,,lao-,,tz1 ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,*9ese ,,philosophy by ,t4 ,,watt]s1 ,m4,a41 ,mem4 ,n4,c4,b4 ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,london1 ,hon4 ,mem4 ,asiatic ,society ( ,p>is1 & a ,junior ,assi/ant 9 ,h4,m4's ,consul> ,s]vice 9 ,*9a4 ,,hongkong3 ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! 8,,*9a ,,mail0 ,,(fice4 #ahgj ,,london3 ,,williams ,,norgate4 ,,preface4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! foll[+ pages has already appe>$ 9 8,! ,*9ese ,record] & ,mission>y ,j\rnal10 & its reappe>ance 9 its pres5t =m requires an apology4 ,! subject ( ! "w is "o 9 :i* v few take any int]e/1 & ! au?or is v s5sible ( 8 num]\s imp]fections 9 attempt+ to deal ) matt]s s difficult & ab/ruse z are treat$ ( 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+4 ,hav+ ?us made confession2 x only rema9s = him to ?ank ,mr4 ,baldw9 & 8 o!r fri5ds = _! k9dness 9 assi/+ to get ! book ?r\gh ! press4 ,t4 ,w4 ,foo*[1 ,octob] #ai1 #ahfi4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9a1 z also 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 is ,lao-tz1 ! au?or ( ! ,tao-t-*+ 774 ,?is book des]ves1 & has obta9$ ) ^? :o "k x1 a high place among philosophical works1 & ! po/hum\s =tunes ( its au?or h v r>ely be5 surpass$4 ,t 8 own foll[]s--or at lea/ ^? :o pr(ess$ to be & probably believ$ t !y 7 8 foll[]s--%\ld magnify 8 "n 0 only :at we w\ld h expect$4 ,!y h rais$ him f ! rank ( ord9>y mortals1 & repres5t$ him z an inc>nation ( deity1 %[+ himself on ?is e>? at sundry times & 9 v>i\s mann]s4 ,8 conception & bir?1 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 & ev]y?+ ab\t him h be5 repres5t$ by !m z sup]natural2 & ! philosophic little treatise :i* he compos$ is reg>d$ z a sacr$ book4 ,mu* ( ?is has aris5 f a _s ( rivalry ) ,buddhism4 ,! ,taoi/s did n wi% to be beh9d ! ,buddhi/s 9 ! am\nt ( glory & my/]y atta*+ to ! reput$ orig9ator ( _! religion2 & !y accord+ly tri$ to make ! =tunes ( ,lao-tz l ^? ( ,%kyamuni1 ! ,buddha ( ! ,pres5t4 ,bo? ,confuciani/s & ,buddhi/s1 h[ev]1 also reg>d ! ,tao-t-*+ z a book ( deep my/]ies1 & admit ! sup]natural1 or at lea/ m>vell\s1 "* ( its au?or1 ?\gh1 z w be se51 _m c5sure him = tea*+ doctr9es ei!r 9 !mselves mis*iev\s or lead+ to evil results :5 fully develop$4 ,at sev]al p]iods ( ,*9ese hi/ory ,lao-tz has enjoy$ ! patronage ( gov]nm5t1 & almo/ supplant$ ,confucius4 ,inde$1 dur+ sev]al ( ! dyna/ies :i* reign$ )9 ! fir/ few c5turies ( our era1 !re seems to h be5 a con/ant /ruggle = asc5dancy betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ^! two philosophic *iefs4 ,emp]ors h done hon\r to ,lao-tz 9 8 temple1 & ! sov]eigns ( ! great ,tang dyna/y 7 pr\d to deem him _! l9eal ance/or4 ,"o emp]or has ev5 writt5 an excell5t comm5t>y on 8 book2 & "o ( ! be/ editions ( ! ,tao-t-*+ z reg>ds textual excell5ce is t by a ,confucian m&>9 "u ! pres5t dyna/y4 ,buddhi/ monks also h edit$ ! book ) annotations1 & _m ( !m reg>d x & its au?or ) a rev]5ce second only to t ) :i* ! ,taoi/s reg>d !m4 ,x is n only1 h[ev]1 8 own c\ntrym5 :o h giv5 hon\r to ?is prophet4 ,by ,we/]n writ]s also great & my/]i\s ?+s h be5 attribut$ to him4 ,"s h f\nd 9 8 book an enunciation ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! illu/ri\s ,rmusat discov]$ 9 x ! sacr$ "n ,jehovah1 & _m curi\s analogies ) ! be/ philosophic writ+s ( anci5t times1 & m especially ) ^? ( ,greece4 ,pau?i]1 :o has read & writt5 l>gely ab\t ,lao-tz1 f9ds 9 8 tea*+s ! triple ,brahma ( ! anci5t ,h9doos1 ! ,adibuddha ( ! ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s1 & an anticipat$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,tao 77 ( :i* ,lao-tz speaks s mu* has be5 lik5$ to ,god1 to ! ,logos ( ,plato & ! ,neoplatoni/s1 to 8! non5tity ( "s ,g]man philosoph]s10 & to _m o!r ?+s4 ,pau?i] says3--8,le dieu invoque et decrit p> ,lao-tseu e/ la ,gr&e ,voie du monde1 la ,raison suprme univ]selle 77 mat]iellem5t id5tique avec le mot qui s]t design] ,dieu dans les langues grecque 77 lat9e 7,deus7 et leurs d]ives mod]nes2 mais les attributs qu'il lui donne ne sont po9t ceux qu'ont donnes l',etre suprme t\tes les doctr9es spirituali/es de l',ori5t1 transmises l',occid5t p> une voie juive et grecque2 p> les !rapeutes et les essni5s1 dont ,jesus1 le fils de l'homme1 fut le revelateur et le repres5tant l'tat philosophique40#a ,our mission>ies h us$ ?is ^w ,tao to repres5t 9 _! translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! fir/ five v]ses ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel are ne>ly z mu* ,taoi/ z ,*ri/ian 9 ! ,*9ese text4 ,"s writ]s on ! o!r h&1 su* z ,gutzlaff1 h repres5t$ ,lao-tz z writ+ nons5se1 & !y seem to ins9uate t he did n ev5 "k ! mean+ ( :at he 0 writ+4 ,o!rs1 z ,voltaire1 h *>g$ on him all ! follies & sup]/itions practis$ by ! ,taoi/s1 & h consequ5tly decri$ him & 8 tea*+s4 ,?is is j ab\t z wise & j a proce$+ z to reproa* ! ,apo/le ,paul on acc\nt ( ! say+s & do+s ( sects l ,muck]s1 & ,mormons1 & ,muggletonians4 ,_m also reg>d ,lao-tz z a m]e speculative recluse1 %utt+ himself up f ! turmoils & mis]ies ( social life1 & publi%+ !ories 9 politics & morals ( no practical t5d5cy :atev]4 ,9 ^! respects he is con/antly contra/$ ) ,confucius1 :o is look$ ^u z an em95tly practical man1 tea*+ to ! p only ?+s :i* !y c\ld easily und]/&1 & ev] refus+ to w&] into ! regions ( unc]ta9ty & my/]y4 ,!re are1 s f> z ,i "k1 v few translations ( ! ,tao-t-*+ 9 we/]n languages4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,davis1 a manuscript copy ( a ,lat9 translation is pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,engl&4 ,pau?i] has translat$ "p ( ! book into ,fr5*1 & has ann\nc$ 8 det]m9ation1 to complete ! "w4 ,juli51 h[ev]1 p]haps ! be/ & sob]e/ ( ,lao-tz's exp\nd]s1 has translat$ into ,fr5* ! entire book1 along ) _m ,*9ese notes & fragm5ts illu/rat+ ! life & tea*+s ( its au?or4 ,hegel says !re is at ,vi5na a translation ( ! ,tao-t-*+1 or z he calls x ,tao-k+1 :i* he himself _h se54#b ,he does n1 h[ev]1 m5tion ! "n ( ! translator or ! language ( ! translation1 b ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t x is ,g]man4 ,9 ,engli% we h ! rec5t "w ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,*alm]s1 a mission>y & s*ol> ( no ord9>y atta9m5ts4 ,he has "s excell5t rem>ks 9 8 ,introduction1 b ! translation itself1 be+ almo/ unaccompani$ ) note or comm5t1 & be+ app>5tly made f a bad text1 is r disappo9t+4 ,ritt]1 ,c\s91 ,h>dwicke1 ,edk9s1 & _m o!rs h giv5 %ort acc\nts ( ,taoism2 b few ( ^! h cle>ly sep>at$ ,lao-tz & 8 doctr9es f ! lat] ,taoi/s & _! doctr9es4 ,! 8extravagant vag>ies0 ( ! latt] may h aris5 (t5 f mis9t]pret$ or misappli$ /atem5ts ( ,lao-tz1 b !y are n to be imput$ to him4#c ,we mu/ ascribe to ,lao-tz only ! ?+s :i* are 8--! m]its & defects ( 8 own direct tea*+s4 #a ,*9e1 p4 #aad4 #b ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 ,b4 #a4 p4 #adb4 #c ,comp>e ,rmusat1 ,mmoire sur la vie et les op9ions de ,lao-tseu1 c41 p4 #bj4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,lao-,,tz4 ,! life ( ,lao-tz1 l ! book :i* he wrote1 is envelop$ 9 my/]y2 & "o might almo/ be excus$ = d\bt+ :e!r su* a p]son ev] actually exi/$4 ,"o au?or1 inde$1 has ev5 gone ! l5g? ( say+ t ,lao-tz 0 made out ( space or vacuity 7hung 74#a ,! mo/ reliable acc\nt ( him :i* has come d[n to u is t by ,sz ,ma-*i51 or ,sze-ma-?si5 771 9 ! ,%i-*i 771 & ?is is v brief & unsatisfactory4 ,we h also occasional notices ( him 9 o!r old books1 b ! /ories told ab\t him 9 ! ,records ( ,spirits & ,fairies & works ( a l nature are1 z ,juli5 obs]ves1 only a tissue ( falsehoods :i* all s5sible m5 reject4 ,sz ,ma-*i5 says#b ,lao-tz 0 a native ( ! hamlet ,*-j5 77 ( ! p>i% ,lai or ,li 77 9 ! di/rict ,ku 771 a t[n ( ! /ate ,*u 773 8 surname 0 ,li 771 8 "n rh 771 8 /yle ,po-yang 77 & 8 po/hum\s designation ,tan 774#c ,he 0 9 (fice at ! c\rt ( ,*\ z ,%\-tsang-%-*-% 771 :i* ,juli5 translates 8g>di5 des ar*ives40 ,i h be5 unable to obta9 f ,*9ese s\rces any reliable /atem5t z to ! date ( ,lao-tz's bir?2 ?\gh ,pau?i]#d ass]ts positively t he 0 born on ! #ad? day ( ! #i? moon1 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #fjd4 ,9 ?is he is foll[$ by ,juli51 :o1 h[ev]1 says c&idly--8cette date 7! #crd ye> ( k+ ,t+ ( ! ,*\ dyna/y1 correspond+ to ,b4,c4 #fjd7 que n\s ins]ons ici1 e/ con=me a la tradition hi/orique la mieux tablie mais elle ne se tr\ve po9t dans la notice du ,sze-ma-?si5 dont n\s donnons la traduction40#e ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ?is date1 z we "k f o!r s\rces t ,lao-tz 0 a contempor>y ( ,confucius1 ?\gh v mu* 8 s5ior2 & z ,confucius 0 born ab\t ,b4,c4 #eej1 ,lao-tz mu/ app>5tly h be5 born ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! latt] sage inde$1 is usually repres5t$ z hav+ atta9$ to a v great age1 & z hav+ be5 alive mu* m ?an fifty ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,confucius4 ,*ao1 a well kn[n au?or1 quot$ by ,ma ,tuan-l91 says t x 0 9 ! =ty-second ye> ( ! reign ( k+ ,p+ 77 t ,lao-tz gave 8 book to ! keep] ( ! ,pass4#f ,?is-w\ld c>ry him up to ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 k+ ,p+ hav+ comm5c$ to reign ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ggj4 ,o!rs#g m5tion two tea*]s ( ,tao 77 z hav+ liv$ dur+ ! ,*\ dyna/y1 "o ,lao-tan 77 & ano!r nam$ ,lao-lai-tz 774 ,x is by ! "n ,lao-tan t ,confucius usually ref]s to ,lao-tz1 :ile lat] au?ors (t5 use 8 surname ,li or 8 "n rh4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also t ! ,lao-tan m5tion$ by ,confucius is reg>d$ by a few comm5tators z a diff]5t p]son f ! au?or ( ! ,tao-t-*+4 ,ne>ly all au?orities seem to agree ) ,sz ,ma-*i5 z to ! place ( ,lao-tz's bir? 9 ! feudal dep5d5cy ,*u 774 ,"u ?is ^w ,biot has ! foll[+ rem>ks--8,nom d'un anci5 royaume de la ,*9e c5trale1 a l'poque du ,t*un-?sie\4 ,le c5tre etait dans l'arrondissem5t de ,t*i-kiang2 la limite nord etait entre le ,kiang et le ,hoang-ho2 la limite sud tait au midi du ,kiang1 mais non bi5 det]m9e40#h ,! di/rict city ,ku is also said to h belong$ to ! pr9cipality ( ,*n1 ,x /ood ne> ! pres5t ,kwei-t-foo1 ! mo/ ea/]ly ( ! cities ( ,honan2 & ! pres5t ,ku-yang 77 pres]ves ! h\se ( ,lao-tz & a temple d$icat$ to 8 memory4#i ,ano!r acc\nt1 h[ev]1 repres5ts him z hav+ be5 born 9 ! di/rict city ,po 77 9 ! prov9ce ( ,honan4#aj ,! *ief ( ,*u1 l ! *iefs ( _m o!r /ates1 0 at ! "t ( ,lao-tz & ,confucius only nom9ally a feudal dep5d5t ( ! k+4 ,he 0 orig9ally a ,tz 77 or ,visc\nt1 b ! title ,wang 77 or k+ 0 n[ usurp$ 9 ! deg5]ate days ( ! ,*\ rul]s :o 7 unable to ma9ta9 a /rong gov]nm5t4 ,( ! p>5ts ( ,lao-tz & ( 8 e>ly ye>s ,i h n f\nd any record 9 ,*9ese books2 b ,pau?i] says t accord+ to hi/oric data 8 fa!r 0 a poor peasant :o _h rema9$ a ba*elor up to 8 sev5tie? ye>1 :5 he m>ri$ a peasant woman ( ! unromantic age ( =ty ye>s4#aa ,:atev] 7 8 circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k we may conclude t ,lao-tz 0 9 e>ly life a dilig5t /ud5t ( ! pa/ hi/ory & ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry1 & 8 obta9+ (fice at ! c\rt ( ,*\ 0 probably a consequ5ce ( 8 le>n+ & abilities4 ,z to ! nature ( ?is (fice ,i _c agree ) ,pau?i] & ,juli5 9 call+ x t ( hi/oriograph]1 or keep] ( ! ,/ate ,ar*ives4 ,! ^w tsang 77 means a gran>y or /oreh\se1 & 9 a note to a passage 9 ! ,li-*i1 or ,record ( ,c]emonies1 x is expla9$ z ! ,imp]ial or ,national ,museum4#ab ,! ,%\-tsang-% 77 w\ld accord+ly be ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! ,museum1 & we mu/ rememb] t :5 ,confucius w5t to ! ,capital ( ,*\ to ,lao-tz1 he saw 9 ! palace ! portraits ( ! e>ly k+s1 along ) _m o!r relics ( antiquity1 :i* possess$ him /rongly ) an idea ( ! magnific5ce ( ! fir/ pr9ces ( ! dyna/y4#ac ,dr4 ,legge also1 ,i f9d1 translates ! expression by 8,treasury-keep]40#ad ,! leg5d 9 ! ,records ( ,spirits & ,fairies /ates t ,lao-tz 0 9 ! "t ( k+ ,wn a ,%\-tsang-%i & "u k+ ,wu a ,*u-hsia-%i 771#ae ?is latt] t]m mean+ assi/ant hi/oriograph]2 & x is n improbable t he may h actually held bo? ^! (fices 9 succession "u k+ ,t+ 77 or k+ ,*i5 771 :o reign$ 9 ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ,lao-tz's resid5ce at ! c\rt ( ,*\1 he 0 visit$ by two "y g5tlem5 :o _h come 9 a c>riage & pair f ! di/ant /ate ( ,lu 774 ,_! names 7 ,*+-%u 77 & ,kung *iu 77 or ,confucius1 & !y _h come to le>n f ! v5]able sage ! rites & mann]s ( ! old5 times4 ,! latt] ( ! two1 namely1 ,confucius1 _h already be5 a pupil ( ,lao-tz1 & /ill rememb]$ 8 =m] ma/] ) affection & respect4 ,accord+ to ,*wang-tzu1#af h[ev]1 x 0 n until he 0 fifty-"o ye>s old t ,confucius w5t to see ,lao-tz4 ,he himself :5 little m ?an a y\? _h set out on a conv]t+ t\r1 ?9k+ to induce rul]s & p ?r\gh\t ! k+dom to cease f _! evil ways & turn to ! good old pa?s ( primitive virtue4 ,he did n succe$1 h[ev]1 & he n[ told 8 ma/] ! sorr[ful tale ( 8 disappo9tm5t4 ,lao-tz said to him1 8,if x be kn[n t he :o talks errs by excess 9 argu+1 & t he :o he>s is confus$ by too mu* talk1 ! way 7,tao 7#ag c nev] be =got40 ,accord+ to ,sz ,ma-*i51 ! ,ma/] on ano!r occasion lectur$ 8 ambiti\s disciple z foll[s3 8,! m5 ( :om y speak1 ,sir1 h ) _! bones already all m\ld]$ into du/1 & only _! say+s abide4 ,moreov] if ! sup]ior man gets 8 "t1 he m\nts 8 c> & takes (fice3 if he does n get 8 "t1 he goes ?r\gh life l a wisp ( /raw roll+ ov] s&4 ,i h he>d t a good m]*ant ) 8 treasure h\se deeply /or$ seems devoid ( res\rces1 & t ! sup]ior man ( p]fect excell5ce has an outw>d semblance ( /upidity4 ,d y1 ,sir1 put away y\r haughty airs & _m desires1 y\r fla%y mann] & extravagant w2 ^! are all unpr(itable to y1 ,sir2 & ?is is all ,i h to say to y40#bj ,9 ! ,family ,say+s we read t :5 ,confucius 0 ab\t to leave ,*\1 ,lao-tz gave him z 8 p>t+ gift a w>n+ aga9/ go+ too f> 9 ! public reproval ( ^? :o 7 9 au?ority4#ba ,f ?is & ! o!r ref]5ces made to ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,confucius & ,lao-tz 9 ! ,family ,say+s & ! ,record ( ,rites 771 x w be se5 t !y 7 on t]ms ( intimate fri5d%ip2 & ?\gh ,confucius may h des]v$ ! repro( :i*1 accord+ to ,sz ,ma-*i51 ,lao-tz adm9i/]$ to him1 yet ?is spee* has 9 x s little ( ! _s 9 :i* allusion is made to ,lao-tz by ,confucius or 8 disciples t ,i am almo/ tempt$ to d\bt ! /ory4 ,i h be5 unable to f9d 9 ! ,*9ese works on ?is subject a /atem5t ( ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ,lao-tz s]v$ ! k+ ( ,*\1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* he p]=m$ 8 duties1 or ( ! imm$iate reason ( 8 retirem5t f (fice4 ,sz ,ma-*i5 simply says1#bb 8,he cultivat$ ,tao & virtue 771 le>n$ to live 9 seclusion & oblivion z ! important ?+1 resid$ = a long "t 9 ,*\2 :5 he saw ! =tunes ( ! dyna/y go+ to ru91 he left ! c\ntry & came to ! ,pass 774 ,! keep] ( ! ,pass1 by "n ,y9-hsi 771 said to him1 #8,s9ce y are ab\t to g into seclusion1 ,sir1 y mu/ make me a book4' ,h]eupon ,lao-tz produc$ 8 book 9 two sections conta9+ m ?an #e1jjj *>act]s & decl>+ ! mean+ ( ,tao & ,t 774 ,he !n w5t away1 & no "o kn[s 8 end40 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! conduct ( ,lao-tz1 9 retir+ f (fice 9 ,*\ & go+ into seclusion :5 he saw its =tunes brok51 we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! /ate ( ! c\ntry at ! "t4 ,n[ ! read] ( ! hi/orical & o!r works relat+ to ?is dyna/y w rememb] :at a mis]able picture ( ! k+dom is giv5 9 mo/ ( !m4 ,! h>d won t]ritories ( k+ ,wu 7 n[ subject to 8 deg5]ate desc5dants only 9 "n4 ,! :ole c\ntry 0 torn up into petty /ates1 :i* 7 always w>r+ ) ea* o!r4 ,ye> by ye>1 army aft] army1 ) flaunt+ bann]s & gay p5nons1 pass$ & repass$ ?r\gh ! fields ( ! p1 & left desolation & mis]y 9 _! track4 ,fa!rs & husb&s1 sons & bro!rs1 7 tak5 away f _! homes & _! "w1 & kept 9 long milit>y s]vice f> away f _! families4 ,laxity ( morals accompani$ ?is /ate ( civil confusion4 ,*iefs =got _! allegiance to _! pr9ces1 & wives _! duties to _! husb&s--usurp]s 7 9 ! /ate1 & usurp]s 7 9 ! family4 ,e little *ief 0 /riv+ ) 8 neighb\r = ! ma/]y1 & ! weak & wick$ pr9ces ( ,*\ 7 unable to ov]come !m & r$uce !m to peace & ob$i5ce4 ,m5 ( %9+ abilities & inord9ate ambition rose to p[] 9 ea* /ate1 &1 wi%+ to satisfy _! ambition1 increas$ ! an>*y ( ! k+dom4 ,! decree ( ,heav5 0 sl[ly *ang+1 & already1 9 ! "t ( ,lao-tz1 8,i*abod0 0 writt5 up = ! pr9ces ( ,*\4 ,we c n[ easily see :y ! philosoph] taught t m5 %\ld n /rive1 b ev] give way2 t !y %\ld be humble & satisfi$ ) a l[ condition2 t m5 ( virtue & integrity %\ld retire f ! dang]s & vices ( a wick$ gov]nm5t2 & t no hon\r %\ld be atta*$ to speci\s abilities or r>e acquisitions4 ,true to 8 pr9ciples1 he himself1 :5 ! pre/ige ( ,*\ 0 lo/1 & ! evil days & evil tongues 7 becom+ m & m evil1 )drew f ! c\rt & retir$ into un5vi$ obscurity4#bc ,= ?is c\rse ( action1 ,confuciani/s & o!rs h sev]ely c5sur$ ,lao-tz4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ,confucius himself taught 7:at he _h probably le>nt f ,lao-tz7 t :5 good pr9ciples prevail 9 a c\ntry1 ! sup]ior man takes (fice2 & t he retires :5 bad gov]nm5t takes _! place4 ,!re seem to h be5 at ! "t only two c\rses :i* an upright & fai?ful public s]vant c\ld elect to pursue4 ,he might ei!r take 8 life 9 8 h&s1 & try by /rong measures to recall 8 rul]s to ! pa? ( virtue2 or he might e/abli% 8 own good "*1 & !n )draw f temptation & corruption4 ,confucius *ose ! =m] c\rse1 & end$ 9 disappo9tm5t2 ,lao-tz & _m o!rs1 z we "k f ! ,lun-y 771 *ose ! latt] c\rse4 ,! ,pass to :i* ,sz ,ma-*i5 repres5ts ,lao-tz z go+1 & :]e he met ) ,y9-hsi 1 is said 9 a note to ?is passage to be probably ,han-ku-kwan 1 ! pres5t ,l+-pao 9 ! extreme we/ ( ,honan1 & on ! s\? bank ( ! ,yell[ ,riv]4 ,! ,pass & its keep] h s9ce become fam\s 9 ! leg5d>y & poetic lit]ature ( ,*9a4 ,?is is ! la/ hi/orical notice t we h ( ,lao-tz4 ,he left ! ,pass1 hav+ enri*$ ! keep] ) ! #ha *apt]s he _h compos$ on ,tao & ,virtue1 & w5t away4 8,no "o kn[s 8 end40 ,we may hope1 h[ev]1 t he di$ a peaceful1 happy dea?1 9 a good old age1 hav+ atta9$ a cle> insight into ! nature ( ,tao & ,t 4 ,accord+ to ! ,lao-tz ,lie ,*uan ( ,sz ,ma-*i51#bd ,lao-tz left a son nam$ ,tsung 1 :o became a high milit>y (fic] "u ! *ief ( ,wei 1 & 0 appo9t$ to ! feudal dep5d5cy ,tuan-kan 4 ,8 desc5dants 7 liv+ 9 ! "t ( ! ,han dyna/y 9 ! #b;d c5tury ,b4,c4 ,su* is ! sum ( ! probably true in=mation :i* ,i h succe$$ 9 obta9+ ab\t ?is rem>kable man4 ,_m ?+s t we w\ld h lik$ to "k ab\t him are want+1 & "p ( :at we h seems unc]ta94 ,9 8 bir? & 9 8 dea? he 0 my/]i\s1 & ?r\gh all 8 life he seems to h c\rt$ obscurity4 ,he tells u himself t he appe>$ to mank9d /upid & helpless1 b t he _h )9 himself preci\s treasures ( :i* ! _w did n "k4#be ,to me he seems to h be5 a k9d & g5tle old philosoph]1 :o ?\ght m ( :at 0 beyond ?is _w ?an ab\t :at 0 9 x4 ,i _c f9d 9 him ^? traits ( moros5ess & cynicism :i* o!rs h f\nd1 nor any trace ( ! jeal\sy & spite ) :i* he is said to h reg>d$ ,confucius4#bf ,*u-hsi 77 or ,*u fu tz1 repres5ts him z a man /&+ alo( f ! ord9>y ways ( m51 lov+ nei!r _! s\nds nor _! sights1 & n liv+ an (ficial life4#bg ,confucius himself ref]s to ,lao-tz ) affectionate respect1 & quotes 8 op9ions z suffici5t answ]s to ! que/ions ( 8 own disciples4 ,he speaks ( him z ext5sively read 9 antiquity & acqua9t$ ) ! pres5t1 z hav+ p5etrat$ to ! s\rces ( ,rites & ,music1 & z und]/&+ :at belong$ to ,tao & ,t 774#bh ,! old man :o ?\ght t 9 tr\bl$ times1 l ^? 9 :i* !y 7 liv+1 m5 ( wisdom & virtue ought n to make a display ( ^? qualities1 b r to appe> to ! _w de/itute ( !m1 :5 he f\nd 8 =m] pupil p>ad+ ! k+dom ) a cr[d ( disciples 7"o ( :om act$ z 8 c> driv]71 go+ f c\rt to c\rt admoni%+ & scold+ ! *iefs1 ?\ght x 8 duty to give ! y\?ful re=m] a %>p repro( & an e>ne/ w>n+4 ,8 advice 0 excell5t1 & ,confucius f\nd out at la/ t ! re/oration ( peace & good gov]nm5t to a c\ntry 0 n to be effect$ s easily z he _h ?\ght1 ev5 ?\gh ! prea*] ( re=m dress$ unimpea*ably1 ate & drank only ! be/ he c\ld get1 _h an excell5t e> = music1 & knew ! decrees ( ,heav54 ,i %all n[ proce$ to give a %ort sket* ( ! leg5d>y acc\nt ( ,lao-tz1 z relat$ 9 ! ,records ( ,spirits & ,fairies & o!r books4 ,accord+1 to "s writ]s ,lao-tz 0 a spiritual be+1 et]nal & self-exi/+1 manife/+ himself z a human be+ on ! e>? at v>i\s times & "u v>i\s names4 ,"o au?or1 inde$1 puts words l ^! into ! m\? ( ! sage himself4#bi ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( 8 inc>nations 0 t :i* occurr$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,*\ dyna/y4 ,on ?is memorable occasion 8 "m1 :o _h conceiv$ by ! influ5ce ( a %oot+ />1 br\ght him =? "u a ,li 77 or plum tree1 a circum/ance f :i* he d]iv$ 8 surname4 ,= sev5ty-two long ye>s 7or1 accord+ to a m cruel au?or1 = eighty-"o ye>s7 _h he rema9$ 9 ! wret*$ woman's womb1 & at la/ he deliv]$ himself by bur/+ a passage "u 8 "m's left arm4 ,f 8 hav+ at 8 bir? gray hairs & ! g5]al appe>ance ( an old man1 he 0 call$ ! ,old ,boy 7,lao-tz 7#cj2 ?\gh "s h conjectur$ t ?is 0 ! nature ( 8 "m's family1 :i* 0 giv5 to ! *ild because 8 "m obta9$ him 9 an improp] mann]4 ,"o writ] says t ,lao-tz c\ld speak imm$iately on be+ born1 & t he himself intimat$ at ! "t t ! plum tree "u :i* he em]g$ into ! _w w\ld furni% 8 "n4 ,ano!r says t s soon z he 0 born he m\nt$ n9e paces 9 ! air--8 /ep produc+ a lotus fl[]--& :ile pois$ !re1 he po9t$ ) 8 left h& to heav5 & ) 8 "r h& to e>?1 say+3 8,9 ,heav5 above & on e>? b5ea? x is only ,tao :i* is wor?y ( hon\r40 ,! same au?or rem>ks t ,%kyamuni on 8 bir? rose sev5 paces 9 ! air1 & po9t+ 9 a simil> mann] to heav5 & e>? pron\nc$ himself alone wor?y ( hon\r4 ,he obs]ves v prop]ly t !re ought n to be su* a co9cid5ce4 ,:5 8 "m got an opportunity ( exam9+ h] wond]ful *ild1 %e f\nd him a v]itable prodigy4 ,n only _h he gray hairs1 b he _h also v l>ge e>s4 ,h5ce came 8 "n rh 771 t is1 ,e>s1 or z o!rs give x ,*ung-rh 771 ,heavy e>s4#ca ,ea* e> t]m9at$ 9 a po9t & _h ?ree passages4 ,besides ^! peculi>ities ! infant _h h&some eyebr[s--l>ge eyes--a d\ble-ridg$ nose--squ>e m\? ) ?ick lips4 ,8 h&s _h ornam5tal inscriptions on !m1 & ! soles ( 8 feet pres5t$ ! my/]i\s numb]s1 two & five1 ( :i* ! =m] repres5ts heav5 & ! latt] e>?4 ,he _h also _m o!r l>g] & small] bodily virtues & beauties4#cb ,lao-tz left heav5ly purity & hon\r = e>?ly pollution & (fice4 ,x 0 "u ! ,heav5-bless$ k+s ,wn 77 & ,wu 77 t he fir/ took s]vice 9 ! /ate z ,treasury keep] & !n z ,assi/ant hi/oriograph]4 ,?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 w\ld make him survive = ! m ?an patri>*al p]iod ( five hundr$ ye>s4 ,he is repres5t$ z hav+ sev]al int]views ) ,confucius :o1 z ,sz ,ma-*i5 also relates1 comp>$ him to a dragon :i* 9 a my/]i\s & inexplicable mann] m\nts a cl\d & so>s into heav54 ,?is1 z ,rmusat has obs]v$1 0 int5d$ z a complim5t1 ! dragon be+ ) ! ,*9ese a symbol ( :at is exalt$ & n unatt5d$ by a my/]i\s p[]4#cc ,on retir+ f (fice ,lao-tz proce$$ we/w>d int5d+ to pass ?r\gh ! ,han-ku-kwan 77 to ! ,kunlun m\nta9s & o!r di/ant places4 ,y9-hsi 771 h[ev]1 ! keep] ( ! pass1 :o _h kn[n f ! /ate ( ! wea!r t a sage 0 to come 8 way1 recognis$ ,lao-tz = su* & deta9$ him until he _h himself le>n$ ,tao4 ,! "t came1 h[ev]1 :5 ! two wor?ies _h to "p4 ,lao-tz in=m$ ,y9-hsi t he w\ld h to leave him & g away on a long w&]+ ?r\gh ! b\ndless realms ( space4 ,y9-hsi begg$ e>ne/ly t he might be all[$ to g ) him--say+ t he 0 prep>$ to foll[ ! ,great ,g5ius ?r\gh fire & wat] above ! heav5s & b5ea? ! e>?4 ,lao-tz decl9$ ! (f]1 b pres5t$ 8 old fri5d ) five ?\s& words on ,tao & ,t4 ,! pa!tic /ate ( affairs 0 n[ rudely int]rupt$4 ,j z ,lao-tz 0 ab\t to take 8 dep>ture x 0 f\nd t 8 old s]vant ,hs-*ia 771 :o _h att5d$ him = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s )\t pay1 see+ ,lao-tz ab\t to set out on an app>5tly unlimit$ pilgrimage1 dem&$ paym5t4 ,! arre>s ( wages due to him am\nt$ to #g1bjj1jjj ca%1 & he appli$ to a fri5d :o got ,y9-hsi to speak to ! sage4 ,?is fri5d gave 8 h&some daught] 9 m>riage to ,hs-*ia1 :o 0 q delight$ ) ! arrangem5t4 ,j at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! ma/] appe>$ & told ,*ia t he ought to rememb] f :at a poor condition he _h be5 rais$1 & t he w\ld h be5 dead long ago _h x n be5 = ! *>m ( long life :i* _h be5 giv5 to him4 ,he also in=m$ ,*ia t1 z he _h previ\sly promis$1 he _h int5d$ to pay ! debt 9 gold on rea*+ ,an-hsi 771 a c\ntry :i* ,biot id5tifies ) t ( ! ,p>?ians4 ,yield+ to ! la/ ve/ige ( e>?ly infirmity ,lao-tz became angry & ord]$ ,*ia to fall on 8 face to ! gr\nd & op5 8 m\?4 ,! latt] c\ld n b obey1 he fell to ! gr\nd1 ! *>m came =? fre% z :5 x 0 swall[$1 & ,*ia lay l a %rivell$ mummy4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,y9-hsi1 :o recognis$ ! miracul\s p[] ( ,lao-tz1 & knock$ 8 head on ! gr\nd to him1 ! ungrateful cr$itor 0 re/or$ to life by ! same wondr\s *>m4 ,y9-hsi also paid him on behalf ( ,lao-tz ! g5]\s sum ( #b1jjj1jjj ca%1 & s5t him away4 ,lao-tz hav+ n[ settl$ all 8 mundane affairs1 bade f>ewell to ! keep] ( ! ,pass1 tell+ him t he w\ld return to e>? aft] ! lapse ( a ?\s& days & t he w\ld be recognis$ by ! sign ( a ,*+ ,yang 771 lit]ally1 an azure %eep4 ,he !n m\nt$ a cl\d & so>$ out ( sight ( ! weep+ ,y9-hsi 9 a dazzl+ gl>e ( light away into ! e!rial regions1 to 8 home 9 ! heav5s4#cd #a ,tai-p+-kwang-* 77 *4 #a2 & ! ,%5-hsi5-*uan1 vol4 #a4 #b ,%i-*i-- #c ,an au?or nam$ ,*en 77 quot$ by ,ma ,tuan-l91 says t1 z ,tan means flat-e>$1 x is n probable t x w\ld be giv5 z a po/hum\s title4 ,p]haps x is bett] to reg>d x z a "n or nickname giv5 to him dur+ life4 #d ,wn-hsen-tung-kao 771 ,*4 #baa4 #e ,*9e1 p4 #aaa4 #f ,tao-t-k+1 ,introduction1 ,note #a on page xix4 #g ,see ! 1 ! extract f ,sz ,ma-*i54 #h ,dict4 ,villes et ,arrond41 p4 #bdd4 #i ,juli51 ,tao-t-k+1 ,introduction1 ,note #b on page xix4 #aj ,tung-*i5-kang-mu1 ,*4 #da4 #aa ,*9e1 p4 #aab4 #ab ,li-*i1 ,*4 #c1 ,sect4 #gd1 ,note4 #ac ,see ! ,*ia-y 771 ,vol4 #a1 ,*4 #c4 #ad ,*4 ,classics1 ,vol4 #a1 ,proleg41 p4 #fe4 #ae ,kang-hsi's ,diction>y4 ,"* ,*u 774 #af ,see 8 works1 ,* #e1 p4 #bg1 ! ,ti5 ,yun 77 section4 #ag ,*ia-y1 ,vol4 #a1 ,*4 #c4 #ah ,% *i1 ,lao-tz4 #ai ,see ,*ia-y1 ,vol4 #a1 ,*4 #c4 #bj ,% *i1 ,lao-tz4 #ba ,see ,*ia-y1 ,vol4 #a1 ,*4 #c4 #bb ,% *i1 #a1 c4 #bc ,= ! di/ract$ /ate ( ,*9a ab\t ?is p]iod1 "o may read ! ,%i-*+1 ! ,tung-*i51 ,*un-*iu1 ! ,lun-y1 & o!r books4 #bd ,see 1 ,introduction4 #be ,tao-t ,*+1 ,*s4 #bj & #fg4 #bf ,see1 = in/ance1 a v unfair article on ,confucius 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,may1 #ahfh1 by ,sir ,j4 ,b[r+4 #bg 1 ,*4 #eh4 #bh ,*ia-y 771 ,*4 #c4 #bi ,see ! ,yuan-*i5-lei-han 771 ,*1 #cah4 #cj ,*alm]s translates ?is 8old philosoph]40 #ca ,see ! ,records ( ,spirits & ,fairies4 ,art4 4 ,juli5 has translat$ ?is ,*apt] 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,tao-t ,*+4 #cb ,see 9 ! 4 ,also comp>e ! simil> leg5ds ab\t ! ,buddha 9 ,h>dy's ,manual ( ,buddhism1 pages #cfg-h-i4 #cc ,see 8 ,mmoire sur la vie c41 de ,lao-tseu1 ps4 #e #f4 #cd ,"o au?or1 h[ev]1 repres5ts him z travell+ f> away to ! ,we/ & becom+ aga9 inc>nate z ,gotama ,buddha--see ,yuan-*i5 c41 *4 #cag4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,tao-,t ,,*+ 4 ,lao-tz is said to h di$ at ! age ( eighty-"o ye>s 9 ,b4,c4 #ebc1a ?\gh1 z has be5 se51 no?+ is kn[n positively ab\t ! "t or mann] ( 8 decease4 ,he _h1 accord+ to hi/orical tradition1 on leav+ ! ,hanku ,pass1 consign$ 8 writ+s on ,tao & ,t to ,y9-hsi1 ! gu>dian ( ! ,pass4 ,?is latt] seems to h transmitt$ 8 doctr9es to o!rs1 m especially to ,wn-tz 771 :o probably publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w kn[n to ! public4 ,"s inde$ suppose t ,lao-tz did n himself commit any?+ to writ+1 & t ,y9-hsi m]ely relat$ orally to ,wn-tz & o!rs :at he _h be5 taught orally by ! sage4 ,?is op9ion w n seem unlikely1 if we consid] t ! use ( pap] 0 at ?is "t unkn[n & t !re 7 v few facilities ( any k9d = publi%+ a book4 ,o!rs suppose t ,w5-tz 0 an imm$iate disciple ( ,lao-tz & t he publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 ma/]'s doctr9es aft] ! decease ( ! latt]4#b ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 x appe>s c]ta9 t = a consid]able "t aft] ! dea? ( its au?or ! "w :i* is n[ kn[n z ! ,tao-t *+ rema9$ 9 at lea/ p>tial obscurity4 ,m5cius does n allude by "n to ,lao-tz or 8 tea*+s1 ?\gh he ref]s on sev]al occasions1 & r unfav\rably1 to ,yang-*u 771 :o is suppos$ to h be5 a disciple ( ! sage4 ,! philosoph]s ,*wang 77 & ,lie 771 h[ev]1 contempor>ies ( ,m5cius1 seem to h be5 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce & cont5ts ( ! ,tao-t *+4 ,! latt] expressly quotes its words1 & bo? make m5tion ( ,lao-tan4 ,x has n be5 asc]ta9$ :5 or by :om its pres5t title 0 impos$ on ?is book4 ,we f9d e>ly writ]s quot+ its tea*+s z ^? ( ,hwang-,lao 771 t is1 ( ! ,emp]or ,hwang & ,lao-tz4 ,! =m] liv$1 or is suppos$ to h liv$1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #bfjj1 & "s p>ts ( ! ,tao-t *+ are expressly ascrib$ to him1 = example1 ,*apt] ,,vi is quot$ z 84#c ,ano!r title "u :i* ?is book is ref]r$ to by old au?ors is ,lao-tz-%u 771 t is1 ! writ+s ( ,lao-tz1#d & x is n until ! "t ( ,emp]or ,wn 77 ( ! ,han dyna/y1 or ab\t ,b4,c4 #afj1 t we f9d ! t]m ,tao-t us$4 ,we mu/ rememb] also t ! use ( ^! two words does n indicate t ! book treats only ( :at is meant by !m1#e nor are we to imag9e t ! =m] "p ( ! "w ref]s exclusively to ,t4 ,! fir/ ^w ( ! =m] "p ( ! book is ,tao1 & ! fir/ important ^w ( ! latt] portion is ,t1 & ^! two 7 simply comb9$ 9 ord] to =m a designation = ! :ole1 accord+ to ! usual ,*9ese cu/om4#f ,hian-tsung 771 an ,emp]or ( ! ,tang dyna/y1 :o reign$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #h? c5tury ( our era1 besides sev]al o!r innovations1 gave a sep>ate "n to ea* "p ( ?is book1 call+ ! =m] "p ! ,tao-*+ & ! latt] ! ,t-*+4#g ,^! appellations1 h[ev]1 are seldom1 if ev]1 us$1 & ! "w is n[ univ]sally kn[n z ! ,tao-t *+4 ,f ! words ( ,confucius x might ev5 ) "s degree ( probability be inf]r$ t already 9 8 "t ! "n ,tao-t 0 us$1 ! t]m ,*+ or classic1 be+1 ( c\rse1 a mu* lat] addition & giv5 by way ( respect4 ,f ! nam+ ( ! book ,i n[ proce$ to ! consid]ations ( ! way 9 :i* x has be5 divid$4 ,sz ,ma-*i5 simply says t ,lao-tz made a book 9 two p>ts1 conta9+ m ?an five ?\s& *>act]s1 & sett+ =? ! signification ( ,tao & ,t4 ,*ao1 h[ev]1 says t ! "w conta9$ #e1gdh words 9 eighty-"o *apt]s4 ,! orig9al division 0 probably only "o into two p>ts2 aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ^! 7 subdivid$ into *apt]s4 ,! numb] ( ^! latt] compos+ ! entire book v>ies consid]ably4#h ,"s editors make fifty-five *apt]s2 "s make sixty-f\r2 "s1 & notably ,wu-*ng1 make sixty-eight2 & "s sev5ty-two4 ,! mo/ usual numb]1 h[ev]1 is eighty-"o1 & ?is is said to be sanction$ by ! old & v5]able au?ority ( ,ho-%ang-kung 77 ( ! ,han dyna/y4 ,! ,taoi/s are v fond ( ! numb] ?ree & its multiples1 & ?is p>ticul> multiple1 eighty-"o1 is associat$ 9 tradition ) ,lao-tz's bir? & ! ye>s ( 8 life1 & !re is p]haps no great] reason = pref]r+ ?is to any o!r division4 ,to ,ho-%ang-kung is ascrib$ also ! addition ( a title to ea* ( ! eighty-"o *apt]s4 ,^! titles consi/ ( two *>act]s ea*1 giv+ an epitome ( ! cont5ts ( ! *apt]1 & !y resemble ! head+s ( *apt]s & sections 9 our own books4 ,_m editors1 h[ev]1 reject ^! inv5tions ( ,ho-%ang-kung1 & use ! ord9>y ,*9ese me?od ( di/+ui%+ ea* *apt] by its fir/ two *>act]s4 ,?is is consid]$ ! m decor\s me?od1 z ! o!r seems to be supplem5t+ ! au?or4 ,i come n[ to ! text ( ! ,tao-t *+1 & "h ! mo/ bewild]+ unc]ta9ty & confusion are f\nd4 ,"s editors1 wi%+ to h ! numb] ( *>act]s z little z possible beyond five ?\s&1 h cut !m (f app>5tly at pleasure1 & )\t mu* reg>d = ! s5se ( ! au?or4 ,o!rs h pursu$ a contr>y c\rse1 & reta9$ or add$ *>act]s 9 ord] app>5tly to make out :at !y deem$ to be ! true mean+ ( any p>ticul> passage4 ,?is conduct has occasion$ great v>iations 9 ! text1 & consequ5tly great unc]ta9ty z to :at ,lao-tz actually wrote or taught4 ,sometimes "o editor1 by ! suppression (1 a negative p>ticle or a ^w ( int]rogation1 gives to a passage a mean+ unlike or ev5 oppos$ to t :i* ano!r editor by ! ins]tion ( ?is "* gives to ! same passage4 ,b n only d diff]5t editions ( ?is book v>y z to ins]tion & rejection ( words3 !y also diff] z to ! mode ( writ+ _m ( ^? actually employ$4 ,words writt5 9 simil> mann]s1 or ( simil> s\nd1 b ) widely diff]5t significations1 frequ5tly replace "o ano!r2 & n unfrequ5tly *>act]s totally diff]5t 9 s\nd1 appe>ance1 & mean+ are f\nd sub/itut$ "o = ano!r 9 ! same passage4 ,h5ce ! numb] ( v>i\s read+s is exce$+ly great1 & ! mean+ ( _m passages at lea/ v d\btful4 ,"o edition gives 9 ! introduction an acc\nt ( "s ( ! v>iations 9 ! text1 :i* occupies a consid]able numb] ( pages2 :ile ano!r edition gives only a text accompani$ by v>i\s read+s4 ,! next po9t to be consid]$1 is ! /yle ( our au?or4 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ t]se & concise ev] employ$4 ,!re is little1 if any1 grace or elegance ab\t x3 & mo/ ( ! *apt]s seem to be m]ely notes or texts = philosophical disc\rses4 ,!y are compos$ ( %ort & (t5 enigmatical or p>adoxical s5t5ces--n 9 v]se1 z has be5 ass]t$#i--;& ) a connexion ei!r v slight or n at all p]ceptible4 ,mu* ( ! pres5t obscurity may be due to ! antiquity ( ! language & ! unc]ta9ty ab\t ! prop] read+2 b mu* is also due to ! brief enigmatical mann] 9 :i* ! au?or has express$ himself4 ,_m ,*9ese reg>d ! /yle z pr(\nd & sugge/ive1 & s1 no d\bt1 x is2 b we c nev] get at ! bottom ( ! mean+1 nor imag9e all t is sugge/$4 ,connect$ ) ! obscurity ( ! /yle1 & inde$ contribut+ l>gely t[>ds x1 is ! nature ( ! topics discuss$4 ,! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 & man's place & de/9y 9 x z an individual1 a memb] ( society1 & a consci\s "p ( nature1 are subjects :i* 9 all ages & 9 all c\ntries h puzzl$ ! m9ds ( ?\ghtful m51 & x is ( ^! & simil> matt]s t ,lao-tz pr9cipally treats4 ,su* subjects1 ev5 :5 discuss$ 9 a cle> & pla9 /yle & ) a ri* language1 are f\nd to be difficult ( elucidation2 & h[ mu* m s mu/ !y be :5 discuss$ 9 %ort enigmatical s5t5ces8 ,lao-tz1 l all o!r philosoph]s :o live & write 9 ! infancy ( a lit]>y language1 _h only a v imp]fect m$ium ?r\gh :i* to communicate 8 doctr9es4 ,! language ( 8 "t 0 rude & imp]fect1 utt]ly unfit to express ! deep ?\ghts ( a m$itative m9d1 & h5ce x c\ld at be/ b 8half reveal & half conceal ! s\l )940 ,! g5u95ess & s\rces ( ?is book are also difficult ( inve/igation1 & x is p]haps impossible to asc]ta9 ! tru? ab\t !m ) any accuracy4 ,z has be5 se51 a portion is ascrib$ to ! semi-fabul\s ,emp]or ,hwang1 & ,lao-tz is sometimes repres5t$ z m]ely transmitt+ ?is emp]or's doctr9es4 ,*apt] ,,xxxi has be5 decl>$ spuri\s1 & a portion ( ,*apt] ,,xxvii is f\nd fir/ 9 ,ho-%ang-kung's edition4#aj ,! beg9n+ ( ! n[ fam\s ,*apt] ,,xiv is v simil> to ! words ascrib$ to ! pr$ecessor ( ! ,emp]or ,hwang1 namely ! ,emp]or ,y5 771 by ! philosoph] ,*wang4 ,rmusat & ,pau?i] consid] ! ma9 doctr9es ( ! ,tao-t *+ to be d]iv$ f ,we/]n s\rces4 ,! =m] asks--,did ,lao-tz le>n !m f ! ,jews or f "s ori5tal sect unkn[n to u8#aa ,b ! illu/ri\s savant 0 unable to give a satisfactory answ]4 ,! le>n$ ,pau?i] ?9ks t ,lao-tz borr[$ 8 doctr9es ei!r f ! writ+s ( "s ( ! anci5t ,*9ese sages or f "s ,indian philosoph]s4#ab ,9 ,ma-tuan-l9's great "w a %ort acc\nt is giv5 ( an anci5t wor?y nam$ ,y-hsu+ 771 :o s]v$ ! celebrat$ ,wn-wang1 & :o mu/ accord+ly h fl\ri%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #aaej4ac ,?is man seems to h anticipat$ ,lao-tz 9 c]ta9 doctr9es1 b we h v little in=mation ab\t him1 & :at we h c sc>cely be call$ reliable4 ,lao-tz nev] alludes to a previ\s au?or2 b !re _c be mu* d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory & traditions ( 8 c\ntry4 ,we may probably n[ und]/& ! nature ( ! difficulties att5d+ ! read+ & int]pret+ ( ! ,tao-t ,*+1 ( :i* we/]n writ]s h compla9$4 ,juli5 speaks ( x z 8cet ouvrage mmorable qu'on reg>de avec raison comme le plus pr(ond1 le plus ab/rait et le plus difficile de t\te la littrature ,*9oise40#ad ,rmusat & ,pau?i] h writt5 9 a simil> mann]1 & ! /udy ( a few pages ( ! "w w %[ h[ real are ! difficulties ( :i* !y compla94 ,b x is n to =eign /ud5ts alone t ^! difficulties are p]plex+2 !y are s to ! native /ud5t also4 ,"s ( its editors are accus$ n only ( n appreciat+ its _s1 b ev5 ( n und]/&+ its language4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o h edit$ & comm5t$ on ?is "w is v great1 embrac+ ,buddhi/s1 ,taoi/s1 & ,confuciani/s4 ,! curi\s read] w f9d a li/ ( _m ( ^! 9 ! ,obs]vations ,dta*es prefix$ to ,juli5's translation4 ,to ?is li/ _m m names might be add$1 b x includes ne>ly all ! useful & well kn[n editions4 ,x is only necess>y "h to enum]ate a few ( ! m important & celebrat$ editions1 & ^? :i* are app>5tly n m5tion$ by ,juli5 & :i* h come "u my notice4 #a4 ,! ,tao-t-*+-*u 77 by ,ho-%ang-kung1 or z ,ma-tuan-l9 names ! book1 ,ho-,%ang-,kung-,*u-,lao-tz1 may be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ edition ( :i* we h n[ any exact in=mation4 ,?is ,ho-%ang-kung liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,w5 77 ( ! ,han dyna/y4 ,he d]iv$ 8 "n f 8 liv+ z a /udi\s h]mit on ! bank ( a riv] 9 a grass-made hut1 & nei!r 8 orig9al "n nor any?+ else sc>cely is kn[n ( him1 ?\gh ,juli5 calls him 8,lo-*9-kong40 ,to him1 z has be5 se51 is ascrib$ division ( ,lao-tz's book into eighty-"o *apt]s1 z also ! addition ( ! two-^w head+ ( ea* *apt]4 ,! orig9al "w is said to h be5 long s9ce lo/1 & pr(ess$ repr9ts are n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z spuri\s4 ,_m mod]n editions1 h[ev]1 pres5t :at !y designate ,ho-%ang-kung's text1 & ,juli5 seems to reg>d himself z possess+ ! g5u9e comm5t>y4 ,! edition ( ! ,tao-t ,*+1 :i* =ms ! fir/ volume 9 ! ,%-tz-*uan-%u 77 publi%$ dur+ ! reign ( ,*ia-,*+ ( ! pres5t dyna/y1 pr(esses to give ,ho-%ang-kung's text1 revis$ by two s*ol>s ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,lat] editors are divid$ 9 _! op9ions ( ! m]its ( ! recluse's comm5t>y & arrangem5t ( ! text4 ,"s reg>d ! comm5t>y z a fair expon5t ( ,lao-tz's tea*+s1 :ile o!rs--& ^! ,i ?9k ! majority--reg>d x z v bad & ev9c+ an ignorance ( ! au?or's mean+4 ,! text :i* is ascrib$ to him seems to be fre] f obscurities ?an t ( "s lat] editions1 b he is accus$ ( hav+ tak5 great lib]ties ) ! words ( ! orig9al4 #b4 ,! edition ( ,wang-,pi 774 ,?is man 0 ! au?or ( ! ,lao-tzu-liao-lun 771 accord+ to ,*ao4 ,he 0 a native ( ,%an-yang 77 9 ! "t ( ! ,*9 dyna/y1 :i* reign$ ov] ,*9a 9 ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies ( our era4#ae ,8 /yle 0 ,szu-fu 771 & he 0 an e>ly & devot$ /ud5t ( ,lao-tz4 ,besides ?is1 & t he wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,tao-t *91 & "o on ! ,yi-*+1 & di$ at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-f\r1 mu* regrett$ by 8 sov]eign1 we "k little ab\t ,wang-,pi4 ,! text :i* he gives 9 8 edition is v good1 & 8 notes are v brief4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 9 "s cases almo/ z difficult to compreh5d z ! passages !y are int5d$ to expla92 ?\gh _! au?or is reg>d$ by _m z a bett] /ud5t ( ,lao-tz ?an ,ho-%ang-kung1 & ,mr4 ,wylie says t 8 comm5t>y is 8g5]ally e/eem$ = its dep? ( ?\ght & *a/5ess ( diction40#af ,he also divid$ ! "w into eighty-"o *apt]s4 ,9 ! #dj? ye> ( ,*i5-lung1 or 9 #agge1 a revis$ edition ( ?is "w 0 pr9t$ 9 ! palace1 "u ! c>e ( ?ree m&>9s1 :o h writt5 a neat little preface to ! book4 ,?is edition is valuable z giv+ ! v>iations ( ,wang-,pi's notes :i* appe>$ 9 ! great ,encyclop$ia kn[n z ,yung-lo-ta-ti5 774 #c4 ,! ,tao-t-*+-%i-yi 774 ,?is 0 ! "w ( ,l-y5 771 bett] kn[n z ,l-,tung-p9 or ,l-tsu1 a fam\s ,taoi/ ( ! ,tang dyna/y4 ,8 comm5t>y is v diffuse1 & does n t5d v mu* to give a cle> conception ( ,lao-tz's views4 ,_m ,*9ese s*ol>s1 h[ev]1 believe t ! g5u9e "w is n extant1 & t all ! editions purport+ to be f 8 p5 are spuri\s4 ,l-y5 0 also ! editor ( a ,taoi/ book writt5 by a celebrat$ individual ( ! ,han dyna/y1 & he 0 ! au?or ( a numb] ( orig9al pieces4 ,he 0 promot$ to ! rank ( a ,g5ius1 & he is enroll$ z "o ( ! ,pa-hsi5 77 or ,eight ,g5ii1 "u ! /yle ,%un-yang-*n-j5 772 & 9 ! #bi? ye> ( ,kang-hsi1 ,m\-,mu-yu5 77 publi%$ an edition ( ! ,tao-t ,*+ purport+ to be a revis$ edition ( ?is man's "w4 ,x is a v useful book1 giv+ 9 addition to ! comm5t>y a li/ ( v>i\s read+s1 ! s\nds ( ! r>e or d\btful *>act]s1 & o!r valuable in=mation4 ,?is is ! edition1 app>5tly1 to :i* ,juli5 ref]s z a "w 8publie en #afij p> ,*un-yang-t*9-j9 qui r5f]me t\tes les rv]ies des ,tao-sse mod]nes40#ag ,i _c und]/&1 h[ev]1 h[ a s9ologue ( ,m4 ,juli5's erudition c\ld mi/ake ! date ( ! fam\s ,l-,tung-p9 or =get t he 0 id5tical ) ,%un-yang-*n-j51 ,a new edition ( ,m\-,mu-yu5's book 0 publi%$ 9 ! #ad? ye> ( ,*ia-*+ 7#ahji7 by ,ts\-,hs-kun 774 #d4 ,! edition ) notes by ,su-,*e 771 a relation ( ! fam\s poet & au?or ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 nam$ ,su also4 ,*e1 or z he is also call$ ,ts-yu1 seems to h be5 an eclectic philosoph]1 & he has incurr$ sev]e c5sure f rigid ,confuciani/s = d>+ to presume t ! doctr9es ( ,%kyamuni & ,lao-tz c\ld resemble ^? ( _! ,ma/]4 ,8 comm5t>y is writt5 9 a lib]al & g5]\s _s1 & %ews1 besides1 a consid]able am\nt ( read+1 mu* 9 advance ( ord9>y ,*9ese au?ors4 #e4 ,ano!r edition ( ! ,tao-t ,*+1 publi%$ dur+ ! ,sung dyna/y1 0 t ( ,l-,tung-lai 77 or ,tsu-*i5 771 also kn[n z ,pei-kung 774 ,he 0 a v le>n$ ,confuciani/1 & wrote1 along ) o!r works1 an excell5t comm5t>y on ! ,*un-*iu 77 ( ,confucius4 #f4 ,! ,tao-t-*n-*+-*u 77 by ,wu-,*ng 774 ,?is man 0 a native ( ,l9-*iean-hsi5 77 9 ,kiangsi1 & liv$ "u ! ,yuan or ,mongol dyna/y4 ,he divid$ ! ,tao-t ,*+ into sixty-eight *apt]s by putt+1 9 sev]al in/ances1 two or m ( ! ord9>y *apt]s into "o4 ,8 comm5t>y is "o ( ! be/ & ( ! mo/ popul> among ! ,*9ese lit]ati4 ,?is is p>tly ow+ to ! fact t ,wu-,*ng 0 also a well-kn[n ,confuciani/ & a comm5tator on ! classics4 ,8 /yle 0 ,yu-*+ 771 & x is "u ! "n ,oi-ye\-?s+ t ,juli5 makes m5tion ( him4 ,9 ,*9ese books he is also frequ5tly quot$ z ,tsao-lu 774 ,a new edition ( ,wu-,*ng's excell5t "w appe>$ 9 ! eigh? ye> ( ,*ia-*+ 7#ahjc17 ) a preface by ,*ang-,wn-p+1 & ano!r edition ) a %ort supplem5t appe>$ 9 ! reign ( ! late emp]or4 #g4 ,"u ! ,m+ dyna/y !re 7 sev]al good1 editions ( ?is "w publi%$1 b ,i h be5 able to obta9 only two ( !m4 ,! ,tao-t-hs+-m+-*i5-*i 77 0 publi%$ dur+ ! reign ( ,yung-lo 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! editor does n reveal 8 "n b uses a nom de gu]re1 & ,i h n succe$$ 9 asc]ta9+ any?+ ab\t 8 hi/ory4 ,! comm5t>y :i* he has writt5 is v useful1 & ev9ces a c>eful /udy ( 8 au?or & a famili> acqua9tance ) ,*9ese lit]ature4 ,! text & ! head+s ( ! ,*apt]s are said to be aft] ,ho-%ang-kung1 & ! numb] ( ! *apt]s is eighty-"o4 #h4 ,! ,tao-t-hs+-m+-h\-*i 77 appe>$ 9 ! reign ( ,*ia-*+ 77 ( ! same dyna/y1 & ne>ly a c5tury aft] ! above edition4 ,! au?or ( ?is comm5t>y 0 ,*u-,*en-hung 771 a relative ( ! royal family1 & a milit>y vic]oy ) full p[]s = "s "t4 ,8 notes are %ort & n ( great utility1 b he occasionally introduces quotations f e>ly writ]s illu/rative ( passages 9 ,lao-tz's tea*+s1 & he seems to h be5 a man ( no mean lit]>y atta9m5ts4 #i4 ,! ,tao-t ,*+1 ) ,prolegom5a & ,comm5t>y by ,hsu-,ta-*un 771 0 publi%$ 9 #agfj4 ,ta-*un's /yle 0 ,l+-tai 771 & he 0 born 9 ,wu-*iang-hsi5 77 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,soo*[1 9 ! reign ( ,yung-*ng4 ,he 0 well-kn[n dur+ 8 life z an accompli%$ s*ol>1 & a writ] on m$ic9e & o!r subjects4 ,8 comm5t>y on ! ,tao-t ,*+ is to be reckon$ among ! mo/ useful ( all ! comm5t>ies t h hi!rto appe>$4 ,he speaks v slight+ly ( previ\s editors1 m especially ( ,ho-%ang-kung1 & he adv]tises 8 read]s t he has n /ol5 any?+ f 8 pr$ecessors1 b has /udi$ 8 au?or4 ,mr4 ,wylie says t ,ta-*un 9 ?is comm5t>y1 89 a concise & lucid /yle1 develops 8 ideas on ! "w ( ,lau-tze1 extoll+ x above ! ,confucian ,classics40#ah #aj4 ,! ,tao-t-*+-kao-yi 77 by ,pi-,yuan 771 a high (fic] "u ,*i5-lung4 ,he publi%$ ?is "w 9 ! =ty-six? ye> ( ?is reign 7#agha7 9 two volumes1 & ) ! *apt]s divid$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! text :i* he gives is t settl$ by ,fu-yi 771 an imp]ial annali/ dur+ ! ,tang dyna/y1 & 8 notes consi/ almo/ exclusively ( an enum]ation ( ! v>iations pres5t$ by previ\s editions4 ,mr4 ,wylie speaks ( x z 8a v excell5t exam9ation ( ! purity ( ! text10#ai b x is sc>cely s mu* z a /atem5t ( ! v>i\s read+s1 ) an occasional attempt at explanation or reconciliation4 #aa4 ,! ,lao-tz-tsan-*u 774 ,( ?is ,mr4 ,wylie writes3--8,a critical exposition ( ! "w 7t is1 ( ! ,tao-t ,*+7 0 writt5 by ,e ,yun-tn 9 #ahaf1 entitl$ ! ,lau-tsz-tsan-*o40#bj ,app5d$ to sev]al editions ( ! ,tao-t ,*+ is a small tract be>+ ! "n ,y9-fu ,*+ 771 t is1 z expla9$ by "o au?or1 ! ,classic ( ! ,secret ,tally4 ,x conta9s only a few s5t5ces1 g5]ally obscure & enigmatical1 be>+ on subjects simil> to ^? treat$ ( by ,lao-tz4 ,! au?or ( ! "w is unkn[n1 & "s ref] x to ! anci5t ,hwang-,ti 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #bfcj71 :ile o!rs br+ x d[n s late z ,li-,*uan 77 ( ! ,tang dyna/y4#ba ,x seems m probable1 h[ev]1 t x 0 writt5 by ,tai-kung 771 :o is also kn[n z ,l-wang 77 & ,*ing-%ang 774 ,he 0 feudal *ief ( ! pr9cipality ( ,*i 771 & liv$ "u k+s ,wn & ,wu ( ! ,*\ dyna/y 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #aaej to #aabj74 ,sz-ma-*i5#bb m5tions ! book "u ! title ,*\-%u-y9-fu 771 z hav+ be5 /udi$ by ,su-,*9 771 a fam\s g5]al ab\t ! "t ( ,m5cius1 :o atta9$ to ! high position ( *ief m9i/] = six ( ! sev5 /ates !n cont5d+2 h5ce he is frequ5tly spok5 ( z ,liu-kuo-hsiang 774 ,! ,y9-fu-,*+ =ms "p ( ! curi\s book call$ ! ,magnetic ,ne$le 771 :]e ! text is accompani$ ) v int]e/+ notes4 #a ,le ,livre des ,rcomp5ses et des ,pe9es c41 p> ,s4 ,juli5 ,av]tissem5t1 p4 #f4 #b ,wn-hsi5 c41 *41 #baa4 #c ,see ,lie-tz's ,*ung-hs-*5-*+ 77 ,ti5-sui 77 *4 :]e x =ms "p ( a quotation f ,hwang-,ti's writ+s4 #d ,see ,juli5's ,tao-t-k+1 p4 xxxiii4 #e ,hs ,ta-*un's ,preface to 8 edition ( ! ,tao-t *+4 #f ,see ,wu-,*ng's 77 ,tao-t *+1 *4 #a4 #g ,hs ,ta-*n's edition1 ,prolegom5a #b4 ,?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 _c be v]ifi$4 #h ,see ,hs ,ta-*n z above4 #i ,pau?i]1 ,*9e1 p4 iii4 #aj ,wn-hsi5 c41 *4 #baa4 #aa ,mmoire c41 p4 #di4 #ab ,*9e ,mod]ne1 p4f #cej1 & ,*9e1 p4 #ie c4 #ac ,*41 #baa4 #ad ,tao-t *+1 p4 ii #ae ,see ! ,%ang-yu-lu 771 ,*4 #i1 art4 4 #af ,notes on ,*9ese ,lit]ature1 p4 #agi4 #ag ,tao te1 c4 ,obs]vations ,dta*es1 p4 xxxix4 #ah ,notes on ,*9ese ,lit]ature1 p4 #agc4 ,i h fail$1 h[ev]1 to v]ify ! conclud+ "p ( ! s5t5ce4 #ai ,notes1 c41 p4 #agc4 #bj ,notes1 c41 p4 #agd4 #ba ,notes1 c41 p4 #agc4 #bb ,%i-*i1 ,*4 #h4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,lao-,,tz's ,,tea*+s4 ,be=e proce$+ to exam9e 9 detail ! doctr9es ( ! ,tao-t ,*+1 ,i %all briefly indicate _! g5]al nature2 & by way ( preface to my own rem>ks1 ,i n[ pres5t to ! read] ! /atem5ts ( two critics ( diff]5t c\ntries1 & ( r widely sep>at$ dates4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,*u-hsi 1 a ,*9ese philosoph] :o liv$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 says3--8,lao-tz's s*eme ( philosophy consi/s 9 mode/y1 self-empt9ess1 ! sav+ ( "o's p[]s1 & ! refusal 9 all circum/ances to agitate ! bodily hum\rs & spirits4 ,lao-tz's le>n+ consi/s1 g5]ally speak+1 9 be+ void ( desires1 quiet1 & free f ex]tion--9 be+ self-empty1 retir+1 & self-controll+ 7lit41 self-keep+7 9 actual life4 ,accord+ly1 :at 8 words are ev] inculcat+ is to h 9 outw>d deportm5t a g5tle t5d]ness & mode/y1 & to be at ! core void ( all selfi%ness1 & unhurtful to all ?+s 9 ! _w40#a ,! o!r critic1 a ,fr5* philosoph] /ill liv+1 says3--8,la conception de ,lao-tseu e/ un ,rationalisme pan?i/ique absolu dans lequel le monde s5sible e/ consid] comme la cause de t\tes les imp]fections et de t\tes les misres1 et la p]sonalit huma9e comme un mode infrieur et passag] du gr& tre1 de la gr&e ,uit qui e/ l'orig9e et la f9 de t\s les tres4 ,elle a1 comme n\s l'avons dj dit ailleurs une gr&e analogie avec le sy/me de l',id5tit absolue de ,s*ell+4 ,il y a cette diff]5ce1 cep5dant1 que la conception du premi] n'e/ en quelque sorte qu' l'tat rudim5taire1 comme la civilization de son poque1 t&is que le sy/me du d]ni] embrasse t\s les progrs que la p5se philosophique a fait p5dant plus de deux mille ans d'incessants et s\v5t d'infructueus labeurs40#b ,i am unable to co9cide p]fectly ) ! op9ions ( ! above critics1 especially ) ^? ( ! latt]2 & ,i %all probably ref] to !m aga94 ,!re is at lea/ "o respect 9 :i* ! writ+s ( ,lao-tz resemble ^? ( ,s*ell+--t is1 9 be+ frequ5tly q un9telligible to all ord9>y mortals4 ,pau?i]1 h[ev]1 seems to h obs]v$ :at ! ,*9ese critic app>5tly fail$ to notice--namely1 t all ,lao-tz's tea*+s are ! elucidation & developm5t ( 8 idea ( ! relations betwe5 some?+ :i* he names ,tao & ! ,univ]se4 ,9 tak+ a g5]al view ( ,lao-tz's philosophy1 ?is is ! fir/ obs]vation ,i h to make3--,x is a sy/em :i* ref]s all ?+s to ,tao1 z ! ultimate ideal unity ( ! univ]se4 ,! sum ( ! ,tao-t ,*+ may be said to be t ,tao orig9at$ all ?+s1 is ! ev]la/+ model ( rule = all ?+s1 & t into x all ?+s are f9ally absorb$4 ,x behoves u !n1 at ! outset1 to endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at t is :i* ,lao-tz designates by ?is "n1 & to f9d "s sort ( an equival5t = x 9 our own language1 if possible4 ,n[ ! "* ,tao is us$ 9 sev]al v diff]5t s5ses 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+4 7#a7 ,x is us$ 9 ! s5se ( ! way or means ( do+ a ?+4#c 7#b7 ,9 "s passages x means to speak ( or describe4#d 7#c7 ,x is us$ 9 ! s5se ( ! c\rse--lit]al & metaphorical--*>act]i/ic ( & pursu$ by ,heav51 ,e>?1 ! p]fect man1 c4#e ,?is usage ( ! ^w is common to ,lao-tz ) ! ,confuciani/s & all o!r ,*9ese writ]s4 ,9 "s places also x seems to be us$ 9 ! s5se ( good pr9ciples--tru?--z 9 ,confuciani/ writ+s4 7,see ,*4 #df474 7#d7 ,!re is ! transc5d5tal use ( ! ^w1 p]haps orig9at$ by ,lao-tz1#f b at lea/ *iefly transmitt$ ?r\gh him4 ,x is ) ,tao us$ 9 ?is la/ s5se alone t we h to deal at pres5t1 & ,i %all accord+ly n[ give a sket* ( ,lao-tz's own acc\nt ( ! ,tao :i* has giv5 a "n to 8 philosophy4 ,tao1 !n1 is some?+ :i* exi/$ be=e heav5 & e>? 71 be=e ,deity 01 & :i* is1 inde$1 et]nal4#g ,x has n any "n really1#h & x nev] _h a "n2 b ,lao-tz feels himself oblig$ to devise an epi!t = x1 & he adopts ! ^w ,tao4 ,?is ^w1 h[ev]1 is n to be tak5 9 any ( its ord9>y significations1#i b is us$ 9 a peculi> s5se1 to d5ote t :i* w\ld o!rwise be nameless4 ,?is ,tao _c be appreh5d$ by any ( ! bodily s5ses4#aj ,x is pr(\nd1 my/]i\s1 & extremely subtle4#aa ,repres5t$ z exi/+ et]nally1 x is 9 its nature calm1 void1 solit>y1 & un*ang+2#ab b repres5t$ z 9 op]ation1 x revolves ?r\gh ! univ]se ( be+1 act+ ev]y:]e1 b act+ 8my/]i\sly1 spontane\sly1 & )\t ef=t40#ac ,x conta9s matt]1 & an inh]5t p[] ( production2 & ?\gh itself =mless1 x yet compreh5ds all possible =ms4#ad ,x is ! ultimate cause ( ! univ]se1 & x is ! model or rule = all creatures1 b *iefly = man4#ae ,x repres5ts also t ideal /ate ( p]fection 9 :i* all ?+s act$ h>moni\sly & spontane\sly1 & :5 good & evil 7 unkn[n2 & ! return to :i* con/itutes ! summum bonum ( exi/5ce4#af ,lao-tz speaks ( ! ,tao "u v>i\s metaphors--x is ! _s ( ! void#ag 7lit41 _s ( ! valley7--a holl[ ut5sil#ah--;a riv] or ocean#ai--;a p>5t#bj--;a rul]4#ba ,we w h m to say ( ?is ,tao %ortly2 b ! above w p]haps suffice = ! pres5t to give an idea ( :at mean+ ,lao-tz atta*$ to ! ^w1 or r1 x %\ld be said1 ! mean+s2 = he does n seem to h _h 9 8 m9d a v cle> conception ( :at ,tao actually 04 ,! next ?+ we h to d is to endeav\r to f9d a ^w :i* w translate ,tao 9 ?is1 its transc5d5tal use--a matt] ( no easy accompli%m5t4 ,pau?i]1 z has be5 se51 r5d]s x by 8,gr&e voie du monde10 by 8,raison suprme univ]selle30 he also sometimes speaks ( x simply z 8,raison0#bb or 8,logos40 ,rmusat#bc also r5d]s x by 8,logos0 or 8,raison20 & x is by ! t]m 8,raison0 or 8,logos0 t ,engli% writ]s translate ! "* ,tao :5 x ref]s to ! peculi> doctr9es ( ,lao-tz & 8 real or pret5d$ foll[]s4 ,juli51 h[ev]1 diss5ts f ?is int]pretation1 & rightly ,i ?9k4 ,aft] giv+ an acc\nt ( ,tao z taught by ! ,taoi/s !mselves1 he says 8,il p>ait donc impossible de le 7i4e41 ,tao7 pr5dre p\r la raison primordiale1 p\r l'intellig5ce sublime qui a cr et qui rgit le monde40#bd ,x is ) great hesitation & reluctance1 h[ev]1 t ,i f9d myself unable to adopt ,juli5's own translation--8,voie10 or ,way4 ,i q agree ) him z to ! reason = n adopt+ ! t]m ,reason--namely1 t ,tao z repres5t$ by ,lao-tz is devoid ( ?\ght1 judgm5t1 & intellig5ce 7z to action1 ,lao-tz is app>5tly n q consi/5t ) himself47 ,?us x is q impossible to make x id5tical ) ! ,logos ( ,plato1 & almo/ absurd to id5tify x ) ! div9e ,logos ( ! ,neoplatoni/s ( ,alex&ria4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t ! ^w way is ! be/ we c use to translate ,tao1 & ?is = sev]al reasons4 ,a way implies a way-mak] ap>t f & antec$5t to x1 b ,tao 0 be=e all o!r exi/5ces4 ,aga91 :5 ,lao-tz speaks ( x z indet]m9ate1 z pr(\nd1 & f9ally z produc+1 n\ri%+1 & absorb+ ! univ]se1 ^! t]ms c sc>cely be appli$ to a way1 h[ev] metaphorically us$4 ,juli5 says3--8,le s5s de ,voie1 que je donne au mot ,tao 1 rsulte clairem5t des passages suivants de ,lao-tseu3 #8,si j'tais d\ de quelque prud5ce1 je m>*]ais dans le gr& ,tao' 7dans la gr&e ,voie74--,le gr& ,tao e/ tres-uni 7la gr&e ,voie e/ tres-unie71 mais le peuple aime les s5ti]s 7*4 ,,liii740 8,le ,tao peut tre reg>d comme la m]e de l'univ]s4 ,je ne connais pas son nom2 p\r le qualifi]1 je l'appelle le ,tao ou la ,voie 7*4 ,,xxv740#be ,n[ 9 ! =m] ( ! two cases "h cit$ ! expression ta tao means1 ,i ?9k1 ! great c\rse ( duty :i* all m5 ought to pursue1 b especially ^? :o are 9 au?ority--! way ( ! magi/rate or rul]2 an int]pretation :i* seems to be support$ by ! re/ ( ! *apt]1 ?\gh "s ( ! comm5tators seem to be ( ! same op9ion ) ,juli54#bf ,x is to be obs]v$ t ?is s*ol> translates ! words 8ta tao0 by 8la gr&e ,voie10 b 9 ! same *apt] r5d]s ! words 8fei tao tsai0 simply by 8ce n'e/ po9t pratiqu] le ,tao40 ,! *apt] f :i* ! latt] ( ! above two passages is cit$ by ,juli5 also seems to require ano!r ^w ?an way to translate ,tao1 & ! same rem>k applies to ! occurr5ce ( ! ^w 9 sev]al o!r places ?r\gh\t ! ,tao-t ,*+4#bg ,we may say ( ! ,tao1 z 8,voie0 or ,way1 t x revolves ev]y:]e2 b we c sc>cely speak ( x z be+ p>5t ( ! ,univ]se--! fir/ & highe/ exi/5ce4 ,way or road is1 no d\bt1 "o ( ! e>lie/ mean+s ( ! "* ,tao1 & t :i* und]lies _m ( its o!r uses4 ,nor is x v difficult to trace its progress f ! p]fectly concrete c\rse or *annel1 & ! ab/ract l9e or guide1 to ! ideal pa? or c\rse :i* univ]sal nature et]nally & un*ang+ly pursues4 ,:at ,lao-tz does1 z x seems to me1 is to id5tify ,nature & h] ideal c\rse2 & z he c\ld f9d no m g5]al ^w :]eby to express ?is ultimate ideal unity1 he uses ! ^w ,tao to designate x1 j z a ma!matician uses x to express an unkn[n quantity4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ,lao-tz's sy/em prop]ly1 we mu/ sub/itute = ,tao a ^w correspond+ z closely z possible to x 9 wid? ( mean+ & vagu5ess ( association4 ,x be>s a some:at close analogy to ! ,apeiron ( ! old ,ionic philosoph] ,anaxim&]2 b ! ,indet]m9ate or ! ,indef9ite is r an awkw>d ^w to be frequ5tly us+1 & we d n "k en\gh ( ,anaxim&]'s sy/em to w>rant u 9 sub/itut+ ! ,apeiron = ,tao4 ,9 mod]n times1 aga91 ! ,sub/ance 9 ,sp9oza's philosophy1 & ! ,absolute 9 ,s*ell+'s1 resemble x 9 _m po9ts2 b nei!r c\ld s]ve z a prop] translation4 ,i h accord+ly det]m9$ to express ,tao by our ^w ,nature1 us+ x 9 its wide/ & mo/ ab/ract s5se--8great creat+ ,nature40 ,b ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z imply+ t ?is ^w corresponds exactly to ,tao--f> f x4 ,i use x simply z 9 my op9ion ! ne>e/ approa* we c get4#bh ,s1 !n1 we may say ( ,lao-tz's sy/em t x ref]s all matt] & _s 9 ! univ]se to "o orig9al ,nature1 f :i* !y bo? orig9at$1 by :i* !y are ma9ta9$1 & into :i* !y are to be f9ally absorb$4 ,?is is ! fir/ g5]al obs]vation ,i h to make on 8 philosophy4 ,aga91 ,lao-tz's philosophy is em95tly an e?ical or r a politico-e?ical sy/em4 ,all 8 tea*+s aim at mak+ man a bett] individual1 & a bett] memb] ( society4 ,:atev] ! subject be on :i* he disc\rses1 !re is g5]ally a moral allusion or a moral lesson taught 9 allegory2 & ! high value :i* he assigns to moral excell5ce above all %[y accompli%m5ts des]ves our greate/ comm5dation1 ev5 ?\gh we diss5t f 8 disp>ag+ view ( intellectual acquirem5ts4 ,he appeals m to ! he>t ?an to ! m9d--m to ! ,hebrai/ic side ( our nature ?an to ! ,hell5i/ic 7to use ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's language72 & ! ,tao-t *+ is m a book ( skeleton s]mons ?an a book ( 8reason$ tru?40 ,! intellect1 inde$1 is n only depress$2 b is ev5 sometimes spok5 ( unfav\rably1 z oppos$ to ! b5eficial op]ation ( ,nature 7,tao7 on m5's he>ts4 ,fur!r1 ! sy/em ( ,lao-tz is "o purely speculative1 & a priori 79 ! ,kantian s5se74 ,!re is 9 x no ga!r+ ( facts--no que/ion+ ( nature--no ris+ f p>ticul> facts or tru?s ( great] & great] g5]ality4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 little or no?+ ( ! _s ( ! inductive philosophy ( mod]n times to be f\nd 9 ! ,tao-t *+4 ,x 8nobly takes ! a priori road10 beg9n+ ) ! univ]sal cause1 & com+ d[n to p>ticul> facts2 frames hypo!ses ab\t nature & morals1 & tries to make exi/+ circum/ances con=m to !m4 ,?is is ! "*1 h[ev]1 :i* x has 9 common ) ne>ly all e>ly sy/ems ( philosophy1 & ev5 ) "s ( v mod]n times4 ,an utt]ly wrong me?od we believe x to be2 b we c easily =give x 9 ,lao-tz1 :5 we take into consid]ation ! circum/ances amid :i* he liv$1 & ! nature & am\nt ( ! mat]ials at 8 h&4 ,! la/ *>act]i/ic ( ,lao-tz's tea*+s to :i* ,i %all allude at pres5t is t !y are all imbu$ ) a g5ial & sympa!tic _s1 reg>d+ man n m]ely z an individual1 & n m]ely z a memb] ( human society1 b also a citiz5 ( ! univ]se1 if ,i may use ! expression4 ,mode/y1 g5tl5ess1 =be>ance1 & self-d5ial are 8 con/ant wat*words4 ,he ev] inculcates on man1 especially 9 8 highe/ developm5t1 a sympa?y n only ) 8 fell[ m51 b also ) all ! creatures ( ! e>?1 & ev5 ) inanimate nature4 ,?is doctr9e results1 no d\bt1 f ! lead+ idea t all owe _! orig9 to ! "o all-produc+1 all-n\ri%+ nature2 & x is a doctr9e ( :i* ,lao-tz seems to h be5 v fond4 ,he frequ5tly alludes to x z ! duty & advantage ( man to be humble1 g5tle1 & nev] /riv+2 & he utt]ly abhors ! idea ( viol5ce1 & ! o/5tation ( sup]iority4 ,he goes to excess1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 9 8 notions ab\t a peaceful1 non-int]f]+ mode ( life2 & c>ries 8 doctr9e ( ! imitation ( ,nature 7,tao7 to unw>rant$ l5g?s4 ,hav+ ?us describ$ g5]ally ! nature ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,tao-t *+1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to exam9e !m m 9 detail4 ,9 do+ s x w be conv5i5t to consid] !m "u ! ?ree lead+ divisions ( ,speculative ,physics1 ,politics & ,e?ics4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 beg p>don ( ! pale %ade ( _! au?or = do+ s1 z ,i am c]ta9 t he w\ld n sanction ?is division2 & at ! same "t ,i mu/ =ew>n ! read] t he is n to ?9k t subjects 9 8 op9ion app]ta9+ to ^! ?ree dep>tm5ts are kept rigor\sly di/9ct4 ,lao-tz1 l ,plato & "s o!r philosoph]s1 makes ,physics & ,politics subord9ate p>ts ( ,e?ics--! gr&1 all embrac+ /udy4 ,s :5 read+ 9 ! ,tao-t *+ ab\t matt]s :i* we reg>d z belong+ peculi>ly to "o or o!r ( ^! divisions1 we mu/ endeav\r to reg>d !m f ,lao-tz's po9t ( view--viz41 z "p ( "o univ]sal1 all conta9+ nature4 ,if we leave out ! important ^w :i* ,i enclose 9 brackets1 & sub/itute "s su* ^w z yet or /ill1 we f9d 9 ! writ+s ( a great ,engli% poet ( ! #ah? c5tury s5tim5ts v simil> to ^? ( ! ,*9ese sage :o liv$ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e him3-- 8,all are b p>ts ( "o /up5d\s :ole1 ,^: body nature is1 & ,god ! s\l2 ,t1 *ang$ ?r\gh all1 & yet 9 all ! same2 ,great 9 ! e>?1 z 9 ! e!real frame2 ,w>ms 9 ! sun1 refre%es 9 ! breeze1 ,gl[s 9 ! />s1 & blossoms 9 ! trees1 ,lives ?r\gh all life1 ext5ds ?r\gh all ext5t1 ,spreads undivid$1 op]ates unsp5t3 ,brea!s 9 our s\l1 in=ms our mortal "p1 ,z full1 z p]fect1 9 a hair z he>t3 ,z full1 z p]fect1 9 vile man t m\rns1 ,z ! rapt s]aph t adores & burns3 ,to x no high1 no l[1 no great1 no small2 ,x fills1 x b\nds1 connects1 & equals all40 #a ,collect$ ,writ+s1 *4 #eh4 #b ,*9e ,mod]ne1 p4 #cea4 #c ,*4 #ei4 #d ,*4 #a4 ,?is passage is1 h[ev]1 also r5d]$ accord+ to ! metaphor ( a road4 ,see ,wu-*ng's note4 #e ,*s4 #dg1 #di1 #gc1 #gg4 #f ,see ,*4 #be4 #g ,*s4 #be1 #bf4 #h ,*4 #da4 #i ,*4 #a4 ,! ^w *ang 771 h[ev]1 may mean la/+1 et]nal4 #aj ,*s4 #ad1 #ce4 #aa ,*4 #a1 c4 #ab ,*4 #be4 #ac ,*s4 #be1 #cg4 #ad ,*s4 #ad1 #ba4 #ae ,*s4 #a1 #ea4 #af ,see *s4 #ah1 #ch4 #ag ,*4 #f4 ,! "* is1 h[ev]1 also r5d]$ o!rwise 9 ?is page4 ,see ,yi-yuan's edition & t 9 ! 4 #ah ,*4 #d4 #ai ,*4 #cb4 #bj ,*s4 #bd1 #eb4 #ba ,*4 #ea4 ,! ,tao is also1 h[ev]1 said n to rule ov] ! _w4 ,see *4 #cd4 #bb ,*9e ,mod]ne1 p4 #cea4 #bc ,melanges ,po/humes1 p4 #afg1 & 9 ! ,melanges ,asiatiques4 ,see also ,juli5's ,introduction1 p4 xii4 #bd ,introduction1 p4 xiii4 #be ,introduction1 p4 xiii4 #bf ,see ,wu-*ng's note to ! passage4 #bg ,e4,g41 *s4 #af1 #ad1 c4 #bh ,!re are sev]al passages 9 ! ,tao-t *+ :]e ,nature c\ld n be us$ to translate ,tao2 b ?is may 9 "s cases arise f ! fact t ,lao-tz's conception ( ,nature 0 v diff]5t f ours4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,speculative ,,physics4 ,:at 0 ,lao-tz's conception ( ! ,cosmos8 ,to ?is "q we are un=tunately unable to give a cle> & satisfactory answ]4 ,x is only occasionally1 & !n usually by way ( illu/ration1 t he alludes to ! mat]ial _w or to ! physical & m5tal con/itution ( man4 ,all t we c d1 accord+ly1 is to exam9e ! miscellane\s passages 9 :i* he ref]s to ^! subjects1 & collect f !m :at in=mation we c z to ! notions :i* ,lao-tz ent]ta9$ ab\t ! orig9 & nature ( ! univ]se2 & we mu/ be prep>$ to f9d "u ! head ( speculative physics _m m matt]s ?an ought prop]ly1 accord+ to our ideas1 to be s includ$4 ,! fir/ po9t to be notic$ is t1 z has be5 already se51 ,lao-tz ref]s all exi/+ creatures to an et]nal1 all-produc+1 all-su/a9+ unity1 :i* he calls ,nature 7,tao74 ,he does n di/+ui% betwe5 m9d & matt]1 nor w\ld he1 9 my op9ion1 h recognis$ any fundam5tal or g5]ic diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 _s & matt] 7 id5tical or diametrically opposite1 !y _h a common orig9 9 ,tao4 ,b ?\gh usually he ?us ref]s all ?+s to nature 7,tao7 z _! fir/ cause1 yet he sometimes seems to speak ( ! univ]se z com+ f no?+4#a ,nor is !re any contradiction "h1 s9ce ,lao-tz reg>d$ non-exi/5ce 7,wu 7 z 9 circum/ances id5tical ) exi/5ce 7,yu 72 ! latt] be+ m]ely ! =m] contemplat$ f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,?is op9ion1 if n explicitly /at$ by himself1 is at lea/ impli$ 9 8 writ+s1 & is explicitly /at$ by "o ( 8 disciples4#b ,x mu/ be m5tion$1 h[ev]1 t ,*u-hsi 77 ascribes ! v opposite doctr9e to ,lao-tz1 :o1 he says1 reg>d$ exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce z two1 :]eas ,*\-tz 77 reg>d$ !m z "o4#c ,9 ! ,tao-t ,*+ ! orig9ator ( ! univ]se is ref]r$ to "u ! names ,non-,exi/5ce1 ,exi/5ce1 ,nature 7,tao7 & v>i\s o!r designations--all :i*1 h[ev]1 repres5t "o idea 9 v>i\s manife/ations4 ,x is 9 all cases ,nature 7,tao7 :i* is meant1 & we are n[ prep>$ to exam9e ! "p :i* ,lao-tz assigns to ?is ,tao 9 ! production & regulation ( ! physical _w4 ,tao1 z spok5 ( by ,lao-tz1 may be consid]$ z a pot5tial or z an actual exi/5ce1 & "u ?is latt] head x may be contemplat$ 9 itself & z an op]at+ ag5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,reg>d$ z a pot5tial exi/5ce x may1 :5 comp>$ ) actual exi/5ce1 be pron\nc$ non-exi/5ce4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view imp]ceptible to man1 & c be spok5 ( only negatively2 & s su* t]ms z non-exi/5ce 771 ! unlimit$ or inf9ite 771 ! non-ex]t+ 771 ! matt]less 771 are ! expressions us$ ) ref]5ce to ,tao ?us consid]$4#d ,accord+ly ,lao-tz1 :5 speak+ ( x z a pot5tial exi/5ce1 z ! logical antec$5t ( all p]ceptible exi/5ce--seems to reg>d x z equival5t to ! primeval ,no?+ or ,*aos4 ,s too ! ,yuan-miao-nei-pi5 77 says t ! great ,tao :i* arose 9 non-ex]tion is ! ance/or ( all ?+s4#e ,f ?is /ate1 h[ev]1 x passes into ! condition ( actual exi/5ce1 a transition :i* is express$ "u ! metaphor ( g5]ation4#f ,to ?is doctr9e1 t exi/5ce is g5]at$ f non-exi/5ce1 ,*u-hsi objects2 b 8 objection arises *iefly1 ,i ?9k1 f suppos+ t ,lao-tz reg>d$ !m z two di/9ct ?+s1 :]eas 8 doctr9e on ?is subject is exactly l t ( ,*\-tz1 ) :i* ,*u-hsi seems to agree4#g ,we are n to suppose t ,nature is ev] simply & entirely pot5tial to ! utt] exclusion ( actuality1 or vice v]sa3 on ! contr>y1 ^! two exi/5ces or conditions are repres5t$ z alt]nately g5]at+ ea* ! o!r4#h ,?us ! pot5tial 7or nom9al non-exi/5ce7 may be suppos$ to be 9 "t lat] ?an ! actual1 ?\gh ! latt] mu/ always be logically reg>d$ z consequ5t on ! =m]4 ,9 itself1 aga91 ,tao1 reg>d$ z an actual exi/5ce is1 z has be5 se51 calm1 void1 et]nal1 un*ang+ & b>e ( all qualities4 ,reg>d$ z an ag5t op]at+ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 on ! o!r h&1 ,tao may be spok5 ( z great1 *ang+1 f>-ext5d+1 & f9ally return+ 7to ! /ate ( pot5tiality74#i ,a late au?or gives a curi\s illu/ration ( ! above notions ( ,lao-tz1 tak5 f ! well-kn[n habits ( ! ,ateu*us ) ref]5ce to ! propagation ( its species1 b ?is au?or proce$s on ! supposition t non-exi/5ce & exi/5ce are diff]5t4 ,we h n[ to comb9e ^! two conceptions ( ,tao1 z a pot5tial & z an actual exi/5ce4 ,?\gh void1 %apeless1 & immat]ial1 x yet conta9s ! pot5tiality ( all sub/ance & %ape1 & f itself x produces ! univ]se1#aj diffus+ itself ov] or p]meat+ all space4 ,x is said to h g5]at$ ! _w1#aa & is frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! "m ( ?is latt]#ab--8! d>k primeval "m1 teem+ ) dreamy be+s40 ,all ?+s t exi/ submit to ,tao z _! *ief1 b x displays no lord%ip ov] !m4#ac ,9 ! spr+ "t x quick5s ! dead _w1 clo!s x z ) a g>m5t1 & n\ri%es x1 yet ! _w kn[s n its fo/]-"m4 ,a di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is made--! nameless is said to be ! orig9 ( heav5 & e>?1 :ile ! nam$ is ! "m ( ! myriad objects :i* inhabit ! e>?4 ,?\gh !re is no?+ done 9 ! univ]se :i* is n done by ,nature1 ?\gh all ?+s dep5d on x = _! exi/5ce1 yet 9 no case is ,nature se5 act+4#ad ,x is 9 its own deep self a unit--! smalle/ possible quantity--yet x prevails ov] ! wide expanse ( ! univ]se1 op]at+ unsp5t b unse54#ae ,we n[ come to ! g5]ations ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & _! hi/ory is ?us giv5 by ,lao-tz4#af ,tao g5]at$ ,"o1 ,"o g5]at$ ,two1 ,two g5]at$ ,?ree1 & ,?ree g5]at$ ! mat]ial _w4 ,t is1 accord+ to ! explanation giv5 by "s1 ,nature 7,tao7 g5]at$ ! ,y9-*i 771 ! passive & inf]ior elem5t 9 ! composition ( ?+s2 ?is 9 its turn produc$ ! ,yang-*i 771 ! active & sup]ior elem5t2 :i* aga9 produc$ ,ho 771 t is1 t h>moni\s agreem5t ( ! passive & active elem5ts :i* br\ght ab\t ! production ( all ?+s4#ag ,ano!r explanation is t ,tao consid]$ z ,non-exi/5ce produc$ ! ,great ,extreme 7,tai-*i 71 :i* produc$ ! passive & active elem5ts2 !n ,h>mony unit$ ^! two & g5]at$ ! univ]se4#ah ,( ?is section ( ! ,tao-t ,*+ ,rmusat obs]ves--8,en effet1 ,lao-tseu explique1 d'une manire qui e/ entirem5t con=me la doctr9e ,platonici5ne1 comm5t les deux pr9cipes1 celui du ciel et celui de la t]re1 ou l'air grossi] et l'e!r1 sont lis entre eux p> un ,s\ffle qui les unit et qui produit l'h>monie4 ,il e/ impossible d'exprim] plus clairemeut les ides de ,time de ,locres1 dont les t]mes sembl5t la traduction du passage ,*9ois40#ai ,! doctr9es1 h[ev]1 on ! =mation ( ! _w put into ! m\? ( ,timu1 & ! ideas ( ,lao-tz on ?is subject1 seem to me to h v little 9 common4 ,! ,greek philosoph] makes a p]sonal deity ! artific] ( ! univ]se1 fa%ion+ ! _w out ( ! bright & solid elem5ts1 fire & e>?1 :i* he unites by means ( air & wat]1 ?us =m+ a fri5d%ip & h>mony indissoluble by any except ! au?or4 ,! h>mony ( ,lao-tz1 on ! o!r h& is1 if we und]/& him aright1 only ! unconflict+ alt]nation ( ! two cosmical elem5ts1 & !re is no div9e ,demiurg 9 8 sy/em4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a /atem5t 9 ! ,timu :i* resembles ,lao-tz's /atem5t on ?is subject1 & to :i* we w ref] h]eaft]4 ,fir/ 9 ord] aft] ,tao is ,ti5 771 or ! mat]ial heav5 above u4 ,?is is repres5t$ z pure & cle> 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ obta9$ ! ,"o--t is1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ p>ticipat$ 9 ! great 8ov]-s\l0 or ,univ]sal ,nature4#bj ,7 heav5 to lose its purity & cle>ness x w\ld be 9 dang] ( de/ruction4 ,( ! heav5ly bodies & _! revolutions1 ,lao-tz does n make m5tion1 nor h we any means ( asc]ta9+ :at 7 8 ideas respect+ !m4 ,ne>ly all t he says ab\t ,ti5 or heav5 is metaphorical1 ) app>5t ref]5ce to an ag5t end[$ ) consci\sness 7accord+ to our ways ( ?9k+74 ,?us he speaks ( x z endur+ = a long p]iod because x does n exi/ = itself2 z be+ free f p>tiality t[>ds any ( ! creatures 9 ! _w2 z be+ next 9 dignity above a k+ & bel[ ,tao1 & z tak+ ?is la/ = its rule ( conduct4#ba ,! space betwe5 heav5 & e>? is repres5t$ z l a bottomless bag or tube1#bb ?\gh ?is is p]haps m]ely a metaphorical expression4 ,! e>? itself is at re/1#bc ?is be+ ! specific nature :i* x has z ! result ( its p>ticipation 9 ,tao4 ,! heav5s are always revolv+ ov] ! e>?1 produc+ ! v>ieties ( ! seasons1 vivify+1 n\ri%+1 & kill+ all ?+s2 b x rema9s /ation>y 9 calm repose4 ,7 x to lose ! in=m+ nature :i* makes x s1 ! e>? w\ld probably be set 9 motion4 ,its place is next 9 ord] aft] heav5 :i* x takes z its model4 ,x is imp>tial1 spontane\s1 uno/5tati\s1 & exi/s long because x does n exi/ = itself4 ,nei!r 9 heav5 nor on e>? c any?+ viol5t endure = a l5g!n$ p]iod4 ,! :irlw9d & heavy ra9s may come1 b !y d n la/ ev5 = a day4#bd ,next to heav5 & e>? are ! 8myriad ?+s0 t is1 ! animate & inanimate objects :i* surr\nd u2 & "h aga9 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,lao-tz's allusions to ^! matt]s are only incid5tal & by way ( illu/ration g5]ally4 ,z has be5 se51 all ?+s spr+ f & p>ticipate 9 ,nature1 :i* is1 z x 71 _! "m4 ,?is ,nature 7,tao7 is1 z we h se51 imp]ceptible 9 itself1 & :5 consid]$ m]ely z a pot5tiality2 b x bodies itself =? & takes a local habitation & a "n 9 all ! objects :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se1 & ?us x becomes palpable to human obs]vation--n 9 its ess5ce b only 9 its work+s4 ,n[ ?is manife/ation ( ,nature con/itutes = ea* object or class ( objects 9 ! _w its ,t 77--t is1 :at x has receiv$ or obta9$ f ,tao1 accord+ to "s comm5tators4 ,t is usually translat$ by virtue1 b ?is ^w v inadequately repres5ts ! mean+ ( ! ^w 9 ?is connection4 ,sometimes x seems to be almo/ synonym\s ) ,tao1 & has functions assign$ to x :i* at o!r times are repres5t$ z p]ta9+ to ?is latt]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we reg>d ,tao z ! great or univ]sal ,nature1 we may consid] ,t z ! p>ticul> ,nature ) :i* creatures are end[$ out ( ! =m]4 ,x is also ! consci\s excell5ce :i* man & all o!r creatures obta9 :5 spontaneity is lo/4 ,?us ,lao-tz reg>ds all ?+s z equally ) man "u ! c>e ( ,nature1 :i* produces & n\ri%es all alike4 ,heav5 & e>?1 he says1 h no p>tialities--!y reg>d ! 8myriad ?+s0 z ! /raw-made dogs :i* 7 =m$ = ! sacrifices & pray]s = ra91 & ca/ aside :5 ! rites 7 f9i%$4#be ,9 ano!r passage ( ! ,tao-t ,*+ x is said t ,tao g5]ates all ?+s1 ,t n\ri%es all ?+s1 ,matt] 7,wu 7 bodies !m =?1 & ,ord] 77 gives !m p]fection4#bf ,lao-tz1 9 accordance ) popul> ,*9ese ideas1 speaks ( five col\rs1 five s\nds1 & five ta/es2#bg & he attributes to ^! a baneful influ5ce on man1 :om he tea*es to ov]come & nullify !m z mu* z possible4 ,all ?+s 9 ! _w1 moreov]1 are arrang$ 9 a sy/em ( dualism4#bh ,motion is always foll[$ by re/1 & ?is aga9 by motion4 ,long & %ort1 high & l[1 mutually succe$ ea* o!r1 & are m]ely relative t]ms4 ,solidity gives ! object1 & holl[ness gives its utility1 z 9 ! case ( wood5 or e>!n vessels4 ,:5 a ?+ is to be weak5$ x mu/ fir/ h be5 /r5g!n$2 to t f :i* !re is to be tak5 !re mu/ fir/ h be5 giv54 ,?is dualism w be se5 to ext5d into o!r regions besides ! physical _w1 & x is ne$less to ref] to x at great] l5g? at pres5t4 ,fur!r1 ,lao-tz seems to h reg>d$ all exi/+ ?+s z hav+ a set "t dur+ :i* to endure4 ,nature eng5d]s !m1 n\ri%es !m & f9ally receives !m back into its bosom4 ,!y fl\ri% until !y atta9 to ! /ate ( complet5ess1 :i* is soon lo/1 & !n decay & f9al dissolution ensue4#bi ,! tree gr[s f ! t9y sapl+ to its full maturity1 !n decays & returns to d>k ,"m ,nature4 ,! process z conceiv$ & sket*$ by ! anci5t sage is beautifully describ$ 9 ! words ( ,t5nyson-- 8,lo6 9 ! middle ( ! wood1 ,! fold$ leaf is woo'd f out ! bud ,) w9ds ^u ! bran*1 & !re ,gr[s gre5 & broad & takes no c>e1 ,sun-/eep'd at noon1 & 9 ! moon ,nightly dew-f$2 & turn+ yell[ ,falls1 & floats ad[n ! air4 ,lo6 sweet5'd ) ! summ] light ,! full-juic$ apple1 wax+ ov]-mell[1 ,drops 9 a sil5t autumn night4 ,all its allott$ l5g? ( days1 ,! fl[] rip5s 9 its place1 ,rip5s & fades1 & falls1 & ha? no toil1 ,fa/-root$ 9 ! fruitful soil40#cj ,lao-tz's mode ( contemplat+ natural ph5om5a is1 inde$1 altoge!r mu* m l t ( ! poetical metaphysician ?an t ( ! physici/4 ,he does n look ^u a /ream1 = example1 z compos$ ( c]ta9 *emical elem5ts 9 c]ta9 proportions1 z runn+ at a calculable rapid rate1 c>ry+ ) x an al>m+ am\nt ( mud1 & hav+ 9 ea* microscopic drop exactly s _m ?\s&s ( animalcul4 ,he ?9ks ( x r z at fir/ a t9y /ream up among ! hills1 scoop+ out ! h>d e>?1 & sl[ly we>+ away imp$+ /ones1 9 ord] to make a *annel = its wat]s2 z fl[+ !nce d[n into ! vale :]e x gives itself up to enri* ! fields2 !n z pass+ on !nce to jo9 ! brimm+ riv]1 & f9ally submit itself to ! great sea4#ca ,he reg>ds ev]y?+ f an e?ical po9t ( view1 & f9ds a lesson ev]y:]e4 ,he does n reg>d ! /udy ( nature z consi/+ 9 ! inve/igation ( col\r1 s\nd1 heat1 & su* ?+s--! less "o has to d ) ^! ! bett]4 ,! /udy %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 "o's own room )\t any adv5titi\s aids4 ,! /ud5t mu/ ov]come 8 affections & passions be=e he c atta9 to a k ( ! great my/]ies ( ,nature1 b hav+ once atta9$ ! s]5e heights ( desireless exi/5ce he c "k all ?+s4#cb ,?is is no d\bt a bad way ( /udy+ nature1 & "o :i* w\ld nev] conduct to ! mat]ial b5efit ( humanity4 ,yet x also has its uses4 ,x helps to make u 8m+le ) ! univ]se10 h a l[] appreciation ( ourselves1 & sympa?ise affectionately ) all t surr\nds u4 ,we h abundance ( room 9 ! _w = ! two classes ( philosoph]s--^? :o exp]im5t on ,nature ) a view to ! mat]ial progress ( mank9d1 & ^? :o reg>d h] ) ! dutiful love ( a son = a "m4 ,9 ! tea*+s ( ,lao-tz 9 ,speculative ,physics1 z sket*$ above1 ! /ud5t ( philosophy w f9d _m ideas resembl+ o!rs ) :i* he is already m famili>4 ,to ^? ( ! sages ( ,anci5t ,greece x is p]haps unnecess>y = me to d m ?an ref]4 ,) !m z liv+ also 9 ! comp>ative *ildhood ( ! _w ,lao-tz might naturally be suppos$ to h consid]able aff9ity4 ,9 ! ,timu ( ,plato !re is a passage :i* does n accord ) ! re/ ( t "w1 nor ) ! _s ( ! o!r ,platonic dialogues1 & :i* be>s consid]able resemblance to ! doctr9e ( ,lao-tz ab\t ! primordial all-produc+ ,nature 7,tao74 ,! h]o ( ! dialogue1 if su* an expression may be us$1 ,timu himself1 sudd5ly leaves ! tra9 ( imag9ative disc\rse :i* he _h be5 = "s "t pursu+ ab\t ! visible univ]se & ! mode 9 :i* ! div9e artific] con/ruct$ x1 & he introduces a new conception1 t ( ! primeval "m1 =mless1 immortal1 & inde/ructible4#cc ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! resemblance betwe5 ,lao-tz's tea*+s & ^? ( ,anaxim&]1 & ,hegel says ( ! latt]'s notion1 t ! is ! pr9ciple f :i* endless worlds or gods orig9ate & into :i* !y vani%1 t x s\nds q ,ori5tal4#cd ,b n only are ,lao-tz's speculations on physics l ^? ( o!r anci5ts1 !y resemble also ^? ( _m mod]n philosoph]s1 & 8 !ory ab\t ! /udy ( ,nature may well be comp>$ ) t ( ,s*ell+4 ,! ,tao itself1 or ! primordial exi/5ce1 appe>s "u v>i\s names 9 ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,x is ! ,tai-*i 77 or ,great ,extreme--! ,tai-yi 77 or ,great ,unit--! ,anima ,mundi--! ,absolute--! ,vital ,=ce--,gravity--,caloric--:5 consid]$ z univ]sally active & productive4 8,!re is b "o va/ univ]sal dynamic1 "o mov]1 "o might1 ,v>i\sly op]ant "u ! v>i\s conditions x f9ds2 ,& we call t by turns electricity1 friction1 caloric1 & light1 ,:i* is none ( ^! ?+s1 & yet all ( !m4 ,ask ( ! waves & ! w9ds1 ,ask ( ! />s ( ! firmam5t1 ask ( ! fl[]s ( ! field2 ,!y w answ] y all ( !m1 nam+ x ea* by a diff]5t "n4 ,= ! mean+ ( ,nature is nei!r :olly conceal'd nor reveal'd2 ,b h] m9d is se5 to be s+le 9 h] acts t are n[h]e ! same40#ce ,fur!r1 ,lao-tz repres5ts pure or ab/ract exi/5ce z id5tical ) non-exi/5ce1 & 9 our own c5tury ,hegel has said t ,be+ & ,non-be+ are ! same4#cf ,aga91 ,lao-tz speaks ( ! ultimate exi/5ce z t out ( :i* all o!r exi/5ces h proce$$1 & he reg>ds x z becom+ active & produc+ f hav+ be5 inactive & quiesc5t4 ,s _m mod]n philosoph]s h ma9ta9$ t ,god made all ?+s out ( himself2 & 9 ! op9ion ( "s ! ,deity became p]sonal f be+ imp]sonal1 & ! ,inf9ite manife/$ itself z f9ite 9 ! creat$ univ]se4#cg ,b ! great po9t on :i* ,lao-tz diff]s f ! l>ge majority ( mod]n ?9k]s ) reg>d to ! ,fir/ ,cause is t he nev] introduces or supposes ! elem5t ( p]sonality2 consequ5tly w & design are exclud$ f 8 conception ( ! primordial exi/5ce4#ch ,"h1 ,i ?9k1 he is logically m correct ?an ! mod]n philosoph] ref]r$ to above1 al?\gh 8 notions may be mu* f>!r f ! actual tru? ?an !irs4 ,aga91 :5 ,lao-tz speaks ( ,nature 7,tao7 z ! s\rce :5ce all ?+s spr+--z t :i* in=ms & *]i%es all ! _w--& z t into :i* all liv+ creatures1 high & l[1 f9ally return--he says :at _m o!rs h express$ 9 t]ms (t5 v simil>4 ,i select only two or ?ree in/ances by way ( illu/ration4 ,! ,py?agorean doctr9e is ?us put by ,virgil-- --8deum 7i4e4 animum7 ire p] omnes ,t]rasque tractusque m>is clumque pr(undum4 ,h9c pecudes1 arm5ta1 viros1 g5us omne f]>um1 ,quemque sibi t5ues nasc5tem arcess]e vitas2 ,scilicet huc r$di de9de ac resoluta ref]ri ,omnia40#ci ,/rik+ly simil> to ,lao-tz's words are ^? ( ! ,prea*]--8,= t :i* befalle? ! sons ( m5 befalle? bea/s2 ev5 "o ?+ befalle? !m2 z ! "o die?1 s die? ! o!r2 yea1 !y h all "o brea?2 s t a man ha? no pre-em95ce above a bea/2 = all is vanity4 ,all g unto "o place2 all are ( ! du/1 & all turn to du/ aga940#dj ,9 lat] times ,col]idge has said--8,life is ! "o univ]sal s\l1 :i* by virtue ( ! enliv5+ ,brea?1 & ! in=m+ ^w1 all organis$ bodies h 9 common1 ea* aft] its k9d4 ,?is1 !re=e1 all animals possess1 & man z an animal40#da ,m closely resembl+ ,lao-tz's /atem5ts on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 are ! words ( ,dr4 ,b*n]--8,d'un autre ct n'oublions pas non plus1 que n\s ne sommes qu'une p>tie imp]ceptible1 quoique ncessaire1 du gr& t\t qui con/itue le monde et que n\s devons tt ou t>d p]du notu p]sonalit p\r r5tr] dans la masse commune4 ,la ,matire dans son ensemble e/ la mre d'ou t\t provi5t et ou t\t ret\rne40#db ,z we proce$ we w f9d o!r doctr9es ( our au?or resembl+ ^? ( writ]s & ?9k]s f> remov$ f him 9 "t & space4 ,! illu/rations giv5 & ref]r$ to above w suffice to %[ t1 9 speculations ab\t ,nature & ! great my/]y ( exi/5ce1 we are little1 if any?+1 sup]ior to 8! anci5ts40 ,! c\rse ( speculative philosophy seems to be circul>--! same tru?s & errors appe>+ aga9 & aga91 s t z ,col]idge has said1 8,= _m1 v _m c5turies x has be5 difficult to advance a new tru?1 or ev5 a new error1 9 ! philosophy ( ! intellect or morals10#dc or1 he might h add$1 ( !oretical physics4 ,is x true1 aft] all1 t ! _s ( ! long-deceas$ philosoph] returns f ! ,elysian fields1 =gett+ by its ,le!an draught all ! tru?s & realities ( ! et]nal1 ev]-!-same _w1 to in=m aga9 a human body8 ,we "k t ,malebran*e's "* 0 l t ( ,plato4 ,s*ell+1 ev5 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 resembl$ ,socrates2 ,hegel is call$ ! mod]n ,proclus2 & ! s\l ( ,lao-tz may h transmigrat$ into ,em]son4 ,?is la/ has be5 *a9$ to 8a weight ( n]ves10 & locat$ 9 circum/ances altoge!r unlike ^? ( its =m] e>?ly exi/5ce1 a fact :i* w\ld acc\nt = _m po9ts ( unlik5ess4 ,! in=m+ _s1 h[ev]1 has kn[n no *ange 9 8its own deep self30 8,our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+2 ,! s\l t rises ) u1 our life's />1 ,ha? _h else:]e its sett+1 ,& come? f af>2 ,n 9 entire =getfulness ,& n 9 utt] nak$ness1 ,b trail+ cl\ds ( glory d we come ,f ,god1 :o is our home40 #a ,see ,*4 #dj4 #b ,see ,preface to ,tao-t-*+-*ie 4 #c ,see note 9 ! ,tai-*i-tu-%uo 774 ,hs+-li-ta-*uan4 ,vol4 ,i4 #d ,see ,*4 #bh1 #df4 #e ,yuan-*i51 c41 p4 #cah4 #f ,*4 #dj4 ,comp>e ) ?is ,ari/otle's /atem5t1 8,nature spok5 ( z g5]ation is ! pa? to ,nature40 ,see ,essay ,v4 9 ,grant's ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 vol4 #a4 #g ,see 8 1 ,*4 #he4 #h ,*4 #b4 #i ,*4 #be1 see ,pau?i]1 ,*9e ,mod]ne1 p4 #cei4 #aj ,see ,*s4 #ba1 #be1 comp>e ,em]son ,miscellanies1 p4 #cb4 #aa ,*4 #ea4 #ab ,*s4 #f1 #eb4 #ac ,*4 #cd4 #ad ,see ,*s4 #cg1 #da1 #dc4 #ae ,see ,*s4 #cb1 #ci4 #af ,*4 #db4 #ag ,see ,wu-*ng's note to ! passage4 #ah ,see ! note on ?is passage 9 ! ,tao-t-*+-*ie2 comp>e also ! peculi> int]pretation giv5 by ,ta-*n4 #ai ,mmoire1 c41 p4 #cf4 #bj ,see ,*s4 #af1 #ci4 #ba ,see ,*s4 #g1 #e1 #af1 #be4 #bb ,see ,*4 #e2 ,juli51 h[ev]1 translates ! passage1 8,l'tre qui e/ entre le ciel et la t]re resemble un s\ffict de =ge10 c4 #bc ,*4 #ci4 #bd ,*4 #bc4 #be ,*4 #e4 #bf ,*4 #ea2 b see ! diff]5t int]pretation giv5 by ,juli54 #bg ,*4 #ab4 #bh ,see ,*s4 #b1 #aa1 #bi1 #cf4 ,comp>e ,em]son's ,essay on ,comp5sation--,essays1 vol4 i4 #bi ,see ,*s4 #af1 #ee4 #cj ,! ,lotos ,eat]s4 #ca ,see ,*s4 #h1 #gh4 #cb ,see ,*s4 #a1 #dg4 #cc ,timu1 *4 xviii4 7,ed4 ,/allbaum74 ,see also ,grote's ,plato1 ,vol4 iii41 p4 #bff-g4 ,timu1 h[ev]1 introduces reason & o!r ideas n consonant ) ,lao-tz's tea*+s4 #cd ,ges*i*te1 c41 vol4 i1 p4 #bjd4 #ce ,rob]t ,lytton's--8,! ,man ( ,sci5ce40 #cf ,see ,lewes ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ecc 7,new ,edition74 #cg ,on ?is subject in=mation w be f\nd 9 ,e4 ,laisset's ,prcurseurs et ,disciples de ,desc>tes1 p4 #baj1 c42 ,hamilton's ,discussions2 ,lewis ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 vol4 ii4 #ch ,fi*te 7! eld]71 h[ev]1 is at "o ) ,lao-tz on ?is po9t4 #ci ,georgica4 ,bk4 iv41 vs4 #bba-f4 ,! re/ ( ! passage does n apply4 ,comp>e also ,cic]o's criticism on ! ,py?agorean doctr9e1 9 ! ,de ,nat4 ,deorum1 *4 #a1 #aa4 #dj ,eccles41 ,*4 iii41 vs4 #ai & #bj4 #da ,aids to ,reflection1 p4 #d4 #db ,=ce et ,matire1 p4 #ic 7,fr5* translation74 #dc ,biographia ,lita41 *4 #e2 comp>e also ! rem>kable words ( ,hegel4 ,ges*i*te1 c41 ,vol4 i41 p4 #adc4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,politics4 ,we n[ brea! a fre] air--escap$ f ! trammels ( ,physics1 & at l>ge 9 ! wide spaces ( ,politics4 ,"h ,lao-tz speaks m pla9ly & fully1 & x is easily se5 t he is deal+ ) cong5ial subjects4 ,to u also 8 political aphorisms w come ) m fre%ness & delight ?an ! speculations ab\t ?+s mu* m beyond 8 k5 ) :i* we 7 la/ engag$4 ,yet we mu/ n expect to f9d 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+ a treatise on ,politics1 or a disc\rse on ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,lao-tz does n pres5t to u a wax figm5t ( 8 own imag9ation--an ideal republic1 an ,utopia1 or a ,new ,atlantis4 ,he looks to 8 own c\ntry z x 0 !n1 oppress$ & mis]able1 & he endeav\rs to recall ^? 9 au?ority to a noble & g5]\s mode ( gov]nm5t4 ,8 /&>d ( political excell5ce may be ideal1 & "s ( 8 maxims may be fanciful1 & ev5 bad2 /ill we w f9d 9 all a g5ial human philosophy1 :i* ev5 we ( ! enlight5$ n9ete5? c5tury _c utt]ly despise4 8,politics10 says ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewes1 8relate to human action s f> z x conc]ns ! public int]e/ ( a community1 & is n m]ely private or e?ical4 ,human action1 ?us def9$1 consi/s (--#a1 ! acts & relations ( a sov]eign gov]nm5t1 bo? ) respect to its own subjects & o!r sov]eign gov]nm5ts2 #b1 ! acts & relations ( memb]s ( ! political community1 s f> z !y conc]n ! gov]nm5t1 or ! community at l>ge1 or a consid]able portion ( x40#a ,lao-tz's tea*+s 9 politics ref] m to ! =m] ?an to ! latt] ( ^! two divisions4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 omit to notice ! relations ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! /ate1 z well to ! gov]nm5t z to ea* o!r2 b he relegates ?is subject to ! prov9ce ( e?ics4 ,he consid]s ! p m 9 _! private relations ?an z b\nd by legal ties to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 acts1 & ! ab/a9+ f c]ta9 o!r acts1 t[>ds _! fell[s4 ,nor is x f ! political /&-po9t t he contemplates ! nature & di/ribution ( weal?1 a subject :i* prop]ly belongs to politics4 ,^! & simil> matt]s are all assign$ to ! private relations ( man to ! ,univ]sal ,nature1 & s !y w come m prop]ly "u ! head ( e?ics4 ,hav+ premis$ ?us mu*1 ,i n[ proce$ to set =? ,lao-tz's tea*+s ab\t 8! acts & relations ( a sov]eign gov]nm5t1 bo? ) respect to its own subjects & o!r sov]eign gov]nm5ts20 & #a4 ,( ! in/itution ( ! ,sov]eign4--,x is to ! p t he assigns ! orig9al appo9tm5t ( an emp]or1 & he gives a peculi> reason = ! in/itution4 ,a bad man /ill has ! law ( ,nature 7,tao7 9 him2 & he is n to be ca/ aside z a hopeless case1 see+ he may be trans=m$ into a virtu\s man4 ,accord+ly emp]ors & magi/rates 7 appo9t$1 ^: duty x 0 to save1 z x 71 by precept & example1 ^? :o _h gone a/ray4#b ,?us ,lao-tz's idea ( ! sov]eign is s f> purely e?ical4 ,he does n conceive ( him s mu* z ! judge & rul] ( ! p z _! model & in/ructor4 ,! man :om ! p elect1 h[ev]1 is also ! elect$ ( ,heav54#c ,z 9 ! case ( ,saul ! ,israelites ano9t$ him :om ! ,"l _h *os51 s ! p raise to ! ?rone him :om ,heav5 has appo9t$4 ,pr9ces ex]cise gov]nm5t1 because !y h receiv$ t de/9y z _! %>e ( ! ,univ]sal ,nature4#d ,!y obta9 _! ,"o--_! individualiz+ nature--9 ord] t !y may rule righte\sly4 ,sometimes he seems to use ! t]m ,%ng-jn 77 z synonym\s ) ,wang 771 or ,k+4#e ,n[ ! ,%ng-jn is ! man :o by 8 nature is completely virtu\s1 p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ! ways heav5 has orda9$4 ,he is 9 %ort ! /oic ,sapi5s1 & :e!r he actually adm9i/] public affairs or n1 is /ill a k+4 ,! t]m ,sa9t1 by :i* ,juli5 r5d]s ?is expression1 sc>cely conveys its full mean+2 z ! ,%ng-jn is n only holy1 b also supremely wise4 ,he is ! ideal or typical man1 :o rules ev] & trans=ms ! _w2 &1 fail+ a bett]1 ,i %all translate x by ! expression godlike man4 ,9 anci5t times1 x 0 ! ,%ng-jn1 or godlike man1 :o 0 appo9t$ rul]2 & if su* 7 ! case n[1 ! _w w\ld be 9 peace & prosp]ity4 ,! man :o is de/9$ to become k+ w n use viol5ce to obta9 ! hon\r4#f ,on ! contr>y he w be humble & yield+2 & s1 z wat] we>s away ! h>d oppos+ rocks1 he w f9ally triumph4 ,9 confirmation h]e( ,lao-tz cites ! say+ ( a godlike man3--8,to be> ! reproa*es ( a k+dom is to preside ov] ! sacrifices to ! gods ( ! l& & gra9 7i4e4 to be pr9ce71 & to be> a k+dom's mis=tunes is to be k+ ( ! :ole empire0--words true1 ?\gh seem+ p>adoxical4#g ,lao-tz1 h[ev]1 has a v high op9ion ( ! position & dignity ( ! sov]eign4 ,!re are f\r great ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 & he is "o ( !m2 ! rema9+ ?ree be+ ,nature 7,tao71 ,heav51 & ,e>?#h ,9 ano!r place he ev5 puts ! k+ imm$iately be=e ,heav54#i #b4 ,! relations ( ! rul] to 8 subjects4--,) ,lao-tz1 z ) all ,*9ese writ]s on politics1 ! mode 9 :i*1 gov]nm5t ought to be conduct$ is a supremely important subject4 ,9 8 homely mann]1 he comp>es ! rul+ ( a l>ge k+dom to ! cook+ ( a small fi%1 or ! h&l+ ( a f9e & delicate implem5t4#aj ,too mu* cook+ spoils ! implem5t4 ,s is x ) ! k+dom4 ,x is an e!rial in/rum5t :i* _c be wr\ght )--if "o works ) x he de/roys x1 & if "o h&les x he loses x4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! rul] is to rectify himself--to ov]come 8 appetites & passions4#aa ,he mu/ cultivate virtue 9 himself1 & proce$+ !nce he w h x cultivat$ 9 8 family1 & f9ally 9 all ! empire2 & ?us ! k+dom w rema9 e/abli%$ 9 8 family = g5]ations to come4#ab ,he mu/ be s]i\s & grave#ac 9 8 deportm5t1 rememb]+ ! greatness ( 8 *>ge1 & :5ce x 0 d]iv$4 ,by levity ( conduct he w lose 8 m9i/]s1 & by viol5t proce$+s he w lose 8 ?rone4 ,8 models ought to be ! ,e>?1#ad :i* is always 9 peaceful re/1 & ! rul]s ( antiquity1 :o foll[$ ,nature 7,tao74 ,9 ! e>ly days ( innoc5ce & simplicity1 subjects only knew t !y _h rul]s1 s lightly lay ! h& ( gov]nm5t on !m4#ae ,!n came ! "t :5 rul]s 7 lov$ & laud$1 !n ! "t :5 !y 7 fe>$1 & la/ly t 9 :i* !y 7 treat$ ) contumely4 ,! pr9ce ( ! pres5t "t ought to return z f> z possible to ! primitive ways4 ,he %\ld1 l ! great ,univ]sal ,nature1 be free f %[ ( action#af--;if he c\ld only keep ! law ( ,nature1 8 k+dom w\ld1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 be 9 a /ate ( ord] & tranquility--all ?+s w\ld submit to him1 & become1 ( _! own accord1 trans=m$ to a /ate ( goodness#ag--;ev5 ! demons w\ld cease to possess elfi% p[]2 or if !y /ill possess$ x1 !y w\ld n use x to ! detrim5t ( m54 ,! pr9ce ought also1 at lea/ outw>dly1 to be humble & mode/1 n arrogat+ prec$5ce & sup]iority1 b r us+ ! language ( self-abasem5t4#ah ,9 ! ex]cise ( gov]nm5t ,lao-tz does n all[ ! use ( viol5ce1 & he inveighs nobly aga9/ milit>y oppression4 ,if ! pr9ce keep himself f be+ absorb$ 9 worldly int]e/s--d n conf] hon\r & emolum5ts on brilliant p>ts--nor prize :at ! _w holds valuable--nor make display ( t :i* is covet$3 8 example w h su* virtue t all 8 subjects w cease f /rife & viol5ce1 & live 9 peaceful ob$i5ce4#ai ,b if he try to h ! empire ?r\gh =ce1 he w fail4 ,he :o accord+ to ! ,law ( ,nature 7,tao7 w\ld assi/ ! pr9ce w n compel ! empire by arms--?is sort ( ?+ is wont to h its recomp5se4 ,:]e ! ,g5]al pit*es 8 t5t1 ?orns & bri]s spr+ up2 & 9 ! wake ( a great army !re are inevitably bad ye>s4 ,if !re be necessity = fight+--& only !n--he :o is wise 9 rul+ w /rike a decisive bl[ at ! fit "t1 & !n lay d[n 8 arms1 n glory+ 9 8 conque/4 ,f9e arms are inauspici\s implem5ts1 hat$ by all ?+s2 & he :o holds to ,nature w n cont9ue to use !m4 ,! noble man 77 9 private life e/eems ! left side1 & 9 "t ( w> e/eems ! "r--! left be+ symbolic ( ! ,yang 77 or pres]v+ pr9ciple1 & ! "r ( ! ,y9 77 or kill+ pr9ciple4 ,arms are inauspici\s implem5ts--n su* z ! noble man employs2 he uses !m only :5 he has no alt]native1 b he looks on sup]iority ) indiff]5ce1 & takes no glory 9 victory4 ,he :o glories 9 victory delights 9 ! massacre ( m51 & su* an "o _c h 8 w 9 ! empire4 ,to him :o slays a multitude ( m51 a position ( dignity is assign$ correspond+ to t ( ! *ief m\rn] at a fun]al1 viz41 ! "r h& side1 :i* 9 inauspici\s matt]s is ! po/ ( hon\r1 j z 9 auspici\s matt]s ! left h& side is ! po/ ( hon\r4#bj ,?us n only is ! rul] n to use milit>y p[] to keep 8 subjects 9 subjection1 b he is also n to drag ^! latt] into w> = 8 own aggr&isem5t4 ,! fight+ to :i* ,lao-tz ma9ly alludes is t ( ! diff]5t pr9cipalities ( ! c\ntry among !mselves1 & on ?is subject ! words ( ,pascal may be n unaptly add$ to ^? ( our au?or3--8,le plus gr& des maux e/ les gu]res civiles4 ,elles sont sres si on veut rcomp5s] le mrite2 c> t\s dirai5t qu'ils m]it5t4 ,le mal cra9dre d'un sot qui succde p> droit de naissance n'e/ ni si gr& ni si sr40#ba ,w> is ! result1 accord+ to ,lao-tz1 ( bad gov]nm5t1 ( ! lu/ ( p[] & prop]ty4 ,if good gov]nm5t prevail 9 a c\ntry1 its fleet horses w be employ$ on ! f>m2 b if ill gov]nm5t prevail1 & lu/ & ambition h scope1 feuds w cont9ue until w> /e$s beget w> /e$s on ! pla9s ( ! fronti]4#bb ,:e!r1 !re=e1 = ! purpose ( solidify+ ! pr9ce's p[] ov] 8 subjects1 or = /ate aggr&isem5t1 w> & all viol5t measures are int]dict$4 ,b n only does ,lao-tz ?us advise ! rul] aga9/ us+ milit>y p[] 9 8 realm2 he also recomm5ds ! do+ away ) capital puni%m5t--inde$ ) all puni%m5t :atev]4 ,! p d n fe> dea?1 & h[ !n is x to be us$ to keep !m 9 dread8 ,if ! p c\ld be made to h a con/ant fe> ( dea?1 & "s commit a crime1 & be appreh5d$ & put to dea?1 w\ld any "o cont9ue to v5ture on (f5d+8 ,x is presumptu\s !n = ! magi/rate to use capital puni%m5t4 ,!re is ! et]nal execution]1 & he :o puts to dea? = him is l ! man :o fells a tree = ! head wood-man2 & su* an "o seldom fails to w\nd 8 h&4#bc ,capital puni%m5t is ?us res]v$ = some?+ sup]human to execute2 & ! e>?ly magi/rate has only to endeav\r to lead a life free f ! appe>ance ( lu/ & viol5ce4#bd ,x is by ju/ice t a k+dom is well gov]n$1 z by /ratagem a w> is conduct$4#be ,yet ! pr9ce mu/ be l5i5t to 8 p4 ,if re/rictions on lib]ty ( action be multipli$1 s t 8 subjects _c lift a h& or move a foot )\t incurr+ guilt1 !y w be prev5t$ f pursu+ _! indu/ry1 & s become poor4#bf ,! levy+ ( excessive taxes#bg by ^? 9 au?ority = ! indulg5ce ( _! s5sual appetites1 also impov]i%es a p1 & accord+ly 9 gov]nm5t !re is no?+ l economy4#bh ,to keep ! c\rt 9 afflu5ce :ile ! fields are we$-gr[n & ! public gran>ies exhau/$2 = ! rul]s to h exp5sive clo?+1 %>p swords1 sumptu\s food & excessive weal?1 is to glory 9 plund]1 b n to foll[ ,nature4 ,nor may ! pr9ce break 8 ^w ) subjects--z want ( fai? 9 him is foll[$ by want ( fai? 9 !m4#bi ,x is n necess>y = ! rul] to expla9 ! nature & me?od ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y he ought to keep 8 c\nsels & 8 conduct secret4 ,inasmu* z ! fi% _c ) impunity leave its elem5t1 s ! %>p eng9es ( gov]nm5t may n be display$4#cj ,:5 ! laws are num]\s & obtrusively exhibit$1 ! p become ?ieves & robb]s2 b :5 !y are n s1 ! p cont9ue dec5t & ord]ly4#ca ,?us x is bett] t ! rul]s keep ! populace 9 a /ate ( ignorance & /upidity4#cb ,! anci5t k+s w5t on ?is pr9ciple1 & _h peaceful reigns4#cc ,9 8 own "t ,lao-ts consid]$ t ! difficulty ( keep+ ! p well gov]n$ arose f _! be+ too kn[+4 ,he w\ld accord+ly l to see !m recall$ to ! ways ( primitive simplicity1 s t _! arms w\ld be unworn1 & _! boats & c>s unus$4 ,he w\ld l to h ! p return to ! mann]s ( ! times :5 knott$ cords 7 /ill ! symbols ( words1 & w\ld h !m reli% _! food1 enjoy _! clo!s1 feel com=table 9 _! homes1 & delight 9 _! social in/itutions4#cd ,he w\ld h !m br\ght to ?9k s]i\sly ( dea?1 s t !y w\ld end _! days 9 _! own c\ntry & nev] leave x = ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 s ne> t ! respective inhabitants c\ld he> ! cackl+ ( ! f[ls & ! b>k+ ( ! dogs 9 ! two places4 ,?us1 :ile ! pr9ce keeps 8 subjects simple & ignorant1 he mu/ h _! bodily wants suppli$4 ,! godlike man :5 he rules empties ! m9ds ( ! p1 & fills _! /oma*s2 weak5s _! wills1 & /r5g!ns _! bones 7t is1 _! animal p[]74#ce ,he treats !m z *ildr51 & is always k9d1 po/pon+ 8 own com=t to _! good4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! rul] is to obta9 respect & e/eem f 8 subjects is by deport+ himself humbly t[>ds !m1 & he mu/ nev] arrogate greatness to himself4#cf ,8 conduct %\ld be calm & uno/5tati\s1 :ile inw>dly he is anxi\s2 & 8 gravity & quietness ( deportm5t ought nev] to be dep>t$ f4 ,! pr9ce is to save 8 p1 z x 71 by sett+ be=e !m an example ( humility1 =be>ance1 & all ! o!r virtues :i* save a c\ntry f be+ imbroil$ 9 w>s & rebellions--he is to be ( "o he>t & "o m9d ) !m1 & h no w indep5d5t ( !irs4#cg ,^! are ! pr9cipal duties ( ! k+ to 8 p z indicat$ or conceiv$ ( by ,lao-tz--! k+ be+ 9 8 contemplation an absolute sov]eign4 ,i %all n[ add1 z a comm5t1 ! views on ?is subject set =? by two o!r au?ors 9 widely diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! writ] ( ,deut]onomy says3--8,:5 ?\ art come into ! l& :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god give? !e1 & %alt possess x1 & %alt dwell !re91 & %alt say1 ,i w set a k+ ov] me1 l z all ! nations t are ab\t me2 ?\ %alt 9 any wise set him k+ ov] !e1 :om ! ,"l ?y ,god %all *oose2 "o f among ?y bre?r5 %alt ?\ set k+ ov] !e2 ?\ maye/ n set a /rang] ov] !e1 :i* is n ?y bro!r4 ,b he %all n multiply horses to himself1 nor cause ! p to return to ,egypt1 to ! end t he %\ld multiply horses3 999999 ,nei!r %all he multiply wives to himself1 t 8 he>t turn n away1 nei!r %all he greatly multiply to himself silv] & gold1 c4 999999 ,t 8 he>t be n lift$ up above 8 bre?r51 & t he turn n aside f ! comm&m5t to ! "r h& or to ! left2 to ! end t he may prolong 8 days 9 8 k+dom1 he1 & 8 *ildr51 9 ! mid/ ( ,israel40#ch ,! o!r writ] is ! philosoph] ( ,malmesbury4 ,aft] e/abli%+ = ! k+ a title z extravagantly high z any ori5tal flatt]] c\ld h done1 he proce$s to prescribe 8 duties to 8 p4 ,^! are summ$ up 9 ! s5t5ce1 8,! safety ( ! p is ! supreme law0--accord+ to ! old maxim1 8,salus populi suprema lex40 ,"u ?is are includ$ bo? spiritual & temporal b5efits2 b ! difficulty ab\t ! =m] is left 9 susp5se4 ,( ! latt] he says3--8,! b5efits ( subjects respect+ ?is life only1 may be di/ribut$ into f\r k9ds--#a1 ,t !y be def5d$ aga9/ =eign enemies2 #b1 ,t peace be pres]v$ at home2 #c1 ,t !y be enri*$1 z mu* z may consi/ ) public security2 #d1 ,t !y enjoy a h>mless lib]ty40#ci #c4 ,! next po9t to be consid]$ is ! relation ( a gov]nm5t to ! neighb\r+ /ates4 ,on ?is subject ,lao-tz has v little to say1 & :at he does say conc]ns only ! small feudal dep5d5cies ( ! k+dom ( ,*[4 ,all ! _w--t is1 all ! _w kn[n--0 ! k+'s2 b hold+ "u him1 at ?is "t inde$ only nom9ally = ! mo/ "p1 7 *iefs ( small] & l>g] prov9ces & pr9cipalities4 ,x is ( ?is1 9 _! relations to ea* o!r & to _! titul> sup]ior1 t ,lao-tz makes m5tion4 ,! diff]5t /ates 9 _! mutual int]c\rse ought to be guid$ by c\rtesy & =be>ance4 ,! great k+dom is ! res]voir ( ! small pr9cipalities1#dj & ought to rema9 9 dignifi$ peace1 :ile ^! come to give 9 _! allegiance1 z ! little /reams f ! m\nta9s fl[ to ! placid lake or smoo?ly-fl[+ riv] z _! k+4 ,! l>ge /ate ought ?us to rema9 l[ly & humble t[>ds ! small "o1 & n act t[>ds x 9 an arrogant or viol5t mann]4 ,:5 a l>ge k+dom abases itself to a small pr9cipality1 & :5 a small /ate abases itself to a l>ge "o1 x obta9s s]vice 7& protection7 "u t l>ge "o4 ,x is = ?is purpose t ! small /ate submits2 & ! l>ge k+dom annexes ! small /ates = ! purpose ( unit+ & ma9ta9+ ! p4 ,x is fit t ! l>ge /ate %\ld always act humbly & meekly1 & t ! small /ates %\ld own its supremacy2 !re w ?us be no ne$ ( fight+4 ,!re is no great] mis=tune 9 ! _w ?an to take up a qu>rel on a slight pretext4#da ,z ! soldi]s say1 x is mu* bett] to be> ?an to make ! attack--to yield consid]ably ?an to advance a little4 ,t is1 x is bett] to h "o's own t]ritory invad$ ?an to make aggression on t ( ano!r4 ,! k+ :o is yield+ & compliant is sure to be ultimately victori\s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a pr9ce mu/ g to w>1 :e!r to def5d 8 own dom9ions1 or at ! bidd+ ( 8 sov]eign1 he mu/ %[ clem5cy4 ,x is ! t5d] he>t$ :o ga9s ! victory 9 ! pit*$ battle1 & :o succe$s 9 keep+ ! beleagu]$ city4 ,by words l ^! ! philosoph] endeav\r$ to dissuade ! pr9ces & b>ons ( 8 "t f ! bord] w>f>e 9 :i* !y 7 p]petually engag$4 ,! mutual aggressions & reprisals ( ^! *iefs 7 9 8 days desolat+ ! k+dom & gradually r$uc+ x to ! condition fav\rable to ! production ( a tyrant4 ,a few c5turies aft] ,lao-tz's dea? ! man arose :o made himself k+ ov] all ! empire 771 b he 0 v unlike ! k+ depict$ by ,lao-tz & ,confucius & ,m5cius4 #d4 ,on ! latt] ( ! two dep>tm5ts into :i* ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewes divides ,politics1 namely1 ! relations ( ! subjects to _! rul] & to ea* o!r1 ,lao-tz1 z ,i h already intimat$1 does n dilate4 ,) him ! inhabitants ( a k+dom are divid$ into ! rul+ & ! rul$4 ,! =m] class comprises ! k+ & ! sev]al m9i/]s :om he ( 8 sov]eign pleasure appo9ts to v>i\s po/s2 & ! latt] comprises all ! re/ ( ! population4 ,n[ ! relation 9 :i* ! common p /& to ! rul] resembles t ( *ildr5 to a fa!r4 ,!y h no "p or lot 9 ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t4 ,!y are reg>d$1 n z individuals1 b z masses4 ,!y are ! 8hundr$ surnames10 or 8! p10 & ! rul] ( supreme virtue & wisdom--! godlike man--reg>ds !m all imp>tially z s _m /raw-made dog-effigies1 creatures made to be us$4 ,! subjects imitate _! k+ or *ief2 & z he is1 s are !y2 & excell5ce 9 him is foll[$ by excell5ce 9 !m4 ,! relations ( ! memb]s ( ! community to ea* o!r are ref]r$1 z has be5 /at$1 to ! prov9ce ( e?ics4 ,f ! above sket* ( ! political s5tim5ts conta9$ 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+1 ,i hope x has be5 se5 t ! au?or 0 n an utt]ly va9 dream] & !oris]1 at lea/ on ^! matt]s4 ,x w\ld be v easy to %[ h[ _m ( ! ,confuciani/ doctr9es 9 politics closely resemble ^? ( ,lao-tz2 ?\gh o!rs1 also1 are diametrically opposite4 ,! tea*+s ( ! latt] sage1 9 po9t ( practicability at lea/1 are n f> remov$ f ^? ( ! =m]4 ,9 _m po9ts ,lao-tz seems to u to be giv+ bad advice to ! rul]1 & 8 g5]al notions ab\t a /ate are v unlike ^? to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,t ! p %\ld be kept ignorant1 advancem5t 9 me*anical skill disc\nt5anc$1 & t ! /&>ds ( political excell5ce %\ld be ! ideal sages ( an ideal antiquity1 are doctr9es to :i* we w\ld refuse to adh]e1 & :i* we w\ld condemn1 z sav\r+ ( despotism4 ,yet ,lao-tz's conception ( ! rul] is n ( him z a despot1 b r z a sort ( dictator dur+ good conduct4 ,he is rais$ to 8 high position by ! concurr5t wi%es ( heav5 & ! p1 & on 8 obs]vance ( ! duties ( 8 (fice dep5ds 8 /ability on ! ?rone4 ,x is int]e/+ & in/ructive to comp>e ,lao-tz's ideas on politics ) ^? ( ,ma*iavelli1 :o some:at resembles him also 9 8 =tunes4 ,ea* liv$ 9 times ( national disa/] & mis]y & ea* wi%$ = peace 9 ! l&4 ,ea* long$ to see "o rul] in/all$1 & hon\r$ ) absolute p[]4 ,dur+ life nei!r seems to h be5 appreciat$ by 8 fell[s2 & aft] dea? s ill 7 ! m]its ( bo? recognis$1 t ! abbreviat$ =m ( ! ,*ri/ian "n ( ! "o became1 z "s suppose1 a famili> t]m = ! orig9al ,devil2#db & ! o!r has be5 conf\nd$ by 8 enemies ) *>latans & impo/ors4 ,! c\nsels :i* ea* gave to ! *iefs ( ! "t 7 ^? :i* he deem$ useful & practicable1 ?\gh 9 _m cases1 if judg$ by a g5]al /&>d1 !y mu/ be condemn$4 ,! patriotic fire ( ! ,flor5t9e ,secret>y l$ him to make r reckless /atem5ts ab\t ! lic5se all[$ to ! man :o makes & keeps himself an absolute & indep5d5t pr9ce4#dc ,s ! ,*9ese morali/1 deprecat+ ! evils wr\ght 9 8 c\ntry by unpr9cipl$ b clev] & ambiti\s m51 recomm5ds a g5]al /ate ( ignorance4 ,! s]p5t wisdom ( ! pr(essional /atesman1 h[ev]1 is f> remov$ f ! guileless simplicity ( ! philosoph]4 ,! latt] abhors ! idea ( w>1 & recoils f ! ?\ght ( =ce & o/5tation2 b ! =m]1 ) m e>?ly prud5ce1 recomm5ds above all ?+s a good native army1 s]viceable milit>y skill1 & spl5did ent]prises4#dd ,ma*iavelli all[s ! pr9ce to break 8 ^w :5 x suits him = /ate purposes#de 7unless ?is be ironical71 b ,lao-tz requires ( ! k+ good fai?1 at lea/ to 8 subjects4 ,ea* ( !m advises t ! rul] %\ld be1 or at lea/ appe> to be1 clem5t & lib]al1 sp>+ ( ! p's possessions & a fo/]] ( _! mat]ial prosp]ity4#df ,_m o!r po9ts ( simil>ity or contra/ 9 ! political op9ions ( ^! two em95t m5 might be adduc$1 b ! above mu/ suffice z examples4 ,:5 we read ,lao-tz's s5tim5ts ab\t taxation1 ov]-legislation1 p5al retributions & excessive gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce1 & rememb] t ^! same subjects are /ill eag]ly debat$ among ,we/]n philosoph]s & /atesm51 we mu/ ascribe to ! ,*9ese sage a rem>kable am\nt ( :at ,humboldt calls ! pres5tim5t ( k4 ,:at he1 h[ev]1 c\ld sket* only 9 fa9t outl9e on ^! subjects1 has be5 broadly discuss$ 9 lat] & m auspici\s times by m5 l ,adam ,smi?1 ,b5?am1 ,em]son & ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,if we n[ _c b condemn 8 ignor+ ! individuality ( ea* memb] ( ! /ate1 8 disc\rag+ progress 9 ! me*anical arts1 & 8 magnify+ ! k+ly (fice1 we mu/ rememb] t !re are /ill among u1 not)/&+ ! exp]i5ce & /ruggles ( c5turies1 almo/ z great b>ri]s to ! enjoym5t ( p]sonal lib]ty z 7 ^? :i* ,lao-tz recomm5ds4 ,l>ge /&+ armies at ! call ( "o man--8incognoscibility0 ( ! laws--brib]y--g]rym&]+--&1 above all1 ! p[] ( ! _m--are /ill great ret>d]s ( human fre$om & prosp]ity4 ,t su* ?+s exi/1 ev5 ?\gh ! voice ( ! philosoph] is always aga9/ !m1 %\ld make u indulg5t t[>ds ! mi/ak5 notions ( a man :o liv$ #b1ejj ye>s ago4 #a ,treatise on ! ,me?ods ( ,obs]vation4 ,reason+ 9 ,politics1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dd4 #b ,see ,*4 #fb4 ,9 ,pi-yuan's edition1 is ! read+1 in/ead ( ( ! ord9>y texts4 #c ,see ,wu-*#8ng's note to *4 #fb 7#eb 9 8 edition74 #d ,*4 #ci4 #e ,see ,*s4 #c1 #e4 ,comp>e ,em]son 7,essays1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #bjh-i74 #f ,*4 #bi4 #g ,*4 #gh4 #h ,*4 #be4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ?is passage is susceptible ( a metaphorical mean+4 ,see ,tao-t-hs+-m+-*in-hs4 #i ,*4 #af4 #aj ,*s4 #fj1 #bi1 #fd4 #aa ,*s4 #eg1 #ac4 #ab ,*4 #ed4 #ac ,*4 #bf4 ,= 1 ano!r read+ is --t is1 ! gravity :i* br+s e/eem4 #ad ,*4 #be4 ,= "h "s editions h man4 #ae ,*4 #ag4 ,?is *apt]1 h[ev]1 is susceptible ( a totally diff]5t int]pretation1 be+ reg>d$ z mean+ ! highe/ au?ority4 ,= also "s read 1 n4 #af ,*4 #dh4 #ag ,*s4 #cg1 #cb4 #ah ,*s4 #ff1 #fh1 #ci4 #ai ,*4 #b4 #bj ,*s4 #cj1 #ca4 #ba ,p5ses1 ,art1 ,,vii4 #bb ,*4 #df4 #bc ,*4 #gd4 #bd ,*4 #eg4 #be ,*s4 #eg1 #h4 #bf ,d4 ,comp>e ,hobbes 7,vol4 #b1 pp4 #agh-i1 ,moleswor? ,ed474 #bg ,*4 #ge4 #bh ,*s4 #ei1 #ec4 #bi ,*4 #ag4 #cj ,*s4 #cf1 #eh4 #ca ,*4 #eg4 #cb ,*s4 #aj1 #ai4 #cc ,*s4 #fe1 #c4 #cd ,*4 #hj4 #ce ,*1 #c4 ,wu-*#8ng's note4 ,juli51 h[ev]1 translates 8il vide son cur1 c40 ,bo? translations are 9 h>mony ) ! o!r tea*+s ( ,lao-ts4 #cf ,*s4 #ci1 #db4 #cg ,*4 #di4 #ch ,*4 xvii41 vs4 #ad to #bj4 #ci ,hobbes' ,works1 7,moleswor?'s edition71 ,engli%1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #afi4 ,comp>e also ,bacon's ,essay on ,s$itions & ,tr\bles 7,works1 ,vol4 #f1 p4 #djf1 c4 ,ellis & ,sp$d+'s ,ed474 #dj ,*s4 #fa1 #ff4 #da ,*4 #fi4 #db ,see ,macaulay's ,essays1 ,vol1 ,i41 ,essay #b4 #dc ,see ,! ,pr9ce1 *s1 #h1 #agh4 #dd ,see ,! ,pr9ce1 *4 #ad4 #de ,d4 *4 #ah4 #df ,*4 #af1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,e?ics4 ,lao-tz's notions on e?ics are =tunately set =? ) mu* m fulness ?an on any o!r dep>tm5t ( k1 & 9 giv+ a brief acc\nt ( !m "o is r encumb]$ by ! abundance ( aphorisms ?an p]plex$ by _! paucity4 ,9 say+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i d n mean to intimate t ! philosoph] has elaborat$ a sy/em ( speculative or practical morality1 or t he has giv5 full & explicit /atem5ts ab\t ! moral s5se & _m o!r subjects famili> to ! /ud5t ( we/]n e?ics4 ,on sev]al ( ^! po9ts he is absolutely sil5t1 & 8 notions ab\t o!rs are express$ d>kly & laconically1 & only occasionally 9 a connect$ mann]4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 make ! mo/ we c ( ! obscure text & discordant comm5t>ies1 9 ord] to le>n at lea/ an outl9e ( :at our au?or taught4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,lao-tz seems to h believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a primitive "t1 :5 virtue & vice 7 unkn[n t]ms4#a ,dur+ ?is p]iod ev]y?+ t man did 0 accord+ to ,nature 7,tao71 & ?is n by any ef=t on man's "p1 b m]ely z ! result ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,he knew n good or evil1 nor any ( ! relative virtues & vices :i* h s9ce obta9$ names4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( ,nature 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 a p]iod ( extreme simplicity ( mann]s & purity ( life correspond+ to ! ,g>d5-(-,ed5 /ate ( ! ,hebrews1 be=e man p]ceiv$ t he 0 unclo!d1 & became z a ,god kn[+ good & evil4 ,to ?is succe$$ ! p]iod ( ,virtue 77 9 two /ages or degrees4 ,! high] is almo/ id5tical ) ! /ate ( ,nature1 z 9 x also man l$ a pure life1 )\t ne$ ( ef=t & )\t consci\sness ( goodness4 ,( ! p ( ?is p]iod we may speak z ! 8,saturni g5tem1 haud v9clo nec legibus quam1 ,sponte sua1 vet]isque dei se m t55tem40#b ,9 ! next & l[] /age life 0 /ill virtu\s1 ?\gh occasionally slid+ into vice1 & unable to ma9ta9 ! /ability ( unconsci\s & un=c$ excell5ce4#c ,!n came ! "t :5 humanity & equity appe>$1 & :5 filial piety & integrity made !mselves kn[n4#d ,^! 7 deg5]ate days :5 man 0 no m 8,nature's prie/0 & :5 ! 8vision spl5did0 _h almo/ ceas$ to att5d him4 ,f9ally came ! days :5 craft & cunn+ 7 develop$1 & :5 ins9c]ity arose4 ,propriety & c>efulness ( ext]nal deportm5t also1 accord+ to ,lao-tz1 indicat$ a great fall+ away f primitive simplicity ! beg9n+ ( tr\ble2 & he1 accord+ly1 speaks ( !m r slight+ly4 ,?is is a po9t on :i* ,confucius seems to h be5 ( a v diff]5t op9ion1 al?\gh he _h /udi$ ! c]emonial code "u ,lao-tz4 ,su* is1 accord+ to ! ,tao-t ,*+1 ! mode 9 :i* ! _w gradually became :at x is at pres5t4 ,! book does n conta9 any express /atem5t ( op9ion z to :e!r ea* human creature is born ) a good or a bad nature4 ,f v>i\s passages 9 x1 h[ev]1 we are au?oris$ 9 inf]r+ t ,lao-tz reg>d$ an infant z good by nature4 ,its _s comes pure & p]fect f ! ,great ,"m1 b susceptible to all ! evil influ5ces :i* op]ate ^u x & lead x a/ray4 ,! /&>d ( virtue to :i* ,lao-tz ref]s is ,nature 7,tao71 j z ano!r old philosoph] says1 89 hoc sumus sapi5tes1 quod naturam optimam ducem1 tanquam deum1 sequimur eique p>emus40#e ,by our philosoph]1 h[ev]1 ,nature is n reg>d$ z p]sonifi$ & deifi$1 b is contemplat$ z ! et]nal1 spontane\s1 & emanatory cause4 ,! manife/ation ( complete virtue comes f ,nature only4#f ,?is is ! guide & model ( ! univ]se1 & x itself has spontaneity z guide1 t is1 x has no guide :atev]4 ,all creatures & man among !m1 mu/ con=m to x or !y miss ! end ( _! exi/5ce & soon cease to be4 ,z ,tao1 h[ev]1 is v indef9ite & intangible1 ,lao-tz holds x out to mortals z _! guide *iefly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( c]ta9 o!r ideas m easily compreh5d$4 ,?us ,heav51 correspond+ some:at to our notions ( provid5ce1 imitates ,nature1 & becomes to man its visible embodim5t4#g ,9 its p]fect imp>tiality1 its noiseless work+1 its dis9t]e/$ & unceas+ well-do+1 x pres5ts a rule by :i* man %\ld regulate 8 life4#h ,n less are ! mat]ial heav5s above him a model 9 _! un]r+1 & spontane\s ob$i5ce to ,nature1 & 9 _! et]nal purity4 ,! ,e>?#i also1 ) h] calm et]nal repose1 & ! great riv]s & seas1 are types ( ! f>-(f old5 times1 ^: b\ndless m]it rais$ !m to ! height ( fell[-work]s ) ,nature1 & to :om all ?+s once paid a will+ homage1 are patt]ns = all aft] ages4#aj ,( a p]sonal deity above all ^! our au?or makes no m5tion1 nor c x be inf]r$ ) c]ta9ty f 8 book :e!r he believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* a be+4 ,9 "o place he speaks ( ,nature 7,tao7 z be+ antec$5t to ! manife/ation ( ,ti 771 a ^w :i* ! comm5tators usually expla9 z mean+ "l or ma/] ( heav54#aa ,! le>n$ ,dr4 ,m$hur/ translates ! passage 9 "q ?us1 8,i d n "k ^: son x 7viz41 ,tau7 is2 x is prior to ! 7,supreme7 ,rul] ( ! visible 7heav5s740 ,i d n und]/& h[1 aft] ?is1 ! same au?or c /ate t ! ,taoi/s1 t is1 ) ,lao-tz at _! head1 und]/& ! ^w ,ti 89 ! s5se ( ! ,supreme ,be+40#ab ,gho/s & ,spirits 7 & 7 are ref]r$ to 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+1 b ^! are v subord9ate be+s capable ( be+ controll$ by ! sa9ts ( ! e>?4 ,lao-tz ref]s1 h[ev]1 z has be5 se51 to a sup]natural puni%] ( crime2 & 9 sev]al passages he speaks ( heav5 9 a mann] v simil> to t 9 :i* we d :5 we mean !reby ! ,deity :o presides ov] heav5 & e>?4#ac ,yet we mu/ n =get t x is inf]ior & subsequ5t to ! my/]i\s ,tao1 & 9 fact produc$ by ! latt]4 ,i _c1 accord+ly1 agree ) ! le>n$ ,pau?i] :5 he writes ?us ab\t ! ,sixte5? ,*apt] ( ! ,tao-t ,*+--8,ce *apitre r5f]me lui seul les lm5ts d'une religion2 et il n'e/ pas tonnant que les ,sectateurs de ,lao-tseu1 si habiles1 comme t\s les ,asiatiques1 tir] d'un pr9cipe pos t\tes les consqu5ces qui en dc\l5t logiquem5t1 ai5t tabli un culte et un sac]doce avec les doctr9es du philosophe2 c> ds l'in/ant qu'un ,dieu suprme e/ annonc1 que les bonnes actions et la connaissance que l'on acqui]t de lui sont les seuls moy5s p\r l'homme de p>v5ir a l't]nelle flicit dans son se91 il e/ bi5 vid5t qu'il faut des mdiateurs entre ce ,dieu et l'homme p\r conduire et clair] les intellig5ces ignorantes et faibles40#ad ,tao ) ,lao-tz is n a deity1 b is above all deities1 &1 z has be5 se51 x is n always repres5t$ un*angeable4 ,on ! contr>y1 reg>d$ f "o po9t ( view ! ,tao is 9 a /ate ( con/ant *ange--8tw9kl+ re/lessly10 to use an expression f ,wordswor?4 ,only :5 consid]$ z ! exi/5ce :i* 0 solit>y 9 ! univ]se & et]nal1 is x spok5 ( z un*ang+4 ,long aft] ,lao-tz's "t ,tao 01 inde$1 rais$ or r degrad$ to be a deity1 b ! !ories ( lat] ,taoi/s are seldom ! logical developm5ts ( ! doctr9es ( ,lao-tz1 & 9 ?is !y err widely4 ,( virtue 9 ! ab/ract little is said by our au?or1 b we "k t 8 idea ( x 0 t x consi/$ 9 foll[+ ,nature 7,tao74 ,he g5]ally1 h[ev]1 speaks ( x 9 ! concrete z ! p]fect nature ( ! _w or man & ! o!r creatures ( ! univ]se4 ,sometimes inde$ he ref]s to ,t1 ,virtue1 z if x 7 a my/]i\s1 indep5d5t exi/5ce & n an inh]5t quality4 ,at o!r times he seems to reg>d good & bad z m]ely relative t]ms1 ! exi/5ce ( ! =m] imply+ & inde$ caus+ ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]1 & vice v]sa4 ,desc5d+ f ^! g5]alities1 h[ev]1 we n[ come to ! consid]ation ( ,lao-tz's conception ( ! ideal sage4 ,! virtues :i* *>act]ise ! p]fect man1 & :i* all %\ld endeav\r to possess1 are describ$ 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+ ) great] or less fulness4 ,among ! mo/ important ( ^! is ! negative excell5ce ( an abs5ce ( ! bu/l+ o/5tation ( goodness4 ,n to be fussy or %[y1 b to d "o's prop] "w & lead a quiet life )\t m$dl+ 9 ! conc]ns ( o!rs1 are virtues :i* to ,lao-tz seem$ ( transc5d5t importance1 ! expression :i* ,i int]pret$ z mean+ abs5ce ( o/5tation or bu/le is wu-wei 774#ae ,_m ,*9ese comm5tators seem to reg>d ?is z equival5t to no?+ness1 non-exi/5ce1 or absolute inaction2 s ,juli5 also translates x usually by 8non-agir40#af ,?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! words h 9 _m places ^! mean+s1 yet !re are sev]al passages :i* seem to require ! explanation giv5 above1 & :i* is also 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al t5or ( ! book4 ,man's guide is ,nature 7,tao71 & x works incessantly b )\t noise or %[4 ,s also x is n an inactive life t ,lao-tz comm5ds1 b a g5tle "o1 & "o :i* does n obtrude itself on ! notice ( ! _w4 ,! man :o w\ld foll[ ,nature mu/ try to live virtu\sly )\t ! appe>ance ( s do+2 he mu/ pres5t a mean ext]ior :ile "u x he hides ! ine/imable jewel4#ag ,! advice :i* ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne gives is v l ! tea*+ ( ,lao-tz4 8,be sub/antially great 9 ?yself1 & m ?an ?\ appe>e/ unto o!rs2 & let ! _w be deceiv$ 9 !e1 z !y are 9 ! lights ( heav540#ah ,aga91 ! man :o foll[s ,nature is wise b we>s ! mask ( ignorance#ai--to ! _w he appe>s silly & /upid1 b 9 8 brea/ are deep /ores ( wisdom4 ,s also he does good )\t ! %[ ( do+ x2 he helps 9 ! amelioration ( 8 fell[s1 & inde$ ( all ?+s 9 ! _w1 )\t talk+ or mak+ any display4#bj ,he does 8 alms n be=e m5 b 9 secret & )\t a prelud+ trumpet4 ,^? are r>e :o c in/ruct o!rs )\t ! necessity ( talk+1 & b5efit !m )\t mak+ a %[2 b 9 /riv+ to atta9 to ?is excell5ce man is aim+ at ! p]fection ( ,nature4#ba ,! art ( liv+ ?us is an art made by ,nature--! sil5t1 in=m+1 univ]sally-op]ant _s4 ,by ,nature 7,tao7 ! passions & o!r imp$im5ts to virtue are less5$ m & m until man atta9s to t /ate ( p]fection 9 :i* he acts naturally & s c d all ?+s4#bb ,! virtue ( humility is "o ( :i* ,lao-tz speaks v highly4 ,wat] is always ) him ! type ( :at is humble2 & ! godlike man1 l x1 occupies a l[ position1 :i* o!rs abhor b 9 :i* he c pr(it all ar\nd him4#bc 8,! supremely virtu\s is l wat]10 are words tak5 f ! ,tao-t ,*+1 & frequ5tly inscrib$ on rocks & o!r objects4 ,su* a man does n claim prec$5ce or m]it1 nor does he /rive ) any "o4#bd ,he nev] arrogates hon\r or pref]m5t1 yet !y come to him2#be & he is yield+ & mode/1 yet always prevails 9 ! end4 ,:5 success is obta9$1 & 8 desire accompli%$1 he mode/ly retires4 ,pride1 on ! o!r h&1 & vault+ ambition1 always fail to atta9 ! wi%$-= consummation4#bf ,s also ! man :o is viol5t & head/rong g5]ally comes to a bad end4#bg ,"s ( ! comm5tators1 h[ev]1 seem to take ?is humility 9 a bad s5se1 & !y w\ld make u believe t ! quality z recomm5d$ by ,lao-tz is n virtue b r a vice1 z p>tak+ ( ! nature ( a trick or artifice4 ,! hi/orical in/ance :i* !y mo/ frequ5tly quote z illu/rat+ ! success ( ?is humility is ! c>e] ( ! fam\s ,*ang ,tz-fang 771 a sort ( political ,uriah ,heep4 ,to cont95ce also ,lao-tz assigns a high place4 ,! total exemption f ! p[] ( ! passions & desire is a moral pre-em95ce to :i* man %\ld seek to atta9-- 8,= n to desire or admire1 if a man c\ld le>n x1 7 m ,?an to walk all day l ! ,sultan ( old 9 a g>d5 ( spice40 ,x is ! body1 ) its insep>ably connect$ emotions & passions1 :i* is ! cause ( all ! ills t att5d humanity2#bh & he :o w\ld return to ! /ate ( orig9al innoc5ce mu/ ov]come 8 body4#bi ,to be )\t desires is to be at re/1 & if man 7 fre$ f ! body he w\ld h no cause = fe>4 ,to keep ! gateways ( ! s5ses clos$ aga9/ ! sight1 s\nds & ta/es :i* di/ract & m> ! s\l )91 is ! simple metaphor :i* ,lao-tz uses to express ?is ov]com+ ( self4#cj ,?is conque/ he puts above e o!r4 ,he :o kn[s o!rs is le>n$1 b he :o kn[s himself is enlight5$2 he :o ov]comes o!rs has physical =ce1 b he :o ov]comes himself has moral /r5g?4#ca ,! disa/r\s consequ5ce ( yield+ to ! bodily appetites is beautifully illu/rat$ by a metaphor famili> to u 9 a ,taoi/ book to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,! p ( ! _w foll[+ _! desires /rive = reputation1 grasp at ga91 covet w9e1 & lu/ aft] beauty--!y take ! bitt] = ! pleasant & ! false = ! real--day & night !y toil & moil1 morn & ev5 !y fret & c>e1 nor desi/ ev5 :5 _! vital en]gies are almo/ exhau/$4 ,l ! mo? :i* ext+ui%es its life 9 ! dazzl+ blaze ( ! lamp or ! worm :i* goes to its own de/ruction 9 ! fire1 ^! m5 d n wait = ! comm& ( ! k+ ( ,dea?1 b s5d !mselves to ! grave4#cb ,associat$ ) cont95ce is ! virtue ( mod]ation1 :i* also mu/ =m "p ( ! good man's "*4 ,to be cont5t is to be ri* & br+s ) x no dang] or %ame1 :ile !re is no great] calamity ?an n to "k :5 to be satisfi$4#cc ,he :o kn[s :]e to /op w n incur p]il1 nor w he ev] indulge 9 excess4 ,to fill a cup :ile hold+ x 9 ! h& is n s good z to let x alone1 or1 z we say1 x is h>d to c>ry a full cup ev54#cd ,too %>p an edge _c be kept on a tool1 & a hall full ( gold & preci\s /ones _c be def5d$2 & he :o is wanton 9 prosp]ity leaves a legacy ( mis=tune4 ,v>i\s o!r metaphors are us$ to inculcate ! necessity ( foll[+ ! mean1 & ab/a9+ f extravagance4 ,! man :o erects himself on tiptoe _c cont9ue s1 nor c he :o takes long /rides cont9ue to walk4#ce ,! intellig5t & good man w be mod]ate 9 all ?+s1 n desir+ to be priz$ l jade or slight$ l a /one4#cf ,x is also a *>act]i/ic ( ! truly virtu\s man t he is always1 & especially 9 privacy1 grave & s]i\s1 & n unm9dful ( 8 weak po9ts4 ,he :o kn[s 8 /r5g? & protects 8 weakness at ! same "t w h all ! _w resort+ to him = in/ruction & example2 et]nal virtue w n leave him1 & he w return to ! natural goodness ( infancy4#cg ,_m ?+s fail :5 ! goal is ne>ly atta9$1 b ! godlike man is c>eful ab\t ! end no less ?an ab\t ! beg9n+4#ch ,s also 7 ! sages ( antiquity ^: cauti\s1 hesitat+ "* is portray$ 9 outl9e z a model = o!rs4#ci ,m]cy is ano!r virtue to :i* ,lao-tz atta*es consid]able importance4 ,nor is ! quality ( m]cy1 z he repres5ts x1 /ra9$ )9 any n>r[ compass4 ,on ! contr>y1 x fl[s n only ov] all mank9d1 b ev5 to ! entire _w4 ,z has be5 se51 ,lao-tz w\ld h all capital puni%m5t res]v$ = a sup]natural ag5t to execute1 & he w\ld h ! correction ( wick$ness effect$ by ! quiet influ5ce ( a good example4 ,he goes f>!r ?an ?is1 h[ev]2 = he w h u to ab/a9 f ev5 judg+ o!rs--f divid+ m5 into ! righte\s & ! s9n]s4#dj ,x is ,heav5 alone :i* is to det]m9e ! moral wor? ( human creatures1 & give to ea* 8 me$4 ,& we mu/ n ev5 assign worldly mis=tunes to ! displeasure ( ,heav5--mu/ n say t ! eighte5 on :om ! t[] ( ,siloam fell 7 great] s9n]s ?an ! o!r resid5ts 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! good man mu/ n only n ?9k too h>%ly ( ! man :o is n good1#da b he mu/ ev5 love him1 & mu/ rew>d ill w by virtue--! ne plus ultra ( g5]osity1 z "o ( ! comm5tators obs]ves4#db ,s also ! feel+ ( compassion w cause ! good man to keep 8 good qualities 9 ! back gr\nd1 & n excite ! evil passions ( ! bad man by display+ !m obtrusively be=e him4 ,aft] a great dispute has be5 adju/$ "s grudge is sure to rema91 s to live peaceably is to be reg>d$ z virtu\s4#dc ,! good man keeps 8 pro( ( an agreem5t1 b he does n claim f ! o!r p>ty to x ! fulfillm5t ( ! agreem5t1 t is1 he w n sue him at a c\rt ( law4 ,?is _s ( m]cy & compassion ought n only to prevail 9 private & social life1 b x ought to ext5d also to ! seat ( p[] & ev5 to temp] ! fi]ce passions ( w>f>e4 ,!n f ! circle ( humanity ,lao-ts looks abroad ov] ! ample spaces ( nature1 & ext5ds to !m also a k9dly sympa?y4 ,! good man nev] injures any?+ 9 ! _w2 on ! contr>y he saves ! inf]ior creatures & assi/s !m 9 _! ev]-r5ew$ op]ations ( com+ into exi/5ce1 gr[+1 & return+ to _! orig9al s\rce4#dd ,did ! :ole creation 9 8 eyes1 too1 groan & travail 9 pa98 ,( c\rage1 tru?1 hone/y1 & sev]al o!r virtues ,lao-tz does n make mu* m5tion4 ,he seems also to ?9k lightly ( conv5tional humanity & equity1 b ,han ,wn ,kung says ?is 0 because he _h a l[ conception ( ^! two virtues4 ,accord+ to ! figure us$ by ,han1 ,lao-tz 0 z a man sitt+ at ! bottom ( a well & pron\nc+ ! sky to be ( small dim5sions4#de ,he tea*es1 h[ev]1 ! mutual dep5d5ce ( man ^u man1 & ! consequ5t necessity ( ! int]*ange ( good (fices4 ,! good man gives & asks n--does good & looks n = recomp5se4 ,he :o is virtu\s is ma/] ( him :o is n virtu\s1 b respect & affection mu/ exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,! rul] & ! rul$ also are mutually dep5d5t1 & !y too mu/ reciprocate k9dness & =be>ance4 ,lao-tz repeat$ly condemns ! vices ( mu* & f9e talk+4 ,! wise man1 he says1 does n talk1 & to d )\t audible words is to foll[ ,nature4#df ,man ought to be sil5t 9 8 actions z is ! all-work+ ,nature4 ,fai?ful words1 are n f9e1 & f9e words are n fai?ful2 ! virtu\s man is n argum5tative & vice v]sa4 ,to le>n+ & wisdom our au?or does n1 ,i ?9k1 assign a suffici5tly high place1 b seems r to condemn !m4#dg ,le>n+ adds to ! evils ( exi/5ce1 & if we c\ld put x away we w\ld be exempt f anxiety4 ,! anci5t rul]s kept ! p ignorant & !y _h good gov]nm5t--s ! p ought /ill to be kept 9 ignorance4 ,b p]haps ,lao-tz ref]s to ! faults ( ^? p]sons :o dr9k only slightly ( ! ,pi]ian spr+ & !n boa/ ( :at !y acquire1 !reby do+ injury to !mselves & to society4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 bett] if he _h di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! pret5d]s to k1 & ^? :o h drunk deeply at ! f\nta9 ( wisdom by assign+ to intellectual wor? its prop] importance4#dh ,lao-tz1 z has be5 se51 is n unm9dful ( ! infirmity ( noble m9ds :i* expects a recomp5se = a virtu\s life4 ,nor are ! inducem5ts :i* he holds out ( a slight or unwor?y nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are to s\ls :i* h begun to delight 9 ! pa? ( virtue1 & also to ^? /ill walk+ 9 8error's w&]+ wood10 calculat$ to h a great effect4 ,! desires & appetites mu/ all be ov]come & self mu/ be subdu$1 b to him :o obta9s ! victory !re rema9 gr& prizes4 ,! gateways ( k are op5 to him1 & he c contemplate ! my/]i\s op]ations ( nature4#di ,fame & greatness come to him unsolicit$1 & ! ye>s ( 8 life are increas$4 ,hav+ ! guileless purity ( an infant--becom+ l a little *ild--he w enjoy an exemption f ! fe> ( noxi\s animals & wick$ m54#ej ,fi]ce bea/s _c gore or te> him1 nor ! soldi] w\nd him 9 battle1 t is1 hav+ p]fect love t[>ds all ?+s he w n fe> h>m f any4#ea ,! godlike man does n use 8 neighb\r z a foil to set (f 8 own excell5ce1 b r assimilates himself to all4 ,?us he comes into intimate union ) 8 fell[ creatures & is set on high )\t incurr+ any ill-w4 ,he lives n = himself b = o!rs1 & 8 life is prolong$ by s do+4 ,he does n amass = himself1 nor does he bury 8 tal5t 9 ! b>r5 gr\nd ( itself4 ,he sp5ds x 9 ! s]vice ( 8 fell[s & x comes back to him ) int]e/4#eb ,! m he s]ves ! m he has :]e) to s]ve1 & ! m he gives ! ri*] he becomes4 ,x is almo/ surpris+ to f9d ?is ?\ght ?us express$ by ,lao-tz1 & ! words ( "o ( 8 disciples1 foll[+ out ! idea1 are some:at rem>kable--8,!re is also accumulation :i* causes defici5cy1 & a non-ho>d+ :i* results 9 hav+ some?+ ov]40#ec ,!re are sev]al passages 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+ besides ! above1 :i* might be includ$ among ! 8te/imonia anim naturalit] ,*ri/ian40 ,humility1 *>ity1 & ! =giv5ess ( injuries :i* are sometimes spok5 ( z purely ,*ri/ian virtues are c]ta9ly inculcat$ by ,lao-tz4#ed ,b to return to our subject4--,man's life ought ?us to be cont9u$ opposition to self1 ga9+ m & m control ov] x1 until ! passions cease to tr\ble & self is p]fectly vanqui%$4 ,!n comes ! end :i* cr[ns ! "w4 ,:5 ! fle%ly appetites h be5 subdu$1 & ! _s has atta9$ t /ate 9 :i* x is --8equable & pure2 ,no fe>s to beat away--no /rife to heal-- ,! pa/ unsigh$ =1 & ! future sure10 !n comes dea?4 ,& :at aft] dea?8 ,man returns to ,nature1 :i* delights to receive him1 & id5tifies him ) h] own my/]i\s self4 ,hi!r1 too1 come all ! myriad ?+s :i* _h once emanat$ f ! womb ( ! same all-produc+ "m4 ,?is 9 reality means t man & all o!r creatures return to no?+ness4 ,?is is ! dreamless sleep :]e) our life is r\nd$--?is is ! end ( all our woe & mis]y1 to be --8,swall[$ up & lo/ ,9 ! wide womb ( uncreat$ night ,devoid ( s5se & motion40 ,!re is at lea/ "o passage 9 :i* ,lao-tz seems to speak ( a life aft] dea?1#ee b ?is passage pres5ts great difficulties1 & p]haps ref]s only to ! 8fanci$ life 9 o!rs' brea?0 by :i* a man ?\gh dead is n lo/4 ,t man loses 8 individuality & t he loses 8 exi/5ce are two doctr9es /rongly oppos$ to ,lao-tz4 ,! individual is ev]y?+ ) ! "o1 no?+ ) ! o!r4#ef ,z to ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ?is is a doctr9e ( :i* _m o!r excell5t philosoph]s be=e ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity _h little or no conception4 ,we are wont to reg>d ! !ory ( ! s\l's mortality z dismal & hopeless2 yet ,lao-tz holds out ! hope ( annihilation or at lea/ ( absorption into univ]sal ,nature z ! highe/ rew>d = a life ( untir+ virtue4 ,few1 he says1 und]/& ! matt]2 & few z yet ev5 und]/& ! mean+ ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! belief t ! s\l is mortal no less ?an ! opposite belief seems to lead to ! possession ( a calm1 cont5t$ _s1 & an indiff]5ce to ! ?+s ( ?is life4 ,! /range b eloqu5t words ( ! ,hydriotaphia on ?is subject w =m ! clos+ s5t5ce ( ?is *apt]3--8,& if any h be5 s happy z truly to und]/& ,*ri/ian annihilation1 ec/asies1 exolution1 liquefaction1 trans=mation1 ! kiss ( ! sp\se1 gu/ation ( ,god1 & +ression into ! div9e %ad[1 !y h already _h an h&some anticipation ( heav52 ! glory ( ! _w is surely ov]1 & ! e>? 9 a%es unto !m40#eg #a ,see *s4 #b1 #ch1 & comp>e ! words ( ,pascal--8la vraie morale se moque de la morale1 c'e/ a dire que la morale du jugem5t se moque de la morale de l'esprit qui e/ sans rgle40 ,p5ses1 ,art4 xxv41 #ef4 #b neid1 ,b4 #g1 vs4 #bjc-d4 #c ,comp>e ,c>lyle1--8,already to ! popul> judgm5t1 he :o talks mu* ab\t virtue 9 ! ab/ract1 beg9s to be suspect10 c4 ,essay on ,*>act]i/ics4 ,s also ,em]son writes--8,our moral nature is vitiat$ by any int]f]5ce ( our w40 ,essays1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #aai4 #d ,see *s4 #ah1 #ch4 #e ,! words ( ,cato 9 ,cic4 ,de ,s5ectute4 #f ,comp>e ,em]son3 8,! ,supreme ,critic on ! errors ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t1 & ! only prophet ( t :i* mu/ be1 is t great ,nature 9 :i* we re/1 z ! e>? lies 9 ! s(t arms ( ! atmosph]e2 t ,unity1 t ,ov]s\l1 )9 :i* e man's p>ticul> be+ is conta9$ & made "o ) all o!rs2 t common he>t1 ( :i* all s9c]e conv]sation is ! wor%ip1 to :i* all "r action is submission2 t ov]p[]+ reality :i* confutes our tricks & tal5ts1 & con/ra9s e "o to pass = :at he is1 & to speak f 8 "*1 & n f 8 tongue1 & :i* ev]more t5ds to pass into our ?\ght & h&1 & become wisdom1 & virtue1 & p[] & beauty40 ,essays1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bdd4 #g ,*s4 #cj1 #ee4 #h ,*s4 #g1 #gg4 #i ,*4 #be4 #aj ,*s4 #ae1 #fh4 ,comp>e ! say+ ( ,sir ,t4 ,br[ne--8,live by old e?icks & ! classical rules ( hone/y40 #aa ,*4 #d4 ,! ^w hsiang is also expla9$ "h z mean+ probably or x seems2 ! equival5t ( yu 774 #ab ,diss]tation on ! ,!ology ( ! ,*9ese1 c41 p4 #bdf4 #ac ,*s4 #gc1 #gg4 #ad ,*9e1 pp4 #aaf-g4 #ae ,see *s4 #b1 c4 ,wei 77 sometimes means to e/eem4 & ,wei-wu-wei w\ld !n mean to e/eem )\t appe>+ to d s4 ,comp>e ,%-wu-%i 771 ,%ang-t pu-t 771 c4 #af ,9 ?is he is (t5 foll[$ by ,mr4 ,*alm]s4 ,pau?i] also s translates ! expression4 #ag ,see *s4 #da1 #gj4 #ah ,*ri/ian ,morals1 ,section xix4 #ai ,s ,celsus repres5ts ! e>ly ,*ri/ians z say+--8,wisdom is a bad ?+ 9 life1 fooli%ness is to be pref]r$40 ,ne&]1 ,*4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #afd 7,am]4 ,translation74 #bj ,see *s4 #de1 #ga1 #gg4 ,comp>e ! /atem5t attribut$ to ,gotama ,buddha4 8,great ,k+1 ,i d n tea* ! law to my pupils1 tell+ !m1 ,g1 ye sa9ts1 & be=e ! eyes ( ! ,brahmans & h\sehold]s p]=m1 by means ( y\r sup]natural p[]s1 miracles great] ?an any man c p]=m4 ,i tell !m1 :5 ,i tea* !m ! law1 ,live1 ye sa9ts1 hid+ y\r good works1 & %[+ y\r s9s40 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bdi2 translat$ f ,burn\f1 ,introduction l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi51 p4 #agj4 #ba ,comp>e ,em]son--8,! man may tea* by do+1 & n o!rwise4 ,if he c communicate himself he c tea*1 b n by ^w40 ,essay ,,iv41 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #acf4 #bb ,*4 #dh4 ,wu-wei "h may h ano!r mean+4 ,wu-*ng & ,juli5 reg>d x z mean+ inaction1 & make x synonym\s ) ,wu-%i4 ,see ,mr4 ,*alm]s' extraord9>y translation ( ?is *apt]4 #bc ,*s4 #h1 #gh4 #bd ,*s4 #bb1 #cd1 #ff4 #be ,comp>e ! say+ ( ,solomon1--8,be=e hon\r is humility40 ,prov]bs1 xviii4 #ab4 #bf ,see *s4 #ib1 #bd4 #bg ,*4 #db4 #bh ,*4 #ac4 #bi ,*4 #cg4 #cj ,*s4 #eb1 #ef4 #ca ,*4 #cc4 ,comp>e ! words ( ,sir ,t4 ,br[ne3--8,re/ n 9 an ovation1 b a triumph ov] ?y passions40 ,*ri/ian ,morals1 sect4 #b4 ,s also ,solomon--8,he t is sl[ to ang] is bett] ?an ! mighty2 & he t rule? 8 _s ?an he t take? a city40 ,prov]bs1 xvi4 #cb4 ,comp>e also ,horace's ,ode to ,sallu/1 vs4 #i1 c4 #cb 4 ,*4 #b1 p4 #aa4 #cc ,see ,*s4 #cc1 #dd1 #df1 #bi1 #cb4 #cd ,*4 #i4 ,comp>e ,horace's advice3--8,quod satis e/ cui contigit1 hic nihil amplius optet40 #ce ,*4 #bd4 #cf ,*4 #ci4 #cg ,*s4 #bf1 #bh4 #ch ,*s4 #fc1 #fd4 #ci ,*4 #ae4 #dj ,*s4 #ai1 #gc4 #da ,*4 #bg4 ,! ^w %an 771 h[ev]1 r5d]$ good1 is also susceptible ( ! int]pretation clev] or exp]t4 ,see ,wu-*ng's note 7*4 #bb 9 8 edition74 #db ,*4 #fc4 ,9 ! ,kan-y+-pi5 77 x is said 8,look on ! acquisitions ( o!rs z if !y 7 y\rs1 & ! losses ( o!rs z if !y 7 y\rs40 ,*4 #b4 ,9 ?is book are taught _m o!r excell5t lessons :i* are app>5tly d]iv$ f ! ,tao-t ,*+4 #dc ,*4 #gi4 #dd ,see *s4 #bg1 #fd4 ,s ! ,kan-y+-pi5 says3--8,! t9y insects & plants & trees may n be injur$40 #de ,works1 *4 #aa 4 #df ,*s4 #bc1 #ef4 ,comp>e 8,let u be sil5t1 = s are ! gods40 ,also ! words ( ! ,tatl]3--8,sil5ce is sometimes m significant & sublime ?an ! mo/ noble & mo/ expressive eloqu5ce1 & is on _m occasions ! indication ( a great m9d40 ,no4 #acc4 #dg ,*s4 #fe1 #bj1 #dh4 #dh ,comp>e ,em]son1 ,essays vol4 i41 p4 #bfa-b4 #di ,*4 #a4 ,*alm]s1 h[ev]1 translates--8,9 et]nal non-exi/5ce1 !re=e1 man seeks to pi]ce ! primordial my/]y1 & 9 et]nal exi/5ce1 to behold ! issues ( ! ,univ]se40 ,see also ! ,g]man translation giv5 9 ,hegel1 ,ges*i*te1 c4 ,vol4 i41 p4 #adb4 #ej ,*s4 #g1 #ei4 #ea ,*s4 #ej1 #ee4 #eb ,see *s4 #ff1 #g1 #ha4 #ec ,quot$ by ,wu-*ng 9 a note to *4 #ha4 #ed ,comp>e ,pau?i]1 ,*9e1 p4 #aag4 #ee ,*4 #bc4 ,see ,pau?i]4 ,*9e ,mod]ne1 ps4 #cef-g4 #ef ,em]son1 h[ev]1 also speaks ( ! 8individual s\l m+l+ ) ! ,univ]sal ,s\l40 ,essays4 #eg ,*4 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,lao-,,tz ,,& ,,confucius4 ,x is n unusual = =eign]s no less ?an = ,*9ese to speak ( ,lao-tz & ,confucius z hav+ liv$ on v bad t]ms ) ea* o!r & z hav+ be5 diametrically opposite 9 _! tea*+s4 ,"o ,*9ese s*ol> :o ought to h kn[n mu* bett] s9s v badly 9 ?is respect4 ,! excell5t little book ( ,mr4 ,edk9s on ! ,religi\s ,condition ( ! ,*9ese conta9s ! foll[+3 8,contempor>y ) ,confucius1 !re 0 an old man aft]w>ds kn[n z ,la\-tsoo1 :o m$itat$ 9 a philosophic mood ^u ! m pr(\nd necessities & capacities ( ! human s\l4 ,he did s 9 a way t ,confucius1 ! prophet ( ! practical1 c\ld n well compreh5d4 ,he conv]s$ ) him once1 b nev] repeat$ 8 visit1 = he c\ld n und]/& him4 ,la\-tsoo recomm5d$ quiet reflection4 ,wat] t is /ill is also cle>1 & y may see deeply into x4 ,noise & passion are fatal to spiritual progress4 ,! />s are invisible ?r\gh a cl\d$ sky4 ,n\ri% ! p]ceptive p[]s ( ! s\l 9 purity & re/40#a ,o!rs h express$ a simil> op9ion & ) no m accuracy4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is n /rictly correct4 ,z has be5 se51 ,confucius 0 a disciple ( ,lao-tz1 & !re is no evid5ce to prove t any o!r ?an fri5dly relations exi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,a ,confuciani/ philosoph] has some:]e rem>k$ t ,confucius & ,lao-tz 7 n ! au?ors ( opposite sy/ems & f\nd]s ( rival s*ools ( philosophy1 & ! obs]vation is q correct4 ,x 0 n until long aft] ! two sages 7 dead t ! foll[]s ( ! "o came to look on ^? ( ! o!r z h]etics & enemies4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 did ,confucius himself live 9 fri5d%ip ) 8 in/ructor1 s f> z we "k1 b he also imbib$ n a few ( 8 t5ets4 ,! influ5ce ( ,lao-tz on 8 disciple1 & ! am\nt ( simil>ity betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ! two are subjects well des]v+ a s]i\s /udy4 ,t !y diff] widely on _m po9ts is a fact kn[n to ev]ybody1 b few1 s f> z my k ext5ds1 h /udi$ ! aff9ities betwe5 !m4 ,to a ?or\gh-go+ ,confuciani/ ! m]e idea ( do+ su* a a ?+ is horrible1 & ! ,temple ( ,lit]ature clos$ aga9/ ! reception ( ! tablets ( ! r>e individuals :o h essay$ ! task1 det]s ! aft] g5]ations4 ,by "o1 h[ev]1 n anxi\s ab\t 8 po/hum\s tablet1 & :o takes pleasure 9 f9d+ h[ ne> ! div]g5t l9es ( or?odoxy & het]odoxy may be f\nd to h orig9ally conv]g$1 ! "w may be attempt$ )\t any misgiv+s4 ,! pres5t writ] c d no?+ m ?an m]ely try to sket* a few ( ! features ( resemblance betwe5 ! tea*+s ( ! two sages 9 speculative ,physics1 ,politics & ,e?ics1 foll[+ ! division adopt$ above4 ,! !ories ( ,lao-tz & ,confucius on ! physical _w be+ probably m]ely ! popul> & traditional notions ( ! "t1 might naturally be expect$ to h n a little 9 common4 ,= example1 ! emanation ( ! visible univ]se1 includ+ also all t makes up man1 f an et]nal exi/5ce at once mat]ial & immat]ial1 seems to h be5 an old idea ) ! ,*9ese1 & x is f\nd 9 ! tea*+s ( bo? ! sages4 ,?us1 z has be5 se51 ! ,tai-*i 77 or ,gr& ,extreme1 z x is translat$1 is only ,tao "u ano!r "n4 ,inde$ ,confucius uses ! latt] ^w 9 ?is connection v mu* aft] ! mann] ( ,lao-tz4 ,9 ! app5dix to ! ,yi-*+ 77 x is /at$ t :at is antec$5t to ext]nal =m is call$ ,tao2 & 9 ano!r passage x is said t "o passive & "o active elem5t 7"o ,y9 & "o ,yang7 are call$ ,tao4#c ,9 ! ,li-*i 77 ,confucius says to ,tz-kung t ,tao is t :i* ! :ole _w1 7 may also mean ! empire71 e/eems4#d ,o!r writ]s also1 su* z ! au?or ( ! preface to ! ,yi-*+1 di/9ctly ass]t t ! two t]ms ,tai-*i & ,tao h ! same signification4 ,lao-tz's doctr9e ( dualism also1 & 8 !ory t contr>ies produce ea* o!r are f\nd explicitly taught 9 ! ,confucian classics4 ,?us ! ,yi-*+ says t h>d & s(t alt]nately ?ru/ ea* o!r =?1#e & 9 ano!r passage x is said t ! ,y9 & ! ,yang1 or ! passive & active elem5ts or p[]s ( nature1 g5]ate ea* o!r4 ,aga9 ,lao-tz tea*es t all ! op]ations ( ,nature 7,tao7 & ,heav5 & e>? are c>ri$ on )\t any %[ ( ef=t1 sil5tly & quietly4 ,s also does ,confucius tea*4 ,9 ! ,li-*i1 = example1 he says t ! ,ti5-tao or ,way ( ,heav5 is to be )\t ex]tion & yet h ! _w complet$4#f ,9 ! ,*ung-yung a simil> obs]vation is made respect+ ,*ng 77 :i* ,legge translates 8s9c]ity0 b :i* is evid5tly ano!r designation ( ,tao1 z ,mr4 ,mead[s long ago /at$4#g ,fur!r1 x is almo/ unnecess>y to /ate t 9 ! qu9>y classification ( su* ?+s z ta/es & col\rs our two sages p]fectly agree4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 d we f9d ! same ideas on ^! matt]s 9 ,confucian classics & ! ,tao-t ,*+ b we also n seldom f9d 9 !m simil> =ms ( expression4#h ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! poetical metaphor by :i* ,lao-tz speaks ( ! sea & ! great riv]s z be+ k+s to ! small /reams :i* fl[ into !m is f\nd 9 ! ,%u ,k+ & ! ,%i ,kh+4 ,9 ! =m] ! ,*iang 77 & ,han 77 are describ$ z proce$+ to ! sov]eign ,c\rt ( ! ,sea1#i & 9 ! latt] x is writt5 t ! full tide fl[s back to pay c\rt to ! sea1 b ! p ( ! c\ntry =get _! allegiance4 ,x may be m5tion$ t we ourselves speak ( tribut>y /reams1 & ,t5nyson has express$ ! ,*9ese idea fully 9 ! words 8,fl[ d[n1 cold rivulet1 to ! sea1 ,?y tribute wave deliv]40 ,com+ n[ to ,politics we f9d t on ,gov]nm5t & o!r matt]s connect$ ) ! ,/ate1 ! ,confucian writ+s conta9 _m op9ions closely resembl+ ^? ( ,lao-tz4 ,?us 9 ! ,lun-y1 ,book xv41 ,confucius is repres5t$ z say+--8,may n ,%un be in/anc$ z hav+ gov]n$ effici5tly )\t ex]tion8 ,:at did he d8 ,he did no?+ b gravely & rev]5tly occupy 8 imp]ial seat40 ,"h ! v expression ( ! ,tao-t ,*+ is us$----& ,dr4 ,legge has1 ,i ?9k1 rightly translat$ wu-wei by 8)\t ex]tion40#aj ,s also 9 ! ,%u ,k+ x is said ( ,k+ ,wu1 aft] 8 w> ) ,%\ 0 f9i%$1 t 8he _h only to let 8 robes fall d[n1 & fold 8 h&s1 & ! empire 0 ord]ly rul$40#aa ,o!r passages 9 ! ,lun-y %[ u t ,confucius also dislik$ w>1 & ! petty squabbles into :i* ! ambiti\s feudal *iefs ( 8 "t 7 con/antly fall+4 ,aga91 ,lao-tz has be5 greatly reproa*$ by ,confuciani/s & o!rs = decl9+ to cont9ue 9 (fice "u ! k+s ( ,*[1 b he w5t little f>!r 9 ?is respect ?an 8 m =tunate disciple :o 0 m e>?ly wise ?\gh less politically consi/5t4 ,ea* kept 8 preci\s gem secret$ = ye>s1 b !re 0 ?is diff]5ce1 t ,confucius 0 eag] = a bidd] :o w\ld please him1 & ,lao-tz see+ !re 0 no *ance ( a suitable bidd] pref]r$ to keep 8 gem4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 did ,confucius himself ab/a9 = a consid]able "t f active (ficial life1 b he also comm5d$ ^? ( ! pa/ & "s ( 8 contempor>ies :o _h retir$ into privacy dur+ evil times1 & 8 approbation ( ,n+-wu's conduct is express$ 9 language wor?y ( ,lao-tz4#ab ,besides1 ,confucius _h ! utmo/ contempt = ! m&>9s & *iefs ( 8 "t1 & reg>d$ !m z ei!r utt] villa9s or z m]e nobodies4#ac ,aga91 j z ,lao-tz tea*es t ! rul] mu/ fir/ correct himself1 mak+ ! purity ( 8 own inn] life 8 fir/ & greate/ c>e & !n cultivat+ moral excell5ce 9 8 family1 s ,confucius repeat$ly tea*es ! same doctr9e & illu/rates x by ! example ( ! anci5ts4 ,l rul] l p1 is a maxim ) him4 ,if ! sov]eign be wick$ ! p also w be wick$1 & if he be good !y also w be good4#ad ,lao-tz says t gov]nm5t mu/ be conduct$ by uprightness or rectitude 774 ,s ,confucius says t to gov]n means to rectify1 & 9 ano!r passage he depicts ! evil results ( a gov]nm5t :i* is n conduct$ 9 uprightness4 ,ano!r political doctr9e :i* is /at$ expressly 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+ is t capital puni%m5t is ! "w ( a sup]human ag5t & t no "o on e>? c safely act z proxy = t ag5t4 ,?r\gh all ! ,confucian writ+s also !re runs ! idea t x is ,heav5 or ! ,upp] ,rul] t is (f5d$ ) wick$ /ates1 rebelli\s *iefs1 or oppressive rul]s1 & t all national rew>ds & puni%m5ts come f ! same s\rce4 ,confucius1 h[ev]1 & 8 foll[]s seem to h believ$ t ! virtu\s neighb\r+ /ate1 ! pi\s sov]eign1 or ! successful rebel receiv$ a ,heav5ly edict to annex ! wick$ t]ritory1 slay ! mut9\s *ief1 or de?rone ! impi\s pr9ce--a political idea n conf9$ to anci5t times or to ,*9a4 ,yet !re are sev]al passages 9 ! ,classics :i* seem to repres5t ,confucius1 too1 z =bidd+1 or at lea/ disapprov+ (1 capital puni%m5t4 ,?us 9 ! ,lun-y he is made to say to ,*i-kang1 :o _h ask$ him ab\t slay+ ! bad 9 ord] to p]fect ! good--8,:y use capital puni%m5t at all8 ,d y desire virtue & ! p w be virtu\s4 ,! moral "* ( ! rul] is to t ( 8 subjects z w9d is to grass--:5 ! w9d bl[s ! grass b5ds40#ae ,& 9 ano!r passage he is repres5t$ z approv+ ( an old say+ t aft] good gov]nm5t = a hundr$ ye>s capital puni%m5t might be disp5s$ )4#af ,ano!r maxim ( ! ,tao-t ,*+ also inculcat$ by ,confucius is ?is--t ! sov]eign ought to anticipate & be prep>$ = rev]ses ( =tune--t he ought to devise measures = repress+ rebellion :ile z yet !re is no sign ( di/urbance2 ?is1 says ! ,%u ,k+1 0 ! me?od pursu$ by ! anci5t rul]s4#ag ,s also bo? sages taught t ! rul] %\ld always be grave & s]i\s1 m9dful ( ! solemn *>ge :i* he has receiv$ f ,heav54#ah ,9 ! ,confucian writ+s1 aga91 no less ?an 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+1 rul]s are =bidd5 to covet & /rive = r>e & outl&i% objects1 su* ?+s hav+ a t5d5cy to /ir up /rife & lead ! he>t a/ray4#ai ,fur!r 9 ! high pre-em95ce assign$ to ! sov]eign1 ,confucius is ( ! same m9d ) ,lao-tz4 ,z ! latt] ranks him ) ,heav5 & ,e>?1 s also does ! =m]4#bj ,9 ! op9ion ( ea* he reigns by div9e "r1 & is himself inde$ at lea/ half div9e4 ,son ( ,heav5 is a frequ5t designation ( him 9 ! ,classics4 ,confucius inde$ 9 "s places is mu* m wildly extravagant 9 8 /atem5ts ab\t ! sov]eign ?an we w\ld be incl9$ to expect4 ,f9ally1 to bo? sages ! great & p>am\nt consid]ation = a pr9ce or *ief seem$ to be ! peace & prosp]ity ( 8 p4 ,light taxes1 few legal re/rictions1 & a g5]al k9d treatm5t are /rongly recomm5d$ by bo?4#ba ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect t :ile ,lao-tz ov]looks or slights education1 ,confucius reg>ds x z ( great importance2 b few :o "k ! nature ( ! education :i* ,confucius recomm5d$ to 8 son ( c>p-d]iv$ "n1 b :i* he did n give him1 w\ld be dispos$ to regret ! want ( x 9 a rul] or magi/rate4 ,x n[ rema9s to speak ( ! ,e?ical tea*+s ( ,lao-tz & ,confucius1 & "h also we f9d consid]able simil>ity1 only a few in/ances ( :i* c n[ be indicat$4 ,z ,confucius disclaim$ ! di/9ction ( be+ orig9al 9 8 views1 ,i am mu* incl9$ to believe t ! resemblance betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ! classics & ^? ( ! ,tao-t ,*+ (t5 po9t to a borr[+ on ! "p ( ! =m] f ! latt]4 ,! l[ place :i* is assign$ to intellectual & me*anical accompli%m5t 9 ?is "w seems to be wrong1 & ,confucius w\ld sc>cely g s f>4 ,he too1 h[ev]1 places virtue above wisdom1 & seems sometimes to ?9k t p]fect virtue ensures to its possessor o!r & less noble qualities4 ,he is n unm9dful ( ! value ( intellectual acquirem5ts & assigns to !m consid]able importance4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ besides t ! accompli%m5ts ( :i* ,lao-tz speaks disp>ag+ly are ^? m = %[ ?an utility1 & t 9 ?is respect ,confucius is at "o ) him4 ,! vice ( talk+ speci\s & flatt]+ words is condemn$ by ! "o z /rongly z by ! o!r4 ,artful words & a clev] appe>ance are seldom virtu\s1 is a s5t5ce :i* ,confucius is repres5t$ z repeat+ on sev]al occasions4#bb ,9 ! ,yi-*+ x is said t ! good man talks little & ! viol5t man talks mu*4#bc ,"h x is wor?y ( notice t ! ^w :i* is oppos$ to *i 771 good1 is n hsiung 771 wick$1 b tsao 771 a ^w :i* means fi]ce or viol5t4 ,inde$ ,confucius insi/s on ! g5tle life no less e>ne/ly ?an ,lao-tz1 al?\gh he is n always consi/5t4 ,he also recomm5ds ab/95ce f litigation4 ,l ,lao-tz he tea*es t ! man ( ext5sive influ5ce ought to abase himself be=e o!rs--ought to yield & nev] wrangle4#bd ,on "s occasions ,confucius is repres5t$ z hold+ ! maxim t :at a man w\ld n desire ano!r to d to him he %\ld n d to o!rs1#be :ile he is also repres5t$ z object+ to ! words ( ,lao-tz t injury %\ld be repaid by k9dness4#bf ,b on ! o!r h& he makes x "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*n-tz 77 or noble man1 t he does n /rive1 & a yield+1 =be>+ disposition is "o ( ! virtues :i* admir+ disciples h assign$ to 8! ,ma/]0 himself4 ,9 connection ) ?is x may be m5tion$ t ! ,confucian writ+s are z bitt] z ! ,tao-t ,*+ aga9/ ! %[ & consci\sness ( be+ virtu\s4 ,! words ( ! ,emp]or ,%un to ,y z record$ 9 ! ,%u ,k+ are v l ^? ( ,lao-tz1 8,)\t any prideful presumption1 !re is no "o 9 ! empire to conte/ ) y ! palm ( ability2 )\t any boa/+1 !re is no "o 9 ! empire to conte/ ) y ! claim ( m]it40#bg ,! l(ty em95ce on :i* ,lao-tz places ! ,god-l man is n great] ?an t to :i* ,confucius raises him4 ,?is p]son ranks1 accord+ to bo?1 ) ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & assi/s ^! 9 _! great unceas+ lab\rs ( produc+1 n\ri%+1 & rul+ ! creatures ( ! univ]se4#bh ,) ,heav5 & ,e>? he makes a tr9ity1 & is sc>cely inf]ior to !m4 ,l ,heav51 :i* he imitates1 he is free f p>tialities1 & is univ]sal 9 8 sympa?ies4#bi ,"o ( ! philosoph]s1 ,*ng1 a ,confuciani/ aft] ! mo/ /raite/ sect1 =gets 8 ma/]'s doctr9e 9 ?is respect & ?r\gh excess ( or?odoxy actually becomes het]odox4#cj ,criticis+ ,lao-tz's /atem5t t ,heav51 ,e>?1 & ! ,god-l man are pu j5 771 t is1 are )\t any p>tialities or p>ticul> affection1 he says t we may make ?is rem>k ( ,heav5 & ,e>? b n ( ! ,god-l man :o feels = & compassionates 8 fell[ creatures1 & ?us is able to enl>ge 8 way ( life4#ca ,?is au?or1 h[ev]1 seems to be "h guilty ( a sophisma equivocationis1 z jn 9 ! =m] "p ( ! p>agraph is us$ 9 a bad s5se :ile 9 ! latt] "p x has a good s5se4 ,! words ( ! ,k+ ( ,*[ to ! newly appo9t$ ,*ief ,hu on ?is subject are v simil> to ^? ( ,lao-tz--8,great ,heav5 has no affections--x helps only ! virtu\s40#cb ,s also1 z ,lao-tz says x is ,heav5's way to take f t :i* has too mu* & give to t :i* wants1 ! ,%u-*+ says 9 l t]ms 8,x is virtue :i* moves ,heav52 !re is no di/ance to :i* x does n rea*4 ,pride br+s loss1 & humility receives increase3--?is is ! way ( ,heav540#cc ,aga91 ! doctr9e ( ! ,tao-t ,*+1 t viol5ce & excess _c endure1 appe>s also 9 ! ,confucian works4 ,x occurs1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,li-*i1 & x is wor?y ( obs]vation t ! illu/ri\s comm5tator on ! passage reg>ds ! expression !re us$ z a quotation1 b does n "k f :at "w4#cd ,_h ! words be5 id5tical !re c\ld n h be5 any possibility ( d\bt4 ,!re is also a common say+ among ! ,*9ese1 d]iv$ f ! ,yi-*+1 t :5 ! sun has rea*$ 8 m]idian he beg9s to decl9e1 & :5 ! moon has rea*$ h] full %e beg9s to wane1 ?us intimat+ ! fickl5ess ( =tune4 ,?is idea is repres5t$ 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+ "u a diff]5t figure4 ,9 _m passages ( ! books :i* g by 8 "n1 ,confucius is made to impress on 8 disciples ! necessity ( att5d+ to :at is unse5 & int]nal1 & tak+ x = grant$ t ! visible & ext]nal w foll[ z a natural consequ5ce4#ce ,9 ?is too he is ne>ly l to ,lao-tz4 ,"o passage ( ! ,lun-y ev5 speaks ( ,li 771 or ! full complem5t ( ext]nal virtues1 on :i* ,confucius g5]ally lays great /ress z some?+ to be po/pon$ to ! g5u9e qualities ( ! he>t4#cf ,! :ole ( ! ?irty-?ird *apt] ( ! ,*ung-yung may be reg>d$ z a sort ( comm5t>y on :at ,lao-tz has said on ?is & "s o!r topics4 ,! passages quot$ 9 ?is *apt] f ! ,%i-*+ are m]ely texts :i* h n ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! homilies on !m except 9 "o or two cases4 ,fur!r1 z ,lao-tz believ$ 9 a long-pa/ "t ( simplicity & purity1 s also did ,confucius1 & 8 love = antiquity & 8 e/eem = ! anci5t sages 7 p]haps ev5 great] ?an ^? ( ,lao-tz4#cg ,( ! five *>act]i/ics giv5 ( ! old k+s :o _h kept good gov]nm5t 9 _! k+doms ! fir/ is t !y hon\r$ ^? :o _h ,te 771 t is1 _! p]fect inborn nature1 & ?is is expla9$ to mean ^? :o approa* ,tao4 ,bo? sages repres5t ! anci5ts z solid & n %[y1 z want+ 9 intellectual arts b p]fect 9 simple virtue4 ,!y %\ld be1 bo? ?\ght1 9 ! conduct ( life no less ?an 9 affairs ( ,/ate ! models = all aft] g5]ations4 ,turn to ! good old pa?s :]e9 our =efa!rs walk$ :o 7 bett] ?an we1 is :at ,lao-tz & ,confucius equally tea*4 ,g back1 says ! latt]1 to ! days ( ,yao & ,%un1 & ,y1 & k+s ,wn & ,wu1 & ,duke ,*\1 & make !m y\r patt]ns 9 all ?+s ev5 z !y made ,heav5 !irs4 ,asc5d /ill fur!r1 says ,lao-tz1 & foll[ ! lives ( ^? primitive wor?ies :o di$ be=e ! arts & vices ( civilisation _h appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,:at ! inducem5ts are :i* ,lao-tz holds out to a life ( self-subdu+ & virtue has be5 se5 already1 & ^? :i* ! ,confucian books hold out to su* a life are v simil>4#ch ,an insight into ! my/]ies ( ,provid5ce1 l5g? ( ye>s1 a peaceful dea?1 & a good "n among m5 are ! *ief rew>ds = su* a life4 ,confucius 9 "o place is repres5t$ z mak+ p]fect k prec$e self-purification4#ci ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n1 ,i ?9k1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al _s ( 8 tea*+s1 & if he ev] did make ! /atem5t report$ x is probably only "o ( ^? nons5sical utt]ances :i* he seems to h occasionally made1 solely = ! purpose ( hav+ a long /r+ ( %ort s5t5ces4 ,! /atem5t 9 "q is ev5 on ,*u-hsi's int]pretation absurd & impossible4 ,9 _! views ab\t dea?1 also1 our two sages seem to h be5 mu* alike4 ,!y d n ref] to a /ate ( exi/5ce h]eaft]1 & !y seem to h reg>d$ ! grave z ! end ( man1 s f> z 8 consci\sness ( be+ 0 conc]n$1 at lea/4 ,on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 we mu/ speak ) caution z ! utt]ances ( bo? are few & d>k4 ,a few g5]al obs]vations w n[ conclude ^! r disjo9t$ rem>ks ab\t ! po9ts ( simil>ity 9 ! ,tao-t ,*+ & ! ,confucian classics4 ,! ,*ung-yung1 or ,con/ant ,mean1 call$ by ,dr4 ,legge ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 amplifies & illu/rates sev]al ( ,lao-tz's tea*+s1 & e read] ( ! book mu/ h obs]v$ ! frequ5cy ( ! occurr5ce ( ! ^w ,tao 9 x4 ,! expression ,*ung-yung is1 inde$1 sometimes almo/ conv]tible ) ?is ^w1 & ,confucius speaks ( keep+ x 9 t]ms v simil> to ^? :i* ,lao-tz uses ab\t ,tao4 ,aga91 ! ,li 77 ( ! ,li-*i1 ,lun-y1 & o!r works is a ^w ( f> wid] & deep] signification ?an our translations usually repres5t4 ,x seems (t5 to indicate ! c>ry+ out ( ! !oretical ,tao into practical life4#dj ,sev]al passages 9 ! classic1 nam$ f ! ^w1 might be cit$ 9 support ( ! above view1 & 9 "o rem>kable s5t5ce1 ,confucius says t ,li mu/ h _h its orig9 9 ! 8,great ,"o40#da ,! ,%u-*+1 or ,classic ( hi/orical exc]pts1 conta9s1 z has be5 se51 _m doctr9es & say+s simil> to ^? ( ! ,tao-t ,*+1 & a simil> rem>k applies to ! ,yi-,*+1 especially to its app5dix4 ,! collection ( e>ly moral & immoral ballads usually dignifi$ by ! title ,%i-*+ or ,classic ( poetry1 z might h be5 expect$1 does n ?r[ mu* light on ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,lao-tz ov] ,confucius or ! simil>ity ( _! tea*+s1 & ! same is true ( ! ,*un-*iu 77 or ,annals ( 8 ,dyna/y by ,confucius4 ,desc5d+ to ,m5cius we f9d 9 ! say+s record$ ( him _m doctr9es v l "s ( ,lao-tz's1 & x is a rem>kable fact t he nev] ref]s to ! latt] ei!r 9 praise or 9 dispraise4 ,lat] ,confuciani/s h reg>d$ _! ,ma/] z a born sage1 & !y w\ld g5]ally sc\t ! idea t he 0 "u s]i\s obligations to any "o1 & to ,lao-tz 9 p>ticul>4 ,:ile notic+ ! _m po9ts ( aff9ity betwe5 ,lao-tz & ,confucius1 we ought n to =get t !re are at ! same "t great & important diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,! type ( m9d ( ! =m] does n v mu* resemble t ( ! latt]4 ,lao-tz is *iefly syn!tic & ,confucius analytic 9 t5d5cy4 ,! =m] likes to sum up p>ticul> virtues & exi/5ces1 & ref] !m to "o all-embrac+ idea4 ,! latt] %[s h[ "o great pr9ciple bran*es (f & becomes sep>at$ into _m second>y odes & f9ally p]meates all ?+s4 ,! "o is a philosoph] at home1 & ! o!r a s*oolma/] abroad4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two may 9 "s respects be comp>$ to t betwe5 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 if x be lawful to comp>e small ?+s ) great4 ,! "* ( ,plato's m9d also some:at resembles t ( ,lao-tz1 :ile ,ari/otle is v fa9tly =e%ad[$ 9 ,confucius4 ,he 0 a disciple ( ,plato & yet he came to diff] v widely f 8 ma/]1 b n m ?an ,confucius did f ,lao-tz4 ,9 bo? cases ! disciple became m practical & less !oretical ?an 8 ma/]4 ,yet x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t _m ( ,confucius' tea*+s 9 politics & morals are ei!r nons5sical or at lea/ vague & incompreh5sible1 & t ,lao-tz's g5]al !ories are n seldom applicable to p>ticul>s & ! actual _w4 #a ,page #i4 #b ,vol4 ii41 ,app5dix1 *4 #ab4 #c ,vol4 ii41 ,app5dix1 *4 #e4 #d ,*4 #aj1 page #fe1 comp>e also ! ,*ung-,yung1 *4 #bg4 #e ,vol4 ii41 ,app5dix1 *4 #b4 #f ,*4 #i1 p4 #f4 ,see also ! rem>ks ( ,call]y 9 8 note to ?is passage4 ,li-ki1 p4 #adb4 #g ,*9ese ,classics1 vol4 i41 p4 #bhb #c-d4 ,! ,*9ese & _! ,rebellions1 p4 #cea4 #h ,comp>e ,yi-*+1 ,vol4 ii41 ,app5dix1 *4 #aa1 ) ! ,tao-t *+1 *4 #f4 #i ,legge's ,%u1 vol4 i41 p4 #aac4 #aj ,*9ese ,classics1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aei4 #aa ,legge's ,%u ,k+1 vol4 ii41 p4 #caf4 #ab ,legge's ,*4 ,classics1 vol1 i41 p4 #dd4 #ac ,see = in/ance ,legge1 ,*4 ,classics1 vol4 i41 p4 #acf4 #ad ,see ,legge1 vol4 i41 ps4 #abb1 #acj2 also ! ,li-*i1 *4 #d1 p4 #eb4 #ae ,legge1 c41 vol4 i41 p4 #abb4 #af ,legge1 c41 vol4 i41 p4 #aca4 #ag ,legge's ,%u ,k+1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ebe4 ,vol4 i41 p4 #beg4 #ah ,legge's ,%u ,k+1 vol4 i41 p4 #gd1 also vol4 ii41 p4 #ecb4 #ai ,legge's ,%u ,k+1 vol4 i41 p4 #cdi4 ,vol4 ii41 p4 #egd4 #bj ,see ,li-*i1 *1 #h1 p4 #gj4 #ba ,legge ,%u ,k+1 c41 vol4 i41 p4 #aeh4 #bb ,see ,legge1 ,*4 ,classics1 vol4 i41 #aff & p4 #c4 ,comp>e also ! memorable words 9 ! ,li-*i1 *4 #i1 p4 #dhi4 #bc ,vol4 ii41 ,app5dix1 ,"p #b1 *4 #ab4 #bd ,see ,legge ,*4 ,classics1 vol4 i1 p4 #ba4 #be ,see ,legge1 vol4 i41 p4 #afe4 #bf ,see ,legge1 vol4 i41 p4 #aeb4 #bg ,legge's ,%u ,k+1 vol4 i41 p4 #fj4 ,see also ,dr4 ,legge's note on ! passage4 ,see also d4 p4 #beg4 #bh ,see ,li-*i1 *4 #d1 p4 #eb4 #bi ,see ,legge's ,*9ese ,classics1 vol4 i41 p4 #ad4 #cj ,see ! 1 *41 #ag1 p4 #b4 #ca ,a quotation f ! ,lun-y1 ,b4 xv1 *4 #bh4 #cb ,legge's ,%u k+1 vol4 ii41 p4 #dij4 ,see also1 vol4 i41 p4 #bji4 #cc ,legge's vo,l i41 p4 #fe4 ,ref]5ce is app>5tly made to ! ,yi-*+ :]e & are two ( ! ,diagrams4 ,x is a wond] t ?is escap$ ,dr4 ,legge's notice4 #cd ,see ,li-*i1 *4 #a1 p4 #a1 & ,*u-hsi's note4 #ce ,comp>e on ?is1 o!r topics m5tion$ by ,lao-tz1 ! "* ( ! 9 ! ,li-*i1 *4 #aj4 #cf ,legge's ,*4 ,classics1 vol4 i41 p4 #ba4 #cg ,see ,legge's ,%u1 c41 vol4 ii41 p4 #dia4 #ch ,= ! duty ( self-d5ial at c]ta9 times see ! ,li-*i1 *4 #c1 p4 #ec1 & ,call]y's ,li-ki1 p4 #ca4 #ci ,! ,great ,le>n+4 ,see ,legge's ,*4 ,classics1 vol4 i41 p4 #bbb4 #dj ,9 ! ,li-*i1 ,confucius says t z a p>rot does n cease to be a bird ?\gh x c speak1 s ?\gh creatures h ! appe>ance ( m51 yet if !y h n ,li !y are n m54 ,*4 #a41 p4 #d4 #da ,li-*i1 *4 #d1 p4 #fj4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,conclusion4 ,x w\ld be a v int]e/+ /udy to exam9e ! po9ts ( simil>ity & diff]5ce 9 ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,buddhi/s & ! tea*+s ( ,lao-tz2 b ?is _c be attempt$ "h4 ,!re is "o circum/ance1 h[ev]1 to :i* ,i %all allude1 t is1 ! resemblance ( ! ,buddhi/ ,bodhisattva 7,pusa7 ,m&jusri to ,lao-tz4 ,! ,nepaulese traditions ab\t ?is ,pusa also make him to be a =eign] & to h come to _! c\ntry f ,*9a1 ?\gh o!r acc\nts repres5t him z return+ f ! latt] c\ntry to 8 home 9 ,nepaul4 ,a full & v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,m&jusri1 or 8,madjuri10 z ,burn\f writes x1 w be f\nd 9 t accompli%$ s*ol>'s 8,le ,lotus de la bonne ,loi40#a ,rmusat & ,pau?i] insi/ on ! we/]n orig9 ( ,lao-tz's doctr9es1 & !re are c]ta9ly n a few po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 !m & "s ( ! e>ly ,indian sy/ems ( religion & philosophy4 ,( ^! ! doctr9e ( annihilation1 or at lea/ ( f9al absorption1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+4 ,ano!r int]e/+ /udy 9 connection ) ,lao-tz w\ld be to trace ! hi/ory ( 8 op9ions among succe$+ g5]ations4 ,?is w\ld h[ev]1 be 9 great degree a pa9ful /udy4 ,! metaphysical "w ( ,*wang-tz1 wild & extravagant ?\gh x be occasionally1 is wor?y ( be+ read1 & ,m4 ,juli5 has k9dly promis$ to translate x = u4 ,lie-tz & sev]al o!rs ( 8 foll[]s are also wor? read+1 b ! great majority ( s call$ ,taoi/ books are utt]ly despicable at lea/ 9 our eyes4 ,mr4 ,edk9s says ( ! 8,taoi/ sy/em0--8,its appeal is made to ! l[] wants ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x inv5ts div9ities to promote ! physical well-be+ ( ! p4 ,! gods ( ri*es1 ( longevity1 ( w>1 & ( p>ticul> disease1 all belong to ?is religion40#b ,! pure & spiritual say+s utt]$ by ,lao-tz h be5 tak5 9 a gross s5se & p]v]t$ by ?\ghtless1 fai?less p1 :o w\ld h a m]itori\s life consi/ solely 9 ext]nal acts1 ?us entirely rev]s+ _! ma/]'s precepts4 ,he spoke ( l5g? ( days to be desir$ z ! result ( a calm & philosophic life1 b deg5]ate foll[]s s\ght = _m ye>s1 9 ways %ameful to relate4 ,!y *ang$ 8 pla9 & simple language into euphui/ic t]ms :i* cause !m to be reproa*$4 ,! ,taoi/s1 says "o au?or1 call ! *att]+ ( _! tee? ! ,heav5ly drum1 !y swall[ _! spittle & call x ! ,fairy ,spr+1 !y speak ( horse's excrem5t z magical fuel & ( rats z vivify+ m$ic9e4 ,by su* means !y ?9k !y c atta9 ,tao1 b1 z ! writ] asks1--c !y atta9 x8#c ,?\gh 8 doctr9es1 h[ev]1 h become greatly corrupt$ & p]v]t$ ! greatness ( ,lao-tz himself has n dim9i%$4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,empress 77 ( ! ,we/ ,hans1 ne> ! end ( ! ,*\ dyna/y1 ! beg9n+ ( 8 hon\r dates1 & f ! "t ( ! ,*9 & ,liang dyna/ies d[n to ! ,great ,tang dyna/y1 8 doctr9es & 8 "n 7 glorifi$4#d ,he 0 promot$ to be a ,god1 & wond]ful ?+s 7 inv5t$ ab\t him & ! ,tao ( :i* he spoke s mu*4 ,"o ( ! ,tang emp]ors conf]r$ on him ! sublime title--,great ,rul] ( ! v exalt$ my/]i\s ,beg9n+4 ,nor has he rema9$ )\t hon\r among outside b>b>ians4 ,cunn+ham says3--8,he 7,lao-tz7 0 !re=e a contempor>y ( ,sakya ,muni1 by :om he is said to h be5 wor/$ 9 argum5t4 ,by ! ,tibetan ,buddhi/s he is call$ ,s5-rabs2 b ?is p]haps signifies no?+ m ?an t he 0 ( ! race or family ( ,s5a4 ,8 fai? cont9u$ p>am\nt 9 ,great ,tibet = n9e c5turies1 until ,buddhism 0 g5]ally introduc$ by ,seong-,/an 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury40#e ,x seems to me m ?an d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ^! ,tir?ikas ( ,india1 to :om ,cunn+ham alludes z ! adh]5ts ( ,lao-tz's fai?1 c be reg>d$ z su*4 ,a l>ge & influ5tial s*ool c\ld n be e/abli%$ 9 s %ort a "t z elaps$ betwe5 ! "t :5 ,lao-tz fl\ri%$ & ! "t ( ,buddha's prea*+1 if inde$ any "t :atev] elaps$4 ,x is p]haps suffici5t to obs]ve t !re is a consid]able am\nt ( simil>ity betwe5 ! t5ets imput$ to ! ,tir?ikas & ^? ( ! ,*9ese philosoph]4 ,! foll[]s ( ,lao-tz spread 8 fame among ! ,japanese isl&s also1 :]e ,s9to or ,%n-tao1 t is ! ,spiritual ,tao1 0 kn[n be=e ,buddhism 0 introduc$4 ,sir ,r4 ,alcock1 h[ev]1 says--8,t !re 0 an indig5\s religion z old z _! 7! ,japanese7 hi/ory1 "o =m$ by & = !mselves 9 long-pa/ ages1 ! ,s9too1 :i* survives to ?is day2 t "s t5 or fifte5 c5turies ago or m1 ?is 0 ov]laid by ! ,confucian doctr9es--a code ( moral e?ics1 n a religion 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m--& ab\t ! sev5? c5tury bo? 7 9 great degree supplem5t$ by ! ,buddhi/ fai? d]iv$ f ,*9a1 we d "k ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,b ?is is ne>ly ! sum40#f ,mr4 ,edk9s has giv5 a %ort b v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,taoism 9 ,japan1 d]iv$ pr9cipally f ,kmpf]4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t z ! ,japanese h _! spiritual *ief or ,mikado s ! ,*9ese ,taoi/s also h "o1 & ea* is suppos$ to be a pres5t deity hav+ a sacr$ title d]iv$ ?r\gh _m ages4 ,! ,*9ese *ief1 h[ev]1 is a mu* less p[]ful & important p]sonage ?an ! ,mikado4 ,! fir/ ( ! ,taoi/ patri>*s 9 ,*9a 0 ,*ang ,tao-l+ 77 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,han dyna/y4#g ,lao-tz appe>$ to him on ! ,/ork-cry ,hill & told him t 9 ord] to atta9 ! /ate ( immortality :i* he 0 seek+ he mu/ subdue a numb] ( demons4 ,tao-l+ 9 8 eag]ness slew too _m1 & ,lao-tz told him t ,%ang ,ti requir$ him to d p5ance = a "t4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 he 0 all[$ to become an immortal1 & ! spiritual *iefdom ( ! ,taoi/s 0 giv5 to 8 family = ev]4 ,! desc5dants ( ,tao-l+ reside at ! ,dragon-tig] ,hill ne> ,kwei-hsi 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi4 ,x is app>5tly ab\t ?is ,*ang ,tao-l+ t ,edk9s says--8,*ang1 "o ( ! g5ii ( ,ta\i/ romance1 is believ$ to be id5tical ) ! /> clu/] ( ! same "n1 & he is repres5t$ by pa9t]s & idol-mak]s ) a b[ 9 8 h&s1 %oot+ ! heav5ly dog40#h ,"o title ( ?is spiritual *ief 9 ,*9a is ,ti5-%i1 or ,heav5ly ,tea*] & ! orig9al patri>* seems to be wor%ipp$ 9 ,japan "u ?is "n4 ,commodore ,p]ry says t ( ! two & tw5ty %r9es 9 ! k+dom :i* comm& ! homage ( pilgrimage1 8! great & mo/ sacr$ "o is t ( ! ,sun-goddess1 ,t5-sio-dai-s91 at ,isye40 ,previ\sly he _h /at$--8,x is said t ! only object ( wor%ip among ! ,s9toos is ! ,sun-goddess1 ,t5-sio-dai-z91 :o is deem$ ! patron div9ity ( ,japan 999999 ,! ,mikado is suppos$ to be h] l9eal desc5dant40#h ,:y1 h[ev]1 ! deity %\ld be a female & a ,sun-goddess ,i d n und]/&4 ,we mu/ n[ bid f>ewell to ,lao-tz4 ,! /udy ( 8 "w & 8 life1 z also ( ! =tunes ( 8 doctr9es1 is a difficult task b n )\t int]e/ & in/ruction1 & ! writ] is afraid he has l+]$ too long ov] x4 ,he hopes1 h[ev]1 t 8 ef=ts w ev5 9 a v small degree help to raise ,lao-tz to ! place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! b5efactors ( humanity1 to :i* he is fairly entitl$4 #a ,page #dih1 c4 #b ,religi\s ,condition1 c41 p4 #fh4 #c ,see ! ,yuan-*i51 c41 *4 #cai4 #d ,see ,*u-hsi's ,tsa-*o1 *4 #i4 #e ,ladak1 p4 #ceh4 #f ,! ,capital ( ! ,tycoon1 vol4 ii41 p4 #beh #g ,see = ?is man ! *4 #h4 #h ,religi\s ,condition1 c41 p4 #adj4 #i ,am]ican ,exp$ition to ,japan1 ps4 #bd-e4 ,,f9is4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,obvi\s m9or typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 #b4 ,hyph5ation ( words & titles has be5 /&>diz$ to ! mo/ commonly us$ v]sion = a giv5 "p ( spee*4 #c4 ,spell+ has be5 /&>diz$ except 9 ! case ( direct quotes ( o!r writ]s4 #d4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & plac$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 #e4 ,*9ese romanization /&>diz$ to use ! ,unicode rev]s$ comma to m>k aspirat$ /ops 9 initial consonants4