,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,illu/ration3 ,sections ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one2 ,,or1 ,,new ,,walks ,,9 ,,an ,,old ,,field4 ,,by ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,foot-,,pr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator1 ,,etc4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,num]\s ,,engrav+s4 ,,f ,,! ,,f\r? ,,london ,,edition4 ,,bo/on3 ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 #ei ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet4 #ahea4 ,,/]eotyp$ ,,at ,,! ,,bo/on ,,/]eotype ,,f\ndry4 ,pr9t$ by ,g4 ,c4 ,r& ,co4 ,no4 #c ,cornhill4 ,,d$ication4 ,,to ,,rod]ick ,,impey ,,mur*ison1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,etc41 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,society4 ,9 ! autumn ( la/ ye>1 ,i sat d[n to write a few geological sket*es = a newspap]2 ! accumulat$ facts ( tw5ty ye>s cr[d$ ^u me z ,i wrote1 & ! few sket*es h exp&$ into a volume4 ,p]mit me1 honor$ ,sir1 to d$icate ?is volume to y4 ,its imp]fections are d\btless _m1 = x has be5 produc$ "u _m disadvantages2 b x is n ! m5 be/ qualifi$ to decide reg>d+ x ^: criticisms ,i fe> mo/2 & ,i am especially desir\s to br+ x "u y\r notice1 z ( all geologi/s ! mo/ ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ^? anci5t =mations :i* x pr(esses p>tially to describe4 ,i am1 besides1 desir\s x %\ld be kn[n1 & ?is1 ,i tru/1 f o!r motives ?an ^? ( vanity1 t1 :5 prosecut+ my humble rese>*es 9 obscurity & solitude1 ! pres5t ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society did n deem x b5ea? him to ev9ce an int]e/ 9 ! results to :i* !y l$1 & to enc\rage & assi/ ! inquir] ) 8 advice4 ,accept1 honor$ ,sir1 my s9c]e ?anks = y\r k9dness4 ,smi?1 ! fa!r ( ,engli% ,geology1 lov$ to rem>k t he _h be5 born ^u ! ,oolite--! =mation ^: v>i\s deposits he 0 ! fir/ to di/+ui% & describe1 & f :i*1 z f ! m]idian l9e ( ! geograph]1 ! geological scale has be5 graduat$ on bo? sides4 ,i h ?\ght ( ! circum/ance :51 on visit+ 9 my native di/rict ! bir?place ( ! au?or ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 ,i f\nd x situat$ among ! m anci5t fossilif]\s rocks ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&--! ,l[] ,=mation ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one spread+ out b5ea? & ar\nd x1 & ! fir/-=m$ deposit ( ! sy/em1 ! ,great ,conglom]ate1 ris+ high on ! neighbor+ hills4 ,x is unque/ionably no slight advantage to be plac$1 at t e>ly /age ( life1 :5 ! m9d collects its facts ) greate/ avidity1 & ! curiosity is mo/ active1 9 localities :]e !re is mu* to attract obs]vation t has escap$ ! notice ( o!rs4 ,l ! g5tleman :om ,i h n[ ! honor ( address+1 ,i too 0 born on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & fir/ broke gr\nd z an inquir] into geological fact 9 a =mation sc>ce at all kn[n to ! geologi/1 & 9 :i* !re /ill rema9s mu* = future discov]]s to exam9e & describe4 ,h5ce an acqua9tance1 ,i am afraid all too slight1 ) ph5om5a :i*1 if intr9sically ( int]e/1 may be f\nd to h also ! int]e/ ( novelty to recomm5d !m1 & ) organisms :i*1 ?\gh among ! mo/ anci5t ( ?+s 9 _! relation to ! _w's hi/ory1 w be pron\nc$ new by ! geological read] 9 _! relation to human k4 ,h5ce1 too1 my pres5t opportunity ( subscrib+ myself1 z ! writ] ( a volume on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,honor$ ,sir1 ,) s9c]e gratitude & respect1 ,y\r ob$i5t humble ,s]vant1 ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,ed9burgh1 ,may #a1 #ahda4 ,,preface4 ,ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! pres5t volume appe>$ a few mon?s ago 9 ! =m ( a s]ies ( sket*es 9 ! ,witness newspap]4 ,a portion ( ! fir/ *apt] 0 submitt$ to ! public a ye> or two e>li]1 9 ,*amb]s's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal4 ,! re/1 am\nt+ to ab\t two ?irds ( ! :ole1 appe>s = ! fir/ "t4 ,e su* "w has its defects4 ,! faults ( ! pres5t volume--faults all too obvi\s1 ,i am afraid--w\ld h be5 probably few] _h ! writ] enjoy$ great] leisure4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 seem sc>ce sep>able f ! nature ( ! subject3 !re are o!rs = :i*1 f _! opposite "*1 ,i %all h to apologize 9 turn to opposite classes ( read]s4 ,my facts w\ld1 9 mo/ in/ances1 h la9 clos] _h ,i writt5 = geologi/s exclusively1 & !re w\ld h be5 less ref]5ce to famili> ph5om5a4 ,& _h ,i writt5 = only g5]al read]s1 my descriptions ( hi!rto undescrib$ organisms1 & ! deposits ( little-kn[n localities1 w\ld h occupi$ few] pages1 & w\ld h be5 ?r[n (f )1 p]haps1 less reg>d to m9ute detail ?an to pictorial effect4 ,may ,i crave1 :ile address+ myself1 n[ to ! "o class1 & n[ to ! o!r1 ! alt]nate =be>ance ( ea*8 ,su* is ! /ate ( progression 9 geological sci5ce1 t ! geologi/ :o /&s /ill = b a v little1 mu/ be cont5t to f9d himself left beh9d4 ,nay1 s rapid is ! progress1 t sc>ce a geological "w passes ?r\gh ! press 9 :i* "s ( ! /atem5ts ( ! e>li] pages h n to be modifi$1 re/rict$1 or ext5d$ 9 ! conclud+ ones4 ,! pres5t volume %>es1 9 ?is respect1 9 :at seems ! common lot4 ,9 describ+ ! ,cocco/eus1 ! read] w f9d x /at$ t ! creature1 unlike its contempor>y ! ,pt]i*?ys1 0 unfurni%$ ) arms4 ,ere arriv+ at su* a conclusion1 ,i _h c>efully exam9$ at lea/ a hundr$ diff]5t ,cocco/ei2 b ! positive evid5ce ( "o specim5 outweighs ! negative evid5ce ( a hundr$2 & ,i h j le>n$ f a fri5d 9 ! nor?1 7,mr4 ,patrick ,duff1 ( ,elg917 t a ,cocco/eus lately f\nd at ,le!n-b>1 & n[ 9 ! possession ( ,lady ,gordon ,gumm+1 ( ,altyre1 is furni%$ ) :at seem unc\?1 paddle-%ap$ arms1 t project f ! head4,a ,all t ,i h giv5 ( ! creature1 h[ev]1 w be f\nd true to ! actual type2 & t p>ts %\ld h be5 omitt$ w surprise no "o :o rememb]s t _m hundr$ belemnites _h be5 figur$ & describ$ ere a specim5 turn$ up 9 :i* ! horny prolongation1 ) its enclos$ ink-bag1 0 f\nd atta*$ to ! calc>e\s sp9dle2 & t ev5 yet1 aft] _m ?\s& trilobites h be5 c>efully exam9$1 x rema9s a "q ) ! oryctologi/1 :e!r ?is cru/acean ( ! e>lie/ p]iods 0 furni%$ ) legs1 or creep$ on an abdom9al foot1 l ! snail4 ,footnote ,a3 ,z ^! paddle-%ap$ arms h n be5 introduc$ by ,agassiz into 8 re/oration ( ! ,cocco/eus1 _! exi/5ce1 at lea/ z arms1 mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z problematical4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t !y exi/$ z plates ( v peculi> =m1 & greatly resembl+ paddles1 & t !y s]v$ 9 ! economy ( ! animal "s /ill unacc\nt$ = purpose4 ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 ,inv]ugie1 ! specim5 figur$ 9 ,plate ,v41 fig4 #g1 conta9+ %ells ( ! only species yet discov]$ 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&4 ,!y occur 9 ! ,l[] ,=mation ( ! sy/em1 9 a qu>ry ne> ,kirkwald1 9 :i* ! specim5 figur$1 ) sev]al o!rs ( ! same k9d1 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 9 ! ye> #ahcd4 ,9 ref]r+ to ?is %ell1 page #ii1;,b ,i h spok5 ( x z a delicate bivalve1 mu* resembl+ a ,v5us2 draw+ my illu/ration1 naturally en\gh1 :5 describ+ ! %ell ( an ocean deposit1 r f among m>9e1 ?an fluviatile te/acea4 ,i h s9ce submitt$ x to ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 :o has oblig+ly writt5 me t he c f9d no "o to say m reg>d+ x ?an t x is v l a ,cyclas4 ,he adds1 h[ev]1 t x mu/ be an ocean production not)/&+1 see+ t all its contempor>ies 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,russia1 :e!r %ells or fi%1 are unequivocally m>9e4 ,footnote ,b3 ,page #ij ( ! pres5t edition4 ,) ! exception ( two ( ! figures 9 ,plate ,,ix41 ! figures ( ! ,cephalaspis & ! ,holopty*ius1 & "o ( ! sections 9 ! ,frontispiece1 section #b1 all ! pr9ts ( ! volume are orig9als4 ,to ,mr4 ,daniel ,alex&]1 ( ,ed9burgh1--a g5tleman1 :o to ! skill & ta/e ( ! sup]ior arti/1 adds no small portion ( ! k ( ! practical geologi/1--,i am indebt$ = sev]al ( ! draw+s2 t ( fig4 #b 9 ,plate ,v41 fig4 #a 9 ,plate ,,vi41 fig4 #b 9 ,plate ,,viii41 & figs4 #c & #d 9 plate ,,ix4 ,i am indebt$ to ano!r fri5d = fig4 #a1 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,:atev] defects may be discov]$ 9 any ( ! o!rs1 mu/ be attribut$ to ! untaught ef=ts ( ! writ]1 all unfamili>1 hi!rto1 ) ! p5cil1 & ) by mu* too little leisure to acqua9t himself ) x n[4 ,,am]ican ,,publi%]s' ,,notice4 ,! publi%]s take pleasure 9 pres5t+ to ! ,am]ican read] ?is int]e/+ "w ( ,hugh ,mill]1 9 :i* are re/or$ to our view "s ( ! ph5om5a :i* occurr$ 9 ! e>li] =mations ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 belong+ to ^? inconceivably remote ages :5 liv+ ?+s fir/ appe>$2--a "w s sci5tific1 & yet s illu/rat$ ) famili> objects & sc5es1 z to be well und]/ood by ^? little v]s$ 9 ,geology4 ,! gr& conclusions :i* ! au?or d$uces f app>5tly trifl+ circum/ances t e "o has notic$ a hundr$ times1 )\t be+ ! wis]1 illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! philosoph] & ! common obs]v]2 & ! simple & pictorial /yle 9 :i* !y are del9eat$ r5d]s ! "w peculi>ly fasc9at+4 ,?is is a repr9t ( ! f\r? ,engli% edition1 )\t additions or alt]ations1 except+ ! omission ( ! prefatory ,notes to ! second & ?ird editions4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! au?or /ates t he _h add$ ab\t fifte5 pages to ! fir/ edition1 *iefly relat+ to t middle =mation ( ! sy/em to :i* ! organisms ( ,balrudd]y & ,c>mylie belong1 ! repres5tative ( ! ,corn/ones 9 ,engl&4 ,"s matt]s !re giv5 z m]ely conjectural 7 also replac$ by asc]ta9$ facts4 ,9 ! latt]1 he ann\nces t ! some:at bold pr$iction made by him 9 ! fir/ edition1 9 #ahda1 t ! i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one w\ld be f\nd at lea/ equal to ^? ( all ! geological =mations unit$1 at ! dea? ( ,cuvi]1 0 already m ?an fulfill$4 ,cuvi] enum]at$ n9ety-two species ( fossil fi%es2 ,agassiz1 9 #ahdf1 enum]at$ "o hundr$ & five 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one alone1 a =mation :i* _h be5 reg>d$ z poor] 9 organisms ?an any o!r4 ,9 ?is edition 0 giv5 ! li/ ( species1 z det]m9$ & arrang$ by ,pr(essor ,agassiz4 ,_m additions 9 ! %ape ( notes 7 also made4 ,9 ! fir/ two editions x 0 /at$ t !re 0 a gradual increase ( size obs]vable 9 ! progress ( i*?yolic life1 & t ! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em exhibit$1 9 its successive =mations1 ?is gradation ( bulk1 beg9n+ ) an age ( dw>fs1 & end+ ) an age ( giants4 ,s9ce !n1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t !re 7 giants among ! dw>fs4 ,! rema9s ( "o ( ! l>ge/ fi% f\nd any :]e1 has be5 discov]$ 9 its l[e/ =mation2 :]eby he 0 conv9c$ t ! !ory ( a gradual progression 9 size1 f ! e>li] to ! lat] ,palozoic =mations1 ?\gh bas$ orig9ally on no inconsid]able am\nt ( negative evid5ce1 mu/ be p]mitt$ to drop4 ,on ?is fact he has bas$ 8 incontrov]tible argum5t aga9/ ! developm5t !ory 9 8 m rec5t "w1 already giv5 to ! ,am]ican ,public1 ,foot-,pr9ts ( ! ,creator4 ,bo/on1 ,janu>y1 #ahea4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,! ,work+-man's true ,policy4--,8 only ,mode ( acquir+ ,p[]4--,! ,ex]cise ( ! ,faculties ess5tial to ,enjoym5t4--,no necess>y ,connection betwe5 ,labor & ,unhapp9ess4--,n>rative4--,sc5es 9 a ,qu>ry4--,! two dead ,birds4--,l&scape4--,ripple ,m>k+s on a ,s&/one ,slab4--,b\ld] ,/ones4--,inf]5ces d]iv$ f _! wat]-worn ,appe>ance4--,sea-coa/ ,section4--,my fir/ discov]$ ,fossil4--,lias ,deposit on ! ,%ores ( ! ,moray ,fri?4--,belemnite4--,result ( ! ,exp]i5ce ( half a ,lifetime ( ,toil4--,advantages ( a ,w&]+ ,pr(ession 9 ,connection ) ! ,geology ( a ,c\ntry4--,geological ,opportunities ( ! ,/one-,mason4--,design ( ! pres5t ,"w1 #a-ad ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,till v lately its ,exi/5ce z a di/9ct ,=mation disput$4--,/ill little kn[n4--,its great ,importance 9 ! ,geological ,scale4--,illu/ration4--,! ,nor? ( ,scotl& girdl$ by an imm5se ,belt ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,l9e ( ! ,girdle along ! ,coa/4--,m>ks ( va/ ,d5udation4--,its ,ext5t p>tially indicat$ by ,hills on ! we/]n ,coa/ ( ,ross-%ire4--,! ,sy/em ( great ,dep? 9 ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&4--,difficulties 9 ! ,way ( e/imat+ ! ,?ickness ( ,deposits4--,peculi> ,=mation ( ,hill4--,illu/rat$ by ,b5 ,nevis4--,caution to ! ,geological ,critic4--,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one imm5sely develop$ 9 ,cai?ness4--,sket* ( ! ,geology ( t ,c\nty4--,its /range ,gr\p ( ,fossils4--_! pres5t ,place ( ,sepulture4--,_! anci5t ,habitat4--,agassiz4--,amaz+ ,progress ( ,fossil ,i*?yology dur+ ! la/ few ,ye>s4--,its ,nom5clature4--,le>n$ ,names repel unle>n$ ,read]s4--,n a great deal 9 !m1 #ae-cd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,progression illu/rat$4--,class ( ,facts :i* give ,color to x4--,! ,cr$ulity ( ,unbelief4--,m4 ,maillet & 8 ,fi%-birds4--,gradation n ,progress4--,geological ,argum5t4--,! ,pres5t incomplete )\t ! ,pa/4--,int]m$iate ,l9ks ( ,creation4--,organisms ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,! ,pt]i*?ys4--,its fir/ ,discov]y4--,mr4 ,mur*ison's ,decision reg>d+ x4--,confirm$ by t ( ,agassiz4--,description4--,! sev]al ,v>ieties ( ! ,fossil yet discov]$4--,evid5ce ( viol5t ,dea? 9 ! ,attitudes 9 :i* !y are f\nd4--,! ,cocco/eus ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$4--,description4--,gradations f ,cru/acea to ,fi%es4--,habits ( ! ,cocco/eus4--,sc>cely any ,conception too extravagant = ,nature to realize1 #ce-ed ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,elf9-fi% ( ,gaw9 ,d\glas4--,! ,fi% ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one sc>cely less curi\s4--,place :i* !y occupi$ indicat$ 9 ! pres5t ,creation by a m]e ,gap4--,fi% divid$ into two great ,s]ies1 ! ,osse\s & ,c>tilag9\s4--,_! di/9ctive ,peculi>ities4--,geological ,illu/ration ( ,dr4 ,johnson's %rewd ,objection to ! ,!ory ( ,soame ,j5yns4--,pro(s ( ! int]m$iate ,"* ( ! ,i*?yolites ( ! ,old li$ ,s&/one4--,appe>ances :i* fir/ l$ ! ,writ] to deem x int]m$iate4--,confirmation by ,agassiz4--,! ,o/eolepis4--,ord] to :i*1 ?is ,i*?yolite belong$4--,description4--,dipt]us4--,dip lopi]us4-- ,*eirolepis4--,glyptolepis1 #ee-gh ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,classify+ ,pr9ciple & its ,uses4--,?ree ,gr\ps ( ,i*?yolites among ! ,organisms ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,peculi>ities ( ! ,?ird ,gr\p4--,its ,v>ieties4--,description ( ! ,*eiracan?us4--,( two unnam$ ,fossils ( ! same ,ord]4--,microscopic ,beauty ( ^! anci5t ,fi%4--,v>i\s ,/yles ( ,ornam5t :i* obta9 among !m4--,! ,molluscs ( ! ,=mation4--,rem>kable *iefly = ! ,union ( mod]n ) anci5t ,=ms :i* !y exhibit4--,its ,vegetables4--,importance & ,int]e/ ( ! ,record :i* x furni%es1 #gi-id ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,l9es ( ! ,geograph] r>ely "r ,l9es4--,^! la/1 h[ev]1 always wor? look+ at :5 !y occur4--,/rik+ ,in/ance 9 ! ,l9e ( ! ,great ,cal$onian ,valley4--,indicative ( ! ,direction 9 :i* ! ,volcanic ,ag5cies h op]at$4--,sections ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one furni%$ by ! granitic ,em95ces ( ! ,l9e4--,illu/ration4--,lias ( ! ,moray ,fri?4--,surmis+s reg>d+ its orig9al ,ext5t4--,^! lead to an exploratory ,ramble4--,n>rative4--,ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 ! ,c\rse ( half an ,h\r's ,walk4--,! little ,bay4--,its ,/rata & _! ,organisms1 #ie-ajh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,fur!r ,discov]ies ( ! ,i*?yolite ,b$s4--,f\nd 9 "o ,locality "u a ,b$ ( ,peat4--,discov]$ 9 ano!r b5ea? an anci5t ,bury+-gr\nd4--,9 a ?ird und]ly+ ! ,lias ,=mation4--,9 a f\r? ov]topp$ by a /ill old] ,s&/one ,deposit4--,difficulties 9 asc]ta9+ ! true ,place ( a newly-discov]$ ,=mation4--,caution aga9/ draw+ too ha/y ,inf]5ces f ! m]e ,circum/ance ( ,neighborhood4--,! ,writ] receives 8 fir/ ,assi/ance f )\t4--,geological ,app5dix ( ! ,messrs4 ,&]son1 ( ,inv]ness4--,fur!r ,assi/ance f ! ,rese>*es ( ,agassiz4--,sugge/ion4--,dr4 ,john ,malcolmson4--,8 ext5sive ,discov]ies 9 ,moray4--,he submits to ,agassiz a ,draw+ ( ! ,pt]i*?ys4--,place ( ! ,i*?yolites 9 ! ,scale at l5g? det]m9$4--,two di/9ct ,plat=ms ( ,be+ 9 ! ,=mation to :i* !y belong1 #aji-abd ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,upp] ,=mations ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,room en\gh1 = ea* & to sp>e4--,middle1 or ,corn/one ,=mation4--,! ,cephalaspis its mo/ *>act]i/ic ,organism4--,description4--,! ,d5 ( ,balrudd]y ri*] 9 ! ,fossils ( ?is middle ,=mation ?an any o!r ,locality yet discov]$4--,v>i\s ,contempor>ies ( ! ,cephalaspis4--,vegetable ,impressions4--,gigantic ,cru/acean4--,s]aphim4--,i*?yodorulites4 --,sket* ( ! ,geology ( ,=f>%ire4--,its old] ,deposits ( ! ,corn/one ,=mation4--,! ,qu>ries ( ,c>mylie4--,_! ,vegetable & ,animal ,rema9s4--,! ,upp] ,=mation4--,wide ,ext5t ( ! ,fauna & ,flora ( ! e>li] ,=mations4--,probable ,cause1 #abe-aej ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,fossils ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one mu* m imp]fectly pres]v$ ?an ^? ( ! ,l[]4--,! ,causes obvi\s4--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ,gr\ps1 :i* fir/ /rikes ! ,obs]v]1 a diff]5ce 9 size4--,! ,holopty*ius a *>act]i/ic ,i*?yolite ( ! ,=mation4--,description ( its huge ,scales4--,( its ,occipital ,bones1 ,f9s1 ,tee?1 & g5]al ,appe>ance4--,contempor>ies ( ! ,holopty*ius4--,sponge-l ,bodies4--,plates resembl+ ^? ( ! ,/urgeon4--,tee? ( v>i\s =ms1 b all evid5tly ! tee? ( fi%es4--,lime/one ,b& & its probable ,orig94--,fossils ( ! ,yell[ ,s&/one4--! ,pt]i*?ys ( ,dura ,d54--,memb] ( a ,family peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,sy/em4--,no int]v5+ ,=mation betwe5 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ! ,coal ,measures4--,! ,holopty*ius contempor>y = a "t ) ! ,megali*?ys1--,! ,columns ( ,tubal-,ca91 #aea-agb ,,*apt] ,x4 ,speculations 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & _! ,"*4--,george1 fir/ ,e>l ( ,crom>ty4--,8 ,sagacity z a ,naturali/ at fault 9 "o in/ance4--,sets himself to dig = ,coal 9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,discov]s a f9e ,artesian ,well4--,value ( ,geological ,k 9 an economic view4--,sc>ce a ,second>y ,=mation 9 ! ,k+dom 9 :i* ,coal has n be5 s\ght =4--,m9]al ,spr+s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,/ra?peff]4--,its ,peculi>ities :5ce d]iv$4--,*alybeate ,spr+s ( ,ea/] ,ross & ! ,black ,isle4--,petrify+ ,spr+s4--,build+-,/one & ,lime ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,its v>i\s ,soils1 #agc-ahi ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,geological ,physiognomy4--,sc5]y ( ! ,prim>y ,=mations2 ,gneiss1 ,mica ,s*i/1 ,qu>tz ,rock4--,( ! ,second>y2 ! ,*alk ,=mations1 ! ,oolite1 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 ! ,coal ,measures4--,sc5]y 9 ! ,neighborhood ( ,ed9burgh4--,aspect ( ! ,trap ,rocks4--,! ,di/urb+ & ,d5ud+ ,ag5cies4--,di/9ctive ,features ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,( ! ,great ,conglom]ate4--,( ! ,i*?yolite ,b$s4--,! ,burn ( ,ea?ie4--,! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones4--,sc5e 9 ,moray1 #aij-baj ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! two ,aspects 9 :i* ,matt] c be view$2 ,space & ,"t4--,geological ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>li] ,p]iods4--,! ,cambrian ,sy/em4--,its ,annelids4--,! ,silurian ,sy/em4--,its ,corals1 ,encr9ites1 ,molluscs1 & ,trilobites4--,its ,fi%4--,^! ( a high ,ord]1 & call$ into ,exi/5ce app>5tly by ,myriads4--,op5+ ,sc5e 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one a ,sc5e ( ,tempe/4--,repres5t$ by ! ,great ,conglom]ate4--,r$ a prevail+ ,color among ! ,anci5t ,rocks conta9$ 9 ?is ,deposit4--,amaz+ ,abundance ( ,animal ,life4--,exemplifi$ by a ,sc5e 9 ! ,h]r+ ,fi%]y4--,plat=m ( ,dea?4--,probable ,cause ( ! ,cata/rophe :i* r5d]$ x su*1 #baa-bbe ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,successors ( ! ext]m9at$ ,tribes4--,! ,gap sl[ly fill$4--,pro( t ! ,vegetation ( a ,=mation may long survive its ,animal ,tribes4--,probable ,cause4--,imm5sely ext5d$ ,p]iod dur+ :i* ,fi%es 7 ! ,ma/]-exi/5ces ( our ,planet4--,extreme ,folly ( an ,infidel ,objection illu/rat$ by ! ,fact4--,s+ul> ,analogy betwe5 ! ,hi/ory ( ,fi%es z ,individuals & z a ,class4--,*emi/ry ( ! ,l[] ,=mation4--,pr9ciples on :i* ! ,fi%-enclos+ ,nodules 7 probably =m$4--,*emical ,effect ( ,animal ,matt] 9 dis*>g+ ! ,color f ,r$ ,s&/one4--,orig9 ( ! prevail+ t9t to :i* ! ,sy/em owes its ,"n4--,successive ,modes 9 :i* a ,metal may exi/4--,! ,re/orations ( ! ,geologi/ void ( ,color4--,v diff]5t ,appe>ance ( ! ,i*?yolites ( ,crom>ty & ,moray1 #bbf-bdb ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,corn/one ,=mation & its ,organisms4--,dw>f ,vegetation4--,cephalaspides4--,huge ,lob/]4--,habitats ( ! exi/+ ,cru/acea4--,no unapt repres5tation ( ! ,deposit ( ,balrudd]y1 furni%$ by a l&-lock$ ,bay 9 ! neighborhood ( ,crom>ty4--,va/ ,space occupi$ by ! ,geological ,=mations4--,contra/$ ) ! half-=m$ ,deposits :i* repres5t ! exi/+ ,creation4--,inf]5ce4--,! =mation ( ! ,holopty*ius4--,probable orig9 ( its ,silice\s ,lime/one4--,m>k$ increase 9 ! ,bulk ( ! ,exi/5ces ( ! ,sy/em4--,conjectural ,cause4--,! ,coal ,measures4--,! ,lime/one ( ,burdie ,h\se ,conclusion1 #bdc-bei ,i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--f ,agassiz's ,poissons ,fossiles1 #bfa-bhh ,,explanations ,,( ,,! ,,sections ,,& ,,plates4 ,,section ,i4 ,repres5ts ! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em ( ,scotl& f its upp] b$s ( ,yell[ ,qu>tzose ,s&/one to its ,great ,conglom]ate base4 a4 ,qu>tzose ,yell[ ,s&/one1 b4 ,impure concretion>y lime/one enclos+ masses ( *]t1 c4 ,r$ & v>iegat$ s&/ones & conglom]ate4 ,^! ?ree deposits con/itute an upp] =mation ( ! sy/em1 *>act]iz$ by its peculi> gr\p ( fossils4 7,see ,*apt] ,,ix47 d4 ,deposit ( gray fissile s&/one :i* con/itutes ! middle =mation ( ! sy/em1 *>act]iz$ also by its peculi> organic gr\p4 7,see ,*apt] ,,viii47 e4 ,r$ & v>iegat$ s&/ones1 undi/+ui%able (t5 9 _! m9]al "* f ! upp] s&/ones1 c1 b 9 g5]al less gritty1 & conta9+ few] pebbles1 f4 ,bitum9\s s*i/s1 g4 ,co>se gritty s&/one4 h4 ,great ,conglom]ate4 ,^! f\r b$s compose a l[] =mation ( ! sy/em1 m /rik+ly m>k$ by its peculi> organisms ?an ev5 ! o!r two4 7,see ,*apt]s ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 & ,v47 ,9 ! section ?is l[] =mation is repres5t$ z we f9d x develop$ 9 ,cai?ness & ,orkney4 ,9 fig4 #e x is repres5t$ z develop$ 9 ,crom>ty1 :]e1 ?\gh ! fossils are id5tical ) ^? ( ! m nor!rn localities1 at lea/ "o ( ! deposits1 f1 is m9]alogically diff]5t--alt]nat+ b$s ( s&/one & clay1 ^! la/ enclos+ lime/one nodules1 tak+ ! place ( ! bitum9\s s*i/s4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em ( ,engl& & ,wales1 z giv5 9 ! g5]al ,section ( ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 ) ! ,silurian ,rocks b5ea? & ! c>bonif]\s lime/one above4 i4 ,! po9t 9 ! geological scale at :i* v]tebrat$ exi/5ces fir/ appe>4 ,! ?ree ,old ,r$ ,s&/one =mations ( ?is section correspond 9 _! *>act]i/ic fossils ) ^? ( ,scotl&1 b ! proportions 9 :i* !y are develop$ are widely diff]5t4 ,! tile/ones seem a comp>atively n>r[ /ripe 9 ! sy/em 9 ,engl&2 ! answ]+ =mation 9 ,scotl&1 e1 f1 g1 h1 is ( su* enorm\s ?ickness1 t x has be5 held by v sup]ior geologi/s to conta9 ?ree di/9ct =mations--e1 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 f1 a repres5tative ( ! ,coal ,measures1 & g1 h1 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,int]e/+ case ( ext5sive d5udation f exi/+ causes on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,moray ,fri?4 7,see pages #aig & #aih47 ,! figures & lett]s :i* m>k ! v>i\s b$s correspond ) ^? ( fig4 #e1 & ( ! foll[+ section4 ,! fi%-b$1 ,no4 #a1 repres5ts :at ! read] w f9d describ$ 9 pp4 #bba-bbe z ! plat=m ( sudd5 dea?4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,illu/ration ( a fault 9 ! ,burn ( ,ea?ie1 ,crom>ty%ire4 7,see pages #bjd & #bje47 ,,explanations ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 ,plate ,i4--,fig4 #a1 ,re/oration ( upp] side ( ! elongat$ species ( ,pt]i*?ys 7,p4 oblongus17 ref]r$ to 9 page #dg4 ,fig4 #b1 ,pt]i*?ys ,mill]i4 ,fig4 #c1 ,"p ( tail ( elongat$ species1 %[+ portions ( ! orig9al cov]+ ( rhomboidal scales4 ,fig4 #d1 ,tub]cles ( ,pt]i*?ys magnifi$4 ,plate ,,ii4--,fig4 #b1 ,re/oration ( "u side ( ,pt]i*?ys oblongus4 ,fig4 #a1 ,a second specim5 ( ,pt]i*?ys ,mill]i4 ,fig4 #c1 ,portion ( w+1 natural size4 ,plate ,,iii4--,fig4 #a1 ,cocco/eus cuspidatus4 ,fig4 #b1 ,impression ( inn] surface ( l>ge dorsal plate4 ,fig4 #c1 ,abdom9al loz5ge-%ap$ plate4 ,fig4 #d1 ,portion ( jaw1 ) tee?4 ,plate ,,iv4--,fig4 #a1 ,re/oration ( ,o/eolepis major4 ,fig4 #b1 ,scales f ! upp] "p ( ! body magnifi$4 ,fig4 #c1 ,l>ge def5sive scale :i* runs lat]ally along all ! s+le f9s4 ,fig4 #d1 ,"u side ( scale1 %[+ ! atta*+ b>4 ,fig4 #e1 ,enamell$ & punctulat$ jaw ( ! creature4 ,fig4 #f1 ,magnifi$ portion ( f91 %[+ ! enamell$ & punctulat$ rays4 ,plate ,v4--,fig4 #a1 ,dipt]us macrolepidotus4 ,?is figure s]ves m]ely to %[ ! place ( ! f9s & ! g5]al outl9e ( ! i*?yolite4 ,all ! specim5s ! writ] has hi!rto exam9$ fail to %[ ! m9ut] details4 ,fig4 #b1 ,glyptolepis leptopt]us4 ,fig4 #c1 ,s+le scale ( ! creature1 %[+ its ru/ic /yle ( ornam5t4 ,fig4 #d1 ,scale ) a nail-l atta*m5t4 ,fig4 #e1 ,"u side ( scale4 ,fig4 #f1 ,magnifi$ portion ( f94 ,fig4 #g1 ,%ells ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,plate ,,vi4--,fig4 #a1 ,*eirolepis ,cumm+i4 ,fig4 #b1 ,magnifi$ scales4 ,fig4 #c1 ,magnifi$ portion ( f94 ,plate ,,vii4--,fig4 #a1 ,*eiracan?us microlepidotus4 ,fig4 #b1 ,magnifi$ scales4 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 ,vegetable impressions ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,plate ,,viii4--,fig4 #a1 ,diplacan?us longisp9us4 ,fig4 #b1 ,diplacan?us /riatus4 ,fig4 #c1 ,magnifi$ scales ( fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #d1 ,sp9e ( fig4 #b1 slightly magnifi$4 ,plate ,,ix4--,fig4 #a1 ,"o ( ! tail flaps ( ! gigantic ,cru/acean ( ,=f>%ire4 ,fig4 #b1 ,reticulat$ m>k+s ( ,c>mylie4 ,plate ,x4--,fig4 #a1 ,cephalaspis ,lyellii1 copi$ f ,lyell's ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 ,fig4 #b1 ,holopty*ius nobilissimus1 copi$ on a greatly r$uc$ scale f ,mur*ison's ,silurian ,sy/em1 ,fig4 #c1 ,scale ( ,holopty*ius1 natural size4 ,fig1 #d1 ,too? ( ditto1 also natural size4 ,^! la/ drawn f specim5s 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,patrick ,duff1 ( ,elg94 ,,directions ,,to ,,! ,,b9d]4 ,%eet ( ,sections to front ,title-,page4 ,plate ,i4 to front page #dd ,,ii4 #df ,,iii4 #dh ,,iv4 #ff ,v4 #gb ,,vi4 #gh ,,vii4 #hb ,,viii4 #hd ,,ix4 #acf ,x4 #aed ,,new ,,walks ,,9 ,,an ,,old ,,field2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,work+-man's ,true ,policy4--,8 only ,mode ( acquir+ ,p[]4--,! ,ex]cise ( ! ,faculties ess5tial to ,enjoym5t4--,no necess>y ,connection betwe5 ,labor & ,unhapp9ess4--,n>rative4--,sc5es 9 a ,qu>ry4--,! two dead ,birds4--,l&scape4--,ripple ,m>k+s on a ,s&/one ,slab4--,b\ld] ,/ones4--,inf]5ce d]iv$ f _! wat]-worn ,appe>ance4--,sea-coa/ ,section4--,my fir/ discov]$ ,fossil1--,lias ,deposit on ! ,%ores ( ! ,moray ,fri?4--,belemnite4--,result ( ! ,exp]i5ce ( half a ,lifetime ( ,toil4--,advantages ( a ,w&]+ ,pr(ession 9 ,connection ) ! ,geology ( a ,c\ntry4--,geological ,opportunities ( ! ,/one-,mason4--,design ( ! pres5t ,"w4 ,my advice to "y work+-m51 desir\s ( bett]+ _! circum/ances1 & add+ to ! am\nt ( _! enjoym5t1 is a v simple "o4 ,d n seek happ9ess 9 :at is misnam$ pleasure2 seek x r 9 :at is t]m$ /udy4 ,keep y\r consci5ces cle>1 y\r curiosity fre%1 & embrace e opportunity ( cultivat+ y\r m9ds4 ,y w ga9 no?+ by att5d+ ,*>ti/ meet+s4 ,! fell[s :o speak nons5se ) flu5cy at ^! assemblies1 & deem _! nons5se eloqu5ce1 are totally unable to help ei!r y or !mselves2 or1 if !y d succe$ 9 help+ !mselves1 x w be all at y\r exp5se4 ,leave !m to h>angue unhe$$1 & set y\rselves to occupy y\r leisure h\rs 9 mak+ y\rselves wis] m54 ,le>n to make a "r use ( y\r eyes3 ! commone/ ?+s are wor? look+ at--ev5 /ones & we$s1 & ! mo/ famili> animals4 ,head good books1 n =gett+ ! be/ ( all3 !re is m true philosophy 9 ! ,bible ?an 9 e "w ( e sceptic t ev] wrote2 & we w\ld be all mis]able creatures )\t x1 & none m mis]able ?an y4 ,y are jeal\s ( ! upp] classes2 & p]haps x is too true t1 ) "s good1 y h receiv$ mu* evil at _! h&s4 ,x mu/ be confess$ !y h hi!rto be5 do+ comp>atively little = y1 & a great deal = !mselves4 ,b upp] & l[] classes !re mu/ be1 s long z ! _w la/s2 & !re is only "o way 9 :i* y\r jeal\sy ( !m c be well direct$4 ,d n let !m get ahead ( y 9 intellig5ce4 ,x w\ld be alike unwise & unju/ to attempt ca/+ !m d[n to y\r own level1 & no class w\ld suff] m 9 ! attempt ?an y\rselves2 = y w\ld only be cle>+ ! way1 at an imm5se exp5se ( blood1 & "u a trem5d\s pressure ( mis]y1 = ano!r & p]haps worse ari/ocracy1 ) "s second ,cromwell or ,napoleon at _! head4 ,society1 h[ev]1 is 9 a /ate ( cont9ual flux3 "s 9 ! upp] classes are f "t to "t go+ d[n1 & "s ( y f "t to "t m\nt+ up to take _! places--always ! m /eady & intellig5t among y1 rememb]2 & if all y\r m9ds 7 cultivat$1 n m]ely intellectually1 b morally also1 y w\ld f9d y\rselves1 z a body1 9 ! possession ( a p[] :i* e *>t] 9 ! _w c\ld n conf] ^u y1 & :i* all ! tyranny or inju/ice ( ! _w c\ld n )/&4 ,i int5d$1 h[ev]1 to speak r ( ! pleasure to be d]iv$1 by ev5 ! humble/1 9 ! pursuit ( k1 ?an ( ! p[] ) :i* k 9 ! masses is inv>iably accompani$4 ,= x is surely ( great] importance t m5 %\ld receive accessions to _! own happ9ess1 ?an to ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]t ov] o!r m54 ,!re is none ( ! intellectual1 & none ( ! moral faculties1 ! ex]cise ( :i* does n lead to enjoym5t2 nay1 x is *iefly 9 ! active employm5t ( ^! t all enjoym5t consi/s2 & h5ce x is t happ9ess be>s s little ref]5ce to /ation4 ,x is a tru? :i* has be5 (t5 told1 b v little he$$ or little calculat$ ^u1 t ?\gh "o nobleman may be happi] ?an ano!r1 & "o labor] happi] ?an ano!r1 yet x _c be at all premis$ ( _! respective ord]s1 t ! "o is 9 any degree happi] ?an ! o!r4 ,simple z ! fact may seem1 if univ]sally recogniz$1 x w\ld save a great deal ( useless discont5t1 & a great deal ( envy4 ,w my humbl] read]s p]mit me at once to illu/rate ?is subject1 & to introduce ! *apt]s :i* foll[1 by a piece ( simple n>rative8 ,i wi% to %[ !m h[ possible x is to enjoy mu* happ9ess 9 v mean employm5ts4 ,c[p] tells u t labor1 ?\gh ! primal curse1 has be5 s(t5$ into m]cy2 & ,i ?9k t1 ev5 _h he n done s1 ,i w\ld h f\nd out ! fact = myself4 ,x 0 tw5ty ye>s1 la/ ,febru>y1 s9ce ,i set out a little be=e sunrise to make my fir/ acqua9tance ) a life ( labor & re/ra9t1 & ,i h r>ely _h a heavi] he>t ?an on t morn+4 ,i 0 b a slim1 loose-jo9t$ boy at ! "t--fond ( ! pretty intangibilities ( romance1 & ( dream+ :5 broad awake2 &1 woeful *ange6 ,i 0 n[ go+ to "w at :at ,burns has in/anc$ 9 8 ,twa ,dogs z "o ( ! mo/ disagreeable ( all employm5ts--to "w 9 a qu>ry4 ,bat+ ! pass+ uneas9ess occasion$ by a few gloomy anticipations1 ! portion ( my life :i* _h already gone by _h be5 happy beyond ! common lot4 ,i _h be5 a w&]] among rocks & woods--a read] ( curi\s books :5 ,i c\ld get !m--a glean] ( old tradition>y /ories2 & n[ ,i 0 go+ to ex*ange all my day-dreams1 & all my amusem5ts1 = ! k9d ( life 9 :i* m5 toil e day t !y may be enabl$ to eat1 & eat e day t !y may be enabl$ to toil6 ,! qu>ry 9 :i* ,i wr\ght lay on ! s\!rn %ore ( a noble inl& bay1 or fri?1 r1 ) a little cle> /ream on ! "o side1 & a ?ick fir wood on ! o!r4 ,x _h be5 op5$ 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ! di/rict1 & 0 ov]topp$ by a huge bank ( diluvial clay1 :i* rose ov] x 9 "s places to ! height ( ne>ly ?irty feet1 & :i* at ?is "t 0 r5t & %iv]$1 :]ev] x pres5t$ an op5 front to ! wea!r1 by a rec5t fro/4 ,a heap ( loose fragm5ts1 :i* _h fall5 f above1 block$ up ! face ( ! qu>ry1 & my fir/ employm5t 0 to cle> !m away4 ,! friction ( ! %ovel soon bli/]$ my h&s2 b ! pa9 0 by no means v sev]e1 & ,i wr\ght h>d & will+ly1 t ,i might see h[ ! huge /rata bel[1 :i* pres5t$ s firm & unbrok5 a frontage1 7 to be torn up & remov$4 ,picks1 & w$ges1 & lev]s 7 appli$ by my bro!r-workm52 & simple & rude z ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ^! implem5ts1 ,i f\nd ,i _h mu* to le>n 9 ! way ( us+ !m4 ,!y all prov$ ineffici5t1 h[ev]2 & ! workm5 _h to bore into "o ( ! inf]ior /rata1 & employ gunp[d]4 ,! process 0 new to me1 & ,i deem$ x a highly amus+ "o3 x _h ! m]it1 too1 ( be+ att5d$ ) "s su* degree ( dang] z a boat+ or rock excursion1 & _h ?us an int]e/ indep5d5t ( its novelty4 ,we _h a few capital %ots3 ! fragm5ts flew 9 e direction2 & an imm5se mass ( ! diluvium came toppl+ d[n1 be>+ ) x two dead birds1 t 9 a rec5t /orm _h crept into "o ( ! deep] fissures1 to die 9 ! %elt]4 ,i felt a new int]e/ 9 exam9+ !m4 ,! "o 0 a pretty cock goldf9*1 ) its hood ( v]milion1 & its w+s inlaid ) ! gold to :i* x owes its "n1 z unsoil$ & smoo? z if x _h be5 pres]v$ = a museum4 ,! o!r1 a some:at r>] bird1 ( ! woodpeck] tribe1 0 v>iegat$ ) light blue & a grayi% yell[4 ,i 0 engag$ 9 admir+ ! poor little ?+s1 m dispos$ to be s5tim5tal1 p]haps1 ?an if ,i _h be5 t5 ye>s old]1 & ?9k+ ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! w>m? & jollity ( _! gre5 summ] haunts1 & ! cold & d>kness ( _! la/ retreat1 :5 ,i he>d our employ] bidd+ ! workm5 lay by _! tools4 ,i look$ up1 & saw ! sun s9k+ beh9d ! ?ick fir wood beside u1 & ! long1 d>k %ad[s ( ! trees /ret*+ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! %ore4 ,?is 0 no v =midable beg9n+ ( ! c\rse ( life ,i _h s mu* dread$4 ,to be sure1 my h&s 7 a little sore1 & ,i felt ne>ly z mu* fatigu$ z if ,i _h be5 climb+ among ! rocks2 b ,i _h wr\ght & be5 useful1 & _h yet enjoy$ ! day fully z mu* z usual4 ,x 0 no small matt]1 too1 t ! ev5+1 conv]t$1 by a r>e transmutation1 into ! delici\s bl9k ( re/ :i* ,burns s tru?fully describes1 0 all my own4 ,i 0 z light ( he>t next morn+ z any ( my bro!r-workm54 ,!re _h be5 a sm>t fro/ dur+ ! night1 & ! rime lay :ite on ! grass z we pass$ onw>ds ?r\gh ! fields2 b ! sun rose 9 a cle> atmosph]e1 & ! day mell[$1 z x advanc$1 into "o ( ^? delightful days ( e>ly spr+1 :i* give s pleas+ an e>ne/ ( :atev] is mild & g5ial 9 ! bett] half ( ! ye>4 ,all ! workm5 re/$ at midday1 & ,i w5t to enjoy my half-h\r alone on a mossy knoll 9 ! neighbor+ wood1 :i* comm&s ?r\gh ! trees a wide prospect ( ! bay & ! opposite %ore4 ,!re 0 n a wr9kle on ! wat]1 nor a cl\d 9 ! sky1 & ! bran*es 7 z moveless 9 ! calm z if !y _h be5 trac$ on canvas4 ,f a wood$ promontory t /ret*$ half way across ! fri?1 !re asc5d$ a ?9 column ( smoke4 ,x rose /raight z ! l9e ( a plummet = m ?an a ?\s& y>ds1 & !n1 on rea*+ a ?9n] /ratum ( air1 spread out equally on e side1 l ! foliage ( a /ately tree4 ,b5 ,nevis rose to ! we/1 :ite ) ! yet unwa/$ sn[s ( w9t]1 & z %>ply def9$ 9 ! cle> atmosph]e1 z if all its sunny slopes & blue retir+ holl[s _h be5 *isell$ 9 m>ble4 ,a l9e ( sn[ ran along ! opposite hills2 all above 0 :ite1 & all bel[ 0 purple4 ,!y rem9d$ me ( ! pretty ,fr5* /ory1 9 :i* an old arti/ is describ$ z task+ ! +5uity ( 8 future son-9-law1 by giv+ him1 z a subject = 8 p5cil1 a fl[]-piece compos$ ( only :ite fl[]s1 ( :i* ! "o half 7 to be> _! prop] color1 ! o!r half a deep purple hue1 & yet all be p]fectly natural2 & h[ ! "y man resolv$ ! riddle1 & ga9$ 8 mi/ress1 by introduc+ a transp>5t purple vase into ! picture1 & mak+ ! light pass ?r\gh x on ! fl[]s t 7 droop+ ov] ! edge4 ,i return$ to ! qu>ry1 conv9c$ t a v exquisite pleasure may be a v *eap "o1 & t ! busie/ employm5ts may af=d leisure en\gh to enjoy x4 ,! gunp[d] _h loos5$ a l>ge mass 9 "o ( ! inf]ior /rata1 & our fir/ employm5t1 on resum+ our labors1 0 to raise x f its b$4 ,i assi/$ ! o!r workm5 9 plac+ x on edge1 & 0 mu* /ruck by ! appe>ance ( ! plat=m on :i* x _h re/$4 ,! entire surface 0 ridg$ & furr[$ l a bank ( s& t _h be5 left by ! tide an h\r be=e4 ,i c\ld trace e b5d & curvature1 e cross holl[ & c\nt] ridge ( ! correspond+ ph5om5a2 = ! resemblance 0 no half resemblance--x 0 ! ?+ itself2 & ,i _h obs]v$ x a hundr$ & a hundr$ times1 :5 sail+ my little s*oon] 9 ! %all[s left by ! ebb4 ,b :at _h become ( ! waves t _h ?us frett$ ! solid rock1 or ( :at elem5t _h !y be5 compos$8 ,i felt z completely at fault z ,rob9son ,crusoe did on 8 discov]+ ! pr9t ( ! man's foot on ! s&4 ,! ev5+ furni%$ me ) /ill fur!r cause ( wond]4 ,we rais$ ano!r block 9 a diff]5t "p ( ! qu>ry1 & f\nd t ! area ( a circul> depression 9 ! /ratum bel[ 0 brok5 & flaw$ 9 e direction1 z if x _h be5 ! bottom ( a pool rec5tly dri$ up1 :i* _h %runk & split 9 ! h>d5+4 ,sev]al l>ge /ones came roll+ cl[n f ! diluvium 9 ! c\rse ( ! aft]noon4 ,!y 7 ( diff]5t qualities f ! ,s&/one bel[1 & f "o ano!r2 &1 :at 0 m wond]ful /ill1 !y 7 all r\nd$ & wat]-worn1 z if !y _h be5 toss$ ab\t 9 ! sea1 or ! b$ ( a riv]1 = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,!re c\ld n1 surely1 be a m conclusive pro( t ! bank :i* _h enclos$ !m s long c\ld n h be5 creat$ on ! rock on :i* x re/$4 ,no workman ev] manufactures a half-worn article1 & ! /ones 7 all half-worn6 ,& if n ! bank1 :y !n ! s&/one und]nea?8 ,i 0 lo/ 9 conjecture1 & f\nd ,i _h food en\gh = ?\ght t ev5+1 )\t once ?9k+ ( ! unhapp9ess ( a life ( labor4 ,! imm5se masses ( diluvium :i* we _h to cle> away r5d]$ ! work+ ( ! qu>ry labori\s & exp5sive1 & all ! p>ty quitt$ x 9 a few days1 to make trial ( ano!r t seem$ to promise bett]4 ,! "o we left is situat$1 z ,i h said1 on ! s\!rn %ore ( an inl& bay--! ,bay ( ,crom>ty2 ! "o to :i* we remov$ has be5 op5$ 9 a l(ty wall ( cliffs t ov]hangs ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,moray ,fri?4 ,i soon f\nd ,i 0 to be no los] by ! *ange4 ,n ! unit$ labors ( a ?\s& m5 = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s c\ld h furni%$ a bett] section ( ! geology ( ! di/rict ?an ?is range ( cliffs4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a sort ( *ance dissection on ! e>?'s cru/4 ,we see 9 "o place ! prim>y rock1 ) its ve9s ( granite & qu>tz1 its dizzy precipices ( gneiss1 & its huge masses ( hornbl5de2 we f9d ! second>y rock 9 ano!r1 ) its b$s ( s&/one & %ale1 its sp>s1 its clays1 & its nodul> lime/ones4 ,we discov] ! /ill little kn[n b highly int]e/+ fossils ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 "o deposition2 we f9d ! beautifully pres]v$ %ells & lignites ( ! ,lias 9 ano!r4 ,!re are ! rema9s ( two sev]al creations at once be=e u4 ,! %ore1 too1 is heap$ ) roll$ fragm5ts ( almo/ e v>iety ( rock1--basalts1 iron/ones1 hyp]/h5es1 porphyries1 bitum9\s %ales1 & micace\s s*i/s4 ,9 %ort1 ! "y geologi/1 _h he all ,europe be=e him1 c\ld h>dly *oose = himself a bett] field4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 no "o to tell me s at ! "t1 = geology _h n yet travell$ s f> nor?2 & s1 )\t guide or vocabul>y1 ,i _h to grope my way z ,i be/ might1 & f9d out all its wond]s = myself4 ,b s sl[ ,t 0 ! process1 & s mu* 0 ,i a seek] 9 ! d>k1 t ! facts conta9$ 9 ^! few s5t5ces 7 ! pati5t ga!r+s ( ye>s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ day's employm5t1 ,i pick$ up a nodul> mass ( blue lime/one1 & laid x op5 by a /roke ( ! hamm]4 ,wond]ful to relate1 x conta9$ inside a beautifully f9i%$ piece ( sculpture--"o ( ! volutes app>5tly ( an ,ionic capital2 & n ! f>-fam$ walnut ( ! fairy tale1 _h ,i brok5 ! %ell & f\nd ! little dog ly+ )91 c\ld h surpris$ me m4 ,0 !re ano!r su* curiosity 9 ! :ole _w8 ,i broke op5 a few o!r nodules ( simil> appe>ance1--= !y lay pretty ?ickly on ! %ore1--& f\nd t !re might4 ,9 "o ( ^! !re 7 :at seem$ to be ! scales ( fi%es1 & ! impressions ( a few m9ute bivalves1 prettily /riat$2 9 ! c5tre ( ano!r !re 0 actually a piece ( decay$ wood4 ,( all ,nature's riddles ^! seem$ to me to be at once ! mo/ int]e/+1 & ! mo/ difficult to exp\nd4 ,i treasur$ !m c>efully up1 & 0 told by "o ( ! workm5 to :om ,i %[$ !m1 t !re 0 a "p ( ! %ore ab\t two miles f>!r to ! we/1 :]e curi\sly %ap$ /ones1 some:at l ! heads ( bo>d+-pikes1 7 occasionally pick$ up2 & t 9 8 fa!r's days ! c\ntry p call$ !m ?und]bolts1 & deem$ !m ( sov]eign efficacy 9 cur+ bewit*$ cattle4 ,our employ]1 on quitt+ ! qu>ry = ! build+ on :i* we 7 to be engag$1 gave all ! workm5 a half-holiday4 ,i employ$ x 9 visit+ ! place :]e ! ?und]bolts _h fall5 s ?ickly1 & f\nd x a ri*] sc5e ( wond] ?an ,i c\ld h fanci$ 9 ev5 my dreams4 ,:at fir/ attract$ my notice 0 a deta*$ gr\p ( l[ ly+ sk]ries1 :olly diff]5t 9 =m & color f ! s&/one cliffs above1 or ! prim>y rocks a little f>!r to ! we/4 ,i f\nd !m compos$ ( ?9 /rata ( lime/one1 alt]nat+ ) ?ick] b$s ( a black slaty sub/ance1 :i*1 z ,i asc]ta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5+1 burns ) a p[]ful flame1 & emits a /rong bitum9\s odor4 ,! lay]s into :i* ! b$s readily sep>ate are h>dly an eigh? "p ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & yet on e lay] !re are ! impressions ( ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( ! v>i\s fossils peculi> to ! ,lias4 ,we may turn ov] ^! wond]ful leaves "o aft] "o1 l ! leaves ( a h]b>ium1 & f9d ! pictorial records ( a =m] creation 9 e page4 ,scallops1 & gryphites1 & ammonites1 ( almo/ e v>iety peculi> to ! =mation1 & at lea/ "s eight or t5 v>ieties ( belemnite2 twigs ( wood1 leaves ( plants1 cones ( an ext9ct species ( p9e1 bits ( *>coal1 & ! scales ( fi%es2 &1 z if to r5d] _! pictorial appe>ance m /rik+1 ?\gh ! leaves ( ?is int]e/+ volume are ( a deep black1 mo/ ( ! impressions are ( a *alky :it5ess4 ,i 0 lo/ 9 admiration & a/oni%m5t1 & f\nd my v imag9ation p>alyz$ by an assemblage ( wond]s1 t seem$ to outrival1 9 ! fanta/ic & ! extravagant1 ev5 its wilde/ conceptions4 ,i pass$ on f l$ge to l$ge1 l ! travell] ( ! tale ?r\gh ! city ( /atues1 & at l5g? f\nd "o ( ! suppos$ a]olites ,i _h come 9 que/ (1 firmly imb$d$ 9 a mass ( %ale4 ,b ,i _h skill en\gh to det]m9e t x 0 o!r ?an :at x _h be5 deem$4 ,a v ne> relative1 :o _h be5 a sailor 9 8 "t on almo/ e ocean1 & _h visit$ almo/ e qu>t] ( ! globe1 _h br\ght home "o ( ^! meteoric /ones ) him f ! coa/ ( ,java4 ,x 0 ( a cyl9drical %ape & vitre\s texture1 & x seem$ to h p>t$ 9 ! middle :5 9 a half-molt5 /ate1 & to h unit$ aga91 some:at awry1 ere x _h cool$ en\gh to h lo/ ! adhesive quality4 ,b !re 0 no?+ organic 9 its /ructure1 :]eas ! /one ,i _h n[ f\nd 0 organiz$ v curi\sly inde$4 ,x 0 ( a conical =m & filam5t>y texture1 ! filam5ts radiat+ 9 /raight l9es f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,f9ely-m>k$ ve9s l :ite ?reads ran transv]sely ?r\gh ^! 9 its upp] half to ! po9t1 :ile ! space bel[ 0 occupi$ by an int]nal cone1 =m$ ( plates t lay p>allel to ! base1 & :i*1 l wat*-glasses1 7 concave on ! "u side1 & convex on ! upp]4 ,i le>n$ 9 "t to call ?is /one a belemnite1 & became acqua9t$ ) en\gh ( its hi/ory to "k t x once =m$ "p ( a v>iety ( cuttle-fi%1 long s9ce ext9ct4 ,my fir/ ye> ( labor came to a close1 & ,i f\nd t ! am\nt ( my happ9ess _h n be5 less ?an 9 ! la/ ( my boyhood4 ,my k1 too1 _h increas$ 9 m ?an ! ratio ( =m] seasons2 & z ,i _h acquir$ ! skill ( at lea/ ! common me*anic1 ,i _h fitt$ myself = indep5d5ce4 ,! additional exp]i5ce ( tw5ty ye>s has n %[n me t !re is any necess>y connection betwe5 a life ( toil & a life ( wret*$ness2 & :5 ,i h f\nd good m5 anticipat+ a bett] & a happi] "t ?an ei!r ! pres5t or ! pa/1 ! conviction t 9 e p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory ! great bulk ( mank9d mu/ pass _! days 9 labor1 has n 9 ! lea/ incl9$ me to scepticism4 ,my curiosity1 once fully awak5$1 rema9$ awake1 & my opportunities ( gratify+ x h be5 tol]ably ample4 ,i h be5 an explor] ( caves & rav9es--a loit]] along sea-%ores--a climb] among rocks--a labor] 9 qu>ries4 ,my pr(ession 0 a w&]+ "o4 ,i rememb] pass+ direct1 on "o occasion1 f ! wild we/]n coa/ ( ,ross-%ire1 :]e ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one leans at a high angle aga9/ ! prevail+ ,qu>tz ,rock ( ! di/rict1 to :]e1 on ! s\!rn skirts ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one rises amid ! coal4 ,i h resid$ "o season on a rais$ bea* ( ! ,moray ,fri?4 ,i h sp5t ! season imm$iately foll[+ amid ! anci5t granites & contort$ s*i/s ( ! c5tral ,highl&s4 ,9 ! nor? ,i h laid op5 by ?\s&s ! %ells & lignites ( ! ,oolite2 9 ! s\? ,i h dis9t]r$ f _! matrices ( /one or ( %ale ! huge re$s & tree f]ns ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,i h be5 taught by exp]i5ce1 too1 h[ necess>y an acqua9tance ) geology ( bo? extremes ( ! k+dom is to ! "r und]/&+ ( ! =mations ( ei!r4 ,9 ! nor?1 !re occurs a va/ gap 9 ! scale4 ,! ,lias leans uncon=mably aga9/ ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 !re is no ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 no ,coal ,measures1 none ( ! ,new ,r$ ,m>ls or ,s&/ones1 ,"u or ,upp]4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree entire sy/ems omitt$4 ,b ! upp] portion ( ! scale is well nigh complete4 ,9 "o locality we may pass f ! ,l[] to ! ,upp] ,lias1 9 ano!r f ! ,inf]ior to ! ,great ,oolite1 & onw>d to ! ,ox=d ,clay & ! ,coral ,rag4 ,we may explore1 9 a ?ird locality1 b$s id5tical 9 _! organisms ) ! ,weald5 ( ,sussex4 ,9 a f\r? we f9d ! fl9ts & fossils ( ! ,*alk4 ,! l[] "p ( ! scale is also well nigh complete4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one is amply develop$ 9 ,moray1 ,cai?ness1 & ,ross2 & ! ,grauwacke1 9 its m anci5t unfossilif]\s type1 r ext5sively 9 ,banff%ire4 ,b to acqua9t "o's self ) ! ?ree miss+ =mations1--to complete "o's k ( ! entire scale by fill+ up ! hiatus1--x is necess>y to remove to ! s\?4 ,! geology ( ! ,lo?ians is ! geology ( at lea/ two ?irds ( ! gap1 & p]haps a little m2--! geology ( ,arran wants1 x is suppos$1 only ! ,upp] ,new li$ ,s&/one to fill x entirely4 ,"o important tru? ,i w\ld fa9 press on ! att5tion ( my l[li] read]s4 ,!re are few pr(essions1 h[ev] humble1 t d n pres5t _! peculi> advantages ( obs]vation2 !re are none1 ,i repeat1 9 :i* ! ex]cise ( ! faculties does n lead to enjoym5t4 ,i advise ! /one-mason1 = in/ance1 to acqua9t himself ) ,geology4 ,mu* ( 8 "t mu/ be sp5t amid ! rocks & qu>ries ( widely sep>at$ localities4 ,! bridge or h>bor is no soon] complet$ 9 "o di/rict1 ?an he has to remove to :]e ! g5tleman's seat1 or f>m-/ead+ is to be erect$ 9 ano!r2 & s1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 he may pass ov] ! :ole geological scale1 ev5 :5 re/rict$ to ,scotl&1 f ! ,grauwacke ( ! ,lamm]muirs1 to ! ,weald5 ( ,moray1 or ! ,*alk-fl9ts ( ,banff%ire & ,ab]de52 & ?is1 too1 ) opportunities ( obs]vation1 at e /age1 :i* c be %>$ ) him by only ! g5tleman ( =tune1 :o devotes 8 :ole "t to ! /udy4 ,nay1 9 "s respects1 8 advantages are sup]ior to ^? ( ! amateur himself4 ,! latt] mu/ (t5 pron\nce a =mation unfossilif]\s :51 aft] ! exam9ation ( at mo/ a few days1 he discov]s 9 x no?+ organic2 & x w be f\nd t half ! mi/akes ( geologi/s h aris5 f conclusions ?us ha/ily =m$4 ,b ! work+-man1 ^: employm5ts h to be c>ri$ on 9 ! same =mation = mon?s1 p]haps ye>s1 toge!r1 enjoys bett] opportunities = arriv+ at j decisions4 ,!re are1 besides1 a ?\s& v>ieties ( accid5t :i* lead to discov]y--floods1 /orms1 l&slips1 tides ( unusual height1 ebbs ( extraord9>y fall3 & ! man :o plies 8 labor at all seasons 9 ! op5 air has by mu* ! be/1 *ance ( pr(it+ by ^!4 ,!re are =mations :i* yield _! organisms sl[ly to ! discov]]1 & ! pro(s :i* e/abli% _! place 9 ! geological scale m t>dily /ill4 ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,ross & ,crom>ty = ne>ly t5 ye>s ere ,i _h asc]ta9$ t x is ri*ly fossilif]\s--a discov]y :i*1 9 explor+ ?is =mation 9 ^? localities1 "s ( our fir/ geologi/s _h fail$ to anticipate4 ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) x = ne>ly t5 ye>s m ere ,i c\ld assign to its fossils _! exact place 9 ! scale4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s ,i %all conf9e my obs]vations *iefly to ?is sy/em & its organisms4 ,to none ( ! o!rs1 p]haps1 except+ ! ,lias ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 h ,i devot$ an equal degree ( att5tion2 nor is !re a =mation among !m :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 has rema9$ s mu* a t]ra incognita to ! geologi/4 ,! space on bo? sides has be5 c>efully explor$ to its upp] & l[] b\nd>y2 ! space betwe5 has be5 suff]$ to rema9 well nigh a *asm4 ,%\ld my facts reg>d+ x--facts con/itut+ ! sl[ ga!r+s ( ye>s--s]ve z /epp+-/ones laid across1 until su* "t z geologi/s ( great] skill1 & m ext5d$ rese>*1 %all h bridg$ ov] ! gap1 ,i %all h complet$ half my design4 ,%\ld ! work+-man be enc\rag$ by my modicum ( success to improve 8 opportunities ( obs]vation1 ,i %all h accompli%$ ! :ole ( x4 ,x _c be too ext5sively kn[n1 t nature is va/ & k limit$2 & t no individual1 h[ev] humble 9 place or acquirem5t1 ne$ despair ( add+ to ! g5]al fund4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,till v lately its ,exi/5ce z a di/9ct ,=mation disput$4--,/ill little kn[n4--,its great ,importance 9 ! ,geological ,scale4--,illu/ration4--,! ,nor? ( ,scotl& girdl$ by an imm5se ,belt ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,l9e ( ! ,girdle along ! ,coa/4--,m>ks ( va/ ,d5udation4--,its ,ext5t p>tially indicat$ by ,hills on ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,ross-%ire4--,! ,sy/em ( ,great ,dep? 9 ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&4--,difficulties 9 ! way ( e/imat+ ! ,?ickness ( ,deposits4--,peculi> ,=mation ( ,hill4--,illu/rat$ by ,b5 ,nevis4--,caution to ! ,geological ,critic4--,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one imm5sely develop$ 9 ,cai?ness4--,sket* ( ! ,geology ( t ,c\nty4--,its /range ,gr\p ( ,fossils4--,_! pres5t place ( ,sepulture4--,_! anci5t ,habitat4--,agassiz4--,amaz+ ,progress ( ,fossil ,i*?yology dur+ ! la/ few ,ye>s4--,its ,nom5clature4--,le>n$ ,names repel unle>n$ ,read]s4--,n a great deal 9 !m4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 says a ,scotti% geologi/1 9 a dige/ ( "s rec5t geological discov]ies1 :i* appe>$ a %ort "t ago 9 an ,ed9burgh newspap]1 has be5 hi!rto consid]$ z rem>kably b>r5 ( fossils4 ,! rem>k is expressive ( a pretty g5]al op9ion among geologi/s ( ev5 ! pres5t "t1 & ,i quote x on ?is acc\nt4 ,only a few ye>s h gone by s9ce m5 ( no l[ /&+ 9 ! sci5ce disput$ ! v exi/5ce ( ?is =mation--sy/em r1 = x conta9s at lea/ ?ree di/9ct =mations2 & b = ! influ5ce ( "o accompli%$ geologi/1 ! celebrat$ au?or ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 x w\ld h be5 probably degrad$ f its place 9 ! scale altoge!r4 ,y mu/ inevitably give up ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 said an +5i\s =eign] to ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 :5 on a visit to ,engl& ab\t f\r ye>s ago1 & ^: celebrity among 8 own c\ntrym5 re/$ *iefly on 8 rese>*es 9 ! m anci5t =mations1--y mu/ inevitably give up ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one3 x is a m]e local deposit1 a d\btful accumulation huddl$ up 9 a corn]1 & has no type or repres5tative abroad4 ,i w\ld will+ly give x up if nature w\ld1 0 ! reply2 b x assur$ly exi/s1 & ,i _c4 ,9 a rec5tly publi%$ tabul> exhibition ( ! geological scale by a cont95tal geologi/1 ,i c\ld n di/+ui% ?is sy/em at all4 ,!re are "s ( our ,briti% geologi/s1 too1 :o /ill reg>d x z a sort ( debatable tract1 entitl$ to no indep5d5t /atus4 ,!y f9d1 9 :at !y deem its upp] b$s1 ! fossils ( ! ,coal ,measures1 & ! l[] graduat+ app>5tly into ! ,silurian ,sy/em2 & reg>d ! :ole z a sort ( common1 :i* %\ld be divid$ z proprietors us$ to divide commons 9 ,scotl& half a c5tury ago1 by giv+ a portion to ea* ( ! bord]+ t]ritories4 ,ev5 ! bett] in=m$ geologi/s1 :o assign to x its prop] place z an indep5d5t =mation1 furni%$ ) its own organisms1 contrive to say all !y "k reg>d+ x 9 a v few p>agraphs4 ,lyell1 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 admirable elem5t>y "w1 publi%$ only two ye>s ago1 devotes m ?an ?irty pages to 8 description ( ! ,coal ,measures1 & b two & a half to 8 notice ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4,c ,footnote ,c3 ,z ! succ9ct notice ( ?is di/+ui%$ geologi/ may s]ve z a sort ( pocket map to ! read] 9 indicat+ ! position ( ! sy/em1 its ?ree great deposits1 & its ext5t1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( transf]r+ x entire4 ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,x 0 /at$ t ! ,c>bonif]\s =mation 0 surm\nt$ by "o call$ ! ',new li$ ,s&/one1' & und]laid by ano!r call$ ! ,old ,r$1 :i* la/ 0 =m]ly m]g$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em1 b is n[ f\nd to be di/+ui%able by its fossils4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one is ( enorm\s ?ickness 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,worce/]%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 & ,s\? ,wales1 :]e x is se5 to crop out b5ea? ! ,coal ,measures1 & to repose on ! ,silurian ,rocks4 ,9 t region1 its ?ickness has be5 e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,mur*ison at no less ?an t5 ?\s& feet4 ,x consi/s !re (-- #a/4 ,a qu>tzose conglom]ate1 pass+ d[nw>ds into *ocolate-r$ & gre5 s&/one & m>l4 #b;d4 ,corn/one & m>l1 7r$ & gre5 argillace\s spott$ m>ls1 ) irregul> c\rses ( impure concretion>y lime/one1 prov9cially call$ ,corn/one1 mottl$ r$ & gre52 rema9s ( fi%es47 #c;d4 ,tile/one1 7f9ely lam9at$ h>d r$di% or gre5 micace\s or qu>tzose s&/ones1 :i* split into tiles2 rema9s ( mollusca & fi%es47 ,i h already obs]v$ t fossils are r>e 9 m>ls & s&/ones 9 :i* ! r$ oxide ( iron prevails4 ,9 ! ,corn/one1 h[ev]1 ( ! c\nties above m5tion$1 fi%es ( ! g5]a ,cephalaspis & ,on*us h be5 discov]$4 ,9 ! ,tile/one1 also1 ,i*?yodorulites ( ! g5us ,on*us h be5 obta9$1 & a species ( ,dipt]us1 ) mollusca ( ! g5]a ,avicula1 ,area1 ,cuculla1 ,t]ebratula1 ,l+ula1 ,turbo1 ,tro*us1 ,turritella1 ,bell]ophon1 ,or?oc]as1 & o!rs4 ,by consult+ geological maps1 ! read] w p]ceive t1 f ,wales to ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one appe>s 9 pat*es1 & (t5 9 l>ge tracts4 ,_m fi%es h be5 f\nd 9 x at ,cai?ness1 & v>i\s organic rema9s 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,fife%ire1 :]e x crops out f b5ea? ! ,coal =mation1 & spreads into ! adjo9+ nor!rn half ( ,=f>%ire2 =m+1 toge!r ) trap1 ! ,sidlaw ,hills & valley ( ,/ra?more4 ,a l>ge belt ( ?is =mation skirts ! nor!rn bord]s ( ! ,grampians1 f ! sea-coa/ at ,/onehav5 & ! ,fri? ( ,tay to ! opposite we/]n coa/ ( ! ,fri? ( ,clyde4 ,9 ,=f>%ire1 :]e1 z 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 x is _m ?\s& feet ?ick1 x may be divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal masses--#a/4 ,r$ & mottl$ m>ls1 corn/one1 & s&/one2 #b;d4 ,conglom]ate1 (t5 ( va/ ?ickness2 #c;d4 ,tile/ones1 & pav+-/one1 highly micace\s1 & conta9+ a slight admixture ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 ! upp]mo/ ( ^! divisions1 b *iefly 9 ! l[e/1 ! rema9s ( fi% h be5 f\nd1 ( ! g5us nam$ by ,m4 ,agassiz ,cephalaspis1 or buckl]-head$1 f ! extraord9>y %ield :i* cov]s ! head1 & :i*1 has (t5 be5 mi/ak5 = t ( a trilobite ( ! division ,asaphus4 ,a gigantic species ( fi%1 ( ! g5us ,holopty*ius1 has also be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,flem+ 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,fife%ire4--,lyell's ,elem5ts1 pp4 #deb-d4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?is hi!rto neglect$ sy/em yields 9 importance to none ( ! o!rs1 :e!r we take into acc\nt its amaz+ dep?1 ! great ext5t to :i* x is develop$ bo? at home & abroad1 ! int]e/+ l9ks :i* x furni%es 9 ! zological scale1 or ! va/ p]iod ( "t :i* x repres5ts4 ,!re are localities 9 :i* ! dep? ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one fully equals ! elevation ( ,m\nt tna ov] ! level ( ! sea1 & 9 :i* x conta9s ?ree di/9ct gr\ps ( organic rema9s1 ! "o ris+ 9 beautiful progression ov] ! o!r4 ,let ! read] imag9e a dige/ ( ,engli% hi/ory1 complete f ! times ( ! invasion ( ,julius ,cs> to ! reign ( t ,h>old :o 0 sla9 at ,ha/+s1 & f ! times ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 d[n to ! pres5t day1 b be>+ no record ( ! ,williams1 ! ,h5rys1 ! ,edw>ds1 ! ,john1 ,/eph51 & ,ri*>d1 t reign$ dur+ ! omitt$ p]iod1 or ( ! /rik+ & important ev5ts by :i* _! sev]al reigns 7 di/+ui%$4 ,a *ronicle ?us mutilat$ & incomplete w\ld be no unapt repres5tation ( a geological hi/ory ( ! e>? 9 :i* ! p]iod ( ! ,upp] ,silurian w\ld be connect$ ) t ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 or ( ! lime/one ( ,burdie ,h\se1 & ! p]iod ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one omitt$4 ,! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ,scotl&1 :i* lie to ! nor? ( ! ,fri?s ( ,=? & ,clyde1 toge!r ) ! s\!rn flank ( ! ,grampians & ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,su!rl& & ,cai?ness1 appe> to h be5 girdl$ at "s e>ly p]iod by imm5se cont9u\s b$s ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,at a /ill e>li] "t1 ! girdle seems to h =m$ an entire mantle1 :i* cov]$ ! enclos$ tract f side to side4 ,! int]ior is compos$ ( :at1 aft] ! eld] geologi/s1 ,i %all t]m prim>y rocks--porphyries1 granites1 gneisses1 & micace\s s*i/s2 & ?is c5tral nucleus1 z x n[ exi/s1 seems set 9 a s&/one frame4 ,! s\!rn b> ( ! frame is /ill entire3 x /ret*es along ! ,grampians f ,/onehav5 to ! ,fri? ( ,clyde4 ,! nor!rn b> is also well nigh entire3 x runs unbrok5 along ! :ole nor!rn coa/ ( ,cai?ness1 & /uds1 9 ?ree sev]al localities1 ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,su!rl&1 leav+ brea*es ( no v consid]able ext5t betwe54 ,on ! ea/1 !re are consid]able gaps1 z along ! %ores ( ,ab]de5%ire4,d ,! s&/one1 h[ev]1 appe>s at ,gamrie1 9 ! c\nty ( ,banff1 9 a l9e p>allel to ! coa/1 &1 aft] ano!r int]ruption1 foll[s ! coa/ ( ! ,moray ,fri? f> into ! int]ior ( ! great ,cal$onian valley1 & !n runn+ nor?w>d along ! %ores ( ,crom>ty1 ,ross1 & ,su!rl&1 jo9s1 aft] ano!r brief int]ruption1 ! nor!rn b> at ,cai?ness4 ,footnote ,d3 ,! progress ( discov]y has %[n1 s9ce ?is passage 0 writt51 t ^! gaps are n q s consid]able z ,i _h suppos$4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,july1 #ahdc1 9 an ,ab]de5 pap]1 be>s directly on ! po9t1 & is wor?y ( be+ pres]v$3-- ,,artesian ,,well4 ,! greate/ ( ^! int]e/+ works yet exi/+ 9 ,ab]de5 has j be5 successfully complet$ at ! tape-works ( ,messrs4 ,milne1 ,l[1 & ,co41 ,woolmanhill4 ,! bore is #h in*es 9 diamet]1 & #bej feet #i in*es deep4 ,x requir$ ne>ly elev5 mon?s' work+ to complete ! excavation4 ,9 its progress1 ! foll[+ /rata 7 cut ?r\gh 9 succession3-- #f feet vegetable m\ld4 #ah gray or blui% clay4 #bj s& & %+le1 enclos+ roll$ /ones ( v>i\s sizes4 #f light blue clay4 #c r\gh s& & %+le4 #aae ,old ,r$ ,s&/one conglom]ate1 compos$ ( r$ clay1 qu>tz1 mica1 & roll$ /ones4 #gd alt]nat+ /rata ( compact1 f9e-gra9$ ,r$ ,s&/one1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f #a to #g feet1 & clay1 v>y+ f #f in*es to #ab feet ?ick4 #h #i in*es1 mica-slate =mation1 ! fir/ two feet ( :i* 7 *iefly a h>d1 br[n qu>tzose sub/ance1 conta9+ iron1 manganese1 & c>bonate ( lime4 ----------- #bej feet1 #i in*es4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! bottom ( ! well1 :5 complet$1 0 f\nd to be )9 a fraction ( #ej ,fahr5heit1 & ! av]age temp]ature ( ! locality1 d$uc$ f tw5ty-?ree ye>s' obs]vation1 by ! late ,george limes1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 is #dg #a3 h5ce1 ne>ly #c degrees ( increase appe> z ! effects ( c5tral heat4 ,! supply ( wat] obta9$ is excell5t 9 quality1 & suffici5t 9 quantity = all ! purposes ( ! works4 ,su* an opportunity ( inve/igat+ ! geology ( ! locality c b r>ely occur2 &1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! proprietor & manag]s af=d$ e facility to sci5tific inquir]s = conduct+ exam9ations4 ,to make ! be>+s ( ! case cle> & simple1 ! foll[+ is quot$ f ,mr4 ,mill]'s "w on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! writ] "h quotes ! above passage1 & !n proce$s4 ,mr4 ,mill] w be glad to le>n1 t ?\gh ! convulsions ( nature h %att]$ ! 'frame' along ! %ores ( ,ab]de5%ire1 yet ! fragm5ts are n lo/1 z w be se5 f ! section above describ$2 !y are "h repos+ 9 situ "u ! accumulat$ debris ( unc\nt$ ages--*iefly ! 'b\ld] clay1' & s$im5t>y deposits ( ! ,dee & ,don1 dur+ a p]iod :5 !y m+l$ _! wat]s 9 ! bas9 9 :i* ,ab]de5 n[ /&s4 ,! prim>y rocks--! sett+s--our granites1 ( mat*less beauty /& out 9 bold relief a mile or two we/w>d f ! sea-coa/4 ,)9 ?is ye> or two1 ! ',old ,r$' has be5 discov]$ at ,devanha1 ,union ,grove1 ,huntly ,/reet1 ,gl5burnie1 ,balg[nie1 & v>i\s o!r localities to ! nor?w>d4 ,h5ce x may reasonably be inf]r$1 t our fragm5t ( ! 'frame' envelops ! prim>y rocks "u our city1 & along ! coa/ = a consid]able di/ance betwe5 ! ,dee & ! ,bu*aness4--,ab]de5 ,con/itutional4 ,! we/]n b> has also its brea*es t[>ds ! s\?2 b x /ret*es1 almo/ )\t int]ruption1 = ab\t a hundr$ miles1 f ! ne> neighborhood ( ,cape ,wra? to ! s\!rn extremity ( ,applecross2 & ?\gh greatly di/urb$ & ov]fl[n by ! traps ( ! inn] ,hebrides1 x c be trac$ by occasional pat*es on t[>ds ! s\!rn b>4 ,x appe>s on ! nor!rn %ore ( ,lo* ,al%1 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,lo* ,ei*>t1 on ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lo* ,eil1 on ! coa/ & isl&s ne> ,oban1 & on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,arran4 ,deta*$ hills & isl&-l pat*es ( ! same =mation occur 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! int]ior1 f> )9 ! frame or girdle4 ,x caps "s ( ! high] summits 9 ,su!rl&%ire2 x =ms an oasis ( s&/one among ! prim>y di/ricts ( ,/ra?spey2 x rises on ! nor!rn %ores ( ,lo* ,ness 9 an imm5se mass ( conglom]ate1 bas$ on a small-gra9$1 r$ granite1 to a height ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet ov] ! level2 & on ! nor?-we/]n coa/ ( ,ross-%ire x =ms ?ree imm5se insulat$ hills1 ( at lea/ no l[] altitude1 t re/ uncon=mably on a base ( gneiss4 ,!re appe> e :]e 9 connection ) ^! pat*es & em95ces1 & ) ! surr\nd+ girdle1 m>ks ( va/ d5udation4 ,i h (t5 /ood front+ ! ?ree ,ross-%ire hills,e at sunset 9 ! f9] summ] ev5+s1 :5 ! cle> light ?rew ! %ad[s ( _! gigantic1 cone-l =ms f> ov] ! l[] tract1 & light$ up ! l9es ( _! horizontal /rata1 till !y %[$ l c\rses ( masonry 9 a pyramid4 ,!y seem at su* times z if color$ by ! geologi/1 to di/+ui% !m f ! surr\nd+ tract1 & f ! base on :i* !y re/ z on a common p$e/al4 ,! prevail+ gneiss ( ! di/rict reflects a cold1 blui% hue1 "h & !re speckl$ ) :ite1 :]e ! wea!r$ & li*5$ crags ( int]m+l$ qu>tz rock jut out on ! hill-sides f among ! hea?4 ,! ?ree huge pyramids1 on ! contr>y1 f ! deep r$ ( ! /one1 seem flam+ 9 purple4 ,!re spreads all ar\nd a wild & desolate l&scape ( brok5 & %att]$ hills1 sep>at$ by deep & gloomy rav9es1 t seem ! r5ts & fissures ( a planet 9 ru9s1 & t speak di/9ctly ( a p]iod ( convulsion1 :5 upheav+ fires f ! abyss1 & ocean curr5ts above1 _h cont5d$ 9 sublime antagonism1 ! "o sl[ly elevat+ ! entire tract1 ! o!r gr9d+ x d[n & sweep+ x away4 ,i ent]ta9 little d\bt t1 :5 ?is l(ti] portion ( ,scotl&1 includ+ ! entire ,highl&s1 fir/ pres5t$ its broad back ov] ! waves1 ! upp] surface consi/$ exclusively1 f ! "o extremity to ! o!r--f ,b5lomond to ! ,maid5paps ( ,cai?ness--( a cont9u\s tract ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 ?\gh1 ere ! l& f9ally em]g$1 ! ocean curr5ts ( ages _h swept x away1 all except 9 ! l[] & la/-rais$ bord]s1 & 9 ! deta*$ localities1 :]e x /ill rema9s1 z 9 ! pyramidal hills ( we/]n ,ross-%ire1 to %[ ! amaz+ dep? to :i* x _h once ov]laid ! inf]ior rocks4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,morvheim1 9 ,cai?ness1 ov]looks all ! prim>y hills ( ! di/rict1 f an elevation ( ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ feet4 ,footnote ,e3 ,suil ,ve9n1 ,c\l ,beg1 & ,c\l ,m4 ,! dep? ( ! sy/em1 on bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ,scotl&1 is amaz+ly great--h[ great1 ,i %all n v5ture to say4 ,!re are no calculations m d\btful ?an ^? ( ! geologi/4 ,! hill j in/anc$ 7,morvheim7 is app>5tly compos$ f top to bottom ( :at 9 ,scotl& =ms ! l[e/ memb] ( ! sy/em--a co>se conglom]ate2 & yet ,i h n[h]e obs]v$ ?is inf]ior memb]1 :5 ,i succe$$ 9 f9d+ a section ( x directly v]tical1 m ?an a hundr$ y>ds 9 ?ickness--less ?an "o t5? ! height ( ! hill4 ,x w\ld be well nigh z unsafe to inf] t ! ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ feet ( altitude =m$ ! real ?ickness ( ! conglom]ate1 z to inf] t ! ?ickness ( ! lead :i* cov]s ! dome ( ,/4 ,paul's is equal to ! height ( ! dome4 ,x is always p]il\s to e/imate ! dep? ( a deposit by ! height ( a hill t seems ext]nally compos$ ( x1 unless1 inde$1 l ! pyramidal hills ( ,ross-%ire1 x be unequivocally a hill dug out by d5udation1 z ! sculptor digs 8 em95ces out ( ! mass4 ,9 mo/ ( our hills1 ! upheav+ ag5cy has be5 actively at "w1 & ! space )9 is occupi$ by an imm5se nucleus ( inf]ior rock1 ar\nd :i* ! upp] =mation is wrapp$ l a caul1 j z ! vegetable m\ld or ! diluvium wraps up ?is sup]ior cov]+ 9 turn4 ,"o ( our be/ kn[n ,scotti% m\nta9s--! gigantic ,b5 ,nevis--furni%es an admirable illu/ration ( ?is latt] con/ruction ( hill4 ,x is compos$ ( ?ree zones or r+s ( rock1 ! "o ris+ ov] & out ( ! o!r1 l ! cases ( an op]a-glass drawn out4 ,! l[] zone is compos$ ( gneiss & mica-slate1 ! middle zone ( granite1 ! t]m9at+ zone ( porphyry4 ,! elevat+ p[] appe>s to h act$ 9 ! c5tre1 z 9 ! well-kn[n case ( ,jorullo1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! city ( ,mexico1 :]e a level tract f\r squ>e miles 9 ext5t rose1 ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 into a high dome ( m ?an d\ble ! height ( ,ar?ur's ,seat4,f ,9 ! =mation ( our ,scotti% m\nta91 ! gneiss & mica-slate ( ! di/rict seem to h be5 upheav$1 dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( ,plutonic action 9 ! locality1 into a r\nd$ hill ( mod]ate altitude1 b ( huge base4 ,! upheav+ p[] cont9u$ to op]ate--! gneiss & mica-slate gave way a-top--& out ( ?is l[] dome !re arose a high] dome ( granite1 :i*1 9 an aft] & t]m9at+ p]iod ( ! int]nal activity1 gave way 9 turn to yet a ?ird & la/ dome ( porphyry4 ,n[1 _h ! elevat+ =ces ceas$ to op]ate j ere ! gneiss & mica-slate _h giv5 way1 we w\ld h kn[n no?+ ( ! int]ior nucleus ( granite--_h !y ceas$ j ere ! granite _h giv5 way1 we w\ld h kn[n no?+ ( ! yet deep] nucleus ( porphyry2 & yet ! granite & ! porphyry w\ld assur$ly h be5 !re4 ,nor c\ld any application ( ! measur+ rule to ! side ( ! hill h asc]ta9$ ! ?ickness ( its out] cov]+--! gneiss & ! mica s*i/4 ,! geologi/s ( ! s*ool ( ,w]n] us$ to illu/rate :at we may t]m ! anatomy ( ! e>?1 z se5 ?r\gh ! spectacles ( _! sy/em1 by an onion & its coats3 !y repres5t$ ! globe z a c5tral nucleus1 encircl$ by conc5tric cov]+s1 ea* cov]+ con/itut+ a geological =mation4 ,! onion1 ?r\gh ! introduction ( a bett] s*ool1 has become obsolete z an illu/ration2 b to re/ore x aga91 ?\gh = ano!r purpose1 we h m]ely to cut x ?r\gh ! middle1 & turn d[nw>ds ! planes =m$ by ! knife4 ,x !n repres5ts1 ) its coats1 hills su* z we describe--hills su* z ,b5 ,nevis1 ere ! granite _h p]=at$ ! gneiss1 or ! porphyry brok5 ?r\gh ! granite4 ,footnote ,f3 ,x is r>ely t ! geologi/ cat*es a hill 9 ! act ( =m+1 & h5ce ! int]e/ ( ?is well-atte/$ in/ance4 ,f ! p]iod ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! pla9s ( ,jorullo _h und]gone no *ange ( surface1 & ! seat ( ! pres5t hill 0 cov]$ by plantations ( indigo & sug>-cane1 :51 9 ,june1 #agei1 holl[ s\nds 7 he>d1 & a succession ( e>?quakes cont9u$ = sixty days1 to ! great con/]nation ( ! inhabitants4 ,aft] ! cessation ( ^!1 & 9 a p]iod ( tranquillity1 on ! #bh? & #bi? ( ,septemb]1 a horrible subt]ranean noise 0 aga9 he>d1 & a tract f\r squ>e miles 9 ext5t rose up 9 ! %ape ( a dome or bladd]1 to ! height ( sixte5 hundr$ & sev5ty feet above ! orig9al level ( ! pla94 ,! affright$ ,indians fl$ to ! m\nta9s2 & f !nce look+ d[n on ! ph5om5on1 saw flames issu+ f ! e>? = miles ar\nd ! newly-elevat$ hill1 & ! s(t5$ surface ris+ & fall+ l t ( an agitat$ sea1 & op5+ into num]\s r5ts & fissures4 ,two brooks :i* _h wat]$ ! plantations precipitat$ !mselves into ! burn+ *asms4 ,! sc5e ( ?is s+ul> ev5t 0 visit$ by ,humboldt ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,at t p]iod1 ! volcanic ag5cies _h become comp>atively quiesc5t2 ! hill1 h[ev]1 reta9$ its orig9al altitude2 a numb] ( small] hills _h sprung up ar\nd x2 & ! travell] f\nd ! wat]s ( ! engulf$ rivulets escap+ at a high temp]ature f cav]ns *>g$ ) sulphure\s vapors & c>bonic acid gas4 ,!re wore inhabitants ( ! c\ntry liv+ at ! "t :o 7 m ?an tw5ty ye>s old] ?an ! hill ( ,jorullo1 & :o _h witness$ its rise4 ,if x be ?us unsafe1 h[ev]1 to calculate on ! dep? ( deposits by ! altitude ( hills1 x is q z unsafe = ! geologi/1 :o has /udi$ a =mation 9 "o di/rict1 to set himself to criticise ! calculations ( a bro!r geologi/ by :om x has be5 /udi$ 9 a diff]5t & widely-sep>at$ di/rict4 ,a deposit 9 "o locality may be f\nd to possess _m times ! ?ickness ( ! same deposit 9 ano!r4 ,!re are expos$1 beside ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,sutors ( ,crom>ty1 two ne>ly v]tical sections ( ! co>se conglom]ate b$1 :i* =ms1 z ,i h said1 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 ! base ( ! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em1 & :i* rises to s great an elevation 9 ! m\nta9 ( ,morvheim4 ,! sections are little m ?an a mile ap>t2 & yet1 :ile ! ?ickness ( ?is b$ 9 ! "o does n exce$ "o hundr$ feet1 t ( ! same b$ 9 ! o!r some:at exce$s two hundr$ feet4 ,m /rik+ /ill--"u ! ,nor!rn ,sutor1 ! entire ,geology ( ,cai?ness1 ) all its va/ b$s1 & all its num]\s fossils1 f ! granitic rock ( ! ,ord hill1 ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! c\nty1 to ! upp]mo/ s&/ones ( ,dunnet-head1 its extreme nor!rn corn]1 is exhibit$ 9 a v]tical section n m ?an ?ree hundr$ y>ds 9 ext5t4 ,& yet s enorm\s is ! dep? ( ! deposit 9 ,cai?ness1 t x has be5 deem$ by a v sup]ior geologi/ to repres5t ?ree entire =mations--! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em1 by its unfossilif]\s1 ar5ace\s1 & conglom]ate b$s2 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em1 by its d>k-color$ middle s*i/s1 ab\nd+ 9 bitum5 & i*?yolites2 & ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 by ! mottl$ m>ls & m\ld]+ s&/ones t ov]lie ! :ole4,g ,a slight sket* ( ! ,geology ( ,cai?ness may n be deem$ un9t]e/+4 ,?is c\nty includes1 9 ! /ate ( greate/ developm5t any :]e yet kn[n1 t fossilif]\s portion ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one :i* ,i purpose fir/ to describe1 & :i* w yet come to be g5]ally reg>d$ z an indep5d5t =mation1 z unequivocally *>act]iz$ by its organic rema9s z ! =mations ei!r above or bel[ x4 ,footnote ,g3 ,dr4 ,hibb]t1 ^: rese>*es among ! lime/ones ( ,burdie ,h\se h be5 ( su* importance to ,geology1 0 ( ?is op9ion4 ,i f9d x also express$ 9 ! admirable geological app5dix affix$ by ! ,messrs4 ,&]son to _! ,guide to ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,no b$s ( real coal1 say ^! g5tlem51 h be5 discov]$ 9 ,cai?ness2 & x w\ld ?us appe> t ! middle s*i/ose sy/em ( ! c\nty1 conta9+ ! fossil fi%1 is 9 geological "* & position int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,r$ ,s&/one =mations1 b n id5tical ) ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one1 or ! true ,coal ,measures1 al?\gh probably occupy+ ! place ( "o or o!r ( !m4--p4 #aih4 ,! c\nty ( ,su!rl& /ret*es across ! isl& f ! ,g]man to ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & pres5ts1 ?r\gh\t its entire ext5t1--except :]e a n>r[ /rip ( ! ,oolitic =mation runs along its ea/]n coa/1 & a brok5 belt ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one tips its capes & promontories on ! we/1--a brok5 & tumultu\s sea ( prim>y hills4 ,sc>ce any ( our o!r ,scotti% c\nties are s exclusively ,highl&1 nor are !re any ( !m 9 :i* ! precipices are m abrupt1 ! valleys m deep1 ! riv]s m rapid1 or ! m\nta9s pil$ into m fanta/ic gr\ps & masses4 ,! travell] passes into ,cai?ness1 & f9ds himself surr\nd$ by sc5]y ( an aspect s entirely dissimil>1 t no exam9ation ( ! rocks is necess>y to conv9ce him ( a geological diff]5ce ( /ructure4 ,an elevat$ & unev5 pla9 spreads ar\nd & be=e him1 league beyond league1 9 tame & unv>i$ uni=mity1--its _m holl[s d>k5$ by morasses1 ov] :i* ! int]v5+ em95ces rise 9 ! =m r ( l[ moory swell+s1 ?an ( hills1--its coa/s wall$ r\nd by cliffs ( gigantic altitude1 t elevate ! di/rict at "o huge /ride f ! level ( ! sea1 & skirt$ by va/ /acks & columns ( rock1 t /& out l ! advanc$ pickets ( ! l& amid ! ceaseless turmoil ( ! break]s4 ,! di/rict1 z %[n on ! map1 pres5ts ne>ly a triangul> =m--! ,p5tl& ,fri? & ! ,g]man ,ocean describ+ two ( its sides1 :ile ! base is =m$ by ! l9e ( b\nd>y :i* sep>ates x f ! c\nty ( ,su!rl&4 ,n[1 9 a geological po9t ( view1 ?is angle may be reg>d$ z a va/ pyramid1 ris+ p]p5dicul>ly f ! basis furni%$ by ! prim>y rocks ( ! latt] c\nty1 & pres5t+ new] b$s & /rata z we asc5d1 until we rea* ! apex4 ,! l9e f s\? to nor? 9 ! angle--f ,morvheim to ,dunnet-head--corresponds to ! l9e ( asc5t f ! top to ! bottom ( ! pyramid4 ,! fir/ b$1 reckon+ f ! base upw>ds1--! gr\nd ti] ( ! masonry1 if ,i may s speak1--is ! great conglom]ate4 ,x runs along ! l9e ( b\nd>y f sea to sea1--f ! ,ord ( ,cai?ness on ! ea/1 to ,portsk]ry on ! nor?2 & rises1 z x approa*es ! prim>y hills ( ,su!rl&1 into a l(ty m\nta9 *a9 ( bold & s]rat$ outl9e1 :i* atta9s its greate/ elevation 9 ! hill ( ,morvheim4 ,?is great conglom]ate b$1 ! base ( ! sy/em1 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,crom>ty section1 "u ! ,nor!rn ,sutor1 by a b$ two hundr$ & fifte5 feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! second ti] ( masonry 9 ! pyramid1 & :i* also runs 9 a ne>ly p>allel l9e f sea to sea1 is compos$ mo/ly ( a co>se r$ & yell[i% s&/one1 ) "h & !re b$s ( pebbles enclos$1 & "h & !re deposits ( gre5 e>? & r$ m>l4 ,x has its repres5tative 9 ! ,crom>ty section1 9 a b$ ( r$ & yell[ ar5ace\s /one1 "o hundr$ & f\rte5 feet six in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,^! two inf]ior b$s possess b "o "*1--!y are compos$ ( ! same mat]ials1 ) m]ely ?is diff]5ce1 t ! rocks :i* h be5 brok5 into pebbles = ! con/ruction ( ! "o1 h be5 gr\nd into s& = ! composition ( ! o!r4 ,directly ov] !m1 ! middle portion ( ! pyramid is occupi$ by an enorm\s deposit ( d>k-color$ bitum9\s s*i/1 slightly micace\s1 calc>e\s1 or semi-calc>e\s1--"h & !re int]lac$ ) ve9s ( c>bonate ( lime1--"h & !re compact & highly silice\s1--& be>+ 9 _m places a m9]alogical "* difficult to be di/+ui%$ f t at "o "t deem$ peculi> to ! h>d] grauwacke s*i/s4 ,! ,cai?ness flag/ones1 s ext5sively employ$ 9 pav+ ! footways ( our l>g] t[ns1 are furni%$ by ?is imm5se middle ti] or belt1 & repres5t its g5]al appe>ance4 ,f its l[e/ to its highe/ b$s x is *>g$ ) fossil fi% & obscure vegetable impressions2 & we f9d x repres5t$ 9 ! ,crom>ty section by alt]nat+ b&s ( s&/ones1 /ratifi$ clays1 & bitum9\s & nodul> lime/ones1 :i* =m altoge!r a b$ ?ree hundr$ & fifty-five feet 9 ?ickness2 nor does ?is b$ lack its organisms1 animal & vegetable1 g5]ically id5tical ) ^? ( ,cai?ness4 ,! apex ( ! pyramid is =m$ ( r$ m\ld]+ s&/ones & mottl$ m>ls1 :i* exhibit _! upp]mo/ /rata high ov] ! eddies ( ! ,p5tl& ,fri?1 9 ! huge precipices ( ,dunnet-head1 & :i* are p>tially repres5t$ 9 ! ,crom>ty section by an unfossilif]\s s&/one b$ ( unasc]ta9$ ?ickness2 b :i* c be trac$ = ab\t eighty feet f ! upp] lime/ones & /ratifi$ clays ( ! middle memb]1 until lo/ 9 ov]ly+ b$s ( s& & %+le4 ,i am p>ticul>1 at ! risk1 ,i am afraid1 ( be+ t$i\s1 9 ?us describ+ ! ,geology ( ?is nor!rn c\nty1 & ( ! ,crom>ty section1 :i* repres5ts & elucidates x4 ,!y illu/rate m ?an ! =mations ( two insulat$ di/ricts3 !y repres5t also a va/ p]iod ( "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,! pyramid1 ) its ?ree huge b>s1 its f\ndations ( granitic rock1 its base ( r$ conglom]ate1 its c5tral b& ( d>k-color$ s*i/1 & its light] t9t$ apex ( s&/one1 is inscrib$ f bottom to top1 l an ,egyptian obelisk1 ) a hi/orical record4 ,! upp] & l[] sections treat ( tempe/s & curr5ts--! middle is writt5 )9 & )\t ) wond]ful n>ratives ( animal life2 & yet ! :ole1 tak5 toge!r1 comprises b an e>li] portion ( t *ronicle ( exi/5ces & ev5ts furni%$ by ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) ?is e>li] portion t my acqua9tance is mo/ m9ute4 ,my fir/ /atem5t reg>d+ x mu/ be mu* ! rev]se ( ! borr[$ "o ) :i* ?is *apt] beg9s4 ,! fossils are rem>kably num]\s1 & 9 a /ate ( high pres]vation4 ,i h a hundr$ solid pro(s by :i* to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! ass]tion1 )9 less ?an a y>d ( me4 ,half my closet walls are cov]$ ) ! peculi> fossils ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 & c]ta9ly a /rang] assemblage ( =ms h r>ely be5 gr\p$ toge!r2--creatures ^: v type is lo/1 fanta/ic & unc\?1 & :i* puzzle ! naturali/ to assign !m ev5 _! class2--boat-l animals1 furni%$ ) o>s & a rudd]2--fi% plat$ ov]1 l ! tortoise1 above & bel[1 ) a /rong armor ( bone1 & furni%$ ) b "o solit>y rudd]-l f92 o!r fi% less equivocal 9 _! =m1 b ) ! membranes ( _! f9s ?ickly cov]$ ) scales2--creatures bri/l+ ov] ) ?orns2 o!rs gli/5+ 9 an enamell$ coat1 z if beautifully japann$--! tail1 9 e in/ance among ! less equivocal %apes1 =m$ n equally1 z 9 exi/+ fi%1 on ea* side ! c5tral v]tebral column1 b *iefly on ! l[] side--! column s5d+ out its dim9i%$ v]tebr to ! extreme t]m9ation ( ! f94 ,all ! =ms te/ify ( a remote antiquity--( a p]iod ^: fa%ions h pass$ away4 ,! figures on a ,*9ese vase or an ,egyptian obelisk are sc>ce m unlike :at n[ exi/s 9 nature1 ?an ! fossils ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,geology1 ( all ! sci5ces1 addresses itself mo/ p[]fully to ! imag9ation1 & h5ce "o ma9 cause ( ! int]e/ :i* x excites4 ,ere sett+ ourselves m9utely to exam9e ! peculi>ities ( ^! creatures1 x w\ld be p]haps well t ! read] %\ld attempt realiz+ ! place ( _! exi/5ce1 & relatively ! "t--n ( c\rse ) reg>d to dates & eras1 = ! geologi/ has none to reckon by1 b ) respect to =mations4 ,!y 7 ! d5iz5s ( ! same portion ( ! globe :i* we ourselves inhabit1 reg>d$ n z a tract ( c\ntry1 b z a piece ( ocean cross$ by ! same geographical l9es ( latitude & longitude4 ,_! pres5t place ( sepulture 9 "s localities1 _h !re be5 no d5udation1 w\ld h be5 rais$ high ov] ! tops ( our l(tie/ hills--at lea/ a hundr$ feet ov] ! conglom]ates :i* =m ! summit ( ,morvheim1 & m ?an a ?\s& feet ov] ! sn[-capp$ ,b5 ,wyvis4 ,geology has /ill great] wond]s4 ,i h se5 belemnites ( ! ,oolite--comp>atively a mod]n =mation--:i* _h be5 dug out ( ! sides ( ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 sev5te5 ?\s& feet ov] ! level ( ! sea4 ,b let u /rive to c>ry our m9ds back1 n to ! place ( sepulture ( ^! creatures1 high 9 ! rocks1--?\gh t ,i %all aft]w>ds attempt m9utely to describe1--b to ! place 9 :i* !y liv$1 long ere ! sauroid fi%es ( ,burdie ,h\se _h begun to exi/1 or ! corall9es ( ! m\nta9 lime/one _h spread out _! multitud9\s arms 9 a sea gradually %all[+1 & out ( :i* ! l& _h already p>tially em]g$4 ,a cont9u\s ocean spreads ov] ! space n[ occupi$ by ! ,briti% isl&s3 9 ! tract cov]$ by ! gre5 fields & br[n moors ( our own c\ntry1 ! bottom1 = a hundr$ y>ds d[nw>ds1 is compos$ ( ! debris ( roll$ pebbles & co>se s& int]m+l$1 long s9ce consolidat$ into ! l[] memb] ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 ! upp] surface is compos$ ( banks ( s&1 mud1 & clay2 & ! sea1 sw>m+ ) animal life1 fl[s ov] all4 ,my pres5t object is to describe ! inhabitants ( t sea4 ,( ^!1 ! great] "p yet discov]$ h be5 nam$ by ,agassiz1 ! highe/ au?ority z an i*?yologi/ 9 ,europe or ! _w1 & 9 :om ! sc>cely m celebrat$ ,cuvi] recogniz$ a naturali/ 9 e respect wor?y to succe$ him4 ,! comp>ative am\nt ( ! labors ( ^! two great m5 9 fossil i*?yology1 & ! amaz+ accel]ation :i* has tak5 place )9 ! la/ few ye>s 9 ! progress ( geological sci5ce1 are illu/rat$ toge!r1 & t v /rik+ly1 by ! foll[+ int]e/+ fact--a fact d]iv$ directly f ,agassiz himself1 & :i* mu/ be new to ! great bulk ( my read]s4 ,:5 ,cuvi] clos$ 8 rese>*es 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 he _h nam$ & describ$1 = ! guidance ( ! geologi/1 n9ety-two di/9ct species ( fossil fi%2 nor 0 x !n kn[n t ! entire geological scale1 f ! ,upp] ,t]ti>y to ! ,grauwacke inclusive1 conta9$ m4 ,agassiz comm5c$ 8 labors2 &1 9 a p]iod ( "t little exce$+ f\rte5 ye>s1 he has rais$ ! numb] ( species f n9ety-two to sixte5 hundr$4 ,& ?is numb]1 great z x is1 is receiv+ accessions almo/ e day4 ,9 8 late visit to ,scotl&1 he f\nd elev5 new species1 & "o new g5us1 9 ! collection ( ,lady ,gumm+ ( ,altyre1 all f ! upp] b$s ( t l[] memb] ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one repres5t$ by ! d>k-color$ s*i/s & inf]ior s&/ones ( ,cai?ness4 ,he f\nd =ty-two new species m 9 a s+le collection 9 ,irel&1 furni%$ by ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one ( ,armagh4 ,"s ( my humbl] read]s may possibly be repell$ by 8 names2 !y are1 l all names 9 sci5ce1 unfamili> 9 _! respect to m]e ,engli% read]s1 j because !y are names n = ,engl& alone1 b = ,engl& & ! _w4 ,i am assur$1 h[ev]1 t !y are all compos$ ( v good ,greek1 & picturesquely descriptive ( "s peculi>ity 9 ! fossils !y designate4 ,"o ( 8 i*?yolites1 ) a ?orn or sp9e 9 ea* f91 be>s ! "n ( ,acan?odes1 or ?orn-l2 ano!r ) a simil> me*anism ( sp9es atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( ! body1 & 9 :i* ! pectoral or h&-f9s are involv$1 has be5 designat$ ! ,*eiracan?us1 or ?orn-h&2 a ?ird cov]$ ) curi\sly-frett$ scales1 has be5 nam$ ! ,glyptolepis1 or c>v$-scale2 & a f\r?1 r\gh5$ ov] ) b]ry-l tub]cles1 t rise f /rong osse\s plates1 is kn[n z ! ,cocco/eus1 or b]ry-on-bone4 ,& su* has be5 8 pr9ciple ( nom5clature4 ,! "n is a cond5s$ description4 ,b ?\gh all 8 names mean some?+1 !y _c mean a great deal2 & z le>n$ words repel unle>n$ read]s1 ,i %all j take ! lib]ty ( rem9d+ m9e ( ! humbl] class1 t !re is no legitimate connection betwe5 ,geology & ! dead languages4 ,! exi/5ces ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one _h liv$ = ages1 & _h be5 dead = myriads ( ages1 ere !re 0 ,greek en\gh 9 ! _w to furni% !m ) names4 ,!re is no work+-man1 if he be a p]son ( intellig5ce & in=mation1 h[ev] unle>n$1 9 ! vulg> acceptation ( ! phrase1 :o may n d]ive z mu* pleasure & enl>gem5t ( idea f ! /udy ( ,geology1 & acqua9t himself z m9utely ) its tru?s1 z if possess$ ( all ! le>n+ ( ,b5tley4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,lam>ck's ,!ory ( ,progression illu/rat$4--,class ( ,facts :i* give ,color to x4--,! ,cr$ulity ( ,unbelief4--,m4 ,maillet & 8 ,fi%-birds4--,gradation n ,progress4--,geological ,argum5t4--,! ,pres5t incomplete )\t ! ,pa/4--,int]m$iate ,l9ks ( ,creation4--,organisms ( ! ,l[] ,old li$ ,s&/one4--,! ,pt]i*?ys4--,its fir/ ,discov]y4--,mr4 ,mur*ison's ,decision reg>d+ x4--,confirm$ by t ( ,agassiz4--,description4--,! sev]al ,v>ieties ( ! ,fossil yet discov]$4--,evid5ce ( ,viol5t ,dea? 9 ! ,attitudes 9 :i* !y are f\nd4--,! ,cocco/eus ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$4--,description4--,gradations f ,cru/acea to ,fi%es4--,habits ( ! ,cocco/eus4--,sc>cely any ,conception too extravagant = ,nature to realize4 ,mr4 ,lyell's brilliant & popul> "w1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 mu/ h introduc$ to ! k ( mo/ ( my read]s ! /range !ories ( ,lam>ck4 ,! +5i\s =eign]1 on ! /r5g? ( a few /rik+ facts1 :i* prove t1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! in/9cts ( species may be improv$ & height5$1 & _! =ms *ang$ f a l[] to a high] degree ( adaptation to _! circum/ances1 has conclud$ t !re is a natural progress f ! inf]ior ord]s ( be+ t[>ds ! sup]ior2 & t ! (fspr+ ( creatures l[ 9 ! scale 9 ! pres5t "t1 may hold a mu* high] place 9 x1 & belong to diff]5t & nobl] species1 a few ?\s& ye>s h5ce4 ,! desc5dants ( ! ourang-outang1 = in/ance1 may be employ$ 9 "s future age 9 writ+ treatises on ,geology1 9 :i* !y %all h to describe ! rema9s ( ! quadrumana z belong+ to an ext9ct ord]4 ,lam>ck himself1 :5 be>+ home 9 triumph ) him ! skeleton ( "s huge salam&] or crocodile ( ! ,lias1 might indulge1 consi/5tly ) 8 !ory1 9 ! pleas+ belief t he _h possess$ himself ( ! bones ( 8 gr&fa!r--a gr&fa!r remov$1 ( c\rse1 to a remote degree ( consangu9ity1 by ! int]v5tion ( a few hundr$ ?\s& great-greats4 ,nev] yet 0 !re a fancy s wild & extravagant b !re h be5 m5 bold en\gh to dignify x ) ! "n ( philosophy1 & +5i\s en\gh to f9d reasons = ! propriety ( ! "n4 ,! sett+-dog is taught to set2 he squats d[n & po9ts at ! game2 b ! habit is an acquir$ "o--a m]e trick ( education4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is m]ely acquir$ habit 9 ! prog5itor1 is f\nd to pass into in/9ct 9 ! desc5dant3 ! puppy ( ! sett+-dog squats d[n & sets untaught--! educational trick ( ! p>5t is my/]i\sly transmut$ into an orig9al pr9ciple 9 ! (fspr+4 ,! adaptation :i* takes place 9 ! =ms & con/itution ( plants & animals1 :5 plac$ 9 circum/ances diff]5t f _! ord9>y ones1 is equally /rik+4 ,! woody plant ( a w>m] climate1 :5 transplant$ into a cold]1 frequ5tly ex*anges its ligne\s /em = a h]bace\s "o1 z if 9 anticipation ( ! kill+ fro/s ( w9t]2 &1 dy+ to ! gr\nd at ! close ( autumn1 %oots up aga9 9 spr+4 ,! dog1 transport$ f a temp]ate into a frigid region1 ex*anges 8 cov]+ ( hair = a cov]+ ( wool2 :5 br\ght back aga9 to 8 =m] habitat1 ! wool is displac$ by ! orig9al hair4 ,& h5ce1 & f simil> in/ances1 ! d]ivation ( an argum5t1 good s f> z x goes1 = *anges 9 adaptation to alt]$ circum/ances ( ! organization ( plants & animals1 & = ! unprovability ( in/9ct4 ,b x is easy driv+ a pr9ciple too f>4 ,! ela/icity ( a common b[1 & ! /r5g? ( an ord9>y arm1 are fully adequate to ! transmission ( an arr[ f "o po9t ( space to ano!r po9t a hundr$ y>ds remov$2 b he w\ld be a philosoph] wor? look+ at1 :o w\ld ass]t t !y 7 equally adequate = ! transmission ( ! same arr[ f po9ts remov$1 n by a hundr$ y>ds1 b by a hundr$ miles4 ,& su*1 b /ill m gl>+1 has be5 ! error ( ,lam>ck4 ,fie has argu$ on ?is pr9ciple ( improvem5t & adaptation--:i*1 c>ry x z f> z we rationally may1 /ill leaves ! vegetable a vegetable1 & ! dog a dog--t1 9 ! va/ c\rse ( ages1 inf]ior h ris5 into sup]ior natures1 & l[] into high] races2 t molluscs & zophytes h pass$ into fi% & reptiles1 & fi% & reptiles into birds & quadrup$s2 t un=m$1 gelat9\s bodies1 ) an organization sc>cely traceable1 h be5 metamorphos$ into oaks & c$>s2 & t monkeys & apes h be5 trans=m$ into human creatures1 capable ( und]/&+ & admir+ ! !ories ( ,lam>ck4 ,assur$ly !re is no lack ( fai? among infidels2 _! vault+ cr$ulity o'erleaps revelation1 & falls on ! o!r side4 ,"o ( ! fir/ geological works ,i ev] read 0 a philosophical romance1 entitl$ ,telliam$1 by a ,m4 ,maillet1 an +5i\s ,fr5*man ( ! days ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,?is ,maillet 0 by mu* too great a philosoph] to cr$it ! scriptural acc\nt ( ,noah's flood2 & yet he c\ld believe1 l ,lam>ck1 t ! :ole family ( birds _h exi/$ at "o "t z fi%es1 :i*1 on be+ ?r[n a%ore by ! waves1 _h got fea!rs by accid5t2 & t m5 !mselves are b ! desc5dants ( a tribe ( sea-mon/]s1 :o1 tir+ ( _! prop] elem5t1 crawl$ up ! bea* "o sunny morn+1 &1 tak+ a fancy to ! l&1 =got to return4,h ,footnote ,h3 ,few m5 c\ld describe bett] ?an ,maillet4 ,8 extravagances are z amus+ z ^? ( a fairy tale1 & q z extreme4 ,take ! foll[+ extract z an in/ance3-- ,w+$ or fly+ fi%1 /imulat$ by ! desire ( prey1 or ! fe> ( dea?1 or pu%$ ne> ! %ore by ! bill[s1 h fall5 among re$s or h]bage1 :5ce x 0 n possible = !m to resume _! flight to ! sea1 by means ( :i* !y _h contract$ _! fir/ facility ( fly+4 ,!n _! f9s1 be+ no long] ba!d 9 ! sea-wat]1 7 split1 & became w>p$ by _! dryness4 ,:ile !y f\nd1 among ! re$s & h]bage among :i* !y fell1 any alim5ts to support !m1 ! vessels ( _! f9s1 be+ sep>at$1 7 l5g!n$ & clo!d ) be>ds1 or1 to speak m ju/ly1 ! membranes1 :i* be=e kept !m adh]5t to ea* o!r1 7 metamorphos$4 ,! be>d =m$ ( ^! w>p$ membranes 0 l5g!n$4 ,! sk9 ( ^! animals 0 ins5sibly cov]$ ) a d[n ( ! same color ) ! sk91 & ?is d[n gradually increas$4 ,! little w+s !y _h "u _! belly1 & :i*1 l _! w+s1 help$ !m to walk 9 ! sea1 became feet1 & s]v$ !m to walk on l&4 ,!re 7 also o!r small *anges 9 _! figure4 ,! beak & neck ( "s 7 l5g!n$1 & ^? ( o!rs %ort5$4 ,! con=mity1 h[ev]1 ( ! fir/ figure subsi/s 9 ! :ole1 & x w be always easy to "k x4 ,exam9e all ! species ( f[ls1 l>ge & small1 ev5 ^? ( ! ,indies1 ^? :i* are tuft$ or n1 ^? ^: fea!rs are rev]s$1 su* z we see at ,damietta--t is to say1 ^: plumage runs f ! tail to ! head--& y w f9d species ( fi% q simil>1 scaly or )\t scales4 ,all species ( p>rots1 ^: plumages are s diff]5t1 ! r>e/ & ! mo/ s+ul>-m>k$ birds1 are1 con=mable to fact1 pa9t$ l !m ) black1 br[n1 gray1 yell[1 gre51 r$1 violet color1 & ^? ( gold & azure2 & all ?is precisely 9 ! same p>ts :]e ! plumages ( ^? birds are div]sifi$ 9 s curi\s a mann]4--,telliam$1 p4 #bbd1 ed4 #agej4 ,h[ easy1 says ?is fanciful writ]1 is x to conceive ! *ange ( a w+$ fi%1 fly+ at times ?r\gh ! wat]1 at times ?r\gh ! air1 into a bird fly+ always ?r\gh ! air6 ,x is a law ( nature1 t ! *a9 ( be+1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ =m ( life1 %\ld be1 9 "s degree1 a cont9u\s *a92 t ! v>i\s classes ( exi/5ce %\ld %ade into "o ano!r1 s t x (t5 proves a matt] ( no little difficulty to po9t out ! exact l9e ( dem>cation :]e "o class or family ends1 & ano!r class or family beg9s4 ,! naturali/ passes f ! vegetable to ! animal tribes1 sc>cely aw>e1 amid ! p]plex+ =ms ( int]m$iate exi/5ce1 at :at po9t he quits ! prec9cts ( ! "o to ent] on ^? ( ! o!r4 ,all ! animal families h1 9 l mann]1 _! connect+ l9ks2 & x is *iefly out ( ^! t writ]s su* z ,lam>ck & ,maillet con/ruct _! sy/em4 ,!y conf\nd gradation ) progress4 ,ge(frey ,hudson 0 a v %ort man1 & ,golia? ( ,ga? a v tall "o1 & ! gradations ( ! human /ature lie betwe54 ,b gradation is n progress2 & ?\gh we f9d full-gr[n m5 ( five feet1 five feet six in*es1 six feet1 & six feet & a half1 ! fact gives u no e>ne/ :atev] t ! race is ris+ 9 /ature1 & t at "s future p]iod ! av]age height ( ! human family w be some:at betwe5 t5 & elev5 feet4 ,& equally unsolid is ! argum5t1 t f a pr9ciple ( gradation 9 races w\ld d$uce a pr9ciple ( progress 9 races4 ,! tall man ( six feet ne$ ent]ta9 q z little hope ( ris+ into elev5 feet z ! %ort man ( five2 nor has ! fi% t occasionally flies any bett] *ance ( pass+ into a bird ?an ! fi% t only swims4 ,geology ab\nds ) creatures ( ! int]m$iate class3 !re are none ( its l9ks m num]\s ?an its connect+ l9ks2 & h5ce its int]e/1 z a field ( speculation1 to ! ass]tors ( ! transmutation ( races4 ,b !re is a fatal incomplet5ess 9 ! evid5ce1 t de/roys its "* z su*4 ,x supplies 9 abundance ^? l9ks ( g5]ic connection1 :i*1 z x 71 m>ry toge!r dissimil> races2 b x furni%es no g5ealogical l9k to %[ t ! exi/5ces ( "o race d]ive _! l9eage f ! exi/5ces ( ano!r4 ,! sc5e %ifts1 z we pass f =mation to =mation2 we are introduc$ 9 ea* to a new dramatis p]son2 & !re exi/ no su* pro(s ( _! be+ at once diff]5t & yet ! same1 z ^? produc$ 9 ! ,w9t]'s ,tale1 to %[ t ! gr[n %eph]dess ( ! "o sc5e is id5tical ) ! expos$ infant ( ! sc5e t w5t be=e4 ,nay1 ! rev]se is well nigh z /rik+ly ! case1 z if ! gr[n %eph]dess _h be5 introduc$ into ! e>li] sc5es ( ! drama1 & ! *ild into its conclud+ sc5es4 ,! argum5t is a v simple "o4 ,( all ! v]tebrata1 fi%es rank l[e/1 & 9 geological hi/ory appe> fir/4 ,we f9d _! rema9s 9 ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurians1 9 ! ,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 & 9 ! ,coal ,measures2 & 9 ! latt] =mation ! fir/ reptiles appe>4 ,fi%es seem to h be5 ! ma/] exi/5ces ( two great sy/ems1 mayhap ( ?ree1 ere ! age ( reptiles began4 ,n[ fi%es diff] v mu* among !mselves3 "s rank ne>ly z l[ z worms1 "s ne>ly z high z reptiles2 & if fi% c\ld h ris5 into reptiles1 & reptiles into mammalia1 we w\ld necess>ily expect to f9d l[] ord]s ( fi% pass+ into high]1 & tak+ prec$5ce ( ! high] 9 _! appe>ance 9 po9t ( "t1 j z 9 ! ,w9t]'s ,tale we see ! infant prec$+ ! adult4 ,if su* be n ! case--if fi% made _! fir/ appe>ance1 n 9 _! lea/ p]fect1 b 9 _! mo/ p]fect /ate--n 9 _! ne>e/ approximation to ! worm1 b 9 _! ne>e/ approximation to ! reptile--!re is no room = progression1 & ! argum5t falls4 ,n[ x is a geological fact1 t x is fi% ( ! high] ord]s t appe> fir/ on ! /age1 & t !y are f\nd to occupy exactly ! same level dur+ ! va/ p]iod repres5t$ by five succe$+ =mations4 ,!re is no progression4 ,if fi% rose into reptiles1 x mu/ h be5 by sudd5 trans=mation--x mu/ h be5 z if a man :o _h /ood /ill = half a lifetime %\ld be/ir himself all at once1 & take sev5 leagues at a /ride4 ,!re is no gett+ rid ( miracle 9 ! case--!re is no alt]native betwe5 creation & metamorphosis4 ,! infidel sub/itutes progression = ,deity2 ,geology robs him ( 8 god4 ,b no man :o ent]s ! geological field 9 que/ ( ! wond]ful1 ne$ pass 9 pursuit ( 8 object f ! true to ! fictiti\s4 ,does ! read] rememb] h[1 9 ,milton's sublime figure1 ! body ( ,tru? is repres5t$ z hewn 9 pieces1 & h] limbs scatt]$ ov] di/ant regions1 & h[ h] fri5ds & disciples h to g w&]+ all ov] ! _w 9 que/ ( !m8 ,!re is surely some?+ v wond]ful 9 ! fact1 t1 9 unit+ ! l9ks ( ! *a9 ( creation into an unbrok5 :ole1 we h 9 l mann] to seek = !m all along ! scale ( ! geologi/2--"s we discov] among ! tribes fir/ annihilat$--"s among ! tribes t p]i%$ at a lat] p]iod--"s among ! exi/5ces ( ! pass+ "t4 ,we f9d ! pres5t incomplete )\t ! pa/--! rec5t )\t ! ext9ct4 ,!re are m>vell\s analogies :i* p]vade ! s*eme ( ,provid5ce1 & unite1 z x 71 its l[] ) its high] p>ts4 ,! p]fection ( ! works ( ,deity is a p]fection entire 9 its compon5ts2 & yet ^! are n contemporane\s1 b successive3 x is a p]fection :i* includes ! dead z well z ! liv+1 & be>s relation1 9 its complet5ess1 n to "t1 b to et]nity4 ,we f9d ! organisms ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one supply+ an important l9k1 or1 r1 s]ies ( l9ks1 9 ! i*?yological scale1 :i* are want+ 9 ! pres5t creation1 & ! abs5ce ( :i* evid5tly occasions a wide gap betwe5 ! two gr& divisions or s]ies ( fi%es--! bony & ! c>tilag9\s4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 m anon4 ,( all ! organisms ( ! sy/em1 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y1 & ! "o 9 :i* ,lam>ck w\ld h mo/ delight$1 is ! ,pt]i*?ys1 or w+$ fi%1 an i*?yolite :i* ! writ] _h ! pleasure ( introduc+ to ! acqua9tance ( geologi/s ne>ly ?ree ye>s ago1 b :i* he fir/ laid op5 to ! light ab\t sev5 ye>s e>li]4 ,_h ,lam>ck be5 ! discov]]1 he w\ld unque/ionably h held t he _h caught a fi% almo/ 9 ! act ( wi%+ itself into a bird4 ,!re are w+s :i* want only fea!rs1 a body :i* seems to h be5 z well adapt$ = pass+ ?r\gh ! air z ! wat]1 & a tail by :i* to /e]4 ,& yet !re are none ( ! fossils ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one :i* less resemble any ?+ t n[ exi/s ?an its ,pt]i*?ys4 ,i fa9 wi% ,i c\ld communicate to ! read] ! feel+ ) :i* ,i contemplat$ my fir/-f\nd specim54 ,x op5$ ) a s+le bl[ ( ! hamm]2 & !re1 on a gr\nd ( light-color$ lime/one1 lay ! effigy ( a creature fa%ion$ app>5tly out ( jet1 ) a body cov]$ ) plates1 two p[]ful look+ arms1 articulat$ at ! %\ld]s1 a head z entirely lo/ 9 ! trunk z t ( ! ray or ! sun-fi%1 & a long1 angul> tail4 ,my fir/-=m$ idea reg>d+ x 01 t ,i _h discov]$ a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! tortoise & ! fi%--! body mu* resembles t ( a small turtle2 & :y1 ,i ask$1 if "o =mation gives u sauroid fi%es1 may n ano!r give u *elonian ones8 or if 9 ! ,lias we f9d ! body ( ! liz>d m\nt$ on ! paddles ( ! :ale1 :y n f9d 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ! body ( ! tortoise m\nt$ 9 a some:at simil> mann]8 ,! idea orig9at$ 9 error2 b z x 0 an error :i* n _m naturali/s c\ld h correct$ at ! "t1 x may be deem$ an excusable "o1 m especially by su* ( my read]s z may h se5 well-pres]v$ specim5s ( ! creature1 or :o exam9e ! subjo9$ pr9ts4 7,nos4 ,i4 & ,,ii47 ,i submitt$ "s ( my specim5s to ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 at a "t :5 t g5tleman 0 engag$ among ! fossils ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 & employ$ on 8 great "w1 :i* has s l>gely s]v$ to ext5d geological k reg>d+ ^? e>li] p]iods 9 :i* animal life fir/ began4 ,he 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! discov]y3 x furni%$ ! geologi/ ) additional data by :i* to regulate & con/ruct 8 calculations1 & add$ a new & v s+ul> l9k to ! *a9 ( exi/5ce 9 its relation to human k4 ,def]r+ to ,agassiz1 z ! highe/ au?ority1 he yet anticipat$ ! decision ( t naturali/ reg>d+ x1 9 almo/ e p>ticul>4 ,i _h inquir$1 "u ! influ5ce ( my fir/ impression1 :e!r x might n be consid]$ z a sort ( int]m$iate exi/5ce betwe5 ! fi% & ! *elonian4 ,he /at$1 9 reply1 t he c\ld n deem x ref]rible to any family ( reptiles2 t1 if n a fi%1 x approa*$ m closely to ! ,cru/acea ?an to any o!r class2 & t he _h little d\bt ,agassiz w\ld pron\nce x to be an i*?yolite ( t anci5t ord] to :i* ! ,cephalaspis belongs1 & :i* seems to h =m$ a connect+ l9k betwe5 cru/acea & fi%es4,i ,! specim5s submitt$ to ,mr4 ,mur*ison 7 =w>d$ to ,agassiz4 ,!y 7 mu* m imp]fect ?an "s :i* ,i h s9ce dis9t]r$2 & to re/ore ! entire animal f !m w\ld require p[]s su* z ^? possess$ by ,cuvi] 9 ! pa/ age1 & by ! naturali/ ( ,neuf*atel 9 ! pres5t4 ,brok5 z !y 71 h[ev]1 ,agassiz at once decid$ f !m t ! creature mu/ h be5 a fi%4 ,footnote ,i3 ,! aborig9es ( ,s\?4 ,am]ica deem$ x wond]ful t ! ,europeans :o fir/ visit$ !m %\ld1 )\t previ\s conc]t1 agree 9 read+ aft] ! same mann] ! same scrap ( manuscript1 & 9 d]iv+ ! same piece ( in=mation f x4 ,! writ] exp]i5c$ on ?is occasion a some:at simil> feel+4 ,8 specim5s seem$ writt5 9 a "* cramp en\gh to sugge/ ^? d\bts reg>d+ orig9al mean+ :i* lead to v>i\s read+s2 b ! geologi/ & ! naturali/ agre$ 9 p]us+ !m aft] exactly ! same fa%ion--! "o 9 ,london1 ! o!r 9 ,neuf*atel4 ,su* in/ances give confid5ce 9 ! f9d+s ( sci5ce4 ,! decision ( ,mr4 ,mur*ison ,i subjo9 9 8 own words--8 numb]s ref] to v>i\s specim5s ( ,pt]i*?ys3 ,z to y\r fossils #a1 #b1 #c1 we "k no?+ ( !m "h1 7,london17 except t !y rem9d me ( ! occipital fragm5ts ( "s ( ! ,cai?ness fi%es4 ,i d n conceive !y c be ref]rible to any reptile2 =1 if n fi%es1 !y m closely approa* to cru/aceans ?an to any o!r class4 ,i conceive1 h[ev]1 t ,agassiz w pron\nce !m to be fi%es1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! curi\s g5us ,cephalaspis ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 =m ! connect+ l9ks betwe5 cru/aceans & fi%es4 ,y\r specim5s rem9d "o 9 sev]al respects ( ! ,cephalaspis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,i h plac$ "o ( ! specim5s be=e me4 ,imag9e ! figure ( a man rudely drawn 9 black on a gray gr\nd1 ! head cut (f at ! %\ld]s1 ! arms spread at full1 z 9 ! attitude ( swimm+1 ! body r long ?an o!rwise1 & n>r[+ f ! *e/ d[nw>ds1 "o ( ! legs cut away at ! hip-jo9t1 & ! o!r1 z if to pres]ve ! balance1 plac$ directly "u ! c5tre ( ! figure1 :i* x seems to support4 ,su*1 at a fir/ glance1 is ! appe>ance ( ! fossil4 ,! body 0 ( v consid]able dep?1 p]haps little less deep proportionally f back to brea/ ?an ! body ( ! tortoise2 ! "u "p 0 flat2 ! upp] rose t[>ds ! c5tre into a ro(-l ridge2 & bo? "u & upp] 7 cov]$ ) a /rong armor ( bony plates1 :i*1 resembl+ m ! plates ( ! tortoise ?an ^? ( ! cru/acean1 receiv$ _! accessions ( gr[? at ! edges or sutures4 ,! plates on ! "u side are divid$ by two l9es ( suture1 :i* run1 ! "o longitud9ally ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! body1 ! o!r transv]sely1 also ?r\gh ! c5tre2 & !y w\ld cut "o ano!r at "r angles1 7 !re n a loz5ge-%ap$ plate ins]t$ at ! po9t :]e !y w\ld o!rwise meet4 ,!re are ?us five plates on ! l[] or belly "p ( ! animal4 ,!y are all ?ickly tub]cl$ outside ) w>t-l prom95ces1 7see ,plate ,i41 fig4 #d27 ! inn] pres5t appe>ances indicative ( a bony /ructure4 ,! plates on ! upp] side are m num]\s & m difficult to describe1 j z x w\ld be difficult to describe ! =ms ( ! v>i\s /ones :i* compose ! ribb$ & po9t$ ro( ( a ,go?ic ca!dral1 ! ar*$ ridge or hump ( ! back requir+1 9 a some:at simil> way1 a peculi> =m & arrangem5t ( plates4 ,! apex ( ! ridge is cov]$ by a /rong hexagonal plate1 fitt$ ^u x l a cap or helmet1 & :i* ne>ly corresponds 9 place to ! flat c5tral plate ( ! "u side4 ,!re runs ar\nd x a bord] ( v>i\sly =m$ plates1 t dim9i% 9 size & increase 9 numb] t[>ds ! head1 & :i* are sep>at$1 l ! pieces ( a dissect$ map1 by deep sutures4 ,!y all pres5t ! tub]cl$ surface4 ,! eyes are plac$ 9 front1 on a prom95ce consid]ably l[] ?an ! ro(-l ridge ( ! back2 ! m\? seems to h op5$1 z 9 _m fi%es1 9 ! edge ( ! creature's sn\t1 :]e a l9e runn+ along ! back w\ld bisect a l9e runn+ along ! belly2 b ?is "p is less p]fectly %[n by my specim5s ?an any o!r4 ,! two arms1 or paddles1 are plac$ s f> =w>d z to give ! body a disproportionate & decapitat$ appe>ance4 ,f ! %\ld] to ! elb[1 if ,i may employ ! t]ms1 !re is a swell+1 muscul> appe>ance1 z 9 ! human arm2 ! "p bel[ is flatt5$1 s z to resemble ! blade ( an o>1 & t]m9ates 9 a /rong1 %>p po9t4 ,! tail--! "o leg on :i*1 z exhibit$ 9 "o ( my specim5s1 ! creature seems to /&--is ( consid]able l5g?1 m ?an equal to a ?ird ( ! entire figure1 & ( an angul> =m1 ! base repres5t+ ! "p atta*$ to ! body1 & ! apex its t]m9ation4 ,x 0 cov]$ ) small tub]cl$1 rhomboidal plates1 l scales1 7see ,plate ,i41 fig4 #c27 & :]e ! int]nal /ructure is %[n1 !re are appe>ances ( a v]tebral column1 ) rib-l processes /&+ out at a %>p angle4 ,! i*?yolite1 9 my l>g] specim5s1 does n mu* exce$ sev5 in*es 9 l5g?2 & ,i despat*$ "o to ,agassiz1 r m ?an two ye>s ago1 ^: extreme l5g? did n exce$ an in*4 ,su* is a brief1 &1 ,i am afraid1 imp]fect sket* ( a creature ^: v type seems no long] to exi/4 ,b = ! purposes ( ! geologi/1 ! descriptions ( ! grav] f> exce$ ^? ( ! p51 & ! accompany+ pr9ts w s]ve to supply all t may be f\nd want+ 9 ! text4 ,fig4 #a1 9 ,plate ,i41 & fig4 #b1 9 ,plate ,,ii41 are bo? re/orations--! fir/ ( ! upp]1 & ! second ( ! "u1 "p ( ! creature4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 enc\rage ! confid5ce ( ! naturali/1 :o = ! fir/ "t looks ^u =ms s /range1 to be in=m$ t ,plate ,i41 ) its two figures1 0 submitt$ to ,agassiz dur+ 8 rec5t brief /ay 9 ,ed9burgh1 & t he z readily recogniz$ 9 x ! species ( ! two k9ds :i* x exhibits1 z he _h previ\sly recogniz$ ! species ( ! orig9als 9 ! lime/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,agassiz1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 late visit to ,scotl&1 f\nd six species ( ! ,pt]i*?ys,j--?ree ( ^!1 & ! w+s ( a f\r?1 9 ! collection ( ! writ]4 ,! diff]5ces by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ may be m>k$ by ev5 an unpractis$ eye1 especially 9 ! =m ( ! bodies & w+s4 ,"s are ( a full]1 "s ( a m elongat$1 =m2 9 "s ! body resembles a h]aldic %ield1 ( ne>ly ! ord9>y %ape & proportions2 9 o!rs ! %ield /ret*es into a =m n v unlike t ( a ,norway skiff1 f ! mid%ips =w>d4 ,9 "s ( ! v>ieties1 too1 ! w+s are long & comp>atively sl5d]2 9 o!rs %ort]1 & ( great] bread?3 9 "s !re is an inflection resembl+ ! b5d ( an elb[2 9 o!rs !re is a cont9u\s swell+ f ! t]m9ation to ! %\ld]1 :]e a sudd5 n>r[+ takes place imm$iately ov] ! articulation4 ,i _h inf]r$ some:at too hurri$ly1 ?\gh p]haps naturally en\gh1 t ^! w+s1 or arms1 ) _! /rong %>p po9ts & o>-l blades1 _h be5 at once paddles & spe>s--in/rum5ts ( motion & weapons ( def5ce2 & h5ce ! mi/ake ( connect+ ! creature ) ! ,*elonia4 ,i am in=m$ by ,agassiz1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 weapons ( def5ce only1 :i*1 l ! occipital sp9es ( ! riv] bull-head1 7 erect$ 9 mom5ts ( dang] or al>m1 & at o!r times lay close by ! creature's side2 & t ! sole in/rum5t ( motion 0 ! tail1 :i*1 :5 cov]$ by its coat ( scales1 0 proportionally ( a some:at l>g] size ?an ! tail %[n 9 ! pr9t1 :i*1 z 9 ! specim5s f :5ce x 0 tak51 exhibits b ! obscure & unc]ta9 l9eam5ts ( ! skeleton4 ,! riv] bull-head1 :5 attack$ by an enemy1 or imm$iately z x feels ! hook 9 its jaws1 erects its two sp9es at ne>ly "r angles ) ! plates ( ! head1 z if to r5d] itself z difficult ( be+ swall[$ z possible4 ,! attitude is "o ( dang] & al>m2 & x is a curi\s fact1 to :i* ,i %all aft]w>ds h occasion to adv]t1 t 9 ?is attitude n9e t5?s ( ! ,pt]i*?ys ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one are to be f\nd4 ,we read 9 ! /one a s+ul>ly pres]v$ /ory ( ! /rong in/9ctive love ( life1 & ( ! m+l$ fe> & ang] implant$ = its pres]vation--,! *ampions 9 di/ort$ po/ures ?reat4 ,x pres5ts u1 too1 ) a wond]ful record ( viol5t dea? fall+ at once1 n on a few individuals1 b on :ole tribes4 ,footnote ,j3 ,agassiz n[ reckons t5 di/9ct species ( ,pt]i*?ys--,p4 ar5atus1 ,p4 cancri=mis1 ,p4 cornutus1 ,p4 major1 ,p4 ,mill]i1 ,p4 latus1 ,p4 oblongus1 ,p4 productus1 ,p4 te/ud9>ius1 & ,p4 hydrophilus2 ( ^!1 n9e species belong to ! ,l[]1 & "o--! ,pt]i*?ys hydrophilus--to ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,next to ! ,pt]i*?ys ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,i %all place its contempor>y ! ,cocco/eus ( ,agassiz1 a fi% :i*1 9 "s respects1 mu/ h some:at resembl$ x4 ,bo? 7 cov]$ ) an armor ( ?ickly tub]cl$ bony plates1 & bo? furni%$ ) a v]tebrat$ tail4 ,! plates ( ! "o1 :5 f\nd ly+ deta*$ 9 ! rock1 c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! o!r3 !re are ! same m>ks1 z 9 ! plates ( ! tortoise1 ( accessions ( gr[? at ! edges--! same cancellat$ bony /ructure )91 ! same k9d ( tub]cles )\t4 ,! =ms ( ! creatures !mselves1 h[ev]1 7 ess5tially diff]5t4 ,i h comp>$ ! figure ( ! ,pt]i*?ys1 z %[n 9 "s ( my bett] specim5s1 to t ( a man ) ! head cut (f at ! %\ld]s1 "o ( ! legs also want+1 & ! arms spread to ! full4 ,! figure ( ! ,cocco/eus ,i w\ld comp>e to a boy's kite4 7,see ,plate ,,iii41 fig4 #a47 ,!re is a r\nd$ head1 a triangul> body1 a long tail atta*$ to ! apex ( ! triangle1 & arms ?9 & r\nd$ :]e !y atta* to ! body1 & spread+ out t[>ds _! t]m9ation l ! anci5t "o-sid$ %ovel :i* we see sculptur$ on old tomb/ones1 or ! rudd] ( an anci5t galley4,k ,! mann] 9 :i* ! plates are arrang$ on ! head is peculi>ly beautiful2 b ,i am afraid ,i _c adequately describe !m4 ,a r+ ( plates1 l ! r+-/ones ( an ar*1 runs along :at may be call$ ! hoop ( ! kite2 ! =m ( ! key/one-plate is p]fect2 ! %apes ( ! o!rs are elegantly v>i$1 z if = ornam5t2 & :at w\ld be o!rwise ! op5+ ( ! ar*1 is fill$ up ) "o l>ge plate1 ( an outl9e s+ul>ly elegant4 ,a s+le plate1 /ill l>g] ?an any ( ! o!rs1 cov]s ! great] "p ( ! creature's triangul> body1 to ! %ape ( :i* x ne>ly con=ms4 ,x rises saddle-wise t[>ds ! c5tre3 on ! ridge !re is a longitud9al groove end+ 9 a p]=ation1 a little ov] ! apex1 7,plate ,,iii41 fig4 #b27 two small lat]al plates on ei!r side fill up ! base ( ! angle2 & ! long tail1 ) its num]\s v]tebral jo9ts1 t]m9ates ! figure4 ,footnote ,k3 ,i h s9ce asc]ta9$ t ^! seem+ arms or paddles 7 simply plates ( a peculi> =m4 ,does ! read] possess a copy ( ,lyell's lately publi%$ elem5t>y "w1 edition #ahch8 ,if s1 let him fir/ turn up ! description ( ! ,upp] ,silurian rocks1 f ,mur*ison1 :i* occurs 9 page #dei1 & m>k ! =m ( ! trilobite ,asaphus caudatus1 a fossil ( ! ,w5lock =mation4 7,see ,sil4 ,sys41 ,plate ,,vii47 ,! upp] "p1 or head1 =ms a cresc5t2 ! body rises out ( ! concave ) a sweep some:at resembl+ t ( a ,go?ic ar*2 ! outl9e ( ! :ole approximates to t ( an egg1 ! small] end t]m9at+ 9 a %>p po9t4 ,let him rem>k1 fur!r1 t ?is creature 0 a cru/ace\s animal1 ( ! crab or lob/] class1 & !n turn up ! brief description ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 ! same volume1 page #ded1 & m>k ! =m ( ! ,cephalaspis1 or buckl]-head--a fi% ( a =mation imm$iately ov] t 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ! trilobite mo/ ab\nd4 ,he w f9d t ! fi% & ! cru/acean are wond]fully alike4 ,! fi% is m elongat$1 b bo? possess ! cresc5t-%ap$ head1 & bo? ! angul> & app>5tly jo9t$ body4,l ,!y illu/rate admirably h[ two di/9ct ord]s may meet4 ,!y exhibit ! po9ts1 if ,i may s speak1 at :i* ! plat$ fi% is l9k$ to ! %ell$ cru/acean4 ,n[1 ! ,cocco/eus is a /age fur!r on2 x is m unequivocally a fi%4 ,x is a ,cephalaspis ) an articulat$ tail atta*$ to ! angul> body1 & ! horns ( ! cresc5t-%ap$ head cut (f4 ,footnote ,l3 ,really jo9t$ 9 ! case ( ! trilobite2 only app>5tly s 9 t ( ! ,cephalaspis4 ,! body ( ! trilobite1 l t ( ! lob/]1 0 b>r$ by transv]se1 oblong1 ov]lapp+ plates1 & betwe5 e two plates !re 0 a jo9t2 ! body ( ! ,cephalaspis1 9 l mann]1 0 b>r$ by transv]se1 oblong1 ov]lapp+ scales1 betwe5 :i* !re exi/$ no su* jo9ts4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ nature1 9 ?us br++ two su* diff]5t classes z fi%es & cru/acea toge!r1 gives to ! high] animal a sort ( pictorial resemblance to ! l[]1 9 p>ts :]e ! con/ruction c\ld n be id5tical )\t int]f]+ ) ! gr& di/9ctions ( ! classes4 ,"s ( ! specim5s :i* exhibit ?is creature are exce$+ly curi\s4 ,9 "o1 a coprolite /ill re/s 9 ! abdom52 & a common botani/'s microscope %[s x ?ickly speckl$ ov] ) m9ute scales1 ! indige/ible exuvi ( fi% on :i* ! animal _h prey$4 ,9 ! abdom5 ( ano!r we f9d a few m9ute pebbles--j z pebbles are occasionally f\nd 9 ! /oma* ( ! cod--:i* _h be5 swall[$ by ! creature atta*$ to its food4 ,is !re no?+ wond]ful 9 ! fact1 t m5 %\ld be le>n+ at ?is "t ( day h[ ! fi%es ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one liv$1 & t !re 7 "s ( !m rapaci\s en\gh n to be ov] nice 9 _! eat+8 ,! "u "p ( ! creature is /ill v imp]fectly kn[n3 x _h its c5tral loz5ge-%ap$ plate1 l t on ! "u side ( ! ,pt]i*?ys1 b ( great] elegance1 7see ,plate ,,iii41 fig4 #c17 r\nd :i* ! o!r plates 7 rang$4 ,:at an appropriate ornam5t1 if set 9 gold6 said ,dr4 ,buckl&1 on see+ a v beautiful specim5 ( ?is c5tral loz5ge 9 ! int]e/+ collection ( ,pr(essor ,traill ( ,ed9burgh1--,:at an appropriate ornam5t = a lady geologi/6 ,!re are two m>k$ peculi>ities 9 ! jaws ( ! ,cocco/eus1 z %[n 9 mo/ ( ! specim5s1 illu/rative ( ! l[] "p ( ! creature1 :i* ,i h yet se54 ,! tee?1 in/ead ( be+ fix$ 9 sockets1 l ^? ( quadrup$s & reptiles1 or m]ely plac$ on ! bone1 l ^? ( fi% ( ! common v>ieties1 seem to h be5 cut out ( ! solid1 l ! tee? ( a saw or ! tee? 9 ! m&ibles ( ! beetle1 or 9 ! nipp]s ( ! lob/]1 7,plate ,,iii41 fig4 #d27 & !re appe>s to h be5 some?+ /rangely anomal\s 9 ! position ( ! jaws--some?+ too anomal\s1 p]haps1 to be reg>d$ z prov5 by ! evid5ce ( ! specim5s yet f\nd1 b :i* may be m5tion$ ) ! view ( direct+ att5tion to x4 ,d n be det]r$1 said ,agassiz1 9 ! c\rse ( "o ( ! int]views 9 :i* he oblig+ly indulg$ ! writ] ( ^! *apt]s1 :o _h m5tion$ to him t "o ( 8 op9ions1 j confirm$ by ! naturali/1 _h seem$ s extraord9>y t he _h be5 almo/ afraid to communicate x1--,d n be det]r$1 if y h exam9$ m9utely1 by any dread ( be+ deem$ extravagant4 ,! possibilities ( exi/5ce run s deeply into ! extravagant1 t !re is sc>cely any conception too extraord9>y = nature to realize4 ,9 all ! m complete specim5s :i* ,i h yet se51 ! position ( ! jaws is v]tical1 n horizontal2 & yet ! creature1 z %[n by ! tail1 belong$ unque/ionably to ! v]tebrata4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! m\?s ( ! cru/ace\s animals1 su* z ! crab & lob/]1 op5 v]tically1 & a simil> arrangem5t obta9s among ! insect tribes1 x has be5 rem>k$ by naturali/s1 z an inv>iable condition ( t high] ord] ( animals di/+ui%$ by v]tebral columns1 t _! m\?s op5 horizontally4 ,:at ,i w\ld rem>k z v extraord9>y 9 ! ,cocco/eus--n1 h[ev]1 9 ! way ( directly ass]t+ ! fact1 b m]ely by way ( solicit+ inquiry reg>d+ x--is1 t x seems to unite to a v]tebral column a v]tical m\?1 ?us =m+ a connect+ l9k betwe5 two ord]s ( exi/5ces1 by conjo9+ :at is at once _! mo/ *>act]i/ic & mo/ dissimil> traits4,m ,footnote ,m3 ,^! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! "* ( ! tee? & ! position ( ! jaws ( ! ,cocco/eus h be5 *all5g$ by v high au?orities4 ,i reta9 !m1 h[ev]1 9 ?is edition 9 _! orig9al =m1 z fir/ made ne>ly six ye>s ago4 ,9 at lea/ two ( my specim5s ( ,cocco/eus ! tee? & jaw =m unequivocally b "o bone--a result1 x is n improbable1 ( "s aft] an*ylos+ process1 b :i* /ill solicits inquiry z n yet def9itely acc\nt$ =4 ,! matt] ( fact 9 ! case is c]ta9ly "o :i* %\ld be det]m9$1 n analogically1 b on its own prop] evid5ce1 z furni%$ by good specim5s4 ,z = ! rem>k reg>d+ ! probable position ( ! creature's jaws1 x 0 v5tur$ on at fir/1 z ! read] may p]ceive1 ) mu* hesitation1 & mu/ n[ be reg>d$ z m d\btful ?an ev]4 ,its repetition "h1 h[ev]1 w1 ,i tru/1 be reg>d$ z simply indicative ( a wi% on ! "p ( ! writ]1 t ! "q be kept op5 j a little long]1 & t fur!r exam9ation be made4 ,!re is c]ta9ly some?+ v peculi> ab\t ! m\? ( ! ,cocco/eus n yet und]/ood1 & s+ul>ly =m$ plates1 connect$ ) x1 :i* h n be5 introduc$ into any re/oration1 & ! use ( :i* 9 ! economy ( ! animal seem :olly unkn[n4 #ahej4--;,i h at l5g? f\nd a v p]fect specim5 ( ! ne!r jaw ( ,cocco/eus1 & am prep>$ to %[ t x 0 ( a "* altoge!r unique4 ,x _h its two gr\ps ( f six to eight tee?1 7exactly :]e1 9 ! human subject1 ! mol>s are plac$17 t seem to h act$ on correspond+ gr\ps 9 ! int]maxll>ies1 & two o!r gr\ps ( f ?ree to five tee? plac$ at "r angles ) ^!1 direct 9 ! symphysis1 & t seem to h act$ on ea* o!r4 ,b ?\gh ^! unique tee? ( ! symphysis =m$ a v]tical l9e ( m\?1 x jo9$ on at "r angles to a transv]se l9e ( ! ord9>y type1 z ! upright /roke ( ! lett] ,t jo9s on to ! horizontal l9e a-top4 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) f\r species ( ,cocco/eus--,c4 decipi5s1 ,c4 cuspidatas1 ,c4 oblongus1 & a v>iety n yet nam$2 & _m m species may yet be discov]$4,n ,( all ! exi/5ces ( ! =mation1 ?is curi\s fi% seems to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ abundant4 ,9 a few squ>e y>ds ( rock ,i h laid op5 portions ( ! rema9s ( a doz5 diff]5t individuals belong+ to two ( ! f\r species1 ! ,c4 decipi5s & ,c4 cuspidatus1 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le ev5+4 ,none ( ! o!r k9ds h yet be5 f\nd at ,crom>ty4 ,^! two diff]$ f ea* o!r 9 ! proportions :i* _! g5]al bulk bore to _! l5g?--slightly1 too1 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! occipital plates4 ,! ,cocco/eus latus1 z ! "n implies1 mu/ h be5 by mu* a massi] fi% ?an ! o!r2 & we f9d ! ar*-l =m ( ! plates :i* cov]$ its head m complete3 ! plate repres5t+ ! key/one re/s on ! saddle-%ap$ plate 9 ! c5tre1 & ! plates repres5t+ ! spr+-/ones ( ! ar* exhibit a broad] base4 ,! accompany+ pr9t 7,plate ,,iii47 repres5ts ! ,cocco/eus cuspidatus4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ! creature1 includ+ ! tail1 z %[n 9 mo/ ( ! ,crom>ty specim5s1 some:at exce$$ a foot4 ,a few deta*$ plates f ,orkney1 9 ! collection ( ,dr4 ,traill1 mu/ h belong$ to an individual ( fully twice t l5g?4 ,footnote ,n3 ,a fif? species has be5 nam$ ,c4 maximus4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,elf9-fi% ( ,gaw9 ,d\glas4--,! ,fi% ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one sc>cely less curi\s4--,place :i* !y occupi$ indicat$ 9 ! pres5t ,creation by a m]e ,gap4--,fi% divid$ into two great ,s]ies1 ! ,osse\s & ,c>tilag9\s4--,_! di/9ctive ,peculi>ities4--,geological ,illu/ration ( ,dr4 ,johnson's %rewd ,objection to ! ,!ory ( ,soame ,j5yns4--,pro(s ( ! int]m$iate ,"* ( ! ,i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,appe>ances :i* fir/ l$ ! ,writ] to deem x int]m$iate4--,confirmation by ,agassiz4--,! ,o/eolepis4--,ord] to :i* ?is ,i*?yolite belong$4--,description4--,dipt]us4--,dip lopt]us4--,*eirolepis4 --,glyptolepis4 ,has ! read] ev] he>d ( ! griesly fis* & ! lai?lie flood1 describ$ by t m9/rel ,bi%op ( ,dunkeld :o gave rude ,scotl& ,virgil's page8 ,bo? fi% & flood are ! extravagances ( a poet's dream4 ,! flood came roll+ ?r\gh a wild]ness ( bogs & quagmires1 "u banks d>k z rocks ! :ilk ! sey upca/4 ,a skeleton =e/ /ret*$ ar\nd1 dodd]$ & leafless2 & ?r\gh ! unblomit & b>rant trees ,! quhissl+ w9d blew mony bitt] bla/2 ! :it5$ bran*es cla%$ & clatt]$2 ! vile wat] r9n& o'erheid1 & r\t+ z ?ond]1 made hide\s trubil2 & to augm5t ! upro>1 ! griesly fis*1 l ! fi% ( ea/]n /ory1 rais$ _! heads amid ! foam1 & %riek$ & yell$ z !y pass$4 ,! grim mon/]s =deafit ! heir+ ) _! sell\ts2--!y 7 bo? fi% & elves1 & /rangely noisy 9 ! latt] capacity2 & ! long] ! poet li/5$1 ! m fright5$ he became4 ,! description concludes1 l a t]rific dream1 ) 8 w&]+s ?r\gh ! labyr9?s ( ! dead =e/1 :]e all 0 dry & sapless above1 & mud & m>% bel[1 & ) 8 exclamations ( grief & t]ror at f9d+ himself hopelessly lo/ 9 a sc5e ( prodigies & evil spirits4 ,& su* 0 "o ( ! wild] fancies 9 :i* a y\?ful ,scotti% poet ( ! days ( ,flodd5 indulg$1 ere ta/e _h aris5 to re/ra9 & regulate inv5tion4 ,%all ,i v5ture to say1 t ! i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one h sometimes rem9d$ me ( ! fis* ( ! lai?lie flood8 ,!y 7 h>dly less curi\s4 ,we f9d !m surr\nd$1 l ^!1 by a wild]ness ( dead vegetation1 & ( rocks upca/ f ! sea2 & !re are ! foot-pr9ts ( /orm & tempe/ ar\nd & "u !m4 ,true1 !y mu/ h be5 less noisy4 ,l ! griesly fis*1 h[ev]1 !y exhibit a /range union ( opposite natures4 ,"o ( _! families--t ( ! ,cephalaspis--seems almo/ to con/itute a connect+ l9k1 says ,agassiz1 betwe5 fi%es & cru/aceans4 ,!y _h1 also1 _! families ( sauroid1 or reptile fi%es--& _! /ill m num]\s families t unite ! c>tilag9\s fi%es to ! osse\s4 ,& to ^! la/ ! explor] ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one f9ds himself ma9ly re/rict$4 ,! l9ks ( ! sy/em are all connect+ l9ks1 sep>at$ by untold ages f t :i* !y connect2 s t1 9 se>*+ = _! repres5tatives amid ! exi/5ces ( ! pres5t "t1 we f9d b ! gaps :i* !y %\ld h occupi$4 ,& x is ess5tially necess>y f ?is circum/ance1 9 acqua9t+ "o's self ) _! peculi>ities1 to exam9e1 if ,i may s express myself1 ! sides ( ^! gaps1--! exi/+ l9ks at bo? ends to :i* ! brok5 l9ks %\ld h piec$1--9 %ort1 all ^? m /rik+ peculi>ities ( ! exi/+ disp>t$ families :i* we f9d unit$ 9 ! int]m$iate families t no long] exi/4 ,)\t "s su* prep>ation1 ! inquir] w\ld inevitably %>e ! fate ( ! poetical dream] ( ,dunkeld1 by los+ 8 way 9 a labyr9?4 ,9 pass+1 !re=e1 ) ?is object f ! ext9ct to ! rec5t1 ,i v5ture to solicit1 = a few p>agraphs1 ! att5tion ( ! read]4 ,fi%es1 ! f\r? great class 9 po9t ( rank 9 ! animal k+dom1 &1 9 ext5t ( t]ritory1 decid$ly ! fir/1 are divid$1 z !y exi/ 9 ! pres5t creation1 into two di/9ct s]ies--! osse\s & ! c>tilag9\s4 ,! osse\s embraces t va/ assemblage :i* naturali/s describe z fi%es prop]ly s call$1 & ^: skeletons1 l ^? ( mammalia1 birds1 & reptiles1 are compos$ *iefly ( a calc>e\s e>? p]vad+ an organic base4 ,h5ce ! durability ( _! rema9s4 ,9 ! c>tilag9\s s]ies1 on ! contr>y1 ! skeleton conta9s sc>ce any ( ?is e>?3 x is a framework ( indurat$ animal matt]1 ela/ic1 semi-transp>5t1 yield+ easily to ! knife1 &1 l all m]e animal sub/ances1 inevitably subject to decay4 ,i h se5 ! huge c>tilag9\s skeleton ( a %>k lo/ 9 a mass ( putrefaction 9 less ?an a =tnight4 ,i h f\nd ! m9ute/ bones ( ! osse\s i*?yolites ( ! ,lias entire aft] ! lapse ( unnumb]$ c5turies4 ,! two s]ies d n seem to prec$e or foll[ "o ano!r 9 any su* natural sequ5ce z t 9 :i* ! great classes ( ! animal k+dom are arrang$4 ,! mammif] takes prec$5ce ( ! bird1 ! bird ( ! reptile1 ! reptile ( ! fi%2 !re is progression 9 ! scale--! arrangem5t ( ! classes is consecutive1 n p>allel4 ,b 9 ?is great division !re is no su* progression2 ! osse\s fi% takes no prec$5ce ( ! c>tilag9\s fi%1 or ! c>tilag9\s1 z a s]ies1 ( ! osse\s4 ,! arrangem5t is p>allel1 n consecutive2 b ! p>allelism1 if ,i may s express myself1 seems to be t ( a long] ) a %ort] l9e2--! c>tilag9\s fi%es1 ?\gh mu* less num]\s 9 _! ord]s & families ?an ! o!r1 /ret* f>!r along ! scale 9 opposite directions1 at once ris+ high] & s9k+ l[] ?an ! osse\s fi%es4 ,! c>tilag9\s ord] ( ! /urgeons1--a roe-deposit+ tribe1 devoid alike ( affection = _! "y1 or ( ^? atta*m5ts :i* give ! wild bea/s ( ! =e/ p>tn]s 9 _! d5s1--may be reg>d$ z fully abrea/ ( by mu* ! great] "p ( ! osse\s fi%es1 9 bo? _! in/9cts & _! organization4 ,! family ( ! %>ks1 on ! o!r h&1 & "s ( ! rays1 rise high]1 z if to connect ! class ( fi% ) ! class imm$iately above x--t ( reptiles4 ,_m ( !m are vivip>\s1 l ! mammalia--atta*$1 x is said1 to _! "y1 & fully equal ev5 to birds 9 ! /r5g? ( _! connubial atta*m5ts4 ,! male1 9 "s in/ances1 has be5 kn[n to p9e away & die :5 depriv$ ( 8 female companion4,o ,b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 ! c>tilag9\s fi%es1 9 "s ( _! tribes1 s9k z l[ b5ea? ! osse\s z !y rise above !m 9 o!rs4 ,! suck]s1 = in/ance1 a c>tilag9\s family1 are ! mo/ imp]fect ( all v]tebral animals2 "s ( !m want ev5 ! s5se ( sight2 !y seem m]e worms1 furni%$ ) f9s & gills1 & 7 s class$ by ,l9nu2 b ?\gh n[ asc]ta9$ to be 9 reality fi%es1 !y mu/ be reg>d$ z ! l[e/ l9k 9 ! scale--z connect+ ! class ) ! class ,v]mes1 j z ! sup]ior c>tilag9\s fi%es may be reg>d$ z connect+ x ) ! class ,reptilia4 ,footnote ,o3 ,"s ( ! osse\s fi%es are also vivip>\s--! vivip>\s bl5ny1 = in/ance4 ,! evid5ce f :i* ! suppos$ affection ( ! high] fi%es = _! (fspr+ has be5 inf]r$1 is1 ,i am afraid1 ( a some:at equivocal "*4 ,! love ( ! s[ = h] litt] hov]s1 at times1 betwe5 t ( ! p>5t & t ( ! epicure2 nor h we pro( en\gh1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( i*?yological k1 to conclude to :i* side ! p>5tal love ( ! fi% incl9es4 ,! connubial affections ( "s ( ! high] families seem bett] e/abli%$4 ,( a pair ( gigantic rays 7,cephalopt]a giorna7 tak5 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & describ$ by ,risso1 ! female 0 captur$ by "s fi%]m52 & ! male cont9u$ con/antly ab\t ! boat1 z if bewail+ ! fate ( 8 companion1 & 0 !n f\nd float+ dead4--,see ,wilson's article ,i*?yology1 ,encyc4 ,brit41 sev5? edition4 ,betwe5 ! osse\s & ! c>tilag9\s fi%es !re exi/ "s v /rik+ dissimil>ities4 ,! skull ( ! osse\s fi% is divid$ into a great] numb] ( di/9ct bones1 & possesses m movable p>ts1 ?an ! skulls ( mammif]\s animals3 ! skull ( ! c>tilag9\s fi%1 on ! contr>y1 consi/s ( b a s+le piece1 )\t jo9t or suture4 ,!re is ano!r m>k$ di/9ction4 ,! bony fi%1 if x approa*es 9 =m to t g5]al type :i* we recognize amid all ! v>ieties ( ! class z prop] to fi%es1 & to :i*1 9 all _! families1 nature is cont9ually incl9+1 w be f\nd to h a tail bran*+ out1 z 9 ! p]* & h]r+1 f ! bone 9 :i* ! v]tebral column t]m9ates2 :]eas ! c>tilag9\s fi%1 if x also approa* ! g5]al type1 w be f\nd to h a tail =m$1 z 9 ! /urgeon & dog-fi%1 on bo? sides ( ! h9d] portion ( ! sp9e1 b develop$ mu* m l>gely on ! "u ?an on ! upp] side4 ,9 "s in/ances1 x is want+ on ! upp] side altoge!r4 ,x may be z impossible to assign reasons = su* relations z = ^? :i* exi/ betwe5 ! dige/ive organs & ! ho(s ( ! rum9ant animals2 b x is ( importance t !y %\ld be not$4,p ,x may be rem>k$1 fur!r1 t ! great bulk ( fi%es ^: skeletons consi/ ( c>tilage h yet an ability ( secret+ ! calc>e\s e>? :i* composes bone1 & t !y are furni%$ ) bony cov]+s1 ei!r p>tial or entire4 ,_! bones lie outside4 ,! ?orn-back d]ives its "n f ! multitud9\s hooks & spikes ( bone t bri/le ov] its body2 ! head1 back1 & op]culum ( ! /urgeon are cov]$ ) bony plates2 ! ?orns & prickles ( ! %>k are compos$ ( ! same mat]ial4 ,! framework )9 is a framework ( m]e animal matt]2 b x 0 no lack ( ! osse\s +r$i5t t l$ to ! arrangem5t--an arrangem5t :i* we c alone ref] to ! w ( t all-pot5t ,creator1 :o c transpose 8 mat]ials at pleasure1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! p]fection ( 8 "w4 ,x is a curi\s en\gh circum/ance1 t "s ( ! osse\s fi%es1 z if entirely to rev]se ! condition ( ! c>tilag9\s ones1 are p>tially cov]$ ) plates ( c>tilage4 ,!y are bone )91 & c>tilage )\t1 j z o!rs are bone )\t & c>tilage )94 ,footnote ,p3 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 9 8 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 assigns satisfactory reasons = ?is con/ruction ( tail 9 %>ks & /urgeons4 ,( ! fi%es ( ^! two ord]s1 he /ates1 ! =m] p]=m ! (fice ( scav5g]s1 to cle> ! wat] ( impurities1 & h no tee?1 b fe$1 by means ( a s(t1 lea!r-l m\?1 capable ( protrusion & contraction1 on putrid vegetables & animal sub/ances at ! bottom2 & h5ce !y h con/antly to keep _! bodies 9 an incl9$ position4 ,! %>ks employ _! tail 9 ano!r peculi> mann]--to turn _! body1 9 ord] to br+ _! m\?1 :i* is plac$ d[nw>ds b5ea? ! head1 into contact ) _! prey4 ,we f9d an important provision 9 e animal1 to give a position ( ease & activity to ! head dur+ ! op]ation ( fe$+4--,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #bgi1 vol4 i41 fir/ ed4 ,b h[ apply all ?is to ! ,geology ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one8 ,v directly4 ,! i*?yolites ( ?is anci5t =mation hold1 z has be5 said1 an int]m$iate place1 unoccupi$ among pres5t exi/5ces1 betwe5 ! two s]ies1 & 9 "s respects resemble ! osse\s1 & 9 "s ! c>tilag9\s tribes4 ,! fact rem9ds "o ( ,dr4 ,johnson's %rewd objection to ! !ory embrac$ by ,soame ,j5yns 9 8 ,free ,inquiry1 & :i* 0 ! !ory also ( ,pope & ,bol+broke4 ,! metaphysician held1 ) ! poet & 8 fri5d1 t !re exi/s a va/ & f9ely graduat$ *a9 ( be+ f ,inf9ity to non5tity--f ,god to no?+2 & t to /rike out a s+le l9k w\ld be to m> ! p]fection ( ! :ole4,q ,! morali/ demon/rat$1 on ! contr>y1 t ?is *a91 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 mu/ be incomplete at bo? ends--t betwe5 t :i* does1 & t :i* does n exi/1 !re mu/ be an inf9ite diff]5ce--t ! *a91 !re=e1 _c lay hold on no?+4 ,he %[$1 fur!r1 t betwe5 ! greate/ ( f9ite exi/5ces & ! adorable ,inf9ite !re mu/ exi/ ano!r illimitable void--t ! b\ndless & ! b\nd$ are z widely sep>at$ 9 _! natures & qualities z ! exi/5t & ! non-exi/5t--t ! *a91 9 %ort1 _c lay hold on ,deity4 ,he ass]t$1 h[ev]1 t n only is x ?us incomplete at bo? ends1 b t we mu/ reg>d x z well nigh z incomplete 9 _m ( its int]m$iate l9ks z at its t]m9al ones2 t x is already a brok5 *a91 see+ t betwe5 its v>i\s classes ( exi/5ce myriads ( int]m$iate exi/5ces might be introduc$1 by graduat+ m m9utely :at mu/ necess>ily be capable ( inf9ite gradation2 & t1 to base an infidel !ory on ! suppos$ complet5ess ( :at is demon/rably incomplete1 & on ! impossibility ( a gap exi/+ 9 :at is already fill$ ) gaps1 is j to base "o absurdity on ano!r4,r ,n[1 we f9d ! ,geology ( :at may be t]m$ ! second age ( v]tebrat$ exi/5ce 7= ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 0 su*7 com+ curi\sly 9 to confirm ! reason+s ( ,johnson4 ,x %[s u ! great] "p ( ! fi% ( an entire creation ?us ins9uat$ betwe5 two ( ! l9ks ( our own4 ,footnote ,q3 ,see1 ?r\gh ?is air1 ?is ocean1 & ?is e>?1 ,all matt] quick1 & bur/+ into bir?2 ,above1 h[ high progressive life may g6 ,ar\nd1 h[ wide6 h[ deep ext5d bel[6 ,va/ *a9 ( be+6 :i* f ,god began-- ,nature's e!real1 human angel1 man1 ,bea/1 bird1 fi%1 insect--:at no eye c see1 ,no glass c rea*2 f ,inf9ite to !e-- ,f !e to no?+4 ,on sup]ior p[]s ,7 we to press1 inf]ior might on ours2 ,or 9 ! full creation leave a void1 ,:]e1 "o /ep brok51 ! great scale's de/roy$3 ,f ,nature's *a91 :atev] l9k y /rike1 ,t5?1 or t5 ?\s&?1 breaks ! *a9 alike4 ,essay on ,man4 ,footnote ,r3 ,! foll[+ are ! well-/at$ reason+s ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 a writ] :o nev] did inju/ice to an argum5t = want ( words to express x 93-- ,! scale ( exi/5ce f ,inf9ity to no?+ _c possibly h be+4 ,! highe/ be+ n inf9ite mu/ be at an inf9ite di/ance f ,inf9ity4 ,*eyne1 :o1 ) ! desire inh]5t 9 ma!maticians to r$uce e ?+ to ma!matical images1 consid]s all exi/5ce z a cone1 all[s t ! basis is at an inf9ite di/ance f ! body1 & 9 ?is di/ance betwe5 f9ite & inf9ite !re w be room =ev] = an inf9ite s]ies ( indef9able exi/5ce4 ,betwe5 ! l[e/ positive exi/5ce & no?+1 :5ev] we suppose positive exi/5ce to cease1 is ano!r *asm inf9itely deep1 :]e !re is room aga9 = endless ord]s ( subord9ate nature1 cont9u$ =ev] & ev]1 & yet inf9itely sup]ior to nonexi/5ce4 ,to ^! m$itations humanity is unequal4 ,b yet we may ask1 n ( our ,mak]1 b ( ea* o!r1 s9ce on ! "o side creation1 :5ev] x /ops1 mu/ /op inf9itely bel[ inf9ity1 & on ! o!r inf9itely above no?+1 :at necessity !re is t x %\ld proce$ s f> ei!r way--t be+ s high or s l[ %\ld ev] h exi/$4 ,we may ask1 b ,i believe no creat$ wisdom c give an adequate answ]4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,9 ! scale1 :]ev] x beg9s or ends1 are inf9ite vacuities4 ,at :atev] di/ance we suppose ! next ord] ( be+s to be above man1 !re is room = an int]m$iate ord] ( be+s betwe5 !m2 & if = "o ord]1 !n = inf9ite ord]s1 s9ce e ?+ t admits ( m or less1 & consequ5tly all ! p>ts ( t :i* admits !m1 may be inf9itely divid$2 s t1 z f> z we c judge1 !re may be room 9 ! vacuity betwe5 any two /eps ( ! scale1 or betwe5 any two po9ts ( ! cone ( be+1 = inf9ite ex]tion ( inf9ite p[]4--,review ( ,a ,free ,inquiry4 ,x is n[ sev]al ye>s s9ce ,i 0 fir/ l$ to suspect t ! condition ( ! i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 0 int]m$iate4 ,i h allud$ to ! comp>ative inde/ructibility ( ! osse\s skeleton1 & ! extreme liability to decay *>act]i/ic ( ! c>tilag9\s "o4 ,( a skeleton 9 "p osse\s & 9 "p c>tilag9\s1 we mu/1 ( c\rse1 expect1 :5 x occurs 9 a fossil /ate1 to f9d ! inde/ructible portions only4 ,& :51 9 e in/ance1 we f9d ! fossil skeletons ( a =mation complete 9 "s ( _! p>ts1 & incomplete 9 o!rs--! entire portions inv>iably agree+1 & ! want+ portions inv>iably agree+ also--x seems b natural to conclude t an orig9al diff]5ce mu/ h obta9$1 & t ! exi/+ p>ts1 :i* we c at once recognize z bone1 mu/ h be5 unit$ to p>ts n[ want+1 :i* 7 compos$ ( c>tilage4 ,! naturali/ nev] d\bts t ! %>k's tee?1 :i* he f9ds deta*$ on ! %ore1 or buri$ 9 "s anci5t =mation1 7 unit$ orig9ally to c>tilag9\s jaws4 ,n[1 9 break+ op5 all ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! two families already describ$1 we f9d t "s ( ! p>ts are inv>iably want+1 h[ev] excell5t ! /ate ( pres]vation ma9ta9$ by ! re/4 ,i h se5 e scale pres]v$ & 9 its place--"o set ( bo? ! l>g] & small] bones occupy+ _! orig9al position--jaws ?ickly set ) tee? /ill undeta*$ f ! head--! massy bones ( ! skull /ill unsep>at$--! l>g] %\ld]-bone1 on :i* ! op]culum re/s1 ly+ 9 its prop] b$--! op]culum itself entire--& all ! ext]nal rays :i* support ! f9s1 ?\gh frequ5tly f9e z hairs1 spread+ out di/9ct z ! fibres 9 ! w+ ( ! dragon-fly1 or ! woody n]ves 9 an oak-leaf4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 h ,i succe$$ 9 f9d+ a s+le jo9t ( ! v]tebral column1 or ! trace ( a s+le int]nal ray4 ,no "p ( ! int]nal skeleton survives1 nor does its disappe>ance seem to h _h any connection ) ! great] mass ( putresc5t matt] :i* mu/ h surr\nd$ x1 see+ t ! ext]nal rays ( ! f9s %[ q z entire :5 turn$ ov] ^u ! body1 z sometimes occurs1 z :5 spread out f x 9 pr(ile4 ,besides1 9 ! i*?yolites ( ! *alk1 no p>ts ( ! skeleton are bett] pres]v$ ?an ! int]nal p>ts--! v]tebral jo9ts1 & ! int]nal rays4 ,! read] mu/ h obs]v$1 9 ! cases ( a museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 prep>ations ( fi% ( two sev]al k9ds--prep>ations ( ! skeleton1 9 :i* only ! osse\s p>ts are exhibit$1 & prep>ations ( ! ext]nal =m1 9 :i* ! :ole body is %[n 9 pr(ile1 ) ! f9s spread to ! full1 & at lea/ half ! bones ( ! head cov]$ by ! sk9 b 9 :i* ! v]tebral column & int]nal rays are want+4 ,n[1 9 ! fossils ( ! *alk1 ) ^? ( ! o!r lat] =mations1 d[n to ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 we f9d t ! skeleton /yle ( prep>ation obta9s2 :]eas1 9 at lea/ ?ree f\r?s ( ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$1 we f9d only :at we may t]m ! ext]nal /yle4 ,i _h m>k$1 besides1 ano!r circum/ance 9 ! i*?yolites1 :i* seem$1 l a nice po9t ( circum/antial evid5ce1 to give te/imony 9 ! same l9e4 ,! tails ( all ! i*?yolites1 ^: v]tebral columns & int]nal rays are want+1 are unequally lob$1 l ^? ( ! dog-fi% & /urgeon1 7bo? c>tilag9\s fi%es17 & ! body runs on to ne>ly ! t]m9ation ( ! surr\nd+ rays4 ,! "o-sid$ condition ( tail exi/s1 says ,cuvi]1 9 no rec5t osse\s fi% kn[n to naturali/s1 except 9 ! bony pike--a sauroid fi% ( ! w>m] riv]s ( ,am]ica4 ,) def]5ce1 h[ev]1 to s high an au?ority1 x is que/ionable :e!r1 ! tail ( ! bony pike %\ld n r be describ$ z a tail set on some:at awry1 ?an z a "o-sid$ tail4 ,all ^! peculi>ities ,i c\ld b note z !y turn$ up be=e me1 & express1 9 po9t+ !m out to a few fri5ds1 a sort ( vague1 because hopeless1 desire1 t good =tune might ?r[ me 9 ! way ( ! "o man ( all ! _w be/ qualifi$ to expla9 ! pr9ciple on :i* !y occurr$1 & to decide :e!r fi%es may be at once bony & c>tilag9\s4 ,b t meet+ 0 a cont+5cy r to be wi%$ ?an hop$ =--a circum/ance )9 ! b\nds ( ! possible1 b beyond ^? ( ! probable4 ,c\ld ! work+-man ( ! nor? ( ,scotl& h s mu* z dream$ t he 0 yet to enjoy an opportunity ( comp>+ 8 obs]vations ) ^? ( ! naturali/ ( ,neuf*atel1 & ( hav+ 8 inf]5ces te/$ & confirm$8 ,! opportunity did occur4 ,! work+-man did meet ) ,agassiz2 & _m a qu]y _h he to put to him2 & nev]1 surely1 0 inquir] m c\rte\sly entreat$1 or 8 d\bts m satisfactorily resolv$4 ,! reply to almo/ my fir/ "q solv$ ! enigma ( ne>ly t5 ye>s' /&+4 ,& f9ely *>act]i/ic 0 t reply ( ! frankness & c&or ( a great m9d1 t c af=d to make x no secret1 t1 9 its onw>d advances on k1 x may "k to-day :at x did n "k ye/]day1 & t x is cont5t to ga9 by degrees ^u ! d>kness4 ,_h y ask$ me ! "q a =tnight ago1 said ,agassiz1 ,i c\ld n h repli$ to x4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 ,i h exam9$ an i*?yolite ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 :i* ! v]tebral jo9ts are =tunately impress$ on ! /one1 ?\gh ! jo9ts !mselves h disappe>$1 & :i*1 exactly resembl+ ! v]tebra8 ( ! %>k1 mu/ h be5 c>tilag9\s4 ,9 a subsequ5t conv]sation1 ! writ] 0 gratifi$ by f9d+ mo/ ( 8 o!r facts & inf]5ces au!nticat$ & confirm$ by ^? ( ! naturali/4 ,i %all attempt introduc+ to ! read] ! peculi>ities1 g5]al & specific1 ( ! i*?yolites to :i* ^! facts & obs]vations ma9ly ref]r$1 by describ+ su* ( ! families z are mo/ abundant 9 ! =mation1 & ! po9ts 9 :i* !y ei!r resemble or diff] f ! exi/+ fi% ( our seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,( ^! anci5t families1 ! ,o/eolepis1 or bony-scale1 7see ,plate ,,iv41 fig4 #a17 may be reg>d$ z illu/rative ( ! g5]al type4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ discov]$ ( ! ,cai?ness fi%es1 & receiv$ its "n 9 ! days ( ,cuvi]1 f ! osse\s "* ( its scales1 ere x 0 asc]ta9$ t x _h num]\s contempor>ies1 & t to all & ea* ( ^! ! same description appli$4 ,! scales ( ! fi%es ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 l ! plates & deta*$ prickles ( ! purely c>tilag9\s fi%es1 7 compos$ ( a bony1 n ( a horny1 sub/ance1 & 7 all coat$ ext]nally ) enamel4 ,! circum/ance is "o ( int]e/4 ,agassiz1 9 8 sy/em ( classification1 has divid$ fi%es into f\r ord]s1 accord+ to ! =m ( _! scales2 & 8 pr9ciple ( division1 ?\gh app>5tly arbitr>y & trivial1 is yet f\nd to sep>ate ! class into great natural families1 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by o!r & v /rik+ peculi>ities4 ,"o k9d ( scale1 = in/ance1 ! placoid or broad-plat$ scale1 is f\nd to *>act]ize all ! c>tilag9\s fi%es ( ,cuvi] except ! /urgeon2--x is ! *>act]i/ic ( an o!rwise well-m>k$ s]ies1 ^: families are furni%$ ) skeletons compos$ ( m]e animal matt]1 & ^: gills op5 to ! wat] by spiracles4 ,! fi% ( ano!r ord] are cov]$ by ct5oid or comb-%ap$ scales1 ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ea* scale be+ too!d some:at l ! edge ( a saw or comb2 & ! ord]1 ?us di/+ui%$1 is f\nd wond]fully to agree ) an ord] =m$ previ\sly on ano!r pr9ciple ( classification1 ! ,acan?opt]ygii1 or ?orny-f9n$ ord] ( ,cuvi]1 exclud+ only ! smoo?-scal$ families ( ?is previ\sly =m$ division1 & includ+1 9 addition to x1 ! flat fi%4 ,a ?ird ord]1 ! ,cycloidean1 is m>k$ by simple m>g9at$ scales1 l ^? ( ! cod1 haddock1 :it+1 h]r+1 salmon1 c42 & ?is ord] is f\nd to embrace *iefly ! ,malacopt]ygii1 or s(t-f9n$ ord] ( ,cuvi]--an ord] to :i* all ^! well-kn[n fi%1 ) an imm5se multitude ( o!rs1 belong4 ,?us ! results ( ! pr9ciple ( classification adopt$ by ,agassiz wond]fully agree ) ! results ( ! less simple pr9ciples adopt$ by ,cuvi] & ! o!r ma/]s 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,n[1 x is peculi> to yet a f\r? ord]1 ! ,ganoidean1 or %9+-scal$ ord]1 t by mu* ! great] numb] ( ! g5]a :i* x comprises exi/ only 9 ! fossil /ate4 ,at lea/ five six?s ( ! :ole 7 asc]ta9$ to be ext9ct sev]al ye>s ago1 at a "t :5 ! k ( fossil ,i*?yology 0 mu* m limit$ ?an at pres5t3 ! proportions are n[ f\nd to be imm5sely great] on ! side ( ! dead4 ,& ?is ord] seems to h includ$ all ! semi-osse\s1 semi-c>tilag9\s i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one3 ! enamell$ scale is ! *>act]i/ic1 accord+ to ,agassiz's pr9ciple ( classification1 ( ! exi/5ces t fill$ ! gap s (t5 allud$ to z exi/+ 9 ! pres5t creation4 ,all _! scales glitt] ) enamel3 !y bore to ?is ord] ! relation t ! c>tilag9\s fi% be> to ! ,placoidean ord]1 ! ?orny-f9n$ fi% to ! ,ct5oidean ord]1 & ! s(t-f9n$ fi% to ! ,cycloidean ord]4 ,x also includ$1 ) ! semi-c>tilag9\s1 ! sauroid fi%--^? ma/] exi/5ces & tyrants ( ! e>li] v]tebrata2 & bo? classes f9d _! repres5tatives among ! comp>atively few ganoid fi%es ( ! pres5t creation2 ! "o 9 ! /urgeon family1 :i* ( all exi/+ families approa*es ne>e/ 9 o!r respects to ! ext9ct semi-c>tilag9\s fi%es2 ! o!r 9 ! sauroid g5us ,lepido/eus1 to :i* ! bony pike belongs4 ,! head1 back1 & sides ( ! /urgeon are def5d$1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 by longitud9al r[s ( h>d osse\s bosses--! bony pike is arm$ ) enamell$ osse\s scales1 ( a /ony h>dness4 ,x seems a some:at curi\s circum/ance1 t fi%es s unlike ea* o!r 9 _! int]nal framework %\ld ?us resemble "o ano!r 9 _! bony cov]+s1 & 9 "s slight degree 9 _! /ructure ( tail4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( sauroid fi%es is ! extreme compactness & h>dness ( _! skeleton4,s ,footnote ,s3 ,! sauroid or liz>d-l fi%es1 says ,dr4 ,buckl&1 comb9e 9 ! /ructure1 bo? ( ! bones & "s ( ! s(t p>ts1 *>act]s :i* are common to ! class ( reptiles4 ,! bones ( ! skull are unit$ by clos] sutures ?an ^? ( common fi%es4 ,! v]tebr articulate ) ! sp9\s processes ( sutures1 l ! v]tebr ( saurians2 ! ribs also articulate ) ! extremities ( ! sp9\s process4 ,! caudal v]tebr h di/9ct *evron bones1 & ! g5]al condition ( ! skeleton is /rong] & m solid ?an 9 o!r fi%es3 ! air bladd] also is bifid & cellul>1 approa*+ to ! "* ( lungs2 & 9 ! ?roat !re is a glottis1 z 9 sir5s & salam&]s1 & _m saurians4--,note to ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #bgd1 fir/ edit4 ,x requires skill su* z t possess$ by ,agassiz1 to det]m9e t ! unc\? ,cocco/eus1 or ! equally unc\? ,pt]i*?ys1 ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ) _! long articulat$ tails & tortoise-l plates1 7 bona fide fi%es2 b !re is no possibility ( mi/ak+ ! ,o/eolepis3 x is obvi\s to ! lea/ practis$ eye t x mu/ h be5 a fi%1 & a h&some "o4 ,ev5 a cursory exam9ation1 h[ev]1 %[s v /rik+ peculi>ities1 :i* are f\nd1 on fur!r exam9ation1 to *>act]ize n ?is family alone1 b at lea/ "o half ! contempor>y families besides4 ,we are accu/om$ to see v]tebrat$ animals ) ! bone uncov]$ 9 "o "p only1--t "p ! tee?1--& ) ! re/ ( ! skeleton wrapp$ up 9 fle% & sk94 ,among ! reptiles1 we f9d a few exceptions2 b a creature ) a skull z nak$ z its tee?1--! bone be+ m]ely cov]$1 z 9 ^!1 by a h>d1 %9+ enamel1--& ) toes also ( b>e enamell$ bone1 w\ld be deem$ an anomaly 9 creation4 ,& yet su* 0 ! condition ( ! ,o/eolepis1 & _m ( its contempor>ies4 ,! enamell$ tee? 7 plac$ 9 jaws :i* pres5t$ outside a surface z nak$ & z f9ely enamell$ z _! own4 7,see ,plate ,,iv41 fig4 #e47 ,! entire head 0 cov]$ ) enamell$ osse\s plates1 furni%$ inside l o!r bones1 z %[n by _! cellul> con/ruction1 ) _! n\ri%+ blood vessels1 & p]haps _! oil1 & :i* re/$ app>5tly on ! c>tilag9\s box1 :i* mu/ h enclos$ ! bra91 & connect$ x ) ! v]tebral column4 ,i _c bett] illu/rate ! peculi> condition ( ! f9s ( ?is i*?yolite ?an by ! webb$ foot ( a wat]-f[l4 ,! web or membrane 9 all ! aquatic birds ) :i* we are acqua9t$ n only connects1 b also cov]s ! toes4 ,! web or membrane 9 ! f9s ( exi/+ fi%es accompli%es a simil> purpose2 x bo? connects & cov]s ! support+ bones or rays4 ,imag9e1 h[ev]1 a webb$ foot 9 :i* ! toes--connect$1 b n cov]$--pres5t1 z 9 skeletons1 an upp] & "u surface ( nak$ bone2 & a v correct idea may be =m$1 f su* a foot1 ( ! condition ( f9 :i* obta9$ among at lea/ "o half ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! support+ bones or rays seem to h be5 connect$ lat]ally by ! membrane2 b on bo? sides !y pres5t$ bony & f9ely enamell$ surfaces4 7,see ,plate ,,iv41 fig4 #f47 ,9 ?is s+ul> class ( fi%1 all 0 bone )\t1 & all 0 c>tilage )92 & ! bone 9 e in/ance1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( jaws or ( plates1 ( scales or ( rays1 pres5t$ an ext]nal surface ( enamel4 ,! f9s are q a /udy4 ,i h allud$ to ! connect+ membrane4 ,9 exi/+ fi% ?is membrane is ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 propell+ ! creature2 x /rikes aga9/ ! wat]1 z ! membrane ( ! bat's w+ /rikes aga9/ ! air2 & ! int]nal skeleton s]ves b to support & /iff5 x = ?is purpose4 ,b 9 ! f9 ( ! ,o/eolepis1 z 9 ^? ( _m ( its contempor>ies1 we f9d ! condition rev]s$4 ,! rays 7 s num]\s1 & lay s ?ickly1 side by side1 l fea!rs 9 ! w+ ( a bird1 t !y pres5t$ to ! wat] a surface ( bone1 & ! cont9u\s membrane only s]v$ to support & b9d !m toge!r4 ,9 ! f9s ( exi/+ fi% we f9d a sort ( bat-w+ con/ruction2 9 ^? ( ! ,o/eolepis a sort ( bird-w+ con/ruction4 ,! rays1 to give flexibility to ! organ :i* !y compose1 7 all jo9t$1 z 9 ! s(t-f9n$ fi%--z 9 ! h]r+1 salmon1 & cod1 = example2 & we f9d 9 all ! f9s ! ant]ior ray ris+ f ! body 9 ! =m ( an angul> scale3 x is a /rong1 bony scale 9 "o ( its jo9ts1 & a bony ray 9 ! re/4 ,! *>act]i/ic is a curi\s "o4 ,x is aga9 necess>y1 9 pursu+ our description1 to ref] = illu/ration to ! purely c>tilag9\s fi%es4 ,9 at lea/ all ! high] ord]s ( ^!1 furni%$ ) movable jaws1 su* z ! /urgeon1 ! ray1 & ! %>k1 ! m\? is plac$ f> bel[ ! sn\t4 ,! dog-fi% & ?orn-back are famili> in/ances4 ,fur!r1 ! m\? 9 bony fi%es is movable on bo? ! upp] & "u side1 l ! beak ( ! p>rot2 9 ! high] c>tilag9\s fi%es x is movable1 z 9 quadrup$s1 on ! "u side only4 ,9 all _! ord]s1 too1 except 9 t ( ! /urgeon1 ! gills op5 to ! wat] by deta*$ spiracles1 or brea?+-holes2 b 9 ! /urgeon1 z 9 ! osse\s fi%es1 !re is a cont9u\s l9e> op5+1 %ield$ by an op]culum1 or gill-cov]4 ,9 ! ,o/eolepis ! m\? op5$ bel[ ! sn\t1 b n s f> bel[ x z 9 ! purely c>tilag9\s fi%es--n f>!r bel[ x ?an 9 _m ( ! osse\s ones--?an 9 ! g5us ,aspro1 = in/ance1 or ?an 9 ! g5us ,polynemus1 or 9 ev5 ! haddock or cod4 ,x 0 ?ickly furni%$ ) sl5d] & %>ply-po9t$ tee?4 ,i h hi!rto be5 unable fully to det]m9e :e!r1 l ! m\?s ( ! osse\s fi%es1 x 0 movable on bo? sides2 ?\gh1 f ! p]fect =m ( :at seems to be ! int]maxill>y bone1 ,i _c avoid ?9k+ x 04 ,! gills op5$1 z 9 ! osse\s fi%es1 9 cont9u\s l9es1 & 7 cov]$ by l>ge bony op]cules--t on ! enamell$ side some:at resemble r\nd japann$ %ields4 ,b :ile ! head ( ! ,o/eolepis1 ) its app5dages1 ?us resembl$1 9 "s po9ts1 ! heads ( ! bony fi%es1 ! tail1 l ^? ( mo/ ( its contempor>ies1 diff]$ 9 no respect f ! tails ( c>tilag9\s ones1 su* z ! /urgeon4 ,! v]tebral column seems to h run on to well nigh ! extremity ( ! caudal f91 :i* we f9d develop$ *iefly on ! "u side4 ,! tail 0 a "o-sid$ tail4 ,take into acc\nt ) ^! peculi>ities--peculi>ities su* z ! nak$ skull1 jaws1 & op]culum1 ! nak$ & ?ickly-set rays1 & ! unequally lob$ condition ( tail--a body cov]$ ) scales1 t glitt] l %eets ( mica1 & assume1 accord+ to _! position1 ! p>allelogramical1 rhomboidal1 angul>1 or polygonal =m--a lat]al l9e rais$1 n depress$--a rais$ b> on ! inn] or bony side ( ! scales1 :i*1 l ! d\bl$-up end ( a tile1 seems to h s]v$ ! purpose ( fa/5+ !m 9 _! places--a g5]al clu/]+ ( alt]nate f9s t[>ds ! tail--& ! t\t ensemble mu/ surely imp>t to ! read] ! idea ( a v s+ul> little fi%4 ,! v5tral f9s front ! space :i* occurs betwe5 ! two dorsals1 & ! anal f9 ! space :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! po/]ior dorsal f9 & ! tail4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,o/eolepis1 9 my l>g] specim5s1 some:at exce$s a foot2 9 ! small]1 x falls %ort ( six in*es4 ,!re exi/ at lea/ ?ree species ( ?is i*?yolite1 di/+ui%$ *iefly1 9 two ( ! in/ances1 by ! small] & l>g] size ( _! scales1 comp>$ ) ! bulk ( _! bodies1 & by punctulat$ m>k+s on ! enamel 9 ! case ( ! ?ird4 ,?is la/1 h[ev]1 is no specific diff]5ce1 b common to ! entire g5us1 & to sev]al o!r g5]a besides4 ,! names are1 ,o/eolepis macrolepidotus1 ,o4 microlepidotus1 & ,o4 ar5atus4,t ,footnote ,t3 ,to ^! !re h s9ce be5 add$ ,o/eolepis major1 ,o4 int]m$ius1 & ,o4 nanus2 ! two latt]1 h[ev]1 ,agassiz reg>ds z d\btful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,next to ! ,o/eolepis we may place ! ,dipt]us1 or d\ble-w+1 ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 an i*?yolite fir/ introduc$ to ! k ( geologi/s by ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 :o1 ) 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,s$gwick1 figur$ & describ$ x 9 a ma/]ly pap] on ! old] s$im5t>y =mations ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london = #ahbh4 ,! "n1 d]iv$ f its two dorsals1 w\ld suit equally well1 l t ( ! ,o/eolepis1 _m ( its m rec5tly discov]$ contempor>ies4 ,f ! latt] i*?yolite x diff]$ *iefly 9 ! position ( its f9s1 :i* 7 opposite1 n alt]nate2 ! d\ble dorsals exactly front+ ! anal & v5tral f9s4 7,see ,plate ,v41 fig4 #a47 ,! ,diplopt]us1 a ne>ly resembl+ i*?yolite ( ! same =mation1 also owes its "n to ! ord] & arrangem5t ( its f9s1 :i*1 l ^? ( ! ,dipt]us1 7 plac$ front+ ea* o!r1 & 9 pairs4 ,b ! head1 9 proportion to ! body1 0 9 great] size ?an 9 ei!r ! ,dipt]us or ,o/eolepis2 & ! m\?1 z indicat$ by ! creature's l5g? ( jaw1 mu/ h be5 ( mu* great] wid?4 ,9 _! m /rik+ *>act]i/ics1 h[ev]1 ! ?ree g5]a seem to h ne>ly agre$4 ,9 all alike1 scales ( bone gli/5 ) enamel2 _! jaws1 enamel )\t & bone )91 bri/le ?ick ) %>p-po9t$ tee?2 closely-jo9t$ plates1 burni%$ l anci5t helmets1 cov] _! heads1 & seem to h =m$ a k9d ( out] table to skulls ext]nally ( bone & int]nally ( c>tilage2 _! gill-cov]s consi/ ea* ( a s+le piece1 l ! gill-cov] ( ! /urgeon2 _! tails 7 =m$ *iefly on ! l[] side ( _! bodies2 & ! rays ( _! f9s1 enamell$ l _! plates & _! scales1 /& up ov] ! connect+ membrane1 l ! /eel or brass 9 t peculi> armor ( ! middle ages1 ^: multitud9\s pieces ( metal 7 fa/5$ toge!r on a gr\ndwork ( clo? or ( lea!r4 ,all _! scales1 plates1 & rays pres5t a simil> /yle ( ornam5t4 ,! %9+ & poli%$ enamel is mottl$ ) ?ickly-set punctures1 or1 r1 punctulat$ m>k+s2 s t a scale or plate1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a microscope1 rem9ds "o ( ! cov] ( a saddle4 ,"s ( ! ganoid scales ( ,burdie ,h\se pres5t surfaces simil>ly punctulat$4,u ,footnote ,u3 ,!re exi/s1 accord+ to ,agassiz1 only a s+le species ( ,dipt]us--,d4 macrelepidotus2 :]eas f\r species ( ,diplopt]us h be5 enum]at$--,d4 aff9is1 ,d4 borealis1 ,d4 macrocephalus1 & ,d4 ,agassizii4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! la/ nam$1 h[ev]1 z a di/9ct species1 is reg>d$ z problematical by ! di/+ui%$ naturali/ ^: "n has be5 affix$ to x4 ,! ,glyptolepis1 or c>v$ scale1 may be reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( a family ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 :i*1 diff]+ v mat]ially f ! g5]a describ$1 _h yet _m traits 9 common ) !m1 su* z ! b>e1 bony skull1 ! bony scales1 ! nak$ rays1 & ! unequally sid$ condition ( tail4 ,! f9s1 :i* 7 ( consid]able l5g? 9 proportion to _! bread? ( base1 & pres5t 9 "s ( ! specim5s a p5dul\s-l appe>ance1 clu/] ?ick toge!r t[>ds ! creature's l[] extremities1 leav+ ! upp] portion b>e4 ,!re are two dorsals plac$ z 9 ! ,dipt]us & ,diplopt]us--! ant]ior directly opposite ! v5tral f91 ! po/]ior directly opposite ! anal4 ,! tail is long & spread+2--! rays1 long & num]\sly articulat$1 are comp>atively /\t at _! base1 & sl5d] z hairs :]e !y t]m9ate4 ,! %\ld]-bones are ( huge dim5sions1 ! tee? extremely m9ute4 ,b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic p>ts ( ! creature are ! scales4 ,!y are ( great size1 comp>$ ) ! size ( ! animal4 ,an individual n m ?an half a foot 9 l5g?1 ! specim5 figur$1 7see ,plate ,v41 fig4 #b17 exhibits scales fully ?ree eigh? p>ts ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 ano!r m brok5 specim5 !re are scales a full in* across1 & yet ! l5g? ( ! i*?yolite to :i* !y belong$ seems n to h mu* exce$$ a foot & a half4 ,ea* scale consi/s ( a d\ble plate1 an inn] & an out]4 ,! /ructure ( ! inn] is n peculi> to ! family or ! =mation3 x is =m$ ( a numb] ( m9ute conc5tric circles1 cross$ by /ill m9ut] radiat+ l9es--! "o describ$1 & ! o!r proce$+ f a common c5tre4 7,see ,plate ,v41 fig4 #e47 ,all scales t receive _! accessions ( gr[? equally at _! edges exhibit1 int]nally1 a correspond+ "*4 ,! out] plate pres5ts an appe>ance less common4 ,x seems reliev$ into ridges t drop ad[n x l sculptur$ ?reads1 "s ( !m entire1 "s brok51 "s /raight1 "s slightly wav$1 7see ,plate ,v41 fig4 #c27 & h5ce ! "n ( ! i*?yolite4 ,! plates ( ! head 7 ornam5t$ 9 a simil> /yle1 b _! ?reads are s brok5 z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( dott$ l9es1 ! dots all /&+ out 9 bold relief4 ,my collection conta9s ?ree v>ieties ( ?is family2 "o ( !m dis9t]r$ f out ! ,crom>ty b$s ab\t sev5 ye>s ago1 & ! o!rs only a little lat]1 ?\gh p>tly f ! inadequacy ( a writt5 description1 ?r\gh :i* ,i 0 l$ to conf\nd ! ,o/eolepis ) ! ,diplopt]us1 & to reg>d ! ,glyptolepis z ! ,o/eolepis1 ,i 0 n aw>e until lately t ! discov]y 0 really su*2 & "u ! latt] "n ,i describ$ ! creature 9 ! ,witness newspap] sev]al weeks ere x _h receiv$ ! "n :i* x n[ be>s4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ to ! notice ( ,agassiz1 9 ,autumn la/1 by ,lady ,cumm+ ( ,altyre4 ,! species1 h[ev]1 0 a diff]5t "o f any yet f\nd at ,crom>ty4,v ,footnote ,v3 ,!re are ?ree species ( ,glyptolepis--,g4 elegans1 ,g4 ,leptopt]us1 & ,g4 microlepidotus4 ,! ,*eirolepis1 or scaly pectoral1 =ms ! repres5tative ( yet ano!r family ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & "o :i* any eye1 h[ev] unpractis$1 c\ld at once di/+ui% f ! families j describ$4 ,pr(essor ,traill ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 a g5tleman ^: rese>*es 9 ,natural ,hi/ory h mat]ially ext5d$ ! b\nd>ies ( k1 & ^: frankness 9 communicat+ in=mation is only equall$ by 8 facility 9 acquir+ x1 0 ! fir/ discov]] ( ?is family1 "o v>iety ( :i*1 ! ,*eirolepis ,traillii1 be>s 8 "n4 ,! figur$ specim5 7,plate ,,vi41 fig4 #a7 ,agassiz has pron\nc$ a new species1 ! discov]y ( ! writ]4 ,9 all ! rema9s ( ?is curi\s fi% :i* ,i h hi!rto se51 ! union ( ! osse\s ) ! c>tilag9\s1 9 ! g5]al framework ( ! creature1 is /rik+ly app>5t4 ,! ext]nal skull1 ! great %\ld]-bone1 & ! rays ( ! f9s1 are all unequivocally osse\s2 ! occipital & %\ld]-bones1 9 p>ticul>1 seem ( great /r5g? & massiv5ess1 & are inv>iably pres]v$1 h[ev] imp]fect ! specim5 9 o!r respects2 :]eas1 ev5 9 specim5s ! mo/ complete1 & :i* exhibit e scale & e ray1 h[ev] m9ute1 & %[ un*ang$ ! entire outl9e ( ! animal1 n a fragm5t ( ! int]nal skeleton appe>s4 ,! ,*eirolepis seems to h v>i$ f f\rte5 to f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,:5 se5 9 pr(ile1 ! "u l9e1 z 9 ! figur$ v>iety1 seems ?ickly cov]$ ) f9s1 & ! upp] l9e well nigh nak$4 ,! l>ge pectorals almo/ encroa* on ! v5tral f9s1 & ! v5trals on ! anal f92 :]eas ! back1 = two ?irds ! entire l5g? ( ! creature1 pres5ts a b>e rectil9e> ridge1 & ! s+le dorsal1 :i* rises b a little way ov] ! tail1 imm$iately opposite ! po/]ior portion ( ! anal f91 is comp>atively ( small size4 ,! tail1 :i*1 9 ! g5]al condition ( be+ develop$ *iefly on ! l[] side1 resembles ! tails ( all ! creature's contempor>ies1 is elegantly lob$4 ,! scales1 9 proportion to ! bulk ( ! body :i* !y cov]1 are n m ?an "o tw5tie? ! size ( ^? ( ! ,o/eolepis4 ,!y are ri*ly enamell$1 & range diagonally f ! %\ld] to ! belly 9 wav+ l9es2 & s frett$ is ea* individual scale by longitud9al grooves & ridges1 t1 on fir/ br++ x "u ! glass1 x seems a little bun* ( glitt]+ ?orns1 ?\gh1 :5 m m9utely exam9$1 x is f\nd to be pres5t some:at ! appe>ance ( ! out] side ( ! deep-sea cockle1 ) its /rongly m>k$ ribs & *annels1 ! po9t 9 :i* ! po/]ior po9t t]m9ates repres5t+ ! h+e4 7,see ,plate ,,vi41 fig4 #b47 ,! bones ( ! head1 enamell$ l ! scales1 are c>v$ into jagg$ inequalities1 some:at resembl+ ^? on ! sk9 ( ! %>k1 b m irregul>4 ,! sculptur+s seem int5d$ evid5tly = effect4 ,to produce h>mony ( appe>ance betwe5 ! scaly coat & ! enamell$ occipital plates ( bone1 ! surfaces ( ! latt] are reliev$1 :]e !y bord] on ! %\ld]s1 into :at seem scales1 j z ! dead walls ( a build+ are sometimes1 = ! sake ( uni=mity1 wr\ght into bl9d w9d[s4 ,! enamell$ rays ( ! f9s are f9i%$1 if ,i may s speak1 aft] ! same /yle4 ,!y lie ?ick ^u "o ano!r z ! fibres ( a quill1 & l ^!1 too1 !y are imbricat$ on ! sides1 s t ! edge ( ea* seems jagg$ into a r[ ( prickles4 7,see ,plate ,,vi41 fig4 #c47 ,! jaws ( ! ,*eirolepis 7 arm$ ) ?ickly-set %>p tee?1 l ^? ( its contempor>ies1 ! ,o/eolepis & ,diplopt]us4,w ,footnote ,w3 ,!re h be5 five species ( ,*eirolepis enum]at$--,c4 ,cumm+i1 ,c4 spl5d5s1 ,c4 ,traillii1 ,c4 unilat]alis & ,c4 ,uragus4 ,! ,*eirolepis spl5d5s & ,c4 unilat]alis ,agassiz reg>ds z d\btful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,classify+ ,pr9ciple1 & its ,uses4--,?ree gr\ps ( ,i*?yolites among ! ,organisms ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,peculi>ities ( ! ,?ird ,gr\p4--,its ,v>ieties4--,description ( ! ,*eiracan?us4--,( two unnam$ ,fossils ( ! same ,ord]4--,microscopic ,beauty ( ^! ,anci5t ,fi%4--,v>i\s ,/yles ( ,ornam5t :i* obta9 among !m4--,! ,molluscs ( ! ,=mation4--,rem>kable *iefly = ! ,union ( ,mod]n ) ,anci5t ,=ms :i* !y exhibit4--,its ,vegetables4--,importance & ,int]e/ ( ! ,record :i* x furni%es4 ,!re re/s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,crom>ty1 on ! upp] /ratum ( "o ( ! ri*e/ i*?yolite b$s ,i h yet se51 a huge wat]-roll$ b\ld] ( granitic gneiss1 :i* mu/ h be5 a travell]1 9 "s ( ! lat] p]iods ( geological *ange1 f a m\nta9 range 9 ! int]ior highl&s ( ,ross-%ire1 m ?an sixty miles away4 ,x is an unc\? look+ mass1 sev]al tons 9 weight1 ) a flat upp] surface1 l t ( a table2 & z a table1 :5 engag$ 9 collect+ my specim5s1 ,i h (t5 f\nd occasion to employ x4 ,i h cov]$ x ov]1 times )\t numb]1 ) fragm5ts ( fossil fi%--) plates1 & scales1 & jaws1 & f9s1 &1 :5 ! se>* prov$ successful1 ) entire i*?yolites4 ,:y did ,i always arrange !m1 almo/ )\t ?9k+ ( ! matt]1 into ?ree gr\ps8 ,:y1 ev5 :5 ! m9d 0 o!rwise employ$1 did ! fragm5ts ( ! ,cocco/eus & ,pt]i*?ys come to occupy "o corn] ( ! /one1 & ^? ( ! v>i\s fi% j describ$ ano!r corn]1 & ! equally well-m>k$ rema9s ( a yet diff]5t division a ?ird corn]8 ,! process seem$ almo/ me*anical1 s little did x employ ! att5tion1 & s inv>iable 7 ! results4 ,! fossils ( ! surr\nd+ b$ always f\nd _! places on ! huge /one 9 ?ree gr\ps1 & at times !re 0 yet a f\r? gr\p add$--a gr\p ^: organisms belong$ n to ! animal1 b ! vegetable k+dom4 ,:at l$ to ! arrangem5t1 or 9 :at did x orig9ate8 ,9 a pr9ciple inh]5t 9 ! human m9d--t pr9ciple ( classification :i* we f9d p]vad+ all sci5ce--:i* gives to ea* ( ! _m cells ( recollection its appropriate facts--& )\t :i* all k w\ld exi/ z a disord]ly & %apeless mass1 too huge = ! memory to grasp1 & too het]og5e\s = ! und]/&+ to employ4 ,i h describ$ b two ( ! gr\ps1 & mu/ n[ say a v little ab\t ! pr9ciple on :i*1 ju/ly or o!rwise1 ,i us$ to sep>ate ! ?ird1 & on ! di/9ctive diff]5ces :i* r5d]$ ! sep>ation s easy4 ,! rec5t bony fi%es are divid$1 accord+ to ! ,cuvi]ian sy/em ( classification1 into two great ord]s1 ! s(t-f9n$ & ! ?orny-f9n$ ord]--! ,malacopt]ygii & ! ,acan?opt]ygii4 ,9 ! =m] ! rays ( ! f9s are ?91 flexible1 articulat$1 bran*$3 ea* ray some:at resembles a jo9t$ bamboo2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t :at seems a s+le ray at bottom1 bran*es out into ?ree or f\r rays a-top4 ,9 ! latt]1 7! ?orny-f9n$ ord]17--especially 9 _! ant]ior dorsal1 & p]haps anal f9s1--! rays are /iff cont9u\s spikes ( bone1 & ea* /&s deta*$ z a spe>1 )\t jo9t or bran*4 ,! p]* may be in/anc$ z a famili> illu/ration ( ?is ord]--! gold-fi% ( ! o!r4 ,n[1 betwe5 ! f9s ( two sets--%all ,i v5ture to say ord]s8--( ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 an equally /rik+ diff]5ce obta9s4 ,! f9 ( ! ,o/eolepis1 ) its surface ( enamell$ & m9utely jo9t$ bones1 ,i h already describ$ z a sort ( bird-w+ f94 ,! nak$ rays1 ) _! flatt5$ surfaces1 lay ?ick toge!r z fea!rs 9 ! w+ ( a bird--s ?ick z to conceal ! connect+ membrane2 & f9s ( simil> con/ruction *>act]iz$ ! families ( ! ,dipt]us1 ,diplopt]us1 ,glyptolepis1 ,*eirolepis1 ,holopty*ius1 &1 ,i d\bt n1 _m o!r families ( ! same p]iod1 :i* await ! rese>*es ( future discov]]s4 ,b ! f9s ( ano!r set ( i*?yolites1 _! contempor>ies1 may be describ$ z bat-w+ f9s3 !y pres5t$ to ! wat] a broad expanse ( membrane2 & ! solit>y ray :i* survives 9 ea* 0 n a jo9t$1 b a cont9u\s spe>-l ray4 ,! f9s ( ?is set1 or ord]1 are ?orny-f9s1 l ^? ( ! ,acan?opt]ygii2 ! ant]ior edge ( ea*1 ) ! exception (1 p]haps1 ! caudal f91 :i* diff]s 9 con/ruction f ! o!rs1 is compos$ ( a /rong1 bony spike4 ,su*1 ) "s tacit ref]5ce1 p]haps1 to ! simil> ,cuvi]ian pr9ciple ( classification1 7 ! di/9ctive diff]5ces1 on ! /r5g? ( :i* ,i us$ to arrange two ( my gr\ps ( fossils on ! granitic b\ld]2 & ! influ5ce ( ! same pr9ciple1 almo/ in/9ctively ex]t$1--=1 9 writ+ ! previ\s pages1 ,i sc>ce ?\ght ( its exi/5ce1--has1 ,i f9d1 giv5 to ea* gr\p its own *apt]4 ,( ! membran\s-f9n$ & ?orny-ray$ ord] ( i*?yolites1 ! ,*eiracan?us1 or ?orny-h&1 7i4 e4 pectoral17 may be reg>d$ z an adequate repres5tative4 7,see ,plate ,,vii41 fig4 #a47 ,! ,*eiracan?us mu/ h be5 an em95tly h&some little fi%--slim1 tap]+1 & describ$ 9 all its outl9es1 :e!r ( ! body or ! f9s1 by gracefully wav$ l9es4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a r>e matt] to f9d x pres5t+ its orig9al pr(ile 9 ! /one2--none ( ! o!r i*?yolites are s frequ5tly di/ort$ z ! ,*eiracan?us4 ,x seems to h be5 m a c>tilag9\s & less an osse\s fi% ?an mo/ ( its contempor>ies4 ,h[ev] p]fect ! specim51 no "p ( ! int]nal skeleton is ev] f\nd1 n ev5 :5 scales z m9ute z ! po9t ( a p9 are pres]v$1 & e sp9e /&s up 9 its orig9al place4 ,& h5ce1 p]haps1 a great] degree ( flexibility1 & consequ5t di/ortion4 ,! body 0 cov]$ ) small angul> scales1 brightly enamell$1 & delicately frett$ into p>allel ridges1 t run longitud9ally along ! upp] half ( ! scale1 & leave ! po/]ior portion ( x a smoo?1 glitt]+ surface4 7,see ,plate ,,vii41 fig4 #b47 ,!y dim9i% 9 size t[>ds ! head1 :i*1 f ! fa9t /a9 left on ! /one1 seems to h be5 compos$ ( c>tilage exclusively1 & ei!r cov]$ ) sk91 or ) scales ( extreme m9ut5ess4 ,! l[] edge ( ! op]culum be>s a tagg$ fr+e1 l t ( a curta94 ,! tail1 a f9 ( consid]able p[]1 _h ! unequal sid$ "* common to ! =mation2 & ! sl5d] & num]\s rays on bo? sides are sep>at$ by s _m articulations z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( p>allelogramical scales4 ,! o!r f9s are comp>atively ( small size4 ,!re is a s+le dorsal plac$ ab\t two ?irds ! entire l5g? ( ! creature ad[n ! back2 & exactly opposite its po/]ior edge is ! ant]ior edge ( ! anal f94 ,! v5tral f9s are plac$ high ^u ! belly1 some:at l ^? ( ! p]*2 ! pectorals only a little high]4 ,b x is r 9 ! con/ruction ( ! f9s1 ?an _! position1 t ! peculi>ities ( ! ,*eiracan?us are mo/ m>k$4 ,! ant]ior edge ( ea*1 z 9 ! pectorals ( ! exi/+ g5]a ,ce/racion & ,*imra1 is =m$ ( a /rong1 l>ge sp9e4 ,9 ! ,*imra borealis1 a c>tilag9\s fi% ( ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 ! sp9e seems plac$ 9 front ( ! weak] rays1 j1 if ,i may be all[$ ! comp>ison1 z1 9 a l9e ( m\nta9e]s engag$ 9 cross+ a swoll5 torr5t1 ! /ronge/ man 9 ! p>ty is plac$ on ! upp] side ( ! l9e1 to break (f ! =ce ( ! curr5t f ! re/4 ,9 ! ,*eiracan?us1 h[ev]1 ea* f9 seems to consi/ ( b a s+le sp9e1 ) an angul> membrane fix$ to x by "o ( its sides1 & atta*$ to ! creature's body on ! o!r4 ,its f9s are ma/s & sails--! sp9e repres5t+ ! ma/1 & ! membrane ! sail2 & x is a curi\s *>act]i/ic ( ! ord]1 t ! membrane1 l ! body1 ( ! i*?yolite1 is ?ickly cov]$ ) m9ute scales4 ,! m\? seems to h op5$ a v little "u ! sn\t1 z 9 ! haddock2 & !re are no indications ( its hav+ be5 furni%$ ) tee?4,x ,footnote ,x3 ,!re h be5 ?ree species ( ,*eiracan?us det]m9$--,c4 microlepidotus1 ,c4 m9or1 & ,c4 ,mur*isoni4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,an i*?yolite fir/ discov]$ by ! writ] ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 & introduc$ by him to ! notice ( ,agassiz dur+ 8 rec5t visit to ,ed9burgh1 b /ill unfurni%$ ) a "n1,y is a /ill m /rik+ repres5tative ( ?is ord] ?an ev5 ! ,*eiracan?us4 ,x mu/ h be5 proportionally ?ick & %ort1 l "s ( ! tropical fi%es1 ?\gh r h&some ?an o!rwise4 7,see ,plate ,,viii41 fig4 #a47 ,! scales1 m9ute1 b consid]ably l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,*eiracan?us1 are ( a rhomboidal =m1 & s regul>ly /riat$--! /ri conv]g+ to a po9t at ! po/]ior t]m9ation ( ea* scale--t1 :5 exam9$ ) a glass1 ! body appe>s z if cov]$ ) scallops4 7,see ,plate ,,viii41 fig4 #c47 ,x seems a piece ( exquisite %ell-"w1 su* z we sometimes see on ! walls ( a grotto4 ,!re are two dorsals--! po/]ior1 imm$iately ov] ! tail1 & directly opposite ! anal f92 ! ant]ior1 some:at high] up ?an ! v5trals2 & all ! f9s are ( great size4 ,! ant]ior edge ( ea* is =m$ ( a /rong sp9e1 r\nd z ! h&le ( a halb]t1 & dim9i%+ gradually & symmetrically to a %>p po9t4 ,?\gh =m$ ext]nally ( solid bone1 x seems to h be5 compos$ int]nally ( c>tilage1 l ! bones ( "s ( ! osse\s fi%es--^? ( ! halibut1 = in/ance2 & ! place ( ! c>tilage is g5]ally occupi$ 9 ! /one by c>bonate ( lime4 ,! membrane :i* =m$ ! body ( ! f9 0 cov]$1 l t ( ! ,*eiracan?us1 ) m9ute scales1 ( ! same scallop-l patt]n ) ! re/1 b ( n m ?an "o six? ! size ( ^? :i* cov] ! creature's sides & back4 ,imag9e two lug-sails /iffly ext5d$ betwe5 ! deck ( a brigant9e & h] two ma/s1 ! latt] rak+ z f> aft z to =m an angle ( sixty degrees ) ! horizon1 & "s idea may be =m$ ( ! dorsals ( ?is s+ul> fi%4 ,!y 7 lug-sails1 =m$ n to be act$ ^u by ! air1 b to act ^u ! wat]4 ,none ( my specim5s %[ ! head2 b1 judg+ f analogies furni%$ by ! o!r families ( ! gr\p1 ,i ent]ta9 little d\bt t x w be f\nd to be cov]$1 n by bony plates1 b by m9ute scales1 dim9i%+1 z !y approa* ! sn\t1 into m]e po9ts4 ,9 none ( ! specim5s does any "p ( ! int]nal skeleton survive4 ,footnote ,y3 ,n[ det]m9$ to be a species ( ,diplacan?us--,d4 longisp9us4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,my collection conta9s ! rema9s ( yet ano!r fi% ( ?is gr\p1 :i* 0 unfurni%$ ) a "n only a few mon?s ago1 b :i* ,i fir/ discov]$ ab\t five ye>s s9ce4 7,see ,plate ,,viii41 fig4 #b47 ,x is n[ designat$ ! ,diplacan?us2 &1 ?\gh ! smalle/ i*?yolite ( ! =mation yet kn[n1 x is by no means ! lea/ curi\s4 ,! l5g? f head to tail1 9 "s ( my specim5s1 does n exce$ ?ree in*es2 ! l>ge/ fall a little %ort ( five4 ,! scales1 :i* are ( su* extreme m9ut5ess t _! peculi>ities c be detect$ by only a p[]ful glass1 resemble ^? ( ! ,*eiracan?us2 b ! ridges are m wav$1 & seem1 in/ead ( runn+ 9 ne>ly p>allel l9es1 to conv]ge t[>ds ! apex4 ,!re are two dorsals1 ! "o ris+ imm$iately f ! %\ld]1 a little bel[ ! nape1 ! o!r directly opposite ! anal f94 ,! v5trals are plac$ ne> ! middle ( ! belly4 ,!re is a curi\s me*anism ( %\ld]-bone involv$ ) a lat]al sp9e & ) ! pectorals4 ,! creature1 unlike ! ,*eiracan?us1 seems to h be5 furni%$ ) jaws ( bone3 !re are fragm5ts ( bone ^u ! head1 tub]cl$ app>5tly on ! out] surface2 & m9ute cyl9d]s ( c>bonate ( lime runn+ along all ! l>g] bones1 :]e we f9d !m accid5tally laid op51 %[ t !y 7 =m$ on int]nal bases ( c>tilage4 ,b ! be/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! creature is furni%$ by ! sp9es ( its f9s1 :i* are ( s+ul> beauty4 ,ea* sp9e resembles a bundle ( rods1 or1 r1 l a ,go?ic column1 ! sculptur$ semblance ( a bundle ( rods1 :i* f9ely dim9i% t[>ds a po9t1 %>p & tap]+ z t ( a ru%4 7,see ,plate ,,viii41 fig4 #d47,z ,! re/ ( ! f9 pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a m]e scaly membrane1 & no "p ( ! int]nal skeleton appe>s4 ,p]haps ?is la/ circum/ance1 common to all ! i*?yolites ( ! =mation1 if we except ! families ( ! ,cocco/eus & ,pt]i*?ys1 may ?r[ "s light on ! app>5tly membran\s condition ( f9 peculi> to ! families ( ?is ord]4 ,:at appe>s 9 ! fossil a m]e scaly membrane atta*$ to a s+le sp9e ( bone1 may h _h 9 ! liv+ animal a c>tilag9\s framework1 l ! f9s ( ! dog-fi% & ?orn-back1 t are amply furni%$ ) rays ( c>tilage--?\gh1 ( c\rse1 all su* rays mu/ h disappe>$ 9 ! /one1 l ! re/ ( ! int]nal skeleton4 ,unque/ionably1 ! caudal f9 ( ! two la/ describ$ fossils mu/ h be5 /r5g!n$ by "s su* int]nal framework2 =1 z !y diff] f ! o!r f9s1 9 be+ unprovid$ ) osse\s sp9es1 !y w\ld h =m$1 )\t an int]nal skeleton1 m]e p5dul\s atta*m5ts1 altoge!r unfitt$ to s]ve ! purposes ( in/rum5ts ( motion4 ,!re may be f\nd 9 ! bony sp9es ( all ?is ord] direct pro( t1 _h !re be5 an int]nal skeleton ( bone1 x w\ld h surviv$4 ,! sp9es run deep into ! body1 z a %ip's ma/s run deep into h] hulk2 & we c see !m /&+ up among ! scales to _! t]m9ation1 9 su* bold relief1 t1 f a sort ( pictorial illusion1 !y seem z if fix$ to ! creature's sides1 & =e%ort5$1 in/ead ( ris+ 9 pr(ile f its back or belly4 7,see ,plate ,,viii41 fig4 #a47 ,! obs]v] w ( c\rse rememb]1 t1 9 ! liv+ animal1 ! view ( ! sp9e mu/ h t]m9at$ ) ! l9e ( ! pr(ile1 j z ! view ( a vessel's ma/ t]m9ates ) ! deck1 ?\gh ! ma/ itself p5etrates to ! int]ior keel4 ,n[1 x mu/ be deem$ equally obvi\s1 t1 _h ! v]tebral column be5 ( bone1 n ( c>tilage1 in/ead ( exhibit+ no trace1 ev5 ! fa9te/1 ( hav+ ev] exi/$1 x w\ld h /ood out 9 z high relief z ! int]nal buts or /ocks ( ! sp9es4 ,& su* are ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( a few ( ! i*?yolites ( ?is l[] =mation ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--a few ( ! m /rik+ =ms1 sculptur$1 if ,i may s speak1 on ! middle comp>tm5t ( ! ,cai?ness pyramid4 ,x w\ld be easy r5d]+ ! li/ m complete at ev5 ! pres5t /age1 :5 ! field is /ill s new t almo/ e labor] 9 x c exhibit g5]a & species unkn[n to 8 bro!r labor]s4 ,! rema9s ( a species ( ,holopty*ius h be5 discov]$ l[ 9 ! =mation1 at ,orkney1 by ,dr4 ,traill2 simil> rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 x at ,gamrie4 ,9 its upp] b$s ! specim5s seem s diff]5t f ^? 9 ! l[]1 t1 9 ext5sive collections made f ! inf]ior /rata ( "o locality1 ,agassiz has be5 unable to id5tify a s+le specim5 ) ! specim5s ( collections made f ! sup]ior /rata ( ano!r1 ?\gh ! g5]a are ! same4 ,mean:ile !re are heads & h&s at "w on ! subject2 ,geology has become a ,bri>eus2 & ,i h little d\bt t1 9 five ye>s h5ce1 ?is ?ird portion ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one w be f\nd to conta9 z _m di/9ct v>ieties ( fossil fi% z ! :ole geological scale 0 kn[n to conta9 fifte5 ye>s ago4,,aa ,footnote ,z3 ,agassiz reckons f\r species ( ,diplacan?us--,d4 crassisp9us1 ,d4 longisp9us1 ,d4 /riatulus1 & ,d4 /riatus4 ,footnote ,,aa3 ,?is pr$iction has be5 already m ?an accompli%$4 ,at ! dea? ( ,cuvi]1 9 #ahcb1 !re 7 b n9ety-two species ( fossil fi% kn[n to ! geologi/2 ,agassiz n[ enum]ates "o hundr$ & five species t belong to ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one alone2 & if we include d\btful species1 on :i* he has n au?oritatively decid$--"s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 7 includ$ 9 ! li/ ( ,cuvi]--"o hundr$ & fifty-"o4 ,!re is some?+ v admirable 9 ! consi/5cy ( /yle :i* obta9s among ! i*?yolites ( ?is =mation4 ,9 no s+le fi% ( ei!r gr\p d we f9d two /yles ( ornam5t--9 sc>ce any two fi%es d we f9d exactly ! same /yle4 ,i pass f9e build+s almo/ e day4 ,9 "s !re is a discordant jumbl+--an ,egyptian ,sph9x1 = in/ance1 plac$ ov] a ,doric portico2 9 all !re prevails a va/ am\nt ( timid imitation4 ,! "o repeats ! o!r1 ei!r 9 g5]al outl9e or 9 ! subord9ate p>ts4 ,b ! case is o!rwise among ! i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 nor does x less5 ! wond]1 t _! nic] ornam5ts %\ld yield _! beauty only to ! microscope4 ,!re is unity ( "* 9 e scale1 plate1 & f9--unity su* z all m5 ( ta/e h le>n$ to admire 9 ^? ?ree ,grecian ord]s f :i* ! +5uity ( ,rome 0 cont5t to borr[1 :5 x pr(ess$ to inv5t--9 ! mascul9e ,doric1 ! *a/e & graceful ,ionic1 ! exquisitely elegant ,cor9?ian2 & yet ! unassi/$ eye fails to discov] ! f9] evid5ces ( ?is unity3 x w\ld seem z if ! adorable ,ar*itect _h wr\ght x out 9 secret ) ref]5ce to ! ,div9e idea alone4 ,! arti/ :o sculptur$ ! *]ry-/one consign$ x to a cab9et1 & plac$ a microscope beside x2 ! microscopic beauty ( ^! anci5t fi% 0 consign$ to ! twilight dep?s ( a primeval ocean4 ,!re is a feel+ :i* at times gr[s ^u ! pa9t] & ! /atu>y1 z if ! p]ception & love ( ! beautiful _h be5 sublim$ into a k9d ( moral s5se4 ,art comes to be pursu$ = its own sake2 ! exquisite conception 9 ! m9d1 or ! elegant & elaborate model1 becomes all 9 all to ! work]1 & ! dread ( criticism or ! appetite ( praise almo/ no?+4 ,& ?us1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a p[] some:at ak9 to consci5ce1 b ^: prov9ce is n ! j & ! good1 b ! fair1 ! ref9$1 ! exquisite1 h works prosecut$ 9 solitude1 & nev] int5d$ = ! _w1 be5 f\nd fraught ) lovel9ess4 ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 :5 f9i%+1 ) ! mo/ consummate c>e1 a picture int5d$ = a semi-b>b>\s1 =eign c\rt1 0 ask$ :y he took s mu* pa9s ) a piece de/9$1 p]haps1 nev] to come "u ! eye ( a connoisseur4 ,i _c help x1 he repli$2 ,i d ! be/ ,i c1 unable1 ?r\gh a tyrant feel+1 t w n brook (f5ce1 to d any ?+ less4 ,x w\ld be p]haps ov] bold to attribute any su* ov]ma/]+ feel+ to ! ,creator2 yet c]ta9 x is1 t among 8 creatures well nigh all approximations t[>ds p]fection1 9 ! prov9ce 9 :i* x expatiates1 owe _! orig9 to x1 & t ,deity 9 all 8 works is 8 own rule4 ,! ,o/eolepis 0 cas$1 ,i h said1 f head to tail1 9 complete armor4 ,! head _h its plait$ mail1 ! body its scaly mail1 ! f9s _! mail ( p>allel & jo9t$ b>s2 ! entire suit glitt]$ ) enamel2 & e plate1 b>1 & scale 0 dott$ ) microscopic po9ts4 ,e ray _h its d\ble or treble punctulat$ r[1 e scale or plate its punctulat$ gr\p2 ! m>k+s lie z ?ickly 9 proportion to ! fields !y cov]1 z ! circul> p]=ations 9 a lace veil2 & ! effect1 view$ ?r\gh ! glass1 is "o ( lightness & beauty4 ,9 ! ,*eirolepis an entirely diff]5t /yle obta9s4 ,! enamell$ scales & plates glitt] ) m9ute ridges1 t %[ l ?orns 9 a ,decemb] morn+ v>ni%$ ) ice4 ,e ray ( ! f9s pres5ts its s]rat$ edge1 e occipital plate & bone its sculptur$ prom95ces1 e scale its bun* ( prickle-l ridges4 ,a m ru/ic /yle *>act]iz$ ! ,glyptolepis4 ,! enamel ( ! scales & plates is less bright2 ! sculptur+s are execut$ on a l>g] scale1 & m rudely f9i%$4 ,! reliev$ ridges1 wav$ en\gh to give !m a p5dul\s appe>ance1 drop ad[n ! head & body4 ,! rays ( ! f9s1 ( great l5g?1 pres5t also a p5dul\s appe>ance4 ,! bones & scales seem disproportionately l>ge4 ,!re is a g5]al rud5ess 9 ! f9i% ( ! creature1 if ,i may s speak1 t rem9ds "o ( ! tattoo+s ( a savage1 or ! correspond+ /yle ( art 9 :i* he ornam5ts ! h&le ( 8 /one-hat*et or 8 w>-club4 ,9 ! ,*eiracan?us1 on ! contr>y1 !re is mu* ( a m9ute & cab9et-l elegance4 ,! silv]y smoo?ness ( ! f9s1 dott$ ) sc>cely visible scales1 h>moniz$ ) a simil> appe>ance ( head2 a /yle ( sculpture resembl+ ! p>allel et*+s ( ! l9e-engrav] frett$ ! scales2 ! f9s 7 small1 & ! cont\r elegant4 ,i h already describ$ ! appe>ance ( ! unnam$ fossils--! seem+ %ell-"w t cov]$ ! sides ( ! "o--its ma/-l sp9es & sail-l f9s2 & ! ,go?ic-l peculi>ities t *>act]iz$ ! o!r--its rodd$1 obelisk-l sp9es1 & ! ext]nal framework ( bone t /ret*$ along its pectorals4 ,till v lately1 x 0 held t ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl& conta9$ no mollusca4 ,x seem$ difficult1 h[ev]1 to imag9e a sea ab\nd+ 9 fi%1 & yet devoid ( %ells4 ,9 all my explorations1 !re=e1 ,i _h an eye to ! discov]y ( ! latt]1 & on two sev]al occasions ,i dis9t]r$ :at ,i suppos$ might h =m$ portions ( a c>dium or t]ebratula4 ,on apply+ ! glass1 h[ev]1 ! punctulat$ "* ( ! surface %[$ t ! suppos$ %ells 7 b p>ts ( ! concave helmet-l plate t cov]$ ! sn\t ( ! ,o/eolepis4 ,9 ! i*?yolite b$s ( ,crom>ty & ,ross1 ( ,moray1 ,banff1 ,p]?1 ,=f>1 ,fife1 & ,b]wick%ire1 n a s+le %ell has yet be5 f\nd2 b !re h be5 discov]$ ( late1 9 ! upp] b$s ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 ,orkney1 ! rema9s ( a small1 delicate bivalve1 n yet describ$ or figur$1 b :i* v mu* resembles a ,v5us4 7,see ,plate ,v41 fig4 #g47 ,9 ! ,tile/ones ( ,engl&1 s c>efully describ$ by ,mr4 ,mur*ison 9 8 ,silurian ,sy/em1 %ells are v abundant2 & ! fact may n[ be reg>d$ z e/abli%$1 t ! ,tile/ones ( ,engl& belong to a deposit contemporane\s ) ! i*?yolite b$s ( ,cai?ness & ,crom>ty4 ,!y occupy ! same place l[ 9 ! base ( ! ,old ,r$2 & !re is at lea/ "o i*?yolite common to bo?1,,ab & :i* does n occur 9 ! sup]ior /rata ( ! sy/em 9 ei!r c\ntry--! ,dipt]us macrolepidotus4 ,! evid5ce t ! fi% & %ells liv$ 9 ! same p]iod1 & repres5t1 !re=e1 ! same =mation1 may be summ$ up 9 a s+le s5t5ce4 ,we le>n f ! ,geology ( ,cai?ness t ?is species ( ,dipt]us 0 unque/ionably contempor>y ) all ! o!r i*?yolites describ$2--we le>n f ! ,geology ( ,h]e=d%ire t ! %ells 7 z unque/ionably contempor>y ) x4,,ac ,^!--! %ells--are ( a s+ul>ly mix$ "*1 reg>d$ z a gr\p1 unit+1 says ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 =ms at "o "t deem$ *>act]i/ic ( ! m mod]n =mations1--( ! latt] second>y1 & ev5 t]ti>y p]iods1--) =ms ! mo/ anci5t1 & :i* *>act]ize ! mollusc\s rema9s ( ! transition rocks4 ,turb9at$ %ells & bivalves ( well nigh ! rec5t type may be f\nd ly+ side by side ) *amb]$ ,or?oc]atites & ,t]ebratula4,,ad ,footnote ,,ab3 ,silurian ,sy/em1 "p ii4 p4 #eii4 ,footnote ,,ac3 ,9 ,russia1 too1 z %[n by ! rec5t discov]ies ( ,mur*ison1 ! ,old ,r$ fi%es ( ,cai?ness1 & ! ,old ,r$ %ells ( ,devon%ire1 may be f\nd ly+ emb$d$ 9 ! same /rata4 ,footnote ,,ad3 ,silurian ,sy/em1 "p i4 p4 #ahc4 ,! vegetable rema9s ( ! =mation are num]\s1 b obscure1 consi/+ mo/ly ( c>bonace\s m>k+s1 su* z might be =m$ by comm9ut$ sea-we$4 7,see ,plate ,,vii47 ,"s ( ! impressions =k into bran*es at acute angles1 7see figs4 #d1 #e1 & #f27 "s affect a wav$ outl9e1 7see figs4 #g & #h27 mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 are /raight & undivid$4 ,!y lie 9 "s places s ?ickly 9 lay]s z to give ! /one 9 :i* !y occur a slaty "*4 ,"o ( my specim5s %[s m9ute m>k+s1 some:at resembl+ ! bird-l eyes ( ! ,/igm>ia ,ficoides ( ! ,coal ,measures2--! bran*es ( ano!r t]m9ate 9 m9ute hooks1 t rem9d "o ( ! hooks ( ! "y t5drils ( ! pea :5 !y fir/ beg9 to turn4 7,see fig4 #c47 ,9 yet ano!r !re are m>ks ( ! ligne\s fibre2 :5 exam9$ by ! glass1 x resembles a bundle ( horse-hairs ly+ /ret*$ 9 p>allel l9es2 & 9 ?is specim5 alone h ,i f\nd aught approa*+ to pro( ( a t]re/rial orig94 ,! deposition seems to h tak5 place f> f l&2 & ?is lignite1 if 9 reality su*1 _h probably drift$ f> ere x at l5g? became weighti] ?an ! support+ fluid1 & sank4,,ae ,x is by no means r>e to f9d fragm5ts ( wood t h be5 borne out to sea by ! gulf /ream f ! %ores ( ,mexico or ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 /r&$ on ! rocky coa/s ( ,orkney & ,%etl&4 ,footnote ,,ae3 ,! organism "h ref]r$ to has be5 s9ce slit by ! lapid>y1 & ! sections c>efully exam9$4 ,x proves to be unequivocally a true wood ( ! conif]\s class4 ,! foll[+ is ! decision reg>d+ x ( ,mr4 ,william ,nicol1 ( ,ed9burgh1 confess$ly "o ( our highe/ liv+ au?orities 9 t division ( fossil botany :i* takes cognizance ( ! int]nal /ructure cf lignites1 & decides f _! anatomy _! race & family3-- ,ed9burgh1 #ai? ,july1 #ahae4 ,de> ,sir3--,i h exam9$ ! /ructure ( ! fossil wood :i* y f\nd 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one at ,crom>ty1 & h no hesitation 9 /at+1 t ! reticulat$ texture ( ! transv]se sections1 ?\gh some:at compress$1 cle>ly indicates a conif]\s orig92 b z !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( a disk to be se5 9 ! longitud9al sections p>allel to ! m$ull>y rays1 x is impossible to say :e!r x belongs to ! ,p9e or ,arauc>ian division4 ,i am1 c41 ,william ,nicol4 ,! dissimil>ity :i* obta9s betwe5 ! fossils ( ! contempor>y =mations ( ?is sy/em 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 is in/ructive4 ,! gr\p 9 ! "o consi/s ma9ly ( mollusc\s animals2 9 ! o!r1 almo/ entirely ( i*?yolites1 & :at seems to h be5 alg4 ,o!r localities may pres5t u ) yet diff]5t gr\ps ( ! same p]iod--) ! productions ( its coa/s1 its lakes1 & its riv]s4 ,at pres5t1 we are b beg9n+ to "k j a little ( its littoral %ells1 & ( ! fi% ( its pr(\nd] dep?s4 ,^! la/ are surely curi\s subjects ( inquiry4 ,we _c cate*ise our /ony i*?yolites1 z ! necromantic lady ( ! ,arabian ,nights did ! color$ fi% ( ! lake1 :i* _h once be5 a city1 :5 %e t\*$ _! dead bodies ) h] w&1 & !y /raightway rais$ _! heads & repli$ to h] qu]ies4 ,we w\ld h _m a "q to ask !m if we c\ld--que/ions nev] to be solv$4 ,b ev5 ! contemplation ( _! rema9s is a p[]ful /imulant to ?\ght4 ,! wond]s ( ,geology ex]cise e faculty ( ! m9d--reason2 memory1 imag9ation2 & ?\gh we _c put our fossils to ! "q1 x is some?+ to be s ar\s$ z to be made to put que/ions to "o's self4 ,i h ref]r$ to ! consi/5cy ( /yle :i* obta9$ among ^! anci5t fi%es--! unity ( "* :i* m>k$ e scale1 plate1 & f9 ( e v>i\s family1 & :i* di/+ui%$ x f ! re/2 & :o c d\bt t ! same %ades ( v>iety exi/$ 9 _! habits & _! in/9cts8 ,we speak ( ! inf9ity ( ,deity--( 8 inexhau/ible v>iety ( m9d2 b we speak ( x until ! idea becomes a piece ( m]e common-place 9 our m\?s4 ,x is well to be br\ght to feel1 if n to conceive ( x--to be made to "k t we ourselves are b>r5-m9d$1 & t 9 ,him all fulness dwelle?4 ,succe$+ creations1 ea* ) its myriads ( exi/5ces1 d n exhau/ ,him4 ,he nev] repeats ,himself4 ,! curta9 drops1 at 8 comm&1 ov] "o sc5e ( exi/5ce full ( wisdom & beauty2 x rises aga91 & all is glori\s1 wise1 & beautiful z be=e1 & all is new1 ,:o c sum up ! am\nt ( wisdom ^: record ,he has writt5 9 ! rocks--wisdom exhibit$ 9 ! succe$+ creations ( e>?1 ere man 01 b :i* 0 exhibit$ surely n 9 va98 ,may we n say ) ,milton1-- ,?9k n1 ?\gh m5 7 none1 ,t heav5 c\ld want spectators1 ,god want praise2 ,millions ( spiritual creatures walk$ ! e>?1 ,& ^! ) ceaseless praise 8 works beheld8 ,x is well to return on ! record1 & to read 9 its unequivocal *>act]s ! lessons :i* x 0 int5d$ to tea*4 ,infidelity has (t5 mis9t]pret$ its mean+1 b n ! less on t acc\nt has x be5 inscrib$ = purposes alike wise & b5evol5t4 ,is x no?+ to be taught1 ) a demon/rative evid5ce :i* ! metaphysician _c supply1 t races are n et]nal--t e family _h its beg9n+1 & t :ole creations h come to an end8 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,l9es ( ! ,geograph] r>ely "r ,l9es4--,^! la/1 h[ev]1 always wor? look+ at :5 !y occur4--,/rik+ ,in/ance 9 ! ,l9e ( ! ,great ,cal$onian ,valley4--,indicative ( ! ,direction 9 :i* ! ,volcanic ,ag5cies h op]at$4--,sections ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one furni%$ by ! ,granitic ,em95ces ( ! ,l9e4--,illu/ration4--,lias ( ! ,moray ,fri?4--,surmis+s reg>d+ its ,orig9al ,ext5t4--,^! lead to an ,exploratory ,ramble4--,n>rative4--,ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r's ,walk4--,! little ,bay4--,its ,/rata & _! ,organisms4 ,! natural b\nd>ies ( ! geograph] are r>ely describ$ by "r l9es4 ,:5ev] ^! occur1 h[ev]1 ! geologi/ may look = some?+ rem>kable4 ,!re is "o v /rik+ example furni%$ by ! nor? ( ,scotl&4 ,! read]1 9 consult+ a map ( ! k+dom1 w f9d t ! edge ( a rul]1 laid a?w>t ! c\ntry 9 a direction f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 t\*es ! :ole nor!rn side ( ! great ,cal$onian ,valley1 ) its long1 /raight l9e ( lakes2 & onw>ds1 beyond ! valley's t]m9ation at bo? ends1 ! :ole nor!rn side ( ,lo* ,eil & ,lo* ,l9nhe1 & ! :ole ( ! abrupt & precipit\s nor!rn %ores ( ! ,moray ,fri?1 to ! extreme po9t ( ,t>bat ,ness--a "r l9e ( consid]ably m ?an a hundr$ miles4 ,nor does ! geography ( ! globe furni% a l9e bett] def9$ by natural m>ks4 ,!re is bo? ramp>t & fosse4 ,on ! "o h& we h ! rectil9e> lo*s & lakes1 ) an av]age pr(undity ( dep? m ?an equal to t ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 &1 add$ to ^!1 ! rectil9e> l9es ( fri?2 on ! o!r h&1 ) b few int]ruptions1 !re is an incl9$ wall ( rock1 :i* rises at a /eep angle 9 ! int]ior to ne>ly two ?\s& feet ov] ! level ( ! ,great ,canal1 & ov]hangs ! sea t[>ds its nor!rn t]m9ation1 9 precipices ( m ?an a hundr$ y>ds4,,af ,footnote ,,af3 ,! valley ( ! ,jordan1 f ! village ( ,lai% to ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,dead ,sea1 furni%es ano!r v rem>kable in/ance ( a geographical "r l9e4 ,! direction ( ?is ramp>t & fosse--?is ,roman wall ( ,scotti% geological hi/ory--seems to h be5 t 9 :i* ! volcanic ag5cies *iefly op]at$ 9 upheav+ ! entire isl& f ! abyss4 ,! l9e survives z a sort ( foot-track1 holl[$ by ! frequ5t tread ( e>?quakes1 to m>k ! c\rse 9 :i* !y j\rney$4 ,l "o ( ! great l9es 9 a trigonometrical survey1 x enables u1 too1 to describe ! less] l9es1 & to det]m9e _! av]age be>+4 ,! volcanic ag5cies mu/ h ext5d$ a?w>t ! c\ntry f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/4 ,m>k 9 a map ( ! isl&--all ! bett] if x be a geological "o--! l9e 9 :i* mo/ ( our m\nta9 ranges /ret* across f ! ,g]man ,ocean to ! ,atlantic1--! l9e1 too1 9 :i* our fri?s1 lo*s1 & bays1 on bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s1 & especially ^? ( ! latt]1 run into ! int]ior4 ,m>k1 also1 ! l9e ( ! geological =mations1 :]e lea/ brok5 by insulat$ gr\ps ( hills--! l9e1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one belt1 :i* flanks ! s\!rn base ( ! ,grampians--! ne>ly p>allel l9e ( our ,scotti% ,coal-field1 9 its c\rse f sea to sea--! l9e ( ! ,grauwacke1 :i* =ms s l>ge a portion ( ! s\? ( ,scotl&--! l9e ( ! ,engli% ,coal-field1 ( ! ,lias1 ( ! ,oolite1 ( ! ,*alk--& h[ 9 ?is process ( diagonal l9+1 if ,i may s speak1 ! s\?-ea/]n portion ( ,engl& comes to be cut (f f ! second>y =mations altoge!r1 &1 b = ! d5udation ( ! valley ( ! ,weald1 w\ld h exhibit$ only t]ti>y depositions4 ,9 all ^! l9es1 :e!r ( m\nta9s1 lakes1 fri?s1 or =mations1 !re is an approximation to p>allelism ) ! l9e ( ! great ,cal$onian valley--pro(s t ! upheav+ ag5cy f b5ea? mu/ h act$ 9 ?is direction f "s unkn[n cause1 dur+ all ! imm5sely ext5d$ t]m ( its op]ations1 & along ! entire l5g? ( ! isl&4 ,x is a fact n unwor?y ( rem>k1 t ! pr(\nd dep?s ( ,lo* ,ness undulat$ 9 /range sympa?y ) ! reel+ t[]s & cra%+ walls ( ,lisbon1 dur+ ! great e>?quake ( #agee2 & t ! impulse1 true to its anci5t direction1 s5t ! waves 9 huge furr[s to ! nor?-ea/ & ! s\?-we/4 ,! nor?-ea/]n portion ( ?is rectil9e> wall or *a9 runs1 = ab\t ?irty miles1 ?r\gh an ,old ,r$ ,s&/one di/rict4 ,! mat]ials :i* compose x are z unlike ^? ( ! pla9 out ( :i* x arises1 z ! mat]ials ( a /one dike1 runn+ half-way into a field1 are unlike ! vegetable m\ld :i* =ms ! field's surface4 ,! ridge itself is ( a granitic texture--a true gneiss4 ,at its base we f9d only conglom]ates1 s&/ones1 %ales1 & /ratifi$ clays1 & ^! ly+ aga9/ x 9 v high angles4 ,h5ce ! geological int]e/ ( ?is l[] portion ( ! wall4 ,z has be5 %rewdly rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,mur*ison1,,ag 9 "o ( 8 e>li] pap]s1 ! gneiss seems to h be5 =c$ ?r\gh ! s&/one f b5ea?1 9 a solid1 n a fluid =m2 & z ! ridge a-top is a n>r[ "o1 & ! sides rem>kably abrupt--an excell5t w$ge1 bo? 9 consi/5cy & =m--in/ead ( hav+ act$ on ! surr\nd+ depositions1 z mo/ ( ! s\? c\ntry traps h done t h m]ely issu$ f a v5t1 & ov]laid ! upp] /rata1 x has torn up ! entire =mation f ! v bottom4 ,imag9e a l>ge w$ge =c$ f bel[ ?r\gh a %eet ( ?ick ice on a riv] or pond4 ,fir/ ! ice rises 9 an angle1 t becomes %>p] & high] z ! w$ge rises2 !n x cracks & op5s1 pres5t+ its upturn$ edges on bo? sides1 & ?r\gh comes ! w$ge4 ,& ?is is a v diff]5t process1 be x obs]v$1 f :at takes place :5 ! ice m]ely cracks1 & ! wat] issues ?r\gh ! crack4 ,9 ! "o case !re is a r5t1 & wat] diffus$ ov] ! surface2 9 ! o!r1 !re is ! project+ w$ge1 flank$ by ! upturn$ edges ( ! ice2 & ^! edges1 ( c\rse1 s]ve z indices to decide reg>d+ ! ice's ?ickness1 & ! v>i\s lay]s ( :i* x is compos$4 ,n[1 su* are ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! w$ge-l granitic ridge4 ,! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 tilt$ up aga9/ x on bo? sides1 at an angle ( ab\t eighty1 exhibits 9 "s p>ts a section ( well nigh two ?\s& feet1 /ret*+ f ! l[] conglom]ate to ! s(t1 unfossilif]\s s&/one1 :i* =ms 9 ,ross & ,crom>ty ! upp] b$s ( ! =mation4 ,!re is a mighty advantage to ! geologi/ 9 ?is arrangem5t4 ,:5 books are pack$ up 9 a deep box or *e/1 we h to raise ! upp] ti] ere we c see ! ti] bel[1 & ?is second ti] ere we c arrive at a ?ird1 & s on to ! bottom4 ,b :5 well arrang$ on ! %elves ( a libr>y1 we h m]ely to run ! eye along _! lett]$ backs1 & we c ?us =m an acqua9tance ) !m at a glance1 :i* 9 ! o!r case w\ld h co/ u a good deal ( tr\ble4 ,n[1 9 ! neighborhood ( ?is granitic w$ge1 or wall1 ! /rata are arrang$1 n l books 9 a box1--su* 0 _! orig9al position1--b l books on ! %elves ( a libr>y4 ,!y h be5 unpack$ & arrang$ by ! uptilt+ ag5t2 & ! k ( !m1 :i* c\ld only h be5 atta9$ 9 _! fir/ circum/ances by p]=at+ !m ) a %aft ( imm5se dep?1 may n[ be acquir$ simply by pass+ ov] _! edges4 ,a morn+'s saunt] gives u :at w\ld h co/1 b = ! upheav+ granite1 ! labor ( a hundr$ m9]s = five ye>s4 ,footnote ,,ag3 ,see ,transactions ( ! ,london ,geological ,society = #ahbh1 p4 #ced4 ,by f> ! great] portion ( ! life ( ! writ] 0 sp5t )9 less ?an half an h\r's walk ( "o ( ^! upturn$ edges4 ,i h describ$ ! granitic rock1 ) ref]5ce to ! di/urbance x has occasion$ z a w$ge =c$ f bel[1 & ) ref]5ce to its rectil9e> position 9 ! s&/one di/rict :i* x trav]ses1 z a /one wall runn+ half-way into a field4 ,x may communicate a /ill corrector & liveli] idea to ?9k ( x z a r[ ( w$ges1 su* z "o sometimes sees 9 a qu>ry :5 ! workm5 are engag$ 9 cutt+ out f ! mass "s imm5se block1 int5d$ to =m a /ately column or huge ar*itrave4 ,! em95ces1 l ! w$ges1 are sep>at$2 9 "s places ! s&/one lies betwe5--9 o!rs !re occur huge *asms fill$ by ! sea4 ,! ,fri?s ( ,crom>ty & ,beauly1 = in/ance1 & ! ,bay ( ,munlo*y1 op5 into ! int]ior betwe5 ^! w$ge-l em95ces2--! well-kn[n ,sutors ( ,crom>ty repres5t two ( ! w$ges2 & x 0 ! section furni%$ by ! ,s\!rn ,sutor t lay s imm$iately 9 ! writ]'s neighborhood4 ,! l9e ( ! ,crom>ty ,fri? =ms an angle ( ab\t ?irty-five degrees ) t ( ! granitic l9e ( w$ge-l hills :i* x bisects2 & h5ce ! peculi> %ape ( t tongue ( l& :i* =ms ! l[] portion ( ! ,black ,isle1 & :i*1 wa%$ by ! ,moray ,fri? on ! "o side1 & by ! ,fri? ( ,crom>ty on ! o!r1 has its apex occupi$ by ! ,s\!rn ,sutor4 ,imag9e a l(ty promontory some:at resembl+ a huge spe> ?ru/ horizontally into ! sea--a pond]\s mass ( granitic gneiss1 ( ab\t a mile 9 l5g?1 =m+ ! head1 & a rectil9e> l9e ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 m ?an t5 miles 9 l5g?1 =m+ ! %aft2 & su* is ! appe>ance :i* ?is tongue ( l& pres5ts1 :5 view$ f its nor?-we/]n b\nd>y1 ! ,crom>ty ,fri?4 ,:5 view$ f ! ,moray ,fri?1--its s\?-we/]n b\nd>y1--we see ! same granitic spe>-head1 b f9d ! l9e ( ! %aft knobb$ by ! o!r granitic em95ces ( ! *a94 ,n[ on ?is tongue ( l& ,i fir/ broke gr\nd z a geologi/4 ,! qu>ry describ$ 9 my introductory *apt]1 z t 9 :i* my notice 0 fir/ attract$ by ! ripple m>k+s1 op5s on ! ,crom>ty ,fri? side ( ?is huge spe>-%aft2 ! qu>ry to :i* ,i remov$ imm$iately aft]1 & beside :i* ,i f\nd ! fossils ( ! ,lias1 op5s on its ,moray ,fri? side4 ,! uptilt$ section ( s&/one occurs on bo? sides1 :]e ! %aft jo9s to ! granitic spe>-head1 b ! ,lias ,i f\nd on ! ,moray ,fri? side alone4 ,x /uds ! coa/ 9 deta*$ pat*es1 sorely worn by ! incessant la%+s ( ! ,fri?2 & ea* pat* be>s an evid5t relation1 9 ! place x occupies1 to a correspond+ knob or w$ge 9 ! granitic l9e4 ,! ,nor!rn ,sutor1 z has be5 j said1 is "o ( ^! knobs or w$ges4 ,x has its accompany+ pat* ( ,lias upheav$ at its base1 & ly+ uncon=mably1 n only to its granitic /rata1 b also to its subord9ate s&/ones4 ,! ,s\!rn ,sutor1 ano!r ( ^! knobs1 has also its accompany+ pat* ( ,lias1 :i*1 ?\gh ly+ beyond ! fall ( ! tide1 /rews ! bea*1 aft] e /orm f ! ea/1 ) its %ales & its fossils4 ,! hill ( ,ea?ie is yet ano!r knob ( ! s]ies1 & x1 too1 has its ,lias pat*4 ,! granitic w$ges h n only uptilt$ ! s&/one1 b !y h also upheav$ ! sup]9cumb5t ,lias1 :i*1 b = _! ag5cy1 w\ld h rema9$ buri$ "u ! wat]s ( ! ,fri?1 & its ev] accumulat+ banks ( s& & gravel4 ,i _h rem>k$ at an e>ly p]iod ! correspond5ce ( ! granitic knobs ) ! ,lias pat*es1 & /riv5 to realize ! orig9al place & position ( ! latt] ere ! di/urb+ ag5t _h upca/ !m to ! light4 ,:at1 ,i h ask$1 0 ! ext5t ( ?is comp>atively mod]n =mation 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 ere ! l9e ( w$ges 7 =c$ ?r\gh f bel[8 ,a w$ge /ruck ?r\gh ! ice ( a pond t[>ds ! c5tre breaks its cont9uity1 & we f9d ! ice on bo? sides ! w$ge2 :]eas1 :5 /ruck ?r\gh at ! pond edge1 x m]ely raises ! ice f ! bank1 & we f9d x1 9 consequ5ce1 on b "o side ! w$ge4 ,:e!r1 h ,i (t5 inquir$1 w ,t ere ! granitic w$ges ( ?is l9e =c$ ?r\gh ! ,lias at "o ( its edges1 or at a comp>atively c5tral po9t8 & ab\t t5 ye>s ago ,i set myself to asc]ta9 :e!r ,i c\ld n solve ! "q4 ,! ,s\!rn ,sutor is a w$ge op5 to exam9ation on bo? its sides2--! ,moray ,fri? wa%es x ^u "o side1 ! ,crom>ty ,fri? on ! o!r4 ,0 ! ,lias to be f\nd on bo? its sides8 ,if s1 ! w$ge mu/ h be5 =c$ ?r\gh ! =mation1 n m]ely beside x4 ,x occurs1 z ,i h said1 on ! ,moray ,fri? side ( ! w$ge2 & ,i resolv$1 on c>efully explor+ ! ,fri? ( ,crom>ty1 to try :e!r x did n occur on t side too4 ,) ?is object ,i set out on an exploratory excursion1 on a delightful morn+ ( ,augu/1 #ahcj4 ,! tide 0 fall+2 x _h already rea*$ ! l9e ( half ebb2 & f ! ,s\!rn ,sutor to ! l[1 long promontory on :i* ! t[n ( ,crom>ty is built1 !re ext5d$ a broad belt ( m+l$ s&-banks & pools1 accumulations ( b\ld]s1 & %+le1 & l>ge tracts d>k5$ ) alg4 ,i pass$ direct by a grassy pa?way to ! ,sutor1 ! granitic spe>-head ( a late illu/ration1--& turn$1 :5 ,i rea*$ ! curv$ & contort$ gneiss1 to trace ?r\gh ! broad belt left by ! retir+ wat]s1 & 9 a l9e p>allel to :at ,i h describ$ z ! %aft ( ! huge spe>1 ! b$s & /rata ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 _! asc5d+ succession4 ,i fir/ cross$ ! conglom]ate base ( ! sy/em1 "h little m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! ceaseless da% ( ! waves1 :i* smoo? mo/ o!r rocks1 has a contr>y effect on ?is b$1 except 9 a few localities1 :]e its ar5ace\s cem5t ( base is mu* indurat$4 ,"u bo? ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,sutors ! s(t] cem5t yields to ! incessant action1 :ile ! h>d] pebbles /& out 9 bold relief2 s t1 :]ev] x pres5ts a mural front to ! break]s1 we are rem9d$1 by its appe>ance1 ( ! artificial rock "w ( ! ar*itect4 ,x r\gh5s z ! rocks ar\nd x poli%4 ,quitt+ ! conglom]ate1 ,i next pass$ ov] a ?ick b$ ( co>se reel & yell[ s&/one1 ) "h & !re a few pebbles /ick+ f its surface1 & "h & !re a /ratum ( f9]-gra9$ fissile s&/one ins]t$ betwe5 ! r\gh] /rata3 ,i !n cross$ ov] a /rata ( an impure grayi% lime/one1 & a slaty clay1 ab\nd+1 z ,i long aft]w>ds asc]ta9$1 9 i*?yolites & vegetable rema9s4 ,!re are m9ute ve9s 9 ! lime/one 7app>5tly cracks fill$ up7 ( a jet black bitum9\s sub/ance1 resembl+ an?racite2 ! /ratifi$ clay is mottl$ by lay]s ( semi-alum9\s1 semi-calc>e\s nodules1 arrang$ l lay]s ( fl9t 9 ! upp] ,*alk4 ,^! nodules1 :5 cut up & poli%$1 pres5t v agreeable comb9ations ( color2 !re is g5]ally an out] r+ ( r$di% br[n1 an inn] r+ ( pale yell[1 & a c5tral pat* ( r$1 & ! :ole is prettily ve9$ ) d>k-color$ c>bonate ( lime4,,ah ,pass+ onw>ds & upw>ds 9 ! l9e ( ! /rata1 ,i next cross$ ov] a s]ies ( alt]nate b$s ( co>se s&/one & /ratifi$ clay1 & !n lo/ sight ( ! rock altoge!r1 9 a wide wa/e ( %+le & b\ld]-/ones1 re/+ on a d>k blue argillace\s diluvium1 sometimes employ$ 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry1 f its t5aci\s & imp]meable "*1 = l9+ ponds & dams1 & z mort> = ! f\ndations ( l[-ly+ h\ses1 expos$ 9 wet wea!r to ! sudd5 rise ( wat]4 ,! num]\s b\ld]s ( ?is tract h _! /ory to tell1 & x is a curi\s "o4 ,! ,s\!rn ,sutor1 ) its multitud9\s fragm5ts ( gneiss1 torn f its sides by ! sea1 or loos5$ by ! action ( fro/s & /orms1 & roll$ d[n its precipices1 is only a few hundr$ y>ds away2--its base1 :]e ^! lie ?icke/1 has be5 swept by tempe/s1 *iefly f ! ea/1 = ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & ! direct effect ( ^! tempe/s1 reg>d$ z transport+ ag5ts1 w\ld h be5 to /rew ?is /ony tract ) ^? deta*$ fragm5ts4 ,! same bill[ t s5ds its long roll f ! ,g]man ,ocean to sweep ! base ( ! ,sutor1 & to leap up aga9/ its precipices to ! height ( eighty & a hundr$ feet1 breaks 9 foam1 only a m9ute aft]1 ov] ?is /ony tract2 :i* has1 9 consequ5ce1 its spr9kl+ ( fragm5ts ( gneiss1 transport$ by an ag5cy s obvi\s4 ,b = e "o su* fragm5t :i* x be>s1 we f9d at lea/ t5 b\ld]s t h be5 borne = =ty & fifty miles 9 ! opposite direction f ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry--a direction 9 :i* no transport+ ag5cy n[ exi/s4 ,! tempe/s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s h convey$ = b a few hundr$ y>ds n m ?an a ti! ( ! mat]ials ( ?is tract2 n9e t5?s ( ! :ole h be5 convey$ by an old] ag5cy ov] spaces ( =ty & fifty miles4 ,h[ imm5sely m p[]ful1 !n1 or h[ imm5sely protract$ 9 its op]ation1 mu/ t old] ag5cy h be56 ,footnote ,,ah3 ,a concretion>y lime/one ( ! ,old ,r$ sy/em 9 ,engl&1 v>iegat$ ) purple & gre51 0 at "o "t wr\ght z a m>ble4--,silurian ,sy/em1 ,"p i4 p4 #agf4 ,i pass$ onw>ds1 & rea*$ a little bay1 or1 r1 angul> ind5tation ( ! coa/1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! t[n4 ,x 0 laid b>e by ! tide1 ?is morn+1 f> beyond its out] op5+2 & ! huge1 table-l b\ld]1 :i* occupies ne>ly its c5tre1 & to :i*1 9 a =m] *apt]1 ,i h _h occasion to ref]1 held b a middle place betwe5 ! /ill d>k5$ flood-l9e t ran high along ! bea*1 & ! br[n l9e ( ebb t bri/l$ f> bel[ ) =e/s ( ! r\gh-/emm$ tangle4 ,?is little bay1 or inflection ( ! coa/1 s]ves z a sort ( natural we> 9 deta9+ float+ drift-we$1 & is (t5 f\nd pil$1 aft] viol5t /orms f ! ea/1 ) accumulations1 _m y>ds 9 ext5t1 & sev]al feet 9 dep?1 ( kelp & tangle1 mix$ ) zophytes & mollusca1 & ! rema9s ( fi% kill$ among ! %all[s by ! tempe/4 ,e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 a l>ge body ( h]r+s1 pursu$ by :ales & porpoises1 7 /r&$ 9 x1 to ! am\nt ( sev]al hundr$ b>rels2 & x is said t salt & cask fail$ ! pack]s :5 b comp>atively a small portion ( ! %oal 7 cur$1 & t by mu* ! greate/ "p ( !m 7 c>ri$ away by ! neighbor+ f>m]s = manure4 ,ev] s9ce ! =mation ( ! pres5t coa/-l9e1 ?is natural we> has be5 arre/+1 tide aft] tide1 its heaps ( organic matt]1 b ! circum/ances favorable to _! pres]vation h be5 want+3 !y f]m5t & decay :5 driv5 high on ! bea*2 & ! next spr+-tide1 accompani$ by a gale f ! we/1 sweeps e ve/ige ( !m away2 & s1 aft] ! lapse ( _m c5turies1 we f9d no o!r organisms among ! r\nd$ pebbles t =m ! bea* ( ?is little bay1 ?an m]ely a few brok5 %ells1 & occasionally a m\ld]+ fi%-bone4 ,?us v b>r5 =mations may belong to p]iods s+ul>ly ri* 9 organic exi/5ces4 ,:5 :at is n[ ! little bay 0 ! bottom ( a pr(\nd ocean1 & f> f any %ore1 ! circum/ances = ! pres]vation ( its organisms mu/ h be5 mu* m favorable4 ,9 no locality 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ h su* beautifully pres]v$ fossils be5 f\nd4 ,b ,i anticipate4 ,9 ! middle ( ! little bay1 & ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( its area1 ,i f\nd ! rock expos$--a circum/ance :i* ,i _h m>k$ _m ye>s be=e1 :5 a m]e boy1 )\t aft]w>ds recurr+ to x z "o ( int]e/4 ,b ,i _h n[ le>n$ to look at rocks ) ano!r eye2 & ! ?\ght :i* fir/ sugge/$ itself to me reg>d+ ! rock ( ! little bay 01 t ,i _h f\nd ! especial object ( my se>*--! ,lias4 ,! appe>ances are 9 "s respects n dissimil>4 ,! ,lias ( ! nor? ( ,scotl& is repres5t$ 9 "s localities by d>k-color$1 unctu\s clays1 9 o!rs by grayi% black s&/ones1 t look l indurat$ mud1 & 9 o!rs by b$s ( black fissile %ale1 alt]nat+ ) b&s ( co>se1 impure lime/one1 & /udd$ betwe5 ! b&s ) lime/one nodules ( ri*] quality & f9] gra94 ,! rock laid b>e 9 ! little bay is a /ratifi$ clay1 ( a gray color t+$ ) olive1 & occurr+ 9 b$s sep>at$ by indurat$ b&s ( gray1 micace\s s&/one4 ,!y also ab\nd 9 calc>e\s nodules4 ,! dip ( ! /rata1 too1 is v diff]5t f t ( ! b$s :i* lean aga9/ ! gneiss ( ! ,sutor4 ,in/ead ( an angle ( eighty1 x pres5ts an angle ( less ?an eight4 ,! rocks ( ! little bay mu/ h la9 beyond ! di/urb+1 uptilt+ influ5ce ( ! granitic w$ge4 ,s ?ickly are ! nodules spread ov] ! surface ( "s ( ! b$s1 t !y rem9d$ me ( floats ( brok5 ice on ! w9dw>d side ( a lake aft] a few days' ?aw1 :5 ! edges ( ! fragm5ts are smoo!d & r\nd$1 & !y press ^u "o ano!r1 s z to cov]1 except 9 ! angul> int]/ices1 ! entire surface4 ,i set myself c>efully to exam9e4 ,! fir/ nodule ,i laid op5 conta9$ a bitum9\s look+ mass1 9 :i* ,i c\ld trace a few po9t$ bones & a few m9ute scales4 ,! next ab\nd$ 9 rhomboidal & f9ely enamell$ scales1 ( mu* l>g] size & m di/9ct "*4 ,i wr\ght on ) ! eag]ness ( a discov]] ent]+ = ! fir/ "t 9 a t]ra incognita ( wond]s4 ,almo/ e fragm5t ( clay1 e spl9t] ( s&/one1 e lime/one nodule1 conta9$ its organism--scales1 sp9es1 plates1 bones1 entire fi%2 b n "o organism ( ! ,lias c\ld ,i f9d--no ammonites1 no belemnites1 no gryphites1 no %ells ( any k9d3 ! vegetable impressions 7 entirely diff]5t2 & n a s+le scale1 plate1 or i*?yodorulite c\ld ,i id5tify ) ^? ( ! new] =mation4 ,i _h got into a diff]5t _w1 & among ! rema9s ( a diff]5t creation2 b :]e 0 its prop] place 9 ! scale8 ,! b$s ( ! little bay are encircl$ by ?ick accumulations ( diluvium & debris1 nor c\ld ,i trace _! relation to a s+le kn[n rock4 ,i 0 /ruck1 z ,i well might1 by ! utt] /rang5ess ( ! =ms--! o>-l arms ( ! ,pt]i*?ys & its tortoise-l plates--! /range1 buckl]-look+ head ( ! ,cocco/eus1 :i*1 ,i suppose1 might possibly be ! back ( a small tortoise1 ?\gh ! tub]cles rem9d$ me r ( ! sk9 ( ! %>k--! poli%$ scales & plates ( ! ,o/eolepis--! sp9$ & scal$ f9s ( ! ,*eiracan?us--above all1 ! "o-sid$ tail ( at lea/ eight out ( ! t5 or twelve v>ieties ( fossil :i* ! deposit conta9$4 ,all toge!r excit$ & a/oni%$ me4 ,b "s "t elaps$ ere ,i le>n$ to di/+ui% ! nic] g5]ic diff]5ces ( ! v>i\s organisms ( ! =mation4 ,i f\nd fragm5ts ( ! ,pt]i*?ys on ?is morn+2 b ,i date its discov]y1 9 relation to ! m9d ( ! discov]]1 m ?an a twelvemon? lat]4,,ai ,i conf\nd$ ! ,*eiracan?us1 too1 ) its s+le-sp9$1 membran\s dorsal1 ) ,diplacan?us i*?yolite1 furni%$ ) two su* dorsals2 & ! ,diplopt]us ) ! ,o/eolepis4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,i saw en\gh to exhil>ate & int]e/3 ,i wr\ght on till ! advanc+ tide came spla%+ ov] ! nodules1 & a p[]ful ,augu/ sun _h ris5 t[>ds ! middle sky2 & 7 ,i to sum up all my happi] h\rs1 ! h\r w\ld n be =gott5 9 :i* ,i sat d[n on a r\nd$ b\ld] ( granite1 by ! edge ( ! sea1 :5 ! la/ b$ 0 cov]$1 & spread out on ! bea* be=e me ! spoils ( ! morn+4 ,footnote ,,ai3 ,i f9d1 by "s notes1 :i* _h escap$ my notice :5 draw+ up = ! ,witness newspap] ! sket*es n[ exp&$ into a volume1 t 9 ! ye> #ahcd ,i furni%$ ! collection ( a geological fri5d1 ! ,rev4 ,john ,swanson1 m9i/] ( ! p>i% ( ,small ,isles1 9 ! ,out] ,hebrides1 ) a well-m>k$ specim5 ( ! ,pt]i*?ys ,mill]i4 ,! circum/ance pleas+ly rem9ds me ( ! fir/ ( all my e>ly acqua9tance1 :o le>n$ to deem ! "t n idly squ&]$ t 0 sp5t 9 explor+ ! wond]s ( bygone creations4 ,does ! m9i/] ( ,small ,isles /ill rememb] ! boy :o l$ him 9 que/ ( petrifactions--himself a little boy at ! "t--to a deep1 solit>y cave on ! ,moray ,fri?1 :]e !y l+]$ amid/ /alactites & mosses till ! wild sea _h surr\nd$ !m unm>k$1 b>r+ all *ance ( retreat1 & ! d>k night came on8 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,fur!r ,discov]ies ( ! ,i*?yolite ,b$s4--,f\nd 9 "o ,locality "u a ,b$ ( ,peat4--,discov]$ 9 ano!r b5ea? an anci5t ,bury+-gr\nd4--,9 a ?ird und]ly+ ! ,lias ,=mation4--,9 a f\r? ov]topp$ by a /ill old] ,s&/one ,deposit4--,difficulties 9 asc]ta9+ ! true ,place ( a newly-discov]$ ,=mation4--,caution aga9/ draw+ too ha/y ,inf]5ces f ! m]e circum/ance ( ,neighborhood4--,! ,writ] receives 8 fir/ ,assi/ance f )\t4--,geological ,app5dix ( ! ,messrs4 ,&]son1 ( ,inv]ness4--,fur!r ,assi/ance f ! ,rese>*es ( ,agassiz4--,sugge/ions4--,dr4 ,john ,malcolmson4--,8 ,ext5sive ,discov]ies 9 ,moray4--,he submits to ,agassiz a ,draw+ ( ! ,pt]i*?ys4--,place ( ! ,i*?yolites 9 ! ,scale at l5g? det]m9$4--,two di/9ct ,plat=ms ( ,be+ 9 ! ,=mation to :i* !y belong4 ,i comm5c$ =m+ a small collection1 & set myself c>efully to exam9e ! neighbor+ rocks = organisms ( a simil> "*4 ,! eye becomes practis$ 9 su* rese>*es1 & my labors 7 soon repaid4 ,directly above ! little bay !re is a corn-field1 & beyond ! field a wood ( =e/ trees2 & 9 ?is wood1 9 ! bottom ( a wat]-c\rse1 scoop$ out ( ! rock ?r\gh a b$ ( peat1 ,i f\nd ! /ratifi$ clay *>g$ ) scales4 ,a few hundr$ y>ds f>!r to ! we/ !re is a deep1 wood$ rav9e cut ?r\gh a ?ick b$ ( r$ diluvial clay4 ,! top ( ! bank directly above is occupi$ by ! ru9s ( an anci5t *apel1 & a gr\p ( moss-gr[n tomb/ones2 & 9 ! gorge ( ?is rav9e1 und]ly+ ! little field ( graves by ab\t sixty feet1 ,i discov]$ a /ill m anci5t place ( sepulture--t ( ! i*?yolites4 ,i explor$ e bank1 rock1 & rav9e on ! nor!rn or ,crom>ty ,fri? side ( ! tongue ( l&1 ) its t]m9al po9t ( granitic gneiss1 to :i* ,i h _h su* frequ5t occasion to ref]1 & !n turn$ to explore ! s\!rn1 or ,moray ,fri? side1 9 ! rectil9e> l9e ( ! great valley4 ,& "h ,i 0 successful on a l>g] scale4 ,a range ( l(ty s&/one cliffs1 holl[$ by ! sea1 ext5ds = a di/ance ( ab\t two miles betwe5 two ( ! granitic knobs or w$ges ( ! l9e--! ,s\!rn ,sutor & ! hill ( ,ea?ie4 ,& along well nigh ! entire l5g? ( ?is range ( cliffs1 ,i succe$$ 9 trac+ a cont9u\s i*?yolite b$1 ab\nd+ 9 rema9s1 & ly+ f> bel[ ! ,lias1 & uncon=mable to x4 ,i pursu$ my rese>*es1 & 9 ! sides ( a romantic precipit\s dell1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,burn ( ,ea?ie--a small1 mossy /ream--f9ds its way to ! ,moray ,fri?1 ,i aga9 discov]$ ! fi%-b$s runn+ deep into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 ) imm5se /rata ( a pale yell[ s&/one re/+ ov] !m1 & /rata ( a *ocolate r$ ly+ bel[4 ,b _! place 9 ! geological scale 0 /ill to fix4 ,i _h se5 en\gh to conv9ce me t !y =m a cont9u\s convex /ratum 9 ! s&/one spe>-%aft1 cov]+ x saddle-wise f side to side1 dipp+ t[>ds ! ,moray ,fri? on ! s\?1 & to ! ,crom>ty ,fri? on ! nor?--t1 z 9 a bona fide spe>-%aft1 ! annual r+ or lay] ( gr[? ( "o season is ov]laid by ! annual r+s ( succe$+ seasons1 & und]laid by ^? ( prec$+ ones2 s ?is huge semi-r+ ( fossilif]\s clays & lime/ones _h its und]ly+ semi-r+ ( ,r$ ,s&/one1 & its ov]ly+ semi-r+s ( yell[1 ( r$1 & ( gray s&/one4 ,i knew1 besides1 t b5ea? !re 0 a semi-r+ ( conglom]ate1 ! base ( ! sy/em2 & t1 = m ?an two hundr$ y>ds upw>ds1 r+ foll[$ r+ 9 unbrok5 succession--n[ s&/one1 n[ lime/one1 n[ /ratifi$ clay4 ,b ?\gh intimately acqua9t$ ) ^! l[] rocks = m ?an a hundr$ fa?oms f _! base upw>ds1 & ) ! upp] rocks on bo? sides ! i*?yolitic b$ = m ?an a hundr$ feet1 !re 0 an int]v5+ hiatus1 ^: ext5t at ?is p]iod ,i f\nd x impossible to asc]ta94 ,& h5ce my unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! place ( ! i*?yolites1 see+ t :ole =mations might be repres5t$ by ! occurr+ gap4 ,on ! ,moray ,fri? side1 :]e ! sections are ( huge ext5t1 a d\btful repeat 9 ! /rata at "o po9t ( junction1 & an abrupt fault at ano!r1 cuts (f ! upp] s]ies ( b$s to :i* ! organisms belong1 f ! l[] to :i* ! great conglom]ate belongs4 ,on ! ,crom>ty ,fri? side ! sections are m]e deta*$ pat*es1 obscur$ at e po9t by diluvium & soil2 &1 9 conceiv+ ( ! :ole z a cont9u\s l9e1 ) ! ,lias a-top & ! granite gr\p at ! bottom1 ,i 0 ev] rem9d$ ( ^? coa/-l9es ( ! anci5t geograph]s1 :]e a few unc]ta9 dots1 a few deep] m>k+s1 & "h & !re a blank space or two1 %[$ ! bl5d$ results ( conjecture & discov]y--:e!r !y give a ,t]ra ,incognita ,au/ralia to ! "o hemisph]e1 or a ,nor?-,we/]n passage to ! o!r4 ,! i*?yolites 9 a section s d\btful might be reg>d$ z belong+ to ei!r ! ,old or ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one--to ! ,coal ,measures1 or to ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,all 0 unc]ta9ty4 ,"o rem>k 9 ! pass+3 x may tea* ! "y geologi/ to be cauti\s 9 8 inf]5ces1 & illu/rate1 besides1 ^? gaps :i* occur 9 ! geological scale4 ,i _h n[ discov]$ ! i*?yolite b$s 9 five diff]5t localities2 9 "o ( ^!--! fir/ discov]$--!re is no ov]ly+ /ratum2 x seems z if ! b$ =m$ ! top ( ! =mation3 9 all ! o!rs ! ov]ly+ /ratum is diff]5t1 & belongs to di/ant & widely sep>at$ ages4 ,we cut 9 "o locality ?r\gh a peat moss--"p ( ! ru9s1 p]haps1 ( "o ( ^? =e/s :i* cov]$1 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 well nigh ! entire surface ( ! isl&1 & %elt]$ ! nak$ inhabitants f ! legions ( ,agricola4 ,we f9d1 z we dig1 huge trunks ( oak & elm1 cones ( ! ,scot* fir1 h&fuls ( hazel-nuts1 & bones & horns ( ! roe & ! r$ de]4 ,! writ]1 :5 a boy1 f\nd among ! peat ! horn ( a gigantic elk4 ,&1 =m+ ! bottom ( ?is rec5t deposit1 & ly+ con=mably to x1 we f9d ! i*?yolite b$s1 ) _! antique organisms4 ,! rema9s ( oak & elm leaves1 & ( ! spikes & cones ( ! p9e1 lie )9 half a foot ( ! rema9s ( ! ,cocco/eus & ,diplopt]us4 ,we dig 9 ano!r locality ?r\gh an anci5t bury+-gr\nd2 we pass ?r\gh a sup]ior /ratum ( skulls & c(f9s1 & an inf]ior /ratum1 b>r5 9 organic rema9s1 & !n arrive at ! /ratifi$ clays1 ) _! i*?yolites4 ,9 a ?ird locality we f9d ^! 9 junction ) ! ,lias1 & und]ly+ its lignites1 ammonites1 & belemnites1 j z we see !m und]ly+1 9 ! o!r two1 ! human bones & ! peat moss4 ,& 9 yet a f\r? locality we see !m ov]laid by imm5se ar5ace\s b$s1 t belong evid5tly1 z _! m9]alogical "* te/ifies1 to ei!r ! ,old or ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! convulsions & revolutions ( ! geological _w1 l ^? ( ! political1 are sad conf\nd]s ( place & /ation1 & br+ into close fell[%ip ! high & ! l[2 nor is x safe 9 ei!r _w1--su* h be5 ! effects ( ! di/urb+ ag5cies1--to judge ( anci5t relations by exi/+ neighborhoods1 or ( orig9al situations by pres5t places ( occupancy4 ,mis]y1 says ,%akspe>e1 makes /range b$fell[s4 ,! *anges & convulsions ( ! geological _w h made /range b$fell[s too4 ,i h se5 fossils ( ! ,upp] ,lias & ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one wa%$ toge!r by ! same wave1 out ( :at might be tak51 on a cursory survey1 = ! same b$1 & !n m+l$ ) rec5t %ells1 alg1 bran*es ( trees1 & fragm5ts ( wrecks on ! same sea-bea*4 ,ye>s pass$1 & 9 #ahcd ,i receiv$ my fir/ assi/ance f )\t1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,messrs4 ,&]son1 ( ,inv]ness1 :o ?is ye> publi%$ _! ,guide to ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl&--a "w :i* has nev] receiv$ half its due measure ( praise4 ,x conta9s1 9 a cond5s$ & v pleas+ =m1 ! accumulat$ glean+s1 = half a lifetime1 ( two v sup]ior m51 skill$ 9 sci5ce1 & ( highly cultivat$ ta/e & lit]>y ability2 ^: rem>ks1 f _! intimate acqua9tance ) e foot-bread? ( c\ntry :i* !y describe1 inv>iably exhibit t fre%ness ( actual obs]vation1 record$ on ! spot1 :i* ,gray reg>d$ z wor? :ole c>t-loads ( recollection4 ,b :at *iefly int]e/$ me 9 _! "w 0 its diss]tative app5dices--admirable dige/s ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,antiquities1 & ,geology ( ! c\ntry4 ,! app5dix devot$ to ,geology1 consi/+ ( fifty closely pr9t$ pages1--abridg$ 9 "p f ! highe/ geological au?orities1 & 9 mu* great] "p ! result ( orig9al obs]vation1--conta9s1 beyond comp>ison1 ! complete/ description ( ! rocks1 fossils1 & =mations ( ! ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,highl&s1 :i* has yet be5 giv5 to ! public 9 a popul> =m4 ,i p]us$ x ) int5se int]e/1 & le>n$ f x1 = ! fir/ "t1 ( ! fossil fi%es ( ,cai?ness & ,gamrie4 ,!re 0 almo/ no?+ kn[n1 at ! p]iod1 ( ! oryctology ( ! old] rocks--little1 inde$1 ( t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 9 its prop] "* z su*2 & ) no su* guid+ clew z has s9ce be5 furni%$ by ,agassiz1 & ! lat] rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 ! writ] ( ! app5dix _h record$ z 8 ultimate conclusion1 t ! middle s*i/oze sy/em ( ,cai?ness1 conta9+ ! fossil fi%1 0 int]m$iate 9 geological "* & position betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,r$ ,s&/one =mations4 ,! i*?yolites ( ,gamrie he describ$ z resembl+ ^? ( ,cai?ness2 & ,i at once recogniz$1 9 8 m9ute descriptions ( bo?1 ! fossil fi% ( ,crom>ty4 ,! m9]alogical accompanim5ts1 too1 seem$ ne>ly ! same4 ,9 ,cai?ness1 ! animal rema9s are mix$ up 9 "s places ) a black bitum9\s matt] l t>4 ,i _h b lately f\nd among ! b$s ( ! little bay a mass ( s(t adhesive bitum51 h]metically seal$ up 9 ! lime/one1 :i*1 :5 brok5 op51 rem9d$ me1 f ! p[]ful odor x ca/1 & :i* fill$ = sev]al days ! room 9 :i* ,i kept x1 ( ! old ,gauli% mummy ( :i* we f9d s m9ute acc\nt 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,goldsmi?4 ,! nodules :i* enclos$ ! organisms at ,gamrie 7 describ$ z ( a sub-cry/all9e1 radiat+1 fibr\s /ructure4 ,s mu* 0 ?is ! case ) "s ( ! nodules at ,crom>ty1 t !y _h (t5 rem9d$ me1 :5 fre%ly brok51 ?\gh compos$ ( pure c>bonate ( lime1 ( masses ( asbe/os4 ,! scales & bones ( ! ,cai?ness i*?yolites 7 bl5d$1 x 0 /at$1 ) ! fragm5ts ( a suppos$ tortoise ne>ly alli$ to trionyx2 "o ( ! i*?yolites1 a ,dipt]us1 0 *>act]iz$ by l>ge scales1 a d\ble dorsal1 & a "o-sid$ tail2 ! entire lack ( %ells & zophytes 0 rem>k$1 & ! abundance ( obscure vegetable impressions4 ,9 %ort1 _h ! accompli%$ writ] ( ! app5dix be5 briefly describ+ ! b$s at ,crom>ty1 in/ead ( ^? ( ,cai?ness & ,gamrie1 he might h employ$ ! same t]ms1 & rem>k$ ! same circum/ances--! /riat$ nodules1 ! m9]al t>1 ! vegetable impressions1 ! abs5ce ( %ells & zophytes1 ! l>ge-scal$1 & d\ble-f9n$ i*?yolites--! peculi>ities ( :i* appli$ equally to ! ,dipt]us & ,diplopt]us--& ! suppos$ tortoise1 9 :i* ,i once recogniz$ ! ,cocco/eus4 ,x 0 mu* to "k1 t ?is d\btful =mation--= z d\btful ,i /ill reg>d$ x--0 ( su* consid]able ext5t1 & occurr$ 9 localities s widely sep>at$4 ,i correspond$ ) ! c\rte\s au?or ( ! app5dix1 at t "t ,g5]al ,secret>y to ! ,nor!rn ,in/itution = ! ,promotion ( ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature1 & ,cons]vator ( its ,museum2 &1 =w>d+ to him duplicates ( "s ( my bett] specim5s1 _h1 z ,i _h anticipat$1 ! g5]ic id5tity ( ! ,crom>ty i*?yolites ) ^? ( ,cai?ness & ,gamrie fully confirm$4 ,my n>rative is1 ,i am afraid1 becom+ t$i\s2 b x embodies some:at m ?an ! m]e hi/ory ( a sort ( ,rob9son ,crusoe 9 ,geology1 cut (f = ye>s f all int]c\rse ) 8 k9d4 ,x conta9s1 also1 ! hi/ory ( a =mation 9 its connection ) sci5ce2 & ! read] w1 ,i tru/1 be> ) me = a few pages m4 ,seasons pass$2 & ,i receiv$ new light f ! rese>*es ( ,agassiz1 :i*1 if x did n %[ me my way m cle>ly1 r5d]$ x at lea/ m int]e/+1 by associat+ ) x "o ( ^? wond]ful tru?s1 /rang] t fictions1 :i* rise ev] & anon f ! pr(\nd] dep?s ( sci5ce1 & ^: use1 9 _! connection ) ! human intellect1 seems to be to /imulate ! faculties4 ,i h (t5 _h occasion to ref] to ! "o-sid$ condition ( tail *>act]i/ic ( ! i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,x *>act]izes1 says ,agassiz1 ! fi% ( all ! m anci5t =mations4 ,at "o c]ta9 po9t 9 ! desc5d+ scale ,nature entirely alt]s h] plan 9 ! =mation ( ! tail4 ,all ! i*?yolites above are fa%ion$ aft] "o p>ticul> type--all bel[ aft] ano!r & diff]5t type4 ,! bibliograph] c tell at :at p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( lett]s "o "* ceas$ to be employ$ & ano!r came into use4 ,black lett]1 = in/ance1 9 our own c\ntry1 0 sc>ce ev] resort$ to = purposes ( g5]al lit]ature aft] ! reign ( ,james ,,vi42 & 9 manuscript writ+ ! ,italian h& sup]s$$ ! ,saxon ab\t ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,n[1 is x n truly wond]ful to f9d an analog\s *ange ( "* 9 t pictorial hi/ory ( ! pa/ :i* ,geology furni%es8 ,f ! fir/ appe>ance ( v]tebrat$ exi/5ces to ! middle b$s ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1--a space includ+ ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rocks1 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 all its memb]s1 ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 ) ! ,lime/one ( ,burdie ,h\se1 ! ,coal ,measures1 ! ,l[] ,new ,r$1 & ! ,magnesian ,lime/one1--we f9d only ! anci5t or unequally lob$ type ( tail4 ,9 all ! =mations above1 includ+ ! ,lias1 ! ,oolite1 ,middle1 ,upp]1 & ,l[]1 ! ,weald51 ! ,gre5-,s&1 ! ,*alk1 & ! ,t]ti>y1 we f9d only ! equally-lob$ condition ( tail4 ,& x is m ?an probable1 t1 ) ! tail1 ! "* ( ! skeleton also *ang$2 t ! m anci5t type *>act]iz$1 ?r\gh\t1 ! semi-c>tilag9\s ord] ( fi%es1 j z ! m mod]n type *>act]izes ! osse\s fi%es2 & t ! upp] l9e ( ! ,magnesian ,lime/one m>ks ! p]iod at :i* ! ord] became ext9ct4 ,conjecture lacks foot+ 9 grappl+ ) a revolution s ext5sive & s wond]ful4 ,%all ,i v5ture to ?r[ out a sugge/ion on ! subject1 9 connection ) ano!r sugge/ion :i* has emanat$ f "o ( ! fir/ ( liv+ geologi/s8 ,fi%1 ( all exi/+ creatures1 seem ! mo/ capable ( su/a9+ high degrees ( heat1 & are to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! hot spr+s ( ,cont95tal ,europe1 :]e x is suppos$ sc>ce any o!r animal c\ld live4 ,n[1 all ! fi% ( ! anci5t type are ?ickly cov]$ by a def5sive armor ( bone1 arrang$ 9 plates1 b>s1 or scales1 or all ! ?ree modes toge!r1 z 9 ! ,o/eolepis & "o half its contempor>ies4 ,! "o-sid$ tail is unit$ inv>iably to a /rong cuirass4 ,& x has be5 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 t ?is /rong cuirass may h =m$ a sort ( def5ce aga9/ ! injuri\s effects ( a highly heat$ surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! sugge/ion is1 ( c\rse1 bas$ purely on hypo!sis4 ,x may be /at$1 9 direct connection ) x1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! ,lias--! fir/ ri*ly fossilif]\s =mation ov]ly+ t 9 :i* ! *ange occurr$--we f9d1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! geological sy/em1 decid$ indications ( a *ange ( seasons4 ,! foot-pr9ts ( w9t] are left impress$ amid ! lignites ( ! ,crom>ty ,lias4 ,9 a specim5 n[ be=e me1 ! alt]nations ( summ] heat & w9t] cold are z di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! annual r+s z 9 ! p9es or l>*es ( our pres5t =e/s2 :]eas 9 ! e>li] lignites1 contempor>y ) i*?yolites ( ! anci5t type1 ei!r no annual r+s appe>1 or ! m>k+s1 if pres5t1 are bo? fa9t & unfrequ5t4 ,j ere w9t] began to take its place among ! seasons1 ! fi% fitt$ = liv+ 9 a highly heat$ m$ium disappe>$3 !y 7 creat$ to inhabit a !rmal ocean1 & di$ away z x cool$ d[n4 ,fi% ( a simil> type may n[ inhabit ! seas ( ,v5us1 or ev5 ( ,jupit]1 :i*1 f its enorm\s bulk1 ?\gh greatly m di/ant f ! sun ?an our e>?1 may /ill p[]fully reta9 ! int]nal heat4 ,i /ill pursu$ my inquiries1 & receiv$ a valuable auxili>y 9 a g5tleman f ,india1 ,dr4 ,john ,malcolmson1 ( ,madras--a memb] ( ! ,london ,geological ,society1 & a man ( high sci5tific atta9m5ts & great g5]al k4 ,above all1 ,i f\nd him to possess1 9 a rem>kable degree1 t _s ( rese>*1 almo/ am\nt+ to a passion1 :i* inv>iably m>ks ! sup]ior man4 ,he _h sp5t mon? aft] mon? "u ! burn+ sun ( ,india1 amid fev] m>%es & tig] jungles1 acqua9t+ himself ) ! unexplor$ geological field :i*1 only a few ye>s ago1 t va/ cont95t pres5t$1 & 9 collect+ fossils hi!rto unnam$ & undescrib$4 ,he _h pursu$ 8 inquiries1 too1 along ! coa/s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & f> upw>ds on ! banks ( ! ,nile2 & n[1 9 return+ = a "t to 8 own c\ntry1 he _h br\ght ) him ! det]m9ation ( kn[+ x ?or\ghly z a man ( sci5ce & a geologi/4 ,i _h ! pleasure ( fir/ introduc+ him to ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 by br++ him to my fir/-discov]$ b$1 & lay+ op51 by a bl[ ( ! hamm]1 a beautiful ,o/eolepis4 ,he 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! fossils ( my little collection1 & at once decid$ t ! =mation :i* conta9$ !m c\ld be no repres5tative ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,aft] rang+ ov] ! v>i\s b$s on bo? sides ! rectil9e> ridge1 & acqua9t+ himself ?or\ghly ) _! organisms1 he set out to explore ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones ( ,moray & ,banff1 hi!rto deem$ peculi>ly b>r51 b ^: "* too mu* resembl$ t ( ! rocks :i* he _h n[ asc]ta9$ to be s abundant 9 fossils1 n to be held wor?y ( fur!r exam9ation4 ,he explor$ ! banks ( ! ,spey1 & f\nd ! i*?yolite b$s ext5sively develop$ at ,dipple1 9 ! middle ( an ,old ,r$ ,s&/one di/rict4 ,he pursu$ 8 rese>*es1 & trac$ ! =mation 9 rav9es & ! b$s ( riv]s1 f ! village ( ,buckie to ne> ! field ( ,cullod52 he f\nd x expos$ 9 ! banks ( ! ,nairn1 9 ! rav9es above ,cawdor ,ca/le1 on ! ea/]n side ( ! hill ( ,rait1 at ,clune1 ,le!n-b>1 & 9 ! vale ( ,ro!s--& 9 e in/ance l[ 9 ! ,old ,reel ,s&/one4 ,! =mation hi!rto deem$ s b>r5 9 rema9s prov$ "o ( ! ri*e/ ( !m all1 if n 9 tribes & families1 at lea/ 9 individual fossils2 & ! read] may =m "s idea ( ! ext5t 9 :i* x has already be5 prov$ fossilif]\s1 :5 he rememb]s t ! tract includes z its extremes ,orkney1 ,gamrie1 & ! nor?-ea/]n gorge ( ! great ,cal$onian ,valley4 ,! i*?yolites 7 discov]$ 9 ! latt] locality 9 ! qu>ry ( ,in*es1 ?ree miles beyond ,inv]ness1 by ,mr4 ,george ,&]son1 ! g5tleman to ^: geological atta9m5ts1 z "o ( ! au?ors ( ! ,guide ,book1 ,i h lately _h occasion to ref]4 ,i _h n[ correspond$ = sev]al ye>s ) a little circle ( geological fri5ds1 & _h describ$ 9 my lett]s1 & 9 "s in/ances _h attempt$ to figure 9 !m1 my newly-f\nd fossils4 ,a lett] :i* ,i wrote e>ly 9 #ahch to ,dr4 ,malcolmson1 !n at ,p>is1 & :i* conta9$ a rude draw+ ( ! ,pt]i*?ys1 0 submitt$ to ,agassiz1 & ! curiosity ( ! naturali/ 0 excit$4 ,he exam9$ ! figure1 r1 h[ev]1 ) int]e/ ?an surprise1 & read ! accompany+ description1 n 9 ! lea/ incl9$ to scepticism by ! s+ul>ity ( its details4 ,he _h look$ on too _m wond]s ( a simil> ca/ to believe t he _h exhau/$ !m1 or to ev9ce any a/oni%m5t t ,geology %\ld be f\nd to conta9 "o wond] m4 ,"s mon?s aft]1 ,i s5t a re/or$ draw+ ( ! same fossil to ! ,elg9 ,sci5tific ,society4 ,i mu/ /ate1 h[ev]1 t ! re/oration 0 by no means complete4 ,! paddle-l arms 7 plac$ fur!r bel[ ! %\ld]s ?an 9 any actual species2 & ,i _h transf]r$1 by mi/ake1 to ! creature's upp] side1 "s ( ! plates ( ! ,cocco/eus4 ,/ill ! type 0 unequivocally t ( ! ,pt]i*?ys4 ,! secret>y ( ! ,society1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,duff1 an excell5t geologi/1 to ^: labors1 9 an upp] =mation ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,i %all h aft]w>ds occasion to ref]1 que/ion$1 z he well might1 "s ( ! details ( ! figure1 & we correspond$ = sev]al weeks reg>d+ x1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( ,jona?an ,oldbuck & 8 antiqu>ian fri5d1 :o succe$$ 9 settl+ ! mean+ ( two :ole words1 9 an antique inscription1 9 little m ?an two ye>s4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r memb]s look$ ^u ! entire draw+1 s /range did ! appe>ance seem1 z embody+ a fiction ( ! same class ) ^? embodi$ 9 ! pictur$ griff9s & unicorns ( my?ologic ,zology2 &1 9 amus+ !mselves ) x1 !y be/[$ on its betail$ & bepaddl$ figure1 z if 9 anticipation ( ,agassiz1 ! "n ( ! draughtsman4 ,n _m mon?s aft]1 h[ev]1 a bona fide ,pt]i*?ys turn$ up 9 "o ( ! newly discov]$ b$s ( ,nairn%ire1 & ! ,association ceas$ to joke1 & began to wond]4 ,t m]ely m5tion ! circum/ance 9 connection ) a "r *all5g$1 at ! late meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,glasg[1 by a g5tleman ( ,elg91 to be reg>d$ z ! orig9al discov]] ( ! ,pt]i*?ys4 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 f> f suppos+ t ! discov]y 0 n actually made1 b regret t x %\ld h be5 kept s close a secret at a "t :5 x might h /ood ! o!r discov]] ( ! creature 9 su* /ead4 ,! exact place ( ! i*?yolites 9 ! sy/em 0 /ill to fix4 ,i 0 sp5d+ a day1 e>ly 9 ! w9t] ( #ahci1 among ! ne>ly v]tical /rata t lean aga9/ ! ,nor!rn ,sutor4 ,! section !re pres5t$ is wa%$ by ! tide = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ y>ds f :]e x re/s on ! granitic gneiss2 & ea* succe$+ /ratum 9 ! asc5d+ ord] may be z cle>ly trac$ z ! alt]nate :ite & black squ>es 9 a m>ble pavem5t4 ,fir/ !re is a b$ ( conglom]ate two hundr$ & fifte5 feet 9 ?ickness1 id5tical 9 /ructure1 say ,pr(essor ,s$gwick & ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 u ) ! old] r$ conglom]ates ( ,cumb]l& & ! ,isl& ( ,arran1,,aj & :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f ^? conglom]ates :i* lean aga9/ ! s\!rn flank ( ! ,grampians1 & on :i* ,dunnott> ,ca/le is built4 ,imm$iately above ! conglom]ate !re is a hundr$ & f\rte5 feet m ( co>se s&/one /rata1 ( a r$di% yell[ hue1 ) occasionally a few pebbles enclos$1 & !n tw5ty-sev5 feet additional ( lime/one & /ratifi$ clay4 ,!re are no breaks1 no faults1 no ?9n+ out ( /rata--all ! b$s lie p>allel1 %[+ regul> deposition4 ,i _h pass$ ov] ! section tw5ty times be=e1 & _h c>efully exam9$ ! lime/one & ! clay1 b 9 va94 ,on ?is occasion1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 m =tunate4 ,i /ruck (f a fragm5t4 ,x conta9$ a vegetable impression ( ! same "* ) ^? ( ! i*?yolite b$s2 & aft] an h\r's dilig5t se>*1 ,i _h turn$ out f ! he>t ( ! /ratum plates & scales en\gh to fill a %elf 9 a museum--! helmet-l sn\t ( an ,o/eolepis1 ! ?orn-l sp9e ( a ,*eiracan?us1 & a ,cocco/eus well nigh entire4 ,i _h at l5g?1 aft] a se>* ( ne>ly t5 ye>s1 f\nd ! true place ( ! i*?yolite b$4 ,! read] may smile1 b ,i hope ! smile w be a good-natur$ "o2 a simple pleasure may be n ! less s9c]e on acc\nt ( its simplicity2 & little ?+s are great to little m54 ,i pass$ ov] & ov] ! /rata1 & f\nd !re c\ld be no mi/ake4 ,! place ( ! fossil fi% 9 ! scale is little m ?an a hundr$ feet above ! top1 & n mu* m ?an a hundr$ y>ds above ! base ( ! great conglom]ate2 & !re lie ov] x 9 ?is section ab\t five hundr$ feet ( s(t1 ar5ace\s /one1 ) "h & !re alt]nat+ b&s ( lime/one & b$s ( clay /udd$ ) nodules--all belong+ to ! inf]ior ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,footnote ,,aj3 ,diff]5t 9 "o respect f ! conglom]ates ( ,arran4 ,x ab\nds 9 roll$ fragm5ts ( granite1 :]eas 9 ^? ( ,arran !re occur no pebbles ( ?is rock4 ,arran has n[ its granite 9 abundance2 ! nor!rn locality has none2 ?\gh1 :5 ! conglom]ates ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 7 9 ! c\rse ( =m+1 ! case 0 exactly ! rev]se4 ,! enorm\s dep? ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,engl& has be5 divid$ by ,mr4 ,mur*ison into ?ree memb]s1 or =mations--! division adopt$ 9 8 ,elem5ts by ,mr4 ,lyell1 z quot$ 9 an e>ly *apt]4 ,^! are1 ! l[e/1 or ,tile/one =mation1 ! middle1 or ,corn/one =mation1 & ! upp]mo/1 or ,qu>tzose conglom]ate =mation4 ,! t]ms are d]iv$ f m9]alogical *>act]s1 & inadequate z designations1 !re=e1 l t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one itself1 :i*1 9 _m ( its deposits1 is n s&/one1 & is n r$4 ,b !y s]ve to express great natural divisions4 ,n[ ! ,tile/one memb] ( ,engl& repres5ts1 z ,i h already /at$1 ?is ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one =mation ( ,scotl&2 b its ext5t ( v]tical developm5t1 comp>$ ) t ( ! o!r two memb]s ( ! sy/em1 is /rik+ly diff]5t 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,! ,tile/ones compose ! lea/ ( ! ?ree divisions 9 ,engl&2 _! repres5tative 9 ,scotl& =ms by mu* ! greate/ ( ! ?ree2 & !re seems to be zological z well z li?ological evid5ce t its =mation mu/ h occupi$ no brief p]iod4 ,! same g5]a occur 9 its upp] z 9 its l[] b$s1 b ! species appe> to be diff]5t4 ,i %all briefly /ate ! evid5ce ( ?is v curi\s fact4 ,! seat ( ,sir ,william ,gordon ,camm+1 ( ,altyre1 is 9 ! neighborhood ( "o ( ! ,moray%ire deposits discov]$ by ,mr4 ,malcolmson2 & = ! great] "p ( ! la/ two ye>s ,lady ,gordon ,gumm+ has be5 engag$ 9 mak+ a collection ( its peculi> fossils1 :i* already fills an entire ap>tm5t4 ,! object ( h] ,lady%ip 0 ! illu/ration ( ! ,geology ( ! di/rict1 & all %e s\ght 9 x on h] own behalf 0 cong5ial employm5t = a s+ul>ly elegant & compreh5sive m9d4 ,b h] labors h r5d]$ h] a b5efactor to sci5ce4 ,h] collection 0 visit$1 %ortly aft] ! late meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,glasg[1 by ,agassiz & ,dr4 ,buckl&2 & great 0 ! surprise & delight ( ! philosoph]s to f9d t ! :ole 0 new to ,geology4 ,all ! species1 am\nt+ to elev51 & at lea/ "o ( ! g5]a1 t ( ! ,glyptolepis1 7 diff]5t f any ,agassiz _h ev] se5 or describ$ be=e4 ,! deposit s successfully explor$ by h] ,lady%ip occurs high 9 ! l[] =mation4 ,agassiz1 %ortly aft]1 9 comp>+ ! collection ( ,dr4 ,traill 7a collection =m$ at ,orkney7 ) t ( ! writ]1 7a collection made at ,crom>ty17 0 /ruck by ! specific id5tity ( ! specim5s4 ,9 ! in/ances 9 :i* ! g5]a agre$1 he f\nd t ! species agre$ also1 ?\gh ! i*?yolites ( bo? diff]$ specifically f ! i*?yolites ( ,cai?ness1 :i* occur *iefly 9 ! upp] b$s ( ! =mation1 & f ^? also ( ,lady ,cumm+ ( ,altyre1 :i* occur1 z ,i h said1 at ! top4 ,& 9 exam9+ into ! cause1 x 0 f\nd t ! two collections1 ?\gh furni%$ by localities m ?an a hundr$ miles ap>t1 7 yet d]iv$1 if ,i may s express myself1 f ! same l[ plat=m1 bo? alike repres5t+ ! fossilif]\s base ( ! sy/em1 & bo? remov$ b by a s+le /age f ! great unfossilif]\s conglom]ate bel[4 ,?us !re seem to be :at may be t]m$ two /ories ( be+ 9 ?is l[] =mation--/ories 9 :i* ! gr\ps1 ?\gh g5]ically id5tical1 are specifically dissimil>4,,ak ,footnote ,,ak3 ,s9ce ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 sev]al species id5tical ) ^? ( ,crom>ty h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,moray%ire deposits4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,upp] ,=mations ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,room1 en\gh = ea* & to sp>e4--,middle1 or ,corn/one ,=mation4--,! ,cephalaspis its mo/ *>act]i/ic ,organism4--,description4--,! ,d5 ( ,balrudd]y ri*] 9 ! ,fossils ( ?is middle ,=mation ?an any o!r ,locality yet discov]$4--,v>i\s ,contempor>ies ( ! ,cephalaspis4--,vegetable ,impressions4--,gigantic ,cru/acean4--,s]aphim4--,i*?yodorulites4 --,sket* ( ! ,geology ( ,=f>%ire4--,its old] ,deposits ( ! ,corn/one ,=mation4--,! ,qu>ries ( ,c>mylie4--,_! ,vegetable & ,animal ,rema9s4--,! ,upp] ,=mation4--,wide ,ext5t ( ! ,fauna & ,flora ( ! e>li] ,=mations4--,probable ,cause4 ,hi!rto ,i h dwelt almo/ exclusively on ! fossils ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & ! hi/ory ( _! discov]y3 ,i %all n[ asc5d to ! organisms ( its high] plat=ms4 ,! sy/em 9 ,scotl&1 z 9 ! si/] k+dom1 has its middle & upp] gr\ps1 & ^! are 9 no degree less curi\s ?an ! inf]ior gr\p already describ$1 nor d !y m resemble ! exi/5ces ( ! pres5t "t4 ,does ! read] rememb] ! illu/ration ( ! pyramid employ$ 9 an e>ly *apt]--its ?ree p>allel b>s1 & ! /range hi]oglyphics ( ! middle b>8 ,let him n[ imag9e ano!r pyramid1 inscrib$ ) ! rema9+ & lat] hi/ory ( ! sy/em4 ,we read1 z be=e1 f ! base upw>ds1 b f9d ! brok5 & half-defac$ *>act]s ( ! second erection desc5d+ into ! v soil1 z 9 ^? obelisks ( ,egypt r\nd :i* ! s&s ( ! des]t h be5 accumulat+ = ages4 ,h5ce a hiatus 9 our hi/ory = future excavators to fill2 & x conta9s _m su* blanks1 e unfossilif]\s b> 9 ei!r pyramid repres5t+ a gap 9 ! record4 ,?ree di/9ct =mations ! gr\p und\bt$ly conta9s--p]haps m2 nor w ! fact appe> /range to ! read] :o rememb]s h[ num]\s ! =mations are t lie ov] & "u x1 & t its va/ dep? ( t5 ?\s& feet equals t ( ! :ole second>y sy/em f top to bottom4 ,eight su* =mations z ! ,oolite1 or t5 su* =mations z ! ,*alk1 c\ld re/1 ! "o ov] ! o!r1 9 ! space occupi$ by a gr\p s enorm\s4 ,to ! evid5ce ( its ?ree di/ant =mations1 :i* is ( a v simple "*1 ,i %all adv]t z ,i g along4 ,! c5tral or ,corn/one division ( ! sy/em 9 ,engl& is *>act]iz$ ?r\gh\t its va/ dep? by a peculi> family ( i*?yolites1 :i* occur 9 none ( ! o!r divisions4 ,i h already _h occasion to ref] to ! ,cephalaspis4 ,f\r species ( ?is fi% h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,corn/ones ( ,h]e=d1 ,salop1 ,worce/]1 ,monm\?1 & ,brecon2,,al & z !y are always f\nd1 says ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 9 ! same division ( ! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em1 !y h become valuable auxili>ies 9 enabl+ ! geologi/ to id5tify its subdivisions ?r\gh ,engl& & ,wales1 & also to in/itute direct comp>isons betwe5 ! diff]5t /rata ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,! ,cephalaspis is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s i*?yolites ( ! sy/em4 7,see ,plate ,x41 fig4 #a47 ,has ! read] ev] se5 a saddl]'s cutt+ knife8--a tool ) a cresc5t-%ap$ blade1 & ! h&le fix$ transv]sely 9 ! c5tre ( its concave side4 ,9 g5]al outl9e ! ,cephalaspis resembl$ ?is tool--! cresc5t-%ap$ blade repres5t+ ! head1 ! transv]se h&le ! body4 ,we h b to give ! h&le an angul>1 in/ead ( a r\nd$ %ape1 & to press toge!r ! po9t$ horns ( ! cresc5t1 till !y incl9e t[>ds ea* o!r1 & ! convex1 or %>p5$ edge1 is elongat$ into a semi-ellipse1 cut 9 ! l9e ( its %orte/ diamet]1 9 ord] to produce ! complete =m ( ! ,cephalaspis4 ,! head1 comp>$ ) ! body1 0 ( great size--compris+ fully "o ?ird ! creature's entire l5g?4 ,9 ! c5tre1 & plac$ closely toge!r1 z 9 _m ( ! flat fi%1 7 ! eyes4 ,"s ( ! specim5s %[ two dorsals1 & an anal & caudal f94 ,! ?9 & angul> body pres5ts a jo9t$ appe>ance1 some:at l t ( a lob/] or trilobite4 ,l ! bodies ( mo/ ( ! i*?yolites ( ! sy/em1 x 0 cov]$ ) v>i\sly =m$ scales ( bone2 ! creature's head 0 cas$ 9 /rong plates ( ! same mat]ial1 ! :ole upp] side ly+ "u "o huge buckl]--& h5ce ! "n ,cephalaspis1 or buckl]-head4 ,9 proportion to its /r5g? & size1 x seems to h be5 amply furni%$ ) weapons ( def5ce4 ,su* 0 ! /r5g? & massiv5ess ( its cov]+1 t its rema9s are f\nd comp>atively entire 9 ar5ace\s rocks impregnat$ ) iron1 9 :i* few o!r fossils c\ld h surviv$4 ,its v>i\s species1 z !y occur 9 ! ,wel% & ,engli% ,corn/ones1 says ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 seem n to h be5 sudd5ly kill$ & entomb$1 b to h be5 long expos$ to subm>9e ag5cies1 su* z ! attacks ( animals1 curr5ts1 concretion>y action1 c42 & yet1 ?\gh mu* dismemb]$1 ! geologi/ has little difficulty 9 recogniz+ ev5 ! smalle/ portions ( !m4 ,nor does x seem to h be5 q unfurni%$ ) (f5sive weapons4 ,! sword-fi%1 ) its /rong & po9t$ spe>1 has be5 kn[n to p]=ate ! oak5 ribs ( ! firme/ built vessels2 &1 pois$ & direct$ by its less] f9s1 & impell$ by its p[]ful tail1 x may be reg>d$ ei!r z an arr[ or javel9 flung ) trem5d\s =ce1 or z a knight spe$+ to ! enc\nt] ) 8 lance 9 re/4 ,n[ !re are missiles employ$ 9 ,ea/]n w>f>e1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ po9t$ l ! arr[ or javel91 are edg$ some:at l ! crook$ fal*ion or saddl]'s cutt+-knife1 & :i* are capable ( be+ ca/ ) su* =ce1 t !y h be5 kn[n to sev] a horse's leg ?r\gh ! bone2 & if ! sword-fi% may be prop]ly comp>$ to an arr[ or javel91 ! combative p[]s ( ! ,cephalaspis may be illu/rat$1 x is probable1 by a weapon ( ?is k9d--! head all ar\nd its elliptical m>g9 pres5t+ a %>p edge1 l t ( a cutt+-knife1 or fal*ion4 ,its impetus1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 comp>atively small1 = its organs ( motion 7 s3 x 0 a bolt c>efully fa%ion$1 b a bolt ca/ f a feeble b[4 ,b if weak 9 ! assault1 x mu/ h be5 =midable :5 assail$4 ,! po9t$ horns ( ! cresc5t1 said ,agassiz to ! writ]1 seem to h s]v$ a simil> purpose ) ! spe>-l w+s ( ! ,pt]i*?ys1--! sole diff]5ce consi/+ 9 ! circum/ance1 t ! spe>s ( ! "o c\ld be elevat$ or depress$ at pleasure1 :]eas ^? ( ! o!r 7 ev] fix$ 9 ! w>like attitude4 ,& su* 0 ! ,cephalaspis ( ! ,corn/ones--n only ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 b 9 ,engl& & ,wales almo/ ! sole organism ( ! =mation4 ,footnote ,,al3 ,cephalaspis ,lewisii1 ,c4 ,lloydii1 ,c4 ,lyellii1 & ,c4 ro/ratus4 ,n[ ( ?is curi\s i*?yolite we f9d no trace among ! fossils ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,x occurs nei!r 9 ,orkney nor ,crom>ty1 ,cai?ness nor ,gamrie1 ,nairn%ire nor ! inf]ior i*?yolite b$s ( ,moray4 ,nei!r 9 ,engl& nor 9 ,scotl& is x to be f\nd 9 ! ,tile/one =mation1 or its equival5t4 ,x is common1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,=f>%ire2 & x occurs at ,balrudd]y1 9 ! ,gray ,s&/ones :i* =m on bo? sides ! ,tay1 :]e ! ,tile/one =mation seems want+1 ! app>5t base ( ! sy/em4 ,x is exclusively a m$al ( ! middle empire4 ,9 ! la/-m5tion$ locality1 9 a beautifully wood$ dell1 kn[n z ! ,d5 ( ,balrudd]y1 ! ,cephalaspis is f\nd associat$ ) an entire gr\p ( o!r fossils1 ! rec5t discov]y ( ,mr4 ,web/]1 ! proprietor1 :o1 ) a zeal ?r\gh :i* geological k promises to be mat]ially ext5d$1 & at an exp5se ( mu* labor1 has made a collection ( all ! organisms ( ! ,d5 yet discov]$4 ,^! ! writ] _h ! pleasure ( exam9+ 9 ! company ( ,mr4 ,mur*ison & ,dr4 ,buckl&3 he 0 aft]w>ds pres5t :5 !y 7 exam9$ by ,agassiz2 & n a s+le organism ( ! gr\p c\ld be id5tifi$ on ei!r occasion1 by any memb] ( ! p>ty1 ) ^? ( ! l[] or upp] =mations4 ,ev5 ! g5]a are dissimil>4 ,! fossils ( ! ,lias sc>ce diff] m f ^? ( ! ,coal ,measures1 ?an ! fossils ( ! ,middle ,old ,r$ ,s&/one f ! fossils ( ! =mations t re/ ov] & "u !m4 ,ea* =mation has its di/9ct gr\p--a fact s important to ! geologi/1 t he may feel an int]e/ 9 its fur!r v]ification ?r\gh ! decision ( yet ano!r high au?ority4 ,! sup]ior ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones ( ,scotl& 7 fir/ asc]ta9$ to be fossilif]\s by ,pr(essor ,flem+1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,ab]de51,,am confess$ly "o ( ! fir/ naturali/s ( ! age1 & :o1 to 8 m9ute acqua9tance ) exi/+ =ms ( be+1 adds an acqua9tance sc>cely less m9ute ) ^? =ms ( primeval life t no long] exi/4 ,he x 0 :o fir/ discov]$1 9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones ( ,fife%ire1 ! l>ge scales & plates ( t /rik+ly *>act]i/ic i*?yolite ( ! high] =mation1 n[ kn[n z ! ,holopty*ius--( :i* m anon2 &1 unque/ionably1 no "o acqua9t$ ) 8 writ+s1 or ! "* ( 8 m9d1 c d\bt t he exam9$ c>efully4 ,footnote ,,am3 ,! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones ( ,moray 7 asc]ta9$ to be fossilif]\s at ne>ly ! same "t by ,mr4 ,m>t91 ( ! ,&]son ,in/itution1 ,elg94 ,!re is a m\ld]+ conglom]ate precipice t]m$ ! ,scat-,craig1 ab\t f\r miles to ! s\? ( ! t[n1 m abundant 9 rema9s ?an p]haps any ( ! o!r deposits ( ! =mation yet discov]$2 & 9 ?is precipice ,mr4 ,m>t9 fir/ comm5c$ 8 labors 9 ! li$ ,s&/one ( ! di/rict1 & f\nd x a m9e ( wond]s4 ,x is a place ( s+ul> int]e/--a rock ( sepul*res2 & its tee?1 scales1 & s+le bones occur 9 a /ate ( great entir5ess2 ?\gh1 ere ! deposit 0 =m$1 ! v>i\s i*?yolites ^: rema9s x conta9s seem to h be5 brok5 up1 & _! fragm5ts scatt]$4 ,accumulations ( l>g] & small] pebbles alt]nate 9 ! /rata2 & ! bulki] bones & tee? are f\nd inv>iably among ! bulki] pebbles1 ?us %[+ t !y 7 op]at$ ^u by ! same laws ( motion :i* op]at$ on ! inorganic cont5ts ( ! deposit4 ,at a consid]ably lat] p]iod ! fossils ( ! upp] gr\p 7 detect$ 9 ! precipit\s & romantic banks ( ! ,f9dhorn1 by ,dr4 ,malcolmson1 ( ,madras1 :5 prosecut+ 8 discov]ies ( ! organisms ( ! l[] =mation4 ,he f\nd !m1 also1 ?\gh 9 less abundance1 9 a spl5did section exhibit$ 9 ! ,burn ( ,le!n1 a rivulet ( ,moray1 & yet aga9 9 ! neighborhood ( ,altyre4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gordon1 ( ,birnie1 & ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 ( ,inv]ugie1 h be5 also discov]]s 9 ! di/rict4 ,to ! geological labors ( ,mr4 ,patrick ,duff1 ( ,elg91 9 ! same field1 ,i h already _h occasion incid5tally to ref]4 ,! pati5t inquiries ( ?is g5tleman h be5 prosecut$ = ye>s 9 all ! =mations ( ! prov9ce1 f ! ,weald ( ,l9ksfield1 ) its peculi> lacu/r9e rema9s--lignites1 m9ute fre%-wat] %ells1 & ! tee?1 sp9es1 & v]tebr ( fi% & saurians--d[n to ! base ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ) its ,cocco/ei1 ,dipt]i1 & ,pt]i*?yes4 ,8 acqua9tance ) ! organisms ( ! ,scat-,craig is at once m ext5sive & m9ute ?an t (1 p]haps1 any o!r geologi/2 & 8 collection ( !m v valuable1 repres5t+1 z x does1 a =mation ( mu* int]e/1 /ill little kn[n4 ,mr4 ,duff is at pres5t engag$ on a volume descriptive ( ! ,geology ( ! prov9ce ( ,moray1 a di/rict ext5sively explor$ ( late ye>s1 & abundant 9 its di/9ct gr\ps ( organisms1 b ( :i* g5]al read]s h /ill mu* to le>n2 & f no "o c\ld !y le>n m reg>d+ x ?an f ,mr4 ,duff4 ,x is /ill only a few mon?s s9ce ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones ( ! s\!rn di/ricts ( ,scotl& 7 f\nd to be fossilif]\s2 & ! writ] is *iefly indebt$ = 8 acqua9tance ) _! organisms to a tradesman ( ,b]wick%ire1 ,mr4 ,william ,/ev5son1 ( ,dunse1 :o1 on p]us+ "s ( ! geological articles :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,witness newspap] dur+ ! c\rse ( ! la/ autumn1 s5t him a p>cel ( fossils dis9t]r$ f out ! deep belt ( ,r$ ,s&/one :i* leans to ! s\? 9 t locality1 aga9/ ! grauwacke ( ! ,lamm]muirs4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son _h rec5tly discov]$ !m1 he /at$1 ne> ,pre/on-haugh1 ab\t two miles nor? ( ,dunse1 9 a f9e section ( alt]nat+ ,s&/one & conglom]ate /rata t lie uncon=mably on ! grauwacke4 ,!y consi/ ( scales & occipital plates ( ! ,holopty*ius1 ) ! rema9s ( a bulky1 b v imp]fectly pres]v$ i*?yodorulite2 & ! co>se1 ar5ace\s matrices :i* surr\nd !m seem id5tical ) ! r$ gritty ,s&/ones ( ! ,f9dhorn & ! ,scat-,craig1 ,n[1 a few ye>s s9ce1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( introduc+ ,pr(essor ,flem+ to ! ,organisms ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 z !y occur 9 ! neighborhood ( ,crom>ty2 &1 not)/&+ 8 ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! upp] fossils ( ! sy/em1 he f\nd himself1 among ! l[]1 9 an entirely new field4 ,8 k ( ! "o gr\p s]v$ b to %[ him h[ v diff]5t x 0 f ! o!r4 ,) ! organisms ( ! l[] he m9utely acqua9t$ himself2 he collect$ specim5s f ,gamrie1 ,cai?ness1 & ,crom>ty1 & /udi$ _! peculi>ities2 & yet1 on be+ introduc$ la/ ye> to ! discov]ies ( ,mr4 ,web/] at ,balrudd]y1 he f\nd 8 acqua9tance ) bo? ! upp] & l[] gr\ps /& him 9 b ! same /ead t 8 fir/ acquir$ k ( ! upp] gr\p _h /ood him a few ye>s be=e4 ,he agre$ ) ,agassiz 9 pron\nc+ ! gr\p at ,balrudd]y ess5tially a new gr\p4 ,add to ?is evid5ce ! well weigh$ te/imony ( ,mr4 ,mur*ison reg>d+ ! ?ree =mations :i* ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one conta9s 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! entire sy/em is f\nd cont9u\s1 ! ,corn/one ov]ly+ ! ,tile/one1 & ! ,qu>tzose conglom]ate ! ,corn/one2 take into acc\nt ! fact t1 !re1 ea* =mation has its *>act]i/ic fossil1 id5tical ) "s *>act]i/ic fossil ( ! correspond+ =mation ( ,scotl&--t ! ,tile/ones ( ! "o1 & ! l[] gr\p ( ! o!r1 h _! ,dipt]us 9 common--t ! ,corn/ones ( ! "o1 & ! middle gr\p ( ! o!r1 h _! ,cephalaspis 9 common--t ! ,qu>tzose conglom]ate ( ! "o1 & ! upp] gr\p ( ! o!r1 h _! ,holopty*ius 9 common2 & !n say :e!r ! pro(s ( di/9ct succe$+ =mations c be m surely e/abli%$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! read] /ill ent]ta9 a d\bt1 let him consult ! s+ul>ly in/ructive section ( ! entire sy/em1 f ! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one to ! ,upp] ,silurian1 giv5 by ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 9 8 ,silurian ,sy/em1 7,"p ,,ii41 ,plate ,,xxxi41 fig4 #a17 & he w f9d ! d\bt vani%4 ,b to return to ! fossils ( ! ,corn/one gr\p4 ,! *>act]i/ic fossil ( ?is deposit1 ! ,cephalaspis1 occurs 9 consid]able abundance 9 ,=f>%ire1 & 9 a mu* m entire /ate ?an 9 ! ,corn/ones ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,! rocks to :i* x belongs are also develop$1 ?\gh m sp>+ly1 9 ! nor!rn extremity ( ,fife1 9 a l9e p>allel to ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,tay4 ,b ( all ! localities yet kn[n1 ! ,d5 ( ,balrudd]y is t 9 :i* ! peculi> organisms ( ! =mation may be /udi$ ) be/ effect4 ,! oryctology ( ! ,corn/ones ( ,engl& seems re/rict$ to f\r species ( ! ,cephalaspis4 ,9 ,fife1 all ! organisms ( ! =mation yet discov]$ are exclusively vegetable--d>k5$ impressions ( /ems l ^? ( ! inf]ior i*?yolite b$s1 confus$ly mix$ ) :at seem sl5d] & po9t$ leaflets drawn 9 black1 & num]\s circul> =ms1 :i* h be5 deem$ ! rema9s ( ! se$-vessels ( "s unkn[n sub-a]ial plant4 ,^! la/ occur1 says ,pr(essor ,flem+1 ! orig9al discov]]1 9 ! =m ( circul> flat pat*es1 n equall+ an in* 9 diamet]1 & compos$ ( num]\s small] contigu\s circul> pieces2 ! t\t ensemble resembl+ :at might be expect$ to result f a compress$ b]ry1 su* z ! bramble or ! rasp4 ,9 ,=f>%ire1 ! rema9s ( ! ,cephalaspis are f\nd associat$ ) impressions ( a diff]5t "*1 ?\gh equally obscure--impressions ( poli%$ surfaces c>v$ into seem+ scales2 b 9 ,balrudd]y alone are ! vegetable impressions ( ! "o locality1 & ! scaly impressions ( ! o!r1 toge!r ) ! *>act]i/ic i*?yolites ( ,engl& & ,=f>%ire1 f\nd associat$ ) num]\s fossils besides1 _m ( !m obscure1 b all ( !m ( int]e/1 & all ( !m new to ,geology4 ,"o ( ! /range/ organisms ( ! =mation is a fossil lob/]1 ( su* huge proportions1 t "o ( ! av]age siz$ lob/]s1 common 9 our m>kets1 might /ret* its entire l5g? across ! cont9u\s tail-flap 9 :i* ! creature t]m9at$4 ,& x is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! fossil1 t ! t]m9al flap %\ld be cont9u\s2 9 all ! exi/+ v>ieties ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 x is divid$ into angul> sections4 ,! claws ne>ly resembl$ ^? ( ! common lob/]2 _! outl9e is simil>2 !re is ! same hawk-bill curvature outside1 & ! inn] sides ( ! p9c]s are arm$ ) simil> tee?-l tub]cles4 ,! imm5se %ield :i* cov]$ ! upp] "p ( ! creature's body is m angul> ?an 9 ! exi/+ v>ieties1 & resembles1 bo? 9 =m & size1 "o ( ^? loz5ge-%ap$ %ields worn by knights ( ! middle ages on gala days1 r = ornam5t ?an use1 & on :i* ! h]ald /ill inscribes ! armorial be>+ ( ladies :o be> title 9 _! own "r4 ,z %[n 9 "s ( ! l>g] specim5s1 ! l5g? ( ?is gigantic cru/acean mu/ h exce$$ f\r feet4 ,its %elly armor 0 delicately frett$ ) ! =ms ( circul> or elliptical scales4 ,on all ! _m plates ( :i* x 0 compos$ we see ^! describ$ by gracefully wav$ l9es1 & ris+ app>5tly f "u "o ano!r1 r[ beyond r[4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 z mu* ! m]e semblance ( scales z ^? reliev$ by ! sculptor on ! corslet ( a w>rior's effigy on a ,go?ic tomb--m]e sculptur+s on ! surface ( ! %ell4 ,?is peculi>ity may be reg>d$ z ?r[+ light on ! hi!rto d\btful impressions ( ! s&/one ( ,=f>%ire--impressions1 z has be5 said1 ( smoo? surfaces c>v$ into seem+ scales4 ,!y occur z impressions m]ely1 ! s&/one reta9+ no m ( ! orig9al sub/ance ( ! organism ?an ! impress$ wax does ( ! sub/ance ( ! seal2 & ! workm5 9 ! qu>ries 9 :i* !y occur1 f9d+ =m )\t body1 & /ruck by ! resemblance :i* ! delicately wav$ scales be> to ! sculptur$ m>k+s on ! w+s ( *]ubs--( all subjects ( ! *isel ! mo/ common--fancifully t]m$ !m ,s]aphim4 ,!y h turn$ out1 z 0 anticipat$1 to be ! deta*$ plates ( "s su* cru/acean z ! lob/] ( ,balrudd]y4 ,! ability display$ by ,cuvi] 9 re/or+1 f a few brok5 fragm5ts ( bone1 ! skeleton ( ! entire animal to :i* ! fragm5ts _h belong$1 a/oni%$ ! _w ,he _h le>n$ to int]pret signs z incompreh5sible to e "o else z ! my/]i\s h&writ+ on ! wall _h be5 to ! c\rti]s ( ,bel%azz>4 ,! condyle ( a jaw became 9 8 h&s a key to ! "* ( ! orig9al possessor2 & 9 a few m\ld]+ v]tebr1 or 9 ! dilapidat$ bones ( a =e-arm or a foot1 he c\ld read a curi\s hi/ory ( habits & in/9cts4 ,9 common ) sev]al g5tlem5 ( ,ed9burgh1 all m5 kn[n to sci5ce1 ,i 0 z mu* /ruck ) ! skill display$ by ,agassiz 9 piec+ toge!r ! fragm5ts ( ! huge cru/acean ( ,balrudd]y1 & 9 demon/rat+ its nature z su*4 ,! num]\s specim5s ( ,mr4 ,web/] 7 op5$ out be=e u4 ,on a previ\s morn+ ,i _h exam9$ !m1 z ,i h said1 9 ! company ( ,mr4 ,mur*ison & ,dr4 ,buckl&2 !y _h be5 se5 also by ,"l ,gre5ock1 ,dr4 ,traill1 & ,mr4 ,*>les ,m',l>52 & _! fragm5ts ( new & undescrib$ fi%es _h be5 at once recogniz$ ) ref]5ce to at lea/ _! class4 ,b ! collection conta9$ organisms ( a diff]5t k9d1 :i* seem$ inexplicable to all--=ms ( v>i\s design1 b s regul>ly ma!matical 9 _! outl9es t !y might be all describ$ by a rul] & a pair ( compasses1 & yet ! :ole 7 cov]$ by seem+ scales4 ,!re 7 ! fragm5ts ( scaly rhombs1 ( scaly cresc5ts1 ( scaly circles1 ) scaly p>allelograms atta*$ to !m1 & ( sev]al o!r regul> comp\nd figures besides4 ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 famili> ) ! old] fossils1 rem>k$ ! close resemblance ( ! seem+ scales to ^? ( ! ,s]aphim ( ,=f>%ire1 b def]r$ ! :ole to ! judgm5t ( ,agassiz2 no "o else haz>d$ a conjecture4 ,agassiz glanc$ ov] ! collection4 ,"o specim5 especially caught 8 att5tion--an elegantly symmetrical "o4 ,x seem$ a comb9ation ( ! p>allelogram & ! cresc5t3 !re 7 po9t$ horns at ea* end2 b ! convex & concave l9es ( ! opposite sides pass$ into almo/ p>allel "r l9es t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,8 eye bright5$ z he contemplat$ x4 ,i w tell y1 he said1 turn+ to ! company--,i w tell y :at ^! are--! rema9s ( a huge lob/]4 ,he arrang$ ! specim5s 9 ! gr\p be=e him ) z mu* app>5t ease z ,i h se5 a "y girl arrang+ ! pieces ( ivory or "m-(-pe>l 9 an ,indian puzzle4 ,a few brok5 pieces complet$ ! loz5ge-%ap$ %ield2 two deta*$ specim5s1 plac$ on its opposite sides1 furni%$ ! claws2 two or ?ree semi-r+s1 ) s]rat$ edges1 compos$ ! jo9t$ body2 ! comp\nd figure1 :i* b a m9ute be=e _h s /rongly attract$ 8 att5tion1 furni%$ ! t]m9al flap2 & !re lay ! huge lob/] be=e u1 palpable to all4 ,!re is homage due to sup]em95t g5ius1 :i* nature spontane\sly pays :5 !re are no l[ feel+s ( envy or jeal\sy to int]f]e ) h] op]ations2 & ! read] may well believe t x 0 will+ly r5d]$ on ?is occasion to ! g5ius ( ,agassiz4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,! t]m9al flap ( ?is gigantic cru/acean 01 z ,i h said1 cont9u\s4 ,! creature1 h[ev]1 seems to h _h contempor>ies ( ! same family1 ^: con/ruction 9 ! divisions ( ! flap resembl$ m ! lob/]s ( ! pres5t day2 & ! read] may see 9 ! subjo9$ pr9t ! repres5tation ( a v *>act]i/ic fragm5t ( an animal ( ?is common] type1 f ! ,middle ,s&/ones ( ,=f>%ire4 7,see ,plate ,,ix41 fig4 #a47 ,x is a t]m9al flap--"o ( sev]al divisions--curi\sly frett$ by scale-l m>k+s1 & be>+ on its l[] edge a fr+e1 cut into angul> po9ts1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( ! ,v&yke edg+s ( a ruff or ! lac+s ( a dead-dress4 ,x may be rem>k$1 9 pass+1 t our common] lob/]s be>1 on ! correspond+ edge1 fr+es ( /rong1 r$di%-color$ hair4 ,! =m altoge!r1 f its w+-l appe>ance1 its fea!ry m>k+s1 & its angul> po9ts1 w sugge/ to ! read] ! orig9 ( ! "n giv5 x by ! ,=f>%ire workm54 ,) ano!r su* flap spread+ out 9 ! contr>y direction1 & a p]iwigg$ head betwe5 !m1 we w\ld h "o ( ! s&/one *]ubs ( our c\ntry *ur*y>ds complete4 ,!re occur among ! o!r organisms ( ,balrudd]y num]\s i*?yodorulites--f9-sp9es1 su* z ^? to :i* ,i h call$ ! att5tion ( ! read] 9 describ+ ! ?orny-f9n$ fi% ( ! l[] =mation4 ,b ! i*?yodorulites ( ,balrudd]y diff] ess5tially f ^? ( ,cai?ness1 ,moray1 & ,crom>ty4 ,^! la/ are describ$ on bo? sides1 9 e in/ance1 by ei!r /raight1 or slightly curv$ l9es2 :]eas "o ( ! describ+ l9es 9 a ,balrudd]y v>iety is brok5 by project+ prickles1 t resemble %>p1 hook$ tee? set 9 a jaw1 or1 r1 ! entire i*?yodorulite resembles ! sprig ( a wild rose-bu%1 be>+ its peculi> aquil9e %ap$ ?orns on "o ( its sides4 ,buckl&1 9 8 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 & ,lyell1 9 8 ,elem5ts1 ref] to ?is peculi>ity ( /ructure 9 i*?yodorulites ( ! latt] =mations4 ,! hooks are inv>iably rang$ on ! concave or po/]ior edge ( ! sp9e1 & 7 employ$1 x is suppos$1 9 elevat+ ! f94 ,ano!r i*?yodorulite ( ! =mation resembles1 9 ! ,go?ic ca/ ( its rodd+s1 ^? ( ! ,diplacan?us ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one describ$ 9 pages #abe & #abf ( ! pres5t volume1 & figur$ 9 ,plate ,,viii41 fig4 #b1 except t x 0 proportionally /\t]1 & trav]s$ at its base by l9es runn+ c\nt] to ! /ri t furr[ x longitud9ally4 ,( ! o!r organisms ( ,balrudd]y ,i _c pret5d to speak ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,"s ( !m seem to h belong$ to ! ,radiata2 "s are ( s d\btful a "* t x c sc>ce be det]m9$ :e!r !y took _! place among ! =ms ( ! vegetable or animal k+doms4 ,"o organism 9 p>ticul>1 :i* 0 at fir/ deem$ ! jo9t$ /em ( "s plant resembl+ a calamite ( ! ,coal ,measures1 0 f\nd by ,agassiz to be ! sl5d] limb ( a cru/acean4 ,a m9ute description ( ?is int]e/+ deposit1 ) illu/rative pr9ts1 w\ld be ( importance to sci5ce3 x w\ld s]ve to fill a gap 9 ! scale4 ,! geological pa?way1 :i* leads upw>ds to ! pres5t "t f ^? anci5t =mations 9 :i* organic exi/5ce fir/ began1 has be5 ! "w ( well nigh z _m h&s z "s ( our long] railroads3 ea* contractor has tak5 8 "p2 v ext5d$ p>ts h fall5 to ! %>e ( "s1 & admirably h !y execut$ !m2 b ! pa?way is n yet complete1 & ! completion ( a highly curi\s portion ( x awaits ! fur!r labors ( ,mr4 ,web/]1 ( ,balrudd]y4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! rocks ( ?is middle =mation 9 ,scotl& are ( a blui%-gray color3 9 ,balrudd]y1 !y resemble ! mud/ones ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em2 !y =m at ,c>mylie ! fissile1 blui%-gray pavem5t1 s well kn[n 9 comm]ce z ! pavem5t ( ,arbroa?2 !y occur z a h>d1 micace\s build+-/one 9 "s p>ts ( ,fife%ire2 9 o!rs !y exi/ z b$s ( friable1 /ratifi$ clay1 t dissolve into unctu\s masses :]e wa%$ by ! sea4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! =mation consi/s1 ?r\gh\t its entire dep?1 ( b$s ( r$ & gre5 m>l1 ) alt]nat+ b$s ( ! nodul> lime/ones1 to :i* x owes its "n1 & ) "h & !re an int]pos+ b& ( indurat$ s&/one4 ,! ,corn/one =mation is m ext5sively develop$ 9 ,=f>%ire ?an 9 any o!r di/rict 9 ,scotl&2 & f ?is circum/ance ! result ( ! writ]'s obs]vations reg>d+ x1 dur+ ! c\rse ( a rec5t visit1 may be ( "s little int]e/ to ! read]4 ,ab\t two ?irds ! entire area ( ?is c\nty is compos$ ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,x =ms a portion ( t great belt ( ! sy/em :i*1 ext5d+ across ! isl& f ! ,g]man ,ocean to ! ,fri? ( ,clyde1 repres5ts ! s\!rn b> ( ! huge s&/one frame 9 :i* ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& is set4 ,! ,grampians run along its inn] edge--compos+ "p ( ! prim>y nucleus :i* ! frame encloses3 ! ,sidlaw ,hills run ?r\gh its c5tre 9 a l9e ne>ly p>allel to ^!1 & sep>at$ f !m by ,/ra?more1 ! great valley ( ,angus4 ,! valley & ! hills ?us =m1 if ,i may s express myself1 ! m\ld+s ( ! frame--m\ld+s some:at resembl+ ! semi-recta ( ! ar*itect4 ,!re is fir/1 reckon+ f ! m\nta9s d[nw>ds1 an imm5se concave curve--! valley2 !n an imm5se convex "o--! hills2 & !n a half curve b\nd$ by ! sea4 ,! illu/ration may fur!r s]ve to %[ ! pres5t condition ( ! =mation3 x is a frame mu* worn by d5udation1 &--j z 9 a bona fide frame--x is ! high] m\ld+s t h suff]$ mo/4 ,lay] aft] lay] has be5 worn d[n on ! ridges1 exactly z on a rais$ m\ld+ we may see ! gold leaf1 ! r$ pigm5t1 & ! :it+1 all gr\nd d[n to ! wood2 :ile 9 ! holl[ m\ld+ beside x1 on ! contr>y1 ! gilt is /ill fre% & entire4 ,we f9d 9 ! holl[s ! sup]ior lay]s ( ! frame /ill ov]ly+ ! inf]ior ones1 & on ! heights ! inf]ior ones laid b>e4 ,to desc5d 9 ! sy/em1 !re=e1 we h to climb a hill--to rise 9 x1 we h to desc5d into a valley4 ,we f9d ! l[e/ b$s ( ! sy/em any :]e yet discov]$ 9 ! c\nty on ! moory heights ( ,c>mylie2 its new] deposits may be f\nd on ! sea-%ore1 beside ! limeworks ( ,h$d]wick1 & 9 ! c5tral holl[s ( ,/ra?more4 ,! mo/ anci5t b$s 9 ! c\nty yet kn[n belong1 z unequivocally %[n by _! fossils1 to b ! middle =mation ( ! sy/em4 ,!y h be5 qu>ri$ = _m ye>s 9 ! p>i% ( ,c>mylie2 & ! qu>ries1 z may be suppos$1 are v ext5sive1 /ret*+ along a moory hill-side = consid]ably m ?an a mile1 & furni%+ employm5t to f sixty to a hundr$ workm54 ,! eye is fir/ caught1 9 approa*+ !m1 z we surm\nt a long1 flat ridge1 :i* %uts !m out f ! view ( ! di/ant sea1 by :at seems a l9e ( m9iature w9dmills1 ! sails fl>+ ) r$ lead1 & revolv+ ) ! lighte/ breeze at m ?an d\ble ! rate ( ! sails ( ord9>y mills4 ,^! are employ$--a lesson probably borr[$ f ! ,dut*--9 dra9+ ! qu>ries1 & ?r[ up a v consid]able body ( wat]4 ,! l9e ( ! excavations resembles a huge dra91 ) ne>ly p]p5dicul> sides--a consequ5ce ( ! regul> & well-det]m9$ "* ( ! jo9ts ) :i* ! /rata are bisect$4 ,! /one itself is a gray1 close-gra9$ fissile s&/one1 ( unequal h>dness1 & s v t\gh & coh]5t--qualities :i* x seems to owe 9 "p to ! va/ abundance ( mica :i* x conta9s--t x is q possible to /rike a small hamm] ?r\gh "s ( ! l>g] flags1 )\t %att]+ ! edges ( ! p]=ation4 ,h5ce its value = v>i\s purposes :i* common s&/one is too brittle & incoh]5t to s]ve4 ,x is ext5sively us$ 9 ! neighborhood z a ro(+ slate2 x is employ$1 too1 9 ! mak+ ( wat] ci/]ns1 groov$ & jo9t$ z if wr\ght out ( wood1 & = ! tops ( lobby & billi>d tables4 ,i h ev5 se5 snuff-boxes fa%ion$ out ( x1 z a sort ( me*anical feat by ! workm51--a purpose1 h[ev]1 :i* x seems to s]ve only indiff]5tly well1--& s+le slabs ( x cut into tol]ably neat w9d[ frames = cottages4 ,x is mo/ ext5sively us$1 h[ev]1 m]ely z a pav+-/one = lobbies & l[] floors1 & ! footways ( /reets4 ,:5 fir/ deposit$1 & :5 ! creatures ^: organic rema9s x /ill pres]ves c>e]$ ov] its num]\s plat=ms1 x seems to h exi/$ z a f9e1 muddy s&1 =m$ app>5tly ( dis9tegrat$ grauwacke rocks1 analog\s 9 _! m9]al "* to ! simil>ly color$ grauwacke ( ! ,lamm]muirs1 or ( prim>y slates gr\nd d[n by attrition into mud1 & mix$ up ) ! pulv]iz$ fragm5ts ( s*i/ose gneiss & mica s*i/4 ,i 0 fir/ /ruck1 on desc5d+ among ! workm51 by ! comp>ative abundance ( ! vegetable rema9s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! qu>ries almo/ e lay] ( ! /rata is cov]$ by c>bonace\s m>k+s--irregul>ly groov$ /ems1 bran*+ oat into b\ghs at acute angles1 & t at ! fir/ glance seem ! m9iature semblances ( ! trunks ( gn>l$ oaks & elms1 black5$ 9 a morass1 & /ill reta9+ ! r\gh b>k1 *app$ into furr[s3 oblong1 leaf-l impressions1 too1 & impressions ( m sl5d] =m1 t resemble ! n>r[1 p>allel edg$ leaves ( ! sea-grass we$4 ,i obs]v$1 9 p>ticul>1 "o l>ge bun* ( rib&-l leaflets conv]g+ into a %ort /em1 s t ! :ole resembl$ a sc\rge ( cords2 & ,i w\ld fa9 h deta*$ x f ! rock1 b x lay on a m\ld]+ film ( clay1 & broke up ) my fir/ attempt to remove x4 ,a /alk ( sea-grass we$ pluck$ up by ! roots1 & compress$ 9 a h]b>ium1 w\ld pres5t a some:at simil> appe>ance4 ,among ! impressions !re occur irregul>ly %ap$ pat*es1 reticulat$ into ! semblance ( polygonal me%es4 ,!y rem9d "o ( pieces ( ill-wov5 lace2 = ! me%es are unequal 9 size1 & ! polygons irregul>4 7,see ,plate ,,ix41 fig4 #b47 ,:5 fir/ laid op51 e me% is fill$ ) a c>bonace\s speck2 & f _! suppos$ resemblance to ! eggs ( ! frog1 ! workm5 t]m !m puddock spawn4 ,!y are suppos$ by ,mr4 ,lyell to =m ! rema9s ( ! eggs ( "s ga/]opod\s mollusc ( ! p]iod4 ,i saw "o flag/one1 9 p>ticul>1 s cov]$ ) ^! reticulat$ pat*es1 & s abundant1 besides1 9 vegetable impressions ( bo? ! irregul>ly furr[$ & grass-we$-look+ class1 t ,i c\ld comp>e x to only ! bottom ( a dit* beside a h$ge1 matt$ ) )]$ grass1 /rew$ ) black5$ twigs ( ! haw?orn1 & mottl$ ) deta*$ masses ( ! eggs ( ! frog4 ,all ! l>g] vegetables are resolv$ into z pure a coal z ! plants ( ! ,coal ,measures !mselves--! k9d ( data1 d\btless1 on :i* un=tunate coal speculators h (t5 e>n$ disappo9tm5t at l>ge exp5se4 ,none ( ! vegetables !mselves1 h[ev]1 9 ! lea/ resemble ^? ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,! animal rema9s1 ?\gh less num]\s1 are m int]e/+4 ,!y are id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,d5 ( ,balrudd]y4 ,i saw1 9 ! possession ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! qu>ries1 a well-pres]v$ head ( ! ,cephalaspis ,lyellii4 ,! cresc5t-%ap$ horns 7 want+1 & ! outl9e a little obscure2 b ! eyes 7 bett] m>k$ ?an 9 almo/ any o!r specim5 ,i h yet se51 & ! circul> />-l tub]cles :i* r\gh5 ! l>ge occipital buckl]1 to :i* ! creature owes its "n1 7 tol]ably well def9$4 ,i 0 %[n ! head ( ano!r individual ( ! same species 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge slab1 & no?+ c\ld be m entire ?an ! outl9e4 ,! osse\s plate /ill reta9$ ! orig9al br[ni%-:ite hue ( ! bone1 & its radiat$ por\s texture2 & ! %>p cresc5t-%ap$ horns 7 z %>ply def9$ z dur+ ! lifetime ( ! /rangely organiz$ creature :i* !y _h def5d$4 ,9 bo? specim5s ! ?9 angul> body 0 want+4 ,l almo/ all ! o!r fi% ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ! bony skeleton ( ! ,cephalaspis 0 ext]nal--z mu* s z ! %ell ( ! crab or lob/]3 x pres5t$ at all po9ts an armor ( bone1 z complete z if x _h be5 c>v$ by ! ivory-turn] out ( a solid block2 :ile ! int]nal skeleton1 :i* 9 e in/ance has disappe>$1 seems to h be5 compos$ ( c>tilage4 ,i h comp>$ its g5]al appe>ance to a saddl]'s cutt+-knife2--,i %\ld1 p]haps1 h said a saddl]'s cutt+-knife dive/$ ( ! wood5 h&le--! broad1 bony head repres5t+ ! blade1 & ! ?9 angul> body ! iron /em usually fix$ 9 ! wood4 ,no exi/5ce ( ! pres5t creation at all resembles ! ,cephalaspis4 ,7 we introduc$ to ! liv+ creatures :i* n[ inhabit ! oceans & riv]s ( ,m>s & ,v5us1 we c\ld f9d no?+ among !m m /range 9 appe>ance1 or m unlike our liv+ acqua9tances ( ! fri?s & /reams1 ?an ! ,cephalaspides ( ,c>mylie4 ,i obs]v$1 besides1 9 ! qu>ry1 rema9s ( ! huge cru/acean ( ,balrudd]y4 ,! plates ( ! ,cephalaspis reta9 ! color ( ! orig9al bone2 ! plates ( ! cru/acean1 on ! contr>y1 are ( a deep r$ t9t1 :i* contra/s /rongly ) ! cold gray ( ! /one4 ,!y rem9d "o1 bo? 9 %ape & hue1 ( pieces ( anci5t iron armor1 frett$ into semi-elliptical scales1 & r$ ) ru/4 ,i saw ) "o ( ! workm5 :at seem$ to h be5 ! cont9u\s tail-flap ( an individual ( v consid]able size4 ,x seem$ curi\sly puck]$ :]e x _h jo9$ to ! body1 mu* 9 ! mann] t a g[n or ,highl&]'s kilt is puck]$ :]e x jo9s to ! wai/b&2 & ! outl9e ( ! :ole plate 0 m>k$ by :at ,i may v5ture to t]m ar*itectural elegance4 ,! ma!matician c\ld h describ$ x ) 8 rul] & compasses4 ,! sup]9t5d5t po9t$ out to me ano!r plate 9 a slab dress$ = a piece ( common pavem5t4 ,x 0 a regul>ly =m$ p>allelogram1 & _h obvi\sly compos$ "o ( ! jo9t$ plates :i* _h cov]$ ! creature's body4 ,i c\ld n s easily assign its place to yet a ?ird plate 9 ! possession ( ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 ( ,c>mylie4 ,x is color$1 l ! o!rs1 & l !m1 too1 frett$ into m9ute scales1 b ! =m is exactly t ( a he>t--n su* a he>t z ! anatomi/ w\ld draw1 b su* a he>t1 r1 z we see at times on val5t9es ( ! humbl] ord]1 or on ! ace ( he>ts 9 a pack ( c>ds4 ,possibly en\gh x may h be5 ! brea/plate ( ?is antique cru/acean ( ! ,corn/ones4 ,! spawn ( our common blue lob/] is compos$ ( sph]ical black gra9s1 ( ne>ly ! size ( mu/>d-se$4 ,x /ruck me z n v improbable t ! reticulat$ m>k+s ( ! flag/ones ( ,c>mylie may h be5 produc$ by ! m9ute eggs ( ?is fossil cru/acean1 cov]$ up by "s ha/ily deposit$ lay] ( m+l$ mud & s&1 & =c$ into ! polygonal =m by press+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & by ! weight f above4 ,! gray fissile b$ 9 :i* ^! organisms occur 0 p]=at$ to its base on two sev]al occasions1 & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! qu>ries--9 "o in/ance1 m]ely to asc]ta9 its dep?2 9 ! o!r1 9 ! c\rse ( excavat+ a tunnel4 ,9 ! "o case x 0 f\nd to re/ on a b$ ( trap1 :i* seem$ to h ins9uat$ itself among ! /rata ) z little di/urbance1 & :i* lay ne>ly z con=mably to !m z ! gre5/one b$ ( ,salisbury ,crags does to ! alt]nat+ s&/ones & clays :i* bo? und]lie & ov]top x4 ,9 ! o!r in/ance ! excavators arriv$ at a r$1 alum9\s s&/one1 ve9$ by a purpli%-color$ oxide ( iron4 ,! upp] /rata ( ! qu>ry are ov]laid by a ?ick b$ ( grayi%-r$ conglom]ate4 ,leav+ beh9d u ! qu>ries ( ,c>mylie1 we desc5d ! hill-side1 & rise 9 ! sy/em z we l[] our level & advance ^u ! sea4 ,= a v consid]able di/ance we f9d ! rock cov]$ up by a deep-r$ diluvial clay1 l>gely *>g$ ) wat]-worn b\ld]s1 *iefly ( ! old] prim>y rocks1 & ( ! s&/one und]nea?4 ,! soil on ! high] gr\nds is moory & b>r5--a consequ5ce1 9 great "p1 ( a h>d1 f]rug9\s pan1 :i* int]poses l a pav$ floor betwe5 ! diluvium & ! upp] m\ld1 & :i* prev5ts ! roots ( ! vegetation f /rik+ d[nw>ds into ! t5aci\s subsoil4 ,f its imp]vi\s "*1 too1 x has ! effect ( r5d]+ ! surface a bog = "o half ! ye>1 & an arid1 sun-bak$ wa/e = ! o!r4 ,x seems n improbable t ! hea?s :i* mu/ h gr[n & decay$ on ^! heights = _m ages1 may h be5 ma9 ag5ts 9 ! =mation ( ?is pavem5t ( b>r5ness4 ,( all plants1 !y are said to conta9 mo/ iron4 ,accord+ to ,f\rcroy1 a full twelf? "p ( ! weight ( oak1 :5 dri$1 is ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ?is almo/ univ]sally diffus$ metal2 & ! proportion 9 our common hea?s is /ill l>g]4 ,x seems easy to conceive h[ t1 z g5]ation aft] g5]ation )]$ on ^! heights1 & 7 sl[ly resolv$ into a little mossy du/1 ! m9ute metallic p>ticles :i* !y _h conta9$ w\ld be c>ri$ d[nw>ds by ! ra9s ?r\gh ! light] /ratum ( soil1 till1 rea*+ ! imp]meable plat=m ( t5aci\s clay b5ea?1 !y w\ld gradually accumulate !re1 & at l5g? b9d its upp] lay]1 z is ! nature ( f]rug9\s oxide1 into a cont9u\s /ony cru/4 ,bog iron1 & ! clay iron/one1 s abundant 9 ! ,coal ,measures1 & s ext5sively employ$ 9 our iron-works1 seem to h ow$ _! accumulation 9 lay]s & nodules to a some:at simil> process1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( vegetation4 ,b ,i digress4 ,! rock appe>s 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,elliot1 a few hundr$ y>ds above ! pa/oral village ( ,arbirlot4 ,we f9d x uptilt$ on a mass ( clay/one amygdaloid1 t has "h rais$ its broad back to ! surface amid ! middle %ales & s&/ones ( ! sy/em4 ,! /ream runs ov] ! intrud$ mass2 & :]e ! latt] t]m9ates1 & ! s&/ones lean aga9/ x1 ! wat]s leap f ! h>d] to ! s(t] rock1 imm$iately beside ! quiet p>i% bury+-gr\nd1 9 a cascade ( "s eight or t5 feet4 ,f ?is po9t1 = a full mile d[nw>ds1 we f9d an almo/ cont9u\s section ( ! s&/one--/ratum lean+ aga9/ /ratum--9 an angle ( ab\t ?irty4 ,! portion ( ! sy/em ?us exhibit$ mu/ am\nt to _m hundr$ y>ds 9 v]tical ext5t2 b z ,i c\ld discov] no data by :i* to det]m9e reg>d+ ! space :i* may int]v5e betwe5 its l[e/ /ratum & ! /ill l[] b$s ( ,c>mylie1 ,i c\ld =m no guess respect+ ! ?ickness ( ! :ole4 ,9 a b$ ( %ale1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile bel[ ! village1 ,i detect$ sev]al ( ! vegetable impressions ( ,c>mylie1 especially ^? ( ! grass-we$ look+ class1 & an imp]fectly pres]v$ organism resembl+ ! p>allelogramical scale ( a ,cephalaspis4 ,! same plants & animals seem to h exi/$ on ?is high plat=m z on ! ,c>mylie plat=m f> b5ea?4 ,a little f>!r d[n ! c\rse ( ! /ream1 & 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! old wea!r-worn t[] ( ! ,ou*t]lonies1 !re occurs :at seems a break 9 ! /rata4 ,! new] s&/ones seem to re/ uncon=mably on ! old] s&/ones :i* !y ov]lie4 ,! ev5+ on :i* ,i explor$ ! c\rse ( ! ,elliot 0 drizzly & unpleasant1 & ! /ream swoll5 by a day ( cont9u\s ra91 & s ,i c\ld n exam9e s m9utely z 9 o!r circum/ances ,i w\ld h done1 or z 0 necess>y to e/abli% ! fact4 ,9 s9ce turn+ ov] ! ,elem5ts ( ,lyell1 h[ev]1 ,i f9d1 9 8 section ( ,=f>%ire1 t a new] deposit ( ne>ly horizontal /rata ( s&/one & conglom]ate lies uncon=mably1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! sea1 on ! old] s&/ones ( ! di/rict2 & ! appe>ances obs]v$ ne> ! old t[] m>k1 x is probable1 "o ( ! po9ts ( junction--a po9t ( junction also1 if ,i may be s bold z v5ture ! sugge/ion1 ( ! =mation ( ! ,holopty*ius nobilissimus ) ! =mation ( ! ,cephalaspis--( ! qu>tzose conglom]ate ) ! ,corn/ones4 ,9 my hurri$ survey1 h[ev]1 ,i c\ld f9d none ( ! scales or plates ( ! new] i*?yolite 9 ?is upp] deposit1 ?\gh ! num]\s sph]ical m>k+s ( :ite1 ) _! c5trical po9ts ( d>k] color1 %[ t at "o "t ! organisms ( ^! upp] b$s mu/ h be5 v abundant4 ,we pass to ! upp] =mation ( ! sy/em4 ,ov] ! belt ( m+l$ gray & r$ !re occurs 9 ! pyramid a second deep belt ( r$ conglom]ate & v>iegat$ s&/one1 ) a b& ( lime a-top1 & ov] ! b& a ?ick belt ( yell[ s&/one1 ) :i* ! sy/em t]m9ates4,,an ,?us ! second pyramid consi/s m9]alogically1 l ! fir/1 ( ?ree great divisions1 or b&s2 its two upp] belts belong+1 l ! ?ree belts ( ! o!r1 to b "o =mation--! =mation kn[n 9 ,engl& z ! ,qu>tzose ,conglom]ate4 ,x is l>gely develop$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,we f9d x spread ov] ext5sive areas 9 ,moray1 ,fife1 ,roxburgh1 & ,b]wick %ires4 ,9 ,engl&1 x is comp>atively b>r5 9 fossils2 ! only animal organic rema9s yet detect$ 9 x be+ a s+le scale ( ! ,holopty*ius f\nd by ,mr4 ,mur*ison2 & ?\gh x conta9s vegetable organisms 9 m abundance1 s imp]fectly are !y pres]v$1 t little else c be asc]ta9$ reg>d+ !m ?an t !y 7 l& plants1 b n id5tical ) ! plants ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! =mation is ri*ly fossilif]\s1 & ! rema9s belong *iefly to ! animal k+dom4 ,x is ri*ly fossilif]\s1 too1 9 ,russia1 :]e x 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 dur+ ! summ] ( la/ ye>1 spread ov] areas _m ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ext5t4 ,& !re1 z 9 ,scotl&1 ! ,holopty*ius seems its mo/ *>act]i/ic fossil4 ,footnote ,,an3 ,!re /ill exi/s "s unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! ord] 9 :i* ! upp] b$s occur4 ,mr4 ,duff1 ( ,elg91 places ! lime/one b& above ! yell[ s&/one2 ,messrs4 ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison assign x an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! r$ & yell[4 ,! respective places ( ! gray & r$ s&/ones are also disput$1 & by v high au?orities2 ,dr4 ,flem+ hold+ t ! gray s&/ones ov]lie ! r$1 7see ,*eek's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal = ,febru>y1 #ahca17 & ,mr4 ,lyell1 t ! r$ s&/ones ov]lie ! gray1 7see ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 fir/ edit41 pp4 #ii-ajj47 ,! ord] adopt$ above consorts be/ ) ! results ( ! writ]'s obs]vations1 :i* h1 h[ev]1 be5 re/rict$ *iefly to ! nor? c\ntry4 ,he assigns to ! lime/one b& ! middle place assign$ to x by ,messrs4 ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison1 & to ! gray s&/one ! inf]ior position assign$ to x by ,mr4 ,lyell2 aw>e1 h[ev]1 t ! latt] deposit has n only a cop+1 b also a basem5t1 ( r$ s&/one--! basem5t =m+ ! upp] memb] ( ! l[] =mation4 ,! fact seems especially wor?y ( rem>k4 ,! organisms ( "s ( ! new] =mations diff] entirely1 9 widely sep>at$ localities1 f _! contempor>y organisms1 j z1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 ! plants & animals ( ,great ,brita9 diff] f ! plants & animals ( ,lapl& or ( ,si]ra ,leone4 ,a geologi/ :o has acqua9t$ himself ) ! belemnites1 baculites1 turrilites1 & sea-ur*9s ( ! ,cretace\s gr\p 9 ,engl& & ! nor? ( ,france1 w\ld discov] t he _h got into an entirely new field among ! hippurites1 sphrulites1 & nummulites ( ! same =mations1 9 ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,spa92 nor1 9 pass+ ! t]ti>y deposits1 w\ld he f9d less /rik+ dissimil>ities betwe5 ! gigantic1 mail-clad mega!rium & huge ma/odon ( ! ,ohio & ! ,la ,plate1 & ! mon/]s1 _! contempor>ies1 ! hairy mammo? ( ,sib]ia1 & ! hippopotamus & rh9oc]os ( ,engl& & ! ,cont95t4 ,9 ! m anci5t geological p]iods1 ere ! seasons began1 ! case is ess5tially diff]5t2 ! contempor>y =mations1 :5 widely sep>at$1 are (t5 v unlike 9 m9]alogical "*1 b 9 _! fossil cont5ts !y are almo/ always id5tical4 ,9 ^! e>li] ages1 ! atmosph]ic temp]ature seems to h dep5d$ m on ! int]nal heat ( ! e>?1 only p>tially cool$ d[n f its orig9al /ate1 ?an on ! e>?'s configuration or ! influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,h5ce a widely spread equality ( climate--a gre5h\se equalization ( heat1 if ,i may s speak2 & h5ce1 too1 x w\ld seem1 a widely spread ,fauna & ,flora4 ,! gre5h\ses ( ,scotl& & ,sw$5 produce ! same plants ) ! gre5h\ses ( ,spa9 & ,italy2 & :5 ! _w 0 "o va/ gre5h\se1 heat$ f bel[1 ! same families ( plants1 & ! same tribes ( animals1 seem to h rang$ ov] spaces imm5sely m ext5d$ ?an ^? geographical circles 9 :i*1 9 ! pres5t "t1 ! same plants are f\nd indig5\s1 & ! same animals native4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ! true ,coal ,measures are ! same to ! we/w>d ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s z 9 ,new ,holl&1 ,india1 ,s\!rn ,africa1 ! neighborhood ( ,newca/le1 & ! vic9ity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,& ,i ent]ta9 little d\bt t1 on a simil> pr9ciple1 ! /ill m anci5t organisms ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one w be f\nd to be> ! same "* all ov] ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,fossils ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one mu* m imp]fectly pres]v$ ?an ^? ( ! ,l[]4--,! ,causes obvi\s4--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ,gr\ps1 :i* fir/ /rikes ! ,obs]v]1 a ,diff]5ce 9 ,size4--,! ,holopty*ius a *>act]i/ic ,i*?yolite ( ! ,=mation4--,description ( its huge ,scales4--,( its ,occipital ,bones1 ,f9s1 ,tee?1 & ,g5]al ,appe>ance4--,contempor>ies ( ! ,holopty*ius4--,sponge-l ,bodies4--,plates resembl+ ^? ( ! ,/urgeon4--,tee? ( v>i\s ,=ms1 b all evid5tly ! ,tee? ( ,fi%es4--,lime/one ,b&1 & its probable ,orig94--,fossils ( ! ,yell[ ,s&/one4--,! ,pt]i*?ys ( ,dura ,d54--,memb] ( a ,family peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,sy/em4--,no int]v5+ ,=mation betwe5 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ! ,coal ,measures4--,! ,holopty*ius contempor>y = a "t ) ! ,megali*?ys4--,! ,columns ( ,tubal ,ca94 ,! diff]5t degrees ( entir5ess 9 :i* ! geologi/ f9ds 8 organic rema9s1 dep5d mu* less on _! age ?an on ! nature ( ! rock 9 :i* !y occur2 & z ! ar5ace\s matrices ( ! ,upp] & ,middle ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones h be5 less favorable to ! pres]vation ( _! peculi> fossils ?an ! calc>e\s & alum9\s matrices ( ! ,l[]1 we frequ5tly f9d ! old] organisms ( ! sy/em fre% & unbrok51 & ! m mod]n exi/+ z m]e fragm5ts4 ,a fi% ?r[n into a heap ( salt w\ld be f\nd entire aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s2 a fi% ?r[n into a heap ( s& w\ld disappe> 9 a mass ( putrefaction 9 a few weeks2 & only ! less de/ructible p>ts1 su* z ! tee?1 ! h>d] bones1 & p]haps a few ( ! scales1 w\ld survive4 ,n[1 lime/one1 if ,i may s speak1 is ! pres]v+ salt ( ! geological _w2 & ! cons]vative qualities ( ! %ales & /ratifi$ clays ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one are n mu* inf]ior to ^? ( lime itself2 :ile1 9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$1 we h m]ely b$s ( consolidat$ s&1 & ^!1 9 mo/ in/ances1 r5d]$ less cons]vative ( organic rema9s ?an ev5 ! common s& ( our %ores1 by a mixture ( ! r$ oxide ( iron4 ,! old] fossils1 !re=e1 l ! mummies ( ,egypt1 c be describ$ well nigh z m9utely z ! exi/5ces ( ! pres5t creation2 ! new]1 l ! comp>atively mod]n rema9s ( our *ur*y>ds1 exi/1 except 9 a few r>e cases1 z m]e fragm5ts1 & dem& p[]s su* z ^? ( a ,cuvi] or an ,agassiz to re/ore !m to _! orig9al comb9ations4 ,b cases1 ?\gh few & r>e1 d occur 9 :i*1 ?r\gh "s favorable accid5t connect$ ) ! dea? or sepulture ( "s individual exi/5ce ( ! p]iod1 its rema9s h be5 pres]v$ almo/ entire2 & "o su* specim5 s]ves to ?r[ light on :ole heaps ( ! brok5 rema9s ( its contempor>ies4 ,! s+le elephant1 pres]v$ 9 an iceb]g beside ! ,arctic ,ocean1 illu/rat$ ! peculi>ities ( ! num]\s ext9ct family to :i* x belong$1 ^: bones & huge tusks :it5 ! wa/es ( ,sib]ia4 ,! human body f\nd 9 an ,iri% bog1 ) ! anci5t s&als ( ! c\ntry /ill atta*$ to its feet by ?ongs1 & clo!d 9 a g>m5t ( co>se hair1 gave evid5ce t bore g5]ally on ! degree ( civilization atta9$ by ! inhabitants ( an entire di/rict 9 a remote age4 ,9 all su* in/ances1 ! "* & appe>ance ( ! individual be> on ^? ( ! tribe4 ,9 attempt+ to describe ! organisms ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 :]e ! fossils lie z ?ickly 9 "s localities z h]r+s on our coa/s 9 ! fi%+ season1 ,i felt z if ,i _h :ole tribes be=e me4 ,9 describ+ ! fossils ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,i %all h to draw mo/ly f s+le specim5s4 ,b ! evid5ce may be equally s\nd s f> z x goes4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sup]ior & inf]ior gr\ps ( ! sy/em :i* fir/ /rikes an obs]v]1 is a diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! fossils ( :i* ^! gr\ps are compos$4 ,! *>act]i/ic organisms ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one are ( mu* great] bulk ?an ^? ( ! ,l[]1 :i* seem to h be5 *>act]iz$ by a m$iocrity ( size ?r\gh\t ! entire ext5t ( ! =mation4 ,! l>ge/ i*?yolites ( ! gr\p d n seem to h mu* exce$$ two feet or two feet & a half 9 l5g?2 its small] av]age f an in* to ?ree in*es4 ,a jaw 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,traill--t ( an ,orkney species ( ,platygna?us1 & by mu* ! l>ge/ 9 8 collection--does n exce$ 9 bulk ! jaw ( a full-gr[n coal-fi% or cod2 8 l>ge/ ,cocco/eus mu/ h be5 a consid]ably small] fi% ?an an ord9>y-siz$ turbot2 ! l>ge/ i*?yolite f\nd by ! writ] 0 a ,diplopt]us1 (1 h[ev]1 small] dim5sions ?an ! i*?yolite to :i* ! jaw 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,traill mu/ h belong$2 ! rema9s ( ano!r ,diplopt]us f ,gamrie1 ! mo/ massy yet discov]$ 9 t locality1 seem to h compos$ ! upp] p>ts ( an individual ab\t two feet & a half 9 l5g?4 ,! fi%1 9 %ort1 ( ! l[] ocean ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--& ,i c speak ( x ?r\gh\t an area :i* comprises ,orkney & ,inv]ness1 ,crom>ty1 & ,gamrie1 & :i* mu/ h includ$ ab\t t5 ?\s& squ>e miles--rang$ 9 size betwe5 ! /ickleback & ! cod2 :]eas "s ( ! fi% ( its upp] ocean 7 cov]$ by scales z l>ge z oy/]-%ells1 & arm$ ) tee? t rivall$ 9 bulk ^? ( ! crocodile4 ,!y mu/ h be5 fi% on an imm5sely l>g] scale ?an ^? ) :i* ! sy/em began4 ,!re h be5 scales ( ! ,holopty*ius f\nd 9 ,cla%b5nie :i* measure ?ree in*es 9 l5g? by two & a half 9 bread?1 & a full eigh? "p ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,!re occur occipital plates ( fi%es 9 ! same =mation 9 ,moray1 a full foot 9 l5g? by half a foot 9 bread?4 ,! fragm5t ( a too? /ill atta*$ to a piece ( ! jaw1 f\nd 9 ! s&/one cliffs t ov]hang ! ,f9dhorn1 measures an in* 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,a second too? ( ! same =mation1 ( a /ill l>g] size1 dis9t]r$ by ,mr4 ,patrick ,duff f out ! conglom]ates ( ! ,scat-,craig1 ne> ,elg91 & n[ 9 8 possession1 measures two in*es 9 l5g? by r m ?an an in* 9 diamet]4 7,see ,plate ,x41 fig4 #d47 ,!re occasionally turn up 9 ! s&/ones ( ,p]?%ire i*?yodorulites t 9 bulk & appe>ance resemble ! tee? ( a h>r[ r\nd$ at ! edges by a few mon?s' we>1 & :i* mu/ h be5 atta*$ to f9s n inf]ior 9 g5]al bulk to ! dorsal f9 ( an ord9>y-siz$ porpoise4 ,9 %ort1 ! rema9s ( a ,patagonian bury+-gr\nd w\ld sc>cely contra/ m /rongly ) ! rema9s ( t battle-field describ$ by ,addison1 9 :i* ! pygmies 7 annihilat$ by ! cranes1 ?an ! organisms ( ! upp] =mation ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one contra/ ) ^? ( ! l[]4,,ao ,footnote ,,ao3 ,i h p]mitt$ ?is p>agraph to rema9 z orig9ally writt51 ?\gh ! comp>atively rec5t discov]y ( a gigantic ,holopty*ius 787 9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,?urso1 by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,dick ( t place1 7see introductory note17 be>s %rewdly aga9/ its g5]al l9e ( /atem5t4 ,b x w1 at lea/1 s]ve to %[ h[ l>ge an am\nt ( negative evid5ce may be dissipat$ by a s+le positive fact1 & to inculcate on ! geologi/ ! necessity ( cauti\s induction4 ,an individual ,holopty*ius ( ,?urso mu/ h be5 at lea/ ?rice ! size ( ! ,holopty*ius ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ =mation1 z exhibit$ 9 ! specim5 ( ,mr4 ,noble1 ( ,/4 ,madoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,( ?is upp] =mation ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & mo/ abundant i*?yolite1 z has be5 already said1 is ! ,holopty*ius4 ,! l>ge scales & plates1 & ! huge tee?1 belong to ?is g5us4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ to ! notice ( geologi/s 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,w]n]ian ,society 9 ,may1 #ahcj1 by ,pr(essor ,flem+1 & publi%$ by him 9 ! ,febru>y ( ! foll[+ ye>1 9 ,*eek's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal4 ,only deta*$ scales & ! fragm5t ( a too? _h z yet be5 f\nd2 & ^! he m9utely describ$ z su*1 )\t v5tur+ to haz>d a conjecture reg>d+ ! "* or family ( ! animal to :i* !y _h belong$4 ,!y 7 submitt$ "s ye>s aft] to ,agassiz1 by :om !y 7 ref]r$1 ?\gh n )\t consid]able hesitation1 to ! g5us ,gyrolepis2 & ! d\bts ( bo? naturali/s s]ve to %[ h[ v unc]ta9 a guide m]e analogy proves to ev5 m5 ( ! fir/ ord]1 :5 br\ght to be> on organisms ( s /range a type z ! i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,at ?is /age1 h[ev]1 an almo/ entire specim5 ( ! creature 0 discov]$ 9 ! s&/ones ( ,cla%b5nie1 by ! ,rev4 ,james ,noble1 ( ,/4 ,madoes1 a g5tleman :o1 by devot+ 8 leisure h\rs to ,geology1 has ext5d$ ! k ( ?is upp] =mation1 & ^: "n has be5 atta*$ by ,agassiz to its *>act]i/ic fossil1 n[ designat$ ! ,holopty*ius nobilissimus4 ,8 specim5 at once decid$ t ! creature _h be5 no ,gyrolepis1 b ! repres5tative ( a new g5us n less /rangely organiz$1 & q z unlike ! exi/5ces ( ! pres5t times z any exi/5ce ( all ! pa/4 ,s m>k$ are ! peculi>ities ( ! ,holopty*ius1 t !y /rike ! commone/ obs]v]4 ,! scales are v *>act]i/ic4 ,!y are massy elliptical plates1 sc>cely less bulky 9 proportion to _! ext5t ( surface ?an our small] copp] co91 compos$ int]nally ( bone1 & ext]nally ( enamel1 & pres5t+ on ! "o side a por\s /ructure1 & on ! o!r1 :5 well pres]v$1 a bright1 glossy surface4 ,! upp]1 or glossy side1 is ! m *>act]i/ic ( ! two4 ,i h plac$ "o ( !m be=e me4 ,imag9e an elliptical ivory c\nt]1 an in* & a half 9 l5g? by an in* 9 bread?1 & ne>ly an eigh? "p ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 ! l>g] diamet] =m+ a l9e :i*1 if ext5d$1 w\ld pass longitud9ally f head to tail ?r\gh ! animal :i* ! scale cov]$4 ,on ! upp] or ant]ior m>g9 ( ?is elliptical c\nt]1 imag9e a smoo? selv$ge or bord] ?ree eigh? p>ts ( an in* 9 bread?4 ,b5ea? ?is bord] !re is an inn] bord] ( deta*$ tub]cles1 & b5ea? ! tub]cles l>ge undulat+ furr[s1 :i* /ret* longitud9ally t[>ds ! l[] end ( ! ellipsis4 ,"s ( ^! wav$ furr[s run unbrok5 & sep>ate to ! bottom1 "s m]ge into _! neighbor+ furr[s at acute angles1 "s bran* out & aga9 unite1 l /reams :i* enclose isl&s1 & "s break into *a9s ( deta*$ tub]cles4 7,see ,plate ,x41 fig4 #c47 ,no two scales exactly resemble "o ano!r 9 ! m9ut] peculi>ities ( _! sculpture1 if ,i may s speak1 j z no two pieces ( lake or sea may be r\gh5$ aft] exactly ! same patt]n dur+ a gale2 & yet 9 g5]al appe>ance !y are all wond]fully alike4 ,_! /yle ( sculpture is ! same--a /yle :i* has sometimes rem9d$ me ( ! ,runic knots ( our anci5t nor? c\ntry obelisks4 ,su* 0 ! scale ( ! creature4 ,! head1 :i* 0 small1 comp>$ ) ! size ( ! body1 0 cov]$ ) bony plates1 r\gh5$ aft] a patt]n some:at diff]5t f t ( ! scales1 be+ tub]cl$ r ?an ridg$2 b ! tub]cles pres5t a conflu5t appe>ance1 j z *a9s ( hills may be describ$ z conflu5t1 ! base ( "o hill runn+ into ! base ( ano!r4 ,! op]culum seems to h be5 cov]$ by "o entire plate--a peculi>ity obs]vable1 z has be5 rem>k$1 among "s ( ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 su* z ! ,diplopt]us1 ,dipt]us1 & ,o/eolepis4 ,& x1 too1 has its fields ( tub]cles1 & its smoo? m>g9al selv$ge1 or bord]1 on :i* ! l[] edges ( ! upp] occipital plates seem to h re/$1 j z1 9 ! ro( ( a slat$ build+1 "p ( ! l[] ti] ( slates is ov]topp$ & cov]$ by ! ti] above4 ,! scales t[>ds ! tail sudd5ly dim9i% at ! v5tral f9s to ab\t "o f\r? ! size ( ^? on ! upp] "p ( ! body2 ! f9s !mselves are cov]$ at _! bases1 :i* seem to h be5 ?ick & fle%y l ! base ( ! pectoral f9 9 ! cod or haddock1 ) scales /ill m m9ute2 & f ! scaly base ! rays div]ge l ! radii ( a circle1 & t]m9ate 9 a semicircul> outl9e4 ,! v5trals are plac$ ne>] ! tail1 says ,agassiz1 ?an 9 any o!r ganoid fi%4 7,see ,plate ,x41 fig4 #b47 ,b no su* description c communicate an adequate conception to ! read] ( ! /rik+ly picturesque appe>ance ( ! ,holopty*ius1 z %[n 9 ,mr4 ,noble's spl5did specim54 ,!re is a g5]al massiv5ess ab\t ! sep>ate portions ( ! creature1 t imp>ts ideas ( ! gigantic1 indep5d5tly ( its bulk z a :ole2 j z a build+ ( mod]ate size1 :5 compos$ ( v pond]\s /ones1 has a m impos+ effect ?an mu* l>g] build+s 9 :i* ! /ones are small]4 ,! body measures a foot across1 by two feet & a half 9 l5g?1 exclusive ( ! tail1 :i* is want+2 b ! armor 9 :i* x is cas$ might h s]v$ a crocodile or alligator ( five times ! size4 ,x lies on its back1 on a mass ( r$ s&/one2 & ! scales & plates /ill reta9 _! bony color1 slightly t+$ ) r$1 l ! skeleton ( "s animal t _h la9 = ye>s 9 a b$ ( f]rug9\s m>l or clay4 ,! outl9e ( ! occipital portion ( ! specim5 =ms a l[ ,go?ic ar*1 ( an int]m$iate /yle betwe5 ! r\nd ,saxon & ! po9t$ ,norman4 ,?is ar* is fill$ by two angul>1 pane-l plates1 sep>at$ by a v]tical l9e1 t repres5ts1 if ,i may use ! figure1 !-divid+ a/ragal ( ! w9d[2 & ! "u jaw1 ) its two sweep+ arcs1 or bran*es1 con/itutes ! frame4 ,all ( ! head :i* appe>s is t "u portion ( x :i* ext5ds f ! upp] "p ( ! belly to ! sn\t4 ,! belly itself is ?ickly cov]$ by huge c>v$ scales1 t1 f _! massiv5ess & regul> arrangem5t1 rem9d "o ( ! flags ( an anci5t /one ro(4 ,! c>v+ v>ies1 z !y desc5d t[>ds ! tail1 be+ m 9 ! ridg$ /yle bel[1 & m 9 ! tub]cl$ /yle above4 ,s fairly does ! creature lie on its back1 t ! v5tral f9s h fall5 equally1 "o on ea* side1 &1 f _! semicircul> =m1 rem9d "o ( ! two p\* holes 9 a lady's apron1 ) _! lac$ flaps4 ,! entire outl9e ( ! fossil is t ( an elongat$ ellipsis1 or r sp9dle1 a little drawn out t[>ds ! caudal extremity4 ,! places ( all ! f9s are n indicat$1 b1 z %[n by o!r specim5s1 !y seem to h be5 cr[d$ toge!r t[>ds ! l[] extremity1 l ^? ( ! ,glyptolepis1 an i*?yolite :i*1 9 m ?an "o respect1 ! ,holopty*ius mu/ h resembl$1 & :i*1 f ?is peculi>ity1 pres5ts a bru%-l appe>ance--! head & %\ld]s repres5t+ ! h&le1 & ! l>ge & ?ickly clu/]$ f9s ! spread+ bri/les4,,ap ,footnote ,,ap3 ,!re are n[ six species ( ,holopty*ius enum]at$--,h4 ,&]soni1 ,h4 ,flem+ii1 ,h4 giganteus1 ,h4 ,mur*isoni1 ,h4 nobilissimus1 & ,h4 ,omaliusii4 ,"s ( ! occipital bones ( ! ,holopty*ius are v curi\s & v puzzl+4 ,!re are pieces r\nd$ at "o ( ! ends1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( ! neck jo9ts ( our bett] kn[n quadrup$s1 & :i* h be5 mi/ak5 = v]tebr2 b :i* pres5t evid5tly1 at ! app>5t jo9t1 ! enamel peculi> to ! out] surface ( all ! plates & scales ( ! creature1 & :i* belong$1 x is probable1 to ! sn\t4 ,!re are saddle-%ap$ bones1 too1 :i* h be5 reg>d$ z ! c5tral occipital plates ( a new species ( ,cocco/eus1 b ^: /yle ( conflu5t tub]cle belongs evid5tly to ! ,holopty*ius4 ,! jaws are exce$+ly curi\s4 ,!y are compos$ ( z solid bone z we usually f9d 9 ! jaws ( mammalia2 & ! out] surface1 :i* is cov]$ 9 animals ( common] /ructure ) portions ( ! facial integum5ts1 we f9d poli%$ & japann$1 & frett$ into tub]cles4 ,! jaws ( ! creature1 l ^? ( ! ,o/eolepis ( ! l[] =mation1 7 nak$ jaws2 x is1 inde$1 m ?an probable t all its real bones 7 s1 & t ! int]nal skeleton 0 c>tilag9\s4 ,a r[ ( ?ickly-set1 po9t$ tee? ran along ! japann$ edges ( ! m\?--:at1 9 fi% ( ! ord9>y con/ruction1 w\ld be ! lips2 & inside ?is r[ !re 0 a second & widely-set r[ ( at lea/ tw5ty times ! bulk ( ! o!r1 & :i* /ood up ov] & beyond x1 l spires 9 a city ov] ! r[s ( l[] build+s 9 front4 ,a ne>ly simil> disposition ( tee? seems also to h *>act]iz$ ! ,holopty*ius ( ! ,coal ,measures1 b ! contra/ 9 size 0 some:at less m>k$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s+ul>ly-=m$ bones ( ! =mation w be f\nd1 ,i d\bt n1 :5 p]fect specim5s ( ! upp] "p ( ! creature %all be procur$1 to h belong$ to ! ,holopty*ius4 ,x is a huge i*?yodorulite1 =m$1 box-l1 ( f\r ne>ly rectangul> planes1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 & ornam5t$ on two ( ! sides by :at1 9 a "w ( art1 ! read] w\ld at once t]m a species ( ,*9ese fretwork4 ,along ! c5tre !re runs a l9e ( loz5ges1 slightly truncat$ :]e !y unite1 j z1 9 plants t exhibit ! cellul> texture1 ! loz5ge-%ap$ cells may be said to be truncat$4 ,at ! sides ( ! c5tral l9e1 !re run l9es ( half loz5ges1 :i* occupy ! space to ! edges4 ,ea* loz5ge is m>k$ by l9es p>allel to ! l9es :i* describe x1 some:at 9 ! mann] ( ! plates ( ! tortoise4 ,! c5tre ( ea* is ?ickly tub]cl$2 & :at seems to h be5 ! ant]ior plane ( ! i*?yodorulite is ?ickly tub]cl$ also1 bo? 9 ! /yle ( ! occipital plates & jaws ( ! ,holopty*ius4 ,?is curi\s bone1 :i* seems to h be5 ei!r holl[ inside1 or1 :at is m probable1 fill$ ) c>tilage1 measures1 9 "s ( ! l>g] specim5s1 an in* & a half across at ! base on its broad] planes1 & r m ?an half an in* on its two n>r[] ones4,,aq ,footnote ,,aq3 ,?is bone has be5 s9ce assign$ by ,agassiz to a new g5us1 ( :i* no o!r fragm5ts h yet be5 f\nd1 b :i* has be5 nam$ provisionally ,placo?orax p>adoxus4 ,geologi/s h /ill a great deal to le>n reg>d+ ! contempor>ies ( ! ,holopty*ius nobilissimus4 ,! l[] portion ( t upp] =mation to :i* x m especially belongs--! portion repres5t$ 9 our second pyramid by ! conglom]ate & s&/one b>--?\gh unfavorable to ! pres]vation ( animal rema9s1 repres5ts assur$ly no b>r5 p]iod4 ,x has be5 f\nd to conta9 bodies app>5tly organic1 t v>y 9 %ape l ! sponges ( our exi/+ seas1 :i* 9 g5]al appe>ance !y some:at resemble1 b ^: class1 & ev5 k+dom1 are yet to fix4,,ar ,footnote ,,ar3 ,^! organisms1 if 9 reality su*1 are at once v curi\s & v puzzl+4 ,!y occur 9 "s localities 9 great abundance4 ,a piece ( ,cla%b5nie flag/one1 some:at m ?an two feet 9 l5g?1 by fifte5 in*es 9 bread?1 k9dly s5t me = exam9ation by ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,noble1 ( ,/4 ,madoes1 be>s no few] ?an twelve ( !m on its upp] surface1 & pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a piece ( rude sculpture1 n v unlike ^? we sometimes see 9 c\ntry *ur*y>ds1 on ! tomb/ones ( ! times ( ! ,revolution4 ,all ! twelve v>y 9 appe>ance4 ,"s ( !m are ( a pe> %ape--"s are irregul>ly oval--"s resemble %ort cuts ( ! bole ( a tree--"s are spread out l anci5t manuscripts1 p>tially unroll$--"o ( ! numb] seems a huge1 ?\gh n ov] neatly =m$ acorn1 an appr5tice mason's fir/ attempt--! o!rs are ( a %ape s irregul> z to set comp>ison & description at defiance4 ,!y almo/ all agree1 h[ev]1 :5 cut transv]sely1 9 pres5t+ flat1 elliptical arcs z _! sectional l9es--9 hav+ an upp] surface comp>atively smoo?1 & an "u surface ne>ly p>allel to x1 ?ickly corrugat$--& 9 be+ all coat$ ) a greasy1 %9+ clay1 ( a deep] r$ ?an ! surr\nd+ /one4 ,i 0 p]haps r m confid5t ( _! organic "* aft] ,i _h exam9$ a few m]ely deta*$ specim5s1 ?an n[ t ,i h se5 a doz5 ( !m toge!r4 ,x seems at lea/ a circum/ance to awak5 d\bt1 t ?\gh !y occur 9 v>i\s positions on ! slab--"s ext5d+ across x1 "s ly+ diagonally1 "s runn+ l5g?wise--! corrugations ( _! "u surfaces %\ld run l5g?wise 9 all--furr[+ !m 9 e possible angle1 & giv+ evid5ce1 n app>5tly to ! influ5ces ( an organic law1 int]nal to ea*1 b ( ! op]ation ( "s ext]nal cause1 act+ on ! :ole 9 "o direction4 ,x conta9s1 besides1 9 consid]able abundance1 ?\gh 9 a /ate ( v imp]fect pres]vation1 scales t diff] f ^? ( ! ,holopty*ius1 & f "o ano!r4 ,"o ( ^!1 figur$ & describ$ by ,pr(essor ,flem+ 9 ,*eek's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal1 be>+ on its upp] surface a m>k l a ,/4 ,&rew's cross1 surr\nd$ by tub]cl$ dott+s1 & closely resembl+ 9 ext]nal appe>ance "s ( ! scales ( ! common /urgeon1 may be ref]r$ ) "s probability1 says ! ,pr(essor1 to an ext9ct species ( ! g5us ,accip5s]4,,z ,footnote ,,z3 ,may ,i crave ! att5tion ( ! read] to a brief /atem5t ( fact8 ,i h said t ,pr(essor ,flem+1 :5 he m9utely describ$ ! scales ( ! ,holopty*ius1 haz>d$ no conjecture reg>d+ ! g5]ic "* ( ! creature to :i* !y _h belong$2 he m]ely introduc$ !m to ! notice ( ! public z ! scales ( "s v]tebrat$ animal1 probably ^? ( a fi%4 ,i n[ /ate t he describ$ ! scales ( a contempor>y i*?yolite z be>+1 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 a close resemblance to "s ( ! scales ( ! common /urgeon4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 t x 0 ! scales ( ! ,holopty*ius :i* he ?us describ$1 ref]r+ !m to an ext9ct species ( ! g5us ,accip5s]2 & ! ass]tion has be5 ext5sively cr$it$1 & by "s ( our highe/ geological au?orities4 ,agassiz himself1 evid5tly 9 ! belief t ! pr(essor _h fall5 into a palpable error1 deems x necess>y to prove t ! ,holopty*ius c\ld h borne no relation to ! ,accip5s] or /urgeon4 ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 9 8 ,silurian ,sy/em1 ref]s also to ! suppos$ mi/ake4 ,! p]son ) :om ! misund]/&+ seems to h orig9at$ is ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,&]son1 ( ,newburgh4 ,ab\t a twelvemon? aft] ! discov]y ( ,pr(essor ,flem+ 9 ! s&/ones ( ,drumdryan1 a simil> discov]y 0 made 9 ! s&/ones ( ,cla%b5nie by a geologi/ ( ,p]?1 :o1 on submitt+ 8 new f\nd scales to ,dr4 ,&]son1 conclud$1 ) ! ,doctor1 t !y c\ld be no o!r ?an oy/] %ells2 ?\gh ev5tually1 on becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! decision ( ,pr(essor ,flem+ reg>d+ !m1 bo? g5tlem5 7 cont5t to alt] _! op9ion1 & to reg>d !m z scales4 ,! ,pr(essor1 9 8 pap] on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 ,*eek's ,j\rnal1 ref]r$ incid5tally to ! oy/] %ells ( ,cla%b5nie--a some:at delicate subject ( allusion2 & 9 ,dr4 ,&]son's pap] on ! same =mation1 :i* appe>$ ab\t sev5 ye>s aft]1 9 ! ,new ,j\rnal ( ,pr(essor ,jameson1 ! geological _w 0 told1 = ! fir/ "t1 t ,pr(essor ,flem+ _h describ$ a scale ( ,cla%b5nie simil> to ^? ( ,drumdryan1 7i4 e41 ^? ( ! ,holopty*ius17 z be>+ a close resemblance to "s ( ! scales on ! common /urgeon1 & z probably ref]able to "s ext9ct species ( ! g5us ,accip5s]4 ,n[1 ,pr(essor ,flem+1 in/ead ( /at+ t ! scales 7 at all simil>1 _h /at$ v po9t$ly t !y 7 entirely diff]5t2 & n only _h he describ$ !m z diff]5t1 b he _h also figur$ !m z diff]5t1 & _h plac$ ! figures side by side1 t ! diff]5ce might be ! bett] se54 ,to ! pap] ( ! ,pr(essor1 :i* conta9$ ?is /atem5t1 & to :i* ^! figures 7 atta*$1 ,dr4 ,&]son ref]r$1 z read be=e ! ,w]n]ian ,society2--he quot$ f x 9 ! ,pr(essor's words--he drew "s ( ! m important facts ( 8 own pap] f x--9 8 late ,essay on ! ,geology ( ,fife he has avail$ himself ( x /ill m l>gely1 ?\gh ) no ackn[l$gm5t2 x has con/itut$1 9 %ort1 by f> ! mo/ valuable ( all 8 discov]ies 9 connection ) ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & app>5tly ! mo/ m9utely exam9$2 & yet1 s completely did he fail to detect ,pr(essor ,flem+'s c>efully drawn di/9ction betwe5 ! scales ( ! ,holopty*ius & ^? ( its contempor>y1 t :5 ,agassiz1 misl$ app>5tly by ! ,doctor's own /atem5t1 _h set himself to %[ t ! scaly giant ( ! =mation c\ld h be5 no /urgeon1 ! ,doctor _h ! passage 9 :i* ! naturali/ e/abli%$ ! fact transf]r$ into a ,fife newspap]1 )1 ( c\rse1 ! laudable int5tion ( prev5t+ ! ,fife public f fall+ into ! absurd mi/ake ( ,pr(essor ,flem+4 ,!re seems to be some?+ r inexplicable 9 all ?is2 b !re c be little d\bt ,dr4 ,&]son c\ld satisfactorily expla9 ! :ole matt] )\t once ref]r+ to ! oy/] %ells ( ,cla%b5nie4 ,x is improbable t he c\ld h wi%$ or int5d$ to injure ! reputation ( a g5tleman to ^: freely-imp>t$ in/ructions he is indebt$ = mu* ! great] portion ( 8 geological skill--^: rem>ks1 writt5 & spok51 he has s ext5sively appropriat$ 9 8 sev]al pap]s & essays--& ^: "* is kn[n f> beyond ! limits ( 8 c\ntry1 = untir+ rese>*1 philosophic discrim9ation1 & all ! qualities :i* con/itute a naturali/ ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,dr4 ,john/on1 ( ,b]wick1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,zophytes1 7a "w ( an em95tly sci5tific "*17 ju/ly ascribes to ! labors & writ+s ( ,pr(essor ,flem+ no small %>e 9 diffus+ t ta/e = ,natural ,hi/ory :i* is n[ abroad4 ,& z an int]e/+ corroboration ( ! fact1 ,i may /ate1 t ,dr4 ,malcolmson1 ( ,madras1 lately f\nd an elegant ,italian translation ( ,flem+'s ,philosophy ( ,zology1 high 9 repute among ! elite ( ,rome4 ,le/ x %\ld be suppos$ ,i d ,dr4 ,&]son inju/ice 9 ^! rem>ks1 ,i subjo9 ! gr\nds ( !m 9 ! foll[+ extracts f pr(essor ,flem+'s pap] 9 ,*eek's ,j\rnal1 & f ! pap] 9 ,jameson's ,new ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal1 9 :i* ! ,doctor purports to give a dige/ ( ! =m]1 )\t once ref]r+1 h[ev]1 to ! p]iodical 9 :i* x is to be f\nd3-- ,9 ! summ] ( #ahbg1 says ,dr4 ,flem+1 ,i obta9$ f ,drumdryan qu>ry1 to ! s\? ( ,cup>1 situate 9 ! high] /rata ( yell[ s&/one1 c]ta9 organisms1 :i* ,i readily ref]r$ to ! scales ( v]tebrat$ animals1 probably ^? ( a fi%4 ,! l>ge/ 7see ,plate ,,ii41 fig4 #a1 'figure ( a scale ( ! ,holopty*ius'7 0 "o in* & "o t5? 9 l5g?1 ab\t "o in* & two t5?s 9 bread?1 & n exce$+ ! fiftie? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! "p :i*1 :5 9 its natural position1 _h be5 imb$d$ 9 ! cuticle1 is comp>atively smoo?1 exhibit+1 h[ev]1 9 a v di/9ct mann]1 ! semicircul>ly p>allel lay]s ( gr[? ) obsolete div]g+ /ri1 giv+ to ! surface1 :5 "u a l5s1 a reticulat$ aspect4 ,! "p naturally expos$ is m>k$ ) longitud9al1 wav$1 r\nd$1 ana/omos+ ridges1 :i* are smoo? & glossy4 ,! :ole ( ! inside ( ! scale is smoo?1 ?\gh exhibit+ ) tol]able di/9ctness ! lay]s ( gr[?4 ,! =m & /ructure ( ! object indicat$ pla9ly en\gh t x _h be5 a scale1 a conclusion confirm$ by ! detection ( ! phosphate ( lime 9 its composition4 ,at ?is p]iod ,i ins]t$ a %ort notice ( ! occurr5ce ( ^! scales 9 our prov9cial newspap]1 ! ,fife ,h]ald1 = ! purpose ( attract+ ! att5tion ( ! workm5 & o!rs 9 ! neighborhood1 9 ord] to secure ! pres]vation ( any o!r specim5s :i* might occur4 ,ne>ly a ye> aft] ^! scales _h be5 discov]$1 n only 9 ! upp]1 b ev5 9 "s ( ! l[] b$s ( ! ,yell[ ,s&/one1 ,i 0 in=m$ t oy/] %ells _h be5 f\nd 9 a qu>ry 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one at ,cla%b5nie1 ne> ,errol1 9 ,p]?%ire1 & t specim5s 7 9 ! possession ( a g5tleman 9 ,p]?4 ,int]e/$ 9 ! intellig5ce1 ,i lo/ no "t 9 visit+ ,p]?1 & 0 gratifi$ to f9d t ! suppos$ oy/] %ells 71 9 fact1 simil> to ^? :i* ,i _h asc]ta9$ to occur 9 a high] "p ( ! s]ies4 ,! scales 71 h[ev]1 ( a l>g] size1 "s ( !m exce$+ ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & "o eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,^u my visit to ! qu>ry1 ,i f\nd ! scales1 z 9 ! ,yell[ ,s&/one1 mo/ abundant 9 ^? p>ts ( ! rock :i* exhibit$ a brecciat$ aspect4 ,_m pat*es a foot 9 l5g?1 full ( scales1 h occurr$2 b z yet no entire impression ( a fi% has be5 obta9$4 ,ano!r scale1 diff]+ f ^? already notic$1 7see ,plate ,,ii41 fig4 #c1 'figure ( an oblong tub]cle plate trav]s$ diagonally by l9es1 :i*1 bisect+ "o ano!r a little above ! c5tre1 resembles a ,/4 ,&rew's cross1 & m>k$ on ! edges by fa9tly radiat+ l9es1'7 is ab\t an in* & a qu>t] 9 l5g?1 & an in* 9 bread?4 ,9 ext]nal appe>ance x be>s a v close resemblance to "s ( ! scales on ! common /urgeon1 & may1 ) "s probability1 be ref]r$ to an ext9ct species ( ! g5us ,accip5s]4--7,*eek's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal1 ,feb4 #ahca1 p4 #he47 ,dr4 ,flem+1 9 #ahcj1 says ,dr4 ,&]son1 read be=e ! ,w]n]ian ,society a notice 'on ! occurr5ce ( scales ( v]tebrat$ animals 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,fife%ire4' ,^! organisms1 z describ$ by him1 occurr$ 9 ! ,yell[ ,s&/one ( ,drumdryan & ! ,gray ,s&/one ( ,p>khill4 ,f ! =m] locality scales ( a fi% 7 obta9$4444 ,! same pap] 7,pr(essor ,flem+'s7 conta9s a notice ( simil> scales 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,cla%b5nie1 ne> ,errol1 9 ,p]?%ire1 "o ( :i* is describ$ z be>+ 'a v close resemblance to "s ( ! scales on ! common /urgeon1 & may ) "s probability be ref]r$ to an ext9ct species ( ! g5us ,accip5s]4'--7,pr(essor ,jameson's ,ed94 ,new ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #ahcg1 p4 #ach47 ,! deposit1 too1 ab\nds 9 tee?1 v>i\s en\gh 9 _! =ms to indicate a correspond+ v>iety ( families & g5]a among ! i*?yolites to :i* !y belong$4 ,"s are ne>ly /raight1 l ^? ( ! ,holopty*ius ( ! ,coal ,measures2 "s are b5t1 l ! beak ( a hawk or eagle1 into a hook-=m2 "s incl9e fir/ 9 "o direction1 & !n 9 ! opposite "o1 l nails t h be5 drawn out ( a bo>d by ! c>p5t] at two sev]al wr5*es1 & b5t 9 opposite angles at ea* wr5*2 "s are bulky & squat1 "s long & sl5d]2 & 9 almo/ all ! v>ieties1 :e!r curv$ or /raight1 squat or slim1 ! base is elegantly /riat$ l ! flut+s ( ! column4 ,9 ! spl5did specim5 f\nd 9 ! s&/ones ( ! ,f9dhorn1 ! too? is /ill atta*$ to a portion ( ! jaw1 & %[s1 f ! nature ( ! atta*m5t1 t ! creature to :i* x belong$ mu/ h be5 a true fi%1 n a reptile4 ,! same peculi>ity is obs]vable 9 two o!r v f9e specim5s 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,patrick ,duff1 ( ,elg94 ,bo? 9 saurians & 9 too!d cetace1 su* z ! porpoise1 ! tee? are ins]t$ 9 sockets4 ,9 ! i*?yolites ( ?is =mation1 s f> z ^! are illu/rat$ by its bett] specim5s1 ! tee?1 z 9 exi/+ fi%1 are m]ely plac$ flat ^u ! jaw1 or 9 %all[ pits1 :i* seem almo/ to indicate t ! contrivance ( sockets might be aft]w>ds resort$ to4 ,imm$iately ov] ! s&/one & conglom]ate belt 9 :i* ^! organisms occur1 !re re/s1 z has be5 said1 a b& ( lime/one1 & ov] ! lime/one a ?ick b$ ( yell[ s&/one1 9 :i* ! sy/em t]m9ates1 & :i* is ov]laid 9 turn by ! l[] b$s ( ! c>bonif]\s gr\p4 ,! lime/one b& is unfossilif]\s1 & resembl+1 9 m9]alogical "*1 ! ,corn/ones ( ,engl& & ,wales1 x has be5 describ$ z ! ,corn/one ( ,scotl&2 b ! fact m]ely furni%es "o illu/ration ( _m1 ( ! inadequacy ( a m9]alogical nom5clature = ! purposes ( ! geologi/4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,crom>ty ! l[] =mation ab\nds 9 b$s ( nodul> lime/one1 id5tical 9 appe>ance ) ! ,corn/one2--9 ,engl& simil> b$s occur s abundantly 9 ! middle =mation1 t x d]ives its "n f !m2--9 ,fife !y occur 9 ! upp] =mation exclusively4 ,?us ! =mation ( ! ,cocco/eus & ,dipt]us is a corn/one =mation 9 ! fir/ locality2 t ( ! ,cephalaspis & ! gigantic lob/] 9 ! second2 t ( ! ,holopty*ius nobilissimus 9 ! ?ird4 ,we h b to v>y our field ( obs]vation to f9d all ! =mations ( ! sy/em ,corn/one =mations 9 turn4 ,! lime/one b& ( ! upp] memb] pres5ts exactly simil> appe>ances 9 ,moray z 9 ,fife4 ,x is 9 bo? ( a yell[i% gre5 or gray color1 & a concretion>y /ructure1 consi/+ ( s(t] & h>d] portions1 t yield s unequally to ! wea!r1 z to exhibit 9 expos$ cliffs & b\ld]s a brecciat$ aspect1 z if x _h be5 a me*anical1 n a *emical deposit2 ?\gh its orig9 mu/ unque/ionably h be5 *emical4 ,x conta9s m9ute cry/als ( gal5a1 & ab\nds 9 masses ( a *]ty1 silice\s sub/ance t /rikes fire ) /eel1 & :i*1 f ! mann] 9 :i* !y are incorporat$ ) ! rock1 %[ t !y mu/ h be5 =m$ along ) x4 ,f ?is circum/ance1 & f ! g5]al resemblance x be>s to ! deposits ( ! !rmal wat]s ( volcanic di/ricts :i* precipitate silice\s mix$ ) calc>e\s matt]1 x has be5 sugge/$1 & by no mean au?ority1 t x mu/ h d]iv$ its orig9 f hot spr+s4 ,! b$ is sev]al y>ds 9 ?ickness2 & z x appe>s bo? 9 ,moray & 9 ,fife1 9 localities at lea/ a hundr$ & tw5ty miles ap>t1 x mu/ h be5 =m$1 if =m$ at all1 9 ?is mann]1 at a p]iod :5 ! volcanic ag5cies 7 9 a /ate ( activity at no great di/ance f ! surface4 ,! upp] belt ( yell[ /one1 ! t]m9al lay] ( ! pyramid1 is fossilif]\s bo? 9 ,moray & ,fife--m ri*ly s 9 ! latt] c\nty ?an ev5 ! conglom]ate belt t und]lies x1 & its organisms are bett] pres]v$4 ,x 0 9 ?is upp] lay]1 9 ,drumdryan qu>ry1 to ! s\? ( ,cup>1 t ,pr(essor ,flem+ f\nd ! fir/-discov]$ scales ( ! ,holopty*ius4 ,at ,dura ,d51 9 ! same neighborhood1 a s+ul>ly ri* deposit ( animal rema9s 0 laid op5 a few ye>s ago1 by "s workm51 :5 employ$ 9 excavat+ a wat]-c\rse = a mill4 ,! organisms lay cr[d$ toge!r1 a s+le slab conta9+ no few] ?an ?irty specim5s1 & all 9 a s+ul>ly p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! :ole space excavat$ did n exce$ =ty squ>e y>ds 9 ext5t1 & yet 9 ^! =ty y>ds !re 7 f\nd sev]al g5]a ( fi%es new to ,geology1 & n yet figur$ nor describ$--a conclusive pro( 9 itself t we h /ill v mu* to le>n reg>d+ ! fossils ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,by mu* ! great] portion ( ! rema9s dis9t]r$ on ?is occasion 7 pres]v$ by a lady 9 ! neighborhood2 & ! news ( ! discov]y spread+ ov] ! di/rict1 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,&]son1 ( ,newburgh1 0 =tunately l$ to discov] !m anew 9 h] possession4 ,! mo/ abundant organism ( ! gr\p 0 a v>iety ( ,pt]i*?ys--! six? species ( ?is v curi\s g5us n[ discov]$ 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones ( ,scotl&2 & z ! ,doctor _h be5 lucky en\gh to f9d out = himself1 "s ye>s be=e1 t ! scales ( ! ,holopty*ius 7 oy/] %ells1 he n[ asc]ta9$1 ) q z little assi/ance f )\t1 t ! ,pt]i*?ys mu/ h be5 surely a huge beetle4 ,z a beetle1 !re=e1 he figur$ & describ$ x 9 ! pages ( a ,glasg[ topographical publication--,fife ,illu/rat$4 ,true1 ! *>act]i/ic elytra 7 want+1 & "s six or sev5 tub]cle plates sub/itut$ 9 _! room2 nor c\ld ! arti/1 ) all 8 skill1 supply ! creature ) m ?an two legs2 b +5uity did mu* = x1 not)/&+2 & by l5g!n+ ! sn\t1 insect-l1 into a po9t--by project+ an eye1 insect-l1 on :at _h my/]i\sly gr[n into a head--by r\nd+ ! body1 insect-l1 until x exactly resembl$ t ( ! l>ge twilight %>d--by exagg]at+ ! tub]cles se5 9 pr(ile on ! paddles until !y /ret*$ out1 insect-l1 into bri/les--& by c>efully s9k+ ! tail1 :i* 0 n insect-l1 & = :i* no possible use c\ld be discov]$ at ! "t--! ,doctor succe$$ 9 mak+ ! ,pt]i*?ys ( ,dura ,d5 a v respectable beetle inde$4 ,9 a lat] publication1 an ,essay on ! ,geology ( ,fife%ire1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,septemb] la/ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,agriculture1 he /ates1 aft] ref]r+ to 8 =m] description1 t among ! high] geological au?orities "s 7 dispos$ to reg>d ! creature z an ext9ct cru/ace\s animal1 & "s z belong+ to a tribe closely alli$ to ! ,*elonia4 ,agassiz1 z ! writ] ( ^! *apt]s v5tur$ "s mon?s ago to pr$ict1 has s9ce pron\nc$ x a fi%--a ,pt]i*?ys specifically diff]5t f ! five v>ieties ( ?is i*?yolite :i* occur 9 ! l[] =mation ( ! sy/em1 b g5]ically ! same4 ,i v lately enjoy$ ! pleasure ( exam9+ ! bona fide i*?yolite itself--"o ( ! specim5s ( ,dura ,d51 & app>5tly "o ( ! m entire--9 ! collection ( ,pr(essor ,flem+4 ,its "* z a ,pt]i*?ys ,i f\nd v obvi\s2 b nei!r ! ,pr(essor nor myself 0 +5i\s en\gh to discov] 9 x any trace ( ! beetle ( ,dr4 ,&]son4,,at ,footnote ,,at3 ,?is int]e/+ i*?yolite has s9ce be5 reg>d$ by ,agassiz z ! repres5tative ( a di/9ct g5us1 to :i* he gives ! "n ,pamphractus4 ,z exhibit$ 9 8 re/oration1 h[ev]1 x seems to diff] little1 if at all1 7if ,i may v5ture ! sugge/ion17 f a ,pt]i*?ys view$ on ! upp] side4 ,9 ,agassiz's beautiful re/oration ( ,pt]i*?ys1 & 8 accompany+ pr9ts ( ! fossils illu/rative ( t g5us1 x is1 ) b "o d\btful exception1 ! "u side ( ! animal t is pres5t$2 & h5ce a /rik+ diff]5ce app>5t betwe5 8 repres5tations ( ! two g5]a1 :i* w\ld sc>ce obta9 _h ! upp]1 n ! "u side ( ,pt]i*?ys be5 exhibit$4 ,9 v]ification ( ?is rem>k1 let ! read] :o has access to ! ,monographic ,poissons ,fossiles comp>e ! re/oration ( ,pamphractus 7,old ,r$1 ,tab4 ,,vi41 fig4 #b7 ) ! upp] side ( ,pt]i*?ys1 z figur$ 9 ?is volume1 ,plate ,i41 fig4 #a1 mak+1 ( c\rse1 ! due all[ance = a diff]5ce ( species4 ,is x n int]e/+ to f9d ?is v curi\s g5us 9 bo? ! l[e/ & highe/ fossilif]\s b$s ( ! sy/em1 & con/itut+1 l ! ,trilobite g5us ( ! ,silurian gr\p1 its mo/ *>act]i/ic organism8 ,! ,trilobite has a wide geological range1 ext5d+ f ! upp] ,cambrian rocks to ! upp] ,coal ,measures4 ,b ?\gh ! range ( ! g5us is wide1 t ( e individual species ( :i* x consi/s is v limit$4 ,! ,trilobites ( ! upp] ,coal ,measures diff] f ^? ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one2 ^! aga91 ) b "o exception1 f ! ,trilobites ( ! upp] ,silurian /rata2 ^! yet aga9 f ! ,trilobites ( ! und]ly+ middle b$s2 & ^! f ! ,trilobites t occur 9 ! base ( ! sy/em4 ,l ! co9s & m$als ( ! antiqu>y1 ea* repres5ts its own limit$ p]iod2 & ! :ole tak5 toge!r yield a consecutive record4 ,b :ile we f9d !m m]ely scatt]$ ov] ! lat] =mations 9 :i* !y occur1 & t v sp>+ly1 9 ! ,silurian ,sy/em we f9d !m congregat$ 9 su* va/ cr[ds1 t _! rema9s ent] l>gely into ! composition ( _m ( ! rocks :i* compose x4 ,! ,trilobite is ! di/+ui%+ organism ( ! gr\p1 m>ry+1 if ,i may s express myself1 its upp] & l[] b$s2 & :at ! ,trilobite is to ! ,silurian =mations1 ! ,pt]i*?ys seems to be to ! =mations ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 x is re/rict$ to ?is sy/em alone1 occurr+ 9 nei!r ! ,silurian ,sy/em bel[1 nor 9 ! ,coal ,measures above4 ,i am b imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! localities 9 :i* ! upp] b$s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one und]lie ! l[] b$s ( ! ,coal ,measures1 or :]e any gradation ( "* appe>s4 ,! upp] yell[ s&/one belt is ext5sively develop$ 9 ,moray1 b x conta9s no trace ( c>bonace\s matt] 9 ev5 its high] /rata1 & no o!r rema9s ?an ^? ( ! ,holopty*ius & its contempor>ies4 ,! sy/em 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& diff]s z mu* f ! c>bonif]\s gr\p 9 its upp] z 9 its l[] rocks2 & a simil> diff]5ce has be5 rem>k$ 9 ,fife1 :]e ! gr\ps appe> 9 contact a few miles to ! we/ ( ,/4 ,&rew's4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 repeat$ in/ances1 ! junction1 z %[n by ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 9 s+ul>ly in/ructive sections1 is well m>k$1 ! c>bonif]\s lime/ones re/+ con=mably on ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,no o!r sy/em int]pos$ betwe5 !m4 ,!re is a ,rabb9ical tradition t ! sons ( ,tubal-,ca91 taught by a prophet ( ! com+ deluge1 & unwill+ t _! fa!r's arts %\ld be lo/ 9 x to po/]ity1 erect$ two obelisks ( brass1 on :i* !y inscrib$ a record ( 8 discov]ies1 & t ?us ! le>n+ ( ! family surviv$ ! cataclysm4 ,! flood subsid$1 & ! obelisks1 sculptur$ f p9nacle to base1 7 f\nd fa/ fix$ 9 ! rock4 ,n[1 ! tw9 pyramids ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ) _! p>ty-color$ b>s1 & _! ?ickly cr[d$ inscriptions1 belong to a p]iod imm5sely m remote ?an t ( ! columns ( ! ant$iluvians1 & !y be> a m c]ta9 record4 ,i h1 p]haps1 dwelt too long on _! v>i\s comp>tm5ts2 b ! ,arti/ by :om !y h be5 erect$1 & :o has pres]v$ 9 !m s wond]ful a *ronicle ( 8 e>li] works1 has will$ surely t !y %\ld be read1 & ,i h p]us$ b a small portion ( ! :ole4 ,ye>s mu/ pass ere ! entire record c be deciph]$2 b1 ( all its curi\sly inscrib$ s5t5ces1 ! result w prove ! same--!y w all be f\nd to te/ify ( ! ,inf9ite ,m9d4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,speculations 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & _! ,"*4--,george1 fir/ ,e>l ( ,crom>ty4--,8 ,sagacity z a ,naturali/ at fault 9 "o ,in/ance4--,sets himself to dig = ,coal 9 ! ,l[] ,old li$ ,s&/one4--,discov]s a f9e ,artesian ,well4--,value ( ,geological ,k 9 an economic ,view4--,sc>ce a ,second>y ,=mation 9 ! ,k+dom 9 :i* ,coal has n be5 s\ght =4--,m9]al ,spr+s ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,/ra?peff]4--,its ,peculi>ities :5ce d]iv$4--,*alybeate ,spr+s ( ,ea/] ,ross & ! ,black ,isle4--,petrify+ ,spr+s4--,build+-,/one & ,lime ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,its v>i\s ,soils4 ,!re has be5 mu* money lo/1 & a good deal won1 9 speculations connect$ ) ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! speculations 9 :i* money has be5 won h consort$1 if ,i may s speak1 ) ! "* ( ! sy/em1 & ^? 9 :i* money has be5 lo/ h n4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( produc+ a =mal *apt] on ! economic uses to :i* its v>i\s deposits h be5 appli$1 or ! un=tunate und]tak+s :i* an acqua9tance ) its geology w\ld h prev5t$1 ,i %all ?r[ toge!r1 z !y occur to me1 a few simple facts illu/rative ( bo?4 ,george1 fir/ ,e>l ( ,crom>ty1 seems1 l 8 namesake & contempor>y1 ! too celebrat$ ,sir ,george ,m',k5zie1 ( ,roseavo*1 to h be5 a man ( an em95tly active & inquir+ m9d4 ,he f\nd leisure1 9 ! c\rse ( a v busy life1 to write sev]al hi/orical diss]tations ( great rese>*1 & a v elaborate ,synopsis ,apocalyptica4 ,he is ! au?or1 too1 ( an exce$+ly curi\s lett] on ! ,second ,sight1 address$ to ! philosophic ,boyle1 :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( amus+ & extraord9>y fact2 & 8 description ( ! =mation ( a peat-moss 9 ! c5tral ,highl&s ( ,ross-%ire has be5 quot$ by almo/ e naturali/ :o1 s9ce ! days ( ! sagaci\s1 nobleman1 has writt5 on ! =mation ( peat4 ,8 life 0 ext5d$ to extreme old age2 & z 8 lit]>y ardor rema9$ undim9i%$ till ! la/1 "s ( 8 writ+s 7 produc$ at a p]iod :5 mo/ o!r m5 are sunk 9 ! incuri\s indiff]5cy & languor ( old age4 ,& among ^! lat] productions are 8 rem>ks on peat4 ,he relates t1 :5 a v "y man1 he _h m>k$1 9 pass+ on a j\rney ?r\gh ! c5tral ,highl&s ( ,ross-%ire1 a wood ( v anci5t trees1 dodd]$ & moss-gr[n1 & evid5tly pass+ into a /ate ( dea? ?r\gh ! la/ /ages ( decay4 ,he _h be5 l$ by bus9ess into ! same di/rict _m ye>s aft]1 :5 9 middle life1 & f\nd t ! wood _h entirely disappe>$1 & t ! hea?y holl[ :i* x _h cov]$ 0 n[ occupi$ by a gre51 /agnant morass1 unv>i$ 9 its tame & level ext5t by ei!r bu% or tree4 ,9 8 old age he aga9 visit$ ! locality1 & saw ! gre5 surface r\gh5$ ) d+y-color$ holl[s1 & sev]al ,highl&]s engag$ 9 x 9 cutt+ peat 9 a /ratum sev]al feet 9 dep?4 ,:at he _h once se5 an ag$ =e/ _h n[ become an ext5sive peat-moss4 ,"s "t t[>ds ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury he pur*as$ ! l&s ( ,crom>ty1 :]e 8 turn = m9ute obs]vation seems to h anticipat$--little1 h[ev]1 to 8 own pr(it--"s ( ! lat] geological discov]ies4 ,!re is a deep1 wood$ rav9e 9 ! neighborhood ( ! t[n1 trav]s$ by a small /ream1 :i* has laid b>e1 = ! space ( ab\t =ty y>ds 9 ! op5+ ( ! holl[1 ! gray s&/one & /ratifi$ clays ( ! inf]ior fi% b$4 ,! locality is r poor 9 i*?yolites1 ?\gh ,i h f\nd 9 x1 aft] m9ute se>*1 a few scales ( ! ,o/eolepis1 & on "o occasion "o ( ! bett] m>k$ plates ( ! ,cocco/eus2 b 9 ! vegetable impressions peculi> to ! =mation x is v abundant4 ,^! are inv>iably c>bonace\s1 & are n unfrequ5tly associat$ ) m9ute pat*es ( bitum51 :i*1 9 ! h>d] specim5s1 pres5t a coal-l appe>ance2 & ! vegetable impressions & ! bitum5 seem to h misl$ ! sagaci\s nobleman into ! belief t coal might be f\nd on 8 new prop]ty4 ,he accord+ly br\ght m9]s f ! s\?1 & set !m to bore = coal 9 ! gorge ( ! rav9e4 ,?\gh !re 0 probably a regi/] kept ( ! v>i\s /rata ?r\gh :i* !y pass$1 x mu/ h long s9ce be5 lo/2 b f my acqua9tance ) ?is portion ( ! =mation1 z %[n 9 ! neighbor+ sections1 :]e x lies uplift$ aga9/ ! granitic gneiss ( ! ,sutors1 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld pretty ne>ly re/ore x4 ,!y w\ld fir/ h _h to pass = ab\t ?irty feet ?r\gh ! /ratifi$ clays & %ales ( ! i*?yolite b$1 ) "h & !re a ?9 b& ( gray s&/one1 & "h & !re a /ratum ( lime2 !y w\ld next h _h to p5etrate ?r\gh f eighty to a hundr$ feet ( co>se r$ & yell[ s&/one1 ! r$ greatly pr$om9at+4 ,!y w\ld !n h ent]$ ! great conglom]ate1 ! l[e/ memb] ( ! =mation2 & 9 "t1 if !y cont9u$ to urge _! fruitless labors1 !y w\ld arrive at ! prim>y rock1 ) its belts ( granite1 & its ve9s & huge masses ( hornbl5de4 ,9 %ort1 !re might be "s possibility ( _! p5etrat+ to ! c5tral fire1 b none :atev] ( _! ev] rea*+ a ve9 ( coal4 ,f a curi\s circum/ance1 h[ev]1 !y 7 prev5t$ f asc]ta9+1 by actual exp]i5ce1 ! utt] b>r5ness ( ! =mation4 ,directly 9 ! gorge ( ! rav9e1 :]e we may see ! p>tially wood$ banks rec$+ z !y asc5d f ! base to ! c5tre1 & !n belly+ ov] f ! c5tre to ! summit1 !re is a f9e *alybeate spr+1 surm\nt$ by a dome ( hewn /one4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ! m9]s :5 9 que/ ( ! m9]al :i* !y did n & c\ld n discov]1 & =ms "o ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( a true ,artesian well :i* ,i h any :]e se54 ,!y _h bor$ to a consid]able dep?1 :51 on )draw+ ! k9d ( aug] us$ = ! purpose1 a bolt ( wat]1 :i* occupi$ ! :ole diamet] ( ! bore1 came ru%+ aft]1 l ! jet ( a f\nta91 & ! "w 0 prosecut$ no fur!r2 =1 z /eam-eng9es 7 n yet inv5t$1 no pit c\ld h be5 wr\ght ) s l>ge a /ream issu+ into x2 & z ! volume 0 evid5tly re/rict$ by ! size ( ! bore1 x 0 impossible to say h[ mu* great] a /ream ! s\rce might h suppli$4 ,! spr+ /ill cont9ues to fl[ t[>ds ! sea1 betwe5 its d\ble r[ ( cresses1 at ! rate ( ab\t a hog%ead p] m9ute--a rate consid]ably dim9i%$1 x is said1 f its e>li] volume1 by "s ob/ruction 9 ! bore4 ,! wat]s are n /rongly t9ctur$--a consequ5ce1 p]haps1 ( _! great abundance2 b we may see e pebble & /ock 9 _! c\rse envelop$ by a f]rug9\s coagulum1 resembl+ burnt si5na1 t has probably be5 dis5gag$ f ! d>k r$ s&/one bel[1 :i* is kn[n to owe its color to ! oxide ( iron4 ,a ,greek poet w\ld probably h describ$ ! incid5t z ! bir? ( ! ,naiad2 9 ! nor?1 h[ev]1 :i*1 9 an e>li] age1 _h also its ,naiads1 ?\gh1 l ! fi% ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 !y h long s9ce become ext9ct1 ! recollection ( x is m]ely pres]v$ by tradition1 z a curi\s1 ?\gh by no means poetical fact1 & by ! "n ( ! well1 :i* is /ill kn[n z ! well ( ! coal-heugh--! old ,scot* "n = a coal-pit4 ,cald]wood tells u1 9 8 description ( a viol5t tempe/ :i* bur/ out imm$iately z 8 p]secutor1 ,james ,,vi41 brea!d 8 la/1 t 9 ,scotl& ! sea rose high ^u ! l&1 & t _m coal-heughs 7 dr[n$4 ,!re is no sci5ce ^: value c be adequately e/imat$ by economi/s & utilit>ians ( ! l[] ord]4 ,its true quantities _c be repres5t$ by ari?metical figures or monet>y tables2 = its effects on m9d mu/ be z surely tak5 into acc\nt z its op]ations on matt]1 & :at x has accompli%$ = ! human intellect z c]ta9ly z :at x has done = ! com=ts ( society or ! int]e/s ( comm]ce4 ,:o c atta* a m>ketable value to ! discov]ies ( ,newton8 ,i ne$ h>dly ref] to ! (t5-quot$ rem>k ( ,johnson2 ! beauty ( ! language 9 :i* x is c\*$ has r5d]$ pat5t to all ! tru? :i* x conveys4 ,:atev] )draws u f ! p[] ( ! s5ses1 says ! morali/--:atev] makes ! pa/1 ! di/ant1 or ! future1 pr$om9ate ov] ! pres5t1 advances u 9 ! dignity ( ?9k+ be+s4 ,& ,geology1 9 a peculi> mann]1 supplies to ! intellect an ex]cise ( ?is ennobl+ "*4 ,b x has1 also1 its ca% value4 ,! "t & money squ&]$ 9 ,great ,brita9 alone 9 se>*+ = coal 9 di/ricts :]e ! well-in=m$ geologi/ c\ld h at once pron\nc$ ! se>* hopeless1 w\ld mu* m ?an cov] ! exp5se at :i* geological rese>* has be5 prosecut$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,!re are few di/ricts 9 ,brita9 occupi$ by ! second>y deposits1 9 :i*1 at "o "t or ano!r1 ! attempt has n be5 made4 ,x has be5 ! occasion ( enorm\s exp5diture 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& among ! new] =mations1 :]e ! coal1 if x at all occurs1 7= we occasionally meet ) wide gaps 9 ! scale17 mu/ be buri$ at an unapproa*able dep?4 ,x l$ 9 ,scotl&--9 ! nor!rn c\nty ( ,su!rl&--to an unpr(itable work+ = _m ye>s ( a sulphure\s lignite ( ! inf]ior ,oolite1 f> above ! true ,coal ,measures4 ,! attempt ,i h j be5 describ+ 0 made 9 a locality z f> b5ea? !m4 ,!re is ! sc5e ( ano!r & m mod]n attempt 9 ! same di/rict1 on ! %ores ( ! ,moray ,fri?1 9 a deta*$ pat* ( ,lias1 :]e a fossiliz$ wood w\ld no d\bt be f\nd 9 consid]able abundance1 b no cont9u\s ve9 ev5 ( lignite4 ,& x is relat$ by ,dr4 ,&]son1 ( ,newburgh1 t a fruitless & exp5sive se>* aft] coal has lately be5 in/itut$ 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one b$s :i* trav]se ,/ra!>n & ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie1 9 ! belief t !y belong n to ! ,old1 b to ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one--a =mation :i* has be5 successfully p]=at$ 9 prosecut+ a simil> se>* 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,all ^! in/ances--& !re are hundr$s su*--%[ ! economic importance ( ! /udy ( fossils4 ,! ,oolite has its ve9s ( app>5t coal on ! coa/ ( ,york%ire1 & its /ill m amply develop$ ve9s--"o ( !m ne>ly f\r feet 9 ?ickness--on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,su!rl&%ire2 ! ,lias has its conif]\s fossils 9 great abundance1 "s ( !m conv]t$ into a lignite :i* c sc>ce be di/+ui%$ f a true coal2 & ! bitum9\s masses ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$1 & its c>bonace\s m>k+s1 appe> id5tical1 to an unpractis$ eye1 ) ! impressions on ! c>bonif]\s s&/ones1 & ! bitum9\s masses :i* !y1 too1 are occasionally f\nd to enclose4 ,nor does ! m9]alogical "* ( its middle b$s diff] 9 _m cases f t ( ! l[] memb]s ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,i h se5 ! old] rock 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& z /rongly salif]\s z any ( ! new] s&/ones1 ( well nigh z bright a brick-r$ t9t1 ( z friable & m\ld]+ a texture1 & v>iegat$ z ?ickly ) its specks & /reaks ( gre5 & buff-color4 ,b 9 all ^! in/ances !re are /rongly *>act]iz$ gr\ps ( fossils1 :i*1 l ! l&m>ks ( ! navigator1 or ! f9d+s ( 8 quadrant1 e/abli% ! true place ( ! =mations to :i* !y belong4 ,l ! pat*es ( lea!r1 ( sc>let1 & ( blue1 :i* m>k ! l9e atta*$ to ! deep-sea lead1 !y %[ ! v>i\s dep?s at :i* we arrive4 ,! ,e>ls ( ,su!rl& set !mselves to e/abli% a coal-"w among ! *amb]$ univalves ( ! ,oolite1 & a va/ abundance ( its peculi> bivalves4 ,! coal-bor]s :o p]=at$ ! ,lias ne> ,crom>ty pass$ e day to & f _! "w ov] "o ( ! ri*e/ deposits ( animal rema9s 9 ! k+dom--a deposit full ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic fossils2 & drove _! aug] ?r\gh a ?\s& belemnites & ammonites ( ! upp] & inf]ior ,lias1 & ?r\gh gryphites & i*?yodorulites innum]able4 ,! s&/ones ( ,/ra!>n & ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie yield _! plates & scales ( ! ,holopty*ius1 ! mo/ abundant fossil ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$2 & ! %ale ( ! little dell 9 :i* ! fir/ ,e>l ( ,crom>ty set 8 m9]s to "w1 conta9s1 z ,i h said1 plates ( ! ,cocco/eus & scales ( ! ,o/eolepis--fossils f\nd only 9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$4 ,nature1 9 all ^! localities1 furni%$ ! index1 b m5 lack$ ! skill necess>y to deciph] x4,,au ,i may m5tion t1 indep5d5tly ( _! well-m>k$ organisms1 !re is a simple te/ ?r\gh :i* ! lignites ( ! new] =mations may be di/+ui%$ f ! true coal ( ! c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,coal1 ?\gh gr\nd into an impalpable p[d]1 reta9s its deep black color1 & may be us$ z a black pigm5t2 lignite1 on ! contr>y1 :5 fully levigat$1 assumes a r$di%1 or1 r1 umbry hue4 ,footnote ,,au3 ,!re occurs 9 ,mr4 ,mur*ison's ,silurian ,sy/em a s+ul>ly amus+ acc\nt ( "o ( ! mo/ un=tunate ( all coal-bor+ ent]prises2 ! unlucky projector1 a ,wel% f>m]1 hav+ set himself to dig = coal 9 ! l[e/ memb] ( ! sy/em1 at lea/ six =mations b5ea? ! only "o at :i* ! object ( 8 se>* c\ld h be5 f\nd4 ,mr4 ,mur*ison ?us relates ! /ory3-- ,at ,t9-y-co$ ,i f\nd a cr$ul\s f>m] ru9+ himself 9 excavat+ a horizontal gall]y 9 se>* ( coal1 an ignorant m9] be+ 8 eng9e]4 ,! case may s]ve z a /rik+ example ( ! coal-bor+ mania 9 di/ricts :i* _c by possibility conta9 t m9]al2 & a few words conc]n+ x may1 !re=e1 prove a salut>y w>n+ to ^? :o speculate = coal 9 ! ,silurian ,rocks4 ,! f>mh\se ( ,t9-y-co$ is situat$ on ! slop+ sides ( a hill ( trap1 :i* ?r[ (f1 ^u its nor?-we/]n flank1 ?9 b$s ( black grauwacke %ale1 dipp+ to ! we/-nor?-we/ at a high angle4 ,! color ( ! %ale1 & ( ! wat] t fl[$ d[n its sides1 ! pyrit\s ve9s1 & o!r vulg> symptoms ( coal-be>+ /rata1 _h long conv9c$ ! f>m] t he possess$ a l>ge hidd5 mass ( coal1 &1 un=tunately1 a small fragm5t ( real an?racite 0 discov]$1 :i* burnt l ! be/ coal4 ,m9]s 7 s5t =1 & op]ations comm5c$4 ,to s9k a %aft 0 impracticable1 bo? f ! want ( means1 & ! l>ge volume ( wat]4 ,a slightly incl9$ gall]y 0 !re=e comm5c$1 ! m\? ( :i* 0 op5$ at ! bottom ( ! hill1 on ! side ( ! little brook :i* wat]s ! dell4 ,i h already /at$ t1 9 _m cases1 :]e ! intrusive trap ?r[s (f ! %ale1 ! latt] pres]ves its natural & unalt]$ condition to )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( ! trap2 & s x 0 at ,t9-y-co$1 = ! level proce$$ = #aee feet ) little or no ob/acle4 ,m\nds ( s(t black %ale atte/$ ! rapid progress ( ! adv5tur]s1 :5 sudd5ly !y came to a '*ange ( metal4' ,!y 7 n[ approa*+ ! nucleus ( ! little ridge2 & ! rock !y enc\nt]$ 01 z ! m5 in=m$ me1 'z h>d z iron1' viz41 ( lydianiz$ s*i/1 precisely analog\s to t :i* is expos$ naturally 9 rav9es :]e all ! ph5om5a are laid b>e4 ,! delud$ p1 h[ev]1 endeavor$ to p5etrate ! h>d5$ mass1 b ! va/ exp5se ( bla/+ x put a /op to ! und]tak+1 n1 h[ev]1 )\t a ?or\gh conviction on ! "p ( ! f>m]1 t1 c\ld he b h got ?r\gh t h>d /uff1 he w\ld mo/ surely h be5 well recomp5s$1 = x 0 j !reab\ts t !y began to f9d 'small ve9s ( coal4' ,x has be5 be=e %[n1 t portions ( an?racite are n unfrequ5t 9 ! alt]$ %ale1 :]e x is 9 contact ) ! intrusive rock4 ,& ! occurr5ce ( ! smalle/ portion ( an?racite is always suffici5t to lead ! ,radnor%ire f>m] to suppose t he is v ne> ',el ,dorado4' ,amid all _! failures1 ,i nev] met ) an individual :o 0 really di%e>t5$2 a frequ5t exclamation be+1 ',o1 if our squires 7 only m5 ( _s1 we %\ld h z f9e coal z any 9 ! _w6'--7,silurian ,sy/em1 ,"p ,i41 p4 #cbh47 ,i h said t ! wat]s ( ! well ( ! coal-heugh are *alybeate--a probable consequ5ce ( _! infiltration ?r\gh ! iron oxides ( ! sup]ior b$s ( ! =mation1 & _! subsequ5t passage ?r\gh ! deep r$ /rata ( ! inf]ior b$4 ,!re c\ld be v curi\s *apt]s writt5 on m9]al spr+s1 9 _! connection ) ! =mations ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,smollett's ma/]piece1 hone/ old ,mat!w ,bramble1 became ?or\ghly disgu/$ ) ! ,ba? wat]s on discov]+ t !y filt]$ ?r\gh an anci5t bury+-gr\nd belong+ to ! ,abbey1 & t mu* ( _! peculi> ta/e & odor might probably be ow+ to ! rott5 bones & m\ld]+ c>casses ?r\gh :i* !y 7 /ra9$4 ,"s ( ! spr+s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one h also ! *ur*y>d ta/e1 b ! bones & c>casses ?r\gh :i* !y /ra9 are mu* old] ?an ^? ( ! ,abbey bury+-gr\nd at ,ba?4 ,! bitum5 ( ! /rongly impregnat$ rocks & clay-b$s ( ?is =mation1 l ! bitum5 ( ! /ill m /rongly impregnat$ lime/ones & %ales ( ! ,lias1 seems to h _h r an animal ?an vegetable orig94 ,! %ales ( ! ,ea?ie ,lias burn l turf soak$ 9 oil1 & yet !y h>dly conta9 "o p] c5t1 ( vegetable matt]4 ,9 a s+le cubic in*1 h[ev]1 ,i h c\nt$ ab\t eighty mollusc\s organisms1 mo/ly ammonites1 & m9ute /riat$ scallops2 & ! mass1 :5 /ruck ) ! hamm]1 /ill yields ! heavy odor ( animal matt] 9 a /ate ( decay4 ,! l[] fi%-b$s ( ! ,old ,r$ are1 9 "s localities1 sc>cely less bitum9\s4 ,! fossil scales & plates1 :i* !y enclose1 burn at ! c&le2 !y conta9 small cavities fill$ ) a /rongly sc5t$1 semi-fluid bitum51 z adhesive z t>1 & z inflammable2 & = _m squ>e miles toge!r ! b$ is compos$ almo/ exclusively ( a d>k-color$1 semi-calc>e\s1 semi-alum9\s s*i/1 sc>cely less fetid1 f ! great quantity ( ?is sub/ance :i* x conta9s1 ?an ! sw9e-/ones ( ,engl&4 ,its vegetable rema9s be> b a small proportion to its animal organisms2 & f huge accumulations ( ^! la/ decompos+ amid ! mud ( a /ill sea1 little di/urb$ by tempe/s or curr5ts1 & !n sudd5ly int]r$ by "s widely spread cata/rophe1 to f]m5t & consolidate "u va/ b$s ( s& & conglom]ate1 ! bitum5,,av seems to h be5 elaborat$4 ,^! bitum9\s s*i/s1 l>gely *>g$ ) sulphuret ( iron1 run f> into ! int]ior1 along ! flanks ( ! gigantic ,b5 ,nevis1 & ?r\gh ! exquisitely pa/oral valley ( ,/ra?peff]4 ,! high] hills :i* rise ov] ! valley are =m$ mo/ly ( ! great conglom]ate--,knockf]ril1 ) its vitrifi$ =t--! wood$ & precipit\s ridge ov] ,brahan--& ! middle em95ces ( ! gigantic m\nta9 on ! nor?2 b ! bottom & ! l[] slopes ( ! valley are occupi$ by ! bitum9\s & sulphure\s s*i/s ( ! fi%-b$1 & 9 ^!1 l>gely impregnat$ ) ! peculi> +r$i5ts ( ! =mation1 ! fam\s m$ic9al spr+s ( ! ,/ra? h _! rise4 ,!y conta91 z %[n by *emical analysis1 ! sulphates ( soda1 ( lime1 ( magnesia1 common salt1 &1 above all1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas--elem5ts :i* masses ( sea-mud1 *>g$ ) animal matt]1 w\ld yield z readily to ! *emi/ z ! m$ic9al spr+s ( ,/ra?peff]4 ,is x n a curi\s reflection1 t ! comm]cial greatness ( ,brita91 9 ! pres5t day1 %\ld be closely connect$ ) ! t[]+ & ?ickly spread =e/s ( arborace\s f]ns & gigantic re$s--vegetables ( /range =m & unc\? names--:i* fl\ri%$ & decay$ on its surface1 age aft] age1 dur+ ! va/ly ext5d$ t]m ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 ere ! m\nta9s 7 yet upheav$1 & :5 !re 0 z yet no man to till ! gr\nd8 ,is x n a reflection equally curi\s1 t ! invalids ( ! pres5t summ] %\ld be dr9k+ heal?1 amid ! recesses ( ,/ra?peff]1 f ! /ill m anci5t m9]al & animal debris ( ! l[] ocean ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 /rangely elaborat$ = va/ b unreckon$ p]iods 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?8 ,! fact may rem9d u ( "o ( ! specifics ( a n[ obsolete s*ool ( m$ic9e1 :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t two c5turies ago1 & :i* includ$ 9 its mat]ia m$ica portions ( ! human frame4 ,among ^! 0 ! fle% ( ,egyptian mummies1 impregnat$ ) ! embalm+ drugs--! dri$ muscles & s9ews ( human creatures :o _h walk$ 9 ! /reets ( ,!bes or ( ,luxor ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,footnote ,,av3 ,9 ! slaty s*i/s ( ,seefeld1 9 ! ,tyrol1 say ,messrs4 ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison1 !re is su* an abundance ( a simil> bitum51 t x is l>gely extract$ = m$ic9al purposes4--7,geol4 ,trans4 = #ahbi1 p4 #acd47 ,! common] m9]al spr+s ( ! =mation1 z might be anticipat$1 f ! v g5]al diffusion ( ! oxide to :i* x owes its color1 are *alybeate4 ,!re are di/ricts 9 ,ea/]-,ross & ! ,black ,isle 9 :i* ! travell] sc>cely sees a runnel by ! way-side t is n half *ok$ up by its fox-color$ coagulum ( oxide4 ,two ( ! mo/ /rongly impregnat$ *alybeates ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ gu% out ( a s&/one b$1 a few y>ds ap>t1 among ! woods ( ,t>bat ,h\se1 on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,fri? ( ,crom>ty4 ,!y spla% among ! pebbles ) a half-gurgl+1 half-t9kl+ s\nd1 9 a solit>y b n unpleas+ recess1 d>k5$ by ald]s & will[s2 & _! wat]s1 aft] unit+ 9 ! same runnel1 =m a little1 melan*oly look+ lo*an1 matt$ ov] ) we$s1 & edg$ ) flags & ru%es1 & :i* sw>ms 9 e>ly summ] ) ! "y ( ! frog 9 its tadpole /ate1 & 9 ! aft] mon?s ) ! black wat]-beetle & ! newt4 ,! circum/ance is a some:at curi\s "o1 z ! pres5ce ( iron z an oxide has be5 held s unfavorable to bo? animal & vegetable life1 t ! suppos$ pov]ty ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 fossil rema9s has be5 attribut$ to its almo/ univ]sal diffusion at ! p]iod ! deposition 0 tak+ place4 ,7 ! sy/em z poor z has be5 alleg$1 h[ev]1 x might be que/ion$1 on ! /r5g? ( a fact su* z ?is1 :e!r ! iron militat$ s mu* aga9/ ! liv+ exi/5ces ( ! =mation1 z aga9/ ! pres]vation ( _! rema9s :5 dead4 ,"s ( ! spr+s :i* issue f ! i*?yolite b$s along ! %ores ( ! ,moray ,fri? are l>gely *>g$1 n ) iron1 l ! well ( ! coal-heugh1 or ! spr+s ( ,t>bat ,h\se1 nor yet ) hydrog5 & soda1 l ! spa ( ,/ra?peff]1 b ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,:5 employ$ = dome/ic purposes1 !y *oke up1 9 a few ye>s1 ) a /ony deposition1 ! sp\ts ( tea-kettles4 ,on a simil> pr9ciple1 !y plug up _! old] *annels1 & !n bur/ out 9 new ones2 nor is x uncommon to f9d among ! cliffs little holl[ recesses1 long s9ce dive/$ ( _! wat]s by ?is process1 t are /ill ?ickly surr\nd$ by coral-l incru/ations ( moss & li*5s1 grass & nettle-/alks1 & ro($ ) m>ble-l /alactites4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) at lea/ "o ( ^! spr+s ( v consid]able volume1 & d$icat$ ( old to an obscure ,roman ,ca?olic sa9t1 ^: "n x /ill be>s1 7,/4 ,b5net17 :i* pres5ts ph5om5a n unwor?y ! att5tion ( ! "y geologi/4 ,x comes gu%+ f out ! i*?yolite b$1 :]e ! latt] ext5ds1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,crom>ty1 along ! %ores ( ! ,moray ,fri?2 & aft] deposit+ 9 a /agnant morass an accumulation ( a grayi%-color$ & p>tially consolidat$ trav]t91 escapes by two op5+s to ! %ore1 :]e x is absorb$ among ! s& & gravel4 ,a /orm ab\t ?ree ye>s ago swept ! bea* sev]al feet b5ea? its ord9>y level1 & two little moles ( conglom]ate & s&/one1 ! "w ( ! spr+1 7 f\nd to occupy ! two op5+s4 ,ea* _h its fossils--comm9ut$ sea-%ells1 & /alks ( h>d5$ moss2 & 9 "o ( ! moles ,i f\nd imb$d$ a few ( ! v]tebral jo9ts ( a %eep4 ,x 0 a rec5t =mation on a small scale1 b\nd toge!r by a calc>e\s cem5t furni%$ by ! fi%-b$s ( ! inf]ior ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & compos$ ( s& & pebbles1 mo/ly f ! granitic gneiss ( ! neighbor+ hill1 & organisms1 vegetable & animal1 f bo? ! l& & ! sea4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl& has be5 ext5sively employ$ = ! purposes ( ! ar*itect1 & its lime/ones occasionally appli$ to ^? ( ! agriculturi/4 ,z might be anticipat$ 9 ref]5ce to a deposit s widely spread1 ! quality ( bo? its s&/ones & its lime is f\nd to v>y exce$+ly 9 ev5 ! same b$s :5 exam9$ 9 diff]5t localities4 ,its inf]ior conglom]ate1 = in/ance1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,crom>ty1 wea!rs s rapidly1 t a f5ce built ( /ones furni%$ by x little m ?an half a c5tury ago1 has m\ld]$ 9 "s places into a m]e grass-cov]$ m\nd4 ,! same b$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,inv]ness is compos$ ( a /one ne>ly z h>d & q z durable z granite1 & :i* has be5 employ$ 9 pav+ ! /reets ( ! place--a purpose :i* x s]ves z well z any ( ! igne\s or prim>y rocks c\ld h done4 ,at ,r$ca/le1 on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,fri? ( ,beauly1 ! same conglom]ate assumes an int]m$iate "*1 & =ms1 ?\gh co>se1 an excell5t build+ /one1 :i*1 9 "s ( ! old] ru9s ( ! di/rict1 pres5ts ! m>ks ( ! tool z %>ply ind5t$ z :5 "u ! h&s ( ! workman4 ,"s ( ! s&/one b$s ( ! sy/em are /rongly salif]\s2 & ^!1 h[ev] coh]5t !y may appe>1 nev] resi/ ! wea!r until fir/ dive/$ ( _! salt4 ,! ma9 i*?yolite b$ on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,moray ,fri? is ov]laid by a ?ick deposit ( a f9ely-t9t$ yell[ s&/one ( ?is "*1 :i*1 unlike mo/ s&/ones ( a m\ld]+ quality1 resi/s ! fro/s & /orms ( w9t]1 & wa/es only :5 ! wea!r becomes w>m & dry4 ,a few days ( sun%9e affect x m ?an :ole mon?s ( high w9ds & %[]s4 ,! heat cry/allizes at ! surface ! salt :i* x conta9s2 ! cry/als1 act+ z w$ges1 ?r[ (f m9ute p>ticles ( ! /one2 & ?us1 me*anically at lea/1 ! degrad+ process is ! same z t to :i* s&/ones ( a diff]5t b equally inf]ior quality are expos$ dur+ sev]e fro/s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 h[ev]1 ?is s&/one1 :5 employ$ 9 build+1 loses its salt2 cru/ aft] cru/ is =m$ on ! surface1 & ei!r =c$ (f by ! cry/als und]nea?1 or wa%$ away by ! ra9s2 & !n ! /one ceases to wa/e1 & ga!rs on its wea!r$ inequalities a protect+ mantle ( li*5s4,,aw ,! mo/ valuable qu>ries 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,sy/em ( ,scotl& yet discov]$1 are ! flag/one qu>ries ( ,cai?ness & ,c>mylie4 ,! =m] h be5 op5$ 9 ! middle s*i/s ( ! l[]1 or ,tile/one =mation ( ! sy/em2 ! latt]1 z ,i h _h occasion to rem>k (t5] ?an once1 9 ! ,corn/one1 or middle =mation4 ,! qu>ries ( bo? ,c>mylie & ,cai?ness employ hundr$s ( workm51 & _! flag/ones =m an article ( comm]ce4 ,! be/ build+-/one ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&--be/ bo? = beauty & durability--is a pure ,qu>tzose ,s&/one furni%$ by ! upp] b$s ( ! sy/em4 ,^! are ext5sively qu>ri$ 9 ,moray1 ne> ! village ( ,burghead1 & export$ to all p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,! fam\s obelisk ( ,=res1 s int]e/+ to ! antiqu>y--:i* has be5 describ$ by "s writ]s z =m$ ( a species ( /one unkn[n 9 ! di/rict1 & :i*1 accord+ to a popul> tradition1 0 transport$ f ! ,cont95t--is evid5tly compos$ ( ?is ,qu>tzose ,s&/one1 & mu/ h be5 dug out ( "o ( ! neighbor+ qu>ries4 ,& s coh]5t is its texture1 t ! /orms (1 p]haps1 t5 c5turies h fail$ to oblit]ate its rude b impressive sculptures4 ,footnote ,,aw3 ,:5 left to "t ! process is a t$i\s "o1 &1 ere its accompli%m5t1 ! beauty ( ! masonry is always 9 "s degree de/roy$4 ,! foll[+ passage1 f a popul> "w1 po9ts out a mode by :i* x might possibly be anticipat$1 & ! wa/e ( surface prev5t$3--,a hall ( :i* ! walls 7 con/antly damp1 ?\gh e means 7 employ$ to keep !m dry1 0 ab\t to be pull$ d[n1 :5 ,m4 ,s*mi?all recomm5d$1 z a la/ res\rce1 t ! walls %\ld be wa%$ ) sulphuric acid1 7vitriol47 ,x w ,t z done1 & ! deliquesc5t salts be+ decompos$ by acid1 ! walls dri$1 & ! hall 0 aft]w>ds free f dampness4--7,recreations 9 ,sci5ce47 ,! lime/ones ( bo? ! upp] & l[] =mations ( ! sy/em h be5 wr\ght 9 ,moray ) tol]able success4 ,9 bo?1 h[ev]1 !y conta9 a consid]able p] c5tage ( silice\s & argillace\s e>?4 ,! sy/em1 ?\gh occupy+ an int]m$iate place betwe5 two metallif]\s deposits1--! grauwacke & ! c>bonif]\s lime/one1--has n be5 f\nd to conta9 workable ve9s any :]e 9 ,brita91 & 9 ,scotl& no metallic ve9s ( any k9d1 ) ! exception ( "h & !re a few sl5d] ?reads ( iron/one1 & "h & !re a few deta*$ cry/als ( gal5a4 ,its weal? consi/s exclusively 9 build+ & pav+ /one1 & 9 lime4 ,"s ( ! ri*e/ tracts ( corn l& 9 ! k+dom re/ on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--! agricultural valley ( ,/ra?more1 = in/ance1 & ! f]tile pla9s ( ,ea/]-,ross3 ,cai?ness has also its deep1 corn-be>+ soils1 & ,moray has be5 well kn[n = c5turies z ! gran>y ( ,scotl&4 ,b 9 all ^! localities ! f]tility seems d]iv$ r f an int]v5+ subsoil ( t5aci\s diluvial clay1 ?an f ! rocks ( ! sy/em4 ,:]ev] ! clay is want+1 ! soil is b>r54 ,9 ! moor ( ! ,milbuy1--a tract ab\t fifty squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 & ly+ )9 an h\r's walk ( ! ,fri?s ( ,crom>ty & ,beauly1--a ?9 cov]+ ( soil re/s on ! s&/ones ( ! l[] =mation4 ,& s extreme is ! b>r5ness ( ?is moor1 t not)/&+ ! advantages ( its semi-insul> situation1 x 0 suff]$ to lie z an unclaim$ common until ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 :5 x 0 p>cell$ out among ! neighbor+ proprietors4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,geological ,physiognomy4--,sc5]y ( ! ,prim>y ,=mations2 ,gneiss1 ,mica ,s*i/1 ,qu>tz ,rock4--,( ! ,second>y2 ! ,*alk ,=mations1 ! ,oolite1 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 ! ,coal ,measures4--,sc5]y 9 ! ,neighborhood ( ,ed9burgh4--,aspect ( ! ,trap ,rocks4--,! ,di/urb+ & ,d5ud+ ,ag5cies4--,di/9ctive ,features ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4--,( ! ,great ,conglom]ate4--,( ! ,i*?yolite ,b$s4--,! ,burn ( ,ea?ie4--,! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/ones4--,sc5e 9 ,moray4 ,physiognomy is no idle or d\btful sci5ce 9 connection ) ,geology4 ,! physiognomy ( a c\ntry indicates1 almo/ inv>iably1 its geological "*4 ,!re is sc>ce a rock among ! m anci5t gr\ps t does n affect its peculi> =m ( hill & valley4 ,ea* has its /yle ( l&scape2 & z ! vegetation ( a di/rict dep5ds (t5 on ! nature ( ! und]ly+ deposits1 n only are ! ma9 outl9es regulat$ by ! m9]alogy ( ! =mations :i* !y def9e1 b also 9 _m cases ! mann] 9 :i* ^! outl9es are fill$ up4 ,! color+ ( ! l&scape is well nigh z intimately connect$ ) its ,geology z ! draw+4 ,! travell] passes ?r\gh a m\nta9\s region ( gneiss4 ,! hills1 :i*1 ?\gh bulky1 are %apeless1 raise _! huge backs s high ov] ! br[n1 dre>y moors1 :i*1 unv>i$ by precipice or rav9e1 /ret* away = miles f _! feet1 t ev5 amid ! heats ( midsumm] ! sn[ gleams 9 /reaks & pat*es f _! summits4 ,& yet s va/ is _! ext5t ( base1 & _! tops s truncat$1 t !y seem b half-f9i%$ hills not)/&+--hills int]dict$ someh[ 9 ! =m+1 & ! "w /opp$ ere ! upp] /ories _h be5 add$4 ,he pursues 8 j\rney1 & ent]s a di/rict ( micace\s s*i/4 ,! hills are no long] truncat$1 or ! t moors unbrok52 ! heavy gr\nd-swell ( ! =m] l&scape has become a tempe/u\s sea1 agitat$ by p[]ful w9ds & conflict+ tides4 ,! picturesque & some:at fanta/ic outl9e is compos$ ( high1 %>p peaks1 bold1 craggy domes1 /eep1 brok5 acclivities1 & deeply s]rat$ ridges2 & ! high] hills seem z if set r\nd ) a framework ( props & buttresses1 t /ret* out on e side l ! roots ( an anci5t oak4 ,he passes on1 & ! l&scape v>ies2 ! surr\nd+ hills1 ?\gh l(ty1 pyramidal1 & abrupt1 are less rugg$ ?an be=e2 & ! rav9es1 ?\gh /ill deep & n>r[1 are wall$ by ridges no long] s]rat$ & angul>1 b comp>atively rectil9e> & smoo?4 ,b ! vegetation is ev5 m scanty ?an =m]ly2 ! /eep] slopes are cov]$ ) /reams ( debris1 on :i* sc>ce a moss or li*5 f9ds root2 & ! conoidal hills1 b>e ( soil f _! summits half way d[n1 seem s _m nak$ skeletons1 t speak ( ! decay & dea? ( nature4 ,all is solitude & /]ility4 ,! t]ritory is "o ( ,qu>tz rock4 ,/ill ! travell] passes on3 ! m\nta9s s9k into l[ swell+s2 long rectil9e> ridges run out t[>ds ! di/ant sea1 & t]m9ate 9 bluff1 precipit\s headl&s4 ,! valleys1 s(t & pa/oral1 wid5 into pla9s1 or incl9e 9 long-drawn slopes ( g5tle/ declivity4 ,! /reams1 hi!rto s headlong & brok51 l+] beside _! banks1 & !n wid5 into fri?s & e/u>ies4 ,! deep soil is cov]$ by a ?ick mantle ( vegetation--by =e/ trees ( l>ge/ gr[?1 & ri* fields ( corn2 & ! solitude ( ! m\nta9s has giv5 place to a busy population4 ,he has left beh9d him ! prim>y regions1 & ent]$ on "o ( ! second>y di/ricts4 ,& ^! less rugg$ =mations h also _! respective /yles--m>r$ & oblit]at$ (t5 by ! ,plutonic ag5cy1 :i* imp>ts to !m 9 "s in/ances its own "*1 & 9 "s an int]m$iate "o1 b 9 g5]al di/9ctly m>k$1 & easily recogniz$4 ,! ,*alk pres5ts its long inl& l9es ( app>5t coa/1 t s5d out _! r\nd$ headl&s1 cape beyond cape1 into ! wood$ or corn-cov]$ pla9s bel[4 ,"h & !re1 !re juts up at ! base ( ! esc>pem5t a :ite1 obelisk-l /ack2 "h & !re1 !re op5s into ! int]ior a n>r[1 grassy bay1 9 :i* noble bee*es h ca/ an*or4 ,!re are valleys )\t /reams2 & ! l&scape a-top is a sc5e ( arid & unev5 d[ns1 t seem to rise & fall l ! sea aft] a /orm4 ,we pass on to ! ,oolite3 ! slopes are m g5tle1 ! l9es ( ris+ gr\nd less cont9u\s1 & less coa/-l2 ! valleys h _! rivulets1 & ! undulat+ surface is cov]$ by a ri*] vegetation4 ,we ent] on a di/rict ( ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,deep1 n>r[ rav9es int]sect elevat$ plat=ms4 ,!re are l9es ( l[ precipices1 s p]p5dicul> & s r$1 t !y seem z if wall$ ov] ) new brick2 & "h & !re1 amid ! speckl$ & m\ld]+ s&/ones1 t ga!r no cov]+ ( li*51 !re /&s up a huge1 alt>-l mass ( lime1 mossy & gray1 z if x repres5t$ a remot] antiquity ?an ! rocks ar\nd x4 ,! ,coal ,measures pres5t (t5 ! appe>ance ( va/ lakes froz5 ov] dur+ a high w9d1 p>tially brok5 aft]w>ds by a sudd5 ?aw1 & !n froz5 aga94 ,_! %ores /& up ar\nd !m 9 ! =m ( ridges & m\nta9 *a9s ( ! old] rocks2 & _! surfaces are groov$ into flat valleys & long l9es ( elevation4 ,take1 z an in/ance1 ! sc5]y ab\t ,ed9burgh4 ,! ,o*il ,hills & ! ,grampians =m ! di/ant %ores ( ! seem+ lake or bas9 on ! "o side1 ! range ( ! ,lamm]muirs & ! ,p5tl& gr\p on ! o!r2 ! space betwe5 is ridg$ & furr[$ 9 long l9es1 t run 9 ne>ly ! same direction f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 z if1 :5 ! b9d+ fro/ w r z fir/ sett+ 91 ! w9d _h bl[n f (f ! nor!rn or s\!rn %ore4 ,b :5ce ^! abrupt1 precipit\s hills t /ud ! l&scape1 & =m1 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! city1 its m /rik+ features8 ,!y belong--to return to ! illu/ration ( ! twice-froz5 lake--to ! middle p]iod ( ?aw1 :5 ! ice broke up2 &1 z !y are compos$ *iefly ( matt] eject$ f ! abyss1 might h *>act]iz$ equally any ( ! o!r =mations4 ,_! v /rik+ =ms1 h[ev]1 illu/rate happily ! op]ations ( ! great ag5cies on :i*1 9 ! second>y & transition deposits1 all ! peculi>ities ( sc5]y dep5d4 ,! molt5 matt] f b5ea? seems to h be5 inject$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ?r\gh r5ts & fissures among ! c>bonif]\s %ales & s&/ones ( ! di/rict1 :]e x lay cool+ 9 its subt]ranean matrices1 9 b$s & dikes1 l metal 9 ! m\lds ( ! f\nd]2 & ! places :i* if occupi$ mu/ h be5 indicat$ on ! surface b by curves & swell+s ( ! /rata4 ,! d5ud+ p[] !n came into op]ation 9 ! =m ( tides & curr5ts1 & gr\nd d[n ! sup]9cumb5t rocks4 ,! inject$ masses1 n[ cool$ & h>d5$1 7 laid b>e2 & ! s(t] framework ( ! m\lds 9 :i* !y _h be5 ca/ 0 wa%$ f _! summits & sides1 except :]e long ridges rema9$ atta*$ to !m 9 ! l9es ( ! curr5t1 z if to indicate ! direction 9 :i* !y _h brok5 its =ce4 ,e l>g] /one 9 a wat]-c\rse1 aft] ! torr5t f$ by a ?und] %[] has j subsid$1 %[s1 on ! same pr9ciple1 its trail ( s& & %+le pil$ up beh9d x4 ,! outl9es ( ! l&scape 7 modifi$ yet fur!r by ! yield+ "* ( ! basem5t ( s&/one or %ale on :i* ! ,plutonic b$s s (t5 re/4 ,! basem5t crumbl$ away z ! tides & waves broke aga9/ x4 ,! inject$ b$s above1 und]m9$ 9 ! process1 & ) a v]tical cleavage1 induc$ by _! column> t5d5cy1 fell d[n 9 masses t left a front p]p5dicul> z a wall4 ,ea* b$ came ?us to pres5t its own upright l9e ( precipice2 & h5ce--:5 !y rise b$ above b$1 z (t5 occurs--! /air-l outl9e ( hill to :i* ! trap rocks owe _! "n2 h5ce ! outl9e ( ! ,dalmahoy ,crags1 = in/ance1 & ( ! s\!rn & we/]n front ( ,salisbury ,crags4 ,9 all ! s$im5t>y =mations ! peculi>ities ( sc5]y dep5d on ?ree circum/ances--on ! ,plutonic ag5cies1 ! d5ud+ ag5cies1 & ! mann] & proportions 9 :i* ! h>d] & s(t] b$s ( ! deposits on :i* ^! op]at$ alt]nate ) "o ano!r4 ,!re is an union ( ! active & ! passive 9 ! =mation ( l&scape2 t :i* di/urbs & gr9ds d[n1 & t :i*1 accord+ to its texture & composition1 affects1 if ,i may s speak1 a peculi> /yle ( be+ gr\nd d[n & di/urb$2 & x is 9 ! passive circum/ances t ! peculi>ities *iefly orig9ate1 ,h5ce x is t ! sc5]y ( ! ,*alk diff]s f ! sc5]y ( ! ,oolite1 & bo? f t ( ! ,coal ,measures4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one has also its peculi>ities ( prospect1 :i* v>y accord+ to its =mations1 & ! am\nt & "* ( ! di/urb+ & d5ud+ ag5cies to :i* ^! h be5 expos$4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( cr[d+ its v>i\s1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 dissimil> features into "o l&scape1 ,i %all introduce to ! read] a few ( its m /rik+ & *>act]i/ic sc5es1 z exhibit$ 9 v>i\s localities1 & by diff]5t deposits1 beg9n+ fir/ ) its conglom]ate base4 ,! great antiquity ( ?is deposit is unequivocally indicat$ by ! mann] 9 :i* we f9d x capp+1 f> 9 ! int]ior1 9 insulat$ b$s & pat*es1 "s ( our l(ti] hills1 or1 9 "s in/ances1 wrapp+ !m r\nd1 z ) a caul1 f base to summit4 ,x mixes l>gely1 9 our nor!rn di/ricts1 ) ! m\nta9 sc5]y ( ! c\ntry1 & imp>ts /r5g? & boldness ( outl9e to e l&scape 9 :i* x occurs4 ,its isl&-l pat*es affect g5]ally a bluff p>abolic or conical outl9e2 its l(ti] hills pres5t r\nd$1 dome-l summits1 :i* s9k to ! pla9 on ! "o h& 9 /eep1 slightly concave l9es1 & on ! o!r 9 l9es decid$ly convex1 & a little less /eep4 ,! m\nta9 ( bolde/ outl9e 9 '! l9e ( ! ,cal$onian ,valley 7,meal=vony7 is compos$ ext]nally ( ?is rock4 ,except :]e cov]$ by ! diluvium1 x seems little fri5dly to vegetation4 ,its high] summits are well nigh z b>e z ^? ( ! prim>y rocks2 & :5 a public road crosses its l[] ridges1 ! travell] g5]ally f9ds t !re is no pav+ process necess>y to procure a h>d5$ surface1 = 8 :eels rattle ov] ! pebbles emb$d$ 9 ! rock4 ,on ! sea-coa/1 9 sev]al localities1 ! deposit pres5ts /rik+ peculi>ities ( outl9e4 ,! bluff & r\nd$ precipices /& out 9 va/ masses1 t affect ! mural =m1 & pres5t few ( ! m9ut] angul>ities ( ! prim>y rocks4 ,"h & !re a squ>e buttress ( huge proportions leans aga9/ ! front ( "s l[-br[$ crag1 t seems little to ne$ any su* support1 & ca/s a l5g? ( %ad[ a?w>t its face4 ,!re op5s along ! base ( ! rock a l9e ( r\nd$1 %all[ caves1 or :at seem r ! op5+s ( caves n yet dug1 & :i* te/ify ( a p]iod :5 ! sea /ood ab\t ?irty feet high] on our coa/s ?an at pres5t4 ,a multitude ( /acks & tabul> masses lie gr\p$ 9 front1 p]=at$ (t5 by squat1 heavy ar*es2 & /acks1 cav]ns1 buttresses1 crags1 & ar*es1 are all alike mottl$ ov] by ! ?ickly-set & v>i\sly color$ pebbles4 ,!re is a tract ( sc5]y ( ?is /rangely m>k$ "* 9 ! neighborhood ( ,dunott>1 & two o!r simil> tracts 9 ! f> nor?1 :]e ! hill ( ,nigg1 9 ,ross-%ire1 decl9es t[>ds ! ,lias deposit 9 ! ,bay ( ,%&wick1 & :]e1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,inv]ness1 a l9e ( bold1 precipit\s coa/ runs betwe5 ! pyramidal wood$ em95ce :i* occupies ! s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ,ross1 & ! t[]-l headl&s t gu>d ! entrance ( ! ,bay ( ,munlo*y4 ,9 ! latt] tract1 h[ev]1 ! conglom]ate is mu* less cav]n\s ?an 9 ! o!r two4 ,! sea-coa/ ( ,/4 ,vigeans1 9 ,=f>%ire1 has be5 long celebrat$ = its romantic sc5]y & its caves2 & ?\gh x belongs r to ! conglom]ate base ( ! upp] =mation ?an to ! great conglom]ate base ( ! l[]1 x is m>k$1 f ! nature ( ! mat]ials--mat]ials common to bo?--by features indi/+ui%able f ^? :i* *>act]ize ! sea-coa/s ( ! old] deposit4 ,its wall ( precipices av]ages f a hundr$ to a hundr$ & eighty feet 9 height--no v great matt] comp>$ ) "s ( our nor!rn l9es1 b ! cliffs make up = _! want ( altitude by _! bold & picturesque comb9ations ( =m2 & ,i sc>ce "k :]e a long summ]'s day c\ld well be pass$ m agreeably ?an among _! wild & solit>y recesses4 ,! incessant la%+s ( ! sea h gr\nd !m d[n into %apes ! mo/ fanta/ic4 ,huge /acks1 t /& up f amid ! break]s1 are "h & !re p]=at$ by r\nd1 heavy-br[$ ar*es1 & ca/ ! morn+ %ad[s inl& a?w>t ! cav]n-holl[$ precipices beh9d4 ,! nev]-ceas+ e*oes reply1 9 long & gloomy caves1 to ! wild tones ( ! sea4 ,"h a bluff promontory projects into ! deep1 gre5 wat]1 & ! :ite foam1 9 times ( tempe/1 da%es up a hundr$ feet aga9/ its face4 ,!re a n>r[ /rip ( vegetation1 spangl$ ) wild fl[]s1 int]v5es betwe5 ! bea* & ! foot ( ! cliffs t sweep along ! bottom ( "s semicircul> bay2 b we see1 f ! r\nd$ caves by :i* !y are /udd$1 & ! poli% :i* has blunt$ _! l[] angul>ities1 t at "s e>ly p]iod ! break]s mu/ h da%$ = ages aga9/ _! bases4 ,! ,gaylet ,pot1 a place ( int]e/1 f its v /rik+ appe>ance1 to m ?an geologi/s1 is connect$ ) "o ( ! deep-sea promontories4 ,we see an oblong holl[ 9 ! c5tre ( a corn-field1 t bord]s on ! cliffs4 ,x deep5s z we approa* x1 & on rea*+ ! edge we f9d ourselves /&+ on ! v]ge ( a precipice ab\t a hundr$ & fifty feet 9 dep?1 & see ! waves da%+ along ! bottom4 ,on desc5d+ by a some:at prec>i\s pa?1 we f9d t a long1 tunnel-l cav]n communicates ) ! sea1 & m>k1 ?r\gh ! deep gloom ( ! passage1 ! sunlight play+ beyond2 & n[ & !n a :ite sail pass+ ! op5+1 z if flitt+ across ! field ( a telescope4 ,! ,gaylet ,pot seems orig9ally to h be5 m]ely a deep1 /raight cave1 holl[$ 9 ! l9e ( a fault by ! waves2 & x owes evid5tly its pres5t appe>ance to ! fall+ 9 ( ! ro( = ab\t a hundr$ y>ds1 at its inn] extremity4 ,we pass f ! conglom]ate to ! middle & upp] b$s ( ! l[] =mation1 & f9d sc5]y ( a diff]5t "* 9 ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y prevail4 ,! aspect is less bold & rugg$1 & affects (t5 long horizontal l9es1 t /ret* away )\t rise or depression1 amid ! surr\nd+ inequalities ( ! l&scape = miles & leagues1 & t decl9e to ei!r side1 l ro(s ( :at ! ar*itect w\ld t]m a l[ pit*4 ,! ridge ( ! ,leys 9 ! ea/]n op5+ ( ! ,cal$onian ,valley1 s rectil9e> 9 its outl9e1 & s slop+ 9 its sides1 pres5ts a good illu/ration ( ?is peculi>ity4 ,! rectil9e> ridge :i* runs f ! ,s\!rn ,sutor ( ,crom>ty f> into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 & :i* has be5 comp>$ 9 a =m] *apt] to ! %aft ( a spe>1 furni%es ano!r illu/ration equally apt4,,ax ,:]e ! slop+ sides ( ^! ro(-l ridges decl9e1 z 9 ! latt] in/ance1 t[>ds an expos$ sea-coa/1 we f9d ! slope t]m9at+ (t5 9 an abrupt l9e ( rock dug out by ! waves4 ,x is ?us a ro( set on walls1 & furni%$ ) eaves4 ,a dit* j f9i%$ by ! labor] pres5ts regul>ly slop+ sides2 b ! little /ream t comes runn+ ?r\gh gradually wid5s its b$ by digg+ furr[s into ! slopes1 ! und]m9$ masses fall 9 & are swept away1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 ! sides are no long] slop+1 b abrupt4 ,& su*1 on a great scale1 has be5 ! process ?r\gh :i* coa/-l9es t 7 orig9ally pav$ slopes h become walls ( precipices4 ,! waves cut fir/ ?r\gh ! out] /rata2 & e /ratum ?us divid$ comes to pres5t two faces--a p]p5dicul> face 9 ! newly-=m$ l9e ( precipice1 & ano!r horizontal face ly+ p>allel to x1 along ! %ore4 ,"o half ! sev]$ /ratum seems z if ris+ out ( ! sea1 ! o!r half z if desc5d+ f ! hill3 ! geologi/ :o walks along ! bea* f9ds ! v>i\s b$s pres5t$ 9 duplicate--a hill-b$ on ! "o side1 & a sea-b$ on ! o!r4 ,!re occurs a v int]e/+ in/ance ( ?is arrangem5t 9 ! bold l9e ( coa/ on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,moray ,fri?1 s (t5 allud$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1 z ext5d+ betwe5 ! ,s\!rn ,sutor & ! ,hill ( ,ea?ie2 & :i* =ms ! wall ( a portion ( ! ro(-l ridge la/ describ$4 ,! sea fir/ broke 9 a long l9e ?r\gh /rata ( r$ & gray %ale1 next ?r\gh a ?ick b$ ( pale-yell[ /one1 !n ?r\gh a cont9u\s b$ ( /ratifi$ clays & nodul> lime/one1 &1 la/ ( all1 ?r\gh a b$1 ?ick] ?an any ( ! o!rs1 ( indurat$ r$ s&/one4 ,! l9e ( cliffs =m$ 9 ?is way rises abruptly = ab\t a hundr$ y>ds on ! "o h&2 ! %ore /ret*es out = m ?an d\ble ! same space on ! o!r2 on bo? sides ! b$s exactly correspond2 & to asc5d 9 ! l9e ( ! /rata f ! foot ( ! cliffs1 we h ei!r to climb ! hill1 or to pass d[nw>ds at l[ ebb to ! edge ( ! sea4 ,! section is ( int]e/1 n only f ! num]\s organisms1 animal & vegetable1 :i* its i*?yolite b$s conta91 b f ! illu/ration :i* x also furni%es ( d5udation to a va/ ext5t f causes /ill 9 active op]ation4 ,a l9e ( precipices a hundr$ y>ds 9 height1 & m ?an two miles 9 l5g?1 has be5 dug out ( ! slope by ! sl[ we> ( ! waves1 9 ! unreckon$ c\rse ( t p]iod dur+ :i* ! pres5t sea 0 b\nd$ 9 ?is locality by ! exi/+ l9e ( coa/4 7,see ,frontispiece1 sect4 #c47 ,footnote ,,ax3 ,! valleys :i* sep>ate ^! ridges =m (t5 spaci\s fri?s & bays1 ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( :i* 9 ! ,old li$ ,s&/one con/itutes1 9 "s localities1 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sy/em4 ,m>k 9 a map ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 h[ closely fri?s & e/u>ies lie cr[d$ toge!r betwe5 ! c\nties ( ,su!rl& & ,inv]ness4 ,9 a l9e ( coa/ little m ?an =ty miles 9 ext5t1 !re occur f\r arms ( ! sea--! ,fri?s ( ,crom>ty1 ,beauly1 & ,dorno*1 & ! ,bay ( ,munlo*y4 ,! ,fri? ( ,tay & ! ,bas9 ( ,montrose are also semi-m>9e valleys ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,two ( ! f9e/ h>bors 9 ,brita91 or ! _w1 belong to x--,mil=d ,hav51 9 ,s\? ,wales1 & ! ,bay ( ,crom>ty4 ,i "k n a m in/ructive walk = ! "y geologi/ ?an t furni%$ by ! two miles ( %ore along :i* ?is section ext5ds4 ,ye>s ( exam9ation & inquiry w\ld fail to exhau/ x4 ,x pres5ts u1 ,i h said1 ) ! num]\s organisms ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 x pres5ts u also1 t[>ds its we/]n extremity1 ) ! /ill m num]\s organisms ( ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,lias2 nor are ! inflections & faults :i* its /rata exhibit less in/ructive ?an its fossils or its va/ d5ud$ holl[4 ,i h climb$ along its wall ( cliffs dur+ ! height ( a tempe/u\s w9t] tide1 :5 waves ( huge volume1 t _h begun to ga!r /r5g? "u ! night ( ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 7 bur/+ & foam+ bel[2 & z ! h>d] pebbles1 uplift$ by ! surge1 roll$ by ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s along ! rocky bottom1 & ! "w ( d5udation w5t on1 ,i h ?\ght ( ! remote pa/1 :5 ! same ag5ts _h fir/ begun to gr9d d[n ! upp] /rata1 ^: brok5 edges n[ project$ high ov] my head on ! "o h&1 & lay buri$ f> "u ! waves at my feet on ! o!r4 ,almo/ all m\nta9 *a9s pres5t _! abrupt] esc>pem5ts to ! sea1 ?\gh sep>at$ f x 9 _m in/ances by hundr$s ( miles--a consequ5ce1 x is probable1 ( a simil> c\rse ( d5udation1 ere !y _h atta9$ _! pres5t altitude1 or ! pla9s at _! feet _h be5 elevat$ ov] ! level ( ! ocean4 ,_h a rise ( a hundr$ feet tak5 place 9 ?is nor!rn di/rict 9 ! days ( ,cs>1 ! :ole upp] "p ( ! ,moray ,fri? w\ld h be5 laid dry1 & x w\ld n[ h seem$ z inexplicable t ?is ro(-l ridge %\ld pres5t s rugg$ a l9e ( wall to ! di/ant sea1 z t ! ,we/]n ,ghauts ( ,india %\ld inv>iably turn _! /eepe/ declivities to ! bas9 ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 or t1 f ! ,arctic ,circle to ! s\!rn extremity ( ,patagonia1 ! huge m\nta9-*a9 ( ,am]ica %\ld elevate its dizzy precipices 9 ! l9e ( ! ,pacific4 ,let u take ano!r view ( ?is section4 ,x /ret*es betwe5 two ( ! granitic knobs or w$ges to :i* ,i h _h su* frequ5t occasion to ref]--! ,s\!rn ,sutor ( ,crom>ty1 & ! ,hill ( ,ea?ie2 & ! edges ( ! /rata some:at rem9d "o ( ! edges ( a bundle ( deals laid flatways on two /ones1 & b5t t[>ds ! middle by _! own weight4 ,b _! m brittle "* is %[n by ! mann] 9 :i* _! ends are brok5 & uptilt$ aga9/ ! granitic knobs on :i* !y seem to re/2 & t[>ds ! we/]n knob ! :ole bundle has be5 brok5 across f bel[1 & ! op5+ occasion$ by ! fracture =ms a deep1 savage rav9e1 skirt$ by precipices1 t runs f> into ! int]ior1 & exhibits ! l[] portion ( ! sy/em to well nigh its base4 ,w ! read] sp5d a v few m9utes 9 explor+ ! solit>y recesses ( ?is rocky tr5*--x matt]s n :e!r z a sc5e-hunt] or a geologi/8 ,we pass onw>ds along ! bea* ?r\gh ! middle l9e ( ! d5ud$ holl[4 ,! natural ramp>t t rises on ! "r asc5ds t[>ds ! upl&s 9 /eep slopes1 l9$ horizontally by %eep-walks1 & frett$ by mossy knolls1 & *ur*y>d-l ridges--or juts out into abrupt & wea!r$ crags1 cru/$ ) li*5s & fe/oon$ ) ivy--or rec$es into bosky holl[s1 r\gh5$ by ! sloe-?orn1 ! wild-rose1 & ! junip]2 on ! left ! wide ext5t ( ! ,moray ,fri? /ret*es out to ! dim horizon1 ) its ve9-l curr5ts1 & its undulat+ l9es ( coa/2 :ile be=e u we see1 f> 9 ! di/ance1 ! blue vi/a ( ! ,great ,valley1 ) its d\ble wall ( jagg$ & s]rat$ hills1 & directly 9 ! op5+1 ! gray1 dim9i%$ spires ( ,inv]ness4 ,we rea* a br[n1 mossy /ream1 ( j volume en\gh to sweep away ! pebbles & %ells t h be5 /rew$ 9 its c\rse by ! la/ tide2 & see1 on turn+ a sudd5 angle1 ! precipices cleft to _! base by ! rav9e t has yield$ its wat]s a passage f ! int]ior4 ,we ent] along ! b$ ( ! /ream4 ,a l9e ( mural precipices rises on ei!r h&--"h advanc+ 9 pond]\s ov]hang+ buttresses1 !re rec$+ into deep1 damp recesses1 tape/ri$ ) ivy1 & d>k5$ ) bir* & hazel4 ,a p[]ful spr+1 *>g$ ) lime1 comes p\r+ by a hundr$ diff]5t ?reads ov] ! r\nd$ br[ ( a beetl+ crag1 & ! decay+ vegetation ar\nd x is h>d5+ into /one4 ,! cliffs v>y _! outl9e at e /ep1 z if assum+ 9 succession1 all ! v>i\s comb9ations ( =m t con/itute ! wild & ! picturesque2 & ! pale hues ( ! /one seem1 :5 bright5$ by ! sun1 ! v t9ts a pa9t] w\ld *oose to height5 ! effect ( 8 %ades1 or to contra/ mo/ delicately ) ! luxuriant pr(usion ( bu%es & fl[]s t wave ov] ! high] %elves & crannies4 ,a colony ( swall[s h built f "t immemorial "u ! ov]hang+ /rata ( "o ( ! l(ti] precipices2 ! fox & badg] h>bor 9 ! clefts ( ! /eep] & m inaccessible banks4 ,z we proce$1 ! deli becomes wild] & m deeply wood$2 ! /ream frets & toils at our feet--"h leap+ ov] an oppos+ ridge2--!re /ruggl+ 9 a pool--yond] escap+ to ! light f "u "s brok5 fragm5t ( cliff4 ,!re is a ri*] pr(usion ( fl[]s1 a ?ick] mantl+ ( ivy & honeysuckle2 & aft] pass+ a semicircul> inflection ( ! bank1 t waves f base to summit ) bir*1 hazel1 & haw?orn1 we f9d ! passage %ut up by a p]p5dicul> wall ( rock ab\t ?irty feet 9 height1 ov] :i* ! /ream precipitates itself1 9 a sl5d] column ( foam1 into a d>k1 mossy bas94 ,! long arms ( an int]m+l$ clump ( bir*es & hazels /ret* half way across1 tripl+ ) _! %ade ! app>5t dep? ( ! pool1 & height5+ 9 an equal ratio ! :ite flick] ( ! cascade1 & ! effect ( ! bright pat*es ( foam :i*1 flung f ! rock1 incessantly revolve on ! eddy4 ,m>k n[ ! geology ( ! rav9e4 ,= ab\t half way f :]e x op5s to ! %ore1 to :]e ! pa? is ob/ruct$ by ! deep mossy pool & ! cascade1 its precipit\s sides consi/ ( ?ree b>s or /ories4 ,!re is fir/1 reckon+ f ! /ream upw>ds1 a broad b> ( pale r$2 !n a broad b> ( pale lead color2 la/ & highe/1 a broad b> ( pale yell[2 & above all1 !re rises a /eep gre5 slope1 t cont9ues its asc5t till x ga9s ! top ( ! ridge4 ,! middle1 lead-color$ b> is an i*?yolite b$1 a place ( sepulture among ! rocks1 :]e ! dead lie by myriads4 ,! yell[ b> above is a ?ick b$ ( salif]\s s&/one4 ,we may see ! projections on :i* ! sun has beat mo/ p[]fully cov]$ ) a :ite cru/ ( salt2 & x may be deem$ wor?y ( rem>k1 9 connection ) ! circum/ance1 t its %elves & crannies are ri*] 9 vegetation ?an ^? ( ! o!r b>s4 ,! pale r$ b> bel[ is compos$ ( a co>s] & h>d] s&/one1 :i* =ms an upp] moiety ( ! ar5ace\s portion ( ! great conglom]ate4 ,n[ m>k1 fur!r1 t on rea*+ a midway po9t betwe5 ! bea* & ! cascade1 ?is triple-b>r$ l9e ( precipices abruptly t]m9ates1 & a l9e ( precipices ( co>se conglom]ate z abruptly beg9s4 ,i occasionally pass a cont9u\s wall1 built at two diff]5t p]iods1 & compos$ ( two diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ials3 ! "o half ( x is =m$ ( :ite s&/one1 ! o!r half ( a d>k-color$ basalt2 & ! place :]e ! s&/one ends & ! basalt beg9s is m>k$ by a v]tical l9e1 on ! "o side ( :i* all is d>k color$1 :ile all is ( a light color on ! o!r4 ,equally m>k$ & abrupt is ! v]tical l9e :i* sep>ates ! triple-b>r$ f ! conglom]ate cliffs ( ! rav9e ( ,ea?ie4 ,! rav9e itself may be describ$ z a fault 9 ! /rata2 b "h is a fault1 ly+ at "r angles ) x1 on a mu* l>g] scale3 ! great conglom]ate on :i* ! triple b>s re/ has be5 ca/ up at lea/ two hundr$ feet1 & plac$ side by side ) !m4 ,& yet ! surface above be>s no trace ( ! cata/rophe4 ,d5ud+ ag5cies ( ev5 great] p[] ?an ^? :i* h holl[$ out ! cliffs ( ! neighbor+ coa/1 or ^: op]ations h be5 prolong$ ?r\gh p]iods ( ev5 m ext5d$ duration1 h gr\nd d[n ! project$ l9e ( ! upheav$ mass to ! level ( ! undi/urb$ masses beside x4 ,n[1 m>k fur!r1 z we asc5d ! rav9e1 t ! gr& cause ( ! di/urbance appe>s to illu/rate1 z x 71 & t v happily1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! fault 0 orig9ally produc$4 ,! precipice1 ov] :i* ! /ream leaps at "o b\nd into ! mossy holl[1 is compos$ ( granitic gneiss1 & seems evid5tly to h intrud$ itself1 ) mu* di/urbance1 among ! surr\nd+ conglom]ate & s&/ones4 ,a few hundr$ y>ds high] up ! dell1 !re is ano!r mu* l(ti] precipice ( gneiss1 r\nd :i* we f9d ! traces ( /ill great] di/urbance2 &1 high] /ill1 yet a ?ird abrupt precipice ( ! same rock4 ,! gneiss rose1 trap-l1 9 /eps1 & c>ri$ up ! s&/one be=e x 9 deta*$ squ>es4 ,ea* /ep has its answ]+ fault imm$iately ov] x2 & ! fault :]e ! triple b>s & ! conglom]ate meet is m]ely a fault ^: /ep ( granitic gneiss /opp$ %ort ere x rea*$ ! surface4 ,b ! accompany+ section 7see ,frontispiece1 sect4 #d7 w bett] illu/rate ! geology ( ?is int]e/+ rav9e1 ?an x c be illu/rat$ by any writt5 description4 ,i may rem>k1 ere tak+ leave ( x1 h[ev]1 t its conglom]ates exhibit a s+ul>ly l>ge am\nt ( false /ratification at an acute angle ) ! planes ( ! real /rata1 & t a b$ ( m\ld]+ s&/one ne> ! base ( ! sy/em may be describ$1 f its fissile "*1 z a tile/one4,,ay ,footnote ,,ay3 ,!re is a natural connection1 x is said1 betwe5 wild sc5es & wild leg5ds2 & "s ( ! traditions connect$ ) ?is romantic & solit>y dell illu/rate ! rem>k4 ,till a comp>atively late p]iod1 x 0 kn[n at _m a w9t] fireside z a favorite haunt ( ! fairies--! mo/ poetical ( all our old tribes ( spectres1 & at "o "t "o ( ! mo/ popul>4 ,i h conv]s$ ) an old woman1 :o1 :5 a v little girl1 _h se5 myriads ( !m danc+1 z ! sun 0 sett+1 on ! fur!r edge ( ! dell2 & ) a /ill old] man1 :o _h ! tem]ity to (f] "o ( !m a p9* ( snuff at ! foot ( ! cascade4 ,ne>ly a mile f :]e ! rav9e op5s to ! sea1 x assumes a g5tl] & m pa/oral "*2 ! sides1 no long] precipit\s1 desc5d t[>ds ! /ream 9 gre51 slop+ banks2 & a beat5 pa?1 :i* runs betwe5 ,crom>ty & ,rosem>kie1 w9ds d[n ! "o side & asc5ds ! o!r4 ,m ?an sixty ye>s ago1 "o ,donald ,cald]1 a ,crom>ty %op-keep]1 0 j\rney+ by ?is pa? %ortly aft] nightfall4 ,! moon1 at full1 _h j ris52 b !re 0 a silv]y mi/ sleep+ on ! l[] gr\nds1 t obscur$ h] light2 & ! dell1 9 all its ext5t1 0 s ov]*>g$ by ! vapor1 t x seem$ an imm5se1 ov]flood$ riv] w9d+ ?r\gh ! l&scape4 ,donald _h rea*$ its f>!r edge1 & c\ld he> ! ru% ( ! /ream f ! deep obscurity ( ! abyss bel[1 :5 !re rose f ! opposite side a /ra9 ( ! mo/ delightful music he _h ev] he>d4 ,he /aid & li/5$4 ,! words ( a song1 ( su* simple beauty t !y seem$ )\t ef=t to /amp !mselves on 8 memory1 came waft$ 9 ! music2 & ! *orus1 9 :i* a ?\s& t9y voices seem$ to jo91 0 a famili> address to himself--,hey1 ,donald ,cald]2 ho1 ,donald ,cald]4 ,!re are nane ( my ,navity acqua9tance1 ?\ght ,donald1 :o s+ l t4 ,:a c x be8 ,he desc5d$ into ! cl\d2 b 9 pass+ ! little /ream ! music ceas$2 & on rea*+ ! spot on :i* ! s+] _h seem$ /ation$1 he saw only a b>e bank s9k+ into a solit>y moor1 unv>i$ by ei!r bu% or holl[ 9 :i* ! musician might h la9 conceal$4 ,he _h h>dly "t1 h[ev]1 to e/imate ! m>vels ( ! case1 :5 ! music aga9 /ruck up1 b on ! opposite side ( ! dell1 & app>5tly f ! v knoll on :i* he _h s rec5tly li/5$ to x4 ,! conviction t x c\ld n be o!r ?an sup]natural ov]p[]$ him2 & he hurri$ homew>ds "u ! influ5ce ( a t]ror s extreme1 t1 un=tunately = our k ( fairy lit]ature1 x _h ! effect ( oblit]at+ f 8 memory e "p ( ! song except ! *orus4 ,! sun rose z he rea*$ ,crom>ty2 & he f\nd t1 in/ead ( hav+ l+]$ at ! edge ( ! dell = only a few m9utes--& ! "t _h seem$ no long]--he _h sp5t beside x ! great] "p ( ! night4 ,! fairies h des]t$ ! ,burn ( ,ea?ie2 b we h pro(1 q z conclusive z ! nature ( ! case admits1 t :5 !y ceas$ to be se5 !re x w\ld h be5 va9 to h look$ = !m any :]e else4 ,!re is a clu/] ( turf-built cottages gr\p$ on ! s\!rn side ( ! rav9e2 a few scatt]$ knolls1 & a long1 p>tially wood$ holl[1 t seems a sort ( cov]$ way lead+ to ! recesses ( ! dell1 int]pose betwe5 !m & ! ne>] edge1 & ! hill rises beh9d4 ,on a ,sabba? morn+1 ne>ly sixty ye>s ago1 ! inmates ( ?is little hamlet _h all gone to *ur*1 all except a h]d-boy & a little girl1 8 si/]1 :o 7 l\ng+ beside "o ( ! cottages2 :51 j z ! %ad[ ( ! g>d5 dial _h fall5 on ! l9e ( noon1 !y saw a long cavalcade asc5d+ out ( ! rav9e ?r\gh ! wood$ holl[4 ,x w9d$ among ! knolls & bu%es2 &1 turn+ r\nd ! nor!rn gable ( ! cottage beside :i* ! sole spectators ( ! sc5e 7 /ation$1 began to asc5d ! em95ce t[>ds ! s\?4 ,! horses 7 %aggy1 dim9utive ?+s1 speckl$ dun & gray2 ! rid]s1 /unt$1 misgr[n1 ugly creatures1 attir$ 9 antique j]k9s ( plaid1 long gray cloaks1 & little r$ caps1 f "u :i* _! wild1 uncomb$ locks %ot out ov] _! *eeks & =eheads4 ,! boy & 8 si/] /ood gaz+ 9 utt] dismay & a/oni%m5t1 z rid] aft] rid]1 ea* "o m unc\? & dw>fi% ?an ! "o t _h prec$$ x1 pass$ ! cottage & disappe>$ among ! bru%wood1 :i* at t p]iod cov]$ ! hill1 until at l5g? ! entire r\t1 except ! la/ rid]1 :o l+]$ a few y>ds beh9d ! o!rs1 _h gone by4 ,:at are ye1 little mannie8 & :]e are ye go+8 inquir$ ! boy1 8 curiosity gett+ ! bett] ( 8 fe>s & 8 prud5ce4 ,n ( ! race ( ,adam1 said ! creature1 turn+ = a mom5t 9 8 saddle2 ! ,p ( ,peace %all nev] m be se5 9 ,scotl&4 ,i "k comp>atively little ( ! sc5]y ( ! middle1 or ,corn/one =mation4 ,its features 9 ,engl& are bold & /rik+2 9 ,scotl&1 ( a tam] & m v>i\s "*4 ,! ,d5 ( ,balrudd]y is a sweet1 wood$ dell1 m>k$ by no *>act]i/ic peculi>ities4 ,_m ( ! seem+ peculi>ities ( ! =mation 9 ,=f>%ire1 z 9 ,fife1 may be trac$ to ! di/urb+ trap4 ,! appe>ance exhibit$ is t ( unev5 pla9s1 t rise & fall 9 long1 undulat+ ridges--an appe>ance :i* any o!r memb] ( ! sy/em might h pres5t$4 ,we f9d ! upp] =mation associat$ ) sc5]y ( great1 ?\gh (t5 wild beauty2 & n[h]e is ?is m /rik+ly ! case ?an 9 ! prov9ce ( ,moray1 :]e x leans aga9/ ! granitic gneiss ( ! upl&s1 & slopes t[>ds ! sea 9 long pla9s ( v>i\s f]tility1 deep & ri*1 z 9 ! neighborhood ( ,elg91 or s+ul>ly bleak & unproductive1 z 9 ! f>-fam$ hea? ne> ,=res4 ,let u select ! sc5e :]e ! ,f9dhorn1 aft] hurry+ ov] ridge & %all[1 amid comb9ations ( rock & wood1 wildly picturesque z any ! k+dom af=ds1 ent]s on ! l[] c\ntry1 ) a c\rse less headlong1 ?r\gh a va/ tr5* scoop$ 9 ! pale r$ s&/one ( ! upp] =mation4 ,= miles above ! junction ( ! new] & old] rocks ! riv] has be5 toil+ 9 a n>r[ & unev5 *annel1 betwe5 two upright walls ( h>d gray gneiss1 ?ickly trav]s$1 9 e complexity ( patt]n1 by ve9s ( a light r$1 l>ge gra9$ granite4 ,! gneiss abruptly t]m9ates1 b n s ! wall ( precipices4 ,a l(ty front ( gneiss is jo9$ to a l(ty front ( s&/one1 l ! front walls ( two adjo9+ h\ses2 & ! brok5 & uptilt$ /rata ( ! s(t] /one %[ t ! old] & h>d] rocks mu/ h invad$ x f bel[4 ,a little f>!r d[n ! /ream1 ! /rata assume :at seems1 9 a %ort ext5t ( frontage1 a horizontal position1 l c\rses ( a%l> 9 a build+1 b :i*1 :5 view$ 9 ! range1 is f\nd to incl9e at a l[ angle t[>ds ! di/ant sea4 ,"h1 z 9 _m o!r localities1 ! "y geologi/ mu/ gu>d aga9/ ! conclusion1 t ! rock is necess>ily l[ 9 ! geological scale :i* he f9ds re/+ aga9/ ! gneiss4 ,! gneiss1 occupy+ a v diff]5t place f t on :i* x 0 orig9ally =m$1 has be5 ?ru/ into close neighborhood ) widely sep>at$ =mations4 ,! great conglom]ate base ( ! sy/em re/s ov] x 9 ,orkney1 ,cai?ness1 ,ross1 ,crom>ty1 & ,inv]ness2 & !re is no trace ( :at %\ld be ! int]v5+ grauwacke4 ,! upp] =mation ( ! sy/em leans ^u x "h4 ,we f9d ! ,l[] ,lias uptilt$ aga9/ x at ! ,hill ( ,ea?ie--! great ,oolite on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,su!rl&2 & z ! fl9ts & *alk fossils ( ,banff & ,ab]de5 are f\nd ly+ imm$iately ov] x 9 ^! c\nties1 x is probable t ! d5ud$ memb]s ( ! ,cretace\s gr\p once re/$ ^u x !re4 ,! fact t a deposit %\ld be f\nd ly+ 9 contact ) ! gneiss1 furni%es no argum5t = ! great antiquity or ! fundam5tal "* ( t deposit2 & x 7 well t ! geologi/ :o sets himself to e/imate ! dep? ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 or ! succession ( its v>i\s =mations1 %\ld keep ! circum/ance 9 view4 ,t may be 9 reality b a small & upp] portion ( ! sy/em :i* he f9ds b\nd$ by ! gneiss on its "u side1 & by ! diluvium on its upp]4 ,we /& on a wood$ em95ce1 t s9ks p]p5dicul>ly into ! riv] on ! left1 9 a mural precipice1 & desc5ds ) a bill[y swell into ! broad1 f]tile pla9 9 front1 z if ! upl&s 7 break+ 9 "o va/ wave ^u ! l[ c\ntry4 ,!re is a pat* ( mead[ on ! opposite side ( ! /ream1 %ad$ by a gr\p ( anci5t trees1 gn>l$ & mossy1 & ) half _! topmo/ bran*es dead & :ite z ! bones ( a skeleton4 ,we look d[n ^u !m f an elevation s comm&+1 t _! upp]mo/ twigs seem on well nigh ! same level ) _! int]lac$ & twi/$ roots1 wa%$ b>e on ! bank edge by ! w9t] floods4 ,a colony ( h]ons has built f "t immemorial among ! bran*es4 ,!re are trees s lad5 ) ne/s t ! b\ghs b5d e>?w>ds on e side1 l ! b\ghs ( or*>d trees 9 autumn2 & ! blea*$ & fea!r$ masses :i* !y be>--! cradles ( succe$+ g5]ations--glitt] gray ?r\gh ! foliage 9 cont9u\s gr\ps1 z if ea* tree bore on its s+le head all ! wigs ( ! ,c\rt ( ,session4 ,! solitude is busy ) ! occupations & enjoym5ts ( in/9ct4 ,! birds1 tall & /ately1 /& by troops 9 ! %all[s1 or wade w>ily1 z ! fi% glance by1 to ! edge ( ! curr5t1 or ris+1 ) ! sl[ flap ( w+ & %>p creak peculi> to ! tribe1 drop sudd5ly into _! ne/s4 ,! great =e/ ( ,d>naway /ret*es beyond1 fea!r+ a ?\s& knolls1 t reflect a cold] & gray] t9t z !y rec$e1 & less51 & pres5t on ! horizon a bill[y l9e ( blue4 ,! riv] brawls along "u pale r$ cliffs1 wood$ a-top4 ,x is ?r\gh a va/ burial-y>d t x has cut its way--a field ( ! dead s anci5t1 t ! sepul*res ( ,!bes & ,luxor are b ( ! pres5t day 9 comp>ison--re/+-places = ! rec5tly dep>t$1 ^: fun]als are b j ov]4 ,^! m\ld]+ /rata are *>g$ ) rema9s1 scatt]$ & deta*$ z ^? ( a *ur*y>d1 b n less entire 9 _! p>ts--occipital bones1 jaws1 tee?1 sp9es1 scales--! du/ & rubbi% ( a dep>t$ creation4 ,! cliffs s9k z ! pla9 flatt5s1 & gre51 slop+ banks ( diluvium take _! place2 b !y aga9 rise 9 ! middle di/ance into an abrupt & l(ty promontory1 t1 /ret*+ l an imm5se rib a?w>t ! level c\ntry1 projects f> into ! /ream1 & gives an angul> inflection to its c\rse4 ,!re asc5ds f ! apex a ?91 blue column ( smoke--t ( a lime-kiln4 ,t ridge & promontory are compos$ ( ! ?ick lime/one b&1 :i*1 9 ,moray z 9 ,fife1 sep>ates ! pale r$ f ! pale yell[ b$s ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 & ! flatt5$ tracts on bo? sides %[ h[ mu* bett] x has resi/$ ! d5ud+ ag5cies ?an ei!r ! yell[ /rata t re/s ov] x1 or ! pale r$ /rata :i* x ov]lies4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! two ,aspects 9 :i*4 ,matt] c be view$2 ,space & ,"t4--,geological ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>li] ,p]iods4--,! ,cambrian ,sy/em1--,its ,annelids4--,! ,silurian ,sy/em4--,its ,corals1 ,encr9ites1 ,molluscs1 & ,trilobites4--,its ,fi%4--,^! ( a high ,ord]1 & call$ into ,exi/5ce app>5tly by ,myriads4--,op5+ ,sc5e 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one a ,sc5e ( ,tempe/4--,repres5t$ by ! ,great ,conglom]ate4--,r$ a prevail+ ,color among ! ,anci5t ,rocks conta9$ 9 ?is ,deposit4--,amaz+ ,abundance ( ,animal ,life4--,exemplifi$ by a ,sc5e 9 ! ,h]r+ ,fi%]y4--,plat=m ( ,dea?4--,probable ,cause ( ! ,cata/rophe :i* r5d]$ x su*4 ,!re are only two diff]5t aspects1 says ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n1 9 :i* matt] c be view$4 ,we may consid] x simply z x exi/s1 9 space1 or z x exi/s 9 "t4 ,z x exi/s 9 space we inquire into its composition1 or1 9 o!r words1 endeavor to discov] :at are ! elem5t>y bodies t coexi/ 9 ! space :i* x occupies2 z x exi/s 9 "t1 we inquire into its susceptibilities or its p[]s1 or1 9 o!r words1 endeavor to trace all ! v>i\s *anges :i* h already pass$ ov] x1 or ( :i* x may yet become ! subject4 ,hi!rto ,i h v mu* re/rict$ myself to ! consid]ation ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one z x exi/s 9 space--to ! consid]ation ( x z we n[ f9d x4 ,i %all n[ attempt pres5t+ x to ! read] z x exi/$ 9 "t--dur+ ! succe$+ p]iods ( its =mation1 & :5 its exi/5ces liv$ & mov$ z ! d5iz5s ( primeval oceans4 ,x is "o ?+ to describe ! appe>ance ( a =sak5 & des]t c\ntry1 ) its wide wa/es ( unpr(itable s&1 its brok5 citadels & temples1 its solit>y battle-pla9s1 & its gloomy /reets ( cav]n$ & lonely sepul*res2 & q ano!r to record its hi/ory dur+ its days ( smil+ fields1 popul\s cities1 busy trade1 & mon>*ical spl5dor4 ,we pass f ! dead to ! liv+--f ! cemet]y1 ) its high piles ( mummies & its va/ heaps ( bones1 to ! anci5t city1 full ( life & animation 9 all its /reets & dwell+s4 ,two great geological p]iods h already come to _! close2 & ! floor ( a widely-spread ocean1 to :i* we c affix no limits1 & ( ^: %ores or _! inhabitants no?+ is yet kn[n1 is occupi$ to ! dep? ( _m ?\s& feet by ! rema9s ( bygone exi/5ces4 ,( late1 ! geologi/ has le>n$ f ,mur*ison to di/+ui% ! rocks ( ^! two p]iods--! l[] z ^? ( ! ,cambrian1 ! upp] z ^? ( ! ,silurian gr\p4 ,! l[]--repres5tative ( ! fir/ glimm]+ twilight ( be+--( a dawn s feeble t x may seem d\btful :e!r 9 reality ! gloom _h light5$--mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z a p]iod ( unc]ta9ty4 ,its ripple-m>k$ s&/ones1 & its half coh]5t accumulations ( d>k-color$ /rata1 :i* decompose into mud1 %[ t e "o ( its _m pla9s mu/ h =m$ 9 succession an upp] surface ( ! bottom ( ! sea2 b x rema9s = future discov]]s to det]m9e reg>d+ ! %apes ( life t burr[$ 9 its ooze1 or c>e]$ ?r\gh ! incumb5t wat]s4 ,9 "o locality x w\ld seem z if a few worms _h crawl$ to ! surface1 & left _! involv$ & tortu\s folds d\btfully impress$ on ! /one4 ,"s ( !m resemble m9iature cables1 c>elessly coil$2 o!rs1 furni%$ ) :at seem num]\s legs1 rem9d u ( ! exi/+ ,n]eid9a ( our s&y %ores--^? r$-blood$1 _m-legg$ worms1 resembl+ elongat$ c5tip$es1 t wriggle ) su* activity among ! m+l$ mud & wat]1 z we turn ov] ! /ones "u :i* !y _h %elt]$4 ,7 creatures su* z ^! ! lords ( ?is l[] ocean8 ,did !y ent] fir/ on ! /age1 9 t great drama ( be+ 9 :i* poets & philosoph]s1 mon>*s & mighty conqu]ors1 7 aft]w>ds to m+le z actors8 ,does ! read] rememb] t /ory 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1 9 :i* ! battle ( ! magicians is describ$8 ,at an e>ly /age ( ! combat a little worm creeps ov] ! pavem5t2 at its close two t]rible dragons cont5d 9 an atmosph]e ( fire4 ,b ev5 ! worms ( ! ,cambrian ,sy/em c sc>ce be reg>d$ z e/abli%$4 ,! evid5ce respect+ _! place & _! nature mu/ /ill be held z involv$ 9 "s su* degree ( d\bt z atta*es to ! rese>*es ( ! antiqu>y1 :5 engag$ 9 trac+ :at _! rema9s mu* resemble--! involv$ sculptur+s ( "s ,runic obelisk1 wea!r$ by ! /orms ( a ?\s& w9t]s4 ,!re is less ( d\bt1 h[ev]1 reg>d+ ! exi/5ces ( ! upp] gr\p ( rocks--! ,silurian4 ,! dep? ( ?is gr\p1 z e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 is equal to d\ble ! height ( our highe/ ,scotti% m\nta9s2 & f\r di/9ct plat=ms ( be+ range 9 x1 ! "o ov] ! o!r1 l /ories 9 a build+4 ,life ab\nd$ on all ^! plat=ms1 & 9 %apes ! mo/ wond]ful4 ,! peculi> encr9ites ( ! gr\p rose 9 m9iature =e/s1 & spread =? _! s5ti5t petals by millions & t5s ( millions amid ! wat]s2 va/ ridges ( corals peopl$ by _! innum]able build]s1--numb]s )\t numb]1--rose high amid ! %all[s2 ! *amb]$ %ells _h become abundant--! simpl] te/acea /ill m s2 ext9ct =ms ( ! graptolite1 or sea-p51 exi/$ by myriads2 & ! =mation _h a class ( creatures 9 advance ( ! _m-legg$ annelids ( ! o!r4 ,x _h its num]\s family ( trilobites1--cru/aceans ne>ly z high 9 ! scale z ! common crab1--creatures ) cresc5t-%ap$ heads1 & jo9t$ bodies1 & wond]fully con/ruct$ eyes1 :i*1 l ! eyes ( ! bee & ! butt]fly1 _h ! cornea cut into facets resembl+ ^? ( a multiply+ glass4 ,is ! read] acqua9t$ ) ! =m ( ! common ,*iton ( our %ores--! little boat-%ap$ %ell-fi%1 t adh]es to /ones & rocks l ! limpet1 b :i* diff]s f e v>iety ( limpet1 inbe>+ z its cov]+ a jo9t$1 n a cont9u\s %ell8 ,suppose a *iton ) two ( its t]m9al jo9ts cut away1 & a s+le plate ( mu* ! same %ape & size1 b ) two eyes ne> ! c5tre1 sub/itut$ in/ead1 & ! animal1 9 =m at lea/1 w\ld be no long] a *iton1 b a trilobite4 ,!re are appe>ances1 too1 :i* lead to ! inf]5ce t ! habits ( ! two families1 ?\gh repres5t+ diff]5t ord]s ( be+1 may n h be5 v unlike4 ,! *iton atta*es itself to ! rock by a muscul> suck] or foot1 :i*1 ext5d+ v5t rally along its entire l5g?1 resembles t ( ! slug or ! snail1 & enables x to crawl l !m1 b /ill m sl[ly1 by a succession ( adhesions4 ,! locomotive p[]s ( ! trilobite seem to h be5 little sup]ior to ^? ( ! *iton4 ,if furni%$ ) legs at all1 x mu/ h be5 ) s(t rudim5t>y membranace\s legs1 little fitt$ = walk+ )2 & x seems q z probable1 f ! peculi>ly %ap$ "u m>g9 ( its %ell1 =m$1 l t ( ! *iton1 = adh]+ to flat surfaces1 t1 l ! slug & ! snail1 x 0 unfurni%$ ) legs ( any k9d1 & crept on ! abdom54 ,! va/ conglom]ations ( trilobites = :i* ! ,silurian rocks are rem>kable1 are reg>d$ z fur!r evid5ce ( a s$5t>y condition1 ,l ,o/re1 ,*itones1 & o!r s$5t>y animals1 !y seem$ to h adh]$ toge!r 9 va/ clu/]s1 trilobite ov] trilobite1 9 ! holl[s ( subm>9e precipices1 or on ! flat1 muddy bottom bel[4 ,& su* 7 ! ma/] exi/5ces ( ?ree ( ! f\r ,silurian plat=ms1 & ( ! great] "p ( ! f\r?1 if1 inde$1 we may n reg>d ! *amb]$ molluscs1 _! contempor>ies1--creatures ) _! arms clu/]$ r\nd _! heads1 & ) a n]v\s sy/em compos$ ( a m]e knott$ cord1--z equally high 9 ! scale4 ,we rise to ! topmo/ lay]s ( ! sy/em1--to an upp] gall]y ( its highe/ plat=m1--& f9d nature mightily 9 advance4 ,ano!r & sup]ior ord] ( exi/5ces _h sprung into be+ at ! fiat ( ! ,creator--creatures ) ! bra9 lodg$ 9 ! head1 & ! sp9al cord enclos$ 9 a v]tebrat$ column4 ,9 ! p]iod ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 fi% prop]ly s call$1 & ( v p]fect organization1 _h become d5iz5s ( ! wat]y elem5t1 & _h tak5 prec$5ce ( ! cru/acean1 z1 at a p]iod long previ\s1 ! cru/acean _h tak5 prec$5ce ( ! annelid4 ,9 :at =m d ^!1 ! mo/ anci5t be+s ( _! class1 appe>8 ,z c>tilag9\s fi%es ( ! high] ord]4 ,"s ( !m 7 furni%$ ) bony palates1 & squat1 firmly-bas$ tee?1 well adapt$ = cru%+ ! /one-cas$ zophytes & %ells ( ! p]iod1 fragm5ts ( :i* occur 9 _! fcal rema9s2 "s ) tee? t1 l ^? ( ! fossil %>ks ( ! lat] =mations1 resemble l9es ( m9iature pyramids1 l>g] & small] alt]nat+2 "s ) tee? %>p1 ?91 & s deeply s]rat$ t e individual too? resembles a r[ ( poni>ds set upright aga9/ ! walls ( an armory2 & ^! la/1 says ,agassiz1 furni%$ ) weapons s murd]\s1 mu/ h be5 ! pirates ( ! p]iod4 ,"s _h _! f9s gu>d$ ) long sp9es1 hook$ l ! beak ( an eagle2 "s ) sp9es ( /raight] & m sl5d] =m1 & ribb$ & furr[$ longitud9ally l columns2 "s 7 %ield$ by an armor ( bony po9ts2 & "s ?ickly cov]$ ) gli/5+ scales4 ,if _m ages mu/ h pass$ ere fi%es appe>$1 !re 0 assur$ly no "t requir$ to elevate _! l[] into _! high] families4 ,judg+1 too1 f ?is anci5t deposit1 !y seem to h be5 introduc$1 n by individuals & pairs1 b by :ole myriads4 ,=?)1 ! s\nds & seas1 ea* creek & bay1 ,) fry innum]able sw>m$2 & %oals ,( fi%1 t ) _! f9s & %9+ scales ,glide "u ! gre5 wave 9 plumps & sculls1 ,bank$ ! mid sea4 ,! fi%-b$ ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ,rock ab\nds m 9 osse\s rema9s ?an an anci5t bury+-gr\nd4 ,! /ratum1 ov] wide areas1 seems an almo/ cont9u\s lay] ( matt$ bones1 jaws1 tee?1 sp9es1 scales1 palatal plates1 & %agre5-l prickles1 all mass$ toge!r1 & conv]t$ into a sub/ance ( s deep & %9+ a jet color1 t ! b$1 :5 fir/ discov]$1 convey$ ! impression1 says ,mr4 ,mur*ison1 t x enclos$ a triturat$ heap ( black beetles4 ,& su* are ! rema9s ( :at seem to h be5 ! fir/ exi/+ v]tebrata4 ,?us1 ere our hi/ory beg9s1 ! exi/5ces ( two great sy/ems1 ! ,cambrian & ! ,silurian1 _h pass$ into ext9ction1 ) ! exception ( :at seem a few connect+ l9ks1 exclusively molluscs1 t are f\nd 9 ,engl& to pass f ! high] b$s ( ! ,ludl[ rocks into ! ,l[] or ,tile/one b$s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4,,az ,! exuvi ( at lea/ f\r plat=ms ( be+ lay entomb$ furlong bel[ furlong1 amid ! gray1 m\ld]+ mud/ones1 ! h>d] ar5ace\s b$s1 ! consolidat$ clays1 & ! concretion>y lime/ones1 t und]lay ! anci5t ocean ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$4 ,! e>? _h already become a va/ sepul*re1 to a dep? b5ea? ! b$ ( ! sea equal to at lea/ twice ! height ( ,b5 ,nevis ov] its surface4 ,footnote ,,az3 ,upw>ds ( eight hundr$ ext9ct species ( animals h be5 describ$ z belong+ to ! e>lie/1 or ,protozoic & ,silurian p]iod1 & ( ^! only ab\t "o hundr$ are f\nd also 9 ! ov]ly+ ,devonian s]ies2 :ile b fifte5 are common to ! :ole ,palozoic p]iod1 & n "o ext5ds beyond x4--7,m4 de ,v]neuil & ,c\nt ,d',ar*iac1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,d4 ,t4 ,an/$4 #ahdd47 ,! fir/ sc5e 9 ! ,tempe/ op5s amid ! confusion & turmoil ( ! hurricane--amid ?und]s & lightn+s1 ! ro> ( ! w9d1 ! %\ts ( ! seam51 ! rattl+ ( cordage1 & ! wild da% ( ! bill[s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one seems1 9 :at n[ =ms ! nor!rn half ( ,scotl&1 to h op5$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! f9ely-lam9at$ l[] ,tile/ones ( ,engl& 7 deposit$ evid5tly 9 a calm sea4 ,dur+ ! contempor>y p]iod 9 our own c\ntry1 ! va/ space :i* n[ includes ,orkney & ,lo* ,ness1 ,d+wall1 & ,gamrie1 & _m a ?\s& squ>e mile besides1 0 ! sc5e ( a %all[ ocean1 p]plex$ by p[]ful curr5ts1 & agitat$ by waves4 ,a va/ /ratum ( wat]-roll$ pebbles1 v>y+ 9 dep? f a hundr$ feet to a hundr$ y>ds1 rema9s 9 a ?\s& diff]5t localities1 to te/ify ( ! di/urb+ ag5cies ( ?is "t ( commotion4 ,! h>de/ masses :i* ! /ratum encloses1--porphyries ( vitre\s fracture t cut glass z readily z fl9t1 & masses ( qu>tz t /rike fire q z pr(usely f /eel1--are yet poli%$ & gr\nd d[n into bullet-l =ms1 n an angul> fragm5t appe>+ 9 "s p>ts ( ! mass = y>ds toge!r4 ,! debris ( our h>d] rocks roll$ = c5turies 9 ! b$s ( our m impetu\s riv]s1 or toss$ = ages along our m expos$ & precipit\s sea-%ores1 c\ld n pres5t less equivocally ! m>ks ( viol5t & prolong$ attrition ?an ! pebbles ( ?is b$4 ,& yet x is surely difficult to conceive h[ ! bottom ( any sea %\ld h be5 s viol5tly & s equally agitat$ = s greatly ext5d$ a space z t :i* int]v5es betwe5 ,meal=vony 9 ,inv]ness-%ire & ,pomona 9 ,orkney 9 "o direction1 & betwe5 ,applecross & ,tr\phead 9 ano!r--& = a p]iod s prolong$1 t ! entire area %\ld h come to be cov]$ ) a /ratum ( roll$ pebbles ( almo/ e v>iety ( anci5t rock1 fifte5 /ories' height 9 ?ickness4 ,! v v>iety ( its cont5ts %[s t ! p]iod mu/ h be5 prolong$4 ,a sudd5 flood sweeps away ) x ! accumulat$ debris ( a range ( m\nta9s2 b to bl5d toge!r1 9 equal mixture1 ! debris ( _m su* ranges1 z well z to gr9d d[n _! r\ghnesses & angul>ities1 & fill up ! int]/ices ) ! s& & gravel produc$ 9 ! process1 mu/ be a "w ( "t4 ,i h exam9$ ) mu* int]e/1 9 v>i\s localities1 ! fragm5ts ( anci5t rock inclos$ 9 ?is =mation4 ,_m ( !m are no long] to be f\nd 9 situ1 & ! gr\p is ess5tially diff]5t f t pres5t$ by ! m mod]n gravels4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,fri? ( ,crom>ty1 = in/ance1 by f> ! mo/ abundant pebbles are ( a blue s*i/ose gneiss3 fragm5ts ( gray granite & :ite qu>tz are also common2 & ! sea-%ore at half ebb pres5ts at a %ort di/ance ! appe>ance ( a long belt ( blui% gray1 f ! color ( ! prevail+ /ones :i* compose x4 ,! prevail+ color ( ! conglom]ate ( ! di/rict1 on ! contr>y1 is a deep r$4 ,x conta9s pebbles ( small-gra9$1 r$ granite1 r$ qu>tz rock1 r$ feldsp>1 r$ porphyry1 an impure r$ jasp]1 r$ horn/one1 & a r$ granitic gneiss1 id5tical ) ! well-m>k$ gneiss ( ! neighbor+ ,sutors4 ,?is la/ is ! only rock n[ f\nd 9 ! di/rict1 ( :i* fragm5ts occur 9 ! conglom]ate4 ,x mu/ h be5 expos$ at ! "t to ! action ( ! waves1 ?\gh aft]w>ds buri$ deep "u succe$+ =mations1 until aga9 ?ru/ to ! surface by "s great int]nal convulsion1 ( a date comp>atively rec5t4,,ba ,footnote ,,ba3 ,! va/ b$s ( unconsolidat$ gravel ) :i* "o ( ! lat] geological revolutions has half fill$ "s ( our nor!rn valleys1 & cov]$ ! slopes ( ! adjac5t hills1 pres5t1 9 a few localities1 appe>ances some:at analog\s to ^? exhibit$ by ?is anci5t =mation4 ,!re are uncem5t$ accumulations ( wat]-roll$ pebbles1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,inv]ness1 f n9ety to a hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,b ?is /ratum1 unlike ! m anci5t "o1 want$ cont9uity4 ,x mu/ h be5 accumulat$1 too1 "u ! op]ation ( m p>tial1 ?\gh imm5sely m p[]ful ag5cies4 ,!re is a m$iocrity ( size 9 ! enclos$ fragm5ts ( ! old conglom]ate1 :i* gives evid5ce ( a m$iocrity ( p[] 9 ! transport+ ag5t4 ,9 ! upp] gravels1 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! ag5ts c\ld convey f va/ di/ances blocks ( /one eighty & a hundr$ tons 9 weight4 ,a new cause ( trem5d\s en]gy _h come into op]ation 9 ! geological _w4 ,! p]iod ( ?is %all[ & /ormy ocean pass$4 ,! bottom1 compos$ ( ! id5tical conglom]ate :i* n[ =ms ! summit ( "s ( our l(tie/ m\nta9s1 sank ?r\gh\t its wide area to a dep? s pr(\nd z to be little affect$ by tides or tempe/s4 ,dur+ ?is second p]iod !re took place a va/ deposit ( co>se s&/one /rata1 ) "h & !re a few ?9 b$s ( roll$ pebbles4 ,! g5]al subsid5ce ( ! bottom /ill cont9u$1 &1 aft] a deposit ( full n9ety feet _h ov]la9 ! conglom]ate1 ! dep? became /ill m pr(\nd ?an at fir/4 ,a f9e1 semi-calc>e\s1 semi-alum9\s deposition took place 9 wat]s p]fectly undi/urb$4 ,& "h we fir/ f9d pro( t ?is anci5t ocean lit]ally sw>m$ ) life--t its bottom 0 cov]$ ) m9iature =e/s ( alg1 & its wat]s d>k5$ by imm5se %oals ( fi%4 ,9 middle autumn1 at ! close ( ! h]r+ season1 :5 ! fi% h j spawn$1 & ! congregat$ masses are break+ up on %all[ & sk]ry1 & disp]s+ by myriads ov] ! deep] seas1 !y rise at times to ! surface by a movem5t s simultane\s1 t = miles & miles ar\nd ! skiff ( ! fi%]man no?+ may be se5 b ! bright glitt] ( scales1 z if ! entire face ( ! deep 7 a blue robe spangl$ ) silv]4 ,i h wat*$ !m at sunrise at su* seasons on ! middle ( ! ,moray ,fri?1 :51 f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 ! surface has be5 ruffl$ by ! spla% ( f9s1 z if a light breeze swept ov] x1 & ! r$ light has fla%$ 9 gleams ( an in/ant on ! millions & t5s ( millions t 7 leap+ ar\nd me1 a h&bread? into ! air1 ?ick z hail-/ones 9 a ?und]-%[]4 ,! amaz+ am\nt ( life :i* ! sc5e includ$1 has imp>t$ to x an indescribable int]e/4 ,on mo/ occasions ! inhabitants ( ocean are se5 b by scores & hundr$s2 = 9 look+ d[n into _! gre5 twilight haunts1 we f9d ! view b\nd$ by a few y>ds1 or at mo/ a few fa?oms2 & we c b calculate on ! unse5 myriads ( ! surr\nd+ expanse by ! se5 few t occupy ! n>r[ space visible4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x 0 n ! few1 b ! myriads1 t 7 se5--! innum]able & inconceivable :ole--all palpable to ! sight z a flock on a hill-side2 or1 at lea/1 if all 0 n palpable1 x 0 only because s5se has its limits 9 ! light] z well z 9 ! d5s] m$ium--t ! multitud9\s di/racts x1 & ! di/ant eludes x1 & ! f> horizon b\nds x4 ,if ! sc5e spoke n ( inf9ity 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,deity compreh5ds x1 x spoke ( x 9 at lea/ ! only s5se 9 :i* man c compreh5d x4 ,n[1 we are mu* 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ ( su* amaz+ multiplicity ( be+--:5 we ?9k ( x at all--) ref]5ce to b ! lat] times ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,we ?9k ( ! remote pa/ z a "t ( comp>ative solitude4 ,we =get t ! n[ un9habit$ des]t 0 once a popul\s city4 ,is ! read] prep>$ to realize1 9 connection ) ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--! second p]iod ( v]tebrat$ exi/5ce--sc5es z amaz+ly f]tile 9 life z ! sc5e j describ$--oceans z ?or\ghly occupi$ ) be+ z our fri?s & e/u>ies :5 ! h]r+s congregate mo/ abundantly on our coa/s8 ,!re are evid5ces too sure to be disput$ t su* mu/ h be5 ! case4 ,i h se5 ! i*?yolite b$s1 :]e wa%$ b>e 9 ! l9e ( ! /rata1 z ?ickly cov]$ ) oblong1 sp9dle-%ap$ nodules z ,i h ev] se5 a fi%+ bank cov]$ ) h]r+s2 & h asc]ta9$ t e individual nodule _h its nucleus ( animal matt]--t x 0 a /one c(f9 9 m9iature1 hold+ enclos$ its organic mass ( bitum5 or bone--its w+$1 or enamell$1 or ?orn-cov]$ i*?yolite4 ,at ?is p]iod ( our hi/ory1 "s t]rible cata/rophe involv$ 9 sudd5 de/ruction ! fi% ( an area at lea/ a hundr$ miles f b\nd>y to b\nd>y1 p]haps mu* m4 ,! same plat=m 9 ,orkney z at ,crom>ty is /rew$ ?ick ) rema9s1 :i* exhibit unequivocally ! m>ks ( viol5t dea?4 ,! figures are contort$1 contract$1 curv$2 ! tail 9 _m in/ances is b5t r\nd to ! head2 ! sp9es /ick out2 ! f9s are spread to ! full1 z 9 fi% t die 9 convulsions4 ,! ,pt]i*?ys %[s its arms ext5d$ at _! /iffe/ angle1 z if prep>$ = an enemy4 ,! attitudes ( all ! i*?yolites on ?is plat=m are attitudes ( fe>1 ang]1 & pa94 ,! rema9s1 too1 appe> to h suff]$ no?+ f ! aft] attacks ( pr$ace\s fi%es2 none su* seem to h surviv$4 ,! record is "o ( de/ruction at once widely spread & total1 s f> z x ext5d$4 ,!re are pro(s t1 :atev] may h be5 ! cause ( ! cata/rophe1 x mu/ h tak5 place 9 a sea unusually /ill4 ,! scales1 :5 scatt]$ by "s slight undulation1 are scatt]$ to ! di/ance ( only a few in*es1 & /ill exhibit _! enamel entire1 & _! peculi> f95ess ( edge4 ,! sp9es1 ev5 :5 sep>at$1 reta9 _! orig9al ne$le-l %>pness ( po9t4 ,rays1 well nigh z sl5d] z horse-hairs1 are enclos$ unbrok5 9 ! mass4 ,:ole i*?yolites occur1 9 :i* n only all ! p>ts survive1 b ev5 ! expression :i* ! /iff & ?reat5+ attitude convey$ :5 ! la/ /ruggle 0 ov]4 ,de/ruction mu/ h come 9 ! calm1 & x mu/ h be5 ( a k9d by :i* ! calm 0 no?+ di/urb$4 ,9 :at c\ld x h orig9at$8 ,by :at quiet b pot5t ag5cy ( de/ruction 7 ! innum]able exi/5ces ( an area p]haps t5 ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ext5t annihilat$ at once1 & yet ! m$ium 9 :i* !y _h liv$ left undi/urb$ by its op]ations8 ,conjecture lacks foot+ 9 grappl+ ) ! enigma1 & expatiates 9 unc]ta9ty ov] all ! kn[n ph5om5a ( dea?4 ,diseases ( my/]i\s orig9 break out at times 9 ! animal k+dom1 & well nigh ext]m9ate ! tribes on :i* !y fall4 ,! pres5t g5]ation has se5 a hundr$ millions ( ! human family swept away by a disease unkn[n to our fa!rs4 ,virgil describes ! fatal murra9 t once depopulat$ ! ,alps1 n m z a poet ?an z a hi/orian4 ,! %ell-fi% ( ! riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica di$ 9 su* va/ abundance dur+ a ye> ( ! pres5t c5tury1 t ! animals1 wa%$ out ( _! %ells1 lay rott+ 9 masses beside ! banks1 infect+ ! v air4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! haddock well nigh disappe>$1 = sev]al seasons toge!r1 f ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,scotl&2 & x is relat$ by ,cree*1 t a ,scot* %ipma/] ( ! p]iod sail$ = sev]al leagues on ! coa/ ( ,norway1 ab\t ! "t ! sc>city began1 ?r\gh a float+ %oal ( dead haddocks4,,bb ,footnote ,,bb3 ,i h he>d eld]ly fi%]m5 ( ! ,moray ,fri? /ate1 9 connection ) :at !y us$ to t]m ! haddock de>? ( ?is p]iod1 t1 = sev]al weeks ere ! fi% entirely disappe>$1 !y acquir$ an extremely disagreeable ta/e1 z if !y _h be5 boil$ 9 tobacco juice1 & became unfit = ! table4 ,= ! ?ree foll[+ ye>s !y 7 extremely r>e on ! coa/1 & sev]al ye>s m elaps$ ere !y 7 caught 9 ! usual abundance4 ,! fact relat$ by ,cree*1 a v curi\s "o1 ,i subjo9 9 8 own words2 x occurs 9 8 ?ird ,lett] to ,sir ,john ,s9clair3 ,on ,friday1 ! #d? ,decemb]1 #aghi1 ! %ip ,bro!rs1 ,capta9 ,/ew>t1 arriv$ at ,lei? f ,ar*angel1 :o report$ t1 on ! coa/ ( ,lapl& & ,norway1 he sail$ _m leagues ?r\gh imm5se quantities ( dead haddocks float+ on ! sea4 ,he spoke sev]al ,engli% %ips1 :o report$ ! same fact4 ,x is c]ta9 t haddocks1 :i* 0 ! fi% 9 ! greate/ abundance 9 ! ,ed9burgh m>ket1 h sc>cely be5 se5 !re ^! ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #agij1 ?ree haddocks 7 br\ght to m>ket1 :i*1 f _! sc>city1 sold = #gs4 #f;d4 ,! dead haddocks se5 by ! ,lei? %ipma/] 7 float+ by ?\s&s2 & mo/ ( _! cong5]s among :at fi%]m5 t]m ! :ite fi%1 su* z cod1 l+1 & :it+1 also float :5 dead2 :]eas ! bodies ( fi% ^: b[els & air-bladd]s are comp>atively small & t5d]1 lie at ! bottom4 ,! h]r+ fi%]man1 if ! fi% die 9 8 nets1 f9ds x no easy matt] to buoy !m up2 & if ! %oal entangl$ be a l>ge "o1 he fails at times1 f ! great weight1 9 recov]+ !m at all1 los+ bo? nets & h]r+s4 ,n[1 if a correspond+ diff]5ce obta9$ among fi% ( ! ext9ct p]iod--if "s rose to ! surface :5 !y di$1 :ile o!rs rema9$ at ! bottom--we mu/1 ( c\rse1 expect to f9d _! rema9s 9 v diff]5t degrees ( pres]vation--to f9d only scatt]$ fragm5ts ( ! float]s1 :ile ( ! o!rs _m may occur comp>atively entire4 ,ev5 %\ld !y h di$ on ! same b$s1 too1 we may discov] _! rema9s sep>at$ by hundr$s ( miles4 ,! haddocks t disappe>$ f ! coa/ ( ,brita9 7 f\nd float+ 9 %oals on ! coa/s ( ,norway4 ,! rema9s ( an imm5se body ( h]r+s1 t weigh$ d[n1 a few seasons s9ce1 ! nets ( a crew ( fi%]m51 9 a muddy holl[ ( ! ,moray ,fri?1 & defi$ ! utmo/ ex]tions ( ?ree crews unit$ to weigh !m f ! bottom1 are1 ,i d\bt n1 9 ! muddy holl[ /ill4 ,on a pr9ciple ?us obvi\s x may be deem$ n improbable t ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one might h _h num]\s contempor>ies1 ( :i*1 unless 9 "s in/ances ! same accid5t :i* kill$ also entomb$ !m1 we c "k no?+ 9 _! "* z su*1 & ^: brok5 fragm5ts may yet be f\nd 9 "s o!r locality1 :]e !y may be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic ( a diff]5t =mation4 ,b ! ravages ( no su* disease1 h[ev] ext5sive1 c\ld well acc\nt = "s ( ! ph5om5a ( ?is plat=m ( dea?4 ,x is r>ely t disease falls equally on _m diff]5t tribes at once1 & nev] does x fall ) in/antane\s1 sudd5ness2 :]eas 9 ! ru9 ( ?is plat=m f t5 to twelve di/9ct g5]a seem to h be5 equally involv$2 & s sudd5ly did x p]=m its "w1 t its victims 7 fix$ 9 _! fir/ attitude ( t]ror & surprise4 ,i h obs]v$1 too1 t gr\ps ( adjo9+ nodules are *>g$ frequ5tly ) fragm5ts ( ! same v>iety ( i*?yolite2 & ! circum/ance seems fraught ) evid5ce reg>d+ bo? ! orig9al habits ( ! creatures1 & ! in/antane\s sudd5ness ( ! de/ruction by :i* !y 7 ov]tak54 ,!y seem1 l _m ( our exi/+ fi%1 to h be5 greg>i\s1 & to h p]i%$ toge!r ere _! cr[ds _h "t to break up & disp]se4 ,fi%1 h be5 f\nd float+ dead 9 %oals beside subm>9e volcanoes--kill$ ei!r by ! heat$ wat]1 or by mephitic gases4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no m>ks ( volcanic activity 9 connection ) ! i*?yolite b$s--no m>ks1 at lea/1 :i* belong to ne>ly ! same age ) ! fossils4 ,! di/urb+ granite ( ! neighbor+ em95ces 0 n upheav$ until aft] ! times ( ! ,oolite4 ,b ! volcano1 if su* 0 ! de/roy+ ag5t1 might h be5 di/ant2 nay1 f "s ( ! po9ts 9 an area ( su* imm5se ext5t1 x mu/ h be5 di/ant4 ,! b$s ab\nd1 z has be5 said1 9 lime2 & ! ?\ght has (t5 /ruck me t calc9$ lime1 ca/ out z a%es f "s di/ant crat]1 & c>ri$ by ! w9ds1 might h be5 ! cause ( ! widely-spread de/ruction to :i* _! organisms te/ify4 ,i h se5 ! fi% ( a small tr\t+ /ream1 ov] :i* a bridge 0 9 ! c\rse ( build+1 de/roy$ 9 a s+le h\r1 = a full mile bel[ ! erection1 by ! few tr\ghfuls ( lime t fell into ! wat] :5 ! c5tr+ 0 remov$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,successors ( ! ext]m9at$ ,tribes4--,! ,gap sl[ly fill$4--,pro( t ! ,vegetation ( a ,=mation may long survive its ,animal ,tribes4 ,probable ,cause4--,imm5sely ext5d$ ,p]iod dur+ :i* ,fi%es 7 ! ,ma/]-exi/5ces ( our ,planet4--,extreme ,folly ( an ,infidel ,objection illu/rat$ by ! ,fact4--,s+ul> ,analogy betwe5 ! ,hi/ory ( ,fi%es z ,individuals & z a ,class4--,*emi/ry ( ! ,l[] ,=mation4--,pr9ciples on :i* ! ,fi%-enclos+ ,nodules 7 probably =m$4--,*emical ,effect ( ,animal ,matt] 9 dis*>g+ ! ,color f ,r$ ,s&/one4--,orig9 ( ! prevail+ t9t to :i* ! ,sy/em owes its ,"n4--,successive ,modes 9 :i* a ,metal may exi/4--,! ,pe/ orations ( ! ,geologi/ void ( ,color4--,v diff]5t ,appe>ance ( ! ,i*?yolites ( ,crom>ty & ,moray4 ,! p]iod ( dea? pass$1 & ov] ! innum]able dead !re settl$ a s(t1 muddy s$im5t1 t hid !m f ! light1 be/[+ ^u !m su* burial z a ,novemb] sn[-/orm be/[s on ! s]e & blight$ vegetation ( ! previ\s summ] & autumn4 ,= an unkn[n space ( "t1 repres5t$ 9 ! =mation by a deposit ab\t fifty feet 9 ?ickness1 ! wat]s ( ! depopulat$ area seem to h rema9$ devoid ( animal life4 ,a few scales & plates !n beg9 to appe>4 ,! fi% t _h exi/$ outside ! *asm seem to h gradually ga9$ ^u x1 z _! numb]s increas$1 j z ! ,european settl]s ( ,am]ica h be5 ga9+ on ! backwoods1 & mak+ !mselves homes amid ! burial-m\nds ( a race ext9ct = c5turies4 ,= a l5g!n$ p]iod1 h[ev]1 ^! f9ny settl]s mu/ h be5 comp>atively few--m]e squatt]s 9 ! wa/e4 ,9 ! b$s ( /ratifi$ clay 9 :i* _! rema9s fir/ occur1 ov] :at we may t]m ! d5sely cr[d$ plat=m ( viol5t dea?1 ! explor] may labor = h\rs toge!r )\t f9d+ a s+le scale4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ?is upp] b$ ab\nds q z mu* 9 ! peculi> vegetable impressions ( ! =mation z ! l[] plat=m itself4 ,an abundance equally great occurs 9 "s localities only a few in*es ov] ! l9e ( ! ext]m9at+ cata/rophe4 ,?ickets ( exactly ! same alg1 amid :i* ! fi% ( ! =mation _h %elt]$ :5 liv+1 grew luxuriantly ov] _! graves :5 dead4 ,! ag5cies ( de/ruction :i* annihilat$ ! animal life ( s ext5d$ an area1 sp>$ its vegetation2 j z ! id5tical =e/s t _h wav$ ov] ! semi-civiliz$ aborig9es ( ,nor? ,am]ica cont9u$ to wave ov] ! m savage r$ m51 _! successors1 long aft] ! orig9al race _h be5 ext]m9at$4 ,! inf]5ce d$ucible f ! fact1 ?\gh suffici5tly simple1 seems 9 a geological po9t ( view a n unimportant "o4 ,! flora ( a sy/em may long survive its fauna2 s t t may be b "o =mation1 reg>d$ ) ref]5ce to plants1 :i* may be two or m =mations1 reg>d$ ) ref]5ce to animals4 ,no in/ance ( any su* ph5om5on occurs 9 ! lat] geological p]iods4 ,! *anges 9 animal & vegetable life appe> to h run p>allel to ea* o!r f ! times ( ! t]ti>y =mations d[n to ^? ( ! coal2 b 9 ! e>li] deposits ! case mu/ h be5 diff]5t4 ,! animal organisms ( ! new] ,silurian /rata =m ess5tially diff]5t gr\ps f ^? ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & bo? diff] f ^? ( ! ,corn/one divisions2 & yet ! great] portion ( _! vegetable rema9s seem ! same4 ,! /em-l impressions ( ! fucoid b$ ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ,rocks _c be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! i*?yolite b$s ( ,crom>ty & ,ross1 nor ^! aga9 f ! impressions ( ! ,arbroa? pavem5t1 or ! ,d5 ( ,balrudd]y4 ,nor is !re mu* difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[ ! vegetation ( a =mation %\ld come to survive its animals4 ,:at is fraught ) heal? to ! exi/5ces ( ! vegetable k+dom1 is 9 _m in/ances a deadly poison to ^? ( ! animal4 ,! grasses & wat]-lilies ( ! neighborhood ( ,naples fl\ri% luxuriantly amid ! c>bonic acid gas :i* re/s s d5sely ov] ! pools & runnels out ( :i* !y spr+1 t ! bird /oops to dr9k1 & falls dead into ! wat]4 ,! lime t de/roys ! reptiles1 fi%1 & insects ( a ?ickly inhabit$ lake or /ream1 injures n a s+le flag or bulru% among ! millions t l9e its edges4 ,! two k+doms exi/ "u laws ( life & dea? s ess5tially dissimil>1 t x has become "o ( ! common-places ( poetry to indicate ! blight & decl9e ( ! tribes ( ! "o by ! unwont$ luxuriancy ( ! productions ( ! o!r4 ,otway tells u1 9 describ+ ! horrors ( ! plague :i* almo/ depopulat$ ,london1 t ! de/roy+ angel /ret*$ 8 arm ov] ! city1 ,till 9 ?' untrodd5 /reets un:olesome grass ,grew ( great /alk1 & color gross1 ,a melan*olic poison\s gre54 ,! "w ( deposition w5t on2 a b$ ( pale yell[ salif]\s s&/one settl$1 ti] ov] ti]1 on a b$ ( /ratifi$ clay1 & 0 itself ov]laid by ano!r b$ ( /ratifi$ clay 9 turn4 ,& ?is upp] b$ _h also its organisms4 ,! rema9s ( its sea-we$ /ill spread out ?ick & d>k amid ! fold+s ( ! /rata1 & occasionally its clu/]s ( deta*$ scales4 ,b ! circum/ances 7 less favorable to ! pres]vation ( entire i*?yolites ?an ^? "u :i* ! organisms ( ! l[] plat=m 7 wrapp$ up 9 _! /ony cov]+s4 ,! matrix1 :i* is m micace\s ?an ! o!r1 seems to h be5 less cons]vative1 & ! wat]s 7 probably less /ill4 ,! process w5t on4 ,age succe$$ age1 & "o /ratum cov]$ up ano!r4 ,g5]ations liv$1 di$1 & 7 entomb$ 9 ! ev]-gr[+ depositions4 ,succe$+ g5]ations pursu$ _! in/9cts by myriads1 happy 9 exi/5ce1 ov] ! surface :i* cov]$ ! brok5 & p]i%+ rema9s ( _! pr$ecessors1 & !n di$ & 7 entomb$ 9 turn1 leav+ a high] plat=m1 & a simil> de/9y to ! g5]ations t succe$$4 ,:ole races became ext9ct1 ?r\gh :at process ( de/ruction :o c tell8 ,o!r races sprang into exi/5ce ?r\gh t adorable p[] :i* ,"o only c conceive1 & ,"o only c ex]t4 ,an inexhau/ible v>iety ( design expatiat$ freely )9 ! limits ( ! anci5t type4 ,! ma9 conditions rema9$ ! same--! m9or details 7 dissimil>4 ,va/ p]iods pass$2 a class l[ 9 ! scale /ill cont9u$ to furni% ! ma/] exi/5ces ( creation2 & s imm5sely ext5d$ 0 ! t]m ( its sov]eignty1 t a be+ ( limit$ faculties1 if su* c\ld h exi/$ uncreat$1 & witness$ ! :ole1 w\ld h inf]r$ t ! p[] ( ! ,creator _h rea*$ its extreme b\nd>y1 :5 fi%es _h be5 call$ into exi/5ce1 & t our planet 0 de/9$ to be ! dwell+-place ( no nobl] inhabitants4 ,if !re be m5 dignifi$ by ! "n ( philosoph]s1 :o c hold t ! pres5t /ate ( be+1 ) all its moral evil1 & all its physical suff]+1 is to be succe$$ by no bett] & happi] /ate1 j because all ?+s h cont9u$ z !y 7 = "s five or six ?\s& ye>s1 h[ mu* s\nd] & m conclusive w\ld ! inf]5ce h be5 :i* c\ld h be5 bas$1 z 9 ! suppos$ case1 on a p]iod p]haps a hundr$ times m ext5d$8 ,!re exi/ wond]ful analogies 9 nature betwe5 ! geological hi/ory ( ! v]tebrat$ animals z an ord]1 & ! individual hi/ory ( e mammif]--betwe5 ! hi/ory1 too1 ( fi% z a class1 & t ( e s+le fi%4 ,x has be5 f\nd by ,ti$emann1 says ,mr4 ,lyell1 t ! bra9 ( ! ftus 9 ! high] class ( v]tebrat$ animals assumes 9 succession ! v>i\s =ms :i* belong to fi%es1 reptiles1 & birds1 be=e x acquires ^? additions & modifications :i* are peculi> to ! mammif]\s tribes4 ,9 exam9+ ! bra9 ( ! mammalia1 says ,m4 ,s]res1 at an e>ly /age ( life1 y p]ceive ! c]ebral hemisph]es consolidat$1 z 9 fi%1 9 two vesicles isolat$ "o f ! o!r2 at a lat] p]iod y see !m affect ! configuration ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es ( reptiles2 /ill lat]1 aga91 !y pres5t y ) ! =ms ( ^? ( birds2 & f9ally1 at ! era ( bir?1 ! p]man5t =ms :i* ! adult mammalia pres5t4 ,& su* seems to h be5 ! hi/ory ( ! v]tebrata z an ord]1 z c]ta9ly z t ( ! individual mammif]4 ,! fi% prec$$ ! reptile 9 ! ord] ( creation1 j z ! cru/acean _h prec$$ ! fi%1 & ! annelid ! cru/acean4 ,aga91 ?\gh ! fact be some:at m obscure1 ! reptile seems to h prec$$ ! bird4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 unequivocal traces ( ! fea!r$ tribes 9 well-m>k$ foot-pr9ts impress$ on a s&/one 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 at mo/ n m mod]n ?an ! ,lias1 b :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to be ( ! same age ) ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,g]many & our own c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,oolite--at lea/ "o1 p]haps two =mations lat]--! bones ( ! two species ( mammif]\s quadrup$s h be5 f\nd1 app>5tly ( ! m>supial family2 & ^!1 says ,mr4 ,lyell1 af=d ! only example yet kn[n ( t]re/rial mammalia 9 rocks ( a date ant]ior to ! old] t]ti>y =mations4 ,! reptile seems to h prec$$ ! bird1 & ! bird ! mammif]\s animal4 ,?us ! ftal hi/ory ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 ! individual mammif] seems typical1 9 e /age ( its progress1 ( ! hi/ory ( ! gr& division at ! head ( :i* ! mammif] /&s4 ,agassiz1 at ! late meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,glasg[1 m5tion$ an analog\s fact4 ,aft] describ+ ! "o-sid$ tail ( ! m anci5t fi%1 especially ! fi% ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--! subjects ( 8 illu/ration at ! "t1--he /at$1 z ! result ( a rec5t discov]y1 t ! "y ( ! salmon 9 _! ftal /ate exhibit ! same unequally-sid$ condition ( tail :i* *>act]izes ^? exi/5ces ( ! e>li] ages ( ! _w4 ,! individual fi%1 j z x beg9s to exi/1 pres5ts ! id5tical appe>ances :i* 7 exhibit$ by ! ord] :5 ! ord] began to exi/4 ,is !re no?+ wond]ful 9 analogies su* z ^!--analogies t po9t ?r\gh ! embryos ( ! pres5t "t to ! womb ( ,nature1 big ) its multitud9\s =ms ( be+8 ,are !y *>g$ ) no su* nice evid5ce z a ,butl] w\ld delight to contemplate1 reg>d+ t unique /yle ( ,deity1 if ,i may s express myself1 :i* runs ?r\gh all 8 works1 :e!r we consid] him z ,god ( ,nature1 or ,au?or ( ,revelation8 ,9 ?is /yle ( type & symbol did ,he reveal himself ( old to 8 *os5 p2 9 ?is /yle ( allegory & p>able did ,he aga9 address himself to !m1 :5 he soj\rn$ among !m on e>?4 ,! *emi/ry ( ! =mation seems sc>ce inf]ior 9 int]e/ to its zoology2 b ! *emi/ _h /ill mu* to d = ,geology1 & ! processes are b imp]fectly kn[n4 ,!re is no field 9 :i* m laurels await ! philosophical *emi/ ?an ! geological "o4 ,i h said t all ! calc>e\s nodules ( ! i*?yolite b$s seem to h _h orig9ally _! nucleus ( organic matt]4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t5 ! organism c be di/9ctly trac$2 & 9 ! t5? !re is almo/ always some?+ to indicate :]e x lay--an elliptical pat* ( black1 or an oblong spot1 f :i* ! prevail+ color ( ! /one has be5 dis*>g$1 & a light] hue sub/itut$4 ,is ! read] acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,pepys's accid5tal exp]im5t1 z relat$ by ,mr4 ,lyell1 & record$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,geological ,transactions8 ,x af=ds an int]e/+ pro( t animal matt]1 9 a /ate ( putrefaction1 proves a p[]ful ag5t 9 ! decomposition ( m9]al sub/ances held 9 solution1 & ( _! consequ5t precipitation4 ,an e>!n pit*]1 conta9+ sev]al qu>ts ( sulphate ( iron1 _h be5 suff]$ to rema9 undi/urb$ & unexam9$ 9 a corn] ( ,mr4 ,pepys's laboratory = ab\t a twelvemon?4 ,"s luckless mice _h mean:ile fall5 into x1 & be5 dr[n$2 & :5 x at l5g? came to be exam9$1 an oily scum1 & a yell[1 sulphure\s p[d]1 mix$ ) hairs1 7 se5 float+ on ! top1 & ! bones ( ! mice discov]$ ly+ at ! bottom2 & x 0 f\nd1 t ov] ! decay+ bodies ! m9]al compon5ts ( ! fluid _h be5 sep>at$ & precipitat$ 9 a d>k-color$ s$im5t1 consi/+ ( gra9s ( pyrites & ( sulphur1 ( copp]as 9 its gre5 & cry/all9e =m1 & ( black oxide ( iron4 ,! animal & m9]al matt]s _h mutually act$ ^u "o ano!r2 & ! metallic sulphate1 depriv$ ( its oxyg5 9 ! process1 _h ?us ca/ d[n its +r$i5ts4 ,x w\ld seem t ov] ! putrefy+ bodies ( ! fi% ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ! wat] _h deposit$1 9 l mann]1 ! lime ) :i* x 0 *>g$2 & h5ce ! calc>e\s nodules 9 :i* we f9d _! rema9s enclos$4 ,! =m ( ! nodule almo/ inv>iably agrees ) t ( ! i*?yolite )92 x is a c(f9 9 ! anci5t ,egyptian /yle4 ,0 ! i*?yolite twi/$ half r\nd 9 ! contort$ attitude ( viol5t dea?8 ! nodule has also its twi/4 ,did x reta9 its natural po/ure8 ! nodule pres5ts ! correspond+ sp9dle =m4 ,0 x brok5 up1 & ! outl9e de/roy$8 ! nodule is flatt5$ & %apeless4 ,9 almo/ e in/ance ! =m ( ! organism seems to h regulat$ t ( ! /one4 ,we may trace1 9 _m ( ^! concretion>y masses1 ! op]ations ( ?ree di/9ct pr9ciples1 all ( :i* mu/ h be5 9 activity at "o & ! same "t4 ,!y are wrapp$ conc5trically ea* r\nd its organism3 !y split readily 9 ! l9e ( ! enclos+ /ratum1 & are m>k$ by its alt]nat+ rectil9e> b>s ( light] & d>k] color2 & !y are radiat$ f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,_! conc5tric condition %[s ! *emical influ5ces ( ! decay+ animal matt]2 _! fissile "* & p>allel lay]s ( color indicate ! g5]al deposition :i* 0 tak+ place at ! "t2 & _! radiat$ /ructure te/ifies to t law ( cry/all9e attraction1 ?r\gh :i*1 by a wond]ful masonry1 ! invisible b well-cut atoms build up _! cubes1 _! rhombs1 _! hexagons1 & _! pyramids1 & are at once ! ar*itects & ! mat]ials ( ! /ructure :i* !y re>4 ,ano!r & v diff]5t *emical effect ( organic matt] may be rem>k$ 9 ! d>k] color$ ar5ace\s deposits ( ! =mation1 & occasionally 9 ! /ratifi$ clays & nodules ( ! i*?yolite b$4 ,9 a pr9t-"w1 ! :ole web is frequ5tly ?r[n into ! vat & dy$ ( "o color2 b !re aft]w>ds comes a dis*>g+ process3 "s *emical mixture is dropp$ on ! fabric2 ! dye disappe>s :]ev] ! mixture t\*es2 & 9 leaves1 & sprigs1 & pat*es1 accord+ to ! pr9t]'s patt]n1 ! clo? assumes its orig9al :ite4 ,n[ ! color$ deposits ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one h1 9 l mann]1 be5 subject$ to a dis*>g+ process4 ,! dye has disappe>$ 9 oblong or circul> pat*es ( v>i\s sizes1 f ! eigh? ( an in* to a foot 9 diamet]2 ! orig9al :ite has tak5 its place2 & s ?ickly are ^! speckles gr\p$ 9 "s ( ! d>k]-t9t$ b$s1 t ! surfaces1 :]e wa%$ by ! sea1 pres5t ! appe>ance ( %eets ( calico4 ,! dis*>g+ ag5t 0 organic matt]2 ! uncolor$ pat*es are no m]e surface films1 =1 :5 cut at "r angles1 _! dep? is f\nd to correspond ) _! bread?1 ! circle is a sph]e1 ! ellipsis =ms ! section ( an egg-%ap$ body1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ea* we g5]ally f9d traces ( ! organism 9 ^: decay x orig9at$4 ,i h repeat$ly f\nd s+le scales1 9 ! i*?yolite b$s1 surr\nd$ by uncolor$ sph]es ab\t ! size ( musket bullets4 ,x is well = ! "y geologi/ c>efully to m>k su* appe>ances--to trace !m ?r\gh ! v>i\s in/ances 9 :i* ! organism may be recogniz$ & id5tifi$1 to ^? 9 :i* its la/ ve/iges h disappe>$4 ,!y are ! hat*m5ts ( ! geological _w1 & indicate t life once exi/$ :]e all o!r record ( x has p]i%$4,,bc ,footnote ,,bc3 ,"s ( ! clay-slates ( ! prim>y =mations ab\nd 9 ^! circul>1 uncolor$ pat*es1 be>+ 9 _! c5tres1 l ! pat*es ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 half oblit]at$ nuclei ( black4 ,7 !y1 too1 once fossilif]\s8 & d ^! blank erasures rema9 to te/ify to ! fact8 ,i f9d ! organic orig9 ( ! pat*es 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one rem>k$ by ,pr(essor ,flem+ z e>ly z ! ye> #ahcj1 & ! rem>k reit]at$ by ,dr4 ,&]son1 ( ,newburgh1 9 ne>ly ! same words1 b ) no ackn[l$gm5t1 t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! foll[+ is ! m9ute & s+ul>ly fai?ful description ( ! ,pr(essor3-- ,on ! surface ( ! /rata 9 ! l[] b$s1 circul> spots1 ne>ly a foot 9 diamet]1 may be readily p]ceiv$ by _! pale yell[ colors1 contra/$ ) ! d>k r$ ( ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,^! spots1 h[ev]1 are n1 z may at fir/ be suppos$1 m]e sup]ficial films1 b d]ive _! circul> =m f a color$ sph]e to :i* !y belong4 ,?is sph]e is n to be di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( ! b$ by any diff]5ce 9 me*anical /ructure1 b m]ely by ! abs5ce ( mu* ( t oxide ( iron ) :i* ! o!r portion ( ! mass is *>g$4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ?is color$ sph]e is usually well def9$2 & at its c5tre may always be obs]v$ matt] ( a d>k] color1 9 "s cases dispos$ 9 conc5tric lay]s1 9 o!rs ( calc>e\s & cry/all9e matt]1 ! rema9s probably ( "s vegetable or animal organism1 ! decomposition ( :i* ex]cis$ a limit$ influ5ce on ! color+ matt] ( ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,9 "s cases ,i h obs]v$ ^! sph]es slightly compress$ at opposite sides1 9 a direction p>allel ) ! plane ( /ratification--! result1 )\t d\bt1 ( ! subsid5ce or contraction ( ! mass1 aft] ! c5tral matt] or nucleus _h ceas$ to ex]cise its influ5ce4--7,*eek's ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal1 ,feb4 #ahca1 p4 #hb47 ,x is ! "p ( ! *emi/ to tell u by :at peculi> action ( ! organic matt] ! dye 0 dis*>g$ 9 ^! spots & pat*es4 ,b h[ 0 ! dye itself procur$8 ,f :at s\rce 0 ! imm5se am\nt ( iron d]iv$1 :i* gives to ne>ly five six?s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ! *>act]i/ic color to :i* x owes its "n8 ,an exam9ation ( its l[e/ memb]1 ! great conglom]ate1 sugge/s a solution ( ! qu]y4 ,i h adv]t$ to ! l>ge proportion ( r$-color$ pebbles :i* ?is memb] conta9s1 &1 among ! re/1 to a r$ granitic gneiss1 :i* mu/ h be5 expos$ ov] wide areas at ! "t ( its deposition1 & :i*1 aft] ! lapse ( a p]iod :i* ext5d$ f at lea/ ! times ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ to ^? ( ! ,upp] ,oolite1 0 aga9 ?ru/ upw>ds to ! surface1 to =m ! rectil9e> *a9 ( precipit\s em95ces to :i* ! hills ( ,crom>ty & ( ,nigg belong4 ,?is rock is n[ almo/ ! sole repres5tative1 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 ( ! anci5t rocks :5ce ! mat]ials ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 7 d]iv$4 ,x ab\nds 9 hmatic iron ore1 diffus$ z a compon5t ( ! /one ?r\gh\t ! entire mass1 & :i* also occurs 9 x 9 pond]\s insulat$ blocks ( great ri*ness1 & 9 ?91 ?read-l ve9s4 ,:5 gr\nd d[n1 x =ms a deep r$ pigm5t1 undi/+ui%able 9 t9t f ! prevail+ color ( ! s&/one1 & :i* leaves a /a9 s difficult to be effac$1 t %eph]ds employ x 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,highl&s = m>k+ _! %eep4 ,e raw] fragm5t ( ! rock be>s its hmatic t+e2 & 7 ! :ole gr\nd by "s me*anical process into s&1 & aga9 consolidat$1 ! produce ( ! exp]im5t w\ld be und\bt$ly a deep r$ s&/one4 ,9 an upp] memb] ( ! l[] =mation--t imm$iately ov] ! i*?yolite b$s--diff]5t mat]ials seem to h be5 employ$4 ,a :ite1 qu>tzy s& & a pale-color$ clay =m ! *ief +r$i5ts2 & ?\gh ! o*ry-t9t$ color+ matt] be also iron1 x is iron exi/+ 9 a diff]5t condition1 & 9 a m dilut$ =m4 ,! oxide deposit$ by ! *alybeate spr+s :i* pass ?r\gh ! l[] memb]s ( ! =mation1 w\ld give to :ite s& a t+e exactly resembl+ ! t9t borne by ?is upp] memb]4 ,! passage ( metals f l[] to high] =mations1 & f "o comb9ation to ano!r1 con/itutes surely a highly int]e/+ subject ( inquiry4 ,! transmission ( iron 9 a *emical =m1 ?r\gh *alybeate spr+s1 f deposits 9 :i* x _h be5 diffus$ 9 a =m m]ely me*anical1 is ( itself curi\s2 b h[ mu* m s its passage & subsequ5t accumulation1 z 9 bog-iron & ! iron ( ! ,coal ,measures1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( vegetation6 ,h[ /range1 if ! /eel axe ( ! woodman %\ld h once =m$ "p ( an anci5t =e/6--if1 aft] fir/ exi/+ z a solid mass 9 a prim>y rock1 x %\ld next h come to be diffus$ z a r$ pigm5t 9 a transition conglom]ate--!n z a br[n oxide 9 a *alybeate spr+--!n z a yell[i% o*re 9 a second>y s&/one--!n z a compon5t "p 9 ! /ems & twigs ( a ?ick =e/ ( arborace\s plants--!n aga9 z an iron c>bonate1 sl[ly accumulat+ at ! bottom ( a morass ( ! ,coal ,measures--!n z a lay] ( indurat$ b&s & nodules ( br[n ore1 und]ly+ a seam ( coal--& !n1 f9ally1 t x %\ld h be5 dug out1 & smelt$1 & fa%ion$1 & employ$ = ! purpose ( h&icraft1 & yet occupy1 ev5 at ?is /age1 m]ely a middle place betwe5 ! transmigrations :i* h pass$1 & ! *anges :i* are yet to come4 ,cry/als ( gal5a sometimes occur 9 ! nodul> lime/ones ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 b ,i am afraid ! *emi/ w\ld f9d x difficult to fix _! probable g5ealogy4 ,9 at lea/ "o respect1 e geological hi/ory mu/ ( necessity be unsatisfactory2 &1 ere ,i pass to ! hi/ory ( ! two upp] =mations ( ! sy/em1 ! read] mu/ p]mit me to rem9d him ( x4 ,!re h be5 individuals1 x has be5 said1 :o1 ?\gh !y c\ld see cle>ly ! =ms ( objects1 want$1 ?r\gh "s /range organic defect1 ! faculty ( p]ceiv+ _! di/+ui%+ colors1 h[ev] well m>k$ ^! might be4 ,! petals ( ! rose h appe>$ to !m ( ! same sombre hue ) its /alk2 & !y h reg>d$ ! ripe sc>let *]ry z undi/+ui%able 9 t9t f ! gre5 leaves "u :i* x hung4 ,! face ( nature to su* m5 mu/ h = ev] re/$ "u a cl\d2 & a cl\d ( simil> "* hangs ov] ! pictorial re/orations ( ! geologi/4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is & ! la/ *apt] is a m]e pr(ile drawn 9 black1 an outl9e )\t color--9 %ort1 su* a *ronicle ( pa/ ages z might be recon/ruct$1 9 ! lack ( o!r & ampl] mat]ials1 f tomb/ones & *>nel-h\ses4 ,i h _h to draw ! portrait f ! skeleton4 ,my specim5s %[ ! g5]al =m ( ! creatures ,i attempt to describe1 & n a few ( _! m m>k$ peculi>ities2 b _m ( ! nic] elegancies are want+2 & ! complexion to :i* !y h come leaves no trace by :i* to discov] ! complexion !y orig9ally bore4 ,& yet color is a mighty matt] to ! i*?yologi/4 ,! f9s & %9+ scales1 ! wav$ coats1 dropt ) gold1 ! ra9b[ dyes ( beauty ( ! wat]y tribes1 are connect$ (t5 ) m ?an m]e ext]nal "*4 ,x is a curi\s & int]e/+ fact1 t ! hues ( spl5dor 9 :i* !y are b$eck$ are1 9 "s in/ances1 z intimately associat$ ) _! in/9cts--) _! feel+s1 if ,i may s speak--z ! blu% :i* suffuses ! human c\nt5ance is associat$ ) ! s5se ( %ame1 or its t9t ( a%y pal5ess or ( sall[ ) emotions ( rage1 or feel+s ( a panic t]ror4 ,pa9 & triumph h ea* _! index ( color among ! mute inhabitants ( our seas & riv]s4 ,poets !mselves h bewail$ ! utt] inadequacy ( words to describe ! v>y+ t9ts & %ades ( beauty ) :i* ! agonies ( dea? dye ! scales ( ! dolph91 & h[ e v>i\s pang calls up a v>i\s suffusion ( spl5dor4,,bd ,ev5 ! common /ickleback ( our ponds & dit*es c put on its colors to picture its emotions4 ,!re is1 x seems1 a mighty am\nt ( ambition1 & a va/ deal ( fight+ %e]ly = conque/s' sake1 among ! myriads ( ?is pygmy little fi% :i* inhabit our small] /reams2 & no soon] does an individual succe$ 9 expell+ 8 weak] companions f "s eighte5 in*es or two feet ( t]ritory1 ?an /raight way ! exultation ( conque/ conv]ts ! fad$ & freckl$ olive ( 8 back & sides into a gl[ ( crimson & bright gre54 ,nature furni%es him ) a regal robe = ! occasion4 ,imm$iately on 8 deposition1 h[ev]1--& ev5ts ( ?is k9d are ev5 m common "u ?an out ( ! wat]1--8 gay colors disappe>1 & he s9ks into 8 orig9al & native ugl9ess4,,be ,footnote ,,bd3 ,! description ( ,falcon] mu/ be famili> to e read]1 b ,i _c resi/ quot+ x4 ,x %[s h[ m9utely ! sailor poet mu/ h obs]v$4 ,byron tells u h[ ,p>t+ day ,dies l ! dolph91 :om ea* pang imbues ,) a new color1 z x gasps away1 ,! la/ /ill lovelie/1 till--tis gone1 & all is gray4 ,falcon]1 9 anticipat+1 rev]s$ ! simile4 ,! huge animal1 /ruck by ! un]r+ b>b ( ,rodmond1 has be5 drawn on bo>d1 & ,on deck he /ruggles ) convulsive pa92 ,b :ile 8 he>t ! fatal javel9 ?rills1 ,& flitt+ life escapes 9 sangu9e rills1 ,:at radiant *anges /rike ! a/oni%$ sight6 ,:at gl[+ hues ( m+l$ %ade & light6 ,n equal beauties gild ! lucid ,we/ ,) p>t+ beams o'er all pr(usely dre/2 ,n loveli] colors pa9t ! v]nal dawn1 ,:5 ,ori5t dews impe>l ! enamell$ lawn2 ,?an f 8 sides 9 bright suffusion fl[1 ,t n[ ) gold empyreal seem to gl[2 ,n[ 9 pellucid sapphires meet ! view1 ,& emulate ! s(t cele/ial hue2 ,n[ beam a flam+ crimson on ! eye1 ,& n[ assume ! purple's deep] dye4 ,b "h description cl\ds ea* %9+ ray-- ,:at t]ms ( art c ,nature's p[]s display8 ,footnote ,,be3 ,9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory says ,capta9 ,br[n1 9 "o ( 8 notes to ,:ite's ,sellorne1 we h a curi\s acc\nt ( ! pugnaci\s prop5sities ( ^! little animals4 ',hav+ at v>i\s times1' says a correspond5t1 'kept ^! little fi% dur+ ! spr+ & "p ( ! summ] mon?s1 & paid close att5tion to _! habits4 ,i am enabl$ f my own exp]i5ce to v\* = ! facts ,i am ab\t to relate4 ,i h frequ5tly kept !m 9 a deal tub1 ab\t ?ree feet two in*es wide1 & ab\t two feet deep4 ,:5 !y are put 9 = "s "t1 probably a day or two1 !y swim ab\t 9 a %oal1 app>5tly explor+ _! new habitation4 ,sudd5ly "o w take possession ( ! tub1 or1 z x w sometimes happ51 ! bottom1 & w in/antly comm5ce an attack ^u 8 companions2 & if any ( !m v5ture to oppose 8 sway1 a regul> & mo/ furi\s battle ensues4 ,!y swim r\nd & r\nd ea* o!r ) ! greate/ rapidity1 bit+1 7_! m\?s be+ well furni%$ ) tee?17 & endeavor+ to pi]ce ea* o!r ) _! lat]al sp9es1 :i*1 on ?is occasion1 are project$4 ,i h witness$ a battle ( ?is sort :i* la/$ sev]al m9utes be=e ei!r w\ld give way2 & :5 "o does submit1 imag9ation c h>dly conceive ! v9dictive fury ( ! conqu]or1 :o1 9 ! mo/ p]sev]+ & unrel5t+ way1 *ases 8 rival f "o "p ( ! tub to ano!r1 until fairly exhau/$ ) fatigue4 ,f ?is p]iod an int]e/+ *ange takes place 9 ! conqu]or1 :o1 f be+ a speckl$ & gre5i%-look+ fi%1 assumes ! mo/ beautiful colors2 ! belly & l[] jaws becom+ a deep crimson1 & ! back sometimes a cream color1 b g5]ally a f9e gre51 & ! :ole appe>ance full ( animation & _s4 ,i h occasionally kn[n ?ree or f\r p>ts ( ! tub tak5 possession ( by ^! little tyrants1 :o gu>d _! t]ritories ) ! /ricte/ vigilance1 & ! slighte/ invasion br+s on inv>iably a battle4 ,a /range alt]ation imm$iately takes place 9 ! defeat$ p>ty3 8 gallant be>+ =sakes him1 8 gay colors fade away1 he becomes aga9 speckl$ & ugly1 & he hides 8 disgrace among 8 peaceable companions4' ,b ( color1 z ,i h said1 ?\gh ?us important1 ! i*?yologi/ c le>n almo/ no?+ f ,geology4 ,! p]fect re/oration ( ev5 a ,cuvi] are blank outl9es4 ,we j "k by a wond]ful accid5t t ! ,sib]ian elephant 0 r$4 ,a v few ( ! orig9al t9ts /ill rema9 among ! fossils ( our nor? c\ntry ,lias4 ,! ammonite1 :5 /ruck fre% f ! surr\nd+ lime1 reflects ! prismatic colors1 z ( old2 a huge ,modiola /ill reta9s its t+e ( tawny & yell[2 & ! fossiliz$ wood ( ! =mation pres]ves a %ade ( ! native t9t1 ?\gh d>k5$ into br[n4 ,b !re is consid]ably less ( color 9 ! fossils ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,i h caught1 & b>ely caught1 9 "s ( ! newly dis9t]r$ specim5s1 ! fa9t & evanesc5t reflection ( a t+e ( pe>l2 & 7 ,i acqua9t$ ) my own collection only1 imag9ation1 borr[+ f ! prevail+ color1 w\ld be apt to p ! anci5t oceans1 9 :i* its =ms exi/$1 ) sw>?y races exclusively4 ,b a view ( ! ,altyre fossils w\ld correct ! impression4 ,!y are enclos$1 l ^? ( ,crom>ty1 9 nodules ( an argillace\s lime/one4 ,! color1 h[ev]1 f ! pres5ce ( iron1 & ! abs5ce ( bitum51 is diff]5t4 ,x pres5ts a mixture ( gray1 ( p9k1 & ( br[n2 & on ?is gr\nd ! fossil is spread out 9 /rongly contra/$ masses ( :ite & d>k r$1 ( blue1 & ( purple4 ,:]e ! exuvi lie ?icke/1 ! :ite appe>s t+$ ) delicate blue--! bone is b little *ang$4 ,:]e !y are spread out m ?9ly1 ! iron has p]vad$ !m1 & ! purple & deep r$ prevail4 ,?us ! same i*?yolite pres5ts1 9 "s specim5s1 a body ( :ite & plum-blue atta*$ to f9s ( deep r$1 & ) deta*$ scales ( r$ & ( purple ly+ scatt]$ ar\nd x4 ,i ne$ h>dly add1 h[ev]1 t all ?is v>iety ( color+ is1 l ! unv>i$ black ( ! ,crom>ty specim5s1 ! result1 m]ely1 ( a curi\s *emi/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,! ,corn/one ,=mation & its ,organisms4--,dw>f ,vegetation4--,cephalaspides4--,huge ,lob/]4--,habitats ( ! exi/+ ,cru/acea4--,no unapt repres5tation ( ! ,deposit ( ,balrudd]y1 furni%$ by a l&-lock$ ,bay 9 ! neighborhood ( ,crom>ty4--,va/ ,space occupi$ by ! ,geological ,=mations4--,contra/$ ) ! half-=m$ ,deposits :i* repres5t ! exi/+ ,creation4--,inf]5ce4--,! =mation ( ! ,holopty*ius4--,probable orig9 ( its ,silice\s ,lime/one4--,m>k$ increase 9 ! ,bulk ( ! ,exi/5ces ( ! ,sy/em4--,conjectural ,cause4--,! ,coal ,measures4--,! ,lime/one ( ,burdie ,h\se ,conclusion4 ,! curta9 rises1 & ! sc5e is new4 ,! myriads ( ! l[] =mation h disappe>$1 & we are surr\nd$1 on an upp] plat=m1 by ! exi/5ces ( a lat] creation4 ,!re is sea all ar\nd1 z be=e2 & we f9d b5ea? a d>k-color$1 muddy bottom1 ?ickly cov]$ by a dw>f vegetation4 ,! circum/ances d9] little f ^? 9 :i* ! i*?yolite b$s ( ! prec$+ p]iod 7 deposit$2 b =ms ( life1 ess5tially diff]5t1 c>e] ?r\gh ! gre5 dep?s1 or creep ov] ! ooze4 ,%oals ( ,cephalaspides1 ) _! broad1 arr[-l heads1 & _! sl5d]1 angul> bodies1 fea!r$ ) f9s1 sweep pa/ l cl\ds ( crossb[ bolts 9 an anci5t battle4 ,we see ! di/ant gleam ( scales1 b ! =ms are indi/9ct & dim3 we c m]ely asc]ta9 t ! f9s are elevat$ by sp9es ( v>i\s %ape & patt]n2 t ( "s ! coats glitt] ) enamel2 & t o!rs--! %>ks ( ?is anci5t p]iod--bri/le ov] ) m9ute ?orny po9ts4 ,a huge cru/acean1 ( unc\? proportions1 /alks ov] ! we$y bottom1 or burr[s 9 ! holl[s ( ! banks4 ,let u attempt br++ our k ( ! pres5t to be> ^u ! pa/4 ,! l>g] cru/ace ( ! ,briti% seas ab\nd mo/ on iron-b\nd coa/s1 :]e !y f9d %elt]+ places 9 ! deep] fissures ( sea-cliffs cov]$ up by kelp & tangle1 or "u ! l[] edges ( deta*$ b\ld]s1 t re/ unequally on unev5 plat=ms ( rock1 amid =e/s ( ! r\gh-/emm$ cuvy4 ,we may trav]se s&y or muddy %ores = miles toge!r1 )\t r9d+ a s+le crab1 unless a belt ( pebbles l9es ! upp] zone ( bea*1 :]e ! =k$ & s]rat$ fuci fir/ appe>1 or a few we$-cov]$ fragm5ts ( rock "h & !re occur 9 gr\ps on ! l[] zones4 ,9 ?is =mation1 h[ev]1 ! bottom mu/ h be5 =m$ ( m+l$ s& & mud1 & yet ! cru/acea 7 abundant4 ,h[ acc\nt = ! fact8 ,!re is1 9 mo/ in/ances1 an int]e/+ con=mity betwe5 ! "* ( ! anci5t rocks1 9 :i* we f9d gr\ps ( peculi> fossils1 & ! habitats ( ^? exi/5ces ( ! pres5t creation :i* ^! fossils mo/ resemble4 ,! fi%]man ca/s 8 nets 9 a c5tral holl[ ( ! ,moray ,fri?1 ab\t ?irty fa?oms 9 dep?1 & draws !m up f\l ) masses ( a fetid mud1 *>g$ ) multitudes ( t curi\s purple-color$ zoophyte ! sea-p51 inv>iably an inhabitant ( su* recesses4 ,! graptolite ( ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s rocks1 an exi/5ce ( unequivocally ! same type1 occurs 9 greate/ abundance 9 a f9ely-levigat$ mud/one1 = x1 too1 0 a dwell] 9 ! mud4 ,9 l mann]1 we may f9d ! anci5t ,modiola ( ! ,lias 9 habitats analog\s to ^? ( its mod]n repres5tative ! muscle1 & ! encr9ite ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one fa/ root$ to its rocky plat=m1 j z we may see ! ,helian?oida & ,ascidioida ( our seas fix$ to _! b\ld]s & rocky sk]ries4 ,b is n analogy at fault 9 ! pres5t in/ance8 ,q ! rev]se4 ,m>k h[ ?ickly ^! c>bonace\s impressions cov] ! muddy-color$ & fissile s&/ones ( ! =mation1 giv+ evid5ce ( an abundant vegetation4 ,we may le>n f ^! obscure m>k+s1 t ! place 9 :i* !y grew c\ld h be5 no unfit habitat = ! cru/ace\s tribes4 ,!re is a little1 l&-lock$ bay on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,fri? ( ,crom>ty1 effectually scre5$ f ! ea/]ly w9ds by ! promontory on :i* ! t[n is built1 & b little affect$ by ^? ( any o!r qu>t]1 f ! proximity ( ! neighbor+ %ores4 ,! bottom1 at l[ ebb1 pres5ts a level pla9 ( s&1 s ?ickly cov]$ by ! gre5 grass-we$ ( our m %elt]$ s&y bays & e/u>ies1 t x pres5ts almo/ ! appe>ance ( a mead[4 ,! roots p5etrate ! s& to ! dep? ( ne>ly a foot1 b9d+ x firmly toge!r2 & z !y h gr[n & decay$ 9 x = c5turies1 x has acquir$1 f ! dissem9at$ p>ticles ( vegetable matt]1 a deep lead5 t9t1 m ne>ly approa*+ to black ?an ev5 ! d>k gray mud/ones ( ,balrudd]y4 ,nor is ?is ! only effect3 ! int]twi/$ fibres imp>t to x su* coh]5ce1 t1 :]e scoop$ out into pools1 ! edges /& up p]p5dicul> f ! wat]1 l banks ( clay2 & :]e ^! are holl[$ into cave-l recesses1--& !re are few ( !m t are n s holl[$1--! recesses rema9 unbrok5 & unfill$ = ye>s4 ,! we$s h imp>t$ to ! s& a "* diff]5t f its own1 & h r5d]$ x a suitable habitat = num]\s tribes1 :i*1 9 o!r circum/ances1 w\ld h f\nd no %elt] 9 x4 ,n[1 among ^! we f9d 9 abundance ! l>g] cru/aceans ( our coa/s4 ,! br[n edible crab h>bors 9 ! holl[s beside ! pools2 occasionally we may f9d 9 !m an ov]gr[n lob/]1 /udd$ ) p>asitical %ells & zophytes--pro( t ! creature1 hav+ atta9$ its full size1 has ceas$ to ca/ its plat$ cov]+4 ,cru/aceans ( ! small] v>ieties ab\nd4 ,h]mit crabs trav]se ! pools1 or creep among ! we$2 ! d>k gre5 & ! d+y1 hump-back$ crabs occur ne>ly z frequ5tly2 ! radiata cov] ! banks by ?\s&s4 ,we f9d occasionally ! rema9s ( dead fi% left by ! retreat+ tide2 b ! liv+ are mu* m num]\s ?an ! dead2 = ! s&-eel has suff]$ ! wat] to retire1 & yet rema9$ beh9d 9 its burr[2 & ! vivip>\s bl5ny & common gunnel /ill %elt] beside _! fuci-cov]$ masses ( rock4 ,imag9e ! bottom ( ?is little bay cov]$ up by ?ick b$s ( s& & gravel1 & ! :ole consolidat$ into /one1 & we h 9 x all ! conditions ( ! deposit ( ,balrudd]y--a mud-color$1 ar5ace\s deposit1 ab\nd+ 9 vegetable impressions1 & enclos+ num]\s rema9s ( cru/aceans1 fi%1 & radiata1 z its *>act]i/ic organisms ( ! animal k+dom4 ,!re w\ld be b "o circum/ance ( diff]5ce3 ! little bay ab\nds 9 %ells2 :]eas no %ells h yet be5 f\nd 9 ! mud/ones ( ,balrudd]y1 or ! gray s&/ones ( ! same =mation1 :i* 9 ,=f>1 ,fife1 & ,moray %ires repres5t ! ,corn/one division ( ! sy/em4 ,ages & c5turies pass$1 b :o c sum up _! numb]8 ,9 ,engl&1 ! dep? ( ?is middle =mation greatly exce$s t ( any ( ! o!r two2 9 ,scotl&1 x is mu* less amply develop$2 b 9 ei!r c\ntry x mu/ repres5t p]iods ( sc>ce conceivable ext5t4 ,i h li/5$ to ! controv]sies ( opposite s*ools ( geologi/s1 :o1 f ! e>?'s /rata1 extract regi/]s ( ! e>?'s age ( an am\nt amaz+ly diff]5t4 ,"o class1 reg>d+ ! geological field z if "u ! influ5ce ( ^? pr9ciples ( p]spective :i* give to ! cottage 9 front m ?an ! bulk & altitude ( ! m\nta9 beh9d1 w\ld assign to ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s its ?\s&s ( ye>s1 b to all ! ext9ct p]iods unit$ m]ely _! few c5turies2 :ile ) _! oppon5ts1 ! remot] p]iods /ret* out f> into ! bygone et]nity1 & ! pres5t sc5e seems b a n>r[ /rip runn+ along ! =egr\nd4 ,bo? classes appeal to facts2 &1 leav+ !m to _! disputes1 ,i h gone out to exam9e & judge = myself4 ,! bett] to comp>e ! pres5t ) ! pa/1 ,i h reg>d$ ! exi/+ sc5e m]ely z a =mation--n z sup]ficies1 b z dep?2 & h s\ght to asc]ta9 ! ext5t to :i*1 9 diff]5t localities1 & "u diff]5t circum/ances1 x has ov]laid ! surface4 ,! slopes ( an anci5t =e/ incl9e t[>ds a riv] t fl[s sluggi%ly onw>ds ?r\gh a deep alluvial pla91 once an ext5sive lake4 ,a rec5t l&slip has op5$ up "o ( ! hang+ ?ickets4 ,uproot$ trees1 m+l$ ) bu%es1 lie at ! foot ( ! slope1 half buri$ 9 brok5 masses ( turf2 & we see above a section ( ! soil1 f ! l9e ( vegetation to ! b>e rock4 ,!re is an "u belt ( clay1 & an upp] belt ( gravel1 nei!r ( :i* conta9s any ?+ organic2 & ov]topp+ ! :ole we may see a d>k-color$ b> ( m\ld1 b>ely a foot 9 ?ickness1 /udd$ ) /umps & int]lac$ ) roots4 ,m>k t n>r[ b>3 x is ! geological repres5tative ( six ?\s& ye>s4 ,a /ony b> ( simil> appe>ance runs ?r\gh ! /rata ( ! ,weald53 x1 too1 has its d+y color1 its /umps1 & its int]lac+ roots2 b x =ms only a v inconsid]able portion ( "o ( ! lea/ consid]able ( all ! =mations2 & yet :o %all v5ture to say t x does n repres5t a p]iod z ext5d$ z t repres5t$ by ! d>k b> 9 ! anci5t =e/1 see+ !re is n a circum/ance ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m8 ,we desc5d to ! riv] side4 ,! incessant action ( ! curr5t has worn a deep *annel ?r\gh ! lead5-color$ silt2 ! banks /& up p]p5dicul>ly ov] ! wat]1 & d[nw>ds1 = tw5ty feet toge!r1--= su* is ! dep? ( ! deposit1--we may trace lay] aft] lay] ( re$s1 & flags1 & fragm5ts ( driftwood1 & f9d "h & !re a few fre%-wat] %ells ( ! exi/+ species4 ,9 ?is locality1 six ?\s& ye>s are repres5t$ by tw5ty feet4 ,! dep? ( ! v>i\s fossilif]\s =mations unit$ is at lea/ fifte5 hundr$ times z great4 ,we pursue our walk1 & pass ?r\gh a morass4 ,?ree ti]s ( =e/ trees appe> 9 ! section laid op5 by ! /ream1 ! "o above ! o!r4 ,ov]ly+ ^! !re is a cong]ies ( ! rema9s ( aquatic plants1 :i* mu/ h gr[n & decay$ on ! spot = _m ages aft] ! soil _h s *ang$ t trees c\ld be produc$ by x no long]2 & ov] ! :ole !re occur lay]s ( mosses1 t mu/ h f\nd root on ! surface aft] ! wat]s _h be5 dra9$ away by ! deep5+ *annel ( ! riv]4 ,! six ?\s& ye>s are "h repres5t$ by t morass1 its ?ree succe$+ =e/s1 its b$s ( aquatic vegetation1 its b&s ( moss1 & ! ?9 /ratum ( soil :i* ov]lies ! :ole4 ,well1 b x =ms1 not)/&+1 only ! m]e beg9n+ ( a =mation4 ,pile up tw5ty su* morasses1 ! "o ov] ! o!r2 sep>ate !m by a hundr$ su* b&s ( alluvial silt z we h j exam9$ a little high] up ! /ream2 ?r[ 9 "s =ty or fifty ?ick b$s ( s& to swell ! am\nt2 & ! :ole toge!r w b b>ely equal ! ,coal ,measures1 "o ( _m =mations4 ,b ! m>9e deposits ( ! pres5t creation h be51 p]haps1 accumulat+ m rapidly ?an ^? ( our lakes1 =e/s1 or riv]s8 ,yes1 unque/ionably1 9 fri?s & e/u>ies1 9 ! neighborhood ( /reams t dra9 va/ tracts ( c\ntry1 & roll d[n ! soil & clay swept by ! w9t] ra9s f ?\s&s ( hill-sides2 b :at is !re to lead to ! =mation ( sudd5 deposits 9 ^? pr(\nd] dep?s ( ! sea1 9 :i* ! wat] reta9s its blue transp>5cy all ! ye> r\nd1 let ! waves rise z !y may8 ,& d we n "k t1 along _m ( our %ores1 ! process ( accumulation is well nigh z sl[ z on ! l& itself8 ,! exi/+ creation is repres5t$ 9 ! little l&-lock$ bay1 :]e ! cru/acea h>bor s ?ickly1 by a deposit h>dly ?ree feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 a m expos$ locality1 on ! opposite side ( ! promontory1 x f9ds its repres5tative 9 a deposit ( b>ely n9e in*es4 ,x is surely ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s t is 9 its infancy6 ,into h[ sl5d] a bulk h ! organisms ( six ?\s& ye>s be5 compress$6 ,hi/ory tells u ( popul\s nations1 n[ ext9ct1 t fl\ri%$ = ages3 d we n f9d _! rema9s cr[d$ into a few /reets ( sepul*res8 ',tis b a ?9 lay] ( soil t cov]s ! anci5t pla9 ( ,m>a?on4 ,i h /ood on ,bannockburn1 & se5 no trace ( ! battle4 ,9 :at l[] /ratum %all we set ourselves to discov] ! skeletons ( ! wolves & be>s t once infe/$ our =e/s8 ,:]e %all we f9d accumulations ( ! rema9s ( ! wild bisons & gigantic elks1 _! contempor>ies8 ,!y mu/ h exi/$ = b comp>atively a %ort p]iod1 or !y w\ld surely h left m m>k$ traces beh9d !m4 ,:5 we appeal to ! hi/orians1 we he> mu* ( a remote antiquity 9 ! hi/ory ( man3 a m ?an twilight gloom p]vades ! e>li] p]iods2 & ! di/ances are exagg]at$1 z objects appe> l>ge 9 a fog4 ,we measure1 too1 by a m9ute scale4 ,!re is a tacit ref]5ce to ! ?reescore & t5 ye>s ( human life2 & its t]m ( a day appe>s long to ! ephem]a4 ,we turn f ! hi/orians to ! prophets1 & f9d ! dissimil>ity ( /yle indicat+ a diff]5t speak]4 ,ezekiel's measur+-re$ is graduat$ into cubits ( ! temple4 ,! va/ p]iods ( ! %ort-liv$ hi/orian dw9dl$ d[n into weeks & days4 ,sev5ty weeks indicat$ to ,daniel1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,d>ius1 ! "t ( ! ,messiah's com+4 ,?ree ye>s & a half limit ! t]m ( ! ,mohamm$an delusion4 ,sev5te5 ye>s h n yet gone by s9ce ,adam fir/ arose f ! m\ld2 nor has ! race1 z su*1 atta9$ to ! maturity ( ev5 e>ly manhood4 ,b :ile prophecy sums up m]ely weeks & days1 :5 x ref]s to ! pa/1 x looks =w>d into ! future1 & speaks ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,are scales ( unequally graduat$ p>ts ev] us$ 9 measur+ diff]5t portions ( ! same map or section--scales s v unequally graduat$1 t1 :ile ! p>ts 9 "s places exp& to ! natural size1 !y are 9 o!rs m ?an ?ree hundr$ times dim9i%$8 ,if n1--= :at save inextricable confusion w\ld result f _! use1--h[ avoid ! conclusion1 t ! typical scale employ$ 9 ! same book by ! same prophet repres5ts simil> quantities by correspond+ p>ts1 :e!r appli$ to times ( outrage1 delusion1 & calamity1 or set (f aga9/ t long & happy p]iod 9 :i* ! _s ( evil %all be b\nd 9 *a9s & d>kness1 & ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ %all h come8 ,& if su* be ! case--if ea* s+le ye> ( ! ?\s& ye>s ( ! future repres5ts a t]m z ext5d$ z ea* s+le ye> ( ! sev5te5 ye>s ( ! pa/--if ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s be ?us m]ely 9 its beg9n+--%\ld we at all wond] to f9d t ! =mation :i* repres5ts x has laid d[n m]ely its few fir/ /rata8 ,! curta9 aga9 rises4 ,a la/ day _h at l5g? come to ! p]iod ( ! middle =mation2 & 9 an ocean r\gh5$ by waves1 & agitat$ by curr5ts1 l ! ocean :i* fl[$ ov] ! conglom]ate base ( ! sy/em1 we f9d new races ( exi/5ces4 ,we may m>k ! clumsy bulk ( ! ,holopty*ius conspicu\s 9 ! gr\p2 ! %>k family h _! repres5tatives z be=e2 a new v>iety ( ! ,pt]i*?ys spreads out its spe>-l w+s at e al>m1 l its pr$ecessors ( ! l[] =mation2 %oals ( fi% ( a type m common1 b /ill unnam$ & undescrib$1 sport amid ! eddies2 & we may see atta*$ to ! rocks bel[ sub/ances ( unc\? =m & d\btful /ructure1 ) :i* ! oryctologi/ has /ill to acqua9t himself4 ,! depositions ( ?is upp] ocean are ( a mix$ "*3 ! b$s are less uni=m & cont9u\s ?an at a great] dep?4 ,9 "s places !y consi/ exclusively ( s&/one1 9 o!rs ( conglom]ate2 & yet ! s&/one & conglom]ate seem1 f _! frequ5t occurr5ce on ! same plat=m1 to h be5 =m$ simultane\sly4 ,! transport+ & deposit+ ag5ts mu/ h become m p>tial 9 _! action ?an dur+ ! e>li] p]iod4 ,!y _h _! foci ( /r5g? & _! circumf]5ces ( comp>ative weakness2 & :ile ! heavi] pebbles :i* compos$ ! conglom]ate 7 9 ! c\rse ( be+ deposit$ 9 ! foci1 ! light] s& :i* composes ! s&/one 0 settl+ 9 ^? out] skirts by :i* ! foci 7 surr\nd$4 ,at ?is /age1 too1 !re are unequivocal m>ks1 9 ! nor!rn localities1 ( ext5sive d5udation4 ,! old] /rata are cut away 9 "s places to a consid]able dep?1 & new] /rata ( ! same =mation deposit$ uncon=mably ov] !m4 ,!re mu/ h be5 p>tial upheav+s & depressions1 correspond+ ) ! p>tial "* ( ! depositions2 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 frequ5t %ift+s ( curr5ts4 ,! ocean1 too1 seems to h less5$ its g5]al dep?1 & ! bottom to h la9 m expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! waves4 ,& h5ce "o cause1 add$ to ! por\s nature ( ! matrix1 & ! diffus$ oxide1 ( ! deta*$1 &1 if ,i may s express myself1 *ur*y>d "* ( its organisms4 ,above ! bl5d$ conglom]ates & s&/ones ( ?is b& a deposition ( lime took place4 ,!rmal spr+s1 *>g$ ) calc>e\s matt] slightly mix$ ) silex1 seem to h ab\nd$1 dur+ ! p]iod :i* x repres5ts1 ov] widely-ext5d$ areas2 & h5ce1 probably1 its orig94 ,an increase ( heat f b5ea?1 ?r\gh "s new activity imp>t$ to ! ,plutonic ag5cies1 w\ld be ( itself suffici5t to acc\nt = ! =mation4 ,i h resid$ 9 a di/rict 9 :i* almo/ e spr+ 0 *>g$ ) calc>e\s e>?2 b 9 ci/]ns or draw-wells1 or ! ut5sils 9 :i* ! h\sewife /or$ up = use ! wat] :i* ^! suppli$1 no deposition took place4 ,) boil]s & tea-kettles1 h[ev]1 ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,! ag5cy ( heat 0 br\ght to op]ate ^u ^!2 & _! sides & bottoms 7 cov]$1 9 consequ5ce1 ) a ?ick cru/ ( lime4 ,n[1 we h b to apply ! simple pr9ciples on :i* su* ph5om5a occur1 to acc\nt = widely-spread precipitates ( ! same e>? by ei!r spr+s or seas1 :i* at a l[] temp]ature w\ld h be5 active 9 ! =mation ( me*anical deposits alone4 ,! temp]ature sunk gradually to its =m] /ate2 ! purely *emical deposit ceas$2 ! wat]s became popul\s z be=e ) animals ( ! same "* & appe>ance z ^? ( ! upp] conglom]ate2 & lay] aft] lay] ( yell[ s&/one1 to ! dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 7 =m$ z ! p]iod pass$4 ,) ?is upp] deposit ! sy/em t]m9at$4 ,?\gh fi% /ill rema9$ ! lords ( creation1 & fi% ( app>5tly no sup]ior ord] to ^? ) :i* ! v]tebrata began at lea/ ?ree =mations e>li]1 !y _h mightily advanc$ 9 "o /rik+ p>ticul>4 ,if _! organization 0 9 no degree m p]fect ?an at fir/1 _! bulk at lea/ _h become imm5sely m great4 ,! p]iod _h gone by 9 :i* a m$iocrity ( dim5sion *>act]iz$ ! exi/5ces ( ! anci5t oceans1 & fi% arm$ (f5sively & def5sively ) scales & tee? sc>cely inf]ior 9 size to ! scales & tee? ( ! gavial or ! alligator1 sprung into exi/5ce4 ,x mu/ h be5 a l>ge jaw & a l>ge head t conta9$1 d\btless among _m o!rs1 a too? an in* 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,i may rem>k1 9 ! pass+1 t mo/ ( ! tee? f\nd 9 ! sev]al =mations ( ! sy/em are n in/rum5ts ( ma/ication1 b1 l ^? 9 mo/ ( ! exi/+ fi%1 m]e hooks = p5etrat+ slipp]y sub/ances1 & ?us hold+ !m fa/4 ,! rude angl] :o fir/ fa%ion$ a crook$ bone1 or a bit ( native silv] or copp]1 into a hook1 might h f\nd 8 inv5tion anticipat$ 9 ! jaws ( ! fir/ fi% he drew a%ore by its means2 & we f9d ! hook /ructure z complete 9 ! e>li] i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one z 9 ! fi% t exi/ n[4 ,! evid5ce ( ! geologi/ is ( necessity circum/antial evid5ce1 & he ne$ look = none o!r2 b x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ directly ! sep>ate facts be>1 9 _m examples1 on "o & ! same po9t4 ,! hook$ & sl5d] tee? tell exactly ! same /ory ) ! undige/$ scales 9 ! fcal rema9s allud$ to 9 an e>ly *apt]4 ,9 :at c\ld ?is increase 9 bulk h orig9at$8 ,is !re a high b yet comp>atively m$ium temp]ature 9 :i* animals atta9 _! greate/ size1 & correspond+ gradations ( desc5t on bo? sides1 :e!r we increase ! heat until we rea* ! po9t at :i* life c no long] exi/1 or dim9i% x until we arrive at ! same result f int5sity ( cold8 ,! l9e ( exi/5ce bisects on bo? sides ! l9e ( ext9ction4 ,may x n probably =m a curve1 desc5d+ equally f an elevat$ c5tre to ! po9ts ( bisection on ! level ( dea?8 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! cause1 ! *ange furni%es ano!r in/ance ( analogy betwe5 ! progress ( individuals & ( ord]s4 ,! %>k & ! sword-fi% beg9 to exi/ z little creatures ( a span 9 l5g?2 !y exp& into mon/]s ^: bodies equal 9 hug5ess ! trunks ( anci5t oaks2 & ?us has x be5 ) ! ord] to :i* !y belong4 ,! tee?1 sp9es1 & palatal bones ( ! fi% ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ,rocks are ( almo/ microscopic m9ut5ess2 an inv>iable m$iocrity ( dim5sion *>act]izes ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 a m>k$ increase 9 size takes place among ! exi/5ces ( ! middle =mation2 9 ! upp] ! bulky ,holopty*ius appe>s2 ! close ( ! sy/em u%]s 9 ! /ill bulki] ,megali*?ys2 & l[ 9 ! ,coal ,measures we f9d ! pond]\s bones1 buckl]-l scales1 & enorm\s tee? ( ano!r & imm5sely m gigantic ,holopty*ius--a creature pron\nc$ by ,agassiz ! l>ge/ ( all osse\s fi%4,,bf ,we beg9 ) an age ( dw>fs--we end ) an age ( giants4 ,! m>* ( ,nature is an onw>d & an asc5d+ m>*2 ! /ages are sl[1 b ! tread is /ately2 & to ,him :o has comm&$1 & :o ov]looks x1 a ?\s& ye>s are z b a s+le day1 & a s+le day z a ?\s& ye>s4,,bg ,footnote ,,bf3 ,!re h be5 fi% scales f\nd 9 ,burdie ,h\se five in*es 9 l5g?1 by r m ?an f\r 9 bread?4 ,( ! gigantic ,holopty*ius ( ?is deposit we h /ill mu* to le>n4 ,! fragm5t ( a jaw1 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 :i* belong$ to an individual ( ! species1 is #ah in*es 9 l5g?2 & x is furni%$ ) tee?1 "o ( :i*1 f base to po9t1 measures five in*es1 & ano!r f\r & a half4 ,footnote ,,bg3 ,see1 on ?is subject1 ! introductory note to ! pres5t edition1 & note p4 #aed4 ,we h ent]$ ! ,coal ,measures4 ,= sev5 =mations toge!r--f ! ,l[] ,silurian to ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--our c\rse has la9 ov] oceans )\t a visible %ore1 ?\gh1 l ,columbus1 9 8 voyage ( discov]y1 we h n[ & !n f\nd a little float+ we$1 to indicate ! approa*+ coa/4 ,! wat] is fa/ %all[+4 ,yond] passes a brok5 bran*1 ) ! leaves /ill un)]$2 & !re floats a tuft ( f]n4 ,l&1 f ! ma/-head6 l&6 l&6--a l[ %ore1 ?ickly cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,huge trees1 ( wond]ful =m1 /& out f> into ! wat]4 ,!re seems no int]v5+ bea*4 ,a ?ick h$ge ( re$s1 tall z ! ma/s ( p9naces1 runs along ! deep] bays1 l wat]-flags at ! edge ( a lake4 ,a riv] ( va/ volume comes roll+ f ! int]ior1 d>k5+ ! wat] = leagues ) its slime & mud1 & be>+ ) x1 to ! op5 sea1 re$s1 & f]n1 & cones ( ! p9e1 & imm5se floats ( leaves1 & n[ & !n "s bulky tree1 und]m9$ & uproot$ by ! curr5t4 ,we ne> ! coa/1 & n[ ent] ! op5+ ( ! /ream4 ,a sc>ce p5etrable phalanx ( re$s1 t atta9 to ! height & well nigh ! bulk ( =e/ trees1 is rang$ on ei!r h&4 ,! bright & glossy /ems seem rodd$ l ,go?ic columns2 ! po9t$ leaves /& out gre5 at e jo9t1 ti] above ti]1 ea* ti] resembl+ a coronal wrea? or an anci5t cr[n1 ) ! rays turn$ outw>ds2 & we see a-top :at may be ei!r l>ge spikes or catk9s4 ,:at /range =ms ( vegetable life appe> 9 ! =e/ beh9d6 ,c t be a club-moss t raises its sl5d] height = m ?an fifty feet f ! soil8 ,or c ^! tall1 palm-l trees be actually f]ns1 & ^! spread+ bran*es m]e fronds8 ,& !n ^! gigantic re$s6--are !y n m]e v>ieties ( ! common horse-tail ( our bogs & morasses1 magnifi$ "s sixty or a hundr$ times8 ,h we arriv$ at "s su* c\ntry z ! cont95t visit$ by ,gulliv]1 9 :i* he f\nd ?ickets ( we$s & grass tall z woods ( tw5ty ye>s' gr[?1 & lo/ himself amid a =e/ ( corn1 fifty feet 9 height8 ,! less] vegetation ( our own c\ntry1 re$s1 mosses1 & f]ns1 seems "h z if view$ ?r\gh a microscope3 ! dw>fs h sprung up into giants1 & yet !re appe>s to be no proportional increase 9 size among :at are unequivocally its trees4 ,yond] is a gr\p ( :at seem to be p9es--tall & bulky1 'tis true1 b nei!r tall] nor bulki] ?an ! p9es ( ,norway & ,am]ica2 & ! club-moss beh9d %oots up its gre51 hairy arms1 load$ ) :at seems catk9s above _! topmo/ cones4 ,b :at mon/] ( ! vegetable _w comes float+ d[n ! /ream--n[ circl+ r\nd 9 ! eddies1 n[ danc+ on ! ripple1 n[ %oot+ d[n ! rapid8 ,x resembles a gigantic />-fi%1 or an imm5se coa*-:eel1 dive/$ ( ! rim4 ,!re is a gre51 dome-l mass 9 ! c5tre1 t corresponds to ! nave ( ! :eel1 or ! body ( ! />-fi%2 & ! b\ghs %oot out horizontally on e side1 l spokes f ! nave1 or rays f ! c5tral body4 ,! diamet] consid]ably exce$s =ty feet2 ! bran*es1 orig9ally ( a deep gre51 are assum+ ! gold5 t+e ( decay2 ! cyl9drical & holl[ leaves /& out ?ick on e side1 l prickles ( ! wild rose on ! r$1 fle%y1 lance-l %oots ( a ye>'s gr[?1 t w be cov]$1 two seasons h5ce1 ) fl[]s & fruit4 ,t /rangely =m$ organism pres5ts no exi/+ type among all ! num]\s families ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,!re is an amaz+ luxuriance ( gr[? all ar\nd u4 ,sc>ce c ! curr5t make way ?r\gh ! ?ickets ( aquatic plants t rise ?ick f ! muddy bottom2 & ?\gh ! sun%9e falls bright on ! upp] b\ghs ( ! tangl$ =e/ beyond1 n a ray p5etrates ! m ?an twilight gloom t broods ov] ! m>%y plat=m bel[4 ,! rank /eam ( decay+ vegetation =ms a ?ick blue haze1 t p>tially obscures ! und]wood2 deadly lakes ( c>bonic acid gas h accumulat$ 9 ! holl[s2 !re is sil5ce all ar\nd1 un9t]rupt$ save by ! sudd5 spla% ( "s reptile fi% t has ris5 to ! surface 9 pursuit ( its prey1 or :5 a sudd5 breeze /irs ! hot air1 & %akes ! fronds ( ! giant f]ns or ! catk9s ( ! re$s4 ,! wide cont95t be=e u is a cont95t devoid ( animal life1 save t its pools & riv]s ab\nd 9 fi% & mollusca1 & t millions & t5s ( millions ( ! infusory tribes sw>m 9 ! bogs & m>%es4 ,"h & !re1 too1 an insect ( /range =m flutt]s among ! leaves4 ,x is m ?an probable t no creature furni%$ ) lungs ( ! m p]fect con/ruction c\ld h brea!d ! atmosph]e ( ?is e>ly p]iod1 & h liv$4 ,d\bts h be5 ent]ta9$ :e!r ! lime/one ( ,burdie ,h\se belongs to ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one or to ! inf]ior ,coal ,measures4 ,& ! fact may yet come to be quot$ z a v direct pro( ( ! ignorance :i* obta9$ reg>d+ ! fossils ( ! old] =mation1 at a "t :5 ! organisms ( mo/ ( ! o!r =mations1 bo? above & bel[ x1 _h be5 c>efully explor$4 ,! ,lime/one ( ,burdie ,h\se is unequivocally & mo/ *>act]i/ically a ,coal ,measure lime/one4 ,x ab\nds 9 vegetable rema9s ( t]re/rial or lacu/r9e gr[?1 & ^!1 too1 ! vegetables common to ! ,coal ,measures--f]ns1 re$s1 & club-mosses4 ,"o c sc>ce deta* a fragm5t f ! mass1 t has n its leaflet or se$-cone enclos$1 & 9 a /ate ( su* p]fect pres]vation1 t !re c be no possibility ( mi/ak+ its "*4 ,if 9 reality a m>9e deposit1 x mu/ h be5 =m$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( a l& cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,! dove set loose by ,noah bore n back ) x a less equivocal sign t ! wat]s _h abat$4 ,n[1 9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one none ( ^! plants occur4 ,! deposit is exclusively an ocean deposit1 & ! rema9s 9 ,scotl&1 until we arrive at its inf]ior & middle =mations1 are exclusively animal rema9s4 ,its upp] memb]1 ! yell[ s&/one1 says ,dr4 ,&]son1 ( ,newburgh1 does n exhibit a s+le p>ticle ( c>bonace\s matt]--no trace or film ( a bran* hav+ be5 detect$ 9 x1 ?\gh1 if su* 9 reality exi/$1 !re are n want+ opportunities ( obta9+ specim5s 9 "s "o ( ! tw5ty or ?irty qu>ries :i* h be5 op5$ 9 ! c\nty ( ,fife 9 ?is deposit alone4 ,no two bord]+ =mations 9 ! geological scale h _! b\nd>ies bett] def9$ by ! "* ( _! fossils ?an ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ! ,coal ,measures4 ,we pursue our hi/ory no fur!r4 ,its aft] c\rse is comp>atively well kn[n4 ,! huge sauroid fi% 0 succe$$ by ! equally huge reptile--! reptile by ! bird--! bird by ! m>supial quadrup$2 & at l5g?1 aft] races high] 9 ! scale ( in/9ct _h tak5 prec$5ce 9 succession1 ! "o ( ! o!r1 ! sagaci\s elephant appe>$1 z ! "l ( t late/ creation :i* imm$iately prec$$ our own4 ,h[ natural does ! ?\ght seem :i* sugge/$ itself to ! pr(\nd m9d ( ,cuvi]1 :5 indulg+ 9 a simil> review6 ,has ! la/ sc5e 9 ! s]ies aris51 or has ,deity exp5d$ 8 inf9itude ( res\rce1 & rea*$ ! ultimate /age ( progression at :i* p]fection c arrive8 ,! philosoph] hesitat$1 & !n decid$ 9 ! negative1 = he 0 too intimately acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ! ,omnipot5t ,creator to ?9k ( limit+ 8 p[]2 & he c\ld1 !re=e1 anticipate a com+ p]iod 9 :i* man w\ld h to resign 8 po/ ( honor to "s nobl] & wis] creature--! mon>* ( a bett] & happi] _w4 ,h[ well x is1 to be p]mitt$ to indulge 9 ! expansion ( ,cuvi]'s ?\ght1 )\t %>+ 9 ! melan*oly ( ,cuvi]'s feel+--to be enabl$ to look =w>d to ! com+ ( a new heav5 & a new e>?1 n 9 t]ror1 b 9 hope--to be enc\rag$ to believe 9 ! sy/em ( un5d+ progression1 b to ent]ta9 no fe> ( ! degradation or deposition ( man6 ,! adorable ,mon>* ( ! future1 ) all its unsumm$ p]fection1 has already pass$ into ! heav5s1 fle% ( our fle%1 & bone ( our bone1 & ,eno* & ,elias are !re ) him--fit repres5tatives ( t dom9ant race1 :i* no o!r race %all ev] supplant or succe$1 & to ^: onw>d & upw>d m>* ! deep e*oes ( et]nity %all nev] cease to respond4 ,,i*?yolites ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,,f ,,agassiz',s ,,poissons ,,fossiles4 ,! synonymes "h--n[ supplant$1 h[ev]--) ! names ( a few d\btful or fictiti\s species1 are giv5 9 ,italics2--! =m] opposite ! names ultimately adopt$1 ! latt] imm$iately "u ! names ( ! det]m9$ species4 ,acan?odes pusillus4 ,act9olepis tub]culatus4 ,a/]olepis ,asmusii4--,syn4 ,*eloni*?ys ,asmusii4 apicalis4 granulata4 ,hn+hausii4 ,malcolmsoni4 m9or4--,syn4 ,*eloni*?ys m9or4 ornata4 speciosa4 concat5atus4 depressus4 ,bo?riolepis favosa4--,syn4 ,glypto/eus favosus4 ornata reticulatus ,byssacan?us arcuatus4 cr5ulatus4 lvis4 ,cephalaspis ,lewisii4 ,lloydii4 ,lyellii4 ro/ratus4 ,*eiracan?us microlepidotus4 m9or4 ,mur*isoni4 ,*eirolepis ,cumm+i4 ,traillii4 ,uragus4 spl5d5s4 unilat]alis4 ,*elyophorus pu/ulatus4 ,v]neuilii4 ,cladodus simplex4 ,climatius reticulatus4 ,cocco/eus cuspidatus4 decipi5s4--,syn4 latus4 maximus4 oblongus4 ,cosmacan?us ,malcolmsoni4 ,cricodus incurvus4--,syn4 ,d5drodus incurvus4 ,ct5acan?us ornatus4 s]rulatus4 ,ct5odus ,keys]l+ii4 m>g9alis4 p>vulus4 ,wor?ii4 radiatus4 s]ratus4 ,ct5opty*ius priscus4 ,d5drodus latus4 m9or4 sigmoides4 /rigatus4 t5ui/riatus4 ,diplacan?us crassisp9us4 longisp9us4 /riatulus4 /riatus4 ,diplopt]us aff9is4 ,diplopt]us borealis4--,syn4 ,agassizii4 macrocephalus4 ,dipt]us macrolepidotus4 ar5aceus4 bra*ypygopt]us4 macropygopt]us4 ,val5ci5nesii4 ,glyptolepis elegans4 leptopt]us4 microlepidotus4 ,glyptopomus m9or4--,syn4 ,platygna?us m9or4 ,haplacan?us m>g9alis4 ,holopty*ius ,&]soni4 ,flem+ii4 giganteus4 ,mur*isoni4 nobilissimus4 ,omaliusii4 ,homacan?us arcuatus4 ,homo?orax ,flem+ii4 ,lamnodus biporcatus4--,syn4 ,d5drodus biporcatus4 ha/atus4--,syn4 ,p&]i4 ,d5drodus ha/atus1 compressus4 sulcatus4 ,n>codes pu/ilif]4 ,naulas sulcatus4 ,odontacan?us cr5atus4--,syn4 ,ct5opty*ius cr5atus4 het]odon4 ,on*us het]ogyrus4 semi/riatus4 sublvis4 ,o/eolepis ar5atus4 macrolepidotus major4 microlepidotus4 int]m$ius4 nanus4 ,pamphractus ,&]soni4 ,pamphractus hydrophilus4--,syn4 ,pt]i*?ys hydrophilius4 ,p>exus rccurvus4 ,phyllolepis conc5tricus4 ,placo?orax p>adoxus4 ,platygna?us ,jamesoni4 paucid5s4 ,polyphractus platycephalus4 ,psammo/eus ar5atus4--,syn4 ,placo/eus ar5atus4 m&r9us4 m&r9us4 p>adoxus4 ,psammolepis p>adoxus4 undulatus4 ,placo/eus undulatus4 ,pt]i*?ys ar5atus4 cancri=mis4 cornutus4 major4 ,mill]i4 latus4 oblongus4 productus4 te/ud9>ius4 ,pty*acan?us dubius4 ,/agonolepis ,rob]tsoni4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,annual ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y4 ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,no?+ :i* has transpir$ 9 ! sci5tific _w dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 seems to h escap$ ! att5tion ( ! indu/ri\s editors4 ,we d n hesitate to pron\nce ! "w a highly valuable "o to ! man ( ,sci5ce4--,bo/on ,j\rnal4 ,?is is a highly valuable "w4 ,we h "h br\ght toge!r 9 a volume ( mod]ate size1 all ! lead+ discov]ies & inv5tions :i* h di/+ui%$ ! pa/ ye>4 ,l ! h& on ! dial-plate1 'x m>ks ! progress ( ! age4' ,! plan has our wanne/ wi%es = its em95t success4--,*ri/ian ,times4 ,a mo/ acceptable volume4--,transcript4 ,! "w w prove ( unusual int]e/ & value4--,travell]4 ,we h 9 our possession ! l$g] ( progress = #ahdi1 exhibit+ to u 9 a cond5s$ =m1 ! op]ations ( ! _w 9 "s ( ! highe/ bus9ess transactions4 ,to say t its execution has be5 wor?y ( its aim is praise suffici5t4--,spr+field ,republican4 ,to ! arti/1 ! artisan1 ! man ( lett]s1 x is indisp5sable1 & ! g5]al read] w f9d 9 its pages mu* valuable mat]ial :i* he may look = else:]e 9 va94--,bo/on ,h]ald4 ,we comm5d x z a /&>d book ( ref]5ce & g5]al in=mation1 by ^? :o are s =tunate z to possess x4--,saturday ,rambl]4 ,a body ( useful k1 indisp5sable to e man :o desires to keep up ) ! progress ( mod]n discov]y & inv5tion4--,bo/on ,c\ri]4 ,mu/ be a mo/ acceptable volume to e "o1 & greatly facilitate ! diffusion ( useful k4--,zion's ,h]ald4 ,a mo/ valuable & int]e/+ popul> "w ( sci5ce & art4--,wa%+ton ,national ,intellig5c]4 ,a ri* collection ( facts1 & "o :i* w be eag]ly read4 ,! am\nt ( in=mation conta9$ )9 its pages is v l>ge4--,ev5+ ,gazette4 ,su* a key to ! progress & facts ( sci5tific discov]y w be ev]y:]e welcom$4--,new ,york ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4 ,a mo/ valuable1 complete1 & compreh5sive summ>y ( ! exi/+ facts ( sci5ce2 x is replete ) int]e/1 & ought to h a place 9 e well appo9t$ libr>y4--,worce/] ,spy4 ,we comm5d x to all :o wi% :at has j be5 f\nd out2 to all :o w\ld l to discov] some?+ !mselves1 & w\ld be glad to "k h[3 & to all :o ?9k !y h inv5t$ some?+1 & are desir\s to "k :e!r any "o else has be5 be=e h& ) !m4--,puritan ,record]4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ valuable works :i* ! press has br\ght =? dur+ ! pres5t ye>4 ,a great] am\nt ( useful & valuable in=mation _c be obta9$ f any book ( ! same size )9 our k4--,wa%+ton ,union4 ,?is important volume w prove "o ( ! mo/ acceptable to our community t has appe>$ = a long "t4--,provid5ce ,j\rnal4 ,?is is a neat volume & a useful "o4 ,su* a book has long be5 want$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x %\ld receive a wide-spread patronage4--,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,new ,york4 ,x meets a want long felt1 bo? among m5 ( sci5ce & ! p4 ,no "o :o feels any int]e/ 9 ! intellectual progress ( ! age1 no me*anic or artisan1 :o aspires to excel 9 8 vocation1 c af=d to be )\t x4 ,a v copi\s & accurate index gives "o all ne$$ aid 9 8 inquiries4--,phil4 ,*ri/ian ,*ronicle4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful books ( ! day4 ,e page ( x conta9s "s useful 9 =mation1 & !re w be no wa/e ( "t 9 its /udy4--,norfolk ,democrat4 ,x is precisely su* a "w z w be hail$ ) pleasure by ! multitude ( intellig5t read]s :o desire to h1 at ! close ( ea* ye>1 a prop]ly dige/$ record ( its progress 9 useful k4 ,! project ( ! editors is an excell5t "o1 & de s]ves & w comm& success4--,nor? ,am]ican1 ,philadelphia4 ,truly a mo/ valuable volume4--,*>le/on 7,s4,c47 ,c\ri]4 ,!re are few works ( ! season ^: appe>ance we h notic$ ) m s9c]e satisfaction ?an ?is admirable manual4 ,! exce$+ int]e/ ( ! subjects to :i* x is devot$1 z well z ! rem>kably ?or\gh1 pati5t & judici\s mann] 9 :i* !y are h&l$ by its skilful editors1 entitle x to a w>m reception by all ! fri5ds ( solid & useful le>n+4--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,,foot-,,pr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator2 -- ,,or -- ,,! ,,a/]olepis ,,( ,,/romness4 ,,by ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,,) ,,_m ,,illu/rations4 ,,f ,,! ,,?ird ,,london ,,edition4--,,) ,a ,,memoir ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,,by ,,l\is ,,agassiz4 ,9 its purely geological "*1 ! ',foot-pr9ts' is n surpass$ by any mod]n "w ( ! same class4 ,9 ?is volume1 ,mr4 ,mill] discusses ! developm5t hypo!sis1 or ! hypo!sis ( natural law1 z ma9ta9$ by ,lam>ck1 & by ! au?or ( ! #d ,ve/iges ( ,creation1' & has subject$ x1 9 its geological aspect1 to ! mo/ rigor\s exam9ation4 ,he has /ripp$ ev5 ( its semblance ( tru?1 & re/or$ to ! ,creator1 z gov]nor cf ! univ]se1 t p[] & ^? functions :i* he 0 suppos$ to h resign$ at its bir?4 99 99 99 ,! e>? has /ill to surr5d] mighty secrets1--& great revelations are yet to issue f sepul*res ( /one4 ,x is f ! vaults to :i* anci5t life has be5 consign$ t ! hi/ory ( ! dawn ( life is to be compos$4--,nor? ,briti% ,review4 ,sci5tific k equally rem>kable = compreh5siv5ess & accuracy2 a /yle at all times s+ul>ly cle>1 vivid1 & p[]ful1 rang+ at w1 & )\t ef=t1 f ! mo/ natural & graceful simplicity1 ?r\gh ! playful1 ! graphic1 & ! vigor\s1 to ! impressive eloqu5ce ( great ?\ghts greatly express$2 reason+ at once compreh5sive 9 scope1 /rong 9 grasp1 & po9t$ly direct 9 application1--^! qualities comb9e to r5d] ! ',foot-pr9ts' "o ( ! mo/ p]fect refutations ( error1 & def5ces ( tru?1 t ev] exact sci5ce has produc$4--,free ,*ur* ,magaz9e4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 said he _h nev] be5 s mu* a/oni%$ 9 8 life1 by ! p[]s ( any man1 z he _h be5 by ! geological descriptions ( ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,t wond]ful man describ$ ^! objects ) a facility :i* made him a%am$ ( ! comp>ative meag]ness & pov]ty ( 8 own descriptions 9 ! ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 :i* _h co/ him h\rs & days ( labor4 ,he w\ld give 8 left h& to possess su* p[]s ( description z ?is man2 & if x pleas$ ,provid5ce to sp>e 8 useful life1 he1 if any "o1 w\ld c]ta9ly r5d] sci5ce attractive & popul>1 & d equal s]vice to !ology & geology4 ,! /yle ( ?is "w is mo/ s+ul>ly cle> & vivid1 ris+ at times to eloqu5ce1 & always impress+ ! read] ) ! idea t he is br\ght 9 contact ) great ?\ghts4 ,:]e x is necess>y1 !re are engrav+s to illu/rate ! geological rema9s4 ,! :ole "w =ms "o ( ! be/ def5ces ( ,tru? t sci5ce c produce4--,albany ,/ate ,regi/]4 ,! ',foot-,pr9ts ( ! ,creator' is n only a good b a great book4 ,all :o h read ! ',ve/iges ( ,creation' %\ld /udy ! ',foot-,pr9ts ( ! ,creator4' ,?is volume is especially wor?y ! att5tion ( ^? :o are s fe>ful ( ! skeptical t5d5cies ( natural sci5ce4 ,we expect ?is volume w meet ) a v ext5sive sale4 ,x %\ld be plac$ 9 e ,sabba? ,s*ool ,libr>y1 & at e ,*ri/ian fireside4--,bo/on ,travell]4 ,mr4 ,mill]'s /yle is rem>kably pleas+2 8 mode ( popul>is+ geological k unsurpass$1 p]haps unequall$2 & ! deep ve9 ( rev]5ce = ,div9e ,revelation p]vad+ all1 adds int]e/ & value to ! volume4--,new ,york ,com4 ,adv]tis]4 ,! publi%]s h aga9 cov]$ !mselves ) honor1 by giv+ to ! ,am]ican public1 ) ! ,au?or's p]mission1 an elegant repr9t ( a =eign "w ( sci5ce4 ,we e>ne/ly bespeak = ?is "w a wide & free circulation1 among all :o love sci5ce mu* & religion m4--,puritan ,record]4 ,! book indicates a m9d ( r>e gifts & atta9m5ts1 & exhibits ! work+s ( poetic g5ius 9 admirable h>mony ) ! g5]alizations ( philosophy4 ,x is1 )al p]vad$ by a _s ( dev\t rev]5ce & *ild-l humility1 su* z all m5 delight to behold 9 ! int]pret] ( nature4 ,we are p]suad$ t no intellig5t r5d] w g ?r\gh ! *apt]s ( ! au?or )\t be+ in/ruct$ & delight$ ) ! views !y conta94--,provid5ce ,j\rnal4 ,hugh ,mill] is a ,scot* geologi/1 :o1 )9 a few ye>s1 has n ,only add$ l>gely to ! facts ( sci5ce1 b has /epp$ at once among ! lead+ sci5tific writ]s ( ! age1 by 8 wond]fully cle>1 accurate1 & elegant geological works4 ,mr4 ,mill]1 tak+ ! newly-discov]$ ,a/]olepis = 8 text1 has produc$ an answ] to ! ',ve/iges ( ,creation1' a "w :i* has be5 m widely circulat$1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r pr(ess$ly sci5tific book ev] pr9t$4 ,mr4 ,mill] 7& !re is no d\bt ( ?is7 completely upsets 8 oppon5t--expos+ 8 incompet5cy1 ignorance1 & sophi/ry1 ) a cle>ness1 ease1 & elegance t are bo? a/oni%+ & delightful4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire geologic portion1 ! reason+ is m>k$ly close1 %rewd1 & intelligible--! facts are evid5tly at ! f+]'s end ( ! au?or--& ! mo/ unwill+1 cauti\s1 & antagoni/ic read] is compell$ to yield 8 ?or\gh ass5t to ! argum5t4--,bo/on ,po/4 ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 ,,publi%]s1 ,,bo/on4 ,,foot-,,pr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator4 ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,?is is a v ri* & valuable book4 ,x is ri* 9 ! treasures ( sci5tific k1 :i* are int]wov5 9 an argum5t1 rem>kably cle>1 9 a /yle graceful1 vigor\s1 graphic1 & ( great p[]--r5d]+ x a mo/ p]fect refutation ( ! a!i/ical error propagat$ 9 ! "w entitl$1 ! ',ve/iges ( ,creation4'--,philad4 ,*ri/ian ,obs]v]4 ,ar\nd ! "n ( ,hugh ,mill] already ga!rs ! halo ( a mo/ pure & grateful fame4 ,receiv+ 8 geological education among ! rocks ( ! qu>ry1 :]e he labor$ = fifte5 ye>s2 writ+ 9 a /yle ( peculi> simplicity & elegance1 & devot+ ! exact k d]iv$ f walk+ 9 ! ,creator's 'foot-pr9ts' to ! cause ( true religion1 ! pr\de/ devotees ( sci5ce h tak5 pleasure 9 do+ him honor1 h delight$ to li/5 to 8 tea*+s1 & rejoic$ to aid 9 _! promulgation4--,spr+field ,republican4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & deeply pr(\nd works ( ! pres5t age4 ,! au?or's "n w n be soon =gott51 9 ! sci5tific _w1--& 8 productions w n fail to be read & admir$1 :]ev] true sci5ce is promulgat$4 ,he is mo/ rem>kably cle>1 concise1 & p[]ful1 9 8 argum5ts2 pr(\nd 9 8 rese>*es1 & conclusive 9 8 reason+4--,new ,york ,f>m] & ,me*anic4 ,!re is poetry & philosophy comb9$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! au?or _h a m9d :i* revell$1 s to speak1 9 ! beauties & wond]s ( sci5ce4 ,f a *ild1 almo/1 he delight$ 9 ! works ( nature4444 ,he has gone f "o /ep to ano!r1 till n[ he is ju/ly e/eem$ z among ! great ,geologi/s ( ! _w4 ,x is a book 9 :i* ! man ( sci5ce w delight1 b x is also "o :i* ! g5]al read] w p]use ) in/ruction & satisfaction4--,baltimore ,patriot4 ,! publi%]s are entitl$ to ! ?anks1 n only ( sci5tific m5 b ( *ri/ians1 9 ?is c\ntry1 = pres5t+ ?is "w to ! ,am]ican public4--,*ri/ian ,secret>y4 ,a rem>kable "w by a rem>kable man4 ,mr4 ,mill] is self-made1 & has elevat$ himself1 by ! =ce ( 8 g5ius1 f ! position ( an ord9>y labor] 9 a /one qu>ry1 to t ( "o ( ! fir/ ,geologi/s ( ! age4 ,= c>eful inve/igation1 accuracy1 fullness1 & beauty ( description1 comb9$ ) a prop] e/imate ( ! true claims ( sci5ce1 & a high rev]5ce = sacr$ ?+s1 he is n surpass$ by any writ] on natural sci5ce at ! pres5t day4 ,all :o h tak5 any int]e/ 9 ! discussion ( geological topics1 & 'p>ticul>ly _! connection ) ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 w read ?is volume ) admiration & advantage4 ,its subject1 _s1 /yle1 & mann] ( publication1 all comm5d x2 & x is de/9$ to an ext5sive circulation4 ,x is "o ( ! noble/ & mo/ admirable contributions lately made to ,sci5ce & ,*ri/ianity4--,*ri/ian ,h]ald4 ,)9 a few days1 ?is ent]pris+ h\se has re-publi%$ "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ sci5tific works ( 'mod]n times--a "w :i*1 f ! simple love ( tru? :i* p]vades x1 its cle>ness1 au!nticity1 & wond]ful revelations1 may be call$ a "w ( g5ius1 z appropriately z a f9e poem4 ,x is entitl$ ',foot-,pr9ts ( ! ,creator4'--,willis' ,rome ,j\rnal4 ,a "w s beautifully writt51 fill$ ) su* curi\s1 new1 & int]e/+ facts1 & brea?+ 9 e page ! pure/ philosophy & ,*ri/ianity1 c\ld sc>cely meet ) adequate praise1 9 a limit$ space4 ,x %\ld be add$ to ! libr>y ( e "o4--,wa%+ton ,union4 ,we h nev] read a "w ( ! k9d ) s mu* int]e/4 ,its /atem5ts ( fact & its descriptions are rem>kably cle>4 ,f m9ute p>ticul>s x leads u on to broad views ( ! creation2 & ! e>? becomes ! witness ( a succession ( miracles1 z wond]ful z any record$ 9 ! ,scriptures4--,*ri/ian ,regi/]4 ,?is spl5did "w %\ld be read by e man 9 our l&4 ,we recomm5d ! /udy ( ?is sci5ce to our "y m52 let !m approa* x ) op51 & n unfai?ful brea/s1--= amid our m\nta9s1 gr& & tall1 our b\ndless pla9s1 & fl[+ riv]s1 va/ & virg9 fields = exploration yet pres5t !mselves4--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ able & le>n$ works :i* has ev] be5 issu$ f ! ,am]ican press4 ,! ,nor? ,briti% ,review says ',t 9 its geological "* x is n surpass$ by any mod]n "w ( ! same class4' ,! /yle ( ! "w is cle>1 ri*1 & /rong2 its /atem5ts ( tru? are pla9 & accurate1 & its argum5ts are pres5t$ ) ma/]ly =ce4 ,its au?or1 ,hugh ,mill]1 is a man ( v sup]ior tal5ts & atta9m5ts4--,new ,york ,*ri/ian ,mess5g]4 ,! au?or resembles ,burns1 9 ! fre%ness1 & vigor1 & en?usiasm ( g5ius2 & _h he v5tur$ into ! realm ( poetry1 ! greate/ ( ,scotti% b>ds might h welcom$ 8 company4 ,we hope ! volume may be widely circulat$1 especially among intellig5t ,*ri/ians4444 ,?is "w is writt5 9 a bold & eloqu5t /yle1 & ?\gh p5etrat+ to ! inn] %r9e ( ! ,geological temple1 & necess>ily deal+ ) h>d words & h>d] ?+s1 x w secure _m read]s4--,*ri/ian ,*ronicle4 ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 ,,publi%]s1 ,,bo/on4 ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one2 ,,or ,,new ,,walks ,,9 ,,an ,,old ,,field4 ,,by ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,,f ,,! ,,f\r? ,,london ,,edition--,,illu/rat$ ,a writ]1 9 notic+ ,mr4 ,mill]'s ,fir/ ,impressions ( ,engl& & ! ,p1 9 ! ,new ,engl&]1 ( ,may1 #ahej1 comm5ces by say+1 ,we presume x is n necess>y =mally to introduce ,hugh ,mill] to our read]s2 ! au?or ( ',! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one' plac$ himself1 by t production1 :i* 0 fir/1 among ! mo/ successful geologi/s1 & ! be/ writ]s ( ! age4 ,we well rememb] ) :at m+l$ emotion & delight we fir/ read t "w4 ,r>ely has a m rem>kable book come f ! press4444 ,=1 besides ! important contributions :i* x makes to ! sci5ce ( ,geology1 x is writt5 9 a /yle :i* places ! au?or at once among ! mo/ accompli%$ writ]s ( ! age4444 ,he proves himself to be 9 prose :at ,burns has be5 9 poetry4 ,we are n extravagant 9 say+ t !re is no geologi/ liv+ :o1 9 ! descriptions ( ! ph5om5a ( ! sci5ce1 has unit$ su* accuracy ( /atem5t ) s mu* poetic beauty ( expression4 ,:at ,dr4 ,buckl& said 0 n a m]e complim5t1 t 'he _h nev] be5 s mu* a/oni%$ 9 8 life1 by ! p[]s ( any man1 z he _h be5 by ! geological descriptions ( ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,t wond]ful man describ$ ^! objects ) a felicity :i* made him a%am$ ( ! comp>ative meag]ness & pov]ty ( 8 own descriptions1 9 ! ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 :i* _h co/ him h\rs & days ( labor4' ,= our own "p we d n hesitate to place ,mr4 ,mill] 9 ! front rank ( ,engli% prose writ]s4 ,)\t mann]ism1 )\t ^? extravagances :i* give a factiti\s reputation to s _m writ]s ( ! day1 8 /yle has a classic purity & elegance1 :i* rem9d "o ( ,goldsmi? & ,irv+1 :ile !re is an ease & a naturalness 9 ! illu/rations ( ! imag9ation1 :i* belong only to m5 ( true g5ius4 ,! excell5t & lively "w ( our m]itori\s1 self-taught c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,mill]1 is z admirable = ! cle>ness ( its descriptions1 & ! sweetness ( its composition1 z = ! purity & gracefulness :i* p]vade x4--,ed9burgh ,review4 ,a geological "w1 small 9 size1 unpret5d+ 9 _s & mann]2 its cont5ts1 ! consci5ti\s n>ration ( fact2 its /yle1 ! beautiful simplicity ( tru?2 & altoge!r possess+1 = a rational read]1 an int]e/ sup]ior to t ( a novel4--,dr4 ,j4 ,pye ,smi?4 ,?is admirable "w ev9ces tal5t ( ! highe/ ord]1 a deep & heal?ful moral feel+1 a p]fect comm& ( ! f9e/ language1 & a beautiful union ( philosophy & poetry4 ,no geologi/ c p]use ?is volume )\t in/ruction & delight4--,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,mill]'s exce$+ly int]e/+ book on ?is =mation is j ! sort ( "w to r5d] any subject popul>4 ,x is writt5 9 a rem>kably pleas+ /yle1 & conta9s a wond]ful am\nt ( in=mation4--,we/m9/] ,review4 ,9 ,mr4 ,mill]'s *>m+ little "w w be f\nd a v graphic description ( ! ,old ,r$ fi%es4 ,i "k n ( a m fasc9at+ volume on any bran* ( ,briti% geology4--,mantell's ,m$als ( ,creation4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,mill]1 spoke 9 ! highe/ t]ms ( 8 p]sev]ance & +5uity z a geologi/4 ,) no o!r advantages ?an a common education1 by a c>eful use ( 8 means1 he _h be5 able to give himself an excell5t education1 & to elevate himself to a position :i* any man1 9 any sph]e ( life1 might well envy4 ,he _h se5 "s ( 8 pap]s on geology1 writt5 9 a /yle s beautiful & poetical z to ?r[ pla9 geologi/s1 l himself1 9 ! %ade4 ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 ,,publi%]s4 ,,bo/on4 ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,sci5ce2 ,,or1 ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,nature ,,by ,,rob]t ,,hunt1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,pan!a1 ,,rese>*es ,,on ,,light1 ,,etc4 ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,we "k ( no "w ^u sci5ce :i* is s well calculat$ to lift ! m9d f ! admiration ( ! wondr\s works ( creation to ! belief 91 & wor%ip (1 a ,fir/ ,great ,cause4 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! mo/ readable epitomes ( ! pres5t /ate & progress ( sci5ce we h p]us$4--,morn+ ,h]ald1 ,london4 ,! design ( ,mr4 ,hunt's volume is /rik+ & good4 ,! subject is v well dealt )1 & ! object v well atta9$2 x displays a fund ( k1 & is ! "w ( an eloqu5t & e>ne/ man4--,! ,exam9]1 ,london4 ,?is book ri*ly des]ves ! att5tion ( ! public4 ,its object1 z may be surmis$ f ! title1 is to pa9t ! poetical aspect ( sci5ce1 or r to %[ t ! deep] "o inve/igates ! my/]ies ( nature--:e!r 9 ! =mation ( a cont95t1 9 ! orbit ( a />1 or 9 ! color ( a fl[]--! m awak5$ w be 8 wond] & 8 v5]ation1 & ! m call w !re be ^u 8 highe/ p[]s ( ! intellect & ! imag9ation4--,bo/on ,po/4 ,x 0 once suppos$ t poetry & sci5ce 7 natural antipodes2 & lo6 !y n[ are unit$ 9 lov+ bonds4 ,mr4 ,hunt has c]ta9ly demon/rat$ t ! div9e/ poetry lies hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( sci5ce1 & ne$s b a ma/] _s to evoke x 9 %apes ( beauty4--,*ri/ian ,*ronicle4 ,x may be read ) int]e/1 by ! lov]s ( nature & ( sci5ce4--,n4 ,y4 ,tribune4 ,x is writt5 9 a /yle n unwor?y ( ! gr&eur ( ! subject4--,n4 ,y4 ,eve4 ,po/4 ,! au?or1 :ile adh]+ to true sci5ce1 has set =? its tru?s 9 an exce$+ly captivat+ /yle4--,new ,york ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4 ,we are he>tily glad to see ?is int]e/+ "w re-publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is a book t is a book4--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,f ! arcana ( sci5ce especially1 has ! au?or glean$ :at may be prop]ly t]m$ h] poetry1 :i* w make ! book "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ "* to ! intellig5t read]4--,*ri/ian ,h]ald4 ,x is really a sci5tific treatise1 fitt$ to in/ruct & enl>ge ! m9d ( ! read]1 b at ! same "t x inve/s ! subjects x describes ) ! radiance ( ! imag9ation1 & ) ! *>m+ association ( poetry4 ,! book well des]ves ! title x be>s1 & is a beautiful illu/ration ( ! poetic int]e/ t belongs to _m ( ! discussions ( ! sci5ce4--,provid5ce ,j\rnal4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ readable1 int]e/+1 & in/ructive works ( ! k9d1 t we h ev] se54--,philadelphia ,*ri/ian ,obs]v]4 #ad ,9 ?is admirable production1 ,mr4 ,hunt (f]s a beautiful epitome ( ! physical ph5om5a ( ,nature1 9 :i*1 f _! ultimate facts1 he leads 8 read] by inductive processes1 to ! contemplation ( va/ et]nal tru?s4 ,?\gh full ( in=mation1 ! facts cit$ 9 8 pages are n collect$ solely because !y are su*1 b ) true philosophical acum51 to build up ! edifice2 & if curi\s or r>e1 !y are select$ m]ely to /r5g!n ! position 9 :i* !y are plac$4--,wa%+ton ,union4 ,we anticipate a wide circulation = x 9 ?is c\ntry4--,albany ,/ate ,regi/]4 ,! sci5tific compass ( ! volume is l>ge1 & its execution is exce$+ly f9e & int]e/+4--,zion's ,h]ald4 ,we notic$ ?is eloqu5t "w1 :ile x 0 9 ! c\rse ( publication4 ,x is n[ out 9 beautiful /yle1 & makes ) ! notes1 :i* are full & z valuable z ! text1 a volume ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ pases4 ,! publi%]s c\ld n h done ! poets ( ! l& a bett] s]vice1 ?an by ?us supply+ !m ) exhau/less mat]ials1 collect$ f all bran*es ( sci5ce1 & admirably arrang$ = _! m sub/antial /ructure4--,wat*man & ,reflector4 ,"h we h an illu/ration ( ! true & beautiful1 & h[ t !y are always "o4 ,! my/]i\s laws ( nature1 & ! ph5om5a by :i* !y are manife/$1 are br\ght be=e ! read] 9 a way t en*ants & improves4 ,!re is poetry 9 sci5ce1 z no "o may d5y1 aft] he reads ?is book4--,baltimore ,patriot4 ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 ,,publi%]s1 ,,bo/on4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,man3 ,lectures on ,comp>ative ,physical ,geography1 9 its ,relation to ! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4 ,by ,arnold ,guyot1 ,pr(4 ,phys4 ,geo4 ,hi/41 ,neu*atel4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,c4 ,felton4--,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,price #a4be4 ,^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ,geography z a m]ely descriptive bran* ( le>n+1 dri] ?an ! rema9d] biscuit aft] a voyage1 w be delight$ to f9d ?is hi!rto unattractive pursuit conv]t$ info a sci5ce1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* are def9ite & ! results conclusive2 a sci5ce t embraces ! inve/igation ( natural laws & int]prets _! mode ( op]ation2 :i* pr(esses to discov] 9 ! rude/ =ms & app>5tly confus$ arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials compos+ ! planets' cru/1 a new manife/ation ( ! wisdom :i* has fill$ ! e>? ) its ri*es4 99 99 99 ,to ! read] we %all owe no apology1 if we h said en\gh to excite 8 curiosity & to p]suade him to look to ! book itself = fur!r in/ruction4--,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 ,! gr& idea ( ! "w is happily express$ by ! au?or1 :]e he calls x ! geographical m>* ( hi/ory4 99 99 99 ,! man ( sci5ce w hail x z a beautiful g5]alization f ! facts ( obs]vation4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 :o tru/s 9 a m]ciful ,provid5ce1 w draw c\rage f x1 & hope yet m e>ne/ly = ! r$emption ( ! mo/ degrad$ portions ( mank9d4 ,fai?1 sci5ce1 le>n+1 poetry1 ta/e1 9 a ^w1 g5ius1 h lib]ally contribut$ to ! production ( ! "w "u review4 ,sometimes we feel z if we 7 /udy+ a treatise on ! exact sci5ces2 at o!rs1 x /rikes ! e> l an epic poem4 ,n[ x reads l hi/ory1 & n[ x s\nds l prophecy4 ,x w f9d read]s 9 :atev] language x may be publi%$2 & 9 ! elegant ,engli% dress :i* x has receiv$ f ! accompli%$ p5 ( ! translator1 x w n fail to int]e/1 in/ruct & inspire4 ,we congratulate ! lov]s ( hi/ory & ( physical geography1 z well z all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! gr[? & expansion ( our common education1 t ,pr(4 ,guyot contemplates ! publication ( a s]ies ( elem5t>y works on ,physical ,geography1 9 :i* ^! two great bran*es ( /udy :i* ,god has s closely jo9$ toge!r1 w n1 we tru/1 be put asund]4--,*ri/ian ,exam9]4 ,a copy ( ?is volume rea*$ u at too late an h\r = an ext5d$ notice4 ,! "w is "o ( high m]it1 exhibit+ a wide range ( k1 great rese>*1 & a philosophical _s ( inve/igation4 ,its p]usal w well repay ! mo/ le>n$ 9 su* subjects1 & give new views to all1 ( man's relation to ! globe he inhabits4--,silliman's ,j\rnal1 ,july1 #ahdi4 ,^! lectures =m "o ( ! mo/ valuable contributions to geographical sci5ce t has ev] be5 publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y inve/ ! /udy ( geography ) an int]e/ :i* w1 we d\bt n1 surprise & delight _m4 ,!y w op5 an entire new _w to mo/ read]s1 & w be f\nd an invaluable aid to ! tea*] & /ud5t ( geography4--,ev5+ ,travell]4 ,we v5ture to pron\nce ?is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive books :i* h come f ! ,am]ican press = _m a mon?4 ,! sci5ce ( :i* x treats is comp>atively ( rec5t orig91 b x is ( great importance1 n only on ,rec\nt ( its connections ) o!r bran*es ( k1 b = its be>+ ^u _m ( ! int]e/s ( society4 ,9 ^! lectures x is reliev$ ( /ati/ical details1 & pres5t$ only 9 its gr&e/ features4 ,x ?us n only places be=e u mo/ in/ructive facts relat+ to ! condition ( ! e>?1 b also awak5s )9 u a /rong] sympa?y ) ! be+s t inhabit x1 & a pr(\nd] rev]5ce = ! b5efic5t ,creator :o =m$ x1 & ( ^: "* x is a manife/ation & expression4 ,!y ab\nd ) ! ri*e/ int]e/ & in/ruction to e intellig5t read]1 & especially fitt$ to awak5 en?usiasm & delight 9 all :o are devot$ to ! /udy ei!r ( natural sci5ce or ! hi/ory ( mank9d4--,provid5ce ,j\rnal4 ,geography is "h pres5t$ "u a new & attractive phase2 x is no long] v dry description ( ! features ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! influ5ce ( soil sc5]y & climate ^u "*1 has n yet receiv$ ! consid]ation due to x f hi/orians & philosoph]s4 ,9 ! volume be=e u ! pr(\nd inve/igations ( ,humboldt1 ,ritt] & o!rs1 9 ,physical ,geography1 are pres5t$ 9 a popul> =m1 & ) ! cle>ness & vivacity s *>act]i/ic ( ,fr5* treatises on sci5ce4 ,! "w %\ld be introduc$ into our high] s*ools4--,! ,indep5d5t1 ,new ,york4 ,geography is "h made to assume a dignity1 n h]et(ore atta*$ to x4 ,! k communicat$ 9 ^! ,lectures is curi\s1 unexpect$1 absorb+4--,*ri/ian ,mirror1 ,portl&4 ,,contributions ,,to ,,!ological ,,sci5ce4 ,,by ,,john ,,h>ris1 ,d4,d4 ,i4 ,,! ,,pre-,,adamite ,,e>?4 ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,at ,z we h exam9$ e page ( ?is "w1 & put =? our be/ ef=ts to und]/& ! full import ( its v>i$ & ri* details1 ! resi/less impression has come ov] our spirits1 t ! respect$ au?or has be5 assi/$ f on high 9 8 labori\s1 b successful und]tak+4 ,may x please ,god yet to aid & uphold him1 to complete 8 :ole design2 = we c n[ see1 if we mi/ake n1 t !re is great unity z well z orig9ality & beauty 9 ! object :i* he is aim+ to accompli%4 ,if we d n greatly mi/ake1 ?is long look$ = volume1 w create & su/a9 a deep impression 9 ! m intellectual circles ( ! religi\s _w4--,london ,evangelical ,magaz9e4 ,! man :o f9ds 8 elem5t among great ?\ghts1 & is n afraid to pu% into ! remot] regions ( ab/ract tru?1 be he philosoph] or !ologian1 or bo?1 w read x ov] & ov]1 & w f9d 8 intellect quick5$1 z if f be+ 9 contact ) a new & glori\s creation4--,albany ,argus4 ,dr4 ,h>ris /ates 9 a lucid1 succ9ct1 & (t5 highly eloqu5t mann]1 all ! lead+ facts ( geology1 & _! beautiful h>mony ) ! tea*+s ( ,scripture4 ,z a "w ( paleontology 9 its relation to ,scripture1 x w be "o ( ! mo/ complete & popul> extant4 ,x ev9ces great rese>*1 cle> & rigid reason+1 & a /yle m cond5s$ & beautiful ?an is usually f\nd 9 a "w s pr(\nd4 ,x w be an invaluable contribution to ,biblical ,sci5ce4--,new ,york ,evangeli/4 ,he is a s\nd logician & lucid reason]1 gett+ ne>] to ! gr\ndwork ( a subject g5]ally suppos$ to h v unc]ta9 data1 ?an any o!r writ] )9 our k4--,new ,york ,com4 ,adv]tis]4 ,! elem5ts ( ?+s1 ! laws ( organic nature1 & ^? especially t lie at ! f\ndation ( ! div9e relations to man1 are "h dwelt ^u 9 a ma/]ly mann]4--,*ri/ian ,reflector1 ,bo/on4 ,,ii4 ,,man ,,primeval2 ,,or ,,! ,,con/itution ,,& ,,primitive ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,be+4 ,,) ,a ,,f9e ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,x surpasses 9 int]e/ its pr$ecessor4 ,x is an able attempt to c>ry out ! au?or's gr& conception4 ,8 purpose is to unfold1 z f> z possible1 ! successive /eps by :i* ,god is accompli%+ 8 purpose to manife/ ,8 ,all-suffici5cy4 99 99 99 ,! read] is l$ along a pa?way1 ab\nd+ ) ri* & valuable ?\ght1 go+ on f ! au?or's op5+ propositions to _! complete demon/ration4 ,to /ud5ts ( m5tal & moral sci5ce1 x w be a valuable contribution1 & w assur$ly secure _! att5tion4--,*ri/ian ,*ronicle1 ,philadelphia4 ,x is em95tly philosophical1 & at ! same "t gl[+ & eloqu5t4 ,x _c fail to h a wide circle ( read]s1 or to repay ri*ly ! h\rs :i* are giv5 to its pages4--,new ,york ,record]4 ,! reputation ( ! au?or ( ?is volume is co-ext5sive ) ! ,engli% language4 ,! "w be=e u manife/s mu* le>n+ & metaphysical acum54 ,its great recomm5dation is1 its p[] to cause ! read] to ?9k & reflect4--,bo/on ,record]4 ,rev]5tly recogniz+ ! ,bible z ! f\nta9 & expon5t ( tru?1 he is z indep5d5t & fe>less z he is orig9al & =cible2 & he adds to ^! qualities consummate skill 9 argum5t & elegance ( diction4--,n4 ,y4 ,com4 ,adv]tis]4 ,8 copi\s & beautiful illu/rations ( ! successive laws ( ! ,div9e ,manife/ation1 h yield$ u inexpressible delight4--,london ,eclectic ,review4 ,! di/ribution & arrangem5t ( ?\ght 9 ?is volume1 are su* z to af=d ample scope = ! au?or's rem>kable p[]s ( analysis & illu/ration4 ,9 look+ ) a ke5 & se>*+ eye at ! pr9ciples :i* regulate ! conduct ( ,god t[>ds man1 z ! intellig5t inhabitant ( ?is l[] _w1 ,dr4 ,h>ris has laid d[n = himself ?ree di/9ct1 b connect$ views ( ! ,div9e proc$ure3 ,fir/1 ,! ,end aim$ at by ,god2 ,second1 ! ,reasons = ! employm5t ( x4 ,9 a v ma/]ly way does our au?or grapple ) almo/ e difficulty1 & p]plex+ subject :i* comes )9 ! range ( 8 propos$ inquiry into ! con/itution & condition ( ,man ,primeval4--,london ,evangelical ,hi/ory4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,family2 ,,its ,,con/itution1 ,,probation ,,& ,,hi/ory4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,,classical ,,/udies4 ,,essays ,,on ,,anci5t ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,art4 ,) ! ,biography & ,correspond5ce ( ,em95t ,philologi/s4 ,by ,b>nas ,se>s1 ,presid5t ( ,newton ,!ol4 ,in/itution1 ,b4 ,b4 ,edw>ds1 ,pr(4 ,&ov] ,!ol4 ,sem9>y1 & ,c4 ,c4 ,felton1 ,pr(4 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #abmo4 ,price #a4be4 ,,second ,,?\s&4 ,! collection is a mo/ attractive "o1 & w\ld be acceptable 9 any circum/ances4 ,! disc\rses1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,jacobs1 are writt5 9 words t burn4 ,a g5]al c\ld n exhort 8 troops ) m en]gy & _s1 ?an are us$ by ! ,g]man ,pr(essor 9 /imulat+ ! y\? be=e him to labor 9 ! acquisition ( classical le>n+4 ,! biographical portions ( ! book1 naturally less excit+1 no less t5d to ! same end4--,london ,lit4 ,exam9]1 by ,john ,=/]1 ,esq4 ,?is elegant book is wor?y ( a m ext5d$ notice ?an our limits at pres5t w p]mit u to give x4 ,great labor & c>e h be5 be/[$ ^u its typographical execution1 :i* does honor to ! ,am]ican press4 ,x is "o ( ! r>e beauties ( ! page1 t n a ^w is divid$ at ! end ( a l9e4 ,! me*anical "p ( ! "w1 h[ev]1 is its lea/ praise4 ,x is unique 9 its "*--/&+ alone among ! innum]able books ( ?is book-mak+ age4 ,! au?ors well des]ve ! ?anks ( ! cultivat$ & discipl9$ portion ( ! community1 = ! s]vice :i*1 by ?is publication1 !y h done to ! cause ( lett]s4 ,! book is ( a high ord]1 & wor?y ( ! att5tive p]usal ( e s*ol>4 ,x is a noble monum5t to ! ta/e1 & judgm5t1 & s\nd le>n+ ( ! projectors1 & w yield1 we d\bt n1 a ri* h>ve/ ( fame to !mselves1 & ( b5efit to our lit]ature4--,*ri/ian ,review4 ,x is refre%+1 truly1 to sit d[n ) su* a book z ?is4 ,:5 ! press is teem+ ) ! ha/y works ( au?ors & publi%]s1 x is a treat to take up a book t is an honor1 at once1 to ! arts & ! lit]ature ( our c\ntry4--,new ,york ,obs]v]4 ,?is is truly an elegant volume1 bo? 9 respect to its lit]>y & its me*anical execution4 ,its typographical appe>ance is an honor to ! ,am]ican press2 & ) equal tru? x may be said1 t ! intr9sic "* ( ! "w is highly cr$itable to ! age4 ,x is a novel "w1 & may be call$ a plea = classical le>n+4 ,to s*ol>s x mu/ be a treat #c & to /ud5ts we he>tily comm5d x4--,bo/on ,record]4 ,?is volume is no common-place production4 ,x is truly refre%+1 :5 we are oblig$1 f week to week1 to look ?r\gh ! mass ( books :i* increases ^u our table1 _m ( :i* are extremely att5uat$ 9 ?\ght & jejune 9 /yle1 to f9d some?+ :i* c>ries u back to ! pure & invigorat+ influ5ce ( ! ma/] m9ds ( antiquity4 ,! g5tlem5 :o h produc$ ?is volume des]ve ! cordial ?anks ( ! lit]>y _w4--,new ,engl& ,puritan4 ,we he>tily welcome ?is book z admirably adapt$ to effect a mo/ noble & mu* desir$ result4 ,we comm5d ! "w to g5]al att5tion1 = we feel sure x mu/ d mu* to awak5 a zeal = classical /udies1 z ! sure/ means ( atta9+ ! ref9em5t & graceful dignity :i* %\ld m>k ! /r5g? ( e nation4--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,we make no classical pret5sions1 or we might say m ab\t ! pr9cipal articles 9 ?is volume2 b x ne$s no su* pret5sions to comm5d1 z we he>tily d1 a book s full ( int]e/ & in/ruction z ! pres5t1 = e read] :o is at nil imbu$ ) a love ( lit]ature4--,salem ,gazette4 ,?is book w d good 9 our colleges4 ,e /ud5t w want a copy1 & _m w be /imulat$ by its p]usal to a m vigor\s & en?usia/ic pursuit ( t high] & m solid le>n+ :i* alone des]ves to be call$ #d classical4' ,! rec5t t5d5cies h be5 to ! neglect ( ?is1 & we rejoice 9 ?is timely ef=t ( m9ds s well qualifi$ = su* a "w4--,*ri/ian ,reflector4 ,! volume is1 9 e way1 a beautiful affair ( its k9d1 & we haz>d no?+ 9 recomm5d+ x to ! lit]>y _w4--,*ri/ian ,secret>y1 ,h>t=d4 ,! design is a noble & g5]\s "o1 & has be5 execut$ ) a ta/e & good s5se1 t d honor bo? to ! writ]s & ! publi%]s4--,prov4 ,j\rnal4 ,,*amb]s',s ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature4 ,a ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,*oice/ ,,productions ,,( ,,engli% ,,au?ors1 ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t3 ,,connect$ ,,by ,a ,,critical ,,& ,,biographical ,,hi/ory4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,*amb]s4 ,,assi/$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,c>ru!rs ,,& ,,o!r ,,em95t ,,g5tlem54 ,complete 9 two imp]ial octavo volumes1 ( m ?an f\rte5 hundr$ pages ( d\ble column lett]press1 & upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ elegant illu/rations4 ,?is valuable "w has n[ become s g5]ally kn[n & appreciat$1 t !re ne$ sc>cely be any ?+ said 9 comm5dation1 except to ^? :o h n yet se5 x4 ,! "w embraces ab\t ,"o ,?\s& ,au?ors1 *ronologically arrang$ & class$ z ,poets1 ,hi/orians1 ,dramati/s1 ,philosoph]s1 ,metaphysicians1 ,div9es1 etc41 ) *oice selections f _! writ+s1 connect$ by a ,biographical1 ,hi/orical1 & ,critical ,n>rative2 ?us pres5t+ a complete view ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 f ! e>lie/ to ! pres5t "t4 ,let ! read] op5 :]e he w1 he _c fail to f9d matt] = pr(it & delight1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 too1 repeat$ p]usals w only s]ve to make him enjoy ! m4 ,we h inde$ inf9ite ri*es 9 a little room4 ,no "o1 :o has a ta/e = lit]ature1 %\ld all[ himself1 = a trifl+ consid]ation1 to be )\t a "w :i* ?r[s s mu* light ^u ! progress ( ! ,engli% language4 ,! selections are gems--a mass ( valuable in=mation 9 a cond5s$ & elegant =m4 ,,extracts ,,f ,,comm5datory ,,notices4 ,f ,w4 ,h4 ,prescott1 ,au?or ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,! plan ( ! "w is v judici\s4 99 99 99 ,x w put ! read] 9 ! prop] po9t ( view1 = survey+ ! :ole gr\nd ov] :i* he is travell+4 99 99 99 ,su* read]s _c fail to pr(it l>gely by ! labors ( ! critic :o has ! tal5t & ta/e to sep>ate :at is really beautiful & wor?y ( _! /udy f :at is sup]flu\s4 ,i concur 9 ! =ego+ op9ion ( ,mr4 ,prescott4--,edw>d ,ev]ett4 ,x w be a useful & popul> "w1 indisp5sable to ! libr>y ( a /ud5t ( ,engli% lit]ature4--,francis ,wayl&4 ,we hail ) peculi> pleasure ! appe>ance ( ?is "w1 & m especially its republication 9 ?is c\ntry at a price :i* places x )9 ! rea* ( a great numb] ( read]s4--,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 ,?is is ! mo/ valuable & magnific5t contribution to a s\nd popul> lit]ature t ?is c5tury has br\ght =?4 ,x fills a place :i* 0 be=e a blank4 ,)\t x1 ,engli% lit]ature1 to almo/ all ( our c\ntrym51 educat$ or un$ucat$1 is an imp]fect1 brok51 disjo9t$ mass4 ,mu* t is beautiful--! mo/ p]fect & graceful portions1 und\bt$ly--0 already possess$2 b x 0 n a :ole4 ,e intellig5t man1 e inquir+ m9d1 e s*ol>1 felt t ! f\ndation 0 miss+4 ,*amb]s's ,cyclopdia supplies ?is radical defect4 ,x beg9s ) ! beg9n+2 &1 /ep by /ep1 gives to e "o :o has ! intellect or ta/e to enjoy x a view ( ,engli% lit]ature 9 all its complete1 beautiful1 & p]fect proportions4--,onondaga ,democrat1 ,n4 ,y4 ,we hope t tea*]s w avail !mselves ( an e>ly opportunity to obta9 a "w s well calculat$ to imp>t useful k1 ) ! pleasures & ornam5ts ( ! ,engli% classics4 ,! "w w und\bt$ly f9d a place 9 our di/rict & o!r public libr>ies2 yet x %\ld be ! 'vade mecum' ( e s*ol>4--,tea*]s' ,advocate1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! "w is f9ely conceiv$ to meet a popul> want1 is full ( lit]>y in/ruction1 & is v>i\sly embelli%$ ) engrav+s illu/rative ( ,engli% antiquities1 hi/ory1 & biography4 ,tire typography ?r\gh\t is beautiful4--,*ri/ian ,reflector4 ,bo/on4 ,! design has be5 well execut$ by ! selection & conc5tration ( "s ( ! be/ productions ( ,engli% intellect1 f ! e>lie/ ,anglo-,saxon writ]s d[n to ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,no "o c give a glance at ! "w )\t be+ /ruck ) its beauty & *eapness4--,bo/on ,c\ri]4 ,we %\ld be glad if any ?+ we c say w\ld favor ?is design4 ,! elegance ( ! execution fea/s ! eye ) beauty1 & ! :ole is suit$ to ref9e & elevate ! ta/e4 ,& we might ask1 :o c fail to g back to its beg9n+1 & trace 8 "m-tongue f its rude infancy to its pres5t maturity1 elegance1 & ri*ness8--,*ri/ian ,mirror1 ,portl&4 ,! ,publi%]s ( ! ,,am]ican ,edition ( ?is valuable "w desire to /ate t1 besides ! num]\s pictorial illu/rations 9 ! ,engli% ,edition1 !y h greatly enri*$ ! "w by ! addition ( f9e /eel & mezzot9t engrav+s ( ! heads ( ,%akspe>e1 ,addison1 ,byron2 a full l5g? portrait ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 & a beautiful sc5ic repres5tation ( ,oliv] ,goldsmi? & ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,^! important & elegant additions1 toge!r ) sup]ior pap] & b9d+1 mu/ give ?is a decid$ pref]5ce ev] all o!r editions4 ,,= ,,s*ool ,,& ,,family ,,libr>ies4 ,,*amb]s',s ,,miscellany ,,( ,,useful ,,& ,,ent]ta9+ ,,k1 ,,t5 ,,volumes1 ,,elegantly ,,illu/rat$4 ,! design ( ! ,miscellany is to supply ! increas+ dem& = useful1 in/ructive1 & ent]ta9+ read+1 & to br+ all ! aids ( lit]ature to be> on ! cultivation ( ! feel+s & und]/&+ ( ! p--to impress correct views on important moral & social que/ions--to furni% an unobtrusive fri5d & guide1 a lively fireside companion1 z f> z t object c be atta9$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( books4 ,?is "w is confid5tly comm5d$ to ,tea*]s1 ,s*ool ,committees1 & all o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! =mation ( ,s*ool ,libr>ies1 z ! v be/ "w = ?is purpose4 ,its wide range ( subjects1 pres5t$ 9 ! mo/ popul> /yle1 makes x exce$+ly int]e/+ & in/ructive to all classes4 ,! mo/ flatt]+ te/imonials f di/+ui%$ s*ool tea*]s & o!rs1 express+ an e>ne/ desire to h x introduc$ into all s*ool libr>ies1 h be5 receiv$ by ! publi%]s4 ,f ,george ,b4 ,em]son1 ,esq41 ,*airman ( ! ,book ,committee ( ! ,bo/on ,s*ools4--,i h exam9$ ) a good deal ( c>e ',*amb]s's ,miscellany ( ,useful & ,ent]ta9+ ,k1' p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to its suitabl5ess to =m p>ts ( a libr>y = "y p]sons4 ,x is1 inde$1 a libr>y 9 itself1 & "o ( great value1 conta9+ v *oice selections 9 hi/ory1 biography1 natural hi/ory1 poetry1 art1 physiology1 elegant fiction1 & v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 made ) great ta/e & judgm5t1 & ) ! highe/ moral & philan?ropic purpose4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d any miscellany sup]ior or ev5 equal to x2 x ri*ly des]ves ! epi!ts 'useful & ent]ta9+1' & ,i w\ld recomm5d x v /rongly1 z extremely well adapt$ to =m p>ts ( a libr>y = ! "y1 or ( a social or circulat+ libr>y1 9 t[n or c\ntry4 ,f ! ,rev4 ,john ,o4 ,*\les1 ,d4 ,d4--,i _c resi/ ! desire :i* ,i feel to ?ank y = ! valuable s]vice :i* y h r5d]$ to ! public by plac+ ?is admirable "w )9 ! rea* ( all :o h a desire to obta9 k4 ,i am n acqua9t$ ) any simil> collection 9 ! ,engli% language t c comp>e ) x = purposes ( in/ruction or amusem5t4 ,i %\ld rejoice to see t set ( books 9 e h\se 9 our c\ntry4 ,i _c ?9k ( any me?od by :i* a fa!r c m mat]ially b5efit 8 *ildr5 ?an by surr\nd+ !m ) good books2 & if ^! *>m+ & attractive volumes c be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! "y1 !y w h _! ta/es =m$ = good lead+4 ,i %all labor to see ! ,miscellany circulat$ among my fri5ds1 & %all lose no opportunity to comm5d x e :]e4 ,!y conta9 an excell5t selection ( hi/orical1 sci5tific1 & miscellane\s articles 9 popul> /yle1 f ! be/ writ]s ( ! language4 ,! "w is elegantly pr9t$ & neatly illu/rat$1 & is sold v *eap4--,indep5d5t ,democrat1 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,x is j ! book to take up at ! close ( a busy day2 & especially w x %$ a new *>m ov] autumn & w9t] 9-door sc5es4--,*ri/4 ,_w1 ,bo/on4 ,! in=mation conta9$ 9 ?is "w is surpris+ly great2 & = ! fireside1 & ! "y p>ticul>ly1 x _c fail to prove a mo/ valuable & ent]ta9+ companion4--,new ,york ,evangeli/4 ,we are glad to see an ,am]ican issue ( ?is publication1 & especially 9 s neat & conv5i5t a =m4 ,x is an admirable compilation1 di/+ui%$ by ! good ta/e :i* has be5 %[n 9 all ! publications ( ! ,messrs4 ,*amb]s4 ,x unites ! useful & ! ent]ta9+4--,new ,york ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4 ,x is an admirable compilation1 conta9+ int]e/+ memoirs & hi/orical sket*es1 :i* are useful1 in/ructive1 & ent]ta9+4 ,e head ( a family %\ld supply himself ) a copy = ! b5efit ( 8 *ildr54--,corn+ ,j\rnal4 ,! ent]pris+ publi%]s des]ve ! ?anks ( e lov] ( ! beautiful & true1 = ! *eap & ta/eful /yle 9 :i* !y h spread ?is truly valuable "w be=e ! ,am]ican p4--,p's ,advocate1 ,pa4 ,x is fill$ ) subjects ( int]e/1 int5d$ = ! in/ruction ( ! y\?ful m9d1 su* z biography1 hi/ory1 anecdotes1 natural philosophy1 c4--,new ,orleans ,bee4 ,valuable ,s*ool ,books4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,moral ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,francis ,wayl&1 ,d4,d4 ,presid5t ( ,br[n ,univ]sity1 & ,pr(essor ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,=tie? ,?\s&4 #abmo4 clo?4 ,price #a4be4 ,?is "w has be5 ext5sively & favorably review$ & adopt$ z a class-book 9 mo/ ( ! collegiate1 !ological1 & academical in/itutions ( ! c\ntry4 ,f ,rev4 ,wilbur ,fisk1 ,presid5t ( ! ,wesleyan ,univ]sity4 ,i h exam9$ x ) great satisfaction & int]e/4 ,! "w 0 greatly ne$$1 & is well execut$4 ,dr4 ,wayl& des]ves ! grateful ackn[l$gm5ts & lib]al patronage ( ! public4 ,i ne$ say no?+ fur!r to express my high e/imate ( ! "w1 ?an t we %all imm$iately adopt x z a text-book 9 our univ]sity4 ,f ,hon4 ,james ,k5t1 late ,*ancellor ( ,new ,york4 ,! "w has be5 read by me att5tively & ?or\ghly1 & ,i ?9k v highly ( x4 ,! au?or himself is "o ( ! mo/ e/imable ( m51 & ,i d n "k ( any e?ical treatise1 9 :i* our duties to ,god & to our fell[-m5 are laid d[n ) m precision1 simplicity1 cle>ness1 en]gy1 & tru?4 ,! "w ( ,dr4 ,wayl& has aris5 gradually f ! necessity ( correct+ ! false pr9ciples & fallaci\s reason+s ( ,paley4 ,x is a radical mi/ake1 9 ! education ( y\?1 to p]mit any book to be us$ by /ud5ts z a text-book1 :i* conta9s errone\s doctr9es1 especially :5 ^! are fundam5tal1 & t5d to vitiate ! :ole sy/em ( morals4 ,we h be5 greatly pleas$ ) ! me?od :i* ,presid5t ,wayl& has adopt$2 he goes back to ! simple/ & mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciples2 &1 9 ! /atem5t ( 8 views1 he unites p]spicuity ) concis5ess & precision4 ,9 all ! au?or's lead+ fundam5tal pr9ciples we entirely concur4--,biblical ,repository4 ,?is is a new "w on morals1 = academic use1 & we welcome x ) mu* satisfaction4 ,x is ! result ( sev]al ye>s' reflection & exp]i5ce 9 tea*+1 on ! "p ( its ju/ly di/+ui%$ au?or2 & if x is n p]fectly :at we c\ld wi%1 yet1 9 ! mo/ important respects1 x supplies a want :i* has be5 ext5sively felt4 ,x is1 we ?9k1 sub/antially s\nd 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples2 & be+ compreh5sive & elem5t>y 9 its plan1 & adapt$ to ! purposes ( in/ruction1 x w be gladly adopt$ by ^? :o h = a long "t be5 dissatisfi$ ) ! exi/+ works ( ,paley4--,! ,lit]>y & ,!ological ,review4 ,,moral ,,sci5ce1 ,,abridg$1 by ! ,au?or1 & adapt$ to ! use ( ,s*ools & ,academies4 ,tw5ty-fif? ,?\s&4 #ahmo1 half clo?4 ,price #be c5ts4 ,! m effectually to meet ! desire express$ = a *eap edition1 ! pres5t edition is issu$ at ! r$uc$ price ( #be c5ts p] copy1 & x is hop$ !reby to ext5d ! b5efit ( moral in/ruction to all ! y\? ( our l&4 ,tea*]s & all o!rs engag$ 9 ! tra9+ ( y\?1 are invit$ to exam9e ?is "w4 ,dr4 ,wayl& has publi%$ an abridgm5t ( 8 "w1 = ! use ( s*ools4 ,( ?is /ep we c h>dly speak too highly4 ,x is m ?an "t t ! /udy ( moral philosophy %\ld be introduc$ into all our in/itutions ( education4 ,we are happy to see ! way s auspici\sly op5$ = su* an introduction4 ,x has be5 n m]ely abridg$1 b also re-writt54 ,we _c b reg>d ! labor z well be/[$4--,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 ,we speak t we d "k1 :5 we express our high e/imate ( ,dr4 ,wayl&'s ability 9 tea*+ ,moral ,philosophy1 :e!r orally or by ! book4 ,hav+ li/5$ to 8 in/ructions1 9 ?is int]e/+ dep>tm5t1 we c atte/ h[ l(ty are ! pr9ciples1 h[ exact & sev]e ! argum5tation1 h[ appropriate & /rong ! illu/rations :i* *>act]ize 8 sy/em & en=ce x on ! m9d4--,! ,*ri/ian ,witness4 ,! "w ( :i* ?is volume is an abridgm5t1 is well kn[n z "o ( ! be/ & mo/ complete works on ,moral ,philosophy extant4 ,! au?or is well kn[n z "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd s*ol>s ( ! age4 ,t ! /udy ( ,moral ,sci5ce1 a sci5ce :i* tea*es goodness1 %\ld be a bran* ( education1 n only 9 our colleges1 b 9 our s*ools & academies1 we believe w n be d5i$4 ,! abridgm5t ( ?is "w seems to u admirably calculat$ = ! purpose1 & we hope x w be ext5sively appli$ to ! purposes = :i* x is int5d$4--,! ,m]cantile ,j\rnal4 ,we hail ! abridgm5t z admirably adapt$ to supply ! defici5cy :i* has long be5 felt 9 common s*ool education1--! /udy ( moral obligation4 ,let ! *ild e>ly be taught ! relations x su/a9s to man & to its ,mak]1 ! fir/ acqua9t+ x ) ! duties ow$ to society1 ! second ) ! duties ow$ to ,god1 & :o c =etell h[ _m a sad & disa/r\s ov]?r[ ( "* w be prev5t$1 & h[ elevat$ & pure w be ! s5se ( integrity & virtue8--,ev5+ ,gazette4 ,valuable ,s*ool ,books4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,political ,,economy1 ,by ,francis ,wayl&1 ,d4,d41 ,presid5t ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 ,fifte5? ,?\s&4 #abmo4 clo?4 ,price #a4be ,8 object has be5 to write a book1 :i* any "o :o *ooses may und]/&4 ,he has1 !re=e1 labor$ to express ! g5]al pr9ciples 9 ! pla9e/ mann] possible1 & to illu/rate !m by cases ) :i* e p]son is famili>4 ,x has be5 to ! au?or a s\rce ( regret1 t ! c\rse ( discussion 9 ! foll[+ pages1 has1 unavoidably1 l$ him ov] gr\nd :i* has frequ5tly be5 ! ar5a ( political controv]sy4 ,9 all su* cases1 he has endeavor$ to /ate :at seem$ to him to be tru?1 )\t fe>1 favor1 or affection4 ,he is consci\s to himself ( no bias t[>ds any p>ty :atev]1 & he ?9ks t he :o w read ! :ole "w1 w be conv9c$ t he has be5 influ5c$ by none4--,extract f ! ,preface4 ,,political ,,economy1 ,,abridg$1 by ! ,au?or1 & adapt$ to ! use ( ,s*ools & ,academies4 ,sev5? ,?\s&4 #ahmo4 half morocco4 ,price #ej c5ts4 ,! success :i* has att5d$ ! abridgm5t ( ,! ,elem5ts ( ,moral ,sci5ce has induc$ ! au?or to prep>e an abridgm5t ( ?is "w4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! "w has be5 :olly re-writt51 & an attempt has be5 made to adapt x to ! atta9m5ts ( y\?4 ,! orig9al "w ( ! au?or1 on ,political ,economy1 has already be5 notic$ on our pages2 & ! pres5t abridgm5t /&s 9 no ne$ ( a recomm5dation f u4 ,we may be p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 to say1 t bo? ! ris+ & ris5 g5]ations are deeply indebt$ to ,dr4 ,wayl&1 = ! skill & p[] he has put =? to br+ a highly important subject di/9ctly be=e !m1 )9 su* n>r[ limits4 ,?\gh 'abridg$ = ! use ( academies1' x des]ves to be introduc$ into e private family1 & to be /udi$ by e man :o has an int]e/ 9 ! weal? & prosp]ity ( has c\ntry4 ,x is a subject little und]/ood1 ev5 practically1 by ?\s&s1 & /ill less und]/ood !oretically4 ,x is to be hop$1 ?is w =m a class-book1 & be fai?fully /udi$ 9 our academics2 & t x w f9d its way into e family libr>y2 n !re to be %ut up unread1 b to af=d ri* mat]ial = ?\ght & discussion 9 ! family circle4 ,x is fitt$ to enl>ge ! m9d1 to purify ! judgm5t1 to correct errone\s popul> impressions1 & assi/ e man 9 =m+ op9ions ( public measures1 :i* w abide ! te/ ( "t & exp]i5ce4--,bo/on ,record]4 ,an abridgm5t ( ?is cle>1 common s5se "w1 design$ = ! use ( academies is j publi%$4 ,we rejoice to see su* treatises spread+ among2 ! p2 & we urge all :o w\ld be intellig5t freem51 to read !m4--,new ,york ,transcript4 ,we c say1 ) safety1 t ! topics are well select$ & arrang$2 t ! au?or's "n is a gu>antee = m ?an usual excell5ce4 ,we wi% x an ext5sive circulation4--,new ,york ,obs]v]4 ,x is well adapt$ to high s*ools1 & embraces ! s\nde/ sy/em ( republican political economy ( any treatise extant4--,daily ,advocate4 ,,?\ghts on ! pres5t ,collegiate ,sy/em 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,francis ,wayl&1 ,d4,d4 ,price #fj c5ts4 ,^! ,?\ghts come f a s\rce entitl$ to a v respectful att5tion2 & z ! au?or goes ov] ! :ole gr\nd ( collegiate education1 criticis+ freely all ! arrangem5ts 9 e dep>tm5t & 9 all _! be>+s1 ! book is v full ( matt]4 ,we hope x w prove ! beg9n+ ( a ?or\gh discussion4 ,,paley',s ,,natural ,,!ology1 ,illu/rat$ by =ty plates1 & ,selections f ! notes ( ,dr4 ,paxton1 ) additional ,notes1 orig9al & select$1 = ?is edition2 ) a vocabul>y ( ,sci5tific ,t]ms4 ,edit$ by ,john ,w>e1 ,m4,d4 #abmo4 %eep4 ,price #a4be4 ,! "w be=e u is "o :i* des]ves r to be /udi$ ?an m]ely read4 ,inde$1 )\t dilig5t att5tion & /udy1 nei!r ! excell5ces ( x c be fully discov]$1 nor its advantages realiz$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 gratify+ to f9d x introduc$1 z a text-book1 into ! colleges & lit]>y in/itutions ( our c\ntry4 ,! edition be=e u is sup]ior to any we h se51 &1 we believe1 sup]ior to any t has yet be5 publi%$4--,_s ( ! ,pilgrims4 ,p]haps no "o ( our au?or's works gives great] satisfaction to all classes ( read]s1 ! "y & ! old1 ! ignorant & ! enlight5$4 ,inde$1 we recollect no book 9 :i* ! argum5ts = ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 to be drawn f 8 works are exhibit$ 9 a mann] m attractive & m conv9c+4--,*ri/ian ,exam9]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,two incid5ces ( ,b5 ,wevis 7pp4 #f & #ahb7 7 *ang$ to ,b5 ,nevis4 ,b5 ,wyvis on page #ca 0 left un*ang$ z !re is a peak ) t "n6 ,"s m9or typos 7 correct$4 ,duplicate ,adv]tisem5ts f ! front ( ! book 7 delet$6 ,to avoid splitt+ p>agraphs by ,plate images1 text 0 mov$4 ,due to ! l5g? ( "s p>agraphs & ! footnotes !y ref]5ce1 ! foll[+ p>agraphs 7 split to accommodate placem5t ( _! footnotes ne>] to _! an*ors4 ,page ,l9e #ai #bd #acj #i #afa #h #afb #i #bbc #ac