,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,! /ructure ( "s tables has be5 modifi$ to improve legibility )9 page wid?4 ,footnotes are locat$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic1 & bold ?us bold4 ,arabia3 ,! ,cradle ( ,islam ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,typical ,,arab ,,( ,,yem5 ,arabia3 ,! ,cradle ( ,islam ,/udies 9 ! ,geography1 ,p & ,politics ( ! ,p59sula ) an acc\nt ( ,islam & ,mission-"w4 ,,rev4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,zwem]1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,introduction ,,by ,,rev4 ,,james ,s4 ,,d5nis1 ,d4,d4 ,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,london ,oliphant ,&]son & ,f]ri] #aijj ,pr9t$ by ,,! ,,caxton ,,press #aga-agc ,macd\gal ,/4 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,! 8,/ud5t ,volunte]s0 ( ,am]ica ,,9 ,,memory ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,am]ican ,,volunte]s ,,:o ,,laid ,,d[n ,,_! ,,lives ,,= ,,arabia ,,pet] ,j4 ,,zwem] ,,& ,,george ,e4 ,,/one ,& ,jesus said unto him3 ,?is day is salvation come to ?is h\se1 =asmu* z he also is a son ( ,abraham4 ,= ! ,son ( ,man is come to seek & to save t :i* 0 lo/4--,,luke xix4 #i1 #aj4 ,introductory ,note ,! au?or ( ?is in/ructive volume is 9 ! direct l9e ( mission>y pione]s to ! ,moslem _w4 ,he foll[s ,raymond ,lull1 ,h5ry ,m>tyn1 ,ion ,kei?-,falcon]1 & ,bi%op ,fr5*1 &1 ) 8 fri5d & comrade ! ,rev4 ,james ,cant9e1 n[ /&s 9 ! %9+ l9e ( succession at ! close ( a decade ( pati5t & brave s]vice at t lonely outpo/ on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,o!rs h foll[$ 9 _! foot/eps1 until ! ,arabian ,mission1 ! adopt$ *ild ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* 9 ,am]ica1 is at pres5t a compact & resolute gr\p ( m5 & wom5 at ! gates ( ,arabia1 wait+ on ,god's w1 & int5t fir/ ( all ^u fulfill+ 9 ! _s ( ob$i5ce to ! ,ma/] ! duty assign$ !m4 ,^! t5 ye>s ( quiet1 unfl9*+ s]vice h be5 full ( pray]1 obs]vation1 /udy1 & wi/ful survey ( ! great task1 :ile at ! same "t e opportunity has be5 improv$ to ga9 a foo?old1 to plant a /&>d1 to ov]come a prejudice1 to s[ a se$1 & to w9 a s\l4 ,! fruits ( ?is intellig5t & consci5ti\s ef=t to grasp ! situation & plan ! campaign are giv5 to u 9 ?is valuable /udy ( 8,arabia1 ! ,cradle ( ,islam40 ,x is a mission>y contribution to our k ( ! _w4 ,! au?or is entirely famili> ) ! lit]ature ( 8 subject4 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,dut* au?orities are at 8 comm&4 ,! less accessible ,arabic au?ors are easily )9 8 rea*1 & he br+s f ^? my/]i\s g>d5s ( spices into 8 cle>1 /raight=w>d n>rative1 ! local color+ & fragrance1 z well z ! indisputable witness ( orig9al m$ieval s\rces4 ,! e?nological1 geographical1 ar*aeological1 comm]cial1 & political in=mation ( ! descriptive *apt]s br+s to our h&s a valuable & readable summ>y ( facts1 9 a =m :i* is highly useful1 & w be sure to quick5 an intellig5t int]e/ 9 "o ( ! great religi\s & int]national problems ( our times4 ,8 /udy ( ,islam is f ! mission>y /&po9t1 b ?is does n necess>ily mean t x is unfair1 or unhi/orical1 or lack+ 9 s*ol>ly acum54 ,purely sci5tific & academic /udy ( an e?nic religion is "o me?od ( approa*+ x4 ,x c ?us be classifi$1 labell$1 & put ^u ! %elf 9 ! hi/orical museum ( ! _w's religions1 & ! result has a value :i* none w dispute4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! only1 or inde$ ! mo/ s]viceable1 way ( exam9+1 e/imat+ & pass+ a f9al judgm5t ^u a religi\s sy/em4 ,su* /udy mu/ be comp>ative1 x mu/ h "s /&>d ( value2 x mu/ n disc>d ackn[l$g$ te/s ( excell5ce2 x mu/ make use ( c]ta9 measurem5ts ( capacity & p[]2 x mu/ be pursu$ 9 ! light ( practical e?ics1 & be 9 h>mony ) ! great fundam5tal laws ( religi\s exp]i5ce & spiritual progress :i* h controll$ ?us f> ! reg5]ative processes ( human developm5t4 ,! mission>y 9 =m+ 8 f9al judgm5t inevitably comp>es ! religion he /udies ) ! religion he tea*es4 ,he ne$ n d ?is 9 any unk9d1 or bitt]1 or abusive _s4 ,on ! contr>y1 he may d x ) a supreme desire to uncov] delusion1 & make cle> ! tru? z x has be5 giv5 to him by ! ,great ,tea*]4 ,he may make a g5]\s & sympa!tic all[ance = ! influ5ce ( local environm5t1 he may trace 9 an hi/oric _s ! natural evolution ( a religi\s sy/em1 he may give all due cr$it to e wor?y elem5t & e pleas+ *>act]i/ic !re91 he may reg>d its symbols ) respect1 & also ) all *>ity & consid]ation ! lead]s & guides :om ! p rev]5ce2 yet 8 own judgm5t may /ill be inflexible1 8 own allegiance unfalt]+1 & he may feel x to be 8 duty to put into pla91 direct1 & vigor\s prose 8 irrev]sible v]dict t ,*ri/ianity be+ true1 ,islam is n1 ,buddhism is n1 ,h9duism is n4 ,!re he /&s2 he is n afraid ( ! issue4 ,8 ,ma/] is ! "o supreme & infallible judge1 :o c pron\nce an un]r+ v]dict conc]n+ ! tru? ( any religion4 ,he has v5tur$ to be> witness to ! tru? :i* 8 ,ma/] has taught him4 ,let no "o lightly "q ! value ( ! contribution he makes to ! comp>ative /udy ( religion4 ,! _s 9 :i* our au?or has writt5 ( ,islam is m>k$ by fairness1 sobriety1 & discrim9ation1 & yet !re is no mi/ak+ ! v]dict ( "o :o speaks ) an au?ority :i* is bas$ ^u exceptional opportunities ( obs]vation1 close /udy ( lit]>y s\rces & moral results1 & und\bt$ hone/y ( purpose4 ,x may n be out ( place to note ! he>ty1 outspok5 satisfaction ) :i* ! au?or reg>ds ! ext5sion ( ,briti% au?ority ov] ! long sweep ( ! ,arabian coa/ l9e4 ,8 admiration & delight c only be fully und]/ood by "o :o has be5 a resid5t 9 ! ,ea/1 & has felt ! blight ( ,moslem rule1 & its utt] hopelessness z an in/rum5t ( progress4 ,let ?is book h its h\r ( quiet opportunity1 & x w broad5 our vision1 enl>ge our k1 & deep5 our int]e/ 9 !mes :i* w nev] lose _! hold ^u ! att5tion ( ?\ghtful m54 ,,james ,s4 ,,d5nis4 ,preface ,!re are indications t ,arabia w n always rema9 9 its long patri>*al sleep & t !re is a future 9 /ore = ! ,arab4 ,politics1 civilization & missions h all begun to t\* ! hem ( ! p59sula & x seems t soon !re w be "o m l&--or at lea/ portions ( x--to add to 8! :ite man's burd540 ,hi/ory is mak+ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ,yem5 w n =ev] rema91 a tempt+ prize1--unt\*$4 ,! spiritual burd5 ( ,arabia is ! ,mohamm$an religion & x is 9 its cradle we c be/ see ! fruits ( ,islam4 ,we h s\ght to trace ! spiritual z well z ! physical geography ( ,arabia by %[+ h[ ,islam grew out ( ! e>li] ,judaism1 ,sabeanism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is especially to call att5tion to ,arabia & ! ne$ ( mission>y "w = ! ,arabs4 ,!re is no de>? ( lit]ature on ,arabia1 ! ,arabs & ,islam1 b mo/ ( ! books on ,arabia are antiquat$ or inaccessible to ! ord9>y read]2 "s ( ! be/ are out ( pr9t4 ,! only mod]n "w 9 ,engli%1 :i* gives a g5]al idea ( ! :ole p59sula is ,bay>d ,taylor's some:at juv5ile 8,travels 9 ,arabia40 ,9 ,g]man !re is ! s*ol>ly compilation ( ,albre*t ,zehm1 8,arabie und die ,arab]1 seit hund]t jahr510 :i* is g5]ally accurate1 b is r dull read+ & has nei!r illu/rations nor maps4 ,f ! mission>y /&po9t !re are no books on ,arabia save ! biographies ( ,kei?-,falcon]1 ,bi%op ,fr5* & ,kamil ,abdul-,messiah4 ,?is fact toge!r ) ! fri5ds ( ! au?or urg$ _! unit$ plea = a book on ?is 8,neglect$ ,p59sula10 its p1 religion & missions4 ,we h writt5 f a mission>y viewpo9t1 s t ! book has c]ta9 features :i* are int5d$ specially = ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! mission>y ent]prise4 ,b t ent]prise has n[ s l>ge a place 9 mod]n ?\ght t no /ud5t ( secul> hi/ory c af=d to rema9 9 ignorance ( its movem5ts4 ,"s ( ! *apt]s are necess>ily bas$ l>gely on ! books by o!r travell]s1 b if any object to quotation m>ks1 we w\ld rem9d !m t ,em]son's writ+s are said to conta9 ?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & n9ety ?ree quotations f eight hundr$ & sixty-eight individuals6 ,! mat]ial = ! book 0 collect$ dur+ n9e ye>s ( resid5ce 9 ,arabia4 ,x 0 = ! mo/ "p put into its pres5t =m at ,bahre9 dur+ ! summ] ( #ahii1 9 ! mid/ ( _m outside duties & di/ractions4 ,i wi% especially to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ,w4 ,a4 ,bu*anan1 ,esq41 ( ,london1 :o gave ! initiative = ! prep>ation ( ?is volume & to my fri5d ,mr4 ,d4 ,l4 ,pi]son :o has g5]\sly und]tak5 ! entire ov]sight ( its publication4 ,! sy/em = ! spell+ ( ,arabic names 9 ! text foll[s 9 g5]al t ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,?is sy/em consi/s1 9 brief1 9 ?ree rules3 7#a7 words made famili> by long usage rema9 un*ang$2 7#b7 v[els are pron\nc$ z 9 ,italian & consonants z 9 ,engli%2 7#c7 no r$undant lett]s are writt5 & all ^? writt5 are pron\nc$4 ,we s5d ^! *apt]s on _! err&1 & hope t especially ! lat] ones may rea* ! he>ts ( ! ,/ud5t ,volunte]s = =eign missions to :om !y are d$icat$2 we pray also t ! numb] ( ^? :o love ! ,arabs & labor = _! enlight5m5t & r$emption may increase4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,zwem]4 ,bahre91 ,arabia4 ,table ( ,cont5ts ,,page ,i ,,! ,,neglect$ ,,p59sula #ag ,arabia ! c5tre ( ,moslem _w--,its b\nd>ies--,! coa/--,physical *>act]i/ics--,climate--,wat]-supply--,ge ology--,! ,wadys--,m\nta9s--,des]ts4 ,,ii ,,! ,,geographical ,,divisions ,,( ,,arabia #be ,natural divisions--,prov9ces--,political geography--,important flora & fauna--,population4 ,,iii ,,! ,,holy ,,l& ,,( ,,arabia--,,mecca #cj ,its b\nd>ies--,sacr$ness--,european travell]s--,jiddah--,its bomb>dm5t--,! pilgrimage--,mecca--,its location--,wat]-supply--,gov]nor--,! ,kaaba--,! ,black ,/one--,zemzem--,duty ( pilgrimage--,! pilgrims--,! day ( sacrifice--,! c]tificate--,"* ( ,meccans--,tempor>y m>riages--,sup]/itions--,mi%ka%--,s*ools ( ,mecca--,c\rse ( /udy4 ,,iv ,,! ,,holy ,,l& ,,( ,,arabia--,,m$9a #de ,taif--,hea!n idols--,! road to ,m$9a--,sanctity ( ,m$9a--,! prophet's mosque--,0 ,mohamm$ buri$ !re8--,! five tombs--,pray] = ,fatima--,liv+ on ! pilgrims--,"* ( p--,yanbo--,importance ( ,mecca to ,islam4 ,v ,,ad5 ,,& ,,an ,,inl& ,,j\rney #ec ,! gateways to ,arabia ,felix--,ad5--,its anci5t hi/ory--,=tifications--,tanks--,division s--,population--,j\rney inl&--,wahat--,! vegetation ( ,yem5--,a ,turki% cu/om-h\se--,! /orm 9 ! wady--,taiz--,! /ory ( ! books4 ,,vi ,,yem53 ,,! ,,switz]l& ,,( ,,arabia #fb ,! ,jews ( ,yem5--,f ,taiz to ,ibb & ,y]im--,beauty ( sc5]y--,climate--,ali's footpr9t--,dam>--,sana--,comm]ce & manufactures--,roda--,f ,sana to ! coa/--,! t]races ( ,yem5--,suk-el ,khamis--,m5akha--,bajil--,hodeidah4 ,,vii ,,! ,,unexplor$ ,,regions ,,( ,,hadramaut #gb ,von ,wr$e's travels--,halvy--,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,b5t's j\rneys--,makalla--,inc5se-trade--,! ca/les & palaces--,%ibam--,%ehr & its rul]--,hadramaut & ! ,indian ar*ipelago4 ,,viii ,,muscat ,,& ,,! ,,coa/l&s ,,( ,,oman #gh ,b\nd>ies--,population--,gov]nm5t--,musc at--,heat--,! =ts--,! t[n--,! g>d5s--,trade--,! coa/ ( ,oman--,! pirate-coa/--,! ,bat9a--,sib1 ,b>ka1 ,soh>--,f ,muscat to ,ras-el-,_h--,sur--,c>t]'s exploration--,! ,mahrah & ,gh>ah tribes--,frank9c5se4 ,,ix ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,! ,,camel #hh 8,! "m ( ! camel0--,importance ( ! camel to ,arabia--,tradition z to creation--,species--,! drom$>y--,an illu/ration ( design--,products ( ! camel--,*>act]i/ics--,! int]ior ( ,oman--,*ief au?orities--,f]tility--,c>avan-r\tes--,p et] ,zwem]'s j\rney--,jebel ,a*d>4 ,x ,,! ,,pe>l ,,isl&s ,,( ,,! ,,gulf #ig ,anci5t hi/ory ( ,bahre9--,orig9 ( "n--,population--,m5amah--,! fre%-wat] spr+s--,! pe>l-fi%]ies--,sup]/itions ab\t pe>ls--,value & export--,me?od ( div+--,boats--,app>atus--,dang]s to ! div]s--,"m-(-pe>l--,o!r manufactures--,ru9s at ,ali--,! climate--,political hi/ory--,engli% protection4 ,,xi ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,?re%old ,,( ,,arabia #aaj ,! prov9ce ( ,hassa--,kat>--,! ,r\te inl&--,ojeir--,j\rney to ,h(ho(--,! two curses ( agriculture--,! capital ( ,hassa--,plan ( ! t[n--,its manufactures--,curi\s co9age--,! gov]nm5t ( ,hassa--,katif--,its unheal?fulness4 ,,xii ,,! ,,riv]-,,c\ntry ,,& ,,! ,,date-,,palm #aai ,! cradle ( ! race--,b\nd>ies ( ,mesopotamia--,! ,tigris-,euphrates--,mead[ l&s--,! palms--,_! beauty--,fruitfulness--,usefulness--,v>i eties ( dates--,value--,o!r products--,population--,prov9ces & di/ricts--,! gov]nm5t4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,cities ,,& ,,villages ,,( ,,turki%-,,arabia #abh ,kuweit--,fao--,aboo ,hassib--,busrah--,! riv] navigation--,a j\rney--,kurna--,ezra's tomb--,am>a--,! tomb ( ! b>b]--,! ar* ( ,ctesiphon--,bagdad1 pa/ & pres5t--,population--,trade--,kelleks4 ,,xiv ,a ,,j\rney ,,d[n ,,! ,,euphrates #acf ,j\rney to ,hillah---,! r\te--,k]bela--,d[n ! ,euphrates--,diwaniyeh--,! soldi]-gu>d--,amphibi\s ,arabs--,samawa--,ya ,ali1 ,ya ,hassan6--,nas>iya--,ur--,! end ( our j\rney--,! future ( ,mesopotamia4 ,,xv ,,! ,,int]ior--,,kn[n ,,& ,,unkn[n #adc ,:at x includes--,its f\r divisions--7#a7 8,! empty qu>t]0--,ignorance ( ?is "p ( ,arabia--7#b7 ,nejran--,! ,dauasir-valley & o!r wadys--,halvy's travels--,aflaj--,! ,roman exp$ition to ,nejran--7#c7 ,nejd--,its prop] limits--,! zephyrs ( ,nejd--,soil--,vegetation--,animals--,! o/ri*--,! horse--,! *ief au?orities on ?is "p ( ,arabia--,! population ( ,nejd--,! "* ( gov]nm5t--,int]c\rse ) ,mesopotamia--,*ief cities--,hail--,riad--7#d7 ,jebel ,%amm>--,! ,b$\9-tribes--,division--,"* & cu/oms--,robb]y--,univ]sal pov]ty4 ,,xvi 8,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,ignorance0 #aeh ,:y s-call$--,! gold5 age ( lit]ature--,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism--,tribal con/itution ( society--,comm]ce--,inc5se--,=eign invasions--,political commotion--,! condition ( wom5--,female infanticide--,! veil--,rights ( wom5--,m>riage *oice--,polygamy & ,poly&ry--,two k9ds ( m>riage--,did ,islam elevate woman8--,writ+ 9 8! days ( ignorance0--,poetry--,mohamm$'s op9ion ( poets--,! religions--,sabeanism--,! ,pan!on at ,mecca--,j9n--,totemism--,tattoo+--,name s ( idols--,allah--,decay ( idolatry--,! ,hanifs4 ,,xvii ,,islam ,,9 ,,its ,,cradle--,,! ,,moslem',s ,,god #afi ,diff]5t views--,c>lyle--,hugh ,br\ghton--,borr[$ elem5ts ( ,islam--,! ,god ( ,islam--,palgrave's portrait--,attributes ( ,god--,:at ,god is n--,analysis ( ,islam--,borr[$ elem5ts ( ,islam4 ,,xviii ,,! ,,prophet ,,& ,,8 ,,book #agi ,! prophet ( ,islam--,bir? ( ,mohamm$--,8 environm5t--,factors t help$ to make ! man--,political1 religi\s & family factor--,khadijah--,mohamm$'s appe>ance1 m9d & "*--,8 transgression ( law--,8 s5suality--,8 murd]s--,exp$itions--,mohamm$1 z he became ?r\gh tradition--,8 glories1 favor & p[] z an int]cessor--,h[ ,moslems reg>d ! ,koran--,its "* accord+ to ,dr4 ,po/1 ,goe! & ,nldeke--,its names--,cont5ts--,orig9--,rec5sion--,its beauties--,its defects--,its omissions4 ,,xix ,,! ,,wahabi ,,rul]s ,,& ,,re=m]s #aia ,! /ory ( pa/ c5tury--,! ,wahabis--,"* ( tea*+--,! prea*] & ! sword--,tak+ ( ,mecca & ,m$9a--,k]bela--,mohamm$ ,ali--,! ,hejaz campaign--,ghalye--,turki% cruelty--,engli% exp$ition--,peace--,! ,wahabi dyna/y--,abdullah b9 ,ra%id--,rise ( ,nejd k+dom--,"* ( rule--,hail conqu]s ,riad4 ,,xx ,,! ,,rul]s ,,( ,,oman #bjb ,oman rul]s--,seyid ,said--,feysul b9 ,turki--,! rebels take ,muscat--,arab w>f>e--,european diplomacy4 ,,xxi ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,turks ,,9 ,,arabia #bjf ,hejaz--,! ,%]ifs ( ,mecca--,o?man ,pa%a--,?reats to assass9ate him--,turki% troops 9 ,asir--,losses--,! conque/ ( ,yem5--,turki% rule--,rebellions--,! rebellion ( #ahib--;,bagdad1 ,busrah & ,hassa--,taxes--,! ,turks & ,b$\9s--,! army--,"* ( rule4 ,,xxii ,,briti% ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,arabia #bah ,briti% possessions--,ad5--,socotra--,p]im--,kur ia ,muria isl&s--,bahre9--,h] naval supremacy--,9 ! ,gulf--,g]man te/imony--,survey ( coa/s--,telegraph & po/s--,slave-trade--,comm]ce--,briti% ,india ,s4 ,n4 ,co4--,gulf trade--,! rupee--,trade ( ,ad5--,ov]l& railway--,treaties ) tribes--,! ,trucial ,league--,engl& 9 ,oman--,ad5--,makalla--,me?od ( 8protection0--,briti% consuls & ag5ts4 ,,xxiii ,,pres5t ,,politics ,,9 ,,arabia #bcc ,hejaz--,future ( ,yem5--,france 9 ,oman--,russia 9 ! ,gulf--,! ,tigris-,euphrates ,valley--,! great] k+dom--,god's provid5ce 9 hi/ory4 ,,xxiv ,,! ,,arabic ,,language #bch ,wide ext5t--,its "*--,r5an's op9ion--,! ,semitic family--,_! orig9al home--,! two !ories--,table ( ! gr\p--,! influ5ce ( ! ,koran on ! ,arabic language--,koran ,arabic n pure--,orig9 ( alphabet--,cufic--,caligraphy z an art--,difficulty & beauty ( ,arabic spee*--,its purity--,lit]ature--,difficulty ( pronunciation--,( its gramm>--,kei? ,falcon]'s te/imony4 ,,xxv ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,arabs #bea ,division ( its lit]ature--,! sev5 poems--,! ,koran--,al ,h>iri--,its beauty & v>iety--,arabic poetry 9 g5]al--,influ5ce ( ,arabic & o!r languages--,engli% influ5ce on ! ,arabic--,! ,arabic ,bible & a ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,,xxvi ,,! ,,arab #beh ,orig9 ( tribes--,two !ories--,yem5ite & ,madite--,! c>avan r\tes--,b$\9s & t[nsm5--,cl>k's classification--,g5ealogies--,tribal names--,"* ( ,arabs--,influ5ce ( neighbors--,_! physique--,_! ari/ocracy--,intol]ance--,spee*--,oa?s-- ,robb]y--,privilege ( sanctu>y--,g5]osity--,blood-rev5ge--,*il dhood--,fireside talk--,m>riage among ,b$\9s--,position ( wom5--,f\r witnesses--,d\ghty--,burckh>dt--,lady ,ann ,blunt--,hurgronje--,woman despis$--,! k9ds ( dwell+--,t5ts & h\ses--,dress--,! /aple foods--,c(fee1 tobacco & locu/s4 ,,xxvii ,,arabian ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces #bgd ,music ( ! ,arabs--,w> *ants--,in/rum5ts ( music--,songs--,kase$ahs 9 ,yem5--,mecca *ants--,sci5ce ( ,a?> & ,wasm--,track+ camels--,tribal m>ks--,m$ical k ( ! ,arabs--,diseases--,rem$ies--,a prescription--,! ,koran's panacea--,a ,mecca ,m4 ,d4--,amulets--,sup]/itions4 ,,xxviii ,,! ,,/>-,,wor%ipp]s ,,( ,,mesopotamia #bhe ,:]e !y live--,_! peculi> religion--,_! language--,lit]ature--,a pray]-meet+ ( ! ,/> ,wor%ipp]s--,/range c]emonies--,! dogmas--,gno/ic ideas--,prie/hood--,baptisms--,babylonia n orig94 ,,xxix ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ianity ,,9 ,,arabia #cjj ,p5teco/--,paul's j\rney--,! ,arabs & ! ,romans--,*ri/ian tribes ( ! ,nor?--,mavia--,naaman's edict--,*ri/ianity 9 ,yem5--,"* ( ,ori5tal ,*ri/ianity--,! ,collyridians--,!ophilus--,nejran conv]ts--,m>tyrs--,abraha1 k+ ( ,yem5--,m>*+ to ,mecca--,! defeat--,end ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity--,! record ( ! rocks4 ,,xxx ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,mod]n ,,arabian ,,missions #cad ,raymond ,lull--,h5ry ,m>tyn--,:y ! ,moslem _w 0 neglect$--,claudius ,bu*anan's s]mon--,! ,syrian missions--,doctor ,van ,dyck--,8 ,bible translation--,h5ry ,m>tyn1 ! pione]--,8 ,arabian assi/ant--,visit to ,muscat--,8 ,arabic v]sion--,an?ony ,n4 ,groves--,dr4 ,john ,wilson ( ,bombay--,! ,bible ,society--,op5+ ( doors--,major-,g5]al ,haig's j\rneys--,arabia op5--,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,h>pur & ! ,c4 ,m4 ,s4--,a call to pray]--,bagdad occupi$--,! pres5t "w--,mission>y j\rneys to ! ,jews--,william ,le?aby at ,k]ak--,! ,nor? ,africa mission among ! nomads--,samuel ,van ,tassel--,! ,*ri/ian ,mission>y ,alliance--,mackay's appeal f ,ug&a--,! response4 ,,xxxi ,,ion ,,kei? ,,falcon] ,,& ,,! ,,ad5 ,,mission #cca ,kei? ,falcon]'s "*--,education--,at ,cambridge--,mission "w--,8 8ecc5tricity0--,leipzig & ,assiut--,h[ he came to g to ,arabia--,8 fir/ visit--,plans = ! int]ior--,8 second voyage to ,ad5--,dwell+--,illness--,dea?--,! influ5ce ( 8 life--,! mission at ,%eikh ,o?man4 ,,xxxii ,,bi%op ,,fr5* ,,! ,,vet]an ,,mission>y ,,to ,,muscat #cdd 8,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all ,c4 ,m4 ,s4 mission>ies0--,responds to ,mackay's appeal--,8 "*--,8 lett]s f ,muscat--,8 plans = ! int]ior--,dea?--,! grave4 ,,xxxiii ,,! ,,am]ican ,,arabian ,,mission #cec ,its orig9--,! /ud5t b&--,! fir/ plan--,laid be=e ! *ur*--,organization--,! ,mission>y ,hymn--,james ,cant9e--,syria--,cairo--,ad5--,kamil--, j\rneys ( exploration to ! ,gulf & ,sana--,busrah--,dr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,riggs--,dea? ( ,kamil--,opposition f gov]nm5t--,home adm9i/ration--,bahre9 occupi$--,l9es ( "w--,muscat--,j\rney ?r\gh ,yem5--,! mission transf]r$ to ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*--,tr\bles at ,muscat & ,busrah--,dr4 ,worrall--,j\rneys 9 ,oman--,scripture-sales--,fir/-fruits--, re9=cem5ts4 ,,xxxiv ,,9 ,,memoriam #cfg ,pet] ,john ,zwem]--,george ,e4 ,/one4 ,,xxxv ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,arabian ,,field #cgd ,! g5]al problem ( missions to ,moslems--,! ,arabian problem--,:at "p ( ,arabia is accessible--,turki% ,arabia--,its accessibility--,limitations--,! accessibility ( indep5d5t ,arabia--,climate--,moslem fanaticism--,engli% influ5ce--,illit]acy--,! ,b$\9s--,! pres5t mission>y =ce--,its utt] inadequacy--,me?ods ( "w--,m$ical missions--,s*ools--,"w = wom5--,colportage--,prea*+--,controv]sy- -,:at %\ld be its "*--,! attitude ( ! ,moslem m9d--,fate ( conv]ts--,?\ghtless & ?\ghtful ,moslems--,! ,bible z dynamite--,! "r m5 = ! "w4 ,,xxxvi ,,! ,,outlook ,,= ,,missions ,,to ,,moslems #cia ,two views ( "w = ,moslems--,*ri/ian fatalism--,results 9 ,moslem l&s--,india--,p]sia--,con/ant9ople--,sum atra & ,java--,o!r signs ( progress--,! significance ( p]secution--,"* ( conv]ts--,promise ( ,god = victory ov] ,islam--,*ri/ or ,mohamm$--,mission>y promises ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--,! ,rock ( ,jesus' ,son%ip--,special promises = ,arabia--,hag> & ,i%mael--,! pray] ( ,abraham--,! sign ( ! cov5ant ) ,i%mael--,! ?ird revelation ( ,god's love--,! sons ( ,i%mael--,k$> & ,nebaio?--,! promises--,seba & ,%eba--,! spiritual b\nd>ies ( ,arabia--,da ,co/a's poem--,fai? l ,abraham--,o t ,i%mael might live be=e !e4 ,,app5dix ,i--,,*ronological ,,table #dji 0 ,,ii--,,tribes ,,( ,,nor? ,,arabia #dac 0 ,,iii--,,kaat ,,& ,,c(fee ,,culture ,,9 ,,arabia #dad 0 ,,iv--,,an ,,arabian ,,bibliography #daf ,,index #dbg ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,,page ,a ,,typical ,,arab ,,( ,,yem5 ,frontispiece ,,view ,,( ,,mecca ,,& ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,mosque ,,! ,,reput$ ,,tomb ,,( ,,eve ,,at ,,jiddah ,fac+ #ag ,,mohamm$an ,,pilgrims ,,at ,,mecca ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,well ,,( ,,zemzem ,,at ,,mecca 0 #cj ,,pilgrims ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,kaaba ,,9 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,mosque ,,at ,,mecca 0 #cd ,,! ,,mecca ,,c]tificate--,a ,,passport ,,to ,,heav5 0 #dj ,,*ri/ian ,,co9s ,,us$ ,,z ,,an ,,amulet ,,by ,,meccan ,,wom5 #dc ,a ,,woman ,,( ,,mecca ,a ,,meccan ,,woman ,,9 ,,h] ,,bridal ,,co/ume ,fac+ #dd ,,travell+ ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,arabia ,,! ,,kei? ,,falcon] ,,memorial ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,ad5 0 #ef ,,an ,,arabian ,,compass #ga ,a ,,ca/le ,,9 ,,hadramaut #gg ,,! ,,h>bor ,,& ,,ca/le ,,at ,,muscat ,,ready ,,= ,a ,,camel ,,ride ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t ,fac+ #hj ,a ,,bran* ,,( ,,! ,,inc5se ,,tree #hg ,,t5o( ,,f ,,! ,,ea/ #ie ,,! ,,village ,,( ,,m5amah1 ,,bahre9 ,,isl&s ,a ,,bahre9 ,,h>bor ,,boat fac+ #ajj ,a ,,date ,,or*>d ,,ne> ,,busrah ,,dates ,,gr[+ ,,on ,a ,,date-,,palm 0 #abb ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,ezra ,,on ,,! ,,tigris ,,riv] ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,ar* ,,( ,,ctesiphon ,,ne> ,,bagdad 0 #acb ,a ,,public ,,khan ,,9 ,,turki%-,,arabia ,,arab ,,pilgrims ,,on ,,bo>d ,a ,,riv] ,,/eam] 0 #adj ,,f\r ,,flags ,,t ,,rule ,,arabia #bag ,,cufic ,,*>act]s #bdc ,,mod]n ,,copybook ,,arabic ,,ord9>y ,,unv[ell$ ,,arabic ,,writ+ #bdd ,,mogrebi ,,arabic ,,( ,,nor? ,,arabia #bde ,,p]sian ,,/yle ,,( ,,writ+ #bdf ,,title ,,page ,,( ,,an ,,arabic ,,*ri/ian ,,pap] #beg ,,*urn+ ,,butt] ,,9 ,a ,,b$\9 ,,camp 0 #bff ,,tribal ,,m>ks ,,( ,,! ,,arabs #bgi ,,manaitic ,,cursive ,,script #bhg ,,passage ,,f ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,m&,,ans #bii ,,facsimile ,,copy ,,( ,,! ,,arabian ,,mission>y ,,hymn #ceh ,,! ,,old ,,mission ,,h\se ,,at ,,busrah ,,! ,,kit*5 ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,mission ,,h\se1 ,,busrah ,fac+ #cfj ,,f\r ,,mission>y ,,m>tyrs ,,( ,,arabia 0 #cfh ,,! ,,bible ,,%op ,,at ,,busrah ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,native ,,%op 0 #chd ,,! ,,rescu$ ,,slave ,,boys ,,at ,,muscat ,,! ,,arabian ,,mission ,,h\se ,,at ,,muscat 0 #djj 99 99 99 99 99 ,maps & ,diagrams ,,ptolemy',s ,,anci5t ,,map ,,( ,,arabia ,fac+ #be ,,ali ,,bey',s ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,prophet',s ,,mosque ,,at ,,mecca 0 #cf ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,hujrah ,,at ,,m$9a #di ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,isl&s ,,( ,,bahre9 #ih ,,neibuhr',s ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,p]sian ,,gulf ,fac+ #aaj ,,palgrave',s ,,plan ,,( ,,h(ho( #aac ,,diagrams ,,( ,,mission>y ,,"w ,,= ,,arabia #chj1 #cha ,,mod]n ,,map ,,( ,,arabia ,end ( ,book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,mecca ,,& ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,mosque ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,reput$ ,,tomb ,,( ,,eve ,,at ,,jiddah ,i ,,! ,,neglect$ ,,p59sula 8,int]sect$ by s&y des]ts & va/ ranges ( m\nta9s x pres5ts on "o side no?+ b desolation 9 its mo/ frightful =m1 :ile ! o!r is adorn$ ) all ! beauties ( ! mo/ f]tile regions4 ,su* is its position t x enjoys at once all ! advantages ( hot & ( temp]ate climates4 ,! peculi> productions ( regions ! mo/ di/ant f "o ano!r are produc$ "h 9 equal p]fection4 ,:at ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors m5tion conc]n+ ,arabia proves by its obscurity _! ignorance ( almo/ ev]y?+ respect+ ! ,arabs4 ,prejudices relative to ! inconv5i5ces & dang]s ( travell+ 9 ,arabia h hi!rto kept ! mod]ns 9 equal ignorance40--,m4 ,niebuhr 7#agib74 ,:at ,j]usalem & ,pale/9e are to ,*ri/5dom ?is1 & va/ly m1 ,mecca & ,arabia are to ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,n only is ?is l& ! cradle ( _! religion & ! bir?place ( _! prophet1 ! %r9e t[>d :i*1 = c5turies1 pray]s & pilgrimage h gravitat$2 b ,arabia is also1 accord+ to univ]sal ,moslem tradition1 ! orig9al home ( ,adam aft] ! fall & ! home ( all ! old] patri>*s4 ,! /ory runs t :5 ! primal pair fell f _! e/ate ( bliss 9 ! heav5ly p>adise1 ,adam l&$ on a m\nta9 9 ,ceylon & ,eve fell at ,jiddah1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,arabia4 ,aft] a hundr$ ye>s ( w&]+ !y met ne> ,mecca1 & "h ,allah con/ruct$ = !m a tab]nacle1 on ! site ( ! pres5t ,kaaba4 ,he put 9 its f\ndation ! fam\s /one once :it] ?an sn[1 b s9ce turn$ black by ! s9s ( pilgrims6 ,9 pro( ( ^! /atem5ts travell]s are %[n ! ,black /one at ,mecca & ! tomb ( ,eve ne> ,jiddah4 ,ano!r accept$ tradition says t ,mecca /&s on a spot exactly b5ea? ,god's ?rone 9 heav54 ,)\t ref]5ce to ^! wild traditions1 :i* are sob]ly set d[n z facts by ,moslem hi/orians1 ,arabia is a l& ( p]petual int]e/ to ! geograph]1 & ! hi/orian4 ,s9ce ,niebuhr's day _m intrepid travell]s h survey$ ! coa/s & p5etrat$ into ! int]ior1 b 8 *>ge t we are ignorant ( ! real "* ( ! va/ p59sula is /ill true z f> z x relates to ! s\!rn & s\!a/]n di/ricts4 ,no travell] has yet cross$ ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,hadramaut & explor$ ! ,dahna des]t1 also call$ ! ,roba-el-,khali1 or 8empty abode40 ,! va/ t]ritory betwe5 ! p59sula ( ,kat> & ! m\nta9s ( ,oman is also practically a blank on ! be/ maps4 ,inde$ ! only notewor?y map ( t portion ( ! p59sula is t ( ,ptolemy reproduc$ by ,spr5g] 9 8 8,alte ,geographie ,arabi5s40 ,arabia has well-def9$ b\nd>ies ev]y:]e except on ! nor?4 ,ea/w>d are ! wat]s ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ! ,/rait ( ,ormuz & ! ,gulf ( ,oman4 ,! entire s\!rn coa/ is wa%$ by ! ,indian ,ocean :i* rea*es to ,bab-el-,m&eb 8,! ,gate-(-te>s10 f :i* po9t ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,akaba =m ! we/]n b\nd>y4 ,! undef9$ nor!rn des]t1 9 "s places a sea ( s&1 completes ! isolation :i* has l$ ! ,arabs !mselves to call ! p59sula _! 8,isl&0 7,jezirat-el-,arab74 ,9 fact ! nor!rn b\nd>y w probably nev] be def9$ accurately4 ,! s-call$ 8,syrian des]t10 rea*+ to ab\t ! ?irty-fif? p>allel might bett] be reg>d$ z ! ,arabian des]t1 = 9 physical & e?nical features x be>s mu* great] resemblance to ! s\!rn p59sula ?an to ! surr\nd+ regions ( ,syria & ,mesopotamia4 ,bagdad is prop]ly an ,arabian city & to ! ,arabs ( ! nor? is z mu* a "p ( ! p59sula z is ,ad5 to ^? ( ! s\?we/4 ,! true1 ?\gh %ift+1 nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,arabia w\ld be ! limit ( ,nomad encampm5ts1 b = conv5i5ce & practical purposes a b\nd>y l9e may be drawn f ! ,m$it]ranean along ! ?irty-?ird p>allel to ,busrah4 ,?us ! %ores ( ,arabia /ret* f ,suez to ! ,euphrates delta = a total l5g? ( ne>ly #d1jjj miles4 ,?is coa/-l9e has comp>atively few isl&s or inlets1 except 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! ,r$ ,sea coa/ is fr+$ by ext5sive coral reefs1 dang]\s to navigation1 b f ,ad5 to ,muscat ! coa/ is elevat$ & rocky1 & conta9s sev]al good h>bors4 ,ea/]n ,arabia has a l[1 flat coa/-l9e made ( coral-rock ) "h & !re volcanic headl&s4 ,f>san1 (f ! ,tehamah coa/1 fam\s z ! c5tre = ,arab slave-dh[s2 ,p]im1 :]e ,engli% batt]ies comm& ! gate ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 ! ,kuria-,muria gr\p 9 ! ,indian ,ocean2 & ! ,bahre9 ar*ipelago 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 are ! only important isl&s4 ,socotra1 al?\gh occupi$ by an ,arab population & hi/orically ,arabian1 is by geograph]s g5]ally atta*$ to ,africa4 ,?is isl& is h[ev] "u ! ,indian gov]nm5t1 &1 once ,*ri/ian1 is n[ :olly ,mohamm$an4 ,! greate/ l5g? ( ! p59sula is ab\t #a1jjj miles1 its av]age bread? #fjj1 & its area some:at ov] #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,x is ?us ov] f\r times ! size ( ,france or l>g] ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,arabia1 until q rec5tly1 has g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z a va/ expanse ( s&y des]t4 ,rec5t explorations h prov$ ?is idea q incorrect1 & a l>ge "p ( ! region /ill consid]$ des]t is z yet unexplor$4 ,palgrave1 9 8 8,c5tral ,arabia0 gives an excell5t summ>y ( ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! :ole p59sula z he saw x4 ,s9ce 8 "t ,hadramaut has be5 p>tially explor$ & ! result confirms 8 /atem5ts3 8,! g5]al type ( ,arabia is t ( a c5tral table-l& surr\nd$ by a des]t r+ s&y to ! s\?1 we/ & ea/1 /ony to ! nor?4 ,?is outly+ circle is 9 its turn girt by a l9e ( m\nta9s l[ & /]ile = ! mo/1 b atta9+ 9 ,yem5 & ,oman consid]able height1 bread? & f]tility2 :ile beyond ^! a n>r[ rim ( coa/ is bord]$ by ! sea4 ,! surface ( ! midmo/ table-l& equals some:at less ?an "o-half ( ! entire p59sula2 & its special dem>kations are mu* affect$1 nay (t5 absolutely fix$1 by ! w9d+s & inrunn+s ( ! ,nefud 7s&y des]t74 ,if to ^! c5tral highl&s or ,nejd1 tak+ t ^w 9 its wid] s5se1 we add :atev] spots ( f]tility belong to ! out] circles1 we %all f9d t ,arabia conta9s ab\t two-?irds ( cultivat$ or at lea/ ( cultivatable l&1 ) a rema9+ ?ird ( irreclaimable des]t1 *iefly on ! s\?40 ,f ?is description x is evid5t t ! lea/ attractive "p ( ! c\ntry is ! coa/4 ,?is may be ! reason t ,arabia has be5 s h>%ly judg$1 z to climate & soil & s mu* neglect$ by ^? :o only knew ( x f ! capta9s :o _h t\*$ its coa/ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,no?+ is m surpris+1 ?an to pass ?r\gh ! b>r5 c9d] gateway ( ,ad5 up ! m\nta9 passes into ! m>vell\s f]tility & delightful climate ( ,yem54 ,arabia l ! ,arab1 has a r\gh1 fr[n+ ext]ior b a w>m1 hospitable he>t4 ,f ! table-l& ( ,nejd1 :i* has an av]age elevation ( ab\t #c1jjj feet above ! sea1 !re is a gradual asc5t s\?w>d to ! highl&s ( ,yem5 & ,oman :]e !re are m\nta9 peaks z high z #h1jjj & #aj1jjj feet4 ,?is div]sity ( surface causes an equal div]sity ( climate4 ,! prevail+ conditions are int5se heat & dryness1 & ! _w-zone ( maximum heat 9 ,july embraces ne>ly ! entire p59sula4 ,on ! coa/ ! heat is m try+ because ( ! moi/ure f ! enorm\s evaporation ( ! l&-lock$ bas9s4 ,dur+ "p ( ! summ] !re is sc>cely any diff]5ce 9 ! regi/] ( ! wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]4 ,9 ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july & ,augu/1 #ahig1 ! av]ages ( maximum temp]ature at ,busrah 7 #ajj1 #ajc-a_/b & #ajb ,f42 & ! m9imum #hd1 #hf-a_/b & #hd ,f4 ,nejd has a salubri\s climate1 :ile 9 ,yem5 & ,oman on ! highl&s ! m]cury ev5 9 ,july seldom rises above #he4 ,9 ,july1 #ahib1 ,i pass$ 9 "o day's j\rney f a %ade temp]ature ( #aaj ,f4 on ! coa/ at ,hodeidah to "o ( #ee at ,m5akha on ! m\nta9s4 ,at ,sanaa !re is fro/ = ?ree mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & ,jebel ,tobeyk 9 nor?we/ ,arabia is cov]$ ) sn[ all w9t]4 ,9 fact1 all nor!rn ,arabia has a w9t] season ) cold ra9s & occasional fro/s4 ,! geology ( ! p59sula is ( true ,arabian simplicity4 ,accord+ to ,d\ghty x consi/s ( a f\ndation /ock ( plutonic 7igne\s7 rock :]eon lie s&/one1 & above t lime/one4 ,go+ f ,moab to ,s9ai we cross ! /rata 9 ! rev]se ord]1 :ile 9 ! depression ( ! gulf ( ,akaba ! ?ree /rata are 9 regul> ord] al?\gh aga9 ov]topp$ by ! granite ( ! m\nta9s4 ,fossils are v r>e1 b coral =mation is common all along ! coa/4 ,volcanic =mations & lava 7call$ by ! ,arabs1 h>rat7 crop out frequ5tly1 z 9 ! region ( ,m$9a & ,khaib>4 ,9 go+ by direct r\te f ! ,r$ ,sea 7,jiddah7 to ,busrah1 we meet fir/ granite & trap-rock1 ov]topp$ 9 ! ,h>rat el-,kis%ub by lavas1 & fur!r on at ,wady ,g]ir & ,jebel ,%e> by basalts2 at ! ,nefud el ,kasim 7,boreyda7 s&/ones beg9 until we rea* ! lime/one region ( ,jebel ,t[eyk4 ,!nce all is gravel & s& to ! ,euphrates4 ,arabia has no riv]s & none ( its m\nta9 /reams 7"s ( :i* are p]5nial7 rea* ! seacoa/4 ,at lea/ !y d n arrive !re by ! ov]l& r\te1 = x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t ! _m fre% wat] spr+s f\nd 9 ! ,bahre9 ar*ipelago h _! orig9 9 ! upl&s ( ,arabia4 ,at ,muscat1 too1 wat] is always fl[+ t[>d ! sea 9 abundance at ! dep? ( t5 to ?irty feet bel[ ! wady-b$2 ?is supplies excell5t well-wat]4 ,9 fact ! entire region ( ,hasa is full ( und]gr\nd wat]c\rses & p]5nial spr+s4 ,coa/-/reams are frequ5t 9 ,yem5 dur+ ! ra9-season & (t5 become sudd5ly full to ov]fl[+ da%+ ev]y?+ be=e !m4 ,!y are call$ sayl1 & well illu/rate ,*ri/'s p>able ( ! flood :i* demoli%$ ! h\se built ^u ! s&4 ,! great wadys ( ,arabia are its *>act]i/ic feature1 celebrat$ s9ce ! days ( ,job1 ! ,arab4 ,^! wadys1 (t5 full to ! brim 9 w9t] & black by reason ( fro/ b entirely dri$ up dur+ ! heat ( summ]1 w\ld nev] be suspect$ ( giv+ n\ri%m5t to ev5 a blade ( grass4 ,!y are g5]ally dry = n9e & t5 mon?s 9 ! ye>1 dur+ :i* "t wat] is obta9$ f wells sunk 9 ! wady-b$4 ,wady ,sirhan runs 9 a s\!a/]ly direction f ! ,hauran highl&s to ! ,jauf di/rict on ! edge ( ! great ,nefud2 x is f$ by ! small] ,wady er-,rajel4 ,wady ,dauasir :i* receives ! ,nejran /reams dra9s all ( ! ,asir & s\!rn ,hejaz highl&s nor?w>d to ,bahr ,salumeh1 a small lake1 ! only "o kn[n 9 ! :ole p59sula4 ,! ,aftan is ano!r important wady runn+ f ! bord]s ( ,nejd into ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,?is wady-b$ is m>k$ on "s maps z a riv]1 fl[+ into ! ,p]sian ,gulf app>5tly by two m\?s4 ,x does n exi/ to-day4 ,! mo/ important wat]-b$ 9 ,arabia is ! celebrat$ ,wady er-,ruma1 only p>tly explor$1 :i* fl[s f ,hejaz across ! p59sula = ne>ly #hjj miles 9 a nor?we/]ly direction t[>d ! ,euphrates4 ,7 !re a m abundant ra9fall ?is wady w\ld rea* ! ,%at-el-,arab & give unity to ! n[ disjo9t$ wat]-sy/em ( ,mesopotamia & nor? ,arabia4#a ,= obvi\s reasons ! c>avan r\tes ( ,arabia g5]ally foll[ ! c\rse ( ! wadys4 ,arabia is also a l& ( m\nta9s & highl&s4 ,! mo/ cle>ly develop$ sy/em is ! ext5sive range skirt+ ! ,r$ ,sea at a di/ance ( f "o to ?ree days' j\rney f ! coa/4 ,s\? ( ,mecca !re are peaks ( ov] #h1jjj feet2 & beyond1 ! range broad5s out to =m ! ,yem5 highl&s1 a corn] ( ! p59sula wor?y ( its old "n 8,arabia ,felix40 ,! m\nta9s along ! s\? coa/ are m irregul> & disconnect$ until !y broad5 out a second "t betwe5 ,ras el ,_h & ,ras ,muss5dum to =m ! highl&s ( ,oman4 ,along ! gulf coa/ !re are no m\nta9s except an occasional volcanic hill l ,jebel ,dokhan 9 ,bahre9 & ,jebel ,sanam ne> ,zobeir4 ,! ,nejd is cross$ by sev]al ridges ( :i* ! be/ kn[n is ,jebel ,%amm> runn+ ne>ly ea/ & we/ at an altitude ( ab\t #f1jjj feet4 ,jebel ,m5akib1 ,jebel ,a>$1 ,jebel ,t[eyk & ,jebel ,a?al are o!r ranges s\? ( ,jebel ,%amm> & also runn+ 9 a simil> direction t[>d ! s\?we/ & nor!a/4 ,! ,s9ai p59sula is a rocky lime/one plateau int]sect$ by rugg$ gorges & highe/ t[>d ! s\? 9 ! region ( ,s9ai prop]4 ,next to its wadys & m\nta9s ,arabia is *>act]iz$ *iefly by ! s-call$ ,h>rat or volcanic tracks already m5tion$4 ,^! black1 gloomy1 b>r5 regions occupy a mu* wid] ext5t ( nor? ,arabia ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! l>ge/ is ,h>rat ,khaib>1 nor? ( ,m$9a1 ! old c5tre ( ! ,jews 9 ! days ( ,mohamm$4 ,x is ov] #ajj miles 9 l5g? & 9 "s p>ts ?irty miles wide4 ,a wild]ness ( lava & lava-/ones ) _m ext9ct crat] heads1 craggy1 & /rewn ) r\gh blocks ( basalt & o!r igne\s rocks4 ,9 "s places ! lava b$s are #fjj feet deep4 ,signs ( volcanic action are /ill se5 at ,khaib>1 smoke issu+ f crevices & /eam f ! summit ( ,jebel ,e?nan4 ,a volcanic eruption 0 se5 at ,m$9a z late z #abef ,a4,d4#b & ! hot & sulphur spr+s ( ,hasa & ,hadramaut seem to indicate pres5t volcanic action4 ,! s&y-tracts ( ! s-call$ ,arabian des]ts are t]m$ by ! ,arabs !mselves nefud 7dra9$1 exhau/$1 sp5t71 ! "n giv5 on mo/ maps4 ,! g5]al physical features ( ?is 8des]t0 are ^? ( a pla9 clo!d ) /unt$1 aromatic %rubs ( _m v>ieties1 b _! value z pa/ure is v unequal1 "s be+ excell5t = camels & %eep1 o!rs absolutely wor?less4 ,"s nefuds ab\nd 9 grasses & fl[]+ plants aft] ! e>ly ra9s1 & !n ! des]t 8blossoms l ! rose40 ,o!rs are )\t ra9 & b>r5 all ye>2 !y are cov]$ ) long /ret*es ( drift-s&1 c>ri$ ab\t by ! w9d & toss$ 9 bill[s on ! wea!r side ( ! rocks & bu%es4#c ,palgrave ass]ts t "s ( ! nefud s&s are #fjj feet deep4 ,!y prevail 9 ! va/ unexplor$ region s\? ( ,nejd & nor? ( ,hadramaut includ+ ! s-call$ 8,great ,arabian ,des]t40 ,absolute /]ility is ! dom9ant feature "h1 :]eas ! nor!rn nefuds are ! pa/ure l&s = ?\s&s ( horses & %eep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ptolemaeus ,,k>te ,,von ,,arabia ,,feli ,,ii ,,! ,,geographical ,,divisions ,,( ,,arabia ,! division ( ,arabia into prov9ces has always be5 r accord+ to physical geography ?an political b\nd>ies4 ,! e>lie/ division ( ! p59sula1 & 9 "s respects ! mo/ correct1 0 t ( ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s into ,arabia ,des]ta & ,arabia ,felix4 ,! latt] epi!t 0 p]haps only a mi/ak5 translation ( ,el-,yem5--! l& on 8! "r h&10 t is s\? ( ,mecca1 = ! ,ori5tals face ea/4 ,?is is contra/$ ) ,syria :i* 9 ,arabic is call$ 8,es-,%am0 or ! l& 8to ! left0 ( ,mecca4 ,! ?ird division1 ,arabia ,petra1 or 8,/ony ,arabia10 fir/ appe>s 9 ,ptolemy & is appli$ to ! ,s9ai di/rict4 ,he limits ,arabia ,des]ta to ! extreme nor!rn des]t & s 8 map ( ! entire p59sula be>s ! title ( ,arabia ,felix4 ,! great geograph] anticipat$ all mod]n maps ( ,arabia by nam+ ! regions accord+ to ! tribes t inhabit !m2 a mu* m intellig5t me?od ?an ! draw+ ( artificial l9es ar\nd natural features & dubb+ !m ) a "n to suit ! c>tograph]4 ,! ,arab geograph]s "k no?+ ( ?is ?reefold division into s&y1 /ony1 & happy-l&4 ,!y divide ! ,isl&-(-!-,arabs 7,jezirat-el-,arab7 into five prov9ces4#d ,! fir/ is call$ ,el-,yem5 & includes ,hadramaut1 ,mehrah1 ,oman1 ,%ehr1 & ,nejran4 ,! second ,el-,hejaz1 on ! we/ coa/1 s call$ because x is ! b>ri] betwe5 ,tehama & ,nejd2 x ne>ly corresponds to our ,hejaz1 exclud+ its s\!rn portion4 ,! ?ird is ,tehama1 along ! coa/1 betwe5 ,yem5 & ,hejaz4 ,! f\r? is ,nejd1 a t]m loosely appli$ to all ! int]ior table-l&s4 ,! fif? is call$ ,yemama or ',arudh because x ext5ds all ! 8wide0 way betwe5 ,yem5 7,oman7 & ,nejd4 ,x is important to di/+ui% betwe5 ?is ,arabian division & t n[ ne>ly ev]y:]e adopt$ on ! maps ( ! occid5t2 mu* confusion has aris5 :5 ?is di/9ction 0 n made4 ,! mod]n division ( ! p59sula into sev5 prov9ces3 ,hejaz1 ,yem51 ,hadramaut1 ,oman1 ,hasa1 ,irak & ,nejd1 is accord+ to political geography & s]ves all practical purposes1 al?\gh x is n /rictly accurate4 ,hejaz1 ! ,holyl& ( ,arabia1 includes ! sacr$ cities ( ,mecca & ,m$9a4 ,yem5 is b\nd$ by ! l9e ( f]tility on ! nor? & ea/ s z to include ! important region ( ,asir4 ,hadramaut has no cle>ly def9$ b\nd>ies & /ret*es nor?w>d to ! unkn[n region ( ! ,dahna4 ,oman is ! p59sula betwe5 ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,gulf & ! ,indian ,ocean1 :ile ,hasa cov]s ! entire coa/ di/rict nor? ( ,el-,kat> p59sula 7on "s maps call$ ,el-,bahre974 ,irak-,arabi or ,irak is ! nor!rn riv]-c\ntry politically correspond+ to :at is call$ 8,turki%-,arabia40 ,z to ! pres5t division ( political p[] 9 ,arabia1 x is suffici5t "h to note t ! ,s9ai p59sula & #bjj miles ( coa/ s\? ( ! ,gulf ( ,akaba is ,egyptian2 ,hejaz1 ,yem5 & ,hasa are nom9ally ,turki% prov9ces1 b _! political b\nd>ies are %ift+ & unc]ta94 ,! pres5t ,%]eef ( ,mecca at times dictates to ! ,sublime ,porte :ile ! ,b$\9 tribes ev5 9 ,hejaz ackn[l$ge nei!r ,sultan nor ,%]eef & waylay ! pilgrim c>avans t come to ! holy cities unless !y receive l>ge blackmail4 ,9 ,yem5 ! ,arabs h nev] ceas$ to fret "u ! gall+ yoke ( ! ,turk s9ce x 0 put on _! %\ld]s by ! capture ( ,sana 9 #ahgc4 ,! insurrection 9 #ahib 0 ne>ly a revolution & aga9 ?is ye> 7#ahii7 all ,yem5 is 9 arms4 ,x is v sugge/ive t 9 ! pres5t revolt "s ( ! ,arabs made use ( ! ,engli% flag to secure sympa?y4 ,9 ,hasa1 ! real sov]eignty ( ,turkey only exi/s 9 ?ree or f\r t[ns :ile all ! ,b$\9 & _m ( ! villag]s yield to ! ,d[la1 nei!r tribute1 ob$i5ce nor love4 ,irak alone is actually ,turki% & yields l>ge rev5ue4 ,b ev5 "h ,arab-upris+s are frequ5t4 ,nom9ally1 h[ev]1 ,turkey holds ! faire/ prov9ce on ! s\?1 ! religi\s c5tres on ! we/ & ! f]tile nor!a/ ( ,arabia1--"o-fif? ( ! total area ( ! p59sula4 ,! rema9d] ( ,arabia is indep5d5t ( ,turkey4 ,petty rul]s call+ !mselves ,sultans1 ,ame]s or ,imams h = c5turies divid$ ! l& betwe5 !m4 ,! ,sultanate ( ,oman & ! great ,nejd-k+dom are ! only important gov]nm5ts1 b ! =m] lo/ its glory :5 its seat ( p[] & influ5ce 0 transf]r$ to ,zanzib>4 ,nejd 9 its wide/ s5se is gov]n$ to-day by ,abd-el-,aziz b9 ,mitaab ! nephew ( ! late ,mohamm$ b9 ,ra%id1 ,k+ ,ri*>d ( ,arabia1 :o ga9$ 8 ?rone by ! massacre ( sev5te5 possible pret5d]s4 ,! t]ritory ( ?is pot5tate is bord]$ s\?w>d by ,riad & ! ,wahabi c\ntry4 ,nor?w>d 8 influ5ce ext5ds beyond ! ,nefud1 "r away to ! ,oases ( ,kaf & ,itt]y 9 ! ,wady ,sirhan 7#ch ,e4 ,long41 #ca ,n4 ,lat47 ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! inhabitants ( ^! oases ackn[l$ge ,abd-el-,aziz z _! suz]a9 pay+ him a ye>ly tribute ( f\r p\nds 7#bj4jj7 = ea* village4 ,! p ( ! int]v5+ di/rict ( ,jauf also ackn[l$ge 8 rule :i* rea*es we/w>d to ,teima4 ,he also comm&s ! new pilgrim-r\te f ! nor!a/ :i* =m]ly pass$ ?r\gh ,riad b n[ t\*es ,hail1 ! capital ( ,nejd4 ,! ,wahabi movem5t has collaps$ & _! political p[] is brok51 al?\gh _! influ5ce has ext5d$ to ! fur!/ conf9es ( ,arabia4 ,! only =eign p[] dom9ant 9 ,arabia1 beside ,turkey1 is ,engl&4 ,ad5 became a ,briti% possession 9 #ahch & s9ce !n ,briti% influ5ce has ext5d$ until x n[ embraces a di/rict #bjj miles long by =ty broad & a population ( #acj1jjj4 ,! ,isl& ( ,p]im 9 ! ,/rait ( ,bab-el-,m&eb1 ! ,kuria-,muria ,isl&s on ! s\? coa/1 & ,socotra are also ,engli%4 ,all ! indep5d5t tribes on ! coa/ f ,ad5 to ,muscat & f ,muscat to ,bahre9 h made exclusive treaties ) ,great ,brita91 are subsidiz$ by annual paym5ts or pres5ts & are 8protect$40 ,muscat & ,bahre9 are 9 a special s5se protect$ /ates s9ce ,engl&'s settl$ policy is to h sole dom9ion 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,%e has ag5cies or consulates ev]y:]e2 ! po/al sy/em ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf is ,briti%2 ! rupee has driv5 ! pia/re out ( ! m>ket & z n9ety-eight p] c5t4 ( ! comm]ce is 9 ,engli% h&s ! ,p]sian ,gulf may yet become an ,engli% lake4 ,arabia has no railroads1 b regul> c>avan r\tes take _! place 9 e direction4 ,turki% telegraph s]vice exi/s betwe5 ,mecca & ,jiddah 9 ,hejaz2 betwe5 ,sanaa1 ,hodeidah & ,taiz 9 ,yem52 & along ! ,tigris-,euphrates betwe5 ,bagdad & ,busrah connect+ at ,fao 7at ! delta7 ) ! subm>9e cable to ,bu%ire & ,india4 ,( ! fauna & flora ( ,arabia we w n "h speak at l5g?4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic plants are ! date-palm ( :i* ov] #ajj v>ieties are catalogu$ by ! ,arab peasantry1 & :i* yields a /aple food4 ,c(fee1 aromatic & m$ic9al plants1 gums & balsams1 h = ages suppli$ ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,yem5 is *>act]iz$ by tropical luxuriance1 & 9 ,nejd is ! gha?a tree :i* gr[s to a height ( fifte5 feet1 & yields ! pure/ *>coal 9 ! _w4 ,among ! wild animals 7 =m]ly ! lion & ! pan!r1 b !y are n[ exce$+ly r>e4 ,! wolf1 wild bo>1 jackal1 gazelle1 fox1 monkey1 wild c[ 7or :ite antelope7 ibex1 horn$ vip]1 cobra1 bu/>d1 buzz>d & hawk are also f\nd4 ,! o/ri* /ill exi/s 9 s\?we/ ,arabia b is n common ,! *ief dome/ic animals are ! ass1 mule1 %eep1 goats1 b above all & sup]ior to all1 ! camel & ! horse4 ,! exact population ( a l& :]e !re is no c5sus1 & :]e wom5 & girls are nev] c\nt$ is ( c\rse unkn[n4 ,! ,ottoman gov]nm5t gives exagg]at$ e/imates = its ,arabian prov9ces1 & travell]s h made v>i\s guesses4 ,"s rec5t au?orities1 omitt+ ,irak1 put ! total population ( ,arabia z l[ z #e1jjj1jjj4 ,a4,h4 ,keane1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 gives ! foll[+ e/imate3#e ,turki% ,arabia ,hejaz1 #c1ejj1jjj ,yem51 #b1ejj1jjj ,indep5d5t ,arabia ,oman1 #a1ejj1jjj ,%amm>1 ,bahre91 etc41 #c1ejj1jjj #aa1jjj1jjj ,albre*t ,zehm 9 8 book 8,arabi5 seit hund]t ,jahr510 arrives at ne>ly ! same result3 ,yem5 & ,asir1 #b1beb1jjj ,hadramaut1 #a1eej1jjj ,oman & ,muscat1 #a1cej1jjj ,bahre9 ,katif1 ,nejd1 #b1cej1jjj ,hejaz1 ,anaeze1 ,kasim1 & ,jebel ,%amm>1 #c1bej1jjj #aj1geb1jjj ,b und\bt$ly bo? ( ^! e/imates1 foll[+ ,turki% au?orities1 are too high1 especially = ,hejaz & ,yem54 ,a cons]vative e/imate w\ld be #h1jjj1jjj = ! entire p59sula 9 its wide/ ext5t4 ,! true numb] ( inhabitants w rema9 unkn[n until fur!r explorations disclose ! real "* ( s\!a/]n ,arabia1 & until nor!rn ,hadramaut yields up its secrets4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 ! words ( ,liv+/one are true3 8,! end ( ! geographical feat is ! beg9n+ ( ! mission>y ent]prise40 ,,iii ,,! ,,holy ,,l& ,,( ,,arabia--,,mecca 8,! ,ea/]n _w moves sl[ly--eppur si muove4 ,half a g5]ation ago /eam]s 7 fir/ />t$ to ,jiddah3 n[ we he> ( a project$ railway f t port to ,mecca1 ! %>ehold]s be+ all ,moslems4 ,& ! example ( ,j]usalem enc\rages u to hope t long be=e ! end ( ! c5tury a visit to ,mecca w n be m difficult ?an a trip to ,hebron40--,burton 7#ahee74 8,our tra9 ( camels drew sl[ly by !m3 b :5 ! smoo? ,mecca m]*ant he>d t ! /rang] rid+ ) ! camel m5 0 a ,nasrany1 he cri$ #8,akhs6 ,a ,nasrany 9 ^! p>ts6' & ) ! horrid inurbanity ( _! jeal\s religion he add$1 #8,ullah curse 8 fa!r6' & />$ on me ) a face wor?y ( ! ,koran40--,d\ghty 7#ahhh7 ,x is a rule laid d[n 9 ! ,koran & confirm$ by _m traditions t ! sacr$ t]ritory enclos+ ! bir?place & ! tomb ( ! prophet %all n be pollut$ by ! visits ( infidels4 8,o believ]s6 only ^? are unclean :o jo9 o!r gods ) ,god6 ,let !m n !re=e aft] ?is _! ye> come ne> ! ,sacr$ ,mosque40 7,surah ix4 #bg47 ,mohamm$ is report$ to h said ( ,mecca1 8,:at a spl5did city ?\ art1 if ,i _h n be5 driv5 out ( !e by my tribe ,i w\ld dwell 9 no o!r place b 9 !e4 ,x is n man b ,god :o has made ,mecca sacr$4 ,my p w be always safe 9 ?is _w & ! next z long z !y respect ,mecca40 7,mi%kat book ,,xl41 *4 xv47 ,! sacr$ b\nd>ies ( ,mecca & ,m$9a n only %ut out all unbeliev]s1 b !y make special dem&s ( 8purity & hol9ess0 79 ! ,moslem s5se7 on ! "p ( ! true believ]s4 ,accord+ to tradition x is n lawful to c>ry weapons or to fight )9 ! limits ( ! ,h>ame94 ,its ,illu/ration3 ,,mohamm$an ,,pilgrims ,,at ,,mecca ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,well ,,( ,,zemzem ,,at ,,mecca grass & ?orns mu/ n be cut nor mu/ its game be mole/$4 ,"s doctors ( law hold t ^! regulations d n apply to ,m$9a1 b o!rs make ! burial-place ( ! prophet equally sacr$ ) ! place ( 8 bir?4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ?is sacr$ t]ritory are r unc]ta94 ,abd ul ,hak says t :51 at ! "t ( ! rebuild+ ( ! ,kaaba1 ,abraham1 ! fri5d ( ,god1 plac$ ! black /one1 its ea/1 we/1 nor? & s\? sides became lum9\s1 & :]ev] ! light ext5d$1 became ! b\nd>ies ( ! sacr$ city6 ,^! limits are n[ m>k$ by pill>s ( masonry1 except on ! ,jiddah & ,jairanah road :]e !re is "s dispute z to ! exact b\nd>y4 ,! sacr$ t]ritory ( ,m$9a is t5 or twelve miles 9 diamet]1 f ,jebel ',air to ,saoor4 ,outside ( ^! two c5tres all ( ! prov9ce ( ,hejaz is legally accessible to infidels1 b ! fanaticism ( c5turies has practically made ! :ole region r\nd ,mecca & ,m$9a =bidd5 t]ritory to any b ,moslems4 ,9 ,jiddah ,*ri/ians are tol]at$ because ( necessity1 b 7 ! ,mullahs ( ,mecca to h _! way n a ,franki% m]*ant or consul w\ld reside !re = a s+le day4 ,despite ^! regulations to %ut out 8infidels0 f witness+ ! annual pilgrimage & see+ ! sacr$ %r9es ( ! ,moslem _w1 m ?an a score ( travell]s h brav$ ! dang]s ( ! transgression & escap$ ! pursuit ( fanatics to tell ! tale ( _! adv5tures4#f ,o!rs h lo/ _! life 9 ! attempt ev5 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,d\ghty#g tells ( a ,*ri/ian :o 0 f\lly murd]$ by ,turki% soldi]s :5 f\nd 9 ! limits ( ,m$9a 9 ! summ] ( #ahgh4 ,burton at "o "t b>ely escap$ be+ murd]$ because !y suspect$ him ( be+ an unbeliev]4 ,jiddah1 ! h>bor ( ,mecca1 is di/ant f ! sacr$ city ab\t sixty-five miles1 & is 9 consequ5ce ! *ief port ( deb>kation & emb>kation = pilgrims4 ,x has a r pretty & impos+ appe>ance f ! sea1 ! h\ses be+ :ite & ?ree or f\r /ories high1 surr\nd$ by a wall & flank$ by a half doz5 lazy w9dmills ( ,dut* patt]n6 ,its /reets are n>r[1 h[ev]1 & indescribably dirty1 s t ! illusion ( an ,ori5tal picture is dispell$ z soon z y set foot on %ore4 ,! sanit>y condition ( ?is port is ! wor/ possible2 evil odors ab\nd1 ! wat] supply is prec>i\s & bad1 & a %[] ( ra9 is always foll[$ by an outbreak ( fev]4 ,! population is n ov] #bj1jjj ( e ,moslem nation "u heav51 ,galilee ( 8! believ]s40 ,its comm]cial importance1 :i* once 0 consid]able1 has altoge!r decl9$4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,suez canal & ! direct c>ry+ ( trade by ocean /eam]s dealt ! dea?bl[ to ! ext5sive coa/-trade ( bo? ,jiddah & ! o!r ,r$ ,sea ports4 ,! p ( ,jiddah1 l ^? ( ,mecca1 live by fleec+ pilgrims1 & :5 ! traffic is brisk & pilgrims afflu5t !y gr[ ri* en\gh to g to ,mecca & set up a l>g] e/abli%m5t ( ! same sort4 ,!re are hotel-keep]s1 drumm]s1 guides1 money-*ang]s1 money-l5d]s1 slave-deal]s & ev5 worse *>act]s connect$ ) ! annual transf] ( ! c>avans ( hajees 7pilgrims7 f ! coa/ inl&4 ,! numb] ( pilgrims arriv+ at ,jiddah by sea 9 #ahic 0 #ib1fbe4 ,9 #ahhj ,mr4 ,blunt collect$ "s int]e/+ /ati/ics ( ! total numb]s att5d+ ! pilgrimage at ,mecca1#h & 8 inve/igations prove t ! ov]l& c>avans are /eadily becom+ small]4 ,be=e any pilgrims are all[$ to ent] ,jiddah h>bor !y are compell$ to und]go t5 days' qu>ant9e at ,kam>an1 an isl& on ! we/ coa/ ( ,arabia2 ?is is ! fir/ woe4 ,at ,jiddah !y rema9 only a few days & !n hav+ secur$ _! ,mutawwaf or (ficial guide !y proce$ to ,mecca4 ,! road is b>r5 & un9t]e/+ 9 ! extreme4 ,halfway to ,mecca is ,el ,_h :]e ! road divides2 "o bran* leads to ,taif1 ! only f]tile spot 9 ?is wild]ness prov9ce1 & ! o!r proce$s to ,mecca1 ! anci5t "n ( :i* 0 ,bakkah4 ,7 we to believe "o half ( :at is said by ,moslem writ]s 9 praise ( ,mecca x w\ld prove ! ,holy ,city to be a v p>adise ( delights1 a c5tre ( le>n+ & ! p>agon ( e>?ly habitations4 ,b ! facts %[ x to be f> o!rwise4 ,! location ( ! city is un=tunate4 ,x lies 9 a hot s&y valley absolutely )\t v]dure & surr\nd$ by rocky b>r5 hills1 de/itute ( trees or ev5 %rubs4 ,! valley is ab\t #cjj feet wide & #d1jjj feet long1 & slopes t[>d ! s\?4 ,! ,kaaba or ,beit ,allah is locat$ 9 ! b$ ( ! valley & all ! /reets slope t[>d x1 s t x is almo/ clos$ 9 on e side by h\ses & walls1 & /&s z x 7 9 ! pit ( ! !atre4 ,! h\ses are built ( d>k /one & are g5]ally l(ty 9 ord] to accommodate z _m pilgrims z possible 9 ! limit$ space4 ,! /reets are ne>ly all unpav$ & 9 summ] ! s& & du/ are z disagreeable z is ! black mud 9 ! ra9y season4 ,/rangely en\gh1 al?\gh ! city itself & ev5 ! ,kaaba h m ?an once suff]$ f de/ructive floods t h p\r$ d[n ! n>r[ valley1 ,mecca is poorly provid$ ) wat]4 ,!re are few ci/]ns to cat* ! ra9s & ! well wat] is bracki%4 ,! fam\s well ( ,zemzem has an abundance ( wat] b x is n fit to dr9k4#i ,! be/ wat] is br\ght by an aqu$uct f ! vic9ity ( ,arafat six or sev5 miles di/ant & sold = a high price by a wat]-tru/ :i* annually fills ! c(f]s ( ! ,%]eef ( ,illu/ration3 ,,pilgrims ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,kaaba ,,9 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,mosque ,,at ,,mecca ,mecca4 ,?is (ficial is ! nom9al & (t5 ! real gov]nor ( ! city4 ,he is *os5 f ! ,sayyids or desc5dants ( ,mohamm$ liv+ 9 ,hejaz or secures ! high (fice by =ce4 ,8 t5ure ( (fice is subject to ! approval & au?ority ( ! ,turki% ,sultan1 ^: g>risons occupy ! =t ne> ! t[n4 ,! ,sacr$ ,mosque1 7,mesjid el ,h>am7 conta9+ ! ,kaaba or ,beit ,allah is ! pray]-c5tre ( ! ,mohamm$an _w & ! objective po9t ( ?\s&s ( pilgrims e ye>4 ,accord+ to ,moslem writ]s x 0 fir/ con/ruct$ 9 heav51 #b1jjj ye>s be=e ! creation ( ! _w4 ,adam1 ! fir/ man1 built ! ,kaaba on e>? exactly "u ! spot occupi$ by its p]fect model 9 heav54 ,! #aj1jjj angels appo9t$ to gu>d ?is h\se ( ,god seem to h be5 v remiss 9 _! duty = x has (t5 suff]$ at ! h&s ( m5 & f ! elem5ts4 ,x 0 de/roy$ by ! flood & rebuilt by ,i%mael & ,abraham4 ,! leg5ds connect$ ) its con/ruction & hi/ory fill _m pages ( ! ,moslem traditions & comm5t>ies4 ,! "n ,kaaba means a cube2 b ! build+ is n built true to l9e & is 9 fact an unequal trapezium4#aj ,because ( its location 9 a holl[ & its black-clo? cov]+ ^! inequalities are n app>5t to ! eye4 ,! ,kaaba prop] /&s 9 an oblong space #bej paces long by #bjj broad4 ,?is op5 space is surr\nd$ by colonnades us$ = s*ools & z ! g5]al r5dezv\s ( pilgrims4 ,x is 9 turn surr\nd$ by ! out] temple wall ) its n9ete5 gates & six m9>ets4 ,! ,mosque is ( mu* m rec5t date ?an ! ,kaaba :i* 0 well kn[n z an idolatr\s ,arabian %r9e long be=e ! "t ( ,mohamm$4 ,! ,sacr$ ,mosque & its ,kaaba conta9 ! foll[+ treasures3 ! ,black-,/one1 ! well ( ,zemzem1 ! great pulpit1 ! /aircase1 & ! ,kubatte9 or two small mosques ( ,saab & ,abbas4 ,! rema9d] ( ! space is occupi$ by pavem5ts & gravel arrang$ to accommodate & di/+ui% ! f\r or?odox sects 9 _! devotions4 ,! ,black-,/one is und\bt$ly ! olde/ treasure ( ,mecca4 ,/one-wor%ip 0 an ,arabian =m ( idolatry 9 v anci5t times & relics ( x rema9 9 _m p>ts ( ! p59sula4 ,maximus ,tyrius wrote 9 ! second c5tury1 8! ,arabians pay homage to ,i "k n :at god :i* !y repres5t by a quadrangul> /one40 ,! ,gueb>s or anci5t ,p]sians ass]t t ! black /one 0 an emblem ( ,saturn & 0 left 9 ! ,kaaba by ,mahabad4 ,we h ! ,moslem tradition t x came d[n sn[-:ite f heav5 & 0 black5$ by ! t\* ( s9--accord+ to "o tradition1 t ( an impure woman1 & accord+ to ano!r by ! kisses ( ?\s&s ( believ]s4 ,x is probably an a]olite & owes its reputation to its fall f ! sky4 ,moslem hi/orians d n d5y t x 0 an object ( wor%ip be=e ,islam1 b !y escape ! moral difficulty & ju/ify _! prophet by idle tales conc]n+ ! /one & its relation to all ! patri>*s beg9n+ ) ,adam4 ,! /one is a fragm5t ( :at appe>s l black volcanic rock spr9kl$ ) irregul> r$di% cry/als worn smoo? by ! t\* ( c5turies4 ,x is held toge!r by a broad b& ( metal1 said to be silv]1 & is imb$d$ 9 ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! ,kaaba five feet f ! gr\nd4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n t !re is a second sacr$ /one at ! corn] fac+ ! s\?4 ,x is call$ ,rakn el ,yem5i or ,yem5 pill> & is frequ5tly kiss$ by pilgrims al?\gh accord+ to ! correct ritual x %\ld only be salut$ by a t\* ( ! "r h&4 ,! well ( ,zemzem is locat$ ne> ! ,makam ,hanbali1 ! place ( pray] ( ?is sect4 ,! build+ :i* encloses ! well 0 erect$ 9 ,a4 ,h4 #ajgb 7,a4 ,d4 #affa7 & its int]ior is ( :ite m>ble4 ,mecca p]*ance owes its orig9 z an old ,arabian c5tre to ?is m$ic9al spr+ ) its abundant supply ( purgative wat]s = ! nomads to-day g long di/ances ,illu/ration3 ,,ali ,,bey',s ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,prophet',s ,,mosque ,,at ,,mecca to visit sulphur & o!r spr+s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,arabia4 ,! well ( ,zemzem is "o ( ! great s\rces ( income to ! ,meccans4 ,! wat] is c>ri$ ab\t = sale on ! /reets & 9 ! mosques 9 curi\s pit*]s made ( unglaz$ e>!nw>e4 ,!y are slightly por\s s z to cool ! wat]1 :i* is naturally always ( a lukew>m temp]ature1 & are all m>k$ ) c]ta9 my/ical *>act]s 9 black wax4 ,cr[ds assemble ar\nd ! well dur+ ! pilgrimage & _m copp]s fall to ! %>e ( ! lucky ,meccans :o h ! privilege ( draw+ ! wat] = ! fai?ful4 ,! pilgrimage to ,mecca %\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! twelf? lun> mon? ( ! cal5d> call$ ,dhu el ,haj4 ,x is incumb5t on e believ] except = lawful h9drance because ( pov]ty or illness4 ,mohamm$ made x ! fif? pill> ( religion & m ?an any?+ else x has t5d$ to unify ! ,moslem _w4 ,! ,koran tea*+ reg>d+ ! duties ( pilgrims at ! ,sacr$ ,mosque1 is z foll[s3 8,proclaim to ! peoples a ,pilgrimage4 ,let !m come to !e on foot & on e fleet camel arriv+ by e deep defile40 7,surah xxii4 #bh47 8,v]ily ,z ,safa & ,al ,m>wa are among ! signs ( ,god3 :oev] !n make? a pilgrimage to ! temple or visite? x %all n be to blame if he g r\nd ab\t !m bo?40 7ii4 #aec47 8,let ! pilgrimage be made 9 ! mon?s already kn[n & :o s und]take? ! pilgrimage !re9 let him n "k a woman1 nor transgress nor wrangle 9 ! pilgrimage4444 ,x %all be no crime 9 y if ye seek an increase f y\r ,"l 7by trade72 & :5 ye pass swiftly on f ,arafat !n rememb] ,god ne> ! holy ,mosque4444 ,be> ,god 9 m9d dur+ ! /at$ days2 b if any ha/e away 9 two days x %all be no fault to him1 & if any t>ry x %all be no fault 9 him40 7,surah ii4 passim47 ,f ! ,koran alone no def9ite idea ( ! pilgrim's duties c be glean$2 b =tunately = all true believ]s ! ,prophet's p]fect example h&$ d[n by tradition leaves no?+ 9 d\bt & prescribes e detail ( conduct ) ridicul\s m9ut5ess4 ,! or?odox way is z foll[s3 arriv$ )9 a %ort di/ance ( ,mecca ! pilgrims1 male & female1 put (f _! ord9>y clo?+ & assume ! g>b ( a hajee4 ,x consi/s ( two pieces ( :ite clo? "o ( :i* is ti$ ar\nd ! lo9s & ! o!r ?r[n ov] ! back2 s&als may be worn b n %oes & ! head mu/ be left uncov]$4 7,9 idolatr\s days ! ,arabs did n we> any clo?+ 9 mak+ ! circuit ( ! ,kaaba74 ,on fac+ ,mecca ! pilgrim pron\nces ! niyah or 8int5tion03 8,"h ,i am1 ,o ,allah1 "h ,i am2 ,no p>tn] ha/ ,?\1 "h ,i am2 ,v]ily praise & ri*es & ! k+dom are to ,!e2 ,no p>tn] ha/ ,?\1 "h am ,i40 ,aft] c]ta9 legal ablutions ! pilgrim ent]s ! ,mosque by ! ,bab-el-salam & kisses ! ,black-,/one mak+ ! circuit1 runn+1 ar\nd ! ,kaaba sev5 times 7,9 idolatr\s days ! ,arabs did ?is 9 imitation ( ! motions ( ! planets2 a remnant ( _! ,sabean wor%ip47 ,ano!r special pray] is said & !n ! pilgrim proce$s to ,makam ,ibrahim1 :]e ,abraham is said to h /ood :5 he rebuilt ! ,kaaba4 ,!re ! hajee goes ?r\gh ! regul> g5uflections & pray]s4 ,he dr9ks next f ! holy well & once m kisses ! ,black-,/one4 ,!n foll[s ! runn+ betwe5 ,m\nts ,safa & ,m]wa4 ,proce$+ outw>d f ! ,mosque by ! gate ( ,safa he asc5ds ! hill recit+ ! #aec;d v]se ( ! ,surah ( ! ,c[4 8,v]ily ,safa & ,m]wa are ! signs ( ,god40 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! summit ( ! m\nt he turns to ! ,kaaba & ?ree times recites ! words3 8,!re is no god b ,god6 ,god is great6 ,!re is no god save ,god alone6 ,he ha? p]=m$ ,8 promise & ha? aid$ ,8 s]vant & put to flight ! ho/s ( infidels by ,himself alone60 ,he !n runs f ! top ( ,safa ?r\gh ! valley to ! summit ( ,m]wa sev5 times repeat+ ! a=esaid pray]s ea* "t on bo? hills4 ,?is is ! six? day1 on ! ev5+ ( :i* ! pilgrim aga9 encompasses ! ,kaaba4 ,on ! next day !re is a s]mon f ! gr& pulpit4 ,on ! eigh? day ! pilgrim goes ?ree miles di/ant to ,m9a1 :]e ,adam long$ = 8 lo/ p>adise 767 & !re sp5ds ! night4 ,! next morn+ he leaves = ,arafat1 ano!r hill ab\t elev5 miles f ,mecca1 he>s a second s]mon1 return+ be=e nightfall to ,muzdalifa1 a place halfway betwe5 ,m9a & ,arafat4 ,! foll[+ day is ! great day ( ! pilgrimage4 ,x is call$ ! day ( ,sacrifice & is simultane\sly celebrat$ all ov] ! ,moslem _w4#aa ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! pilgrim proce$s to ,m9a :]e !re are ?ree pill>s call$1 ! 8,great ,devil10 ! 8,middle ,pill>0 & ! 8,fir/ ,"o40 ,at ^! dumb idols ! 8mono!i/0 fl+s sev5 pebbles & z he ?r[s !m says3 8,9 ! "n ( ,allah & ,allah is mighty1 9 hatr$ ( ! devil & 8 %ame1 ,i d ?is40 ,he !n p]=ms ! sacrifice1 a %eep1 goat1 c[ or camel accord+ to ! means ( ! pilgrim4 ,! victim is plac$ fac+ ! ,kaaba & a knife plung$ into ! animal's ?roat ) ! cry1 ,allahu ,akb>4 ,?is c]emony concludes ! pilgrimage prop]2 ! hair & nails are !n cut & ! ihram or pilgrims' g>b is d(f$ = ord9>y clo?+4 ,?ree days m are sometimes c\nt$ z belong+ to ! pilgrimage1 ! elev5?1 twelf? & ?irte5? days1 call$ ,eyyam-u-ta%rik1 or days ( dry+ fle%1 because dur+ !m ! fle% ( ! sacrifices is cut into slices & dri$ 9 ! sun to be eat5 on ! return j\rney4 ,aft] ! ,meccan pilgrimage mo/ ,moslems g to ,m$9a to visit ! tomb ( ,mohamm$2 ! ,wahabees h[ev] consid] ?is 8infidelity0 & honor ( ! creature m ?an ( ! ,creator4 ,o!r ,moslems base _! conduct on ! say+ ( ! prophet himself1 ,man yuhajja wa lam ye-zurni fakad jefani1 8:o goes on ,haj & does n visit me has insult$ me60 ,! ,meccans call !mselves 8neighbors ( ,god0 & ! p ( ,m$9a 8neighbors ( ! prophet40 ,= long ages a hot rivalry has exi/$ betwe5 ! two cities1 a rivalry :i*1 beg9n+ 9 ! taunt or je/1 (t5 ends 9 blood%$4 ,! pilgrim1 hav+ complet$ all legal requirem5ts1 is sure to visit ! prop] au?orities & secure a c]tificate to prove to 8 c\ntrym5 t he is a real ,hajee & to sub/antiate 8 religi\s boa/+ 9 days to come4 ,! c]tificate is also requir$ :5 "o goes on pilgrimage = a deceas$ ,moslem or a weal?y ,moslem :o is b$ridd54 ,9 su* a case ! sub/itute has all ! pleasures 767 ( ! j\rney at ! exp5se ( 8 pr9cipal b ! m]it goes to ! man :o pays ! bills & :o naturally craves ! receipt4 ,! c]tificate is ( v>i\s =ms & conta9s crude pictures ( ! holy places & v]ses f ,koran4 ,ne$less to relate ^! c]tificates co/ money1 z does ev]y?+ at ,mecca save ! air y brea!4 ,no hone/ ,moslem ev] spoke ) praise ( ! citiz5s ( ,mecca2 _m are _! prov]bs to prove :y wick$ness fl\ri%es 9 ! c\rts ( ,allah4 ,& ,european travell]s agree t ( all ,ori5tals ! ,meccans take ! palm = ?or\ghgo+ rascality4 ,ali ,bey dilates on ! lewdness ( ! m5 & ! loos5ess ( ! wom5 ( ,mecca4 ,hurgronje unblu%+ly lifts ! veil t hides ! corruption ( ! sacr$ temple s]vice ) its army ( eunu* police1 & pictures ! slave-m>ket 9 full sw+ )9 a /one's ?r[ ( ! ,kaaba4 ,burton ?us *>act]izes ! m5 :o live on _! religion & gr[ fat 7figuratively7 by unveil+ its my/]ies to o!rs3 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,! ,,mecca ,,c]tificate1 :i* is giv5 to pilgrims to ! sacr$ city1 is look$ ^u by ,moslems z practically a passport to heav54 ,x is especially int]e/+ because ( ! inside view :i* x gives ( ! ,mohamm$an religion4 ,at ! top ( ea* page are quotations f ! ,koran4 ,,plate ,i4 has1 at ! "r-h& upp] corn]1 ! repres5tation ( ! ,mosque ( ,muzdalifa & t5ts ( ! ,pilgrims2 to ! left ( ?is1 ! ,mosque ( ,nimr1 ne> ,m\nt ,arafat1 & bel[ x1 ! ,mahmals ( ,syria & ,egypt1 i4e41 palanqu9s c>ri$ on camels1 surm\nt$ by flags4 ,to ! "r is ,m\nt ,arafat1 a sacr$ m\nta9 ab\t #ab miles nor!a/ ( ,mecca1 :i*1 9 ,moslem tradition1 is said to be ! place :]e ,adam & ,eve met aft] ! fall4 ,! ?ree pill>s ( ,m9 repres5t$ bel[1 are anci5t pagan %r9es1 at ea* ( :i* e pilgrim mu/ hurl sev5 /ones at ! devil4 ,ne> ?is is pictur$ ! ,mesj$1 or ,mosque ( ,taif1 ! alt> ( ,i%mael1 ! ,dome ( ,abd-el ,kad] 9 ,bagdad1 & at ! extreme "r ! ,dome ( 8,our ,"l0 ,hasse9 al ,k]bela1 :]e ?\s&s ( corpses ( deceas$ ,p]sians are br\ght ye>ly to be buri$4 ,x is nor?we/ ( ,bagdad1 & lies 9 ,turki% t]ritory4 ,!re are also pictur$ ! bir?places ( ,mohamm$1 ,ali ,ibu ,abi ,talib1 ,abu ,bekr1 & ,fatimeh1 & ! ,tomb ( ,am9a & ,khadijah2 also two bell-%ap$ hills1 ,jebel ,?aur & ,jebel ,nur4 ,,plate ,,ii4 pictures ! quadrangul> c\rt ( ! ,mecca ,h>am1 )9 :i* is ! circul> colonnade1 enclos+ ! ,kaaba or ,beit ,allah1 ! ,h\se ( ,god4 ,bel[ ! repres5tation ( ! ,kaaba is depict$ ! fam\s /ation ( ,abraham1 a /one #bj in*es long by #ae in*es wide4 ,x is 9 ! %ape ( a bas91 & is buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,! "n ( ,abraham is connect$ ) x f ! tradition t he fir/ built ! ,kaaba4 ,bel[ ?is may be notic$ ! fam\s 8,be] ,zemzem10 or ,well ( ,zemzem1 :i* is claim$ to be ! wat] :i* ,hag] saw1 :5 ,i%mael 0 dy+ ( ?ir/4 ,ar\nd ! circle are ! pray+ places ( ! ,malikis1 ! ,hanafys1 ! ,hanbalys & ! ,%afi-is1 ! f\r great sects ( ,islam4 ,ar\nd ! quadrangle are #bj gates1 su* z ,bab-su-,nebi1 ,gate ( ! ,prophet1 ,gate ( ,abraham1 ( ,peace1 ( ,abbas1 ( ! ,m>e1 ! ,mule1 ,safa1 ( ,f>ewell1 ( ,wisdom1 etc41 etc41--besides v>i\s %r9es4 ,,plate ,,iii4 %[s repres5tations ( ! ,holy ,places ( ,el ,m$9a1 ! tomb ( ,mohamm$4 ,! l>ge dome 9 ! upp] left-h& corn] is ! tomb ( ,mohamm$4 ,ar\nd ! page are drawn ! mosque ( ,fatimeh1 mosque ( ! ,/r5g? ( ,islam1 ! mosques ( ,hamzeh1 ,abu ,bekr1 ,ali & ,silman1 ! tomb ( ,o?man1 & v>i\s o!r %r9es4 ,,plate ,,iv4 conta9s ! ,holy ,%r9es ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ,h>am-es-,%]if1 or ! quadrangul> area once occupi$ by ! temple ( ,solomon1 occupies ! c5tre ( ! page4 ,! ,mosque commonly kn[n z ! ,mosque ( ,om>1 is "h /yl$ 8,beit el ,mukdas0 or ! ,holy ,h\se4 ,"u ! dome 9 ! black circle is ! 8,rock ( ,god10 or ! 8,susp5d$ ,/one10 :i* ! prophet kick$ back :5 x tri$ to foll[ him to heav54 ,! two footpr9ts ( ! prophet are pictur$ bel[ ! rock4 ,bel[ ?is are ! ,scales ( 8,mizan10 9 :i* all m5's de$s are to be weigh$ at ! la/ day1 toge!r ) ! %e>s :i* cut (f ! life ( m54 ,at ! bottom is ! great ,bridge ( ,sirat1 ( va/ l5g?1 ! wid? ( a hair1 & %>p z a razor1 ov] :i* e mortal mu/ walk b>efoot$4 ,at ! "r ( x is ! pit ( ,jeh5nam or hell1 & to ! left ,j5neh or ,p>adise4 ,a haz>d\s feat x is to make ! j\rney1 s9ce on x dep5ds "o's et]nal de/9y4 ,ar\nd ?is area are pictur$ ! tombs ( ,david1 ,solomon1 ,moses & ,jacob1 & 9 ! "r-h& upp] corn] is se5 ,jebel1 ,toor ,s9a1 or ,m\nt ,s9ai4 8,! ,meccan is a covet\s sp5d?rift4 ,8 weal?1 lightly won1 is lightly priz$4 ,pay1 p5sions1 /ip5ds1 pres5ts1 & ! #8,ikram' "h1 z at ,m$9a1 supply ! citiz5 ) ! means ( idl5ess4 ,) him ev]y?+ is on ! mo/ exp5sive scale1 8 m>riage1 8 religi\s c]emonies1 & 8 h\sehold exp5ses4 ,8 h\se is luxuri\sly furni%$1 ent]ta9m5ts are frequ5t1 & ! junket+s ( ! wom5 make up a heavy bill at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,x is a common practice = ! citiz5 to anticipate ! pilgrimage season by fall+ into ! h&s ( ! usur]4 ,! mo/ unpleasant peculi>ities ( ! ,meccans are _! pride & co>s5ess ( language4 ,!y look ^u !mselves z ! cream ( e>?'s sons1 & res5t ) extreme asp]ity ! lea/ slight+ ^w conc]n+ ! ,holy ,city & its d5iz5s4 ,!y plume !mselves ^u _! holy desc5t1 _! exclusion ( infidels1 _! /rict fa/+s1 _! le>n$ m51 & _! purity ( language4 ,9 fact1 _! pride %[s itself at e mom5t2 b x is n ! pride :i* makes a man too pr\d to d a dirty action4 ,! ,meccans appe>$ to me di/+ui%$1 ev5 9 ?is f\l-m\!d ,ea/1 by ! sup]ior lic5ti\sness ( _! language4 ,abuse 0 bad en\gh 9 ! /reets1 b 9 ! h\se x became intol]able40#ab ,tempor>y m>riages :i* are a m]e cloak = op5 pro/itution are common 9 ,mecca & are inde$ "o ( ! *ief means ( livelihood to ! natives#ac4 ,concub9age & divorce are m univ]sal ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,moslem _w2#ad sodomy is practic$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,mosque itself#ae & ! suburbs ( ! city are ! sc5e ( nightly c>nivals ( iniquity1 especially aft] ! pilgrims h left & ! natives are ri* ) ! fre% spoils ( ! traffic4#af ,z might be expect$1 sup]/ition gr[s rife 9 su* a soil & "u su* circum/ances4 ,all sorts ( holy-places1 leg5ds1 sacr$ rocks1 trees & h\ses ab\nd4 ,e ,moslem sa9t :o t>ri$ 9 ! city or di$ !re has left some?+ to be rememb]$ & honor$4 ,gross ignorance c\pl$ ) equal conceit seems to be ! univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( ! p ( ,mecca4 ,mod]n sci5ce is laugh$ at & ev]y?+ turns1 on ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 ar\nd ! little _w ( ! ,koran4 ,j9n are exorcis$2 wit*es & ! evil-eye are avoid$ by amulets2 9 %ort all ! sup]/iti\s practices ( ! ,moslem _w are cultivat$ 9 ?is c5tre ( _w-wide pilgrimage4 ,a/rology /ill usurps ! place ( a/ronomy & x is consid]$ blasphemy to pr(ess to "k ! h\r ( an eclipse or ! day ( ! new moon be=e x is reveal$ f heav54 ,al*emy is ! sci5ce t attracts ! ,meccan physician m ?an ! m>vels ( surg]y2 potions ( holy-writ or talismans are /ill 9 use = spra9s & dislocations4 ,_! ignorance ( geography & hi/ory beyond ! conf9es ( ! pilgrim-_w is pa!tic4 ,"o ( ! *ief ,mullahs ask$ ,hurgronje 8h[ _m days 0 ! c>avan j\rney f ,moskop 7,russia7 to ,&alusia 7,spa9780 ,a gov]nm5t pr9t+-press has be5 op5$ at ,mecca 9 rec5t ye>s & an (ficial gazette is publi%$2 b ev5 ,turki% civilization & le>n+ are consid]$ f> f or?odox = _! ways p>take too mu* ( ^? ( ! 8infidels0 ( ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,photography is a =bidd5 art & money ) 8images0 ( que5s & emp]ors is only us$ ) ! pray] i/agfir allah1 8,i ask p>don ( ,god40 ,on ! o!r h& _m old ,european co9s no long] curr5t are look$ ^u z be+ d\bly valuable z amulets & *>ms4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,mi%ka% is suppos$ to h special virtues = newly-m>ri$ wom54 8,! irony ( hi/ory10 z ,hurgronje rem>ks1 80 n satisfi$ t at ,m$9a ! grave ( ,mohamm$ :o curs$ sa9t-wor%ip %\ld become a c5tre ( pilgrimage1 b add$ ! circum/ance t at ,mecca1 ,moslem wom51 :o reject images & ,*ri/-wor%ip1 %\ld prize z an amulet ! image ( ,jesus & an ,evangeli/40 ,( c\rse1 ! wom5 !mselves are 9 total ignorance ( ! inscription & "* ( ! co94 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ri/ian ,,co9 ,,us$ ,,z ,,an ,,amulet ,,by ,,meccan ,,wom54#ag ,!re is a great abundance ( s*ools at ,mecca b no education4 ,ev]y?+ is on ! old l9es1 beg9n+ & end+ ) ! ,koran1 t ,procru/ean b$ = ! human intellect4 8,! lett] kille?40 ,& x is ! lett] fir/1 =emo/ & always t is ! topic ( /udy4 ,! y\? le>n to read ! ,koran n to und]/& its mean+1 b to drone x out pr(essionally at fun]als & fea/s1 s _m *apt]s = s _m %ekels4 ,mod]n sci5ce or hi/ory are n ev5 m5tion$1 mu* less taught1 at ev5 ! high-s*ools ( ,mecca4 ,gramm>1 prosody1 caligraphy1 ,arabian hi/ory1 & ! fir/ elem5ts ( ari?metic1 b *iefly ! ,koran comm5t>ies & traditions1 traditions1 traditions1 =m ! curriculum ( ! ,mohamm$an college4 ,^? :o desire a po/graduate c\rse devote !mselves to ,my/icism 7,tassawaf7 or jo9 an ord] ( ! ,d]wi%es :o all h _! repres5tative %eikhs at ,mecca4 ,! me?od ( tea*+ 9 ! s*ools ( ,mecca1 :i* c be tak5 z an example ( ! be/ t ,arabia af=ds1 is z foll[s4 ,! *ild ( intellectual promise is fir/ taught 8 alphabet f a small wood5 bo>d on :i* !y are writt5 by ! tea*]2 slates are unkn[n4 ,!n he le>ns ! ,abjad or num]ical value ( ea* lett]--a useless proce$+ at pres5t z ! ,arabic notation1 orig9ally f ,india1 is ev]y:]e 9 use4 ,aft] ?is he le>ns to write d[n ! n9ety-n9e names ( ,allah & to read ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,koran2 !n he attacks ! la/ two *apt]s1 because !y are %ort4 ,! tea*] next urges him ?r\gh ! book1 mak+ ! pupil read at ! top ( 8 voice4 ,! greate/ /rictness is obs]v$ z to pronunciation & pauses b no?+ :atev] is said to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! words4 ,hav+ ?us f9i%$ ! ,koran1 t is1 read x ?r\gh once1 ! pupil takes up ! elem5ts ( gramm>1 le>n+ rules by rote bo? ( s>f 7inflection7 & nahw 7syntax74 ,!n foll[ ! lib]al sci5ces1 al-mantik 7logic71 al-hisab 7ari?metic71 al-jabr 7algebra71 al-ma'ana wa'l beyan 7rhetoric & v]sification71 al-fikh 7jurisprud5ce71 al-akid 7s*ola/ic !ology71 at-tafsir 7exegetics71 ilm ul-usul 7sci5ce ( s\rces ( int]pretation7 & la/ly1 ! cap/one ( education1 al-ahadi? 7traditions74 ,in/ruction is giv5 by lectures2 text-books are seldom us$2 lessons beg9 9 ! morn+ & cont9ue = a few h\rs2 9 ! aft]noon !y are int]rupt$ by pray]-"t4 ,ev5 at ,mecca ! favorite place = tea*+ is 9 ! ,mosque-c\rt :]e con/ant int]ruptions & di/ractions mu/ make x pleasant = a lazy pupil4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,woman ,,( ,,mecca ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,meccan ,,woman ,,9 ,,h] ,,bridal ,,co/ume ,,iv ,,! ,,holy ,,l& ,,( ,,arabia--,,m$9a 8,)9 ! sanctu>y or b\nds ( ! city all s9s are =bidd52 b ! sev]al s*ools advocate diff]5t degrees ( /rictness4 ,! ,imam ,malik1 = in/ance1 all[s no latr9 ne>] to ,el ,m$9a ?an ,jebel ,ayr1 a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree miles4 ,he also =bids slay+ wild animals1 b at ! same "t he specifies no puni%m5t = ! (f5ce4 ,all au?ors /r5u\sly =bid1 )9 ! b\nd>ies1 slay+ man1 7except invad]s1 infidels & ! sacrilegi\s7 dr9k+ spirits & lead+ an immoral life4 ,9 reg>d to ! dignity ( ! sanctu>y !re is b "o op9ion2 a numb] ( traditions te/ify to its honor1 praise its p & ?reat5 dreadful ?+s to ^? :o injure x or !m40--,burton4 ,ab\t sev5ty miles s\!a/ ( ,mecca is ! small b pleasant t[n ( ,taif1 to :i* ! pa%as condemn$ = ! murd] ( ,abdul ,aziz ,sultan 7 bani%$4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & attractive t[ns ( all ,arabia1 be+ surr\nd$ by g>d5s & v9ey>ds f :i* ,mecca has be5 suppli$ = ages4 ,! tropical ra9s la/ f f\r to six weeks at ,taif1 & good wells ab\nd to wat] ! g>d5s :5 ! ra9s cease1 s t ! place is fam\s = its g>d5-produce4 ,9 close proximity to ! b>r5 ,mecca di/rict ,taif is a p>adise = ! pilgrim & a heal? resort = ! jaundic$1 fev]-emaciat$ ,meccan4 ,at ,taif ,d\ghty saw ?ree old /one idols ( 8! days ( ignorance02 ,el ,uzza1 a block ( granite "s tw5ty feet long2 ano!r call$ ,hubbal1 ) a cleft 9 ! middle1 8by our ,"l ,aly's sword-/roke02 & ,el ,lat1 an un%apely crag ( grey granite4 ,^! 7 e>li] /one-gods ( ! ,arab1 & n[ lie =sak5 9 ! dirt1 :ile _! bro!r-god1 ! fam\s ,black-,/one1 receives ! rev]5ce ( millions6 ,! road f ,mecca to ,el ,m$9a--8! city0--s call$ because ! prophet *ose x z 8 home 9 "t ( p]secution--leads ne>ly due nor?4 ,x is an un9t]e/+1 & = ! mo/ "p1 a =sak5 c\ntry t sep>ates ! rival cities4 ,burton writes t x rem9d$ him ( ! l9es1 8,full _m a wa/e ,i've w&]$ o'er1 ,clomb _m a crag1 cross$1 _m a %ore1 ,b1 by my halidome ,a sc5e s rude1 s wild z ?is1 ,yet s sublime 9 b>r5ness1 ,ne'er did my w&]+ foot/eps press1 ,:]e'er ,i *anc$ to roam40 ,!re are two c>avan-r\tes1 bo? ( :i* are us$ by ! pilgrims1 b ! ea/]n road is us$ mo/ frequ5tly4#ah ,! region betwe5 ,mecca & ,m$9a is ! home ( ! anci5t poets ( ,arabia & is classic gr\nd4 ,! sev5 ,moallakat or susp5d$ poems f9d _! sc5e 9 ?is region4 ,lebid wrote3 8,des]t$ is ! village--wa/e ! halt+ place & home1 ,at ,m9a1 o'er ,rijam & ,ghul wild bea/s unhe$$ roam1 ,on ,rayyan hill ! *annel l9es h left _! nak$ trace1 ,"t-worn z primal writ t d9ts ! m\nta9 face40 ,el ,m$9a1 =m]ly call$ ,ya?rib1 is n[ also call$ ,el ,mun[]a1 ! 8illum9at$10 & dev\t ,moslems commonly claim to see1 on approa*+ ! city1 a lum9\s haze hang+ ov] its mosques & h\ses4 ,! leg5ds & sup]/itions t clu/] ar\nd ! la/ re/+-place ( ! ,prophet are n less 9 numb] nor less cr$ible ?an ^? t glorify ! place ( 8 bir?1 al?\gh ! t[n is only ab\t half ! size & conta9s #af1jjj inhabitants4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree pr9cipal divisions3 ! t[n prop]1 ! =t & ! suburbs4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a wall =ty feet high2 ! /reets are n>r[ & unpav$2 ! h\ses are flat-ro($ & d\ble-/on$4 ,! curr5t dispute1 h[ev]1 = _m c5turies has be5 reg>d+ ! relative sanctity & importance ( ! two cities1 ,mecca & ,m$9a4 ,a visit to ,m$9a is call$ ,ziy>at1 z t to ,mecca is call$ ,haj2 ! latt] is obligatory by ord] ( ! ,koran1 :ile ! =m] is m]itori\s on ! au?ority ( tradition4 ,! or?odox fur!r /ipulate1 t circumambulation ar\nd ! prophet's tomb at ,m$9a is n all[$ z ar\nd ! ,kaaba at ,mecca nor %\ld m5 we> ! ihram1 nor kiss ! tomb4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to spit ^u x or treat x ) contempt1 z ! ,wahabees did1 is held to be ! act ( an infidel4 ,to quote aga9 f ,burton3 8,! g5]al cons5sus ( ,islam admits ! sup]iority ( ! ,beit ,allah at ,mecca to ! :ole _w2 & decl>es ,m$9a to be m v5]able ?an e "p ( ,mecca1 & consequ5tly all ! e>?1 except only ! ,beit ,allah4 ,?is la/ is a ju/e milieu view by no means 9 favor ) ! inhabitants ( ei!r place40 ,! "o ?+ t gives ,m$9a claim to sanctity is ! prophet's tomb1 & yet !re is "s d\bt z to :e!r he is really buri$ 9 ! mosque rais$ to 8 honor2 ( c\rse e ,moslem1 le>n$ or ignorant1 believes x1 b !re are _m argum5ts aga9/ ! supposition4#ai ,"o ( ^! argum5ts alone w\ld h little value aga9/ s old a tradition & practice1 b _! cumulative =ce _c be d5i$1 & ?r[s s]i\s d\bt on ! "q :e!r ! pres5t mosque ( ! prophet conta9s any trace ( 8 rema9s4 ,on ! o!r h& pi\s ,moslems affirm t ! prophet is n really dead1 b 8eats & dr9ks 9 ! tomb until ! day ( resurrection10 & is z mu* alive z he ev] 04 ,illu/ration3 ,,report$ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,hujrah4 ,! ,mesjid-el-,nebi or prophet's mosque at ,m$9a is ab\t #dbj feet long by #cdj broad4 ,x is built ne>ly nor? & s\? & has a l>ge int]ior c\rty>d1 surr\nd$ by porticoes4 ,f ! we/]n side we ent] ! ,rauzah or prophet's g>d54 ,on ! nor? & we/ x is n divid$ f ! re/ ( ! portico2 on ! s\? side runs a dw>f wall & on ! ea/ x is b\nd$ by ! lattice-"w ( ! ,hujrah4 ,?is is an irregul> squ>e ( ab\t fifty feet sep>at$ on all sides f ! walls ( ! ,mosque by a broad passage4 ,inside !re are said to be ?ree tombs c>efully conceal$ inside ! iron rail+ by a heavy curta9 arrang$ l a f\r-po/ b$4 ,! ,hujrah has f\r gates1 all kept lock$ except ! f\r? :i* admits only ! (fic]s 9 *>ge ( ! treasure1 ! eunu*s :o sweep ! floor1 light ! lamps & c>ry away ! pres5ts ?r[n into ! enclosure by devotees4 ,x is commonly ass]t$ t _m e>ly ,moslem sa9ts & w>riors desir$ ! rema9+ space = _! grave1 b t by ,mohamm$'s wi% x is res]v$ = ',isa on 8 second com+ & dea?4 ,! /ory ( a c(f9 susp5d$ by magnets has ( c\rse no f\ndation 9 fact & may h aris5 f ! crude draw+s ( ! tombs4 ,! ziy>ah at ! ,mosque consi/s 9 pray]s & alms-giv+ ) sil5t contemplation on ! sacr$ "* ( ,mohamm$4 ,! foll[+ sample 8pray]0 (f]$ at ! %r9e ( ,fatima1 gives "s idea ( :at is to ,*ri/ian e>s a blasphem\s s]vice3 8,peace be ^u !e1 ,o daught] ( ! apo/le ( ,allah6 ,?\ "m ( ! excell5t se$4 ,peace be ^u !e ?\ ,lady among/ wom54 ,peace be ^u !e1 ,o ,fif? ( ! p ( ! ,prophet's g>m5t6 ,a pure "o1 ,o virg96 ,peace be on !e1 ,o sp\se ( our ,"l1 ,ali el ,murtaza1 ,o "m ( ,hasan & ,husse91 ! two ,moons1 ! two ,lights1 ! two ,pe>ls1 ! two pr9ces ( ! y\? ( ,heav51 ! ,coolness ( ! eyes ( true believ]s6 etc41 etc40 ,! pray]s (f]$ at ! prophet's grave are m fulsome 9 _! praise & ( mu* great] l5g?4 ,:at w\ld ! camel-driv] ( ,mecca say if he he>d !m8 ,z at ,mecca s at ,m$9a ! t[nspeople1 "o & all1 live on ! pilgrims4 ,! keep] ( ! ,mosque is a ,turki% ,pa%a ) a l>ge sal>y & _m p]quisites2 !re are treasur]s & pr(essors & cl]ks & %eikhs ( ^! eunu*s kept on sal>y4 ,sweep]s & port]s1 all eunu*s1 & guides z at ,mecca :o live by back%ee% or extortion4 ,wat]-c>ri]s "h too p$dle ab\t ! bracki% fluid by ! cupful to ?ir/y pilgrims4 ,^? :o are n 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,mosque usually keep bo>d+-h\ses1 or sell pray]s :i* are to be made once a ye> at ! prophet's tomb1 = ! abs5t pilgrim4 ,mo/ ( ! (ficials receive _! sal>ies f ,con/ant9ople & ,cairo4 ,! population ( ,m$9a is n less a mix$ multitude ?an t ( ,mecca2 "h also ! obs]vation ( ,zehm holds true1 8e pilgrimage br+s new fa!rs40 ,burton te/ifies1 8,x is n to be believ$ t 9 a t[n g>rison$ by ,turki% troops1 full ( travell$ trad]s1 & :i* supports itself by plund]+ ,hajis ! primitive virtues ( ! ,arab c\ld exi/4 ,! ,meccans1 a d>k p1 say ( ! ,madani1 t _! he>ts are z black z _! sk9s are :ite4 ,?is is ( c\rse exagg]at$2 b x is n too mu* to ass]t t pride1 pugnacity1 a peculi> po9t ( honor1 & a v9dictiv5ess ( wond]ful =ce & pati5ce1 are ! only *>act]i/ic traits ( ,arab "* :i* ! citiz5s ( ,el ,m$9a habitually display40 ,intoxicat+ liquors are made at ,m$9a & sold1 al?\gh n op5ly4 ,!re are two colleges ) 8libr>ies0 at ,m$9a & _m mosque-s*ools4 ,9 ,burckh>dt's day he *>g$ ! t[n ) utt] ignorance & illit]acy1 b n[ !y devote !mselves app>5tly to lit]ature1 at lea/ 9 a measure4 ,! climate ( ,m$9a is bett] ?an t ( ,mecca & ! w9t]s are cold & rigor\s4 ,mohamm$ is reput$ to h said1 8he :o pati5tly endures ! cold ( ,el ,m$9a & ! heat ( ,mecca1 m]its a rew>d 9 p>adise40 ,return+ f ! less] pilgrimage to ,m$9a ! travell] c retrace 8 /eps to ,mecca1 & !nce to ,jiddah1 or g to ! ne>] port ( ,yanbo 7,yembo7 & !nce return home by /eam] or sail+-vessel4 ,! di/ance by camels' r\te1 betwe5 ,m$9a & ! port is #acb miles1 six /ages1 al?\gh a good drom$>y c make x 9 two days4 ,at ,yanbo ! sultan's dom9ions 9 ,arabia beg91 = ! coa/ nor?w>d p]ta9s to ,egypt4 ,! t[n resembles ,jiddah 9 outw>d appe>ance1 has #djj or #ejj h\ses built ( :ite coral rock1 dirty /reets & a prec>i\s wat] supply4 ,sadli]1 7#ahbj7 aft] 8 j\rney across ! p59sula1 visit$ ,yanbo1 & describes x z 8a mis]able ,arab seaport surr\nd$ by a wall02 ,yanbo has1 h[ev]1 a good h>bor1 & 0 9 e>li] days1 a l>ge & important place2 x has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,iambia village on ,ptolemy's map a h>bor ( ! old ,nabateans4 ,?us ends our pilgrimage ?r\gh ! ,holy ,l& ( ,arabia4 ,let u 9 conclusion pond] ! words ( ,/anley ,lane ,poole z to ! place :i* ,mecca & ! pilgrimage holds 9 ! ,mohamm$an religion4 8,x is ask$ h[ ! de/roy] ( idols c\ld h reconcil$ 8 consci5ce to ! circuits ( ! ,kaaba & ! v5]ation ( ! ,black-,/one cov]$ ) ador+ kisses4 ,! rites ( ! pilgrimage _c c]ta9ly be def5d$ aga9/ ! *>ge ( sup]/ition2 b x is easy to see :y ,mohamm$ enjo9$ !m4444 ,he well knew ! consolidat+ effect ( =m+ a c5tre to :i* 8 foll[]s %\ld ga!r1 & h5ce he reass]t$ ! sanctity ( ! ,black-,/one t #8came d[n f heav5'2 he orda9$ t ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! _w ! ,moslem %\ld pray look+ t[>d ! ,kaaba1 & enjo9$ him to make ! pilgrimage ?i!r4 ,mecca is to ! ,moslem :at ,j]usalem is to ! ,jew4 ,x be>s ) x all ! influ5ce ( c5turies ( associations4 ,x c>ries ! ,moslem back to ! cradle ( 8 fai? & ! *ildhood ( 8 prophet4444 ,&1 mo/ ( all1 x bids him rememb] t all 8 bro!r ,moslems are wor%ipp+ t[>d ! same sacr$ spot2 t he is "o ( a great company ( believ]s unit$ by "o fai?1 fill$ ) ! same hopes1 rev]5c+ ! same ?+1 wor%ipp+ ! same ,god40 ,v ,,ad5 ,,& ,,an ,,inl& ,,j\rney 8,ad5 is a valley surr\nd$ by ! sea2 its climate is s bad t x turns w9e into v9eg> 9 ! space ( t5 days4 ,! wat] is d]iv$ f ci/]ns & is also br\ght 9 by an aqu$uct two f>songs long40 --,ibn-el-,mojawir4 7,a4,d4 #abjj7 ,arabia is un=tunate because1 l a *e/nut-burr1 its ext]ior is r\gh & un9vit+4 ,9 sc5]y & climate1 ,yem5 f>es wor/ ( all ! prov9ces4 ,! two gateways to ,arabia ,felix are v infelix4 ,:at c\ld be m dre>y & dull & depress+ ?an ! 8gloomy hills ( d>kness0 t =m ! backgr\nd to ,ad5 z se5 f ! h>bor8 ,!re is no v]dure1 no vegetation visible2 ev]y:]e !re is ! same appe>ance ( a c9d] heap4 ,& :]e c "o f9d a m fil?y1 hot1 swelt]+1 odor\s native t[n ?an ,hodeidah8 ,yet ^! two places are ! gateways to ! mo/ beautiful1 f]tile1 popul\s & heal?ful region ( all ,arabia4 ,yem5 is be/ kn[n ( all ! prov9ces1 & has be5 q ?or\ghly explor$ by a score ( intrepid travell]s4#bj ,mo/ p1 h[ev]1 travell+ 9 a ,p4 & ,o4 ,/eam]1 call+ at ,ad5 = coal1 rema9 9 total ignorance ( ! fair highl&s j beyond ! d>k hills t hide ! horizon ,yem5 ext5ds f ,ad5 to ,asir on ! nor? & ea/w>d into ,hadramaut = an indef9ite di/ance4 ,on ! e>li] maps ,arabia ,felix /ret*$ z f> z ,oman--a great m\nta9\s region ) a temp]ate climate4 ,an ,arabian au?or1 describ+ ,yem5 z x 0 be=e ! "t ( ,mohamm$1 wrote3 8,its inhabitants are all hale & /rong1 sickness is unkn[n1 nor are !re poison\s plants or animals2 nor fools1 nor bl9d p1 & ! wom5 are ev] "y2 ! climate is l p>adise & "o we>s ! same g>m5t summ] & w9t]40 ,! massive rock promontory ( volcanic basalt call$ ,ad51 has f "t immemorial be5 ! gateway & ! /ronghold = all ,yem54 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ,ezekiel1 ! prophet1 ref]r$ to ,ad5 :5 he wrote4 8,h>an & ,canneh & ,ed51 ! m]*ants ( ,%eba1 ,as%ur & ,*ilmad1 7 ?y m]*ants40 ,! place 0 =tifi$ & its wond]ful rock ci/]ns 7 probably fir/ con/ruct$ by ! e>ly ,himy>ites4 ,a ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 erect$ at ,ad5 by ! embassy ( ! ,emp]or ,con/antius1 ,a4,d4 #cdb1 & ,ad5 0 = a long "t 9 ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ian k+s ( ,yem54 ,!n x fell a prey to ! ,abyss9ians & next to ! ,p]sians1 ab\t ! "t :5 ,mohamm$ 0 born4 ,albuqu]que 9 #aeac ) 8 ,portuguese w>riors laid siege to ,ad5 = f\r days1 b 9 spite ( scal+-ladd]s & gunp[d] c\ld n take ! t[n4 ,! ,mameluke ,sultans ( ,egypt also fail$ to capture ?is =tress4 ,9 #ahch ! ,engli% took x by /orm & h held ! place ev] s9ce4 ,ad5 is n[ a ,briti% settlem5t1 a comm]cial-c5tre1 a coal+-/ation & a =tress2 ! la/ mo/ emphatically4 ,all ! late/ improvem5ts 9 eng9e]+ & artill]y h be5 put to use 9 =tify+ ! place4 ,! ride f ,/eam]-,po9t to 8! crat]0 or f ! telegraph-/ation to ! 8,cresc5t0 gives "o "s idea ( ! va/ am\nt ( money & labor exp5d$ to %ape ?is ,gibralt> & make x impregnable f l& & sea4 ,! i/hmus is gu>d$ by massive l9es ( def5ce1 /r5g!n$ by a broad dit* cut out ( ! solid rock2 ba/ions1 casem5ts & tunnels all s]ve "o purpose2 batt]ies1 t[]s1 ars5als1 magaz9es1 b>racks2 mole-batt]ies t[>d ! sea1 m9es 9 ! h>bor1 ob/ruction pi]s & subs]vi5t works2--ev]y?+ tells ( milit>y /r5g?1 & ! t[n has always a w>like aspect 9 p]fect accord ) its =bidd+ physical geography4 ,! inhabit$ p59sula is an irregul> oval ab\t fifte5 miles 9 circumf]5ce2 x is 9 reality a l>ge ext9ct crat] =m$ ( l(ty precipit\s hills ! highe/ peak ( :i*1 ,%em ,%em1 has an altitude ( ne>ly #a1hjj feet4 ,! v>ieties ( rock are num]\s1 & v>y 9 color f light br[n to d>k gre54 ,pumice & tufas are v common1 ! =m] is an article ( export4 ,wat] is v sc>ce1 & !re is almo/ no ra9fall dur+ "s ye>s4 ,:5 !re is a %[]1 ! nature ( ! soil & ! imm5se wat]%$ = s small an area cause heavy torr5ts to p\r d[n ! valleys4 ,^! r>e occasions are utiliz$ to fill ! huge tanks ne> ,ad5 camp4 ,! tanks 7 built z e>ly z #fjj ,a4,d4 by ! ,yem5ites :o built besides ! celebrat$ dam at ,m>ib1 & ! _m simil> /ructures 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,yem54 ,wat] is also br\ght by an aqu$uct f ,%eikh ,o?man1 sev5 miles di/ant1 b ! majority ( ! population is suppli$ f ! gov]nm5t cond5s]s4 ,9 spite ( ! des]t "* ( ! soil & ! aridity ( ! climate ,ad5 is n entirely )\t natural vegetation4 ,?omas ,&]son ( ! ,b5gal ,m$ical ,s]vice enum]ates n9ety-f\r species ( plants f\nd on ! ,ad5 p59sula1 "s ( :i* are entirely unique4 ,mo/ ( ! plants1 h[ev]1 are des]t-dwell]s ) %>p ?orns1 an aromatic odor1 & yield gums & res9s4 ,! ,ad5 settlem5t has f\r c5tres ( population2 ,/eam]-,po9t1 ! ,cresc5t1 ! t[n ( ,maala & ! 8,camp0 or ,ad5 prop]4 ,a road1 ! only road 9 fact1 ext5ds f ,/eam]-,po9t on ! we/ to ,ad5 prop] on ! ea/1 & no "o c boa/ ( hav+ se5 ,ad5 :o has n tak5 ! ride 9 a g]i f ! l&+-pi] to ! tanks4 ,! ,ad5 horses are ( all creatures mo/ mis]able = ! g]i-driv]s :ip _! horses mu*1 b fe$ !m little4 ,! ,cresc5t is a semi-circul> range ( h\ses & %ops cr[d$ aga9/ ! m\nta9 side2 ) a ,hotel de l',univ]s & a ,hotel de l',europe 7bo? equally 8,gr&072 cafs1 %ops1 banks1 & (fices4 ,! po/ (fice1 hospital1 *ur*es & b>racks are fur!r we/ t[>d ! telegraph-/ation4 ,a drive ( ab\t two miles br+s u to ! native t[n ( ,maala4 ,"h ! road =ks1 ! l[] "o lead+ to ! b>ri]-gate & ,%eikh ,o?man1 & ! upp] asc5d+ ! m\nta9 ?r\gh ! gate ( ! =tifications & by a %>p declivity lead+ d[n to ! t[n ( ,ad54 ,x is n an ,ori5tal t[n 9 its adm9i/ration1 b x has all ! motley "* ( ,port ,said on its /reets4 ,europeans1 ,am]icans1 ,africans1 ,asiatics & mix$ races are all repres5t$ 9 ! cr[d ( ! m>ket or ! l\ng]s 9 ! /reets4 ,! total population is #cj1jjj1 includ+ ,*9ese1 ,p]sians1 ,turks1 ,egyptians1 ,somalis1 ,h9dus1 ,p>sees1 ,jews & ,arabs f e "p ( ! p59sula4 ,ad5 is a great c5tre = native %ipp+1 & ! dh[s & buggal[s t sail e ye> f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ,yem5 & ,jiddah alway call at ,ad5 en r\te4 ,also f ,oman & ,hadramaut ! mod]n ,s9bads run _! craft into ,ad5 to ex*ange produce or to lay 9 supplies = _! voyages to ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! di/ance f ,ad5 to ,yem5's old capital1 ,sana is ne>ly #bjj miles 9 a direct l9e1 b on my second j\rney ?i!r1 9 #ahid1 ,i 0 oblig$ to take a r\ndab\t j\rney to ,taiz1 because ( an ,arab upris+4 ,?is & ! m\nta9\s "* ( ! c\ntry made ! di/ance ov] #bej miles4 ,?is r\te passes ?r\gh1 or ne>1 all ! important t[ns ( ,yem5 s\? ( ,sana4 ,) my ,b$\9 companion1 ,nasir1 ,i left ,%eikh ,o?man e>ly on ! second morn+ ( ,july4 ,we rea*$ a small ,illu/ration3 ,,travell+ ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,arabia ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kei? ,,falcon] ,,memorial ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,ad5 village1 ,wahat1 at noon1 ! !rmomet] regi/]+ #if 9 ! %ade4 ,aft] a %ort re/ we m\nt$ ! camels at sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+ = an all-night j\rney4 ,our c\rse 0 ?r\gh a b>r5 region1 & at daylight we ent]$ ,wady ,m]gia1 ) scanty vegetation1 re/+ at a village ( ! same "n "u a huge acacia tree4 ,! next day we ent]$ ! m\nta9s1 :]e ri* vegetation %[$ a cool] climate4 ,we pass$ sev]al villages1 ,d> ,el ,kadim1 ,khoteibah1 ,suk-el-,juma & o!rs4 ,z ?is 0 said to be a dang]\s "p ( ! road all ! c>avan1 :i* we jo9$ at ,wahat1 0 on ! look\t1 ) light$ rope-wicks = _! fl9t-locks sw++ f _! %\ld]s & look+ 9 ! d>k l s _m fireflies4 ,at ?ree ,a4,m4 we _h asc5d$ to ! head ( ! wady & re/$ = ! day at ,mabek4 ,all ! h\ses "h are ( /one1 ! boo?s ( date-mats & twigs be+ only f\nd on ! m>itime pla9 ( ,yem54 ,dur+ ! night !re _h be5 talk among ! wild ,arabs ( ! village ( hold+ me z a ho/age to obta9 money f ! ,engli% at ,ad56 ,b ,nasir quiet$ !m ) a ?reefold ,b$\9 oa? t ,i 0 n a gov]nm5t (ficial nor an ,engli%man1 b an ,am]ican travell]4 ,! day aft] leav+ ,mabek br\ght u to ! beg9n+ ( ! happy valleys ( ,yem51 v diff]5t f ! torrid coa/4 ,a c\ntry :]e ! orange1 lemon1 qu9ce1 grape1 mango1 plum1 apricot1 pea*1 apple1 pomegranate1 fig1 date1 planta9 & mulb]ry1 ea* yield _! fruit 9 season2 :]e :eat1 b>ley1 maize1 millet & c(fee are /aple products & :]e !re is a glori\s pr(usion ( wild fl[]s--call$ 8grass0 by ! unpoetic camel-driv]s4 ,a l& ^: m\nta9s lift up _! heads ov] #i1jjj feet1 t]rac$ f *illy top to w>m valley ) agricultural amphi!atres1 irrigat$ by a ?\s& rills & rivulets1 "s ( !m p]5nial1 fl[+ along artificial *annels or leap+ d[n ! rocks 9 m9iature falls4 ,a l& :]e ! oriole hangs h] ne/ on ! d>k acacia1 ! wild doves hide 9 clefts ( ! rock & ! *ameleon sports 8 colors by ! wayside "u ! tall fl[]+ cactus4 ,su* is ,yem54 ,! vegetation ( ,arabia ,felix beg9s j be=e rea*+ ,mufallis1 on ?is r\te1 :]e a ,turki% ca/le & cu/om-h\se proclaim ! b\nd>y ( ,ottoman aggression4 ,beautiful 0 ! air & sc5]y on our m>*4 ,arab peasants 7 at "w 9 ! fields1 pl[+#ba ) ox51 repair+ ! walls ( ! t]races & op5+ ! wat]c\rses4 ,! wom5 7 all unveil$ & _h ! picturesque co/ume univ]sal 9 s\!rn ,yem52 _! n>r[ tr\s]s 7 fa/5$ at ! wai/ & ankles1 :ile ov] _! %\ld]s hung long mantle-l g>m5ts1 l[ 9 ! neck1 gird$1 & fr+$ at ! bottom ) embroid]$ clo? ( gre5 or r$4 ,"h !y we> a k9d ( light turban1 b on ! ,hodeidah coa/ broad-brimm$ /raw hats cov] ! heads ( ! ,yem5 belles z !y urge _! donkeys to m>ket4 ,at sunrise we 7 9 sight ( ! highe/ peaks to ! left ( ! wady-b$4 ,"o ( !m is cr[n$ by a walli or sa9t's tomb ( ,sal$ b9 ,taka4 ,^! tombs are common 9 ,yem5 & ?\s&s ( p visit !m annually to ask int]cession1 ea* sa9t hav+ a special day 9 ! ,moslem cal5d>4 ,at ,mo*a ! grave ( ! ,arab %eikh ,abu-el-,hassan ,%adeli1 :o fir/ discov]$ ! use ( c(fee1 is highly honor$ by di/ant pilgrims4 ,at eight o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,july f\r? we rea*$ ! burj call$ ,mufallis & _h our fir/ exp]i5ce ( ,turki% rule 9 ,yem54 ,unexpect$ly we "h /umbl$ ^u a ,turki% cu/om-h\se1 :i* ,i _h ?\ght 0 locat$ at ,taiz1 z ! b\nd>y ( ,turki% ,yem5 on my maps did n ext5d fur!r s\?4 ,an unmann]ly negro1 call+ himself ,mude] ( ,cu/oms1 look$ out ( a port-hole & dem&$ my asc5t4 ,?r\gh dirt & up d>kness ,i rea*$ 8 little room & /at$ my err& & purpose4 ,no k9d words or (f]$ back%ee% w\ld avail2 8all ! baggage mu/ be op5$ & all books 7 =bidd5 entrance into ,yem5 by a rec5t ord]10 s he affirm$4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 ,i unscrew$ ! cov]s ( ! two boxes ) an old b[ie-knife4 ,! books1 aft] hav+ be5 critically exam9$ by eyes t c\ld n read1 7 seiz$2 next my saddle-bags 7 se>*$1 & e book & map 0 also confiscat$4 ,i 0 refus$ ev5 a receipt = ! books tak51 & to e plea or "q ! only reply 01 to g on to ,taiz & appeal to ! ,gov]nor4 ,despoil$ ( our goods1 we left ! 8cu/om-h\se0 at elev5 ,a4,m41 tak+ an old man on a donkey arm$ ) a spe>1 z guide & def5ce1 because ,nasir he>d t !re 0 di/urbance 9 ?is qu>t]4 ,at two o'clock we re/$ = half an h\r "u ! %ade ( a huge rock 9 ! b$ ( ! wady1 & !n w>n$ by peals ( ?und]1 we ha/5$ on1 hop+ to rea* ,hirwa be=e d>k4 ,9 less ?an an h\r1 h[ev]1 ! sky 0 black1 ra9 fell 9 torr5ts1 & we f\nd x hopeless to attempt to urge ! sl[ camels on ?r\gh ! wady4 ,!re 0 no %elt] 9 sight1 s we cr\*$ "u a small tree halfway up ! mud bank4 ,! ra9 turn$ to hail--l>ge /ones t fright5$ ! camels s t !y /amp$$--& we became ?or\ghly *ill$4 ,:5 ! /orm ceas$1 our donkey man came ) looks ( horror to tell u t 8 poor bea/ _h fall5 d[n ! slope & 0 be+ swept away by ! torr5t6 ,:at _h be5 a dry riv] b$ half an h\r be=e1 0 n[ a ru%+ rapids4 ,we decid$ to climb up ! t]races to a h\se :i* we saw on ! m\nta9 side4 ,! camels _h prec$$ u1 & aft] a vigor\s climb ov] mud-fields & up ! rocks we rea*$ ! h\se & hospitality ( ,%eikh ,ali4 ,ov] ! *>coal fire1 aft] dr9k+ pl5ty ( ki%r1 7made f ! %ell ( ! c(fee bean17 we _h to li/5 to a long discussion conc]n+ ! lo/ donkey4 ,f9ally1 matt]s 7 smoo!d ov] by my (f]+ to pay "o-half ! price ( ! animal on condition t our guide %\ld proce$ ) u to ,hirwa4 ,! next day we 7 (f e>ly4 ,because ( ! /eep asc5ts ,i 0 oblig$ to walk mo/ ( ! way1 & ,i spra9$ my ankle sev]ely4 ,x did n pa9 me until night1 :5 x 0 swoll5 & kept me 8on crut*es0 = sev]al days4 ,hirwa is a small ,arab village ) a weekly m>ket1 & we f\nd %elt] 9 ! usual c(fee-%op *>act]i/ic ( ,yem54 ,! foll[+ day we rea*$ ,sept ,ez zeilah1 :]e we f\nd clean] qu>t]s ?an ! night be=e4 ,at ab\t midnight a w> p>ty ( ,b$\9s came & fright5$ ! peaceful villag]s ) dem&s = food1 etc4 ,!y _h j return$ f sett+ fire to a small ca/le1 &1 numb]+ sixty hungry m51 7 n to be intimidat$4 ,!y 7 ab\t to =ce _! way into our qu>t]s :5 ,nasir & ! wom5 promis$ to give !m food4 ,)91 ,i kept quiet & li/5$ to ! noise ( gr9d+ & bak+ & c(fee-p\nd+4 ,)\t1 "s ( ! ,arabs seiz$ a c[ belong+ to a poor woman & but*]$ x = _! fea/4 ,at ?is !re 0 a cry+ ( wom5 & b>k+ ( dogs & swe>+ ( oa?s by ! ,great ,allah1 su* z ,i hope nev] to he> aga94 ,f9ally1 ! ,arabs w5t away ) full /oma*s1 & we slept a brok5 sleep = fe> !y might return4 ,! next day we proce$$ to ,taiz1 & arriv$ at noon1 "o week aft] leav+ ,ad54 ,! ,mutas>rif ,pa%a1 or ,gov]nor1 0 satisfi$ ) my passports1 & express$ 8 regrets t ! books _h be5 seiz$ at ,mufallis1 b su* 0 ! law4 ,he w\ld1 h[ev]1 all[ me to s5d = !m = inspection4 ,:at is writt5 "h 9 f\r l9es 0 ! "w & pati5ce ( f\r we>y days6 ,a soldi] 0 s5t to ,mufallis2 ,i 0 oblig$ to entru/ him ) money to pay ! cu/om dues2 to hire a camel to c>ry ! books2 f9ally to pay = two /icks ( seal+ wax 7price 9 ,taiz "o rupee7 ) :i* to seal ! books & maps le/ !y be tamp]$ )--all ?is at ! ord] ( ! enlight5$ gov]nm5t ( ! ,sublime ,porte6 ,! fir/ mess5g] nev] rea*$ ,mufallis2 on ! road he 0 attack$ by ,arabs1 /abb$ 9 ! neck1 robb$ ( 8 rifle1 & c>ri$ back to ! milit>y hospital at ,taiz4 ,!n !re 0 m delay to f9d & s5d a second soldi] ) ! same camel & money & seal+ wax1 b ) a new rifle4 ,he return$ ) ! books safely aft] five days6 ,no ,turk c\ld set a value on a book1 & s ! law is t books are tax$ by weight1 boxes includ$4 ,! cu/oms receipt 0 atta*$ = 8#bjj kilograms ,jewi% books 7at tw5ty pia/res a kilo71 value1 #d1jjj pia/res1 & cu/om dues am\nt+ to #bhh pia/res40 ,9 ! same docum5t ,i 0 spok5 ( z 8! ,jew1 ,i%mail1 ,dhaif ,ullah10--a r curi\s comb9ation ( names4 ,i 0 call$ a 8,jew0 because ( ! case ( ,hebrew ,new ,te/am5ts2 ,i%mail 0 ! equival5t = ,samuel2 & ,dhaif ,ullah1 my ,arabic cognom54 ,,vi ,,yem53 ,,! ,,switz]l& ,,( ,,arabia 8,if ! ,turks w\ld cle> out ( ,yem51 a wond]ful field = comm]ce w\ld be ?r[n op51 = ! ,turki% gov]nm5t is vile & all cultivators are tax$ to an iniquit\s ext5t40--,ion ,kei? ,falcon]4 ,:ile wait+ at ,taiz ,i _h an opportunity to /udy ,yem5 t[n life & ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 z well z to le>n a little ab\t ! cultivation ( c(fee & kaat1 ! two *ief products ( ?is "p ( ,yem54 ,taiz has n (t5 be5 visit$ by travell]s f ! occid5t1 & is a mo/ int]e/+ place4 ,x is a l>ge =tifi$ village ( p]haps #e1jjj inhabitants1 ! resid5ce ( a ,mutas>rif ^: au?ority ext5ds f ! prov9ce ( ,hodeidah to ! ,ad5 fronti] includ+ ,mo*a & ,%eikh ,seyyid on ! coa/1 rec5tly ab&on$ by ,france4 ,! place has five gates1 "o ( :i* has be5 wall$ up1 & five l>ge mosques 9 ,byzant9e /yle4 ,! l>ge/ ,mosque is call$ ,el ,muzaf]1 & has two l>ge m9>ets & twelve beautiful domes4 ,taiz 0 once a c5tre ( le>n+ & its libr>ies 7 celebrat$ all ov] ,arabia4 ,firozabadi1 ! ,noah ,web/] ( ! ,arabic language1 taught 9 ,taiz & edit$ 8 8,ocean0 diction>y !re4 ,he di$ at ! neighbor+ t[n ( ,zebid1 9 #adad ,a4,d41 & 8 grave is honor$ by ! le>n$ ( ,yem54 ,! baza> is n l>ge1 b ! f\r ,european %ops kept by ,greek m]*ants are well suppli$ ) all ord9>y articles ( civilization4 ,"o public ba?1 9 spl5did condition1 & a milit>y hospital %[ ,ottoman occupation4 ,! =t holds p]haps #a1cjj soldi]s & ! resid5ce ( ! ,mutas>rif is 9 a beautiful & com=table little build+ outside ( ! t[n4 ,! mosques 7 once gr& b are n[ ru9$ & a home = bats2 ! fam\s libr>ies h disappe>$ & ! subt]annean vaults ( ! l>ge/ ,mosque =m]ly us$ z porticoes = pupils are n[ ,turki% horse-/ables4 ,!re is a po/ (fice & telegraph2 ! po/ goes once a week to ,hodeidah via ,zebid & ,beit el ,fakih1 & ! telegraph 9 ! same direction a little m rapidly :5 ! wires are 9 ord]4 ,taiz is girt ar\nd by ,jebel ,sobr1 ! highe/ range ( m\nta9s 9 s\!rn ,yem54 ,hisn ,aroos peak1 ne> ! t[n1 has an elevation ( ov] #g1jjj feet4 ,accord+ to ,niebuhr & ,defl]1 on a cle> day "o c look f ! summit ( ?is peak across ! l[l&s & ! ,r$ ,sea into ,africa4 ,i 0 unable to rea* ! summit z my ,arab guide fail$ me & ! days 7 mi/y & frequ5t ra9s fell4 ,taiz is ! c5tre ( kaat-culture = all ,yem51 & c(fee comes "h on its way to ,hodeidah or ,ad54 ,amid all ! weal? ( vegetation & fruitage e plant seems famili> to ! t\ri/ save kaat4 ,x is a %rub ^: v "n is unkn[n outside ( ,yem51 :ile !re x is kn[n & us$ by e "m's son1 z well z by ! mo!rs & daught]s !mselves4 ,driv+ f ,ad5 to ,%eikh ,o?man1 "o fir/ le>ns ! "n4 ,:y are ^? r$ flags hoi/$ ne> ! police /ations1 at int]vals on ! road1 & :y are !y haul$ d[n z soon z ^? camels pass8 ,oh1 !y are tak+ loads ( kaat = ! ,ad5 m>ket1 & ! flags are to prev5t *eat+ ( ! cu/oms4 ,ov] #b1jjj camel loads come into ,ad5 e ye>1 & ea* load passes ?r\gh ,engli% t]ritory by 8block-signal0 sy/em1 = x is highly tax$4 ,z to its use1 /ep into a kahwah 9 any "p ( ,yem5 %ortly be=e sunset1 & y w see ,arabs ea* ) a bundle ( gre5 twigs 9 8 lap1 *ew+ at ! leaves ( kaat4 ,at ,taiz ,i fir/ _h an opportunity to meet ! ,jews ( ! int]ior ( ,yem54 ,altoge!r !y numb] p]haps #fj1jjj 9 ! :ole prov9ce4 ,!y live mo/ly 9 ! l>ge t[ns & v few are agriculturi/s4 ,!y are a despis$ & d[n-trodd5 race1 b !y say at ,sana1 t _! condition is n s bad "u ! ,turks z x 0 "u ! ,arab rul]s be=e #ahga4 ,! acc\nts ( _! orig9 are discrepant4 ,"s say !y are desc5d$ f ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion1 b o!rs hold t !y 7 immigrants f ! ,nor? ov] #ijj ye>s ago4 ,!y are m cleanly1 m intellig5t & m tru/wor?y ?an ! ,arabs2 & al?\gh !y are out ( all communication ) ! re/ ( ! _w & 9 ignorance ( _! ,european c\ntrym5 !y are n ignorant ( ,hebrew & rabb9ic le>n+4 ,_! synagogue ne> ,taiz is a l[ /one build+1 tw5ty-five by fifte5 feet4 ,= furniture x has only a few curta9s ( embroid]$ texts1 a pr9t$ diagram ( ! anci5t c&le/ick1 ) ! names ( ! twelve tribes1 & a high read+-desk4 ,su* are all ! synagogues ( ,yem54 ,at ,taiz ! ,jews seem$ to h gr[n cont5t "u long c5turies ( oppression & taxation4 ,_m ( ! old ,moslem laws aga9/ infidels1 su* z ^? =bidd+ !m to ride1 to c>ry weapons or we> f9e clo!s 9 public1 are /ill rigor\sly en=c$ by cu/om if n by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,jew is univ]sally despis$1 yet he _c be sp>$1 = ne>ly all artisan "w is 9 ,jewi% h&s4 ,! ,moslem ,arab has le>n$ no?+ f ! ,jew outside ( ! ,koran2 b1 alas6 ! ,jew has imbib$ _m fooli% cu/oms & sup]/itions =eign to 8 cre$ f ,islam4 ,:5 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures rea*$ ,taiz ,i 0 aga9 disappo9t$1 = ! ,gov]nor w\ld n p]mit ! boxes to be op5$1 b !y 7 to be s5t seal$ & "u gu>d to ,sana4 ,i aft]w>d le>n$ t ! 8gu>d0 0 = me z well z ! books1 & t ! soldi] c>ri$ a lett] ) ?is accusation writt53 8,?is is a conv]t$ ,jew1 :o is corrupt+ ! religion ( ,islam1 & sells books to ,moslems & ,jews40 ,i _h no alt]native b to proce$ to ,sana2 tak+ a ,dam> ,arab z s]vant1 hav+ dismiss$ ! ,ad5 camels4 ,i left ,taiz on a mule ,july #bf?1 & arriv$ at ,seyanee ! same day4 ,! foll[+ night we rea*$ ,ibb4 ,"h ,i 0 =c$ to lodge outside ( ! t[n1 z ! gu>d _h in/ructions n to let me 8see ?+s40 ,i endur$ ?is impati5tly1 until ,i le>n$ t our s]vant _h be5 imprison$ on our arrival because he told me ! names ( ! villages on ! r\te6 ,i !n appeal$ to ! ,mayor1 & on virtue ( my passports dem&$ ! "r ( go+ ab\t ! t[n & ! release ( my s]vant4 ,aft] "s delay1 bo? reque/s 7 grant$4 ,! incid5t is "o ( _m to %[ ! suspicion ) :i* a /rang] is reg>d$ by ! au?orities 9 ,yem54 ,on ,saturday ! soldi] & ,i ha/5$ on to rea* ! l>ge t[n ( ,y]im be=e ,sunday1 & re/ !re1 wait+ = ! baggage camel4 ,x 0 a long ride ( twelve h\rs1 b ?r\gh a delightful c\ntry ev]y:]e f]tile & t]rac$ ) c(fee plantations & groves ( kaat4 ,y]im1 ) p]haps #cjj h\ses1 lies 9 a holl[ ( ! ,sum>a range ( m\nta9s4 ,x has a =tress & "s h\ses ( impos+ appe>ance1 b ! g5]al aspect ( ! t[n is mis]able4 ,a neighbor+ m>% bre$s mal>ia1 & ! place is prov]bially unheal?y 9 ?is o!rwise salubri\s region4 ,niebuhr's botani/1 ,=skal1 di$ "h on _! j\rney 9 #agfc4 ,! road f ,ibb to ,y]im has p]haps ! f9e/ sc5]y ( any "p ( ,yem52 nev] h ,i se5 m picturesque m\nta9s & valleys1 gre5 ) v]dure & bright ) blossoms4 ,scabiosa1 bluebells1 =get-me-nots1 gold5-rod1 f\r-o'clocks & l>ge ole&]-trees-- 8,all e>? 0 full ( heav5 ,& e bu% afire ) ,god40 ,! cacti-plants 7 9 full bloom1 & measur$ tw5ty feet aga9/ ! m\nta9 passes4 ,two ?\s& feet bel[ "o c\ld he> ! s\nd ( ! wat] ru%+ along ! wady-b$ or disappe>+ "u ! bridges t span ! valleys4 ,:ile high above1 ! cl\ds 7 half conceal+ ! summit ( ! 8,gazelle ,neck0 7,unk el-,gazel74 ,sunday1 ,july #bi?1 0 a cold day at ,y]im2 e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! temp]ature w5t d[n to #eb1 & at night two blankets 7 ne$$4 ,n until n9e o'clock 0 x w>m en\gh = ! ,y]im m]*ants to op5 _! %ops4 ,a ,jewi% family1 en r\te = ,taiz1 7 /opp+ ) u at ! c>avans>i1 & at night ,i spoke = ov] two h\rs ) !m & ! ,arabs ab\t ,*ri/4 ,!re 0 no int]ruption1 & ,i 0 impress$ to see ! int]e/ ( a ,jew & ,arab alike 9 :at ,i told !m f ,isaiah liii41 read+ x 9 ,arabic by ! dim c&le light1 amid/ all ! baggage & bea/s ( an ,ori5tal inn4 ,at ! little village ( ,khad]1 eight miles f ,waalan1 angry words arose f ! 8gu>d0 because ,i tri$ to speak to a ,jew4 ,:5 ,i spoke 9 prote/ !y began to /rike ! ,jew ) ! butt end ( _! rifles1#bb & :5 ! poor fell[ fl$1 my be/ def5ce 0 sil5ce4 ,on my return j\rney1 ,i inadv]t5tly rais$ tr\ble aga91 by m5tion+ t ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,moses 7 ,jews--:i* ! ,arabs consid]$ an insult to ! prophets ( ,god4 ,on ! road beyond ,y]im we pass$ a l>ge b\ld] ) an irregul> impression on "o side4 ,?is is call$ ,ali's footpr9t1 & ! ,arabs :o pass always ano9t x ) oil4 ,! /eep asc5ts & desc5ts ( ! j\rney 7 n[ beh9d u4 ,f ,y]im on to ,sana ! plateau is m level4 ,wide fields ( l5tils1 b>ley & :eat take ! place ( ! groves ( kaat & c(fee2 camels 7 us$ = pl\gh+1 & ) _! long necks & curi\s h>ness1 7 an odd sight4 ,! next halt we made 0 at ,dam>1 #h1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,x is a l>ge t[n1 ) ?ree m9>et-mosques & a l>ge baza>2 ! h\ses are ( native rock1 ?ree & f\r-/ories high1 rem>kably clean & well-built4 ,inside !y are :itewa%$1 & h ! ,yem5 transluc5t slabs ( gypsum = w9d[-panes4 ,f ,dam> ! road leads nor!a/ ov] ,maab] & ! ,k>iet en-,nekil pass to ,waalan2 !nce1 ne>ly due nor?1 to ,sana4 ,f ,dam> to ,waalan is ?irty-five miles1 & !nce to ! capital1 eighte5 miles m4 ,! roads ne> ! city ( ,sana are kept 9 good repair1 al?\gh !re are no :eel$ vehicles1 = ! sake ( ! ,turki% artill]y4 ,on ,?ursday1 ,augu/ #b;d1 we ent]$ ,sana by ! ,yem5 gate4 ,?ree ye>s be=e ,i _h ent]$ ! city f ! o!r side1 com+ f ,hodeidah2 !n 9 ! "t ( ! ,arab rebellion & n[ myself a prison]4 ,i 0 tak5 to ! ,d[la & h&$ ov] to ! c>e ( a policeman until ! ,wali he>d my case4 ,aft] f9d+ an old ,greek fri5d f ,ad51 :o (f]$ to g bail = me1 ,i 0 all[$ lib]ty1 & = n9ete5 days 0 busy see+ ! city & visit+ ! ,jews4#bc ,sana1 anci5tly call$ ,uzal1 & s9ce _m c5turies ! *ief city ( ,yem51 conta9s "s #ej1jjj inhabitants & lies /ret*$ out 9 a wide1 level valley betwe5 ,jebel ,nokoom & ! neighbor+ ranges4 ,x is #g1fdh feet above sea-level4 ,! t[n is 9 ! =m ( a triangle1 ! ea/]n po9t consi/+ ( a l>ge =tress1 dom9at+ ! t[n1 & built ^u ! l[e/ spur ( ,nokoom4 ,! t[n is divid$ into ?ree wall$ qu>t]s1 ! :ole be+ surr\nd$ by "o cont9u\s wall ( /one & brick4 ,!y are respectively ! city prop]1 9 :i* are ! gov]nm5t build+s1 ! huge baza>s1 & ! resid5ces ( ! ,arabs & ,turks2 ! ,jews' qu>t]2 & ,bir-el-azib1 :i* lies betwe5 ! two1 & conta9s g>d5s & villas belong+ to ! ri*] ,turks & ,arabs4 ,! city _h once great weal? & prosp]ity1 & to-day rema9s1 next to ,bagdad1 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ city 9 all ,arabia4 ,! %ops are well suppli$ ) ,european goods1 & a l>ge manufacture ( silk1 jewelry & arms is c>ri$ on4 ,! gov]nm5t qu>t]1 ) its cafs1 billi>d-rooms1 l>ge ,greek %ops1 c>riages1 bootblacks1 & brass-b& rem9ds "o ( ,cairo4 ,sana has =ty-eight mosques1 ?irty-n9e synagogues1 twelve l>ge public-ba?s1 a milit>y hospital ) #bjj b$s1 & is ! c5tre ( trade = all nor!rn ,yem5 & nor?we/]n ,hadramaut1 z well z = ! di/ant villages ( ,nejran & f]tile ,wady ,dauasir4 ,arabs f e di/rict cr[d ! baza>s1 & long /r+s ( camels leave e day = ! ,hodeidah coa/4 ,on ,augu/ #ad? ,i took an e>ly morn+ walk to ,rhoda1 a village ab\t eight miles nor? ( ,sana1 & 9 ! mid/ ( beautiful g>d5s4 ,f ,roda ! direct c>avan r\te leads to ,nejran1 & f ! outskirts ( ! village1 look+ nor?1 an invit+ picture met ! eye4 ,a f]tile plateau /ret*$ out to ! horizon1 & only two days' j\rney w\ld br+ "o into ! free des]t beyond ,turki% rule4 ,b ?is "t ! way across ! p59sula 0 clos$ by my bankruptcy2 robb$ at ,y]im 9 ! c(fee-%op1 & already 9 debt at ,sana1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to proce$1 except z a di%one/ d]vi%4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,augu/ ,i left ,sana = ,hodeidah1 receiv+ a loan ( tw5ty doll>s f ! ,ottoman gov]nm5t1 to be paid back at ! ,am]ican consulate4 ,we foll[$ ! regul> po/al r\te1 ! same :i* ,i _h travell$ on my fir/ j\rney4 ,! plateau or table-l& betwe5 ,sana'a & ,bann is a pa/ure c\ntry4 ,! ,b$\9s live 9 ! /one-built villages & h]d _! imm5se flocks on ! pla92 camels1 c[s & %eep 7 graz+ by ! hundr$s & ?\s&s4 ,aft] ,bann beg9s ! difficult desc5t to ! coa/ d[n breakneck m\nta9 /airways r ?an roadways1 ov] brok5 bridges1 & ?r\gh natural ar*es4 ,f]tile1 cultivat$ m\nta9 slopes 7 on e side1 rem9d+ "o ( ! valleys ( ,switz]l&4 ,9 "o di/rict ne> ,suk-el-,khamis ! :ole m\nta9-side = a height ( #f1jjj feet 0 t]rac$ f top to bottom4 ,g5]al ,haig wrote ( ^! t]races3 8,"o c h>dly realize ! enorm\s am\nt ( labor1 toil & p]sev]ance :i* ^! repres5t4 ,! t]rac$ walls are usually f five to eight feet 9 height1 b t[>d ! top ( ! m\nta9 !y are sometimes z mu* z fifte5 or eighte5 feet4 ,!y are built entirely ( r\gh /one1 laid )\t mort>4 ,i reckon on an av]age t ea* wall reta9s a t]race n m ?an twice its own height 9 wid?1 & ,i d n ?9k ,i saw a s+le brea* 9 "o ( !m unrepair$40#bd ,9 ,yem5 !re are two ra9y seasons1 9 spr+ & 9 autumn1 s t !re is g5]ally an abundance ( wat] 9 ! num]\s res]voirs /or$ = irrigation4 ,yet1 despite ! extraord9>y f]tility ( ! soil & ! surpris+ indu/ry ( ! inhabitants1 ! bulk ( ! p are mis]ably poor1 ill-f$ & rudely clo!d1 because !y are cru%$ d[n by a he>tless sy/em ( taxation4 ,e agricultural product1 implem5t & process is "u ! heavy h& ( an oppressive adm9i/ration & a milit>y occupation t kn[s no law4 ,! peasantry are robb$ by ! soldi]s on _! way to m>ket1 by ! cu/om-collector at ! gate ( ea* city1 & by ! tax-ga!r] 9 addition4 ,on ! way to ,sana my soldi]-companion /opp$ a poor peasant :o 0 urg+ on a little donkey load$ ) two l>ge baskets ( grapes2 he empti$ ! be/ ( ! grapes into 8 saddle-bags1 & !n beat ! man & curs$ him because "s ( ! grapes 7 unripe6 ,no wond] we read ( rebellions 9 ,yem51 & no wond] t int5se hatr$ lives 9 e ,arab aga9/ ! v "n ( ,turk4 ,f ,suk-el-,khamis1 a dirty m\nta9 village1#be ) an elevation ( ov] #i1ejj feet1 ! road leads by ,mefak & ,wady ,zaun to ! peculi>ly locat$ village ( ,m5akha4 ,at an altitude ( #g1fjj feet above sea-level1 x is p]*$ on a n>r[ ridge betwe5 two m\nta9 ranges4 ,on ei!r side ( ! "o /reet t =ms ! backbone ( ! summit are precipices #b1jjj feet deep4 ,s n>r[ is ! t[n t !re are places :]e "o c /& & gaze d[n bo? sides ( ! abyss at ! same "t4 ,to rea* x f ! we/ !re is only "o pa? zigzagg+ up ! m\nta9-side1 & f ! ea/ x c only be approa*$ by a n>r[ track cut 9 ! face ( ! precipice & w9d+ up = an asc5t ( #b1ejj feet4 ,m5akha is ! c5tre ( ! c(fee trade2 x has a population ( #aj1jjj or m1 "o-?ird ( :i* are ,jews4 ,!re are f\r ,greek m]*ants1 ! ,turks _h #b1jjj troops g>rison$ 9 ! t[n1 & ! baza>s 7 equal to ^? ( ,taiz4 ,its exact elevation is giv5 by ,defl]1 aft] eighte5 obs]vations1 z #g1faf feet above sea-level4 ,f ,m5akha to ! coa/ is only two long days' j\rney2 ?ree by camel4 ,! fir/ /age is to ,hejjeila1 at ! foot ( ! high ranges1 !nce to ,bajil1 a village ( #b1jjj p1 & along ! b>r51 hot pla9 to ,hodeidah4 ,at ,bajil ! p are ne>ly all %eph]ds1 & ! ma9 indu/ry is dye+ clo? & weav+ /raw4 ,"h "o sees ! curi\s ,yem5 /raw hats worn by ! wom51 & "h also ! peasant-maid5s we> no veils4 ,yet !y are ( pur] he>t & life ?an ! black-cl\t$ & cov]$ wom5 ( ! ,turki% t[ns4 ,hodeidah by ! sea is v l ,jiddah 9 its g5]al appe>ance4 ,! /reets are n>r[1 crook$ & indescribably fil?y4 ,! 8,cas9o0 is a sort ( ,greek hotel = /rang]s1 & ! f9e/ h\se 9 ! city is t ( ,sidi ,a>on1 ne> ! sea1 ) its f9e front & m>ble c\rty>d4 ,! population is ( a v mix$ "*2 ea/ ( ! city 9 a sep>ate qu>t] live ! ,akhdam ,arabs1 ^: orig9 is unc]ta91 b :o are consid]$ outca/s by all ! o!r ,arabs4 ,!y are n all[$ to c>ry arms & no ,arab tribe int]m>ries ) !m4 ,f ,hodeidah !re is a regul> l9e ( small /eam]s to ,ad51 & ! ,egyptian ,r$ ,sea coa/+ /eam]s also call "h =tnightly4 ,! trade ( ,hodeidah 0 once fl\ri%+1 b "h too ,turki% misrule has br\ght deadness & dullness into bus9ess1 & taxation has cru%$ indu/rial ent]prise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,arabian ,,compass4 ,,vii ,,! ,,unexplor$ ,,regions ,,( ,,hadramaut 8,z :5 to !m :o sail ,beyond ! ,cape ( ,hope1 & n[ are pa/ ,mozambic1 (f at sea nor!a/ w9ds bl[ ,sabean odors f ! spicy %ore ,( ,araby ! ble/40--,milton4 ,we mu/ take at lea/ a glimpse ( ! almo/ unkn[n region call$ ,hadramaut4#bf ,?is is a /rip ( t]ritory /ret*+ betwe5 ! great des]t & ! sea f ,ad5 ea/w>d to ,oman4 ,our k ( ! int]ior ( ?is region 0 almo/ a p]fect blank until "s light 0 ?r[n on x by ! ent]pris+ travell] ,a4 ,von ,wr$e 9 #ahdc4 ,! coa/ is comp>atively well kn[n1 at lea/ z f> z ,makalla & ,%ehr4 ,! l& rises f ! coa/ 9 a s]ies ( t]races to ,jebel ,hamra 7#e1bhd feet71 :i* is connect$ on ! nor!a/ ) ,jebel ,dahura1 ov] #h1jjj feet high4 ,adolph ,von ,wr$e sail$ f ,ad5 to ,makalla & !nce p5etrat$ inl& z f> z ,wady ,doan ! mo/ f]tile spot ( all ,s\? ,arabia4 ,?is wady fl[s nor?w>d ?r\gh ! l& ( ! ,bni ,yssa & ! di/rict is bord]$ on ! we/ by ,belad-el-,hasan & on ! ea/ by ,belad-el-,hamum4 ,b h[ f> ?is region ext5ds nor?w>d & :e!r ! s&y des]t ( ,el ,ahkaf 7quicks&s7 really beg9s ) ! ,wady ,rakhia1 a bran* ( ! ,doan are po9ts on :i* ,von ,wr$e ?r[s no light & :i* are /ill unc]ta94 ,9 #ahgj ! ,fr5* ,jew1 ,joseph ,halvy1 made a bold attempt to p5etrate into ,hadramaut f ,yem54 ,s9ce !n little 0 add$ to our k ( ,hadramaut until #ahic :5 ,%ibam1 ! resid5ce ( ! mo/ p[]ful ,sultan ( ,hadramaut 0 visit$ by ,!odore ,b5t & 8 wife4 ,9 #ahig !y made a second j\rney into ! same region :i* co/ ,mr4 ,b5t 8 heal? & aft]w>d 8 life4 ,f ! acc\nt ( ^! j\rneys we quote a few p>agraphs :i* set =? cle>ly ! int]e/+ "* ( ?is almo/ unkn[n c\ntry4#bg 8,imm$iately beh9d ,makalla rise grim arid m\nta9s ( a r$di% hue1 & ! t[n is pla/]$ aga9/ ?is ri*-t+$ backgr\nd4 ,by ! %ore1 l a ligh?\se1 /&s ! :ite m9>et ( ! ,mosque1 ! walls & p9nacles ( :i* are cov]$ ) d5se masses ( seabirds & pigeons2 n f> f ?is ! huge palace :]e ! ,sultan dwells rem9ds "o ( a :itewa%$ mill ) a lace-l p>apet2 :ite1 r$ & br[n are ! dom9ant colors ( ! t[n1 & 9 ! h>bor ! ,arab dh[s ) fanta/ic /]ns rock to & fro 9 ! un/eady sea1 =m+ altoge!r a picturesque & unusual sc5e4 8,nom9ally ,makalla is rul$ ov] by a ,sultan ( ! ,al ,kaiti family1 ^: connection ) ,india has made !m v ,engli% 9 _! sympa?ies1 & 8 ,maje/y's g5]al appe>ance1 ) 8 velvet coat & jewell$ dagg]s1 is f> m ,indian ?an ,arabian4 ,really ! mo/ influ5tial p 9 ! t[n are ! money-grubb+ ,p>sees f ,bombay1 & x is ess5tially "o ( ^? comm]cial c5tres :]e ,h9du/ani is spok5 ne>ly z mu* z ,arabian4 ,we 7 lodg$ 9 a s-call$ palace h>d by ! baza>1 :i* reek$ ) my/]i\s smells & 0 alive ) flies2 s we work$ h>d to get our prep>ations made & to make our soj\rn 9 ?is uncong5ial burn+ spot z %ort z possible4444 8,leav+ ^! villages beh9d u1 we climb$ rapidly high] & high]1 until1 at an elevation ( ov] #e1jjj feet1 we f\nd ourselves at la/ on a broad level plateau1 /ret*+ z f> z ! eye c\ld rea* 9 e direction1 & %utt+ (f ! ,hadramaut f ! coa/4 ,?is is ! #8mons excelsus' ( ,pl9y2 "h we h ! va/ area :]e once fl\ri%$ ! frank9c5se & ! myrrh4 ,( ! latt] %rub !re is pl5ty left1 & x is /ill tapp$ = its odorif]\s sap2 b ( ! =m] we only saw "o specim5 on ! plateau1 = 9 ! lapse ( ages ! weal? ( ?is c\ntry has /eadily disappe>$2 fur!r ea/1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,mahra c\ntry1 !re is1 ,i und]/&1 a consid]able quantity left4 8,ne> ,haj>e9 are _m traces ( ! old5 days :5 ! frank9c5se trade fl\ri%$1 & :5 ! t[n ( ,doani1 :i* "n is /ill reta9$ 9 ! ,wady ,doan1 0 a great emporium = ?is trade4 ,acres & acres ( ru9s1 dat+ f ! c5turies imm$iately be=e our era1 lie /ret*$ along ! valley "h1 j %[+ _! heads above ! weight ( sup]9cumb5t s& :i* has invad$ & ov]:elm$ ! pa/ glories ( ?is di/rict4 ,! gr\nd lies /rewn ) fragm5ts ( ,himy>itic inscriptions1 pott]y1 & o!r indications ( a ri* h>ve/ = ! excavator1 b ! ho/ility ( ! ,nahad tribe prev5t$ u f pay+ ^! ru9s m ?an a cursory visit1 & ev5 to secure ?is we _h to pay ! ,%eikh ( ! place n9ete5 doll>s2 & 8 greet+ 0 om9\s z he angrily mutt]$1 #8,salaam to all :o believe ,mohamm$ is ! true prophet4' 8,at ,assab !y w\ld n all[ u to dip our vessels 9 _! well1 nor take our repa/ "u ! %ad[ ( _! ,mosque3 ev5 ! wom5 ( ?is village v5tur$ to insult u1 peep+ into our t5t at night1 & tumbl+ ov] ! guys 9 a mann] mo/ aggravat+ to ! we>y occupants4 8,our tr\bles on ?is score 7 happily t]m9at$ at ,haura1 :]e a huge ca/le belong+ to ! ,al ,kaiti family dom9ates a humble village surr\nd$ by palm groves4 ,)\t photographs to be> out my /atem5t1 ,i %\ld h>dly d>e to describe ! magnific5ce ( ^! ca/les 9 ! ,hadramaut4 ,t at ,haura is sev5 /ories high1 & cov]s fully an acre ( gr\nd b5ea? ! beetl+ cliff1 ) battlem5ts1 t[]s1 & ma*icolations be>+ a /rik+ lik5ess to ,holyrood4 ,b ,holyrood is built ( /one1 & ,haura1 save = ! fir/ /ory1 is built ( sun-dri$ bricks2 & if ,haura /ood :]e ,holyrood does1 or 9 any o!r c\ntry save dry1 arid ,arabia1 x w\ld long ago h melt$ away4444 8,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ^! ,arabian palaces is ! wood-c>v+4 ,! doors are exquisitely decorat$ ) intricate patt]ns1 & ) a text out ( ! ,koran c>v$ on ! l9tel2 ! locks & keys are all ( wood1 & =m a /udy = ! c>v]'s art1 z d ! cupbo>ds1 ! ni*es1 ! support+ beams & ! w9d[s1 :i* are adorn$ ) fretwork in/ead ( glass4 ,! dwell+-rooms are above1 ! gr\nd floor be+ exclusively us$ = m]*&ise1 & ! fir/ floor = ! dome/ics40 ,conc]n+ ! *ief t[n ( ! int]ior ( ,hadramaut ,mr4 ,b5t writes z foll[s3 8,!n he s5t u to reside = five m days 9 8 capital ( ,%ibam1 :i* is twelve miles di/ant f ,al ,katan1 & is "o ( ! pr9cipal t[ns 9 ! ,hadramaut valley4 ,x is built on ris+ gr\nd 9 ! c5tre ( ! n>r[e/ po9t ( ! valley1 s t no "o c pass betwe5 x & ! cliffs ( ! valley out ( gun%ot ( ! walls4 ,?is ris+ gr\nd has d\btless be5 produc$ by _m g5]ations ( t[ns built ( sun-dri$ bricks1 = x is ! be/ /rategical po9t 9 ! neighborhood4 ,e>ly ,arab writ]s tell u t ! ,himy>ite population ( ?is di/rict came "h :5 !y ab&on$ _! capital at ,sabota1 or ,%abwa1 fur!r up ! valley1 e>ly 9 our era1 b we f\nd evid5t traces ( an e>li] occupation ?an ?is--an inscription & a seal ) ! "n #8,%ibam' engrav$ on x1 :i* _c be lat] ?an ! ?ird c5tury1 ,b4,c4 ,& z a po9t = mak+ up ! c>avans :i* />t$ f ! frank9c5se-gr[+ di/rict1 ,%ibam mu/ always h be5 v important4 8,! t[n ( ,%ibam (f]s a curi\s appe>ance z y approa*2 above its mud-brick walls ) ba/ions & wat* t[]s appe> ! tall :itewa%$ h\ses ( ! weal?y1 :i* make x look l a l>ge r\nd cake ) sug> on x4 ,outside ! walls sev]al indu/ries are c>ri$ on1 ! *ief ( :i* is ! manufacture ( indigo dye4 ,! small leaves are dri$ 9 ! sun & p[d]$ & !n put into huge j>s--:i* rem9d$ u ( ! ,=ty ,?ieves--fill$ ) wat]4 ,next morn+ ^! are /irr$ ) long poles1 produc+ a d>k blue fro?y mixture2 ?is is left to settle1 & !n ! indigo is tak5 f ! bottom & spread out on clo?s to dra92 ! sub/ance ?us procur$ is tak5 home & mix$ ) dates & saltpetre4 ,f\r p\nds ( ?is indigo to a gallon ( wat] makes ! requisite & univ]sally us$ dye = g>m5ts1 ! bett] class ( :i* are cal5d]$ by beat+ !m ) wood5 hamm]s on /ones40 ,( ! coa/ t[n ( ,%ehr & its rul] ,mr4 ,b5t says3 8,%ehr is a dete/able place by ! sea1 set 9 a wild]ness ( s&4 ,once x 0 ! *ief comm]cial port ( ! ,hadramaut valley1 b n[ ,makalla has q sup]s$$ x1 = ,%ehr is no?+ b an op5 road/ead & its build+s are n[ fall+ into ru9s4 ,ghalib1 ! elde/ son & heir ( ! *ief ( ! ,al ,kaiti family1 rules "h z ! vic]eg5t ( 8 fa!r1 :o is 9 ,india z jemad> or g5]al ( ! ,arab troops1 *iefly all ,hadrami1 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,nizam ( ,hyd]abad4 ,ghalib is q an ,ori5tal d&y1 :o liv$ a life ( "s rapidity :5 9 ,india1 s t 8 fa!r ?\ght x z well to s5d him to rule 9 ,%ehr1 :]e ! capabilities = mis*ief are n s _m z at ,bombay4 ,he dresses v well 9 v>i\s damask silk coats & faultless tr\s]s2 8 swords & dagg]s sp>kle ) jewels2 9 8 h& he fl\ri%es a gold5-head$ cane2 &1 z ! wat] is h>d at ,%ehr1 he s5ds 8 dirty l95 9 dh[s to ,bombay to be wa%$40 ,! ,arabs ( ,hadramaut h be5 /ill m 9 contact ) ,java ?an ) ,india4 ,l>ge colonies ( ,hadramis emigrat$ to ! ,dut* ,ar*ipelago m ?an a c5tury ago2 int]m>riage betwe5 ! ,javanese & ! ,arabs is v common2 & ! ,mohamm$anism ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies is entirely ( ! ,hadramaut type4 ,^! int]e/+ facts 7 fir/ b\ght to light by ,van d5 ,b]g1 a ,dut* s*ol> 9 8 elaborate "w on ?is prov9ce ( ,arabia & ! ,arab colonies 9 ,java4#bh ,8 acc\nt ( ,hadramaut is a compilation f ! lips ( ! ,arab immigrants1 b ! description ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! p & _! religi\s peculi>ities is f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,altoge!r1 9 spite ( m9or geographical inaccuracies1 ! book is ! be/ s+le volume on ,s\!rn ,arabia & tells ! /ory ( ,islam 9 ! ,dut* ,ar*ipelago z x is to-day4 ,! ,arabs h always be5 a /rong race at coloniz+ b x is well to note t ! influ5ce ( ,hadramaut on ,java & ,sumatra to-day is n less ?an t ( ,oman on ,zanzib> & ,ea/ ,africa 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,ev5 ,hadramaut w n always rema9 undiscov]$ & unrememb]$4 ,! inc5se-c\ntry ( antiquity has a future be=e x ev5 z x has _h a glori\s pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,ca/le ,,9 ,,hadramaut ,,viii ,,muscat ,,& ,,! ,,coa/l&s ,,( ,,oman 8,oman is sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ,arabia by a s&y des]t4 ,x is1 9 fact1 z f> z communication ) ! re/ ( ! _w is conc]n$1 an isl& ) ! sea on "o side & ! des]t on ! o!r4 ,h5ce its p are ev5 m primitive1 simple & un*ang$ 9 _! habits ?an ! ,arabs g5]ally4 ,along ! coa/1 h[ev]1 especially at ,muscat !y are m 9 contact ) ! out] _w40--,g5]al ,haig4 ,9 ,arab nom5clature ,oman applies only to a small di/rict 9 ! vic9ity ( ,muscat1 b ! "n is g5]ally giv5 to ! entire s\!a/]n section ( ! ,arabian p59sula1 includ+ ev]y?+ ea/ ( a l9e drawn f ! ,kuria-,muria isl&s to ! p59sula ( ,kat>1 anci5tly call$ ,bahre94 ,?us def9$ x is ! l>ge/ prov9ce ( ,arabia & 9 "s respects ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,hi/orically1 politically & geographically ,oman has always be5 isolat$ f ! o!r prov9ces4 ,turki% rule nev] ext5d$ ?is f> nor did ! lat] caliphs long ex]cise _! au?ority "h4 ,! :ole c\ntry has = c5turies be5 "u indep5d5t rul]s call$ ,imams or ,seyyids4 ,! population1 :i* is :olly ,arab & ,mohamm$an1 7save 9 ! coa/ t[ns7 0 d]iv$ orig9ally f two diff]5t /ocks kn[n to ! ,arabs z ,kahtani & ,adnani or ! ,yem5i & ,muadi4 ,^! names h *ang$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury to ,h9ani & ,ghaffiri4 ,! ,yem5 tribes came fir/ & are mo/ num]\s4 ,! two rival races h be5 9 op5 & cont9u\s feud & antagonism & h kept ! c\ntry 9 p]petual turmoil4 ,!y ev5 inhabit sep>ate qu>t]s 9 "s ( ! t[ns1 accord+ to ,colonel ,miles4 ,9 ,somail1 ab\t fifty miles inl& f ,muscat a broad road m>ks ! division betwe5 ! two clans4 ,^! two p>5t /ocks are subdivid$ into "s #bjj diff]5t tribes & ^! aga9 into sub-tribes or 8h\ses40 ,ea* family-gr\p has its own ,%eikh1 a h]$it>y position assum$ by ! elde/ male 9 ! family4 ,v few ( ! tribes ( ,oman are nomadic2 ! great] "p live 9 t[ns & villages along ! wady-b$s4 ,) ! exception ( fruits ( :i* !re is a great v>iety & abundance1 dates are ! sole food product & ! *ief export ( ! prov9ce4 ,rice is import$ f ,india4 ,! total population ( ,oman is e/imat$ by ,colonel ,miles n to exce$ #a1ejj1jjj4 ,!re are num]\s t[ns ( #e1jjj to #aj1jjj inhabitants2 ,muscat & ,mattra are ! *ief t[ns on ! coa/1 & are practically unit$ z !y are only two miles ap>t4 ,! climate ( ,oman on ! coa/ is excessively hot & moi/ dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! ye>1 al?\gh ! ra9fall "h is only six to t5 in*es annually2 9 ! int]ior ! heat is greatly temp]$ by ! elevation1 ! ra9fall is mu* great] & ! climate z pleasant z 9 ! highl&s ( ,yem54 ,! ,omanese /ate 0 at its greate/ height ( p[] at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,!n ! ,sultans ( ,muscat ex]cis$ rule z f> z ,bahre9 to ! nor?we/1 _h possession ( ,bund] ,abbas & ,l+a 9 ,p]sia1 & call$ ,socotra & ,zanzib> _! own4 ,at ?is "t ! ,oman ,arabs began _! ext5sive j\rneys 9 ,africa &1 urg$ by ! enorm\s pr(its ( ! slave-trade1 explor$ e corn] ( ! great int]ior ( ! ,d>k ,cont95t4 ,at pres5t ! au?ority ( ! ,sultan at ,muscat1 ,seyyid ,feysul b9 ,turki1 does n ext5d f> beyond ! capital & its suburbs4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,oman ,sultanate1 ,nizwa 0 ! capital1 aft]w>d ,ra/ak became ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 b s9ce #aggi1 ,muscat has be5 at once ! capital & ! key1 ! gateway & ! citadel ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,on approa*+ ,muscat 9 a ,briti% ,india /eam]1 ! l& is fir/ sight$1 loom+ up 9 "o mass ( d>k m\nta9 ranges2 clos]1 "o portion ( ?is mass directly ov] ! t[n ( ,muscat is se5 to be ( a d>k br[n color1 crag on crag1 s]rat$ & torn 9 a fanta/ic mann] & giv+ ! h>bor a mo/ picturesque appe>ance4 ,! t[n itself %[s :ite aga9/ ! d>k massive rocks1 on ! summits ( :i* are p]*$ num]\s ca/les & t[]s4 ,b1 ?\gh pres5t+ a pleas+ prospect f a di/ance1 a ne>] view reveals ! usual features ( l>ge ,ori5tal t[ns1--n>r[1 dirty /reets1 unattractive build+s1 & masses ( crumbl+ walls "u ! torrid heat ( a burn+ sun & amid all ! swelt]+ surr\nd+s ( a damp climate4 ,! heat ( ,muscat is prov]bial4 ,john ,/ruys1 ! ,dut*man1 :o visit$ ?is t[n 9 #afgb1 wrote t x 0 8s incr$ibly hot & scor*+ t /rang]s are z if !y 7 9 boil+ cauldrons or sweat+ tubs40 ,a ,p]sian1 nam$ ,abd]-,razak1 be+ a ,p]sian1 0 able to surpass all o!rs 9 exagg]at$ description & wrote ( ,muscat 9 #addb1 8,! heat 0 s int5se t x burn$ ! m>r[ 9 ! bones1 ! sword 9 its scabb>d melt$ l wax1 & ! gems t adorn$ ! h&le ( ! dagg] 7 r$uc$ to coal4 ,9 ! pla9s ! *ase became a matt] ( p]fect ease1 = ! des]t 0 fill$ ) roa/$ gazelles60 ,x is said t a black bulb !rmomet] has regi/]$ #ahi ,f4 9 ! sun at ,muscat & #ajg ev5 at night1 is n unusual dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! ye>4 ,! b>e rocks =m a p>abolic mirror to ! sun's rays f ! s\? & we/2 add to ?is ! facts t ! hills %ut (f ! breezes & t ,muscat lies on ! ,tropic ( ,canc] 9 ! zone ( greate/ heat4 ,accord+ to ! witness ( a resid5t1 8! climate ( ,muscat is bad beyond all description4 ,= ab\t ?ree mon?s 9 ! ye>1 f ,decemb] to ,m>*1 x is tol]ably cool at night b aft] ! latt] mon? ! heat becomes int5se & makes ,muscat rank b little aft] ! ,inf]nal ,regions4 ,!re is a %ort break 9 ! hot wea!r ab\t ! middle ( ,july :i* g5]ally la/s a mon?40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,h>bor ,,& ,,ca/le ,,at ,,muscat ,illu/ration3 ,,ready ,,= ,a ,,camel ,,ride ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t ,! mo/ conspicu\s build+s ( ,muscat are ! two =ts1 ! relics ( ! ,portuguese dom9ion1 :i* /& out boldly on ea* side ( ! t[n ab\t #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,!y comm& n only ! sea-approa*1 b ! t[n itself & are only accessible by a f9e /airway cut out ( ! natural rock4 ,! guns t bri/le f ! =ts are ne>ly all old & comp>atively h>mless4 ,sev]al ( !m are ( brass & be> ! royal arms ( ,spa92 "o is dat$ #afjf4 ,9 ! =t to ! "r ( ! h>bor1 "o c /ill see ! ru9s ( a ,portuguese *apel4 ,:5 ,pelly visit$ x 9 #ahfe ! foll[+ inscription 0 legible4 ,,ave ,,m>4 ,,grasa ,p4,,ea s ,,tecum ,etc4444 ,its translation giv5 by him reads3 8,hail ,m>y full ( grace1 ! ,"l is ) !e4 ,don ,phillip ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,spa91 ,don ,juan de ,acuna ( 8 c\ncil ( w> & 8 capta9-g5]al ( ! artill]y 9 ! ye> #afje1 9 ! eigh? ye> ( 8 reign 9 ! cr[n ( ,portugal1 ord]$ ?r\gh ,don ,qu>te ,m5ezes1 8 commission] ( ,india1 t ?is =tress %\ld be built40 ,! ,sultan has also a t[n resid5ce 9 half decay l all ! o!r /one-built b mud-cem5t$ h\ses ( ! natives4 ,! only resid5ces well-built & durable are ^? ( ! ,briti% resid5t & ! ,am]ican consul4 ,! =m] occupies ! *oice location1 9 a rock cleft1 :]e breezes bl[ f two directions4 ,! baza> ( ,muscat has little to boa/ (2 "o ( ! *ief indu/ries is ! manufacture ( ,hilawi or ,muscat c&y-pa/e1 :i* to ! acquir$ ta/e is delici\s1 b to ! /rang] smells ( rancid butt] & ta/es l sweet wagon-grease4 ,! t[n is cut (f f ! pla9 beh9d by a sub/antially built wall :i* /ret*es f hill to hill4 ,?is wall is pi]c$ ) two gates :i* are always gu>d$ & clos$ a c\ple ( h\rs aft] sunset4 ,! moat outside ! wall is dry4 ,beyond x are h\ses & hundr$s ( mat huts pr9cipally inhabit$ by ,belu*is & ,negroes4 ,! ,am]ican mission h\se is also outside ( ! wall1 9 ?is qu>t]4 ,ab\t a ?ird ( a mile beyond are ! g>d5s ( ,muscat & ! wells1 protect$ by a t[] & gu>d4 8,! g>d5s0 are always visit$ at sunset by ! /roll]s = ex]cise1 b !y are h>dly l>ge en\gh 8to supply a week's food = #ajj self-respect+ locu/s ( normal appetite40 ,! population ( ,muscat is ( v mix$ "*1 ,arabs1 ,belu*is1 ,banian-,trad]s1 ,negroes1 ,p]sians1 & e o!r nation t frequ5ts ?is port ( transit4 ,! ,arabic spok5 9 all ,oman is a dialect q diff]5t f t ( ,nejd or ,yem5 b ! ,arabic ( ,muscat is full ( pigeon-,engli% & pigeon-,h9du/ani4 ,! ext5sive & long int]c\rse ) ,zanzib> & ,ea/ ,africa has also _h its influ5ce on ! spee* & habits ( ! ,muscat ,arab trad]4 ,! pres5t trade is /ill v consid]able1 al?\gh less ?an a c5tury ago4 ,x is mo/ly ) ,india1 !re be+ little direct trade ) ,engl&4 ,! *ief exports are dates1 fruit1 %>k-f9s1 fi%1 & salt2 ! imports1 rice1 sug>1 piece-goods1 c(fee1 silk1 petroleum & arms4 ,! l>ge/ export is ( dates :i* ne>ly all g to ! ,am]ican ,m>ket4 ,besides ! l>ge numb] ( /eam]s :i* call at ?is port1 ! native m]*ants own sev]al old ,briti% sail+ vessels1 "s ( !m not$ clipp]s 9 _! day1 :i* make "o or two voyages a ye> & br+ pr(it to _! own]s4 ,native boats also transport c>goes l&$ at ,muscat1 to ! less frequ5t$ ports4 ,?is adds to ! importance ( ,muscat z an entrept = ,oman4 ,mattra is ! t]m9us ( ! c>avan-r\tes f ! int]ior & is 9 communication ) ,muscat by a n>r[ m\nta9 pa? & by sea4 ,! s-call$ ,pirate coa/ /ret*es along ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,oman on ! ,p]sian ,gulf f ,el ,kat> to ,ras ,mus5dum & 01 ev5 z e>ly z ,ptolemy's day1 inhabit$ by wild1 lawless ,arabs4 ,on 8 map ( ,arabia !y are nam$ ,i*?iophagoi1 or fi%-eat]s4 ,niebuhr wrote ( ?is "p ( ,oman1 8,fi%es are s pl5tiful ^u ! coa/ & s easily caught1 z to be us$ n only = fe$+ c[s1 asses1 & o!r dome/ic animals1 b ev5 z manure = ! fields40 ,sir ,john ,malcolm1 9 8 qua9t sket*es ( ,p]sia wrote =ty ye>s ago3 8,i ask$ :o 7 ! inhabitants ( ! b>r5 %ore ( ,arabia t we saw4 ,he answ]$ ) app>5t al>m1 #8!y are ( ! sect ( ,wahabees & are call$ ,j[asimee4 ,b ,god pres]ve u f !m1 = !y are mon/]s4 ,_! occupation is piracy1 & _! delight murd]1 & to make x worse !y give y ! mo/ pi\s reasons = e villa9y !y commit4 ,!y abide by ! lett] ( ! sacr$ volume1 reject+ all comm5t>ies & traditions4 ,if y are _! captive & (f] all to save y\r life !y say1 ,no6 ,x is writt5 9 ! ,koran t x is n lawful to plund] ! liv+2 b we are n prohibit$ f /ripp+ ! dead--s say+ !y knock y on ! head4'0 ,?anks to ,engli% comm]ce & gunboats ^! fanatic ,wahabis h become m tame1 & mo/ ( !m h long giv5 up piracy & turn$ to pe>l-div+ = a livelihood4 ,h9du trad]s h settl$ among !m1 =eign comm]ce rea*es _! baza>s1 & ! black t5t is mak+ room = ! ?ree or f\r important t[ns ( ,dabai1 ,%>ka1 ,abu ,?ubi & ,ras-el-,kheima1 ) gr[+ population & increas+ weal?4 ,! cape ( ,mus5dum & ! l& back ( x1 call$ ,ras-el-,jebel is v m\nta9\s1 b beyond ,ras-el-,kheima1 ! coa/ is l[ & flat all ! way up ! gulf4 ,! villages are all built ne> ! entrance ( salt-wat] creeks or m>%es1 :i* s]ve z h>bors at high-tide4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! coa/ is unf]tile1 b ne> ,%>ka !re are palm-groves1 & fur!r inl& are oases4 ,! isl&s (f ?is coa/ are mo/ ( !m un9habit$4 ,! ,bat9a coa/ is ! exception to all ! m>itime pla9s t surr\nd s l>ge a "p ( ! p59sula2 9 we/]n & ea/]n ,arabia ^! l[ s&y pla9s are ne>ly b>r5 ( all vegetation1 b "h ext5sive date plantations & g>d5s ext5d almo/ to ! v ocean bea*4 ,back ( ! ris+ pla9 are ! l(ty ranges ( ,jebel ,akhd>4 ,?is f]tile coa/ beg9s at ,sib1 ab\t tw5ty-five miles f ,muscat1 & ext5ds = #aej miles to ! neighborhood ( ,khor ,kalba ) an av]age wid? ( ab\t twelve miles4 ,x has _m t[ns & villages2 ! pr9cipal ones are ! foll[+4 ,sib is a scatt]$ t[n *iefly built ( mat-huts ) two small deta*$ =ts4 ,x has a v small baza>1 b ext5sive date-groves & g>d5s4 ,back ( ,sib on ! way up ! coa/ "o sees ! great bluff ( ,jebel ,akhd>1 #i1ijj feet high1 & visible ov] #ajj miles out at sea4 ,b>ka has a l(ty ,arab =tress1 b = ! re/ mat-huts among date-plantations *>act]ize its g5]al appe>ance4 ,l>ge quantities ( %ell fi% are collect$ & s5t inl&2 ! baza> is good & "s ,banian trad]s are settl$ "h4 ,pass+ sev]al isl&s ! next t[n is ,suaik4 ,aft] x ! l>g] t[n ( ,soh>1 ) p]haps #d1jjj p4 ,?is t[n is wall$ ) a high =t 9 ! middle1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,%eikh4 ,a high conical peak1 ( light color1 rises conspicu\sly ab\t twelve miles we/ ( ! t[n1 & ) ! surr\nd+ date g>d5s & o!r trees makes a pretty picture1 altoge!r m gre5 ?an "o w\ld expect on ,arabian coa/s4 ,beyond ,soh> ! *ief villages are1 9 ord]1 ,%9as1 ,al ,fujaira1 ,dibba4 ,! two latt] are already beyond ! ,bat9a & are betwe5 ! high cliffs & ! deep sea4 ,go+ f s\!a/ ,muscat d[n ! coa/ t[>d ,ras-el-,_h we fir/ pass ! little village ( ,sudab & ,bund] ,jissa4 ,! latt] is ( int]e/ z ! place ! ,fr5* 7 try+ to acquire = a coal+-/ation f ! ,sultan ( ,muscat la/ ye>4 ,x has a good an*orage1 is only five miles f ,muscat1 & an isl& precipice1 #adj feet high1 gu>ds ! entrance4 ,aft] ?is1 ,k>yat1 ,taiwa1 ,kalhat & small] villages pass$1 we rea* ,sur4 ,?is l>ge1 d\ble t[n is situat$ on a khor or backwat]1 ) two =ts to ! we/w>d4 ,! inhabitants1 numb]+ p]haps #h1jjj1 consi/ ( two clans ( ! ,bni ,bu ,ali & ! ,bni ,janaba1 (t5 at feud ) ea* o!r4 ,! c\ntry inl& is p>tly cultivat$ & date groves ab\nd4 ,sur has always be5 a place ( trade & ent]prise & its buggal[s visit ,india1 ,zanzib> & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! p are all bold sailors s9ce _m g5]ations4 ,b ,sur also has ! un5viable reputation ( be+ ev5 n[ ! c5tre ( illicit slave-trad+4 ,beyond ,sur is ! headl& ( ,jebel ,saffan & ,ras-el-,_h1 ! ea/]nmo/ po9t ( ,arabia1 almo/ rea*+ ! sixtie? degree ( longitude4 ,= a k ( ! coa/ beyond ,ras-el-,_h we are indebt$ to ! pap]s ( ,assi/ant ,surgeon ,h4,j4 ,c>t] 9 ! j\rnal ( ! ,bombay bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4#bi ,! two great ,arab tribes t dwell on ?is coa/ are ! ,mahrah & ! ,gh>ah2 ! =m] really belong to ,hadramaut1 b ! b\nd>ies drawn on ! maps are purely artificial & h no significance4 ,nei!r tribe is dep5d5t on ! ,oman ,sultan or ackn[l$ges any allegiance to him4 ,! ,mahrah are desc5d$ f ! anci5t ,himy>ites & occupy a coa/-l9e ( ne>ly #adj miles f ,saihut to ,ras ,morbat2 _! *ief t[n is ,damkut 7,dunkot7 on ,kam> bay4 ,9 /ature ! ,mahrahs are small] ?an mo/ ,arabs1 & by no means h&some2 9 _! peculi> mode ( ,b$\9 salutation !y put _! noses side by side & brea! s(tly6 ,!y subsi/ by fi%+ & are mis]ably poor2 _! pla9s1 m\nta9s & valleys1 except close to ,damkut1 are s&y & b>r54 ,religion !y h sc>cely any1 & ,c>t] says t !y d n ev5 "k ! ,moslem pray]s1 & are utt]ly ignorant ( ! tea*+s ( ,mohamm$4 ,_! dialect is s(t & sweet1 & !y !mselves comp>e x to ! language ( ! birds2 x is evid5tly a corrupt$ =m ( ! anci5t ,himy>ic & !re=e ( great importance 9 ! /udy ( philology4#cj ,! ,gh>ah tribe inhabit ! coa/ betwe5 ,moseirah isl& & ! ,kuria-,muria isl&s4 ,_! c\ntry is m\nta9\s & cav]n\s & consi/s ( a :ite /ratifi$ lime/one =mation #d1jjj or #e1jjj feet above ! sea-level4 ,! upp] "p ( ! m\nta9s are cov]$ ) good pa/urage & _! slopes ) a d5se ?icket ( small trees among :i* frank9c5se & o!r gum trees are pl5tiful4 ,! :ole tribe are troglodytes1 8cave-dwell]s10 s9ce nature gives !m bett] dwell+s ?an ! be/ mud-hut1 & cool] ?an ! l>ge/ t5t ( ,k$>4 ,!y are l>gely nomadic1 h[ev]1 & %ift f cave to cave 9 _! w&]+s4 ,_! w>drobe is n an incumbrance z x consi/s ( a s+le piece ( co>se blue cotton wrapp$ ar\nd ! lo9s l a %ort kilt4 ,! wom5 we> a loose frock ( ! same texture & color ) wide sleeves1 rea*+ a little bel[ ! knee 9 front & trail+ on ! gr\nd beh9d2 ! veil is unkn[n4 ,*ildr5 g ab\t entirely nak$4 ,bo? m5 & wom5 tattoo _! *eeks4 ,= weapons !y h swords1 spe>s1 dagg]s1 & mat*locks4 ,_! food consi/s ( milk1 fle% & honey ) ! wild fruits ( ! m\nta9s4 ,?is entire region has be5 ju/ly celebrat$ = honey s9ce ! days ( ! ,greek geograph]s :o enum]ate honey & frank9c5se z its *ief products4 ,! wild honey ( ,s\? ,arabia collect$ f ! rocks & pack$ 9 l>ge dry g\rds1 is fit = an epicure4 ,on ,ptolemy's map ( ,arabia ! region inl& f ?is coa/ is call$ ,libanotoph]os ,regio1 ! place ( inc5se2 & by ,pl9y is t]m$ regio ?urif]a1 ! region ( frank9c5se4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ?is has be5 ! c\ntry t produces real frank9c5se 9 abundance4 ,once its export 0 a s\rce ( weal? to ! inhabitants1 = inc5se 0 us$ 9 ! temples ( ,egypt & ,india z well z by ! ,jews1 & by all ! nations ( antiquity4 ,s important 0 ?is comm]ce 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! _w t ,spr5g] devotes sev]al pages 9 8 ,anci5t ,geography ( ,arabia to describ+ ! orig91 ext5t1 & influ5ce ( frank9c5se on civilization4 ,! ,arabs 7 !n ! g5]al transport ag5ts betwe5 ! ea/ & ! we/1 i4e41 ,india & ,egypt4 ,! ,que5 ( ,%eba's empire grew ri* 9 frank9c5se-trade2 %e br\ght to ,solomon 8spices 9 abundance10 nor 0 !re 8any su* spice0 or br\ght 9 8su* abundance0 z t :i* ,que5 ,%eba gave to ,solomon4 7,b4,c4 cir4 #iib47 ,! rise ( ,islam1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! old ,himy>ite k+dom1 ! discov]y ( ! passage r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 all ^! cop]at$ to de/roy ! anci5t importance & prosp]ity ( ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,at pres5t1 frank9c5se is /ill export$1 b n 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! gum is procur$ by mak+ incisions 9 ! b>k ( ! %rub 9 ,may & ,decemb]4 ,on its fir/ appe>ance x comes =? :ite z milk1 b soon h>d5s & discolors4 ,x is !n collect$ by m5 & boys1 employ$ to look aft] ! trees by ! diff]5t families :o own ! l& on :i* !y gr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,bran* ,,( ,,! ,,inc5se ,,tree4 ,,ix ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,! ,,camel 8,to see real live drom$>ies my read]s mu/1 ,i fe>1 come to ,arabia1 = ^! animals are n (t5 to be met ) else:]e1 n ev5 9 ,syria2 & :oev] wi%es to contemplate ! species 9 all its beauty1 mu/ prolong 8 j\rney to ,oman1 :i* is = drom$>ies1 :at ,nejd is = horses1 ,ca%m]e = %eep1 & ,tibet = bulldogs40--,palgrave4 ,all ,oman1 b especially ! region j describ$1 is call$ among ! ,arabs ,um-el-ibl1 8"m ( ! camel40 ,palgrave1 ,d\ghty & o!r ,arabian travell]s agree t ! ,oman drom$>y is ! pr9ce ( all camel-bre$s1 & ,d\ghty says !y are s highly e/eem$ at ,mecca z to fet* ?ree times ! price ( o!r camels4 ,unless "o kn[s some?+ ab\t ! camel "o c nei!r und]/& ! ,arab nor 8 language2 )\t ! camel1 life 9 a l>ge "p ( ,arabia w\ld at pres5t be impossible2 )\t ! camel ! ,arabic language w\ld be va/ly diff]5t4 ,accord+ to ,hamm] ,purg/all1 ! ,arabic diction>ies give ?is animal #e1gdd diff]5t names2 !re is n a page 9 ! lexicon b has "s ref]5ce to ! camel4 ,! ,arabs highly value ! camel1 b d n admire its =m & %ape4 ,!re is an ,arab tradition1 cit$ 9 ,burton's 8,gold ,m9es ( ,midian10 to ! effect t :5 ,allah det]m9$ to create ! horse1 ,he call$ ! ,s\? ,w9d & said1 8,i desire to draw f !e a new be+1 cond5se ?yself by p>t+ ) ?y fluidity40 ,! ,creator !n took a h&ful ( ?is elem5t1 blew ^u x ! brea? ( life1 & ! noble quadrup$ appe>$4 ,b ! horse compla9$ aga9/ 8 ,mak]4 ,8 neck 0 too %ort to rea* ! di/ant grass blades on ! m>*2 8 back _h no hump to /eady a saddle2 8 ho(s 7 %>p & sank deep into ! s&2 & he add$ _m simil> grievances4 ,:]eupon ,allah creat$ ! camel to prove ! fooli%ness ( 8 compla9t4 ,! horse %udd]$ at ! sight ( :at he want$ to become1 & ?is is ! reason e horse />ts :5 meet+ its c>icature = ! fir/ "t4 ,! camel may n be beautiful1 7al?\gh ! ,arabic lexicon %[s t ! words = 8pretty0 & 8camel0 are relat$7 b he is surpass+ly useful4 ,?is animal is f\nd 9 ,p]sia1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,afghani/an1 ,belu*i/an1 ,mongolia1 ,we/]n ,*9a1 ,nor!rn ,india1 ,syria1 ,turkey1 ,nor? ,africa & p>ts ( ,spa91 b n[h]e s g5]ally or s f9ely develop$ z 9 ,arabia4 ,! two ma9 species1 n to speak ( v>ieties1 are ! ,s\!rn1 ,arabian "o-hump$ camel & ! ,nor!rn1 ,bactrian two-hump$ camel4 ,ea* is specially adapt$ to its locality4 ,! ,bactrian camel is long-hair$1 tol]ant ( ! int5se cold ( ! /eppes & is said to eat sn[ :5 ?ir/y4 ,! ,arabian species is %ort-hair$1 intol]ant ( cold1 b able to endure ?ir/ & extreme heat4 ,x is incr$ible to ,arabs t any camel-k9d %\ld h a d\ble hump4 ,a camel diff]s f a drom$>y 9 no?+ save blood & bre$4 ,! camel is a pack-horse2 ! drom$>y a race-horse4 ,! camel is ?ick-built1 heavy-foot$1 unga9ly1 jolt+2 ! drom$>y has f9] hair1 light] /ep1 is easy ( pace & m endur+ ( ?ir/4 ,a c>avan ( camels is a freight-tra92 a company ( ,oman !lul-rid]s is a limit$ express4 ,! ord9>y c>avan travels six h\rs a day & ?ree miles an h\r1 b a good drom$>y c run sev5ty miles a day on ! /ret*4 ,a tradesman f ,aneyza told ,d\ghty t he _h ridd5 f ,el ,kasim to ,taif & back1 a di/ance ( ov] #gjj miles1 9 fifte5 days6 ,mehsan ,allayda once m\nt$ 8 drom$>y aft] ! ,friday midday pray] at ,el-,aly & pray$ ! next ,friday 9 ! great ,mosque at ,damascus ab\t #ddj miles di/ant4 ,! ,haj-road po/-rid] at ,ma'an c deliv] a message at ,damascus1 x is said1 at ! end ( ?ree days2 ! di/ance is ov] #bjj miles4 ,! ,arabs h a say+ t 8! camel is ! greate/ ( all bless+s giv5 by ,allah to mank9d40 ,"o is n surpris$ t ! m$itative y\? ( ,mecca :o l$ ! camels ( ,khadiyah1 to ,syria & back by ! des]t way1 %\ld appeal to ! unbeliev]s 9 ,allah & ,8 prophet 9 ! words1 8,& d ye n look !n at ! camel h[ %e is creat$80 7,surah lxxxviii4 #ag ( ! ,koran47 ,to describe ! camel is to describe ,god's goodness to ! des]t-dwell]s4 ,ev]y?+ ab\t ! animal %[s evid5t design4 ,8 long neck1 gives wide range ( vision 9 des]t m>*es & enables him to rea* f> to ! meagre des]t %rubs on ei!r side ( 8 pa?way4 ,! c>tilag9\s texture ( 8 m\?1 enables him to eat h>d & ?orny plants--! pa/ure ( ! des]t4 ,8 e>s are v small1 & 8 no/rils l>ge = brea?+1 b are specially capable ( closure by valve-l folds aga9/ ! fe>ful ,simoon4 ,8 eyes are prom95t1 b protect$ by a heavy ov]hang+ upp]-lid1 limit+ vision upw>d ?us gu>d+ f ! direct rays ( ! noon sun4 ,8 cu%ion$ feet are peculi>ly adapt$ = ease ( ! rid] & ! animal alike4 ,five horny pads are giv5 him to re/ on :5 kneel+ to receive a burd5 or = repose on ! hot s&4 ,8 hump is n a fictional b a real & ackn[l$g$ res]ve /ore ( nutrim5t z well z nature's packsaddle = ! comm]ce ( ages4 ,8 wat] res]voirs 9 connection ) ! /oma*1 enable him :5 9 good condition to travel = five days )\t wat]4 ,aga91 ! camel alone ( all rum9ants has incisor-tee? 9 ! upp] jaw1 :i*1 ) ! peculi> /ructure ( 8 o!r tee?1 make 8 bite1 ! animal's fir/ & ma9 def5ce1 mo/ =midable4 ,! skeleton ( ! camel is full ( pro(s ( design4 ,notice1 = example1 ! ar*$ backbone con/ruct$ 9 su* a way z to su/a9 ! greate/ weight 9 proportion to ! span ( ! supports2 a /rong camel c be> #a1jjj p\nds' weight1 al?\gh ! usual load 9 ,oman is n m ?an #fjj p\nds4 ,! camel is a dome/ic animal 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 = ! ,arabian domicile is indebt$ to ! camel = ne>ly all x holds4 ,all t c be obta9$ f ! animal is ( value4 ,fuel1 milk1 excell5t hair = t5ts1 ropes1 %awls & co>s] fabrics are obta9$ f ! liv+ animal2 & fle%-food1 lea!r1 bones & o!r useful sub/ances f ! dead4 ,ev5 ! footpr9ts ( ! camel ?\gh soon oblit]at$1 are ( special value 9 ! des]t4 ,a light] or small] foot w\ld leave no tracks1 b ! camel's foot leaves data = ! ,b$\9 sci5ce ( ,a?>--! art ( navigation = ! %ip ( ! des]t4 ,camel tracks are gossip & sci5ce1 hi/ory & philosophy to ! ,arab c>avan4 ,a camel-m>* is ! /&>d measure ( di/ance 9 all ,arabia2 & ! price ( a mil*-camel ! /&>d ( value 9 ! int]ior4 ,:5 !y h little or no wat] ! mis]able nomads r9se _! h&s 9 camel's wat] & ! nomad wom5 wa% _! babes 9 x4 ,camel's-milk is ! /aple diet ( ?\s&s 9 ,arabia ev5 ?\gh x be bitt] because ( wormwood pa/urage4 ,z to ! "* ( ! camel & its good or evil nature au?orities diff]4 ,lady ,ann ,blunt consid]s ! camel ! mo/ abus$ & yet ! mo/ pati5t animal 9 exi/5ce4 ,palgrave1 on ! o!r h&1 ?us describes ! /upidity & ugly temp] ( ! bea/3 8,i h1 :ile 9 ,engl&1 he>d & read m ?an once ( ! docile camel4 ,if docile means /upid1 well & good2 9 su* a case ! camel is ! v model ( docility4 ,b if ! epi!t is int5d$ to designate an animal t takes an int]e/ 9 its rid] s f> z a bea/ c1 t obeys f a sort ( submissive or half fell[-feel+ ) its ma/]1 l ! horse & elephant1 !n ,i say t ! camel is by no means docile1 v mu* ! contr>y4 ,he w nev] attempt to ?r[ y (f 8 back1 su* a trick be+ f> beyond 8 limit$ compreh5sion2 b if y fall (f1 he w nev] dream ( /opp+ = y2 & if turn$ loose x is a ?\s& to "o he w nev] f9d 8 way back to 8 accu/om$ home or pa/ure4 ,"o only symptom w he give t he is aw>e ( 8 rid]1 & t is :5 ! latt] is ab\t to m\nt him1 = on su* an occasion1 in/ead ( address+ him 9 ! /yle ( ,balaam's m intellig5t bea/1 #8,am n ,i ?y camel ^u :i* ?\ ha/ ridd5 ev] s9ce ,i 0 ?9e unto ?is day8' he w b5d back 8 long snaky neck t[>d 8 ma/]1 op5 8 enorm\s jaws to bite1 if he d>$1 & ro> out a trem5d\s sort ( groan1 z if to compla9 ( "s entirely new & unp>allel$ inju/ice ab\t to be done him4 ,9 a ^w he is f fir/ to la/ an undome/icat$ & savage animal r5d]$ s]viceable by /upidity alone4 ,nei!r atta*m5t nor ev5 habit c impress him2 nev] tame1 ?\gh n wide-awake en\gh to be exactly wild40 ,we c be> witness t ! camels we h ridd5 9 ,hassa & ,yem5 7 altoge!r m k9dly ?an ! ugly creature ( ,palgrave4 ,! *ief au?orities on ! int]ior ( ,oman 71 until rec5t date1 ,niebuhr1 ,well/$ 7#ahce71 ,:itelock 7#ahch71 ,eloy 7#ahdc7 & ,palgrave1 7#ahfc74 ,palgrave1 h[ev]1 only visit$ ! coa/ & 8 acc\nt ( ! int]ior & its hi/ory is pure romance4 ,lat] travell]s h visit$ ! *ief cities ( ,jebel ,a*d> & corroborat$ ! accuracy ( ,lieut5ant ,well/$ 9 8 8,travels 9 ,arabia40 ,un=tunately ,well/$'s acqua9tance ev5 ) colloquial ,arabic 0 v limit$ & he frankly av[s t he enc\nt]$ s]i\s difficulties 9 und]/&+ ! p4 8,well/$'s map10 says ,badg]1 8is ! only "o ( ! prov9ce :i* we possess drawn up f p]sonal obs]vation & 444 x af=ds little or no c]ta9 indication ( ! num]\s t[ns & villages beyond ! re/rict$ r\tes ( ! travell]s4 ,x is rem>kable & by no means cr$itable to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 ,india1 t1 not)/&+ our intimate political & comm]cial relations ) ,oman1 = ! la/ c5tury1 we "k actually less ( t c\ntry beyond ! coa/ ?an we d ( ! ,lake di/ricts ( ,africa40#ca ,badg] wrote 9 #ahfj1 b al?\gh ,colonel ,miles & o!rs h visit$ ! region ( ,jebel ,a*d>1 all ! c\ntry beyond is /ill l>gely t]ra incognita4 ,no "o has ev] made ! j\rney beyond ! range ( m\nta9s or solv$ ! my/]y ( ,we/]n ,oman1 :i* is /ill a blank on ! be/ maps2 nor d we "k any?+ ( ! l& #ajj miles s\?we/ ( ,muscat1 save by ,arab he>say4 ,! highl&s ( ,oman may be divid$ into ?ree di/ricts2 ,ja'alan f ,jebel ,saffan to ,jebel ,fatlah on ! ea/4 ,oman prop] on ! ,jebel ,a*d>1 & ,ez-,zahirah on ! ea/]n slopes ( ,jebel ,okdat4 ,! mo/ popul\s & f]tile di/rict is t ( ,jebel ,a*d> :i* is also ! be/ kn[n4 ,! f]tility ( ! :ole region is wond]ful & 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! b>r5 rocks ( s l>ge a "p ( ! coa/4 ,) a semi-tropical climate1 an elevation ( #c1jjj to #e1jjj feet & abundant spr+s ! wadys & oases ( ,oman h awak5$ ! delight & amazem5t ( e travell] :o has v5tur$ to explore !m4 ,wat]1 ! "o priceless treasure 9 all ,arabia1 "h issues 9 p]5nial /reams f _m rocky clefts & is mo/ c>efully husb&$ by ! +5uity ( ! p1 = wide irrigation1 by means ( canals or wat]c\rses call$ faluj4 ,well/$ ?us describes ^! und]gr\nd aqu$ucts3 8,!y are z f> z ,i "k peculi> to ?is c\ntry1 & are made at an exp5se ( labor & skill m ,*9ese ?an ,arabian4 ,! great] "p ( ! surface ( ! l& be+ de/itute ( runn+ /reams on ! surface1 ! ,arabs h s\ght 9 elevat$ places = spr+s or f\nta9s b5ea? x4 ,a *annel f ?is f\nta9-head is !n1 ) a v slight desc5t1 bor$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is to be convey$1 leav+ ap]tures at regul> di/ances to af=d light & air to ^? :o are occasionally s5t to keep x clean4 ,9 ?is way ! wat] is frequ5tly conduct$ = a di/ance ( six or eight miles1 & an unlimit$ supply is ?us obta9$4 ,^! *annels are ab\t f\r feet broad & two feet deep & conta9 a cle>1 rapid /ream4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge t[ns or oases h f\r or five ( ^! rivulets or falj 7plural faluj7 runn+ into !m4 ,! isolat$ spots to :i* wat] is ?us convey$1 possess a soil s f]tile t ne>ly e gra91 fruit or vegetable1 common to ,india1 ,arab or ,p]sia1 is produc$ almo/ spontane\sly2 & ! tales ( ! oases w be no long] reg>d$ z an exagg]ation1 s9ce a s+le /ep conveys ! travell] f ! gl>e & s& ( ! des]t into a f]tile tract1 wat]$ by a hundr$ rills1 teem+ ) ! mo/ luxuri\s vegetation40 ,! *ief c>avan r\tes inl& />t f ! coa/1 at ,soh> ?r\gh ,wady-el-,jazy1 at ,suaik ?r\gh ,wady ,?ala1 at ,b>ka or ,sib ?r\gh ,wady ,mi?aal & ,wady ,zailah 7alt]native r\tes7 at ,matra1 by ! same1 & at ,sur ?r\gh ,wady ,falj4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9 range ! *ief t[ns are ,ra/ak1 ,nakhl & ,someil4 ,on ! f>!r side we h ,t5o(1 ,behilah & ,nezwa1 all l>ge t[ns well-wat]$4 8,betwe5 ^! f]tile oases "o travels#cb sometimes an entire day ?r\gh /ony wady1 or ov] volcanic rock1 climb+ a difficult m\nta9 pass1 or cross+ a wide sea-l des]t1 )\t see+ a habitation or meet+ a fell[-creature except an occasional c>avan4 ,_! rifles are swung ov] ! %\ld]s ( ! rid]s1 & _! wild song keeps "t ) ! sl[ tread ( ! camels4444 8,f ,nakhl x is a long day's j\rney to ,lihiga at ! foot ( ,jebel ,a*d>4 ,two o!r beautifully situat$ m\nta9 villages1 ,owkan & ,koia are 9 close proximity4 ,"h1 z well z on ! m\nta9s1 dwells a tribe ( h>dy m\nta9e]s1 ! ,bni ,ryam4 ,9 features & habits ?is tribe is q di/9ct f ! o!r ,oman tribes4 ,all ov] ^! m\nta9s ! p lead a peaceful life1 & ! abs5ce ( fire-arms 0 noticeable 9 comp>ison ) ! valley tribes1 :]e ea* man c>ries 8 rifle1 (t5 ( ! be/ ,engli% or ,g]man patt]n4 8,f ,lihiga we began ! asc5t1 & aft] a half-a-day ( mo/ difficult climb+1 rea*$ ! top ( ! pass at noonday1 my b>omet] regi/]+ #g1jej feet4 ,"h on a level project+ rock1 :i* af=d$ a spl5did ext5d$ view ( ! ,wady ,me/el1 :]e dwell ! ,bni ,ruweihah1 we _h our lun*1 & 7 glad to slake our ?ir/ out ( ! goatsk9 ! guide c>ri$ on 8 %\ld]4 ,f ! top ( ! pass we desc5d$ to ! level table-l& at a height ( #f1bjj feet1 & at sunset rea*$ ! ideally beautiful village ( ,%]aegah4 ,x is 9 a circul> rav9e sev]al hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 & l a huge amphi!atre :]e gr[ 9 t]races1 apples1 pea*es1 pomegranates1 grapes & o!r temp]ate products 9 ri* pr(usion4 ,ice & sn[ are frequ5tly se5 "h dur+ ! w9t]1 & 9 summ] ! temp]ature regi/]s no high] ?an #hj;,f4 ,9 ,m>* we _h a temp]ature ( #dj1 & enjoy$ a huge fire 9 ! gue/-room :]e a hundr$ ,arabs came to visit u1 & ent]ta9$ u ) ! recitation ( ,arabic poetry4 ,su* an opportunity 0 n to be neglect$1 & !y1 z an agricultural p1 7 int]e/$ 9 ! p>able ( ! ,s[] & ! explanation4444 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5o( ,,f ,,! ,,ea/4 ,f a p5cil sket* by ,pet] ,j4 ,zwem]4 8,we press$ on ov] ! mo/ difficult m\nta9 roads to ,t5o(1 at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s on ! fur!r side4 ,nizwa1 ! old capital ( ,oman1 is b ?ree h\rs' j\rney f ,t5o(4 ,x has a l>ge circul> =t ab\t #bjj feet 9 diamet]1 built ( r\gh hewn /one & cem5t4 ,we int5d$ to return to ,muscat along ! valley road via ,someil1 b ! /ate ( affairs at ,nezwa made roads ?r\gh ho/ile t]ritory unsafe1 & we decid$ to recross ! m\nta9s1 enjoy+ aga9 _! cool climate & ! fri5dl9ess ( ! p4 ,by rid+ long camel-/ages & tak+ %ort re/s1 we 7 able to rea* ,muscat f ! top ( ! m\nta9s 9 f\r days1 hav+ be5 abs5t on ! j\rney tw5ty-"o days40 ,x ,,! ,,pe>l ,,isl&s ,,( ,,! ,,gulf 8#8,we are all f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ slaves ( "o ma/]--,pe>l1' said ,mohamm$ b9 ,?anee to me "o ev5+2 nor 0 ! expression out ( place4 ,all ?\ght1 all conv]sation1 all employm5t1 turns on t "o subject1 ev]y?+ else is m]e by-game1 & bel[ ev5 second>y consid]ation40--,palgrave4 ,half way d[n ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 (f ! ea/ ,arabian coa/1 betwe5 ! p59sula ( ,el ,kat> & ! ,turki% prov9ce ( ,el ,hassa1 are ! isl&s ( ,bahre94#cc ,?is "n 0 =m]ly appli$ to ! entire triangul> projection on ! coa/ betwe5 ! salt-sea ( ! gulf & ! fre% wat] flood ( ! ,euphrates2 h5ce its "n ,bahr-e9 8! two seas40 ,b s9ce ! days ( ,burckh>dt's map ! "n is re/rict$ to ! ar*ipelago4 ,! l>g] isl& is itself (t5 call$ ,bahre91 :ile ! next 9 size is nam$ ,moh>rek--8place ( burn+40 ,! ,arabs say t ?is 0 s nam$ because ! ,h9du trad]s us$ x = cremat+ _! dead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,isl&s ,,( ,,bahre94 ,! ma9 isl& is ab\t tw5ty-sev5 miles 9 l5g? f nor? to s\?1 & t5 miles 9 bread?4 ,t[>d ! c5tre !re is a slightly elevat$ table-l&1 mo/ly b>r54 ,twelve miles f ! nor!rn end is a clump ( d>k volcanic hills1 #djj feet high1 call$ ,jebel ,dokhan1 8,m\nta9 ( ,smoke40 ,! nor!rn half ( ! isl& is well wat]$ by abundant fre%-wat] spr+s1 always lukew>m 9 temp]ature4 ,?is "p ( ! isl& is cov]$ ) beautiful g>d5s ( date-palms1 pomegranate1 & o!r trees4 ,! coa/ is ev]y:]e l[1 & ! wat] %all[ = a long di/ance4 ,!re is no pi] or jetty any:]e1 s t1 except at high wat]1 boats an*or ne>ly a qu>t] ( a mile f ! %ore4 ,! total population ( ! isl&s is e/imat$ at ne>ly #fj1jjj1 all ( !m ,moslems ) ! exception ( ab\t #ajj ,banian trad]s f ,s9dh1 ,india4 ,m5amah1 ! l>ge t[n on ! nor!a/ po9t ( ! isl&1 ) p]haps #aj1jjj inhabitants1 is built along ! %ore = ab\t a mile2 ! h\ses are mo/ly poor1 _m be+ m]e mat-huts4 ,?is t[n is ! m>ket-place & comm]cial c5tre = ! :ole gr\p4 ,"h is ! po/ (fice & cu/om-h\se & "h ! bulk ( ! trade is c>ri$ on = ! :ole isl&4 ,a %ort di/ance f ,m5amah is ! old t[n ( ,belad le ,kadim1 ) ru9s ( bett] build+s & a f9e mosque ) two m9>ets4 ,! mosque is ( v e>ly date1 = ! old] ,cufic "* is on all its inscriptions1 cov]$ ov] 9 "s places by m rec5t c>v+ & inscriptions 9 lat] ,arabic4 ,! l>ge/ spr+ on ! isl&s is call$ ,el ,adh>i1 8! virg9s40 ,x issues f a res]voir ?irty y>ds across1 & at lea/ ?irty feet deep1 fl[+ 9 a /ream six or eight feet wide & two feet deep4 ,?is is rem>kable = ,arabia1 & gives "s idea ( ! abundant supply ( wat]4 ,"u ! sea1 ne> ! isl& ( ,moh>rek1 are fre%-wat] spr+s always cov]$ ) a fa?om ( salt wat]4 ,! natives l[] a holl[1 weight$ bamboo ?r\gh :i* ! fre% wat] gu%es out a few in*es above sea-level4 ,! s\rce ( ^! fre%-wat] spr+s ( ,bahre9 mu/ be on ! ma9l& ( ,arabia1 z all ! opposite coa/ %[s a simil> ph5om5a4 ,app>5tly ! ,riv] ,aftan m>k$ on old maps ( ! p59sula z empty+ into ! ,p]sian ,gulf ne> ,bahre9 0 an und]gr\nd riv]1 kn[n to ! old] geograph]s4 ,if ,egypt is ! gift ( ! ,nile1 ,bahre9 may well be call$ ! gift ( ! pe>l-oy/]4 ,no?+ else gave ! isl&s _! anci5t hi/ory1 & no?+ s mu* gives !m _! pres5t importance4 ,! pe>l-fi%]ies are ! "o great indu/ry ( ,bahre94 ,!y are c>ri$ on e ye> f ,june until ,octob]1 & ev5 = a long] p]iod1 if hot wea!r sets 9 e>li]4 ,ne>ly all ! isl& population are engag$ 9 ! "w 9 "s way1 & dur+ ! season !re is only "o topic ( conv]sation 9 ! c(fee-%ops & ! ev5+-mejlis1--,,pe>ls4 ,! pe>l has ?is di/9ction above all o!r preci\s /ones1 t x requires no human h& to br+ out its beauties4 ,by mod]n sci5ti/s1 pe>ls are believ$ to be ! result ( an abnormal secretion1 caus$ by ! irritation ( ! mollusk's %ell by "s =eign sub/ance--9 %ort1 a disease ( ! pe>l-oy/]4 ,b x is n surpris+ t ! ,arabs h _m curi\s sup]/itions z to ! cause ( pe>l-=mation4 ,_! poets tell ( h[ ! monsoon ra9s fall+ on ! banks ( ,ceylon & ,bahre9 f9d *ance lodgm5t 9 ! op5$ m\? ( ! pe>l-oy/]4 ,ea* drop di/ills a gem1 & ! size ( ! ra9drop det]m9es ! luck ( ! future div]4 ,heav5-born & cradl$ 9 ! deep blue sea1 x is ! pure/ ( gems &1 9 _! eyes1 ! mo/ preci\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,village ,,( ,,m5amah1 ,,bahre9 ,,isl&s4 ,n only 9 its creation1 b 9 its lib]ation f its prison-h\se "u t5 fa?oms ( wat] ! pe>l co/s pa9 & sacrifice4 ,s f> z ?is c be measur$ 9 p\nds1 %ill+s & p5ce1 ?is co/ is easy ( computation4 ,! total value ( pe>ls export$ f ,bahre9 9 #ahif 0 #cjc1ida /]l+ 7#a1ejj1jjj74 ,! numb] ( boats f ,bahre9 engag$ 9 ! fi%]ies is ab\t n9e hundr$ & ! co/ ( br++ "o boat's %>e to ! surface is #d1haj rupees 7ab\t #a1fjj74cd ,hundr$s ( craft also come to ! oy/]-banks f o!r ports on ! gulf4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ! pe>l div]s d n receive ! am\nt fairly due !m = _! toil4 ,!y are "o & all victims ( ! 8truck-sy/em0 9 its wor/ =m1 be+ oblig$ to pur*ase all supplies1 etc41 f _! ma/]s4 ,!y are consequ5tly s mu* 9 debt to him z (t5 to make !m practically 8 slaves4 ,! boats are g5]ally own$ by ! m]*ants1 & ! crew are paid at a l[ rate = a :ole ye>'s "w1 only receiv+ a small extra all[ance :5 !y br+ up pe>ls ( special size or brilliancy4 ,9 ! w9t] season ^! div]s are out ( "w1 & consequ5tly incur l>ge debts :i* are *>g$ to ! next season's acc\nt4 ,by =ce ( circum/ances & age-long practice ! isl&]s are also mu* giv5 to ! vice ( gambl+ on ! m>ket4 ,ev5 ! poore/ fi%]man w lay 8 wag]--& lose x4 ,x is n ! ?irty ?\s& fi%]m5 ( ! gulf ) _! m ?an five ?\s& boats :o gr[ ri* 9 ! pe>l-fi%+ bus9ess2 ! real pr(it falls to ^? :o rema9 on %ore--! ,arab & ,h9du brok]s ( ,bombay :o deal direct ) ,b]l91 ,london & ,p>is4 ,a pe>l (t5 trebles 9 value by *ang+ h&s1 ev5 be=e x rea*es ! ,bombay m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,bahre9 ,,h>bor ,,boat ,! div]s foll[ ! mo/ primitive me?od 9 _! "w4 ,_! boats are su* z _! ance/ors us$ be=e ! ,portuguese 7 expell$ f ,bahre9 9 #afbb4 ,ev5 ,s9bad ! sailor might recognize e rope & ! odd spoon-%ap$ o>s4 ,^! boats are ( ?ree k9ds1 v simil> 9 g5]al appe>ance1 b diff]+ 9 size1 call$ ,bakret1 ,%uaee & ,bateel4#ce ,all ( ! boats h good l9es & are well-built by ! natives f ,indian timb]4 ,= ! re/1 all is ( ,bahre9 manufacture except _! pulley-blocks1 :i* come f ,bombay4 ,sailclo? is wov5 at ,m5amah & ropes are twi/$ ( date-fibre 9 rude rope-walks :i* h no ma*9]y wor? m5tion+4 ,ev5 ! long1 s(t iron nails t hold ! boats toge!r are hamm]$ out on ! anvil "o by "o by ,bahre9 blacksmi?s4 ,ea* boat has a sort ( figure-head1 call$ ! kubait1 g5]ally cov]$ ) ! sk9 ( a %eep or goat :i* 0 sacrific$ :5 ! boat 0 fir/ laun*$4 ,?is is "o ( ! ,semitic traits :i* appe> 9 v>i\s =ms all ov] ,arabia--blood-sacrifice--& :i* has ,islam nev] uproot$4 ,all ! fi%]m5 pref] to g out 9 a boat :i* has cut a cov5ant ( blood ) ,neptune4 ,! l>g] boats us$ 9 div+ hold f tw5ty to =ty m51 less ?an half ( :om are div]s1 :ile ! o!rs are rope-hold]s & o>sm54 ,"o man 9 ea* boat is call$ ,el ,mslly1 i4e41 ! "o-:o-prays1 because 8 sole daily duty is to take *>ge ( ! rope ( any "o :o /ops to pray or eat4 ,he has no regul> "w1 & :5 n o!rwise engag$ vic>i\sly m5ds ropes & sails or cooks ! rice & fi% ov] *>coal emb]s4 ,he is !re=e also call$ ,el ,gills1 8! sitt]10 v sugge/ive ( 8 s9ecure (fice4 ,! div]s we> no elaborate div+-suit1 b desc5d clo!d only 9 _! fitaam & khabaat4 ,! fir/ is a true p9ce-nez or clo!sp9-l clasp = _! no/rils4 ,x is made ( two ?9 slices ( horn fa/5$ toge!r ) a rivet or cut out :ole 9 a qu>t] circle s z to fit ! l[] "p ( ! nose & keep out ! wat]4 ,x has a p]=at$ head ?r\gh :i* a /r+ passes & :i* susp5ds x f ! div]s neck :5 n 9 use4 ,khabaat are 8f+]-hats0 made ( lea!r & ?rice ! l5g? ( an ord9>y ?imble4 ,!y are worn to protect ! f+]s 9 ga!r+ ! pe>l-%ells f ! sea-bottom2 at ! height ( ! pe>l season l>ge baskets full ( all sizes ( ^! f+]-caps are expos$ = sale 9 ! baza>4 ,ea* div] uses two sets 7tw5ty7 9 a season4 ,a basket1 call$ daje51 & a /one-weight complete ! div]'s outfit4 ,?is /one1 on :i* ! div] /&s :5 he plunges d[n feet-fir/1 is fa/5$ to a rope pass+ betwe5 8 toes & is imm$iately rais$2 ano!r rope is atta*$ to ! div] & 8 basket by :i* he gives ! signal & is drawn up4 ,! be/ div]s rema9 bel[ only two or ?ree m9utes at mo/1 & :5 !y come up are n9e-t5?s suffocat$4 ,_m ( !m are br\ght up unconsci\s & (t5 _c be br\ght to life4 ,deafness1 & suppuration ( ! e>1 due to c>elessness or p]=at$ e>-drums1 caus$ by ! enorm\s pressure ( ! wat] at su* dep?s1 are common among div]s4 ,rheumatism & neuralgia are univ]sal & ! pe>l-fi%]s are ! great exception among ! ,arabs 9 n possess+ beautiful tee?4 ,%>ks are pl5tiful & x is n a r>e ?+ = !m to attack div]s4 ,b ! ,bahre9 div]s are m fe>ful ( a small species ( devil-fi% :i* lays hold ( any "p ( ! body & draws blood rapidly4 ,aga9/ ?is mon/] ( ! sea !y gu>d !mselves by we>+ an 8ov]all0 ( :ite clo? dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season :5 x frequ5ts ! banks4 ,_! tales ( horror reg>d+ ! devil-fi% equal ^? ( ,victor ,hugo 9 8 8,toil]s ( ! ,sea40 ,! div]s rema9 out 9 _! boats z long z _! supply ( fre% wat] la/s1 (t5 ?ree weeks or ev5 m4 ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold's l9es are ?us n z correct z !y are beautiful3 8,de> z ! wet div] to ! eyes ,( 8 pale wife :o waits & weeps on %ore ,by s&s ( ,bahre9 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 ,plung+ all day 9 ! blue waves2 at night1 ,hav+ made up 8 tale ( preci\s pe>ls1 ,rejo9s h] 9 _! hut ^u ! %ore40 ,:5 ! pe>l-oy/]s are br\ght up !y are left on deck ov] night & ! next morn+ are op5$ by means ( a curv$ knife1 six in*es long1 call$ miflaket4 ,be=e ! days ( ,engli% comm]ce ! "m-(-pe>l 0 ?r[n away z wor?less4 ,n[ x has a good m>ket-value & 7aft] be+ scrap$ free ( ! small p>asites t infe/ ! out] %ell7 is pack$ 9 wood5 crates & export$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! total value ( ?is export 9 #ahig 0 #e1fid 7#bh1jjj74 ,! ,arabs h ask$ me 9 amazem5t :at 9 ! _w ! 8,franks0 d ) empty sea-%ells2 & "s tell idle tales ( h[ !y are gr\nd up into pe>l du/ & press$ into artificial gems1 or are us$ z a v5e] to cov] brick h\ses4 ,on %ore ! pe>ls are classifi$ by ! m]*ants1 accord+ to weight1 size1 %ape1 color & brilliancy4 ,!re are button-pe>ls1 p5dants1 r\ndi%1 oval1 flat1 & p]fect pe>ls2 pe>ls1 :ite1 yell[1 gold51 p9k1 blue1 azure1 gre51 grey1 dull & black2 se$-pe>ls ! size ( gra9s ( s& & pe>ls z l>ge z an ,arab's report1 emphasiz$ ) frequ5t wallahs1 c make !m4 ,i h se5 a p5dant pe>l ! size ( a hazelnut wor? a few ?\s& rupees b !re are ,arabs :o w swe> by ! prophet's be>d 7ea* hair ( :i* is sacr$67 t !y h br\ght up pe>ls z l>ge z a pigeon's egg4 ,! pe>l brok]s c>ry _! w>es ab\t ti$ 9 bags ( turkey-r$ calico2 !y weigh !m 9 t9y brass scales & le>n _! exact size by an +5i\s device consi/+ ( a ne/ ( brass sieves1 call$ taoos1 six 9 numb]1 ) ap]tures slightly diff]+ 9 size4 ,! pe>ls are put into ! l>ge/ sieve fir/2 ^? t d n fall ?r\gh its pea-siz$ holes are call$1 ,ras1 8*ief02 su* are g5]ally pe>ls ( great price1 al?\gh _! value dep5ds mo/ on weight & p]fection ( =m4 ,! second size is call$ ,batu1 8belly10 & ! ?ird ,dhail1 8tail40 ,color has only a fa%ion-value2 ,europe pref]s :ite & ! ,ori5t ! gold5-yell[2 black pe>ls are n highly e/eem$ by ,ori5tals4 ,be=e !y are %ipp$ ! l>ge pe>ls are clean$ 9 reeta a k9d ( native soap-p[d]1 & ! small] ones 9 s(t br[n sug>2 !n !y are ti$ up 9 calico & sold 9 lots by weight1 ea* bundle be+ suppos$ to conta9 pe>ls ( av]age equal value4 ,h[ x is possible to collect cu/om dues on pe>ls among a p ^: consci5ces rival _! wide brea/-pockets 9 conceal+ capacity1 surpasses compreh5sion4 ,b ! ?+ is done1 = ! f>m] ( ! cu/om dues gr[s ri* & ! /ati/ics ( export are n pure guess-"w4 ,! ,bahre9 isl&s also produce quantities ( dates1 & !re is an export trade 9 a rem>kably f9e bre$ ( asses1 celebrat$ all ov] ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,a good ,bahre9 donkey is easy to ride & almo/ z good a road/] z an av]age horse4 ,! only manufactures1 beside sail-%eet+1 are co>se clo? = turbans1 & re$-mats ( v f9e texture4 ,! *ief imports are rice1 timb] & piece-goods = :i* ,bahre9 is ! depot = all ea/]n ,arabia4 ,?ree sights are %[n to ! /rang]-t\ri/ to ! isl&s ( ,bahre93 ! pe>l-fi%]ies1 ! fre%-wat] spr+s1 & ! anci5t ru9s ( an e>ly civilization at ! village ( ,ali4 ,^! ru9s are ! 8bayoot el owal90 ! dwell+s ( ! fir/ inhabitants1 :o are believ$ to h be5 de/roy$ by ,allah because ( _! wick$ness4 ,an h\r's ride ?r\gh ! date g>d5s & pa/ ! m9>ets br+s u to ! village ( ,ali4 ,x c g5]ally be se5 f a good di/ance because ( ! smoke :i* rises f ! huge ov5s :]e pott]y is bak$4 ,! pott] turns 8 :eel to-day & fa%ions ! native wat]-j>s ) deft h& utt]ly ignorant & c>eless ( ! curi\s sepul*ral tumuli :i* ca/ _! %ade at 8 feet4 ,s\? & we/ ( ! village ! :ole pla9 is /udd$ ) m\nds1 at lea/ ?ree hundr$ ( !m1 ! l>ge/ be+ ab\t =ty feet 9 height4 ,only two or ?ree h ev] be5 op5$ or explor$4 ,!odore ,b5t 9 company ) 8 wife explor$ ^! 9 #ahhi1 ) meagre results1 b no fur!r inve/igations h be5 made ?\gh x is a field t may yet yield l>ge results4 ,m4 ,jules ,opp]t1 ! ,fr5* ,assyriologi/1 & o!rs reg>d ! isl& z an extremely old c5tre ( civilization & x is n[ well kn[n t ! fir/ settlem5ts f anci5t ,babylonia 7 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf :i* !n ext5d$ z f> nor? z ,mugheir1 ne> ,suk-es ,%iukh4 ,b ^? fir/ settl]s probably w5t to ! coa/s ( ,africa & to ! k+doms ( ,s\!rn ,arabia1 9 :i* case ,bahre9 0 on _! l9e ( travel4 ,x mu/ always h be5 a depot = %ipp+ because ( its abundant wat]-supply 9 a region :]e fre%-wat] is g5]ally sc>ce4 ,! m\nds at ,ali probably date f ?is v e>ly p]iod2 al?\gh no corroboration 9 ! %ape ( cyl9d]s or bricks be>+ inscriptions has yet be5 f\nd1 ! "* ( ! /ructures f\nd 9 ! m\nds is und\bt$ pro( ( _! great antiquity4 ,! l>g] m\nd op5$ by ,b5t1 n[ consi/s ( two rock-built *amb]s ( v l>ge /ones1 squ>e masonry1 & no trace ( an ar* or a pill>4 ,! l[] *amb] is tw5ty-eight feet 9 l5g?1 five feet 9 wid?1 & eight feet high2 x has f\r ni*es or recesses ab\t ?ree feet deep1 two at ! end ( ! passage & two ne> its entrance4 ,! upp] *amb] is ( ! same l5g? z ! l[]1 b its wid? is six in*es less1 & its height only f\r feet eight in*es4 ,! l[] passage is h& pla/]$ z an impression ( ! mason's h& on ! side wall /ill proves4 ,if digg+s 7 made bel[ ! m\nds or o!r m\nds 7 op5$ bett] results might foll[1 & p]haps inscriptions or cyl9d]s w\ld be discov]$4 ,a ye> or two ago a j> conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( gold co9s 0 f\nd ne> ,ali by "s native workm52 ^! h[ev] 7 ,cufic & ( a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ! m\nds4 ,ne> ,yau & ,zillag1 on ! o!r side ( ! isl& !re are also ru9s & v deep wells cut ?r\gh solid rock ) deep rope-m>ks on ! curb+2 p]haps ^! also are ( e>ly date4 ,on ! isl& ( ,moh>rek !re is a place call$ ,ed ,dair1 8! mona/]y0 ) ru9s ( :at ! ,arabs call a *ur*2 :e!r ?is is ( ,portuguese date l ! ca/le or goes back to a mu* e>li] p]iod be=e ,mohamm$1 we _c tell4 ,! climate ( ,bahre9 is n z bad z x is (t5 describ$ by casual visitors4 ,no "p ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf c be call$ a heal? resort1 b nei!r is ! climate unheal?ful at all seasons ( ! ye>4 ,9 ,m>* & ,april1 ,octob]1 ,novemb] & ,decemb] ! wea!r is delightful1 indoor temp]atures seldom ris+ above #he ,f41 or fall+ bel[ #fj ,f4 ,:5 nor? w9ds bl[ 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y x is (t5 cold en\gh = a fire2 ^! are ! ra9y mon?s ( ! ye> & lea/ heal?ful1 especially to ! natives 9 _! badly-built mat-huts4 ,f ,may to ,septemb] inclusive is ! hot season1 al?\gh ! nights rema9 cool & ! heat is temp]$ by sea-breezes 7call$1 ,el ,b>ih71 until ! middle ( ,june4 ,heavy dews at night are common & make ! atmosph]e murky & oppressive :5 !re is no sea-breeze4 ,l&-breezes f ! we/ & s\? cont9ue irregul>ly ?r\gh\t ! entire summ]4 ,:5 !y fail ! !rmomet] leaps to ov] "o hundr$ & rema9s !re day & night until ! ripples on ! /agnant1 placid sea proclaim a respite f ! torture ( swelt]+ heat4 ,a record ( temp]ature1 kept at ,m5amah village 9 ! summ] ( #ahic1 %[s a m9imum indoor temp]ature ( #he & a maximum ( #ajg;,f41 9 ! %ade4 ,! prevail+ w9d at ,bahre91 & 9 fact all ov] ! ,gulf1 is ! %emml or ,nor?we/] *ang+ its direction slightly ) ! tr5d ( ! coa/4 ,! air dur+ a %emml is g5]ally v dry & ! sky cl\dless1 b 9 w9t] !y are sometimes at fir/ accompani$ by ra9-squalls4 ,9 w9t] !y are v sev]e & endang] ! %ipp+4 ,! only o!r /rong w9d is call$ kaus2 x is a s\!a/] & bl[s irregul>ly f ,decemb] to ,april4 ,x is g5]ally accompani$ by ?ick1 gloomy wea!r1 ) sev]e squalls & fall+ b>omet]4 ,! say+ among sailors t 8!re is always too mu* w9d 9 ! ,gulf or none at all10 is v true ( ,bahre94 ,?is say+ holds true also ( ! political hi/ory ( ! ,gulf4 ,bahre91 because ( its pe>l-trade has ev] be5 wor? cont5d+ = & x has be5 a bone ( cont5tion among ! neighbor+ rul]s ev] s9ce ! naval battle f\ght by ! e>ly inhabitants aga9/ ! ,romans4 ,aft] ,mohamm$'s day ! ,c>ma?ians ov]ran ! isl&s4 ,portuguese1 ,arabs f ,oman1 ,p]sians1 ,turks & la/ly ! ,engli% h ea* 9 turn claim$ rule or protection ov] ! ar*ipelago4 ,x is suffici5t to note "h t 9 #ahfg1 ',isa b9 ,ali 7call$ ,esau 9 ,curzon's 8,p]sia10 z if ! "n came f ,jacob's bro!r in/ead ( ! ,arab =m ( ,jesus67 0 appo9t$ rul+ ,%eikh by ! ,briti% :o depos$ 8 fa!r ,mohamm$ b9 ,khalifa = plott+ piracy4 ,! pres5t ,%eikh is a typical ,arab & sp5ds mo/ ( 8 "t 9 hawk+ & ! *ase2 ! religi\s rule1 :i* 9 a ,moslem l& means ! judicial & executive dep>tm5t1 re/s ) ! ,kadi or ,judge4 ,!re is no legislature z ! law 0 laid d[n once = all 9 ! ,koran & ! traditions4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice is r>e4 ,oppression1 blackmail & brib]y are univ]sal2 &1 except 9 comm]ce & ! slave-trade1 ,engli% protection has br\ght ab\t no re=ms on ! isl&4 ,to be 8protect$0 means "h /rict neutrality z to ! int]nal affairs & absolute dictation z to affairs ) o!r gov]nm5ts4 ,to 8protect0 means to keep matt]s 9 /atus quo until ! h\r is ripe = annexation4 ,sometimes ! process f ! "o to ! o!r is s gradual z to resemble gr[?2 9 su* a case x w\ld be correct to speak ( ! gr[? ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,contact ) ,europeans & we/]n civilization has1 h[ev]1 done mu* = ,bahre9 9 ! matt] ( dis>m+ prejudice & awak5+ ! sluggi% m9d ( ! ,arab to look beyond 8 own 8,isl& ( ! ,arabs40 ,ev5 z e>ly z #ahfg1 ,palgrave c\ld write3 8,f ! m>itime & 9 a mann] c5tral position ( ,bahreyn my read]s may ( !mselves conjecture t ! pr(\nd ignorance ( ,nejd reg>d+ ,europeans & _! v>i\s classifications is "h ex*ang$ = a p>tial acqua9tance ) ^? topics2 ?us1 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 disfigur$ into ! local ,+leez & ,francees are famili> words at ,m5amah1 ?\gh ,g]mans & ,italians1 ^: vessels seldom or nev] visit ^! seas1 h z yet no place 9 ! ,bahreyn vocabul>y2 :ile ,dut* & ,portuguese seem to h fall5 into total oblivion4 ,b ,russians or ,moskop1 t is ,muscovites1 are alike kn[n & fe>$1 ?anks to ,p]sian int]c\rse & ! in/9ct ( nations4 ,beside ! policy ( ,con/ant9ople & ,teh]an are freely & at times s5sibly discuss$ 9 ^! c(fee-h\ses no less ?an ! /ormy diplomacy ( ,nejd & h] dang]\s encroa*m5ts40 ,to ! ,bahre9 ,arabs ,bombay is ! c5tre ( ! _w ( civilization1 & he :o has se5 t city is di/+ui%$ z kn[+ all ab\t ! ways ( =eign]s4 ,s anxi\s are ! boys = a trip on ! ,briti% ,india /eam] to ?is ,eldorado ( sci5ce & my/]y t !y sometimes run f home & g z /[aways or beg _! passage4 ,?is close contact ) ,india has _h its effect on ! ,arabic spok5 on ! isl& :i*1 al?\gh n a dialect1 is full ( ,h9du/ani words4 ,( late ye>s !re has be5 a consid]able ,p]sian immigration into ,bahre9 f ! coa/ betwe5 ,l+ah & ,bu%ire1 & next to ,arabic1 ,p]sian is ! language mo/ 9 use4 ,,xi ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,?re%old ,,( ,,arabia ,beyond ,bahre9 ! ma9l& /ret*es we/w>d = eight hundr$ miles across ! prov9ce ( ,hassa & l[] ,nejd & ,hejaz to ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,z ,jiddah is ! we/]n port1 ,bahre9 is ! ea/]n port = all ,arabia4 ,x is ! gateway to ! int]ior1 ! ?re%old ( :i* is ,hassa4 ,draw a l9e f ,m5amah to ,katif1 !n on to ,h(ho( 7or ,el ,hassa7 & !nce back to ,m5amah1 & ! triangle =m$ w include e important t[n or village ( ,ea/]n ,arabia4 ,nor? ( t triangle on ! coa/ is ! inhospitable b>r51 ?9ly populat$1 c\ntry ( ! ,bni ,haj>2 s\? ( x is ! p59sula ( ,el ,kat>2 we/w>d /ret*es ! s&y des]t = five days' m>*es to ,riad & ! old ,wahabi c\ntry4 ,! region ?us b\nd$ is really ! :ole ( ,hassa1 al?\gh on maps t "n is giv5 to ! :ole coa/ z f> z ,busrah4 ,b nei!r ! au?ority ( ! ,turki% gov]nm5t nor ! significance ( ! ^w ,hassa 7l[1 moi/ gr\nd7 c be said to ext5d outside ( ! triangle4 ,! p59sula ( ,el ,kat>1 ab\t #ajj miles long & fifty broad1 is unattractive 9 e way & b>r5 en\gh to be call$ a des]t4 ,palgrave's p5-picture _c be improv$ ^u3 8,to h an idea ( ,kat> my read]s mu/ figure to !mselves miles on miles ( l[ b>r5 hills1 bleak & sun-scor*$1 ) h>dly a s+le tree to v>y ! dry monoton\s outl9e2 bel[ ^! a muddy bea* ext5ds = a qu>t] ( a mile seaw>d 9 slimy quicks&s1 bord]$ by a rim ( sludge & seawe$4 ,if we look l&w>ds beyond ! hills we see :at by extreme c\rtesy may be call$ pa/ure l&1 dre>y d[ns ) tw5ty pebbles = e blade ( grass2 & ov] ?is melan*oly gr\nd sc5e1 b few & f> betwe51 little clu/]s ( wret*$1 mo/ wret*$ e>? cottages & palm-leaf huts1 n>r[1 ugly & l[2 ^! are ! villages1 or #8t[ns' 7= s ! inhabitants /yle !m7 ( ,kat>4 ,yet poor & nak$ z is ! l& x has evid5tly some?+ /ill poor] & nak$] beh9d x1 some?+ 9 %ort ev5 m devoid ( res\rces ?an ! coa/ itself1 & ! inhabitants ( :i* seek "h by viol5ce :at !y _c f9d at home4 ,= ! villages ( ,kat> are ea* & all c>efully wall$ 91 :ile ! d[ns beyond are l9$ ) t[]s & "h & !re a ca/le1 huge & squ>e ) its little w9d[s & n>r[ portals40 ,illu/ration3 ,,neibuhr',s ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,p]sian ,,gulf4 ,! population ( ,kat> is n l>ge2 its pr9cipal t[n is ,b$aa'4 ,all ! inhabitants live f ! sea by pe>l-div+ & fi%+1 & 9 ! season s5d out two hundr$ boats4 ,! :ole p59sula ) its wild ,b$\9 population is claim$ by ,turkey & is ! dread ( ! mis]able soldi]s :o are s5t !re to pres]ve peace & draw prec>i\s pay :ile !y %ake ) mal>ia & gr[ homesick = ,bagdad4 ,! ,arabs are always at feud ) ! gov]nm5t & x is v unsafe outside ! walls aft] sunset4 ,! usual r\te f ,bahre9 to ! int]ior ( ,hassa is to cross ov] by boat to ,ojeir on ! ma9l&1 & !nce to travel by c>avan to ,h(ho(4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahic1 ,i took ?is r\te1 return+ f ! capital to ,katif & !nce back to ,m5amah4 ,emb>k+ at sunset we l&$ at ,ojeir be=e dawn ! next day & ,i f\nd my way to a ,turki% cu/om-h\se (fic] to :om ,i _h a fri5dly lett] f a ,bahre9 m]*ant4 ,ojeir1 al?\gh x has nei!r a baza> nor any settl$ population1 has a mud-=t1 a dw>f flag/aff & an impos+ cu/om-h\se4 ,! h>bor al?\gh n deep is protect$ aga9/ nor? & s\? w9ds & is !re=e a good l&+-place = ! imm5se quantity ( rice & piece-goods %ipp$ f ,bahre9 into ! int]ior4 ,a c>avan ( f two to ?ree hundr$ camels leaves ,ojeir e week4 ,= al?\gh ! ,jebel ,%amm> c\ntry is probably suppli$ ov]l& f ,busrah & ,bagdad1 ! :ole ( ,s\!rn ,nejd receives piece-goods1 c(fee1 rice1 sug> & ,birm+ham w>es by way ( ,bahre9 & ,ojeir4 ,! :ole pla9 9 & ab\t ! cu/om-h\se 0 pil$ ) bales & boxes & ! air fill$ ) ! noise ( load+ sev5 hundr$ camels4 ,i /ruck a b>ga9 ) ,salih1 a ,nejdi1 to travel 9 8 p>ty & be=e noon-pray]s we 7 (f4 ,! c\ntry = _m h\rs 0 b>e des]t1 "h & !re a picturesque ridge ( s&1 & 9 "o place a ve9 ( gre5i% lime/one4 ,:5 night came we all /ret*$ a blanket on ! clean s& & slept 9 ! op5 air2 ^? :o _h neglect$ _! wat]-sk9s on />t+ n[ satisfi$ ?ir/ by scoop+ a well ) _! h&s ?ree or f\r feet deep & f\nd a supply ( wat]4 ,dur+ ! day ! sun 0 hot & ! breeze di$ away2 b at night1 "u ! sp>kl+ />s & ) a nor? w9d x seem$1 by contra/1 bitt]ly cold4 ,on ! second day at noon we sight$ ! palm-=e/s t surr\nd ,h(ho( & give x1 ,palgrave says1 8! g5]al aspect ( a :ite & yell[ onyx *as$ 9 an em]ald rim0 ,z we did n rea* ! 8em]ald rim0 until aft]noon ,i conclud$ to rema9 at ,jifr1 "o ( ! _m suburb villages4 ,"h ,salih _h fri5ds1 & a delici\s d9n] ( bread1 butt]1 milk & dates1 all fre%1 0 "o ( _m tok5s ( hospitality4 ,at sunset we w5t on to ! next village1 ,m5azeleh1 a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree miles ?r\gh g>d5s & ru%+ /reams ( tepid wat]4 ,! next morn+ e>ly we aga9 rode ?r\gh g>d5s & date-or*>ds half visible 9 ! morn+ mi/4 ,at sev5 o'clock ! mosques & walls ( ,h(ho( appe>$ "r be=e u z ! sun lift$ ! veil2 x 0 a beautiful sight4 ,el ,h(ho( c claim a consid]able age4 ,"u ! "n ( ,haj>1 x 0 next to ,mob>rez1 ! citadel t[n ( ! celebrat$ ,bni ,k9di & ,abd ,el ,kais 7#egj ,a4,d47 ,bo? ( ^! t[ns1 & 9 fact e village ( ,hassa1 owe _! exi/5ce to ! und]gr\nd wat]c\rses1 :i* are ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! prov9ce2 ev]y:]e !re is ! same abundance ( ?is great bless+4 ,a l& ( /reams & f\nta9s1--well+ up 9 ! mid/ ( ! salt sea1 z at ,bahre92 fl[+ unkn[n & uns\ght "u ! dry des]t at ,ojeir2 bubbl+ up 9 p]5nial f\nta9s z at ,katif2 or bur/+ out 9 sev5 hot spr+s t fl[1 cool+1 to bless wide fields ( rice & :eat at ,mob>rez4 ,! entire region is capable ( ri* cultivation1 & yet n[ m ?an half ( x is des]t4 ,!re is n a man to till ! gr\nd1 & p>adise lies wa/e except ne> ! villages4 ,else:]e ,b$\9 robb]s & ,turki% taxes prev5t cultivation4 ,^! two are ! curse ( agriculture all ov] ! ,ottoman prov9ces ( ,arabia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palgrave',s ,,plan ,,( ,,h(ho(4 ,h(ho( itself is surr\nd$ by g>d5s1 & its plan gives a good idea ( ! g5]al "* ( ! t[ns ( ,arabia4 ,a ca/le or rul]'s h\se2 a baza> ) surr\nd+ dwell+s & a mud-wall built ar\nd to protect ! :ole4 ,! moat is n[ dry & half fill$ 9 ) ! dbris ( ! walls1 :i* are n 9 good repair4 ,! t[n is ne>ly a mile & a-half across at its great] diamet]1 b ! h\ses are n built z close toge!r z is ! cu/om 9 mo/ ,ori5tal t[ns2 "h is ! pleasant feature ( g>d5s inside ! walls4 ,! date-palm pr$om9ates1 & inde$ comes to wond]ful p]fection1 b ! nabak1 ! papay1 ! fig & ! pomegranate are also 9 evid5ce4 ,indigo is cultivat$1 & also cotton1 :ile all ! region r\nd ab\t is gre5 ) fields ( rice & sug>-cane & vegetables1--onions1 radi%es1 beans1 vet*es1 & maize4 ,! population ( ! city is entirely ,moslem1 except "o ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ri/ian1 :o is ! ,turki% doctor1 & a half doz5 ,jews4 ,! ?ree ,europeans :o h previ\sly visit$ & describ$ ,h(ho( are1 ,capta9 ,sadli] 7#ahai71 ,palgrave 7#ahfc71 & ,colonel ,pelly 7#ahfe74 ,! fir/ gives ! population at #ae1jjj & ,palgrave speaks ( #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj4 ,9 #ahga :5 ! ,turki% exp$ition aga9/ ,nejd took ! city1 !y report$ x to h #ae1jjj h\ses & #bjj suburb villages767 ,?is %[s ! absolute unc]ta9ty ( mo/ /ati/ics 9 reg>d to ,arabia4 ,el ,hassa 7,h(ho(7 is ! fir/ /age on ! direct c>avan r\te f ea/ ,arabia to ,mecca & ,jiddah4 ,abd ,er ,rahman b9 ,salama1 ! ,arab ,%eikh1 "u ! ,turki% gov]nor ( ! ,rifa'a qu>t] ( ! t[n gave me ! foll[+ in=mation reg>d+ ?is r\te4 ,f ,hassa to ,riad is six days by camel1 f ,riad to ,jebel ,%amm> n9e days2 to ,wady ,dauasir sev52 & f ,riad to ,mecca eighte5 days4 ,t w\ld be tw5ty-eight days to cross ! p59sula1 n includ+ /ops on ! road & travell+ at ! rate ( an ord9>y c>avan1 i4 e41 ?ree miles an h\r ,! ,kais>iyeh or baza> ( ,h(ho( is well suppli$ ) all ! usual requirem5ts & luxuries ( ! ,levant2 weapons1 clo?1 gold embroid]y1 dates1 vegetables1 dri$ fi%1 wood1 salt$ locu/s1 fruit1 s&als1 tobacco1 copp]-w>e & piece-goods--9 irregul> confusion z enum]at$4 ,public auctions are held frequ5tly 9 ! squ>e or on ! pla9 outside ! walls4 ,"h1 too1 ! b>b]s ply _! trade1 & blacksmi?s beat at _! anvils "u ! %ade ( a date-hut4 ,! ,rifa'a qu>t] has ! be/ h\ses1 :ile ! ,na'a?al has ! l>ge/ numb]2 ! 8,ea/-end0 9 ,h(ho( be+ = ! ri* & ! 8,we/-end0 = ! poor1 z is prop] 9 a l& ( p>adoxes4 ,hassa is celebrat$ = two sorts ( manufacture2 cloaks or abbas1 ) ri* embroid]y 9 gold & color$ ?read1 delicately wr\ght & ( elegant patt]n1 ! gaye/ & co/lie/ g>m5ts ( ,arabia2 & brass c(fee-pots ( curi\s %ape & pretty =m1 :i*1 ) ! cloaks1 are export$ all ov] ,ea/]n ,arabia1 ev5 z f> z ,busrah & ,muscat4 ,once trade fl\ri%$ & ! m]*ants grew ri* 9 ?is l& ( easy agriculture & f]tile soil4 ,b inte/9e w>s1 ,wahabi fanaticism & ,turki% indol5ce1 extortion & taxation h tak5 away prosp]ity1 & ,hassa's capital is n :at x 0 9 ! days ( old1 :5 ! ,c>ma?ians held ! t[n4 ,"o remnant ( its =m] glory rema9s2 a unique & entirely local co9age call$ ! ,t[eelah or 8long-bit40 ,x consi/s ( a small copp]-b>1 mix$ ) a small proportion ( silv]1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 split at "o end & ) a fissure slightly op5$4 ,along "o or bo? ( its flatt5$ sides run a few ,cufic *>act]s1 ne>ly illegible 9 mo/ specim5s1 b said to read3 ,mohamm$-al-,saood1 i4e41 8,mohamm$ ( ! ,saood family40 ,! co9 has nei!r date nor motto1 b 0 und\bt$ly made by "o ( ! ,c>ma?ian ,pr9ces ab\t ! ye> #ibj ,a4 ,d4 ,?is ,moslem sect ow$ its orig9 to a fanatic & en?usia/ born at ,cufa1 call$ ,c>ma?1 :o fir/ _h a foll[+ ab\t ! ye> #bgg ( ! ,hejira4 ,he assum$ ! l(ty titles1 ,guide1 ,director1 ! ,^w1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,h]ald ( ! ,messiah1 etc4 ,8 int]pretation ( ! ,koran 0 v lax 9 ! matt]s ( ablution1 fa/+1 & pilgrimage1 b he increas$ ! numb] ( pray]s to fifty daily4 ,he _h twelve apo/les among ! ,b$\9s1 & 8 sect grew s rapidly t !y c\ld mu/] 9 ! field #ajg1jjj fanatical w>riors4 ,cufa & ,busrah 7 pillag$ & ,bagdad tak54 ,9 #ibi ,abu ,tah] /orm$ ! ,holy ,city ( ,mecca & ! ,c>ma?ians took away ! black /one 9 triumph to ,katif4 ,! c5tre ( _! p[] rema9$ at ,hassa = "s ye>s4 ,"h ! co9 0 /ruck1 :i* is ! only remnant ( _! p[] & fanaticism4 ,& :ile ! ,c>ma?ian doctr9es are held 9 abhorr5ce1 _! little b>s ( copp] /ill buy rice & dates & /ick to ! h&s ( ! money-*ang] 9 ! baza>4 ,9 =m] days !re 7 gold & silv] co9s ( simil> %ape4 ,"s 9 silv] c yet be f\nd occasionally inscrib$ ) ! noble motto 9 ,arabic3 8,honor to ! sob] man1 di%onor to ! ambiti\s40 ,:5 ,i 0 9 ,h(ho( t /range1 two-tail$ copp]-b> 0 wor? half an anna & disput$ its bir?right 9 ! m>ket ) rupees & ,indian pap] & ,m>ia ,!resa doll>s & ,turki% copp]s4 ,b h[ *ang$ ! baza> itself w\ld appe> to ! gho/ ( "s ,c>ma?ian w>rior ( ! n9? c5tury :o fir/ h&l$ a 8long-bit40 ,ev5 ! ,wahabis h disappe>$ & tobacco1 silk1 music & w9e are no long] deadly s9s4 ,( ^! ,moslem ,puritans _m h left = ,riad1 & ! few t rema9 /roke _! long :ite be>ds 9 horror at ,turki% ,eff5dis 9 infidel bree*es smok+ cig>ettes1 :ile !y sigh = ! gold5 days ( ! ,arabian ,re=m]4 ,!re is a milit>y hospital at ,h(ho( ) a surgeon & doctor1 b at ! "t ( my visit !re 0 a de>? ( m$ic9es & an abom9able lack ( sanitation4 ,few soldi]s submit to hospital treatm5t1 pref]r+ to des]t or seek furl\gh else:]e1 & no?+ is done = ! ,arab population4 ,be=e my com+ *ol]a rag$ "h z well z on ! coa/1 & dur+ my %ort visit smallpox 0 epidemic & c>ri$ (f _m1 _m *ildr54 ,?rice awful are su* diseases 9 a l& :]e a practical fanaticism1 "u ! pi\s cloak ( religion1 scorns m$ic9e or prev5tive measures4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! prov9ce ( ,hassa is z foll[s4 ,! ,s&jak 7,turki% = adm9i/rative division7 is divid$ into ?ree cazas1 ,nejd1 ,kat> & ,katif & a small g>rison holds ea* ( ^! cazas2 #fjj m5 at ,h(ho(1 & #cjj at ,kat> & ,katif4 ,! gov]nor1 call$ ,mutas]rif ,pa%a1 resides at ! capital & kaimakams or sub-gov]nors at ! o!r two c5tres4 ,!re are ! usual ,turki% tribunals & ea* ,arab tribe has a repres5tative or g-betwe5 to arrange its affairs ) ! gov]nor4 ,! pr9cipal tribes :i* at pres5t ackn[l$ge ,turki% occupation & submit to _! rule are3 ,el ,ajeman1 ,el ,morah1 ,bni ,haj>1 ,bni ,khal$1 ,bni ,hassam1 ,el ,mott]1 ,el ,h>b1 & ,el ,ja'af]4 ,! ,turki% gov]nm5t has op5$ ?ree s*ools 9 ! prov9ce2 ! total numb] ( pupils accord+ to ! ,turki% (ficial report is #c1edj4 ,! same report puts ! entire population ( ! prov9ce at #bej1jjj2 ?is gives a fair idea ( ! backw>dness ( education ev5 9 ?is prov9ce :i* has always be5 rem>kable = book-le>n+4 ,! l>ge mosque ) its tw5ty-f\r ar*es & porticoes1 smoo?-pla/]$ & ) a mat-spread floor is always full ( mis*iev\s y\? le>n+ ! my/]ies ( gramm> & ! commonplaces ( ,moslem !ology2 b ! days ( poetry & writ+ ( comm5t>ies on ! ,koran are 9 ! pa/2 ev5 ! ,wahabi m]*ants talk ( ,bombay & are glad to get hold ( an ,engli% prim] or an atlas ( ! new _w :i* is knock+ at _! door = admittance4 ,aft] f\r days sp5t 9 ! city ,i accept$ an opportunity to return nor?w>d ) a c>avan2 ,i 0 n all[$ to g1 h[ev]1 until aft] ,i _h sign$ a pap]1 :i*1 because ( ! unsafety ( ! road disclaim$ all responsibility on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld ,i come to lose life1 limb or luggage4 ,a copy ( ?is docum5t is 9 my possession1 b ! only foe ,i met 9 ! des]t 0--fev]4 ,on ,tuesday noon our small p>ty set out1 n go+ ?r\gh ! l>ge t[n ( ,mob>rez z ,i _h hop$1 b turn+ ea/ & rea*+ ,kilabeejeh at two o'clock4 ,we pass$ f\nta9s & /reams & fields ( rice & swamps1--ev]y?+ v unlike ,arabia ( ! s*ool-geography4 ,9 f\r h\rs1 h[ev]1 we 7 aga9 9 ! mid/ ( des]t :]e ! sun prov$ too hot = me & ,i 0 tak5 ) a fev] :i* did n leave me until ,i return$ to ,bahre94 ,! road cont9u$ des]t all ! way to ,katif4 ,on ,w$nesday we rode all night "u ! />s 7because ( a false al>m ( robb]s7 until n9e o'clock next morn+4 ,!n we re/$ at a place call$1 ) bitt] irony1 ,um ,el ,hammam2 !re are no ba?s1 no trees1 no grass1 only a %all[ pit ( dirty wat] & small %rubb]y ( dates4 ,"h we sp5t a hot day4 ,on ,friday morn+ we came to ! bord]s ( ,katif1--palm-groves1 wells1 & anci5t aqu$ucts ) curi\s t[]s & air-holes at int]vals4 ,?r\gh g>d5s & ar\nd by ! l>ge squ>e =t we came to ! sea4 ,at ! cu/om-h\se1 aga91 ,i f\nd re/ & refre%m5t4 ,katif has no good "n among ,hassa ,arabs2 its location is l[ & m>%y2 8its inhabitants are mo/ly weak 9 frame1 sall[ 9 complexion1 & suff] cont9ually f mal>ia4 ,! t[n itself is badly built1 woefully fil?y1 damp & ill-favor$ 9 climate4 ,yet x has a good population & brisk trade4 ,! inhabitants are mo/ly ,%iahs ( ,p]sian orig9 & are held 9 abhorr5ce by ! ,wahabis & ! ,turks alike z little bett] ?an infidels4 ,! pres5t location ( ,katif corresponds to ! v anci5t settlem5t ( ! ,g]rha ( ! ,greek geograph]s b no exploration = ru9s has ev] be5 made4 ,a ,portuguese ca/le m>ks _! occupation ( ?is coa/ also dur+ _! supremacy 9 ! gulf4 ,katif 0 tak5 by ! ,turks 9 #ahga & has be5 occupi$ by !m ev] s9ce4 ,! ,arabian coa/ nor? ( ,katif1 all ! way to ,kuweit is )\t a s+le l>ge settlem5t4 ,mo/ly b>r5 & 9 ! h&s ( ! pr$atory & w>like tribe ( ,bni ,haj>1 x is v un9t]e/+ & entirely unproductive4 ,,xii ,,! ,,riv]-,,c\ntry ,,& ,,! ,,date-,,palm 8,! ri* pla9s ( ,mesopotamia & ,assyria :i* 7 once cultivat$ by a popul\s nation & wat]$ by surpris+ ef=ts ( human indu/ry1 are n[ inhabit$1 or r ravag$ by w&]+ ,arabs4 ,s long z ^! f]tile prov9ces %all rema9 "u ! gov]nm5t1 or r an>*y ( ! ,turks !y mu/ cont9ue des]ts 9 :i* nature dies = want ( ! fo/]+ c>e ( man0--,niebuhr 7#agib74 ,:at *anges ( hi/ory h left _! records 9 ru9s & names & leg5ds on ! great alluvial pla9s ( ,nor!a/]n ,arabia6 ,! two riv]s /ill be> _! ,bible names1 ! ,euphrates & ,dijleh1 or ,hiddekel1 b no?+ else is left :i* c\ld be call$ p>adise4 ,:at impresses ! travell] fir/ & mo/ is t s l>ge an ext5t ( ?is f]tile region lies wa/e & unproductive "u an effete rule4 ,! spl5dor ( ! pa/ c sc>cely be believ$ because ( ! ru9 ( ! pres5t4 ,ev]y:]e are traces ( anci5t empires & yet x seems incr$ible z we wat* ! half-nak$ ,arabs pl\gh+ ?r\gh ! mud-banks ) _! wild cattle & primitive implem5ts4 ,0 ?is ! cradle ( ! human race8 ,babylon & ,n9eveh are "h = ! ar*aeologi/2 ,ctesiphon1 ,kufa & ,zobeir = ! hi/orian2 ,bagdad & ,busrah 7or ,bassorah7 = old ,arabian romance2 & ,ur ( ! ,*aldees = ! ,bible /ud5t4 ,s9ce ,h>\n ,ra%id w5t ab\t 9 disguise h[ _m yet /rang] ,arabian nights has ,bagdad se56 ,h[ surpris$ ,s9bad ! sailor w\ld be to see ! decay ( ,busrah1 yet ) a doz5 8smoke-%ips0 9 its h>bor6 ,mesopotamia1 call$ by ! ,arabs ,el ,jezira1 0 =m]ly limit$ to ! l& ly+ betwe5 ! two riv]s & s\? ( ! old wall by :i* !y 7 connect$ above ,bagdad4 ,f ?is po9t to ! ,p]sian ,gulf ! di/rict 0 & is /ill kn[n z ,irak-,arabi1 to di/+ui% x f ! ,irak ( ,p]sia4 ,commonly1 h[ev]1 ! "n ( ,mesopotamia 7,mid-,riv]-,c\ntry7 is giv5 to ! :ole nor!a/]n "p ( ,arabia4 ,x has a total area ( #ahj1jjj squ>e miles & pres5ts great uni=mity 9 its physical z well z its e?nical *>act]i/ics4 ,arabs live & ,arabic is spok5 = ?ree hundr$ miles beyond ,bagdad z f> z ,di>bekr & ,m>d92 b we limit our description to ! region betwe5 ,busrah & ,bagdad includ+ ! delta at ! m\? ( ! riv]s4 ,ne> ,bagdad ! two giant riv]s1 aft] dra9+ ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or1 ,arm5ia & ,kurdi/an1 approa* q ne> toge!r2 f !nce ! ma9 /reams are connect$ by sev]al *annels & int]mitt5t wat]c\rses1 ! *ief ( :i* is ! ,%att-el ,hai4 ,at ,kurna ! two riv]s unite to =m ! ,%att-el-,arab :i* trav]ses a flat1 f]tile pla9 dott$ ) villages & cov]$ ) artificially irrigat$ mead[-l&s & ext5sive date groves4 ,z f> up z ,bagdad ! riv] is navigable ?r\gh\t ! ye> = /eam]s ( consid]able size4 ,x is entirely ow+ to ! ent]prise ( ,engli% comm]ce & ! ,bagdad-,busrah /eam%ip l9e t ! c\ntry1 s gloomily describ$ by ,niebuhr1 9 #agib1 & ev5 by ,*esney 9 #ahdj1 has be5 develop$ into new life & prosp]ity4 ,ev5 ,turki% misrule & oppression _c d away utt]ly ) natural f]tility & productiv5ess2 & if ev] a good gov]nm5t %\ld hold ?is region x w\ld rega9 its anci5t importance & d\ble its pres5t population4 ,two features are prom95t 9 ! physical geography ( ?is region4 ,fir/ ! flat almo/ level /ret*es ( mead[ )\t any rise or fall except ! artificial anci5t m\nds#cf4 ,! second is ! date-palm4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! c\ntry f ,fao & ,mohamm]ah to ! c\ntry ( ! ,montefik ,arabs above ,kurna is "o l>ge date plantation1 on bo? sides ( ! wide riv]4 ,ev]y:]e ! tall %apely trees l9e ! horizon & ne> ! l[] e/u>y ( ! ,%att-el-,arab !y are especially luxuriant & pl5tiful4 ,=m]ly e palm-tree on ! ,nile1 0 regi/]$ & tax$2 b to c\nt e su* tree on ! ,%att-el-,arab w\ld be an un5d+ task4 ,! prop] coat-(-arms = all l[] ,mesopotamia w\ld be a date-palm4 ,x is ! 8bann] ( ! climate0 & ! weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re may be monotony 9 ^! long groves & r[s ( well-proportion$ columns ) _! tops hidd5 9 foliage1 b !re c]ta9ly is no?+ we>isome4 ,a date g>d5 is a sc5e ( exce$+ beauty1 v>y+ greatly accord+ to ! "t ( ! day & ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,at sunrise or sunset ! gorge\s colors fall on ! gracefully p5dant fronds or /eal g5tly ?r\gh ! light] foliage & reflect a vivid gre5 s beautiful t once se51 x c nev] be =gott54 ,at high-noon ! d>k %ad[s & deep colors ( ! date-=e/s refre% & re/ ! eye a*+ f ! braz5 gl>e ( s& & sky4 ,b ! =e/ is at its be/1 :5 on a dewy night ! full moon rises & makes a pe>l gli/5 on e spik$ leaf & ! %ad[s %[ black z night 9 contra/ ) ! %e5 ( ! upp] foliage4 ,x 0 an ,arab poet :o fir/ sang ! song ( ! date-palm s beautifully int]pret$ by ,bay>d ,taylor3 8,next to !e1 ,o fair ,gazelle6 ,o ,b$[ee girl1 belov$ s well1-- ,next to ! fe>less ,nejidee ,^: fleetness %all be> me aga9 to !e-- ,next to ye bo? ,i love ! palm ,) 8 leaves ( beauty & fruit ( balm4 ,next to ye bo?1 ,i love ! tree ,^: flutt]+ %ad[s wrap u ?ree ,9 love & sil5ce & my/]y4 ,our tribe is _m1 our poets vie ,) any "u ! ,arab sky ,yet none c s+ ( ! palm b ,i4 ,! noble m9>ets t begem ,cairo's citadel diadem ,are n s light z 8 sl5d] /em4 ,he lifts 8 leaves 9 ! sunbeam glance ,z ! ,almehs lift _! arms 9 dance2 ,a slumb]\s motion1 a passionate sigh ,t works 9 ! cells ( ! blood l w9e4 ,o tree ( love1 by t love ( ?9e ,tea* me h[ ,i %all s(t5 m9e40 ,m>k ,twa9 comp>$ ! palm-tree to 8a lib]ty-pole ) a haycock0 on top ( x4 ,! tru? lies betwe5 ! poet & ! 8,innoc5t0 travell]1 = ! date-tree is bo? a poem & a comm]cial product2 to ! ,arab m9d x is ! p]fection ( beauty & utility4 ,! date palm-tree is f\nd 9 ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 ne>ly all p>ts ( ,arabia & ! s\!rn isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b x atta9s to its greate/ p]fection 9 upp] ,egypt & ,mesopotamia4#cg ,"s idea ( ! imm5se importance ( ?is "o crop 9 ! weal? ( ,mesopotamia may be ga9$ f ! /atem5t ( an old ,engli% m]*ant at ,busrah1 t 8! entire annual date-h>ve/ ( ! ,riv]-c\ntry might cons]vatively be put at #aej1jjj tons40 ,! date-tree consi/s ( a s+le /em or trunk ab\t fifty to eighty feet high1 )\t a bran*1 & cr[n$ at ! summit by a clu/] ( leaves or 8palms0 t drop some:at 9 ! %ape ( a huge umbrella4 ,ea* ( ^! palms has long lanceolate leaves spread+ out l a fan f ! c5tre /em :i* (t5 atta9s a l5g? ( t5 or ev5 twelve feet4 ,9 a wild /ate ! successive r[s ( palms1 :i* m>k ! annual gr[? ( ! tree1 )] & contract b rema9 ^u ! trunk1 produc+ ) e brea? ( w9d ! creak+ s\nd s (t5 he>d 9 ! sil5ce ( ! des]t-night4 ,b :]e ! palms are cultivat$ ! old /ems are cut away z fa/ z !y dry & are put to _m diff]5t uses4 ,! trunk ( ! palm-tree !re=e pres5ts ! appe>ance ( scales :i* enable a man1 ^: body is held to ! tree by a rope noose1 to climb to ! top ) ease & ga!r ! fruit4 ,at a di/ance1 ^! annual r+s ( ! date-palm appe> z a s]ies ( diagonal l9es divid+ ! trunk4 ,palm-trees (t5 rea* ! age ( a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! date-palm is dici\s2 b 9 ,mesopotamia ! pi/ilate-palms f> exce$ 9 numb] ! /am9ate4 ,m>riage ( ! palms takes place e spr+ & is a busy "t = ! husb&man z x is no small task to climb all ! trees & spr9kle ! poll54 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,date ,,or*>d ,,ne> ,,busrah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dates ,,gr[+ ,,on ,a ,,date-,,palm4 ,arabs h writt5 books & ,europeans h compos$ fables on ! ?\s& diff]5t uses ( ! palm-tree4 ,e "p ( ?is wond]ful tree is useful to ! ,arabs 9 unexpect$ ways4 ,to beg9 at ! top3--,! pi/ils ( ! date-blossom conta9 a f9e curly fibre :i* is beat5 out & us$ 9 all ,ea/]n ba?s z a sponge = soap+ ! body4 ,at ! extremity ( ! trunk is a t]m9al bud conta9+ a :iti% sub/ance resembl+ an almond 9 consi/5cy & ta/e1 b a hundr$ times z l>ge4 ,?is is a great table delicacy4 ,!re are said to be ov] "o hundr$ v>ieties ( date-palm all di/+ui%$ by _! fruit & ! ,arabs say t 8a good h\sewife may furni% h] husb& e day = a mon? ) a di% ( dates diff]5tly prep>$40 ,dates =m ! /aple food ( ! ,arabs 9 a l>ge "p ( ,arabia & are always s]v$ 9 "s =m at e meal4 ,syrup & v9eg> is made f old dates1 & by ^? :o disreg>d ! ,koran1 ev5 a k9d ( br&y4 ,! date-pit is gr\nd up & f$ to c[s & %eep s t no?+ ( ! preci\s fruit may be lo/4 ,:ole pits are us$ z beads & c\nt]s = ! ,arab *ildr5 9 _! games on ! des]t-s&4 ,! bran*es or palms are /ripp$ ( _! leaves & us$ l rattan1 to make b$s1 tables1 *airs1 cradles1 bird-cages1 read+-/&s1 boats1 crates1 etc41 etc4 ,! leaves are made into baskets1 fans & /r+ & ! ba/ ( ! out] trunk =ms excell5t fibre = rope ( _m sizes & qualities4 ,! wood ( ! trunk1 ?\gh light & por\s1 is mu* us$ 9 bridge-build+ & ar*itecture & is q durable4 ,9 %ort1 :5 a date-palm is cut d[n !re is n a p>ticle ( x t is wa/$4 ,?is tree is ! 8poor-h\se0 & asylum = all ,arabia2 )\t x millions w\ld h nei!r food nor %elt]4 ,= "o half ( ! population ( ,mesopotamia lives 9 date-mat dwell+s4 ,al?\gh ev]y:]e ! date-culture is an important indu/ry1 ,busrah is ! c5tre ( ! trade1 = "h is ! pr9cipal depot = export4 ,! ?ree be/ v>ieties ( dates kn[n at ,busrah are ! ,hallawi1 ,khadrawi & ,say]4 ,^! are ! only k9ds t w /& %ipp+ to ! ,european m>kets4 ,!y are pack$ 9 lay]s 9 wood5 boxes1 or 9 small] c>ton boxes4 ,! av]age export to ,london & ,new ,york f ,busrah = ! pa/ five ye>s has be5 ab\t #bj1jjj tons1 ne>ly "o half ( :i* 0 = ! ,am]ican m>ket4 ,o!r important v>ieties are ,zehdi1 ,brem1 ,d]y & ,%ukri4 ,^! are pack$ m r\ghly 9 matt+ or baskets1 & are s5t along ! :ole ,arabian coa/1 to ,india1 ! ,r$ ,sea littoral & ,zanzib>4 ,!re are ov] ?irty o!r v>ieties cultivat$ ne> ,busrah = local consumption4 ,"s ( !m h curi\s names su* z3 8,"m ( ,p]fume10 8,seal$-up10 8,r$ ,sug>10 8,daught] ( ,sev510 8,bride's-f+]10 8,little ,/>10 8,pure ,daught]02 o!rs h names :i* x is bett] n to translate4 ,palgrave & o!rs1 ) ^: v]dict ,i agree1 pron\nc$ ! ,khalasi date ( ,el ,hassa sup]ior to all o!r k9ds4 ,x has rec5tly be5 introduc$ into ,mesopotamia4 ,palgrave says1 8! lit]al & n inappropriate translation ( ! "n is #8qu9tess5ce'--a species peculi> to ,hassa & easily ! fir/ ( its k9d40 ,! fruit itself is r small] ?an ! usual ,hallawi date1 b x is n s dry & f> m lusci\s4 ,x is ( a ri* d>k amb] color1 almo/ ruddy1 & transluc5t2 ! k]nel is small & easily deta*$1 ! date ta/es sweet z sug> & is z f> sup]ior to ! date b\ght 9 ! ,am]ican m>ket z a ripe ,pipp9 is to dri$ apple-r+s4 ,at ,busrah ! date season op5s 9 ,septemb] & keeps e "o busy until ! va/ h>ve/ is ga!r$ & %ipp$4 ,! dates = export to ,europe & ,am]ica are ( prime quality1 a box ( half a hundr$-weight on bo>d ! /eam] is wor? ab\t ?ree or f\r %ill+s :olesale4 ,all poor1 wet1 & small dates are pack$ sep>ately 9 mats or bags1 & are s5t to ,india z second-quality4 ,! poore/ lot are s5t 9 mass to ! di/ill]ies 9 ,engl&4 ,?us no?+ is lo/4 ,date-pack]s1 :o put ! fruit 9 lay]s1 receive ?ree or f\r kam]is = pack+ a box4 ,! be/ pack]s c only pack f\r boxes a day1 s t _! wages are ab\t a kran 7ab\t t5 c5ts7 p] day4 ,!y live *eaply on ! fruit1 & br+ all _! family1 babes & greybe>ds ) !m to lodge = ! season 9 ! date-g>d5s4 ,! date season 9 ,busrah beg9s 9 ! e>ly or middle "p ( ,septemb] & la/s = six or eight weeks4 ,! price ( ! date-crop v>ies4 ,x is usually fix$ at a meet+ held 9 "s date-g>d5 :]e ! gr[]s & buy]s play ! bull & ! be> until an agreem5t is rea*$4 ,! prices 9 #ahig 71 9 ! language ( ! trade3 8#cdj ,%amis = ,hallawis1 #bhj ,%amis = ,khadrawis1 & #ahj ,%amis = ,say]40 ,sev5te5 ,%amis are equal to ab\t "o p\nd /]l+1 & ! prices quot$ are = a k>a1 ab\t fifty hundr$-weights4 ,! culture ( ! date has /eadily increas$ = ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,9 #ahif ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry 0 inundat$ by heavy floods & ov] a million date-trees are said to h be5 de/roy$2 new g>d5s are be+ plant$ cont9ually4 ,! ,arabs ( ,mesopotamia display great skill & unusual c>e 9 manur+1 irrigat+ & improv+ _! date-plantations1 = !y realize m & m t ?is is no mean s\rce ( weal?4 ,"o rec5t use to :i* export dates are put is 9 ! manufacture ( v9eg>1 x w\ld seem1 s9ce ! beet-sug> indu/ry has prov$ s pr(itable1 t !re mu/ be "s me?od by :i* good sug> c\ld be manufactur$ f date-syrup4 ,mesopotamia is ri* n only 9 date-groves b 9 c]eals1 wool1 gums1 licorice root & o!r products4 ,! export ( wool alone 9 #ahig 0 valu$ at #bhh1gjj4 ,& ! total exports ! same ye>1 = ! two prov9ces ( ,bagdad & ,busrah1 7 put at #ebb1ifj4 ,busrah is ! %ipp+ place = all ! region r\nd ab\t1 & ocean /eam]s ( consid]able size are always 9 ,busrah h>bor1 dur+ #ahig f\r hundr$ & tw5ty-"o sail+ vessels & n9ety-five /eam%ips cle>$ ! port1 ) a total tonnage ( #aca1hdf2 n9ety-"o ( ! /eam%ips 7 ,briti%4 ,! population ( ! two vilayets is giv5 by ,cu9et1 :o foll[s ,turki% au?orities1 z foll[s3 ,moslems4 ,*ri/ians4 ,jews4 ,total4 ,bagdad ,vilayet1 #ghi1ejj #g1jjj #ec1ejj #hej1jjj ,busrah ,vilayet1 #ici1fej #e1hej #d1ejj #iej1jjj ,9 ,bagdad vilayet ne>ly f\r-fif?s ( ! ,moslem population belongs to ! ,sunnite sect1 :ile 9 ,busrah vilayet ?ree-f\r?s ( !m are ,%iahs4 ,! ,sabeans are g5]ally reckon$ among ! ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh ^! are already suffici5tly divid$ into ,lat91 ,greek ,or?odox1 ,greek1 ,syrian1 ,*aldean ,ca?olic1 ,arm5ian ,gregorian1 ,arm5ian ,ca?olic & ,prote/ants--! la/ 9 ! smalle/ m9ority possible & ! o!rs *iefly di/+ui%$ by mutual di/ru/ & unit$ hatr$ ( ,prote/antism4 ,! vilayet ( ,bagdad is divid$ aga9 into ?ree ,s&jaks or di/ricts ( ,bagdad1 ,hillah & ,k]bela1 & t ( ,busrah likewise into ^? ( ,busrah1 ,am>a ,muntefik & ,nejd#ch4 ,( ^! six di/ricts t ( ,bagdad is ! l>ge/ 9 area & importance & is ! c5tre ( milit>y p[] = bo? vilayets4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ,bagdad ,s&jak g z f> z ,anah on ! ,euphrates t[>d ! nor? & include ,kut-el-,am>a on ! s\? ) bo? banks ( ! ,tigris4 ,hillah & ,k]bela are along ! ,euphrates ) irregul> b\nd>ies :ile ! ,muntefik ,s&jak ) its prov9cial t[n ( ,nas>iya sep>ates !m f t ( ,busrah4 ,! ,s&jak ( ,am>a beg9s a few miles nor? ( ! junction ( ! two riv]s1 & ! :ole fronti] t[>d ,p]sia is entirely undef9$ or at lea/ 89 litigation10 z ! ,turki% (ficial maps h x4 ,! two ,turki% prov9ces h all ! involv$ ma*9]y ( ,turki% civil & milit>y adm9i/ration4 ,!re are pl5ty ( (fices & (fice-hold]s & con/ant *anges 9 bo?4 ,ea* prov9ce has a gov]nor-g5]al or ,wali & 7outside ( ! gov]nor's s&jak7 ea* di/rict has its mutas]rif-pa%a ei!r ( ! fir/ or second class--^? "o has to deal ) g5]ally prove to be ( ! latt]4 ,!n !re are ,kaimakams = small] di/ricts or cities1 & f9ally mudirs = villages4 ,at ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 call$ ! ,s]ai1 !re is an adm9i/rative c\ncil1 includ+ ! ,nib or kadi1 correspond+ to *ief-ju/ice2 ! deft]d> or secret>y ( f9ance2 ! mufti or public int]pret] ( ,moslem law2 ! nakib1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,!re are sev]al c\rts ( ju/ice ( diff]5t rank2 ! cu/om-h\se adm9i/ration is on ! e pluribus unum plan & ne plus ultra sy/em4 ,besides ^! !re are ! 8,regie des tabacs0 or ! tobacco-monopoly1 ! po/ & telegraph adm9i/ration1 ! sanit>y (fices1 ! salt-inspectors1 &1 at ,k]bela1 ! ,t>if ( corpses levi$ on import$ pilgrims4 ,to describe all ^! satisfactorily w\ld require a volume4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,cities ,,& ,,villages ,,( ,,turki%-,,arabia ,kuweit1#ci on ! gulf a little s\? ( ! riv] delta1 w 9 all probability--be=e long1 rise 9 importance & be z well kn[n z ,suez or ,port ,said4 ,x has ! f9e/ h>bor 9 all ,ea/]n ,arabia1 & is an important t[n ( f #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj inhabitants4 ,"h w probably be ! t]m9us ( ! propos$ railroads to b9d ,india & ! gulf to ,europe by ! %orte/ r\te4 ,! :ole c\ntry r\nd ab\t be+ practically des]t1 ! place is entirely dep5d5t on its trade = support4 ,x possesses m bagal[s 7sail+-vessels7 ?an any port 9 ! gulf2 is rem>kably cleanly2 has "s v well-built h\ses & an ext5sive docky>d = boat build+4 ,! t[n & tribe are nom9ally "u ,turki% subjection1 al?\gh protection is ! bett] ^w1 & x is rumor$ t ,kuweit w soon be z mu* 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli% z is ,bahre94 ,! ,b$\9 tribes ( ,nor!rn ,hassa1 & ev5 f ,nejd1 br+ horses1 cattle & %eep to ?is place to b>t] = dates1 clo?+ & fire-arms4 ,!re is ne>ly always a l>ge encampm5t ( ,b$\9s ne> ! t[n4 ,! r\te ov]l& f ,kuweit to ,busrah is across ! des]t until we come to an old artificial canal2 leav+ ,jebel ,s9am to ! left ! second m>* br+s u to ,zobeir1 a small village on ! site ( anci5t ,busrah1 & only a few h\rs to ! pres5t site4 ,at ,zobeir is ! tomb ( ! ,moslem lead] = :om ! t[n is nam$4 ,! village conta9s ab\t #djj h\ses1 & ! population is ri* & fanatical4 ,9 ! vic9ity are g>d5s :]e a k9d ( melon is rais$1 :i* is celebrat$ 9 all ! region r\nd ab\t = sweetness & delicacy ( flavor4 ,! j\rney f ,kuweit to ,busrah is g5]ally made1 ev5 by natives1 9 bugal[s2 :ile ! ,p]sian ,gulf /eam]s1 n call+ at ,kuweit1 proce$ direct f ,bu%ire to ,fao1 at ! m\? ( ! ,%att-el-,arab4 ,a great h9drance to comm]ce is ! b> =m$ by ! alluvial deposit ( ! imm5se riv] z x rea*es ! gulf4 ,at l[ tide !re is only t5 feet ( wat] 9 ! deepe/ "p ( ! *annel1 & ev5 at flood tide l>ge /eam]s mu/ pl[ _! way ?r\gh ! mud to rea* ,busrah4 ,fao is ( no importance except z ! t]m9us ( ! cable f ,bu%ire4 ,a ,briti% telegraph /ation 0 e/abli%$ "h 9 #ahfd4 ,! ,turki% telegraph sy/em f up ! riv]s t]m9ates at ,fao1 & "h too !y h a repres5tative to gov]n ! place & en=ce /r+5t qu>ant9e4 ,! ,%att-el-,arab w9ds motonon\sly betwe5 ! va/ date-or*>ds or des]t banks = ab\t =ty miles1 until we rea* ! ,k>un riv] & ! ,p]sian t[n ( ,mohamm]ah4 ,busrah is sixty-sev5 miles f ! b> & betwe5 x & ,fao !re are _m important villages on ea* bank ( ! riv]4 ,aboo ,hassib is p]haps ! mo/ important & is a great c5tre = date-culture & pack+4 ,busrah consi/s ( ! native city--conta9+ ! pr9cipal baza>s1 ! gov]nm5t h\se1 & ! bulk ( ! population--& ! new t[n on ! riv]4 ,! native t[n is ab\t two miles f ! riv] on a n>r[ creek1 call$ ,a%>2 a good road runs along ! bank1 & ?is road really unites ! two p>ts ( ! city into "o z x is l9$ ) dwell+-h\ses = a l>ge "p ( ! way4 ,busrah has se5 bett] days1 b also worse4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury x numb]$ upw>d ( #aej1jjj inhabitants4 ,9 #ahbe1 x _h dim9i%$ to #fj1jjj2 ! plague ( #ahca r$uc$ x fur!r by ne>ly "o-half1 & aft] ! plague ( #ahch1 sc>cely #ab1jjj inhabitants rema9$4 ,9 #ahed1 x is said to h _h only #e1jjj inhabitants4 ,at pres5t ! place is gr[+ ye>ly 9 population & importance 9 spite ( misgov]nm5t & ru9\s taxation4 ,x has e natural advantage ov] ,bagdad1 except climate1 & w yet out/rip ! city ( ! old caliphs1 if ,turkey's rule m5ds or ends4 ,! pres5t population ( ! city prop] is giv5 by ,ottoman au?orities at #ah1jjj4 ,_m ru9s all ov] ! pla9s & 9 ! surr\nd+ g>d5s tell ( its =m] ext5t & spl5dor4 ,at pres5t ! native t[n looks sadly dilapidat$1 & tells ! /ory ( neglect & decay4 ,! unexampl$ fil?9ess ( ! /reets & ! undra9$ m>%es 9 ! environs make ! place prov]bially unheal?y4 ,?is unhygi5ic condition is n improv$ by ! ,a%> ,creek be+ at ! same "t ! common sew] & ! common wat] supply = ov] "o-half ( ! population4 ,! weal?y classes s5d out boats to br+ wat] f ! riv]1 b all ! poor] p use ! creek4 ,su* are ! results ( an imbecile gov]nm5t :i* c\ld easily dra9 ! m>%es & supply e "o ) great abundance ( pure wat]4 ,anci5t ,busrah1 ne> ! pres5t site ( ,zobeir1 0 f\nd$ 9 #fcf ,a4 ,d41 by ! second ,caliph ,om> z a key to ! ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,x rea*$ great prosp]ity1 & 0 ! home ( poetry & grammatical le>n+1 z ,bagdad 0 ! c5tre ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,aft] ! twelf? c5tury ! city began to decay1 & at ! conque/ ( ,bagdad by ,murad ,,iv41 9 #afch1 ?is entire /ret* ( c\ntry fell into ! h&s ( ! ,turks4 ,!n ! pres5t city took ! "n ( ,busrah4 ,lat] x 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,arabs & ,p]sians1 & f #ahcb to #ahdj1 ,mohamm$ ,ali 0 9 possession4 ,"u ! rule ( ,midhat ,pa%a1 gov]nor-g5]al ( ,bagdad1 ! city ( ,busrah arose 9 importance p>tly because ( ! ,turki% ,/eam ,navigation ,company :i* he promot$4 ,b x 0 a dream-life4 ,engli% comm]ce & ent]prise ar\s$ ! place ?or\ghly1 & ! :i/le ( /eam%ips has kept x awake ev] s9ce ! ,suez canal op5$ trade ) ,europe by way ( ! gulf4#dj ,9 mak+ ! j\rney f ,busrah to ,bagdad ! travell] has *oice ( two l9es ( riv]-/eam]s3 ! ,ottoman s]vice has six /eam]s & ! ,engli% company ?ree1 b ! latt] are only all[$ to use two by ! ,turki% gov]nm5t4 ,= romance1 discom=t & t$i\sness1 *oose ! =m]2 = all o!r reasons select ! latt]4 ,i h tri$ bo?4 ,! ,engli% /eam]s c>ry ! mails to ,bagdad & make weekly trips2 f\r or five days be+ requir$ = ! j\rney up /ream1 & ?ree days d[n1 al?\gh :5 ! wat] is l[ ! j\rney may be long delay$4 ,9 bad or %all[ places ! /eam]s (t5 dis*>ge a "p ( _! c>go1 heave ov] ! %all[ "p & load up aga94 ,( c\rse trade suff]s & va/ quantities ( m]*&ise (t5 lie = weeks at ,busrah await+ %ipm5t4 ,no /eps are ev] tak5 by ! ,ottoman gov]nm5t to c\nt]act ! great wa/e ( wat] :i* fl[s into ! m>%es4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 unless prev5t$1 ?is wa/e w lead to ! clos+ up ( ! ma9 *annel ( ! ,tigris ev5 z ! ,euphrates bel[ ,suk-es-,%iukh has become a m>% = lack ( use4 ,! good ,/eam%ip ,mejidieh ) its k9dly ,capta9 ,c[ley1 or ! si/] %ip ,khalifah lies at an*or j (f ! ,engli% ,consulate1 ! blue-pet] flies ov]head & ! decks are ov]cr[d$ ) all sorts & conditions ( m5--,p]sians1 ,turks1 ,indians1 ,arabs1 ,arm5ians1 ,greeks2--baggage1 bales1 boxes1 wat]-bottles--*ick5s1 geese1 %eep1 horses1 n to speak ( ! insect-population on :i* x is impossible to collect freight-*>ges4 ,! /eam]s are some:at aft] ! type ( ! ,am]ican riv]-/eam]s on ! ,mississippi2 b no ,m>k ,twa9 has yet aris5 to immortalize !m1 al?\gh !y af=d an ev5 m f]tile !me4 ,) a d\ble deck & broad ( beam !y c>ry hundr$s ( pass5g]s & an a/oni%+ am\nt ( c>go = _! size4 ,! accommodation dur+ cool wea!r is excell5t1 & dur+ ! hot days no "o travels = ! sake ( luxury4 ,! fir/ place at :i* ! /eam] calls is ,kurna at ! junction ( ! riv]s1 & f :5ce ! c\rse is up ! ,tigris to ,bagdad4 ,! ,tomb ( ,ezra1 ab\t n9e h\rs f ,busrah1 is a great place = pilgrimages by ! ,jews4 ,x is a pretty spot on ! riv] bank & picturesque ) its cr[d ( emb>k+ & disemb>k+ ,jews & ,jewesses4 ,! tomb is a dom$ cloi/] enclos+ a squ>e mausoleum1 & pav$ ) blue tiles4 ,ov] ! doorway are two tablets ( black m>ble ) ,hebrew inscriptions atte/+ to ! au!nticity ( ! tomb4 ,x is n improbable t ,ezra is buri$ "h1 = ! ,talmud /ates t he di$ at ,zamzuma1 a t[n on ! ,tigris4 ,he is said to h di$ "h on 8 way f ,j]usalem to ,susa to plead ! cause ( ! captive ,jews4 ,josephus says t he 0 buri$ at ,j]usalem1 b no ,jew ( ,bagdad d\bts t ,ezra's rema9s re/ on ! ,tigris4 ,t5 h\rs beyond1 we pass also on ! we/ bank1 ,abu ,sadra1 a tomb ( an ,arab sa9t m>k$ only by a re$-hut & a grove ( popl>s4 ,next is ,am>a1 a l>ge & gr[+ village ) a coal+-depot & an ent]pris+ population4 ,?is place 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahfa1 & promises to become a c5tre ( trade4 ,aft] pass+ ,ali ,%]gi1 ,ali ,gh]bi1 & ,%eikh ,saad1 small villages1 )\t /opp+1 ! /eam] calls at ,kut-el-,am>a1 a l>g] place ev5 ?an ,am>a1 on ! ea/ bank1 ) ov] #d1jjj inhabitants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,reput$ ,,tomb ,,( ,,ezra ,,on ,,! ,,tigris ,,riv]4 ,all ! way f ,busrah to ,bagdad1 b especially along ?is "p ( ! riv]1 we pass ,b$\9 tribes1 encamp$ 9 ! black t5ts ( ,k$>1 engag$ 9 ! mo/ primitive agriculture or irrigation ( _! l&1 or ru%+ along ! banks to hail ! pass+ /eam]4 ,a hungry1 impud5t1 noisy1 *e]ful lot !y are2 fill+ ! m]ciful ) pity & mov+ ! ?\ghtless to laught]1 z !y scramble up & d[n ! banks into ! wat] to cat* a piece ( bread or a few dates ?r[n to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,ar* ,,( ,,ctesiphon ,,ne> ,,bagdad4 ,mean:ile we /eam along pass+ ,bughela1 ,azizieh1 ,bagdadieh & rea* ,bu/ani ,kesra1 or ! ar* ( ,ctesiphon4 ,! little village ( ,soleiman-,pak is nam$ = ! pi\s man :o 0 ! private b>b] ( ,mohamm$ ! prophet4 ,aft] v>i\s w&]+s1 poor pi\s ,pak 0 buri$ "h1 only a %ort di/ance f ! great ar*4 ,a village sprang up ne> ! tomb1 pilgrims come f ev]y:]e & miracles are claim$ to be wr\ght by him :o :5 alive only h&l$ ! razor4 ,! :ole region ( ,mesopotamia is m ri* 9 sa9ts1 tombs & pilgrim-%r9es ?an any o!r "p ( ,arabia4 ,! ar* ( ,ctesiphon is n a %r9e b x is well wor? a visit4 ,x is ! only prom95t object t rema9s ( ! va/ ru9s ( ,ctesiphon on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,tigris1 & ,seleucia on ! we/4 ,! ar* is n[ almo/ 9 ru9s b mu/ once h be5 ! faade ( a magnific5t build+4 ,its l5g? is #bge feet1 & its height is giv5 v>i\sly z eighty-six or "o hundr$ feet2 ! walls are ov] twelve feet ?ick & ! span ( ! magnific5t ar* is ne>ly eighty feet4 ,:at ,ctesiphon 0 9 ! days ( ! ,sassanian k+s we read 9 ,gibbon4 ,n[ its glory has dep>t$ & ! tomb ( ! ,b>b] has m visitors ?an ! anci5t ?rone ( ! ,*osroes4 ,eight h\rs aft] leav+ ,ctesiphon's ru9s1 our /eam] is 9 full sight ( ! city ( ,h>\n ,ra%id4 ,bagdad is a famili> "n ev5 to ! boy :o reads ! ,arabian tales r ?an 8 geography4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief cities ( ! ,turki% empire & has a hi/ory mu* old] ?an ! empire itself4 ,f\nd$ by ! ,caliph ,mansur ab\t ! ye> #gfe ,a4 ,d41 x 0 ! capital ( ! ,mohamm$an _w = five hundr$ ye>s1 until x 0 de/roy$ by ,halakn1 gr&son ( ,j5giz ,khan4 ,situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( :at 0 once ! ri*e/ & mo/ productive region ( ! old _w x is n[ no long] que5 ( ! l& b r rem9ds u ( decay & dissolution4 ,its pres5t beauties are only ! ru9s ( =m] glory4 ,! untidy soldi]s sl\*+ ab\t ! /reets1 ! evil-smell+ baza>s & ru9$ mosques1 ! rott5 bridge ( boats t spans ! riv]1 ! faces ( ! poor & ! mis]able :o g begg+ ?r\gh ! /reets1 indicate ! curse ( ,turki% inanition & oppression4 ,on ! we/ bank ( ! riv] is ! old t[n enclos$ by ext5sive orange & date-groves4 ,on ! ea/ bank is ,new-,bagdad1 :i* also looks old en\gh4 ,"h are ! gov]nm5t (fices1 consulates1 & ! *ief comm]cial build+s z well z ! cu/om-(fices4 ,bagdad is /ill an important city on _m acc\nts4 ,no o!r city ( ! ,turki% empire is influ5c$ s mu* by ! des]t & ,arabia z is ,bagdad2 & no o!r /&s 9 su* direct contact ) ! t[ns 9 ! int]ior ( ! p59sula4 ,! ,arabic spok5 is comp>atively pure1 & ,b$\9 mann]s /ill prevail 9 _m ways 9 ! social life ( ! p4 ,! city has a v motley population1 because ( comm]ce on ! "o h& & ! numb] ( pilgrim-%r9es on ! o!r4 ,! tombs ( ,abd-ul-,kadir1 & ,abu ,hanifah & ! gild$ domes & m9>ets :i* m>k ! re/+-places ( two ( ! ,%iah ,imams--all draw _! annual conc\rse ( visitors f _m l&s & peoples4 ,all ! languages ( ! ,levant are spok5 on its /reets al?\gh ,arabic prevails ov] all4 ,dr4 ,h4,m4 ,sutton rem>ks1 8,i h be5 at ! b$side ( a pati5t :]e 9 a company ( half-a-doz5 p we _h occasion to use five languages1 & on ano!r occasion we 7 9 a company ( ab\t =ty p 9 a room :]e no less ?an f\rte5 languages 7 repres5t$4 ,! l& ( ,%9> is ?us /ill ! place ( ! confusion ( tongues40 ,bagdad l ,busrah has suff]$ greatly by ravages ( ! plague at v>i\s times1 b especially 9 #ahcj :5 ! plague 0 foll[$ by a fe>ful inundation4 ,9 "o night1 :5 ! riv] bur/ its banks #g1jjj h\ses fell & #ae1jjj p p]i%$4 ,! population ( ,bagdad is at pres5t v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #abj1jjj to #ahj1jjj4 ,ne>ly "o-?ird are ,jews :ile ! ,ori5tal ,*ri/ians numb] ab\t #e1jjj4 ,! trade ( ,bagdad is l>ge n only ) ! region s\?w>ds & t[>d ,busrah b ) ,nejd & ,nor!rn ,mesopotamia4 ,! import trade f ,india & ,europe to ,bagdad is ov] #a1jjj1jjj e ye>1 & ! export trade to ,europe alone is plac$ at #ebb1ifj = #ahig4 ,! riv] nor? ( ,bagdad is n navigable = /eam]s b an imm5se numb] ( kelleks daily arrive f ! nor? load$ ) lumb] f ,kurdi/an & ) o!r products4 ,^! kelleks are a craft made ( inflat$ goatsk9s bo>d$ ov] ) re$s & matt+4 ,! boatm5 return ) ! empty sk9s ov]l& ) ! c>avan companies4 ,/ill m *>act]i/ic ( ,bagdad is ! small riv]-boat call$ a kuffe or coracle4 ,x consi/s ( a p]fectly circul> hull1 six to eight feet 9 diamet]1 ) sides curv+ inw>d l a huge basket1 & cov]$ ) pit*4 ,?is type ( boat is z old z ,n9eveh & !y are pictur$ q accurately on ! old monum5ts4 ,bagdad has m ?an sixty-eight mosques1 six *ur*es & tw5ty-two synagogues4 ,( ! mosques "s1 l t ( ,daood ,pa%a1 are 9 f9e condition2 o!rs are almo/ 9 ru9s1 & rem9d "o ( ! rem>k ( ,lady ,ann ,blunt3 8,a city long pa/ its prime1 its hose a _w too wide = its %runk %anks40 ,! feature ( ,bagdad is ( c\rse ! riv] ,tigris1 ) its swift-fl[+ tide ev] wa%+ ! mud banks & wat]+ ! g>d5s = miles ar\nd4 ,! h\ses come d[n close to ! wat]'s edge & "s ( !m h pretty g>d5s almo/ ov]hang+ ! /ream & t]races & v]&as--ori5tal & picturesque4 ,! ,briti% ,resid5cy is p]haps mo/ beautiful 9 its location & its frontage on ! riv]2 b ! o!r consulates vie ) x 9 display+ to ! travell] ! /r5g? & hospitality ( ,european ,/ates4 ,! ,european community is l>g] ?an at ,busrah4 ,,xiv ,a ,,j\rney ,,d[n ,,! ,,euphrates ,?r\gh ! k9d assi/ance ( ,colonel ,mockl]1 at t "t ! ,bagdad ,consul ,g5]al & ,resid5t1 9 ! autumn ( #ahib1 ,i 0 able to make ! j\rney f ,bagdad across to ,hillah & d[n ! ,euphrates--a r\te n (t5 tak5 by ! travell]4 ,aft] mak+ necess>y prep>ations & f9d+ a suitable s]vant we hir$ two mules & left ! city ( ! old ,caliphs ) a c>avan = ,k]bela4 ,x 0 9 ,july & we made our fir/ halt f\r h\rs f ,bagdad1 sleep+ on a blanket "u ! />s4 ,an h\r aft] midnight ! pack-saddles 7 lift$ 9 place & we 7 (f aga94 ,x 0 a mix$ company2 ,arabs1 ,p]sians1 & ,turks2 m]*ants = ,hillah & pilgrims to ! sacr$ %r9es2 wom5 9 ^? curta9$1 cage-l /ructures call$ taht-i-vans1--two portable z5anas hang+ f ea* bea/2 d]vi%es on foot ) gre5 turbans1 heavy canes & awful visages3 & to complete ! picture a numb] ( rude c(f9s /rapp$ cross-wise on pack-mules & hold+ ! rema9s ( "s 8true believ]s10 long s9ce ready = ! holy gr\nd at ,nejf 7,n$jef74 ,! c>avan travell$ along ! des]t road mo/ly at night to escape ! fe>ful heat ( midday :5 we s\ght %elt] 9 public khan4 ,no?+ c\ld be m un9t]e/+ ?an ! c\ntry betwe5 ,bagdad & ,babylon at ?is season ( ! ye>4 ,! maps m>k six khans on ! r\te1 b ?ree ( ^! are 9 ru9s & ! o!rs are m]ely /ages ( a c>avan r ?an villages or c5tres ( cultivation4 ,! soil appe>s excell5t1 b !re are no irrigation canals1 & ev]y?+ has a des]t$ appe>ance4 ,a few l[ %rubs betwe5 ! m\nds & moles ( an anci5t civilization2 mud-h\ses ne> ! khans & "s ,arab encampm5ts2 camel skeletons %9+ :ite by ! wayside1 "u a burn+ sun2 & a troop or two ( gazelle mak+ = ! riv]-banks--t is all y see until y rea* ! palm-bank$ ,euphrates at ,hillah4 ,! khans consi/ ( a l>ge enclosure ) heavy walls ( sun-dri$ or ,babylonian brick4 ,9 ! int]ior are num]\s alcoves or ni*es1 t5 by six feet & f\r feet above gr\nd2 y seek out an empty ni*e & f9d a re/+-place until ! c>avan />ts at midnight4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! enclosure is a well & a l>ge plat=m = pray]--utiliz$ = sleep+ & cook+ by late arrivals :o f9d no ni*e res]v$ z 9 our case4 ,! re/ ( ! c\rt is = animals & baggage4 ,usual ,arab supplies 7 obta9able at ^! re/+-places1 b e com=t is sc>ce & ! innkeep]s are too busy to be hospitable4 ,khan el ,haswa :]e we arriv$ ! second day is ! c5tre ( a small village ( p]haps #cjj p4 ,at ?ree 9 ! morn+ we left ,haswa b x 0 ne>ly noon :5 we rea*$ ! riv]1 because ( a delay on ! road4 ,! baza> & bus9ess ( ,hillah 7 =m]ly on ! ,babylonian side ( ! /ream1 b are n[ pr9cipally on ! fur!r side ( ! rickety bridge ( boats f\r miles bel[ ! ru9s ( ,babylon4 ,aft] pay+ toll we cross$ ov] & f\nd a room 9 ! ,khan ,pa%a--a close1 dirty place1 b 9 ! mid/ ( ! t[n & ne> ! riv]4 ,hillah is ! l>ge/ t[n on ! ,euphrates nor? ( ,busrah4 ,spl5did groves ( date-trees surr\nd x & /ret* along ! riv] z f> z ! eye c rea*4 ,! pr9cipal m]*&ise ( ! t[n is :eat1 b>ley & dates4 ,( ! ,moslem population two-?irds are ,%iah1 & ! rema9+ ,sunni are mo/ly ,turks4 ,!re are "o or two native ,*ri/ians & _m ,jews1 b x is difficult to e/imate correctly ! population ( ,hillah or ( any ( ! t[ns on ! ,euphrates4 ,at ,hillah ! riv] is less ?an #bjj y>ds wide & has a mu* m g5tle fl[ ?an ! ,tigris at ,bagdad4 ,a %ort di/ance nor?we/ ( ! t[n is ,k]bela4 ,x is only a village b ! spot is visit$ by ?\s&s ( fai?ful ,moslems e ye> :o v5]ate ! twelve ,imams ( ! ,%iah sect4 ,"h is ! tomb ( ,hose9 ! gr&son ( ! prophet & ! son ( ,ali :om !y believe ! true successor 9 ! ,caliphate4 ,by liv+ or dy+ "h ! ,%iah devotee has n\ght to fe> = ! next _w4 ,s /rong is ?is belief t _m leave directions 9 _! wills to be buri$ 9 ?is hall[$ spot4 ,?\s&s ( corpses are import$ "s ev5 f ,india--aft] prop] dry+ & salt+--& are laid to re/ 9 ! sacr$ gr\nd4 ,nejf1 s\? ( ,hillah1 is ! place ( ,ali's m>tyrdom & is no less sacr$ = ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,at ,k]bela ! manufacture ( torbat is ab\t ! only indu/ry4 ,a torbat is a small piece ( bak$ clay ab\t two in*es 9 l5g?1 g5]ally r\nd or oblong1 ) ! names ( ,ali & ,fatima rudely engrav$ on x4 ,made out ( holy-gr\nd1 ^! are c>ri$ home by all pilgrims & are us$ by ne>ly e ,%iah z a re/+-place = ! =ehead 9 _! pray] pro/rations4 ,accord+ to all reports ,k]bela is simil> to ,mecca 9 its loose morals & ! "* ( its p]man5t population4 ,on ,july #ca/ we left ,hillah & sail$ d[n ! riv] 9 a native boat simil> to ! 8bellum0 ( ,busrah1 b )\t awn+4 ,! ,euphrates is m muddy ?an ! ,tigris1 & its c\rse1 ?\gh less s9u\s1 is brok5 "h & !re by %all[ rapids4#da ,we sail$ all night & did n /op until we arriv$ at ,diwaniyeh ! foll[+ aft]noon4 ,_m ( ! villages on ! way appe>$ to h a consid]able population2 date-groves 7 pl5tiful1 & we pass$ two or ?ree ,ma?hab or tombs ( ,arab ,%eikhs1 includ+ t reput$ to be ,job's1 8! greate/ ( all ! sons ( ! ,ea/40 ,at ,diwaniyeh ,i 0 direct$ to ! ,s]ai1 or gov]nm5t-h\se1 :]e ! ,muttas]if ,pa%a ( ,hillah 0 =c+ taxes f ! unwill+ ,arabs4 ,i 0 k9dly receiv$1 &1 probably because ( my passport1 0 ent]ta9$ at ! ,pa%a's table4 ,diwaniyeh has only a small population1 & its importance is due to its weal? ( palms & ! :eat trade1 :i* gives ano!r opportunity = ! gov]nm5t to e/abli% a toll-bridge & cu/om-h\se4 ,! ,arabs ( ?is region are notori\s = _! piracy on native craft1 & 9 #ahcf !y ev5 attack$ ! ,engli% survey+ exp$ition4 ,s ,i left ! place ) a gu>d ( two soldi]s--,saadeh & ,salim1 :o 7 z happy z _! names4 ,pat*+ _! uni=ms1 asleep 9 ! bottom ( ! boat1 eat+ ( our bread & dates1 or poli%+ _! rifles m>k$ 8,u4 ,s4 ,spr+field1 ,snid]'s ,pat4 #ahfc10 we rea*$ ,samawa safely4 ,dur+ ! day we pass$ ! hamlets ,um ,nejis1 ,abu ,juw>eeb1 ,rumei?a1 & ,%eweit4 ,b ! g5]al sc5e 0 t ( n>r[ morass *annels bran*+ out f ! riv]1 :]e =e/s ( re$s half hid mat-huts & nak$ ,arabs4 ,^! riv] tribes are n true nomads1#db b live 9 "o place1 on fi% & ! products ( ! riv] buffalo4 ,x is a /range sight to see a h]d ( l>ge black cattle swimm+ across /ream1 pursu$ by %\t+1 swimm+ & swe>+ h]dsm54 ,& ?is 0 once ! home ( ,abraham1 ! fri5d ( ,god4 ,ne> ,rumei?a !re 0 a l>ge m5zil ( ! ,lamlum tribe4 ,"h we fa/5$ ! boat = ! night1 z our company 0 afraid to cross c]ta9 rapids by />light4 ,"s ( ! ,arabs came to our boat1 arm$ ) fl9t-locks & ! ,mikw>--a heavy /ick knobb$ ) s&/one or h>d bitum5--9 ,arab h&s a =midable weapon4 ,mo/ ( ! p 7 asleep1 & we c\ld get no supplies ( any k9d except two roa/ f[l f ! ,turki% g>rison 9 a mud brick =t opposite4 ,ev5 "o ( ^! fell to ! %>e ( a hungry jackal dur+ ! night4 ,we left e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & aft] "s difficulty 9 cross+ ! %all[ rapids1 rea*$ ,samawa 9 f\r h\rs4 ,dismiss+ ! zaptiehs1 we f\nd a room 9 ! ,khan ( ,haj ,nasir on ! second floor & ov]look+ ! baza>4 ,x 0 ! day be=e ,a%]a1 ! great day ( ,moh>ram1 & ! :ole t[n 0 9 fun]eal excitem5t4 ,all %ops 7 clos$4 ,%iah 7 prep>+ = ! great m\rn+1 & ,sunni s\ght a safe place away f ! /reet4 ,z soon z ,i came ! local gov]nor s5t ^w t ,i mu/ n leave ! khan "u any circum/ances1 nor v5ture 9 ! /reet1 z he w\ld n be responsible = ,%iah viol5ce4 ,i rema9$ indoors1 !re=e1 until ! foll[+ day1 & saw f ! w9d[ ! confusion ( ! night ( ,a%]a1 ! tramp ( a mob1 ! beat+ ( brea/s1 ! wail+ ( wom51 ! bloody bann]s1 & mock-m>tyr sc5es1 ! rhy?mic h[l+ & cries ( 8,ya ,ali6 ya ,hassan6 ya ,husse960 until ?roats 7 ho>se & h&s hung heavy = a mom5t1 only to g at x aga94 ,a p&emonium1 z ( ,baal's prophets on ,c>mel1 be=e ! deaf & dumb ,god ( ,islam1--mono!i/ic only 9 its book4 8,!re is no god b ,god10 & yet to ! ,%iah devotees ( ,moh>ram1 8,he is n 9 all _! ?\ghts40 ,! m>tyr caliphs ( ,nejf are _! salvation & _! hope1 ! ,h\ris' lap4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,public ,,khan ,,9 ,,turki%-,,arabia4 ,betwe5 ,samawa & ,nas>iya1 ! next important t[n1 we pass$ ! villages3 ,zah>a1 ,el ,kidr1 ,d]j ,kalat1 7:]e !re is a ,turki% ,mudir & a telegraph /ation on ! ,hillah-,busrah wire7 ,luptika1 ,el ,a91 ,abu ,tabr & ,el ,assaniyeh4 ,! riv] beg9s to broad5 bel[ ,samawa1 & its banks are beautiful ) palms & will[s4 ,we 7 aga9 delay$ at a toll-bridge2 !re mu/ be taxes ev]y:]e 9 ,turkey1 on %ips & on fi%]m51 on boats & on bridges1 on tobacco & on salt2 b ?is tax+ ( ! same c>go at e riv] port is peculi>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arab ,,pilgrims ,,on ,,bo>d ,a ,,riv] ,,/eam]4 ,nas>iya is a comp>atively mod]n t[n & bett] built ?an any on ! ,euphrates riv]4 ,its baza> is l>ge & wide1 & ! gov]nm5t-h\ses are impos+ = ,arabdom4 ,a small gunboat lies ne> ! l&+1 & ?is float+ tub1 ) its soldi] gu>d & bugle-call1 repres5ts ! only civilization t has yet come to ! ,euphrates valley1 & is a ?+ ( wond] to ! ,arabs4 ,opposite ,nas>iya are two l>ge wall$ enclosures1 :eat gran>ies protect$ f ,arab robb]s4 ,?ree h\rs we/ are ! ru9s ( ,mugheir--,ur ( ! ,*aldees4 ,our meheleh sail$ d[n ! riv] be=e daylight & five h\rs lat] came to ,suk el ,%iukh1 8! baza> ( old m540 ,abd el ,fattah1 9 ^: ,p]sian kahwah we f\nd a place1 is a cosmopolitan4 ,he _h se5 8,franjees0 be=e1 _h be5 to ,bombay1 ,ad5 & ,jiddah1 knew some?+ ( books1 a little less ( ! gospel1 & spoke two ,engli% words1 ( :i* he 0 v pr\d1 8,/op h]0 & 8,s5d a g]i40 ,he 0 a model innkeep]1 & _h x n be5 = 8 tea & talk1 ! ?ree days ( /ifl+ heat "u a mat-ro( w\ld h be5 less tol]able4 ,s\? ( ,suk el ,%iukh ! riv] wid5s into m>%es1 :]e ! *annel is s %all[ t "p ( ! c>go ( all riv] boats is transf]r$ to small] craft4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is delay1 we ran %ort ( provisions be=e rea*+ ,kurna1 & our boatm5 7 su* prejudic$ sect>ians t x requir$ argum5t & mu* back%ee% to b>ga9 = "s rice & ! use ( _! cook+-pot4 ,we 7 8nejis10 8kafir10 & :at n1 & ! capta9 v[$ he w\ld h to wa% ! :ole boat clean at ,busrah f ! footpr9ts ( ! unbeliev]s4 ,betwe5 ,suk & ! junction ( ! two riv]s to =m ! ,%att-el-,arab at ,kurna1 !re are _m wide1 wa/e m>%es1 gr[+ re$s & pa/ure = ! buffalo--a bre$+ place = insect life & ! t]ror ( ! boatm5 because ( ! ,me'dan pirates4 ,we 7 ?ree days on ?is "p ( ! riv]1 & (t5 all ( u 7 9 ! wat] to lift & tug ! boat ov] "s mud-bank4 ,el ,kheit is ! only village ( any size ! :ole di/ance1 b ! ,b$\9 ( ! swamp1 :o live half ! "t 9 ! wat] & h n arriv$ at ev5 ! lo9clo? /age ( civilization1 are a great multitude4 ,at l5g? we rea*$ ,kurna & !nce1 by ! broad1 lordly1 ,%att-el-,arab to ! mission-h\se at ,busrah4 ,:at is to be ! future ( ?is great & weal?y valley1 :i* once support$ myriads & 0 ! c5tre ( culture & anci5t civilization8 ,w x ev]more re/ "u ! blight ( ! fez & ! cresc5t8 ,! "o curse ( ! l& is ! inane gov]nm5t & its ru?less taxation4 ,! goose ) ! gold5 egg is kill$ e day 9 ,turkey--at lea/ robb$ to its la/ ne/-egg4 ,! %eph]d-tribes1 ! villag]s1 ! nomads1 ! agricultural communities1 all suff] alike f ! same cause4 ,:5 & :5ce w deliv]ance come8 ,p]haps a p>tial reply to ^! two que/ions w be f\nd if we read betwe5 ! l9es 9 our *apt] on ! rec5t politics ( ,arabia4 ,a ,turki% railroad 9 ! ,euphrates valley w\ld ru/2 b a railroad "u any o!r gov]nm5t w\ld develop a region capable ( magnific5t improvem5t4 ,,xv ,,! ,,int]ior--,,kn[n ,,& ,,unkn[n 8,! c5tral prov9ces ( ,nejd1 ! g5u9e ,wahabi c\ntry1 is to ! re/ ( ,arabia a sort ( a lion's d5 on :i* few v5ture & yet few] return40--,palgrave4 8,a des]t _w ( new & dreadful aspect6 black camels1 & unc\? ho/ile m\nta9s2 & a va/ s& wild]ness %elv+ t[>d ! dire impo/or's city40--,d\ghty4 ,! region :i*1 = want ( a m def9ite "n1 we may call ! ,int]ior includes f\r l>ge di/ricts4 ,?ree ( ^! h be5 comp>atively well explor$ & mapp$1 b ! f\r? is utt]ly unkn[n4 ,^! di/ricts are3 ,roba'-el-,khali1 ,nejran ) ,wady ,dauasir1 ,nejd prop]1 & ,jebel ,%amm>4 ,x is surpris+ t at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re %\ld rema9 s _m portions ( our globe /ill unexplor$4 ,we h bett] maps ( ! nor? pole & ( ! moon ?an we h ( ,s\!a/]n ,arabia & p>ts ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,a triangle =m$ by l9es drawn f ,h>r>a 9 ,oman to ,el ,h>ik 9 ,s\!rn ,nejd1 !nce to ,m>ib 9 ,yem5 & back to ,h>r>a w measure v ne>ly #ejj miles on ea* ( its upp] sides & #hjj on ! base4 ,?is triangle1 ) an area ( #abj1jjj squ>e miles is z utt]ly unkn[n to ! _w at l>ge z if x 7 an undiscov]$ cont95t 9 "s pol> sea4 ,nev] has x be5 cross$ by any ,european travell] or ent]$ by an explor]4 ,x includes all ! h9t]l& ( ! ,mahrah & ,gh>ah tribes1 all we/]n ,oman & ! s-call$ ,roba'-el-,khali 7lit]ally1 8empty abode07 ( ! ,dahna des]t1 z well z t my/]i\s region ( ,el ,ahkaf to :i* ! ,koran ref]s & :i* is said by ! ,arabs to be a sea ( quicks&s1 able to swall[ :ole c>avans4 ,on mo/ maps ! region 9 "q is left blank2 o!rs designate x z an un9t]rupt$ des]t f ,mecca to ,oman2 :ile ,ptolemy's map describes ! region z produc+ myrrh & ab\nd+ 9 ,arab tribes & c>avan-r\tes4 ,:atev] we "k ( ! c\ntry at pres5t mu/ be ! result ( ,arab he>say book$ by travell]s 9 ! coa/-prov9ces4 ,! few names ( places giv5 9 ! ,roba'-el-,khali w\ld n lead "o to suppose t 8un9t]rupt$ des]t0 0 its only *>act]i/ic feature4 ,9 ! nor? are ,jebel ,a?al 7! ,tam>isk ,m\nta9s71 & ,wady ,yebr94 ,wady ,%ibwan & ,wady ,habuna seem to ext5d at lea/ "s di/ance into ! triangle f ! we/1 :ile1 9 ! v c5tre we h ! v unusual names = a des]t region ,belad-ez-,zohur 7,fl[]-c\ntry7 & ,el-,joz 7! nut-trees74 ,!re is no d\bt t a l>ge "p ( ! region is n[ des]t & un9habit$2 b x may n always h be5 s & may hold its own secrets1 ar*ological & geographical4 ,an ,arab ( ,wady ,fatima told ,d\ghty1 :at ! div9e p>tition ( ! _w 0 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,two qu>t]s ,allah divid$ to ! *ildr5 ( ,adam1 ! ?ird "p ,he gave to ,gog & ,magog1 a manik9 p1 p>t$ f u by a wall1 :i* !y %all ov]skip 9 ! latt] days2 & !n w !y ov]run ! _w4 ,( _! k9dr$ be ! gross ,turks & ! misbeliev+ ,p]sians2 b y1 ! ,engleys are ( ! good k9d ) u4 ,! f\r? "p ( ! _w is call$ ,roba'-el-,khali1 ! empty qu>t]40 ,d\ghty adds1 8,i nev] f\nd any ,arabian :o _h aught to tell1 ev5 by he>say1 ( t dreadful c\ntry4 ,haply x is ,nefud1 ) quicks&s1 :i* might be ent]$ into & ev5 pass$ ) mil* drom$>ies 9 ! spr+ weeks4 ,n[ my heal? fail$ me2 o!rwise ,i _h s\ght to unriddle t enigma40 ,x /ill awaits solution4 ,9 ,oman !y say x is only tw5ty-sev5 days' c>avan m>* ov]l& to ,mecca "r ?r\gh ! des]t2 p]haps f ! ,oman highl&s "o c\ld m easily p5etrate into ! unkn[n & get safely to ,riad if n to ,yem54 ,nejran1 celebrat$ z an anci5t ,*ri/ian prov9ce ( ,arabia & sacr$ by ! blood ( m>tyrs1 lies nor? ( ,yem5 & ea/ ( ! ,asir c\ntry4 ,toge!r ) ! ,dauasir-,wady region x =ms a /rip ( t]ritory ab\t #cjj miles long & #ajj broad1 well-wat]$ & ev5 m f]tile ?an ! be/ p>ts ( ,yem5#dc4 ,! intrepid travell]1 ,halvy 7#ahgj7 fir/ visit$ ?is region f ,yem5 & f\nd a l>ge ,jewi% population 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,he visit$ ! t[ns ,mahlaf1 ,rijlah & ,k>yet-el-,kabil1 p5etrat$ ,wady ,habuna b c\ld n succe$ 9 rea*+ ,wady ,dauasir4 ,he describes ! f]tility ( ! ,wadys & ! ext5sive date-plantations ( ?is "p ( ,arabia 9 t]ms ( greate/ admiration4 ,ru9s & inscriptions are pl5tiful4 ,9 ,wady ,dauasir ! ,arabs say t ! palm-groves ext5d ?ree drom$>y-j\rneys4 ,! p are all agricultural ,arabs b1 z 9 ,oman1 !y live 9 cont9ual feud & turmoil because ( tribal jeal\sies & old qu>rels4 ,! region ea/ ( ,wady ,dauasir is call$ ,aflaj or ,felej-el-,aflaj1 two days' j\rney di/ant1 "h !re are also palm-oases4 ,x is six days' j\rney !nce to ,riad1 b ! way is rugg$1 )\t villages4#dd ,x 0 along ,wady ,dauasir t ,i _h hop$ to make ! ov]l& j\rney f ,sana to ,bahre9 9 #ahid1 once beyond ,turki% espionage ! way w\ld h be5 op54 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,halvy ! inhabitants ( ,nejran & ,wady ,dauasir are n fanatical4 ,n[h]e 9 ,yem5 are ! ,jews treat$ s k9dly z by ! ,arabs ( ,nejran4 ,?is entire region mu/ also be class$ ) ! f]tile di/ricts ( ,arabia4 ,wat] is ev]y:]e abundant com+ d[n f ! ,jebel ,rian1 fifte5 days' j\rney f ,t[eyk & f ! s\!rn ranges ( ,jebel ,ban & ,jebel ,tumra4 ,! inhabitants ( ,nejran & ( ,s\!rn ,dauasir are h]etical ,moslems4 ,!y belong to ! ,bayadhi sect l ! p ( ,oman1#de & are suppos$ to be foll[]s ( ,abd-,allah-b9-,abad 7#gdf ,a4 ,d474 ,hi/orically1 ,nejran is ( special int]e/ because "h x 0 t ! ,roman army ( #aa1jjj m5 s5t by ,augu/us ,cs> "u lius ,gallus to make a prey ( ! *im]ical ri*es ( ,arabia ,felix came to grief4 ,! w>riors did n fall 9 battle b1 purposely misl$ by ! ,nabateans1 _! allies1 !y m>*$ pa9fully ov] ! wat]less wa/es 9 ,c5tral ,arabia six mon?s2 ! mo/ p]i%$ 9 mis]y & only a remnant return$4 ,/rabo1 writ+ f ! m\? ( ,gallus himself1 :o 0 8 fri5d & prefect ( ,egypt1 gives a description ( ! ,arabian des]t t _c be improv$3 8,x is a s&y wa/e ) only a few palms & pits ( wat]2 ! acacia ?orn & ! tam>isk gr[ !re2 ! w&]+ ,arabs lodge 9 t5ts & are camel grazi]s40 ,nejd--! he>t ( ,arabia1 ! g5u9e ,arabia1 ! ,arabia ( ! poets--is prop]ly b\nd$1--on ! ea/1 by ! ,turki% prov9ce ( ,hasa2 on ! s\? by ! bord] ( ! des]t ne> ,yemama2 on ! we/ by ,hejaz 9 its wide/ ext5t to ,khaib>2 & on ! nor? by ,jebel ,%amm>4 ,?us def9$ x includes ! regions ( ,el-,kasim1 ,el-,wo%em1 ,el-,a>$1 & ,yemama4 ,! 8,zephyrs ( ,nejd0 are ! pregnant !me ( _m an ,arab poet & 9 ^! highl&s1 ! air is crisp & dry & invigorat+1 especially to ! visitors f ! hot & moi/ coa/ prov9ces4 ,x 0 su* a poet :o wrote 9 raptures ( ! ,nejd climate3 8,!n said ,i to my companion :ile ! camels 7 ha/5+ ,to be> u d[n ! pass betwe5 ,m5ifah & ,dem>4 #8,enjoy :ile ?\ can/ ! sweets ( ! mead[s ( ,nejd2 ,) no su* mead[s & sweets %alt ?\ meet aft] ?is ev5+4' ,ah6 heav5's bless+ on ! sc5t$ gales ( ,nejd1 ,& its gre5sw>d & groves glitt]+ f ! spr+ %[]s2 ,& ?y de> fri5ds :5 ?y lot 0 ca/ 9 ,nejd-- ,mon?s flew pa/1 !y pass$ & we knew n1 ,nor :5 _! moons 7 new nor :5 !y wan$40 ,z to ! real & prosaic features ( ! c\ntry1 ,nejd is a plateau ( :i* ,jebel ,t[eyk is ! c5tre & backbone4 ,its g5]al height above ! sea is ab\t #d1jjj feet1 b !re are m l(ty l$ges & peaks1 "s z high z #e1ejj feet4 ,^! highl&s are = ! mo/ clo!d ) f9e pa/ure2 trees are common1 solit>y or 9 little gr\ps2 & ! entire plateau is int]sect$ by a maze ( valleys cut out ( ! s&/one & lime/one4 ,9 ^! c\ntless holl[s is conc5trat$ ! f]tility & ! population ( ,nejd4 ,! soil ( ! valleys is light1 mix$ ) m>l s& & pebbles wa%$ d[n f ! cliffs4 ,wat] is f\nd ev]y:]e 9 wells at a dep? ( n mu* ov] fifte5 feet & (t5 less2 9 ,kasim x has a bracki% ta/e1 & ! soil is salty1 b 9 o!r p>ts ( ,nejd !re are traces ( iron 9 x4 ,! climate ( all ,nejd1 accord+ to ,palgrave1 is p]haps "o ( ! heal?ie/ 9 ! _w4 ,! air is dry1 cle> & free f all ! mal>ial poison ( ! coa/2 ! summ]s are w>m b n sultry1 & ! w9t] air is bit+ cold4 ,! usual monotony ( an ,arabian l&scape is n only enliv5$ by ! pres5ce ( ! date-palm ne> ! villages1 b by gr\ps ( ,talh1 ,nebaa' & ,sidr1 ! ,i?l & ,ghada ,euphorbia--all ( !m good-siz$ %rubs or trees4#df ,nejd is pa/ure l&1 s t its bre$ ( %eep are kn[n all ov] ,arabia2 _! wool is rem>kably f9e1 almo/ equal to ,ca%mire 9 s(tness & delicacy4 ,camels ab\nd2 accord+ to ,palgrave1 ,nejd is 8a wild]ness ( camels40 ,! color is g5]ally br[ni% :ite or grey2 black camels are f\nd we/w>d & s\?w>d 9 ! inhospitable ,h>ra-c\ntry t[>d ,mecca4 ,ox5 & c[s are n uncommon4 ,game is pl5ty1 bo? fea!r$ & quadrup$4 ,p>tridges1 quail1 a k9d ( bu/>d2 gazelle1 h>es1 j]boa1 wild-goat1 wild-bo>s1 porcup9e1 antelope1 & a k9d ( wild-ox 7wa?yhi7 ) beautiful horns4 ,snakes are n common1 b liz>ds1 c5tip$es & scorpions ab\nd4 ,! o/ri* is also f\nd 9 we/]n ,nejd z well z 9 ,wady ,dauasir4 ,! ,b$\9 hunt !m to sell ! sk9s to ! ,damascus fea!r m]*ants :o come d[n ) ! ,haj e ye> to ,mecca2 =ty reals 7doll>s7 0 ! price paid 9 ,d\ghty's "t = a s+le sk9--a small =tune to ! poor nomad4 ,m\nt$ on _! drom$>ies !y wat* = ! bird & !n waylay x1 mat*lock ready to h&4 ,! ,arabs e/eem ! brea/ ( ! o/ri* good food2 ! fat is a sov]eign rem$y ) !m & half a f9jan 7! measure ( an ,arab c(fee-cup71 is wor? half a ,turki% mejidie4 ,! o/ri* is no long] z common 9 ,arabia z =m]ly1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! p59sula ! bird is unkn[n ev5 by "n4 ,nejd is a l& ( camels & horses4 ,b al?\gh a f9e bre$ ( ! latt] exi/ x is a common mi/ake to suppose t horses are pl5tiful 9 ,c5tral ,arabia & t e ,arab owns 8 /e$4 ,d\ghty says 8!re is no bre$+ or sale ( horses at ,boreyda or ,aneyza nor any t[n 9 ,nejd40 ,mo/ ( ! horses %ipp$ f ,busrah or ,kuweit to ,bombay are n f ,nejd1 al?\gh orig9ally ( ,nejd-bre$1 b come f ,jebel ,%amm> & ! ,mesopotamian valley4 ,he :o w\ld "k all ab\t ! beauty ( ! ,nejd horse mu/ visit ! ,hail /ables ) ,palgrave :o 8goes rav+ mad0 ab\t ! animals2 or he c read ,lady ,ann ,blunt's 8,pilgrimage to ,nejd0 9 se>* ( horses2 bett] /ill let him buy t rem>kable book by ,colonel ,twe$ie3 ,,! ,,arabian ,,horse1 ,8 c\ntry & ,8 p4 ,9 ?is volume ! horse is ! h]o & ,arabs are grooms & /able-boys4 ,! ,arab is m k9d to 8 horse ?an to any o!r animal4 ,no ,arab dreams ( ty+ up a horse by ! neck1 a te!r replaces ! halt]1 "o ( ! animal's h9d-legs be+ encircl$ ab\t ! pa/]n by a light iron r+ or lea!r /rap1 & connect$ ) a *a9 or rope to an iron peg4 ,nejdi horses are specially valuable = great spe$ & endurance4 ,!y are all built = rid+ & n = draught1 to ! unpr(essional eye !y d n seem at all sup]ior to ! be/ horses se5 9 ,london or ,new ,york ,city1 b ,i leave ! matt] to ! au?orities m5tion$4#dg ,! gov]nm5t ( ,nejd indicates :at ! indep5d5t rul]s ( ,arabia are l4 ,d\ghty te/ifies t ! sum ( all he c\ld le>n f ! m\? ( ! ,arabs !mselves ( ,ibn ,ra%id's gov]nm5t 7n[ 9 ! h&s ( ,abd-el-,aziz b9 ,mitaab1 8 nephew7 0 ?is3 8,he makes sure ( !m t may be won by gifts1 he draws ! sword aga9/ 8 adv]s>ies1 he treads d[n !m t fe> him & he 7 no "r rul]1 hew$ he no heads (f60 ,"s ( ! nomads consid] ! pr9ce ( ,nejd a tyrant1 b ! villag]s g5]ally are well cont5t4 ,=soo? x is bett] = !m to h "o tyrant ?an _m1 z 9 ! days be=e ! political upheaval t unifi$ c5tral ,arabia4 ,o!r ( ! m religi\s folk ( ,nejd _c =get ! bloody pa? by :i* ,ibn ,ra%id ga9$ 8 seat ( p[] & call him 8,nejis1 7pollut$71 a cutt]-(f ( 8 k9sfolk ) ! sword40 ,lavi% sums 9 ! eyes ( ! />v$ ,b$\9 are sp5t on hospitality b all gue/s are pleas$ & dep>t f ! pile ( rice to praise ,god & ! ,amir ( ,nejd4 ,daily1 9 ! gue/-room1 accord+ to ,d\ghty1 "o hundr$ & eighty messes ( b>ley-bread ) rice & butt] are s]v$ to ! m5 freely2 a camel or small] animal is kill$ = ! fir/-class gue/s & ! total exp5se ( 8 fam\s hospitality is n ov] #a1ejj annually4 ,! rev5ues are imm5se & ,ibn ,ra%id's private =tune _h gr[n l>ge ev5 :5 ,d\ghty visit$ him 9 #ahgg4 ,he has cattle innum]able & 8#dj1jjj camels02 "s #cjj blood$ m>es & #ajj horses2 ov] #ajj negro slaves2 besides private ri*es laid up 9 silv] metal1 l& at ,hail & plantations 9 ,jauf4 ,contra/$ ) ! ,turki% prov9ces ( ,arabia ! subjects ( ! ,amir ( ,nejd enjoy light taxation & ev5 ! ,b$\9 w>riors :o are 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,nejd rul] receive bett] wages ?an ! regul> troops ( ! ,sultan4 ,f ! descrip- tion ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,blunt & ,d\ghty at ,hail1 "o _c b feel t ! gov]nm5t ( ,nejd is mu* m lib]al & less fanatical ?an x 0 9 ! old days ( ! ,wahabis z describ$ by ,palgrave4 ,! old ,wahabi p[] is n[ brok5 =ev] & ,nejd is gett+ into t\* ) ! _w ?r\gh comm]ce4 ,kasim already resembles ! bord]-l&s & ! inhabitants are worldly-wise ) ! wisdom ( ! ,bombay horse-deal]s4 ,_m ( ! y\? ( ,nejd visit ,bagdad1 ,busrah & ,bahre9 9 _! comm]cial v5tures4 ,says ,d\ghty1 8all ,nejd ,arabia1 ea/ ( ,teyma1 app]ta9s to ! ,p]sian ,gulf traffic & n to ,syria z does we/]n ,nejd3 & !re=e ! =eign color ( ,nejd is ,mesopotamian40 ,he m>vell$ at ! erudition ( ! ,nejd ,arabs 9 spite ( _! isolation until he f\nd t ev5 "h newspap]s _h f\nd _! way 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,engli% pat5t m$ic9es are sold 9 ! baza> ( ,aneyza & ! ,arabs are some:at acqua9t$ ) ! wond]s ( ,bombay & ,calcutta4 ,palgrave f\nd ! inhabitants ( ,kasim & s\!rn ,nejd f> m intellig5t ?an ^? ( ! nor?4 ,except = ! f\r l>ge t[ns ( ,hail1 ,riad1 ,boreyda & ,aneyza1 ,nejd has no l>ge c5tres ( population4 ,b$\9 tribes are f\nd ev]y:]e & villag]s cultivate ! f]tile oases ev5 9 ! des]t2 b ! population is n z d5se z 9 ,oman or ,yem5 nor ev5 z 9 ,nejran & ,wady ,dauasir4 ,hail1 ! pres5t capital ( ,nejd1 may h a population ( t5 ?\s& )9 its walls4 ,x lies ea/ ( ,jebel ,aja1 a granite range #f1jjj feet high end+ abruptly at ?is po9t4 ,! city is on a table-l& #c1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,! ,amir's ca/le is a =midable /ronghold occupy+ a position ( imm5se natural /r5g? 9 ! ,jebel ,aja4 ,blunt visit$ ?is place 9 #ahgh1 b does n give its exact site1 8le/ ! in=mation might be utiliz$ by ! ,turks "u possible future cont+5cies40 ,we h ?ree p5-pictures ( ,hail3 t ( ,palgrave :o drew a plan ( ! city2 ! description ( ,d\ghty ) 8 plan ( ! ,amir's resid5ce & gue/-h\se2 & ! sket*es ( ,lady ,ann ,blunt on h] pilgrimage4 ,x is a wall$ t[n ) sev]al gates1 a l>ge m>ket-place1 ! palaces ov]topp+ all & mosques suffici5t = ! wor%ipp]s4 ,x is a clean1 well-built t[n1 accord+ to ,d\ghty & pleasant to live 9 save = ! awe ( ! tyrant-rul]4 ,its circuit may be ne>ly an h\r1 9 ! c5tre ( ! wall$ enclosure /&s ! palace2 ne> x ! great mosque & directly opposite ! pr9cipal baza>4 ,! great c(fee-hall :]e ! ,amir gives 8 audi5ces is eighty feet long ) l(ty walls & ( noble proportions4 ,x has long r[s ( pill>s 8uphold+ ! flat ro( ( e!l timb]s & palm-/alk mat-"w1 goodly /a9$ & v>ni%$ ) ! smoke ( ! daily hospitality4 ,"u ! walls are b5*es ( clay ov]spread ) ,bagdad c>pets4 ,by ! entry /&s a mighty copp]-t9n$ bas9 or #8sea' ( fre% wat] ) a *a9$ cup1 f !nce ! c(fee-s]v] draws & he may dr9k :o ?ir/s4 ,9 ! upp] end ( ?is pr9cely kahwa 7c(fee-h\se7 are two fire-pits1 l %all[ graves1 :]e des]t bu%es are burn$ 9 cold] wea!r2 !y lack good fuel1 & fire is bl[n commonly "u ! giant c(fee-pots 9 a clay he>? l a smi?'s furnace40 ,! palace ca/les are built 9 ,nejd ) battl$ t[]s ( clay-brick & :it5$ on ! outside ) jiss or pla/]2 ?is 9 contra/ ) ! palm-g>d5s 9 ! wall$-enclosure give ! t[n a bright1 fre% aspect4 ,outside ! walls1 ! contra/ ( ! ,b$\9 squalor & ! ru/y black basalt rocks ly+ 9 r\gh confusion is int5se4 ,hail lies 9 ! mid/ ( a b>r5 c\ntry & is an oasis n by nature b by ! pluck & p]sev]ance ( its f\nd]s4 ,! ,%amm> ,arabs settl$ "h f antiquity & ! place is m5tion$ 9 ! anci5t poem ( ,ant>4 ,er-,riadh or ,riad 7! 8g>d5s-9-!-des]t07 0 ! ,wahabi metropolis ( ,ea/]n ,nejd & ( all ! ,wahabi empire4 ,! city lies 9 ! he>t ( ! ,a>$ c\ntry1 enclos$ nor? & s\? by ,jebel ,t[eyk & ab\t #bhj miles s\!a/ ( ,hail4 ,x is a l>ge place 7accord+ to ,palgrave ( #cj1jjj population671 b no?+ is kn[n ( its pres5t /ate1 z no ,european travell] has visit$ x s9ce ,palgrave4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ,riad1 accord+ to our guide is l t ( ,damascus4 8,be=e u /ret*$ a wide op5 valley1 & 9 its =egr\nd1 imm$iately bel[ ! pebbly slope on ^: summit we /ood1 lay ! capital1 l>ge & squ>e1 cr[n$ by high t[]s & /rong walls ( def5ce1 a mass ( ro(s & t]races1 :]e1 ov]topp+ all1 fr[n$ ! huge b irregul> pile ( ,feysul's royal ca/le1 & h>d by x rose ! sc>ce less conspicu\s palace1 built & inhabit$ by 8 elde/ son1 ,abdallah4 ,all ar\nd = full ?ree miles ov] ! surr\nd+ pla91 b m especially to ! we/ & s\?1 wav$ a sea ( palm-trees above gre5 fields & well-wat]$ g>d5s2 :ile ! s++1 dron+ s\nd ( ! wat]-:eels rea*$ u ev5 :]e we _h halt$ at a qu>t] ( a mile or m f ! ne>e/ t[n-walls4 ,on ! opposite side s\?w>d1 ! valley op5$ out into ! great & ev5 m f]tile pla9s ( ,yemama1 ?ickly dott$ ) groves & villages1 among :i* ! l>ge t[n ,manhufah1 h>dly inf]ior 9 size to ,riad itself1 might be cle>ly di/+ui%$4444 ,9 all ! c\ntries :i* ,i h visit$1 & !y are _m1 seldom has x be5 m9e to survey a l&scape equal to ?is 9 beauty1 & 9 hi/orical mean+1 ri* & full alike to ! eye & ! m9d4 ,! mixture ( tropical aridity & luxuriant v]dure1 ( cr[d$ population & des]t tracts1 is "o t ,arabia alone c pres5t1 & 9 comp>ison ) :i* ,syria seems tame & ,italy monoton\s40#dh ,und\bt$ly ! population ( ,riad has dim9i%$ s9ce ! seat ( gov]nm5t 0 transf]r$ to ,hail2 at pres5t x has ev5 less trade & importance ?an ,h(ho( 7,hassa7 s9ce ! ,turki% occupation4 ,,jebel ,,%amm> & ! nor?we/]n des]t1 rema9 to be consid]$4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ?is region are ! ext5sive ,nefuds or s&y-des]ts & ! nomad population4 ,jebel ,%amm> m ?an any "p ( ,arabia is ! t5t+ gr\nd = ! sons ( ,k$>4 ,ev]y:]e are ! black-wor/$ boo?s--! h\ses ( goat-hair1 s celebrat$ 9 ,arabic poetry & song4 ,place-names on ! map ( ?is c\ntry are n villages or cities b wat]+-places = cattle & encampm5ts ( ! tribes f ye> to ye>4 ,f ! ,gulf ( ,akaba to ! ,euphrates1 & z f> nor? z _! flocks c f9d pa/ure1 ! nomads call ! l& _! own4 ,_m ( !m are subject to ! gov]nm5t ( ,nejd & pay a small annual tribute2 "s are nom9ally "u ,turki% rule & o!rs "k no rul] save _! ,%eikh & h no law save t ( immemorial ,b$\9 cu/om4 ,burckh>dt disc\rses ( ^! p l "o :o has dwelt among !m1 ta/+ ! sweet & bitt] ( _! hungry1 homely life4 ,he describes _! t5ts & _! simple furniture1 arms1 ut5sils1 diet1 arts1 indu/ry1 sci5ces1 diseases1 religion1 matrimony1 gov]nm5t1 & w>f>e4 ,he tells ( _! hospitality to ! /rang]2 _! robb]y ( ! travell]2 _! blood-rev5ge & blood-cov5ants2 _! slaves & s]vants2 _! fea/s & rejoic+s2 _! dome/ic relations & public functions2 _! salutations & language2 & h[ at la/ !y bury _! dead 9 a s+le g>m5t1 scrap+ out a %all[ grave 9 h>d-burn$ soil & heap+ on a few r\gh /ones to keep away ! f\l hy5as4 ,burckh>dt devotes a consid]able portion ( 8 book to an enum]ation ( ! ,b$\9-tribes & _! num]\s subdivisions4 ,^! w prove ( great s]vice to ^? :o visit or cross ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,p59sula4 ,! mo/ important tribe is t ( ! ,anaeze4 ,!y are nomads 9 ! /ricte/ acceptation ( ! ^w1 = !y cont9ue dur+ ! :ole ye> 9 almo/ con/ant motion4 ,_! summ] qu>t]s are ne> ! ,syrian fronti]s & 9 w9t] !y retire into ! he>t ( ! des]t or t[>d ! ,euphrates4 ,:5 ! t5ts are few !y are pit*$ 9 a circle & call$ d[>1 9 great] numb]s1 !y encamp 9 r[s1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 especially along a rivulet or wady-b$2 su* encampm5ts are call$ ,nezel4 ,! ,%eikh's or *ief's t5t has ! pr9cipal place g5]ally t[>d ! direction :5ce gue/s or foes may be expect$4 ,! ,anaeze t5ts are always ( black goat's-hair2 "s o!r tribes h /uff /rip$ :ite & black4 ,ev5 ! ri*e/ among !m nev] h m ?an "o t5t unless he happ5 to h a second wife :o _c live on good t]ms ) ! fir/2 he !n pit*es a small] t5t ne> 8 own4 ,b polygamy is v unusual among ! ,b$\9 ,arabs1 al?\gh divorce is common4 ,! t5t furniture is simplicity itself2 camel-saddles & cook+ ut5sils ) c>pets & provision sk9s1 are all ! ,arab h\sewife has to look aft]4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,job ! ,b$\9 h be5 a nation ( robb]s4 8,! ox5 7 pl[+ & ! asses fe$+ beside !m2 & ! ,sabeans fell ^u !m & took !m away1 yea !y h sla9 ! s]vants ) ! edge ( ! sword40 7,job i4 #ad47 ,! ,b$\9's h& is aga9/ e man 9 all ,jebel ,%amm> to ?is day4 ,! tribes are 9 a /ate ( almo/ p]petual w> aga9/ ea* o!r2 x seldom happ5s1 accord+ to ,burckh>dt1 t a tribe enjoys a mom5t ( g5]al peace ) all its neighbors1 yet ! w> betwe5 two tribes is n ( long duration4 ,peace is easily made & easily brok54 ,9 ,b$\9 p>lance a salt cov5ant is only b9d+ :ile ! salt is 9 _! /oma*s4 ,g5]al battles are r>ely f\ght1 & few lives are lo/2 to surprise an enemy by sudd5 attack1 or to plund] a camp1 are ! *ief objects ( bo? p>ties4 ,! dreadful effects ( 8blood-rev5ge0 7by :i* law ! k9dr$ ( ! sla9 are 9 duty b\nd to slay ! murd]] or 8 k97 prev5t _m sangu9>y conflicts4 ,:atev] ! ,arabs take 9 _! pr$atory excursions is %>$ accord+ to previ\s agreem5t4 ,sometimes ! :ole spoil is equally divid$ by ! ,%eikh among 8 foll[]s2 at o!r times ea* "o plund]s = himself4 ,a ,b$\9 raid is call$ a ghazu1 & x is wor?y ( rem>k t ! e>lie/ biograph] ( ,mohamm$1 ,ibn ,i%ak1 s designates ! w>s ( ! prophet ( ,god ) ! ,korei%4 ,! ,anaeze ,b$\9 nev] attack by night1 = dur+ ! confusion ( a nocturnal assault ! wom5's ap>tm5ts might be ent]$1 & ?is !y reg>d z trea*]y4 ,! female sex is respect$ ev5 among ! mo/ invet]ate enemies :5ev] a camp is plund]$1 & nei!r m51 wom5 nor slaves are ev] tak5 prison]s4 ,x is w> only = booty4 ,! ,arabs are robb]s1 seldom murd]]s2 to ask protection or dakheil is sure qu>t]1 ev5 :5 ! spe> is lift$4 ,peace is conclud$ g5]ally by arbitration 9 ! t5t ( ! ,%eikh ( a ?ird tribe fri5dly to bo? combat+ tribes4 ,! mo/ frequ5t cause ( w> is qu>rels ov] wells or wat]+-places & pa/ure gr\nds1 j z 9 ! days ( ! patri>*s4 8,! ,b$\9s h r$uc$ robb]y10 says ,burckh>dt1 89 all its bran*es to a complete & regul> sy/em1 :i* (f]s _m int]e/+ details40 ,^! details are v num]\s1 & ! /ories ( robb]y & escape giv5 by ! ,arabian *ronicl]s1 or told at ! camp-fires1 w\ld fill a volume4 ,"o example w suffice u4 ,?ree robb]s plan an attack on an encampm5t4 ,"o ( !m /ations himself beh9d ! t5t t is to be robb$1 & endeavors to excite ! att5tion ( ! ne>e/ wat*-dogs4 ,^! imm$iately attack him2 he flies1 & !y pursue him to a great di/ance f ! camp1 :i* is ?us cle>$ ( ^? dang]\s gu>dians4 ,! second robb] goes to ! camels1 cuts ! /r+s t conf9e _! legs & makes z _m rise z he wi%es4 ,he !n leads "o ( ! %e-camels out ( ! camp1 ! o!rs foll[+ z usual1 :ile ! ?ird robb] has all ?is "t be5 /&+ ) lift$ club be=e ! t5t-door to /rike d[n any "o :o might awake & v5ture =?4 ,if ! robb]s succe$ !y !n jo9 _! companion1 ea* seizes ! tail ( a /rong lead+-camel & pulls x ) all 8 might2 ! camels set up a gallop into ! des]t & ! m5 are dragg$ along by _! booty until safe di/ance sep>ates !m f ! sc5e ( robb]y4 ,!y !n m\nt _! prey & make ha/e to _! own encampm5t4 ,be=e we lightly condemn ! robb] we mu/ realize 8 sore ne$4 ,accord+ to ,d\ghty & o!r travell]s ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,b$\9 ( ,nor?we/]n ,arabia suff] cont9ual fam9e & seldom h en\gh to eat4 ,9 ! long summ] dr\ght :5 pa/ures fail & ! gaunt camel-h]ds give no milk !y are 9 a sorry plight2 !n x is t ! h\sewife cooks h] sl5d] mess ( rice secretly1 le/ "s w\ld-be gue/ %\ld smell ! pot4 ,! hungry gnaw+ ( ! ,arab's /oma* is less5$ by ! c(fee-cup & ! ceaseless 8tobacco-dr9k+0 f ! nomad's preci\s pipe4 ,! wom5 suff] mo/ & *ildr5 langui% away4 ,:5 "o ( ^! sons-(-des]t he>d f ,d\ghty's lips ( a l& :]e 8we _h an abundance ( ! bless+s ( ,allah1 bread & clo?+ & peace1 &1 h[1 if any want$1 ! law succor$ him--he began to be full ( melan*oly1 & to lam5t ! ev]la/+ infelicity ( ! ,arabs1 ^: lack ( clo?+ is a cause to !m ( _m diseases1 :o h n daily food nor wat] en\gh1 & w&]+ 9 ! empty wild]ness1 are nev] at any /ay--& ^! mis]ies to la/ z long z _! lives4 ,& :5 8 he>t 0 full1 he cri$ up to heav51 #8,h m]cy1 ah ,"l ,god1 ^u ,?y creature :i* ,?\ creat$/--pity ! sigh+ ( ! poor1 ! hungry1 ! nak$--h m]cy--h m]cy ^u !m1 ,o ,allah6'0 ,z we bid f>ewell to ! t5ts ( ,k$> & ! des]ts ( ,nor? ,arabia let u say am5 to ! nomad's pray] & judge !m n h>%ly 9 _! mis]y le/ we be judg$4 ,,xvi 8,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,ignorance0 8,! religi\s decay 9 ,arabia %ortly be=e ,islam may well be tak5 9 a negative s5se1 9 ! s5se ( ! tribes los+ ! feel+ ( k9%ip ) ! tribal gods4 ,we may express ?is m concretely by say+ t ! gods _h become gradually m & m nebul\s ?r\gh ! de/ructive influ5ce ex]cis$1 = ab\t two hundr$ ye>s1 by ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ideas1 ^u ,arabian hea!nism 8--,h4 ,hirs*feld1 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society40 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! g5esis ( ,islam we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! condition ( ,arabia be=e ! adv5t ( ,mohamm$4 ,we %all !n be able to discov] ! factors t influ5c$ ! h]o-prophet & made x possible = him s p[]fully to sway ! de/9ies ( 8 own g5]ation & ^? t 7 to foll[4 ,mohamm$an writ]s call ! c5turies be=e ! bir? ( _! ,prophet wakt-el-jahiliyeh--8! "t ( ignorance0--s9ce ! ,arabs 7 !n ignorant ( ! true religion4 ,^! writ]s naturally *ose to pa9t ! picture ( hea!n ,arabia z d>k z possible1 9 ord] t ! 8,light ( ,god10 z ! prophet is call$1 might appe> m bright 9 contra/4 ,foll[+ ^! au?orities ,sale & o!rs h left an altoge!r wrong impression ( ! /ate ( ,arabia :5 ,mohamm$ fir/ appe>$4 ,! commonly accept$ idea t he prea*$ entirely new tru? & uplift$ ! ,arabs to a high] plane ( civilization is only half true4#di ,no "p ( ,arabia has ev] rea*$ ! high /age ( civilization "u ! rule ( ,islam :i* ,yem5 enjoy$ "u its ,*ri/ian or ev5 its ,jewi% dyna/ies ( ! ,himy>ites4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia1 ) all its weakness1 _h be5 a p[] = good4 ,! ,jews _h p5etrat$ to ne>ly e portion ( ! p59sula long be=e ,mohamm$ came on ! sc5e4#ej ,9 ! 8,"t ( ,ignorance0 ! ,arabs ?r\gh\t ! p59sula 7 divid$ into num]\s local tribes or clans :i* 7 b\nd toge!r by no political organization b only by a traditional s5tim5t ( unity :i* !y believ$1 or feign$ to believe1 a unity ( blood4 ,ea* gr\p 0 a unit & oppos$ to all ! o!r clans4 ,"s 7 pa/oral & "s nomadic2 o!rs l ^? at ,mecca & ,taif 7 trad]s4 ,= _m c5turies ,yem5 _h be5 enri*$ by ! inc5se-trade & by its position z ! emporium ( ,ea/]n comm]ce4 ,spr5g] 9 8 anci5t geography ( ! p59sula says t3 8,! hi/ory ( ! e>lie/ comm]ce is ! hi/ory ( inc5se & ! l& ( inc5se 0 ,arabia40 ,! imm5se c>avan trade :i* br\ght all ! weal? ( ,ormuz & ,ind to ! ,we/1 mu/ h be5 a means ( civilization to ! des]t4 ,! tanks ( ,m>ib spread f]tility ar\nd & ! region nor? ( ,sana 0 int]sect$ by busy c>avan-r\tes4 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi? goes s f> z to say t 8,9 ?is p]iod ! "n ( ,arab 0 associat$ to ,we/]n writ]s ) ideas ( effem9ate indol5ce & peaceful opul5ce 444 ! gold5 age ( ,yem540 ,! ,arabs _h enjoy$ = sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 an almo/ absolute fre$om f =eign dom9ion or occupation4 ,nei!r ! ,egyptians1 ! ,assyrians1 ! ,babylonians1 ! anci5t ,p]sians nor ! ,mac$onians 9 _! m>* ( conque/ ev] subjugat$ or held any "p ( ,arabia4 ,b be=e ! com+ ( ! ,prophet ! pr\d freem5 ( ! des]t 7 compell$ to b5d _! necks repeat$ly to ! yoke ( ,roman1 ,abyss9ian & ,p]sian rul]s4 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #aje1 ,trajan s5t 8 g5]al1 ,cornelius ,palma1 & subdu$ ! ,naba!an k+dom ( ,nor? ,arabia4 ,mesopotamia 0 conqu]$ & ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! p59sula 0 completely deva/at$ by ! ,romans 9 ,a4 ,d4 #aaf4 ,hira yield$ to ! mon>*s ( ,p]sia z ,ghassan did to ! g5]als ( ,rome4 ,sir ,william ,muir writes1 8,x is rem>k$ ev5 by a ,mohamm$an writ] t ! decad5ce ( ! race ( ,ghassan 0 prep>+ ! way = ! glories ( ! ,arabian prophet40 ,9 o!r words ,arabia 0 be+ invad$ by =eign p[]s & ! ,arabs 7 ready = a political lead] to break ^! yokes & re/ore ! old-"t indep5d5ce4 ,roman dom9ation invad$ ev5 ,mecca itself n long be=e ! ,hegira4 8,= %ortly aft] 8 accession to ! ?rone1 ,a4 ,d4 #faj1 ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius nom9at$ ,o?man1 !n a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 444 z gov]nor ( ,mecca1 recomm5d+ him to ! ,korei%ites 9 an au?oritative lett]40#ea ,! ,abyss9ian w>s & invasions ( ,arabia dur+ ! c5tury prec$+ ,mohamm$ are bett] kn[n4 ,_! dom9ion 9 ,yem51 says ,ibn ,i%ak1 la/$ sev5ty-two ye>s1 & !y 7 f9ally driv5 out by ! ,p]sians1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,arabs4 ,arabia 0 ?us ! c5tre ( political s*emes & plots j at ! "t :5 ,mohamm$ came to manhood1 ! :ole p59sula 0 awake to ! t\* ( ! ,romans1 ,abyss9ians & ,p]sians1 & ready to rally ar\nd any bann] t l$ to a national deliv]ance4 ,z to ! position ( wom5 9 ?is 8,"t ( ,ignorance0 ! cruel cu/om ( female infanticide prevail$ 9 _m p>ts ( hea!n ,arabia4 ,?is 0 probably due1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to pov]ty or fam9e1 & aft]w>d became a social cu/om to limit population4 ,pr(essor ,wilk5 sugge/s z a fur!r reason t w>s _h t5d$ to an excess ( females ov] males4 ,an ,arab poet tells ( a niece :o refus$ to leave ! husb& to :om %e _h be5 assign$ aft] capture4 ,h] uncle 0 s enrag$ t he buri$ all 8 daught]s alive & nev] all[$ ano!r "o to live4 ,ev5 "o beautiful girl :o _h be5 sav$ alive by h] "m 0 ru?lessly plac$ 9 a grave by ! fa!r & h] cries /ifl$ ) e>?4 ,?is horrible cu/om h[ev] 0 n usual4 ,we are told ( "o di/+ui%$ ,arab1 nam$ ,saa-,saa1 :o tri$ to put d[n ! practice ( 8digg+ a grave by ! side ( ! b$ on :i* daught]s 7 born40 ,mohamm$ improv$ on ! b>b>ic me?od & discov]$ a way by :i* n "s b all females c\ld be buri$ alive )\t be+ murd]$--namely1 ! veil4 ,its orig9 0 "o ( ! m>riage affairs ( ! prophet ) its appropriate revelation f ,allah4 ,! veil 0 unkn[n 9 ,arabia be=e t "t4 ,x 0 ,islam t =ev] )drew f ,ori5tal society ! bright1 ref9+1 elevat+ influ5ce ( wom54 ,ke5e says t ! veil 8lies at ! root ( all ! mo/ important features t diff]5tiate progress f /agnation40 ,! h>em-sy/em did n prevail 9 ! days ( idolatry4 ,wom5 _h rights & 7 respect$4 ,9 two in/ances1 beside t ( ,z5obia1 we read ( ,arabian que5s rul+ ov] _! tribes4 ,freytag 9 8 ,arabian ,prov]bs gives a li/ ( female judges :o ex]cis$ _! (fice 9 ! 8"t ( ignorance40 ,accord+ to ,nldeke1 ! ,naba!an inscriptions & co9s prove t wom5 held an indep5d5t & honorable position 9 ,nor? ,arabia long be=e ,islam2 !y con/ruct$ exp5sive family graves1 own$ l>ge e/ates1 & 7 indep5d5t trad]s4 ,! hea!n ,arabs jeal\sly wat*$ ov] _! wom5 z _! mo/ valu$ possession & def5d$ !m ) _! lives4 ,a woman 0 nev] giv5 away by h] fa!r 9 an unequal mat* nor aga9/ h] cons5t4 8,if y _c f9d an equal mat*10 said ,ibn ,zohair to ! ,namir1 8! be/ m>riage = !m is ! grave40 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,a4 ,wilk5#eb adduces _m pro(s to %[ t wom5 _h a "r 9 e case to *oose _! own husb&s & cites ! case ( ,khadijah :o (f]$ h] h& to ,mohamm$4 ,ev5 captive wom5 7 n kept 9 slav]y1 z is evid5t f ! v]ses ( ,hatim3 8,!y did n give u ,taites1 _! daught]s 9 m>riage2 ,b we woo$ !m aga9/ _! w ) our swords4 ,& ) u captivity br\ght no abasem5t4 ,!y nei!r toil$ mak+ bread nor made ! pot boil2 ,b we m+l$ !m ) our wom51 ! noble/1 ,& b>e u fair sons1 :ite ( face40 ,poly&ry & polygamy 7 bo? practic$2 ! "r ( divorce belong$ to ! wife z well z to ! husb&2 tempor>y m>riages 7 also common4 ,z 0 natural among a nomad race1 ! m>riage bond 0 quickly made & easily dissolv$4 ,b ?is 0 n ! case among ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians ( ,yem5 & ,nejran4 ,two k9ds ( m>riage 7 9 vogue4 ,! mota'a 0 a purely p]sonal contract betwe5 a man & woman2 no witnesses 7 necess>y & ! woman did n leave h] home or come "u ! au?ority ( h] husb&2 ev5 ! *ildr5 belong$ to ! wife4 ,?is m>riage1 s frequ5tly describ$ 9 ,arabic poetry1 0 n consid]$ illicit b 0 op5ly celebrat$ 9 v]se & br\ght no disgrace on ! woman4 ,9 ! o!r k9d ( m>riage1 call$ nikah1 ! woman became subject to h] husb& by capture or pur*ase4 ,9 ! latt] case ! pur*ase-money 0 paid to ! bride's k94 ,! position ( wom5 be=e ,islam is ?us describ$ 9 ,smi?'s 8,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia40 8,x is v rem>kable t 9 spite ( ,mohamm$'s humane ord9ances ! place ( woman 9 ! family & 9 society has /eadily decl9$ "u 8 law4 ,9 anci5t ,arabia we f9d 444 _m pro(s t wom5 mov$ m freely & ass]t$ !mselves m /rongly ?an 9 ! mod]n ,ea/4444 ,! ,arabs !mselves recogniz$ t ! position ( woman _h fall5 444 & x cont9u$ /ill to fall "u ,islam1 because ! effect ( ,mohamm$'s legislation 9 favor ( wom5 0 m ?an outweigh$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( m>riages ( dom9ion z ! "o legitimate type1 & by ! gradual loos5+ ( ! pr9ciple t m>ri$ wom5 c\ld c\nt on _! own k9 to /& by !m aga9/ _! husb&s40#ec ,9 8! "t ( ignorance0 writ+ 0 well kn[n & poetry fl\ri%$4 ,?ree accompli%m5ts 7 covet$--eloqu5ce1 horseman%ip & lib]al hospitality4 ,orators 7 9 dem&1 & to ma9ta9 ! /&>d & rew>d excell5ce !re 7 l>ge assemblies z at ,okatz4 ,^! la/$ a :ole mon? & ! tribes came long j\rneys to he> ! orators & poets z well z to engage 9 trade4 ,! le>n+ ( ! ,arabs 0 *iefly conf9$ to tribal hi/ory1 a/rology & ! int]pretation ( dreams2 9 ^! !y made consid]able progress4 ,accord+ to ,moslem tradition ! sci5ce ( writ+ 0 n kn[n 9 ,mecca until introduc$ by ,h>b1 ,fa!r ( ,abu ,sc(ian1 ! great oppon5t ( ,mohamm$1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #efj4 ,b ?is is evid5tly an error1 = close int]c\rse exi/$ long be=e ?is betwe5 ,mecca & ,sana ! capital ( ,yem5 :]e writ+ 0 well kn[n2 & 9 ano!r tradition ,abd el ,muttalib is said to h writt5 to ,m$9a = help 9 8 y\ng] days1 i4e41 ab\t #ebj ,a4 ,d4 ,bo? ,jews & ,*ri/ians also dwelt 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mecca = two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,hegira & us$ "s =m ( writ+4 ,= writ+ mat]ials !y _h abundance ( re$s & palm-leaves z well z ! flat1 smoo? %\ld]-bones ( %eep4 ,! sev5 poems are said to h be5 writt5 9 gold on ,egyptian silk & susp5d$ 9 ! ,kaaba4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 mission ,mohamm$ despis$ ! poets = ! good reason t "s1 among !m a poetess1 wrote satirical v]ses ab\t him4 ,! ,koran says 8^? :o g a/ray foll[ ! poets0 7,surah #bf3 #bbd7 & a m vigor\s ?\gh less elegant d5\ncem5t is record$ 9 ! traditions 7,mi%kat ,bk4 #bb1 *4 #aj73 8,a belly full ( purul5t matt] is bett] ?an a belly full ( poetry40 ,:5 two ( ! hea!n poets1 ,labid & ,hassan embrac$ ,islam1 ! prophet became m l5i5t1 & is report$ to h said 8poetry is a k9d ( composition :i* if x is good1 x is good1 & if x is bad1 x is bad60 ,conc]n+ ! religion ( ! hea!n ,arabs ! ,mohamm$an writ] ,a%-,%ahri/ani says3 8,! ,arabs ( pre-islamic times may1 ) ref]5ce to religion be divid$ into v>i\s classes4 ,"s ( !m d5i$ ! ,creator1 ! resurrection & m5's return to ,god1 & ass]t$ t ,nature possesses 9 itself ! p[] ( be/[+ life1 b t ,"t de/roys4 ,o!rs believ$ 9 a ,creator & a creation produc$ by ,him out ( no?+ b yet d5i$ ! resurrection4 ,o!rs believ$ 9 a ,creator & a creation b d5i$ ,god's prophets & wor%ipp$ false gods conc]n+ :om !y believ$ t 9 ! next _w !y w\ld become m$iators betwe5 !mselves & ,god4 ,= ^! deities !y und]took pilgrimages1 !y br\ght (f]+s to !m1 (f]$ !m sacrifices & approa*$ !m ) rites & c]emonies4 ,"s ?+s !y held to be ,div9ely p]mitt$1 o!rs to be prohibit$4 ,?is 0 ! religion ( ! majority ( ! ,arabs40 ,?is is rem>kable evid5ce = a ,mohamm$an :o w\ld naturally be incl9$ to take an unfavorable view4 ,b 8 absolute sil5ce reg>d+ ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians ( ,arabia is sugge/ive4 ,:5 ! ,arabian tribes lo/ _! e>lie/ mono!ism 7! religion ( ,job & _! patri>*s7 !y fir/ ( all adopt$ ,sabeanism or ! wor%ip ( ! ho/s ( heav54 ,a pro( ( ?is is _! anci5t practice ( mak+ circuits ar\nd ! %r9es ( _! gods z well z _! skill 9 a/rology4 ,v soon h[ev] ! />-wor%ip became greatly corrupt$ & o!r deities1 sup]/itions & practices 7 introduc$4 ,anci5t ,arabia 0 a refuge = all sorts ( religi\s-fugitives1 & ea* b& add$ some?+ to ! national /ock ( religi\s ideas4 ,! ,zoroa/rians came to ,ea/ ,arabia2 ! ,jews settl$ at ,kheib>1 ,m$9a1 & 9 ,yem52 ,*ri/ians ( _m sects liv$ 9 ! nor? & 9 ! highl&s ( ,yem54 ,= all pagan ,arabia ,mecca 0 ! c5tre _m c5turies be=e ,mohamm$4 ,"h /ood ! ,kaaba1 ! ,arabian ,pan!on1 ) its ?ree hundr$ & sixty idols1 "o = ea* day 9 ! ye>4 ,"h ! tribes ( ,hejaz met 9 annual pilgrimage to rub !mselves on ! ,black ,/one1 to circumambulate ! ,beit ,allah or ,be!l ( _! cre$ & to hang portions ( _! g>m5ts on ! sacr$ trees4 ,at ,nejran a sacr$ date-palm 0 ! c5tre ( pilgrimage4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ,arabia !re 7 sacr$ /ones or /one-heaps :]e ! ,arab devotees congregat$ to obta9 special bless+s4 ,! belief 9 j9n or g5ii 0 well-nigh univ]sal1 b !re 0 a di/9ction betwe5 !m & gods4 ,! gods h individuality :ile ! j9n h n2 ! gods are wor%ipp$1 ! j9n are only fe>$2 ! god has "o =m2 ! j9n appe> 9 _m4 ,all t ! ,moslem _w believes 9 reg>d to j9n is :olly borr[$ f ,arabian hea!nism & ^? :o h read ! ,arabian ,nights "k :at a l>ge place !y hold 9 ! ev]yday life ( ,moslems4 ,! ,arabs 7 always sup]/iti\s1 & leg5ds ( all sorts clu/] ar\nd e weird des]t rock1 gn>l$ tree or int]mitt5t f\nta9 9 ,arabia4 ,! e>ly ,arabs !re=e m>k$ (f su* sacr$ t]ritory by pill>s or cairns & consid]$ _m ?+s su* z %$d+ ( blood1 cutt+ ( trees1 kill+ game1 etc1 =bidd5 )9 ! enclosure4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! ,h>ama9 or sacr$ t]ritory ar\nd ,mecca & ,m$9a4 ,sacrifices 7 common1 b n by fire4 ,! blood ( ! (f]+ 0 sme>$ ov] ! rude /one alt>s & ! fle% 0 eat5 by ! wor%ipp]4 ,fir/ fruits 7 giv5 to ! gods & libations 7 p\r$ out2 a hair-(f]+ =m$ a "p ( ! anci5t pilgrimage2 ?is also is imitat$ to-day4 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi? tries to prove t totemism 0 ! e>lie/ =m ( ,arabian idolatry & t ea* tribe _h its sacr$ animal4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t = ?is is ! und\bt$ fact t _m ( ! tribal names 7 tak5 f animals & t c]ta9 animals 7 reg>d$ z sacr$ 9 p>ts ( ,arabia4 ,! !ory is too f>-rea*+ to be adopt$ at haphaz>d & ! au?or's ideas ( ! significance ( animal sacrifice are n 9 accord ) ! tea*+ ( ,scripture4 ,x is h[ev] int]e/+ to "k t ! same au?ority ?9ks ! ,arabian tribal m>ks or wasms 7 orig9ally totem-m>ks & mu/ h be5 tattoo$ on ! body ev5 z !y are n[ us$ to m>k prop]ty4 ,! wa%m ( ! idolatr\s ,arabs seems relat$ to _! wasms & 0 a k9d ( tattoo+ ( ! h&s1 arms & gums4 ,x 0 =bidd5 by ,mohamm$ b is /ill widely preval5t 9 ,nor? ,arabia among ! ,b$\9 wom54 ,cov5ants ( blood & ( salt are also v anci5t ,semitic in/itutions & prevail$ all ov] ,arabia4 ,! =m ( ! oa? 0 v>i\s4 ,at ,mecca ! p>ties dipp$ _! h&s 9 a pan ( blood & ta/$ ! cont5ts2 9 o!r places !y op5$ a ve9 & mix$ _! fre% blood2 aga9 !y w\ld ea* draw ! o!rs' blood & sme> x on sev5 /ones set up 9 ! mid/4 ,! lat] ,arabs sub/itut$ ! blood ( a %eep or ( a camel = human blood4 ,! pr9cipal idols ( ,arabia 7 ! foll[+2 t5 ( !m are m5tion$ by "n 9 ! ,koran4 ,hubal 0 9 ! =m ( a man & came f ,syria2 he 0 ! god ( ra9 & _h a high place ( honor4 ,wadd 0 ! god ( ! firmam5t4 ,suwah1 9 ! =m ( a woman1 0 said to be f ant$iluvian times4 ,yaghu? _h ! %ape ( a lion4 ,ya'ook 0 9 ! =m ( a horse1 & 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,yem54 ,bronze images ( ?is idol are f\nd 9 anci5t tombs4 ,nasr 0 ! eagle-god4 ,el ,uzza1 id5tifi$ by "s s*ol>s ) ,v5us1 0 wor%ipp$ at times "u ! =m ( an acacia tree4 ,allat 0 ! *ief idol ( ! tribe ( ,?akif at ,taif :o tri$ to compromise ) ,mohamm$ to accept ,islam if he w\ld n de/roy _! god = ?ree ye>s4 ,! "n appe>s to be ! fem99e ( ,allah4 ,manat 0 a huge /one wor%ipp$ z an alt> by sev]al tribes4 ,duw> 0 ! virg9's idol & "y wom5 us$ to g ar\nd x 9 procession2 h5ce its "n4 ,isaf & ,naila /ood ne> ,mecca on ! hills ( ,safa & ,mirwa2 ! visitation ( ^! popul> %r9es is n[ a "p ( ! ,moslem pilgrimage4 ,habhab 0 a l>ge /one on :i* camels 7 slaught]$4 ,beside ^! !re 7 num]\s o!r gods ^: names h be5 utt]ly lo/ & yet :o ea* _h a place 9 ! ,pan!on at ,mecca4 ,above all ^! 0 ! supreme deity :om !y call$ 1 ! ,god1 or ,allah4 ,?is "n occurs sev]al times 9 ! anci5t pre-islamic poems & proves t ! ,arabs knew ! "o true ,god by "n ev5 9 ! 8"t ( ignorance40 ,to ,him !y also made (f]+s ?\gh n ( ! fir/ & be/2 9 ,8 "n cov5ants 7 seal$ & ! holie/ oa?s 7 sworn4 ,enemy ( ,allah 0 ! /ronge/ t]m ( opprobrium among ! ,arabs !n z x is to-day4 ,wellhaus5 says1 8,9 wor%ip ,allah _h ! la/ place1 ^? gods be+ pref]r$ :o repres5t$ ! int]e/s ( a p>ticul> circle & fulfill$ ! private desires ( _! wor%ipp]s4 ,nei!r ! fe> ( ,allah nor _! rev]5ce = ! gods _h mu* influ5ce4 ,! *ief practical consequ5ce ( ! great fea/s 0 ! obs]vance ( a truce 9 ! holy mon?s2 & ?is 9 "t _h become ma9ly an affair ( pure practical conv5i5ce4 ,9 g5]al ! disposition ( ! hea!n ,arabs1 if x is at all truly reflect$ 9 _! poetry1 0 pr(ane 9 an unusual degree4 ,! anci5t inhabitants ( ,mecca practic$ piety ess5tially z a trade1 j z !y d n[2 _! trade dep5d$ on ! fea/ & its fair on ! inviolability ( ! ,h>am & on ! truce ( ! holy mon?s40 ,!re is no d\bt t at ! "t ( ,mohamm$'s appe>ance ! old national idolatry _h deg5]at$4 ,_m ( ! idols _h no believ]s or wor%ipp]s4 ,sabeanism _h also disappe>$ except 9 ! nor? ( ,arabia2 al?\gh x always left its influ5ce :i* is evid5t n only 9 ! ,koran b 9 ! sup]/iti\s practices ( ! mod]n ,b$\9s4 ,gross feti%ism 0 ! cre$ ( _m4 ,"o ( ,mohamm$'s contempor>ies said1 8,:5 !y f\nd a f9e /one !y ador$ x1 or1 fail+ t1 milk$ a camel ov] a heap ( s& & wor%ipp$ t40 ,! bett] classes at ,mecca & ,m$9a _h ceas$ to believe any?+ at all4 ,! =ms ( religion 87 kept up r = political & comm]cial reasons ?an z a matt] ( fai? or conviction40#ed ,add to all ?is ! sil5t b /rong influ5ce ( ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians :o 7 9 con/ant contact ) ^! idolat]s & we h ! explanation ( ! ,hanifs4 ,^! ,hanifs 7 a small numb] ( ,arabs :o wor%ipp$ only ,allah1 reject$ poly!ism1 s\ght fre$om f s9 & resignation to ,god's w4 ,!re 7 ,hanifs at ,taif1 ,mecca & ,m$9a4 ,!y 7 9 fact seek]s ( tru?1 we>y ( ! old idolatry & ! preval5t holl[ hypocrisy ( ! ,arabs4 ,! e>lie/ ,hanifs ( :om we he>1 7 ,w>aka1 ! c\s9 ( ! prophet ,mohamm$1 & ,zeid b9 ,amr1 surnam$ ! ,inquir]4 ,mohamm$ at fir/ also adopt$ ?is title ( ,hanif to express ! fai? ( ,abraham b soon aft] *ang$ x to ,moslem4 ,x is only a /ep f ,hanifism to ,islam4 ,prim>y mono!ism1 ,sabeanism1 idolatry1 feti%ism1 ,hanifism1 & !n ! prophet ) ! sword to br+ ev]y?+ back to mono!ism--mono!ism1 z modifi$ by 8 own ne$s & "* & compromises4 ,! "t ( ignorance 0 a "t ( *aos4 ,ev]y?+ 0 ready = "o :o c\ld take 9 ! :ole situation1 social1 political & religi\s & =m a cosmos4 ,t man 0 ,mohamm$4 ,,xvii ,,islam ,,9 ,,its ,,cradle--,,! ,,moslem',s ,,god#ee 8,islam 0 born 9 ! des]t1 ) ,arab ,sabeanism = its "m & ,judaism = its fa!r2 its fo/]-nurse 0 ,ea/]n ,*ri/ianity40--,edw9 ,arnold4 8,a ,prophet )\t miracles2 a fai? )\t my/]ies2 & a morality )\t love2 :i* has enc\rag$ a ?ir/ = blood1 & :i* began & end$ 9 ! mo/ unb\nd$ s5suality40--,s*legel's ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 8,z we conceive ,god1 we conceive ! univ]se2 a be+ incapable ( lov+ is incapable ( be+ lov$40--,pr9cipal ,fairbairn4 ,libr>ies h be5 writt51 n only 9 ,arabic & ,p]sian1 b 9 all ! languages ( ,europe1 on ! orig91 "* & hi/ory ( ,islam1 ! ,koran & ,mohamm$4 ,views diff] 8z f> z ! ea/ is f ! we/0 & z f> z ,boswor? ,smi? is f ,prideaux4 ,! e>li] ,european writ]s did n hesitate to call ,mohamm$ a false prophet & 8 sy/em a clev] impo/ure2 "s w5t fur!r & attribut$ ev5 satanic ag5cy to ! success ( ,islam & to ! words ( ! prophet4 ,c>lyle1 9 8 8,h]oes & ,h]o-wor%ip10 set ! p5dulum sw++ to ! o!r side s f> t 8 *apt] on ! ,h]o-prophet is publi%$ z a leaflet by ! ,mohamm$an ,mission>y ,society ( ,lahore4 ,s little did ,c>lyle und]/& ! true nature ( ,islam t he calls x 8a k9d ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,:at ,c>lyle said 0 only ! beg9n+ ( a s]ies ( apologies & panegyrics :i* appe>$ soon aft] & plac$ ,mohamm$ n only on ! p$e/al ( a great re=m] b 8a v prophet ( ,god10 mak+ ,islam almo/ ! ideal religion4 ,sye$ ,ame] ,ali succe$s 9 8 biography 9 elim9at+ e s5sual1 h>% & ignorant trait f ! "* ( ! not$ ,meccan2 & ! rec5t valuable book ( ,t4 ,w4 ,arnold1 pr(essor 9 ,alig>h ,college1 ,india1 attempts to prove mo/ elaborately t ,mohamm$anism 0 propagat$ )\t ! sword4 ,9 contra/ to ?is read :at ,hugh ,br\ghton qua9tly wrote 9 #affb3 8,n[ consid] ?is ,moam$ or ,ma*um$1 :om ,god gave up to a bl9d m9d1 an ,i%maelite1 be+ a poor man till he m>ri$ a wid[2 weal?y !n & ( high c\nt5ance1 hav+ ! fall+ sickness & be+ torm5t$ by ! devil1 :]eby ! wid[ 0 sorry t %e mat*$ ) him4 ,he p]suad$ h] by himself & o!rs t 8 fits 7 b a trance :]e9 he talk$ ) ! angel ,gabriel4 ,s 9 "t ! impo/or 0 reput$ a prophet ( ,god & f ,judaism1 ,arius1 ,ne/orius & 8 own bra9 he frame? a doctr9e40 ,9 our day1 ! critical labors ( s*ol>s l ,spr5g]1 ,weil1 ,muir1 ,koelle & o!rs h giv5 u a m correct idea ( ,mohamm$'s life & "*4 ,! p5dulum is /ill sw++ b w come to re/ betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,we h n space to give ! /ory ( ,mohamm$'s life or ( ! religion :i* he f\nd$4 ,an analysis ( ! religion has be5 attempt$ by means ( two tables1 "o %[+ its developm5t f its cre$ & ! o!r ! philosophy ( its orig9 f outside s\rces4#ef ,! result ( a c5tury ( critical /udy by ,european & ,am]ican s*ol>s ( e s*ool ( ?\ght has c]ta9ly e/abli%$ ! fact t ,islam is a composite religion4 ,x is n an inv5tion b a concoction2 !re is no?+ novel ab\t x except ! g5ius ( ,mohamm$ 9 mix+ old +r$i5ts into a new panacea = human ills & =c+ x d[n by means ( ! sword4 ,^! het]og5e\s elem5ts ( ,islam 7 ga!r$ 9 ,arabia at a "t :5 _m religions _h p5etrat$ ! p59sula1 & ! ,kaaba 0 a ,pan!on4 ,unless "o has a k ( ^! elem5ts ( 8! "t ( ignorance10 ,islam is a problem4 ,kn[+1 h[ev]1 ^! hea!n1 ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% factors1 ,islam is se5 to be a p]fectly natural & und]/&able developm5t4 ,its hea!n elem5ts rema91 to ?is day1 p]fectly recognizable 9 spite ( ?irte5 c5turies ( explanation by ! ,moslem au?orities4 ,x is to ! ,jewi% ,rabbi ,geig] t we owe our fir/ k ( ! ext5t to :i* ,islam is indebt$ to ! ,jews & ! ,talmud4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,/4 ,clair ,tisdall has rec5tly %[n h[ ,mohamm$ borr[$ ev5 f ! ,zoroa/rians & ,sabeans1 :ile z to ! am\nt ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ 9 ,islam1 ! ,koran & its comm5tators are evid5ce4 ,!re is a rem>kable v]se 9 ! tw5ty-second *apt] ( ! ,koran1 9 :i* ,mohamm$ seems to enum]ate all ! s\rces t 7 accessible to him 9 =m+ 8 new religion2 & at t "t he seems to h be5 9 d\bt z to :i* 0 ! mo/ tru/wor?y s\rce4 ,! v]se reads z foll[s3 8,!y :o believe & ! ,jews & ! ,sabeans & ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,magians 7,zoroa/rians7 & ^? :o jo9 o!r gods to ,god1 v]ily ,god %all decide betwe5 !m on ! day ( ,resurrection40 ,! ,god ( ,islam4 ,,gibbon ,,*>act]izes ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"p ,,( ! ,moslem's cre$ z 8an et]nal tru? 8--78!re is no god b ,god072 b v mu* dep5ds on ! "* ( ! ,god1 :o is affirm$ to displace all o!r gods4 ,if ,allah's attributes are unwor?y ( deity !n ev5 ! fir/ clause ( ! briefe/ ( all cre$s1 is false4 ,!re has be5 a /range neglect to /udy ! ,moslem idea ( ,god & ne>ly all writ]s take = grant$ t ! ,god ( ! ,koran is ! same be+ & has l attributes z ,jehovah or ! ,godhead ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ! tru?4 ,fir/ ( all ! ,mohamm$an conception ( ,allah is purely negative4 ,god is unique & has no relations to any creature t p>take ( resemblance4 ,he _c be def9$ 9 t]ms o!r ?an negative4 ,z ! popul> song has x1 8,kullu ma yukht>u fi balik ,fa rabbuna mukhalifun 'an ?alik--0#eg ,absolute sov]eignty & ru?less omnipot5ce are 8 *ief attributes :ile 8 "* is imp]sonal--t ( a monad4 ,among ! n9ety-n9e beautiful names ( ,god1 :i* ,edw9 ,arnold has us$ 9 8 poem 8,pe>ls ( ! ,fai?10 ! ideas ( fa!rhood1 love1 imp>tial ju/ice & unselfi%ness are abs5t4 ,! ,*ri/ian tru? 8,god is love0 is to ! le>n$1 blasphemy & to ! ignorant an enigma4 ,palgrave1 :o c]ta9ly 0 n bias$ aga9/ ! religion ( ,arabia & :o liv$ ) ! ,arabs = long mon?s1 calls ! !ology ( ,islam 8! pan!ism ( =ce40 ,no "o has ev] giv5 a bett] acc\nt ( ,allah1 a m fai?ful portrait ( ,mohamm$'s conception ( deity ?an ,palgrave4 ,e ^w ( 8 description tallies ) /atem5ts :i* "o c he> daily f pi\s ,moslems4 ,yet no "o :o reads :at we quote 9 all its fullness w recognize "h ! ,god :om ,david addresses 9 ! ,psalms or :o became inc>nate at ,be?lehem & suff]$ on ,calv>y4 ,?is is ,palgrave's /atem5t3 8,!re is no god b ,god--are words simply tantam\nt 9 ,engli% to ! negation ( any deity save "o alone2 & ?us mu* !y c]ta9ly mean 9 ,arabic1 b !y imply mu* m also4 ,_! full s5se is1 n only to d5y absolutely & unres]v$ly all plurality1 :e!r ( nature or ( p]son1 9 ! ,supreme ,be+1 n only to e/abli% ! unity ( ! ,unbegett+ & ,unbegot1 9 all its simple & uncommunicable ,on5ess1 b besides ?is ! words1 9 ,arabic & among ,arabs1 imply t ?is "o ,supreme ,be+ is also ! only ,ag5t1 ! only ,=ce1 ! only ,act exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & leave to all be+s else1 matt] or _s1 in/9ct or intellig5ce1 physical or moral1 no?+ b pure1 unconditional passiv5ess1 alike 9 movem5t or 9 quiesc5ce1 9 action or 9 capacity4 ,! sole p[]1 ! sole motor1 movem5t1 en]gy1 & de$ is ,god2 ! re/ is d[nright in]tia & m]e in/rum5tality1 f ! highe/ ar*angel d[n to ! simple/ atom ( creation4 ,h5ce1 9 ?is "o s5t5ce1 #8,la ,ilh illa ,allh1' is summ$ up a sy/em :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to call ! ,pan!ism ( ,=ce1 or ( ,act1 ?us exclusively assign$ to ,god1 :o absorbs x all1 ex]cises x all1 & to :om alone x c be ascrib$1 :e!r = pres]v+ or = de/roy+1 = relative evil or = equally relative good4 ,i say #8relative1' because x is cle> t 9 su* a !ology no place is left = absolute good or evil1 reason or extravagance2 all is abridg$ 9 ! autocratic w ( ! "o great ,ag5t3 #8sic volo1 sic jubeo1 /et pro ratione voluntas'2 or1 m significantly /ill1 9 ,arabic1 #8,kem ye%a'o1' #8z he wills x1' to quote ! con/antly recurr+ expression ( ! ,koran4 8,?us immeasurably & et]nally exalt$ above1 & dissimil> f1 all creatures1 :i* lie levell$ be=e him on "o common plane ( in/rum5tality & in]tness1 ,god is "o 9 ! totality ( omnipot5t & omnipres5t action1 :i* ackn[l$ges no rule1 /&>d1 or limit save 8 own sole & absolute w4 ,he communicates no?+ to 8 creatures1 = _! seem+ p[] & act ev] rema9 8 alone1 & 9 return he receives no?+ f !m2 = :atev] !y may be1 t !y are 9 him1 by him1 & f him only4 ,& secondly1 no sup]iority1 no di/9ction1 no prem95ce1 c be lawfully claim$ by "o creature ov] its fell[1 9 ! utt] equalization ( _! unexceptional s]vitude & abasem5t2 all are alike tools ( ! "o solit>y ,=ce :i* employs !m to cru% or to b5efit1 to tru? or to error1 to honor or %ame1 to happ9ess1 or mis]y1 q indep5d5tly ( _! individual fitness1 des]ts1 or advantage1 & simply because he wills x1 & z he wills x4 8,"o might at fir/ ?9k t ?is trem5d\s autocrat1 ?is uncontroll$ & unsympa?iz+ p[]1 w\ld be f> above any?+ l passions1 desires or incl9ations4 ,yet su* is n ! case1 = he has ) respect to 8 creatures "o ma9 feel+ & s\rce ( action1 namely1 jeal\sy ( !m le/ !y %\ld p]*ance attribute to !mselves some?+ ( :at is 8 alone1 & ?us encroa* on 8 all-engross+ k+dom4 ,h5ce he is ev] m prone to puni% ?an to rew>d1 to inflict ?an to be/[ pleasure1 to ru9 ?an to build4 8,x is 8 s+ul> satisfaction to let creat$ be+s cont9ually feel t !y are no?+ else ?an 8 slaves1 8 tools1 & contemptible tools also1 t ?us !y may ! bett] ackn[l$ge 8 sup]iority1 & "k 8 p[] to be above _! p[]1 8 cunn+ above _! cunn+1 8 w above _! w1 8 pride above _! pride2 or r1 t !re is no p[]1 cunn+1 w1 or pride save 8 own4 8,b he himself1 /]ile 9 8 inaccessible height1 nei!r lov+ nor enjoy+ aught save 8 own & self-measur$ decree1 )\t son1 companion1 or c\nsellor1 is no less b>r5 = himself ?an = 8 creatures1 & 8 own b>r5ness & lone egoism 9 himself z ! cause & rule ( 8 indiff]5t & unreg>d+ despotism ar\nd4 ,! fir/ note is ! key ( ! :ole tune1 & ! primal idea ( ,god runs ?r\gh & modifies ! :ole sy/em & cre$ t c5tres 9 him4 8,t ! notion "h giv5 ( ! ,deity1 mon/r\s & blasphem\s z x may appe>1 is exactly & lit]ally t :i* ! ,koran conveys1 or int5ds to convey1 ,i at pres5t take = grant$4 ,b t x inde$ is s1 no "o :o has att5tively p]us$ & ?\ght ov] ! ,arabic text 7= m]e cursory read+1 especially 9 a translation1 w n suffice7 c hesitate to all[4 ,9 fact1 e phrase ( ! prec$+ s5t5ces1 e t\* 9 ?is odi\s portrait has be5 tak51 to ! be/ ( my ability1 ^w = ^w1 or at lea/ mean+ = mean+ f ! 8,book0 ! true/ mirror ( ! m9d & scope ( its writ]4 ,& t su* 0 9 reality ,mahomet's m9d & idea is fully confirm$ by ! witness-tongue ( contempor>y tradition40 ,! ,koran %[s t ,mohamm$ _h 9 a measure a correct k ( ! physical attributes ( ,god b an absolutely false conception ( 8 moral attributes4 ,?is 0 p]fectly natural because ,mohamm$ _h no idea ( ! nature ( s9--moral evil--or ( hol9ess--moral p]fection4 ,! ,imam ,el ,ghazzali a fam\s s*ola/ic div9e ( ! ,moslems says ( ,god3 8,he is n a body endu$ ) =m nor a sub/ance circumscrib$ ) limits or det]m9$ by measure4 ,nei!r does ,he resemble bodies1 z !y are capable ( be+ measur$ or divid$4 ,nei!r is ,he a sub/ance nor d sub/ances exi/ 9 ,him2 nei!r is ,he an accid5t nor d accid5ts exi/ 9 ,him4 ,nei!r is ,he l to any?+ t exi/s2 nei!r is any?+ l to ,him2 nor is ,he det]m9ate 9 quantity nor compreh5d$ by b\nds nor circumscrib$ by ! diff]5ces ( situation nor conta9$ 9 ! heav5s4444 ,8 ne>ness is n l ! ne>ness ( bodies nor is ,8 ess5ce l ! ess5ce ( bodies4 ,nei!r do? ,he exi/ 9 any?+2 nei!r does any?+ exi/ 9 ,him40 ,god's w is absolute & alone2 ! pr$e/9ation ( ev]y?+ & ev]ybody to good or ill accord+ to ! caprice ( sov]eignty4 ,= !re is no ,fa!rhood & no purpose ( r$emption to s(t5 ! doctr9e ( ! decrees4 ,hell mu/ be fill$ & s ,allah creates infidels4 ,! /atem5ts ( ! ,koran on ?is doctr9e are co>se & ( tradition1 blasphem\s4 ,islam r$uces ,god to ! category ( ! w2 ,he is a despot1 an ,ori5tal despot1 & z ! moral-law is n emphasiz$ ,he is n b\nd by any /&>d ( ju/ice4 ,wor%ip ( ! creature is he9\s to ! ,moslem m9d1 & yet ,allah puni%$ ,satan = n be+ will+ to wor%ip ,adam4 7,koran ii4 #bh-ca47 ,allah is m]ciful 9 w9k+ at ! s9s ( ! prophet b is ! av5g] ( all unbeliev]s 9 him4 ,a ,god-ma*9e1 a unit-cause ,va/1 inaccessible ,:o doles out m]cy1 breaks ,8 laws ,& compromises ill4 ,a ,god ^: law is *angeless fate1-- ,:o grants ea* prophet-wi%-- ,= pray] & fa/+ opes heav5's gate1 ,& p>dons = back%ee%4 ,?is is n 8! only ,true ,god0 :om we "k ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ & s kn[+ h life-et]nal4 8,no man kn[e? ! ,fa!r b ! ,son & he to :om ! ,son reveale? ,him4 ,he :o d5ies ! inc>nation rema9s ignorant ( ,god's true "*4 ,z ,fairbairn says1 8! love :i* ! ,godhead makes imman5t & ess5tial to ,god1 gives ,god an altoge!r new mean+ & actuality = religion2 :ile ?\ght is n =c$ to conceive ,mono!ism z ! apo!osis ( an ,almighty w or an imp]sonal ideal ( ! pure reason40 ,islam kn[s no ,godhead1 & ,allah is n love4 ,transcrib]s ,note3 ,to fit )9 page & lay\t con/ra9ts ?is ,*>t ! l9k$ tabul> =mat4 ,! section beg9n+ ) ,a2 ,fai? & ,b3,practice ,appe>s to d]rive equally f ,! ,doctr9e ( ,god & ,! ,doctr9e ( ,revelation s has be5 ab/ract$ & l9k$ f ! position ! au?or seems to h int5d$4 ,g5]al notes h be5 ab/ract$ & display$ z footnotes4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,islam ,,z ,a ,,sy/em1 ,,develop$ ,,f ,,x',s ,,cre$4 8,!re is no god b ,allah & ,mohamm$ is 8 apo/le40 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,god 7,negative47 8,!re is no god b ,god40 ,pan!ism ( ,=ce #a4 ,8 names ( ! ess5ce1 ,allah 7! absolute unit7 ( ! attributes1--,n9ety-n9e names #b4 ,8 attributes ,! physical emphasiz$ above ! moral4 ,deification ( absolute =ce4 #c4 ,8 nature ,express$ by a s]ies ( negations 8,he is n40 ,to second section ,! ,doctr9e ( ,revelation3 7,positive47 8,mohamm$ is ! apo/le ( ,god40 ,! sole *annel ( revelation & abrogates =m] revelations4 ,i4 ,by ! ,,koran 7,wahi ,el ,matlu7 ,revelation1 v]bal1 & :i* tea*es ! tw(old dem&s ( ,islam3-- ,! ,book ,,ii4 ,by ,,tradition 7,wahi gheir ,matlu7 ,revelation by example ( ! p]fect prophet ,! ,man #a4 ,records ( :at ,mohamm$ did 7,sunnat-el-fa'il7 7example7 #b4 ,records ( :at ,mohamm$ enjo9$ 7,sunnat-el-kaul7 7precept7 #c4 ,records ( :at ,mohamm$ all[$ 7,sunnat-el-takrir7 7lic5se7,a ,a4 ,! ,sunnite ,traditions3 7collect$ & record$ by ! foll[+ six au?orities7 #a4 ,bu*>i ,a4 ,h4 #bef;,b #b4 ,muslim 0 #bfa;,b #c4 ,tirmizi 0 #bgi;,b #d4 ,abu ,daood 0 #bge;,b #e4 ,an-,nasaee 0 #cjc;,b #f4 ,ibn ,majah 0 #bgc;,b ,b4 ,! ,%iah ,traditions3 7five au?orities7 #a4 ,kafi ,a4 ,h4 #cbi #b4 ,%eikh ,ali 0 #cha #c4 8,tahzib0 0 #dff;,c #d4 8,i/ibs>0 0 #dff;,c #e4 ,ar-,razi 0 #djf ,,iii4 ,o!r ,au?ority a4 ,among ! ,sunnites3 ,,ijma',a or unanim\s cons5t ( ! lead+ companions ( ,mohamm$ conc]n+ ,i4 ,,kiyas or ! d$uctions ( or?odox tea*]s f s\rces ,i4 & ,,ii4 b4 ,among ! ,%iahs3 ,! doctr9e ( ! twelve ,,imams--beg9n+ ) ,ali :o int]pret ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,second ,section ,a4 ,fai?3 7:at to believe7 8,iman0 #a4 ,9 ,god #b4 ,angels 7angels1 j9n1 devils7 #c4 ,books ,mod]n ,moslems believe t #ajd 8books0 7 s5t f heav5 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,to ,adam--t5 books 0 ,se?--fifty 0 ,eno*--?irty 0 ,abraham--t5 ,^! are utt]ly lo/4 0 ,moses--! ,,torah 0 ,david--! ,,zaboor 0 ,jesus--! ,,injil ,^! are highly spok5 ( 9 ! ,koran b are n[ 9 corrupt$ condition & h be5 abrogat$ by ! f9al book4 0 ,mohamm$--! ,,koran 7et]nal 9 orig92 complete & miracul\s 9 "*2 supreme 9 beauty & au?ority47 #d4 ,la/ ,day 7,judgem5t7 #e4 ,pr$e/9ation #f4 ,prophets ,a4 ,! ,great]3 ,adam--8,*os5 ( ,god0 ,noah--8,prea*] ( ,god0 ,abraham--8,fri5d ( ,god0 ,moses--8,spokesman ( ,god0 ,jesus--call$ 8,^w ( ,god & 8,_s ( ,god40 ,,mohamm$1 7:o has #bja names & titles7 ,eno*1 ,hud1 ,salih1 ,i%mael1 ,issac1 ,jacob1 ,joseph1 ,lot1 ,a>on1 ,%uaib1 ,zak>iah1 ,john1 ,david1 ,solomon1 ,elias1 ,job1 ,jonah1 ,ezra1 ,lukman1 ,zu-el-kifl & ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,eli%a4 ,b4 ,! ,less3 ,( ^! !re h be5 ?\s&s4 ,tw5ty-two are m5tion$ 9 ! ,koran3 #g4 ,resurrection ,b4 ,practice 7:at to d7 8,d90 ! five pill>s #a4 ,repetition ( ,cre$ #b4 ,pray] 7five times daily7 includ+3 #a4 ,purification wa%+ v>i\s p>ts ( ! body ?ree times ac'd'g to f\rte5 rules #b4 ,po/ure 7pro/rations7 fac+ ! kiblah 7,mecca7 pro/rations g5uflections #c4 ,petition ,decl>ation ! ,fatihah or fir/ ,surah4 ,praise & confession--! ,salaam4 #c4 ,fa/+ 7mon? ( ,ramadhan7 #d4 ,alms giv+ 7ab\t #a-dj ( income47 #e4 ,pilgrimage ,mecca 7incumb5t7 ,m$9a 7m]itori\s b volunt>y7 ,k]bela1 ,me%$ ,ali1 etc41 7,%iahs7 ,a ,v]bally h&$ d[n f m\? to m\? & f9ally sift$ & record$ by bo? sects3 ,b ,n "o ( !m fl\ri%$ until ?ree c5ruries aft] ,mohamm$4 ,c ,by ,abu ,jaaf>4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,borr[$ ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,islam4 ,i4 ,f ,,hea!nism 7,z exi/+ 9 ,mecca or preval5t 9 o!r p>ts ( ,arabia47 a4 ,sabeanism3 ,a/rological sup]/itions1 e4 g41 t meteorites are ca/ at ! devil4 ,oa?s by ! />s & planets4 7,surahs #ef1 #ec1 etc47 ,circumambulation ( ,kaaba--&1 p]haps1 ! lun> cal5d>4 b4 ,arabian ,idolatry3 ,allah 7z "n ( supreme deity71 us$ 9 old poets & wor%ipp$ by ,hanifs4 ,mecca--c5tre ( religi\s pilgrimage--,! black-/one1 etc4 ,pilgrimage--9 e detail3 dress1 hair (f]+s1 ca/+ /ones1 sacrifice1 runn+4 ,polygamy1 slav]y1 easy divorce1 & social laws g5]ally4 ,c]emonial cleanl9ess1 =bidd5 foods1 circumcision4 c4 ,zoroa/rianism3 ,cosmogony--,! diff]5t /ories ( ! e>?4 ,bridge ov] hell4 ,p>adise--,its "*--! h\rispairikas ( ,ave/a4 ,doctr9e ( ,j9n & _! v>i\s k9ds4 ,exorcism ( j9n 7,surah #aac1 #aad74 d4 ,buddhism3 ,! use ( ! ros>y4 7,see ,hughes' ,dict4 ( ,islam47 ,,ii4 ,f ,,judaism 7,! ,old ,te/am5t b m especially ! ,talmud z ! s\rce ( ,jewi% ideas preval5t 9 ,arabia j be=e ,mohamm$47 ,a4 ,ideas & ,doctr9es3 7,accord+ to ! divisions ( ,rabbi ,geig]47 #a4 ,words t repres5t ,jewi% ideas 7& are n ,arabic b ,hebrew47 ,taboot 7ark72 ,torah 7law72 ,ed52 ,geh9nom2 ,rabbi1 ,abb>tea*]2 ,sak9at,%ek9ah2 ,taghoot 7us$ hundr$s ( times 9 ,koran7error2 ,furkan1 etc41 etc41 etc4 #b4 ,doctr9al views4 ,unity ( ,god4 ,resurrection4 ,sev5 hells & sev5 heav5s4 ,f9al judgm5t4 ,signs ( la/ day4 ,gog & ,magog4 #c4 ,moral & ,c]emonial laws4 ,pray]4 ,its "t1 po/ure1 direction1 etc4 ,laws reg>d+ impurity ( body4 ,wa%+ ) wat] or ) s&4 ,laws reg>d+ purification ( wom51 etc4 #d4 ,views ( life ,use ( 8in%allah02 age ( discretion corresponds to ,talmud4 ,b4 ,/ories & ,leg5ds3 7,accord+ to ,rabbi ,geig]47 ,adam1 ,ca91 ,eno*2 ! fabul\s ?+s 9 ,koran are id5tical ) ,talmud4 ,noah--! flood--,eb] 7,hud7--,isaac1--,i%mael--,joseph4 ,cf4 ,koran ) ,talmud4 ,abraham--,8 idolatry--,nimrod's ov5--,ph>ao--! calf--7tak5 f ,talmud47 ,moses--,! fables relat$ ( him & ,a>on are old ,jewi% tales4 ,je?ro 7,%uaib72 ,saul 7,taloot72 ,golia? 7,jiloot71 & ,solomon especially4 ,cf4 ,talmud4 ,,iii4 ,f ,,*ri/ianity 7,corrupt =m1 z f\nd 9 ! apocryphal gospels47 8,gospel ( ,b>nabas40 #a4 ,rev]5ce = ,new ,te/am5t--,injil--7,za*>ias1 ,john1 ,gabriel74 #b4 ,respect = religi\s tea*]s2 ! ,koran ref]5ces to prie/s & monks4 #c4 ,jesus ,*ri/--,8 names--,^w ( ,god1 ,_s ( ,god1 etc4--,pu]ile miracles--,d5ial ( crucifixion4 7,basilidians1 etc47 #d4 ,! ,virg9--,h] s9lessness--& ! apo/les--8haw>i0 an ,abyss9ian ^w mean+ 8pure ones40 #e4 ,wrong ideas ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,z held by ,arabian h]etical sects4 #f4 ,*ri/ian leg5ds z ( 8,sev5 ,sleep]s10 8,alex&] ( ! horns10 8,lokman0 7sop47 #g4 ,a fa/ mon?4 ,ramadhan to imitate l5t4 #h4 ,alms-giv+ z an ess5tial "p ( true wor%ip4 8,! ,koran c\ld n h be5 compos$ by any except ,god4444 ,w !y say he =g$ x8 ,answ] br+ !re=e a *apt] l unto x40--,,! ,,koran4 7,surah ,yunas47 ,,xviii ,,! ,,prophet ,,& ,,8 ,,book ,9 #egj ,a4 ,d4 ,abdullah ! son ( ,abd el ,muttalib a ,mecca m]*ant w5t on a trad+ trip f ,mecca to ,m$9a & di$ !re2 ! same ye> 8 wife1 ,am9a1 gave bir? to a boy1 nam$ ,mohamm$1 at ,mecca4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s lat] ! "n ( ?is ,arab lad1 jo9$ to t ( ! ,almighty1 0 call$ out f t5 ?\s& mosques five times daily1 f ,muscat to ,morocco1 & 8 new religion 0 sweep+ ev]y?+ be=e x 9 ?ree cont95ts4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ?is m>vel ( hi/ory8 ,_m !ories h be5 laid d[n & ! true explanation is probably ! sum ( all ( !m4 ,! weakness ( ,ori5tal ,*ri/ianity & ! corrupt /ate ( ! *ur*2 ! condition ( ! ,roman & ,p]sian empires2 ! "* ( ! new religion2 ! p[] ( ! sword & fanaticism2 ! g5ius ( ,mohamm$2 ! p>tial tru? ( 8 tea*+2 ! g5ius ( ,mohamm$'s successors2 ! hope ( plund] & love ( conque/2--su* are "s ( ! causes giv5 = ! e>ly & rapid success ( ,islam4 ,mohamm$ 0 a prophet )\t miracles b n )\t g5ius4 ,:atev] we may d5y him we c nev] d5y t he 0 a great man ) great tal5ts4 ,b he 0 n a self-made man4 ,8 environm5t acc\nts 9 a l>ge measure = 8 might & = 8 me?od 9 becom+ a religi\s lead]4 ,!re 0 fir/ ( all ! political factor4 8,! ye> ( ! elephant0 _h se5 ! defeat ( ! ,*ri/ian ho/s ( ,yem5 :o came to attack ! ,kaaba4 ,?is victory 0 to ! "y & ard5t m9d ( ,mohamm$ prophetic ( ! political future ( ,mecca & no d\bt 8 ambition assign$ himself ! *ief place 9 ! com+ conflict ( ,arabia aga9/ ! ,roman & ,p]sian oppressors4 ,next came ! religi\s factor4 ,! times 7 ripe = religi\s lead]%ip & ,mecca 0 already ! c5tre ( a new movem5t4 ,! ,hanifs _h reject$ ! old idolatry & ent]ta9$ ! hope t a prophet w\ld arise f among !m4#fj ,!re 0 mat]ial ( all sorts at h& to furni% ! plat=m ( a new fai?2 x only requir$ ! build]'s eye to call cosmos out ( *aos4 ,to succe$ 9 do+ ?is x w\ld be necess>y to reject mat]ial also2 a compreh5sive religion & a compromis+ religion1 s z to suit ,jew & ,*ri/ian & idolat] alike4 ,!n !re 0 ! family factor1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ari/ocratic /&+ ( ,mohamm$4 ,he 0 n a m]e 8camel-driv]40 ,! ,korei% 7 ! rul+ clan ( ,mecca2 ,mecca 0 ev5 !n ! c5tre = all ,arabia2 & ,mohamm$'s gr&fa!r1 ,abd el ,muttalib1 0 ! mo/ influ5tial & p[]ful man ( t ari/ocratic city4 ,! pet-*ild ( ,abd el ,muttalib 0 ! orphan boy ,mohamm$4 ,until 8 eigh? ye> he 0 "u ! %elt] & favor ( ?is *ief man ( ! ,korei%4 ,he le>n$ :at x 0 to be lordly & to ex]cise p[]1 & nev] =got x4 ,! man1 8 wife & 8 tra9+ 7 ! det]m9ative factors 9 ! "* ( ,mohamm$4 ,! rul+ factor 0 ! m9d & g5ius ( ! man himself4 ,( attractive p]sonal qualities1 beautiful c\nt5ance1 & accompli%$ 9 bus9ess1 he fir/ won ! att5tion & !n ! he>t ( a v weal?y wid[1 ,khadijah4 ,koelle tells u t %e 0 8evid5tly an ,arab lady ( a /rong m9d & mature exp]i5ce :o ma9ta9$ a decid$ asc5d5cy ov] h] husb&1 & manag$ him ) great wisdom & firmness4 ,?is appe>s f no?+ m /rik+ly1 ?an f ! v rem>kable fact t %e succe$$ 9 keep+ him f m>ry+ any o!r wife z long z %e liv$1 ?\gh at h] dea?1 :5 he _h long ceas$ to be a "y man he indulg$ )\t re/ra9t 9 ! multiplication ( wives4 ,b z ,khadijah h]self 0 favorably dispos$ t[>d ,hanifism1 x is highly probable t %e ex]cis$ h] comm&+ influ5ce ov] h] husb& 9 su* a mann] z to promote & /r5g!n 8 own atta*m5t to ! re=matory sect ( mono!i/s40 ,mohamm$ m>ri$ ?is woman :5 he _h rea*$ 8 tw5ty-fif? ye>4 ,at ! age ( =ty he began to h 8 revelations & to prea* 8 new religion4 ,8 fir/ conv]t1 naturally p]haps1 0 8 wife1 !n ,ali & ,zeid 8 two adopt$ *ildr52 !n 8 fri5d1 ! prosp]\s m]*ant1 ,abu-,bekr4 ,su* 0 ! nucleus = ! new fai?4 ,mohamm$ is describ$ 9 tradition z a man above middle height1 ( sp>e figure1 comm&+ pres5ce1 massive head1 noble br[1 & jet-black hair4 ,8 eyes 7 pi]c+4 ,he _h a long bu%y be>d4 ,decision m>k$ 8 e movem5t & he always walk$ rapidly4 ,writ]s seem to agree t he _h ! g5ius to comm& & expect$ ob$i5ce f equals z well z inf]iors4 ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke says t to him m ?an to any o!r ( :om hi/ory makes m5tion 0 giv53 8,! mon>* m9d1 ! my/]y ( comm&+1 ,! bir?-h\r gift1 ! art ,napoleon ,( wield+1 m\ld+1 ga!r+1 weld+1 b&+ ,! he>ts ( ?\s&s till !y mov$ z "o40 ,z to ! moral "* ( ,mohamm$ !re is great div]sity ( op9ion & ! conclusions ( diff]5t s*ol>s _c be easily reconcil$4 ,muir1 ,dods1 ,badg]1 & o!rs claim t he 0 at fir/ s9c]e & upright1 himself believ+ 9 8 s-call$ revelations1 b t aft]w>d1 intoxicat$ by success1 he us$ ! dignity ( 8 prophet%ip = p]sonal ends & 0 consci\s ( deceiv+ ! p 9 "s ( 8 lat] revelations4 ,boswor? ,smi? & 8 l1 ma9ta9 t he 0 8a v ,prophet ( ,god0 all ?r\gh 8 life & t ! s9s & faults ( 8 lat] ye>s are only specks on ! sun ( 8 glory4 ,old] writ]s1 ) :om ,i agree1 saw 9 ,mohamm$ only ! skill ( a clev] impo/or f ! day ( 8 fir/ message to ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,koelle1 ^: book is a m9e ( accurate s*ol>%ip & ^: exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s mission-"w 9 ,moslem l&s qualifies him = a sob] judgm5t1 sees no /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] "p ( ,mohamm$'s life t _c be easily expla9$ by ! influ5ce ( ,khadijah4 ,he 0 semp] idem1 an ambiti\s en?usia/ *oos+ diff]5t means = ! same end & nev] v p>ticul> z to ! "* ( ! means us$4 ,aside f ! "q ( ,mohamm$'s s9c]ity no "o c apologize = 8 moral "* if judg$ accord+ to ! law ( 8 "t1 ! law himself pr(ess$ to reveal or ! law ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,by ! ,new ,te/am5t law ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o 0 ! la/ prophet be=e ,mohamm$ & :om ,mohamm$ ackn[l$g$ z ! ,^w ( ,god1 ! ,arabian prophet /&s self-condemn$4 ,! mo/ cursory exam9ation ( 8 biography proves t he broke repeat$ly e sacr$ precept ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,& ! ,koran itself proves t ! ,_s ( ,jesus 0 entirely abs5t f ! m9d ( ,mohamm$4 ,! ,arabs among :om ,mohamm$ 0 born & grew to manhood also _h a law1 al?\gh !y 7 idolat]s1 slave-hold]s & polygami/s4 ,ev5 ! robb]s ( ! des]t :o1 l ,mohamm$1 laid 9 wait = c>avans1 _h a code ( honor4 ,?ree flagrant brea*es ( ?is code /a9 ! "* ( ,mohamm$4#fa ,x 0 q lawful to m>ry a captive woman ^: relatives _h be5 sla9 9 battle1 b n until ?ree mon?s aft] _! dea?4 ,mohamm$ only wait$ ?ree days 9 ! case ( ! ,jewess ,safia4 ,x 0 lawful to rob m]*ants b n pilgrims on _! way to ,mecca4 ,mohamm$ broke ?is old law & 8reveal$ a v]se0 to ju/ify 8 conduct4 ,ev5 9 ! 8,"t ( ,ignorance0 x 0 ince/ to m>ry ! wife ( an adopt$ son ev5 aft] 8 decease4 ,! prophet ,mohamm$ fell 9 love ) ! lawful wife ( 8 adopt$ son ,zeid1 prevail$ on him to divorce h] & !n m>ri$ h] imm$iately2 = ?is also he _h a 8special revelation40 ,b ,mohamm$ 0 n only guilty ( break+ ! old ,arab laws & com+ inf9itely %ort ( ! law ( ,*ri/1 he nev] ev5 kept ! laws ( :i* he claim$ to be ! div9ely appo9t$ m$ium & cu/odian4 ,:5 ,khadijah di$ he f\nd 8 own law1 lax z x 01 insuffici5t to re/ra9 8 lu/s4 ,8 foll[]s 7 to be cont5t ) f\r lawful wives2 he indulg$ 9 t5 & ent]$ into negotiations = matrimony ) ?irty o!rs4 ,x is impossible to =m a j e/imate ( ! "* ( ,mohamm$ unless we "k some:at ( 8 relations ) wom54 ,?is subject h[ev] is ( necessity %r\d$ f a dec5t contemplation by ! sup]ab\nd+ brutality & fil?9ess ( its "*4 ,a rec5t writ] 9 a mission>y magaz9e t\*+ on ?is subject says1 8,we mu/ pass ! matt] ov]1 simply not+ t !re are dep?s ( fil? 9 ! ,prophet's "* :i* may assort well en\gh ) ! deprav$ s5suality ( ! bulk ( 8 foll[]s 444 b :i* are simply loa?some 9 ! eyes ( all ov] :om ,*ri/ianity 9 any measure or degree has influ5ce40 ,we h no incl9ation to lift ! veil t 9 mo/ ,engli% biographies cov]s ! family-life ( ! prophet ( ,arabia4 ,b x is only fair to rem>k t ^! love-adv5tures & ! disgu/+ details ( 8 m>ri$ life =m a l>ge "p ( ! 8lives ( ! prophet ( ,god0 :i* are ! fireside lit]ature ( educat$ ,moslems4 ,conc]n+ ! c>e] ( ,mohamm$ aft] ! ,hegira1 or flight f ,mecca 7#fbb ,a4 ,d47 a brief summ>y suffices to %[ ( :at _s he 04 ,"u 8 ord]s & direction ! ,moslems lay 9 wait = c>avans & plund]$ !m1 ! fir/ victories ( ,islam 7 ! victories ( highwaym5 & robb]s4 ,asma1 ! poetess :o assail$ ! "* ( ,mohamm$1 0 f\lly murd]$ 9 h] sleep by ,omeir1 & ,mohamm$ prais$ him = ! de$4 ,simil>ly ,abu ,afik1 ! ,jew1 0 kill$ at ! reque/ ( ,mohamm$4 ,! /ory ( ! massacre ( ! ,jewi% captives is a d>k /a9 also on ! "* ( ! prophet ^: m\? ev] spoke ( 8! ,m]ciful & ,compassionate40 ,aft] ! victory1 tr5*es 7 dug across ! m>ket-place & "o by "o ! male-captives 7 behead$ on ! br9k ( ! tr5* & ca/ 9 x4 ,! but*]y la/$ all day & x ne$$ tor*-light to f9i% x4 ,aft] d>k ,mohamm$ solac$ himself ) ,rihana a ,jewi% captive girl1 :o refus$ m>riage & ,islam1 b became 8 bond-slave4 ,x is no wond] t %ortly aft]1 ,ze9ab1 :o _h lo/ h] fa!r & bro!r 9 battle1 tri$ to av5ge h] race by attempt+ to poison ,mohamm$4 ,9 ! sev5? ye> ( ! ,hegira ,mohamm$ w5t to ,mecca & in/itut$ = all "t ! ,moslem pilgrimage4 ,! foll[+ ye> he aga9 set out = ,mecca at ! head ( an army ( #aj1jjj m5 & took ! city )\t a battle4 ,o!r exp$itions foll[$ & up to ! day1 almo/ ! h\r1 ( 8 dea? ! prophet 0 plann+ conque/s by ! sword4 ,x is a bloody /ory f ! ye> ( ! ,hegira until ! close ( ! ,caliphates4 ,he :o reads x 9 ,muir's volumes _c b feel ! sad contra/ betwe5 ! e>ly days ( ,islam & ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! g]m ( all sword-conque/ mu/ be s\ght 9 ! life & book ( ,mohamm$4 ,bo? consecrate but*]y 9 ! s]vice ( ,allah4 ,! successors ( ,mohamm$ 7 n less unm]ciful ?an 0 ! prophet himself4 ,?us f> we h consid]$ ,mohamm$ f a critical /&po9t & h writt5 facts4 ,b ! ,mohamm$ ( hi/ory & ! ,mohamm$ ( ! pres5t day ,moslem biograph]s are two diff]5t p]sons4 ,ev5 9 ! ,koran1 ,mohamm$ is human & liable to error4 ,tradition has *ang$ all t4 ,he is n[ s9less & almo/ div9e4 ,! two hundr$ & "o names giv5 him by pi\s believ]s proclaim 8 apo!osis4 ,he is call$ ,light ( ,god1 ,peace ( ! ,_w1 ,glory ( ! ,ages1 ,fir/ ( all ,creatures & names yet m l(ty & blasphem\s4 ,he is at once ! seal] & concealor ( all =m] prophets & revelations4 ,!y h n only be5 succe$$ b also supplant$ by ,mohamm$4 ,no ,moslem prays to him1 b e ,moslem daily prays = him 9 endless repetition4 ,he is ! only p[]ful int]cessor on ! day ( judgm5t4 ,e detail ( 8 e>ly life is surr\nd$ ) fanta/ical miracles & m>vels to prove 8 div9e commission4 ,ev5 ! evil 9 8 life is attribut$ to div9e p]mission or comm& & s ! v signs ( 8 "* are 8 endless glory & 8 sign ( sup]iority4 ,god favor$ him above all creatures4 ,he dwells 9 ! highe/ heav5 & is sev]al degrees above ,jesus 9 honor & /ation4 ,8 "n is nev] utt]$ or writt5 )\t ! addition ( a pray]4 8,ya ,mohamm$0 is ! op5 sesame to e door ( difficulty1 temporal or spiritual4 ,"o he>s t "n 9 ! baza> & 9 ! /reet1 9 ! mosque & f ! m9>et4 ,sailors s+ x :ile rais+ _! sails2 hammals groan x to raise a burd52 ! begg> h[ls x to obta9 alms2 x is ! ,b$\9's cry 9 attack+ a c>avan2 x hu%es babies to sleep z a cradle song2 x is ! pill[ ( ! sick & ! la/ ^w ( ! dy+1 x is writt5 on ! door-po/s & 9 _! he>ts z well z s9ce et]nity on ! ?rone ( ,god1 x is to ! dev\t ,moslem ! "n above e "n2 gramm>ians c tell y h[ its f\r lett]s are repres5tative ( all ! sci5ces & my/]ies by _! wond]ful comb9ation4 ,! "n ( ,mohamm$ is ! be/ to give a *ild & ! be/ to swe> by = an end ( all dispute 9 a close b>ga94 ,! exce$+ honor giv5 to ,mohamm$'s "n by 8 foll[]s is only "o indication ( ! place _! prophet occupies 9 _! sy/em & holds 9 _! he>ts4 ,f ! fullness ( ! he>t ! m\? speake?4 ,mohamm$ holds ! keys ( heav5 & hell4 ,no ,moslem1 h[ev] bad 8 "*1 w p]i% f9ally2 no unbeliev]1 h[ev] good 8 life1 c be sav$ except ?r\gh ,mohamm$4 ,"o has only to "q ! ,moslem masses or read a s+le volume ( ! traditions to prove ^! /atem5ts4 ,islam d5ies a m$iator & an inc>nation b ! 8,/ory ( ! ,jew0 & simil> tales put ,mohamm$ 9 ! place ( a m$iator )\t an inc>nation1 )\t an atonem5t1 )\t hol9ess4 ,our ,analysis ( ! ,moslem cre$ %[s h[ all ! lat] tea*+ :i* s exalt$ ,mohamm$ 0 pres5t 9 ! g]m4 8,la ilaha illa ,allah0 is ! !ology1 8,mohamm$ er rasool ,allah10 ! complete ,sot]iology ( ,islam4 ,! logical necessity ( a p]fect m$iator 0 at ! basis ( ! doctr9e ( ,tradition4 ,islam has1 x claims1 a p]fect revelation 9 ! lett] ( ! ,koran2 & a p]fect example 9 ! life ( ,mohamm$4 ,! /ream has n ris5 high] ?an its s\rces4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,islam4 ,:5 ,mohamm$ ,webb ! late/ ,am]ican *ampion ( ,islam spoke at ! ,*icago ,p>liam5t ( religions 9 praise ( ! ,koran & its tea*+1 ,rev4 ,george ,e4 ,po/1 ,m4 ,d41 ( ,beirut deem$ x a suffici5t reply to let ! book speak = itself4 ,he said3 8,i hold 9 my h& a book :i* is nev] t\*$ by #bjj1jjj1jjj ( ! human race ) unwa%5 h&s1 a book :i* is nev] c>ri$ bel[ ! wai/1 a book :i* is nev] laid ^u ! floor1 a book e ^w ( :i* to ^! #bjj1jjj1jjj ( ! human race is consid]$ ! direct ^w ( ,god :i* came d[n f heav54 ,i propose )\t note or comm5t to read to y a few words f ! sacr$ book & y may make y\r own comm5ts ^u !m aft]w>d40 ,aft] quot+ sev]al v]ses to %[ t ,mohamm$ prea*$ a religion ( ! sword & ( polygamy1 he add$3 8,!re is "o *apt] :i* ,i d>e n /& be=e y1 my si/]s1 mo!rs & daught]s1 & read to y4 ,i h n ! face to read x2 nor w\ld ,i l to read x ev5 9 a congregation ( m54 ,x is ! sixty-f\r? *apt] ( ! ,koran40 ,:at sort ( a book is ?is revelation ( ,mohamm$ ( :i* p>ts are unfit to read be=e a ,*ri/ian audi5ce & :i* yet is too holy to be t\*$ by o!r ?an ,moslem h&s8 ,a book :i* ! or?odox ,moslem believes to be uncreat$ & et]nal1 all-embrac+ & all-surpass+1 miracul\s 9 its orig9 & cont5ts4 ,a book conc]n+ :i* ,mohamm$ himself has said1 8,if ! ,koran 7 wrapp$ 9 a sk9 & ?r[n into ! fire x w\ld n burn40 ,goe! describ$ x ?us3 8,h[ev] (t5 we turn to x1 at fir/ disgu/+ u ea* "t afre% x soon attracts1 a/\nds1 & 9 ! end en=ces our rev]5ce4 ,its /yle 9 accordance ) its cont5ts & aim is /]n1 gr&1 t]rible--& ev] & anon truly sublime4 ,?us ?is book w g on ex]cis+ ?r\gh all ages a mo/ pot5t influ5ce40 ,& ,nldeke writes1 8if x 7 n = ! exquisite flexibility & vigor ( ! ,arabic language itself1 :i*1 h[ev] is to be attribut$ m to ! age 9 :i* ! au?or liv$ ?an to 8 individuality1 x w\ld sc>cely be be>able to read ! lat] portions ( ! ,koran a second "t40 ,goe! read only ! translation2 & ,nldeke 0 ma/] ( ! orig9al4 ,x is z hopeless to arrive at a unanim\s v]dict reg>d+ ! ,koran z x is to rea* an agreem5t reg>d+ ,mohamm$4 ,! book has fifty-five noble titles on ! lips ( its p b is g5]ally call$ ! ,koran or 8,! ,read+40 ,x has "o hundr$ & f\rte5 *apt]s1 "s ( :i* are z long z ! book ( ,g5esis & o!rs consi/+ ( two or ?ree s5t5ces only4 ,! :ole book is small] ?an ! ,new ,te/am5t1 has no *ronological ord] :atev] & is )\t logical sequ5ce or climax4 ,:at /rikes ! read] fir/ ( all is its jumbl$ "*2 e sort ( fact & fancy1 law & leg5d is ?r[n toge!r piecemeal4 ,! f\r propos$ *ronological arrangem5ts1 by ,jorlal-ud-,d91 ,muir1 ,rodwell & ,nldeke are 9 utt] disagreem5t4 ,only two ( ,mohamm$'s contempor>ies are m5tion$ 9 ! entire book & 8 own "n occurs only five times4 ,! book is un9telligible to ! av]age ,moslem )\t a comm5t>y1 & ,i defy any "o else to lead x ?r\gh1 )\t ! aid ( notes1 & und]/& a s+le *apt] or ev5 section4 ,we w n /op to consid] ! fabul\s acc\nt :i* ,moslems give ( ! orig9 ( ! ,koran & h[ ! v>i\s *apt]s 7 reveal$4 ,al?\gh ,moslems claim t ! book 0 et]nally p]fect 9 =m & pres]v$ 9 heav51 !y are compell$ to admit t x 0 reveal$ piecemeal & at v>i\s times & places by ,mohamm$ to 8 foll[]s4 ,x 0 record$ 9 writ+1 aft] ! rude ,arab fa%ion1 8on palm-leaves & %eep-bones & :ite /ones0 to "s ext5t2 b = ! mo/ "p 0 pres]v$ orally by con/ant repetition4 ,om> sugge/$ to ,abu-,bekr aft] ! battle ( ,yemama t s9ce _m ( ! ,koran recit]s 7 sla91 x w\ld be ! "p ( wisdom to put ! book ( ,god 9 p]man5t =m4 ,! task 0 committ$ to ,zaid1 ! *ief amanu5sis ( ,mohamm$ & ! result+ volume 0 entru/$ to ! c>e ( ,hafsa1 "o ( ! wid[s ( ! prophet4 ,t5 ye>s lat] a rec5sion ( ! ,koran 0 ord]$ by ! ,caliph ,o?man & all previ\s copies 7 call$ 9 & burn$4 ,?is rec5sion ( ,o?man1 s5t to all ! *ief cities ( ! ,moslem _w1 has be5 fai?fully h&$ d[n to ! pres5t4 8,no o!r book 9 ! _w has rema9$ twelve c5turies ) s pure a text40 7,hughes47 ,! pres5t v>iations 9 editions ( ! ,arabic ,koran are num]\s b none ( !m are1 9 any s5se important4 ,! pres5t ,koran is ! same book t ,mohamm$ pr(ess$ to h receiv$ f ,god4 ,out ( its own m\? w we judge ! book2 & we _c judge ! book )\t judg+ ! prophet4 ,we w speak lat] ( ! poetical beauties ( ! ,koran & ( its lit]>y "*4 ,we d n d5y also t !re are 9 ! ,koran c]ta9 moral beauties1 su* z its deep & f]v5t tru/ 9 ! "o ,god1 its l(ty descriptions ( ,8 ,almighty p[] & omnipres5ce1 & its s5t5ti\s wisdom4 ,! fir/ *apt] & ! v]se ( ! ?rone are examples4 8,9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful4 ,praise be to ,god1 ,"l ( all ! worlds6 ,! ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful6 ,k+ on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t6 ,!e d we wor%ip1 & to ,!e d we cry = help6 ,guide ,?\ u on ! "r pa?6 ,! pa? ( ^? to :om ,?\ art graci\s6 ,n ( ^? ) :om ,?\ art ang]$1 nor ( ^? :o g a/ray40 8,god6 !re is no ,god b ,he2 ! liv+1 ! ,et]nal ,slumb] do? n ov]take ,him1 nei!r sleep4 ,to ,him belonge? :atsoev] is 9 heav5 & on ! e>?4 ,! pres]vation ( bo? is no we>9ess unto ,him4 ,he is ! high1 ! mighty40 ,! great bulk ( ! ,koran is ei!r legislative or leg5d>y2 ! book consi/s ( laws & /ories4 ,! =m] relate entirely to subjects :i* engross$ ! ,arabs ( ,mohamm$'s day--! laws ( inh]itance1 ! relation ( ! sexes1 ! law ( retaliation1 etc--& ?is "p ( ! book has a local "*4 ,! /ories on ! o!r h& g back to ,adam & ! patri>*s1 take 9 sev]al unkn[n ,arabian prophets or lead]s1 c5tre ar\nd ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,moses & ,solomon & d n v5ture beyond ,jewi% t]ritory except to m5tion ,alex&] ! ,great & ,lukman 7sop74 ,f ! analytical tables x is n v difficult to see :5ce ! mat]ial = ! ,koran 0 select$4 ,rabbi ,geig]'s book1 rec5tly translat$ into ,engli%1 w satisfy any read] t ,hughes is ne>ly "r :5 he says1 8,mohamm$anism is simply ,talmudic ,judaism adapt$ to ,arabia plus ! apo/le%ip ( ,jesus & ,mohamm$40 ,b x is ,talmudic ,judaism & n ! ,judaism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,= ! ,koran is rem>kable mo/ ( all n because ( its cont5ts b because ( its omissions4 ,n because ( :at x reveals b = :at x conceals ( 8=m] revelations40 ,! defects ( its tea*+ are _m4 ,x is full ( hi/orical errors & blund]s4 ,x has mon/r\s fables4 ,x tea*es a false cosmogony4 ,x is full ( sup]/itions4 ,x p]petuates slav]y1 polygamy1 religi\s intol]ance1 ! seclusion & degradation ( woman & petrifies social life4 ,b all ?is is ( m9or importance comp>$ ) ! fact t ! ,koran pr(ess+ to be a revelation f ,god does n tea* ! way to reconciliation ) ,god & seems to ignore ! fir/ & great b>ri] to su* reconciliation1 viz3 ,,s94 ,( ?is ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are always speak+4 ,s9 & salvation are ! subject ( :i* ! ,torah & ! ,zaboor & ! ,injil 7,law ,prophets & ,psalms7 are full4 ,! ,koran is sil5t or if n absolutely sil5t1 keeps ?is great "q ev] 9 ! backgr\nd4#fb ,x is a commonplace ( !ology t 8to =m errone\s conceptions ( s9 is to fall into /ill grav] errors reg>d+ ! way ( salvation40 ,mohamm$1 z is evid5t f 8 :ole life1 _h no deep conviction ( s9 9 himself2 he 0 full ( self-righte\sness4 ,8 ideas1 too1 ( ,god1 7 physical1 n moral2 he saw ,god's p[]1 b nev] _h a glimpse ( ,8 hol9ess4 ,& s we f9d t !re is an inw>d unity b9d+ toge!r ! prophet & 8 book z to _! real "* 9 ! light ( ! gospel4 ,) su* ideas ( ,god1 su* a prophet & su* a book1 x is easy to und]/& :y ! ,mohamm$an _w became :at x is to-day4 ,^! b>e outl9es ( ! sy/em ( ,islam are all t are necess>y to indicate its nature & g5us4 ,allah's "* z ! reveal]1 ,mohamm$'s "* z ! *annel ( ! revelation1 & ! revelation itself1 %[ u ,islam 9 its cradle4 ,,xix ,,! ,,wahabi ,,rul]s ,,& ,,re=m]s 8,no?+ is s easy to appreciate z true ,*ri/ian comm]ce4 ,x is a speak+ argum5t1 ev5 to ! l[e/ savage1 = a gospel ( tru? & love1 & yet m to ! races sophi/icat$ by a false civilization40--,pr9cipal ,cairns4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,arabian ,p59sula has nev] yet be5 writt54 ,_m books describe c]ta9 p]iods ( its hi/ory f ! "t ( ! e>li] ,arabian rul]s1 b !re is no volume t tells ! /ory f ! beg9n+ 9 a way wor?y ( ! subject4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to se>* out ! e>lie/ records & trace ! ,himy>ite dyna/ies to _! orig92 to le>n ! /ory ( ! ,jewi% immigrants :o settl$ 9 ,m$9a1 ,mecca & ,yem5 ev5 be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era2 to foll[ ! ,arabs 9 _! conque/s "u ! bann] ( ! prophet2 to wat* ! sudd5 rise ( ! ,c>ma?ians & foll[ !m 9 _! c>e] ( de/ruction2 to se>* ! old libr>ies & r$iscov] ! romantic /ory ( ! ,portuguese1 ! ,dut* & ! ,engli% 9 ,arabian wat]s2--b our space limits u to ! /ory ( ! pa/ c5tury4#fc ,to und]/& ! pres5t political conditions & rec5t hi/ory ( ,arabia1 we mu/ g back to ! ye> #agfe1 :i* m>ks ! rise ( ! rem>kable ,wahabi movem5t1 :i* 0 at ! bottom ( all ! political *anges t ! ,p59sula has se5 s9ce t "t4 ,?is movem5t 0 ! r5aissance ( ,islam1 ev5 ?\gh x end$ 9 app>5t disa/]1 & 0 politically a spl5did fiasco4 ,! ,wahabi re=m attract$ ! att5tion ( ,turkey to ,arabia2 its influ5ce 0 felt 9 ,india to ! ext5t ( decl>+ a jihad or religi\s w> aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 & compell$ ,engl& to /udy ! situation & s5d repres5tatives to ! v he>t ( ,arabia4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,wahabi dyna/y1 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ c5tury 9 ,arabia c5tres 9 ! rul]s ( ,nejd & ,oman1 ! ,turki% conque/s & ! ,engli% influ5ce & occupation4 ,! /rong indep5d5t gov]nm5t ( ,nejd "u ,ibn ,ra%id & 8 successor1 ,abd-ul-,aziz1 w\ld h be5 an impossibility except = ! result ( ! ,wahabi movem5t1 9 demon/rat+ ! weakness ( ,turki% rule4 ,& x 0 = fe> ( ! ,wahabi aggressions t ,turkey /r5g!n$ h] ,arabian possessions & invad$ ,hassa4 ,mohamm$ b9 ,abd-ul-,wahab 0 born at ,ay9ah 9 ,nejd1 9 #afia4 ,c>efully in/ruct$ by 8 fa!r 9 ! t5ets ( ,islam accord+ to ! s*ool ( ,hambali1 ! /ricte/ ( ! f\r great sects4#fd ,abd-ul-,wahab visit$ ! s*ools ( ,mecca1 ,busrah & ,bagdad1 to increase 8 le>n+4 ,at ,m$9a1 too1 he absorb$ ! deepe/ le>n+ ( ! ,moslem div9es & soak$ himself 9 ! 8six correct books0 ( traditions4 ,9 8 travels he _h obs]v$ ! laxity ( fai? & practice :i* _h crept 91 especially among ! ,turks & ! ,arabs ( ! l>ge cities4 ,he tri$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ,islam & its lat] additions1 "s ( :i* seem$ to him to savor ( gross idolatry & worldl9ess4 ,:at mo/ (f5d$ ! rigid mono!ism ( 8 philosophy 0 ! almo/ univ]sal visitation ( %r9es1 invocation ( sa9ts & honor paid to ! tomb ( ,mohamm$4 ,! use ( ! ros>y1 ( jewels1 silk1 gold1 silv]1 w9e & tobacco1 7 all abom9ations to be es*ew$4 ,^! 7 indications ( ! great ne$ = re=m4 ,! e>li] tea*+ ( ! companions ( ! prophet _h be5 set aside or ov]laid by lat] tea*+4 ,ev5 ! f\r or?odox s*ools _h dep>t$ f ! pure fai? by all[+ pilgrimage to ,m$9a1 by multiply+ fe/ivals & philosophiz+ ab\t ! nature ( ,allah4 ,!re=e x 0 t ,abd-ul-,wahab prea*$ re=m n only1 b proclaim$ himself ! lead] ( a new sect4 ,8 tea*+ 0 bas$ on ! ,koran & ! e>ly traditions4 ,?is movem5t is *iefly di/+ui%$ f ! or?odox sy/em 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 #a4 ,! ,wahabis reject ,ijma or ! agreem5t ( lat] int]pret]s4 #b4 ,!y (f] no pray]s to prophet1 wali1 or sa9t1 nor visit _! tombs = t purpose4 #c4 ,!y say ,mohamm$ is n yet an int]cessor2 al?\gh at ! la/ day he w be4 #d4 ,!y =bid wom5 to visit ! graves ( ! dead4 #e4 ,!y all[ only f\r fe/ivals1 ,fitr1 ,azha1 ',a%ura & ,lailat ,el ,mob>ek4 #f4 ,!y d n celebrate ,mohamm$'s bir?4 #g4 ,!y use _! knuckles = pray]-c\nt+1 & n ros>ies4 #h4 ,!y /rictly =bid ! use ( silk1 gold1 silv] ornam5ts1 tobacco1 music1 opium1 & e luxury ( ! ,ori5t1 except p]fume & wom54 #i4 ,!y h an?ropomorphic ideas ( ,god by /rictly lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,koran texts ab\t 8,8 h&10 8sitt+10 etc4 #aj4 ,!y believe jihad or religi\s w>1 is n out ( date1 b incumb5t on ! believ]4 #aa4 ,!y condemn m9>ets1 tomb/ones1 & ev]y?+ t 0 n 9 use dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ,islam4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,abd-ul-,wahab hone/ly tri$ to br+ ab\t a re=m & t 9 _m ( ! po9ts enum]at$ 8 re=m 0 /rictly a return to primitive ,islam4 ,b x 0 too radical to la/4 ,x took no c\nt ( mod]n civilization & ! t5 c5turies t _h modifi$ ! v "* ( ! ,arabs ( ! t[ns n to speak ( ^? outside ( ,arabia4 ,yet ! prea*+ ( ! ,re=m] f\nd will+ e>s 9 ! isolation ( ! des]t4 ,z 9 ! days ( ,om>1 ! promise ( re=m 9 religion 0 made attractive by ! promise ( ri* booty to ^? :o f\ght 9 ! pa? ( ,god & de/roy$ creature-wor%ipp]s4 ,mohamm$ ,abd-ul-,wahab 0 ! prea*]1 b to propagate 8 doctr9e he ne$$ a sword4 ,mohamm$ b9 ,saud1 ( ,d]aiyah1 suppli$ ! latt] factor & ! two ,mohamm$s1 alli$ by m>riage & a common ambition1 began to make conv]ts & conque/s4 ,! son ( ,b9 ,saud1 ,abd-ul-,aziz1 0 ! ,om> ( ! new movem5t1 & 8 son ,saud ev5 surpass$ ! fa!r 9 milit>y pr[ess & successful conque/4 ,abd-ul-,aziz 0 murd]$ by a ,p]sian fanatic :ile pro/rate 9 pray] 9 ! mosque at ,d]aiyah1 9 #ahjc4 ,saud at ?is v "t 0 pu%+ ! ,wahabi conque/ to ! v gates ( ,mecca4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,april1 #ahjc1 he c>ri$ 8 bann] into ! c\rt ( ! ,kaaba & began to cleanse ! holy place4 ,piles ( pipes1 tobacco1 silks1 ros>ies & amulets 7 collect$ into "o great heap & set on fire by ! infuriat$ en?usia/s4 ,no excesses 7 committ$ aga9/ ! p except t religion 0 =c$ ^u !m4 ,! mosques 7 fill$ by public 8:ips0 :o us$ _! lea!r ?ongs )\t m]cy on all ! lazy or neglig5t4 ,ev]ybody1 = a m>vel1 pray$ five times a day4 ,! result ( 8 victory at ,mecca 0 communicat$ by ! dauntless ,saud 9 ! foll[+ nave lett] address$ to ! ,sultan ( ,turkey3 8,,saud ,,to ,,salim--,i ent]$ ,mecca on ! f\r? day ( ,moh>ram 9 ! #abah? ye> ( ! ,hegira4 ,i kept peace t[>d ! inhabitants4 ,i de/roy$ all ?+s t 7 idolatr\sly wor%ipp$4 ,i aboli%$ all taxes except ^? t 7 requir$ by ! law4 ,i confirm$ ! ,kadhi :om y _h appo9t$ agreeably to ! comm&s ( ! prophet ( ,god4 ,i desire t y w give ord]s to ! rul]s ( ,damascus & ,cairo n to come up to ! sacr$ city ) ! ,mahmal#fe & ) trumpets & drums4 ,religion is n pr(it$ by ^! ?+s4 ,may ! peace & bless+ ( ,god be ) y40 ,! abs5ce ( long salutations & ! usual phrases ( honor is *>act]i/ic ( all ,wahabi correspond5ce4 ,9 ?is respect x is a great improvem5t on ! excessive lavi%m5t ( titles & honors s usual among ,moslems1 especially among ! ,p]sians & ! ,turks4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ye> ,saud av5g$ 8 fa!r's dea? by attack+ ,m$9a & de/roy+ ! gild$ dome t cov]$ ! prophet's tomb4 ,z e>ly z #ahja p>ties ( plund]+ ,wahabis _h sack$ ! tomb ( ,husse9 & c>ri$ (f ri* booty f ! sacr$ city ( ,k]bela4 ,accord+ to ! (ficial inv5tory ?is booty consi/$ ( vases1 c>pets1 jewels1 weapons innum]able2 also1 #ejj gild$ copp]-plates f ! dome1 #d1jjj ca%mire %awls1 #f1jjj ,spani% d\bloons1 #cej1jjj ,v5etian co9s ( silv]1 #djj1jjj ,dut* ducats1 #bej1jjj ,spani% doll>s & a l>ge numb] ( ,abyss9ian slaves belong+ to ! mosque4#ff ,_! raids & conque/s ext5d$ 9 e direction s t 9 a few ye>s ! ,wahabi p[] 0 supreme 9 ! great] "p ( ,arabia4 ,a s+le illu/ration w %[ ! great ,saud's#fg prud5ce & cel]ity 9 action4 ,:5 he invad$ ! ,hauran pla9s1 9 #ahaj1 al?\gh x 0 ?irty-five days' j\rney f 8 capital1 yet ! news ( 8 approa* only prec$$ 8 arrival by two days1 nor 0 x kn[n :at "p ( ,syria he plann$ to attack1 & ?irty-five villages ( ,hauran 7 sack$ be=e ! ,pa%a ( ,damascus c\ld make any demon/rations = def5ce6 ,mean:ile ! ,sublime ,porte rema9$ inactive & no?+ 0 done to rega9 ! sacr$ t]ritories4 ,x 0 deem$ impossible to rea* ,mecca f ,damascus ) any l>ge body ( soldi]s ?r\gh ho/ile t]ritory :]e supplies 7 sc>ce4 ,salvation 0 expect$ f ,egypt2 & x 0 hop$ t an exp$ition by sea might succe$ 9 tak+ ,jiddah & !nce advance ^u ,mecca4 ,mohamm$ ,ali began prep>ations 9 #ahaj1 & 9 ! summ] ( #ahaa an exp$ition "u 8 son ,t\son ,pa%a 0 s5t out f ,suez4 ,9 ,octob] ! fleet arriv$ at ,y5bo & ! troops took ! t[n4 ,ghaleb ! ,%]if ( ,mecca prov$ false to ! ,wahabis & made negotiations ) ! ,turki% comm&] to h& ov] ! t[n4 ,9 ,janu>y ! army occupi$ ,m$9a b at ,b$r ! troops 7 attack$ by ,wahabis & utt]ly r\t$4 ,all ?r\gh ?is fir/ campaign ! cruelty & trea*]y ( ! ,turks 0 %ock+ ev5 to ! m9d ( _! ,b$\9 allies4 ,none ( _! promises 7 kept2 ! skulls ( ! enemy sla9 7 con/ruct$ into a sort ( t[] ne> ,m$9a2 ,ghalib1 ! ,%]if1 0 betray$ & 9 violation ( ! mo/ sacr$ promises he 0 tak5 prison] & deport$2 :olesale but*]y ( ! w\nd$ & mutilation ( ! sla9 7 common4 ,a second army "u ,mu/afa ,bey advanc$ t[>d ,mecca & also took possession ( ,taif4 ,al?\gh ! five cities ( ! ,hejaz 7 n[ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,turks ! ,wahabi p[] 0 n yet brok54 ,mohamm$ ,ali ,pa%a himself proce$$ f ,egypt ) ano!r army2 he _h great difficulty 9 secur+ transportation & provisions4 ,f9ally he l&$ 8 troops at ,jiddah & w5t on to ,mecca1 plann+ to attack ,t>aba ! great ,wahabi c5tre ( ! s\?1 z ,d]aiyah 0 ! capital ( ! nor?4 ,"h ! enemy _h ga!r$ 9 great numb]s "u an ,amazon lead]1 a wid[ nam$ ,ghalye :o rul$ ! ,beg\m ,arabs4 ,%e 0 report$ to be a sorc]ess among ! ,turks & /ories ( h] skill & c\rage inspir$ !m ) fe>4 ,:5 ! attack 0 made ! ,wahabis came (f victori\s & s h>ass$ ! army ( occupation t dur+ #ahac & ! beg9n+ ( #ahad !y rema9$ p]fectly inactive4 ,lat] ! ,turks made a sea attack on ,gunfida1 ! port s\? ( ,jiddah1 & captur$ x4 ,! ,wahabis h[ev] captur$ ! wells t suppli$ ! t[n1 made a sortie & ! ,turki% troops fl$ panic-/rick51 to _! %ips4 ,discont5tm5t arose among ! ,turki% troops4 ,supplies fail$ & wages 7 9 arre>s4 ,mohamm$ ,ali *ang$ n[ 8 tactics & tri$ to bribe ! ,b$\9 *iefs to des]t ! ,wahabi lead]s4 ,at ?is "t ! ,turki% army consi/$ ( ne>ly #bj1jjj m5 & yet ! campaign dragg$ on )\t a def9ite victory4#fh ,! greate/ battle 0 f\ght at ,bissel ne> ,taif :]e ,mohamm$ ,ali defeat$ ! ,wahabis ) great slaught]4 ,six doll>s 7 (f]$ = e ,wahabi head & be=e ! day end$ #e1jjj bloody heads 7 pil$ up be=e ! ,pa%a4 ,ab\t #cjj prison]s 7 tak5 & (f]$ qu>t]4 ,b on rea*+ ,mecca ! cruel comm&] impal$ fifty ( !m be=e ! gates ( ! city2 twelve suff]$ a l horrible dea? at e "o ( ! t5 c(fee-h\ses1 halt+ places betwe5 ,mecca & ,jiddah2 ! rema9d] 7 kill$ at ,jiddah & _! c>casses left to dogs & vultures4 ,b ! battle w5t aga9/ ! ,turks :5 !y met ! des]t & its t]rors4 ,hung]1 ?ir/1 fev]s & ! ,b$\9 robb]s attack$ ! camp4 ,9 "o day a hundr$ horses di$2 ! soldi]s 7 dissatisfi$ & des]t$4 ,at l5g? ,mohamm$ ,ali made proposals ( peace to ,abdullah b9 ,saud ! ,wahabi *ief1 & :5 ,saud ent]$ ,kasim ) an army ! negotiations 7 conclud$ & peace 0 decl>$4 ,b peace 0 n kept1 & ,ibrahim ,pa%a1 ! son ( ,mohamm$ ,pa%a 0 despat*$ ) a l>ge exp$ition aga9/ ! ,wahabis 9 ,augu/1 #ahaf4 ,:ile ,egypt 0 attack+ ! ,wahabi /rongholds f ! we/1 ) inf9ite tr\ble & dubi\s results1 ! greate/ loss ! ,wahabi gov]nm5t _h yet suff]$1 0 f a bl[ dealt by ! ,briti%4 ,9 #ahji an ,engli% exp$ition w5t f ,bombay aga9/ ! piratical inhabitants ( _! *ief ca/le & h>bor1 ,ras-el-,kheimah4 ,! place 0 bomb>d$ & laid 9 a%es4 ,ibrahim ,pa%a accompli%$ by intrigue & brib]y :at 8 fa!r fail$ to d by =ce ( arms4 ,aft] a s]ies ( advances "o tribe aft] ano!r 0 deta*$ f ! ,wahabi gov]nm5t4 ,at la/ )\t a battle ! capital ,d]aiyah 0 tak51 ,abdullah captur$1 s5t to ,con/ant9ople & !re publicly execut$ on ,decemb] #ah?1 #ahah4 ,! ,turks 7 naturally jubilant ov] _! success & ?\ght !y _h made an end ( ! hat$ ,wahabis4 ,!y soon le>n$ _! mi/ake4 ,no soon] 0 ! army ( ,ibrahim ,pa%a )drawn ?an ! old _s rehabilitat$ ! fall5 empire ) ! old "t /r5g? ( fanaticism4 ,! army ( ! ,pa%as c\ld n gov]n or ev5 occupy ! va/ t]ritories !y _h ov]run4 ,)9 a few ye>s ,turki ! son ( ! late ,amir 0 proclaim$ ,sultan ( ,nejd1 recov]$ all & m ?an 8 fa!r's t]ritories1 & by ! judici\s paym5t ( a small tribute & yet small] honor to ! ,egyptian ,kh$ive reta9$ ! ?rone until he 0 murd]$ 9 #ahca4 ,8 son & successor1 ,feysul1 took ! re9s ( gov]nm5t & 0 ra% en\gh to repudiate ! ,egyptian ,suz]a9ty4 ,nejd 0 aga9 invad$4 ,h(ho( & ,katif 7 tempor>ily occupi$ by ,egyptian & ,turki% troops & ,feysul 0 bani%$ to ,egypt4#fi ,feysul di$ 9 #ahfe1 hav+ return$ f 8 bani%m5t 9 #ahdc & rul+ alone & supreme = all ^? ye>s4 ,8 son ,abdullah1 :o _h act$ z reg5t dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ,feysul1 succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,b !re 0 a rival 9 8 bro!r ,saud4 ,intrigues1 treasons & viol5ce 7 hat*+ 9 ! palace c\rts ev5 be=e ! dea? ( ,feysul4 ,! dagg] & ! c(fee-cup ( poison$ bev]age h always be5 favorite weapons 9 seat+ & unseat+ ! rul]s ( ,arabia4 ,a prolong$ fight ensu$ betwe5 ! two bro!rs4 ,saud 0 at fir/ successful b ,abdullah fly+ to ,turkey invit$ ! aid ( t p[] ) ! result t an exp$ition f ,bagdad end$ 9 =mally & p]man5tly occupy+ ,el ,hassa z a ,turki% prov9ce4 ,at ! "t ( ,saud's dea?1 9 #ahgd1 ! conflict 0 r5ew$1 b ,abdullah ultimately rega9$ ! supremacy & 0 rul] at ,riad until #ahhf1 :5 ev5ts occurr$ t h]ald$ ! rise ( ano!r p[] 9 ,nejd1 bas$ on political intrigue & ! sword r ?an on religion & fanaticism4 ,:5 ,turki ! ,amir 0 murd]$ by 8 own c\s91 ,me%>i1 & ,feysul succe$$ to ! ?rone1 !re 0 pres5t at ,riad 9 ! army an obscure y\? f ,hail1 ,abdullah b9 ,ra%id4 ,he x 0 :o ent]$ ! palace by /eal?1 /abb$ ,me%>i1 & help$ to re/ore ,feysul to 8 fa!r's seat z rul]4 ,8 valor & loyalty 7 rew>d$ by be/[+ ^u him ! gov]nor%ip ( 8 own native prov9ce ,%amm>2 he 0 also grant$ a small army to /r5g!n ! ,wahabi rule 9 t region4 ,he soon became almo/ z /rong z 8 ma/] & %[$ himself an exp]t 9 all ! intrigue & skill possible to ! ,arabs4 ,he ext5d$ 8 p]sonal influ5ce on all sides1 built a massive palace at ,hail & defeat$ all :o plott$ 8 de/ruction4 ,hir$ assass9s dogg$ him on ! /reets1 b ,abdullah escap$ e dang] & 8 /> rema9$ 9 ! asc5dant4 ,9 #ahdd he di$ sudd5ly1 leav+ unaccompli%$ ambitions & ?ree sons1 ,telal1 ,mitaab1 & ,mohamm$4 ,telal1 ! elde/ son1 0 proclaim$ rul] & 0 ev] m popul> ?an 8 fa!r _h be51 & no less successful z a rul]4 ,he /r5g!n$ 8 capital1 invit$ m]*ants f ,busrah & ,bagdad to reside !re1 & gradually b surely e/abli%$ 8 entire indep5d5ce ( ! ,wahabi rul] at ,riad4 ,torm5t$1 h[ev]1 by an int]nal malady he %ot himself 9 #ahfg4 ,8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,mitaab1 :o succe$$1 rul$ v briefly & 0 murd]$ by 8 nephews1 ! sons ( ,telal1 )9 a ye>4 ,mean:ile1 ! ?ird son ( ,abdullah b9 ,ra%id1 ,mohamm$1 _h be5 a refugee at ! ,riad capital4 ,b 8 ambitions n[ f\nd _! opportunity & 8 true "* 0 reveal$4 ,by p]mission ( ! ,amir ,abdullah b9 ,feysul he w5t back to ,hail4 ,he comm5c$ by /abb+ 8 nephew ,b&] :o _h usurp$ ! ?rone2 he !n kill$ ! five rema9+ *ildr5 ( 8 bro!r ,telal & became undisput$ ,amir at ,hail 9 #ahfh4 ,dur+ ! next eighte5 ye>s he consolidat$ 8 au?ority4 ,8 rule 0 aft] ! ,arab he>t--) a rod ( iron & lavi% hospitality2 cont9ual executions & cont9ual fea/+4 ,! ,arabs at ,bahre9 tell _m almo/ incr$ible tales ( ,mohamm$ b9 ,ra%id's /]n ju/ice & spe$y me?od ( execut+ x1 z well ( 8 cruelty to ^? :o resi/$ 8 w4 ,9 ^? days ! public execution]'s sword 0 always wet ) blood2 m5 7 ti$ to camels & torn asund]2 b ! des]t-roads 7 ev]y:]e safe & robb]s met ) no m]cy4 ,z an indication ( 8 weal? & hospitality x is relat$ t he con/ruct$ 9 ! c\rty>d ( 8 palace a /one-ci/]n ( great size always kept fill$ ) t be/ ( ,b$\9 da9ties1 cl>ifi$ butt] 7dihn74 ,a bucket & rope 7 at h& & oil 0 dealt out z freely z wat] to ! honor$ gue/s ( ! great rul]4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhf ! long-look$ = opportunity came = ,mohamm$ b9 ,ra%id to complete ! "w ( ,telal4 ,he n only aspir$ to be indep5d5t ( ! ,riad rul]s b to make ,riad1 ! ,saud dyna/y & all ! ,wahabi /ate a dep5d5cy ( 8 ,nejd k+dom4 ,9 t ye> ,amir ,abdullah b9 ,feysul 0 seiz$ & imprison$ by two ( 8 nephews1 "o ( :om usurp$ ! ?rone4 ,mohamm$1 z a loyal subject1 m>*$ to ! rescue1 depos$ ! pret5d]1 b c>ri$ ! ,amir himself to ,hail1 leav+ a y\ng] bro!r z 8 deputy gov]nor4 ,! great empire ( ! ,sauds 0 virtually end$2 h5ce=? x 0 ! gre5 & purple bann] ( ,ra%id & n ! r$ & :ite /&>d ( ! ,wahabis t rul$ all c5tral ,arabia4 ,mohamm$ b9 ,ra%id _h %[n supreme diplomatic ability 9 all 8 deal+s ) ! ,turks f ! day ( 8 p[] until 8 dea?4 ,he humor$ _! vanity by pr(ess+ himself an ally ( ! ,porte2 he paid a small annual tribute to ! ,%]if ( ,mecca 9 recognition ( ! ,sultan4 ,b = ! re/ he nev] lov$ ! ,turk except at a good di/ance4 ,none ( ! ,arabs ( ! int]ior h =gott5 ! p]fidy1 trea*]y & m ?an ,arab cruelty ( ! ,egyptian ,pa%as 9 _! campaigns4 ,9 #ahij a f9al attempt 0 made by ! p>tisans ( ! old dyna/y to rebel aga9/ ! ,amir & secure ! indep5d5ce ( ,riad4 ,x 0 fruitless2 & ! sev]e defeat ( ! rebels prov$ x f9al4 ,9 ! ye> #ahig ,mohamm$ b9 ,ra%id di$ & 8 successor ,abd-el-,aziz b9 ,mitaab n[ rules 8 va/ dom9ions4 ,he is less /]n b n less able ?an 8 illu/ri\s pr$ecessor4 ,,xx ,,! ,,rul]s ,,( ,,oman ,be=e we turn to ! hi/ory ( ! ,turks 9 ,arabia a ^w is necess>y reg>d+ ! rul]s ( ,oman--t prov9ce unique 9 ,arabia = its isolation f all ! o!r prov9ces 9 ! matt] ( politics4 ,prior to ! appe>ance ( ! ,portuguese 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf 7#aejf7 ,oman _h be5 gov]n$ = n9e hundr$ successive ye>s by indep5d5t rul]s call$ ,imams2 elect$ by popul> *oice & n accord+ to family desc5t4 ,f t "t until #afej ! ,portuguese rema9$ 9 p[] at ,muscat4 ,9 #agda ,ahm$ b9 ,said1 a man ( humble orig91 a camel-driv]1 rose by 8 brav]y to be gov]nor ( ,soh>1 drove ! ,p]sians :o _h succe$$ ! ,portuguese1 out ( ,muscat & f\nd$ ! dyna/y t has ev] s9ce rul$ ,oman4 ,z e>ly z #agih ! ,ea/ ,india ,company made a treaty ) ! ,sultan ( ,muscat to exclude ! ,fr5* f ,oman4 ,?is fact is important to %[ ! "* ( ! rec5t incid5t at ,muscat4 ,seyid ,said1 :o rul$ f #ahjd to #ahef1 _h con/ant /ruggles aga9/ ! ,wahabi p[] :o ?reat5$ 8 t]ritory4 ,) ,engl& he jo9$ ! w> aga9/ ! ,wahabi pirates2 & made treaties 9 #ahbb1 #ahdj & #ahde to suppress ! slave-trade4 ,on ! dea? ( ,said ! ,sultanate ( ,oman & ,zanzib> 0 divid$4 ,seyid ,?[ani reign$ at ,muscat :ile a y\ng] bro!r reign$ at ,zanzib>4 ,?[ani 0 assass9at$ at ,soh> 9 #ahff4 ,salim1 8 son1 succe$$ him1 al?\gh he 0 suspect$ ( patricide4 ,!n !re 0 an int]regnum "u a usurp] until ,seyid ,turki ano!r son ( ,said took ! ?rone 9 #ahga4 ,cont9ual rebellion m>k$ 8 p]iod ( rule4 ,b he 0 fri5dly to ! ,engli% & 9 return = ! abolition ( free traffic ( slaves betwe5 ,africa & ,zanzib> ! ,engli% gov]nm5t all[$ him an annual subsidy ( a little ov] #f1jjj a ye>4 ,9 #ahhh ! ,sultan di$ & 8 son1 ,feysul b9 ,turki1 succe$$ him4 ,8 rule 0 mild1 f ! palace at ,muscat 8 influ5ce 0 n f>-rea*+2 rebellions1 int]-tribal w>s & plots ( "o m\nta9-*ief aga9/ ano!r m>k all ! ye>s ( 8 reign up to date4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahie1 !re 0 a s]i\s ,b$\9 upris+ 9 :i* ! ,arabs took ! t[n & loot$ x4 ,! ,sultan himself b>ely escap$ & 0 = a "t a prison] 9 8 =t :ile ! t[n 0 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,! cause ( ! tr\ble 0 a diff]5ce z to ! am\nt ( ye>ly tribute a c]ta9 ,%eikh ,saleh ( ,sam$ %\ld pay ! ,muscat rul]4 ,f ,novemb]1 #ahid1 ! rebels collect$ arms & /r5g!n$ _! numb]s until on ,febru>y #ab? ( ! foll[+ ye> !y 7 ready to /rike ! desir$ bl[4 ,z ?is episode 0 *>act]i/ic ( all ,arab w>f>e we quote a brief acc\nt ( x s5t at ! "t by a resid5t at ,muscat to ! ,bombay press3 8,on ,febru>y #ab? ,abdullah1 ! lead] ( 8 fa!r's 7,%eikh ,saleh's7 troops1 ) a ret9ue ( p]haps #bjj arm$ ,b$\9s arriv$ at ,muscat 9 a scatt]$ & peaceable mann]1 & obta9$ an audi5ce ) ! ,sultan4 ,a musket salute 0 fir$1 & no attack 0 ?\ght (4 ,! ,sultan pres5t$ ! lead] ) a purse ( #djj & a lib]al all[ance ( rice1 dates1 c(fee1 & ! fam\s ,muscat 8halwa0 = ! m54 ,! ,b$\9s al?\gh arm$ 7 all[$ to g & come z !y *oose & no attack 0 fe>$4 ,%eikh ,abdullah himself sat = a "t 9 ! baza> & receiv$ ! salaams ( ! p :o kiss$ 8 h& 9 respect4 ,:5 ev5+ came ! ,sultan reque/$ ! m5 to encamp outside ( ! gates1 ! only means ( entrance & exit ?r\gh ! old ,portuguese walls4 ,al?\gh fail+ to comply ) ! reque/ ! ,b$\9s claim$ none b peaceful int5tions4 ,at #h ,p4 ,m4 :5 accord+ to cu/om ! gates 7 clos$1 p]haps "o-half ( ! ,b$\9s 7 )9 ! walls4 ,?is 0 _! ,trojan horse4 ,%ortly aft] midnight ! gates 7 attack$1 ! few cu/om>y gu>ds be+ easily ov]come1 & ?r[n op5 to ! l>ge numb]s ( ,b$\9s :o up to ?is "t _h be5 hid+ 9 a neighbor+ mosque4 ,bo? ! small gate lead+ to ! baza> & ! l>g] "o to ! we/ ( ! t[n 7 easily tak51 & ! ,b$\9s !n advanc$ to ! ,sultan's palace1 effect$ an entrance & rudely awoke ! ,sultan & 8 family f _! sleep4 ,seyyidi ,esel aft] a c\rage\s /ruggle ( a few m9utes1 79 :i* he %ot two ( ! attack+ p>ty17 escap$ by a small door op5+ to ! sea & fl$ to "o ( ! two =ts :i* comm& ! city z well z ! h>bor4 ,8 bro!r escap$ to ! o!r4 ,ea* ( ^! =ts is mann$ by a =ce ( p]haps fifty m5 & has sev]al old twelve p\nd] ,portuguese guns4 8,! =ts op5$ fire at once ^u ! palace :i* ! ,b$\9s n[ occupi$4 ,! ,b$\9s took possession ( ! t[n clos+ ! gates & /ation+ arm$ m5 ?r\gh ! baza> & /reets 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! #ac? ( ,febru>y4 8,a few %ops conta9+ muskets & ammunition 7 op5$1 & ! cont5ts robb$4 ,! ,sultan's palace 0 completely loot$ & all 8 p]sonal prop]ty ei!r de/roy$ or sold at any price4 ,on acc\nt ( ! sudd5ness ( ! attack !re 0 b a small numb] ( ! ,sultan's soldi]s 9 read9ess4 ,^! repair$ to ! =ts & op5$ fire ^u ! ,b$\9 invad]s ) bo? ! guns ( ! foils & muskets4 ,= ?ree days we 7 ! witnesses ( ! extraord9>y spectacle ( a ,sultan bomb>d+ 8 own palace2 no attempt 0 made to meet ! rebels on ! /reets4 ,by ord] ( ! invad+ capta9 ! portion ( ! t[n inhabit$ by ,briti% subjects 0 n ent]$4 ,until ,sunday ev5+ ?+s rema9$ ab\t ! same4 ,! attack f ! =ts 0 cont9u$ day & night4 ,! ,b$\9s did n answ] ! fire b rema9$ 9 ! palace & /reets hold+ possessions b mak+ no attack on ! =ts4 ,)9 ! t[n1 al?\gh x is 9 possession ( ! enemy1 all 0 ord]ly & quiet4 ,un>m$ p 7 all[$ to pass to & fro & gu>ds 7 /ation$ 9 ! baza> to prev5t plund]4 ,re9=cem5ts 7 expect$ by bo? p>ties4 ,on ,monday morn+ a body ( ab\t #a1jjj arriv$ f ! coa/ t[ns 9 aid ( ! ,sultan4 ,!y encamp$ b5ea? ! =t 9 comm& ( ! ,sultan1 & at ab\t #h ,a4 ,m4 made an attack on ! invad]s1 :i* became s s]i\s a dang] to ! ,briti% subjects t ! ,political ,ag5t ,major ,j4 ,h4 ,sadl] ord]$ a cessation ( ho/ilities at #a ,p4 ,m4 until #h ,p4 ,m4 giv+ ! ,briti% subjects an opportunity to soj\rn to ! %elt]$ village ( ,makalla4 ,m re9=cem5ts to ! ,sultan's troops arriv$ at #f ,p4 ,m4 & encamp$ b5ea? ! =t ?r[+ tempor>y b>ricades across ! /reets at sev]al advantage\s po9ts4 ,! ma9 body ( ! ,b$\9s 7 wait+ to re9=ce j outside ,matral :i* village 0 h[ev] /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! ,sultan4 ,at #h ,a4 ,m4 on ,monday ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,sph9a arriv$ f ,bu%ire & at #b ,p4 ,m4 ! ,r4 ,i4 ,m4 ,s4 ,lawr5ce40 ,! ,briti% gunboats1 contr>y to ! expectations & fond hopes ( ! population ( ,muscat1 did n int]f]e 9 ! matt]4 ,= reasons ( diplomacy !y left ! ,sultan to fight 8 own battles & :5 ! rebels 7 f9ally p]suad$ to leave saddl$ ! poor ,sultan ) a l>ge bill = ! damage incurr$ by ,briti% subjects dur+ ! attack4 ,9 #ahid a ,fr5* consulate 0 e/abli%$ at ,muscat2 z ! ,fr5* h no comm]ce to speak ( 9 ?is "p ( ! _w ! object ( ! consulate 0 evid5tly political4 ,( ! intrigues t result$1 ! alleg$ sale ( a coal+-/ation to ,france & ! ,briti% attitude t[>d ! matt] we w speak lat]4 ,,xxi ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,turks ,,9 ,,arabia 8,no "o travels 9 ,turkey ) 8 eyes op5 )\t see+ t h] gov]nm5t is a curse on mank9d4 ,fe>s1 feuds & fight+s make mis]able ! c\ncils ( h] rul]s4 ,!y are bloodsuck]s fa/5$ on ! p ?r\gh\t h] dom9ions draw+ f ea* & all ! la/ drop ( blood t c be extract$4 ,turkey skillfully & sy/ematically represses :at ,*ri/ian nations make x _! bus9ess to nurture 9 all mank9d z manhood4 ,9 h] cities !re are magnific5t palaces = h] sultans & h] favorites4 ,b "o looks 9 va9 ?r\gh h] realm = /atues ( public b5efactors4 ,!re are no halls :]e h] citiz5s c\ld ga!r to discuss policies ( gov]nm5t or mutual obligations4 ,_! few newspap]s are emasculat$ by gov]nm5t c5sors4 ,n a book 9 any language c cross h] bord]s )\t p]mission ( public (fic]s1 mo/ ( :om are incapable ( any intellig5t judgm5t ( its cont5ts4 ,art is scorn$4 ,education is b\nd4 ,fre$om is a crime4 ,! tax ga!r] is omnipot5t4 ,law is a f>ce4 ,turkey has prisons in/ead ( public halls = ! education ( h] p4 ,in/rum5ts ( torture are ! /imulus to _! indu/ries40--,! ,congregationali/1 ,april #h1 #ahig4 ,9 review+ ! /ory ( ! ,turks 9 ,arabia1 we w beg9 ) ,hejaz1 ! mo/ important prov9ce ( ,turkey 9 ,arabia1 cont9ue ) ,yem51 ! mo/ popul\s1 & end ) ! ,mesopotamian vilayets :i* 7 h] ri*e/ possessions4 ,x is n g5]ally und]/ood h[ highly ! ,sultan values 8 ,arabian prov9ces4 ,x is on !m & on !m alone t he c base 8 claim to ! title ( caliph4 ,! possession ( ! ,holy ,cities 9 ! h&s ( ! ,sultan makes him ! *ief ,mohamm$an rul]2 !re 8 "n is bless$ daily 9 ! great mosques2 9 ! eyes ( all ! pilgrims f e "p ( ! ,moslem _w ,turkey is ! gu>dian ( ! ,kaaba4 ,h[ _m ?\s&s ( ,mohamm$ans daily 9 ! mosques ( ,india & ,java call = bless+s on ! head ( ,abd-ul-,hamid ! ,caliph :o w\ld nev] pray = ,abd-ul-,hamid ! ,sultan4 ,mecca1 & ,hejaz g5]ally1 0 gov]n$ by ! e>ly ,caliphs until #ihj ,a4 ,d41 :5 x pass$ "u ! rule ( ! fir/ ,%]if1 ,jaaf>4#gj ,"u ,suleiman ! magnific5t 7#aebj-aeff7 ! ,ottoman ,empire rea*$ ! z5i? ( its p[] & greatness2 at t "t ,arabia too 0 reckon$ a ,turki% possession1 & ! entire p59sula 0 includ$ on ! maps ( ,turki% ,asia4 ,b1 z we h se51 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ! ,wahabis & n ! ,turks 7 ! real rul]s ( ,arabia4 ,! ,arabs h nev] tak5 k9dly to ! rule ( ! ,turk1 b ! prov9ce ( ,hejaz1 once snat*$ f ! h& ( ! ,wahabis1 has ev] s9ce be5 held by ! ,sublime ,porte4 ,plots ( rebellion h be5 ?ick & ,%]ifs h succe$$ ,%]ifs b ! =t t fr[ns ov] ,mecca has always a /rong ,turki% g>rison & ! ,pa%as eat ! fat ( ! l& at ! exp5se ( ! p4 ,actual ,turki% rule 0 decl>$ ov] ! :ole ( ,hejaz 9 #ahdj4 ,at t "t ,abd-el-,mutalib 0 made ,great ,%]if ( ,mecca1 b !re 0 cont9ual tr\ble betwe5 ! ,%]if & ! ,pa%a4 ,! religi\s head ( ! holy city w\ld n b[ to ! political head2 ! anti-slave trade regulations al?\gh only v slightly en=c$ caus$ riots4 ,! ,%]if 0 depos$ & ,mohamm$ b9 ',aun decl>$ rul] 9 8 place4 ,on ,june #ae?1 #aheh1 ! murd] ( c]ta9 ,*ri/ians at ,jiddah br\ght ,engl& into collision ) ! rul]s ( ,hejaz4 ,jiddah 0 bomb>d$ & ! gate to ! holy city 0 held by ! ,*ri/ian p[]s until ! requir$ indemnity 0 paid & ! murd]]s puni%$4 ,! next ,%]if appo9t$ 0 ,abdullah4 ,dur+ 8 "t ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal br\ght ,turkey mu* ne>] to ,mecca & inspir$ ! religi\s zealots ) ! fe> t n[ ! ,*ri/ian fleets w\ld attack ! :ole coa/ ( ,hejaz6 ,= _h n ! vizi] ( ,h>\n el ,ra%id dissuad$ t mon>* f 8 plan to dig ! canal le/ ! gateway to ! ,holy ,cities w\ld !n be too accessible to ! infidels8 ,! ,ottoman gov]nm5t introduc$ o!r horrors into ! quiet seclusion ( ! anci5t city ( ,mecca2 ,jiddah 0 connect$ ) ! ,r$ ,sea cable2 a wire c>ri$ ! _w to ,mecca & put ! ,pa%a 9 daily t\* ) ! ,sublime ,porte2 aft]w>d x 0 ext5d$ to ,taif1 & ! ,turks 7 ma/]s ( _! own army corps1 s t ! ,%]ifs c\ld n act 9 secret4 ,x 0 ev5 attempt$ to raise a ,meccan regim5t = ! ,russian w>4 ,9 #ahfi ! :ole complicat$ bureaucratic sy/em 0 introduc$ at ,m$9a1 ,jiddah1 ,mecca & ,taif4 ,abdullah 0 a great favorite z ,%]if1 bo? to ! ,arabs & ! ,turks2 he 0 mild & giv5 to all sorts ( compromise s t he manag$ to please bo? p>ties :i* are always at w> 9 ,mecca4 ,8 bro!r ,huse9 succe$$ z ,%]if b 0 murd]$ 9 #ahhj4 ,9 ! same ye> ! ag$ ,abd-el-,mutalib = ! ?ird "t became ,%]if & al?\gh at fir/ v popul> he soon won ! hatr$ ( ! cons]vative ,meccans by 8 cruelty & ( ! ,turks by 8 d\ble-deal+4 ,on reque/ ( ! p ( ,mecca = 8 deposition1 ,o?man ,pa%a came to ,hejaz & al?\gh he did n depose ! ag$ ,%]if1 manag$ to outwit him 9 gov]n+ ! city4 ,9 #ahhb ,aun-er-,rafik1 a bro!r ( ,huse91 became ,%]if4 ,tr\bles betwe5 ! dual p[]s ( gov]nm5t became ?ick & ! ,b$\9 tribes took ! occasion = a g5]al upris+4 ,rafik fl$ to ,m$9a & c\ld n return until ,o?man ,pa%a 0 depos$4 ,s9ce !n ! old /ruggle cont9ues4 ,! ,arabs 9 ,hejaz h no love = ! ,turks or = any ,turki% rul]2 ! ,b$\9 tribes hate ! v sight ( a r$ fez & ! t[n-dwell] is gr\nd d[n ) taxation4 ,aside f milit>ism !re h be5 no public improvem5ts 9 ei!r ( ! ,holy ,cities s9ce ! ,/> & ,cresc5t wav$ f _! =ts4 ,! 8pantaloon-we>+0 ,turks are consid]$ little bett] ?an 8,*ri/ian dogs0 by ! pi\s folk ( ,mecca4 ,h !y n introduc$ ! abom9ation ( qu>ant9e in/ead ( ! old "t simple tru/ 9 ,allah8 ,h !y n acquiesc$ to ! resid5ce ( ,*ri/ian consuls at ,jiddah8 ,& :at is worse1 h !y n int]f]$ ) ! free importation ( slaves & ! manufacture ( eunu*s = ! resid5ts ( ,mecca8 ,! foll[+ lit]al translation ( a plac>d po/$ ev]y:]e 9 ,mecca1 at ! end ( ! ye> #ahhe1 may give ! be/ insight into ! relations t exi/ betwe5 ! ,turk & ! ,arab 9 ! cradle ( ,islam3 8#8,& :o does n rule accord+ to ! revelation ( ,allah he is an infidel4'--,koran v4 #dh4 8,be x kn[n to y1 ye p ( ,mecca1 t ?is accurs$ ,wali int5ds to introduce ,turki% laws into ! holy city ( ,allah1 !re=e bew>e ( slo? & awake f sleep4 ,d n suff] ! laws to be execut$ = !y are only ! op5+ ( ! door to fur!r legislation4 ,our pro( is t ! ,wali ,o?man ,pa%a propos$ 8 plan to divide ,mecca into f\r qu>t]s & to appo9t ?ree (fic]s = ea* qu>t]4 ,?is plan he laid be=e ! city c\ncil & :5 !y decl>$ x 0 impossible to d ?is 9 ,mecca ! accurs$ repli$1 ,is ,mecca bett] ?an ,con/ant9ople8 ,we w c>ry ! plan ?r\gh by =ce4 ,= ?is reason1 ,o ,meccans1 an association has be5 =m$ call$ ! ,moslem ,club & :oev] desires to ent] x let him make inquiries4 ,! object ( ! association is to assass9ate ?is curs$ ,wali & 8 *ief ( police4 ,he :o _c jo9 u let him utt] 8 compla9t be=e ,allah 9 ! holy h\se t ! public safety is endang]$ :ile ! pres5t rul] lives4 ,& ?is curs$ ,wali also attempts to secure ! adm9i/ration ( ! annual corn-%ipm5t f ,egypt4 ,& rememb] also h[ ! accurs$ but*]$ ! sons ( ! ,%]if & 8 slaves & expos$ _! heads at ,mecca4 ,:at sort ( de$s are ^!8 ,m atroci\s ?an ^? at ,ze]4 ,s t :oev] kills ?is man w ent] p>adise )\t r5d]+ an acc\nt4 ,! purpose ( divid+ ! city appo9t+ ,%eikhs = ea* qu>t] is no?+ else ?an a pretext = new taxations z ! ,curs$ himself let out be=e ! c\ncil4 8,9 ! "n ( ! 8,,jemiat-,,el-,,islamiyeh40 ,! same p :o promis$ p>adise to ! murd]] ( ,o?man ,pa%a rebell$ aga9/ 8 successor ,safwet ,pa%a & w rebel z long z ! "* ( ! ,meccan rema9s :at x is4 ,^? :o dream t ! ,turk w make ,mecca ! c5tre ( _! p[] :5 ,con/ant9ople falls1 "k n ! condition ( affairs among ! pr\d fanatics ( ,hejaz :o w nev] all[ ,mecca to become any?+ b ! city ( ! ,%]ifs4 ,& z = ! ,b$\9 tribes1 !y blackmail e pilgrim c>avan & draw heavy subsidies f ,con/ant9ople to keep ! peace4 ,jiddah is 9 decay & ! pilgrim-traffic is n z fl\ri%+ z x 0 a decade ago4 ,ev5 9 ,hejaz ! days ( ,ottoman rule are numb]$4 ,betwe5 ,hejaz & ,yem5 is ! region ( ,asir4 ,its population has be5 celebrat$ f ! e>lie/ times = p]sonal brav]y & c\rage4 ,m\nta9-dwell]s !y love fre$om2 belong+ to ! ,zaidee sect !y hate ! ,sunnites4 ,& ^! two reasons unit$ made !m abom9ate ! ,turks4 ,9 ord] to ext5d ,ottoman p[] s\?w>d & reconqu] ,yem5 = ! ,sublime ,porte x 0 necess>y to pass ?r\gh ! t]ritory ( ! ,asir ,arabs4 ,f #ahbd to #ahbg ! ,turki% troops c>ri$ six successive campaigns aga9/ ! brave highl&]s b 7 9 e case repuls$ ) great loss4 ,9 #ahcc & #ahcd ! attempt 0 aga9 made2 a desp]ate battle 0 f\ght on ,augu/ #ba/ ( ! latt] ye>1 ! ,turki% troops 7 victori\s4 ,b ! ,arabs ralli$1 made sorties on ! g>risons1 fam9e reign$1 fev] kill$ (f _m & 9 ,septemb] ! ,turks aga9 )drew1 defeat$4 ,9 #ahcf a f9al attempt 0 made to conqu] ,asir2 ?is 0 ) great] loss ?an ev] be=e4 ,to ?is day ! entire region betwe5 ,taiz & ,roda 7a few miles nor? ( ,sana7 is really indep5d5t1 al?\gh m>k$ z ,turki% on ! maps4 ,! ,ottoman troops are bold to fight ! ,yem5 ,arabs to ! v gate ( ,sana b !y gr[ pale :5 !y he> ( an exp$ition aga9/ ! d>e-devil ,b$\9s ( ,asir :o fight ) ! f]ocity ( ! ,am]ican ,indian & ! boldness ( a ,scot* ,highl&]4 ,! /ory ( ! ,turks 9 ,yem5 is v mod]n4 ,9 #afcj !y 7 compell$ to evacuate ,yem5 by ! ,arabs & !y did n set foot 9 ! capital aga9 until #ahgc4 ,9 #ahga ! ,imam ( ,yem5 liv$ 8 life 9 peace1 seclud$ & s5sual l an ori5tal despot 9 ! palace at ,sana4 ,look$ ^u by ! ,arabs z a spiritual ,sultan he 0 great1 b also p[]less to hold 9 *eck ! depr$ations & robb]ies ( ! _m tribes "u 8 nom9al sway4 ,?+s w5t f bad to worse4 ,trade almo/ ceas$ on acc\nt ( ! attacks on ! c>avans t left = ! coa/4 ,! ,sana m]*ants1 quiet & respectable ,arabs1 saw no?+ b ru9 be=e !m1 & consid]+ solely ! b5efits t w\ld accrue to !mselves by su* a /ep invit$ ! ,turks to take ! place4 ,!y did n consult ! l>ge agricultural population or ! effect ( ,turki% rule on ! peasantry1 o!rwise !re w\ld h be5 an equally cordial invitation to ! ,turks to /ay out ( ,yem54 ,! ,turks ne$$ no urg+ at ?is "t1 :5 !y 7 /r5g!n+ _! hold on ,mesopotamia1 ext5d+ _! conque/s 9 ,hassa & try+ to obta9 ! ma/]y ( ! ,hejaz ,b$\9s4 ,x fell 9 mo/ admirably ) _! plans1 & an exp$ition set out at once4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahgb1 an army "u comm& ( ,ahm$ ,mukht> ,pa%a rea*$ ,hodeidah4 ,on ,april #be? ! army ent]$ ,sana tw5ty ?\s& /rong & ! city op5$ its gates )\t a battle4 ,! conque/ ( ! c\ntry n[ proce$$2 a =ce 0 s5t to ! region ( ,kaukeban1 nor? ( ,sana1 ano!r to ! s\!rn di/rict ( ,anes & /ill ano!r to ,taiz & ,mo*a4 ,! conque/ t[>d ! s\? 0 limit$ by ! pres5ce ( ,engl& at ,ad54 ,= :5 ! ,turki% army advanc$ to ! doma9 ( ! indep5d5t ,sultan ( ,lahaj :o _h a treaty ) ,engl&1 ! ,briti% ,resid5t at ,ad5 s5t a small =ce ( artill]y & cavalry to occupy ! ,lahaj t]ritory4 ,9 consequ5ce ( repres5tations made at ! same "t by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t to ! ,sublime ,porte1 ! ,turki% army )drew 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgc4 ,9 #ahge ! tribes bord]+ ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,yem5 rebell$ aga9/ ,turkey b ! rebellion 0 cru%$4 ,:5 ! army took ,sana ! ,imam 0 depos$1 b on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s influ5ce ov] ! ,arabs 0 p]mitt$ to reside 9 ! city1 receiv+ a p5sion on condition t he w\ld ex]t himself 9 behalf ( ,ottoman rule4 ,?is he fulfill$ until 8 dea? :5 ! bir?right z ,imam pass$ to 8 relative ,ahm$-ed-,d9 :o also 0 no?+ lo? to receive ! honor ( ! ,arabs & ! money ( ! ,turks4 ,sana receiv$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( civilization1 m pre/ige & /ill m comm]cial prosp]ity ?an 9 ! old] days4 ,z = ! c\ntry 9 g5]al x 0 divid$ & subdivid$ into prov9cial di/ricts & sub-di/ricts2 ! peasantry 7 tax$ & tax$ aga92 milit>y roads 7 con/ruct$ by =c$ labor4 ,! hill-tribes1 :o 9 ! times ( ! ,imam _h be5 left undi/urb$ 9 _! agriculture & :o boa/$ an indep5d5ce ( c5turies1 7 n[ little bett] ?an slaves4 ,extortion ru9$ !m1 !y hat$ ! p]sonality ( ! ,turks ^: religion 0 n z _! own2 discont5t sm\ld]$ ev]y:]e & 0 ready to bur/ into a flame4 ,& ?is discont5t 0 increas$ f ye> to ye> z ! c>avan-driv]s return$ f _! long j\rneys to ,ad5 & told ( ! greate/ m>vel ev] he>d (--a righte\s gov]nm5t & a place :]e ju/ice c\ld n be b\ght1 b belong$ to e "o--ev5 ! black sk9n$ ignorant ,somali4 ,:5 we rememb] t ov] #cjj1jjj camels ) _! driv]s ent] ,ad5 f ! nor? e ye> we c realize h[ widespread 0 ?is news4 ,i c te/ify to ! _w-wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! municipal gov]nm5t ( ,ad5 cantonm5t & t ( ! capital ( ,yem5 "u ! ,turks z ,i saw x 9 #ahia4 ,:5 ! ,turks accus$ ,engl& ( fom5t+ ! rec5t rebellions 9 ,yem5 !y 7 "r to ! ext5t t if ! ,yem5 peasantry _h n se5 ! bless$ union ( lib]ty & law at ,ad5 !y w\ld n seek to rise aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahib a body ( #djj ,turki% troops 7 s5t to collect by =ce ! taxes due f ! ,bni ,m]uan :o inhabit ! coa/ nor? ( ,hodeidah4 ,! ,turks 7 surpris$ by a l>ge body ( ,arabs & ne>ly annihilat$4 ,:]ev] ! news travell$ ! p rose 9 arms4 ,tribal bann]s long laid away 7 unfurl$ & ! cry 8long live ! ,imam0 rang ?r\gh m\nta9 & valley4 ,a new ,jehad 0 proclaim$ & ,ahm$-ed-,d9 0 unwill+ly =c$ to take ! lead]%ip aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,:5 ! rebellion broke out ! ,turks _h only ab\t #ae1jjj m5 9 ! :ole ( ,yem52 & *ol]a _h wr\ght havoc among ^!4 ,ill-f$1 ill-clo!d1 & unpaid2 badly h\s$ 9 ! ra9y & cold m\nta9 villages1 !y c\ld nev]!less fight l devils :5 l$ by _! comm&]s4 ,! ,imam escap$ f ,sana1 & a few days lat] ! capital 0 besieg$ by an enorm\s =ce ( ,arabs4 ,all ! unwall$ cities fell an easy prey to ! rebels1 ,m5akha 0 tak5 aft] a %ort /ruggle2 ,ibb1 ,jibleh1 ,taiz1 & ,y]im all decl>$ !mselves = ! ,imam4 ,! ,arabs treat$ _! foes ) respect aft] _! victory2#ga !y 7 fe$+ ,turki% prison]s at ! ,imam's exp5se & 9 _m cases money 0 giv5 ! soldi]s to enable !m to escape to ,ad54 ,mean:ile telegrams 7 s5t to ,con/ant9ople f ,sana & ,hodeidah besee*+ assi/ance4 ,! :ole ( ,yem51 ) ! exception ( ! capital & two small] t[ns 9 ! nor? ) ,hodeidah on ! coa/1 0 9 ! h&s ( ! rebels4 ,an exp$ition rea*$ ,hodeidah1 "u comm& ( ,ahm$ ,feizi ,pa%a1 =m]ly gov]nor ( ,mecca1 :i* aft] bomb>d+ ! villages on ! coa/ nor? ( ,hodeidah1 m>*$ to ! relief ( ,sana4 ,)\t opposition ! army rea*$ ,m5akha & took ! t[n by /orm2 mat*locks & fuse-guns c\ld n hold out aga9/ field-guns & tra9$ troops4 ,ab\t ?irty miles beyond a desp]ate attempt 0 made to /op ! army ( relief2 9 a n>r[ defile ! rebels "u ,seyid es-,%]ai took up _! position & = twelve days )/ood cavalry1 infantry & artill]y assaults2 !n !y 7 driv5 back & retir$ into ! m\nta9s4 ,by hurri$ m>*es ! troops rea*$ ,sana & took ! city4 ,milit>y law 0 proclaim$ & a univ]sal massacre ( prison]s took place4 ,a rew>d 0 (f]$ = ! head ( e rebel4 ,camel-loads ( heads 7 br\ght into ,sana e day4 ,! troops 7 turn$ loose to plund] ! villages4 ,!re is no nation 9 ! _w t c put d[n a rebellion z rapidly z ! ,turks :5 !y h a good-siz$ army1 b !y h great objection to any "o see+ ! process4 ,by ! end ( ,janu>y1 #ahic1 all ! cities ( ,yem5 7 reconqu]$ & ! ma9 roads 7 aga9 op54 ,b ! _s ( rebellion liv$ on & ! brave m\nta9e]s )drew to ! inaccessible defiles & peaks only to plot fur!r mis*ief4 ,telegraph-wires 7 cut2 soldi]s 7 %ot on ! road2 & once & aga9 bold attempts 7 made to bl[ up ! ,pa%a's h\se 9 ,sana ) gunp[d]4 ,9 #ahie !re 0 rebellion 9 ! nor?4 ,9 #ahig-ih all ,yem5 0 aga9 9 arms & ! unc]ta9 & conflict+ reports t rea* ! coa/ only emphasize ! s]i\s "* ( ! upris+4 ,on ! map & 9 ,turki% (ficial reports ! b\nd>ies ( ,yem5 jo9 ^? ( ,hejaz & ext5d _m miles ea/ ( ,sana4 ,?is has nev] be5 & is n n[ correct4 ,tw5ty-five miles nor? & ea/ ( ,sana !re is no "o :o c>es = a ,turki% passport or d>es to collect ,turki% taxes4 ,z to ! future ( ,turkey 9 ,yem5 x is difficult to surmise4 ,r ?an risk fur!r rebellions ! ,sultan may adopt a conciliatory policy4 ,b ,yem5 is too f> f ,con/ant9ople to be gov]n$ f !re4 ,extortion is ! only way op5 to a ,pa%a to enri* himself & = soldi]s to get daily bread :]e wages are n paid on "t4 ,:5 ! ,pa%a has fill$ 8 pocket 8 successor w try x a second "t & come to grief4 ,rebellion w be ! *ronic /ate ( ,yem5 z long z ,turkey rules at ,sana4 ,! leop>d _c *ange 8 spots4 ,we n[ turn to notice ! rule ( ! ,turks 9 ,nor!a/]n ,arabia1 & 9 _! newly-acquir$ prov9ce ( ,hassa4 ,bagdad 0 tak5 by ! ,turks 9 #afch & t city has ev] s9ce be5 ! capital ( a ,turki% ,prov9ce4 ,x is unnecess>y to ent] "h into ! succession ( ,pa%as & rul]s & ! attempts to subjugate ! ,b$\9 ,arabs4 ,9 #ahcj ! great plague visit$ all ,mesopotamia & :5 epidemic 0 at its height ! riv] bur/ its banks & 9 "o night #ae1jjj p p]i%$4 ,9 #ahhd ! vilayet ( ,busrah 0 sep>at$ f t ( ,bagdad & has s9ce rema9$ "u its own gov]nor4 ,! two prov9ces h all ! ma*9]y ( ,ottoman rule 9 work+ ord]4 ,except = an occasional outbreak among ! ,montefik ,arabs1 ,turkey has no tr\ble to hold ,mesopotamia 9 h] grasp4 ,nor is %e at all will+ t ?is ri* prov9ce %\ld ev5 dream ( pass+ "u o!r rul]s4 ,9 ! ye> #ahia ! ,turki% ,(ficial ,bullet9 gave ! total rev5ue f taxation 9 ! ,bagdad vilayet alone at #bdf1cjd ,turki% p\nds4 ,x may be int]e/+ to note 9 pass+ ! v>i\s s\rces ( taxation-money4 ,!y are 9 brief3 tax on ,arab t5ts1 exemption f milit>y s]vice1 tax on %eep1 buffaloes1 camels1 tax on m9es 7salt71 tax on special privileges1 tax on =e/s & timb]1 tax on fi%+1 cu/om dues1 tax on %ipp+1 on irrigation1 on f>m+ improvem5ts2 8receipts f tribunals0 7#c1jjj tax on ju/ice67 & beside all ?is 8taxes div]ses0 & 8rev5ues div]ses0 to make up ! budget4 ,all ?is is legal1 ord9>y taxation4 ,b ! actual conditions ( ,turki% misrule made x impossible to ex]cise ! inali5able rights ( 8life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess0 )\t cont9ual back%ee% to e (ficial4 ,! population ( ,mesopotamia1 ,moslem & ,jew & ,*ri/ian are ?or\ghly we>y ( ,turki% misrule1 b no "o d>es to lift up a voice 9 prote/4 ,!y h become accu/om$ to x2 & !re is no?+ else b to be> x pati5tly4 ,z = ! nomads !y h ei!r1 l ! ,montefik1 settl$ d[n along ! riv]s to cultivate ! soil & eke out a mis]able exi/5ce1 or1 l ! ,aneyza & ,%amm> tribes1 !y are z ?or\ghly indep5d5t ( ! ,sultan z :5 !y fir/ appe>$ 9 8 bord]s4 ,turki% ,arabia on ! nor? is repres5t$ on mo/ maps by a regul> curv$ l9e />t+ f ! ,p]sian ,gulf & end+ at ! ,gulf ( ,akaba2 b ! l9e is purely imag9>y4 ,turki% rule does n ext5d f> s\? ( ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 & ! :ole des]t region f ,k]bela to ! ,dead ,sea & ! ,hauran is practically indep5d5t4#gb ,outside ( ,bagdad & ,busrah ev5 ! riv] t[ns are frequ5tly ?reat5$ by ! nomads1 & ,turki% soldi]s h (t5 to gu>d ! riv] /eam]s aga9/ pirates4 ,milit>y rule is 9 vogue two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! occupation ( ! c\ntry1 & ! nomads are nomads /ill4 ,! comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,six? ,ottoman army corps resides at ,bagdad1 & a good numb] ( soldi]s occupy ! b>racks 9 ! city ( ! old caliphs4 ,9 ,turkey all ,moslems ov] tw5ty ye>s ( age are liable to milit>y conscription1 & ?is liability cont9ues = ov] tw5ty ye>s4 ,non-,moslems pay an annual exemption tax ( ab\t six %ill+s p] head4 ,! army consi/s ( ,nizam or regul>s1 ,r$if or res]ves1 & ,mu/ahfuz or national gu>d4 ,! infantry are suppos$ to be all arm$ ) ,m>t9i-,peabody rifles1 b 9 ,mesopotamia old] patt]ns are /ill 9 use4 ,! life ( a ,turki% soldi] is n enviable2 & none ( !m w\ld be volunte]s = gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,! ,turki% navy is repres5t$ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & on ! riv]s by "o or two ?ird-rate cruis]s & a small riv] gunboat4 ,! result ( ! call+ ( ,turkey into ! ,wahabi qu>rel betwe5 ! two sons ( ,feysul1 0 ! occupation ( ,katif & ,hassa by ! ,ottoman gov]nm5t4 ,s9ce t "t 7#ahgb7 ,hassa has be5 a "p ( ! ,busrah vilayet1 & ! ,pa%a1 :o resides at ,h(ho(1 has ! title ,mutas]if ,pa%a ( ,nejd4 ,cont9ual tr\bles ) ! ,arabs m>k ! hi/ory ( ! occupation ( ,hassa2 ! c>avan r\tes are n z safe z 9 ! dom9ions ( ! ,amir ( ,nejd2 ! :ole c\ntry %[s decay & lack ( gov]nm5t2 taxation ( ! pe>l fi%]s has driv5 _m ( !m to ,bahre92 ! p59sula ( ,kat> is occupi$ by a g>rison1 b t does n prev5t cont9ual blood feuds & battles betwe5 ! ,arab tribes4 ,! ,ottoman gov]nm5t has e/abli%$ an ov]l& po/-s]vice betwe5 ,h(ho( & ,busrah z betwe5 ,bagdad & ,damascus1 b bo? r\tes are unsafe & sl[4 ,mo/ ( ! ,h(ho( m]*ants use ! ,briti% ,po/ ,(fice at ,bahre92 & s d ! gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,illu/ration3 ,flags t rule ,arabia4 ,,xxii ,,briti% ,,influ5ce ,,9 ,,arabia 8,! ,engli%1 said ! old ,arab ,%eikh 9 reply1 are l ants2 if "o f9ds a bit ( meat1 a hundr$ foll[40--,a9swor?4 8,oman may1 inde$1 be ju/ifiably reg>d$ z a ,briti% dep5d5cy4 ,we subsidize its rul]2 we dictate its policy2 we %\ld tol]ate no ali5 int]f]5ce4 ,i h little d\bt myself t ! "t w come 444 :5 ! ,union ,jack w be se5 fly+ f ! ca/les ( ,muscat40 8,i %\ld reg>d ! concession ( a port ^u ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ,russia by any p[] z a delib]ate insult to ,great ,brita91 z a wanton rupture ( ! /atus quo & z an int]national provocation to w>2 & ,i %\ld impea* ! ,briti% m9i/]1 :o 0 guilty ( acquiesc+ 9 su* surr5d]1 z a traitor to 8 c\ntry40 --,"l ,curzon1 ,vic]oy ( ,india4 ,9 sket*+ ! relations ( ,engl& to ! p59sula1 we w consid]3 ,h] ,arabian possessions & protectorates2 h] supremacy 9 ,arabian wat]s1 h] comm]ce ) ,arabia2 h] treaties ) ,arab tribes2 & h] consulates & ag5cies 9 ,arabia4 ,( all ,briti% possessions 9 ,arabia1 ,ad5 is by f> ! mo/ important1 on acc\nt ( its /rategic position z ! key n only ( all ,yem51 b ( ! ,r$ ,sea & all ,we/]n ,arabia4 ,ad5 0 visit$ z e>ly z #afji by ,capta9 ,%>key ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's %ip 8,asc5sion40 ,he 0 at fir/ well receiv$1 b aft]w>d imprison$ until ! inhabitants _h secur$ a l>ge ransom4 ,two ( ! ,engli%m5 on bo>d refus+ to pay 7 s5t to ! ,pa%a at ,sana4 ,9 #afaj an ,engli% %ip aga9 visit$ ,ad5 & ! crew 7 trea*]\sly treat$4 ,9 #ahbj1 ,capta9 ,ha9es ( ! ,indian navy visit$ ,ad51 & 9 #ahbi ! ,c\rt ( ,directors ent]ta9$ ! idea ( mak+ ,ad5 a coal+-/ation1 b ! idea 0 ab&on$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( an outrage committ$ on ! pass5g]s & crew ( a buggal[ wreck$ ne> ,ad51 an exp$ition 0 despat*$ aga9/ ! place by ! ,bombay gov]nm5t 9 #ahch4 ,x 0 arrang$ t ! p59sula ( ,ad5 %\ld be c$$ to ! ,briti%4 ,b ! negotiations 7 any?+ b fri5dly1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #ahci1 a =ce ( #cjj ,europeans & #djj native troops 9 ! 8,volage0 & 8,cruiz]0 bomb>d$ & took ! place by /orm4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ new accession ( t]ritory 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,imm5se sums ( money h be5 sp5t 9 =tify+ ?is natural ,gibralt> & 9 improv+ its h>bor4 ,f\r times ! ,arabs h attempt$ to take ,ad5 by l&1 ea* "t ) fe>ful loss & )\t success4 ,by sea ,ad5 is impregnable2 only ! initiat$ "k ! /r5g? ( its mole-batt]ies1 m9es1 =ts & o!r def5ces2 & e ye> new def5ces are con/ruct$ & old ones /r5g!n$4 ,ad5 has become a great c5tre = trade1 & is "o ( ! *ief coal+ depots 9 ! _w4 ,x b>s ! fur!r advance ( ,turkey into ,s\? ,arabia1 gu>antees indep5d5ce & good gov]nm5t to all ! neighbor+ petty /ates1 & is an example ( good gov]nm5t to all ,arabia & ! ,african coa/4 ,! settlem5t is politically subject to ! ,bombay ,presid5cy & is adm9i/]$ by a ,resid5t ) two assi/ants4 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,suez canal1 trade has /eadily increas$ & ,turki% cu/om extortions at ,hodeidah direct ! c>avan trade m & m to ,ad5 f e "p ( ,yem54 ,! isl& ( ,socotra & ! ,kuria ,muria isl&s are also atta*$ to ,ad51 toge!r ) ! ,somali ,coa/ 9 ,africa4 ,socotra has an area ( #a1chb squ>e miles & ab\t #aj1jjj inhabitants4 ,x came "u ,briti% protection 9 #ahhf by treaty ) its ,sultan4 ,! ,kuria ,muria gr\p 0 c$$ to ! ,briti% by ! ,sultan ( ,muscat1 = ! purpose ( l&+ ! ,r$ ,sea cable2 ! isl&s are five 9 numb] & h ri* guano deposits4 ,! isl& ( ,kam>an is also class$ z belong+ to ! ,briti% ,empire4#gc ,x is a small isl& 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 "s miles nor? ( ,hodeidah2 x is only fifte5 miles long & five wide1 & has sev5 small fi%+-villages4 ,b x has a good %elt]$ an*orage & is ! qu>ant9e ,/ation = all ,moslem pilgrims f ! s\? to ,mecca4 ,! ,bahre9 ,isl&s are also includ$ 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 al?\gh ,turkey /ill claims !m z h] own & ! native rul] imag9es t he is indep5d5t4 8,! pres5t *ief ,%eikh ,isa owes ! possession ( 8 ?rone entirely to ,briti% protection :i* 0 in/itut$ 9 #ahfg4 ,%eikh ,isa 0 aga9 =m]ly plac$ "u ,briti% protection 9 #ahgj :5 8 rivals 7 deport$ to ,india40 ,! ,political ,resid5t at ,bu%ire sup]9t5ds ! gov]nm5t ( ! isl&s to z great an ext5t z is deem$ diplomatic4 ,p]im at ! s\!rn end ( ! ,r$ ,sea 0 tak5 possession ( 9 #agii by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company & a =ce 0 s5t f ,bombay to g>rison ! isl&4 ,b x 0 f\nd unt5able at t "t z a milit>y position & ! troops 7 )drawn4 ,p]im 0 reoccupi$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( #aheg4 ,! ligh?\se 0 complet$ 9 #ahfa1 & qu>t]s 7 built = a p]man5t g>rison4#gd ,we may also consid] ! possessions ( ,egypt 9 ,arabia z practically "u ,engli% protection4 ,s9ce ! ,briti% occupation1 ! p59sula ( ,s9ai & ! ,r$ ,sea litoral on ! ,arabian side1 ne>ly z f> z ,yembo is "u ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ! ,suez canal4 ,engl& n only possesses ! key positions on ! coa/s ( ,arabia1 b has = _m ye>s held ! naval supremacy 9 all ,arabian wat]s4 ,z ! ,dut* succe$$ ! ,portuguese & e/abli%$ trad+-/ations 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 s ,engl& foll[$ ! ,dut*4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company 0 at ,ad5 & ,mo*a 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 9 #aged ! ,engli% ,ea/ ,india ,company e/abli%$ itself at ,bund] ,rig1 nor? ( ,bu%ire1 & lat] at ,bu%ire itself1 supplant+ ! ,dut*4 ,! isl& ( ,k>ak 9 ! nor? ( ! ,gulf 0 twice occupi$ by ! ,briti%1 9 #ahch & 9 #ahec4 ,aft] ! bomb>dm5t ( ,bu%ire 9 #aheg & ( ,mohamm]ah 9 ! same ye>1 ho/ilities ceas$ & ,k>ak 0 aga9 evacuat$4 ,! isl& ( ,ki%m1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,gulf1 0 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 a ,briti% milit>y or naval /ation4 ,! ,indian naval squadron _h its headqu>t]s fir/ at ,el ,ki%m1 !n at ,d]i/an & f9ally = _m ye>s at ,bassadore4 ,9 #ahgi because ( ! insalubrity ( ! climate ! la/ company ( ,sepoys 0 )drawn to ,india4 ,b ! isl& is /ill 9 a s5se consid]$ ,briti%4 ,z e>ly z #afbb ! ,p]sians & ! ,briti% expell$ ! ,portuguese f ,ormuz & %ortly aft]1 9 common ) ! ,dut* & ,fr5* set up trad+ factories at ,gombrun1 7n[ ,bund] ,abbas74 ,9 #agch ! ,engli% ,company e/abli%$ an ag5cy at ,busrah & mu* ( _! ,gulf bus9ess 0 %ift$ to t port4 ,s9ce #ahfi !re has be5 a telegraph /ation at ,jask ) a /aff ( six ,engli% (ficials2 "h ! l& & m>9e wires ( ! ,indo-,european telegraph meet & jo9 ,india to ! ,gulf4 ,! ,sultanate ( ,oman1 s9ce #ahbb1 has be5 9 ! close/ relations possible ) ,briti% naval p[]4 ,at sev]al critical p]iods 9 ,oman hi/ory1 x 0 ,great ,brita9 t help$ to settle ! affairs ( /ate4 ,9 #ahfa a ,briti% commission] arbitrat$ betwe5 two claimants = ! rule ( ,muscat & ,zanzib>1 !n "o k+dom1 & divid$ ! ,sultanate4 ,s9ce #ahgc ! ,sultan ( ,muscat has receiv$ an annual subsidy f ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,ne> ,cape ,mus5dum1 on ! ,arabian side ( ! ,gulf1 ! ,briti% once occupi$ a place call$ ,malcolm's ,inlet :5 !y 7 lay+ ! telegraph cable f ,k]a*i to ! ,gulf 9 #ahfd4 ,five ye>s lat] x 0 transf]r$ to ,jask4 ,f #ahje to #ahba !re 7 ,briti% naval enc\nt]s ) ! pirates ( ! ,gulf1 & s9ce t date all piracy 9 ^! wat]s has ceas$4#ge ,briti% naval supremacy e/abli%$ peace at ,bahre9 & has protect$ its native gov]nm5t s9ce #ahdg4 ,:5 9 #ahfg ! native rul]1 8a crafty old fox0 z ,curzon calls him1 broke ! treaty1 ! bomb>dm5t ( ,m5amah br\ght fur!r pro( ( ,briti% naval supremacy4 ,kuweit 0 = a "t 7#ahba-bb7 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,briti% ,resid5t at ,busrah2 &1 semi-indep5d5t ( ,turkey1 is n[ becom+ :olly dep5d5t on ,engl&--ano!r indication ( ,briti% naval supremacy4 ,ev5 at ,fao1 ,busrah & ,bagdad ,briti% gunboats (t5 keep ! peace or at lea/ emphasize au?ority4 ,9 a ^w ,great ,brita9 holds ! scales ( ju/ice = all ! ,p]sian ,gulf litoral4 ,%e gu>antees a pax ,brittanica = comm]ce1 %e taught ! ,arab tribes t rap9e & robb]y are n a safe religion2 :]e !y once swept ! sea ) slave-dh[s & pirate-craft !y h n[ settl$ d[n to dry+ fi% & div+ = pe>ls4 ,= ! accompli%m5t ( ?is subject ,engl& has sp5t mu* bo? 9 treasure & 9 lifeblood4 ,witness ! graves ( ,briti% soldi]s & m>9es 9 s _m ,gulf ports4 ,! te/imony ( an outsid]1 is giv5 9 a rec5t article 9 ! ,cologne ,gazette1 :i* ?us describes ! political & naval supremacy ( ,engl& 9 ,ea/]n ,arabia & ! ,p]sian ,gulf3 8,a disguis$ protectorate ov] ,oman & control ov] ! actions ( ! ,sultan ( ,muscat2 actual protectorate ov] ,bahre92 coal+ /ation on ! isl& ( ,ki%m1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,ormuz2 pres5ce ( a political ,resid5t at ,bu%ire :o1 ) ! help ( an association call$ ! ,trucial ,league1 decides all disputes betwe5 ,turki%1 ,arab1 & ,p]sian *iefs 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4444 ,?is league gives ! ,engli% a con/ant pretext = int]v5tion2 ! object ( keep+ peace & polic+ ! gulf is only a pret5ce4444 ,all ev5ts on ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 h[ev] disconnect$ app>5tly1 are really dep5d5t on ea* o!r ?r\gh ! ,trucial ,league4 ,x is a confus$ tangle ( hatr$s & jeal\sies ^: ?reads are unit$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,resid5t at ,bu%ire4444 ,russia %[s an indiff]5ce :i* is q incompreh5sible consid]+ ! int]e/ %e has & mu/ h 9 ^! affairs4 ,"o c\ld rec\nt num]\s in/ances :]e ,engli% ag5ts h injur$ ,russian int]e/s )\t meet+ ) any opposition4 ,! ,russian ,consul 9 ,bagdad is ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd by ! activity ( 8 ,briti% colleague4 ,s\!rn ,p]sia1 ! gulf1 ,ea/]n ,arabia1 & ! ,l& ( ,oman h fall5 completely )9 ! ,engli% sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,?is /ate ( affairs has n be5 (ficially ratifi$1 b exi/s z a fact4 ,t w la/ till "s movem5t comes ab\t to re/ore ! prop] balance4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,engli% are ! ma/]s4 ,!y are s accu/om$ to manage ! :ole ,p]sian ,gulf t if ! lea/ ?+ occurs t !y h n =ese5 or !mselves arrang$ !y completely lose all self-control40 ,b ! supremacy ( ,engl& 9 ! ,gulf & on ! o!r coa/s ( ,arabia is h]s n only because ( gunboats & gunp[d]4 ,x is mo/ ( all by ! arts ( peace t %e has e/abli%$ & glorifi$ h] p[] on ! ,arabian litoral4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott51 = example1 t ! magnific5t surveys ( ! entire #d1jjj miles ( ,arabian coa/ 7 ! "w ( ,briti% & ,indian naval (fic]s2 by means ( ?is survey1 complet$ at great co/1 comm]ce has be5 aid$ & navigation ( ! dang]\s wat]s ea/ & we/ ( ,arabia has be5 made safe4 ,engl& too is ! only p[] t has e/abli%$ ligh?\ses2 e4 g41 at ,ad51 ,p]im1 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & lately on ,socotra4 ,engl& laid ! cables t circle ,arabia2 f ,india to ,bu%ire & ,fao connect+ ) ! ,turki% ov]l& telegraph sy/em2 f ,ad5 to ,bombay & f ,ad5 to ,suez ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,^! cables 7 n ! "w ( a day b 7 laid ) great exp5se & oppos$ by ! v gov]nm5ts !y 7 int5d$ to b5efit4 ,aga91 ,arabia has two po/al sy/ems & two only4 ,9 ! ,turki% prov9ce ( ,yem5 !re is a weekly po/ betwe5 ! capital & ! *ief t[ns to ! coa/2 9 ,hejaz !re is a po/ to ,mecca2 & 9 ,mesopotamia & ,hasa !re is ano!r ,turki% po/al sy/em notori\s = its sl[ness & insecurity4 ,= ! re/ all ( ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,arabia are dep5d5t on ! ,indian ,po/al sy/em2 ! :ole int]ior is ignorant ( a po/ (fice or ( a po/man4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,india has po/ (fices at ,muscat1 ,bahre91 ,fao1 ,busrah & ,bagdad ) regul> mail s]vice1 & ! be/ adm9i/ration 9 ! _w4 ,! ,engli% po/ c>ries ! bulk ( ! mail betwe5 ,busrah & ,bagdad :ile ,bahre9 is really ! po/ (fice = all ,ea/]n ,arabia2 pe>l-m]*ants at ,kat> & 9 ,hasa mail _! lett]s at ,bahre9 & ev5 ! ,turki% gov]nm5t ne$s ! ,engli% po/ to communicate ) ,busrah f ,hasa4 ,engl& has also e>n$ h] supremacy 9 ,arabian wat]s by hone/ attempts to put a /op to ! slave-trade1 9 accord ) ! ,anti-slave ,trade treaties betwe5 ! p[]s4 ,%e is ! only p[] ^: navy has act$ 9 seiz+ slave-dh[s1 lib]at+ slaves & patroll+ ! coa/4 ,! "w has n always be5 done ?or\ghly or vigor\sly1 b t x has be5 done at all1 places ,engl& fir/ among ! p[]s t sail 9 ,arabian wat]s4 ,:]e ! ,union ,jack proclaims naval supremacy1 !re ! r$ m]cantile flag ( ,engl& foll[s ! blue & c>ries comm]ce2 ! two g toge!r1 & al?\gh ( diff]5t color are ! same flag to ,engli%m54 ,! _w-wide comm]cial activity ( ,great ,brita9 has t\*$ e "p ( ! ,arabian coa/ & ,briti% w>es f ,man*e/] & ,birm+ham h p5etrat$ to e seclud$ village ( ,nejd1 & are f\nd 9 e valley ( ,yem54 ,! m]cantile navigation ( ! ,gulf z x n[ exi/s is ! creation ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & is l>gely to be attribut$ to ! /atesman%ip ( ,sir ,b>tle ,fr]e4 ,x 0 he :o1 :5 at ,calcutta z a memb] ( ,"l ,cann+'s ,supreme ,c\ncil1 befri5d$ ! "y ,scot*man1 ,william ,mack9non1 :o 0 plann+ a new %ipp+ bus9ess beyond 8 sl5d] means2 & a subsidy 0 grant$ to ,mack9non's new l9e ( ,/eam]s4 ,?us x 0 t ! ,briti% ,india ,/eam ,navigation ,company 0 laun*$ :i* fir/ op5$ trade n only ) ,zanzib> b 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,9 #ahfb n a s+le m]cantile /eam] pl\gh$ ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,a six-weekly s]vice 0 !n />t$1 foll[$ by a mon?ly1 a =tnightly & f9ally by a weekly /eam]4 ,f ,busrah !re are two l9es ( ,engli% /eam]s direct = ,london4 ,! ,briti% ,india 0 ! pione] l9e & /ill holds ! fir/ position1 al?\gh !re are o!r l9es t d coa/+ trade ) ,india4 ,?us ,engli% comm]ce controls n only ! m>kets ( bo? sides ( ! ,gulf1 b ( all ,nor?we/]n ,arabia & z f> beyond ,bagdad z piece-goods & iron-w>e c be c>ri$ on camels4 ,!re is n a spool ( ?read 9 ,nejd or a jack-knife 9 ,jebel-,%amm> t did n come up ! ,p]sian ,gulf 9 an ,engli% %ip4 ,all ( ,hassa eats rice f ,rangoon & ?\s&s ( bags are c>ri$ 9 ,briti% %ips to ,bahre9 to be transport$ inl& by c>avan4 ,n only is ! /eam%ipp+ mo/ly 9 ,engli% h&s1 b _m ( ! native buggal[s fly ! ,briti% flag & ! *ief m]*ants are ,engli%m5 or ,briti% subjects f ,india4 ,! ,rupee is ! /&>d ( value along ! :ole ,arabian coa/ f ,ad5 to ,busrah4 ,9 ! int]ior ! ,m>ia ,!resa doll> has long held sway1 b ev5 t is becom+ sc>ce among ! ,b$\9s & !y h little pref]5ce betwe5 ! 8abu b9t0 7! ,rupee ) a girl's head7 & ! 8abu tair0 78! fa!r ( a bird0--! eagle on ! ,au/rian doll>74 ,= a "t a ,fr5* l9e ( /eam]s ran 9 ! ,gulf b ! project 0 ab&on$1 ?\gh !re is n[ a rum\r ( its revival4#gf ,ad5 is ! comm]cial c5tre = all ,s\!rn ,arabia & ! enorm\s increase ( its trade s9ce #ahci is pro( ( :at ,engli% comm]ce has done = ,yem54 ,mo*a is dead1 & ,hodeidah is long s9ce b$ridd51 b ,ad5 is alive & only requires a railroad to ,sana to become ! comm]cial capital ( all ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,t railroad w be built z soon z ! ,turk leaves ,yem5's capital2 ,god ha/5 ! day4 ,aft] ! occupation ( ,ad5 9 #ahci until ! ye> #ahej cu/oms dues 7 levi$ z 9 ,india b at t "t x 0 decl>$ a free port4 ,dur+ ! fir/ sev5 ye>s ! total value ( imports & exports av]ag$ p] ye> ab\t #a1ijj1jjj ,rupees1 9 ! next sev5 ye>s ! annual av]age rose to #f1jjj1jjj ,rupees1 & x has be5 on ! increase ev] s9ce1 until x n[ is ov] #cj1jjj1jjj ,rupees2 nor did ?is annual av]age include ! trade by l& :i* is also l>ge4 ,! ,suez canal is ano!r indication ( ! pre/ige :i* ,engli% comm]ce has 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & along ! r\tes ( traffic t circle ,arabia4 ,9 #ahic ! gross tonnage t pass$ ?r\gh ! canal 0 #aj1gec1gih2 ( ?is #g1igg1gbh tons pass$ "u ! ,engli% flag :i* means t ne>ly f\r-fif?s ( ! trade is ,engli%4 ,9 ! same ye> ! numb] ( vessels pass+ ?r\gh ! canal 0 #c1cda ( :i* #b1dje belong$ to ,great ,brita94 ,! propos$ ,anglo-,egyptian railway across ! nor? ( ,arabia w jo9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,to %ort5 ! "t ( communication betwe5 ,engl& & h] ,ea/]n ,empire is evid5tly a matt] ( ! highe/ importance1 n only = comm]ce & po/1 b 9 ! ev5t ( w>1 mut9y or o!r great em]g5cy4 ,! fir/ surveys = ?is ov]l& railway 7 made z e>ly z #ahej1 by ! ,euphrates ,exp$ition "u ,g5]al ,*esney4 ,! s*eme 0 w>mly advocat$ 9 ,engl& by ,sir ,w4 ,p4 ,&rew1 ! ,duke ( ,su!rl& & o!rs1 b al?\gh x /ill awaits execution ! plan comes up aga9 e few ye>s ) new advocates & new improvem5ts4 ,once x 0 to be ! ,euphrates ,valley railway com+ d[n to ,bagdad & ,busrah or to ,kuweit 7,grane7 by way ( ,mosul4 ,n[ ! plan propos$ is to op5 a railway f ,port ,said due ea/w>d across ! ,p59sula along ! ?irtie? p>allel ( latitude to ,busrah4 ,a bran* w\ld deviate a little to ! s\? to ! port ( ,kuweit :i* 0 also ! propos$ t]m9us ( ! ,euphrates ,valley l9e on :i* a select committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons sat tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,f ,busrah ! ma9 l9e w\ld cross ! ,%att-el-,arab & ! ,k>un by sw+-bridges & foll[ ! coa/-l9e ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ,makran to ,k]a*i4 ,su* a l9e w\ld r$uce ! "t occupi$ 9 transit betwe5 ,london & ,k]a*i to eight days4#gg ,:e!r ?is r\te or any o!r is foll[$ is a matt] ( m9or importance4 ,! fact t s9ce #ahgd ,engl& has be5 to ! front 9 ! matt] ( ! ov]l& railroad puts x beyond a d\bt1 t :5 ! railway is built its t]m9us at lea/ w be "u ,engli% control & mo/ probably ! :ole road w repres5t ,engli% capital & ent]prise4 ,mean:ile !re is intellig5ce t ,turkey has made a concession to ,g]man capitali/s = ! ext5sion ( ! ,anatolian railways to ,bagdad4 ,! l9e :i* runs f ! ,asiatic %ores ( ! ,bosphorus to ,angora is 9 ! h&s ( a ,g]man syndicate & ! t]ms ( ! concession conta9 compulsory clauses "u :i*1 9 c]ta9 ev5tualities1 ! ,turki% gov]nm5t c compel ! syndicate to ext5d ! road to ,sivas & ultimately to ,bagdad4#gh ,b politically ,great ,brita9 has little to fe> f ! spread ( ,g]man influ5ce 9 ! ,levant & ,mesopotamia4 ,! editor ( an influ5tial ,engli% pap] says1 8,e m>k exp5d$ by ! ,g]mans ^u public works 9 ! ,asiatic dom9ions ( ! ,sultan helps to build up ! bulw>k aga9/ ! m5ace ( ,russia4 ,& ! creation ( a ,g]man railway 9 ,asia ,m9or w1 9 a limit$ degree t5d to id5tify ! int]e/s ( ,g]many & ,great ,brita940 ,nev]!less ,engl& w\ld nev] grant a t]m9us or h>bor to a ,g]man railroad syndicate on ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,great ,brita9 has treaties or agreem5ts ( "s sort ) e tribe & settlem5t ( ,arabs f ,ad5 to ,muscat & !nce to ,bahre94 ,engl& has two k+s = ,arabia2 ! fir/ lives at ,bu%ire & is call$ ! ,briti% ,resid5t & ,consul ,g5]al1 ! o!r ) a simil> title lives at ,ad54 ,( ! ,bu%ire ,resid5t ,"l ,curzon wrote1 8,"o or m gunboats are at ! disposal ( ! ,briti% ,resid5t at ,bu%ire :o has also a despat* boat = 8 own imm$iate use 9 ! ev5t ( any em]g5cy4 ,n a week passes b1 by ,p]sians & ,arabs alike1 disputes are ref]r$ to 8 arbitration1 & he may ) great] tru? ?an ! phrase sometimes conveys be entitl$ ! ,uncr[n$ ,k+ ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf40 ,to ! en]gy & political capacity ( ,colonel ,ross & 8 capable pr$ecessor1 ,sir ,lewis ,pelly1 ?is royal ?rone owes its f\ndation4 ,all ! treaties made by ,engl& ) ! ,arab tribes on ! ,ea/]n coa/ ( ,arabia are "h int]pret$ & en=c$4 ,! treaties made ) ! *iefs ( ,bahre9 & ) ! tribes on ! s-call$ ,pirate coa/ embraces clauses to en=ce ! m>itime peace ( ! ,gulf1 to exclude =eign p[]s f ! possession ( t]ritory1 to regulate or aboli% ! slave-traffic & to put d[n piracy4 ,s9ce #ahbj v>i\s treaties ( truce h be5 conclud$ ) ! w>like ,arabs on ! coa/ s\? ( ,kat> & h be5 frequ5tly r5ew$ or /r5g!n$4 ,9 #ahec a ,treaty ( ,p]petual ,peace 0 made ) o!r tribes#gi :i* provid$ t !re %\ld be a complete cessation ( ho/ilities at sea & t all disputes %\ld be ref]r$ to ! ,briti% ,resid5t4 ,! contract+ p>ties 7 call$ ,trucial ,*iefs & ! treaty is kn[n z ! ,trucial ,arrangem5t or ,league4 ,beside ^! treaties ! ,engli% h an exclusive treaty ) ! ,%eikh ( ,bahre9 to su* a degree1 t ! isl&s are practically a ,briti% protectorate4 ,al?\gh !re are no =mal treaties ) ! tribes along ! ,hassa coa/ & ,kat>1 ^! be+ "u ,turki% rule1 t region is n disreg>d$ by ,great ,brita91 nay ,nejd itself f9ds a place 9 ! adm9i/ration reports ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ,political ag5cy :5ev] ! horizon 9 t "p ( ! p59sula %[s a /orm cl\d ?\gh x be no bigg] ?an a man's h&4 ,! claims ( ! ,porte to sov]eignty ov] ,el ,kat> are n admitt$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t#hj & are ! cause n only ( diplomatic controv]sy b ( actual int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! ,briti% :5 necess>y4 ,! great b5efits t h foll[$ ! treaties ( peace ) ! ,arab tribes are manife/ mo/ ( all by a comp>ison ( t "p ( ! ,arabian coa/ "u ,engli% sup]vision & ! long /ret* f ,katif to ,busrah :i* is ,turki%4 ,! =m] enjoys peace & ! tribes h settl$ d[n to comm]ce & fi%+1 !re is safety = ! travell] & ! /rang] ev]y:]e2 ! latt] is 9 cont9ual /ate ( w>f>e1 !re is nei!r comm]ce nor agriculture & ! entire coa/ is utt]ly unsafe because ( ! laissez faire policy ( ,turkey4 ,turn+ to ,oman we f9d1 9 ! words ( ,"l ,curzon1 t1 treaty succe$+ treaty1 8x may be ju/ifiably reg>d$ z a ,briti% dep5d5cy40 ,! rec5t hi/ory ( ,muscat has only ha/5$ ! day :5 8! ,union ,jack w be se5 fly+ f ! ca/les ( ,muscat40 ,! ,b$\9 revolt & _! occupation ( ! t[n result$ 9 saddl+ ! unhappy ,sultan ) a l>ge bill = damages su/a9$ by ,briti% subjects4 ,! episode ( ! ,fr5* coal+-/ation co/ ! ,sultan 8 annual subsidy4 ,?us f ! side ( f9ance he is d\bly dep5d5t on ,engli% clem5cy4 ,! second ,briti% k+ ( ,arabia resides at ,ad54 ,!re he is at once ,political ,resid5t & comm&] ( ! troops4 ,8 au?ority ext5ds n only to ! settlem5t ( ,ad5 prop] b includes sup]vision ( a t]ritory #bjj miles long by =ty broad ) a population ( #acj1jjj4 ,_m ( ! neighbor+ tribes are subsidiz$ & all ( !m are b\nd by treaty to ,great ,brita94 ,:at ! ,bu%ire ,resid5t is = ! ,gulf t ! ,ad5 ,resid5t is = ! ,s\!rn litoral ( ! ,p59sula4 ,moreov] ! ,isl& ( ,socotra is also "u ! ,resid5t at ,ad5 & ! ,isl& ( ,p]im4 ,! rul] ( ,makalla 9 ,hadramaut is "u special treaty ) ,engl&2 al?\gh ! newspap] report1 t ,great ,brita9 _h decl>$ a protectorate ov] all ,s\!rn ,arabia1 has no f\ndation4#ha ,9 ! tribes :i* are b\nd by treaty ) ,brita9 a patri>*al sy/em ( sup]vision seems to prevail4 ,good *ildr5 are rew>d$ & bad ones are puni%$4 ,no?+ escapes ! eye ( ! political p>5t2 "o has only to read ! ye>ly ,adm9i/ration reports to f9d _m /rik+ & sometimes amus+ examples4 ,we quote f ! ,resid5cy ,report ( ,muscat = #ahic-id v]batim3 8,"o case ( brea* ( ! m>itime peace ( ! ,gulf occurr$ 9 :i* ! ,sultan 0 advis$ to inflict a f9e ( ,rs4 #ej 7ab\t sixte5 doll>s7 on ,mehdib9-,ali1 ! ,%eikh ( ! ,kamaz>ah tribe ( ,khassab1 = proce$+ ) a p>ty ( arm$ m5 by sea to ,%aam ) ! object ( prosecut+ a c]ta9 claim 8 wife _h aga9/ ! e/ate ( h] deceas$ fa!r4 ,aft] "s mon?s' delay ! att5dance ( ! ,%eikh 0 en=c$ at ,muscat & ! f9e 0 recov]$40 ,! same report tells h[ ! gov]nm5t ( ,india ackn[l$g$ ! k9dness %[n to ! %ipwreck$ crew ( ! ,s4 ,s4 ,khiva 9 ,april1 #ahic1 by ! ,sultan ( ,muscat1 8by pres5tation to ,8 ,highness ( a h&some telescope & wat*40 ,e ye> all ! tribal *iefs :o h prov$ 8good boys0 receive "s y>ds ( bright flannel1 a new rifle or a pair ( army pi/ols4 ,b ! patri>*al sy/em works well2 & !re are few ,arabs :o w\ld l ,engli% p[] 9 ! ,gulf or ne> ,ad5 to gr[ less2 all express admiration = ,engli% rule1 if n = ,engli% politics4 ,9 ,arabia too ! old promise ( ,noah is f9d+ its fulfillm5t to-day4 8,god %all enl>ge ,japhet & he %all dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em40 ,%em nev] took a bett] gue/ into 8 t5t ?an :5 he sign$ a treaty ( p]petual peace ) ,engl& on 8 coa/s4 ,engl& has consulates & consul> ag5ts at m places 9 ,arabia ?an has any o!r p[] & h] consuls ex]cise m au?ority & h great] pre/ige4 ,9 ne>ly e case !y 7 fir/ appo9t$ & h !re=e _h long] "t to ext5d _! influ5ce4 ,at ,jiddah1 ,hodeidah1 & on ! isl& ( ,kam>an !re are ,briti% consulates or vice-consulates2 & !re are reports ( a consulate at ,sana4 ,at ,makalla !re is a ,briti% ag5t4 ,muscat1 ,bagdad1 ,busrah1 ,bu%ire & ,mohamm]ah all h consulates1 ) diff]5t degrees ( au?ority & position1 all ex]cis+ p[] ( "s sort 9 ,arabia4 ,bahre91 ,l+ah1 ,%>ka1 ,bund] ,abbas1 & o!r po9ts 9 ! ,gulf h ,briti% ag5ts4 ,at ,jiddah1 ,hodeidah & ,ad5 !re are sev]al consulates beside ! ,engli%4 ,muscat has = "s ye>s _h an ,am]ican consul & 9 #ahid ! ,fr5* e/abli%$ a consulate !re4 ,russia has no repres5tative 9 ! ,gulf save at ,bagdad2 nor has ,g]many4 ,none ( ! ,european p[]s1 save ,engl&1 h ag5ts at any ( ! ,arabian ports 9 ! ,gulf nor d ! %ips ( _! navies (t5 visit ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,9 fact s little d ! ,arabs "k ( o!r consuls ?an ,engli%1 t _! words = ag5t1 wakil1 & = consul1 baljoz1 always signify to !m ,briti% (fic]s or appo9tees4 ,,xxiii ,,pres5t ,,politics ,,9 ,,arabia 8,! signs ( ! times %[ pla9ly en\gh :at is go+ to happ54 ,all ! savage l&s 9 ! _w are go+ to be br\ght "u subjection to ! ,*ri/ian ,gov]nm5ts ( ,europe4 ,! soon] ! seizure is consummat$1 ! bett] = ! savages40--,m>k ,twa94 ,:ile ,turkey cont9ues 9 p[] ! we/]n coa/ ( ,arabia w see no *ange & ev]y?+ w be quiet 9 ,hejaz4 ,if h[ev] ! tr\ble betwe5 ! ,%]ifs ( ,mecca & ! ,sublime ,porte %\ld rea* a crisis or ,moslem fanaticism at ,jiddah %\ld endang] ! lives ( ,*ri/ians1 we may expect ,engl&1 & p]haps ,france & ,holl& to int]f]e z did ,engl& 9 #aheh4hb ,reg>d+ ,yem5 !re is m probability ( a great political *ange 9 ! ne> future4 ,ad5 is a c9d]-heap1 b ,sana has a f9e1 cold climate & is ! capital ( a ri* m\nta9 region capable ( extraord9>y developm5t4 ,!re are ^? :o desire to see ,engl& assume a protectorate ov] all ,yem51 & if ev] ! ,arabs %\ld turn out ! ,turks1 ,engl& w\ld be almo/ compell$ to /ep 9 & pres]ve peace = h] alli$ tribes ne> ,ad54 ,long s9ce ! army at ,ad5 has felt ! ne$ ( a hill-/ation & only ! ,cresc5t keeps ! ,engli% troops p5n$ up 9 an ext9ct crat] :]e life at be/ is mis]y4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ,arabia is ( su* a "* geographically & ! coa/ s b>r5 t x (f]s no attractions to ! mo/ ambiti\s l&-grabb]4 ,oman1 l ,yem51 is f]tile & has 9 addition c]ta9 m9+ possibilities4 ,until rec5t ye>s ,engl& 0 ! only =eign p[] t claim$ an int]e/ 9 ! h]itage ( ! ,sultan ( ,muscat4 ,n[ ,france is on ! sc5e & is app>5tly unwill+ t ,briti% p[] %\ld increase 9 ,oman or ! ,gulf4 ,! alleg$ lease ( a coal+-/ation to ,france by ! ,sultan ( ,muscat 9 ,febru>y1 #ahii1 0 only ! beg9n+ ( ,fr5* opposition made manife/4 ,h] e/abli%m5t ( a consulate at ,muscat1 h] relations to ! slave-trade1 h] attempt to subsidize a l9e ( ,fr5* /eam]s 9 ! ,gulf1 h] secret ag5ts rec5tly travell+ 9 ! ,gulf--all ^! 7 only ripples t %[ :i* way ! curr5t fl[s4 ,s f> ,engl& has _h free play 9 ,oman2 n[ ano!r p[] has appe>$4 ,! coal+-/ation incid5t 0 soon settl$ to ! satisfaction ( all ,engli%m51 & 9 a ?or\ghly ,engli% way4 ,"u ?reat ( bomb>dm5t ! ,sultan repudiat$ 8 agreem5t ) ! ,fr5* & by way ( puni%m5t = 8 misconduct 8 annual /ip5d 0 /opp$4 ,:e!r ,france w cont9ue to seek to increase h] influ5ce 9 ! ,gulf rema9s to be se54 ,x is c]ta9 t ,engli% policy is /r5u\sly oppos$ to all[+ "o squ>e foot ( ,oman t]ritory to pass into ! h&s ( ,france or any o!r =eign p[]4 ,9 ,april1 #ahii1 x 0 ann\nc$ t ,russia _h ent]$ ! ,p]sian ,gulf z a political p[] & acquir$ ! h>bor ( ,bund] ,abbas 9 ,p]sia z a t]m9us = h] propos$ railway4 ,s9ce t "t ?is has be5 (ficially d5i$ bo? at ,teh]an & ,/4 ,pet]sburg & also /\tly reass]t$ ) new pro(s by ! ,engli% press & ! press ( ,india4 ,x is und\bt$ly news ( a s5sational "* if x be true4 ,! pres5ce ( ,russia 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf w\ld probably *ange ! future hi/ory ( all its litoral & help to decide ! future p>tition ( ,arabia & ,mesopotamia4 ,all ?+s seem to be mov+ t[>d a crisis 9 ?is region ( ! ea/4 ,& if ! battle = empire & = possession ( ! keys to ! gateway ( ,india %\ld be f\ght 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf ! possible consequ5ces are too va/ to be surmis$4 ,:at ,engl&'s policy w\ld be 9 case !re is tru? 9 ! alleg$ ,russian aggression1 is summ>iz$ 9 a rec5t article 9 ! ,times ( ,india3 8,x rema9s to consid] :at /eps %\ld be tak5 by ,great ,brita9 9 view ( ! new developm5t 9 ,gulf politics4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t ,russia w n attempt to take possession ( ,bund] ,abbas = a consid]able "t to come4 ,%e w make e ef=t to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! advantage %e has ga9$ until a conv5i5t opportunity arises = putt+ h] plan into execution4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,great ,brita9 c be well cont5t to rema9 quiet1 & to imitate h] adv]s>y by play+ a wait+ game4 ,x w possibly be sugge/$ t by aga9 occupy+ ,ki%m1 & by seiz+ ,ormuz1 ! value ( ,bund] ,abbas to ,russia c\ld at once be neutraliz$ to a l>ge ext5t4 ,t is d\btless true2 b x is mat]ial to po9t out t little is to be ga9$ by precipitate action1 t ^! po9ts ( vantage c be occupi$ ) facility at any "t1 & t ! true policy ( ,great ,brita9 is to endeavor to pres]ve ! /atus quo = z long a p]iod z possible4 8,mean:ile1 !re are _m me?ods by :i* ,briti% p[] & influ5ce 9 ! ,gulf c be safegu>d$4 ,we und]/& t ! ,admiralty has already decid$ to /r5g!n ! naval =ce ma9ta9$ 9 ,p]sian wat]s1 & t ! ,admiral comm&+ ! ,ea/ ,indies squadron w 9 future give ! ,gulf a l>g] %>e ( 8 p]sonal sup]vision4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,! /aff ( political (fic]s 9 ! ,gulf ne$s to be enl>g$4444 ,!n1 too1 m telegraph cables are ne$$4 ,muscat is n[ %ut (f f communication ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 al?\gh ! port 0 once l9k$ up ) ,ad5 by cable4 ,a l9e %\ld be laid f ,muscat to ,jask =?)1 & ano!r bran* %\ld connect ,jask ) ,bund] ,abbas & ,l+ah4 ,m political ag5ts %\ld be /ation$ 9 ! h9t]l& betwe5 ,bund] ,abbas & ,sei/an1 ) rov+ commissions1 if necess>y4 ,"o o!r matt] ne$s urg5t att5tion4 ,russia n[ possesses ! sole "r to con/ruct railways 9 ,p]sia1 "u an agreem5t :i*1 aft] be+ 9 exi/5ce t5 ye>s1 expires ?is ye>4 ,is any?+ be+ done to prev5t ! r5ewal ( ?is objectionable concession1 :i* is deeply oppos$ to ,briti% int]e/s 9 ! ,%ah's dom9ions8 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree important t ,great ,brita9 %\ld secure a %>e 9 ! concessions = roads & railways :i* w c]ta9ly be grant$ by ! ,p]sian gov]nm5t 9 ! ne> future4 ,un=tunately1 ! gaze ( ! ,briti% public is s /eadily conc5trat$ ^u ,*9a t x is unable to p]ceive dang]s :i* ?reat5 ! empire 9 a f> m vital place4 ,!re mu/ soon be a rude awak5+4 ,x is n 9 ,*9a1 b 9 ,p]sia & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 t ! c5tre ( political /rife & int]national rivalry 9 ,asia w soon be fix$40 ,) ! ev5t ( ,russia 9 ! ,gulf & h] ,p]sian policy1 ) ,france envi\s ( ,engl&'s gr[+ pre/ige 9 ?is ,ori5t1 ) ,g]many at "w build+ railways & ,turkey's days numb]$1 :at is to be ! future ( ! f]tile prov9ces ( ,busrah & ,bagdad8 ,w ,engl& cont9ue to hold ! upp] h& 9 e "p ( ,arabia & w "s future ,"l ,crom] develop ! ,euphrates-,tigris valley into a second ,egypt8 ,! battle ( diplomacy is on4 ,european cab9ets1 back$ by imm5se armies & navies are play+ a game involv+ trem5d\s issues--issues n only trem5d\s to !mselves & to ! populations ( ,arabia & ,p]sia1 b involv+ ! int]e/ ( ano!r ,k+ & ! greate/ ,k+dom4 ,! ev5t t[>d :i* hi/ory & rec5t politics 9 ,arabia h s f> be5 mov+ is 8! "o f> (f ,div9e ev5t0 ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,n only to ! mission>y b to e ,*ri/ian ! /udy ( ! politics ( ,arabia makes evid5t ! great ,provid5tial h& ( ,god 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,p59sula dur+ ! pa/ c5tury4 ,jesus ,*ri/ holds ! key to ! situation4 ,all ! k+s ( ! e>? are 9 ,8 h& & to :omsoev] ,he gives p[] or privilege1 ! end w be ! glory ( ,8 own "n & ! com+ ( ,8 own k+dom2 also 9 ,arabia4 ,,xxiv ,,! ,,arabic ,,language 8,arabic gramm>s %\ld be /rongly b\nd1 because le>n]s are s (t5 f\nd to da% !m frantically on ! gr\nd40--,kei? ,falcon]4 8,x is a language m ext5d$ ov] ! face ( ! e>? & :i* has _h m to d ) ! de/9y ( mank9d ?an any o!r1 except ,engli%40--,rev4 ,geo4 ,e4 ,po/1 ,m4 ,d41 ,beirut4 8,wisdom ha? alight$ ^u ?ree ?+s--! bra9 ( ! ,franks1 ! h&s ( ! ,*9ese & ! tongue ( ! ,arabs40--,mohamm$ ed-,damiri4 ,two religions cont5d = ! ma/]y ( ! _w2 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam4 ,two races /rive = ! possession ( ! d>k cont95t1 ! ,anglo-,saxon & ! ,arab4 ,two languages h = ages pa/ conte/$ = _w-wide ext5sion on ! basis ( colonization & propag&ism--! ,engli% & ! ,arabic4 ,to-day ab\t sev5ty millions ( p speak "s =m ( ! ,arabic language1 z _! v]nacul>2 & ne>ly z _m m "k some?+ ( its lit]ature 9 ! ,koran because !y are ,mohamm$ans4 ,9 ! ,philipp9e isl&s ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,koran is repeat$ be=e dawn pa9ts ! sky r$4 ,! refra9 is tak5 up 9 ,moslem pray]s at ,pek9 & is repeat$ across ! :ole ( ,*9a4 ,x is he>d 9 ! valleys ( ! ,himalayas & on 8! ro( ( ! _w40 ,a few h\rs lat] ! ,p]sians pron\nce ^! ,arabic words & !n across ! ,p59sula ! muezz9s call ! 8fai?ful0 to pray]4 ,at ! wat]s ( ! ,nile1 ! cry 8,allahu akb>0 is aga9 s\nd$ =? ev] c>ry+ ! ,arab spee* we/w>d across ! ,sudan1 ! ,sah>a & ! ,b>b>y ,/ates until x is la/ he>d 9 ! mosques ( ,morocco4 ,! ,arabic ,koran is a text-book 9 ! day-s*ools ( ,turkey1 ,afghani/an1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ,s\!rn ,russia4 ,arabic is ! spok5 language n only ( ,arabia prop] b =ces ! l+ui/ic b\nd>y ( t p59sula #cjj miles nor? ( ,bagdad to ,di>bekr & ,m>d91 & is us$ all ov] ,syria & ,pale/9e & ! :ole ( nor!rn ,africa4 ,ev5 at ,cape ,colony !re are daily read]s ( ! language ( ,mohamm$4 ,z e>ly z #acae ,arabic began to be taught at ! univ]sities ( ,europe ?r\gh ! mission>y influ5ce ( ,raymund ,lull & to-day ! language is m accurately kn[n & its lit]ature m critically inve/igat$ at ,leid5 ?an at ,cairo & at ,cambridge ?an 9 ,damascus4 ,a mission>y 9 ,syria :o is a ma/] ( ! ,arab tongue ?us *>act]izes x1 8,a pure & orig9al spee* ( ! greate/ flexibility1 ) an enorm\s vocabul>y1 ) great grammatical possibility1 fitt$ to convey !ological & philosophical & sci5tific ?\ght 9 a mann] n to be excell$ by any language except ! ,engli%1 & ! little gr\p ( languages :i* h be5 cultivat$ s happily by ,*ri/ianity 9 ,c5tral ,europe40 ,erne/ ,r5an1 ! ,fr5* ,semitic s*ol>1 aft] express+ 8 surprise t su* a language z ,arabic %\ld spr+ f ! des]t-regions ( ,arabia & rea* p]fection 9 nomadic camps1 says t ! ,arabic surpasses all its si/] ,semitic languages 9 its ri* vocabul>y1 delicacy ( expression1 & ! logic ( its grammatical con/ruction4#hc ,! ,semitic family ( languages is l>ge & anci5t1 al?\gh n z ext5sive geographically nor s div]se z ^? ( ,indo-,european family4 ,"s ma9ta9#hd t ! ,semites 7 anci5t immigrants f ! region nor!a/ ( ,arabia4 ,!y hold t be=e ! =mation ( ! diff]5t ,semitic dialects ! ,semites ev]y:]e us$ a "n = ! camel 7jemel7 :i* /ill appe>s 9 all ( ! dialects4 ,!y h h[ev] no names 9 common = ! date-palm1 ! fruit ( ! ! palm nor = ! o/ri*1 !re=e1 9 _! fir/ home1 ! ,semites knew ! camel b did n "k ! palm4 ,n[ ! region :]e !re is nei!r date-palm nor o/ri* & yet :]e ! camel has liv$ f ! remote/ antiquity is ! c5tral table-l& ( ,asia ne> ! ,oxus4 ,von ,krem] holds t f ?is region ! ,semites migrat$ to ,babylon ev5 be=e ! ,aryan emigration2 ! ,mesopotamian valley is ! olde/ seat ( ,semitic culture4 ,o!rs#he hold t ! orig9al home ( ! ,semites 0 9 ! s\? ( ,arabia :5ce !y gradually ov]spread ! p59sula1 s t1 z ,spr5g] expresses x1 8,all ,semite are successive lay]s ( ,arabs40 ,! argum5ts = ?is !ory are briefly giv5 by ,sayce3#hf 8,! ,semitic traditions all po9t to ,arabia z ! orig9al home ( ! race4 ,x is ! only "p ( ! _w :i* has rema9$ exclusively ,semites4 ,! racial *>act]i/ics--int5sity ( fai?1 f]ocity1 exclusiv5ess1 imag9ation--c be/ be expla9$ by a des]t orig940 ,de ,goeje lays /ress on ! f9e climate ( ,c5tral ,arabia & ! spl5did physical developm5t ( ! ,arab z additional pro( toge!r ) ! indisputable fact t 8( all ,semitic languages ! ,arabic approa*es ne>e/ to ! orig9al "m-tongue z 0 conclusively demon/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,s*rad] ( ,b]l940 ,! foll[+ table w %[ at a glance ! position ( ,arabic 9 ! ,semitic family gr\p1 dead languages be+ put 9 italics4 ,arabic1 anci5t & mod]n belongs to ! ,s\? ,semitic gr\p & at an e>ly p]iod supplant$ ! ,himy>itic 9 ,yem51 al?\gh ! ,mahri & ,ehkeli dialects are /ill us$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,hadramaut4#hg ,x 0 practically ! only conqu]+ language on ! li/ & is ! only "o t is gr[+ 9 use4 ,,table ,,( ,,semitic ,,languages4 ,,nor!rn3 ,,ea/]n ,babylonian4 ,assyrian4 ,,we/]n 7,aramaic7 ,ea/]n ,syriac4 ,m&ean4 ,naba!an4 ,we/]n ,sam>itan4 ,jewi% ,aramaic 7z ,t>gums & ,talmud74 ,palmyr5e4 ,egyptian ,aramaic4 ,,c5tral3 ,phnician4 ,hebrew4 ,moabite & ,canaaniti% dialects4 ,,s\!rn3 ,,arabic 7,i%maelite7 ,"o writt5 language b ,mod]n ,dialects 9 spee*4 ,maltese 84 ,morocco4 ,alg]ian1 etc4 ,egyptian4 ,syrian4 ,yem54 ,bagdadi4 ,omanese1 etc4 ,himy>itic ,mahri4 ,ehkeli4 ,e?iopic 7,joktanite7 ,old ,geez4 ,tigre4 ,tigr9a4 ,amh>ic4 ,h>>i4 ,!re are to-day ov] "o hundr$ ,arabic newspap]s & magaz9es regul>ly publi%$ & :i* toge!r h an imm5se circulation 9 all p>ts ( ! ,arabic-speak+ _w4 ,:ile ! ,arabic language has n[ ackn[l$g$ supremacy above all its si/]s1 9 its hi/orical & lit]>y developm5t x 0 la/ ( !m all4 ,n until ! sev5? c5tury ( our era did ,arabic become1 9 any s5se1 important4 ,! language receiv$ its lit]>y bir?right & its inspiration ?r\gh ! illit]ate prophet :o c\ld n read b :o set all ! ,ea/]n _w to /udy+ 8 book4 ,! ,arabic lit]ature ( ! days be=e ,mohamm$ has a high lit]>y "*1 b ) all its beauty x 0 only ! morn+ /> t u%]$ 9 ! sunrise4 ,:5 once ! ,koran 0 promulgat$1 lit]ature & gramm> & ! sci5ces all spoke ,arabic4 ,x 0 ! r5aissance ( ! dead & dy+ ,ea/4 ,:atev] effect ! ,koran may h _h on ! social life & morals ( a p1 no "o d5ies t x 0 ! ,koran & t alone :i* rescu$ ,arabic f becom+ a local idiom4 ,aga9 ?is ,koran 0 ! unify+ factor ( ! new religion1 sweep+ ev]y?+ d[n be=e x2 n only did x unify ! ho/ile tribes ( ,arabia b melt$ all _! dialects into "o & e/abli%$ an ev]-abid+ classical /&>d = ! remote/ /ud5t ( ! language ( revelation4 ,we d n ( c\rse hold1 z d ! ,arabs1 t ! ,arabic ( ! ,koran is absolutely )\t a p>allel 9 grammatical purity & diction4 ,! contr>y has be5 prov$ by ,nldeke & ,dozy4 ,! latt] /ates t ! ,koran is 8full ( ba/>d-,arabic & has _m grammatical blund]s1 :i* are at pres5t unnotic$1 s9ce ! gramm>ians h k9dly con/ruct$ rules or exceptions to include ev5 ^! 9 ! li/ ( unapproa*able /yle & p]fection40 ,! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! ,arabic alphabet is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,all writ+ 0 orig9ally pictorial1 ! next /age be+ t ( ! ideogram4 ,p]haps a trace ( ?is e>lie/ writ+ /ill rema9s 9 ! wasms or tribal m>ks ( ! ,b$\94 ,s*ol>s ma9ta9 t ! e>lie/ ,semitic writ+ we possess ( c]ta9 date is t on ! ,moabite ,/one1 discov]$ by ! mission>y ,kle9 9 #ahfh4 ,almo/ ( equal age is ! ,cyprus & ,sidon alphabet1 & t ( ! ,phnicians1 f\nd on anci5t co9s & monum5ts4 ,! date ( ?is writ+ is put at #hij ,b4 ,c4 ,on ^! monum5ts & co9s ! sy/em ( or?ography is already s c>efully develop$ z to prove t ! ,semites und]/ood ! art c5turies be=e t date4 ,! olde/ =ms ( ^! ,semitic alphabets are 9 turn d]iv$ 7,halvy1 ,nldeke7 f ! ,egyptian hi]atic *>act]s4 ,! olde/ inscriptions f\nd 9 ,nor? ,arabia by ,d\ghty & ,ent+1 9 ! ,nabatean "*1 & 9 ,s\? ,arabia by ,halvy & o!rs 9 ,himy>itic "*1 are bo? writt51 l mod]n ,arabic1 f "r to left4 ,al?\gh ! *>act]s d n resemble ea* o!r1 ?is w\ld seem to indicate a common orig94 ,! intimate connection ( ! pres5t ,arabic alphabet ) ! ,hebrew or ,phnician1 is %[n n only by ! =ms ( ! lett]s1 b by _! m anci5t num]ical arrangem5t call$ by ! ,arabs ,abjad1 & :i* corresponds ) ! ,hebrew ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cufic ,,*>act]s4 ,acc\nts diff] ev5 among ! ,arabs z to :o adapt$ or inv5t$ ! pres5t ,arabic alphabet f ! old] ,cufic =ms4 ,"s ev5 hold t !y bo? develop$ simultane\sly out ( ! ,himy>itic4 ,! ,cufic1 x is true1 is f\nd on old monum5ts & co9s f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ,spa91 & is a squ>e1 app>5tly m crude k9d ( writ+4 ,b ! cursive script 7n[ call$ ,naskhi7 seems to h be5 9 use also long be=e ,mohamm$'s "t1 ! ,arab hi/orians to ! contr>y not)/&+1 = ! exig5cies ( daily life4 ,t writ+ 0 kn[n at ,mecca be=e ! era ( ,mohamm$ is ackn[l$g$ by ,moslem tradition & ! close int]c\rse ) ,yem5 long be=e t "t w\ld c]ta9ly indicate "s k ( ,himy>itic4 ,syriac & ,hebrew 7 also kn[n 9 ,mecca & ,m$9a because ( ! ,jewi% population1 & x is n improbable t ?is may h _h influ5ce on ! pres5t =m ( ! ,arabic alphabet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,copybook ,,/yle ,,( ,,arabic 7,,v[el$47 ,illu/ration3 ,,ord9>y ,,arabic ,,h&writ+ 7,,unv[el$47 ,x is n )\t reason t ,mohamm$'s cognom5 = ,jew & ,*ri/ian alike 01 8! p ( ! ,book40 ,at fir/1 l ! ,hebrew1 ,arabic _h no v[el-po9ts or diacritical m>ks4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,cufic ,koran manuscripts ^! h ! =m ( acc5ts1 horizontal l9es or ev5 triangles4 ,! ,arabs tell _m int]e/+ /ories ab\t ! cause & occasion ( _! inv5tion by ,abu ,aswad ad ,duili or by ,nasr b9 ',asim4 ,9 ea* case ! awful s9 ( mispron\nc+ a ^w 9 ! ,koran leads to ! device ( v[el-po9ts z a future prev5tative4 ,accord+ to ano!r tradition x 0 ,hasan-el-,basri 7:o di$ ,a4 ,h4 #aaj7 t fir/ po9t$ ! ,koran text ) ! assi/ance ( ,yahya b9 ,ym>4 ,! v[el-po9ts1 s call$1 7 9 reality ! abbreviat$ weak-consonants & 7 plac$1 9 accordance ) ! s\nd ( ^! lett]s1 :5 s pron\nc$4 ,! v[el-po9ts & diacritical m>ks are always f\nd 9 copies ( ! ,koran1 b seldom 9 o!r books & nev] 9 epi/ol>y writ+4 ,!y are consid]$ by ! ,arabs !mselves z at be/ a necess>y evil1 except = gramm>ians & puri/s4 ,! /ory is told t an elaborate piece ( ,arabic p5man%ip 0 once pres5t$ to ! gov]nor ( ,khorasan "u ! ,caliph al ,mamun1 & t he exclaim$1 8,h[ beautiful ?is w\ld be if !re 7 n s mu* cori&] se$ scatt]$ ov] x60 ,illu/ration3 ,,mogrebi ,,arabic ,,( ,,nor? ,,africa 7,,unv[el$47 ,! dem& = p]fect accuracy 9 copy+ ! ,koran 9 e detail ( po9t & acc5t1 l$ ! ,arabs to glorify ! art ( caligraphy1 &1 z !y foll[$ nei!r pa9t+ nor sculpture because ( _! cre$1 !y naturally put all _! arti/ic ta/e into _! manuscripts4 ,brilliantly color$ & adorn$ ) gold on delicately t9t$ p>*m5t1 or pap]1 ! fanciful *apt]-head+s & ! elegant trac]y ( ea* lett] 9 ! book make su* an old manuscript ,koran a real "w ( art4 ,?ree names are record$ ( ^? :o 9 ! e>ly days ( ,islam 7 ! ,raphaels & ,mi*ael ,angelos ( ! re$-p52 ,wazir ,muhamm$ b9 ,ali1 ,ali b9 ,hilal al ,bauwab1 & ,abu-'d-,dur b9 ,yakut al ,mu/a'sami4 ,z "t w5t by !re arose v>i\s s*ools ( ?is art2 *iefly di/+ui%$ z ! ,magrib-,b]b] or ,we/]n1 & ! ,turko-,arab or ,ea/]n /yle4 ,9 ! decorations ( ! ,alhambra ! we/]n s*ool %[s "s ( its mo/ f9i%$ art1 :ile ,damascus & ,cairo mosques %[ ! delicate 8,arabesque0 trac]ies ( ! light] ori5tal s*ool4 ,x is 9 manuscripts1 h[ev]1 t ! be/ "w is f\nd2 "s ( ^! are ( priceless value & exce$+ beauty4 ,ev5 to-day !re are ,arab p5m5 ^: "w comm&s a good price z art & gives !m a position 9 society z x did ! monkey1 describ$ 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1 :o improvis$ poetry 9 five /yles ( caligraphy = ! a/oni%$ k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]sian ,,/yle ,,ext5sively ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,arabia4 ,! ,arabic language is di/+ui%$ among ^? t "k x = its beauty1 & among ^? :o are le>n+ x = its difficulty4 ,to ! ,arabs _! language is n only ! language ( revelation1 b ( ! ,reveal] himself4 ,allah speaks ,arabic 9 heav51 & on ! day ( judgm5t w judge ! _w 9 ?is 8language ( ! angels40 ,all o!r tongues are va/ly inf]ior 9 grammatical con/ruction1 & :at else c\ld !y be s9ce ! ,koran ) its classical p]fection has exi/$ be=e all words1 uncreat$1 writt5 on ! pres]v$ tablet 9 heav51 ! daily delight ( ! innum]able company ( angels6 ,z ,r5an says1 8among a p s preoccupi$ ) language z ! ,arabs1 ! language ( ! ,koran became z x 7 a second religion1 a sort ( dogma insep>able f ,islam40 ,b ! innate beauty ( ! language is ackn[l$g$ by all :o h made x a /udy1 :e!r born on ! soil ( ,arabia or educat$ 9 ! univ]sities ( ,europe4 ,f ! days ( ! ,dut* s*ol>s1 ,de ,dieu1 ,s*ult5s1 ,s*ro$] & ,s*eid1 & ! ,swiss ,hott+] to ! times ( ,nldeke1 ,ges5ius & ,r5an1 ! praises ( ,arabic h be5 proclaim$ 9 ,europe1 & its /udy pursu$ ) a devotion t almo/ am\nt$ to a passion4 ,! elem5ts ( beauty 9 ?is language are _m4 ,!re is fir/ its logical /ructure1 :i*1 we are told1 surpasses t ( any o!r language4 ,ev5 ! ord] ( ! alphabet is m logical z reg>ds =m ?an ! ,hebrew2 its gramm> is altoge!r logical2 ! exceptions to its rules c be =m$1 s to say1 into a syllogism4 ,palm]'s & ,lans+'s gramm>s %[ h[ ?is logical /ructure c be discov]$ 9 ! m9ute/ detail1 s t1 e4 g41 ! ?ree %ort v[els control ! =ms n only1 b ! significance ( roots1 & are ! key to ! int]pretation ( all grammatical my/]ies4 ,a second elem5t ( beauty is f\nd 9 ! lexical ri*ness ( ! ,arabic4 ,its b\ndless vocabul>y & weal? ( synonyms are univ]sally ackn[l$g$ & admir$4 ,a diction>y is call$ a ,kamoos or 8,deep ,ocean0 :]e 8full _m a gem ( pure/ ray s]5e1 ! d>k unfa?om$ caves0 conceal = ! dilig5t /ud5t4 ,r5an tells ( an ,arab l+ui/ :o wrote a book on ! #ejj names giv5 to ! lion 9 lit]ature2 ano!r gives #bjj words = s]p5t4 ,firozabadi1 ! ,arabian ,web/]1 is said to h writt5 a sort ( supplem5t on ! words = honey & to h left x incomplete at ! eightie? ^w2 ! same au?ority ass]ts t !re are ov] #a1jjj diff]5t t]ms 9 ,arabic = sword &1 judg+ f its use by ! ,arabs1 ?is appe>s cr$ible4 ,de ,hamm] ,purg/all1 a ,g]man s*ol>1 wrote a book on ! words relat+ to ! camel & f9ds !m1 9 ,arabic lit]ature1 to ! numb] ( #e1gdd4 ,b ?is rem>kable exhibition loses "s ( its gr&eur :5 tru? compels u to /ate t _m ( ! s-call$ synonyms are epi!ts *ang$ into sub/antives or tropes accid5tally employ$ by "s poet to con=m to 8 rhyme4 ,x is also true t ! weal? ( synonym is limit$ 9 ,arabic to a c]ta9 class ( words2 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght1 e?ics = example1 ! language is w(ully poor1 n ev5 hav+ a di/9ctive ^w = consci5ce4 ,a ?ird po9t ( beauty 9 ! ,arabic language is its purity z comp>$ ) o!r ,semitic languages or ev5 all o!r languages4 ,?is 0 p>tly due to ! geographical location ( ! ,arabs & is /ill due to _! e>ly lit]ature toge!r ) ! ,koran :i* has put a classical /&>d into ! h&s ( e s*oolboy & has prev5t$1 by ! law ( religion1 bo? developm5t & det]ioration4 8,:ile o!r languages ( ! same family became dead & :ile _m ( _! =ms & mean+s *ang$ or disappe>$1 ! ,arabic rema9$ comp>atively pure & intact except+ p]haps ! tempor>y corruption :i* necess>ily occurr$ dur+ ! ,moslem conque/s & =eign applications ( ! fir/ f\r ,caliphs40#hh ,! ,arabic race occupi$ at fir/ a circumscrib$ t]ritory & came little into contact ) ! surr\nd+ nations s t ! =ces :i* produce l+ui/ic decay 7 abs5t4 ,! only ?+ t w pres]ve a language pure next to isolation is a classical lit]ature4 ,engli% has *ang$ less s9ce ,%akespe>e's "t ?an x did 9 ! int]val betwe5 him & ,*auc]4 ,s too ) ,arabic4 ,_h x n be5 = ! ,koran & its cognate lit]ature1 by ?is "t ! p ( ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,morocco & ,oman w\ld p]haps sc>cely und]/& ea* o!r1 & _! writt5 language w\ld diff] va/ly2 b ! exi/5ce ( ?is lit]ature has kept ! writt5 language a unit & put a con/ant *eck on ! vag>ies ( dialect4 ,! la/1 & *ief elem5t ( beauty 9 ! ,arabic tongue is und\bt$ly its wond]ful lit]ature4 ,9 poetry alone1 ! ,arabians c *all5ge ! _w2 9 gramm>1 logic & rhetoric ! numb] ( _! works is legion2 :ile bo? at ,bagdad & ,cordova ,arab hi/orians & biograph]s fill$ :ole libr>ies ) _! le>n+2 9 ,cordova ! royal libr>y conta9$ #djj1jjj volumes4 ,algebra & ,a/ronomy are specially indebt$ to ! ,arabs2 all ! sci5ces receiv$ att5tion & "s ( !m addition f ! ,arabian m9d4 ,! ,arabic tongue is n only beautiful b x is difficult1 exce$+ly difficult1 to e "o :o attempts to really ma/] x4 ,"o ( ! vet]an mission>ies ( ,egypt wrote1 9 #ahfd1 8,i w\ld r trav]se ,africa f ,alex&ria to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ?an und]take a second "t to ma/] ! ,arabic language40 ,! fir/ difficulty is its correct pronunciation4 ,"s ,arabic lett]s _c be translit]at$ into ,engli%1 al?\gh c]ta9 gramm>s take inf9ite pa9s to accompli% ! impossible4 ,! gutturals belong to ! des]t & 7 d\btless borr[$ f ! camel :5 %e compla9$ ( ov]load+4 ,!re are also "o or two o!r lett]s :i* sorely try ! pati5ce ( ! beg9n] & 9 "s cases rema9 ob/9ate to ! end4 ,!n ! /ud5t soon le>ns1 & ! soon] ! bett]1 t ,arabic is totally diff]5t 9 con/ruction f ,european tongues & t 8z f> z ! ,ea/ is f ! ,we/0 s f> he mu/ modify 8 ideas z to ! correct way ( express+ ?\ght2 & ?is means to disreg>d all notions ( ,indo-,european gramm> :5 9 t\* ) ! sons ( ,%em4 ,e ^w 9 ! ,arabic language is ref]r$ to a root ( ?ree lett]s4 ,^! roots are modifi$ by prefixes1 infixes & suffixes1 accord+ to def9ite models1 s t f "o root a ho/ ( words c be con/ruct$ & vice v]sa1 f a comp\nd$ ^w all ! s]vile lett]s & syllables mu/ be elim9at$ to f9d ! orig9al root4 ,?is digg+ = roots & build+ up ( roots is n a pa/ime at ! outset because ( ! ext5t ( ! root-g>d54 ,dozy's supplem5t to ,lane's ,monum5tal ,arabic ,lexicon has #a1gad pages4 ,s l>ge 9 fact is ! vocabul>y ( ,arabic writ]s t ! classics require copi\s explanatory notes = ! ,arabs !mselves & "s ( !m h writt5 notes on ! notes1 to expla9 ! difficult words us$ 9 expla9+ o!rs m difficult4 ,moreov] ,arabic lit]ature is s va/ 9 its ext5t t acqua9tance ) ! vocabul>y ( a doz5 au?ors 9 "o l9e ( lit]ature does n yet enable ! /ud5t to appreciate ! language ( o!r works4 ,y may be able to read ! ,koran tol]ably well & und]/& its diction & yet :5 y turn to ! ,arabian ,%akespe>e or ,milton f9d y\rself lit]ally at sea1 9 ! ,kamoos1 & unable to und]/& a s+le l9e4 ,! regul> v]b 9 ,arabic has fifte5 conjugations1 two voices1 two t5ses1 & sev]al moods2 ! irregul> v]bs are _m & my/]i\s to ! beg9n] al?\gh gramm>ians try to make !m appe> easi] by demon/rat+ t all _! irregul>ities are /rictly logical1 n ! result ( l+ui/ic p]v]sity b =ese5 calculation & provid5tial wisdom4 ,is x n 8! language ( ! angels08--ev5 ! brok5-plurals8 ,z a f9al te/imony to ! difficulties ( ! ,arabic language li/5 to ,ion ,kei? ,falcon]4 ,aft] pass+ ! ,semitic ,languages ,tripos at ,cambridge "u ,dr4 ,wright1 & tak+ a special c\rse 9 ,arabic at ,leipzig1 he writes f ,assiut 9 ,egypt3 8,i am gett+ on 9 ,arabic1 b x is mo/ appall+ly h>d4444 ,i h le>n$ a good deal & c make myself intelligible to s]vants & port]s4 ,i h a tea*] e day = two h\rs & translate f a *ild's read+ book40 ,aft] five ye>s ( fur!r /udy he writes once m f ,ad5 7,jan4 #ag1 #ahhf71 8,i am le>n+ to speak ,arabic q nicely b x w be long be=e ,i c deliv] real disc\rses40 ,& ?is man 0 an all-ar\nd s*ol> ) a passion = languages4 ,)\t any d\bt ,arabic is "o ( ! mo/ difficult languages 9 ! _w to acquire ) any degree ( flu5cy1 & progress 9 its atta9m5t means ceaseless plodd+ & endless dilig5ce4 ,,xxv ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,arabs ,! lit]ature ( ! ,arabs is ei!r pre-,islamic or po/-,islamic2 ! =m] has z its *ief classics ! ,muallakt or sev5 susp5d$ poems1 ! latt] f9ds its c5tre & apex z well z its orig9 & inspiration 9 ! ,koran4 ,! sev5 anci5t poems1 /ill extant1 are also call$ ,mu?ahabat or ! 8gold5 poems10 & x is g5]ally admitt$ by ,arabic s*ol>s t ?is 0 inde$ ! gold5 age ( ,arab lit]ature4 ,zuhair1 ,z>afah1 ,imru-l-,kais1 ,amru-ibn-,kulsum1 ,al ,h>i?1 ',ant> & ,labid 7 ! au?ors ( ^! poems & all b ! la/ 7 idolat]s1 & belong to :at ! conceit ( ,islam calls 8! ,"t ( ,ignorance40 ,^! poems furni%$ ! model ev] aft]w>d = lat] writ]s &1 accord+ to ,b>on de ,slane1 are rem>kable = _! p]fection ( =m & exhibit a high degree ( l+ui/ic culture4 ,b ! ,koran has eclips$ all t ev] w5t be=e x or came aft] x 9 ! eyes ( ! ,arabs4 ,x is ! p>agon ( lit]>y p]fection z well z ( moral beauty4 ,its /yle is inimitable because x is ,div9e 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,to criticise its diction is to be guilty ( blasphemy & to comp>e x ) o!r lit]ature is to commit sacrilege4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! *ief *>m ( ! ,koran f a lit]>y /&po9t is its musical j+le & cad5ce4 ,x is su* z ! ,arabs1 ! e>lie/ ma/]s ( rhyme1 love1 & s]vilely imitate 9 all _! lat] prose works4 ,our ,engli% translations ( ! ,koran1 al?\gh accurate1 7& ev5 idiomatic1 z ,palm]'s7 _c reproduce ?is2 9 consequ5ce ! book appe>s vapid1 monoton\s & to ! la/ degree we>isome & un9t]e/+4 ,attempts h be5 made by ,burton & o!rs to acqua9t ,engli% read]s ) ?is elem5t ( beauty 9 ,mohamm$'s revelation4 ,! foll[+#hi is almo/ equal to ! ,arabic itself1 &1 to say ! lea/1 s\nds m int]e/+ ?an ,sale's prose v]sion ( ! same passage3 8,i swe> by ! spl5dor ( light ,& by ! sil5ce ( night ,t ! ,"l %all nev] =sake !e ,nor 9 ,8 hatr$ take !e2 ,truly = !e %all be w9n+ ,bett] ?an all beg9n+ ,soon %all ! ,"l console !e1 grief no long] control !e1 ,& fe> no long] cajole !e4 ,?\ w]t an orphan-boy1 yet ! ,"l f\nd room = ?y head4 ,:5 ?y feet w5t a/ray1 7 !y n to ! "r pa? l$8 ,did ,he n f9d !e poor1 yet ri*es ar\nd !e spread8 ,!n on ! orphan-boy1 let ?y pr\d foot nev] tread1 ,& nev] turn away ! begg> :o asks = bread1 ,b ( ! ,"l's b\nty ev] let praise be sung & said40 ,x is n to be expect$ t all ! transc5dant excell5cies & miracul\s beauties :i* ,moslem comm5tators f9d 9 ! ,koran %\ld unveil !mselves to cold1 unsympa?iz+ we/]n gaze1 b t ! book has a c]ta9 lit]>y beauty no "o c d5y :o has read x 9 ! orig9al4 ,z ,p5rice says 9 8 preface to 8 ,diction>y ( ! ,koran1 8,beauties !re are _m & great2 ideas highly poetical are clo!d 9 ri* & appropriate language1 :i* n unfrequ5tly rises to a sublimity f> beyond ! rea* ( any translation2 b x is un=tunately ! case t _m ( ^? graces :i* pres5t !mselves to ! admiration ( ! f9i%$ s*ol> are b s _m /umbl+-blocks 9 ! way ( ! beg9n]2 ! m>vell\s concis5ess :i* adds s greatly to ! =ce & en]gy ( its expressions _c fail to p]plex him :ile ! frequ5t use ( ! ellipse leaves 9 8 m9d a feel+ ( vagu5ess n altoge!r out ( "* 9 a "w ( its oracul> & soi-disant prophetic nature40 ,! greate/ lit]>y treasure ( ! ,arabs next to ! ,koran is ! ,makmat ( ,al ,h>iri4 ,no "o ( polite s*ol>%ip w\ld d>e pr(ess ignorance ( ?is great classic1 & ! read] ( ^! 8,assemblies0 is introduc$ to e bran* ( ,mohamm$an le>n+--poetry1 hi/ory1 antiquities1 !ology & law4 ,rec5tly ,h>iri has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,*5]y & an e>li] translation by ,pre/on has also be5 pr9t$4 ,/anley ,lane-,poole review+ ^! translations ?us *>act]izes ?is ,%akespe>e ( ! ,arabic _w3 8,x is difficult1 no d\bt1 = mo/ ,we/]ns to appreciate ! beauties ( ?is celebrat$ classic4 ,!re is no cohesion1 no connect+ idea1 betwe5 ! fifty sep>ate #8,assemblies1' beyond ! regul> reappe>ance ( an egregi\s ,t>tufe1 call$ ,abu-,zeyd1 a ,bohemian ( brilliant p>ts & absolutely no consci5ce1 :o consi/5tly extracts alms f assemblies ( p 9 v>i\s cities1 by prea*+ eloqu5t disc\rses ( ! highe/ piety & morality1 & !n goes (f ) 8 spoils to indulge secretly 9 triumphant & unhall[$ revels4 ,ev5 9 ?is framework !re is no attempt at orig9ality2 x is borr[$ f ,hamadni1 ! #8,wond] ( ! ,age4' ,! excell5ce lies 9 ! p]fect f9i%3 ! matt] is no?+2 ! *>m consi/s 9 ! =m alone4 ,yet ?is =m is1 to ,engli% read]s1 exotic & artificial4 ,among its special m]its1 9 ! eyes ( ,ea/]ns1 is ! p]petual employm5t ( rim$ prose4 ,to u ?is is apt to seem at once monoton\s & /ra9$1 ) its anti!tic balance 9 s5se1 & j+le ( s\nd2 b to ! ,arabs1 z to _m primitive peoples1 ei!r rim+ or assonant prose 0 f e>ly times a natural mode ( impassion$ & impressive spee*4 ,x is ! mode adopt$ con/antly & )\t /ra9 9 ! ,koran1 & x is ! mode into :i* an hi/orian1 su* z ,ibn-el-,a?r1 falls naturally :5 he waxes eloqu5t ov] a great victory or a fam\s de$4444 8,b if we d n c>e = rim$ prose1 !re is pl5ty besides 9 ,h>iri to m9i/] to v>i$ ta/es4 ,9 ^! wond]ful #8,assemblies1' we %all f9d e k9d ( lit]>y =m1 except ! %ambl+ & ! vulg>4 ,pagan rhetoric1 ,moslem exhortation1 simple v]se1 elaborate ode1 ev]y?+ t ! immeasurable flexibility ( ! ,arabic tongue & ! curi\s art ( a fa/idi\s s*ol> c\ld a*ieve--all is "h1 & we may take our *oice40 ,:at is said by ?is s*ol>ly critic ( ,h>iri holds true ( mo/ ,arabic poetry1 x lacks unity ( idea & sobriety ( expression4 ,all is int5se4 ,e beautiful eye is a n>cissus2 te>s are pe>ls2 tee? are pe>ls or hail-/ones2 lips are rubies2 ! gums1 pomegranate blossoms2 pi]c+ eyes are swords1 & ! eyelids1 scabb>ds2 a mole is an ant creep+ to suck ! honey f ! lips2 a h&some face is a full-moon2 an erect =m is ! lett] alif z p5n$ by ,wazir ,muhamm$2 black hair is night2 ! wai/ is a will[-bran* or a lance1 & love is always passion4 ,f>-fet*$ allusions ab\nd & ! s5se at e turn mu/ d homage to ! s\nd4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ,b>on de ,slane ! two notable exceptions to ! rule are ,al ,mutanabbi & ,ibn ,el ,f>id :o exhibit a d>+ & surpris+ orig9ality (t5 approa*+ ! sublime &1 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 my/ic rev]ies & spiritual beauties ( no mean ord]4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,arabic language on o!r tongues & peoples has also be5 great1 ev] s9ce ! rise ( ,islam4 ,! ,p]sian language adopt$ ! ,arabic alphabet & a l>ge numb] ( ,arabic words & phrases2 s t1 z ,r5an rem>ks1 9 "s ,p]sian books all ! words are ,arabic & only ! gramm> rema9s 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,z = ,h9du/ani1 ?ree-f\r?s ( its vocabul>y consi/s ( ,arabic words or ,arabic words d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,p]sian4 ,! ,turki% language also is indebt$ = _m words tak5 f ! ,arabic & uses ! ,arabic alphabet4 ,! ,malay language1 ) ! ,moslem conque/1 0 also t\*$ by ,arabic influ5ce & likewise adopt$ its alphabet4 ,9 ,africa its influ5ce 0 yet m /rongly felt4 ,! language ext5d$ ov] all ! nor!rn half ( ! cont95t & is /ill gr[+ 9 use to-day4 ,! geographical nom5clature ( ! int]ior is ,arabic & ,arabs prec$$ ,liv+/one1 ,/anley & ,speke 9 all _! j\rneys4 ,! languages ( ! s\!rn ,sudan1 ! ,hausa1 & ev5 ^? ( ,gu9ea borr[$ l>gely f ! ,arabic4 ,europe itself did n escape ! influ5ce ( ! conqu]+ ,semitic tongue4 ,spani% & ,portuguese betray a va/ numb] ( ,arabic words & idioms4 ,fr5* & ,engli% are also indebt$ to ,arabic 9 no small degree = _m sci5tific & te*nical words introduc$ at ! "t ( ! crusades & ev5 e>li]4 ,"h is a p>tial li/ ( ^? :i* we receiv$ directly or indirectly f ! ,arab tongue1 z giv5 9 ,skeat's ,etymological ,diction>y & arrang$ into s5t5ces2 e ^w 9 italics is ( ,arabic orig94 8,! ,nabob ,mohamm$an ,magaz9e relates1 t ye>s aft] ! ,hegira1 a s>ac5 caliph or ,mameluke sultan1 sat ) 8 mussulman emir1 admiral1 vizi]1 moslem mufti & ,koran-mun%ee1 7:o knew al*emy & algebra & c\ld ciph] ! azimu? & nadir to z]o71 %eikh ( ! h>eem1 muezz9 & t>iff-dragoman ( ! ars5al1 "u a c>ob-tree1 on s(as ( mohair-mattress cov]$ ) j]boa- & gazelle-sk9s1 dr9k+ c(fee1 saffron-elix]1 arrack1 alcohol & syrup ( s5na1 c>raway & suma*4 ,= tonic !y also _h rose-att>1 arti*okes1 alkal9e-nitre 9 myrrh1 t>axacum1 otto-%]bet1 & naph?a 9 amb] cups4 ,! ,sultan's infant daught] wore a c>m9e cotton &-musl9 *emise or diap] ) a civet talisman & jasp] amulet2 %e play$ a ,t>t> lute4 ,sudd5ly a gia\r ,b$\9 assass9 ) an assagai & hookah-masque came d[n on !m f beh9d an alcove ( ! neighbor+ arabesque mosque m9>et l a sirocco-simoon or monsoon & kill$ !m all40 ,mo/ ( ^! words came f ! ,arabic ?r\gh o!r languages su* z ,fr5* & ,spani%2 o!rs 7 directly transf]r$ f ! ,arabic to ,engli%2 & /ill o!rs h pass$ ! long j\rney f ,arabic to ,greek1 to ,lat91 to ,italian1 to ,fr5* & !nce to ,engli%4 ,! ^w magaz9e is p]haps ! be/ example ( h[ an ,arabic-root f\nd %elt] 9 ! soil ( all ! ,european languages & grew into manifold significations f its orig9al mean+ ) ! ,arabs1 ghazana to collect or /ore4 ,9 mod]n days1 especially s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,suez canal1 ! ,engli% language is beg9n+ to ex]t its influ5ce on ,arabic4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,syria & ! ,p]sian ,gulf _m ,engli% comm]cial t]ms are be+ adopt$ into ! language & ! newspap]s spread _! use ev]y:]e4 ,la/1 b n lea/1 !re is ! imm5se1 incalculable influ5ce on ! ,arabic-tongue = all "t ex]t$ by ! toil & sacrifice ( ! e>ly mission>ies to ,syria ?r\gh _! college & press 9 giv+ to ! _w a mod]n ,*ri/ian & sci5tific lit]ature & t cr[n+ "w ( ,drs4 ,eli ,smi? & ,c4 ,v4 ,a4 ,van ,dyck--! ,arabic ,bible4 ,! mission press at ,beirut has f\r hundr$ & eighty ?ree volumes on its catalogue & pr9ts ab\t tw5ty-five million pages annually4#ij ,! ,arabic ,bible 8"o ( ! noble/ lit]ally monum5ts ( ! age0 w yet prove a mighty influ5ce 9 purify+ & ennobl+ ! language & pres]v+ its classical diction to ! utmo/ b\nds ( ! ,arab-_w4 ,!re 0 only "o ,koran & !re w be only "o ,arabic ,bible--! f9i%$ product ( ,am]ican s*ol>%ip & h] be/ gift to ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,title ,,page ,,( ,a ,,*ri/ian ,,pap] ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,arabic4 ,,xxvi ,,! ,,arab 8,*ildr5 ( ,%em6 ,fir/born ( ,noah's race ,& /ill =ev] *ildr52 at ! door ,( ,ed5 f\nd1 unconsci\s ( disgrace1 ,& loit]+ on :ile all are gone be=e2 ,too pr\d to dig1 too c>eless to be poor ,tak+ ! gifts ( ,god 9 ?anklessness1 ,n r5d]+ aught1 nor supplicat+ m1 ,nor argu+ ) ,him if ,he hide ,8 face4 ,y\rs is ! ra9 & sun%9e1 & ! way ,( an old wisdom1 by our _w =got1 ,! c\rage ( a day :i* knew n dea?2 ,well may we sons ( ,japhet1 9 dismay1 ,pause 9 our va9 mad fight = life & brea?1 ,behold+ y--,i b[ & reason n0--,anon4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! tribes & p t n[ inhabit ! ,arabian p59sula !re is disagreem5t among ! le>n$4 ,x is g5]ally held t ! orig9al tribes ( ,nor!rn ,arabia are desc5dants ( ,i%mael4 ,?is is also ! tradition ( all ,arab hi/orians4 ,z to ! ,s\? ,arabians1 :o occupi$ _! highl&s ) ! ,hadramaut coa/ = c5turies be=e ! ,i%maelites appe>$ on ! sc5e !re are two op9ions4 ,"s believe !m to be desc5dants ( ,joktan 7,arabic ,kahtan7 ! son ( ,heb] & !re=e1 l ! ,nor!rn ,arabs1 true ,semites4 ,o!rs ?9k t ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,s\? ,arabia 7 ,cu%ites or ,hamitic2 :ile "s ,g]man s*ol>s hold t 9 ! e>li] ,arabs ! *ildr5 ( ,joktan & ( ,cu% 7 bl5d$ into "o race4 ,among ! ,i%maelites are includ$ n only ,i%mael's direct desc5dants ?r\gh ! twelve pr9ces1#ia b ! ,edomites1 ,moabites1 ,ammonites1 ,midianites & probably o!r cognate tribes4 ,! names ( ! sons ( ,i%mael 9 relation to _! settlem5ts & ! traces ( ^! names 9 mod]n ,arabia is a subject :i* has be5 tak5 up by ,bible diction>ies b :i* /ill (f]s an int]e/+ field = fur!r /udy4 ,! ,arabs !mselves h always claim$ ,abrahamic desc5t = ! tribes ( ! nor?4 ,! age-long1 racial animosity betwe5 ! ,yem5ites & ,madites seems to confirm ! !ory ( two di/9ct races inhabit+ ! p59sula f v e>ly times2 & !y rema9 di/9ct until to-day 9 spite ( a common language & a common religion4 8,! animosity ( ^! two races to ea* o!r is unacc\ntable b inv9cible4 ,l two *emical products :i* in/antly explode :5 plac$ 9 contact1 s has x always be5 f\nd impossible = ,yem5ite & ,madite to live quietly toge!r4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,yem5ite 9 ! vic9ity ( ,j]usalem dete/s ! ,madite ( ,hebron1 & :5 que/ion$ z to ! reason ( _! et]nal enmity has no o!r reply b t x has be5 s f "t immemorial4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,caliphs ! t]ritory ( ,damascus 0 desolat$ by a murd]\s w> = two ye>s1 because a ,madite _h tak5 a lemon f ! g>d5 ( a ,yem5ite4 ,! prov9ce ( ,murcia 9 ,spa9 0 delug$ ) blood = sev5 ye>s because a ,madite inadv]t5tly pluck$ a ,yem5ite v9e-leaf4 ,x 0 a passion :i* surm\nt$ e tie ( affection or int]e/4 #8,y h pray$ = y\r fa!r3 :y d y n pray = y\r "m8' a ,yem5ite 0 ask$ ne> ! ,kaaba4 #8,= my "m6' said ! ,yem5ite1 #8,h[ c\ld ,i8 ,%e 0 ( ! race ( ,mad4'0#ib ,! ,yem5ites at a v e>ly p]iod f\nd$ ! /rong & opul5t ,himy>ite ,k+dom4 ,! ,himy>ites 7 ! navigators ( ! ,ea/ & !y 7 celebrat$ = _! skill 9 manufacture z well z = ent]prise 9 comm]ce2 !y _h a writt5 language1 inscriptions 9 :i* 7 discov]$ all ov] s\? ,arabia dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! ,madite or ,i%maelite ,arabs on ! contr>y 7 m nomad 9 _! habits & 7 ma/]s ( ! c>avans :i* c>ri$ ! enorm\s ov]l& trade by ! two great trunk-l9es ( antiquity1 f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/4 ,"o ( ^! l9es ext5d$ f ,ad51 7,arabia ,emporium ( ,ptolemy7 along ! we/]n "p ( ! p59sula & ?r\gh ,yem5 to ,egypt2 ! o!r ext5d$ f ,babylon to ,tadmor & ,damascus4 ,a ?ird r\te1 ne>ly z important1 0 also 9 ! h&s ( ! ,i%maelite ,arabs1 by ,wady ,rumma & ,nejd to ! old capital ( ! ,himy>ites1 ,m>eb4#ic ,^! c>avans unifi$ ! ,arabian p59sula & fus$ into "o its two peoples2 ! nor!rn ,arabs receiv+ some:at ( ! s\!rn civilization & ! s\!rn ,arabs adopt+ ! language ( ! nor?4 ,b ! decl9e 9 ! c>avan trade br\ght disa/] to ,arabia2 ! %ip ( ! des]t f\nd a competitor 9 ! %ips ( ! sea4 ,old settlem5ts 7 brok5 up1 great cities1 :i* fl\ri%$ because ( ov]l& trade1 7 ab&on$ & :ole tribes 7 r$uc$ f opul5ce to pov]ty4 ,9 ?is "t ( transition1 long be=e ! bir? ( ,mohamm$1 ! ,arabic nation z x is kn[n to mod]n hi/ory seems to h be5 =m$4 ,! mod]n ,arabs classify !mselves into ,b$\9s & t[n-dwell]s2 or1 9 _! own poetic way1 ahl el beit & ahl el h'eit1 8! p ( ! t5t10 & 8! p ( ! wall40 ,b ?is classification is h>dly suffici5t1 al?\gh x has be5 g5]ally adopt$ by writ]s on ,arabia4 ,edson ,l4 ,cl>k1 9 8 book1 ,! ,arabs & ! ,turks1 gives five classes3 8,beg9n+ at ! l[e/ r\nd ( ! ladd] we h fir/ ! s$5t>y or settl$ ,arabs4 44 :o ?\gh /ill _m ( !m dwell+ 9 t5ts h become cultivators ( ! soil4 ,by _! nomadic bre?r5 ^! settl$ ,arabs are ?or\ghly despis$ z degrad$ & d5ationaliz$ by ! *ange 9 _! mode ( life4 ,secondly1 ! w&]+ tribes 9 ! neighborhood ( ! settl$ di/ricts1 & 9 con/ant int]c\rse ) _! inhabitants4 ,bo? ^! classes1 b m especially ! latt]1 are ?or\ghly demoraliz$4444 ,! ?ird class consi/s ( ! ,arabs ( ! ,turki% t[ns & villages2 b !y too are a deg5]ate class bo? 9 language & "*4444 ,! f\r? class consi/s ( ! inhabitants ( ! t[ns & villages ( ,arabia prop]1 :o by _! peculi> situation h rema9$ m seclud$ f ! re/ ( ! _w ?an ev5 ! w&]+ tribes4444 ,f9ally ! great nomadic tribes ( ! int]ior1 /ill pres]v+ un*ang$ ! primitive "*1 habits & cu/oms ( _! race40 ,?is la/ class & ?is alone are ! real ,b$\9s4 ,9 addition to ?is classification accord+ to civilization !re is ! univ]sal g5ealogical classification2 & no p 9 ! _w are fond] ( g5ealogies ?an ! ,arabs4 ,! names ( tribes & families g back1 9 _m cases to pre-islamic days4 ,! e>lie/ tribal-names1 !re=e1 are ei!r tak5 f animals or totem-names1 l ,pan!rs1 ,dogs1 ,liz>ds1 e4 g41 ,anm> ,kilab1 ,dibab1 etc42 place-names trans=m$ aft]w>d by ! g5ealogi/s into ance/ors1 e4 g41 ,hadramaut1 ,haub2 or f idols & idol-wor%ip1 e4 g41 ,abd el ,kais1 ,abd al ,lat1 etc4 ,b ! lat] sy/em ( g5ealogies z giv5 by ! ,arabs are utt]ly unreliable because !y are s evid5tly artificial4 ,! backbone ( ! sy/em 0 ! p$igree ( ,mohamm$ & ?is is notori\sly untru/wor?y4 8,dummy ance/ors0 7 ins]t$ 9 ord] to connect a p>ticul> b unimportant tribe ) a di/+ui%$ "o1 & ,hamdani himself tells u t he f\nd x a common practice ( obscure des]t gr\ps to call !mselves by ! "n ( "s m fam\s tribe4#id ,"* is difficult to def9e4 ,to depict ! moral physiognomy ( a nation & _! physical traits 9 su* a way t no?+ important is omitt$ & no s+le *>act]i/ic exagg]at$ at ! co/ ( o!rs4 ,?is difficulty is increas$ 9 ! case ( ! ,arabs1 by _! tw(old orig9 & _! pres5t tw(old civilization4 ,t :i* is true ( ! t[n-dwell]1 is n always true ( ! ,b$\9 & vice v]sa4 ,moreov] ! influ5ce ( ! neighbor+ c\ntries mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,ea/]n ,arabia has tak5 color by long contact ) ,p]sia2 ?is is se5 9 spee*1 ar*itecture1 food & dress4 ,s\!rn ,arabia1 especially ,hadramaut1 has absorb$ ,ea/ ,indian ideas4 ,:ile ,we/]n ,arabia1 especially ,hejaz1 %[s 9 _m ways its proximity to ,egypt4 ,n los+ sight ( ^! di/9ctions1 :i* w acc\nt = _m exceptions to ! g5]al /atem5ts made1 :at is ! "* ( ! ,arabs8 ,physically1 !y are und\bt$ly "o ( ! /ronge/ & noble/ races ( ! _w4 ,b>on de ,l>rey1 surgeon-g5]al ( ! fir/ ,napoleon1 9 8 exp$itions to ,egypt & ,syria1 says3 8,_! physical /ructure is 9 all respects m p]fect ?an t ( ,europeans2 _! organs ( s5se exquisitely acute1 _! size above ! av]age ( m5 9 g5]al1 _! figure robu/ & elegant1 ! color br[n2 _! intellig5ce proportionate to _! physical p]fection1 & )\t d\bt sup]ior1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 to t ( o!r nations40 ,! typical ,arab face is r\nd-oval1 b ! g5]al leanness ( ! features detracts f its regul>ity2 ! bones are prom95t2 ! eyebr[s long & bu%y2 ! eye small1 deep-set1 fi]y black or a d>k1 deep br[n4 ,! face expresses half dignity1 half cunn+1 & is n unk9dly1 al?\gh nev] smil+ or b5ignant4 ,! tee? are :ite1 ev51 %ort & broad4 ,! ,arabs h v scanty be>ds z a rule1 b ^? ( ! t[ns (t5 cultivate a patri>*al be>d l ! traditional be>d ( ! prophet4 ,! figure is well-knit1 muscul>1 long-limb$1 nev] fat4 ,! arms & legs are ?91 almo/ %runk51 b ) muscles l :ip-cords4 ,z "y m5 ! ,b$\9s are (t5 good-look+1 ) bright eyes & d>k hair1 b ! con/ant habit ( fr[n+ to protect ! eyes f ! gl>e ( ! sun1 soon gives ! face a fi]ce aspect2 at =ty _! be>ds turn grey & at fifty !y appe> old m54 ,x is a common mi/ake to consid] ! ,arabs democratic 9 _! ideas ( society4 ,! g5u9e ,arab 0 & is always an ari/ocrat4 ,feuds orig9ate ab\t ! prec$5ce ( "o family or tribe ov] ano!r2 m>riage is only all[$ betwe5 tribes or clans ( equal /&+2 ! :ole sy/em ( %eikh-gov]nm5t is an ari/ocratic idea2 & z f9al pro( !re /ill exi/s a species ( ca/e 9 ,s\? ,arabia1 :ile 9 ,nor? ,arabia ! ,ma'adan ,arabs ( ,mesopotamia & ! ,suleyb ( ! des]t are little bett] ?an ,p>iahs z reg>ds _! neighbors4 ,x is ) a heavy he>t t any ,arab sees set ov] him a man ( less noble extraction ?an himself4 ,! religion ( ,arabia has made its p fanatics1 al?\gh accord+ to ,nldeke1 8fanaticism is *>act]i/ic ( all ,semitic religions40 ,b he =gets ! real di/9ction betwe5 intol]ance ( ano!r religion on e?ical gr\nds z 9 ! case ( ,judaism1 & ! inf9itely h>d1 "o-sid$1 crude exclusiv5ess ( ,islam4 ,! ,arabs r>ely h ! p[] ( tak+ 9 complex unities at a glance2 ! tal5t = arrangem5t is abs5t4 ,an ,arab c>p5t] _c draw a "r angle1 nor c an ,arab s]vant lay a tableclo? squ>e on ! table4 ,! old ,arab temple call$ a cube 7,kaaba7 has none ( its sides or angles equal2 _! h\ses %[ ! same lack ( ! 8c>p5t]'s eye0 to-day4 ,/reets are seldom p>allel1 ev5 ! /reet1 s-call$1 0 n /raight 9 ,damascus4 ,! ,arab m9d loves units1 n unity2 !y are good soldi]s1 b poor g5]als2 !re is no p>tn]%ip 9 bus9ess2 & no public _s2 ea* man lives = himself4 ,t is ! reason :y ,yem5 _c %ake (f ! yoke ( ! ,turk1 & ?is expla9s :y ! smalle/ t[ns 9 ,arabia h a great _m little mosques4 ,! ,arab has a ke5 eye = p>ticul>s1 great subjectivity1 n]v\s re/lessness1 deep passion & inw>d feel+1 & yet jo9$ ) /rong cons]vatism & love ( ! pa/4 ,9 ev]y?+ he foll[s old models & traditions2 witness _! poetry & _! t5t-life--9 ,arab phrase1 t]m$ _! 8h\ses ( hair0 & _! 8h\ses ( poetry40 ,z a result ( _! language-/ructure1 ! ,arabs h naturally a /rong t5d5cy to a po9t$1 %>p spee* ( epigrammatic brevity1 b also g to ! o!r extreme ( ornate tautology4 ,! =m] is *>act]i/ic ( ! des]t2 ! latt] ( ! t[ns4 ,eloqu5ce & poetry are /ill wor%ipp$4 ,! only f9e art :i* ,arabs admire is t ( caligraphy2 & ^? :o h se5 f9i%$ specim5s ( an ,arab ma/]-p5man1 mu/ ackn[l$ge t 9 !m are all ! elem5ts ( pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,! ,arabs are polite1 good-natur$1 lively1 manly1 pati5t1 c\rage\s & hospitable to a fault4 ,!y are also cont5ti\s1 untru?ful1 s5su\s1 di/ru/ful1 covet\s1 pr\d & sup]/iti\s4 ,"o mu/ always keep 9 m9d ?is p>adox 9 deal+ ) an ,arab4 ,z ,cl>k expresses x1 8an ,arab w lie & *eat1 & swe> any numb] ( false oa?s1 9 a pecuni>y transaction2 b :5 once 8 fai? is pl$g$ he c be implicitly tru/$1 ev5 to ! la/ extremity40 ,!re are ,arab oa?s su* z wallah1 :i* are int5d$ to confirm falsehoods & signify no?+4 ,!re are o!rs1 su* z ! ?reefold oa?1 ) wa1 bi & ti z p>ticles ( swe>+1 :i* n ev5 ! vile/ robb] among !m d>e break4 ,grammatically1 ! two oa?s are ne>ly ! same4 ,robb]y is a f9e art among ! nomads2 b ! high-m9d$ ,arab robs lawfully1 hone/ly & honorably4 ,he w n attack 8 victims 9 ! night2 he tries to avoid all blood%$ by com+ ) ov]:elm+ =ce2 & if 8 ent]prise misc>ries1 he boldly ent]s ! fir/ t5t possible1 proclaims 8 true "* & asks protection4 ,! ,dakheil1 or privilege ( sanctu>y1 ! salt cov5ant1 ! blood cov5ant & ! sacr$ness ( ! gue/1 all prove t ! ,arabs are tru/wor?y4 ,& yet1 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 ly+ & deception are ! rule & seldom ! exception4 ,! true ,arab is nigg>dly :5 he buys1 & w haggle = h\rs to r$uce a price2 & yet he is prodigal & lavi% 9 giv+ away 8 goods to prove 8 hospitality4 ,accord+ to ,burckh>dt1 ! ,arab is ! only real lov] ( ! ,ori5t2 if he limits ?is to ! ,b$\9-,arab he is correct4 ,9 matt]s ( love & m>riage ! ,arab ( ! t[ns is :at ,mohamm$1 ! ,meccan m]*ant 01 aft] ! dea? ( ! old lady ,khadijah4 ,b ,arabic poetry ( ! times ( ignorance does occasionally brea! ! true tale ( love & *ivalry2 & ! des]t ,arabs z a rule are n polygami/s nor giv5 to divorce4 ,x 0 a law among ! anci5t ,arabs t :oev] %$s ! blood ( a man owes blood on t acc\nt to ! family ( ! sla94 ,?is law ( blood-rev5ge 0 confirm$ by ! ,koran & is a sacr$ "r ev]y:]e 9 ,arabia4 ,an ,arab is consid]$ deg5]ate :o accepts a f9e or any consid]ation save blood = blood4 ,?is law is bo? ! cause ( cont9ual feuds1 & t5ds to t]m9ate !m )\t mu* blood%$4 ,arabs ( ! t[n & ( ! des]t w qu>rel = h\rs )\t com+ to bl[s2 x is n c[>dice t prev5ts an op5 enc\nt]1 b ! fe> ( %$d+ blood & blood-rev5ge4 ,family life among ! ,arabs is be/ /udi$ by look+ at *ild-life 9 ! des]t & at ! position ( wom5 among ! ,b$\9 & ! t[n-dwell]s4 ,9 no "p ( ! _w does ! newborn *ild meet less prep>ation = its reception ?an among ! ,b$\94 ,a l& b>e ( _m bless+s1 g5]al pov]ty & ! law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/1 has made ! ,arab "m /]n ( he>t4 ,9 ! op5 des]t "u ! %ade ( an acacia bu% or beh9d a camel1 ! ,arab baby fir/ sees ! daylight4 ,z soon z x is born ! "m h]self rubs & cleans ! *ild ) s&1 places x 9 h] h&k]*ief & c>ries x home4 ,%e suckles ! *ild = a %ort p]iod1 & at ! age ( f\r mon?s x already dr9ks pr(usely ( camels' milk4 ,a "n is giv5 to ! infant imm$iately2 g5]ally f "s trifl+ incid5t connect$ ) its bir?1 or f "s object :i* attracts ! "m's fancy4 ,moslem names su* z ,hassan ,ali or ,fatimah1 are extremely uncommon among ! true ,b$\9s2 al?\gh ,mohamm$ is sometimes giv54 ,beside 8 own peculi> "n e ,b$\9 boy is call$ by ! "n ( 8 fa!r & tribe4 ,& :at is m rem>kable1 boys are (t5 call$ aft] _! si/]s1 e4 g41 ,akhoo ,noorah1 ! bro!r ( ,noorah4 ,girls' names are tak5 f ! con/ellations1 birds1 or des]t animals l ,gazelle4 ,9 education ! ,arab is a true *ild ( nature4 ,8 p>5ts leave him to 8 own sweet w2 !y seldom *a/ise & seldom praise4 ,tra9$ f bir? 9 ! h>d s*ool ( nomad life1 fatigue & dang] d contribute mu* to 8 education4 ,burckh>dt says1 8,i h se5 p>ties ( nak$ boys play+ at noonday ^u ! burn+ s& 9 ! middle ( summ]1 runn+ until !y _h fatigu$ !mselves1 & :5 !y return$ to _! fa!rs' t5ts !y 7 scold$ = n cont9u+ ! ex]cise4 ,in/ead ( tea*+ ! boy civil mann]s1 ! fa!r desires him to beat & pelt ! /rang]s :o come to ! t5t2 to /eal or secrete "s trifl+ article belong+ to !m4 ,! m saucy & impud5t *ildr5 are ! m !y are prais$ s9ce ?is is tak5 z an indication ( future ent]prise & w>like disposition4 ,b$\9 *ildr51 male & female1 g unclad & play toge!r until _! six? ye>4 ,! fir/ *ild's fe/ival is t ( circumcision4 ,at ! age ( sev5 ye>s ! day is fix$1 %eep are kill$ & a l>ge di% ( food is cook$4 ,wom5 accompany ! op]ation ) a l\d song & aft]w>d !re is danc+ & horseback rid+ & enc\nt]s ) lances4 ,! girls adorn !mselves ) *eap jewelry & t5t-poles are decorat$ ) o/ri* fea!rs4 ,altoge!r x is a gala-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*urn+ ,,butt] ,,9 ,a ,,b$\9 ,,camp4 ,! ,b$\9 *ildr5 h few toys b !y manage to amuse !mselves ) _m games4 ,i h se5 a gr\p ( happy *ildr51 ea* ) a pet locu/ on a bit ( /r+1 wat*+ ^: /e$ %\ld w9 ! race4 ,! boys make music out ( des]t-grass w9d+ x 9 curi\s fa%ion to resemble a horn1 & call+ x ,masoor4 ,9 ,yem5 & ,nejd a sl+1 l ,david's1 ) pebbles f ! brook is a lad's fir/ weapon4 ,aft]w>d he acquires a lance & p]haps an old disc>d$ b[ie-knife4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! des]t h no books4#ie ,b1 ( pap]1 !y h ! ,book ( ,nature4 ,?is magnific5t picture book is nev] m dilig5tly /udi$ ?an by ^? little d>k eyes :i* wat* ! %eep at pa/ure or c\nt ! />s 9 ! blue abyss f _! p]* on a l(ty camel's saddle 9 ! midnight j\rney+s4 ,:5 ! ,b$\9 lad gr[s up1 & beg9s to swe> by ! few /raggl+ hairs on 8 *91 he _c read a lett]1 b he kn[s m5 & he kn[s ! des]t4 ,! talk he>d at night ar\nd ! ,%eikh's t5t or ! acacia-bru% fireside is mu* l ! wisdom ( ! book ( ,job4 ,a philosophy ( submission to ! _w z x is2 a deification ( /oicism or pati5ce2 a pr(\nd tru/ t all w end well at la/4 ,sad to say ev5 ! little nomads1 ) _! ignorance ( all religion1 %>e 9 ! fanatical antagonism ( _! eld]s t[>d ! ,*ri/ian religion & ,*ri/ians4 ,"o ( _! games1 9 ,nejd1 is to draw a cross on ! des]t s& & !n defile x2 !y le>n t all outside ! pale ( ,mohamm$'s cre$ are kafirs & to please ,allah are glad to ?r[ /ones at any wayf>+ ,nasrani4 ,little d ! ,b$\9s & /ill less d _! *ildr51 h[ev]1 "k ( ! religion ( ,islam4 ,! ,koran is n a book = *ildr5's m9ds & ( su* is n ! k+dom ( ,mohamm$4 ,! ,b$\9 *ild e>ly puts away *ildi% ?+s4 ,to we/]n eyes ! *ildr5 ( ,arabia appe> l little old m5 & wom52 & ! gr[n-up p h m9ds l *ildr54 ,?is is ano!r p>adox ( ! ,arab-"*4 ,at t5 ye>s ! boy is s5t to drive camels & ! girl to h]d %eep2 at fifte5 !y are bo? on ! way to matrimony4 ,he we>s ! g>b ( a man & boa/s a mat*lock2 %e takes to sp9n+ camel hair & s+s ! songs ( ! pa/4 ,_! brief *ildhood is ov]4 ,9 ! t[ns m>riage takes place ev5 e>li]2 & !re are boys ( eighte5 :o h already divorc$ two wives4 ,among ! ,b$\9s polygamy is n common nor is x among ! poor] ,arabs ( ! t[ns4 ,! m>riage c]emony among ! ,b$\9s is z simple z x is long & complex among ! t[nsm54 ,aft] ! negotiations :i* prec$e ! m>riage contract1 ! bridegroom comes ) a lamb 9 8 arms to ! t5t ( ! girl's fa!r & !re cuts ! lamb's ?roat be=e witnesses4 ,z soon z ! blood falls on ! gr\nd ! contract is seal$2 fea/+ & danc+ foll[1 & at night ! bride is conduct$ to ! bridegroom's t5t :]e he is await+ h] arrival4 ,d[rys are paid m g5]ally & m l>gely 9 ! t[ns ?an 9 ! des]t4 ,among c]ta9 ,arab tribes a dem& ( money = ! h& ( a bride w\ld be deem$ sc&al\s4 ,f a we/]n /&po9t ! wom5 ( ! ,b$\9 /& on a high] plat=m ( lib]ty & ju/ice ?an ^? ( ! t[ns :]e ! ,koran has done its "w on "o half ( society to repress intellect & degrade affection1 & s5sualize ! sexual relation to ! la/ degree4 ,on ! o!r h& divorce is p]haps m common among ! ,b$\9s1#if ?an among ! city ,arabs4 ,burckh>dt met ,arabs n yet =ty-five ye>s ( age :o 7 kn[n to h _h above fifty wives4 ,conc]n+ ! m>riage-contract 9 ! t[ns1 ! c]emony1 ! divorce proce$+s1 & ! me?ods by :i* t is made legal :i* ev5 ! lax law ( ,islam condemns1 ! less said ! bett]4 ,on ! position ( wom5 9 ,arabia we quote f\r unimpea*able witnesses :o h no?+ 9 common save _! k ( ! subject2 !re is tru? on bo? sides :]e !y diff]2 :]e !y agree !re is no "q ( c]ta9ty z to ! fact4 ,,d\ghty1 ! ,*ri/ian explor]1 ^: volumes are a m9e ( in=mation says3#ig 8,! female is ( all animals ! bett]1 say ! ,arabians1 save only 9 mank9d4 ,^u ! human female ! ,semites ca/ all _! blame4 ,h]s is1 !y ?9k1 a malefic5t nature1 & ! ,arabs compla9 t #8%e has sev5 lives4' ,! ,arabs are contr>y to womank9d1 ^u :om !y w\ld h ,god's curse2 "s1 !y say1 are poison]s ( husb&s & !re are _m adult]esses4444 ,! horma i4 e41 woman !y w\ld h "u subjection2 admitt$ to an equality1 ! ineptitude ( h] evil nature w break =?4 ,!y *eck h] all day at home & let h] nev] be enfran*is$ f s]vitude4 ,! veil & ! jeal\s lattice are r ( ! obsc5e ,mohamm$an au/]ity 9 ! t[ns2 among ! mild t5t-dwell]s 9 ! op5 wild]ness ! h\sewives h a lib]ty z :]e all are k9dr$2 yet _! h>eem are n[ se5 9 ! mo/ ,arabian tribes half-veil$40 ,,burckh>dt1 ! "t-honor$ au?ority on ?+s ,arabian1 writes3 8,! ,b$\9s are jeal\s ( _! wom51 b d n prev5t !m f laugh+ & talk+ ) /rang]s4 ,x seldom happ5s t a ,b$\9 /rikes 8 wife2 if he does s %e calls l\dly on h] wasy or protector :o pacifies ! husb& & makes him li/5 to reason4444 ,! wife & daught]s p]=m all ! dome/ic bus9ess4 ,!y gr9d ! :eat 9 ! h&mill or p\nd x 9 ! mort>2 !y prep>e ! breakfa/ & d9n]2 knead & bake ! bread2 make butt]1 fet* wat]1 "w at ! loom1 m5d ! t5t-cov]+ & are1 x mu/ be own$1 indefatigable4 ,:ile ! husb& or bro!r sits be=e ! t5t smok+ 8 pipe40 ,,lady ,,ann ,,blunt1 :o travell$ among ! tribes ( ! ,euphrates valley ) h] husb&1 speaks ?us f a woman's /&po9t4 8,( ! ,b$\9 wom5 a %ort] description w be en\gh4 ,z girls !y are pretty 9 a wild picturesque way & almo/ always h *e]ful1 good-natur$ faces4 ,!y are h>d-work+ & h>d-work$1 do+ all ! labor ( ! camp4444 ,!y live ap>t f ! m5 b are 9 no way %ut up or put "u re/ra9t4 ,9 ! morn+ !y all g out to ga!r wood = ! day1 & :5ev] we h met !m s employ$ !y h seem$ 9 ! highe/ possible spirits4444 ,9 m5tal qualities ! wom5 ( ! des]t are f> bel[ ! m51 _! range ( ideas be+ extremely limit$4 ,"s few ( !m1 h[ev]1 get real influ5ce ov] _! husb&s & ev51 ?r\gh !m1 ov] _! tribes4 ,9 m ?an "o ,%eikh's t5t x is 9 ! woman's half ( x t ! politics ( ! tribe are settl$40 ,,sn\ck ,,hurgronje1 ! ,dut* travell] :o sp5t an entire ye> 7#ahhd-he7 9 ,mecca ?us *>act]izes ! position ( wom5 9 ,arabian t[ns3#ih 8,:at avail to ! "y maid5 ! songs ( eulogy :i* once 9 h] life res\nd = h] f ! m\? ( ! s++-woman1 b :i* introduce h] into a companion%ip by :i* %e1 ) h] :ole sex1 is despis$8 ,moslem lit]ature1 x is true1 exhibits isolat$ glimpses ( a wor?i] e/imation ( woman1 b ! lat] view1 :i* comes m & m into preval5ce1 is ! only "o :i* f9ds its expression 9 ! sacr$ traditions1 :i* repres5t hell z full ( wom51 & refuse to ackn[l$ge 9 ! woman1 ap>t f r>e exceptions1 ei!r reason or religion1 9 poems1 :i* ref] all ! evil 9 ! _w to ! woman z its root2 9 prov]bs1 :i* repres5t a c>eful education ( girls z m]e wa/efulness4 ,ultimately1 !re=e1 !re is only conc$$ to ! woman ! fasc9at+ *>m ) :i* ,allah has end[$ h]1 9 ord] to af=d ! man1 n[ & !n 9 8 e>?ly exi/5ce1 ! prelibation ( ! pleasures ( ,p>adise1 & to be> him *ildr540 ,! poems :i* revile womank9d1 & ( :i* ! ,dut* travell] speaks1 are legion4 ,"h are two examples 9 ,engli% translation f ,burton3 8,!y said1 m>ry6--,i repli$1-- ,f> be x f me ,to take to my bosom a sackful ( snakes4 ,i am free :y !n become a slave8 ,may ,allah nev] bless womank9d40 8,!y decl>e woman to be heav5 to man2 ,i say1 ,allah1 give me ,jehannum1 n ?is heav540 ,?ree k9ds ( dwell+s are f\nd 9 ,arabia4 ,!re is ! t5t1 ! date-palm hut1 & ! h\se built ) mort> ( /one or mud-brick4 ,! t5t is di/9ctive1 9 a g5]al s5se1 ( ! int]ior & ( ,nor!rn ,arabia2 ! palm-hut ( ! coa/ & ( ,s\? ,arabia2 :ile h\ses ( brick & mort> exi/ 9 all ! t[ns & cities4 ,! evolution ( ! h\se is f goats'-hair to matt+1 & f matt+ to mud-ro(4 ,ea* ( ^! dwell+s is call$ beit1 8! place :]e "o sp5ds ! night40 ,! ,b$\9 t5t#ii consi/s ( n9e poles1 arrang$ 9 sets ( ?ree & a wide1 black goats'-hair cov]+ s z to =m two p>ts2 ! m5's ap>tm5t be+ to ! left ( ! entrance & ! wom5's to ! "r1 sep>at$ by a :ite wooll5 c>pet hang+ f ! ridge-pole4 ,! po/s are ab\t five to sev5 feet 9 height2 ! l5g? ( ! t5t is betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty feet1 its dep? at ! mo/ is t5 feet4 ,! only furniture consi/s ( cook+ ut5sils1 pack-saddles1 c>pets1 wat]-sk9s1 :eat-bags & mill/ones4 ,! date-palm hut is ( diff]5t %apes4 ,9 ,hejaz & ,yem5 x is built l a huge beehive1 circul> & ) a po9t$ ro(4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,arabia x consi/s ( a squ>e enclosure ) hip-ro( g5]ally /eep & cov]$ ) matt+ or ?at*-"w4 ,at ,bahre9 ! ,arabs are v skillful 9 s weav+ ! date-fronds toge!r & tight5+ e crevice t ! huts keep out w9d & ra9-/orms mo/ successfully4 ,! av]age size date-hut c be built = tw5ty or ?irty ,rupees 7sev5 to t5 doll>s7 & w la/ = sev]al ye>s4 ,! /one-dwell+s ( ,arabia are z diff]5t 9 ar*itecture & mat]ial z circum/ance & ta/e c make !m4 ,9 ,yem5 l>ge ca/le-l dwell+s cr[n e m\nta9 & fr[n on e valley2 /one is pl5tiful & ! plan ( ar*itecture inh]its grace & /r5g? f ! old] civilization ( ! ,himy>ites4 ,9 ,bagdad1 ,busrah & ,ea/ ,arabia ,p]sian ar*itecture prevails1 ) ar*es1 w9d-t[]s1 trac]y & ! v]&a-w9d[s4 ,:ile ! ar*itecture ( ,mecca & ,m$9a takes on its own peculi> type f ! ne$s ( ! pilgrimage4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! ,arabs build _! h\ses )\t w9d[s to ! /reet1 & ) an op5 c\rt2 ! h>em-sy/em dictates to ! build]1 ev5 putt+ a high p>apet on ! flat-ro( aga9/ jeal\s eyes4 ,bleak walls )\t ornam5t or pictures are also dem&$ by _! surly religion4 ,all furniture is simple & commonplace2 except :]e ! t\* ( we/]n civilization has awak5$ a ta/e = mirrors1 m>ble-top tables & music-boxes4 ,9 dress !re is also mu* v>iety 9 ,arabia4 ,turki% influ5ce is se5 9 ! ,ottoman prov9ces & ,indian-,p]sian 9 ,oman1 ,hassa & ,bahre94 ,! ,turki% fez & ! turban 7:i* are n ,arabian7 are examples4 ,! common dress ( ! ,b$\9 is ! type t und]lies all v>ieties4 ,x consi/s ( a co>se cotton %irt ov] :i* is worn ! abba or wide squ>e mantle4 ,! headdress is made ) a squ>e clo?1 fold$ across & fa/5$ on ! cr[n ( ! head by a circlet ( wooll5-rope call$ an #8akal4 ,! color ( ! g>m5t & its ornam5tation dep5ds on ! locality2 likewise ! belt & ! weapons ( ! we>]4 ,s&als ( all %apes are us$2 %oes & boots on ! coa/ indicate =eign influ5ce4 ,! dress ( ! ,b$\9 woman is a wide cotton g[n1 ) op5 sides1 g5]ally ( a d>k blue color1 & a clo? = ! head4 ,! veil is ( v>i\s %apes2 9 ,oman x has ! typical ,egyptian nose-piece ) only ! middle "p ( ! face conceal$2 9 ! ,turki% prov9ces ( ,ea/ ,arabia1 ?9 black clo? conceals all ! features4 ,nose & e>r+s are common4 ,all ,arab wom5 also tattoo _! h&s & faces z well z o!r p>ts ( _! bodies1 dye ) h5na & use antimony on _! eyela%es = ornam5t4 ,! /aple foods ( ,arabia are bread1 rice1 ghee 7or cl>ifi$ butt]1 :i* ! ,arabs call semu7 milk1 mutton & dates4 ,^! are f\nd ev]y:]e & c(fee is ! univ]sal bev]age4 ,o!r foods & fruits we h consid]$ 9 our /udy ( ! prov9ces4 ,tea is n[ widely us$ b 0 kn[n sc>cely any:]e less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,tobacco is smok$ 9 e village & ! ,b$\9s also are passionately fond ( ! we$2 ev5 ! ,wahabi religi\s prohibition did n drive out desire = ! univ]sal n>cotic4 ,!re is "o article ( food we h left unm5tion$1 locu/s4 ,^! are q a /aple 9 ! groc]s' %ops ( all ! int]ior t[ns ( ,arabia4 ,!y are prep>$ = eat+ by boil+ 9 salt & wat]1 aft] :i* !y are dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,!y ta/e l /ale %rimps or dri$ h]r+4 ,! coa/-dwell]s /ill live l>gely on fi% & 9 ! days ( ,ptolemy !y 7 call$ ,i*?iophagoi4 ,,xxvii ,,arabian ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces ,ev5 ,islam c\ld n suppress ! ,arab's love = music nor dim9i% 8 reg>d = ! great poets ( 8! days ( ignorance40 ,= be x kn[n t1 al?\gh "o c buy ,au/rian m\?-organs 9 ! baza> at ,jiddah1 & h>monicas f ,g]many 9 ! toy-%op at ,h(ho(1 music is g5]ally held by ,moslems1 ev5 to-day1 to be contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ! prophet4 ,mafia relates t :5 he 0 walk+ ) ,ibn ,om>1 & !y he>d ! music ( a pipe ! latt] put 8 f+]s into 8 e>s & w5t ano!r road4 ,ask$ :y1 he said3 8,i 0 ) ! prophet1 & :5 he he>d ! noise ( a musical pipe1 he put 8 f+]s into 8 e>s2 & ?is happ5$ :5 ,i 0 a *ild40 ,?us x comes to pass t by ! iron law ( tradition1 m b9d+ to ! pi\s ,moslem (ttimes ?an ! ,koran itself1 ! ,mohamm$an _w consid]s music at lea/ among ! d\btful amusem5ts = true believ]s4 ,& yet bo? be=e & aft] ! adv5t ( ! morose legislator1 ,arabia has _h its music & song4 ,b music 9 ,mohamm$an l&s is ev] 9 spite ( _! religion1 & is nev]1 z is ! case ) ,*ri/ianity1 fo/]$ by x4 ,among ! anci5t ,arabs poetry & song 7 closely relat$4 ,! poet recit$ or *ant$ 8 own compositions 9 ! ev5+ mejlis1 or m frequ5tly at ! public fairs & fe/ivals1 especially ! national "o held annually at ,okatz4 ,"h x 0 t ! sev5 noble fragm5ts /ill extant ( _! e>lie/ lit]ature 7 fir/ read & applaud$1 & acc\nt$ wor?y 7if ?is "p ( ! /ory be n fabul\s7 to be susp5d$1 writt5 9 gold1 9 ! ,kaaba4 ,x is un=tunate t ! ,arabs1 ) all _! weal? ( language & lit]ature1 h no musical notation1 s t we c only surmise :at _! anci5t tunes may h be54 ,7 ! e>ly w> songs ( ,om> & ,khalid sung 9 ! same key z ?is mod]n w> *ant ( ! ,gomussa tribe1 z int]pret$ by ,lady ,ann ,blunt8 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,& did ,s9bad ! sailor s+ ! same tune on 8 voyages d[n ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ,india :i* n[ ! ,l+ah boatm5 lu/ily *ant z !y l& ! c>go f a ,briti% ,india /eam]8 ,or 0 x l ?is sailors' song on ! ,r$ ,sea8 ,to bo? ( ^! que/ions ! only answ] is ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! ,ori5t2 & ?is puts ! probability1 at lea/1 s f> t ! sailors ( to-day c\ld easily jo9 9 ,s9bad's *orus4 ,! p ( ,jauf1 9 ,nor!rn ,arabia1 are mo/ fam\s = music at ! pres5t day1 accord+ to ,burckh>dt4 ,!y are especially adept at play+ ! ,rebaba4 ,?is may well be consid]$ ! national in/rum5t ( music4 ,x is all b univ]sal 9 e "p ( ! p59sula1 & z well-kn[n to all ,arabs z ! bag pipe is to ! ,scot*4 ,i h he>d ! highl& %eph]d boys ( ,yem5 play on a set ( re$-pipes rudely fa/5$ toge!r ) bits ( lea!r ?ong4 ,! drum tabl1 is common among ! t[n ,arabs1 & is us$ at _! m>riage & circumcision fea/s2 b all ov] ! des]t "o only he>s ! rebaba4 ,x is simplicity itself 9 its con/ruction1 :5 made by ! ,b$\9s2 ! f9] ornam5tal ones are f ! cities4 ,a box frame is made ready1 a /ick is ?ru/ ?r\gh1 & 9 ?is !y pi]ce an eye-hole = a s+le peg2 a kidsk9 is !n /ret*$ ^u ! holl[ box2 ! /r+ is pluck$ f a m>e's tail1 & sett+ "u x a b5t twig = ! bridge1 _! music is ready4 ,"t & measure are (t5 v peculi> & h>d to cat*1 b !y are kept mo/ accurately1 & ,ali ,bey gives an example :i* he says1 8exhibits ! s+ul>ity ( a b> divid$ into five equal portions1 a ?+ :i* ,j4,j4 ,r\sseau conceiv$ to be practicable1 b 0 nev] able to accompli%40 ,"h x is z he gives x2 x /rik+ly resembles ! boatm5's song at ,bahre93 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,! s++ "o commonly he>s1 h[ev]1 is mu* m monoton\s ?an ?is1 & ! tune ne>ly always dep5ds on ! :im ( ! p]=m] or s+]1 sometimes1 alas1 on 8 inability to give m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( v>iations6 ,ant>1 "o ( _! own poets1 has said t ! song ( ! ,arabs is l ! hum ( flies4 ,a n inapt comp>ison to ^? :o h se5 ! 8fly baza>0 9 ,hodeidah or ,m5amah dur+ ! date season1 & he>d _! myriad-m\!d buzz+4 ,ant>1 h[ev]1 liv$ 9 ! 8times ( ignorance10 & mo/ probably ref]r$ to ! *ant+ ( ! camel driv]s1 :i* is bad en\gh4 ,imag9e ! foll[+ sung 9 a high monoton\s key ) endless repetition4 8,ya ,rub sallimhum m9 el tahde$ ,wa ija'ad kawaihum 'amd hade$40 ,t is to say1 be+ freely int]pret$3 8,oh ,"l1 keep !m f all dang]s t pass ,& make _! long legs pill>s ( brass40 ,to a /rang] t :i* seems mo/ peculi> 9 ,arab song is _! long drawn-out tones at ! close ( a b> or refra91 sometimes equival5t to ?ree :ole notes or any numb] ( beats4 ,d\ghty did n appreciate x1 app>5tly1 = he writes 8,"s1 to make ! /rang] *e]1 *ant$ to ! ho>se *ord ( ! ,arab viol1 mak+ to !mselves music l ,david1 & draw+ out ! voice 9 ! nose to a dem5surate l5g?1 :i* mu/ move our yawn+ or laught]40 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 s+]s & s+]s4 ,i rememb] a ruddy ,yem5 lad :o sang u kasidahs dur+ a heavy ra9-/orm 9 an old ,arab caf ne> ,ibb4 ,! s+] 0 ma/] ( 8 well-worn rebaba1 & its music seem$ to ov]ma/] him4 ,n[ 8 h& t\*$ ! /r+s g5tly1 & !n aga9 swept ov] !m ) a /rong n]v\s motion1 awak5+ music inde$4 ,8 voice1 too1 0 cle> & sweet1 al?\gh ,i 0 n en\gh v]s$ 9 ,arabic poetry to cat* ! full mean+ ( 8 words4 ,x may h be5 ! surr\nd+s or ! jovial companion%ip ( fri5dly ,arabs aft] my ,taiz seclusion & a we>y j\rney up ! m\nta9 passes1 b ,i h nev] he>d sweet] music 9 ,arabia1 & h (t5 he>d worse else:]e4 ,god bless t travell+ tr\bad\r ( ,yem56 ,"h is a ,mecca song = female voices1 z giv5 by ,ali ,bey 9 8 travels 7#ahae71 & a second sung by ! wom5 ( ,hejaz 9 a m monoton\s /ra93 ,illu/ration3 ,music ,score ,su* songs are call$ asam]2 love-songs are call$ hodje9y1 & ! w> song is kn[n z had\4 ,arabic prosody & ! sci5ce ( metres is exce$+ly ext5sive & seem+ly difficult4 ,:at we call rhyme is sc>cely kn[n1 & yet e v]se ends ) ! same syllable 9 a /anza ( poetry4 ,9 ,mecca z well z 9 o!r 8religi\s0 c5tres !re is a sort ( sacr$-music ( :i* ,hurgronje gives sev]al specim5s4 ,!y are *ants 9 honor ( ! prophet or pray]s = him :i* are sung at ! ,mole$s or fe/ivals 9 memory ( ,mohamm$4 ,"h are two ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,music score4 ,int]sp]s$ ) text4 ,sal la 'llah a la ,mu-hammad ,pray = mo-ham-m$1 ,o ,god1 ,sal-la 'llah 'a-laih-wa-sal-lam ,pray1 ,o ,god1 = him & peace4 ,illu/ration3 ditto ,m>-ha-ba-ya1 nur-el a9-ni m>-ha-ba m>-ha-ba jid el ,hu-sa9-i m>-ha-ba m>-ha-ba ya m>-ha-ba-ya1 m>-ha-ba-a-a-a-a4 ,mo/ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 music is look$ ^u z decid$ly secul>1 especially all in/rum5tal music4 ,! des]t ,arabs "k no religi\s song & only s+ ( love & w> 9 _! old wild way4 ,x is only at a di/ance f ! mosque & away ) ! c>avan1 t ,ghanim cle>s 8 ?roat & s+s 9 a voice t c be he>d = a mile z we leave him beh9d3 ,illu/ration3 ,music score ,! ,arabs ( ! des]t h a read+-book all _! own call$ ,a?>2 & a writ+ all _! own call$ wasm4 ,no ,b$\9 s ignorant b he c read ,a?> & none s dull b he c write 8 wasm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tribal ,,m>ks or ,w,a,s,ms ( ! ,,arabs4 ,a?r or ilm el a?> is ! sci5ce ( foot/eps2 & l ! free ,indians ( ,am]ica1 ! ,arab is ke5 to /udy & quick to judge f s& tracks ( bo? m5 & animals4 ,! g5u9e ,arab :o has made a?> a /udy c tell ! track ( a fri5d f t ( a foe1 & c di/+ui% ! tribe or ev5 ! clan2 he kn[s f ! dep? ( ! footpr9t :e!r ! camel 0 load$ or lame2 :e!r ! man pass$ ye/]day or a week be=e2 f ! regul>ity or irregul>ity he judges ( fatigue or ( pursuit4 ,if ! camel's =efeet dig deep] ?an ! h9d he concludes ! animal _h a weak brea/2 f ! (fal he kn[s :5ce ! camels came & ! "* ( _! pa/ure4 ,burckh>dt writes ( in/ances :]e camels 7 trac$ six days' j\rneys aft] be+ /ol51 & id5tifi$4 ,to id5tify prop]ty x mu/ be m>k$1 !re=e1 ! k9dr$ sci5ce ( wasm has its place4 ,a wasm is a ,b$\9 trade-m>k or ideograph to label 8 prop]ty1 real & p]sonal4 ,_! orig9 is unkn[n1 al?\gh ,d\ghty says t !y (ttimes resemble ,himy>itic lett]s & may !re=e come f ,yem54 ,ea* family or tribe has its own cattle-br& or tok54 ,n only is p]sonal prop]ty su* z cattle m>k$ ) ! wasm b ! ,b$\9 put _! m>k on rocks ne> favorite wells or pa/ures4 ,^! signs are ! only c]ta9 records ( =m] occupation ( tribes4 ,_m ( ! tribes h two or ?ree diff]5t wasms2 ^! belong to family gr\ps4 ,! m$ical k & m$ical treatm5t ( ! ,arabs des]ve "s notice4 ,! ,arabs ?9k !mselves always ail+ & nev] fail to consult a hakim or doctor :5 !re is opportunity4 ,! hakeem is suppos$ to "k bo? _! malady & its cure by simple obs]vation2 to tell ! physician = :at cause !y seek him w\ld be an insult to 8 wisdom & = him to ask !m settles ! matt] t he is n a true hakeem4 ,! common diseases ( ,arabia are ! foll[+1 accord+ to ,arab nom5clature3--,el ,kibd1 i4 e41 ! liv]1 or all visc]al infirmities2 er rihh1 lit]ally1 8! w9d10 or rheumatics & neuralgia2 humma1 fev]s2 tahl or ague-cake2 el-hasa or /one2 oph?almia2 8fasc9ation0 or hy/]ics1 7z :5 !y say a man has a j9n or a *ild has be5 look$ at by ! evil-eye72 leprosy1 ph?isis1 dropsy1 /ranguria1 ulc]s & s5ile it*4 ,= any & all ( ^! ailm5ts1 beside o!rs n s common1 yet sometimes epidemic l smallpox & *ol]a1 ! ,arabs seek a hakeem4 ,all m$ic9e1 save amulets1 *>ms & exorcisms1 is call$ dawa4 ,_! ph>macopia is n l>ge b q rem>kable2 9 addition to su* simple h]bs ( ! des]t z _! h>eem collect & dry !y use 9 grave em]g5cies t :i* is h>m 7=bidd57 & unclean4 ,pati5ts h come to me = a small piece ( sw9e's fle% 7:i* !y suppose all ,*ri/ians eat7 to cure "o 9 desp]ate /raits4 ,d\ghty tells h[ among ! ,b$\9s !y give ! sick to eat ( ! c>rion-eagle & ev5 see! asses' dung = a potion4 ,kei or actual caut]y is a favorite cure = all sorts ( diseases2 s also is khelal or p]=at+ ! sk9 surface ) a r$-hot iron & !n pass+ a ?read ?r\gh ! hole to facilitate suppuration4 ,sc>cely "o ,arab 9 a hundr$ :o has n "s kei-m>ks on 8 body2 ev5 infants are burn$ mo/ cruelly 9 ?is way to relieve diseases ( *ildhood4 ,:]e kei fails !y h res\rce to words writt5 on pap] ei!r f ! ,koran1 or1 by law ( contr>ies1 words ( evil1 s9i/] import4 ,^! ! pati5t 8takes0 ei!r by swall[+ !m1 pap] & all1 or by dr9k+ ! ink-wat] 9 :i* ! writ+ is wa%$ (f4 ,blood-lett+ is also a sov]eign rem$y = _m tr\bles4 ,! ,arab b>b] is at once a phlebotomi/1 caut]iz]1 & d5ti/4 ,8 implem5ts--"o c h>dly call !m in/rum5ts--are v crude & he uses !m ) "s skill b )\t any m]cy4 ,go+ to ! prop] place 9 any l>ge ,arab t[n y may always see a r[ ( m5 squatt+ d[n ) b5t back to be bl$2 cupp+ & sc>ify+ are ! two me?ods mo/ 9 vogue1 al?\gh "s are q clev] 9 op5+ a ve94 ,! sci5ce ( m$ic9e 9 ! t[ns is n mu* 9 advance ( t ( ! des]t--m book-talk b ev5 less natural intellig5ce4 ,a disease to be at all respectable mu/ be connect$ ) "o ( ! f\r temp]am5ts or 8humors ( ,hippocrates40 ,m$ic9es are hot & cold1 wet & dry2 & ! same f\rfold classification di/+ui%es all ailm5ts4 ,!re are f\r elem5ts only1 & ! />s mu/ be favorable to induce a rapid cure4 ,:atev] is prescrib$ mu/ be solid & mat]ial2 if x is bitt] & pa9ful s mu* ! bett]4 ,r\gh measures act m /rongly on ! imag9ation & fai?-cure is a reality 9 su* cases4 ,burton gives ?is sample ( a correct prescription3 8,a40#ajj 8,9 ! "n ( ,allah1 ! compassionate1 ! m]ciful1 & bless+s & peace be ^u our ,"l ! apo/le & 8 family & 8 companions "o & all4 ,b aft]w>d let him take bees-honey & c9namon & album grcum ( ea* half a "p & ( g+] a :ole "p1 :i* let him p\nd & mix ) ! honey & =m boluses1 ea* bolus ! weight ( a ,mi?kal1 & ( x let him use e day a ,mi?kal1 on ! saliva1 7t is to say1 fa/+1 ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+74 ,v]ily its effects are wond]ful4 ,& let him ab/a9 f fle%1 fi%1 vegetables1 sweetmeats1 flatul5t food1 acids ( all descriptions1 z well z ! major ablution & live 9 p]fect quiet4 ,s %all he be cur$ by ! help ( ! ,k+ ! heal]1 i4 e41 ! ,almighty4 ,& ! peace40 ,honey has always be5 a panacea 9 ,arabia on au?ority ( ! ,koran & tradition4 ,! only ref]5ce to m$ic9e 9 ! revelation ( ,mohamm$ is ?is ignorant /atem5t3 8,f ! bee's belly comes =? a fluid ( v>iant hue :i* yielde? m$ic9e to man40 7,surah xvi4 #ga47 ,?is be+ ! only rem$y prescrib$ by ,allah1 x is no wond] t tradition affirms its efficacy z foll[s3 8,a man once came to ,mohamm$ & told him t 8 bro!r 0 afflict$ ) a viol5t pa9 9 8 belly2 ^u :i* ! prophet bade him give him "s honey4 ,! fell[ took 8 advice b soon came aga9 & said t ! m$ic9e _h done no good4 ,mohamm$ answ]$3 #8,g & give him m honey1 = ,god speaks tru? & ?y bro!r's belly lies1' & ! dose be+ repeat$ ! man 0 cur$40#aja ,cori&]-se$s1 pepp]m9t1 c9namon1 s5na1 iris-root1 saffron1 aloes1 nitrates1 ars5i\s-e>?1 pomegranate-r9d1 date-syrup & v9eg>--su* are "s ( ! common h\sehold rem$ies ( ,arabia4 ,all ,arab wom5 pr(ess a k ( h]bs & ! art ( heal+ s t ! 8hakeem0 c sc>cely make a liv+ if he cl+s solely to 8 pr(ession4 ,a ,mecca 8,m4,d410 says ,hurgronje1 0 also wat*-mak]1 gun-smi? & di/ill] ( p]fume2 to fill up 8 idle h\rs he did a little silv]-plat+ & dealt 9 old co9s6 ,yet ?is man 0 at ! head ( ! pr(ession 9 ,mecca & 0 able1 s !y said1 to transmute ! base metals & write v p[]ful *>ms4 ,! foll[+ are us$ z amulets 9 ,arabia3 a small ,koran susp5d$ f ! %\ld]2 a *apt] writt5 on pap] & fold$ 9 a lea!r case2 "s names ( ,god or _! num]ical values2 ! names ( ! prophet & 8 companions2 gre5/ones )\t inscriptions2 beads1 old co9s1 tee?1 holy e>? 9 small bags4 ,amulets are n only worn by ! ,arabs !mselves & to protect _! *ildr5 f ! evil-eye b are put on camels1 donkeys1 horses1 fi%+-boats & sometimes ov] ! doors ( _! dwell+s4 ,! ,arabs are v sup]/iti\s 9 e way4 ,9 ,hejaz if a *ild is v ill ! "m takes sev5 flat loaves ( bread & puts !m "u its pill[2 9 ! morn+ ! loaves are giv5 to ! dogs--& ! *ild is n always cur$4 ,r+s are worn aga9/ ! influ5ce ( evil-spirits2 inc5se or ev5-smell+ comp\nds are burn$ 9 ! sick-room to drive away ! devil2 my/ic symbols are writt5 on ! walls = a simil> purpose4 ,love-philtres are ev]y:]e us$ & 9 dem&2 & nameless absurdities are committ$ to insure successful *ild-bir?4 ,! *ild-wit*1 call$ ,um-el subyan1 is fe>$ by all mo!rs2 n>cotics are us$ freely to quiet unruly infants &1 naturally1 mortality is v l>ge4 ,( surg]y & midwif]y ! ,arabs z a rule are totally ignorant & if _! m$ical-treatm5t is purely ridicul\s _! surg]y is pite\sly cruel1 al?\gh nev] int5tionally s4 ,9 all ea/]n ,arabia bl9d wom5 are pref]r$ z midwives1 & rock-salt is us$ by !m aga9/ pu]pural hemmorrhage4 ,gun%ot-w\nds are treat$ 9 ,bahre9 by a p\ltice ( dates1 onions & tam>9d2 & ! accid5t is gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ! future by we>+ a 8lead-amulet40 ,!re are _m o!r sup]/itions 9 no way connect$ ) ! treatm5t ( ! sick4 ,tree-wor%ip & /one-wor%ip /ill exi/ 9 _m p>ts ( ,arabia 9 spite ( ! s-call$ 8pure mono!ism0 ( ,islam4 ,bo? ( ^! =ms ( wor%ip date back to ! "t ( idolatry & rema9 z !y 7 p>tly by ! sanction ( ,mohamm$ himself1 = did he n make a black-pebble 9 ! ,kaaba1 ! c5tre ( 8 sy/em ( pray]8 ,sacr$ trees are call$ ,manahil1 places :]e angels or j9n desc5d2 no leaf ( su* trees may be pluck$ & !y are honor$ ) sacrifices ( %r$s ( fle%1 :ile !y look gay ) bits ( calico & beads :i* e wor%ipp] hangs on ! %r9e4 ,j outside ( ! ,mecca gate at ,jiddah /&s "o ( ^! rag-trees ) its cr[d ( pilgrims2 9 ,yem5 !y are f\nd by e wayside4#ajb ,,xxviii ,,! ,,/>-,,wor%ipp]s ,,( ,,mesopotamia#ajc 8,9 a remote p]iod ( antiquity ,sabeanism 0 diffus$ ov] ,asia by ! sci5ce ( ! ,*aldeans & ! arms ( ! ,assyrians4 ,!y ador$ ! sev5 gods or angels :o direct$ ! c\rse ( ! sev5 planets & %$ _! irresi/ible influ5ce on ! e>?4444 ,!y pray$ ?rice ea* day1 & ! temple ( ! moon at ,h>an 0 ! t]m ( _! pilgrimage40--,gibbon4 ,9 ! t[ns along ! l[] ,euphrates & ,tigris1 especially at ,am>a1 ,suk es ,%iukh1 ,busrah & ,mohamm]ah1 !re dwell an int]e/+ p1 v>i\sly kn[n z ,sabeans1 ,nasorians1 or ,/4 ,john ,*ri/ians4 ,!y call !mselves ,m&ans1 & ?\gh numb]+ only f\r or five ?\s&1 !y are & h always be5 entirely di/9ct f ! ,jews1 ,moslems & ,*ri/ians among :om !y h dwelt = c5turies4 ,_! orig9 is lo/ 9 obscurity al?\gh ! few s*ol>s :o h /udi$ ! subject trace _! hi/ory ?r\gh ! maze ( _! religion to anci5t ,babylonia & ,*aldea4 ,9 ?is remnant ( a race & religion we seem to h an example ( ! olde/ =m ( idolatry1 ,/>-wor%ip1 & _m ( _! my/]i\s cu/oms may ?r[ a side-light ^u ! cult ( anci5t ,babylonia4 ,m&ism is n only ( deep int]e/ z 8! only exi/+ religion comp\nd$ ( ,*ri/ian1 hea!n & ,jewi% elem5ts10#ajd b x af=ds ano!r pro( ( ! e>ly spread ( religi\s ideas 9 ! ,ea/1 & ! ,babylonian orig9 ( mu* t is suppos$ to be ,alex&rian ,gno/icism 9 a semi-,*ri/ian1 semi-pagan g>b4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,bible ! "n ,sabeans is p]plex+1 & al?\gh us$ ( ?ree diff]5t tribes or peoples1 none ( ^! are any way relat$ to ! pres5t ,m&ans unless ^? m5tion$ 9 ,job4 ,sabean is also ! t]m us$ 9 ! ,koran1 :]e x und\bt$ly applies to ! p & proves t :5 ,islam arose _! numb]s & settlem5ts 7 f> f unimportant4 ,! ,koran recognizes !m z di/9ct f idolat]s1 & places !m ) ,jews & ,*ri/ians z p ( ! book4#aje ,f ?is x is evid5t t ! ,sabeans c\ld n h be51 z "s allege1 a m9or ,*ri/ian sect or id5tical ) ! ,hem]o-,bapti/s4 ,al?\gh giv+ special honor to ,john ! ,bapti/1 !y c 9 no s5se be call$ ,*ri/ians4 ,isolat$ by a cre$1 cult & language ( _! own1 ! ,sabeans#ajf love _! isolation & d n int]m>ry ) /rang]s nor accept a proselyte to _! fai?4 ,ne>ly all ( !m foll[ "o ( ?ree trades4 ,!y raise ! f9e/ dairy produce ( ,mesopotamia2 !y build a peculi> k9d ( light canoe1 call$ ,ma%ho(1 & all o!rs are silv]-smi?s4 ,no travell] %\ld visit _! villages )\t c>ry+ away specim5s ( _! beautiful inlaid-"w1 black metal on silv] & gold4 ,a peaceful p !y are1 indu/ri\s1 ?\gh mo/ly poor & seldom af=d+ tr\ble to _! ,turki% rul]s4 ,bo? m5 & wom5 h a rem>kably f9e physique2 tall1 ( d>k complexion1 good features1 & ) long black be>ds1 "s ( ! m5 are typical patri>*s1 ev5 z we imag9e ,abraham :o left _! pres5t c\ntry = ,h>an4 ,on ord9>y days _! dress does n di/+ui% !m f ,moslems or ,jews1 b on fea/ days !y we> only :ite4 ,_! wom5 g ab\t unveil$2 !y are r tall] & h a m mascul9e ca/ ( features ?an ,moslem wom54 ,specim5s ( ,,m&,,itic ,,cursive-,,script ) translit]ation & translation4 ,m&itic3 ssooda hvilak peace be to y4 ,m&itic3 ke?km skawee h[ mu* is x8 ,m&itic3 ana libba kabeelak ,i love y mu*4 ,m&itic3 kasbah we dahwah silv] & gold4 ,m&itic3 h(%aba rabba great day 7,sunday7 ,m&itic3 atran h(%aba ,monday4 ,m&itic3 akla?a ,tuesday4 ,m&itic3 arba ,w$nesday ,m&itic3 ham%a ,?ursday4 ,m&itic3 %itta ,friday4 ,m&itic3 %uvah ,saturday4 ,! two great ?+s t di/+ui% ! ,sabeans are _! language & _! religion4 ,bo? are rem>kable4 ,! =m] because ( its long pres]vation among a dy+ p1 & ! latt] z ! mo/ rem>kable example ( religi\s syncretism4 ,naturally ! baza>-talk ( all ! riv]-c\ntry is ,arabic2 all ,sabeans speak x & a goodly proportion read & write x2 b beside ?is !y h a h\sehold language ( _! own1 ! language ( _! sacr$ books1 :i* is call$ ,m&itic4 ,x is s closely relat$ to ,syriac t x might almo/ be call$ a dialect1 yet x has an alphabet & gramm> ( its own1 & _! writ+ & spee* is n fully intelligible to ! ,syriac-speak+ ,*ri/ians f ,mosul4 ,wright says t _! alphabet *>act]s mo/ resemble ! ,naba!an & _! language t ( ! ,babylonian ,talmud4#ajg ,"o peculi>ity is ! nam+ ( ! lett]s ) ! v[el & n z 9 o!r ,semitic languages by special names4 ,! olde/ manuscripts ( ! ,m&itic date f ! sixte5? c5tury1 & are 9 ,european ,libr>ies 7,p>is & ,ox=d74 ,b accord+ to ,nldeke ! gold5 p]iod ( _! lit]ature1 :5 _! religi\s books receiv$ _! f9al & pres5t =m1 0 #fej-ijj ,a4 ,d4 ,at pres5t few c read or write _! language1 al?\gh all c speak x1 & f religi\s motives !y refuse to tea* ^? outside ( _! fai? ev5 ! fir/ lesson1 except secretly4 ,al?\gh meet+ ,sabeans = ye>s & be+ _! gue/ on frequ5t j\rneys up & d[n ! riv]s1 ,i c\ld f9d no satisfactory answ] to ! "q :at _! real fai? & cult 74 ,! popul> /ory t !y turn to ! ,nor? ,/> :5 !y pray & 8baptise0 e ,sunday 0 all t ,moslems or ,*ri/ians c\ld tell4 ,books ( travel gave fragm5t>y1 conflict+ & (t5 grossly errone\s /atem5ts4 ,accord+ to "s acc\nts !y 7 idolat]s1 o!rs class$ !m ) ,*ri/ians4 ,an anonym\s article 9 ! ,london ,/&>d1 ,oct4 #ai1 #ahid1 entitl$1 8,a pray] meet+ ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s10 curi\sly gave me ! key to op5 ! lock ( _! sil5ce4 ,:oev] wrote x mu/ h be5 p]fectly acqua9t$ ) _! religi\s c]emonies1 = :5 ,i translat$ x to a company ( ,sabeans at ,am>a !y 7 dumbf\nd$4 ,kn[+ t ,i knew some?+ made x easy = !m to tell me m4 ,! article ref]r$ to 0 9 "p z foll[s3 8,x happ5s to be ! fe/ival ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s celebrat$ on ! la/ day ( ! ye> & kn[n z ! ,kan%io ,zahlo1 or day ( r5unciation4 ,?is is ! eve ( ! new ye>1 ! great wat*-night ( ! sect1 :5 ! annual pray]-meet+ is held & a solemn sacrifice made to ,ava!r ,ramo1 ! ,judge ( ! "u _w1 & ,ptahiel1 8 colleague2 & ! :ite-rob$ figures we obs]ve d[n by ! riv]side are ^? ( memb]s ( ! sect mak+ ! ne$ful prep>ations = ! pray]-meet+ & its att5dant c]emonies4 8,fir/1 !y h to erect _! ,mi%kna1 _! tab]nacle or outdoor temple2 = ! sect has1 /range to say1 no p]man5t h\se ( wor%ip or meet+-place1 b raise "o previ\s to _! fe/ival & only j 9 "t = ! celebration4 ,& ?is is :at !y are n[ busy do+ )9 a few y>ds ( ! wat]1 z we ride into ! place4 ,! eld]s1 9 *>ge ( a %k&o1 or deacon1 :o directs !m1 are ga!r+ bundles ( long re$s & wattles1 :i* !y weave quickly & deftly into a sort ( basket "w4 ,an oblong space is m>k$ out ab\t sixte5 feet long & twelve broad by /\t] re$s1 :i* are driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd close toge!r1 & !n ti$ ) /rong cord4 ,to ^! ! squ>es ( wov5 re$s & wattles are securely atta*$1 =m+ ! out] conta9+ walls ( ! tab]nacle4 ,! side walls run f nor? to s\?1 & are n m ?an sev5 feet high4 ,two w9d[s1 or r op5+s = w9d[s1 are left ea/ & we/1 & space = a door is made on ! s\!rn side1 s t ! prie/ :5 ent]+ ! edifice has ! ,nor? ,/>1 ! great object ( _! adoration1 imm$iately fac+ him4 ,an alt> ( beat5 e>? is rais$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! re$-encircl$ enclosure1 & ! int]/ices ( ! walls well daub$ ) clay & s(t e>?1 :i* spe$ily h>d5s4 ,on "o side ( ! alt> is plac$ a little furnace ( d>k e>!nw>e1 & on ! o!r a little h&mill1 su* z is g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,ea/ = gr9d+ meal1 toge!r ) a small quantity ( *>coal4 ,close to ! s\!rn wall1 a circul> bas9 is n[ excavat$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ab\t eight feet across1 & f ! riv] a %ort canal or *annel is dug lead+ to x4 ,into ?is ! wat] fl[s f ! /ream1 & soon fills ! little res]voir to ! brim4 ,two t9y cab9s or huts1 made also ( re$s & wick]work1 ea* j l>ge en\gh to hold a s+le p]son1 are !n r\ghly put toge!r1 "o by ! side ( ! bas9 ( wat]1 ! o!r at ! fur!r extremity ( ! s\!rn wall1 beyond ! entrance4 ,! second ( ^! cab9s or huts is sacr$ to ! ,ganzivro or high prie/ ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s1 & no layman is ev] all[$ to ev5 s mu* z t\* ! walls ) 8 h&s aft] x is built & plac$ 9 position4 ,! doorway & w9d[ op5+s ( ! edifice are n[ hung ) :ite curta9s2 & long be=e midnight1 ! h\r at :i* ! pray]-meet+ comm5ces1 ! little ,mi%kna1 or tab]nacle op5 to ! sky1 is f9i%$ & ready = ! solemnity4 8,t[>d midnight ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s1 m5 & wom51 come sl[ly d[n to ! ,mi%kna by ! riv]side4 ,ea*1 z he or %e arrives1 ent]s ! t9y wattl$ hut by ! s\!rn wall1 disrobes1 & ba!s 9 ! little circul> res]voir1 ! t>mido1 or prie/1 /&+ by & pron\nc+ ov] ea* ! =mula1 #8,e%mo d'ha1 ,e%mo d'm&a ha madhk> elakh' 7#8,! "n ( ! liv+ "o1 ! "n ( ! liv+ ^w1 be rememb]$ ^u !e'74 ,on em]g+ f ! wat]1 ea* "o robes him or h]self 9 ! ra/a1 ! c]emonial :ite g>m5ts peculi> to ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s1 consi/+ ( a sadro1 a long :ite %irt rea*+ to ! gr\nd2 a nassifo1 or /ole r\nd ! neck fall+ to ! knees2 a h9iamo1 or girdle ( wooll5 mat]ial2 a gabooa1 squ>e headpiece1 rea*+ to ! eyebr[s2 a %alooal1 or :ite ov]-mantle2 & a kanzolo1 or turban1 w\nd r\nd ! gabooa headpiece1 ( :i* "o end is left hang+ d[n ov] ! %\ld]4 ,peculi> sanctity atta*es to ! ra/a1 = ! g>m5ts compos+ x are ^? 9 :i* e ,/>-wor%ipp] is buri$1 & 9 :i* he believes he w appe> = judgm5t be=e ,ava!r 9 ! ne!r _w ,mat]o?o4 ,ea* "o1 z soon z he is ?us attir$1 crosses to ! op5 space 9 front ( ! door ( ! tab]nacle1 & seats himself ^u ! gr\nd !re1 salut+ ^? pres5t ) ! cu/om>y ,sood ,havilakh1 #8,bless+ be ) !e1' & receiv+ 9 return ! usual reply1 ,assootah d'ha havilakh1 #8,bless+ ( ! liv+ "o be ) !e4' 8,! numb]s increase z ! h\r ( ! c]emonial comes ne>]1 & by midnight !re are "s tw5ty r[s ( ^! :ite-rob$ figures1 m5 & wom51 rank$ 9 ord]ly array fac+ ! ,mi%kna1 & await+ 9 sil5t expectation ! com+ ( ! prie/s4 ,a c\ple ( t>midos1 lamp 9 h&1 gu>d ! entry to ! tab]nacle1 & keep _! eyes fix$ ^u ! po9t]s ( ! ,great ,be> 9 ! sky above4 ,z soon z ^! atta9 ! position indicat+ midnight1 ! prie/s give a signal by wav+ ! lamps !y hold1 & 9 a few mom5ts ! cl]gy ( ! sect m>* d[n 9 procession4 ,9 front are f\r ( ! %k&os1 "y deacons1 attir$ 9 ! ra/a1 ) ! addition ( a silk cap1 or tagha1 "u ! turban1 to indicate _! rank4 ,foll[+ ^! come f\r t>midos1 orda9$ prie/s :o h und]gone ! baptism ( ! dead4 ,ea* we>s a gold r+ on ! little f+] ( ! "r h&1 & c>ries a tau-%ap$ cross ( olive wood to %[ 8 /&+4 ,beh9d ! t>midos comes ! spiritual head ( ! sect1 ! ,ganzivro1 a prie/ elect$ by 8 colleagues :o has made complete r5unciation ( ! _w & is reg>d$ z "o dead & 9 ! realms ( ! bless$4 ,he is escort$ by f\r o!r deacons4 ,"o holds al(t ! l>ge wood5 tau-cross1 kn[n z d]a%vod zivo1 t symbolizes 8 religi\s (fice2 a second be>s ! sacr$ scriptures ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s1 ! ,sidra ,rabba1 8! great ,ord]10 two-?irds ( :i* =m ! liturgy ( ! liv+ & "o-?ird ! ritual ( ! dead4 ,! ?ird ( ! deacons c>ries two live pigeons 9 a cage1 & ! la/ a measure ( b>ley & ( sesame se$s4 8,! procession m>*es ?r\gh ! ranks ( ! seat$ wor%ipp]s1 :o b5d & kiss ! g>m5ts ( ! ,ganzivro z he passes ne> !m4 ,! t>midos gu>d+ ! entrance to ! tab]nacle draw back ! hang+ ov] ! doorway & ! prie/s file 91 ! deacons & t>midos to "r & left1 leav+ ! ,ganzivro /&+ alone 9 ! c5tre1 9 front ( ! e>!n alt> fac+ ! ,nor? ,/>1 ,pol>is4 ,! sacr$ book ,sidra ,rabba is laid ^u ! alt> fold$ back :]e ! liturgy ( ! liv+ is divid$ f ! ritual ( ! dead4 ,! high prie/ takes "o ( ! live pigeons h&$ to him by a %k&o1 ext5ds 8 h&s t[>d ! ,pol> ,/> ^u :i* he fixes 8 eyes1 & lets ! bird fly1 call+ al\d1 #8,b%mo d'ha rabba m%abbah zivo kadmaya ,elaha ,edm5 ,naf%i ,eprah1' #8,9 ! "n ( ! liv+ "o1 bless$ be ! primitive light1 ! anci5t light1 ! ,div9ity self-creat$4' ,! words1 cle>ly enunciat$ )91 are di/9ctly he>d by ! wor%ipp]s )\t1 & ) "o accord ! :ite-rob$ figures rise f _! places & pro/rate !mselves ^u ! gr\nd t[>d ! ,nor? ,/>1 on :i* !y h sil5tly be5 gaz+4 8,noiselessly ! wor%ipp]s resume _! seat$ position on ! gr\nd outside4 ,)9 ! ,mi%kna1 or tab]nacle1 ! ,ganzivro /eps on "o side1 & 8 place is imm$iately tak5 by ! s5ior prie/1 a t>mido1 :o op5s ! ,sidra ,rabba be=e him on ! alt> & beg9s to read ! ,%omhotto1 #8confession' ( ! sect1 9 a modulat$ *ant1 8 voice ris+ & fall+ z he reads1 & ev] & anon t]m9at+ 9 a l\d & swell+ ,m%obbo havi e%makhyo ,m&a d'ha1 #8,bless$ be ?y "n1 ,o s\rce ( life1' :i* ! congregants )\t take up & repeat ) b[$ heads1 _! h&s cov]+ _! eyes4 8,:ile ! read+ is 9 progress two o!r prie/s turn1 & prep>e ! ,peto elayat1 or high my/]y1 z !y t]m _! ,communion4 ,"o k9dles a *>coal fire 9 ! e>!nw>e /ove by ! side ( ! alt>1 & ! o!r gr9ds small "s ( ! b>ley br\ght by ! deacon4 ,he !n expresses "s oil f ! sesame se$1 &1 mix+ ! b>ley meal & oil1 prep>es a mass ( d\gh :i* he kneads & sep>ates into small cakes ! size ( a two-%ill+ piece4 ,^! are quickly ?ru/ into or on ! ov5 & bak$1 ! *ant+ ( ! liturgy ( ! ,%omhotto /ill proce$+ ) its /eady s+-song & response1 ,m%obbo havi e%makhyo1 f outside4 ,! f\r? ( ! t>midos n[ takes ! pigeon left 9 ! cage f ! %k&o1 or deacon1 /&+ ne> him1 & cuts its ?roat quickly ) a v %>p knife1 tak+ c>e t no blood is lo/4 ,! little cakes are !n br\ght to him by 8 colleague1 &1 /ill hold+ ! dy+ pigeon1 he /ra9s its neck ov] !m 9 su* a way t f\r drops fall on ea* "o s z to =m ! sacr$ tau1 or cross4 ,amid ! cont9u$ read+ ( ! liturgy1 ! cakes are c>ri$ r\nd to ! wor%ipp]s outside by ! two pr9cipal prie/s :o prep>$ !m1 :o !mselves pop !m direct into ! m\?s ( ! memb]s1 ) ! words #8,r%imot b]e%m d'ha1' #8,m>k$ be ?\ ) ! m>k ( ! liv+ "o4' ,! f\r deacons inside ! ,mi%kna walk r\nd to ! re> ( ! alt> & dig a little hole1 9 :i* ! body ( ! dead pigeon is !n buri$4 8,! *ant+ ( ! confession is n[ clos$ by ! (ficiat+ t>mido1 & ! high prie/1 ! ,ganzivro1 resum+ 8 =m] place 9 front ( ! ,sacr$ ,book1 beg9s ! recitation ( ! ,massakhto1 or #8r5unciation' ( ! dead1 ev] direct+ 8 pray]s t[>d ! ,nor? ,/>1 on :i* ! gaze ( ! wor%ipp]s outside cont9ues fix$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! c]emonial obs]vances & pray]s4 ,?is /> is ! ,olma d'noora1 lit]ally #8! _w ( light1' ! primitive sun ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s' !ogony1 ! p>adise ( ! elect1 & ! abode ( ! pi\s h]eaft]4 ,= ?ree h\rs ! read+ ( ! #8r5unciation' by ! high prie/ cont9ues1 int]rupt$ only1 ev] & anon1 by ! ,m%obbo havi e%makhyo1 #8,bless$ be ?y "n1' ( ! p>ticipants seat$ outside1 until1 t[>d dawn1 a l\d & r++ ,ano asborlakh ano asborli ya ,ava!r1 #8,i m9d me ( !e1 m9d ?\ ( me ,o ,ava!r1' comes f ! m\? ( ! prie/1 & signalizes ! t]m9ation ( ! pray]s4 8,be=e ! ,nor? ,/> fades 9 ! pale a%5 grey ( approa*+ dawn1 a %eep1 p5n$ ov] night ne> ! riv]1 is l$ into ! tab]nacle by "o ( ! f\r %k&os = sacrifice to ,ava!r & 8 companion deity1 ,ptahiel4 ,x is a we!r1 = ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s nev] kill ewes1 or eat _! fle% :5 kill$4 ,! animal is laid ^u "s re$s1 its head we/ & its tail ea/1 ! ,ganzivro beh9d x fac+ ! ,/>4 ,he fir/ p\rs wat] ov] 8 h&s1 !n ov] 8 feet1 ! wat] be+ br\ght to him by a deacon4 ,"o ( ! t>midos takes up a position at 8 elb[ & places 8 h& on ! ,ganzivro's %\ld]1 say+ ,ana %addakh1 #8,i be> witness4' ,! high prie/ b5ds t[>d ! ,nor? ,/>1 draws a %>p knife f 8 left side1 &1 recit+ ! =mula1 #8,9 ! "n ( ,alaha1 ,ptahiel creat$ !e1 ,hibel ,sivo p]mitt$ !e1 & x is ,i :o slay !e1' cuts ! %eep's ?roat f e> to e>1 & all[s ! blood to escape on to ! matt$ re$s ^u :i* ! animal is /ret*$ out4 ,! f\r deacons g outside1 wa% _! h&s & feet1 !n flay ! %eep1 & cut x into z _m portions z !re are communicants outside4 ,! pieces are n[ di/ribut$ among ! wor%ipp]s1 ! prie/s leave ! tab]nacle 9 ! same ord] z !y came1 & ) a p>t+ b5$iction f ! ,ganzivro1 ,assootad d'hai havilakh1 #8,! b5ison ( ! liv+ "o att5d !e1' ! pray]-meet+ t]m9ates1 & ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s quietly return to _! homes be=e ! crimson sun has "t to peep above ! horizon40 ,:at a mosaic ( c]emonies & :at a mix$ cult 9 ?is riv]-bank pray]-meet+6 ,! ,sabeans ( ,am>a tell me t e m9ute p>ticul> is correctly describ$1 & yet !mselves d n furni% ! clew to ! maze4 ,"h "o sees ,judaism1 ,islam & ,*ri/ianity1 z x 7 engraft$ on "o old ,*aldean trunk4 ,gno/icism1 />-wor%ip1 baptisms1 love-fea/1 sacrifice1 orni?omancy & :at n 9 "o confusion4 ,! pigeon sacrifice closely corresponds outw>dly to t ( ! ,mosaic law conc]n+ ! cleans+ ( a lep] & 8 belong+s & is p]haps borr[$ f t s\rce4#ajh ,b h[ ,anti-,jewi% is ! p>tak+ ( blood & ! />-wor%ip4#aji ,! cross ( blood seems a ,*ri/ian elem5t1 z does also ! communion ( bread1 b f a ,new ,te/am5t /&po9t ?is is 9 discord ) all t prec$es4 ,nev]!less a complete sy/em ( dogma lies beh9d ?is curi\s cult & "o c nev] und]/& ! latt] )\t ! =m]4 ,sabeanism is a book religion2 & x has su* a mass ( sacr$ lit]ature t few h ev] _h ! pati5ce to exam9e ev5 a "p ( x4 ,! ,sidra ,rabba1 or ,great ,book1 holds ! fir/ place4 ,! copy ,i exam9$ conta9s ov] five hundr$ l>ge qu>to pages ( text divid$ into two p>ts1 a 8"r0 & a 8left h&0 te/am5t2 !y beg9 at diff]5t ends ( ! book & !y are b\nd toge!r s t :5 "o reads ! 8"r10 ! 8left0 te/am5t is upside-d[n4 ,! o!r "n = ! ,great ,book is ,g9za1 ,treasure4 ,x is f ?is treasure-h\se t we *iefly ga!r ! elem5ts ( _! cosmogony & my?ology4#aaj ,fir/ ( all ?+s 0 ,p]a ,rabba ! great ,abyss4 ,) him 8,%9+ e!r0 & ! ,_s ( ,glory 7,mana ,rabba7 =m a primal triad1 simil> to ! ,gno/ic & anci5t ,accadian triads4 ,kessl] goes s f> z to say t x is ! same4 ,f ,mana ,raba :o is ! k+ ( light1 emanates ,y>dana ,rabba1 ! great ,jordan4 7,?is is an elem5t ( ,gno/icism7 ,mana ,rabba call$ into be+ ! fir/ ( ! ons1 ,primal ,life1 or ,hayye kadema4 ,?is is really ! *ief deity ( ! ,sabeans1 & all _! pray]s beg9 by invok+ him4 ,f him aga9 proce$ second>y emanations1 ,yu%amim 7i4e41 ,jah ( heav57 & ,m&a ,hayye1 mess5g] ( life4 ,?is latt] is ! m$iator ( _! sy/em1 & f him all ^? t accept 8 m$iation are call$ ,m&ee4 ,yu%amim 0 puni%$ = attempt+ to raise himself above ,primal ,light1 & n[ rules ! _w ( inf]ior light4 ,m&a /ill 8re/s 9 ! bosom ( ,primal light0 7cf4 ,john i4 #ah71 & _h a s]ies ( inc>nations beg9n+ ) ,abel 7,hibil7 & end+ ) ,john ! ,bapti/6 ,besides all ^! !re is yet a ?ird life call$ ',ateeka1 :o creat$ ! bodies ( ,adam & ,eve1 b c\ld n give !m _s or make !m /& upright4 ,if ! ,babylonian tr9ity or triad has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,m&en ,p]a1 ,ay> & ,mana ,rabba1 !n ,m&a ,hayye is cle>ly no?+ b ! old ,babylonian ,m>duk 7,m]oda*71 fir/born1 m$iator & r$eem]4 ,hibil1 ! fir/ inc>nation ( ,m&a1 also has a conte/ ) d>kness 9 ! und]world ev5 z ,m>duk ) ! dragon ,tiamat4 ,! ,sabean und]world has its score ( rul]s1 among o!rs ^! rank fir/3 ,z>tay1 ,z>tanay1 ,hag1 ,mag1 ,gaf1 ,gafan1 ,anatan & ,k91 ) hells & ve/ibules 9 pl5te\s confusion4 ,hibil desc5ds "h1 & f ! f\r? ve/ibule c>ries away ! female devil ,ruha ! daught] ( ,k94 ,?is ,ruha1 ,kessl] affirms1 is really an anti-,*ri/ian p>ody ( ! ,holy ,_s1 b f conv]sation ) ! ,sabeans ,i _c believe ?is to be true4 ,by h] own son ,ur ,ruha becomes ! "m ( all ! planets & signs ( ! zodiac4 ,^! are ! s\rce & controll]s ( all evil 9 ! _w & mu/ !re=e be propitiat$4 ,b ! sky & fix$ />s are pure & cle>1 ! abode ( ,light4 ,! c5tral sun is ! ,pol> ,/>1 ) jewell$ cr[n /&+ be=e ! door ( ,aba?r1 or 8fa!r ( ! spl5dors40 ,^! 8spl5dors10 ons1 or prim>y manife/ations ( deity1 are said to numb] ?ree hundr$ & sixty1 7a ,semitic way ( express+ _m71 ) names borr[$ f ! ,p>see angelology 7,zoroa/rianism74 ,! ,m&ans consid] all ! ,old ,te/am5t sa9ts except ,abel & ,se? false prophets 7,gno/icism74#aaa ,true religion 0 pr(ess$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 :o1 !y say1 7 _! ance/ors4 ,ano!r false prophet 0 ,yi%u ,ma%iha 7,jesus ,*ri/71 :o 0 9 fact an inc>nation ( ! planet ,m]cury4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,yahya1 appe>$ =ty-two ye>s be=e ,*ri/ & 0 really an inc>nation ( ,m&a z 0 ,hibil4 ,he baptiz$ at ,jordan1 &1 by mi/ake also adm9i/]$ ! rite to ,jesus4 ,ab\t #bjj ,a4 ,d41 !y say1 !re came into ! _w #fj1jjj sa9ts f ,ph>aoh's ho/ & took ! place ( ! ,m&ans :o _h be5 extirpat$4 ,is n ?is a possible allusion to ! spread ( ! ,gno/ic h]esy & ! coalesc5ce ( c]ta9 ,gno/ics ) ! !n ,sabean community8 ,!y say t _! high prie/ !n _h 8 resid5ce at ,damascus2 t is1 _! c5tre ( religion 0 betwe5 ,alex&ria & ,antio*1 ! two s*ools ( ,gno/icism4 ,mohamm$1 accord+ to _! sy/em1 0 ! la/ false prophet1 b he 0 div9ely kept f h>m+ !m1 & !y fl\ri%$ to su* an ext5t t at ! "t ( ! ,abbasides !y _h f\r hundr$ c5tres ( wor%ip 9 ,babylonia4 ,! ,m&an prie/hood has ?ree grades2 t>mida or ta'amida 78disciple0 or 8baptism071 %k&a 78deacons071 & ! ,ganzivra 78high prie/10 lit]ally ! keep] ( ! ,g9za or ,great ,book74 ,! late ,ganzivra 0 ,%eikh ,yahya1 a man ( p>ts & well-v]s$ 9 _! lit]ature1 :o long liv$ at ,suk-es-,%iukh4 ,_! pres5t high prie/ is call$ ,%eikh ,sahn & 0 at "o "t imprison$ at ,busrah on *>ge ( fom5t+ a rebellion ( ! ,arab tribes ne> ,kurna at ! junction ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4 ,! ,sabeans obs]ve six great fea/s beside _! weekly sabba? 7,sunday74 ,"o ( ! fea/s celebrates ! victory ( ,abel 9 ! _w ( d>kness1 ano!r ! dr[n+ ( ,ph>aoh's army1 b ! *ief fea/1 ,pant%a1 is "o ( ,baptism4 ,x is obs]v$ 9 summ]1 & all ,sabeans are oblig$ to be baptiz$ by spr9kl+ ?ree times a day = five days4 ,! regul> ,sunday baptisms by imm]sion 9 runn+ wat] are l>gely volunt>y & m]itori\s3 ^! latt] correspond to ! ,moslem laws ( purifications & take place aft] t\*+ a dead body1 ! bir? ( a *ild1 m>riage1 etc4 ,! moral code ( ! ,sabeans is t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ne>ly e p>ticul>4 ,polygamy is all[$ to ! ext5t ( five wives1 & is ev5 recomm5d$ 9 ! ,sidra ,rabba b is seldom indulg$ 94 ,!y d n circumcise2 ?is is important1 prov+ t !y are n ( ,arab orig94 ,!y h no holy places or *ur*es except ^? we h describ$ :i* are built = a s+le night on ! riv]side4 ,! /ory t !y g on pilgrimage to ,h>an#aab & visit ! ,pyramids z ! tomb ( ,se?#aac is app>5tly a my?4 ,!y are fri5dly to ,*ri/ians ( all sects & love to give ! impression t because !y honor ! ,bapti/ !y are m closely relat$ to u ?an are ! ,jews & ,moslems4 ,( c\rse !y d5y t !y d n accept ,jesus z a true ,prophet1 z !y d all ^? o!r articles ( _! belief1 :i* !y deem wise/ or safe/ to keep conceal$4 ,all our inve/igations end z we began1 by f9d+ t ! ,sabeans 8wor%ip t :i* !y "k n10 & pr(ess a cre$ ^: orig9 is hidd5 f !m & ^: elem5ts1 ga!r$ f ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?1 are z div]se z !y are incongru\s4 ,:o is able to classify ^! elem5ts or among s mu* het]og5e\s dbris dig d[n to ! orig9al f\ndations ( ! /ructure8 ,if we c\ld1 w\ld we n1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 come back to ,babylonia & ! monum5ts8 ,illu/ration3 ,page ( script ,,xxix ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ianity ,,9 ,,arabia 8,& "s fell among ?orns40--,mat!w xiii4 #g4 8,b :ile m5 slept1 8 enemy came & s[$ t>es among ! :eat & w5t 8 way4 ,b :5 ! blade 0 sprung up & br\ght =? fruit !n appe>$ ! t>es also4 ,s ! s]vants ( ! h\se-hold] came & said unto him1 ,sir1 did/ n ?\ s[ good se$ 9 ?y field8 f :5ce !n ha? x t>es8 ,he said unto !m1 ,an enemy ha? done ?is40--,mat!w xiii4 #be-bh4 ,x is record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! apo/les t ,arabians1 or ,arabian proselytes1 7 pres5t at ! ,jewi% fea/ ( ,p5teco/4 ,we mu/ !re=e g back to ,apo/olic times to f9d ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia4 ,:e!r ^! ,arabians 7 f ! nor!rn "p ( ! p59sula bord]+ on ,syria1 f ! dom9ions ( ! ,arabian k+ ,h>e? 7,aretas71 or came z ,jewi% proselytes f di/ant ,jewi% colonies ( ,yem51 mu/ ev] rema9 unc]ta94 ,9 any case !y d\btless c>ri$ back to _! homes some?+ ( ! ,p5teco/al message or bless+4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t ref]5ces to ,arabia are n disconnect$ & unique1 b /& 9 close/ relation to ! :ole ,old ,te/am5t revelation ( ,god's deal+s ) ,i%mael & 8 desc5dants4 ,9 ,paul's lett] to ! ,galatians1#aad he writes1 8,nei!r w5t ,i up to ,j]usalem to !m :i* 7 apo/les be=e me2 b ,i w5t to ,arabia1 & return$ aga9 unto ,damascus40 ,:at did ! great apo/le to ! ,g5tiles d 9 ,arabia8 ,a consid]ation ( ?is "q w give u a bett] /&po9t to review ! lat] rise ( ,*ri/ianity n only 9 ,nor? ,arabia1 b 9 ,nejran & ,yem54 8,a veil ( ?ick d>kness10 says ,lightfoot1 8hangs ov] ,/4 ,paul's visit to ,arabia40 ,! p>ticul> "p ( ,arabia visit$1 ! l5g? ( 8 /ay1 ! motive ( 8 go+1 ! r\te tak5 & :at he did !re1--all is left untold4 ,we c draw ! map & tell ! /ory ( all b ! fir/ great j\rney ( ! apo/le4 ,c]ta9ly ! fir/ j\rney ( ! new ,saul ( ,t>sus _c h be5 )\t "s great purpose4 ,! probable l5g? ( 8 /ay1 :i* is by "s put at only six mon?s1 b :i* may h be5 two ye>s1#aae w\ld also indicate "s importance 9 ! ev5t4 ,visions & revelations to ?is ,elijah & ,moses ( ! new disp5sation !re may h be5 :ile he t>ri$ 9 ! des]t1 b x is sc>cely probable to suppose t at ?is critical juncture 9 e>ly *ur* hi/ory s long a "t %\ld h be5 occupi$ ) ^! only4 ,!re=e1 we f9d ! e>lie/ comm5tators ( ! op9ion t ,paul's visit to ,arabia 0 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney1 & t he 8conf]r$ n ) fle% & blood10 b w5t into ,arabia to prea* ! gospel4#aaf 8,see h[ f]v5t 0 8 s\l10 says ,*ryso/om1 8he 0 eag] to occupy l&s yet untill$1 he =?) attack$ a b>b>\s & savage p1 *oos+ a life ( conflict & mu* toil40 ,! idea t ,paul w5t to prea* imm$iately aft] 8 conv]sion is natural2 & t he %\ld1 z ! ,g5tile apo/le1 seek fir/ t race :i* 0 also a son ( ,abraham & heir ( _m ,old ,te/am5t promises & ^: repres5tatives 7 pres5t at ,p5teco/1 is n improbable4 ,b if ,paul w5t to ,arabia & prea*$ ! gospel1 :]e & to :om did he g8 ,a c]ta9 reply to ^! que/ions is unatta9able s9ce revelation is sil5t1 b 7#a7 ,! place 0 mo/ probably ! ,s9aitic p59sula1 or ! region ea/ ( ,s9ai 7,rawl9son74 7#b7 ,!re is m ?an "o reason to hold ) ,j]ome & lat] writ]s t he w5t to a tribe :]e 8 mission 0 unsuccessful z reg>ds visible results4 7#c7 ,! only p ( ! des]t !n1 z n[1 7 ,arab ,b$\91 & ( ! probability t ,paul also knew _! life & cu/oms1 ,rob]tson ,smi? gives a curi\s illu/ration 9 an allusion to ,galations vi4 #ag1 :5 speak+ ( tattoo m>ks 9 religion4#aag ,n[ 0 !re an ,arab tribe 9 ! days ( ,paul1 9 ! region s\?we/ ( ,damascus1 to :om a mission>y came ) a new & /range message :i* 0 n favorably receiv$1 & yet :om & ^: message ^? ,arabs c\ld n =get8 ,we f9d a curi\s leg5d tak5 up ) o!r nomad dbris into ! mael/rom ( ,mohamm$'s mutt]+s t may help to answ] ! "q4 ,x is ab\t ! ,nebi ,salih or 8good prophet10 :o came to ! p ( ,?amud1#aah & ^: p]son & mission is z mu* a my/]y to ,moslem comm5tators z ,paul's visit to ,arabia is to u4 ,european critics sugge/ 8 id5tity ) ,%elah ( ,g5esis xi4 #ac6 b etymology & *ronology bo? af=d ! mo/ meagre basis4 ,palm] (f]s a !ory t ,nebi ,salih is none o!r ?an ! 8righte\s prophet0 ,moses2#aai b ! difficulty is t ?is puts ! leg5d too f> back 9 hi/ory4 ,x is n probable t ! p ( ,?amud 8hew$ out m\nta9s into h\ses10 su* z are f\nd to-day z e>ly z 9 ! days ( ,moses4 ,nor does ,old ,te/am5t indicate a "t :5 ,moses w5t to ,arabs ) a ,div9e message4 ,moreov]1 ! leg5d is evid5tly a local "o t came to ! k ( ,mohamm$1 or x w\ld h be5 bett] kn[n to him :o borr[$ s l>gely f ! =m] prophets2 & if x is a local leg5d1 x is n a leg5d ( ,moses1 = he is m5tion$ m ?an sev5ty-sev5 times 9 ! ,koran1 & 8 /ory 0 well kn[n 9 ,arabia1 at lea/ z f> z ,yem54 ,! pi? ( ! leg5d und]lies ! b>k2 :at says ! ,koran8 ,nebi ,salih came z a 8bro!r10#abj & said1 8,o1 my p1 wor%ip ,god4 ,ye h no ,god b ,him4#aba ,!re has come to y an evid5t sign f y\r ,"l4#abb 444 ,& rememb] h[ ,he made y vice-reg5ts aft] ',ad1 & /abli%$ y 9 ! e>? 444 & rememb] ! b5efits ( ,god4#abc ,said ! *iefs ( ^? :o 7 big ) pride f among/ 8 p 7,ph>isees or ,jews f ,damascus87 to ^? :o believ$ among/ !m3 ,d ye "k t ,salih is s5t f 8 ,"l8 7i4 e41 8 ,"l is n y\r true ,god74 ,!y said1 ,we d believe 9 t ) :i* ,he is s5t1 7gospel87 8,said ^? :o 7 big ) pride1 ,v]ily1 9 :at ye d believe we disbelieve40 ,! passage is aga9 significant3 8,& he turn$ away f !m 7back to ,damascus87 & said1 ,o1 my p1 ,i did prea* unto y ! message ( my ,"l1#abd & ,i gave y good advice1 b ye love n s9c]e advis]s40 ,does n ?is /ory h po9ts ( contact ) :at might h be5 ! exp]i5ces ( a man l ,paul among su* a p8 ,! fact t !re is a s-call$ tomb ( ,nebi ,salih at ,el ,watiyeh 7,palm]7 does n weigh mu* = or aga9/ any !ory z to ! id5tity ( ! prophet4 ,arabia has tombs ( ,job on ! ,upp] ,euphrates1 ( ,eve at ,jiddah1 ( ,ca9 at ,ad51 & ( o!r 8prophets0 :]e !re is a dem& = x4 ,b x is int]e/+ to le>n f ! le>n$ au?or ( ,! ,des]t ( ! ,exodus3 8,! orig9 & hi/ory ( ,nebi ,salih is q unkn[n to ! pres5t ,b$\9 inhabitants1 b !y nev]!less reg>d him ) m national v5]ation ?an ev5 ,moses himself40 ,if rev]$ m ?an ,moses1 :y n 0 he lat] ?an ,moses--great] ?an ,moses--ev5 ,saul ( ,t>sus8 ,:e!r ?is !ory be only f>-fet*$ or :e!r x has confirmation 9 ! e>ly spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,nor? ,arabia ! sequel may %[4 ,hi/orical ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia _h two c5tres1 s t ! /udy ( its e>ly rise & progress takes u fir/ to ! tribes fur!/ nor?1 9 ! k+doms ( ,hirah & ,ghassan & !n to f]tile ,yem5 & ,nejran4 ,despite ! gr[? ( ! ,roman ,empire ea/w>d 9 ! days ( ,pompey1 ! ,arabs ( ,syria & ,palmyra reta9$ _! indep5d5ce & resi/$ all encroa*m5t4 ,"u ,od5a?us ! ,palmyr5e k+dom fl\ri%$1 & rea*$ ! z5i? ( its p[] "u 8 wife & successor1 ! celebrat$ ,z5obia4 ,%e 0 defeat$ by ,aurelian1 & ,palmyra & its dep5d5cies became a prov9ce ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x is natural !re=e to expect t ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ into ?is region at an e>ly p]iod4 ,su* 0 ! case4 ,agb>us1 s celebrat$ 9 ! annals ( ! e>ly *ur*1 0 a pr9ce ( ! t]ritory ( ,edessa & ,*ri/ianity _h made "s progress 9 ! des]t 9 ! "t ( ,arnobius4#abe ,bi%ops ( ,bo/ra1 9 ,nor?we/ ,arabia 7n to be conf\nd$ ) ,busrah71 are m5tion$ z hav+ be5 pres5t at ! ,nic5e c\ncil 7#cbe ,a4 ,d47 ) five o!r ,arabian bi%ops4#abf ,! ,arabian hi/orians speak ( ! tribe ( ,ghassan z atta*$ to ! ,*ri/ian fai? c5turies be=e ! ,hegira4 ,x 0 ( ?is tribe t ! prov]b became curr5t3 8,!y 7 lords 9 ! days ( ignorance & />s ( ,islam40 ,!y held sway ov] ! des]t ea/ ( ,pale/9e & ( ,s\!rn ,syria4 ,! "n ( ,mavia or ,muaviah is m5tion$ by ecclesia/ical writ]s z an ,arab que5 :o 0 conv]t$ to ! fai? & 9 consequ5ce =m$ an alliance ) ! emp]or & accept$ a ,*ri/ian ,bi%op1 nam$ ,moses1 orda9$ by ! primate ( ,alex&ria4 ,h] conv]sion took place ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #cgb4 ,?us we f9d t ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity increas$ 9 proportion z ! ,arabs became m intimately connect$ ) ! ,romans4 ,an un=tunate circum/ance = ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,nor? ,arabia 0 its location betwe5 ! rival p[]s ( ,rome & ,p]sia4 ,x 0 a sort ( buff]-/ate & suff]$ f bo? sides4 ,! ,p]sian mon>*s p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ian ,arabs & "o ( _! ,arab allies1 a pagan1 call$ ,naaman1 =bade all int]c\rse ) ,*ri/ians1 on ! "p ( 8 subjects4 ,?is edict we are told#abg 0 occasion$ by ! success ( ! example & prea*+ ( ,simeon ,/ylites1 ! pill> sa9t1 celebrat$ 9 ,t5nyson's picture-poem4 ,?is des]t-fri> :o 0 himself an ,arab by bir?1 0 a prea*] aft] ! he>t ( ! /]n1 au/]e1 half-/>v$ ,b$\94 ,8 fame spread ev5 into f>-(f ,arabia ,felix4#abh ,! /]n edict ( ,naaman 0 )drawn1 h[ev]1 & he himself 0 only prev5t$ f embrac+ ! fai? by 8 fe> ( ! ,p]sian k+4 ,among ! fir/ monks to prea* to ! nomad tribes 0 ,eu?ymius :o seems to h be5 a m$ical mission>y work+ miracles ( heal+ among ! ignorant ,b$\9s4 ,"o ( ! conv]t$ ,arabs1 ,aspebetus1 took ! "n ( ,pet]1 0 8consecrat$0 by ,juv5al1 patri>* ( ,j]usalem1 & became ! fir/ bi%op ( ! tribes 9 ! neighborhood ( ,s\!rn ,pale/9e4 ,! progress or ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! k+dom ( ,hirah seems to h be5 always unc]ta9 z x 0 dep5d5t on ! favor ( ! ,khosroes ( ,p]sia4 ,"s ( ! ,arabs at ,hirah & ,kufa 7 ,*ri/ian z e>ly z #chj ,a4 ,d4 ,"o ( ! e>ly conv]ts1 ,noman abu ,kamus1 prov$ ! s9c]ity ( 8 fai? by melt+ d[n a gold5 /atue ( ! ,arabian ,v5us1 wor%ipp$ by 8 tribe1 & by di/ribut+ ! proce$s among ! poor4 ,_m ( ! tribe foll[$ 8 example & 7 baptiz$4#abi ,to und]/& ! importance ( ?is spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,nor? ,arabia we mu/ rememb] t ?is 0 ! age ( c>avans & n ( navigation4 ,palmyra1 ! c5tre ( ! trade f ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ow$ its importance & p[] to ! trans-,arabian traffic ) ,p]sia & ! ,ea/4 ,irak & ,mesopotamia 7 !n a "p ( ,arabia & 7 rul$ by ,arabian dyna/ies4 ,x 0 9 ,s\?we/]n ,arabia1 h[ev]1 t ,*ri/ianity ex]t$ ev5 great] p[] & made /ill l>g] conque/s4 ,we _c b wi% t ! /ory ( its success1 trials & ext9ction _h be5 giv5 u 9 "s pur] =m ) m ( ! gospel & less ( ecclesia/icism4 ,_h t e>ly ,*ri/ianity be5 gold in/ead ( glitt] x w\ld n h p]i%$ s easily 9 ! furnace ( p]secution or disappe>$ s utt]ly be=e ! tornado-bla/ ( ,islam4 ,! picture ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ( ?is p]iod 7#cbc-fib ,a4 ,d47 z drawn by fai?ful hi/orians is d>k inde$4 8,m & m ! *ur* became assimilat$ & con=m$ to ! _w1 *ur* discipl9e grew lax1 & moral decay made rapid progress4 ,passionate cont5tions1 qu>rels & s*isms among bi%ops & cl]gy fill$ also public life ) p>ty-/rife1 animosity & bitt]ness4 ,! immorality ( ! c\rt poison$ ! capital & ! prov9ces4 ,savag]y & lic5ti\sness grew rampant4444 ,hypocrisy & bigotry took ! place ( piety among ^? :o /rove aft] some?+ high]1 :ile ! masses consol$ !mselves ) ! reflection t e man c\ld n be a monk4444 ,! %ady side ( ?is p]iod is d>k en\gh b a bright side & noble p]sonages ( deep piety1 moral e>ne/ness1 resolute d5ial ( self & ! _w are c]ta9ly n want+40#acj ,n only 0 religi\s life at a l[ level 9 all p>ts ( *ri/5dom b h]esies 7 cont9ually spr++ up to di/urb ! peace or to introduce gigantic errors4 ,arabia 0 at "o "t call$ 8! "m ( h]esies40 ,! mo/ flagrant example 0 t ( ! ,collyridians1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :i* consi/$ 9 a hea!ni% di/ortion ( m>iolatry4 ,cakes 7 (f]$ to ! ,holy ,virg91 z 9 hea!n times to ,c]es4 ,at :at "t ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,arabia ,felix is unc]ta94 ,?is "p ( ,arabia 0 9 a measure %ut (f f ! _w ( ! ,romans until ! exp$ition ( lius ,gallus4 ,be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/ianity ! ,yem5ites 7 ei!r idolat]s or ,sabeans4 ,! l>ge numb]s ( ,jews 9 ,yem5 0 an additional ob/acle to ! e>ly spread ( ! fai? z !y 7 always bitt]ly ho/ile to ! mission>ies4 ,! leg5d t ,/4 ,b>?olomew prea*$ 9 ,yem5 on 8 way to ,india ne$ n be consid]$2 nor ! m probable "o ( ,frum5tius & 8 success z fir/ bi%op to ,himy>4 ,9 ! reign ( ,con/antius1 ,!ophilus1 ! deacon ( ,nicom$ia1 a zeal\s ,arian1 0 s5t by ! emp]or to att5d a magnific5t embassy to ! c\rt ( ,himy> & is said to h prevail$ on ! ,arabian k+ to embrace ,*ri/ianity4 ,he built ?ree *ur*es 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,yem51 at ,zaph>1 ,ad5 & ,sana1 z well z at ,hormuz 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,no less ?an f\r bi%oprics 7 e/abli%$ & ! tribes ( ,rabia ,ghassan1 & ,kodaa 7 won to ! fai?4 ,ibn ,khalikan1 ! ,arabian hi/orian1 enum]ates z ,*ri/ian tribes1 ! ,bahrah1 ,tan\kh & ,taglab4 ,9 ,nejran1 nor? ( ,sana1 & ,ya?rib !re 7 also ,*ri/ians4 ,arabian idolatry 0 v tol]ant & af=d$ ?r\gh\t ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies an equally safe asylum to ! p]secut$ ,zoroa/rians1 ,jews & ,*ri/ians :o settl$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,p59sula4 ,! k+s ( ,himy> 7 !mselves idolat]s b all[$ e o!r sect great fre$om1 includ+ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b no soon] did ! foll[]s ( ,judaism ga9 p[] ?an p]secution began4 ,ab\t ! ye> #efj1 ,dzu ,n[ass1 rul] ( ,himy>1 revolt$ aga9/ 8 "l ! ,abyss9ian k+1 ,elesbaan1 &1 in/igat$ by ! ,jews1 began to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians4 ,all :o refus$ to r5\nce _! fai? 7 put to dea? )\t respect ( age or sex1 & ! villages ( ,nejran 7 giv5 ov] to plund]4 ,l>ge pits 7 dug1 fill$ ) fuel1 & _m ?\s&s ( monks & virg9s 7 committ$ to ! flames4 ,spe$y puni%m5t1 h[ev]1 ov]took ,dzu ,n[ass :5 ! ,abyss9ian ho/s invad$ ,yem54 ,! ,*ri/ian conqu]ors av5g$ ! massacre on its p]petrators1 ! ,jews1 ) hea!n fury4 ,! :ole f]tile tract 0 once m a sc5e ( blood%$ & deva/ation4 ,! *ur*es built be=e ! days ( ,dzu ,n[ass 7 aga9 rebuilt on ! site ( _! ru9s & new bi%ops 7 appo9t$ 9 place ( ! m>tyrs4 ,a %ort1 ?\gh desp]ate1 civil w>1 result+ 9 ! proclamation ( ,abraha z k+ ( ,yem51 did n di/urb ! /eady gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,pay+ tribute only to ! ,abyss9ian cr[n1 & at peace ) all ! ,arab tribes1 ,abraha 0 lov$ = 8 ju/ice & mod]ation by all 8 subjects & idoliz$ by ! ,*ri/ians = 8 burn+ zeal 9 _! religion4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ,jews1 conv9c$ by a public dispute & a miracle at ,dhaf>1 7 baptiz$4 ,_m idolat]s 7 add$ to ! *ur*2 new s*emes ( b5evol5ce 7 inaugurat$2 ! f\ndations 7 be+ laid = a magnific5t ca!dral at ,sana2 9 %ort ,*ri/ian ,yem5 seem$ at ! dawn ( its ,gold5 ,age 9 ! ye> #efg ,a4 ,d4 ,:at delay$ its com+ & h[ did ! p[] ( ,abraha lose its pre/ige8 ,! /ory is glean$ f ,moslem & ,*ri/ian writ]s2 x is ! la/ sad *apt] 9 ! %ort hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia & ! preface to ! *ronicles ( ,islam4 ,s important is x consid]$ t ! synopsis ( x is embodi$ 9 ! ,koran = ! p]petual delight ( ,moslems4 7,surah ( ! ,elephant47 ,9 ! e>ly fall ( ! ye> #efh1 ! c>avans ( ,arabs1 :i* came along ! level road lead+ f ,rhoda1 bord]$ ) ri* v9ey>ds & fig-or*>ds1 /opp$1 on ent]+ ,sana1 because ( a cr[d t /ood gaz+ at a l>ge piece ( p>*m5t nail$ on ! side wall ( ! entrance to ! city4 ,x 0 a royal proclamation writt5 9 l>ge ,himy>itic lett]s4 ,a t[nsman 9 ! long dress ( a public tea*] /ood be=e x & read al\d to ! motley cr[d t paus$ z !y came to morn+ m>ket f ! neighbor+ villages4 ,/ately camels1 be>+ huge loads ( dates1 7 urg$ by _! driv]s1 :o good-humor$ly ex*ang$ greet+s ) _! ,*ri/ian bre?r52 donkeys1 ne>ly hidd5 betwe5 baskets ( lusci\s grapes1 jo/l$ a gr\p ( ,jewi% money-*ang]s sitt+ 9 ! gate2 a score ( wom51 d>k-ey$ & 9 picturesque peasant dress1 7 c>ry+ _! empty g]bies to ! wells--b "o & all mov$ ) curiosity1 /ood = a mom5t to li/54 ,! presbyt]1 = su* he 01 read z foll[s3 8,i1 ,ibraha1 by ! grace ( ,god & ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,savi\r1 k+ ( ,yem51 tak+ c\nsel & advice ( ! good ,greg5tius1 bi%op ( ,dhaf>1 & hav+ complet$ ! build+ ( ! ca!dral to ! glory ( ,god & 9 memory ( our victory ov] ! idolat]s1 d n[ & h]eby proclaim t all ! ,arab tribes :o annually visit ! hea!n %r9e at ,mecca1 are expect$ to cease go+ ?i!r & to come ) _! c>avans ( m]*&ise to wor%ip ! true ,god1 on a %ort] & m conv5i5t j\rney to our magnific5t *ur* at ,sana1 ! capital1 on p5alty ( a levy to be put by me on all c>avans ( tribes t refuse to obey ?is proclamation4 ,& be x fur!rmore kn[n to all ! tribes ( ,korei%44440 ,! read] 0 rudely int]rupt$ by a p>ty ( ,b$\9 :o drove _! drom$>ies "r ?r\gh ! gate & up ! /reet ) su* fury t "s ( ! cr[d b>ely escap$ be+ run ov]4 8,x is a troop ( ^? accurs$ ,k5anehs10 said ,ibn ,*oza to 8 companion4 8,!y 7 born )\t mann]s--wild asses ( ! des]t40 8,yes10 answ]$ ! o!r2 8& :o insult our good k+ ) _! nickname ( ,el ,a%ram1--! split nos$1--because ( ! sc> t rema9s s9ce 8 enc\nt] ) ! hea!n ,aryat40 8,if su* z ^!1 ,abood1 d n obey ?is late/ ord] f our ,*ri/ian k+1 we'll try ! spe>s ( my ,mod>ites1 & !n woe betide _! c>avans ( semn & _! f]tile palms4 ,n all ! ?ree hundr$ gods ( ! ,kaabeh c\ld save !m f ! righte\s wra? ( ,abraha40 ,! new ca!dral1 ^: ru9$ f\ndations yet te/ify z to its size & solidity1 _h be5 complet$ = "s mon?s1 & on ! morr[ ! good bi%op 0 expect$ f ,dhaf> to prea* to ! cr[ds t ?rong$ ,yem5's capital at ! fea/4 ,?is ye> m /rang]s ?an ev] be=e cr[d$ ! m>kets2 _m 7 come1 9 ob$i5ce to ! proclamation1 ev5 f di/ant ,ya?rib & f beyond ,nejran1 to engage 9 comm]ce & religion at once1--! univ]sal cu/om ( ! ,arabs4 ,! autumn ra9s 7 ov] & a fre% breeze f ,jebel ,nokum increas$ ! cold1 felt by su* /rang]s especially1 z came = ! fir/ "t f ! hot coa/ to an elevation ( #i1jjj feet4 ,night fell on ! t[]s & palaces ( ,sana1 & !re 0 no light 9 ! /reets except t ( />s %9+ ) nor!rn brilliancy f betwe5 drift+ cl\ds4 ,j be=e midnight1 a solit>y ,arab hurri$ along "o ( ! n>r[ pa?s1 too n>r[ to be call$ a /reet1 :i* l$ f ! c>avans]i to ! *ur*4 ,8 face & =m 7 wrapp$ 9 a long %eepsk9 cloak1 b 8 erect be>+1 vigor\s /ep1 & ! c>v$ silv] h&le ( ! curv$ dagg]1 half hidd5 9 8 belt1 betray$ "o ( ! ,k5aneh tribe4 ,/eal?ily look+ ar\nd1 he /opp$ be=e "o ( ! w9d[s ( ! ca!dral2 lift$ himself to ! granite l$ge1 dextr\sly us$ 8 dagg] to remove "o ( ! l>ge panes ( talc-/one 7/ill us$ 9 all ,sana71 & jump$ inside4 ,he l+]$ only a few mom5ts1 came out z he w5t 91 & hurri$ (f t[>d ! way ( ! ,nor? gate4 ,on ! morr[ a cry arose f ! e>ly wor%ipp]s1 c>ri$ on ! lips ( e ,*ri/ian 9 ,sana1 till x e*o$ ?r\gh m>ket & /reet3 8,abraha's *ur* has be5 defil$6 ,dung is on ! alt>1 & ! holy cross is sme>$ ) ordure6 ',tis ! "w ( ! accurs$ ,k5aneh--! signal ( revolt = ! idolat]s ( ! ,nor?60 ,!re 0 tumult 9 ,sana4 ,9 va9 ,greg5tius endeavor$ to quiet ! populace by 8 eloqu5ce4 ,add+ fuel to ! flame1 came ! news on ! same day ( ! defeat ( ! ,mod>ites & ! dea? ( ,ibn ,*oza1 :om ! k+ _h s5t on an exp$ition to a rebelli\s tribe 9 ,wady ,dauasir4 ,abraha's wra? 0 d\bly inflam$ by ! pr(anation ( 8 *ur* & ! dea? ( 8 capta94 ,he publicly v[$ to annihilate ! idolatr\s ,korei%1 z well z ! ,k5aneh1 & to demoli% _! temple at ,mecca4 ,be=e nightfall t v[ 0 ! rally+-cry 9 ! soldi]s' qu>t] & ! toa/ 9 e ,jewi% w9e %op ( ,sana4 ,! exp$ition 0 soon on its way4 ,abraha rode =emo/1 seat$ on 8 milk-:ite elephant1 cap>ison$ ) plates ( gold4 ,on 8 head 0 a l95 cap cov]$ ) gold embroid]y1 & f :i* desc5d$ f\r *a9s4 ,he wore a loose tunic cov]$ ) pe>ls & ,yem5 akeek /one1 ov] 8 usual dress2 :ile 8 muscul> arms & %ort neck 7 almo/ hidd5 ) bracelets & *a9s ( gold 9 ! ,abyss9ian patt]n2 = arms he _h a %ield & spe>s4 ,aft] him came a b& ( musicians1 & !n ! nobles & w>riors1 "u comm& ( ! valiant ,kais4 ,?an him no bett] lead] c\ld h be5 *os54 ,m\rn+ ! untimely dea? ( 8 bro!r1 ,ibn ,*oza1 sla9 by ! trea*]\s arr[ ( ,orwa1 he s\ght a p]sonal rev5ge ev5 m ?an ! honor ( 8 religion & 8 k+1 & 0 prep>$ to risk all 9 fulfillm5t ( ! exp$ition4 ,! army1 increas$ by volunte]s at e village on _! r\te1 by =c$ m>*es ov] two hundr$ miles ( m\nta9 road1 rea*$ ,jebel ,orra1 we>y & footsore4 ,:at is only a usual j\rney to ! ,b$\9 ( ! ,nor?1 0 a succession ( h>d%ips to ! ,yem5 troops1 accu/om$ z !y 7 to m\nta9 air1 pl5ty ( wat] & ! ri* f]tility ( _! native valleys4 ,no less did ! h]d ( elephants suff] f ! fatigue ( di/ance & ! sc>city ( pa/urage & wat]4 ,e day ! advance 0 made ) increas+ difficulty4 ,mean:ile ! ,korei% _h n be5 idle4 ,rumor nev] runs fa/] ?an 9 ! des]t4 ,all ^? :o lov$ ,mecca1 t olde/ hi/oric c5tre ( all ,we/]n ,arabia1 ralli$ to ! /&>d ( ! ,korei%4 ,x 0 ! ,kaaba1 ) its ?ree hundr$ & sixty idols1 aga9/ ! ,cross4 ,no soon] 0 ,abraha's approa* kn[n1 ?an ,dzu ,neff]1 ,ibn ,habib & o!r *iefs at ! head ( ! tribes ( ,ham$an & ,*e?amah ga!r$ to oppose ! advance4 ,a desp]ate conflict foll[$1 b ! camels 7 fright5$ at ! sight ( ! elephants1 nor c\ld ! des]t ,arabs )/& an assault ( su* l>ge numb]s4 ,! news ( defeat /ruck ! ,korei% ) ! greate/ con/]nation1 & ,abd-ul-,mutalib1 gr&fa!r ( ! future prophet1 :o 0 gu>dian ( ! ,kaaba1 took c\ncil ) all ! *iefs ( ! allies4 ,a swift mess5g] 0 s5t to ,abraha (f]+ a ?ird "p ( ! weal? ( all ,hejaz z a ransom = ! sacr$ ,beit ,ullah4 ,! k+1 h[ev]1 0 inflexible1 & 8 foll[]s cri$3 8,v5geance = ! desecrat$ ,cross 9 our sanctu>y6 ,no ransom f ! idolat]s6 ,d[n ) ! ,kaaba60 ,f9ally ,abd-ul-,mutalib himself came to seek audi5ce4 ,he 0 admitt$ to ,abraha's pres5ce & honor$ ) a seat by 8 side2 b ,arab tradition says he came only to ask ab\t ! loss ( "s camels1 & told ,abraha t ! ,"l ( ! ,kaaba w\ld def5d x himself6 7,su* sublime fai? does ,moslem tradition put into ! m\? ( ! prophet's ance/ors1 ev5 ?\gh ! ana*ronism proves its falsehood47 ,on ! foll[+ day ,kais l$ ! advance ?r\gh ! n>r[ valley t leads into ! city4 ,"h a griev\s surprise await$ ! ho/ ( ,! ,elephant4 ,to supplem5t ! fai? ( ,abd-ul-,mutalib1 ! ,arabs laid 9 ambu%1 & be=e day-dawn e "o ( ! ,korei% _h occupi$ 8 place on ! heights on ei!r side ( ! pass1 hidd5 beh9d ! r\gh masses ( b\ld] & trap t to ?is day make ! :ole hillside a natural batt]y4 ,no soon] _h ! elephants & _! rid]s ent]$ ! defile1 ?an a %[] ( rocks & /ones 0 incessantly p\r$ ^u !m by _! assailants4 ,! unwieldly animals1 mad ) fright & pa91 trampl$ ! w\nd$ to dea?1 & confusion 0 foll[$ by headlong flight1 al?\gh ! unequal conte/ la/$ until sunset4 ,x 0 ! ,!rmopyl ( ,arabian idolatry1 =ev] aft] celebrat$ 9 ! ,koran *apt] ( ,! ,elephant4 ,! battle af=ds a miracle1 h[ev]1 to ! ,moslem comm5tator by ! easy *ange ( a v[el1 :i* makes 8miracul\s birds0 ) hell-/ones 9 _! beaks ,god's av5g]s1 in/ead ( ! 8camel-troops0 ( ! ,korei%4 ,two mon?s aft] ! victory t prophet 0 born ^: "* & c>e] seal$ ! fate ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia1 already decid$ on ! fatal day :5 ,abraha m\nt$ 8 elephant & left ,sana = rev5ge4 ,! division ( ! ,nor!rn tribes betwe5 ! ,p]sians & ,romans1 foll[$ by ! defeat ( ! ,yem5 ho/s1 br\ght an>*y to all c5tral ,arabia4 ,! idolat]s ( ,hirah & ,ghassan ov]ran ! s\?1 & ! weak reign ( ,yeks\m1 son ( ,abraha1 c\ld n /ay ! decay ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate4 ,ev5 ! ,p]sian protectorate only delay$ its f9al fall4 ,! sudd5 rise ( ,islam1 ) its political & social prepond]ance1 consummat$ ! bl[4 8,) ! dea? ( ,mohamm$10 says ,wright1 8! la/ sp>ks ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia 7 ext+ui%$1 & x may be reasonably d\bt$ :e!r any ,*ri/ians 7 !n left 9 ! :ole p59sula40#aca ,9 #ahhh1 ,edw>d ,glas]1 ! explor]1 visit$ ne>ly e "p ( ,yem5 & among 8 discov]ies 7 _m anci5t inscriptions4 ,f ,m>eb1 ! old ,sabean capital1 he br\ght back ov] ?ree hundr$1 "o ( :i* dates f #edb ,a4 ,d41 & is consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,fritz ,hommel ! late/ ,sabean inscription4 ,x consi/s ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-six l9es tell+ ( ! suppress$ revolt aga9/ ! ,e?iopic rule !n e/abli%$ 9 ,yem54 ,! inscription op5s ) ! words3 8,,9 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,all-,,m]ciful1 ,,& ,,8 ,,messiah ,,& ,,! ,,holy ,,gho/40 ,?is & ! sc>cely recognizable ru9s ( ! ca!dral at ,sana are ! only remnants ( ,*ri/ianity t rema9 9 ,arabia ,felix4 ,,xxx ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,mod]n ,,arabian ,,missions 8,x surely is n )\t a purpose t ?is widespread & p[]ful race ! ,arabs has be5 kept ^! f\r ?\s& ye>s1 unsubdu$ & undeg5]ate1 pres]v+ /ill ! vigor & simplicity ( its "*4 ,x is c]ta9ly capable ( a great future2 & z c]ta9ly a great future lies be=e x4 ,9 may be among ! la/ peoples ( ,s\?we/]n ,asia to yield to ! trans=m+ influ5ces ( ,*ri/ianity & a ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,b to ^? influ5ces x w assur$ly yield 9 ! fullness ( "t40--,edson ,l4 ,cl>k4 8,e nation has its appo9t$ "t1 & :5 _! appo9t$ "t comes !y _c keep x back an h\r nor c !y br+ x on40--,! ,koran4 ,islam dates f #fbb ,a4 ,d41 b ! fir/ ,*ri/ian mission>y to ,mohamm$ans 0 ,raymund ,lull1 :o 0 /on$ to dea? outside ! t[n ( ,bugia1 ,nor? ,africa1 on ,june #cj1 #acae4 ,he 0 also ! fir/ & only ,*ri/ian ( 8 day :o felt ! ext5t & urg5cy ( ! call to evangelize ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,8 con/ant argum5t ) ,moslem tea*]s 03 ,islam is false & mu/ die4 ,8 devotion & 8 pure "* c\pl$ ) su* int5se moral e>ne/ness won "s conv]ts1 b 8 great c5tral purpose 0 to ov]?r[ ! p[] ( ,islam z a sy/em by logical demon/ration ( its error2 9 ?is he fail$4 ,8 two spiritual treatises are int]e/+1 b 8 ,ars ,major w\ld n conv9ce a ,moslem to-day any m ?an x did 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,8 life is ( romantic int]e/ & 8 indefatigable zeal w always be a model & an inspiration to mission>ies among ,moslems4#acb ,b he liv$ be=e 8 "t & 8 age 0 unwor?y ( him4 ,no?+ 0 done to give ! gospel to ,arabia or ! ,mohamm$ans f ! "t ( ,raymund ,lull to t ( ,h5ry ,m>tyn1 ! fir/ mod]n mission>y to ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,! hi/ories ( ^! two m5 conta9 all t !re is to be writt5 ab\t mission>y "w = ! ,mohamm$an _w f #fbb until #ahab1 s little did ! ,*ur* ( ,god feel its responsibility t[>d ! millions walk+ 9 d>kness aft] ! false prophet4 ,to ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,arabia & ! ,levant pres5t$ no attractions or appeal4 ,! ,turks1 z repres5t+ ! ,mohamm$an _w1 7 rememb]$ z e>ly z #aedi1 x is true1 by ! ,engli% ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 9 ! collect = ,good ,friday1#acc 7:i* dates f ! ,s>um ,missal74 ,no ef=t 0 made1 h[ev]1 to c>ry ! gospel to !m or to any "p ( _! empire1 until long aft] o!r f> m di/ant regions _h be5 rea*$4 ,ev5 ,c>ey did n h ! ,moslem _w on 8 l>ge program4 ,x 0 ,claudius ,bu*anan :o fir/ ar\s$ an int]e/ 9 ! ne$s ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,on 8 return f ,india he told1 on ,febru>y #be1 #ahji1 9 8 s]mon at ,bri/ol1 ! /ory ( two ,moslem conv]ts1 "o ( :om _h di$ a m>tyr to ,*ri/4 ,9 8 ,*ri/ian ,rese>*es he prop\nds a compreh5sive s*eme = ! evangelization ( ! ,levant4 ,! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society s5t out mission>ies1 & 9 #ahai ! ,am]ican ,bo>d began "w = ,moslems by s5d+ ,pl9y ,fisk & ,levi ,p>sons to ,syria4 ,?is mod]n beg9n+ ( ! gospel 9 ,asia ,m9or _h an indirect be>+ on ! future evangelization ( ,arabia & 0 a "p ( ! ,div9e prep>ation4 ,! j\rneys ( ,eli ,smi? & ,h4 ,g4 ,o4 ,dwight br\ght ! ,am]ican *ur*es face to face ) ! :ole problem ( missions 9 t region4 ,! ,syrian ,mission ?r\gh its press at ,malta 7#ahbb7 began ! assault on ! citadel ( ,islam's le>n+4 ,9 #ahcc ! press 0 remov$ to ,beirut2 & f t day until n[ x has be5 scatt]+ leaves ( heal+ ?r\gh\t all ! ,arabic-speak+ _w4 ,:5 9 #ahfe ,dr4 ,van ,dyck wrote ! la/ %eet ( 8copy0 ( ! ,arabic ,bible translation & h&$ x to ! compositor1 he m>k$ an era ( importance n only to ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 b to ! :ole ( ,arabia1 great] ?an any accession or deposition ( sultans4 ,t ,bible made mod]n missions to ,arabia possible2 x 0 ! result ( sev5te5 ye>s ( labor2 8& h]e9 is t say+ true1 ,"o s[e?1 & ano!r reape? 444 o!r m5 labor$ & ye are ent]$ into _! labors40 ,:atev] special difficulties & ob/acles mission>ies to ,arabia h met or w meet1 ! great "w ( prep>+ ! ,^w ( ,god 9 ! language ( ! p & a complete ,*ri/ian lit]ature = e dep>tm5t ( "w1 has already be5 accompli%$ by o!rs2 & accompli%$ 9 su* a way t ! ,arabic ,bible ( ,beirut w always be ! ,bible = ,oman & ,nejd & ! mo/ inl& villages ( ,yem5 & ,hadramaut4 ,! hi/ory ( direct ef=t to rea* ! great ,arabian p59sula beg9s ) ,h5ry ,m>tyn4 ,x is deeply int]e/+ to foll[ ! gradual unfold+s ( ! ,div9e ,provid5ce 9 ! re9troduction ( ! gospel into ,arabia ?irte5 c5turies aft] ,*ri/ianity _h be5 blott$ out 9 t l& by ! sword ( ,mohamm$ & 8 successors4 ,9 m ?an "o s5se ,h5ry ,m>tyn 0 ! pione] mission>y to ,arabia4 ,he fir/ came into contact ) ! ,arabs ?r\gh 8 /udy ( _! language & 8 employm5t ( t rem>kable "*1 ,sabat1 z 8 mun%ee & co-work]4 ,sabat & 8 fri5d ,abdullah 7 two ,arabs ( notable p$igree1 :o1 aft] visit+ ,mecca1 resolv$ to see ! _w4 ,!y fir/ w5t to ,cabul1 :]e ,abdullah ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! fam\s ,ame] ,zeman ,%ah4 ,?r\gh ! ef=ts ( an ,arm5ian ,*ri/ian he abjur$ ,islam & _h to flee = 8 life to ,bokh>a4 8,sabat _h prec$$ him !re & at once recogniz$ him on ! /reet4 #8,i _h no pity1' said ,sabat aft]w>d1 #8,i deliv]$ him up to ,morad ,%ah1 ! k+4' ,he 0 (f]$ 8 life if he w\ld abjure ,*ri/4 ,he refus$4 ,!n "o ( 8 h&s 0 cut (f & aga9 he 0 press$ to recant4 #8,he made no answ]1 b look$ up /eadfa/ly t[>d heav51 l ,/eph51 ! fir/ m>tyr1 8 eyes /ream+ ) te>s4 ,he look$ at me1 b x 0 ) ! c\nt5ance ( =giv5ess4 ,8 o!r h& 0 !n cut (f4 ,b he nev] *ang$1 & :5 he b[$ 8 head to receive ! bl[ ( dea? all ,bokh>a seem$ to say1 ,:at new ?+ is ?is8' ,remorse drove ,sabat to long w&]+s1 9 :i* he came to ,madras1 :]e ! gov]nm5t gave him ! (fice ( mufti or exp\nd] ( ! law ( ,islam 9 ! civil c\rts4 ,at ,vizagapatam he fell 9 ) a copy ( ! ,arabic ,new ,te/am5t z revis$ by ,solomon ,negri & s5t out to ,india 9 ! middle ( la/ c5tury by ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k4 ,he comp>$ x ) ! ,koran & ! tru? fell on him l a flood ( light4 ,he s\ght baptism 9 ,madras at ! h&s ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,k]r & 0 nam$ ,na?aniel4 ,he 0 !n tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,:5 ! news rea*$ 8 family 9 ,arabia1 8 bro!r set out to de/roy him1 &1 disguis$ z an ,asiatic1 w\nd$ him ) a dagg] z he sat 9 8 h\se at ,vizagapatam4 ,he s5t him home ) lett]s & gifts to 8 "m1 & !n gave himself up to propagate ! tru? he _h once 9 8 fri5d ,abdullah's p]son1 p]secut$ to ! dea?40#acd ,^! two 7 d\btless ! fir/ fruits ( mod]n ,arabia to ,*ri/4 ,x 0 d\btless 9 a great degree ,sabat :o direct$ ,m>tyn's ?\ghts & plans t[>d ,arabia & ! ,arabs4 ,on ! la/ day ( ! ye> #ahaj he wrote 9 8 di>y3 8,i n[ pass f ,india to ,arabia1 n kn[+ :at ?+s %all befall me !re40 ,8 purpose 9 leav+ ,india 0 p>tly 8 brok5 heal? b m 8 int5se long+ to give ! ,mohamm$ans ( ,arabia & ,p]sia ! ^w ( ,god 9 _! own tongues4 ,on 8 voyage f ,calcutta to ,bombay he compos$ tracts 9 ,arabic1 spoke ) ! ,arab sailors & /udi$ ! ,koran & ,niebuhr's travels 9 ,arabia4 ,f ,bombay he sail$ = ,arabia & ,p]sia 9 "o ( ! %ips ( ! old ,indian navy go+ on a cruise 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,he rea*$ ,muscat on ,april #bj1 #ahaa1 & writes 8 fir/ impressions 9 a lett] to ,lydia ,gr5fell3 8,i am n[ 9 ,arabia ,felix2 to judge f ! aspect ( ! c\ntry x has little pret5sions to ! "n1 unless burn+1 b>r5 rocks convey an idea ( felicity2 b z !re is a promise 9 res]ve = ! sons ( ,joktan1 _! l& may "o day be bless$ inde$40 ,he attempt$ to g inl& = a %ort di/ance1 b 0 =bidd5 by ! soldi]s ( ! ,sultan ( ,muscat4 ,e ^w ( ,h5ry ,m>tyn's j\rnal reg>d+ ,arabia is preci\s1 b we c quote only "o m passage3 8,april #bd4 ,w5t ) "o ,engli% p>ty & two ,arm5ians & an ,arab :o s]v$ z gu>d & guide to see a rem>kable pass ab\t a mile f ! t[n & a g>d5 plant$ by a ,h9du 9 a little village beyond4 ,!re 0 no?+ to see1 only ! little bit ( gre5 9 ?is wild]ness seem$ to ! ,arab a great curiosity4 ,i conv]s$ a good deal ) him1 b p>ticul>ly ) 8 ,african slave1 :o 0 v intellig5t ab\t religion4 ,! latt] knew z mu* ab\t 8 religion z mo/ m\nta9e]s1 & )al 0 s int]e/$ t he w\ld n cease f 8 argum5t till ,i left ! %ore40 ,m>tyn did n t>ry long at ,muscat b 8 visit 0 8a little bit ( gre5 9 ?is wild]ness0 & ! pray]s he !re (f]$ f\nd answ] 9 ,god's ,provid5ce long aft]w>d4 ,on all 8 voyage to ,bu%ire he 0 cont9ually busy ) 8 ,arabic translation2 ! p ( ,arabia 7 /ill fir/ 9 8 he>t = he expresses himself z desir\s f9ally 8to g to ,arabia circuit\sly by way ( ,p]sia40 ,8 long+ to give ! ,arabs ! ,scripture began 9 ,india & int5sifi$ 8 devotion to ! /udy ( ,hebrew4 ,_h ,m>tyn's *ief assi/ant 9 ! ,arabic translat+1 ,sabat1 be5 a bett] s*ol> _! ,new ,te/am5t v]sion w\ld h prov$ abid+ly useful4 ,z ,sabat's k ( ! language prov$ v faulty _! ,arabic ,te/am5t did n rema9 9 use4 ,x 0 fir/ pr9t$ at ,calcutta 9 #ahaf1 & al?\gh x accompli%$ a good "w 9 common ) o!r old translations1 all h be5 sup]s$$ by ! wond]fully p]fect v]sion ( ,eli ,smi? & ,van ,dyck4 ,x 0 n due to ,m>tyn1 h[ev]1 t ! ,arabic language _h no wor?y v]sion ( ! ,bible until #ahfj4 ,9 8 di>ies = ,septemb] #h & #i1 #ahaj1 we read ^! rem>kable entries3 8,if my life is sp>$1 !re is no reason :y ! ,arabic %\ld n be done 9 ,arabia1 & ! ,p]sian 9 ,p]sia z well z ! ,indian 9 ,india40 444 8,arabia %all hide me till ,i come =? ) an approv$ ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,arabic40 444 8,w gov]nm5t let me g away = ?ree ye>s be=e ! "t ( my furl\gh arrives8 ,if n ,i mu/ quit ! s]vice1 & ,i _c devote my life to a m important "w ?an t ( prep>+ ! ,arabic ,bible40 ,^! facts ab\t ,m>tyn's life %[ at h[ _m po9ts x t\*$ ,arabia2 8 purposes1 8 pray]s1 8 /udies1 8 translations1 8 fell[-work]1 & 8 visit to ,muscat4 ,b m ?an all ^! 0 ! result = ,arabia ( ,m>tyn's influ5ce & ! p[] ( 8 _s to inspire o!rs4 ,9 #ahbi ,an?ony ,n4 ,groves1 a d5ti/ ( ,exet]1 tak+ ! comm&s ( ,*ri/ lit]ally1 sold all he _h &1 9 ! _s ( ,m>tyn1 began 8 rem>kable attempt at mission "w 9 ,bagdad4 ,8 "w 0 /opp$ twice1 by ! plague & by p]secution1 & ! /ory ( 8 life reveals h[ great 7 ! ob/acles :i* he va9ly tri$ to surm\nt4#ace ,f t day until long ye>s aft] ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,arabia 7 wait+ once m = ! light4 ,! only ef=t made 9 ! ,gulf 0 by ,dr4 ,john ,wilson ( ,bombay :o1 be=e #ahdc1 s5t ,bible colporteurs once & aga9 by ,ad5 & up ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 8he summon$ ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& to despat* a mission to ! ,jews ( ,arabia1 ,busrah & ,bombay4 ,a mission>y 0 ready 9 ! p]son ( ,william ,burns :o aft]w>d w5t to ,*9a1 ! support ( a mission>y at ,ad5 0 gu>ante$ by a fri5d & ,wilson _h f\nd a volunte] #8= ! purpose ( explor+ ,arabia' :5 ! disruption ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& arre/$ ! movem5t40#acf ,x 0 ,h5ry ,m>tyn's life t inspir$ ,john ,wilson 9 #ahbd4 ,x 0 ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& t aft]w>d took up ! "w ( ,ion ,kei? ,falcon] ! pione] ( ,yem54 ,s ,god's plans f9d fulfillm5t4#acg ,ev5 ,muscat 0 n left )\t a witness 9 ^? ye>s ( wait+4 ,x appe>s t ! capta9 ( an ,am]ican %ip :i* call$ at ,muscat e ye> = a c>go ( dates 0 a godly man & us$ to di/ribute ,arabic ,bibles & ,te/am5ts1 ev5 be=e ! ,bible ,society ext5d$ its "w to ?is place4 ,z e>ly z #ahgh ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society s5t ,anton ,gibrail f ,bombay to ,bagdad on a colporteur-j\rney4 ,& ab\t ! same "t ! ,s\? ,russia ag5t ( ! ,society1 ,mr4 ,james ,watt1 visit$ ,p]sia & ,bagdad & press$ ! ne$s ( ?is field on ! committee ( ! ,bible ,society4 ,he 0 second$ 9 8 ef=ts by ,rev4 ,rob]t 7n[ ,canon7 ,bruce1 a ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society ,mission>y 9 ,india4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made betwe5 ! two societies by :i* ,bible "w 0 op5$ 9 ,bagdad "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,bruce4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahhj1 a ,bible depot 0 op5$4 ,s9ce !n ! "w has gone on cont9u\sly & ext5d$1 ?r\gh ! ,arabian ,mission1 to ! entire ea/ coa/ ( ,arabia4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce to ! ne$s & opportunities = "w 9 ,we/]n ,arabia appe>s 9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,briti% ,bible ,society = #ahhf1 :]e ! op5+ ( a ,bible depot at ,ad5 is ann\nc$ ) ! hope t x w\ld lead to 8! circulation ( ! ,holy ,bible on a l>g] scale & 9 a v>iety ( languages40 ,ibrahim ,abd el ,masih 0 ! fir/ 9 *>ge ( ?is depot1 & 8 "n 0 atta*$ to ! call = pray] f ,s\? ,arabia issu$ aft] ! dea? ( ,kei? ,falcon]4 ,colporteurs f ,egypt & f ,ad5 ( ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society h once & aga9 visit$ ! ,arabian ,r$ ,sea ports & p5etrat$ to ,sana1 ! capital ( ,yem54 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahhj & #ahij m ?an "o appeal w5t =? = ,arabia's ne$4 ,old ,doctor ,lans+ ( ! ,am]ican ,u4 ,p4 ,mission 9 ,egypt :o = ov] ?irty ye>s _h labor$ !re wait+ = ! dawn ( a bright] day1 :5 he he>d ( "o ( ^! appeals1 0 all on fire1 to />t = ,yem54 8,= "s ye>s10 wrote an ,am]ican m9i/] 9 ! f> ,we/1 8,i & my p h be5 pray+ = ,arabia40 ,! ,wahabi re=mation 9 its "t attract$ ! int]e/ ( ^? :o /udi$ ! political horizon4 ,! bomb>dm5t ( ,jiddah 9 #aheh compell$ att5tion to ,mecca & ! pilgrimage1 :ile f #ahch1 :5 ,engl& became mi/ress ( ,ad51 until #ahhj comm]ce & exploration 0 specially active on all ! ,arabian coa/4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! ,anglo-,indian naval (fic]s ,morsby1 ,ha9es1 ,elwon1 ,saund]s1 ,c>less1 ,well/$ & ,crutt5d5 c>efully survey$ ! entire ,arabian coa/4 ,:at !y did = comm]ce1 ,major-,g5]al ,f4 ,t4 ,haig did = missions 9 ,arabia4 ,he x 0 :o fir/ made ! ext5sive j\rney all ar\nd ! coa/ ( ,arabia & into ! int]ior ( ,yem54 ,8 articles plead+ = ! occupation ( ! ,p59sula rea*$ ,kei? ,falcon] & f9ally decid$ 8 *oice ( a p>ticul> field1 9 ! wide ,mohamm$an _w1 to :i* 8 ?\ghts 7 already turn$4 ,x 0 also ! exp]i5ce & c\nsel ( ?is man ( ,god t help$ to det]m9e ! f9al location z well z ! prelim9>y explorations ( ! ,am]ican mission>ies ( ! ,arabian mission 9 #ahij-ib4 ,! reports ( ,g5]al ,haig are ev5 to-day ! be/ cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! ne$s & opportunities 9 ! long neglect$ ,p59sula :ile 8 acc\nt ( ! problems to be met & ! "r sort ( m5 to meet !m w always rema9 invaluable until ! evangelization ( ,arabia is an accompli%$ fact4 ,9 #ahhf ,g5]al ,haig 0 ask$ by ! committee ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society to und]take an exploration ( ! ,r$ ,sea coa/ ( ,arabia & ,somalil& ) a view to asc]ta9+ ! op5+s = mission>y ef=t4 ,he set out f ,london on ,octob] #ab?1 #ahhf1 rea*+ ,alex&ria on ! #ai?1 & proce$$ by way ( ! ,r$ ,sea coa/ 9 an ,egyptian /eam] to ,ad51 call+ at ,tor1 ,yanbo1 ,jiddah1 ,suak91 ,massawa & ,hodeidah4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,h>pur ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society 7 already at ,ad5 seek+ an op5+ = mission "w2 ! =m] accompani$ ,g5]al ,haig back to ,hodeidah & occupi$ t place = a "t z ! fir/ m$ical mission>y 9 ,arabia4 ,g5]al ,haig !n took ! j\rney inl& by ! direct r\te to ,sana ) ,ibrahim1 ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society colporteur & f ,sana !y w5t /raight across ,yem5 to ,ad54 ,%ortly aft]w>d ,g5]al ,haig proce$$ to ,muscat & up ! ,p]sian ,gulf call+ at all ! ports4 ,f ,busrah he j\rney$ along ! riv] to ,bagdad & !nce across ! ,syrian des]t by ! ov]l& po/ r\te to ,damascus4 ,x 0 ?is long & difficult j\rney :i* =m$ ! basis ( two pap]s#ach entitl$3 8,on bo? sides ( ! ,r$ ,sea10 & 8,arabia z a ,mission ,field40#aci ,a few brief extracts f ^! pap]s w int]e/ ! read] & %[ ! "* ( ?is fir/ appeal to evangelize ! l& ( ! ,arabs4 ,writ+ ( ,yem5 he says2 8,we h 9 ?is s\?we/]n "p ( ,arabia a great m\nta9\s c\ntry ) a temp]ate climate1 & a h>dy labori\s race4 ,?is hill-c\ntry & its races ext5d nor?w>d into ,asir1 ea/w>d into ,hadramaut = an indef9ite di/ance1 :ile to ! nor!a/ !y ext5d inl& z f> z ! bord]s ( ! great des]t4 ,! f9e/ & mo/ w>like races are ^? to be f\nd to ! nor? & nor!a/ ( ,sana4 ,^! h nev] yet submitt$ to ! ,turki% yoke2 9 fact ! limits ( ! ,turki% t]ritory to ! ea/ ( ,sana are only a few miles di/ant f t place4 ,is x n ( extreme importance 9 connection ) ! evangelization ( all ,s\!rn ,arabia t ! gospel %\ld be prea*$ & ! ,^w ( ,god br\ght to ^! h>dy m\nta9e]s8 ,!y are mo/ly ,zeidiyeh1 a sect ak9 to ! ,%iahs 9 doctr9e1 b ,i saw no trace ( fanaticism among !m1 r !y seem$ ev]y:]e will+ to li/5 to ! tru?4 ,= ! mo/ "p ,i suspect !y are b poor obs]v]s ( ! prescrib$ religi\s practices ( ,islam4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( my travels 9 ,yem5 ,i nev] once saw a man at pray]1 & 9 only a few ( ! l>g] villages is !re a mosque4 ,! wom5 are p>ticul>ly accessible2 9 ! villages !y we> no cov]+ to ! face1 & ^? t we met at ! khans1 or inns1 7 always ready to come =w>d & talk4 ,! little girls us$ frequ5tly to run into our room1 &1 if invit$1 w\ld come & sit d[n by our side4 ,ignorance is1 ,i %\ld say1 ! pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole population--ignorance ( _! own religion1 ignorance ( ! simple/ elem5ts ( tru?4 ,i believe t an evangeli/1 ?or\ghly ma/] ( ! language1 ,arabic1 might g f village to village all ov] ,yem5 prea*+1 or quietly speak+ ! gospel40 ,?is te/imony is true4 ,b ! *all5ge has nev] yet be5 accept$ & all ! highl&s are /ill wait+ = ! fir/ news ( ! gospel4 ,speak+ ( ! capital ( ,yem5 ! report goes on3 8,sana is a mo/ important po9t4 ,x is impossible to exagg]ate its importance f a mission>y po9t ( view4 ,x is 9 ! c5tre ( ! f9e/ races ( ,s\!rn ,arabia1 & if a mission c\ld be e/abli%$ !re1 its influ5ce w\ld ext5d on all sides to a multitude ( tribes o!rwise %ut out f ! gospel40 ,aft] review+ 9 detail ! op5 doors 9 e "p ( ,arabia1 & speak+ ( ! special ob/acles at ea* po9t toge!r ) ! be/ me?ods ( inaugurat+ "w1 he writes t[>d ! end ( 8 report3 8,9 "o degree or ano!r !n1 all ,arabia is1 ,i consid]1 op5 to ! gospel4 ,x is z mu* op5 to x z ! _w g5]ally 0 9 apo/olic times1 t is to say1 x is accessible to ! evangeli/ at _m diff]5t po9ts1 at all ( :i* he w\ld f9d m5 & wom5 ne$+ salvation1 "s ( :om w\ld receive 8 message1 :ile o!rs w\ld reject x & p]secute him4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry he w\ld n be mole/$ or int]f]$ ) by ! rul+ p[]s2 9 o!rs1 z 9 ,turki% ,arabia1 he might be arre/$ & ev5 deport$4 ,dang]\s fanatics are1 ,i believe1 seldom met ) b occasionally ! mission>y might come across su*1 & !n ! consequ5ces might be m s]i\s4 ,b :at if 8 lot 7 ev5 worse ?an ?is1 if he 7 hunt$ f village to village1 & p]secut$ f city to city8 ,our ,"l contemplat$ no o!r reception = ,8 disciples :5 ,he s5t !m =?4 ,?is 0 9 fact ,8 ideal ( ! mission>y life4444 #8,:5 !y p]secute y 9 ?is city1 7ab&on ! c\ntry8 ,no47 flee ye into ano!r4' ,! evangeli/ 9 ,arabia ne$ expect no?+ worse ?an ?is & ev5 ?is w\ld probably be ( r>e occurr5ce4444 ,!re is no difficulty !n ab\t prea*+ ! gospel 9 ,arabia if m5 c be f\nd to face ! consequ5ces4 ,! real difficulty w\ld be ! protection ( ! conv]ts4 ,mo/ probably !y w\ld be expos$ to viol5ce & dea?4 ,! infant *ur* might be a m>tyr *ur* at fir/ l t ( ,ug&a1 b t w\ld n prev5t ! spread ( ! tru? or its ultimate triumph40 ,! mo/ rem>kable ?+ ab\t ?is report1 :i* occupies only =ty pages1 is its prophetic "*1 its p]man5t value & ! fact t x t\*es e phase ( ! problem /ill be=e u4 ,! imm$iate result ( ,g5]al ,haig's report 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society to leave ,ad5 & ,%eikh ,o?man to ,kei? ,falcon] & ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 :ile ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,h>pur w5t to ,hodeidah to try ! possibilities ( "w 9 t city4 ,!re ! skill ( a ,*ri/ian physician w\ld h m ( /rategic p[] ?an 9 ,ad5 itself :i* _h two hospitals "u gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,ev]y?+ 0 hopeful at ! outset & ! p flock$ 9 l>ge numb]s to ! disp5s>y4 ,evangeli/ic "w 0 c>ri$ on1 & ,dr4 ,h>pur wrote3 8,i try to read ( ! bir?1 dea? & resurrection ( ,*ri/ includ+ ,isaiah liii41 & ! simple/ p>ables40 ,"o or two ( ! ,arabs became specially int]e/$ & read ! ,bible v eag]ly4 ,b ! ,turki% gov]nor f\nd objection & requir$ a ,turki% diploma f ! mission>y1 or to h 8 diploma ackn[l$g$ at ,con/ant9ople4 ,"w 0 at a /&/ill4 ,dr4 ,h>pur 0 compell$ to return to ,engl& on acc\nt ( sev]e illness & ,hodeidah 0 n aga9 ent]$4 ,9 8 lett] to ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 dat$ ,april #ab?1 #ahhg1 we read3 8,%\ld ! way be clos$ n[1 we tru/ t ,god w op5 x 9 ,8 own "t1 & :5ev] t "t may be1 ,i want n[ to say t s9ce ,i came "h my great desire has be51 & w cont9ue to be1 t ,i might be all[$ to live & "w among ! p ( ,yem54 ,god kn[s be/1 :]ev] our "w may be4 ,ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty t exi/s ab\t my diplomas be+ ratifi$1 & be+ 9 ! meantime effectually /opp$ f any "w1 x seems advisable = u to g back to ,ad51 !re to wait until we get directions f ! ,committee1 us+ ! "t !re = ! /udy ( ! language4 ,!re is a door "h1 z f> z ! p !mselves are conc]n$1 & ,i tru/ we may n h to leave ^! poor p :o h n reject$ ! gospel4 ,:at a cause !re is = pray] = !m to ,him :o is ,k+ ( ,k+s & ,"l ( ,lords40 ,ab\t ! same "t1 a rem>kable call to pray] 0 s5t out by ! little b& ( work]s 9 ,s\? ,arabia1 :o 7 left to m\rn ! sudd5 dea? ( _! spiritual lead]1 ,ion ,kei? ,falcon]4 ,x 0 ! fir/ call to pray] issu$ = ,arabia & x did n rema9 unhe$$3 ,,pray] ,,= ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,! ,,gospel ,,9 ,,s\? ,,arabia4 8,we e>ne/ly invite unit$ int]cession to ,almighty ,god = ! p ( ?is l&1 t ,he w op5 doors = ! prea*+ ( ! gospel1 & prep>e ! he>ts ( all to receive x4 ,we tru/ t _m w respond to ?is reque/1 & unite ) u 9 sett+ ap>t a special "t e ,tuesday = pray] = ! above object4 ,we are1 y\rs fai?fully1 7,sign$47 ,f4 ,i4 ,,h>pur1 ,m4 ,b41 ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society4 ,,alex4 ,,pat]son1 ,m4 ,b4 ,c4 ,m41 ,free ,*ur* ,mission4 ,,mat!w ,,lo*head1 ,free ,*ur* ,mission4 ,,ibrahim ,,abd ,,el ,,messiah1 ,yem51 ,s4 ,arabia4 ,b4 & ,f4 ,bible ,society40 ,:ile ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society did n cont9ue "w at ,hodeidah1 !y 7 already occupy+ ! extreme nor!a/ corn] ( ,arabia & _h begun "w 9 ,bagdad1 ! old city ( ! caliphs1 ) its comm&+ situation on ! ,tigris1 & its l>ge1 ,arab population4 ,9 #ahhb ,bagdad 0 occupi$ z an outpo/ ( _! ,p]sia ,mission on recomm5dation ( ,dr4 ,bruce4 ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,hodgson 0 ! fir/ mission>y !re1 b he aft]w>d w5t into ! s]vice ( ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society & greatly ext5d$ its "w 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,m>tyn ,sutton & o!rs4 ,! mission has _h h>d /ruggles ) ! ,turki% (ficials & its conv]ts 7 compell$ to flee4 ,! m$ical "w has _h a va/ & ext5sive influ5ce 9 all ! region r\nd ab\t1 & at pres5t ! mission-/aff is l>g] ?an ev] be=e & ! s*ool rec5tly op5$ is fl\ri%+4 ,mosul has be5 tak5 ov] f ! ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian ,bo>d by ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society1 & 9 ! words ( "o ( _! mission>ies1 8we are wat*+ = an opportunity ( c>ry+ ! gospel into ! v he>t ( ,c5tral ,arabia1 :]e ! indep5d5t ,pr9ce ( ,nejd holds rule1 across ^: t]ritory runs "o ( ! pr9cipal r\tes = pilgrims to ,mecca40 ,z e>ly z #ahef ,rev4 ,a4 ,/]n made mission>y j\rneys to ,sana1 ,bagdad & o!r p>ts ( ,arabia to visit ! ,jews ) ! gospel4 ,t rem>kable mission>y to ! ,jews1 ,joseph ,wolff1 ! son ( a ,bav>ian ,rabbi & :o 0 baptiz$ by a ,b5$ict9e monk 9 #ahab1 also visit$ ! ,jews ( ,yem5 & ,bagdad 9 8 w&]+s4#adj ,9 #ahhd1 ,mr4 ,william ,le?aby1 a ,me?odi/ lay-prea*] f ,engl&1 ) 8 fai?ful wife1 began a mission among ! wild ,arabs at ,k]ak 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,moab2 s popul\s & important is ?is m\nta9 =tress 9 ! eyes ( ! nomads t !y call x ,el ,m$9a1 8! city40 ,?is pione] ef=t1 aft] "s ye>s ( /ruggle1 0 tak5 up by ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society 9 connection ) _! ,pale/9e mission4 ,mr4 ,le?aby1 aft] j\rney+ 9 ,ea/ ,arabia1 & attempt+ 9 va9 to cross ! ,p59sula f ,bahre9 we/w>d 7#ahib71 is n[ 9 *>ge ( ! ,bible ,society's depot at ,ad54 ,z e>ly z #ahhf ! ,nor? ,africa ,mission attempt$ to rea* ! ,b$\9 tribes ( ,nor!rn ,arabia 9 ! vic9ity ( ,homs4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,van ,tassel1 a "y ,holl&]1 ( ,new ,york1 tra9$ at ,grattan ,gu9ness' ,in/itute1 w5t out "u _! direction & accompani$ a ,b$\9 *ief on 8 annual migration into ! des]t 9 #ahij4 ,he f\nd good opportunities among ! nomads = gospel-"w1 s t ! door to him seem$ 8wide-op510 b ,turki% (ficial jeal\sy ( all =eign]s :o h deal+s ) ! ,b$\9 tribes1 put an end to 8 "w & compell$ its ab&onm5t4 ,8 exp]i5ces1 h[ev]1 z ! fir/ "o :o liv$ & work$ = ,*ri/ among ! nomads 9 ! black t5ts ( ,k$> is valuable = ! future4 ,! door ( access 0 n clos$ by ! ,b$\9s !mselves1 b by ! ,turks4 ,mr4 ,van ,tassel f\nd ! ,arabs v fri5dly1 & will+ to he> ! ,bible read1 especially ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he f\nd none ( ! fanaticism ( ! t[ns1 & ev5 p]suad$ ! %eikhs to re/ _! c>avans on ! ,sabba? day4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,nor? ,africa ,mission 0 l$ to ent] ,nor? ,arabia ?r\gh ! repres5tations ( ,g5]al ,haig1 !n "o ( _! c\ncil4 ,at pres5t !y h no work]s 9 ,arabia1 al?\gh t "n /ill f9ds a place 9 _! reports e mon? ) ! pa!tic rehe>sal3#ada 8,nor!rn ,arabia is peopl$ by ! ,b$\9 desc5dants ( ,i%mael2 !y are n bigot$ ,moslems1 l ! ,syrians1 b will+ to be enlight5$4 ,?is portion ( ! field is sadly 9 ne$ ( labor]s40 ,9 #ahih ! ,*ri/ian & ,mission>y ,alliance ( ,new ,york aga9 call$ att5tion to ! ne$s ( ,nor!rn ,arabia ?r\gh ,mr4 ,=d]1 =m]ly ( ! ,k]ak mission4 ,he attempt$ to ent] into ! int]ior1 by way ( ,damascus1 b met ) an accid5t1 :i* prev5t$ ! und]tak+4 ,be=e sket*+ ! lives ( ! two great pione] mission>ies to ,arabia1 we mu/ *ronicle ! appeal = ! d>k p59sula t came f ! he>t ( ! ,d>k ,cont95t4 ,n only because ?is appeal belongs to ! e>ly dawn ( ,arabian missions1 b because ( its rem>kable "* & its au?or4 ,h5ry ,m>tyn 9 #ahaa wrote at ,muscat1 8!re is a promise 9 res]ve = ! sons ( ,joktan02 ,alex&] ,mackay1 f ,ug&a 9 #ahhh1 took up ! /ra91 &1 9 clos+ 8 long plea = a mission to ! ,arabs ( ,muscat1 wrote3 8,may x soon be said1 #8,?is day is salvation come to ?is h\se =asmu* z he also is a son ( ,abraham4'0 ,?is plea1 writt5 only two ye>s be=e ,mackay's dea?1 & dat$1 ,augu/1 #ahhh1 ,usambiro1 ,c5tral ,africa1 is a great mission>y docum5t = two reasons2 x brea!s ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity 9 %[+ love to "o's enemies & x po9ts out ! real rem$y aga9/ ! slave-trade4 ,& yet ,mackay accompani$ 8 c>efully writt5 article ) ?is mode/ lett]3 8,i enclose a few l9es on a subject :i* has be5 weigh+ on my m9d = "s "t4 ,i %all n be disappo9t$ if y consign !m to ! wa/e-pap] basket1 & %all only be too glad if1 on a bett] repres5tation on ! "p ( o!rs1 ! subject be tak5 up & some?+ def9ite be done = ^! poor ,arabs1 :om ,i respect1 b :o h giv5 me mu* tr\ble 9 ye>s pa/4 ,! be/ way by :i* we c turn ! edge ( _! opposition & conv]t _! blasphemy into bless+ is to d our utmo/ = _! salvation40#adb ,9 ?is article ,mackay pleads = ,arabia = ,africa's sake & asks t 8,muscat1 :i* is 9 m s5ses ?an "o ! key to ,c5tral ,africa10 be occupi$ by a /rong mission4 8,i d n d5y10 he writes1 8t ! task is difficult2 & ! m5 select$ = "w 9 ,muscat mu/ be end[$ ) no small measure ( ! ,_s ( ,jesus1 besides possess+ su* l+ui/ic ability z to be able to rea* n only ! e>s1 b ! v he>ts ( m540 ,he pleads = half a doz5 m51 ! pick ( ! ,engli% univ]sities1 to make ! v5ture 9 fai?4 ,8 cont9ual reason = ! cry+ ne$ ( su* a mission is ! /rong influ5ce x w\ld ex]t 9 ,africa because ( ! ,arab trad]s4 8,x is almo/ ne$less to say t ! outlook 9 ,africa w be consid]ably bright5$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( a mission to ! ,arabs 9 ,muscat40 8,! ,arabs h help$ u (t5 & h h9d]$ u likewise4 ,we owe !m !re=e a d\ble debt1 :i*1 ,i c see no m affective way ( pay+ ?an by at once e/abli%+ a /rong mission at _! v headqu>t]s--,muscat itself40 ,mackay 0 n unaw>e ( ! great difficulties ( "w among ,mohamm$ans & 9 ,arabia2 he calls x 8a gigantic project0 & t]ms ,arabia 8! cradle ( ,islam40 ,b 8 fai? is s /rong1 t at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 article he quotes ! rem>kable resolution ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society pass$ on ,may #a/1 #ahhh1 reg>d+ "w = ,mohamm$ans4#adc ,! effect ( ,mackay's plead+ 0 t ! vet]an ,bi%op ,fr5* took up ! *all5ge & laid d[n 8 life at ,muscat4 ,t life has 8su* l+ui/ic capacity z to be able10 ev]more 8to rea* n only ! e>s b ! v he>ts ( m50 9 a way ev5 f> above ! ?\ght ( ,alex&] ,mackay ( ,ug&a4 ,,xxxi ,,ion ,,kei? ,,falcon] ,,& ,,! ,,ad5 ,,mission 8,my sword ,i give to him t %all succe$ me 9 my pilgrimage1 & my c\rage & skill to him t c get x4 ,my m>ks & sc>s ,i c>ry ) me to be a witness = me1 t ,i h f\ght ,8 battles1 :o n[ w be my rew>d]4444 ,s he pass$ ov] & all ! trumpets s\nd$ = him on ! o!r side40--,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress4 7,dea? ( ,valiant = ,tru?47 ,ion ,kei? ,falcon] & ,?omas ,valpy ,fr5*1 bo? laid d[n _! lives = ,*ri/ aft] a brief p]iod ( labor 9 ! l& !y s de>ly lov$4 ,kei? ,falcon] di$ at ! age ( ?irty aft] hav+ sp5t only t5 mon?s1 all-told1 on ,arabian soil2 ,bi%op ,fr5* 0 sixty-six ye>s old :5 he came to ,muscat & liv$ only n9ety-five days aft] 8 arrival4 ,b bo? gave 8,"o cr[d$ h\r ( glori\s life10 to ! cause ( ,*ri/ 9 ,arabia & left beh9d !m an influ5ce1 p[] & inspiration :i* 8,is wor? an age )\t a "n40 ,ion ,grant ,neville ,kei? ,falcon]1#add ! ?ird son ( ! late ,e>l ( ,k9tore1 0 born at ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&1 on ! #e? ( ,july1 #ahef4 ,at ?irte5 ye>s ( age he w5t to ,h>r[ to compete = an entrance s*ol>%ip & 0 successful4 ,he 0 n a commonplace boy ei!r 9 8 ways ( /udy or ?\ghts on religion4 ,) a heal?y ambition to excel & yet ) a k9dly mode/y he made fri5ds ( ^? :om he surpass$ & lov$ ^? :o 7 8 inf]iors4 ,manl9ess1 magnanimity1 piety & unselfi%ness1 r>e traits 9 a lad1 7 9 him conspicu\s4 ,he lov$ outdoor sports & excell$ 9 a?letics z well z 9 8 /udies4 ,at tw5ty he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,london ,bicycle ,club & at tw5ty-two ! *ampion rac] 9 ,great ,brita94 ,"o p>agraph tak5 f ! close ( "o ( 8 lett]s gives u a glimpse ( ! boy at s*ool & ?r[s light on 8 future *oice ( a pr(ession4 ,x is dat$ ,july #af?1 #ahgc3 8 444 ,*>r+ton s5t me a book ye/]day :i* ,i h read4 ,x is call$ ,foll[+ ,fully 444 ab\t a man :o works among ! *ol]a p 9 ,london s h>d t he at la/ succumbs & dies4 ,b e page is full ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 s t ,i lik$ x4 ,& ,i l ,*>r+ton because he is q devot$ to ,him1 & has really giv5 up all = ,8 glory4 ,i mu/ g & d ! same soon3 h[ ,i don't "k40 ,?is same ye> he left ,h>r[1 &1 aft] sp5d+ a ye> ) a tutor exclusively 9 ma!matics1 ent]$ ,cambridge4 ,8 int5tions 7 at fir/ to compete = honors 9 ma!matics b aft] c>eful ?\ght he *ang$ 8 plans & began to read = honors 9 ! ,!ological ,tripos4 ,dur+ 8 college days he also di/+ui%$ himself z a ma/] 9 8 two favorite pursuits1 bicycl+ & %or?&4 ,on ! lat] subject he wrote ! article 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 ,he _h a f9e intellect1 trem5d\s p[] ( application & a g5ius = plodd+4 ,8 k ( ,hebrew 0 extraord9>y2 he wrote po/-c>ds 9 t language to 8 pr(essor on e conceivable subject1 & translat$ ! hymn1 8,lead ,k9dly ,light0 z a pa/ime4 ,no wond] t he receiv$ ! highe/ honor 9 t language t ,cambridge c give & pass$ ) ease ! ,semitic languages exam9ation at ! close ( 8 c\rse4 ,b 9 all 8 /udies & pa/imes he did n cease to %[ t he 0 fir/ ( all a ,*ri/ian & _h ! mission>y _s4 ,by evangeli/ic "w at ,b>nwell & ,mile-,end1 alone & ) 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,*>r+ton1 he labor$ to rea* ! poor & d[n-trodd54 ,= ! "w 9 ,london he became at once treasur] & contributor ( #aj1jjj & 8 "w at ,mile-,end ,road is held 9 lov+ remembrance by ! pres5t work]s4 ,"h d\btless x 0 t 8 ?\ghts fir/ turn$ to ! regions beyond4 ,= 9 a lett] dat$ ,june #ab?1 #ahha1 f ,/epney ,gre51 he writes3 8,x is ov]:elm+ to ?9k ( ! va/ness ( ! h>ve/-field :5 comp>$ ) ! indol5ce1 indiff]5ce & unwill+ness on ! "p ( mo/ s-call$ ,*ri/ians1 to become1 ev5 9 a mod]ate degree1 labor]s 9 ! same4 ,i take ! rebuke to myself4 444 ,to enjoy ! bless+s & happ9ess ,god gives1 & nev] to /ret* out a help+ h& to ! poor & ! wick$1 is a mo/ horrible ?+4 ,:5 we come to die1 x w be awful = u1 if we h to look back on a life sp5t purely on self1 b1 believe me1 if we are to sp5d our life o!rwise1 we mu/ make up our m9ds to be ?\ght #8odd' & #8ecc5tric' & #8unsocial1' & to be sne]$ at & avoid$4444 ,! usual c5tre is ,,self1 ! prop] c5tre is ,,god4 ,if1 !re=e1 "o lives = ,god1 "o is out ( c5tre or ecc5tric1 ) reg>d to ! p :o d n40 ,aft] 8 f9al exam9ation at ,cambridge1 he turn$ 8 :ole att5tion to ,arabic2 :y1 he himself knew n1 except t he lov$ ! language2 x 0 ,god's plan 9 8 life4 ,to secure special advantages he w5t fir/ to ,leipzig 9 ,octob]1 #ahhj1 & aft]w>d to ,assiut1 ,egypt4 ,! ,semitic s*ol> 0 becom+ an ,arab & fell 9 love ) ! des]t ev5 !n4 ,he wrote f ,assiut1 aft] "s mon?s ( /udy3 8,i am m$itat+ a camel-ride 9 ! des]t4 ,i mean to g f "h to ,luxor on a donkey1 camp+ out e night1 & f ,luxor to ,kossair1 on ! ,r$ ,sea1 on a drom$>y4 444 ,i %all le>n two ?+s by do+ ?is j\rney1 ,arabic & cook+40 ,an attack ( fev] prev5t$ ! j\rney1 & ,falcon] return$ to ,engl&4 ,ev5 !re 8 engross+ /udy 0 ,arabic1 9 :i* he 0 n[ read+ su* difficult books z ! ,mo'allakat & ,al ,h>iri2 z he express$ x1 8,i expect to peg away at ! ,arabic diction>y till my la/ day40 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahhd1 he m>ri$ ,miss ,gw5dol5 ,bevan2 !y took a j\rney to ,italy1 & !n settl$ at ,cambridge1 :]e ,kei? ,falcon] lectur$ & /udi$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahhe he publi%$ 8 ,kalilah & ,dimnah1 translat$ f ! ,syriac1 ) notes2 a la/+ monum5t to 8 ,semitic s*ol>%ip & an example ( 8 wide g5]al le>n+4#ade ,t[>d ! end ( ! ye> #ahhd 8 ?\ghts fir/ began to be def9itely drawn to ! =eign mission field1 b z yet )\t any special *oice ( field4 ,a summ>y ( ! pap]s writt5 on ,arabia1 by ,g5]al ,haig1 = ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c] 0 publi%$ 9 ,! ,*ri/ian1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahhe1 & fell "u ! eyes ( ,kei? ,falcon]4 ,! idea ( evangeliz+ ,arabia took hold ( him ) ,div9e p[]4 ,8 :ole s\l answ]$1 8,"h am ,i1 s5d me40 ,! imm$iate outcome 0 a reque/ = an int]view ) ,g5]al ,haig1 :om he accord+ly met 9 ,london on ,febru>y #ba/1 #ahhe1 8to talk ab\t ,ad5 & ,arabia40 ,he det]m9$ to g to ,ad5 & see ! field = himself4 ,only two que/ions did he /op to consid]3 ,fir/1 z to ! heal?fulness ( ! place1 & !n :e!r he %\ld g out z a free lance or %\ld associate himself m or less closely ) "s exi/+ society4 ,w>mly atta*$ to ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& f 8 *ildhood1 he met ! ,=eign ,mission ,committee ( t *ur* & 8 project 0 recogniz$ by !m4 ,on ,octob] #g? he left1 ) 8 "y wife1 = ,ad51 & arriv$ !re on ,octob] #bh?4 ,!y rema9$ until ,m>* #f? ( ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! fir/ mission>y report ( ?is pione] 9 ,s\? ,arabia indicates :at he ?\ght ( ! field2 & :y he decid$ to make ,%eikh ,o?man1 & n ,ad51 ! c5tre ( future "w2 x also sets =? ! me?ods :i* ,kei? ,falcon] propos$ to adopt = ! evangelization ( ,arabia4 ,! foll[+ extracts are ( especial int]e/3 8,! population ( ,ad5 is made up ( 7#a7 ,arabs1 all ,moslems1 mo/ly ,sunnis ( ! ,%afii sect2 7#b7 ,africans1 mo/ly ,somalis :o are all ,%afii ,moslems2 7#c7 ,jews2 7#d7 ,natives ( ,india1 mo/ly ,moslems1 ! re/ be+ ,h9dus1 a few ,p>sis1 & a few ,portuguese f ,goa4 ,9 #ahgb1 = e five ,arabs !re 7 less ?an ?ree ,somalis2 b ,i am told t n[ !y are num]ically equal4 ,! ,arabs & ,somalis toge!r make up ! great bulk--ab\t f\r-fif?s--( ! :ole4 ,9 #ahgb ! ,jews numb]$ #a1dce2 !y are n[ reckon$ at m ?an #b1jjj4 ,! ,europeans1 ! g>rison1 & camp-foll[]s numb] ab\t #c1ejj4 ,! climate ( ,ad5 is1 = ! tropics1 unusually heal?y4 ,! port-surgeon1 :o has be5 "h five ye>s1 assures me t a mission>y ne$ h no fe> on ! score ( heal?4 ,?is is due to ! sc>city ( ra9 & vegetation1 & to ! con/ant sea-breezes4 ,! summ] heat is sev]e & depress+1 b n unheal?y4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ,ad51 f ! fact ( its be+ a ,briti% possession1 f its geographical position1 its political relations ) ! int]ior1 its comm]ce ) ,yem51 its heal?y climate1 & its mix$ ,arab-,somali population1 is1 humanly speak+ a good c5tre = ,*ri/ian "w among ! ,moslems ( ,arabia & ,africa4 8,! next "q is1 h[ & :]e precisely to beg98 ,my own notion is to e/abli% a s*ool1 indu/rial orphanage1 & m$ical mission at ,%eikh ,o?man4 ,! *ildr5 are f> m hopeful ?an ! adults1 & ! p[] to give m$ical aid w\ld be n only v useful 9 ,%eikh ,o?man1 b invaluable 9 pu%+ into ! int]ior4 ,!re are numb]s ( ca/away ,somali *ildr5 9 ,ad5 ^: p>5ts are only too will+ t !y %\ld be f$ & c>$ = by o!rs4 ,^!1 z well z orphans1 might be ga!r$ & br\ght up 9 ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 nem9e contradic5te4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to tea* ! *ildr5 to "w ) _! h&s1 & ,i ?9k t a c>p5t] or craftsman ( "s k9d f home or f ,india %\ld be on ! mission /aff4 ,b ! *ief object ( ! in/itution w\ld be to tra9 native evangeli/s & tea*]s2 & a "p ( _! tra9+ %\ld be m$ical4 ,) a slight1 r\gh-&-ready k ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 !y w\ld f9d _m doors op5 to !m4 ,9 ! s*ool1 read+ by means ( ! ,arabic ,bible & ,*ri/ian books1 writ+1 & ari?metic w\ld be taught to all2 & ,engli%1 hi/orical geography1 ,euclid1 algebra1 & natural sci5ce to ! clev]] *ildr54 ,a native tea*]1 procurable f ,syria or ,egypt1 w\ld be v valuable1 & ,i ?9k a necessity at fir/4 ,if x 7 kn[n 9 ! int]ior t a compet5t m$ical man & surgeon resid$ 9 ,%eikh ,o?man1 ! ,arabs :o n[ come to ,ad5 = advice w\ld /op %ort at our mission-h\se2 & ! surgeon w\ld h consid]able scope bo? 9 ,%eikh ,o?man1 ,el-,hautah1 & ! little c\ntry villages1 n to speak ( ! opposite ,african c\ntry4 ,( c\rse ! treatm5t ( surgical cases w\ld involve ! keep+ ( a few b$s4 ,! m$ical mission>y %\ld be a ?or\ghly qualifi$ man1 z natives (t5 delay to come = advice until disease has become s]i\s & complicat$4 ,! port-surgeon has impress$ ?is ^u me sev]al times4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! native assi/ant at ! ,%eikh ,o?man disp5s>y (t5 f9ds t ,arabs come to ,%eikh ,o?man to be treat$1 &1 d]iv+ no b5efit1 refuse to g on to ,ad51 & return home4 ,! in/itution %\ld /& 9 a cultivat$ plot or g>d54 ,?is w\ld r5d] x f> m attractive1 & w\ld greatly b5efit ! *ildr54 ,x w\ld be possible to arrange = ?is 9 ,%eikh ,o?man1 :]e !re is pl5ty ( wat]1 & ! soil is good2 b n 9 ,ad51 :]e almo/ utt] b>r5ness is ev]y:]e f\nd4 8,my reasons1 !n1 = p]f]r+ ,%eikh ,o?man are3 8#a4 ,we %\ld n be s]i\sly compet+ ) gov]nm5t in/itutions4 ,9 fact1 ,i am told t ! gov]nm5t w\ld be glad to be reliev$ ( ! necessity ( keep+ up a disp5s>y at ,%eikh ,o?man4 8#b4 ,! climate is fre%] & less en]vat+ ?an t ( ,ad54 ,f its position x has ! b5efit ( any sea-breeze :i* may bl[1 & ! soil absorbs heat )\t giv+ x out aga94 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,ad51 ! high1 black1 c9d]-l rocks (t5 ob/ruct ! breeze1 /ore heat 9 ! day1 & give x out at night4 ,?us ! nights 9 ,%eikh ,o?man are m>k$ly cool] ?an 9 ,ad54 8#c4 ,!re is abundance ( wat]1 & ! soil is capable ( cultivation--a fact prov$ by ! two f9e private g>d5s !re1 n to speak ( ! gov]nm5t g>d54 ,b at ,ad5 ! soil is utt]ly b>r51 & all wat] mu/ be paid =4 ,x is ei!r cond5s$1 or procur$ by an aqu$uct1 or f a well sunk #abj feet 9 ! solid rock4 ,! wat] f ! latt] is q sweet1 & sometimes h&$ r\nd aft] d9n] 9 w9eglasses6 8#d4 ,i am told on ! be/ au?ority t x w\ld be v difficult to get a suitable site 9 ,ad51 :]eas !re are pl5ty 9 ,%eikh ,o?man4 ,besides any numb] ( build+ sites1 two v l>ge g>d5 sites are vacant4 ,! latt] ,i h inspect$1 & ! "o ,i am recomm5d$ to take z hav+ ! be/ soil is admirably situat$ betwe5 ! old village & ! new settlem5t4 ,x occupies ! space betwe5 !m4 ,i c h ! :ole or ! half ( x grant$ to me at a nom9al quit-r5t4 8#e4 ,%eikh ,o?man is eight miles on ! road to ! int]ior1 & s 9 clos] contact ) ! tribes1 & remov$ f ! influ5ce ( ! bad & un*ri/ian example set by s _m ,europeans4 8,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! population ( ,%eikh ,o?man--ab\t #f1ejj--;is comp>atively small1 ?\gh likely to increase some:at2 & t x is v %ift+1 n m ?an "s #a1ejj be+ p]man5tly resid5t4 ,! la/ objection1 h[ev]1 applies to ,ad5 z well40 ,9 ano!r portion ( ! same report1 aft] tell+ ( ! importance ( ,ad5 z a mission>y c5tre1 he emphasizes ! fact t 8,m ?an a qu>t] ( a million camels1 ) _! driv]s1 ent] & leave ,ad5 ye>ly ) produce f all p>ts ( ,yem54 ,! great majority ( ^! pass ?r\gh ,%eikh ,o?man1 :]e !y make a halt ( sev]al h\rs on ! j\rney to ,ad540 ,no "o acqua9t$ ) ,ad5 & its vic9ity & read+ ,kei? ,falcon]'s lett]s c fail to be /ruck ) ! fact t f ! outset he _h 8 plans made = ! int]ior1 & t ,%eikh ,o?man 0 only ! fir/ /age :i* he int5d$ to use z a base ( op]ations4 ,he wrote to ,g5]al ,haig ab\t ! same "t z ! date ( 8 report3 8,i h made up my m9d t ! "r place = me to settle at is ,%eikh ,o?man1 n ,ad54 ,?is w leave ,ad5 & ,/eam] ,po9t op5 to ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society4 ,?\gh ,i d n ?9k t a m$ical mission>y w\ld h mu* scope 9 ,ad51 ,i ?9k t a ,bible & tract-room & prea*+-hall might be />t$ !re4444 ,i hope to visit ,lahej soon1 b fe> ,i %all be unable to g to ,sana4 ,i %\ld n "k :]e to leave my wife4 ,:5 ,i h a colleague at ,%eikh ,o?man ) a wife1 ! two ladies c be toge!r :ile ! husb&s g to ,sana & else:]e4 ,if ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society mission>ies come "h ,i tru/ we %all f9d ways & means ( cop]at+ & help+ "o ano!r40 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahhf1 ,kei? ,falcon] w5t ) a ,scot* milit>y doctor to ,lahej1 ! fir/ l>ge village beyond ,%eikh ,o?man1 9 ! middle ( an oasis1 & !n gov]n$ by an indep5d5t 8,sultan40 ,9 ,m>*1 hav+ complet$ 8 prelim9>y survey ( ! field & decid$ on *oice ( a location1 he sail$ = ,engl&1 n to t>ry !re1 b to prep>e = ! f9al exodus to ,arabia4 8,=10 says 8 biograph]1 8! soldi] ( ! ,cross _h c\nt$ ! co/1 _h weigh$ ) ! utmo/ c>e e risk & _h tak5 8 f9al resolve4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he told 8 fri5ds ?is 0 v *>act]i/ic ( ! man 444 :o goes =? to ! fight ready to sp5d & be sp5t 9 ! cause ( ,*ri/40 ,9 ,may he met ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,free ,*ur* & made 8 fam\s address on ,mohamm$anism & missions to ,mohamm$ans4 ,9 ord] to beg9 ! "w at ,ad51 a second mission>y1 a m$ical man1 0 desir$4 ,al?\gh ! man 0 n yet f\nd1 ,kei? ,falcon] made ! g5]\s proposal to pay ! sum ( #cjj 7#a1ejj7 annually to ! ,free ,*ur* = ! new mission>y's sal>y4 ,he _h already (f]$ to pay ! exp5ses ( himself & 8 wife1 & _h agre$ to take ^u himself ! :ole co/ ( ! build+ ( ! mission-h\se4 ,he laid on ! mission>y alt> n only 8 tal5t ( le>n+ b t ( money1 & 0 9 tru? 8an honor>y mission>y40 ,! "t betwe5 ,kei? ,falcon]'s arrival 9 ,engl& & 8 return to ,arabia 0 cr[d$ full ( life & activity1 b only ! mo/ important ev5ts c be n>rat$4 ,he receiv$ ! gratify+ b altoge!r unexpect$ (f] ( ! po/ ( ,"l ,almon]'s pr(essor ( ,arabic at ,cambridge1 :i* he accept$1 becom+ ! successor ( ,edw>d ,h4 ,palm] & ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ,he prep>$ ! lectures requir$1 *oos+ = 8 subject 8,! ,pilgrimage to ,mecca40 ,he read all ! books on ! subject 9 _m languages1 ev5 le>n+ ! ,dut* gramm> 9 ord] to und]/& a "w 9 t language4 ,he visit$ hospitals 9 se>* ( an associate = ,arabia4 ,he select$ 8 libr>y & furniture to take to ,ad5 & dispos$ ( 8 h\se-lease4 ,he act$ z judge at ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association ,cycl+ ,club races 9 ,cambridge4 ,he w5t to ,glasg[ to meet ,dr4 ,/ew>t ,c[5 :o 0 appo9t$ 8 co-work] to ,arabia4 ,he tri$ to insure 8 life 9 favor ( ! mission-"w at ,mile-,end2 b :ile ! insurance (fice decl>$ him 8,fir/-,class10 !y refus$ to grant ! policy :5 !y he>d ( 8 propos$ place ( resid5ce4 ,he gave sev]al f>ewell addresses 9 ,scotl& & deliv]$ 8 ,cambridge lectures j on ! eve ( leav+ = ,arabia4 ,all ?is "w 0 cr[d$ into six mon?s' "t by ! man :o1 l ,napoleon1 did n h ! ^w impossible 9 8 vocabul>y4 ,h[ well ! "w 0 done is prov$ by 8 lectures1 ! article 9 ! ,encyclop$ia & 8 f>ewell addresses4 ,:at c\ld be f9] & /rong] ?an ^! la/ s5t5ces f 8 f>ewell address at ,glasg[ :i* /ill r+ ) p[]3 8,we h a great & impos+ w>-(fice1 b a v small army 444 :ile va/ cont95ts are %r\d$ 9 almo/ utt] d>kness1 & hundr$s ( millions suff] ! horrors ( hea!nism or ( ,islam1 ! burd5 ( pro( lies ^u y to %[ t ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,god has plac$ y 7 meant by ,him to keep out ( ! =eign mission field40 ,dr4 ,c[5 arriv$ at ,ad5 on ,decemb] #g?1 #ahhf1 & ,kei? ,falcon] a day lat]1 by ! ,au/rian /eam%ip 8,b]5ice40 ,he wrote1 8,we /opp$ at ,jiddah1 b to my great disappo9tm5t qu>ant9e prev5t$ me f go+ on %ore4 ,i gaz$ long at ! hills :i* hid ,mecca f u40 ,mrs4 ,kei? ,falcon] arriv$ a =tnight lat]4 ,b ! new mission>ies 7 un=tunate at ! outset 9 obta9+ a suitable dwell+4 ,! /one bungal[1 :i* !y expect$ to occupy at ,%eikh ,o?man until a mission-h\se 0 built1 c\ld n be r5t$2 aft] consid]able difficulty !y manag$ to secure a l>ge native hut1 ab\t =ty feet squ>e1 :i*1 ) c]ta9 *anges1 appe>$ suitable = ! em]g5cy4 ,a %$1 erect$ by ,kei? ,falcon]1 s]v$ !m z a disp5s>y1 & on ,janu>y #aa?1 he wrote1 8,our tempor>y qu>t]s are v com=table & ! books look v nice40 ,ev]y?+ w5t well = a "t & arrangem5ts 7 made to beg9 build+ ! mission-h\se4 ,a t\r 0 tak5 to ,bir ,a*m$ & ! gospel 0 prea*$ e day by ^w & "w1 al?\gh "s ( ! p>ty 7 d[n ) fev] ne>ly all ! "t4 ,e>ly 9 ,febru>y1 #ahhg1 !y 7 *e]$ by ! visit ( ,g5]al ,haig1 return+ f 8 ,yem5 j\rney2 b v soon aft] ?+s began = ! fir/ "t to be cl\d$ ov]4 ,on ,febru>y #aj?1 return+ f a t\r inl&1 ,kei? ,falcon] 0 seiz$ ) a high fev] :i* cont9u$ = ?ree days & !n began to abate1 b did n leave him entirely4 ,mrs4 ,kei? ,falcon] also _h a sev]e attack ( fev]1 & bo? w5t = a *ange to ,/eam] ,po9t = ?ree weeks1 aft] :i* !y return$ to _! 8hut0 at ,%eikh ,o?man4 ,on ,may #a/1 ,kei? ,falcon] wrote to 8 "m1 8,y w be sorry to he> t ,i h be5 d[n ) yet ano!r attack 444 ?is makes my sev5? attack4 ,?is r mis]able %anty1 9 :i* we are compell$ to live1 is l>gely ! cause ( our fev]s 444 we expect to beg9 liv+ 9 ! new h\se ab\t ,june #a/1 ?\gh x w n be f9i%$ !n40 ,b ?is lett] did n rea* h] until aft] ! telegram _h told ! news t ,god _h call$ ,8 s]vant to ,himself4 ,on ,tuesday1 ,may #aj?1 aft] cont9u$ fev]s & two re/less nights1 he w5t to sleep1 & 9 ! morn+ 444 8"o glance told all4 ,he 0 ly+ on 8 back ) eyes half op54 ,! :ole attitude & expression indicat$ a sudd5 & pa9less end1 z if x _h tak5 place dur+ sleep1 !re be+ no indication :atev] ( 8 hav+ tri$ to move or speak40 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! next day he 0 laid to re/1 8,9 ! cemet]y at ,ad5 by ,briti% (fic]s & soldi]s--fitt+ burial = a soldi] ( ,*ri/1 :o1 ) armor on & c\rage undaunt$1 fell ) face to ! foe4 ,! m>tyr ( ,ad5 _h ent]$ ,god's ,ed54 ,& s ,great ,brita9 made h] fir/ (f]+--a co/ly sacrifice--to ,arabia's evangelization40 ,kei? ,falcon] did n live long1 b he liv$ long en\gh to d :at he _h purpos$1 7& to d x aft] ,god's plan n 8 own7 8to call att5tion to ,arabia40 ,! workman fell b ! "w did n cease4 ,! ,free ,*ur* ask$ = "o volunte] to /ep into 8 place1 & ?irte5 ( ! graduat+ class ( ,new ,college respond$4 ,by ! /ory ( ,kei? ,falcon]'s life t5 ?\s& lives h be5 spiritually quick5$ to ?9k ( ! =eign field & its claims4 ,he1 8be+ dead1 yet speake?10 & w cont9ue to speak until ,arabia is evangeliz$4 ,e future mission>y to ,arabia & e fri5d ( missions :o reads ,falcon]'s life w approve ! appropriat5ess ( ! simple inscription on 8 grave at ,ad53 ,,to ,,! ,,de> ,,memory ,,( ,,! ,,hon4 ,,ion ,,kei? ,,falcon]1 ,,?ird ,,son ,,( ,,! ,,e>l ,,& ,,c\ntess ,,( ,,k9tore1 ,,:o ,,ent]$ ,,into ,,re/ ,,at ,,%eikh ,,o?man1 ,,may #aa1 #ahhg1 ,,ag$ #cj ,,ye>s4 8,if any man s]ve ,me1 let him foll[ ,me2 &1 :]e ,i am1 !re %all also ,my s]vant be3 if any man s]ve ,me1 him w ,my ,fa!r honor40 ,! influ5ce ( ,kei? ,falcon]'s consecration 0 widely felt at ! "t ( 8 dea? & has be5 felt ev] s9ce4 ,8 biography has become a mission>y classic1 & has pass$ ?r\gh six editions4 ,! ,presbyt]y ( ! ,scot* ,*ur* 9 ,kafr>ia1 ,s\? ,africa1 resolv$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahhg1 t 8/eps be tak5 to prep>e a memoir ( ! late ,hon4 ,ion ,kei? ,falcon]1 to be pr9t$ 9 ,kafir z a tract = circulation among ! native congregations ) a view to impress !m ) an example ( self-sacrifice40 ,! mission at ,%eikh ,o?man 0 cont9u$4 ,?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ,kei? ,falcon]'s "m & wid[ /ip5ds = two mission>ies 7 gu>ante$4 ,dr4 ,c[5 return$ to ,engl&1 b ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,w4 ,g>dn] & ,dr4 ,alex&] ,patt]son came to ! field4 ,= a "t ,mr4 ,mat!w ,lo*head1 f ! mission among ! ,kabyles 9 ,morocco1 also jo9$ !m4 ,a s*ool = rescu$ slaves 0 />t$1 b ! *ildr5's heal? fail+ !y 7 transf]r$ to ,lov$ale 9 ,africa4 ,9 #ahic1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,"y1 ,m4 ,d41 0 s5t out z a m$ical mission>y to en=ce ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,g>dn] :o ) ,mrs4 ,g>dn] 0 !n alone2 ,dr4 ,pat]son & ,mr4 ,lo*head hav+ left = reasons ( heal?4 ,rev4 & ,mrs4 ,g>dn] w5t to ,cairo 9 #ahie1 & ! foll[+ ye> ,dr4 ,"y 0 jo9$ by ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mill]4 ,9 #ahih ,mrs4 ,mill] di$1 & ,dr4 ,mill] return$ home4 ,at pres5t ! mission /aff consi/s ( ,rev4 ,dr4 ,"y & ,dr4 ,morris1 :o jo9$ ! mission 9 #ahih4 ,despite ^! frequ5t *anges & %ort p]iods ( s]vice1 ! ,kei? ,falcon] mission has n be5 at a /&/ill4 ,ea* ( ! fai?ful b& us$ _! special tal5t & individuality 9 remov+ some:at f ! va/ m\nta9 ( ,moslem prejudice & opposition 8to make /raight 9 ! des]t a highway = our ,god40 ,! imm$iate int]ior ar\nd ,ad5 has be5 frequ5tly visit$2 ! mission disp5s>y is kn[n = hundr$s ( miles beyond ,%eikh ,o?man4 ,we record ) regret t ,kei? ,falcon]'s wi% to g to ,sana rema9s unfulfill$ on ! "p ( ! mission4 ,a s*ool = boys has be5 />t$1 & ! small 8%anty0 = ! sick has gr[n into a fully equipp$ mission disp5s>y1 :i* treat$ ov] #ag1hjj out-pati5ts 9 #ahih4 ,a mu* ne$$ & mo/ hopeful "w among ! soldi]s is c>ri$ on 9 ,/eam] ,po9t 7,ad57 & ! ,kei? ,falcon] ,memorial ,*ur* is fill$ e ,sabba? ) ^? :o love to he> ! old gospel4 ,,xxxii ,,bi%op ,,fr5* ,,! ,,vet]an ,,mission>y ,,to ,,muscat ,if x 0 ,kei? ,falcon]'s life & dea? t seal$ ! mission>y love ( ! *ur* to ,ad51 x 0 ! dea? ( ,?omas ,valpy ,fr5*#adf t turn$ _m eyes to ,muscat4 ,bi%op ,fr5* x 0 :o signaliz$ ! completion ( 8 =tie? ye> ( mission>y s]vice by attack+1 s+le h&$1 ! seem+ly impregnable =tress ( ,islam 9 ,oman4 ,he is call$ by ,eug5e ,/ock1 8! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society mission>ies40 ,we are tempt$ to describe ?is man's e>ly mission "w 9 f\nd+ ! ,agra college & protect+ ! native ,*ri/ians 9 ! mut9y2 8 pione] "w 9 ,d]ajat2 8 f\nd+ ( ! ,/4 ,john ,div9ity ,s*ool at ,lahore2 8 controv]sies ) ! ,mohamm$ans2 & 8 manifold labors z ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,lahore1 b we c only *ronicle "h ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 useful life4 ,aft] =ty ye>s ( 8labors abundant0 & 8j\rney+s (t0 he resign$ 8 bi%opric to travel among ,arabic-speak+ p & le>n m ( _! language4 ,he visit$ ! ,holy ,l&1 ,arm5ia1 ,bagdad & ,tunis1 ev]y:]e dilig5tly seek+ to le>n ,arabic1 & p]suade ! ,moslems ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he became1 z "s "o express$ x1 a 8,*ri/ian fakir0 = ! sake ( ! gospel & desir$ to end 8 life z he began x1 9 pione] mission>y-"w4 ,z we h said x 0 ,mackay ( ,ug&a :o rivet$ ! bi%op's att5tion to ,muscat4 ,su* a plea f su* lips c\ld n b t\* ! he>t ( su* a vet]an4 ,no "o else came =w>d1 s h[ c\ld he refuse8 ,he knew t age & infirmities 7 com+ ^u him1 b he want$ to die a mission>y to ,mohamm$ans4 ,he _h1 to use 8 own words1 8an inexpressible desire0 to prea* to ! ,arabs4 ,he 0 will+ to beg9 ! "w on 8 own acc\nt ) ! hope t ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society w\ld take x up4 ,:at 0 ! "* ( ?is lion-he>t :o d>$ to lift 8 grey head high & respond alone1 to ,mackay's call = 8half a doz5 m51 ! pick ( ! ,engli% ,univ]sities to make ! v5ture 9 fai?08 ,"o :o 0 8 fri5d & fell[-mission>y = _m ye>s wrote3 8,to live ) him 0 to dr9k 9 an atmosph]e t 0 spiritually brac+4 ,z ! air ( ! ,engad9e is to ! body1 s 0 8 intimacy to ! s\l4 ,x 0 an education to be ) him4 ,to acquire any?+ approa*+ 8 s5se ( duty 0 alone wor? a visit to ,india4 ,he dem&$ implicit ob$i5ce f ^? :om he direct$1 & (t5 ! co/ 0 consid]able4 ,if any 7 unwill+ to face a risk1 he fell griev\sly 9 ! bi%op's e/imation4 ,!re 0 no?+ t he ?\ght a man %\ld n yield--home1 or wife1 or heal?--if ,god's call 0 app>5t4 ,b !n e "o knew t he only ask$ ( !m :at he himself _h done1 & 0 always do+4 ,h[ %all ,i speak ( 8 unworldl9ess8 ,india is full ( tales ( ?is2 ( acts t (t5 l$ to some:at humor\s results4 ,!re 0 no 9 season or out ( season ) him4 ,he 0 always on 8 ,ma/]'s bus9ess4 ,no biography1 x is said1 w be complete t does n %[ ?is side ( 8 "*4 ,to outsid]s frequ5tly x seem$ to lead him into inconsi/5cies4 ,x did n seem incongru\s = him to turn to ! lady next to him1 at a l>ge lun*eon p>ty1 & beg9 to discuss ! heav5ly ,bride ( ,*ri/2 nei!r 0 x /range :5 hymn-books 7 di/ribut$ at a l>ge reception he held at ,gov]nm5t ,h\se 7k9dly l5t = ! bi%op's soj\rn !re71 & ! ev5+ p>ty 0 clos$ ) hymns & pray]40 ,rev4 ,rob]t ,cl>k ( ! ,punjab1 ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society1 te/ifies3 8,:5 he fir/ began 8 "w 9 ,agra1 he /udi$ ab\t sixte5 h\rs a day4 ,he taught 9 8 s*ool1 he prea*$ 9 ! baza>s1 he in/ruct$ inquir]s = baptism1 he prep>$ cate*i/s = ord9ation1 he 0 engag$ 9 writ+ books1 at ! same "t t he 0 le>n+ ,arabic1 ,p]sian1 ,urdu1 ,sanscrit1 & ,h9di ) mun%is4 ,su* excell5ce few c atta9 to1 because few c safely foll[ 9 8 /eps 9 ?is respect4 ,b all c copy 8 example ( pray]ful labor4 ,:5 he sp5t 8 holidays 9 travels & 9 prea*+ excursions f> & ne>1 he %[$ u h[ to sp5d e h\r ( relaxation 9 ! mo/ pr(itable way4 ,:5 he refus$ to possess ev5 a v ord9>y conveyance1 because he ?\ght t a mission>y %\ld g on foot1 & decl9$ to use any?+ b ! mo/ common furniture = 8 h\se1 he set u an example ( self-abnegation1 & %[$ u :at1 9 8 op9ion1 %\ld be ! attitude ( ! mission>y be=e ! _w4 ,:5 he sp5t 8 e>lie/ morn+s ) ,god1 ) 8 ,hebrew ,bible & ,greek ,te/am5t be=e him1 he (t5 invit$ "s fri5d to sit by him to %>e ) him ! ri* ?\ghts :i* ! ,^w ( ,god sugge/$ to 8 m9d40 ,?is 0 ! man :o 9 solit>y lonel9ess1 )\t "o fri5d to /& at 8 side1 plant$ & upheld till dea? ! bann] ( ! cross :]e x _h nev] be5 plant$ be=e4 ,9 ! hotte/ season ( ! ye>1 ) a little t5t & two s]vants he 0 prep>+ to pu% inl& :5 dea? int]pos$ & gave re/ to ! vet]an ( sixty-six ye>s4 8,we fools acc\nt$ 8 life madness1 b he is numb]$ among ! *ildr5 ( ,god & 8 lot is among ! sa9ts40 7,wisdom ( ,solomon v4 #d1 #e47 ,only ,judas c 8h indignation say+ to :at purpose is ?is wa/e80 ,?is brok5 box ( exce$+ preci\s o9tm5t has giv5 fragrance to ! :ole _w4 ,we w let ,bi%op ,fr5* tell 8 own brief /ory ( ! "w at ,muscat1 beg9n+ ) ! "t :5 we travell$ toge!r d[n ! ,r$ ,sea bo? 9 que/ ( ,god's plan = u 9 ,arabia4#adg ,ne> ,ad51 ,jan4 #bb;d1 #ahia4 8,boi/]\s w9ds & turbul5t seas h rack$ my bra9 sorely1 & ,i h seldom _h su* torture 9 ?is l9e4 ,b we are close to ! ,/raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb1 & hope to rea* ,ad5 "s twelve h\rs h5ce4 ,i %\ld h be5 sorry to miss ,hodeidah1 :]e ,i _h a long day 7spite ( difficulty ( rea*+ x by sambuca or small boat ( broad & heavy build71 return+ to %ip 9 ! ev5+4 ,i left my fri5ds1 ,maitl& & a "y ,am]ican mission>y1 & made my way /raight out ?r\gh a gate ( "o ( ! /\t city walls1 into ! c\ntry beyond1 :]e are palm-groves & "s fairly impos+ /ucco$ c\ntry-h\ses ( m]*ants & m5 ( rank4 ,"u an arcade 7z ! sun 0 to be fe>$7 ,i got a little congregation toge!r1 "s le>n$1 o!rs unle>n$1 & address$ !m = ov] an h\r1 elicit+ ! opposition ( "o or two ( ! ulum1 or educat$ m54 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ?is "p ( my j\rney1 my m\? seem$ a little op5$ & he>t enl>g$ to witness = ,*ri/1 & a few seem$ really /ruck & int]e/$4 ,i tri$ to get entrance into a mosque or two1 z ( old "t into ,afghan mosques ) ,gordon & o!rs1 b fail$ to f9d ! prop] ,imams )94 ,i secur$ ! l[] /eps ( a flight ( /eps lead+ up to ! private resid5ce ( a high ,turki% (fic]1 9 ri* uni=m1 a g5]al ( army "h1 n kn[+ ^: /eps ,i 0 occupy+4 ,h[ev]1 ! old g5tleman came d[n 7z a ,roman c5turion 9 old "t might h done7 & took 8 seat1 ) a few o!rs1 on 8 own door/ep1 & li/5$ ) s+ul> docility & ?ankfulness1 & begg$ my bless+ on 8 (fice1 & 8 fulfillm5t ( its ardu\s duties4 ,aft] fir/ leave-tak+1 he s5t d[n to me a beautiful walk+-/ick ( lemon-wood1 s ,i _h to m\nt ! /eps to express my gratitude & ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 s+ul> c\rtesy & fri5d%ip4 ,!n came a /ill m en?usia/ic & affectionate leave-tak+ /ill1 & w>m kiss+ ( h&s1 to ,maitl&'s a/oni%m5t4 ,i c]ta9ly nev] exp]i5c$ su* k9dness & fri5d%ip f any ,turki% (ficial be=e 9 any qu>t]4 ,i tru/ ! message may h /ruck 8 he>t4 ,anyh[1 he gladly accept$ a copy ( ! :ole ,bible--?is is "o ( ! mo/ bigot$ ( ,arab cities4 8,!re 0 an excell5t colporteur "h ?is week1 ( ! ,bible ,society1 ,/ephanos1 a ,jewi% conv]t1 ,i believe1 & excell5t ,arabic s*ol>4 ,! ,wali1 or vic]oy ( ! city1 has =bidd5 8 c>ry+ ,arabic ,bibles into ! int]ior1 ?\gh ! ,hebrew ones = ! ,jews at ,s5naa are pass$1 "s six days1 into ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ,jidda itself1 ,i _h "s small measure ( enc\ragem5t1 b n ne>ly s mu* z 9 ,hodeidah1 :i* has n[ out/ripp$ ,mo*a z a ?riv+ trade c5tre 9 ^? p>ts40 ,muscat1 ,gulf ( ,oman1 ,febru>y #ac?1 #ahia4 8,i arriv$ "h on ,sunday la/ ) ,mr4 ,maitl&1 ( ! ,cambridge ,delhi ,mission1 :om ,i met 9 ,egypt1 & :o sp5ds a few weeks = 8 heal?'s sake ) me1 p]haps until ,ea/]4 ,we did n l ?r[+ ourselves on ! ,briti% ,consul "h1 z we ?\ght x might emb>rass him to ent]ta9 ,*ri/ian mission>ies on _! fir/ arrival "h2 & we _h v great difficulty 9 f9d+ ev5 ! meane/ qu>t]s = ! fir/ day or two1 b are n[ 9 qu>t]s 9 an adjo9+ village1 m tol]able z reg>ds necess>y com=ts1 belong+ to ! ,am]ican ,consul1 :o is ag5t = a ,new ,york h\se ( bus9ess4 ,i h writt5 to ,india = a ,swiss-cottage t5t1 z a res\rce 9 case ( no possible resid5ce be+ available "h1 or any?+ approa*+ ev5 ! ,engli% village public-h\se1 or ,p]sian c>avans]ai4 ,9 ! adjo9+ hills su* a t5t might give %elt] dur+ ! hot wea!r1 if ! ,arabs w tol]ate ! pres5ce ( a ,*ri/ian mission>y4 8,( possibilities ( entrance ( a mission1 ,i feel x w\ld be premature to speak yet4 ,we are pu%+ on our ,arabic /udies1 & ,i am glad to f9d h[ mu* m intelligible my ,arab tea*+ is ?an 9 ,tunis & ,egypt4 ,i hope soon to f9d a ,%eikh ( "s le>n+1 to c>ry on translations 9 ,arabic "u 8 guidance1 if life & heal? be sp>$4 ,i feel mo/ ?ankful to feel myself aga9 9 a def9ite tempor>y c5tre1 at lea/ ( mission>y ef=t4 #8,pati5ce & long-suff]+ ) joyfulness' ,i w\ld humbly & he>tily desire to cultivate1 z mo/ appropriate to my pres5t condition & circum/ances4 ,! ,briti% ,consul1 a v polite & c\rte\s & high pr9cipl$ man1 is hopeless z to any effect be+ produc$ on ! ,oman ,arabs1 & feels 8 position precludes him f mak+ common cause ) any ef=t = mak+ proselytes among !m4 ,s :5 ,maitl& goes ,i %all be pretty lonely "h1 n = ! fir/ "t1 h[ev]1 & ,i only pray t ! lonel9ess may help me to realize m fully ! bless$ ,pres5ce :i* fills1 /r5g!ns1 animates1 & supports40 ,8 la/ lett] writt5 f ,muscat to ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society is dat$ ,april #bd?1 #ahia4 ,a portion ( x is z foll[s3 8,pati5ce "h1 z else:]e 7& m ?an 9 mo/ sc5es ,i h visit$71 is a great pr]equisite4 ,i /ill live alone 9 a borr[$ h\se1 a sp>e "o belong+ to ! ,am]ican ,consul "h1 &1 r\gh z x is1 x is amply suffici5t = a mission>y1 & is 9 ! he>t ( ! t[n4 ,i _c get _m--v few1 inde$--to come to my h\se & read1 :i* is naturally "o ( my great objects4 ,!y ask me into _! %ops & h\ses sometimes1 to sit & discuss on ! great "q at issue betwe5 u & !m1 "s ,belu*ees1 mo/ly ,arabs2 & ! latt] ,i va/ly pref]1 & consid] m hopeful4 ,!re are "s ,h9dus 9 ! cr[d$ baza>s1 b ,i see little ( !m--p>tly because ( ! noise ( n>r[ /reets & traffic1 & p>tly because ,i d n wi% to be tempt$ away f ! ,arabic4 ,mo/ ( ! few ,h9du traffick]s liv+ "h und]/& ,arabic4 8,!re is mu* outw>d obs]vance ( religi\s =ms2 !re are cr[ds ( mosques2 r a l>ge proportion ( educat$ m5 & wom5 too2 ! latt] take special int]e/ 9 religi\s que/ions1 & sometimes lead ! opposition to ! gospel4 ,!y h l>ge girls' s*ools & female tea*]s4 ,!re is a lep]s' village nigh at h& to ! t[n4 ,i occupi$ = ! second "t ?is morn+ a %$ !y h allott$ me1 well ro($ ov]2 & ^? poor lep]s1 m5 & wom51 ga!r$ 9 fair numb]s to li/54 ,*iefly1 h[ev]1 ,i rea* ! educat$ m5 by ! roadside or 9 a h\se-portico1 sometimes ev5 9 a mosque1 :i* is to me a new exp]i5ce4 ,/ill !re is consid]able %yness1 occasionally bitt] opposition2 yet bright faces ( welcome sometimes *e] me & help me on1 & ,i am only surpris$ t s mu* is borne )4 ,i h made special ef=ts to get into ! mosques1 b mo/ (t5 ?is is refus$4 ,! ,moolahs & ,muallims seem afraid ( com+ to help me on 9 my translations1 or 9 enc\nt]+ ) me m difficult passages 9 ! be/ classics4 ,?is has surpris$ & disconc]t$ me r2 b ,i h be5 sav$ 9 ! ma9 f any?+ l depression1 & h _h happy & com=table pro(s ( ! ,savi\r's graci\s ,pres5ce ) me4 ,! ,psalms1 z usual1 seem mo/ appropriate & answ]able to ! ne$s ( su* a pione] & lonely "w4444 8,if ,i c get no fai?ful s]vant & guide = ! j\rney into ! int]ior1 well v]s$ 9 deal+ ) ,arabs & gett+ ne$ful common supplies 7,i want b little71 ,i may try ,bahre91 or ,hodeidah & ,s5naa1 & if t fails1 ! ,nor? ( ,africa aga91 9 "s highl&2 = )\t a h\se ( our own ! climate w\ld be insuff]able = me--at lea/1 dur+ ! v hot mon?s--& "o's "w w\ld be at a /&/ill4 ,b ,i %all n give up1 please ,god1 ev5 tempor>ily1 my plans = ! int]ior1 unless1 all av5ues be+ clos$1 x w\ld be %e] madness to attempt to c>ry !m out40 ,he nev] rea*$ ! int]ior1 = he receiv$ a sun/roke on 8 way f ,muscat to ! neighbor+ village1 ,mattra1 9 an op5 boat4 ,he 0 remov$ to ! ,consulate b sc>cely rega9$ consci\sness except to utt] a 8,god bless y0 to ! ,consul1 ,colonel ,mockl]4 ,he di$ on ,may #ad?1 #ahia4 ,! v mann] ( 8 dea? fulfill$1 m ?an he ev] ?\ght1 8 own words 9 "o ( 8 lett]s f ,muscat3 8,9 memory ( ,h5ry ,m>tyn's plead+s = ,arabia1 ,arabs & ! ,arabic1 ,i seem almo/ try+ at lea/ to foll[ m directly 9 8 foot/eps & "u 8 guidance1 ?an ev5 9 ,p]sia or ,india1 h[ev] incalculable ! di/ance at :i* ! guid$ "o foll[s ! lead]60 ,! grave ( ,bi%op ,fr5* is 9 ! bottom ( a n>r[ rav9e circl$ by black rocks & rea*$ by boat1 by r\nd+ ! rocky po9t to ! s\? ( ,muscat4 ,"h are _m graves ( sailors ( ! ,royal m>9e & o!rs :o di$ on ?is burn+ & inhospitable coa/4 ,"h also re/s ! body ( ,rev4 ,george ,e4 ,/one1 ! ,am]ican ,mission>y1 :o 0 call$ home 9 ! summ] ( #ahii1 aft] a %ort p]iod ( s]vice4 ,,9 ,,memory ,,( ,,?omas ,,valpy ,,fr5*1 ,,bi%op ,,mission>y4 ,:]e ,muscat fronts ! ,ori5t sun ',twixt heav+ sea & rocky /eep1 ,8 "w ( m]cy sc>ce begun1 ,a sa9tly s\l has fall5 asleep3 ,:o comes to lift ! ,cross in/ead8 ,:o takes ! /&>d f ! dead8 ,:]e1 "u ,india's gl[+ sky1 ,agra ! pr\d1 & /rong ,lahore1 ,lift ro( & gleam+ dome on high1 ,8 8sev5-ton$ tongue0 is he>d no m3 ,:o comes to s\nd al>m in/ead8 ,:o takes ! cl>ion f ! dead8 ,:]e :ite camps m>k ! ,afghan's b\nd1 ,f ,indus to ,suleiman's range1 ,?r\gh _m a gorge & upl&--s\nd ,tid+s ( joy div9ely /range3 ,b !re !y miss 8 eag] tread2 ,:o comes to toil !n = ! dead8 ,:]e smile ,*eltonian hills & dales1 ,:]e /ret*es ,eri? d[n ! %ore ,( ,?ames1 wood-fr+$ & fleck'd ) sails1 ,8 holy voice is he>d no m ,is x = no?+ he is dead8 ,s5d =? y\r *ildr5 9 8 /ead6 ,f> f fair ,ox=d's groves & t[]s1 ,h] s*ol> ,bi%op dies ap>t2 ,he blames ! ease ( cultur$ h\rs ,9 dea?'s /ill voice t %akes ! he>t4 ,brave sa9t6 = d>k ,arabia dead6 ,i g to fight ! fight in/ead6 ,o ,ea/]n-lov] f ! ,we/6 ,?\ ha/ out-so>$ ^! prison+ b>s2 ,?y memory1 on ?y ,ma/]'s brea/1 ,uplifts u l ! beckon+ />s4 ,we foll[ n[ z ?\ ha/ l$2 ,baptize u1 ,savi\r1 = ! dead6 --,ar*deacon ,a4 ,e4 ,m\le4 ,,xxxiii ,,! ,,am]ican ,,arabian ,,mission 8,our ultimate object is to occupy ! int]ior ( ,arabia40--,plan ( ! ,arabian ,mission4 8,to su* an appeal !re c be b "o reply4 ,! ,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur* :5 x took up ! mission orig9ally comm5c$ on an indep5d5t basis z ! ,arabian ,mission1 did s ) full k ( ! plans & purposes ( its f\nd]s1 :i*1 z ! v title ( ! mission %[s1 embrac$ no?+ less ?an su* a compreh5sive s*eme ( evangelization z t above describ$40--,major-,g5]al ,f4 ,t4 ,haig4 8,x is n keep+ exp5ses d[n1 b keep+ fai? & en?usiasm up1 t gives a cle> balance %eet4 ,give ! ,*ur* h]oic lead]%ip1 place be=e x high ideals1 keep x on ! m>* = l>g] conque/s1 & ! f9ancial problem w take c>e ( itself4 ,if ! ,*ur* sees t we are n go+ to tru/ ,god en\gh to v5ture ^u any "w = ,him till we h ! money 9 sight1 x w probably adopt ! same prud5ce 9 mak+ contributions1 & our good f9anci]+ w be ) heavy loss ( income40--,! ,*ri/ian ,advocate4 8,! ,arabian ,mission 0 organiz$ ,augu/ #a/1 #ahhi1 & its fir/ mission>y1 ,rev4 ,james ,cant9e1 sail$ = ! field ,octob] #af? ( ! same ye>4 ,9 ord] to trace ! /eps t l$ to ! organization ( ?is fir/ ,am]ican ,mission to ,arabia1 we mu/ g back a ye> e>li]4 ,9 ! ,!ological ,sem9>y ( ! ,re=m$ 7,dut*7 ,*ur* at ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,j]sey1 ! mission>y _s 0 especially active dur+ ! ye> #ahhh4 ,?is 0 fo/]$ by memb]s ( ! faculty :o _h a w>m love = t "w1 by a mission>y lecture%ip rec5tly inaugurat$1 by ! mission>y alumni ( ! sem9>y1 & by "s ( ! /ud5ts !mselves :o br\ght missions to ! front4 ,among ^! /ud5ts 7 ,james ,cant9e & ,philip ,t4 ,phelps ( ! s5ior class1 & ,samuel ,m4 ,zwem] ( ! middle class1 :o _h individually decid$ to "w abroad1 ,god will+1 & :o us$ to meet = pray] & consultation reg>d+ ! *oice ( a field ( labor4 ,! fir/ meet+ ( ?is b& 0 held on ,octob] #ca/1 #ahhh1 & ! topic discuss$ 01 8:at con/itutes a call to ! ,=eign field80 ,aft] t !y met almo/ e week1 & gradually ! idea took %ape ( b&+ !mselves toge!r to beg9 pione] "w 9 "s "o ( ! unoccupi$ fields4 ,tibet & ,c5tral ,africa 7 m5tion$2 b _! ?\ghts g5]ally seem$ to unite on "s ,arabic-speak+ c\ntry especially ,nubia or ! upp] ,nile4 ,! ,sem9>y libr>y 0 ransack$ = in=mation on ^! fields1 )\t def9ite results4 ,at ! end ( ,novemb] ! b& decid$ to consult ) _! ,hebrew & ,arabic pr(essor1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,lans+1 ,d4 ,d41 :o1 be+ ( mission>y p>5tage & full ( ! mission>y passion1 w>mly welcom$ _! confid5ce & f t "t became associat$ ) !m 9 _! plans4 ,aft] "s "t x 0 mutually agre$ t ,god call$ !m to pione] "w 9 "s portion ( ! ,mohamm$an _w 9 or adjac5t to ,arabia4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is ,div9e call !re appe>$ a great human difficulty3 ! fact t ! *ur* to :i* !y belong$ & ow$ allegiance conduct$ no missions 9 ! ,mohamm$an _w4 ,! ,mission ,bo>d ( t *ur* 0 already burd5$ ) a debt ( #ce1jjj1 & !re=e x 0 improbable t !y w\ld e/abli% su* a "w 9 addition to _! o!r mission "w4 ,9 spite ( ^! ob/acles1 h[ev]1 x 0 decid$1 ,febru>y #aa1 #ahii1 to make =mal application to ! ,bo>d1 & on ,may #bc;d ! foll[+ plan 0 drawn up1 & pres5t$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,=eign ,missions3 8,we ! und]sign$ desir+ to engage 9 pione] mission "w 9 "s ,arabic-speak+ c\ntry1 & especially 9 behalf ( ,moslems & slaves1 d at ! outset recognize ! foll[+ facts3 #a4 ,! great ne$ & enc\ragem5t = ?is "w at ! pres5t "t4 #b4 ,! non-exi/5ce ( su* mission "w "u ! sup]vision ( our ,bo>d ( ,=eign ,missions at ! pres5t "t4 #c4 ,! fact t hi!rto little has be5 done 9 ! *annels indicat$4 #d4 ,! inability ( our ,bo>d to inaugurate ?is "w "u its pres5t /atus4 ,!re=e1 t ! object desir$ may be realiz$1 we respectfully submit to ! ,bo>d1 & ) _! endorsem5t to ! *ur* at l>ge1 ! foll[+ propositions3 #a4 ,! inauguration ( ?is "w at z e>ly a "t z possible4 #b4 ,! field to be ,arabia1 ! upp] ,nile or any o!r field1 subject to ! /atem5t ( ! preamble1 t %all be deem$ mo/ advantage\s1 aft] due consid]ation4 #c4 ,! exp5ses ( said mission to be met 7a7 by ye>ly subscriptions 9 am\nts ( f five to two hundr$ doll>s2 ! subscrib]s ( l am\nts to con/itute a syndicate ) su* organization z %all be deem$ desirable2 7b7 by syndicates ( su* individuals1 *ur*es & organizations z %all und]take ! support ( individual mission>ies1 or contribute to su* specific objects z %all be requir$ by ! mission4 #d4 ,^! syndicates %all be =m$ & ! f9ancial pl$ges made payable = a t]m ( five ye>s4 #e4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is p]iod ( five ye>s ! mission %all pass "u ! direct sup]vision ( our ,bo>d z 9 ! case ( our o!r missions4 ,%\ld ! ,bo>d /ill be f9ancially unable1 syndicates %all be re-=m$ & pl$ges re-tak54 #f4 ,9 ! meantime ! mission %all be g5]ally "u ! c>e ( ! ,bo>d 444 ?r\gh ^: h&s its funds %all pass4 #g4 ,! und]sign$ reque/ ! approval ( ! ,bo>d to ?is und]tak+ 9 g5]al1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! matt] ( solicit+ subscriptions4 7,sign$47 ,j4 ,g4 ,,lans+1 ,,jas4 ,,cant9e1 ,p4 ,t4 ,,phelps1 ,s4 ,m4 ,,zwem]40 ,?is plan 0 fir/ pres5t$ to ! ,bo>d on ,june #c;d1 :5 x 0 provisionally accept$ to be ref]r$ to ! ,g5]al ,synod4 ,on ,june #aa?1 ! ,synod1 aft] a long & ard5t discussion1 ref]r$ ! :ole matt] back to ! ,bo>d1 ask+ !m 8c>efully to consid] ! :ole "q &1 %\ld ! ,bo>d see _! way cle>1 t !y be au?oriz$ to inaugurate ! mission propos$40 ,on ,june #bf? ! ,bo>d met & pass$ ! foll[+ resolution3 8,resolv$1 ,t1 :ile ! ,bo>d is greatly int]e/$ 9 ! proposition to engage 9 mission "w among ! ,arabic speak+ peoples1 ! "w 9 :i* ! ,bo>d is already engag$ is s great & s con/antly gr[+1 & ! f9ancial condition ( ! ,bo>d is su* 7its debt at t "t be+ #ce1jjj71 t ! ,bo>d feels con/ra9$ to decl9e to assume any responsibility 9 ! matt]4 8,if1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! next f\r mon?s1 su* a degree ( int]e/ 9 ,=eign ,missions %\ld be develop$ 9 ! *ur*es z to r$uce ! am\nt to :i* ! treasury is n[ ov]drawn to a small fraction1 !n ! ,bo>d w\ld feel incl9$ to favor t important ent]prise40 ,mean:ile ! plan _h be5 fully discuss$ 9 ! *ur* pap]s1 & al?\gh !re 7 w>m fri5ds ( ! ent]prise :o e>ne/ly plead by p5 & purse = its inauguration1 ! curr5t g5]ally ran dead aga9/ ! proposal1 & mu* cold wat] 0 ?r[n on ! ent]prise4#adh ,h[ ^? felt :o 7 mo/ conc]n$ 9 ! decision 0 express$ by ,pr(essor ,lans+1 on _! behalf1 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,! writ] & ! individuals nam$ are deeply grateful to ,g5]al ,synod = its he>ty reception & advocacy ( ! propos$ mission4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 !y n only h no ^w ( compla9t to utt] 9 reg>d to ! action ( ! ,bo>d1 b are grateful to ! ,bo>d = ! c>eful consid]ation !y h giv5 ! matt]1 & deeply sympa?ize ) !m 9 ! sorr[ :i* !y & all mu/ feel 9 connection ) ! adv]se action tak54 ,b ?is does n dis*>ge ! responsibility4 ,a responsibility ,div9ely impos$ is n dis*>g$ by any admission ( exi/+ human difficulty4444 ,:5 ,god calls we mu/ obey1 n object4 ,& also :5 ,god calls to "s specific "w1 !n ,he mu/ h "s way by :i* t "w c be done40 ,aft] mu* ?\ght & pray] a plan 0 adopt$ = conduct+ ?is "w4 ,! motto ( ! new mission appe>$ at ! head3 8,oh t ,i%mael might live be=e ,!e40 ,aft] ! preamble1 simil> to ! orig9al plan1 !re are ! foll[+ sections3 8#a4 ,?is mission>y movem5t %all be kn[n z ,! ,arabian ,mission4 #b4 ,! field1 s f> z at pres5t x is possible to be det]m9$1 %all be ,arabia & ! adjac5t coa/ ( ,africa4 #c4 ,select$ by & associat$ ) ! und]sign$ %all be a ,committee ( ,advice1 compos$ ( f\r contributors1 to assi/ 9 advanc+ ! int]e/s ( ?is mission4 #d4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ?is mission is ( necessity und5om9ational 9 its p]sonnel & work+1 contributions are solicit$ f any & all to :om ?is may come1 )\t ref]5ce to d5om9ational adh]5ce4 #e4 ,! am\nt requir$ to c>ry on ! "w ( ?is mission w be ! sum necess>y to meet ! equipm5t & work+ exp5ses ( ! individuals approv$ ( & s5t to engage 9 ! "w ( ?is mission4 ,no debt %all be incurr$ & no sal>ies be paid to o!r ?an mission>ies4 #f4 ,x is desir$ t ! am\nt subscrib$ %all n int]f]e ) ! individual's regul> d5om9ational contributions to =eign missions4444 #g4 ,( ! und]sign$ ! fir/ p>ty %all be ,treasur]1 & h g5]al ov]sight ( ! int]e/s ( ! mission at home & z su* %all r5d] an annual /atem5t1 :ile ! mission>ies 9 ! field %all h ! direction ( ^? int]e/s abroad44440 ,! r\gh draft ( ?is plan 0 drawn up at ,p9e ,hill ,cottage1 9 ! ,catskills1 on ,augu/ #a/4 ,a few days lat]1 :ile ! b& 0 at ! old ,cant9e home/ead1 ,/one ,ridge1 ,new ,york1 ,dr4 ,lans+ compos$ ! ,arabian ,mission hymn1 :i* w always be an inspiration to ^? :o love ,arabia2 b x w nev] be sung ) deep] feel+ ?an x 0 = ! fir/ "t1 9 an upp] room1 by ?ree voices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,arabian ,,mission>y ,,hymn4 ,facsimile ( ! orig9al copy compos$ by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,g4 ,lans+ 9 #ahhi1 at ,/one ,ridge1 ,n4 ,y4 ,:5 ! plan 0 publi%$1 ! ,rubicon 0 cross$1 al?\gh n )\t ! loss ( "o "n f among ! sign]s4 ,contributions began to come 91 ! ,committee ( ,advice 0 select$1 & ! mission 0 incorporat$4 ,among o!r tok5s ( favor ! mission receiv$ at ?is juncture f ,ca!r9e ,crane ,hal/ead1 a legacy1 ( ne>ly five ?\s& doll>s--! l>ge/ gift1 & ! only legacy receiv$ by ! ,arabian ,mission 9 ! pa/ decade4 ,?is unexpect$ & provid5tial donation 0 enc\rag+ & enabl$ ! mission to beg9 "w imm$iately4 ,on ,octob] #a/ ,james ,cant9e 0 orda9$ by ! ,classis ( ,k+/on 9 ! ,fair ,/reet ,re=m$ ,*ur* & he sail$ = ,syria on ,octob] #af?1 /opp+ at ,ed9burgh to consult ) ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& ,committee reg>d+ coop]ation ) _! mission at ,ad54 ,! proposition 0 cordially welcom$ b 0 n act$ ^u s9ce at ,%eikh ,o?man1 x 0 aft]w>ds mutually agre$ t m w\ld probably be accompli%$ if ! missions work$ sep>ately4 ,! second memb] ( ! b& to leave = ! field 0 orda9$ by ! ,classis ( ,i[a1 at ,orange ,city1 & sail$ on ,june #bh?1 #ahij4 ,! two pione]s left ,syria = ,cairo at ! end ( ,novemb] to meet ,pr(essor ,lans+ :o 0 9 ,egypt = 8 heal?4 ,on ,decemb] #ah? ,mr4 ,cant9e left by direct /eam] = ,ad51 & on ,janu>y #h?1 #ahia1 ! writ] foll[$ 9 an ,egyptian coa/+ /eam]1 desir+ to call at ,jiddah & ,hodeidah1 & to meet ,g5]al ,haig1 :o 0 !n at ,suak9 9 *>ge ( rescue "w = orphans aft] ! w>4#adi ,my j\rney d[n ! ,r$ ,sea 0 made 9 company ) ! ag$ ,bi%op ,fr5*1 ?\gh nei!r ( u ev] he>d ( ! o!r be=e we met on ! tra9 to take ! same %ip at ,suez4 ,we !n le>n$ = ! fir/ "t t bo? 7 b\nd = ! same po9t ) ! same object1 to prea* ,*ri/ to ! ,arabs4 ,f ,ad5 ! two ,am]ican mission>ies made x _! fir/ task to explore ! po9ts sugge/$ by ,g5]al ,haig = mission>y occupation4 ,"o1 ,mr4 ,cant9e1 j\rney$ nor?w>d to ! c\ntry ( ! ,sultan ( ,lahaj1 :ile ! o!r sail$ along ! s\!rn coa/ 9 company ) ,kamil1 ! ,syrian conv]t f ,islam4 ,?is e>ne/ "y disciple _h become acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,cant9e 9 ,syria1 & e>ly express$ a desire to jo9 9 ! "w = ,arabia4 ,he lov$ ! ,scriptures & nev] %rank f ob/acles :i* /ood 9 ! way ( fai? or s]vice4 ,8 biography1 by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,jessup1 %[s :at he surr5d]$ = ,*ri/2 only ! day ( days w %[ h[ mu* he accompli%$ = ,arabia4 ,on ,may #bf?1 #ahia1 ,mr4 ,cant9e sail$ to visit ,muscat & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ) ! und]/&+ t 8 co-labor] %\ld mean:ile attempt ! j\rney to ,sana & /udy ! possible op5+s = "w 9 ,yem54 ,! news ( ,bi%op ,fr5*'s dea? _h already rea*$ ,ad54 ,mr4 ,cant9e t>ri$ at ,muscat a =tnight1 aft] :i* he visit$ ,bahre9 & o!r ports ( ! ,gulf1 go+ on f9ally to ,busrah & ,bagdad4 ,! importance ( ,busrah z a mission c5tre 0 evid5t4 ,9 population1 accessibility & /rategic location x 0 sup]ior to o!r places 9 ,ea/]n ,arabia4 ,"h seem$ to be ! place to drive ! op5+ w$ge4 ,mean:ile a tw5ty-days' j\rney to ,sana & ! villages ( ,yem5 on ! ,hodeidah r\te1 _h %[n ! importance ( ,sana z a c5tre ( op]ations1 z is %[n f ! foll[+ writt5 at t "t3 8,x has advantages ( l>ge population1 c5tral location1 importance ( position & heal?fulness ( climate4 ,mail comes weekly & a telegraph connects ) ! outside _w4 ,its disadvantages are1 a ,turki% gov]nm5t & ! consequ5t difficulties ( op5 & aggressive "w4 ,l ! road f ,hodeidah to ,sana1 x w be uphill "w1 ?r\gh m\nta9s & /rong places1 b 9 bo? cases y rea* ,arabia ,felix40 ,on meet+ ,mr4 ,cant9e at ,busrah1 h[ev]1 ! argum5ts = ,yem5 7 set aside1 & x 0 agre$ t x 0 be/ to make ,busrah ! fir/ headqu>t]s4 ,x 0 nev] ?\ght at ! "t t ,yem5's highl&s w\ld1 aft] t5 ye>s1 /ill be )\t a mission>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,old ,,mission ,,h\se ,,at ,,busrah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kit*5 ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,mission ,,h\se1 ,,busrah4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,eu/ace 0 !n at ,busrah1 do+ disp5s>y-"w = ! poor & act+ z physician to ! ,european community4 ,he welcom$ ! mission>ies & work$ ) !m he>tily until he 0 transf]r$ to ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society hospital at ,quetta4 ,8 dep>ture emphasiz$ ! p[] ( a m$ical mission>y among ,moslems1 & ! mission>ies made a /rong plea = a physician to jo9 !m4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahib1 ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees s5t out ,dr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,riggs1 a man ) te/imonials ( 8 /&+ z a physician & a memb] ( an ,evangelical *ur*1 b :o1 %ortly aft] rea*+ ! field1 av[$ 8 disbelief 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,8 commission 0 revok$ & he soon return$ to ,am]ica4 ,aft] sev]al /range adv5tures ?is s+ul> yet lovable man rea*$ ,*icago1 0 conv]t$ "u ! prea*+ ( ,d4 ,l4 ,moody at ! ,_w's ,fair1 & di$ at 8 home 9 ,new ,orleans ab\t a ye> lat]4 ,x 0 a long way to ! ,fa!r's h\se b proves ! p[] ( pray]1 & t ,god nev] =gets ,8 own4 ,on ,june #bd? ( ! same ye> fai?ful ,kamil1 rightly nam$ ,abd ,el ,messiah 7s]vant ( ,*ri/71 0 call$ to 8 rew>d4 ,8 illness 0 s sudd5 & ! circum/ances t att5d$ 8 dea? s suspici\s t we _c b believe t he di$ a m>tyr by poison4 ,he 0 ! /ronge/ man ( ! mission 9 controv]sy ) ,moslems1 & a mo/ lovable "*1 s t ! report ( t ye> tru?fully /ates1 8our loss 9 8 dea? is unmeasur$40 ,^! two successive bl[s 7 v s]i\s & n[ two o!r losses foll[$4 ,yakoob1 ano!r ,moslem conv]t1 :o _h be5 9 mission employ1 & ^: wife receiv$ baptism at ,busrah1 0 arre/$ & prev5t$ f return+ to our field4 ,also "o ( ! two effici5t colporteurs employ$ by ! mission1 left to seek 8 =tune 9 ,am]ica4 ,! cont9u$ illness ( ,dr4 ,lans+ 9 ! home l& & a decrease 9 contributions likewise ca/ a %ad[ on ! "w4 ,b fai? grew /rong] by trial4 ,9 ! qu>t]ly lett]1 ne> ! close ( ?is ye>1 we read3 8,! exp]i5ce ( ! mission>ies ev] s9ce arriv+ at ,ad51 _! t\rs along ! coa/ & inl&1 ! opportunities = "w along ! ,euphrates1 ! ,tigris & ! ,gulf1 & ! deep consci\sness t our mission is call$ ( ,god to c>ry ! gospel into ! int]ior ( ,arabia--all prompt u to make a special plea at ?is "t = additional work]s4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts ne> ,busrah :]e p]man5t "w %\ld be inaugurat$ )\t delay1 & places l ,bahre91 ,muscat or ,sana are equally1 p]haps m1 op5 to ! gospel ?an ,busrah itself4444 ,if ! ,arabian mission is to be true to its "n & purpose1 x mu/ occupy ,arabia40 ,?is 0 foll[$ by an appeal = five new m5 & ! reque/ t1 %\ld means be lack+ to s5d !m out1 sal>ies be r$uc$1 8confid5t t ! be/ way to increase contributions is by ext5d+ our "w & tru/+ t ,god w provide = ! future40 ,! mission 0 at ?is "t pass+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( det]m9$ opposition & op5 ho/ility on ! "p ( ! ,turki% local gov]nm5t4 ,colporteurs 7 arre/$2 ! ,bible %op seal$ up2 books confiscat$2 & a gu>d plac$ at ! door ( ! h\se occupi$ by ! mission>ies4 ,a petition 0 s5t to ! ,sublime ,porte to expel ! mission4 ,b ! opposition 0 %ort-liv$ & ! petition nev] accompli%$ its purpose4 ,9 ,decemb] ,rev4 ,pet] ,j4 ,zwem] jo9$ ! mission 9 ,busrah4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( secur+ a resid5ce 7 at fir/ v great & frequ5t *ange ( abode 0 detrim5tal to ! "w4 ,arrangem5ts 7 likewise made dur+ ?is ye> to c>ry on all ! ,bible "w = ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society 9 ! region occupi$ by ! mission4 ,! *ief ev5t ( ! next ye> 0 ! occupation ( ,bahre9 z a second /ation4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ attempt to op5 a ,bible %op & to secure a resid5ce on ! isl&s 0 fraught ) exce$+ difficulty & mu* opposition1 ! attempt 0 successful1 & at ! close ( ! fir/ ye> ov] two hundr$ portions ( ,scripture _h be5 sold4 ,a j\rney 0 made into ! prov9ce ( ,hassa & ! ea/]n ?re%old ( ,arabia 0 ?us cross$ = ! fir/ "t by a mission>y4 ,at ,busrah ! evangeli/ic "w & ,bible circulation made progress1 b m$ical "w 0 at a /&/ill4 ,*ol]a visit$ bo? /ations & greatly int]f]$ ) ! "w2 _m p fl$ f ,busrah1 & at ,bahre9 ! total numb] ( dea?s 0 ov] five ?\s&4 ,pet] ,zwem] kept lonely wat* on ! isl&s at t "t2 8 only s]vant di$ ( *ol]a & he himself c\ld n get away z no %ip w\ld take pass5g]s4 ,e>ly 9 #ahid ! good news came t ,dr4 ,james ,t4 ,wyck(f _h be5 appo9t$ to jo9 ! mission4 ,sail+ on ,janu>y #f?1 & go+ via ,con/ant9ople to secure 8 ,turki% diploma he arriv$ at ,busrah 9 ,m>*4 ,b ! joy ( welcom+ a m$ical mission>y 0 %ort-liv$1 = aft] a brief /ay at ,busrah he w5t to ,bahre9 :]e a sev]e attack ( *ronic dys5t]y soon compell$ him to return to ,busrah & subsequ5tly to ,k]a*i & ,am]ica4 ,?us ! mission lo/ its ?ird m$ical mission>y1 & 8 successor did n come out until ! foll[+ ye>4 ,muscat 0 visit$ by ,pet] ,zwem] z e>ly z ,decemb]1 #ahic1 & 8 reports ( ?is port z a prospective c5tre = "w 9 ,oman 7 s enc\rag+ aft] sev]al exploration j\rneys1 t x 0 decid$ to all[ him to occupy ! /ation4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahid1 ! writ]1 at ! reque/ & exp5se ( ! ,mildmay ,mission to ! ,jews1 made a j\rney to ,sana1 to di/ribute ,hebrew ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,x 0 also hop$ t x w\ld be possible = him to cross f ,sana to ,bahre91 by way ( ,wady ,dauasir4 ,b ! !ft ( all 8 money ev5 be=e rea*+ ,sana & 8 arre/ by ! ,turks1 prev5t$ ! attempt4 ,aft] _m trials incid5t to ! economical adm9i/ration ( ! mission at home1 negotiations 7 conclud$ 9 ,june1 #ahid1 by :i* x 0 transf]r$ to ! managem5t & c>e ( ! ,bo>d ( ,=eign ,missions ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur*4 ,! di/9ct exi/5ce ( ! corporation is /ill pres]v$1 b ! tru/ees are *os5 f among ! memb]s ( ! ,=eign ,mission ,bo>d4 ,no o!r dep>tures f =m] me?ods 7 made1 save t ! adm9i/ration 0 n[ 9 exp]i5c$ h&s & at less exp5se ?an =m]ly4 ,! *ange 0 cordially accept$ by ne>ly all ! mission>ies & ! contributors2 n[ no "o que/ions its wisdom & b5efit4 ,! ye> #ahie 0 ano!r try+ ye> to ! mission1 b !re 7 also bless+s4 ,! dep>ture ( ,rev4 ,james ,cant9e to ,am]ica on furl\gh1 aft] ne>ly sev5 ye>s 9 ,arabia1 necessitat$ ! transf]ral ( ! writ] to ,busrah & s left ,bahre9 practically unc>$ =4 ,! mission>ies & native help]s suff]$ m ?an usual f ! en]vat+ climate1 & t\r+ f bo? ,muscat & ,bahre9 0 made impossible = a l>ge "p ( ! ye> by tribal w>s & tr\bles4 ,9 ,febru>y ! ,b$\9s attack$ ,muscat & captur$ ! t[n2 ! place 0 giv5 ov] to pillage & ov] two hundr$ lives 7 lo/2 ! mission-h\se & %op 7 loot$ & ,pet] ,zwem] took refuge at ! ,briti% consulate4 ,at ,bahre9 a simil> tr\ble ?reat5$ = mon?s & t]ror reign$1 b ! di/urbance nev] rea*$ ! isl&s & ! unruly ,arabs 7 puni%$ by ,engli% gunboats4 ,at ,busrah ! ,bible "w 0 /opp$ by ! ,turki% au?orities2 ! %op clos$ & colporteurs arre/$4 ,! arrival ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,lank=d ,worrall at ,busrah1 on ,april #ba/1 ) a ,turki% diploma1 once m gave ! mission ! gold5 key to ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,dr4 ,worrall has us$ x fai?fully1 al?\gh 8 sev]e illness ! fir/ summ] almo/ made ! mission despair ( ! heal? ( doctors4 ,mr4 ,cant9e visit$ ! *ur*es 9 ,am]ica & greatly /imulat$ int]e/1 pray] & (f]+s1 al?\gh no new mission>ies 7 f\nd will+ & suitable = ! field4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> ,am>a 0 op5$ z an out-/ation 9 ! mid/ ( mu* opposition b great] bless+4 ,ev5 dur+ ?is ye> e>ne/ inquir]s 9 ?is fanatical riv] village gladd5$ ! he>ts ( ! work]s4 ,"w = ! wom5 ( ,ea/]n ,arabia 0 begun 9 #ahif by ,amy ,elizabe? ,wilkes ,zwem]1 :o left ! ,*ur* ,mission ,society mission at ,bagdad to be m>ri$ to ,rev4 ,s4 ,m4 ,zwem]4 ,fir/ at ,busrah1 !n at ,bahre9 & ,kateef %e inaugurat$ ! "w :i* only a woman c d 9 ,moslem l&s4 ,ext5sive t\rs 7 made by ! colporteurs & by ,pet] ,zwem]4 ,! entire region nor? ( ,muscat z f> z ,someil & ,ra/ak1 ev5 to ,jebel ,a*d>1 0 p5etrat$ by ! mission>y & colporteurs4 ,"o ( ! latt] visit$ ! s-call$ 8pirate coa/0 s\? ( ,kat> & sold ov] a hundr$ portions ( ,scripture4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! increase ( ,scripture sales by ! mission at all ( its /ations4 ,m ?an five-six?s ( ^! copies 7 sold to ,moslems3 #ahib #ahic #ahid #ahie #ahif #ahig #ahih #ahii #aijj #fbj #hbe #a1gfj #b1cac #b1hje #a1ggi #b1jaj #b1dfd ov] #c1gjj ,at ,busrah fir/ fruits 7 ga!r$ aft] ^! ye>s ( s[+ 9 two rem>kable cases4 ,a soldi] at ,am>a accept$ ,*ri/ & came to ,busrah = in/ruction2 ?is man has s9ce 8suff]$ ! loss ( all ?+s0 & 8witness$ a good confession0 :]ev] he has be5 dragg$ z an exile or driv5 z an apo/ate4 ,ano!r conv]t 0 a middle-ag$ ,p]sian :o 0 deeply convict$ ( s9 by read+ a copy ( ,luke's gospel 9 ! disp5s>y at ,busrah4 ,he 0 a consumptive1 & aft] f9d+ peace 9 ,*ri/1 left ,busrah = ,%iraz4 ,9 ! autumn ,mr4 ,cant9e return$ to ! field1 b ! foll[+ ,febru>y ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,s4 ,m4 ,zwem] dep>t$ on furl\gh1 s t1 ) no re9=cem5ts1 ! mission-/aff rema9$ insuffici5t4 ,! "w at ,bahre9 n only /ood /ill1 b1 because ( ! unfai?fulness ( a native help]1 retrograd$4 ,muscat 01 on ! contr>y1 increas+ 9 importance4 ,a s*ool 0 begun by ,mr4 ,p4 ,j4 ,zwem]1 :5 eighte5 helpless ,african boys1 rescu$ f a slave-dh[1 7 h&$ ov] to 8 c>e4 ,! little h& press 9 ! mission-h\se s5t =? its fir/ message2 a tract comp>+ ,*ri/ & ,mohamm$1 :i* /irr$ ?\ght z well z opposition4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian writ+ ev] pr9t$ 9 ,arabia & its simple message is prophetic3 8,mohamm$ or ,*ri/1 on :om d y rely80 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ,am]ican ,bible ,society took ov] ! "w ( ,bible di/ribution at ,bahre9 & ,muscat by an annual appropriation to ! mission :i* enabl$ x to ext5d ?is dep>tm5t ( "w4 ,at ,busrah ! m$ical "w drew _m )9 he>+ ( ! gospel & ,dr4 ,worrall 0 able to op5 "w at ,nas>iyeh4 ,at ,am>a ! se$ once m fell on good soil1 & a small b& ( inquir]s came toge!r = pray]1 b ! h>ve/ is n yet4 ,at ! close ( #ahig1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,j4 ,b>ny1 support$ by ! "y p ( ! ,m>ble ,collegiate ,*ur*1 ,new ,york ,city1 came to ! field1 & began language /udy4 ,! ye> #ahih is fre% 9 ! memory ( all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! ,arabian ,mission4 ,dur+ x ,pet] ,zwem]1 aft] hav+ gone to ,am]ica1 0 call$ to 8 rew>d & f\r new mission>ies s5t out into ! h>ve/ field to s[ ! se$ ( ! k+dom4 ,two ( !m1 ,miss ,m>g>et ,rice 7n[ ,mrs4 ,b>ny7 & ,rev4 ,george ,e4 ,/one1 sail$ ) ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,s4 ,m4 ,zwem] on _! return 9 ,augu/4 ,! o!r two1 ,dr4 ,%>on ,j4 ,?oms & ,dr4 ,m>ion ,wells ,?oms1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 came to ! field 9 ,decemb]1 #ahih4 ,mr4 ,/one has n[ also gone to 8 rew>d--! ?ird ( ! ,arabian ,mission to lay d[n 8 life = ,arabia4 ,,xxxiv ,,9 ,,memoriam--,,pet] ,j4 ,,zwem] ,,& ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,/one ,a skillful & lov+ h& has laid a wrea? ( immortelles on ! unkn[n grave ( ,kamil2 8 biography w live4 ,we c only briefly record our love & admiration = ^? o!r two ( ! ,arabian ,mission1 :o 8lov$ n _! lives unto ! dea?10 b 8haz>d$ _! lives = ! "n ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,,pet] ,,john ,,zwem] 0 born at ,s\? ,holl&1 ,ill9ois1 ne> ,*icago1 on ,septemb] #b;d1 #ahfh4 ,8 *ildhood 0 sp5t 9 a lov+ ,*ri/ian home surr\nd$ by graci\s influ5ces & ! pray]s ( godly p>5ts4 ,9 #ahhj he ent]$ ! prep>atory dep>tm5t ( ,hope ,college1 ,holl&1 ,mi*igan1 & 0 f9ally graduat$ f ! college 9 #ahhh4 ,he 0 ! only "o ( 8 class to *oose ! =eign field1 & = x he s\ght special prep>ation aft] graduation1 by "w z ,bible colporteur 9 ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,york1 & a ye> ( tea*+ 9 ,i[a4 ,9 #ahib he 0 graduat$ f ! ,new ,brunswick ,!ological ,sem9>y1 & on ,septemb] #ad?1 ( ! same ye>1 0 orda9$ at ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan1 & sail$ = ,arabia on ,octob] #ai?4 ,f ! day ( 8 arrival on ! field to ! day ( 8 dea? 8 fir/ ?\ght 0 gospel "w = ! ,arabs4 ,he 0 ( a practical turn ( m9d1 & _h no vision>y ideas nor desire = m>tyrdom1 b a /urdy1 /eady purpose to make 8 life tell4 ,he 0 eag] to meet m51 ke5 to grasp opportunities1 a cosmopolitan 9 _s always & ev]y:]e4 ,a /ud5t ( "* r ?an ( books1 he pref]r$ to make two difficult j\rneys r ?an report "o4 ,he lov$ to tea* & knew h[ to d x4 ,sympa?y = ! weak & suff]+ & a hatr$ = all %ams 7 prom95t traits4 ,he ende>$ himself ev5 to ^? f :om he diff]$ 9 op9ion or conduct by 8 :ole-he>t$ s9c]ity & e>ne/ advocacy ( 8 views4 ,arabia 0 to him a s*ool ( fai?2 8 ,*ri/ian "* rip5$ into full fruitage ?r\gh mu* suff]+4 ,mr4 ,cant9e wrote ( him3 8,our p]sonal relations 7 p]haps m intimate ?an ^? usually kn[n by ! mission>ies ( our scatt]$ /ations4 ,i 0 at ,busrah to welcome him :5 9 #ahib he respond$ to our fir/ call = volunte]s1 & 0 also ! "o to say good-bye a few mon?s ago z he left beh9d him ! rocks & hills ( ,muscat & ,oman1 among :i* ! preci\s cruse ( 8 /r5g? _h be5 brok5 = ! ,ma/]'s s]vice4 ,8 c\rse 0 m try+ ?an t ( ! o!rs ( our company1 z he came among u :5 ! impulse & en?usiasm :i* atta* to ! op5+ ( a new "w 7 beg9n+ to fail1 & be=e our exp]i5ce _h enabl$ u to less5 "s ( ! trials & discom=ts ( a pione] ef=t4 ,a ?or\gh ,am]ican1 appreciat+ & treasur+ ! memory ( ! civilization left beh9d1 he yet readily adapt$ himself to ! conditions "h f\nd4 ,( a s5sitive nature1 he ke5ly felt any r\ghness f fri5d or foe1 b ,i nev] knew him on t acc\nt to %[ any bitt]ness or to %irk ! p]=mance ( any recogniz$ duty4 8,( ^? qualities :i* make = success 9 our field he _h n a few4 ,8 social in/9cts l$ him at once to make fri5ds among ! ,arabs1 & :ile 8 vocabul>y 0 /ill v limit$1 he w\ld sp5d h\rs 9 ! c(fee-%ops & 9 ! ga!r+-places ( ! t[n4 ,8 exceptional musical tal5ts also attract$ & made = him _m acqua9tances among ^? he 0 seek+ to rea*1 besides prov+ a con/ant pleasure to 8 associates & a mo/ important aid 9 all our public s]vices4 ,& _m a difficulty 0 surm\nt$ by 8 hopefulness & buoyancy ( disposition1 :i* ev5 pa9 & sickness c\ld n de/roy40 ,illu/ration3 ,hon4 ,ion ,kei? ,falcon] ,rev4 ,pet] ,j4 ,zwem] ,bi%op ,valpy ,fr5* ,kamil ,abdel ,messiah ,,f\r ,,mission>y ,,m>tyrs ,,( ,,arabia4 ,8 %ort p]iod ( s]vice 9 ,arabia 0 long] ?an t ( ei!r ,kei? ,falcon] or ,bi%op ,fr5* & al?\gh _! lives h p]haps ex]t$ a mu* wid] influ5ce1 8 has left l>g] fruitage on ,arabian soil4 ,( 8 sickness & dea? ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,n4 ,cobb1 ,d4 ,d41 ,secret>y ( ! mission wrote3 8,:5 ! /ation at ,muscat 0 op5$ 9 #ahic x 0 assign$ to him4 ,f t "t until ,may ( ! pres5t ye> ,muscat 0 8 home4 ,!re he rema9$ alone mo/ ( ! "t4 ,frequ5t attacks ( fev] pro/rat$ him1 unsanit>y & unpleasant conditions surr\nd$ him1 ! heat1 con/ant & int5se1 (t5 ov]:elm$ him2 /ill he clung h]oically to 8 po/1 utt]+ no ^w ( compla9t1 & quitt+ x only :5 mission bus9ess made x necess>y1 or t\rs 7 to be und]tak5 along ! coa/ or 9 ! int]ior1 or :5 prolong$ attacks ( fev] & ! pres]vation ( life made a limit$ abs5ce imp]ative4 ,:5 "o consid]s all t he endur$1 ! wond] is n t he di$1 b t he liv$ z long z he did4 ,no high] h]oism f\ght1 suff]$ & at la/ succumb$ at ,santiago4 ,he _h become s mu* r$uc$ by repeat$ attacks ( fev] & rheumatism t x 0 ?\ght wise la/ ye> t he %\ld leave ,arabia & come home4 ,8 desire 0 to rema9 until next ye>1 #ahii1 b 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is ye> x became evid5t t he mu/ n rema94 ,:5 9 ! latt] "p ( ,may he left ,arabia1 8 weakness 0 s great t he 0 c>ri$ on bo>d ! /eam]4 ,on ! homew>d way1 ?\gh writ+ back *e]fully conc]n+ 8 improvem5t to ^? :om he _h left beh9d1 he grew gradually worse1 & :5 he arriv$ 9 ?is c\ntry on ! ev5+ ( ,july #ab1 0 tak5 imm$iately to ! ,presbyt]ian ,hospital ?r\gh ! k9d assi/ance ( a /ud5t = ord]s 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,^? :o h visit$ him !re1 & !y h be5 _m1 h be5 /ruck by 8 *e]fulness1 8 hopeful c\rage1 8 anxi\s desire to recov]1 t he might return to 8 field & "w1 & yet 8 will+ submission to 8 ,fa!r's w40 ,he clung to life ) a grip ( /eel & laugh$ at ! idea ! doctors _h ( 8 approa*+ dea? because he c\ld n believe t 8 "w 0 done4 8,i h done no?+ yet & :5 ,i g back ?is "t ,i w be ready to beg9 "w10 7 8 words4 ,yet he _h no fe> ( dea?4 ,8 eye nev] turn$ away f ,arabia2 he long$ to plant ! pl\gh once m 9 ! /ony soil ( ,oman & to tea* ! mo/ ignorant ! way ( life4 ,f 8 dy+ b$ he s5t to ! committee a report reg>d+ *anges necess>y 9 ! h\se at ,muscat4 ,8 h&1 almo/ too weak to hold a p51 wrote on ,octob] #g?3 8,de> fa!r--,i am sl[ly b surely improv+ & may be home soon4 ,n[ ! bo>d has au?oriz$ me to complete ! build+-fund4 ,i h j secur$ #ajj = a ,muscat t\r+ boat4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,?oms sail$ ?is morn+ = ,arabia1 laus ,deo6 ,i felt sorry ,i c\ld n divide myself & g ) !m 444 pati5tly long+ ,i wait ,8 "t40 ,ev5 lat] ?an ?is1 :5 he c\ld no long] write1 he dictat$ lett]s reg>d+ ! "w at home & 9 ! field4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,tuesday1 ,octob] #ah?1 #ahih1 six weeks aft] 8 ?irtie? bir?day he quietly fell asleep4 8,8 "t0 _h come4 ,aft] a brief s]vice1 ! body 0 tak5 by lov+ h&s to ,holl&1 ,mi*igan1 & laid to re/ 9 ! sure & c]ta9 hope ( a glori\s resurrection4 ,b 8 he>t re/s 9 ,arabia & 8 memory w rema9 longe/ :]e he suff]$ mo/ & :]e 8 fell[%ip 0 s bless$4 8,o ble/ communion6 fell[%ip div9e6 ,we feebly /ruggle1 !y 9 glory %9e ,yet all are "o 9 ,!e = all are ,?9e4 ,hallelujah6 8,& :5 ! /rife is fi]ce1 ! w>f>e long1-- ,/eals on ! e> ! di/ant triumph-song ,& he>ts are brave aga9 & arms are /rong4 ,hallelujah60 ,,george ,e4 ,,/one4 ,on ! tw5ty-six? ( ,june1 #ahii1 ,george ,e4 ,/one di$ ( heat apoplexy at ! coa/ t[n ( ,birka a few miles ea/ ( ,muscat4 ,on ,?ursday ! tw5ty-second ( t mon?1 9 company ) a colporteur1 he left ,muscat1 = a few days *ange4 ,he 0 9 fairly good heal?1 al?\gh suff]+ f boils4 ,monday morn+ he _h a little fev]2 9 ! aft]noon x came aga9 & 9 a few h\rs he _h dep>t$4 ,8 body 0 tak5 to ,muscat by ! colporteur & !re buri$ ne> ! grave ( ,bi%op ,fr5*4 ,rev4 ,george ,e4 ,/one 0 born on ,septemb] #a/1 #ahgc1 at ,mexico1 ,oswego ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,he 0 graduat$ f ,hamilton ,college 9 #ahie1 & f ! ,auburn ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 #ahih4 ,t[>d ! close ( 8 /udies 8 ?\ghts 7 drawn to ! =eign field & he became a 8/ud5t volunte]40 ,! reason = 8 decision 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! man4 ,z he himself express$ x 9 8 inimitable five-m9ute spee* at ! ,g5]al ,synod3 8,i tri$ 9 e possible way to avoid go+ to ! =eign field b ,i _h no peace4 ,i g f a s5se ( ob$i5ce40 ,he fir/ he>d ( ! special ne$s ( ,arabia ?r\gh a =m] classmate :o repres5t$ ,union ,sem9>y at ! ,new ,brunswick ,int]-,sem9>y ,conf]5ce 9 ,novemb]1 #ahig4 ,%ortly aft] he wrote = in=mation ab\t ! field1 & )\t fur!r hesitancy he appli$ & 0 accept$4 ,orda9$ by ! ,presbyt]y ( ,cayuga at ,syracuse1 he sail$ ) ! mission p>ty 9 ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,george ,/one 0 a man ( mu* promise2 altoge!r a "* ( "o piece )\t seam or r5t4 ,/urdy1 manly1 /raight=w>d1 humble & hone/ to ! core4 ,he 0 entirely unconv5tional & did n "k :at x 0 to try to make a good impression4 ,he 0 simply natural4 ,) native tact & ,yankee wit 0 jo9$ a ke5 s5se ( duty & a will+ness to plod4 ,confess+ t he 0 nev] int5d$ = a l+ui/ he yet1 by %e] application1 made rem>kably rapid progress 9 ,arabic4 ,he made fri5ds readily & 0 fai?ful to s[ beside all wat]s4 ,no "o c\ld travel ) him & n "k t he 0 a fi%] ( m52 yet he 0 nev] obtrusive 9 8 me?od4 ,he _h a spl5did con/itution1 & look$ =w>d to a long life 9 ,arabia1 b ,god will$ o!rwise4 ,he 0 at ,bahre9 f ,octob] #i? until ,febru>y #ad?1 :5 he left = ,muscat to take ! place ( ,rev4 ,f4 ,j4 ,b>ny1 :o _h be5 ill ) typhoid & 0 go+ on sick-leave to ,india4 ,he 0 ! only p]son available at ! "t1 al?\gh x 0 n a pleasant task = a novice to be sudd5ly call$ to take c>e ( a /ation ( :i* he knew little m ?an ! "n4 ,)\t a ^w ( demur he left ,bahre9 at ?ree h\rs' notice & sail$ = ,muscat4 ,!re he rema9$ alone1 b fai?ful unto dea?1 until ,june1 :5 ,rev4 ,james ,cant9e arriv$ to take *>ge ( ! "w4 ,8 lett]s 7 always *e]ful2 he seem$ to grasp ! situation1 & ) all its difficulties to see light above ! cl\ds4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces f a few ( 8 lett]s %[ :at sort ( man he 04 ,!y 7 writt5 9 ord9>y correspond5ce & ) no idea t ! words w\ld ev] be treasur$3 8,i 0 pretty c]ta9 t ,i %\ld be s5t to ,muscat lat] on1 b _h no idea ( go+ s soon4 ,h[ev]1 x is all "r4 ,any?+ t has be5 pray$ ov] z mu* z y\r decisions at ,busrah1 mu/ h be5 direct$ ( ,god1 & ,i h be5 "u ,8 ord]s = "s "t4444 ,i h _h two or ?ree fev]s1 b !y are small affairs1 sick "o day & well ! next4 ,no fur!r news4 ,i c only add my ?ankfulness to ,god = ! way ,he has l$ me ?r\gh ! la/ two mon?s & = giv+ me a %>e f ! beg9n+ 9 actual mission-"w4444 ,_m ?anks = ! report4 ,i c le>n a great deal f x to help out my ignorance4 ,i d feel l a baby be=e ?is great "w b1 z ! d>kies us$ to s+ ! ,"l is #8in*+ me along4' 444 8,pray = me t ,i may h wisdom & grace to c>ry ?is bus9ess ?r\gh4 ,i want x settl$ "r40 ,to 8 ,auburn fri5ds he wrote ?is 9 a *>act]i/ic lett]3 8,y ask :at ,i ?9k ( x n[ t ,i am on ! spot4 ,fir/3 t ! ne$ has n be5 exagg]at$1 & t ,mohamm$anism is z bad z x is pa9t$4 ,second3 t we h a spl5did fight+ *ance "h 9 ,arabia1 & ! l& is op5 en\gh s t we c ent] if we w4 ,if a man nev] got beyond ! ,bahre9 ,isl&s he w\ld h a p>i% ( #ej1jjj s\ls4 ,?ird3 t on acc\nt ( ! ignorance ( ! p !y mu/ be taught by ^w ( m\? & !re=e if we are to rea* !m all1 we mu/ h _m help]s4 ,f\r?3 t ,i am glad ,i came to ,arabia1 & t to me has be5 giv5 a "p 9 ?is /ruggle4 ,i d firmly believe t ! /r5g? ( ,islam has be5 ov]e/imat$1 & t if ev] ! ,*ur* c be induc$ to ?r[ h] full weight aga9/ x1 x w be f\nd an easi] conque/ ?an we imag9e--n b :at x w co/ lives1 x has always be5 s1 b ,i d believe t ,islam is doom$40 ,little did he ?9k1 p]haps1 ^: life x w\ld fir/ co/4 ,w 8 call be he$$ & w ! ,*ur*1 w y1 help to ?r[ ! :ole weight ( y\r pray]s aga9/ ,islam8 8,except a corn ( :eat fall into ! gr\nd & die x abide? alone1 b if x die x br+e? =? mu* fruit40 8,! se$ mu/ die be=e ! corn appe>s ,out ( ! gr\nd 9 blade & fruitful e>s4 ,l[ h ^? e>s be=e ! sickle la91 ,ere ?\ can/ treasure up ! gold5 gra94 ,! gra9 is cru%$ be=e ! bread is made2 ,& ! bread broke ere life to man convey$4 ,oh1 be cont5t to die1 to be laid l[1 ,& to be cru%$1 & to be brok5 s1 ,if ?\ ^u ,god's table may be bread1 ,life-giv+ food = s\ls an hung]$40 ,,xxxv ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,arabian ,,field 8,a ^w z to ! task y\r mission attempts4 ,x is to me ! h>de/ 9 ! :ole mission-field4 ,to conqu] ,mohamm$anism is to capture ,satan's ?rone & ,i ?9k x involves ! greate/ conflict ,*ri/ianity has ev] kn[n4 ,9 attack+ ,arabia y aim at ! citadel ( supreme error occupi$ by ! la/ enemy t %all b[ to ! k+%ip ( ,*ri/40--,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,ess]y1 ,hon4 ,secret>y ( ! ,turki% ,mission ,aid ,society4 8,:ile ! difficulties 9 ! way ( mission>y "w 9 l&s "u ,mohamm$an rule may well appe> to ! eye ( s5se mo/ =midable1 ?is meet+ is firmly p]suad$1 t1 s long z ! door ( access to individual ,mohamm$ans is op51 s long x is ! cle> & b\nd5 duty ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ to make use ( its opportunities = deliv]+ ! gospel message to !m1 9 full expectation t ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,_s w1 9 ,god's good "t1 h a signal manife/ation 9 ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ^? l&s40--,resolution ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society1 ,may #a/1 #ahhh4 ,! problem ( mission>y "w 9 ,arabia is tw(old3 7#a7 ! g5]al problem ( ,mohamm$anism z a political-religi\s sy/em :i* ,arabia has 9 common ) all ,moslem l&s2 & 7#b7 ! special problems or difficulties :i* p]ta9 to ,arabia 9 p>ticul>4 ,! g5]al problem ( missions to ,moslems is too va/ & important to be treat$ "h4 ,dr4 ,george ,smi? says t 8! great "w to :i* ! provid5ce ( ,god summons ! *ur* 9 ! second c5tury ( mod]n missions is t ( evangeliz+ ! ,mohamm$ans40 ,x is ! mission>y problem ( ! future4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup1 :o speaks ( x z 8a "w ( surpass+ difficulty1 :i* w require a new baptism ( apo/olic wisdom & en]gy1 fai? & love0 gives ! elem5ts ( ! problem 9 8 book4#aej ,z unfavorable features he enum]ates1 7#a7 ! union ( ! temporal & spiritual p[]1 7#b7 ! divorce betwe5 morality & religion1 7#c7 ,i%maelitic intol]ance1 7#d7 de/ruction ( true family life1 7#e7 ! degradation ( woman1 7#f7 gross immorality1 7#g7 untru?fulness1 7#h7 misrepres5tation ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & 7#i7 ! aggressive _s ( ,islam4 ,among ! favorable features he names3 7#a7 belief 9 ! unity ( ,god1 7#b7 rev]5ce = ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 7#c7 & = ,*ri/1 7#d7 hatr$ ( idolatry1 7#e7 ab/95ce f intoxicat+ dr9k1 7#f7 ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian nations1 7#g7 ! univ]sal belief ( ! ,moslems t 9 ! latt] days !re w be a univ]sal apo/asy f ,islam4 ,9 "s respects ! problem has *ang$ s9ce ,dr4 ,jessup's book 0 writt5 b 9 its ma9 outl9es x rema9s ! same4 ,! problem ( ,arabia z a mission-field c be/ be /udi$ by consid]+ 9 ord]3 ! l& itself z reg>ds its accessibility2 ! climate & o!r special difficulties2 ! pres5t mission>y =ce2 ! me?ods suit$ to ! field2 & ! "r m5 = ! "w4 ,! *apt]s on ! geography ( ! p59sula %[ h[ diff]5t are ! v>i\s prov9ces & :at are ! /rategic c5tres 9 ea*4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ bo? a good mission>y policy & a true apo/olic pr9ciple to "w out f ! cities z c5tres ( population & influ5ce4 ,?is is especially necess>y 9 ,arabia :]e ! population is scatt]$ & l>gely nomadic4 ,all nomads come to "s city or village = _! supplies at frequ5t int]vals or1 if !y are indep5d5t ( a =eign m>ket1 !y br+ _! produce to ! cities4 ,?is by way ( preface4 ,fir/1 :at p>ts ( ,arabia are really accessible to mission>y op]ations8 7#a7 ,! ,s9aitic p59sula ) ! adjo9+ coa/ ( ,hejaz ne>ly z f> z ,yanbo2 ! population is mo/ly ,b$\9 b a good c5tre = "w w\ld be ! ,egyptian qu>ant9e /ation ( ,tor 9 ! ,gulf ( ,suez4 7#b7 ,ad5 & ! surr\nd+ region "u ,briti% protection1 ) a population ( p]haps #bjj1jjj s\ls4 7#c7 ,! entire s\? coa/ f ,ad5 to ,makalla & ,%ehr ) its h9t]l&2 ?is region has be5 freely visit$ by explor]s & travell]s1 m5 & wom52 ! p are q fri5dly & ! natural base ( op]ations w\ld be ! t[n ( ,makalla4 7#d7 ,oman ) its coa/-t[ns & hill-c\ntry1 ev]y:]e accessible2 :]ev] mission>ies h tri$ to ent] !y h met ) a welcome above all expectations4 7#e7 ,! s-call$ 8pirate-coa/0 9 ,ea/ ,arabia betwe5 ,ras el ,kheima & ,abu ,?ubi2 _m villages1 all "u ,briti% subsidy & ) resid5t native ag5ts4 7#f7 ,! isl&s ( ,bahre94 ,all ( ^! regions are outside ( ,turki% ,arabia & are m or less "u ! influ5ce ( ,great ,brita9 s t e k9d ( mission>y "w is possible4 ,no passports are requir$ = travell+2 no special diplomas = ! "r to practice m$ic9e2 no c5sor%ip ( books2 no (ficial espionage or prohibition ( resid5ce4 ,9 ,turki% ,arabia ! case is diff]5t1 b x w\ld be v incorrect to say t ,turki% ,arabia is inaccessible4 8,! ,turks are no d\bt10 z ,g5]al ,haig rem>ks1 8a great ob/acle1 b we mu/ give !m _! due1 & admit t !y are n ne>ly s intol]ant z "s ,european ,/ates1 includ+ ,russia40 ,only "o portion ( ,turki% ,arabia seems1 at pres5t1 to be :olly inaccessible1 namely1 ! two sacr$ cities ,mecca & ,m$9a4 ,at pres5t1 we say1 = x does n seem possible t ^! tw9-cities w\ld long rema9 clos$ if ! *ur* _h fai? to approa* _! doors & 7 ready to ent]4 ,o!r portions ( ,turki% ,arabia are accessible1 at lea/ to "s ext5t4 7#a7 ,! entire coa/ ( ,hejaz is accessible2 two cities1 ,jiddah1 & ,hodeidah1 are specially suit$ = m$ical mission "w2 :ile x is n at all improbable t ) prop] fai? & k9dly tact1 ! lovely t[n ( ,taif1 t g>d5 ( ,mecca1 w\ld h>bor a m$ical mission>y4 ,d\ghty's exp]i5ces seem to indicate t ,taif is n consid]$ holy gr\nd4#aea 7#b7 ,yem51 ! ,arabia ,felix inde$2 ) a spl5did climate1 a sup]ior ,arab population1 num]\s villages & cities1 & ) m>vell\s f]tility ( soil4 ,surely ^! highl&s w n rema9 =ev] "u ! rod ( oppression2 :5 ! h\r ( deliv]ance comes1 e village %\ld h a mission-s*ool & e city a mission-/ation4 ,ev5 n[ "u ! ,turks "w is possible = ! l>ge ,jewi% population4 7#c7 ,hassa ) its capital ,h(ho( & ,katif on ! coa/4 7#d7 ,! vilayets ( ,busrah & ,bagdad4 ,^! f\r regions 9 ,turki% ,arabia are accessible1 ) ?ree limitations to mission>y-"w3--,e mission>y mu/ h prop] passports2 no m$ical mission>y c practice )\t a ,con/ant9ople diploma2 & no books or ,bibles c be sold unless !y h be5 exam9$ by a c5sor ( ! press & be> ! seal ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! passport matt] is awkw>d at times b is n an insurm\ntable b>ri]2 :]e ! gov]nm5t consid]s travell+ safe1 passports are always giv54 ,! m$ical diploma requirem5t is n diff]5t f ! law ( ,france & o!r c\ntries2 once 9 possession ( su* a diploma1 ! lev]age p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian physician is increas$ r ?an limit$4 ,! ?ird re/riction prev5ts ! di/ribution ( all controv]sial lit]ature b admits ! ,bible & _m o!r ,*ri/ian books2 x is r burd5some & irritat+ to "o's pati5ce b does n %ut ! door to real mission>y "w4 ,e copy ( ! ,arabic ,scriptures pr9t$ at ,beirut be>s ! imprimatur ( ! ,ottoman ,gov]nm5t--! sign & seal ( ! 8,caliph0 t ! ,^w ( ,god %all h free c\rse 9 8 tott]+ empire4 ,f9ally !re is ! va/ int]ior--,asir1 ,nejran1 ,yemama1 ,nejd1 ,jebel ,%amm>--is t too accessible8 ,! :ole region is free f ,ottoman rule &1 = ! great] "p1 "u "o indep5d5t pr9ce1 ,abd-ul-,aziz1 ! successor ( ,ibn ,ra%id4 ,b = ! re/ ! "q mu/ rema9 unansw]$ until a mission>y has attempt$ to ent] ^! regions & has br\ght back a report4 ,= travell]s ! :ole ( ! int]ior has prov$ accessible s9ce ! days ( ,palgrave2 & ! presumptive evid5ce is t a mission>y c\ld also p5etrate ev]y:]e ev5 if he 7 n at fir/ all[$ to settle 9 any ( ! t[ns4 ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt t a prop]ly qualifi$ m$ical mission>y ) a ?or\gh k ( ! language w\ld f9d n only an op5 door b a w>m welcome 9 ! capital ( ,nejd or ev5 at ,riad4 ,reg>d+ ! g5]al accessibility ( ,arabia1 ,g5]al ,haig wrote 9 8 report z foll[s3 8,!re is no difficulty !n ab\t prea*+ ! gospel 9 ,arabia if m5 c be f\nd to face ! consequ5ces4 ,! real difficulty w\ld be ! protection ( ! conv]ts4 ,mo/ probably !y w\ld be expos$ to viol5ce & dea?4 ,! infant *ur* might be a m>tyr *ur* at fir/1 l t ( ,ug&a1 b t w\ld n prev5t ! spread ( ! tru? or its ultimate triumph40 ,! climate ( ,arabia is1 at pres5t1 an ob/acle to mission>y "w1 b 9 ! m\nta9 ranges ( ,oman & ,yem5 z well z 9 all ! int]ior plateau ( ,nejd a heal?ful1 brac+ climate prevails4 ,n[1 alas1 :ile all "w is /ill conf9$ to ! coa/1 we h p]haps "o ( ! mo/ try+ climates 9 ! _w4 ,! int5se heat ( summ] 7(t5 #aaj ,fahr5heit 9 ! %ade7 is aggravat$ by ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! du/ rais$ by e w9d4 ,9 ! w9t]1 f ,decemb] to ,m>*1 ! w9ds 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! gulf & ! ,r$ ,sea1 are (t5 cold & cutt+ & al?\gh ! temp]ature is m suit$ at t "t to ,europeans & ,am]icans1 x appe>s to be less heal?y = natives4 ,! s-call$ gulf-fev] ( ! remitt5t type is v dang]\s & convalesc5ce is at times only possible by leav+ ! gulf4 ,*ol]a & smallpox are n uncommon4 ,oph?almia is rife4 ,prickly heat 9 aggravat$ =m1 boils1 & all ! insect plagues ( ,egypt are a cause ( suff]+ 9 _! season4 ,moslem fanaticism is n peculi> to ,arabia nor is x m int5se or univ]sal "h ?an 9 any o!r purely ,mohamm$an l&4 ,! fanaticism ( ! ,arabs has be5 grossly exagg]at$4 ,! ,wahabis repres5t ! extreme ( exclusiv5ess & prejudice1 b ev5 among !m x is possible = a mission>y to prea* ,*ri/ & read ! ,bible4 ,p]sonal viol5ce to ! mess5g] ( ! gospel has prov$ 9 t5 ye>s exp]i5ce1 almo/ unkn[n 9 any "p ( ,arabia visit$ by mission>ies4 ,sometimes ,bibles & books are collect$ by a fanatical ,mullah & consign$ to ! flames or ! oblivion ( an upp] %elf 9 8 h\se4 ,! fell[s ( ! bas] sort p]petrate insults & annoyances at times 9 village-"w or refuse hospitality4 ,b we1 9 ,arabia1 h nev] met ) ! /rong anti-=eign feel+ su* z seems to be preval5t1 = example1 9 ,*9a4 ,! prejudice is seldom aga9/ ! dress or mann] or spee* ( ! =eign]2 ev5 8 food is consid]$ clean & no ,arab w\ld refuse to %>e 8 meal ) a ,*ri/ian travell]4 ,b !re is (t5 a /rong prejudice aga9/ c]ta9 aspects ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 especially if crudely or unwisely put4 ,9 an ,arab c(fee-%op x w\ld be unsafe z well z unwise to use ! words 8,son ( ,god10 8dea? ( ,*ri/10 8,tr9ity0 etc41 )\t a previ\s explanation4 ,yet on ! :ole ! ,arabs are fri5dly to any /rang] or gue/ & ?is fri5dl9ess is especially /rong t[>d ,engli%m5 & on ! coa/1 because ( ! cle> contra/ betwe5 ,engli% & ,ottoman or ,arab rule4 ,comm]ce too ) its g5]al integrity & 8! ^w ( an ,engli%man0 has 9 a s5se be5 ! h&maid ( missions by dis>m+ prejudice & op5+ ,arab eyes to ! sup]iority ( we/]n civilization4 ,f a mission>y /&po9t ! population ( ,arabia c be/ be divid$ into ! illit]ate & ^? :o c read4 ,! =m] class are 9 ! va/ majority & include all ! ,b$\9s ) exce$+ly few exceptions4 ,tak+ ! population at eight million1 to say t "o half a million c\ld read w\ld be a l>ge e/imate4 ,on ?is acc\nt "w = ^? :o are able to read1 by means ( colportage & book%ops1 may be too highly rat$ z to its ext5sive result2 its int5sive value no "o w "q4 ,! problem ( rea*+ ! nomad population is a v s]i\s "o4 ,! data = a correct !ory ( "w among !m are yet to be collect$4 ,exp]i5ce ( "w among !m has be5 v limit$2 inde$ ! only "w ( importance 0 t ( ,samuel ,van ,tassel 9 ,nor? ,arabia4 ,z a class !y are less religi\s ?an ! t[n or agricultural ,arabs4 ,"o :o has /udi$ ! subject writes3 8,! ,arabs ,b$\9s rema9 ,mohamm$ans simply because !y "k ( no?+ bett]2 ! ,b$\9s are ,moslems only 9 "n obs]v+ ! prescrib$ =ms 9 ! neighborhood ( ! t[ns1 b spe$ily ca/+ !m aside on rega9+ ! des]t4 ,yet !re are m5 among !m n )\t rev]5t ?\ghts ( ! ,creator1 d]iv$ f ! contemplation ( ,8 works1 ?\ghts :i*1 accord+ to ,palm]1 take sometimes ! =m ( solemn b simple pray]40 ,! "* ( mission>y "w among ?is nomad population 7p]haps "o-f\r? or fif? ( ! population ( ! p59sula7 w be v simil> to t ( ,james ,gilm\r among ! ,mongols2 & x w require m5 ( 8 /amp to c>ry x on successfully4 ,illu/ration3 ,,population ,,t\*$ ,,by ,,mission ,,ef=t4 ,ad51 etc41 #ajj1jjj4 ,bahre91 #fj1jjj4 ,muscat1 #bj1jjj ,busrah & ,bagdad1 #ebj1jjj ,! pres5t mission>y =ce 9 ,arabia is utt]ly inadequate to supply ! ne$s ev5 ( t small portion ( ! field !y h occupi$4 ,!re are only f\r po9ts on a coa/ ( f\r ?\s& miles :]e !re are mission>ies4 ,!re is n a s+le mission>y ov] t5 miles inl& f ?is coa/4 ,no mission>y has ev] cross$ ! p59sula 9 ei!r direction4 ,! total numb] ( =eign mission>ies 9 ,arabia1 is less ?an a doz5--twelve work]s1 m5 & wom51 let u say1 = a population ( #h1jjj1jjj s\ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,area ,,visit$ ,,by ,,mission>ies4 ,ad51 etc41 #h1jjj squ>e miles4 ,bahre91 #djj 8 8 ,muscat1 #fjj squ>e miles4 ,busrah & ,bagdad1 #ga1jjj 8 8 ,! ,kei? ,falcon] ,mission is n z /rong 9 its numb]s z :5 ,kei? ,falcon] di$4 ,! ,arabian ,mission has only rec5tly receiv$ en\gh re9=cem5t to man its ?ree /ations p]man5tly4 ,!re has be5 too mu* ( ! _s ( exp]im5t in/ead ( ! _s ( ent]prise2 a corporal's gu>d w5t out to attack ! *ief citadel ( ! enemy4 ,bi%op ,fr5* 0 alone :5 he di$ at ,muscat4 ,! ,arabian ,mission wait$ ye>s be=e !y receiv$ re9=cem5ts4 ,:at is ! spiritual ne$ ( ,arabia to-day8 ,( ! total area ( ! p59sula only ab\t "o-twelf? is 9 any way t\*$ by mission>y ef=t4 ,?is does n mean t "o-twelf? ( ! area is cov]$ by mission-/ations & t\r+1 b t 9 "s way or o!r ab\t "o-twelf? ( ! p59sula is 8occupi$0 by organiz$ mission-"w 9 its plan & purpose1 day by day4 ,z to ! proportion ( mission>ies to ! population t5 m5 out ( elev5 h no opportunity 9 ?is neglect$ c\ntry to he> ! gospel ev5 if !y w\ld4 ,! only "p ( ,arabia t is fairly well occupi$ is ! ,riv]-c\ntry--t is ! two vilayets ( ,bagdad & ,busrah4 ,"h !re are two /ations & two out-/ations on ! riv]s2 colporteurs & mission>ies regul>ly visit ! l>g] villages2 sev]al native work]s are 9 regul> employ & ! ,bible ,society is active4 ,yet 9 ^! two vilayets no?+ has ev] yet be5 done = ! l>ge ,b$\9 population1 & !re are only six =eign mission>ies1 m5 & wom51 to a population 7,turki% c5sus7 ( #a1jej1jjj s\ls4 ,look+ at ,arabia by prov9ces3 ,hejaz has no mission>y2 ,yem5 7) ! exception ( ,%eikh ,o?man & ,ad57 has no mission>y2 ,hadramaut has no mission>y2 ,nejd has no mission>y2 ,hassa has no mission>y2 ,jebel ,%amm> & all ! nor!rn des]t h no mission>y2 ,oman has "o mission>y4 ,aga91 ! foll[+ t[ns & cities are accessible1 b h n "o witness = ,*ri/3 ,sana1 ,hodeidah1 ,m5akha1 ,zebid1 ,dam>1 ,taiz1 ,ibb1 ) =ty small] t[ns 9 ,yem52 ,makallah1 ,%ehr1 & ,%ibam 9 ,hadramaut2 ,ra/ak1 ,someil1 ,soh>1 ,sur1 ,abu ,?ubi1 ,dabai1 ,%>ka & o!r important t[ns 9 ,oman2 n to speak ( ! important t[ns ( ,nejd & 9 ,mesopotamia1 /ill )\t any mission>ies & nev] visit$ by an evangeli/4 ,arabia is 9 tru? a neglect$ field1 ev5 n[4 ,?us f> ! "w has be5 only prelim9>y2 ! evangelization ( ,arabia mu/ yet beg92 n until e prov9ce is ent]$ & e "o ( ! /rategic po9ts specifi$ is occupi$ c we truly speak ( ,arabia z a mission-field4 ,nor is ! project vision>y4 ,giv5 ! m5 & ! means !re is n ! slighte/ reason :y ! next decade %\ld n see ! entire p59sula ! field = "s sort ( mission>y ef=t4 ,! doors are op51 or !y w op5 to ! knock ( fai?4 ,god /ill lives & works4 ,reg>d+ ! be/ me?ods ( mission-"w 9 ,arabia ! exp]i5ce ( mission>ies 9 o!r ,moslem l&s is ( ! greate/ value4 ,! /ory ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society 9 ! ,punjab1 t ( ! ,nor? ,africa ,mission1 & above all ! "w ( ! ,rh5i% ,society 9 ,sumatra %\ld be ?or\ghly famili> to e ,arabian mission>y4 ,m$ical missions h _! special place & p[]1 b also _! special difficulties 9 pione] "w l t 9 ,arabia4 ,surg]y is wor? inf9itely m ?an m$ic9e among a p l ! ,arabs1 :]e fatalism & neglect ( ! sick make ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e ( d\btful result 9 s _m cases4 8,kill or cure0 r ?an prolong$ treatm5t1 suits ! ,moslem palate4 ,b a skillful surgeon ) a ,turki% diploma holds ! key to e door 9 ! entire p59sula4 ,!re is n "o mission-hospital 9 ,arabia6 ,surely su* c5tres z ,bagdad1 ,busrah1 ,bahre91 ,sana1 ,jiddah1 ,hodeidah & ,h(ho( %\ld h ^! ackn[l$g$ p[]ful me?ods ( evangelization4 ,at ,ad5 & ,muscat !re are ,indian ,gov]nm5t hospitals4 ,educational "w is /ill abs5t or 9 its infancy z reg>ds ! ,moslem population1 s t !re are no data f :i* to =mulate !ories z to its success4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,arabia s*ools might n be p]mitt$ by ! gov]nm5t2 ev]y:]e !y w\ld necess>ily at ! outset be v elem5t>y4 ,*ri/ian wom51 z exp]i5ce has prov$ bo? 9 ,yem5 & ,ea/ ,arabia1 are welcom$ ev]y:]e4 ,) or )\t m$ical qualifications1 b ) he>ts ( love & sympa?y = ! poor1 ! suff]+ & ! mis]able1 !y c ent] e h\se or hut4 ,ev5 9 ! black t5ts ( ,k$> !re are a*+ he>ts & wret*$ homes to :i* ! gospel ( peace & love c alone br+ relief4 ,lady ,ann ,blunt & ,mrs4 ,!odore ,b5t h prov$ :at wom5 c d 9 ,arabia = ! sake ( sci5ce2 w !re be no ,*ri/ian wom5 :o w p5etrate z f> inl& = ! sake ( _! ,savi\r8 ,colportage is an approv$ mission-me?od especially 9 ,arabia1 s9ce ! ,bible & a full l9e ( educational & religi\s lit]ature is ready to our h& f ! ,syrian & ,egyptian missions4 ,9 ,yem5 ?is "w w\ld be especially useful & practicable1 b !re x has sc>cely be5 attempt$ sy/ematically4 ,! problem is to f9d m5 ( ! "r /amp = ! "w4 ,m5 :o are 8will+ to endure h>dness z good soldi]s ( ,jesus ,*ri/10 ) tact & good temp] & ! ability to talk ) ! simple-m9d$4 ,love is wor? m ?an le>n+ 9 a colporteur4 ,good heal? & a clean ,turki% passport are two o!r requisites4 ,ev5 ?is me?od ( "w is 9 its infancy2 !re are _m op5 doors = ! ,^w ( ,god t h nev] yet be5 ent]$4 ,"u evangeli/ic "w come ! problems ( /reet-prea*+1 t\r+1 & ! use or abuse ( controv]sy4 ,! be/ place = prea*+ at /ations is ! mission-h\se itself1 aft] ! example ( ,paul 7,acts xxviii4 #cj1 #ca74 ,on t\rs or 9 village-"w ! mejlis ( ! %eikh or ! public c(fee-%op makes a capital pulpit4 ,9 a small h&-book = mission>ies to ,moslems by ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,br9ckman1 n[ out ( pr9t1#aeb ,i f9d ! foll[+ admirable h9ts on public prea*+ to ,moslems :i* apply to ,arabia also3 8,if possible always address y\r audi5ce f above4 ,sitt+ d[n is sometimes bett] ?an /&+2 y are n s likely to get excit$1 ! attitude is less w>-l 9 appe>ance4 ,be ) y\r back to a wall if possible2 !re are _m reasons = ?is4 8,:5 drawn into argum5t1 keep on pray+ t y may speak sl[ly1 & ) effect4 ,:5 ask$ a "q d n answ] quickly--if y d1 y w be look$ on z a %>p controv]siali/ only2 ?9k ov] y\r answ] fir/1 & give x mo/ k9dly & sl[ly4 ,if possible always quote a passage ne> ! beg9n+ or end ( a ,koran *apt] & !re w be less delay 9 f9d+ x40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bible ,,%op ,,at ,,busrah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,native ,,%op4 ,! "q ( ! "r place ( controv]sy or :e!r x %\ld h a place at all 9 mission-"w among ,moslems is ( ! highe/ importance4 ,op9ions diff] decid$ly among ^? :o are pill>s ( ! tru?4 ,! be/ & briefe/ argum5t aga9/ ! use ( controv]sy is t giv5 by ,spurgeon 9 "o ( 8 e>ly s]mons at ,new ,p>k ,/reet ,*apel4#aec ,he argues 9 brief t a mission>y is a witness1 n a debat]1 & is only responsible = proclaim+ ! gospel by 8 lips & by 8 life4 ,!re is tru? 9 ?is1 b on ! o!r h& ev5 ! apo/les 8disput$0 9 ! synagogues ) ! ,jews1 & f ! days ( sa9tly ,m>tyn 7n to say ,raymond ,lull71 until n[1 ! ,*ri/ian mission>y has be5 compell$ by ! v =ce ( circum/ances to v9dicate ! honor ( ,*ri/ & e/abli% ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity by means ( controv]sy4 ,:51 9 ,july1 #ahfd1 ! ,turki% gov]nm5t p]suad$ ,sir ,h5ry ,bulw] to sign ! dea?-w>rant to all mission>y "w among ,moslems 9 ! ,turki% empire by ! memor&um t made controv]sy a crime1 ! fact 0 imm$iately recogniz$4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,ridgeway1 !n ! editorial secret>y ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society1 wrote an able pap] 9 ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c] on ! !me3 8,mission>y "w z reg>ds ,mohamm$ans impossible if controv]sy be int]dict$40 8,by controv]sy10 he wrote1 8we und]/& n acrimoni\s & irritat+ recrim9ations1 :i*1 well aw>e h[ unbecom+ & injuri\s !y are1 ! mission>ies h always es*ew$1 b t calm inve/igation ( conflict+ religi\s sy/ems t is indisp5sable to ! decision ( ! important "q--:i* is true & :i* is false80#aed ,x is only 9 ?is s5se t controv]sy is ju/ifiable2 & ?is k9d ( controv]sy1 :e!r by ! pr9t$ page or ^w ( m\?1 has n prov$ unfruitful ( good results4 ,sir ,william ,muir gives a complete synopsis ( all ,mohamm$an attacks on ! ,*ri/ian fai? & ! replies made 9 def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity2 8 criticisms ( ! books 9 "q are also ( great int]e/4#aee ,s9ce t date !re h be5 new attacks & new apologies bo? f ! ,moslem side & f t ( ! mission>y4 ,z a pl\gh breaks up ! soil be=e ! se$ is s[n s ?is k9d ( lit]ature & argum5t w (t5 break up ! fall[ gr\nd ( ,moslem he>ts = ! se$ ( ,god's ,^w4 ,ev5 awak5$ fanaticism or active opposition is m hopeful ?an absolute /agnation ( ?\ght & petrifaction ( feel+4 ,h[ to awak5 ! ,moslem consci5ce is ! real problem4 ,x is less important to consid] ! attitude ( ! ,turki% rul]s t[>d ,*ri/ians ?an ! attitude ( ! ,moslem m9d t[>d ,*ri/ianity1 z reg>ds ,arabia's evangelization4 ,! prevail+ attitude ( ! ,moslem m9d1 9 any p>ticul> "p ( ,arabia1 t[>d ,*ri/ianity practically decides ! fate ( a conv]t4 ,7 ,moslems all /rictly adh]5t to _! traditions & ! law reg>d+ r5egades f ,islam1 e conv]t w\ld be a m>tyr & e inquir] w\ld disappe>4 ,! ,ottoman code ( ,moslem law gives specific directions = ! trial & execution ( ! r5egade f ! fai?4 8,he is to h ?ree di/9ct (f]s ( life if he w return to ! fai? & "t = reflection1 aft] ea* (f]1 is to be giv5 him4 ,if he rema9s obdurate he is to be execut$ by /rangulation & !n 8 head is to be cut (f & plac$ "u 8 arm4 ,8 body is ?us to be expos$ ?ree days 9 ! mo/ public place40#aef ,b1 ?ank ,god1 ,moslems d n /rictly adh]e to ?is law4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 _m are bett] ?an _! religion & sup]ior to _! prophet4 ,conv]ts 9 t "p ( ,arabia :i* is "u ,engli% rule or protection are z safe z !y are 9 ,india2 :i* does n mean t !y are entirely free f p]secution4 ,9 ,turki% ,arabia ! law is c>ri$ out by secret murd]1 or by bani%m5t2 yet n 9 e case1 = ev5 !re inquir]s & conv]ts1 if n active or prom95t1 h rema9$ = a "t unmole/$4 ,:at ! result w\ld be 9 ! indep5d5t ,moslem /ates ( ,arabia we d n "k yet4 ,! ,b]l9 ,treaty 0 int5d$ to be ! ,magna ,*>ta ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty 9 ! ,turki% empire1 b ! ,turk has n kept ! compact4 ,its provisions 7 too gall+ = ,moslem pride & pre/ige2 re=ms nev] got beyond ! pap] /age4 ,! massacres ( #ahid to #ahif prov$ t ! ,sultan is /ill ! ,pope ( a religi\s frat]nity & k+ ( a political empire bas$ on ! =ty-sev5? *apt] ( ! ,koran3 8,:5 ye enc\nt] ! unbeliev]s /rike (f _! heads until y h made a great slaught] ( !m40 ,& ! inaction ( all ! ,*ri/ian p[]s at t "t prov$ t x is va9 to put confid5ce 9 pr9ces4 ,b 9 spite ( all possible gov]nm5t opposition or ev5 ! m>tyrdom ( e individual conv]t 8s long z ! door ( access to individual ,mohamm$ans is op51 s long x is ! cle> & b\nd5 duty ( ! *ur* ( ,*ri/ to make use ( its opportunities = deliv]+ ! gospel message to !m40 ,! attitude ( ! ,arab m9d is n univ]sally ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! va/ majority are indiff]5t to religion 9 any =m4 8,:at %all we eat & :at %all we dr9k & :]e)al %all we be clo!d10--is ! sum ( all _! ?\ghts4 ,! ,arab m]*ant s]ves ,mammon ) all 8 he>t sev5 days a week4 ,religion is an ornam5t & a conv5tionality2 he we>s x l 8 fl[+ ov]g>m5t & x fits him j z loosely4 ,he ?9ks x sc>cely wor? :ile to discuss que/ions ( belief4 ,e "o has _! own religion1 is a rem>k "o (t5 he>s 9 ,arabia4 ,x is a fa9t e*o ( ! all-embrac+ tol]ance ( ! days ( ignorance :5 ?ree hundr$ & sixty idols1 includ+ an image ( ,*ri/ & ! virg91 fill$ ! ,kaaba6 ,!n !re are "s ?\ghtful m5 :o "k bett]1--seek]s aft] tru?1--& :o feel t !re are /rong po9ts 9 ,*ri/ianity & weak po9ts 9 ,islam :i* h n be5 duly consid]$4 ,"o meets examples ( ?is class ev]y:]e 9 all /ations ( life & 9 mo/ unexpect$ qu>t]s4 ,9 ! he>t ( ,yem5 ,i met a ,mullah :o _h a wond]ful k ( ! ,arabic ,bible2 & ! copy he %[$ me 0 an imp]fect translation by ,ri*>d ,watson dat$ #ahbe6 ,ano!r prom95t ,mohamm$an 9 ,ea/]n ,arabia rec5tly express$ 8 op9ion t ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t nev] int5d$ to f\nd a new religion1 b to introduce ev]y:]e spiritual wor%ip ( ! ,god ( ,abraham2 he said t a long & indep5d5t /udy ( ! ,bible _h l$ him to ?is op9ion4 ,! /eady increase ( ! circulation ( ,scriptures 9 ,arabia is also an indication :i* way ! curr5t is drift+4 ,rev4 ,george ,e4 ,/one1 a few weeks be=e 8 dea?1 writ+ ( ! ,bible circulation at ,muscat said1 8,i don't "k :5 ! explosion is com+ b we are gett+ ! dynamite "u ?is rock ( ,islam & "s day ,god w t\* x (f40 ,! ,bible 9 ,arabia w inde$ prove its p[] 9 *ang+ ! entire attitude ( ! ,moslem m9d4 8,is n my ^w l z a fire8 sai? ! ,"l2 & l a hamm] t breake? ! rock 9 pieces8----0 ,f9ally !re is ! problem ( secur+ ! "r m5 = ! "w4 ,s h>d is ! field 9 _m ways & s h>d are ,moslem he>ts t ! description ( ,a>on ,mat!ws' ideal mission>y = ! ,jews w\ld apply to ! ,arabs z well1 7! la/ clause omitt$74 ,he wrote3 8,a ,jewi% mission>y requires ,abraham's fai?1 ,job's pati5ce1 ! meekness ( ,moses1 ! /r5g? ( ,samson1 ! wisdom ( ,solomon1 ! love ( ,john1 ! zeal ( ,paul1 ! k ( ! ,scripture ( ,timo?y1 & a little bit ( ,b>on ,ro?s*ild's pocket40 ,! f9ancial "p ( ! equipm5t is n ess5tial on ! "p ( ! mission>y2 he %\ld be cont5t ) food & raim5t4 ,! less display ( ,b>on ,ro?s*ild's pocket ! bett]1 9 a l& :]e p g to b$ hungry & :]e all live 9 ! greate/ simplicity4 ,! c&idate = mission>y "w 9 ,arabia %\ld h a /rong & s\nd con/itution4 ,he %\ld "k h[ to 8r\gh x0 :5 necess>y2 ! m ( ! ,bohemian !re is 9 8 nature ! bett]4 ,he %\ld h bo? ability & dogg$ det]m9ation en\gh to acquire ! ,arabic language4 ,o!r s*ol>%ip is useful b n necess>y4 ,to get along well ) ! ,arabs he %\ld h pati5ce4 ,& to avoid we>+ himself out1 a good temp]2 a man ) a v hot temp] c\ld nev] /& ?ree seasons 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,reg>d+ spiritual qualifications ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ! solemn words at ! close ( ,g5]al ,haig's pap] on 8,arabia z a mission-field40 ,i believe !y des]ve to be repeat$ n only = ! sake ( ^? :o s5d mission>ies to ,arabia1 b = ! sake ( ^? :o are mission>ies to ,arabia4 ,x is a high ideal4 8,giv5 ! "r m51 & ,arabia may be won = ,*ri/2 />t ) ! wrong m51 & little w be accompli%$4 ,b :at qualifications are ne$$6 :at en?usiasm1 :at fire ( love1 :at dogg$ resolution1 :at utt]mo/ self-sacrific+ zeal = ! salvation ( m5 & ! glory ( ,*ri/6 ,b ^u ?is po9t ,i pref] to quote "h ! words ( a man :o is prem95tly qualifi$ to speak ^u ! subject4 ,?ree ye>s ago he wrote to me3 8#8,unless y h mission>ies s full ( ! _s ( ,*ri/ t !y c\nt n _! own lives de> to !m1 y w probably look 9 va9 = conv]ts :o w be prep>$ to lose _! lives 9 ! ,ma/]'s s]vice4 ,9 a relax+ tropical climate1 l t ( ,ad51 circum/ances are v unfavorable = ! developm5t ( self-d5y+ "*1 or ( en]getic s]vice4 ,no small am\nt ( grace w\ld be ne$$ to su/a9 x2 = we are comp\nd be+s1 & !re is a wond]ful reaction ( ! body ^u ! s\l1 z well z ( ! s\l ^u ! body4 ,x is supremely important1 !n1 9 an ent]prise l y\rs1 to h ! "r /amp ( m5--m5 :o h made "s sacrifices1 & :o d n c\nt sacrifice to be sacrifice1 b privilege & honor--m5 :o d n "k :at disc\ragem5t means1 & m5 :o expect great ?+s f ,god4 ,su* alone w prove really successful work]s 9 a field s replete ) difficulty4 ,unless ,et]nity bulks v l>gely 9 ! e/imation ( a man1 h[ c he enc\rage a native conv]t to take a /ep t w at once de/roy all 8 hopes & prospects ( an e>?ly "*1 & possibly result 9 imprisonm5t1 & torture1 & dea? itself8 & unless y h m5 :o are prep>$1 %\ld ,god seem to call = x1 to lead _! conv]ts into circum/ances ( su* dang] & trial1 x is n v likely t !y w f9d conv]ts :o w g v mu* 9 advance ( !mselves4 ,m5 ( ?is /amp are n to be manufactur$2 !y are ,god-made4 ,!y are n to be f\nd2 !y mu/ be ,god-s\ght & ,god-giv54 ,b ! ,ma/] :o has ne$ ( !m is able to provide !m4 ,no?+ is too h>d = ! ,"l4'0 0,pray ye !re=e ! ,"l ( ! h>ve/ t ,he w\ld ?ru/ =? labor]s into ,8 h>ve/40 ,,xxxvi ,,outlook ,,= ,,missions ,,to ,,moslems ,,9 ,,arabia 8,take x at its v wor/4 ,!y are dead l&s & dead s\ls1 bl9d & cold & /iff 9 dea? z no hea!n are2 b we :o love !m see ! possibilities ( sacrifice1 ( endurance ( en?usiasm ( life1 n yet effac$4 ,does n ! ,son ( ,god :o di$ = !m see ^! possibilities too8 ,d y ?9k ,he says ( ! ,mohamm$an1 #8,!re is no help = him 9 8 ,god'8 ,has ,he n a *all5ge too = y\r fai?1 ! *all5ge t roll$ away ! /one f ! grave :]e ,laz>us lay8 #8,said ,i n unto !e1 t1 if ?\ w\ld/ believe ?\ %\ld/ see ! glory ( ,god8 ,!n !y took away ! /one f ! place :]e ! dead 0 laid4'0--,i4 ,lilias ,trott]1 7mission>y to ,algi]s74 ,two views are widely preval5t reg>d+ ! hopelessness ( mission>y "w among ,moslems g5]ally1 & al?\gh ^! views are diametrically opposite !y are agre$ t x is wa/e ( "t & ef=t to g to ,mohamm$an l&s1 t x is a =lorn hope at be/4 ,! fir/ view is t ( ^? :o are !mselves outside ( ! k+dom1 & :o %ut its doors aga9/ ! ,moslem1 say+3 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ x to be n only useless b dang]\s to m$dle ) ! ,moslem & 8 religion4 ,_! fai? is good en\gh = !m2 x is suit$ to _! ways4 ,!y d n wor%ip idols & h a code ( morality suitable to ! ,ori5t4 ,mohamm$ 0 a prophet ( ,god & did all t c\ld be done = ^! k9d ( p4 ,e attempt to conv]t !m ends 9 failure4 ,let !m alone4 ,islam w "w out its own re=mation4 ,"s1 l ,canon ,taylor & ,doctor ,blyd51 :o pr(ess to be ,*ri/ians1 ev5 consid] ,islam ! h&maid ( ,*ri/ianity & specially fitt$ = ! :ole ,negro race4#aeg ,! opposite view is t ,mohamm$anism is n too hopeful to be m$dl$ ) b too hopeless6 ,!y :o hold x pr(ess to believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/ z ! ,"l & ,life-,giv] = ! hea!n _w1 b hesitate :5 x comes to ,islam4 ,! ,moslem is1 !y say1 wrapp$ up 9 self-righte\sness & conceit2 ev5 ^? ^: fanaticism is ov]come d>e n accept ,*ri/4 ,x is bett] to g to ! hea!n :o w he>4 ,missions to ! ,moslem _w are hopeless1 fruitless1 useless4 ,x is impossible to ,*ri/ianize !m & !re h be5 few1 if any1 conv]ts4 ,t bo? ( ^! views _c be correct is evid5t1 s9ce !y are contradictory4 ,t ! fir/ is false ! :ole hi/ory ( ,islam demon/rates4 8,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m40 ,b :at ( ! o!r view1 held by s _m1 t we ne$ n expect l>ge results :]e !re is s little promise8 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,g4 ,lans+1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,arabian mission1 wrote 9 #ahij3 8,if ! smallness ( ! numb] ( conv]ts f ,islam to ,*ri/ianity be po9t$ out1 ?is argues n s mu* ! unapproa*ability ( ,moslems z ! indiff]5ce & inactivity ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! doctr9e ( fatalism commonly accr$it$ to ,islam1 is n "o-half s fatali/ic 9 its _s & op]ation z t :i* = ?irte5 c5turies has be5 practically held by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z to ! hope ( br++ ! ho/s ( ,islam into ! foll[+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,is x possible t ! lack ( results compla9$ ( has be5 really a lack ( fai?8 ,hudson ,taylor rem>k$ a few ye>s ago1 8,i expect to see "s ( ! mo/ m>vell\s results )9 a few ye>s 9 ! missions to ,islam1 because ( ?is "w especially ! enemy has said3 ,x is )\t result4 ,god is n mock$40 ,has ! apo/le to ,*9a read ! signs ( ! times aright8 ,nei!r ,god's ,provid5ce nor ,8 ,^w are sil5t 9 answ] to t "q4 ,fir/ we h ! exce$+ hopefulness ( results ( rec5t mission>y "w 9 _m ,moslem l&s2 !n ! sure promises ( ,god to give ,8 ,*ur* ! victory ov] ,islam2 & la/ly ! _m exce$+ great & preci\s promises = ,arabia ! cradle ( ,islam 9 p>ticul>4 #a4 ,x is n true t !re h be5 no conv]sions among ,moslems4 ,9 ,india alone !re are hundr$s :o h publicly abjur$ ,islam & be5 receiv$ into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! v fir/ native cl]gyman ( ! ,nor?we/ ,prov9ces 0 a conv]t$ ,mohamm$an4 ,sayad ,wilayat ,ali ( ,agra suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,delhi = ,*ri/4 ,mirza ,ghulam ,masih ( ! royal h\se ( ,delhi became a ,*ri/ian & ,abdullah ,a?im1 ! valiant-he>t$ ( ,amballa embrac$ ! fai?4 ,at ! ,*icago ,p>liam5t ( ,religions ,dr4 ,imad-ud-,d91 himself a conv]t f ,islam & a volum9\s controv]sial writ]1 read a pap] on ,*ri/ian ef=ts among ,indian ,mohamm$ans2 ?is pap] gives ! names ( "o hundr$ & sev5te5 prom95t conv]ts f ,islam1 mo/ly f ! ,punjab4 ,beside ^!1 ! au?or says1 8!re are all sorts & conditions ( m51 ri* & poor1 high & l[ m5 & wom51 *ildr51 le>n$ & unle>n$1 tradesm51 s]vants1 all k9ds & classes ( ,mohamm$ans :om ! ,"l our ,god ha? call$ into ,8 ,*ur*40 ,x is (ficially /at$ t q "o-half ( ! conv]ts f among ! high] classes 9 ! ,punjab are f among/ ,moslems4 ,9 ,p]sia !re h be5 m>tyrs = ! fai? 9 rec5t ye>s & sev]al h be5 baptiz$4 ,9 ! ,turki% empire !re h be5 scores ( conv]ts :o h be5 oblig$ to flee = _! lives or rema9 believ]s 9 secret4 ,at ,con/ant9ople a congregation ( conv]t$ ,moslems 0 ga!r$ by ,dr4 ,koelle1 b man aft] man disappe>$--no d\bt murd]$ = 8 fai?4 ,9 ,egypt !re h be5 scores ( baptisms & among o!rs a /ud5t ( ,al ,azh> ,univ]sity & a ,bey's son confess$ ,*ri/4 ,"o has only to turn ov] ! leaves ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society annual reports to read ( ,mohamm$ans be+ baptiz$ 9 ,k]a*i1 & ,bombay1 ,pe%aw>1 ,delhi1 ,agra1 & on ! bord]s ( ,afghani/an4 ,9 ,nor? ,africa :]e ! "w is v rec5t !re h be5 conv]sions & 9 "o locality a rem>kable spiritual movem5t is 9 progress among ! ,moslems4 ,9 ,java & ,sumatra ! ,dut* & ,rh5i% mission>y societies h labor$ ) rem>kable success among ! ,mohamm$an population4 ,at f\r /ations ( ! ,rh5i% ,mission is ,sumatra :]e ! "w is practically altoge!r among ,moslems1 7namely1 ,sipirok-,simangumban1 ,bungabond]1 ,sipiongot1 & ,simanasor7 ! total numb] ( *ur* memb]s accord+ to ! ,bombay ,gu>dian1 is ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ & t54 ,! total numb] ( baptisms f ,islam 9 ^! /ations 0 dur+ #ahig sixty-n9e1 & dur+ ! fir/ half ( #ahih already n9ety-sev5 baptisms 7 report$4 ,9 "s ( ! villages :]e =m]ly ,islam 0 pr$om9ant x has be5 expell$ altoge!r4 ,! total numb] ( ,battak ,*ri/ians am\nt to ?irty-"o ?\s&1 ! l>ge/ "p ( :om 7 =m]ly ,moslems4#aeh ,9 "s p>ts ( ,java /ill l>g] results are claim$4 ,9 mo/ ,moslem fields x is absolutely impossible to obta9 accurate /ati/ics ( ! numb] ( conv]sions = obvi\s reasons4 ,! ?reat5$ dea?-p5alty dem&s great caution 9 expos+ a conv]t by freely publi%+ ! fact ( 8 conv]sion4 ,ev]y:]e !re are multitudes ( secret believ]s ^: names are sometimes n kn[n ev5 to ! mission>ies4 ,any "o :o has read ! lives ( ,moslem conv]ts su* z t ( ,kamil or ,imad-ud-,d9 or :o kn[s f books l 8,sweet ,fir/ ,fruits0 :at x means = a ,moslem to =sake ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs1 kn[s t "w 9 ,moslem l&s mu/ n be judg$ by baptismal /ati/ics4 ,!re are o!r indications ( spiritual life ent]+ ! ,moslem _w4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( ,mohamm$an y\? receiv+ in/ruction 9 ,*ri/ian mission s*ools2 9 ,egypt1 "o mission has tw5ty-f\r hundr$ & sixty-f\r ,moslem pupils enroll$4 ,! p]meat+ p[] ( spiritual ,*ri/ianity is aga9 at "w 9 ! ,levant z :5 ,paul & ,silas made _! mission>y j\rneys4 ,! old *ur*es ( ! ,ea/ by _! unfai?fulness 7 ! occasion ( ! great apo/asy ( ,islam2 _! revival is ! pl$ge ( its d[nfall4 ,!re is n[ an ,evangelical ,*ur* 9 ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or4 ,bodies ( liv+ ,*ri/ians 9 ! mid/ ( ,islam2 no wond] t _! p[] is beg9n+ to be felt4 ,! devil takes no antiseptic precautions aga9/ a non-contagi\s ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ,evangelical ,*ri/ianity is contagi\s1 & ! :ole lurid horizon proclaims 9 p]secutions & massacres & rag+ oppositions ev]y:]e t ,islam feels ! p[] ( ,*ri/ian missions1 ev5 al?\gh !y h only begun to attack 9 a mis]ly & puny way ?is /ronghold ( ,satan4 ,reg>d+ ! "* ( ,moslem conv]ts ,bi%op ,?oburn says3 8,i believe t :5 truly conv]t$ ! ,mohamm$an makes n only a devot$ ,*ri/ian b 9 "s respects w make a sup]ior lead]4 ,lead]%ip is a great want 9 e mission-field & ! ,mohamm$ans ( ,india h ! mat]ial1 if x c only be won = ,*ri/ & sanctifi$ to ,8 s]vice1 out ( :i* spl5did work]s c be made 9 ! ,ma/]'s v9ey>d40 ,doctor ,jessup voices ! same op9ion1 8,x is n easy = a ,mohamm$an to embrace ,*ri/ianity b hi/ory %[s t :5 he is conv]t$ ! ,moslem becomes a /rong & vigor\s ,*ri/ian40 #b4 ,9 ! "w ( missions among ,mohamm$ans z well z 9 t among ! hea!n we h ! assurance ( f9al victory 9 ! abundant te/imony ( ,god's ,^w4 ,god's promises nev] fail ( fulfillm5t2 & ^? _w-wide promises nev] are put 9 su* a =m z to exclude ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,! ,bible tells u t _m false prophets %all arise & deceive _m2 b x does n = a mom5t all[ t ! empire ( ,*ri/ %all divide rule ) any ( !m4 8,x pleas$ ! ,fa!r t 9 ,him ,jesus n ,mohamm$ %\ld all fullness dwell40 8,! ,fa!r love? ! ,son & ha? giv5 all ?+s into ,8 h&s0--n into ! h&s ( ,mohamm$4 8,god ha? exalt$ ,him & giv5 ,him a "n :i* is above e "n 444 f> above all pr9cipality & p[] & might & dom9ion & e "n t is nam$ n only 9 ?is _w b also 9 t :i* is to come40 8,t at ! "n ( ,jesus e0 ,mohamm$an 8knee %\ld b[ & e0 ,moslem 8tongue confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,"l to ! glory ( ,god ! ,fa!r40 ,! pres5t may see ,islam triumphant1 b ! future belongs to ,*ri/4 ,ov] aga9/ ! ly+ tru? 8!re is no ,god b ,god & ,mohamm$ is ,8 prophet10 ,*ri/ianity lifts ! /&>d1 8,:o is he t ov]come? ! _w b he t believe? t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! ,son ( ,god80 ,! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 :i* ,moslems d5y1 decides ! de/9y ( all _w-k+doms4 ,witness ! pres5t gov]nm5ts ( ! ,moslem _w4 8,be wise n[ !re=e ,o ye k+s1 be in/ruct$ ye judges ( ! e>? 444 kiss ! ,son le/ ,he be angry & ye p]i% f ! way :5 ,8 wra? is k9dl$ b a little40 ,!re is a failure among ,*ri/ians to realize ! numb] & importance ( ! mission>y promises 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4#aei ,! ,great ,commission 0 bas$ on ^! exce$+ great promises4 ,! nations 7 9 ,god's plan be=e !y 7 on ,*ri/'s program4 ,& is x n rem>kable t ne>ly all ( ^! ,old ,te/am5t promises are gr\p$ ar\nd ! names ( c\ntries :i* n[ are ! c5tre & /r5g? ( ! ,moslem _w8 8,kn[n unto ,god are all ,8 works f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w40 ,or w ^! promises ( _w-wide import only /ret* beyond ,egypt1 ,mesopotamia1 ,syria & ,arabia1 n includ+ ^? l&s 9 ,god's plan ( r$emption & dom9ion8 ,is !re n a special bless+ 9 /ore = ! l&s t bord] ,pale/9e1 :5 ! ,"l %all com=t ,zion & re/ore all h] wa/e places8 8,9 t day %all ,israel be ! ?ird ) ,egypt & ) ,assyria ev5 a bless+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! e>?4 ,:om ! ,"l ( ho/s %all bless1 say+1 ,bless$ be ,egypt ,my p & ,assyria ! "w ( ,my h&s & ,israel ,my inh]itance40 ,! ,moslem _w is 9 no bett] condition & 9 no worse condition ?an ! hea!n _w z portray$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ne$ ( bo? is ! same2 & ! same duty to evangelize !m2 & ! same promise ( ,god's bless+ on our "w ( witness4 ,! ,mohamm$an _w is also )\t excuse 7,rom4 i4 #bj1 #cb71 )\t hope 7,john iii4 #cf2 ,eph4 ii4 #ab71 )\t peace 7,isaiah xlviii4 #bb71 )\t feel+ 7,eph4 iv4 #ai71 )\t ,*ri/ 7,rom4 xiii4 #ac1 #ad7 z is ! hea!n _w4 ,b no less is our responsibility t[>d !m nor ! p[] ( ,god's love to w9 !m4 ,x is ! rock ( ,*ri/'s ,son%ip :i* is ! /one ( /umbl+ & ! rock ( (f5ce to ! ,moslem m9d4 ,b x is ?is v rock on :i* ,*ri/ builds ,8 *ur*2 & ! f\ndation ( ,god /&e? sure4 ,writ+ on ?is subject ,mr4 ,edw>d ,gl5ny1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,nor? ,africa ,mission1 well says3 8,bless$ be ,god1 we are n left to c>ry on ?is w>f>e at our own *>ges6 #8,he t s5t ,me is ) ,me1' said ! ,ma/]2 & ,he :o s5ds ,8 s]vants n[ is surely ) !m also1 = ! promise /&s1 #8,lo6 ,i am ) y alway1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! age4' ,9 all our ef=ts = ! salvation ( m51 we are dep5d5t ^u ! p[] ( ! ,_s ( ,god2 = no man c say t ,jesus is ! ,"l1 b by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b if ^? ( u :o "w at home are consci\s ( ?is1 ^? :o labor 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries realize x mo/ int5sely4 ,among/ ! masses at home1 :at we h to cont5d aga9/ mo/ly is indiff]5ce2 b !re x is deeply-root$ prejudice1 aye1 ev5 9 _m cases1 hatr$ to ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god4 ,b ! battle is ! ,"l's1 n ours2 we are b in/rum5ts to c>ry out ,8 purposes4 ,! ,_s has be5 s5t =? f ! ,fa!r to #8convict ,,! ,,_w ( s91' & we are n ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ any res]vation 9 ! case ( ,mohamm$ans--yea1 may we n expect t if !re be a nation or race on ! e>? m inaccessible ?an ano!r1 m av]se to ! gospel1 m h>d5$ aga9/ its tea*+s1 t !re ! ,"l w %[ #8! exce$+ greatness ( ,8 p[]' by call+ out "s f _! mid/ :om ,he may make #8*os5 vessels' to be> ,8 "n to o!rs8 ,has n t be5 ,8 mode ( work+ 9 "t pa/80 #c4 ,!re is no l& 9 ! _w & no p 7) ! exception ( ,pale/9e & ! ,jews7 :i* be> su* close relation to ! ,!ocratic cov5ants & ,old ,te/am5t promises z ,arabia & ! ,arabs4 ,! promises = ! f9al victory ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ,arabia are _m1 def9ite & glori\s4 ,^! promises gr\p !mselves ar\nd sev5 names :i* h f "t immemorial be5 id5tifi$ ) ! p59sula ( ,arabia3 ,i%mael1 ,k$>1 ,nebaio?1 ,%eba1 ,seba1 ,midian & ,ephah4 ,we select ^! names only1 omitt+ o!rs :i* h an indirect ref]5ce to ,arabia or ! ,arabs1 z well z ^? promises1 s num]\s & glori\s1 conc]n+ ! wild]ness & des]t-l&s4 ,! latt] w\ld surely1 = ! dwell]s ( ,pale/9e1 h prim>y ref]5ce to ,nor!rn ,arabia2 b our argum5t is /rong en\gh )\t ^! g5]al promises4#afj ,9 ord] to und]/& ! promises giv5 to ! sons ( ,i%mael1 ,k$> & ,nebaio?1 we ne$ fir/ to "k ! relation :i* ,i%mael be>s to ! ,abrahamic cov5ant & ! place he occupies 9 ,god's plan = ! nations z outl9$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,hag>1 ! "m ( ! ,arabian patri>*1 seems to h occupi$ a prom95t place 9 ,abraham's h\sehold & appe>s to h br\ght to t position n only m5tal gifts b also an inw>d p>ticipation 9 ! fai? ( ! ,god ( ,abraham4 ,%e 0 probably add$ to ! family ( fai? dur+ ,abraham's soj\rn 9 ,egypt & occupi$ ! same position t[>d ! female s]vants t ,eliez] ( ,damascus did to ! male s]vants4 ,x is :5 %e 0 driv5 =? into ! wild]ness by ! jeal\s h>%ness ( ,s>ah t we h ! fir/ revelation ( ,god reg>d+ h] se$4 8,! angel ( ! ,"l f\nd h] by a f\nta9 ( wat] 9 ! wild]ness1 by ! f\nta9 9 ! way to ,%ur40#afa ,& ,he said1 ,:5ce came/ ?\8 & :i!r wilt ?\ g8 ,& %e said1 ,i flee f ! face ( my mi/ress ,s>ai4 ,& ! angel ( ! ,"l said unto h]1 ,return to ?y mi/ress & submit ?yself "u h] h&s4 ,& ! angel ( ! ,"l said unto h]1 444 8,i w multiply ?y se$ exce$+ly t x %all n be numb]$ = multitude4 ,& ! angel ( ! ,"l said unto h]1 ,behold ?\ art ) *ild1 & %all be> a son & %alt call 8 "n ,i%mael ,god w he>2 because ! ,"l ha? he>d ?y affliction4 ,& he w be a wild man1 8 h& w be aga9/ e man1 & e man's h& aga9/ him2 & he %all dwell 9 ! pres5ce ( all 8 bre?r54 ,& %e call$ ! "n ( ! ,"l t spake unto h]1 ,?\ ,god see/ me3 = %e said1 ,h ,i also "h look$ aft] ,him t see? me40 ,x is pla9 f ! context t ! angel ( ! ,"l & ! ,"l ,himself are "h id5tifi$2 x 0 ! angel ( ,jehovah1 ! angel ( ! cov5ant or ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,:y %\ld ?is 8angel0 fir/ appe> to ! ,egyptian bondwoman8 ,is x accord+ to ! law t ! ,"l always reveals ,himself fir/ to ! poore/1 mo/ di/ress$ & receptive he>ts or 0 x ! special (fice ( ! cov5ant angel to seek 8t :i* 0 lo/0 f ! patri>*al *ur* at its v beg9n+8 ,lange sugge/s 9 8 comm5t>y t ! 8,angel ( ,jehovah1 z ! ,*ri/ :o 0 to come ?r\gh ,isaac _h a peculi> reason = assi/+ ,hag>1 s9ce %e = ! sake ( ! future ,*ri/ is involv$ 9 ?is sorr[40 ,9 any case ! special revelation & ! special promise 0 giv5 to ,hag> n only b to h] se$4 ,*ri/1 if we may s express x1 outl9es ! future hi/ory & "* ( ! ,i%maelites z well z _! /r5g? & glory2 b ,he also gives !m a spiritual promise 9 ! ,god-giv5 "n1 ,i%mael1 ,elohim w he>4 ,)\t ?is ! !ophany loses x true "*4 ,i%mael z ! *ild ( ,abraham c\ld n be left undi/+ui%able among ! hea!n4 ,x 0 = ,abraham's sake t ! revelation includ$ ! unborn *ild 9 its promises4 ,! fulfillm5t ( ! promise t ,i%mael's se$ %\ld multiply exce$+ly has nev] be5 m cle>ly /at$ ?an by ! geograph] ,ritt]3 8,arabia1 ^: population consi/s to a l>ge ext5t ( ,i%maelites1 is a liv+ f\nta9 ( m5 ^: /reams = ?\s&s ( ye>s h p\r$ !mselves f> & wide to ! ea/ & we/4 ,be=e ,mohamm$ its tribes 7 f\nd 9 all bord]-,asia1 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies z e>ly z ! middle ages2 & 9 all ,nor? ,africa x is ! cradle ( all ! w&]+ hordes4 ,along ! :ole ,indian ocean d[n to ,molucca !y _h _! settlem5ts 9 ! middle ages2 !y spread along ! coa/ to ,mozambique2 _! c>avans cross$ ,india to ,*9a1 & 9 ,europe !y peopl$ ,s\!rn ,spa9 & rul$ x = sev5 hundr$ ye>s40 ,:]e !re has be5 su* cle> fulfillm5t ( ! promise ( natural increase1 is !re no gr\nd t ,god w he> & give spiritual bless+ also & t ,i%mael 8%all dwell 9 ! pres5ce ( all 8 bre?r50 9 ! new cov5ant ( grace8 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rescu$ ,,slave ,,boys ,,at ,,muscat4 ,?irte5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ promise to ,i%mael we he> ! promise r5ew$ j aft] ! in/itution ( circumcision1 ! sign ( ! cov5ant ( fai?4 8,& ,abraham said unto ,god1 ,o t ,i%mael might ev5 yet live be=e ,!e4 ,& ,god said1 ,s>ah ?y wife %all be> !e a son inde$2 & ?\ %all call 8 "n ,isaac3 & ,i w e/abli% my cov5ant ) him = an ev]la/+ cov5ant1 & ) 8 se$ aft] him4 ,& z = ,i%mael1 ,i h he>d !e44440 ,:at is ! significance ( ,abraham's pray] = ,i%mael8 ,is x probable t he m]ely asks = temporal prosp]ity & = l5g? ( life8 ,?is is ! idea ( "s comm5tators b none ( !m expla9 :y ! pray] asks t ,i%mael may live 8be=e ,god40 ,keil & o!rs1 m correctly we ?9k1 reg>d ! pray] ( ,abraham z aris+ out ( 8 anxiety le/ ,i%mael %\ld n h any "p 9 ! bless+s ( ! cov5ant4 ,! fact t ! answ] ( ,god conta9s no d5ial ( ! pray] ( ,abraham is 9 favor ( ?is int]pretation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,arabian ,,mission ,,h\se ,,at ,,muscat4 ,9 ! pray] ,abraham expresses 8 anticipation ( an indef9ite neglect ( ,i%mael :i* 0 pa9ful to 8 p>5tal he>t4 ,he asks = him1 !re=e1 a life f ,god 9 ! highe/ s5se4 ,else :at does ! circumcision ( ,i%mael mean8 ,! seal+ or ratify+ ( ! cov5ant ( ,god ) ,abraham ?r\gh ,isaac's se$1 embraces n only ! se$ ( ,isaac1 b all ^? :o 9 a wid] s5se are %>]s ( ! cov5ant1 ,i%mael & 8 desc5dants4 ,& h[ev] mu* ! ,arabs may h dep>t$ f ! fai? ( ,abraham !y h = all ^! c5turies rema9$ fai?ful to ! sign ( ! old cov5ant by ! rite ( circumcision4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts ( hi/ory4 ,circumcision is n once allud$ to 9 ! ,koran1 & ,moslem writ]s (f] no explanation = ! omission4 ,yet ! cu/om is univ]sal 9 ,arabia1 & f !m x pass$ ov] ) o!r traditions to all ! ,moslem _w4 ,! ,moslems date circumcision f ,abraham & circumcise at a late p]iod4 ,! ,arabs 9 8! "t ( ignorance0 also practic$ ! rite2 an uncircumcis$ p]son is unkn[n ev5 among ^? ,b$\9s :o "k no?+ ( ,islam save ! "n ( ! prophet4#afb 8,z = ,i%mael ,i h he>d !e40 ,= ! ?ird "t we read ( a special revelation to prove ,god's love = ! son ( ! bondmaid4 ,9 ! pa!tic /ory ( ,hag>'s expulsion1 ,i%mael is ! c5tre figure4#afc ,8 mock+ 0 its cause2 = 8 sake x 0 griev\s 9 ,abraham's sight to expel !m4 ,to ,i%mael aga9 is !re a special promise1 8because he is ?y se$40 ,:5 ! wat] is sp5t 9 ! bottle & ,hag> turns away f see+ ! dea? ( ! *ild1 x 0 n h] weep+ b ! lad's pray] t br\ght deliv]ance f heav54 8,& ! angel ( ,god call$ to ,hag> out ( heav5 & said unto h]1 ,:at aile? !e1 ,hag>8 fe> n2 = ,god ha? he>d ! voice ( ! lad :]e he is4 ,arise1 lift up ! lad & hold him by ?9e h&2 = ,i w make ( him a great nation4 ,& ,god op5$ h] eyes1 & %e saw a well ( wat]2 & %e w5t & fill$ ! bottle ) wat] & gave ! lad dr9k4 ,& ,god 0 ) ! lad40 ,no less does ?is hi/ory %[ ! moral beauty ( ,hag>'s "*1 h] t5d] "m love & all ! beautiful traits ( a mat]nal solicitude ?an ! rep5tance ( ,i%mael4 ,god he>d 8 voice2 ,god =gave 8 s9ful mock+2 ,god confirm$ 8 promise2 ,god sav$ 8 life2 ,god 0 ) ! lad4 ,! ,provid5ce ( ,god wat*$ ov] ,i%mael4 ,long ye>s aft] he seems to h visit$ 8 fa!r ,abraham1 = we read t :5 ! patri>* di$ 9 a good old age 88 sons ,isaac & ,i%mael buri$ him 9 ! cave ( ,ma*pelah40 ,no m5tion is made "h ( ! sons ( ,keturah4 ,& twice 9 ! ,bible ! g5]ations ( ,i%mael are record$ 9 full#afd 9 ord] to b9d toge!r ! prophecies ( ,g5esis ) ! ,messianic promises ( ,isaiah = ! se$ ( ,i%mael4 ,! twelve pr9ces1 sons ( ,i%mael1 ^: names are record$ 8by _! t[ns & _! ca/les0 7 und\bt$ly ! patri>*s ( s _m ,arab tribes4 ,"s ( ! names c be di/9ctly trac$ ?r\gh hi/ory & o!rs are easily id5tifi$ ) mod]n clans 9 ,arabia4 ,mibsam1 e4 g41 seems to correspond ) ! ,nejd clan ( ,bessam "s ( :om are m]*ants at ,busrah2 ,mi%ma is surely ! same z ! ,arabic ,bni ,misma2 :ile ne>ly all comm5tators agree t ,duma is ,dumat el ,j5dal 9 ,nor? ,arabia1 "o ( ! olde/ ,arabic settlem5ts4 ,aside f conjecture two names /& prom95t & well-kn[n 9 pr(ane hi/ory2 ,nebajo? & ,k$>4 ,pl9y 9 8 natural hi/ory m5tions !m toge!r z ! ,nabati et ,c$rei & ! ,arab hi/orians are famili> ) ! names4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,nabatans are relat$ to ,nebajo?2 al?\gh ?is is d5i$ by ,qu>trem]e x is affirm$ by ,m4 ,*wolson & is ! univ]sal op9ion ( ! ,arabs !mselves4 ,n[ x is ^! v two names1 ^: id5tity no "o que/ions1 t are ! c5tre ( glori\s promises4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n t ! sixtie? *apt] ( ,isaiah is ! gem ( mission>y prophecy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b x does n occur to e "o t a l>ge portion ( x consi/s ( special promises = ,arabia4 8,! multitude ( camels %all cov] !e1 ! drom$>ies ( ,midian & ,ephah1 7,sons ( ,keturah1 ,g54 xxv4 #a-e72 all !y f ,%eba 7,s\? ,arabia or ,yem57 %all come2 !y %all br+ gold & inc5se2 & !y %all %[ =? ! praises ( ! ,"l4 ,all ! flocks ( ,k$> %all be ga!r$ toge!r unto !e2 ! rams ( ,nebaio? %all m9i/] unto !e3 !y %all come up ) acceptance ^u m9e alt> & ,i w glorify ! h\se ( my glory4 ,:o are ^! t fly z a cl\d & z doves to _! w9d[s80 ,^! v]ses read 9 connection ) ! gr& array ( promises t prec$e !m leave no room = d\bt t ! sons ( ,i%mael h a l>ge place 9 ?is com+ glory ( ! ,"l & ! brightness ( ,8 ris+4 ,x has only be5 delay$ by our neglect to evangelize ,nor!rn ,arabia b ,god w keep ,8 promise yet & ,*ri/ %all see ( ! travail ( ,8 s\l1 among ! camel-driv]s & %eph]ds ( ,arabia4 ,& !n %all be fulfill$ t o!r promise significantly put 9 ,isaiah xlii4 = ?is "p ( ! p59sula3 8,s+ unto ! ,"l a new song & ,8 praise f ! end ( ! e>? 444 let ! wild]ness & ! cities !re( lift up _! voice1 ! villages t ,k$> do? inhabit3 let ! inhabitants ( ! rock s+1 let !m %\t f ! top ( ! m\nta9s40 ,x is all !re1 ) geographical accuracy & up-to-date2 8cities 9 ! wild]ness0 t is ,nejd "u its pres5t gov]nm5t2 ,k$> =sak+ ! nomad t5t & becom+ villag]s2 & ! rock-dwell]s ( ,m$a9 ,salih6 8,& ,i w br+ ! bl9d by a way !y knew n2 ,i w lead !m 9 pa?s t !y h n kn[n3 ,i w make d>kness light be=e !m & crook$ ?+s /raight40 ,! only prop] "n1 ! only geographical c5tre ( ! entire *apt] is ,k$>4 ,9 two o!r prophecies1#afe :i* h no ,messianic "*1 ,k$> is ref]r$ to z synonym\s ) ,arabia4 ,ano!r gr\p ( mission>y promises = ,arabia clu/] r\nd ! names ,seba & ,%eba4 8,all !y f ,%eba %all come2 !y %all br+ gold & inc5se & !y %all %[ =? ! praises ( ! ,"l40 7,is4 lx4 #f47 8,! k+s ( ,%eba & ,seba %all (f] gifts4 ,yea all k+s %all fall d[n be=e ,him1 all nations %all s]ve ,him4444 ,he %all live & to ,him %all be giv5 ( ! gold ( ,%eba2 pray] also %all be made = ,him cont9ually & daily %all ,he be prais$40 ,! ,messianic "* ( ?is psalm is g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,:]e are ,seba & ,%eba8 ,:o are !y8 ,?ree ,%ebas are ref]r$ to 9 g5ealogy & prophecy4 #a4 ,a son ( ,raamah1 son ( ,cu%2 #b4 ,a son ( ,joktan2 #c4 ,a son ( ,jok%an son ( ,keturah4 ,b all ( ^! f9d _! dwell+-place 9 :at is n[ ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,! ,joktanite ,%eba is ! k+dom ( ! ,himy>ites 9 ,yem54#aff ,! k+dom ( ,%eba embrac$ ! great] "p ( ,yem52 its *ief cities & probably its successive capitals 7 ,seba1 ,sana 7,uzal71 & ,zaph> 7,seph>74 ,seba1 ! olde/ capital1 is id5tical ) ! pres5t ,m>ib1 nor!a/ ( ,sana2 = ,ez,zejjaj 9 ! ,taj ,el ,aroos diction>y says1 8,seba 0 ! city ( ,m>ib or ! c\ntry 9 ! ,yem5 ( :i* ! city 0 ,m>ib40 ,ptolemy's map makes pla9 :at ! ,romans & ,greeks und]/ood by ,seba & ,%eba4 ,! ,cu%ite ,%eba settl$ some:]e on ! %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,9 ! ,m>asid ,/anley-,poole says he f\nd 8an id5tification :i* appe>s to be satisfactory--t on ! isl& ( ,awl1 "o ( ! ,bahre9 isl&s are ! ru9s ( an anci5t city call$ ,seba40 ,! same au?ority holds t ! ,keturahite ,%eba =m$ "o tribe ) ! ,cu%ite ,%eba & also dwelt 9 ,ea/]n ,arabia4 ,%eba has always be5 a l& ( gold & inc5se & we are only beg9n+ to "k a little ( ! opul5ce & glory ( ! anci5t ,himy>ite k+dom 9 ,yem5 f ! lately discov]$ inscriptions & ru9s4 ,9 ! same psalm t gives ^! promises to ,s\!rn & ,ea/]n ,arabia we h ?is rem>kable v]se3 8,he %all h dom9ion also f sea to sea & f ! riv] unto ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,!y t dwell 9 ! wild]ness %all b[ be=e ,him & ,8 enemies %all lick ! du/40 ,! riv] ref]r$ to is und\bt$ly ! ,euphrates#afg & ! b\nd>ies giv5 are int5d$ to include ! ideal ext5t ( ! promis$ l&4 ,n[ x is1 to say ! lea/1 rem>kable t mod]n ,jewi% comm5tators int]pret ?is passage toge!r ) ! =ty-eigh? *apt] ( ,ezekiel s z to include ! :ole p59sula ( ,arabia 9 ! l& ( promise4 ,i h se5 a curi\s map1 pr9t$ by ,jews 9 ,london1 on :i* ! twelve re/or$ tribes _h ea* _! /rip ( t]ritory "r across ,arabia f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,gulf & includ+ ,pale/9e & ,syria4 ,isaac ,da ,co/a1 ! great ,dut* poet1 :o 0 ( ,jewi% desc5t ga!rs toge!r 9 8 epic1 8,hag>10 "s ( ^! ,bible promises = ! sons ( ,i%mael4#afh 8,"m ( ,i%mael6 ,! ^w t ,god ha? spok5 ,nev] ha? fail$ ! lea/1 nor 0 ,8 promise brok54 ,:e!r 9 judgm5t ?reat5$ or z bless+ giv52 ,:e!r = "t & e>? or = et]nal heav51 ,to ,esau or to ,jacob4444 ,! patri>* pray$ to ,god1 :ile b[+ 9 ! du/3 ',oh t be=e !e ,i%mael might live6'--,8 pray]1 8 tru/4 ,nor 0 t pray] despis$1 t promise left alone ,)\t fulfillm5t4 ,= ! days %all come ,:5 ,i%mael %all b[ 8 haughty *iefta9 head ,be=e t ,greate/ ,*ief ( ,isaac's royal se$4 ,?\1 favor$ ,solomon1 ha/ fir/ fulfillm5t se5 ,( ,hag>'s promise1 :5 came suppliant ,%eba's que54 ,next ,araby ! ble/ br\ght ,be?lehem's newborn ,k+1 ,h] myrrh & spices1 gold & (f]+4 ,aga9 at ,p5teco/ !y came1 fir/-fruits ( h>ve/ va/2 ,:51 to adore ! "n ( ,jesus1 at ! la/ ,to ,zion's glori\s hill ! nation's joy to %>e ,! scatt]$ flocks ( ,k$> all are ga!r$ !re1 ,nebajo?1 ,hefa1 ,midian4444 ,!n ,israel %all "k ,^: he>t _! h>dness broke1 ,^: side !y pi]c$1 ,^: curse !y d>$ invoke4 ,& !n1 :ile at ,8 feet !y m\rn ,8 bitt] dea?1 ,receive ,8 p>don4444 ,be=e ,^: same :ite ?rone ,g5tile & ,jew %all meet ,) ,p>?ian1 ,roman1 ,greek1 ! f> ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 ,f ,mississippi's s\rce to ,ganges' giant m\?1 ,& e tongue & tribe %all jo9 9 "o new song1 ,r$emption6 ,peace on e>? & good-w unto m52 ,! purpose ( all ages unto all ages sure4 ,am54 ,glory unto ! ,fa!r6 ,glory ! ,lamb1 once sla91 ,spotless = human guilt1 exalt$ n[ to reign6 ,& to ! ,holy ,gho/1 life-giv]1 ^: refre%+ ,makes all e>?'s des]ts bloom ) liv+ %[]s ( bless+60 99 99 99 99 99 8,"m ( ,i%mael6 ,i see !e yet once m1 ,!e1 "u burn+ skies & on a waveless %ore6 ,?\ com=tless1 s\l /orm toss$1 tempe/ %ak51 ,he>t full ( angui% & ( hope =sak51 ,?\1 too1 did/ f9d at la/ ,god's glory all ?y /ay6 ,he came4 ,he spake to !e4 ,he made ?y night ,8 day4 ,z !n1 s n[4 ,return to ,s>ah's t5t ,& ,abraham's ,god1 & bett] cov5ant1 ,& s+ ) ,m>y1 ?r\gh h] ,savi\r free1 #8,god ( my life1 ,?\ ha/ look$ d[n on me4'0 ,b ,arabia1 al?\gh x has all ?is weal? ( promise1 is n a field = feeble fai?4 ,yet we c le>n to look at ?is b>r5 l& because ( ^! promises ) ! same reckless1 uncalculat+1 defiant confid5ce 9 :i* ,abraham 8)\t be+ weak5$ 9 fai?1 consid]$ 8 own body n[ z good z dead0 7,r4 ,v47 8b wax$ /rong ?r\gh fai? giv+ glory to ,god40 ,! promises are great because ! ob/acles are great2 t ! glory ( ! plan z well z ! glory ( ! "w may be to ,god alone4 ,arabia ne$s m5 :o w believe z see+ ! ,invisible4 ,six hundr$ ye>s ago ,raymond ,lull wrote3 8,x seems to me t ! ,holy ,l& _c be won 9 any o!r way ?an t :]eby ,?\1 ,o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,?y ,holy ,apo/les won x1 by love & pray]1 & ! %$d+ ( te>s & blood40 ,a lonely work] among ,moslems 9 ,nor? ,africa rec5tly wrote3 8,yes x is lives p\r$ out t ^! p ne$--a s[+ 9 te>s--9 a measure t p]haps no hea!n l& requires2 !y ne$ a ,calv>y be=e !y get _! ,p5teco/4 ,?anks be unto ,god = a field l ?is3 9 ! light ( et]nity we c\ld ask no high] bless$ness ?an ! *ance x gives ( fell[%ip ) ,8 ,son40 ,! dumb _s ( ,islam has possess$ ,arabia f its *ildhood = ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s2 8he te>e? & he foame? & gna%e? ) 8 tee? & p9e? away40 8,& ,he said unto !m ?is k9d c come =? by no?+ b by pray] & fa/+40 8,if ?\ can/ believe1 all ?+s are possible to him t believe?40 7,m>k ix4 #ad-bi47 ,life = ,arabia mu/ come f ! ,life-,giv]4 8,i believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/10 !re=e mission-"w 9 ,arabia w prove ! promise ( ,god true 9 e p>ticul> & to its fulle/ ext5t4 8,o t ,i%mael might live 444 z = ,i%mael ,i h he>d !e40 8,spe$ on1 ye h]alds1 br++ ,life to ! des]t sla92 ,till 9 its mighty w++1 ,god's _s comes to reign ,f dea? to new-begett+1 ,god %all ! p[] give1 ,%all *oose !m = cr[n-sett+ ,& ,i%mael %all live4 8,s speaks ! promise1 br++ ,! age ( ,jubilee ,to e home & t5t+1 ,f ,tadmor to ! sea4 ,! dead to life are ris51 ,! glory spreads abroad1 ,! des]t answ]s heav51 ,hosannas to ! ,"l60 ,app5dix ,i ,a ,,*ronological ,,table ,circa #ahib ,b4 ,c4--,bir? ( ,i%mael4 0 #aggc 0 --,dea? ( ,i%mael4 0 #iib 0 --,bilkis1 que5 ( ,yem5 7,%eba7 visits ,solomon4 0 #gjj 0 --,amalgamation ( ,cu%ite & ,sabean clans 9 ,yem54 0 #ged 0 --,all ,yem5 & ,oman "u rule ( ,ya>b4 0 #ehh 0 --,fir/ ,jewi% settlem5ts 9 ,arabia4 ,a4 ,d4 #cc--;,arabians pres5t at ,p5teco/4 0 #cg--,! ,apo/le ,paul goes to ,arabia4 0 #fj--,second ,jewi% immigration into ,arabia4 0 #aje--,roman ,emp]or ,trajan "u 8 g5]al ,palma subdues ,nor?we/]n ,arabia4 0 #abj--;,de/ruction ( great dam at ,m>ib & ! beg9n+ ( ,arab migrations nor?w>d4 0 #big--;,fam9e 9 ,we/]n ,arabia4 ,migrations ea/w>d4 0 #cbf--,ne>*us1 admiral ( ,alex&]1 surveys ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 0 #cbe--,nic5e ,c\ncil--,arabians pres5t4 0 #cdb--;,*ri/ianity already ext5d+ 9 ,nor!rn ,arabia4 ,*ur*es built 9 ,yem54 0 #cgb--,mavia1 que5 ( ,nor? ,arabia1 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity4 0 #ebe--;,abyss9ian invasion ( ,yem54 0 #efa--,mohamm$ born at ,mecca4 0 #ege--,p]sians "u ,ano%>wan expel ! ,abyss9ians f ,yem54 0 #eie--,mohamm$ m>ries ,khadijah4 0 #eie--,yem5 passes "u ,p]sian ,rule4 0 #faj--,mohamm$ beg9s 8 prophetic c>e]4 0 #fbb--7;,a4,h4 #a7--,mohamm$ flees f ,mecca to ,m$9a4 ,! era ( ! ,hegira4 7,see end ( ,table47 0 #fbc--;,battle ( ,b$r4 0 #fbd--;,battle ( ,ohod4 0 #fcj--,mecca ov]come4 ,embassy to ,oman1 etc4 0 #fcb--;,dea? ( ,mohamm$4 ,abubekr caliph4 ,all ,arabia subjugat$ by =ce ( arms4 0 #fcd--,om> caliph4 ,expulsion ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians f ,arabia4 0 #fch--,kufa & ,busrah f\nd$4 0 #fdd--,o?man caliph4 0 #fee--;,diss5sions reg>d+ caliphate4 ,m$9a attack$4 ,ali *os5 caliph4 0 #fef--;,battle ( ! ,camel4 ,capital transf]r$ to ,kufa4 0 #ffa--;,ali assass9at$4 ,hassan becomes caliph4 0 #gej--;,beg9n+ ( ,abbaside ,caliphate 7,bagdad74 0 #ged--,mansur4 0 #ghf--;,h>\n el ,ra%id4 0 #hji--;,am94 0 #hac--,mamun4 0 #hcc--,motasim4 0 #hdg--,motawakkel4 0 #hhi--;,arise ( ,c>ma?ian sect4 0 #ije--,yem5 comes "u ,k>amite caliphs4 0 #icb--,rebellion 9 ,yem54 ,x becomes indep5d5t "u ,imams ( ,sana z rul]s4 0 #icj--;,c>ma?ians take ,mecca & c>ry away ! black-/one to ,katif4 0 #ajee--,togrul ,beg at ,bagdad4 0 #ajif-abgb--,! ,crusades4 ,arabia 9 t\* ) ,european civilization ?r\gh its b&s ( w>riors4 0 #aagc--,yem5 subdu$ by sultans ( ,egypt4 0 #abdj--,rise ( ,ottoman ,turks4 0 #abeh--;,fall ( ,bagdad4 0 #acbe--,yem5 aga9 indep5d5t4 0 #aded--;,imams ( ,yem5 take ,ad5 & =tify x4 0 #aejc--,portuguese "u ,ludovico ,b>!ma1 make voyages on ,arabian coa/ & visit ,ad5 & ,muscat4 0 #aejg--,portuguese take ,muscat4 0 #aeac--,portuguese "u ,abulqu]que are repuls$ at ,ad54 ,visit ,mokha & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 0 #aeaf--,suleiman by ord] ( ,mameluke ,sultan attacks ,ad5 & is repuls$4 0 #aech--,suleiman ! ,magnific5t s5ds a fleet & takes ,ad5 by trea*]y4 ,arab g>rison but*]$4 0 #aedj--;,beg9n+ ( ,turki% rule 9 ,yem54 0 #aeej--;,arabs h& ov] ,ad5 to ! ,portuguese4 0 #aeea--;,ad5 recaptur$ by ,p]i ,pa%a4 0 #afbd-agda--;,imams e/abli%$ rule ov] all ,oman ) capital at ,ra/ak2 !n at ,muscat4 0 #afji--;,fir/ visit to ,ad5 by ,engli% capta9s4 0 #afah--;,engli% e/abli% factories at ,mokha4 0 #afbb--,portuguese expell$ f ,bahre9 & ,arab coa/ by ! ,p]sians4 0 #afcj--;,arabs drive out ,turks f ,yem5 & ,imams take ! ?rone at ,sana4 0 #agdj-fe--;,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ,p]sian ,gulf & ,r$ ,sea ports4 0 #agfe--;,engli% ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ,p]sian ,gulf & ,r$ ,sea ports4 0 #agce--;,abdali ,sultan ( ,lahaj takes ,ad54 0 #agda--;,ahm$ b9 ,said drives out ,portuguese f ,muscat & f\nds ,dyna/y ( ,imams1 anew4 0 #agfe--,mohamm$ b9 ,abdul ,wahab dies & 8 political associate ,mohamm$ b9 ,saud propagates ,wahabiism 9 ,arabia4 0 #aghj--,spread ( ,wahabi doctr9e ov] all ( ,c5tral ,arabia4 0 #ahja--,wahabis conqu] ,bahre9 & hold x = n9e ye>s4 0 #ahjc--;,abd-ul-,aziz ! ,wahabi *ief assass9at$ by a ,p]sian fanatic4 0 #ahjc--,wahabis take ,mecca & lay seige to ,jiddah4 0 #ahjd--,wahabis take ,m$9a4 0 #ahjd--,said b9 ,sultan rul] ( ,oman & ,zanzib>4 0 #ahji--;,ad5 visit$ by ,capta9 ,ha9es ( ,briti% ,navy4 0 #ahah--;,ibrahim ,pa%a captures ,wahabi capital & s5ds ,amir 9 *a9s to ,con/ant9ople :]e he is behead$4 0 #ahje-ahbj--;,briti% suppress piracy 9 ,p]sian ,gulf4 0 #ahbj--,son ( ,amir1 ,turki1 proclaim$ ,sultan ( ,nejd & ,oman coa/4 0 #ahba--;,briti% make treaty ) tribes on ,oman coa/ call$ ! 8,trucial ,league40 0 #ahbj-ahdg--;,briti% treaties ) ,bahre9 *iefs to suppress slave-trade & piracy4 0 #ahca--,turki1 rul] ( ,nejd1 murd]$4 0 #ahcb--;,feysul b9 ,turki1 succe$s him4 0 l#hce--;,abdullah b9 ,ra%id becomes a p[]ful *ief 9 ,jebel ,%amm>4 0 #ahce--;,ad5 aga9 visit$ by ,briti% to av5ge cruelty to sailors %ipwreck$ (f its coa/4 0 #ahci--;,ad5 bomb>d$ by ,briti% fleet & tak54 ,treaties made ) surr\nd+ tribes4 0 #ahdj-ahdg--;,ad5 attack$ by ,arabs4 0 #ahdf--,tilal b9 ,abdullah b9 ,ra%id succe$s to rul]%ip ( ,jebel ,%amm> & becomes indep5d5t ( ,wahabi p[]4 0 #ahea-ahef--;,abdullah b9 ,mutalib ,%]if ( ,mecca4 0 #ahed--,sultan ( ,oman makes treaty ) ,engl& & c$es ,kuria ,muria ,isl&s4 0 #ahef--,?uwani b9 ,said rul] ( ,oman4 0 #aheg--,p]im occupi$ by ,briti%4 0 #aheh-ahgg--;,abdullah b9 ,mohamm$ ,%]if ( ,mecca4 0 #aheh--;,cable laid 9 ,r$ ,sea f ,suez to ,ad51 b prov$ defective 7co/ #hjj1jjj74 0 #aheh--;,bomb>dm5t ( ,jiddah by ,briti%4 0 #ahfe-ahhf--;,abdullah b9 ,feysul rul] ( ,nejd ) capital at ,riad4 0 #ahfg--,mitaab b9 ,abdullah succe$s ,tilal4 0 #ahfg--,m5amah 7,bahre97 bomb>d$ by ,briti% because ( brok5 treaty4 ,isa b9 ,ali made rul]4 0 #ahff--,sultan b9 ,?uwani rul] ( ,oman4 0 #ahfh--,mohamm$ b9 ,ra%id assumes p[] & rule at ,hail z ,amir ( ,nejd4 0 #ahfi--;,cable laid f ,bombay to ,ad5 & ,suez4 0 #ahgj--,turki% invasion ( ,yem54 0 #ahga--,turki% invasion ( ,hassa & occupation ( ,katif4 0 #ahga--,seyyid ,turki rul] ( ,oman 7,muscat74 0 #ahge--;,busrah made a sep>ate vilayet4 0 #ahgg--;,beg9n+ ( ,turki% bureaucracy at ,mecca4 0 #ahgh--,treaty ( ,b]l94 ,re=ms promis$ 9 ,turki% ,prov9ces4 0 #ahhj--;,hase91 ,%]if ( ,mecca1 is murd]$4 0 #ahha-hb--;,abd el ,mutalib aga9 ,%]if ( ,mecca4 0 #ahhb--;,aun er ,rafik made ,%]if ( ,mecca4 0 #ahhf--,mohamm$ ,ibn ,ra%id takes ,riad ov]turn+ ,saud gov]nm5t & becomes rul] ( all ,c5tral ,arabia4 ,,note4--,to f9d ! equival5t date ,a4 ,h4 ( any ye> ,a4 ,d43--,f ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 d$uct #fba4ed & to ! rema9d] add #c p] c5t4 ,a4 ,h4 #a ,july #af?1 #fbb ,a4 ,d41 & ! ,moslem ye> consi/s ( #ab lun> mon?s4 ,to f9d ! equival5t date ,a4 ,d4 ( a ye> ,a4 ,h4 multiply x by 4#igjbbe & to ! rema9d] add #fba4ed4 ,! sum gives ! date ,a4 ,d4 ( ! end ( ! ye> ,a4 ,h4 ,app5dix ,,ii ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,arab ,,tribes ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,arabia ,el ,me%adaka4 ,el ,me%atta4 ,walid ,ali ,el ,hammam$e4 ,el ,j$aleme4 ,el ,toluh4 ,el-,hess5e ,el ,hess5e 7prop]74 ,messalih4 ,i4 ,! ,anaeze3 ,er-,ruwalla ,el ,ruwalla 7prop]74 7or ,jilas7 ,um ,halif4 ,f$an4 ,tana ,majid ,sebaa4 ,el-,be%r ,m$eyan4 ,selga ,met>afe4 ,aulad ,sulei ,el ,m[aly4 ,el ,h[eytat4 ,,ii4 ,,ahl ,,es-,,%emmal3 ,el ,had$94 7,nor!rn tribes7 ,es-,soleyb4 7also7 ,el ,feheily4 ,arabs ( ! ,hauran ,es-,s]dye4 ,bni ,sokhr4 ,bni ,heteym4 ,arabs ( ,k]ak4 ,e%-,%]>at4 ,el ,temeyat4 ,el ,m5jat4 ,bni-,%amm> ,ibn ,ghazy4 ,,iii4 ,,ahl ,,el-,,kibly3 ,bayr4 7,s\!rnly ,el-,fesyani4 tribes7 ,el-,j]ba4 ,el ,j(eir4 ,el ,akeydat ,bni ,sayd4 ,el-,w\l$4 ,el-,bak>a4 ,i4 ,,! ,,anaeze3 ,walid ,ali ,el ,me%adaka4 ,el ,me%atta4 ,el ,hammam$e4 ,el ,j$aleme4 ,el ,toluh4 ,el-,hess5e ,el ,hess5e 7prop]74 ,messalih4 ,er-,ruwalla 7or ,jilas7 ,el ,ruwalla 7prop]74 ,um ,halif4 ,el-,be%r ,tana ,majid ,f$an4 ,sebaa4 ,selga ,m$eyan4 ,met>afe4 ,aulad ,suleiman4 ,,ii4 ,,ahl ,,es-,,%emmal3 7,nor!rn tribes7 ,el ,m[aly4 ,el ,h[eytat4 ,el ,had$94 ,es-,soleyb4 7also7 ,arabs ( ! ,hauran ,el ,feheily4 ,es-,s]dye4 ,bni ,sokhr4 ,bni ,heteym4 ,,iii4 ,,ahl ,,el-,,kibly3 7,s\!rnly tribes7 ,arabs ( ,k]ak4 ,e%-,%]>at4 ,bni-,%amm> ,el ,temeyat4 ,el ,m5jat4 ,ibn ,ghazy4 ,bayr4 ,el-,fesyani4 ,el-,j]ba4 ,el ,j(eir4 ,el ,akeydat ,bni ,sayd4 ,el-,w\l$4 ,el-,bak>a4 ,app5dix ,,iii ,,kaat ,,& ,,c(fee ,,culture ,,9 ,,arabia ,kaat 7,cela/rus ea?a edulis7 is a %rub or small tree :i* gr[s at an altitude ( ab\t five ?\s& feet 9 ! l[] m\nta9s ( ,yem51 especially on ! slopes ( ,jebel ,sohr ne> ,taiz4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! plant is indig5\s1 b if introduc$ into ,yem5 f ,africa1 x came v e>ly1 ) c(fee1 :5 ! ,abyss9ian conque/ caus$ ! fall ( ! ,himy>ite empire4 ,kaat is plant$ f %oots :i* are left to gr[ = ?ree ye>s1 !n all ! leaves & buds are pull$ (f except on a few twigs2 ^! develop ! foll[+ ye> into juicy %oots :i* are cut (f1 ti$ 9 bundles1 wrapp$ 9 grass to pres]ve _! moi/ure1 & sold "u ! "n ( m\b>reh4 ,! second crop is ( bett] quality1 & is call$ m\?anee4 ,a small bundle1 kilwet1 sells at ,taiz = ab\t five c5ts1 & a l>g] quantity1 yet sc>cely a h&ful1 call$ zirbet1 = t5 c5ts4 ,only ! leaves & "y twigs are ma/icat$1 b ,i h se5 ! poor glad to pick up ev5 ! ca/away dry leaves & bran*es to get :at com=t !y c\ld out ( !m4 ,! ta/e ( ! leaves is slightly bitt] & a/r+5t1 v l t ( ! pea* leaf4 ,x has /imulative prop]ties1 produces wakefulness1 & 9 l>ge quantities halluc9ation2 x is said to pres]ve ! tee?1 & "s use x z an aphrodisac4 ,all ,arabs claim t x gives wond]ful p[] ( endurance1 & t ) _! kaat & tobacco !y c d )\t food on long j\rneys4 ,e "o1 "y & old1 ,arab1 ,jew or ,turk1 uses x1 & _m use x 9 incr$ible quantities4 ,"o soldi] told me t he sp5t a rupee 7#cc c5ts7 a day = 8 kaat1 & ! ,cadi ( ,taiz pays tw5ty doll>s a day = ?is luxury1--8 h\sehold1 h[ev]1 is z l>ge z ! koran & divorce c make x4 ,! ,ottoman gov]nm5t receives tw5ty-five p] c5t cu/oms on ! m>ket price ( ! plant 9 addition to ! l& tax on kaat culture4 ,! total rev5ue f ?is s\rce is consid]able z c be judg$ f ! fact t at ,taiz1 a t[n ( p]haps five ?\s& population1 all ! o!r taxes are f>m$ = t5 ?\s& doll>s p] annum1 :ile ! daily sale ( kaat am\nts to ov] ?ree hundr$ doll>s6 ,! kaat m>ket is op5 f e>ly morn+1 :5 ! fre% bundles came on donkeys & camels1 b ! busie/ "t is 9 ! aft]noon2 = ! prop] ?+ is to eat kaat j be=e sunset1 & to invite gue/s to *ew leaves an h\r or two be=e d9n]4 ,! sell]s sit 9 ! op5 air1 & are mo/ly wom54 ,9 _! r picturesque co/umes1 unveil$1 !y sit ! long day1 ) a basket ( ! gre5 luxury be=e !m2 spr9kl+ _! w>e f "t to "t to keep x moi/2 unty+ a score ( bundles to satisfy "s pr\d epicure :o ta/es be=e he takes2 haggl+ ov] ! price ( a damag$ bundle ) "s soldi]2 & aga9 swe>+1 z only ,arabs c1 to ! g5u95ess ( ! k9d 9 "q--= kaat has six di/9ct flavors & v>ieties1 ea* ) a special "n1 & alas = ! slave :o 0 s5t = "o & returns ) ano!r4 ,sometimes !re is close deal+1 or on a ra9y day 8a corn]0 9 ! m>ket1 or "s wick$ ur*9 runs (f ) a /ol5 bundle1 & at su* times all ! wom5 talk at once1 & _! upro> is only rivall$ 9 ,yem5 by ! ,jews' synagogue s]vice4 ,! kaat m>ket at #d ,p4 ,m4 is inde$ a picture1 full ( color & pose & motion wor?y ! bru% ( an arti/2 its l c only be se5 9 ! villages ( l[] ,yem51 & among ! _m surprises to ! travell] 9 ?is ,switz]l& ( ,arabia no?+ is at fir/ sight /rang] & m ludicr\s ?an to see sob] ,arabs sit d[n 9 gr\ps at ! close ( day &1 z ,nebu*adnezz> ( old1 8eat grass l ox540 ,accord+ to an ,arab hi/ory kaat 0 us$ by ! ,arabs be=e ! c(fee-plant became naturaliz$ 9 ! highl&s ( ,yem54 ,at pres5t c(fee & kaat gr[ toge!r4 ,bo? are consid]$ lawful to ,moslems1 & ,yem5's *ief s\rce ( weal? is its c(fee export4 ,! pr9cipal di/ricts = c(fee-culture /ret* nor? ( ,taiz to ,lohaia & ,kankaban & ,sana1 & ! v>iety ( ! product dep5ds mo/ly on ! elevation ( ! plantation4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct /ages 9 its culture4 ,fir/ ! se$ is prep>$ by remov+ ! %ell or p]ic>p2 x is !n m+l$ ) wood a%es & dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,!n ! se$ is plant$ 9 prep>$ b$s ( ri* soil1 m+l$ ) manure2 ! b$s are cov]$ ) bran*es ( trees to protect ! "y plants f ! heat ( ! sun & !y are wat]$ e six or sev5 days4 ,la/ly aft] six weeks ! plants are c>efully remov$ f ! gr\nd & plant$ 9 r[s at a di/ance ( two or ?ree feet f ea* o!r4 ,aft] two or ?ree ye>s ! c(fee-tree beg9s to yield4 ,! g>d5s 9 ,yem5 are all con/ruct$ 9 t]races along ! m\nta9-side & are exce$+ly beautiful :5 ! plant is 9 full bloom4 ,:5 ! b]ries are ripe !y are pluck$ f ! tree & dri$ 9 ! sun2 aft]w>ds pack$ 9 gunnybags !y are s5t to ! coa/4 ,! ,arabs ( ,yem5 seldom use ! bean 9 mak+ c(fee b utilize ! %ell or husk2 ! bev]age is less /rong1 m sweet & ( c\rse *eap]4 ,c(fee is s[n 9 ,m>*1 budd+ beg9s 9 ,may1 & ! crop is ga!r$ 9 ,septemb]4 ,a great deal ( ,yem5 c(fee f9ds its way ov]l& to ! int]ior ( ,arabia 9 addition to ! export to ,ad5 & ,hodeida2 ,mokha 0 once ! great emporium b has utt]ly decay$ & n[ consi/s ( only a few h\ses 9 ru9$ condition & a dilapidat$ ,mosque4 ,app5dix ,,iv ,,an ,,arabian ,,bibliography ,a4 ,! ,geography ( ,arabia ,&rew1 7,sir ,w4 ,p47--,! ,euphrates ,valley ,r\te 7,london1 #ahhb74 ,b>!ma1 7,ludovico47--,travels 9 ,arabia translat$ by ,r4 ,ed5 7#aegf74 ,begum ( ,bhopal--,pilgrimage to ,mecca 7,london1 #ahgj74 ,b5t1 7,!odore & ,mrs47--,s\? ,arabia 7,london1 #ahii74 ,blunt1 7,lady ,ann47--,a pilgrimage to ,n$j1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahhc74 0 0 0 --,! ,b$\9s ( ! ,euphrates 7,london1 #ahgi74 ,bui/1 7,dr47--,physical ,geography ( ! ,r$ ,sea 7no date74 ,burckh>dt1 7,john ,lewis47--,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahabis1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahcj2 9 ,g]man1 ,weim>1 #ahca74 ,burckh>dt1 7,john ,lewis47--,travels 9 ,arabia1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahcj74 ,burton1 7,ri*>d47--,p]sonal ,n>rative ( a ,pilgrimage to ,el ,m$9a & ,mecca 7,london1 #aheg74 ,*esney--,survey ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 #d vols4 7,london1 #ahej74 ,cl\pet--,n\veau ,voyage dans l',arabie ,heureuse en #aghh 7,p>is1 #ahaj74 ,con/able1 7,capt4 ,c4 ,g41 & ,lieut4 ,a4 ,w4 ,/iffe47--,! ,p]sian ,gulf ,pilot 7,london1 #ahgj1 #ahic74 ,crutt5d51 7,c4 ,j47--,j\rnal ( an excursion to ,sana'a ! capital ( ,yem5 7,bombay1 #ahch74 ,d\ghty1 7,c4 ,m47--,arabia ,des]ta1 #b vols4 7,cambridge1 #ahhh74 ,fogg1 7,w4 ,p47--,arabi/an 7,london1 #ahge74 ,=/]--,! ,hi/orical ,geography ( ,arabia1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahdd74 ,fr$e1 7,p47--,la ,pe*e aux ,p]les en ,p]se et a ,ceylan 7,p>is1 #ahij74 ,fresnel--,lettres 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique iii4 ,s]ies v4 #eba4 ,gall&--,recueil des ,rites et ,c]emonies du ,pel]9age de la ,mecque 7,am/]dam1 #aged74 ,haig1 7,f4 ,t41 ,maj4 ,g547--,a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,yem54 ,proce$+s ( ! ,roy4 ,geog4 ,soc4 ( ,london1 vol4 ix41 ,no4 #h4 ,h>ris1 7,w4 ,b47--,a ,j\rney ?r\gh ,yem5 7,london1 #ahic74 ,hunt]1 7,f4 ,m47--,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ! ,briti% ,settlem5t ( ,ad5 7,london1 #ahgg74 ,hurgronje1 7,sn\ck47--,mekka1 mit bild] atlas1 #b vols4 7,hague1 #ahhh74 ,irw91 7,eyle47--,adv5tures 9 a voyage up ! ,r$ ,sea on ! coa/s ( ,arabia1 etc41 9 #aggg 7,london1 #aghj74 ,jaub]t--,geographie d',edresi 79 ,arabic & ,fr5*1 ,p>is1 #ahcf74 ,jom>d--tudes ,geog4 et ,hi/4 sur l',arabie 79 vol4 iii4 ,m5g9's ,hi/ory ( ,egypt74 ,k+1 7,j4 ,s47--,description ( ! isl& ( ,p]im 7,bombay ,gov]nm5t ,records ,no4 #di74 ,la ,roque--,a voyage to ,arabia ! ,happy1 etc4 7,london1 #agbf74 ,makramah1 7,aboo ,abd ,allah ibn ,a*m$47--,a ,manuscript ,hi/ory ( ,ad5 7see ,hunt]'s acc\nt74 ,manzoni--,el ,yem52 ,tre anni nell',arabia felic 7,rome1 #ahhd74 ,mi*aelis--,receuil de ,que/iones proposes a une ,societ de ,savants qui p> ordre de ,sa ,maje/ie ,danoise font le voyage de l',arabic 7,am/]dam1 #aggd74 ,niebuhr1 7,c>/547--,orig9al edition 9 ,g]man 7,cop5hag51 #aggb74 0 0 --,9 ,fr5* edition 7,am/]dam1 #aggd74 ,niebuhr1 7,c>/547--,travels ?r\gh ,arabia trans4 into ,engli% by ,rob]t ,h]on1 #b vols4 7,ed9burgh1 #agib74 ,ouseley1 7,sir ,w47--,ori5tal ,geography ( ,ibn ,haukal4 0 0 0 --,travels 9 ,p]sia & ,arabia1 #c vols4 7,london1 #ahjj74 ,palgrave--,travels 9 ,ea/]n ,arabia 7,london1 #ahfc74 ,p>sons1 7,abraham47--,travels 9 ,asia 444 includ+ ,mo*a & ,suez 7,london1 #ahjh74 ,phillips--,map ( ,arabia & ,egypt ) index 7,london1 #ahhh74 ,prideaux--,"s rec5t discov]ies 9 ,s\?we/ ,arabia 7,proce$+s ,soc4 ,bib4 ,ar*aelogy1 ,london74 ,sa*au--,am ,euphrat und ,tigris4 ,reis5otiz51 #ahig-ih 7,leipzig1 #aijj74 ,s*apira--,travels 9 ,yem5 7#ahgg74 ,seetz5--,travels 9 ,yem5 7#ahaj74 ,spr5g]1 7,a47--,die alte ,geographie ,arabi5s als ,grundlage d] ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,semitismus 7,b]ne1 #ahge74 ,spr5g]1 7,a47--,die ,po/ und ,reis]\t5 des ,ori5ts 7#ahfd74 ,/anley1 7,dean47--,s9ai & ,pale/9e4 ,/]n1 7,rev4 ,a47--,a j\rney to ,sana'a 9 #ahef 7,jewi% ,intellig5c]1 vol4 xxiii41 pp4 #aja seq474 ,/ev5s--,yem5 7#ahgc74 ,taylor1 7,bay>d47--,travels 9 ,arabia 7,new ,york74 ,v>i\s editions4 ,tuck--,essay on ,s9aitic ,inscriptions 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society1 vol4 xiv41 pp4 #abi seq4 ,van d5 ,b]g1 7,l4 ,w4 ,c47--,hadramaut & ! ,arabian colonies 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,translat$ f ! ,dut* by ,major ,seeley 7,bombay ,govt4 ,records ,no4 #bab new s]ies74 ,van ,maltz51 7,h4 ,i47--,reis5 9 ,arabi5 7,brauns*weig1 #ahgc74 ,v9c5t's--,p]iplus ( ! ,ery?rean ,sea4 ,von ,wr$e1 7,adolph47--,reise 9 ,hadramaut4 ,well/ead1 7,lieut5ant47--,travels 9 ,arabia 7,london1 #ahch74 0 0 --,n>rative ( a j\rney to ! ru9s ( ,nakeb el ,haj> 7,j\rnal ,roy4 ,geo4 ,soc4 vii4 #bj74 ,:i%--,memoir on ,bahre9 7#ahei74 ,w/5feld 7,f47--,bah]e9 und ,jemameh4 ,zehm 7,albre*t47--,arabie seit ,hund]t ,jahr5 7,halle1 #ahge74 ,b4 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms#afi ,arabian ,nights--7,v>i\s editions74 ,baillie1 7,n4 ,b4 ,e47--,! ,mohamm$an law ( sale 7,london1 #ahej74 0 0 --,mohamm$an ,law ,hanifi code 7,london1 #ahfe74 0 0 --,mohamm$an ,law ,imamia code 7,london1 #ahfi74 ,boyle1 7,j4 ,b4 ,s47--,manual ( ,mohamm$an ,laws 7,lahore1 #ahgc74 ,burckh>dt's--,arabic ,prov]bs 7,london74 0 --,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahabis1 7,london1 #ahca74 ,grady1 7,s4 ,g47--,! ,mohamm$an ,law ( inh]itance 7,london1 #ahfi74 ,hamilton1 7,*>les47--,h$aya or ,guide2 a comm5t>y on ! ,mussulman ,laws 7,london1 #ahhf74 ,jessup1 7,h4 ,h47--,wom5 ( ! ,arabs 7,new ,york1 #ahgd74 ,krem]1 7,alfr$ ,von47--,kultur ,ges*i*te des ,ori5ts1 #b vols4 7,wi51 #ahge-gg74 ,lane's--,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,mod]n ,egyptians1 #b vols4 7,london74 0 --,arabian ,nights1 ) ,notes1 #d vols4 7,london74 ,me]1 7,mrs4 ,hassan ,ali47--,obs]vations on ! ,mussulmans 7,london1 #ahcb74 ,rumsey1 7,alm>ic47--,mohamm$an law ( ,inh]itance 7,london1 #ahhf74 ,smi?1 7,rob]tson47--,! ,religion ( ! ,semites 7,new ,york1 #ahhi74 0 0 --,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 e>ly ,arabia 7,cambridge74 ,sye$1 7,ame] ,ali47--,p]sonal law ( ,mohamm$ans 7,london1 #ahhj74 ,tornauw--,das ,moslemis*e ,re*t 7#ahhe74 ,trumbull1 7,h4 ,c47--,! ,blood ,cov5ant 7,philadelphia1 #ahia74 ,von ,hamm]1 7,purg/all47--,die ,gei/]lehre d] ,moslim5 7,wi51 #aheb74 ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ,arabia4#agj ,abu ,jaaf] ,muhamm$ et ,tabb>i--,t>ikh el mulook2 ,arabic & ,lat94 ,edit4 ,koseg>t5 7,leipsic1 #aged74 ,abulfida--,annales ,muslemici4 ,arab4 et ,lat94 ,v>i\s editions4 ,badg]1 7,george ,p]cy47--,hi/ory ( ! ,imams & ,seyyids ( ,oman by ,salil ,ibn ,razik f ,a4 ,d41 #ffa-ahef4 ,trans4 ) intro4 & notes 7,london1 #ahga74 ,blau1 ,otto--,arabi5 im ,se*/5 ,jahrhund]t4 ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*4 ,morg5l&4 ,gesel4 xviii4 ,b4 ,cl>k1 ,e4 ,l4--,! ,arabs & ! ,turks 7,bo/on74 ,cri*ton--,hi/ory ( ,arabia & its p 7,london1 #ahdd74 ,d',h]belot--,biblio!que ,ori5tale 7,mae/ri*t1 #aggf74 ,d\ghty1 7,c47--,docum5ts epigraphiques recueillis dans le nord de l',arabie 7avec prface et traduction des inscriptions nabatennes de ,m$a9-,salih p> ,e4 ,r5an74 ,) #eg plates #dto4 7,p>is1 #ahhd47 ,dozy1 ,r4--,de ,israelit5 te ,mekka 7,leyd51 #ahfd74 0 0 --,essai sur l',hi/oire del' ,islamisme 7,p>is1 #ahgi74 ,ei*horn--,monum5ta ,antiquissima ,hi/4 ,arabum 7,go?a1 #agge74 ,f>ia y ,s\za--,manuel de ,asia ,portuguesa 7,lisbon1 #afff74 ,flgel1 ,gu/av--,ges*i*te d] ,arab] bis auf d5 /urz des ,*alifats von ,bagdad1 #b vols4 7,leipzig1 #ahfd74 ,=/]1 ,rev4 ,c--,! hi/orical geography ( ,arabia 7,london1 #ahdd74 ,freeman--,hi/ory ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,fresnel--,lettres sur hi/4 des ,arabes avant l',islamisme4 ,j\rnal ,asiatique 7#ahch-ahec74 ,gibbon's--,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire 7,*aps4 l41 li41 lii474 ,gilman1 ,a4--,! ,s>ac5s 7,/ory ( ,nations7 7,london1 #ahia74 ,haji ,khalifah--,hi/4 ( ! ,m>itime w>s ( ! ,turks4 ,translat$ f ! ,turki% by ,james ,mit*ell 7,london1 #ahca74 ,hallam's--,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages 7,*apt] vi474 ,hamm]-,purg/all--,gemldesaal d] ,leb5sbes*reibung5 gross] ,moslimis*] ,h]rs*] 7,leipzig1 #ahcg74 ,hamza ,ispahan5sis--,t>ikh ,saniy ,mulook el ,ardh1 ,arab4 ,lat4 ed4 ,gottwaldt 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahdd74 ,j]gis ,el ,mek9--,hi/4 ,s>ac5ica ,arab4 et ,lat4 7,leyd51 #afbe74 ,khuzraji1 ,ali b9 ,hoosa9 ,el--,hi/ory ( ,yem5 7,,mss4 9 ,records ( ,resid5cy at ,ad574 ,milman's--,lat9 ,*ri/ianity ,bk4 iv4 *aps1 i41 ii4 ,muir--,annals ( ,e>ly ,caliphate 7,london1 #ahhc74 7,see "u ,d4 ,islam74 0 --,! ,caliphate1 its ,rise1 ,decl9e & ,fall 7,london1 #ahia74 ,ockley1 ,s4--,hi/ory ( ! ,s>ac5s 7,london1 #agjh74 ,p]ceval1 ,a4 ,p4 ,causs9 de--,essai sur l',hi/oire des ,arabes avant ,islamisme 7,p>is1 #ahcf74 ,playfair1 ,r4 ,l4--,hi/ory ( ,arabia ,felix 7,bombay1 #ahei47 ,pocock1 ,edu>do--,specim5 ,hi/4 ,arab4 ex ,abul ,f$a 7,ox=d1 #afej74 ,qu>trem]e--,memoire sur les ,naba!54 ,rasmuss5--,addim5ta ad ,hi/4 ,arab4 ante ,islam4 ,r$h\se1 ,j4 ,w4--,a ,t5tative ,*ronological ,synopsis ( ! hi/ory ( ,arabia & its neighbors f ,b4 ,c4 #ejjjjj 6 to ,a4 ,d4 #fgi 7,london1 #ahij74 ,roes*1 ,a4--,die ,knig9 von ,saba als ,knig9 ,bilquis 7,leipzig1 #ahhj74 ,rycant--,! pres5t /ate ( ! ,ottoman ,empire 7,london1 #afge74 ,sa*a1 ,c4 ,edw>d--,! ,*ronology ( ,anci5t ,nations2 an ,engli% v]sion ( ,arabic 8,ve/iges ( ! pa/10 ,a4 ,h4 #cij-ajjj 7,london1 #ahhe74 ,s*mld]--,sur les ,ecoles ,philosophique *ez les ,arabes 7,p>is1 #ahdb74 ,s*ult5--,hi/4 ,imp]ii vetus ,joctanid>um 7,h>d4 ,geld]l&1 #aghf74 0 --,monum5ta ,vetu/iora ,arab 7,leyd51 #agdj74 ,s$illot--,hi/4 g54 des ,arabes 7,p>is1 #ahgg74 7,be/ g5]al hi/ory47 ,s\za--,docum5tos ,arabicos p>a a hi/4 ,portuguesa 7,lisbon1 #agij74 ,weil1 ,gu/av--,ges*i*te d] ,*alif51 #c vols4 7,mannheim1 #ahdf-ea74 0 0 --,ges*i*te d] ,islami%] ,vlk] von ,mohamm$ bis zur ,zeit des ,sultan ,selim 7,/uttg>t1 #ahff74 ,w/5feld1 ,f4--,die ,ges*i*ts*reib] d] ,arab] und ihr] ,w]ke 7,gtt+51 #ahhb74 ,w/5feld1 ,f4--,v]glei*ungs ,tabell5 d] ,muh4 und ,*ri/4 ,zeitre*nung 7,leipzig1 #ahed74 ,w/5feld1 ,f4--,die ,*ronik5 d] ,/adt ,mekka gesammelt1 und h]ausgegeb51 ,arab4 ,deuts*1 #d vols4 7,leipzig1 #aheg74 ,w/5feld1 ,f4--,g5ealogis*e ,tabell5 d] ,arabis*e ,/mme 7,gtt+51 #aheb74 ,d4 ,islam ,addison1 ,lancelot--,/ate ( ,mahum$ism 7,london1 #afgi74 ,akehur/1 ,rev4 ,g4--,impo/ures in/anc$ 9 ! life ( ,mohamm$ 7,london1 #ahei74 ,alcock1 ,n4--,! rise ( ,mohamm$anism acc\nt$ = 7,london1 #agif74 ,anonym\s--,life ( ,mohamm$ 7,london1 #agii74 0 --,reflections on ,mohamm$anism 7,london1 #agce74 0 --,! morality ( ! ,ea/ z extract$ f ! ,koran 7,london1 #agff74 ,arnold1 ,mat!w--,essay on ,p]sian ,miracle ,play 7,london1 #ahga74 0 ,edw9--,pe>ls ( ! ,fai? 7,bo/on1 #ahhc74 0 ,j4 ,m4--,i%mael1 or ! natural aspect ( ,islam 7,london1 #ahei74 ,arnold1 ,j4 ,m4--,islam & ,*ri/ianity 7,london1 #ahgd74 0 ,t4 ,w4--,! ,prea*+ ( ,islam3 ,a hi/ory ( ! ,propagation ( ! ,muslim fai? 7,london1 #ahif74 ,bate1 ,j4 ,d4--,claims ( ,i%mael 7,b5>es1 #ahhd74 ,b$well1 ,w4--,mahomet's ,impo/ure 7,london1 #afae74 --,mahomet unmask$ 7,london1 #afdb74 ,bev]ly1 ,r4 ,m4--,a reply to ,higg9s ,see ,higg9s1 #ahbi4 ,blo*man1 ,h4--',a9 i ,akb>i ( ,abdul ,fadhl1 7,eng4 trans47 7,calcutta1 #ahfh74 ,blunt1 ,w4 ,s4--,! ,future ( ,islam 7,london1 #ahha74 ,blyd5--,islam1 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,negro ,race 7,london1 #ahhh74 ,bonla9villi]s1 ,c\nt--,life ( ,mohamm$4 ,translation4 7,london1 #agca74 ,br9ckman1 ,a4--,notes on ,islam 7,london1 #ahfh74 ,brydges1 ,h4 ,j4--,hi/ory ( ! ,wahabis 7,london1 #ahcd74 ,burton1 ,r4 ,f4--,! ,jew1 ! ,gipsey & ,el ,islam 7,london1 #ahih74 ,bu%1 ,rev4 ,george--,life ( ,mohamm$ 7,new ,york1 #ahdd74 ,c>lyle1 ,?os4--,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip 7,london1 #ahdj74 ,caz5hove1 ,dr4--,mahometanism 7,*ri/ian ,remembranc]1 ,jan41 #ahee74 ,daum]1 ,g4 ,f4--,mahom$ und se9 ,w]k 7,hamburg1 #ahdh74 ,dav5port1 ,john--,apology = ,mohamm$ 7,london1 #ahfi74 ,de ,goeje--,memoire sur les ,c>ma!s de ,bah]e9 7,leyd51 #ahfc74 ,deuts*1 ,emanuel--,essay on ,islam 7,london1 #ahgd74 ,de ,worde--,a ,lytell ,treatyse ( ! ,turkes ,law call$ ,alcoran 7,london74 ,dods1 ,m>cus--,mohamm$ ,buddha & ,*ri/ 7,london1 #ahgh74 ,dll+]--,mohamm$'s ,religion na* ihr] ,inn]5 ,entwicklung und ihrem ,e9flsse 7,ratisbon1 #ahch74 ,dozy--,l',hi/oire d ,islamisme 7,leyd51 #ahgi74 --,het ,islamisme 7,leyd51 #ahgi74 ,dugat1 ,gu/ave--,hi/oire des philos4 et des !ol4 ,musulmans de #fcb-aceh ,j4 ,c4 7,p>is1 #ahgh74 ,duveyri]1 ,h4--,la conf]ie ,musulmane de ,sidi ,moh4 b9 ,ali ,es-,s5onsi 7,p>is1 #ahhf74 ,falke ,r4--,budda1 ,mohamm$1 ,*ri/us2 e9 ,gtt+5 ,v]glei* u4 z4 w4 7,gt]sloh1 #ahig74 ,=/]1 ,rev4 ,c4--,mahometanism unveil$1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahbi74 ,gagni]1 ,j4--,ismael ,abulf$a1 ,de ,vita et ,rebus ge/is ,mohamm$is 7,ox=d1 #agbc74 ,gall&--,recueil des ,rites et ,c]emonies du pel]9age de la ,mecque 7,am/41 #aged74 ,g>nett1 ,l4 ,m4 ,j4--,! ,wom5 ( ,turkey & _! folk-lore 7,london1 #ahia74 ,geig] ,rabbi--,0 hat ,mohamm$ aus das ,jud5?ume aufg5omm58 7,wiesbad51 #ahcc74 --,judaism & ,islam translation ( ! above 7,madras1 #ahih74 ,georg5s1 ,e4 ,p4--,d] ,islam und die mod]ne ,kultur 7,b]l91 #ahgi74 ,g]ock--,v]su* e9] ,d>/ellung d] ,*ri/ologie des ,korans 7,hamburg1 #ahci74 ,gibbon--,decl9e & ,fall ( ,roman ,empire 79 loco74 ,gmel91 ,m4 ,f4--,*ri/5s*lav]ei und d] ,islam 7,b]l91 #ahgc74 ,guy>d1 ,s4--,la civilization ,musulmane 7,p>is1 #ahhd74 ,ha9es1 ,c4 ,r4--,islam z a ,mission>y ,religion 7,london1 #ahhh74 ,hamilton1 ,c4--,! ,h$ayah1 a comm5t>y on ,moslem law4 ,trans4 7,london1 #agia47 7,edition by ,grady1 #ahij74 ,hauri1 ,johannes--,d] ,islam 9 se9em ,e9fluss auf das ,leb5 se9] ,bek5n]7,leyd51 #ahhj74 ,h]clots1 ,dr4--,qanoon-el-,islam 7,london1 #ahcb74 ,higg9s1 ,g4--,an ,apology = ! life ( ,mohamm$ 7,london1 #ahbi74 ,hughes1 ,f4 ,p4--,notes on ,mohamm$anism 7,london1 #ahge74 --,diction>y ( ,islam 7,new ,york & ,london1 #ahhe74 ,hurgronje1 ,c4 ,sn\ck--,het ,mekkaans*e ,fee/ 7,leyd51 #ahhj74 --,mekka3 mit bild] atlas1 7,! ,hague1 #ahhj74 ,in*bald1 ,rev4 ,p4--,animadv]sions on ,higg9s1 7,donca/]1 #ahcj74 ,irv+1 ,wa%+ton--,life ( ,mahomet 7,london1 #ahej74 --,successors ( ,mahomet 7,london1 #aheb74 ,jans51 ,h4--,v]breitung des ,islams1 u4 z4 w41 9 d5 v]s*i$551 ,l&]n d] ,erde1 #ahij-ahig 7,b]l91 #ahih74 ,jessup1 ,h4 ,h4--,! ,mohamm$an ,mission>y ,problem 7,phila41 #ahhi74 ,kell]1 ,a4--,d] ,gei/eskampf des ,*ri/5tums geg5 d5 ,islam bis zur ,zeit d] ,kreuzzge 7,leipzig1 #ahig74 ,koelle1 ,s4 ,w4--,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism critically consid]$ 7,london1 #ahhh74 ,koelle1 ,s4 ,w4--,food = ,reflection 7,london1 #ahfe74 ,,koran3 7,editions & translations74 --,engli% v]sions3 ,alex&] ,ross 7f ,fr5*1 #afdi-afhh71 ,sale 7#agcd71 ,rodwell 7#ahfa71 ,palm] 7#ahhj74 --,fir/ ,arabic1 pr9t$ text1 at ,rome1 #aecj 7,brixi5sis74 ,arabic text1 ,h9kelmann 7,hamburg1 #afdi74 & ,lat9 text1--,m>acci 7,padua1 #afih74 text--,empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aghg74 7 0 #agij1 #agic1 #agif1 #agih74 7,kasan1 #ahjc1 #ahji1 #ahci74 7critical edition7 ,g4 ,flgel1 7,leipzig1 #ahcd1 #ahdb1 #ahfi74 --,fr5*1 ,sav>y 7#aghc7 & ,kasimirski 7,p>is1 #ahdj1 #ahda1 #aheg74 --,fr5* v]sion1 ,du ,ry] 7,p>is1 #afdg74 --,g]man v]sions3 ,boys5 7#aggc71 ,wahl 7#ahbh71 ,ullmann 7#ahdj1 #ahec74 --,g]man v]sion1 ,s*weigg] 7,nurnb]g1 #afaf74 --,lat9 v]sion1 ,rob]t & ,h]mann 7,basle1 #aedc74 --,russian v]sion 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aggf74 ,translations exi/ also 9 ! o!r ,european languages2 & 9 ,p]sian1 ,urdu1 ,pu%to1 ,turki%1 ,javan1 & ,malayan made by ,moslems4 ,,koran ,,comm5t>ies3--78,!re are no less ?an #bj1jjj 9 ! libr>y at ,tripolis alone0--,arnold's ,islam & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #ha74 ,! mo/ important are1--7,sunni7-- ,al ,baghawi1 ,a4 ,h4 #eae4 ,al ,baidhawi1 ,a4 ,h4 #fhe4 ,al ,jalala91 ,a4 ,h4 #hfd & #iaa4 ,al ,mazh>i1 ,a4 ,h4 #abbe4 ,al ,mud>ik1 ,a4 ,h4 #gja4 ,ar-,razi 7#cj vols471 ,a4 ,h4 #fjf4 ,z-,safi1 ,a4 ,h4 #ffh4 ,z-sirru'l wajiz1 ,a4 ,h4 #gae4 ,at-,tafsir 'l ,kebir1 ,a4 ,h4 #fjf4 ,azizi1 ,a4 ,h4 #abci1 7& ,%iah74 ,az-,zamakh%>i1 ,a4 ,h4 #fjd4 ,hussa91 ,a4 ,h4 #ijj4 ,ibn u'l ,arabi1 ,a4 ,h4 #fbh4 ,mir ,bakir1 ,a4 ,h4 #ajda4 ,saiyid ,ha%am1 ,a4 ,h4 #aafj4 ,%eikh ,saduk1 ,a4 ,h4 #cha4 ,krehl1 ,c4 ,l4 ,e4--,das leb5 des ,moham4 7,leipzig1 #ahhd74 ,krem]1 ,von ,alfr$--,ges*i*te d] ,h]rs*5de ,ide5 des ,islams3 ,d] ,gottsbegriff1 die ,prophetie und ,/aatsidee 7,leipzig1 #ahfh74 ,la ,*ateli]1 ,a4--,l',islam an ,,xixesicle 7,p>is1 #ahhh74 ,lake1 ,j4 ,j4--,islam1 its orig91 g5ius & mission 7,london1 #ahgh74 ,lamairesse1 ,e41 7et ,g4 ,duj>ric47--,vie de ,mahomet d'apres la tradition1 vol4 i4 7,p>is1 #ahih74 ,lane-,poole1 ,/anley--,/udies 9 a ,mosque 7,london1 #ahhc74 --,table-talk ( ,mohamm$ 7,london1 #ahhb74 ,lane--,selections f ! ,koran 7,london1 #ahgi74 ,mac,bride1 ,j4 ,d4--,! ,mohamm$an ,religion ,expla9$ 7,london1 #ahei74 ,maitl&1 ,e4--,engl& & ,islam 7,london1 #ahgg74 ,m>racio1 ,l4--,refutatio ,al ,coran 7,batavii1 #afih74 ,m>tyn1 ,h5ry--,controv]sial ,tracts on ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,lee 7edit$ ,cambridge1 #ahbd74 ,mat!ws--,! ,mi%kat 7traditions7 translation 7,calcutta1 #ahji74 ,m]rick1 ,j4 ,l4--,! life & religion ( ,mohamm$ f ,%eeah traditions 7translat$ f ,p]sian7 7,bo/on1 #ahej74 ,mills1 ,c4--,! ,hi/ory ( ,muhamm$anism 7,london1 #ahag74 ,mills1 ,w4 ,h4--,! ,muhamm$an ,sy/em 7--#ahbh74 ,mo*l]1 ,j4 ,a4--,! relation ( ,islam to ! ,gospel 7translation7 7,calcutta1 #ahdg74 ,mohl]1 ,j4 ,a4--,ueb] das ,v]haltniss des ,islams zum ,evangelium 7#ahcj74 ,morgan1 ,joseph--,mohamm$anism ,expla9$ 7,london1 #agbc74 ,muir1 ,sir ,william--,life ( ,mahomet1 #d vols4 7,london1 #aheh & #ahig74 --,rise & ,decl9e ( ,islam 79 ,pres5t ,day ,tracts1 ,london1 #ahhg74 --,mahomet & ,islam 7,london1 #ahij74 --,sweet ,fir/ ,fruits4 ,translat$ f ,arabic4 7,london1 #ahif74 --,! apology ( ,al ,k9dy1 translat$ f ,arabic 7,london1 #ahhg74 ,muir1 ,sir ,william--,! ,coran3 ,its composition & tea*+ & ! te/imony x be>s to ! ,holy ,scriptures 7,london1 #ahgh74 ,muir1 ,sir ,william--,! ,beacon ( ,tru? 7f ,arabic7 7,london1 #ahig47 --,! ,caliphate 7,london1 #ahig74 --,! ,mohamm$an ,controv]sy 7,ed9burgh1 #ahig74 ,mll]1 ,f4 ,a4--,d] ,islam im ,morg5 und ,ab5dl&5 7,b]l91 #ahhe74 ,murray1 ,rev4 ,w4--,life ( ,mohamm$1 accord+ to ,abu ,el ,fida 7,elg91 no date74 ,neale1 ,f4 ,a4--,islamism1 its ,rise & ,progress 7,london1 #ahed74 ,niemann1 ,g4 ,k4--,inleid+ tot de keunisv&5 ,islam 7,rott]dam1 #ahfa74 ,nldecke1 ,t4--,ges*i*te des ,qurans 7,gtt+51 #ahfj74 --,das ,leb5 ,muhamm$s 7,hanov]1 #ahfc74 ,oelsn]1 ,c4 ,e4--,des effets de la religion de ,mohamm$ 7,p>is1 #ahaj74 ,osborn1 ,major--,islam "u ! ,arabs 7,london1 #ahgf74 --,islam "u ! ,caliphs 7,london1 #ahgh74 ,pf&]1 ,doctor--,! ,mizan ,el ,hak 7translat$ f ,p]sian7 7,london1 #ahfg74 --,miftah ul ,asr> 7,p]sian7 7,calcutta1 #ahci74 --,t>ik ul ,hyat1 ,p]sian 7,calcutta1 #ahdj74 ,palgrave1 ,w4 ,g4--,essays on ,ea/]n ,"q 7,london1 #ahgb74 --,travels 9 ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia4 ,palm]1 ,e4 ,h4--,! ,koran translat$1 #b vols4 7,ox=d1 #ahhj74 ,pelly1 ,lewis--,! ,miracle ,play ( ,hasan & ,hussa9 7,london1 #ahgi74 ,p]ron--,l',islamisme1 ,son ,in/itutions1 etc4 7,p>is1 #ahgg74 --,femmes ,arabes avant et depuis l',islamisme 7,p>is1 #aheh74 ,pitts1 ,joseph--,religion & mann]s ( ,mahometans 7,ox=d1 #agjd74 ,prideaux1 ,h4--,! ,true ,nature ( ! ,impo/ure fully expla9$ 7,london1 #agah74 ,rabadan--,mahometanism 7,spani% & ,arabic7 #afjc4 ,rel& 7& o!rs7--,f\r ,treatises 7on ,islam7 7,london1 #agab74 ,rodwell1 ,j4 ,m4--,! ,koran1 ,translat$ 7,london1 #ahga74 ,roebuck1 ,j4 ,a4--,life ( ,mahomet 7,london1 #ahcc74 ,ross1 ,alex&]--,! ,koran 7,london1 #afdb74 ,rumsey1 ,a4--,al ,sirajiyeh4 ,translat$ 7,london1 #ahfi74 ,ry]1 ,&re du--,life ( ,mahomet 7,london1 #agah74 ,sale--,translation ( ! ,koran ) prelim9>y disc\rse 7,london1 #agcd74 ,s*oll1 ,jules ,*>les--,l',islam et son fondateur3 tude morale 7,neu*atel1 #ahgd74 ,sell1 ,rev4 ,e4--,! ,fai? ( ,islam 7,madras1 #ahhj & ,london1 #ahig74 --,! ,hi/orical ,developm5t ( ! ,quran 7,madras1 #ahih74 ,smi?1 ,boswor?--,mohamm$ & ,mohamm$anism 7,london1 #ahgf74 ,smi?1 ,h4 ,p4--,! ,bible & ,islam 7,new ,york & ,london1 #ahig74 ,spr5g]1 ,aloys--,das ,leb5 und die ,lehre des ,mohamm$1 #c vols4 7,b]l91 #ahfe74 ,spr5g]1 ,a4--,life ( ,mohamm$ f orig9al s\rces 7,allahabad1 #ahea74 ,/e9s*neid]1 ,moritz--,polemis*e ,lit]atur 9 ,arabis*] ,spra*e 7,leipzig1 #ahgg74 ,/ev5s1 ,w4 ,r4 ,w4--,*ri/ianity & ,islam 7,london1 #ahgg74 ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,t4 ,b>?olomew de--,mahomet et le ,coran 7,p>is1 #ahfe74 ,/ob>t1 ,j4 ,w4 ,h4--,islam & its ,f\nd] 7,london1 #ahgf74 ,sye$1 ,ahm$ ,khan--,essays on ! life ( ,mohamm$ 7,london1 #ahgj74 ,sye$1 ,ame] ,ali--,a critical exam9ation ( ! life & tea*+s ( ,mohamm$ 7,london1 #ahgc74 ,tassy1 ,g>c9 de--,l',islamisme d'apres le ,coran 7,p>is1 #ahgd74 ,taylor1 ,w4 ,c4--,! ,hi/4 ( ,mohamm$anism 7,london1 #ahcd74 ,?i]sant1 ,p4 ,dabry de--,le ,mahometisme en ,*9e 7,p>is1 #ahgh74 ,tisdall1 ,w4 ,/4 ,clair--,! ,religion ( ! ,cresc5t 7,london1 #ahif74 ,turp91 ,f4 ,h4--,hi/4 de la vie de ,mahomet1 #c vols4 7,p>is1 #aggc74 ,walli*1 ,j4--,religio ,turcia et ,mahometis ,vita 7#afei74 ,weil1 ,gu/av--,das ,leb5 ,mohamm$s2 na* ,ibn ,i%ak be>beit von ,ibn ,hi%am1 #b vols4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahfd74 ,weil1 ,gu/av--,hi/oris*e-,kritis*e ,e9leitung 9 d5 ,koran 7,bielefeld1 #ahdd74 ,:]ry1 ,e4 ,m4--,comm5t>y on ! ,quran1 #e vols4 7,london1 #ahhb74 ,:ite1 ,j4--,bampton ,lectures 7on ,islam7 7,ox=d1 #aghd74 ,wolla/on1 ,ar?ur ,n4--,half ,h\rs ) ,mohamm$ 7,london1 #ahij74 ,wortabet1 ,john--,rese>*es into ,religions ( ,syria 7,london1 #ahfj74 ,w/5feld1 ,h4 ,f4--,das ,leb5 ,muhamm$s1 #c vols4 7,gtt+51 #aheg47 --,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,mekka1 #d vols4 7,leipzig1 #aheg-fa74 ,zot5b]g--,t>eek-i-,tab>i4 ,translat$4 ,zwem]1 ,s4 ,m4--,! ,wahabis4 ,victoria ,in/itute 7,london1 #aijj74 ,e4 ,*ri/ianity & ,missions#aga ,birks1 ,h]b]t--,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,bi%op ,t4 ,v4 ,fr5* 7,london1 #ahie74 ,jessup1 ,h4 ,h4--,! ,sett+ ( ! ,cresc5t & ! ,ris+ ( ! ,cross or ,kamil ,abdul ,messiah 7,philadelphia1 #ahih74 --,! ,mohamm$an ,mission>y ,problem 7,phila41 #ahgi74 ,s9k]1 ,rob]t--,memoir ( ,ion ,kei? ,falcon] 7,cambridge1 #ahhf74 ,! ,arabian ,mission4 ,qu>t]ly ,lett]s1 ,annual ,reports1 & special pap]s on mission>y j\rneys f #ahij-ahii 7,new ,york74 ,wright1 ,?omas--,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia2 a hi/orical essay 7,london1 #ahee74 ,?is book gives a complete acc\nt ( ! e>ly spread ( ,*ri/ianity & cites au?orities1 :i*1 be+ mo/ly 9 ,lat91 are omitt$ "h4 ,f4 ,language & ,lit]ature ,abc>ius--,engli%-,arabic ,diction>y 7,beirut1 #ahhb74 ,ahlw>dt1 ,w4--,! ,divans ( ! six anci5t ,arabic ,poets 7,london1 #ahij74 ,ahlw>dt1 ,w4--b] die ,poesie und ,poetiek d] ,arab] 7,go?a1 #ahef74 --,bem]kung5 b] die *!it d] ,alt5 ,arab4 ,g$i*t5 7,griefswald1 #ahgb74 ,arnold1 ,f4 ,a4--,arabic ,*re/oma?y1 #b p>ts 7,halis1 #ahec74 --,septem ,m'oallakat 7,leipzig1 #ahej74 ,badg]1 ,g4 ,p4--,engli%-,arabic ,lexicon 7,london1 #ahha74 ,birdwood1 ,allan ,b4--,an ,arabic ,read+ ,book 7,london1 #ahia74 ,butrus al ,bu/ani--,an ,encyclopdia 9 ,arabic1 vols4 i4-ix4 7#ahgf-hd74 ,cadri1 ,moh4--,guide to ,arab4 ,conv]sation 7,alex&ria1 #ahgi74 ,casp>i1 ,c4 ,p4--,arab4 ,grammatik 7,halle1 #ahgf74 ,causs9 de ,p]ceval--,grammaire ,arabe4 7,p>is1 #ahhj74 ,*eikho1 ,p4 ,l4--,*re/oma?ia ,arabica cum lexico v>iisque notis 7,beirut1 #ahig74 ,clodius1 ,j4 ,c4--,gram4 ,arabica 7,leipzig1 #agbi74 ,cl\/on--,arabic ,poetry = ,engli% ,read]s 7,glasg[1 #ahhi74 ,de ,goeje1 ,pr(4--,a complete acc\nt ( ! au?or%ip1 etc41 ( ! ,arabian ,nights 78,de ,gids10 ,am/]dam1 ,sept41 #ahhf74 ,d]5b\rg1 ,h4 & ,spiro ,j4--,*re/oma?y 7,p>is1 #ahhe74 ,diet]ici1 ,fr4--,?i] und ,m5s* vor dem ,knig d] ,g5i5 u4 z4 w4 7,leipzig1 #ahha74 --,arabis*-,deuts*es ,wrt]bu* zum ,koran und ,?i] und ,m5s* 7,leipzig1 #ahha74 --,die ,arabis*e ,di*t-,kun/ 7,b]l91 #ahej74 ,dombay1 ,fr4 de--,gram4 ,mauro-,arab4 7,v9dob41 #ahjj74 ,dozy1 ,r4 ,p4 ,a4--,supplm5t aux dictionnaires ,arabes1 #b vols4 7,leyd51 #ahgg74 --,& _m o!r monographs on ! language4 ,erp5ius1 ,?4--,grammatica1 etc4 7,leyd51 #agfg74 --,rudim5ta ,l+uae ,arabicae1 ,ed4 ,a4 ,s*ult5s 7,leyd51 #aggj74 ,eut+--,katalog d] ,arabis*5 ,lit]atur 7,/rassburg1 #ahgg74 ,ewald1 ,g4 ,h4 ,a4--,gram4 ,critica l9q4 ,arab41 #b vols4 7,lips41 #ahca74 ,f>hat1 ,g4--,dict4 ,arabe-,franaise 7,m>seilles1 #ahdi74 ,f>is ,es ,%idiac--,arab4 ,gram4 7,london1 #ahef74 ,fleis*]1 ,h4 ,l4--,taus5d und e9e ,na*t 7text & notes1 #ab vols47 7,breslau1 #ahbe-dc74 ,fleis*]1 ,m4 ,h4 ,l4--,arabis*e ,spr*e u4 z4 w4 7,leipzig1 #ahcg74 ,flgel1 ,g4--,die ,grammatis*5 ,s*ul5 d] ,arab] na* d5 ,quell5 be>beitet 7,leipzig1 #ahfb74 ,flgel--,kitab ,el ,fihri/2 ) ,g]man notes 7,leipzig1 #ahga-gb74 ,flgel1 ,gu/av--,lexicon ,bibliographicum ,arab41 #g vols4 #dto4 7,leipzig1 #ahce-eh74 ,=bes1 ,duncan--,arabic ,gramm>4 ,freytag--,e9leitung 9 das ,/udium d] ,arabis*5 ,spra*e 7,bonn1 #ahfa74 --,lexicon1 ,arab4 ,lat41 #d vols4 7,halis1 #ahcj74 7abridg$ ,halis1 #ahcg74 --,arabum ,prov]bia 7#c vols47 7,bonn1 #ahch74 ,giggejus1 ,a4--,!saurus l9q4 ,arabicae1 #d vols4 7,m$iol&1 #afcb74 ,gies1 ,h4--,zur k5tniss sieb5 ,arabis*] ,v]s>t5 7,leipzig1 #ahgi74 ,girgass & ,de ,ros5--,*re/oma?y 7,g]man ed4 #ahge4 ,russian1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgf74 ,goeje1 ,de ,m4 ,j4--,debelangrykheid van de beoef5+ d4 ,arab4 taal en lett]kunde 7,hague1 #ahff74 ,golius1 ,j4--,lexicon ,arab4 ,lat4 7,leyd51 #afec74 ,gre51 ,a4 ,o4--,a ,practical ,arabic ,gramm> 7,ox=d1 #ahhg74 ,hamm] ,van ,purg/all--,lit]aturges*i*te d] ,arab]3 ,von ihr5 beg9ne bis zum ende des ,zwlfte ,jahrhund]ts d] ,hids*ret1 #g vols4 7,we91 #ahej-ef74 ,heury1 ,j4--,vocab4 ,fr5*-,arab4 7,beirut1 #ahha74 ,hir?1 ,j4 ,fr4--,an?ologia ,arab4 7,j5ae1 #aggd74 ,hoef]'s ,zeits*rift--,ueb] die ,himy>is*e ,spra*e 7vol4 i41 #bbe sq74 ,jahn1 ,j4--,arabis*e ,*re/oma?ie 7,wi51 #ahjb74 ,jayak]1 ,a4 ,s4 ,g4--,! ,omanese ,dialect ( ,arabic1 #b p>ts 7,9 ,j\rnal ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 ( ,gt4 ,brita974 ,kos5g>t51 ,j4--,arab4 ,*re/oma?y 7,leipzig1 #ahbh74 ,krem]1 ,a4 von--,lexikographie ,arab4 7,vi5na1 #ahhc74 ,lane1 ,e4 ,w4--,an ,arabic ,engli% ,diction>y 7i4-viii47 7,london1 #ahfc-hi74 0 ,w4--,! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights1 ) notes1 edit$1 #c vols4 7,london1 #ahda74 ,lans+1 ,j4 ,g4--,arabic ,gramm> 7,new ,york1 #ahij74 ,mac ,naght51 ,w4 ,h4--,?\s& & ,"o ,nights lit]ally transl41 #d vols4 7,calcutta1 #ahci74 ,newman1 ,f4 ,w4--,diction>y1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahij74 --,h&book ( ,mod]n ,arabic 7,london1 #ahij74 ,nldeke1 ,?4--,beitrage zur ,k5tniss d4 ,poesie d4 alt5 ,arab]1 7,hanov]1 #ahfd74 ,nldeke1 ,t4--,funf ,mo'allqt1 b]setzt und erklrt4 ,,ii4 ,die ,mo'allaqt ,ant>a's und ,labid's1 #h vo4 7,vi5na1 #aijj74 ,ob]leitn]1 ,a4--,*re/oma?ia ,arab4 7,vi5na1 #ahbd74 ,palm]1 ,e4 ,h4--,arabic ,gramm> 7,london1 #ahij74 --,arabic ,manual 7,london1 #ahij74 ,p][ne1 ,j4 ,j4 ,s4--,adjrumiah1 translat$ ) ,arabic v[el$ text 7,cambridge1 #aheb74 ,ri*>dson--,arab4 ,p]sian ,engli% ,diction>y 7,london1 #aheb74 0 ,j4 ,a4--,gram4 ( ,arabic ,language 7,london1 #ahaa74 ,ros5mll]1 ,e4 ,f4 ,c4--,gramm> 7,leipzig1 #ahah74 ,sacy1 ,a4 ,j4 ,sylve/re de--,an ,arabic ,gramm>4 --,arabic ,*re/oma?y1 #d vols4 7,p>is1 #ahbi74 ,salmone1 ,h4 ,a4--,arabic-,engli% ,diction>y on a new sy/em4 ,vol4 ,i4 conta9s ! ,arabic-,engli% "p1 xviii4 & #abed pp4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 conta9s an ,engli%-,arabic key1 ref]r+ e ^w to ! ,arabic equival5t 9 ! fir/ volume1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahij74 ,soc91 ,a4--,arabis*e ,grammatik 7,b]l91 #ahhi74 ,/e+ass1 ,f4--,arab4-,eng4 & ,eng4-,arab4 ,dict4 7,london1 #ahij74 ,ti51 ,a4--,h&book ( ,arabic 7,london1 #ahij74 --,manual ( ,colloquial ,arab4 7,london1 #ahij74 ,trumpp1 ,e4--,e9leitung 9 das ,/udium d] ,arabis*5 ,grammatik] 7,mni*1 #ahgf74 ,ty*s51 ,o4 ,g4--,elem5tale ,arabicum 7#agib74 ,van ,dyck1 ,c4 ,c4 ,a4--,sugge/ions to beg9n]s 9 ! /udy ( ,arabic 7,beirut1 #ahib74 ,voll]s--gypto-,arab4 ,spra*e 7,cairo1 #ahij74 ,vriemoet1 ,e4 ,l4--,gramm> 7,franek]1 #agcc74 ,wahrmund1 ,a4--,arab4 ,deuts* ,h&wort] bu*1 #b vols4 7,giess51 #ahhg74 --,h&bu* d] ,arab4 ,spra*e 7,giess51 #ahff74 ,w9ckl]1 ,j4 ,l4 ,w4--,arab4 ,spra*lehre neb/ ,wrt]bu* 7,leipzig1 #ahfb74 ,wright1 ,w4--,arabic ,read+ ,book 7,london1 #ahgj74 ,,note4--,= o!r ,arabic ,lexicons1 ,gramm>s & ,manuals consult ,ori5tal catalogues (3 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] ,co41 ,london2 ,f4 ,a4 ,brockhaus1 ,leipzig2 & ,e4 ,j4 ,brill1 ,biblio?que ,ori5tale1 ,leyd54 ,index ,see also ,table ( ,cont5ts ,abd-ul-,wahab1 #aib4 ,abdulla b9 ,ra%id1 #bjj4 ,abraha1 #caa4 ,abraham1 ,god's promises to1 #dja4 ,abyss9ian invasion ( ,arabia1 #cjh4 ,accessibility ( ,arabia 7see ,op5 doors71 #cge4 ,adam1 ,tradition ( ! 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,arabs1 #bch1 #bdi4 ,sabean1 #bhh4 ,lans+1 ,dr41 #cba4 ,j4 ,g41 #ced4 ,law among ,arabs 7see ,gov]nm5t71 #bfe4 ,leg5d z to creation ( camel1 #hh4 ( ,nebi ,salih1 #cjb4 ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 #cjg4 ,leg5ds1 #afe4 ,le?aby1 ,william1 #cbg4 ,lit]ature ( ! ,arabs1 #bdb1 #bea4 ,locu/1 #bff1 #bgc4 ,love among ,arabs1 #bfe4 ,lull1 ,raymond1 #bci1 #cad4 ,mahmal1 #aid4 ,madites1 #bei4 ,mackay's1 ,alex&]1 ,appeal1 #cbi4 ,makalla1 #gc1 #cgf4 ,m&ans1 #bhe4 ,manufactures ( ,hassa1 #aae4 ,m>riages 9 ,arabia1 #afb1 #bfh1 #bgj4 ( ,mohamm$1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,tempor>y1 #da4 ,m>tyn1 ,h5ry1 #cad1 #caf4 ,m>tyn's1 ,h5ry1 ,j\rnal1 #cah4 ,mattra1 #hb4 ,mecca1 #ag1 #cj1 #cd4 ,capture (1 #aid4 ,c]tificate1 #dj4 ,turki% ,gov]nm5t (1 #bjh4 ,meccan songs1 #bgh4 ,m$ical k ( ,arabs1 #bhj4 mission 9 ,ad51 ,ne$ ( a1 #ccf4 ,m$ical mission 9 ,yem51 #cbe4 missions1 #cfa1 #cgg4 ,m$ic9e1 ,arab1 #bha4 ,m$9a1 #ca1 #de4 ,m5akha1 #fi4 ,m5amah1 #ii4 ,mesopotamia1 #aai1 #baf4 ,/>-wor%ipp]s (1 #bhe4 ,me?ods ( mission "w = ,arabia1 #chc4 ,mildmay ,mission to ! ,jews1 #cfc4 ,m9a1 #ci4 ,miracles1 ,moslem1 #cac4 ,mi%ka%1 #db4 ,mission at ,ad51 #cdb4 ,muscat1 #hb1 #cdi4 ,mission>ies ne$$1 ,! k9d (1 #chh4 ,mission>y =ce 9 ,arabia1 #chj4 problems ( ,arabia1 #cgd4 ,missions 9 ,arabia1 #cad4 ,mahrah tribe1 #he4 ,makmat1 #bec4 ,mohamm$1 #afi1 #agj1 #agi1 #bih4 ,ali1 #aif4 ,arabia1 be=e1 #aeh4 ,mohamm$'s burial place1 #dg4 ,mohamm$an intol]ance1 #cj4 problem1 #cgd4 ,moh>ram1 #adj4 ,moses1 #cjb4 ,moslem attitude t[>d ,*ri/ianity1 #chf4 ,moslem _w1 ,condition ( !1 #cig4 ,m\le1 ,a4 ,e4 7quot$71 #cea4 ,m\nds at ,ali1 #ajf4 9 ! ,riv] ,c\ntry1 #aba4 ,m\nta9s & table-l&s1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb4 ,mufallis1 #eh4 ,muscat1 #gh1 #cfc4 ,attack on1 #cfd4 ,muscat1 ,bi%op ,fr5* at1 #cdh4 ,capture (1 #bjc4 ,h5ry ,m>tyn at1 #cai4 ,importance (1 #cbi4 ,music1 ,arab1 #bgd4 ,nas>iya1 #ada4 ,nebaio?1 ,promises reg>d+1 #cih4 ,ne$s ( ,arabia1 #cha4 ,nefud 7,s&y ,des]t71 #bj4 ,neibuhr1 ,m41 #ag4 ,nejd1 #bj1 #bg1 #adf4 ,nejf1 #ach4 ,nejran1 #ade4 ,new ,brunswick ,sem9>y ,b&1 #cec4 ,newspap]s1 ,arabic1 #bda4 ,nomad population1 #chj4 ,nomads1 ,arab1 #aeg1 #bfd4 ,nor? ,africa ,mission1 #cbh4 ,oa?s1 #eg1 #beb1 #bfd4 ,ojeir1 #aaa4 ,oman1 #gh1 #bba1 #bcd4 ,int]ior (1 #ib4 ,rul]s (1 #bjb4 ,op5 doors 9 ,arabia1 #cbd1 #cge4 ,opposition to missions1 #cfb4 ,ottoman 7see ,turki%71 #abg4 ,outlook = missions1 #cia4 ,palgrave 7quot$71 #ai1 #aaj1 #aec1 #agb1 #aih4 ,palmyr5e ,k+dom1 #cjd4 ,p>adise1 ,riv]s (1 #bbn4 ,paul 9 ,arabia1 #cjj4 ,pe>l fi%+1 #ajj4 ,pe>l ,isl&s ( ! ,gulf1 #ig4 ,pe>l oy/]1 #ajj4 ,p5man%ip1 ,arabic1 #bde4 ,p5teco/1 ,arabs at1 #cjj4 ,p]im1 ,isl& (1 #bbj4 ,p]secution ( ,*ri/ians1 #caa1 #cgi4 ,p]sia1 #cah4 ,p]sian conv]ts1 #cib4 p]secution ( ,*ri/ian ,arabs1 #cje4 ,physicians1 ,arab1 #db1 #bhj4 ,pilgrimages1 ,e>ly1 #afe4 to ,mecca1 #cg1 #ahd4 ,pilgrims1 ,duties (1 #ch4 ,nationality (1 #cc4 ,pill>s1 ,! ?ree1 #ci4 ,pirate coa/ ( ,oman1 #hb4 ,poem1 8,hag>10 #dje4 ,poems on wom51 #bgj4 ,poetry1 ,arab1 #afc1 #afd1 #bed1 #bgd4 ,poets1 ,arabian1 #df4 ,political divisions ( ,arabia1 #bf4 hi/ory ( ,bahre91 #ajg4 ,politics 9 ,arabia1 ,pres5t1 #bcc4 ,poly&ry1 #afb4 ,polygamy1 #afb1 #bfh1 #bih4 ,population ( ,arabia1 #bi4 ,bagdad1 #acd4 ,irak-,arabi1 #abf4 ,portuguese at ,muscat1 #ha1 #bjb4 ca/le1 ,katif1 #aah4 ,po/al sy/ems ( ,arabia1 #bbd4 ,po/1 ,geo4 ,e4 7quot$71 #ahf4 ,pov]ty ( ! ,arabs1 #aeg4 ,pray]1 ,call to1 #cbf4 = ,moslems1 #cae4 ,pray]-meet+ ( ,/>-wor%ipp]s1 #bhi4 ,pray]s ( pilgrims1 #ch4 (f]$ at ,m$9a1 #ej4 ,prea*+ 9 ,y]im1 #ff1 #cbd4 to ,moslems1 #chd4 ,prie/hood1 ,m&an1 #bih4 ,problems ( ! ,arabian field1 #cgd4 ,prophet's tomb at ,m$9a1 #dg4 ,prov9ces ( ,arabia1 #be4 ,ptolemy's map ( ,arabia1 #ah4 ,railway1 ,anglo-,egyptian1 #bbf4 ,ra%id1 ,mohamm$ b91 #bjj4 ,ra/ak1 #gi4 ,r$ ,sea coa/1 #ai4 ,re=mation1 ,wahabi1 #aib4 ,re=m$ ,*ur* 9 ,am]ica1 #cec4 ,religion ( hea!n ,arabs1 #afd4 ! ,mahrah tribe1 #he4 ,sabeans1 #bhh4 ,r5an1 ,erne/ 7quot$71 #bci4 ,report ( ,kei? ,falcon]1 #cce4 ,results ( missions to ,moslems1 #cib4 ,rh5i% mission>y society1 #cid4 ,riad1 #aeb1 #bja4 ,riggs1 ,c4 ,e41 #cfa4 ,riv] c\ntry1 #aai1 #chb4 ,riv]s ( ,arabia1 #ba4 ,roba'-el-,khali1 #adc4 ,robb]s1 ,b$\91 #aee4 ,robb]y among ,arabs1 #bfd4 ,robb]y1 ,turki%1 #fi4 ,roda1 #fh4 ,roman empire & ! ,arabs1 #cjd4 ,ru9s at ,ali1 #aje4 9 ,hadramaut1 #gd4 ,ruma1 ,wady1 #bb4 ,russian influ5ce1 #bce4 int]e/s 9 ,arabia1 #bbc4 ,sabeans1 #bhe4 ,sabat1 #cag4 ,sacr$ mosque ( ,mecca1 #ce4 ,sacrifice1 ,sabean1 #bid4 ,sacrifices 9 ,arabia1 #ci1 #aff4 ,said1 ,seyid1 #bjb4 ,sana1 #ef1 #fg1 #bab4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 91 #caj4 ,importance (1 #cbd1 #cfj4 ,sana inscription1 #cac4 ,saud1 #aid4 ,s*ool = ,african slave-boys1 #cff4 ,s*ools at ,m$9a1 #ea4 9 ,hassa1 #aag4 ( ,mecca1 #dc4 ,sci5ces1 ,arabian1 #bgd4 ,seba1 #djd4 ,semitic languages1 #bdj1 #bda4 ,semites1 #bdj4 ,%att-el-,arab1 #abj4 ,%eba1 #djc1 #djd4 ,%ehr & its rul]1 #gf4 ,%eikh ,o?man1 #ef1 #cce1 #ccf4 mission1 #cdb4 ,%ibam1 #ge4 ,%iran1 ,wady1 #bb4 ,%r9es ( ,arabia1 #afe4 ,sib1 #hd4 ,sidra ,rabba1 #bid4 ,s91 ,koran doctr9e (1 #aij4 ,s9aitic ,p59sula1 #cjb1 #cge4 ,slave ,s*ool at ,muscat1 #cff4 trade1 #he1 #bbd4 ,smi?1 ,eli1 #bef1 #caf4 ,social "* ( ,arabs1 #bfc4 ,socotra1 #ai1 #bai4 ,soh>1 #hd4 ,soldi]s1 ,turki%1 #baf4 ,songs1 ,arabian1 #bge4 ,spr+s ( fre% wat] 9 ! ,gulf1 #ii4 ,/>-wor%ipp]s ( ,mesopotamia1 #bhe4 ,/eam%ip s]vice to ,bagdad1 #aca4 ,/]n1 ,rev4 ,a41 #cbg4 ,/one1 ,geo4 ,e41 #cea1 #cff1 #cga1 #chh4 ,suk-el-,%iukh1 #ada4 ,sultan ( ,turkey1 #bjf4 ,sultans ( ,muscat1 #gi4 ,sumatra missions1 #cic4 ,sup]/itions1 ,arab1 #afe1 #ahg1 #bhc4 ,sur1 #hd4 ,sutton1 ,h5ry ,m41 #cbg4 ,sword conque/ ( ,islam1 #ahd4 ,taif1 #de4 ,taiz1 #fj1 #fb4 ,taxation1 ,turki%1 #fi1 #adb1 #bae4 ,t5o(1 #if4 ,t5ts1 ,b$\91 #aee1 #bga4 ,telegraph sy/em1 #bh1 #bbc4 ,?oms1 ,s4 ,j41 #cff4 ,!ophilus1 #cjg4 ,tigris-,euphrates bas91 #abj4 ,torbat manufacture1 #ach4 ,totemism 9 ,arabia1 #aff4 ,t[eelah co91 #aae4 ,trade 7see ,comm]ce71 ( ,bagdad1 #ace4 ,trade ( ,bahre91 #aje4 ,muscat1 #hb4 ,tradition ( fall ( ,adam & ,eve1 #ag4 ,traditions1 ,h5ry ,m>tyn's1 #cai4 ,treaties1 ,briti%1 ) ,arabs1 #bbh4 ,tribal m>ks1 #aff1 #bgi1 #bha4 ,travell]s 9 ,yem51 #ec4 ,turki% ,arabia1 #cgf4 rule1 #bf1 #bg1 #eh1 #ga1 #abg1 #baf4 ,turki% taxation1 #aac1 #adb4 ,turks 9 ,arabia1 #bjf4 ,unexplor$ ,arabia1 #ah4 ,unoccupi$ t]ritory1 #chb4 ,van ,dyck1 ,c4 ,v4 ,a41 #bef1 #caf4 ,van ,tassel1 ,samuel1 #cbh4 ,veil1 ,use ( !1 #afa4 ,wadys1 #ba4 ,wahabis1 #hc1 #aia4 ,wahat1 #eg4 ,w>f>e1 ,arab1 #bjc4 ,wasms1 #aff1 #bdb1 #bha4 ,wat] c\rses ( ,oman1 #ic4 ,weapons1 ,arab1 #bfg4 ,wellhaus5 7quot$71 #afg4 ,well/$'s travels 9 ,arabia1 #ib1 #ic4 ,wilson1 ,john1 #cbj4 ,woman's dress 9 ,arabia1 #bgb4 "w = #cfe1 #chc4 ,wom51 ,arab1 #bfh4 ,b$\91 #aef4 ,wom5 9 ! 8,"t ( ,ignorance01 #afj4 ,wom51 ,mohamm$ &1 #ahc4 ( ,mecca1 #dj4 ,yem51 #eh1 #gj4 ,sabean1 #bhg4 ,wood c>v+ 9 ,hadramaut1 #ge4 ,worrall1 ,h4 ,r4 ,l41 #cfd4 ,wr$e1 ,adolph von1 #gb4 ,writ+ z a f9e art1 #bdf4 ,e>ly ,semitic1 #bdb4 use (1 #afc4 ,m&itic1 #bhg4 ,wyck(f1 ,james ,t41 #cfc4 ,yakoob1 #cfa4 ,yambo1 #ea1 #aif4 ,yem51 #ec1 #eg1 #fb1 #bcd4 z a mission field1 #cbc4 ,turks 91 #baa4 ,yem5ites1 #bei4 ,y]im1 #fe4 ,"y1 ,j4 ,c41 #cdc4 ,zemzem1 ,well (1 #cd1 #cf4 ,z5obia1 #cjd4 ,zobeir1 #abh4 ,zwem]1 ,pet] ,j41 #id1 #cfb1 #cfg4 ,zwem]'s1 ,p4 ,j41 j\rney 9 ,oman1 #id4 ,zwem]1 ,s4 ,m41 #ced1 #cei4 ,zwem]'s1 ,s4 ,m41 j\rney d[n ! ,euphrates1 #acf4 ,zwem]'s1 ,s4 ,m41 j\rney to ,h(ho(1 #aaa4 ,zwem]'s1 ,s4 ,m41 j\rney to ,sana1 #ef4 ,zwem]'s1 ,s4 ,m41 j\rney up ! ,tigris1 #aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,arabia ,,footnotes3 #a ,may n ?is wady h be5 once a noble /ream p]haps1 z ,glas] conjectures1 ! f\r? ( ! ,p>adise riv]s8 7,g5 ii4 #aj-ad7 ,^u ! "q z to :]e ! anci5t ,semites locat$ ,p>adise ,glas] says t x 0 9 ! neighborhood ( ! conflu5ce ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 on ! ,arabian side4 ,!re ! sacr$ palm ( ! city ( ,eridu grew2 !re accord+ to ! view ( ! anci5t ,arabs ! two l>g] wadys ( ,c5tral ,arabia op5$4 ,! "o is ! ,wady er-,ruma or ! ,gaihan2 & ! o!r is ! ,wady ed-,dauasir1 a side wady ( :i* 9 ! neighborhood ( ,hamdani /ill be>s ! "n ( ,fai%an 7,pi%on74--,see 8,rec5t ,rese>* 9 ,bible ,l&s10 by ,h4,v4 ,hilpre*t1 7,philadelphia1 #ahig74 ,see also ,! ,sunday-,s*ool ,times1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiii1 ,no #di4 #b ,samhudi's ,hi/ory ( ,m$9a4 7,arabic text p4 #dj1 sqq47 #c ,^! wa/es are also t]m$ ,dakhna1 ,ahkaf1 & ,hamad accord+ to ! great] or less dep? or %ift+ nature ( ! s&s or ! m or less compact "* ( ! soil4 #d 8,kitab ,s9ajet-el-,t>b0 by ,n(el ,eff5di 7,beirut #ahij74 ,! au?or foll[s ! old] ,arabic au?orities4 #e ,geography ( ,asia 7,vol ,,ii41 p4 #dfj71 #ahif4 #f ,! fir/ acc\nt ( a ,european visit+ ,mecca is t ( ,ludovico ,b>tema1 a g5tleman ( ,rome1 :o visit$ ! city 9 #aejc2 8 n>rative 0 publi%$ 9 #aeee4 ,! fir/ ,engli%man 0 ,joseph ,pitts1 ! sailor f ,exet]1 9 #afgh2 !n foll[$ ! great ,arabian travell]1 ,john ,lewis ,burckh>dt1 #ahad2 ,burton 9 #ahec visit$ bo? ,mecca & ,m$9a2 ,h4 ,bicknell made ! pilgrimage 9 #ahfb & ,t4,f4 ,keane 9 #ahhj4 ,! n>ratives ( ea* ( ^! pilgrims h be5 publi%$1 & f !m1 & ! travels ( ,ali ,bey1 & o!rs1 we "k some?+ ( ! ,holy ,l& ( ,arabia4 ,ali ,bey 0 9 reality a ,spani>d1 call$ ,juan ,badia y ,sebli*1 :o visit$ ,mecca & ,m$9a 9 #ahjg & left a long acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 two volumes illu/rat$ by _m beautiful engrav+s4 ,burton's acc\nt ( 8 pilgrimage is be/ kn[n1 b ,burckh>dt's is m accurate & s*ol>ly4 ,( mod]n books1 t ( ! ,dut* s*ol>1 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 :o resid$ 9 ,mecca = a long "t1 is by f> ! be/4 ,8 ,mekka1 9 two volumes1 is accompani$ by an atlas ( photographs & gives a complete hi/ory ( ! city z well z a full acc\nt ( its inhabitants & ( ! ,java pilgrimage4 #g ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #aeg4 #h ,,table ,,( ,,mecca ,,pilgrimage1 #ahhj4 7,f ,blunt's 8,future ( ,islam407 ,,nationality ,,( ,,pilgrims4 ,arriv+ ,arriv+ ,total ,moslem by ,sea4 by ,l&4 ,pop4 repres5t$4 ,ottoman ,subjects 7exclud+ ,arabia7 #h1ejj #a1jjj #bb1jjj1jjj ,egyptians #e1jjj #a1jjj #e1jjj1jjj ,f 8,b>b>y ,/ates0 #f1jjj ---- #ah1jjj1jjj ,yem5 ,arabs #c1jjj ---- #b1ejj1jjj ,oman & ,hadramaut #c1jjj ---- #c1jjj1jjj ,nejd1 etc41 ,arabs ---- #e1jjj #d1jjj1jjj ,hejaz 7includ+ ,mecca7 ---- #bb1jjj #b1jjj1jjj ,negroes f ,sudan #b1jjj ---- #aj1jjj1jjj 0 0 ,zanzib> #a1jjj ---- #a1ejj1jjj ,malab>i f ,cape ( ,g4 ,hope #aej ---- -------- ,p]sians #f1jjj #b1ejj #h1jjj1jjj ,indians 7,briti% ,subjects7 #ae1jjj ---- #dj1jjj1jjj ,malays & ,javanese #ab1jjj ---- #cj1jjj1jjj ,*9ese #ajj ---- #ae1jjj1jjj ,mongols ---- ---- #f1jjj1jjj ,russians1 ,t>t>s1 etc4 ---- ---- #e1jjj1jjj ,afghans & ,balu*is ---- ---- #c1jjj1jjj 7includ$ 9 ,ottoman ,haj7 #fa1gej #ca1ejj ,total pilgrims pres5t #ic1bej #age1jjj1jjj at ,arafat #i ,pr(essor ,hank9 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal = ,june1 #ahid1 publi%$ ! result ( 8 analysis ( ,zemzem wat] z foll[s3 8,total solid 9 a gallon1 #bei2 ,*lor9e1 #ea4bd2 ,free ammonia1 p>ts p] million1 #j4ic2 ,album9oid ammonia1 4#de4 ,x conta9s an am\nt ( solids great] ?an t 9 any well wat] us$ = potable purposes40 #aj ,its measurem5ts1 accord+ to ,ali ,bey1 are #cg ft4 #b 941 #ca ft4 #g 941 #ch ft #d 941 #bi ft4 & its height is #cd ft4 #d 94 #aa ,?is religion :i* d5ies an atonem5t & tea*es t ,*ri/ 0 n crucifi$ yet has = its great fe/ival a fea/ ( sacrifice to commemorate ! ob$i5ce ( ,abraham & ! sub/itute provid$ by ,god6 #ab ,?is is ! te/imony ( ,capta9 ,burton1 ! man :o translat$ an unexpurgat$ text ( ! ,arabian nights & left beh9d a book 9 manuscript :i* 8 wife _h ! good s5se to de/roy & s prev5t its publication4 #ac ,hurgronje1 p4 #e1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ad ,ibid41 p4 #ajb4 #ae ,ibid1 p #aa4 #af ,ibid41 pp4 #fa-fd4 #ag ,?is co9 is call$ ,mi%ka% & is a ,v5etian co9 ( ,duke ,aloys ,moc5igo ,i4 7#aegj-gg ,a4,d474 ,on "o side ! ,duke is kneel+ be=e ,/4 ,m>k ! patron sa9t ( ,v5ice & on ! o!r is ! image ( ,*ri/ surr\nd$ by />s4 #ah ,! we/]n or coa/ r\te goes by ,koleis1 ,rabek1 ,ma/ura1 & ne> ,jebel ,eyub 7,job's ,m\nta97 ov] ,jebel ,subh1 !n to ,suk-es-,safra & ,suk el ,j$id to ,m$9a4 ,! ea/]n road 0 ! "o tak5 by ,burton1 & goes by way ( ,el ,z>ibah1 ,el ,suf5a1 ,el ,su]ki%1 etc41 a di/ance #bdh miles4 #ai ,^! argum5ts may be /at$ briefly z foll[s3 #a4 ,a tumult foll[$ ! ann\ncem5t ( ! prophet's dea?1 & ,om> ?reat5$ de/ruction to any "o :o ass]t$ x4 ,is x probable t a quiet int]m5t took place8 #b4 ,imm$iately aft] ,mohamm$'s dea? a dispute ab\t ! succession arose1 9 ! ardor ( :i*1 accord+ to ! ,%iahs1 ! h\se ( ,ali & ,fatima1 ne> ! pres5t tomb1 7 ?reat5$ by fire4 #c4 ,! e>ly ,moslems w\ld n be apt to rev]5ce ! grave ( ! prophet1 z d ^? ( lat] date1 :5 tradition has exalt$ him above ! common humanity4 ,! e>ly ,moslems 7 indiff]5t z to ! exact spot4 #d4 ,! %ape ( ! prophet's tomb 0 n kn[n 9 e>ly times1 nor is x giv5 9 ! traditions1 s t we f9d convex graves 9 "s l&s & flat 9 o!rs4 #e4 ,! acc\nts ( ! le>n$ among ! ,moslems are discrepant z to ! burial ( ,mohamm$4 #f4 ,%iah s*ismatics _h *>ge ( ! sepul*re = c5turies1 & because ( its proximity to ! graves ( ,abubekr & ,om>1 x 0 9 _! int]e/ to remove ! body4 #g4 ,ev5 ! pres5t position ( ! grave1 ) relation to o!r graves1 is 9 dispute1 because ! tomb-*amb] 7,hujrah7 is closely gu>d$ by eunu*s1 :o d n all[ any "o to ent]4 #h4 ,! tale ( ! bl9d+ light :i* surr\nds ! prophet's tomb seems a plausible /ory to conceal a defect4 #i4 ,mohamm$ el ,halebi1 ! ,%eikh-el ,ulema ( ,damascus1 assur$ ,burton t he 0 p]mitt$ to pass ! door lead+ into ! tomb-*amb]1 & t he saw no trace ( a sepul*re4 #aj4 ,moslem hi/orians admit t an attempt 0 made 9 ,a4,h4 #dab to /eal ! bodies ( ,mohamm$ & ! two companions by ! ?ird ,fatimite ,caliph ( ,egypt2 !y relate m>vels connect$ ) ! failure ( ! attempt1 & ass]t t a tr5* 0 dug deep all ar\nd ! graves & fill$ ) molt5 lead to prev5t ! !ft ( ! body4 #aa4 ,9 ,a4 ,h4 #fed ! mosque 0 de/roy$ by a volcanic eruption1 accord+ to ! ,moslem hi/orians1 b ! tomb-*amb] escap$ all damage6 ,aga9 9 ,a4 ,h4 #hhg x 0 /ruck by lightn+4 8,on ?is occasion10 says ,el ,samanhudi 7quot$ by ,burckh>dt7 8! int]ior ( ! ,hujrah 7tomb-*amb]7 0 cle>$ & ?ree deep graves 7 f\nd 9 ! inside full ( rubbi%1 b ! au?or ( ?is hi/ory1 :o himself ent]$ x1 saw no trace ( tombs40 ,! same au?or decl>$ t ! c(f9 conta9+ ! du/ ( ,mohamm$ 0 cas$ ) silv]4 #ab4 ,la/ly ! ,%iah & ,sunni acc\nts ( ! prophet's dea? & burial are contradictory z to ! exact place ( burial4 #bj ,niebuhr1 #agfc2 ,seetz51 #ahaj2 ,crutt5d51 #ahcf2 ,dr4 ,wolff1 #ahcf2 ,ow51 #aheg2 ,botta1 #ahcg2 ,passama1 #ahdb2 ,arnaud1 #ahdc2 ,van ,maltzan1 #ahga2 ,halvy1 #ahgj2 ,mill+51 #ahgd2 ,r5zo ,manzoni1 #ahgi2 ,glas]1 #ahhj2 ,defl]1 #ahhh2 ,haig1 #ahhi2 ,h>ris1 #ahib2 & lat] travell]s4 ,defl] is ! au?ority on ! flora1 ,glas] on ! antiquities1 ,manzoni on ! ,turks & _! gov]nm5t1 ,haig on ! agricultural population1 & ,h>ris tells ( ! rec5t rebellions4 ,niebuhr's magnific5t volumes are /ill good au?ority on ! geography & natural hi/ory ( ,yem54 #ba ,! ,yem5 pl[ is %ap$ l an ,engli% pl[ 9 _m respects2 al?\gh x has only "o h&le its c\lt] is broad & made ( iron1 a great improvem5t ov] ! crook$ /ick ( ,mesopotamia4 #bb ,x 0 n pleasant = an ,am]ican to notice t ne>ly all ! ,turki% rifles 9 ,yem5 7 8,spr+field #ahfa40 ,! same weapons t 7 employ$ to break ! *a9s ( slav]y 9 ! s\!rn /ates1 are n[ us$ to oppress ! peaceful ,yem5ites4 #bc ,( ! "w among ! latt]1 & my exp]i5ces 9 di/ribut+ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a report 0 publi%$ by ! ,mildmay ,mission2 we !re=e omit ref]5ce to x "h4 #bd ,geog4 ,soc4 ,proce$+s1 #ahhg1 p4 #dhb4 #be ,defl] says 9 8 di>y t ?is place has 8une odeur atroce et des legions de puces et de punaises40 ,i also _h an all-night's battle4 #bf ,hadramaut is a v anci5t "n = ?is region4 ,n only does ,ptolemy place "h ! ,adramit 9 8 geography1 b !re seems little d\bt t ,hadramaut is id5tical ) ,haz>mave?1 m5tion$ 9 ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 #bg 8,! ,hadramaut3 a ,j\rney0 by ,!odore ,b5t4 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,septemb]1 #ahid4 ,also ,mrs4 ,b5t's 8,yafei & ,fadhli c\ntries40 ,geographical ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #ahih4 #bh ,le ,hadramont et les ,colonies ,arabes dans le ,ar*ipel ,indi5 p> ,l4,w4,c4 ,van d5 ,b]g4 ,batavia1 #ahhf4 ,by ord] ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 #bi ,notes on ! ,mahrah ,tribe ) vocabul>y ( _! language2 notes on ! ,gh>ah tribe2 geography ( ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,arabia2--,july1 #ahde1 ,july1 #ahdg2 & ,janu>y1 #ahea1 9 ! j\rnal ( ! ,society4 #cj ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ,mahri & ,arabic is ! sub/itution ( ,%9 7%7 = ,kaf 7k7 9 _m words4 #ca 8,hi/ory ( ,oman48 #cb ,! rema9d] ( ! *apt] is quot$ f ! lett]s ( my bro!r1 ,rev4 ,p4 ,j4 ,zwem]1 & ! sket* ( ,t5o( 0 drawn by him on "o ( 8 j\rneys4 #cc ,^! isl&s are id5tifi$ by ,spr5g] & o!rs ) ,d$an ( ! ,scriptures1 7,ezekiel xxvii4 #ae71 & 7 kn[n to ! ,romans by ! "n ( ,tylos4 ,pl9y writes ( ! cotton-trees1 8arbores vocant gossymp9os f]tiliore etiam ,tylo m9ore40--7xii4 #aj74 ,/rabo describes ! ,phnician temples t exi/$ on ! isl&s1 & ,ptolemy speaks ( ! pe>l-fi%]ies :i* f "t immemorial fl\ri%$ along ^! coa/s4 ,! geograph]1 ,juba1 also tells ( a battle f\ght (f ! isl&s betwe5 ! ,romans & ! ,arabs4 ,ptolemy's anci5t map %[s h[ little 0 kn[n z to ! size or location ( ! gr\p4 ,ev5 ,niebuhr's map1 :i* is wond]fully correct 9 ! ma91 makes a great error 9 ! position ( ! isl&s2 9 8 day ! two pr9cipal isl&s 7 call$ ,owal & ,arad1 names :i* /ill l+]4 #cd ,?is co/ is divid$ z foll[s3 ,fi%+ smack r4 #djj1 wages ( #aj div]s r4 #b1jjj2 wages ( #ab rope-hold]s r4 #b1djj2 app>atus r4 #dj4 ,total rupees #d1haj4 #ce ,! ,ma%ooah is a mu* small] boat1 l ! ,engli% jolly-boat1 & is us$ 9 ! h>bor & = %ort j\rneys ar\nd ! isl&s4 #cf ,! only rem>kable exception is ! ,jebel ,s9am--a r\gh hill ( basaltic rock t crops out 9 ! mid/ ( ! alluvial delta ne> ,zobeir2 a peculi> ph5om5on1 b prov+ ,d\ghty's g5]al s*eme = ! ,arabian geology correct ev5 "h4 #cg ,! dates ( ,hassa & ,oman may equal ^? ( ,busrah b ! g>d5s are inf]ior & ! quantity produc$ is n s l>ge4 #ch ,! la/ nam$ is outside ( our pres5t subject & is a misnom] giv5 by ,turki% audacity to ! region ( ,hassa4 #ci ,kuweit is ! ,arabic dim9utive ( ,kut a wall$-village2 ! place is call$ ,grane on "s maps--evid5tly a corruption ( ,kure9 or 8little horn10 a "n giv5 to an isl& 9 ! h>bor4 #dj ,= ! int]e/+ hi/ory ( ! cities t occupi$ ! site ( ,busrah be=e ! days ( ,islam1 & z f> back z ,nebu*adnezz>1 see ,a9swor?'s 8,p]sonal n>rative ( ! ,euphrates exp$ition40 #da ,! foll[+ are ! villages & encampm5ts betwe5 ,hillah & ,diwaniyeh3 ,el ,ataj1 ,d\lab1 ,dobleh1 ,kwaha1 ,saadeh1 ,t5h>a1 ,bir ,amaneh1 ,allaj1 ,anameh1 ,hose91 ,khegaan ,sage] & ,khegaan ,kebir4 #db ,! di/9ction betwe5 true ,arabs ( ! nomad tribes & ! ,me'dan 0 made z e>ly z #agib by ,niebuhr 9 8 travels1 & ! riv] boatm5 /ill answ] y\r "q ) contemptu\s acc5t3 8,^? are n ,arabs1 !y are ,me'dan40 #dc ,x conta9s ! foll[+ ,wadys3 ,nejran1 ,habuna1 ,wanan1 ,moyazet1 ,b$r & ! ext5sive ,wady ,dauasir4 #dd ,aflaj has six villages3 ,siah1 ,leyta1 ,khurfa1 ,ei-,rau?a1 ,el-,b$ia4 ,wady ,dauasir has ^! t[ns3 ,el-,hammam1 ,es-,%otibba1 ,es-,soleil1 ,tam]a1 ,ed-,dam1 ,el-,loghf1 ,el-,f]r1 ,es ,%[eik1 & ,el-,aya?at4 7,d\ghty47 ,mo/ ( ^! t[ns are n giv5 on ! maps1 b z "s ( !m are1 x is int]e/+ to m5tion ! r\te f ,hassa to ?is ,wady1 giv5 by ,capt4 ,miles 9 a lett] to ,spr5g] 7dat$ ,muscat1 ,m>*1 #ahgc7 & quot$ 9 8 8,alte ,geog4 ,arabi5s10 page #bdj4 8,r\te f ,el ,hasa to ,solail3 ,hassa1 ,khaiaj1 ,h[ta1 ,hilwa1 ,leilah1 ,kh>fa1 ,rondha1 ,el ,sih1 ,bidia1 ,%itba1 ,solail4 ,f ,solail to ,runniya x is ?ree days' j\rney4 ,x is a t[n l>g] ?an ,solail4 ,! ,dosiri tribes are z foll[s ,el-,woodaie5 at ,solail2 ,el ,misahireh possess mo/ camels1 etc42 ,al ,hassan at ,wasit2 ,b5i ,g[eit2 ,el-,khutran 9 ,%itba2 ,el ,%]afa2 ,el-',umoor1 ea/ end ( ,wady2 ,al ,saad1 we/ ( ,wady2 ,el-,%[aiej2 ,el-,khamase52 ,el ,kahtan2 ,hamid2 ,al ,am>2 ,el ,f>jan 9 ,kh>fa40 #de ,a full acc\nt ( _! peculi> beliefs & _! disput$ orig9 is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix to ,badg]'s 8,hi/ory ( ,oman40 #df ,! ,talh is a l>ge tree ( r\ndi%1 scanty1 leafage1 ) a little dry b]ry = fruit1 its bran*es are wide-spread+ & ?orny4 ,! ,nebaa' is mu* small] ?\gh ( consid]able height2 x has v small ovate bright gre5 leaves4 ,! ,sidi is a little acacia tree4 #dg ,= our pres5t k ( ! gov]nm5t1 population1 cities & villages ( ,nejd we are *iefly indebt$ to ! foll[+ travell]s3 ,capta9 ,g4 ,f4 ,sadli]1 ( ! ,engli% army1 :o 0 ! fir/ ,european to cross ! ,arabian ,p59sula4 7#ahai7 ,george ,wall91 a le>n$ "y ,sw$i% ,arabi/1 travell+ 9 #ahde & #ahdh z a ,mohamm$an doctor ( law1 pass$ ?r\gh ! nor!rn des]t f ,jauf to ,hail & visit$ ,m$9a4 ,william ,gif=d ,palgrave1 a ,jesuit ,roman ,ca?olic1 ( ,engli% bir? & s*ol>ly ta/es made 8 celebrat$ j\rney across ,arabia f we/ to ea/ 9 #ahfb-fc4 ,9 #ahfd ! bold ,italian travell] ,gu>mani w5t f ,j]usalem /raight to ,jebel ,%amm> & ,aneyza4 ,9 #ahfe ,colonel ,pelly1 ! ,briti% ,resid5t at ,bu%ire made an important j\rney1 9 company ) ,dr4 ,colville & ,lieut5ant ,dawes1 f ,kuweit ?r\gh s\!a/]n ,nejd to ,riadh1 return+ by ,hassa to ,ojeir & ,bahre94 ,!n ,*>les ,m4 ,d\ghty 7facile pr9ceps among all au?orities & travell]s ,arabian7 made 8 long1 ardu\s1 zigzag j\rneys ?r\gh nor?we/]n & nor!rn ,arabia f ,novemb]1 #ahgf1 to ,augu/1 #ahgh4 ,our o!r au?ority = ,nejd is ,lady ,ann ,blunt :o ) h] husb& visit$ ! capital ( ,ibn ,ra%id's c\ntry f ,bagdad 9 #ahhc4 #dh ,if we rememb] t ,palgrave comp>es ,feysul's mud brick palace to ! ,tuil]ies ( ,p>is1 /ates t ! great mosque ( ,riad c accommodate #b1jjj wor%ipp]s1 & gives ! ,wahabi rul] a /&+ army ( #ej1jjj1 we d$uct a little f ! poetical description to h a balance ( net facts4 #di ,9 our *apt] on ! ,arabic language we %all see t ! gold5 age ( ,arabic lit]ature 0 j be=e ! bir? ( ,mohamm$4 #ej 8,mohamm$anism _h ow$ mu* to ! ,jewi% k+dom ( ,sba4 ,! rule ( ! ,sabean k+s _h ext5d$ ov] ,mecca1 & ,jewi% ideas & beliefs _h ?us made _! way into ! future bir?place ( ,mohamm$4 ,! fact is full ( int]e/ = /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ,islam4 ,! epigraphic evid5ce :i* ,dr4 ,glas] has pres5t$ to u %[s t ! rise ( ,mohamm$anism 0 n ! /range & unique ph5om5on x has hi!rto be5 ?\ght to be4 ,x _h be5 prep>$ = c5turies previ\sly4 ,arabia _h = ages be5 ! home ( culture & ! art ( writ+1 & = ab\t two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,mohamm$ 8 c\ntrym5 _h be5 br\ght into close contact ) ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,future rese>* w d\btless expla9 fully h[ great 0 8 debt to ! ,jewi% ma/]s ( ,mecca & ! ,sabean k+dom ( ,s\!rn ,arabia40--,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce 9 ! ,indep5d5t4 #ea ,koelle's ,mohamm$1 p4 #e4 #eb ,het ,matri>*aat bij de onde ,arabi]5 7#ahhd71 & ,supplem5t to ! same1 9 answ] to critics1 7#ahhe74 ,! ,hague4 #ec ,smi?'s 8,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia10 pp4 #ajj1 #ajd4 #ed ,palm]'s ,introduction to ! ,koran1 p4 xv4 #ee ,9 ! ord] ( "t1 & to fully grasp ! ext5t ( ,*ri/ian ideas preval5t 9 ,arabia ! *apt] on ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia %\ld prec$e ?is *apt] on ,islam2 b logically t *apt] belongs ) ! o!r *apt]s on mission-"w4 ,! same is true1 9 a measure1 ( ! *apt] on ! ,sabeans4 #ef ,see pp4 #agg1 #agh1 = tables %[+ ! ,elem5ts 9 ,islam & ! s\rces f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 #fj ,koelle's ,mohamm$1 p4 #bg4 #fa ,see an article on 8,mohamm$anism & ,*ri/ianity40--,dr4 ,rob]t ,bruce1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,intellig5c] 7,new ,york7 ,april1 #ahid4 #fb ,ev5 ! sacr$ books ( ,india & ,*9a & ,anci5t ,egypt comp>e m favorably ) ! ,bible 9 ?is respect ?an does ! ,koran4 ,!y tea* ! he9\s "* ( s91 z s91 & d n d5y ! ne$ ( a m$iator or ( propitiatory sacrifice b are full ( bo? ideas4 #fc ,= a ,*ronological table ( ,arabian hi/ory1 f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t1 see ,app5dix4 #fd ,! f\r or?odox sects are call$3 ,hanafis1 ,%afis1 ,malakis1 & ,hambalis4 ,! la/ 0 f\nd$ by ,ibn ,hambal at ,bagdad1 #ghj ,a4 ,d4 x is ! lea/ popul> sect4 #fe ,! ,mahmal is a cov]$ litt]1 an emblem ( royalty & ( sup]/iti\s honor s5t f ,cairo & ,damascus to ,mecca1 to ?is day4 #ff ,zehm's ,arabie1 p4 #ccb4 #fg ,saud di$ at ! age ( =ty-five1 9 ,april1 #ahad1 f fev]1 at ,d]aiyah4 ,he 0 a /rong-will$ rul] b adm9i/]$ ju/ice ) rigor2 he 0 wise 9 c\ncil & skillful 9 settl+ disputes & heal+ factions4 ,( 8 eight *ildr51 ,abdullah1 ! elde/1 succe$$ him z rul]4 #fh ,! hi/ory ( its t$i\s prosecution & all its cruelty on ! side ( ! ,turks is told by ,burckh>dt1 ! travell]1 :o 0 himself liv+ 9 ,mecca at ?is "t4 #fi ,palgrave visit$ ! ,wahabi capital dur+ ! reign ( ,feysul & gives 8 usual picturesque descriptions ( ! c\rt & family life ( ! g5ial tyrant4 ,b x is necess>y to take 8 acc\nts ( ,riad cum grano salis2 a ,jesuit ,roman ,ca?olic w\ld n describe ! /rict ,puritanism ( ! ,wahabis ) any degree ( admiration4 ,palgrave's /ati/ics ( ! /r5g? ( ,feysul's army & ( ! population ( 8 dom9ions are utt]ly unreliable & greatly exagg]at$4 ,h[ev] "o mu/ read ,palgrave to "k :at 0 ! condition ( ! ,wahabi empire 9 #ahfj-fc1 = he is our only au?ority = t p]iod4 #gj ,! hi/ory ( ,mecca "u ^! ,%]ifs is giv5 by ,sn\ck ,hurgronje at l5g? 9 8 8,mekka40 #ga ,?is is accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,walt] ,b4 ,h>ris :o 0 9 ,yem5 %ortly aft] ! rebellion4 #gb ,see ,lady ,ann ,blunt's 8,b$\9s ( ! ,euphrates40 #gc ,/atesman's ,ye> ,book4 #gd ,= a complete acc\nt ( ,p]im1 see 8,! ,description & ,hi/ory ( ,p]im10 by ,j4 ,s4 ,k+1 ,bombay1 #ahgg4 #ge ,treaties 7 made ) ! ,arabs ( ! pirate coa/ 9 #ahce1 #ahch1 #ahci1 #ahdg1 #ahec1 & #ahef2 ( ^! we %all speak lat]4 #gf ,! ,briti% ,india /eam]1 c>ry ! mails & leave ,bombay & ,busrah once a week1 t\*+ at ! int]m$iate ports 9 ! ,gulf1 aft] ,k]a*i1 z foll[s3 ,gwadur1 ,muscat1 ,jask1 ,bund] ,abbas1 ,l+ah1 ,bahre91 ,bu%ire1 ,fao & ,mohamm]ah2 ! j\rney la/s a =tnight & ! di/ance1 zigzag1 is ab\t "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ miles4 #gg ,9 a rec5t pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts 9 ,london ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,d4 ,black ( ! ,geographical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,india (fice urges o!r reasons = ! practicability ( ?is r\te4--7,london ,times1 ,may #g?1 #ahih47 #gh ,times ( ,india1 ,june #ag1 #ahii4 #gi #a4 ,ras el ,kheima--,j[asim tribe4 #b4 ,um-el-,kawa9--,al-bu-,ali tribe4 #c4 ,ajman--,al-bu-,ali tribe4 #d4 ,%>ka--,j[asim tribe4 #e4 ,debai--,al-bu-falasal tribe4 #f4 ,abu ,dhabi--,bni ,yas tribe4 ,all ( ^! tribes reside betwe5 ,kat> & ,ras el ,_h on ! ,arabian coa/4 7,see ,ait*ison1 ,vol4 ,,vii41 ,no4 xxvi47 #hj ,curzon's 8,p]sia10 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #dec4 #ha ,! foll[+ tribes 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ad5 receive 7or receiv$7 annual subsidies f ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t3 ,tribe4 ,e/imat$ ,population4 ,abdali #ae1jjj ,fadhli #be1jjj ,akrabi #hjj ,subaihi #bj1jjj ,hau%abi #f1jjj ,alawi #a1ejj ,amir #cj1jjj ,yaffai #ce1jjj ,?us ! total e/imat$ population ( ^! tribes is #acc1cjj & ! total am\nt ( ! annual /ip5d paid !m 9 #ahgg1 0 #ab1jjj ,g]man cr[ns4 7,hunt]'s 8,ad510 p4 #aee47 #hb ,9 a rem>kable article1 ! ,novoe ,vremya makes kn[n ! ,russian discov]y ( 8a new ,briti% intrigue40 ,x appe>s t ,great ,brita91 n cont5t ) ! virtual annexation ( ,egypt & ! ,sudan1 is ev51 :ile c>ry+ out h] plans = ! absorption ( ! ,transvaal & ! advancem5t ( h] int]e/s 9 ,p]sia1 busily engag$ 9 sett+ up a ,mohamm$an ,p[] :i* is to rival t ( ! ,sultan1 & is ultimately to be us$ z a means ( m5ac+1 if n de/roy+1 ,russian au?ority 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! puppet ,pr9ce select$ = ?is purpose is ! ,%]if ( ,mecca4 ,accord+ to ! ,novoe ,vremya1 ! ,%]if has rec5tly receiv$ f ,engl& a lett] /at+ t ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 hav+ decid$ to inve/ a c]ta9 wor?y b impecuni\s ,mohamm$an ,%eikh ) ! ,caliphate ( ,zeila1 on ! bord]s ( ,somalil&1 & recogniz+ ! ,%]if z a desc5dant ( ! ,prophet & great protector ( ,islam1 consid]s x desirable = ! ,%]if on ! day ( ! appo9tm5t ( ! new ,caliph to issue a manife/o express+ 8 approval4 ,9 return = ?is s]vice1 ,great ,brita9 w proclaim ,mecca & ,m$9a ! private prop]ty ( ! ,%]if1 w assure to him ! great] "p ( ! rev5ues ( ! new ,caliphate1 & w def5d him by diplomatic means1 or ev5 by =ce ( arms1 aga9/ ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,sultan or any o!r ,=eign ,p[]4 ,x is p]haps ne$less to say t ! au?or ( ?is intrigue is said to be ,mr4 ,*amb]la91 :o is describ$ z a man 8)\t fai?1 )\t tru?1 capable ( trampl+ "u foot e comm&m5t1 :e!r ( ,god or man1 9 ord] to accompli% 8 purpose ( plac+ ,great ,brita9 at ! head ( ! ,p[]s ( ! _w40--,times ( ,india1 #ahii4 #hc ,he speaks ( x z foll[s 9 8 ,hi/oire des ,langues ,semitques1 p4 #cdb 8,cette langue1 aup>avant inconnue1 se montre n\s s\da9em5t dans t\te sa p]fection1 avec sa flexibilite1 sa ri*esse inf9ie1 tellem5-complete1 en un mot1 que depnis ce temps jusqu'a nos j\rs elle n'a subi ancune modification importante4 ,il n'y a p\r elle ni enfance1 ni vieillesse2 une fois qu'on a signal son app>ition et ses prodijieuses cont qutes1 t\t e/ dit sur son compte4 ,je ne sais si l'on tr\v]ait un autre exemple d'un idiome entrant dans le monde comme celui-ci1 sans tat ar*aque1 sans degrs int]m$iaires ni tatonnem5ts40 #hd ,von ,krem]1 ,guidi1 ,hommel4 #he ,sayce1 ,spr5g]1 ,s*rad]1 ,de ,goeje1 ,wright4 #hf ,assyrian ,gramm>1 p4 #ac4 #hg ,an acc\nt ( ?is language or dialect 0 giv5 by ,surgeon ,h4 ,j4 ,c>t] 9 ,j\rnal ,roy4 ,asiat4 ,soc41 ,july1 #ahdg4 #hh ,lans+4 #hi ,f\nd 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,july1 #ahff1 article 8,mohamm$40 #ij 8,x w\ld take a long li/ to exhau/ ! religi\s1 lit]>y & sci5tific contributions to ! ,arabic language f ! mission>ies 9 ,syria4 ,!y include ! translation ( ! ,scriptures & ! /]eotyp+ ( ! same 9 num]\s /yles2 ! prep>ation ( a ,scripture guide1 comm5t>ies1 a concordance1 & a complete hymn & tune book2 text-books 9 hi/ory1 algebra1 geometry1 trigonometry1 log>i?ms1 a/ronomy1 meteorology1 botany1 zology1 physics1 *emi/ry1 anatomy1 physiology1 hygi5e1 mat]ia m$ica1 practice ( physic1 surg]y1 & a p]iodical lit]ature :i* has prov$ ! /imulus to a v ext5sive native j\rnalism4 ,! ,prote/ant conv]ts ( ! mission1 educat$ by ! mission>ies1 h writt5 elaborate works on hi/ory1 poetry1 gramm>1 ari?metic1 natural sci5ce1 & ! /&>d diction>y ( ! language1 & a cyclopdia :i* w make a libr>y by itself1 consi/+ ( ab\t tw5ty volumes ( f six hundr$ to eight hundr$ pages ea*40--,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,po/1 9 ,new ,york ,evangeli/4 #ia ,g54 xxv4 #af4 #ib ,9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,july1 #ahff4 #ic ,int]national ,r\tes ( ,asia1 by ,elise ,reclus1 9 ,new ,york ,indep5d5t1 ,may #d1 #ahii4 #id ,smi?'s ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 pp4 #i1 #ag1 #aca4 #ie ,:at ! boys & girls ( ! t[ns c /udy we h describ$ 9 our *apt] on ,mecca4 #if ,?is is ! te/imony ( ,burckh>dt & ,d\ghty4 #ig ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bch4 #ih ,translation f ,mekka1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ahg4 #ii ,see ,burckh>dt's book = fur!r p>ticul>s4 #ajj ,signify+ 8,allah40 #aja ,baidhawi's ,comm5t>y 9 loco4 #ajb ,= on acc\nt ( ^! anci5t sup]/itions & idolatries /ill practic$1 see ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s 8,religion ( ! ,semites0 & 8 8,k9%ip & m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia40 ,! mass ( purely ,mohamm$an sup]/ition c be /udi$ 9 books l ! ,arabian ,nights & ,lane's 8,mod]n ,egyptians40 #ajc ,?is *apt] is an enl>gem5t ( a pap] on 8,! ,/>-,wor%ipp]s ( ,mesopotamia0 read be=e ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 ,adelphi ,t]race1 ,london1 #ahig4 #ajd ,kessl]4 #aje ,surah ii4 #ei2 v4 #gc2 xxii4 #ag #ajf ,accord+ to ,ges5ius1 ,sabeans %\ld be ,tsabians f tsabao?1 ! 8ho/ ( heav540 ,nldeke & o!rs say x comes f a root subba to wa%1 baptise1 & ref]s to ! mann] ( _! wor%ip4 ,gibbon is p]haps correct :51 on ! au?ority ( ,pocock1 ,hett+]1 & ,d',h]belot1 he /ates ! orig9 ( _! o!r "n ?us3 8,a slight infusion ( ! gospel _h trans=m$ ! la/ remnant ( ! ,*aldean poly!i/s into ! ,*ri/ians ( ,/4 ,john at ,bussora40 ,9 reg>d to _! "n ,sabeans1 ,lane's ,arabic diction>y says t x comes f a root mean+ 8"o :o has dep>t$ f "o religion to ano!r religion40 ,! ,arabs us$ to call ! prophet z-,sabi1 because he dep>t$ f ! religion ( ! ,korei% to ,el-,islam4 ,nasoreans is ! "n giv5 !m by "s au?ors4 ,accord+ to ,pet]mann !y !mselves give ?is title only to ^? ( _! numb] :o are di/+ui%$ = "* or k4 ,x d\btless comes f ,greek3 ,nazrioi1 ! e>ly half-,*ri/ian sect ( ,syria4 #ajg ,! only gramm> ( ! language is ! elaborate ,m&is*e ,grammatik ( ! indefatigable s*ol> ,nldeke4 ,"o great drawback ( ! book h[ev] is t ! ,hebrew "* is us$ ?r\gh\t & n ! ,m&itic4 #ajh ,leviticus xiv4 #d-g1 #di-ec4 #aji ,cf4 ,job xxxi4 #bf-bh4 #aaj ,! fir/ pr9t$ & translat$ edition ( ! ,sidra ,rabba 0 by ,ma?4 ,norb]g 7,cop5hag51 #ahae-af71 b x is said to be s defective t x is q useless critically2 ,pet]mann reproduc$ ! ,p>is ,,mss4 9 two volumes at ,leipsic1 #ahfg4 ,besides ! ,sidra ,rabba !re are3 ,sidra d',yaheya or ,book ( ,/4 ,john1 also call$ ,dras*e d',malek 7disc\rse ( ! ,k+72 ,! ,diwan2 ,! ,sidra ,ne%mata1 or book ( s\ls2 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! books ( ! zodiac call$ ,asf> ,malwa%ee4 ,except = ! small portion ( ! ,sidra ,rabba f\nd 9 ,br&t's rec5tly publi%$ ,m&is*e ,s*rift5 7#ahie7 all ( ! above /ill await critical /udy & edit+4 #aaa ,see ! hi/ory ( ,gno/ic tea*+1 especially t ( ! ,ophites & ,se?ians4 ,all ! evil *>act]s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) ,ca9 at _! head1 7 set =? z spiritual h]oes4 ,judas ,isc>iot 0 repres5t$ z alone kn[+ ! tru?4 ,i f9d no l>ge acc\nt ( ! s]p5t 9 ! ,sabean sy/em2 ?is may be o!rwise acc\nt$ =4 #aab ,gibbon4 #aac ,sale's ,koran4 #aad ,galatians i4 #ag4 #aae ,gal4 i4 #ah2 ,acts ix4 #i1 #be4 #aaf ,_m o!rs1 includ+ ,hil>y1 ,j]ome1 ,!odoret & ! ,occum5ian comm5tators are /at$ by ,rawl9son 7,/4 ,paul 9 ,damascus & ,arabia1 p4 #abh71 to hold ! same op9ion4 ,port]1 n alone ( mod]n writ]s1 puts =? ! same view 9 8 8,five ,ye>s 9 ,damascus10 & supposes t ,paul's success 0 great en\gh to provoke ! ho/ility ( ,aretas & make him jo9 ! lat] p]secution4 #aag 8,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia10 p4 #bad4 #aah ,koran1 ,surah vii4 #ga4 #aai ,des]t ( ! ,exodus1 p4 #ej4 #abj ,acts xvii4 #bf4 #aba ,acts xvii4 #bi4 #abb ,acts xvii4 #ca4 #abc ,acts xvii4 #be4 #abd ,acts xx4 #bj1 #bg4 #abe ,wright's 8,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 ,arabia10 #ahee4 #abf ,bu*anan's ,*ri/ian ,rese>*es4 #abg ,wright1 p4 #gg4 #abh ,! late/ v]sion ( 8 life is by ,nldeke 9 8 8,sket*es f ,ea/]n ,hi/ory40 7,london1 #ahib47 #abi ,wright1 p4 #add4 #acj ,kurtz' 8,*ur* ,hi/ory10 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #chf4 #aca ,see h[ev]1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,*9a1 ,t>t>y & ,tibet1 by ,abbe ,huc1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #hh 7,new ,york1 #aheg74 ,he speaks ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,nejran z late z ! t5? c5tury4 #acb ,see ,smi?'s 8,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,missions40 ,p]oquet1 ,vie de ,raymund ,lull 7#affg74 ,l[ de ,vita ,ray4 ,lull 7,halle1 #ahcj74 ,helff]i* ,raymund ,lull 7,b]l91 #aheh74 ,dubl9 ,univ4 ,mag41 ,vol4 ,,lxxviii41 p4 #dc1 8,8 ,life & ,"w40 #acc ,o m]ciful ,god1 :o ha/ made all m51 & hate/ no?+ t ,?\ ha/ made1 nor w\lde/ ! dea? ( a s9n]1 b r t he %\ld be conv]t$ & live3 h m]cy ^u all ,jews1 ,turks1 ,infidels1 & ,h]etics1 & take f !m all ignorance1 h>dness ( he>t1 & contempt ( ,?y ,^w1 & s fet* !m home1 bless$ ,"l1 to ,?y flock1 t !y may be sav$ among ! remnant ( ! true ,israelites1 & be made "o fold "u "o ,%eph]d1 ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l1 :o live? & reigne? ) ,!e & ! ,holy ,_s1 "o ,god1 _w )\t end4 ,am54 #acd 8,life ( ,h5ry ,m>tyn10 by ,george ,smi?1 ,c4 ,i4 ,e41 ,,ll4 ,d41 7#ahib7 p4 #bbf4 #ace ,j\rnal ( ,mr4 ,an?ony ,n4 ,groves1 ,mission>y to & at ,bagdad4 7,london1 #ahca47 #acf ,george ,smi?'s ,life ( ,m>tyn1 p4 #efc4 #acg ,9 #ahgf1 aft] ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,wilson1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,/o!rt ( ! ,free ,*ur* ,mission arrang$ to take a trip up ! ,p]sian ,gulf z f> z ,bagdad4 ,!y 7 deeply impress$ by ! spiritual ne$s ( ! :ole ( ,ea/]n ,arabia4 ,on ! way !y sold ,scriptures & on _! return call$ att5tion to ! ne$s ( ,bagdad4 ,= tw5ty-five ye>s special pray] 0 (f]$ = ,ea/]n ,arabia e ,monday by ^! two mission>ies6 #ach ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c] = ,may & ,june1 #ahhg4 #aci ,! ,g5]al also publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 j\rney 9 ,yem5 f a geographical /&po9t 9 ! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,ix41 p4 #dgi4 ,see also ,! ,mission>y ,review ( ! ,_w1 ,octob]1 #ahie4 #adj 8,! ,mission>y ,expansion s9ce ! ,re=mation40--,graham1 p4 #ai4 8,life & ,lett]s ( ,rev4 ,a4 ,/]n40 #ada ,on ,van ,tassel's "w & exp]i5ces see 8,nor? ,africa0 7#ba ,l9ton ,road1 ,b>k+1 ,london71 ,vol4 = #ahij1 pp4 #d1 #ba1 #dc1 #ei1 #gh2 ,vol = #ahia1 pp4 #b1 #ad1 #bg1 #ca & #ej4 #adb ,mackay ( ,ug&a1 by 8 si/]1 7,new ,york1 #ahig7 pp4 #dag-dcj gives ! article 9 full4 #adc ,! text ( ?is resolution is quot$ at ! head ( *apt] ?irty-five4 #add ,see 8,memorials ( ! ,hon4 ,ion ,kei? ,falcon]40--,rob]t ,s9k] 7#f? ,edition ,cambridge #ahij7 & ,ion ,kei? ,falcon]1 ,pione] 9 ,arabia by ,rev4 ,a4 ,t4 ,pi]son1 ,d4 ,d4 7,oct4 #ahig1 ,mission>y ,review ( ! ,_w74 #ade ,kalilah & ,dimnah1 or ,! ,fables ( ,bidpai1 by ,i4 ,g4 ,n4 ,kei? ,falcon]1 ,cambridge1 #ahhe4 #adf ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,t4 ,v4 ,fr5*1 ,fir/ ,bi%op ( ,lahore1 by ,rev4 ,rob]t ,birks1 7,murray1 ,london1 #ahie74 #b vols4 #adg ,! lett]s appe>$ 9 ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 = ,may & ,july1 #ahia4 #adh ,an able plea = ! acceptance ( ! ,mission by ! ,*ur* 0 made by ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,davis1 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,intellig5c]1 ,n4 ,y41 ,septemb] #ah1 #ahhi4 #adi ,?is meet+ ) ,g5]al ,haig 0 describ$ by him 9 an acc\nt 9 ! ,london ,*ri/ian 7,june1 #ahia74 #aej ,! ,mohamm$an ,mission>y ,problem4--,h4 ,h4 ,jessup1 ,d4,d41 #ahgi4 #aea ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ejc-ebi4 #aeb ,notes on ,islam3 ,a ,h&-book = ,mission>ies4--,rev4 ,ar?ur ,br9ckman4 ,london1 #ahfh4 #aec ,repr9t$ 9 8,nor? ,africa0 7,april1 #ahib71 "u ! title3 ,prea*+1 n ,controv]sy4 #aed ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,society1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #aee4 #aee ,! ,mohamm$an ,controv]sy & o!r articles--,sir ,wm4 ,muir1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahig4 #aef ,mission>y ,review1 ,octob]1 #ahic1 p4 #gbg1 9 article by 8,c4 ,h40 #aeg ,*ri/ianity1 ,islam & ! ,negro ,race1 by ,e4 ,w4 ,blyd51 ,london1 #ahhh4 #aeh ,missions 9 ,sumatra1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s*reib]1 8,nor? ,africa10 ,may1 #ahif4 #aei ,g54 xii4 #c1 xviii4 #h1 xxii4 #ah1 xxvi4 #d1 xxviii4 #ad2 ,num4 xiv4 #ba2 ,=ty-?ree ( ! ,psalms2 ,isaiah ii4 #b1 #ah1 etc41 etc42 ,j]emiah iii4 #ag2 ,dan4 vii4 #ac1 #ad2 ,joel ii4 #bh2 ,jonah1 iii41 iv42 ,micah v4 #d2 ,hab4 ii4 #ad2 ,zeph4 ii4 #aa2 ,hag4 ii4 #f1 #g2 ,ze*4 ix4 #aj1 xiv4 #i2 ,mal4 i4 #aa4 #afj ,see ,isaiah xxxv4 #a-c1 xl4 #c1 xli4 #ai1 xliii4 #ai1 li4 #c2 ,ezekiel xxxiv4 #be1 xlvii4 #h2 ,ps4 lxxii4 #i1 etc4 #afa ,accord+ to ,ges5ius ?is is ,suez1 :ile ,keil id5tifies x ) ,jif>1 a site 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,arabia ne> ,egypt4 #afb ,comp>e ,rom4 iv4 #aa1 & ,gal4 iii4 #ag4 #afc ,g54 xxi4 #i-bb4 #afd ,g54 xxv4 #aa-ah1 & #a ,*ron4 i4 #bh4 #afe ,isaiah xxi4 #ac-ag & ,j]4 xlix4 #bh-cc4 #aff ,see ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y4 #afg ,cf4 ,exodus xxiii4 #ca & ,deut4 xi4 #bd4 #afh ,! ,*ri/ian ,intellig5c] 7,n4 ,y471 ,m>* #ae1 #ahii4 #afi ,consult ,bibliographies ( ,pale/9e & ,syria ) inf]5ce to ,nomad life2 also ,d4 ,islam4 #agj ,consult also li/ 9 ,gilman's ,s>ac5s4 #aga ,consult ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society ,reports = acc\nt ( ,scripture circulation2 ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl& ,mon?ly = reports ( ,kei? ,falcon] ,mission2 ! ,*ur* ,mission>y ,intellig5c]1 #ahhg1 vol4 xii41 pp4 #bae1 #bgc1 #cdf1 #djh2 ,mission>y ,review ( ! ,_w1 #ahib-ahii1 ,octob] numb]s1 & ,record ( ! ,am]ican ,bible ,society1 #ahih-aijj4