1 s4 #acc ff4 #edc ,s ?9ks ,seml] 9 8 answ] to ! above ,fragm5ts1 9 loc42 s ?9k mo/ ( ! mod]ns2 ,plank1 ,ges*i*te des ,*ri/5?ums 9 d] ,p]iode se9] ,e9fhrung1 #a1 ,k4 #g4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]bu*1 #a1 s4 #fia4 #edd ,let ! read] judge = himself :e!r ,ne&]'s argum5ts be n =c$3 8,ev5 if ! ,bapti/ c\ld h expect$0 7say r mu/ necess>ily h kn[n7 8f ! circum/ances ( ! bir? ( ,jesus1 t he 0 ! ,messiah1 ! div9e witness 9 8 own m9d w\ld eclipse all ext]nal te/imony1 & comp>$ ) ?is div9e illum9ation1 all previ\s k w\ld seem ignorance40 p4 #fh4 #ede ,lcke1 ,comm5t> zum ,evang4 ,johannis #a1 s4 #cfb4 #edf ,osi&]1 9 despair1 answ]s1 t ! heav5ly communications !mselves might conta9 directions =--keep+ ! two y\?s ap>t6 s4 #abg4 #edg ,hess1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #aag f4 ,paulus1 ut sup41 s4 #cff4 #edh ,comp4 ! ,fragm5ti/1 ut sup4 #edi ,hres1 xxx4 #ac3 1 1 444 444 1 1 1 2 444 1 1 1 4 ,& :5 he came f ! wat]1 ! heav5s 7 op5$1 & he saw ! holy _s ( ,god 9 ! =m ( a dove1 etc41 & a voice 0 he>d1 etc41 & imm$iately a great light illum9at$ ! place2 see+ :i*1 ,john said to him1 ,:o art ?\1 ,"l8 & aga9 a voice1 etc4 ,& !n1 ,john fall+ at 8 feet1 said to him1 ,i besee* !e1 ,"l1 baptize me4 #eej ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanonis*5 ,evangeliums1 s4 #aba f42 ,lcke1 ,comm4 z4 ,ev4 ,joh41 #a1 s4 #cfa4 ,u/]i1 b] d5 ,tuf] ,johannes u4 s4 w41 ,/udi51 #b1 #c4 s4 #ddf4 #eea ,t]tull4 adv4 ,m>cion1 iv4 #ah4 ,comp4 ,b5gel1 hi/orico-exegetical rem>ks 9 ,matt4 xi4 #b-ai1 9 8 ,ar*iv4 #a1 iii4 p4 #ged ff4 #eeb ,see ,paulus1 ,ku9l1 9 loc4 ,b5gel1 ut sup41 p4 #gfc4 #eec ,calv91 ,comm4 9 h>m4 ex4 ,mat?41 ,m>c4 et ,luc4 9 loc4 #eed ,we agree ) ,s*lei]ma*]1 7b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ajf f47 9 ?us designat+ ! n>rative ( ! ?ird evangeli/1 fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! idle repetition ( ! ,bapti/'s words1 v]4 #bj2 secondly1 on acc\nt ( ! mi/ake 9 v]4 #ah & #ba1 ( :i* we %all pres5tly treat1 & to :i* v]4 #bi1 #cj1 seem to betray a simil> "o4 #eee ,comp>e ,calv9 9 loc4 & ,b5gel ut sup41 s4 #gec ff4 #eef ,?us mo/ rec5t comm5tators3 ,paulus1 ,ku9l1 ,b5gel1 ,hase1 ,!ile1 & ev5 ,fritzs*e4 #eeg ,?is difficulty occurr$ to ,b5gel also1 ut sup41 p4 #gfi4 #eeh ,! gospel writ]s1 aft] :at !y _h n>rat$ ( ! relations betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,bapti/1 ( c\rse und]/ood ! "q to express d\bt1 :5ce probably v4 #f 7,matt47 & v4 #bc 7,luke7 came 9 ?is connection4 ,suppos+ ^! passages au!ntic1 !y sugge/ ano!r conjecture2 viz4 t ,jesus spoke 9 ! =ego+ v]ses ( spiritual miracles1 & t ! ,bapti/ 0 p]plex$ by ! abs5ce ( corporeal ones4 ,! 4 4 mu/ !n be set d[n to ! writ]'s misappreh5sion ( ! expressions ( ,jesus4 #eei ,gabl] & ,paulus4 #efj ,de ,wette1 de morte ,*ri/i expiatoria1 9 8 ,opusc4 !ol41 s4 #gg ff4 ,lcke1 ,comm4 zum ,ev4 ,joh4 #a1 s4 #cdg ff4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]b4 #a1 s4 #fic1 ,anm4 #efa ,gabl] & ,paulus4 ,de ,wette4 #efb ,de ,wette1 ut sup41 p4 #gf4 #efc ,paulus1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #b a1 die b]s41 s4 #bi4 #ca4 #efd ,?oluck & ,lcke1 9 loc4 #efe ,lcke1 ut sup4 #eff ,see ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ologia ,judorum ,jesu apo/olorumque tate1 #bc-be4 #efg ,probabilia1 p4 #da4 #efh ,see ,gfrr]1 ,philo und die ,alex&r4 ,!osophie1 "p ii4 p4 #ahj4 #efi ,lcke1 ut sup41 p4 #ejj4 #egj ,comp>e especially3 ,joh4 iii4 #aa 7,jesus to ,nicodemus73 ,joh4 iii4 #cb 7! ,bapti/73 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 ,v4 #ah3 ,v4 #cf3 1 1 1 1 ' 4 ' 4 ,comp4 also ! words ( ! ,bapti/ v4 #ca1 ) ,joh4 iii4 #f4 #ab f4 viii4 #bc2 v4 #cb ) viii4 #bf2 v4 #cc ) vi4 #bg2 v4 #cd ) xii4 #di1 #ej2 v4 #ce ) v4 #bb1 #bg1 x4 #bh f4 xvii4 #b4 #ega ,bibl4 ,comm4 #b1 p4 #aje4 #egb ,paulus1 ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #egc ,e4g4 "h1 v4 #cb1 x is said3 1 b 9 ! ,prolog4 v4 #aa3 4 ,comp4 ,lcke1 s4 #eja4 #egd ,ut sup4 #ege ,de ,wette1 de morte ,*ri/i expiatoria1 9 s4 ,opusc4 !ol4 p4 #ha2 biblis*e ,dogmatik1 #bji2 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]bu* #a1 s4 #fib4 #egf ,ne&]1 p4 #ge4 ,?is au?or errone\sly supposes t !re is an indication ( ! ,bapti/ hav+ direct$ 8 disciples to ,jesus 9 ,acts xviii4 #be1 :]e x is said ( ,apollos3 1 4 ,= on comp>+ ! foll[+ *apt]1 we f9d t ,paul _h to tea* ! disciples ( ,john1 t by ! ann\nc$ by _! ma/]1 !y 7 to und]/& ,jesus2 :5ce x is cle> t ! ?+s ( ! ,"l exp\nd$ by ,apollos1 consi/$ only 9 ! messianic doctr9e1 purifi$ by ,john into an expectation ( "o :o 0 to come1 & t ! m accurate in/ruction :i* he receiv$ f ! ,*ri/ians1 ,aquila & ,priscilla1 0 ! doctr9e ( its fulfilm5t 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus4 #egg ,ges5ius1 ,probeheft d] ,ers* und ,grub]'s*5 ,encyclopdie1 d4 ,a4 ,zabi]4 #egh ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 s4 #df f42 comp4 ,lcke1 s4 #dic f42 ,de ,wette1 ,opusc a4 a4 ,o4 #egi ,greil+1 ,leb5 ,jesu von ,naz>et1 s4 #acb f4 #ehj #b ,sam4 iii4 #a4 ,john iii4 #cj4 4 3 4 #eha ,s*ulz1 die ,lehre vom ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #ade4 ,w9]1 ,realwrt]bu*1 #a1 s4 #fic4 #ehb ,comm5t>1 s4 #chj4 #ehc ,! passage above quot$ f ! ,acts gives u also "s explanation1 :y ! f\r? ,evangeli/ ( all o!rs %\ld be solicit\s to place ! ,bapti/ 9 a m fav\rable relation to ,jesus1 ?an hi/ory all[s u to conceive4 ,accord+ to v4 #a ff4 !re 7 p]sons 9 ,ephesus :o knew only ( ,john's baptism1 & 7 !re=e rebaptiz$ by ! ,apo/le ,paul 9 ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,n[ an old tradition repres5ts ! f\r? gospel to h be5 writt5 9 ,ephesus 7,irneus adv4 hr4 iii4 #a74 ,if we accept ?is 7& x is c]ta9ly correct 9 assign+ a ,greek locality = ! composition ( ?is ,gospel71 & presuppose1 9 accordance ) ! intimation 9 ! ,acts1 t ,ephesus 0 ! seat ( a numb] ( ! ,bapti/'s foll[]s1 all ( :om ,paul c\ld h>dly h conv]t$2 ! endeav\r to draw !m ov] to ,jesus w\ld expla9 ! rem>kable /ress laid by ! f\r? ,evangeli/ on ! 4 ,/orr has v judici\sly rem>k$ & discuss$ ?is1 b] d5 ,zweck d] ,evangelis*5 ,ges*i*te und d] ,briefe ,johannis1 s4 #e ff4 #bd f4 ,comp>e ,hug1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t41 s4 #aij #cte ,ausg4 #ehd ,antiq4 xviii4 v4 #b4 #ehe ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #aji4 #ehf ,ibid4 p4 #ajf4 #ehg ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 w4 s4 #gi4 #ehh ,! expression is ?us int]pret$ by ! mo/ le>n$ exegeti/s4 ,comp4 ,paulus1 ,lcke1 ,?oluck 9 loc4 #ehi ,lcke1 ,comm5t>1 s4 #cbg4 #eij ,lcke1 s4 #cci4 #eia ,:e!r ! dialogue betwe5 ,john & 8 compla9+ disciples 7,john iii4 #be ff47 be likewise a transmutation ( ! correspond+ sc5e1 ,matt4 ix4 #ad f41 z ,brets*neid] seeks to %[1 mu/ rema9 unc]ta94 ,probab41 p4 #ff ff4 #eib ,t ,jesus1 z _m suppose1 assigns a l[ rank to ! ,bapti/1 because ! latt] ?\ght ( introduc+ ! new ord] ( ?+s by ext]nal viol5ce1 is n to be detect$ 9 ! gospels4 #eic ,= a diff]5t explanation see ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #dh ff4 #eid ,antiq4 xviii4 v4 #b4 #eie ,?is =m] husb& ( ,h]odias is nam$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 ,philip1 by ,josephus1 ,h]od4 ,he 0 ! son ( ! high prie/'s daught]1 ,m>iamne1 & liv$ z a private p]son4 ,v4 ,antiq4 xv4 ix4 #c2 xviii4 v4 #a4 #d4 ,b4 j4 i4 xxix4 #b1 xxx4 #g4 #eif ,antiq4 xviii4 v4 #d4 #eig ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 s4 #hh4 #eih ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 9 loc4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]b4 #a1 s4 #fid4 #eii ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 a1 s4 #cfa2 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #aji4 #fjj ,v]gl4 ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,m>c41 p4 #bbe4 #fja ,e4g4 ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanonis*5 ,evangeliums1 s4 #hf f4 ,t ! ( ,mat!w1 v4 #i1 is n contradictory to 8 own n>rative1 see ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 #fjb ,s4 ,w9]1 b4 ,realwrt]b4 d4 ,a4 ,h]odes ,antipas4 #fjc ,fritzs*e1 ,comm5t>4 9 ,matt41 p4 #dia4 #fjd ,antiq4 xviii4 v4 #a4 #fje ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #h1 s4 #aaj4 d] ,maur9] ,ausg4 #fjf ,hess4 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #a ,bd4 s4 #aah4 #fjg ,paulus1 ut sup41 s4 #cfb ff4 #ccg4 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 s4 #dh1 er/e ,ausg4 #fjh ,hi]on4 adv4 ,pelagian4 iii4 #b3 ,9 ,evangelio juxta ,hebros--n>rat hi/oria3 ,ecce mat] ,dom9i et fratres ejus dicebant ei3 ,joannes bapti/a baptizat 9 remissionem peccatorum2 eamus et baptizemur ab eo4 ,dixit autem eis3 quid peccavi ut vadam et baptiz] ab eo8 nisi =te hoc ipsum quod dixi1 ignorantia e/4 #fji ,! au?or ( ! ,tractatus de non it]&o baptismo 9 ,cyprian's works1 ,rigalt41 p4 #aci1 says 7! passage is also f\nd 9 ,fabric4 ,cod4 apocr4 ,n4,t41 s4 #gii f473 ,e/--lib]1 qui inscribitur ,pauli prdicatio4 ,9 quo libro1 contra omnes scripturas et de peccato proprio confit5tem inv5ies ,*ri/um1 qui solus omn9o nihil deliquit1 et ad accipi5dum ,joannis baptisma pne invitum matre su ,m>i esse compulsum4 #faj ,ju/94 ,m>t4 dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #hh3 1 1 4444 ,epiphan4 hres4 #cj1 #ac 7aft] ! heav5ly voice73 4 #faa ,see ,u/]i1 b] d5 ,tuf] ,johannes1 die ,taufe und ,v]su*ung ,*ri/i1 9 ! !olog4 ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 #b ,bd4 #c ,heft1 s4 #ddb ff41 & ,bleek1 9 ! same p]iodical1 #ahcc1 #b1 s4 #dbh ff4 #fab ,bau]1 hebr4 ,my?ologie1 #b s4 #bbe f4 ,comp4 ,gratz1 ,comm4 zum ,evang4 ,matt4 i4 s4 #agb ff4 #fac ,^! are ,!odore's words1 9 ,mnt]'s ,fragm5ta patr4 grc4 ,fasc4 #a1 s4 #adb4 ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 i4 #dh4 ,basil4 ,m4 9 ,suic]'s ,!saurus1 #b1 p4 #adgi4 #fad ,z ev5 ,lcke confesses1 ,comm4 zum ,evang4 ,joh4 i41 s4 #cgj1 & ,bleek1 ut sup41 s4 #dcg4 #fae ,comp4 ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #bi4 #faf ,see ,paulus1 ,bau]1 ,ku9l1 ,hase & ,!ile4 #fag ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogmatik1 #bjh4 ,anm4 #f1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #cd f4 #a1 #c1 s4 #bi f4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #eh f4 ,u/]i1 ,bleek1 ,hase1 ,k]n1 ,ne&]4 #fah ,accord+ to ,bava ,mezia1 f4 lix4 #a 79 ,wet/e91 p4 #dbg71 ,r4 ,elies] appeal$ to a heav5ly sign1 9 pro( t he _h tradition 9 8 fav\r3 tum p]sonuit e*o cle/is3 quid vobis cum ,r4 ,elies]e8 nam ubivis secundum illum obt9et traditio4 #fai ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #hh4 #fbj ,hres4 xxx4 #ac4 #fba ,pdagog4 i4 #f4 #fbb ,de cons5s4 ,evangg4 ii4 #ad4 #fbc ,s4 ,wet/e9 9 loc4 des ,lukas1 & ,de ,wette1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t41 s4 #ajj4 #fbd ,s4 ,ros5mll]'s ,s*ol4 9 ,psalm ii4 #fbe ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #eg4 #fbf ,tibull4 ,c>m4 ,l4 #a1 eleg4 #h1 v4 #ag f4 ,see ! rem>k ( ,broeckhuis on ?is passage2 ,creuz]1 ,symbolik1 ii4 s4 #gj f42 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 a1 s4 #cfi4 #fbg ,creuz]1 ,symbolik1 ii4 s4 #hj4 #fbh ,*agiga c4 ii43 ,spiritus ,dei f]ebatur sup] aquas1 sicut columba1 qu f]tur sup] pullos suos nec tangit illos4 ,ir ,gibborim ad ,g5es4 #a1 #b1 ap4 ,s*ttg51 hor1 i4 p4 #i4 #fbi ,t>gum ,kohele?1 ii4 #ab1 vox turturis is int]pret$ z vox spiritus sancti4 ,to reg>d ?is1 ) ,lcke1 z an arbitr>y int]pretation1 seems itself l arbitr>9ess1 9 ! face ( ! above data4 #fcj ,b]es*i? rabba1 s4 #b1 f4 #d1 #d1 ad ,g5es4 ,t4 #b 7ap4 ,s*ttg5 ut sup473 intelligitur spiritus regis ,messi1 de quo dicitur1 ,jes4 xi4 #b3 et quiescet sup] illum spiritus ,dom9i4 #fca ,soh>4 ,num]4 f4 #fh4 col4 #bga f4 79 ,s*ttg51 hor1 #b1 p4 #ecg f474 ,! purport ( ?is passage re/s on ! foll[+ cabali/ic conclusion3 ,if ,david1 accord+ to ,ps4 lii4 #aj1 is ! olive tree2 ! ,messiah1 a scion ( ,david1 is ! olive leaf3 & s9ce x is said ( ,noah's dove1 ,g54 viii4 #aa1 t x c>ri$ an olive leaf 9 its m\?2 ! ,messiah w be u%]$ into ! _w by a dove4--,ev5 ,*ri/ian int]pret]s h comp>$ ! dove at ! baptism ( ,jesus to ! ,noa*ian "o2 see ,suic]1 ,!saurus1 #b1 ,art4 1 p4 #fhh4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to cite 9 ?is connection1 t ! ,sam>itans paid div9e hon\rs to a dove "u ! "n ( ,a*ima1 on ,m\nt ,g]izim2 b ?is is a ,jewi% accusation1 gr\nd$ on a wilful miscon/ruction4 ,see ,/udl9's & ,tzs*irn]'s ,ar*iv4 fr ,k4 ,g4 #a1 #c1 s4 #ff4 ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #cfg4 #fcb ,see ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,matt41 p4 #adh4 #fcc ,hess1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #abj4 #fcd ,bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #age f4 #fce ,comm4 zum ,evang4 ,joh4 #a1 s4 #cgh f4 #fcf ,f ! or?odox po9t ( view1 x _c be consi/5tly said1 ) ,h(fmann 7p4 #cja71 t = ! conviction ( 8 messiah%ip & ! ma9t5ance ( ! "r position1 amid s _m temptations & adv]se circum/ances1 an int]nally wr\ght c]ta9ty did n suffice ,jesus1 & ext]nal confirmation by a fact 0 requisite4 #fcg ,epiphan4 hres4 xxx4 #ad3 1 1 4443--,!y ma9ta9 t ,jesus 0 really man1 b t t :i* desc5d$ f heav5 9 ! =m ( a dove became ,*ri/ 9 him4 #fch ,epiphan4 hres4 xxviii4 #a4 #fci ,epiphan4 hres4 xxx4 #ac3-- 3--( a dove desc5d+ & ent]+ into him4 #fdj ,see ! passage above1 #dh1 note #g4 #fda ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanonis*5 ,evang41 s4 #ci4 #fdb ,comm4 z4 ,ev4 ,joh4 #a1 s4 #cdd4 #fdc ,comp4 de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #bg4 #fdd ,comp>e ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,m>c1 s4 #bc ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #b1 s4 #cc4 #fde ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,luc41 s4 #cgi4 #fdf ,lightfoot1 hor1 p4 #bdc4 #fdg ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kan4 ,evang41 s4 #df4 #fdh ,ibid4 #fdi ,?us ,eu?ymius1 ,ku9l1 & o!rs4 #fej ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 #fea ,beitrag zur ,erklrung d] ,v]su*ungsges*i*te1 9 ,ullmann's & ,umbreit's ,/udi51 #ahcd1 #d1 s4 #ghi4 #feb ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ef4 #fec ,comp>e ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup41 s4 #df f4 #fed ,exegetis*e ,beitrge1 #a1 s4 #bgg ff4 #fee ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 s4 #agb ff4 #fef ,9 ! ,essay quot$1 s4 #gfh4 #feg ,?us1 e4g41 ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 p4 #hd4 ,comp4 ,gratz1 ,comm4 zum ,mat?41 #a1 s4 #bbi4 ,h(fmann1 p4 #cae4 #feh ,u/]i1 b] d5 ,tuf] ,johannes1 die ,taufe und ,v]su*ung ,*ri/i4 ,9 d5 !ol4 ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 zweit5 ,jahrgangs 7#ahbi71 drittes ,heft1 s4 #dej4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #ch4 #fei ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogmatik1 #aga4 ,gramb]g1 ,grundzge e9] ,engellehre des ,a4 ,t41 #e1 9 ,w9]'s ,zeits*rift f4 wiss5s*aftli*e ,!ologie1 #a ,bd4 s4 #ahb f4 #ffj ,glaub5slehre1 #a1 ss4 #dd1 #de1 d] zweit5 ,ausg4 #ffa ,s*midt1 exeg4 ,beitrge4 ,ku9l1 9 ,matt4 #ffb ,9 a fragm5t ( ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 9 ,mnt]'s ,fragm4 ,patr4 ,grc4 ,fasc4 #a1 p4 #ii f4 #ffc ,paulus4 #ffd ,h(fmann ?9ks t ! devil1 9 8 second temptation1 design$ly *ose s />tl+ an example z ! leap f ! temple ro(1 ! ess5tial aim ( ! temptation be+ to induce ,jesus to a false use ( 8 miracul\s p[] & consci\sness ( a div9e nature4 ,b ?is evasion leaves ! matt] :]e x 01 = !re is ! same absurdity 9 *oos+ unfit examples z unfit temptations4 #ffe ,hess1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #abd4 #fff ,see ! au?or ( ! disc\rse de jejunio et t5tationibus ,*ri/i1 among ,cyprian's works4 #ffg ,comp>e ,joseph4 ,b4 ,j4 v4 v4 #f1 vi4 v4 #a4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 s4 #afd4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #dj4 #ffh ,! "o propos$ by ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #ij2 ! o!r by ,fritzs*e1 p4 #afh4 #ffi ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 ut sup4 p4 #ajg1 ma9ta9$ aga9/ ,julian t ! devil _h made ! image ( a m\nta91 1 & accord+ to ! au?or ( ! disc\rse1 already cit$1 de jejunio et t5tationibus ,*ri/i1 ! fir/ temptation x is true pass$ localit] 9 des]to1 b ,jesus only w5t to ! temple & ! m\nta9 z ,ezekiel did f ,*aboras to ,j]usalem--t is1 9 spiritu4 #fgj ,paulus1 s4 #cgi4 #fga ,see = ! =m]1 ,h4 ,f>m]1 ,gratz1 ,comm4 zum ,ev4 ,mat?4 #a1 s4 #bag2 = ! latt]1 ,ol%aus5 9 loc41 & ,h(fmann 7s4 #cbf f47 if ,i rightly appreh5d him4 #fgb ,paulus1 s4 #cgg ff4 #fgc ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?4 #aee f4 ,u/]i1 ,beitrag zur ,erklrung d] ,v]su*ungsges*i*te1 s4 #ggd f4 #fgd ,ullmann1 b] die ,unsndli*keit ,jesu1 9 8 ,/udi51 #a1 #a1 s4 #ef4 ,u/]i1 ut sup41 s4 #gge4 #fge ,u/]i1 s4 #ggf4 #fgf #a ,bd4 s4 #eab ff4 #fgg ,! =m] 9 ,h5ke's n4 ,magaz9 #d1 #b1 s4 #ceb2 ! latt] 9 ! natrli*5 ,ges*i*te1 #a1 s4 #eia ff4 #fgh ,?is view is held by ,ullmann1 ,hase1 & ,ne&]4 #fgi ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ed4 ,u/]i1 ut sup41 s4 #ggg4 #fhj ,if some?+ really exp]i5c$ by ,jesus is suppos$ z ! g]m ( ! p>able1 ?is op9ion is virtually ! same z ! prec$+4 #fha ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,s*midt1 9 se9] ,biblio!k1 #a1 #a1 s4 #fj f4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ed f4 ,u/]i1 b] d5 ,tuf] ,johannes1 die ,taufe und ,v]su*ung ,*ri/i1 9 d5 !ol4 ,/udi51 #b1 #c1 s4 #def ff4 #fhb ,k4 ,*4 ,l4 ,s*midt1 exeg4 ,beitrge1 #a1 s4 #cci4 #fhc ,has]t1 ,bem]kung5 b] die ,ansi*t5 ,ullmann's und ,u/]i's von d] ,v]su*ungsges*41 ,/udi51 #c1 #a1 s4 #gd f4 #fhd ,has]t1 ut sup41 s4 #gf4 #fhe ,zur ,biographie ,jesu1 #bc4 #fhf ,see ,ze*4 iii4 #a1 :]e ,satan resi/s ! high prie/ /&+ be=e ! angel ( ! ,"l2 f>!r ,vajikra rabba1 f4 cli4 #a 79 ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ol4 ,jud41 p4 #ahc71 :]e1 accord+ to ,rabbi ,jo*anan1 ,jehovah said to 7i4e4 to ,satan1 comp4 ,heb4 ii4 #ad & ,lightfoot1 hor1 p4 #ajhh73 ,feci quidem te 1 at v]o cum populo fd]is negotium nulla 9 re tibi e/4 #fhg ,see ! passages quot$ by ,fabricius 9 ,cod4 pseudepigr4 ,v4 ,t41 p4 #cie1 f ,gem>a ,sanh$r94 #fhh ,! same1 p4 #cif4 ,z ,abraham w5t out to sacrifice 8 son 9 ob$i5ce to ,jehovah1 antev]tit eum ,satanas 9 via1 et tali colloquio cum ipso habito a proposito av]t]e eum conatus e/1 etc4 ,s*emo?1 ,r4 #da 7ap4 ,wet/e9 9 loc4 ,mat?473 ,cum ,moses 9 altum adsc5d]et1 dixit ,israli3 po/ dies ,,xl hora sexta r$ibo4 ,cum autem ,,xl illi dies elapsi ess5t1 v5it ,satanas1 et turbavit mundum1 dixitque3 ubi e/ ,moses1 magi/] ve/]8 mortuus e/4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t "h also ! temptation takes place aft] ! lapse ( #dj days4 #fhi ,?us ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt4 p4 #agc4 ,8 v title is /rik+1 p4 #aed3 ,quod 9 vulg>i ,judorum op9ione erat1 =e1 ut ,satanas salut>ibus ,messi consiliis omni modo1 s$ s9e effectu tam51 noc]e /ud]et1 id ipsum ,jesu ,messi accidit4 ,nam quum is ad exemplum illu/rium majorum quadrag9ta di]um 9 des]to loco egisset jejunium1 ,satanas eum conv5it1 prot]visque atque impiis-- --consiliis ad impietatem d$uc]e fru/ra conatus e/4 #fij ,s*ttg51 hor1 ii4 #ech1 adduces f ,f9i ,flagellum ,judorum1 iii4 #ce1 a passage ( ,pesikta3 ,ait ,satan3 ,dom9e1 p]mitte me t5t>e ,messiam et ejus g5]ationem8 ,cui inquit ,deus3 ,non hab]es ullam adv]sus eum pote/atem4 ,satanas it]um ait3 ,s9e me1 quia pote/atem habeo4 ,respondit ,deus3 ,si 9 hoc diutius p]sev]abis1 ,satan1 potius 7te7 de mundo p]dam quam aliquam animam g5]ationis ,messi p]di p]mittam4 ,?is passage at lea/ proves t a temptation ( ! ,messiah und]tak5 by ! devil1 0 n =eign to ! circle ( ,jewi% ideas4 ,al?\gh ! au?or ( ! above quotation repres5ts ! dem& ( ,satan to h be5 d5i$1 o!rs1 s soon z ! imag9ation 0 once excit$1 w\ld be sure to all[ its completion4 #fia ,deut4 viii4 #b 7,,lxx47 ! p are ?us address$3 1 1 1 4 #fib ,ziegl]1 9 ,gabl]'s n4 !ol4 ,j\rn41 #e1 #bja2 ,!ile1 zur ,biogr4 ,j41 #bc4 #fic ,see ,wet/e91 s4 #bgj2 ,de ,wette1 ,kritik d] mos4 ,ges*i*te1 s4 #bde2 ! same 9 ,daub's & ,creuz]'s ,/udi51 #c1 s4 #bde2 v4 ,bohl51 ,g5esis1 s4 #fc f4 #fid ,deut4 viii4 #c1 1 444 #fie ,s4 ,fabricius1 ,cod4 pseudepigr4 ,v4 ,t41 p4 #cih ff4 #fif ,gem>a ,sanh41 z 9 note #c4 ,! colloquy betwe5 ,abraham & ,satan is ?us cont9u$3 #a4 ,satanas3 ,annon t5t>e te 7,deum7 9 tali re gre f]as8 ,ecce erudiebas multos--labantem erigebant v]ba tua--quum nunc adv5it ad te 7,deus talit] te t5tans7 nonne gre f]res 7,job iv4 #b-e78 ,cui resp4 ,abraham3 ,ego 9 integritate mea ambulo 7,ps4 xxvi4 #aa74 #b4 ,satanas3 ,annon timor tuus1 spes tua 7,job iv4 #f78 ,abraham3 ,record>e qus1 quis e/ insons1 qui p]i]it 7v4 #g78 #c4 ,qu>e1 quum vid]et ,satanas1 se nihil pr(ic]e1 nec ,abrahamum sibi ob$ire1 dixit ad illum3 et ad me v]bum furtim ablatum e/ 7v4 #ab71 audivi--pecus futurum esse pro holocau/o 7,g54 xxii4 #g71 non autem ,isaacum4 ,cui resp4 ,abraham3 ,hc e/ pna m5dacis1 ut etiam cum v]a loquitur1 fides ei non habeatur4 ,i am f> f ma9ta9+ t ?is rabb9ical passage 0 ! model ( our hi/ory ( ! temptation2 b s9ce x is impossible to prove1 on ! o!r side1 t su* n>ratives 7 only imitations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ones1 ! suppos$ indep5d5t =mation ( /ories s simil> %[s pla9ly en\gh ! ease ) :i* !y sprang out ( ! giv5 premises4 #fig ,note #a4 #fih ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/olog4 ,judorum ,jesu tate1 #cf1 n4 #a & #b2 ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 s4 #afi f4 #fii ,comp>e ) ! above /atem5t ! d$uctions ( ,s*midt1 ,fritzs*e1 & ,u/]i1 z giv5 #ed1 notes #a-c1 & ( ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&bu*1 #a1 #a1 s4 #da ff4 #gjj ,fritzs*e1 p4 #eia4 #gja ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm41 #a1 s4 #ahi f4 #gjb ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #ch f42 b] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 f41 s4 #g f4 #gjc ,de ,wette1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t41 #ih u4 #ajf4 #gjd ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 a1 s4 #ci4 #gje ,gu]ike1 ,beitrge zur ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t41 s4 #cc2 ,?oluck1 ,glaubwrdigkeit1 s4 #cjc4 #gjf ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 w41 s4 #i4 #gjg ,k]n1 b] d5 ,ursprung des ,evang4 ,mat?i1 9 d] ,tb+] ,zeits*rift1 #ahcd1 #btes ,heft1 s4 #aih ff4 ,comp4 ,hug1 ,e9leit4 9 d4 ,n4 ,t41 #b1 s4 #bje ff4 7#cte ,ausg474 #gjh ,?oluck1 ,comm4 zum ,evang4 ,joh41 p4 #bjg4 #gji ,comp4 ,lcke1 ut sup41 s4 #edf4 #gaj ,de ,wette1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t41 #ih4 #gaa ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 f41 s4 #g42 ,beitrge u4 s4 f41 s4 #ch ff4 #gab ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #bjg4 ,comp4 ,gabl]'s ,treatise on ! ,resurrection ( ,laz>us1 9 8 ,j\rnal fr aus]les5e !ol4 ,lit]atur1 #c1 #b4 #gac ,hug1 ,e9leit4 9 das ,n4 ,t41 #b1 s4 #baj4 #gad ,hug1 ut supra1 s4 #baa4 f4 #gae ,comp>e ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*i*te #a1 s4 #bi ff4 #gaf ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #f1 s4 #dfc4 #gag ,?is ,s*lei]ma*] has made evid5t1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #fc4 #gah ,sieff]t1 b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanonis*5 ,evangeliums1 s4 #hi4 #gai ,ol%aus51 ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #fb4 ,sieff]t1 ut supra4 #gbj ,sieff]t1 ut supra4 #gba ,:at ^! mighty works 7 c only be made cle> :5 we come to ! *apt] on ! ,miracles4 #gbb ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut supra1 s4 #fd4 #gbc ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut supra1 s4 #fc f4 #gbd ,ordo temporum1 p4 #bbj ff4 ed4 #b4 #gbe ,paulus1 ut supra1 #a1 b1 s4 #djg4 #gbf ,paulus1 ut supra4 ,lightfoot1 hor1 p4 #gfe4 #gbg ,bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 #dgj4 #gbh ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #fb4 #gbi ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ic4 #gcj ,ut supra1 #dgi2 comp4 #b1 p4 #bad4 #gca ,adv4 ,m>cion1 iv4 #h4 #gcb ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #ghh f4 #gcc ,lcke1 ,comm4 zum ,evang4 ,joh41 #b1 s4 #f4 #gcd ,b5gel1 ordo temporum1 p4 #bai f4 #gce ,hug1 ,e9leit4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #b1 s4 #bbi ff4 #gcf ,paulus1 ,comm4 zum ,ev4 ,joh41 s4 #bgi f4 ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #ghd ff4 #gcg ,summ>ies ( ! diff]5t op9ions are giv5 by ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #ec2 & by ,lcke1 ,comm4 z4 ,ev4 ,joh41 #b1 s4 #b ff4 #gch ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #ghe4 #gci ,see ,/orr1 b] d5 ,zweck d] evang4 ,ges*4 und d] ,briefe ,johannis1 s4 #ccj4 #gdj ,w9]1 b4 ,realw4 #a1 s4 #fff4 #gda ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/romat4 #a1 p4 #agd1 ,wrzb4 ed41 #cdj ,sylburg2 ,orig4 de pr9cipp4 iv4 #e1 comp4 homil4 9 ,luc4 #cb4 #gdb ,ir54 adv4 hr4 i4 #a1 #e4 ii4 #ce1 #ch1 on ! ,val5t9ians4 ,clem4 hom4 xvii4 #ai4 #gdc ,ir54 ii4 xxii4 #e f4 ,comp4 ,cr$n]1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #bae4 #gdd ,lightfoot & ,?oluck 9 loc4 #gde ,joseph4 ,antiq4 xviii4 iv4 #b4 #gdf ,sueton4 ,tib]4 c4 lxxiii4 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 xviii4 vi4 #aj4 #gdg ,comp4 ,paulus1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #a1 a1 #bad f4 #gdh ,see especially ! lab\rs ( ,paulus 9 ! ,*ronological ,excursus ( 8 ,comm5t>y & 8 exegetical ,manual2 ( ,hug1 9 ! ,e9l4 z4 ,n4 ,t4 #b1 s4 #b1 #bcc ff42 & o!rs1 giv5 by ,w9] 9 8 bibl4 ,realwrt]bu* #a1 s4 #ffg4 #gdi ,w9]1 ut sup42 comp4 ,kais]1 biblis*e ,!ologie1 #a1 s4 #bed4 ,anm42 die ,abh&lung b] die v]s*i$55 ,rcksi*t5 u4 s4 w41 9 ,b]?oldt's krit4 ,j\rnal1 #e1 s4 #bci4 #gej ,ol%aus5 #a1 s4 #bd ff4 #gea ,s*neck5burg]'s ,beitrge1 s4 #be ff4 #geb ,all t relates to ! idea ( ! ,messiah z suff]+1 dy+1 & ris+ aga91 is "h omitt$1 & res]v$ = ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion4 #gec ,paulus1 exeget4 ,h&b4 #a1 #f1 s4 #dfe2 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #cbj4 #ged ,?us aft] ,h]d]1 ,k/] e4g4 9 ,immanuel1 s4 #bfe4 #gee ,lcke1 ,comm4 zum ,joh41 #a1 s4 #cig f4 #gef e4g4 ,grotius4 #geg ,ab5esra1 see ,hv]nick1 ut sup4 ,comm4 zum ,daniel1 s4 #bdd4 #geh ,s*ttg51 hor1 ii4 s4 #fc1 #gc2 ,hv]nick1 ut sup41 s4 #bdc f4 #gei ,see = ! mo/ important op9ions1 ,hv]nick1 ut sup41 s4 #bdb f4 #gfj ,let ! read] be> 9 m9d ! designation ( ,david's elegy1 #b ,sam4 i4 #ag ff4 z & ! d5om9ation ( ! ,messiah z 4 ,_h ,s*lei]ma*] consid]$ ! nature ( ,jewi% appellatives1 he w\ld n h call$ ! ref]5ce ( 4 to ! passage 9 ,daniel1 a /range idea4 7,glaub5sl41 #ii1 s4 #ii1 ,anm47 #gfa ,t ! expression includes m ?an ! disciples1 vid4 ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 #gfb ,!re is a difficulty involv$ 9 ! =m ( ! "q1 put by ,jesus to 8 disciples3 1 2 i4e4 :at op9ion h ! p ( me1 ! ,messiah8 ,?is1 :5 comp>$ ) ! sequel1 seems a premature disclosure2 h5ce expositors h v>i\sly endeav\r$ to expla9 away its prim facie mean+4 ,"s 7e4g4 ,beza7 und]/& ! subord9ate clause1 n z a decl>ation ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 own p]son1 b z a clos] limitation ( ! "q3 ,= :om d ! p take me8 = ! ,messiah8 ,b ?is w\ld be a lead+ "q1 :i*1 z ,fritzs*e well obs]ves1 w\ld indicate an eag]ness = ! messianic title1 n else:]e disc]nible 9 ,jesus4 ,o!rs1 !re=e1 7z ,paulus & ,fritzs*e17 give ! expression 4 4 a g5]al signification1 & int]pret ! "q ?us3 ,:om d m5 say t ,i1 ! individual address+ y1 am8 ,b ?is explanation has be5 already refut$ 9 ! =ego+ section4 ,if1 !n1 we reject ! op9ion t ! 4 4 is an addition :i* ! exub]ant fai? ( ! writ] 0 apt to sugge/ ev5 9 an infelicit\s connexion1 we are re/rict$ to ,de ,wette's view 7exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #hf f471 namely1 t ! expression1 4 4 0 inde$ an appellation ( ! ,messiah1 b an indirect "o1 s t x might convey t mean+1 z an allusion to ,daniel1 to ,jesus & ^? already aw>e ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 :ile to o!rs x 0 m]ely ! equival5t (1 ?is man4 #gfc ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 f41 s4 #bh f4 #gfd ,?is di/9ction ( two p]iods 9 ! public life ( ,jesus is also made by ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 s4 #bac4 #ecf1 & ,s*neck5burg] ut sup4 #gfe ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup41 s4 #bi4 #gff ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?4 p4 #cji1 comp4 #ceb4 ,ol%aus51 s4 #bfe4 #gfg ,fritzs*e1 p4 #ceb4 ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #gfh ,! opposite view is held by ! ,fragm5ti/1 :o ?9ks ! prohibition 0 int5d$ to /imulate ! popul> eag]ness4 #gfi ,fritzs*e1 s4 #cji4 #ggj ,comp4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #gd4 #gga ,comp4 ! excell5t treatise ( ,paulus on ! foll[+ "q 9 ! ,e9l4 zum ,leb5 ,jesu1 #a1 a1 s4 #bh ff4 #ggb ,ev5 if a diff]5t read+ be adopt$ = ! p>allel passage 9 ,mat!w 7xix4 #af f471 x mu/ rema9 que/ionable :e!r 8 /atem5t des]ves ! pref]5ce to t ( ! two o!r ,evangeli/s4 #ggc ,bibl4 ,comm4 #b1 s4 #acj1 #bec4 #ggd ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #a1 s4 #ajh ff4 #gge ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ol4 ,judor4 #h4 #ce1 #db4 #ggf ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 p4 #ei4 #ggg ,porphyr4 ,vita ,py?ag41 #bf f4 ,jambli*4 #ad1 #fc4 ,diog4 ,la]t4 viii4 #d f4 #ad4 ,baur1 ,apollonius von ,tyana1 pp4 #fd f4 #ih f4 #ahe f4 #ggh ,see a notification & exposition ( ! passages 9 ,lcke1 ,comm4 zum ,ev4 ,joh41 #a1 s4 #baa ff4 #ggi ,w9]1 de ,onkeloso1 p4 #aj4 ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 ,e9leit4 9 das ,a4 ,t41 #eh4 #ghj ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ol4 ,judor41 #bc-be4 ,comp4 ,lcke ut sup41 s4 #bdd1 note4 #gha ,s*ttg51 ii4 s4 #f f4 #ghb ,t>g4 ,jes4 xvi #a3 ,i/e 7,messias7 9 des]to fuit rupes ecclesi ,zionis4 ,9 ,b]?oldt1 ut sup4 p4 #ade4 #ghc ,soh> *adas* f4 lxxxii4 #d1 ap4 ,s*ttg51 ii4 s4 #ddj4 #ghd ,neza* ,isral c4 xxxv4 f4 xlviii4 #a4 ,s*midt1 ,bibl4 fr ,kritik u4 ,exegese1 #a1 s4 #ch3 4 ,soh> ,levit4 f4 xiv4 #ef4 ,s*ttg51 ii4 s4 #dcf3 ,septem 7lum9a condita sunt1 antequam mundus cond]etur71 nimirum 444 et lum5 ,messi4 ,"h we h ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,messiah repres5t$ z a real "o3 = a m ideal conception ( x1 see ,b]es*i? ,rabba1 sect4 #a1 f4 iii4 #c 7,s*ttg574 #ghe ,von dem ,zweck ,jesu und se9] ,jng]1 s4 #ajh-aeg4 #ghf ,comp4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 s4 #aad4 #ghg ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,matt41 p4 #eah4 ,ol%aus5 also1 p4 #gdd1 und]/&s ! disc\rse symbolically1 ?\gh he atta*es to x a diff]5t mean+4 #ghh ,paulus1 exeget4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #fac f4 #ghi ,liebe1 9 ,w9]'s exeg4 ,/udi51 #a1 #ei ff4 #gij ,s ,re9h>d1 b] d5 ,plan1 wel*5 d] ,/ift] d] *ri/li*5 ,religion zum ,be/5 d] ,m5s*heit entw>f1 s4 #eg ff4 7#dte ,aufl474 #gia ,paulus1 ,leb5 ,jesu #a1 b1 s4 #he1 #id1 #ajf ff42 ,v5tur9i1 #b1 s4 #caj f42 ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu #a ed4 #fh1 #hd4 ,hase has modifi$ ?is op9ion 9 8 #bnd edition1 #di1 #ej 7comp4 !ol4 ,/reits*rift1 #a1 s4 #fa ff471 ?\gh ) app>5t reluctance1 & he n[ ma9ta9s t ,jesus _h ris5 above ! political notion ( ! messianic k+dom be=e 8 public appe>ance4 #gib ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 p4 #fjf f4 #gic ,de ,wette1 ,bibl4 ,dogm41 #baf4 #gid ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ol4 ,judor41 #cj ff4 #gie ,ibid41 #ci4 #gif ,e4g4 ,re9h>d1 ,plan ,jesu1 s4 #ad ff4 #gig ,= an exagg]ation 9 ! ,ebionite ,gospel1 vid4 ,epiphanius1 hres4 xxx4 #af4 #gih ,b]?oldt1 ut sup4 #ca4 #gii ,?is is done ! mo/ concisely 9 ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts1 von dem ,zweck u4 s4 f41 s4 #ff ff4 #hjj ,especially ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 s4 #bad ff4 #hja ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]b4 #b1 s4 #djf ff4 #hjb ,comp4 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #bgc4 #hjc ,w9]1 b4 ,realw41 #a ,bd4 s4 #dbf4 #hjd ,fritzs*e1 s4 #bad ff4 #hje ,re9h>d1 s4 #ae ff4 ,planck1 ,ges*i*te des ,*ri/5?ums 9 d] ,p]iode se9] ,e9fhrung1 #a1 s4 #age ff4 #hjf ,de ,wette1 ,bibl4 ,dogm41 #baj4 #hjg ,fritzs*e1 s4 #bad4 #hjh ,vid4 ! ,fragm5ti/1 s4 #fi4 #hji ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #fjj f4 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #a1 a1 s4 #bif1 #cab4 #haj ,comp4 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #eih f4 #haa ,comp4 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 s4 #hd4 ,rabb9ical notions ( ! abrogation ( ! ,law 9 ,s*ttg51 ii4 s4 #faa ff4 #hab ,?us ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 ut sup4 s4 #gb ff4 #hac ,re9h>d2 ,planck1 ,ges*i*te des ,*ri/5?ums 9 d] ,p]4 se9] ,e9fhrung1 #a1 s4 #agi ff4 #had ,paulus1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #a1 a1 s4 #chj f4 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #ajb4 #hae ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #ejg4 #haf ,hase1 ut sup4 #hag ,antiq4 xx4 vi4 #a4 ,= "s rabb9ical rules n q 9 accordance ) ?is1 see ,lightfoot1 p4 #iia4 #hah ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ol4 ,judor41 #g4 #hai ,"s errone\sly attribute ?is mean+ to _! "q2 see 9 ,lcke #a1 s4 #ecc4 #hbj ,brets*neid]1 ut sup4 s4 #dg ff4 #ig f4 #hba ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #ebj ff4 #hbb ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #hbc ,lcke & ,?oluck1 9 loc4 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #fg4 #hbd ,e4g4 ,?oluck1 9 _m passages4 #hbe ,comp4 ,s*ttg51 hor1 i4 s4 #igj f4 ,wet/e91 s4 #hfc4 #hbf ,paulus1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #a1 a1 #ahg2 ,comm5t4 #d1 9 loc4 #hbg ,comp4 ,ol%aus5 9 loc41 & ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 s4 #ej4 #hbh ,ol%aus51 ,lcke1 9 loc4 #hbi ,comp4 ,brets*neid]1 ut sup4 s4 #di f4 #hcj ,homil4 ii4 #f1 comp4 iii4 #ab4 #hca ,s*ttg51 hor1 ii4 p4 #cga f4 #hcb ,lightfoot1 p4 #ajjb4 #hcc ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #edb4 #hcd ,lcke1 s4 #edj1 note4 ,brets*neid]1 s4 #eb #hce ,comm4 9 ,joan1 tom4 #ac4 #hcf ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 s4 #ajj2 ,lcke1 ,comm4 z4 ,joh4 #a1 s4 #chh2 ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #aig2 ,hase1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #ef1 #fa4 #hcg ,leb5 ,jesu1 #a1 a1 s4 #bab4 #hch ,paulus1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #a1 a1 s4 #bac2 ,sieff]t1 b] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 f41 s4 #gb4 #hci ,see ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 p4 #ahi4 #hdj ,s*ttg51 hor1 ii4 p4 #cgb4 #hda ,paulus1 ut sup4 #hdb ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #dfd4 #hdc ,gnomon1 9 loc4 #hdd ,paulus1 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #a1 a1 s4 #afh4 #hde ,s4 #che4 #hdf ,vid4 ,lcke1 s4 #chi f4 #hdg ,ut sup4 #hdh ,p4 #ada4 #hdi ,/orr1 eb] d5 ,zweck d] ev4 ,ges*4 und d] ,br4 ,joh41 s4 #cej4 #hej ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #ddi4 #hea ,bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 p4 #bhc4 #heb ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #gj4 #hec ,?is1 ) ! leg5d>y "* ( bo? n>ratives1 is ackn[l$g$ by ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #cg1 #a1 #b1 s4 #ch f4 #hed ,ne&] is ( ! same op9ion1 ,l4 ,j41 s4 #bdi f4 #hee ,ub] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kan4 ,ev41 s4 #gc4 #hef ,b]l9] ,jahrb*] fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kritik1 #ahcd ,nov42 n[ 9 ! ,*>akt]i/ik5 u4 ,kritik51 s4 #bfd f4 #heg ,accord+ to ,de ,wette1 ! copi\s draught ( fi%es 0 a symbolical miracle1 typify+ ! ri* fruits ( ! apo/olic m9i/ry4 #heh ,porphyr4 vita ,py?agor1 no4 #be1 ed4 ,kiessl+2 ,jambli*4 v4 ,p4 no4 #cf4 d]s4 ,ausg4 ,x is fair to adduce ?is hi/ory1 because1 be+ less m>vell\s ?an ! gospel n>rative1 x c h>dly be an imitation1 b mu/ h aris5 indep5d5tly1 & h5ce x ev9ces a common t5d5cy ( ! anci5t leg5d4 #hei ,luke v4 #e3 ' 4 ,john xxi4 #c3 4 #hfj ,comp4 de ,wette1 exeg ,h&b41 #a1 #c1 s4 #bac4 #hfa ,vid4 ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #bee4 #hfb ,sieff]t1 ut sup4 p4 #ee4 #hfc ,ku9l1 ut sup4 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 b1 s4 #eac4 ,l4 ,j41 #a1 a1 #bdj4 #hfd ,b]?oldt1 ,e9leitung1 #c1 s4 #abee f4 ,fritzs*e1 s4 #cdj4 #hfe ,sieff]t1 s4 #ef2 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #ia4 #hff ,sieff]t1 s4 #fj4 #hfg ,de ,wette1 ut sup4 #hfh ,exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 b1 s4 #eaj4 ,l4 ,j41 #a1 a1 #bdj4 #hfi ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #gf4 #hgj ,grtz1 ,comm4 z4 ,mat?4 #a1 s4 #dgj4 #hga ,augu/9 c4 ,fau/4 ,mani*4 xvii4 #a4 #hgb iii4 i4 #d4 #hgc ,plut>*4 de gloria ,a!ni5s41 at ! beg9n+4 #hgd ,s*ulz1 ,ueb] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cjh4 #hge ,comp4 de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #b1 p4 #acd4 #hgf ,ut sup41 p4 #gg4 #hgg ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 ,i1 #a1 p4 #ic4 #hgh ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #c1 a1 s4 #dh4 ,ku9l1 9 ,luc41 p4 #fcb4 #hgi ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #he4 #hhj ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #he4 #hha ,ut sup41 s4 #hh4 #hhb ,ep4 ,b>nab4 #h1 & ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites ap4 ,epiphanius1 hr4 xxx4 #ac4 #hhc ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #hg4 #hhd ,if 1 ,john i4 #de1 mean ! same z 1 ,mat?4 ix4 #a1 t is1 ! place :]e !y 7 resid5t1 !re exi/s a contradiction on ?is po9t betwe5 ,john & ! synopti/s4 #hhe ,comp4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 p4 #ceh4 #hhf ,comp4 ,lightfoot1 9 loc4 #hhg ,comp4 ,sauni]1 b] die ,quell5 des ,m>kus1 s4 #ee f4 #hhh ,comp4 de ,wette1 9 loc4 #hhi ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #eef4 #hij ,?is is probably a m]e inf]5ce ( ,m>k4 ,because ,jesus exclud$ ! multitude1 & =bade ! publication ( ! ev5t1 ! ,evangeli/ saw 9 x "o ( ^? secret sc5es1 to :i* ,jesus 0 accu/om$ to admit only ! ?ree fav\r$ apo/les4 #hia ,9 ! anci5t *ur* x 0 ?\ght t ,jesus _h communicat$ to ^! ?ree individuals ! 1 to be my/]i\sly transmitt$4 ,vid4 9 ,giesel]1 ,k4 ,g4 #a1 s4 #bcd4 #hib ,ev5 ,paulus1 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #afg f41 rem>ks t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ seems to h _h a design 9 notic+ ?is circum/ance4 #hic ,?is has n escap$ ! acum5 ( ,dr4 ,paulus4 ,9 a review ( ! fir/ volume ( ! second ed4 ( ,lcke's ,comm4 zum ,johannes1 9 ,lt4 ,bl4 zur allg4 ,kir*5zeitung1 ,febr41 #ahcd1 no4 #ah1 s4 #acg f41 he says3 8,! gospel ( ,john has only pres]v$ ! less advantage\s circum/ances connect$ ) ,pet] 7except+ vi4 #fh71 su* z place him 9 m>k$ subord9ation to ,john "h ! passages above consid]$ are cit$4 ,an adh]5t ( ,pet] c h>dly h _h a h& 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john40 ,we may add t x seems to h proce$$ f an antagoni/ ( ,pet]1 = x is probable t he _h su* ( ! s*ool ( ,john1 z well z ( ,paul4 #hid ,vid4 ,lcke1 ,comm4 zum ,joh4 #b1 s4 #gjh4 #hie ,paulus1 9 8 review ( ,brets*neid]'s ,probabili51 9 ! ,heidelb]g] ,jahrb*]n1 #ahba1 no4 #i1 s4 #ach4 #hif ,lcke1 ut sup4 s4 #ffd4 #hig ,brets*neid]1 ,probabilia1 p4 #aaa f4 #hih ,comp4 ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #acg4 #hii ,?us mo/ ( ! expositors1 ,fritzs*e1 ,mat?41 s4 #cei2 ,w9]1 ,realwrt]b4 #a1 s4 #afc f4 ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #ih4 #ijj ,joseph41 bell4 jud4 iv4 iii4 #i4 #ija ,comp4 ,cr$n]1 ,e9leitung #a1 s4 #fd2 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #ih f4 #ijb ,de ,wette1 ut sup4 #ijc ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #hh f4 #ijd ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cjg2 ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung1 s4 #ac f4 #ije ,tuf ha>ez1 f4 xix4 c4 iii42 ,clem4 hom4 xviii4 #d2 ,recognit4 ,clem5t4 ii4 #db2 ,epiphan4 hr4 i4 #e4 #ijf ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup42 ,giesel]1 b] ,ent/ehung d] s*riftl4 ,evangeli51 s4 #abg f4 #ijg ,lightfoot1 p4 #ghf4 #ijh ,de ,wette1 exeget4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #ii f4 #a1 #b1 s4 #fa4 #a1 #c1 s4 #bbj2 ,!ile1 zur ,biogr4 ,j41 #bd4 ,= ! contr>y op9ion1 see ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #dih f4 #iji ,all t relates to ! suff]+s1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ,jesus is "h exclud$4 #iaj ,augu/91 de cons5s4 ev4 ii4 #ai2 ,/orr1 b] d5 ,zweck des ,evang4 u4 d4 ,br4 ,joh41 s4 #cdg ff4 ,= fur!r ref]5ces see ,?oluck's ,auslegung d] ,b]gpr$igt1 ,e9l41 #a4 #iaa ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #dg ff4 #a1 #b1 s4 #dd4 #iab ,?oluck1 s4 #bd2 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 b1 s4 #ehd4 #iac ,s*ulz1 vom ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cac f42 ,sieff]t1 s4 #gd ff42 ,fritzs*e1 s4 #cja4 #iad ,ol%aus51 ,bibl4 ,comm41 #a1 s4 #aig2 ,k]n1 9 d] ,tb4 ,s*rift1 #ahcd1 #b1 s4 #cc4 #iae ,s*ulz1 ut sup4 s4 #cae2 ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #bf2 ,cr$n]1 ,e9leit41 #a1 s4 #fi4 #iaf ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #hi f4 #iag ,?oluck1 p4 #aa1 & my ,review ( ! writ+s ( ,sieff]t & o!rs 9 ! ,jahrbu* f4 wiss4 ,kritik1 ,nov4 #ahcd2 n[ 9 my ,*>akt]i/ik5 u4 ,kritik51 s4 #beb ff4 #iah ,comp4 ,?oluck1 ut sup4 s4 #be ff42 ,de ,wette1 exeget4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #di4 #iai ,/orr1 ,ueb] d5 ,zweck u4 s4 w41 s4 #cdh f4 ,ol%aus54 #ibj ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #b1 s4 #dd f42 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #aee f41 ,anm4 #iba ,homil4 xv4 #g2 comp4 ,cr$n] 9 ,w9]'s ,zeits*rift f4 wiss4 ,!ologie1 #a1 s4 #bih f42 ,s*neck5burg]1 b] das ,evangelium d] ,aegypti]1 #f4 #ibb ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung1 s4 #bi4 #ibc ,ut sup4 s4 #ij1 ,ne&] agrees ) him1 ut sup4 #ibd ,! ,rabb9s also atta*$ weight to ^! ,mosaic bless+s & curses1 vid4 ,lightfoot1 p4 #bee4 ,z "h we h eight bless+s1 !y held t ,abraham _h be5bless$ b5$ictionibus septem 7,baal ,turim1 9 ,g54 xii4 ,lightfoot1 p4 #bef72 ,david1 ,daniel ) 8 ?ree companions1 & ! ,messiah1 b5$ictionibus sex4 7,t>g4 ,ru?4 #c1 ibid47 ,!y also c\nt$ toge!r ) ! tw5ty beatitud9es 9 ! ,psalms1 z _m v 9 ,isaiah4 7,midras* ,tehillim 9 ,ps4 i4 ib474 #ibe ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #eh4 ,ne&] tries to %[1 v artificially1 a real connection ( ?\ght1 s4 #aeg1 ,anm4 #ibf ,ol%aus5 9 loc4 ,! true read+ is indicat$ by ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #eh2 ,?oluck1 ut sup4 s4 #aa4 #ibg ,?is cause is ov]look$ by ,s*lei]ma*]1 s4 #bje2 comp4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #ibh ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #ij4 ,?oluck1 s4 #ba4 #ibi ,?oluck1 s4 #ab1 #ahg2 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #icj ,ut sup4 #bjf f4 #ica ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #b1 s4 #hf4 #icb ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #dh4 #icc ,orig4 de orat4 xviii4 & ,hess1 ,ges*4 ,jesu1 #b1 s4 #dh f4 #icd ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #agc2 ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #bce2 ,sieff]t1 s4 #gh ff4 ,ne&]1 s4 #bce f4 note4 #ice ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #fi4 #a1 #b1 s4 #fe4 #icf ,n4,t4 #a1 #cbc4 ,! p>allels may be se5 9 ,wet/e9 & ,lightfoot4 #icg ,comm4 9 ,matt41 p4 #bfe4 #ich ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 #a1 #a1 s4 #fi ff42 ,ne&]1 s4 #bcg ff4 #ici ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 #a1 #b1 s4 #agf4 #idj ,f vi4 #ai to ! end ( ! *apt] ev5 ,ne&] f9ds no ord]ly association1 & conjectures t ! editor ( ! ,greek ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 ! compil] ( ?is latt] half ( ! disc\rse 7p4 #afi1 note74 #ida ,ne&]1 ut sup42 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #idb ,de ,wette1 #a1 #b1 s4 #de4 #idc ,de ,wette 9 loc4 des ,lukas4 #idd ,e4g4 ,hess1 ,ges*4 ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #ede4 #ide ,s*ulz1 ut sup4 s4 #cjh1 #cad2 ,sieff]t1 s4 #hj ff4 #idf ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 ,! latt] bold ass]tion 9 ,k]n1 b] d5 ,ursprung des ,evang4 ,mat?41 s4 #fc4 #idg ,s*ulz1 s4 #cae4 #idh ,vid4 ,de ,wette1 ,ar*ol41 #bfe1 & 9 loc4 #idi ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #ii4 #iej ,s*ulz1 s4 #cjh2 ,sieff]t1 s4 #hb ff4 #iea ,! satisfactory connexion :i* mod]n criticism f9ds ?r\gh\t ! #ab? *ap4 ( ,luke1 ,i am z little able to discov] z ,?oluck1 ,auslegung d] ,b]gpr$igt1 s4 #ac f41 :o has /rik+ly expos$ ! p>tiality ( ,s*lei]ma*] = ,luke1 to ! prejudice ( ,mat!w4 #ieb ,vid4 ,de ,wette 9 loc4 #iec ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #afi f42 ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 f41 s4 #cb f4 #ied ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #aaj4 #a1 #b1 s4 #fb4 #iee ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cad4 #ief ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #dcg4 #ieg ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #age4 #ieh ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 f41 s4 #cc4 #iei ,ol%aus51 s4 #dch4 #ifj ,s*lei]ma*]1 s4 #abj4 #ifa ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,m>c41 s4 #abj1 #abh1 #acd2 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #ifb ,comp4 ,sauni]1 b] die ,quell5 des ,m>kus1 s4 #gd2 ,fritzs*e ut sup42 ,de ,wette 9 loc4 #ifc ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut4 sup4 s4 #aib2 ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #dca2 ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup4 s4 #cc4 #ifd ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #b1 s4 #gc f4 #ife ,analogies to ^! p>ables & apo!gms are giv5 out ( ! rabb9ical lit]ature by ,wet/e91 ,lightfoot1 & ,s*ttg51 9 loc4 #iff ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bbj4 #ifg ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #bjb ff4 ,ol%aus5 9 loc4 #ifh ,ut sup4 #ifi ,s*neck5burg] has decid$1 ,beitrge1 ,no4 ,v4 :]e he refutes ,ol%aus5's int]pretation ( ! p>able1 t ?is v]se does n really belong to its pres5t position1 :ile ) respect to ! prec$+ v]ses f v4 #i1 he f9ds x possible to hold ! contr>y op9ion4 ,de ,wette also consid]s t v4 #ac is ! only "o decid$ly out ( place4 ,he ?9ks x possible1 by supply+ an int]m$iate proposition1 :i* he supposes ! writ] to h omitt$1 & :i* l$ f ! prud5t use ( ri*es to fai?fulness 9 pres]v+ ^? entru/$ to u1 to give a suffici5t connexion to v4 #i & #aj-ab1 )\t necess>ily ref]r+ ! idea ( fai?fulness to ! conduct ( ! /ew>d4 ,! num]\s attempts1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 to expla9 ! p>able ( ! /ew>d )\t a critical dislocation ( ! associat$ passages1 are only s _m pro(s t x is absolutely requisite to a satisfactory int]pretation4 #igj ,comp4 de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #b1 s4 #hj4 #iga ,ut sup4 s4 #bjh4 #igb ,vid4 ,ku9l1 9 loc4 #igc ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 #a1 #b1 s4 #hf f4 #igd ,on ! ,ess5es z contemn]s ( ri*es 7 71 comp4 ,joseph41 b4 j4 ii4 viii4 #c2 ,cr$n]1 b] ,ess5] und ,ebionit51 9 ,w9]'s ,zeits*rift1 #a1 s4 #bag2 ,gfrr]1 ,philo1 #b1 s4 #caa4 #ige ,?us ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,luc41 p4 #fce4 #igf ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 #bci f4 ,ne&] agrees ) him1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 p4 #ahh4 #igg ,?is is a reply to ,ne&]'s objection1 p4 #aia1 note4 #igh ,h[ ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 p4 #gf1 c pron\nce ! m complex =m ( ! p>able 9 ,luke z n only ! mo/ fully develop$ b ! be/ w\nd up1 ,i am at a loss to und]/&4 #igi ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 ,i1 ,i1 s4 #bjh f4 #ihj ,v4 #ab4 1 1 4 #ad4 1 1 ' 4 #ae4 1 --7 7 #bg4 -- 1 ' 1 4 #iha ,fritzs*e1 p4 #fef4 ,?is rem>k s]ves to refute ,de ,wette's v9dication ( ! above p>ticul> 9 8 exeg4 ,h&b4 #ihb ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b #c1 a1 s4 #baj2 ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #haa4 #ihc ,vid4 ,fritzs*e1 ut sup4 #ihd ,f ! app5dix to ,s*neck5burg]'s ,beitrg51 ,i see t a review] 9 ! ,!ol4 ,lit]aturblatt1 #ahca1 ,no4 #hh1 has also conjectur$ t we h "h a bl5d+ ( two orig9ally di/9ct p>ables4 #ihe ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 #a1 #a1 s4 #aeb4 #ihf ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #aec f4 #ihg ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #ihh ,vid4 ,fritzs*e & ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #ihi ,sauni]1 b] die ,quell5 des ,m>kus1 s4 #aaa4 #iij ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc41 ,matt4 #iia ,vid4 de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 p4 #aee4 #iib ,analog\s passages f ,jewi% writ+s are giv5 9 ,wet/e91 ,lightfoot1 ,s*ttg51 9 loc4 #iic ,bemidb> ,r4 ad4 ,num4 v4 #cj1 9 ,wet/e91 p4 #cjc4 #iid ,e4g4 ,paulus1 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #df4 #iie ,= probable d\bts z to ! correctness ( ! position giv5 to ?is disc\rse ( ,jesus1 vid4 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #ebe1 ,anm4 #iif ,paulus1 ib4 s4 #ej1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #eii4 #iig ,9 ?is passage1 x is true t celibacy is at fir/ recomm5d$ z good = ! pres5t di/ress2 b ! ,apo/le does n re/ !re2 = at v4 #cb ff4 he adds1 ,he t is unm>ri$ c>e? = ! ?+s ( ! ,"l--he t is m>ri$ = ! ?+s ( ! _w3--a motive to celibacy :i* mu/ be equally valid "u all circum/ances1 & :i* af=ds u a glimpse into ! fundam5tal asceticism ( ,paul's views4 ,comp4 ,rck]t's ,comm5t>y 9 loc4 #iih ,vid4 ,gfrr]1 ,philo1 #b1 s4 #caj f4 #iii ,a concise elucidation ( !m may be f\nd 9 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #abi4 #ajjj ,vid4 ,gem>a ,hi]os4 ,b]ac4 f4 v4 #d1 9 ,lightfoot1 p4 #dbc1 & ,r4 ,manasse ,b5 ,isr4 9 ,s*ttg51 i4 p4 #ahj4 #ajja ,see 8 #d? ,fragm5t1 ,less+'s #dt5 ,beitrag1 s4 #dcd ff4 #ajjb ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #aae ff4 #ajjc ,vid4 ,wet/e91 9 loc4 ,h5g/5b]g1 ,*ri/ol4 #a1 a1 s4 #adj f42 also ,paulus himself1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s4 #bhc f4 #ajjd ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #ajje ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 f41 s4 #de1 #dg4 #ajjf ,paulus & ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #ajjg ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #ahf4 #ajjh ,sieff]t1 b] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 ,ev41 s4 #aag f4 #ajji ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 #a1 #a4 s4 #ahi4 #ajaj ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cac f42 ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung1 s4 #ed4 #ajaa ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ahb1 #aif f42 ,ol%aus51 9 loc41 & ! writ]s m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ note4 #ajab ,ut sup4 #ahj4 #ajac ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #ahi1 #a1 #b1 s4 #fg1 #gf4 #ajad ,joseph41 b4 j4 iv4 v4 #d4 #ajae ,ei*horn1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4,t41 #a1 s4 #eaj ff42 ,hug1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4,t41 #b1 s4 #aj ff42 ,cr$n]1 ,e9l41 #a1 s4 #bjg4 #ajaf ,vid4 ,!ile1 b] ,za*>ias ,b>a*ias ,sohn1 9 ,w9]'s und ,engelh>dt's neuem krit4 ,j\rn41 #b1 s4 #dja ff42 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #ajag ,t>gum ,?r54 ii4 #bj1 9 ,wet/e91 s4 #dia4 #ajah ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #ajai ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cba4 #ajbj ,?is 8secret in=mation0 is v welcome to ,dr4 ,paulus1 because x gives a useful h9t 8z to _m occurr5ces 9 ! life ( ,jesus1 ! causes ( :i* are n obvi\s0 7,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #ada72 t is ,paulus1 l ,bahrdt & ,v5tur9i1 ?\gh less op5ly1 is fond ( us+ su* secret & influ5tial allies z deus ex ma*91 = ! explanation ( mu* t is miracul\s 9 ! life ( ,jesus 7! transfiguration1 resid5ce aft] ! resurrection1 etc474 #ajba ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 i4 #fb4 #ajbb ,let ! read] be> 9 m9d ! k9dr$ names ,nicolaus & ,nicolaitans4 #ajbc ,prob41 p4 #dd4 ,brets*neid] is "r1 h[ev]1 9 decl>+ aga9/ ,ku9l's me?od ( supply+ a connexion betwe5 ! disc\rses 9 ,john1 by ! ins]tion ( propositions & int]m$iate disc\rses1 suppos$ to h be5 omitt$4 ,lcke judici\sly admits 7#a1 p4 #ddf7 t if1 9 ,john1 some?+ appe>s to be want+ betwe5 two consecutive expressions ( ,jesus1 we are yet to suppose t !re 0 an imm$iate connexion betwe5 !m 9 ! m9d ( ! ,evangeli/1 & x is ?is connexion :i* x is ! task ( exegesis to asc]ta94 ,9 tru? ! disc\rses 9 ! f\r? gospel are nev] entirely want+ 9 connexion 7ap>t f ! exceptions to be notic$ 9 #ha71 ?\gh t connexion is sometimes v lat5t4 #ajbd ,b]es*i? ,r41 sect #ci f4 xxxviii4 #b4 ,bammidb> ,r41 s4 #aa f4 ccxi4 #b4 ,tan*uma f4 v4 #b1 9 ,s*ttg51 i4 s4 #gjd4 ,some?+ simil> is said ( ,moses1 f ,s*emo? ,r41 ib4 #ajbe ,jevamo? f4 lxii4 #a1 xcii4 #a1 9 ,lightfoot1 p4 #ihd4 #ajbf ,e4g4 ,knapp1 comm4 9 colloq4 ,*ri/i cum ,nicod4 9 loc4 #ajbg ,paulus1 ,comm4 #d1 s4 #ahc4 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #agf4 #ajbh ,lcke & ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #ajbi ,,iii4 #aa3 ,i4 #ah3 4 #ac3 4 1 1 4 1 4 #aa3 -- 4 #ajcj ,sup4 #df4 #ajca ,?is is in=m$ 9 ! ,probabilia1 p4 #df4 #ajcb ,ut sup4 p4 #dgf4 #ajcc ,comp4 ,brets*neid]1 ut sup4 #ajcd ,de ,wette adduces z examples ( a simil> proc$ure on ! "p ( ,jesus 9 ! synoptical gospels1 ,matt4 xix4 #ba1 xx4 #bb f4 ,b ^! two cases are ( a totally diff]5t k9d f ! "o "u consid]ation 9 ,john4 ,we h "h to treat ( a want ( compreh5sion1 9 ! face ( :i* x is surpris+ t ,jesus in/ead ( desc5d+ to its level1 *ooses to elevate himself to a /ill less atta9able altitude4 ,9 ! passages quot$ f ! synopti/s1 on ! o!r h&1 we h examples ( an excessive self-valuation1 too high an e/imate ( _! ability to promote ! cause ( ,jesus1 on ! "p ( ! ri* "y man & ( ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 & ,jesus ) p]fect propriety *ecks _! egoti/ic ard\r by ! abrupt pres5tation ( a high] dem&4 ,^! in/ances c\ld only be p>allel ) t ( ,nicodemus1 if ! latt] _h piqu$ himself on 8 enlight5m5t1 & ,jesus1 by a sudd5 flight into a high] region1 _h s\ght to conv9ce him ( 8 ignorance4 #ajce ,bibl4 ,comm4 #b1 s4 #if4 #ajcf ,,iii4 #ai3 1 ,i4 #i3 1 1 1 4 #e3 4 1 4 ,,iii4 #af3 1 #a ,john iv4 #i3 1 1 1 ' 4 1 ' 4 #ajcg ,paulus & ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #ajch ,?oluck 7,glaubwrdigkeit1 s4 #cce7 adduces z examples ( a simil> unobs]v$ fusion ( a disc\rse quot$ f a =eign s\rce1 ) ! writ]'s own matt]1 ,gal4 ii4 #ad ff4 ,euseb41 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #a1 #ci4 ,hi]on4 ,comm4 9 ,jes4 #ec4 ,b su* in/ances 9 an epi/le1 a comm5t>y or an hi/orical "w int]sp]s$ ) reason+ & criticism are n p>allel ) ^? 9 an hi/orical n>rative ( ! nature ( our f\r? gospel4 ,9 works ( ! =m] k9d1 ! read] expects ! au?or to reason1 & h5ce1 :5 ! disc\rse ( ano!r p>ty has be5 introduc$1 he is prep>$ at ! slighte/ pause to see ! au?or aga9 take up ! argum5t4 ,x is q diff]5t ) a "w l our f\r? gospel4 ,! introduction1 x is true1 is put =? z ! au?or's own reason+1 & x is !re q natural t aft] a brief quotation f ! disc\rse ( ano!r1 v4 #ae1 he %\ld1 at v4 #af1 resume ! "* ( speak] )\t any express intimation4 ,b :5 once he has ent]$ on 8 n>rative1 :i* is /rictly a recital ( :at has be5 done1 & :at has be5 said1 all t he annexes )\t any m>k ( di/9ction 7z e4g4 xii4 #cg7 to a disc\rse explicitly ascrib$ to ano!r1 mu/ be consid]$ z a cont9uation ( t disc\rse4 #ajci ,philo4 ,opp4 ed4 ,mang4 i4 #dd4 apud ,gfrr]1 i4 p4 #abb4 #ajdj ,joh4 v4 #bj3 ,john iii4 #ce 7! ,bapti/73 1 4 4 #bd3 #a ,joh4 iii4 #ad3 1 -- 4 4 #cb3 1 ,joh4 xix4 #ce3 1 4 1 1 4 ,comp4 xxi4 #bd4 #a #cd3 ,joh4 #c1 #ab4 4 #a ,joh4 v4 #i3 #cf3 1 4 1 1 #cg3 1 4 4 ,joh4 i4 #ah3 ,ib43 4 ,comp4 #a ,joh4 iv4 #ab4 1 4 #a ,joh4 i4 #aj3 4 #ch3 4 #a ,joh4 v4 #ab3 4 #dj3 1 4 #a ,joh4 ii4 #ae3 4 #db3 4 ,joh4 xi4 #dc3 1 #dd3 1 4 1 #ajda ,vid4 ! passages comp>$ by ,gfrr]1 #a1 s4 #aid1 f ,philo1 de l+u>um confusione4 #ajdb ,sup4 #ad4 #ajdc ,de pr(ugis1 ,opp4 ,mang41 i4 s4 #eff1 ,gfrr]1 #a1 s4 #bjb4 ,:at is f>!r said ( ! 3 ' may be comp>$ ) ,john iv4 #ad1 vi4 #ce1 vii4 #ch4 #ajdd ,see ,lcke's ,hi/ory ( ! int]pretation ( ?is passage 9 8 ,comm4 #b1 ,app5dix ,b1 p4 #gbg ff4 #ajde ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #ii4 #ajdf ,comp4 ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 pp4 #ef1 #hh ff4 #ajdg ,9 relation to ?is *apt]1 ,i entirely approve ! foll[+ rem>k 9 ! ,probabilia 7p4 #ef73 vid]etur--,jesus ipse /uduisse1 ut v]bis illud]et ,judis1 nec ab iis intellig]etur1 s$ reprob>etur4 ,ita v]o nec egit1 nec ag]e potuit1 neque si ita docuisset1 tanta effecisset1 quanta illum effecisse hi/oria te/atur4 ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #c1 s4 #f4 #ajdh ,e4g4 by ,?oluck & ,lcke4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 all[s t x is r an incipi5t ?an a complete p>able4 ,ol%aus5 also rem>ks1 t ! disc\rses ( ! ,%eph]d & ! ,v9e are r comp>isons ?an p>ables2 & ,ne&] %[s himself will+ to di/+ui% ! p>able pres5t$ by ! synopti/s z a species1 "u ! g5us similitude1 to :i* ! ( ,john belong4 #ajdi x4 #bg3 x4 #c3 1 4 #ad3 #bh3 4 #d3 4 ,also corresponds to 1 1 v4 #aj1 & is ! c\nt]p>t ( :at is said v4 #ab ( ! hirel+ :o all[s ! %eep to be scatt]$4 #ajej ,comp4 v4 #dd ) vii4 #ag2 v4 #df ) viii4 #ab2 v4 #dg ) iii4 #ag2 v4 #dh ) iii4 #ah1 v4 #de2 v4 #di ) viii4 #bh2 v4 #ej ) vi4 #dj1 vii4 #ag1 viii4 #bh4 #ajea ,l4 ,j41 b1 s4 #adb4 #ajeb ,lcke1 ,?oluck1 ,paulus1 9 loc4 #ajec ,cyril1 ,erasmus4 ,?oluck's exp$i5t1 :i* ,ol%aus5 approves1 is to give ! signification ( ! plup]fect1 & to und]/& z an explicative4 ,b ,i d n see h[ ?is c be ( any avail1 = & 7v4 #de7 w\ld /ill =m a relation ( agreem5t betwe5 two propositions1 :i* "o w\ld h expect$ to be oppos$ to ea* o!r by & 4 #ajed ,paulus1 ,comm4 #d1 s4 #bea1 #ef4 #ajee ,?is idea is s entirely 9 ! _s ( ! anci5t h>moni/s1 t ,i c sc>cely believe ,lcke to be ! fir/ to :om x _h occurr$ 7,comm4 #a1 s4 #ede f474 #ajef ,vid4 sup4 #ci4 #ajeg ,paulus1 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #aeh4 #ajeh ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #dgh4 #ajei ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #ajfj ,paulus1 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #age2 ,lcke1 ,?oluck1 ,ol%aus51 9 loc42 ,hug1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #b1 s4 #bji4 #ajfa ,wegs*eid]1 ,e9l4 9 das ,evang4 ,joh41 s4 #bga2 ,?oluck1 ,comm4 s4 #cg f4 #ajfb ,?us ,eck]mann1 !ol4 ,beitrge1 #e1 #b1 s4 #bbh2 7,vogel7 d] ,evangeli/ ,johannes und se9e ,ausleg] vor dem jng/5 ,g]i*t1 #a1 s4 #bh ff42 ,wegs*eid]1 s4 #bha2 ,brets*neid]1 ,probabil41 #cc1 #de1 apud ,wegs*eid]1 ut sup4 s4 #bha2 ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 p4 #cc1 #de4 #ajfc ,de ,wette1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t41 #aje2 ,?oluck1 ,comm4 z4 ,joh41 s4 #ch f42 ,glaubwrdigkeit1 s4 #cdd ff42 ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #aih f4 #ajfd ,comm5t>1 #d1 s4 #bge f4 #ajfe ,v]osimilia de orig9e evangelii ,joannis1 opusc4 p4 #a ff41 ,e9leit4 9 das ,n4 ,t41 s4 #acjb ff4 ,?is op9ion is approv$ by ,wegs*eid]1 ut sup4 p4 #bgj ff4 & also ,hug1 #b4 #bfc f41 & ,?oluck1 ,comm4 p4 #ch1 ?9k ! supposition ( e>ly notes n to be altoge!r reject$4 #ajff ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #aib f4 #ajfg ,h5ke1 programm4 quo illu/ratur ,johannes apo/olus nonnullorum ,jesu apoph!gmatum et ipse int]pres4 #ajfh ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 p4 #ad f4 #ajfi ,ut sup4 p4 #aii4 #ajgj ,wegs*eid]1 p4 #bhf2 ,lcke1 p4 #aie f4 #ajga ,wegs*eid]1 p4 #bhe2 ,lcke1 ut sup4 #ajgb ,lcke1 s4 #abd f4 #age4 ,k]n1 b] d5 ,ursprung des ,evang4 ,mat?i1 9 d] ,tb4 ,zeits*rift1 #ahcd1 #b1 s4 #aji4 #ajgc ,s4 #ci4 #ajgd ,s4 #aig4 8,b la/ly1 :y %\ld we fe> to adduce10 etc4 #ajge ,! aid promis$ to ! disciples :5 br\ght be=e rul]s & tribunals1 ,matt4 x4 #ai f41 is q di/9ct f a br++ to remembrance ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 7,john xiv4 #bf74 #ajgf ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 p4 #b1 #c1 #ca ff4 #ajgg ,de ,wette1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t41 #ajc2 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #g4 #ajgh ,lcke1 ut sup4 pp4 #ccf1 #ccg4 ,k]n1 ut sup4 #ajgi ,?oluck1 ut sup4 #ajhj ,brets*neid]1 ut sup4 #ajha ,de ,wette1 ut sup4 #aje4 #ajhb ,comp4 ,s*ulze1 d] s*rift/4 ,*>akt] und ,w]? des ,johannes4 #ahjc4 #ajhc ,/ronck--de doctr9 et dictione ,johannis apo/oli1 ad ,jesu magi/ri doctr9am dictionemque exacte composita4 #agig4 #ajhd ,lcke1 ,comm4 z4 ,joh4 #a1 p4 #bjj4 #ajhe ,ut4 sup4 p4 #aii4 #ajhf ,9 8 review ( ! #bnd ,ed4 ( ,lcke's ,comm5t>41 9 ! ,litt4 ,blatt d] allgem4 ,kir*5zeitung #ahcd1 no4 #ah4 #ajhg ,?is peculi>ity ( ! disc\rses 9 ,john _c be bett] describ$ ?an by ,erasmus 9 8 ,epi/4 ad ,f]d9&um1 prefatory to 8 ,p>aphrase3 habet ,johannes suum quoddam dic5di g5us1 ita s]monem velut ansulis ex sese cohr5tibus contex5s1 nonnunquam ex contr>iis1 nonnunquam ex similibus1 nonnunquam ex iisdem1 sub9de repetitis1----ut orationis quodque membrum semp] excipiat prius1 sic ut prioris f9is sit initium sequ5tis1 etc4 #ajhh ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cjc ff42 ,sieff]t1 b] d5 ,urspr4 des er/5 kanon4 ,evang4 s4 #eh1 #gc1 u4 s42 ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,urspr4 s4 #gc4 #ajhi ,ol%aus51 b4 ,comm4 #a4 s4 #ae4 #ajij ,see ! above nam$ critics1 passim2 & ,hug1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #b1 s4 #bab4 #ajia ,comp4 ,sauni]1 b] die ,quell5 des ,m>kus1 s4 #db ff4 #ajib ,k]n1 b] d5 ,urspr4 des ,ev4 ,matt4 ut sup4 s4 #gj f4 #ajic ,i say1 exam9e :e!r--n1 consid] x decid$ t--s t ! accusation ( oppon5ts1 t ,i use bo? ! p>ticul>ity & ! brevity ( n>ratives z pro(s ( _! my?ical "*1 falls to ! gr\nd ( itself4 #ajid ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #gd1 & else:]e4 #ajie ,ut sup4 s4 #caa4 #ajif ,s*lei]ma*] 7s4 #age7 does n p]ceive ! connexion ( ! disc\rse on ! blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 9 ,mat!w 7xii4 #ca f471 ?\gh x l9ks on excell5tly to ! =ego+ expression1 7v4 #bh74 ,x is m easy1 h[ev]1 to und]/& ?is difficulty1 ?an t he %\ld ?9k 7s4 #ahe f47 t disc\rse bett] introduc$ 9 ,luke 7xii4 #aj74 ,= "h1 betwe5 ! prec$+ proposition1 t :osoev] d5ies ! ,son ( ,man be=e m51 %all be d5i$ be=e ! angels ( ,god1 & ! "o 9 "q1 ! only connexion is t ! expression br\ght to ! writ]'s recollection ! words 4 ,"o pro( ( ?is is t betwe5 ! latt] passage & ! succe$+ decl>ation1 t ! necess>y words w\ld be giv5 to ! disciples1 :5 be=e ! tribunal1 by ! 1 ! connexion consi/s j z sup]ficially 9 ! expression 4 ,:at foll[s 9 ,mat!w 7v4 #cc-cg71 _h be5 p>tly giv5 already 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 b /&s "h 9 a bett] connexion ?an ,s*lei]ma*] is will+ to admit4 #ajig ,luke makes ! dem& ( a sign foll[ imm$iately on ! accusation1 & !n gives 9 succession ! answ]s ( ,jesus to bo?4 ,?is repres5tation mod]n criticism holds to be f> m probable ?an t ( ,mat!w1 :o gives fir/ ! accusation & its answ]1 !n ! dem& ( a sign & its refusal2 & ?is judgm5t is gr\nd$ on ! difficulty ( suppos+1 t aft] ,jesus _h giv5 a suffici5tly long answ] to ! accusation1 ! v same p :o _h urg$ x w\ld /ill dem& a sign 7,s*lei]ma*]1 s4 #age2 ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,urspr4 s4 #eb f474 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is equally improbable t ,jesus1 aft] hav+ "s "t ago deliv]$ a =cible disc\rse on ! m important po9t1 ! accusation conc]n+ ,beelzebub1 & ev5 aft] an int]ruption :i* _h l$ him to a totally irrelevant decl>ation 7,luke xi4 #bg f471 %\ld rev]t to ! less important po9t1 namely1 ! dem& ( a sign4 ,! disc\rse on ! dep>ture & return ( ! unclean _s1 is 9 ,mat!w 7v4 #dc-de7 annex$ to ! reply ( ,jesus to ?is dem&2 b 9 ,luke 7xi4 #bd ff47 x foll[s ! answ] to ! imputation ( a league ) ,beelzebub1 & ?is may at fir/ seem to be a m suitable arrangem5t4 ,b on a clos] exam9ation1 x w appe> v improbable t ,jesus %\ld conclude a def5ce1 exact$ f him by 8 enemies1 ) s calm & purely !oretical a disc\rse1 :i* supposes an audi5ce1 if n fav\rably prepossess$1 at lea/ op5 to in/ruction2 & x w be f\nd t "h aga9 !re is no fur!r connexion ?an t bo? disc\rses treat ( ! expulsion ( demons4 ,by ?is s+le feature ( resemblance1 ! writ] ( ! ?ird gospel 0 l$ to sev] ! connexion betwe5 ! answ] to ! (t-nam$ accusation1 & t to ! dem& ( a sign1 :i* accusation & dem&1 z ! /ronge/ pro(s ( ! malevol5t unbelief ( ! enemies ( ,jesus1 seem to h be5 associat$ by tradition4 ,! fir/ ,evangeli/ refra9$ f ?is viol5ce1 & res]v$ ! disc\rse on ! return ( ! unclean _s1 :i* 0 sugge/$ by ! suspicion ca/ on ! expulsion ( demons by ,jesus1 until he _h communicat$ ! answ] by :i* ,jesus p>ries ! dem& ( a sign4 #ajih ,vid4 ,griesba*1 ,comm4 crit4 9 loc4 #ajii ,comp4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 s4 #aij f4 #aajj ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #aci4 #aaja ,ueb] d5 ,urspr4 s4 #aae4 #aajb ,= ! pro( ( ?is int]pretation1 see ,fritzs*e1 comm4 9 ,m>c4 p4 #ig ff4 #aajc ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #aba4 #aajd ,s*neck5burg] 7b] d5 ,ur4 s4 #ed7 f9ds an attempt at dramatic effect 9 ! 1 & ! ( ,mat!w1 z comp>$ ) ! & ( ,m>k4 ,?is is a rem>kable pro( ( ! p>tial acum5 :i* plays s di/+ui%$ a "p to ! disadvantage ( ,mat!w 9 mod]n criticism4 ,= :o does n see t if ,mat!w _h 1 x w\ld be numb]$ among ! pro(s t 8 n>rative is want+ 9 dramatic life8 ,z = ! words 1 !re is no?+ to be discov]$ 9 !m :i* c\ld give to !m m ?an to ! ( ,m>k1 ! /amp ( artificiality2 we might z well attribute ! latt] expression to ,m>k's already discov]$ fondness = describ+ ! action ( ! eyes1 & consequ5tly reg>d x z an addition ( 8 own4 #aaje ,answ] to ! ann\ncem5t1 viii4 ,answ] to ! woman1 xi4 #bh3 #ba3 7sc4 1 '7 4 4 #aajf ,ut sup s4 #agg f4 #aajg ,t :i* decid$ ! ,evangeli/ to place ! visit aft] ! p>able ( ! s[]1 0 probably n1 z ,s*lei]ma*] ?9ks1 a real *ronological connexion4 ,on ! contr>y1 we recognize ! usual *>act]i/ic ( 8 arrangem5t1 9 ! transition f ! conclud+ s5t5ce 9 ! explanation ( ! p>able3 ^! are !y :o hav+ he>d ! ^w1 keep x1 & br+ =? fruit ) pati5ce1 to ! simil> expression ( ,jesus on ! occasion ( ! visit3 ^? :o he> ! ^w ( ,god & d x4 #aajh ,ut sup4 s4 #aeb4 #aaji ,s*ulz 7b4 d4 ,ab5dm4 s4 #cbj7 speaks consi/5tly ) ! tone ( ! rec5t criticism on ,mat!w :5 he ass]ts1 t he does n d\bt = a mom5t t e obs]vant read] w1 )\t hesitation1 pref] ! repres5tation ( ,m>k1 :o1 )\t m5tion+ ! "m1 conf9es ! :ole transaction to ,jesus & ! two apo/les4 ,b s f> z hi/orical probability is conc]n$1 ,i w\ld ask1 :y %\ld n a woman1 :o 0 "o ( ! female companions ( ,jesus 7,matt4 xxvii4 #ef71 h v5tur$ on su* a petition8 ,z reg>ds psy*ological probability1 ! s5tim5t ( ! *ur*1 9 ! *oice ( ! passage = ,/4 ,james's day1 has usually decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,mat!w2 = s solemn a pray]1 utt]$ on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 is j 9 "* ) a woman1 & m especially a "m devot$ to h] sons4 #aaaj ,comp>e ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #bhc4 #aaaa ,paulus & ,?oluck1 9 loc42 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #chh1 ,anm4 #aaab ,ueb] d5 ,urspr4 s4 #ajh ff4 #aaac ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #dce ff42 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #agd f42 i4 #c1 s4 #dj4 #aaad ,ut sup4 s4 #aji2 comp4 ,s*neck5burg]1 s4 #bf f4 #aaae ,lightfoot1 s4 #fcb1 f ,bab4 ,jevamo?1 f4 vi4 #b4 #aaaf ,lcke1 s4 #dch4 #aaag ,lcke1 s4 #dcg2 ,sieff]t1 s4 #aaj4 #aaah ,comm4 9 ,joh4 tom4 #aj1 #ag2 ,opp4 #a1 p4 #cbb1 ed4 ,lommatzs*4 #aaai ,ku9l1 9 loc4 #aabj ,brets*neid]1 ,probab4 p4 #dc4 #aaba ,engli% ,comm5tators1 ap4 ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #dce f41 ,anm4 #aabb ,eng4 ,comm4 ap4 ,lcke4 ,accord+ to ,ne&] 7s4 #chg1 ,anm471 ,jesus1 aft] 8 la/ entrance into ,j]usalem1 :5 ! en?usiasm ( ! populace 0 on 8 side1 mu/ h %unn$ e act t c\ld be int]pret$ into a design ( us+ ext]nal =ce1 & ?us creat+ di/urbances4 ,b he mu/ equally h %unn$ ?is at ! beg9n+1 z at ! end1 ( 8 c>e]1 & ! proce$+ 9 ! temple 0 r a provocation ( ext]nal =ce aga9/ himself1 ?an a use ( x = 8 own purposes4 #aabc ,comm4 9 ,joh4 ,tom4 #aj1 #af1 p4 #cba f41 ed4 ,lommatzs*4 #aabd ,lcke1 9 loc4 #aabe ,lcke1 s4 #dac4 #aabf ,ib4 & ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #aabg ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #ghe4 #aabh ,comm4 #d1 s4 #afd4 #aabi ,hi]os4 ,joh4 tobh4 f4 lxi4 #c1 ap4 ,lightfoot1 p4 #daa4 #aacj ,lcke1 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #daj4 #aaca ,ut sup41 comp4 also ,wool/on1 ,disc4 #a4 #aacb ,?us ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #gff2 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #bib2 ,?oluck1 ,lcke1 ,ol%aus51 9 loc42 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #if1 ,anm4 #aacc ,?is diff]5ce /ruck ,orig51 :o has giv5 a critical comp>ison ( ^! f\r n>ratives1 to :i*1 9 po9t ( acum51 !re is no p>allel 9 m mod]n comm5t>ies4 ,see 8 9 ,mat?4 ,comm5t>ior4 s]ies1 ,opp4 ed4 de la ,rue1 #c1 s4 #hib ff4 #aacd ,orig5es1 ut sup4 #aace ,ib4 #aacf ,ib4 #aacg ,ib4 #aach ,comp4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #aaa4 #aaci ,orig5es & ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,w9]1 ,n4 ,t4 ,gramm41 s4 #adi4 #aadj ,luke vii4 #ch3 -- ,john xii4 #c3 4 4 #aada ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,matt41 p4 #fhg4 #aadb ,sieff]t1 b] d5 ,ursprung1 s4 #abe f4 #aadc ,bibl4 ,comm4 #b1 s4 #bgg4 #aadd ,vid4 ,ku9l1 ut sup4 p4 #fhh2 also ,?oluck1 s4 #bbh4 #aade ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #ehb2 #c1 b1 s4 #dff4 #aadf ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung1 u4 s4 f41 s4 #fj4 ,!re is no trace 9 ,m>k's acc\nt t ! words signify an accid5tal fracture2 nor1 on ! o!r h& c !y1 )\t ! h>%e/ ellipsis1 be und]/ood to imply m]ely ! removal ( t :i* /opp$ ! op5+ ( ! vessel1 z ,paulus & ,fritzs*e ma9ta94 ,int]pret$ )\t viol5ce1 !y c only mean a break+ ( ! vessel itself4 ,is x ask$ ) ,paulus 7,ex4 ,h&b4 #c4 b4 s4 #dga73 ,to :at purpose de/roy a co/ly vessel8 or ) ,fritzs*e 79 ,m>c4 p4 #fjb73 ,to :at purpose risk w\nd+ h] own h&1 & possibly ! head ( ,jesus also8 ,^! are que/ions :i* h a be>+ on ! matt] consid]$ z ! act ( ! woman1 b n z a n>rative ( ,m>k2 = t to him1 ! de/ruction ( a preci\s vessel %\ld appe> suit$ to ! noble prodigality ( ! woman1 is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! exagg]at+ /yle :i* we h (t5 obs]v$ 9 him4 #aadg ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #fhi4 #aadh ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #dff1 & _m o!rs4 #aadi ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #aaa ff4 #aaej ,sieff]t1 ut sup4 s4 #abc f4 #aaea ,s*ulz1 ut sup4 s4 #cbj f4 #aaeb ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup4 s4 #fj4 #aaec ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #dag2 comp4 ,lightfoot1 hor1 p4 #dfh1 #ajha4 #aaed ,s*ulz1 ut sup4 #aaee ,?us ,grotius & ,h]d]4 #aaef ,ap4 ,wet/e91 ,paulus1 ,lcke1 9 loc4 #aaeg ,maimonides on ,sanh$r4 #g1 #a4 #aaeh ,mis*na1 tr4 ,sanh$r4 c4 #aj4 #aaei ,= a ?or\gh discussion ( ?is & ! foll[+ po9ts1 vid4 ,paulus & ,lcke 9 loc4 #aafj ,probab41 p4 #gb ff4 #aafa ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci3 7 7 1 ' 4 #aafb ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #bag4 ,paulus1 ,comm4 #d1 s4 #daj4 #aafc ,else:]e also ! two 7 conf\nd$1 vid4 ,fabricii ,cod4 apocryph4 ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #ceg1 n4 #aafd #c1 s4 #cgi f4 #aafe ,see ! passages quot$ 9 ! fir/ volume1 ,introd4 #ad1 notes #i1 #aj1 to :i* may be add$ #d ,esdr4 xiii4 #ej 7,fabric4 ,cod4 pseudepigr4 ,v4 ,t4 ii4 p4 #bhf71 & ,soh> ,exod4 fol4 iii4 col4 #ab 7,s*ttg51 hor1 ii4 p4 #eda1 also 9 ,b]?oldt's ,*ri/ol4 #cc1 note #a74 #aaff ,see ! rabb9ical passages quot$ 9 ! #a/ vol4 ut sup4 #aafg ,t ! associat$ ) !m by ,mat!w are only a p>ticul> species ( demoniacs1 ^: malady appe>$ to be gov]n$ by ! *anges ( ! moon1 is prov$ by ,matt4 xvii4 #ad ff4 :]e a is expell$ f a 4 #aafh ,comp>e ! passages ( anci5t physicians1 ap4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]b4 #a1 s4 #aia4 #aafi ,rabb9ical & o!r passages1 ap4 ,w9]1 ut sup4 s4 #aib4 #aagj ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #dge2 comp4 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 s4 #fj4 #aaga ,ut sup4 s4 #aia4 #aagb ,grtz1 ,comm4 z4 ,mat?4 #a1 s4 #fae4 #aagc ,b4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #dbd4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! passage relates to ! ,jewi% p1 :o be=e ! exile 7 possess$ by ! devil 9 ! =m ( idolatry1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! wor/ =m ( ,ph>isaism4 #aagd ,?us ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 p4 #ddg4 #aage ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #eff4 #aagf ,ut sup4 #a1 b1 s4 #dhc2 #b1 s4 #if4 #aagg ,h5ce ! words 1 7 us$ z synonym\s ) 4 ,hippocrates _h to combat ! op9ion t epilepsy 0 ! effect ( demoniacal influ5ce4 ,vid4 ,wet/e91 s4 #bhb ff4 #aagh ,let ! read] comp>e ! 1 :i* made ,saul melan*oly1 #a ,sam4 xvi4 #ad4 ,its influ5ce on ,saul is express$ by 4 #aagi ,vid4 ,creuz]1 ,symbolik1 #c1 s4 #fi f42 ,baur1 ,apollonius von ,tyana und ,*ri/us1 s4 #add4 #aahj ,bell4 jud4 vii4 vi4 #c4 #aaha ,antiq4 vi4 xi4 #b4 ,on ! /ate ( ,saul4 #aahb ,philopseud41 #af4 #aahc ,vit ,apollon4 iv4 #bj1 #be1 comp4 ,baur1 ut sup4 s4 #ch f4 #db4 ,ev5 ,ari/otle speaks ( 4 de mirab4 #aff1 ed4 ,bekk4 #aahd ,ut sup41 bell4 j43 -- 1 4 #aahe ,apoll4 i4 #ah4 #aahf ,ut sup4 iii4 #ch4 #aahg ,vid4 ,eis5m5g]1 entdecktes ,jud5?um1 #b1 s4 #dbg4 #aahh ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #ci2 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #bag4 ,he appeals 9 support ( ?is to ,matt4 xiv4 #b1 :]e ,h]od1 on he>+ ( ! miracles ( ,jesus1 says3 ,x is ,john ! ,bapti/1 he is ris5 f ! dead4 ,9 ?is expression ,paulus f9ds ! rabb9ical op9ion ( ! 1 :i* is di/9ct f t ( ! 1 or transmigration ( s\ls prop]ly s call$1 7t is1 ! passage ( disembodi$ s\ls into ! bodies ( infants1 :ile 9 ! process ( =mation71 & accord+ to :i* ! s\l ( a dead p]son might unite itself to t ( a liv+ "o1 & add to its p[] 7vid4 ,eis5m5g] #b1 s4 #he ff47 ,b1 z ,fritzs*e & o!rs h %[n1 ! ^w ref]s to an actual resurrection ( ! ,bapti/1 & n to ?is rabb9ical notion2 :i*1 moreov]1 ev5 7 x impli$1 is totally diff]5t f t ( demoniacal possession4 ,"h x w\ld be a good _s :o _h ent]$ into a prophet = ! /r5g!n+ ( 8 p[]s1 z accord+ to a lat] ,jewi% idea ! s\l ( ,se? 0 unit$ to t ( ,moses1 & aga9 ! s\ls ( ,moses & ,a>on to t ( ,samuel 7,eis5m5g]1 ut sup472 b f ?is x w\ld by no means foll[1 t x 0 possible = wick$ spirits to ent] into ! liv+4 #aahi ,ju/91 ,apol4 ii4 #e41 ,eis5m5g]1 ut sup4 #aaij ,homil4 viii4 #ah f41 ix4 #i f4 #aaia ,orat4 contra ,grcos1 #af4 #aaib ,see 8 ,comm5tatio de dmoniacis quorum 9 ,n4 ,t4 fit m5tio1 & 8 m9ute consid]ation ( demoniacal cases4 ,s e>ly z ! "t ( ,orig51 physicians gave natural explanations ( ! /ate ( ^? suppos$ to be possess$4 ,orig4 9 ,mat?4 xvii4 #ae4 #aaic ,b4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #bif1 ,anm4 #aaid ,s4 #bie f4 #aaie ,s4 #cjb1 aft] ! example ( ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #dgd4 #aaif ,homil4 viii4 #ai4 #aaig ,?us ,asmodeus *ooses ,s>a & h] husb& z objects ( torm5t & de/ruction1 n because ei!r ! =m] or ! latt] 7 p>ticul>ly wick$1 b because ,s>a's beauty attract$ him4 ,tob4 vi4 #ab-ae4 #aaih ,s4 #bid4 #aaii ,x fills s4 #bhi-bih4 #abjj ,i h endeav\r$ to pres5t helps t[>ds a sci5tific conception ( ! /ates 9 "q 9 sev]al essays1 :i* are n[ incorporat$ 9 my ,*>akt]i/ik5 u4 ,kritik54 ,comp4 ,wir?1 ,!orie des ,somnambulismus4 ,s4 #caa ff4 #abja ,see note #af1 ! passage quot$ f ,lucian4 #abjb ,joseph41 ,antiq4 viii4 ii4 #e4 #abjc ,joseph41 ut sup4 #abjd ,gitt91 f4 lxvii4 #b4 #abje ,ju/9 ,m>t4 dial4 c4 ,tryph4 lxxxv4 #abjf ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #f1 s4 #dbb2 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #abh4 #abjg ,bibl4 ,comm4 i4 #bif4 #abjh ,comp4 ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ol4 ,jud4 #cf-da4 #abji ,accord+ to ,pesikta 9 ,jalkut ,s*imoni ii4 f4 lvi4 #c 7s4 ,b]?oldt1 p4 #ahe74 ,satan recognizes 9 ! same mann] ! pre-exi/+ ,messiah at ! foot ( ! ?rone ( ,god ) t]ror1 z he qui me et omnes g5tiles 9 inf]num prcipitaturus e/4 #abaj ,fritzs*e1 9 ,m>c41 p4 #ce3 ,9 multis evangeliorum locis hom9es legas a pravis dmonibus agitatos1 quum primum conspex]9t ,jesum1 eum ,messiam esse1 a nem9e unquam de hac re commonitos1 /atim intellig]e4 ,9 qua re hac no/ri scriptores ducti sunt s5t5tia1 cons5taneum esse4 ,satan satellites facile cognovisse ,messiam1 quippe insignia de se supplicia aliqu&o sumturum4 #abaa ,a fav\rite resort ( maniacs1 vid4 ,lightfoot & ,s*ttg51 9 loc41 & ( unclean spirits1 vid4 rabb9ical passages1 ap4 ,wet/e94 #abab ,! notion t ! cutt+ himself ) /ones :i* ,m>k ascribes to ! demoniac1 0 an act ( p5ance 9 lucid mom5ts1 belongs to ! errors to :i* ,ol%aus5 is l$ by 8 false op9ion ( a moral & religi\s po9t ( view 9 relation to ^! ph5om5a4 ,x is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! p>oxysms ( su* disord]s are precisely ! occasions on :i* a self-de/ructive fury is manife/$4 #abac ,vid4 ! collection ( su* explanations1 ap4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 p4 #cbg4 #abad ,?us ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cji2 ,paulus1 9 loc4 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #ge4 #abae ,s*ulz1 ut sup4 #abaf ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #abg4 #abag ,paulus1 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #bcb4 #abah ,vid4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 p4 #cbi4 #abai ,natrli*e ,ges*i*te1 #b1 #agd4 #abbj ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #dgc2 ,ol%aus51 s4 #cjb4 #abba ,?is ev5 ,paulus1 s4 #dgd1 & ,ol%aus51 s4 #cjc1 f9d surpris+4 #abbb ,x is ! n>rative ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,apollonius ( ,tyana unmask$ a demon 7empusa71 vit4 ,ap4 iv4 #ce2 ap4 ,baur1 s4 #ade4 #abbc ,ut sup4 s4 #abh4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he acc\nts = ?is incorrect supplem5t ( ,luke's by suppos+ t 8 in=mant1 be+ engag$ 9 ! vessel1 _h rema9$ beh9d1 & ?us _h miss$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! sc5e ) ! demoniac1 ?is is too lab\r$ an ex]cise ( +5uity1 & presupposes ! antiquat$ op9ion1 t !re 0 ! mo/ imm$iate relation possible betwe5 ! evangelical hi/ories & ! facts :i* !y report4 #abbd ,s4 #cje1 ,anm4 #abbe ,clem4 ,horn4 ix4 #aj4 #abbf ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #ccb4 ,accord+ to ,eis5m5g]1 #b1 #ddg ff41 ! ,jews held t demons g5]ally _h a pr$ilection = impure places1 & 9 ,jalkut ,rub5i f4 x4 #b4 7,wet/e97 we f9d ?is obs]vation3 ,anima idololatr>um1 qu v5it a spiritu immundo1 vocatur porcus4 #abbg ,ut sup4 s4 #dgd1 #dhe4 ,w9]1 b4 ,realw4 #a1 s4 #aib4 #abbh ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 s4 #ccj4 #abbi ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #dge f4 #abcj ,ol%aus51 s4 #cjg4 #abca ,paulus1 s4 #dgd4 #abcb ,paulus1 s4 #dhe2 ,w9]1 ut sup4 #abcc ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #abcd ,ibid4 #abce ,ullmann1 b] die ,unsndli*keit ,jesu1 9 se95 ,/udi51 #a1 #a1 s4 #ea f4 #abcf ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #abcg ,paulus4 #abch ,ullmann4 #abci ,e4g4 ,wool/on1 ,disc4 #a1 p4 #cb ff4 #abdj ,jambli*4 vita ,py?ag4 no4 #cf4 ed4 ,kiessl+4 #abda ,9 ! ,abh&lung b] g5etis*e od] =melle ,erklrungs>t d] ,wund] 9 ,h5ke's ,museum1 #a1 #c1 s4 #daj ff4 #abdb ,exeg4 ,beitrge1 #b1 #aji ff4 #abdc ,antiq4 viii4 ii4 #e4 #abdd ,philo/r4 v4 ,ap4 iv4 #bj2 ap4 ,baur1 ut sup4 s4 #ci4 #abde ,s*ulz4 s4 #cai4 #abdf ,z ,s*ulz appe>s to d1 ut sup4 #abdg ,see ! passages quot$ by ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #efi1 & by ,w9]1 #a1 s4 #aia f4 #abdh ,?us ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 #abdi ,s*lei]ma*]1 s4 #aej4 #abej ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 s4 #aig2 ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 #abea ,de ab/95t4 ii4 p4 #bjd & #dag f42 ,vid4 ,w9]1 #a1 s4 #aia4 #abeb ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #dga f4 #abec ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #dch2 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #bbc2 ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogm4 #bbb1 ,anm4 c4 #abed ,exeg4 ,h&b4 9 loc4 #abee ,natrli*e ,ges*i*te1 #b1 s4 #dbi4 #abef ,bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #aif4 #abeg ,among ! transi5t disord]s on :i* ,jesus may h act$ psy*ologically1 we may p]haps numb] ! fev] ( ,pet]'s "m-9-law1 :i* ,jesus is said to h cur$1 ,matt4 viii4 #ad ff4 p>all4 #abeh ,x is s m or less by ,ei*horn1 9 ! allg4 ,biblio!k1 #d1 s4 #dce2 ,h]d]1 von ,gottes ,sohn u4 s4 f41 s4 #bj2 ,wegs*eid]1 ,e9l4 9 das ,evang4 ,joh41 s4 #cac2 ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogm41 #bfi4 #abei ,exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 b1 s4 #fih ff4 #abfj ,ut sup4 s4 #gje1 & else:]e4 #abfa ,comp>e ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #hf4 #abfb ,paulus1 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #fh4 #abfc ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bae4 #abfd ,vid4 ,w9]1 ,realw41 ,art4 ,bl9de4 #abfe ,gratz1 ,comm z4 ,mat?4 #b1 s4 #cbc4 #abff ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s4 #dd4 #abfg ,s*ulz1 ,anm]kung5 zu ,mi*aelis1 #b1 s4 #aje4 #abfh ,sieff]t1 ut sup4 s4 #ajd4 #abfi ,ueb] d5 ,zweck d] evang4 ,ges*i*te und d] ,briefe ,joh41 s4 #cde4 #abgj ,ut sup4 s4 #bcg4 #abga ,paulus1 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #bdi4 #abgb ,natrl4 ,ges*4 des ,prophet5 von ,naz4 #b1 s4 #baf4 #abgc ,vid4 vol4 i4 p4 #ha1 note4 #abgd ,else:]e also we f9d pro( t 9 ^? times ! p[] ( effect+ miracul\s cures1 especially ( bl9dness1 0 commonly ascrib$ to m5 :o 7 reg>d$ z fav\rites ( ! ,deity4 ,?us ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 iv4 #ha1 & ,suetonius1 ,vespas4 vii4 tell u1 t 9 ,alex&ria a bl9d man appli$ to ,vespasian1 %ortly aft] he 0 made emp]or1 alleg+ t he did s by ! direction ( ! god ,s]apis1 ) ! entreaty t he w\ld cure him ( 8 bl9dness by wett+ 8 eyes ) 8 spittle4 ,vespasian compli$1 & ! result 0 t ! bl9d man imm$iately _h 8 sight re/or$4 ,z ,tacitus atte/s ! tru? ( ?is /ory 9 a rem>kable mann]1 ,paulus is probably n wrong 9 reg>d+ ! affair z ! contrivance ( adulatory prie/s1 :o to procure = ! emp]or ! fame ( a miracle-work]1 & by ?is means to secure 8 fav\r on behalf ( _! god1 by ^: c\nsel ! ev5t 0 occasion$1 hir$ a man to simulate bl9dness4 ,ex4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #ef f4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we see f ! n>rative :at 0 expect$1 ev5 beyond ! limits ( ,pale/9e1 ( a man :o1 z ,tacitus "h expresses himself conc]n+ ,vespasian1 enjoy$ favor e clis & an incl9atio num9um4 #abge ,^! are ne>ly ! words ( ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #cab1 #cia4 #abgf ,de ,wette1 ,beitrag zur ,*>akt]i/ik des ,evangeli/5 ,m>kus1 9 ,ullmann's und ,umbreit's ,/udi51 #a1 #d1 #ghi ff4 ,comp4 ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 f4 #gb4 ,on ! o!r h&3 comp4 ,de ,wette's exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #b1 s4 #adh f4 #abgg ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,n4 xxviii4 #g1 & o!r passages 9 ,wet/e94 #abgh ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #cab f4 #cib ff42 ,natrli*e ,ges*i*te1 #c1 s4 #ca ff4 #baf f42 ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 s4 #ahh ff4 #abgi ,= ! =m] explanation1 ,hess1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #a1 s1 #cij f42 = ! latt]1 ,ol%aus51 b1 ,comm4 #a4 s4 #eaj4 #abhj ,ku9l1 9 ,m>c41 p4 #aaj4 #abha ,ol%aus51 s4 #eji4 #abhb ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 ,kritik d] ,mosais*5 ,ges*i*te1 s4 #cf f4 #abhc ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,m>c41 p4 xliii4 #abhd ,vid4 ap4 ,wet/e9 & ,lightfoot1 ,john ix4 #f4 #abhe ,?us ,fritzs*e1 aft] ,eu?ymius1 9 ,m>c41 p4 #cjd4 #abhf ,! =m] is ! supposition ( ,ku9l1 ! latt] ( ,s*ott4 #abhg ,hess1 ,ges*4 ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #cia1 ,anm4 #a4 #abhh ,paulus1 ,comm4 #d1 s4 #dgb4 #abhi ,natrli*e ,ges*4 #c1 s4 #bae4 #abij ,vid4 ,?oluck & ,lcke1 9 loc4 #abia ,vid4 ,paulus & ,lcke1 9 loc4 #abib ,?us ,eu?ymius & ,paulus1 9 loc4 #abic ,b4 ,comm4 #b1 s4 #bcj1 :]e1 h[ev]1 he ref]s ! to ! outfl[ ( ! _s proce$+ f ,god4 #abid ,s4 #ic4 #abie ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 s4 #gi2 ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 s4 #abb4 #abif ,wet/e91 9 loc4 #abig ,n$>im f4 xli4 #a4 7,s*ttg51 #a1 p4 #ic73 ,dixit ,r4 ,*ija fil4 ,abba3 nullus grotus a morbo suo sanatur1 donec ipsi omnia peccata remissa s9t4 #abih ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #gc4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 p4 #cce4 #abii ,sanh$r4 f4 xci4 #b1 & ,b]es*i? ,rabba f4 xxxviii4 #a4 7,lightfoot1 p4 #ajej73 ,antonius int]rogavit ,rabbi 7,judam73 a quonam tempore incipit malus affectus prval]e 9 hom9e8 an a tempore =mationis ejus 79 ut]o71 an a tempore processionis ejus 7ex ut]o78 ,dicit ei ,rabbi3 a tempore =mationis ejus4 #acjj ,paulus ,comm4 #d1 s4 #bfd2 ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #bb4 #acja ,?is is done by ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #acjb ,see ! examples 9 ,wet/e91 ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #bhd1 & 9 ,wahl's ,clavis4 #acjc ,comp4 ,w9]1 ,realw41 & ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt4 p4 #aid4 #acjd ,w9]1 ut sup4 ,art4 ,da*4 #acje ,lightfoot1 p4 #fja4 #acjf ,wool/on1 ,disc4 #d4 #acjg #a1 s4 #caj f4 #acjh ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 s4 #aff1 ,anm4 #ff4 #acji ,?is appe>s to be ! mean+ ( ,paulus1 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #bch4 ,o!rwise exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #eje4 #acaj ,?us ,lightfoot1 ,ku9l1 ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #acaa ,vid4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,m>c41 p4 #eb4 #acab ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #dih1 #eja4 #acac ,b5gel1 ,gnomon1 #a1 #bde1 ed4 #b4 ,paulus1 s4 #ejb1 aga9 takes an obvi\s fable 9 ,livy ii4 #cf = a hi/ory1 capable ( a natural explanation4 #acad ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #eja4 #acae ,ueb] d5 ,zweck d] evang4 ,ges*i*te und d] ,briefe ,joh41 s4 #cea f4 #acaf ,s*ulz1 ut sup4 s4 #cag2 ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #cbb4 #acag ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #ebd f42 bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #cbd f42 comp4 ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 s4 #bja ff4 #acah ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #ebd f4 #ecj4 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #bdd f42 ,v5tur9i1 #b1 s4 #bjd ff42 ,k/]1 ut sup4 #acai ,vid4 ,evangelium infanti arabicum1 ap4 ,fabricius & ,?ilo4 #acbj ,see ! obs]vations ( ,paulus1 ,lcke1 ,?oluck1 & ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #acba ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ib4 #acbb ,augu/91 de cons5s4 evang4 i4 #bj2 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #gji2 ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 s4 #fc4 #acbc ,ueb] d5 ,zweck ,jesu1 u4 s4 f41 s4 #cea4 #acbd ,vid4 ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #eeb4 #acbe ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?4 p4 #caj3 discrepat autem ,lucas ita a ,mat?i n>ratione1 ut c5turionem non ipsum v5isse ad ,jesum1 s$ p] legatos cum eo egisse tradat2 quibus dissid5tibus pacem obtrud]e1 boni nego int]pretis esse4 #acbf ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #ib f4 #acbg ,ku9l1 9 ,matt41 p4 #bba f4 #acbh ,?oluck1 9 loc42 ,hase #fh1 ,anm4 #b4 #acbi ,paulus1 ,comm4 #d1 s4 #bec f42 ,v5tur9i1 #b1 s4 #adj ff42 comp4 ,hase1 #fh4 #accj ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #eej f4 #acca ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #gaj f42 ,natrli*e ,ges*i*te1 #b1 s4 #bhe ff4 #accb ,clem4 homil4 ix4 #ba2 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 #cac4 #accc ,wet/e91 ,n4 ,t4 #a1 p4 #cdi2 comp4 ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #accd ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 s4 #aie1 ,anm4 #acce ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #eej4 #accf ,bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #bfh4 #accg ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #hj f4 #acch ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung1 u4 s4 f41 s4 #ej4 #acci ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 #acdj ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #dh ff4 #acda ,natrli*e ,ges*i*te1 #b1 s4 #dba4 #acdb ,w9]1 b4 ,realw4 #a1 s4 #gif4 #acdc ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #di1 #ed2 ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 s4 #ahe f4 #acdd ,ut sup4 s4 #hc1 ex ,tract4 ,s*abbat4 #acde ,s*abbat1 f4 #ab1 ap4 ,s*ttg51 i4 p4 #abc4 #acdf ,see ! passage la/ cit$4 #acdg ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 p4 #dbg2 9 ,m>41 p4 #gi4 #acdh #a ,k+s xiii4 #d1 ,,lxx3 ,mat?4 xii4 #aj3 4 7,m>k1 47 #f3 1 #ac3 4 4 #acdi ,tacit4 ,hi/4 iv4 #ha4 #acej ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #cda f4 #acea ,ut sup4 s4 #aif4 #aceb ,w9] 7bibl4 ,realw4 #a1 s4 #gif7 says3 ,we %\ld be cont5t$ to refra9 f seek+ a natural explanation 9 individual cases 7( ! cures ( ,jesus71 & ev] be> 9 m9d t ! bani%m5t ( ! miracul\s out ( ! ag5cy ( ,jesus c nev] be effect$ s long z ! gospels are reg>d$ hi/orically4 #acec ,disc4 #c4 #aced ,paulus1 ,comm4 #d1 s4 #bfc ff4 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #bih4 #acee ,vid4 ,lcke & ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #acef ,comp4 ) ,comm4 #d1 s4 #bij1 8 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #a1 a1 s4 #bih4 #aceg ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 s4 #fi4 #aceh ,z by ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #ib4 #acei ,m>k ii4 #i3 7 1 1 ,john v4 #h3 1 ----7 1 1 4 2 #aa3-- #i3 4 1 #ab3 1 4 4 #acfj ,ueb] d5 ,zweck des ,evang4 und d] ,briefe ,joh41 s4 #cea ff4 #acfa ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 p4 #bfc4 ,obs]ve 8 argum5tation3 v]ba ,n4,b4 ,mat?aei3 1 non possunt lat9e r$di3 jam mortua e/3 nam1 auctore ,n4,b4 ,luca patri adhuc cum ,*ri/o colloqu5ti nuntiabat s]vus1 filiam jam exspirasse2 ergo auctore ,mat?aeo8 nondum mortua erat1 cum pat] ad ,jesum acc$]et4 #acfb ,comp>e1 on ! subject ( ^! va9 attempts at reconciliation1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #acb1 & ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #cdg f4 #acfc ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #acfd ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #aca ff42 ,s*ulz1 b] d4 ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #caf f4 #acfe ,vid4 ,fabricius1 ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,n4 ,t4 #b1 p4 #ddi ff4 #acff ,homil4 ii4 #ai4 #acfg ,cap4 x4 #acfh ,ut sup4 s4 #abi4 #acfi ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #ebf1 #ca f42 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #acb2 ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #cbg4 ,ev5 ,ne&] does n express himself decid$ly aga9/ ?is int]pretation ( ! words ( ,jesus2 :ile ) reg>d to ! girl's real condition1 he ?9ks ! supposition ( a m]ely app>5t dea? probable4 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #cdc4 ,comp4 #cch f4 #acgj ,comp4 de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #ie2 ,weisse1 die ev4 ,ges*i*te1 #a1 s4 #ejc4 #acga ,comp4 ,ne&]4 ,l4 ,j41 s4 #cdb4 #acgb ,natrli*e ,ges*i*te1 #b1 s4 #bab4 #acgc ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 b1 s4 #gaf1 ,anm4 & #gai f4 #acgd ,ibid1 ut sup4 s4 #gbc4 ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #b1 s4 #dg4 #acge ,?us ,hase also1 ,l4 ,j4 #hg4 #acgf ,v5tur9i1 #b1 s4 #bic4 #acgg ,comp4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #ajc f4 #acgh ,paulus1 ,comp4 #d1 s4 #ece ff42 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #ee ff4 #acgi ,im ! translation ( ! text 9 8 ,leb5 ,jesu1 #b1 b1 s4 #df1 ,paulus appe>s to suppose1 beside ! message m5tion$ 9 ! gospel1 ?ree subsequ5t messages4 #achj ,comp4 ,c4 ,*4 ,flatt1 etwas zur ,v]!idigung des ,wund]s d] ,wi$]belebung des ,laz>us1 9 ,ssk9d's ,magaz91 #adtes ,/ck1 s4 #ic ff4 #acha ,j\rnal fr aus]les5e !ol4 ,lit]atur1 #c1 #b1 s4 #bfa1 ,anm4 #achb ,flatt1 ut sup4 #ajb f42 ,de ,wette1 9 loc42 ,ne&]1 s4 #cea f4 #achc ,flatt1 ut sup42 ,lcke1 ,?oluck & ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #achd ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #chh4 #ache ,flatt1 ut sup4 s4 #ajd f42 ,lcke1 ut sup4 #achf ,flatt1 s4 #ajf2 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #bfi4 #achg ,flatt1 s4 #ig f4 #achh ,comp>e on ?is subject1 especially ,flatt & ,lcke4 #achi ,comm4 #d1 s4 #dcg2 9 ! ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #eg1 & #b1 b1 s4 #df1 ?is conjecture is no long] employ$4 #acij ,ut sup4 s4 #bgb ff4 ,ev5 ,ne&] %[s himself n dis9cl9$ to su* a conjecture z f> z reg>ds v4 #d 7s4 #cdi74 ,z ,gabl] believes t ^! expressions _c h come f ,jesus1 b only f ,john1 s ,dieff5ba*1 9 ,b]?oldt's ,krit4 ,j\rnal1 #e1 s4 #g ff41 ma9ta9s t !y _c h proce$$ f ,john1 & z he holds t ! re/ ( ! gospel is ! production ( t apo/le1 he pron\nces ^? passages to be int]polations4 #acia ,disc4 #e4 #acib ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 s4 #fa4 #acic #a1 s4 #bgf f4 #acid ,comm4 #b1 s4 #cgf4 ,also ,ne&]1 s4 #cdf4 #acie ,?oluck1 s4 #bjb2 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #bfj4 #acif ,ut sup4 #acig ,&a*tsbu*1 #a1 s4 #bib f4 ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #acd4 #acih ,s4 #ei f4 #gi4 #acii ,comp4 de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #ace4 #adjj ,?is is :at ,ne&] ma9ta9s1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #ced4 ,he objects t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ mu/ 9 any case h kn[n ( resuscitations ( ! dead by ,jesus1 ev5 suppos+ ! n>rative 9 "q to be an unhi/orical exagg]ation4 ,b ?is objection is refut$ by ! obs]vation1 t1 z an inducem5t to ! =mation ( su* a n>rative1 ! g5]al tradition t ,jesus _h rais$ ! dead w\ld be suffici5t1 & an acqua9tance ) p>ticul> in/ances z exempl>s 0 n at all requisite4 #adja ,?is argum5t applies also to ,de ,wette1 :o1 :ile ackn[l$g+ t su* an idea w\ld be unsuitable 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus1 supposes nev]!less t x 0 really 9 8 m9d4 #adjb ,dieff5ba*1 b] e9ige wahrs*e9li*e ,int]polation5 im ,evangelium ,johannis1 9 ,b]?oldt's krit4 ,j\rnal1 #e1 s4 #h f4 #adjc ,comm4 z4 ,joh41 #ate ,aufl41 #b1 s4 #caj4 #adjd ,?us ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia also argues1 p4 #fa4 #adje ,disc4 #e4 #adjf ,comp4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ajc ff4 #adjg ,sauni]1 b] die quell5 des ,m>kus1 s4 #ff ff4 #adjh ,comp4 ,w9] bibl4 ,realw4 d4 ,a4 #adji ,let ! read] recollect ! well-kn[n expression ( ,sp9oza4 #adaj ,:itby1 ,annot4 9 loc4 #adaa ,?us ,grotius & ,h]d]2 ,ol%aus5 also adopts ?is explanation "u ! =m ( conjecture1 #b1 s4 #bef f41 ,anm4 #adab ,see ^! argum5ts disp]s$ 9 ,paulus & ,lcke on ?is *apt]2 9 ,gabl]1 ut sup4 p4 #bch ff42 & ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #aai4--;,a new reason :y ,mat!w 9 p>ticul> is sil5t on ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 has be5 excogitat$ by ,heyd5rei* 7b] die ,unzulssigkeit d] my?is*5 ,auffassung1 #btes ,/ck1 s4 #db74 ,! ,evangeli/1 he says1 omitt$ x1 because x requir$ to be repres5t$ & treat$ ) a t5d]ness & livel9ess ( feel+1 ( :i* he did n ?9k himself capable4 ,h5ce1 ! mode/ man *ose to avoid ! hi/ory altoge!r r ?an to deprive x by 8 mann] ( n>ration1 ( its prop] pa?os & sublimity4--,idle mode/y truly6 #adac ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,urspr41 s4 #aj4 #adad ,gabl]1 ut sup4 s4 #bdj f42 also ,ne&]1 s4 #ceg4 #adae ,comm4 z4 ,joh4 #b1 s4 #djb4 #adaf ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #aci4 ,9 ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,lectures on ! ,life ( ,jesus 7if ,i may be p]mitt$ to ref] to a "w n yet pr9t$71 ! sil5ce 9 "q is expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! synoptical ,evangeli/s 9 g5]al 7 ignorant ( ! relations ( ,jesus ) ! family ( ,be?any1 because p]haps ! apo/les did n wi% an intimate p]sonal connection ( ?is k9d to pass into ! g5]al tradition1 f :i* ^? ,evangeli/s drew2 & ignorance ( ! relations ( ,jesus ) ! family 9 g5]al1 ( c\rse includ$ ignorance ( ?is p>ticul> fact connect$ ) !m4 ,b :at motive c\ld ! apo/les h = su* res]ve8 ,are we to inf] secret1 or ev51 ) ,v5tur9i1 t5d] ties8 ,mu/ n su* a private relation 9 ! case ( ,jesus h pres5t$ mu* to edify u8 ,! intimations :i* ,john & ,luke af=d u on ?is subject conta9 9 fact mu* ( ?is description1 & f ! n>rative :i* ! latt] gives ( ! visit ( ,jesus to ,m>?a & ,m>y1 we see also t ! apo/les1 9 furni%+ _! acc\nts1 7 by no means av]se to all[ some?+ ( ^! relations to appe>1 s f> z !y c\ld reta9 a g5]al int]e/4 ,n[ 9 ?is light1 ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 z a pre-em95t miracle1 0 incomp>ably m valuable ?an t visit ) its s+le aphorism 8,"o ?+ is ne$ful10 & involv$ less ( ! private relations ( ,jesus ) ! family ( ,be?any2 ! suppos$ ef=t to keep ^! secret1 c\ld n !re=e h h9d]$ ! promulgation ( ! resurrection ( ,laz>us4 #adag ,k]n1 b] d5 ,ursprung des ,evang4 ,mat?41 ,tb+4 ,zeits*rift1 #ahcd1 #b1 s4 #aaj4 #adah ,b]?oldt4 ,*ri/ol4 ,jud4 #ce4 #adai ,see ! passages quot$ f ,tan*uma1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ad4 #adbj #a ,k+s xvii4 #bc1 ,,lxx4 1 ,luke vii4 #ae3 4 #adba ,?us ! au?or ( ! ,abh&lung b] die v]s*i$55 ,rcksi*t51 9 wel*5 d] ,biograph ,jesu arbeit5 kann1 9 ,b]?oldt's krit4 ,j\rn41 #e1 s4 #bcg f41 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bjb4--;,a resuscitation /rik+ly simil> to t ( ! "y man at ,na9 is n>rat$ by ,philo/ratus1 ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana4 8,z accord+ to ,luke1 x 0 a "y man1 ! only son ( a wid[1 :o 0 be+ c>ri$ out ( ! city2 s1 9 ,philo/ratus1 x is a "y maid5 already betro!d1 ^: bi] ,apollonius meets4 ,! comm& to set d[n ! bi]1 ! m]e t\*1 & a few words1 are suffici5t "h1 z !re1 to br+ ! dead to life0 7,baur1 ,apollonius v4 ,tyana und ,*ri/us1 s4 #ade74 ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r ,paulus1 or any o!r critic1 w\ld be incl9$ to expla9 ?is naturally2 if1 h[ev]1 x ought to be reg>d$ z an imitation ( ! evangelical n>rative 7a conclusion :i* c h>dly be avoid$71 we mu/ h a preconceiv$ op9ion ( ! "* ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to evade ! consequ5ce1 t ! resuscitations ( ! dead :i* !y conta9 are only less design$ imitations ( ^? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 :i* are !mselves to be d]iv$ f ! belief ( antiquity1 t a victori\s p[] ov] dea? 0 imp>t$ to ! fav\rites ( ! gods 7,h]cules1 ,esculapius1 etc71 & m imm$iately1 f ! ,jewi% idea ( a prophet4 #adbb ,bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #bhg4 #adbc ,?us ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 b1 s4 #dfh ff42 ,v5tur9i1 #b1 s4 #aff ff42 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol41 #a1 s4 #aig4 ,hase1 also1 #gd1 ?9ks ?is view probable4 #adbd ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #cfc1 :o = ! re/ "h (f]s b a weak def5ce aga9/ ! natural explanation4 #adbe ,hase1 ut sup4 #adbf ,vid4 ,vol4 #a1 #ad1 note #i4 #adbg ,ne&] alt]s ! fact1 :5 he describes ,jesus z fall+ asleep 9 ! mid/ ( ! fury ( ! /orm & ! waves1 & ?us manife/+ a tranquillity ( s\l :i* no t]ror ( nature c\ld di/urb 7s4 #cfb74 ,luke says expressly1 z !y sail$ he fell asleep3 & !re came d[n a /orm1 etc41 4441 & accord+ to ! repres5tation ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s also1 ! sleep+ ( ,jesus appe>s to h prec$$ ! break+ out ( ! /orm1 s9ce o!rwise ! timor\s disciples w\ld n h awak$ him--!y w\ld r n h all[$ him to g to sleep4 #adbh ,comp ,sauni]1 b] die ,quell5 des ,m>kus1 s4 #hb4 #adbi ,?is may s]ve z an answ] to ,?oluck's accusation1 ,glaubwrdigkeit1 s4 #aaj4 #adcj ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung1 u4 s4 f41 s4 #fh f4 #adca ,accord+ to ,jambli*4 vita ,py?1 #ace1 ed4 ,kiessl+1 !re 7 n>rat$ ( ,py?agoras1 1 in/antane\s tranquilliz+s ( viol5t w9ds & hail/orms1 & soo?+s ( ! waves ( riv]s & seas1 to af=d easy transit to 8 companions4 ,comp4 ,porphyr4 v4 p4 #bi same ed4 #adcb ,ut sup4 s4 #dia4 #adcc ,paulus1 ,memorabili51 #f1 ,/uck1 ,no4 ,v42 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #bch ff4 #adcd ,aga9/ ! extremely arbitr>y exp$i5t :i* ,paulus has "h adopt$1 see ,/orr1 ,opusc4 acad4 #c1 p4 #bhh4 #adce ,! =m] by ,bolt51 ,b]i*t des ,mat?u1 9 loc2 ! latt] 9 ,h5ke's neuem ,magaz91 #f1 #b1 s4 #cbg ff4 #adcf ,comp4 ,paulus & ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 #adcg ,see ! excell5t passage 9 ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 p4 #eje4 #adch ,m>k's incl9ation to exagg]ate %[s itself also 9 8 conclud+ s5t5ce1 v4 #ea1 7comp4 vii4 #cg73 & !y 7 sore amaz$ 9 !mselves beyond measure & wond]$2 :i* w sc>cely be und]/ood to import1 z ,paulus supposes 7#b1 s4 #bff71 a disapproval ( ! excessive a/oni%m5t4 #adci ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 f41 s4 #fh f42 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*i*te1 #a1 s4 #eba4 #addj ,vid4 ,lcke & ,?oluck4 #adda ,homil4 9 ,joann4 #dc4 #addb ,9 ,de ,wette's objection1 t ! op9ion ( an exagg]ation ( ! miracle 9 ,john1 is disc\nt5anc$ by ! addition t !y 7 imm$iately at ! l& 7ex4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #gi71 !re appe>s to me only a misund]/&+2 b 8 ass]tion t 9 ,john ! mann] 9 :i* ,jesus goes ov] ! sea is n repres5t$ z a miracle 7s4 #gh71 is to me ?or\ghly incompreh5sible4 #addc ,brets*neid]1 ,probab41 p4 #ha4 #addd ,see ! passages 9 ,wet/e91 p4 #dag f4 #adde ,jambli*1 vita ,py?agor1 #acf2 comp4 ,porphyr4 #bi4 #addf ,lucian1 ,philopseudes1 #ac4 #addg ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,urspr41 s4 #fh4 #addh ,see ! examples 9 ,wet/e91 9 loc4 #addi ,die h4 ,s*rift des n4 ,bundes1 #a1 s4 #cad1 #bte ,aufl4 #adej ,paulus1 ex4 ,h&b4 #b1 #ejb ff4 ,comp4 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #aaa4 #adea ,comp4 ,/orr1 9 ,flatt's ,magaz91 #b1 s4 #fh ff4 #adeb ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bjj4 ,comp4 ,hase1 ut sup4 #adec ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #eab4 ,?is !ologian1 9 ! note on ! same page1 obs]ves1 t accord+ to ! words1 ,we h tak5 no bread1 ,matt4 xvi4 #g1 ! disciples1 ev5 aft] ! second fe$+1 7 n alive to ! fact1 t !re 0 no necessity = provid+ !mselves ) food = ! body 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,b ?is in/ance is n to ! po9t1 = ! circum/ances are "h altoge!r diff]5t4 ,t f ! miracul\s fe$+ ( ! p :5 !y 7 accid5tally belat$ 9 ! wild]ness1 ! disciples did n draw ! same conv5i5t conclusion ) ! biblical comm5tator1 c only r$\nd to _! hon\r4 #aded ,ibid4 #adee ,gratz1 ,comm4 z4 ,mat?4 #b1 s4 #ij f42 ,sieff]t1 b] d5 ,ursprung1 s4 #ig4 #adef ,?iesz1 ,krit4 ,comm5t>1 #a1 s4 #afh ff42 ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #caa4 ,comp4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #ebc4 #adeg ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #ade2 ,sieff]t1 ut sup4 s4 #ie ff42 ,hase1 #ig4 ,ne&] is undecid$1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #cgb ff41 ,anm4 #adeh ,comp4 ,sauni]1 ut sup4 s4 #aje4 #adei ,paulus1 ex4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #cae2 ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #adfj ,ol%aus51 s4 #eac4 #adfa ,see ! pro( 9 ,de ,wette1 ,kritik d] mos4 ,ges*41 s4 #bbj ff41 #cad ff4 #adfb ,?us ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 aft] ,pf5n+]4 ,comp4 ,hase1 #ig4 #adfc ,?is lam5table obs]vation ( m9e1 accord+ to ,ol%aus51 has its s\rce 9 some?+ worse ?an intellectual incapacity1 namely1 9 my total disbelief 9 a liv+ ,god3 o!rwise assur$ly x w\ld n h appe>$ s great a difficulty to me t ! ,div9e causality %\ld h sup]s$$ human op]ations 7s4 #dgi1 d] #ct5 ,aufl474 #adfd ,jesus ,messias1 #b1 ,bd4 ,no4 #ad1 #ae & #bj4 #adfe ,= ?is reason ,ne&] 7s4 #cgg7 passes ov] ! miracle ) a few entirely g5]al rem>ks4 #adff ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #bje ff4 #adfg ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #adfh ,aga9/ ,ne&]'s attempt at reconciliation1 comp>e ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #gg4 #adfi ,?is indication has be5 rec5tly foll[$ up by ,weisse4 ,he f9ds ! key to ! hi/ory ( ! miracul\s multiplication ( ! loaves1 9 ! "q address$ by ,jesus to ! disciples :5 !y misund]/& 8 admonition aga9/ ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees4 ,he asks !m :e!r !y did n rememb] h[ _m baskets !y _h be5 able to fill f ! five & aga9 f ! sev5 loaves1 & !n adds1 ,h[ is x t ye d n und]/& t ,i spake x n to y conc]n+ bread1 etc4 7,matt4 xvi4 #aa74 ,n[1 says ,weisse1 ! p>allel :i* ,jesus "h in/itutes betwe5 8 disc\rse on ! leav51 & ! hi/ory ( ! fe$+ ( ! multitude1 %[s t ! latt] also is only to be int]pret$ p>abolically 7s4 #eaa ff474 ,b ! =m ( ! "q ( ,jesus3 77 2 h[ _m baskets ye took up1 presupposes a real ev5t2 we c =m no conception1 z we h already rem>k$ 9 relation to ! hi/ory ( ! temptation1 ( a p>able 9 :i* ,jesus & 8 disciples w\ld h play$ a pr9cipal "p2 moreov]1 ! inf]5ce :i* ,jesus w\ld convey is1 accord+ to ! text1 n t because ! pres5t n>rative 0 figurative1 s also mu/ be ! int]pretation ( ! subsequ5t disc\rse1 b t aft] ! e>li] pro( h[ sup]flu\s 0 any solicitude ab\t physical bread :]e ,jesus 0 at h&1 x 0 absurd to und]/& 8 pres5t disc\rse z relat+ to su*4 #adgj ,vid4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ad4 #adga #b ,k+s iv4 #dc1 ,,lxx43 ,john vi4 #i3 2 2 ,ibid4 v4 #dd3 1 ,matt4 xiv4 #bj3 1 4 1 1 444 #adgb ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #bcg f4 #adgc ,joma f4 #ci1 #a3 ,tempore ,simeonis ju/i b5$ictio erat sup] duos panes p5teco/ales et sup] decem panes 1 ut s+uli sac]dotes1 qui pro rata p>te accip]5t quantitatem oliv1 ad satietatem com$]5t1 imo ut adhuc reliqui sup]ess5t4 #adgd ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 ex ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #acc f4 #adge ,bibl4 ,comm4 #b1 s4 #gd4 #adgf ,ne&] is ( op9ion t an analogy may be f\nd = ?is miracle yet m easily ?an = t ( ! loaves--9 ! m9]al spr+s1 ! wat] ( :i* is r5d]$ s pot5t by natural ag5cies1 t x produces effects :i* f> exce$ ^? ( ord9>y wat]1 & 9 "p resemble ^? ( w9e6 7s4 #cfi47 #adgg ,9 ,joann4 tract4 #h3 ,ipse v9um fecit 9 nuptiis1 qui omni anno hoc facit 9 vitibus4 #adgh ,?us ,augu/9e1 ut sup4 approv$ by ,ol%aus53 sicut enim1 quod mis]unt m9i/ri 9 hydrias 9 v9um conv]sum e/ op]e ,dom9i1 sic et quod nubes fundunt1 9 v9um conv]titur ejusdem op]e ,dom9i4 #adgi ,ev5 ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #dje1 ?9ks ! analogy ) ! above natural process defici5t & un9telligible1 & does n "k h[ to console himself bett] ?an by ! consid]ation1 t a simil> inconv5i5ce exi/s 9 relation to ! miracle ( ! loaves4 #adhj ,*ryso/4 hom4 9 ,joann4 #ba4 #adha ,wool/on1 ,disc4 #d4 #adhb ,p4 #db4 #adhc ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #adhd ,comm4 #d1 s4 #aea f4 #adhe ,von ,gottes ,sohn u4 s4 f4 na* ,johannes ,evangelium1 s4 #aca f4 #adhf ,c4 ,*4 ,flatt1 b] die ,v]w&lung des ,wass]s 9 ,we91 9 ,ssk9d's ,magaz91 #ad4 ,/ck1 s4 #hf f42 ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 s4 #ge f42 comp4 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #cgb4 #adhg ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #adhh ,lcke also ?9ks ?is symbolical int]pretation too f>-fet*$1 & too little support$ by ! tone ( ! n>rative1 s4 #djf4 ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 ex4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #cg4 #adhi ,a ,wirtemb]g w9e ,maas1 or measure1 is equal to ab\t #c p9ts ,engli%1 or m exactly #ccb4--,tr4 #adij ,wurm1 de pond]um1 m5sur>um etc4 rationibus1 ap4 ,rom4 et ,grc41 p4 #abc1 #abf4 ,comp4 ,lcke1 9 loc4 #adia ,homil4 9 ,joann4 9 loc4 #adib ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #adic ,?is argum5t is valid aga9/ ,ne&] also1 :o appeals to ! fai? ( ,m>y *iefly z a result ( ! solemn inauguration at ! baptism 7s4 #cgj74 #adid ,hess1 ,ges*4 ,jesu1 #a1 s4 #ace4 ,comp4 also ,calv91 9 loc4 #adie ,e4g4 by ,wool/on1 ut sup4 #adif ,flatt1 ut sup4 s4 #ij2 ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #adig ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #adih ,comp4 also ! ,probabilia1 p4 #da f4 #adii ,paulus1 ,comm4 #d1 s4 #aej ff42 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #afi ff42 ,natrli*e ,ges*4 #b1 s4 #fa ff4 #aejj ,comp>e on ?is po9t1 ,flatt1 ut sup4 s4 #gg ff4 & ,lcke1 9 loc4 #aeja ,he makes ! ^w 1 v4 #aj1 ref] to ,john also4 #aejb ,lcke1 s4 #djg4 #aejc ,bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bjj4 #aejd ,9 ! passages cit$ ,vol4 ,i4 #ad1 out ( ,midras* ,kohele?1 x is said among o!r ?+s3 ,gl primus--asc5d]e fecit puteum3 sic quoque ,gl po/remus asc5d]e faciet aquas1 etc4 #aeje ,a natural explanation ( ?is miracle is giv5 by ,josephus 9 a mann] wor?y ( notice1 ,antiq4 iii4 #a1 #b4 #aejf ,we may also rem9d ! read] ( ! transmutation ( wat] into oil1 :i* ,eusebius 7,h4 ,e4 vi4 #i47 n>rates ( a ,*ri/ian bi%op4 #aejg ,comp>e ! ,probabilia1 ut sup4 #aejh ,de ,wette ?9ks ! analogies adduc$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t too remote2 accord+ to him1 ! metamorphosis ( w9e into wat] by ,bac*us1 in/anc$ by ,wet/e91 w\ld be ne>] to ! subject1 & n f> f ! region ( ,greek ?\ght1 out ( :i* ! gospel ( ,john arose4 ,! mo/ analog\s my?ical d]ivation ( ! n>rative w\ld be to reg>d ?is supply ( w9e z ! c\nt]p>t to ! supply ( bread1 & bo? z correspond+ to ! bread & w9e 9 ! la/ supp]4 ,b1 he cont9ues1 ! my?ical view is oppos$1 #a1 by ! n yet ov]?r[n au!nticity ( ! f\r? gospel2 #b1 by ! fact t ! n>rative be>s less ( a leg5d>y ?an a subjective impress1 by ! obscurity t re/s ^u x1 & its want ( "o presid+ idea1 toge!r ) ! abundance ( practical ideas wor?y ( ,jesus :i* x embodies4 ,by ^! obs]vations ,de ,wette seems to intimate 8 approval ( a natural explanation1 built on ! self-deception ( ,john2 an explanation :i* is encumb]$ ) ! difficulties above notic$4 #aeji ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s4 #aeg ff4 #aeaj ,l4 ,j4 #abh4 #aeaa ,augu/94 de v]bis ,dom9i 9 ev4 sec4 ,joann41 s]mo #dd3 ,quid arbor fec]at1 fructum non aff]5do8 qu culpa arboris infcunditas8 #aeab ,disc4 #d4 #aeac ,orig4 ,comm4 9 ,matt41 ,tom4 xvi4 #bi3 1 1 1 -- 4-- 1 4 4 2 comp4 ,augu/9 ut sup4 ,m>k1 9 relat+ ?is ev5t1 adds some?+ :i* seems n to tally well ) 8 /atem5t1 :5 he obs]ves t x 0 n ! season = figs4 ,x might be urg$3 if x 0 n ! season = figs1 :y %\ld ,jesus g & look = fruit on ! tree1 & h[ c\ld he1 ) ju/ice1 say to x1 ,let no man eat fruit ( !e = ev]8 #aead ,t\pii em5dd4 9 ,suidam1 #a1 p4 #ccj f4 #aeae ,he9sius & o!rs1 ap4 ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 #aeaf ,maji ,obs41 ib4 #aeag ,dahme1 9 ,h5ke's n4 ,magaz91 #b4 ,bd4 #b4 ,heft1 s4 #beb4 ,ku9l1 9 ,m>c1 p4 #aej f4 #aeah ,vid4 ,ku9l1 9 loc4 #aeai ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #c1 a1 s4 #age2 ,ol%aus51 b1 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #ghb4 #aebj ,z ,sieff]t ?9ks1 ,ueb] d5 ,urspr41 s4 #aac ff4 ,comp>e my reviews1 9 ! ,*>akt]i/ik5 und ,kritik51 s4 #bgb4 #aeba ,vid4 ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #afh f42 ,w9]1 b4 ,realw4 d4 ,a4 ,feig5baum4 #aebb ,bell4 ,jud4 ,,iii4 x4 #h4 #aebc ,ullman1 b] die ,unsndli*keit ,jesu1 9 8 ,/udi51 #a1 s4 #ej2 ,sieff]t1 ut sup4 s4 #aae ff42 ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #ghc f42 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #cgh4 #aebd ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #agj2 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #abh2 also ,sieff]t1 ut sup4 #aebe ,heyd5rei*1 9 ! ,!ol4 ,na*ri*t51 #ahad1 ,mai41 s4 #aba ff4 #aebf ,comm4 9 ,matt4 p4 #fcg4 #aebg ,comm41 9 ,m>c4 p4 #dha3 ,male--vv4 dd4 9 eo hs]unt1 quod ,jesus s9e ratione innoc5tem ficum aridam r$didisse vid]etur1 mirisque argutiis usi sunt1 ut aliquod hujus rei consilium fuisse o/5d]5t4 ,nimirum apo/oli1 evangeli/ et omnes primi temporis ,*ri/iani1 qua erant +5iorum simplicitate1 quid quantumque ,jesus port5tose fecisse dic]etur1 cur>unt tantummodo1 non quod ,jesu 9 ed5do miraculo consilium fu]it1 subtilit] et argute qusi v]unt4 #aebh 1 1 4 #aebi ,ambrosius1 ,comm4 9 ,luc1 9 loc4 ,ne&] adopts ?is op9ion1 ut sup4 #aecj ,conceptions ( ! n>rative 9 ! ma9 accordant ) t "h giv51 may be f\nd 9 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #agf f42 #a1 #b1 s4 #agd f41 & ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*41 #a1 s4 #egf f4 #aeca ,vom ,erls] d] ,m5s*5 na* uns]n drei er/5 ,evangeli51 s4 #aad4 #aecb ,9 a treatise on ! hi/ory ( ! ,transfiguration1 9 8 neue/5 !ol4 ,j\rnal1 #a4 ,bd4 #e4 ,/ck1 s4 #eag ff4 ,comp4 ,bau]1 hebr4 ,my?ol4 #b1 s4 #bcc ff4 #aecc ,bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #ecd f4 #aecd ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 s4 #ecg4 #aece ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #eci2 comp4 s4 #agh4 #aecf ,?us ,t]tull4 adv4 ,m>cion1 iv4 #bb2 ,h]d]1 ut sup4 #aae f41 ) :om also ,gratz agrees4 ,comm4 z4 ,mat?4 #b1 s4 #afc f41 #afi4 #aecg ,comp4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #eeb2 ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #ebc4 #aech ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #aeci ,rau1 symbola ad illu/r&am ,evv4 de metamorphosi ,j4 ,*r4 n>rationem2 ,gabl]1 ut sup4 s4 #eci ff42 ,ku9l1 ,comm4 z4 ,mat?4 p4 #dei ff42 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r4 s4 #dgd f4 #aedj ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cai2 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #adh f42 comp4 also ,k/]1 ,immanuel1 s4 #fj f4 #aeda ,bau] has disc]n$ ?is1 ut sup4 s4 #bcg2 ,fritzs*e1 p4 #eef2 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #b1 s4 #ef f42 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*4 #a1 s4 #ecf2 & ,paulus also p>tly1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #ddg f4 #aedb ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #b1 #dcf ff42 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #g ff42 ,natrli*e ,ges*i*te1 #c1 s4 #bef ff4 #aedc ,ut sup4 #aedd ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 s4 #ddf2 ,gratz1 #b1 s4 #afe f4 #aede ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #gi4 #aedf ,?us ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #fb ff4 #aedg ,ne&]1 because he consid]s ! objective reality ( ! transfiguration d\btful1 also f9ds ! sil5ce ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ a difficulty 9 ?is in/ance 7s4 #dge f474 #aedh ,ol%aus51 s4 #ecc1 ,anm4 #aedi ,vid4 ,rau1 9 ! ,programme quot$ 9 ,gabl]1 neue/es !olog4 ,j\rnal1 #a1 #c1 s4 #ejf2 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 ,mat?4 #aeej ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #eec2 ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #eda4 ,/ill less satisfactory exp$i5ts 9 ,gabl]1 ut sup4 & 9 ,mat?i1 ,religionsgl4 d] ,apo/el1 #b1 s4 #eif4 #aeea ,?is ev5 ,paulus admits1 #b1 s4 #ddb4 #aeeb ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #adi4 #aeec ,?is is an answ] to ,weisse's objection1 s4 #eci4 #aeed ,comp4 ,jalkut ,simeoni1 p4 #b f4 x4 #c1 7ap4 ,wet/e91 p4 #dce73 ,facies ju/orum futuro tempore similes erunt soli et luna1 clo et /ellis1 fulguri1 etc4 #aeee ,b]es*i? ,rabba1 xx4 #bi1 7ap4 ,wet/e973 ,ve/es lucis ve/es ,adami primi4 ,pococke1 ex ,na*manide 7ibid473 ,fulgida facta fuit facies ,mosis in/> solis1 ,josu in/> lun2 quod idem affirm>unt vet]es de ,adamo4 #aeef ,9 ,pirke ,elies]1 ii4 !re is1 accord+ to ,wet/e91 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 int] doc5dum radios ex facie ipsius1 ut olim e ,mosis facie1 prodiisse1 adeo ut non dignosc]et quis1 utrum dies esset an nox4 #aeeg ,nizza*on vetus1 p4 #dj1 ad ,exod4 xxxiv4 #cc 7ap4 ,wet/e973 ,ecce ,moses magi/] no/] felicis memori1 qui homo m]us erat1 quia ,deus de facie ad faciem cum eo locutus e/1 vultum tam luc5tem retulit1 ut ,judi v]]5tur acc$]e3 quanto igitur magis de ipsa div9itate hoc t5]e oportet1 atque ,jesu faciem ob uno orbis c>d9e ad alt]um fulgorem diffund]e conv5iebat8 ,at non prditus fuit ullo spl5dore1 s$ reliquis mortalibus fuit simillimus4 ,qua propt] con/at1 non esse 9 eum cr$5dum4 #aeeh ,f ?is p>allel ) ! asc5t ( ! m\nta9 by ,moses may p]haps be d]iv$ ! int]val--! --by :i* ! two fir/ ,evangeli/s sep>ate ! pres5t ev5t f ! disc\rses detail$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! adv5tures ( ,moses on ! m\nta9 beg9s ) a l /atem5t ( "t1 x be+ said t aft] ! cl\d _h cov]$ ! m\nta9 six days1 ,moses 0 call$ to ,jehovah 7v4 #af74 ,al?\gh ! po9t ( dep>ture 0 a totally diff]5t "o1 ?is /atem5t ( "t might be reta9$ = ! op5+ ( ! sc5e ( transfiguration 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jesus4 #aeei ,vide ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ologia ,judorum1 #ae1 s4 #fj ff4 #aefj ,deb>im ,rabba1 iii4 7,wet/e973 ,dixit ,deus ,s4 ,b4 ,mosi3 p] vitam tuam1 quemadmodum vitam tuam posui/i pro ,israelitis 9 hoc mundo1 ita tempore futuro1 qu&o ,eliam prophetam ad ipsos mittam1 vos quo eodem tempore v5ietis4 ,comp4 ,tan*uma f4 xlii4 #a1 ap4 ,s*ttg5 #a1 s4 #adi4 #aefa ,?is n>rative is pron\nc$ to be a my?us by ,de ,wette1 ,kritik d] mos4 ,ges*4 s4 #bej2 comp4 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #adf f42 ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ologia ,jud4 #ae1 n4 #ag2 ,cr$n]1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #bda2 ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cai1 at lea/ admits t !re is m or less ( ! my?ical 9 ! v>i\s evangelical acc\nts ( ! transfiguration1 & ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt4 p4 #ddh f4 & #def adduces ! my?ical view ( ?is ev5t n )\t signs ( approval4 ,comp>e also ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #dei1 & ,gratz1 #b1 s4 #afa ff4 #aefb ,plato also 9 ! ,symposion 7p4 #bbc1 ,b4 ff4 ,/eph471 glorifies 8 ,socrates by arrang+ 9 a natural mann]1 & 9 a comic _s1 a simil> gr\p to t :i* ! ,evangeli/s "h pres5t 9 a sup]natural mann]1 & 9 a tragic _s4 ,aft] a bac*analian ent]ta9m5t1 ,socrates outwat*es 8 fri5ds1 :o lie sleep+ ar\nd him3 z "h ! disciples ar\nd _! ma/]2 ) ,socrates !re are awake two noble =ms alone1 ! tragic & ! comic poet1 ! two elem5ts ( ! e>ly ,grecian life1 :i* ,socrates unit$ 9 himself3 z1 ) ,jesus1 ! lawgiv] & prophet1 ! two pill>s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t economy1 :i* 9 a high] mann] 7 comb9$ 9 ,jesus2 la/ly1 z 9 ,plato bo? ,aga?on & ,ari/ophanes at l5g? sleep1 & ,socrates rema9s alone 9 possession ( ! field3 s 9 ! gospel1 ,moses & ,elias at la/ vani%1 & ! disciples see ,jesus left alone4 #aefc ,weisse1 n satisfi$ ) ! int]pretation f\nd by me 9 ! my?us1 & lab\r+ besides to pres]ve an hi/orical f\ndation = ! n>rative1 und]/&s x z a figurative repres5tation 9 ! ori5tal mann]1 by "o ( ! ?ree eye-witnesses1 ( ! light :i* at t "t arose on !m conc]n+ ! de/9ation ( ,jesus1 & especially conc]n+ 8 relation to ! ,old ,te/am5t !ocracy & to ! messianic prophecies4 ,accord+ to him1 ! high m\nta9 symbolizes ! height ( k :i* ! disciples !n atta9$2 ! metamorphosis ( ! =m ( ,jesus1 & ! spl5d\r ( 8 clo!s1 are an image ( _! intuition ( ! spiritual messianic idea2 ! cl\d :i* ov]%ad[$ ! appe>ance1 signifies ! dimness & indef9it5ess 9 :i* ! new k fad$ away1 f ! inability ( ! disciples yet to reta9 x2 ! proposal ( ,pet] to build tab]nacles1 is ! attempt ( ?is apo/le at once to give a fix$ dogmatical =m to ! sublime intuition4 ,weisse is fe>ful 7s4 #edc7 t ?is 8 conception ( ! hi/ory ( ! transfiguration may also be pron\nc$ my?ical3 ,i ?9k n2 x is too manife/ly allegorical4 #aefd ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #afj4 #aefe ,ku9l & ,gratz1 9 loc4 #aeff ,?us e4g4 ,lightfoot1 9 loc4 #aefg ,wet/e91 ,ol%aus51 9 loc41 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #afd1 #bad4 #aefh ,vid4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #aefi ,fritzs*e1 9 ,m>c4 p4 #dae3 ,m>cus ,mat?i1 xix4 #a1 se auctoritati h4 l4 ad/r+it1 dicitque1 ,jesum e ,galila 7cf4 ix4 #cc7 pr(ectum esse p] ,p]aeam4 ,s$ auctore ,luca1 xvii4 #aa1 9 ,judam cont5dit p] ,sam>iam it9]e brevissimo4 #aegj ,paulus1 #b1 s4 #bic1 #eed4 ,comp4 ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #ehc4 #aega ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #aei4 #aegb ,paulus1 #b1 s4 #bid ff4 #aegc ,paulus1 ut sup4 #bie f41 #ehd f4 #aegd ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 s4 #afa f42 ,sieff]t1 b] d5 ,urspr41 s4 #ajd ff4 ,) ! =m] agrees1 9 relation to ,luke1 ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #aege ,?oluck1 ,comm4 z4 ,joh41 s4 #bbg2 ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #gga f4 #aegf ,?oluck & ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #aegg ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s4 #ib ff41 #ih ff42 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bdd f4 #aegh ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 #aegi ,comp4 ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #dcb1 ,anm4 #aehj ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #abd4 #aeha ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #agb4 #aehb ,paulus1 #c1 a1 s4 #aae2 ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #eda4 #aehc ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #ggf4 #aehd ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 p4 #fcj4 ,8 exp$i5t is approv$ by ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #agc4 #aehe ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #adc f4 #aehf ,glassius1 phil4 sacr41 p4 #agb4 ,?us also ,ku9l & ,gratz1 9 loc4 #aehg ,n4 ,t4 ,gramm41 s4 #adi4 #aehh ,ei*horn1 allgem4 ,biblio!k1 #e1 s4 #hif f42 comp4 ,bolt51 ,b]i*t des ,mat?u1 s4 #cag f4 #aehi ,vide ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 ,?is is admitt$ by ,ne&] also1 s4 #eej1 ,anm4 #aeij ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #caj f42 ,sieff]t1 b] d5 ,urspr41 s4 #ajg f4 #aeia ,t ! above motive w n suffice to expla9 ! conduct ( ,jesus1 ,paulus has also felt2 = only ! despair on 8 "p ( f9d+ a m real & special motive1 c acc\nt = 8 becom+ 9 ?is solit>y in/ance my/ical1 & embrac+ ! explanation ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :om he else:]e inv>iably attacks1 z ! au?or ( ! p]v]t$ ecclesia/ical int]pretations ( ! ,bible4 ,accord+ to ,ju/91 ! ass designat$ 7t is "u ! yoke71 is a symbol ( ! ,jews2 ! ass nev] yet ridd51 ( ! ,g5tiles 7,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #ec72 & ,paulus1 adopt+ ?is idea1 endeav\rs to make x probable t ,jesus1 by m\nt+ an animal :i* _h nev] be=e be5 ridd51 int5d$ to ann\nce himself z ! f\nd] & rul] ( a new religi\s community4 ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s4 #aaf ff4 #aeib ,natrli*e ,ges*4 #c1 s4 #eff f42 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #eej1 ,anm4 #aeic ,weisse1 s4 #egc4 #aeid ,apol4 i4 #cb3 -- ' 4 444 ,b9d+ 8 colt to a v9e--0 a symbol indicative ( :at w\ld happ5 to ,*ri/2 = !re /ood at ! entrance ( a c]ta9 village1 b\nd to a v9e1 an ass's colt1 :i* he ord]$ !m to br+ to him1 etc4 #aeie ,vid4 ,s*ttg51 hor1 ii4 p4 #adf4 #aeif ,midras* ,rabba1 f4 xcviii4 #aeig ,on acc\nt ( ?is sil5ce ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 ev5 ,ne&] 7ut sup47 is 9 ?is in/ance incl9$ to admit1 t a m simple ev5t1 ow+ to ! disproportionate importance subsequ5tly atta*$ to x1 0 unhi/orically modifi$4 #aeih ,comp4 ,paulus1 9 loc4 #aeii ,! citation giv5 by ,mat!w is a comb9ation ( a passage f ,isaiah ) t ( ,ze*>iah4 ,= ! words ,tell ye ! daught] ( ,zion1 1 are f ,isa4 lxii4 #aa2 ! re/ f ,ze*>iah ix4 #i1 :]e ! ,,lxx4 has ) "s div]g5cy3 4 #afjj ,hitzig1 b] die ,abfassungszeit d] ,orakel1 ,za*4 ix4-xiv4 9 ! ,!ol4 ,/udi51 #ahcj1 #a1 s4 #cf ff4 ref]s ! prec$+ v]se to ! w>like de$s ( ?is k+1 & ! "o 9 "q to 8 pacific virtues4 #afja ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s4 #aba ff4 #afjb ,ros5mll]1 ,s*ol4 9 ,v4 ,t4 #g1 #d1 s4 #bgd ff4 #afjc ,9 ! passage cit$ ,introd41 #ad1 f ,midras* ,cohele?1 ! description1 paup] et insid5s as9o 9 ,ze*>iah1 is 9 ! v fir/ in/ance ref]r$ to ! ,gl po/remus4 ,?is ass ( ! ,messiah 0 held id5tical ) t ( ,abraham & ,moses1 vid4 ,jalkut ,rub5i f4 lxxix4 #c1 #d1 ap4 ,s*ttg51 i4 s4 #afi2 comp4 ,eis5m5g]1 entdecktes ,jud5?um1 #b1 s4 #fig f4 #afjd ,sanh$r9 f4 xcviii4 #a 7ap4 ,wet/e973 ,dixit ,r4 ,alex&]3 ,r4 ,josua f4 ,levi duobus int] se collatis locis tanquam contr>iis visis objecit3 scribitur ,dan4 vii4 #ac3 et ecce cum nubibus cli velut filius hom9is v5it4 ,et scribitur ,za*4 ix4 #i3 paup] et insid5s as9o4 ,v]um hc duo loca ita int] se concili>i possunt3 nempe1 si ju/itia sua m]eantur ,isralit1 ,messias v5iet cum nubibus cli3 si autem non m]eantur1 v5iet paup]1 et vehetur as9o4 #afje ,8 pr$ictions conc]n+ p>ticul> circum/ances ( 8 passion1 utt]$ %ortly be=e its occurr5ce1 9 ! la/ days ( 8 life1 c only be consid]$ f>!r on1 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? days4 #afjf ,comp4 ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm41 #a1 s4 #ebh4 #afjg ,ges5ius1 ,jesaias1 iii4 #acg ff42 ,hitzig1 ,comm4 zu ,jes41 s4 #eej4 #afjh ,ges5ius1 ut sup4 s4 #aeh ff42 ,hitzig1 s4 #egg ff42 ,vatke1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #ebh ff4 #afji ,de ,wette1 ,comm4 zu d5 ,psalm51 s4 #ead ff42 #cte ,aufl4 #afaj ,ibid4 s4 #bbd ff4 #afaa ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #fgg ff41 & ,de ,wette 9 loc4 #afab ,see ?is view develop$ by ,fritzs*e1 ,comm4 9 ,m>c1 p4 #cha f4 #afac ,vid4 ,fritzs*e1 ut sup4 #afad ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #dae ff42 ,ammon1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #b1 s4 #cgg f42 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bdf4 ,fritzs*e also1 ut sup4 & ,weisse1 #a1 s4 #dbc1 p>tly admit ?is4 #afae ,b]?oldt1 ,e9leitung 9 d4 ,n4 ,t4 #acje ff42 ,wegs*eid]1 ,e9l4 9 das ,evang4 ,johannis1 s4 #bga f4 #afaf ,daniel1 b]setzt und erklrt von ,b]?oldt1 #b1 s4 #eda ff41 #ffj ff42 ,ros5mll]1 ,s*ol4 9 ,v4 ,t4 #g1 #d1 p4 #cci ff4 #afag ,de ,wette1 de morte ,*ri/i expiatoria1 9 8 ,opusc4 ,!ol41 p4 #acj2 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #jf4 #afah ,vom ,zweck ,jesu und se9] ,jung]1 s4 #aad ff4 #aec f4 #afai ,ueb] d5 ,zweck und die ,wirkung5 des ,todes ,jesu1 9 ! ,gtt+is*5 ,biblio!k1 #a1 #d1 s4 #beb ff4 #afbj ,see ! li/ 9 ,de ,wette1 ut sup4 s4 #f ff4 ,! mo/ important voices = ! exi/5ce ( ! idea 9 "q 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 h be5 notic$ by ,/udl9 9 ! above treatise1 #a1 s4 #bcc ff41 & by ,h5g/5b]g1 ,*ri/ologie des ,a4 ,t41 #a1 a1 s4 #bgj ff41 b1 s1 #bij ff2 = ! opposite op9ion1 by ,de ,wette1 ut sup4 p4 #a ff4 #afba ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogm1 #bja f42 ,baumg>t5 ,crusius1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #ed4 #afbb ,vid4 ,de ,wette1 ut sup4 #ahi ff4 #afbc ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 ut sup4 #aic4 #afbd ,gfrr]1 ,philo1 #a1 s4 #die ff4 #afbe ,a passage to ?is effect out ( ! law 77 prop]ly s call$1 w\ld be difficult to f9d3 ,de ,wette1 de morte1 p4 #gb1 ref]s to ,isa4 ix4 #e2 ,lcke1 9 loc4 to ,ps4 cx4 #d2 ,dan4 vii4 #ad1 ii4 #dd4 #afbf ,vom ,zweck ,jesu und se9] ,jng]1 s4 #agi f4 #afbg ,vid4 ,de ,wette1 de morte ,*r4 p4 #gc f4 #afbh ,comp4 ,ges5ius1 ,jesaias #b1 ,?4 s4 #ff2 ,de ,wette1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,a4 ,t4 #ei1 #cte ,ausg4 #afbi ,lit]al translation accord+ to ,t>gum ( ,jona?an3 ,quemadmodum ,hitzig1 lii4 #ad3--;,z _m 7 p] multos dies ipsum exspectrunt amaz$ at him1 s disfigur$1 n ,isralitae1 quorum contabuit int] human1 0 8 appe>ance1 & 8 g5tes adspectus et spl5dor 7et =m n t ( ! *ildr5 ( evanuit7 e filiis hom9um1 etc4 m51 etc4 liii4 #d3--;,b he bore our ,idcirco pro delictis no/ris ipse infirmities1 & *>g$ himself deprecabitur1 et iniquitates ) our sorr[s1 & we e/eem$ no/r propt] eum condonabuntur1 him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god & licet nos reputati simus contusi1 afflict$4 plagis affecti et afflicti4 ,orig5 also relates1 c4 ,celsus1 i4 #ee1 h[ a p]son e/eem$ a wise man among ! ,jews1 1 ma9ta9$1 9 opposition to 8 ,*ri/ian int]pretation ( ! passage 9 ,isaiah1 t ?is 0 prophesi$ conc]n+ ! :ole nation1 :i* _h be5 disp]s$ & afflict$1 9 ord] t _m might become proselytes1 1 1 1 4 #afcj ,vid4 ,s*ttg51 #b1 s4 #ahb f42 ,eis5m5g]1 entdecktes ,jud5?um1 #b1 s4 #geh4 #afca ,ap4 ,s*ttg51 #b s4 #aha f4 #afcb ,de ,wette1 de morte ,*r4 expiatoria1 ut sup4 s4 #ej4 #afcc vii4 #bi4 #afcd ,s*ttg51 #b1 s4 #eji ff42 ,s*midt1 ,*ri/ologis*e ,fragm5te1 9 8 ,biblio!k1 #a1 s4 #bd ff42 ,b]?oldt1 ,*ri/ol4 ,jud41 #ac4 #afce ,s*midt1 ut sup42 ,b]?oldt1 ut sup41 #af4 #afcf ,pesikta 9 ,abka? ,ro*el1 ap4 ,s*midt1 s4 #dh f4 #afcg ,soh>1 ,p4 ,,ii4 lxxxv4 #b1 ap4 ,s*midt1 #dg f4 #afch ,gem>a ,sanh$r91 f4 xcviii4 #a2 ap4 ,de ,wette1 de morte ,*r41 p4 #ie f41 & ap4 ,h5g/5b]g1 s4 #bib4 #afci ,soh>1 ,p4 ,,ii4 f4 lxxx4 ii4 #b2 ap4 ,de ,wette1 s4 #id3 ,cum ,isralit ess5t 9 t]ra sancta1 p] cultus religiosos et sacrificia qu faciebanto1 omnes illos morbos et pnas e mundo1 su/ul]unt2 nunc v]o ,messias debet auf]re eas ab hom9ibus4 #afdj ,vid4 ,b]?oldt1 ut sup4 #ag4 #afda ,de ,wette1 de morte ,*r41 p4 #aab2 comp4 #ec ff4 #afdb ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #ajh4 #afdc ,ibid4 #afdd ,ibid4 & #aji4 #afde ,see 8 animat$ & impressive treatise1 vom ,zweck1 u4 s4 f41 s4 #aba ff4 ,comp4 ,briefe b] d5 ,rationalismus1 s4 #bbd ff41 & ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #adc4 #afdf ,?us especially ,h]d]1 vom ,erls] d] ,m5s*51 s4 #acc ff4 ,briefe b] d5 ,rationalismus1 s4 #bbg4 ,comp4 ,ku9l1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?41 p4 #ddd f4 #afdg ,,lxx43 1 4 #afdh ,comp4 ,ssk9d1 e9ige ,bem]kung5 b] die ,frage1 ob ,jesus se9e ,auf]/ehung be/immt vorh]gesagt habe8 9 ,flatt's ,magaz91 #g1 s4 #bjc ff4 #afdi ,paulus1 ut sup4 #b1 s4 #dae ff42 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #aji4 #afej ,e4g4 ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #dbf2 comp41 on ! contr>y1 ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #afea ,vid4 ,?oluck1 ut sup4 #afeb ,h5ke1 ,joannes apo/olus nonnullorum ,jesu apoph!gmatum 9 evang4 suo et ipse int]pres4 ,9 ,pott's & ,rup]ti's ,sylloge ,comm4 !ol4 #a1 s4 #i2 ,gabl]1 ,rec5sion des ,h5ke's*5 ,programms im neue/5 !ol4 ,j\rnal1 #b1 #a1 s4 #hh2 ,lcke1 9 loc4 #afec ,?us1 besides ,h5ke 9 ! above ,programm1 ,h]d]1 von ,gottes ,sohn na* ,johannes ,evang41 s4 #ace f42 ,paulus1 ,comm4 #d1 s4 #afe f42 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 a1 s4 #agc f42 ,lcke1 & ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #afed ,/orr1 9 ,flatt's ,magaz91 #d1 s4 #aii4 #afee ,?oluck & ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #afef ,h5ce ,ne&] rema9s susp5d$ 9 indecision betwe5 ! two1 s4 #cie f4 #afeg ,?us ,k]n1 die ,haupt?atsa*5 d] evang4 ,ges*41 ,tb4 ,zeits*rift1 #ahcf1 #b1 s4 #abh4 #afeh ,?us ,ol%aus54 #afei ,k]n says1 inde$1 t a simil> d\bl5ess ( mean+ is f\nd else:]e 9 significant disc\rse2 b he refra9s f adduc+ an example4 #affj ,probab41 p4 #bc ff4 #affa ,comp4 ,ne&]1 s4 #cif1 ,anm4 #affb ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 9 loc4 #affc ,comp4 ,fritzs*e & ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #affd ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #b1 s4 #ig ff4 ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dm41 s4 #cag f4 #affe ,ssk9d1 ut sup4 s4 #ahd ff4 #afff ,vid4 ,lcke1 9 loc4 #affg ,vid4 de ,wette1 ,comm4 b] die ,psalm51 s4 #agh4 #affh ,comp>e1 on ! import & connexion ( ?is disc\rse1 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #fie ff2 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #aig ff2 ,weizel1 die un*ri/li*e ,un/]bli*keitslehre1 9 ! !ol4 ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 #ahcf1 s4 #eii ff4--,9 agreem5t ) ^! comm5tators ,i app5d ! foll[+ division ( ! passage 9 ,mat!w3 ,i4 ,signs ( ! end1 1 xxiv4 #d-ad4 a4 ,m remote signs1 ! beg9n+ ( sorr[s1 1 #d-h4 b4 ,m imm$iate signs1 ! actual sorr[s1 #i-ad4 ,,ii4 ,! end1 1 itself1 xxiv4 #ae-be1 #df4 a4 ,its comm5cem5t ) ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & ! great tribulation :i* accompanies x1 #ae-bh4 b4 ,its culm9at+ po9t3 ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 toge!r ) ! assembl+ ( 8 elect1 #bi-ca4 7,"h foll[ retrospective obs]vations & w>n+s1 xxiv4 #cb-xxv4 #cj47 c4 ,close ( ! ) ! messianic judgm5t1 #ca-df4 #affi ,vom ,zweck ,jesu und se9] ,jng]1 s4 #ahd1 #bja ff41 #bjg ff4 #afgj ,! =m] adv4 hres4 v4 #be2 ! latt]1 ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 9 loc4 ,comp>e on ! diff]5t int]pretations ( ?is passage ! li/ 9 ,s*ott1 ,comm5t>ius 9 eos ,j4 ,*r4 s]mones1 qui de r$itu ejus ad judicium--agunt1 p4 #gc ff4 #afga ,bahrdt41 ,ueb]setzung des ,n4 ,t41 #a1 s4 #aajc1 #cte ,ausg42 ,eck]mann1 ,h&b4 d] ,glaub5slehre1 #b1 s4 #egi1 #c1 s4 #dbg1 #dcg1 #gji ff2 & o!rs 9 ,s*ott1 ut sup4 #afgb ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,lightfoot1 9 loc41 ,flatt1 ,comm4 de notione vocis 1 9 ,vel?us5's und ,a4 ,sammlung #b1 #dfa ff42 ,jahn1 ,erklrung d] ,weissagung5 ,jesu von d] ,z]/rung ,j]usalems u4 s4 w41 9 ,b5gel's ,ar*iv4 #b1 #a1 s4 #gi ff41 & o!rs1 cit$ 9 ,s*ott1 s4 #ge f4 #afgc ,?us especially ,jahn1 9 ! treatise above cit$4 #afgd ,k]n1 ,haupt?atsa*5 d] evang4 ,ges*i*te1 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 #ahcf1 #b1 s4 #adj ff4 #afge ,?us ,/orr1 ,opusc4 acad4 #c1 s4 #cd ff42 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s4 #cdf f4 #djb f4 #afgf ,ut sup4 s4 #ahh4 #afgg ,/orr1 ut sup4 s4 #ci1 #aaf ff4 #afgh ,paulus1 9 loc4 #afgi ,vid4 ,ku9l 9 ,matt41 s4 #fdi4 #afhj ,comp4 ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 ut sup4 s4 #aij ff4 ,s*ott1 ut sup4 s4 #abg ff4 #afha ,k]n1 ut sup4 s4 #ada f4 ,t ,jesus conceiv$ ! epo* at :i* he spoke to be sep>at$ f ! end ( ! _w by a f> long] int]val ?an w\ld elapse be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ,k]n ?9ks he c prove 9 ! %orte/ way f v4 #ad1 ( ! #bd? *apt] ( ,mat!w1 :]e ,jesus says1 ,& ?is gospel ( ! k+dom %all be prea*$ 9 all ! _w = a witness unto all nations1 & !n %all ! end come4 ,= su* a promulgation ( ,*ri/ianity1 he ?9ks1 x is 8beyond contradiction0 t a f> long] space ( "t ?an ^! few lu/rums w\ld be requisite4 ,z x happ5s1 ! apo/le ,paul himself pres5ts ! contradiction1 :5 he repres5ts ! gospel z hav+ be5 already prea*$ to t ext5t be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 e4g4 ,col4 i4 #e3 1 7#f7 -- --7#bc7-- 4 ,comp4 ,rom4 x4 #ac4 #afhb ,! =m] is *os5 by ,ssk9d1 v]mis*te ,aufstze1 s4 #ij ff42 ! latt] by ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #fec ff4 #afhc ,see 8 ,comm5t>ius1 9 loc4 #afhd ,ueb] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cae f4 #afhe ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung des er/5 kanon4 ,evangel41 s4 #aai ff4 ,also ,weisse1 ut sup4 #afhf ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bae ff41 #bfe ff4 ,"h also 8 op9ion is approv$ by ,ne&]1 s4 #efb4 #afhg ,ol%aus51 bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #hfe2 ,k]n1 ut sup4 s4 #ach ff4 ,comp4 ,/eudel ,glaub5sl4 s4 #dgi ff4 #afhh 8,die ,weltges*i*te i/ das ,weltg]i*t30 ,s*ill]4 ,tr4 #afhi ,comp4 especially ,weizel1 die ,zeit des jng/5 ,tags u4 s4 f4 9 d5 ,/udi5 d] evang4 ,gei/li*keit ,wrtemb]gs1 #i1 #b1 s4 #adj ff41 #aed ff4 #afij ,accord+ to ,k]n1 ! appe>+ ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 ! cl\ds1 signifies 8! manife/ation ( ev]y?+ :i* =ms s great an epo* 9 ! developm5t ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 t f x1 ! ag5cy ( ,*ri/1 :o is ! gov]n+ p[] 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 may be z cle>ly recognis$ z if ! sign ( ,*ri/ 7 se5 9 ! heav5s4 ,! m\rn+ ( all ! tribes ( ! e>? is to be und]/ood ( ! sorr[ ) :i* m5 w be visit$1 ow+ to ! judgm5t1 1 :i* accompanies ! propagation ( ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 z consi/+ 9 an expulsion ( ungodl9ess out ( ! _w1 & ! annihilation ( ! old man40 ,/ill fur!r does ,weisse all[ himself to be c>ri$ away by ! allegoriz+ prop5sity3 ,*ri/ 8commis]ates ^? :o are ) *ild & :o give suck1 i4e4 ^? :o w\ld /ill lab\r & produce 9 ! old ord] ( ?+s2 he fur!r pities ^? ^: flight falls 9 ! w9t]1 i4e4 9 a rude1 inhospitable p]iod1 :i* be>s no fruit = ! _s40 7,die evang4 ,ges*4 #b1 s4 #eib47 #afia ,h5g/5b]g1 ,*ri/ologie des ,a4 ,t41 #a1 a1 s4 #cje ff4 #afib ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s4 #djc4 ,comp4 also ,k]n1 ,haupt?atsa*51 ut sup4 s4 #acg4 #afic ,bibl4 ,comm4 #a1 s4 #hfe ff4 #afid ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung u4 s4 f41 s4 #aai4 ,weisse advances a simil> op9ion1 ut sup4 #afie ,comp>e also my ,/reits*rift51 #a1 #a1 conclusion4 #afif ,comp4 e4g4 ,gratz1 ,comm4 zum ,mat?4 #b1 #ddd ff4 #afig ,antiq4 xx4 viii4 #f 7comp4 bell4 jud4 ii4 xiii4 #d473 ,& n[ ^! impo/ors & deceiv]s p]suad$ ! multitude to foll[ !m into ! wild]ness1 & pret5d$ t !y w\ld exhibit manife/ wond]s & signs t %\ld be p]=m$ by ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,& _m t 7 prevail$ on by !m1 suff]$ ! puni%m5ts ( _! folly2 = ,felix br\ght !m back1 & !n puni%$ !m4 #afih ,bell4 jud4 v4 xii4 #a1 #b4 #afii ,m ample comp>isons ( ! results m5tion$ by ,josephus & o!rs1 ) ! prophecy1 see 9 ,cr$n]1 ,e9leit4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #bjg4 #agjj ,b]?oldt1 ,daniel b]setzt und erklrt1 #b1 s4 #ffh ff42 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s1 #cdj f42 ,de ,wette1 ,e9leit4 9 das ,a4 ,t41 #bed ff4 #agja ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bdg2 ,cr$n]1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #bjf f4 #agjb ,de ,wette1 ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t41 #ig1 #aja4 ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #bjd1 #a1 #b1 s4 #ajc4 #agjc ,paulus1 ,fritzs*e1 ,de ,wette 9 loc4 #agjd ,b4 j4 ,v4 xii4 #a3 ,to encompass ! :ole city r\nd ) 8 army1 0 n v easy1 by reason ( its magnitude & ! difficulty ( ! situation2 & on o!r acc\nts dang]\s4 #agje ,b4 j4 ,v4 xi4 #a ff1 xii4 #a4 #agjf ,vid4 ,s*ttg51 #b1 s4 #eji ff42 ,b]?oldt1 #ac2 ,s*midt1 ,biblio?4 #a1 s4 #bd ff4 #agjg ,vid4 ,s*ttg51 #b1 s4 #ebe f4 #agjh ,antiq4 ,x4 xi4 #g4 ,aft] hav+ int]pret$ ! little horn ( ,antio*us1 he briefly adds3 ,9 ! v same mann] ,daniel also wrote conc]n+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,romans1 & t our c\ntry %\ld be made desolate by !m4 ,he d\btless suppos$ t ! f\r?1 iron mon>*y1 ,dan4 ii4 #dj1 repres5t$ ! ,romans1 s9ce1 besides attribut+ x to a dom9ion ov] all ! e>?1 he expla9s its de/ruction by ! /one z some?+ /ill future1 ,ant4 ,x4 x4 #d3 ,daniel did also decl>e ! mean+ ( ! /one to ! ,k+2 b ,i d n ?9k prop] to relate x1 s9ce ,i h only und]tak5 to describe ?+s pa/ or ?+s pres5t1 b n ?+s t are future4 ,n[ ,daniel ii4 #dd int]prets ! /one to mean ! heav5ly k+dom1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! iron "o1 b w\ld itself endure = ev]1--a messianic p>ticul>1 on :i* ,josephus does n *oose to dilate4 ,b t1 correctly int]pret$1 ! iron legs ( ! image signify ! ,mac$onian empire1 & ! feet ( iron mix$ ) clay1 ! ,syrian empire :i* sprang out ( ! ,mac$onian1 see ,de ,wette1 ,e9leit4 9 das ,n4 ,t41 #bed4 #agji ,vid4 ,joseph41 ,antiq4 xii4 v4 #agaj ,vid4 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #acj4 #agaa ,! passages be>+ on ?is subject are collect$ & expla9$ 9 ,s*ott1 ,comm5t>ius1 etc41 p4 #cfd ff4 ,comp4 ,lcke1 9 loc4 & ,weizel1 ur*ri/l4 ,un/]bli*keitslehre1 9 ! ,!ol4 ,/udi51 #ahcf1 s4 #fbf ff4 #agab ,vid4 ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #agac ,comp4 ,?oluck1 ut sup4 #agad ,?us ,lcke1 & also ,?oluck1 9 loc42 ,s*ott1 p4 #dji4 #agae ,ol%aus51 #a1 s4 #hgj4 #agaf ,fleck1 de regno div9o1 p4 #dhc4 #agag ,w9]'s bibl4 ,realwrt]b4 #agah ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,urspr41 s4 #i f4 ,lcke1 #a1 s4 #acc1 #aei1 #b1 s4 #djb4 #agai ,comp4 besides ! critics above cit$1 ,hug1 ,enleit4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #b1 s4 #bae4 #agbj ,= ! mo/ correct views on ?is po9t see ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #djg ff4 #agba ,z ! au?or ( ! ,probabilia ?9ks1 s4 #id4 #agbb ,hug1 ut sup4 s4 #bba4 #agbc ,ku9l1 9 loc4 #agbd ,paulus1 ,comm4 #d1 s4 #egi f4 #agbe ,lcke1 9 loc4 #agbf ,lightfoot1 9 loc4 #agbg ,probabil4 ut sup4 #agbh ,vol4 ,,ii4 #fb4 #agbi ,ol%aus5 gives u m precise in=mation conc]n+ ! desc5t ( ! traitor1 :5 he says 7bibl4 ,comm4 #b1 s4 #deh ,anm473 8,p]haps ! passage1 ,g54 xlix4 #ag1 ,dan %all be a s]p5t1 an add] 9 ! pa?1 t bite? ! horse's heels1 s t 8 rid] %all fall backw>d1 is a prophetic intimation ( ! trea*]y ( ,judas1 :5ce we might conclude t he 0 ( ! tribe ( ,dan40 #agcj ,t1 accord+ to ! acc\nt 9 ,john1 ,judas fir/ w5t to ! *ief prie/s f ! meal1 is ackn[l$g$ by ,lightfoot also 7hor1 p4 #dfe71 b he on ?is acc\nt reg>ds ! meal describ$ by ,john z e>li] ?an ! synoptical "o4 #agca ,comm4 z4 ,joh4 #b1 s4 #dhd4 #agcb ,vol4 ,,ii4 #hi4 #agcc ,see ^! & ! foll[+ reasons 9 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #deh ff4 #agcd ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #agce ,su* an argum5t may be ga!r$ f :at ,ol%aus5 says1 #b1 s4 #chg1 #chh4 #agcf ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #hh4 #agcg ,orig4 c4 ,cels41 ii4 #aa f4 #agch ,comp4 ,probabil41 p4 #aci4 #agci ,/ill f>!r back we f9d1 n ! k ( ,jesus conc]n+ 8 betray]1 b an important meet+ betwe5 !m1 9 ! apocryphal ,evangelium infanti arabicum1 c4 xxxv4 ap4 ,fabricius #a1 p4 #aig f41 ap4 ,?ilo1 #a1 p4 #ajh f4 ,"h a demoniacal boy1 :o 9 8 attacks bit viol5tly at ev]y?+ ar\nd him1 is br\ght to ! *ild ,jesus1 attempts to bite him1 & because he _c rea* him ) 8 tee? gives him a bl[ on ! "r side1 :]eupon ! *ild ,jesus weeps1 :ile ,satan comes out ( ! boy 9 ! =m ( a furi\s dog4 ,hic autem pu]1 qui ,jesum p]cussit et ex quo ,satanas sub =ma canis exivit1 fuit ,judas ,is*>iotes1 qui illum ,judis prodidit4 #agdj ,ir54 adv4 hr4 ,i4 #ce3 ,judam proditorem--solum pr cet]is cognosc5tem v]itatem p]fecisse proditionis my/]ium1 p] quem et t]r5a et cle/ia omnia dissoluta dicunt4 ,epiphan4 xxxviii4 #c3 ,"s ,ca9ites say1 t ,judas betray$ ,jesus because he reg>d$ him z a wick$ man 1 :o meant to de/roy ! good law3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 ' 4 #agda ,!ophylact1 9 ,mat?4 xxvii4 #d4 #agdb ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bdi4 ,klop/ock gives a simil> repres5tation 9 8 ,messias4 #agdc ,k4 ,*4 ,l4 ,s*midt1 exeg4 ,beitrge1 #a1 ,?l4 #bt] ,v]su*1 s4 #ah ff42 comp4 ,s*midt's ,biblio!k1 #c1 #a1 s4 #afc ff4 #agdd ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #dea ff4 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #adc ff42 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #acb4 ,comp4 ,!ile1 zur ,biographie ,jesu1 #cc4 #agde ,s*midt1 ut sup4 #agdf ,hase4 #agdg ,paulus4 #agdh ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #egh f4 #agdi ,vol4 ,,ii4 #hh2 comp4 ,hase1 ut sup4 #agej ,! ,g]man ,?al] 7,rix?al]7 is equival5t to ab\t ?ree %ill+s4 ,tr4 #agea ,ros5mll]1 ,s*ol4 9 ,v4 ,t4 #g1 #d1 s4 #cah ff4 #ageb ,ev5 ,ne&] ?9ks ?is a possible orig9 ( ! above /atem5t 9 ! fir/ gospel1 s4 #egd1 ,anm4 #agec ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #egc4 #aged ,comp4 also ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #gei f4 #agee ,ueb] die ,anordnung des letzt5 ,pas*amahls ,jesu1 9 8 neu/4 !ol4 ,j\rnal1 #b1 #e1 s4 #dda ff4 #agef ,bell4 jud4 vi4 ix4 #c4 #ageg ,?us ,gabl]1 ut sup42 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #c1 b1 s4 #gha2 ,k]n1 ,haupt?atsa*51 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 #ahcf1 #c1 s4 #c f42 ,ne&]1 s4 #ehc4 #ageh ,beza1 9 ,mat?4 xxvi4 #ah1 correctly1 save t he supposes too special a ref]5ce to ! approa*+ suff]+s ( ,jesus1 ?us repres5ts ! object ( ?is pr$iction3 ut magis ac magis intellig]5t discipuli1 nihil tem]e 9 urbe magi/ro ev5turum1 s$ qu ad m9utissimas usque circum/antias p5itus p]specta hab]et4 #agei ,bibl4 ,comm4 #b1 s4 #che f4 ,comp4 9 opposition to ?is ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #agfj ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cba2 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bhj2 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*41 s4 #fjj f4 #agfa ,vid4 ,!ile1 b] die letzte ,mahlzeit ,jesu1 9 ,w9]'s & ,engelh>dt's neuem krit4 ,j\rnal1 #b1 s4 #afi1 ,anm41 & zur ,biographie ,jesu1 #ca4 #agfb ,?us ,lightfoot1 hor1 p4 #dfc ff42 ,hess1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #b1 s4 #bgc ff42 also ,v5tur9i #c1 s4 #fcd ff4 #agfc ,an insuffici5t outlet f ?is difficulty is po9t$ out by ,lightfoot1 p4 #dhb f4 #agfd ,fragm4 ex ,claudii ,apoll9>is libro de ,pas*ate1 9 ,*ron4 ,pas*al1 ed4 du ,fresne4 ,p>is1 #afhh1 p4 #f f4 prf4 #agfe ,see especially ,?oluck & ,ol%aus51 9 loc42 ,k]n1 ,haupt?atsa*51 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 #ahcf1 #c1 s4 #e ff4 #agff ,diss4 de v] notione cn ,dom9i1 annex$ to ,cudwor?1 sy/4 intell41 p4 #bb1 n4 #a4 #agfg ,see ^! c\nt] obs]vations p>ticul>ly 9 ,lcke & de ,wette1 9 loc42 9 ,sieff]t b] d5 ,ursprung1 s4 #abg ff41 & ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]b4 #b1 s4 #bch ff4 #agfh ,antiq4 ,,ii4 xiv4 #af4 #agfi ,fritzs*e1 vom ,o/]lamm2 m rec5tly1 ,rau*1 9 ! !ol4 ,/udi5 und ,kritik51 #ahcb1 #c1 s4 #ecg f4 #aggj ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 !ol4 ,/udi5 und ,krit4 #ahcd1 #d1 s4 #ici f42 ,?oluck1 ,comm4 z4 ,joh4 s4 #bde f42 ,w9]1 ut sup4 #agga ,calv91 9 ,mat?4 xxvi4 #ag4 #aggb ,grotius1 9 ,mat?4 xxvi4 #ah4 #aggc ,ik51 ,diss4 philol4 !ol41 vol4 #b1 p4 #daf ff4 #aggd ,vid4 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 a1 s4 #dhf ff4 #agge ,mi*aelis1 ,anm4 zu ,joh4 #ac4 #aggf ,sieff]t1 ut sup42 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #abd2 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #adi ff2 ,!ile1 zur ,biographie ,jesu1 #ca4 #aggg ,!ile1 9 ,w9]'s ,krit4 ,j\rnal1 #b1 s4 #aeg ff42 ,sieff]t & ,lcke1 ut sup4 #aggh ,pesa*9 f4 lxv4 #b1 ap4 ,lightfoot1 p4 #fed3 ,pas*ate primo t5etur quispiam ad p]noctationem4 ,gloss43 ,pas*atizans t5etur ad p]noct&um 9 ,hi]osolyma nocte prima4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,tosapho? ad tr4 ,pesa*9 #h3 ,9 ,pas*ate ,aegyptiaco dicitur3 nemo exeat--usque ad mane4 ,s$ sic non fuit 9 sequ5tibus g5]ationibus1--quibus com$ebatur id uno loco et p]noctabant 9 alio4 ,comp4 ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #i4 #aggi ,tract4 ,sanh$r4 f4 lxxxix4 #a1 ap4 ,s*ttg51 i4 p4 #bba2 comp4 ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #dib4 #aghj ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #gfc f42 comp4 #gee2 ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #fad4 #agha ,sanh$r4 f4 xliii4 #a1 ap4 ,s*ttg51 ii4 p4 #gjj4 #aghb ,ueb] die ursprngli*e ,b$eutung des ,passahfe/es u4 s4 w41 ,tb+] ,zeits*rift f4 ,!ol4 #ahcb1 #a1 s4 #ij ff4 #aghc ,ut sup4 s4 #afg ff4 #aghd ,sieff]t1 ut sup4 s4 #add ff42 ,lcke1 s4 #fbh ff42 ,!ile1 zur ,biogr4 ,jesu1 #ca2 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #adi ff42 comp4 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #ehj ff4 ,anm4 #aghe ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #gfc2 ,k]n1 b] d5 ,urspr4 des ,ev4 ,mat?4 9 d] ,tb4 ,zeits*rift1 #ahcd1 #b1 s4 #ih4 #aghf ,comp4 ,suic]1 !saur4 #b1 s4 #fac4 #aghg ,ano!r view z to ! cause ( ! error 9 ! f\r? gospel is giv5 9 ! ,probabilia1 s4 #ajj ff42 comp4 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*4 #a1 s4 #ddf f4 ,anm4 #aghh ,paulus1 #c1 b1 s4 #dii2 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #bid4 #aghi ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #dhd f42 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #ehc1 ,anm4 #agij ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 #agia ,sieff]t1 b] d5 ,urspr41 s4 #aeb4 #agib ,bibl4 ,comm4 #b1 s4 #caj1 #cha f4 #agic ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #dig4 #agid ,mey]1 ,comm4 b] d5 ,joh41 9 loc4 #agie ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #ehg1 ,anm4 #agif ,sieff]t1 s4 #aeb ff4 #agig ,comp4 ,lcke1 s4 #dfh4 #agih ,die ,haupt?atsa*5 d] evang4 ,ges*4 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 #ahcf1 #c1 s4 #ab4 #agii ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #acc2 ,k]n1 ,haupt?atsa*51 s4 #aa2 ,!ile1 zur ,biographie ,jesu1 #ca4 #ahjj ,sieff]t1 s4 #aec2 ,paulus & ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 ,= ! opposite op9ion comp4 ,de ,wette1 #a1 #a1 s4 #bbb1 #a1 #b1 s4 #ajg4 #ahja ,vol4 ,,ii4 #hc4 #ahjb ,! conjecture z to ! orig9 ( ?is anecdote 9 ! ,probabilia1 s4 #gj f4 is too f>-fet*$4 #ahjc ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #ahjd ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bge4 #ahje ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #chj4 #ahjf ,?us ,lcke1 ,paulus1 ,ol%aus54 #ahjg ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #gjg4 #ahjh ,?is is ,ol%aus5's exp$i5t1 #b1 s4 #djb4 ,aga9/ x see ,sieff]t1 s4 #adh4 f4 #ahji ,ut sup4 s4 #adg ff4 #ahaj ,comm4 b] die ,ges*4 des ,leid5s und ,todes ,jesu1 9 loc4 #ahaa ,see ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #ahab ,vid4 ,lcke & ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #ahac ,p4 #fb3 reliqui quidem n>rant evangeli/ s]vatorem scivisse proditionis consilium1 nee imp$ivisse2 ipsum v]o excitsse ,judam ad proditionem nemo eorum dicit1 neque conv5it hoc ,jesu4 #ahad ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #ech4 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #aib4 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #acg4 #ahae ,comp4 ,lightfoot & ,paulus1 9 loc4 #ahaf ,comp4 on ?is subject especially1 ,lightfoot1 hor1 p4 #dgd ff41 & ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #eaa ff4 #ahag ,ssk9d1 9 ! treatise3 ,hat ,jesus das ,ab5dmahl als e95 mnemonis*5 ,ritus angeordnet8 9 8 ,magaz9 #aa1 s4 #a ff4 #ahah ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #ebg4 #ahai ,ueb] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #bag ff4 #ahbj ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #b1 a1 s4 #ci2 ,/ephani1 das h4 ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #fa4 #ahba ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ha4 #ahbb ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #eai ff42 ,kais]1 ut sup4 s4 #cg ff4 #ahbc ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 ii4 #bd3 7 7 1 1 1 4443 ,he says 7i4e4 ,celsus73 ,:y !n does he supplicate help1 & bewail himself1 & pray = escape f ! fe> ( dea?1 say+1 etc4 ,julian1 9 a ,fragm5t ( ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 ap4 ,mnt]1 ,fragm4 ,patr4 grc4 ,fasc4 #a1 p4 #aba3 1 1 41 1 1 ' 1 1 4 ,jesus1 says he1 also pres5ts su* petitions z a wret*$ mortal w\ld (f]1 :5 unable to be> a calamity ) s]5ity2 & al?\gh div9e1 he is /r5g!n$ by an angel4 #ahbd ,gramond4 hi/4 ,gall4 ab4 exc4 ,h5r4 ,,iv4 ,l4 iii4 p4 #baa3 ,lucilius ,van9i--dum 9 patibulum trahitur--,*ri/o illudit 9 hc eadem v]ba3 illi 9 extremis pr timore imbellis sudor3 ego imp]t]ritus morior4 #ahbe ,evang4 ,nicod4 c4 xx4 ap4 ,?ilo1 #a1 s4 #gjb ff43 1 1 4 #ahbf ,ibid4 s4 #gjf4 ,hades replies to ,satan3 1 1 1 1 4 #ahbg ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 ii4 #be4 #ahbh ,hi]on4 ,comm4 9 ,mat?4 9 loc43 ,contri/abatur non timore pati5di1 qui ad hoc v5]at1 ut pat]etur1 s$ propt] infelicissimum ,judam1 et sc&alum omnium apo/olorum1 et rejectionem populi ,judorum1 et ev]sionem mis] ,hi]usalem4 #ahbi ,calv91 ,comm4 9 h>m4 evangg4 ,mat?4 xxvi4 #cg3 ,non--mortem horruit simplicit]1 quat5us transitus e/ e mundo s$ quia =midabile ,dei tribunal illi erat ante oculos1 judex ipse incompreh5sibili v9dicta armatus1 peccata v]o no/ra1 quorum onus illi erat impositum1 sua +5ti mole eum premebant4 ,comp4 ,lu!r's ,hauspo/ille1 die er/e ,passionspr$igt4 #ahcj ,lightfoot1 p4 #hhd f4 #ahca ,?iess1 ,krit4 ,comm4 s4 #dah ff4 #ahcb ,ut sup4 s4 #edi1 #eed f41 ,anm4 #ahcc ,s*u/]1 zur ,erlut]ung des ,n4 ,t41 9 ,ei*horn's ,biblio?4 #i1 s4 #ajab ff4 #ahcd ,hess1 ,ges*4 ,jesu1 #b1 s4 #cbb ff42 ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #gai4 #ahce ,ullmann1 b] die ,unsndli*keit ,jesu1 9 8 ,/udi51 #a1 s4 #fa4 ,has]t1 ib4 #c1 #a1 s4 #ff ff4 #ahcf ,ullmann1 ut sup4 #ahcg ,has]t1 ut sup4 #ahch ,lu!r1 9 d] ,pr$igt vom ,leid5 ,*ri/i im ,g>t54 #ahci ,ambrosius 9 ,luc41 ,tom4 x4 #ef4 #ahdj ,9 ,mat?aei's ,n4 ,t41 p4 #ddg4 #ahda ,lightfoot1 ut sup4 #ahdb ,v5tur9i1 #c1 #fgg1 & conjecturally ,paulus also1 s4 #efa4 #ahdc ,ei*horn1 allg4 ,bibl4 #a1 s4 #fbh2 ,?iess1 9 loc4 #ahdd ,comp4 on ?is subject & ! foll[+1 ,gabl]1 neu/4 !ol4 ,j\rnal1 #a1 #b1 s4 #aji ff4 #c1 s4 #bag ff4 #ahde ,comp4 ,julian1 ap4 ,!od4 ( ,mopsue/ia 9 ,mnt]'s ,fragm4 ,patr4 #a1 p4 #aba f4 #ahdf ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bhh2 comp4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 & ,!ile1 zur4 ,biogr4 ,jesu1 #cb4 ,ne&] also appe>s will+ sil5tly to ab&on ?is trait & ! foll[+ "o4 #ahdg ,ancoratus1 #ca4 #ahdh ,vid4 ,wet/e91 s4 #hjg4 #ahdi ,de "p4 animal4 iii4 #ae4 #ahej ,vid4 ap4 ,mi*aelis1 n4 9 loc41 & ,ku9l1 9 ,luc41 p4 #fia f4 #ahea ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #edi4 #aheb ,!ile1 9 ,w9]'s & ,engelh>dt's krit4 ,j\rnal1 #b1 s4 #cec2 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #faf f4 #ahec ,comp4 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*4 #a1 s4 #faa4 #ahed ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #dbi4 #ahee ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #eia4 #ahef ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #fe f4 #aheg ,comm4 #a1 s4 #agg f4 #aheh ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #cib ff4 #ahei ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #dbi f4 #ahfj ,comm5tatio critica1 qua ,evangelium ,joannis g5u9um esse--o/5ditur1 p4 #eg ff4 #ahfa ,probab4 p4 #cc ff4 #ahfb ,goldhorn1 b] das ,s*weig5 des ,joh4 ,evangeliums b] d5 ,seel5kampf ,jesu 9 ,ge?semane1 9 ,tzs*irn]'s ,magaz94 f4 *ri/l4 ,pr$ig]1 #a1 #b1 s4 #a ff4 #ahfc ,vid4 ! ,review ( ,u/]i's ,comm4 crit41 9 ,w9]'s & ,engelh>dt's n4 krit4 ,j\rnal1 #b1 s4 #cei ff4 #ahfd ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #acd2 ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #eia f41 ,anm4 #ahfe ,aga9/ ! (f5ce :i* x has pleas$ ,?oluck 7,glaubw4 s4 #da7 to take at ?is expression 7,v]wis*571 comp4 ! ,aphorism5 zur ,apologie des ,dr4 ,/rauss und se9es ,w]kes1 s4 #fi f4 #ahff ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #afe f4 #ahfg ,vom ,zweck ,j4 und se9] ,jng]1 s4 #abd4 #ahfh #b1 s4 #ehh f4 #ahfi ,ut sup4 #ahgj ,vid4 ,lcke1 9 loc42 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #ace4 #ahga ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #efg4 #ahgb ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #eii2 ,hase1 ut sup42 ,ol%aus51 #b4 s4 #dce4 #ahgc ,h[ c ,lcke expla9 ! omission ( ! kiss ( ,judas 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john f its hav+ be5 too notori\s a fact8 & h[ c he adduce z an analog\s in/ance ! omission ( ! transaction betwe5 ! betray] & ! ,sanh$rim by ,john8 = ?is1 z some?+ pass+ beh9d ! sc5es1 might v well be left out1 b by no means an incid5t :i*1 l t kiss1 happ5$ s conspicu\sly 9 ! =egr\nd & c5tre ( ! sc5e4 #ahgd ,s says ! ,jew ( ,celsus1 ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 ii4 #i3 1 4 ,:5 we1 hav+ convict$ & condemn$ him1 _h det]m9$ t he %\ld suff] puni%m5t2 conceal+ himself1 & endeav\r+ to escape1 he exp]i5c$ a mo/ %ameful capture4 #ahge ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #eig f42 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #dce2 ,?oluck1 s4 #bii4 ,! ref]5ce to ! murd]] ( ,coligny is1 h[ev]1 unw>rant$1 z any "o w f9d :o w look into ! book incorrectly cit$ by ,?oluck3 ,s]rani comm5tatorium de /atu religionis et reip4 9 regno ,galli1 ,l4 x4 p4 #cb1 b4 ,! murd]] 0 n 9 ! lea/ )held f ! prosecution ( 8 design by ! firmness ( ! noble old man4 ,comp4 also ,s*ill]1 ,w]ke1 #af ,bd4 s4 #chb f41 #chd2 ,ers* & ,grub]'s ,encyclopdie1 #g ,b&1 s4 #deb f4 ,su* inaccuracies 9 ! dep>tm5t ( mod]n hi/ory _c inde$ excite surprise 9 a writ] :o else:]e 7,glaubwrdigkeit1 s4 #dcg7 speaks ( ! duke ( ,orleans1 ,l\is ,philippe's fa!r1 z ! bro!r ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,h[ c a k s div]sifi$ z t ( ,dr4 ,?oluck be always q accurate4 #ahgf ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #egj4 #ahgg ,ibid4 #ahgh ,z ,lcke1 ,?oluck & ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #ahgi ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bij4 #ahhj ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #egf4 #ahha ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #egg2 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #bdd4 #ahhb ,?us e4g4 ,erasmus1 9 loc4 #ahhc ,?us ,w9]1 ,n4 ,t4 ,gramm41 #da1 #e2 ,?oluck & ,lcke1 9 loc4 #ahhd ,w9]1 ,gramm41 #eg1 #d4 #ahhe ,?us ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bie4 #ahhf ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup42 comp4 ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 ,mat?4 #ahhg ,vol4 ,,ii4 #fg4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #aad4 #ahhh ,ut sup4 #ahhi ,mat!w does n m5tion ! bl9dfold+1 & appe>s to imag9e t ,jesus nam$ ! p]son :o maltreat$ him1 :om he saw1 b did n o!rwise "k4 #ahij ,vid4 ,ges5ius1 9 loc4 #ahia ,mat?4 xxvi4 #fc2 comp4 ,m>k xiv4 #fa3 4 4 ,mat?4 xxvii4 #ab3 4 ,mat?4 xxvii4 #ad2 comp4 ,m>k xv4 #e3 1 4 ,luke xxiii4 #i3 4 ,john xix4 #i3 4 4 #ahib ,vol4 ,,ii4 #gd4 #ahic ,?us ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bhi2 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #dde4 #ahid ,?us ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #egg f4 #ahie ,comp4 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*i*te1 #a1 s4 #fji4 #ahif ,b5gel1 9 ! ,gnomon4 #ahig ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #egh4 #ahih ,hess1 ,ges*i*te ,jesu1 #b1 s4 #cdc4 #ahii ,paulus & ,ol%aus51 9 loc42 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ut sup4 #bhi2 ,ne&]1 s4 #fbb1 ,anm4 #aijj ,comp4 de ,wette1 9 loc4 #aija ,!saurus1 vid4 4 #aijb ,grotius4 #aijc ,he9sius4 #aijd ,p]izonius4 #aije ,?us ! ,vulgate & ,erasmus4 ,see 9 opposition to all ^! int]pretations1 ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #dgc ff4 #aijf cum5ius1 on ! ,acts1 ,i43 1 ' 1 4 ,comp4 ,!ophylact1 on ,mat?4 xxvii4 & a ,s*ol4 ap4 ,mat?i4 #aijg ,?us1 aft] ,casaubon1 ,paulus1 #c1 b1 s4 #deg f42 ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?4 #gdg f42 ,w9]1 b4 ,realw4 ,art4 ,judas1 & ) "s indecision ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #dee f4 ,ev5 ,fritzs*e is become s we>y on ! long way to ^! la/ *apt]s ( ,mat!w1 t he cont5ts himself ) ?is reconciliation1 &1 on ! presupposition ( x1 ma9ta9s t ! two acc\nts concur amicissime4 #aijh #b ,b&1 #b ,/ck1 s4 #bdh f4 #aiji ,l4 ,j41 #acb4 ,comp4 ,!ile1 zur ,biographie ,jesu1 #cc4 #aiaj ,vid4 ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #gdh4 #aiaa ,vid4 ,s*midt's ,biblio?41 ut sup4 s4 #bea f4 #aiab ,paulus1 #c1 b1 s4 #deg f42 ,fritzs*e1 p4 #gii4 #aiac ,vid4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #aiad ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,n4 ,t4 also we f9d passages f ?is psalm messianically appli$3 z v4 #d1 ,john xv4 #be1 v4 #i2 ,john ii4 #ag2 & ,john xix4 #bh f41 probably v4 #ba4 #aiae ,/ill = o!r conjectures see ,ku9l1 9 loc4 #aiaf #aai4 #aiag ,hitzig1 9 ,ullmann's & ,umbreit's ,/udi51 #ahcj1 #a1 s4 #ce2 ,ges5ius1 ,wrt]bu*2 comp4 ,ros5mll]'s ,s*olia 9 ,v4 ,t4 #g1 #d1 s4 #cbj ff4 #aiah ,t]tull4 ,apologet4 c4 xxi43 ,ea omnia sup] ,*ri/o ,pilatus1 et ipse jam pro sua consci5tia ,*ri/ianus1 ,cs>i tum ,tib]io nunciavit4 c4 v43 ,tib]ius ergo1 cujus tempore nom5 ,*ri/ianum 9 seculum introit1 annunciatum sibi ex ,syria ,pal/9a1 quod illic v]itatem illius ,div9itatis revelav]at1 detulit ad ,s5atum cum prrogativa suffragii sui4 ,s5atus1 quia non ipse probav]at1 respuit4 ,= fur!r details on ?is subject1 see ,fabricius1 ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,n4 ,t4 #a1 p4 #bad ff41 #bih ff42 comp4 #b1 p4 #eje4 #aiai cum54 ad ,act4 i43 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 #aibj ,vid4 sup4 #aiba ,9 ,mnt]'s ,fragm4 ,patr4 #a1 p4 #ag ff4 ,= ! re/ ! passage is ( v simil> t5or ) t ( cum5ius1 & is p>tly an exagg]ation ( x3 1 1 1 1 1 7,cod4 ,v5et43 1 7 444 1 1 4444 ,papias1 ! disciple ( ,john1 gives a cle>] acc\nt ( ?is 79 ! f\r? section ( 8 exegesis ( our ,"l's words7 z foll[s3 ,judas mov$ ab\t 9 ?is _w a t]rible example ( impiety1 be+ swoll5 9 body to su* a degree t :]e a *>iot c\ld easily pass he 0 n able to f9d a passage1 ev5 = ! bulk ( 8 head4 ,8 eyelids1 !y say1 7 s swell$ out t he c\ld n see ! light1 nor c\ld 8 eyes be made visible ev5 by ! physician's dioptra1 etc4 ,aft] suff]+ _m torm5ts & judgm5ts1 dy+1 z !y say1 9 8 own field1 etc4 #aibb ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #bca f42 #a1 #d1 s4 #aj f4 #aibc ,accord+ to ,babl4 ,sanh$r91 ap4 ,lightfoot1 p4 #dhf1 ?is mode ( proc$ure w\ld h be5 illegal4 ,x is !re said3 ,judicia de capitalibus f9iunt eodem die si s9t ad absolutionem2 si v]o s9i ad damnationem1 f9iuntur die sequ5te4 #aibd ,besides ?is passage ( ,john3 1 ,x is n lawful = u to put any man to dea?1 !re is no o!r au?ority = ! exi/5ce ( ?is /ate ( ?+s ?an an obscure & v>i\sly int]pret$ tradition1 ,avoda ,z>a f4 viii4 #b 7,lightfoot1 p4 #aabc f473 ,rabh ,cahna dicit1 cum grot>et ,r4 ,ismal b> ,jose1 mis]unt ad eum1 dic5tes3 dic nobi1 ,dom9e1 duo aut tria1 qu aliqu&o dixi/i nobis nom9e patris tui4 ,dicit iis ---- quadrag9ta annis ante excidium templi migravit ,syn$rium et s$it 9 tab]nis4 ,quid sibi vult hc traditio8 ,rabh ,isaac1 b> ,abdimi dicit3 non judicrunt judicia mulctativa4 ,dixit ,r4 ,na*man b> ,isaac3 ne dicat1 quod non judicrunt judicia mulctativa1 s$ quod non judicrunt judicia capitalia4 ,) ?is may be comp>$ moreov] ! in=mation giv5 by ,josephus1 ,antiq4 xx4 ix4 #a1 t x 0 n lawful = ,ananus 7! high prie/7 to assemble ! ,sanh$rim )\t ! cons5t ( ! procurator4 ,on ! o!r h& ! execution ( ,/eph5 7,acts vii47 )\t ! sanction ( ! ,romans might seem to speak to ! contr>y2 b ?is 0 a tumultu>y act1 und]tak5 p]haps 9 ! confid5ce t ,pilate 0 abs5t4 ,comp>e on ?is po9t ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #fca ff4 #aibe ,de bell4 ,jud4 ,,ii4 ix4 #c4 #aibf ,z ,lcke supposes1 s4 #fca4 #aibg ,calv91 9 loc4 #aibh ,lcke & ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #aibi ,comp4 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #beb4 #aicj ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bia4 #aica ,dial4 cum ,tryph4 #ajc4 #aicb ,x is d\bt$ :e!r ?is cu/om1 ( :i* we %\ld h kn[n no?+ b = ! ,n4 ,t41 0 ( ,roman or ,jewi% orig92 comp4 ,fritzs*e & ,paulus1 9 loc1 & ,baur1 b] die ursprungli*e ,b$eutung des ,passahfe/es1 u4 s4 f41 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,!ol4 #ahcb1 #a1 s4 #id4 #aicc ,accord+ to "o read+1 ! full "n ( ?is man 0 ,jesus ,b>abbas1 :i* we m5tion "h m]ely because ,ol%aus5 f9ds x 8rem>kable40 ,b> ,abba mean+ ,son ( ! fa!r1 ,ol%aus5 exclaims3 ,all t 0 ess5tial 9 ! ,savi\r appe>s 9 ! murd]] z c>icature6 & he quotes z applicable to ?is case ! v]se3 ludit 9 humanis div9a pot5tia rebus4 ,= our own "p1 we c only see 9 ?is idea ( ,ol%aus5's a lusus human impot5ti4 #aicd ,9 ! ,evang4 ,nicodemi & 9 lat] ecclesia/ical hi/orians %e is call$ ,procula 4 ,comp4 ,?ilo4 ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,n4 ,t41 p4 #ebb1 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #b1 b1 s4 #fdj f4 #aice ,cap4 ,,ii4 s4 #ebj1 ap4 ,?ilo4 #aicf ,ignat4 ad ,philipp5s4 iv43 1 4 7,! devil7 t]rifies ! woman1 tr\bl+ h] 9 h] dreams1 & endeav\rs to put a /op to ! ?+s ( ! cross4 ,! ,jews 9 ! ,evang4 ,nicodemi1 c4 ,,ii4 p4 #ebd1 expla9 ! dream z a result ( ! magic arts ( ,jesus3 -- 1 ,he is a magician--see1 he has s5t messages 9 a dream to ?y wife4 #aicg ,e4g4 ,!ophylact1 vid4 ,?ilo1 p4 #ebc4 #aich ,vid4 ,paulus & ,ku9l1 9 loc4 ,!y especially adduce ! dream ( ,cs>'s wife ! night be=e 8 assass9ation4 #aici ,comp4 ,sota1 viii #f4 #aidj ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #hjh4 #aida ,comp4 9 p>ticul> ! passages cit$ by ,wet/e91 on ,mat?4 xxvii4 #bf4 #aidb ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #fdg4 #aidc ,f ! explanation ( ,paulus1 s4 #fdi f41 x appe>s highly probable t ! 0 n a cr[n ( %>p ?orns1 b "o tak5 f ! ne>e/ h$ge1 9 ord] to d]ide ,jesus by ! vilissima corona1 sp9eola 7,pl94 ,h4 ,n4 xxi4 #aj74 #aidd ,a simil> disguis+ ( a man1 9 d]ision ( a ?ird p>ty1 is adduc$ by ,wet/e91 7p4 #ecc f47 f ,philo1 9 ,flaccum4 #aide ,?us ,paulus1 ,ku9l1 ,?oluck & ,ol%aus5 9 _! ,comm5t>ies2 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #fcd4 #aidf ,fritzs*e1 9 ,m>c4 #fhd3 ,significat ,joannes1 ,jesum suam crucem portavisse1 donec ad ,calv>i locum p]v5isset4 #aidg ,joseph41 ,antiq4 xiv4 vii4 #b4 #aidh ,x is us$ 9 ! =m] way by ,grotius2 9 ! latt]1 by ,ol%aus51 #b4 s4 #dha4 #aidi ,comp4 ,paulus1 ,fritzs*e1 & ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #aiej ,vid4 ,paulus & ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realw4 art4 ,golgo?a4 #aiea ,wass5b]gh1 ,diss4 de trajectionibus ,n4 ,t4 9 ,balckna]'s s*ol 9 #aa4 quosdam ,n4 ,t4 #b1 p4 #ca4 #aieb ,comp4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bie2 ,w9]1 ,n4 ,t4 ,gramm41 s4 #bbf1 & ,fritzs*e1 9 ,matt41 p4 #had4 #aiec ,apol4 i4 #ce4 ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 xcvii4 #aied ,*ri/ologie des ,a4 ,t4 #a1 a1 s4 #ahb ff4 #aiee ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&bu* #c1 b1 s4 #ffi-ged2 ,bhr1 9 ,?oluck's lit]4 ,anzeig] fr *ri/l4 ,!ol4 #ahce1 ,no4 #a-f4 ,comp4 also ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r41 s4 #fcf1 ,anm4 #aief ,adv4 ,m>cion1 iii4 #ai4 #aieg ,mo/ell>ia1 ii4 #a4 #aieh ,vid4 ,ku9l1 ,paulus1 9 loc4 #aiei ,sanh$rim1 f4 xliii4 #a1 ap4 ,wet/e91 p4 #fce3 ,dixit ,r4 ,*aja1 f4 ,r4 ,as*]1 dixisse ,r4 ,*asdam3 exeunti1 ut capite plectatur1 dant bib5dum granum turis 9 poculo v9i1 ut ali5etur m5s ejus1 sec4 d4 ,prov4 xxxi4 #f3 date sic]am p]eunti et v9um am>is anima4 #aifj ,vid4 ,fritzs*e1 9 loc4 #aifa ,comp4 ,paulas1 9 loc4 #aifb ,?us ,ku9l1 9 ,luc41 p4 #gaj f42 ,?oluck1 s4 #caf4 #aifc ,comp4 also ,bleek1 ,comm4 zum ,hebrerbrief1 #b1 s4 #cab1 ,anm42 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #aih4 #aifd ,ku9l1 9 ,luc4 p4 #gaj4 #aife ,ol%aus51 p4 #dhd2 ,ne&]1 s4 #fcg4 #aiff ,?us ,*ryso/om & o!rs4 #aifg ,beza & ,grotius4 #aifh ,paulus1 s4 #gfc2 ,w9]1 ,n4 ,t4 ,gramm41 s4 #adc2 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #hag4 #aifi ,vid4 ,?ilo1 ,cod4 apocr4 #a1 s4 #adc4 ,fur!r apocryphal in=mation conc]n+ ! two malefactors crucifi$ ) ,jesus is to be f\nd 9 ! evang4 infant4 arab4 c4 xxiii4 ap4 ,?ilo1 p4 #ib f42 comp4 ! note p4 #adc2 9 ! evang4 ,nicod4 c4 ix4 #aj1 ,?ilo1 p4 #eha ff42 c4 xxvi4 p4 #gff ff4 #aigj ,paulus & ,ku9l1 9 loc4 #aiga ,confessio ,judi groti1 ap4 ,wet/e91 p4 #hbj3--;da portionem meam 9 horto ,ed5is1 et mem5to mei 9 seculo futuro1 quod absconditum e/ ju/is4 ,o!r passages are giv51 ib41 p4 #hai4 #aigb ,cetubo?1 f4 ciii4 ap4 ,wet/e91 p4 #hai3 ,quo die ,rabbi moriturus erat1 v5it vox de clo1 dixitque3 qui prs5s ad]it mori5ti ,rabbi1 ille intrabit 9 p>adisum4 #aigc ,vid4 ,wet/e91 9 loc4 ,mat?4 #aigd ,quot$ 9 ,wet/e91 p4 #ecf2 comp>e1 h[ev]1 ! correction ( ! text 9 ,paulus1 ex4 h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #gea4 #aige ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #aigf ,e4 ,g4 ,!ile1 zur ,biographie ,jesu1 #cf1 ,anm4 #ac4 #aigg ,expositors obs]ve 9 connexion ) ?is p>ticul>1 t ! coat ( ! ,jewi% high prie/ 0 also ( ?is k9d4 ,jos4 ,antiq4 iii4 vii4 #d--,! same view ( ! above diff]5ce nas be5 already pres5t$ 9 ! ,probabilia1 p4 #hj f4 #aigh ,apol4 i4 #ce4 #aigi ,adv4 ,m>cion1 ut sup4 #aihj ,ju/91 ,apol4 i4 #ej1 & else:]e1 ev5 speaks ( apo/acy & d5ial on ! "p ( all ! disciples aft] ! crucifixion4 #aiha ,vid4 ,calv91 ,comm4 9 h>m4 evv4 9 ,mat?4 xxvii4 #df2 ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #aihb ,?us ,paulus1 ,gratz1 9 loc4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,glaub5slehre1 #b1 s4 #aed1 ,anm4 #aihc ,su* is ! inf]5ce drawn by ! au?or ( ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts1 von ,zweck ,jesu und se9] ,jng]1 s4 #aec4 #aihd ,s*neck5burg]1 ,beitrge1 s4 #ff f4 #aihe ,accord+ to ,ol%aus51 s4 #die1 !re is no syllable 9 ?is spee* by :i* su* a mean+ is intimat$2 on ! contr>y1 a secret horror _h already diffus$ itself ov] ! m9ds ( ! sc(f]s1 & !y trembl$ at ! ?\ght t ,elias might appe> 9 ! /orm4 ,b :5 "o :o attempts to give a bev]age to ,jesus is dissuad$ "u ! pretext ( wait+ to see if ,elias w\ld come to save him1 1 1 ?is pretext is pla9ly en\gh %[n to be meant 9 d]ision1 & h5ce ! horror & trembl+ belong only to ! unsci5tific animus ( ! biblical comm5tator1 :i* makes him contemplate ! hi/ory ( ! passion above all else1 z a my/]ium trem5dum1 & causes him to discov] ev5 9 ,pilate a dep? ( feel+ :i* is n[h]e attribut$ to ?is ,roman 9 ! gospels4 #aihf ,cr$n]1 ,e9leitung 9 das ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #aih4 #aihg ,?us ,rettig1 exegetis*e ,analekt51 9 ,ullmann's und ,umbreit's ,/udi51 #ahcj1 #a1 s4 #ajf ff42 ,?oluck1 ,glaubwrdigkeit1 s4 #cjg ff42 comp4 on ! v>i\s attempts at reconciliation ,lcke & ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 ,joh4 #aihh ,! ,evang4 ,nicodemi makes ! ,jews v absurdly ma9ta93 !re happ5$ an eclipse ( ! sun 9 ! ord9>y c\rse 1 c4 xi4 p4 #eib1 ap4 ,?ilo4 #aihi ,?us ,paulus & ,ku9l1 9 loc42 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #adc2 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r4 s4 #fci f4 #aiij ,comp4 ,fritzs*e & ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 ,mat?4 #aiia ,t]tull4 ,apologet4 c4 xxi42 ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 ii4 #cc1 #ei4 #aiib ,euseb4 c4 *ron4 ad4 ,ol4 #bjb1 ,anm4 #d2 comp4 ,paulus1 s4 #gfe ff4 #aiic ,s]v4 ad ,virgil4 ,georg4 i4 #dfe ff43 ,con/at1 occiso ,cs>e 9 ,s5atu pridie ,idus ,m>tias1 solis fuisse defectum ab hora sexta usque ad noctem4 #aiid ,e*a ,r4 iii4 #bh4 #aiie ,r4 ,be*ai ,cod4 ,hakkema3 ,cum insignis ,rabb9us fato conc$]et1 dixit quidam3 i/e dies gravis e/ ,israli1 ut cum sol occidit ipso m]idie4 #aiif ,succa1 f4 xxix4 #a3 ,dix]unt doctores3 quatuor de causis sol deficit3 prima1 ob patrem domus judicii mortuum1 cui exequi non fiunt ut decet1 etc4 #aiig ,vid4 ,fritzs*e1 9 loc42 comp4 also ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #bch2 ,!ile1 zur ,biogr4 ,jesu1 #cf4 #aiih ,hi]on4 ad ,h$ib4 ep4 cxlix4 #h 7comp4 8 ,comm4 9 loc473 ,9 evangelio autem1 quod hebraicis lit]is scriptum e/1 legimus1 non velum templi scissum1 s$ sup]lim9>e templi mir magnitud9is corruisse4 #aiii ,! possibility ( ?is is admitt$ by ,ne&] also1 b ) ! presupposition ( "s fact z a gr\ndwork 7s4 #fdj f474 #bjjj ,ueb] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bic4 ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #a1 #a1 s4 #bdj4 #bjja ,georg4 i4 #dfc ff4 #bjjb ,:5 ,hase1 #adc1 writes3 8,! e>? trembl$1 m\rn+ = h] greate/ ,son10 we see h[ ! hi/orian 9 speak+ ( ?is feature1 :i* he ma9ta9s to be hi/orical1 involunt>ily becomes a poet2 & :5 9 ! second edition ! au?or qualifies ! phrase by ! addition ( an 8z x 730 x is fur!r evid5t t 8 hi/orical consci5ce _h n fail$ to reproa* him = ! lic5se4 #bjjc ,only su* mu/ be "h ?\ght (1 & n sectatores ,*ri/i1 z ,ku9l ma9ta9s4 ,9 ! ,evang4 ,nicodemi1 c4 xvii41 !re are inde$ adh]5ts ( ,jesus1 namely1 ,simeon 7,luke ii47 & 8 two sons1 among ^? :o come to life on ?is occasion2 b ! majority 9 ?is apocryphal book also1 & z well 9 ! 7,?ilo1 p4 #haj71 accord+ to ,epiphanius1 orat4 9 sepul*rum ,*r4 #bge1 ,ignat4 ad ,magnes4 ,,ix4 & o!rs 7comp4 ,?ilo1 p4 #ghj ff471 are ,old ,te/am5t p]sons1 z ,adam & ,eve1 ! patri>*s & prophets4 #bjjd ,comp4 ! v>i\s op9ions 9 ,?ilo1 p4 #ghc f4 #bjje ,comp4 especially ,ei*horn1 ,e9l4 9 d4 ,n4 ,t4 #a1 s4 #ddf ff4 #bjjf ,/ro?1 von ,int]polation5 im ,evang4 ,mat?4 ,9 ,ei*horn's ,rep]torium1 #i1 s4 #aci4 ,x is h>dly a pref]able exp$i5t to reg>d ! passage z an addition ( ! ,greek translator4 ,see ,k]n1 ,ueb] d5 ,urspr4 des ,evang4 ,mat?4 s4 #be & #ajj4 #bjjg ,?us ,paulus & ,ku9l1 9 loc4 ,! latt] calls ?is explanation a my?ical "o4 #bjjh ,leb5 ,jesu1 #adh4 #bjji ,ueb] d5 ,urspr4 s4 #fg4 #bjaj ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #c1 b4 s4 #gih4 #bjaa ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 cxiii4 #bjab ,see ! collection ( passages relative to ?is subject 9 ,s*ttg51 #b1 p4 #egj ff42 & 9 ,b]?oldt's ,*ri/ologia1 #ce4 #bjac ,see ! passages collect$ by ,wet/e94 #bjad ,see ?is idea fur!r develop$ 9 ! ,evang4 ,nicod4 c4 xviii4 ff4 #bjae ,! in/ances are collect$ 9 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b41 #c1 b4 s4 #gha ff42 ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realwrt]b4 #a1 s4 #fgb ff42 & ,hase1 #add4 #bjaf ,accord+ to ,t]tullian by ! =m]1 accord+ to ,grotius by ! latt]2 see ,paulus1 s4 #ghd1 ,anm4 #bjag ,?us ,grun] & o!rs ap4 ,paulus1 s4 #ghb ff42 ,hase1 ut sup42 ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r4 s4 #fdg4 #bjah ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 ii4 #cf3 1 1 4 ,comp4 ,eu?ymius 9 loc4 1 1 4 1 1 4 #bjai ,s*u/]1 9 ,ei*horn's ,bibl4 #i1 s4 #ajcf ff4 #bjbj ,grun]1 ,comm4 de morte ,j4 ,*r4 v]a1 p4 #dg2 ,?oluck1 ,comm4 z4 ,joh4 s4 #cah4 #bjba ,comp4 ,hase1 ut sup4 #bjbb ,w9]1 ut sup4 #bjbc ,comp4 ! simil> /atem5t ( an anatomi/ 9 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 & ,?oluck ut sup4 #bjbd ,wet/e9 & ,ol%aus51 9 loc42 comp4 ,hase1 ut sup4 #bjbe ,lcke1 9 loc4 #bjbf ,?us ,less1 ,auf]/ehungsges*i*te1 s4 #ie f42 ,?oluck1 9 loc4 ,accord+ to ,weisse 7die evang4 ,ges*4 #a1 s4 #ajb1 #b1 s4 #bcg ff47 ! ,evangeli/ ref]r$ to a passage ( ! apo/olic epi/le1 "u a misappreh5sion ( its mean+1 namely1 to #a ,john v4 #f3 1 4 4 1 ' 4 #bjbg ,comp4 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bec4 #bjbh ,ros5mll]1 ,s*ol4 9 ,v4 ,t4 #g1 #d1 p4 #cdj4 #bjbi ,vid4 ap4 ,ros5mll]1 9 loc42 ,s*ttg51 #b1 p4 #bba2 ,b]?oldt1 #ag1 n4 #ab4 #bjcj ,comp4 ,joseph1 b4 j4 iv4 v4 #b4 ,sanh$r91 vi4 #e1 ap4 ,lightfoot1 p4 #dii4 #bjca ,vid4 ,lipsius1 de cruce1 ,l4 ,,ii4 cap4 #ad4 #bjcb ,comp4 ,w9]1 #a1 s4 #hjb4 #bjcc ,sanh$r91 ap4 ,lightfoot1 p4 #dii4 #bjcd ,ulpian1 xlviii4 #bd1 #a ff4 #bjce ,vol4 ,,ii4 #hj4 #bjcf ,mi*aelis1 ,begrbniss- und ,auf]/ehungsges*i*te1 s4 #fh ff4 #bjcg ,?us ,grotius2 ,less1 ,auf]/ehungsges*i*te1 s4 #afe4 #bjch ,see ! fif? ,fragm5t1 9 ,less+'s vi]tem ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te und ,lit]atur1 s4 #dfg f4 ,comp4 conc]n+ ^! diff]5ces also ,less+'s ,duplik4 #bjci ,mi*aelis1 ut sup4 s4 #ajb ff4 #bjdj ,ku9l1 9 ,luc4 p4 #gba4 #bjda ,?us ,?oluck1 9 loc4 #bjdb ,see ! ,fragm5ts1 ut sup4 s4 #dfi ff4 #bjdc ,mi*aelis1 ut sup4 s4 #ii f42 ,ku9l & ,lcke leave op5 ! *oice betwe5 ?is exp$i5t & ! =m]4 #bjdd ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 ,mat?4 #bjde ,mi*aelis1 ut sup4 s4 #de ff4 #bjdf ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?4 p4 #ghf2 ,hase1 #ade2 ,?oluck1 ,comm4 s4 #cbj4 #bjdg ,a confusion ( ! g>d5 ne> to ! place ( execution1 :]e accord+ to ,john ,jesus 0 buri$1 ) ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1 :]e he 0 tak5 prison]1 appe>s to h giv5 rise to ! /atem5t ( ! ,evang4 ,nicodemi1 t ,jesus 0 crucifi$ 1 9 ! g>d5 :]e he 0 appreh5d$1 ,c4 ix4 p4 #ehj1 ap4 ,?ilo4 #bjdh 1 7! next day1 t foll[$ ! day ( ! prep>ation71 is c]ta9ly a s+ul> p]iphrasis = ! sabba?1 = x is a /rangely inappropriate mode ( expression to designate a solemn day1 z ! day aft] ! previ\s day3 nev]!less we mu/ abide by ?is mean+ s long z we are unable to evade x 9 a m natural mann] ?an ,s*neck5burg] 9 8 *ronology ( ! ,passion week1 ,beitrge1 s4 #c ff4 #bjdi ,! =m]1 ut sup4 s4 #dcg ff42 ! latt] 9 ! exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #hcg ff4 ,comp4 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bec4 #bjej ,mi*aelis1 ,begrbniss- und ,auf]/ehungsges*i*te1 s4 #bjf2 ,ol%aus5 #b1 s4 #ejf4 #bjea ,mi*aelis1 ut sup4 #bjeb ,ol%aus5 ov]looks ! latt] po9t :5 he 7ut sup47 says ! wat* _h n receiv$ ! comm& to prev5t ! completion ( ! int]m5t4 #bjec ,ol%aus5 inde$ is "h /ill s smitt5 ) awe1 t he supposes ,pilate to h be5 p5etrat$ ) an indescribable feel+ ( dread on he>+ ?is communication f ! ,sanh$ri/s1 s4 #eje4 #bjed ,ol%aus51 s4 #ejf4 #bjee ,mi*aelis1 ut sup4 s4 #aih f4 #bjef ,/ro?1 9 ,ei*horn's ,rep]torium1 #i1 s4 #ada4 #bjeg ,k]n1 b] d5 ,ursprung des ,ev4 ,mat?4 ,tb4 ,zeits*rift1 #ahcd1 #b1 s4 #ajj f42 comp4 #abc4 ,comp>e my ,review1 ,jahrb*] f4 wiss4 ,kritik1 ,nov4 #ahcd2 n[ 9 ! ,*>akt]i/ik5 u4 ,kritik51 s4 #bhj4 #bjeh ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #ade4 #bjei ,comp4 ,!ile1 zur ,biogr4 ,jesu1 #cg2 ,weisse1 die ,evang4 ,ges*4 #b1 s4 #cdc f4 #bjfj ,comp4 ,!ile1 ut sup4 #bjfa ,comp4 ,fritzs*e1 9 loc41 & ,k]n1 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 #ahcd1 #b1 s4 #ajb f4 #bjfb ,ku9l1 9 ,m>c4 p4 #aid f4 #bjfc ,mi*aelis1 ut sup4 s4 #aab4 #bjfd ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,urspr4 des er/5 kanon4 ,evang41 s4 #fb f4 ,comp4 ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/ 9 ,less+'s vi]tem ,beitrag1 s4 #dgb ff4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,less+'s ,duplik1 ,w]ke1 ,donaus*4 ,ausg4 #f4 ,?l4 s4 #cid f4 #bjfe ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #bjff ,mi*aelis1 s4 #aej ff4 #bjfg ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #hbe4 #bjfh ,mi*aelis1 s4 #aag4 #bjfi ,mi*aelis1 s4 #adf4--;,celsus /umbl$ at ?is diff]5ce respect+ ! numb] ( ! angels1 & ,orig5 repli$ t ! ,evangeli/s mean diff]5t angels3 ,mat!w & ,m>k ! "o :o _h roll$ away ! /one1 ,luke & ,john ^? :o 7 commission$ to give in=mation to ! wom51 c4 ,cels4 v4 #ef4 #bjgj ,paulus1 9 loc4 ,mat?4 #bjga ,i subjo9 ! table sket*$ by ! ,fragm5ti/ 7ut sup4 s4 #dgg f47 8#a4 ,luke xxiv4 #ab3 ,pet] ran to ! grave1 4 ,john xx4 #d3 ,pet] & ,john ran1 4 #b4 ,luke v4 #ab3 ,pet] look$ 91 4 ,john v4 #e3 ,john look$ 91 4 #c4 ,luke v4 #ab3 ,pet] saw ! clo!s ly+ alone1 4 ,john v4 #f1 #g3 ,pet] saw ! clo!s lie1 & ! napk9 n ly+ ) ! clo!s3 1 4 #d4 ,luke v4 #ab3 ,pet] w5t home1 4 ,john v4 #aj3 ,pet] & ,john w5t home aga91 40 #bjgb ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #hjj f4 #bjgc ,progr4 de fontibus1 unde ,evangeli/ suas de resurrectione ,dom9i n>rationes haus]9t4 ,opusc4 acad4 ed4 ,gabl]1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bda ff4 #bjgd ,comp4 ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup4 s4 #fd f41 ,anm4 #bjge ,on ?is subject comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #bde2 ,ammon1 ,=tbildung des ,*ri/5?ums zur ,weltreligion1 #b1 #a1 s4 #f2 ,!ile1 zur ,biogr4 ,jesu1 #cg4 #bjgf ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dmahl1 s4 #cba f42 ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup4 s4 #fa ff4 #bjgg ,vol4 ,,ii4 #gd4 #bjgh ,conc]n+ ?is s5se ( 1 & its n be+ contradict$ by 444 7v4 #i71 see ! correct view 9 ,lcke1 9 loc4 #bjgi ,weisse is ( a diff]5t op9ion1 ut sup4 s4 #cee1 ,anm4 #bjhj ,z ,paulus1 ,fritzs*e1 ,cr$n]1 ,e9leitung1 #a1 #di4 ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #b1 s4 #aii f4 ,a middle view 9 ,hug1 ,e9l4 9 d4 ,n4 ,t4 #b1 #fi4 #bjha ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 v4 #eb3 1 4 1 ' 4 #bjhb ,s*u/]1 9 ,ei*horn's allg4 ,biblio?4 #i1 s4 #ajcd ff43 ,ku9l1 9 ,mat?41 p4 #ggi4 #bjhc ,fri$ri*1 b] die ,engel 9 d] ,auf]/ehungsges*i*te4 ,9 ,ei*horn's allg4 ,bibl4 #f1 s4 #gjj ff4 ,ku9l1 ut sup4 #bjhd ,?us a treatise 9 ,ei*horn's allg4 ,bibl4 #h1 s4 #fbi ff41 & 9 ,s*midt's ,bibl4 #b1 s4 #ede f42 also ,bau]1 hebr4 ,my?4 #e1 s4 #bei4 #bjhe ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #hbi1 #ee1 #fj1 #fb4 #bjhf ,fritzs*e1 9 ,m>c4 9 loc41 ,nemo--quispiam primi temporis ,*ri/ianis tam dignus vid]i pot]at1 qui de ,messia 9 vitam rev]so nuntium ad hom9es p]f]ret1 quam angelus1 ,dei m9i/]1 div9orumque consiliorum int]pres et adjutor4 ,!n on ! diff]5ces 9 relation to ! numb] ( ! angels1 etc43 ,nimirum insp]ato ,jesu ,messi 9 vitam r$itui miracula adjec]e alii alia1 qu ,evangeli/ religiose1 quemadmodum ab suis auctoribus accep]ant1 lit]is m&runt4 #bjhg ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bed ff4 #bjhh ,9 ,less+'s ,beitrg51 ut sup4 s4 #dhe4 #bjhi ,mi*aelis1 s4 #bei f42 ,ku9l1 9 ,luc41 p4 #gdc4 #bjij ,s*lei]ma*]1 b] d5 ,lukas1 s4 #bii f42 ,paulus1 s4 #iaj4 #bjia ,ut sup4 s4 #dhf4 #bjib ,griesba*1 ,vorlesung5 b] ,h]m5eutik des ,n4 ,t41 mit ,anw5dung auf die ,leid5s- und ,auf]/ehungsges*i*te ,*ri/i1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,/e9]1 s4 #cad4 #bjic ,duplik1 ,w]ke1 #f ,bd4 s4 #ceb4 #bjid ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,urspr4 des er/5 kanon4 ,evang41 s4 #ag f4 #bjie ,exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b4 s4 #hce4 #bjif ,bibl4 ,comm4 #b1 s4 #ebd4 #bjig ,?is is done by ,s*ulz1 b] das ,ab5dm4 s4 #cba2 ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup4 #bjih ,on :i* acc\nt ,mi*aelis1 s4 #aah f41 is ( op9ion t 0 ! orig9al read+ 9 ,mat!w also4 ,comp4 ,weisse1 die ,evang4 ,ges*4 #b1 s4 #cdg f4 #bjii ,vol4 ,i4 #eg4 #bajj ,! op9ion t ! true locality ( ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus be=e ! disciples 0 ,galilee1 is concurr$ 9 by ,weisse1 #b1 s4 #ceh ff42 b 9 accordance ) 8 fundam5tal supposition conc]n+ ! synoptical gospels1 he gives ! pref]5ce to ! n>rative ( ,m>k be=e t ( ,mat!w4 #baja ,vid ,billro?'s ,comm5t>1 9 loc4 #bajb ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b4 s4 #hig2 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #eda4 #bajc ,hi]on4 de viris illu/r4 ii43 ,evangelium quoque1 quod appellatur secundum ,hebros1--po/ resurrectionem ,salvatoris ref]t3 ,dom9us autem1 po/quam d$isset s9donem s]vo sac]dotis 7app>5tly 9 relation to ! wat* at ! grave1 :i* is "h repres5t$ z a sac]dotal in/ead ( a ,roman gu>d2 vid4 ,cr$n]1 ,beitrge zur ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t4 s4 #djf f471 ivit ad ,jacobum et app>uit ei4 ,jurav]at enim ,jacobus1 se non come/urum panem ab illa hora1 qua bib]at calicem ,dom9i1 donec vid]et eum resurg5tum a dormi5tibus 7on ! inconceivabl5ess ( su* a v[1 despair+ z ! disciples 71 comp4 ,mi*aelis1 s4 #abb74 ,rursusque po/ paululum3 ,aff]te1 ait ,dom9us1 m5sam et panem4 ,/atimque additur ,tulit panem et b5$ixit ac fregit1 et d$it ,jacobo ju/o et dixit ei3 frat] mi1 com$e panem tuum1 quia resurrexit filius hom9is a dormi5tibus4 #bajd ,less+1 ,duplik1 s4 #ddi ff4 #baje ,z ,k]n admits1 ,haupt?ats4 ,tb4 ,zeits*r4 #ahcf1 #c1 s4 #eg4 #bajf ,haupt?atsa*51 ut sup4 s4 #dg4 #bajg ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #c1 s4 #bje1 #baj2 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*4 #b1 s4 #dji4 #bajh ,comp4 ,kais]1 bidl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #bed ff42 ,de ,wette ut sup42 ,ammon1 ,=tbildung1 #b1 #a1 ,kap4 #a2 ,weisse1 die ,evang4 ,ges*41 #b1 #g tes ,bu*4 #baji ,t x 0 ! m>ks ( ! nails 9 ! h&1 :i* became visible 9 ! act ( break+ bread1 by :i* ,jesus 0 recogniz$ 7,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b4 s4 #hhb2 ,ku9l1 9 ,luc4 p4 #gcd47 is )\t any intimation 9 ! text4 #baaj ,! "p ( ?is conv]sation :i* relates to ,john1 has already 7 #aaf7 be5 consid]$4 ,9 t relat+ to ,pet]1 ! ?rice repeat$ "q ( ,jesus3 ,love/ ?\ me8 has ref]5ce1 accord+ to ! ord9>y op9ion1 to 8 z (t5 repeat$ d5ial2 b to ! words3 ,:5 ?\ wa/ "y1 ?\ gird$/ ?yself & walk$/ :i!r ?\ w\lde/1 b :5 ?\ %alt be old1 ?\ %alt /ret* =? ?y h&s1 & ano!r %alt gird !e1 & c>ry !e :i!r ?\ w\lde/ n1 1 1 7v4 #ah f471 ! ,evangeli/ himself gives ! int]pretation1 t ,jesus spoke !m to ,pet]1 signify+ by :at dea? he %\ld glorify ,god4 ,he mu/ "h h allud$ to ! crucifixion1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ecclesia/ical leg5d 7,t]tull4 de prescr4 her4 xxxvi4 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 ii4 #be7 0 ! dea? suff]$ by ?is apo/le1 & to :i* 9 ! int5tion ( ! ,evangeli/ ! words ,foll[ me1 v4 #bj & #bb 7i4e4 foll[ me 9 ! same mode ( dea?7 also appe> to po9t4 ,b precisely ! ma9 feature 9 ?is int]pretation1 ! /ret*+ =? ( ! h&s1 is "h s plac$ z to r5d] a ref]5ce to crucifixion impossible1 namely1 be=e ! lead+ away aga9/ ! w2 on ! o!r h&1 ! gird+1 :i* c only signify b9d+ = ! purpose ( lead+ away1 %\ld /& be=e ! /ret*+ =? ( ! h&s on ! cross4 ,if we set aside ! int]pretation :i*1 z ev5 ,lcke 7s4 #gjc7 admits1 is giv5 to ! words ( ,jesus ex ev5tu by ! n>rator3 !y appe> to conta9 no?+ m ?an ! commonplace ( ! helplessness ( age contra/$ ) ! activity ( y\?1 = ev5 ! phrase1 %all c>ry !e :i!r ?\ w\lde/ n1 does n out/ep ?is comp>ison4 ,b ! au?or ( ,john xxi41 :e!r ! words 7 kn[n to him z a decl>ation ( ,jesus or o!rwise1 ?\ght !m capable ( be+ appli$ 9 ! mann] ( ! f\r? gospel1 z a lat5t prophecy ( ! crucifixion ( ,pet]4 #baaa ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b4 s4 #hcd ff42 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b4 s4 #bfe ff42 ,ammon1 ut sup42 ,hase1 ,l4 ,j4 #adi2 ,mi*aelis1 ut sup41 s4 #bea f4 ,comp4 also ,ne&]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,*r4 s4 #fej4 #baab ,?oluck1 9 loc41 comp4 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b4 s4 #hff1 #hha4 ,a simil> natural explanation has lately be5 adopt$ by ,lcke1 f ,hug4 #baac ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #hhb4 #baad ,paulus1 ut sup4 #hhc1 #ic2 ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #fhd f4 #baae ,calv91 ,comm4 9 ,joh4 9 loc41 p4 #cfc f4 ed4 ,?oluck4 #baaf ,?us ,suic]1 ,!s4 s4 v4 2 comp4 ,mi*aelis1 s4 #bfe4 #baag ,?oluck & ,ol%aus51 9 loc4 #baah ,griesba*1 ,vorlesung5 b] ,h]m5eutik1 s4 #cje2 ,paulus1 s4 #hce4 ,comp4 ,lcke1 #b1 s4 #fhc ff4 #baai ,vid4 ,?oluck & ,de ,wette1 9 loc4 #babj ,comp4 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #eca1 ,anm4 #baba ,?us1 besides ,calv91 ,lcke1 ut sup42 ,ol%aus51 #ecj f4 #babb ,ol%aus51 ut sup4 s4 #ecj4 #babc ,comp4 ,fritzs*e1 9 ,m>c4 p4 #gbe4 #babd ,see ! v>i\s explanations 9 ,?oluck & ,lcke1 ( :om ! latt] f9ds an alt]ation ( ! read+ necess>y4 ,ev5 ,weisse's int]pretation ( ! words 7#b1 s4 #cie ff471 al?\gh ,i agree ) ! g5]al t5or ( ! explanation ( :i* x =ms a "p1 ,i mu/ reg>d z a failure4 #babe ,comp4 on ?is subject especially ,weisse1 ut sup4 s4 #cci ff4 #babf ,br5necke1 biblis*] ,beweis1 dass ,jesus na* se9] ,auf]/ehung no* #bg ,jahre leibhaftig auf ,erd5 gelebt1 und zum ,wohle d] ,m5s*heit 9 d] ,/ille =tgewirkt habe4 #ahai4 #babg ,ut sup4 s4 #gic1 #ibe4 ,comp4 ,briefe b] d5 ,rationalismus1 s4 #bdj4 #babh ,no* etwas b] die ,frage3 w>um hab5 die ,apo/el ,mat?u und ,johannes ni*t eb5so wie die zwei ,evangeli/5 ,m>kus und ,lukas die ,himmelfahrt ausdrckli* erzhlt8 ,9 ,ssk9d's ,magaz91 #ag1 s4 #afe ff4 #babi ,joann4 ,damasc4 de f4 or?4 #d1 #a3 1 ' 1 4 #bacj ,! vagu5ess ( ! conception :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! evangelical acc\nts is well express$ by ,orig51 :5 he says ( ,jesus3 1 4 ,aft] ! resurrection1 he exi/$ 9 a =m :i* held ! mean betwe5 ! mat]iality ( 8 body be=e 8 passion1 & ! /ate ( ! s\l :5 altoge!r de/itute ( su* body 7c4 ,cels4 ii4 #fb74 #baca ,h5ce ev5 ,k]n admits t he kn[s n h[ to reconcile t p>ticul> 9 ,luke ) ! re/1 & reg>ds x z ( lat]1 traditional orig9 7,haupt?ats41 ut sup4 s4 #ej74 ,b :at does ?is admission avail him1 s9ce he /ill has1 f ! n>rative ( ,john1 ! quality ( palpability1 :i* equally ) ! act ( eat+ belongs to ! 8conditions ( e>?ly life1 ! relations ( ! mat]ial _w10 to :i* ! body ( ! ris5 ,jesus1 accord+ to ,k]n's own presupposition1 80 no long] subject$08 #bacb ,_m fa!rs ( ! *ur* & or?odox !ologians held ! capability ?us exhibit$ by ,jesus ( p5etrat+ ?r\gh clos$ doors1 n altoge!r reconcileable ) ! repres5tation1 t = ! purpose ( ! resurrection ! /one 0 roll$ away f ! grave1 & h5ce ma9ta9$3 resurrexit ,*ri/us clauso sepul*ro1 sive nondum ab o/io sepul*ri revoluto p] angelum lapide4 ,qu5/$t1 !ol4 didact4 polem4 #c1 p4 #edb4 #bacc ,comp4 ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,weihna*tsfei]1 s4 #aag f4 #bacd ,joseph4 vita1 #ge3 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ' 4 1 4 ,& :5 ,i 0 s5t by ,titus ,cs> ) ,c]ealius & #a1jjj horsem51 to a c]ta9 village call$ ,!coa1 9 ord] to "k :e!r x 7 a place fit = a camp1 z ,i came back1 ,i saw _m captives crucifi$2 & rememb]$ ?ree ( !m z my =m] acqua9tance4 ,i 0 v sorry at ?is 9 my m9d1 & w5t ) te>s 9 my eyes to ,titus1 & told him ( !m2 s he imm$iately comm&$ !m to be tak5 d[n1 & to h ! greate/ c>e tak5 ( !m1 9 ord] to _! recov]y2 yet two ( !m di$ "u ! physician's h&s1 :ile ! ?ird recov]$4 ,= ! argum5ts ( ,paulus on ?is passage1 see exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #ghf2 & 9 ! ,app5dix1 s4 #ibi ff4 #bace ,brets*neid]1 b] d5 angebli*5 ,s*e9tod ,jesu am ,kreuze1 9 ,ullmann's und ,umbreit's ,/udi51 #ahcb1 #c1 s4 #fbe ff42 ,hug1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,v]fahr5s bei d] ,todes/rafe d] ,kreuzigung1 ,freiburg] ,zeits*r4 #g1 s4 #add ff4 #bacf ,bahrdt1 ,ausfhrung des ,plans und ,zwecks ,jesu4 ,comp4 on ! o!r h&1 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 #gic f4 #bacg ,x5odoxi51 9 d] ,abh43 ,joseph und ,nikodemus4 ,comp4 on ! o!r h& ,klaib]'s ,/udi5 d] wrtemb]g4 ,gei/li*keit1 #b1 #b1 s4 #hd ff4 #bach ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #ghe ff4 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #bha ff4 #baci ,s*u/]1 9 ,ei*horn's allg4 ,biblio?4 #i1 s4 #ajec4 #badj ,w9]1 bibl4 ,realw4 #a1 s4 #fgd4 #bada ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 ii4 #fc3 1 1 1 41 4--#fg3 -- ' 1 4 ,comp4 ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ti/1 9 ,less+1 s4 #dej1 #fj1 #ib ff42 ,wool/on1 ,disc #f4 ,sp9oza1 ep4 #bc1 ad ,old5burg1 p4 #eeh f4 ed4 ,gfrr]4 #badb ,ut sup4 #fg3 1 4 #badc ,comp4 ,mo%eim1 9 8 translation ( ! "w ( ,orig5 aga9/ ,celsus1 on ! passage above quot$2 ,mi*aelis1 ,anm4 zum fnft5 ,fragm5t1 s4 #djg4 #badd ,hase1 ,l4 ,j41 #adi2 ,diss43 librorum sacrorum de ,j4 ,*r4 a mortuis revocato atque 9 clum sublato n>rationem collatis vulg>ibus illa tate ,judorum de morte op9ionibus int]pret>i conatus e/ ,c4 ,a4 ,frege1 p4 #ab f42 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*4 #b1 s4 #cfb ff4 #bade ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 ii4 #ee3 7! pi]c$ h&s ( ,jesus1 &1 9 g5]al1 8 appe>ances aft] ! resurrection71 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 #badf ,! #e? ,fragm5t1 9 ,less+'s #d? ,beitrag4 ,wool/on1 ,disc4 #h4 #badg ,ut sup4 #ef4 #badh ,ullmann1 ,0 setzt die ,/iftung d] ,*ri/li*5 ,kir*e dur* e95 ,gekreuzigt5 voraus8 ,9 8 ,/udi51 #ahcb1 #c1 s4 #ehi f4 7,rhr72 ,briefe b] d5 ,rationalismus1 s4 #bh1 #bcf4 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #hbf f42 ,hase1 #adf4 #badi ,sp9oza1 ut sup43 ,apo/olos omnes omn9o cr$idisse1 quod ,*ri/us a morte resurrex]it1 et ad clum rev]a asc5d]it--ego non nego4 ,nam ipse etiam ,abrahamus cr$idit1 quod ,deus apud ipsum pransus fu]it--cum tam5 hc et plura alia hujusmodi app>itiones seu revelationes fu]9t1 captui et op9ionibus eorum hom9um accommodat1 quibus ,deus m5tem suam iisdem revel>e voluit4 ,concludo itaque ,*ri/i a mortuis resurrectionem rev]a spiritualem1 et solis fidelibus ad eorum captum revelata fuisse1 nempe quod ,*ri/us t]nitate donatus fuit1 et a mortuis 7mortuos hic intelligo eo s5su1 quo ,*ri/us dixit3 s9ite mortuos sepelire mortuos suos7 surrexit1 simul atque vita et morte s+ul>is sanctitatis exemplum d$it1 et eat5us discipulos suos a mortuis suscitat1 quat5us ipsi hoc vit ejus et mortis exemplum sequuntur4 #baej ,die evang4 ,ges*4 #b1 s4 #dbf ff4 #baea ,v]su* b] die ,auf]/ehung ,jesu1 9 ,s*midt's ,biblio!k1 #b1 #d1 s4 #ede ff4 #baeb ,ibid41 s4 #ecg2 ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #beh f42 ,frege1 ut sup4 p4 #ac4 #baec ,9 8 allg4 ,biblio!k1 #f1 #a1 s4 #a ff4 #baed ,comm4 exeg4 de rep5t9a ,sauli--conv]sione4 ,9 8 opusc4 !ol42 ,=tbildung des ,*ri/5?4 #b1 #a1 ,kap4 #c4 ,comp4 also my ,/reits*rift51 #btes ,heft1 s4 #eb ff4 #baee ,ges*4 d] ,pflanzung und ,leitung d] ,*ri/l4 ,kir*e dur* die ,apo/el1 #a1 s4 #ge ff4 #baef ,?is is done 9 ! treatise 9 ,s*midt's ,biblio!k1 & by ,kais]1 ut sup4 #baeg ,comp4 ,weisse1 ut sup4 p4 #cih ff4 #baeh ,comp4 ,fri$ri*1 9 ,ei*horn's ,biblio?4 #g1 s4 #bbc4 #baei ,comp4 also ,s*midt's ,biblio?4 #b1 s4 #edh4 #bafj ,may ! ?ree days' abode ( ,jonah 9 ! :ale h _h any influ5ce on ?is det]m9ation ( "t8 or ! passage 9 ,hosea quot$ above1 #aaa1 note #c8 ,! =m] is inde$ only plac$ 9 ?is connexion 9 "o gospel1 & ! latt] is n[h]e us$ 9 ! ,n4 ,t4 #bafa ,comp>e ) ?is explanation ! "o giv5 by ,weisse1 9 ! #g? *apt] ( 8 "w above quot$4 ,he agrees ) ! above repres5tation 9 reg>d+ ! dea? ( ,jesus z real1 & ! n>ratives ( ! grave be+ f\nd empty z lat] fabrications2 ! po9t 9 :i* he div]ges is t above m5tion$--t 9 8 view ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,jesus are n m]ely psy*ological & subjective1 b objective magical facts4 #bafb ,vol4 ,,ii4 #fh4 #bafc ,apol4 i4 #fa4 #bafd ,z is done by ,tell]1 im excurs4 #b1 ad ,burneti ,i4 de fide et (fic4 ,*ri/1 p4 #bfb4 #bafe ,! "w ( ,beckhaus1 b] die ,ae*!it d] sog4 ,tauf=mel1 #agid1 met ) g5]al approval4 #baff ,comp4 ,de ,wette4 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #bdf4 #bafg ,comp4 ,baur1 9 ! ,tb+] ,zeits*rift fur ,!ologie1 ,jahrgang #ahcj1 #b1 s4 #ge ff4 #bafh ,comm4 z4 ,joh41 s4 #ccb4 #bafi ,lcke1 ,comm4 z4 ,joh4 #b1 s4 #fhf2 ,de ,wette1 s4 #bjd4 #bagj ,less1 ,auf]/ehungsges*i*te1 s4 #bha2 ,ku9l1 9 loc4 #baga ,lcke1 s4 #fhg4 #bagb ,vid4 ap4 ,mi*aelis1 ,begrbniss- und ,auf]/ehungsges*i*te1 s4 #bfh2 ,ol%aus51 #b1 s4 #ecc4 #bagc ,?is is ,?oluck's op9ion1 ut sup4 #bagd ,comp4 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*i*te1 #b1 s4 #dah4 #bage ,gabl]1 9 ! neue/5 !ol4 ,j\rnal #c1 s4 #dag1 & 9 ! ,vorr$e zu ,griesba*'s opusc4 acad4 p4 xcvi4 comp4 ,ku9l1 9 ,m>c41 p4 #bbb4 #bagf ,seil]1 ap4 ,ku9l1 ut sup4 s4 #bbc4 #bagg ,comp4 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b1 s4 #iba2 ,de ,wette1 ,religion und ,!ologie1 s4 #afa4 #bagh ,k]n1 ,haupt?atsa*51 ,tb4 ,zeits*rift1 #ahcf1 #c1 s4 #eh1 ,comp4 ,/eudel 7,glaub5slehre1 s4 #cbc71 :o supposes ! asc5sion to h be5 a vision :i* ,god produc$ 9 ! disciples4 ,aga9/ ?is comp4 my ,/reits*rift51 #a1 s4 #aeb ff4 #bagi ,see especially ,paulus1 ut sup4 s4 #iaj ff42 ,l4 ,j4 #a1 b1 s4 #cah ff4 #bahj ,briefe b] d5 ,rationalismus1 s4 #adf1 ,anm4 #bh4 #baha ,seil]1 ap4 ,ku9l1 ut sup4 s4 #bba2 ,ol%aus51 s4 #eia f4 ,comp4 ,griesba*1 locorum ,n4 ,t4 ad asc5sionem ,*ri/i 9 clum spectantium sylloge4 ,9 8 opusc4 acad4 ed4 ,gabl]1 vol4 #b1 s4 #dhd ff4 #bahb ,s*neck5burg]1 b] d5 ,urspr4 u4 s4 f41 s4 #ai4 #bahc ,ol%aus51 s4 #eic f4 #bahd ,ev5 ,fritzs*e1 we>y at ! conclusion ( 8 lab\r1 writes 9 ,mat?41 p4 #hce3 ,mat?u ,jesu 9 clum abitum non commemoravit1 quippe nem9i ignotum4 #bahe ,mi*aelis1 ut sup4 #ceb4 #bahf ,! treatise3 ,w>um hab5 ni*t alle ,evangeli/5 die ,himmelfahrt ,jesu ausdrckli* mit]zhlt8 9 ,flatt's ,magaz91 #h1 s4 #fg4 #bahg ,! above-nam$ ,treatise 9 ,flatt's ,magaz94 #bahh ,s*neck5burg]1 ut sup4 s4 #ai f4 #bahi ,z by ,ku9l1 p4 #bjh f41 #bag4 #baij ,nev]!less comp4 ,de ,wette on ! ,acts1 i4 #ab4 #baia ,vid4 ,vol4 i41 #ef1 & ! au?ors !re cit$4 ,! ref]5ce to a reckon+ 9 ,daniel1 9 ,paulus1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #c1 b4 s4 #ibc1 appe>s to me too artificial4 #baib ,on ?is subject comp4 especially ,ammon1 ,asc5sus ,j4 ,c1 9 clum hi/oria biblica4 ,9 8 opusc4 nov4 p4 #dc ff4 ,=tbildung des ,*ri/5?4 #b1 #a1 s4 #ac ff42 also ,kais]1 bibl4 ,!ol4 #a1 s4 #hc ff42 de ,wette1 exeg4 ,h&b4 #a1 #a1 s4 #bdg2 ,weisse1 die evang4 ,ges*4 #b1 p4 #cge ff4 #baic ,?is is also ,hase's op9ion1 ,l4 ,j4 #aej4 #baid ,joseph4 ,antiq4 iv41 viii4 #dh1 x is said ( ,moses3 ,& z he 0 go+ to embrace ,eleaz> & ,jo%ua1 & 0 /ill disc\rs+ ) !m1 a cl\d /ood ov] him on a sudd51 & he disappe>$ 9 a c]ta9 valley1 al?\gh he wrote 9 ! holy books t he di$1 :i* 0 done out ( fe>1 le/ !y %\ld v5ture to say t because ( 8 extraord9>y virtue1 he w5t to ,god4 ,philo1 h[ev]1 vita ,mosis1 opp4 ed4 ,mangey1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agi1 makes ! s\l only ( ,moses asc5d into heav54 #baie ,ir54 adv4 hr4 i4 #aj4 ,t]tull4 de prscr4 hr4 xiii4 adv4 ,prax4 ii4 de vel&4 virg4 i4 ,orig4 de pr9cipp4 proem4 iv4 #baif ,ir54 adv4 hr4 iii4 xviii4 #g4 #baig ,a?anas4 contra ,arianos1 orat4 #b1 #cc4 #baih ,gregor4 ,naz4 ,or4 #ea1 p4 #gdj1 ,b43 4 1 4 #baii -- 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 4 4 #bbjj ,! #f? cum5ical ,synod ( ,con/ant9ople decl>$3 1--' -- 4 #bbja ,a?anas4 de inc>n4 #ed3 1 4 ,greg4 ,nyt4 ,orat4 cass4 #ce3 1 4 ,joann4 ,damasc4 de f4 or?4 iii4 #bj3 7 47 4 ,greg4 ,naz4 or4 ii4 #bc f4 ,hil>4 ,pictav4 de tr94 ii4 #bd3 humani g5]is causa ,dei filius natus ex virg9e e/--ut homo factus ex virg9e naturam 9 se c>nis accip]et p]que hujus admixtionis societatem sanctificatum 9 eo univ]si g5]is humani corpus exi/]et4 ,= o!r expressions ( ! k9d1 see ,mns*]1 ,dogm5ges*41 h]ausg4 von ,clln1 #a1 #ig1 ,anm4 #aj4 #bbjb ,mns*]1 #if1 ,anm4 #e1 s4 #dbc f4 #bbjc ,augu/91 de ,cate*iz4 rudib4 #g4 #bbjd ,vid4 ,mns*]1 #if4 #bbje ,ibid4 #ig4 #bbjf ,comp4 ,=m4 ,concord41 ,epit4 und ,sol4 decl4 ,,viii4 p4 #fje ff4 & #gfa ff4 ed4 ,hase4 ,*emniz1 de duabus naturis 9 ,*ri/o libellus1 & loci !ol41 loc4 #b1 de filio2 ,g]h>d4 ,,ii4 ?4 #a1 p4 #fdj ff4 7ed4 #afae72 ,qu5/$t1 !ol4 didact4 polem4 ,p4 #c1 c4 #c4 ,comp4 ,de ,wette1 bibl4 ,dogm4 #fd ff4 #bbjg ,see ! ,oratio app5d$ to ! locus de p]s4 et (fic4 ,*r4 ,g]h>d1 ut sup4 p4 #gai ff4 #bbjh ,vid4 ,g]h>d1 ,,ii4 ?4 #a1 p4 #fhe ff42 ,m>he9eke1 ,in/it4 symb4 #ga f4 #bbji ,re9h>d1 ,vorles4 b] die ,dogm4 s4 #ced1 con=mably to ! proposition urg$ by ! ,re=m$ aga9/ ! ,lu!rans3 ,nulla natura 9 se ipsam recipit contradictoria1 ,planck1 ,ges*4 des prote/4 ,lehrbegriffs1 ,bd4 #f1 s4 #ghb4 #bbaj ,fau/i ,soc9i de ,*ri/i natura disputatio4 ,opp4 ,bibl4 ,fr4 ,pol4 #a1 p4 #ghd2 ,cate*4 ,racov4 ,q4 #if ff4 ,comp4 ,m>he9eke1 ,in/it4 symb4 #if4 ,sp9oza1 also1 ep4 #ba1 ad ,old5burg1 ,opp4 ed4 ,gfrr]1 p4 #eef1 says3 ,quod qudam ecclesi 8 adduut1 quod ,deus naturam humanam assumps]it1 monui expresse1 me1 quid dicant1 nescire2 imo1 ut v]um fate>1 non m9us absurde mihi loqui vid5tur1 quam si quis mihi dic]et1 quod circulus naturam quadrati indu]it4 #bbaa 7,rhr7 ,briefe b] d5 ,rationalismus1 s4 #cgh ff42 ,wegs*eid] ,in/4 !ol4 #abh2 ,brets*neid]1 ,h&b4 d] ,dogm4 #b1 #acg ff42 also ,kant1 ,relig4 inn]halb d] ,grnz5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft4 #btes ,/4 #bt] ,abs*4 b4 #bbab ,glaub5slehre1 #b1 #if-ih4 #bbac ,sp9oza1 tract4 !ol4 polit4 c4 vi4 p4 #acc4 ed4 ,gfrr]1 & ep4 #bc1 ad ,old5burg1 p4 #eeh f4 ,briefe b] d5 ,rat41 #dt]1 #et]1 #ft]1 #abt]4 ,wegs*eid]1 #aa1 #ab4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 #ad1 #dg4 #bbad ,prlect4 !ol4 c4 xv4 #bbae ,9 ! "w3 def5sio fidei ca?4 de satisfactione ,*r4 adv4 ,f4 ,soc9um4 #bbaf ,summa1 ,p4 #c1 ,q4 #dh1 ,a4 #b4 #bbag ,comm4 9 ,s5tt4 ,l4 #c1 ,di/4 #ai4 #bbah ,see1 besides ,soc9us1 ,kant1 ,relig4 inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 #btes ,/ck1 #at] ,abs*n41 c4 #bbai ,tlln]1 ,d] ?tige ,gehorsam ,*ri/i unt]su*t4 #agfh4 #bbbj ,wegs*eid]1 #aii4 #bbba ,comp>e ) :at foll[s especially ! ,briefe b] d5 ,rationalismus1 s4 #cgb ff42 ,wegs*eid]1 #abh1 #acc1 #adj4 #bbbb ,= ! diff]5t views1 see ,brets*neid]1 ,dogm4 #b1 s4 #cec1 sy/ematis*e ,entwicklung1 #ajg4 #bbbc ,rhr1 ,briefe1 s4 #cf1 #dje ff4 #bbbd ,s*lei]ma*]1 on 8 ,glaub5slehre1 to ,dr4 ,lcke1 #btes ,s5ds*reib51 ,/udi51 #b1 #c1 s4 #dha ff4 #bbbe ,glaub5slehre1 #b1 #ib-aje4 #bbbf ,?is op9ion has be5 already put =? 9 ! mo/ not$ reviews ( ,s*lei]ma*]'s sy/em2 comp4 ,braniss1 b] ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,glaub5slehre2 ,h4 ,s*mid1 b] ,s*l4 ,glaub5sl4 s4 #bfc ff42 ,baur1 die *ri/l4 ,gnosis1 s4 #fbf ff41 & ! ,review ( ,ros5kranz1 ,jahrb4 fur wiss4 ,kritik1 #ahca4 #bbbg #bt] ,s5ds*reib54 #bbbh ,s*mid1 ut sup4 #bbbi ,comp4 ,ros5kranz1 ut sup4 s4 #ice ff4 #bbcj ,baur1 ut sup4 s4 #fec4 #bbca ,?us ,s*mid1 ut sup4 s4 #bfg4 #bbcb ,ep4 #ba1 ad ,old5burg4 ,opp4 ed4 ,gfrr]1 p4 #eef3--;dico1 ad salutem non esse omn9o necesse1 ,*ri/um secundum c>nem nosc]e2 s$ ed t]no illo filio ,dei1 h4 e4 ,dei t]na sapi5tia1 qu sese 9 omnibus rebus1 et maxime 9 m5te humana1 et omnium maxime 9 ,*ri/o ,jesu manife/avit1 longe alit] s5ti5dum4 ,nam nemo absque hac ad /atum beatitud9is pote/ p]v5ire1 utpote qu sola docet1 quid v]um et falsum1 bonum et malum sit4 #bbcc ,religion inn]halb d] ,grnz5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft4 drittes ,/ck1 #ate ,ab?l4 vii4 #bbcd ,ut sup4 #btes ,/ck1 #at] ,abs*n4 #ctes ,/ck1 #ate ,ab?lg4 #bbce ,?is is %[n by ,baur1 *ri/l4 ,gnosis1 s4 #ffj ff4 #bbcf ,c5sur des *ri/l4 prote/antis*5 ,lehrbegriffs1 #c1 s4 #ahj4 #bbcg ,religion und ,!ologie1 #bt] ,abs*nitt1 ,kap4 #c2 comp4 bibl4 ,dogmatik1 #bee2 kir*li*e1 #fd ff4 #bbch ,ide5 b] ,my?ologie u4 s4 w4 9 ,h5ke's neu] ,magaz91 b4 s4 #ded ff4 ,comp4 ,h5ke's ,museum1 #c1 s4 #dee4 #bbci ,vorlesung5 b] die ,me?ode des akademis*5 ,/udiums1 s4 #aib4 #bbdj ,hegel's ,phnom5ologie des ,gei/es1 s4 #efa ff42 ,vorlesung5 b] die ,philos4 d] ,relig4 #b1 s4 #bcd ff4 ,m>he9eke1 ,grundlehr5 d] *ri/l4 ,dogmatik4 s4 #agd ff4 ,ros5kranz1 ,encyklopdie d] !ol4 ,wiss5s*aft51 s4 #ch ff41 #adh ff42 comp4 my ,/reits*rift51 #ctes ,heft1 s4 #gf ff4 #bbda ,dogmatik1 #cbf4 #bbdb ,encyklopdie1 s4 #afj4 #bbdc ,selb/bewus/se9 und ,(f5b>ung1 s4 #bie f4 ,comp4 ,bau]1 ,rec5s4 des ,l4 ,j41 ,jahrb*] f4 wiss4 ,kritik1 #ahcf1 ,mai1 s4 #fii ff4 #bbdd ,comp>e ) ?is my ,/reits*rift51 #c ,heft1 s4 #fh ff4 #abe4 #bbde ,) ?is %\ld be comp>$ ! explanation 9 ! ,/reits*rift51 ut sup4 s4 #aai4 #bbdf ,( ?is also !re is an explanation 9 ! ,/reits*rift51 #c1 s4 #aff f4 #bbdg ,h]e9 lies ! answ] to ! objection :i* ,s*all] 7d] hi/oris*e ,*ri/us und die ,philosophie1 s4 #fd ff47 has made to ! above view2 namely1 t x tea*es only a sub/antial1 n a p]sonal unity ( man ) ,god4 ,t unity :i* exi/s 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! race has already be5 pres5t 9 individuals sep>ately1 accord+ to ! diff]5t measure ( _! religi\s developm5t1 & ?us ! sub/antial unity has become1 9 diff]5t degrees1 a p]sonal unity4 #bbdh ,vorlesung5 b] die ,philosophie d] ,religion1 #b1 s4 #bfc ff4 ,comp>e ! collection ( ! sev]al propositions ( ,hegel on ! p]son ( ,*ri/ & ! evangelical hi/ory1 9 my ,/reits*rift51 #c4 ,heft1 s4 #gf4 #bbdi ,glaub5slehre1 #a1 s4 #dg4 #bbej ,9 ! #bt5 ,s5ds*reib5 on 8 ,glaub5slehre4