--------------------------- ,transcriber's note3 words surrounded by g and _/g were in ,old ,english ,font in the original book4 --------------------------- ,,the ,,castles ,,and ,,abbeys ,,of ,,england1 ,,from ,,the ,,national ,,records1 ,,early ,,chronicles1 ,,and ,,other ,,standard ,,authors4 ,,by ,,william ,,beattie1 ,m4,d41 ,,grad4 ,,of ,,edin42 ,,memb4 ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,coll4 ,,of ,,phys41 ,,london2 ,,of ,,the ,,hist4 ,,instit4 ,,of ,,france2 ,,author ,,of 8,,switzerland10 8,,scotland10 8,,the ,,waldenses10 8,,residence ,,in ,,germany10 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,twenty-,,seven ,,engravings ,,on ,,steel ,,and ,,numerous ,,woodcuts4 ,,second ,,series4 ,illustration ,,george ,,virtue3 ,,london ,,and ,,new ,,york4 ,,stereotyped ,,and ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,mackenzie1 #dh ,,london ,,street1 ,,glasgow4 ,illustration ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,illustrations4 g,chepstow ,castle4_/g ,,steel ,,engravings4 ,,artists4 ,,engravers4 ,,page4 ,,chepstow ,,castle1 from the ,iron ,bridge across the ,wye4--,this ,view1 looking towards the ,west1 shows part of the ,town1 the ,castle ,gate1 the ,citadel1 the ,keep1 or ,marten's ,tower1 the ,western ,gate1 the ,house and ,groves ,persefield1 with the precipitous banks of the ,river4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,c4 ,,cousen4 #c ,,chepstow ,,castle ,,and ,,bridge1 taken from the right bank of the ,wye1 near the ,west ,gate of the ,castle4--,this ,view1 looking ,eastward1 shows the principal features of the ,castle on the right2 the ,new ,bridge1 the ,harbour1 with the ,scenery on the left bank of the ,wye4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,e4 ,,brandard4 #ac ,,chepstow ,,castle ,,and ,,town1 from the ,wyndcliff1 showing the windings of the ,wye1 its junction with the ,severn1 and the opposite coasts4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,e4 ,,brandard4 #bf1 #bg ,,woodcuts4 ,vignette1 ,castles and ,abbeys4 ,w4 ,,beattie4 ,,mason4 #a ,shield1 ,sword1 and ,helmet4 ,,sargent4 ,,evans4 #ab ,plan of ,chepstow ,castle4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,w4 ,,whimper4 #ac ,marten's ,tower1 the ancient ,keep of ,chepstow ,castle4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,w4 ,,whimper4 #ae ,ancient ,oratory adjoining the ,keep4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,w4 ,,whimper4 #bc ,the ,arched ,chamber in the ,castle ,rock4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,w4 ,,whimper4 #bd ,passage leading to the ,arched ,chamber4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,w4 ,,whimper4 #be ,military ,trophies2 ,age of ,chivalry4 #cj g,tinterne ,abbey on the ,wye4_/g ,,steel ,,engravings4 ,,artists4 ,,engravers4 ,,page ,,the ,,western ,,window ,,of ,,tinterne ,,abbey4--,this ,view is taken from a point near the ,great ,altar1 showing in the foreground the clustered ,pillars and ,arches which formerly supported the ,central ,tower2 the ,door on the right leading to the ,cloisters2 ,sepulchral ,slabs1 the ,effigy of a ,knight1 with the much-admired ,window to the ,west1 and other features4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,a4 ,,willmore4 #ci ,,the ,,refectory ,,of ,,the ,,abbey4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,c4 ,,cousen4 #eb ,,the ,,devil',s ,,pulpit4--,this ,view is taken from a romantic rock so called1 on the left bank of the ,wye1 commanding a view of the ,abbey westward2 the ,abbot's ,meadows stretching along the right bank of the ,wye2 the ,church of ,chapel-hill2 the ,village of ,tinterne ,parva lining the rim of the ,river ,crescent4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,bentley4 #fb ,,the ,,ferry ,,at ,,tinterne4--,this ,plate1 taken from the left bank of the ,wye1 presents a ,north ,view of the ,abbey1 with the ,western ,front1 the ,nave1 ,north ,transept1 part of the great ,eastern ,window1 ,remains of the ,cloisters1 the ,abbey ,gate communicating with the ,ferry1 with other ,conventual ,buildings now in ruins1 or transformed into ,cottages4 ,the ,river at this point is of sufficient depth to float a moderately-sized trading craft4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,bentley4 #ff ,,tinterne ,,abbey1 ,,west ,,front1 taken from the ,road leading to the 8,beaufort ,arms0 and the ,ferry1 shows the much-admired ,west ,window1 in correct and beautiful detail2 the ,door opening into the ,nave1 the ,southern ,aisle1 ,buttress1 ,pinnacle1 ,clerestory ,windows1 c41 with their masses of luxuriant and interlacing ,ivy4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,a4 ,,willmore4 #ajc ,,doorway ,,leading ,,into ,,the ,,cloisters4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,roberts4 #aje ,,doorway ,,leading ,,into ,,the ,,sacristy4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,roberts4 #aac ,,woodcuts4 ,south ,transept1 ,tinterne ,abbey4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,w4 ,,whimper4 #ca ,cistercian ,monk4 ,,dugdale4 ,w4 ,,whimper4 #cd ,view from ,entrance1 ,tinterne ,abbey1 taken from the ,nave1 showing the great ,eastern ,window4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,w4 ,,whimper4 #dj ,initial ,letters1 illustrative of ,baronial1 ,monastic1 and ,chivalrous ,subjects4 #a1 #c1 #ac1 #ca ,mutilated ,effigy of ,earl ,strongbow1 or ,roger ,bigod4 #da ,shields of the ,clare and ,bigod ,families1 from the ,encaustic-,tile ,pavement in the ,abbey4 #db ,walter de ,clare2 ,armorial ,ensigns of the ,family4 #dd ,richard de ,clare2 ,ancient ,family ,shield4 #dh ,hospitium1 or ,guest ,hall1 with portions of the ,refectory1 and other ,conventual ,buildings4 #ej ,conventual ,alphabet1 ,letter ,h2 ,abbey ,gate1 ,procession4 #ea ,inner ,view2 ,sketch of an ,altar1 ,tomb1 c4 #ed ,conventual ,alphabet1 ,letter ,p4 #ef ,conventual ,letter ,o4 #fj ,abbatial ,crosier1 ,cap1 and ,cushion4 #fb ,letter ,a4 #fe ,ground ,plan of ,tinterne ,abbey4 #ajh ,five smaller ,woodcuts1 illustrative of the subject4 ,goodrich ,castle4 #abb g,raglan ,castle4_/g ,,steel ,,engravings4 ,,artists4 ,,engravers4 ,,page ,,the ,,avenue1 west of the ,castle1 from which the remains of the ,state ,apartments are seen through the trees ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,bentley4 #abh ,,the ,,paved ,,stone ,,court ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,s4 ,,bradshaw4 #aea ,,the ,,baronial ,,hall1 showing the great ,bay ,window on the right of the ,dais1 with the ,worcester ,arms overhead2 the ancient ,fire-place1 with ,w worked in brick over the ,arch2 the ,corbel-heads that supported the ,roof1 c4 c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,roberts4 #aed ,,gateway ,,in ,,the ,,fountain ,,court1 with the ,baronial ,chapel ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,e4 ,,brandard4 #aef ,,the ,,moat4--,this ,view of the ,keep and adjacent ,towers is universally admired1 both for the splendour of architectural detail and the picturesque grouping of the features which it displays ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,c4 ,,cousen4 #aeh ,,the ,,gateway ,,towers1 as described in the text1 with the ,moat and part of the ,donjon ,tower on the left ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,e4 ,,brandard4 #agg ,,the ,,keep ,,or ,,donjon ,,tower1 from the ,moat2 on the right are seen the ,gateway ,towers1 and in the centre is the ,keep4 ,in front1 opening upon the water1 is the old sally-port2 and on the right bank1 partially concealed by trees1 is the private walk1 formerly ornamented with statues and shell-work1 as described in the text4 ,the ,keep is represented in the same state as when it was left by ,general ,fairfax after the siege ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,bentley4 #bjj ,,view ,,from ,,the ,,battlements4--,this ,view is taken from the top of the ,keep1 with the ,moat1 the ,gatehouse1 the ,paved ,court1 c41 and ,landscape to the westward ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,a4 ,,willmore4 #bbj ,,woodcuts4 ,goodrich ,castle #abb ,ancient ,armour #aca ,feudal and ,military ,trophies #acf ,morning of the ,tournament #ach ,the ,boar's ,head #adf ,old ,apartments in the ,gateway ,tower #aec ,plan of the ,castle #afj ,baronial ,trophies #age ,the ,armourer #agh ,the ,arquebusier #ahe ,the ,tower of ,gwent1 or ,keep #aid ,window in the ,state ,apartments #aih ,the ,garter #bac ,state ,gallery1 with ancient ,statues of the ,earl and ,countess of ,worcester #bag ,view from the ,battlements of the ,keep1 looking to ,raglan ,church #bbb ,view taken from the old ,bowling ,green1 with the ,keep in the centre1 and the ,gate to ,fountain ,court on the left #bbf ,apartments called ,king ,charles's1 carved ,chimney-piece on the left1 and ,windows looking ,s4 and ,s4,w4 #bbg ,the old ,baronial ,kitchen1 as described in the text #bcd ,bridge over the ,monnow1 described in the text #bci g,llanthony ,abbey4_/g ,,steel ,,engravings4 ,,artists4 ,,engravers4 ,,page ,,the ,,nave ,,of ,,llanthony ,,abbey1 with the ,central ,tower1 part of the ,south ,transept1 fragments of the ,chancel1 and great ,east ,window ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,w4 ,,deebles4 #bdd ,,llanthony ,,abbey from the ,north-west1 showing the great ,west ,door--the two ,square ,towers--the ,nave--,north ,aisle--the great ,tower connecting the ,transepts1 with fragments of the great ,eastern ,window ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,e4 ,,brandard4 #beh ,,llanthony ,,abbey from the rising ,ground north of the ,ruins1 showing the whole ,abbey1 as it now appears1 in the distance1 with its surrounding ,scenery1 as presented from that point of view ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,s4 ,t4 ,,davis4 #bgb ,,woodcut4 ,the ,abbey ,church from the ,east4 g,uske--,pembroke--,cardiff--,tenby4_/g ,,steel ,,engravings4 ,,uske ,,castle ,,and ,,town1 showing the river ,uske and the ,bridge in the foreground--the ancient ,castle on the right1 with the ,town under the acclivity--in the back ground1 th e picturesque ,scenery for which the banks of the ,uske are so remarkable ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,a4 ,,willmore4 #bhc ,,pembroke ,,castle from the ,water1 comprising the ,principal ,gateway--the ,postern--the great ,round ,tower1 or ,donjon--the ,outworks4 ,on the left1 part of the ,tower2 and westward1 in the horizon1 the remains of the ancient ,nunnery ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,j4 ,,cousen4 #bic ,,pembroke ,,castle4--,interior of the ,great ,court--,gateway1 ,towers1 and ,fortifications ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 ,j4 ,,cousen4 #cjh ,,woodcuts4 ,round ,tower of ,uske ,castle--,chamber in the same--,curthose ,tower in ,cardiff ,castle4 #bhd1 #bhf1 #caa g,manorbeer ,castle--,neath ,abbey--,kidwelly ,castle--,llanstephan ,castle--,carew ,castle--,margam ,abbey--,appendix4_/g ,,steel ,,engravings4 ,,manorbeer ,,castle1 near the ,church ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 #cba ,,kidwelly ,,castle1 from the ,gwendraeth ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 #ccb ,,kidwelly ,,castle1 from the ,inner ,court--,chapel on the right ,w4 ,h4 ,,bartlett4 #ccd ,,woodcuts4 ,neath ,abbey1 the ,crypt #cca ,ancient ,dwellings near ,manorbeer ,castle #cce ,margam ,abbey1 the ,crypt #cdh ,illustration ,,the ,,castle ,,of ,,chepstow1 g,monmouthshire_/g4 ,around us spread the hills and dales1 ,where ,geoffrey spun his magic tales1 ,and called them history3 the land ,whence ,arthur sprung1 and all his band ,of gallant knights4--,,bloomfield4 ,illustration3 ,it has been justly remarked by statistical writers1 that1 in point of fertility1 picturesque scenery1 and classic remains1 the county of ,monmouth is one of the most interesting districts in the kingdom4 ,highly favoured by nature1 it is literally studded over with the labours and embellishments of art4 ,watered by noble rivers1 sheltered by magnificent woods and forests1 interspersed with industrious towns and hamlets1 and enriched by the labour and enterprise of its inhabitants1 it presents all those features of soil and scenery which contribute to the beauty and stability of a country4 ,from whatever point the traveller may enter this county1 historical landmarks meet him at every step3 feudal and monastic ruins1 rich in the history of departed dynasties1 divide his attention1 and fill his mind with their heroic deeds and pious traditions4 ,in fields where the husbandman now reaps his peaceful harvest1 he traces the shock of contending armies2 whose deadly weapons still rust in furrows which their valour had won1 and which the blood of the ,roman1 the ,saxon1 and ,briton had fertilized4 ,from these he turns aside to contemplate the fragments of baronial grandeur1 which attest the glory of chivalry1 but now1 like sepulchral mounds1 proclaim the deeds of their founders3--such is the ,castle of g,raglan_/g4 ,in another district1 sculptures1 pavements1 altars1 statues1 coins1 and inscriptions1 bear testimony to ,roman sway3--such is the ,silurian settlement of g,caerleon_/g1 with its classic vicinity4 ,on another hand1 where the ivy has clasped its hallowed walls1 as if to prop their decay1 the traveller halts at some monastic rain2 and1 amid the crumbling fragments of its lofty arches1 its richly-carved windows1 shafts1 and capitals1 dwells with a deep and melancholy interest on the page of its eventful history4 ,in such places the voice of ,tradition is never mute3 the vacant niche1 the dismantled tower1 the desecrated altar1 the deserted choir--all discourse eloquent and impressive music2 and in places where the sacred harp was once strung1 its chords seem still touched by invisible hands3--such are the ,abbeys of g,tinterne_/g and g,llanthony_/g4 ,it is among these remains and monuments of the past--the early homes of saints and heroes of the olden day--that we propose to conduct the reader4 ,in the tour projected1 we avail ourselves of such materials as personal investigation1 with that of distinguished predecessors1 poets1 and historians1 has furnished from times of remote antiquity1 down to the present day4 ,the scenery of the g,wye_/g is of classic and proverbial beauty3 it is the theme alike of poet and historian1 the annual resort of pilgrims--whether admirers of the picturesque1 or valetudinarians2 and nowhere in the kingdom is nature more lavish of those charms which attract all classes of tourists1 than in the course and confines of this beautiful and romantic river4#a ,there-- ,be thine object health or pleasure1 ,historic sites or classic treasure2 ,the ,roman camp1 the ,norman grave1 ,or war-tower crumbling o'er the wave2 ,or fertile vale1 or vocal woods1 ,or hills1 and flocks1 and crystal floods2 ,illustration3 ,,chepstow ,,castle1 ,from the ,iron ,bridge across the ,wye4 ,and haunts and homes that love to claim ,the patriot's or the poet's name-- ,then hither bend thy pilgrim way1 ,where g,taga's_/g classic waters play2 ,and here thy weary heart shall find1 ,what soothes and renovates the mind4 ,illustration3 ,cghepstow_/g is of ,roman foundation--the ,strigulia of ancient authors--and was for centuries one of the favourite strongholds of the kingdom4 ,by the antiquarian researches1 which are now conducted with unprecedented success and spirit1 numerous vestiges of ancient times have been brought to light1 and many more1 it is believed1 are reserved for the labours of archology4 ,the vicinity abounds in military encampments1 all more or less remarkable for the strength of their position1 and pointing to those days of border warfare when #8might was right1' and the sword the acknowledged lawgiver4 ,but in the description of ,chepstow1 our observations must be restricted to the subjects selected for illustration2 and these are so correctly depicted in the scene before us1 that the reader will obtain a far more correct idea from the delineations of the pencil1 than from any description that could be conveyed by the pen4 ,chepstow is supposed1 and with much probability1 to have been the chief seaport of the ,silurian colony1 as both ,caerwent and ,portscwet have for many centuries been deserted by the sea4 ,where the ,roman galleys once flanked the beach1 landing their freight of mailed cohorts1 the modern steamer now unloads her crowded deck of peaceful tourists1 merchants1 mechanics1 and students of the picturesque4 ,in its general appearance--in its street architecture--,chepstow still presents some isolated features of the primitive style4 ,of these1 the principal is the ,western ,gate1 of unquestionable antiquity2 and1 in point of date1 taking precedence of the castle itself4 ,by a charter given in the #afth ,henry ,,viii41 the bailiffs were to have their prison for the punishment of offences within the ,great ,gate1 8which they have builded by our commandment40 ,this is supposed to be a renewal of the ancient liberties of the town1 granted by ,howel ,dhu1 ,a4,d4 #idj4 g,the ,church_/g1 part of a ,benedictine priory of ,norman work1 has undergone many alterations and repairs2 but repairs1 in some cases1 are more fatal to the style and symmetry of ecclesiastical monuments1 than the wasting hand of time1 or even the shocks of violence--for they only disfigure what they meant to adorn2 and1 by deviating widely from the original plan1 lose or debase all its original beauty4 ,the nave and aisles are nearly all that remain of the original edifice4#b ,the church has disappeared2 but the pillars which supported the central tower are still preserved on the eastern extremity1 and convey some idea of the massive strength of the original edifice4 ,the western porch is justly admired for its zigzag tracery2 and1 in this respect1 it presents one of the finest specimens that have descended to our day1 of the true ,saxo-,norman character4 ,the church contains several monuments1 not remarkable for their style or antiquity2 the chief of which is that to the memory of the second ,earl and ,countess of ,worcester1 with their effigies at full length1 in the attitude of prayer4 ,the repairs and restorations lately effected in this church1 were suggested and carried out by the joint taste and liberality of the late ,bishop of ,llandaff and the parishioners4 ,the result is creditable to the parties concerned2 and here1 it is to be hoped1 their pious labours will not be suffered to terminate4 ,the original priory was an alien branch of the ,benedictine monastery of ,cormeilles4 ,the acrostic1 written upon himself by the regicide ,henry ,martin--first discarded from the chancel1 and latterly from the sacred enclosure1 by a former vicar--has somewhat recovered from its disgrace1 by gaining admittance into the vestry1 but only on sufferance4 ,in the town and immediate neighbourhood are some remains of religious houses1 under various denominations2 for the situation of ,chepstow1 presenting many advantages for commerce1 was not less favourable for monachism4 ,in iron times1 when laws of battle were1 ,that weakly folk1 of prowess small in fight1 ,the galling gyves of vassalage should bear2 ,ere castle seneschals1 with pale affright1 ,heard the shrill horn wind of the errant knight-- ,a foeman firm affianced to be ,to all who wrong'd the feeble of their right-- ,such folk the ,,church let from their thraldom free1 ,a deed that had not shamed the ,knight of ,chivalry4 ,econ4 of ,monast4 ,life4 ,we were told of a pleasing custom1 transmitted from early times1 and still observed here1 that of repairing every ,palm-,sunday to the graves of departed friends1 and ornamenting them with flowers--much in the same way as the populace of ,paris repair every ,all ,saints' morning to ,pre-la-,chaise1 to scatter flowers and evergreens over the graves of their relations4 ,one of the finest points of view is the centre of the new iron bridge1 comprising the castle1 the vessels at anchor under the stupendous wall of rock on which it is erected2 with the lawns and groves of ,piercefield--a favourite and familiar name in the list of picturesque tours--closing the landscape4 ,the former bridge#c was of prodigious height1 erected on piles4 ,the present structure was founded in #ahae2 and in the ,march of that year1 the tide rose from low-water mark to the remarkable height of fifty-one feet two inches4 ,the new bridge consists of five arches1 the centre one of which is one hundred and twelve feet in span2 the two adjoining arches have a span of seventy feet1 and the two outer ones a span of fifty-four feet each4 ,it is of massive cast-metal1 resting on stone piers2 and its total length is five hundred and thirty-two feet4 ,the depth of the moorings in the river here is so great1 that1 at low water1 ships of #gjj tons burthen may ride safely at anchor4 ,the rise of tide is from thirty to nearly sixty feet1 a circumstance scarcely to be paralleled--and caused by the extraordinary swell of water at the rocks of ,beechley and ,aust1 which1 by protruding far into the ,severn1 near the month of the ,wye1 obstruct the flow of tide1 and thus impel it with increased rapidity into the latter4#d ,in ,january1 #agfh1 according to our local guide1 it attained the height of seventy feet3 its greatest rise of late years has been fifty-six feet4 ,in #afcd1 we are informed1 ,colonel ,sandys attempted to make the ,wye navigable by means of locks2 but after much labour and expense1 the experiment failed1 and the locks were removed4 ,every one curious in the phenomena of natural history1 has heard of the intermitting well of ,chepstow1 which ebbs and flows inversely with the tide--that is1 when the tide ebbs1 the well flows2 and when the tide flows1 the well ebbs3 when the tide is at its height1 the well is nearly dry2 a little before which it begins to subside1 and soon after the ebb it gradually returns4 ,it is neither affected by wet nor dry weather1 but is entirely regulated by the tide4 ,it is thirty-two feet in depth1 and frequently contains fourteen feet of excellent water4 ,in melancholy connection with the old bridge of ,chepstow1 is a family calamity which drew from the late poet ,campbell an epitaph#e worthy of his pen4 ,the victims by the sudden catastrophe were a lady and her two daughters1 personal friends of the poet1 and for whom he entertained sentiments of great esteem and regard4 ,the lady and her daughters were on a visit at ,chepstow2 and1 after hearing sermon1 went on the river in a boat4 ,the tide was running strong at the time2 and in his attempt to clear the centre arch of the bridge1 the boatman missed his aim--the frail bark struck against the wooden pier1 and upset2 and the lady and her two daughters were carried down by the stream and lost4 ,their lifeless remains were afterwards recovered1 and buried in the churchyard of ,monckton1 where a tomb1 erected to their memory1 bears the following inscription3-- 8,in deep submission to the will above1 ,yet with no common cause for human tears1 ,this stone to the lost ,partner of his love1 ,and for his children lost1 a mourner rears4 ,one fatal moment1 one o'erwhelming doom1 ,tore threefold from his heart the ties of earth-- ,his ,mary1 ,margaret1 in their early bloom1 ,and ,her who gave them life1 and taught them worth4 8,farewell1 ye broken pillars of my fate6 ,my life's companion1 and my two first-born6 ,yet while this silent stone ,i consecrate ,to conjugal1 paternal love forlorn-- ,oh1 may each passer-by the lesson learn ,which can alone the bleeding heart sustain-- ,where friendship weeps at virtue's funeral urn-- ,that1 to the pure in heart1 to die is gain60 ,it is somewhat remarkable1 that the text of ,scripture which they had just heard expounded in the parish church the same morning1 was--8,for to me to live is ,christ1 and to die is gain40 ,of the principal victim in this calamity1 ,campbell thus speaks in a private letter to a friend3--8,we looked to ,mrs4 ,shute as truly elevated in the scale of beings for the perfect charity of her heart4 ,the universal feeling of lamentation for her1 accords with the benign and simple-minded beauty of her character40 ,as the limits and object of this work do not permit us to enlarge our remarks on the particular history of ,chepstow1 we now proceed to that of the castle1 whose roofless walls1 and moss-clad ramparts1 carry us back to the ,norman ,conquest1 and fill an ample page in its subsequent history4 ,the present structure1 on a ,roman or ,saxon foundation1 is ascribed to ,william ,fitzosborne1 ,earl of ,hereford1#f upon whom his kinsman the ,conqueror had bestowed vast possessions1 in this and the neighbouring counties1 which could only be secured by sword and stronghold4 ,on the forfeiture of his son ,roger1 it passed to the ,clares1 another great ,norman family4 ,the hereditary lords of the town and castle were the old ,earls of ,pembroke1 of the house of ,clare1 the last of whom was the renowned ,richard#g ,strongbow1 #8,earl of ,striguil1 ,chepstow1 and ,pembroke1' who died in #aagf1 leaving a daughter1 ,isabel1 by whose marriage the estates and title passed into the family of ,marshall1 and afterwards1 by a similar union1 into that of ,herbert4 ,in the reign of ,edward the ,fourth1 the castle1 manor1 and lordship of ,chepstow1 were held by ,herbert1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 who was beheaded after the battle of ,banbury1 in #adfi4 ,by the marriage of ,elizabeth1 sole daughter and heiress of ,william ,herbert--,earl of ,huntingdon1 and ,lord ,herbert of ,raglan1 ,chepstow1 and ,gower--it descended to ,sir ,charles ,somerset1 who was afterwards created ,earl of ,worcester4 ,it is now one of the numerous castles belonging to his illustrious descendant1 the ,duke of ,beaufort4 ,during the wars of the ,commonwealth1 the castle was garrisoned by the king's troops2 but1 in #afde1 ,colonel ,morgan1 governor of ,gloucester1 at the head of a small body of horse and foot1 entered the town without much difficulty2 and1 on the #eth ,october1 sent the following summons to ,sir ,robert ,fitzmaurice3 8,sir1--,i am commanded by his ,excellency1 ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax1 to demand this castle for the use of the ,king and ,parliament1 which ,i require of you1 and to lay down your arms1 and to accept of reasonable propositions1 which will be granted both to you and your soldiers1 if you observe this summons3 and further1 you are to consider of what nation and religion you are2 for if you refuse the summons1 you exclude yourself from mercy1 and are to expect for yourself and soldiers no better than ,stinchcombe quarter4 ,i expect your sudden answer1 and according thereunto shall rest your friend1--,,thomas ,,morgan40 ,to this summons the governor answered3 8,sir1--,i have the same reason to keep this castle for my master the ,king1 as you to demand it for ,general ,fairfax2 and until my reason be convinced1 and my provisions decreased1 ,i shall1 notwithstanding my religion and menaces of extirpation1 continue in my resolution1 and in my fidelity and loyalty to the king4 ,as to ,stinchcombe quarter1 ,i know not what you mean by it2 nor do depend upon your intelligence for relief1 which in any indigence ,i assure me of2 and in that assurance ,i rest your servant1--,,robert ,,fitzmaurice4 8,p4,s4--,what quarter you give me and my soldiers1 ,i refer to the consideration of all soldiers1 when ,i am constrained to seek for any40 ,stinchcombe1 near ,dursley on the ,severn1 was a place where the ,parliament accused ,prince ,rupert of putting their men to the sword4 ,in consequence of this answer the siege was commenced1 and carried on with so much vigour1 that1 in the course of four days1 the castle surrendered1 and the governor and his garrison were made prisoners of war4 ,later in the history of that melancholy period1 it was surprised by a body of royalists1 under ,sir ,nicholas ,kemeys4 ,cromwell then directed his whole strength upon it1 and reduced the town2 but1 for a time1 found the castle impregnable4 ,at last1 however1 exhausted with fatigue1 and on the verge of famine1 the garrison were forced into a parley with the besiegers2 and1 in the surrender of the fortress1 ,sir ,nicholas ,kemeys 8was killed in cold blood40 ,the following is ,colonel ,ewer's report#h on the reduction of ,chepstow ,castle4 ,his letter is addressed to the ,honourable ,william ,lental1 ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons3-- 8,,sir1--,lieutenant-,general g,cromwell_/g1 being to march towards ,pembroke ,castle1 left me with my regiment to take in the ,castle of ,chepstow1 which was possessed by ,sir ,nicholas ,kemish or ,kemeys1 and with him officers and soldiers to the number of #abj4 ,we drew close about it1 and kept strong guards upon them1 to prevent them from stealing out1 and so to make their escape4 ,we sent for two guns from ,gloucester1 and two off a shipboard1 and planted them against the castle4 ,we raised razed the battlements of their towers with our great guns1 and made their guns unusefull for them4 ,we also plaid with our shorter pieces into the castle4 ,one shot fell into the governor's chamber1 which caused him to remove his lodgings to the other end of the castle4 ,we then prepared our batteries1 and this morning finished them4 ,about twelve of the clock1 we made a hole through the wall1 so low that a man might walk into it4 ,the soldiers in the castle1 perceiving that we were like to make a breach1 cried out to our soldiers that they would yield the castle1 and many of them did attempt to come away4 ,i caused my soldiers to fire at them to keep them in4 ,esquire ,lewis comes upon the wall1 and speaks to some gentlemen of the county that he knew1 and tells them that he was willing to yield to mercy4 ,they came and acquainted me with his desire1 to which ,i answered1 that it was not my work to treat with particular men1 but it was ,sir ,nicholas ,kemish1 with his officers and all his soldiers1 that ,i aimed at2 but the governor refused to deliver up the castle upon these terms that ,esquire ,lewis desired1 but desired to speak with me at the drawbridge1 while ,i altogether refused to have any such speech with him1 because he refused ,lieutenant-,general ,cromwell's summons2 but1 being overpersuaded by some gentlemen of the country that were there1 presently ,i dismounted from my horse1 and went unto the drawbridge1 where he through the port-hole spake with me4 ,that which he desired was1 that he1 with all his officers and soldiers1 might march out of the castle without anything being taken from them2 to which ,i answered1 that ,i would give him no other terms but that he and all that were with him should submit unto mercy1 which he swore he would not do4 ,i presently drew off the soldiers from the castle1 and caused them to stand to their arms2 but he refusing to come out upon those terms1 the soldiers deserted him1 and came running out at the breach we had made4 ,my soldiers1 seeing them run out1 ran in at the same place1 and possesst themselves of the castle1 and killed ,sir ,nicholas ,kemmish1 and likewise him that betrayed the castle1 and wounded divers1 and took prisoners as followeth3--,esquire ,lewis1 ,major ,lewis1 ,major ,thomas1 ,captain ,morgan1 ,captain ,buckeswell1 ,captain ,john ,harris1 ,captain ,christopher ,harris1 ,captain ,mancell1 ,captain ,pinner1 ,captain ,doule1 ,captain ,rossitre1 ,lieutenant ,kemmish1 ,lieutenant ,leach1 ,lieutenant ,codd1 ,ensign ,watkins1 ,ensign ,morgan1 with other officers and soldiers1 to the number of #abj4 ,these prisoners we have put into the church1 and shall keep them till ,i receive further orders from ,lieutenant-,general ,cromwell4 8,this is all at present1 but that ,i am your humble servant1 8,,isaac ,,ewer40 8,chepstow1 ,may #bh1 #afdh40 ,the captain who carried the news of this event to ,london was rewarded with fifty pounds2 and ,colonel ,ewer1 with the officers and soldiers under his command1 received the thanks of parliament4 ,this was the closing scene of its warlike history2 and from that period down to the present1 the ,castle of ,chepstow has remained a picturesque and dismantled ruin4 ,of this brave but unfortunate governor of the castle1 we collect the following particulars3#i-- g,sir ,nicholas ,kemeys_/g1 ,bart41#aj the sixteenth in descent of this honourable house1 8was colonel of a regiment of horse1 raised for the king's service1 and governor of ,chepstow ,castle1 which he bravely defended against the powerful efforts of ,cromwell and ,colonel ,ewer2 nor did he surrender that fortress but with his life1 fighting in the most gallant manner1 till death arrested his farther exertions40#aa ,there is a traditional story1 that 8the ,parliamentary troops1 as soon as they entered the castle1 in revenge for ,sir ,nicholas' obstinate resistance1 mangled his body in the most horrid manner1 and that the soldiers wore his remains in their hats1 as trophies of their victory2 but a branch of the ,kemeys family10 says the writer1 8told me they considered it as one of those acts of the times1 which each party adopted to stigmatize the memory of its political opponents4 ,not a stone1 it is said1 nor other tribute of recollection1 in any cemetery in ,monmouthshire1 records the spot in which the remains of this brave officer were deposited40#ab ,a portrait of ,sir ,nicholas ,kemeys was 8in the possession of the late ,mrs4 ,sewel#ac of ,little ,kemeys1 near ,usk1 in this county1 now the property of ,john ,g4 ,kemeys1 ,esq4 ,the picture is a three-quarters length4 ,he is drawn in armour1 and seems about forty years of age4 ,he appears to have possessed a good person1 if an opinion might be formed from his portrait4 ,he has a fine open countenance1 round face1 dark piercing eyes1 an aquiline nose1 and wore his own hair1 which was black and rather curly40 ,according to the fashion of his day1 he is represented with whiskers1 and a small tuft of hair growing under the lower lip--or1 in modern phraseology1 an imperial4 8,although it is what an artist would pronounce a dark picture1 yet1 on the whole1 it is in good preservation4 ,there are two more portraits of this gentleman--one in the possession of the late ,sir ,charles ,kemeys1 ,bart4 of ,halsewell1 in ,somersetshire2 the other at ,malpas1 near ,usk1 probably all painted at the same time and by the same artist1 but whose name has not been handed down in conjunction with his works40 ,the house of ,kemeys1#ad 8originally ,de ,camois1 ,camoes1 and ,camys1 is of ,norman extraction1 and the name of its patriarch is to be found on the roll of ,battle ,abbey4 ,large possessions were granted to the family in the counties of ,sussex and ,surrey2 and1 so early as the year #abeh1 ,ralph de ,camois was a baron by tenure4 ,he was succeeded by his son1 ,ralph de ,camois1 who was summoned to parliament in the #dith year of ,henry ,,iii42 and his descendants sat among the peers of the realm1 until the demise1 issueless1 of ,hugh de ,camois1 who left his sisters 7,margaret1 married to ,ralph ,rademelde1 and ,aleanor1 wife of ,roger ,lewknor7 his coheirs4 ,a branch of the family which had settled in ,pembrokeshire1 there enjoyed large possessions1 and1 as lords of ,camaes and ,st4 ,dogmaels1 exercised almost regal sway4 ,in the conquest of ,monmouthshire and ,glamorganshire1 the ,camays were much distinguished1 and were rewarded with grants of 8,kemeys ,commander0 and 8,kemeys ,inferior40 ,one branch became established at ,llannarr ,castle1 in ,monmouthshire 7now in the possession of ,colonel ,kemeys-,tynte71 and another fixing itself at ,began1 in ,glamorganshire1 erected the mansion of ,kevanmably1 the residence of the present chief of the family4 8,edward ,kemeys1 son of ,edward ,kemeys who was at the conquest of ,upper ,gwent1 married the daughter and heiress of ,andrew de ,began1 lord of ,began1 a lineal descendant of ,blethyn ,maynerch1 lord of ,brecon1 and thus acquired the lordship of ,began1 which1 for centuries after1 was the principal abode of his descendants4 ,his great-great-great-grandson1 ,jenkin ,kemeys of ,began1 married ,cristley1 daughter of ,morgan ap ,llewellyn1 by whom he had one son1 ,jevan2 and a daughter1 married to ,jevan ap ,morgan of ,new ,church1 near ,cardiff1 in the county of ,glamorgan1 and was grandmother of ,morgan ,williams--living temp4 ,henry ,,viii4--who espoused the sister of ,thomas ,cromwell1 ,earl of ,essex1 and had a son1 ,sir ,richard ,williams1 who assumed1 at the desire of ,henry ,,viii41 the surname of his uncle ,cromwell2 and through the influence of that once-powerful relative1 obtained wealth and station4 ,his great-grandson was the ,lord ,protector1 ,oliver ,cromwell4#ae ,from ,jenkin ,kemeys was lineally descended ,sir ,nicholas ,kemeys of ,kevanmably1 who represented the county of ,glamorgan in parliament1 and was created a baronet #acth ,may1 #afdb4 ,this gentleman1 remarkable for his gigantic stature and strength1 was pre-eminently distinguished by his loyalty to ,charles ,i41 and on the breaking out of the civil war 7as we have already observed71 having raised a regiment of cavalry1 was invested with the command of ,chepstow ,castle40 ,notwithstanding the alliance with the blood of g,cromwell_/g1 loyalty seems to have been hereditary in the house of ,kemeys4 ,in the family biography we have the following anecdote3--8,sir ,charles ,kemeys--knight of the shire for ,monmouth1 in the last parliament of ,queen ,anne1 and for ,glamorgan in the two succeeding parliaments--when on his travels1 was shown great attention by ,george ,i4 at ,hanover1 and frequently joined the private circle of the ,elector4 ,when his majesty ascended the ,british throne1 he was pleased to inquire why his old acquaintance ,sir ,charles ,kemeys had not paid his respects at court2 and commanding him to repair to ,st4 ,james's1 sent him a message1 the substance of which was--that the ,king of ,england hoped ,sir ,charles ,kemeys still recollected the number of pipes he had smoked with the ,elector of ,hanover in ,germany4 ,sir ,charles1 who had retired from parliament1 and was a stanch ,jacobite1 replied1 that he should be proud to pay his duty at ,st4 ,james's to the ,elector of ,hanover1 but that he had never had the honour of smoking a pipe with the ,king of ,england40 ,sir ,charles ,kemeys died without issue1 when the baronetcy expired1 and his estates devolved on his nephew1 ,sir ,charles ,kemeys-,tynte1 ,bart4 of ,halsewell1 at whose demise1 also issueless1 his estates vested in his niece1 ,jane ,hassell1 who married ,colonel ,johnstone1 afterwards ,kemeys-,tynte1#af and was mother of the present 7#ahch7 ,colonel ,kemeys-,tynte of ,halsewell and ,kevanmably4 ,through the ,hassells1 the family of ,kemeys-,tynte claim descent from the ,plantagenets4#ag ,we now proceed to a brief description of the castle in its ruinous state4 ,illustration3 ,,chepstow ,,castle ,,and ,,bridge4 ,from the right bank of the ,wye4 g,plan of ,chepstow ,castle4_/g ,illustration3 ,,explanation ,,of ,,the ,,plan4 #a4 ,entrance ,gateway4 #b4 ,marten's ,tower4 #c4 ,well4 #d4 ,first ,court4 #e4 ,rooms above the ,vaulted ,chamber4 #f4 ,second ,court4 #g4 ,hall1 or ,chapel4 #h4 ,third ,court4 #i4 ,sunken ,way and ,drawbridge4 #aj4 ,fourth ,court4 #aa4 ,sunken ,way and ,bridge4 #ab4 ,perpendicular ,cliff4 ,illustration3 ,b,,uilt on a lofty perpendicular rock1 that rises sheer from the bed of the ,wye1 the position of the ,castle is at once strong and commanding2 while1 on the land side1 the great height and massive strength of its walls and outworks1 present the remains of all that ancient art could effect to render it impregnable4 ,the grand entrance is defended by two circular towers of unequal proportions1 with double gates1 portcullises1 and a port-hole1 through which boiling water or metallic fluids could be discharged on the heads of the besiegers4 ,the massive door1 covered with iron bolts and clasps1 is a genuine relic of the feudal stronghold4 ,the knocker now in use is an old four-pound shot4 ,this introduces us to the great court1 sixty yards long by twenty broad1 and presenting the appearance of a tranquil garden4 ,the walls are covered with a luxuriant mantle of ivy1 through which the old masonry appears only at intervals2 and here the owl finds himself in undisturbed possession1 unless when roused by the choir of numberless birds that flit from tree to tree1 or nestle among the leaves4 ,the lover of solitude could hardly find a retreat more suited to his taste4 ,the area1 interspersed with trees1 and covered with a fine grassy carpet1 is annually converted into a flower and fruit show1 for the encouragement of horticulture1 under the patronage of the noble owner4 ,the castle1 as one of its historians conjectures1 is of the same antiquity as the town itself1 to which it served the purposes of a citadel2 but the precise epoch1 neither ,leland1 ,camden1 nor any topographical writer has been able to ascertain4 ,stow1 indeed1 attributes the building of the castle to ,julius ,csar1 but there is no evidence to support his supposition4 ,camden1 on the contrary1 thinks it of no great antiquity2 for several affirm1 says he1 that 8it had its rise1 not many ages past1 from the ancient g,venta_/g0--the ,venta ,silurum of ,antoninus4 ,leland1 in his ,itinerary1 says--8,the waulles begun at the edge of the great bridge over the ,wye1 and so came to the castle1 which yet standeth fayr and strong1 not far from the ruin of the bridge4 ,in the castle ys one tower1 as ,i heard say1 by the name of ,longine4#ah ,the town10 he adds1 8hath nowe but one paroche chirche3 the cell of a blake monk or two of ,bermondsey1 near ,london1 was lately there suppressed40 ,during the life of ,charles-,noel1 fourth ,duke of ,beaufort1 the castle was let on a lease of three successive lives to a ,mr4 ,williams1 a general merchant or trader1 who adapted some of the great apartments to the following purposes1 namely--the great kitchen to a sail manufactory2 the store-room to a wholesale wine-cellar2 the grand hall1 or banqueting-room1 was occupied by a glass-blower2 and the circular tower by the gate1 leading into the second court1 was used as a nail manufactory4 ,after the death of ,mr4 ,williams1 the roofs fell in1 one after another--that of the ,keep in #agii1 the year in which the lease expired2 and thus the stately castle was reduced to its present condition--a vast and melancholy ruin4 ,the only apartments now inhabitable are those of its loyal and intelligent warden and his family1 whose civility and general information respecting the castle are very acceptable to its daily visitors4 ,one of the principal towers was converted1 during the above-named lease1 into a glass manufactory1 the furnace of which has left its scars deeply indented in the solid masonry4 ,in a small chamber off the banqueting-hall1 seventy-five pieces of ancient silver coin were recently discovered1 and are now at ,badminton ,park2 but of what value or of what reign we have not yet ascertained4 ,an ancient door--as ancient1 we are told1 as the castle itself--opens upon the second court1 of very nearly the same dimensions as the first1 and now also converted into a garden4 ,beyond this is an apartment1 supposed by some to have been the garrison chapel2#ai but its pointed arches and elaborately-carved windows1 all evincing an air of stately dignity1 leave no doubt of its having been the great baronial hall1 where the ,clares1 the ,marshalls1 and ,herberts1 drew around them their chivalrous retainers4 ,connected with this1 by a winding path1 is a third court1 now cultivated as an orchard2 so that1 with trees1 flowers1 and luxuriant ivy1 the whole enclosure presents a mass of vegetation1 in which the stern features of warlike art have almost disappeared4 ,a walk along the ramparts westward from this point1 commands some glimpses of beautiful scenery1 with the ,wye at the base of the rocks expanding in the form of a lake1 where vessels are seen riding at anchor1 and boats passing to and fro--here gay with pleasure parties1 and there laden with foreign or inland produce4 ,illustration g,the ,keep_/g is another object which the tourist will regard with interest1 as the twenty years' prison of ,henry ,marten1 whose vote1 with those of his 8fellow-regicides10 at the trial of g,charles_/g the ,first1 consigned that unfortunate monarch to the block4 ,to his epitaph written upon himself we have already alluded2 and the reader is no stranger1 probably1 to ,southey's lines on the room where he was confined1 which1 with a sarcastic parody written by ,canning1 will be found in these pages4 g,henry ,marten_/g1 who attained such unenviable notoriety1 was the son of ,sir ,henry ,marten1 a judge of the ,admiralty1 and ,m4,p4 for ,berkshire4 ,he was an able and active partisan of ,oliver ,cromwell1 one of the 8,executive ,council20 and in the old prints representing the trial of the martyr-king1 ,marten occupies the chair on ,cromwell's left hand1 immediately under the arms of the ,commonwealth4#bj ,at the ,restoration1 he was brought to trial1 and sentenced to death2 but his sentence was afterwards commuted to imprisonment for life4 ,in the keep of this castle1 since called 8,marten's ,tower10 he spent twenty years2 but much was done to soften the rigour of his sentence4 8,his wife was permitted to share his imprisonment2 he was attended by his own domestic servants1 who were accommodated in the same tower2 and he had permission to visit1 and receive visits from his friends in the town and neighbourhood4 ,he died in #afhj1 at the mature age of seventy-eight1 neither disturbed by the qualms of conscience1 nor enfeebled by the rigour of confinement2 and left behind him the character of a liberal and indulgent master40 ,at a comparatively recent period1 the principal chamber of the g,keep_/g was frequently used by the inhabitants of ,chepstow as a ball-room2 and there is now residing in the town a lady1 who remembers having been present at more than one of these festive reunions4 ,for the following notice of this 8stern republican10--somewhat different from the preceding--we are indebted to ,heath's description of ,chepstow3-- ,henry ,marten1#ba commonly called ,harry ,marten1 was born in the city of ,oxford1 in the parish of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 in a house opposite to ,merton ,college ,church1 then lately built by ,henry ,sherburne1 gent41 and possessed1 at the time of ,harry's birth1 by ,sir ,henry1 his father4 ,after he had been instructed in grammar-learning in ,oxford1 he became a gentleman commoner of ,university ,college in the beginning of #afag1 aged fifteen years1 where1 and in public1 giving a manifestation of his pregnant mind1 had the degree of ,bachelor of ,arts conferred upon him in the latter end of the year #afai4 ,afterwards he went to one of the ,inns of ,court1 travelled into ,france1 and on his return married a lady of considerable worth2 but with whom1 it is said1 8he never afterwards lived40#bb ,in the beginning of the year #afdj1 he was elected one of the knights for ,berks1 to serve in the parliament that began at ,westminster the #acth of ,april2 and again1 though not legally1 in ,october1 to serve in the parliament that began at the same place on the #c;d of ,november following4 ,we shall not enter into his political actions on the great theatre of public life--as they are to be found in all the histories of ,england1 from the reign of ,charles ,i4 to the ,restoration--but content ourselves with noticing those parts of it which are more peculiarly interesting to the traveller in ,monmouthshire1 namely1 the manner in which he passed his time1 with occasional anecdotes1 during his confinement in the castle of ,chepstow4 g,wood_/g1 an ultra-royalist1 gives the following character of him3--8,he was a man of good natural parts--was a boon familiar1 witty1 and quick with repartees--was exceeding happy in apt instances1 pertinent and very biting2 so that his company1 being deemed incomparable by many1 would have been acceptable to the greatest persons1 only he would be drunk too soon1 and so put an end to all their mirth for the present4 ,at length1 after all his rogueries1 acted for near twenty years together1 were passed2 he was at length called to account for that grand villany1 of having a considerable hand in murdering his prince1 of which being easily found guilty1 he was not to suffer the loss of his life1 as others did1 but the loss of his estate1 and perpetual imprisonment1 for that he came in upon the proclamation of surrender4 ,so that1 after two or three removes from prison to prison1 he was at length sent to ,chepstow ,castle1 where he continued another twenty years1 not in wantonness1 riotousness1 and villany1 but in confinement and repentance1 if he had so pleased40 8,this person--who lived very poor1 and in a shabbeel condition in his confinement1 and would be glad to take a pot of ale from any one that would give it to him--died with meat in his mouth1 that is1 suddenly1 in ,chepstow ,castle 7as before mentioned71 in ,september1 #afhj2 and was1 on the #ith day of the same month1 buried in the church of ,chepstow4 ,some time before he died he made the epitaph1 by way of acrostic1 on himself1 which is engraved on the stone which now covers his remains40 ,mrs4 ,williams--8wife of the person who had the care of the castle1 and who died in #agih1 at a very advanced age--well knew and was intimately acquainted with the women who waited and attended on ,harry ,marten during his confinement in the castle4 ,they were two sisters1 and their maiden name was ,vick4 8,from what ,i could learn1 ,i am of opinion that the early part of ,marten's confinement was rather rigorous2 for whatever ,mrs4 ,williams mentioned had always a reference to the latter part of it2 and in this conjecture ,i am supported by her remark1 that though he had two daughters living1 they were not indulged with sharing their father's company in prison till near the close of his life4 ,in the course of years1 political rigour against him began to wear away1 and he was permitted not only to walk about ,chepstow1 but to have the constant residence of his family1 in order to attend upon him in the castle4 ,this indulgence at last extended itself so far1 as to permit him to visit any family in the neighbourhood1 his host being responsible for his safe return to the castle at the hour appointed4 8,one anecdote of ,marten1 as mentioned by ,mrs4 ,williams1 ,i shall here repeat4 ,among other families who showed a friendly attention to the prisoner1 were the ancestors of the present worthy possessor of g,st4 ,pierre_/g1 near ,chepstow4 ,to a large company assembled round the festive dinner-board ,marten had been invited4 ,soon after the cloth was removed1 and the bottle put into gay circulation1 ,mr4 ,lewis1 in a cheerful moment1 jocularly said to ,marten1 #8,harry1 suppose the times were to come again in which you passed your life1 what part would you act in them8' #8,the part ,i have done1' was his immediate reply4 #8,then1 sir1' says ,mr4 ,lewis1 #8,i never desire to see you at my table again2' nor was he ever after invited4#bc 8,great credibility10 says our authority1 8deserves to be attached to this story1 as containing ,marten's political opinion at that day2 and1 to support a belief in it1 the late ,rev4 ,j4 ,birt1 canon of ,hereford1 thus speaks of him1 in his letter to the ,rev4 ,j4 ,gardner1 prefixed to his #8,appendix to the ,history of ,monmouthshire3'--#8,henry ,marten1 one of the incendiary preachers during the great rebellion1 was1 at the ,restoration1 imprisoned for life at ,chepstow1 and buried there4 ,as far as ,i can recollect1 he died as he lived1 with the fierce spirit of a republican4' ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,birt1 who died at the advanced age of ninety-two1 held distinguished preferment in the neighbourhood of ,chepstow1 and had been in the habits of intimate acquaintance with all the first families in the county4 ,his testimony might therefore be said to stamp the anecdote with the sanction of truth1 without seeking for farther evidence4 8,of his personal appearance1 a friend of mine--on the authority of the late ,mr4 ,harry ,morgan1 attorney at ,usk1 whose father had been in ,marten's company1 and by whom he had been informed of it--says that ,mr4 ,morgan described him1 in general terms1 as #8a smart1 active little man1 and the merriest companion he ever was in company with in his life4' ,wood praises his social qualities1 and talent for conversation2 but that #8he lived in a shabbeel condition1 and would take a pot of ale from any one that would give it to him1' may be doubted2 unless he meant that the kindness shown to him by the families in and near ,chepstow admitted such an interpretation4#bd 8,let us attend him to the grave4 ,it is hardly possible to admit that such a mind as that of ,marten would have penned--much less to suppose that he would have wished to have engraved on his tomb--the wretched doggerel that goes under the name of his #8,epitaph1' and which is said to have been written by him during his confinement in the castle4 ,not the smallest circumstance respecting his funeral is left on record2 and whether his obsequies were marked with public procession1 or whether he retired to the grave unnoticed and unregarded1 tradition has not preserved the slightest memorandum40 ,his biographer might1 without difficulty1 have concluded that--in those times1 at all events--an imprisoned rebel would not be permitted to have any but the most private funeral4 ,all that we are certain of is1 that he was buried in the chancel of the church of ,chepstow2 and that1 on a large stone from the ,forest of ,dean1 is still to be traced the following 8,epitaph1 written on himself10 by way of acrostic1 but now much defaced3-- 7,,arms47 ,here1 ,september the ninth1 was buried ,a true ,englishman1 ,who1 in ,berkshire1 was well known ,to love his country's freedom 'bove his own2 ,but being immured full twenty year1 ,had time to write1 as doth appear1 ,,his ,,epitaph4 ,h ere or elsewhere--all's one to you1 to me-- ,e arth1 air1 or water1 gripes my ghostly dust1 ,n one knows how soon to be by fire set free3 ,r eader1 if you an oft-tryed rule will trust1 ,y ou'll gladly do and suffer what you must4 ,m y time was spent in serving you1 and you2 ,a nd death's my pay1 it seems1 and welcome too3 ,r evenge destroying but itself1 while ,i ,t o birds of prey leave my old cage1 and fly4 ,e xamples preach to the eye4--,care thou1 mine says1 ,n ot how you end1 but how you spend your days4#be ,having retired to that asylum which is the common lot of humanity1 his ashes were for some years permitted to rest in peace4 ,but at length a clergyman of the name of g,chest_/g1 we are told1 was appointed to the vicarage of ,chepstow1 who1 glowing with admiration for those principles of the constitution which he considered had been subverted1 openly declared that the bones of a regicide should never pollute the chancel of that church of which he was vicar1 and immediately ordered the corpse to be disinterred1 and removed to the place where it now reposes1 in the middle of the north transept1 and over it the stone is placed that bears the epitaph before mentioned4 ,about this time1 as ,heath informs us1 8there came to reside at ,chepstow a person of the name of ,downton1 who afterwards married a daughter of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chest2 but1 whatever affection he might cherish for the lady1 the father was one unceasing object of his ridicule and contempt2 and when the vicar died1 he publicly satyrised him in the following lines3-- #8,here lies at rest1 ,i do protest1 ,one ,chest within another2 ,the chest of wood was very good-- ,who says so of the other8'0 g,marten's_/g apartment1 as we have said1 was in 8the first story of the eastern tower1 or keep2 for this part of the building contained only a single room on each floor1 if we except those near the top4 ,could he have detached from his recollection the idea of ,sterne's starling--#8,i can't get out1 ,i can't get out'--the situation might have been chosen out of remembrance or tenderness to the rank he had formerly held in society2 for though it bore the name of a prison1 it was widely different from the generality of such places4 ,the room measured fifteen paces long1 by twelve paces wide1 and was very lofty4 ,on one side1 in the centre1 was a fire-place1 two yards wide2 and the windows1 which were spacious1 and lighted both ends of the apartment1 gave an air of cheerfulness not frequent in such buildings4 ,in addition to this1 he could enjoy from its windows some of the sweetest prospects in ,britain4 ,this apartment continues to bear the name of #8,marten's ,room' to this day1 and few travellers enter the castle without making it an object of their attention40 8,marten10 says ,mr4 ,seward1 8was a striking instance of the truth of ,roger ,ascham's observation1 who1 in his quaint and pithy style1 says--#8,commonlie1 men1 very quick of wit1 be very light of conditions4 ,in youth1 they be readie scoffers1 privie mockers1 and over light and merrie4 ,in age they are testie1 very waspish1 and always over miserable2 and yet few of them come to any great age1 by reason of their miserable life when young2 and a great deal fewer of them come to show any great countenance1 or beare any great authority abroade1 in the world2 but either they live obscurely1 men wot not how1 or dye obscurely1 men mark not when4'#bf 8,in the dining-parlour of ,st4 ,pierre1 near ,chepstow1 there hung10 in the time of the writer1 8a painting1 said to be of ,harry ,marten4 ,he is represented at three-quarters length1 in armour4 ,in his right hand he holds a pistol1 which he seems about to discharge2 while with the left he grasps the hilt of his sword4 ,behind him is a page1 in the act of tying on a green sash2 the whole conveying an idea that the person was about to undertake some military enterprise4 ,judging from the picture1 the likeness appears to have been taken when ,marten was about forty-five years of age4 ,he there seems of thin or spare habit1 with a high forehead1 long visage2 his hair of a dark colour1 and flowing over the right shoulder4 ,the cravat round the neck does not correspond with the age in which he lived1 being tied in the fashion of modern times4 ,there is a great deal of animation and spirit in his countenance1 characteristic of the person it is said to represent40#bg ,having adverted to ,mr4 ,southey's 8,inscription10 and its parody by ,george ,canning1 we subjoin the following copies from the originals4 ,the first1 by ,southey1 is thus headed3-- ,,inscription ,for the apartment in ,chepstow ,castle1 where ,harry ,marten the regicide was imprisoned thirty years4 ,for thirty years secluded from mankind1 ,here ,marten lingered4 ,often have these walls ,echoed his footsteps1 as with even tread ,he paced around his prison4 ,not to him ,did nature's fair varieties exist3 ,he never saw the sun's delightful beams1 ,save when through yon high bars he poured a sad ,and broken splendour4 ,dost thou ask his crime8 ,he had rebelled against the king1 and sat ,in judgment on him2 for his ardent mind ,shaped goodliest plans of happiness on earth1 ,and peace and liberty4 ,wild dreams6 but such ,as ,plato loved2 such as with holy zeal ,our ,milton worshipp'd4 ,blessed hopes6 awhile ,from man withheld1 even to the latter days1 ,when ,,christ shall come1 and all things be fulfilled6 ,the next is the parody by ,canning1 as published in the first number of the ,anti-,jacobin1 #agig3-- ,,inscription ,for the door of the cell in ,newgate1 where ,mrs4 ,brownrigg the 'prentice-cide was confined previous to her execution4 ,for one long term1 or e'er her trial came1 ,here ,brownrigg lingered4 ,often have these cells ,echoed her blasphemies1 as with shrill voice ,she screamed for fresh ,geneva4 ,not to her ,did the blithe fields of ,tothill1 or thy street1 ,st4 ,giles1 its fair varieties expand2 ,till at the last1 in slow-drawn cart1 she went ,to execution4 ,dost thou ask her crime8 ,she whipped two female 'prentices to death1 ,and hid them in the coal-hole4 ,for her mind ,shaped strictest plans of discipline4 ,sage schemes1 ,such as ,lycurgus taught1 when at the shrine ,of the ,orthyan goddess he bade flog ,the little ,spartans3 such as erst chastised ,our ,milton when at college4 ,for this act ,did ,brownrigg swing4 ,harsh laws6 but time shall come ,when ,france shall reign1 and laws be all repealed6 ,adjoining the ,keep1 or ,marten's ,tower1 is a small chamber1 or g,oratory_/g1 remarkable for the elegance of its proportions1 and the chaste but elaborate style of its ornaments4 ,the lancet-pointed window1 encircled by rows of delicately-carved rosettes1 is in fine preservation4--,see the opposite page4 ,the narrow path which1 at a height of six feet above the ground1 connects this portion of the castle with the donjon tower1 commands a range of beautiful scenery1 the prominent features of which are the lawns and groves of ,persefield1 the precipitous but picturesque banks of the river1 with a noble background for the picture in the commanding summit of the ,wynd ,cliff1 which overlooks the scene4 ,the g,west ,gate_/g1 a ,gothic archway1 strongly defended by a double portcullis1 with moat and drawbridge1 opens into the fourth or principal court already noticed2 and as portions of ,roman brick are here observed in the masonry1 some doubts have arisen as to its date3 but whether furnished from an earlier building on the spot1 or transported hither from the ruins of ,caerleon1 is a question which1 so far as the writer could ascertain1 is still undecided4 ,it seems very ,illustration probable1 however1 that the commanding site occupied by the present castle was originally that of a strong military post1 built and garrisoned by the ,romans1 the ruins of which were converted into a ,norman fortress by ,william ,fitzosborne4 ,in the view from the right bank of the ,wye1 the western gate is seen in all its elegant and massive proportions4 ,the square tower1 with its machicolated parapet1 angular turrets1 and vertical balustrari--through which flights of arrows or other missiles met the assailants--give a striking foreground to the picture2 while the contiguous towers and bastions1 lessening as they recede1 and assuming new and often fantastic shapes1 present a vast and highly diversified mass of buildings4 ,here clothed with trees and shrubs1 there jutting forward in bare and broken fragments1 and here again rising sheer and high from the water's edge1 their huge blocks of masonry seem as if they were rather the spontaneous work of nature than the laborious productions of art4 ,in this view are comprised the whole line of embattled walls flanking the river1 the new bridge1 and part of the lower town2 the rocky boundaries to the southward1 with the modern quay1 where the daily steamer discharges her cargo and passengers4 ,the precipitous cliffs1 by which the river is there confined1 terminate upwards in wooded and pastoral scenes--enlivened here and there by cottages and farms1 which command some remarkable and striking views of the river1 the town and castle1 with its western landscapes of hill1 forest1 and park-like scenery4 ,a short way beyond the extreme verge of the engraving1 the river ,wye will shortly be spanned by a magnificent bridge1 part of the ,south ,wales ,railway1 now in progress4 ,illustration g,an arched ,chamber_/g1 cut in the natural rock overhanging the river at a great height1 is supposed to have been used as a prison1 but more probably as a store-room2 for1 by anchoring the boats close to the rock1 their cargoes for the service of the garrison1 whether provisions#bh or ammunition1 could be easily hoisted into security by means of a windlass2 and no doubt1 under the cloud of night1 and with a spring-tide1 many a goodly bark has been thus relieved of its freight2 nor is it improbable that adventurous captives may have thus found their way to some friendly bark1 and regained their freedom4#bi ,in the hands of a skilful romance writer1 this scene might be turned to excellent account--more particularly if the descending basket contained a damsel 8flying from tyrants jealous10 and her lover-knight stood in the boat to receive her--all heightened by such dramatic machinery as midnight1 with the tender hopes and imminent hazards of the enterprise1 would easily supply4 ,but all this is foreign to the spirit of archology1 which turns with disdain from such puerile vanities1 and beckons us forward to the breach where the iron balls of the ,commonwealth were directed with such fury in the last assault4 ,their batteries played from the opposite height1 which the guide will point out as the commanding position which rendered the cause of the defenders so useless and desperate1 and added another triumph to the ,parliamentary cannon4 ,illustration g,the ,passage_/g1 or gallery1 leading down to the vaulted chamber1 is accurately shown in the annexed woodcut4 ,it has an air of ,gothic antiquity that harmonizes well with the place1 for its pointed style and proportions clearly show that it belongs to the earliest portion of the structure4 ,the massive arch1 seen through the opening1 is that of the mysterious chamber already noticed4 ,the window1#cj terminating the vista1 overlooks the river1 and seems to project from the precipitous rocks that here form an impregnable barrier to the fortress2 and even when the tide is at its full1 the window seems suspended at a dizzy height above the water4 ,the uses to which the passage and its chamber were originally applied1 were probably those of a temporary refuge and retreat2 and were1 no doubt1 well understood and appreciated by the ,norman castellan1 to whom the means of successful resistance or safe retreat were the grand objects in a feudal residence4 g,such_/g are the general features of this ancient stronghold4#ca ,but on the minuter points of its history1 architecture1 and internal arrangements1 our restricted limits will not permit us to enlarge2 but1 aided by faithful engravings and woodcuts1 the descriptions1 however brief1 may serve to convey a detailed and correct notion of the whole4 g,persefield4_/g--,in the immediate environs1 many objects are found to invite the traveller's attention2 but1 as a combination of rich ,english scenery1 the attractions of ,persefield1 or ,piercefield1 stand pre-eminent4 ,the house and grounds are thus briefly described3 ,the latter extend westward along the precipitous banks of the ,wye1 as shown in the engraving4 ,on the north is the ,wind-,cliff1 or ,wynd ,cliff4 ,the grounds are divided into the lower and upper lawn by the approach to the house1 a modern edifice1 consisting of a stone centre and wings1 from which the ground slopes gracefully but rapidly into a valley profusely shaded with ornamental trees4 ,to give variety to the views1 and disclose the native grandeur of the position1 walks have been thrown open through the woods and along the precipitous margin of the river1 which command the town1 castle1 and bridge of ,chepstow1 with the ,severn in the distance1 backed by a vast expanse of fertile valleys and pastoral hills4 ,but to describe the romantic features of this classic residence with the minuteness they deserve1 would far exceed our limits2 it is a scene calculated to inspire the poet as well as the painter2 and it is gratifying to add that1 by the taste and liberality of the owner1 strangers are freely admitted to the grounds and walks of ,persefield4 g,the ,wynd ,cliff4_/g--,this lofty eminence commands one of the finest and most varied prospects in the ,united ,kingdom2 while the scenery of the ,cliff has a particular charm for every lover of the picturesque4 ,poet1 painter1 and historian1 have combined their efforts to make it a place of pilgrimage2 but1 to be seen in all its beauty1 the rich and various tints of autumn and a bright sun are indispensable accessories4 ,it may be called the 8,righi0 of the ,wye1 commanding a vast circumference of fertile plains and wooded hills1 all enlivened ,illustration3 ,chepstow ,castle and ,town4 ,from the ,windcliff4 with towns1 villages1 churches1 castles1 and cottages2 with many a classic spot on which the stamp of history is indelibly impressed--names embodied in our poetry1 and embalmed by religious associations4 ,from the edge of the precipice1 nearly a thousand feet in height1 the prospect extends into eight counties--,brecon1 ,glamorgan1 ,monmouth1 ,hereford1 ,gloucester1 ,wilts1 ,somerset1 and ,devon4 ,for the enjoyment of this inspiring scene1 every facility has been supplied2 and even the invalid tourist1 with time and caution1 may reach the summit without fatigue4 8,the hand of art10 says the local guide1 8has smoothed the path up the declivity1 tastefully throwing the course into multiplied windings1 which fully accord with its name1 and the nature of the scenery which it commands4 ,at every turn some pendant rock girt with ivy1 some shady yew1 or some novel glimpse on the vale below1 caught through the thick beechy mantle of this romantic precipice1 invite the beholder to the luxury of rest40 ,still ascending1 the tourist penetrates a dark-winding chasm1 through which the path conducts him in shadowy silence to the last stage of the ascent1 which gradually discloses one of the most enchanting prospects upon which the human eye can repose4 ,from the platform to the extreme verge of the horizon1 where the ,downs of ,wiltshire and the ,mendip hills form the boundary line1 the eye ranges over a vast region of cultivated fields1 waving forests1 and populous towns1 sufficient of themselves to furnish the resources of a principality4 ,the pens of ,reed1 ,warren1 and ,gilpin1 have been successively employed in sketching the features of this magnificent panorama2 but nothing can be more correct and graphic than the following description by ,fosbroke3--8,what a cathedral is among churches1 the ,wynd ,cliff is among prospects4 ,like ,snowdon1 it ought to be visited at sunrise1 or seen through a sunrise-glass called a ,claude1 which affords a sunrise view at mid-day1 without the obscuration of the morning mist4 ,this cliff is the last grand scene of the ,piercefield drama4 ,it is not only magnificent1 but so novel1 that it excites an involuntary start of astonishment2 and so sublime1 that it elevates the mind into instantaneous rapture4 ,the parts consist of a most uncommon combination of wood1 rock1 water1 sky1 and plain--of height and abyss--of rough and smooth--of recess and projection--of fine landscapes near1 and excellent prospective afar1--all melting into each other1 and grouping into such capricious lines1 that1 although it may find a counterpart in tropic climes1 it is1 in regard to ,england1 probably unique4 ,the spectator stands upon the edge of a precipice1 the depth of which is awful to contemplate1 with the river winding at his feet4 ,the right screen is ,piercefield ridge1 richly wooded2 the left is a belt of rocks1 over which1 northward1 appears the ,severn1 with the fine shores between ,thornbury and ,bristol1 rising behind each other in admirable swells1 which unite in most graceful curves4 ,the first foreground appears to the eye like a view from the clouds to the earth1 and the rich contrast of green meadows to wild forest scenery1--the farm of ,llancaut1 clasped in the arms of the winding river1 backed by hanging wood and rock4 ,the further horn of the crescent tapers off into a craggy informal mole1 over which the eye passes to a second bay2 this terminates in ,chepstow ,castle1 the town and rocks beyond all mellowed down by distance1 into that fine hazy indistinctness which makes even deformities combine into harmony with the picture40#cb g,an observatory_/g1 the guide informed us1 was intended some years since to have crowned this noble eminence1 and a subscription was got up for the purpose2 but some difference having arisen between the projectors of the scheme and the proprietor of the land1 it was dropped4 ,it was suggested by a local writer1 that a few ,doric columns with architraves1 however rude1 would have had an imposing effect on the summit of the ,wynd ,cliff1 and reminded the classic traveller of the ruined temple of ,minerva on the ,sunium promontory4 8,it might10 he says1 8be partially immersed in wood2 while1 in the native rock1 niches might be hollowed out2 and on a tablet1 at the finest point of view1 the following words should be inscribed3--,,valentine ,,morris#cc introduced these sublime scenes to public view4 ,to him be honour3 to ,,god praise40#cd ,this is concise and classical2 but it is reserved probably for another generation to witness the completion of the design4 ,the whole scene1 from this point to the ,abbey of ,tinterne1 presents an uninterrupted combination of picturesque and romantic features4 ,above are hanging cliffs1 richly clothed in variegated woods1 perfumed with flowers1 irrigated by murmuring rivulets1 fountains1 and cascades1 and rendered vocal by the songs of birds4 ,these woody solitudes are the annual resort of nightingales1 whose note is familiar to every late and early tourist1 who with slow and lingering step measures his leafy way between g,chepstow_/g and g,tinterne_/g--unable to decide at what point of the road there is the richest concentration of scenery4 ,it is1 indeed1 a sylvan avenue of vast and variegated beauty1 reminding us of the softer features of ,helvetian landscape4 ,far below1 and seen only at intervals through its thick curtain of foliage1 the classic g,vaga_/g continues its winding course4 ,here basking in sunshine1 there sweeping along under shadowy cliffs--now expanding its waters over a broad channel1 or rushing through deep ravines1 it is often enlivened by boats laden with produce1 or visitors in pleasure-barges1 who make the 8descent of the ,wye10 as1 in former days1 pilgrims made that of the ,rhine and ,danube2 for the boats that perform the trip from ,ross to ,chepstow1 make1 in general1 but one voyage1 and are otherwise employed or broken up at its conclusion-- ,facilis descensus ,averni-- ,sed revocare gradum4 ,it is but recently1 says a periodical authority1 that the ,wye has become at all frequented on account of its scenery4 ,about the middle of last century1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,egerton1 afterwards ,bishop of ,durham1 was collated by his father to the rectory of ,ross1 in which pleasant town1 situated on the left bank of the river1 and just at the point where its beautiful scenery begins1 the worthy doctor resided nearly thirty years4 ,he was a man of taste1 and had a lively enjoyment of the pleasures of society amidst the beautiful scenery of his neighbourhood4 ,his chief delight was to invite his friends and connections1 who were persons of high rank1 to pay him summer visits at ,ross1 and then to take them down the ,wye-- 8,pleased ,vaga echoing through its winding bounds10-- which1 as well as the town of g,ross_/g1 had derived a new interest from the lines of ,pope4 ,for this purpose1 we are told1 ,dr4 ,egerton built a pleasure-boat2 and1 year after year1 excursions were made1 until it became fashionable in a certain high class of society to visit the ,wye4 ,but when the rector of ,ross was consecrated to the see of ,durham1 his pleasure-boat1 like that of the ,doges of ,venice and ,genoa1 was suffered to rot at anchor2 and with no successor of similar means and taste to follow his example1 excursions on the ,wye became unfrequent1 because no longer fashionable4 ,yet the beauties of the scenery once explored1 became gradually more attractive2 and some pilgrim of ,nature1 deviating now and then from the beaten track1 spoke and sang of its beauties1 until1 having again caught the public ear1 it was admitted that we had a 8,rhine0 within our own borders--with no vineyards and fewer castles1 but with a luxuriance of scenery peculiarly its own1 and with remains of feudal and monastic grandeur which no description could exaggerate4 ,mr4 ,whately1 a writer on landscape gardening1 and an exquisite critic1 first directed attention to the new weir at ,tinterne ,abbey1 and one or two other scenes on its banks2 and1 in #aggj1 the ,wye was visited by ,william ,gilpin1 who did good service to taste and the lovers of nature by publishing his tour4 ,the same year1 a greater name connected itself with the ,wye--for it was visited by the immortal author of the 8,elegy in a ,country ,churchyard40 8,my last summer's tour10 says ,gray1 in one of his admirable letters to g,dr4 ,wharton_/g1 8was through ,worcestershire1 ,gloucestershire1 ,monmouthshire1 ,herefordshire1 and ,shropshire--five of the most beautiful counties in the kingdom4 ,the very principal sight and capital feature of my journey was the river ,wye1 which ,i descended in a boat for nearly forty miles1 from ,ross to ,chepstow4 ,its banks are a succession of nameless beauties40#ce ,the testimony thus bequeathed to it by the illustrious g,gray_/g1 has been confirmed and repeated by g,wordsworth_/g1 while other kindred spirits1 following each other in the same track1 have sacrificed to ,nature at the same altar1 and recorded their admiration in immortal song3-- 444 8,once again ,do ,i behold these steep and lofty cliffs1 ,that on a wild secluded scene impress ,thoughts of more deep seclusion1 and connect ,the landscape with the quiet of the sky4 8,how oft1 ,in darkness1 and amid the many shapes ,of joyless daylight1 when the fretful stir ,unprofitable1 and the fever of the world1 ,have hung upon the beatings of my heart-- ,how oft1 in spirit1 have ,i turned to thee1 ,o sylvan ,wye6 thou wanderer through the woods1 ,how often has my spirit turned to thee60 ,,wordsworth1 ,july #ac1 #agih4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,authorities quoted or referred to in the preceding article3--,dugdale's ,monasticon4--,baronage4--,camden's ,britannia4--,leland's ,itinerary4--,county ,history4--,local ,guides3 ,heath4--,wood4--,de la ,beche4--,williams4--,thomas4--,roscoe4- -,burke's ,peerage and ,commoners4--,chronicles4--,giraldus ,cambrensis4--,william of ,worcester4--,history of the ,commonwealth4--,life of ,cromwell4--,notes by ,correspondents4--,,ms4 ,tour on the ,wye1 #ahdh2 with other sources1 which will be found enumerated in the article upon ,tinterne ,abbey4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,tinterne ,,abbey4 8,there are some1 ,i hear1 who take it ill that ,i mention monasteries and their founders2 ,i am sorry to hear it4 ,but1 not to give them any just offence1 let them be angry if they will4 ,perhaps they would have it forgotten that our ancestors were1 and we are1 ,christians2 since there never were more certain indications and glorious monuments1 of ,christian piety than these40--,,camden',s ,britannia1 ,pref4 ,ages of ,faith1 ,book xi4 ,illustration3 ,tghe ,abbey of ,tinterne_/g1 though one of the oldest in ,england1 makes no conspicuous figure in its history1 a proof that its abbots were neither bold nor ambitious of distinction1 but devoted to the peaceful and retiring duties of their office4 ,we do not find that the secluded ,tinterne was ever the scene of any rebellious outbreak1 or the refuge of any notorious criminal4 ,from age to age1 the bell that summoned to daily matins and vespers was cheerfully obeyed2 and all they knew of the great world beyond the encircling hills1 was learned1 perhaps1 from the daily strangers and pilgrims who took their meal and night's lodging in the hospitium4 ,the name of g,tinterne_/g1 as etymologists inform us1 is derived from the ,celtic words din1 a fortress1 and teyrn1 a sovereign or chief2 for it appears from history1 as well as tradition1 that a hermitage1 belonging to ,theodoric or ,teudric1 ,king of ,glamorgan1 originally occupied the site of the present abbey2 and that the royal hermit1 having resigned the throne to his son ,maurice1 8led an eremitical life among the rocks of ,dindyrn or ,tynterne40 ,it is also mentioned1 as a remarkable coincidence in history1 that two kings1 who sought ,tinterne as a temporary place of refuge1 only left it to meet violent deaths4 ,the first was ,theodoric1 who was slain in battle by the ,saxons1 under ,ceolwilph1 ,king of ,wessex1 in the year #fjj1 having been dragged from his seclusion by his own subjects1 in order that he might act once more as their leader4 ,the next was 8the unfortunate ,king ,edward1#cf who fled from the pursuit of his queen10 ,isabella4 ,the ,welsh monarch is said to have routed the ,saxons at ,mathern1 near ,chepstow1 where his body was buried4 ,bishop ,godwin says1 that he there saw his remains in a stone coffin2 and on the skull1 after the lapse of nearly a thousand years1 the wound of which he died was conspicuous--thus verifying the tradition as to the place and manner of his death4 ,nothing could be more happily chosen for the seat of a religious community1 than the beautiful valley of which these ruins are the unrivalled ornament4 ,it would be difficult to picture1 even with the aid of a fertile imagination1 scenes more fitted to cherish devout feelings2 to instruct us1 from the tranquil bosom of ,nature1 to look up to ,nature's ,god2 and in the exclusion of the busy world1 to feel aspirations of gratitude continually ascending towards ,him who enriched the valley with his bounty1 and in homage to whom that temple and its altars were first erected4 ,the latter1 as the work of man1 and a prey to neglect and violence1 have disappeared or crumbled into ruins2 but the former1 as the work of ,god1 has lost nothing of its original beauty4 ,the woods that curtain the scene2 the river that sweeps along under pendent cliffs of oak2 the meadows and orchards that cover and adorn its banks1--all continue as luxuriant1 as copious and abundant1 as verdant and blooming1 as on that day when the first pilgrim-father planted his cross in the soil1 and consecrated the spot to the service of ,god4 ,it has been often observed--and the observation is confirmed by fact--that those venerable ascetics1 who acted as pioneers in the army of ,christian pilgrims1 were no mean judges of soil and climate1 and generally chose some fertile spot upon which nature had bestowed her special favour4 ,but many instances may be pointed out where they chose even the inhospitable desert for their habitation2 and1 by unremitting labour1 transformed that desert into a garden4 ,to the personal example of those ancient ,cistercians1 the country is indebted for many improvements in all branches of cultivation and embellishment4 ,from the model-garden and orchard of the monastery1 hints were communicated and lessons taught1 which found their way into every part of the country1 and carried with them the principal arts of civilization and improvement4 ,thus1 what first gave a prosperous agriculture to our own shores1 is still in operation upon the barbarous islands of the ,pacific1 where ,christian missions1 religious fraternities1 are busily propagating1 by their own example1 those domestic and mechanical arts which are the safest and best introduction to religious knowledge4 ,of this happy influence on the minds and habits of the peasantry1 none of the monastic orders was more fully sensible than the ,cistercians1 whose laborious but abstemious lives1 sumptuous temples1 and gorgeous ritual1 threw an air of luxury upon every spot where the ,order had once set its name4#cg ,from the shadowy woods which shelter and encompass it1 ,tinterne may be justly denominated the ,vallis umbrosa of ,monmouth2 but the fertility of the soil1 and solemn retirement of the scene1 so desirable for a great sanctuary in the 8g,ages of ,faith_/g10 had an immense advantage in the noble and navigable river which formed the channel of communication between the interior and the sea2 and1 like an artery supplying nutriment to the system1 brought its supplies of provision or treasure to the very gate of the abbey4 ,and many a goodly cargo of corn from ,hereford1 and wine from ,normandy1 has been disembarked at that old pier1 where the abbot's galley has degenerated into a clumsy ferryboat1 with old ,richard ,tamplin1 the ferryman1 for its commander4 ,from ancient historical sources1 which treat of the origin1 progress1 and dissolution of this abbey1 we select the following materials3--,the founder was g,walter de ,clare_/g1 a name famous in the annals of chivalry and church-building4 ,the first stone was laid in the thirty-first year of the twelfth century2 but more than a century and a half elapsed before its completion4 ,in those days churches were the work of generations2 and it was rarely1 indeed1 that the founder lived to witness the fulfilment of his vow4 8,these all died in faith40 ,in #abhg1 we are told the g,white ,friars_/g took possession of the edifice consecrated to the g,blessed ,virgin_/g1#ch and commenced those hallowed services which the ,eighth ,henry1 by his sic volo1 was destined to silence4 ,these services1 however1 had lasted for centuries2 and who shall say1 during the lapse of barbarous times1 how much crime was prevented1 how much good effected1 by those holy men4 ,shut out from the haunts and habits of secular life1 they exercised their spiritual functions1 we may charitably believe1 in a manner that drew many penitents to their altar2 and1 in the midst of wars and tumults1 displayed the sacred banner of peace1 and published the doctrine of salvation4 ,their record is on high4 ,and1 in justice to the ,cistercians1 it must be confessed1 that if less learned1 they were more exemplary1 and not more worldly1 than some other fraternities of higher pretensions4 ,they exercised and patronised agriculture2 and planting themselves1 as the rule directed1 in the depths of forests1 or on desert heaths1 they drew from the earth such sustenance as it would yield to the hand of labour2 and trusted to those who sought their spiritual aid and counsel1 for the means of building and embellishing their altars4 ,illustration ,the order of g,cistercians_/g1 as the reader is aware1 made its appearance in ,england about the year #aabh4 ,in imitation of ,,christ and his twelve ,apostles1 the brotherhood was limited to twelve1 with an abbot at their head1 according to the rule of the ,founder3--8,et sicut ille monasteria constructa1 per duodecim monachos adjuncto patre disponebat1 sic se acturos confirmabant40--,mon4 ,ang4 iv4 #fii4 ,their first establishment in ,england was at ,waverley1 in ,surrey2 and in the course of time1 their numbers had so multiplied1 that1 shortly before the dissolution of religious houses1 they had seventy-five monasteries1 and twenty-six nunneries in this country4 ,their patriarch was ,st4 ,robert1 ,abbot of g,molesme_/g1 a ,benedictine monastery in the bishopric of ,langres4 ,this holy man becoming alarmed at the gradual decay of vital religion among the brotherhood1 and their wilful neglect of the rules instituted by their founder1 adopted measures for the immediate reformation of the order4 ,having obtained the ,pope's sanction in support of his design1 he chose twenty-one of the brethren1 and retiring from ,molesme to the neighbourhood of ,chalons-sur-,saone1 took up his abode in the wilderness#ci of ,citeaux2 where1 under the protection of ,otho1 ,duke of ,burgundy1 and the ,bishop of ,chalons1 he laid the foundation of a religious house1 in which the rules of g,st4 ,benedict_/g were to be strictly enforced1 and the character of his followers restored4 ,but the wisdom and piety of ,robert having introduced several improvements into the rules of ,st4 ,benedict1 the brotherhood began to present features so distinct from the parent establishment1 that1 on the return of ,st4 ,robert to ,molesme1 his successor1 ,albericus1 obtained a charter from the ,pope1 constituting the monks of ,citeaux into an independent order--that of ,cistercians1 or ,whitefriars4 ,their rules were positive and stringent2 they involved the surrender of all secular affairs into the hands of lay brothers1 so that their lives and labours might be exclusively devoted to the exercise of charity and the service of the altar4 ,in their choice of localities for the establishment of new houses1 they were enjoined1 as already observed1 to avoid cities1 and go forth into the wilderness4 ,this was favourable to pilgrimages2 and with the fruits of these1 and benefactions from all classes1 what they had found a desert on their arrival1 was speedily converted by labour and industry into a garden2 and what was at first only a cell or chapel1 was gradually extended into a church and abbey4 ,the revenue of the order was divided into four parts--to the bishop1 a fourth2 to the priests1 a fourth2 to the exercise of hospitality1 a fourth2 and another fourth for the support of widows and orphans1 the relief of the sick1 and the repairs of churches and cloisters4 ,and inasmuch as they could not find1 either in the life or rule of g,st4 ,benedict_/g1#dj that their founder had possessed any churches1 or altars1 or ovens1 or mills1 or towns1 or serfs2 or that any woman was ever permitted to enter his monastery1 or any dead to be buried there1 except his sister2 they therefore renounced all these things3 8,ecce hujus seculi divitiis spretis cperunt novi milites ,christi cum paupere ,christo pauperes inter se tractare1 quo ingenio1 quo artificio1 quo se exercitio in hac vita se hospitesque divites et pauperes supervenientes quos ut ,christum suscipere prcipit regula sustentarent40 ,for a time the ,cistercians continued in exemplary observance of their rules3 poverty and humility walked hand in hand2 but1 in proportion as their revenues increased1 their discipline began to relax2 a taste for luxury#da succeeded2 and whoever has visited their splendid abbeys abroad1 will readily confess that1 while professing abstinence and self-denial1 they were lodged like princes1 and like princes shared in the vanities and pleasures of the world4 ,their ruling passion was said to be avarice2 but if they amassed riches1 they spent them with a princely liberality2 and their buildings1 in this and other countries1 present some of the finest specimens of taste ever raised by the hand of man4#db g,cistercians_/g were ,benedictines1 according to the letter of the rule1 without mitigation4#dc ,their peculiarities are thus described in ,dugdale's ,warwickshire3#dd--8;,first1 for their habits1 they wear no leather or linen1 nor indeed any fine woollen cloth2 neither1 except it be on a journey1 do they put on any breeches1 and then1 after their return1 deliver them fair washed4 ,having two coats with cowls1 in winter time they are not to augment1 but in summer1 if they choose1 they may lessen them2 in which habit they are to sleep1 and after matins not to return to their beds4 ,for prayers1 the hour of ,prime1 they so conclude1 that before the ,lauda it may be daybreak1 strictly observing their rule1 that not one iota or tittle of their service is omitted4 ,immediately after ,lauda1 they sing the ,prime2 and after ,prime1 they go out performing their appointed hours in work4 ,what is to be done in the day1 they act by daylight2 for none of them1 except he be sick1 is to be absent from his diurnal hours or ,complin4 ,when the ,compline is finished1 the steward of the house and he that hath charge of the guests go forth1 but with great care of silence serve them4 ,for diet1 8the ,abbot assumes no more liberty to himself than any of his convent1 everywhere being present with them1 and taking care of his flock1 except at meat1 in regard his talk is always with the strangers and poor people4 ,nevertheless1 when he eats1 he is abstemious of talk or any dainty fare2 nor hath he or any of them ever above two dishes of meat2 neither do they eat of fat or flesh1 except in case of sickness2 and1 from the ides of ,september till ,easter1 they eat no more than once a day1 except on ,sunday1 and not even on festivals4 8,out of the precincts of their cloyster they go not but to work2 neither there nor anywhere do they discourse with any but the abbot or prior4 ,they unweariedly continue their canonical hours1 not piecing any service to another1 except the vigils for the deceased4 ,their manual labour was as follows3 ,in summer1 after ,chapter1 which followed ,prime1 they worked till ,tierce2 and1 after ,nones1 till ,vespers4 ,in winter1 from after ,mass till ,nones1 and even to ,vespers1 during ,lent4 ,in harvest1 when they went to work in the farms1 they said ,tierce and the conventual ,mass immediately after ,prime1 that nothing might hinder their work for the rest of the morning2 and often they said divine service in their places where they were at work1 and at the same hours as those at home celebrated in the church4#de 8,they observe the office of g,st4 ,ambrose_/g1 so far as they can have perfect knowledge thereof from ,millain2 and1 taking care of strangers and sick people1 do devise extraordinary afflictions for their own bodies1 to the intent their souls may be advantaged40 ,of the same ,order-- ,hospinian says--8,they allowed to candidates a year's probation1 but no reception to fugitives after the third time4 ,all fasts were observed according to the rule3 to visitors prostration was enjoined1 with washing of feet4 ,at the ,abbot's table sat the guests and pilgrims3 they laboured more than the rule required3 delicate habits were exploded3 obsolete and primitive fervour was diligently revived and practised4 ,but of this powerful order1 avarice was the besetting vice3 they were great dealers in wool1 generally very ignorant1 and1 in fact1 farmers rather than monks40#df ,the best account of this brotherhood1 as ,fosbroke has told us1 is to be found in the ,usus ,cisterciensium2 but of their habits and ceremonies further notice will be found when we come to treat of the more opulent houses4 ,guyot le ,provins1 first a minstrel1 then a monk1 has thus satirized them in a poem1 which he called a bible1 or1 more properly1 libel4 ,the ,cistercian 8abbots and cellarers have ready money1 eat large fish1 drink good wine1 and send to the refectory1 for those who do the work1 the very worst4 ,i have seen these monks10 he affirms1 8put pig-sties in churchyards1 and stables for asses in chapels4 ,they seize the cottages of the poor1 and reduce them to beggary40--,with this brief account of the ,order1 we return to the subjects selected for illustration4 ,in a historical sketch1 by the late ,archdeacon ,coxe1 the ruins of ,tinterne ,abbey are thus described1 and his description is at once accurate and graphic3-- 8,we stopped to examine the rich architecture of the west front2 but the door being suddenly opened1 the inside perspective of the church called forth an instantaneous burst of admiration1 and filled us with delight1 such as ,i scarcely ever before experienced on a similar occasion4 ,the eye passes rapidly along a range of elegant ,gothic pillars1 and1 glancing under the sublime arches which once supported the tower1 fixes itself on the splendid relics of the eastern window--the grand termination of the choir4 8,from the length of the nave1 the height of the walls1 the aspiring form of the pointed arches1 and the size of the east window1 which closes the perspective1 the first impressions are those of grandeur and sublimity4 ,but as these emotions subside1 and we descend from the contemplation of the whole to the examination of the parts1 we are no less struck with the regularity of the plan1 the lightness of the architecture1 and the delicacy of the ornaments4 ,we feel that elegance1 no less than grandeur1 is its characteristic1 and that the whole is a combination of the beautiful and the sublime4 ,the church1 constructed in the shape of a cathedral1 is an excellent specimen of ,gothic architecture in its purity4 ,the roof has long since fallen in1 and the whole ruin is thus thrown open to the sky2 but the shell is entire3 all the pillars are standing1 except those which divided the nave from the northern aisle1 and their situation is marked by the remains of their bases4 ,the four lofty arches which supported the tower1 spring high in the air1 reduced to narrow rims of stone1 yet still preserving their original form4 ,the arches and pillars of the transepts are complete3 the shapes of all the windows may yet be discriminated2 the frame of the west window is in perfect preservation1 the design of the tracery is extremely elegant1 and1 when decorated with painted glass1 must have produced a gorgeous effect4 ,the general form of the east window is also entire1 but its frame is much dilapidated4 ,it occupies the whole breadth of the choir1 and is divided into two large and equal compartments by a slender shaft1 not less than fifty feet in height1 with an appearance of singular lightness1 which1 in particular points of view1 seems as if suspended in the air4 ,to these decorations of art1 nature has added her own ornaments4 ,some of the windows are wholly obscured1 others partially shaded1 with tufts of ivy1 or edged with lighter foliage3 ,illustration3 ,w4,h4 ,bartlett ,a4 ,willmore ,,the ,,western ,,window4 ,tintern4 the tendrils creep along the walls1 wind round the pillars1 wreath the capitals1 or1 hanging down in clusters1 obscure the space beneath4 ,but instead of dilapidated fragments1 overspread with weeds and choked with brambles1 the floor is covered with a smooth verdant turf1 which1 by keeping the original level of the church1 exhibits the beauty of its proportions1 heightens the effect of the gray stone1 gives relief to the clustered pillars1 and affords an easy access to every part4 ,ornamented fragments of the roof1 remains of cornices and columns1 rich pieces of sculpture1 carved stones and mutilated figures of monks and warriors1 whose ashes repose within these walls1 are scattered on the green sward1 and contrast present desolation with former splendour40 ,although the exterior appearance of these ruins is not equal to the inside view1 yet in some positions--particularly to the east--they present themselves with considerable effect4 ,from a point on its left bank1 and about half a mile down the river1 the ruins assume a new character2 and seeming to occupy a gentle eminence1 impend over the river without the intervention of a single cottage to intercept the view4 8,the grand east window1 wholly covered with shrubs1 and half-mantled with ivy1 rises like the portal of a majestic edifice embowered in wood4 ,through this opening1 and along the vista of the church1 the clusters of ivy1 which twine round the pillars or hang suspended from the arches1 resemble tufts of trees2 while the thick mantle of foliage1 seen through the tracery of the west window1#dg forms a continuation of the perspective1 and appears like an interminable forest40 g,the ,abbey_/g is a cruciform structure1 built1 it is said1 after the model of ,salisbury ,cathedral1#dh consisting of a nave1 north and south aisles1 transepts1 and choir4 ,its length from east to west is two hundred and twenty-eight feet1 and from north to south1 at the transepts1 one hundred and fifty feet4 ,the nave and choir are thirty-seven feet in breadth2 the height of the central arch is seventy feet1 of the smaller arches thirty feet2 of the east window sixty-four feet1 and of the west window forty-two feet4 ,the total area originally enclosed by the walls of the abbey is said to have been thirty-four acres4 ,the exterior of the western front is singularly striking2 but1 on entering1 as already observed1 the scene that represents itself is indescribably grand and impressive4 8,when we stood at one end of this awful ruin10 says ,gilpin1 8the elements of earth and air its only covering and pavement1 and the grand and ,illustration3 ,,view ,,from ,,entrance4 venerable remains which terminated both1 perfect enough to form the perspective1 yet broken enough to destroy the regularity1 the eye was above measure delighted with the beauty1 the grandeur1 the novelty of the scene40 ,the inner walls of the church are nearly entire2 most of the elegant and massive columns1 as already noticed1 which separated the nave from the south aisle are yet standing2 and the four lofty and magnificent arches which formerly supported the central tower are nearly perfect4 ,the columns that divided the nave from the north aisle have fallen2 but their bases still occupy the ground1 showing their number1 shape1 and dimensions4 g,windows4_/g--,the magnificent windows are little altered by time3 and though somewhat obscured by a luxuriant and graceful drapery of ivy1 the tendrils of which twine in their tracery1 creep along the walls1 encircle the columns1 and form natural wreaths around the capitals1 the forms of the principal objects are still so far preserved as to be easily discriminated4 ,the tracery of the western window1 as already observed1 is exquisite2 while the eastern window1#di high and graceful1 and occupying nearly the whole breadth of the choir1 with its slender umbilical shaft rising to a height of fifty feet1 and diverging at the top into rich flowery traces1 has quite a magical effect4 ,the other windows1 though less ornamented1 are all in character1 and have the same elegant design and finish4#ej ,the floor1 originally covered with encaustic tiles1 is now enveloped in a thick smooth matting of grass1 trimmed like a bowling-green1 and here and there spotted with little heaps of mutilated sculpture1 and striped with flat tombstones--all thrown open to the winds of heaven4 ,illustration ,the effigy of a knight in chain armour1 a pavache shield1 and crossed legs1 is supposed to be that of g,strongbow_/g1 first ,earl of ,pembroke1 already noticed1 but more probably that of ,roger ,bigod1 as ,strongbow is historically known to have been buried in ,dublin4 ,this interesting relic1 that had escaped the ravages of time and the hostile spirit of resolution1 was at last1 as ,mr4 ,thomas informs us1 wilfully mutilated by a native of the village4#ea ,the next relic is a group of the ,madonna and ,child1 much disfigured1 but with sufficient evidence of its having been the work of a skilful artist4 ,mr4 ,bartlett considered it to be of very graceful design and execution4 ,near the eastern window is the sculptured head of a friar1 with the tonsure1 but otherwise quite disfigured4 ,in the centre1 between the transepts1 is another broad stone slab1 supposed to cover the ashes of the gfounder_/g2 but the fall of the tower1 and the continual dropping of loosened fragments--until the ruin became an object of interest and consideration--have not left one of the sepulchral tablets or inscriptions entire4 ,many fragments may be discovered among the rubbish1 but to reunite the scattered members were a very hopeless task4 ,in the southern aisle is the only sepulchral antiquity that bears a legible inscription4 ,it is elaborately carved in black or slate marble1 with a cross finely sculptured on its surface longitudinally1 and near its base three trouts1#eb so entertwined as to form the symbolic triangle1 with the figure of a salmon on the right and left4 ,the inscription1 in black letter1 along the top of the cross1 is simple-- 8g,hic jacet humatus ,johann3 ,willino4_/g0 ,the sepulchral brasses have all disappeared4 ,for a century and more after the ,dissolution1 the ,abbey appears to have been abandoned to every species of wilful depredators1 who defaced the altars1 ransacked the graves1 and carried off without molestation whatever was curious or portable4 ,illustration ,in the same aisle1 close to the wall1 and now preserved with great care1 is the lately-discovered pavement of encaustic tiles1 with escutcheons of the ancient g,clare_/g and g,bigod_/g families intertwined4 ,the figures on these coloured tiles represent flowers1 animals1 and knights in full career at a tournament4 ,this pavement was probably that of a private altar1 belonging to the founder1 or benefactor of the ,abbey4 ,in the process of clearing away the vast accumulation of rubbish1 many of the ancient memorials were removed in fragments2 and of the few that remain1 not one1 probably1 now covers the dust over which it was originally placed4 ,leaving the grassy lawn-like floor of the ,abbey1 the ascent to the top is still practicable by means of a spiral staircase in an angle of the northern transept4 ,those who conclude their survey of the ruins by this experiment1 will be amply rewarded for any fatigue it may occasion4 ,at the time of our visit1 however1 in the month of ,august last year1 some unexpected obstacle prevented the custodier from gratifying our curiosity by a view from the summit3 for the steps were either so unsafe or deficient1 as to make the experiment rather hazardous4 ,mr4 ,thomas1 from whose notes we have already quoted1 and whose late professional residence near the ,abbey rendered him familiar with all its minutest features1 tells us that the prospect it commands is highly picturesque2 and in turning from the outward landscape1 to look down into the cloistered depths below1 the view of clustering pillars1 lofty arches1 mullioned windows1 and flowing tracery1 is indescribably grand and impressive4 ,the broken summit of the walls1 throughout its whole outline1 is adorned with a profusion of shrubs and flowers1 that1 with interlacing leaves and tendrils1 cover the mouldering coping like a fragrant mantle4 ,where the labour of man appears to decay1 nature has put forth her vigour and beauty1 and transformed those roofless walls into a wild botanic garden4 ,here1 and amidst the dbris immediately adjoining1 ,mr4 ,thomas#ec found a luxuriant crop of shrubs and flowers1 all of different families1 some of them rare1 and in number between forty and fifty4 g,reed_/g1 in his #8,remains1' gives the following eloquent and highly poetical description of the ,abbey by moonlight3--8,the great tree or vegetable rock1 or emperor of the oaks1 if you please1 before which ,i bowed with a sort of reverence in the fields of ,tinterne1 and which for so many ages has borne all the blasts and bolts of heaven1 ,i should deem it a gratification of a superior kind to approach again with an #8unsandalled foot1' to pay the same homage1 and to kindle with the same devotion4 ,but ,i should find amidst the magnificent ruins of the adjoining ,abbey1 something of a sublime cast1 to interest and give pregnancy to my feelings4 ,i must be alone4 ,my mind must be calm and pensive4 ,it must be midnight4 ,the moon1 half-veiled in clouds1 must be just emerging from behind the neighbouring hills4 ,all must be silent1 except the wind gently rustling among the ivy of the ruins2 the river lulling1 by its faint murmurings1 its guardian genius to repose2 and the owl1 whose funereal shriek would some time die along the walls in mysterious echoes4 ,i should then invoke the ghosts of the ,abbey2 and ,fancy1 with one stroke of her magic wand1 would rouse them from their dusty beds1 and lead them into the centre of the ruin4 ,i should approach their shadowy existences with reverence2 making inquiries respecting the customs1 and manners1 and genius1 and fate of antiquity--desire to have a glimpse of the destiny of future ages1 and enter upon conversations which would be too sacred and even dangerous to communicate40 ,the lines by ,sir ,walter ,scott1 on 8,melrose ,abbey by ,moonlight10 are equally descriptive of ,tinterne4#ed ,it has been well observed1 that1 as the ,abbey of ,tinterne is the most beautiful and picturesque of all our ,gothic monuments1 so is the situation one of the most sequestered and delightful4 ,one more abounding in that peculiar kind of scenery which excites the mingled sensations of content1 religion1 and enthusiasm1 it is impossible to behold4 ,there1 every arch infuses1 as it were1 a solemn energy into inanimate nature2 a sublime antiquity breathes mildly in the heart2 and the soul1 pure and passionless1 appears susceptible of that state of tranquillity which is the perfection of every earthly wish4#ee ,by the late ,sir ,c4 ,colt ,hoare1 a man of taste and many travelled acquirements1 this 8seat of devotion1 solitude1 and desolation10 is pronounced as surpassing every other ruin he had seen in ,england or in ,wales4 ,captain ,barber1 whose 8,tour0 is now very scarce1 was so charmed with the scene1 that he locked himself up in the ,abbey1 and employed several hours in delineating its picturesque features4 ,from the general aspect of this venerable pile--a coup d'il that never fails to captivate the stranger--we proceed to a few detached features of the picture1 all more or less interesting as relics of men1 and times1 that have long passed away4 ,illustration g,walter de ,clare_/g1 the founder1 was grandson of ,osbert1 ,lord of ,tudenham and ,wollaston1 by gift of ,william the ,conqueror4#ef ,he departed this life on the #ajth of ,march1 #aaci1 and dying without issue1 was succeeded by his brother1 g,gilbert_/g#eg de ,clare1 who survived him nine years1 and dying on the #fth of ,january1 #aadh1 was buried in the church of ,tinterne4 ,this ,gilbert de ,clare left two sons by his wife ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,walleran1 ,earl of ,melent--,richard1 surnamed g,strongbow_/g1 and ,baldwin1#eh who1 8fighting stoutly on the part of ,king ,stephen1 at the battle of ,lincoln1 was there taken prisoner40 g,richard_/g was one of the witnesses to that 8solemn accorde10 made in #aaec1 between ,king ,stephen1 and ,henry1 ,duke of ,normandy1 whereby the latter was to succeed to the crown of ,england after the king's demise4 ,in the year #aagj #af ,henry ,,ii41 the said ,richard1 ,earl of ,striguil or ,pembroke1 being stript of his paternal inheritance by ,king ,henry ,,ii41 invaded ,ireland1 and captured the cities of ,dublin and ,waterford4 ,soon after this event1 when 8the king1 who was then at ,argentine1 was consulting with his nobles about an expedition into that realm2 certain messengers from this earl being present1 offered1 on the part of ,richard1 the above-named cities1 with all the castles which he had there captured1 at the death of ,dermot1 king of ,dublin1 whose daughter and heiress he had married40 ,with this conciliatory offer1 ,king ,henry was so well pleased1 that he restored to him all his lands1 both in ,england and ,normandy1 and freely granted that he should enjoy all those in ,ireland which he had received in dowery with his wife1 constituting him at the same time constable or governor of that realm1 and 8thereupon passing thither1 subdued it wholly without any considerable resistance40 ,by the daughter of the said ,king of ,dublin or ,leinster1 this last earl of his family1 ,richard ,strongbow#ei left an only child1 ,isabel1 who remained in ward fourteen years to the king1 and was then given in marriage to g,william ,marshall_/g1 who thereupon became ,earl of ,pembroke1 ,lord of ,striguil1 or ,chepstow1 and took possession of ,leinster1 with all the inheritance of the said ,strongbow2 and being thus advanced to that honour1 he bore the royal sceptre of gold1 with the cross on the head of it1 at the solemn coronation of ,king ,richard ,i4#fj ,the history of this family is given at full length in the ,monasticon and ,baronage of ,england1 but it is much too diffuse for our purpose4 ,william ,marshall1 who1 by his marriage with ,isabel1 only child of ,richard de ,clare1 came into possession of his estates and titles1 was a great benefactor to the church2 he built and endowed many religious houses both in ,england and ,ireland2 and having1 by his last will and testament1 constituted the abbot of ,st4 ,augustine's at ,bristol1 and ,henry ,fitzgerald1 his executors1 he departed this life at ,caversham1 in the third of ,henry ,,ii4 ,being thence carried to ,reading1 his body was received in solemn procession by the monks of the abbey1 and placed in their choir1 whilst mass was celebrated for him4 ,it was then taken to ,westminster1 where the solemnity was again performed1 and on ,ascension-day it was consigned to the earth#fa with the following epitaph3-- ,sum qui ,saturnum sibi sensit ,hibernia3 ,solem ,anglia2 ,mercurium ,normannia2 ,gallia ,martem4 ,these complimentary lines1 meant to record his virtues1 are characteristic of the times when heathen mythology was so frequently called in to assist in the eulogy of some great champion or benefactor of the ,christian church4 ,he certainly appears to have merited all that could be said of him as a great mover and promoter of monastic fraternities--especially the g,cistercians_/g2 and in the same strain1 ,matthew of ,paris has recorded that this mighty earl was a severe tamer of the ,irish1 a great favourer of the ,english1 achieved much in ,normandy1 and was an invincible soldier in ,france--8,miles strenuissimus1 ac per orbem nominatissimus40#fb ,but of the five sons whom he left behind1 with the fair and flattering prospect that his name and titles would descend through many generations1 all died prematurely and without issue4 ,this deplorable fact was much commented upon at the time3--8,some did attribute it to ,god's especial judgment1 by reason that1 when the said ,william1 first earl1 was a great commander in ,ireland1 and1 according to the practice of soldiers1 exercised such cruelties of fire and sword as usually accompany that sort of life1 he took away by violence two fair manors from a reverend bishop there1 and possessed himself of them as the acquisition of war2 and that the bishop1 after frequent and earnest entreaties for their restitution1 without any effect1 did thereupon pronounce the sentence of excommunication against him for the fact1 which he the earl contemned40 ,the bishop1#fc having proceeded to ,london1 made his grievous wrong known to the king1 showing wherefore he had excommunicated the said earl4 8,whereupon the king1 then very pensive1 desired the bishop that he should go to his grave and absolve him1 and then he would satisfy his desire4 ,whereupon the bishop went1 and the king with him1 and spoke as followeth3 #8,o ,william6 who liest here buried1 and shackled with the fetters of excommunication1 if these lands which thou most injuriously didst take from my church1 be restored with full satisfaction1 either by the king or any of thy kindred or friends1 ,i then absolve thee3 otherwise1 ,i ratify that sentence to this end1 that1 being wrapt up with thy sins1 thou mayest remain condemned in hell4'0 g,the king_/g1 who was 8much displeased at these his expressions1 blamed him for his ghostly rigour20 but anxious to remove the curse from the illustrious defunct1 he sent private messages to the heir and his brothers1 advising them in a friendly manner to come to terms with the bishop1 and thus 8in mercy release their father's soul40 ,but the brothers were obstinate2 they would not restore even an acre of bog1 nor a stock of timber2 observing that1 8as the old doting bishop hath pronounced the sentence unjustly1 the curse will fall upon himself4 ,for my part10 quoth the heir1 8,i will never lessen my patrimony descended to me by inheritance40 ,the king being still under tutelage1 and fearing the resentment of so powerful a family1 8forbore to displease them40 ,but the bishop1 hearing thereof1 was much grieved1 taking more offence at their contumacy1 than of the injury first done by their father2 and going to the king1 he said1 8,sir1 what ,i have spoken1 ,i have spoken2 and what ,i have written is not to be reversed3 the sentence therefore must stand2 the punishment of evil-doers is from ,god2 and1 therefore1 the curse which the ,psalmist hath written1 shall come upon this earl1 of whom ,i do thus complain4 ,his name shall be rooted out in one generation1 and his sons shall be deprived of the blessing--increase and multiply4 ,some of them shall die a miserable death1 and their inheritance shall be scattered4 ,and this1 ,o king1 thou shalt behold in thine own lifetime1 yea1 in thy flourishing youth40 ,having spoken 8thus much in the bitterness of his spirit1 the bishop departed thence1 leaving the defunct earl enthralled with that curse4 ,whereupon it happened that1 in a few years after1 all his sons died without issue40#fd g,william_/g1 his successor1 who1 8in his father's lifetime1 had taken part with the barons1 then in arms against the king1 was one of those betwixt whom and the g,king_/g those covenants were made1 whereby the government of the realm was placed in xxv4 of them1 and the city of ,london thereupon put into their hands4 ,yea1 so great a confidant was he of that rebellious pack1 that they constituted him to be one of those xxv41 for which respect amongst them he underwent the sentence of excommunication by the ,pope4 ,but upon the death of ,king ,john1 which happened soon after1 his noble father reduced him to obedience2 so that he became loyal to ,king g,henry_/g the ,third1 and thereupon had a grant of the lands of g,saier_/g de ,quinci1 ,earl of ,winchester1 and ,david1 ,earl of g,huntingdon_/g1 two of those great rebels1 for his support in the king's service40 ,a few years after this1 8whilst he1 the said g,william ,marshall_/g1 was in ,ireland1 g,leoline_/g1 ,prince of ,wales1 took two of his castles2 and having cut off the heads of those whom he found therein1 manned them with his own soldiers4 ,but when tidings thereof came to him1 he soon returned into g,wales_/g2 and having1 with a great power1 won them again1 took the like revenge upon the ,welsh3 and thinking this not enough1 he invaded the lands of g,leoline_/g1 and wasted them with fire and sword4 ,whereupon ,leoline advanced towards him with all his strength1 but to little purpose2 for1 encountering him in battle1 the ,marshall totally routed his whole army1 of which to the number of nine thousand were slain and taken40 ,this earl married ,eleanor1 daughter of ,king g,john_/g2 and dying at ,kilkenny1 in #abca1 was there buried in the choir of the ,mendicant ,friars4#fe ,illustration g,richard_/g1 his brother and successor1 being irritated by the violent conduct of the king and his ministry1 formed an alliance with g,llewellyn_/g ap ,jowarth1 ,prince of ,wales1 and in #abcc defeated the king's army at g,grosmont_/g2 but with dutiful respect for his sovereign1 he fell back with the ,cambrian army before sunrise1 to allow his ,majesty's retreat from the ,castle of ,gloucester4 ,henry1 not appreciating the generous conduct of his reluctant foe1 resisted this attack2 and on the return of the ,lord ,marshall to his estates in ,ireland1 he was treacherously wounded to death at ,kildare1#ff and there buried by the side of his brother ,william1 whom he had survived only three years4 g,gilbert_/g1 the third son1 married a daughter of ,alexander1 ,king of ,scotland1 and died in #abdb4 g,walter_/g ,marshall1 the fourth son1 died at ,goodrich ,castle1 in ,december1 #abde4 ,and-- g,anselm_/g1 the fifth and last son of this doomed family1 died like his brothers1 childless1 in the same month of the same year1 in the ,castle of ,striguil or ,chepstow1 and was interred with his brother in ,tinterne ,abbey4 ,of their five sisters1 ,eve1 the youngest1 married 8,william de ,braliuse or ,braose1#fg of whose family more hereafter4 ,the male line in him having thus failed1 ,maude1 their surviving sister1 and heiress to the family possessions1 was espoused to ,hugh ,bigod1 ,earl of ,norfolk4 ,from this alliance sprang two sons1 ,hugh and ,roger1 or ,rudulfus4 ,the younger of whom1 ,roger1 in right of his mother1 was installed lord-marshal of the kingdom1 and granted a charter#fh to ,tinterne ,abbey1 confirming those granted by the ,clares and ,marshalls1 and adding large possessions to the brotherhood4 ,maude1 on the death of her husband1 ,hugh ,bigod1 married ,john de ,warren1 ,earl of ,surrey2 and departing this life1 anno #abdh1 was buried in the ,abbey of ,tinterne2 when her four sons--two by each marriage--carried her body into the choir4 ,to prosecute the descent farther1 would far exceed our limits2 but readers who may feel curious to trace the genealogy of the founders1 will find ample details in the ,baronage1 the ,monasticon1 and old chronicles4 ,of ,earl ,roger it is told1 that1 being 8openly reproached by the king as a traitor1 he replied with a stern countenance that he lied2 and that he1 ,bigod1 never was1 nor would be a traitor20 adding1 8if you do nothing but what the law warranteth1 you can do me no harm40 8,yes10 quoth the king1 8,i can thrash your corn and sell it1 and so humble you40 8,if you do so10 replied ,bigod1 8,i will send you back the heads of your thrashers40 ,the g,hospitium_/g1 or guest-chamber1 was generally a large room with columns1 like the body of a church1 and called palatium--the original meaning of which was a place of short residence4 ,if a visitor came before dinner to the refectory1 notice was given to the refectioner2 if he was too late to dine with the convent1 he staid in the locutorium1 or parlour1 until the refectory was swept1 and then was introduced4 ,the hosteler provided all things fit for ,mass for the visitors2 and if he was prevented1 any one asked by him sang the mass and hours to them1 for they had divine service as well as the convent4 ,the visitors had meat and drink at solicitation1 and the hosteler was to fetch the viands according to the rank of the person2 all which1 however1 was accompanied with the appendage of a 8soiled table cloth1 very indifferent wine1 grease in the salt1 and a clownish servant40 ,the hospitaler#fi could not introduce them to the collation before the end of the first verse4 ,when this was over1 he lighted his lantern with which the visitors waited before the ,chapter door4 ,he then introduced them into the parlour1 after which they had refection1 and ,complin was sung to them4 ,when the visitors wished to depart before daybreak1 or at that time1 the hosteler took the keys of the parlour from the ,prior's bed2 but on ,sundays1 before procession1 no one could receive the benediction1 or ceremony of dismission4 ,illustration ,persons of rank were received with processions and high honours4 ,one of the great bells was struck three times1 to give the monks notice of assembling in the church to robe themselves4 ,visitors were allowed to make a stay of two days and two nights1 and on the third day1 after dinner1 they were to depart4 ,if by accident a guest could not then go1 the hosteler signified his request to the ,abbot1 or ,prior1 for a longer stay4 ,if in health1 he was to be present at ,matins1 and follow the convent in everything1 unless he had leave to the contrary4 ,women were to be received who came with an honourable suite4#gj ,particular attention was paid to the parents of monks1 for whom necessaries and food were to be provided whenever they came to see their children--especially on the ,nativity of the ,virgin ,mary1 wheresoever they took refection1 in the town or house2 and they were to be honourably received on the ,vigil4#ga g,the ,refectory_/g1 as described by monastic writers1 was a large hall wainscoted on the north and south sides1 and in the west and nether parts was a long bench of stone1 in mason-work1 from the cellar-door to the pantry1 or cove-door4 ,it had a dresser in it3 above the wainscot was a large picture of ,,christ1 the ,virgin ,mary1 and ,st4 ,john2 but in most places--and here perhaps--was the ,cross or ,crucifixion1 to which1 on entering the ,fratry with washed hands1 the monks made obeisance with their faces to the east4 ,within the door on the left was an ,almery--where stood the grace-cup 7the classical 71 out of which the monks1 after grace every day1 drank round the table--and another large one on the right1 with smaller within1 where stood the mazers1 of which each monk had his peculiar one1 with a ewer and basin1 which served the ,sub-prior to wash his hands in at the table1 of which he sat as chief4#gb ,at the west end was a loft above the cellar1 ascended by stairs with an iron railing1 where the convent and monks dined together1 the ,sub-prior sitting at the upper end of the table4 ,at the south end of the high table1 within a glass window-frame1 was an iron desk1 ascended by stone steps1 with an iron rail1 where lay a ,bible1 out of which one of the novices read a part in ,latin during dinner4 ,the readers at the table were to give ear to the ,prior in case of error2 and if they did not understand his correction1 they were to begin the verse again1 even repeatedly1 until they comprehended the ,prior's meaning4 ,when the reader had finished1 the master of the novices rang a silver bell hanging over his head1 to call one of them to come to the high table to say grace2 a single stroke of this bell 7skilla71 signified the conclusion of the lecture or the meal4#gc ,illustration3 ,hgospitality_/g1 which the monastic rule enjoined upon all its professors1 was faithfully practised by the ,cistercians4 ,the ,refectory1 as well as the ,hospitium1 or ,guest ,hall1 of this ,abbey1 appears to have been an elegant and capacious chamber1 with a vaulted stone roof supported on ,gothic pillars1 the massive bases of which still remain4 ,but as the buildings were long thrown open as a stone quarry1 for the use of the public1 the squared and sculptured materials with which they were built and adorned1 were employed for ages in constructing those shapeless hovels which now cluster1 as if in mockery1 around the sacred pile1 and show to what base uses in this changing world1 even the masterpieces of art may be applied4 g,the ,dole4_/g--,an opening in the wall of the refectory westward1 shows the place where the monk appointed to that duty1 administered to the poor their daily portion of bread and beer4 ,to that door the hungry and the weary never applied in vain-- ,pilgrim1 whosoe'er thou art1 ,worn with travel1 faint with fear1 ,halt1 or blind1 or sick of heart1 ,bread and welcome wait thee here4 ,at the east end of the g,refectory_/g was 8a neat table1 with a screen of wainscot over it1 for the master of the novices1 the elects1 and novices1 to dine and sup at3 two windows opened into the refectory from the great kitchen1 one large for principal days1 the other smaller for ordinary days2 and through these the dishes were served4 ,over against the door in the cloister was a conduit or lavatory1 for the monks to wash their hands and faces1 of a round form1 covered with lead1 and all marble1 excepting the outer wall1 without which they might walk about the ,tower4 ,after the monks had waited a while on the g,abbot_/g1 they sat down at two other tables1 placed at the sides of the refectory1 and had their service brought in by the novices1 who1 when the monks had dined1 sat down to their own dinner4 ,fires in the refectory were ordered from ,all-hallows ,day to ,good-,friday1 and the wood was found by the cellarer4 ,pinafores or super-tunics1 to protect the clothes at dinner1 are mentioned by ,lynwood1 and occur in foreign consuetudinals4 ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 on dining with the ,prior of ,canterbury1 8noted sixteen dishes1 besides intromels10 or entremets2 8a superfluous use of signs1 much sending of dishes from the ,prior to the attending monks1 and from them to the lower tables20 with 8much ridiculous gesticulation in returning thanks1 with much whispering1 loose1 idle1 and licentious discourse20 herbs brought in but not tasted2 numerous kinds of fish1 roasted1 boiled1 stuffed1 fried1 eggs1 dishes exquisitely cooked with spices2 salted meats to provoke appetite2 wines of various kinds2 pimento made of wine1 honey1 and spices2 with claret1 mead1 and other beverages4 ,respecting these1 it was not unusual1 says ,barnard1 to see brought a vessel half full to try the quality and flavour of the wine2 and that1 after proof thereof1 the monks decided in favour of the strongest4 ,superior dinners were always given on the feasts of the ,apostles2 but it was not lawful1 it seems1 to eat the flesh of any animal nourished on the earth1 because this had been cursed by ,god2 but the curse not extending to air and water1 birds were permitted1 as created of the same element as fish4 ,hence the prohibition of quadrupeds2 but as it was found ,illustration3 ,the ,refectory4 ,tintern ,abbey4 impossible for inland monasteries to have fish enough1 to eat flesh became unavoidable4#gd ,however1 to the great rule all their articles of food bore relation2 namely1 bread1 beer1 soup1 beans for soup1 all ,lent2 oats for gruel1 on ,thursdays and ,saturdays1 in that season2 flour for pottage1 every day in the same season2 fried dishes1 wastels1 or fine bread for dinner and supper1 on certain feasts2 formict1 or fine flour cakes1 in ,advent1 ,christmas1 against ,lent1 ,easter1 ,pentecost1 and certain feasts2 #8fat things1' which appear to have been bacon1#ge were frequent with the ,prmonstratenses2 black beans and salt1 with the ,clugniacks2 general bad fare with the g,cistercians_/g4 ,in certain solemnities1 we are told the convent was in the habit of retiring with the ,abbot1 leaving a few in the refectory1 in order to eat meat elsewhere2 and that they frequently dined in #8extra-cloister' apartments1 where 8they used to invite women 7devout nuns1 perhaps7 to talk1 eat1 and drink with them40#gf g,diet_/g was strictly prescribed2 variety of viands was forbidden2 flesh was allowed only to the sick or invalids2 fish1 eggs1 milk1 butter1 and cheese1 were not to be used on common days1 but only on special occasions1 as dainties or 8pittances40#gg ,none but their guests and the sick were allowed any other than brown bread2 they might use the common herbs of the country2 but pepper and other spices were forbidden4 ,these observations1 quoted from various authorities1 apply to the monastic ,orders generally1 among whom the regulations of the refectory appear to have been nearly the same2 but that order to which the ,abbey of g,tinterne_/g belonged1 professed the greatest abstinence1 mortified diet1 and abhorrence of all luxuries4 ,to the devout taste of ,st4 g,bernard_/g1 the most rigid rules were the most agreeable2 and hence he became a g,cistercian_/g1 the strictest of the monastic orders in ,france4 ,at that time they were but few in number1 for1 owing to their excessive austerities1 men were discouraged from joining them4 ,bernard1 however1 by his superior genius1 his eminent piety1 and his ardent zeal1 gave to this g,order_/g a permanent lustre and celebrity4 ,at the age of twenty-three1 with more than thirty companions1 he entered into the monastery1 and was afterwards appointed ,abbot of g,clairval_/g4 ,to those noviciates who desired admission1 he used to say--8,if ye hasten to those which are within1 dismiss your bodies which ye brought from the world2 let the spirit alone enter here2 the flesh profiteth nothing40 8,yet1 amidst all these disagreeable austerities10 says his biographer1 8the soul of ,bernard was inwardly taught of ,god2 and as he grew in the divine life1 he learned to correct the harshness and asperities of his sentiments40 ,the g,cistercian_/g habit1 as shown in the preceding woodcut1 was a white robe in the nature of a cassock1 with a black scapular and hood4 ,their garment was girt with a black girdle of wool2 in the choir1 they had over it a white cowl1 and over that a hood1 with a rochet hanging down1 bound before to the waist1 in a point behind to the calf of the leg4 ,when they went abroad1 they wore a cowl and a great hood1 all black1 which was also the choir habit4 g,the ,lay ,brothers_/g of this ,order were clad in a dark colour2 their scapular hung down about a foot in length before1 and was rounded at the bottom4 ,their hood was like that which the priests wore over their cowl1 excepting the difference of the colour4 ,in the choir they wore a cloak or mantle1 reaching to the ground1 and of the same colour as the habit4 g,the ,novices_/g1 who were clerks1 wore the same habit in the church1 but it was all white2 their scapular was not of the same length in all places1 for sometimes it reached only half-way down the thigh1 in others to the midleg1 or even to the heels4#gh ,the sumptuary regulations extended even to the ornaments of their churches1 and the vestments of the ministers4 ,the altar cloth1 the alb1 and the service1 were to be of plain linen2 the stole and maniple1 which were at first of cloth1 were allowed afterwards to be of silk4 ,palls1 capes1 dalmatics1 and tunics1 were forbidden4 ,the crosses were to be of wood1 painted2 and it was forbidden to have them made of carved work1 or of silver or gold4 ,the cruets for the service of the altar1 were not to be of gold or silver3 the gchalice_/g and fistula might be of silver gilt2 the gcandlesticks_/g were to be iron1 and the gcensers_/g of iron or copper4 ,pictures or painted glass were not to be allowed in their churches2 which in all monasteries of this order were dedicated to g,god_/g1 under the invocation of the g,virgin ,mary_/g4 ,illustration g,cistercians_/g1 according to the reformed rule1 were obliged to perform their devotions together seven times every twenty-four hours4 ,the ,nocturnal1 the first of these services1 was performed at two o'clock in the morning2 two ,matins1 or ,prime1 commenced at six o'clock2 ,tierce1 at nine o'clock2 the ,sexte1 at twelve o'clock2 the ,none1 at three in the afternoon2 ,vespers1 at six2 and the ,compline1 at seven o'clock in the evening4 ,as the monks retired to bed at eight1 they had six hours to sleep before the ,nocturnal began2 and if they again betook themselves to rest1 after that service1 it was not considered any fault or infringement of the rule2 but after matins1 they were not permitted to have the same indulgence4 ,at the first stroke of the convent-bell for prayers1 they were to suspend all matters of business in which they might happen to be engaged at the moment2 and those who copied books1 or were employed in any kind of writing--even if they had begun a text letter--were not allowed to finish it4 ,they were to fast every day in g,lent_/g1 till six o'clock in the evening4 ,during meals1 as already mentioned in these pages1 the ,scriptures were read to them by one of the brethren1 who performed this and other offices in weekly rotation4 ,after the ,compline1 all conversation was prohibited1 and they silently retired to rest4 ,the dormitory was a long barrack-like room1 not divided into separate cells1 where each monk had his own bed furnished with a mat1 blanket1 coverlet1 and a pillow which was not to exceed a foot and a half in length4 ,when any of the fraternity went abroad1 they always walked in couples1 so that each might be a check upon the other1 and incite him to edifying thoughts4#gi ,at a ,general ,chapter of the ,cistercian ,order1 held in the year #aacd1 it was resolved that the rules of ,st4 ,benedict regarding diet1 clothing1 morals1 and divine service1 should continue to be strictly observed2 and to these were added many new regulations for the suppression of luxury4 ,it was directed that their monasteries1 as already observed1 should be founded in the most retired and solitary places2 that the members of the ,order should provide the necessaries of life by the labour of their hands4 ,they were allowed1 however1 to possess lands1 rivers1 woods1 vineyards1 and meadows2 with sheep1 oxen1 horses1 and other domestic animals2 but no deer nor bears1 nor other animals kept merely#hj for pleasure4 ,they were forbidden to possess tithes1 the advowsons or revenues of churches1 dues of ovens or mills1 bond-servants1 or even rents of lands4#ha ,the reason for these restrictions was1 that they might not live by the labour of others2 yet1 upon the pretext of enabling the monks to live in greater retirement and abstraction from the world1 they were allowed to admit into their community a certain number of lay brothers1 called converts1 whose office consisted in managing the secular business of the ,convent1 including the cultivation of their lands1 in which they were permitted to employ hired servants4 ,these lay brethren did not take the monastic vow2 but in every other respect they were treated exactly like the professed monks4 ,with regard to the extension of their order1 no convent was allowed to send forth a colony1 unless the community consisted of at least sixty monks1 and held a license1 both from the general chapter1 and from the archbishop1 or bishop4 ,each monastery1 as we have said1 was to consist of at least twelve monks and their superiors2#hb and before they could be brought to their new residence1 the buildings required for their immediate accommodation were to be provided2 namely1 an oratory1 a dormitory1 a stranger's cell1 and a porter's lodge4 ,the books required for divine service1 were also to be got ready4 ,the superior of the new establishment was bound to pay a visit to the parent monastery once a year2 and the ,abbots of all the monasteries of the g,cistercian_/g order1 were obliged to attend the ,general ,chapter held annually at ,cisteaux1#hc those only excepted1 who were excused by sickness or distance4 ,abbots in ,scotland1 ,ireland1 and ,sicily1 were obliged to be present only every fourth year4 ,in some cases it was even allowed to send delegates4#hd ,illustration3 ,pgrofessions4_/g--,no person desirous of becoming a monk was suffered to enter upon his noviciate under fifteen years of age4 ,the candidate having made his petition to be admitted1 was1 after four days1 brought before the abbot1 and a select number of the monks in the ,chapter-house1 where he threw himself down with his face to the ground4 ,being asked by the ,abbot what he desired1 he replied1--8,the mercy of ,god and yours40 ,upon this the ,abbot made him stand up1 and explained to him the strictness of the rules1 and the self-denial required in keeping them2 after which1 he asked him if he was willing to submit to the restraint they imposed4 ,upon his replying in the affirmative1 the ,abbot admonished him1 and when he concluded with these words1--8,may ,,god finish the good work which he hath begun in thee20 all who were present said1 ,amen6 and then the candidate bowed1 and retired to the guest-chamber4 ,a similar ceremony was observed when he was again introduced into the g,chapter-house_/g next day1 after having read the rules of the ,order4 ,on the third day1 he was admitted into the cell of the novices1 and began the year of his probation2 during which he was prepared and instructed for taking the vows1 by a person called the ,master of the ,novices1 who was usually one of the oldest and most learned of the monks4 ,at the conclusion of the twelvemonth's probation1 when it was supposed he had had a sufficient trial of their discipline and manner of life1 he was again formally interrogated2 and if he persisted in his request1 he was allowed to make his profession1 and become a regular member of the ,order4#he ,the following is a copy of the formulary used in ,english monasteries on such occasions3-- 8,the first petycion in the ,collogium3 #8,syr1 ,i besyche yow and alle the ,convent for the luffe of ,god1 our ,ladye ,sanct ,marye1 ,sanct ,john of ,baptiste1 and alle the hoyle cowrte of hevyne1 that ye wolde resave me to lyve and dye here emongs yow1 in the state of a monke1 a prebendarye and servant unto alle1 to the honour of ,god1 solace to the companye1 prouffet to the place1 and helth unto my sawle4' 8,the answer unto the examinacyon3 #8,syr1 ,i tryste through the helpe of ,god1 and your good prayers1 to keep alle these thyngs ye have now heyr rehersede4' 8,the first petycion before the profession3 #8,syr1 ,i have beyn heyr now this twellmonth nere hand1 and lovyde be ,god1 me lykes ryght well both the ordour and the companye4 ,whereupon ,i besyche yow1 and all the companye1 for the luffe of ,god1 our ,ladye ,sanct ,marye1 ,sanct ,john of ,baptiste1 and alle the hoyle companye of hevyn1 that ye will resave me unto my profession1 at my twellmonth day1 according to my petycion which ,i made when ,i was first resaved heyr emongs yow4'0#hf g,the ,cistercians_/g1 much to their honour1 took considerable pains to cultivate and promote learning4 ,the transcribing of books was one of the principal occupations in all their monasteries4 ,a certain number of the brotherhood were constantly employed in the g,scriptorium_/g1 in making copies of the most esteemed works1 to furnish and augment the common library4 ,none1 however1 were permitted to write new books1 without first obtaining a license to that effect from the ,general ,chapter4 ,in the principal monasteries a chronicle was kept1 in which the monks recorded1 in ,latin1 the most remarkable events1 both of general and local interest1 that occurred within their knowledge4#hg ,the chronicle of g,tinterne_/g ,abbey1 as partly transcribed in the ,monasticon1 contains copies of those deeds and charters1 by which former rights and privileges were confirmed1 and new benefactions added2 but it includes no chronicle of passing events1 public or private4 ,many and great were the privileges1 franchises1 and immunities granted to this g,order_/g in general1 by sundry kings and pontiffs2 and on some particular houses were conferred very special favours4 ,the brothers of the order were exempted from appearing in any court1 or at the trial of any cause whatever1 if the distance from the monastery exceeded two days' journey4 ,they were exempted from tithes2 the ordinary could not call upon1 nor punish them for any crime2 neither could their houses be visited by any one1 except their own abbot4 ,their benefactors1 those who frequented their mills molendini1 as well as their friends and servants1 were all exempted from the ban of excommunication4#hh g,boniface_/g ,,xi4 made an effort to relieve them still farther1 by exempting them from the payment of tithes for their lands1 though let out to others2 but this was rejected by ,king ,henry ,,iv41 who would not permit the bull for that purpose to be executed4 ,the monks of ,tinterne1 in common with their brethren of that order1 enjoyed all the privileges and immunities here named4 ,they were great proficients in the science of agriculture2 and from the skill manifested in the cultivation of the abbey lands1 and in those occupied by their tenants1 produced the happiest effects on that important branch of rural economy4 g,the ,cloister_/g1 which is so often described in poetry as the abode of religious harmony1 was nevertheless subject1 at times1 to all those unruly passions which in the world engender strife amongst brethren1 and destroy the quiet of secular life4 ,every monastery contained within its own walls1 those elements of malice and dissension1 which it required no common energy on the part of the abbot to regulate and subdue4 ,perverse men1 clothed in the robe of meekness1 were a constant source of trial to those patterns of monastic discipline1 who laboured to correct and reform them4#hi ,persecution within the cloister existed occasionally under two forms3 men of eminent sanctity suffered it from degenerate brethren1 sometimes1 simply on account of their superior justice2 and at others1 in consequence of their endeavours to reform them4 ,sometimes when the monastery fell under the dominion of an evil superior1 the monks who persevered in sanctity fled from his persecution4#ij ,the character of a good g,cistercian_/g monk1 contrasted with one of an opposite disposition1 is thus drawn3--,it happened that the pious g,gobert_/g1 a monk of ,villars1 having to undertake a journey for the arrangement of certain affairs1 set out accompanied by one of the brothers named ,peter4 ,arriving late in the evening at a town where they were to pass the night1 they were fatigued and exhausted with the labour and heat of the day2 and ,peter1 causing a table to be spread1 drew from the bag he carried1 abundant provisions1 and then ordered cups to be served1 and many things made ready for their repast4 ,to the pious ,gobert1 all this seemed to be more than necessary1 more than was consistent with perfect moderation1 and his conscience silently accused him of yielding too readily to the force of temptation4 ,but after both had supped1 he did not venture to give utterance to the compunctious feelings that were then passing in his mind4 ,next morning1 however1 as they were again prosecuting their journey through umbrageous lanes1 he began meekly and humbly to disclose his thoughts2 expressing his fears that the expense of the previous day had exceeded their wants2 adding1 that the patrimony of g,christ_/g ought not to be spent in superfluities1 but given to the poor2 that beneficed clerks are only dispensers of the g,church_/g1 not lords of its substance2 that when1 in the words of ,st4 ,ambrose1 we assist the poor1 we give nothing of our own1 but only that which the church appoints us to dispense2 and1 therefore1 that ecclesiastical goods belong not to clerks1 but to the poor4#ia ,saying these and other things that pressed heavily on his mind1 ,gobert lamented that he should have squandered the money which did not belong to him4 ,but brother ,peter did not receive this reproof with a humble mind2 on the contrary1 he became so angry that he did not answer him a word4 ,thus they rode on for nearly three hours1 ,peter all the while preserving a sullen and painful silence1 which the holy ,gobert observing1 he tried to soothe and turn away his displeasure1 by addressing him in terms of mild and brotherly affection4 ,at last1 seeing that he could make no impression upon him1 he said1 8,my brother1 it is time for us to discharge the service of hours to our ,creator60 ,whereupon1 according to the custom of the g,cistercians_/g1 they dismounted and knelt down to begin the office4 ,in this posture of devotion1 while brother ,peter was prostrate on the earth1 ,gobert1 with clasped hands turned towards him1 and bursting into tears1 humbly implored his forgiveness for having1 by words of admonition and seeming reproof1 moved his resentment4 ,but as this did not appear to soften the monk's obdurate heart1 he continued his entreaties1 and declared that he would not rise from his knees until he had forgiven him4 ,at last1 touched and overcome by so much ,christian humility1 brother ,peter relented2 and1 taking ,gobert by the hand1 with feelings of mingled shame and contrition1 raised him up2 and having freely forgiven him1#ib and received his forgiveness1 they went on their way rejoicing4 ,thus far the chronicle1 which the reader will find quoted in the ,ages of ,faith4 8,but10 says the learned author1 8it was chiefly as reformers of their respective communities1 that the holy men of monastic life suffered persecution40 ,in estimating the fortitude of those who laboured in this vineyard1 it is to be observed1 that specious arguments were never wanting to excuse the evil for which they sought a remedy4 ,the monks of ,st4 ,benedict1 according to ,orderic ,vitalis1 who resisted the reform introduced by the ,abbot ,robert1#ic defended themselves on this ground1 urging that the different circumstances of the times required a life different from that of the hermits of ,egypt4 8,god forbid10 said they1 8that valiant knights1 that subtile philosophers1 and eloquent doctors1 merely because they have renounced the world1 should be obliged as mean slaves to occupy themselves in ignoble works4#id ,on these occasions1 however1 the real source of hostility was seldom avowed4 ,much was advanced in the time of ,st4 ,bernard1 in respect to the colour of habits2 but ,st4 ,peter the ,venerable disengaged the question from its adventitious appendages3 8,perhaps10 said he1 writing to ,st4 ,bernard1 8there is another and a deeper cause for this dissension between the g,clugniacs_/g and the ,cistercians--between the ancient and the modern communities4 ,we are restorers of piety that was grown cold2 we are distinguished from others in manners1 as well as in habits and customs4 ,this is the secret and urgent cause of the breach of charity and of tongues1 that are sharpened like swords against us4 ,and oh1 how much to be deplored1 if the abstinence1 the purity of a whole life2 if invincible obedience1 if unbroken fasts1 if perpetual vigils1 if such a yoke of discipline1 if so many palms of patience1 if so many labours--not so much of an earthly1 as of a celestial life--should be dissipated by one hiss of the serpent3 how much to be deplored1 if the old dragon should thus1 in an instant1 with one breath1 dissipate all your treasures collected by the grace of ,god1 and leave you empty in the sight of the ,supreme ,judge60#ie ,illustration3 ,ogf_/g the miraculous legends connected with these institutions1 the following1 taken from the annals of a sister abbey1#if may serve as a specimen3--,one evening1 three strangers knocked at the abbey gate1 and being admitted to lodge there for the night1 were immediately conducted into the church1 as the rule of ,st4 ,benedict directs2 and having there finished their devotions1 they were led back to the ,guest ,chamber1 and welcomed in by brother ,walter4 ,thence1 as soon as the ceremony of washing their feet was over1 they were summoned to the ,refectory2 but scarcely had they taken their seats1 when it was discovered that one of the strangers was missing1 and his chair empty4 8,where10 said the hospitaller1 addressing the other two2 8where is your companion80 8,companion60 said the strangers1 greatly surprised at the question2 8thy servants had no companion40 8,nay10 quoth the friar1 8say not so1 ,i pray you2 for 'tis but this instant that ,i placed three at table1 and he who sat betwixt you has left his chair empty40 8,nay1 we assure thee10 rejoined the strangers1 8that no third person entered with us1 neither have we journeyed hither with any man2 but1 being overtaken by night1 we came along to the abbey gate1 nor have we spoken to any man1 save only thyself40 ,strong in his own conviction1 friar ,walter was immovable2 and calling the porter and another monk to his assistance1 the fact of a third person having entered was confirmed by their united testimony4 ,hereupon the strangers could only repeat what they had already asserted2 but to give it more solemnity1 they called ,st4 ,benedict himself to witness the truth of their words4 ,all was amazement2 diligent search was made1 but no foot had repassed the gate1 nor was any stranger to be found in church or cloisters2 so the two visitors1 being spared all further question1 were hospitably entertained for the night1 and dismissed with the usual benediction4 ,the next night1 however1 the hospitaller had a vision in his sleep3 a personage of angelic features appeared to him2 and with a voice like that of celestial music1 said1 8g,walter_/g1 dost thou know me8 ,i am the stranger whose sudden disappearance last night so greatly moved the warder4 ,know then1 that by the good pleasure of heaven ,i am appointed to watch over this ,monastery2 to attend the outgoing and the incoming of every holy brother2 and that my present errand is to certify that the alms and oblations of this community1 more especially of your g,abbot_/g1 have ascended in sweet memorial to heaven1 and are accepted40 ,again-- g,waltheof_/g1 an abbot of whom we read in the ,cistercian ,annals1 had many severe trials to undergo1 not only with refractory monks1 but with the arch-fiend himself1 who appeared to have delegated the management of his other affairs to inferior powers of darkness1 in order that he himself might direct his whole force and strategy against the uncompromising ,waltheof4 ,but the abbot1 aware of all these machinations1 never lost an inch of ground2 every fresh rencontre was to him a fresh triumph2 for knowing the strength and skill of the enemy1 he took up the shield of faith1 and1 cased in this armour of proof1 met his spiritual foe with a look of contempt and defiance4 ,to report their numerous conflicts1 would be to recapitulate the days of the life of ,waltheof--for it was literally a warfare4 ,at length1 one evening after ,compline--when all the monks had retired to the dormitory--the abbot continued lingering in the church2 for1 feeling a weight at heart1 he wished to unburden his grief in solitary prayer and meditation4 ,at such moments1 it is well known1 the powers of darkness are always most active--most on the alert2 and ,waltheof no sooner looked down the left aisle1 than he perceived the arch-fiend moving stealthily from behind a pillar4 ,in this instance he had assumed the habit of a monk2 but as he cast no shadow behind him1 and caused no sound as he shuffled along the tesselated floor1 the abbot soon recognised his old customer1 and calmly waited for him at the foot of the altar4 ,seeing himself thus baffled1 the fiend suddenly threw aside his cowl1 and assumed the terrific form of a soldier1 armed at all points1 and of such gigantic proportions1 that in a moment every pillar in the nave seemed to have dwindled into insignificance4 ,his grand object1 as the abbot foresaw1 was to inspire him with sudden terror1 and thus drive him from his sanctuary2 but the attempt was vain4 ,he then brandished a huge spear1 and belching forth streams of blue fire as he approached1 made a feint1 as if he would have hurled the weapon at his head4 ,but the abbot1 continuing to make the sign of the cross1 kept the great adversary of mankind at bay2 yet still finding that he did not quit the sacred pile1 he armed himself with the pix which contained the sacred wafer2 and then advancing1 exclaimed1 8,behold1 thou wicked soldier1 thou base hireling6 here is thy judge1 who shall quickly send thee to the bottomless pit6 ,wait for him if thou darest60 ,what need of words2 at this sight the foul fiend suddenly collapsed in all his terrific proportions1 and vanished in a cloud of smoke4#ig ,these two examples may suffice to give the reader some idea of the numerous legends with which the monastic annals abound3 and1 in addition to what has been already said of the internal administration of this order1 we shall1 from time to time1 introduce other particulars1 drawn from various sources1 but chiefly from their own chronicles4 ,illustration g,environs4_/g--,it would be difficult to name a locality that1 within so small a compass1 contains so many richly-varied landscapes1 as the ,vale of ,tinterne4 ,in whatever direction we move1 the eye is arrested by new features1 new combinations of the graceful and picturesque4 ,a saunter along the river1 where it forms a crescent between the abbey and the village1 will gratify every lover of the picturesque1 and bring before him the beauty and freshness of nature1 in striking contrast with the sublime but faded monuments of art4 ,the best hour for enjoying this scene is about sunset2 and1 on returning1 the tourist may ascend the ,chapel ,hill1 and thence1 in a more extended panorama1 look down upon what would have furnished a rich subject for the pencil of ,claude4 ,the river1 with its fantastic windings1 here clamorous among shallows--there gliding away with the rapid but inaudible march of time--masses of brown rock overhanging the pass1 gleaming in confused blocks through the trees that clamber up their ,illustration3 ,the ,vale of ,tintern4 ,from the ,devil's ,pulpit4 steep sides1 or crown their pinnacles with masses of verdure2 while here and there a cottage1 with its whitewashed walls1 gives new life and interest to the scene4 ,how oft the pilgrim1 lingering here1 ,beneath that yew's sepulchral shade1 ,hath dropt the penitential tear1 ,and1 sighing to himself1 hath said-- ,there's solace here for all my woe1 g,st4 ,mary's_/g altar gleams below2 ,and blessd be the hand divine1 ,that leads the pilgrim to her gshrine_/g4 ,but the point from which the ,abbey of ,tinterne is seen to most advantage1 is that chosen by ,mr4 ,bartlett in the illustration opposite4 ,the way to the #8g,devil's ,pulpit_/g1' as it is called1 runs along the left bank of the ,wye1 and1 in its winding course1 presents many little glimpses of the vale and river1 that1 like small cabinet-pictures1 serve as a gradual introduction to the splendid panorama of nature--the features of which are here so faithfully illustrated by the pencil1 as to render description superfluous4 ,the river1 rolling far below-- ,here swift as time1 there still and slow2 ,o'ershadowed here with arching bowers1 ,there sweetly fringed with summer flowers2 ,the ,vale--where1 through its orchard trees1 ,the curling vapour meets the breeze1 ,and1 vast and venerably grand1 ,the g,abbey's_/g mouldering arches stand1-- ,all these a wondrous scene impart1 ,to charm the eye and melt the heart2 ,the scroll of ages to unfold1 ,and paint the wondrous men of old4 ,of this lofty and romantic scene ,mr4 ,thomas writes3--8,who shall describe the glories of this splendid view8 ,who cannot but involuntarily think of the second scene in the ,temptation1 when the prince of the power of the air took the ,prince of peace into an exceeding high mountain1 and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them1 in a moment of time8 ,but let no satanic thought break in upon the holy influence which the soul delights to cherish in this lovely spot6 ,it seems as though imagination1 that potent enchantress of the mind1 had transmitted us to some pinnacled mountain to show us the peace1 the beauty1 and permanence of the works of ,god1 in vivid contrast with the feeble1 the transitory1 the desolated works of man--the ruined abbey encircled by the everlasting hills4 ,this comprehensive panorama contains the most pleasing combination of nature and art1 mountain and meadow1 water and wood4 ,there flows the glassy ,wye1 coiled like a serpent1 and either buried in woods1 or gliding peacefully through meadows spangled with fleecy flocks4 ,its buoyant bosom bears a little bark freighted with the gay partizans of pleasure1 whose scarlet banner is playing with the summer's breeze4 ,the distant sounds of a solitary flute harmonize with the busy hum of bees1 and the song of some half-secluded bird4 ,again1 we hear the hoarser cry of the mariner1 and the metallic voice of an industrious anvil4 ,the unpretending church of ,tinterne1 in its unspotted whiteness1 contrasts with its aged companion--a sombre yew1 which1 like an ample pall1 is overshadowing the clustered monuments of death40 g,lancaut_/g cliffs1 which contribute a striking feature to this part of the scenery1 are rendered still more interesting by the following tradition3--,during the calamitous war1 so often referred to in these pages1 ,sir ,john ,winter was eminently distinguished by his devotion to the royal cause4 ,the personal risks and pecuniary sacrifices to which he was daily exposed1 only served to give more warmth to his loyalty4 ,when the ,parliament sent their first troops to the banks of the ,wye1 ,winter converted his house at ,sidney into a fortress2 and so promptly and skilfully was this accomplished1 that it was rendered not merely inaccessible1 but so well provisioned and fortified as to be able to stand a siege4 ,in this1 perhaps1 there was some little exaggeration2 for the garrison1 then at ,gloucester1 and acting under the direction of skilful and determined leaders1 were not likely to have been foiled1 had they made any such attempt4 ,their grand object was ,chepstow ,castle2 and if that fortress was ultimately found to be untenable1 the defence of a private fortalice must have been a rash and hopeless attempt4 ,it proves1 nevertheless1 that his loyalty admitted of no fear1 and was prepared for every extremity4 ,acting under the command of ,lord ,herbert--whose operations will be detailed in our account of ,raglan--,winter1 by his rapid movements1 frequently alarmed the troops under ,general ,massey4 ,but after the siege of ,gloucester was raised by the ,earl of ,essex1 the king's interest in that part of the country was much impaired2 and the ,parliamentary forces continuing to advance1 ,sir ,john ,winter was compelled by urgent duties to abandon his own residence1 and retire across the frontier4 ,in his retreat1 however1 through the forest of ,tudenham1 ,cromwell's dragoons were immediately on his traces2 escape was seemingly impossible--he was completely hemmed in by the enemy on one hand1 and the ,wye on the other2 and though well mounted1 he soon perceived that his pursuers were sensibly gaining upon him4 ,determined that they should never boast of having taken him prisoner1 he turned his horse's head suddenly towards the rocks1 which now bear his name1 and by means1 he knew not how1 quickly disappeared and descended the cliffs in safety4 ,at the base of these rolled the ,wye1 then in flood tide2 but plunging into the river1 his gallant steed carried him safely to the opposite bank1 where he was soon joined by a party of royalists1 and congratulated upon his miraculous escape4 ,the point at which he descended the rocks is still called g,winter's leap_/g4 ,of his escape1 by scrambling down the cliff1 there is no doubt2 but to represent it as the result of a leap#ih on horseback1 would be to assume the peculiar privilege of 8,geoffrey of ,monmouth40 ,after this perilous feat1 the hardy royalist returned to his house at ,sidney2 but finding it1 on closer inspection1 to be quite untenable1 he had it demolished1 and then1 joining the king's forces1 took part in the battle of ,naseby1 which gave a finishing blow to the king's affairs4 ,illustration3 ,a walk from the g,abbey_/g to the village of ,tinterne ,parva1 will never fail to interest the stranger2 in this short distance1 many new features and new combinations of scenery crowd upon the view1 and carry the mind back to remote times1 when the cloister bell was the only sound that broke in upon the stillness of the scene4 ,sweeping round the outer ring of the crescent1 within which the river flows in a deep smooth channel1 the road is overhung by masses of rock1 shaded by trees1 and skirted by cottages1 which1 from the situations they occupy1 rather than any taste or merit in their construction1 present a picturesque appearance4 ,as we advance1 the scene is continually changing3 the old abbey walls1 beautiful from whatever point they are contemplated1 assume a comparatively new aspect from the western approach1 particularly about sunset1 when the whole building appears as if bathed in a flood of yellow light4 ,to enjoy the scenery of the place under such circumstances1 is worth a long day's pilgrimage4 ,the river1 which here doubles upon itself1 so as to take the form of a horse shoe1 is of a depth navigable for small craft2 and though here and there fretted by rocks1 the surface1 as we passed1 was smooth and limpid2 through which1 as in a mirror1 the picturesque scenery on its banks appeared in distinct and beautiful reflexion4 ,near to the ,cross1 the ancient market-place of the village1 the stranger is shown a ruined edifice1 partly covered with ivy1 and bearing the evidence of having suffered less from time than violence4 ,this is supposed to have been the villa1 or extra-cloister residence of the abbots of ,tinterne1 to which at certain seasons they could retire from the exercise of their public functions1 and enjoy the privileges of social life--the society and conversation of friends and strangers1 without the forms and austerities of the cloister4 ,of this building1 nothing but a few shapeless walls is left2 but from the size and structure of the windows1 square-headed and divided by transoms1 it seems probable that the house is not earlier than the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,mr4 ,thomas thinks1 that from its ,tudor-,gothic style1 it was probably built by the abbot and some of the brotherhood1 as a retreat about the period when the original foundation was dissolved4 ,during the war which devastated the frontier in #afde-f1 it was taken and ransacked by the soldiers of the ,commonwealth4 ,since that period it has often changed its owners2 and at one time1 we are told1 though on rather uncertain ground1 it was the residence of the family of ,fielding the novelist-- ,whose name ,still draws the pilgrim to its shattered frame1 ,and bids him linger 'neath its shadow4 ,the parish church of ,tinterne ,parva is a small but very ancient building1 irregularly divided into porch1 nave1 and chancel4 ,its erection1 according to the historian of the abbey1 was anterior to the foundation of the monastery itself2 and by some writers it is even considered to have been the parent church4 ,the evidences of its great antiquity may be found in the building itself2 and a practised eye will detect indications of a ,british origin1 in certain niches or circular arched windows in the massive walls of the western side4 ,the porch1 which is chaste and in good preservation1 is a subsequent erection1 and yet of a remote age4 ,the chancel1 which 8most uncouthly joins the nave10 is the latest portion of the fabric4 ,there are fragments of some antique monuments scattered about the floor--memorials of ecclesiastics--which1 the writer sarcastically observes1 8have been judiciously cut up1 and squared1 to mend the pavement60 ,by this sage arrangement1 the parochial economy has been brought into the sharpest practice2 and although it has evinced no special veneration for the sainted dead1 or the hallowed relics of antiquity1 yet 8the ruinous expense of hauling fresh slabs from the quarry1 on the opposite side of the way1 has been most considerately spared40 ,moreover1 he adds1 8the pipe of the stove within1 is picturesquely thrust through the only ,gothic window remaining in the nave60#ii ,as if its smoke1 though dark and somewhat denser1 ,were meant to represent the ancient ,censer1 ,that once1 with daily sacrifice1 perfumed ,the ground where saints and heroes lay inhumed4 ,by the churchyard stile1 as ,mr4 ,thomas happily describes it1 8and beneath the dark mantling boughs of the yew-tree1 a scene of exquisite sweetness steals upon the eye4 ,the beautiful meadows beyond are skirted by a ridge of lofty woods1 with the gentle ,wye flowing like a liquid mirror below4 ,beneath the ,illustration3 ,the ,ferry at ,tintern4 renewed limbs of an aged elm-tree1 hollowed and blasted by the storms of many winters1 a flock of unmolested sheep repose in grateful shade2 these are1 indeed1 made 8to lie down in green pastures10 and are 8led beside the still waters40 ,it would be difficult to picture to the mind's eye a scene of more enchanting repose2 in such a place as this1 with such objects before him1 the verdant pastures1 the pendent groves1 the winding river1 the tranquil sky1--where the very clouds1 with their fleecy wings stretched forth in vain to catch the subtile current1 seem like a fleet becalmed on the wide ocean1 waiting for the breeze2--with these before him1 ambition forgets the world2 sorrow looks up with more cheerful resignation2 cares and disappointments lose both their weight and their sting3 with so little of sordid earth1 so much of the sublimity of nature to contemplate1 his thoughts become chastened1 soothed1 and elevated2 and the heart expands under a new sense of happiness1 and a feeling of brotherly kindness and benevolence towards everything that breathes4 ,he feels the poet's exhortation in all its force-- ,when thoughts ,of the last bitter hour come1 like a blight1 ,over thy spirit1 and sad images ,of the stern agony1 the shroud1 and pall1 ,and breathless darkness1 and the narrow house1 ,make thee to shudder and grow sick at heart1 ,go forth into the open sky1 and list ,to ,nature's teaching6 ,and then turning to ,wordsworth3-- ,for ,i have learnt ,to look on ,nature1 not as in the hour ,of thoughtless youth1 but hearing oftentimes ,the still1 sad music of humanity1 ,nor harsh1 nor grating1 though of ample power ,to chasten and subdue4 ,and ,i have felt ,a presence that disturbs me with the joy ,of elevated thoughts3 a sense sublime ,of something far more deeply interfused1 ,whose dwelling is the light of setting suns1 ,and the roused ocean1 and the living air1 ,and the blue sky1 and in the mind of man2 ,a motion and a spirit that impels ,all thinking things1 all objects of all thought1 ,and rolls through all things4 ,therefore am ,i still ,a lover of the meadows1 and the woods1 ,and mountains1 and of all that we behold ,from this green earth2 of all the mighty world ,of eye and ear1 both what they half create1 ,and what perceive4 g,striguil4_/g--,the whole frontier of this interesting country--the land of ,gwent--is sprinkled over with picturesque ruins1--the crumbling remains of those warlike strongholds raised by the ,norman barons1 as a defence to their newly-acquired possessions1 which were brought into frequent jeopardy by the martial and reluctant subjects of the new dynasty4 ,to these we can only advert in passing--for the plan on which this work is conducted1 does not admit of their being noticed in detail4 ,in the second century after the ,conquest1 six of these strongholds were erected near the ,british forest of ,wentwood#ajj--;a still venerable chase of between two and three thousand acres in extent1 and associated with many events in the history and traditions of the ,welsh frontiers4 ,the grand object of these castles was to form a chain of garrisoned forts for the protection of ,norman interests against the incursions of a people who1 although compelled to pass under a foreign yoke1 still gloried in their independence1 and embraced every occasion to prove that their martial spirit1 though bowed1 was not broken4 ,one of the strongest of these embattled fastnesses was g,castell-glyn-y-,striguil_/g1#aja erected1 according to ,doomsday-book1 by the ,norman warrior so often named in this work1 ,william ,fitzosborne4 ,in ,hammer's ,irish ,chronicle1#ajb however1 its erection is ascribed to ,gilbert ,strongbow1 whose life and family we have already noticed in the account of ,tinterne ,abbey4 ,the remains of this castle1 though inadequate to convey any just notion of its original strength1 are still sufficiently marked with regard to its size and proportions4 ,its outworks have mouldered down into shapeless masses1 over which nature has thrown so dense a matting of underwood1 that the traces of art have been almost obliterated4 ,the form 8was that of an oblong square1 the angles of which1 as usual in such cases1 were defended by octagonal towers20#ajc at one extremity was the donjon1 or keep1 the situation of which is indicated by the shapeless mound of vegetation1 which draws nutriment from its dbris4 ,the walls were encircled by a deep moat1 supplied by two mountain rivulets1 which unite at this point to form the g,troggy_/g1 one of the silver tributaries of the river ,usk4 ,the other castles ,avhich deserve a cursory notice1 are1 ,llanvair1 ,llanvaches1 ,pencoed1 ,dinham1 and ,penhow4#ajd ,the latter1 an ancient seat of the g,seymours_/g1 occupies a bold and romantic situation4 ,the acclivity which forms the direct approach to it1 is nearly perpendicular4 ,the view which it commands consists of a valley1 or rather wooded ravines1 in the foreground2 and in the distance1 a range of barren hills that bound the horizon-- ,hills that1 giving birth ,to circling fountains1 glad the parent earth2 ,and from their bosom1 framed for martial toil1 ,sent forth the guardian heroes of the soil4 ,by the marriage of the ,lady ,jane1 daughter of ,sir ,john ,seymour1 with ,henry the ,eighth1 and the birth of their son1 afterwards ,edward the ,sixth1 the house of ,penhow was placed in a situation to compete with that of ,raglan2 and by the fortuitous influence thus acquired1 the ,seymours took a leading authority in the management and direction of county affairs4 ,this castle1 or rather fortalice1 appears to have derived its strength1 more from its isolated and once inaccessible position1 than from the extent of its walls or outworks4 ,a portion of the interior has been repaired and rendered habitable1 or rather a house has been erected on the site of the old bereau1 and thus future patriots and statesmen may yet 8come forth of ,penhow40 g,llanvair_/g1 about six miles west from ,chepstow1 was the ancient residence of the ,kemeys family1 from whom sprang ,sir ,nicholas ,kemeys1 the last governor of ,chepstow ,castle1 whose heroic but tragical fate has been already noticed in these pages4 ,the ruins of this ancient homestead are too inconsiderable to challenge more than a passing glance from the tourist4 ,the same may be said of ,dinham1 a hamlet in the parish of ,llanvair-,discoed4 g,goldcliffe_/g1 8so called10 says ,camden1 8because the stones there1 of a golden colour1 by reverberation of the sunne shining full upon them1 glitter with a wonderful brightnesse4 ,neither can ,i be easilie perswaded that nature hath given this brightnesse in vaine unto the stones1 and that there should be a flowre here without fruit2 were there any man that would serch into the veines there1 and using the direction of ,art1 enter into the inmost and secretest bowels of the earth40#aje ,but what was a mystery in the days of ,giraldus1 and even of ,camden1 admits of a very simple solution4 ,the ,gold ,cliff1 so called1 consists of a rock nearly perpendicular1 which rises abruptly to the height of a hundred feet in an extensive moor4#ajf ,it consists of limestone strata1 nearly horizontal and parallel1 supported by a base of brown sandstone1 abounding with yellow mica4 ,the brilliant effect of the sun upon this micaceous surface1 was a reason for the old belief in the neighbourhood1 that the rock contained gold1 and was therefore considered as a situation of peculiar value and sanctity4#ajg ,the gchurch_/g of ,goldcliffe belonged to a priory founded and endowed in #aaac1 by ,robert de g,chandos_/g1 eighteen years earlier than that of ,tinterne ,abbey1 who1 by the persuasion of ,henry the ,first1 annexed it to the ,abbey of g,bec_/g1 in ,normandy1 whence a prior and twelve ,black1 or ,benedictine1 friars were conveyed to it4 ,on the suppression of alien priories1 ,henry ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick1 obtained of ,king ,henry the ,sixth the patronage of the priory1 with permission to annex it to the ,abbey of ,st4 ,mary1 at ,tewkesbury1 to which it was made a cell in #addb4 ,the ,cambro-,britons1 however1 being offended at this measure1 obliged the prior and monks of ,tewkesbury to quit ,goldcliffe in #adde2 but in the following year they were permitted to return4 ,in the twenty-ninth of the reign of ,henry the ,sixth1 ,goldcliffe ,priory was granted to the college at ,eton1 and to ,tewkesbury again4 ,at the accession of ,edward the ,fourth1 but seven years later1 it was restored to ,eton college1 in whose possession it has since remained4#ajh g,caldicot4_/g--,the castle of this name is said to have been erected by one of the ancient ,bohuns1 earls of ,hereford1 hereditary lords-high-constables of ,england1#aji for nearly two hundred years4 ,from them the castle descended to ,henry1 ,duke of ,lancaster1 and upon his accession to the throne as ,henry the ,fourth1 it was invested in the crown4 ,the ivy-mantled walls enclose a large court1 with three entrances4 ,the principal gateway is flanked by lofty square towers2 and on the east side are the remains of the hall1 comprising a range of windows1 of large size and elegant workmanship4 ,the style of masonry1 as shown in the construction of the walls1 is excellent2 the courses of large and equal sized stones1 are accurately squared and jointed2 but the whole construction has more the appearance of an ancient domestic residence1 than of a ,british stronghold--well suited for the accommodation of a feudal baron and his retinue in times of peace1 but ill prepared to resist an enemy1 or sustain a siege4 ,yet there ,tradition tells her tale ,of warrior-knights in glittering mail-- ,of martial feat1 and festive hall1 ,and banners waving from the wall2 ,when ,cambria's rival spears were bent ,for martial joust and tournament2 ,while ,beauty1 from her lattice high1 ,surveyed the scene with radiant eye-- ,and ,cambria's ,chivalry in arms ,did faithful homage to her charms4 ,but g,caldicot_/g1 how lonely now6 ,the wreath has withered from thy brow2 ,the scene of song and martial deeds ,is now a wilderness of weeds6 ,ah1 such at last the homes shall be ,of ,england's proudest ,chivalry6 g,mathern_/g is remarkable as the burial-place of ,theodoric or ,teudrick1 the hermit king of ,glamorgan1 already mentioned4#aaj ,his hermitage 8among the rocks of ,tinterne10 to which he had retired for repose and meditation in the evening of life1 is supposed to have stood on the site of the present abbey1 which had thus1 in the traditional records of the people1 a spot already consecrated by royal example1 as a foundation for those gorgeous altars by which it was subsequently distinguished4 ,when dragged from his retreat by the supplications of his family and subjects1 and armed once more against the ,saxons1 he solemnly enjoined his son that1 in the event of his falling in battle1 they should erect a ,christian church over his remains1 as a monument of his faith and patriotism4 ,the battle that speedily ensued1 as tradition reports1 was a great victory1 but a victory purchased with the blood of ,teudrick2 for during the fierce conflict that had covered the ,vale of ,tinterne with the slain1 he received a blow from a ,saxon battle-axe which proved fatal4 ,from the field he was conveyed homeward as far as ,mathern1 where he died2 and there his son1 who succeeded him in the chieftainship1 erected a church to his memory1 the name of which has perpetuated his martyrdom4#aaa ,the foundation of this church in its primitive state1 consisted1 like other ,british structures1 of a nave only--a side aisle and chancel appear to have been added at a very early date2 and1 subsequently to these1 a tower was erected which completed the sacred edifice1 and rendered it more conspicuous as a historical landmark1 and place of pilgrimage4 ,it is distinguished by handsome ,gothic windows1 portions of which are adorned with stained glass2 and the roof is supported by ,saxon arches1 resting on massive octagon piers4 ,on a plain mural tablet in the g,chancel_/g of this ancient church1 is the following inscription1 supposed to have been written by ,bishop ,godwin4 ,the fact of its being the sepulchre of the ,british ,prince ,teudrick1 was finally ascertained by the discovery of his stone coffin1 in which the skeleton was found almost entire4 ,on the skull1 also1 in accordance with local tradition1 a fracture was observed1 which clearly indicated the manner of his death1 and confirmed the testimony of local history4 ,the following is the inscription3--8,here lyeth entombed the body of ,,theodoric1 ,king of ,morganuch1 or ,glamorgan1 commonly called g,st4 ,theodoric_/g1 and accounted a martyr1 because he was slain in battle against the ,saxons1 being then pagans1 and in defence of the ,christian ,religion4 ,the battle was fought at g,tynterne_/g1 where he obtained a great victory4 ,he died here1 being on his way homeward1 three days after the battle1 having taken order with ,maurice1 his son1 who succeeded him in the kingdom1 that in the same place where he should happen to decease1 a church should be built1 and his body buried in the same1 which was accordingly performed in the year #fjj40 8,on ascending the tower of this church10 says ,mr4 ,thomas1 8a scene of great extent and surpassing beauty is spread before the eye2 on one side you have a long reach of water1 strewn with vessels and rocks2 on the other a wide undulating tract of land1 overspread with villas and smiling meadows1 crowded with many a gentle herd2 while beneath1 and not the least interesting objects of this scene1 are those melancholy wrecks of bygone splendour--,mathern ,palace and ,moinscourt40 ,the first of these two objects1 the old episcopal residence1 is now 8the ruinous retreat of some humble followers of the plough40 ,the north and north-east portions1 comprising the porch and tower1 were erected by ,bishop ,de la ,zouch1 who was consecrated in the year #adjh1 and the chapel hall1 and some other compartments1 were added by ,miles ,sulley1 who came to the see in #aejd4 ,moinscourt1 now reduced to the humble uses of a farmhouse1 was another of the palaces1 belonging to the see of ,llandaff1 and supposed to have been erected by ,bishop ,godwin1 who made it his favourite residence4 ,passing beneath a ,gothic porch1 crowned with two lofty turrets1 we enter a spacious quadrangular court1 at the extremity of which stands the palace4 ,over the entrance is an escutcheon1 on which are sculptured the arms of ,godwin1 impaled with those of the see1 and bearing the date of #afjc4 ,the court was formerly adorned with two monuments of ,roman antiquity found in the vicinity--one a votive altar1 the other an inscription1 recording the rebuilding of the ,temple of ,diana1 by ,t4 ,f4 ,posthumius ,varus4 ,it was from the ancient ,roman slabs1 built into the garden walls of this residence1 that ,bishop ,godwin supplied the drawings and inscriptions for ,camden's ,britannia4#aab ,before adverting to the final suppression of ,tinterne g,abbey_/g1 and the confiscation of its revenues to the king's treasury1 we shall now take a brief view of the circumstances which led to this grand revolution in our ecclesiastical government--quoting for our authority those writers of unquestionable veracity1 who have treated of that momentous epoch4 ,first1 with regard to the g,dissolution4_/g--8,never10 says an historian of this epoch1#aac 8never was there any exploit1 seemingly so full of hazard and danger1 more easily achieved than the subversion of our ,english monasteries40 ,the church commissioners presented a startling report of the vices#aad and deceptions of the monks and nuns2 and1 what was of equal weight in the condemnation1 they sent in the title-deeds of their estates1 with the inventory of their plate1 jewels1 and ready money4 ,upon this a bill was introduced1 giving unto the king and his heirs all monastic establishments1 the revenues of which did not exceed two hundred pounds sterling a year1 with every kind of property attached to them1 whether real or personal4 ,three hundred and eighty of the lesser houses fell within this category1 and were suppressed2 whereby the king was enriched by thirty-two thousand pounds per annum--an enormous sum in that day--in addition to a hundred thousand pounds in ready money1 plate1 and jewels4 ,the bill1 according to one writer1 was not passed through the ,house of ,commons without some difficulty2 but g,henry_/g1 sending for the ministers1 and telling them that he would have either the bill or their heads1 they passed it immediately4 ,the parliament1 which1 by successive prorogations1 had sat for the unprecedented term of six years1 was now dissolved2 and ,henry1 after all their passive obedience1 appears to have been disgusted at this their last and feeble effort at opposition4 ,he now named other commissioners to take possession of the suppressed monasteries1 and to prepare measures for the seizure of others4 ,if these men1 mostly the friends of ,cromwell or of ,cranmer1 had a better religion before their eyes1 they certainly were not blind to the charms of lucre1 and the temptations of fair houses and fat glebes2 as many of them made a harvest for themselves1 out of the spoils of the monks and nuns4#aae ,the superiors of the suppressed houses were promised small pensions for life1 which were very irregularly paid4 ,all the monks not twenty-four years of age were absolved from their vows1 and turned loose upon the world without any kind of provision2 the rest1 if they wished to continue in the profession1 were divided among the greater houses that were still left standing4 ,the poor nuns were turned adrift to beg or starve2 having nothing given to them1 save one common gown for each4#aaf 8,these things10 says ,godwin1 8were of themselves distasteful to the vulgar sort1 of whom each one did1 as it were1 claim a share in the goods of the church2 for many being neither monks1 nor allied to monks1 did1 notwithstanding1 conceive that it might hereafter come to pass that either their children1 friends1 or kindred1 might obtain their share2 whereas1 when all their property was once confiscated1 they could never hope for any such advantages4 ,but the popular commiseration for the thousands of monks and nuns who were1 almost without warning given1 thrust out of doors1 and committed to the mercy of the world1 became a more forcible cause of discontent4 ,there were not wanting desperate men to take advantage of this state of public feeling2 and it was diligently rumoured in all parts1 that this was but the beginning of greater evils and more general spoliations--only a trial of their patience2 that1 as yet1 the shrubs and underwood were but touched2 but unless a speedy remedy were applied1 the end would be with the fall of the lofty oaks40 ,at the same time1 the crowds of poor1 who1 by an ancient but defective system1 had derived their support from the monastic establishments1 became furious at finding their resources cut off1 and at seeing the monks who had fed them now begging like themselves by the roadsides4 ,in the midst of these general discontents1 ,cranmer and ,cromwell issued certain doctrinal injunctions to the clergy1 which were too novel to find immediate favour with the multitude2 and certain ,protestant reformers1 who had more courage than they1 ventured to print books about ,iconolatria1 image-worship1 auricular confession1 transubstantiation1 and other fundamental tenets and practices of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,the king1 who assumed all the authority in matters of dogmas that had ever been claimed by the popes1 and much more than they had ever put in practice in ,england1 pronounced rewards and sentences which irritated both parties alike1 and all these questions were referred to him--thus occupying a good deal of his time1 and keeping in dangerous activity his old political bile4#aag ,we find the ,lord ,chancellor ,audley writing in great perturbation to ,cromwell1 telling him that 8there is a book come forth in print1 touching the taking away of images1 and begging to know whether he was privy to the publishing thereof10 which ,cranmer probably was1#aah though1 had such a fact been known to his master at that moment1 his neck would have been in jeopardy4 ,the chancellor says1 8,i assure you1 in the parts where ,i have been1 some discord there is1 and diversity of opinion among the people1 touching the worshipping of saints and images2 and for creeping1 kneeling at cross1 and such like ceremonies heretofore used in the church1 which discord it were good should be put to silence2 and this book will make much business in the same1 if it should go forth4 ,wherefore10 he continues1 8,i pray you1 ,i may be advised whether you know it or no1 for ,i intend to send for the printers and stop them2 but there may be many abroad4 ,it were good that the preachers and people abstained from opinions of such things1 till such time as by the report of such as the king's highness hath appointed for the searching and ordering of laws of the church1 his grace may put a final order on such things1 how his people and subjects shall use themselves without contention4 ,and if the people were thus commanded by proclamation to abstain till that time1 such proclamation1 drawn in honest terms1 would do much good to avoid contention40#aai ,the king was by no means backward in issuing his final orders and decrees spiritual2 and the reformers herein concealing their ulterior views1 he was led to reduce the number of sacraments from seven to three--,baptism1 the ,lord's ,supper1 and ,penance2 to forbid the direct adoration of images2 to abrogate a number of saints' days or holidays1 especially such as fell in harvest time2 to declare the ,scriptures1 with the ,apostolic1 ,nicene1 and ,athanasian creeds1 the sole standards of faith2 to order every parish priest to expound these to his parishioners in plain ,english2 and to direct the printing and distribution of an ,english translation of the ,bible1 one copy of which was to be kept in every parish church4 ,the king1 in his wisdom1 insisted on the necessity of auricular confession1 and denounced any questioning of the #8real presence' in the eucharist as a damnable heresy1 to be punished with fire and faggot4 ,purgatory1 he confessed1 puzzled him2 steering a middle course1 he declared himself to be uncertain on this head2 and kindly permitted his subjects to pray for the souls of their departed friends1 provided only that they fell into none of the old abuses of enriching religious houses and shrines for this object4#abj 8,meanwhile10 says the historian1 8the king continued much prone to reformation1 especially if anything might be gotten by it40 ,nothing was more easy than to prove that all the monastic orders had been engaged in the late insurrection2#aba and as many of the richest abbeys and priories remained as yet untouched1 there was no want of wise counsellors1 all anxious to share in the spoil1 who recommended their total suppression4 ,in some cases1 out of a dread of martial law1 or1 what was equally bad1 a prosecution for high treason1 the g,abbots_/g surrendered1 gave1 and granted their abbeys unto the king1 his heirs and assigns for ever2 but still many replied1 like the prior of ,henton1 8that they would not be light and hasty in giving up those things which were not theirs to give1 being dedicated to the g,almighty_/g for service to be done to his honour continually1 with other many good deeds of charity which be daily done in their houses to their ,christian neighbours40#abb 8,these recusants were treated with great severity2 the prisons were crowded with priors and monks1 who died so rapidly in their places of confinement1 as to excite a dreadful suspicion40 ,without waiting for a 8needless act of parliament1 the king suppressed many other houses2 and soon after1 with the full consent of ,lords and ,commons1 finished the business1 by seizing all the gabbeys_/g without exception1 with all the other religious houses1 except a very few1 which1 at the earnest petition of the people1 were spared or given up to the representatives of their original founders40 ,before proceeding to the 8final suppression1 under the pretence of checking the superstitious worshipping of images1 he had laid bare their altars1 and stripped their shrines of everything that was valuable2 nor did he spare the rich coffins and the crumbling bones of the dead40 ,at the distance of four hundred years--exasperated at that extraordinary man's opposition to the royal prerogative--he determined to execute vengeance on the bones and relics of g,thomas a ,becket4_/g--,the ,martyr's tomb was broken open2 and by an insane process1 worthy of a ,nero or a ,caligula1 a criminal information was filed against him as 8,thomas ,becket1 some time ,archbishop of ,canterbury20 and he was formally cited to appear in court1 and answer to the charges4 ,thirty days were allowed the saint2 but we need hardly inform our readers that his dishonoured relics rested quietly at ,canterbury1 and did not appear to plead in ,westminster ,hall4 ,with due solemnity the court opened its proceedings4#abc ,the attorney-general eloquently exposed the case for the prosecution1 and the advocates of the saint--who no doubt spoke less boldly--were heard in defence2 and that being over1 sentence was pronounced1 that 8,becket0 had been guilty of rebellion1 treason1 and contumacy2 that his bones should be burnt as a lesson to the living not to oppose the royal will2 and that the rich offerings with which many generations of men1 native and foreign1 had enriched his shrine1 should be forfeited to the crown as the personal property of the traitor4 8,in the month of ,august10 continues the historian1 8,cromwell1 who must have smiled at the course pursued1 sent down some of his commissioners to ,canterbury1 who executed their task so well1 that they filled two immense coffers with gold and jewels1 each of them so heavy that it required eight strong men to lift it40 8,among the rest10 says ,godwin1 8was a stone of especial lustre1 called the ,royal of ,france1 offered by ,king ,louis ,,vii41 in the year #aagi2 together with a great massive cup of gold1 at what time he also bestowed an annuity on the monks of that church of an hundred tuns of wine4 ,this stone was afterwards highly prized by the king1 who did continually wear it on his thumb40 ,a few months after1 the king1 by proclamation1 stated to his people1 that forasmuch as it now clearly appears ,thomas ,becket had been killed in a riot provoked by his own obstinacy and insolence1 and had been canonized by the ,bishop of ,rome merely because he was champion of that usurped authority1 he now deemed it proper to declare that he was no saint whatever1 but a rebel and traitor to his prince3 and that1 therefore1 he1 the king1 strictly commanded that he should not be any longer esteemed or called a saint2 that all images and pictures of him should be destroyed2 and that his name and remembrance should be erased out of all books1 under pain of his majesty's indignation1 and imprisonment at his grace's pleasure4#abd g,the revenues_/g of ,tinterne ,abbey1 though far inferior to others of the same order1 particularly those in ,yorkshire1 were still sufficient for the maintenance of the brotherhood1 the repairs and decoration of the buildings1 and the exercise of hospitality1 which formed so important a feature in the monastic code4 ,the estimate recorded by ,dugdale is probably under the mark2 while that of ,speed may possibly exceed1 by a few pounds1 the actual rental of the abbey lands4 ,the former has computed it at #aib4 #as4 #c;d41 the latter at #beb4 #aas4 #f;d41 sums which1 taking into account the value of money in those times1 give no mean idea of its annual resources4 ,this sum1 however1 is exclusive of the daily tribute received from the pious hands of pilgrims1 and the donations of many distinguished guests1 who1 from time to time1 sat at the g,abbot's_/g table1 or found refuge in its sanctuary4 ,the details of the first endowments#abe of ,tinterne ,abbey1 as well as various later benefactions1 down to the seventh year of ,henry the ,third1 are contained in a charter of confirmation from ,william ,marshall1 grandson of ,walter de ,clare1 the founder4 8,herein10 says ,tanner1 8were thirteen religious about the time of the dissolution1 when the estates belonging to this monastery were rated at #bef4 #aas4 #f;d4 in the gross1 and #aib4 #as4 #d-a_/b;d4 per annum1 clear income40 ,the site of ,tinterne ,abbey1 with all the monastic buildings1 was granted #bhth ,henry ,,viii4 to ,henry1 ,earl of ,worcester4 ,it is still the property of his descendant1 the ,duke of ,beaufort4 ,leland1 mentioning ,tinterne ,abbey in his ,collectanea1 says1 8,there was a sanctuary granted to ,tinterne1 but it hath not been used many a day40 ,the common seal of this monastery is appended to an instrument dated in the #fth of ,henry ,,viii41 whereby the abbot and convent appoint ,charles1 ,earl of ,worcester1 and ,henry ,somerset1 ,lord ,herbert1 his son and heir apparent1 chief stewards of their manor of ,arle in ,norfolk4 ,the subject of this seal1 of which only a mutilated impression in red wax remains1 was the ,virgin ,mary and the infant ,saviour1 seated under an ornamented arch--in a niche underneath1 was an abbot1 with his crosier1 on his knees praying4 ,nearly the whole of the legend is gone1 the only part remaining being4444 ,,rii4 ,,beate4 g,william ,marshall_/g1 the 8vetus ,marescallus10 as he is called in black-letter chronicles--who married the daughter and heiress of ,richard ,strongbow--became the founder of a new ,cistercian ,abbey1 near ,wexford1 in ,ireland4 ,finding himself1 once upon a time1 in great peril during a voyage thither1 he made a vow to the ,virgin ,mary1 that if by her help he escaped shipwreck1 and once more set foot on dry land1 he would testify his gratitude by founding an gabbey_/g to her honour4 ,the ship having got safe into port1 he lost no time in commencing the pious work1 to which1 in compliment to her elder sister on the ,wye1 he gave the name of g,tynterna_/g de ,voto4 g,daughters of ,tinterne4_/g--,in addition to what has been already mentioned of the two daughters1#abf or offshoots1 of ,tinterne on the ,wye1 we collect the following particulars3-- g,tinterne ,abbey_/g1 in the ,county of ,wexford4--8,this abbey was situated on the shore of ,bannow ,bay1 in the barony of ,shelburne1 three miles north-east of ,duncannon ,fort4 ,william1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 as already mentioned1 being in great danger and peril at sea1 made a vow to found an abbey in that place where he should first arrive in safety2 and the place was the bay in question4 ,he accordingly performed his vow1 dedicated his abbey to the ,virgin ,mary1 endowed it1 and settled a convent of ,cistercian monks in it1 whom he brought from g,tinterne_/g in ,monmouthshire4 ,archdale gives the particulars of the ,earl of ,pembroke's endowment of this house1 from ,king4 ,the whole1 however1 was not completed in the earl's lifetime1 for ,dugdale has given ,king ,john's charter confirming the bequest of thirty carucates of land to this abbey in the earl's will40#abg g,kingswood ,abbey4_/g--8,,roger ,,de ,,berkeley received by gift of ,william ,rufus certain lands1 upon condition that he should confer them upon some monks or canons2 but being prevented by death1 he bequeathed them to ,william de ,berkeley#abh his nephew1 upon the same terms4 ,and of which ,william1 ,i find that he bestowed upon the monks of g,tynterne_/g1 in ,wales1 a certain g,desart_/g near ,berkeley1 called g,kingswood_/g1 there to found an abbey of the g,cistercian ,order_/g2 and that ,maud the ,empress1 daughter to ,king ,henry the ,first1 confirmed that grant4 ,the convent was built1 but during the troublous reign of ,stephen they removed to ,haselden2 but thence1 on the return of peace1 they were expelled by the proprietor1 and again took up their abode at g,kingswood_/g4 ,reginal ,d4 ,s4 g,walerick_/g repenting1 invited them back to ,haselden2 but1 after a time1 the place being found very inconvenient for lack of water1 they were removed by him to g,tetbury_/g1 ,kingswood all this time being left as a mere grange of the monastery4 ,of this the heir of the founder complained1 and required that the convent should return thither1 according to the conditions upon which it was given by his ancestor4 ,a general chapter of the whole g,order_/g1 however1 decided against him1 and determined that ,kingswood should remain as a mere farm belonging to the convent of ,tetbury2 but that mass should always be sung at g,kingswood_/g1 privately1 by one monk1 who was to have for his labour twenty-seven marks and a half4 ,but after this1 by another general chapter of that ,order1 it was agreed that the ,abbot of ,waverley1 in ,surrey1 should rebuild ,kingswood with the consent of the founder1 and confirmation of the ,king2 which being done without the privity of the convent at ,tetbury1 and ,abbot of g,tynterne_/g1 who opposed the same4 ,upon a meeting of divers other abbots at ,kingswood1 it was concluded1 that the monks placed at ,kingswood should be recalled1 and that place reduced unto the state of a grange to ,tettebiry1 as it was before40 ,these transmutations1 however1 were not yet concluded3 8for ,tettebiry being found a narrow place1 too little for an abbey1 and having no fuel but what was brought from ,kingswood1 which was far distant1 ,bernard de ,s4 ,walerick came to accord with ,roger de g,berkley_/g1 the founder of ,kingswood1 and therefore1 obtaining a grant from him of forty acres of land adjoining to ,kingswood1 translated those monks from ,tettebiry thither1 and called it g,kingswood_/g1 as a name of most note40#abi ,such were the vicissitudes of this abbey4 ,according to ,pope ,nicholas' taxation1 the spiritualities of this monastery amounted in #abia to the annual sum of #f4 #ds4 #d;d42 the temporalities to #dg4 #ags4 #b;d42 making a total of #ed4 #as4 #f;d4 ,there is no valuation of ,kingswood in the general ecclesiastical survey of the #bfth ,henry ,,viii41 though ,tanner says it was valued at that time1 according to ,dugdale1 at #bdd4 #aas4 #b;d4 per annum2 according to ,speed1 at #bed4 #aas4 #b;d42 clear1 #bci4 #ais4 #g-c_/d;d4 ,in a ,,ms4 record in the whole at #bed4 #es4 #aj;d4 ,a survey of this house1 taken in the #bith ,henry ,,viii41 is preserved in the appendix to the ,monasticon ,anglicanum4 ,there is also a minister's #8accompt' of it in the ,augmentation office1 #cbnd ,henry ,,viii42 but its possessions are there answered for1 in gross1 at the sum of #bde4 #hs4 #h;d41 the whole of its estates being then on lease to ,sir ,nicholas ,peyntz1 ,knt41 under the seal of the ,court of ,augmentations1 dated #ajth ,march1 #bith ,henry ,,viii41 for a term of twenty-one years at the above rent4 ,in the second year of ,queen ,elizabeth1 the site of this house was granted to ,sir ,john ,thynne1 ,knt4 ,the register of ,kingswood ,abbey was in the possession of ,john ,smith1 ,esq4 of ,nibley1 in the county of ,gloucester4 ,the common seal represented the ,blessed ,virgin crowned1 holding in her arms the infant ,jesus1 and standing between two elegant pilasters1 surmounted by a canopy2 the field diapered2 in base1 under an arch1 the half figure of a monk praying2 the legend much flattened1 so that no more of it can be read than ,s4,,cof 444 ,,conventus 444 ,,de ,,kingewod4 ,an impression of this seal on red wax is appendant to a conventual lease1 temp4 ,henry ,,viii41 in the ,augmentation office4#acj ,illustration3 ,fg,,rom_/g the above cursory notice of the spiritual daughters of 8,holy ,tinterne10 we return to the ,mother-,abbey4 ,in ,england1 says an eminent ,catholic writer1 the scheme of plundering the ecclesiastical property by men of a certain class1 had never been wholly abandoned4 ,in ,henry the ,fourth's time there was 8the laymen's parliament of those who countenanced ,wickliffe1 and loved the lands far better than they did the religion of the ,church2 but their designs at that time were defeated by the stout and religious opposition of ,thomas ,arundel1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and other ,prelates40#aca ,against these evils the ancient canons of the church in ,germany provided1 by prohibiting the faithful from holding any communication with men who disturb priests1 and the state of the church4#acb 8,now10 he continues1 8if g,st4 ,thomas_/g and the clergy of the middle ages are to be condemned for resisting such injustice by prayers1 and law1 and canonical censures1 what will be thought of g,st4 ,ambrose_/g1 and other pastors of the early church1 who1 by still more uncompromising firmness1 believed that they were imitating the apostles80 ,st4 ,ambrose declares that he will never relinquish the churches to the ,arians1 as the ,emperor ,valentinian commands1 unless by force4 8,if any force remove me from the church1 my flesh10 he says1 8may be disturbed1 but not my mind2 for ,i am prepared to suffer whatever a priest may suffer1 if the emperor should exert his regal power4 ,i will never abandon the church voluntarily2 but ,i cannot oppose force4 ,i can grieve1 ,i can weep1 ,i can groan2 against arms1 soldiers1 and ,goths1 tears are my arms2 for these are the weapons of a priest4 ,otherwise ,i neither ought to resist1 nor can ,i resist4 ,when it was proposed to me to deliver up the vessels of the church1 ,i sent word that ,i would willingly give up what was mine own1 whether lands or houses1 gold or silver2 but that ,i could take nothing from the temple of ,god1 nor lightly abandon what ,i had received to guard--not to deliver up4 ,fear not1 therefore1 for me1 dearly beloved1 since ,i know that whatever ,i am about to suffer1 ,i shall suffer for g,christ_/g2 and the will of ,christ must be fulfilled1 and that will be for the best4 ,let them decree the penalty of death1 ,i fear it not2 nor will ,i on that account desert the martyrs2 for whither could ,i go where all things would not be full of groans and tears1 when ,catholic priests are ordered to be driven from the churches1 or to be struck with the sword if they resisted2 and this decree to be written by a bishop1 who should quote ancient examples to prove himself most learned8 g,auxentius_/g1 thirsting for blood1 demanded my church2 but ,i say with the prophet--#8,absit ut ego patrum meorum tradam hreditatem6' ,naboth was prepared to defend his vineyard at the expense of his blood4 ,if he could not give up his vineyard1 neither will we give up the church of g,christ_/g4 ,do ,i then return a contumacious answer8 ,i have answered as a priest2 let the emperor act as an emperor4 ,last year10 he adds1 8when ,i was invited to the palace1 and introduced before the council1 when the emperor wished to take from us the church1 ,i should have been subdued by the contemplation of the royal hall1 and ,i should not have kept the constancy of a priest1 or should have departed with loss of right4 ,do they not remember1 then1 how the people rushed to the palace1 and overwhelmed every force1 declaring that they would die for the faith of g,christ_/g8 ,then ,i was desired to appease the people1 which ,i did by engaging that the church should not be given up2 but now the ,arians wish to give law to the church1 and accuse us of sedition in resisting the emperor4 ,let him take our tribute or our lands1 if they ask treasure3 our treasure is the poor of g,christ_/g2 our defence is in the prayers of the poor4 ,these blind1 and lame1 and weak1 and aged persons1 are stronger than robust warriors4 ,i am to give to ,csar what belongs to ,csar2 to ,god what belongs to ,god3 the tribute is ,csar's1 but the church is ,god's4 ,as for the fire1 or sword1 or banishment1 which are threatened1 we fear them not40#acc ,again1 writing to his sister ,marcella1 he says3 8,not only the gbasilica_/g without the walls is now demanded1 but also the new and greater one within the city4 ,when the prince summoned me to resign them1 ,i replied1 what was of course1 that #8the temple of ,god could not be given up by a priest4' ,the emperor cannot invade the house of a private man1 and will he dare to take possession of the house of ,god6 ,the palace belongs to the emperor1 the church to the priest4 ,if he be a tyrant1 ,i desire to be aware of it1 that ,i may know how to prepare against him1 for ,i have the power to offer my body4 ,if he thinks himself a tyrant1 why does he delay to strike8 ,by ancient laws empires were given by priests1 not taken from them2 and it is a common saying1 that emperors have rather desired priesthood1 than priests empire4 ,the tyranny of a priest is his infirmity2 for #8when ,i am weak1 then am ,i strong4'0 ,with examples like this before them--and numerous others might here be cited--it is not surprising that many of the monastic priesthood preferred to endure fines1 imprisonment1 and even death1 to the enjoyment of that life and freedom which could only be purchased by acts of apostacy4 ,and on this portion of our subject we avail ourselves of an eloquent passage from one of the most popular works of the day3-- ,the conversion of the ,anglo-,saxons to ,christianity was the first of a long series of salutary revolutions4 ,it is true that the church had been deeply corrupted both by that superstition1 and by that philosophy1 against which she had long contended1 and over which she had at last triumphed4 ,she had given a too easy admission to doctrines borrowed from the ancient schools1 and to rites borrowed from the ancient temples4 ,roman policy and ,gothic ignorance1 ,grecian ingenuity and ,syrian asceticism1 had contributed to deprave her2 yet she retained enough of the sublime theology1 and benevolent morality of her earlier days1 to elevate many intellects1 and to purify many hearts4 ,some things also which1 at a later period1 were justly regarded as among her chief blemishes1 were in the seventh century1 and long afterwards1 among her chief merits4 ,that the sacerdotal order should encroach on the functions of the civil magistrate1 would1 in our time1 be a great evil4 ,but that which in an age of good government is an evil1 may1 in an age of grossly bad government1 be a blessing4 ,it is better that mankind should be governed by wise laws well administered1 and by an enlightened public opinion1 than by priestcraft2 but it is better that men should be governed by priestcraft than by brute violence1--by such a prelate as ,dunstan1 than by such a warrior as ,penda4 ,a society sunk in ignorance1 and ruled by mere physical force1 has great reason to rejoice when a class1 of which the influence is intellectual1 rises to ascendancy4 ,such a class will doubtless abuse its power2 but mental power1 even when abused1 is still a nobler and better power than that which consists merely in corporeal strength4 ,we read in the ,anglo-,saxon chronicles of tyrants who1 when at the height of greatness1 were smitten with remorse2 who abhorred the pleasures and dignities which they had purchased by guilt2 who abdicated their crowns1 and who sought to atone for their offences by cruel penances and incessant prayers4 ,these stories have drawn forth bitter expressions of contempt from some writers who1 while they boasted of liberality1 were in truth as narrow-minded as any monk of the dark ages1 and whose habit was to apply to all events in the history of the world the standard received in the ,parisian society of the eighteenth century4 ,yet surely a system which1 however deformed by superstition1 introduced strong moral restraints into communities previously governed only by vigour of muscle1 and by audacity of spirit2 a system which taught even the fiercest and mightiest ruler that he was1 like his meanest bondsman1 a responsible being1 might have seemed to deserve a more respectful mention from philosophers and philanthropists4#acd ,the same observations will apply to the contempt with which1 in the last century1 it was fashionable to speak of the pilgrimages1 the sanctuaries1 the crusades1 and the monastic institutions of the middle ages4 ,in times when men were scarcely ever induced to travel by liberal curiosity1 or by the pursuit of gain1 it was better that the rude inhabitant of the north should visit ,italy and the ,east as a pilgrim1 than that he should never see anything but the squalid cabins1 and uncleared woods1 amidst which he was born4#ace ,in times when life and female honour were exposed to daily risk from tyrants and marauders1 it was better that the precinct of a shrine should be regarded with an irrational awe1 than that there should be no refuge inaccessible to cruelty and licentiousness4 ,in times when statesmen were incapable of forming extensive political combinations1 it was better that the ,christian nations should be roused and united for the recovery of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 than that they should1 one by one1 be overwhelmed by the ,mahometan power4 ,whatever reproach may1 at a later period1 have been justly thrown on the indolence and luxury of religious orders1 it was surely good that1 in an age of ignorance and violence1 there should be quiet cloisters and gardens1 in which the arts of peace could be safely cultivated2 in which gentle and contemplative natures could find an asylum2 in which one brother could employ himself in transcribing the neid of ,virgil1 and another in meditating the ,analytics of ,aristotle2 in which he who had a genius for art1 might illuminate a martyrology1 or carve a crucifix2 and in which he who had a turn for natural philosophy1 might make experiments on the properties of plants and minerals4 ,had not such retreats been scattered here and there1 among the huts of a miserable peasantry1 and the castles of a ferocious aristocracy1 ,european society would have consisted merely of beasts of burden1 and beasts of prey4 ,the gchurch_/g has many times been compared to the ark of which we read in the ,book of ,genesis2 but never was the resemblance more perfect than during the evil time1 when she rode alone1 amidst darkness and tempest1 on the deluge beneath which all the great works of ancient power and wisdom lay entombed2 bearing within her that feeble germ1 from which a second and more glorious civilization was to spring4#acf ,illustration3 ,ug,,nder_/g the blasting influence of an arbitrary power1 that found its zealous instruments in the ,commissioners appointed for that service1 the suppression and confiscation of the ,english monasteries were quickly followed by a long train of national misery and degradation1 of which lamentable evidence is found in the chronicles of that period4 ,from these popular and authentic sources we extract the following picture3-- ,in the final seizure of the abbeys and monasteries of ,england1 the richest fell first4 ,in the spring of #aedj1 all the monastic establishments of the kingdom were suppressed1 and the mass of their landed property was divided among courtiers and parasites4 ,the gold and silver1 and costly jewels of shrines1 had partly gone in that direction1 and had partly been kept for the king's use4 ,the troubled fountain of the ,reformation1 it has been said1 sent forth two streams--the one of sweet1 the other of bitter waters4#acg 8,it is the duty of an impartial historian to dwell for a time by the bitter stream4 ,between the ignorant zealots of the new doctrines1 and the rudeness of the men employed in the suppression1 who were all most anxious for spoil1 and who probably cared little for any form of religion1 or any decency of worship1 innumerable works of art were destroyed2 magnificent specimens of architecture were defaced and left roofless4 ,statues and pictures1 many of them the productions of ,italian masters1--and which had1 in the eye of taste1 a sort of holiness independent of ,saints and ,madonnas1--were broken to pieces or burnt4 ,the mosaic pavements of the chapels were torn up2 and the same brutal hands smashed the painted windows1 which1 almost more than anything else1 gave beauty and glory to our old abbeys and cathedrals4 ,the church-bells were gambled for1 and sold into ,russia and other countries4 ,horses were tethered to the high altar2 cattle were kept in stall in the very recesses of the shrines and the chapels2 and these1 according to good authority1 were at times the least bestial of the occupants40 8,the libraries1 of which all the great houses contained one1 numerously if not judiciously stocked1--but wherein existed1 no doubt1 many a book in manuscript1 which we would now willingly possess1--were treated with the greatest contempt4 ,and here we should wonder why the enlightened men who promoted the g,reformation_/g did not interfere1 were we not convinced of the danger of opposing the king's will1 and the ruffianly character of the persons to whom the task of suppression and destruction was committed40 8,some books10 says ,spelman1 8were reserved to scour their candlesticks1 some to rub their boots1 some sold to the grocers and soapboilers1 and some sent over the sea to bookbinders--not in small numbers1 but at times whole shipfuls1 to the wondering of foreign nations4 ,a single merchant purchased1 at forty shillings a-piece1 two noble libraries1 to be used as grey paper2 and such as having already sufficed for ten years1 were abundant enough for many years more40 ,such is the testimony of an eye-witness4#ach ,all the abbeys were totally dismantled1 except in those cases where they happened to be the parish churches also1 or where they were rescued in part by the petitions and pecuniary contributions of the pious inhabitants1 who were averse to the worshipping of ,god in a stable4 ,cranmer and ,latimer in some cases petitioned the king2 but1 as it is proved by their letters1 they were too dependent on the court1 and too fearful of its wrath to do very much4 ,latimer was the bolder of the two2 and even before the final dissolution1 he ventured to condemn in public the practice1 which g,henry_/g had already adopted1 of converting some of the monasteries into stables1 conceiving it a monstrous thing that abbeys1 which were ordained for the comfort of the poor1 should be kept for the king's horses6 8,what hast thou to do with the king's horses80 retorted a noble courtier of the right stamp--8,horses be the maintenance and part of a king's honour1 and also of his realm2 wherefore1 in speaking against them1 ye are speaking against the king's honour60#aci ,the following were the g,results4_/g--,the men who had recommended the wholesale spoliation of the church1 had represented it as a never-failing gfund_/g1 which would enable the king to carry on the government with none--or but the slightest taxes2 and which would furnish him with the means of creating and supporting earls1 barons1 and knights1 and of forming excellent institutions for the promotion of industry1 education1 and religion4 ,but1 in the event1 the property was squandered in a manner which is scarcely accountable2 for the king had the conscience to demand from parliament 8a compensation for the expenses he had incurred in reforming the religion of the state30 and within a year after the completion of his measures1 8the obsequious parliament voted him a subsidy of two-tenths and two-fifteenths for this express purpose4 ,it is a striking fact1 that none of the objects contemplated and spoken of were promoted by the money of the religious houses--always excepting the making and supporting of certain noblemen40#adj ,pauperism increased2 as the whole body of the poor1 which had been supported by the monks1 who had funds for that purpose1 were thrown1 clamorous and desperate--unprepared for1 and unprovided with1 employment--upon the wondering nation1 which had not before been aware of the extent of the evil4 ,education declined most rapidly2 the schools kept in the monasteries were at an end2 while other schools1 and even the universities1 were deserted4 ,religion was not promoted2 for nothing but miserable stipends were given to the preachers1 and none but poor and unlettered men would accept the office4 ,to preach at g,st4 ,paul's ,cross_/g had been a great object of clerical ambition2 but now there was a difficulty of finding a sufficient number of preachers for that duty3 and about four years after the final suppression1 ,bonner1 ,bishop of ,london1 wrote to ,parker1 then ,master of ,corpus ,college1 importuning him to send him some help from ,cambridge2 and not long after--during the short reign of ,edward the ,sixth--,latimer said1 8,i think there be at this day ten thousand students less than were within these twenty years40 g,in the ,country_/g1 8the rural parishes were served by priests who had scarcely the rudiments of education40 ,following an example set them by the king--who required ,cromwell to give a benefit to a priest who was kept in the royal service1 because 8he had trained two hawks for his majesty's pastime1 which flew and killed their game very well0#ada--the patrons of livings gave them to their menials as wages or rewards2 to their gardeners1 to the keepers of their hawks and hounds2 or otherwise they let in fee both glebe and parsonage2 so that whoever was presented to the benefice would have neither roof to dwell under1 nor land to live upon1 being but too happy if his tithes afforded him a chamber at an alehouse1 with the worshipful society of the dicers and drinkers who frequented it4 ,according to ,latimer1 the parish priest1 under these circumstances1 frequently kept an alehouse himself--thus uniting the more profitable calling of a tapster with that of a preacher of the gospel4#adb ,so completely were the funds absorbed1 and so greedy were the courtiers to keep fast hold of what they got1 that no proper recompense was reserved for ,miles ,coverdale and his associates1 who translated and published the first complete ,english ,bible--the greatest achievement of the age1 and the measure that most effectually promoted the ,reformation4 ,coverdale himself was left in great poverty2 and the printers1 in order to cover their expenses1 were obliged to put a high price upon their copies--thus impeding the circulation of the book1 and thwarting the wishes expressed by the king himself4#adc ,in addition to these lamentable facts1 the destruction of the monasteries left important gaps in the physical accommodations of the people1 which not a pound sterling of the spoil was devoted to fill up4 ,the monasteries had been hospitals1 infirmaries1 and dispensaries for the poor2 caravanseras to the wayfarer2 and in the absence of inns1 the badness of roads1 and the thinness of the population1 their value in this respect had been felt both by rich and poor4 ,in many of the wilder districts1 the monastery had served as a nucleus of civilization2 and sociality1 personal safety1 and hospitality1 were nowhere to be found but within these walls4 ,illustration3 ,cg,,ranmer_/g deplored 8the woeful dissipation of church property1 which he would have applied to the uses of religion1 education1 and charity2 but he had not often the courage to press this subject with the king1 whose displeasure1 more easily excited than ever1 was equivalent to a death-warrant4 ,the archbishop1 however1 did what he could with safety to himself2 and ,henry1 startled perhaps by a popular outcry1 resolved to appropriate a part of the spoil to the advancement of religion4 ,parliament passed an act for the establishing of new bishoprics1 deaneries1 and colleges1 which were to be endowed with revenues raised on the lands of the monasteries4 ,but it was too late2 the money and lands were gone1 or the king and his ministers needed all that remained4 ,the number of new bishoprics was reduced from eighteen to six--those of ,westminster1 ,oxford1 ,peterborough1 ,chester1 ,bristol1 and ,gloucester2 and these were so scantily endowed1 that they hardly afforded the new bishops the means of living40 ,at the same time fourteen abbeys and priories were converted into cathedrals and collegiate churches1 with deans and prebendaries2 but the king kept to himself a part of the lands which had been attached to them1 and charged the ,chapters with the obligation of contributing annually to the support of the poor1 and the repairing of the highways4#add ,the preamble of the act for the suppression of the lesser monasteries thus concludes3 8,whereupon the said ,lords and ,commons1 by a great deliberation1 finally be resolved that it is1 and shall be1 much more to the pleasure of ,almighty ,god1 and for the honour of this his realm1 that the possessions of such houses now being spent and wasted for the increase and maintenance of sin1 should be used and committed to better uses1 and the unthrifty religious persons so spending the same1 to be compelled to reform their lives40#ade ,besides that at ,canterbury1 already noticed1#adf 8other shrines had been plundered1 and certain miraculous images and relics of saints had been broken in pieces at ,st4 ,paul's ,cross1 and the machinery exposed1 by which some of the monks had deluded the superstitious people20 but now every shrine was laid bare2 or1 if any escaped1 it was owing to the poverty of their decorations and offerings4 ,among the rest of these condemned images1 there was 8a crucifix in ,south ,wales1 called by the common people g,david-,darvel-,gatheren_/g1 which1 according to an old legend or prophecy1 was one day to fire a whole forest4 ,it happened at this time that there was one ,forest1 a friar1 who1 after taking the oath of supremacy1 repented of the deed1 and declared it unlawful2 wherefore he was condemned as a relapsed traitor and heretic4 ,hitherto ,king ,henry1 #8,defender of the ,faith1' had burned the ,reformers1 and hanged the ,catholics2 but on the present occasion1 he could not resist the temptation to make a point1 or to figure as a mighty engine of fate1 and a fulfiller of prophecy40 8,the miraculous image was accordingly conveyed from ,wales to ,smithfield1 to serve as fuel with faggots and other materials2 and there1 on the twenty-second of ,may1 #aeci1 the monk was suspended by the armpits2 underneath him was made a fire of the image1 wherewith he was slowly burned--and thus by his death making good the prophecy that the image should fire a whole forest4 ,there was a pulpit erected near the stake1 from which ,hugh ,latimer1 ,bishop of ,worcester1 preached a sermon2 and there was also a scaffold in the centre for the accommodation of the ,dukes of ,norfolk and ,suffolk1 the ,lord ,admiral ,howard1 the ,lord ,privy ,seal1 ,cromwell1 and divers others of the council2 together with ,sir ,richard ,gresham1 ,lord ,mayor1 and many citizens of repute1 who stayed to witness the frightful execution40#adg ,by frequent spectacles like this1 the minds of the people were brutalized to a degree previously unknown in ,england4#adh g,from_/g these revolting details of a fierce and persecuting spirit--a spirit opposed in every sense to that of ,christianity--we turn with pleasure to the inspiring influence which monastic times and institutions have been supposed to exercise over the dominions of poetry and the fine arts2 and of this ,warton has transmitted us a glowing sketch3--,the customs1 institutions1 traditions1 and religion of the middle ages were favourable to poetry4 ,their pageants1 processions1 spectacles1 and ceremonies1 were friendly to imagery1 to personification1 and allegory4 ,ignorance and superstition1 so opposite to the real interests of human society1 are the parents of imagination4 ,the very devotion of the ,gothic times was romantic4 ,the ,catholic worship1 besides that its numerous exterior appendages were of a picturesque1 and even of a poetical nature1 disposed the mind to a state of deception1 and encouraged1 or rather authorized1 every species of credulity4 ,its visions1 legends1 and miracles1 propagated a general propensity to the marvellous1 and strengthened the belief of spectres1 demons1 witches1 and incantations4 ,these illusions were heightened by churches of a wonderful mechanism1 and constructed on such principles of inexplicable architecture1 as had a tendency to impress the soul with every false sensation of religious fear4 ,the savage pomp1 the capricious heroism1 of the baronial manners1 were replete with incident1 adventure1 and enterprise2 and the untractable genius of the feudal policy held forth those irregularities of conduct1 discordancies of interest1 and dissimilarities of situation1 that framed rich materials for the ,minstrel-muse4 ,the tacit compact of fashion1 which promotes civility by promoting habits of uniformity--and therefore destroys peculiarities of character and situation--had not yet operated upon life2 nor had domestic convenience abolished unwieldy magnificence4 ,literature1 and a better sense of things1 not only banished these barbarities1 but superseded the mode of composition which was formed upon them4 ,romantic poetry gave way to the force of reason and inquiry3 as its own enchanted palaces and gardens instantaneously vanished1 when the ,christian champion displayed the shield of truth1 and baffled the charms of the necromancer4 ,the study of the classics1 together with a colder magic and a tamer mythology1 introduced method into composition2 and the universal ambition of rivalling those new patterns of excellence1 the faultless models of ,greece and ,rome1 produced that bane of invention--imitation4 ,erudition was made to act upon genius2 fancy was weakened by reflection and philosophy4 ,the fashion of treating everything scientifically1 applied speculation and theory to the arts of writing4 ,judgment was advanced above imagination1 and rules of criticism were established4 ,the brave eccentricities of original genius1 and the daring hardiness of native thought1 were intimidated by metaphysical sentiments of perfection and refinement4 ,setting aside the consideration of the more solid advantages1 which are obvious1 and are not the distinct subject of our contemplation at present1 the lovers of true poetry will ask1 ,what have we gained by this revolution8 ,it may be answered1 ,much good sense1 good taste1 and good criticism3 but in the meantime we have lost a set of manners1 and a system of machinery1 more suitable to the purposes of poetry1 than those which have been adopted in their place4 ,we have parted with extravagances that are above propriety2 with incredibilities that are more acceptable than truth2 and with fictions that are more valuable than reality4#adi ,illustration3 ,ig,n_/g addition to what has been already noticed in these pages1 respecting the employment of the monks within the walls of their monasteries1 and by which they daily contributed to the public good1 we present to the reader the following epitome of their industrial habits1 as recorded by monastic writers4 ,in every conventual establishment there was a chamber called the g,scriptorium_/g1 or writing-room2 but it was sometimes applied to a more remote place1 where there was room for other employments4 ,the only persons who had free access to this apartment were the abbot1 prior1 sub-prior1 and precentor4 ,there was an especial benediction of the ,scriptorium4 ,writing of books1 as a monastic employment1 is to be found in the earliest eras4 ,among ,british monks1 ,st4 ,david1 the tutelary saint of ,wales1 had a study1 or writing-room1 and began the ,gospel of g,st4 ,john_/g in golden letters with his own hands4 g,the ,antiquarii_/g in monasteries1 were industrious men continually employed in making copies of old books1 either for the use of the monastery1 or for their own emolument4 ,du ,cange says1 that ,antiquarii were those scribes who repaired1 composed1 and re-wrote books1 old and obsolete with age1 in opposition to the ,librarii1 who wrote both new and old books4 ,those of the religious community1 who were found dull at the study of letters1 were employed in writing and making lines4 ,the monastic scribes were certain persons selected by the g,abbot_/g4 ,the senior monks were employed on the church books2 the junior monks in letter-writing1 and matters which required expedition4 ,du ,cange mentions a singular kind of scribes1 called g,brodiatores_/g1 who wrote books and letters in the manner of embroiderers1 so lightly representing the object that it almost escaped the sight4 ,it is to such writers1 perhaps1 that ,petrarch thus alludes3 8,his writing was not wandering1 nor loaded like that of writers of our age1 who flatter the eye from afar1 and fatigue it when near40#aej ,to the credit of the monastic scribes1 8very few instances of bad writing10 says the late ,mr4 ,fosbroke1 8have occurred during my researches40 ,in one manuscript1 indeed1 there was a shocking scrawl1 which he took to be the writing of a nun1 the lines being irregular1 the letters of various size1 and of rude make4 ,writing1 after the ,norman invasion1 was neglected by the ,anglo-,saxons4 ,a neat running epistolary hand is quite modern1 except among papers written by lawyers4 ,hamlet says-- 8,i once did hold it1 as our statists do1 ,a baseness to write fair40 g,the ,gilbertine_/g rule prohibited the employment of hired writers--more probably1 as ,mr4 ,fosbroke thinks1 limners4 8,at ,st4 ,alban's1 however1 such limners1 or writers1 had commons from the alms of the monks and cellarer1 that they might not be interrupted in their work by going out to buy food40 ,these had the too frequent drunken habits of artisans1 who 7#8because every man1' says ,johnson1 #8is discontented with his avocation1 from the obligation to pursue it at all times1 whatever be the state of his mind'7 too often abuse relaxation4 ,barclay1 without knowing that stimulants--however injurious1 in a prudential and medical view1 and never a good means--prevent1 by the providential extraction of good from evil1 much hypochondriacal influence and tedium1 which might end in madness or suicide1 says-- 8,but if thou begin for drinke to call and crave1 ,thou for thy calling such good rewarde shalt have1 ,that men shall call thee malapert or dronke1 ,or an abbey loune1 or limner of a monke40--,,eclogue #b4aea g,printing4_/g--,this invention occasioned the following results3 ,the scribes having less employment1 there were few good artists of this kind1 and writing lost much of its former beauty4 ,about the year #aedf1 when all the religious houses had been dissolved1 limners and scribes were reduced to great distress for want of employment2 for1 besides printing1 engraving1 8invented about #adfj1 superseded the illumination of initials and margins4 ,the last specimen was the sectionary of ,cardinal ,wolsey at ,oxford4 ,besides the rule1 it was inquired whether the monks had made1 taken1 and received the king's age and succession1 according to act of parliament2 for they were obliged to record these1 and the births of the royal family1 as well as other public events40 g,bookbinding_/g was generally very gorgeous2 gold1 relics1 silver plate1 ivory1 velvet1 and other expensive adornments1 were bestowed upon the books relating to the church service--hence the vast amount of plunder derived from this source alone at the g,dissolution_/g1 when the ,vandal emissaries1 hired for the work of destruction1 stripped the sacred books of their gold1 silver1 and jewels1 and sold them to the highest bidder4 ,these ornaments1 however1 were not confined to the books of the ,altar2 for we hear of a book of ,poems1 finely ornamented1 bound in velvet1 and decorated with silver-gilt clasps and studs1 intended for a present to the king4 ,books were written on purple vellum1 in order to exhibit gold or silver letters1 and adorned with ivory tablets4 ,the most common binding was a rough white sheepskin1 lapping over the leaves sometimes1 with or without immense bosses of brass1 pasted upon a wooden board2 and sometimes the covers were of plain wood1 carved in scroll and similar work4 ,there were formerly leaden books with leaden covers1 and books with wooden leaves4#aeb g,music-schools_/g1 says ,davies1 were built within the church4 ,great pains were taken with the pupils1 who were instructed in the musical service of the altar4#aec ,music1 says ,giraldus1 was so prevalent in the middle age1 that even whistling became a fashion and amusement1 from being asked for by an archbishop4 ,in his own time1 as ,erasmus informs us1 8they introduced into the church a certain elaborate theatrical species of music1 accompanied with a tumultuous diversity of voices4 ,all10 says he1 8is full of trumpets1 cornets1 pipes1 fiddles1 and singing4 ,we now come to church as to a playhouse2 and for this purpose ample salaries are expended on organists1 and societies of boys1 whose whole time is wasted in learning to sing1--not to mention the great revenues which the church squanders away on the stipends of singing men1 who are commonly great drunkards1 buffoons1 and chosen from the lowest of the people4 ,these fooleries10 he adds1 8are so agreeable to the monks1 especially in ,england1 that youths1 boys1 c41 every morning1 sing to the organ1 the ,mass of the ,virgin ,mary1 with the most harmonious modulations of voice2 and the bishops are obliged to keep choirs of this sort in their families40 g,libraries4_/g--,mr4 ,nichols has made the following excellent remarks upon the library of ,leicester ,abbey3--,from the catalogue it seems rather doubtful whether1 in the library of this religious house1 there might be any one complete collection of all the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,supposing ,biblie1 in the first article1 to have included both the ,old and the ,new ,testaments1 it was a tome defective and worn4 ,the second consisted of each book of the ,old ,testament only2 and the third contained the ,gospels1 without any mention of the ,acts of the ,apostles1 of the ,epistles1 or of the ,apocalypse4 ,there is1 however1 a second mention of 8,actus ,aplor' gloss'1 ,apocalyps' gloss'1 ,eple ,pauli but of no other apostle gloss'1 ,eple ,canonice20 and among the last occurs the 8,canticus ,canticorum40 ,perhaps1 he adds1 there might be some of those ,augustine monks1 to whom the divine oracles in the learned languages would have been of little use2 and yet to these was not indulged a translation in ,english1 there being in the ,consistorial ,acts at ,rochester1 the minutes of a rigid process against the g,precentor_/g of the priory of that cathedral1 for retaining an ,english ,testament1#aed in disobedience to the general injunction of ,cardinal ,wolsey1 to deliver up these prohibited books to the bishops of the respective dioceses4#aee ,it is worthy of remark1 that ,petrarch1 as we learn from his 8,memoires10 whenever he made a long journey1 carried his books along with him upon extra horses1 as carefully as others1 passing through the ,desert1 carry their provisions of daily food4 ,leland's story of the library of the ,franciscans at ,oxford has been often told3 it was only accessible to the warden and bachelors of divinity2 was full of cobwebs1 moths1 and filth2 and contained no books of value1 the best having been surreptitiously carried away4#aef ,in the monastic libraries the books were contained in painted presses or almeries4 ,in the ,abbatial libraries1 according to the catalogues given by ,leland1 there were only the following classics--,cicero and ,aristotle1 which were common2 ,terence1 ,euclid1 ,quintus ,curtius1 ,sidonius ,apollinaris1 ,julius ,frontinus1 ,apuleius1 and ,seneca4 ,from this disregard of the classics--not to the shameful destruction only of the monastic libraries at the ,dissolution--probably ensued that loss of the ,decades of ,livy1 c41 which has been so justly lamented4#aeg g,museum4_/g--,adjoining the abbey library1 says ,erasmus1 8was a certain small but elegant museum1 which1 upon the removal of a board1 exhibited a fire-place if the weather proved cold1 otherwise it appeared a solid wall4#aeh ,coryatt saw a stuffed crocodile in an abbey0--the one solitary specimen1 perhaps1 of ,natural ,history4#aei ,upon the utility of profane learning in ecclesiastical studies1 ,petrarch has thus emphatically expressed himself3--8,i know by experience10 he says1 8how much human learning may contribute to give just notions1 to make a man eloquent1 to perfect his morals1 and1 what is more1 to defend his religion4 ,if it be not permitted to read the poets and heathen authors1 because they do not speak of ,,christ1 whom they did not know1 with how much more reason ought we to prohibit heretical works8 ,yet the defenders of the g,faith_/g studiously peruse them4 ,profane literature1 like certain solid aliment1 does not hurt a good stomach1 only a weak one4 ,reading1 though wholesome to a sound mind1 is poison to a feeble intellect4 ,i know that letters are no obstacles to holiness1 as some pretend4 ,there are many roads to heaven4 ,ignorance is that which the idle take4 ,the sciences may produce as many saints as ignorance4 ,and surely we ought not to compare an ignorant devotion to an enlightened piety40#afj g,monastic ,wit4_/g--,speaking of the wit and humour that often enliven the otherwise dull uniformity of monastic writings--8,i met with the following epigram10 says ,mr4 ,fosbroke1 8in a ,,ms4 of the ,ashmole library1 of which ,i have never seen a copy2 but as it was in a collection of poems made in the sixteenth century1 ,i cannot tell its age30-- g,marriage_/g1 saith one1 hath oft compared bin ,unto a fest1 where meet a public rout2 ,where those that are without would fain get in1 ,and those that are within would fain get out4 ,acrostics were known to the ,greeks2 but the monks used those of a hieroglyphical kind1 which could seldom be divined unless by aid of the inventor himself4 ,in the hollow stonework over the kitchen chimney of ,kingswood ,abbey in ,wilts--already noticed in this work--are a ,tiger1 hart1 ostrich1 mermaid1 ass1 and swan2 the initial letters of which make the name of the founder1 ,t h o m a s4#afa g,abbey ,seals4_/g--,that of ,tinterne ,abbey1 as already noticed in this volume1 page #ge1 is imperfect4#afb ,of ecclesiastical and monastic seals1 those of a round form generally denoted1 according to ,lewis and ,blomfield1 something of royalty in the possessor1 or a more than ordinary extent of jurisdiction4 ,monasteries of royal foundation had commonly round seals2 bishops and superiors of houses had usually oval seals2 the former held the pastoral staff in their left hands1 abbots in their right4 ,the earliest conventual seals commonly bore mere rude representations of their patron saints2 the more recent were highly finished1 the most common device being the superior of the house praying to the patron saint1 who was represented as looking down upon him4 ,previously to the reign of ,edward the ,third1 the conventual seals represented their patron saints and abbots seated upon thrones2 but after this period1 they as constantly exhibited these figures sitting or standing beneath canopies and arches4 ,the g,patron saint_/g subduing and treading upon the dragon1 was symbolical of his overcoming sin4 ,a star1 the symbol of the ,epiphany1 and a crescent of the increase of the ,gospel1 are frequently introduced into the seals4#afc ,in the ,cistercian and ,premonstratensian orders1 the custody of the seal1 though in general ill observed1 was committed to the prior1 and four others of the establishment elected for that trust4 ,abbeys had not only different seals for different purposes1 but these were often altered and changed2 though1 from the seal of ,hyde ,abbey being worth fifteen marks1 the expense of having them engraved must have been extremely high4 ,but so careless were the monks in the custody of it1 that ,matthew ,paris mentions that it was thrown aside among a chest of papers4 ,the abbot's ,bajulus1 or domestic monk1 was also the bearer of this seal4 ,a silver seal and chain--#8sigillum argenti cum cathena'--is mentioned as that of a plain monk4#afd g,luxury4_/g--,with respect to luxuries--which in some monasteries1 it was alleged1 were earned to a degree quite inconsistent with their professed abstinence--,thomas ,pennant1 ,abbot of ,basingwerk1 is said to have given twice the treasure of a king in wine1 and was profuse of more humble liquors4 ,the apartments for the reception of persons of quality1 according to ,davies1 were furnished in a most expensive and gorgeous manner4 ,but their profuse expenditure in wine1 it must be remembered1 was in consequence of a too liberal hospitality2 for1 while the monks themselves were restricted to a meagre diet1 their guests1 when men of rank and influence1 were plentifully regaled with whatever was best in cellar and larder2 and the whole country furnished no better cooks or butlers than were to be found in conventual houses4 ,illustration3 ,cg,,istercian_/g abbeys1 according to ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 avoided all the bad consequences of cells1 in the irregularities of their inhabitants1 by having none2 and by remedying all defects by visitors and chapters4 ,yet the ,abbey of ,kingswood1 already noticed1 was a cell of ,tinterne1 and the scene of as many irregularities and abuses1 perhaps1 as the cells of any other monastic order4 ,the brethren who stayed at cells were to be three in every place1 or two at least4 8,in food1 in clothing1 and the tonsure1 they did not vary from the common institution4 ,they kept silence at table1 and did not speak in the church4 ,they sung compline at an early seasonable hour1 in summer and winter2 and did not run about the village or elsewhere40 ,it was thought a great grievance to be sent to remote cells1 or from cell to cell2 and scandalous tales were occasionally told of the licentious lives of some of the monks1 whom the abbots had sent thither for penance and reformation4#afe g,in_/g reference to the introduction of ,cistercian monks into ,england1 we annex the following from an old ,chronicler3--8,about this time10 says he1 8by means of one g,stephen ,hardyng_/g1 a munke of ,sherburne1 an ,englyshe man of the order of ,sisteaux1 or whyte munkes1 had his beginning in the wildernesse of ,cystery1 within the ,provynce of ,burgoyne1 as witnesseth ,ranulph1 munke of ,chester3 but other wryters1 as ,jacobus ,philippus1 and the auctor of ,cronyca ,cronycor1 ,matheolus1 with other sayen1 y this ,stephen was the second abbot of y place1 and that it was founded by the means of one ,robert1 abbot of ,molynse1 in the yere of ,grace1 ,m4lxxx4xviij1 which1 to follow their sayinge1 shulde be in the ix yere of y reyne of this ,kynge0 ,rufus4 8,this gorder_/g was after brought into ,englande by one called g,walter ,espeke_/g1 that founded the firste abbey of y religion at g,ryuall_/g ,rivaux1 about the yere of ,grace xi4c4xxxi41 the which shulde be about the xxxi4 yere of the firste g,henry_/g1 than ,kynge of ,englande40 ,this last is the correct date of the introduction of white friars into this country1 and he adds3--8,somewhat of their religion is towched in the x chapitre of the vii boke of ,polychronicon40#aff g,abbey ,windows4_/g--,warton says the stem of ,jesse was a favourite subject1 and ,sugerius thus proves it3 8,i have caused to be painted a beautiful variety of new windows from the first1 which begins with the stem of ,jesse in the caput ecclesi1 or part where the altar was erected4 ,any miraculous events happening to persons were represented in their chapels and churches in stained glass1 or such as happened within the knowledge of the erector4 ,common subjects were a genealogical series of benefactors2 arms and figures of donors of lights2 the seven sacraments of the ,romish ,church2 many crowned heads1 with curled hair and forked beards1 represent the ,edwards1 ,richard the ,second1 and ,henry the ,fourth2 whole length figures with crowns and sceptres1 ,jewish kings1 connected with some ,scriptural history1 universally so when in profile40 ,the principal subjects in the great window of ,tinterne ,abbey appear to have been arms and figures of the founder1 and of a series of benefactors4 ,the last fragment1 after many years of desolation1 was a shield of the ,bigod family4 g,cowls4_/g--,with respect to the habit1 it is recorded that many noblemen1 and others of high rank1 gave directions that1 after their decease1 they should be dressed in monk's gear1 and be thus consigned to the grave4 ,this was a very common practice in ,wales2 for as it was written1 that 8all were monks who shall gain heaven1 or rather that there were none there but monks10#afg it became necessary to assume the garb at least1 as a safe though surreptitious passport to those happy seats4 ,it was usual in some cases to wear the garb during sickness only1 and lay it aside on the return of health2 in others1 to keep it in reserve for their death4 ,lewis1 ,landgrave of ,hesse1 said to his attendants--8,as soon as ,i am dead1 put on me the hood of the ,cistercian order2 but take very diligent care not to do so while ,i am living40#afh g,,mss41 ,books4_/g--,in addition to what has been already quoted on this subject1 it was long a proverbial saying1 that a convent without a library1 was like a castle without an armoury4 ,when the monastery of ,croydon was burnt in #ajia1 its library1 according to ,ingulphus1 consisted of nine hundred volumes1 of which three hundred were very large4 8,in every great abbey10 says ,warton1 8many writers were constantly busied in transcribing1 not only the service-books for the choir1 but books for the library40#afi ,the g,scriptorium_/g of ,st4 ,alban's ,abbey was built by ,abbot ,paulin1 a ,norman1 who ordered many volumes to be written there about the year #ajhj4 ,archbishop ,lanfranc furnished the copies4 ,estates were often granted for the support of the ,scriptorium4 ,we find some of the classics written in the ,english monasteries very early4 ,henry1 a ,benedictine monk of ,hyde ,abbey1 near ,winchester1 transcribed1 in the year #aagh1 ,terence1 ,boethius1 ,suetonius1 and ,claudian4 ,of these he formed one book1 illuminating the initials1 and forming the brazen bosses of the covers with his own hands4 ,other instances of the same kind are added4 ,the monks were much accustomed both to illuminate and to bind books1 as well as to transcribe them4 8,the scarcity of parchment10 it is afterwards observed1 8undoubtedly prevented the transcription of many other books in these societies4 ,about the year #aabj1 one ,master ,heugh1 being appointed by the monastery of ,st4 ,edmondsbury1 in ,suffolk1 to write and illuminate a grand copy of the ,bible for their library1 could procure no parchment for this purpose in ,england40 ,paper made of cotton1 however1 was certainly in common use in the twelfth century2 though no evidence exists that the improved kind1 manufactured from linen rags1 was known till about the middle of the thirteenth4#agj g,the pavement_/g lately discovered in the ,abbey ,church of g,tinterne_/g1 and described at page #db of this volume1 forms an interesting relic of its internal decorations4 ,there is abundant proof1 in the ,norman centuries1 that mosaic work was adopted as an embellishment of the high altar1 and1 as in the present instance1 in the front of shrines4 ,at first1 these pavements exhibited scripture stories1 painted upon glazed bricks and tiles of an irregular shape1 fitted together as the colour suited1 and upon the same plan as the glass in windows4 ,by an improvement in the succeeding ages1 the bricks1 as in the specimen before us1 were made equilateral1 and about four inches square2 which1 when arranged and connected1 produced an effect closely resembling the ,roman designs1 yet wanting their simplicity and taste4 ,the wreaths1 circles1 and single compartments1 retain marks of ,gothic incorrectness1 and of as gross deviation from the original as the ,saxon mouldings4 ,at what period heraldic devices were introduced cannot be ascertained with precision2 but it is probable that1 when they were first carved or painted upon escutcheons1 or stained in glass1 the floors received them likewise as a new ornament4 ,the arms of founders and benefactors were usually inserted during the middle centuries after the ,conquest1 when many of the greater abbeys employed kilns for preparing them1 from which the conventual1 and their independent parish1 churches were supplied4 ,some writers have conjectured that the painted tiles were made by ,italian artists settled in this country2 and it has been thought that monks1 having acquired the art of painting and preparing them for the kiln in the manner of porcelain1 amused their leisure hours by designing and finishing them4 g,the altar-pavement_/g here under notice is of an early period2 but in those of a later age1 when the branch of encaustic painting had reached perfection1 the exquisite delicacy and variety of the colours--though seldom of more than two--are particularly discernible4 ,the use of these painted bricks1 or tiles1 was confined to consecrated places1 almost without exception2 and those discovered since the ,reformation have been all found upon the sites of convents1 preserved either in churches or in houses1 to which tradition confirms their removal4#aga ,amongst the encaustic relics of a later date1 family arms1 impaled and quartered1 as well as scrolls1 rebuses1 and ciphers1 are very frequent4 ,in the present instance1 the tile exhibits a quartering of the g,clare_/g and g,bigod_/g shields4 ,in others1 the arms are interspersed with various devices1 or single figures1 such as griffons1 spread eagles1 roses1 fleurs-de-lis1 c41 of common heraldic usage1 but not individually applied4 ,it appears that in some instances they formed a kind of tesselated pavement1 the middle representing a maze1 or labyrinth1 about two feet in diameter1 so artfully contrived that a man1 following all the intricate meanders of its volutes1 could not travel less than a mile before he got from one end to the other4 ,the tiles are baked almost to vitrifaction1 and wonderfully resist damp and wear4#agb ,actual tesselated pavements once existed4 ,a manuscript ,anglo-,saxon ,glossary1 cited by ,junius1 says--8,of this kind of work1 mosaic in small dies1 little is used in ,england4 ,howbeit1 ,i have seen of it a specimen upon church floors1 before altars--as before the high altar at ,westminster--though it be but gross40#agc g,abbey ,wire-works4_/g--,among the objects of local industry in ,tinterne1 to which the stranger's attention is usually directed1 the ,abbey ,wire-works are the most interesting4 8,these10 to quote the words of the late ,mr4 ,thomas1 8as well as the stately pile in their vicinity1 amongst whose silent recesses the tourist has so often and fondly trodden1 are also the dominions of ,art4 ,but how widely different is the scene6 ,here she is met with in her busy laboratory1 controlling and directing the energies of mankind1 and seizing upon the very subjects of nature--the gurgling water and the lambent flame--to make them tributaries to her ambitious designs2 whilst there1 in the precincts of that ruined fane1 she is beheld indolently reclining in the flowery lap of her indulgent rival--just as we have seen the wasted form of a lovely maiden pillowed on the bosom of her elder sister1 and gently languishing through the departing hours of her insidious disease40 g,it_/g was in the seventeenth century1 during the times of the ,stuart dynasty1 that certain ,swedish and ,german artisans1 flying from continental tyranny1 were induced to seek an asylum within the pale of the ,british constitution1 and introduce into their adopted country the art of forging wire4 ,they were received with open arms2 locations were assigned them1 denominated ,seats2 and a privilege of a vote in parliamentary elections1 with an exemption from taxes1 were constituted as part of the favours which our discerning government thought proper to confer4 ,of these seats g,tinterne_/g was one from the very first immigration2 and here many of the descendants of the original settlers are still employed in the handicraft of their forefathers4 ,of the methods used in the manufacture of iron-wire before the introduction of improved machinery1 tradition has preserved the following outline3-- 8,a large beam was erected across the factory1 to which were affixed as many seats--in the form of large wooden scales--as there were men employed1 who were fastened in them by means of a girdle round their bodies4 ,the artificers were employed near each other1 while between them stood a piece of iron pierced with holes of different dimensions1 for reducing the wire to an appropriate size4 ,the worked iron was heated2 the beam was put in motion by a water-wheel2 and as the workmen swung backwards and forwards1 they passed and repassed the iron through the holes described with forceps1 until it was reduced by force to the required diameter4 ,the motion was regulated2 and if any workman chanced to miss seizing the iron with his forceps1 he suffered a considerable shock on the return of the beam40 ,on the introduction of the improved system of wire factories1 the nature of the contracts between the principals and their workmen underwent a necessary change4 ,the struggle1 however1 was continued for some time1 but ultimately subsided in the adoption of the present plan1 and the alterations which it introduced4 ,under the management of the late ,mr4 ,thompson--whose mausoleum forms a conspicuous object in the adjoining cemetery--the ,tinterne ,wire ,works acquired a new impetus1 which has been successfully kept up by his able and intelligent successor4 g,natural ,history4_/g--,on this interesting subject1 we take advantage of the following notes from the journal of the late ,mr4 ,thomas of ,tinterne3--,april #b;d1 half-past seven ,a4,m4 ,notwithstanding a cold north-easterly wind1 with fugitive showers1 ,i saw a nightingale1 for the first time this year1 on the road to ,chapel ,hill1 perched upon the topmost branch of a budding thorn4 ,he uttered one or two of those rich1 cheerful1 metallic notes1 so characteristic of his song2 and quickly returned to his busy search for food amongst the low bushes adjoining4 ,one of my friends informed me that he had listened to its music the evening before2 and another averred that he had heard the nightingale as early as the second week of ,march4 ,if these accounts be true1 which ,i have not the slightest reason to doubt1 they seem to favour the idea that some of these lovely songsters hibernate amongst us4 ,naturalists1 by common consent1 name the last week of ,april as the period of their ordinary arrival in this island4 ,it seems probable1 however1 that those which winter amongst us undergo some variation of plumage1 which may lead a cursory observer--if he did not pass them by unnoticed--to confound them with the female redbreast1 the hedge-sparrow1 or some other unpretending bird4 ,in point of song from ,nature's choristers1 says an enthusiastic admirer of the ,wye1 these woods might challenge all ,england4 ,it is impossible to enjoy a higher treat of the kind than the harmony of these little warblers on a fine summer's evening1 when1 on each side of the ,wye1 they seem to vie with each other in the richness and fullness of their notes4 ,mr4 ,heath had the following anecdote from ,signor ,rossignol1 so celebrated for his imitations of the feathered tribes3--8,while at ,monmouth10 said he1 8,i often walked towards ,hadnock at a late hour of the night1 for the purpose of comparing my own notes with those which ,i attempted to imitate4 ,first1 ,i began with those of the blackbird1 when every bird of that species within hearing would instantly awake as it were with the rapture of day4 ,then came the thrush1 next the nightingale1 and so on1 until ,i had called forth the song of every bird in the woods2 and thus ,i continued to amuse myself for an hour together4 ,if1 in the meantime1 a traveller happened to be passing the road1 he was immediately forced to conclude that he had quite mistaken the time of day60#agd g,walnut-trees4_/g--,the ,abbey appears to have been sheltered and enriched in its prosperous days by extensive orchards2 but of the lofty walnut-trees1 that formerly spread their luxuriant branches in its vicinity1 one only remains4 ,these trees were of great age3 under their shadow many generations of monks and pilgrims had found shelter and repose2 but having long survived their patrons1 and attained that fatal majesty which insured their destruction1 the axe was applied with ruthless force to their stems2 they were hewn down1 burnt1 or sold2 and the rich soil1 from which they had derived their strength and fertility for centuries1 was converted into patches of cabbage and potato ground1 profusely bordered with weeds1 and enlivened with pigsties that1 to imaginative tourists1 perhaps1 may recall the memory of ,friar ,bacon4 g,the ,abbot's ,meadow4_/g--8,i have often felt incommunicable delight10 writes ,mr4 ,thomas1 8in a walk southward along the meadows skirting the ,wye4 ,during the bright summer evenings1 the glorious sun tinges the summits of the encircling hills with his oblique golden rays1 while a gentle breeze makes the ripening grass wave in elegant undulations4 ,how sweet at that pensive hour to sit upon the sedgy bank1 and hear the artless music of the feathery tribes6 ,the reedwren chants his vesper-song2 full many a robin swells it by his perennial response2 whilst the inimitable thrush and tender cushat revive the thrilling echo on the distant cliff40 ,during this concert1 8you turn round to behold the gabbey_/g embosomed amidst apple-trees1 and so singularly foreshortened that the beautiful western window appears through the eastern4 ,the entrance of the western valley is at the same time so happily disposed1 that the effulgent light of the setting sun is seen through the roseate windows1 gilding the interior of the abbey with an unearthly brightness2 whilst1 to complete the scene1 multitudes of noisy daws are seen careering in fanciful circles1 high in the balmy air1 before they retire to roost within the mantling ivy of the #8roofless house of ,god4'0 ,at such an hour how appropriate the lines3-- 8,when day1 with farewell beam1 delays ,among the opening clouds of even1 ,and we could almost think we gaze ,through golden vistas into heaven2 ,those hues which mark the sun's decline1 ,so soft1 so radiant1 ,lord1 are thine60--,moore4 ,at length a poetic sound breaks upon the ear--the whetting of a scythe2 and how picturesque are the fields beyond6 ,after passing through a succession of luxurious meadows1 you arrive at the humble and ivied ruins of a g,piscatory_/g4 ,this building is apparently of ancient date1 and was intended to supply the monastery during those numerous fasts in which the good gabbots_/g were wont to exchange 8the very best meat for the very best fish40#age ,soon after passing this ruin1 the hitherto placid ,wye falls noisily over a broad and shallow weir1 and the steep wood encroaches upon its rocky bank4 ,our footsteps1 therefore1 pursue a sinuous path through its deep and pensive shade1 until we somewhat suddenly emerge upon a tabular meadow1 encompassed by an amphitheatre of ivied rocks1 a stupendous rampart1 at whose base the ,wye is winding1 and1 at the same time1 reflecting in its peaceful bosom the majestic scene4#agf g,climate of ,tinterne4_/g--,on this subject1 a late intelligent medical practitioner at ,tinterne says3--8,i may here remark1 that ,i am unacquainted with any warmer spot than this in ,england4 ,protected on the north and west by a steep hill1 it is open alone to the east and south3 it has therefore the sun upon it during the greater part of the day4 ,on the third of ,february1 #ahci1 at half-past #b in the afternoon10 he adds1 8while my thermometer on the mantel-shelf over the fire ranged at #fj1 it rose to #ii outside the door4 ,at nightfall1 which ushered in a severe frost1 the mercury fell to #dd4 ,on the twenty-third of the same month1 at #c o'clock ,p4,m41 the thermometer ranged at #aji ,fahrenheit1 or nearly #cd ,reaumur2 at half-past #aa at night1 the mercury fell to #de ,fahr4 ,on the fifteenth of ,may1 at #ab4af ,p4,m41 the thermometer on the mantel-shelf indicated #ej ,fahr4 ,at #c ,p4,m4 a violent snow-storm came on1 succeeded at nightfall by a nipping frost40 ,these facts sufficiently indicate ,illustration3 ,the ,door into the ,cloister4 ,tinterne ,abbey4 the capricious nature of the climate of ,tinterne1 where the transitions from a winter to a high summer temperature1 and vice versa1 are so frequent and remarkable4 g,incidental ,remarks4_/g--,during the plunder of this abbey church1 which was long carried on with impunity1 many interesting relics of antiquity appear to have been either mutilated1 or carried off and sold4 ,among other fragments of ancient art1 was a brass hand grasping a spear1 taken from a tomb in the church in which was found a body entire1 with leathern buskins1 and buttons on the coat2 but which1 on exposure to the air1 crumbled into dust4 ,human skeletons1 we are told1 were found in an orchard to the eastward1 formerly the abbey cemetery4 ,from the size of these--monks or soldiers--it was ascertained that their living owners must have been considerably beyond the common stature4 ,on the legs of one of them were found cloth buskins in apparent preservation2 while the metal studs1 or buttons1 it is added1 were almost bright4 ,no coffins were found2 the bodies were simply deposited under large flat stones2 and were probably of an order inferior to those interred within the church4 ,adjoining the north door1 a portion of wall1 long supposed to be the side of a cloister1 was at last stripped of the ivy that covered it1 and disclosed a range of fine ,gothic windows4#agg ,and when the rubbish that encumbered the entrance leading into the cross aisle was removed1 two stones were found inscribed with the following memorials3-- g,hic jacet ,johannes de ,lynas4 ,hic jacet ,henricus de ,lancaut4_/g#agh ,at the entrance by the west doorway a flight of steps was also discovered1 which at the time was supposed to communicate with a vault1 or crypt1 under the church4 ,but the passage was not explored2 and the stone with which the opening was originally covered1 was restored to its place4 ,it is the opinion of antiquaries1 however1 that there is no crypt1 or vault1 under the church4 ,of g,tinterne village_/g1 which still seems to derive its support from casual visitors to the abbey1 much cannot be said in commendation4 ,little1 if any improvement seems to have been made for many years1 owing1 we were told1 to the restrictions laid upon building4 ,with encouragement in this respect alone--or even with the ordinary accommodations of a spacious inn#agi--the place might speedily change its complexion1 and become a cheerful and thriving hamlet4 ,but1 as in the days of ,gilpin1 it presents nothing inviting4 ,the penury of the inhabitants may be less remarkable2 8but they still occupy little huts raised among the ruins of the monastery1 and seem as if a place1 once devoted to indolence1 could never again become the seat of industry40 8,as we left the abbey10 says he1 8we found the whole hamlet at the gate1 either openly soliciting alms1 or covertly1 under pretence of carrying us to some part of the ruins which each could show1 and which was far superior to anything which could be shown by any one else4 ,the most lucrative occasion could hardly have excited more jealousy and contention40 ,in the present day1 the duties of the abbey cicerone are performed by a sensible and well-informed guide1 named ,christian ,payne4 g,of_/g the accommodations to be had at ,tinterne ,abbey in his day1 ,captain ,barber has left the following reminiscence3--8,having despatched an attendant for a barber on my arrival at the inn1 a blacksmith was forthwith introduced1 who proved to be the only shaver in the place4 ,the appearance of this man1 exhibiting1 with all the grim sootiness of his employment1 his brawny arms bare to the shoulders1 did not flatter me with hopes of a very mild operation2 nor were they increased when he produced a razor that1 for massiveness1 might have served a ,polyphemus4 ,i sat down1 however1 and was plentifully besmeared with soap-suds4 ,after this he attempted to supply the deficiency of an edge1 by exerting his ponderous strength in three or four such vigorous scrapes as1 without exciting my finer feelings1 drew more tears into my eyes than might have sufficed for a modern tragedy4 ,i waited no longer2 but releasing myself from his iron gripe1 determined to pass for a ,jew ,rabbi1 rather than undergo the penance of another #8shaving at ,tinterne4'0 ,illustration g,plan of the ,abbey4_/g--,the following simplified description may probably assist the reader to form a correct notion of the sacred and conventual buildings1 of which the abbey was originally composed2 and of the various compartments into which1 in their former and perfect condition1 these were so admirably arranged and subdivided3-- ,entering the church by the west doorway1 the visitor passes along the nave1 with the 8pillared aisles0 on his right and left1 and the newly-discovered pavement4 ,in the distance1 and directly opposite1 under the great east window1 is the high altar1 as distinctly shown in the engraved illustration4 ,moving along the nave1 he observes five distinct clustered pillars1 surmounted by the magnificent arches1 described in these pages4 ,at the commencement of the north and south transepts1 he will examine the bases of the four massive columns which formerly supported the great central tower2 the doors and windows of the transepts2 the sepulchral fragments scattered along the smooth grassy parterre of the choir2 then1 at the north-west corner of the north transept1 he will ascend a few steps of a spiral staircase leading to the top of the church2 and1 from the gallery which runs round within the wall1 look down on the scene before and beneath him4 ,descending to the transept floor1 he will enter a door near the angle where the nave and north transept unite2 and entering a passage northward1 through a richly ornamented doorway1 he will observe the following apartments1 viz43-- g,the ,cloister_/g on the left1 forming a considerable quadrangle1 the sides of which are of the same length as the nave of the church1 on which it closely abuts1 running parallel with it to the west doorway1 and bordering the public road4 ,here1 also1 are some mutilated sepulchral effigies of ancient abbots1 crosses1 c41 from which the inlaid brasses have been sacrilegiously purloined4 ,on the right hand of the visitor1 as he enters1 is the ancient g,vestry_/g1 or sacristy1 an oblong chamber1 divided into two compartments1 the second of which opens by a doorway into the ,north g,transept_/g4 ,closely adjoining this on the north1 is g,the ,chapter-house_/g1 of the same form and dimensions as the vestry1 but not subdivided4 ,farther again on the right is a large hall1 with the remains of five central pillars that supported the arched stone roof1 supposed to be the ancient g,hospitium_/g1 or guest-chamber1 already described in these pages4 ,on the east of this1 and running parallel with it1 are the remains of offices or apartments--probably dormitories--the precise use of which has not been ascertained4 ,beyond1 eastward1 lay the ,cemetery4 ,adjoining the ,hospitium on the west1 and connecting it with the ,refectory1 are several small buildings1 with the remains of other dormitories on the upper floor4 ,immediately adjoining this1 on the west1 is the g,refectory_/g1 a spacious hall1 in which the brethren1 as already described1 sat at table4 ,the ,lectern1 or pulpit-desk1 at which a reader presided during meals1 is still visible about the middle of the west side4 ,from the refectory1 a tourniquet-door1 for the passage of viands only1 communicated with the gkitchen_/g2 and close to this is the dole1 where the indigent and wayfaring poor were daily supplied with victuals and refreshments4 ,the kitchen runs parallel with the cloisters1 and the west entrance of the church1 along the public road leading to the ferry4 ,the ,scale annexed to the ,plan of the ,abbey--as shown by the woodcut--will enable the reader to ascertain1 with tolerable accuracy1 the dimensions of all the compartments named4 ,illustration3 #a ,doorway leading into the g,cloisters_/g4 #b g,effigies_/g of ,abbots--the brasses removed4 #c ,door leading into the ,vestiary and ,sacristy4 #d ,the g,chapter-house_/g--bases of pillars4 #e ,supposed g,hospitium_/g1 or ,guest-,hall--bases of central pillars4 #f ,buildings1 with dormitories in the upper floor4 #g ,the g,lectern_/g1 or ,reading-,desk1 during meals4 #h ,tesselated gpavement_/g1 lately discovered4 #i g,staircase_/g leading to the ,triforia1 and top of the abbey4 #aj ,aperture for serving the dishes from the kitchen4 #aa g,dole_/g1 for the distribution of food to the poor4 ,proportions4--,length of ,chancel and ,nave1 #bbh feet4 ,length of ,transepts across1 #aej 8 ,height of the ,tower ,arches1 #gj 8 ,height of the lesser ,arches1 #cj 8 ,as a specimen of the marvellous connected with these ruins1 we cannot resist introducing another characteristic g,legend4_/g--,a party of gentlemen--horresco referens--who had inspected the abbey1 employed several labourers to dig in the orchard adjoining1 in hopes of discovering some antiquities4 ,part of one day and the following night were spent in this employment1 when at last they were successful1 and two human skeletons were discovered4 ,next day the same party resolved to celebrate their discovery by a dinner in the abbey4 ,but scarcely had they commenced their sacrilegious repast1 when a thick darkness overspread the horizon2 deep thunder raised its tremendous voice1 and shook the surrounding hills2 lightnings flashed ,illustration3 ,tintern ,abbey4 ,west ,front4 throughout the ruin in sheets of livid flame2 hail1 succeeded by torrents of rain1 deluged the plain1 and 8,peal on peal ,crashed horrible1 convulsing earth and heaven60 ,during this sudden and tremendous visitation1 the indignant spirit of g,strongbow_/g--accompanied by the spectral forms of many whose death-sleep had been thus wantonly disturbed--arose from the grave1 and fixed his eyes upon the petrified strangers4 ,then raising his gauntleted hand1 he pointed to the abbey door--which at the sight had mysteriously opened--and sternly beckoned the impious visitors to depart6 ,the awful signal was instantly obeyed2 and some crawling1 others trembling--all pale and speechless1 the daring adventurers rushed from his presence1 they knew not how1 and fled they knew not whither2 while the savoury viands left behind them were instantly swept over the abbey walls in a whirlwind4 g,the ,engraved ,views of ,tinterne ,abbey4_/g ,i4--g,the ,west ,entrance_/g1#ahj a beautiful specimen of ,decorated ,gothic2 the principal feature of which is the great west window1 of which all visitors and writers on this subject have expressed their unqualified admiration4 ,the stonework of this magnificent feature is nearly entire2 the five mullions1 tall1 slender1 and elaborately moulded1 retain their original forms2 and1 terminating in the rich flowing tracery that fills and completes the arch1 appear as if they wanted nothing but the ancient painted glass to restore the window to its primitive splendour4 ,the ivy inserting itself into every joint1 and hanging in graceful festoons1 seems more like artificial garlands woven in honour of a fte day1 than as the sure emblem and evidence of dilapidation and decay4 ,beneath this window is the richly-carved double doorway leading into the nave4 ,on the right hand is another window communicating with the southern aisle1 surmounted by a window of three compartments1 and two buttresses terminating in pinnacles1 of which only one remains4 ,on the left hand is the north aisle1 in form and dimensions exactly corresponding with the former1 but much less perfect4 ,closely adjoining this were the abbey cloisters1 the remains of which have been noticed in a former page4 ,,ii4--g,the ,vale of ,tinterne_/g1#aha as it is seen from a point--in the woods covering the left bank of the ,wye--called the ,devil's ,pulpit4 ,this engraving conveys a most correct1 beautiful1 and comprehensive view of the abbey1 and its circumjacent scenery4 ,in the backgrounds is seen the hill country stretching westward towards ,monmouth4 ,on the left1 crowning an eminence that overlooks the village and abbey1 stands the church of ,chapel-hill1 with the characteristic feature of an immense yew-tree expanding its gloomy branches over the cemetery4 ,beneath is seen the public road from ,chepstow running westward1 and branching off in the village to right and left2 the latter branch running along the hills towards ,raglan1 and the former following the course of the ,wye to ,monmouth4 ,to the right1 under the wooded rocks which appear to overhang its channel1 the ,wye is seen making a curve like a horseshoe1 so as to form a peninsula1 the outer rim of which1 as described in the text1 is lined with houses that rise one above the other1 and planted here and there with tall poplars1 and refreshed with numerous springs and rivulets1 that1 after murmuring down the rocks1 throw their crystal tribute into the ,wye4 ,here the river is seen enlivened with passage-boats1 by means of which a daily communication between the villages above and below the abbey is kept open for the conveyance of market produce1 or the convenience of passengers4 ,in the foreground lies the glory of the scene--the gabbey_/g and its appendages--the latter much curtailed2 but once1 as history informs us1 enclosing the goodly space of thirty-four acres4 ,the view looks down upon the conventual church1 showing the nave and transepts in their cruciform proportions1 with the magnificent east window opening upon some rich productive orchards1 the ground of which was consecrated in former times as the abbey cemetery4 ,stretching along the river eastward is a luxuriant tract of pasture land1 called the ,abbots' ,meadows1 already described4 ,nothing can be more soothing and tranquil than this scene1 embosomed1 as it is1 among sylvan landscapes1 and bordered by a river whose smooth yet swift-flowing waters are heard in the calm summer evening like distant music4 8,and ever1 as the summer sun goes down1 ,from bank to bank1 amidst yon leafy bower1 ,the woodland songsters trill harmonious notes2 ,till every tree that crowns the verdant steep1 ,or shades the stream1 that flows in amber light1 ,sends forth its melody40 ,,iii4--g,from the ,chancel_/g1 westward4#ahb ,this is justly considered to be the most imposing view in the whole abbey2 and is that to which every stranger visiting the ruins is conducted at the close of his survey4 ,the point from which it is taken1 is under the area of the great tower1 near the further angle of the north transept and chancel4 ,looking through the lofty arches that supported the central tower1 it takes in the west window1 the window of the north aisle1 the nave1 and on the right1 the gdoorway_/g leading into the cloisters--of which an engraving is here given--with the massive clustered pillars1 lofty and delicately moulded arches1 in which an airy lightness1 combined with strength and solidity1 strike the spectator with feelings of awe and admiration1 to which it is hardly possible to give expression-- 8,silence sublime1 and stillness how profound2 ,yet every arch1 with clustered ivy hung1 ,and every column1 as thou gazest round1 ,seems to address thee in thy native tongue2 ,telling how first these mighty structures rose1 ,and how they fell beneath their ,vandal foes40 ,in the centre are the two sepulchral slabs1 already described in another portion of the text2 and on the left1 leaning against the base of one of the pillars1 is a mutilated statue1 supposed to be that of ,roger ,bigod1 or ,gilbert de ,clare1 as shown in the woodcut1 page #da4 ,in various parts of the chancel1 choir1 and transepts1 as well as in the nave and aisles1 many dilapidated fragments are collected in heaps2 among which the visitor will distinguish pieces of elaborate carving1 particularly some ingenious and fancifully sculptured gbosses_/g1 the connecting ornaments of the richly-groined roof that once overhung this gorgeous temple1 and echoed back the anthems of its assembled choir4 ,,iv4--g,from the ,ferry_/g1#ahc on the opposite or left bank of the ,wye4 ,on the foreground is the landing-place1 from which a road1#ahd or bridle-path1 winding along the wooded heights1 already noticed in our description of the #8,devil's ,pulpit1' presents many picturesque1 and some romantic points of view4 ,the river is here the boundary line between the counties of ,monmouth and ,gloucester1 or1 anciently1 between ,england and ,south ,wales4 ,directly opposite1 and terminating the causeway leading up from the ferry1 is an archway1 the ancient gwatergate_/g of the abbey4 ,through this gate the monastery received its supplies from the barges that daily ascended and descended the river1 or lay at anchor under the protection of the abbey2 for here1 we were told1 there is depth of water--which is increased at every tide--sufficient to float vessels of seventy tons burthen4 ,the grove1 which occupies the space between the water and the abbey walls1 consists chiefly of apple and pear-trees1 which form a continuous girdle of orchards round the abbey church1 and are particularly luxuriant and productive1 on the site of the ancient burial-ground4 ,the ring of offices with which the abbey was originally enclosed on nearly three sides1 has almost disappeared1 leaving only the foundations1 upon which1 from time to time1 mean hovels have been hastily thrown together--ill adapted for the health1 comfort1 or even convenience of human beings4 ,the prominent features of the abbey as seen from this point1 and taken in detail are--the gnave_/g1 terminating in the great west window1 with its own five lancet-pointed windows rising above the trees2 the north gtransept_/g1 part of the south1 and two windows of the gchancel_/g4 ,following the course of the river eastward1 richly-wooded rocks are seen1 closing the landscape1 and commanding the minute and beautiful view of the 8,vale of ,tinterne10 already given as an illustration4 ,all beyond the white sail on the stream is a scene of richly-wooded rocks on the left bank1 and on the right a wide expanse of smooth and verdant meadows4 ,the hills1 immediately overlooking the abbey on the south1 possess the same picturesque character as those opposite1 but are enlivened by more frequent habitations1 and with more traces of industry and cultivation4 ,the ferry-house1 close to the watergate1 presents some features of antiquity2 and stands1 probably1 on the old foundation of what was occupied by the abbot's g,charon_/g of the olden time4 ,a glance at the debris1 under which some of the monastic buildings here lie half buried1 suggests an idea that1 with due permission and encouragement1 antiquaries could hardly fail to discover excellent 8diggings0 in these purlieus4 ,but thus far the prying archologist has been regarded with suspicion and distrust1 and condemned to look upon the antiquities of ,tinterne as treasures laid up for the benefit of future generations4 ,v4--g,doorway leading into the ,cloisters4_/g--,this beautiful specimen of art is one of the very finest in the abbey4 ,the elegance of the design is only surpassed by the elaborate taste and skill displayed in its execution4 ,the clustered mouldings of the doorway2 the wavy multifoil outline of the inner arch2 the beautifully carved ornament that surrounds the whole like a riband of delicate lacework2 the whole crowned with the symbolic trefoil resting on the apex of the arch1 present a combination of features--all harmonizing1 and all elaborately adjusted to one another--rarely to be met with even among the masterpieces of ,decorated ,gothic4#ahe ,looking through this doorway1 the window in the distance is that of the southern aisle1 through which are seen the woods on the opposite hill2 and inside the walls the ivy is seen climbing in verdant masses along the arches and pillars of the nave4 ,under the broken steps1 where the group of figures is represented1 are the remains of sepulchral stone-slabs1 covering the resting-place of the old abbots1 and formerly inlaid with the symbols of their holy office1 as ,illustration3 ,the ,door from ,cloister into ,sacristy4 ,tintern ,abbey4 represented in the engraving4 ,but the brasses have long since disappeared1 and left only the empty grooves to which they had been so elaborately adjusted by the skilful artists of that day4 ,brasses1 or g,latten_/g1 are considered to be good illustrations of the architecture of their period1 owing to the designs of canopies1 crosiers1 c4 delineated upon them4 ,they are seldom to be met with in any reign prior to that of ,edward the ,second2 nor did they become general till towards the close of the fourteenth century1 when the effigies are commonly surmounted by arched canopies1 ogee-shaped and crocketed1 of the same kind of inlaid work elaborately engraven4 ,these subsequently vary1 according to the style of the age1 and in general rather preceding than following it4 ,of the brasses1 which--owing to the rank and character of its founder and benefactors1 as well as its abbots and others--must have formed no inconsiderable feature in the decorations of ,tinterne ,abbey1 not a fragment remains4 ,where g,latten_/g marked the abbots' grave1 ,and sculpture spread her trophies round it2 ,rank weeds in wild luxuriance wave1 ,and mock the gaudy shrine that crowned it4 ,here1 they who for the g,cross_/g had died1 ,and they who led the way to glory-- ,here mitred pomp1 and martial pride1 ,have not a stone to tell their story4 ,,vi4--g,doorway leading into the ,sacristy4_/g--,this is a double doorway--a specimen of the ,early ,english--divided by a moulded shaft1 with a circular opening1 or quatrefoil1 over it4 ,the outer arch is deeply #8recessed1' consisting of five or six successive shafts1 or mouldings1 on either side1 without capitals1 and meeting above at the centre of the arch4 ,the inner arches are foliated1 and the cusps richly fluted4 ,clasping this elegant and massive structure1 the ivy has so incorporated itself with the masonry1 that--massive as it is--art must gradually yield to that natural process which seems to make every root of ivy1 if once insinuated between the jointed stones1 act like a fulcrum for their dislodgment-- 8,ha1 ha60 laughs the ,ivy1 8let men uprear ,their #8g,castles and ,abbeys_/g1' far and near2 ,pile upon pile1 let their fabrics rise1 ,darkening the earth1 and mocking the skies2 ,lifting their turrets so haughtily-- ,boasting their grandeur--but what care ,i8 ,buttress and bastion1 cloister and hall-- ,i conquer them all--,i conquer them all60 ,,vii4--g,the ,refectory4_/g#ahf--,of this building enough remains to show1 that1 in their palmy days1 the ,abbots of ,tinterne had a truly noble hall for their private and state entertainments4 ,of refectories in general1 some account has been already given at page #ea of this volume4 ,of the style of architecture employed in this dining-hall1 the numerous windows1 with their mullioned partitions1 tall shafts1 and foliated arches1 face-shafts1 and corbel heads along the walls1 from which sprang the lofty groined vault that covered and connected the whole1 present a tolerably distinct picture4 8,along the roof a maze of mouldings slim1 ,like veins that o'er the hand of lady wind1 ,embraced in closing arms the key-stone trim1 ,with hieroglyphs and cyphers quaint combined1 ,the riddling art that charmed the ,gothic mind40 ,with regard to the minor details1 we may notice the gdole_/g1 a small double aperture1 near the archway on the left2 and on the opposite side1 is another door through which the dishes were handed in from the kitchen4 ,near the dole is a low-arched doorway in the eastern wall1 showing the passage by which communication was kept up with the adjoining offices1 the hospitium1 the locutorium1 and the dormitories4 ,the situation of the reading-desk1 or lectern1 will be seen by referring to the new gplan_/g of the abbey here introduced2 and this closes our notice of the engraved illustrations4 99 99 99 99 99 8,on the whole10 says ,grose1 summing up his observations on ,tinterne1 8though this monastery is undoubtedly light and elegant1 it wants that gloomy solemnity so essential to religious ruins2 it wants those yawning vaults and dreary recesses1 which strike the beholder with religious awe--make him almost shudder at entering them1 and call into his mind all the tales of the nursery4 ,here1 at one cast of the eye1 the whole is comprehended1 nothing is left for the spectator to guess or explore2 and this defect is increased by the ill-placed neatness of the poor people who show the building1 and by whose absurd labour the ground is covered over by a turf1 as even and trim as that of a bowling-green1 which gives the building more the air of an artificial ruin in a garden1 than that of an ancient decayed gabbey_/g40 8,how unlike10 he adds1 8the beautiful description of the poet6-- #8,half-buried there lies many a broken bust1 ,and obelisk and urn1 o'erthrown by time1 ,and many a cherub here descends in dust1 ,from the rent roof and portico sublime2 ,where reverend shrines in ,gothic grandeur stood1 ,the nettle or the noxious nightshade spreads2 ,and ashlings1 wafted from the neighbouring wood1 ,through the worn turrets wave their trembling heads4'0 ,these objections have been repeated by other writers of unquestionable taste2 but we may venture to predict1 that among the numerous strangers who annually resort to these deserted shrines1 few will return home without expressions of unqualified admiration of 8,tinterne1 as it is40 ,the care employed by its noble owner in arresting the progress of decay1 is creditable to his taste and reverence for antiquity4 ,had these ruins been consigned1 as some would have had them1 to the wasting hand of time1 their vaulted wonders would long ere now have fallen piecemeal into the area beneath2 but wherever a stone is observed to be losing its hold1 the hand of art is immediately applied to restore it to its original place3 and thus1 what might have passed away in a few inclement seasons1 has been propped up and secured for the delight of many generations to come4 ,and lo1 these mouldering fragments to sustain1 ,her graceful network nature's hand hath hung2 ,bound every arch with a supporting chain1 ,and round each wall her living verdure flung2 ,and o'er the floor that sepulchres the dead-- ,the saints and heroes of departed years2 ,the flower of memory lifts its modest head1 ,and morning sheds her tributary tears4--,w4,b4 99 99 99 99 99 g,poetical ,votaries4_/g--,having quoted so largely from chroniclers and other prose writers in the preceding pages1 we must not quit the subject of ,tinterne ,abbey1 without selecting a few stanzas from those minstrels who have sought and found inspiration on the spot4 ,wordsworth1 from whose poem on the ,wye we have already quoted1 addresses the following g,lines to a ,cistercian ,monastery4_/g #8,here man more purely lives1 less oft doth fall1 ,more promptly rises1 walks with nicer heed1 ,more safely rests1 dies happier2 is freed ,earlier from cleansing fires1 and gains withal ,a brighter crown4' ,on yon g,cistercian_/g wall ,that confident assurance may be read2 ,and1 to like shelter1 from the world have fled ,increasing multitudes4 ,the potent call ,doubtless shall cheat full oft the heart's desire2 ,yet1 while the rugged age on pliant knee ,vows to rapt ,fancy humble fealty1 ,a gentler life spreads round the holy spires2 ,where'er they rise the sylvan waste retires1 ,and ary harvests crown the fertile lea4 g,tinterne ,abbey on the ,wye4_/g ,sudden the change2 at once to tread ,the grass-grown mansions of the dead4 ,awful to feeling1 where1 immense1 ,rose ruin'd grey magnificence2 ,the fair wrought shaft all ivy-bound1 ,the tow'ring arch with foliage crowned1 ,that trembles on its brow sublime1 ,triumphant o'er the spoils of time4 ,there1 grasping all the eye beheld1 ,thought into mingling anguish swell'd1 ,and checked the wild excursive wing1 ,o'er dust or bones of priest or king2 ,or rais'd some g,strongbow_/g warrior's ghost1 ,to shout before his banner'd host4 ,but all was still4 ,the chequered floor ,shall echo to the step no more2 ,no airy roof the strain prolong1 ,of vesper chant or choral song-- g,tinterne_/g6 thy name shall hence sustain ,a thousand raptures in my brain2 ,joys1 full of soul1 all strength1 all eye1 ,that cannot fade1 that cannot die4--,bloomfield4 g,evening at ,tinterne ,abbey4_/g g,a pilgrim_/g1 at the vesper hour1 ,i stood by ,tinterne's hallowed tower2 ,while o'er the walls1 in golden hue1 ,the setting sun its farewell threw2 ,then1 paling slowly1 flushed and fled1 ,like a smile from the cheek of the recent dead4 99 99 99 99 99 g',tis night_/g--on the ivy-mantled walls ,the shadows deepen1 and darkness falls2 ,and forth from his roost1 in the fretted aisle1 ,the solemn owl wheels round the pile2 ,but no lighted shrine1 no vesper-song1 ,is seen1 or heard1 these aisles among2 ,for hymnless now the day returns1 ,and voiceless sets on their nameless urns2 ,nor laud1 nor chant1 nor matin chime1 ,retard the fleeting steps of time4 99 99 99 99 99 g,the ,shrine_/g1 from which the anthem rushed1 ,when evening glowed1 or morning blushed1 ,like them1 who reared the pile on high-- ,a landmark pointing to the sky2 ,like them1 by slow and sure decay1 ,that shrine is crumbling o'er their clay4--,w4,b41 #ahdh4 g,the ,abbey by ,moonlight4_/g ,i tread the moonlit gabbey_/g6 ,oh1 my soul1 ,how nobly art thou struggling to be free1 ,spurning the temple's1 and the world's control1 ,and feeling most inadequate to thee ,the loftiest dome1 the grandest scenery2 ,o'er views that would oppress thee or appal1 ,rising1 like light bark o'er the mounting sea2 ,and where1 if weak or mortal thou wouldst fall1 ,expanding to survey and compass more than all6 g,palace of ,piety_/g6 ,devotion here ,should wear a crownd angel's robe of white1 ,and antedate the ardours of a sphere1 ,where all is tranquil as this noon of night6 ,the moon--the regal moon--intensely bright1 ,shines through the roseate window of the west2 ,each shaft1 an artificial stalactite ,of pendent stone1 with slumber seems oppressed1 ,or with a charmd dream of peaceful rapture blessed4 ,and through thy lofty arch1 a single star ,is gazing from a depth of spotless blue1 ,as if to learn how soft thy splendours are1 ,and feel them deeply1 as ,i fain would do6 ,while now supine upon thy pave of dew ,i let thy loveliness my soul pervade1 ,and pass with unimpeded influence through ,its quiet depths1 like moonlight through thy shade1 ,to haunt with beauty still that shrine of hopes decayed4 ,forgive me1 gabbey_/g of the watered vale-- ,forgive that1 when ,i feel my spirit swell ,with an unwonted energy1 ,i fail ,to hymn thy desolated glories well6 ,not yet the chrysalis has burst its shell-- ,not yet expanded its immortal wings2 ,the restless rudiments of vast powers tell ,the soul a deathless thing2 from earth she springs1 ,but fast and feebly falls1 the while of thee she sings4 ,j4 ,c4 ,earle1 ,st4 ,edmund's ,hall1 ,oxford4 g,tinterne ,vesper-,hymn4_/g ,like crimson on the dimpled ,wye ,sleeps the glowing summer sky2 ,o'er the landscape1 widely thrown1 ,belted rock1 and mountain cone2 ,hamlet1 tower1 and haunted stream1 ,are basking in the vesper-beam2 ,and holy gfriars_/g1 robed in white1 ,cross them in the waning light--,,ave ,,maria6 ,now1 along the abbey walls1 ,soft the purple gloaming falls2 ,aloft1 on every turret's height1 ,in the dim and doubtful light1 ,here retiring1 there advancing1 ,weeds are waving1 wings are glancing1 ,and yon effigies of stone ,seem to hail the vesper-tone--,,ave ,,maria6 ,deeper yet1 and deeper still1 ,from winding stream1 and wooded hill1 ,shadowy cliff and rippling weir1 ,nature's music fills the ear2 ,notes of mingling praise and prayer ,float along the solemn air1 ,where1 from cloistered arches dim1 ,swells the everlasting hymn--,,ave ,,maria6 ,hark1 'tis midnight6 but1 unsleeping1 ,here their faithful vigil keeping2 ,pale gwhite friars_/g raise again1 ,in lengthened chant1 the solemn strain6 ,hark6 throughout the sacred dwelling1 ,high the mingled notes are swelling2 ,angels1 stooping from the sky1 ,bear the sacrifice on high--,,ave ,,maria6--,w4 ,b4 #ahdi4 ,illustration g,appendix4_/g ,of the ,abbots of ,tinterne the historical notices are very scanty4 ,the following occur in the 8,parliamentary ,writs10 by ,sir ,francis ,palgrave3--#ahg g,a4,d4_/g #abid4--;g,abbas de ,tynterne_/g is summoned to a council of the clergy1 to be held before the g,king_/g in person1 at ,westminster1 on the ,feast of g,st4 ,matthias_/g the ,apostle1 on the twenty-first day of ,september1 and twenty-second of g,edward_/g ,i4 ,again-- #abie4--,the g,abbas de ,tynterne_/g is summoned to ,parliament at ,westminster1 on ,sunday next after the feast of g,st4 ,martin_/g1 thirteenth day of ,october1 and twenty-third year of the reign of g,edward_/g ,i41 prorogued to ,sunday next1 before the ,feast of g,st4 ,andrew_/g the ,apostle1 the twenty-seventh of ,november4 ,thirdly-- #abif4--,summoned to ,parliament at g,bury ,st4 ,edmund's_/g1 on the morrow of g,all-,souls_/g1 ,november the third day1 and twenty-fourth year of the reign of g,edward_/g ,i4 #acjj4--;g,abbas de ,tynterne_/g--,letter of ,credence addressed to him concerning the expedition against the g,scots_/g--at ,blith1 the seventeenth day of ,january1 and twenty-eighth year of the reign of g,edward_/g ,i4 ,again1 the same year1 the gabbot_/g was summoned to ,parliament in ,london1 on the second ,sunday in g,lent_/g1 being the sixth day of ,march4 #acja4--;g,abbas de ,tynterne_/g is summoned to ,parliament at g,lincoln_/g--in eight days of g,st4 ,hilary_/g--the twentieth day of ,january1 and twenty-eighth year of the reign aforesaid4 #acje4--,summoned to ,parliament at ,westminster1 on ,tuesday1 in fifteen days of the g,purification_/g1 the sixteenth of ,february2 afterwards prorogued to ,sunday next1 after the ,feast of g,st4 ,matthias_/g the ,apostle1 the twenty-eighth day of ,february--but to which he was not resummoned--and thirty-third year of the reign of g,edward_/g ,i4 #acaf4--;g,abbas de ,tynterne_/g1 certified pursuant to writ1 tested at ,clipston1 ,march the fifth1 as one of the lords of the township of g,acle_/g1#ahh in the county of ,norfolk1 in the ninth year of the reign of g,edward_/g ,,ii4 #acaf4--;g,johannes de ,tynterne_/g1 certified in like manner1 as holding part of the burgh of g,lyme-,regis_/g1 in the county of ,dorset1 in the ninth year of the reign of g,edward_/g ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following is the original document referred to in various passages of the foregoing articles on ,chepstow and ,tinterne3-- g,genealogia_/g ,fundatoris 7,ex ,,ms4 ,codice in ,bibl4 ,cottoniana sub ,effigie ,vitellii1 ,f4 #d1 fol4 #g74 g,gunnora_/g ,comitissa ,normanni duas habuit sorores1 una ,turulpho de ,ponte-,adamaro conjuncta erat in matrimonio1 et procreavit g,humfridum_/g de ,vetulis qui fuit pater g,rogeri_/g de ,bellomonte1 ex quo comites de ,warwike et ,leicestri processerunt4 g,turketillus_/g fuit frater istius ,turulphi1 cujus filius ,hasculfus de ,harecurt aliam sororem predict ,comitiss ,gunnor con 444 erat duos procreavit filios2 scilicet g,walterum_/g de ,giffard1 primogenitum1 qui alium ,walterum procreavit1 et dictus fuit ,walterius ,giffard secundus4 ,rohesia1 una sororum ,walteri 7duas plures enim habuit7 conjuncta in matrimonio g,ricardo_/g filio comitis g,gisleberti_/g1 qui in re militari1 tempore ,conquestoris omnes sui temporis magnates prcessit4 ,prdicta ,rohesia supervixit et renupta g,eudoni_/g1 dapifero ,regis ,normanni qui construxit castrum ,colecestri1 cum cnobio1 in honore ,sancti ,johannis1 ubi sepultus fuit1 cum conjuge sua1 tempore g,henrici_/g primi4 ,margareta filia eorum nupta fuit g,willielmo_/g de ,mandevill1 et fuit mater g,gaufredi_/g filii comitis ,essexi et jure matris1 ,normanni dapifer4 ,prdictus g,ricardus_/g apud sanctum g,neotum_/g jacet sepultus4 ,huic rex ,willielmus concessit baroniam g,de ,clare_/g1 villam ver cum castello de ,tunbridge1 de ,archiepiscopo ,cantuariensi1 pro aliis terris in ,normannia1 perquisivit in excambium4 g,baldwinus_/g1 frater istius ,ricardi1 ,willielmum1 ,robertum1 et ,ricardum1 cum tribus sororibus genuit4 ,ex prdicta g,rohesia_/g hanc sobolem procreavit ,ricardus1 g,rogerus_/g natu secundus terras patris sui in ,normannia adeptus est2 g,walterus dominium ,wenci inferioris1 in ,wallia1 qui construxit ,abbatiam de ,tinterna1 anno ,domini_/g ,,mcxxxi2 gobiit sine prole_/g4#ahi ,the g,deed_/g1 by which the privileges originally granted by the founders were confirmed and completed by ,roger ,bigod1 after the lapse of a hundred and seven years1 is expressed in the following terms3-- g,rogerus le ,bygod ,comes ,norfolci_/g1 et ,mareschallus ,angli1 ,salutem in ,domino4 ,noverit universitas vestra me intuitu ,dei et pro salute anim nostr1 et animarum antecessorum nostrorum1 et hredum nostrorum1 concessisse et confirmasse ,deo et ecclesi beat g,mari de ,tinterna_/g1 ,abbati et monachis et eorum successoribus ibidem ,deo servientibus1 in liberam puram et perpetuam elemosynam1 omnes terras et possessiones1 libertates1 et liberas consuetudines subscriptas quas habent ex donis antecessorum nostrorum et aliorum fundatorum seu donatorum1 sive ex dono nostro--videlicet3 ,totam hayam de g,porcassek_/g1 et ex altera parte co opertorium nemoris c omnibus pertinentiis suis in bosco et plano1 et quicquid habet in ,pentirk de tenementis terris redditibus boscis et planis c aliis libertatibus suis et totam terram de g,modisgat_/g c omnibus suis pertinentiis--videlicet3 cum pastura ovium et aliorum animalium suorum ubique in chacia nostra de g,tudenham_/g1 et de ,subbosco in dictu chacia quicquid eis necessarium fuerit ad ardendum et ad hayas claudendas1 etc4 ,his testibus domino ,joanne le ,bgod fratre meo3 ,dom4 ,joanne le ,bgod g,stocton_/g3 ,nicholao de g,kingeston_/g1 militibus3 ,elya de ,aylbreton1 tunc ,seneschallo meo de g,strugull_/g3 ,philippe de g,mora_/g3 ,rogero de g,sancto ,mauro_/g3 ,willielmo de g,dynam_/g3 ,andre de g,bellocampo_/g1 et aliis4 ,datum apud g,modesgat_/g1 quarto die ,augusti1 ganno ,domini_/g ,m4,,ccci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,authorities quoted or referred to in the preceding article on ,tinterne ,abbey and its vicinity3--,dugdale's ,monasticon and ,baronage--,thomas's ,tinterne--,camden--,giraldus ,cambrensis--,robert of ,gloucester--,matthew ,paris--,william of ,worcester--,fosbroke's ,british ,monachism--,dallaway's ,arts--,reed--,barber--,mores ,catholici--,life of ,st4 ,bernard--,french ,monastic ,writers--,annales et ,usus ,cistercienses--,morton's ,monastic ,annals--,nicolson's ,history--,west's ,furness--,wonders and ,traditions of ,wales--,bp4 ,godwin--,burnet--,pictorial ,hist4 of ,engl4--,sir ,h4 ,ellis's ,original ,letters--,wilkins's ,concilia--,macaulay's ,history--,blunt's ,sketch of the ,reformation--,latimer's ,sermons--,madden's ,penalties--,warton--,taylor's ,index ,monast4--,heraldic ,enquiries--,henniker--,cowel--,chronicl es of ,england--,local historians and poets--,gilpin--,heath--,barber--,thomas 1 whose work on 8,tinterne and its ,environs0 is the best hand-book that has yet appeared on this locality--,notes taken by the ,editor during a ,tour on the ,wye--,hints and ,suggestions from ,correspondents1 etc4 ,illustration ,on taking leave of ,tinterne1 we shall here introduce a short notice of-- g,goodrich ,castle_/g1 once a stronghold of the ,marshalls1 whose names have been so often recorded in connection with the abbey4 ,it stands on a finely wooded promontory1 round which the river ,wye flows in a semicircular direction4 ,by whom it was originally founded is unknown1 though the near affinity of its name to that of #8g,godricus ,dux_/g1' who occurs as a witness to two charters granted by ,king g,canute_/g to the abbey of g,hulm_/g1 has given birth to a not improbable conjecture that he was the founder4 ,the g,keep_/g is evidently of a date antecedent to the ,conquest2 but the surrounding works are principally ,norman1 though various additions and alterations may be distinguished as the workmanship of different periods1 even down to the time of ,henry ,,vi4 ,in its general outline1 this castle forms a parallelogram1 with a round tower at each angle1 and a square #8keep' standing in the south-west part of the enclosed area4 ,the common thickness of the exterior walls is somewhat more than seven feet2 the length of the longest sides--that is1 those towards the south-east and north-west1 including the projections of the towers--is about #agf feet2 and that of the south-west and north-east sides about #aeb feet4 ,illustration g,the keep_/g stands somewhat in the same manner as those of ,porchester1 ,pevensey1 and ,castleton1 close to the outward wall of the castle2 and1 like them1 it has no window on the outside next the country4 ,it had evidently three rooms or floors1 one above the other2 all of them1 however1 were very small1 being only fourteen feet and a half square2 and the room on the first floor had no sort of internal communication with the dungeon beneath--which had not even a single loophole for light and air1 but was connected by a very narrow passage to a still smaller dungeon1 strongly secured under the platform belonging to the steps of the entrance1 and having a very small air-hole on the same side4 8,the original windows are ,saxon2 that in the middle of the upper story seems to have remained just as it was from the very first1 without any alteration2 and the manner in which the two large side columns stand1 somewhat within the arch1 is consistent with the fashion adopted by the ,saxons1 and continued even to the time of ,edward the ,confessor4 ,the large zigzag ornament on each side1 between the columns1 is in the rude form in which it was generally used by the early ,saxons2 and so also is that of the zigzag moulding1 or band1 that is carried by way of ornament quite across the tower1 just under the window2 and it is very remarkable1 that the middle projecting buttress is carried no higher than this ornament40#aij--,see the preceding wood-cut4 ,the window in the apartment beneath is similar in its general construction2 but the columns which support the arch are somewhat higher1 and a semicircular moulding of zigzag is carried beneath the arch2 the middle part of the window1 however1 has been altered--a stone frame for glass having been inserted1 of the style and age of ,henry the ,sixth1 and probably in the time of the celebrated ,earl ,talbot1 whom tradition represents as having his gown chamber_/g in this tower4 ,in the second apartment is a fire-hearth1 and1 in an angle of the wall1 a circular staircase leads to the upper story4 8,to this staircase is a most remarkable doorway2 it has one large transom stone1 as if to aid the arch to support the wall above1 and in this respect it resembles several other ,saxon structures1 in which this singular fashion seems to have been uniformly adopted1 until it became gradually altered by the introduction of a flattish under-arch1 substituted in the room of the transom stone40#aia g,the principal entrance_/g was by a flight of steps on one side1 distinct from the main building1 and ascending to a platform before the doorway leading to the second chamber4 ,the entrance to the dungeon1 or lower apartment1 was under 8a very remarkable sort of pointed arch1 formed of flat sides1 which seems1 from the appearance of the wall around it1 and from its peculiar style1 to have been inserted many ages after the tower was built1 and in the time of g,edward_/g ,,iii42 a suspicion that appears to be most strongly confirmed1 by the circumstance1 that about the twenty-second year of ,edward the ,third1 ,richard ,talbot1 its then lord1 obtained the royal license#aib for having in his castle a prison for male-factors1 having also the cognizance of pleas of the crown1 c41 within his lordship of ,irchinfield4 ,the bottom of the keep-tower would undoubtedly1 as usual1 be the place where such a prison would be established2 and on that occasion it should seem that this new and strong door-frame was first constructed1 whilst the very annexation of the lordship of ,irchinfield1 or ,urchenfield1 to the possession of this keep-tower1 both of which his lordship appears to have been possessed of before this license was granted1 shows the exceedingly high antiquity of this castle1 since ,urchenfield was1 indeed1 the very place where ,st4 ,dubricius founded his college of ,religious1 about ,a4,d4 #eab1 to live1 like the original ,eastern recluses1 by the work of their own hands40#aic ,the body of the keep is an exact square of twenty-nine feet4 g,in_/g describing the additions made to this fortress in the ,norman times1 and during the successive reigns to the time of ,henry the ,sixth1 we shall follow ,mr4 ,king1 and begin with the strongly-fortified gentrance_/g1 which1 commencing between two semicircular towers of equal dimensions1 near the east angle1 was continued under a dark vaulted passage1 to an extent of fifty feet4 8,immediately before the entrance1 and within the space enclosed by the fosse1 was a very deep pit1 hewn out of the solid rock1 formerly crossed by a drawbridge1 which is now gone1 but which evidently appears to have exactly fitted1 and to have closed1 when drawn up1 the whole front of the gateway between the towers4 ,about eleven feet within the passage was a massive gate1 the strong iron hinges of which still remain3 this gate and the drawbridge were defended on each side by loopholes1 and overhead by rows of machicolations in the vaulting4 ,six feet and a half beyond this was a portcullis1 and about seven feet further a second portcullis2 the space between these was again protected by loopholes and machicolations4 ,about two feet more inward was another strong gate1 and five feet and a half beyond this1 on the right1 a small door leading to a long narrow gallery1 only three feet wide1 formed in the thickness of the wall1 and which was the means of access to the loopholes in the eastern tower1 as well as to some others that commanded the brow of the steep precipice towards the north-east40 ,these works appear to have been thought sufficient for general defence2 but a resource was ingeniously contrived for greater security1 in case they had all been forced3 8for a little further on are many stone projections in the wall on each side1 like pilasters1 manifestly designed for inserting great beams of timber within them1 like bars1 from one side of the passage1 which was about nine feet ten inches wide1 to the other1 so as to form a strong barricade1 with earth or stones between the rows of timber1 which would in a short time1 and with rapidity1 form a strong massy wall40 ,beyond these the passage opened into the great inner court of the ,castle4 g,chapel4_/g--,the ruins of the chapel run parallel with the entrance on the left2 the style of the broken ornaments1 and particularly of those about its great window1 show this to have been repaired and adorned even so late as the reign of ,henry the ,seventh4 ,in one part is a very remarkable niche1 and near it a smaller one1 for holy water4 ,on the opposite side is also another niche for the same purpose4 ,beneath the chapel was a deep vault1 and over it a chamber1 with a fireplace1 which still appears projecting from the wall4 ,adjoining the chapel1 and near the entrance1 is a small octagonal watch-tower1 which rises above the other buildings1 and commands a fine view over the surrounding country4 ,the buildings between the chapel and the south or garrison tower1 to the upper part of which a passage1 or covered-way1 led along the top of the outer wall1 are mostly in ruins4 ,here appear to have been the stables4 ,the garrison tower adjoins the entrance to the keep2 its foundation is a square of about thirty-six feet2 but the three outward angles diminish as they ascend1 and form triangular buttresses1 so that the upper part of the tower is circular4 ,the walls are at least eight feet in thickness4 ,the entrances to this tower were so continued1 that there was access to it from every part of the walls4 ,it contained three floors1 and in each of them a fire-hearth4 ,the interior forms an irregular octagon1 about twenty feet in diameter from the angles1 and about seventeen from side to side4 g,great ,tower4_/g--,the wall that extended between the keep and the west tower is in ruins4 ,this tower1 which is also greatly dilapidated1 appears of more modern construction than the former1 and is probably of the time of the ,edwards4 ,its outward form is circular2 but the interior is somewhat of an octangular figure1 but very irregular1 its general dimensions being thirty-three feet long1 and twenty-five feet broad4 ,in this appears to have been the great gkitchen_/g2 the fireplace is still distinguishable1 with a recess and loophole on each side4 ,here was a small doorway1 or sally-port1 communicating with a sort of outer ballium1 which runs on the north-west side1 and was enclosed by an outer wall4 ,on this side also1 and ranging between the west tower and the north or ,ladies' tower1 were the state apartments4 g,the ,hall_/g was a magnificent room of the time of ,edward the ,first1 as clearly appears from the style and architecture of its remains1 and particularly from its long1 slender1 and narrow windows4 ,this apartment was sixty-five feet long1 and twenty-eight feet broad4 ,some years ago it contained a single beam of oak1 8without knot or knarle10 sixty-six feet long1 and nearly two feet square throughout its whole length4 ,on the north-west side is the great fireplace2 and behind it1 projecting into the outer gballium_/g1 a vast mass of solid stonework1 or buttress1 which1 in its upper part1 appears to have had some little apartment1 or guard-chamber4 ,the hall communicated towards the north with a kind of withdrawing or retiring room1 about twenty-nine feet by seventeen and a half1 in which appears to have been a window looking into the hall4 ,from this second apartment1 a passage led into what seems to have been the great g,state-room_/g1 which was fifty-five feet and a half long by twenty broad4 ,at the upper end1 or towards the north1 are two beautiful pointed arches1 springing from a well-wrought octagon pillar in the middle of the apartment1 and resting on corbels at the sides4 ,here seem to have been two large windows2 but the walls are so much broken1 or closely mantled with ivy1 that this cannot with certainty be affirmed4 ,the architecture of this part of the building is of the time of g,henry_/g the ,fifth or ,sixth4 ,at the north angle of this room is an opening leading into the north or g,ladies' tower_/g1 which is so situated on the brow of a high and steep precipice1 as to be the most defensible part of the castle4 ,from the apartment within1 which is a neat octagon1 about fifteen feet in diameter1 is a most beautiful view over the adjacent country4 ,from the common appellation of this tower1 there can be little doubt of its having been appropriated as a 8,ladies' bower40 ,beyond the state-room1 in the north-east wall1 is a square recess and loophole1 supposed to have been formed for the lodging and seat of the warden4 g,such_/g was the original construction of ,goodrich ,castle2 but almost every part has yielded to the iron tooth of age1 and to the more speedy demolition of war4 ,the ruins1 however1 are extremely grand2 the massive towers are finely mantled with ivy2 and even the great moat is embellished with the luxuriant foliage of tall forest-trees4 ,from the adjoining woods the crumbling turrets have a very striking and interesting effect2 and seen from the water1 the view has been truly characterized as 8one of the grandest upon the ,wye40 ,whoever was the original founder of this ,castle1 8whether ,godricus ,dux1 who witnessed ,king g,canute's_/g charters1 or any chieftain prior to him10 it is certain that the earliest authenticated record yet discovered1 is of ,a4,d4 #abjd1 when it was given by 8,king ,john to ,william ,strigul1 ,earl g,marshall_/g1 to hold by the service of two knights' fees40 ,his son ,walter1 ,earl of ,pembroke--as noticed in a former page of this volume--died here in ,december1 #abde4 ,it was afterwards conveyed by a female to ,william de g,valentia_/g1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 whose third son1 ,aymer de ,valence1 became his heir1 and was murdered in ,france in #acbc4 ,from him it passed to the ,talbots1 by the marriage of ,elizabeth ,comyn1 daughter of ,joan1 his second sister1 with ,sir ,richard1 afterwards ,lord ,talbot1 who procured the license from ,edward the ,third to have a prison here4 ,this ,richard was a renowned soldier and statesman2 and is thought to have expended a considerable part of the ransoms1 obtained from his prisoners taken in the ,french wars1 on the reparation and improvement of ,goodrich ,castle4 ,his descendant1 ,john ,talbot1 the great ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 who was killed at the battle of ,castillon1 in the year #adec1 was first buried at ,rouen2 and in enumeration of his titles on the monument raised to his memory1 he is styled 8,lord of ,goderich and ,orchenfield40 ,his successors were equally distinguished for bravery1 and were frequently employed in offices of great trust4 ,george1#aid the sixth earl1 had the custody of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 committed to his charge4 ,that these places were really alienated is improbable1 as ,gilbert1 seventh ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 was in possession of this castle and manor at the period of his death in the #adth of ,james the ,first4 ,elizabeth1 his second daughter and co-heiress1 conveyed them in marriage to ,henry de ,grey1 ,earl of ,kent1 in whose family they continued till the year #agdj1 when1 on the death of ,henry1 ,duke of ,kent1 they were sold to ,admiral ,griffin4 ,in the civil wars between ,charles ,i4 and his ,parliament1 ,goodrich ,castle was alternately possessed by both parties4 ,it was first seized by the ,parliamentary army2 but afterwards fell into the hands of the ,royalists1 who sustained a siege of nearly six weeks against ,colonel ,birch4 ,the colonel began the siege on the #bbnd of ,june1 #afdf4 ,on the third of ,august1 as appears from ,whitelocke1 8,colonel ,birch entered some of the works of ,gotherich ,castle1 whereupon the garrison hung out a white flag for parley1 which ,birch refused1 and went on storming1 until they all submitted to mercy4 ,in the castle1 besides the governor1 were #ej gentlemen and #abj soldiers1 with arms1 ammunition1 and provisions40 ,on the twenty-fifth the ,parliament gave orders that the ,countess of ,kent should be informed that there was a necessity for demolishing the castle2 and that 8on the demolishing thereof1 satisfaction should be made to her4 ,on the first of ,march following1 they finally resolved that the castle should be totally disgarrisoned1 and slighted4 ,the breaches of the ,ladies' tower1 which is the most effectually ruined1 were said to have been chiefly occasioned by the battering of the cannon during the siege40#aie ,,raglan ,,castle1 g,monmouthshire4_/g 8g,stranger_/g6 ponder here awhile2 ,pause in g,raglan's_/g ruined pile2 ,all that wealth and power1 combined1 ,with skill to plan1 and taste refined1 ,to rear a structure fit to be ,the home of ,england's g,chivalry_/g1 ,was lavished here6--where1 met in hall1 ,mailed g,barons_/g kept their festival2 ,the night in lordly wassail spent-- ,the day in tilt and tournament3 ,yet still1 when ,england's woes began1 ,were first to arm and lead the van2 ,to shield the g,monarch_/g in his need1 ,in ,freedom's glorious cause to bleed2 ,to ,loyalty surrendering all-- ,then1 with their falling g,king_/g to fall60 g,the ,castle of ,raglan_/g is one of the most picturesque ruins in the kingdom1 and closely associated with a momentous period of our national annals4 ,though roofless1 tenantless1 and dismantled1 it still presents a majestic and venerable aspect4 ,no visitor of taste or sensibility will ever traverse its spacious but long-deserted halls1 without feeling a deep interest in its eventful history4 ,it was on a bright autumnal evening that we quitted the comfortable little inn1 the 8,beaufort ,arms10 at ,raglan1 to make our first survey of this baronial stronghold2 and at that hour1 and season of the year1 it was seen through its embowering trees in all its glory4 ,ascending the gentle eminence on which it stands1 we came to the outer gate1 or barbican1 portions of which still remain1 and crossing the ballium1 now covered with rich verdant pasture1 we were received by the intelligent ,warden1 who conducted us to the majestic gateway1 and pointed out to us1 as we proceeded1 the more imposing features of the ,castle1 as they alternately met and receded from the eye4 ,illustration3 ,the ,avenue4 ,raglan ,castle4 ,the vista through the ,gateway1 taking in the ,great ,court--once adorned with statues and fountains1 but now1 like everything around it1 abandoned to the weather1 is very striking2 while the absolute silence which pervades the scene1 contrasts forcibly with its ancient stir and splendour1 and compels us1 while fancy is peopling it with troops of chivalry and their retainers1 to exclaim1 8,where are they80 ,a long wooden table with benches1 the last symbols of that hospitality for which its noble owners were once conspicuous1 stood on the grassy floor4 ,but these were no relics of the ancient banquet-hall1 but of a modern festive meeting1 when the tenants upon the estates had met to express their attachment to the noble ,marquess and his family4 ,the manner in which the kitchen had been refitted for their entertainment1 showed that it must have been #8got up' in a style not unworthy of its feudal renown2 and1 8as for the venison10-- 8,finer or fatter ,ne'er ranged in a forest1 or smoked on a platter40 g,we_/g arrived1 however1 too late for the feast1 though another1 a much simpler1 and palatable treat awaited us--that which ,nature1 luxuriating amidst the ruins of ,art1 had lavishly spread before us4 ,such piles of masonry1 such masses of ivy1 were never before brought together6 ,here and there1 indeed1 the sturdy ramparts looked through their leafy screen with a sort of ghastly whiteness1 like ,hobbes' spectre from behind the yew-tree1 or the bones of some enormous skeleton1 upon which the kindly hand of ,nature had suspended her own green mantle4 ,nothing could be more strikingly novel and picturesque4 ,along the vast framework of the castle1 on which the wealth and taste of centuries had been employed1 until its strength and beauty could receive no farther additions from the hand of man1 a straggling forest of vegetation expanded its mingling branches4 ,under the same leafy covert1 from the timid wren to the ill-omened raven1 birds of every feather had found a congenial roost4 ,from the sepulchral yew the moping owl looked out upon everything around her as her own domain and cherished inheritance4 ,over our heads bats performed their swift circles in the still twilight sky2 while daws chattered from the ancient keep1 as if they had never heard a musket-shot1 nor felt the slightest apprehension of being disturbed in their possession4 ,on a lofty spray that overtopped every other tree1 a loving thrush serenaded his mate in the fragrant thicket below4 ,numerous smaller birds1 that seemed puzzled from the very abundance of the accommodation where to fix their roost1 kept up a constant fluttering amongst the branches2 while here and there was heard a bickering of wings and twittering of bills1 as if contending for possession of some favourite branch for the night4 ,surely1 we thought1 there is room enough here for all2 and yet even there--among those spacious green arbours1 place and position were as eagerly sought and coveted by the feathered tribes1 as by the equally volatile and jealous retainers of a court4 ,at length all was seemingly adjusted2 the stillness of night pervaded the scene2 the last shadows of twilight had faded into one common pall2 and night1 attended by a host of sparkling satellites1 took quiet possession of the long line of courts that once swarmed with life and enjoyment4 ,and now1 between the western sky--that still retained some warm lingering traces of sunset--and the donjon tower1 mousing owls were seen enjoying their solemn pastime1 here swimming lazily through the arched court1 then along the battlements1 or the margin of the clear glassy moat2 then soaring aloft1 and settling for a minute or two among the dark ivy2 but still returning to make another circle and finding no wings abroad but their own4 ,the contemplation of this ,castle1 at any period of the day1 is calculated to make a lasting impression2 but when the rising moon shot her mellow light through its old shattered casements1 and the breeze seemed to waken at the same instant and set all the ivy in motion1 the scene became still more impressive4 ,among the deep shadows that invested the spacious courts1 every prominent object was now brought suddenly into view2 and1 with a little aid from fancy1 the waving of plumes1 and the flashing of steel armour1 seemed distinctly visible on the battlements2 while the fragments of crumbling masonry that lay scattered below1 as if struck by an enchanter's wand1 presented the semblance of animated groups1 that waited only the word of command to start into life and motion4 ,the stillness1 too1 which but half an hour before had pervaded every court and tower1 was succeeded by a soft rustling among the leaves1 that now flickered like quicksilver as the moonlight fell upon them1 and then lost itself in their massive branches2 whilst the shrubs and flowers that grew wild and vigorous in every court1 or clambered up the walls and archways1 seemed to give forth their mingled odours to the night wind1 as it passed wooingly through their leaves1 and filled the air with incense4 8,we seemed to tread on fary land2 ,for1 in every thing around us1 ,we felt the touch of a viewless hand1 ,and we heard the notes of a seraph band1 ,whose magic spell had bound us2 ,while bright yclad1 as in days of yore1 g,the ,knight of ,raglan_/g strode before40 ,the ,pitched-court2 the hall of state1 with its magnificent bay-window2 the chapel2 the fountain-court1 with the grand staircase on the south side opening upon it2 then the elegant portal leading to the grand terrace that overlooks g,raglan church_/g1 were all traversed in succession1 with nothing to distract attention1 or disturb the solitude1 but the whistle of a night-hawk1 or the sound of our own footsteps on the grassy carpet1 that now forms the universal #8pavement' of these once sumptuous apartments4 ,for over the once tesselated floor1 and the tapestried walls1 weeds have thrown an oblivious mantle1 while-- 8,ha1 ha60 laughs the ,ivy1 8old ,time to me ,hath given the glory and mastery6 ,so poets may sing1 if it like them well1 ,from early matins till vesper bell2 ,and others may list to their minstrelsie-- ,i've a song of my own--so what care ,i8 ,your gcastles_/g1 though stately1 and strong1 and tall1 ,i conquer them all--,i conquer them all60 ,but as the faint outline here sketched will be filled up when we take the architectural features of the g,castle_/g in detail1 we pass on to a few preliminary remarks4 ,illustration3 ,ancient armour4#aif g,grose_/g1 in his #8,antiquities1' observes that this castle is of no great antiquity1 having been founded1 as he conjectures1 about the close of the fifteenth century1 although many important additions were subsequently added4 ,in the time of ,henry ,,viii41 as ,leland informs us1 ,raglan1 8yn ,middle ,venceland ,wentland1 was a fair and pleasant castel1 with to goodlye parkes adjacent20 and 8the laste ,lord ,herbertes10 as ,morgan told him1 8builded all the best coffes of the ,castle of ,raglan40 ,camden1 in his account of the ,silures1 or ,monmouthshire1 notices it very briefly1 as 8a fair house of the ,earl of ,worcester's1 built castel-like40#aig ,it is not stated by ,grose on what authority he places ,raglan ,castle among the strongholds erected in the time of ,henry ,,vii4 ,his observations can apply only to those portions of it which are comparatively modern4 ,the ,citadel1 or ,yellow ,tower of ,gwent1 is of unquestionable antiquity4 ,in the family history we are told that ,sir ,john ,morley1 a military knight1 who lived in the time of ,richard ,,ii41 resided here as #8lord of ,raglan ,castle4' ,but postponing this question at present1 as one that will be considered more fully when we come to examine the ,castle in detail1 we shall merely observe that although1 as it now appears1 the ,castle does not indicate any more distant origin than the reign of ,henry ,v41 yet traces may be discovered in various portions of towers built1 or reconstructed1 during every subsequent reign1 down to that of g,charles_/g ,i4--with whose fate it is so painfully associated4 ,owing to the circumstance named1 the learned antiquary may discover #8a disunion of styles2' but taken as a whole1 the ,castle of ,raglan presents a remarkable harmony of proportions that hides every minute discrepancy1 heightens the general effect1 and leaves the spectator under a pleasing conviction that1 in design and execution1 it is the work1 not of many1 but of one master mind4 ,but to this subject we shall return2 and1 in the meantime1 we proceed to give a brief sketch of g,the ,founders of ,raglan4_/g--,by ,mr4 ,jones the name of the founder is traced to that of ,sir ,william ap ,thomas4#aih ,this date1 however1 is too modern1 and only a repetition of the conjecture thrown out by ,grose4 ,there is every reason to believe that the ,clares1 as early as the thirteenth century1 had a castle at ,raglan1 the site1 of which is now occupied by the ,citadel1 or ,tower of ,gwent1 erected probably in the reign of ,henry ,v4 ,the above-named ,sir ,william ap ,thomas resided at ,raglan ,castle during the reign of ,henry ,v41 who knighted him for his valour in the wars of ,france4 ,he married ,gladys1 daughter of ,sir ,richard ,gam1 and widow of ,sir ,roger ,vaughan1#aii by whom he had three sons and a daughter4 ,of his eldest son1 ,william1 first ,earl of ,pembroke1 we shall speak hereafter4 ,but of the old military ,lords of ,raglan1 little of historical interest has descended to modern times4 ,from ,richard g,strongbow_/g1 of whom a notice has been given in the preceding sketches of ,chepstow and ,tinterne1 ,raglan descended to ,walter ,bloet1 8in consideration of soldiers1 money1 and arms10 furnished by him for the expedition to ,ireland1 of which ,strongbow was the leader4 ,by the marriage of the daughter and heiress of ,bloet with ,sir ,james ,berkeley1 it passed into and remained in that ancient family until the reign of ,henry ,v41 when it became vested in ,sir ,william ap ,thomas1 already mentioned2 whose eldest son was created by ,edward ,,iv4 ,lord of ,raglan1 ,chepstow1 and ,gower1 and commanded to assume the surname of ,herbert1 in honour of his ancestor ,hubert ,fitz-,henry1 chamberlain to ,king ,henry ,i4 ,to this nobleman was entrusted the care of the ,earl of ,richmond1 afterwards ,henry ,,vii41 who was for some time a prisoner in ,raglan ,castle4 ,sir ,hubert was created1 in #adfi1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 in acknowledgment of his zeal to the house of ,york2 but his career was brief and disastrous1 for having the same year raised a corps of ,welshmen1 he marched against the ,lancastrians under the ,earl of ,warwick1 and being taken prisoner at ,dane's ,moor1 was beheaded at ,banbury on the #bgth of ,july4#bjj ,of these calamitous events1 the following account1 abridged from the old g,chronicle_/g1 may not be unacceptable to the reader3-- 8g,king ,edward_/g hearing of these ,northerne proceedings1 and that his brother and ,warwicke were preparing against him1 sent for the ,lord ,herbert1 whom he had created ,earl of ,pembroke1 to be his general in the ,north2 and therefore accompanied with ,sir ,richard ,herbert his brother1 and eighteen thousand well-furnished ,welshmen1 marched towards the enemy2 and after him was sent ,humfrey ,lord ,stafford1 with sixe thousand archers1 to second him in his warres4 ,these lords meeting together had notice by espials that the ,northerne made towards ,northampton2 to intercept whom1 the ,lord ,stafford1 lately made ,earl of ,devonshire1 was employed2 and ,sir ,richard ,herbert1 who with two thousand horse layd themselves covertly by the side of a wood1 and suddenly set upon the rereward1 the rest having passed2 but the ,northerne very nimbly turned about and bad the ,welshmen such welcome1 as few of them returned to tell of their entertainment4 ,the king understanding of this hard beginning1 mustered his subjects on every side1 intending to cope with the ,northerne himself4 ,and ,earle g,warwicke_/g1 as forward to advance his fortunes1 gathered his friends1 with purpose to encounter with g,pembroke_/g and his ,welsh4 ,but before any supplies came to either of them1 it chanced the armies to meete unawares upon a fair plaine called ,dane's ,moor1 neere to the towne of ,hedgecot1 three miles from ,banbury1 and presently fell to a bickering1 wherein ,sir ,henry g,nevill_/g1 knight1 son of the ,lord ,latimer1 upon a lusty courage venturing somewhat too farre1 was taken prisoner2 and notwithstanding he yielded himselfe to his takers1 was cruelly slaine2 which unmartiall act rested not long unrepaied1 with the loss of most of the ,welsh next day4 ,for the field withdrawne1 the ,lord g,stafford_/g repaired to ,banbury1 and there took his lodging1 where his affections were much enamoured vpon a faire damsell in the inne4 ,but the ,earl of ,pembroke coming to the same towne1 tooke into the same inne1 and commanded the ,lord ,stafford to provide himself elsewhere1 contrary to their agreements made before4 ,whereat ,stafford was displeased1 and departing thence with his whole band1 left the g,earl_/g naked of men in the towne1 and disabled the field of the archers1 whereby the day was lost upon the king's part1 for which he shortly lost his owne head4 ,the ,northerne1 inflamed for the death of young g,nevill_/g1 the next morning most valiantly set upon the ,welshmen1 and by the force of archers drave them from their ground of advantage1 which ,pembroke wanting supplied with his own prowess2 and g,sir ,richard_/g1 his brother1 with his poll-axe twice made way through the battell of the ,northerne without any mortal or deadly wound2 so that by their valours it was verily supposed the field had been wonne1 had not ,john ,clapham1 an esquire and servant to ,warwicke1 displayed his lorde's colours with his white beare1 and from an eminent place cried1 #8,a ,warwicke6 ,a ,warwicke6' ,whereat the ,welsh were so terrified as they turned and fled1 leaving their general and his brother alone in the field1 who1 valiantly fighting1 were encompassed and taken1 with the death of five thousand of their men4 ,the ,earl with his brother1 ,sir ,richard g,herbert_/g1 were brought to ,banbury1 where1 with ten other gentlemen1 they lost their heads1 ,conyers and ,clapham being their judges4 8,this second victory thus got1 and the ,northerne men now fleshed under the leadinge of ,robbin of ,riddesdale1#bja hasted to the king's manor of ,grafton1 where the ,earle g,rivers_/g1 father to the queen1 then lay1 whom1 with his sonne ,john1 they suddenly surprised1 and in ,northampton strucke off their heads without any judgment4 ,the death of these lords the king greatly lamented1 and sought to revenge3 first1 therefore1 writing his commissions for the apprehension of g,humfrey_/g1 ,lord ,stafford of ,southwicke1 who1 by diligent search1 was found at ,brentmarsh1 and beheaded at ,bridgewater1 as he worthily deserved4 ,next hee prepared a mighty army1 and with the same marched towards ,warwicke1 his company encreasing ever as he went40#bjb ,in another ,chronicle the same disastrous events are thus related3-- 8g,the ,welshmen_/g got first the ,west hill1 hoping to have recovered the ,east hill2 which if they had obteyned the victorye had been theirs1 as their unwise prophesyers promised them before4 ,the ,northern men encamped themselves on the ,south hill4 ,the ,erle of ,pembroke and the ,lord ,stafforde of ,southwike were lodged at ,banbery y day before y field1 which was g,st4 ,james's ,day_/g2 and there the ,erie of ,pembroke put the ,lord ,stafforde out of an inne wherein he delighted much to be1 for the love of a damosel that dwelled in the house1 contrarie to their mutuall agreement by them taken2 which was1 that whosoever obtained first a lodging1 should not be deceyved nor removed4 ,after many great wordes and crakes had betweyne these two captaynes1 the ,lord g,stafforde_/g in great despite departed with his whole companye and band of archers1 leaving the ,erle of g,pembroke_/g almost desolate in the towne1 which with all diligence returned to his hoste lying in the field unpurvoyed of archers1 abiding such fortune as ,god would sende and provyde40 ,in the mean time1 8,sir ,henry ,nevil1 son to the ,lord ,latimer1 tooke with him certaine light horsemen1 and skirmished with the ,welshmen in the evening1 even before their campe1 where he did divers valyaunt feates of armes2 but1 a little too hardy1 he went so farre forward that he was taken and yeelded1 and cruell slaine2 which unmerciful acte the ,welshmen sore rued the next day or night4 ,for the ,northern men being inflamed1 and not a little discontented with the death of thys nobleman1 in the mornyng valyauntly set on the ,welshmen1 and by force of archers caused them quickly to descende the hill into the valey1 where both the hostes fought40 ,in this hot encounter1 8the ,erle of g,pembroke_/g behaved himselfe like a hardy knight1 and an expert capitaine2 but hys brother1 ,syr ,richard ,herbert1 so valyauntly acquited himselfe1 that with his poll-axe in his hand1 as his enemies did afterwards report1 he twice by fair force passed thorough the battaile of his adversaries1 and without any mortal wound returned4 ,if everye one of his felowes and companions in arms had done but halfe the actes which he that daye by his noble prowess achieved1 the ,northerne men had obteyned neither safetie nor victorie40 ,the chronicler then relates the circumstance which threw the ,welshmen into a panic1 by which they lost five thousand men1 and then records the result with touching simplicity3-- 8,the ,erle of ,pembroke1 g,sir ,richard ,herbert_/g1#bjc his brother1 and divers were taken1 and brought to ,banbery to be behedded4 ,much lamentacion and no lesse entreatie was made to save the lyfe of ,syr ,richard1 both for hys goodlye personage1 which excelled all men there1 and also for the noble chivalrie that he had shewed in the fielde the day of the battaile2 insomuch that his brother1 the ,erle1 when he should lay downe his head on the blocke to suffer1 says to ,sir ,john ,conyers and ,clapham--#8,maisters1 let me die6 for ,i am old2 but save my brother1 which is yung1 lustie1 and hardie1 mete and fit to serve the greatest prince of ,christendome4' 8,but ,coniers and ,clapham remembering the death of the yung knight1 ,syr ,henry g,nevill_/g1 cosyn to the ,erle of ,warwicke1 could not hear on that syde2 but caused the ,erle and his brother1 with divers other gentlemen to the number often1 to be there behedded40#bjd ,illustration g,william_/g1 eldest son of this unfortunate nobleman1 succeeded to the earldom of ,pembroke1 and was retained by the king to serve him in his wars of ,france and ,normandy for one whole year1 with forty men-at-arms and two hundred archers4 ,but the king1 being desirous to dignify his son ,prince ,edward with the title of ,earl of ,pembroke1 procured a resignation of the same from this ,william1 and in lieu thereof created him ,earl of g,huntingdon_/g1 on the fourth of ,july1 #adgi4 ,four years later he was constituted1 by ,richard ,,iii41 ,justice of ,south ,wales1 and entered into covenants with the king to take ,dame ,catharine ,plantagenet1 his daughter1 to wife1 before the feast of g,st4 ,michael_/g following2 as also to make her a jointure in lands to the value of two hundred pounds per annum3 the king undertaking to settle upon them and their heirs male1 lands and lordships of a thousand marks per annum4 ,but this lady dying in her tender years1 it is likely that this marriage did not take effect4 ,he afterwards wedded ,mary1 the fifth sister of g,woodville_/g1 ,earl ,rivers1 by whom he had an only daughter1 at whose marriage with ,sir ,charles ,somerset1 the ,castle of g,raglan_/g1 and its dependencies1 passed into the family of ,worcester4 ,from the genealogical history of that house we collect the following particulars3--,the ,sir ,charles here named was a natural son of ,henry1 third ,duke of ,beaumont1 famous in his day for his desperate assault of the ,castle of g,st4 ,anjou_/g1 in which he put three hundred ,scots to the sword1 and hanged all the ,frenchmen therein4 ,he was afterwards ,governor of the ,isle of ,wight1 and of ,calais2 was finally taken prisoner at the battle of ,hexham1 and there beheaded by g,nevil_/g for his adherence to the house of ,lancaster4 ,at his death his son g,charles_/g assumed the name of ,somerset1 and being a person of abilities attained to great wealth and honours under ,henry ,,vii41#bje who entered him of his ,privy ,council1 made him ,constable of ,helmsley ,castle1 ,admiral of the ,fleet1 sent him as ambassador with the ,order of the ,garter to the ,emperor ,maximilian1 made him a ,banneret1 ,knight of the ,garter1 and ,captain of the ,royal ,guard4 ,on a second embassy to ,maximilian1 he concluded two treaties--gave a bond for the payment of #aj1jjj in aid of the ,emperor against the ,turks1 and in support of the ,christian religion4 ,living in high favour with his sovereign1 his good fortune was established by his marriage with g,elizabeth_/g1 heiress of ,william ,herbert1 ,earl of ,huntingdon1 in whose right1 in #aejf1 he bore the title of ,lord g,herbert of ,raglan_/g4 ,on the accession of ,henry ,,viii4 he continued in the same high offices2 and having1 with six thousand men1 attended the king into ,france1 in #aeac1 he was present at the taking of ,therrouenne and ,tournay4 ,for his heroic conduct in this campaign1 he received the office of ,lord ,chamberlain for life2 and finally1 on account of his descent from g,john of ,gaunt_/g1 and alliance to the king by blood1 he was advanced the following year#bjf to the dignity of ,earl of ,worcester4 ,by his will1 dated ,march #bd1 #aebd1 he ordered his body to be buried beside that of his first wife in the chapel of g,our ,lady_/g1 now called ,beaufort ,chapel1 in the ,castle of ,windsor4 ,he directed that1 in case he departed this life at g,raibo_/g1 in ,london1 or near the river ,thames1 his body should be conveyed by water to the said church at ,windsor1 as privately as might be1 without pomp or great charge of torches1 or clothing1 hearse1 wax1 or great dinner2 but only that twenty men of his own servants should each have mourning and bear a torch2 and that the bier1 or herse1 should be covered with black cloth1 and have a white gcross_/g upon it4 g,henry_/g1 the second ,earl of ,worcester1 who1 during his father's lifetime1 had distinguished himself in the king's service1 and been knighted by ,charles g,brandon_/g1 ,duke of ,suffolk1 was appointed one of the commissioners for concluding a peace with the ,french4 ,departing this life in #aedi1 he was buried in the church of ,chepstow1 where a costly monument--already noticed--was erected to his memory4#bjg g,william_/g1 his eldest son1 and third ,earl of ,worcester1 accompanied the ,marquis of ,northampton into ,france1 to present ,king ,henry ,,ii4 with the royal insignia of the ,garter4 ,and again1 in #aegc1 he was sent by ,queen ,elizabeth as her representative at the christening of a daughter of ,charles ,,ix41 on which occasion1 in the name of his royal mistress1 he presented a font in pure gold4 ,he married ,christian1 daughter of ,lord ,north of ,earthlodge4 g,edward_/g1 his only son and heir1 was sent ambassador to the ,court of ,scotland1 to offer the ,queen's congratulations to ,king g,james_/g on his return from ,denmark2 and ten years later he was appointed ,master of the ,horse4 ,at the accession of ,king ,james1 he continued in the same office1 and was also named one of the commissioners for executing the office of g,earl-,marshall_/g1 the ,duke of ,norfolk being then under sentence in the ,tower4#bjh ,he was afterwards ,lord ,privy ,seal2 and dying on the third of ,march1 #afbh1 tatis #gi1 was buried in the family vault in ,windsor ,castle4#bji ,in his youth1 as recorded by his colleague ,sir ,robert ,naunton1 8this earl was a very fine gentleman1 and the best horseman and tilter of his times1 which were then the manlike and noble recreations of the ,court1 which took up the applause of men1 as well as the praise and commendation of ladies4 ,and when years had abated these exercises of honour1 he grew then to be a faithful and profound counsellor4 ,he was the last liver of all the servants of her favour1 and had the honour to see his renowned ,mistress1 and all of them1 laid in the places of their rest2 and for himself1 after a life of very noble and remarkable reputation1 he died rich1 and in a peaceful old age--a fate that befel not many of the rest2 for they expired like lights blown out--not commendably extinguished--but with the snuff very offensive to the standers by40#baj ,sandford describes him as 8a great favourer of learning and good literature40 ,illustration3 ,procession4--,morning of the ,tournament4 g,henry_/g1 his son1 the fourth earl1 married ,anne1 daughter of ,john ,lord g,russell_/g1 heir apparent to the ,earl of ,bedford2 and1 in #afdb1 was created ,marquess of ,worcester4 ,and this brings us down to the period1 when the family fortunes--like the fortress they inhabited--were destined to undergo a lamentable change4 ,as the civil commotions increased1 the ,marquess fortified his castle of g,raglan_/g1 and there entertained his ,sovereign with unbounded magnificence4 ,such were his unlimited sacrifices to the royal cause1 that the king1 fearing lest the garrison stores should become exhausted by his numerous suite1 offered to invest him with powers to exact supplies from the neighbouring country4 ,but with great magnanimity ,worcester replied--8,i humbly thank your ,majesty2 but my castle would not long stand1 if it leant upon the country4 ,i had rather myself be brought to a morsel of bread1 than see one morsel wrung from the poor to entertain your ,majesty40 ,but of this more fully when we describe the royal visit and the g,siege_/g4 ,from these brief introductory notices of the lives and services of the primitive lords of ,raglan1 we proceed to give a few sketches of life1 as it generally passed in the retirement of their own domains1 in the midst of their friends and retainers at ,raglan ,castle4 g,baronial ,life4_/g--,of the expenses of a nobleman's family and household in the olden time1 some idea may be formed by adverting to the facts adduced by writers of the day4 ,in a letter from the ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 who had the custody of ,mary of ,scotland1 to the ,marquis of ,winchester1 and ,sir ,walter ,mildmay1 it is said--8,may it please you to understand1 that whereas ,i have had a certain ordinary allowance of gwine_/g1 amongst other noblemen1 for expenses in my household1 without impost3 the charges daily that ,i do now sustain1 and have done all this year past1 well known by reason of the ,queen of ,scots1 are so great therein1 as ,i am compelled to be now a suitor unto you1 that you will please to have a friendly consideration1 unto the necessity of my large expenses4 ,truly two tuns in a month have not hitherto sufficed ordinarily2 besides that which is sacrificed at times for her bathings1 and such like use2 which seeing ,i cannot by any means conveniently diminish1 my earnest trust and desire is1 that you will now consider me with such larger proportion in this case1 as shall seem good unto your friendly wisdoms1 even as ,i shall think myself much beholden for the same4 ,and so ,i commit you unto ,god4 ,from ,tetbury ,castle1 this #ae of ,january1 #aefi4 ,your assured friend to my power4--,g4 ,,shrewsbury40#baa 8,this passage10 ,mr4 ,lodge observes1 8will serve to correct a vulgar error1 relating to the consumption of wine in those days1 which1 instead of being less1 appears to have been--at least in the houses of the great--even more considerable than that of the present time4 ,the good people who tell us that ,queen ,elizabeth's maids of honour breakfasted on roast beef1 generally add1 that wine was then used in ,england as a medicine1 for it was sold only by apothecaries4 ,the latter assertion1 though founded on a fact1 seems to have led to a mistake in the former2 for the word apothecary from the ,greek 1 a repositorium is applicable to any shopkeeper1 or warehouseman1 and was probably once used in that general sense40#bab ,in the retinues and domestic attendance#bac of the nobles of this period1 everything proclaimed that the era of feudal authority and magnificence had departed4 ,accordingly1 when the civil wars had commenced1 no peer1 however wealthy or high in rank1 could drag after him a regiment1 or even a company1 of unwilling vassals to the field4 ,on the contrary1 the meanest hind was free to choose between king and parliament4 ,something1 however1 of the mere pomp of feudalism was still maintained in the domestic establishments of the nobility and wealthier gentry4 8,the father of ,john ,evelyn1 when he was sheriff of the counties of ,surrey and ,sussex1#bad had a hundred and sixteen servants1 in liveries of green satin doublets1 besides several gentlemen and persons of quality1 who waited upon him1 dressed in the same garb40 ,one of the largest1 if not the very largest1 of ,english establishments ever maintained by a subject1 was that of the ,lord ,treasurer1 the ,earl of ,dorset1#bae heir of the ,lord ,buckhurst1 and well-known poet of the court4 ,it consisted of two hundred and twenty servants1 besides workmen attached to the house1 and others that were hired occasionally4 ,the chief servants of the nobility--so they were called1 but they were rather followers or clients--were still the younger sons of respectable1 or even noble families1 who attached themselves to the fortunes of a powerful patron1 and served him either in court or military affairs1 for which they were allowed separate retinues in men and horses1 with gratuities in money1 and promises of promotion4#baf ,the progress of improvement that had banished minstrels1 jugglers1 and tumblers1 from princely establishments1 had naturally introduced the drama in their room2 and1 accordingly1 we sometimes find a company of actors classed among the servants of the chief noblemen1 as well as a family physician1 or even a whole band4 g,a steward_/g1 distinguished by a velvet jacket1 and a gold chain about his neck1 presided as marshal of the household1 and next to him was the clerk of the kitchen4 ,but these cumbrous appendages were daily lessening1 as domestic comfort came to be better understood4 ,this improvement1 however1 had commenced still earlier among those of less rank and pretension4 ,all who had their fortune still to seek in the court1 or in the army1 and all who repaired to the metropolis in quest of pleasure1 found1 so early as the time of ,elizabeth1 that the bustle and the scramble of new and stirring times1 made a numerous train of attendants an uncomfortable appendage4 ,the gallant1 and the courtier1 therefore1 like ,sir ,john ,falstaff1 studied 8,french thrift10 and contented himself with a single 8skirted page10 who walked behind him carrying his cloak and rapier4#bag ,in consequence of the extravagant living introduced during this period1 the spendthrift gentleman often sank into the serving-man1 as we may see from the frequent recurrence of such a transformation in the old plays4 ,when servants were out of place--as we learn from the same authentic pictures of the real life of the times--they sometimes repaired to ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard1 the great place of public lounge1 and there stood against the pillars1 holding before them a written placard1 stating their peculiar qualifications1 and their desire of employment4#bah 8,but whatever retrenchment10 observes the same author1 8might be making in the household expenditure by a diminished attendance1 it was more than counterbalanced by an extravagance in dress1 and personal ornament1 that had now become an absolute frenzy40 ,it is said that ,king g,james_/g almost daily figured in a new suit1 a humour that soon became prevalent among his courtiers4 ,still more generally influential than his own example was that of his several handsome favourites1 all of whom having been indebted for the royal favour merely to their personal attractions1 spared no pains nor cost to give those natural advantages their full effect4#bai ,when ,buckingham was sent ambassador to ,france1 to bring the ,princess ,henrietta to ,england1 he provided for this important mission a suit of white uncut velvet and a cloak1 both set all over with diamonds1 valued at eighty thousand pounds1 besides a feather made of great diamonds4 ,his sword1 girdle1 hatband1 and spurs1 were also set thick with diamonds4 ,another suit which he prepared for the same occasion1 was of purple satin1 embroidered all over with pearls1#bbj and valued at twenty thousand pounds4 ,in addition to these1 he had twenty other dresses of great richness4 ,as a throng of nobles and gentlemen attended him1 we may conceive how their estates must have been impoverished by the purchase of chains of gold1 ropes of pearl1 and splendid dresses1 befitting the retinue of such an ambassador4 ,even a court festival1 of the time of ,james the ,first1 must have made a perilous inroad upon a year's amount of the largest income4 ,thus1 at the marriage of the ,princess ,elizabeth to the ,palatine1 ,lady ,wotton wore a gown profusely ornamented with embroidery1 that cost fifty pounds a yard2 and ,lord ,montague spent fifteen hundred pounds on the dresses of his two daughters1 that they might be fit to appear at court on the same occasion4#bba ,the following letter--which we quote from a work of great merit and research--unfolds much of the domestic #8economy' and habits of a family of distinction during this reign4 ,it is addressed to ,william1 second ,lord g,compton_/g1 by his wife1 soon after their marriage3-- 8g,my ,sweet ,life_/g--,now ,i have declared to you my mind for the settling of your state1 ,i suppose that it were best for me to think and consider within myself what allowance were meetest for me4 ,i pray and beseech you to grant to me1 your most kind and loving wife1 the sum of #b1fjj1 quarterly to be paid4 ,also1 ,i would1 besides that allowance1 have #fjj1 quarterly to be paid1 for the performance of charitable works2 and these things ,i would not1 neither will be1 accountable for4 ,also1 ,i will have three horses for my own saddle1 that none shall dare to lend or borrow3 none lend but ,i2 none borrow but you4 ,also1 ,i would have two gentlewomen1 lest one should be sick1 or have some other let4 ,also1 believe it1 it is an undecent thing for a gentlewoman to stand mumping alone1 when ,god hath blessed their lord and lady with a large estate4 8g,also_/g1 when ,i ride a hunting or a hawking1 or travel from one house to another1 ,i will have them attending2 so for either of these said women1 ,i must and will have for either of them a horse4 ,also1 ,i will have six or eight gentlemen2 and ,i will have my two coaches1 one lined with velvet to myself1 and four very fair horses2 and a coach for my women1 lined with cloth and laced with gold2 otherwise with scarlet1 and laced with silver2 with four good horses4 ,also1 ,i will have two coachmen1 one for my own coach1 the other for my women4 8g,also_/g1 at any time when ,i travel1 ,i will be allowed not only caroches and spare horses for me and my women2 but ,i will have such carriages as shall be fitting for all2 orderly1 not pestering my things with my women's2 nor theirs with either chambermaids2 nor theirs with washing maids4 8g,also_/g1 for laundresses1 when ,i travel1 ,i will have them sent away before with the carriage1 to see all safe4 ,and the chambermaids ,i will have go before1 that the chamber may be ready1 sweet1 and clean4 ,also1 for that it is indecent to crowd up myself with my gentleman-usher in my coach1 ,i will have him to have a convenient horse1 to attend me either in city or country4 ,and ,i must have two footmen4 ,and my desire is that you defray all the charges for me4 8g,and_/g for myself1 besides my yearly allowance1 #a would have twenty gowns of apparel1 six of them excellent good ones1 eight of them for the country1 and six other of them very excellent good ones4 ,also1 ,i would have1 to put in my purse1 #b1jjj and #bjj1 and so you to pay my debts4 ,also1 ,i would have #f1jjj to buy me jewels1 and #d1jjj to buy me a pearl chain4 ,now1 seeing ,i have been1 and am1 so reasonable unto you1 ,i pray you do find my children apparel and their schooling2 and all my servants1 men and women1 their wages4 8g,also_/g1 ,i will have all my houses furnished1 and my lodging-chambers to be suited with all such furniture as is fit2 as beds1 stools1 chairs1 suitable cushions1 carpets1 silver warming-pans1 cupboards of plate1 fair hangings1 and such like4 ,so1 for my drawing-chambers1 in all houses1 ,i will have them delicately furnished1 both with hangings1 couch1 canopy1 glass1 carpet1 chairs1 cushions1 and all things thereto belonging4 8g,also_/g1 my desire is that you would pay your debts1 build up ,ashley ,house1 and purchase lands3 and lend no money1 as you love ,god1 to my ,lord ,chamberlain1 who would have all--perhaps your life--from you4444 ,so now that ,i have declared unto you what ,i would have1 and what it is that ,i would not have1 ,i pray you1 when you be an earl1 to allow me #b1jjj more than ,i now desire1 and double attendance40#bbb ,prodigality in feasting and riotous living soon became as conspicuous as extravagance with regard to dress4 ,in proof whereof1 we may mention the ante-suppers of the epicurean ,earl of ,carlisle4 ,weldon informs us1 that he gave a banquet to the ,french ambassador at ,essex ,house1 where fish of such huge size were served up1 and which had been brought all the way from ,russia1 that no dishes in ,england could hold them1 until several were made for the express purpose4 ,the household expenditure of ,james the ,first was twice as much as that of his predecessor1 amounting to a hundred thousand pounds annually4#bbc g,country ,life4_/g--,while such were the habits of the courtiers1 the country aristocracy still followed that kind of life so much familiarized to our minds by the descriptions in the old songs and plays of 8the golden days of good ,queen ,bess40 ,the rural knight1 or squire1 inhabited a huge building--half house1 half castle--crowded with servants in homespun blue coats1 many of whom were only serviceable in filling up the blank spaces of the mansion2 but as these had been born in his g,worship's_/g service1 it was held as a matter of course that they should live and die in it4 8,the family rose at daybreak1 and first of all assembled at prayers1 which were read by the family chaplain4 ,then came breakfast2 after which the master of the household and his sons got into their saddles1 and went off to hunt the deer1 followed by some score of mounted attendants2 while the lady and her daughters superintended the dairy1 or the buttery1 prescribed the day's task for the spinning-wheels1 dealt out bread and meat at the gate to the poor1 and concocted all manner of simples for the sick and infirm of the village4 ,if leisure still remained1 the making of confections and preserves was a never-failing resource2 independently of spinning and sewing1 or perhaps embroidering some battle or hunting piece1 which had been commenced by the housewives of a preceding generation40 ,at noon dinner was served up in the g,great ,hall_/g1 the walls of which were plentifully adorned with stags' horns1 casques1 antique brands1 and calivers4 ,the noisy dinner-bell1 that sent the note of warning over the country1 gave also a universal invitation and welcome to the hospitable board2 and after dinner sack1 or home-brewed #8,october1' occupied the time until sunset1 when the hour of retiring to rest was at hand4 ,such was the ordinary history of a day in the country mansion4 ,when the weather prevented out-door recreation or employment1 the family library1 containing some six or eight tomes1 that had perhaps issued from the press of ,caxton1 or ,wynkyn de ,worde1 was in requisition2 and1 if the members of the family could read1 they might while away the hours in perusing these volumes for the twentieth time4 ,in this fashion1 they derived their knowledge of religion from the ,bible1 and the 8,practice of ,piety20 their ,protestantism and horror of ,popery from 8,fox's ,acts and ,monuments20 their chivalrous lore from 8,froissart's ,chronicles10 or1 perchance1 the 8,merry ,gests of ,robin ,hood20 their historical erudition from 8,hall0 or 8,hollingshed20 and their morality and sentiments from 8the ,seven ,wise ,masters10 or the 8,seven ,champions of ,christendom40#bbd g,holidays4_/g--,in such a state of life the set holidays were glorious eras2 the anticipation1 the enjoyment1 the remembrance of a single ,christmas or birthday1 furnished matter for a whole month of happiness4 ,on such an occasion the lord of the manor was more than a king1 as he proceeded with his family through the crowds of assembled peasants1 to witness their games of merriment1 and feats of agility or strength2 for his smile inspired the competitors with double strength or swiftness2 while the prize acquired a tenfold value because it was he who bestowed it4 ,at evening1 his bounty was expressed by oxen roasted whole1 and puncheons of mighty ale1 with which he feasted the crowd2 while his house was thrown open to the throng of his more immediate acquaintances and dependents4 ,after the feast1 his hall was cleared for dancing2 three fiddlers and a piper struck up2 and as the 8mirth and fun grew fast and furious10 the strong oaken floor was battered and ploughed in all directions by the hobnailed shoes of those who danced with all their might1 and with all their hearts4#bbe g,such_/g was the life of an old country gentleman when g,james_/g succeeded to the crown of ,england4 ,but these habits1 the last relics of the simplicity of the olden times1 did not long survive that event4 ,tidings of the gay doings at court1 and the wonderful good fortune of the royal favourites1 reached the ears of the aristocratic rustics2 and from that moment rural occupations and village maypoles lost their charm4 ,the young were impatient to repair to the metropolis2 and the old were obliged to yield to the prevailing fashion4 ,with all the fierce impetuosity of novices1 rural esquires1 and well-dowried country widows1 rushed into the pleasures and excesses of a town life2 and thus1 with a rapidity hitherto unknown in ,england1 and at which moralists became giddy1 ancient manners were soon abandoned2 fortunes1 that had accumulated for generations1 vanished2 the hereditary estates of centuries became the property of men of yesterday2 and the time-honoured names of some of the most ancient families disappeared from the scroll of ,english heraldry1 and soon ceased to be remembered4#bbf ,when g,charles_/g came to the throne1 8the coldness of his character and his decorous habits discountenanced those coarse and profligate excesses2 and the courtiers endeavoured to conform to something like the rules of external decency4 ,a general sobriety of demeanour succeeded40 8,but1 as the stern ascetic ,puritans grew into power1 and advanced to the destruction of the monarchy with prayer and fasting1 the court party soon became eager to distinguish themselves by an entirely opposite behaviour4 ,all the excesses of the former reign were resumed2 and ,charles found himself unable to restrain1 or even to rebuke1 his adherents1 who swore1 drank1 brawled1 and intrigued1 to show their hatred of the enemy1 and their devotedness to the royal cause40#bbg ,illustration g,life at ,raglan4_/g#bbh--;,down to this eventful period1 the castellated mansion of ,raglan had continued to bask in the sunshine of prosperity4 ,its halls were frequented by the elite of rank and station1 and by many of that intellectual aristocracy whose genius threw so much lustre upon that and the preceding reign4 ,the ,earl1 whose revenues were princely1 lived in a style becoming the representative of an illustrious race2 and while he observed great state1 and gave sumptuous banquets to the magnates of the land1 he did not neglect the humble votaries of the ,muse4 g,household4_/g--,the following record is taken from a 8,list of the ,household and method of living at ,raglan ,castle10 previous to the visit of g,charles_/g the ,first3-- 8,at eleven o'clock in the forenoon the castle gates were shut1 and the tables laid--two in the dining-room2 three in the hall2 one in ,mrs4 ,watson's apartment1 where the chaplains eat 7,sir ,toby ,matthews being the first72 and two in the housekeeper's room for the ladies' women4 8g,first4--,the ,earl_/g entered the dining-room1 attended by his gentlemen4 ,as soon as he was seated1 ,sir ,ralph ,blackstone1 steward of the house1 retired4 ,the comptroller1 ,mr4 ,holland1 attended with his staff1 as did the sewer1 ,mr4 ,blackburne2 the daily waiters1 ,mr4 ,clough1 ,mr4 ,selby1 ,mr4 ,scudamore2 and many gentlemen's sons1 with estates from two hundred to seven hundred pounds a year1 who were bred up in the castle2 my lady's gentlemen of the chamber1 ,mr4 ,morgan and ,mr4 ,fox4 ,at the first table sat the noble family1 and such of the nobility as came there4 8g,second4_/g--,at the second table in the dining-room sat knights and honourable gentlemen attended by footmen4 8g,hall4_/g--,in the hall1 at the first table1 sat ,sir ,ralph ,blackstone1 steward2 the comptroller1 ,mr4 ,holland2 the secretary2 the master of the horse1 ,mr4 ,dolowar2 the master of the fish-ponds1 ,mr4 ,andrews2 my ,lord ,herbert's preceptor1 ,mr4 ,adams2 with such gentlemen as came there under the degree of a knight1 attended by footmen1 and plentifully served with wine4 8g,second ,hall4_/g--,at the second table in the hall--served from my lord's table1 and with other hot meats--sat the sewer1 with the gentlemen waiters and pages1 to the number of twenty-four4 8g,third4_/g--,at the third table1 in the hall1 sat the clerk of the kitchen1 with the yeomen officers of the house1 two grooms of the chamber and others4 8g,other ,officers_/g of the household were--chief auditor1 ,mr4 ,smith2 clerk of the accounts1 ,george ,whithorn2 purveyor of the castle1 ,mr4 ,salisbury2 ushers of the hall1 ,mr4 ,moyle and ,mr4 ,cooke2 the closet-keeper2 gentleman of the chapel1 ,mr4 ,davies2 keeper of the records2 master of the wardrobe2 master of the armoury2 master-grooms of the stable for the war horses1 twelve2 master of the hounds2 master falconer2 porter1 and his man2 two butchers2 two keepers of the home park2 two keepers of the red deer park2 footmen1 grooms1 and other menial servants to the number of one hundred and fifty4 ,some of the footmen were brewers and bakers4 8g,out-officers_/g were--the steward of ,raglan1 ,william ,jones1 ,esq42 the governor of ,chepstow ,castle1 ,sir ,nicholas ,kemys1 ,bart42#bbi housekeeper of ,worcester ,house1 in ,london2 ,james ,redman1 ,esq42 thirteen bailiffs2 two counsel for the bailiffs to have recourse to2 solicitor1 ,mr4 ,john ,smith40#bcj ,among other distinguished individuals1 who at this time filled offices in the household of ,raglan1 was the ,earl's--and soon afterwards the ,marquess's--chaplain1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,bayly2 to whom we owe those amusing 8,apophthegms of the ,marquess of ,worcester10 published at the ,restoration1 and from which we take the following farce1 in the chaplain's own words1 as presenting a characteristic picture of the times1 when the ,castle had become the scene of extraordinary festivity3-- 8,i cannot tell whether it was upon the marriage of my ,lord ,edward ,herbert with the ,earl ,caernarvon's sister1 or the ,lord ,montague with the ,marquis of ,worcester's daughter1 that there happened this merrie passage1 or mock wedding1 as an echo to the voices that were heard in ,hymeneus' chappel1 between those lovely couple--think which you please--who had newly left being wholly themselves1 by being half of each other2 viz41 one of those two pair of lovers had no sooner united two hearts into one1 and had seated themselves by one of the too many proprieties belonging unto the honourable state of matrimony1 viz4 the boord2 but this ,tom ,deputy1 an old bachelour1 chanced to cast his eye upon a pretty piece of waiting-woman1 one of the appurtenances to this honourable bride4 ,her1 this jovial ,tom1 having whetted his wit by the side of the marriage-bowle1 fixes upon1 being enabled sufficiently thereby to follow any humour1 as a fit subject to make their ladiships some sport2 which happened to be so suitable to the occasion1 and so well performed1 that it soon captivated the cares also of all the masculine nobility4 8,thus encountering the faire bride--#8,madam1 you have the prettiest piece of necessity yonder1 at the side-table1 that ,i know not how any man can be without a wife that may have her for asking4 ,madam1 will you give her me8 ,i protest ,i will marry her1 and fancy myself to be a lord1 and herself a lady4 8,my mind to me a kingdom is20 which shall make her a sufficient joynture4' 8#8,tom1 ,tom1' said the ,marquess1 #8such men as you and ,i1 whose joynts are enfeebled with the strokes of many years1 must not think to winne young maides1 by promising to make them joyntures of the mind4 ,but will you make her deputy of ,deputy ,hall8 and landlady of all the land that is belonging to it8 and ,mrs4 of all the stock that is upon the land1 and goods that is within the house8 ,answer me this1 and then you shall heare what my daughter and her woman will say unto you4' 8#8,with all my heart1' said ,tom2 #8and all the hoggs and poultry that is about the house to boote2 and she shall sleep upon six feather beds4' 8#8,why1 then1 it shall be a match1' said the lady1 #8with all my heart4' 8#8,give me your hand1 madam1' sayes ,deputy2 #8,i will have her1 if there be no more evills in the world4' ,and presently he makes his addresses to the pritty little gentlewoman of the said table2 who had heard all the discourse1 and was persuaded1 then1 upon his approach1 to answer his humour with a condescention at the first word1 and informed that he was an old rich bachelor2 he accosting her after this manner--#8,this pritty moppit1 now thy lady hath given her consent that ,i shall have thee1 if thou saist so too1 we'll be married as soon as they4' 8#8,with all my heart1 and thank you too1' said the young gentlewoman4 8#8,by my troth1 a match1' said he2 #8give me thy hand--#8tis done4 ,i'll break such a jest this day as ,i never broke in my life4' 8#8,aye2 but do not break your promise1' said the gentlewoman4 8#8,what6 before all this company8' said ,deputy2 #8that were a shame4' 8,up he goes again to the lady1 and tells her that they were agreed4 ,my lady drank to him upon the same condition4 ,he pledged her1 and wished the wine might be his poison if he did not marry her after dinner4 ,the lady1 willing to prefer her woman to such a fortune1 held him to his word1 and required performance of his promise1 giving her many and high commendations4 8,tom went not from any part of his promise1 onely the time excepted2 and that in regard he meant to buy himself some wedding clothes4 ,the ,marquess1 willing to remove that obstacle1 told him that he thought his clothes would fit him2 and bid him goe unto his wardrope1 and take what he had a mind to4 #8,give me your key1' said ,tom4 ,it was delivered unto him4 ,up went he1 and then came down with his bever hat1 sattin cloke1 laid with plush1 dawb'd with a gold and silver lace1 suite of the same1 silk stockings1 with roses and garters suitable1 inside and outside1 capope1 all as brave as if he carried a lordship on his back4 8,the lady-bride then takes her woman aside1 and dresses her in one of her richest and newest gownes--that should have made every day of that week sensible of an exchange--with all things answerable thereunto2 not without some store of slight jewels2 and brings her down1 as glorious as the morne1 that breaks from the eastern hill1 and chases night away4 8,they look upon one another1 and all upon them both4 ,tom cries out1 #8,i had best be in good earnest1 my lady4' ,said my lady1 #8,i thought you had been in sober sadness4' #8,neither1 madam1' said the new bridegroome4 #8,but1 old ,tom1 ,i hope1' said the lady1 #8you will not make me take all this paines for nothing8' ,no1 by no means1' saith he2 #8if ever we repent1 we will sell our fine cloathes and buy cattle6 ,it is better being a lord for a week1 than a slave for ever4 ,come thy wayes1' quoth he-- #8,how happy is the wooing ,that is not long a doing6' 8,well--married they were1 in the greatest pomp and ceremony2 and the ,queen of ,beauty took delight in leading the eyes of the vulgar1 which by this time were altogether fixed on the ladye of the ,may4 ,tom acted his scene of mirth in the hall--which proved to be a thing of that convenience1 as if it had been an act of some set policie1 to keep the crowd out of the parlour that the masquers might have roome enough to dance in4 8,at last1 when the masque was ended1 and time had brought in supper1 the #8,cushine' led the dance1 out of the parlour into the hall1 and saluted the old-new-made bridegroome and his lady1 leading them into the parlour1 to a table which was furnished with the same allowance that was allotted for all the nobles1 where they were soon forced to sit down first--,tom taking upon him as much good cheer as they could give him4 8,in fine1 supper being ended1 the ,marquess of ,worcester asked the ,lady-bride1 #8,if she had a hundred pounds about her8' ,she answered1 #8,no1 my lord1 but ,i can send for as much4' #8,i pray do1' said the ,marquess2 #8but it must be all in gold4' ,she sent for it1 and presented it to her father2 who pulled out another purse of an hundred pieces1 and put the two hundred pieces in the bason1 saying1 #8,madam1 if you do not give earnest1 ,deputy will tell you in the morning1 that he married your woman but in jest4' ,whereupon some gave fifty1 others forty2 some gave twenty1 others ten2 the least gave five gold pieces1 who sat at the table--in all1 #gjj4 ,the apparel and other gifts1 amounting to no lesse a value than one thousand pounds2 which so transported the old man1 that he protested1 #8that now he was in the humour1 he would marry all the waiting gentlewomen they had2 one every day in the week1 as long as the wedding lasted4' ,my ,lord ,marquess replied1 #8,ay1 but ,tom1 you should have added1 8at this rate40'444 8,not to be too tedious1 the man--what with bounty1 and what with that which was as free to every man1 as was their purses unto him1 which was good wine--the man was not himself when he should have gone to bed4 ,which being related to my lord1 his lordship took occasion to tell the company the story of the beggar1 who was made believe he did but dreame of the happiness which really happened2 and1 thereupon1 the marquess was desirous to make experiment whether it could be related in the person of old ,thomas4 ,in order whereto1 he gave command that my friend ,thomas should be disrobed of his neat wedding garment1 the rest of his fine clothes taken from him1 and himself carried unto his old lodging in the porter's lodge2 and his wife to respite the solemnisation of the marriage1 until his comportment should deserve so faire an admission--the which was done accordingly4 8,the next morning made the experiment to answer the height of all their expectations2 for news was brought unto the ,marquess--all the rest of the lords and ladies standing by--that ,tom took all yesterday's work but for a dream2 or1 at least1 seemed to do so to humour the fancy4444 ,but ,i should be endlesse10 says ,bayly1 8if ,i should relate unto you the sport that this fellow made4 8,to conclude3 ,the ,marquess called them both before him1 and delivered unto them the money1 with many good exhortations to them both1 thus moralizing upon the premises0--in a strain very characteristic of that day3-- 8#8,that which was first in intention1 is oftentimes1 both with ,god and man1 the last in execution4 ,as1 for example1 ,god had1 before all worlds1 determined to show his love for mankind1 by wedding his onely ,sonne to his ,church2 so ,illustration3 ,the ,paved ,stone ,court4 ,raglan ,castle4 that thus much we have gained already1 viz41 that the marriage that was made in paradise between ,adam and ,eve1 though it was the first in time1 yet it was but secondary to the first intention2 and he that said1 8,before ,abraham was1 ,i am10 was also before ,adam was2 and though the first marriage was but a type of the second1 yet the second1 according to the aforesaid intention1 was an antecedent to the first4 ,god1 who having an intention to wed his ,sonne to his beloved spouse1 the ,church1 gave way to this type1 or figure1 or--to bring the similitude a little homer--mock-wedding1 which was between ,adam and ,eve1 whom to make appear more worthy and glorious in the eyes of his beloved1 and all other creatures1 he arrayed with full majesty1 and the robe of righteousness4 ,his mercy--the lady and empress of all the glorious attributes of ,god--arrais this type and figure of his ,church with the robe of innocence1 and gives them both a large proportion of his grace4 ,these blessings1 ,adam1 by tasting the forbidden fruit1 lost with his paradise1 and slept in death4 ,gentlemen1' concluded the ,marquess1 #8,i will not make any application hereof1 lest ,i may seeme to mistrust your wisdomes2 but ,i have nothing to say to the woman4'0#bca ,the preceding is certainly a very curious passage in the history of ,a potent1 grave1 and reverend signior4 ,it reminds one of some parts of ,don ,quixote and of ,rabelais--all but the sermon at the close--which may have been imitated from one of the old 8,mysteries0 then in vogue4 ,but to these 8,apophthegms0 and ,dr4 ,bayly1 the 8martial chaplain0 of the household1 we may return in a subsequent portion of the work4 ,in the meantime1 we shall take a survey of ,raglan ,castle1 as it now appears1 and then proceed to a narrative of the ,royal ,visits4 g,architectural ,details4_/g--,of the strength1 beauty1 and attractions of this stronghold--which we are now to examine with some degree of minuteness--a quaint old poet#bcb has thus recorded his admiration3-- ,a famous ,castle fine ,that g,raglan_/g hight1 stands moated almost round2 ,made of free-stone1 upreight1 as straight as line1 ,whose workmanship in beauty doth abound1 ,with curious knots1 wrought all with edged tool3 ,the stately ,tower that looks o'er pond and poole2 ,the fountaine trim1 that runs both day and night1 ,doth yeald in shew a rare and noble sight4 ,this description1 of course1 applies to times long before the guns of ,fairfax had made a breach in the ,yellow ,tower2 and while the ,castle1 with all its regal appendages1 was the cherished abode of its illustrious owner--a repertorium of the fine arts1 and the seat of unbounded hospitality4 ,at no period of its history1 however--not even while it was inhabited by worth and beauty1 enriched with the precious works of art1 and seemed to enclose within its walls an earthly paradise--at no period did it ever present so many features to fascinate the mind and eye of ,taste as at this moment4 ,and 8,why is it0--inquires one of the ablest writers of the day--8,why is it that we feel so poetical a sympathy with the great men of ages long past8 ,why do gcastles_/g please most when they are dismantled1 and palaces when they are in ruins8 ,why is an old battle-field rather improved than otherwise by a crop of standing corn8 ,because we can imagine nobler things than we can see4 ,because the heroic deed1 not vile flesh and blood1 is the impersonation of the hero4 ,we should be rather displeased at meeting the ,iron ,duke walking to a pedometer on the field of ,waterloo4 ,we would doubt whether on the plain of ,marathon we could be reconciled even to the ghost of ,miltiades4 ,greatness shines more brightly when it is abstracted from the man40 ,we will now1 as proposed1 take the building in detail1 beginning with the grand entrance1 and proceeding onward1 until we have completed the circuit of the walls1 the inner apartments1 battlements1 terraces1 and outworks4 ,on these prominent features we shall dilate with more or less minuteness according to the interest of the subject--but always directing the reader's attention more especially to those portions which have been chosen as subjects of illustration4 g,grand ,entrance4_/g--,here a magnificent and imposing spectacle bursts upon the eye--three pentagonal towers1 crowned with battlements1 and bearing on their mutilated outline marks of the cannon-shot directed against it by the besiegers4 ,these1 however1 are less defaced than any other portions of the ruin1 and are now invested with a luxuriant mantle of ivy1 lichen1 and parasitical plants1 as if ,nature interposed to protect the venerable edifice from further outrage and decay4 ,in the gateway are grooves for two portcullises4 ,the two pentagonal towers on the right and left were appropriated to the inferior offices of the castle4 ,immediately behind these were rooms occupied by the garrison1 or household troops4 ,adjoining these on the right1 was the third pentagonal tower1 called the ,closet ,tower2 and on the left again were the officers' apartments1 which were demolished during the operations of the siege4 g,gateway4_/g--,between the two foremost of the pentagonal towers1 above-named1 the great portal--a work of imposing strength and fine gothic proportions--opens into the second court4 ,halting under the archway1 the curious visitor will examine1 with mingled pleasure and surprise1 the fine architectural details2 the groined ceiling2 its lofty span2 its fine proportions1 in which grace1 strength1 and beauty are eminently combined3 while the deep grooves1 worn smooth by the working of the double portcullis1 show how readily this hospitable gateway could be transformed1 when occasion required1 into an impenetrable barrier1 and employed as a destructive engine of war4 ,the old gapartments_/g in the gateway tower are correctly represented in the following woodcut-- ,illustration ,in a vaulted room in the east tower there is a remarkable echo2 and thither musical parties frequently resort during the fine season to spread their pic-nic1 and exercise their vocal powers4 ,this apartment is considered to have been the prison to which captives1 or hostages of distinction1 were formerly consigned2#bcc and certainly no place in the ,castle presents an air of more 8hopeless security40 ,in the court below--as represented in a former woodcut--several pieces of ancient armour1 and some heavy cannon shot1 are shown to the visitor1 as illustrative of the times to which they belong4 ,the next compartment is g,the ,paved ,court4_/g--,all the buildings on the right of this court1 particularly the ,closet ,tower--the third pentagonal tower at the entrance--suffered greatly from the enemy's cannon during the siege2 and here1 on the north-east side of the wall1 the breach was effected that hastened the capitulation4 ,the ,pitched1 or ,paved ,court1 the area of which was once the parade ground1 thronged with armed men1 as they joined in some military fte1 or entered on some warlike preparation for the siege1 is now surrounded by only crumbling walls1 and as verdant as a bowling-green4 ,the towering battlements are all richly festooned with ivy4 ,every crevice sends forth its trees and shrubs1 that seem to luxuriate in the old mortar2 and under the same canopy of leaves1 as already noticed1 birds of song and birds of ill omen congregate together4 ,at the extremity of the ,paved ,court1 on the right1 as we proceed westward1 and from the point marked by a seat under a shady ash-tree1 the visitor obtains an imposing view of the architecture on the south side1 which1 with all its dilapidations1 is eminently picturesque4 8,its boundary is there hung with the richest tapestry that ,nature can weave--a mantling vestment of evergreen--through which appears1 in grand proportions1 the majestic window of the ,hall of ,state40 ,this is a prominent feature in the steel engraving4 g,the ,kitchen4_/g--,at the extremity of the court1 and opposite to the portal1 is an archway leading to the kitchen1 which occupies the area of a pentagonal tower1 projecting beyond the walls northward1 and of narrow compass1 but great solidity and strength4 ,in an office adjoining is an extensive fireplace1 the arch of which1 thirteen feet in the span1 is formed by two massive stones4 ,the wide capacious chimney is worthy of notice4 ,beneath the kitchen is a room in perfect preservation1 called the ,wet ,larder1 which may be easily reached by a subterranean passage4 ,from the kitchen a passage leads southward across the lower end of the ,pitched ,court to the ,buttery1 and this again to the common g,dining-,hall_/g1 or ,parlour4--,this apartment measures forty-nine feet in length by twenty-one in breadth1 with an opening at the east end into a narrow cross passage1 which also communicates1 by three openings or doors1 with the great ,hall1 which lies between the ,pitched ,court and the ,chapel1 and occupies nearly the whole space between this dining-hall and the ,officers' ,tower1 at the great entrance4 ,adjoining these is the g,baronial ,hall4_/g--,this stately apartment1 running parallel with the ancient chapel1 occupies the interval between the two inner courts1 and measures sixty-six feet in length by twenty-eight in breadth4 ,the chief indications of its original grandeur consist in the majestic proportions--all of elegant design and masterly execution4 ,the great bay-window is a feature that cannot fail to excite admiration2 and were no other left entire1 it would serve to convey a very distinct picture of that feudal magnificence which was in character with the splendour of its architecture4 ,the fireplace1 ten feet wide by eight feet high1 is well adapted to the size of the apartment1 and to those times when1 instead of pit-coal1 the branches or bole of a tree blazed on the winter hearth4 g,arms4_/g--,the arms of the ,marquisate of ,worcester1 cut in stone1 but much obliterated1 adorn the eastern wall2 for the noble badge was an offensive object to the republicans2 and1 on their taking possession of the castle1 it was probably ,illustration3 ,the ,baronial ,hall4 ,raglan ,castle4 used as a target1#bcd and thus wantonly defaced4 ,over the fire-place1 as shown in the engraving1 is the letter ,w4 worked in brick4 g,roof4_/g--,the geometrical roof1 which once covered this noble hall1 is allowed by all writers on the subject to have been of admirable construction4 ,it was of ,irish oak of the best quality1 nicely adjusted1 elaborately carved1 and so ingeniously framed and fastened together1 that the whole appeared as firm as if it had been chiselled out of a solid block2 yet withal so lofty1 so light and airy in appearance1 that it seemed rather to be suspended from the sky above1 than to rest upon the corbel heads and walls which it covered and adorned4 ,in the centre was a gothic louvre adorned with painted glass1 through which the descending light streamed upon the assembled guests--their arms1 dresses1 and accoutrements1 in all the colours of the rainbow4 ,at the lower end of the hall is the ,buttery1 an apartment1 thirty-two feet long by eighteen broad2 and attached to this is another of equal dimensions1 called the ,pantry4 g,officers' ,barracks4_/g--,opposite the door of the great ,hall1 on the south1 was a range of apartments1 used as lodgings for the superior officers of the garrison4 ,during the siege these were razed to the ground by the enemy's artillery2 so that the area on which they stood is now confounded with that of the ,fountain ,court4 ,the latter apartments are distinct from those already described4 g,the ,chapel4_/g--,the ,baronial ,chapel stands in the rear of the apartments named4 ,it is a long narrow structure1 running parallel with the great ,hall1 and forming the north side of the ,fountain ,court2 but the vestiges that remain convey no distinct notion of its architectural style and decorations2 which were1 no doubt1 in harmony with other sacred buildings of that age and its character of a baronial chapel4 ,if1 however1 we may form any opinion from two rudely carved stone effigies#bce projecting from the wall on the north side1 and nearly covered with ivy1 we should form but a very unfavourable estimate of its ornamental sculpture3 unless1 indeed1 the deformity they exhibit be the result of wilful violence2 and as they are at a good height1 and not approachable in the ordinary way1 we had no means of ascertaining the fact by close inspection4 ,but the corbel heads1 from which the arches sprung1 do not appear to justify a more favourable opinion2 for the workmanship exhibits neither skill in the design1 nor spirit in the execution4 ,the ,chapel1 therefore1 was of a date perhaps much anterior to the surrounding buildings1 and coeval with that of the ,keep1 or 8,tower of ,gwent10 a work of the eleventh century4 g,the ,fountain ,court4_/g--,this court was formerly adorned with an equestrian statue1 mounted on a lofty pedestal1 and embellished with a fountain--the water for which was brought at great expense from the neighbouring hills--and1 after being thrown up in jets-d'eau1 was conveyed into the fish-ponds adjoining1 so as to combine in its progress the useful with the ornamental4 ,but the pedestal1 the marble basin1 and the statue1 with every other fragment of the structure1 have disappeared4 ,the pipes that conveyed the water have been ploughed up in the fields adjoining the castle2 but the classic beauty of the fountain lives in the history and traditions of the place3 and from a laughable incident related in the 8,apophthegms10 and which will be found in another portion of this work1 we may infer that the ,marquess of ,worcester took great pleasure in this kind of embellishments4#bcf g,south-west ,tower4_/g--,ascending the flight of steps commencing at the grand entrance1 on the south side of the court1 we were conducted through the desolate apartments1 known traditionally as those occupied by ,charles the ,first1 after his flight from ,naseby4 ,this tower1 and the whole range of apartments connected with it1 are in a state of complete dilapidation2 and were it not for the wooden scaffolding that secures and facilitates the visitor's progress1 a tour of the ramparts would be impracticable4 ,a lady1 we were told1 who happened to be near this spot during a rather high wind1 was blown over the wall2 but an umbrella1 which she had fortunately open in her hand1 acted like a parachute1 and broke her fall2 and thus she alighted among the shrubs beneath without sustaining any material injury4 ,in these royal apartments1 we were shown a tunnel1 like a chimney1 in the wall of the king's chamber1 communicating with the outer rampart1 by means of which1 in case of surprise or danger1 the royal fugitive could have been lowered in a basket1 and enabled to make his escape beyond the walls4 ,had a similar contrivance existed at ,carisbrook1 it would have served his purpose better4 ,but there he was indeed a prisoner4 ,here he had the lives and services of a whole garrison at his command2 with ,worcester himself1 the most devoted friend the king ever possessed1 to provide against every danger1 and supply every want4 ,a light and elegant stone window is here pointed out as that to which the king often resorted1 on account of the richly variegated and extensive view which it commands of hill and dale1 wood and water2 trees1 hamlets1 and farmhouses1 covering a rich and well-cultivated tract of land4 ,these natural beauties are as fresh as ever2 while the splendid building1 from which he then ,illustration3 ,gateway in the ,fountain ,court4 ,raglan ,castle4 contemplated the scene1 is reduced to a lonely ruin--thus apostrophized by the muse of ,bloomfield3-- 8,majestic ,raglan6 harvests wave ,where thundering hosts their watchword gave2 ,when cavaliers1 with downcast eye1 ,struck the last flag of loyalty60 g,the ,cellars4_/g--,these subterranean receptacles are of vast extent2 and1 in massive strength and proportions--like a crypt under a cathedral--are worthy of the noble edifice that covers them4 ,in times of danger1 and particularly during the siege1 they appear to have served the manifold purposes of cellars1 storehouses1 larders1 magazines1 and muniments of war1 with provisions for a numerous garrison and household4 ,at the north-eastern part of the court1 the buildings were nearly all mutilated1 or thrown down by the enemy's batteries1 which1 from a rising ground in the line of his approach1 played with destructive force upon this portion of the walls4 ,fragments1 however1 still remain to show the predominant features of the ,castle--its strength and beauty4 ,from this point1 we are told1 communication with the citadel was secured by means of a sumptuous arched bridge1 with a gate to correspond4 ,but of these no distinct vestiges are left4 ,the 8sumptuous bridge0 is replaced by a rustic structure of wood2 the moat it spans is half filled with decayed vegetables and debris2 and the water1 that formerly enclosed the ,keep like a wall of crystal1 is now covered with a sluggish green surface1 that exhibits a very different kind of life4 ,in other parts of the moat1 however1 it is deep and transparent1 mostly so at the south corner1 where masses of verdure--with a particularly old and very picturesque tree1 as shown in the illustration--are reflected as if in a mirror4 ,this is probably the most interesting point of view in the whole ,castle4 ,of a still summer evening1 about sunset1 the outline of the gray towers and battlements1 with all their contrasted features of light and shade1 beauty and decay--here fringed with wood1 and there displaying honourable scars--sleeps on the face of the water like an inverted picture4 ,the scene1 with all its singular accompaniments1 has then a dreaminess of romance about it1 similar to that which the ,fata ,morgana conjures up on the ,straits of ,messina--but with this important difference1 that the scenery here1 however romantic1 is real and substantial2 that all we behold is the work of ,art1 over which ,nature has only thrown her splendid illusion of cloud1 sunshine1 and exuberant vegetation4 g,tower of ,gwent4_/g--,this tall and massive structure1 built as if to defy the united force of time and violence1 forms the ,citadel or ,donjon-,tower of the fortress2 and points very expressively to those remote times1 when the peace of a great man's household depended on the strength of his walls1 and the number and courage of his retainers4 ,in a direct line with this ,castle were three gates2 the first of brick1 from which1 at the distance of one hundred and eighty feet1 and with an ascent of many steps1 was the ,white ,gate1 built of square stone4 ,at some distance on the left stands the g,melin y ,gwent_/g1 or ,yellow ,tower of ,gwent1 which for strength1 height1 and workmanship1 surpassed most other towers1 if not every other1 in ,england or ,wales4 ,it had six sides1 each thirty-two feet wide1 and ten feet thick1 built of square stone1 and in height five stories4 ,its battlements1 never meant to resist cannon shot1 are only eight inches thick2 but so symmetrical and compactly set1 that they appear as if cut out of a solid block4 ,during the siege--hereafter to be described--this portion was soon demolished by the batteries directed against it by ,fairfax2 but his heaviest guns1 eighteen and twenty pounders1 took no more effect on the body of the tower1 than if they had opened upon a solid rock4#bcg ,our ancestors appear to have been particularly well skilled in the composition of their cement1 which in ,raglan is now nearly as hard as the stones it holds together4 ,when the ,goths and ,vandals of the country--the blind instruments of ,fairfax--were summoned to demolish with their pickaxes what the besiegers' cannon had spared1 their republican zeal was attended with little success2 for 8after battering of the top10 they were obliged1 as we shall see1 to desist from that method as fruitless1 and adopt other means for its destruction4#bch ,this ,tower communicated with the ,castle by means of an elegant arched bridge encircled by an outer wall1 with six arched and embattled turrets1 all of square stone4 ,adjoining this was a deep moat1 thirty feet broad1 and supplied by a clear running stream1 from which the water-works1 so much the fashion in those days1 threw up columns of water as high as the ,castle battlements4 ,along the edge of the moat1 was a commodious sunken walk1 embellished with grotto-work1 statues of the ,twelve ,csars1 and otherwise ornamented with the choicest productions of ,nature and ,art4 ,this was the walk to which the family could resort at all seasons1 whether for exercise or meditation4 ,within the walls and the green adjoining--then the bowling-green1 and twelve feet higher than the walk--was a garden plat1 the size of which was proportioned to the tower4 ,next to this plat--as shown in the accompanying ground-plan--stood the ,barn4 ,in casting the eye over the whole circuit of these buildings1 the mind is astonished at the immense labour which must have been exerted to collect together such a quantity of materials of various descriptions4 ,and here it may ,illustration3 ,the ,moat4 ,raglan ,castle4 be observed that the majority of these baronial mansions are situated on1 or near1 the bank of some navigable river1 for the purpose of defending some important pass or fortress1 by means of which the carriage of stone is attended with comparatively little expense or trouble2 but in the present instance1 there is no navigable river nearer than the ,wye1 from which the ,castle is distant at ,monmouth ten1 and at ,chepstow twelve miles4#bci ,and what is very remarkable1 there is no quarry in the neighbourhood from which the stone employed in building the ,castle could have been procured4 ,it is of a light grey colour1 and very hard2 but the name of the quarter from which it was taken is still a matter of vague conjecture4 ,no such stone as that used for the chimney-pieces of ,raglan is now to be found in ,monmouthshire4 ,such is the neatness and exactness with which the facing stones are laid1 that they exhibit the same perfect appearance as if the artist had but just left the scaffold4 8,the bricks which compose the south wall are extremely well baked1 and of a quality not less durable than that of the stone40 ,in the present day1 we can form but a very imperfect notion of the extent to which the original outworks were carried4 ,when the demesnes of ancient families are let out as farms1 the tenant soon brings about a revolution of ancient purposes4 ,he adapts the whole to modern uses--to whatever will best enable him to pay his rent4 ,he calculates how many bushels of potatoes will grow on the slope2 how much the lawn will yield to the plough1 how much to pasturage2 and how much grass may be annually shorn from the old ,bowling-green4 ,so has it fared with the renowned fortress of ,raglan4#bdj ,with little interest in its history1 little reverence for its ancient lords1 every successive tenant1 during a long series of years1 has only studied how to turn it to the best advantage4 ,its ancient gardens have been obliterated2 its lawns converted into pasture2 its fountains1 streams1 and fish-ponds have been dried up2 its materials carted away to erect some farmer's homestead2 its walls1 that so stoutly resisted the enemy's shot1 and returned it with interest1 seem to feel their degradation1 and strive to hide it under a mantle of ivy4#bda ,now1 however1 the grounds are kept in good order2 while every feature and fragment of the venerable ruin are preserved with exemplary care by the resident warden1 who happily possesses a taste for archology4 ,the accompanying gground-plan_/g will enable the reader to trace the various apartments of the g,castle_/g in the same order in which they are described1 and to follow with more interest the details of the g,siege_/g1 upon which we are now to enter4 ,illustration3 #a ,keep1 or ,yellow ,tower4 #b ,chambers destroyed in the ,siege4 #c ,great ,hall4 #d ,parlour1 or small ,dining-,room4 #e ,kitchen4 #f ,gateway and ,staircase4 #g ,galleries and ,state-,rooms4 #h ,chapel4 #i ,gateway leading to the ,bowling-,green4 #aj ,spot formerly crossed by a bridge4 #aa ,breach made during the ,siege4 #ab ,on the upper story is ,king g,charles'_/g window4 #ac ,moat surrounding the g,keep_/g4 8,our ,donjon-tower is stout and tall1 ,each rampart mann'd and steady2 ,and loyal hearts1 from every wall1 ,shout--#8,roundheads6 we are ready6' ,then here's a health to g,charles_/g our ,king2 ,and eke to noble g,worcester_/g6 ,to each1 to-morrow's fight shall bring ,new loyalty and lustre6 ,then hoist the ,royal ,standard high6 ,and crown our g,chief_/g with laurels6 ,and where's the man that would not die ,in combating for g,charles_/g80 c4 c4 ,we have next to take a brief survey of that portion of the ,revolutionary movements1 with which the history of g,raglan_/g and its loyal garrison are so closely associated4 8,the ,parliament had now10 says ,lord ,clarendon1 8such footing in ,pembrokeshire1 that many of the principal gentlemen had declared for them2 and the harbour of ,milford ,haven gave their fleet opportunity to give them all supplies and relief40 ,this being the state of those parts1 g,the ,lord ,herbert_/g1 eldest son of the ,marquess of ,worcester1 not only offered but desired to receive that command1 and engaged himself 8not only to secure it from the opposition and malignity of the other party2 but before the spring to raise such a strength of horse and foot1 and to provide such an equipage to march with1 that might reduce ,gloucester1 and then be added to the ,king's army when he should be ready to take the field4 ,and all this so much at his own charge1 for his father1 the ,marquess1 who was well able1 would furnish the money--as was pretended upon the ,king's promise to repay him when he should be restored to his own--that he would receive no part of the ,king's revenue1 or of such money as his ,majesty could be able to draw for the supply of his own more immediate occasions40 ,this was a very great offer1 and such as no man else could so reasonably make3 for 8the ,marquess of ,worcester was generally reputed the greatest mony'd man in the kingdom2 and probably might not think it an unthrifty thing rather to disburse it for the ,king--who might be able to repay it--than to have it taken from him by the other party2 which would be hardly questioned if they prevailed40#bdb ,the ,lord ,herbert himself 8was a man of more than ordinary affection for the ,king2 and one who1 he was sure1 would not betray him4 ,for his religion1 it might work upon himself1 but would not disquiet other men4 ,for though he were a ,papist1 he was never like to make others so2 and his reputation and interest were very great with many gentlemen of those counties1 who were not at all friends to his religion4 ,it was to be hoped that the old grudges and prejudices1 which had been rather against the house of ,worcester and the ,popish religion professed there1 than against the person of their lord1 would have been composed1 and declined by his fair and gentle carriage towards all men--as of truth he was of a civil and obliging nature--and by the public-heartedness of those who1 for the ,cause and conscience' sake would1 it was hoped1 sacrifice all trivial and private contentions to a union that must vindicate the religion1 honour1 and justice of the kingdom4 ,upon these reasons and these presumptions1 the ,king granted such a commission as is before-mentioned to the ,lord ,herbert2 who1 with more expedition than was expected by many1 or by others believed possible1 raised a body of above fifteen hundred foot1 and near five hundred horse1 very well and sufficiently armed1 which increased the merit of the service40#bdc ,of the royalist army1 raised and paid by the ,marquess of ,worcester1 the command of the infantry was given to ,major-,general ,lawley2 that of the cavalry to ,lord ,john ,somerset1 his second son2 while ,lord ,herbert took the field as ,commander-in-chief4 ,immediately on its being ascertained that ,monmouth had declared for the ,parliament1 ,lord ,herbert placed himself at the head of a body of troops1 and1 joined by a party of volunteers from ,goodrich1 placed them behind a rising ground near the town4 ,here1 with about forty intrepid followers1 he proceeded to reconnoitre the enemy's position1 and surmounting an earthen mound which they had thrown up1 he passed the ditch1 and put the guard to the sword4 ,they next succeeded in breaking the port chain and forced an entrance for the cavalry2 then1 joining their comrades1 they entered the town at full gallop1 and1 surrounding the main guard1 made them prisoners4 8,the result of this expedition was the capture of ,col4 ,broughton1 four captains1 four lieutenants and ensigns1 the republican committee1 and all the private soldiers1 with a considerable quantity of arms and ammunition40 g,raglan ,castle_/g by this time had been put into a state of thorough defence1 with a garrison of eight hundred men1 many distinguished officers1 and all the necessaries for maintaining a long and vigorous resistance4 ,the ,marquess himself--then on the verge of fourscore--infused by his presence and conversation an invincible spirit of loyalty into the garrison2 and provisioned as it was1 the place might well be viewed as almost impregnable4 ,the clashing exploit of ,lord ,herbert1 however1 was speedily followed by a mortifying reverse2 for as the g,king's_/g army was on its march to ,gloucester1 it was met near ,coleford by a rabble force of disaffected peasantry1 whose object was to obstruct the ,royalists in their passage through the ,forest of ,dean2 and a scuffle ensuing1 ,colonel ,lawley1 the captain-in-chief1 was mortally wounded by a stone4#bdd ,but order being restored1 and ,colonel ,brett taking the command1 the ,royalists continued their march until arriving on the right bank of the ,severn1 they threw up defences at the 8,vineyard0--the ,bishop's palace--and there fixed their quarters4 ,but in the meantime1 ,sir ,william ,waller1 who was then with a regiment of horse on the borders of ,worcestershire1 put himself in motion1 and by forced marches took up his position in front of the ,royalists4 ,this sudden apparition threw them into a panic2 for1 considering themselves in their newly-fortified position quite secure from all danger of surprise1 ,lord ,herbert had gone to wait upon the g,king_/g at ,oxford2 while his brother1 ,lord ,john1 who commanded the horse1 had set out with two or three troops on a reconnoitering party2 so that no officer of skill or authority was left to direct or head the forces4 ,all1 therefore1 was instant confusion in the camp2 for1 although their position was strong1 well supplied with cannon1 and certainly not to be stormed by any amount of cavalry that could be brought against them1 yet they abandoned all thoughts of defence1 and without striking a blow1 surrendered to the first summons from ,waller1 on the simple grant of quarter4 ,this unexpected disaster was a death-blow to the army of ,worcester2 8the raising of which was considered such an effort on the part of the g,marquess_/g1 that it could hardly have been accomplished by any other nobleman in the realm40 ,that 8mushroom army grew up and perished so soon1 that the loss of it was scarce apprehended at ,oxford1 because the strength1 or rather the numerical force1 was not understood4 ,but had the money10 as ,lord ,clarendon observes1 8that was laid out in raising and paying a body of men1 who never in the least degree advanced the royal interest1 been brought into the ,king's receipt at ,oxford1 and employed to the most advantage1 the war might have been ended the next summer2 for ,i have heard the ,lord ,herbert say1 that those preparations1 and others which by that defeat were rendered useless1 cost above three score thousand pounds2 the greatest part of which0--an enormous sum in those times--8was advanced by his father1 the ,marquess of ,worcester40#bde ,we now proceed to notice the g,royal ,visit to ,raglan_/g1 which in its loyal devotion remained unshaken by these reverses2 and the following anecdote gives us a favourable idea of the good humour1 combined with courtly magnificence1 with which ,lord ,worcester entertained the ,king on his first visit to the ,castle4 ,we relate the anecdote on the authority of the family ,chaplain3-- 8,sir ,thomas ,somerset1 brother to the ,marquess1 had a house which they called ,troy--the principal residence of the ,duke of ,beaufort--within five miles of ,raglan ,castle4 ,sir ,thomas ,somerset being a neate man1 both within and without his house1 as he was a complete gentleman of himself every way1 delighted very much in fine gardens and orchards1 and in replenishing and ordering them with all the varieties of choicest fruits that could be got1 and in defending his new plantations from the coldness of the climate by the benefit of art4 ,the earth1 that was so much made of1 proved so grateful to him1 that1 at the same time that the ,king happened to be at his brother's house at ,raglan1 it yielded him wherewithal to send his brother ,worcester such a present1 as at that time of the year and place1 was able to make the ,king and all his lords believe that the ,sovereign of the ,planets1 with all his prime electors1 had new changed the ,poles2 and that g,wales_/g1 the refuse and outcast of the fair garden of ,england1 had fairer and riper fruit growing upon her stone rubbish1 than ,england's levels had in all her beds4 ,this1 presented to the ,marquess1 he could not suffer to be presented to the ,king by any other hands except his own4 ,in comes the ,marquess1 at the latter end of supper1 led by the arm1 having such a goodly presence with him1 that his being led became him1 rather like some ceremony of state1 than shew of impotence2 and his slow pace1 occasioned by his infirmity1 expressed a ,spanish gravity1 rather than feebleness4 ,thus1 with a silver dish in each hand filled with rarities1 and a little basket upon his arm1 as a supply1 in case his ,majesty should be over bountiful of his favours to the ladies that were standers by1 he makes his third obeysance and thus speaks3-- 8#8,may it please your ,majesty1 if the four elements could have been rob'd to have entertained your ,majesty1 ,i think ,i had done my duty2 but ,i must do as ,i may4 ,if ,i had sent to ,bristol for some good things to entertain your ,majesty1 there had been no wonder at all4 ,if ,i had procured from ,london some goodnesse that might have been acceptable to your ,majesty1 that had been no wonder indeed4 ,but here ,i present your ,majesty'--placing his dishes upon the table--#8with what neither came from ,lincoln that was1 nor ,london that is1 nor ,york that is to be2#bdf but ,i assure your ,majesty that this present came from g,troy_/g4' ,whereupon the ,king smiled1 and answered the ,marquess--#8,truly1 my lord1 ,i have heard that corne#bdg now growes where ,troy town once stood2 but ,i never thought there had grown any apricocks there before4' ,whereupon the ,marquess replied--#8,anything to please your ,majesty4' 8,the fruit was very much admired by every one1 and it was acknowledged by all that were in the presence at that time1 that they never saw the ,king served in greater state in all their lives4 ,there were some about the ,king who followed my ,lord ,marquess when he departed the presence1 and told his lordship that he would make a very good courtier4 #8,aye1' said the ,marquess1 #8,i remember ,i said one thing that may give you some hopes of me--,anything to please your ,majesty4'0 ,of the ,marquess's farther proficiency in the art and mystery of a courtier1 during the royal visit1 we find this specimen3-- 8,the ,marquess had a mind to tell the ,king1 as handsomely as he could1 of some of his1 as he thought1 faults2 and thus he continues his plot3 ,against the time that his ,majesty was wont to give his lordship a visit1 as commonly he used to do after dinner1 his lordship had the book of ,john ,gower lying before him on the table4 ,the ,king casting his eye upon the book1 told the ,marquess he had never seen it before4 #8,oh6' said the ,marquis1 #8it is the book of books1 which if your ,majesty had been well versed in1 it would have made you a king of kings4' #8,why so1 my ,lord8' said the ,king4 #8,why1' said the ,marquess1 #8here is set down how ,aristotle brought up and instructed ,alexander the ,great in all the rudiments and principles belonging to a prince4' ,and under the persons of ,alexander and ,aristotle1 he read the ,king such a lesson1 that all the standers by were amazed at his boldness2 and the ,king supposing that he had gone farther than his text would have given him leave1 asked the ,marquess1 #8,if he said his lesson by heart1 or whether he spoke out of the book8' ,the ,marquess replied1 #8,sir1 if you could read my heart1 it may be you might find it there2 or1 if your ,majesty please to get it by heart1 ,i will lend you my book4' ,which latter proffer the ,king accepted of1 and did borrow it4 #8,nay1' said the ,marquess1 #8,i will lend it you upon these conditions3 ,first1 ,that you read it2 secondly1 ,that you make use of it4' ,but perceiving how that some of the new-made lords fretted1 and bit their thumbs at certain passages in the ,marquess's discourse1 he thought a little to please his ,majesty1 though he pleased not them1 the men who were so much displeased already protesting unto his ,majesty1 that no man was so much for the absolute power of a king as ,aristotle4 ,desiring the book out of the ,king's hand1 he told the ,king that he would show him one remarkable passage to that purpose1 turning to that place that had this verse3-- 8,a king can kill1 a king can save1 ,a king can make a lord a knave1 ,and of a knave a lord also10 c4 8,whereupon there were divers new-made lords who slunk out of the roome1 which the ,king observing1 told the ,marquess--#8,my lord1 at this rate1 you will drive away all my ,nobility6' 8,the ,marquess replied--#8,i protest unto your ,majesty1 ,i am as new a made lord as any of them all2#bdh but ,i was never called knave and rogue so much in all my life1 as ,i have been since ,i received this last honour1 and why should not they bear their shares8'0 ,but the ,marquess1 like many of the ,king's party1 seems to have wanted that undoubting confidence of success1 which not unfrequently secures it4 ,how different from the determined tone of a ,cromwell is this3--8,when the ,king first entered the gates of ,raglan1 the ,marquess delivered his ,majesty the keys1 according to the ordinary custom2 the ,king restoring of them to the ,marquis1 the ,marquis said1 #8,i beseech your ,majesty to keep them1 and you please1 for they are in a good hand2 but ,i am afraid that ere it be long1 ,i shall be forced to deliver them into the hands of those who will spoil the compliment4'0 ,and so it happened4 ,the plans taken by the ,king1 while residing in ,raglan ,castle1 to persuade the ,marquess of ,worcester to farther advances of money1 afford a subject for a humiliating chapter in the royal history4 ,the aged ,marquess had three ruling principles--loyalty to the ,king1 attachment to the ,roman ,catholic religion1 and fondness for money4 ,his loyalty had been already extensively drawn upon1 and there remained now to be tried an attempt upon his proselytizing zeal4 ,he had now to be flattered with the idea that he might possibly persuade the ,king to profess the tenets of his ancestors4 ,charles1 indeed1 had not made great progress in ,protestant doctrines2 and the ,marquess1 confident in his theological powers1 imagined he would find an easy convert4 ,here is ,dr4 ,bayly's account of the matter3-- 8,thus affected was that noble and1 indeed1 in his way1 heavenly disposed1 ,henry1 late ,marquess of ,worcester1 to play the greatest prize that ever was played between any two that ever entered within those lists4 ,three diadems were to encounter with the tripple crowne1 and the tripple crowne with three sceptres4 ,opportunity1 that lucky gamester1 that hardly loses a game in twenty1 was on the ,marquess' side2 time and place directed him how to take points in his own tables2 the ,king at that time being in the ,marquess's own house at ,raglan1 and necessitated to borrow money to buy bread1 after so great a loss in battle4 ,the ,king being thus put to play the aftergame with the old ,marquess1 was a little mistrustful that he had not played the foregame with him so well1 as that he had not thereby prejudiced the latter3 for1 though the ,marquess and his son were the two ablest and most forward'st shoulderers up of the declining throne1 especially the chip of the old block1 whose disposition expressed itself most noble in not caring who had loved the ,king1 so that he might be but permitted to love ,alexander2 whom he affected not only with the loyal respects of a subject towards his soveraigne1 but also with such passionate ways of expressions and laboriousnesse in all good offices1 as are wont to be predominant in those in whom simpathy is the only ground of their affections2 yet there were not wanting some kind of men who made the averseness of this nobleman's religion an occasion of improving their own envies4 ,which1 though it could never lose him the least ground in his master's good opinion of him--who never would judge no more a saint by his face than a devil by his feet1 but both according to their several ingagements--yet there were some things which happened1 as having relation to this family1 which were not altogether pleasing4 ,however1 though his ,majesty came thither ushered by necessity1 yet he came neither unwelcomed nor uninvited2 and entertained as if he had been more than a king1 by reason of some late atchievements1 rather than otherwise3 and though money came from him like drops of blood1 yet he was contented that every drop within his body should be let out at his command1 so that he might performe so meritorious a piece of worke as1 he thought1 the being an instrument of bringing the father of his country to be the son of his church1 would be unto his soul's health4 ,the ,marquess having these resolutions within himselfe1 thought to give them breath at the same time that his ,majesty should make his motion for a further supply of money1 which he daily and hourly expected2 but was deceived in his expectations2 for the relation having already reach'd the ,king's ear1 how an accident had made me no less fortunate to his lordship1 than in being the means of preserving his lordship's person1 and no inconsiderable fortune then in the same venture with him2 and how that ,i preserved both the one and the other1 in concealing both1 for the space that the moon useth to be twice in riding of her circuit1#bdi 7the particulars hereof1 here to insert1 would tend rather to much arrogance than any purpose1 wherefore ,i further forbear17 until such time as the trust which ,providence had reposed in me was crowned by the same hand with such successe as brought the ,marquess safe to his own house in peace2 which ,i had no sooner brought to passe1 but the ,marquess drew from me a solemn engagement never to leave him so long as we both should live2 which ,i was so careful for to observe1 that ,i neither left him in life nor death1 faire weather nor foule1 until such time as he left me1 and ,i laid him under the ground in ,windsor ,castle1 in the sepulchre of his fathers40 ,the author of the notice of the ,marquess of ,worcester in 8,lodge's ,portraits10 says1 that 8the adventure here alluded to by ,dr4 ,bayly is and must remain unknown40 ,it is1 however1 made sufficiently clear in the 8,first ,apophthegm10 where ,bayly tells us that he met the ,marquess in the ,welsh mountains1 8flying a danger with a softer pace than it made after him40 ,bayly1 whose knowledge of the country must necessarily have been great1 had it in his power to conceal the ,marquess4 ,this was their first meeting1 and they ever after were inseparable4 ,in nearly the words already used1 ,bayly in this passage also says1 8,from which time forward1 until the time that ,i laid him in his grave in ,windsor ,castle1 ,i never parted from him40 ,he continues--8,and it was a strange thing1 that during the time that ,i was thus a bond-servant to his lordship1 which was for the space of twelve monethes thrice told1 the difference in religion never wrought the least difference in his disposals of trusts of the highest nature upon me2 but his speeches often shewed his heart1 and his often lending me his ear1 that they were both as much mine as any man's4 ,of which1 it seems1 his ,majesty being informed1 ,i must be the beetle-head that must drive this wedge into the royall stock2 and was also told1 that no man could make a divorce between the ,babilonish garment and the wedge of gold sooner than myself4 ,to be brief--,i was ingaged in the business2 ,i could neither deny the employment1 nor well tell how to go about it1 ,i1 not knowing the ,marquess' drift all this while1 thought the ,marquess had feared nothing more than what ,i myself was most afraid of1 viz41 that ,i should be made an instrument to let the same horse bleed1 whom the ,king himself had found so free1 that he was unwilling to give him the least touch with his spur4 ,howsoever1 ,i went about it1 and thus began to tell his lordship3--#8,my ,lord1 the thing that ,i feared is now fallen upon me2 ,i am made the unwelcome messenger of bad news--the ,king wants money6' ,at which word the ,marquess interrupted me1 saying1 #8,hold1 sir1 that's no news2 go on with your business4' #8,my ,lord1' said ,i1 #8there is one comfort yet1 that as the ,king is brought low1 so are his demands2 and1 like his army1 are come down from thousands to hundreds3 and from paying the souldiers of his army to buying bread for himself and his followers4 ,my ,lord1 it is the ,king's own expression1 and his desire is but three hundred pound4' ,whereupon my ,lord made a long pause before he gave me one word of answer4 ,i knew by experience that in such cases it was best leaving him to himself1 and to let that nature1 which was so good1 worke itselfe into an act of the highest charity--like the diamond1 which is only pollished with its own dust4 ,at last he called me nearer to him1 and asked me1 #8,if the ,king himself had spoken to me concerning any such business8' ,to which ,i answered1 #8,that the ,king himself had not2 but others did in the ,king's hearing4' ,whereupon he said1 #8,might ,i but speak unto him--but ,i was never thought worthy to be consulted with1 though in matters meerly concerning the affaires of my own country--,i would supply his wants1 were they never so great1 or whatsoever they were4' ,whereupon ,i told his lordship that1 #8,if the ,king knew as much1 he might quickly speak with him4' ,then said the ,marquess1 #8,the way to have him know so much is to have somebody to tell him of it4' ,i asked his lordship1 #8,if he would give me leave to be the informer4' ,he told me1 #8,he spake it to the same purpose4' ,i hastened from him1 with as much feare of being called back again1 as ,i did towards the ,king1 with a longing desire of giving his ,majesty so good an account of my so much doubted embassie4 8,half going and half running through the gallerie1 ,i was stopt in my way by one ,lieutenant-,collonel ,lyllard1 who told me1 that if ever ,i had a mind to do my ,lord ,marquess and the garrison any good1 now was the time3 for even now one of the ,king's ships had run herself on ground under the town of ,chepstow4 ,calling unto me the captain of her 7one ,captain ,hill71 who related unto me that upon the surrender of ,bristol he was forced to fly into the sanctuary of the ,king's quarters1 having formerly revolted from the ,parliament1 or rather returned to her due obedience4 ,telling me1 moreover1 that she was fraught with store of goods and rich commodities1 as sugar1 tobacco1 linnen of all sorts1 c41 and that the law in such a case appropriated the ,king to such a part of her lading2 which ,i better understood then than ,i can relate unto you now2 and that she had many fair brass and iron guns in her1 with proportionable ammunition1 usefull for the garrison2 and that1 for a word of speaking1 ,i might have all this of the ,king for the use of the garrison4 ,i 7considering that it would be nevertheless the ,king's for being converted to such an use1 as also the business ,i was about7 made no doubt but that ,i could easily beg all this for the ,marquess1 in consideration of the great charges his lordship had been at in entertaining his ,majesty so long4 ,neither was ,i deceived1 for the ,king granted it willingly4 8,but as to the matter in hand1 ,i told his ,majesty apart1 that ,i had moved his lordship in matter of money2 but found him a little discouraged1 in regard that his ,majestie having been twice at ,raglan a moneth at a time1 and that at neither of those times he ever vouchsafed his lordship so much honour as once to call him to councel1 though it was in his own house1 and must needs be acknowledged to be one who knew the countrey1 and the constitution of the inhabitants1 better than any other man that was about his ,majestie had reason to understand4 ,wherefore ,i told the ,king1 ,i thought his lordship leant my motion a deffer ear than he would have done1 if his lordship had not been thought so uselesse a creature2 and that ,i perceived his lordship had a desire to have some conference with his ,majestie2 which being obtained1 ,i believed his ,majestie's request would be easilie granted1 and his expectations answered in a higher measure than it may be his ,majestie did believe4 ,the ,king said1 #8,with all my hart3 and as to the other business which so much troubles my lord1 in troth ,i have thought it a neglect in us heretofore2 but the true reason why ,i did forbear to do so was1 because ,i thought my ,lord of ,worcester did not desire it1 by reason of his retiredness1 unwieldiness of body1 and unwillingness of mind to stir abroad2 and therefore ,i thought it a contentment to him to be let alone4' ,i told his ,majestie1 that ,i did verilie believe that his ,majestie was in the rights in both respects1 both of his ,majestie's and his lordship's2 and that if his ,majestie had called him to councel1 ,i do verilie believe his lordship would have been desired to be excused2 but yet he did expect he should have been called4 ,whereupon the ,king said1 #8,i pray tell my ,lord of ,worcester1 that ,i did not forbear that respect unto him out of any disestimation ,i had either of his wisedome or loyaltie2 but out of some reasons ,i had to myself1 which indeed reflected as much upon my lord as they did on me4 ,for had he used to have come to the councel board1 it would have been said that ,i took no other councel but what was conveighed to me by ,jesuites1 by his lordship's meanes3 and ,i pray tell him that that was the true cause4' ,i told his ,majestie that ,i would1 and that ,i thought it an easie matter to cause him to believe no less2 but withal ,i intimated to his ,majestie that ,i knew the ,marquess had an earnest desire to have some private conference with his ,majestie this night2 which1 if granted1 it might conduce very much to his ,majestie's behoof4 ,the ,king said1 #8,how can that be8' ,i told his ,majestie that my lord had contrived it before his coming to the castle1 and told his ,majestie of the privacie of the conveighance4 ,thereat his ,majestie smiled and said1 #8,i know my lord's drift well enough3 either he means to chide me1 or else to convert me to his religion4' ,whereupon ,i told his ,majestie1 ,i doubted not but that his ,majestie was temptation-proof as well as he was correction-free2 and that he might returne the same man he went1 having made a profitable exchange of gold and silver for words and sleep40#bej ,it seems to have been thought necessary to make a great state secret of this conference2 and1 in order that the company might not observe any communication going on between the ,king and the ,marquess1 who1 doubtless1 knew his guests1 he hastily made answer--8,i will tell you what you shall do1 so that you shall not need to fear any such thing4 ,go unto the yeoman of the wine cellar1 and bid him leave the keys of the wine cellar with you1 and all that you find in your way1 invite them down unto the cellar1 and shew them the keys1 and ,i warrant you1 you shall sweep the room of them if there were a hundred2 and when you have done leave them there40#bea ,this ruse appears to have been so successful1 that after ,bayly published his book1 some of those who had been in ,raglan denied that ever there had been private conversations between the ,king and the ,marquess4 ,but ,bayly's good faith seems to have been unjustly suspected2 and he replies to the objectors with humour and severity in his ,preface to the 8,apophthegms40 ,the ,marquis having 8lain down1 the ,chaplain found him asleep when he went to let him know the time to meet the ,king was come4 ,he expressed much annoyance and fear on account of what had been arranged2 but after taking a pipe of tobacco and a little glassful of aqua mirabilis1 he recovered his spirits40 g,shortly_/g after the ,king's departure from ,raglan1 an adventure occurred which placed the venerable ,marquess in a novel and rather ludicrous position4 ,it was this3-- 8,there was a certain great man in the ,king's army1#beb between whom and the house of ,raglan10 says ,bayly1 8there was at that time animosity4 ,the ,marquess of ,worcester had heard that this party should cast a dubious saying1 as the case then stood1 viz41 #8,that he intended to take ,raglan in his way2' and was so far as good as his word1 as that he marched into the parke1 and there drew up his men1 and fac'd the ,castle4 ,whereupon the line was manned1 and command was given that none should be suffered to come near the line1 nor within such a distance2 which command was so observed1 that some of the officers of the army approaching within the place prohibited1 the centry bid stand4 ,they did not4 ,the centry called upon them again to stand4 ,they refused4 ,the ,lieutenant called upon the centry to give fire4 ,the centry1 preferring the knowledge of his friends to his duty to his officer1 did not give fire2 but swore he would give fire if they did not stand4 ,whereupon one of them told him that it was such a ,generall1 and wonder'd that the officer would bid the souldier give fire upon him4 ,the ,generall forthwith coming to the drawbridge1 desired to speak with the ,lord ,charles2 whom he no sooner saluted1 but required satisfaction for the affront4 ,he was desired to come into the ,castle1 and told that the matter should be examined before him1 and if any affront were given1 he should receive satisfaction4 ,whereupon1 being come within the ,castle1 the ,lieutenant was sent for2 who told the ,generall1 that though he knew him to be the ,generall1 yet1 as a souldier1 he was not to take any notice of him1 until such times as he had declared himself1 which when he did1 he respected him accordingly4 ,furthermore telling him1 that he had been an old souldier1 and that he had in other parts seen rewards given unto souldiers who stood centry1 for firing upon their generall1 having the like occasions2 but never knew it a fault before4 ,all this would not serve turn4 ,the ,generall said he was affronted1 and must have satisfaction1 requiring my lord to call a councell of warre1 and to do him justice2 and so took his leave and went his way4 ,the g,marquess_/g of ,worcester1 sleeping upon his bed all this while1 and not dreaming of any of all this that had happened in the interim1 hearing the whole relation1 he asked all his officers1 #8,whether or no the ,lieutenant had offended8' ,they all answered1 #8,no2' and commended him for what he had done4 ,then said the ,marquess1 #8,this is but a pretence--they have a mind to quarrel with us4 ,if ye should call a councell of warre1 and acquit him1 that is what they desire1 and thence they would ground their quarrel2 and if ye should inflict any punishment upon him to give them satisfaction1 that were basenesse and injustice2 therefore ,i will have it thus3 ,send a guard with him to the ,generall of such souldiers as are able to witness the truth2 and let him try him at his councell of warre1 and see what law he hath for it1 and so we shall break the neck of the quarrell4' 8#8,and so1' said the ,lieutenant1 #8,i shall hang by the neck for my labour6' ,whereat the ,marquis replyed1 #8,what friends hast thou in the garrison8' ,the ,lieutenant made answer1 #8,i have a wife and a daughter4' ,then said the ,marquis with some vehemence1 #8,i protest unto thee1 if they hang thee1 ,i'll marry thy wife and provide for thy daughter4' ,the ,lieutenant replied1 #8,i had rather you would marry my daughter1 and provide for me4' #8,i protest1' said the ,marquess1 #8so ,i will2 ,i will marry thy daughter1 and ,i will provide for thee an honourable grave2 but thou shalt be hanged first4' #8,my ,lord1' said the ,lieutenant1 #8shall ,i bespeak my grave8' #8,thou shalt1' said the ,marquess4 #8,then1' said the ,lieutenant1 #8,i will be laid in the vault in ,raglan ,church between your father and your grandfather2 and ,i pray ,god ,i may be hanged before ,i see you again4' ,and so saying he flung out of the roome1 leaving my ,lord in the merriest veine that ever ,i saw him in2 who1 remembering himself1 sent him five pieces to beare his charges4 8,the ,lieutenant being brought to the ,generall at ,monmouth1 the ,generall dismissed him of his guard1 and sent him to ,hereford with an oath at his heeles1 that he would hang him if there were no more men in ,england4 8,then the ,lieutenant cried out1 #8,this makes for us1 sure enough4 ,i do but think how finely ,i shall lie between the two old earles4'444 ,the particulars hereof being brought to the ,marquess1 his lordship was not a little perplext between feare of having his new mistresse and loosing his old friend2 which he had run himself into between jest and earnest4 ,the time was come that the ,marquess was not so much merrier than we heretofore2 but we were as much merrie as he upon the return of this news4 ,but the greatest sport of all was concerning the hopefull ,lady ,marchioness1 who was ever and anon enquiring and asking many questions concerning the ,marquess1 whom she never saw4 ,what manner of man he was8 ,how old8 ,whether he went with a staff1 or no8 ,what was the reason he kept his chamber so much1 and did not come abroad sometimes8 ,what ailments he had8 ,and how long it was since his lady died8 ,with many other necessary questions to be asked by a young woman in her condition4 8,sport enough there was for both the garrisons of ,raglan and ,hereford4 ,nevertheless1 it stood the ,marquess upon to be sollicitous in the business1 being sore prest between two strong passions1 love and pitty4 ,me he sends to solicit the businesse1 with instructions2 whose telling me never so often1 #8that it was no laughing matter1' could not make me forbear laughing4 8,but having taken my leave1 his ,lordship called me back again1 and with a loud and angry voice said to me1 #8,tell the ,generall1 that if he hang my ,lieutenant1 ,i'll hang the centry for not giving fire upon him when he was bid4' ,whereupon ,i said unto his ,lordship1 #8,what doth he care how many you hang8' #8,god bless us all1' said the ,marquess2 #8if he neither cares who he hangs of the ,king's party1 nor who other folkes hang2 for aught ,i know he cares not an' we were all hanged4' 8,so taking my second leave of the ,marquess1 and then my humble leave of the ,lady ,elizabeth1 who fearing nothing more but that ,i would prove too good a sollicitor for her good1 ,i went to ,hereford1 and made some sport there2 and so brought home the ,lieutenant to his wife and daughter1 who ever after was called #8,my ,lady ,marquess4'0 ,we now proceed to that part of our subject1 in which the desperate fortunes of the ,monarch are connected with his last visit to ,raglan4 ,after the battle of ,naseby1 nothing prospered with the ,king4 ,his army1 it was suspected1 had not displayed on that day their former valour4 ,though not disaffected1 they were dispirited2 the mass of the infantry threw down their arms and cried for quarter2 and with ,cromwell's horse thundering in his rear1 the ,king escaped to ,leicester1 and thence through ,bewdley1 in ,worcestershire1 to ,hereford4 ,only five days before this ruinous defeat he had written in a letter to the ,queen1 that since the rebellion began1 8his affairs were never in so fair and hopeful a way40 ,on the sixth he was a fugitive4 ,but he had still hopes--strange as it must appear--of getting together an army in ,south ,wales4#bec ,at ,hereford1 ,prince ,rupert took leave of the ,king1 and hastened to ,bristol1 that he might put it into a condition to resist the victorious army that was speedily to make its appearance before it2 and thence1 says ,lord ,clarendon1 8his ,majesty went to ,abergavenny to meet the ,commissioners4 ,as they were for the most part persons of the best quality and the largest fortunes of these counties1 so they had manifested great loyalty and affection from the beginning of the war1 by sending many good regiments to the army2 and with their sons and brothers and nearest kindred--many of whom had lost their lives bravely in the field4 ,they now made as large professions as ever1 and seemed to believe that they should be able in a very short time to raise a good army of foot1 with which the ,king might again look upon the enemy1 and accordingly agreed what numbers should be levied upon each of the counties40 ,from hence1 says the historian1 8his ,majesty went for the last time to g,raglan ,castle_/g1 the noble house of the ,marquess of ,worcester1 which was well fortified and garrisoned by him who remained then in it40 ,there the ,king 8resolved to stay till he saw the effect of the ,commissioners' mighty promises4 ,but in a short time he found that1 either by the continued successes of the ,parliament armies1 the particular information whereof was every day brought to them by intelligence from their friends1 or the triumphs of their enemies in ,monmouth or ,gloucester1 there was little probability of their raising an army in those parts1 where all men grew less affected1 or more frighted3 which produced one and the same effect40 ,in his progress--for it was more like a 8progress0 than a retreat--through ,monmouthshire to ,raglan1 the ,king was greeted with every expression of loyal sympathy by his ,welsh subjects4 ,in the 8,iter ,carolinum10 printed amongst the 8,somers' ,tracts10 it is recorded1 8that ,king ,charles slept at ,tredegar1 the seat of ,sir ,william ,morgan1 in this county1 on the seventeenth of ,july1 #afde2 and that he arrived at ,sir ,philip ,morgan's1#bed ,ruperra1 in ,glamorganshire1 on the twenty-fifth1 and there remained till the twenty-ninth of the same month40 ,this must have been immediately before his return to ,raglan ,castle1 in ,august4 ,entering upon a melancholy progress from house to house1 among the staunch royalists of ,south ,wales1 he had thus sought relief from the gloomy reflections by which his mind was oppressed after the total defeat at ,naseby4 ,at ,raglan1 however1 says the historian1 8the ,king1 as on his former visit1 passed days and weeks in sports and ceremonies1 in hunting and audience-giving20 for every effort was employed by those around him to obliterate all recollections of the past by promises and predictions of a brilliant future4 ,when his ,majesty re-entered the gates of ,raglan--which was indeed a harbour of refuge in his distress--the loyal ,marquess1 kneeling down1 kissed his g,liege's_/g hand2 and then rising up saluted him with this compliment--8,domine6 non sum dignus40 ,to which the ,king replied--8,my ,lord1 ,i may very well answer you again3 ,i have not found so great faith1 no not in ,israel4 ,no man would trust me with so much money as you have done40 ,to which the ,marquess replied--8,i hope your ,majesty will prove a defender of the ,faith40 ,illustration ,by this time ,lord ,herbert 7,earl of ,glamorgan7 had sailed for ,ireland to raise1 if possible1 new forces for the ,king's service1 and the renewal of the war4 ,pleased with his zeal and loyalty1 his ,majesty had thus written to him from ,hereford3-- 8,glamorgan--,i am glad to hear that you are gone to ,irland1 and asseure you that as myselfe is nowais disheartned by our late misfortune1 so nether this country2 for ,i could not have expected more from them then they have now freely undertaken1 though ,i had come hither absolute victorious2 which makes me hope well of the neighbouring sheers2 so that1 by the grace of ,god1 ,i hope shortly to recover my late losse1 with advantage1 if such succours come to me from that ,kingdome which ,i have reason to expect2 but the circumstance of tyme is that of the greatest consequence1 being that w now is cheefliest and earnestliest recomended to you by your most asseured1 reall1 constant frend1 8g,charles ,r4_/g0#bee ,among the numerous and more humble examples of loyal affection1 by which the fallen ,monarch was soothed during his retirement in ,raglan ,castle1 the following is well deserving of notice3--,the reverend individual1 whom his own act has immortalized1 was ,thomas ,swift1#bef incumbent of the neighbouring parish of ,goodrich4 ,fully aware of the ,king's pecuniary distress1 he mortgaged his estate2 and with the money thus raised he proceeded to ,raglan ,castle4 ,the ,governor1 with whom he was personally acquainted1 asked the object of his visit1 and whether he could serve him2 for he was equally esteemed as a zealous pastor1 and a staunch royalist4 8,i am only come10 said he1 8to give his ,majesty my coat20 and1 in taking it off1 the ,marquess pleasantly observed3 8,thy coat1 ,i fear me1 is of little worth40 8,why then10 said ,swift1 8take my waistcoat also40 ,and here was the hidden treasure1 for1 on being ripped up1 it was found to contain three hundred broad gold pieces4 8,and the ,king10 says ,lord ,clarendon1 8received no relief that was more seasonable and acceptable than this during the war40 ,mr4 ,swift's zeal and activity in the royal cause exposed him to much danger and many sufferings4 8,he was plundered10 says ,heath1 8more than thirty times by the ,parliament's army1 and ejected from his church living4 ,his estate was sequestered1 and he himself thrown into prison40 ,at ,raglan the ,king 8stayed until news came that ,fairfax1 after taking ,leicester1 had marched into the west1 and defeated ,goring's troops at ,lamport2 at the same time that the ,scottish army1 on its march1 had taken a small garrison between ,hereford and ,worcester by storm1 and put all within it to the sword20 while ,prince ,rupert sent for all those foot1 which were levied towards a new army to supply the garrison4 ,but the expectations1 which had been industriously fostered in the ,king's mind of a more propitious fortune1 became every day more faint4 ,of all the schemes that had been set afoot for retrieving his past errors1 and regaining the hearts of his alienated subjects1 not one was permitted to prosper4 ,and as a fatal climax to his unhappy fortunes1 8it was at ,raglan ,castle10 says ,lord ,clarendon1 8that the ,king received the terrible information of the surrender of ,bristol 7,september #aa1 #afde71 which he so little apprehended1 that if the evidence thereof had not been unquestionable1 it could not have been believed4 ,with what indignation and dejection of mind the ,king received this advertisement1 needs no other description and enlargement than the setting down in the very words of it the letter which the ,king writ thereupon to ,prince g,rupert_/g2 which1 considering the unspeakable indulgence his ,majesty had ever shewed towards that ,prince1 is sufficient evidence how highly he was incensed by that act1 which yet he took some time sadly to think of and consider1 before he would allow himself to abate so much of his natural candour towards him4 ,as soon as he received that surprising intelligence1 the ,king removed from g,raglan ,castle_/g40 ,illustration3 ,the ,gateway ,towers4 ,raglan ,castle4 g,the ,king_/g took leave of ,raglan ,castle on the #aeth of ,september1 mournfully observing to the ,marquess1 that by so doing he hoped 8to ease his lordship of a heavy burden40 ,his ,majesty then thanked his noble and devoted host for the large sums of money which had been advanced to him in the course of his troubles4 ,whereupon the ,marquess replied3 8,sire1 ,i had your word for the money2 but ,i never thought to have been so soon repaid2 for now that you have given me thanks1 ,i have all ,i looked for40#beg ,well might the royal guest have expressed his feelings on quitting ,raglan in the following lines1 taken from his own #8,collection3'-- ,i fall6 ,i fall6 ,whom shall ,i call8 ,alas6 can he be heard1 ,who now is neither loved nor feared8 ,you1 who were wont to kisse the ground1 ,where'er my honour'd steps were found1 ,come1 catch me at my last rebound6 ,how each admires ,heaven's twinkling fires1 ,when from their glorious seat ,their influence gives life and heat6 ,but1 oh6 how few there are-- ,tho' danger from that act be far-- ,will stoop and catch a falling star4#beh 8,distracted with a thousand griefs1 and accompanied by a few trusty and disconsolate servants1 the royal victim wandered about the country1 thankful to accept protection from any one who had fortune or inclination to minister to his distress4 ,and many #8cruel days' to use his own words1 were spent in weary marchings without food1 narrow escapes1 and precipitate retreats1 before he took his last farewell of the land of ,gwent40#bei ,on one occasion he was hotly pursued in his retreat through ,shire ,newton1 by a party of sixty ,roundheads2 but reaching a place called ,charleston ,rock1 near the ,new ,passage1 a fishing-boat was found1 in which he was safely ferried over the ,severn into ,gloucestershire4 ,his pursuers coming up in the meanwhile1 but only to find their object defeated1 seized upon the remaining boats1 and with drawn swords compelled the fishermen to ferry them across4 ,they hurried into the boats1 and1 with the royal fugitive still in view1 made all haste to be once more on his traces4 ,the poor fishermen1 however1 being royalists at heart1 had no sympathy with these king-hunters2 but rowing lustily towards a reef of rocks called the 8,english ,stones10 within a gunshot of the ,gloucester shore1 there hauled in their oars2 and landing their freight on the rocks1 told them the water was so shallow that the boats could go no further1 and they might easily wade to the opposite bank4 ,and such1 in fact1 was quite practicable at low water2 but1 in the present instance1 the tide flowed so rapidly1 that in making the attempt to reach the opposite bank the whole party were drowned4 ,informed of the catastrophe1 ,cromwell abolished the ferry1 which was not renewed until #agah1 after a protracted lawsuit between the proprietor of ,st4 ,pierre and the ,duke of ,beaufort's guardians1#bfj when it was named the 8,new ,passage40 ,illustration3 ,armourer4 g,the ,siege4_/g--,early the following spring a resolution was passed that the ,castle of ,raglan1 which had so often thrown open its gates to the ,king1 and still supported a garrison in his service1 should be reduced without loss of time4 ,it was the last fortress that held out1 and until its walls were dismantled1 and the garrison made prisoners1 the spirit of loyalty in ,monmouth would never be thoroughly subdued4 ,the ,castle was accordingly invested by ,major-,general ,glenham and ,sir ,trevor ,williams2#bfa but the latter1 it has been asserted1 was not very hearty in his opposition to the ,king2 for he had many misgivings respecting the ultimate designs of ,cromwell1 who also1 as it appears from existing documents1#bfb was equally suspicious of ,sir ,trevor4 ,the first summons to surrender the ,castle to ,parliament was received by the garrison with indignation and defiance4 ,early in ,june they were joined by ,colonel ,morgan1 who1 with a strong body of men#bfc from ,worcester1 took the command4 ,the troops of the garrison made divers gallant sallies1 and in one of these killed a cornet of ,morgan's1 and carried off the colours4 ,but after the surrender of ,oxford to the ,parliament1 ,colonel ,morgan had a reinforcement of two hundred men1 and being now in a position1 both as regarded the works and the efficiency of the troops1 to act with vigour1 he sent the following summons3-- ,i4--,,colonel ,,morgan ,,to ,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester4 8,,my ,,lord1--,by his ,excellency's command1 this is my second summons1 whereby you are required forthwith to deliver to me1 for the uses of both ,houses of ,parliament1 the ,castle of ,raglan1 with all ordnance1 arms1 ammunition1 and provisions1 and all other necessaries that belong to war1 that are now in it2 which if you will be pleased to do1 you may haply find mercy1 as other garrisons have had2 and if you do refuse1 expect but the ruin of yourself1 your family1 and this poor distressed country4 ,for ,i must acquaint your lordship that his ,excellency ,sir ,tho4 ,fairfax1 having now finished his work over the kingdom except this ,castle1 hath been pleased to spare his forces for this work1 which are now upon their march this way with all materials fit for it2 though ,i made no doubt but ,i had of mine own strength sufficient to effect it4 ,if your lordship will deny to submit to this summons1 and that more blood must be spilt1 your lordship may be confident that you shall receive no favour from both ,houses of ,parliament4 ,so1 expecting your answer this night by nine of the clock1 ,i rest your lordship's servant1 8,,tho4 ,,morgan4 8,,from ,,the ,,leaguer ,,before ,,raglan1 8,june #bh1 #afdf4 8,upon the faith and honour of a soldier1 this is a true copy of his ,majesty's letter#bfd to the ,governors of ,oxford1 ,lichfield1 ,wallingford1 and ,worcester1 and all other garrisons in ,england and ,wales2 which ,i thought fit to present to your lordship1 that you may clearly see what possibility of relief you are like to have40 ,,ii4--,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester ,,to ,,colonel ,,morgan4 8,,sir1--,i have received this day two advertisements from you2 the first ,i read1 containing1 as you would have me believe1 a true copy of his ,majesty's warrant to several garrisons upon honourable terms to quit4 ,but truly1 ,sir1 it is not in the power of man to make me think so unworthily of his ,majesty1 that to one1 in the opinion of the world1 that hath given1 himself and family1 soe great a demonstrance and testimony of his and their faith and fidelitie towards him1 that he would not please so much as name his name1 or ,raglan4 ,i entreat you1 give me leave to suspend my belief4#bfe 8,and for your second summons1 it makes it too evident that it is desired that ,i would die under a hedge like a beggar1 having no house left to put my head into1 nor means left to find me bread4 ,wherefore to give you answer1 ,i make choice 7if it soe please ,god7 rather to dye nobly1 than to live with infamy4 ,which answer1 if it be not pleasing to you1 ,i shall not think you worthy to be styled by me your loving friend1 8,h4 ,,worcester4 8,,from ,,my ,,house ,,of ,,raglan1 8,june #bh1 #afdf40 ,this was followed by a third letter from ,colonel ,morgan3-- 8,,my ,,lord1--,since it is not in my power to make you nor your son believe anything concerning the surrender of those garrisons1 by his ,majesty's order1 that comes from me or any of our party3 once more1 and the last before ,i send your answer to his ,excellency ,sir ,tho4 ,fairfax1 ,i shall give your lordship way to send an officer1 with another of mine1 to those lords in ,oxford to whom his ,majesty's letters were directed1 for your better satisfaction4 ,this ,i do1 my ,lord1 to prevent your utter ruin1 and that of this poor country1 so much occasioned by your lordship's obstinacy4 ,i expect your present answer1 and rest your servant1 8,,tho4 ,,morgan4 8,june #bhth40 ,,iv4--,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester ,,to ,,colonel ,,morgan4 8,,sir1--,in respect of your mentioning of any respect or kindness towards me1 lest to be divulged to the world should do you any prejudice1 ,i have thought fit in your own letter to return you thanks for the same4 ,and for ,sir ,tho4 ,fairfax1 if he were here with all his army1 he should receive no other from me than what you have had4 ,i hope ,i serve 7though not so well as ,i should7 a ,master that is of more might than all the armies in the world2 and to his holy will and pleasure ,i submit myself1 and yourself to do what you think fitting4--,your friend and servant1 8,h4 ,,worcester4 8,,from ,,my ,,dwelling ,,at ,,raglan1 8,june #bh40 ,in the first week of ,august ensuing1 ,general ,fairfax arrived from ,bath to hasten the siege--which was in great forwardness both for works and approaches--and then sent in another summons#bff to the ,marquess3-- ,v4--,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax ,,to ,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester4 8,,my ,,lord1--,being come into these parts with such a strength as ,i may not doubt but1 with the same good hand of ,providence that hath hitherto blessed us1 in short time to reduce the garrison of ,raglan to the obedience of the ,parliament1 ,i have1 in order thereto1 thought good to send your lordship this summons1 hereby requiring you to deliver up to me1 for the ,parliament's use1 the said garrison and ,castle of ,raglan2 which1 as it only obstructs the kingdom's universal peace1 the rendition may beget such terms1 as by delay or vain hopes cannot hereafter be expected4--,i remain1 my ,lord1 your lordship's most humble servant1 8,,tho4 ,,fairfax4 8,,leaguer ,,before ,,raglan1 8,august #g1 #afdf4 8,your lordship's speedy answer to this summons is desired40 ,,vi4--,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester ,,to ,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax4 8,,sir1--,although my infirmities might justly claim privilege in so sudden an answer2 yet1 because you desire it1 and ,i am not willing to delay your time1 to your letter of summons to deliver up my house1 and the only house now in my possession to cover my head in1 these are to let you know1 that if you did understand the condition ,i am in1 ,i daresay out of your judgment you will not think it a reasonable demand4 ,i am loth to be the author of mine own ruin on both sides2 and therefore desire leave to send to his ,majesty to know his pleasure what he will have done with his garrison4 ,as for my house1 ,i presume he will command nothing2 neither am ,i knowing how1 either by law or conscience1 ,i should be forced out of it4 ,to these ,i desire your return1 and rest your ,excellency's humble servant1 8,h4 ,,worcester4 8,,from ,,my ,,poor ,,cottage ,,at ,,raglan1 8,aug4 #g1 #afdf40 ,,vii4--,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax ,,to ,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester4 8,,my ,,lord1--,touching your sending to his ,majesty1 it is that which hath been denied to the most considerable garrisons of ,england1 further than an account to his ,majesty of the thing done upon the surrender2 which ,i do else freely grant to your lordship4 ,and for that distinction which your lordship is pleased to make1 that it is your house1 if it had not been formed into a garrison1 ,i should not have troubled your lordship with a summons2 and were it disgarrisoned1 neither you nor your house should receive any disquiet from me1 or any that belong unto me4 8,this ,i thought good to return to yours1 and thereby to discharge myself1 before ,god and the world1 of all extremities and sad consequences that will ensue upon the refusal of the rendition of your garrison upon my summons4--,i remain yours1 8,,tho4 ,,fairfax4 8,august #h40 ,,viii4--,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester ,,to ,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax4 8,,sir1--,i do much confide in your honour1 as that being at stake1 concerning leave to send to his ,majesty1 and will at this time forbear to make further motion in it2 only one thing which is extraordinary1 ,i offer to your consideration1 for the just cause1 besides my allegiance1 of my reasonable request2 which is1 ,that upon his ,majesty's promise of satisfaction1 ,i am above #bj1jjj pounds out of purse2 and if ,i should do anything displeasing unto him1 ,i am sure all that is lost1 and no benefit to the ,parliament4 ,if you knew how well known ,i was1 in ,henry ,earl of ,huntington's time1 unto your noble grandfather at ,york1 ,i am assured ,i should receive that favour at your hands that safely you might afford4 ,god knows1 if ,i might quietly receive my means of subsistence1 and be in security1 with the ,parliament's approbation1 and freed from the malice of those gentlemen that are of the ,committee within this county1 ,i should quietly quit myself of the garrison2 for ,i have no great cause to take delight in it4 ,i have that high esteem of your worth1 nobleness1 and true judgement1 that knowing you will offer nothing ignoble or unworthy for me to do1 as the case stands with me1 ,i desire to know what conditions ,i may have1 and ,i will return you present answer4 ,and1 in the meantime1 ,i rest your humble servant1 8,h4 ,,worcester4 8,august #h1 #afdf40 ,,ix4--,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax ,,to ,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester4 8,,my ,,lord1--,according to your lordship's desire1 ,i have returned you conditions1 such as may be fit and satisfactory to the soldiery4 ,to your lordship and family ,i have granted quiet and security from all violence of any that belongs to me4 ,i would persuade your lordship not to fear any ill or disrespect from the ,committee of this county2 ,i shall easily reconcile that party2 or that they will not do anything but as they shall receive order from the ,parliament4 ,by this means you are at liberty to send to the ,parliament2 and upon a present surrender and submission to their mercy and favour1 your lordship cannot but think to receive better terms for yourself than if you stand it out to the last extremity2 when1 besides the hazard of your person1 and of those in your family1 7which ,i do presume are dear to you17 and the spoil of the ,castle1 which cannot be avoided in extreme undertakings against it2 your lordship hath no reason to expect better than the ,marquess of ,winchester received1 who1 in making good ,basing ,house to the last1 narrowly escaped in his own person1 lost his friends1 subjected those that escaped to great frights and hazard1 his house and estate to utter ruin1 and himself to extremity of justice4 8,touching your lordship's #bj1jjj pounds1 your lordship hath liberty to solicit about that by the same hands your lordship shall give an account of the surrender to his ,majesty4 ,i desire your lordship upon receipt of these to dismiss my trumpeter1 and to return an answer by one of your own4 8,,tho4 ,,fairfax40 ,x4--,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester ,,to ,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax4 8,,sir1--,the difficulty of resolution by the soldiers and officers 7other than ,i thought7 causeth my request for your patience in not giving you full answer to the conditions you sent me yesterday2 but as soon as ,i shall obtain it1 you shall not be long without it4 ,but one thing1 and that of moment1 ,i desire to be satisfied in1 ,whether1 if any conclusion should be made1 that afterwards ,i shall be left to the mercy of the ,parliament1 for alteration at their will and pleasures2 and if it be so1 ,i shall endeavour in vain to study more about it4 ,for example1 in my ,lord of ,shrewsbury's case1 and divers others1 how conditions have been broken doth a little affright me4 ,i know1 by your will and consent1 it should never be2 but soldiers are unruly1 and the ,parliament unquestionable2 and1 therefore1 ,i beseech you pardon my just cause of fear1 and ,i will rest your humble servant1 8,h4 ,,worcester4 8,august #aa40 ,,xi4--,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax ,,to ,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester4 8,,my ,,lord1--,i have perused your letter of this #aath of ,august4 ,as to your scruple1 wherein you desire to be satisfied1 7so far as ,i understand it17 ,i can only give you this resolution1 that what ,i grant ,i will undertake shall be made good4 ,as to the instance you give in my ,lord of ,shrewsbury's case1 the actors in that breach 7who were none of my army7 have received their censure1 and by this time ,i believe the execution4 ,but here1 if any conclusion be made while ,i stay1 ,i dare undertake there shall be no such thing2 or1 if any1 there shall be reparation4 8,,tho4 ,,fairfax4 8,august #aa1 #afdf40 ,,xii4--,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester ,,to ,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax4 8,,sir1--,for the better accommodation of these unhappy differences1 if you please there may be a cessation of arms and working1 and to engage your honour for the return of my commissioners to-morrow by ten of the clock1 they shall wait upon you in your ,leaguer2 where they shall vindicate me from being the only obstruction of the general peace4 ,so1 in expectation of your sudden answer1 ,i rest your humble servant1 8,h4 ,,worcester4 8,august #ac1 #afdf40 ,,xiii4--,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax ,,to ,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester4 8,,my ,,lord1--,having not yet received by any of your letters a direct answer to the conditions ,i sent you1 ,i have no grounds or consideration for such a cessation of arms and working1 as in your letter you desire2 but if it be your purpose to return your answer by commissioners1 ,i shall1 by the hour you mention1 appoint commissioners of mine own to receive the same in the ,leaguer as you desire1 and engage myself for the safe return of yours1 not exceeding six commissioners and as many servants2 and1 in order to this1 ,i shall be content there be a cessation of arms and working from nine of the clock to-morrow morning till two in the afternoon4--,yours1 8,,tho4 ,,fairfax4 8,uske1 ,august #ad40 ,,xiv4--,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester ,,to ,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax4 8,,sir1--,had ,i not thought you had been in the ,leaguer1 to the end that the propositions from the place1 in answer to yours1 might have been first presented unto you2 and to avoid delays1 which ,i thought your side would best like of1 it was resolved to send commissioners together with our propositions2 but considering it was otherwise1 ,i have sent you such as ,i am advised unto1 to take into your consideration4 ,and because there is some addition to yours1 ,i would have been glad you had heard the just reasons thereof1 to the end you might not have been persuaded to slight them without just cause4 ,your pleasure for the ordering of business1 ,i1 at your leisure1 expect2 and1 if you please1 the dismission of this messenger2 and so rest your humble servant1 8,h4 ,,worcester40 ,,xv4--,,sir ,,thomas ,,fairfax ,,to ,,the ,,marquess ,,of ,,worcester4 8,,my ,,lord1--,i have perused the propositions sent out by your commissioners1 which ,i find such as deserve no answer4 ,i have offered your lordship and the rest conditions which you may yet have1 if you accept in time4 ,if there be any thing in them obscure1 needing explanation1 or wanting circumstantials1 for the better performing of the things intended therein ,i shall be willing to appoint commissioners on my part to treat with yours to that purpose upon these propositions of mine2 provided you send commissioners instructed with power to treat and conclude1 and return your resolution herein by six of the clock in the evening4--,yours1 c41 8,,tho4 ,,fairfax4 8,august #ad1 #afdf40 ,illustration ,in the meantime the besiegers went on with their approaches toward the ,castle--their main works being not above some sixty yards distant--and had planted four mortar pieces in one place1 and two mortar pieces at another1 each mortar piece carrying a grenade shell twelve inches diameter4 ,towards the end of the siege1 whilst the cannon of ,fairfax was playing upon the ,castle from the neighbouring height1 and when casualties within the walls were of hourly occurrence1 an incident occurred1 which shows that in these perilous times even ladies deemed it necessary to apologise for being afraid of leaden bullets4 8,one evening1 during the hottest period of the cannonade10 says ,dr4 ,bayly1 8there came a musket bullet in at the window of the withdrawing room1 where my lord used to entertain his friends with his pleasant discourses after dinners and suppers1 which1 glancing upon a little marble pillar of the window1 and from thence hit the ,marquess upon the side of his head1 and fell down flattened upon the table1 which breaking the pillar in pieces1 it made such a noise in the room1 that his daughter-in-law1 the ,countess of ,glamorgan1 who stood in the same window1 ran away as if the house had been falling down upon her head1 crying out--#8,o ,lord6 ,o ,lord6' ,but at length finding herself more afraid than hurt1 she returned back again1 no less excusing her--as she was pleased to call it--rudeness to her father1 than acknowledging her fears to all the company4 ,to whom the ,marquess said3 #8,daughter1 you had reason to run away when your father was knocked on the head4' ,then pausing some little while1 and turning the flattened bullet round with his finger1 he further said3 #8,gentlemen1 those who had a mind to flatter me1 were wont to tell me that ,i had a good head in my younger days2 but if ,i don't flatter myself1 ,i think ,i have a good head-piece in my old age1 or else it would not have been musket proof4'0 ,of the exemplary good order observed by the household1 before the establishment of a garrison within the ,castle1 an eye-witness has transmitted the following testimony3-- 8,i have lived in ,raglan ,castle10 said he1 8three years1 and in all that time ,i never saw man drunk1 nor heard an oath1 amongst any of all his 7the ,marquess's7 servants2 neither did ,i ever see a better ordered family2 and that which was most wonderful unto me was1 that the servants of his house1 being half ,papists and half ,protestants1 were never at variance in point of religion--which was brought about by prohibiting disputations4#bfg ,neither was any man the less accepted for his religion1 if his service were acceptable4 ,but when the ,castle was filled with officers and soldiers1 he used to be more grieved to hear and witness the drunkenness that was then and there too much practised3 insomuch1 that when some of his chief officers had told him1 how that they had fortified such and such a place so and so2 and that the enemy could not come2 and that there it was impossible4 #8,ay1 ay1' said my ,lord2 #8but you have left the main place open and unprotected4 ,you have no fortifications against ,heaven4 ,for there is so much swearing and drunkenness amongst you1 that from thence ,i fear me will come our greatest enemy1 and you have made no provision against him4' ,and1 indeed1 he said justly2 for1 in truth1 the royalists were grievously addicted to many vices1 to which1 on the contrary1 the companions and followers of ,cromwell were comparatively strangers40 ,the importance attached by the ,parliament to the reduction of ,raglan ,castle is shown by the following report from their commissioner3#bfh-- 8,your assured friend and servant1 ,w4 ,c410 7as the letter is signed17 writes to the ,parliament man from 8,usk1 ,august #ae1 #afdf4--;,i shall now give you an account how near our approaches are made unto the ,castle4 ,that which is our maine work is about sixty yardes from theirs1 and that's the most4 ,we have planted four mortar pieces1 each of them carrying a grenado shel twelve inches diameter2 and two mortar peeces planted at another place carrying shels about the like compas2 soe that in case the treatye doe breake off1 we are then ready to show by what extremitye they must expect to be reduced4 ,this we are very confident1 that the grenadoes will make them quit their workes and outhouses1 and solely betake themselves into the ,castle1 which indeed will be a worke of time before we are able to undermine it1 in regard we must mine down a hill#bfi under a moate1 and then the workes1 before we can come to the ,castle2 yet we conceive it feasible to be done with some losse4 ,our engineer1 ,captain ,hooper1 a painful and honest man1 proceeding1 as he hath begun1 with exact running trenches1 which we made so secure as if they were workes against a storme1 will1 with ,god's blessing1 come within ten yards in a few dayes2 and then1 ,i believe1 we shall make galleries1 mines1 and many batteries4 ,the ,general is every day in the trenches1 and yesterdaye appointed a new approache1 which the engineer of this army1 who is now returned from ,worcester1 is to carry on with all expedition4 ,he has already broken the ground1 throwne up approaches of about an hundred yardes in length and circuit1 and is within sixty yards of the under part of their workes40 ,the writer then proposes that the ,parliament should agree to moderate terms1 and accept of an honourable answer4 ,that the plan might succeed he deems quite certain1 though not without farther loss2 and he adds1 in terms less courteous than characteristic of the times1 that 8it would not be worth while to gaine this old man's carkasse at so dear a rate40#bgj ,,aug4 #ad4--;,fairfax appointed a new approach1 which the engineer1 ,captain ,hooper1 had so far proceeded in as to throw up approaches of an hundred yards in circuit1 making exact running trenches 7as secure as if they were works against a storm71 coming within sixty yards of their works4 ,,aug4 #ae4--,the ,marquess sent forth his desire to treat upon the ,general's propositions2 whereupon the treaty was appointed at ,mr4 ,oates's house1 7about a mile and a half from ,raglan17 to begin at two of the clock that afternoon4 ,fairfax's commissioners were ,colonel ,birch1 ,mr4 ,herbert1 ,quartermaster-,general ,grosvenor1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ashfield1 and ,major ,tulida4 ,by ,monday the #agth of ,august1 two days after the date of this report1 the preliminaries for capitulation were finally arranged4#bga g,surrender4_/g--,during the blockade of ,raglan1 the ,parliamentary ,general fixed his head-quarters at ,kevantilla ,house1#bgb the residence of ,mr4 ,oates1 about a mile and a half from ,raglan2 and there the treaty for the surrender of the ,castle was finally adjusted and prepared for signature4 ,the commission deputed for the occasion by ,fairfax1 were ,colonel ,birch1 ,quarter-,master ,herbert1 ,general ,grosvenor1 ,lieutenant-,colonel ,ashfield1 and ,major ,tuliday4 ,the meeting1 as previously arranged1 took place at two o'clock in the afternoon of ,saturday1 ,august the fifteenth2 and1 on the ,monday following1 the document was ratified1 by appending to it the signatures of the authorized commissioners4 ,the capitulation was agreed to on the following conditions3-- g,article_/g the ,first4 ,the garrison1 ammunition1 and artillery of ,raglan1 to be surrendered to ,general ,fairfax on the third day after the ratification of the said treaty2 namely1 at ten o'clock on the morning of the ,wednesday following1 being the nineteenth day of ,august4 g,article_/g the ,second1 stipulated that all the officers1 soldiers1 and gentlemen of the garrison1 should march out with horses and arms2 colours flying2 drums beating2 trumpets sounding2 matches lighted at both ends2 bullets in their mouths2 and every soldier with twelve charges of powder and ball2 with permission to select any place1 within ten miles of the ,castle1 for the purpose of delivering up their arms to the general in command2 after which the soldiers were to be disbanded and set at liberty4 g,article_/g the ,third1 engaged the ,general's safe conduct and protection to all the gentlemen and others who had sought refuge within the walls of ,raglan ,castle to their respective homes4 g,article_/g the ,fourth1 was an enlargement of the preceding article1 by which three months' protection was guaranteed to certain other gentlemen1 until they should either have made their peace with ,parliament1 or departed the realm4 g,article_/g the ,fifth1 guaranteed the protection and care of the sick and wounded left in the ,castle4 g,article_/g the ,sixth1 was an indemnity for all words and acts of the garrison during the siege of the ,castle4 ,on ,wednesday the nineteenth of ,august1 in pursuance of these arrangements1 the ,castle and ,garrison of ,raglan were duly surrendered to ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax1 for the use of both ,houses of ,parliament4 ,the garrison1 which at first had mustered eight hundred men1 was now reduced to less than half that number2 and as certain of the warlike muniments were becoming so diminished as to expose them at last to the chances of seeing the ,castle entered by storm1 a prolonged resistance must have been attended with disastrous consequences4 8,the garrison had no sooner marched out10 says an eye-witness1 8than ,fairfax entered the ,castle1 took a view of it1 had some conversation with the ,marquess1 and then1 quitting the scene of his last operation in the way of siege1 proceeded to ,chepstow1 where he was received in triumph by the committee2 and1 after a brief halt in the ,castle1 returned to his head-quarters at ,bath10 8,a conqueror2 and blushing on his sword ,the stains of blood1 by loyal ,raglan pour'd40 ,yet ,fairfax1 as far as lay in his power1 was very exact in observing every condition to which he was a party4 ,it is recorded to his honour1 that1 8far from allowing violence1 he would not even permit insults1 or expressions of triumph over the unfortunate ,royalists40 ,something of this generous bearing towards his opponents may be observed in his correspondence with the ,marquess of ,worcester4 ,he is painted by historians as equally eminent for personal courage and for humanity2 and though strongly infected with prejudices1 or principles derived from religious and party zeal1 he never seems1 in the course of his public conduct1 to have been diverted1 by private interest or ambition1 from adhering strictly to these principles4 ,sincere in his professions1 disinterested in his views1 open in his conduct1 8he had formed10 says ,hume1#bgc 8one of the most shining characters of his age1 had not the extreme narrowness of his genius in everything but in war1 and his embarrassed and confused elocution on every occasion but when he gave orders1 diminished the lustre of his merit1 and rendered the part which he acted1 even when vested with the supreme command1 but secondary and subordinate40 ,with this just tribute to his merits as a man and a soldier1 we take leave of the ,conqueror of g,raglan_/g1 annexing the following g,anecdotes4_/g--,when ,fairfax1 as we learn from the same authority1 laid siege to ,raglan ,castle1 and fair terms were offered to all the garrison1 the ,marquess only excepted1 the generous old ,nestor entreated his friends to accept the proposal1 and allow him to be the #8,jonas4' ,but this proposition1 it may be readily believed1 had the opposite effect1 of strengthening their determination to stand by him to the last man4 ,in thanking his officers for their devotedness1 he added1 in his own peculiar way1 8,i do not much like that way of embalming neither--to be served up to my audit as a thing newly taken out of the cost of many friends' blood40 ,in the conversation above alluded to1 when ,fairfax took possession of the ,castle1 the ,marquess is said to have made a jocular request1 bespeaking the ,general's indulgence in favour of some pigeons that still kept possession of their ancient haunt4 ,to which he gravely replied1 that he was glad to perceive his ,lordship in so #8merrie' a frame of mind4 ,whereupon the ,marquess told him the following story3-- 8,there were two rogues once going up ,holborn in a cart to be hanged2 but the one being very jocund on so serious an occasion1 gave offence to his companion1 who1 being very downcast1 reproved him4 #8,tush1 man1' said the other1 #8thou art a fool2 thou wentest a thieving1 and never once thoughtest of what would become of thee2 wherefore1 being on a sudden surprised and taken1 thou fallest into such a shaking fit1 that ,i am ashamed to see thee in such a pitiful condition4 ,whereas ,i was resolved to be hanged before ,i fell to stealing1 which is the reason ,i go so composedly unto my death4' ,so1 in my own case10 continued the ,marquess1 8,i resolved to undergo whatsoever--even the worst--evils that you were able to lay upon me1 before ,i took up arms for my sovereign2 and1 therefore1 wonder not that ,i am so merrie40 g,the fall of ,raglan_/g ,garrison was a source of much triumph and congratulation to the ,parliamentary forces4 8,there were delivered up with it10 says ,rushworth1 8twenty pieces of ordnance1 but only three barrels of gunpowder2 for within the walls they had a mill with which they could make a barrel a day4 ,there was found1 however1 #8great store of corn and malt1 wine of all sorts1 and beer in abundance2' but hay and forage for their horses had been so completely exhausted1 that these noble animals were almost starved to death1 and #8had like to have eaten one another for want of meat1 had they not been tied with chains4'0 ,the captors found also great store of goods and rich furniture in the ,castle1 which ,fairfax committed to the care and custody of ,mr4 ,herbert1 commissioner of the army1 ,mr4 ,roger ,williams1 and ,major ,tuliday1 or ,tulida1 to be inventoried4 ,and in case any inhabitants of the country could make a just claim to them--as having been violently taken from them1 or they compelled to bring them thither--that they should have them restored4 ,agreeably to the terms of surrender1 as recorded in the history of the siege1 there marched out of the ,castle--8,the ,marquess of ,worcester1 then in the eighty-fourth year of his age2 the ,lord ,charles1 the ,marquess's sixth son1 ,lieutenant-,governor of the ,castle under his father3 he subsequently retired to ,flanders1 and died a canon of ,cambray2 the ,countess of ,glamorgan2 the ,lady ,jones2 ,sir ,philip ,jones2 ,dr4 ,bayly1 so often quoted in the preceding narrative2 ,commissary ,gwilliam2 four ,colonels2 eighty-two ,captains2 sixteen ,lieutenants2 six ,cornets2 four ,ensigns2 four ,quartermasters2 fifty-two ,esquires and ,gentlemen40 ,it is worthy of record in this place1 that1 of all the forts and garrisons in the ,king's interest1 those of ,raglan and ,pendennis endured the longest sieges1 and held out the last of any forts or castles in ,england--being bravely defended by two persons of very great age--and were at length delivered up within a day or two of each other4 8g,raglan_/g10 says ,lord ,clarendon1 8was maintained with extraordinary resolution and courage by the old g,marquess of ,worcester_/g 7then #he7 against ,fairfax himself1 until it was reduced to the greatest necessity4 ,pendennis refused all summons2 admitting no treaty till all their provisions were so far consumed that they had not victuals left for four-and-twenty hours2 and then they treated1 and carried themselves in the treaty with such resolution and unconcernedness1 that the enemy concluded they were in no straits1 and so gave them the conditions they proposed1 which were as good as any garrison in ,england had accepted4 ,the governor of ,pendennis was g,john ,arundel_/g of ,trerice1 in ,cornwall1 an old gentleman of near fourscore years of age1 who1 with the assistance of his son ,richard1 afterwards made a baron in memory of his father's service1 and his own eminent behaviour throughout the war1 maintained and defended the same to the last extremity40#bgd ,returning to the subject of ,raglan1 we must not overlook the following predictions1 as calculated to excite no little attention in times when witchcraft1 sorcery1 and apparitions1 were admitted as articles of popular belief4 g,prophecies4_/g--,of the prophetic warnings which1 from time to time1 and particularly during the siege1 had taken possession of the vulgar mind regarding the fall of ,raglan and its hereditary lords1 the following passage is sufficiently characteristic3--,one evening1 during the progress of the siege1 one of his officers was relating to the ,marquess how strangely the narrator1 ,dr4 ,bayly1 had escaped a shot by means of the iron bar of a window that looked out upon the leaguer4 ,standing1 for example1 in a window of the castle1 there came a musket bullet and hit full against the edge of an iron bar of a chamber window1 so that it parted the bullet in halves1 the bar expatiating itself by degrees towards the middle2 8one half of the bullet10 said he1 8flew by me on the one side1 and the other half on the other side2 so that1 by ,god's providence1 ,i had no hurt40 8,the ,marquess hearing this1 asked me in what chamber it was4 ,i told him4 ,his ,lordship then said1 as ,i remember1 #8,the window was cross-barred2 and you will never believe me1' said he emphatically1 #8how safe it is to stand before the g,cross_/g1 when you face your enemy6'0 ,but returning to the subject of predictions3--8,never10 says the family historian1 8never was there a noble house so pulled down by prophecies--ushered into its ruin by predictions1 and so laid hold upon by signes and tokens6 ,i shall tell you no more10 he continues1 8but what ,i have both read and seen long before the fall of that proud fabric1 which had the honour to fall the last of any that stood upon the tearmes of honour4 ,now there was one old book of prophecies that was presented to the ,marquess1 because it so much concerned g,raglan_/g ,castle1 wherein there were these predictions3 namely1 ,that there should come an ,earl that should first build a white gate before the castle-house1 and after that should begin to build a red one2 and before that red one should be finished1 there should be wars over all the land40 ,now all this was fulfilled in the ,marquess's own day1 who1 having built the one gate and begun the other1 yet by reason of the distractions of the time1 was forced to discontinue the latter1 which at the time of the siege remained unfinished4 ,some one standing by while this prophecy was mentioned1 exhorted the ,marquess--half in jest1 half in earnest--to make haste and finish his red-gate house1 because we should have no quiet until that were up4 8,hark'ye10 said the ,marquess1 8nobody shall ever prophesy so much money out of my purse in such times as these6 ,besides1 the prophet does not say until1 but before--#8before the red gate is up2' and1 for aught ,i know1 if ,i should make haste with that building1 ,i should hasten the war to my own sorrow2 for the prophet says1 #8before the red-gate house shall be finished1 there shall be wars all over the land4' ,but what if ,i had built neither the one nor the other1 how could this prophecie have concerned me80 8,oh1 my ,lord10 said one of the company1 8it is done2 and you could not otherwise choose but to do what you did40 8,ay2 but ,i can choose10 said the ,marquess1 8whether ,i will believe the prophet or not40 8,another prophecie there was10 continues our authority1 8that the king of the country should lose a great battle1 ,naseby1 and afterwards fly to ,raglan ,castle for safety2 that the enemy should pursue him2 and that after a short time he should leave the ,castle1 and that the enemy should besiege and set fire to the ,castle wall4 ,all of which was literally fulfilled40 ,moreover it was said1 that 8an eagle should come into the park and be there slain1 which should be a forerunner to the destruction of that house2 which ,i saw literally performed2 but yet executed by one that never heard of the prophecie4 ,it was furthermore foretold1 that a cloud of bats should hang over the ,castle before its final demolishment2 this1 three days before1 all the ,castle beheld to their no small astonishment1 and it continued a quarter of an hour1 about twilight1 so thick that you could not1 towards the middle of them1 see the sky1 though clear4 ,being shot at with hail-shot1 some of them fell down1 and the rest flew away4 8,the ,marquess being told of this1 asked what those kind of creatures might signify4 ,some about him answered1 that they were scripture emblems of ruin and desolation4#bge ,he then asked if they were all gone4 ,it was told him that they were4 ,whereupon the ,marquess asked us whether or no the enemy had begirt us round4 ,it was answered that they had4 #8,then1' said his ,lordship1 #8,i am glad of it2 for then those emblems of ruin cannot fly away from us1 but they must also fly over the heads of the enemy4'0 ,the ,chaplain then proceeds1 according to the superstitious belief of the times1 to relate the following prediction regarding the ,king himself3--8,the strangest prophecie of all10 he affirms1 8both for signification and accomplishment1 is this1 which ,i read before ,i saw it in this book1 and fourteen years before the war40 ,he then gives it in the ,welsh language1 and explains that fab-anne1 as it is one word1 signifies a baby1 and joined to another ,welsh word1 should imply a crowned infant1 that1 on growing up to man's estate1 and ruling these realms for a season1 should at last 8fall by the stroke of an axe10 or1 8he shall be slain with an axe40 ,we shall not detain our readers by following the ,chaplain through the various arguments by which he appears to establish the truth of this singular prediction2 but1 referring them to the 8,apophthegms10 in which it is recorded1 we proceed to another portion of our history4 ,as soon as the ,castle was fairly occupied by the new garrison1 the work of demolition began4 ,the peasantry were summoned to their aid2 but on the great tower their united labours made but slight impression4 ,so1 8after battering the top with pickaxes10 they resolved to effect their purpose more expeditiously1 and1 transferring their implements to the foundation1 succeeded in undermining it4 ,as they proceeded1 the gaps were propped up with timber1 and when the personal risk became too imminent to continue the work1 they set fire to the timber1 and the instant the charred props gave way1 down came a solid mass of the g,tower of ,gwent_/g1 half filling the moat1 where it now lies2 a specimen of as firmly compacted a structure as ever was framed by the hand of man4 ,the mortar1 indeed1 seems harder and more durable than the materials which it cements together4 ,of its massive construction the annexed woodcut1 showing the staircase in the centre of the wall1 and the engravings opposite1 give a very clear and distinct notion4 ,illustration ,much treasure1 it was conjectured1 had been thrown into the moat during the siege1 while under the apprehension of being given up to plunder2 so the people were set to work with axes1 shovels1 and pickaxes1 to drain off the water1 and collect the treasure4 ,but nothing valuable being discovered in the moat1 they were next set to cut the stanks of the fish-ponds1 where they had store of very large carp and other fish4 ,from these reservoirs1 during many generations1 the family had drawn an abundant supply for the table2 and in times when the fasts of the ,church were rigorously observed1 fish-ponds were indispensable to every large establishment4 ,the artificial oak roof of the great hall1 already noticed in the introductory sketch1 could not be removed with advantage2 it was therefore allowed to remain full twenty years after the siege4 ,but the sheet-lead with which it was covered was found to be a very 8convertible material10 and was therefore rolled up1 sent to market1 and the product paid over to the ,parliamentary ,exchequer4 ,above thirty gvaults_/g of all sorts of rooms and cellars1 and three arched bridges1 are yet standing2 but the most curious arch of the chapel1 and rooms above1 with many others1 are totally destroyed4 ,many coins of ,queen ,elizabeth have been found1 but none deserving of preservation from the crucible of the silversmith1 to whom they were speedily consigned by the finders4 ,these dreary 8souterrains10 in the present day1 are1 of course1 haunted by goblins1 or other beings with lungs not likely to be affected by the damp and mephitic gases1 which they are said to exhale4 ,never was place better adapted for unearthly visitants2 and wherever blood has been spilt or treasure concealed1 the spirits of vengeance or avarice seize upon the spot as their own exclusive territory4 ,as it appeared to us1 however1 the genii loci were spirits of a very different stamp--beings with whom the painter1 the philosopher1 and the poet1 would choose to make their abode4 ,not so the cicerone who showed these mysterious caverns to ,bloomfield4 8,look down there10 said she1 pointing to the great cellar2 8something very awful2 candles wont burn there6 ,some people says it's because the damp chokes 'em4 ,for my part1 ,i think it's the devil himself2 and not much fancying to be seen at his work1 he blows 'em out4 ,well1 sir1 you may smile as you please2 but one puff of brimstone's enough for me4 ,let's step into the ,fountain ,court4 ,all the wine's gone2 so a cellar with only bad spirits in it1 is hardly worth notice40 ,passing from the cellar to the dairy1 we may observe that during the siege1 and for many generations previously1 the fine meadows on the banks of the ,olwy1 in the adjoining parish of ,llandenny1 were appropriated as the dairy-farm of the ,castle4 ,the ,marquess's g,library_/g was considered one of the best selected1 and most extensive in ,europe2 and we cannot doubt that the g,gallery_/g of ,paintings bore equal and corresponding testimony to the liberality and taste of the noble owner4#bgf ,the loss sustained by the family in the immediate destruction of the castle and woods1 according to the printed statement1 was computed at one hundred thousand pounds2 besides enormous sums furnished to his ,majesty for the raising and equipment of two armies1 and the maintenance of a numerous garrison1 of which the daily expenses alone must have required a princely revenue4 ,with this evidence of the ,marquess's resources1 it is not surprising that he should be described by ,clarendon as 8the most moneyed man of the kingdom40 ,the siege was followed by the sequestration and sale of the whole estate1 which1 by the parliamentary audit of #afdf1 amounted to twenty thousand pounds per annum1 and remained in the hands of ,cromwell till the ,restoration1 a period of fourteen years4 ,all the old timber in the parks adjacent was cut down and sold2 the lead was stript from the roof of the great hall1 and sold for six thousand pounds2 and a quantity of the timber was carried to ,bristol1 and there used in rebuilding the wooden houses upon the old bridge1 which had recently been destroyed by fire4 ,but the loss of the library was in every sense a national loss1 for in this1 among many rare invaluable manuscripts1 were the archives of ,gwent1 with the earliest records of ,welsh literature4 8,one of these manuscripts10 says the late ,mr4 ,thomas1#bgg 8was an interesting work by ,geraint ,bardd ,glass y ,cadair1 an illustrious ,welshman1 who flourished about the ninth century4 ,he was the first who composed a ,welsh grammar1 a work that was revised by ,einion and ,edeyrn1 which form and arrangement are now extant2 but the original ,,ms4 was in the ,raglan library at its capitulation40 ,in his palmy days1 long before he was created ,marquess1 the good ,earl lived in princely state in this ,castle4 ,surrounded by faithful friends1 numerous retainers1 and a household that1 by its daily expenditure1 bespoke almost unlimited resources1 he enjoyed in age all the happiness to which men look forward as the reward and solace of a virtuous youth2 for1 though long practised in the offices of ,court1 he could still relish the sweets of domestic retirement1 the humanizing influence of science1 and the conversation of pious and learned men4 ,he was a friend of literature1 a pattern of religious consistency1 an example of loyalty which no reverses could shake2 and when at last plunged into the deepest adversity1 stript of his property1 bent down with years1 and suffering from bodily pain1 he maintained a degree of mental serenity that softened the remembrance of his wrongs1 showed the true foundation of his faith1 and enabled him to view every dispensation of good or evil as coming from ,god1 and intended1 by weaning his thoughts from this world1 to give him nearer and clearer views of heaven4 ,reduced in four short years from the height of prosperity into the very abyss of adversity--his home desolate1 the prospects of his family blasted1 his friends hopeless or in prison1 himself an inmate of the ,tower--it is impossible to withhold our sympathy from a man who1 in no circumstances1 forgot the true nobility of his nature1 and the obligations of his creed2 but in every trial could exclaim1 in the words of his own motto--,mutare vel timere sperno4 8,go1 empty joyes1 ,with all your noyse1 ,and leave me here alone1 ,in sweet sad silence to bemoane ,your vaine and fleet delight2 ,whose danger none can see aright1 ,whilst your false splendour dims his sight4 ,go1 and insnare1 ,with your false ware1 ,some other easie wight1 ,and cheat him with your flattering light2 ,rain on his head a shower ,of honours1 favour1 wealth1 and power-- ,then snatch it from him in an hour40#bgh ,on his melancholy departure from these ancestral halls1 which he was never more to behold1 the venerable ,marquess--accompanied by certain members of his family and a few tried friends1 among whom was the devoted ,bayly--was conducted to ,london1 and placed under the custody of the ,black ,rod4 ,expecting to be treated as a declared enemy of ,parliament1 notwithstanding the terms of capitulation1 his lordship was agreeably surprised to find the severity1 with which such cases were usually visited1 was relaxed in his favour4 8,lord bless us10 said he to ,dr4 ,bayly1 who never left him1 8what a fearful thing was this ,black ,rod when ,i heard of it first6 ,it did so run in my mind1 that it made an infliction out of mine own imagination4 ,but when ,i spoke with the man himself1 ,i found him a very civil gentleman2 and ,i saw no black rod6 ,so1 methinks1 if we would not let these troubles and apprehensions of ours be made worse by our own fears1 no rods would be black40 ,and although-- 8,the pride of life has vanished1 ,and here ,i stand alone1 ,degraded1 stript1 and banished ,from all that was mine own2 ,yet in dreams1 when friends surround me ,with the loyal and the true1 ,the youthful links that bound me1 ,seem all riveted anew4 ,when ,i hear their loyal voices1 ,i half forget my wrongs1 ,and again my heart rejoices ,in our good old loyal songs4 ,pent up in these dark regions1 ,the only gems ,i boast1 ,are my honour and allegiance-- ,all else of earth is lost40#bgi ,but we shall leave the worthy ,marquess for a time1 to observe what is passing in that dearly beloved1 but now desolate mansion1 the gates of which were now closed upon him for ever4 ,illustration ,the woodcut here introduced represents one of the richly ornamented1 but now dilapidated1 windows of the front range of the ,castle4 ,of the settling of some portion of the ,marquess of ,worcester's estates upon ,cromwell1 we take the following particulars from a popular writer of our own times3--8,the ,commons10 he observes1 8now dealing with delinquents1 do not forget to reward good servants--to #8conciliate the grandees1' as splenetic ,walker calls it4 ,for about two years 7writing after the conclusion of the war7 there has been talk and debate about settling #b1ejj a year on ,lieutenant-,general ,cromwell2 but difficulties have arisen4 ,first1 they tried ,basinghouse lands1 the ,marquis of ,winchester's1 whom ,cromwell had demolished2 but the ,marquis's affairs were in disorder4 ,it was generally found that the ,marquis had only a life-rent there--only ,abbotson and ,itchin in that quarter could be realized4 ,order thereupon to settle lands of papists and delinquents to the requisite amount wheresoever convenient4 ,to settle especially what lands the ,marquis of ,worcester had in that county of ,southampton2 which was done1 though still with insufficient result4 ,then came the army quarrels1 and an end of such business4 ,but now1 in the ,commons' ,journals1 ,march #gth1 this is what we read3--#8,an ordinance for passing unto ,oliver ,cromwell1 ,esquire1 ,lieutenant-,general1 certain lands and manors in the counties of ,gloucester1 ,monmouth1 and ,glamorgan1 late the ,earl of g,worcester's_/g1 was this day read third time2 and1 upon the question1 passed and ordered to be sent unto the ,lords for their concurrence4'0 g,oliver_/g himself1 we shall find1 has been dangerously sick2 and the following is what ,clement ,walker reports upon the matter of the grant3--8,the sixth of ,march brought an ordinance to settle two thousand five hundred pounds a year of land out of the ,marquis of ,worcester's estate--the old ,marquis of ,worcester at ,raglan--father of the ,lord ,glamorgan1 who1 in his turn1 became ,marquis of ,worcester1 and wrote the #8,century of ,inventions4' ,but #b1ejj a year out of the old ,marquis's estate upon ,lieutenant-,general ,cromwell6 ,i have heard some gentlemen1 that knew the manor of ,chepstow and the other lands1 affirm that in reality they are worth #e1jjj1 or even #f1jjj a year4 ,you see10 continues he1 8though they have not made ,king ,charles a #8glorious king1' they have settled a crown revenue upon ,oliver1 and have made him as glorious a king as ever ,john of ,leyden was40#bhj 99 99 99 99 99 g,in_/g addition to the personal anecdotes1 or #8pithy sayings1' already introduced1 the following are too original and piquant to be overlooked3--8,we were talking one day10 says the family chronicler1 8of an old drunken fellow1 who having used his body to sad disorder in drinking all his lifetime1 and at last giving it over1 he presently died4 ,the fact being thus brought before him1 the ,marquis observed1 #8there was nothing to be wondered at in such a termination of the man's life2 for if you take a brand1' said he1 #8out of the fire that is thoroughly burnt1 it will fall to pieces2 but if you let it lie there still1 it may remain a pretty while before it is turned to ashes4'0 ,this clearly shows that his ,lordship was not a novice in the science of pathology2 for1 had he made the #8anatomy of drunkenness' his particular study1 he could not have expressed himself by a figure that more completely illustrates the case4 ,the burnt log may not only last longer1 but also preserve its shape1 and diffuse light and heat through the whole apartment1 while it remains in the fire2 but if suddenly removed1 and the fire extinguished1 it is soon transformed into a heap of black ashes4 ,the comparison applies very forcibly to those in whom the pernicious habit of spirit-drinking has been long a rooted evil4 ,if they suddenly reform1 the constitution--to use the same figure--has been so thoroughly carbonized1 that1 on the artificial temperature being withdrawn1 it breaks down like the charred firebrand and is extinguished2 but if cautiously and gradually withdrawn1 before the charring process has reached the core1 it may live to furnish a better light than any that could be expected from it while in the furnace of dissipation4 ,in the ,marquess's time1 as already noticed1 the habit of drinking was carried to a most fatal excess2 and we may readily believe that the #8apophthegm' here recorded1 was the result of personal observation among the troops of his own garrison1 who-- 8,red-hot with drinking2 ,so full of valour that they smote the air ,for breathing in their faces40 ,as the preceding anecdote shows the venerable ,marquess as a pathologist1 so the following exhibits him in the more congenial character of a quaint theologian3--8,i was walking one day with his lordship10 says the narrator1 8in the private walk about the ,great ,tower1#bha and there we spied where a bird had made her nest1 whom we disturbed from hatching her young ones1 and sitting upon her eggs2 which act of nature my lord compared to the manner of the creation3 #8,for1' said he1 #8,god having made his nest in the world1 and brought forth his young at first imperfected1 did by his ,spirit incubate1 and by his wings of prudence spread over them1 he gave them life and power2 and by his word he brake the shell--et sic pullulavit mundum4'0 ,this method of giving a quaint and solemn turn to the most familiar incidents of life was characteristic of the times1 and often introduced into their homilies by the clergy1 who made use of the most homely figures to illustrate some of the highest questions in theology4 ,but from the ,marquess of ,worcester1 then at a very advanced age1 the effort to extract a moral1 or to expound a scriptural text1 came very gracefully2 and he omits no opportunity1 as we perceive1 of improving others1 by directing their thoughts to those passages of scripture with which his own mind was familiar4 ,it is almost impossible1 however1 to resist the ludicrous ideas which religious sentiment is made to conjure up when employed by the ,parliamentary leaders1 and those irreverent applications of scripture which are to be found1 not only in their daily conversations1 but in their speeches1 and even dispatches4 ,cant was the fashion of the day2 and where a letter was not profusely interlarded with the language and figures of ,holy ,writ1 the author was liable to be suspected of indifference or disaffection to the cause4 8,an evil soul1 producing holy witness1 ,is like a villain with a smiling cheek----0 8,and thus he clothes his naked villany ,with old odd ends stol'n forth of ,holy ,writ40 ,the ,marquess's contempt of hypocrisy and deception is exemplified in another apophthegm3--8,a ,roman ,catholic being sorely pressed to take the oath of supremacy1 and being acquainted with another gentleman1 who was a ,protestant1 and so like unto him that you could hardly distinguish them whilst they were together1 much less asunder1--this imago sui--this lifelike ,illustration3 ,the ,keep ,tower1 from the ,moat4 ,raglan ,castle4 resemblance--as if ,nature herself had chosen him to be his representative--the right stone being pulled out1 and a counterfeit set in the right ring--and what with the likeness of his countenance1 and the identity of apparel1 he passed for current2 which jest my ,roman thought so good1 that he must needs brag of it to the ,marquess4 ,but my lord no way liked it2 asking him--#8,would you put another upon doing that which you would not do yourself8 ,what if the devil--you two being so like one another--should mistake you for him8 ,i assure you he would go neare to mar the conceit4' ,for1 he might have added1 though honesty be no ,puritan1 yet it will do no hurt40 8,mine honour is my life2 both grow in one2 ,take honour from me1 and my life's undone40 ,in the next passage1 the ,marquess undertakes the duty of admonishing a party who had come to visit him2 and his method of doing so is somewhat amusing4 ,we shall give the lecture1 as nearly as we can1 in his chaplain's own words3--8,there was a new-married couple10 says he1 8presented before the ,marquess4 ,the bride was a goodly proper woman1 her face well-featured1 an excellent eye she had1 but she was pitifully disfigured with the smallpox4 ,the ,marquess1 looking much upon her1 and saying nothing to her for a long while1 we all knew that silence was in labour for some notable production4 ,at last he advances toward the young bride1 and asked her3 #8,gentlewoman1 do you know why it is said that ,god ,almighty created man and builded woman8' ,the lady1 somewhat out of countenance1 answered1 #8,no1 indeed1 my lord4' ,the ,marquess asked her again3 #8,do you know why you women are called housewives8' #8,i think1 my lord1' said the bride1 #8because good wives should keep at home1 and not gad abroad4' #8,it is a good answer1' said the ,marquess1 #8but not the right one2 for women may be bad wives at home1 as well as abroad2 otherwise they would never scold their husbands out of doors4 ,the answer to my first question is3 ,woman is not said to be made as ,adam was1 which only signifies plain work2 but to be built1 which signifies curiosity and contrivance2 and1 therefore1 as to my second question1 a woman is called a housewife1 because she is a house out of which all the royal families of kings and emperors derive their extract4 ,neither are you only compared to houses2 but unto cities1 kingdoms1 churches1 and commonwealths4 ,but do you know what house you are like8' #8,no1 indeed1 my lord1' answered the bride4 #8,why1 then1 ,i'll tell you1' resumed the ,marquess2 #8when ,god builded the first woman1 he made her his storehouse1 wherein he had laid up all the race of mankind1 wherewith he replenished the whole earth4 ,but ,i must tell you1 my lady1 ,god ,almighty did not make you coaches nor waggons1 that you should be always gadding about4' ,whereat the bridegroom made answer3 #8,my lord1 ,i thank you for this2 ,i hope my wife will remember it4' #8,my lord1' said the young bride1 #8you will read such a lecture to my husband1 that he will never let me go abroad4' #8,oh no1 my lady1' said the ,marquess1 #8he must not debar you of that liberty1 provided you never go abroad but when you go out like the snaile2 who seldom stirs abroad but whilst that blessing1 the dew of heaven1 is upon the earth1 that she may gather benefit2 and by her greatest care1 and equal management1 still carries her house upon her back4' #8,oh1 my lord1' said she1 #8if ,i should goe abroad like the snaile1 ,i should carry not only a house upon my back1 but horns upon my forehead6' #8,no1 lady1' said the ,marquess2 #8though she pockes at you1 yet they are not horns2 the snaile can soon draw them in if you touch them1 which no horned creature can perform2 but she carries them in her head to teach you what you should provide1 and bear in mind against you go to hay-making4' 8,but the ,marquess fearing he had a little displeased the young couple1 he thought to make amends by the following1 though somewhat equivocal1 discourse3--#8,sir1' said he to the bridegroom1 #8you know ,i have compared your wife unto a building1 and ,i much commend your choice1 for a goodly house should not be chosen for the smoothness or whiteness of the wall--for such a one may be but a dairy-house or a milk-house2 nor according to the colours or paintings of the outside--for such a one may be but a tavern or an alehouse2 but if ,i see a house that is lofty and stately built1 and hath fair windows1 though the outside be but rough-cast1 yet ,i am sure there are goodly rooms therein4' 8,and so10 adds ,bayly1 8both parties were well pleased40 ,for what the ,marquess meant to express by this string of similes was1 that although the lady was much disfigured by the smallpox1 yet her fine expressive eyes1 intellectual forehead1 noble carriage1 and cultivated mind1 amply atoned for accidental disfigurement2 and left a balance in her favour which no outward appearance could disparage or conceal4 ,these ganecdotes_/g of an octogenarian1 however unsuited to modern ideas1 and of rather doubtful merit on the score of compliment1 are characteristic of times when the court-jester was still thought a necessary appendage to a great household2 and when riddle and allegory were the daily vehicles of political wit and private satire1 as well as the legitimate promoters of loyalty1 mirth1 and good-fellowship4 ,that they were considered by ,dr4 ,bayly himself--a grave and learned man--as reflecting honour upon the ,marquess who uttered them1 and creditable to his own taste and industry in transmitting them to posterity1 is a proof that1 agreeably to the taste of the age1 they were fully entitled to the distinction of #8apophthegms4' ,here follows another1 in a more serious and figurative sense1 to which ,juxon himself would not have objected1 even from the pulpit3--8,we were talking upon one occasion of ,christ's miracles1 more particularly of his turning water into wine1 and of the five loaves and two fishes4 #8,truly1' said the ,marquess1 #8these miracles ,he works amongst us every day2 but they are so ordinary1 or familiar1 that we take no notice of them4 ,god sends rain upon the earth2 this water gets up into the vine1 and the sappe of the vine-tree ,god turneth into wine4 ,and as few graines of corne as will make five loaves being covered in the earth1 will multiply and encrease to such advantage as will feed five thousand with bread2 and two fishes will bring forth so many fishes as will suffice so many mouths4'0 ,it was by these serious and intelligible1 as well as original1 remarks upon subjects accidentally brought out in conversation1 that the ,marquess sought to impress upon all around him those religious sentiments and convictions which he had himself imbibed by diligent study of the ,scriptures2 the benefit of which he daily acknowledged1 when overtaken by the accumulated evils of age and almost unparalleled adversity4 8,such a house broke-- ,so noble a master fallen6 ,all gone-- ,and not one friend to take his fortune by the arm60 99 99 99 99 99 ,we now turn to the faithful friend who has recorded these anecdotes of his illustrious patron2 who attended him during the whole progress of the siege1 and1 after the closing scene at ,raglan1 accompanied him to ,london1 soothed him under the new series of afflictions to which he was there exposed1 and never left him until he saw the ,master whom he loved and honoured consigned to his final resting-place in the ,beaufort ,chapel at ,windsor4 ,this companion1 friend1 and counsellor1 was ,dr4 ,bayly2 and1 although our notice must be brief1 it is a grateful task to commemorate the virtues of a man1 whose name has almost passed into oblivion2 but whose loyal devotion1 genius1 talent1 and misfortune1 justly entitle him to a place in the same page that records the merits and sufferings of ,henry1 first ,marquess of ,worcester4 g,dr4 ,thomas ,bayly_/g was the fourth and youngest son of ,dr4 ,lewis ,bayly1 ,bishop of ,bangor4 ,after finishing his curriculum at the ,university of ,cambridge1 and receiving the degree of ,bachelor of ,arts in #afch1 he was presented by ,king g,charles_/g to the subdeanery of ,wells4 ,in the troubles that continued to distract the nation1 he took an active and unremitting interest2 and having retired with other loyalists to ,oxford in #afdd1 he was there created ,doctor of ,divinity4 ,previously to the battle of ,naseby1 he had accepted ,lord ,worcester's appointment as chaplain to the household2 and1 as we have seen in the preceding account1 acted in several instances as confidential adviser between the ,king and the ,marquess4 ,he was present during the whole course of the siege of ,raglan1 more as a soldier than a chaplain1 and took his full share of the perils and responsibilities in which the officers of the garrison were then involved4 ,when terms of capitulation were finally tendered by ,general ,fairfax1 and accepted by the ,marquess1 ,dr4 ,bayly was employed to draw up the articles upon which the garrison was to be disbanded3 and when the castle was delivered up to the besiegers1 he accompanied the ,marquess to ,london1 attended him during his imprisonment as a friend and servant1 consoled him as a minister of religion1 vindicated his character1 advocated his rights1 and1 when the final hour arrived1 he performed over his grave the last sad offices of religion and humanity4 ,after this event1 ,dr4 ,bayly repaired to the ,continent1 where he continued to reside1 chiefly in ,france1 until the 8martyrdom of ,king ,charles10 when he returned to ,england1 and published the work already mentioned1 entitled1 8,certamen ,religiosum2 or1 a ,conference between ,king ,charles ,i4 and ,henry1 late ,marquess of ,worcester1 concerning ,religion1 in ,raglan ,castle1 anno #afdf40 ,this conference1 however1 was believed by many to whom he stood opposed1 to have no real foundation in truth2 and to be merely sent forth as a prelude to his declaring himself a convert to the ,roman ,catholic faith2 or1 in the original words1 to his 8becoming a ,papist40 ,in the course of the same year he published another work1 entitled1 8,the ,royal ,charter granted unto ,kings by ,god himself10 c42 to which is added1 8,a ,treatise10 wherein is proved that ,episcopacy is jure divino4 ,by these writings he incurred the heavy displeasure of the ,government--to which all such topics were obnoxious--and the author was committed to ,newgate1 where he languished for some time4 ,but at length1 a favourable opportunity having been presented1 he made his escape into ,holland1 where he carried his religious views into immediate practice1 and became a zealous ,roman ,catholic4 ,previous to this date1 and during his confinement in ,newgate1 he wrote a piece1 entitled1 8,herba ,parietis2 or1 the g,wallflower_/g1 as it grows out of the stone chamber belonging to the metropolitan prison2 being an historie which is partly true1 partly romantic1 morally divine2 whereby a marriage between ,reality and ,fancy is solemnized by ,divinity40#bhb ,shortly after this publication1 he quitted ,holland1 and took up his residence at ,douay in ,france1 where he sent forth another book1 with the title of 8,the ,end to ,controversy between the ,roman ,catholic and ,protestant ,religions1 justified by all the several manner of ways whereby all kinds of controversies1 of what nature soever1 are usually or can possibly be determined40#bhc ,this was followed by 8,dr4 ,bayly's g,challenge_/g10 the last of his published works2 after which he proceeded to ,italy1 where he spent the residue of his days1 and died1 as his biographers conclude1 in poverty and distress4 ,it is more likely1 however1 that1 after having1 by his controversial talents1 rendered some service to the church of his adoption1 he retired into a monastery1 and there ended his chequered pilgrimage in exercises of devotion4 ,this1 however1 is matter of conjecture1 for he is said by ,dodd to have died in the family of ,cardinal ,ottoboni2 while ,dr4 ,trevor1 ,fellow of ,merton ,college1 who travelled in ,italy in #afei1 reports that he died in a public hospital1 and that he had seen his grave4 ,his fate1 however1 like that of many others--driven into involuntary exile by similar causes--is involved in a mystery which no recent attempt has been made to elucidate4 ,requiescat in pace4 ,to the books or pamphlets above named1 ,dr4 ,bayly received various replies1 which showed that1 by their spirit and execution1 they had excited no little attention among the able and fierce controversialists of that day4 ,among those who took the field against him were ,christopher ,cartwright1 ,l',estrange1 ,robert ,sanderson1 ,peter ,heylin1 and others4 ,a 8,life of ,fisher1 ,bishop of ,rochester10 is also ascribed to the pen of ,dr4 ,bayly2 but his title to that work is not fully substantiated4 ,his ,dedication of 8,worcester's g,apophthegms_/g10 to the second ,marquess1 author of 8,a ,century of ,inventions10 is manly and elegant4 ,the conclusion is in these words3--8,i layd your noble father in his grave with mine own hands2 and ,i could not let a memorial of him lye buried under my own manuscript1 but thought it a duty belonging to his fame1 and your own merit1 to dedicate this book unto your lordship1 heir to all1 but apparently to nothing but his virtues and this memorial of them40 ,in his ,epistle to the ,reader1 he enters upon a lively vindication of the genuineness of his 8,certamen2 or1 ,discourse ,concerning ,religion20 the veracity of which had been bitterly impugned by his enemies2 and states that he published it in vindication of the ,king's constant affection to the ,protestant religion4 ,there is considerable spirit in the preface3--8,some10 he says1 8will not admit of that controversie otherwise than as a parable3 ,first1 because they were there--that is1 at ,raglan ,castle--and heard no such thing2 ,secondly1 because they believed not the g,marquess_/g of ,worcester to be so able a man2 as ,i hear it hath been said by some of his ,majesty's field chaplains1 who envying that a loyal pen should wagge1 where they can be contented to sew pillowes under the elbowes1 to bead cushions over the heads of the people1#bhd and preach such wholesome and sound doctrine of mortification1 sanctification1 justification1 and good life1 that they thought they might safely get up into any pulpit1 not caring what bottom it had1 nor what canopie was over head4 ,not much unlike the man who went to preach after upon the sureness of his foundation1 when his house was all on fire4 ,these men will tell you that this was no real thing2 because they were there--at g,raglan_/g--all the while2 whilst1 in fact1 they were not there at all except at meales2 and when ,i tell you that they were the doctours1 that were better at smelling a good dinner than a disputation1 ,i have as good as told you their names4 ,i expected truly better reason from those doctours1 than from the knight that said1 #8,he was sure there should be no such thing at ,raglan1 for his boy ,tom was there all the time6' 8,but you will say10 he continues1 8you do not believe there was any such private discourse4 ,chuse then2 who cares8 ,let him believe that will2 it was writ for the satisfaction of ,christians--not of ,infidels4 ,but it may be that #8mendax ,fama' means to requite me for the wrong she did my father1 who writ a good book2#bhe and some would not believe it to be his2 and now that ,i have set out a book none of mine own1 she will have it to be mine4 ,i thank her kindly2 but ,i had rather be without her praises1 than to be thought such an ingenious lyar40 ,the suspicion that ,bayly was the inventor1 and not reporter1 of the 8,certamen ,religiosum10 is not supported by any testimony to which we can attach implicit reliance2 for those who charged him with the deception1 were of the party to whom he was politically as well as religiously opposed4 ,that conversations of the kind actually occurred between the ,king and the ,marquess1 can hardly be doubted2 but as ,bayly1 in the midst of a garrison1 could not be so cool and accurate as a modern reporter for the press1 we may fancy that he clothed the arguments1 sent forth in the 8,certamen10 in his own language2 and perhaps insensibly coloured them with his own sentiments4 ,it has been farther said of him1 that1 besides taking part in the defence of g,raglan_/g1 he fought1 on some occasion of his subsequent and chequered career1 as a common soldier4 ,this is by no means unlikely2 for he was of an active and adventurous spirit2 never reluctant to take up arms in a good cause2 and like some other ecclesiastics of his day1 as well known in the 8tented field0 as in the pulpit4 ,in his 8,book of ,apophthegms10#bhf he mentions the fact of his having saved ,lord ,worcester from the enemy1 by giving him timely notice of their approach1 when he found him wandering on the ,welsh mountains2 and1 recording this incident as the occasion and origin of his acquaintance with the ,marquess1 he says3 8,from that time forward1 until ,i laid him in his grave in ,windsor ,castle1 ,i never parted from him40 ,such enthusiastic attachment--disinterested as1 under all the peculiar circumstances of the case1 it must have been--does infinite credit to the memory of ,bayly2 for it generally happens that fallen greatness1 like court favourites1 has no real friends4--,we now return to the closing scene of the master whom he had served with so much constancy1 and whom it was literally his misfortune to survive2 for after his obsequies at ,windsor1 ,bayly was left a friendless wanderer1 denounced at home1 received with suspicion abroad1 and indebted to charity for bread and--a grave4 ,reduced1 as we have seen1 to the humiliating condition of a prisoner1 the ,marquess of ,worcester did not long require the vigilance of the ,black ,rod4 ,from the day that ,raglan was delivered up to ,general ,fairfax1 his health1 which during the siege had suffered from great mental anxiety1 rapidly declined under the absence of all that reconciles worldly men to the evils of life4 ,but1 armed with that ,christian philosophy which is the only panacea for the outrages of fortune1 he preserved the inward calm of a resigned and tranquil spirit2 and1 looking forward to another and a happier existence1 he regarded passing events1 like his own bodily infirmities1 as visitations from an unseen ,power1 who1 through a rugged and stormy path1 was conducting his servant into a new region of sunshine and peace4 ,at his death1 which took place in ,december1 all that descended to his family1 as unconvertible to ,parliamentary uses1 were the example he had set before them of unshaken loyalty1 well-grounded faith1 and a patient endurance of evils which the practice of such hereditary virtues might incur4 ,by his wife1 whom he long survived1 he had issue nine sons and four daughters3 namely1 ,lord ,herbert1 ,earl of ,glamorgan1 who succeeded to the honours2 ,lord ,john1 who married a daughter of ,thomas1 ,lord ,arundel of ,wardour2 and ,lord ,charles1 who1 during the siege of ,raglan1 acted as second in command under his father1 and after signalizing himself in the royal service1 devoted himself to the church1 and died1 as already observed1 in exile at ,cambray4 ,these are the only members of the family that require to be noticed in this place4 g,edward_/g1 the second ,marquess1 maintained the same spirit of loyalty which had actuated his father through life4 ,the services which he had hitherto1 as ,lord ,herbert1 rendered to the royal cause1 were followed by others which won for him the entire confidence of his ,sovereign1 by whom he was constituted ,lord ,lieutenant of ,north ,wales1 and invested with the highest authority ever delegated by a king to his subject4 ,to this remarkable fact allusion has been already made2#bhg but in this place1 where it may be more properly introduced1 we shall quote the original at full length4 ,in the preceding history1 as we have seen1 the ,king addressed him in letters patent from ,oxford1 by the title of ,earl of ,glamorgan1 ,baron ,beaufort of ,caldecot2 and to complete the honours showered upon him1 his ,majesty invested him1 in #afdd1 with the following commission3-- 8g,charles_/g1 by the grace of ,god1 ,king of ,england1 ,scotland1 ,france1 and ,ireland1 ,defender of the ,faith1 c41 to our right trusty and right well-beloved cousin ,edward ,somerset alias ,plantagenet1 ,lord ,herbert1 ,baron ,beaufort of ,caldicote1 ,grosmond1 ,chepstow1 ,raglan1 and ,gower1 ,earl of ,glamorgan1 son and heir apparent of our entirely beloved cousin1 ,henry1 ,earl and ,marquess of ,worcester1 greeting4 8,having had good and long experience of your prowess1 prudence1 and fidelity1 do make choice1 and by these nominate and appoint you our1 c41 to be our generalissimo of three armies1 ,english1 ,irish1 and ,foreign1 and admiral of a fleet at sea1 with power to recommend your ,lieut4-,general for our approbation2 leaving all other officers to your own election and denomination1 and accordingly to receive their commission from you1 willing and commanding them1 and every of them1 you to obey as their general1 and you to receive immediate orders from ourself only4 ,and lest1 through distance of place1 we may be misinformed1 we will and commend you to reply unto us1 if any of our orders should thwart or hinder any of your designs for our service4 ,and there being necessary great sums of money to the carrying on so chargeable an employment1 which we have not to furnish you withal1 we do by these empower you to contract with any of our loving subjects of ,england1 ,ireland1 and dominion of ,wales1 for wardships1 customs1 woods1 or any our rights and prerogatives2 we by these obliging ourselves1 our heirs1 and successors1 to confirm and make good the same accordingly4 ,and for persons of generosity1 for whom titles of honour are most desirable1 we have entrusted you with several patents under our g,great ,seal_/g of ,england1 from a ,marquis to a ,baronet1 which we give you full power and authority to date and dispose of1 without knowing our further pleasure4 ,so great is our trust and confidence in you1 as that1 whatsoever you do contract for or promise1 g,we_/g will make good the same accordingly1 from the date of this our commission forwards2 which1 for the better satisfaction1 ,we give you leave to give them1 or any of them1 copies thereof1 attested under your hand and seal of arms4 ,and for your own encouragement1 and in token of our gratitude1 we give and allow you henceforward such fees1 titles1 preheminences1 and privileges1 as do and may belong to your place and command above-mentioned2 with promise of our dear daughter g,elizabeth_/g to your son ,plantagenet in marriage1 with three hundred thousand pounds in dower or portion2 most part whereof we acknowledge spent or disburst by your ,father#bhh and you in our service2 and the title of g,duke_/g of ,somerset to you and your heirs male for ever2 and from henceforward to give the g,garter_/g to your arms1 and at your pleasure to put on the g,george_/g and blue ribbon4 ,and for your greater honour1 and in testimony of our reality1 we have with our own hand affixed our great seal of ,england unto these our commission and letters1 making them patents4 8g,witness_/g ourself at ,oxford1 the first day of ,april1 in the twentieth year of our reign1 and the year of our g,lord_/g one thousand six hundred and forty-four4 8g,charles4_/g0 ,the result of this commission1 full of promises1 offers a striking instance of the uncertainty of 8the best laid schemes0 of men4 ,lord ,glamorgan's eldest son married2 but no matrimonial alliance took place between the ,royal family and his4 ,nor is it mentioned that any use was made of his unprecedented power to make peers2 and what is singular enough1 the title of ,glamorgan1 granted to ,lord ,herbert himself1 was disputed1 on account of some informality1 at the ,restoration of ,charles ,,ii41 and surrendered by him when ,marquess of ,worcester4 ,he seems1 indeed1 to have regarded neither his private interest nor his public reputation in comparison with those of his ,royal master4 ,he was sent to ,ireland1 as already noticed1 with a secret commission to negotiate with the ,roman ,catholics2 and upon its discovery1 and being disowned by ,charles1 he took all the fault on himself1 to the imminent hazard of his own life4 ,at the ,restoration he met with no adequate reward for his devoted loyalty4 ,charles the ,second1 probably1 had not all the power that was supposed1 as he certainly had not all the inclination that was expected1 to reward the adherents of his family4 ,horace ,walpole1 in his 8,catalogue of ,royal and ,noble ,authors10 gives a lively1 but a very careless and unfair1 account of this ,marquess of ,worcester4 ,he ridicules his 8,century of ,inventions20 but1 in truth1 ,lord ,orford's opinion will not go far on scientific subjects4 ,an opinion1 very different from that of the critic-peer1 will be formed on consulting the new edition of the 8,century of ,inventions10 with historical and explanatory notes1 published in #ahce1 by ,mr4 ,charles ,f4 ,partington4 ,the title the ,marquess gives the original work is1 8,a ,century of the ,names and ,scantlings of such ,inventions1 as at present ,i can call to mind to have tried and perfected1 which 7my former notes being lost7 ,i have1 at the instance of a powerful friend1 endeavoured now1 in the year #afee1 to set these down in such a way1 as may sufficiently instruct me to put any of them in practice40 8,artis et natur proles40 ,he dedicates it to the ,king in language of unabated loyalty2 and in a second address impressively recommends his discoveries to the attention of both ,houses of ,parliament4 ,in the sixth of these 8,inventions10 ,mr4 ,partington recognises an improved construction of the telegraph1 as it was used before the electric telegraph came into use4 ,in ,,viii4 ,,ix4 and ,x4 various engines of war are hinted1 which have since been perfected by ,congreve and others4 ,the reader who is curious in such subjects1 will be well repaid by a perusal of ,mr4 ,partington's book4 ,we can only find room for those inventions which foreshadow the steam-engine4 8,,xc4 ,an engine so contrived that1 working the primum mobile forward or backward1 upward or downward1 circularly or cornerwise1 to and fro1 straight1 upright or downright1 yet the pretended operation continueth and advanceth2 none of the motions above-mentioned hindering1 much less stopping the other2 but unanimously and with harmony agreeing1 they all augment and contribute strength unto the intended work and operation2 and1 therefore1 ,i call this a semi-omnipotent engine1 and do intend that a model thereof be buried with me4 8,,xcix4 ,how to make one pound weight raise an hundred as high as one pound falleth2 and yet the hundred pounds weight descending doth what nothing less than one hundred pounds can effect4 8,,lxviii4 ,an admirable and most forcible way to drive up water by fire1 not by drawing and sucking it upwards1 for that must be1 as the philosopher calleth it1 infra spheram activitatis1 which is had at such a distance2 but this way hath no bounder1 if the vessels be strong enough2 for ,i have taken a piece of a whole cannon1 whereof the end was burst1 and filled it three quarters full1 stopping and screwing up the broken end1 as also the touchhole2 and making a constant fire under it1 within twenty-fours it burst1 and made a great crack4 ,so that having found a way to make my vessels1 so that they are strengthened by the force within them1 the one to fill after the other1 have seen the water run like a constant fountain stream forty feet high2 one vessel of water1 rarefied by fire1 driveth up forty of cold water2 and a man that tends the work is but to turn two cocks1 that one vessel of water being consumed1 another begins to force and refill with cold water1 and so successively1 the fire being tended and kept constant1 which the selfsame person may likewise abundantly perform in the interim between the necessity of turning the said cocks4 8,c4 ,upon so potent a help as these two last-mentioned inventions1 a waterwork is1 by many years' experience and labour1 so advantageously by me contrived1 that a child's force bringeth up1 an hundred feet high1 an incredible quantity of water1 even two feet diameter4 ,and ,i may boldly call it the most stupendous work in the whole world6 ,not only1 with little charge1 to drain all sorts of mines1 and furnish cities with water1 though never so high seated1 as well to keep them sweet1 running through several streets1 and so performing the work of scavengers1 as well as furnishing the inhabitants with sufficient water for their private occasions2 but likewise supplying the rivers with sufficient to maintain and make navigable from town to town1 and for the bettering of lands all the way it runs2 with many more advantageous and yet greater effects of profit1 admiration1 and consequence4 ,so that1 deservedly1 ,i deem this invention to crown my labours1 to reward my expenses1 and make my thoughts acquiesce in the way of farther inventions4 ,this making up the whole century1 and preventing any farther trouble to the reader for the present1 meaning to leave to posterity a book1 wherein1 under each of these heads1 the means to put in execution and visible trial all and every of these inventions1 with the shape and form of all things belonging to them1 shall be printed by brass plates40 ,and he devoutly concludes3--8,in bonum publicum1 et ad majorem ,,dei gloriam40 ,on these ,mr4 ,partington has the following note3--8,the three last inventions may justly be considered as the most important of the whole #8,century2' and when united with the #fhth article1 they appear to suggest nearly all the data essential for the construction of a modern steam-engine4 ,the noble author has furnished us with what he calls a definition of this engine2 and although it is written in the same vague and empirical style which characterises a large portion of his #8,inventions1' it may yet be considered as affording additional proofs of the above important fact40 ,the ,marquess's 8,definition0 is exceedingly rare1 as the only copy known to be extant is preserved in the ,british ,museum4 ,it is printed on a single sheet1 without date1 and appears to have been written for the purpose of procuring subscriptions in aid of a water company1 then about to be established3-- 8,a stupendous1 or a water-commanding engine1 boundless for height or quantity1 requiring no external nor even additional help or force1 to be set or continued in motion1 but what intrinsically is afforded from its own operation1 nor yet the twentieth part thereof4 ,and the engine consisteth of the following particulars3-- 8,a perfect counterpoise1 for what quantity soever of water4 8,a perfect countervail1 for what height soever it is to be brought unto4 8,a primum mobile1 commanding both height and quantity1 regulator-wise4 8,a vicegerent1 or countervail1 supplying the place1 and performing the full force of man1 wind1 beast1 or mill4 8,a helm1 or stern1 with bit and reins1 wherewith any child may guide1 order1 and control the whole operation4 8,a particular magazine for water1 according to the intended quantity or height of water4 8,an aqueduct1 capable of any intended quantity or height of water4 8,a place for the original fountain1 or river1 to run into1 and naturally1 of its own accord1 incorporate itself with the rising water1 and at the very bottom of the aqueduct1 though never so big or high4 8,by g,divine ,providence_/g and heavenly inspiration1 this is my stupendous water-commanding engine1 boundless for height and quantity4 8,whosoever is master of weight1 is master of force2 whosoever is master of water1 is master of both2 and1 consequently1 to him all forcible actions and achievements are easy40 8,it is said10 continues our authority in another place1 8that the ,marquess1 while confined in the ,tower of ,london1 was preparing some food in his apartment1 7a singularly good result from a marquess having been obliged to be his own cook17 and the cover of the vessel having been closely fitted1 was1 by the expansion of the steam1 suddenly forced off and driven up the chimney4 ,this circumstance attracting his attention1 led him to a train of thought1 which terminated in the completion of his #8water-commanding gengine_/g4'0 ,thus1 we think1 posterity has something more to thank the noble owner of ,raglan for1 than deeds of arms1 or the defence of castles4 ,his great castle1 however1 was ere this time in ruins1 and furnishing another instance of the folly with which the conquerors at that period destroyed the noble buildings which had belonged to their enemies the ,royalists2 as if it had not been enough1 and more wise and provident1 to have kept them in their own possession1 and converted them to republican uses4 g,the ,marquess_/g survived the publication of his 8,century0 only about two years4 ,he died in retirement1 near ,london1 on the #c;d of ,april1 #affg1 and was buried in the vault of ,raglan ,church1 on the #aith of the same month1 near his grandfather1 ,edward1 ,earl of ,worcester4#bhi ,after the g,restoration_/g1 as already noticed1 a committee was appointed by the ,house of ,lords1#bij to take the patent above quoted into serious consideration4 ,the consequence was1 that in a very few days thereafter it reported that the ,marquess was willing1 without further question1 to deliver it up to his ,majesty2 and accordingly1 on the third of ,september following1 the said patent1 8granted10 as it was alleged1 8in prejudice to the ,peers10 was formally surrendered to the ,sovereign1 as the only fountain of national honours4 ,illustration g,henry_/g1 only son of the second ,marquess1 succeeded him in all those high titles and appointments1 by which the ,king endeavoured to make him amends for the vast sacrifices which his family had incurred by a long course of unflinching and untarnished loyalty4 ,and to crown the whole1 he was installed ,k4,g41 and finally advanced to the highest rank of the peerage4 ,having been 8eminently serviceable to the ,king0--as expressed in the patent--8since his most happy restoration to the throne of these realms2 in consideration thereof1 and of his most noble descent from ,king g,edward_/g the ,third1 by ,john de ,beaufort1 eldest son of g,john of ,gaunt_/g1 ,duke of ,lancaster1 by ,catherine ,swinford1 his third wife10 the ,marquess of ,worcester was created1 in ,december1 #afhb1 ,duke of ,beaufort1 with remainder to the heirs male of his body4 ,at the funeral of g,charles_/g the ,second1 his ,grace was one of the supporters to g,george_/g1 ,prince of ,denmark1 chief mourner4 ,by g,james_/g the ,second he was made ,lord ,president of g,wales_/g1 and ,lord ,lieutenant of twelve different counties in the ,principality2 and at the ,coronation1 in ,april following1 he had the distinguished honour of carrying the ,queen's crown4 ,he was afterwards made ,colonel of the #aath ,regiment of foot1 then first raised4 ,he next exerted himself against the ,duke of ,monmouth2 and endeavoured1 though ineffectually1 to secure ,bristol against the adherents of the ,prince of ,orange4 ,upon that ,prince's elevation to the ,british throne1 his ,grace refused to take the oaths1 and abjuring public life1 lived in retirement until his death1 which took place in #afii1 in the seventieth year of his age4 g,charles_/g1 the second but eldest surviving son of the first ,duke1 is mentioned in the family history as a nobleman of great parts and learning4 ,he died in the lifetime of his gfather_/g1 in consequence of an accident1 in the thirty-eighth year of his age4 ,his horses1 we are told1 taking fright1 and running down a steep hill1 the danger became imminent2 when1 to avoid the casualty which threatened him1 he unhappily leaped out1 broke his thigh-bone1 and only survived the accident three days4 g,henry_/g1 his eldest son1 succeeded his grandfather as second ,duke of ,beaufort4 ,on g,queen ,anne's_/g visiting the ,university of ,oxford in #agjb1 and going thence in her progress to ,bath1 the ,duke met her ,majesty near ,cirencester1 on the twenty-ninth of ,august2 and1 attended by great numbers of the gentlemen1 clergy1 and freeholders of the county1 conducted her with great pomp to his seat at g,badminton_/g1 where she was received with regal splendour4 ,this act of loyal hospitality--so becoming in a descendant of ,henry the first g,marquess_/g of ,worcester--was most graciously acknowledged by the ,queen and her royal consort ,prince ,george of ,denmark4 ,three years after this event1 the ,duke took his seat in the ,house of ,lords2 but did not appear at court until after the change of ministers in #agaj1 when he frankly told her ,majesty that he could 8then1 and only then1 call her ,queen of ,england40 ,after being installed in various high offices1 and while promising a long and distinguished career in the service of his country1 he was prematurely cut off in the thirty-first year of his age1 and buried at ,badminton1 where a monument records his titles1 character1 and public services4 g,badminton_/g1 which we have just named1 is the principal seat of the ,beaufort family1 and comprises one of the finest parks in ,england4 ,badminton ,church1 which contains the monuments above-named1 was rebuilt at the expense of the late ,duke of ,beaufort in #aghe1 after a plan by ,evans4 ,it stands within the ,ducal ,park2 and1 besides various other specimens of art1 represents the arms of ,somerset--8foy pour devoir0--faith for duty--worked in mosaic in the pavement of the chancel4 ,on the destruction of g,raglan ,castle_/g1 as already described in these pages1 was laid the foundation of ,badminton ,park1 where the household gods of the family were formally enshrined1 and insured the possession of a more peaceful and propitious home4 8,here1 in forgetfulness of many woes1 ,the loyal g,founder_/g sought and found repose2 ,here1 in sweet landscapes to the ,muse endeared1 ,soothed by ,religion1 and by ,science cheered2 ,tasted the sweets that rarely can be known1 ,save when we make the public weal our own40 ,this beautiful seat--long prior to the time in question--had been the hereditary demesne of the g,botelers_/g1 whose names appear in the earliest period of ,british history4 ,the house is built in the ,palladian style of architecture--a style for which the first ,duke of g,beaufort_/g had acquired a taste at ,vicenza2 and when the time had arrived that a house1 worthy of his illustrious ancestors1 should be erected in this county1 a decided preference was given to the ,italian model4 ,the principal front is of great length1 having in its centre division a composite colonnade1 surmounted by an attic1 on which is sculptured the family arms4 ,the wings of the mansion1 extending considerably on each side1 are terminated by ,tuscan arches1 leading to the offices and stables4 ,over each extremity of the centre is a cupola4 ,the interior decorations of this palace are splendid1 but still in good keeping1 and evincing due regard to the classical taste in which the building itself originated4 ,the great dining or banquet hall is tastefully ornamented by wood carvings1 from the designs of the celebrated ,gibbons--all of elaborate execution1 and presenting some of the finest specimens ever produced by that artist4 ,the picture gallery--which the stranger will admire for its fine proportions and classical simplicity--presents a series of family portraits1 with which1 individually1 are associated many pleasing1 and some painful events and circumstances of the national history-- 8,of lofty stem6 the beautiful1 the bold-- ,names that still blazon the historic page6 ,faintly1 yet brightly1 hath the painter told ,their worth and virtues to a latter age-- #8,in faith inflexible2' in beauty's charms ,triumphant2 and invincible in arms40 g,the park_/g1 by which the mansion is encircled1 is of great extent--more than nine miles in circumference2 and although the natural scenery is comparatively tame1 the walks and drives are exceedingly picturesque2 and1 to the practised eye of strangers1 present many points of view which will linger on the memory long after other and more romantic scenes are forgotten4 8,here waving woods--a mass of living green-- ,with varied shade diversify the scene2 ,flowers of all hues perfume the haunted dell1 ,where streams descend1 and bubbling fountains dwell2 ,where busts of heroes glimmer through the trees1 ,and ,nature's music floats upon the breeze-- ,such1 as in olden time1 was heard to wake ,the slumbering echoes of the ,larian lake2 ,or soothed1 with dulcet tones1 the opal sea1 ,that clasps thy beauteous shore--,parthenop6 ,yet brighter rises--fairer sets the sun ,upon thy classic shades--fair g,badminton_/g40 ,with these particulars1 which bring down the family history to comparatively modern times1 we close this portion of the subject1 and return to the scene of our illustrations-- g,raglan ,castle4_/g--,by those unacquainted with the subject1 it has been often regretted that1 when prosperity had again visited the family of ,worcester1 no effort was ever made to restore this castle to something of its original splendour4 ,but the obstacles that opposed such a patriotic design were innumerable2 and although the apartments at vast expense might have been rendered habitable1 yet the parks1 and the timber--the growth of centuries--having all been cut down and swept away in the ,revolution1 and nothing left but a comparatively bleak and uncultivated waste1 the grand ornament of the manor was not to be replaced by the hand of art4 ,turrets might again multiply along the battlements1 and splendid courts be rescued from the cumbrous ruins that had long hid and disfigured them2 but trees must be raised by a slower process1 and he who should replant the wasted demesne must do so1 not for himself1 but for the benefit of future generations4 ,but1 in addition to other obstacles that need not here be noticed1 the habits and manner of society had become so thoroughly changed after the ,restoration1 that a feudal stronghold was no longer indispensable for the security and comfort of great families4 ,the military chief had now thrown aside his cumbrous mail1 and entered into the every-day duties of civil life2 and by improved intercourse with his fellow-men--confidence in the stability of government--a taste for agriculture1 and love of national sports and pastimes1 he felt his own happiness advanced by the new facilities of promoting that of the people around him4 ,he found that to sleep soundly1 required the aid of neither drawbridge nor portcullis4 ,public order and confidence once restored1 domestic feuds1 which had so long kept men strangers to one another--except in some field of conflict--were succeeded by family alliances1 which united them by new ties of friendship and affection2 and instead of mutual distrust and mutual defiance1 the nobles of the land were gradually weaned back from an immoderate love of war to the arts of peace1 and the practical illustration of loyalty and patriotism4 ,the feudal castle1 built chiefly for defence1 was now of course a structure of which every one could perceive the comfortless inconvenience4 ,a host of retainers was no longer required either for the safety or the baronial state of the mansion2 a new form of society required new and more simple forms of accommodation2 and the rural mansion1 with its waving woods1 gardens1 orchards1 farm-like offices1 well-stocked preserves1 and richly variegated lawns1 succeeded those stern fortifications within which former generations had maintained their haughty independence--but which1 in reality1 was little better than 8the freedom of a state prisoner0-- 8,for still the ramparts1 tall and grim1 ,were barriers 'twixt the world and him60 g,raglan_/g ,castle1 however--even while occupied as a feudal residence--possessed many advantages over its contemporaries4 ,its spacious courts1 lofty halls1 numerous suites of chambers1 extensive battlements1 ancient gardens1 shady walks1 and variegated prospects1 were luxuries to which few1 if any1 of our domestic fortalices could lay claim4 ,within the walls of the castle1 the riches of art1 pictorial and sculptured1 were scattered with taste and liberality on every object that could please the eye or amuse the fancy2 while the skill and science illustrated in their arrangement improved the mind1 and imparted a classic grace and colouring to the whole structure4 ,of its luxuries in this respect--in its library1 its g,gallery_/g of paintings and sculpture--the description of an old poet may be quoted as not inapplicable to the scene presented by ,raglan1 at the commencement of the seventeenth century3-- ,illustration3 ,state ,gallery--looking south4 8,for the rich spoil of all the continents1 ,the boast of art and nature1 there was brought2 ,corinthian brass1 ,egyptian monuments1 ,with hieroglyphic sculptures all inwrought2 ,and ,parian marbles1 by ,greek artists taught ,to counterfeit the forms of heroes old1 ,and set before the eye of sober thought ,lycurgus1 ,homer1 and ,alcides bold-- ,all these and many more that may not here be told40 ,but of all the artificial embellishments for which ,raglan ,castle was famed1 its g,water-works_/g--on a most ingenious and expensive scale--are allowed to have formed a principal feature2 and these ,lord ,herbert and the first ,marquess appear to have brought to a degree of perfection previously unknown in this country4 ,in their day--long before the name of ,cromwell had inspired sentiments of either respect or alarm--,raglan ,castle was probably as much distinguished in this respect amongst baronial mansions1 as the 8,palace of the ,peak0 among the aristocratic mansions of our own times4 ,during the numerous ftes celebrated within its gates in honour of the ,king's visit1 these water-works came in for a large share of royal admiration2 and who can doubt that the rushing fountains of ,raglan had1 perhaps1 as soothing an influence upon the distracted mind of the first g,charles_/g1 as those of ,tivoli are said to have had on that of ,mecnas1 whom the distracting cares of state1 as tradition reports1 had rendered sad and sleepless8 ,fresh from the field of ,naseby1 the sound of welcome that met ,king ,charles at the gate of ,raglan1 must have been peculiarly grateful to his ear1 on which the shouts of loyalty were destined never to fall again with so much truth and fervour4 ,as the equestrian group in the g,fountain ,court_/g threw up its snowy column during the night1 the spray may have reached the very casement of the ,king's chamber1 and invited that repose which unparalleled reverses had scared from his pillow4 ,if1 under the ordinary circumstances of royalty1 8uneasy lies the head that wears a crown10 his must indeed have been 8unrest10 from whose head the crown was so surely but insensibly falling4--,these1 however1 are sentimental conjectures1 with which the topographer has little or nothing to do2 we turn1 therefore1 to the subject in question1 the water-works of ,raglan1 and the hero of the scene1 the first ,marquess1 of whom local history reports the following g,anecdote4_/g--,at the beginning of the ,long ,parliament1 we are told1 certain rustics of the neighbourhood1 availing themselves of the prejudices excited against ,lord ,worcester on account of his creed1 presented themselves one morning at the gate of ,raglan1 and in the name of ,parliament demanded possession of the household arms4 ,apprised of their design1 the noble owner met them at the ,white ,gate2 and after hearing them repeat the demand for arms1 put the question1 8,whether1 seeing that they had come to disarm him and his servants1 they intended also to follow up that act of violence by robbing him of his money and goods80 8,no10 said the intruders2 8we want your arms1 and that only because you are publicly denounced as a recusant60 8,nay10 said his lordship2 8,i am indeed a peer of the realm1 but ,i am no convicted recusant2 and therefore the law cannot in reason take notice of any such thing1 much less sanction this violent proceeding40 ,thus checked in their first attempt1 the ,marquess proceeded to warn them of the danger they had incurred by pressing an unlawful demand2 and threatening them with serious consequences1 they were well pleased to forego the prime object of their visit1 and turning round prepared to retire without further parley4 ,the ,marquess1 however1 seeing their contrition1 invited them to enter the gate of the castle1 and amuse themselves1 in a peaceable way1 with a sight of whatever it contained4 ,his design1 however1 was to punish them1 in a manner they little expected1 for the unnecessary alarm they had occasioned to the household4 ,condescending to be his own cicerone in the case1 he conducted the rustic band from one place to another1 until--greatly wondering at everything they saw--they had traversed nearly the whole premises4 ,at last1 just when they had come to that part of the ,castle ,moat1 over which a lofty bridge communicated with the ,keep1#bia he invited them to pause1 and examine the scene at leisure4 8,now1 at this point10 says ,bayly1 8,lord ,herbert had lately contrived certain water-works1 which1 when the several engines and wheels were set agoing1 vast quantities of water through the hollow conveyances were to be let down from the top of the high tower40 ,all being ready for action1 a signal from the ,marquess brought down through these a deluge of cataracts1 which1 by their roaring1 hissing1 and foaming through the hollow tubes1 produced such a hideous and deafening noise1 that every echo from the buildings around was roused into imitation2 while the visitors themselves1 suddenly enveloped in a magic circle of roaring cataracts1 knew not what to think1 nor which way to turn4 ,describing the effect in his own graphic style1 the ,chaplain writes3-- 8,such was the roaring1 as if the mouth of hell had been thrown wide open1 and all the devils had been conjured up1 that the poor silly men stood so amazed1 as if they had been half dead2 and yet they saw nothing60 ,at last1 as the plot was contrived1 up comes a man in great haste and affected trepidation2 and staring wildly at the half-petrified rustics1 cried out as he passed them--8,look to yourselves1 my masters2 look to yourselves2 for1 by'r ,lady1 the lions are all broke loose60 ,hereupon the rustic 8arms-searchers0 fell into such a dancing fit of ague1 that1 in their attempts to escape the lions' jaws1 they tumbled so over one another as they scampered down stairs1 that it was feared one half of them had broken their necks4 ,nor did they once look behind them1 until they found themselves a full mile beyond the gates of the castle4 ,by this ruse1 the ,marquess completely succeeded in warding off any second party disposed to make a similar experiment4 ,the demand for arms was not repeated2 the roar of ,worcester's 8lions0 kept all intruders at bay2 and the recent adventure1 which had lost nothing by telling1 did more for a time to insure the tranquillity of ,raglan ,castle1 than could have been accomplished by a regiment of cavalry4 g,view from the ,keep4_/g--,the ,donjon ,tower1 where the above adventure occurred--and which has been already described in these pages--commands a magnificent view over the surrounding country1 particularly to the south-west1 where the landscape--broken into verdant masses of vegetation--gradually swells into a mountain range1 which limits the view1 and depicts its own bold outline on the distant horizon4 ,in describing this view1 we shall be as particular as our limits will permit2 for it is one of the finest in the county4 ,the ascent1 as usual in such buildings1 is by a tourniquet staircase1 which opens at each of the five different stories into the ancient1 and1 in the present case1 lofty apartments2 to which1 in cases of imminent danger1 the family could retreat as to an inviolable sanctuary4 ,but this was an extremity to which--so far as we are informed--none of the ,worcester family were ever compelled to resort4 ,so that there are no dramatic incidents associated with the tower1 upon which a romantic story of siege and storm might be founded4 ,of this view1 however1 all visitors of taste in landscape-painting speak in terms of admiration2 and1 having made the experiment on a beautiful evening in ,september1 we are bound1 from the enjoyment it afforded us1 to recommend to all visitors a tour of the battlements1 closing with a view from the top of the ,keep4 ,in this view1 as shown in the accompanying engraving1 is comprehended a wide panorama1 enriched and embellished with all the characteristic features of ,english landscape1 from the green valley and fertile wheat-field to the bleak pastoral uplands that partly enclose the scene4 ,all the foreground is occupied by smiling cottages and cultivated farms1 half buried1 as ,mr4 ,thomas#bib has described them1 in the umbrageous and many-coloured foliage that enriches the scene1 and in which the melancholy yew-tree is conspicuous4 ,the appearance of the ruins in this bird's-eye view is particularly striking4 ,every tower1 arch1 and battlement--here diverging into distinct form and outline1 and there grouped in picturesque confusion--strike the spectator with mixed feelings of surprise and amazement2 for it is only from this elevation that he is enabled to form any correct estimate of the beauty1 variety1 and extent of a building1 that seems every way fitted to have been the residence of a regal court4 ,the following table1 as recommended by ,mr4 ,thomas1#bic will assist the curious visitor in discovering the various hills and landmarks which are generally visible from the ,tower of ,gwent4 ,ranging from east to south1 the prominent features of the landscape appear in the following order3 namely--the ,kymin1 a conical hill overlooking the town of ,monmouth1 and crowned with its pavilion4 ,the next is ,troy ,park1 the favourite seat of the ,ducal family2 ,craig-y-,dorth1 the scene of a famous battle between ,henry ,,iv4 and ,owen ,glendower2 then the ,trellig range of hills1 particularly ,beacon ,hill--so called ,illustration3 ,view from the ,battlements4 ,raglan ,castle4 from being used as such in the late war during the threatened invasion4 ,the next is g,llanishen_/g ,hill1 with the church of ,st4 ,dionysius2 and continuous with it rise the ,devaudon and 8,new ,church ,hills10 opposite the ,elms2 the royal forest of ,wentwood and ,pen-y-,cae ,mawr2 ,kemeys ,firs1 near to ,caerleon1 an elevation which commands a view of thirteen counties4#bid ,in the south-west are seen the heights of ,caerleon and ,pen ,twyn ,barlwm2 ,gaer ,vawr1 on which is an ancient encampment--the largest in the county--with the site of a ,british town2 ,dial ,carig2 and ,craig-y-,garcyd1 two miles north-west of ,usk1 the site of a ,roman camp4 ,in the immediate foreground are the village and church of ,raglan4 ,westward appear ,abersycan and the hills near ,pontypool2 the ,blorenge hill1 nearly two thousand feet high4#bie ,the opening which occurs in the range at this point1 allows of a glimpse of the ,breconshire hills at ,crick ,howell to ,bwlch1 within eight miles of the county town4 ,the next in succession are--the ,sugar ,loaf1 or ,pen-y-,foel--so called from its conical shape--near ,abergavenny1 which crowns the summits of four converging hills1 and rises eighteen hundred and fifty-two feet above the channel of the river ,gavenny1 which flows near its base4 ,the same view takes in the ,hatteril ,hills1 or ,black ,mountains1 crowned with ,roman encampments2 and near which is ,oldcastle1 once the residence of ,lord ,cobham1 whose unhappy fate forms a painful page in the national history4 ,from these hills the ,monnow takes its source4 ,beneath lies the dark ,vale of ,ewias2 and in its bosom are the ruins of ,lanthony1 a ,cistercian ,abbey of the twelfth century1 which forms one of the illustrated subjects of this work4 ,in the same direction is seen the ,skyrrid ,vawr1 a lofty hill1 seen in a volcanic fissure1 which is supposed to have been thrown open during one of those remote convulsions of nature1 of which in these districts the traces are so distinct and frequent4 ,looking northward1 the prominent objects are ,campstone ,hill1 and the ,craig1 at the foot of which lie the picturesque remains of ,grosmont ,castle1 which gives the title of ,viscount to the ,beaufort family4 ,to these1 but more northward1 succeed ,garway1 ,broad ,oak1 the ,skinch-,cwm1 and ,white ,hills1 which close the panorama from ,raglan ,keep4--,we have been thus particular in designating the objects seen from the different points of view1 in order that the tourists who annually visit this scene1 may be in some degree prepared for the enjoyment which it is so well calculated to afford4 ,illustration3 ,from the top of the ,keep4 ,descending from this lofty tower1 where on festive occasions the family ensign still floats1 the contrast between the ,natural scenery1 which has just faded from the spectator's eye1 and the iron-bound work of ,art1 forces itself upon the mind1 and elicits a spontaneous burst of gratitude that1 under the protecting banner of the ,english ,constitution1 the peasant is now as safe in his cottage as ever ,baron of ,raglan was in his ,keep2 that at last 8right0 is a match against 8might10 and that the strong arm of ,justice falls with impartial force on the culprit--whether he be robed in ermine1 or clad in hodden grey4 8,yet g,barons_/g of the land6 to you ,a grateful people still retains ,proud memory of the swords ye drew-- ,the swords that broke a tyrant's chains1 ,and planted ,freedom on our plains6 ,for ,freedom's cradle was the g,keep_/g1 ,her guardians were the ,barons bold2 ,who placed her temple on the steep1 ,and on her head a crown of gold2 ,and cried--#8,the deed is done6 ,behold1 ,henceforth our ,british land shall be ,the glorious land of ,liberty6'0 ,the visitor1 as he crosses the rustic bridge that now spans the moat1 will recall the interesting fact1 that this very spot1 so to speak1 was the 8birthplace0 of the g,steam-engine_/g2 a circumstance which1 had ,raglan no other claim to their notice1 must entitle it to a more than cursory observation from all who have an hour to spend within its walls4 ,the spot where it is believed to have been first placed by the inventor--then ,lord ,herbert--was in a building erected close under the wall of the ,keep1 where the drawbridge rose2 but which has left few or no traces1 in shape or dimensions1 that are now visible above the moat4 ,it is satisfactory1 however1 to know that the ground is stamped by tradition as the spot where the noble inventor1 during his father's lifetime1 made his first experiments on the uses and powers of steam2 and where he probably constructed that 8model of his invention10 which he desired might be placed with him in his coffin4 ,if ancient warriors considered it an honourable distinction to be consigned to the tomb in a full suit of armour1 it was excusable in one who had carried with him through life the remembrance of many wrongs1 many sacrifices1 to desire that1 at least1 the evidence of one bloodless triumph1 one proof of scientific discovery1 might accompany him at his final departure from this scene4 ,it was the favourite child of his matured judgment1 the result of those scientific researches1 after which he had been straining for many years--the mighty consequences of which were dimly foreshadowed in his imagination4 ,it was the reward and consolation of a life of suffering1 as well as of science2 and there is something both natural and touching in the wish that this model--the only mechanical evidence that told him 8he had not lived in vain0--should be deposited with him in the grave4 ,some of his commentators have affected to smile at this wish1 as evincing a feeling of weakness and vanity on the part of ,lord ,worcester1 incompatible with a philosophic mind4 ,but in this they only allege what cannot be proved2 and the charge falls harmless when applied to a man who was--what can never be disputed--one of the most ingenious and scientific men of his day4 ,when ,columbus--a schoolboy at ,genoa--first rigged his tiny skiff1 and sent it dancing over the blue waters1 on which it moved like the shadow of coming events2 no one foresaw that this mere toy would one day be succeeded by vessels1 directed by the same master-pilot1 that should throw open another continent to the old world4 ,nor1 while ,lord ,worcester was squandering much time and treasure1 as it was thought1 in useless experiments in the ,keep at ,raglan1 did any one imagine that these very experiments were preparing the way for that stupendous power1 that should one day give incredible impulse to the arts of civilized life1 cross the ,atlantic1 and traverse the ,pacific1 with a celerity that promises to unite in one bond of fellowship all the nations of the earth4 ,it can hardly be doubted that results similar to these haunted the imagination of ,worcester1 and kept up within him that spirit of discovery which animated him in all his labours1 soothed him with the hope of being numbered among the benefactors of his country1 and a prospect of that immortality which attends the favoured votaries of science4 ,he may often have indulged the thought1 though never embodied in words--and it was a remarkable prediction on the part of him who uttered it long afterwards-- 8,soon shall thine arm1 triumphant ,steam1 afar1 ,drag the slow barge1 and drive the flying car60 ,it has been alleged by ,desaguliers1#bif that ,savary1 the reputed inventor of the steam-engine1 obtained his notions from the work already named1 8,the ,century of ,inventions20 and that1 in order to conceal the original1 he purchased all the ,marquess's books that could be had for money1 and committed them to the flames4 ,of this1 however1 we have no direct proof1 and ,captain ,savary must be acquitted2 but it is quite certain that1 as already mentioned1 the original work is so rare1 that not a copy is to be found except in the ,british ,museum1 and perhaps in the ,beaufort ,libraries at ,troy ,house or ,badminton ,park4 ,it is to be observed1 however1 that no contemporary record exists to illustrate or verify the ,marquess's description of the contrivance1 which we presume to call a ,steam-,engine2 or to inform us where1 and in what manner1 it was carried into effect4 ,yet it is very evident from his account1 that he had actually constructed and worked a machine that raised water by steam2 an operation which was sufficient to produce on the minds of rustics1 the effect ascribed to the 8roaring of lions10 as mentioned in the preceding anecdote4 ,the ,marquess's description1 though short and obscure1 would appear to favour the belief1 that the force of his engine was derived solely from the elasticity of steam2 and that the condensation of steam by cold was no part of his contrivance1 but the invention of ,captain ,savary1 who1 in #afif--nearly thirty years after the ,marquess's death--published an account of his machine in a small tract1 entitled1 8,the ,miners' ,friend40 ,in these engines--several of which he had erected previously--the alternate condensation and pressure of the steam took place in the same vessel into which the water was first raised from a lower reservoir1 by the pressure of the atmosphere1 and then expelled into a higher one by the elastic force of strong steam4 ,steam was thus employed merely to produce a vacuum1 and to supply the strength that was applied1 for a like effect1 to the sucker or piston of an ordinary pump2 and it was a great and important step to have discovered a method of bringing the air to act in this manner1 by the application of heat to water1 without the assistance of mechanical force4 ,to the simple incident which1 during his confinement in the ,tower of ,london1 first set the warm and fertile imagination of the ,marquess to work on this subject1 we have already adverted2 and must now turn from the curiosities of science1 to such portions or features of ,raglan ,castle as still remain to be noticed4 g,the ,tilt-yard4_/g--,the exact situation of this important adjunct to the ,castle is still a question among the learned4 ,by some1 what is now called the ,bowling-green is described as the ancient ,tilting-ground4 ,this conjecture1 however1 being rendered improbable by a careful examination of the ground1 another has been thrown out1 namely--the ,grand ,terrace on the north-west side of the ,castle4 ,but this locale is also disputed1 particularly by one who is resident near the spot1 and fully conversant with whatever has descended to our own times respecting the original plan of the ,castle4 ,his opinion is1 that the ancient ,tourney-field must have been on the outside of the present walls4 ,an experienced officer of the ,royal ,engineers1 who lately inspected the grounds1 with the view of ascertaining the exact spot1 confirms this opinion2 and observes that the ,tilt-yard occupied the space immediately outside of the present gate1 and enclosed between the two moats which surrounded the gateway4 ,this opinion will probably set the question at rest--particularly as it comes from a quarter well qualified to decide in such doubtful cases--and allow the ,bowling-green to retain its hereditary fame and honours4#big ,in this enclosure it was usual for the lords of ,raglan to exhibit those chivalrous ftes which gave a character to the age4 ,they brought into martial competition those aspirants of knightly fame1 whose dexterity in the use of the lance was perfected by daily practice in the tourney4 ,in these gorgeous pastimes1 all that could fascinate the eye1 and kindle admiration in the spectators1 was brought into brilliant operation4 ,beauty1 presiding at the lists1 bestowed the palm on him who had disarmed his rival in the charge1 and thus established his claim to knightly honours4 ,here1 no doubt1 many a lance has been couched1 many a spear broken in rival combat2 for one of the old lords1 as already mentioned1 was renowned as the best horseman of his day2 and to support this character1 joust and tournament may have been no unfrequent spectacles under the walls of ,raglan4 ,it cannot be doubted that these martial exercises--conducted with admirable tact and courtesy--contributed1 in a very special degree1 to foster a spirit for military enterprise2 to inculcate a high and chivalrous sense of honour2 to form the young soldier to habits of fortitude and endurance which procured him the respect of his comrades1 and future distinction in the field4 ,a knight1 thoroughly trained according to the system of feudal times1 was a being whom we are accustomed to regard as the beau-ideal of a soldier2 whose high bearing1 indomitable courage1 inflexible faith1 unsullied honour1 and loyal devotion to his 8ladye love10 are themes on which poets and historians of the middle ages have lavished many glowing panegyrics4 ,for the education and discipline of those military aspirants1 the grand palstra was the tilt-yard4 ,for the feudal tournament--descriptions of which are handed down to us by contemporaneous authors--no substitute is left in these times4 ,nothing could have been more animated and dazzling1 when celebrated with all those details of martial pomp and ceremony--indispensable to such exhibitions--than a pageant1 in which all who aspired to distinction were required to evince1 in action1 the pure and elevating principles of love1 loyalty1 and religion4 ,for these1 and many other reasons1 impartial taste1 as ,gibbon observes1 must prefer a ,gothic tournament to the ,olympic games of classic antiquity4 ,instead of the naked spectacles which corrupted the manners of the ,greeks1 the pompous decoration of the lists was crowned with the presence of chaste and highborn beauty1 from whose fair hands the conqueror received the prize of his dexterity and courage4#bih--;,and with this flattering ,illustration contrast between the demoralizing festivals of ,greece1 and the high tone of refinement which characterised those of our ,gothic forefathers1 we pass on to such other points in the history of ,raglan ,castle as have been selected for illustration4 ,in the woodcut introduced in the preceding page1 the view is taken from the old g,bowling-green_/g--erroneously supposed to have been the ,tilt-yard4 ,directly opposite1 in the centre1 is the ,donjon1 or ,tower of ,gwent1 so often described or otherwise referred to in these pages4 ,on the left1 where a massive gateway is seen1 is the entrance to the g,fountain ,court_/g1 from which1 as formerly noticed1 a noble staircase conducts to the ,state apartments occupying the south side of the ,castle4 ,these are now in a state of utter dilapidation2 but the framework itself affords abundant evidence--so far as architectural design and elaborate ornament can assist us in such a conclusion--of their original splendour4 ,illustration3 ,the royal apartments4 8,but now th' unsightly brier grows1 ,where once1 in gilded bower1 ,the ,queen of ,beauty trained the rose-- ,herself a fairer flower4 ,and damp the hearth1 and cold the bed1 ,where he who wore the crown1 ,with anxious heart1 and aching head1 ,in slumber laid him down6 ,but brief the slumber1 long the night-- ,for g,naseby's_/g fatal day1 ,and sorrow's still increasing weight1 ,had scared his sleep away60 ,there is a tradition1 that the ,bowling-green was ,king ,charles's favourite walk during his visit4 ,it commands a varied and extensive prospect2 the vegetation is vigorous2 and the grassy carpet1 though not in courtly trim1 is still uninjured by plough or spade2 and to sentimental tourists it seems the very spot--aided by the adjoining ruins--where1 in the mirror of fancy1 pictures of the olden day1 the hues of domestic life as it passed in the fifteenth century1 may be seen faithfully reflected4 8,there is a spirit brooding o'er these walls1 ,that tells the records of a bygone day2 ,when1 midst the splendour of thy courtly halls1 ,a pageant shone1 whose gorgeous array1 ,like ,pleasure's golden dream1 has passed away2 ,where ,beauty's smiles1 and winning graces1 lent ,the witching radiance of their love-lit ray2 ,and from the scene a mingled strain was sent ,of music1 laughter1 festive song1 and merriment40--,raglan4 ,the game of bowls was unknown to the ancients1 and bowling-greens are said to have originated in ,england2 where1 in the course of time1 every castle1 and most houses of the nobility1 had each a bowling-green attached to them4 ,the 8greens0 were in some places narrow strips turfed over2 but if covered with gravel1 they were called 8,bares40 ,bowling-alleys were so called from being roofed over for play when the weather was unfavourable2 and these appear to have been the usual appendages to taverns1 and other places of public resort1 particularly in towns4 ,in an old inventory we have--8,to ,sparke of ,bury1 ,roper1 for vi4 li4 etc41 of herryng line for the g,bowling-alley_/g1 iijs4 ivd40 ,at the same place ,hengrave ,hall a bowling-alley occupied the space between the north side of the moat1 having the convenience of an open corridor communicating with the ,hall4 ,flat bowls were best for a close alley2 8round biassed bowls0 for open ground1 of advantage2 bowls1 round as a ball1 for green swarths which were plain and level2 and of the latter description is the ,bowling-green of g,raglan_/g1 now under notice4 ,in a plate of 8,strutt's ,sports10 two small cones are placed upright1 at a distance from each other1 and the players bowl at each alternately--the winner was he who could lay his bowl nearest to the mark4 ,a small bowl or jack was also used as a mark2 and only one bowl for each person--not two or three1 as in the present day4#bii ,there were also ground-bowls1 driven by a baton or mace through an arch4 ,half-bowl--so called because it was played with one half of a sphere--was prohibited by ,edward the ,fourth2 and is the rolly-polly still practised in ,herts4#cjj g,tennis-,court4_/g--,the site of this is still a question in the topography of ,raglan1 although 8the practice0 cannot be doubted4 ,henry the ,seventh--who was a prisoner in ,raglan ,castle--his son ,henry1 and ,charles the ,second1 were all tennis players4 ,in the sixteenth century1 tennis-courts were quite common in ,england4 ,they were divided by a line stretched in the middle2 and the players1 standing on either side with their rackets1 had to receive and return the ball1 which the rules of the game required to be struck over the line4#cja ,having already spoken of the g,tilt-field_/g1 it is proper to remark that the jousts and tournaments1 for which it was set apart1 differed from one another in the following respects3--,the latter consisted of parties of knights1 engaged at the same time2 the former of two persons only4 ,the ,joust was at first called the 8,cane ,game10 because hollow canes were used instead of lances4 ,on some occasions the combatants with swords and lances were on foot1 with a barrier of wood breast-high between them4 ,toys1 made to imitate the joust1 consisted of knights on horseback1 who could be thrown off and unhorsed by the shock of their adversaries' spears4 ,some had wheels1 others not4 ,there were also boat-jousts1 as represented in old paintings4 ,the conqueror was he who could best turn aside the blow of his antagonist by one blow of his shield2 and1 at the same time1 strike him with a lance in such a manner as to throw him over into the water1 himself remaining unremoved from his station4#cjb 99 99 99 99 99 g,tradition4_/g--,on taking a final survey of these extensive ruins1 and speculating on the style and date of several of their component parts1 the difficulties that attend antiquarian decision--as great in the present day as in that of the first ,marquess--remind us of the following anecdote3-- ,during an excursion in the vicinity1 8,we were told10 says his ,chaplain1 who relates the story1 8that we should come to a place that was famous for a miracle1 which1 according to popular tradition1 was wrought by the preaching of ,st4 ,david to three thousand people40 ,to accommodate the saint1 the ground on which he stood at the time1 being too low to admit of his being advantageously seen and heard by the multitude1 most obligingly rose up into a green knoll1 carrying the saint with it1 and there settled at a proper elevation4 ,whereupon g,st4 ,david_/g1 pitching the cross on which he leant into the miraculous soil1 and continuing his discourse1 was distinctly heard and seen1 much to their comfort and edification1 by the whole assembly4 ,this cross1 at the time in question1 8was yet standing1 with some words1 or letters1 which time and ,welsh weather had so defaced that they were no longer intelligible to vulgar eyes40 ,in memory1 or rather in proof1 of the miracle1 the guardian saint had caused a church to be erected on the spot1 and many were the pilgrims1 during the long lapse of centuries1 who had resorted to the g,cross_/g1 and borne testimony to the celestial influence which still hovered round the spot2 and in those who were already gifted with that 8faith which can remove mountains10 produced the most wonderful changes4 ,this relation1 working upon the ,marquess's mind1 made him desirous to turn aside for a little1 and inspect the hallowed ground in person4 ,having reached the churchyard1 the cross was instantly visible2 but in shape and ornament bearing all the marks of venerable antiquity4 ,the inscription was almost obliterated2 and among the gentlemen who attended the ,marquess1 it became an object of competition who should best decypher the original2 though all that could be traced with any resemblance to an alphabet1 were--g,crx_/g 444 g,xti_/g 444 g,dd_/g1 and part of an gs_/g4 ,the enigma that had puzzled so many others1 however1 appeared to his lordship of very easy solution4 8,why10 said he to the gentlemen around him1 8these letters are neither more nor less than fragments of three simple but sacred words2 to wit--g,crux ,christi ,davidis_/g40 8,which we all wondered at10 says the ,chaplain1 8that no man could find out1 though it afterwards appeared so plain4 #8,look ye now1' said the ,marquess2 #8,i1 without my spectacles1 and ill eyes1 could read it sooner than all you that needed none1 and had good eyes4 ,and mark me1' he added1 #8it is not a good eye but a good gfaith_/g that attains to a knowledge of such things2 whilst you pore so much upon the letters you lose the meaning4 ,now1 ,i will tell you how ,i came to find it out3 ,i considered what had been told me1 with the help whereof ,i came to understand what the words might signify2 so that in this1 ,i am sure1 gtradition_/g was a means to help me to the understanding of the scripture4'0 ,the quaint simplicity of the last sentence--so full of meaning--and the lesson it inculcates regarding the authority of ,traditions1 illustrate in a quiet way the ,marquess's opinions as to those of the ,church2 and to antiquaries1 the aid of tradition is thus very ingeniously recommended4 ,where authentic history falls short of the mark in researches1 the traditions of a castle are entitled to consideration2 and in the preceding account of ,raglan1 it has been our study to combine the two--though not in the sense recommended by the ,marquess4 g,of ,lord ,herbert_/g1 the following anecdote is recorded3--,some time after he was created ,earl of ,glamorgan1 he received the ,king's commission1 as we have seen1#cjc to proceed to ,ireland1 and there ascertain what could be done to strengthen the royal cause4 ,setting out on this expedition1 and accompanied1 as we are told1 by a distinguished retinue of officers1 knights1 and gentlemen--8all of the red letter0--who had staked life and fortune on the enterprise1 his lordship arrived at ,caernarvon1 where he was to embark for ,ireland4 ,here they were detained a short time2 and ,glamorgan continuing to receive at his table the loyalist gentlemen of the place1 the conversation turned upon some old prophecies1 which it was thought were fast reaching their fulfilment4 8,and particularly one10 said a gentleman of the company4 8,it is an old ,welsh prediction1 and says--#8,that in these latter times there should come to this very town a magpie1 and build her nest in the royal crown2 that next a jackdaw should arrive1 and beat off the magpie2 then a buzzard should appear on the same roost1 and drive away the jackdaw2 and then there should be seen no crown1 but that of thorns1 upon the ,king's head6 ,farther1 that there should come a band of men from a far country1 and take away the thorns1 and then the crown should appear again4'0 ,and thus far1 as the townsmen averred1 the prophecy had been accomplished2 to wit--8,over the gate of ,caernarvon ,castle1 there was a statue of ,king ,edward the ,first1 in full proportion1 with a crown upon his head4 ,well1 there did come a magpie1 as every one could tell1 which built1 her nest in the said crown2 then came a jackdaw that beat away the magpie1 as foretold2 and1 in like manner1 came at last a buzzard1 and drove away the jackdaw40 8,and all this10 said the worthy townsmen1 8we assure your honour to be as true as ,holy ,writ40 ,hereupon the ,earl of ,glamorgan1 having listened with deep interest to the recital1 replied with much animation--8,and why may not we1 my gallant friends and comrades--why may not we be that band of men from a far country1 that shall take away these thorns from the ,king's head--first1 in type1 and then in substance80 ,and thereupon all concluded themselves to be the men destined for that glorious service4 ,they resolved that1 on rising from table1 they would satisfy their eyes with the sight1 as their ears had already been with the relation1 and lend willing and helping hands to disencumber the figure4 ,nothing else could be thought of2 and dinner being ended1 the ,earl and his company sallied forth to the castle gate1 resolved to signalize the day by an act of loyalty that would endear their names to posterity4 ,looking up1 accordingly1 with great eagerness to the royal badge1 that seemed to implore their assistance1 its appearance1 sure enough1 was in literal accordance with the disordered condition in which crowns are generally left by rival combatants4 ,it was1 in fact1 quite a heart-breaking sight to see the diadem of ,england so covered and entangled with thorns1 as if artificially platted round the ,king's temples4 8,verily10 said one of the nobles present1 8never hath mine eye beheld a sadder spectacle60 8,the ,earl himself1 almost frantic with grief and indignation1 straightway commanded the nest to be torn down2 which was done with every mark of ignominy2 and then the company began to breathe again4 ,the materials composing the nest being examined with severe scrutiny1 were found to be of white-thorn--a substance whereof never was bird known before to build her nest60 ,a thing so unprecedented1 both as regards the nest and the material#cjd thereof1 caused in the beholders a degree of amazement not to be expressed3 in memorial whereof1 every one present thrust a sprig of thorn in his hatband1 and so wore it as a talisman4 ,so far1 8in type10 the thorns were removed from the ,king's crown--but not 8in substance40 ,this adventure in ,caernarvon being duly narrated to the ,marquess at ,raglan1 he paused for a minute1 and then inquired of those about him1 8,what was the nickname which the ,roundheads were wont to give the ,bishops80 ,but there were none about him who could even guess at his meaning2 which he perceiving1 said1 8,as ,i take it1 they used to call the ,bishops ,magpies1 whom they reproach for building their nests in the crown2 then came the ,presbyterian ,jackdaws1 and beat them out2 and the next thing that you shall see will be the ,independent ,buzzard1 which shall drive them away4 ,and who shall come next1 ,god only knows60 ,to this solution1 one with a ,roman nose made answer3 8,i hope1 my lord1 that after these men have played their pranks sufficiently1 no man hereafter will presume to build his nest in the crown2 but ,i hope there will be a knot of good fellows that may case the ,king's head from the pricking of those thorns1 and clear the crown from those incumbrances40 ,whereupon the ,marquess1 replying1 asked the party who related the story1 8,what manner of crown it was--of what form--that was upon the ,king's head80 ,the gentleman replied1 8,a royal crown40 8,ay2 but ,i mean10 rejoined my lord1 8was it an open or an imperial crown80 8,an open one40 8,oh1 then1 that was the reason2 the ,king's crown was too open3 had it been close at top1 with the g,cross_/g overhead a sly word for the ,roman ,catholic faith1 such unlucky birds could never have come there to have built their nests2 but one thing there is10 said he1 in conclusion1 8that ,i mislike in the story1 namely1 that after they had taken the thorns from the ,king's head1 they should afterwards wear them in their own hatbands40#cje ,this was what no one present could explain to the ,marquess's satisfaction4 ,and ,lord ,glamorgan's negotiations in ,ireland proved a failure to remove any 8thorns from the royal crown40--,so much for a prophecy which shows the superstition and credulity of the times--a credulity which tainted even those who were charged with the highest offices of the state4 ,yet such-- 8,the superstitious1 idle-headed eld ,received1 and did deliver to our age40 ,in those days1 no fortress surrendered1 no castle fell1 no band of heroes was discomfited1 but in fulfilment of some irresistible 8prophecy40--,but here we must close the subject with a few words on the g,outworks of ,raglan4_/g--,on this head little remains to be added4 ,the details1 given in the first volume of this work1 respecting castles of the middle ages1 preclude the necessity of our doing more than simply referring the reader to those passages in the description of ,rochester and ,arundel1 which equally apply to ,raglan4 ,with respect to the outworks of the latter1 a very brief notice may here suffice4 ,by a practical eye the line of fortification may still be traced2 and what remains of the original defences thrown up during the siege1 shows very clearly that the military engineers employed were men whose skill and science did credit to the age4 ,the vestiges of this lamentable war are mostly observable on the west side of the castle1 where a strong bastion1 projecting from the exterior wall of the fortification1 forms a striking feature of the outworks1 and a no less striking contrast with the luxuriant vegetation which now crowns1 and almost conceals1 these monuments of a barbarous and unnatural war4 ,the point to which we allude1 is that represented in the engraving1 and entitled the 8,avenue10 where the state apartments1 unlatticed1 roofless1 and dilapidated1 look down upon the green belt of trees and underwood that surround them with a melancholy aspect--but a melancholy that imparts feelings of thankfulness to the lovers of peace2 for it tells very plainly that the devastating storm has long subsided1 and that the sunshine of national prosperity and contentment has again visited the scene4 ,the engines of war have disappeared2 the ramparts1 raised by men for the destruction of their fellow-men1 are now razed to the ground4 ,nature--striving to throw her green mantle of oblivion over a scene from which she was so rudely banished by the violence of war--smiles at her own bloodless triumph1 and peoples the over-arching groves with feathered tribes that sing no songs but those of peace and joy-- 8,where once the steel-clad warrior trod1 ,spring renews her verdant wreath2 ,and o'er the once ensanguined sod1 ,flowers their mingled incense breathe4 ,where the clang of clarion rose1 ,all is silence and repose2 ,save where1 in yonder ghalls_/g of state1 ,the blackbird serenades his mate40 ,illustration ,we now proceed to a brief notice of the environs3#cjf-- g,raglan_/g ,church has little to interest the archological inquirer beyond its antiquity--and its claim to this distinction is fully vindicated by its appearance4 ,it consists of a nave1 side aisles1 a chancel1 and a square embattled tower1 which1 with a few trees throwing their shadows over the burial-ground1 forms a pleasing landmark in the distance4 ,we had the pleasure of uniting in the ,morning ,service before leaving the village1 and were much gratified by the religious demeanour which pervaded the congregation1 and edified by the simple but impressive discourse with which the service was terminated4 ,every feature seems stamped with the seal of antiquity2 at first sight nothing seems to have been renewed1 or removed in the sacred edifice1 for at least two centuries4 ,the great-great-grandfathers of the present race may have occupied the same pews1 knelt at the same altar1 and been addressed from the same pulpit2 for the materials of which these are composed seem as if framed to survive kingdoms and empires4 ,over the ,raglan g,vault_/g in the chancel1 already noticed1 some rusty trophies of chivalry are suspended2 and beneath repose several of the ancient lords by whom they were worn1 or wielded4 ,to the state of the monument itself1 we have already alluded2#cjg and judging from that of its prostrate or dislocated compartments1 the sculpture must have been among the best specimens of its day1 and employed on materials worthy to transmit the family names to posterity2 for it is of rare and variegated marble1 and appears to have been1 according to monkish--but in contempt of all classical--taste1 elaborately gilded4 ,it has been regretted by visitors1 that a tomb1 in which are deposited the remains of a nobleman--to whom the credit of a renowned invention unquestionably belongs--should not be restored1 or at least repaired4 ,by others1 who regard it merely as an example of the ,arts at that early period1 it is only a broken link in the chain of sepulchral associations1 which the skill and pencil of the artist can readily supply4 ,there might1 indeed1 be an appearance of inconsistency--a want of harmony--in restoring the old family sepulchre1 while the ,castle itself is left to destruction4 ,in certain conditions and situations1 a fragment is more interesting than the original monument2 and such1 perhaps1 is the only interest which that in question ought to excite4 ,but with regard to the noble dust1 we need only say-- 8,adieu1 and take thy praise with thee to heaven2 ,thy ignominy sleep with thee in the grave1 ,but not remembered in thy epitaph40 ,the family residence1 more immediately connected with that of ,raglan1 and to which1 in the course of this article1 special attention was directed in our notice of the royal visit to the ,marquess of ,worcester1 is-- g,troy ,house4_/g--,this name--which the ,king was so much pleased to use as a classical synonyme1 in his acknowledgment of the fruits which it had furnished for the royal table while at ,raglan--is so called from its situation on the river ,trothy4 ,the village of ,mitchell ,troy1 about a mile and a half from ,monmouth1 contains a church dedicated to ,st4 ,michael2 but the chief object to which the tourist's eye is directed is the baronial mansion above-named4 ,the house1 which was already in high repute at the time of the ,king's visit to ,raglan1 was built by ,inigo ,jones1 who1 in the suite of ,christian ,,iv4 of ,denmark1 came back to ,england in #afjf4 ,in consequence of the patronage of ,james the ,first--and more particularly of his ,queen--he was induced to settle in the metropolis2 and hence originated the sacred1 regal1 and aristocratic edifices which bear his name4 ,he was consequently appointed one of the commissioners for repairing ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral2 but this was not commenced until the spring of #afbc4 ,in the following reign he was much employed in preparing g,masques_/g for the entertainment of the court1 and in building the ,banqueting-house at ,whitehall2 but while thus engaged1 he fell under the displeasure of ,ben ,jonson1 who ridiculed him on the stage1 and made him the subject of his epigrammatic muse4 ,jones realized a handsome fortune2 but being a ,roman ,catholic1 and a partisan of royalty1 he suffered severely in the ,civil ,war4 ,at length1 worn out with sorrow and physical sufferings1 he died in ,july1 #afeb1 leaving behind him many monuments of his genius1 of which the subject under notice was not the least considerable4#cjh ,the fame of ,troy ,house1 however1 depends less on the fact of its being the work of ,inigo ,jones1 than upon the celebrity of its gardens--the fruits of which are still said to vie with those of tropical growth4#cji ,the excellence of these fruits1 as already noticed1 caused the ,king to remark1 8,that the ,sovereign of the ,planets had now changed the poles2 and that ,wales1 the outcast of ,england's fine gardens1 had fairer and riper fruits than ,england's valleys had in all her beds40 ,sir ,charles ,somerset1 sixth son of the fourth ,earl of ,worcester1 married ,elizabeth1 daughter and heiress of ,sir ,william ,powel of ,troy and g,llanpylt_/g1 and added the influence of a considerable estate to that of the house of ,worcester4 ,it was from his gardens that the dessert for the royal table at ,raglan was supplied4 ,in the picture gallery of ,troy ,house is a large and beautiful portrait of the first ,marquess of ,worcester1 by ,sir ,peter ,lely4 ,he is represented in an open field1 seated before a tent1 with the ,marchioness and an infant daughter by her side1 and wears a fancy dress1 with a scarf over his right shoulder--the ribbon and badge of the ,garter4 ,the other portraits are those of the ,ducal house of ,beaufort1 since its creation in #afhb4 ,the situation of this hereditary mansion is too low to produce a striking feature in the landscape2 but it commands very agreeable views of the town of ,monmouth and its environs--with the rivers ,monnow and ,wye1 whose waters unite and form one channel a short distance below ,troy ,house4 g,grosmont_/g1 from which the lords of ,raglan take the rank of ,viscount1 is entitled to a brief notice in this place4 ,in old writings it is spelt ,grysmond1 and contains a population of about eight hundred4 ,the parish church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,nicholas1 is in the patronage of the ,prince of ,wales4 ,in the churchyard1 in the east wall of the chancel1 is a monumental slab1 said to cover the remains of ,kent1 or ,gwent1 a ,franciscan monk1 whose wonderful achievements in the early part of the fourteenth century#caj afford materials for many local traditions4 ,according to one of these1 the inhabitants are indebted to this good neighbourly monk for the bridge over the ,monnow1 on the road to ,kentchurch in ,herefordshire4 ,it is called g,john of ,kent's ,bridge_/g1 and is said to have been built in one night4 g,the ,castle_/g of ,grosmont is a picturesque ruin4#caa ,it stands on a height commanding the view of a beautiful valley watered by the river ,monnow1 and bounded by ,craig ,savenny and the ,garway ,hill4 ,the remains of this ancient castle occupy the summit of this hill1 or rather eminence2 its ivied walls1 partly impending over the precipitous banks of the river1 and towering at intervals through a grove of wide-spreading oaks1 render the view extremely picturesque4 8,by ,grysmond's ruins1 scarred with years1 ,on yonder roofless turret standing1 ,how rich--how beautiful appears ,the scene beneath my eye expanding6 ,the oak's green banner clothes the steep1 ,there--herds and harvests bless the ,giver2 ,and there1 in many a crystal sweep1 ,descends the ,monnow's classic river6 ,and here--if e'er romance be found ,to love the vale or haunt the mountain-- ,here is her home1 with ivy bound1 ,and here her grot1 and crystal fountain4 ,and here--to him who seeks repose1 ,by sorrow worn1 or passion driven-- ,here is a refuge from his woes1 ,and here sweet intercourse with ,heaven60 c4 g,monmouth4_/g--,of this ancient town and its g,castle_/g1 the limits prescribed to the present work will not permit us to indulge in any minute description4 ,but before entering upon the ,abbey of g,llanthony_/g--the next subject for illustration--the birthplace of ,henry the ,fifth is entitled to a general notice4 ,the bridge over the ,monnow1 with its ancient gate-house at the west end1 is1 perhaps1 the most striking feature of the place4 ,two other bridges1 one over the ,trothy1 and a third over the ,wye1 contribute in no small degree to heighten the picturesque effect1 as the stranger perambulates the scene and recalls the many interesting facts1 connected with ,monmouth and its vicinity1 which to history and romance have given an early and permanent lustre4 g,the ,castle_/g--of which so little remains that its original appearance can only be described by reference to the historical fragments that still mark the spot--is of unquestionable antiquity4 ,it is supposed to have been built--or rather perhaps rebuilt--by g,john of ,monmouth_/g1 whose adherence to the ,barons cost him his estate1 but contributed to the success of the cause in which he had embarked4 ,the ,king having created his son ,earl of ,lancaster1 this estate was annexed to the earldom4 ,the ,castle became a favourite residence of ,john of ,gaunt1 to whom it descended by his marriage with ,blanche1 daughter of ,henry of ,monmouth1 ,duke of ,lancaster4 ,it was in this ,castle that the unfortunate ,edward the ,second was confined when taken prisoner by his ,queen ,isabella4#cab ,but the glory of the place is its association with g,henry ,v4_/g1 son of ,henry of ,bolingbroke1 who was born here1#cac and whose name and renown are so familiar to every reader of our national history and the drama4 ,his dissipated habits while ,prince of ,wales1 and his glorious achievements in the conquest of ,france1 have been so inimitably portrayed by ,shakspeare1 that he still seems to live in our own age--in the country which his worth and valour adorned--and to be as agreeably associated with our familiar recollections as the most illustrious characters of our own day4 ,his good-humoured dissipation and pleasantry in youth1 became the foil to his subsequent greatness2 and was probably as much the origin of that strong admiration with which he is still regarded1 as his general talents1 or the splendour of those victories1 to which his personal courage and address so mainly contributed4 ,at the time1 as the reader may recollect1 when the ,french realm was torn asunder by the opposing factions of the ,dukes of ,orleans and ,burgundy1 ,henry took the favourable moment for reviving the claims of his predecessors upon ,france4 ,placing himself at the head of his army1 he landed at ,harfleur1 and with only fifteen thousand men1 opposed to upwards of fifty thousand1 won the battle of ,agincourt1 and returned to ,england covered with renown4 ,apart from the splendour1 however1 which attended the campaign1 it has been justly remarked that his reign was more brilliant than beneficial2 for whilst his triumph entailed great misery on ,france1 it 8did more harm than good0 to the true interests of ,england4#cad ,but his life was short--too short for maturing the plans he had in view for consolidating the fruits of a brief but eventful career2 and while his greatest projects seemed to be advancing to a successful issue1 g,henry_/g of ,monmouth was suddenly cut off at the age of thirty-four4 ,the connection of this gallant prince and sovereign with ,monmouth1 invests it with a lasting claim to veneration on the part of those tourists who judge of the soil by the character of its products4 ,in the words of ,fluellen1 8,all the water in g,wye_/g cannot wash your ,majesty's ,welsh plood out of your pody20 nor1 we may add1 weaken a single link of that chain which connects the hero of ,agincourt with the history of ,monmouth4 g,the ,bridge_/g1 of which a cut is here introduced1 was erected by ,edward the ,first in #abgb4 ,surmounting the ,saxon gateway is a room1 used as a guard-room or a magazine2 and immediately above the arch are three loopholes1 made by the authorities of the place1 when1 at a very recent period1 they apprehended a sudden irruption of ,chartists from ,newport4 ,illustration ,during the civil war1 ,monmouth was justly considered as a position of vast importance4 ,after the defeat of the ,king's army at ,marston ,moor1 ,prince ,rupert directed his attention to the marches of ,wales4 ,he resolved to fortify ,beachley1 and with troops of horse to secure the isthmus between the rivers ,severn and ,wye2 but in this attempt he was out-manuvred by ,colonel ,massey4 ,lieut4-,colonel ,kyrle afterwards negotiated with ,massey to deliver up the town of ,monmouth1 then held for the ,king4 ,having revolted from the ,parliamentary army on the loss of ,bristol1 he was willing to purchase reconciliation at the price of ,monmouth4 ,he proposed to ,colonel ,massey to feign a sudden return with his forces from ,beachley to ,gloucester1 when he agreed to make a sortie from ,monmouth1 as if to fall on his rear1 which might then drive him back1 and in the pursuit enter the town with him4 ,massey1 accordingly1 gave out the necessity of a retreat2 and having marched three miles1 lodged his troops in the ,forest of ,dean4 ,this was no sooner reported at ,monmouth1 than ,kyrle drew out his men to follow in the rear of ,massey4 ,accordingly1 about a mile from ,colford1 he was surprised by ,massey1 and all his horsemen were led towards ,monmouth4 ,but the town having been alarmed by an officer who had escaped1 the garrison were on the alert2 yet1 as ,kyrle himself advanced to the drawbridge with a hundred horse1 and pretended to be returning with many prisoners1 the officers and soldiers were thrown off their guard2 and with the consent of the governor1 ,colonel ,holtby1 the drawbridge was lowered1 and the town was entered4 8,the governor and most of the garrison escaped1 some prisoners were made1 and the rest were put to the sword40 ,the loss of ,monmouth1 so justly considered the key of ,south ,wales1 alarmed the garrison of ,raglan ,castle4 ,the old g,marquess_/g called in the assistance of ,prince ,rupert's cavalry1 which obtained some advantages over the flying parties of ,massey1 but could not disturb his possession of ,monmouth1 in which he was strongly fortified4 g,geoffrey_/g of ,monmouth1 whose name gives additional lustre to the place1 was also a native of this town4 ,he is supposed to have been educated in the ancient ,benedictine ,priory1 founded by ,wihenoc de ,monmouth1 in the reign of g,henry_/g the ,first4 ,a small chamber of the ancient monastery has long been shown to inquisitive tourists1 as the library of ,geoffrey4 ,the apartment bears in the ceiling and windows certain traces of former magnificence2 but the art is of a later period than the first ,henry's reign1 and probably contemporary with that of ,tinterne4 ,geoffrey1 whose fame as the historian of ,britain takes precedence of all his contemporaries1 was archdeacon of his native town1 and subsequently1 through the patronage of ,robert1 ,earl of ,gloucester1 and ,alexander1 ,bishop of ,lincoln--both renowned as the friends of learning--promoted to the bishopric of ,st4 ,asaph4 ,his history is considered to be a vitiated translation of the 8,annals of the ,british ,kings10 written by ,st4 ,thalian1 ,bishop of ,st4 ,asaph1 who flourished in the seventh century4 ,it is very entertaining1 and forms an epoch in the literature of this country1 being almost the first production which introduced that species of composition called ,romance4 8,geoffrey of ,monmouth's ,history10 says ,campbell in his elaborate ,essay on ,english ,poetry1 8was not a forgery1 but derived from an ,armorican original1 and with the pseudo-,turpin's ,life of ,charlemagne1 was the grand historical magazine of the romancers4 ,popular songs10 he adds1 8about ,arthur and ,charlemagne--or1 as some will have it1 ,charles ,martel--were probably the main sources of ,turpin's forgeries1 and of ,geoffrey's ,armorican book40 ,in ,geoffrey will be found the affecting history of ,lear1#cae ,king of ,britain1 who divided his kingdom between ,gonerilla and ,regan1 his two elder daughters1 and disinherited his youngest daughter ,cordelia4 ,hence ,shakspeare drew his incomparable tragedy of 8,king ,lear10 but improved the pathos of the story by making the death of ,cordelia precede that of ,lear2 while in the original1 the aged father is restored to his kingdom1 and ,cordelia survives him4 ,milton also was indebted to ,geoffrey of ,monmouth for his beautiful fiction of ,sabrina in the 8,mask of ,comus40 ,but to return to the scene under notice3-- g,the ,priory_/g1 of which little remains1 was a cell belonging to the ,benedictine ,monastery of ,saumur in ,anjou2 and in this1 as we have said1 the renowned ,geoffrey is believed to have prosecuted his studies4 ,by some writers he is called a monk of the ,dominican order2 but1 according to ,leland1 the fact has never been established2 nor have we any sure grounds for believing that1 as others report1 he attained the dignity of ,cardinal under the ,holy ,see4 ,he has higher claims to the reverential remembrance of posterity1 than either a monk's cowl or a cardinal's hat4 ,but notwithstanding his reputed ,treatise on the ,holy ,sacrament1 and poetical ,commentaries on ,merlin1 his fame must ever rest on the original1 or translated1 ,history#caf of ,britain1 to which we have already alluded4 ,queen ,elizabeth1 we are told1 was fond of tracing her descent from the ,british line2 and ,spenser1 in his 8,farie ,queen10 introduces his ,chronicle of ,briton ,kings1 from ,brut to ,arthur1 with the following address3-- 8,thy name1 oh ,soveraine g,queene_/g1 thy realme and race1 ,from this renowned ,prince derived arre1 ,who mightily upheld that royal mace1 ,which now thou bear'st1 to thee descended farre1 ,from mighty ,kings and ,conquerors in warre4 ,thy fathers and thy grandfathers of old1 ,whose noble deeds above the northern starre1 ,immortal ,fame for ever hath enrolled1 ,as in that g,old ,man's_/g book they were in order told40 ,near the bridge of the ,monnow stands the ancient-- g,church of ,st4 ,thomas4_/g ,the simplicity of its form--to quote the historian of the place--the circular shape of the door1 the arch separating the nave from the chancel1 the ornaments of which bear a ,saxon character1 seem to indicate that it was constructed before the ,conquest4 ,the western window and some of the other apertures--which are ornamented ,gothic--have been evidently formed since the original foundation4 g,monmouth_/g1 the ,blestium of ,antoninus1 is supposed to have been the site of a ,roman station4 ,we know1 from historical records1 that it was a fortress in early times1 and one of the strongholds occupied by the ,saxons to maintain their conquests between the ,severn and the ,wye1 and check the incursions of the ,welsh4 ,the town appears to have been fortified with a wall and a moat1 except where it was secured by the river4 ,at the ,leland's ,survey1 parts of the dilapidated walls were still remaining1 the moat entire1 the four gates standing1 which he calls the ,monk's ,gate1 to the north2 the ,eastern ,gate2 the ,wyegate2 and the ,monnow or ,western ,gate4 ,at present there are few or no distinct vestiges of the walls2 and the only part of the moat which can be traced1 was pointed out as that stretching from the back of ,whitecross ,street to the remains of an ancient gateway1 and thence to the ,wye4 ,of the four gates mentioned by ,leland1 that called the ,monk's ,gate1 which stood near the ,hereford road1 is now demolished4 ,parts of two round towers which flanked the eastern gate are visible4 ,of the latter no traces are left4 ,but that over the ,monnow1 as shown in the preceding cut1 is nearly entire1 and bears the marks of very great antiquity4 ,it was the opinion of a celebrated historian of the place1 that the circular arches1 the massive solidity of the structure1 and some minuter features1 were sufficient to remove all doubts as to its ,saxon origin2 and that the alterations it underwent in the time of the first ,edward1 were only repairs executed in conformity with the original plan4 ,but as this is not a field for antiquarian disquisitions--but only a record of opinions generally received--we are content to follow the popular belief1 and assign to it a date somewhat anterior to that of the ,conquest4 ,of ,monmouth1 ,churchyard sings3-- 8,the ,kinge here borne did prove a peerless ,prince2 ,he conquered ,france and reigned nine yeares in hap2 ,there was not here so great a victor since1 ,that had such chaunce and fortune in his lap4 ,for he by fate and force did covet all1 ,and1 as turn came1 stroke hard at ,fortune's ball1 ,with manly mind1 and ran a reddie waye ,to lose a feint1 or winne the gole by playe4 ,if ,monmouth bring such princes forth as this1 ,a soyle of grace it shall be call'd of right2 ,speake what you can1 a happie seat it is1 ,a trim shiere town for noble ,baron or ,knight2 ,a cittie sure1 as free as is the best1 ,where ',size is kept1 and learned lawyers rest2 ,such auncient wise1 in meete and wholesome ayre1 ,where the best sort of people do repayre40 g,kymin ,hill_/g1 on the south-east side of ,monmouth1 commands one of the finest views in the kingdom4 ,to this enchanting prospect1 the celebrated lines by ,dyer may be applied with little alteration3-- 8,now ,i gain the mountain's brow-- ,what a landscape lies below6 ,no clouds1 no vapours intervene2 ,but the gay1 the open scene1 ,does the face of ,nature show ,in all the hues of heaven's bow2 ,and1 swelling to embrace the light1 ,spreads around beneath the sight4 ,old castles on the cliffs arise1 ,proudly towering in the skies2 ,rushing from the woods1 the spires ,seem from hence ascending fires4 ,half his beams ,apollo sheds ,on the yellow mountain heads1 ,gilds the fleeces of the flocks1 ,and glitters on the broken rocks40 8,and see the rivers1 how they run ,through woods and meads1 in shade and sun6 ,ever charming1 ever new1 ,when will the landscape tire the view80 99 99 99 99 99 ,,authorities quoted or referred to in the preceding article on ,raglan ,castle and its vicinity3--,dugdale--,camden--,collins' ,peerage--,speed--,hollinshed--,williams ' ,monmouth--,grafton--,robert of ,gloucester--,illustrations of ,british ,history--,peck's ,curiosa--,stow--,winwood--,manners and ,customs of ,england--,pictorial ,history--,memoirs of the ,court of ,james ,i4--,osborne's ,memoirs--,evelyn's ,diary--,strutt--,somers' ,tracts--,howel's ,letters--,barber's ,tour--,bayly's ,apophthegms of the ,marquess of ,worcester--,churchyard--,wood's ,rivers of ,wales--,thomas' ,raglan--,carne--,archological ,journal--,clarendon's ,history--,certamen ,religiosum--,ellis's ,original ,letters--,memoirs of ,swift--,carlyle--,parliamentary ,papers--,mercurius ,civicus--,edwards--,the ,family ,history--,history of the ,civil ,war--,chronicles--,rushworth's ,papers--,lodge's ,illustrations--,county ,history and ,local ,descriptions--,sir ,r4 ,colt ,hoare--,coxe--,notes of a ,personal ,visit to ,raglan--,communications from ,correspondents1 etc4--,see ,,appendix4 ,,llanthony ,,abbey1 g,monmouthshire_/g4 8#8,mongst ,hatteril's lofty hills1 that with the clouds are crowned1 ,the valley g,ewias_/g lies immured so steep and round1 ,as they believe that see the mountains rise so high1 ,might think the straggling herds were grazing in the sky2 ,which in it such a shape of solitude doth bear1 ,as ,nature at the first appointed it for gprayer_/g2 ,where in an aged cell1 with moss and ivy grown1 ,in which not to this day the sun hath ever shone2 ,that reverend ,british g,saint_/g1 in zealous ages past1 ,in contemplation lived1 and did so truly fast1 ,as he did only drink what crystal g,hodney_/g yields1 ,and fed upon the gleeks_/g he gathered in the fields4 ,in memory of whom1 in the revolving year1 ,the g,welshmen_/g on his gday_/g that sacred gherb_/g do wear60--,drayton4 ,illustration3 ,sg,,aint ,,david_/g1 uncle of the renowned ,king ,arthur1 and titular ,saint of ,wales1 was the first who introduced the rites of ,christian worship into these mountain solitudes4 ,selecting for his hermitage a spot which had all the characteristics of a rude and unfrequented wilderness1 he built a chapel on the banks of the ,honddy--the stream by which it was watered--and there spent many years of his life in the exercise of an austere devotion4 ,the reputation of his sanctity having spread over the surrounding country brought many pilgrims to his cell2 and when at length he was added to the list of canonized saints1 it was still resorted to as a place long consecrated by the practice of a holy life4 ,in the reign of ,william ,rufus--as attested by the ,abbey records--the hallowed retreat was thus discovered4 ,hugh de ,laci1 a great ,norman baron1 having on a hunting excursion followed the deer into this secluded valley1 sat down at the conclusion of the chase to refresh himself and his attendants4 ,the wildness and beauty of the scenery around them appeared to have affected their minds with unwonted impressions2 and the accidental visit was thus prolonged for the sake of the rude but romantic valley which the morning's adventure had so unexpectedly thrown open4 ,illustration3 ,the ,nave4 ,llanthony ,abbey4 g,william_/g1 one of the ,baron's retainers1 feeling oppressed by the heat of the weather1 and fatigued by the roughness of the mountain tract through which they had passed1 gladly threw himself down on the soft grass to seek a few minutes' repose4 ,but the novelty and grandeur of the scene awakening his curiosity1 he was tempted to make a hasty survey of the spot2 and turning towards the river1 that here and there filled the solitude with its murmurs1 he caught a glimpse of the little gchapel_/g with which ,st4 ,david had hallowed the scene4 ,suddenly inspired with religious enthusiasm1 he felt an irresistible inclination to linger near the spot2 and at last1 dismissing his attendants1 he took up his new abode in the desert2 and1 like his devout predecessor1 consecrated his life to the service of ,god1 or rather to the contemplation of divine things4 ,he laid aside his belt--says the recording monk of ,llanthony--and girded himself with a rope4 ,instead of fine linen1 he made unto himself a vestment of haircloth2 and instead of a soldier's cloak1 he loaded himself with heavy iron4 ,the suit of armour which1 in his warrior life1 had defended him from the weapons of the enemy1 he now wore as a garment highly suitable for hardening him against the temptations of his old enemy1 ,satan4 ,so that the outer man being thus mortified by austerity1 the inner man might become day by day better disposed and purified for the service of ,god4 ,and in order that his zeal might not cool1 adds the pious historian1 he thus sacrificed himself1 and continued to wear his hard armour1 until the iron and steel were absolutely worn out with rust and age4 ,in this manner the devout ascetic spent his years1 which otherwise might have been devoted1 like those of his kinsmen1 to acts of plunder and bloodshed2 and it only leaves room for regret that his example was not more generally followed by his companions1 whose armour1 unfortunately for mankind1 was never suffered to 8rust20 and who often1 at that period1 transformed the beautiful ,welsh frontier into a wide battle-field4 ,the austerity of his life1 witnessed by the rust on his armour1 established his reputation for sanctity2 and the cell that harboured a pious philosopher1 was soon regarded as a shrine where he maintained constant intercourse with those angels and blessed spirits1 whose office was to watch over the saints of that early day4 ,his fame becoming general among the religious fraternities1 ,father g,ernesi_/g1 confessor to ,queen ,maude1 was induced to make a pilgrimage to the ,honddy2 and there1 entering into a holy alliance with the steel-clad hermit1 he set immediately to work1 and with most laudable industry erected a chapel on the spot1 which was consecrated by ,urban1 ,bishop of the ,diocese1 and ,rammeline1 ,bishop of ,hereford1 and dedicated to the honour of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 whose solitary life in the wilderness they affected to imitate4 ,soon after this event1 in the early history of ,llanthony1 ,hugh de ,laci1 ,earl of ,hereford1 listening to the ghostly exhortation of ,ernesi1 to evince his faith by good works1 founded a ,priory of ,canons-,regular of the ,order of g,st4 ,augustine_/g1 and placed it with all solemnity1 as in the former instance1 under the patronage of the blessed ,st4 ,john4 ,of this new establishment1 ,father ,ernesi1 as he had a good right to expect1 was elected ,prior4 ,this was the commencement of a new and important era for the fame of ,llanthony1 which1 under the united management of the twain brothers--both in the odour of sanctity--acquired daily reputation1 and drew to its sacred precincts some of the greatest men of the realm4 ,the temporal affairs of the rising ,abbey attained unwonted prosperity by the personal countenance and support of ,king ,henry and his ,queen1 who were but too happy to exchange a portion of their superfluous wealth for an interest in the prayers of that holy brotherhood1 who had elevated the banks of the ,honddy to a near relationship with ,heaven1 and held in their hands--as it was currently believed--the 8title-deeds of rich and extensive settlements in ,paradise4 ,and as the latter were assigned1 without partiality1 to the highest bidder10 the proceeds for masses alone--we speak not ironically but historically--increased the annual revenues to an amount that1 in those times1 was justly considered a fair proof of monastic prosperity4 ,on the other hand1 it is piously averred1 that such was the disinterestedness and unworldly-mindedness of the brotherhood1 that they despised everything that bore not the stamp of spiritual riches--that they declined all offers of lands1 goods1 and chattels1 that were liberally tendered to their house4#cag ,in that case it seems probable that the ,abbey of ,llanthony was not erected in the ordinary way2 that is1 by dint of money1 but by the force of miracles2 and1 like a certain city of old1 was conjured into its fair and lofty proportions by the powers of ,harmony4 ,but after duly weighing the question1 the evidence in favour of money seems conclusive2 and indeed certain scripta are now extant to show that the brotherhood of ,llanthony were not less sensible of the value of money--as a spiritual means--than any of their illustrious fraternity4 ,but it may be said1 with much truth1 that the uses to which their money was applied1 produced those 8miracles0 of ,art1 which it is the object of this work to illustrate4 ,it is always to be kept in view1 that these holy men1 in professing poverty1 were1 literally1 personally poor4 ,the riches1 of which they were merely the guardians--but which are so often charged against them as proofs of their avarice--were expended on the house of ,god2 in other words1 in fostering the arts1 in relieving the poor1 in practical hospitality1 and in cultivating a niggardly soil4 ,personally1 they were poor trustees upon a vast property1 which they were bound to employ for the glory of ,god and the good of mankind2 and if1 in some cases that may be named1 the funds thus contributed by the pious were perverted to less laudable purposes1 the fact that1 in general1 they were applied to the excellent uses contemplated by the testators1 is not to be controverted4 ,the churches1 hospitals1 almshouses1 cells1 and priories1 which were thus founded1 built1 and endowed from these sources1 are proofs of the fidelity1 good sense1 and ,christian philanthropy1 with which the church property was then administered4 ,once upon a time1 as the ,monkish historian has told us1 the ,queen of ,king ,henry1 who desired to bestow a boon on ,william1 of whose entire disinterestedness she was not apprised1 desired permission to put her hand into his bosom2#cah and when1 with great modesty1 the holy man submitted to her importunity1 she conveyed a large purse of gold between his coarse chemise and iron boddice2 and thus1 by a pleasant and innocent subtilty1 administered1 as she imagined1 the means of comfort4 ,but1 oh1 his wonderful contempt of the world6 ,he displayed a rare example that the truest happiness is found to consist in possessing little or nothing of the good things of this life4 ,he accepted1 indeed1 the ,queen's gift2 but it was only that it might be expended1 not in any worldly or selfish gratification1 but in beautifying the house of ,god4 ,but having by this act overcome the scrupulous delicacy with which he had hitherto resisted the temptation of riches1 they now flowed in from every quarter1 until that noble edifice was completed1 the mouldering g,nave_/g of which is represented in the engraving opposite4#cai ,of the situation of the g,abbey_/g1 a very picturesque and glowing description1 in good ,latin1 is given by the old historian1 who paints the wild scenery1 in which the first hermits took up their abode1 with the pencil of a ,salvator4#cbj ,the following translation1 though from a modern pen1 is also a picturesque and not inaccurate sketch of the scene1 which retains all the natural features ascribed to it by the first writer2 but with one engrossing feature superadded--that of a stately abbey in the last stage of desolation--its towers and arches bearing witness to the arts employed in its construction1 and the sacred objects of its foundation4 ,in the following passage1 ,giraldus alludes to the ,itinerary of ,archbishop ,baldwin#cba in #aahh4 8,in the deep ,vale of g,ewyas_/g10 he writes1 8which is about an arrow-shot in breadth1 encircled on all sides by lofty mountains1 stands the church of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 covered with lead1 and an arched roof of stone2 and considering the nature of the place1 not unhandsomely constructed on the very spot where the humble chapel of g,st4 ,david_/g had formerly stood1 decorated only with moss and clay1 a situation truly calculated for religious retirement1 and better adapted for canonical discipline than all the monasteries of the ,british isle4 ,it was founded1 as already observed1 by two hermits1 in honour of religious seclusion1 far removed from the bustle of life1 and planted in a solitary vale watered by the river ,hodeni--from which it was called ,lanhodeni2 for lan signifies an ecclesiastical place4#cbb 8,owing to its mountainous situation1 the rains are frequent1 the winds boisterous1 and the clouds in winter almost continual4 ,the air of the place1 though heavy1 is found to be salubrious2 and diseases are so rare1 that the brotherhood1 when worn out with long toil and affliction with the daughter--that is1 ,new ,llanthony on the ,severn--no sooner return to this asylum1 and their mother's lap in the ,vale of ,ewyas1 than they regain their wonted strength and vigour4 ,for1 as my topographical history of ,ireland testifies1 in proportion as we proceed to the eastward1 the face of the sky is more pure and subtile1 and the air more piercing and inclement2 and as we draw nearer to the westward1 the air becomes more cloudy1 but1 at the same time1 is more temperate and healthy4 8,here1 while sitting in their cloister1 and enjoying the fresh air1 the monks1 when they happen to look up towards the horizon1 behold the tops of the mountains1 as it were1 touching the heavens1 and herds of wild deer feeding on their summits4 ,the body of the sun does not become visible above the heights of the mountains1 even in serene weather1 until about the first hour1 or a little more4 ,truly this is a spot well adapted for contemplation--a happy and delightful spot--fully competent1 from its first establishment1 to supply all its own wants1 had not the extravagance of ,english luxury1 the pride of a sumptuous table1 the increasing growth of intemperance and ingratitude1 added to the negligence of its patrons and prelates1 reduced it from freedom to sterility2 and if the step-daughter ,lanthonia ,secunda1 no less enviously than odiously1 had not supplanted her mother4 ,it seems worthy of remark1 that all the priors who were hostile to the old monastery died #8by ,divine visitation4' ,william1 who first despoiled the place of its herds and storehouses1 being deposed by the fraternity1 forfeited his right of sepulture among the priors4 ,clement seemed to like this place of study and prayer2 yet1 after the example of ,heli ,eli1 the priest1 as he neither reproved nor restrained his brethren from plunder1 and other offences1 he died by a paralytic stroke4 ,and ,roger1 who was more an enemy to this place than either of his predecessors1 and openly carried away everything which they had left behind--robbing the church of its books1 ornaments1 and privileges--was also struck with a paralytic affection long before his death1 resigned his honours1 and lingered out the remainder of his days in sickness and solitude4 ,in the reign of g,king ,henry_/g the ,first1 when the ,mother-,church was as much celebrated for her affluence as for her sanctity#cbc--two qualities which are seldom found thus united--the fame of so much religion attracted hither ,roger1 ,bishop of ,salisbury1 who was at that time ,prime ,minister2 for it is virtue to love virtue1 even in another man2 and a great proof of innate goodness it is to show a detestation of those vices which hitherto have not been avoided4 ,when he had reflected with admiration on the nature of the place1 the solitary life#cbd of the fraternity1 living in canonical obedience1 and serving ,god without a murmur or complaint1 he returned to the ,king1 and related to him what he thought most worthy of remark2 and after spending the greater part of the day in the praises of this place1 he finished his panegyric with these words--8,why should ,i say more8 ,the whole treasure of the ,king and his kingdom would not be sufficient to build such a cloister40 ,having held the minds of the ,king and the ,court for a long time in suspense by this assertion1 he at length explained the enigma1 by saying1 that he alluded to the 8cloister of mountains10 by which this church is on every side environed4 ,but g,william_/g--the warrior who first discovered this place--and his companion ,ernisius1 a priest1 having heard1 perhaps--as it is written in the ,fathers1 according to the opinion of ,jerome--8that the church of ,christ decreased in virtues as it increased in riches0--were often used devoutly to solicit the ,lord1 that this place might never obtain great possessions4 ,they were exceedingly concerned when this religious foundation began to be enriched by its first lord and patron1 g,hugh de ,lacy_/g1 and by the lands and ecclesiastical benefices conferred upon it by the bounty of others of the faithful4 ,from their predilection to poverty1 they rejected a great many offers of manors and churches2 and being situated in a wild spot1 they would not suffer the thick and wooded parts of the valley to be cultivated and levelled1 lest they should be tempted to recede from their eremitical mode of life4 ,but whilst the ,mother-,church increased daily in riches and endowments1 a rival g,daughter_/g--as we shall see--availing herself of the hostile state of the country1 sprang up at ,gloucester1 under the protection of ,milo1 ,earl of ,hereford2 as if1 by ,divine ,providence1 and through the merits of the saints1 and prayers of those holy men 7of whom two lie buried before the high altar71 it were destined that the ,daughter-,church should be founded in superfluities1 whilst the ,mother continued in that laudable state of mediocrity1 which she had always affected and coveted4 8,wherefore let the active reside there1 the contemplative here2 there the pursuit of terrestrial wishes1 and here the love of celestial delights2 there let them enjoy the concourse of men1 here the presence of angels2 there let the powerful of this world be entertained1 here let the poor of ,christ be relieved2 there1 ,i say1 let human actions and pompous declamations be heard1 but here let reading and prayers be heard only in whispers2 there let opulence1 the parent and nurse of vice1 increase with cares2 here let the virtuous and golden mean be all-sufficient4 8,in both places1 the canonical discipline instituted by g,st4 ,augustine_/g1 which is now distinguished above all other orders1 is observed2 for the ,benedictines1 when their wealth was increased by the fervour of charity1 and multiplied by the bounty of the faithful1 under the pretext of a bad dispensation1 corrupted1 by gluttony and indulgence1 our g,order_/g--that is1 the ,augustinian--which1 in its original state of poverty1 was held in high estimation4 ,the ,cistercian order1 derived from the former1 at first deserved praise and commendation1 from its adhering voluntarily to the original vows of poverty and sanctity1 until ambition1 the blind mother of mischief1 unable to fix bounds to prosperity1 was introduced2 for as ,seneca#cbe says1 #8,too great happiness makes men greedy1 nor are their desires ever so temperate as to terminate in what is acquired4'0 ,here the author1 as if to contrast them with those of g,llanthony_/g ,prima1 indulges in a learned and eloquent apostrophe against the luxury and pride of several orders of monks4 ,he concludes it with this anecdote3 8,i have judged it proper to insert in this place an instance of an answer which ,king ,richard--,cur de ,lion--made to ,fulke1 a good and holy man1 by whom ,god1 in these our days1 has wrought many signs in the kingdom of ,france4 ,this man had1 among other things1 said to the king1 8,you have three daughters1 namely1 ,pride1 ,luxury1 and ,avarice1 and as long as they shall remain with you1 you can never expect to be in favour with ,god40 ,to which the king1 after a short pause1 replied1 8,i have already given away those daughters in marriage--,pride to the ,templars1 ,luxury to the ,black ,monks1 and ,avarice to the ,white40#cbf 8,it is a remarkable circumstance10 he continues1 8or rather a miracle1 concerning ,llanthony1 that although it is on every side surrounded by lofty mountains1 not stony or rocky1 but of a soft nature1 and covered with grass1 yet ,parian stones are frequently found there1 and are called ,freestones1 from the facility with which they admit of being cut and polished2 and with these the church is beautifully built4 ,it is also wonderful1 that when1 after a diligent search1 all the stones have been removed from the mountains1 and no more can be found2 yet1 upon another search1 a few days afterwards1 they reappear in greater quantities to those who seek them40 ,after some farther remarks on the manners of the monastic orders1 the venerable author thus beautifully concludes3--8,in these temperate regions ,i have obtained1 according to the usual expression1 a place of dignity1 but no great omen of future pomp or riches2 and possessing a small residence near the castle of ,brecheinoc ,brecknock81 well adapted to literary pursuits1 and to the contemplation of eternity1#cbg ,i envy not the riches of ,crsus2 happy and contented with that mediocrity1 which ,i prize far beyond all the perishable and transitory things of this world40 ,so far the monk of ,llanthony--whose partiality is very excusable2 but1 unfortunately1 the gact_/g or charter of ,edward ,,iv41 uniting the two abbeys1 gives a different colouring to the transactions between the two abbeys--mother and daughter4 ,it recites that1 owing to the depredations committed on the convent by the neighbouring inhabitants1 and the frequent removal of the priors and other members of the convent1 the religious functions were negligently performed1 and acts of charity and hospitality to strangers no longer exercised3 ,also1 that as ,john ,adams1 the prior1 had profusely squandered away the revenues of the church1 maintaining only four canons besides himself1 who paid no attention to the holy duties of the establishment3 ,and whereas all due regard and reverence were paid to the sacred offices of the church by the members of the monastery of new ,llanthony near ,gloucester1 the king hereby grants all the lands--both in ,england1 ,wales1 and ,ireland--now appertaining to the convent of ,llanthony in ,wales1 to the prior of the convent of ,llanthony near ,gloucester1 to have and to hold for ever1 on the payment of the fine of three hundred marks1 and on condition that he maintains an establishment--dative and removable at will--of a prior and four canons1 as the mother-church1 for the purpose of performing religious service and mass for the souls of its founders4 8,thus10 continues our author1#cbh 8in the short period of thirty years1 we see the simple chapel of ,st4 ,david transmuted into a spacious and elegant abbey2 that same building nearly deserted1 and another1 still more magnificent1 erected and translated from the solitary banks of the little river ,hodni1 to the rich and luxurious shores of the ,severn40 g,milo1 ,founder_/g of ,llanthony ,secunda4--,under this head1 it is recorded in the ,abbey ,chronicle1 that in the reign of ,king g,henry_/g1 son of the ,conqueror1 there flourished a certain warrior of noble family named ,gwalterus1 or g,walter_/g1 who was ,constable1 under the ,king1 of the ,castles of ,gloucester and ,hereford4 ,the said ,walter caused to be erected on his own demesne the ,castle of ,gloucester1 and dying some time thereafter1 his remains were conveyed to g,llanthony ,abbey_/g1 in ,wales1 and there buried4 ,the aforesaid ,walter left an only son1 g,milo_/g by name1 whom ,king ,henry created ,earl of g,hereford_/g2 and moreover1 by way of augmentation to the said earldom1 made over to him and his heirs for ever a grant of the whole ,forest of g,dean_/g4 ,this g,milo_/g1 first earl of the name1 took to wife ,sibylla1 heiress of g,brecknock_/g1 and daughter of g,bernard_/g and g,agnes_/g of ,new ,march4#cbi--,the offspring of this marriage were five sons and three daughters1 namely1 ,roger1 ,henry1 ,walter1 ,matthew1 and ,william1 ,margery1 ,bertha1 and ,lucy4 ,he founded the ,abbey or ,priory of ,new ,llanthony1 near ,gloucester1 on the #beth of ,may1 #aacf1 being the first of ,king ,stephen's reign2 and dying on ,christmas-eve1 #aadc1 was buried in the chancel of the g,abbey_/g which he had founded seven years before4 ,after his demise1 he was succeeded in his titles and estates by each of his five sons1 one after the other2 but all of whom died without legitimate issue4 ,hereupon his possessions were shared in equal proportions by his three surviving daughters4#ccj g,lucy_/g1 his third daughter1 was married to ,herbert g,fitz-,herbert_/g1 and had for her share and dowry the ,forest of ,dean1 and other estates in ,england4#cca ,the offspring of this marriage was a son named g,peter_/g1 who became the father of a long line of descendants4 ,bertha1 second daughter of ,count ,milo1 married ,william gde ,brewes_/g1 and took for dowry the lordship of ,brecknock4 ,the offspring from this marriage were three sons1 g,william_/g1 g,egidius_/g1 and g,reginald_/g4 ,william1 their eldest son and heir1 in the time of ,king ,john1 having made war upon his enemy ,guenhunewyn1 subdued him1 and slew no less than three thousand ,welsh in one day at g,elvel_/g4 ,this battle took place on the morrow of g,st4 ,lawrence_/g the ,martyr1 in the year of our ,lord #adih4 ,but for this rebellious act he was disinherited by g,king ,john_/g2 and1 without trial1 condemned to quit the realm of ,england4 ,he died in exile2 while his unhappy wife and their only son1 being thrown into prison by the same heartless and arbitrary power1 died shortly after in captivity4 g,egidius_/g1 the second son1 became ,bishop of ,hereford2 and g,reginald_/g de ,brewes1 the third son1 after the death of ,king g,john_/g1 and that of his two brothers the afore-named ,william and ,egidius1 was pronounced heir to all the possessions which had been forfeited by his brother ,william1 and took possession of the same accordingly4 ,he married a daughter of ,william gde la ,bruere_/g1 and had by his wife a son whom he named ,william de ,brewes1 quartus4 ,the latter espoused the lady ,eve1 daughter of the renowned ,william1 ,earl ,marshall1 so frequently mentioned in these pages4#ccb ,by this union he had issue four daughters--,isabella1 ,matilda1 ,eve1 and ,alionora4 ,of these1 g,isabella_/g was married to ,david1 son of g,llewellyn_/g1 ,prince of ,wales4 ,but at a great festival where he presided1 immediately after the ,paschal ,feast1 in #abbi1 ,llewellyn conceiving a bitter jealousy between his wife and the said ,william de ,brewes1 most treacherously caused the latter to be ignominiously hanged--an atrocity which threw the whole ,welsh frontier into the greatest confusion and alarm2 for at that time g,king ,henry_/g was still in ,france with a large army2 and in his absence the country was but ill provided with the means of enforcing the law4 g,matilda_/g1 the second daughter1 married ,roger g,mortimer_/g1 ,lord ,wigmore1 from whom sprang a numerous progeny4 g,eve_/g1 the third daughter1 married ,william gde ,cartello_/g4 g,alionora_/g1 the fourth and youngest1 married ,humphrey gde ,bohun_/g1 with the lordship of ,brecknock1 which for some time had belonged to the ,counts or ,earls of ,hereford4 ,among the names here mentioned1 those of ,bertha and ,lucy1 daughters of g,milo_/g1 are to be held in special reverence as eminent patrons and benefactors of g,new ,llanthony_/g4 ,and here1 for the present1 we take leave of the genealogical table1 which exhibits in many striking examples the instability of fortune1 the frailty of human nature1 the vanity of riches1 and the uncertain tenure of life4 ,illustration3 ,cg,,harters4_/g--,the following is an extract from the charter of ,king ,john1 in the first year of his reign1 wherein all grants previously made in favour of g,llanthony_/g are recited and confirmed3-- 8g,know_/g all men by these presents1 that ,i1 g,john_/g1 ,king of ,england1 have1 out of love to ,god1 confirmed in perpetual offering to ,god1 to the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 and the ,canons-,regular of g,lantonay_/g1 the donations or grants hereunder described1 which have been reasonably and lawfully conceded to them1 viz43 ,by deed of gift from our father the late ,king ,henry1 the chapel near the ,castle of ,gloucester1 the school in the same town1 a moiety of the fishery of g,horsepol_/g1 which is in our domain1 with iiij lib4 of land in the manor of g,bernington_/g1 as alms in perpetuity40--,so much for the new ,abbey near ,gloucester4 ,he then recites and confirms the benefactions of ,hugh and ,walter gde ,laci_/g1 consisting of lands1 woods1 fisheries1 villages1 houses1 and whatever property in those times was essential to the prosperity of a great religious establishment4 ,it is a long deed2 and1 besides those already noticed1 introduces a full list of benefactors1 whose names and families--though of great note and influence at that day--have long vanished from the political horizon1 and are seldom found but in ancient title-deeds1 or charters like the present1 in which their good works are faithfully and minutely registered4 ,it is to be observed1 however1 that after the establishment of g,new ,llanthony_/g on the ,severn1 the benefactions to the ,mother-,abbey are few and insignificant4 ,the former1 under the patronage of the g,milo_/g family1 became suddenly rich1 and able to introduce those embellishments of art1 and that luxurious mode of life1 which opened a wide channel for the diffusion of its revenues2 but while it increased its splendour1 insured its ultimate poverty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by a g,deed_/g given by g,edward_/g the ,second1 in the eighteenth year of his reign1 the property conveyed to ,llanthony by ,walter gde ,laci_/g and others1 is again revised and confirmed4 ,he grants also permission to elect from their own body1 or from any other1 as they may see meet1 a fit person to preside over the ,church and ,priory of ,llanthony1 whenever a vacancy occurs1 concluding--8,et ut hc libertas eligendi eis in perpetuum perseveret illibata1 huic scripto g,sigillum_/g meum est appositum40 ,the ,deed given by g,walter_/g and g,hugh_/g de ,laci to the ,canons of ,llanthony is then recited2 and by this document a vast amount of property1 privileges1 arable lands1 pastures1 fisheries1 hunting-grounds1 and various other benefactions1 are described as finally made over to the ,prior and ,brotherhood1 out of pure love for the glory of ,god1 the welfare of their own souls1 the souls of their predecessors1 successors1 and kinsfolk4 ,in this munificent grant is comprised the whole valley--#8totam vallem'--of the g,ewyas_/g1 with all its appurtenances1 in which the church is situated2 describing1 at the same time1 its boundaries3--8,et concedo quod habeant omnimodam venationem et dominationem infra metus terr su40 ,all this is followed by other unquestionable privileges1 such as united with the spiritual an amount of despotic power1 which invested the ,prior and ,canons of ,llanthony with an authority in things temporal1 no way inferior to that exercised by a feudal ,baron in his own castle1 and over his own vassals4#ccc 99 99 99 99 99 ,but in spite of its revenues1 and the #8personal example and influence of a few--but only a few--distinguished members and benefactors of this monastery1 it fell gradually into disrepute and decay4' ,the principal cause has been generally ascribed to the rival ,abbey at ,gloucester1 by which benefactors were alienated1 and good works averted from that on the ,honddy4 ,but there were other causes at work--the evil lives of the ,priors themselves2 their indolence1 luxury1 and licentiousness2 their dissipating the funds1 and perverting their use to unsanctified purposes2 which did more to degrade monastic habits1 and pull down the sacred edifice1 than could have been accomplished by their most inveterate enemies4 ,and enemies they certainly had--both formidable and frequent2 for they were exposed1 by their insulated position and supposed wealth1 to irruptions from those bands of marauders1 to whom plunder and forced contribution from holy men were more like a pastime than military enterprise4 ,but of this hereafter4 ,illustration3 ,wg,e_/g are now to give some account of the decline and final dissolution of ,llanthony1 brought about by causes which are thus recorded by the ,latin historian3--,whereas certain priories and religious houses1 but more especially the aforesaid ,priory of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist of g,lanthony_/g ,prima in ,wales1 as well by frequent removals and expulsions of the ,priors and occupiers of the places aforesaid1 as by divers secular persons and others1 tenants of these possessions1 were so profligately squandered1 dilapidated1 and mismanaged1 both in regard to their houses1 substance1 and affairs1 that divine service and the regular observance of religious duties have become less frequent than ever2 that the means of hospitality1 almsgiving1 and1 above all1 the works of piety and charity1 which had been there established of old1 and customarily done and observed in the place1 are now withdrawn and perverted from the original design3 ,and whereas ,john g,adams_/g1 ,prior of g,lanthony_/g1 as we are plainly informed1 hath wasted and destroyed1 and continues to waste and destroy1 the fruits1 revenues1 products1 and emoluments of the said g,priory_/g2 and hath found and supported no ,canons1 except himself and four others1 little given to a religious life2 that he hath withdrawn1 and does withdraw1 the forms of divine worship1 works of hospitality1 piety1 and charity1 which were there wont to be done and maintained1 according to the original foundation of the same2 whereby the vows and intentions of the ,founders have been and are so fraudulently perverted1 to the manifest offence and great displeasure of ,almighty ,god1 and contrary to the design of the ,founder3 ,and whereas our will is1 that the pious vows of the g,founders_/g of the said ,priory be not thus shamefully frustrated and forgotten2 but in reverence of the salutary order observed by those godly men1 the ,prior and ,canons-,regular of the ,monastery of g,lanthony_/g1 near ,gloucester2 and observing in what an exemplary manner divine service and punctual observances are every day celebrated therein1 with honour and strict obedience1 according to the full extent of its revenues3 ,and whereas it is our earnest desire to make suitable provision for the honour of g,god_/g and his ,church1 by a restoration of the forms of divine worship1 and by application of the revenues left by the ,founder to their original and legitimate object3 ,we1 therefore1 have here1 by an act of special grace1 granted and conceded to our beloved in ,,christ1 g,henry ,deen_/g1 ,prior1 etc41 of ,lanthony1 near ,gloucester1 to that ,convent and his successors for ever1 the right of patronage1 and the advocation of the ,priory and ,conventual ,church of g,lanthony_/g1 etc41 in ,wales4 g,also_/g the ,priory1 etc41 with all members1 cells1 churches1 chapels1 domains1 lands1 and tenements1 whatsoever and wheresoever--in ,england1 ,wales1 and ,ireland--as parcels of the said ,priory1 or in whatever manner belonging thereto2 g,with_/g all rents1 etc41 to have and to hold by the said ,prior and ,convent of g,st4 ,mary_/g of ,lanthony1 and their successors--for the sum of three hundred marks1 paid to us beforehand--in pure and perpetual alms for ever4 ,and g,moreover_/g1 we grant to the said ,prior and ,convent1 the ,conventual ,church or ,monastery of g,lanthony_/g in ,wales2 with the priorate1 and all rights1 privileges1 and appurtenances1 to the ,prior and ,convent of ,lanthony1 near ,gloucester--their ,conventual ,church and successors--to be consolidated1 united1 appropriated--to transfer1 or to be transferred to their management2 and that they possess these in full and proper use for themselves and their successors for ever2 together with1 etc4 g,and_/g these things1 all and singular1 as promised and permitted1 consolidated1 etc41 and transferred to them and their successors aforesaid1 to have and to hold for ever1 for their proper use1 and for masses and prayers to be performed for our prosperity1 and that of g,elizabeth_/g1 our well-beloved consort1 so long as we remain in the body2 and for the health of our souls when we shall depart this life4 g,also_/g for the souls of our progenitors2 and for the souls of all who have departed this life in the g,faith_/g4 g,and_/g it is hereby ordered1 that the ,prior of ,new g,lanthony_/g and his ,convent1 they and their successors1 shall exhibit and defray their own and all expenses incurred in the maintenance of ,old g,lanthony_/g1 and the ,prior and ,canons there resident4 ,that the latter office shall be in the gift of the former1 removable at the will and pleasure of the ,prior and ,convent for the time being4 ,that four ,canons#ccd shall there reside1 for the celebration of masses and other divine offices2 and for the administration of the sacraments1 and sacramental duties1 to the parishioners and rural population1 so long as they are not impeded or interrupted therein by the rebellious disturbers of our peace4 ,and to pray for the souls of the ,founders of g,lanthony_/g ,prima1 and for the souls above-named2 and to be removable at the word or sign of the ,prior1 for the time being1 of ,new g,lanthony_/g aforesaid1 etc4 etc4--,by the g,king_/g at g,westminster_/g1 the x day of ,may4#cce 99 99 99 99 99 g,from_/g this date the ,abbey of ,old ,llanthony1 which had been grievously interrupted in its religious duties1 and damaged by its own internal misgovernment1 the reckless lives of its inmates1 and the frequent imposts and exactions to which it was subjected by the rebels and marauders above alluded to1 was suffered to fall into decay and disrepute4 ,its resources1 in obedience to the above decree1 were drawn off from their legitimate channel1 and employed to augment the revenues and foster the pride of its undutiful and 8rival ,daughter0 on the banks of the ,severn4 ,thus--as the old historian has pathetically observed--8,filii ,matris me pugnaverunt contra me2 nam levis communia tangunt1 sed quodammodo specialiori et tanto atrociori flere1 clamando1 ,filii uteri mei pugnaverunt contra me1 quia-- ,non sua sunt summa leviter perstricta sagitta ,pectora1 descendit vulnus ad ossa suum40 ,yet1 after the lapse of centuries1 the ,abbey of ,old ,llanthony presents an imposing aspect4 ,in that solitude1 over which it was erected for the diffusion of spiritual life and light1 it is still an object of venerable grandeur2 while of the luxurious temple of 8her ,daughter10 built on one of the most fertile spots in the kingdom1 elaborately ornamented and munificently endowed1 the remains are few and insignificant4 ,thus1 if the old monastic fathers could burst their cerements and look around them1 they would perceive that ,time1 the avenger1 has drawn a line of as marked distinction between the two monasteries1 as between a greater and a lesser criminal2 and1 by a just and discriminating sentence1 consigned one to the plough1 and the other to pilgrims and archologists4#ccf ,illustration3 ,llanthony ,abbey4 ,n4,w4 ,view4 ,the wrongs1 of which the older monks of ,llanthony so justly complained1 are thus told by their own pious chronicler3--,when the storm subsided1 and peace was restored1 then did the sons of ,llanthony tear up the bounds of their ,mother-,church1 and refuse to serve ,god1 as their duty required1 in the old ,sanctuary4 ,for great is the difference1 said they1 between the rich city of ,gloucester1 and the wild rocks of the ,hatterill--between the fertile vale of ,severn1 and the craggy banks of the ,honddy2 between the wealth and civilization of ,england1 and the barren hills and beggarly natives of ,wales2 between a land of smiling meadows and fertile orchards1 and a region of trackless mountains and roaring cataracts2 in fine--to justify their desertion--between a home amongst smiling gardens1 and a grave in the howling wilderness6 ,some of the renegade brethren declared that they wished every stone of the old foundation were a fleet hare and the hounds after it1 that not a vestige might be left4 ,alas1 says the #8,jeremiad1' they of ,gloucester have usurped and lavished all the revenues of the ,mother-,church3 for their new abode1 they have built stately offices2 and the old they have left to moulder into ruins4 ,but to avoid the open scandal of deserting their ,mother1 they send hither1 as to a dependent cell1 their old and decrepit members to be cherished in that very bosom--fostered in those very arms--which they have insulted by ingratitude1 and weakened by wrong and robbery4 ,so great was the poverty to which the few inmates were reduced1 that they were actually without surplices1 and at times so destitute of raiment that they could not with proper decency appear at divine service4 ,sometimes the allowance of bread for one day had to serve for two2 whilst in the offshoot at ,gloucester there was not only enough1 but abundance and superfluity4 ,when entreated to return to their ,mother1 these heartless brethren1 who had tasted the sweets of a new residence1 and been corrupted by unwonted luxury1 only derided their appeal4 8,what60 they replied1 8would you have us return to sing ,miserere to the wolves8 ,do the whelps of wolves delight in choral harmony80 ,and when any one was sent to ,old ,llanthony1 whether for health or discipline1 they would exclaim--8,why1 what has he done8 what fault has he committed8 what law has he broken1 that he should be sent into banishment1 shut up in such a prison80--for it was thus that they spoke of the ,mother-abbey--calling it a dungeon1 a prison-house1 fit only for the punishment of great criminals4 ,in like manner1 says the monk1 the library was despoiled of its books and ,,mss42 the record-room of its deeds and charters2 the silk vestments and relics1 embroidered with gold and silver1 were carried away from the vestiary2 the treasury was stripped of everything valuable4 ,whatever was precious or ornamental--even the bells1 notwithstanding their great weight1 were carried off to the rival abbey without the slightest resistance or redress4 ,it was under these distressing circumstances that ,king ,edward set about effecting the union to which we have adverted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but there were other causes at work4 ,it is very apparent that the religious peace and contemplation to which it was consecrated1 were but rare guests in the old ,abbey of ,llanthony4 ,situated on the very border of countries that were mutually engaged in making or repelling aggressions1 the sanctity of the place was often invaded by those who returned across the marches from some lawless foray1 or by others who entered the ,welsh frontiers to make reprisals4 ,the calm serenity which1 for a brief season1 reigned within and around the sanctuary1 was disturbed by continual apprehensions of violence or extortion4 ,the ministering priest was often interrupted in his sacred office by the shouts of armed men4 ,the stranger who had come in pilgrim weeds1 confessed1 and done penance1 was too often found on departure to be a traitor1 ready to conduct the next troop of marauders to the gate1 and extort fresh contributions from the already impoverished brotherhood4 ,it is also alleged1 with plausibility1 that from the ,cambrian people--who hated the place because its founders1 benefactors1 priors1 and brotherhood1 were aliens by birth1 nation1 and language--the abbey had no very cordial protection or support4 ,during the long border struggles that preceded and followed its 8foundation in the wilderness10 it was the mark of every invading or retreating foe4 ,instead of ,matins and ,vespers1 and the meditations of holy men1 the ,vale of ,ewias was often the retreat or the rallying point of adventurers1 whose ,parthian-like movements rendered them equally dangerous in the charge and the retreat4 ,the sanctity and seclusion of the place once disturbed1 the spell was broken2 outrages were repeated and multiplied with impunity by those who1 having no law1 were a law unto themselves2 and to such extremes were these carried1 that the ,prior and ,canons--habituated as they were1 by the rule of their ,order1 to fasting1 and at best to a coarse and scanty fare--were often reduced to the verge of famine4 ,in one of the numerous expeditions by which the spirit of retaliation was kept up1 and by which the religious houses were harassed and plundered1 a soldier of the ,english army writes--8,we lie here watching1 praying1 fasting1 and freezing6 ,we watch in dread of the ,welsh1 who beat up our quarters every night2 we pray for a safe passage homeward2 we fast1 for hardly have we any food1 the halfpenny loaf being raised to fivepence2 and we freeze for want of clothing1 having only a linen tent to keep out the cold60 ,if such was the penance done by an officer of the 8victorious army10 great must have been the sufferings endured by those who had to supply the 8loaf10 as the monks of ,llanthony had to do1 either in substance or in coin4 ,while the ,abbey was yet faintly struggling to recover a healthy activity in its affairs1 its temporal revenues1 and spiritual offices1 so great a dearth occurred all over ,wales1 that the ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's is said to have died of grief2 the ,bishop of ,llandaff to have been stricken blind2 while the ,bishops of ,bangor and ,st4 ,asaph1 on their sees being rendered utterly destitute1 were reduced to the necessity of supplicating alms4 ,the bondage and destitution of the ,welsh at this period--the evils of want and war--are thus expressed by an old writer3--8,the harp of the churchman is changed into sorrow and lamentation2 the glory of our proud and ancient nobility is faded away40 ,it was about this time that the ,bishop of ,hereford1 then ,prior of ,llanthony1 the better to rescue them from a gross insult and trespass by a powerful neighbour1 and accommodate their numbers to the scanty means of subsistence within the ,welsh border1 drew off the major part of the canons from ,llanthony1 and gave them an asylum in his own palace4 ,after describing1 in graphic language1 the distractions of the country1 the robbery1 violence1 murder1 and rapine1 that were daily perpetrated in their immediate vicinity1 and which threatened the very existence of the brotherhood1 the flagrant desecration that immediately led to their removal to ,hereford is thus recorded3--,est prterea et aliud quod animos innocentium plus omnibus hiis in fixorio angustiarum acerbis terrebat4 ,unus namque ex vicinis ,wallensibus inimicorum minis et jaculis undign impeditus1 cm nullus ei tutus ad latendum vel evadendum locus superesset1 c omni domo sua1 ad g,lanthoniam_/g convolavit2 hanc sibi constituens domum ,refugii ut salvus fieret1 quem inimici odio inexorabili persequentes non long ab atrio in insidiis sedentes vigilantis opportunitatem observabant1 quando in eum casu aliquo tandem oblatum irarum virus evomere prvalerent4 ,ipse ver in interiores officinas1 qu securior redderetur1 cum suis et ancillis1 se ingessit2 it ut ubi g,fratres_/g reficere consueverant1 ibi mulieres choros ducere1 et ctera muliebria1 ignominios tractare non erubescerent6 ,quid facient milites g,christi_/g tot hostium cuneis tarn atrociter vallati6 ,ecce foris pugn1 et intus timores6 ,non enim possunt ab intus fratres divinis officiis1 pr ingratorum hostium insolentia1 consueta veneratione interesse3 ,luget g,martha_/g quia pascere non permittitur3 dolet g,maria_/g quia sanct refectionis epulis privatur2 et prterea nimis timet ne in infirmioribus membris suis alicujus culp dehonestetur4 ,the result of this1 after two years' residence at ,hereford1 was the foundation of the new monastery at ,gloucester2 but which it was at first intended should be only a gcell_/g1 dependent on the ,mother-,church on the ,honddy4 ,but inured to this species of daily warfare--familiar with the dangers of their position1 and strong in the belief that they were objects of regard in the eyes of ,him who would assuredly carry them1 as he did the faithful of old1 through all their troubles--they are said to have left the scene of their trials and privations with reluctance2 and to have declared that the gardens of ,hereford1 and the vineyards of ,gloucester1 had no attractions for them like the barren rocks of 8,ewias and the ,honddy30-- ,and when at last these holy men1 ,with lingering step and slow1 ,had wound their way along the glen ,where g,honddy's_/g#ccg waters flow1 ,they halted--gazed--and heaved a sigh1 ,and dropt a parting tear-- 8,oh1 never till this hour10 they cry1 8,was g,ewias'_/g vale so dear6 ,through richer lands our feet may roam-- ,but long our hearts will pine1 ,and feel they have no earthly home ,but ,honddy's hallowed shrine6 ,oh1 ,blessed g,mary_/g1 shield us well6 ,and1 when the storm is past1 ,grant we beside that hallowed gcell_/g ,may lay our bones at last40 ,the prayer was heard--their labours o'er1 ,behold their nameless bier1 ,beneath the g,chancel's_/g grassy floor1 ,where pilgrims drop the tear6 ,the simple daisy loves the spot1 ,and there1 the leafy ,june ,strews many a sweet ,forget-me-not ,beneath the dewy moon4 ,and hallowed--hallowed be the ground ,where sleep the good and brave1 ,decked by the firstlings of the ,spring1 ,and soothed by ,honddy's wave6 c4 ,it has been already observed1 that monastic establishments were not generally popular among the ,cambrians4 ,they reminded them too sensibly of the haughty domination of those ,norman lords1 who had parcelled out the country amongst them1 and hoped to extenuate their crimes by the building and endowment of religious houses4 ,but the memory of what was gained by force or fraud1 was not to be effaced by multiplying shrines and priories--great crimes were not to be buried under abbey walls4 ,to every free-born ,cambrian1 the sight of an abbey appeared like a monument of his country's degradation and bondage1 for it was difficult to separate in his mind the blessings of religion from the galling yoke of oppression2 he saw that what was at first gained by force of arms1 was to be retained by the yet stronger hand of spiritual despotism4 ,the ecclesiastical power was at times more efficient in subjugating a chief1 than all that a feudal baron could carry with him into the field2 and when both united for the purpose of conquest1 their strength was irresistible1 the result certain2 and the hatred of the oppressed was naturally roused against the grinding sense of a twofold oppression4 ,superstition was a mighty engine4 ,an austere old writer gives us the following instance of its working in this golden age of the ,church3--8,the yeare after this1 ,gruffyth1 son to ,conan ap ,owen ,gwyneth1 a nobleman1 died1 and was buried in a monke's cowle at the ,abbey of ,conway2 and so were all the nobles1 for the most part1 of that time buried4 ,for they were made to believe by the old monkes and friers1 that that strange weed was a sure defence betwixt their soulis and hell1 howsoever they died4 ,and all this baggage and superstition received they with monkes and friers1 a few yeares before that1 out of ,england4 ,for the first abbey or frier-house that we read of in ,wales1 sith the destruction of the noble house of g,bangor_/g1 which savered not of ,romish dregges1 was the ,twy ,gwyn1 built the yeare #aadf2 and after that they swarmed like bees through all the countrie2 for then the ,cleargie had forgotten the lesson that they had receaved from the noble clerk1 ,ambrosius ,telesinus1 who1 writing in the yeare #edj1 when the right ,christian faith1 which g,joseph of ,arimathea_/g taught at the isle of ,avalon1 reigned in this land1 before the proud and bloodthirsty monke g,augustine_/g infested it with the ,romish doctrine1 in a certaine ode hath these verses in g,welsh_/g1 which may be thus ,englished1 almost word for word3-- 8,wo be to that priest yborne1 ,that will not cleanlie weed his corne1 ,and preach his charge among6 ,wo be to that g,sheepherd_/g1 ,i saie1 ,that will not watch his flocke alwaie1 ,as to his office doth belong6 ,wo be to him1 that doth not keepe ,from ,romish ,wolves his simple sheepe1 ,with ,staffe and weapon stronge6 8,and because that no man should doubt of them1 ,i have set them down here as they were written by him that made them2 whereby it may be produced that the ,britaynes1 the first inhabitants of this realme1 did abhorre the ,romish doctrine taught at that time40#cch g,architecture4_/g--,the ,abbey of ,llanthony was built1 like those already described1 in the cathedral form--with a nave1 lateral aisles1 transepts1 and chancel4 ,it measures in length1 from the western door to the great eastern window1 two hundred and twelve feet2 and the breadth of the nave1 including the side aisles1 is fifty feet4 ,the style is a compound of ,norman and ,early ,english1 or ,gothic1 of which the lancet-pointed windows in the nave are illustrations2 while the ,norman character is preserved in the arch between the choir and south transept1 and again in the outer wall of the same transept by a double window4 ,of the roof1 which was was of stone1 nothing remains except a fragment in the north aisle2 the transepts have also crumbled down2 but the central tower1 which connected the whole fabric1 still presents a massive1 though mutilated1 feature of the ancient pile4 ,the g,nave_/g1 with its six noble arches1 which separates the body of the church from the north aisle1 is the grand and imposing feature of the scene4 ,to the spectator1 who takes his stand at the west door1 the objects present a picture of wild and melancholy grandeur4 ,before him rise the monuments of a religious ,order1 who exercised no small influence over the destinies of mankind2 and1 when their own were fulfilled1 left behind them1 in the ruins that still adorn the land1 the strongest evidence--with the highest homage that art and science can offer to religion4 ,we do not pretend to say that the remains of ,llanthony are equal in architectural beauty to those of many other religious houses in the kingdom2 but as every object of this description depends--for the effect it may exert over the spectator's mind--upon the character of the scenery1 and the circumstances under which it is viewed1 we may safely claim for these ruins an effect much beyond what others1 though more lofty1 elaborate1 and extensive1 could ever inspire4 ,the monastic ruins that1 in more favoured districts1 attract and command attention1 do not1 and cannot1 take such hold of the imagination as the contemplation of this temple of the ,desert1 where everything seems in harmony with the thoughts suggested2 and where the combined features of ,nature and ,art invest the scene with peculiar solemnity4 ,the nave was separated from the two aisles1 north and south1 by eight noble arches1 supported by massive pillars on each side4 ,but of these several have disappeared on the south1 and left only their grass-covered bases to indicate their size and position4 ,of the great tower1 only two sides remain2 and on that facing the nave1 may be seen the angular lines where it was joined by the stone roof to the nave4 ,on a line with the tower on the right are seen part of the south transept1 with its double ,norman window opening into the interior2 and at the base1 externally1 a lancet-shaped doorway1 opening into a side chapel4 ,on the centre of each pillar1 and on a line with the upper tier of windows1 or clerestory1 are seen the remains of the springing columns1 which supported the groined roof--showing1 by the triple-moulded shaft1 the base or impost from which the ribbed arch threw its delicate ramifications along the stone vault1 and connected the walls under a magnificent canopy1 adorned at every intersection of the ribs with carved bosses and rosettes2 but of which scarcely a fragment is left4 ,the ornamented arch in the eastern window1 so long the admiration of travellers1 has mouldered away4 ,but the ,norman arch1 already noticed1 between the choir and the south aisle1 is a bold and characteristic feature that points very distinctly to the twelfth century4 ,the walls of the north aisle are wholly dilapidated2 but the outside wall of the south aisle1 as observed1 is the most entire4 ,of this the windows are ,norman1 lofty and finely proportioned4 8,the western side is considered by all connoisseurs to be the most elegant2 the northern1 the most entire2 the southern1 the most picturesque2 and the eastern1 the most magnificent40 ,taken altogether1 the remains of this ,abbey present a coup d'il that will bear comparison with many of far higher name4 ,it unites the sublime and the picturesque in a more than ordinary measure1 while the general effect is greatly enhanced by the natural solitude of the place4 ,on the south of the remaining transept is a neat ,gothic chapel1 with an engroined roof1 in tolerable preservation4 ,it measures twenty-two feet in length1 by ten and a half in breadth2 and on the south of this chapel are the remains of an oblong room1 supposed to have been the ,chapter-house1 or more probably the ,vestiary4 ,the other offices--the ,refectory1 ,hospitium1 ,dormitory1 and ,cloisters--may be easily traced by an experienced antiquary2 but1 to a common observer1 their respective boundaries are indistinct4 ,in a barn1 westward of the ruins1 is a fine arch1 supposed to have formed the grand entrance to the ,abbey4 ,but now-- ,stone after stone the hallowed temple falls1 ,fierce lightnings scathe1 and torrents sap the walls2 ,no mantling ivy round the ruin weaves ,its verdant panoply of glittering leaves2 ,no pious hand1 with patriotic care1 ,props in its fall the ancient house of g,prayer_/g2 ,but still yon ,arch1 that braves the winter blast1 ,stands the proud chronicler of ages past4 g,on the_/g architecture of this period1 we may here introduce a few desultory remarks1 without entering into any disquisition on the subject4 ,the most remarkable works of architecture1#cci as opposed to that of the feudal strongholds1 are the religious edifices erected about this period1 and improved during the three following centuries4 ,these structures uniting1 as in the present instance1 sublimity in general composition with the beauties of variety and form--intricacy of parts--skilful1 or at least fortunate1 effects of light and shade--and1 in some instances1 with extraordinary mechanical science1 are naturally apt to lead those antiquaries1 who are most conversant with them1 into too partial estimates of the times wherein they were founded4 ,they certainly are accustomed to behold the fairest side of the picture4 ,it was the favourite and most honourable employment of ecclesiastical wealth1 to erect1 to enlarge1 to repair cathedral and conventual churches2 and upon these buildings in ,england1 between the ,norman ,conquest and the ,reformation1 an immense capital must have been expended4 ,and it is pleasing to observe how the seeds of genius1 hidden1 as it were1 under the frost of that dreary winter1 began to bud to the first sunshine of encouragement4 ,in the darkest period of the middle ages1 especially after the ,scandinavian incursions into ,france and ,england1 ecclesiastical architecture1 though always far more advanced than any other art1 bespoke the rudeness and poverty of the times4 ,it began towards the latter end of the eleventh century1 when tranquillity1 at least as to former enemies1 was restored1 and some degree of learning reappeared to assume a more noble appearance4 ,the ,anglo-,norman cathedrals were1 perhaps1 as much distinguished above other works of man in their own age1 as the more splendid edifices of a later period4 ,the science manifested in them1 according to the authority here quoted1 is not very great2 and their style1 though by no means destitute of lesser beauties1 is1 upon the whole1 an awkward imitation of ,roman architecture1 or1 perhaps1 more immediately of the ,saracenic buildings of ,spain1 and those of the lower ,greek ,empire4#cdj ,but about the middle of the twelfth century1 when ,llanthony1 ,tinterne1 and so many remarkable edifices sprang up1 this manner began to give place to what is improperly denominated the ,gothic architecture4 ,we are not concerned at present to inquire whether this style originated in ,france or ,germany1 ,italy or ,england1 since it was almost simultaneous in all these countries2 nor from what source it was derived--a question of no small difficulty4 ,i would only venture to remark1 that whatever may be thought of the pointed arch1 for which there is more than one mode of accounting1 we must perceive a very oriental character in the vast profusion of ornament1 especially on the exterior surface1 which is as distinguishing a mark of ,gothic buildings as their arches2 and contributes1 in an eminent degree1 both to their beauties and their defects4 ,this1 indeed1 is rather applicable to the later than the earlier stage of architecture2 and rather to ,continental than ,english churches4 ,the ,cathedral at ,amiens is in a far more florid style than its contemporary at ,salisbury4 ,the ,gothic species of architecture is thought by some to have reached its perfection--considered as an object of taste--by the middle of the fourteenth century2 or at least to have lost something of its excellence by the corresponding part of the next age--an effect of its early and rapid cultivation2 since arts appear to have1 like individuals1 their natural progress and decay4 ,yet this seems1 if true at all1 only applicable to ,england2 since the ,cathedrals of ,cologne and ,milan--perhaps the most distinguished monuments of this architecture--are both of the fifteenth century4 ,the mechanical execution1 at least1 continued to improve2 and is so far beyond the apparent intellectual powers of those times1 that some have ascribed the principal ecclesiastical structures to the fraternity of ,freemasons--depositaries of a concealed and traditionary science4 ,there is probably some ground for this opinion2 and the earlier archives of that mysterious association1 if they existed1 might illustrate the progress of ,gothic architecture1 and perhaps reveal its origin4 ,the remarkable change in this new style1 that was almost contemporaneous in every part of ,europe1 cannot be explained by any local circumstances1 or the capricious taste of a single nation4#cda 8,the ,normans10 says 8,william of ,malmesbury1 8live in large edifices with economy4 ,they revived by their arrival the observances of religion1 which were everywhere grown lifeless in ,england4 ,you might now see churches rise up in every village1 and monasteries in the towns and cities--all built after a style previously unknown in this country40 ,it was soon after the renovation and introduction here mentioned1 that the ,abbey of g,llanthony_/g--though one of the smallest and least known of its class--sprang up in the desert1 as a signal to many others1 on a more extended and noble scale that quickly followed1 and stamped their architectural character upon the age4 ,it was most probably finished before the middle of the twelfth century--so prolific in ecclesiastical edifices4 ,the style is of that period--designated as the transition from late ,norman to early ,english1 where the predominant features are ,gothic--characterized by the pointed arch2 by pillars which are so extended as to lose all trace of classical proportions2 by shafts which are placed side by side1 often with different thicknesses1 and are variously clustered and combined4#cdb ,this style is divided into three distinct periods--besides that of transition between the circular and pointed styles--which lasted through the greater part of the twelfth century1 when the circular and pointed arches are frequently--as in the nave and south transept before us--used indiscriminately in the same building4 ,the ornaments1 although generally partaking of the earlier style1 begin to be better executed1 and more elaborate2 and the general appearance of the building assumes a lighter character4 ,the first style of ,gothic in this country1 g,the ,early ,english_/g1 prevailed through the greater part of the twelfth century2 and of this style the subject in question is one of the numerous examples that followed its introduction in every part of the kingdom4 ,among these the variations1 in all save dimensions1 are so slight and unimportant1 that the description of almost any one monastic structure of that century applies to every other of the same style and period4 ,we possess in the ruins of ,llanthony a pure example of this style1 unchanged by any subsequent additions or alterations2 for as the ,abbey became reduced both in numbers and revenues1 immediately after the establishment of the ,abbey at ,gloucester1 it shared in none of the changes introduced by the decorated style2 but has continued to the present day what it was in the middle of the twelfth century4 ,to account for the splendour of conventual churches in general1 we have only to remember that personal expense or secular indulgence were highly culpable in a monk2 and that whatever was expended in ornamenting the ,church was glorifying ,,god4 99 99 99 99 99 g,william_/g of ,llanthony--the warrior monk already noticed--appears to have had followers in his penance2 for ,peter ,damian mentions a man who wore an iron corslet next his skin1 had iron rings around his limbs1 so that he performed with pain and difficulty his ,metaneas1 or penitential inclinations1 and very often dashed his hands upon the pavement4 ,in 8,strutt's ,dresses0 is a female pilgrim lying on the ground1 apparently to perform this penance of slapping the ground4 ,the lady of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 in reply to her husband1 who counselled her to desist from scolding her servants during ,lent1 replied that she wore a 8,monk's girdle10 and therefore had nothing to fear4#cdc ,the virtues of the monk's girdle1 it appears1 were equivalent to those of the cowl1 already alluded to in our notice of ,tinterne4 g,the revenues_/g possessed by ,llanthony appear to have been very considerable at the outset2 but through negligence or mismanagement--or rather by the prejudicial influence of a rival abbey--they fell off gradually1 and at the dissolution were valued at a sum#cdd considerably less than those of ,tinterne ,abbey4 ,when we read1 in the ,monastic ,annals1 of entire districts1 towns1 and villages being conveyed to monasteries1 we are surprised at the boundless liberality of the founders4 ,but when we reflect that1 at the time of these princely endowments1 the land1 in many instances1 was neither cultivated nor peopled1 the question of prodigal generosity is materially altered4 ,at the period of transition1 as it may be termed1 when it passed from the hands of the feudal ,baron to the ,abbot or ,prior1 the products of the consecrated territory were often nothing more than wood and pasture2 nor1 until it had been long subjected to the system of agriculture1 so generally practised and taught by the monks1 was it brought into a state fit for the sustenance of man4 ,if we compare--so far as written documents enable us--the state of agriculture and its population1 when these lands were transferred to the ,abbot1 with the condition they were in when taken from him1 we shall see very clearly to what a vast amount they had improved under monastic management2 and how much cause there was to applaud the stewardship of the venerable monks1 in whose hands the physical aspect of the country underwent an entire change4 ,theirs were truly the arts of peace4 ,obliged1 by the rule of their order1 to plant their convents in sterile and uncultivated wilds1 where intercourse with more favoured districts was neither easy nor expedient1 circumstances required that they should1 like the apostles and fathers of old1 depend for daily bread on the labour of their hands4 ,while some went to prayer1 others went to work2 and thus the blessing of heaven and the bounty of earth were believed to descend upon them1 and abide with them1 in those sacred habitations which had sprung up under their hands1 and exercised on everything around them a mild and harmonizing influence4 ,this spirit of improvement1 however1 varied according to the different g,orders_/g of which the great monastic brotherhood was composed4 ,to those who--in imitation of the g,baptist_/g--desired to limit their physical wants to a diet of 8locusts and wild honey10 or to whatever the unaided hand of ,nature might place within their reach1 were content to consume their days in fasting and prayer4 ,and observing--as he probably did--that whenever wealth and luxury had increased in religious houses1 strict discipline had as certainly relaxed1 the ,monk of g,llanthony_/g appears to have preferred the desert to any of those 8seductive landscapes0 into which it might have been1 in some degree1 converted by means of industry and manual labour4 ,he had also before his eyes the baneful effects produced by the luxurious indulgences of ,new ,llanthony upon the minds of the absent brothers1 whose piety1 that had preserved its fervour amongst rocks and glens1 became vapid and lukewarm when transplanted to the rich landscapes of the ,severn4 ,where riches abounded1 8pride and license did much more abound40 ,it was better to continue a poor but pious friar on the banks of the ,honddy1 than become a luxurious wine-bibbing canon in the ,vale of ,gloucester4 ,the space1 therefore1 in which the most distant resemblance to ancient cultivation can be traced is comparatively small4 ,it was1 perhaps1 under a strong conviction of great piety and great property being in their very nature antagonistic1 that the 8,province of ,berkeley10 which the ,king had offered to the ,canons of ,llanthony1 was so firmly declined4 ,the vineyards1 which it is understood were then common on the banks of the ,severn1 were not likely to fortify the mind against temptation1 or reconcile the brotherhood to the abstinence and austerities of conventual life4 ,but when he speaks of the tract as a 8province10 we can easily imagine that1 fertile as the native soil undoubtedly was1 only a small portion of it was under cultivation2 so that the annual revenue bore an exceedingly small proportion to its extent in acres4 ,and so it was with the almost innumerable tracts of ,church lands in every part of the kingdom2 for until they were brought into cultivation and crop1 their value was merely nominal4 ,and how much is due to the skill and perseverance of the monks in the encouragement of agriculture8 ,there is scarcely a hill or valley in the kingdom1 from which their judicious exercise of plough1 and spade1 and mattock1 did not produce its annual return in the necessaries of life4 ,and hence the revenues1 that in the course of years and centuries flowed in upon them1 were the legitimate result of a liberal and vigilant economy4 ,we are too apt to forget1 whilst reckoning up the vast territories bequeathed from age to age to the church by penitent benefactors1 that these same tracts were1 in many instances1 of little or no current value to their original owners2 and that it was only by passing them into more skilful and industrious hands1 that they became actually appreciable1 as corn lands1 orchards1 and vineyards4 g,the ,canons_/g of ,llanthony1 in their local position1 had neither the advantages of a fertile soil1 nor the acquired habits1 nor obligations of ,rule1 which rendered its cultivation imperative4 ,their revenues were drawn from a distance--some from remote parts in ,ireland4 ,but in their immediate neighbourhood1 the monks had a brook and enclosed ponds that produced fish2 forests that bred herds of deer1 hares1 and wild fowl2 while patches of garden1 orchard1 and rye-field1 supplied their table with that allowance of fruits and vegetables1 herbs and roots1 and coarse bread1 which formed the daily items of their scanty fare4 ,but when a stranger of note or a noble pilgrim arrived at the gate1 the ,prior's table assumed the appearance of more than frugal hospitality2 and all that forest or river could furnish for the entertainment of the honoured guest was liberally supplied4#cde ,as an established g,sanctuary_/g--from which even the greatest offenders were not excluded--we have already noticed the shame and desecration inflicted upon ,llanthony by a powerful native1 who in the hour of despair had fled to its gate for shelter4 ,to this disastrous visit no opposition could be offered4 ,the sanctuary of g,st4 ,john_/g was alike available to all--to the guilty as well as to the innocent4 ,and if it was too frequently a refuge for those who had set all laws at defiance1 it was happily still more so to the sick and the friendless2 to the helpless victim of oppression1 who from the horns of the altar appealed to heaven for redress2 and to the penitent1 who could find no escape from the snares of evil associates1 but in the confessional and the cloister4 ,it had been a difficult task1 in such circumstances1 to discriminate between the claims of those who1 in their distress1 flew to the sanctuary--between great criminals and true penitents2 and therefore it was better the gate should be open alike to all1 than that one sincere penitent should be driven back into a world which1 in the bitter hours of remorse1 he had resolved to abandon4 ,in such institutions there was a gentle union of wisdom and mercy1 which the refinement of later times has done much to loosen1 and little to perpetuate4 ,illustration3 ,the ,abbey ,church from the ,east4 g,of ,llanthony_/g1 as it now appears1 the following sketch is from the pen of a recent visitor2 and the contrast is picturesque and striking3-- 8,at the western end of the ,nave rise two towers--one of them1 with modernized doors and windows1 is inhabited4 ,an open arcade extends in front of part of the adjoining cloister1 and advancing through the open door it shaded1 we found ourselves in a long vaulted half-parlour half-kitchen1 with old arms suspended above the fire-place2 sides of bacon nobly flanking the whitewashed walls2 old chairs and cabinets1 and various minor articles of furniture1 all arranged with a neatness which betokened that the presiding genius of the place was feminine4 ,just as we had come to this conclusion1 forth stepped from an inner recess the gentle tenant of the abode of the ancient monks1 with a quiet simplicity of manner which went to the heart of a weary pilgrim1 and made him feel instantly as if at home1 and welcome4 ,a little repose1 and a cup of tea beside a blazing hearth--for even in summer the air is shrewd among these hills at evening--entirely refreshed us2 and just as the sun was going down in the west1 we sallied forth to see the ruins4 ,albeit the hospitality in early times was here dispensed by shaven monks1 and now by maidens fair1 there is a singular charm felt by all who visit ,llanthony1 in this quiet living within the precincts of the ,abbey1 which interests the imagination1 and helps to blend agreeably the past and present4 8,with this half-dreamy feeling ,i went forth1 and ascended a slight eminence to the westward1 whence the whole pile extended at length its ruined towers and arches1 half-buried in trees1 and overhung with the lofty hills which shut in the vale1 and opened no view to the distant world beyond4 ,these hills were cultivated half-way up their sides2 a few farms1 each sending up its column of smoke1 appeared at intervals1 with paths leading up into the wild heath that clothed the summits4 ,the evening sun cast a broad red light upon the west front and towers of the pile1 and half gilded the remaining portion4 ,i thought ,i had never beheld1 even among the secluded abbeys of the ,yorkshire dales1 anything more romantically serene4 ,it was getting dusk ere ,i could tear myself from the spot4 ,the moon was that evening at the full2 and it gave me the opportunity of rambling among the ruins1 before ,i repaired to my dormitory in the abbey tower1 which ,i ascended by a narrow flight of stone steps4 ,one might1 in idea1 have gone back to the olden time1 and fancied oneself a pilgrim in very earnest1 receiving hospitality from the ancient tenants of the place1 had it not been for the dainty whiteness of the bed1 which occupied a story of the old tower--far different1 ,i trow1 from the rude pallets of these romantic but uncomfortable ages40#cdf ,illustration3 ,llanthony ,abbey4 ,sir ,r4 ,colt ,hoare says1 that when his friend ,mr4 ,wyndham made the tour of ,wales1 in the year #aggg1 the ,eastern front of the abbey was standing1 but has since fallen2 and its design is now only preserved by the view engraven of it in his book4 ,when he accompanied ,mr4 ,coxe1 in the year #ahjj1 to make drawings for his historical tour through ,monmouthshire1 the western front still retained its superior elegance3 in the year #ahja1 one of the fine windows gave way2 and two years later he was a mournful eye-witness1 not only to the total downfall of the three windows which composed the principal ornament of the front1 but of some modern architectural innovations1 highly injurious to the picturesque appearance of this venerable structure4 ,it is a melancholy reflection to the traveller1 who repeats1 at certain intervals1 his visits to the many interesting spots selected by our ancestors1 either for military or religious establishments1 that at each visit he will1 most probably1 find them progressively verging to decay4 ,but ,llanthony1 even amidst its ruins1 still supplies the artist with many fine subjects for his pencil1 and furnishes ample matter of inquiry and investigation to the architect and antiquarian4 ,from certain data we have of its first construction1 about the year #aajh1 and subsequent desertion in #aacf1 we are enabled to ascertain the style of architecture then adopted in monastic buildings1 as there can be little doubt but that the ruins we now see are those of the original abbey4#cdg 99 99 99 99 99 g,summary_/g--,for the following details--slightly altered and abridged--we are indebted to a recent and popular ,description of ,llanthony ,priory1#cdh by the ,rev4 ,george ,roberts1 ,m4,a41 in which the ruins are traced with archological taste and accuracy3-- ,the west end is flanked by two low square massive g,towers_/g4 ,the one on the south was fitted up by ,colonel ,wood1 a former proprietor1 with apartments for the grousing season1 and is covered in with a sloping roof4 ,the ,abbot's lodging1 which joins on to the south side1 is also turned into a dwelling-house for the steward of the estate1 where visitors are obligingly accommodated4 ,the stone staircase is perfect in the south tower1 but broken in the north4 ,the staircases were lighted by five chinks4 ,each tower on the outward face is divided into five stages by bold string-courses2 the base is beveled off1 and the ground story is broad and plain4 ,the second and third stages are ornamented1 arcade-fashion1 on the side next to the west window1 and the arches are pointed4 ,the central compartment in each successive stage recedes4 ,in the lowest story1 two pointed windows have been disfigured by modern innovation4 ,in the centre of the second story1 a beautiful example of the round-headed ,norman window remains perfect to the depth of the wall2 the dripstone over it is plain in the north tower1 but in the south is terminated by two corbel-heads4 ,the third story is ornamented with a double long lancet-shaped blank window1 of great elegance in design2 the pointed heads spring from triple shafts with plain ,norman capitals4 ,between these towers1 thus ornamented so as to correspond1 stood the great g,west ,window_/g over the principal entrance1 already noticed4 ,joining on to the south tower1 there is a round-headed deep window1 with a broad trefoiled head1 belonging to a plain vaulted chamber called the g,prior's ,lodging_/g4 ,this chamber abuts upon the church1 and commences the conventual buildings4 ,entering by the west you see the interior of the whole church4 ,the g,nave_/g was separated from the two g,aisles_/g on each side by eight obtusely-pointed arches1 supported on massive pillars square without capitals2 the bases ornamented with ogee mouldings4 ,a round moulding1 deeply let in1 runs from the base entirely round the arch1 to the base on the opposite side4 g,the ,arches_/g on the north side still stand perfect4 ,on the south four only remain1 and these imperfect--two at each end of the ,nave4 ,the central arches fell in thirteen years ago 7#ahcg71 on ,ash-,wednesday1 without any external notice1 and whilst the family were at dinner4 ,had they fallen a few minutes sooner1 some person must have been killed4 ,the pressure of the clerestory windows1 which on this side were destroyed1 as upon the other1 overweighted the arches beneath1 and forced them in4 ,the four others remaining are in a very tottering condition--and would have fallen1 if ,mr4 ,webb1 the steward1 to whom the building is much indebted for its preservation1 had not built up some rude but well-intentioned buttresses2 which1 however much they may disfigure1 are essential to the strengthening of the remains4 ,he also ingeniously hooped with iron two of the pillars1 and by the application of the screw1 has managed to bring them back into their former position4 g,the ,side ,aisles_/g are completely down2 but the termination of the ,north ,aisle1 with the only specimen of the roof remaining1 is to be seen in the ,north ,tower of the west front4 ,here there is also a long1 deep1 round-headed ,norman window1 looking to the north4 ,the arch at the end of the ,nave1 next to the ,tower1 springs from a corbel1 consisting of three truncated pillars with capitals4 ,the bit of the groof_/g of the ,aisle which remains is heavily groined1 and formed by the intersection of round arches4 ,the flat wall buttress1 on either side of the ,tower1 has at the top a square moulding1 fluted1 from which springs an arch spanning the ,aisle--the only one of the series in existence4 ,this is the most acutely pointed in the whole building1 and gives an idea of the character of the rest belonging to the g,aisles_/g4 g,the ,arches_/g are divided from what seems to have been a triforium ,coxe1 who saw it when perfect1 calls it an upper tier of ,norman arches1 by a straight plain band4 ,between each arch is a corbel1 formed of three clustered pillars1 as before1 with plain ,norman capitals1 and worked off to a point1 where the base should have been1 six in number1 and from these1 evidently1 sprung the vaulted and groined roof4 ,in the interior1 above1 nothing remains but a double window1 pointed and elegant1 which seems to have formed the lower portion of the deep ,norman recessed arch1 through which the passage ran along to the ,bell-tower4 ,this may be clearly traced from the exterior of the building4 ,a low round-headed plain door connected each aisle with its contiguous transept4 ,the square g,bell-tower_/g was supported upon four large and noble pointed arches1 of which the west and the south1 together with the sides above them1 are standing2 although there is reason to fear for the latter1 from the pressure of the superincumbent building1 which has shattered and bowed it out4 ,only sixty years ago the ,bell-tower was thirty-seven feet higher than at present1 viz41 sixty-three feet1 as taken by an instrument--whence the entire height was at first exactly a hundred feet4 ,the ruin now reaches but a short way above the dripstone of the roof4 ,the west arch springs from a corbel of three stunted pillars1 clustered1 and terminating in a flower--the corbel on the opposite terminating in a square moulding of the ogee description4 ,the gable in the western arch is pierced by two small plain ,norman windows1 and has a third narrow-pointed window in the apex4 g,the ,staircase_/g communicating with the belfry is lighted by a round-headed window4 ,we may conjecture there were several bells in the tower--carried off to ,gloucester by ,prior ,roger4#cdi g,transepts4_/g--,nothing remains of the ,north ,transept but one side of the window4--,see the woodcut4--,the ,south ,transept is lighted upon the south by a double ,norman window1 the moulding and shaft plain1 the window eighteen feet by three2 and above them1 in the gable1 is a plain g,rose_/g window1 of which nothing but the circular rim remains4 ,the effect of this composition1 from its simplicity1 is exceedingly imposing4 ,a bold ,norman arch1 supported by a plain ,norman corbel pillar1 with a cushion capital1 communicates on the east1 from the transept1 with the ,lady ,chapel2 and one step from the ,tower leads into the ,choir4 g,the ,roof_/g was supported upon pillars--lofty with ,norman capitals4 ,one on the south is perfect1 and the base of the corresponding pillar is to be seen4 ,the string-course runs over this pillar1 and along the wall to the extremity of the ,choir4 ,at the distance of eighteen feet are traces of steps to the ,high g,altar_/g1 flanked on either side by triple pillars1 clustered2 the distance from these steps to the east window is also eighteen feet4 ,a long and exquisitely-proportioned round-headed window lighted the choir on the north side1 and is quite perfect1 except that the masonry above it is gone1 leaving the naked rim of the head standing alone1 with an effect at once graceful and melancholy4 ,the space on the south side points out where the corresponding window stood4 ,a gap shows the space occupied by the great east window1 which was standing in ,wyndham's time4 ,from his drawing1 it appears to have been a fine pointed window1 with tracery in the head1 and having two small ,norman lights in the gable above4 ,a few mouldings are still extant1 with slender shafts and ,norman capitals in the wall where it was inserted4 ,as you return from the east1 continues the historian of the ,abbey1 you are struck with two windows in the ,bell-tower on the south side1 in the second story4 ,they consist of a round-headed arch1 divided into two lights by a sturdy balustre1 standing in the middle of the wall1 and extending from its plinth to its capital1 right through the centre to the top of the arch4 ,beyond this1 in the thickness of the wall1 vestiges of a passage are discovered1 which seems to have formed a gallery round the tower4 ,a round-headed plain ,norman door1 the jambs being low pillars with cushion capitals1 at the west end of the choir1 on the south side1 leads into g,the ,lady ,chapel4_/g ,the slight remains of the corbels1 from which the roof sprung1 are here more elaborate in their work than in any other part of the building4 ,we had some difficulty in tracing out the foundation4 g,the ,chapter-house_/g#cej was built in contiguity to the south side of the south transept4 ,on the north side of it a stable is inserted1 which prevents accurate observation4 ,in a calf-pen or shed1 however1 we discovered the corresponding base of the columns to the other unencumbered side4 ,it seems to have been a spacious and elegant room1 of an oblong form1 lighted at the east and at the south1 where there is a deep recess1 and traces sufficient to warrant the surmise that there were three ,norman windows on that side4 ,the south wall is ornamented and divided into four compartments by clusters of triple pillars1 upon which the roof rested4 ,the east end narrows in1 and the entrance is from the west4 ,on the south of the church1 between the transept and the ,chapter-house1 is an g,oratory_/g--the chapel already named--with an engroined roof in complete preservation4 ,the central arch springs from a ,norman corbel on each side1 and two other arches form the angles of the building in the same manner4 ,by their intersection the roof is formed4 ,a deep ,norman window is fixed in the east wall4 ,the sides of the door consist of two pillars1 capitals with flowers1 and bases1 ogee-shaped4 ,south again of the chapter1 a large space for a doorway--the side pillars of which are partly standing--opens into g,the ,refectory_/g1 of which the slight traces still in existence1 defy anything like accuracy of detail4 ,a rude window1 chimney1 and vaults1 broken in and filled with rubbish1 show where the offices and kitchen lay4 ,beyond these is a splendid g,sewer_/g1 which has been mistaken by the common people to be the commencement of a subterraneous passage leading to 8,oldham ,castle10 under the mountains4 g,the ,vivarium_/g1 or ,fish-pond1 is east of the church1 and a mountain rill still runs through it4 ,the whole of the conventual buildings1 together with a close1 amounting to seven acres1 were surrounded by a wall4 ,at some little distance south-west from the church1 and divided from it by what is now a long meadow1 stand g,the ,hospitium_/g and ,porter's ,lodge--the first of which is a barn1 and has been enlarged for that purpose4 ,a fine pointed arch1 already alluded to1 under which was the entrance gateway1 still remains4 ,the pillars upon which it rests are immensely strong--the capitals ,norman and rudely carved4 ,above this were apartments lighted by two round-headed windows in the north gable2 and in the south gable1 by two windows with trefoil cusps1 and one round-headed4 ,an old fireplace above is also visible4 ,the arches on the other side are blocked up with solid masonry4 ,the ,porter's window is pointed1 and looks to the west4 ,in the 8bay0 of the barn1 and on a level with the ground1 on the west side1 is a window deeply set in the wall1 pointed2 and in a line with it1 a square open space1 like the top of a buttery-hatch1 with a large flat stone below1 whence probably the gdole_/g#cea was distributed4 99 99 99 99 99 g,,rules of ,st4 ,augustin4_/g--,of these1 the rules of ,llanthony--which the reader will find printed at full in the history of the g,order_/g#ceb--;a few extracts may here suffice4 g,a4_/g ,by the first rule1 or condition1 every candidate for admission into the ,order was called upon to relinquish all property4 ,he was to enter on a term of probation by the g,prior_/g4 ,no ,canon1 on taking leave of the ,order from necessity1 was permitted to take any property away with him4 ,if anything were offered him as a present1 he was not at liberty to accept it1 until he had obtained leave from the ,prior4 ,this rule was to apply equally to all1 from the ,superior downwards4 ,punishment was to be denounced for contumacy1 and offences to be declared to the g,prpositus_/g1 before whom all disagreements were to be laid for consideration and adjustment4 ,all property detained as above-mentioned1 through necessity1 was to be handed over to the g,superior_/g4 g,b4_/g ,they were carefully to remember what psalms were appointed to be sung at the stated hours1 and nightly readings after g,vespers_/g4 ,manual labour was to continue from morning until g,sext_/g2 and from ,sext till g,nones_/g was to be employed in reading4 ,after refection1 work was to be resumed till ,vespers4 ,in all matters of business connected with the convent1 two monks were to act in concert2 but none were permitted to eat or drink out of the house4 ,brothers sent to dispose of goods in public1 for the benefit of the convent1 were to be cautious of doing anything against the ,rule4 ,idle talk1 or gossiping1 was strictly forbidden2 and they were enjoined to proceed with their work in silence4 g,c4_/g ,the union1 or brotherhood1 was to subsist in one house4 ,food and raiment were to be distributed by the ,superior1 and everything was to be held and enjoyed in common4 ,due consideration was to be observed towards infirmity2 but no allowance to be made for pride on account of difference of birth4 ,concord was indispensable2 and in attending divine service at the appointed hours1 they were to observe the strictest punctuality4 ,they were not to make use of the church for any other service than that to which it was consecrated1 unless when1 out of the proper hours1 they found leisure and inclination for private prayer4 ,while chanting the psalmody1 they were to revolve and write the sentiment in their hearts4 ,nothing was to be sung but what was duly appointed4 ,they were bound to mortify the flesh by frequent abstinence and fasting2 and those who did not fast1 were to take nothing after the usual time of dining1 unless when sick4 ,the scriptures were to be read during meals in the g,refectory_/g4 ,to the sick a better kind of food was allowed2 but not to make the others discontented4 ,brothers of delicate habit1 or infirm health1 were to have diet and clothes suitable to their condition2 and such indulgence was not to excite envy or disgust in others4 ,the sick were to be treated with all the care which their cases required2 and as soon as they recovered their wonted health1 they were to return to the fixed rule and habit of the house4 g,d4_/g ,the g,habit_/g of the ,order was to be sober1 not conspicuous4 ,when they went abroad1 they were to walk two together1 and so remain at the journey's end4 ,in gait1 look1 habit1 or gesture1 everything that could be termed indecent or offensive1 was to be regarded as criminal4 ,they were not to fix their eyes upon women2 and when two were in church in the presence of women1 they were mutually to support each other1 in observing a serious and modest decorum--8invicem vestram pudicitiam custodite4 ,deus enim qui habitat in vobis1 etiam isto modo custodiet vos a vobis44440 ,all such offences or misdemeanours were to be punished by the ,superior4 ,the clandestine receipt of letters or presents was a punishable offence4 ,their clothes were to be taken from one common g,vestiary_/g1 and their food from one ,larder4 ,all vestments presented by relatives were to be stored in the common ,vestiary4 ,all labour was to be considered as done for the common good4 ,he who stole1 and he who concealed his knowledge of a theft1 were to be punished with equal severity4 g,e4_/g ,their clothes1 and the linen of the house1 according to the order of the ,superior1 were to be washed either by themselves or by fullers4 ,in cases of illness1 ablutions were to be used according to the physician's advice2 or1 on refusal1 by order of the ,superior4 ,they were to go to the baths only by two or three1 and were then to be accompanied by a person duly appointed by the ,superior4 ,the sick were to have an g,infirmarer_/g2 and cellarers1 chamberlains1 or librarians1 were to serve the brethren with cheerfulness and good-will4 g,books_/g could not be obtained for perusal but at the stated hours4 ,clothes and shoes were to be given out when needed4 ,no litigations or quarrels were permitted4 ,if a difference arose1 it was to be instantly adjusted or put to silence by the authorities4 ,for all offences1 satisfaction--for all wrongs1 retribution--was to be given2 and the offended were commanded to practise1 in all cases1 the sacred duty of forgiveness towards the offender4 g,f4_/g ,harsh or uncharitable expressions were to be carefully avoided2 and if hastily uttered1 they were to be followed by an immediate apology4 ,obedience to the ,superior was strictly enjoined2 but if1 in the exercise of his duty1 he spoke harshly to any one1 he was not to be called upon for any apology4 ,they were to yield cheerful obedience to the head over them2 but chiefly to the g,priest_/g1 or ,presbyter1 on whom devolved the care of the whole house4 ,if1 in any emergency1 the ,superior found his authority unequal to the occasion1 he was to have recourse to that of the ,priest1 or g,elder_/g4 ,the ,superior was bound to exercise his authority in the spirit of ,christian charity and meekness1 yet with firmness and impartiality4 ,to be practically strict in discipline2 but so to demean himself towards the brethren1 as rather to win their love by kindness than excite their fear by severity2 to set before their eyes an example of godly life2 to excite imitation1 and conciliate affection4#cec ,the ,rule of g,st4 ,augustin_/g1 it has been observed1 is more courteous than that of g,st4 ,benedict_/g2 for among the ,canons-,regular1 every brother is well shod1 well clothed1 and well fed2 they go out when they like1 mix with the world1 and converse at table4 ,the ,rule of ,st4 ,augustin was followed by the ,dominicans2 but with severe additions in food1 fasts1 bedding1 garments1 and utter dereliction of property4--,see and compare the ,cistercian g,rule_/g1 as given in the foregoing article on ,tinterne ,abbey4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,fg,,ounder4_/g--,hugh de ,laci was an adventurer in the suite of ,william the ,conqueror2 and1 like most of his ,norman followers and compatriots1 received in compensation of services1 or in testimony of the royal favour1 certain grants of land from which the ancient ,saxon nobility had been expelled4 ,all that we learn of his subsequent career is1 that he founded the ,priory of g,llanthony_/g in the manner already described1 spent his days in strict religious seclusion1 and departed this life in the odour of sanctity--but without issue4 ,his possessions1 therefore1 were divided between his two surviving sisters1 ,ermeline and ,emma--the former of whom died without heirs2 and the latter1 married to a gentleman1 whose name has not descended to posterity1 had by her husband a son named g,gilbert_/g de ,laci4 ,the latter1 by his marriage with a lady unknown to the chronicler1 had two sons1 g,hugh_/g and g,walter_/g de ,laci4 ,hugh died without issue1 and ,walter espoused ,margery1 daughter of ,matilda de g,s4 ,walerick_/g1 wife of ,william gde ,brewes_/g4 ,to this family were born several sons and daughters2 all of whom died without heirs1 except g,gilbert_/g de ,laci1 who took to wife the ,lady ,isabella1 one of the five daughters of the great warrior ,william1 ,earl g,marshall_/g1 of whose family history and exploits some account has been given in our notice of ,tinterne ,abbey4 g,margery_/g1 daughter of the above-named ,gilbert and ,isabella de ,laci1 was married to ,john gde ,verdon_/g2 and at the death of her father1 who left no male issue1 she became joint heiress with her sister ,matilda1 the wife of ,galfrid gde ,genevile_/g4 ,from g,walter_/g de ,laci1 the right of all his inheritance descended to a certain g,gilbert_/g de ,laci1 as his son and heir2 and from the said ,gilbert1 in default of male issue1 it descended to his two sisters ,margery and ,matilda aforesaid1 co-heiresses2 between whom the family property left by their father was equally divided4 ,the above-named ,margery1 as we have said1 married ,john de ,verdon2 and to g,nicholas_/g1 her son by this marriage1 descended all the property she inherited from her father4 ,from ,nicholas1 who died without legitimate issue1 the family estates passed to his adopted brother g,theobald_/g1 as his brother and heir4 ,from ,theobald1 in like manner1 they descended to g,john_/g2 from whom1 having no heirs1 they descended to g,william_/g1 who also dying childless1 they descended to ,johanna1 ,elizabeth1 ,margery1 ,isabella1 and ,catherine1 daughters and coheiresses of the above-named ,theobald de ,verdon4 ,of these1 ,catherine dying unmarried1 her share of the property fell in equal proportions to her sisters2 the eldest of whom wedded ,thomas gde ,furnivall_/g3 ,elizabeth1 the second daughter1 married ,bartholomew gde ,burghersh_/g2 ,margery1 the third daughter1 ,william g,blount_/g2 and ,isabella took to husband ,henry gde ,ferrers_/g--names well known in history4 99 99 99 99 99 g,baldwin_/g1 the ,bishop above named1 was a native of ,exeter1 where he received1 what was considered in those days1 a liberal education2 and in the early part of his life discharged the functions of a grammar-school in that city4 ,after taking holy orders he was made ,archdeacon of ,exeter2 but soon quitting the duties of that office1 he took the habit of the ,cistercian ,order in the ,monastery of ,ford1 in ,devonshire1 of which1 in a few years afterwards1 he was elected ,abbot4 ,he was next promoted to the episcopal dignity1 and on the #ajth of ,august1 #aahj1 consecrated ,bishop of ,worcester4 ,on the death of ,richard1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 four years later1 he was translated to that see--though not without difficulty1 from his being the first of the ,cistercian ,order in ,england who had ever been promoted to the archiepiscopal dignity4 ,he was enthroned at ,canterbury1 ,may the #aith1 #aahe1 and the same day received the bull from ,pope ,lucius ,,iii41 whose successor1 ,urban ,,iii41 appointed him to the office of ,legate for the diocese of ,canterbury4 ,soon after his installation1 he began to build a church and monastery at ,hackington1 near ,canterbury1 in honour of 8,st4 ,thomas ,becket10 for the reception of secular priests2 but1 being violently opposed by the monks of ,canterbury supported by the ,pope's authority1 he was compelled to abandon his undertaking4 ,on the third of ,september1 #aaij1 he solemnly performed the ceremony of crowning g,king ,richard_/g the ,first--,cur-de-,lion--in the palace of ,westminster4 ,the same year1 the ,king having given the see of ,york to his natural brother1 ,geoffrey1 ,bishop of ,lincoln1 g,baldwin_/g took occasion to assert the pre-eminence of the see of ,canterbury1 forbidding the ,bishops to receive consecration from any other than the ,archbishop himself4 ,the next year1 designing to follow ,king ,richard into the ,holy ,land1 he made the 8,itinerarium0 into ,wales already alluded to2 visited the ,abbey of g,llanthony_/g1 which he described in the words already quoted2 said mass pontifically in all the cathedral churches1 and persuaded many of the ,welsh to quit their homes and take part in the crusade4 ,after completing this progress1 he returned to ,canterbury2 and then1 embarking at ,dover with the ,bishop of ,salisbury1 sailed for the ,holy ,land1 where he joined the ,king's army in ,syria4 ,shortly after his arrival1 however1 he was seized with a mortal distemper1 and died at the siege of ,acre1 or ,ptolemais1 where he was buried with all the solemnity due to a great luminary of the church4#ced g,descent4_/g--,at the period of the dissolution of monasteries1 ,llanthony ,abbey was given to ,richard1 or ,nicholas ,arnold2 then sold to ,auditor ,harley1 and remained in the ,oxford family1 until sold again to ,colonel 7afterwards ,sir ,mark7 ,wood1 of ,persefield1 near ,chepstow2 from whom it passed to the present owner1 ,,walter ,,savage ,,landor1 ,esq4 g,arms_/g of ,llanthony ,abbey3 8,party per pale azure and purpure on chevron argent1 between three oak-branches argent1 three marigolds proper40--,dugdale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we now close the subject of ,llanthony with the late ,mr4 ,southey's ,,inscription ,,for ,a ,,monument ,,in ,,the ,,vale ,,of ,,ewias4 ,here was it1 ,stranger1 that the g,patron ,saint_/g ,of ,cambria passed his age of penitence1 ,a solitary man2 and here he made ,his g,hermitage_/g2 the roots his food1 his drink ,of ,honddy's mountain stream4 ,perchance thy youth ,has read with eager wonder1 how the g,knight_/g ,of ,wales1 in ,ormandine's enchanted bower1 ,slept the long sleep2 and if that in thy veins ,flows the pure blood of ,britain1 sure that blood ,has flowed with quicker impulse at the tale ,of g,dafydd's_/g deeds1 when through the press of war ,his gallant comrades followed his green crest ,to conquests6 ,stranger6 ,hatterill's mountain heights1 ,and this fair vale of g,ewias_/g1 and the stream ,of ,honddy1 to thine after-thoughts will rise ,more grateful--thus associate with the name ,of g,dafydd_/g1 and the deeds of other days4 ,,authorities quoted or referred to in the preceding article on ,llanthony ,abbey3--,dugdale's ,monasticon and ,baronage1 and their ,commentaries--,tanner's ,notitia ,monastica--,spelman's ,glossar4 ,archologicum--,hist4 of the ,reformation--,histories of ,monmouth1 by ,hoare1 ,coxe1 and others--,giraldus ,cambrensis--,howel's ,hystorie--,hallam's ,middle ,ages--,camden's ,britannia--,speed--,hollinshed--,robert of ,glo'ster--,roberts' ,history of ,llanthony ,abbey--,thomas' ,history of ,owen ,glendower--,collins--,notes by ,correspondents1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,usk ,castle ,town4 ,,uske ,,castle1 g,monmouthshire_/g4 ,,here still the feudal bulwark frowns1 ,with many a tale of siege and sally2 ,and there the mouldering ,abbey crowns ,the silent and secluded valley4 ,and still1 when ,twilight spreads her wings1 ,by ,abbey wall or ,castle hoary1 ,the pilgrim hears harmonious strings ,struck to the theme of g,cambria's_/g glory4 ,again--from yonder halls of state1 ,where now the hermit-owl is dwelling-- ,in song1 assembled ,bards relate ,the daring deeds of bold g,llewellyn_/g4 ,again from yonder ,abbey choir-- ,its dim religious lights revealing-- ,the lofty strains of g,david's_/g lyre ,from arch and pillared aisles are pealing4 ,but no6 the morning's ruddy beam-- ,the breath of day--is on the river2 ,and all that peopled ,fancy's dream ,is scattered in its light for ever4 ,illustration3 ,tg,,he ,,castle_/g of ,uske occupies a commanding position--an abrupt rocky eminence which overlooks the town1 river1 and valley1 which were once the property of its feudal lords4 ,it is a domestic fortress of great antiquity1 and with the advantages of its natural site1 strengthened and improved by all the appliances of military art--art as it was practised in the days of chivalry--these mouldering walls1 though now stripped of all their massive proportions1 must have presented a bold and almost impregnable aspect4 ,the lapse of centuries1 however1 has materially changed its appearance2 and the ,castle that once entertained the redoubtable g,strongbow_/g and his companions1 is now little more than a mass of ruins--the chief recommendation of which is its picturesque character as a prominent feature in the landscape4 ,the ruins consist merely of a shell1 enclosing an area or court1 and some outworks on the west1 formed by two straight walls converging one to the other1 and strengthened at their union by a round tower1 as represented in the accompanying woodcut4 ,at the extremity of the south wall is a grand pointed gateway1 with grooves for a portcullis1 which was the principal entrance4 ,the upper part has been converted into a farm-house with considerable additions4 ,illustration3 ,tower in ,uske ,castle4 ,like other castles of its style and period1 it consists of straight walls1 fortified with round and square towers1 and no apertures externally but loopholes or illets1 except where these have been enlarged for modern use and convenience4 ,several of the apartments have chimneys--a comparatively modern refinement4 ,the baronial hall measures forty-eight by twenty-four feet2 far inferior in dimensions to some of the halls already described1 but still a noble apartment1 and dignified from its association with ,strongbow and his knights1 whose occasional rendezvous was within these walls4 ,at the time of the ,roman occupation1 this county formed part of the ,silurian territory1 which included also the counties of ,glamorgan1 ,brecknock1 ,radnor1 and ,hereford2 and in order to secure the conquest of this part of the country1 the new masters were compelled to form a range of strongly fortified posts4 ,no less than five stations were erected in that part of ,siluria included in ,gwentland1 as at ,caerwent1 ,caerleon1 ,abergavenny1 ,monmouth1 and ,uske4 ,in the attempts of the ,saxon monarchs to subjugate ,wales1 the ,gwentians1 or inhabitants of ,monmouthshire1 opposed the most formidable resistance2 nor does it appear that they were ever vanquished during the ,saxon period4 ,the ,conqueror1 however1 adopted a new and more effective mode of curbing their resistance4 ,he directed his barons to make incursions at their own expense1 and gave them leave to hold the lands they conquered in capite of the crown4 ,these feudal tenures became petty royalties2 the barons became despots1 and1 intrenched in their fortified castles1 assumed independent sovereignty1 until these baronial governments were abolished by ,henry ,,viii41 who divided ,wales into counties4 g,the river_/g ,uske takes its rise from a lake on the northern side of the ,bannau-,sir-,gaer1 in ,carmarthenshire1 and after running first north and then east as far as ,brecknock1 is joined by the ,honddi1 which1 as already described1 waters the monastic vale of ,ewias4 ,it then flows south-east as far as ,abergavenny1 and in this part of its course is joined by the ,grwyneu-fawr1 and about three miles below this it enters ,monmouth4 ,the extent of its course is about sixty miles1 every portion of which is distinguished more or less by scenes of pastoral and picturesque beauty--enhanced by vestiges of ancient encampments1 religious edifices1 and feudal strongholds4 ,the river is spanned at ,uske by a stately bridge of five arches4 ,the annexed woodcut1 with which we close this brief notice1 represents a chamber in the ,castle1 with an arched window and a fireplace1 comparatively modern4 ,chimneys do not seem to have been introduced much before the time of ,henry the ,eighth1 as appears from the following extract from ,leland's ,itinerary3--8,one thynge ,i much notyed in the haule of ,bolton10 built temp4 ,rich4 ,,ii41 8how chimneys were conveyed by tunnels made in the syds of the wauls1 betwyxt the lights in the haule2 and by this means1 and by no others1 is the smoke of the harthe in the haule wonder strangely carrayed40#cee ,previously to this period1 the smoke was suffered to escape from the louvre1 or lantern-turret in the roof1 in large halls and kitchens1 the fire being made of logs of wood laid on iron or brass dogs1 in the centre of the room4 ,but in the smaller rooms1 like that in the woodcut1 fireplaces were built1 the arches or chimney-pieces of which often remain2 but the chimney itself was carried up only a few feet1 where an aperture was left in the wall for the smoke to escape1#cef and there was frequently a window over the fireplace1 as in the hall at ,raglan4#ceg g,uske_/g is supposed to occupy the site of the ,roman ,burrium--the ,bullum of ,ptolemy2 it stands on a point of land formed by the confluence of the two rivers1 ,uske and ,olway1 and the situation is considered to be one of the most beautiful in ,south ,wales4 ,the successive ranges of woods and hills on each side of the river are richly varied and picturesque2 while every year adds something to the natural embellishment of the scene1 by the distribution of fruit and forest trees--for which the soil is naturally adapted--and that growing taste for agriculture and rural improvement which is everywhere conspicuous in the county of ,monmouth4 ,the boundaries and outlines of the valley--which is everywhere pleasing--perpetually vary as the points of view are changed2 so that every change in his position opens to the spectator a new combination of features which pass before him like a moving panorama-- 8,ever changing1 ever new40 ,illustration3 ,a ,chamber in the ,castle4 g,uske_/g has a melancholy pre-eminence among the strongholds of this county1 as a point at which the fury of intestine war was often lighted into flames4 ,during the long and disastrous warfare with ,owen ,glendower1 it was subjected to every species of hardship and oppression4 ,from the battle of ,uske1 when the ,cambrian chief was defeated and driven into the mountains1 it remained in possession of the royal troops2 but while it suffered the fate of a vanquished post1 it derived little support from the victors2 for whatever standard floated from its walls1 it was only the signal of systematic oppression4 ,from the military chronicle of those unhappy times1 we take the following particulars of the g,battle of ,uske4_/g ,this was the last effort on the part of ,owen ,glendower to drive the ,english from the frontier4 ,having assembled an army of eight thousand men enthusiastically attached to him1 he prosecuted his march through scenes of fire and bloodshed--desolating the country1 ravaging the ,marches1 and practising every cruelty which the spirit of revenge could suggest4 ,grosmont#ceh--or more probably ,uske--was given to the flames4 ,this marauding division was opposed by a handful of men commanded by ,sir ,gilbert ,talbot--joined by ,sir ,william ,newport and ,sir ,john ,geindre--on the #aath of ,march1 and cut to pieces1 no quarter being given except to one person1 whom young ,henry1 in his despatch to his father1 styles #8un grand chieftyn entre eulx2' and humanely adds1 that 8he would have sent him this prisoner1 but that he could not ride with ease40 ,prince ,henry at the time of this action was at ,hereford--at the head of the army1 with which he was to open the campaign--when the news of the victory reached him4 ,the ancient ,britons1 who lost a thousand men in this battle1 appear to have fought with less than their accustomed valour4 ,they were probably raw recruits1 without good officers or strict discipline2 and without ,glendower's presence to direct and animate them in the charge1 they appear to have fallen an easy prey to the enemy4 ,the interception of young ,march1 and this defeat1 hastened the fall of ,glendower2 but1 resolved to make a strong effort to retrieve his lost credit in the field1 he sent one of his sons with another army1 which1 on being joined by many fugitives from the late disaster1 was found sufficiently strong to risk another engagement4 ,this took place on the #aeth of the same month2 but the results were still more disastrous than on the previous battle2 for of the ,welsh army fifteen hundred were slain or taken prisoners4 ,tudor1 the brother of ,owen1 was left dead on the field2 while his son1 who had the chief command1 was made prisoner1 and retained as a hostage in the ,english camp4 ,the historian relates that so great was the personal resemblance between ,owen and his brother ,tudor1 that when the dead body of the latter was discovered in the field1 it was immediately reported that ,glendower himself had fallen1 and that1 with the death of their leader1 the ,welsh must necessarily abandon the contest4 ,on closer examination1 however1 it was found that the exultation thus spread through the ,english camp was premature2 for although the resemblance was very striking1 it was observed that a wart over the eye--a mark which distinguished the 8great ,owen0--was not to be traced in the present individual1 and it was at once admitted that ,tudor1 and not ,owen1 had fallen in the conflict4 ,prince ,henry1 according to ,carte1#cei commanded at this battle1 supposed to have taken place near ,uske4 ,wynne also mentions an action fought on the same day on which the son of ,owen was made prisoner2 and the number of those slain and made prisoners1 coincides with the above account of ,mr4 ,pennant1 but the scene of action is removed to ,uske1 where he says 8the ,welsh received a sad blow from the ,prince of ,wales' men40 ,in the history of this period there is a confusion which ,mr4 ,pennant thus clears up3--,hollinshed mentions another defeat sustained by the ,welsh in the month of ,may1 in which ,griffith ,yonge1 ,owen's chancellor1 was made prisoner4 ,but in this1 according to ,pennant1 the chronicler confounds this battle with the action near ,grosmont4 ,if ,yonge was the 8grand chieftyn0 there made prisoner1 which is questionable1 he must have soon escaped from the power of the ,english1 or have been released1 as he is a witness the following year to a pardon granted by ,owen to one ,ieuan ,goch4 ,here ,mr4 ,thomas#cfj suggests that the two accounts by ,hollinshed and ,wynne might be reconciled1 by allowing that a battle was actually fought at ,uske1 subsequent to that on the #aeth of ,march4 ,dates among earlier writers are often uncertain1 always perplexing4 ,but ,uske in many parts bears evident marks of ,owen's desolating system of warfare2 a ruinous aspect bespeaks its having been stormed by an enemy at no remote date2 and all these circumstances deriving weight from local tradition--which corroborates the surmise1 and attributes the havoc to ,glendower--,uske may be fairly set down as the scene of devastation referred to in the text4#cfa g,craig-y-,gaeryd_/g1 near ,uske1 is supposed to have been a ,roman camp4 ,it covers the brow of a precipice overhanging the eastern bank of the river1 and is now overgrown with copsewood2 but in many places the intrenchments are thirty feet deep4 ,within the area are several tumuli from fifteen to twenty feet high4 ,from the small torrent of g,berden_/g1 near this point1 some authors have derived the name of ,burrium1 as being placed at its confluence with the river ,uske4#cfb ,with regard to these camps and intrenchments1 ,mr4 ,king1 in his 8,monumenta ,antiqua10 supposes that most of the strong intrenchments on the summits of natural hills must be attributed to ,britons1 although subsequent conquerors might have occupied them4 ,they are designated1 indiscriminately1 ,roman camps1 ,danish forts1 or ,saxon intrenchments1 but often erroneously4 ,the ,roman camps were quadrangular1 divided into a pavilion for the general and chief officers1 and another portion for the tents of the common soldiers4 ,it was fortified with a ditch and parapet1 termed fossa and vallum4 ,the ,danes did not undergo the labour of erecting them on the high hills where they are often found1 nor run the risk of being cooped up and starved in them during their invasions2 nor can we suppose them to be their work after they settled here as conquerors4 ,the great castle of ,norwich1 built by ,canute1 and the great tower at ,bury1 prove their civilization and skill in architecture4 ,neither could these hill-camps be ,saxon4 ,during the ,heptarchy1 they erected fortresses of stones4 ,besides1 their earth-works were encampments on plain ground with double ditches1 and with either the whole or part of the area raised above the level of the adjacent country1 and sometimes with a very small mount for a watchguard4 ,the magnificence of the ,norman castles1 still splendid in their ruins1 will not allow them to have had any share in throwing up these rude intrenchments4 ,they must1 therefore1 have been the strongholds of the ancient ,britons1 where their families were lodged1 and their cattle housed1 on any emergency or invasion4#cfc g,the ,church_/g1 dedicated to ,st4 ,mary1 is an ancient structure of ,anglo-,norman origin1 but apparently curtailed in its dimensions to suit the diminished population of modern ,uske4 ,the square embattled tower which now stands at the east1 formerly occupied the centre1 and communicated with a transept and choir4 ,four pointed arches now separate the nave from the north aisle4 ,the windows are ornamented ,gothic1 or rather ,norman2 and the porches1 though not elegant1 are in the same style4 ,this was the ,priory ,church2 and of the conventual building1 the remains are seen on the south-east side of the tower4 ,from the churchyard1 a circular arched portal leads through the court to the ancient edifice now converted into a farm-house4 ,it was founded by one of the ,clare family as a priory for five ,benedictine nuns1 about the middle of the thirteenth century4 ,in an apartment on the first floor1 the frieze of the ceiling is ornamented with thirty devices1 and emblazoned coats of arms4 ,at the ,dissolution1 this priory was valued at #fi4 #is4 #h;d4 per annum2 and the site granted to ,roger ,williams of ,langibby4 ,rowland ,williams of ,langibby was distinguished by ,queen ,elizabeth and ,james the ,first1 and received the honour of knighthood4 ,his grandson1 ,sir ,trevor ,williams1 was created a baronet in consideration of his services and loyal attachment to g,charles_/g the ,first4 g,founder4_/g--,tanner1 quoting from a ,,ms4 in the office of ,first ,fruits1 says they accounted ,sir ,richard de ,clare and ,sir ,gilbert his son1 ,earls of the ,marches1 for their ,founders1 and prayed for them as such2 for which1 at the time of the ,dissolution1 an allowance appears to have been made amongst the reprises4 ,the temporalities of this priory are thus valued in ,pope ,nicholas's ,taxation1 ,a4,d4 #abia3--,priorissa de ,uska habet viginti quatuor acras terr qu valent per annum viii4s43 ,de annuo redditu1 vi4s4 viii4d41 de ,molendino4 ibidem x4s41 de perquisitis cur4 v4s4 ,item1 habet apud ,shirencnewt ,shire ,newton8 de reddit1 assis4 iii4s4 ,summa #a4 #abs4 #h;d4 ,among the spiritualities of the diocese of ,llandaff1 we find the following churches1 of which the priory and convent of ,uske appear to have been patrons1 namely1 ,raglan1 ,mykenny1 ,uske1 ,langrerion1 ,lampadock1 and ,lamyhangel4 ,in another place1 it is said3--,capitulam ,landav4 percipit de tenentibus de ,landconyan unam marcam1 et illam reddunt luminar4 prioratus de ,uske4 ,in the diocese of ,worcester1 we find1 8,porcio prioriss in capell4 de ,hatherlo j4l4 ,the gross value of this priory #bfth ,hen4 ,,viii4 was rated at #fi4 #is4 #h;d41 the clear income at #ee4 #ds4 #e;d4 ,the site and other lands were granted #bhth ,hen4 ,,viii4 to ,roger ,williams1 grandfather of ,sir ,trevor ,williams of whom ,cromwell speaks in his letter from ,pembroke4 ,at the ,dissolution1 ,elen ,williams was the lady prioress4 ,in the ,lord ,treasurer's ,remembrancer's office is the following3--8,uske3 ,de ,elizea ,john ap ,jevan vidua1 occasionat4 ad ostendendum quo titulo tenet domum et situm ,prioratus de ,uske1 et alias terras in comitatu ,monmouth4 ,that the said widow be called upon to show by what title she holds the house and site of the ,priory of ,uske1 and other lands in the county of ,monmouth40 ,leland describes it briefly as 8a priory of ,nunnes at ,cair ,uske1 a flite shot from the castel40 ,an impression from the conventual seal of this priory is extant in the ,chapter-house at ,westminster1 attached to the acknowledgment of ,supremacy4 #be ,hen4 ,,viii4 ,it represents the ,virgin ,mary seated on an ornamented chair between two pilasters1 the infant ,jesus in her lap4 ,above are a crescent and star1 the legend--,s4 ,s,e ,,marie ,,et ,,conventus ,,de ,,uske4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the emblematical devices and emblazoned arms already mentioned1 as covering the frieze of the ceiling in the chief apartment1 are supposed to represent the armorial bearings of the various benefactors of the priory4 g,prioresses4_/g--,the last ,prioress1 or ,superieure1 was the above-named 8,elen ,williams40 ,among the ,gilbertine ,nuns there were three prioresses1 one of whom presided in turn1 and had then the first stall--one of her coadjutors standing on the right hand1 the other on the left4 ,the presiding ,prioress held the ,chapter1 enjoined the penances1 granted all the licences or allowances1 visited the sick1 or caused them to be visited by one of her companions4 ,she had obedience and respect paid to her by all4 ,the food was delivered by the ,cellaress1 but the vestments of the ,nuns were cut1 sewed1 and divided by the ,prioress4 ,she could not sit near any man in their house1 unless some discreet sister sat between them4 ,the ,prioress was to endeavour to visit the ,nuns1 unless when she was in the kitchen1 or confined to her dortoire by sickness4 ,if any sister wished to confess1 she signified her desire to the ,prioress1 if she was in the cloister or church2 or she confessed to her1 or to any person authorised to act for her4 ,on holidays she sent some 8learned nun0 with a book to her sisters1 to teach them somewhat that might operate to the profit of their souls1 or confirm the rigour of the ,order4 ,she presided over the ,chapter of the ,sisters1 and one of her coadjutors often took their veni in the evening ,chapter4 ,on festival days she visited them 8if she had time10 and diligently inquired of their strict observance of the rules of the ,order4 ,if she left the dormitory after dinner1 or after complin1 she did not go out unless with attendant nuns4 ,she was obliged to indicate the cause of her departure to the ,prior of all4 ,if she left the church through sickness1 she confessed in the ,chapter1 and no one stood in her stall except at ,mass1 and when necessity required it4--,brit4 ,monach4 ,she was bound to shun conferring with the ,scrutatrices1 or sister-visitors1 from other houses1 that were deputed to her2 or to make search for anything except in the common ,chapter4 ,if she was in the ,infirmary1 she was required to conduct herself more reservedly2 and not to speak with more than two together1 and that only in a 8bounded place10 unless1 perhaps1 necessity compelled her to talk with more for the sake of consultation2 or when she happened to hold the ,chapter of the ,sick4 ,she had authority1 upon emergencies1 to hold the ,chapter of the ,convent1 and receive confessions1 and if she was confined by severe illness1 she could1 like the rest1 talk and give her directions in bed4#cfd g,uske_/g enjoys the hereditary distinction of having been the 8residence of ,richard1 ,duke of ,york1 and the birth-place of his two sons1 ,edward the ,fourth1 and ,richard the ,third20 names which have furnished many stirring incidents1 many sparkling and many disastrous achievements to the ,british annals4 ,the town of ,uske is disposed in the form of an oblong square1 the principal street forming the public road to ,abergavenny4 ,the corporation consists of a mayor or bailiff1 a community1 and burgesses2#cfe and in the town-house are held the petty sessions for the upper division of the hundred of ,uske4 ,the only native manufacture is that of japan ware4 ,the river is famous for trout1 particularly salmon trout-- 8,so fresh1 so sweete1 so red1 so crimpe withal10#cff which1 in conventual times1 afforded an ample supply to the numerous religious communities on its banks1 to whom a carneous diet was only permitted as an occasional indulgence4 ,epicures confirm the ancient reputation of the river in this respect2 and during the season1 the disciples of ,isaak ,walton1 and the readers of ,sir ,humphrey ,davy's 8,salmonia10 are constant visitors to the banks of the ,uske1 which1 by way of climax1 is said to produce better sport for the angler than any other river in ,wales--or even the ,severn--a quality which has become proverbial4 8,though bright the waters of the ,towy1 ,the ,wye1 the ,severn1 and the ,tivy2 ,yet1 well ,i wot1 they cannot shew ye ,such salmon as the ,uske can give ye6 ,it was--7we choose not to go farther7-- ,the favoured dish of bold ,king g,arthur_/g2 ,who1 when he chose like king to dine1 ,went down to ,uske with rod and line1 ,and there drew slily to the bank ,such trout as best became his rank2 ,sometimes by twains1 at others singly1 ,but always with a twitch so kingly1 ,the salmon seemed as much delighted1 ,as if they really had been #8knighted6' ,no wonder1 for they quickly found ,an entre at the g,table ,round_/g1 ,where1 seated with his gallant knights1 ,those heroes of a hundred fights2-- #8,leave1' quoth he1 #8acorns in the husk1 ,here's glorious salmon from the ,uske6'0 c4 ,illustration3 ,pembroke ,castle ,,pembroke ,,castle1 g,pembrokeshire_/g4 8,hic exarmatum terris cingentibus quor1 ,clauditur1 et placidam descit servare quietem40 8,in agro totius ,walli amnissimo1 principale provinci municipium ,demetiq4 caput1 in ,saxosa quadam et oblonga rupis in capite bifurco complectitur4 ,unde ,britannis g,pembro_/g dicitur1 quod caput marinum sonat1 et nobis ,penbroke40--,gyrald4 g,earldom4_/g--8,there have been divers ,earls of ,pembroke10 says ,camden1 8out of sundry houses4 ,as for g,arnulph_/g of ,montgomery1 who first wonne it1 and was afterwards outlawed1 and his castellan g,girald_/g1 whom ,king ,henry the ,first made afterwards president over the whole country1 ,i dare scarcely affirm that they were g,earles_/g4 ,the first that was styled ,earle of ,pembroke was ,gilbert1 surnamed #8,strongbow1'#cfg son of ,gilbert de ,clare1 in the time of ,king g,stephen_/g4 ,this ,gilbert1 or ,gislebert1 de ,clare1 let it unto his sonne1 the said ,richard ,strongbow1 the renowned conqueror of ,ireland1 and descended1 as ,gyraldus informs us1 8ex clara ,clarenium familia0--the noble family of ,clare1 or ,clarence4 ,his only daughter1 g,isabel_/g1#cfh brought the same honour to her husband1 ,william1 surnamed the g,mareschal_/g1 for that his ancestours had beene by inheritance mareschals of the ,king's palace1 a man most glorious in war and peace1#cfi and protector of the kingdome in the minority of g,k4 ,henry_/g the ,third1#cgj concerning whom this pithie epitaph is extant in ,rodburne's ,annales3 #8,sum quem ,saturnus1'#cga c41 which is thus done into ,english-- #8,whom ,ireland once a ,saturn found1 ,england a sunne to be2 ,whom ,normandie1 a ,mercury1 and ,france1 ,mars1--,i am he4'0 8,after him10 continues our authority1 8his five sons were successively1 one after another1 ,earles of ,pembroke2 namely1 ,william1 called the younger2 ,richard1 who1 after he had rebelled against ,king ,henry the ,third1 went into ,ireland1 where he was slain in battle2 ,gilbert1 who1 in a tournament at g,ware_/g1#cgb was unhorsed1 and so killed2 ,walter and ,anselm1 who severally enjoyed the honor but a few daies2 and all dying without issue1 the ,king invested in the honor of this earldome ,william de g,valentia_/g1 his brother by the mother's side1 who had to wife ,joan1 daughter of ,gwarin de g,montchensi_/g1 by the daughter of the foresaid ,william the ,mareschal40 ,of this ,earl ,valence we read1 shortly after this1 that the ,king1 solemnizing the festival of ,st4 g,edward's_/g translation1 in the church at ,westminster1 with great state1 sitting on his royal throne in 8a rich robe of ,baudekyn10 and the crown on his head1 caused this ,william de ,valence1 with divers other young noblemen1 to be brought before him1 and so girt him with the sword of knighthood4 ,in a tournament held at ,bruckley1 it is said that he much abused ,sir ,william g,adingsells_/g1 a valiant knight1 through the countenance of ,richard1 ,earl of ,gloucester4 ,the following year he was signed with the gcross_/g1 together with the ,king himself1 and divers other noble persons1 in order to an expedition to the ,holy ,land2 and at the same time he obtained the ,king's precept to ,robert ,walrane1 to distrain all such persons as did possess any of the property belonging to ,joan his wife1 one of the cousins and heirs to ,walter ,mareschal1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 to perform their suit to the county of ,pembroke1 as they had wont to do in the time of that earl4#cgc ,this ,earl g,valence_/g was present at the battle of ,lewes1 some particulars of which have been detailed in the first volume of this work4 8,when he had lost the day1 and with the ,prince was made prisoner1 ,william de ,valence1 then called ,earl of ,pembroke1 though not before1 as it is thought1 being a principal commander in the van of the ,king's army1 seeing the day lost1 with the ,earl of ,warren and some others1 escaped by flight1 first to the castle of ,pevensey1 and thence to ,france4 ,after which1 all being in the power of the ,barons1 his lands were seized1 and those in ,surrey and ,sussex committed to the custody of ,john de ,aburnum and ,john de ,wanton4 ,and whereas g,joan_/g his lady was then great with child1 and with her family and children in ,windsor ,castle1 she was commanded to depart thence1 and betake herself to some religious house or other place near at hand1 until after her delivery4 ,in which distress1 the ,king1 still their prisoner1 being forced to comply with them in whatsoever they required1 submitted to their ordinances of ,oxford2 the chief of his friends also giving oath for the due observance of them2 amongst whom this ,william de ,valence1 then come back into ,england1 was one40 8g,but_/g long it was not ere the two principal ringleaders in this tragic action1 namely1 g,montfort_/g1 ,earl of ,leicester1 and g,clare_/g1 ,earl of ,gloucester1 fell at odds--,clare stomaching ,leicester for assuming to himself the whole sway in the government2 betaking him1 therefore1 to those true-hearted ,royalists who had stood firm to the ,king in his greatest miseries1 a means was contrived for the ,prince to escape from ,hereford ,castle1 where1 with the ,king his father1 he was kept prisoner40 8,whereupon this g,william_/g1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 with ,john1 ,earl g,warren_/g1 who had been banished the realm by a public edict of ,montfort1 landing at g,pembroke_/g1 about the beginning of ,may1 with about a hundred and twenty men1 horse and foot1 joined with them2 and within a short time after1 giving battle to ,montfort and his party at g,evesham_/g1 totally vanquished all their whole army2 whereby the ,king1 being set at liberty1 was again restored to the exercise of his regal power40#cgd ,this ,earl ,william had issue three sons3 to wit1 ,john1 who died young2 ,william1 and ,aymer4 8,william was lord of ,montygnac and ,belluc2 and in the #gth ,edw4 ,i4 did oblige himself1 on the behalf of ,john1 ,lord g,visci_/g1 who had married ,mary1 the sister of ,hugh de ,lezinian 7,lusignan71 ,earl of g,march_/g1 for the repayment of two thousand five hundred pounds ,tournois1 in case she should die without issue4 ,after which1 being with ,gilbert1 ,earl of ,gloucester1 in a skirmish which he had with the g,welsh_/g1 near ,llantipowhir1 was there slain in his father's lifetime40 ,so that g,aymer_/g de ,valence1 the third son--a name of great celebrity--succeeded to the earldom of ,pembroke4 ,he attended the ,king in the expedition made into ,flanders2 and the same year was assigned one of the commissioners to ratify the agreement betwixt the ,king and ,florence1 ,earl of ,holland1 touching those auxiliaries which he was to have from that ,earl in his present wars2 as also one of the ambassadors sent to treat of truce betwixt ,king ,edward and the ,king of g,france_/g4 ,he next attended the ,king two years in his wars in ,scotland2 and was then sent ambassador to treat with those from the ,king of ,france1 touching a peace with the ,scots4 ,two years after this he was again in ,scotland2 and the same year 7#cc;d ,edw4 ,i47 he had license to go beyond sea on his own occasions4 ,on his return he obtained a grant from the ,king1 of the castles of ,selkirk and ,troquair in ,scotland2 also of the borough of ,peebles1 to hold by the service of one knight's fees2 likewise of the whole forest of ,selkirk in fee-farm1 paying a hundred and thirty pounds per annum2 and to be sheriff there as ,sir ,walter ,scott was in our own times1 though with very different powers2 with authority to build towns1 churches1 castles1 and other fortifications2 as also for free warren1 and power to deafforest and make parks therein at his own pleasure4 ,shortly after which he made a 8pile0#cge at ,selkirk1 and placed a garrison therein4 g,next_/g year he was sent1 as ,warden of the ,marches of ,scotland1 toward ,berwick-upon-,tweed2 and being thereupon made the ,king's ,lieutenant1 and ,captain-,general of the soldiery--horse and foot--for the defence of those parts against ,robert ,bruce1 ,earl of ,carrick1 and his complices1 he had an assignation of two hundred pounds in part of his wages1 to be paid to him by ,john de ,sandale1 ,chamberlain of ,scotland4--,chronicle4 ,shortly after this1 ,bruce1 compassing that realm1 and receiving the homage of many1 came near to ,st4 ,johnstone or ,perth1 to the defence whereof this ,earl being arrived but a little before1 ,bruce sent to him1 by way of challenge to battle1 whereunto returning answer that he would meet him the next day1 ,bruce retired2 which being discovered by this ,earl1 he sallied out and slew divers of the ,scots1 unarmed1 as it is said4 ,bruce therefore being advertised hereof1 fled to the ,isle of ,kintyre1 whereupon he followed him1 supposing to find him in the castle there4 ,but upon his taking possession thereof1 and discovering none but his wife1 and ,nigel de ,bruce1 his brother1 he hanged up ,nigel and all the rest who were with him1 excepting only her4 ,bruce1 therefore1 growing exceedingly exasperated at this his great cruelty1 raised all the power he could1 and giving battle to him1 forced him to flee to the castle of ,ayr4 ,soon after this1 being with ,king ,edward1 on his death-bed1 at ,burgh-upon-the-,sands1 not far from ,carlisle1 he was one of those whom the ,king desired to be good to his son1 and not to suffer ,piers de ,gaveston to come into ,england again1 to set him in riot2 for which he was much hated by ,piers1 as divers others of the nobility were1 being called by him g,joseph the ,jew_/g1 in regard that he was tall1 and pale of countenance4--,chronicle4 ,but as it would far exceed our present limits to notice all that the chronicles have recorded of him1 we conclude with a few brief particulars3--,in the second of ,edward ,,ii4 he was sent with ,otto de ,grandison and others to the ,pope upon special business2 he next joined the ,earl of ,lancaster and others in the design of putting down ,gaveston--agreeably to the promise he had made to the dying ,king2 so likewise with ,john de ,warren1 ,earl of ,surrey1 in the siege of ,scarborough ,castle1 in which ,gaveston had taken refuge2 and having there seized upon him1 intended to have carried him to ,wallingford1 but lodging him at ,deddington in ,oxfordshire1 he was taken thence in the night by the ,earl of ,warwick1 and by him beheaded on ,blacklow ,hill1 near ,warwick1 where a monument has been erected to perpetuate the deed4 ,three years after this1 the ,earl was sent again to ,rome1 and obtained a grant in general tail from the ,king1 of the house and place called the 8,new ,temple0 in ,london1 as also of certain lands called ,fleet-crofts1 with all other the lands in the city and suburbs of ,london1 which belonged to the g,knights-,templars_/g1 with remainder to the ,king and his heirs4 ,in the tenth of ,edward ,,ii4 he was engaged in the ,scottish wars2 but before the end of that year1 being taken prisoner by ,sieur ,moilly1 a ,burgundian1 and being sent to the ,emperor1 he was constrained to give twenty thousand pounds of silver for his ransom1 by reason1 as ,moilly alleged1 that himself having served the ,king of ,england1 had not been paid his wages4 ,upon this occasion ,king ,edward wrote letters to divers foreign princes1 soliciting his deliverance1 which was effected2 for we find him immediately thereafter appointed governor of ,rockingham ,castle1 and heading the ,king's army in ,scotland4 ,but at last1 after many important and honourable services to the ,state1 performed with great ability1 he was constituted ,warden of all the ,forests south of ,trent2 and being still ,warden of ,scotland1 had license to travel beyond sea4 ,upon the taking of ,thomas1 ,earl of ,lancaster1 at ,boro'bridge1 he was one of those who passed sentence of death upon him at ,pontefract4 8,after which it was not long that he lived2 for1 attending ,queen ,isabella into ,france in #acbc1 he was there murdered in the month of ,june1 by reason10 as the chronicle supposes1 8of his having had a hand in the death of the ,earl of ,lancaster40 ,he left vast demesnes in ,england1 in nine or ten counties1 but no issue by any of his three wives4--,chronicles4 ,his eldest sister1 ,elizabeth1 one of his heirs1 8wedded unto ,john1 ,lord g,hastings_/g1 brought this dignity into a new family2 for ,laurence ,hastings1 his grandson1 ,lord of ,weishford and ,abergavenny1 was made ,earle of #8g,penbrock_/g1'#cgf by virtue of ,king ,edward the ,third1 his gbrieffe_/g1 the copy whereof ,i thinke good to set doune here1 that we may see what was the right by heires generall in these honorary titles4 ,it runs thus3--g,rex_/g omnibus ad quos 444 ,salutem1 etc4 ,the which being interpreted1 is-- 8g,know ye_/g that the good praesage of circumspection and vertue which we have conceived by the towardly youth and happy beginnings of our most welbeloved cousin g,laurence ,hastings_/g1 induce us worthily to countenance him with our especiall grace and favour1 in those things which concerne the due preservation and maintenance of his honor3 g,whereas_/g1 therefore1 the inheritance of ,aimar de ,valence1 some time ,earle of ,penbrok 7as he was stiled71 deceased long since1 without heire begotten of his body1 hath beene devolved unto his sisters1 proportionably to be divided among them and their heires3 because we know for certain that the foresaid g,laurence_/g1 who succeeded the said g,aimar_/g in part of the inheritance1 is descended from the elder sister of g,aimar_/g aforesaid2 and so1 by the avouching of the learned with whom we consulted about this matter1 the prerogative both of name and honor is due unto him3 g,wee_/g deem it just and due that the same ,laurence1 claiming his title from the elder sister1 assume and have the name of g,earl of ,penbroke_/g1 which the said ,aimar had whiles he lived3 which verily g,wee_/g1 as much as lieth in ,us1 confirme1 ratifie1 and also approve unto him3 willing and granting that the said g,laurence_/g have and hold the prerogative of ,earle ,palatine in those lands which he holdeth of the said ,aimar's inheritance1 so fully and after the same manner as the said ,aimar had and held them at the time of his death4 ,in gwitnesse_/g1 the ,king at ,mont-,martin1 the thirteenth day of ,october1 and in the thirteenth of oure reign40 ,and now to continue3-- g,after_/g ,laurence1 succeeded his sonne g,john_/g1 who1 being taken prisoner by the ,spaniards in a battle at sea1 and in the end ransomed1 died in ,france in the yeere #acge4 ,the circumstances are these3 8,having undergone four years' imprisonment in ,spaine1 with most inhumane usage1 he sent to ,bertrand ,clekyn1 ,constable of ,france1 desiring that he would use some means for his enlargement2 who thereupon interceding for him to the g,bastard_/g of ,spaine1 then calling himself ,king1 obtained his liberty1 in consideration of part of that money due to himself3 which being agreed upon1 he was brought to ,paris4 ,but after his coming thither1 it was not long ere he fell mortally sick of poysin1 as some thought1 given him by the ,spaniards1 who were reputed to have such a special faculty in that gart_/g1 as that the potion should kill at what distance of time they pleased4 ,the ,french1 therefore1 seeing his death approaching1 being eager to get his ransom before he died1 made haste to remove him to g,calais_/g2 but on his journey thitherward he departed this life1 upon the xvi4 day of ,april1 leaving his sonne and heire only two and a half years old40 ,agreeably to the superstition of the time1 all his misfortunes and death were looked upon as judgments1 for various alleged offences committed against the ,church revenues3 recommending that the clergy should be taxed more than the laity--for living an ungodly life--for 8everything that could render him hateful in the eyes of monks1 whom he insulted and exposed40 ,after him followed his sonne g,john_/g1 second ,earle of his line1 who1 in running a tilt#cgg at ,woodstock1 was slaine by ,syr ,john g,saint ,john_/g1 casually1 in the yeare #acig4 ,and hereupon1 for default of his issue1 there fell very many possessions and fair revenewes into the ,king's hands1 as our lawiers use to speake3 and the g,castle_/g of ,penbrock was granted unto ,francis g,at-,court_/g1 a courtier in especiell great favour1 who commonly thereupon was called ,lord ,penbrock4 ,not long after1 ,humfrey1 sonne to ,king ,henry the ,fourth1 before he was ,duke of ,gloucester1 received this title of his brother1 ,king ,henry the ,fifth3 and before his death ,henry the ,sixth granted the same in reversion--a thing not before heard of--to ,william g,de la ,pole_/g1 ,earle of ,suffolk1 after whose downfall the said ,king1 when he had enabled ,edmund of g,wadham_/g1 and ,jasper of g,hatfield_/g1 the sonnes of ,queen ,katherine1 his mother1 to be his lawfull half brethren1 created g,jasper_/g ,earle of ,penbroke1 and g,edmund_/g ,earl of ,richmond1 with pre-eminence to take place above all ,earles--for ,kings have absolute authority in dispensing honours4 ,but ,king ,edward the ,fourth1 depriving ,jasper of all his honours by attainder and forfeiture1 gave the title of g,penbrok_/g to ,syr ,william g,herbert_/g1 for his good service against ,jasper in ,wales2#cgh but he shortly afterwards lost his life at the battle of ,banbury4 ,then succeeded his son1 bearing the same name1 whome ,king ,edward the ,fourth1 when he had recovered the kingdom1 invested in the ,earldom of ,huntingdon1 and bestowed the title of g,penbrok_/g1 being surrendered1 upon his eldest sonne and heire1 g,edward_/g ,prince of ,wales4--,chronicle4 ,long after this period1 8g,henry_/g the ,eighth invested g,anne_/g ,bollen1 to whom he was affianced1 ,marchioness of ,penbroke1 with a mantle and coronet1 in regard both of her nobility and also her virtues--for so runne the wordes of the patent4 ,at length ,king g,edward_/g the ,sixth adorned ,sir ,william ,herbert1 lord of g,caerdiff_/g1 with the title of ,earl of ,penbroke1 after whom succeeded his sonne ,henry1 who was ,lord ,president of g,wales_/g under ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,and now0--says our old g,king-at-arms_/g1 speaking courteously of his contemporaries--8his sonne1 richly accomplished with all laudable endowments of body and minde1 enjoyeth the same title4 ,and this family of ,herberts1 he concludes1 is honourable1 and of great antiquity in these parts of ,wales1 as lineally propagated from ,henry ,fitz-,herbert1 ,chamberlayne to ,king ,henry the ,first1 who married the said ,king's g,paramour_/g1 the mother of ,reginald1 ,earle of ,cornwall1 as ,i was first informed by ,robert g,glover_/g1 a man passing skilfull in the study of genealogies1 by whose untimely death that knowledge hath sustained a great losse40 ,so much for the ,genealogy of the old lords of ,pembroke4 ,in this department of history--the tracing of genealogies--in which the ,cambrian families are proverbially expert1 but which others affect to ridicule1 we must not omit the defence of a learned ,welshman3 8,that there have been10 says he1 8parasites in the art1 must be acknowledged2 and family pride may sometimes have been flattered4 ,however1 upon the whole1 much credit is due to our ancient genealogists1 who were appointed and patronized by ,royalty1 and professed that art prior to their initiation into the higher mysteries of g,bardism_/g4 ,their records are still extant1 and bear every mark of authenticity4 ,a bard and a genealogist were synonymous2 and though a bard can plead licentia poetica1 yet fiction was not allowed in recording the actions of their heroes1#cgi nor in registering the descent of families4 ,the ,welsh bards continued their genealogical pursuits down to the reign of ,elizabeth2 therefore1 as ,humphrey ,lwyd1 a learned antiquary and historian1 observes3 8,let such disdainful heads as cant know their own grandfathers1 leave their scoffing and taunting of ,welshmen for that thing that all other nations in the world do glory in40 ,yet1 in justice to the ancient ,saxons on this point1 it must be allowed that they themselves were not altogether indifferent to the study of genealogy1 since their deducing of their ,king ,ethelwulph from g,adam_/g is an instance of their accuracy in the art-- 8,can ,bourbon or ,nassau go higher80#chj ,on the 8,herbert genealogy10 ,mr4 ,willatt relates the following characteristic g,anecdote4_/g--,about two miles from ,abergavenny1 says he1 is ,handel--once a mansion of no less magnificence than antiquity2 but in the present day it is only interesting from its having been the cradle of the ancient and numerous family of g,herbert_/g4 ,of the vast possessions of this family1 the inheritance of the last lineal descendant1 who died twenty years ago1 had dwindled down to less than two hundred a year4 ,but however reduced in fortune1 his pride of ancestry had lost nothing of its strength or spirit by the change4 ,meeting a stranger one day near his mansion1 who took an interest in the local history and natural beauties of the scenery1 they entered into conversation4 8,and pray1 ,sir10 inquired the stranger1 8whose is that antique-looking mansion before us80 8,that1 ,sir10 replied the last of the ,herberts1 8is ,handel--a very ancient house1 for out of it came the ,earls of g,pembroke_/g of the first line2 and the ,earls of ,pembroke of the second line2 the ,lords ,herbert of ,cherburg2 the ,herberts of ,coldbrook1 ,rumney1 ,cardiff1 and ,york2 the g,morgans_/g of ,acton came out of it2 so also did the ,earl of g,hunsdon_/g2 the g,joneses_/g of ,treowen and ,llanarth1 and all the g,powells_/g4 ,out of this house also1 by the female line1 came the ,dukes of g,beaufort_/g60 8,and pray1 ,sir10 inquired the stranger1 8who lives in it now80 8,i1 ,sir--,i live in it10 was the answer4 8,then pardon me1 ,sir1 if ,i presume to give you a little advice4 ,do not lose sight of so many prudent examples1 but come out of it yourself1 or it will assuredly fall in upon you1 and crush you in its ruins60 ,with this digression1 suggested by the subject1 we return to ,pembroke4 g,the ,castle4_/g--,in the words of ,giraldus1 already quoted in our motto1 the situation of the ,castle of ,pembroke is thus correctly described3--,a tongue of the sea1 shooting forth of ,milford-,haven1 encloseth in the forked end thereof the principal town of the whole country1 and chief place of ,dimetia1 seated on the ridge of a certain craggy and long-shaped rock1 from which circumstance the ,britons gave it the name of g,penbro_/g1 which signifies a head of the sea4 ,arnulph ,montgomery1 so often mentioned in the early portion of this work1 was the first who built a temporary fortress on this promontory--a very weak and slender thing1 ,god wot1 says ,giraldus--consisting of merely walls1 held together by stake and turf2 and which1 after returning into ,england1 he delivered unto ,girald of g,windesor_/g1 his constable and captain1 to be kept with a garrison of a few soldiers4 ,the absence of ,arnulph1 however1 was the signal for immediate revolt2 and the warlike inhabitants of ,south ,wales hastening to the spot1 laid siege to the brittle fortress4 ,but here they met with such a hot reception and stubborn resistance from ,girald and his small garrison1 that they were speedily disheartened and raised the siege4 ,this attack served as a warning for ,girald to strengthen his position2 and he lost no time in fortifying the town and castle with walls and towers1 sufficient to maintain him in quiet possession of the new territory4 ,when this was accomplished1 he began to retaliate2 and acting upon the aggressive1 invaded the surrounding country far and near4 ,at length1 finding himself at the head of a powerful garrison1 yet willing to conciliate the natives--and thereby preserve his own estates and those of his followers free from the vexation of hostile irruptions--he ingratiated himself with g,gruffin_/g1 the prince of the country1 who gave him his sister1 the beautiful g,nesta_/g1#cha in marriage2 and thus cemented a friendly alliance between the native ,welsh and the ,anglo-,normans4 ,great prosperity followed this event1 and the ,anglo-,normans--as ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 who was a scion of the family1 informs us--not only maintained peace along the sea-coasts of ,south ,wales1 but won also the 8waulls of ,ireland40 ,the ,giraldus de ,windesor above mentioned was the first of that name2 and is considered as the great progenitor of the ,fitzgeralds of the present day--of whom the chief families are of ,irish extraction1 and familiar in the pages of modern history4 ,it is also written in the same documents1 in regard to the tenure of this castle and town1 likewise of the 8castle and town of ,tenbigh1 of the ,grange of ,kingswood1 of the ,convent of ,croytargath1 and of the manors of ,castle-,martin and ,tregoire1 that ,reginald ,grey1 at the coronation of ,king ,henry the ,fourth1 made suit to carry the second sword1 but in vain2 for answer was made him1 that those castles and possessions were in the ,king's hands1 in the same manner as the town and castle of ,pembroke now are0--that is1 at the date of the present extract4 g,the ,siege4_/g--,we now proceed to give a few details of ,pembroke ,castle1 as it figures in the chronicles of g,richard_/g the ,third and g,charles_/g the ,first4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the more rational and less bigoted part of the nation regarded ,henry1 ,earl of ,richmond1 as the future deliverer of the kingdom1 from the thraldom it endured from the tyranny of the sanguinary ,king ,richard2 for in ,henry were to be united the pretensions of both the 8,houses0 of ,york and ,lancaster4 ,the ,earl was1 meanwhile1 resident in ,brittany1 and living on good terms with the duke of that ,province1 who appeared to favour his claims1 and treated him with marked respect and hospitality4 ,but the circumstance that more immediately favoured his accession to the throne of ,england was the following3--,morton1 ,bishop of ,ely1 was confined in the ,castle of ,brecon1 in custody of ,henry1 ,duke of ,buckingham1 who had been a minion of ,richard1 and a powerful instrument of his advancement to the throne2 but finding that his services in a bad cause were forgotten1 and that ,richard refused to ratify his claims to the ,bohun estates and titles--to which he was heir--,buckingham entered warmly into the plans concerted by ,morton and others for the recall of ,richmond1 and by his marriage with ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,edward the ,fourth1 to establish a double right to the throne4 ,dugdale assigns another reason for ,buckingham's secession from the usurper3 after asserting that he was reinstated in those possessions which he claimed as a descendant of ,humphrey de ,bohun1 ,earl of ,hereford1 and giving him an abstract of the instrument that put him in possession1 he adds his opinion on the alteration which took place in his political sentiments1 and ascribes it either to a remorse of conscience for raising ,richard to the throne1 after the murder of his nephews1 or finding himself neglected by him3 but with this question we have nothing to do4#chb ,having concerted the plan of elevating ,richmond to the throne1 the secret was intrusted to ,sir ,rhys-ap-,thomas1 and ,richard ,kyffin1 ,dean of ,bangor--both strenuous friends of the ,house of ,lancaster--who transmitted1 by means of fishing-boats1 the necessary intelligence to the ,earl of ,richmond1 with assurance of all possible aid on his arrival in ,wales4 ,this was an occasion too alluring for the ,welsh ,bards to continue silent2 one of whom1 ,dafydd ap ,llwyd ap ,llywelyn ap ,dryffyd1 lord of ,mathafarn1 an illustrious poet and herald1 rendered himself very serviceable in the cause4 ,his dark1 mysterious1 ,pythonic prophecies1 that a chieftain of ,wales would liberate the nation from ,saxon bondage1 so wrought upon the valour of his countrymen1 that many thousands enlisted under the banner of ,sir ,rhys-ap-,thomas1 who afterwards joined ,richmond on his arrival at ,milford4 ,apprized of the state and feeling of the country1 and of the facilities which were now presented to him of recovering his position and station1 ,henry embraced the invitation as a message from ,heaven2 and1 in the month of ,august1 #adhe1 set sail for ,england4 ,for this enterprise the ,duke of ,brtagne furnished him with a military force of two thousand men2 and1 with these distributed in a small fleet1 he landed at ,milford-,haven1 where he was received with joy and acclamation by a vast concourse of friends1 who now openly espoused his cause and predicted his triumph4 ,from ,milford1 ,richmond proceeded to ,dale and ,haverfordwest1 where he was joined by the above-named ,sir ,rhys-ap-,thomas1 ,arnold ,butler1 ,richard ,gryffydd1 ,john ,morgan1 ,sir ,george ,talbot1 with the young ,earl of ,shrewsbury1 his ward1 ,sir ,william ,stanley1 lord of ,bromfield ,yale and ,chirkland1 ,sir ,thomas ,burchier1 and ,sir ,walter ,hungerford4#chc ,after a most hospitable reception at ,carew ,castle1 it was agreed1 in order to prevent disputes between the armies1 that in the march to ,shrewsbury1 the ,earl should shape his course to ,cardigan1 and ,sir ,rhys-ap-,thomas by ,carmarthen4 ,in this march1 ,dafydd-ap-,ievan had the honour of entertaining the illustrious ,prince and his army at ,llwyn-,dafydd1 ,cardiganshire1 for one night2 and the following night he was received with loyal enthusiasm at ,wern-,newyd1 by ,einon-ap-,dafyd ,llwyd4 ,to ,dafydd-ap-,ievan the ,earl presented a superb hirlas1 or drinking-horn1 richly mounted on a silver stand1 which was afterwards presented to ,richard1 ,earl of ,carbery1 and may still be seen#chd at ,golden ,grove1 the seat of ,lord ,cawdor1 ,carmarthen4 8,pride of feasts1 profound and blue1 ,of the ninth wave's azure hue2 ,the drink of heroes formed to hold1 ,with art enriched and lid of gold40--,hoare's ,gir4 ,from his hospitable quarters in ,cardiganshire1 ,richmond sallied forth to meet the usurper2 and marching through ,shrewsbury1 ,newport1 ,stafford1 and ,lichfield1 encountered him at ,bosworth-- 8,what1 ho6 young ,richmond1 ho6 'tis ,richard calls thee6 ,i hate thee1 ,harry1 for thy blood of ,lancaster6 ,now1 if thou dost not hide thee from my sword1 ,now1 while the angry trumpet sounds alarms ,and dying groans transpierce the wounded air2 ,richmond1 ,i say1 come forth and singly face me6 ,richard is hoarse with daring thee to arms60 ,the fate of that day is so familiar in the page of ,shakspeare1 that we close this part of our subject1 and proceed to other particulars3-- g,anecdote4_/g--,of one of ,richmond's adherents1 the following is told by ,turner in his 8,history of ,remarkable ,providences30--,mr4 ,henry ,wyatt1 a gentleman of ,kent1 was a confederate in the plan1 and intrusted with the correspondence between the friends of the ,earl1 which he conducted with great personal risk1 but the greatest fidelity1 being the bearer of several dispatches to and from the parties at home and abroad4 ,but at last his conduct being suspected1 he was arrested1 examined1 and discharged for want of conclusive evidence4 ,but on a second charge being brought against him1 he was committed to the ,tower1 and there put to the torture2 but such were his fortitude and resolution1 that nothing could be drawn from him either to prove his own participation in the designs laid to his charge1 or to incriminate others4 ,finding threats1 tortures1 and fair promises alike unavailing1 he was cast into a dungeon1 fed upon bread and water1 and thus continued until the question of supremacy was decided by the battle of ,bosworth ,field4 ,the pittance1 it is said1 to which he was condemned1 would have been quite inadequate to support nature1 had not a cat brought him food daily4 ,he lived to be made a baronet1 in compliment to his unflinching loyalty1 and served in the ,privy ,council of ,henry ,,vii4-,,viii4 ,a picture is said to be still preserved in the family1 in which a cat is represented creeping in at a grate--having a pigeon in its mouth--with these lines3-- ,hunc4 macrum4 rigidum4 mstum4 fame4 frigore4 cura ,pavi4 fovi4 acui4 carne4 calore4 joco4 g,cromwell_/g1 before marching against the ,scottish army1 thought it advisable to suppress the returning loyalty of ,south ,wales1 which had recently defeated the ,parliamentary forces4 ,the town and castle of ,pembroke had been consigned by ,parliament to the government and defence of ,colonel ,poyer2 but on his declaring for the ,king1 the 8gallant conduct of himself and the garrison afforded a brilliant example of devotion to the ,royal cause40 ,the defence was continued with so much obstinacy and resolution1 that the presence of ,cromwell himself was necessary for the reduction of the castle3 while the garrison1 having suffered for some time from great deficiency of provisions1 was at last--owing1 as we shall see1 to ,lord ,jermyn's total neglect of his engagements--reduced to the verge of absolute famine4 ,cromwell1 in the meantime1 was quite unaware of the real position of affairs within the walls2 and thinking1 from the resistance already offered1 that the place might hold out much longer than would be consistent with his other plans1 was on the point of raising the siege4 ,but while this question was agitating his mind1 a deserter from the ,royalist camp brought him intelligence that1 owing to the pressure of famine1 it was impossible that ,poyer and his companions could maintain their post beyond twenty-four hours4 ,this unexpected news determined him to continue the siege2 but however much he prized his timely information1 he determined to express his abhorrence of the 8informer20 and--as a salutary warning to all traitors--he ordered him to be hanged4 ,it has been doubted1 however1 whether1 in his 8military capacity10 ,cromwell was ever in this part of ,wales--though ,mr4 ,yorke allows that he might have made a friendly visit there2 for in an old house at ,kinmael1 that once belonged to the ,llwyds1 of the tribe of ,maredudd--but at that period to ,colonel ,carter1 an officer in his favour--there is a room called g,cromwell's parlour_/g2 and1 with other circumstances taken into consideration1 little doubt1 he thinks1 can be entertained of ,cromwell's having in person conducted the siege of ,pembroke4#che ,but the following documents1 written by ,oliver ,cromwell himself1 are conclusive3-- 8,to ,major ,thomas ,saunders1 at ,brecknock1 these3 8,before ,,pembroke1 #agth ,june1 #afdh4 8,,sir1--,i send you this enclosed by itself1 because it's of greater moment4 ,the other you may communicate to ,mr4 ,ramsey1 as far as you think fit1 and ,i have written4 ,i would not have him and other honest men be discouraged that ,i think it not fit1 at present1 to enter into contests4 ,it will be good to yield a little for public advantage2 and truly that is my end3 wherein ,i desire you to satisfy them4 ,i have sent1 as my letter mentions1 to have you remove out of ,brecknockshire2 indeed1 into that part of ,glamorganshire which lieth next ,monmouthshire4 ,for this end3 ,we have plain discoveries that ,sir ,trevor ,williams of ,llangibby10 c41 is suspected1 and must be secured4 ,see 8,raglan10 page #agh4 ,again-- 8,,pembroke1 ,june #bh4--;,i have some few days since despatched horse and dragoons for the ,north4 ,i sent them by the way of ,winchester2 thinking it fit to do so in regard of this enclosed letter1 which ,i received from ,colonel ,dukenfield3 requiring them to give him assistance on the way40444 8,here is1 as ,i have formerly acquainted your ,excellency1 a very desperate enemy1 who1 being put out of all hope of mercy1 are resolved to endure to the uttermost extremity1 being very many of them gentlemen of quality1 and men thoroughly resolved4 ,they have made some notable sallies upon ,lieutenant-,colonel ,reade's quarter1 to his loss4 ,reade had been intrusted with the siege of ,tenby1 ended ,june #b1 and was now assisting at the reduction of ,pembroke4 ,we are forced to keep divers posts1 or else they would have relief1 or their horse break away2 our foot about them are four and twenty hundred2 we always necessitated to have some in garrisons4 ,the country1 since we sat down before this place1 have made two or three insurrections1 and are ready to do it every day4 ,so that--what with looking to them1 and disposing our horse to that end1 and to get us in provisions1 without which we should starve--this country being so miserably exhausted and so poor1 and we with no money to buy victuals4 ,indeed1 whatever may be thought1 it's a mercy we have been able to keep our men together in the midst of such necessity1 the sustenance of the foot1 for most part1 being but bread and water4 ,our guns1 through the unhappy accident at ,berkley1 are not yet come to us2 and1 indeed1 it was a very unhappy thing they were brought thither1 the wind having been always so cross1 that since they were recovered from sinking1 they could not come to us3 and this place not being to be had without fit instruments for battering--except by starving4 ,and truly ,i believe the enemy's straits do increase upon them2 and that within a few days an end will be put to this business--which surely might have been before1 if we had received things wherewith to have done it44440 8,,pembroke1 ,july #aa1 #afdh4--,to ,hon4 ,w4 ,lenthal1 ,esq41 ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons4 8,,sir1--,the town and castle of ,pembroke were surrendered to me this day1 being the eleventh of ,july1 upon the provisions which ,i send you here enclosed4 ,see ,rushworth1 vol4 vii41 #aaij4 ,what arms1 ammunition1 victuals1 ordnance1 or other necessaries of war1 are in the town1 ,i have not to certify you--the commissioners ,i sent in to receive the same not being yet returned1 nor like suddenly to be2 and ,i was unwilling to defer giving you an account of this mercy for a day4 ,the persons excepted are such as have formerly served you in a very good cause2 but being now apostatized1 ,i did rather make election of them than of those who had always been for the ,king1 judging their iniquity double1 because they have sinned against so much light1 and against so many evidences of divine ,providence going along with and prospering a just cause1 in the management of which they themselves had a share4 8,i rest your humble servant1 ,,ol4 ,c40 ,colonel ,poyer has had to surrender the castle2 ,maj4-,gen4 ,laugharne and certain other 8persons excepted10 have had to surrender at mercy2 a great many more on terms4 8,pembroke happily is down1 and the ,welsh war is ended40 ,the 8certain persons0 here alluded to were ,colonels ,laugharne1 ,powel1 and ,poyer4 ,they were tried by court-martial and found guilty2 but ,parliament having determined to punish only one1 three papers were given to them1 on two of which were written1 8,life given by ,god20 the blank paper fell into the hands of the unfortunate ,poyer1 and served as his death-warrant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of these three officers--8heads of the insurrection in ,south ,wales0--,clarendon gives the following account3--8,laugharne1 ,powel1 and ,poyer1 commanded those parts under the ,parliament1 which they had served from the beginning4 ,the first of them was a gentleman of good extraction1 and a fair fortune in land in those counties1 who had been bred a page under the ,earl of ,essex1 when he had a command in the ,low ,countries1 and continued his dependence upon him afterwards1 and was much in his favour2 and by that relation was first engaged in the rebellion1 as many other gentlemen had been without wishing ill to the ,king4 ,the second1 ,powel1 was a gentleman too1 but a soldier of fortune3 the third1 ,poyer1 had from a low trade raised himself in the war to the reputation of a very diligent and stout officer1 and was at this time trusted by the ,parliament with the government of the town and castle of ,pembroke4 ,these three communicated their discontents to each other1 and all thought themselves ill-requited by the ,parliament for the services they had done1 and that other men1 especially ,colonel ,mitten1 were preferred before them2 and resolved to take the opportunity of the ,scots coming in1 to declare for the ,king upon the ,presbyterian account4 ,but ,laugharne1 who was not infected with any of these freaks1 and doubted not to reduce the other two when it should be time to sober resolution1 would not engage till he first sent a confidant to ,paris1 to inform the ,prince of what he had determined1 and of what their wants consisted1 which if not relieved1 they should not be able to pursue their purpose1 desiring to receive orders for the time of their declaring1 and assurance that they should in time receive those supplies they stood in need of4 ,and the ,lord ,jermyn sent him a promise under his hand1 #8that he should not fail of receiving all the things he had desired1 before he could be pressed by the enemy1' and therefore conjured him and his friends #8forthwith to declare for the ,king1 which1 he assured them1 would be of singular benefit and advantage to his ,majesty's service1 since1 upon the first notice of their having declared1 the ,scottish army would be ready to march into ,england4' ,hereupon they presently declared1 before they were provided to keep the field for want of ammunition and money1 and when ,pembroke was not supplied with provisions for above two months1 and were never thought of after40 99 99 99 99 99 g,pembroke ,castle_/g contained many elegant apartments1 appropriated to the use of its lords1 in one of which g,henry_/g ,,vii4 first saw the light of day4 ,in the inner ward stands the g,keep_/g1 a circular tower of vast strength and elegant proportions4 ,the height is computed at seventy feet1 the interior diameter at twenty-four1 and the walls from fourteen to seventeen feet in thickness4 g,the ,state ,apartments_/g appear to have been finished in a style of great elegance4 ,on the north of the great tower is a long range of apartments1 which seem to be of more recent construction1 or to have been modernised in later times by one or other of its titled proprietors4 ,from this part of the castle a staircase communicates with ,leland's 8marvellus vault callid the ,hogan0--a large cavern in the rock1 opening upon the water1 and extending a great way under the buildings4 ,the entrance is now partially walled up1 and formed into a spacious doorway4 ,the name ,hogan--which has occasioned some discussion among antiquaries and etymologists--is probably derived from ogof or ogov1 the ,british name for a cavern4 ,this castle is justly considered one of the most splendid remnants of military architecture in the ,united ,kingdom2 and1 from the state of preservation in which it is maintained1 the design and execution of every compartment may still be traced with accuracy and precision4 ,illustration3 ,pembroke ,castle4 ,interior of the ,great ,court4 ,,cardiff ,,castle1 g,glamorganshire_/g4 ,illustration3 ,cg,,ardiff_/g1 a neat and well-built town1 stands at the mouth of the river ,taafe1 from which it probably derives its name4#chf ,its chief ornaments are the church and the castle--the latter a structure of great antiquity1 and now converted into a modern residence1 in which the features of a ,norman stronghold are made to harmonize with the embellishments of a refined age2 and where1 instead of prancing steeds and bristling spears1 the ballia are lined with wallflower1 shrubberies1 and all those tranquil emblems1 which indicate the reign of peace1 and the cultivation of taste4 ,such innovations and refinements1 however1 are rather out of character with the place4 ,the town1 when such protection was necessary1 was surrounded by a wall1 flanked with towers1 and fit to resist and repulse an army of besiegers2 but these warlike appendages1 like those who built them1 have passed away1 and left behind them little more than the tradition of their massive strength and number4 ,the towers1 as well as the castle1 were the work of ,fitz-,hamon1 who1 as already noticed1 possessed himself of ,glamorganshire at the close of the eleventh century1 and divided the spoils among his retainers4 ,the following account of his expedition--somewhat different from the chronicle above quoted--is from ,caradoc of ,llancarvan3#chg--;,about the same time also died ,cadifor1 the son of ,calhoyn1 lord of ,dyfed1 whose sons1 ,llewellyn and ,eineon1 moved ,gruffydh-ap-,meredith to take up arms against his sovereign prince1 ,rhys-ap-g,twdor_/g1 with whom they joined all the forces they could levy among their tenants and dependants2 and then passing with their army to ,llandydoch1 boldly challenged ,rhys to fight2 who thereupon gave them battle1 and after an engagement1 maintained with great resolution on both sides1 the rebels were at length put to flight1 and so closely pursued that ,gruffydh was taken prisoner1 and executed as a traitor4 ,but his brother ,eineon making his escape1 and not daring to trust himself to any of his kindred1 fled to ,jestyn-ap-,gurgant1 lord of ,morgannwe1 then in actual rebellion against g,prince ,rhys_/g4 ,and1 to ingratiate himself the more in ,jestyn's favour1 he promised1 on the performance of certain articles--one of which was1 that he should receive his daughter in marriage--that he would bring over to his aid a considerable body of ,normans1 with whom he was intimately acquainted1 from the fact of his having served with them in ,england4 ,these articles being agreed to1 ,eineon hastened across the frontier1 and soon prevailed on ,fitz-,hamon and his knights to take up the cause of ,jestyn4 ,early in the spring they arrived in ,glamorganshire1 and joining ,jestyn marched with their combined forces into the dominions of ,prince ,rhys1 where1 without the least show of mercy to his countrymen1 g,eineon_/g1 by his own example1 encouraged the ,normans to destroy all that came before them4 ,the prince1 then more than ninety-eight years of age1 and sadly grieved to find his people and territory so unmercifully harassed1 speedily raised an army and marched against the invaders4 ,they met near ,brecknock1 and there1 after a most sanguinary engagement1 the venerable prince fell at the head of his army1 and left his country a prey to ,norman domination4 ,having discharged their stipulated service1 and received the promised reward1 g,fitz-,hamon_/g and his army prepared to embark for ,england4 ,but before they set sail1 ,eineon made his complaint that ,jestyn had ungratefully affronted him1 and absolutely refused--now that the ,normans were dismissed--to make good the conditions previously agreed upon between them2 and such was the malignity of his revenge1 that he resolved rather to see his country pass under the yoke of the ,normans1 than continue under the dominion of a chief who could thus forget the hand that had procured him the victory4 ,he therefore made use of every argument most likely to influence the ,norman spirit1 and prevailed4 ,they returned from their ships and prepared for another campaign2 and great was the surprise of g,jestyn_/g when he learned that the friends whom he had so lately dismissed laden with the reward of their services1 and satisfied with his liberality1 were again on shore with the avowed intention of engaging him in mortal conflict4 ,he now lamented his folly in having so rashly broken his promise with ,eineon2 but that was an error which it was now too late to rectify4 ,the ,norman standard was once more waving from the adjoining heights4 ,the soldiers were animated with the prospect of another victory--the rich spoils they were to share--and charmed with the accounts which ,eineon had promulgated among them1 as baits to their cupidity1 of the fertile settlements that here awaited them4 ,the conflict was brief4 ,jestyn had little to oppose to men who were resolved to possess themselves of the country4 ,unable to protract the contest1 he abandoned his lordship of ,glamorgan to the invader1 and retired into obscurity--there to meditate on his own folly1 and the degradation to which it had reduced him4 ,the ,normans1 as usual1 took the 8lion's share40 ,they divided the best portions of the soil--all that was most pleasant and productive--among themselves2 and left only the mountainous and craggy ground to ,eineon1 with whatever enjoyment a sense of gratified revenge1 and the voluntary subjugation of his country1 was calculated to furnish4 ,from this moment the ,normans were established in ,wales2 and soon began to erect those monuments of their sway1 which it is our present object to notice and illustrate4 ,illustration g,curthose ,tower4_/g--,the apartment where ,prince ,robert was confined by his unnatural brother1 is traditionally known as 8,curthose's ,tower40 ,so in ,chepstow ,castle1 the keep is distinguished as 8,marten's ,tower20 but between the fate of the two prisoners1 who have left their names thus associated1 there is no resemblance4 ,the more illustrious the captive1 the more dismal was the cell in which he was immured4 ,it must have been at all times a wretched dungeon1 such only as a malignant fiend would have assigned to its human victim4 ,a ray of light1 barely sufficient to distinguish the difference between night and day1 is admitted by a small square hole perforated through the wall upwards2 and the mere fact of his having existed in this dreary cell for the long period of twenty-six years1 proves that ,robert ,curthose must have possessed no ordinary degree of fortitude and resignation4 ,but the courage inspired by conscious innocence is proof against the machinations of ,fortune-- 8,he that has light within his own clear breast1 ,may sit i' th' centre and enjoy bright day2 ,but he that hides a dark soul and foul thoughts1 ,benighted walks under the mid-day sun-- ,himself is his own dungeon40 ,the sufferings inflicted upon ,robert in this dismal prison1 are a theme on which the old chronicles dilate with painful minuteness4 ,it would be a relief to imagine that the acts of wanton cruelty practised upon the defenceless victim1 may have been1 like many other points of history1 exaggerated or misrepresented2 but1 taken in connection with other deeds of the time1 there is but too just grounds to conclude that the story of ,robert's imprisonment1 and the tortures with which it was accompanied1 is no fable1 but one of those tragical dramas of real life1 to which the force of imagination can impart no additional horror4 ,the subject1 although referred to in the previous volume of this work1 may justify a few more extracts3-- 8,but long it was not ere ,duke ,robert1 weary of this unwonted duresse1 sought to escape2 and having to walke in the ,kinge's meadows1 forests1 and parkes1 brake from his keepers without any assisters1 or meanes for security2 who being missed was presently pursued and taken in a quagmire1 wherein his horse lay fast4 ,whereupon the ,king hearing of this attempt1 considering that woods were no walls to restrain the fierce lyon1 and that to play with his claws was to endanger the state1 commanded him not onely a greater restraint and harder durance1 but also--a thing unfit for a brother to suffer1 and most unworthy for ,beauclearke to act--both his eyes to be put out4 ,to effect this truly barbarous act1 he caused his head to be held in a burning basin--thereby avoiding the deformity of breaking the eye-balls--until the glassie tunicles had lost the office of retaining their light40 ,but at last1 after twenty-six years' imprisonment1 8through griefe conceived at the putting on of a faire new roabe--7too little for the ,kinge himselfe1 and therefore1 #8in kindnesse1' says the ,chronicle1 #8sent to ,duke ,robert to weare'7--he grew weary of his life1 as disdaining to be mocked with his brother's cast cloaths2 and cursing the time of his unfortunate nativity1 refused thenceforth to take any sustenance1 and so pined himselfe to death40 g,cardiff_/g1 in later times1 was a point on which ,owen ,glendower discharged his vengeance4 ,the inhabitants of ,glamorganshire1 as descendants of the ,norman conquerors above named1 were pre-eminently distinguished for their loyalty to the ,king1 and their oppression of the natives4 ,but now they were to feel 8the dire resentment of an irritated injured countryman40 ,the visit of ,ivor ,bach to ,fitz-,hamon was not more welcome than this of ,owen to his descendants4 8,ivor ,bach1 a ,briton10 says ,camden1 8who dwelt in the mountains1 a man of small stature but of resolute courage1 marched by night with a band of soldiers1 and seized ,cardiff ,castle1 carrying away ,william1 ,earl of ,gloucester1 ,fitz-,hamon's grandson by the daughter1 together with his wife and son1 whom he detained prisoners until he had received full satisfaction for all former injuries40 ,the residence of this renowned ,briton was ,castell ,goch1 an outport of ,cardiff4 ,he was attached to the daughter of ,jestyn-ap-,gwrgant above named2 and being rejected as a suitor for her hand1 he stormed ,cardiff ,castle1 carried her off by force2 but1 being overtaken in his retreat near a valley called ,pant-coed ,ivor1 he fell under the swords of his pursuers4 ,to return to ,glendower3 8,having burnt1 pursuant to his desolating system1 the ,bishop's palace of ,llandaff and other houses1 he proceeded to ,cardiff1 which he also consigned to the flames40 ,the town in these days contained many religious houses--8a goodly priory founded by ,robert1 the first ,earl of ,gloucester2 a priory of ,black ,monks1 or ,benedictines2 a house of ,black ,friars in ,crokerton ,street2 a house of ,grey ,friars1 dedicated to ,st4 ,francis1 under the custody or wardship of ,bristol2 and also a house of ,white ,friars40 ,none of these houses experienced any favour from ,glendower except the ,franciscans1 who1 having been firm adherents to ,king ,richard1 and on good terms with ,owen1 escaped the conflagration2 for the whole town was burnt down except the street where their monastery stood4 ,in this destructive raid through ,glamorganshire1 he demolished the ancient ,castle of g,penmarc_/g1 which belonged to ,gilbert ,humphreville1 one of ,fitz-,hamon's knights1 before named2 and which has remained in ruins ever since4#chh ,but we need not prosecute these records of a barbarous age further than our subject demands4 ,,tenby ,,castle1 g,pembrokeshire_/g4 8,terra hc triticea est marinis piscibus1 vino que venali copiose referta2 et quod omnibus prstat1 ex ,hiberni confinio aris salubritate temperata40--,gyraldus4 ,illustration3 ,tg,,enby_/g1 so justly celebrated in the present day as a delightful watering-place1 possesses in its traditions and antiquities many features of deep interest to the archologist2 and although not selected as a subject of special illustration in this work1 it is fully entitled to the admiration of the tourist--whether in search of health1 the gray landmarks of ,history1 or studying the picturesque face of ,nature in one of her most delightful aspects4 ,part of its buildings occupy the crest of an almost insulated tongue of land projecting into the sea2 others slope down gradually to the harbour at its foot2 while the extreme point of the promontory is crowned with the ruins of the ,castle4 8,nothing10 to quote the words of a late sketch1#chi 8can be prettier than its little bay1 encircled with rocks of romantic unusual form1 and beautiful warm rich colouring1 in some places overhung with wood1 more crystalline than the emerald sea which washes their base1 or more white and firm than the rim of sand which encircles it4 ,in addition to these1 the expanse of sea is everywhere magnificent4 ,nothing can surpass the view from the highest part of the town1 where it overlooks the busy little ,harbour--the ,castle--the ,bay1 with ,caldy ,island2 the black ,rocks of ,giltar ,point--the distant ,mountains of ,carmarthenshire--and the ,peninsula of ,gower1 with its conspicuous and fantastic termination--the ,worm's ,head ,promontory4 8,to these natural beauties must be added the mingling of old-world relics with its modern buildings2 traces of towers and fortifications1 antiquated back streets1 and crumbling fragments of the ,castle1 hanging over the verge of its sea-beaten rock4 ,but a still greater recommendation to ordinary visitors is the extreme purity and softness of the air1 the neatness and cleanliness of the streets1 the quiet yet cheerful look of the place1 and the romantic coast-scenery of the neighbourhood1 with the ruins of castles and other buildings thickly studded within the circuit of a few miles40 ,with all these before us1 it may well be questioned whether any other watering-place in the kingdom can offer a combination of attractions equal to those of ,tenby4 ,the town appears to have derived its earliest importance from its fisheries2#cij and this1 added to the many obvious advantages of its site1 at a time when the ,anglo-,norman lords made their first successful descent upon these shores1 clearly pointed it out as a fit locality for the establishment of a new colony1 and the erection of a strong castle for their protection4 ,when the ,flemish settlers--after being driven from their own home by successive inundations--had this coast assigned to them1 the prosperity of ,tenby became gradually accelerated and secured4 ,under the example of that industrious people1 who had brought with them a more refined knowledge of commercial intercourse and its numerous advantages1 the harbour was improved1 the population of the town were soon engaged in an extensive woollen manufactory1 which1 with an increase of inland and foreign traffic1 gradually enriched and enlarged the place4 ,the commercial spirit of the inhabitants1 by increasing the wealth of the native lords1 procured for ,tenby the numerous privileges and immunities which it received under successive governments2 while the ,earls of ,pembroke1 much to their honour1 were liberal and munificent in the foundation and endowment of religious and charitable institutions4 g,history4_/g--,among the historical facts in the records of ,tenby1 is the escape of ,richmond1 afterwards ,henry the ,seventh1 from this harbour1 by the connivance of ,thomas ,white1 the mayor4 8,henry1 who had been besieged in ,pembroke ,castle1 succeeded at last in passing the guard1 and making his way to the nearest harbour1 where he meant to embark for the continent40 ,here he was received by the mayor1 a wealthy wine merchant1 whose commercial intercourse with ,france gave him every facility for serving the ,prince in this necessitous position of his fortunes4 ,he was no sooner aware that young ,richmond and his mother were in need of his advice and aid1 than he provided them with a temporary shelter from all danger of their enemies2 and as soon as a vessel could be got ready1 conducted them on board1 and placing the royal fugitives under the care of a skilful and trusty skipper1 commended them to ,heaven1 and saw them safely entered on their prosperous voyage to ,brittany4 ,it is pleasing to add that1 when the fortunes of ,richmond had placed him on the throne1 the generous conduct of the worthy mayor of ,tenby was not forgotten4 ,the royal favour was expressed by giving him a life-grant of the ,king's lands in and around ,tenby1 with all the privileges thereto belonging2 and thus making him1 in his own person and experience1 a pleasing exception to the proverbial ingratitude of princes4 ,the town was formerly--and so long as fortifications were indispensable--a place of great strength4 ,but of the massive walls and gates1 by which it was attached to the ,castle as a citadel1 the remains present no features of paramount interest1 except1 perhaps1 to the plodding antiquary1 whose eyes penetrate far below the surface1 and trace bastions and circumvallations where ordinary men see nothing but the weeds that cover them4 g,the ,church_/g is a capacious edifice--not remarkable for its architecture1 but with a lofty spire which1 like most others on the coast1 serves as an imposing landmark4 ,churches1 dedicated to ,st4 ,nicholas1 were generally planted on some commanding eminence overlooking the sea2 so that a glimpse of the sacred landmark might inspire the bewildered mariner with fresh courage to renew the struggle1 or new light to direct his course1 when overtaken by storms or darkness4 ,the interior of the ,church is enriched with an elaborately-carved ceiling1 and various sepulchral antiquities--some of which are curious and interesting4 ,but that to which the stranger will probably turn with a partial eye1 is the tomb of the worthy ,mayor already named1 containing the effigies of ,john and g,thomas ,white_/g in the quaint costume of their time1 which it was the great merit of 8old mortality0 sculptors to imitate1 in strict subserviency to the tailor and embroiderer4 ,here also--as in several other churches elsewhere--is the effigy of a human figure in the last stage of emaciation2 supposed to be that of a ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's1 when bishops were known to fast as well as to pray4 ,perhaps of him who1 in the great dearth--mentioned in a former page of this work--is said to have died of famine--a very improbable conjecture2 for these exhibitions of frail mortality were only intended as monitors to the living1 and to remind the thoughtless and idle spectators that to 8this they must expect to come at last40 ,on a flat tombstone in the floor is an inscription which suggests revolting ideas of the barbarous practices that once disgraced the 8inhospitable0 shores of our own land4 ,the words are1 8,walter ,vaughan1 iv4 ,jan4 #afcg20 the name1 as it is conjectured1 of the once notorious 8wrecker of ,dunraven30 a miscreant who1 by hanging out false lights in tempestuous weather1 allured unhappy merchantmen1 and other vessels1 to the rocks2 and when the sea had broken over them1 and the crews were struggling in the arms of despair1 descended with his fellow-ruffians to the double exercise of murder and plunder4 ,having amassed capital in this manner1 he is supposed to have selected this coast as an 8elegant retirement10 where he could enjoy the pleasures of society1 without betraying the secret of his trade1 and take his place at last among those worthies who have enriched the hallowed pile with their dust4 ,we would gladly indulge the hope that this story1 though repeated as a fact1 is to be regarded only in the light of a fable2 although every reader is aware that the wreckers of ,cornwall were not imaginary beings4 g,the ,carmelites_/g1 whose rule was founded upon that of ,st4 ,basil1 had a house here1 founded by ,john de ,swynmore1 of which the convent1 or college1 dedicated to g,st4 ,mary_/g1 stood near the parish church4 ,but the ancient features of the town are fast passing away1 and in a few years hence--if the march of improvement continue to advance at the same rate--many of the antiquities of ,tenby will have become rather objects of faith than of sight4 g,of the ,castle_/g1 the only portions now standing that indicate its former strength are a bastion and a square tower4 ,the rest of the structure exhibits rather the air of a splendid mansion than of a military fortress4 ,on the north are the ruins of a large hall1 about a hundred feet in length by twenty in breadth--not the usual proportions2 and near the grand entrance gate is another apartment1 eighty feet long by thirty feet wide4 ,attached to these two apartments are several others of smaller dimensions--used probably as offices1 or barracks for the garrison4 ,the situation of this fortress was admirably adapted for defence4 ,it occupied the extreme point of the promontory2 and on every side--except that facing the town1 which was strengthened by art--it was secured by inaccessible rocks4 ,the original founder of this stronghold is supposed to have been one or other of those ,anglo-,norman lords who1 in the manner already described1 rendered themselves masters of the country4 ,in their wars with the native princes1 this ,castle became a frequent object of attack2 and in the year #aaea1 it was taken by ,meredydd and ,rhys1 sons of ,gruffyd-ap-,rhys1 who put the garrison to the sword1 in revenge for the shelter they had given to certain persons charged with having attacked and wounded their brother ,cadell1 while engaged in a hunting excursion in the neighbourhood4 ,again1 in #aahf1 it was invested by ,maelgwn1 son of ,rhys-ap-,gruffyd1 who1 by bringing an overwhelming force against it1 took the fortress1 and demolished the works4 ,but the history of this stronghold1 like that of most others built and garrisoned for the same purpose1 is nothing more than a catalogue of disasters1 of siege and storm1 capture and surrender2 where spectacles of blood were followed by scenes of barbaric splendour1 and he who conquered to-day was often to-morrow's captive4 g,corporation4_/g--,tenby was incorporated about the time of ,edward the ,third1 by charters granted by the ,earls of ,pembroke1 the provisions of which were afterwards confirmed and extended by ,richard the ,third and his successors4 ,previous to #ahce1 the government was vested in a mayor1 common council1 and an indefinite number of burgesses--the mayor and common council being the governing body2 and the style of the ,corporation--8,the ,mayor1 ,bailiffs1 and ,burgesses of the ,borough of ,tenby40 ,besides the ecclesiastical buildings already noticed1 there are the ,town ,hall1 the ,assembly ,rooms1 a ,theatre1 spacious baths1 and various minor edifices4 ,all these combine to give an air of taste1 comfort1 and prosperity to the borough2 and present to the mind's eye a pleasing contrast to the crumbling monuments of feudal vassalage1 that for centuries held this flourishing little town in its iron grasp4 ,the harbour consists of two piers1 which shoot into a corner of the bay1 and nearly encircle a small but safe spot for the anchorage of vessels4 ,the woollen trade1 first introduced by the ,flemish settlers1 has been long superseded4 ,the imports are chiefly articles of domestic consumption2 and the exports consist of butter1 corn1 coal1 and culm4 ,during the fishing season1 ,tenby is a station for the vessels belonging to ,plymouth and ,broxham2 and the oyster-beds constitute a source of considerable profit to the fishermen4 ,the prosperity of the place1 however1 depends more upon its attractions as a watering-place1 than upon any advantage it possesses as a seaport2 and in this respect1 as already observed1 it takes unquestioned precedence over the majority of those fashionable resorts which have so long flourished under the smile of popular favour4 g,flemings4_/g--,the cause which immediately led to the ,flemish settlement on this coast is as follows3--,an inundation#cia of great magnitude happening in the ,low ,countries soon after the ,conquest1 a vast number of ,flemings1 driven from their homes1 betook themselves to their ships1 and landing in ,england implored an asylum4 ,an increase of industrious peaceable subjects was an object not to be overlooked by the ,conqueror4 ,they were accordingly received with alacrity1 and treated with cordial hospitality4 ,after a time these strangers were distributed over the country1 and wherever they settled contributed to the prosperity of the district4 8,many ,flemings10 says ,malmesbury1 8came over to ,england on account of relationship to the mother of ,henry the ,first1 by her father's side2 insomuch that--like the ,germans of the present day--they were burthensome to the kingdom40 8,farther10 says the old historian1 8,william ,rufus had generally ill fortune against the ,welsh1 which one may well wonder at1 seeing that all his attempts elsewhere were crowned with success4 ,but ,i am of opinion that the unevenness of their country1 and the severity of the weather1 favoured their rebellion2 so it hindered their progress4 ,but ,king ,henry found out an act to frustrate all their inventions1 by planting ,flemings in their country to curb and continually harass them4 ,king ,henry often endeavoured to reduce the ,welsh1 who were always prone to rebellion4 ,at last1 very advisedly1 in order to abate their pride1 he transplanted thither all the ,flemings that lived in ,england4 ,wherefore1 because their numbers created uneasiness1 and were burthensome to the kingdom1 he thrust them all into g,ros_/g1 a province of ,wales1 as unto a common shore1 as well to rid the kingdom of them1 as to curb the obstinacy of his enemies40 ,to the multitude of ,flemings thus disposed of1 ,henry the ,second added1 by banishing out of ,england all the ,flemish soldiers who had taken service under ,king ,stephen1 and granting them permission to join their compatriots in ,pembrokeshire4 ,but although historians in general confine the influx of ,flemish settlers to the lower part of ,pembrokeshire1 it is certain that they extended over a much wider district1 namely1 the whole sea-coast bounding the counties of ,pembroke1 ,carmarthen1 ,cardigan1 and ,glamorgan4 ,of the ,flemish colony who settled in ,cardiganshire1 there are unequivocal proofs in our own times2 for their posterity1 who continue to inhabit the tract assigned to their ancestors1 differ materially from the aboriginal ,welsh1 not only in the peculiarities of speech1 but in those physical distinctions which mark the different races of mankind4 8,there is a farm called ,nant-y-,flyman10 says ,mr4 ,thomas1#cib 8in the parish of ,verwick1 two miles north of ,cardigan1 which is said to derive its name from the landing of this colony at ,traeth-y-,mwnt1 a small creek hard by4 ,the reception they met with on disembarking1 was from the swords of armed natives2 and in the carnage that ensued1 fell many of the best and bravest on both sides4 ,in commemoration of this disastrous rencounter1 several heaps of sand adjoining g,mount ,church_/g point out to this day the cromlechs of the slain1 and are traditionally called 8the graves of the ,flemings--,beddau'r ,fflemings--where bones of gigantic size often make their appearance40 ,in the ,welsh ,chronicle1 we read that the ,normans and ,flemings inhabited the county of ,carmarthen1 about ,llanstephan--the castle of which we shall presently notice2 and under the conduct of ,girald and ,william de ,hay invested the said castle4 ,that they extended likewise coastwise to ,glamorganshire1 is evident from the ,gower ,whittle--a provincial article of dress peculiar to the ,flemings1 and from them adopted by the ,welsh in general4 ,the south-west portion of ,gower1 according to ,mr4 ,collins1 is inhabited by the descendants of a colony of ,flemings1 who do not talk the ,welsh language1 and are distinguished by their own peculiar dress4 ,they seldom intermarry with their neighbours on the north-west side of the ,gower4 ,mr4 ,pye supposes that the ,flemings in ,wales still speak the language of ,flanders2 and relates that a servant1 inquiring the road1 8could not understand the language of some cottagers1 nor make them to understand him1 though a ,welshman2 and he was certain they did not speak ,welsh4 ,after much altercation1 and inquiry at an alehouse1 all ineffectually1 a clergyman solves their doubts by relating that some ,flemish families had settled in that part of ,south ,wales1 and have retained their language to this day40 ,here1 however1 ,mr4 ,pye must have been misinformed2 for they all speak--that is1 the lower class--a horrid provincial dialect of the ,english language1 though not much worse than certain counties of ,england1 retaining many ,saxon words now obsolete1 and unintelligible to any but an antiquary4 ,camden says1 8,they speak a language so agreeable with the ,english 7which indeed has much affinity with the ,dutch71 that this small country of theirs is called by the ,britons--#8,little ,england below ,wales4'0 8,but here ,mr4 ,pye is to be regarded as a novelist10 says ,thomas2#cic 8for his account is not historically true40 ,the policy of ,king ,henry in settling these ,flemings in ,wales1 for the purposes of conquest1 security1 and strength1 was very judicious4 ,being a very warlike people--,belg--inevitably attached to their benefactors the ,english kings1 they were always ready to join their standard1 or to make a diversion in their favour against the ,welsh4 ,but such frontier military posts as surrounded the ,welsh--such a cordon of warlike foreigners settled on their coasts--became a source of much evil to the natives2 and altogether inadequate for the purpose which their introduction was intended to serve2 namely1 8to secure the fidelity of the ,welsh nation0--whom1 on the contrary1 their harsh usage and oppression only contributed to alienate from the ,english crown1 until their antipathy and resentment found vent in the open insurrection of ,owen ,glendower4 ,the colony is thus described by ,giraldus3--8,gens hc fortis et robusta2 continuoque belli conflictu gens ,cambrensibus inimicissima1 gens lanificiis1 gens mercimoniis usitatissima1 quocumque labore sive periculo1 terra marique lucrum qurere4 ,gens prvalida vicissim loco et tempore1 nunc ad arma1 nunc ad aratra gens promptissima40 ,illustration3 ,manorbeer ,castle4 ,near the ,church4 ,,manorbeer ,,castle1 g,pembrokeshire_/g4 g,manober_/g turribus et propugnaculis erat eximium1 ab occidente portum extensum a ,circio et ,barea1 sub ipsis muralibus vivarium habens egregium tam sua venustate1 quam aquarum profunditate conspicuum40--,gyrald4 g,,manorbeer_/g1 another of those feudal strongholds with which the ,principality abounds1 possesses an additional interest as the birth-place of ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 a sketch of whose life will be found in these pages4 ,the ,castle1 says ,leland1 8stands between two little hillettes0--the rocky bases of which repel the fury of a boisterous sea--and is very imposing as we come upon it1 through an antiquated village of ,flemish-looking houses1 with singular chimneys--old as the ,castle itself4 ,it is called ,manorbeer1 or ,maenor ,byrr1 from its being the manor of the ,lords1 or the mansion or manor of ,byrr4 ,it occupies the crest of a hill1 which commands an extensive prospect of land and sea--the latter expanding its waves1 until they are enclosed by the distant promontory of ,st4 ,gowan's ,head1 and presenting at times a scene of great animation by the numerous vessels that glide along the coast4 ,with its sheltered green park on one hand1 a bare hill1 with the slender tower of the old ,norman church1 on the other1 and the whole mass as if suspended over the sea-beach that takes its angle and curve from the protruding rocks1 the scene presents a combination of features that never fail to impress the stranger with mingled sentiments of picturesque beauty1 solitude1 and desolation4 g,the ,castle_/g of ,manorbeer is a capacious ,norman edifice of the first class1 with massive towers1 ponderous and lofty gates1 high embattled walls with loopholes1 but no windows in the exterior4 ,it presents the characteristic features of a stronghold1 whose chief1 at once hated and feared1 retained possession of his conquered manor by no better security than that of armed retainers--vassals and mercenaries1 whose rights and sense of justice were measured by their swords4 g,the ,gateway_/g forms a grand and imposing feature2 and through this1 the principal entrance1 we reach the interior ,court1 upon which the windows of the quadrangle open1 and discover the apartments once occupied by the ,baron and his family--who were thus barred in from the fair face of nature1 and condemned to consider security and seclusion ample compensation for the sacrifice of other advantages4 ,here the justice was retributive2 for he who plotted against the rights and liberties of his fellow-creatures1 was little better than a prisoner in his own ,castle2 and1 even among his sworn retainers1 had often cause to suspect an assassin1 and to be the reluctant slave of those fears which no doubling of his 8tried sentinels0 could exclude4 g,the ,outworks_/g of the ,castle are extensive1 and worthy appendages to what is considered 8a perfect model of a ,norman ,baron's residence10 the general characteristics of which were the following3--,the simple rude tower of the ,anglo-,saxon was enlarged and improved into what1 taking its name from the builder1 was called a ,gundulph ,keep1 the entrance to which was at a great height4 ,it was approached by a grand staircase1 which went partly round two of the outside fronts of the ,castle1 and ended in a grand portal1 before which was a drawbridge4 ,the entrance was indispensably gradual4 ,the first step in advance was the drawbridge1 with a gate about the middle of the staircase1 to arrive at the portal4 ,secondly1 upon arriving at this point1 you found it merely the entrance to a small annexed tower1 the whole of which might be demolished without injury to the body of the ,castle4 ,this tower was for the use of the guard or sentinel4 ,within this tower was a sort of vestibule1 and from thence was a second entrance--the real entrance to the ,keep--through a second portal1 placed in the thickness of the walls4 ,both the first and second portals were defended by a portcullis and double gates2 so that there were three strong gates to be forced1 and two portcullises to be destroyed1 before even this entrance could be gained4 ,in the thickness of the wall were two niches1 in addition to the second portal1 for wardours or sentinels4 ,besides this1 there was the sally-port1 another small entrance--ascended only by a movable ladder--which had no communication with the floor above1 except by a 8small winding staircase1 that1 from its narrowness and form1 could easily be defended by one man1 and to which additional security was provided by strong doors4 ,on the g,ground floor_/g--as already observed in this ,castle--there were no windows1 very few loopholes1 and those so constructed that no missile thrown in could reach farther than the bottom of the arch4 ,in the first floor there were no windows1 but only loopholes within the tower itself4 ,in the second floor the windows were so high that no weapon discharged into them could take effect1 as it struck the arch of the window1 and dropped harmless on the floor4 ,on the side near the principal entrance there were no windows nor lights whatever--not even loopholes on the same side as the entrance and top of the staircase1 because1 if so placed1 they would have been exposed to an enemy who1 having once gained the steps1 was attempting to force the portal4 ,in g,the ,vestibule_/g were large windows1 because--as the author of the 8,monumenta0 supposes--that place was of no importance in a siege3 but this opinion is considered by others to be untenable4 ,a full command of view was here indispensable2 and that this was the object may be inferred from the loopholes and windows being in an inverted order to what they are in the great one1 and from the vestibule being immediately over the dungeon1 so that1 on any attempt at attack1 escape or rescue would be detected4 ,on the g,third story_/g1 which contained the state apartments1 there was a gallery within the walls for the conveyance of orders4 ,mr4 ,king1 in his description of fortified buildings1 has noticed a stone arch and false portals1 a round angular tower1 and an affected appearance of weakness in the small square tower and vestibule1 as deceptions to mislead the enemy4 ,but this1 as observed by ,fosbroke1 is questionable2 for such expedients do not occur in all castles of this era--and1 had they been usual1 must have been too well known to mislead the enemy4 ,the lower apartments of these strongholds were reserved as storerooms for the use of the household and retainers4 g,the ,dungeon_/g1 for the security of prisoners1 was beneath the ground floor of the ,keep1 with which it communicated by a steep1 dark1 and narrow staircase4 ,it had1 of course1 no windows nor loopholes2 and the only aperture for the admission of air was a trap-door in the vestibule4 ,a gutter carried off water from the floor1 which1 for this purpose1 was made sloping towards it4 g,in the centre_/g of the main walls were square wells1 opening at bottom into arches1 for the removal and distribution of stores to the upper apartments2 and through the solid walls1 also1 flues were perforated for the conveyance of information by the voice4 ,and these contrivances1 with considerable improvements1 continue in our own times to facilitate domestic intercourse in large establishments4 ,in the centre of the partition wall--as seen at ,rochester#cid--was a well for water--like the shaft of a coal pit--going from the bottom of the tower up to the very leads2 and over every successive floor were small arches in the wall1 forming a communication between the pipe of the well and the several apartments1 so that1 by means of a pulley1 water could be distributed to every part of the ,castle4 ,the fireplaces in general were semicircular arches--as already shown and described in this work4 ,the chimneys were in the form of a sloping cone1 and terminated in loopholes4 ,in some instances1 as at ,chepstow1 they were covered internally with a hard glazing of cement1 so as to prevent the accumulation and lodgment1 and facilitate the removal1 of fuliginous matter on the surface4 ,the great chimney of ,raglan ,castle is a fine specimen of its kind1 and so capacious as to appear like the perpendicular shaft of a deep well4 ,the sinks are similar cones1 but ending sideways1 obliquely1 to prevent the introduction of weapons4 ,the great state apartments of the ,castle consisted of three rooms3 of these1 the two principal ones were separated only by large arches1 open at the top1 so that there might be a free circulation of air2 but under the arch was a partition wall1 in later times of oak-panelling1 for hanging the arras4 ,such are a few of the characteristic features of a ,norman fortress of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries--the model upon which the great castles of ,wales were constructed by ,edward the ,first--of which various particulars have been already given1 and others will be found interspersed in subsequent portions of this work4 ,while wandering over the ruins of these dilapidated strongholds1 of whose founders it may here be truly said--stat nominis umbra1 we are humbled into a sense of the vain and fragile tenor by which all earthly possessions are held4 8,there the thistle shakes its lonely head2 the moss whistles to the winds2 the fox looks out from the windows1 the rank grass of the wall waves round his head4 ,desolate is the dwelling of ,moina2 silence is in the house of her fathers40 8,thrice happier he who tends his sheep ,where yonder lowly cot appears2 ,than ,baron in his iron ,keep1 ,encircled by his glittering spears40 g,the ,church_/g of ,manorbeer stands upon a high slope1 fronting the south side of the ,castle1 and forms an interesting feature in the landscape4 ,it is of ,norman architecture1 consisting of a tall square tower1 chancel1 and nave1 divided by a row of massive and rudely-fashioned pillars4 ,in the north side of the chancel is the monument of a ,crusader--one of those enthusiastic knights1 perhaps1 who1 having heard the preaching of ,archbishop ,baldwin1 obeyed the summons and followed his lion-hearted ,sovereign to the ,holy ,land4 ,the effigy1 reposing under a plain canopy1 represents a warrior in ring and plate armour1 the legs croiss1 and the shield charged with the g,barri_/g arms4 ,an effigy is also pointed out on the same side as that of ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 or ,barri1 whose life and literary merits we have so often had occasion to notice4 ,on the south side of the church are the remains of a 8,chantry or ,collegiate building10 erected probably by one of the ,barri family1 who1 in #ajib1 joined ,fitz-,hamon in his marauding enterprise against a native prince of the country1 and afterwards1 as we have seen1 divided the conquered land1 in g,seigneuries_/g1 among his twelve knights and retainers4 g,the ,founder_/g of ,manorbeer1 so far as we have ascertained1 does not make any distinct figure in history4 ,he was one of the mass of ,norman warriors1 who1 by their collective strength1 personal courage1 and vaulting ambition1 made themselves alternately the dread and the support of ,royalty2 and who--each in his feudal demesne1 within the gates of his own castle--were absolute sovereigns4 ,and yet few will deny1 that out of the accumulated evils1 that like clouds collected and darkened for a time the apparent destiny of ,wales1 permanent good was elicited4 ,in the words of a great poet3-- 8,still the ramparted ground ,with a vision my fancy inspires1 ,and ,i hear the trump sound1 ,as it marshalled our ,chivalry's sires4 ,on each turf of that mead1 ,stood the captors of ,england's domains1 ,that ennobled her breed1 ,and high mettled the blood in her veins6 ,o'er hauberk and helm-- ,as the sun's setting splendour was thrown-- ,thence they look'd o'er a realm1 ,and the morrow beheld it their own60 ,wherever they were victorious in battle1 there they built a stronghold4 ,what was gained by violence1 was to be held by the same means3 while superior knowledge--superior tactics--the confidence of men accustomed to victory--of plausible designs and refined policy--were more than a match for mere 8abettors in a good cause10 who could oppose nothing to the practised arms of the invader but the brute force of undisciplined hordes1 whose indomitable love of home and freedom furnished them with courage to vindicate their country2 and where that failed1 with resolution to perish in the attempt4 ,but we need not here enlarge upon the merits of a struggle which was protracted for centuries2 and if at last the ,norman made good his footing within the ,welsh border1 it was only after numerous checks and discomfitures1 at a cost which no other nation could have incurred1 and by a system of warfare in which success was often the result of accident1 and where the laws of humanity were too often trampled under foot4 g,giraldus ,cambrensis_/g was born at ,manorbeer about the year #aadf4 ,he was sent on three different occasions to ,france1 for the sake of improvement2 and prosecuted his studies with so much diligence and success1 as to give him an honourable position among the learned men of that early period4 ,he obtained great reputation in rhetoric1 which soon brought him into notice2 and he was successively promoted1 to a canonry in the cathedral of ,hereford1 and to the archdeaconry of ,brecon4 ,in the thirtieth year of his age he was elected1 by the ,chapter of g,st4 ,david's_/g1 bishop of that see2 but the ,king's approbation being withheld1 he resolved to make another journey into ,france1 and resume his studies in the ,university of ,paris4 ,on his return home1 a few years afterwards1 he found the whole country in a state of violent excitement1 the canons and archdeacon of ,menevia having joined with the inhabitants in driving out the bishop of that see1 the administration of which was committed to ,barri by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,under this authority he governed the see of g,st4 ,david's_/g for three or four years1 and made many reformations in it4 ,the next event in his life was the ,king's command1 in #aahe1 to attend the young ,prince g,john_/g into ,ireland4 ,two years afterwards he returned to ,wales1 and employed most of his time in writing and revising his g,topographia_/g1 to which1 after putting the last hand1 he proceeded to ,oxford1 and read it in a public audience of the ,university4#cie ,but the incident in his life which more particularly entitles him to a notice in this place1 is the fact of his having accompanied ,archbishop ,baldwin in his progress through ,wales1 and with him1 also1 visited and described the principal features of the country4 ,the object of this progress--as above noticed--was to preach a crusade for the recovery of the ,holy ,land1 for which the lion-hearted g,richard_/g1 accompanied by the flower of his nobility1 had already set out4 ,giraldus1 smit with the same enthusiasm which he endeavoured to kindle in others1 took up the g,cross_/g4 ,on his departure for the ,holy ,land1 the ,king left the chief government of the realm in the hands of ,william ,longchamp1 ,bishop of ,ely1 and appointed ,giraldus to act with him in the commission2 but this could not be valid until he obtained a dispensation from the ,pope's legate for discontinuing the voyage4 ,in #aaij1 the ,bishop of ,ely and the ,pope's legate offered him the see of ,bangor2 and again1 the following year1 ,prince ,john offered him the bishopric of ,llandaff2 both of which he declined1 in hopes that the see of ,st4 ,david's1 on which he had set his heart1 might one day fall to his lot4 ,the following year ,girald retired from court2 and1 removing to ,lincoln1 wrote several works which bear his name4 ,here he continued until the death of ,peter1 ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's1 in #aaih1 when he was nominated to the vacant see1 but rejected by ,herbert1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 who sent a mandate to the ,canons to elect and admit g,geoffrey_/g1 ,prior of g,llanthony_/g1 for their bishop4 ,girald appealed to the ,pope and the ,canons by letter1 entreating his ,holiness to consecrate him4 ,he took a journey to ,rome1 and there presented the letter in person4 ,the ,prior of ,llanthony1 furnished with letters from the ,archbishop1 did the same2 and the ,pope1 seeing no likelihood of the cause being speedily determined1 appointed ,giraldus administrator1 both in spiritualities and temporalities of the bishopric of ,st4 ,david's1 and sent him home4 ,but in ,november1 #abjb1 ,giraldus was induced to make a third visit to ,rome1 where he continued until the #aeth of ,april following2 on which day the ,pope gave a definitive sentence in the cause1 and vacated the claims of both candidates4 ,in the month of ,august1 ,giraldus returned home to solicit a new election2 but in spite of the opposition1 ,geoffrey of ,llanthony was elected by the ,canons4 ,giraldus finding it useless to oppose the ,archbishop1 resigned all further pretensions to the see of ,st4 ,david's2 and shortly after resigned the archdeaconry of ,brecon to his nephew4 ,the remainder of his life seems to have been spent in retirement1 where he composed many works4 ,but there is no evidence of his having taken an active part in any public affairs1 political or ecclesiastical2 and as he was subsequently offered the bishopric of ,st4 ,david's in #abae1 it was on conditions which compelled him to reject the very see to which he had so ardently aspired4 ,the year of his death is not mentioned3 but in #abbj1 as we ascertain from contemporary documents1 he was still living4 ,with a very excusable partiality for his native place1 he has transmitted to posterity the following description of its beauties1 natural and artificial3-- 8g,maenorpyrr_/g is distant about three miles from ,penbroch4 ,the ,castle is excellently well defended by turrets and bulwarks4 ,on the right hand a rivulet#cif of never-failing water flows through a valley1 rendered sandy by the violence of the winds40444 8,the country is well supplied with corn1 seafish1 and imported wines1 and is tempered by a salubrious air4 g,demetia_/g--or territory of ,st4 ,david's1 with its seven cantreds--is the most beautiful as well as the most powerful district of ,wales3 ,penbroch is the finest province of ,demetia1 and the place ,i have now described is the most delightful part of ,penbroch4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that ,maenorpyrr is the g,paradise_/g of all ,wales40 ,,neath ,,abbey1 g,glamorganshire_/g4 8,so fares it with the things of earth ,which seem most constant3 there will come the cloud ,that shall enfold them up1 and leave their place ,a seat for emptiness4 ,our narrow ken ,reaches too far1 when all that we behold ,is but the havoc of wide-wasting ,time-- ,or what he soon shall spoil40 ,,we learn from ,bishop ,tanner1 that ,richard de g,grainville_/g1 and ,constance1 his wife1 gave their chapel1#cig in the ,castle at g,nethe_/g1 the tithes belonging to it1 a large tract of waste land1 and other possessions1 in the time of ,henry ,i41 to the abbot and convent of ,savigny1 near ,lyons1 that they might build an abbey here in ,wales4 ,and a very fair abbey1 dedicated to the ,holy ,trinity1 was built accordingly on the west side of the river1 a little below the town of ,neath1 for monks of the order of ,savigny1 or g,fratres ,grisei_/g1 who soon afterwards became ,cistercians4 ,notwithstanding the original gift to ,savigny1 as we learn from the same authority1 he did not find any proof that this house was ever subject to that foreign abbey1 or accounted as an alien priory4 ,being an abbey1 it could not be a cell2 and appears rather to have been a daughter-house to ,savigny1 in the same way as already described in our account of the two ,llanthonys--mother and daughter4 ,in the ,appendix to the ,monasticon may be seen the founder's charter1 with two subsequent charters of confirmation from ,king ,john4#cih ,from a manuscript notice in ,benet's ,college1 ,cambridge1 we learn that1 at the time of the dissolution1 there were only eight monks in ,neath ,abbey4 ,in the twenty-sixth of ,henry ,,viii41 the gross revenue of the house amounted to #aej4 #ds4 #i;d41 the clear income to #acb4 #gs4 #g-a_/d;d4 ,the site was granted to ,sir ,richard ,williams1 alias ,cromwell1#cii in exchange4 g,the ,seal_/g of the abbey represented the ,blessed ,virgin1 crowned and standing1 holding in her right hand a lily1 in her left the infant ,jesus2 in a base1 a shield with the arms of g,grainville_/g the founder--namely1 three clarions3 the legend--8,sigillvm4 ,comvne4 ,monaster4 ,beate4 ,marie4 de ,neth40 ,a very imperfect impression of this seal is to be seen in the ,augmentation ,office4 ,in ,moore's ,monastic ,remains1 it has been observed1 in a passage quoted from ,leland1 that ,neath ,abbey was #8once the fairest in all ,wales2' and1 from the ruins still remaining1 much credit may be given to this description4 ,the west end1 excepting the great arch1 was tolerably perfect in #aghh2 but previously to that time the east end and principal part of the nave had been demolished1 while the lateral aisles remained covered with ivy4 ,in addition to these1 several apartments of the abbey were still standing on the south side of the church4 ,this monastery is said to have been so extensive1 that seven preachers might hold forth at the same time in different parts of the building1 without being mutually heard2 but in the present day the crypt is the only characteristic feature that is left4 ,the ruins1 however--spread over an extensive area--still afford accommodation for numerous workmen employed in the famous iron-works of the place4 ,it was in the ,abbey-house of ,neath1 where he had taken refuge1 that the unfortunate ,king ,edward the ,second was arrested3-- 8,whither10 says the ,chronicle1 in a passage at once pathetic and picturesque1--8whither1 in the meane space1 doth woeful ,edward flye8 ,what force1 what course1 what way takes he1 poore ,prince8 ,oh6 fearful condition of so great a monarche's state1 when a wife1 a son1 a kingdome are not trusted2 and those only are trusted1 who had nothing strong but a will to live and die with him60444 8,the ,queen1 passing from ,oxford to ,gloucester1 onward to the siege of ,bristol ,castle1 grew all the whyle in her strength like a rouled snowball1 or as a river1 which spreads still broader from the fountaine to the ocean--#8vires acquirit eundo4' ,for thither repayred to her1 for the love of the young ,prince1 the ,lord ,percy1 the ,lord ,wake1 and others1 as well out of the ,north1 as the ,marches of ,wales4 ,but ,edward1 having left the ,earle of ,winchester1 and the elder ,lord ,spenser1 in the ,castle of ,bristol1 for the keeping thereof1 meditates flight with a few into the isle of ,lundie1 in the ,severne sea1 or into ,ireland2 and while he wandereth about1 not finding where to rest safe1 his royall credite1 name1 and power--like a cliffe which1 falling from the top of some huge rocke1 breakes into the more pieces the further it rolles--are daily more and more diminisht as they scatter1 till now at last they are come to a very nothing4 8,after a week1 therefore1 spent upon the sea1 ,sir ,thomas ,blount forsaking him1 and comming to the g,queene_/g he came on shore in ,glamorganshire1 where1 with his few friends1 he entrusted himself to ,god1 and the faith of the ,welsh1 who indeed still loved him1 lying hidden among them in the g,abbey of ,neath_/g4 8g,the ,king_/g not appearing1 proclamations were every day made in the ,queene's army1 declaring that it was the common consent of the realme that he should returne and receive the government thereof1 so as he would conform himself to his people4 ,this--whether stratagem or truth--not prevailing1 ,henry1 ,earle of ,lancaster1 the late ,earle's brother1 ,sir ,william de la ,zouch1 and ,rhese-ap-,howell1 a ,welshman--who all of them had lands in that quarter where the ,kinge concealed himselfe--were sent with coyne and forces to discover and take him4 8,what will not money1 diligence1 and faire words doe1 with corrupt dispositions--everting of all bonds of either religious or civil duties8 ,by such means1 therefore1 the desolate1 sad1 and unfortunate g,kinge_/g fell into his cousen of ,lancaster's hands1 in the ,abbey-house of ,neath20 or1 according to others1 in the ,castle of ,llantrissant1 a place of great strength2 but as the gates were thrown open by treachery1 neither the strength of the ,castle nor the courage of those around him could avail the royal victim1#djj doomed to expiate1 it was supposed1 the ruthless cruelty of his father in massacring the bards4 8,weave the warp1 and weave the woof1 ,the winding-sheet of ,edward's race2 ,give ample room and verge enough1 ,the characters of ,hell to trace4 ,mark the year1 and mark the night1 ,when ,severn shall re-echo with affright1 ,the shrieks of death1 through ,berkeley's roof that ring-- ,shrieks of an agonizing ,king60 g,richard de ,greenvile_/g1#dja the reputed founder of ,neath ,abbey1 and lord of the adjoining ,castle1 is thus noticed in the #8,baronage of ,england3'--8,in the fourth of ,william ,rufus1 ,jestin1 the son of ,gurgunt1 being lord of ,glamorgan1 ,rees-ap-,theodore1 prince of ,south ,wales1 made war upon him2 and that ,jestin1 discerning himself to be unable to make defence1 sent one ,enyon1 his servant1 to ,robert ,fitz-,hamon1#djb then a knight of the privy chamber to the ,king1 for his aid1 with large promises of reward for his help4 ,and that hereupon ,robert1 having retained twelve knights1 marched with what power they could all make into g,wales_/g2 and so joining with ,jestin1 slew ,rees1 and ,conan1 his son4 ,furthermore1 that after this victory1 demanding his reward according to the agreement so made with ,enyon1 and ,jestin refusing to perform his promise1 the difference came to be tried by battle2 and that ,jestin being therein slain1 this ,robert ,fitz-,hamon had full possession of all that territory4 8g,whereupon_/g1 for reward to those twelve knights1 with other his assistants1 he gave unto them divers castles and manors2 and1 as second on the list1 he gave to ,richard de ,greenvile the lordship of g,nethe_/g40 ,subjoined is a view of the ,crypt of this once magnificent g,abbey_/g1 which1 though long exposed to the wasting hand of ,time1 and the depredations of enemies1 is still a monument of early piety1 upon which few pilgrims will look unmoved1 and no archologist can survey without admiration4 ,illustration ,,kidwelly ,,castle1 g,carmarthenshire_/g4 8,for some brief passion ,are centuries of high splendour laid in dust1 ,and that eternal honour1 which should live ,sun-like above the rock of mortal fame1 ,changed to a mockery and a by-word40 ,illustration3 ,kg,,idwelly_/g is supposed to have been erected by ,rhys1 ,prince of ,south ,wales1 at the close of the twelfth century2 and even now1 after the lapse of five hundred years1 it presents1 in strength and appearance1 one of the most striking examples of feudal architecture in ,wales1 where the science of castle-building attained the highest perfection4 ,the old town of ,kidwelly1 over which the ,castle once threw its protecting arms1 is now ruinous2 but a new ,kidwelly1 reared in happier times1 and thriving under the arts of peace1 seems to cast a glance of mingled pity and reproach upon the enormous fortress1 whose very existence in such a situation is a melancholy proof of barbarism and bondage-- 8,when #8might was right1' and spear and brand ,subdued and meted out the land-- ,demesnes1 which he who built the strongest1 ,and only he1 retained the longest40 g,history4_/g--,describing the situation of ,kidwelly1 the ,chronicle says1 8,so great is the bay or creek that here getteth within the land1 that this country seemeth1 as it were1 for very fear to have shrunke back1 and withdrawn itself more inwardly4 ,the territory around this bay was held for a time by ,keiani the ,scot's sonnes1 until they were driven out by ,cuneda1 the ,cambro-,briton1 and is now counted part of the inheritance of the ,dutchy of ,lancaster1 by the heires of ,maurice of ,london1 or ,de ,londres1 who1 making an outroad hither out of ,glamorganshire1 after a dangerous war1 made himself master hereof1 and ,illustration3 ,kidwelly ,castle4 fortified old ,kidwelly with a wall and castle to it1 which now for very age is growen to decay1 and standeth1 as it were1 forlet and forlorne3 for the inhabitants1 having passed over the little river ,vendraeth-,vehan1 built a new g,kidwelly_/g1 enticed thither by the commodity of the harbour1 which1 notwithstanding being at this day choked with shelves and barres1 is at this present of no great use4 ,while ,maurice de ,londres10 continues the ,chronicle1 8invaded these parts1 ,gwenliana1#djc the wife of ,prince ,gruffin--a stout and resolute woman in the highest degree--ultim audaci mulier--in order to recover the losses and declining fortunes of her husband1 came1 with displaied banner1 into the field1 and assailed him1 but the successe of her enterprise not answering to her courage1 she1 with her sonne ,morgan1 and other men of especial note1 was slaine in battle4 8,by ,hawes1 or ,avis1 the daughter and heire of ,sir ,thomas de ,londres1 this passing faire and large patrimony1 together with the title of ,lord ,ogmoor and ,kidwelly1 came unto ,patrick ,chaworth1 and by his son ,patrick's daughter1 unto ,henrie1 ,earle of ,lancaster4 ,now the heires of the said ,maurice of ,london1 as we learn from an old inquisition1 for this inheritance were bound to this service--namely1 that if their sovereign lord the ,king1 or his ,chiefe ,justice1 came into the parts about ,kidwelly with an armie1 they should conduct the foresaid army1 with their banners and their people1 through the mids of ,nethland1 as far as to ,loghar40 g,the ,castle_/g is in a more perfect state than any other ruin in the ,principality3 8meately well kept up10 says old ,leland1 8and veri faire and double waullid20 having been repaired by ,alice de ,londres1 wife of one of the ,dukes of ,lancaster1 and lastly in the reign of ,henry the ,seventh4 ,its appearance is literally grand and imposing4 ,the ruins comprise a quadrangular area1 enclosed by strong walls1 defended by massive circular towers at the angles1 and also by bastions in the intervals--as shown in the accompanying illustrations4 ,the principal entrance1 which is at the west side1 is under a magnificent gateway1 flanked by two round towers1 and is still in good preservation4 ,many of the state apartments are almost entire4 ,of these the groined ceilings1 in some instances1 with other portions of the edifice1 display many interesting features of the early style of ,english architecture4 ,the chapel is sufficiently indicated in the engraving by its lancet-pointed windows1 and forms a noble and characteristic feature of this truly majestic edifice4 g,kidwelly_/g is strongly situated1 having on two sides a precipitous descent to the river ,gwendraeth1 and few things are finer than the first view of its massive and turreted bulwarks ranging along the summit of the cliff4 ,the principal entrance was on the west1 by means of a gateway1 flanked by round towers1 one of the most perfect and beautiful in the kingdom4 ,this1 however1 is now closed1 and the visitor1 after clambering up the steep old street on the other side of the bridge1 is conducted to an entrance in the rear of the building1 communicating with a 8pleasaunce10 or terrace promenade1 now overgrown with noble trees4 ,on entering the interior1 the extent and massiveness of the remains create a feeling of astonishment4 ,there were three courts divided by walls and towers2 and in the centre is a building defended by four other towers1 the grouping of which surpasses that of any other interior in ,wales1 unless1 perhaps1 that of ,pembroke4 8,we then clambered on the ramparts1 entered the chapel1 adorned with delicate lancet-pointed windows1 and looked down from a dizzy height upon the river ,gwendraeth1 which rolls its melancholy stream through the marshy valley below4 ,altogether we were quite unprepared for the extent and preservation of this magnificent fortress1 and regretted much that previous arrangements had left us so little time for its exploration40#djd ,the view from the ramparts is extensive3 the valley of the ,gwendraeth--the old town and its spire--the distant marshes and the sea--all blend together1 and form a grand but melancholy picture1 which harmonises with the feeling inspired by the aspect of the whole place and neighbourhood-- 8,how grand1 and beautiful1 and vast1 ,fortress and hall of ages past6 ,with battlement and turret crown'd1 ,and iron ramparts girdled round2 ,whose shadow1 stretching o'er the land1 ,whose bulwarks1 desolately grand1 ,whose chambers1 voiceless and forsaken1 ,a tide of mingled thoughts awaken1 ,and dreams of fancy that restore ,the ,barons and the ,bards of yore1 ,when trumpet-peal1 from turret wall1 ,proclaimed the knightly festival40--,,ms4 ,the air of the place is considered salubrious and the town healthy2 but the importance which it formerly derived from its situation on the banks of a fine navigable river1 within half a mile of its influx into the great bay of ,carmarthen1 has ceased--a reverse occasioned by an accumulation of sand1 which has formed a dangerous bar across the mouth of the river4 ,its commerce1 once flourishing1 has consequently declined2 while the opening of collieries1 and the establishment of copper-works at ,llanelly--to which port that of ,kidwelly is a creek--have transferred the trade to that place4 8,the scale has shifted--freighted barks no more ,visit1 with welcome sail1 the lonely shore3 ,unprofitable weeds usurp the strand-- ,the once wide port presents a mound of sand4 ,but these stout towers1 defying time and tide1 ,still o'er the scene in massive strength preside ,kidwelly's walls1 firm as the native rock1 ,have braved1 for centuries1 the tempest-shock40 ,many fruitless attempts have been made to improve the navigation of the river1 by removing the obstructions alluded to4 ,in #agff1 some docks and a short canal were constructed here4 ,the navigation was afterwards transferred to the 8,kidwelly ,canal ,company10 by whom it was extended about two miles up the valley of the ,gwendraeth2 and a branch1 three miles and a half in length1 was constructed to communicate with ,pembrey harbour4 ,here were formerly both iron and tin works1 the former of which have been entirely abandoned1 and the latter are continued only in a diminished scale4 ,kidwelly received its first charter of incorporation from ,king ,henry ,,vi4 ,james ,,ii41 in the sixteenth year of his reign1 granted to its inhabitants their present charter1 by which the government is vested in a mayor1 a recorder1 two bailiffs1 and a common council of twelve aldermen1 and twelve principal burgesses1 assisted by a town-clerk1 chamberlain1 two sergeants-at-mace1 and other officers4 ,illustration3 ,ancient dwellings near ,manorbeer ,castle4--,see ,note1 p4 #cbg4 ,,llanstephan ,,castle1 g,carmarthenshire_/g4 8,let them pass-- ,i cried3 the world and its mysterious doom ,is not so much more glorious than it was1 ,that ,i desire to worship those who drew ,new figures on its false and fragile glass1 ,as the old faced--phantoms ever new ,rise on the bubble1 paint them as you may2 ,we have but thrown--as some before us threw-- ,our shadows on it as it passed away4 ,but mark how chained to the triumphal g,cross_/g ,were the great figures of an elder day60 g,this ,castle_/g--one of the oldest in ,wales--crowns a bold eminence projecting into the bay of ,carmarthen1 and defends the entrance of the river ,towy1 which falls into the sea at this point4 ,it is a military fortress of great strength and antiquity1 but by whom founded--whether by ,roman or ,briton--or to what precise era it belongs1 are questions which have never been satisfactorily answered4 ,yet the very obscurity which hangs upon it imparts to its dilapidated walls1 mouldering turrets1 and grass-covered courts1 an interest which is seldom or never felt in the survey of those castellated ruins which make a prominent figure in the pages of history4 ,all that has yet been advanced by archologists regarding the founder of ,llanstephan1 is only based on plausible conjecture4 ,it is not improbable1 however1 that the present castle occupies the position of a ,roman fort2 for it is not to be supposed that1 during their occupation of the ,silurian territory1 a situation presenting so many natural advantages1 and commanding the embouchure of the ,towy1 would be neglected by a people so prone to conquest1 and so circumspect in all the means that could secure and fortify them in their new possessions4 ,nor were the ,normans--who were equally observant and expert in the distribution of their military posts--likely to lose sight of the advantages which a castle on this promontory would afford in facilitating their operations1 and widening their encroachments beyond the ,welsh frontier2 and in the citadel which now covers the steep1 we have ample ,illustration3 ,kidwelly ,castle4 ,inner ,courts and ,chapel from the ,battlements4 testimony1 that whatever hands may have raised the first structure1 that which now occupies our attention is of ,norman architecture4 g,the historical_/g details of ,llanstephan are meagre and unsatisfactory2 we would desire to learn the circumstances of siege and storm and surrender1 the acts of fortitude and valour which mutually distinguished the besieged and their assailants1 their patient endurance of privations1 their resolute and determined resistance1 the nightly assault1 the treachery of professing allies1 the regular investment by open enemies1 the daily skirmishes1 the nightly advance1 the scaling of the walls1 the final struggle1 the throwing open of gates1 the dismantling of towers1 with mingled traits of personal prowess1 magnanimity1 and fortitude4 ,but of these1 history observes a mysterious silence4 ,we learn1 however1 that g,caddell_/g1 ,meredydd1 and ,rhys1 sons of ,gryffyd-ap-,rhys#dje--the prince so often named in these pages--having in #aadc succeeded in their enterprise against ,carmarthen ,castle1 were induced to make a similar attempt upon ,llanstephan1 and1 directing their march to that point1 invested the walls1 and summoning the ,norman garrison to surrender1 were answered by a message of contempt and defiance4 ,this1 however1 served merely to stimulate the ,cambrian leaders into immediate action2 for1 after a spirited resistance1 they carried the fortress by storm or stratagem1 and planted their own countrymen within its walls4 ,this daring exploit was instantly reported to the ,norman legions beyond the frontier1 who made all possible haste to vindicate the tarnished honour of the garrison2 and mustering all their available strength1 soon made their appearance under the walls of ,llanstephan4 ,the consequence of this movement was a protracted siege1 in the progress of which everything promised a successful issue to the ,normans4 ,at last1 while the ,cambrian garrison within did little more than regard their operations with passive indifference1 the signal was given to scale the ramparts1 and at the word every ,norman flew to the assault4 ,meredydd1 however1 was well prepared to give his unbidden guests a ,welsh welcome2 and while the ,normans1 like swarming bees1 were covering fosse and rock with their numbers1 he ordered a wedge to be struck home1 and no sooner was the hammer at work than an avalanche of rocks1 suddenly let loose from the highest point of the ramparts1 overwhelmed the invaders1 and hurled the scaling party and their ladders into the ravine below4 ,a shout of derision followed them from the garrison above2 operations on both sides were suspended2 and with their ranks thus suddenly thinned by a catastrophe as unseen as it was disastrous1 the ,normans sullenly withdrew4 ,but it was only to return with increased strength and whetted vengeance4 ,they had sworn to extirpate the garrison at their next visit1 and the ,norman leader was not a man to break his word whenever stimulated by a thirst of revenge or plunder4 ,we need not dwell upon the skill and vigour of the besiegers1 nor the spirited resistance of the garrison4 ,but1 in the present instance1 the siege was conducted in a more regular and systematic method than heretofore2 they had recourse to all the appliances of military art4 ,the warlike engines employed against stubborn fortresses were now called into perpetual action1 and night and day the butting of the battering-rams continued to shake the ramparts1 until here and there a stone dropping from the mason-work1 the whole ramparts began to shake under the feet of the besieged4 ,at length1 a breach being effected1 the ,normans poured in their best troops1 and for a time the conflict was maintained with desperate fury4 ,foot to foot the assailants met1 fought1 and fell where they stood4 ,too proud to ask quarter1 the fiery ,cambrian rushed upon his adversary with a blind impetuosity that often placed him at his mercy2 while the ,norman1 adroit in the management of his weapon1 and bent on revenging his countrymen1 was only stimulated to indiscriminate slaughter2 and long before sunrise the ,norman banner waved on the ,castle of ,llanstephan4 g,in_/g ,m4,,cc4,,xvi the fortune of war was again invoked4 ,the ,norman sway1 so intolerable to native independence1 had extended its influence and territory2 and with these had inspired into the heart of every reflecting ,cambrian1 a deep sense of the wrongs inflicted upon his country4 ,with an irrepressible and ,wallace-like determination to crush or expel the invader1 he rushed to the conflict4 ,this1 so far as regards ,llanstephan1 was partly effected by ,llewelyn-ap-,iorwerth1 who1 after a successful attack1 entered the fortress1 slew or captured the garrison1 and then1 to prevent its being again turned against the peace of the country1 dismantled the walls1 threw down the gates1 filled up the ditches1 and left its towers for a habitation to the owls4 ,the position of the ,castle1 however1 was too advantageous to be neglected for more than a season3 for1 as war continued rampant along the marches1 the demand for garrisons increased2 and ,llanstephan was again converted into a fortress1 and crowded with troops4 ,in this state it appears to have continued until the year #abed4 ,but in those days of mutual hatred and jealousy--when neighbour plotted against neighbour1 and friendships cemented at morning were often changed1 by some sudden exasperation1 into mortal enmities before night--the garrison of ,llanstephan could never remain unconcerned spectators of passing events4 ,llewelyn-ap-,grufydd1 whose name is so familiar in the ,cambrian annals1 finding himself in a position to resent1 to the very death1 some personal insult from the haughty castellan of ,llanstephan1 summoned his countrymen to arms4 8,this offensive castle10 said he1 8must be demolished6 ,ye have true ,british hearts2 and if your hands will only obey those hearts1 my countrymen1 before two days elapse ye shall drive your goats to pasture in the courtyard1 of ,llanstephan60 ,this old ,griffin kept his word--the raid was successful--his flag soon waved over the battlements of the castle2 and there we leave him for the present to enjoy the fruits of his new seigneurie4 99 99 99 99 99 g,st4 ,anton's ,well_/g1 in the parish of ,llanstephan1 was long a place of popular resort for invalids4 ,impregnated by some mysterious qualities which escaped detection by the ancient process of analysis1 the water was lauded as a never-failing resource under those forms of corporeal malady which had baffled the skill of physicians1 and conducted the sufferer to the very brink of despair4 ,it may1 therefore1 be imagined1 that the concourse of pilgrims was a source of no little emolument to the place1 more especially to the 8hydropathic0 friar of the olden day1 who presided at the well1 and propitiated1 for a consideration1 the kind offices of ,st4 ,anthony4 ,but all the medicinal virtues of this holy well are now left to the gossip of old tradition2 and although the fountain bubbles up as fresh1 and clear1 and salubrious as ever1 public faith in its qualities has been shaken2 and no pilgrim1 in these days of scientific analysis1 ever stoops down to taste the water1 and1 in testimony of its virtue1 leaves his crutch behind him4#djf ,illustration ,,laugharne ,,castle1 g,carmarthenshire_/g4 8,now strike ye the harp that has slumbered so long1 ,till yon mountains re-echo the theme of my song6 ,come forth1 ye bold warriors1 from forest and tarn1 ,and up with the banner of g,guy of ,laugharne_/g6 ,the sound is gone forth--all the land is awake1 ,swords flash in the valley1 and spears in the brake2 ,and1 gleaming in arms1 at their head ye discern ,the fearless in battle--bold g,guy of ,laugharne_/g60 ,illustration3 ,tg,,owards_/g the south end of the town1 close on the ,bay of ,carmarthen1 are the ruins of the ,castle1 supposed to have been founded by ,guido de ,brian1 in the reign of g,henry_/g ,,iii41 or1 according to others1 to have been rebuilt by him2 for it is said that the original castle was destroyed by ,llywelyn-ap-,iorwerth as early as #abae4 ,if so1 the said ,guido de ,brian rebuilt it in the following reign4 ,the remains1 which have been many years enclosed within the walls of a private garden1 and consist of a large square building--now a mere shell--are still in tolerable preservation4 ,in this parish also are the ruins of what is called g,roche's_/g ,castle1 but which tradition reports to be those of a monastery2 though of what order1 or epoch in the ,cambrian annals1 is not ascertained4 ,this monastic or feudal ruin stands about a mile from the ,castle of g,laugharne_/g1 the subject of our present notice4 ,the ancient appellation of this town and castle1 according to the native writers1 appears to have been ,llacharn1 and seems to have taken its present orthography from the general of that name--,william ,laughearne--who distinguished himself in the service of the 8,parliament20 and in #afdd1 after a siege of three weeks1 took the ,castle of 8,llacharn40 ,its still more ancient name is ,abercoran1 or ,cowan--the 8,castle on the banks of the ,coran0--which1 at a short distance below the ,castle1 empties itself into the sea4 ,local tradition says that the parish church formerly stood upon a farm1 in an island called ,craseland--that is1 g,christ's-land_/g2 but of the sacred edifice1 not a vestige remains to support the tradition-- 8,not an arch of nave or aisle-- ,not a relic marks the pile2 ,shrine and monumental stone1 ,floor and fretted vault are gone60 ,the ,corporation consists of a portreeve1 a recorder1 an indefinite number of aldermen1 two common attorneys1 four constables1 and seventy-six burgesses1 who have shares in lands and commons which were given to the ,corporation by 8,sir ,guido de ,brian the younger1 lord marcher of the said town and lordship of ,laugharne10 in the reign of ,king ,john4 8,his cloak or mantle10 says ,carlisle1 8richly embroidered in purple and gold1 is still preserved in the parish church40 ,laugharne1 as described by a recent tourist1 is one of the neatest and cleanest of the smaller towns of ,south ,wales4 ,it has many excellent dwelling-houses1 a good inn for the accommodation of travellers1 and possessing various local attractions and a cheap market1 many private families have made choice of it as a residence which unites pleasure and economy4 ,the situation is low and sheltered--bounded by the tidal estuary and the ,taff1 which1 at low water1 presents a wide extent of dry land--an amphibious territory1 which the inconstant sea alternately invades and deserts4 g,guy de ,brian_/g--,the founder of this name1 and his successors1 were all in their day knights of military renown4 ,their chief seat was in these marches1 where1 in the #bith ,henry ,,iii41 the first ,guy received command to assist the ,earl of ,gloucester in suppressing some new insurrection in the country4 ,toward the close of the same reign1 he had summons to attend the king at ,chester--well fitted with horse and arms--to 8prevent the incursions of that unruly people40 ,but not long after this1 when the breach betwixt the king and divers of the great barons happened1 he adhered unto them2 for it appears that1 after the battle of g,lewes_/g1 where the king was made prisoner by the barons1 he was constituted by them governor of the ,castles of ,cardigan and ,kaermerdyn or ,carmarthen1 which commission was renewed the next ensuing year2 he having then also the like trust granted unto him by them for the ,castle of ,kilgaran4 ,but shortly after1 when the battle of ,evesham 8had quelled the power of those haughty spirits1 he became one of the sureties for ,robert de g,vere_/g1 then ,earl of ,oxford1 that he should thenceforth demean himself peaceably1 and stand to the decree called #8,dictum de ,kenilworth1' for the redemption of his lands40 g,guy of ,laugharne_/g married ,eve1 daughter and heir of ,henry de g,traci_/g1 and dying in the #cast ,edward ,i4 left a son--then in his twenty-fourth year--named also ,guy1 who being a knight1 in the #dth of ,edward ,,iii41 was made governor of the ,castle of ,haverford4 8,but it was found by inquisition1 that he complained to the ,king that ,roger de ,mortimer1 late ,earl of ,march1 had made seizure of his ,barony of ,walwaynes ,castle1 in the ,co4 ,pemb41 as also of the goods and stock thereon1 and had delivered them to ,guyon his son without warranty4 ,likewise that the king then took notice of certain differences betwixt the said ,sir ,guy and the same ,guyon1 his son and heir1 which were pacified in his presence1 by the assent of ,wenthlian his wife1 in regard that himself1 at the time1 was not of sane memory4 ,moreover1 that by this agreement the ,barony of ,chastel-,walweyn was to remain to young g,guyon_/g and his heirs1 on condition that he should be obliged to prefer his two sisters out of the revenues thereof3 ,as also that two hundred pounds which ,ioan de ,carru was bound to pay to him1 the said ,guy1 for the marriage of his son ,guyon1 should be paid to ,guyon towards the marriage of those his sisters4 ,and that because the said ,sir ,guy was not in his perfect senses1 the barony should remain in the king's hands1 and livery thereof be made to ,guyon in performance of those covenants40 ,sir ,guy being thus out of his senses--8,i come10 says the ,chronicle1 8to 8g,guy_/g1 his son1 who was in the ,scottish wars1 and in consideration of his special services had an annuity of forty pounds granted to him by the king1 to be paid out of the ,exchequer during his life4 ,in the #aeth ,edw4 ,,iii4 he was made governor of ,st4 g,briavell's_/g1 in ,co4 ,gloc41 and warden of the ,forest of ,dene2 and1 in the following year1 was again in the wars of ,france4 ,so likewise in the #aith and #bjth1 but died ,june #ag1 in the #bc;d of the same reign1 being then seized of g,tallughern_/g in the marches of ,wales1 which he held by the service of finding two soldiers with horses harnessed2 or eight footmen--according to the custom of those parts--for three days at his own proper cost1 upon notice given by the king's bayliffe of ,kaermerdyn ,carmarthen40 g,guy_/g1 his son and heir1 was at the time of his father's demise turned thirty years of age1 and became a person of very great note in his time4 ,he was standard-bearer to the ,king in that notable fight with the ,french at ,calais1 #bc;d ,edw4 ,,iii42 and there behaving himself with great courage and valour1 had1 in recompense thereof1 a grant of two hundred merks per annum out of the ,exchequer during his life1 ,he obtained a charter for free-warren in all his demesne lands1 as well as at g,tallughern_/g1 c42 and being still governor of ,st4 ,briavell's1 and warden of ,dene ,forest1 he had a grant of all the profits and emoluments arising out of the market and fairs in that town4 ,he was also constituted one of the commissioners for arraying men in the counties of ,oxon and ,berks1 for defence of the realm against the ,french1 who then threatened an invasion4 ,but as our limits will not admit of our giving his public services in detail1 we shall merely record them as they were successively performed in the same brilliant reign3--,he was1 with ,henry1 ,duke of ,lancaster1 sent on an embassy to the ,pope3 attending the ,king in ,france1 he was made a banneret3 he was again in the same war1 and sent a second time to ,rome3 afterwards pensioned anew for his services3 made admiral of the ,king's fleet1 then acting against the ,french1 and constituted1 the year following1 admiral of the ,royal fleet from ,southampton westwards3 employed in the ,scottish wars3 associated with the ,earl of ,warwick and others to cause 8satisfaction to be done by the ,king's subjects to the ,scots30 was elected into the most noble ,order of the g,garter_/g3 served again in the wars of ,france3 was appointed one of the commissioners to treat with the ,duke of ,brittany and ,earl of ,montfort for a league of friendship with ,king ,richard2 and lastly1 joined ,mortimer1 ,earl of ,march1 in the expedition into ,ireland4 ,this concludes his military services2 but while he had proved himself a valiant son of ,mars1 and a faithful servant of the ,king1 he was a pious son and liberal benefactor of the ,church1 in witness whereof he 8founded a chauntry for four priests1 to sing divine service in the chappel of ,our ,ladye within his mannor of ,slapton1 ,co4 ,dev41 and endowed the same with lands10 c4 ,he married ,elizabeth1 daughter of ,william de ,montacute1 ,earl of ,salisbury1 and widow of ,hugh le ,despenser the third1 and departed this life on ,wednesday next after the ,feast of the ,assumption1 #adth ,rich4 ,,ii41 leaving ,philippa1#djg wife of ,john ,devereux1 and ,elizabeth1 wife of ,robert ,lovel1 daughters of his son ,guy1 who died in his father's lifetime1 to be his next heirs to the demesne of ,laugharne and other baronies4--,dugdale4 ,illustration ,,carew ,,castle4 g,pembrokeshire4_/g 8,now is the stately column broke-- ,the beacon-light is quench'd in smoke2 ,the trumpet's silver note is still2 ,the warder silent on the hill40 g,the_/g lordly towers and quadrangular pile of ,carew ,castle rise conspicuously above the waters of the surrounding creek1 and are intimately connected in the spectator's mind with scenes of bygone splendour4#djh ,it was one of the demesnes belonging to the sovereign ,princes of ,south ,wales1 and1 with seven others1 was given as a dowery to ,nesta1 daughter of ,rhys-ap-,tewdwr1 or ,tudor1 on her marriage with ,girald de ,windsor1 who1 as already mentioned1 was appointed by g,henry_/g ,i4 lieutenant of these counties4 ,his son ,william took the name of g,carew_/g1 and the castle passed through various branches of that family1 until1 after the lapse of centuries1 it was garrisoned for ,charles ,i41 and reduced at last1 like all its neighbours1 by the irresistible hand of ,cromwell4 ,the noble edifice is built upon a neck of land washed by the tide of two estuaries1 with a gentle fall towards the water1 and consists of a superb range of apartments1 round a quadrangle1 with an immense bastion at each corner1 containing handsome chambers4 ,most of the rooms had each an elegant chimney-piece of wrought freestone4 ,the barbican may still be traced2 and through the portcullised gateway we pass into the great court1 or inner ballium4 ,the ground rooms of the north front contain magnificent windows1 lighting the great state-room1 which is one hundred and two feet long1 by twenty feet wide4 ,on the east side1 over the chimney-piece1 is an escutcheon1 bearing the royal arms1 in compliment1 perhaps1 to ,henry the ,seventh--,richmond1--who is traditionally reported to have been munificently lodged and entertained here1 on his way to ,bosworth ,field1 by the princely ,sir ,rhys-ap-,thomas1 lord of the mansion4 ,a handsome suite of rooms is included in the octagon tower1 which covers the right of the entrance2 and along the whole course of the south-west side are seen the remains of ancient towers1 of various height1 diameter1 and form4 ,the whole of the north side is very majestic1 ending in the return of a bastion to the east4 ,the building is of various epochs--combining the stronghold with the ornamented and castellated mansion4 ,sir ,rhys-ap-,thomas1 according to ,leland1 new-modelled the whole1 and added the splendid range of state apartments which are the admiration of every traveller in these parts4 ,illustration ,in the extensive deer-park attached to the castle1 ,sir ,rhys held a grand tilt and tournament on g,st4 ,giles's_/g day1 in honour of his receiving the royal badge of a ,knight of the ,garter4 ,this splendid festival1 we are told1 lasted a week1 and was attended by six hundred of the aristocracy of ,wales--such were the splendid pageantries1 and such the numerous courtly throng1 that once animated and emblazoned the kingly halls of ,carew4 8,this festivall and time of jollitie continued the space of five dayes10 as the historian relates2 8and tentes and pavillons were pitched in the parke1 neere to the castle1 for the spectators of these rare solemnities1 wheare they quartered all the time1 every man according to his qualities40 g,sir ,rhys_/g-ap-,thomas1 lord of this and many other castles1 was descended from ,rhys-ap-,twdor1 of the royal house of ,south ,wales2 and had been appointed governor of these counties by ,richard ,,iii4 ,one of his residences was ,abermarles1 in the county of ,carmarthen--a princely mansion in its time1 and called by ,leland1 8a faire house of old ,sir ,rees's40 ,newcastle-in-,emlyn1 in the same county--once belonging to the princes of ,dynevwr1 and celebrated in ,cambro-,british history--was also his property1 and often honoured with his presence4 ,by ,sir ,edward ,carew the castle was mortgaged to ,sir ,rhys-ap-,thomas1 who made it his favourite residence1 and there spent the latter part of his life4 ,the ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's1 then a constant resident at ,lamphey1 induced ,sir ,rhys to prefer ,carew to his other demesnes2 for they were devoted friends1 and spent much time in the society of each other4 ,in the following reign his vast possessions and castellated mansions were forfeited by the attainder of his grandson1 ,rice ,griffith4 g,abermarles_/g was granted by the crown to ,sir ,thomas ,jones1 ,knt42 thence by marriage it passed to ,sir ,francis ,cornwallis1 whose son leaving issue four daughters1 and the three youngest married1 the estate was divided in #agic among their descendants4 ,abermarles came to ,lord ,viscount ,hawarden1 who disposed of the mansion1 demesne1 park1 and manor1 to the gallant ,admiral g,foley_/g1 who led the fleet into action at the battle of the ,nile2 commanded the ,britannia in ,lord ,st4 ,vincent's action1 and on board whose ship ,nelson shifted his flag at the battle of ,copenhagen4 ,he built a magnificent mansion near the site of the old house4 g,emlyn_/g and its extensive demesnes became the property of the g,vaughans_/g of ,golden ,grove--whose ancestors were successively ,lords of ,mollingar1 ,earls of ,carbery1 and ,lords of ,emlyn--and are now the property of ,lord ,cawdor1 as devisee of the late 8,j4 ,vaughan1 of ,golden ,grove1 ,esquire40 g,carew_/g1 with its castle and barony1 was granted by leases1 for specified terms1 to ,sir ,j4 ,perrot and others1 the remainder of which terms was purchased by ,sir ,john ,carew1 kinsman of ,sir ,edmund above-mentioned1 to whom ,charles the ,first restored the fee simple and inheritance1 from whom it descended to the present owner4#dji ,,margam ,,abbey1 g,glamorganshire_/g4 8,how many hearts have here grown cold1 ,that sleep these mouldering stones among6 ,how many beads have here been told-- ,how many g,matins_/g here been sung60 g,of_/g this renowned ,abbey the existing remains convey but a very inadequate idea4 ,the parish church is formed out of part of the original abbey-church2 of the chapter-house the walls only remain2 and of the ruins scattered around1 the original use1 size1 and distribution have not yet been ascertained4 ,that it was an extensive edifice1 and exhibited in its style and proportions all the higher characteristics of ,cistercian monasteries1 may be taken on the credit of what remains4 ,the foundation is fixed in the year #aadg1 and the process of erection must have been contemporaneous with that of ,tinterne--a temple of the same ,order1 whose taste and affluence1 during that and the following century1 have left so many gorgeous monuments in ,england and ,wales4 ,dugdale fixes the date of g,margam_/g ,abbey in the year #aadg4 ,it was founded by ,robert1 ,earl of ,gloucester--so often named in this work--and dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,in this1 also1 the annals of ,margam--written by a monk of the ,abbey--agree1 and mention the date of its foundation as that of the year in which the founder departed this life4 ,the chronicle1 printed in the second volume of ,gale's ,scriptores1 called 8,annales de ,margam10 is a history of general scope1 extending from the year of the ,conquest to that of #abcb1 and throws but little light upon the particular affairs of the ,monastery in which it was written4 ,it is a history of the times1 not of the ,abbey4 ,it gives the names1 however1 of four abbots1 mentions three or four incursions of the ,welsh1 and remarks that ,margam and ,beaulieu in ,hampshire were the only monasteries among the ,cistercians that were released from ,king ,john's extortions in #abaj1 to which reference has been already made in our notice of ,tinterne4 ,the plea upon which ,margam escaped these severe taxations was1 that1 both in his progress to and from ,ireland1 the ,king and his suite had been liberally entertained by the abbot and monks of ,margam4 ,with respect to the inroads noticed in these 8,annals10 we are told that--8,this year1 ,m4,c4,,lxi1 in the month of ,october1 the ,welsh burnt down our granary or barn2 an act which was quickly followed by divine vengeance40 ,again1 8,in ,m4,,cc4,,xxiii1 7he says17 in the course of one week1 wicked men have destroyed upwards of a thousand of our sheep1 with two houses4 ,in the following year they wantonly slew two of our servants in one day1 while engaged in the performance of their duty2 and also1 immediately thereafter1 a youth who had charge of the flock40 ,but the fourth irruption was still more serious2 for 8they burnt to the very ground our grange at ,penwith1 with many cattle1 including the steers2 they next depopulated the grange of ,rossaulin1 burnt many sheep1 drove off the cows1 and put one of our servants wantonly to death2 they then took the cattle of the grange of ,theodore ,twdor1 killed many on the road1 took the rest with them4 ,lastly1 they set fire to the ,abbey houses in different places1 and great were the flocks that perished in the flames40--,annal4 de ,marg4 ,scriptores a ,t4 ,gale1 tom4 ii4 pp4 #g1 #af1 #ag4 ,leland ascribes to this ,abbey the privilege of sanctuary3 8,habet privilegium sanctuarii1 sed quo rarissime aut nunquam utuntur ,cambri--0 but of which the natives very rarely or never made any use4 ,according to the same authority1 ,margam ,abbey had four daughter-houses in ,ireland1 namely--,kyrideyson1 ,s4 ,crux1 ,maio1 and ,chorus ,benedictus4 g,abbots4_/g--,william1 the first ,abbot1 died in ,m4,c4,,liii2 ,andrew1 the second1 two years later2 and it was probably in the short time of the latter1 or that of his successor1 that the altar of the ,holy ,trinity in the abbey church was consecrated by ,william1 ,bishop of ,llandaff4 ,gilbert1 the third ,abbot1 resigned in ,july1 ,m4,,cc4,,xiii1 died the following year at ,kirksted1 and was succeeded by ,abbot ,john1 of whom nothing is recorded by the annalist4 ,a large collection of original charters belonging to this ,abbey is still preserved with the ,harleian manuscripts in the ,british ,museum4 ,the common seal of the ,abbey1 appendant to a deed1 dated #aeah1 has been elegantly lithographed1 as we read in the ,monasticon1 by the care of the ,rev4 ,w4 ,traherne4 ,at the ,dissolution1 the sum total of the revenues of ,margam ,abbey amounted to one hundred and eighty-eight pounds1 fourteen shillings sterling2 the clear income to seven pounds less4 ,the site was granted by the ,king to ,sir ,rees ,maxwell1 ,knt4 ,the ,abbey was afterwards the seat of ,thomas1 ,lord ,mansell2 and passed afterwards into the ,talbot family4 ,in early times the buildings of this ,abbey are described as affording specimens of the richest style of conventual architecture4 ,but these characteristics are no longer applicable to the1 ruins before us2 for time and the quarry-man1 probably1 have done much to deface the beauty and even form of the original structure4 ,illustration3 ,crypt--,margam ,abbey4 ,illustration3 ,,appendix4 g,osborne_/g1 p4 #f4--,walter1 a ,norman knight1 and a great favourite of ,william the ,conqueror1 was one summer evening playing at chess with the ,king1 and after a time won all he played for4 ,the ,king then threw down the board1 and with his usual oath exclaimed he had nothing more to lose4 ,walter1 however1 being of a different opinion1 replied--8,sir1 here is land40 8,true10 said the ,king2 8and if thou beatest me this time1 thine be all the land on this side the bourne or river which thou canst see where thou now standest40 ,this said1 to it they went once more1 and knight ,walter again won the game1 whereupon the ,king1 starting up and slapping him on the shoulder1 said1 8,henceforth thou shalt be called ,ousebourne40 ,and hence1 it is supposed1 came the name afterwards so famous4--,life of ,corinni1 ,pegge's ,curialia ,miscellanea1 p4 #cai4 ,lower1 #aef4 g,tinterne_/g1 p4 #ec4--,the drinking after ,complins of the prioress of ,rumsey has crept into all our familiar books4 ,among the injunctions to the convent of ,appleton1 anno4 #adhi1 is the following3--8,item1 ,that none of your sisters use the ale-house1 nor the water syde1 where course of strangers dayly resorte40 ,in another it was inquired3 8,whether any of the susters doe cherish theme moste that have any monye1 and causeth them to spende the same1 when they be within1 at good ale1 or otherwise80 ,item4--8,whether any of the susters be commonlye drunke80 ,there were1 however1 many honourable exceptions4 ,pensions were granted at the ,dissolution according to the character of the monastic brothers and sisters1 which it was the business of the ,king's visitors to investigate2 and recommend when approved4 ,rahdal ,wylmyston1 monk of ,norton1 they pronounced to be 8a good1 religious man1 discreet1 and well-grounded in learning--having many good qualities40 ,the nunnery of ,legborne petitioned to be preserved1 saying--8,we trust in ,god1 ye shall here no complaints against us1 nether in our living nor hospitalitie-keeping40--,see ,fosb41 quoting ,m4,s4 ,cott41 ,cleop4 ,e4 iv41 #cgj1 ,b4 ,,tinterne1 p4 #eg4--,that the learning of those times was rather scanty1 even among the higher ecclesiastics1 we have the testimony of ,pitscottie3--,forman1 who succeeded to the archbishopric of ,st4 ,andrew's--on the death of his predecessor at the battle of ,flodden--owed his sudden rise to the partiality of ,pope ,leo ,x4 ,being then at ,rome1 the new archbishop thought it decorous to give a banquet to his ,holiness and the dignitaries of his court1 before setting out on his journey homeward4 8,when the dinner came up10 says the historian1 8the ,pope and cardinals placed1 and sat down according to their estate2 then the use and custom was1 that1 at the beginning of the meat1 he that aught owned the house1 and made the banquet1 should say grace and bless the meat4 ,and so they required the holy bishop to say the grace1 who was not a good scholar1 and had not good ,latin1 but began rudely in the ,scottish fashion in this manner1 saying--#8,benedicite1' believing that they should have answered1 ,dominus4 ,but they answered ,dans1 in the ,italian fashion1 which put this noble bishop bye his intendiment1 that he wist not how to proceed forward2 but happened out1 in good ,scottish1 in this manner1 the which they understood not1 saying--#8,to the devil ,i give ye all1 fause carles1 in nomini ,patri1 ,filii1 and ,spiritus ,sancti6' ,amen1 quoth they6 ,then the bishop and his men leugh4 ,and the bishop shewed the ,pope the manner that he was not a good clerk1 and his cardinals had put him bye his intendiment1 and therefore he gave them all to the devil in good ,scottish2 and then the ,pope leugh among the rest40--,pitscottie1 ,hist4 ,scotl4 p4 #aff1 #bii1 quoted by ,morton4 ,,tinterne1 p4 #gf4--,wyat1 who was attached to the ,reformers1 before their tenets were openly proclaimed in this country1 is said to have accelerated the downfall of monastic institutions by the following jest3--,during a conversation with the ,king on the projected suppression of monasteries1 ,henry observed to the poet that he foresaw great alarm would be caused throughout the country if the ,crown were to resume the immense property then accumulated by the church4 ,wyat1 who saw that this scruple might produce hesitation1 and perhaps obstruction in the measures then in progress1 replied with a suggestion--8,true1 your highness2 but what if the rooks' nests were buttered80 ,henry1 it is said1 took the hint1 and1 by distributing valuable church lands among the nobility1 diminished the danger and odium of an enterprise at once so daring and unpopular4 g,raglan_/g1 p4 #acb4--;,david ,gam1 the ,fluellin of ,shakspeare1 and whose name has been already noticed in the article on ,raglan1 was the son of ,llewelyn ap ,howel ,vychan1 of ,brecknock1 by ,maud1 daughter of ,lefan ap ,rhys ap ,ivor ap ,elvel4 ,the residence of this celebrated warrior was ,old ,court1 the site of which is in a field adjoining ,llandeilo-,cresseny ,house1 midway between ,abergavenny and ,monmouth4 ,david ,gam1 being the officer sent to reconnoitre the ,french army before the battle of ,agincourt1 said to the ,king on his return--8,an't please you1 my liege1 they are enough to be killed1 enough to be taken prisoners1 and enough to ran away40 ,in this battle1 ,david1 with his son-in-law1 ,roger ,vychan ,vaughan1 and his relative1 ,walter ,lloyd1 rescued the ,king when surrounded by his foes--saved his life at the expense of their own--and out of the eighteen ,french cavaliers slew fourteen4 ,the ,king1 after this signal victory1 approached the spot where they lay in the agonies of death1 and bestowed on them the only reward that could then be paid to their valour--to wit1 the honour of knighthood4 ,shakspeare1 as we have observed1 designated this fiery soldier by the name of ,fluellin4 ,he resided often at ,peytyn-,gwyn1 near ,brecon1 and many of his descendants at ,tregaer2 others of the family were buried in ,christ's ,church1 ,brecon4 ,there are almshouses in the parish of ,st4 ,david's1 ,brecon1 with a portion of garden-ground attached to each1 given by one of the ,games or ,gams of ,newton1 for thirteen female inmates--decayed housekeepers in the town of ,brecon4--,owen ,glendower1 by ,thomas4 ,in our notice of the g,founders_/g of ,raglan1 from other historical sources1 this ,david is named ,sir ,richard ,gam1 whose daughter1 after the loss of her husband1 ,sir ,roger ,vaughan1 at ,agincourt1 espoused ,sir ,william ap ,thomas1 the knight of ,raglan4 ,,raglan1 p4 #agd4--;,inter ,carolinum--the ,king's route after ,naseby fight4 ,june #ad4 ,battle of ,naseby1 #afde4 #ae4 ,lichfield--at the governor's in the close4 ,mond4 #af4 ,mrs4 7,widow7 ,barnford's1 ,wolverhampton4 #ag4 ,the 8,angel0 at ,bewdley 7two nights71 #agth and #ahth4 #ai4 ,dined at ,bramyard1 supped at ,hereford 7and remained74 ,july #a4 7,tuesday7 ,to ,campson1 dinner1 ,mr4 ,pritchard's--to ,abergavenny1 supper1 at ,mr4 ,guncer's 7staid second74 #c4 ,to g,raglan_/g1 supper1 ,marquis of ,worcester1 remained till ,wed4 #af4 ,to ,tridegur1 to dinner--,cardiff1 supper1 ,sir ,t4 ,timel's--defrayed at the country's charge4 #ah4 ,back to g,raglan_/g to dinner1 remained till #bb4 ,to ,mr4 ,moore's of the ,creek1 near ,black ,rock1 and came back to supper at ,raglan4 8,the ,scots approach1 and our own causeless apprehension of fear made us demur and doubt2 on the first1 what to resolve2 and in the latter1 how to steer our resolutions1 which involved us in a most disastrous condition4 ,thurs4 #bd4 ,from ,raglan to ,mr4 ,moore's of the ,creek1 to pass over at the ,black ,rock for ,bristol2 but his ,majesty1 sitting in council1 and advising to the contrary1 marched only with his own servants and troops that night to ,newport-on-,usk2 lay at ,mrs4 ,pritty's4 #be4 ,to ,ruppera1 ,sir ,philip ,morgan's 7rested74 ,tues4 #bi4 ,to ,cardiff1 dinner at the governor's1 at our own charge4 ,aug4 #e4 7,tuesday7 ,to ,glancayah1 ,mr4 ,pritchard's1 dinner4 ,wed4 #f4 ,to ,gumevit1 ,sir ,henry ,williams'1 dinner4 8 ,to ,old ,radnor1 supper1 a yeoman's house4 8 ,the ,court dispersed4 ,thurs4 #g4 ,ludlow ,castle1 to dinner1 ,colonel ,woodhouse's4 ,sept4 #g4 7,sunday7 ,raglan ,castle1 supper4 #hth1 ,abergavenny4 ,sund4 #ad4 ib4 supper4 ,mond4 #ae4 ,marched halfway to ,bramyard1 but there was leo in intinere1 and so back to ,hereford again40--,extract from the 8,itinerarium40 ,,raglan ,,library1 p4 #aie4--,the havoc and devestation of the ancient ,british ,,mss4 is a subject of continual regret to the historian1 antiquary1 and general scholar4 ,bangor-is-,coed1 according to ,laugharne and ,humphrey ,llwyd1 was furnished with a valuable library1 which was burnt to ashes by ,edelfrid1 when he massacred its inmates1 and destroyed the college--not much less1 as ,bishop ,lloyd asserts1 than one of our present universities4 ,a chest of records1 appertaining to the see of ,st4 ,david's1 was destroyed by a flood2 and great part of the ,,mss4 of ,british authors were burnt during the civil wars4 ,in those calamitous times1 when monuments of taste and literature were destroyed or defaced by miscreants more ignorant and rapacious than ,goths and ,vandals1 the superb library at g,raglan ,castle_/g met with the same fate as other splendid establishments1 when objects of military spoil or fanatical rage4 ,in an age comparatively learned1 the monks termed all ancient ,,mss4 vetusta et inutilia2 and little attention1 we have reason to believe1 was paid by the visitors at the ,dissolution--mostly ill qualified for the task--to discriminate between true history and ,romish legends1 to select and preserve works of merit1 and to reject the trash hoarded up by superstition4--,fenton's ,pemb42 ,mem4 ,owen ,glendower1 ,rev4 ,t4 ,thomas1 #bi4 ,,raglan1 p4 #bba4--;g,oldcastle_/g was the dissolute companion of ,henry ,v4 when ,prince of ,wales1 and afterwards a ,wickliffite and reformer4 ,he was sacrificed by his youthful companion to an ecclesiastical bribe1 condemned and executed for heresy and rebellion4 ,lord ,orford observes1 that ,cobham was the first author1 as well as the first martyr among our nobility3 a man whose virtues made him a reformer2 whose valour1 a martyr2 whose martyrdom1 an enthusiast4 ,he was suspended by a chain fastened round his waist1 over a slow fire4 ,the bringing him to the stake was considered a meritorious affair in those times of gross superstition4 ,the lordship of ,broniarth was granted to the family of ,tanad1 the fifth of ,henry ,v42 and other gentlemen enjoyed several privileges from ,edward ,charleton1 ,lord ,powys1 for the assistance they gave in the apprehension of ,oldcastle1 whose son-in-law1 ,sir ,john ,gray1 brought him a prisoner to ,london2 and for this service1 ,lord ,powys received the thanks of ,parliament4 ,oldcastle1 the residence of ,lord ,cobham1 is situated on the slope of the ,black ,mountains1 near the road to ,longtown1 and about four miles from ,llanfihangel4 ,the old castle was demolished1 and a farm-house constructed from the materials4 --,owen ,glendower1 p4 #abb4 g,pembroke ,castle_/g1 p4 #cjj4--,welsh bards are thus apostrophized by ,drayton3-- 8,oh1 memorable ,bards6 of unmix'd blood1 which still ,posterity shall praise for your so wondrous skill2 ,that in your noble songs the long descents have kept ,of your great heroes1 else in ,leth that had slept ,with theirs1 whose ignorant pride your labours have disdained1 ,how much from time and them1 how bravely you have gained4 #8,musician1' #8herald1' #8bard1' thrice mayest thou be renowned6 ,and with three several wreaths immortally be crowned6 ,who1 when to g,pembroke_/g called1 before the ,english king1 ,and to thy powerful harp commanded there to sing1 ,of famous g,arthur_/g told'st1 and where he was interred1 ,in which those #8retchless' times had long and blindly erred4 ,and ignorance had brought the world to such a pass1 ,as now1 which scarce believed that g,arthur_/g ever was6 ,but when ,king g,henry_/g sent the reported place to view1 ,he found that man of men1 and what thou said'st was true4 ,here1 then1 ,i cannot choose but bitterly exclaim ,against those fools that all ,antiquity defame2 ,because they have found out some credulous ages laid ,slight fictions with the truth1 whilst truth on rumour staid4 ,and that our forward times 7perceiving the former neglect ,a former of her had71 to purchase her respect1 ,with toys then trimmed her up1 the drowsy world to allure1 ,and lent her what it thought might appetite procure4 ,to man1 whose mind doth still variety pursue10 c41 #bag 4 ,so did ,mars reverence the ,muses1 that1 if a ,welsh bard struck his harp at the moment of encounter1 the hostile spirit pervading both armies was suddenly subdued2 their swords were returned bloodless to the scabbards2 and they who had come forth to mutual slaughter1 united in the song of peace and goodwill to men4 ,,pembroke1 p4 #cja4--8,the castel10 says ,leland1 8standith hard by the waull on a hard rocke1 and is verie large and strong1 being doble warded4 ,in the utter warde ,i saw the chambre where ,kinge ,henri ,,vii4 was borne1 in knowledge whereof a chyromancy is now made with the armes and badges of this kinge4 ,in the botome of the great stronge rownd tower in the inner ward1 is a marvellus vault called the g,hogan_/g4 ,the top of this rownd tower is gathered with a rofe of stone1 almost in conum2 the topp whereoff is keverid with a flat mille stone40 ,the outer ward1 here mentioned1 was entered from the tower by a grand gateway1 yet standing1 of prodigious strength1 and defended by two round towers1 one on each side4 ,,pembroke1 p4 #cjb4--,the small remains of the ,ely ,tower1 in ,brecknock ,castle1 still exist4 ,the fate of ,morton and ,buckingham1 though their views were similar1 were very unlike4 ,morton was meritoriously elevated to the dignities of a ,cardinal1 and ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 for his services3 while ,buckingham was intercepted1 and lost his head at ,salisbury4#daj ,he discovered1 too late1 that tyrants pull down those scaffolds which elevated them to power4 ,his son ,edward was restored by ,henry ,,vii41 but through the machinations of ,wolsey fell into disgrace1 and was beheaded by ,henry ,,viii4 for the whimsical alleged crime of consulting a wizard about the succession4 ,when the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 heard of his death1 he observed--8,a butcher's dog has torn down the finest buck in ,england40#daa ,,pembroke1 p4 #cjc4--,on the #gth of ,december1 #aghj1 the following letter from the ,lord ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's1 and the ,justices of the ,county of ,pembroke1 to the ,lord ,treasurer ,burleigh1 was read at the ,society of ,antiquaries of ,london1 being copied from the 8,scrinia ,burleighiana10 ,vol4 #gi1 ,no4 #c1 then in the library of ,james ,west1 ,esq41 at ,alscot4 ,by this letter is seen the great importance attached to ,pembroke1 both as a fortress1 a seaport1 a safe bay1 and a productive soil1 but at that time quite unprotected against foreign invasion4 ,it runs thus3-- 8,right ,honorable our singular good ,lorde4--,the bounden dutie we owe to her ,ma1 the consience we have for safegarde of the whole ,realme1 and the care that in nature and reason wee carry of this our countrie1 have emboldened us to offer this ,discourse unto y ,hon4 concerninge the safetie of them and us all4 ,it becometh us not to feare1 neither do we doubte of the wise and grave consideracon that y ,lp4 and the rest of the ,,ll4 moste honourable privie counsaill1 have had1 and still have1 for y preservacon of her ,ma and the realme2 but yett1 fearing y want of due informacon touching the estate of ,mylforde ,haven1 and the p'tes adjoining1 ,it may please you to understande that y ,haven itself1 being neyther barred to hynder entrie1 nor to be embayed by anye wyndes to lett yssuinge forthe1 is a sufficient harborough for an infynite number of ,ships2 w haven beying once gotten by the enemye1 maie drawe on such fortificacon of ,pembrock ,towne and ,castle1 and the ,towne and ,castle of ,tynby1 with other places nere unto y1 as infynite nombers of men1 and greate expense of treasure1 will hardely in a long tyme remove the enemye1 during which tyme her ,ma shall loose a fertyle countrey1 w yeldes her ,ma xii4 lib4 by yeere1 and more in revenue paide to her ,ma' ,receaver1 besides all other ,receipts1 both temporal and ecclesiasticall1 as tenthes1 subsidies1 c4 8g,also_/g1 it is to be remembred that the soyle nere the sayde haven yeldeth corn in such aboundance1 as wolde suffice to maynteigne a greate armye3 and the sea coasts nere about it yelde greate plenty of fishe4 ,the harbour also standeth very commodiouslye to receave victualls from ,ffrance1 ,brytaine1 or ,spayne1 all w things maie be an occasion to move the enemye to affect that place beffore others4 8g,also_/g1 there are in ,pembrockshire xviii4 castles1 of w tho' there be but twoe or three in reparacon1 yett are the rest places of greate strength1 and easylie to be fortyfied by the enemye2 some of w are so seated naturally for strength1 as theye seeme ympregnable4 8g,also_/g1 there are in that shire dyvers sconces or forts of earth1 raysed in greate height w greate rampiers and dytches to the number of vi4 or vii41 w in tymes past have been places of strength in tyme of war3 ,all w castles and forts wolde yelde greate advantage to the enemyes to strengthen themselves in such sorte1 that it wolde be an infynite charge to remove them from thence4 ,agayne1 the same is situate within vii4 hours sailing of ,waterforde and ,wexforde1 in ,yrelande2 so as yf the enemye have an intencon to invade ,yrelande1 his harborough in this haven maie serve him to greate purpose4 8g,ffurthermore_/g1 being lorde1 as it weare1 of thease seas1 by possessing this harbour1 what spoile he maie make along ,seaverne on both sides1 even to ,bristoll1 maie be easelie conjectured4 ,and if he--w ,god forbidd--sh enjoye ,brytanie withall1 our ,englishe marchants can have no trade1 w will decrease her ,highness' customes and decaie the navy4 8g,if_/g it be thought that he may be kept from landinge1 neyther the force of men1 nor furniture here1 will serve the turne2 considering here be manie places where he may easelie land1 and he maie com upon us within half a daie's saylinge1 we having no ships at sea to descry hym sooner--and how then our small forces may be in a readyness to withstande hym1 wee referr to y ,hon' judgment4 g,and_/g if it be thought that her ,ma' ,navy ,royall be able to conquer them being once in this haven1 and that by them fortyfied1 yt woulde be founde very harde1 by reason that1 uppon every little storme1 they shall be in greate danger of wrack1 and no lande forces are able to expell them3 ,whereupon we humblie praie y ,lp4 to consider whether it be not expedient for the withstanding of the enemye1 that he obtayne not this harborough1 to have a convenient number of ships of warr1 and fortyficacons to defende the same1 w preparacon1 if the enemye might perceave1 wee beleve verelie it woulde alter his mynde from adventuringe his navy uppon this coaste4 g,and_/g whereas1 of late1 ,mr4 ,pawle ,ivye was sent hither to survey y ,haven1 and to consider of fitt places for fortyficacon1 what report he hath made of his opinyon wee know not3 but sure wee are1 that his abode about that service was verie short1 and his survey verie speedilie dispatched2 so that1 because none of us were privye to his entennt or conceyte1 wee do yet retayne some hope that1 if some other man of experience were sentt downe hither1 to consider of all the said circumstances1 some such report woulde happlie be made unto y ,hon4 and the reste1 as some better event might ensue for the safetie of this poore countrey1 and the whole realme1 than as yett1 for ought we knowe1 hath beene determined uppon3 especiallie yf the partie shall have instruccons to viewe the ,towne and ,castle of g,tynby_/g1 being a place w may be easelie made of exceedinge strenth1 and was not seene by ,mr4 ,ivye nearer than two myles distance1 for aught that we can learne44440 ,,pembroke ,,castle4--8,of ,william ,earl of ,pembroke10 says ,clarendon1 8a short story may be here not unfitly inserted3--,it being very frequently mentioned by a person of known integrity1 whose character is here undertaken to be set down1 and who1 at that time1 being on his way to ,london1 met1 at ,maidenhead1 some persons of quality1 of relation or dependence upon the ,earl of ,pembroke4 ,these were ,sir ,charles ,morgan1 commonly called #8,general' ,morgan1 who had commanded an army in ,germany1 and defended ,stoad2 ,dr4 ,field1 then ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's2 and ,dr4 ,chafin1 the ,earl's then chaplain in his house1 and much in his favour4 ,at supper1 one of them drank a health to the ,lord ,steward2#dab upon which another of them said1 that he believed his lord was at that time very merry1 for he had now outlived the day which his tutor1 ,sandford1 had prognosticated1 upon his nativity1 he #8would not outlive4' ,but he had done it now1 for that was his birthday1 which completed his age to fifty years4 ,the next morning1 however1 by the time they came to ,colebrook1 they met with the news of his death60 ,he died 8exceedingly lamented by men of all qualities1 and left many of his dependents and servants owners of good estates1 raised out of his employments and bounty40 99 99 99 99 99 g,benedictine ,rule4_/g--,the ,abbot is presumed to represent ,jesus ,christ3 he is authorised to summon all his monks to council in important affairs1 and afterwards to adopt and carry into practice what he considers the best advice4 ,he is entitled to obedience without delay2 commands silence2 permits no scurrility1 idle or angry words1 or such as tend to provoke unseemly mirth or laughter4 ,the rule enjoins humility1 patience1 and forbearance1 under all injuries and provocations2 manifestation or confession of secret faults to be made to the ,abbot2 contentment with the meanest things in food1 dress1 and employments2 not to speak unless when asked2 to observe habitual gravity2 to keep the head and eyes inclined downwards to the earth2 to rise to church service two hours after midnight2 the g,psalter_/g to be sung through once a week2 to leave the church together1 at a sign from the ,superior2 and in large abbeys every ten monks to be under the surveillance of a ,dean4 ,illustration g,further_/g3 ,the g,rule_/g permits light in the dormitory2 to sleep1 young and old1 in their clothes1 with their girdles on1 as servants ready to attend their ,lord1 come he at what hour he may4 ,upon cases of delinquency1 where admonition has failed to produce reformation1 public reprehension and excommunication are pronounced1 and on failure of these also to effect a change1 recourse is to be had to corporal chastisement4 g,for faults_/g of a lighter nature1 the offender is subjected to the smaller and temporary excommunication of eating alone1 after the brotherhood have finished2 but for graver offences1 the delinquent is banished from the public table1 excluded from prayer and society1 neither himself nor his food to receive the benediction1 and those who join or speak to him to be placed under the ban of excommunication4 ,in the meantime the ,abbot1 with paternal solicitude for his penitence and restoration1 deputes certain of the elder brethren to exhort him to humility1 and to make such reparation and satisfaction as the infringement of the rule demands4 ,the whole congregation meanwhile are to pray for him4 ,if all these means should fail to attain the object in view1 the last step to be taken is that of formal expulsion from the convent2 and no person so expelled can be received back after the third expulsion4 ,children are to be punished by fasting or whipping4 g,the ,cellarer_/g is to do nothing without the ,abbot's order2 and in large houses he is allowed to have assistants4 ,habits and goods of the house to be under the custody of proper officers1 and the ,abbot to have an account of them4 ,there is to be no private property3 distribution of things needful1 to be made according to every one's necessities4 ,the monks are to serve weekly1 and by turns1 in the kitchen and at table4 ,upon having their weeks1 both he that left it1 and he that began it1 to wash the feet of the others2 on ,saturdays1 to clean all the plates1 and the linen used in the washing of feet2 to replace all the dishes clean and whole in the hands of the ,cellarer1 who is to give them to the new ,hebdomadary4 ,these officers are to have drink and food before the others1 and above the common allowance1 so that they may wait upon them with cheerfulness4 ,on solemn days1 both on entering and retiring from office1 the ,hebdomadaries are to continue till the gmasses_/g4 ,after matins on the ,sunday1 they are to kneel and beg the others to pray for them2 those going out are then to say a certain prayer three times1 and receive the gbenediction_/g1 whilst the one coming in does the same1 and after benediction goes into office4 g,the ,infirmary4_/g--,this department had its particular officer1 who had the direction of the baths1 and administration of the medicine and diet ordered for the sick4 ,the rule was mitigated in favour of children and aged men1 who had leave to anticipate the usual hours of eating4 ,the refection1 as already described1 was conducted in silence--all listening to the ,scripture-greader_/g1 whose voice alone was heard during the repast4 ,whatever was wanted1 was asked for by sign4 ,the reader was appointed weekly4 ,the dinner consisted of two dishes only1 with fruit2 and to each monk1 daily1 one pound of bread was distributed1 which was to suffice for both dinner and supper4 ,no animal food was allowed1 except to the sick and aged in the infirmary4 ,the allowance of wine was three-quarters of a pint per day4 ,from ,holyrood-day to ,lent1 the dinner hour was at gnones_/g2 in ,lent till ,easter1 at six o'clock2 from ,easter to ,pentecost1 at gsext_/g2 and all summer1 except on ,wednesdays and ,fridays1 at gnones_/g4 ,the collation1 or spiritual lecture1 was given every night before gcomplin_/g--that is1 after supper2 and complin finished1 they were enjoined strict silence4 ,tardiness at church or table was punished with loss of rank1 prohibition of wine1 or their usual allowance1 or sitting in the place of disgrace4 ,the excommunicated were condemned to make prostration with the face toward the ground1 and without the church gate1 when the monks proceed to prayers4 ,for any fault in the gchant_/g1 he who made it was to ask immediate pardon2 and in other places1 breaking of any utensil1 or neglect of duty1 was to be spontaneously acknowledged before the ,abbot and congregation4 ,the signal for repairing to church was given by the g,abbot_/g2 and nobody was to sing or read there without his leave4 g,daily work_/g was to be done from gprime_/g till near ten o'clock1 from g,easter_/g till the kalends of ,october1 and from ten till twelve o'clock was to be spent in reading4 ,after refection at noon1 the monks were allowed to take their gmeridian_/g or siesta2 but those who preferred reading were allowed to do so4 ,after nones1 labour was recommenced and continued until the evening1 from the kalends of ,october until ,lent1 reading till eight ,a4,m41 then g,tierce_/g1 and afterwards labour until nones4 ,after refection they had reading or psalmody4 ,in ,lent they had reading until tierce2 doing what was ordered in the ,ritual until ten--with the delivery of the books at their season4#dac ,it was the duty of the g,senior_/g to go round the house1 and see that the monks were not idle4 ,on ,sunday1 all spent their time in reading--except the officers1 and the idle and infirm1 who had work given them4 ,during ,lent1 abstinence from meat1 drink1 and sleep1 with a grave1 pious1 and solemn demeanour1 are more strictly enjoined1 and1 if need be1 enforced4 ,if engaged in a journey1 the monks are to halt wherever they may happen to be at the time1 and there say the canonical hours4 ,an instance of this punctuality has been given in our account of ,tinterne ,abbey4 ,monks staying out of convent beyond a day1 are not to eat in secular society without leave of the ,abbot4 ,the church was never to be used but for the solemnity of prayer3 any other use was to be considered desecration in its gravest sense4 g,strangers_/g are to be received by the monks to join them in prayers--with the salutation of peace1 and prostration1 and washing of feet1 as of g,christ_/g1 whom they represent4 ,they are then led to prayers2 the ,scriptures are read to them2 after which the ,prior1 except on very solemn occasions1 is permitted to break his fast4 ,the g,abbot's_/g kitchen and that of the visitors1 are to be kept separate2 so that the brethren may not be disturbed by guests or pilgrims coming in at unseasonable hours4 ,no letters or presents can be received without leave from the ,abbot4 ,when he has no strangers in the convent1 the ,abbot may invite to his table certain of the brotherhood in rotation4 g,workmen_/g or artisans in the house are to labour for the common profit4 ,novices are to be tried by austerities1 denials1 and hard essays1 before admission3 their term of probation to comprise twelve months2 in the interim1 the rule is to be read to them every fourth month4 ,they are then to be admitted by a petition laid upon the g,altar_/g1 and by prostration at the feet of all the monks4 ,see the forms already given in our notice of ,tinterne ,abbey4 g,parents_/g are to dedicate their children to the service of ,god1 by wrapping their hands in the pall of the altar2 promising to leave nothing to them that might serve as a temptation to their leaving the house or convent for the world2 but if they bring anything with them1 the use of it is to be reserved during their lives4 g,priests_/g requesting admission are to be tried by delays2 to sit near the ,abbot1 and conform to the grule_/g1 but not to exercise sacerdotal functions without special leave4 ,stranger monks are to be received hospitably1 and1 if shown to be of good character and morals1 invited to take up their abode4 ,monks who have been ordained priests1 are to be subject to the grule_/g and officers of the establishment1 or to incur the pain of expulsion4 g,precedence_/g is to be taken in accordance with the time of profession3 the elders are to address the juniors as brothers2 and the latter to address the former as nonnos1 or fathers2 the ,abbot to be styled ,dominus1 or father-abbot4 ,when two monks meet1 the junior is to ask the benediction of his senior2 and when he passes by1 the junior is respectfully to rise1 offer him his seat1 and not to sit down again until invited4 g,the ,election_/g of abbots was determined by the whole society1 and a plurality of votes2 the grand recommendation of the candidate for that sacred office1 being the purity of his life and conduct4 ,the prior was elected by the ,abbot1 who could depose him for disobedience1 or any flagrant abuse of power or neglect of duty4 ,among the minor officials-- g,the ,abbey ,porter_/g was required to be a shrewd old man--able to give and receive an answer2 he was to have a cell near the gatehouse1 and a junior porter for his companion4 ,it was very desirable1 in order to prevent the habit of straying beyond the abbey walls1 to have a mill1 well1 bakehouse1 and other domestic offices within the house1 with a garden and orchard adjoining4 ,monks going on a journey are to have the prayers of the congregation beforehand2 and on their return to the convent1 they are to confess and solicit pardon for any excesses they may have committed whilst abroad4 g,undertakings_/g1 which had subsequently appeared difficult or even impossible to carry out1 agreeably to the orders of the ,superior1 were to be humbly represented to him2 but if he persisted1 then the assistance of ,god was to be implored1 and relied upon1 for their final accomplishment4 ,no monk was permitted to defend or excuse the delinquency of a brother3 no blow was to be inflicted--no excommunication carried into effect--without the knowledge and express sanction of the ,abbot4 ,in the correction of children and pupils1 a discretionary power was allowed4 ,the duty of mutual obedience was straitly enjoined2 but no member was permitted1 in obedience to orders1 to give to any private person a preference over his monastic superiors4 ,and the apology to be made and demanded in such cases1 was prostration at the feet of the superiors1 until their anger or displeasure was appeased1 the rule of the institution vindicated1 and the offender brought to a due sense of his degradation4#dad g,habit4_/g--8,as for the habits of the ,benedictine monks10 says ,stevens1 8they were left to the discretion of the abbots1 according to the nature and temperature of the country1 as it was hotter or colder40 ,nothing could be more sensible and considerate2 for it cannot be doubted that a neglect of this must be attended with pernicious consequences to the general health of any society1 that numbered amongst its members the natives of various climates1 which1 in point of dress1 required a special regulation4 ,in temperate climates1 a g,cowl_/g and a tunic were sufficient--the cowl of a thicker texture for winter1 and a thinner for summer--with a scapular to work in4 ,the scapular was the upper garment during the time of labour1 which was thrown off at pleasure1 and the cowl worn during the remainder of the day4 ,every monk had two gtunics_/g and two cowls1 either to change at night or to have them washed4 ,the stuff of which they were made1 was to be the cheapest the country afforded4 ,to the end that no man might have any property--that is1 anything that he might call his own--the ,abbot supplied them all with everything necessary in point of clothing4 ,besides the habit1 each monk had a handkerchief1 a knife1 a needle1 a steel pen1 and tablets to write upon4 ,their beds were mats1 with a straw paillasse1 a piece of serge1 a blanket1 and a pillow4 g,st4 ,benedict_/g did not decide of what colour the habit should be2 but it appears1 from the inspection of ancient pictures1 that the garment worn by the first ,benedictines was white1 and the scapular black--that the scapular then worn was not of the same shape as that used by the ,order in the present day4 ,it was more like the jerkins or jackets worn by sailors1 except that it was not open in front1 but only a little in the sides4 ,that description of garment had been long in use before the common garment1 worn by the peasantry and poor people1 was introduced4 ,this will be understood by referring to the woodcut4 ,a black woollen robe covers the whole body and feet2 the hood is loose1 obtuse1 oval1 and broad2 the scapulary is plain1 of the breadth of the abdomen2 the girdle is broad1 with a black cowl descending to the ancles4 ,the inner tunics1 in general1 are black1 and the shirt is narrow at the wrist2 but in the house1 the monk lays aside the hood1 girds his scapulary1 and wears a crested or twofold cap on his head4 ,owing to the sombre hue that prevailed in their habit1 they were called g,black ,friars_/g4#dae g,the ,nuns_/g of this ,order wear a black robe1 with a scapular of the same colour and texture2 and under this black robe they wear a tunic of wool that has not been dyed2 others wear the tunic quite white4 ,in the choir1 or upon solemn occasions1 they wear over all a black cowl1 like that of the monks2 but in the engravings of ,benedictine ,sisters1 a black veil and white wimple are introduced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,authorities quoted or referred to in the preceding articles3--,history of ,monmouth--,pembroke--,glamorgan--,engli sh ,baronage--,monasticon--,memoir of ,owen ,glendower--,welsh ,genealogical ,history--,king's ,munimenta ,antiq4--,carlisle and ,lewis' ,wales--,roscoe's ,south ,wales--,illustrations of ,magna ,charta--,life of ,charles ,i4--,mem4 of ,cromwell and the ,parliament--,puritanism in ,wales--the ,english ,historians and ,chroniclers--with most of the ,authorities1 local and national1 already enumerated in the preceding sections of the work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chepstow4--,the reference to the ,appendix1 in the note at the bottom of page #cb1 is explained in the account of ,,neath ,,abbey4 ,in the course of this work1 it has been our pleasing duty to refer to numerous authors1 ancient and modern1 on whose authority1 in the various branches of ,archology1 our observations have been frequently based2 and now that we are closing another volume1 it would be injustice to the memory of departed worth to pass over in comparative silence the author of 8,tinterne ,abbey and its ,vicinity40 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,,hearde ,,thomas1 by whose premature death the republic of letters has lost a zealous and valuable contributor1 was many years a medical practitioner in the retired village of ,tinterne-,parva2 where1 in the exercise of his profession among a widely-scattered population1 he had daily opportunities of visiting those classic and time-hallowed remains with which the county of ,monmouth is so greatly enriched1 and thus collected materials for the local guide-book which associates his name so favourably with ,tinterne ,abbey and other historical sites1 which have recently passed under our notice4 ,the merits of his little work--far above the ordinary hand-books of the day--were speedily noticed by the press in terms of approbation and encouragement4 ,to the various objects which he undertook to illustrate1 he brought the united tastes and acquirements of historian1 antiquary1 and poet--the result of much reading1 close observation1 and a delicate perception of those natural beauties which are so profusely scattered along the banks of the ,wye4 ,to these were added an early taste for ,natural history1#daf which was assiduously and successfully cultivated during his residence at ,tinterne4 ,to him the embroidery of flowers1 the 8garniture of fields0--mountain1 forest1 and 8minnowy brook10 were objects of never-failing interest and contemplation1 the results of which he had purposed in due time to lay before the public4 ,for the prosecution of these studies1 a visit to ,canada1 and personal examination of its natural history1 had given him various facilities not to be acquired on this side of the ,atlantic4 ,but his constitution1 naturally delicate1 had slowly given way under the combined influence of mental and bodily fatigue2 and when overtaken at last by the heaviest of domestic calamities--the death of his wife--such was the prostration of his health and spirits1 that1 as a last resource1 he made preparation to emigrate to one of our colonies1 where the effects of a genial climate were held out as the only means of re-establishing his health1 and opening a wider and safer field for the exercise of professional talent and industry4 ,this cheering prospect1 however1 was but a glimpse of sunshine1 that soon disappeared in disappointment and darkness4 ,a rapid journey to ,london1 at an inclement season1 induced a train of symptoms which1 assuming a more and more decided character1 continued their fatal progress until arrested by the hand of death1 which took place in ,december1 #ahdh4 ,he died in the prime of life1 having survived his wife one brief twelvemonth1 and left behind him an infant family1 with 8a father's blessing for their patrimony10 for whom no better wish can be expressed by his friends than that they may inherit their father's virtues1 without his sorrows4 ,these orphans were immediately transferred to the care of a near relative1 under whose affectionate guardianship and devoted care they have already shown evidence of an intellectual capacity that expands by cultivation1 and promises to bring forth good fruit in its season4 ,as far as the loss of parents could be supplied at their tender age1 it has been supplied by this relative--whose delicacy must not be hurt by any commendation from a stranger1 whose only object1 in thus closing the volume1 is to record his admiration of ,genius that so often flourishes and fades in the shade2 yet1 strong in the faith that looks for a better country1 feels that the trials of this life are all softened1 if not disarmed1 by the practice of virtue1 and a humble reliance on the promises of ,god4 ,in the little churchyard of ,tinterne-,parva--which he had so feelingly described--repose the remains of ,william ,hearde ,thomas1 and the short-lived partner of his joys and sorrows4 ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,series4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,valuable ,,illustrated ,,works ,,published ,,by ,,george ,,virtue1 ,,london2 ,,and ,,sold ,,by ,,hall ,,co4 #be1 ,,paternoster ,,row4 ,dedicated to ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ,albert ,edward1 ,prince of ,wales4 ,royal ,gems from the ,galleries of ,europe4 ,engraved after ,pictures of the ,great ,masters4 ,with ,notices1 ,biographical1 ,historical1 and ,descriptive4 ,by ,s4 ,c4 ,hall1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,each ,part contains ,three highly-finished ,plates1 engraved in the first style of art1 by ,w4 ,greatbach1 ,c4 ,rolls1 ,l4 ,stocks1 ,cousen1 and others4 ,size of the ,engravings1 #f-a_/b inches by #i-a_/b inches4 ,in ,monthly ,parts1 price #cs4 each4 8,the object of this publication is to give engravings1 at a moderate price1 of the best pictures in the various ,european ,galleries1 and to accompany them with biographical and descriptive notices of the artists and the subjects1 from the pen of ,mr4 ,carter ,hall1 whose contributions to the illustrations of works of art are known to1 and appreciated by1 the public4 ,they 7the plates7 are very well engraved1 transmitting the beauty of the painting to the engraved resemblance1 and conveying a good idea of the brilliancy and clearness of the painters4 ,that this work is a help to good taste1 and will do good for the ,arts1 nobody will deny40--,times1 ,july #aa1 #ahdf4 8,the admiration of this spirited effort to bring real #8,gems' of art within the reach of persons in limited circumstances1 which we expressed on the appearance of the ,first ,part1 is now confirmed and increased4 ,the beauty of the pictures and the lowness of the price1 call forth equally our commendation and wonder4 ,mr4 ,hall's portion of the undertaking1 also1 is performed judiciously and tastefully40--,watchman1 ,july #bb1 #ahdf4 8,this series of engravings contains prints from the finest works to be found in ,british and foreign collections1 giving specimens of all schools and all masters1 so as to present a view of the masterpieces of ancient and modern ,art1 and collect in volumes copies of the treasures scattered over the civilized world4 ,the field is inexhaustible1 and can hardly fail to prove successful4 ,the size is a handsome royal folio2 sufficiently large to give a fair idea of the merits of the original4 ,the illustrative notices1 critical and biographical1 are by ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hall1 to whose established taste the superintendence of the work is confided4 ,the price is so moderate as to place the work within the reach of all classes40--,britannia1 ,may #bc1 #ahdf4 ,the ,christian in ,palestine2 or1 ,scenes of ,sacred ,history4 ,illustrated from ,sketches taken by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,bartlett1 during his recent ,journey in the ,holy ,land4 ,with ,explanatory ,descriptions1 by ,henry ,stebbing1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,in ,twenty ,monthly ,parts1 price #bs4 each1 with four highly-finished ,engravings on ,steel1 by ,cousen1 ,bentley1 ,brandard1 and others4 8,whatever interest may be excited by the history or descriptions of other countries1 it can rarely be equalled1 and certainly never surpassed1 by that which belongs to those given of ,palestine1 the land of the law and the ,gospel40 8#8,the ,christian in ,palestine1' and #8,royal ,gems from the ,galleries of ,europe4' ,these interesting publications1 which we class together1 as issuing from the same press1 continue to merit the commendation which their excellence has so unequivocally claimed4 ,they evince considerable taste1 with great resources1 and a most laudable spirit of artistic enterprise40--,morning ,chronicle1 ,aug #bb1 #ahdf4 8,this book1 in its own department1 which we need not say is a deeply interesting one1 merits similar praise with the work which we have just noticed #8,royal ,gems'4 ,it will prove one of the very best of the pictorial illustrations of the ,holy ,land40--,watchman1 ,july #bb1 #ahdj4 8#8,the ,christian in ,palestine' is an illustrated work1 the plates of which are from the careful drawings of ,mr4 ,bartlett1 who has recently visited ,palestine1 and brought home a well-stored portfolio of brilliant and characteristic sketches4 ,the work will form a pleasing companion to the ,bible1 as the plates are all scriptural in scenery1 and chaste in treatment1 and give a faithful representation of the most celebrated scenes connected with the birthplace of the ,saviour of mankind1 and the land of miracle and redemption40--,britannia1 ,may #bc1 #ahdf4 ,walks in and about the ,city ,environs of ,jerusalem4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,bartlett4 ,illustrated by ,nine ,engravings on ,steel1 by ,cousen1 ,bentley1 and ,brandard2 a ,map1 and nearly ,forty superior ,woodcuts4 ,medium #hvo1 in cloth binding1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,the object of this work is to give a correct idea of the present state of this memorable city1 from personal observation4 ,the 8,walks0 embrace the principal objects of interest3 many of which have neither been drawn or described in any previous publication2 and the ,ancient ,city is illustrated in a brief essay1 together with a view of it1 as besieged by ,titus1 drawn up from the most careful investigation of the best authorities1 and beautifully printed in the tinted style by the new patent process4 8,our impression is that ,jerusalem was never before so successfully delineated40--,evangelical ,magazine4 8,the ,views are well chosen1 are not made up1 and are most feelingly executed40--,church of ,england ,quarterly ,review4 8,mr4 ,bartlett's descriptions are distinct and lively1 every sentence is a picture40--,spectator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,uniform ,series of ,illustrated ,works4 ,the ,danube ,illustrated2 a ,series of #hj ,plates1 tastefully executed in the highest style1 with ,historical ,text from the ,pen of ,dr4 ,beattie4 ,the letter-press1 which is enriched by copious extracts from the ,legends and ,traditions of ,germany1 possesses also the unusual attraction of being illustrated1 in this instance1 by nearly #hj superior ,wood ,engravings4 ,one ,volume1 #bl4 #bs4 ,switzerland2 a ,series of #ajh fine ,steel ,plates1 from ,drawings by ,w4 ,h4 ,bartlett1 ,esq4 illustrative of the sublime and beautiful varieties of ,helvetian ,scenery1 with original and spirited letter-press ,descriptions1 by ,w4 ,beattie1 ,esq4 ,m4,d41 forming a complete and instructive ,guide to the ,traveller through the ,swiss and ,italian ,cantons4 ,in ,two ,volumes1 cloth gilt1 #cl4 ,the ,waldenses2 or1 the ,protestant ,valleys of ,piedmont2 a highly interesting series of #gb ,engravings of the ,scenery of the ,valleys of the ,alps1 after ,drawings by ,w4 ,h4 ,bartlett1 ,w4 ,brockedon1 ,f4,r4,s41 and others4 ,the ,text by ,w4 ,beattie1 ,m4,d4 ,in ,one ,volume1 cloth1 gilt edges1 #bl4 ,caledonia ,illustrata4--,scotland2 comprising #abj ,plates1 from ,drawings by ,t4 ,allom1 ,esq4 and others4 ,with ,historical and ,descriptive ,text1 by ,dr4 ,beattie4 ,in ,two elegant ,volumes1 cloth1 gilt1 #cl4 #cs4 ,the ,beauties of the ,bosphorus4 ,by ,miss ,pardoe4 ,with #hj elaborate ,plates1 after ,bartlett1 illustrative of the ,scenery and ,costume of the ,turkish ,empire4 ,in one ,volume1 cloth1 gilt1 #bl4 #bs4 ,american ,scenery2 comprising #abj highly-finished ,plates1 after ,sketches taken on the spot by ,w4 ,h4 ,bartlett1 ,esq41 being ,land1 ,lake1 and ,river ,illustrations of ,transatlantic ,nature2 the accompanying ,descriptions by ,n4 ,p4 ,willis1 ,esq4 ,in ,two handsome ,volumes1 #cl4 #cs4 ,canadian ,scenery2 being a ,companion ,work to the former1 completing ,mr4 ,bartlett's ,series of ,american ,sketches1 and forming a fine ,series of #abj ,plates4 ,in ,two splendid ,volumes1 cloth1 #cl4 #cs4 ,the ,scenery and ,antiquities of ,ireland4 ,by ,j4 ,stirling ,coyne2 exemplified by #abj superior ,plates1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,bartlett1 ,esq41 illustrative of the ,country1 and combining striking peculiarities of their national costumes1 habits1 and traditions4 ,in ,two elegant ,volumes1 cloth1 gilt1 #cl4 #cs4 ,finden's ,views of the ,ports1 ,harbours1 and ,watering ,places of ,great ,britain2 forming a complete ,series of ,views of all the points of interest round the entire ,coast1 whether noted for their commercial importance1 or as places of pleasurable resort4 ,the ,plates1 #abe in number1 are executed in the ,messrs4 ,finden's best style4 ,in ,two neat ,volumes1 cloth1 #cl4 #cs4 ,allan ,cunningham's ,gallery of ,pictures1 by the ,first ,masters of the ,english and ,foreign ,schools in line engraving1 with ,critical and ,biographical ,dissertations1 by the late ,allan ,cunningham4 ,with ,ninety-eight beautiful ,illustrations on steel4 ,complete in ,two ,vols4 cl4 gilt1 #al4 #aas4 #f;d4 ,the ,castles and ,abbeys of ,england4 ,a superbly ,illustrated ,historical ,work1 by ,dr4 ,beattie1 comprising nearly #bej splendid ,woodcut ,illustrations1 and #aa ,steel ,plates4 ,in ,one ,volume1 imperial #hvo4 #al4 #es4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,virtue2 ,sold by ,,hall ,,co4 #be1 ,paternoster-row4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,valuable ,,standard ,,works4 ,the ,gems of ,beauty2 displayed in a ,series of ,forty-two highly-finished ,steel ,engravings of various subjects1 from ,designs by ,e4 ,t4 ,parris1 ,g4 ,cattermole1 ,r4 ,herbert1 and ,e4 ,corbould1 ,esqrs41 ,engraved under the superintendence of ,mr4 ,charles ,heath2 with fanciful illustrations in ,verse1 by the ,countess of ,blessington4 ,in large folio1 splendidly bound in cloth1 #bl4 #bs4 8,every design consists of an interesting female group4 ,nothing can surpass the exquisite finish of the plates40--,literary ,gazette4 8,one of the most splendid works of the kind ever produced in this or any other country40--,bell's ,messenger4 8,undoubtedly the most exquisite book of the season40--,metropolitan ,conservative ,journal4 ,completion of ,ryall's ,portraits of ,eminent ,conservatives and ,statesmen4 ,dedicated by permission to the ,carlton ,club4 ,this magnificent work forms ,two splendid ,volumes1 folio1 in superb morocco bindings1 comprising ,seventy-two highly-finished ,engravings1 by first-rate artists1 after ,portraits by ,sir ,thomas ,lawrence1 ,p4,r4,a41 ,sir ,g4 ,hayter1 ,r4,a41 ,h4 ,w4 ,pickersgill1 ,r4,a41 ,a4 ,f4 ,chalon1 ,r4,a41 ,t4 ,phillips1 ,r4,a41 ,h4 ,p4 ,briggs1 ,r4,a41 and other eminent ,painters4 ,average size of the ,engravings1 #i-a_/b inches by #g-e_/h inches4 ,the ,portraits are accompanied by ,biographical ,memoirs1 which have been written expressly for this work1 by ,members of the ,senate1 the ,bar1 and authors of high reputation4 ,two ,vols4 morocco1 elegant1 gilt leaves1 #hl42 ,ditto1 large paper1 ,india proofs1 elegant1 gilt leaves1 #abl4 ,subscribers are requested to complete their sets without delay1 as a very limited number of the ,parts remain on hand4 ,shakspere ,illustrated1 7a new ,edition17 comprising the whole of the ,dramatic ,works of our ,immortal ,bard2 the text of which has been entirely and carefully revised from the best authorities1 with copious ,introductory ,notes to each ,play by eminent writers1 and explanatory elucidations of all the difficult passages4 ,the work is further enriched by a ,biography of ,shakspere1 collected from various sources of the highest accuracy1 and an inquiry into the authenticity of his ,portraits1 by ,a4 ,wivell1 ,esq4 ,the ,embellishments consist of a series of ,steel ,plates1 designed by the best masters1 of the ,principal ,scenes in the various ,plays1 ,landscape ,illustrations of the most remarkable places1 and ,portraits of distinguished ,characters4 ,the whole forming one of the neatest1 cheapest1 and best books ever published4 ,super royal #hvo4 ,price #al4 #es4 cloth4 ,the ,people's ,edition of the ,works of ,burns4 ,embellished by no less than ,thirty-three fine ,plates 7after ,wright and other artists71 illustrative of the principal subjects of his ,poems4 ,with a ,new ,life of ,burns1 and ,explanatory ,notes preceding each ,poem1 by ,allan ,cunningham4 ,in ,one handsome ,volume1 super-royal #hvo1 cloth extra1 #ahs4 ,an ,edition of this ,work1 with #fa ,engravings1 #al4 #ds4 ,this will be found the most complete and best edition of the ,works of ,burns yet offered to the public1 and the only one edited by and published under the immediate superintendence of ,mr4 ,cunningham4 ,be careful to order the 8,people's ,edition40 ,a ,new ,pictorial ,edition of the ,works of ,josephus4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay1 by the ,rev4 ,henry ,stebbing1 ,d4,d41 author of the 8,history of the ,christian ,church10 c4 c4 ,illustrated by ,eighty fine ,woodcuts1 from ,designs by ,melville4 ,also1 ,eleven ,engravings on ,steel1 and a ,portrait of the ,author4 ,beautifully printed1 in ,one ,volume1 super-royal #hvo1 cloth1 #al4 #es4 ,the ,pictorial ,edition of the ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,a splendidly ,illustrated ,edition1 in super-royal #hvo1 comprising #abj fine ,engravings in the new style on ,wood1 by the ,messrs4 ,whimper1 from ,designs made expressly for the purpose1 by artists of the highest celebrity4 ,also ,nine elegant ,engravings on ,steel1 with a ,portrait and ,fac-simile of ,john ,bunyan's ,will4 ,complete in ,one handsome ,volume1 cloth boards1 #ahs4 ,a ,new ,pictorial ,edition of the ,holy ,war4 ,a most beautiful work1 uniform in size and style1 forming an appropriate companion to the 8,pictorial ,pilgrim's ,progress40 ,containing numerous splendid ,illustrations1 designed expressly for this work4 ,bound in neat cloth1 #abs4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,virtue2 ,sold by ,,hall ,,co4 #be1 ,paternoster-row4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,fletcher1 ,,of ,,finsbury ,,chapel4 ,,the ,,thirtieth ,,edition ,,of #ajjj ,,each4 ,strongly recommended to the ,congregational ,churches of ,great ,britain4 ,newly revised and corrected by the ,author4 ,in ,one ,volume1 #dto1 neatly bound in cloth1 gilt1 price #al4 #fs4 ,a ,guide to ,family ,devotion4 ,by the ,rev4 ,alexander ,fletcher1 ,d4,d41 containing #gcj ,hymns1 #gcj ,prayers1 and #gcj ,passages of ,scripture1 with appropriate ,reflections4 ,also1 an ,appendix1 comprising a great variety of ,hymns and ,prayers1 to suit particular ,days1 ,seasons1 and ,events of ,providence4 ,the whole is so arranged as to form the most complete and distinct ,family ,service for every ,morning and ,evening in the ,year1 ever published4 ,it is embellished with ,sixteen fine ,engravings on ,steel1 after the ,old ,masters1 and a superb ,frontispiece4 8,our attention has lately been called to an advertisement of a book of #8,family ,devotion1 containing the morning and evening service of a family for every day throughout the year4' ,according to the advertisement1 this new ,order for ,morning and ,evening ,prayer daily throughout the year is already in its thirtieth edition of #a1jjj each4 #cj1jjj copies of a book of common prayer for ,dissenters1 recommended by twenty-five distinguished ministers1 whose names are given1 and who include some of the most prominent of the day1 cannot be dispersed throughout ,england without working some considerable change in the minds of probably #bjj1jjj persons40--,times1 ,sept4 #bg1 #ahdc4 ,this work1 as may be seen below1 has been strongly recommended by the most talented ,ministers of all denominations4 ,as it is by no means ,sectarian1 all sects and divisions of the ,christian ,churches both use and recommend it4 ,in addition to this1 a very large circulation has been obtained for the work in ,america1 and nearly a hundred of the most influential of the ,transatlantic ,ministers have sent letters to the ,publisher1 testifying their high sense of approbation1 earnestly advocating its merits to their ,flocks and to the ,religious ,public at large4 ,the following are a few of the ,english ,ministers who have expressed their high satisfaction with it3-- ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,james1 ,birmingham4 ,j4 ,pye ,smith1 ,d4,d4 ,homerton4 ,t4 ,raffles1 ,,ll4,d4 ,liverpool4 ,f4 ,a4 ,cox1 ,,ll4,d4 ,hackney4 ,w4 ,b4 ,collyer1 ,d4,d4 ,peckham4 ,g4 ,collison1 ,d4,d4 ,hackney4 ,adam ,thomson1 ,d4,d4 ,coldstream4 ,josiah ,pratt1 ,b4,d4 ,vicar of ,st4 ,stephen's1 ,london4 ,j4 ,sherman1 ,surrey ,chapel4 ,james ,parsons1 ,york4 ,john ,clayton1 ,poultry ,chapel4 ,j4 ,davis1 ,bristol4 ,g4 ,legge1 ,bristol4 ,g4 ,lawson1 ,selkirk4 ,t4 ,binney1 ,weigh-,house4 ,samuel ,luke1 ,chester4 ,john ,ely1 ,leeds4 ,r4 ,philip1 ,maberly ,chapel4 ,h4 ,calderwood1 ,kendal4 ,j4 ,sibree1 ,coventry4 ,j4 ,young1 ,albion ,chapel4 ,samuel ,ransom1 ,hackney4 ,j4 ,gilbert1 ,islington4 ,p4 ,brotherston1 ,alloa4 ,j4 ,w4 ,massie1 ,manchester4 ,scripture ,history4 ,designed for the ,improvement of ,youth4 ,embellished with #baa ,engravings and an elegant ,frontispiece4 ,in ,two ,volumes1 #afmo1 cloth gilt1 #ahs4 ,this is a most excellent book2 the engravings are well designed to attract1 and the letter-press to arrest1 the minds of the young1 and lead them to a study of that holy and blessed ,volume whence all these pleasing incidents are gathered4 ,to all concerned in the instruction of the rising generation these volumes are invaluable4 ,scripture ,natural ,history4 ,illustrated by upwards of #bef beautiful ,woodcuts4 ,in ,two very neat ,volumes1 cloth gilt1 #al4 ,the object of this most splendid work is to illustrate and explain the ,sacred ,text1 by imparting useful and sound knowledge in a pleasing yet attractive form1 and gradually to impart to the minds of children a strong desire to become further acquainted with the workings of ,divine ,providence1 as shown in this most delightful and instructive portion of ,nature1 and to elevate the youthful mind to adore the goodness1 power1 and glory of the ,most ,high ,god4 ,sermons to ,young ,people4 ,neatly done up in cloth1 with gilt leaves1 uniform with the 8,lady's ,closet ,library40 ,first ,series3 ,the ,wisdom and ,glory of ,god4 #dcb pages1 demy #ahmo1 with #ab highly-finished ,engravings1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,second ,series3 ,a ,course of ,sermons on ,obedience to ,parents4 #dcb pages and #aj ,plates1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,third ,series3 ,on the ,seasons and ,events of ,providence4 #dcb pages and #i ,illustrations1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,the above will be found a most useful and valuable aid to ,sunday ,school ,teachers and those engaged in the instruction of youth4 ,the ,lady's ,closet ,library4 ,by ,robert ,philip1 ,author of 8,the ,life and ,times of ,whitefield10 c4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 cloth gilt1 each ,vol4 ,i4--,the ,marys2 or1 the ,beauties of ,female ,holiness4 ,seventh ,thousand4 ,,ii4--,the ,marthas2 or1 the ,varieties of ,female ,piety4 ,fifth ,thousand4 ,,iii4--,the ,lydias2 or1 the ,development of ,female ,character4 ,fourth ,thousand4 ,,iv4--,the ,hannahs2 or1 ,maternal ,influence on ,sons4 ,second ,thousand4 ,with a ,portrait4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,virtue2 ,sold by ,,hall ,,co4 #be1 ,paternoster-row4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,john ,,cumming1 ,d4,d4 ,,minister ,,of ,,the ,,scotch ,,national ,,church1 ,,crown ,,court1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ,infant ,salvation2 or1 ,all ,saved that ,die in ,infancy4 ,specially addressed to ,mothers mourning the loss of ,infants and ,children4 ,second ,edition1 foolscap #hvo1 neatly bound in cloth1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,the ,baptismal ,font2 or1 an ,exposition of the ,nature and ,obligations of ,christian ,baptism1 with an ,appendix4 ,foolscap #hvo1 cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4 8,this is a judicious work1 and well calculated for much usefulness40--,record4 ,a ,message from ,god2 or1 ,thoughts on ,religion for ,thinking ,men4 ,second ,edition1 foolscap #hvo1 cloth1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,the ,true ,succession2 a ,sermon preached before the ,london ,missionary ,society1 ,may1 #ahdf4 ,third ,edition4 ,foolscap #hvo1 #f;d4 ,a ,portrait of the ,rev4 ,john ,cumming1 ,d4,d4 ,minister of the ,scottish ,national ,church1 ,crown ,court1 ,little ,russell ,street1 ,covent ,garden2 ,engraved by ,thomson1 from a ,painting by ,w4 ,booth1 ,esq4 in the possession of ,dr4 ,cumming4 ,large paper1 ,india1 #es42 small paper1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,virtue's ,scripture ,illustrations2 chiefly from the ,old ,masters4 ,with ,historical and ,descriptive ,notes1 by the ,rev4 ,john ,cumming1 ,d4,d4 ,with ,seventy-two ,engravings1 in ,one splendid ,volume1 #dto1 cloth gilt1 #al4 #es4 ,the ,pictorial ,edition of ,fox's ,acts and ,monuments of the ,church4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay2 and the whole carefully ,revised and ,edited by the ,rev4 ,john ,cumming1 ,d4,d4 ,illustrated with numerous ,wood ,engravings1 by eminent ,artists1 together with a ,series of highly-finished ,portraits of the leading ,characters connected with the ,reformation1 and other illustrative ,plates4 ,beautifully printed in super-royal #hvo1 in ,three large ,volumes1 cloth gilt1 each containing upwards of eleven hundred pages1 #cl4 #acs4 #f;d4 ,select ,poetry for ,children1 with brief ,explanatory ,notes by ,joseph ,payne1 ,author of ,studies in ,english ,poetry4 ,fifth ,edition1 corrected and enlarged1 for the use of ,schools4 ,in #ahmo1 price #cs4 extra cloth4 8,a very nice little volume1 containing a charming collection of poetry40--,spectator4 8,we do not know any other book that1 in the same compass1 contains such a rich selection of pieces1 that are at once sprightly and instructive1 pathetic and devout40--,congregational ,magazine4 8,a very pleasing and suitable selection40--,westminster ,review4 8,a judicious selection of attractive poems1 suited to children between six and twelve1 comprising subjects in which they can sympathize40--,asiatic ,journal4 8,a very good selection40--,wesleyan ,methodist ,magazine4 8,no school or nursery1 mother or teacher1 ought to be without it40--,manchester ,chronicle4 8,this is a very good selection1 made with pains and judiciously arranged40--,patriot4 ,studies in ,english ,poetry1 with short ,biographical ,sketches and ,notes1 ,explanatory and ,critical4 ,intended as a ,text-,book for the higher ,classes in ,schools1 and as an ,introduction to the study of ,english ,literature4 ,by ,joseph ,payne4 ,in #abmo1 price #fs4 bound in embossed roan4 ,household ,verses4 ,by ,bernard ,barton4 ,dedicated to the ,queen1 by her ,majesty's express permission4 ,embellished with a ,vignette ,title and ,frontispiece1 engraved by ,bentley1 from ,drawings by ,churchyard4 ,price #fs4 neatly bound in extra cloth4 ,watts's ,divine and ,moral ,songs4 ,illustrated by ,anecdotes and ,reflections4 ,by the ,rev4 ,ingram ,cobbin1 ,a4,m4 ,embellished with numerous ,wood ,engravings4 ,in #ahmo4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 cloth lettered4 8,the young reader will derive additional instruction1 as well as entertainment1 from the appropriate anecdotes and reflections introduced into this edition1 which is well printed also1 and attractive to the eye40--,baptist ,magazine4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,virtue2 ,sold by ,,hall ,,co4 #be1 ,paternoster-row4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,and ,,standard ,,works ,the ,people's ,music ,book4 ,by ,james ,turle1 ,esq4 ,organist of ,westminster ,abbey2 and ,edward ,taylor1 ,esq4 ,gresham ,professor of ,music4 ,complete in ,three ,vols4 in very handsome cloth bindings4 ,price #al4 #abs4 ,the ,volumes may be had separately3 s4 d4 ,i4--,psalm ,tunes #h #j ,,ii4--,sacred ,music1 ,chants1 c4 #ab #j ,,iii4--,songs1 ,duets1 ,trios1 ,glees1 ,madrigals1 c4 #ab #j ,a ,work intended to meet the growing demand for ,music among all classes of the community4--,principally arranged for ,four ,voices1 and an ,accompaniment for the ,organ or ,pianoforte2 forming1 respectively1 a complete body of the best ,music for the ,cathedral1 the ,church or ,chapel1 the ,family1 the ,glee ,club1 and the ,madrigal ,society4 ,a considerable allowance will be made to ,congregations adopting the ,psalm ,tunes1 and taking a number of copies1 and to ,choirs1 ,choral and ,madrigal ,societies1 c41 with the sacred and secular music4 ,mozart's ,requiem--his last and greatest ,work--adapted to ,english ,words1 selected chiefly from the ,scriptures1 and approved by ,ecclesiastical ,dignitaries2 by the ,gresham ,professor of ,music1 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,esq42 and with ,accompaniments arranged from the original score1 by ,j4 ,turle1 ,esq4 ,organist of ,westminster ,abbey4 ,in one neat volume1 oblong royal #dto1 price #fs4 ,the ,life and ,writings of ,robert ,burns2 a copiously ,illustrated ,edition1 comprising #gc spirited ,engravings1 after ,wright1 ,bartlett1 and others2 with an ,introduction to each ,piece1 by the late ,allan ,cunningham1 and the only one published under his immediate superintendence4 ,in ,two ,volumes1 #bl4 #ajs4 ,new ,illustrated ,edition of the ,works of ,miss ,jane ,porter4 #a4 ,the ,scottish ,chiefs4 ,with an entirely new ,preface and ,notes by the ,author1 a splendid ,portrait after ,harlowe1 ,vignette ,title-,pages1 and ,eleven superior ,engravings1 together with numerous ,tail-,pieces and ornamental ,headings1 illustrative of the principal scenes and incidents that transpire in the course of this interesting historical ,work1 tastefully interspersed4 ,in ,two ,volumes1 #hvo4 cloth1 #al4 #as4 #b4 ,thaddeus of ,warsaw1 7uniform with the 8,scottish ,chiefs107 introduced by a new ,preface and many ,explanatory ,notes1 written expressly for this ,edition1 by the ,authoress1 and ,illustrated by numerous ,steel ,plates1 from ,designs by ,e4 ,corbould1 ,esq4 ,one ,volume1 #hvo1 cloth1 #acs4 #f;d4 #c4 ,the ,pastor's ,fireside4 ,with an ,original ,preface and ,explanatory ,notes1 illustrated by numerous ,steel ,engravings4 ,price #ahs4 cloth4 ,steill's ,pictorial ,spelling-,book2 or1 ,lessons on ,facts and ,objects4 ,beyond the ,alphabet the contents of this book differ materially from ordinary ,spelling-,books2 while the ,child is learning to read words of one syllable1 it will acquire some knowledge of ,arithmetic and other useful subjects2 and the general plan of the book1 to say nothing of its very numerous ,pictorial ,embellishments1 will impart pleasure both to the ,teacher and ,pupil4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,with #acj graphic ,illustrations1 #as4 #f;d4 cloth4 ,brown's ,manual of ,modern ,farriery3 embracing the ,cure of ,diseases incidental to ,horses1 ,cattle1 ,sheep1 ,swine1 and ,dogs4 ,with ,instructions in ,racing1 ,hunting1 ,coursing1 ,shooting1 ,fishing1 and ,field ,sports generally4 ,together with a general ,summary of the present ,game ,laws4 ,by ,thomas ,brown1 ,m4,p4,s4 ,member of the ,royal ,agricultural ,society2 late ,president of the ,royal ,physical ,society2 ,author of 8,biographical ,sketches of ,horses and ,dogs40 ,illustrated by #ae beautiful and useful ,engravings4 ,in #ai ,parts at #as4 each4 ,rollin's ,ancient ,history of the ,medes1 ,persians1 ,egyptians1 ,carthaginians1 ,greeks1 ,macedonians1 ,babylonians1 and ,assyrians1 ,alexander the ,great1 and his successors4 ,illustrated by many fine ,plates1 and a series of ,maps especially compiled for the ,work4 ,the whole has been corrected1 revised1 and many valuable notes added1 by a ,clergyman of the ,established ,church4 ,complete in ,two ,volumes1 #hvo1 in a neat cloth binding1 #al4 #as4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,virtue2 ,sold by ,,hall ,,co4 #be1 ,paternoster-row4 99 99 99 99 99 ,select ,theological ,works4 ,under the ,patronage of her ,majesty the ,queen ,dowager4 ,illustration ,the ,sacred ,classics3 a select ,library of ,theological ,works2 being a choice ,selection of ,sacred ,poetry and ,sermon ,literature of the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,r4 ,cattermole1 ,b4,d41 and the ,rev4 ,henry ,stebbing1 ,d4,d4 ,to which are prefixed1 ,original ,essays1 ,memoirs1 ,notes1 c41 by ,dr4 ,pye ,smith1 ,robert ,southey1 ,esq41 ,james ,montgomery1 ,esq41 ,dr4 ,croly1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,trollope1 and others4 ,foolscap #hvo1 cloth lettered1 price #ds4 each ,volume4 ,the ,series comprises the following important ,works3-- ,,jeremy ,,taylor',s ,,liberty ,,of ,,prophesying2 showing the ,unreasonableness of prescribing to other ,men's ,faith2 and the ,iniquity of persecuting different ,opinions4 ,,cave',s ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,apostles ,,and ,,the ,,fathers4 ,two ,vols4 ,,bates',s ,,spiritual ,,perfection ,,unfolded ,,and ,,enforced2 with an ,introductory ,essay1 by the ,rev4 ,john ,pye ,smith1 ,d4,d4 ,,bishop ,,hall',s ,,treatises1 ,devotional and ,practical4 ,,baxter',s ,,dying ,,thoughts4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor',s ,,select ,,sermons4 ,,butler',s ,,analogy ,,of ,,religion1 ,natural and ,revealed1 to the ,constitution and ,course of ,nature3 to which are added1 ,two ,brief ,dissertations4 ,with a ,memoir of the ,author1 by the ,rev4 ,george ,croly1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,dr4 ,,watts',s ,,lyric ,,poems4 ,with a ,biographical ,essay1 by ,robert ,southey1 ,esq4 ,,ll4,d4 ,,beveridge',s ,,private ,,thoughts4 ,to which is added1 ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,frequent ,,communion4 ,two ,vols4 ,,cave',s ,,primitive ,,christianity4 ,with an ,historical ,account of ,paganism under the ,first ,christian ,emperors2 and the ,lives of ,justin ,martyr and ,st4 ,cyprian4 ,two ,vols4 ,,archbishop ,,leighton',s ,,expositions ,,of ,,the ,,creed1 ,,the ,,lord',s ,,prayer1 ,,and ,,the ,,ten ,,commandments1 c4 c4 ,,sermons1 selected from the ,works of the most ,,eminent ,,divines ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,eighteenth ,,centuries4 ,three ,vols4 ,,the ,,hon4 ,,robert ,,boyle on the ,veneration ,due to ,,god3--,on ,things above ,reason3--and on the ,style of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,with an ,essay1 by ,h4 ,rogers1 ,esq4 ,,vicesimus ,,knox',s ,,christian ,,philosophy4 ,,howe',s ,,select ,,treatises4 ,with a ,memoir1 by ,thomas ,taylor1 ,author of 8,the ,life of ,cowper10 8,memoirs of ,bishop ,heber10 c4 ,,sacred ,,poetry ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century1 ,two ,vols4 including the whole of ,giles ,fletcher's 8,christ's ,victory and ,triumph10 with copious ,selections from ,spencer1 ,davies1 ,sandys1 ,p4 ,fletcher1 ,wither1 ,bishop ,king1 ,quarles1 ,hebert1 and ,milton4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor',s ,,life ,,of ,,christ4 ,three ,vols4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay to each ,part1 by the ,rev4 ,henry ,stebbing1 ,d4,d4 ,,locke ,,on ,,the ,,reasonableness ,,of ,,christianity4 ,with an ,appendix1 containing an ,analysis of the ,first and ,second ,vindications1 c4 ,,bishop ,,butler',s ,,fifteen ,,sermons1 preached at the ,roll's ,chapel2 and ,,charge ,,to ,,the ,,clergy ,,of ,,durham in #agea4 ,with an ,appendix by ,bishop ,halifax4 ,,bishop ,,horne',s ,,commentary ,,on ,,the ,,psalms1 with ,life of the ,author1 by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,jones1 of ,nayland2 and an ,introductory ,essay by ,james ,montgomery1 ,esq4 ,three ,vols4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor',s ,,holy ,,living ,,and ,,holy ,,dying1 with a ,sketch of his ,life and ,times1 by the ,rev4 ,george ,croly1 ,,ll4,d4 ,two ,vols4 ,hume and ,smollett's ,history of ,england1 embellished with numerous ,portraits1 and scenes of the principal events in ,english ,history1 engraved both on ,wood and on ,steel4 ,containing also an ,essay on the ,study of ,history1 by the ,rev4 ,henry ,stebbing1 ,d4,d4 ,with a continuation to the end of the ,parliamentary ,session of #ahdf1 by ,e4 ,farr1 ,esq4 ,in ,three ,vols41 imperial #hvo1 #bl4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,the ,life and ,times of ,whitefield2 compiled chiefly from ,original ,documents1 collected over ,great ,britain and ,america4 ,by ,robert ,philip1 ,author of 8,the ,life and ,times of ,bunyan40 ,illustrated with ,portraits of ,whitefield1 ,wesley1 ,doddridge1 ,watts1 and other ,engravings4 ,second ,edition1 in ,one ,volume1 #hvo1 bound in cloth1 #abs4 ,the ,life1 ,times1 and ,characteristics of ,john ,bunyan1 ,author of 8,the ,pilgrim's ,progress40 ,by ,robert ,philip1 ,author of 8,the ,lady's ,closet ,library10 c4 ,with a splendid ,portrait and ,vignette1 a ,fac-simile of ,bunyan's ,will1 and an ,engraving of his ,cottage4 ,second ,edition1 in ,one ,volume1 #hvo1 bound in cloth1 #abs4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,virtue2 ,sold by ,,hall ,,co4 #be1 ,paternoster-row4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,and ,,practical ,,works ,the ,practical ,works of ,richard ,baxter4 ,the only complete ,edition4 ,reprinted1 without abridgment1 from the ,original collected ,edition4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay on the ,genius and ,writings of ,baxter1 by ,robert ,philip4 ,and a fine portrait of ,baxter4 ,in ,four ,vols4 imperial #hvo4 #cl4 #cs4 8,till this hour ,baxter is comparatively neglected4 ,although his ,practical ,works are rich magazines of wealth--although mind beams and radiates in every page--although every sentiment uttered is imbued1 we might almost say saturated1 with piety1 and the style is often elevated by his sublime earnestness into more than ,demosthenic eloquence--how few there are who can boast of having read more than his #8,saint's ,everlasting ,rest1' and his #8,call to the ,unconverted4'--,to recover ,baxter's works from neglect1 and to bring them once again into general notice1 is a more important thing than to have raised1 if it had been possible1 the holy man from his grave4 ,the best part of him lives in his writings--his intellect1 his heart1 his heavenly-mindedness is there4 ,by these1 #8he being dead yet speaketh4' ,to every religious family1 able to afford a trifle for the purchase of books1 these volumes are recommended as containing a complete library of practical divinity4 ,no minister of ,christian truth ought to be without them40--,nonconformist4 ,the ,works of the ,rev4 ,john ,newton1 late ,rector of the united ,parishes of ,st4 ,mary ,woolnoth1 and ,st4 ,mary ,woolchurch-,haw1 ,london4 ,with a ,portrait4 ,also a ,life of the ,author1 by the ,rev4 ,richard ,cecil2 and an ,introduction1 by the ,rev4 ,francis ,cunningham1 ,vicar of ,lowestoft4 ,in ,one large ,volume1 super-royal #hvo1 cloth lettered1 #ahs4 ,the ,complete ,works of the ,rev4 ,andrew ,fuller4 ,with a ,memoir of his ,life1 by ,andrew ,gunton ,fuller4 ,super-royal #hvo4 ,with ,engravings4 ,price #al4 #ds4 cloth4 8,coming on to modern theological writers1 ,i recommend you to familiarize yourselves with the works of the acute1 the philosophical1 the profound1 and pious ,jonathan ,edwards1 and those of ,andrew ,fuller4 ,i know nothing like the latter for a beautiful combination of doctrinal1 practical1 and experimental religion40--,counsels to ,students of ,theology on leaving ,college1 by ,john ,angell ,james4 ,consolation for ,christian ,mourners2 a ,series of ,discourses1 occasioned by the ,death of ,friends1 and other ,afflicted ,dispensations4 ,by the ,rev4 ,adam ,thomson1 ,d4,d4 of ,coldstream4 #abmo4 ,price #es4 cloth4 ,a ,family ,history of ,christ's ,universal ,church4 ,by the ,rev4 ,henry ,stebbing1 ,d4,d4 ,demy #hvo4 ,in ,parts1 at #as4 ,the intention of this ,history is to furnish the ,heads of ,families with the means of instructing those around them in the most important branch of knowledge that can engage their attention4 ,copious illustrations will be given from the writings of the early defenders of the ,gospel2 the record of general events will be founded on the most unobjectionable authorities2 and care will be taken to describe1 as fully as possible1 the labours and struggles of those holy men whose patience and triumphs have ever been considered as affording the best demonstration of the power of ,christian faith4 ,though primarily intended as a book for ,family ,instruction1 it is hoped that this ,history will not be undeserving the notice of religious readers in general1 or of ,theological ,students1 who will find in it a careful digest of whatever is most necessary to be considered in the annals of the ,christian ,church4 ,,the ,,only ,,edition ,,containing ,,dr4 ,,symington',s ,,improvements4 ,to be completed in ,forty ,parts at ,two ,shillings4 ,each ,part embellished with ,two highly-finished ,steel ,engravings1 or ,maps1 from ,drawings made on the ,spot1 by ,mr4 ,,bartlett1 in #ahdf4 ,the ,rev4 ,t4 ,scott's ,commentary on the ,holy ,bible1 containing the ,old and ,new ,testaments according to the ,authorized ,version1 ,illustrated by ,original ,views of the ,scenery and ,remarkable ,places in and around ,jerusalem and the ,holy ,land1 including accurate representations of the ,scenes of the most important ,events in ,sacred ,history1 the ,life and ,labours of the ,saviour1 and the ,journeys of his ,apostles4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay1 and numerous ,practical1 ,explanatory1 and ,critical ,notes1 by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,,symington1 ,d4,d41 ,glasgow4 ,a ,new ,pocket ,bible with ,scott's ,commentary1 and ,copious ,marginal ,readings1 ,references1 c4 ,with #bh ,illustrative ,plates by artists of the highest celebrity4 ,in royal #afmo1 and splendid morocco elegant binding4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,virtue2 ,sold by ,,hall ,,co4 #be1 ,paternoster-row ,r4 ,clay1 ,printer1 ,bread ,street ,hill4 ,,footnotes3 #a 8,inde vagos ,vaga ,cambrenses1 hinc respicit ,anglos2 ,qui cum jam ad ostium fere devenerit ,chepstow prterfluit1 id est1 si ,saxonico interpreteris forum vel negotiationis locus ,britannis1 ,castle ,went1 oppidum hoc est celebre quondam mnibus nunc solum ,castro firmum1 cujus domini fuerunt ,clarensium familia nobiles1 proximo ,castro ,strighull1 quod incoluerunt ,striguli et ,penbrochi ,comites dicti quorum ultimus ,richardus40 #b ,longitudo ecclesi prioratus ,chepstow1 #ej virg4 latitudo eccl4 prdict1 #cc virg4--,will4 de ,worc4 #acc4 #c ,longitudo pontis de ,chepstow1 #abf virg4--,will4 de ,worc4 #acc4 #d ,from the form of the ,british ,channel1 says ,de la ,beche1 and the absence of a free passage for the waters1 such as exists at the ,straits of ,dover1 in the ,english ,channel1 westerly winds force up and sustain a great body of water1 thereby raising the sea above the mean level several feet4 ,during such phenomena1 it is said1 the body of water in the river assumes a convex surface4 ,in the great storm of #agjc1 the tide flowed over the top of ,chepstow bridge1 inundating all the low land1 and washing away whole farm-yards and incalculable stock4 #e ,life and ,letters of ,thomas ,campbell1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgh4--,note4 #f ,see ,,castles ,,and ,,abbeys1 vol4 i4 of this work1 ,carisbrooke1 ,isle of ,wight4 ,upon the death of the renowned ,fitzosborne1 ,dugdale1 quoting the ,monk of ,utica1 thus moralizes3--8,after this short life of nature1 there is a long life of ,fame1 who will blow her trumpet aloud to posterity1 and plainly lay open to the world as well the bad as good actions of the most potent that shall be in their highest pitch of worldly power4 #8,ver ut gloria mundi flos feni1' c4 ,certainly the glory of this world fadeth and withereth as the flowers of the field2 yea1 it passeth away and vanisheth even as smoke4 ,what10 he continues1 8is become of g,william ,fitzosborne_/g1 ,earl of ,hereford1 vicegerent of the king1 sewer of ,normandy1 that most warlike general6 ,was he not1 in truth1 the chief and greatest oppressor of the ,english1 and he who cherished an enormous cause by his boldness1 whereby many thousands were brought to miserable ends6 ,lo6 the just ,judge1 beholding all things1 rewardeth even man according to his demerits4 ,alas1 is he not now slain8 ,hath not this hardy champion had his desert8 ,as he slew many with the sword1 so he suddenly received his death by the sword40--,baronage1 #fg1 quoting ,orderic ,vitulis4 #g ,richardus vir infracto animo et projectissimis brachiis ,strangbow cognominatus1 quod arcu intentissimo uteretur1 et nihil levi brachio ageret4 ,hiberniam ,normannis primus sua virtute aperuit4--,camden4 #h 8,a full and particular relation of the manner of the late besieging and taking of ,chepstow ,castle1 in ,wales1 by the forces of his ,excellency the ,lord ,fairfax1 expressed in a letter from ,colonel ,ewer to the ,honourable ,william ,lentall1 ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons4 ,the governor to the said castle within1 that betrayed it to the ,king's forces1 was slain in this service2 as also all the rest of the commanders and soldiers killed and taken4 ,london3 printed by ,mathew ,simmons1 for ,henry ,overton1 in ,paper ,head ,alley1 #afdh40 #i ,historical and ,descriptive ,account1 c41 of ,chepstow ,castle1 #ahjh2 ,heath2 ,burke's ,commoners1 c4 #aj ,the family of ,kemeys is one of the most ancient in ,monmouthshire4 ,the late ,william ,kemeys1 ,esq4 of the ,maindee1 and the present ,j4 ,gardiner ,kemeys1 ,esq4 of ,pertholy1 are descended from the same family4 #aa ,this report is somewhat different from that given by another authority1 already quoted4 #ab ,if such be the fact1 it would almost lead to the conclusion that there was some truth in the story of the ,parliament party having disposed of his remains in some unusual way2 although1 otherwise1 the story seems very improbable1 as that was not the form in which their cruelty was wont to show itself4 ,they were likely enough to have seized his estate1 his goods and chattels1 and to have turned his family out of doors2 but they had no respect for dignities or titles1 and cared little for churches1 churchyards1 and dead bodies4 #ac ,this lady showed ,mr4 ,heath a document of ,oliver ,cromwell1 of which the following is a copy3-- g,oliver ,p4_/g ,it is our will and pleasure that you permit and suffer ,colonel ,edward ,coke1 with his company and hounds1 to hunt1 kill1 and dispose of a ,brace of ,staggs1 this season1 in our ,parke or ,woodes neer ,chepstowe1 and that you1 and every of you1 be aydeing and assisting to him herein2 and for your soe doing this shall be your sufficient warrant4 ,given at ,whitehall1 the #ab ,july1 #afhc4 ,to ,major ,blethan1 or1 in his absence1 to ,lieutenant ,phillips1 or any other of the keepers of ,chepstow ,parke or ,wentwood ,chase4 #ad ,see ,burke's ,commoners1 vol4 iv4 #ae ,this connection of the two ,cromwells1 through the ,kemeys family1 is worth notice4 #af ,of the ,tynte family1 ,burke gives the following account3-- 8,the family of ,tynte has maintained for centuries a leading position in the west of ,england2 of its surname1 tradition has handed down the following derivation3--#8,in the year #aaib1 at the celebrated battle of ,ascalon1 a young knight of the noble house of ,arundel1 clad all in white1 with his horse's housings of the same colour1 so gallantly distinguished himself on that memorable field1 that ,richard ,cur-de-,lion remarked publicly1 after the victory1 that the maiden knight had borne himself as a lion1 and done deeds equal to those of six crusaders2 whereupon he conferred on him for arms1 a lion gules on a field argent1 between six crosslets of the first1 and for motto1 ,tynctus cruore ,saraceno4'0--,commoners4 #ag ,c4 ,j4 ,kemeys-,tynte1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s4--whose father1 ,c4 ,kemeys-,tynte1 ,esq41 succeeded to the estates of his great-uncle1 the last baronet--is coheir to the barony of ,grey-de-,wilton2 and in ,july1 #ahde1 was declared by a committee for privileges of the ,house of ,lords1 to be senior coheir of the whole blood to the abeyant barony of ,wharton4--,dod's ,parliam4 ,comp41 #ahdg4 #ah ,with regard to the tower called 8,longine10 the tradition ran1 that 8it had been erected by one ,longinus1 a ,jew1 father of the soldier whose spear pierced the side of ,christ4 ,he was condemned either for some crime of his own1 or for having given birth to a criminal1 to repair to ,britain1 and there to erect a religious edifice on the river ,wye4 ,that edifice was the ,chapel of our ,lady in the castle2 and although a ,jew1 the said ,longinus appears to have had a fine ,gothic taste40 #ai ,of the supposed chapel1 ,mr4 ,williams says--8,this is not in the usual style of such a building3 the windows1 arches1 and other decorated parts were extremely rich1 and in the finest ,gothic taste4 ,there are1 however1 several traces of plain ,saxon arches filled up in the wall arches of construction1 which indicate a higher antiquity than the general decorations of the castle40 #bj ,by him the vote was proposed1 that the ,king's statues at the ,royal ,exchange and other places should be taken down1 and the following inscription substituted3--8,exit ,tyrannus1 ,regum ultimus1 ,anno ,libertatis ,angli ,restitut primo1 ,a4,d4 #afdh40 ,when it was proposed1 8that the ,house of ,peers in parliament was useless and dangerous1 and ought to be abolished10 ,marten proposed that the word dangerous should be omitted1 and that useless alone should be retained1 and that it should be declared that the ,lords were useless1 but not dangerous4--,parl4 ,hist4 #ba ,sir ,henry ,marten1 his father1 was one of the brightest ornaments of the age in which he lived4 ,he was principal ,judge of the ,admiralty1 twice ,dean of the ,arches1 a ,knight1 and1 in #afhd1 ,judge of the ,prerogative ,court1 in all of which offices he was allowed to be one of the most eminent civilians that ever filled them4 ,he was in high favour with his sovereign1 ,king ,james1 who jocularly used to remark on ,sir ,henry1 8that he was judge over the dead and over the living40 ,he died the #bfth of ,september1 #afda1 aged #hj1 and was buried at his seat at ,longworth1 near ,abingdon1 in ,berkshire4--,heath4 #bb ,on the contrary1 it is said by other writers that he was affectionately attended by his wife and daughters during his incarceration in ,chepstow ,castle4 #bc ,this anecdote does credit to ,marten's spirit1 and very little to ,mr4 ,lewis1 8who first violated the rules of good breeding towards a man who1 at the very time1 was expiating what power had made a crime1 and then revenged himself by a petty inhospitality4 ,it was punishment enough1 surely1 for poor ,marten to have been imprisoned for twenty years1 without having to accept a dinner on such terms40 #bd ,old ,antony ,wood was not likely to speak well of any regicide1 and from the hypothetical way in which he speaks of ,marten's penitence1 he seems to have known of the anecdote with ,mr4 ,lewis1 or1 at least1 as much as it indicates4--,see his character as given by ,,mr4 ,,carlyle4 #be ,as no such epitaph was at all likely to be permitted to be engraven1 on the tombstone1 if ,marten was even allowed a tombstone1 until after the ,revolution1 which took place nine years after his death1 is it not more likely that these lines were composed by some quaint 8,old ,mortality0 of the ,cromwell school1 than by the subject of them8--,correspondent4 #bf ,how ,mr4 ,seward or ,mr4 ,heath could have applied this quotation to ,marten1 it is difficult to imagine4 #bg ,here follows a disquisition on the genuineness of the picture1 which concludes3--8,such is the account attached to this picture1 which1 after what has been said1 does not positively prove it to be the portrait of ,henry ,marten2 but ,i am the more inclined to assent to the traditionary evidence1 because it has all the character of such a man4 ,it further seems to have been taken while he was in the army1 from his wearing armour1 being ,cromwell's major-general over the county of ,surrey1 in which command his conduct was marked by the most flagrant rapacity2 so that the picture must have been brought to ,st4 ,pierre1 and not painted during his residence in ,monmouthshire4 ,if1 therefore1 the picture must be received as the portrait of ,harry ,marten1 ,i am led to believe that1 when his family came to share in his confinement1 they brought it with them to ,chepstow1 and1 after ,marten's decease1 gave it to ,mr4 ,lewis's ancestors4 ,it is in the finest preservation40 #bh ,the ,lords of ,striguil were entitled to the prisage and butlerage of all wines brought into the ports of ,swansea and ,chepstow4 #bi ,tradition relates that an officer actually made his escape from this castle in the manner described1 and1 crossing the river by swimming1 joined the ,protector's army on the ,gloucester heights1 where a battery was established4 #cj ,during the siege1 as the tradition runs1 a barge lay at anchor immediately under this window1 by means of which1 if driven to extremity1 the governor at least1 and part of the garrison--desperate as the attempt must have been--might be enabled to make their escape4 ,this becoming an object of suspicion1 a soldier of the republican army volunteered to deprive the governor of this last resource4 ,throwing himself at midnight into the river1 he swam to the barge1 and there with a knife1 which he had carried in his teeth for that purpose1 severed the cable1 sent the boat adrift1 and then swam back to his comrades in triumph4 #ca ,in #afif1 the castle was garrisoned by the royal troops1 the daily expense of which may be estimated by the following examples3--,the governor1 in addition to six captains' pay1 had #bs4 a day2 the gunner1 #bj;d42 a mathorse1 #aj;d42 fire and candle for the guard1 #h;d42 a company of foot1 consisting of a captain1 #hs42 a lieutenant1 #ds42 two sergeants1 at #as4 #f;d4 each1 #cs42 three corporals and a drummer1 at #as4 each1 #ds42 sixty-two soldiers1 at #h;d4 each1 #das4 #d;d4 #c4 #es4 #f;d4--,hist4 of ,chepstow4 #cb ,fosbroke--,local ,history and ,guide4 #cc ,his history is short and melancholy4 ,in the course of the ,american war1 he was appointed governor of the island of ,st4 ,vincent1 where he expended a large sum from his own private resources in its fortification4 ,upon its fall1 the minister of the day disavowed his claim for compensation4 ,his creditors became clamorous1 and he was cast into the ,king's ,bench prison1 where he languished for twelve years4 ,when released from his confinement1 he was broken in health and spirits--suffering most of all from the domestic calamity which his fallen fortunes had produced in the insanity of his wife2 and shortly after he died at the house of a relative in ,london4 ,he was a generous and benevolent man1 as the poor of his neighbourhood could well testify4 ,on his departure for the ,west ,indies1 they came in troops to bid him a tearful farewell2 and the muffled bells of the neighbouring church rang a funeral knell as he left the home of his love1 and the scenes which he had embellished both by his taste and his life4--,roscoe's ,south ,wales4 #cd ,chepstow ,guide4 #ce 8,it may almost be said10 remarks the same writer1 8that the last happy moments ,gray knew in this world were spent upon the ,wye2 for1 a few months after1 we find him a prey to ill health and despondency--complaining of an incurable cough1 of the irksomeness of his employment at ,cambridge1 and of #8mechanical low spirits4' ,he died in the course of the following summer1 t4 #ee40--,p4 ,m4 ,august1 #ahce4--,see his ,life by ,mason4 #cf ,the historian of the abbey here quoted has probably made some mistake in the name2 as it was to ,neath ,abbey1 not ,tinterne1 that ,king ,edward retreated4--,see ,append4 #cg ,in #abaj1 when g,king ,john_/g summoned all the ecclesiastics and religious orders to meet him at ,london1 he levied fines1 which were computed to amount to #ajj1jjj4 ,the ,white or g,cistercian_/g ,monks alone paid #dj1jjj of silver additional2 and their order1 for a time1 became so much reduced1 that it was dispersed throughout all the other monasteries of ,england4 ,from this condition1 however1 they speedily recovered2 and of the seventy-five religious houses of this order that flourished at the ,dissolution1 thirty-six were superior monasteries4--,ecclesiast4 ,hist4 #ch #abhg4--;,conventus ,ecclesi ,beat ,mari de g,tynterna_/g intravit dictam ecclesiam ad celebrandum in nova ecclesia4 ,et quinto nonas ,octobris in anno sequenti ,conventus intravit in choro1 et prima missa celebrata fuit ad magnum altare4 ,dedicacio ,ecclesi ,tynterni1 #bh die ,jullii4 ,f4 littera4--,will4 de ,worc4 #ci ,citeaux--now ,gilly-les-,citeaux--so famous for its abbey4 8,l'abbaye de ,citeaux10 says a ,french tourist1 8chef d'ordre d'o dependaient #c1fjj couvents de deux sexes1 fut fonde par ,saint ,robert1 ,abb de ,molesme en #ajih4 g,saint ,bernard_/g y prit l'habit en #aaac1 et y jeta la mme anne1 les fondements de l'abbaye de la ,fert sur ,grne2 de celle de ,pontigny en #aaad2 de celles de ,clairvaux et de ,morimont en #aaae1 appeles les quatre filles de ,citeaux40 ,yet ,citeaux1 afterwards so famous1 was a miserable desert at the arrival of ,st4 ,robert and his disciples3--8,qui locus 7,cistercium7 et pro nemorum1 et spinarum tunc temporis opacitate accessui hominum insolitus1 a solis feris inhabitabatur4 ,ad quem ,viri ,dei venientes locumq4 tant religione quam animo jamque conceperant et propter quam illuc advenerant1 habiliorem quanto secularibus despicabiliorem et inaccessibilem intelligentes1 nemorum et spinarum densitate prescissa et remota1 ,monasterium ibidem construere cperunt4--,mon4 ,angl4 art4 ,cister4 v4 iv4 #fie4 #dj ,quia etiam beatum ,benedictum non in civitatibus1 nec in ,castellis aut in villis1 sed in locis frequentia hominum et populi semotis1 ,cnobia construisse sancti viri illi sciebant1 idem se mulari promittebant4 ,et sicut ille monasteria constructa per duodenos monachos adjuncto patre disponebat1 sic se acturos confirmabant4--,monast4 ,angl4 ii42 art4 ,cisterc4 ,exuti ergo veterem hominem1 novum se induisse gaudent3 et quia nec in regula nec in vita ,sancti ,benedicti eundem doctorem tegebant possedisse ecclesias1 vel altaria seu oblationes aut sepulturas vel decimas aliorum hominum seu furnos vel molendinos aut villas aut rusticos1 nec etiam fminas monasterium ejus intrsse1 nec mortuos ibidem excepta sorore sua sepelisse1 ideo hc omnia abdicaverunt1 dicentes--ubi beatus ,benedictus docet ut monachus secularibus actibus se faciat alienum1 c41 c4--,monast4 ,angl4 iv4 #fii4 #da ,it is added that1 when ,cur-de-,lion was about to start for the ,holy ,land 7,a4,d4 #aaia71 ,folgius1 a bold confessor of the church1 exhorted the monarch to dismiss his three daughters before joining the ,crusade4 8,hypocrite60 said the king1 8well thou knowest that ,i have no daughters40 8,my liege10 rejoined the confessor1 8you have three--,pride1 ,avarice1 and ,luxury40 8,aha60 exclaimed ,richard1 8why1 then1 the ,templars shall have ,pride--the ,cistercians1 ,avarice--and as for ,luxury1 let my bishops and clergy share her among them1 and then they will all be well provided for until my return40--,thomas's ,tinterne4 #db ,they became so powerful at last1 that they were said to 8govern all ,christendom20 but1 if they did not govern1 they had at least an influence in every government and kingdom of ,europe4 ,cardinal de ,vetri says1 they neither wore skins nor shirts2 never ate flesh1 except in sickness2 and abstained from fish1 eggs1 milk1 and cheese2 lay on straw-beds in tunics or cowls2 rose at midnight to prayer2 spent the day in labour1 reading1 and prayer2 and in all they did1 exercised a continual silence4--,see ,monast4 ,angl4 #dc ,in quo regula sine ulla mitigatione ad apicem servaretur4--,mabillon1 quoted by ,fosbroke4 #dd ,brit4 ,monachism1 p4 #fi4 #de ,dev4 ,vie ,monastique4--,brit4 ,monachism1 note1 page #gj4 #df ,de ,orig4 et ,progr4 ,monach41 p4 #cac1 quoted by ,fosbroke1 p4 #gj4 #dg 8,critics who censure the west window as too broad for its height1 do not consider that it was not intended for a particular object1 but to harmonize with the general plan2 and had the architect diminished the breadth in proportion to the height1 the grand effect of the perspective would have been considerably lessened40--,coxe4 #dh ,the following are the ancient admeasurements of the church and cloisters3-- ,longitudo ecclesi ,sanct ,maria ,tynterni continet #ge virgas4 ,item1 in dicta ecclesia sunt ex parte australi #aj archus1 et inter quamlibet columnam sunt #e virg longitudinis cujuslibet dictorum #aj arcuum3 item sunt in parte inferiori dict ecclesi ex parte australi #aj fenestr de consimili operatione4 ,et #aj fenestr principales ex parte boreali ecclesi1 et qulibet fenestra continet duas magnas panellas fenestratas4 ,item1 in le ovyrhistorye sunt consimiliter #aj fenestr principales1 et qulibet fenestra continet duas panas vitratas secundum proportionem1 quamvis non secundum quantitatem fenestrarum totius ecclesi ,westmonasterii apud ,londoniam4--,will4 de ,worc4 #di ,latitudo orientalis fenestr ante magnum altare1 continet #h pannas glasatas cum armis ,,rogeri ,,bygot1 fundatoris4 ,et in orientali parte duarum elarum orientalium1 in earum duabus fenestris1 qulibet fenestra constat ex tribus panis vitreatis sine armis4 ,item longitudo ,chori constat ex iiii4 arcubus ultra quantitatem are quadrat campanilis principalis in medio ,chori qua2 continet 444 virgas4 ,sic in toto longitudo ,chori cum area campanilis continet virgas4 ,item1 altitudo volt totius ecclesi ab area ecclesi continet xi4 ,anglic vetheyms1 et quilibet vetheym constat1 c4444 pedibus seu 444 virgis4 ,longitudo de le ,crosseyle1 id est brachiorum ecclesiarum1 tam ex parte meridionali quam boreali continet #ej virgas1 id est #aej pedes4 ,item1 quadrature spacia are campanilis in medio ,chori ecclesi scit continet in longitudine #ab virgas4 ,item1 dicta quadratura campanilis continet in latitudine #ab virgas4 ,item1 fenestra principalis meridionalis atque ,septentrionalis vitrea continet vi4 pannas glasatas magn altitudinis4--,will4 de ,worc4 ed4 #aggh1 ,cantab4 with various blanks4 g,cloisters4_/g--,ecclesi de ,tynterna3 ,memorand4--,the ,cloyster is #cg virg in longit4 et in lat4 #cc virg4 ,item1 tota eccles4 continet #ad archus in una parte et #ad archus in altera parte4 ,item1 pars fenestra borealis principalis #ad panellas glasatas4 ,item1 latitudo diet fenestr tam ex boreali quam opposit fenestr ex parte meridionali continet iii4 virgas4 ,item the fermarge chyrch continet in longitudine #cd virgas1 id est #fj steppys meas--qu sunt #cd virg--et in latitudine viii4 virgas4 ,item1 capitulum in longitudine continet #ah virgas1 in latitudine #i virgas4 ,memorand41 quod #bd steppys1 sive gressus mei1 faciunt #ab virgas4 ,item1 #ej virg faciunt #he gradus1 sive steppys meas4--,will4 de ,worc4 #hc4 ,in all its parts1 according to ,dugdale1 this church is a copy of ,salisbury ,cathedral1 built only a few years previously4 #ej ,paper on the ,abbey4 ,tinterne1 which is coeval with ,westminster ,abbey1 has a remarkable similarity in its whole plan and style of architecture1 and was1 in fact1 a repetition in miniature4--,dallaway's ,arts1 p4 #cf4 #ea ,a barge-builder at ,tinterne severed the head from the trunk1 and defaced the features1 legs1 and shield1 leaving it in its present mutilated state4--,tinterne and its ,environs4 #eb ,in the early ,church1 8a fish was generally used by ,christians as a symbol of the ,great ,founder of their faith1 the letters of the ,greek word1 7a fish71 forming the initials of the most important titles of our blessed ,lord30--44444--,pompeana4 #ec ,the naturalist will not leave the area of the ,abbey without noticing an alder-tree in the northern transept1 covered with aphides1 to which a long train of black ants have for some years been observed continually coming and departing through the sacristy door1 and pacing along the pediment of one of the lofty columns to the root of the tree4 ,this is the only procession now visible in the ,abbey1 and is formed1 not for devotion1 but for a lowlier1 yet not less imperative purpose--the alder-tree is their refectory1 and the sweet exuvi of the plant-lice form their food4--,thomas's ,tinterne1 p4 #bf4 b ,he enumerates the following as indigenous in the fruitful vale of ,tinterne3--,delphinium consolida1 ,aquilegia vulgaris1 ,saponaria officinalis1 ,eriophorum polystachion1 ,galanthus nivalis1 ,narcissus pseudo-narcyssus1 ,allium ,carinatum1 ,ornithogalum ,pyrennaicum1 ,acorus calamus1 ,euphorbia ,cyparissias1 ,anemone pulsatilla1 ,a4 ,appenina1 ,a4 nemorosa4 #ed ,if thou would'st view fair ,melrose aright1 ,go visit it by the pale moonlight2 ,for the gay beams of lightsome day ,gild but to flout the ruins gray4444 ,then go--but go alone the while-- ,and view g,st4 ,mary's_/g ruin'd pile2 ,then1 home returning1 soothly swear ,was never scene so sad and fair6 #ee ,beauties1 ,harmonies1 and ,sublimities of ,nature4 #ef ,prdictus conquestor dedit manerium de ,wolleston et manerium de ,tudenham in parte2 et similiter dedit ei licentiam conquerendi super ,wallenses postea1 c4--,monast4 ,angl4 iv4 #gbe4 #eg ,is bruder ,sir g,gileberd_/g1 that eir was of the londe1 ,he bitoke mid gode wille the eritage an hond4 --,robert of ,gloucester4 #eh ,baronage1 #bjh4 #ei 8,he died untimely10 says the historian1 8on the nones of ,april1 #aagf1 and was buried in the ,chapterhouse at ,gloucester40 #fj ,bar4 ,monast4 #fa ,in the 8,new ,temple0 or ,temple ,church1 as recorded by ,robert of ,gloucester3-- ,and ,willam g,marchal_/g deide tho1 that longe worth in mone1 ,and atte nywe temple was iburied at ,londone4--,vol4 ii4 p4 #eah4 #fb ,mat4 ,paris1 #abde4 #fc ,bp4 of ,fernis1 a ,cistercian monk1 and an ,irishman by birth4 #fd ,william1 eldest son of the above-named ,earl ,marshall1 gave a charter to the ,abbey of ,tinterne1 dated ,march #bb1 ,a4,d4 #abbc4 ,pro salute anim me et pro animabus bon memori ,walteri filii ,ricardi1 filii ,guilberti ,strongbow1 avi mei1 et ,willielmi ,mariscalli1 patris mei1 et ,ysabell ,matrisque me et antecessorum1 hredum et successorum nostrorum4 #fe ,dugdale's ,baronage4 #ff ,his deeds1 assassination1 and burial1 are thus recorded by ,robert of ,gloucester3-- 8,as noble bodi in he smot1 he nolde longe abide1 ,he slou to ground her and ther1 vaste on either side1 ,more prowesse ne mizte of bodi be1 ,than me mizte of g,richard_/g the gmarschal_/g there ise40 ,then describing the nature of the wound given him by an assassin--8in aboute the fondement as he vnarmed was10 adds-- 8,at ,kildar he was aslawe that in g,yrlonde_/g is1 ,and at the gfrere prechors_/g ibured1 at ,kilkenni1 iwis4 ,tho vr g,kyng ,henry_/g hurde of is deth telle1 ,and of the prowesse that he dude1 ar me him mizte quelle1 ,and he vnderstod of his wit1 and of is wisdom1 ,him thozte it was a gret love to al is kinedom1 ,vor is deth he made deol inou1 and for is soule he let do ,almes dede mani on1 and mani masse al so40 #fg ,baronage4 ,mat4 of ,paris4 ,mat4 ,westm4 8,being suspected of overmuch gallantry towards the wife of ,llewellyn1 ,prince of ,wales 7sister of ,king ,henry71 he was by him subtilely invited to an ,easter feast1 but after the entertainment was over1 he was charged therewith1 and cast into prison1 where he suffered death by a barbarous murder4 ,some say he was hanged1 and the princess with him40--,dugdale4 ,bar4 #dai4 #fh g,rogerus ,bygod_/g1 ,comes ,norfolci1 dedit ecclesi de ,tynterna dominium de ,eccle ac ecclesiam ,s4 ,edwardi de ,halbergate omnibus eorum pertinenciis4 #fi ,the hospitaler was allowed to drink with any orderly person1 for the sake of sociality1 at the direction and request of that person1 without asking leave4--,licet hostilario1 etc4 #gj g,st4 ,bernard_/g induced all his brothers1 five in number1 to follow his example of retirement4 ,his only gsister_/g still remained in the world2 but coming to visit the gmonastery_/g in the dress1 and with the attendance of a lady of quality1 she found herself treated with so much neglect1 that1 bursting into tears1 she said1 8,true it is1 ,i am a sinner1 yet1 nevertheless1 it was for such that ,,jesus died40 ,moved by expressions so truly evangelical1 ,bernard remitted his severity1 gave her directions suitable to the taste of the age1 and probably still better advice2 but all that ,gulielmus1 the writer here quoted1 has thought fit to record1 is1 that ,bernard's sister became a nun1 and resembled her brother in piety4--,life of ,st4 ,bernard4 #ga ,,brit4 ,,monach43 art4 ,guest-,hall4 #gb 8,from due oblation1 at the vaulted door1 ,the entering gmonks_/g stood1 each one with his mate1 ,at the two tables of the lowest floor1 ,their looks directing to the spiry state ,of chair much sculptured1 where the g,prior_/g sate2 ,to this1 where transversely1 a board was spread1 ,inferior lordlings of the convent ate2 ,as passed the ,prior1 all depressed the head2 ,loud rang a tinkling bell1 and wonted grace was said40 #gc 8,the g,prior_/g gave the signal word2 aloud ,the reader 'gan the love of ,god reveal2 ,at the first stated pause1 the holy crowd ,turned to the board in instantaneous wheel1 ,and solemn silence marked their instant meal2 ,the ,prior to the reader bow'd1 again ,they turned2 the g,sacrist_/g rang a tinkling peal1 ,last grace was said2 and1 carolling a strain ,of ,david1 two and two withdrew the hooded train40 ,,brit4 ,,monach4--,monastic conomy1 #dja4 #gd 8,at noon-hour--did no fleshless day betide-- ,on posied trenchers the plain cates were spread1 ,the snow-white egg1 the fish's corned side1 ,domestic fowl1 by barn-door plenty fed1 ,and1 best of nutriment1 fermented bread2 ,no thirst was theirs but what that juice could pall1 ,the sugar'd ears of bearded barley shed2 ,an aged monk was marshal of the hall1 ,there walking to and fro1 the servitours to call40 --,poem quoted4 #ge ,pinguia concedens qu sunt affinia carni1 ,sic tamen ut nunquam sit manifesta caro4 --,spec4 ,stultor4 ,,brit4 ,,mon4 #gf 8,nullus et monachus habeat colloquium cum maliere cognata aut extranea1 in temporibus indebitis1 sicut1 prandii1 et coen1 et hor meridian1 aut tempore pots assiguati40--,,ms4 ,cott4 ,jul4 ,,ii4 #b4 f4 #aei4 ,quoted by ,fosbroke1 p4 #bbj4 #gg ,see ante op4 cit4 #gh ,brit4 ,monach4 new ,ed4 p4 #bhg4 #gi ,hutchinson1 ii4 #fg4 #hj ,usus ,cistercienses4 #ha ,these rules1 however1 proved very ineffectual in the end1 and were only observed until the temptation to break them had become sufficiently strong4--,see ante1 pp4 #cc1 #cf4 #hb ,see ante pages #ce1 #cf1 #cg4 #hc ,see note in this vol4 ante page #ce4 #hd ,annales ,cistercienses4 #he ,morton1 #bjj4 #hf ,morton's ,monastic ,annals1 quoting ,bibl4 ,cotton4 ,nero ,a4 #aba4 #hg ,nicolson's ,engh4 ,hist4 lib4 quoted by ,morton4 #hh ,west's ,furness1 #aggd4 #hi ,mores ,catholici1 xi4 #gg4 #ij ,ibid4 #ia ,mores ,catholici4 #ib ,mores ,catholici4 #ic ,see ,account of the ,schism already given4 #id ,hist4 ,monast4 ,villar4 apud ,mor4 ,cath4 #ie ,mores ,cathol41 quoting ,epist4 lib4 iv4 p4 #ag4 #if ,annales ,cistertienses1 quoted by ,morton1 #bji4 #ig ,annales ,cisterc4 #aaed1 iv4 #f4 ,this varies but slightly from the original4 ,see also ,monast4 ,annals1 p4 #baj4 #ih ,in the grounds at ,hawkestone1 the seat of ,lord ,hill1 and in those of ,fountains ,abbey1 some extraordinary hunters'-leaps are pointed out1 as having been taken in the heat of the chase2 but that given in the tradition of ,lancaut1 is one that will never be repeated4 #ii ,these objections1 it is to be hoped1 are no longer applicable to ,tinterne ,parva4 ,the 8desecration10 so justly yet playfully complained of1 is a practice which cannot be too strongly reprobated2 but to such instances of negligence or 8economy10 nothing but the progress of ,archology can apply a final check4 #ajj ,from the time of ,henry the ,second1 to whom the land of ,gwent submitted1 the royalty of ,wentwood ,chase was vested in the crown1 and its privileges were ascertained in the ,charta ,forest of ,henry the ,third2 but the rights of lords of manors1 and free tenants1 in times of general confusion1 became involved and disputable4 ,in the assumption of the ,chase of ,wentwood by the house of ,somerset1 after the ,restoration1 the recognition of ancient customs and privileges involved it in numerous controversies and processes of law4--,county ,history4 ,see also ,letter from ,cromwell1 supra4 #aja ,striguil1 or ,strigul ,castle1 is quite distinct from that of ,chepstow1 with which it has been often confounded1 under the common name of ,striguil1 or ,estrigoel4 #ajb ,thomas1 p4 #fb4 #ajc ,ibid4 #fc4 #ajd ,hard by are seene ,wondy and ,penhow1 the seats in times past of the noble family of ,saint ,maur1 now corruptly named ,seimor4 ,for ,g4 ,mareshall1 ,earle of ,pembrock1 about the yeere of our ,lord1 #abdj1 was bound for the winning of ,wondy1 out of the ,welshmen's hands1 to aide ,william ,seimor4 ,from him descended ,roger de ,saint ,maur1 knight1 who married one of the heires of ,l4 ,beauchamp of ,hach1 a very noble baron1 who derived his pedigree from ,sibyl1 heire unto ,william ,mareshall1 that puissant ,earle of ,pembrock1 from ,william ,ferrars1 ,earle of ,derby1 from ,hugh de ,vivon1 and ,william ,mallet1 men in times past highly renowned4 ,the nobility of all these1 and of others besides1 as may be evidently shewed1 hath met together in that right honourable personage1 ,edward ,saint ,maur1 or ,seimor1 now ,earle ,hertford1 a singular favourer of vertue and good learning1 worthy in that behalfe to be honoured and commended to posterity4--,camden ,silures1 #fcd4 #aje ,rupis ,aurea1 e quod aurei coloris saxa sole repercussa miro fulgore sunt rutulantia3 nec mihi de facili persuasio fieri posset1 quod frustratum dederit natura nitore saxis1 quodque suo fuerit flos hic sine fructu1 si foret qui venas ibidem1 et penitima terr viscera arte prvia transpenetraret4--,gyraldus ,cambrensis4 ,there is a hill near famed ,caerleon1 ,which1 if the sun but dart a ray on1 ,it shines like gold2 hence ,goldcliffe hight1 ,but if there's gold1 'tis not in sight4 --,wonders of ,wales4 #ajf ,with regard to this tract ,camden relates3--,beneath this lieth spred for many miles together a ,mersh1 they call it the ,moore1 which1 when ,i lately revised this worke1 suffered a lamentable losse2 for when the ,severn sea1 at a spring tide in the change of the moone1 what being driven back for three daies together1 with a south-west winde1 and what with a verie strong pirrie from the sea troubling it1 swelled and raged so high1 that with surging billowes it came rolling and inrushing amaine upon this tract lying so low1 as also upon the like flates in ,somersetshire over against it1 that it overflowed all subverted houses1 and drowned a number of beasts and some people withal4 ,camden1 #fce4 ,see also ,note supra1 page #e4 ,neere to this place there remaine the reliques of a ,priorie1 that acknowledge those of ,chandos for their founder and patron4--,ibid4 #ajg ,county ,hist4 vol4 ii4 p4 #eg4 #ajh ,ibid4 #aji ,neere ,throgos1 where we saw the wall of a castle that belonged to the high-constables of ,england1 and was holden by the service of high-constableship4--,camden ,silures1 #fcd4 #aaj ,see ante1 page #cb4 #aaa ,mathern is 8derived from ,merthern ,tuderic--or ,martyrdom of ,theodoric40 ,when a ,christian chief1 who1 like ,theodoric1 fell in conflict with the ,saxons1 then pagans1 he was admitted to the honours of martyrdom4 #aab ,for the avouching and confirming of the antiquity of this place1 ,i think it not impertinent to adjoin here those antique inscriptions lately digged forth of the ground1 which the ,right ,reverend ,father in ,god1 ,francis ,godwin1 ,bishop of ,llandaffe1 a passing great lover of venerable antiquity1 and of all good literature1 hath of his courtesie imparted unto me4 ,in the year #afjb1 in a meadow adjoining ,mathern1 there was found by ditchers a certain image of a personage1 girt and short-trussed1 bearing a quiver--7but head1 hands1 and feet were broken off7--upon a pavement of square tile in checkerworke2 also a fragment of an altar1 with this inscription engraven in great capital letters three inches long1 erected by ,haterianus1 the lieutenant-general of ,augustus1 and proprietor of the province of ,cilicia--,,haterianus ,,leg4 ,,aug4 ,,pr4 ,,pr4 ,,provinc4 ,,cilic4--,the next yeere following hard by1 was this table also gotten out of the ground1 which proveth that the foresaid image was the personage of ,diana1 and that her temple was repaired by ,titus ,flavius ,posthumius ,varus1 an old soldier1 haply of a band of the ,second ,legion--,t4 ,,fl4 ,,postumius ,,varus ,v4 ,c4 ,,leg4 ,,templ4 ,,dian ,,restituit4 ,also1 a votive altar1 out of which ,geta1 the name of ,csar1 may seeme then to have been rased1 what time as he was made away by his brother ,antonine ,bassianus1 and proclaimed an enimie2 yet so as by the tract of the letters it is in some sort apparent4 ,,pro ,,salute ,,augg4 ,n4 ,n4 ,,severi ,,et ,,antonini ,,et ,,get ,c,s4 ,p4 ,,saltienus ,p4 ,f4 ,m,,ciu ,,thalamus ,,hadri4 ,,pr,f4 ,,leg4 ,,ii4 ,,aug4 ,c4 ,,vampeiano ,,et ,,lucilian4--,camden4 ,silures4 ,britan4 pp4 #fcg1 #fch4 #aac ,hist4 of ,engl4 quoting ,bishop ,godwin4 #aad ,see ,speed's ,chronicle4 #aae ,pict4 ,hist4 of ,england3 ,ecclesiast4 ,affairs4 #aaf ,ibid4 #aag ,pict4 ,hist4 ,book vi4 #aah ,ibid4 #aai ,nat4 ,papers quoted in ,hist4 of ,england4 ,civ4 and ,mil4 ,transact4 vol4 ii4 page #cdf4 ,pict4 ,hist4 #abj ,nat4 ,papers quoted in ,hist4 of ,england4 ,civ4 and ,mil4 ,transact4 vol4 ii4 page #cdf4 ,pict4 ,hist4 #aba ,headed in the ,north by ,lord ,darcy1 ,robert ,aske1 c4 ,see history of that year1 #aeci1 in ,pict4 ,hist4 #abb ,ellis's ,orig4 ,letters in ,pict4 ,hist4 #abc ,on the #aath ,june1 #aeci4 #abd ,wilkins' ,concilia1 quoted in ,hist4 of ,engl4 ,civil and ,milit4 ,transact4 vol4 ii4 #djc4 #abe ,in the taxation of #abia1 being the nineteenth year of the reign of ,edward the ,first1 the entries relating to the possessions of ,tinterne are thus given3-- ,,spiritualia ,,dioc4 ,,heref4 s4 d4 ,porcio in ecclesia de ,tudenham1 #c #f #h ,,temporalia ,,dioc4 ,,landaf4 g,abbas_/g de ,tynterne habet ,grang3 de ,asarto ubi sunt tres caruc4 terr4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #a #j #j ,de prato ibidem quatuor acr4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #j #f ,de silva cedua per annum1 #j #e #j ,de redd4 assis1 #a #b #j ,de plantis et perquisitis1 #j #f #h ,de gurgite et piscar4 in ,weyt1 #a #af #j ,de pastura vasti1 #j #d #b ,item idem habet apud ,rogenston quatuor caruc4 terr prec4 cujuslibet1 #a #j #j ,de gardino et curilag1 #j #a #f ,de ,molend4 per annum1 #j #ae #j ,de pastura de vasto1 #j #aj #j ,apud ,marthog'm duas caruc4 terr4 et dimid4 et novemdecim acr4 prec4 cujuslibet car4 #a #j #j ,et prec4 cujuslibet acr4 de prdictis novemdecim acris1 #j #j #c ,de redd4 assis ibidem1 #j #e #j ,in parochia de ,magor de redd1 #j #c #j ,in parochia de ,wundy1 #j #ac #d ,et in eadem parochia novemdecim acr4 terr prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #j #b ,et ibidem quatuordecim acr4 prati prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #j #f ,apud motam duas caruc4 terr4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #a #aj #j ,de prato ibidem quatuor acr4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #j #f ,in la ,bredeme deme in paroch de magir4 quinquaginta et duas acr4 prati4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #j #f ,ibid4 in aedil4 assis1 #j #aj #f ,apud ,penthleng4 tres caruc4 terr4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #f #h ,apud ,exellek sex caruc4 terr4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #f #h ,apud platelande tres caruc4 terr4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #f #h ,apud ,hardstrete unam caruc4 terr4 prec41 #a #d #j ,ibidem viginti quatuor acr4 ten4 prec4 omnium1 #j #f #j ,in villa de ,sturggyl de redd4 assis1 #j #d #j ,apud ,eriket unum molend foler prec41 #j #f #h ,ibidem ac redd4 assis1 #j #ab #j ,do molend1 #a #aj #j ,de una gurgite et dimid4 per annum1 #b #j #j ,de sub bosco venet1 #j #ac #d ,de pannag1 #j #f #h ,de perquis cur1 #j #ac #d ,de melle vend1 #j #e #j ,de ,fanneria1 #b #j #j ,apud ,penbo sexdecim acr4 terr4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #j #f ,de redd4 assis apud ,uskam1 #j #a #d ,de ,willielmo de ,hereford pro quadem grang4 de redd4 assis1 #j #j #f ,de ,johanne de ,stonsu'arl pro quadam grang4 #j #a #h ,de ,landavenio triginta acr4 pastur4 prec4 cujuslibet1 #j #j #c --------- ,summa #ch #e #j --------- ,abbas de ,tynterne habet cens4 reacc4 prec4 omium1 #g #aj #j ,de mult4 duo mill4 ducent4 et sexaginta quatuor exitus omnium1 #cg #ad #h ,de ovibus matricibus mill4 exitus omnium1 #be #j #j -------- ,summa #gj #d #h #abf ,monaster4 de ,eleemosyna paternalis domus de ,tynterna4 ,tynterna in ,hibernia1 filiales domus de ,kingeswodde in ,gloucestershire1 ,tynterna4 #abg ,archdale has preserved the following names and dates of some of the abbots3-- ,john ,torrell was the first2 another ,john occurs in #acjh2 ,roger ,codd1 #acdf2 ,david ,furlong succeeded2 ,thomas ,wyggemore1 #acee2 ,william ,walsh1 #acef2 ,thomas ,young1 #adga2 ,john ,power was the last abbot1 he surrendered it in the #cast ,henry ,,viii4 ,the abbey itself is stated to have been rebuilt in #addg4 ,it was granted1 with all its lands and appurtenances1 #bgth ,august1 #ahth ,elizabeth1 in capite1 to ,anthony ,colcleugh1 at the annual rent of #bf4 #ds41 ,irish money4 ,king ,john's ,charter is dated ,hamstede1 iii die ,decembris--but no year4 #abh ,king ,henry the ,first's ,charter1 authorising ,roger de ,berkeley's gift of ,ackeolt to the monks1 will be found in the appendix to the ,monasticon1 with ,william de ,berkeley's letter to ,pope ,innocent1 praying for his ratification of the grant of ,kingswood1 followed by five other charters1 confirming the land at ,kingswood1 from ,roger de ,berkeley the elder1 ,roger de ,berkeley the younger1 and ,king ,henry the ,second4 ,the last instrument given in the former edition of ,dugdale1 is a cession from ,nicholas de ,kingestone of certain land called ,jonesham4 #abi ,monasticon and ,baronage4 #acj ,the following is a list of the pensions granted to the monks of this house at the dissolution3-- 8,here cumeth such stipends as is thought necessary and expedient by us1 ,john ,tregonwell1 ,nicholas ,peyntz1 ,knight2 ,john ,peyntz1 ,esquyer2 ,john ,freeman2 and ,edward ,gosewike1 commissioners appointed for the dissoluement of the late monastery of ,kingswood1 in ,wiltes1 for the abbote and monks thereunto1 euery of them appoynted what they shall have by yere during their lyves1 that is to say-- ,furst to ,william ,bandlaie1 late abbot li4 s4 d4 there1 by yere1 i -- to ,thomas ,redinge1 prior there1 by yere1 vi xiii iiii -- to ,john ,wensbury1 monke there1 by yere1 iiii xiii iiii -- to ,john ,gethin1 monke there1 and curate of the parishe1 by yere1 iiij xiii iiii -- to ,william ,wotton1 grangitor there1 by yere1 iiij vj viii -- to ,william ,hughes1 monke there1 by yere1 iiij -- to ,john ,sodbury1 monke there1 by yere1 iiij -- to ,nicholas ,hampton1 subprior there1 iiij -- to ,william ,pakker1 monke there1 iiij -- to ,nicholas ,acton1 cellarer there1 iiij xiii iiij -- to ,edward ,ermingham1 sexton there1 iiij -- to ,thomas ,orchard1 monke there1 iiij -- to ,john ,stonley1 monke there1 being no prest1 xi0 ,to this are annexed the signatures as above4 #aca ,mores ,cathol41 quoting ,epist4 lib4 iv4 p4 #ag4 #acb ,floquet1 ,hist4 du ,parl4 de ,norm41 quoted in ,mor4 ,cath4 #acc ,mor4 ,cath41 quoting ,st4 ,ambros4 ,orat4 lib4 v4 #acd ,macaulay4 #ace ,ibid4 #acf ,macaulay's ,history of ,england4 #acg ,bishop ,godwin4 ,see ,pict4 ,hist4 ,eccl4 ,affairs4 #ach ,blunt's ,sketch of the ,reformation in ,england4 ,see ,pict4 ,histor4 ii4 #djd4 ,hist4 and ,fate of ,sacrilege4 #aci ,latimer's ,sermons4 ,hist4 above quoted1 vol4 ii4 #djd4 #adj ,it would be difficult in the present day to find much of the church property1 thus alienated1 in the hands of any descendant of those royal favourites on whom it was sacrilegiously bestowed4 #ada ,letter from ,fitzwilliam to ,cromwell1 dated at ,hampton ,court1 ,sept4 #ab1 #aecg1 and given in ,pict4 ,hist4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dje4 #adb ,latimer's ,sermons1 c41 quoting ,blunt's ,sketch of the ,reformation4 ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #dje4 #adc ,see ,letter from ,coverdale to ,cromwell in #aech4 #add ,hist4 ,henry ,,viii4 #ade ,madden1 ,penalties1 p4 #di4 #adf ,page #gg4 #adg ,according to ,hall1 the following barbarous verses were set up in great letters upon the stake or gallows1 to which the unhappy victim was bound3-- ,david-,darvel-,gatheren1 ,as saith the ,welshmen1 ,fetched outlaws out of hell2 ,now is he come with spear and shield1 ,in harness to burn in ,smithfield1 ,for in ,wales he may not dwell4 ,and g,forest_/g the friar1 ,that obstinate liar1 ,that wilfully shall be dead2 ,in his contumacy ,of the ,gospel1 doth deny ,the ,king to be ,supreme ,head4 #adh ,see the facts in ,hall1 ,stow1 and ,godwin1 abridged in the popular ,history quoted above4 #adi ,warton1 ,monastic ,influence on ,poetry and the ,fine ,arts4 #aej ,brit4 ,monach41 ,manners and ,customs of ,monks and ,nuns4 #aea ,opus citat4 ,brit4 ,monach4 #aeb ,fosbroke1 in quotation of various ancient authors1 p4 #bei4 #aec ,gregory had a whip with which he threatened the young clerks and singing boys1 when they were out1 or failed in the notes2 they also fasted the day before they were to chant1 and constantly ate beans4--,hawkins's ,music4 ,fosbroke1 p4 #bgc4 #aed ,knighton1 a canon of ,st4 ,mary-le-,pr1 has1 to his own disgrace1 recorded his bitter condemnation of the translation made by his contemporary g,wickliffe_/g3--8,christ intrusted his gospel10 says that ecclesiastic1 8to the clergy and doctors of the gchurch_/g1 to minister it to the laity and weaker sort1 according to their exigencies and several occasions2 but this ,master ,john ,wickliffe1 by translating it1 has made it vulgar1 and has laid it more open to the laity1 and even to women who can read1 than it used to be to the most learned of the clergy1 and those of the best understanding2 and thus the gospel jewel1 the evangelical feast1 is thrown about and trodden under feet of swine40--,decem ,script4 ,col4 #bfdd4 ,such language1 as an ingenious and learned divine has justly observed1 was looked upon as good reasoning by the clergy of that day1 who saw not with what satire it was edged against themselves4--,nichols's ,append4 to the ,hist4 of ,leicester1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajh4 ,fosbroke1 p4 #bec4 #aee ,fosbroke1 p4 #beb4 #aef ,fosbroke1 p4 #bdf4 #aeg ,ibid4 p4 #bdg4 #aeh ,conviv4 ,religios4 #aei ,cruditis4 ,fosbroke1 p4 #bec4 #afj ,mem4 de ,petrarque1 iii4 #fjf4 ,fosbroke4 #afa ,fosbroke1 quoting ,parsons' ,,mss4 in the ,bodl4 ,libr41 ,oxford4 #afb ,one of the last important occasions1 on which the abbey seal of ,tinterne was used1 was in ratifying an instrument1 whereby the abbot and convent appointed ,charles1 ,earl of ,worcester1 and ,henry ,somerset1 ,lord ,herbert1 his son and heir apparent1 chief stewards of their manor of ,acle1 or ,oakley1 in ,norfolk1 #fth ,hen4 ,,viii4 #afc ,taylor's ,index ,monasticus ,pref4 ap4 ,brit4 ,monach4 p4 #bbi1 note4 #afd ,,ms4 ,harl4 #ajea4 ,fosbroke1 art4 ,cloister4 #afe ,monachus quidam ,sagiensis cnobii de cella quadam in partibus ,angli longinquis ad aliam cellam loci ejusdem remotis in ,walli finibus1 super mare ,milvordicum et ,hibernicum gyrovagando discurrens1 ne solus esset in via1 quia1 vae soli6--non socium sibi1 sed sociam1 elegit2 ejus turpitudo1 terque quaterque1 turpiter deprehensa fuit4 ,adeo quidem1 quod ,castellanis partium illarum demum captus et in carcerem missus1 sociaque ipsius et confusionis caus ribaldis exposita fuerit et garcionibus prostituta4 ,tales autem honores1 et tales honestates ex monachis ad cellulam missis ordine monastico pervenire solent4--,,mss4 ,cott4 ,tiber ,b4 #ac4 ap4 ,fosbroke1 p4 #bga4 #aff ,in the notes to ,robert of ,gloucester's g,chronicle_/g vol4 iii4 #h-i we read3--8,about this tyme the order of g,cysteaux_/g was fyrst brought into ,englande by one ,walter1 that founded the first abbey of that religion at g,ryuall_/g40 ,the question1 however1 has been set at rest by the extracts already given from the ,chronicles of ,tinterne1 in which the date of their appearance in ,englande is fixed at the beginning of the twelfth century1 regnante ,henrico primo4 #afg ,quidam monachi dicunt omnes esse monachos qui in paradiso erant1 vel potius nullum ibi esse non monachum4 #afh ,mox ut mortuus fuero1 cucullam ,ordinis ,cisterciensis mihi induite1 et ne fiat me vivente1 diligentissime cavete4 ,,ms4 ,roy4 ,lib4 #g4 ,a4 ,,iii4 ap4 ,fosbroke1 #agc4 ,so--when the devil was sick1 the devil a monk would be2 ,but when the devil got well1 the devil a monk was he4 #afi ,it appears1 however1 that the books so carefully transcribed in the monasteries were seldom understood1 or even perused1 by the higher clergy2 for it is told that ,lewis ,beaumont1 bishop of ,durham1 #acag1 understood not a word of either ,latin or ,english4 ,in reading the bull of his appointment to that see--which he had been taught to spell for several days before--he stumbled upon the word metropolitice1 which he in vain endeavoured to pronounce2 and1 having hammered over it a considerable time1 at last cried out in his mother tongue1 8,soit pour dite6 ,par ,seynt ,lowys1 il ne fu pas curteis qui ceste parole ici escrit40--,robert de ,greystanes4 ,anglia ,sacra1 #a4 #gfa41 as quoted by ,craik1 #a4 #acg4 #agj ,sketches of the ,history of ,literature and ,learning in ,england1 vol4 i4 p4 #fi4 ,by ,geo4 ,l4 ,craik4 #aga ,see ,fosbroke4 ,dallaway's ,heraldic ,enquiries4 #agb ,henniker1 ,norman ,tiles4 #agc ,cowel1 ,mosaic ,work1 apud ,fosbroke4 #agd ,the ,signor left the banks of the ,wye the day after relating the preceding anecdote1 or the narrator would have shared another experiment with him4 8,while at ,derby1 however1 it is related that such was the wonderful power of his imitative faculties1 that he far outsoared the violins when playing in alt1 whose masters laid them down in the orchestra in astonishment at being so entirely eclipsed by a human voice4 ,they next played a hunting song1 in which the signor appeared to equal advantage4 ,the rich and mellow tones of the ,french horn were as successfully imitated1 as the still finer and more distinct ones of the violins2 and in some shakes he quite enraptured his audience4 ,they then played a full piece together1 which was such a grand display of his talents1 that the admiration and delight of his auditors could go no further--they seemed electrified by his powers40 #age ,the river's bank is here the haunt of otters1 and the resort of herons and halcyon kingfishers4 ,the rocky precipices abound in rabbits1 foxes1 weasels1 martins1 and polecats2 whilst the more umbrageous parts afford protection to hedgehogs1 dormice1 and squirrels4--,thomas4 #agf ,ibid4 #agg ,see view of the ,refectory4 #agh ,see view of the door leading into cloisters4 #agi 8,the ,beaufort ,arms10 where the writer experienced much civility with moderate charges1 is1 unfortunately1 too small to accommodate more than a party of three or four persons2 but it is comfortable4 #ahj ,see page #ch-fb4 #aha ,see page #cc1 passim4 #ahb ,see page #ch-ci1 passim4 #ahc ,see page #fe1 passim4 #ahd ,running across the neck of land1 it shortens the distance between the ,abbey and ,tinterne ,parva4 #ahe ,in this engraving1 the modern iron gate which shuts up this passage1 dividing the church from the cloisters1 has been intentionally omitted1 as not in harmony with the subject4 #ahf ,see page #eb1 passim4 #ahg ,published by order of ,parliament1 #ahbg4 #ahh ,acle1 or ,oakley1 eleven miles east from ,norwich1 and situated near the ,bure1 on grounds which rise suddenly from the marshes below4 ,the church1 dedicated to ,st4 ,edmund1 is a rectory1 value #bj4 #ahi ,monast4 ii4 #gbd1 v4 #bfi4 #aij ,munimenta ,antiqua1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bej4 #aia ,munimenta ,antiqua1 vol4 iii4 p4 #beb4 #aib ,dugdale's ,baronage1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbg4 #aic ,munimenta ,antiqua1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bea4 #aid ,by ,gertrude1 daughter of ,manners1 ,earl of ,rutland1 his first wife1 he had issue four sons and three daughters4 ,his second wife was ,elizabeth1 widow of ,sir ,william ,cavendish1 whose son ,henry married the ,lady ,grace1 one of the earl's daughters by his first wife4 #aie ,messrs4 ,brayley and ,britton3 #ahje4 ,king1 ,whitelocke1 ,itinerary1 and other sources4 #aif ,the cut here inserted represents specimens of supposed ancient armour in the ,gateway ,tower4 #aig ,raglan1 elegans comitis ,wigorni ,castellum1 etc4 ,silur41 p4 #eaj4 #aih ,son of ,thomas ap ,gwillim ap ,jenkin1 by his wife ,maud1 daughter and heiress of ,sir ,john ,morley1 ,knt41 ,lord of ,raglan ,castle4 #aii ,this gallant warrior fell by the side of his master1 ,henry ,v41 at the battle of ,agincourt4 #bjj ,collins1 vol4 iii4 #be1 #bg4 #bja ,robert ,hillyard4 #bjb ,speed1 p4 #heh1 #hei4 ,which the reader may compare with ,dugdale1 p4 #beg2 and ,collins1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bh1 by whom the circumstances are somewhat differently stated4 ,see also ,hollinshed1 p4 #fgb4 #bjc ,the ,herberts in former times were spread all over this county1 and possessed several of its best estates and mansions2 but1 notwithstanding the immense possessions of this ancient family1 yet it is very singular that there is not one landowner of #ej a year of the name of ,herbert to be found in the whole county2 although it must be allowed that the family of ,jones of ,lanarth1 is of an elder branch of the ,earls of ,pembroke4--,williams4 #bjd ,grafton1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ae1 #af4 #bje ,whose mother and ,henry ,duke of ,somerset were brother's children4 #bjf ,at the ,festival of the ,virgin ,mary1 #aead4 #bjg ,see notice of ,chepstow1 ante1 page #d4 #bjh ,see vol4 i4 of this work1 art4 ,arundel ,castle4 #bji ,as stated by ,collins--,mr4 ,thomas says1 8at ,raglan ,castle2 adding1 #8two headless and mutilated parts of alabaster statues of this nobleman and his lady1 which are1 alas1 kicked about by every chance visitor to the church1 alone remain of the magnificent tomb erected to their memory6'0--,raglan1 p4 #acg4 ,when the ,editor visited the place in ,august1 #ahdh1 the monument presented the same pitiable state of dilapidation--a bitter homily on the vanity of wealth1 birth1 and titles--yet in sad but perfect harmony with the desolation of the adjoining ,castle4 #baj ,collins1 #agfh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjh4 #baa ,illustrations of ,british ,history1 vol4 i4 p4 #dij4 #bab ,illustrations of ,british ,history1 vol4 i4 p4 #dij1 #dia1 ed4 #ahch4 #bac ,history of ,england1 ,manners and ,customs1 book viii4 chap4 vi4 p4 #fbi4 #bad ,till the year #afbg1 it was customary in these two counties to have but one sheriff4 #bae ,charles ,sackville was the direct descendant of the great ,thomas ,lord ,buckhurst4 ,of his youth it is disgraceful enough to say1 that he was the companion of ,rochester and ,sedley2 but his mature life1 like that of ,sedley1 was illustrated by public spirit1 and his fortune enabled him to be a beneficent friend to men of genius4 ,he attended the ,duke of ,york as a volunteer in the ,dutch war1 and finished his well-known song1 8,to all you ladies now at land10 on the day before the sea-fight in which ,opdam1 the ,dutch admiral1 was blown up with all his crew3-- 8,to all you ladies now at land1 ,we men at sea indite2 ,but first would have you understand1 ,how hard it is to write2 ,the ,muses now1 and ,neptune too1 ,we must implore to write to you4 ,with a fa1 la1 la1 la1 la4 8,should foggy ,opdam chance to know ,our sad and dismal story2 ,the ,dutch would scorn so weak a foe1 ,and quit their fort at ,goree2 ,for what resistance can they find ,from men who've left their hearts behind6 ,with a fa1 la1 la1 la1 la40 --,campbell's ,british ,poets1 p4 #caf4 #baf ,peck's ,curiosa4 #bag ,ibid4 #bah ,opus citatum in ,pict4 ,hist4 ,engl41 book vii4 chap4 vi4 p4 #fbi4 #bai ,it was fortunate that1 while the aristocracy were thus becoming more vitiated1 the common people had become more temperate than formerly2 but to this assertion ,stow adds--8,it was not from abstinence but necessity2 ale and beer being small1 and wines in price above their reach40 ,during the period of the ,commonwealth1 greater temperance in eating and drinking naturally prevailed1 from the ascendancy of ,puritan principles1 which recommended simplicity and self-denial4--,manners and ,customs1 ,pict4 ,hist4 #bbj ,something like the court-suit of ,prince ,esterhazy4 #bba ,pictor4 ,hist4 ,engl41 cit4 ,winwood1 book vi4 chap4 vi4 p4 #fcj4 #bbb ,harleian ,,ms41 quoted by ,miss ,aikin1 in her #8,memoirs of the ,court of ,james ,i4' ,this ,lady ,compton1 who valued herself upon being 8so reasonable10 was the daughter and sole heiress of ,sir ,john ,spencer1 who was probably the wealthiest citizen of his time1 as he died worth nearly a million sterling4 ,he was called 8,the ,rich ,spencer40 ,lord ,compton1 her husband1 was so transported at his inheritance1 that he went out of his wits1 and remained in that condition for several years4--,winwood1 quoted in the ,pict4 ,hist4 of ,england4 #bbc ,osborne's ,memoirs of ,king ,james1 in ,pict4 ,hist4 of ,engl41 book vii4 chap4 vi4 p4 #fcj4 #bbd ,manners and ,customs1 ,pict4 ,hist4 of ,england4 #bbe ,ibid4 #bbf ,history of ,england1 ,manners and ,customs1 quoting from 8,peck's ,curiosa10 8,evelyn's ,diary10 8,strutt10 8,somers' ,tracts10 and 8,court of ,king ,james40 #bbg ,so much was swearing identified with loyalty1 that ,cromwell1 after a skirmish with the ,scottish horse at ,musselburgh1 sent word to the ,parliament that the enemy had ,english cavaliers in their ranks1 because he heard one of their wounded exclaiming with his last breath1 8,d--n me6 ,i'm going to my ,king40--,howel's ,letters1 quoted in the ,history of ,england4 #bbh ,the woodcut here introduced represents the gboar's head_/g--a favourite dish in the olden time--on its way from the kitchen to the banquet-room4 #bbi ,see notice of him in this work1 art4 8,chepstow ,castle40 #bcj ,tour throughout ,south ,wales and ,monmouthshire1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,barber4 #bca ,bayly1 p4 #cf-dd4 #bcb ,churchyard4 ,see ,wood's 8,rivers of ,wales40 #bcc ,was it here that ,henry ,bolingbroke was confined1 as traditionally believed8 #bcd ,the reader is probably aware that in certain churches1 palaces1 c41 obnoxious pictures and statues were treated in this manner by the soldiery2 and hence the lamentable destruction of these works of ,art1 which were once the ornaments of the country4 #bce ,see the ,woodcut4 #bcf ,see ,thomas's ,tinterne1 p4 #acc4 #bcg ,see paper in the 8,archological ,journal40 #bch ,see ,description and ,anecdote in a subsequent page of this ,volume4 #bci ,archolog4 ,journal1 art4 8,raglan ,castle40 #bdj ,ibidem4 #bda ,by removing the ivy from a portion of the great ,hall1 in the course of last autumn1 another magnificent window has been brought into view2 and by a similar course of discovery1 other interesting features of baronial splendour will no doubt reappear4--,note by ,mr4 ,g4 ,may1 8,warden0 of the ,castle1 whose efforts to preserve what remains1 and bring into view what is yet concealed of these noble ruins1 is alike creditable to his taste and his industry4 #bdb ,this appears ungenerous4 ,there seems no just ground for suspecting the ,marquess of any motive incompatible with the most devoted loyalty4--,see his own declaration in a subsequent page of this article4 #bdc ,lord ,clarendon's ,hist41 vol4 iii4 p4 #aed1 ed4 #agjf4 #bdd 8,out of a window they 7the rabble7 killed ,colonel ,lawley1 and two officers more1 without hurting a common soldier40--,clar4 ,hist4 #bde ,lord ,clarendon's ,hist41 vol4 ii4 p4 #aef1 ed4 #agjf4 #bdf ,an allusion possibly to some design on the part of ,charles to forsake rebellious ,london1 and make ,york his capital2 but more probably--as ,i am reminded by a correspondent--to an old prophetic saw in rhyme1 viz4-- 8,lincoln was1 ,london is1 and ,york shall be ,the greatest city of the three40 #bdg ,ubi ,troja nunc seges4 #bdh ,literally1 having been created ,marquess very recently4 #bdi ,this quaint phrase may mean two days or two months4 #bej ,thus the ,king had his money1 and the poor ,marquess was indulged with the royal conversation1 which ,dr4 ,bayly worked up into the 8,certamen ,religiosum10 a duodecimo of #bcb pages4--,certamen ,religiosum1 p4 #b-aa1 ,lond4 #afdi4 #bea ,in variety of wines1 and the copious use of them1 the wealthier classes of ,england in this age were not a whit behind their ancestors4 ,the arrival of the ,danish ,king and his courtiers in the reign of ,james1 had greatly increased the national thirst2 insomuch that it was observed1 8,the ,danes have again conquered ,england60 ,in the reign of ,charles the ,first the g,cavaliers_/g were as little famed for temperance as the ,courtiers of ,king ,james4 ,the ,english followed also1 very scrupulously1 the ,danish custom of drinking healths2 and foreigners were astonished to find that when a company amounted to some twenty or thirty1 it was still expected that every guest should drink the health of each in rotation4 ,such festivals1 of course1 inflamed the love of quarrel4 ,toasts were given which produced discussion1 or refusal to drink them2 and if the overheated parties did not immediately come to blows1 still duels and bloodshed were the usual consequences4 ,sometimes1 when a lady or an absent patron was toasted1 the company pledged the toast upon their knees4 ,among other disgusting modes of drinking healths at this period1 the toper sometimes mingled his own blood with the wine4--8,manners and ,customs of ,england40 #beb ,apophthegm #be1 ,bayly1 p4 #eb4 #bec ,nothing can be more wondered at than that the ,king should amuse himself about forming a new army in counties which had been already vexed and worn by his own troops1 and the licence of those governors whom he had put over them2 and not have immediately repaired into the west1 where he had an army already formed1 and a people generally well devoted to his service2 whither all his broken troops1 and ,general ,gerrard1 might have transported themselves1 before ,fairfax could have given them any interruption4--,clarendon4 #bed ,the branch of the ,morgan family here mentioned1 like that of ,worcester1 were devoted to the royal cause1 and on all occasions evinced that unshrinking loyalty which added lustre to their descent4 ,in the halls of ,tredegar1 as in ,raglan ,castle1 ,charles found an asylum--the only asylum1 perhaps1 that could then be a sure guarantee for his personal safety4 ,the ,morgan family was descended from the ancient princes of ,south ,wales1 and as much distinguished by its hospitality as its antiquity4 #bee ,sir ,henry ,ellis's ,orig4 ,lett41 vol4 iii4 p4 #caj4 #bef ,grandfather of the famous ,dean of ,st4 ,patrick's4 #beg ,apophthegms4--,see the former note4 #beh ,among what are called 8,the ,king's ,pamphlets10 in the ,british ,museum1 the collection of which1 begun by a ,mr4 ,george ,thomason1 and continued by order of ,king ,charles the ,first1 there is a single folio sheet printed at ,london1 containing 8,,verses lately written by ,thomas ,earle of ,strafford40--,sir ,henry ,ellis's 8,original ,letters0 illustrative of ,english ,history1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bch4 #bei ,of this disastrous event a sympathising ,french poet writes3-- ,tel qu'un lion forc de repaire en repaire1 ,en dpit des chasseurs regagne sa tanire4 ,mais g,charles_/g1 en cet asile investi sans scours1 ,ne pouvait s'y flatter que d'un frle recours-- ,trop dplorable objet de tant de trahisons1 ,indign1 train de prisons en prisons1 ,l'imfortun ,monarque1 abreuv de misres1 ,finit sur le billot ses destins sanguinaires4 #bfj ,see ,thomas's 8,tinterne10 p4 #gh4 #bfa ,rowland ,williams of ,llangibby was distinguished by royal favour1 both in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth and that of her successor1 and in proof thereof received the honour of knighthood4 ,his grandson1 the ,sir ,trevor ,williams here mentioned1 in consideration of his loyal attachment to the interests of ,king ,charles1 was created a baronet on the #adth of ,may1 #afdb4 #bfb ,see ,letter published by ,mr4 ,thomas in his 8,account of ,raglan10 note #bc4 #bfc ,stated by ,rushworth1 as only #a1ejj men1 while the garrison in the ,castle amounted to #hjj men4 #bfd ,of this document the following is a copy3-- 8,to our trusty and well-beloved ,sir ,thos4 ,glenham1 ,sir ,thos4 ,tildesley1 ,col4 ,h4 ,washington1 ,col4 ,tho4 ,blagge1 ,governors of our ,cities and ,towns of ,oxford1 ,lichfield1 ,worcester1 and ,wallingford1 and all other ,commanders of any ,towns1 ,castles1 and ,forts1 in our ,kingdome of ,england3-- g8,charles ,r4_/g 8,having resolved to comply with the desires of our ,parliament in every thing which may be for the good of our subjects1 and leave no means unessayed for removing all differences amongst us1 therefore ,we have thought fit1 the more to evidence the reality of our intentions of settling an happy and firm peace1 to require you to quit those ,towns1 ,castles1 and ,forts intrusted to you by us1 and to disband all the ,forces under your several commands4 8,newcastle1 the #ajth ,june1 #afdf40 #bfe ,the ,marquess1 like many other royalists1 considered that the ,king was under restraint2 and that it was his duty to disobey the royal orders for surrender4 ,in fact1 ,charles himself had written to the ,queen that he was in durance in the hands of the barbarous and perfidious ,scots2 and that she1 his son1 and all his faithful counsellors1 were to regard every order from him1 ,c4 ,r41 as forced or surreptitious4 ,the ,marquess1 therefore1 regarded the document with well-grounded suspicion1 and took exception to his ,majesty's warrant1 because1 while it specified others1 it did not name him or his ,castle4--,hist4 of ,engl41 ,civ4 and ,milit4 ,transact4 p4 #cef4 #bff ,it is worthy of remark1 that ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax1 on his arrival1 does not so much continue the siege already commenced by ,colonel ,morgan1 as begin a new siege by a new summons4 ,it was thought1 perhaps1 that the ,marquess would be more disposed to surrender his ,castle to a man of ,general ,fairfax's rank than to ,colonel ,morgan2 and from what follows1 the opinion was not without foundation4 #bfg ,a prohibition1 by-the-by1 which the noble owner and his royal master do not seem to have applied to themselves4--,see ,certamen ,religiosum4 #bfh 8,an exact and true ,relation of the many several ,messages that have passed between his ,excellency ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax and the ,marquess of ,worcester1 ,governor of ,raglan ,castle1 touching the ,surrender thereof3 ,together with a ,copy of the ,propositions sent to the ,general from the ,marquess of ,worcester out of ,raglan ,castle1 and his ,excellency's ,refusal to treat on them3 ,also1 the ,names your ,commissioner appointed to treate with the ,enemy upon the ,propositions sent to them from the ,generall4 ,certified in a ,letter to a ,member of the ,honourable ,house of ,commons1 on ,tuesday1 ,august #ahth1 #afdf1 and commanded to be forthwith printed and published4 ,london4 #afdf40 #bfi ,fairfax was encamped on a rising ground north of the ,castle1 which commanded the whole line of the fortress occupied by the ,marquess of ,worcester4 #bgj ,it is deserving of notice1 that the communication above quoted was ordered by the ,house of ,commons to be made public the moment it was received1 although it describes very frankly all the plans and difficulties of the besieging army4 ,in other cases it would probably have formed the substance of a secret despatch4 #bga ,an account precisely similar to that quoted is given in the 8,mercurius ,civicus--,london's ,intelligencer2 or1 ,truth impartially related from thence to the whole ,kingdom1 to prevent misinformation4 ,from ,thursday1 ,august #ac1 to ,thursday1 ,august #bj1 #afdf40 ,this singular-looking gazette1 determined it would seem on impartiality of honours1 ornaments its title-page with a likeness of ,sir ,thomas ,fairfax1 faced by that of ,king ,charles4 #bgb ,part of this building remains1 with the date #afaf4 ,in the parish church of ,llandenny1 is a monument of ,roger ,oates of ,kevantilla1 who died #agjf1 tatis #fg4 #bgc 8,history of ,england10 ,charles ,i4 p4 #fjg4 #bgd ,among the gentlemen who took part with him in the defence was ,sir ,harry ,killigrew1 of whose melancholy fate ,clarendon gives some interesting particulars4--,clarendon1 part ii4 p4 #ci1 ed4 #agjf2 also1 vol4 v4 p4 #dj4 #bge 8,in that day a man shall cast his idols of silver1 and his idols of gold1 which they made1 each one for himself to worship1 to the moles and to the bats40--,isaiah ii4 #bj4 #bgf ,dr4 ,henry ,edwards1 author of 8,history of the ,siege of ,jerusalem40--,archol4 ,journ41 vol4 i4 p4 #aab4 #bgg 8,thomas's ,tinterne10 p4 #aeh4 #bgh ,from lines ascribed to ,lord ,strafford4--,sir ,henry ,ellis's 8,original ,letters10 vol4 iii4 #bgi 8,tout est perdu1 hors l'honneur40 #bhj ,carlyle's 8,cromwell30 quoting ,hist4 of ,independ4 ,london1 #afhc-e4 #bha ,see description of this walk1 ante p4 #aeh4 #bhb ,london1 #afej2 a thin folio volume4 #bhc ,douay1 #afed4 #bhd ,quoting from ,sacred ,writ4 #bhe 8,guide to ,piety40 #bhf ,a small volume with this title3 8,worcester's ,apophthegms2 or1 ,witty ,sayings of the ,right ,honourable ,henry 7late7 ,marquess and ,earle of ,worcester1 delivered upon several occasions1 and now published for the benefit of the reader1 by ,t4 ,b41 a constant observer and no less admirer of his ,lordship's wisdom and loyalty4 #afej40 #bhg ,see ante page #age1 the ,king's letter to ,glamorgan4 #bhh ,this1 in some degree1 explains the strong motives by which the ,marquess was actuated in his devotion to the ,king4 #bhi ,on the coffin was this inscription1 engraved on a brass plate3--8,depositum illustrissimi principis ,edwardi1 ,marchionis et ,comitis ,wigorni1 ,comitis de ,glamorgan1 ,baronis ,herbert de ,raglan1 ,chepstow1 et ,gower1 nec non serenissimo nuper ,domino ,regi ,carolo ,primo1 ,south ,walli locum tenentis1 qui obiit apud ,lond41 tertio die ,apriles1 ,an4 ,dom4 ,,mdclxvii40 #bij ,august #ah1 #affj4 #bia ,see description of the moat1 c41 ante p4 #aeh4 #bib ,tinterne and its ,vicinity1 page #acj4 #bic ,page #aca4 #bid ,monmouth1 ,gloucester1 ,worcester1 ,hereford1 ,salop1 ,wilts1 ,somerset1 ,devon1 ,brecon1 ,glamorgan1 ,caermarthen1 ,cardigan1 and ,radnor2 together with the ,british ,channel to some distance beyond the ,holms4 ,near the latter is a ,tower called 8,kemey's ,folly40 ,its founder1 boasting to his father that the tower could be seen from thirteen counties1 was answered--8,i am sorry1 my son1 that so great an extent of country should be witness to thy consummate folly20 and from that day1 we are told1 the tower assumed the name which it still retains4 #bie ,or1 according to ,mr4 ,thomas1 #agbj feet4 #bif 8,thomas's ,raglan10 p4 #aee4 #big ,a ,,ms4 plan1 which has just been sent to the ,editor from ,raglan1 in confirmation of the above1 seems to complete the evidence which was hitherto wanting4 #bih ,one solitary attempt to imitate the jousts and tournaments of former days1 was made a few years ago at the expense of the ,earl of ,eglinton2 but 8the burlesque was apparently too extravagant1 if not too costly1 for repetition40 #bii ,in the bowling-green attached to the residence of a gentleman at ,muswell ,hill1 ,hornsey1 the ancient national game is still kept up--ritu majorum4 #cjj ,fosbroke1 ,nares1 ,strutt1 ,gage's ,hengrave ,hall4--,encyclopdia of ,antiq41 vol4 ii4 p4 #fgd4 #cja ,see 8,strutt's ,sports10 p4 #ig4 #cjb 8,fosbroke's ,gymnastics40 ,the late ,sir ,s4 ,r4 ,meyrick gives various kinds of jousts1 i4 e4 where the combat is limited to two rivals4 #cjc ,page #age of this volume4 #cjd ,the contributor of this anecdote is not sufficiently acquainted with the habits of birds as to pronounce that no bird builds its nest of white-thorn2 but if such be really the case1 that circumstance might surely have led the cavaliers to suspect that the prophecy had received some aid in its fulfilment from the worthy townsmen of ,caernarvon4 ,but the explanation given by the ,marquess is1 as usual1 felicitously characteristic1 and veiled in a politico-religious guise4 #cje ,bayly1 ,apophthegm xix4 #cjf ,the woodcut represents the old baronial gkitchen_/g with its appendages1 as described page #aed4 #cjg ,see note1 page #ach4 #cjh ,as an author1 he is known by a work relating to that curious monument of former ages1 ,stonehenge1 which he pronounced to be a ,roman temple1 dedicated to ,clus2 an opinion1 however1 which antiquaries have decried as erroneous and absurd4--,biog4 #cji ,see account of the ,king's visit to ,raglan1 p4 #afc4 #caj ,he died in #acdh4 #caa ,the lordship of ,grosmont was absorbed in the acquisitions of the house of ,lancaster1 and a court-baron is held for the district1 called 8the ,hundred of the ,three ,castles0--,grosmont1 ,skenfreth1 and ,white ,castle1 or ,castle ,gwyn4 #cab #acbf4--,see ,hist4 of ,monmouth4 #cac #achg4--;,ibid4 #cad ,life of ,henry ,v4 #cae ,in the 8,shakspeare10 edited by the late poet ,campbell1 it is thought that the parts of ,gloucester and ,edgar are taken from the story of the ,paphlagonian ,king in ,sir ,philip ,sydney's 8,arcadia40 ,there was also a play1 entitled 8,the ,true ,chronicle ,historie of ,king ,leare and his #c ,daughters10 entered at ,stationers' ,hall in #aeid1 which kept possession of the stage several years1 and must have been familiar to ,shakspeare himself4 #caf ,the recent epic poem by ,sir ,edward ,bulwer ,lytton1 ,bart41 entitled 8,king ,arthur10 is one of the few poems of our own times that promises to descend to posterity4 ,what ,milton admired1 and ,dryden projected1 as the subject of a national poem1 ,sir ,edward has accomplished with that felicitous taste and ability which have impressed his name on the popular and classic literature of the day4 ,pope himself had at one period of his life resolved to complete1 what ,milton and ,dryden had only planned--a heroic poem on the same subject4 #cag ,among the estates thus rejected was the ancient manor of ,berkeley1 in the ,vale of ,gloucester4 8,nam cum eis aliquando tota provincia de ,bergelay a ,rege et ,regina1 gratis offeretur10 etc4 etc4 #cah ,regina ver ,matildis sanctitatis ignara quanta videlicet mentis constantia insaturabilem divitiarum fugeret ingluviem2 cum aliquando rogare cpit ut modis omnibus sineret eam manum suam in sinum ejus mittere1 etc4 #cai ,the precise year of its foundation has never been ascertained2 but there is no doubt that it was commenced after #aajh1 and completed before #aacf1 when the greater part of the brotherhood were removed to ,hereford1 and subsequently to ,new ,llanthony1 near ,gloucester4 ,we have the testimony of ,giraldus ,cambrensis that1 in #aahf1 the ,mother-,abbey had been long completed4 ,he describes it as covered with lead1 and not inelegantly constructed with a roof of stone4 #cbj ,hist4 ,abbati de g,llanthony_/g1 in ,bibl4 ,cotton1 ,sub4 ,effigie ,julii ,,dxi4 fol4 #cj4 ,b42 also1 ,monasticon ,angl4 vol4 iii4 p4 #eh4 ,ed4 #afgc4 ,it is too long for our purpose2 but the article will be interspersed with extracts from it4 #cba ,translated by the late ,sir ,r4 ,colt ,hoare1 ,bart41 #ahjf4 #cbb ,the name of the place in ,welsh1 as he explains it1 is ,nanthodeni4 ,nant signifies a running stream1 from whence this place is still called by the inhabitants1 ,llandevi ,nantodeni1 or1 the ,church of ,st4 ,david upon the river ,hodeni4 ,by the ,english1 therefore1 it is corruptly called ,llanthoni2 whereas it should either be called ,nanthodeni1 that is1 the brook of the ,hodeni1 or ,lanthodeni1 the church upon the ,hodeni4 #cbc ,this was before the ,new ,abbey had been thought of2 or1 in the original words1 8,before the ,daughter had existence2 and ,i sincerely wish10 adds the devout historian1 8that she had never been produced40 #cbd ,resembling in many respects--though in a less inhospitable region--the ,augustine monks of 8the ,great ,st4 ,bernard10 and holding no intercourse with the world around them1 unless by means of those pilgrims who resorted to their shrine1 and spread abroad the fame of their sanctity4 #cbe ,seneca's ,morals4 #cbf ,this anecdote1 somewhat differently told1 we have already noticed in the sketch of ,tinterne ,abbey4 #cbg ,this reminds us of a visit to a celebrated monastery in ,tuscany1 where the writer was received by one of the superior monks with great politeness and hospitality4 ,in the course of the evening he mentioned the principal circumstances of his life--8court intrigue1 dissipation1 extravagance1 and moral depravity2 at last10 said he1 8,i became utterly disgusted with the life ,i had led1 and flew for refuge to this sanctuary1 where ,i have lived many years1 and found1 to my soul's content1 that there is no happiness in this life but in preparing for the next--pensare1 pensare1 sull' ternit40--,ed4 #cbh ,sir ,r4 ,c4 ,hoare1 quoting ,giraldus4 #cbi ,orig4 ,nova ,marchia4 ,chr4 ,new ,march8 #ccj ,see the account already given of the ,clare family4 #cca ,in those times the ,wye was considered the boundary between ,england and ,wales4 #ccb ,see ante1 founders and benefactors of ,tinterne ,abbey4 #ccc ,of the strict legal phraseology of this document1 the following is a specimen3--,volo et firmiter prcipio quod ,canonici g,lanthoni_/g ,prim1 omnia tenementa sua in terra de g,ewias_/g1 tam laica quam ecclesiastica qucumq3 in prsenti habent vel in posterum1 emptione1 donatione1 vel quocumq3 alio titulo habituri sunt1 bene et in pace1 liber et quiet teneant in omnibus locis et rebus ubicumque fuerint in terra de g,ewias_/g1 quieta de omnibus placitis et querelis1 et auxiliis1 et sumagiis1 et cariagiis1 et clausturis2 et de pontium et castrorum dificatione1 et de conductu thesauri1 et de omni operatione et lestagio et stallagio et summonitionibus1 et de assisis1 et superassisis2 et de omnibus foris functis1 quacumque occasione emerserint2 et de assartis4 ,nullus ver de ,forestariis nostris quicquam se intromittat de boscis ,prioris et ,canonicorum g,lanthoni_/g ,prim2 sed omnem potestatem et libertatem1 quam ego et hredes mei in boscis nostris habemus1 vel habere poterimus1 habeant prdicti ,prior et ,canonici in boscis suis1 sint ver et homines et res ipsorum quieta de telonio1 et ex omnibus exactionibus1 et consuetudinibus in ,nundinis1 foris1 et mercatis2 et omnibus locis et rebus per totam terram de g,ewias_/g4 ,habeant prdicti ,prior et ,canonici omnem justiciam de assaultu et murdro et sanguinis effusione1 et pacis infractione et thesauri inventione1 et quicquid ad nostram pertinet potestatem4444 ,concedo quod habeant de hominibus suis et de tota possessione sua1 quam habent vel habituri sunt1 in terra de g,ewias_/g1 etc4 etc4 ,concedo quod predicti g,prior_/g et ,canonici omnes libertates prdictas et liberas consuetudines habeant adeo liber et quiet1 pacific et integr sicut ego et antecessores mei1 ipsius libertatis unquam melius1 plenius1 et liberis habuimus4 ,concedo etiam quod habeant omnes libertates quas ego et successores mei per ,regem ,angli1 vel alium1 habere poterimus in terra de g,ewias_/g1 etc4 etc4--,datum per nostrum manum apud g,langley_/g1 ,anno regni nostri decimo octavo4 #ccd ,these ,canons were to live in common2 to have but one table1 one purse1 one dormitory4 ,but as many of them had begun to abate somewhat of the strictness of their first rules1 a new set sprang up that pretended to reform upon the rest2 and these1 from their more pointed observance of the vow1 were styled g,regular ,canons_/g2 whereas those who had fallen from the original purity of the ,order were called1 by way of reproach1 g,secular ,canons_/g4 ,in this manner the monks of ,new ,llanthony1 who affected a more exemplary life1 called themselves ,regulars--which they did not permit those of the parent ,abbey1 in ,wales1 to assume1 but addressed them only as ,canons or ,seculars4 ,it was by this distinction--8,i am holier than thou0--that they endeavoured to justify their 8unfilial conduct10 and promote their own ascendancy1 in their connection with ,old ,llanthony4 ,but in the g,charters_/g they are often called ,regulars4 ,it seems uncertain at what precise period the title or designation of ,canons was assumed in the church2 but the first ,regulars we read of were those employed by ,pope ,alexander ,,ii41 in his mission to ,st4 ,john ,lateran4 ,but so irregular1 says a historian1 were those ,regulars1 and so addicted to crimes1 that even ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 was forced to drive them away1 and placed ,secular ,canons in their room4 ,they were introduced into ,england about the middle of the seventh century4 #cce ,the paper is entitled1 8,,licentia ,,per ,,regem ,,edwardum ,,quartum1 pro unione ,priorats de g,llanthony_/g ,prima1 in ,wallia1 ,prioratui de g,lanthony_/g juxta ,gloucestriam40 #ccf ,in the ,original1 the contrast between the two monasteries1 in their position and outward circumstances1 is thus picturesquely and forcibly drawn4 ,speaking of the introduction of the old ,canons to their new cells on the ,severn1 he says--,nam vald dissimiliter sibi respondere experti sunt1 gurbem_/g ,gloucestri et montem g,hatyre_/g ,hatterilhills1 et fluvium g,sabrin_/g1 et aquam g,hodanie_/g2 ,anglos1 ditissimos et ,wallenses pauperrimos3 ,illic1 agros fertiles2 hc saltus steriles1 unde illorum copia blandient illecti2 istorum inopia urgente pertsi locum istum1 nec hominum quorum libet nec dum religiosorum inhabitatione dignum censuerunt4 ,the next is quite in keeping3-- ,audivi quidem dici et ex parte credo1 quosdam lingu levitate 7et utinam non odii livore7 desidersse ut quilibet hujus ,ecclesi lapis lepus foret3 alios autem1 quod in pace illorum dixerim1 ore sacrilego impetisse ut ,ecclesia cum omnibus officinis abyssi voragine absorberetur6 ,omnes ver g,ecclesi_/g hujus redditus pro suo arbitrio expenderunt2 illic excelsa et decentia officinarum dificia fabricantes2 hc ver fabricata situ et vetustate deferentes4 ,et quoniam eis indignissimum videbatur ut locus old ,llanthony tam antiqua religione sacer et tam amplis possessionibus ditatus1 omnin virorum religiosorum residenti destitueretur1 destinare solebant genes debiles1 et abjectiores1 qui nec sibi nec aliis multum prodesse valebant1 qui non immerit cum g,apostolo_/g dicere poterant3 tanquam purgamenta fratrum facti sumus omnium paripsima usque adhuc4--,pri4 de ,lanth4 ord4 ,s4 ,aug4 #ccg ,in old writings it is spelt ,hodenay1 ,hondy1 ,hodenie1 c4 #cch ,we have not introduced the original ,welsh2 but the reader may see the whole in the 8,historie of g,cambria_/g1 now called ,wales1 a part of the most famous ,yland of ,brytane1 by g,david ,powel_/g1 ,doctor in ,divinitie1 c privilegio4 #aehd40 #cci ,state of ,europe during the ,middle ,ages4--,hallam4 #cdj ,ibid4 #cda ,hallam's ,middle ,ages4 #cdb ,whewel4 #cdc ,sir ,thomas ,more said to his lady that the consideration of the time--for it was ,lent--should restrayne her from so scolding her servants4 8,tush1 tush1 my lord10 said she2 8,lookye6 here is one step to heavenward10--shewing him a frier's girdle4 8,alas6 ,i fear me10 said he1 8this step will not bring you up one step higher40--,camd4 ,remains1 quoted ,brit4 ,monach4 p4 #agc4 #cdd ,dugdale gives it at #ga4 #cs4 #d;d42 ,speed at #aab4 #as4 #e;d4 ,at the ,dissolution1 ,john ,ambrose was ,prior1 and with ,john ,nealand and three other ,canons subscribed to the ,supremacy in #aecd4 #cde ,see the notice of ,tinterne ,abbey4 #cdf ,the north aisle is occupied by a wash-house and skittle-ground4 ,the cloisters1 dormitories1 and other offices are used for the reception of visitors1 under the direction of a resident steward4 ,latterly1 the ruins appear to have suffered little from time or desecration4 ,the western front is very perfect and beautiful1 but the tracery of the great window is obliterated4 ,the owner of the property is ,walter ,savage ,landor1 ,esq41 the poet4--,archol4 ,journ4 #cdg ,edition #ahjf2 but serious dilapidations have taken place since then1 and even within three or four years4 ,great credit is due to the house of ,beaufort for the pains taken in the conservation of the religious houses and castles that have fallen to its possession and custody2 and it is very gratifying to know that the example is followed by the present ,proprietor of ,llanthony4 #cdh ,london3 ,pickering4 #cdi ,now1 in ,walter de ,troucestre's ,chron41 we read1 8,a4,d4 #acja1 on the first day of ,april1 being ,easter-eve1 the ,church of ,llanthony1 near ,gloucester1 was entirely burnt to the bare walls1 together with its four belfries1 nor did any bell remain that was not either broken or melted40--,roberts4 #cej ,supposed by some to have been the ,sacristy or ,vestiary4--,see preceding pages4 #cea ,see ,tinterne ,abbey3 ,descrip4 of ,dole4 #ceb ,monasticon ,anglicanum1 vol4 iii4 ,orat4 ,august4 #cec ,the g,rules_/g--of which the above are but a meagre and imperfect outline--are expressed with great beauty and simplicity in the original1 to which the reader is again referred4 ,it is worth mentioning that the celebrated ,thomas ,kempis was a monk of this ,order2 and1 perhaps1 no devotional work has appeared in so many languages1 or run through so many editions1 as his 8,de ,imitatione ,christi40 #ced ,the tracts written1 and supposed to be written1 by him1 were published by ,bertrand ,tissier in #affb4 #cee ,vol4 iii4 page #ff4 #cef ,conveyances of smoke by holes in the walls are of very ancient date in ,english castles2 but the earliest certain instance of chimneys1 properly so called1 is understood to occur in some castles abroad1 about the year #acdg4 #ceg ,see ,raglan ,castle1 description and woodcut1 ante4 #ceh ,the ,castle of ,grosmont1 by a grant of ,king ,john1 belonged to the family of ,breoses1 but afterwards to ,hubert de ,burgh1 who1 to 8calm a court tempest10 resigned it with three others to ,edward ,,iii4 ,see description of the ,castle in this work4 #cei ,thomas's ,glendower1 #acb #cfj ,memoirs of ,owen ,glendower1 #ahbb4 #cfa ,see the preceding account of ,raglan ,castle4 #cfb 8,secunda urbicula1 quam ,burrium ,antoninus dixit1 sedet ubi ,brithin profluens ,iscae commiscetur1 ,britannis hodie1 transpositis literis1 ,brumbegie pro ,burenbegie1 et ,caer-,uske--,gyraldo ,castrum ,osc--et ,anglis ,usk1 nunc solum ,castri ampli ruinas ostendit1 quod amnissim intersidet inter ,iscam flumen1 et ,oilwy rivulum 4440 #cfc ,monuments ,antiqua1 ,kennet's ,rom4 ,antiq41 ,tacitus1 ,vegetius de re ,militari1 ,thomas1 p4 #ada4 #cfd ,we do not read of any nuns having been 8stolen from the nunnery0 of ,uske2 but as the reader may be aware1 poor ,sir ,osbert ,giffard paid severely for his sacrilegious gallantry in stealing not one but two nuns out of ,wilton ,abbey4 ,he was ordered never to enter a nunnery more6 never to be in the presence of a nun without special leave of his ,diocesan4 ,nor was this enough3 he was condemned to go thrice 8naked in his shirt and breeches0 to the parish church of ,w41 though not1 it is said1 in presence of the nuns2 to be each several time beaten with a rod1 much to the comfort of his own soul1 and the edification of the by-standers2 and so1 also1 in ,salisbury market1 and in ,shaftesbury church4 ,he was condemned1 moreover1 to doff the insignia of knighthood1 and don a coarse garment of russet1 trimmed with lamb or sheep's wool2 to wear calf-skin on his nether extremities1 and not to wear any shirt after flagellation4 ,and all this ignominious treatment to be rigorously enforced1 until he1 the said ,osbert1 should have been three years in the ,holy ,land1 or recalled by royal authority4--,brit4 ,monachism1 iii4 #afa4 ,county ,hist4 #cfe ,the town is incorporated and governed by a portreeve who has concurrent jurisdiction with the county magistrates1 a recorder1 two bailiffs1 and burgesses4 ,the recorder appoints the burgesses1 from among whom the portreeve is chosen at a court-leet1 on a day previous to ,st4 ,luke's day1 or the #bith of ,october4 ,the recorder is appointed by the lord of the borough4 ,four constables are chosen at an annual court-leet of the lord of the manor of ,uske1 who is also lord of the borough1 although the latter is no part of the manor4 ,the quarter-sessions are held alternately here and at ,monmouth4 ,the town-house1 erected by the ,duke of ,beaufort1 is a handsome building4 ,there are monthly fairs1 and the inhabitants1 besides the japan ware already mentioned1 are occupied in the salmon fishery and agriculture4 ,a free grammar-school for boys was founded here in #afba1 by ,roger ,edwards1 with almshouses for twelve poor persons1 and an exhibition at ,oxford4 ,these almshouses1 forming three sides of a quadrangle1 have been recently rebuilt4 ,in the main street the houses are much scattered1 and ornamented by intervening gardens1 which give an air of healthy cheerfulness to the place4 ,the ,wesleyans1 ,independents1 and ,roman ,catholics1 have all their meeting-houses or chapels4--,parl4 ,gaz4 #cff ,or in the elegant lines of ,ausonius3-- 8,nec te puniceo rutilantem viscere salmo ,transierim1 lat cujus vaga verbera caud ,gurgite de medio summas reseruntur in undas40 #cfg ,see vol i4 of this work1 art4 8,arundel40 #cfh ,a4,d4 #aahi4 ,hen4 ,rex 444 dedit ,maritagium ,isabell1 fili ,ricardi g,strongbow_/g4 ,willelmo g,marescallo_/g primo1 et sic factus est ,comes totius ,pembrochi1 et dominus totius hreditatis4--,will4 ,worcest4 #cfi ,see history of ,tinterne ,abbey1 ante p4 #dd4 #cgj ,see his character as already given in this work4 #cga ,see the original1 as above4--,tinterne1 p4 #df4 #cgb ,gilbert ,mareschal1 a principal and most potent peere of the realm1 proclaimed here a ,disport of running on horseback with launces1 which they called g,tourneaments_/g1 under the name of ,fortunie1 making a scorne of the ,king's authority1 whereby these ,tourneaments were inhibited4 ,to which place1 when a great number of the nobility and gentry were assembled1 it fortuned that ,gilbert himselfe1 as he ranne at tilt1 by occasion that his flinging horse brake bridle and cast him1 was trampled under foote1 and so pitifully died4--,chronicle4 #cgc ,among his other feats 8of spirit and prowess10 the following1 recorded by the grave monk of ,st4 ,albans1 is sufficiently 8characteristic30--,about this time1 ,william de ,valence1 residing at ,hertfort ,castle1 as it is said1 rode to the parke of ,heathfeld1 belonging to the ,bishop of ,ely1 and there1 hunting without any leave1 went to the bishop's manor-house2 and there readily finding nothing to drink but ordinary beer1 and1 swearing and cursing the drink and those who made it1 broke open the butlery doors4 ,after all his company had drunk their fills of the best wines in the bishop's cellars1 he pulled the spigots out of the vessels1 and let out the rest upon the floor2 and then a servant of the house hearing the noise1 and running to see what the matter was1 they laughed him to scorn1 and so departed4--,dugd4 ,b4 #ggd1 ,paris1 #hee4 #cgd ,this ,earl of ,pembroke fell at the battle of ,bayonne1 in ,june1 #abif1 being the #bc;d of ,edw4 ,i41 and was buried in ,st4 ,edmond's chapel1 ,westminster4 #cge ,scottic1 ,peel1 or castle4 #cgf ,penbrock1 ,penbrok1 ,pembrok1 or ,pembroke3 names of the same places and persons1 all variously spelt in the original deeds4 #cgg ,these jousts and tournaments were used a long time1 says the chronicle1 and with such slaughter of gentlemen in all places1 but in this ,england most of all--since that ,king g,stephen_/g brought them in--that by divers decrees of the ,church they were forbidden1 upon paine that whosoever therein were slaine should want ,christian buriall in church or churchyard3 and hiere with us ,king g,henrie_/g the ,third1 by advice of his sages1 made an ,act of ,parliament1 that their heires who transgressed in this kind should be disinherited4 ,howbeit1 contrary to the said law1 so good and wholesome1 this naughty and wicked custome was practised a great while1 and grew not quite out of use before the happie daies of ,kinge g,edward_/g the ,third1 ,matt4 ,paris1 #abdh4 ,in the present instance1 the ,earl was a youth of but seventeen2 but inspired with the manly courage of his forefathers1 adventured to tilt with ,syr ,john g,st4 ,john_/g1 by an unlucky slip of whose lance young ,hastings was run through the body1 and suddenly died4 ,he was a person of so noble disposition that1 in bounty and courtesy1 he exceeded most of his degree4 ,but1 adds the chronicle1 his untimely death was then thought by many to be a judgment upon the family in regard that ,aymer de ,valence1 his ancestor1 was one of those who gave sentence of death upon ,thomas1 ,earl of ,lancaster2 for it was observed1 that after that judgment so given1 none of the succeeding ,earls ever saw his father1 nor any father of them took delight in seeing his child6 #cgh ,the reader may refer to our account of this transaction in the history of ,raglan1 in which1 also1 sketches of the ,earls of g,pembroke_/g1 of the house of ,herbert1 are given4 #cgi g,hywel y ,fwyall_/g1 a ,british chieftain1 is described by the ,welsh bards as having commanded a body of his countrymen1 as a corps of reserve1 at the battle of ,cressy2 and by his seasonable advance1 and valorous incursion upon the ,french lines1 to have materially added to the acceleration of victory4--,ow4 ,glendwr1 #cc4 #chj ,the ,plantagenets are at the plough2 while the descendants of the knaves that served them are at the helm of public affairs4 #cha ,see ,speed1 p4 #dfe4 #chb ,see the ,drama of ,richard ,,iii41 ,act ,v4 #chc ,see also the ,enumeration as given by ,shakspeare4 #chd ,thomas's 8,glendwr10 #ahbb4 #che ,it is mentioned as a curious genealogical fact1 that ,cromwell was descended from ,cadwgan1 second son of ,bleddyn-ap-,cynfyn1 founder of the third royal tribe4 ,the family name was anciently ,williams2 ,morgan ,williams1 of ,nantchurch1 in ,cardiganshire1 married the sister of ,thomas ,cromwell1 the minister ,earl of ,essex1 and was succeeded by his son1 ,sir ,richard ,cromwell1 of ,hinchinbroke1 in ,huntingdonshire1 who first assumed the name of ,cromwell4 ,he was father to ,sir ,henry ,cromwell1 the grandfather1 by ,robert1 the second son of ,oliver1 the 8,protector40 ,yorke--,thomas' ,mem4 of ,owen ,glendwr1 #bbe4 #chf ,caer-,tyf--,castle or fort on the ,taafe4--,see ,warner1 p4 #df4 #chg ,powel's ,hist4 p4 #aaa2 also1 ,warner's ,tour1 p4 #dg #chh ,tanner's ,not4 ,monast42 ,thomas's ,mems4 of ,glendower2 ,coxe's ,tour4 #chi ,excursions in ,wales4 #ahea4 #cij ,its ,welsh name is ,dynbych-y-,pyscoed1--piscium copia admodum celebre1 ut ,britannic ,tenby-,piscoid denominatur4--,gyrald4 #cia ,of this inundation1 which swamped part of ,holland1 and sent a new colony to ,wales1 ,drayton sings3-- 8,when wrathful ,heaven the clouds so liberally bestowed1 ,the seas--then wanting room to lay their boist'rous load-- ,upon the ,belgian coast their pampered stomachs cast1 ,that peopled cities sank into the mighty waste4 ,the g,flemings_/g were enforced to take them to their oars1 ,to try the setting main to find out firmer shores4 ,when1 as this spacious ,isle them entrance did allow1 ,to plant the ,belgian stock upon this goodly brow2 ,these nations1 that their tongues did naturally affect1 ,both generally forsook the g,british_/g dialect40 #cib ,there was also a chapel1 dedicated to ,st4 ,julian1 on the quay2 the free chapel of ,st4 ,john's1 founded by the ,valences1 or ,valentias1 with a lazar-house and almshouse4 ,the modern charities of ,tenby are liberally supported4 #cic ,see his ,memoirs of ,owen ,glendwr1 p4 #fa1 to which we are indebted for much information on this subject4 #cid ,see vol4 i4 of this work1 ,castles and ,abbeys1 pp4 #aee1 #aef4 #cie 8,the first day he read the first book to a great concourse of people1 and afterwards entertained all the poor of the town2 on the second day he read the second book1 and entertained all the doctors and chief scholars2 and on the third day he read the third book1 and entertained all the young scholars1 soldiers1 and burgesses40 #cif ,the rivulet here mentioned is that which supplied the ancient ponds1 and is shown on the right of the engraved picture4 ,on the left is seen the church with its tall embattled tower--much resembling an ,italian campanile--of ,norman workmanship1 and a style peculiar to this county4 ,on the foreground is the dilapidated framework of an ancient cottage1 with a chimney common to the country4 ,this relic is supposed to belong to an era not less remote than that of the castle4 ,to the right of the engraving1 the promontory of ,st4 ,gowan's ,head is seen closing the distant horizon2 and directly in front1 the sea view presents an unlimited expanse of waters4 #cig ,capellam nostri ,castelli de ,nethe1 cum omni decima procurationis nostr dmus1 in annona1 et cateris rebus1 et cum omni decima hominum mestrorum illius provincia1 viz43 ,francorum et ,anglorum1 etc41 etc4 #cih ,dat4 per manum ,h4 de g,well_/g1 ,arch4 de ,well1 apud ,burbeche1 vj ,januarii1 anno regni nostri ix4 #cii ,see note regarding this name1 ante p4 #cje4 #djj g,edward ,,ii4_/g is also said to have found a temporary asylum in the parish of ,llangynwyd-fawr1 in the county of ,glamorgan4 ,he had interested himself much in the concerns of his ,welsh subjects1 arbitrating the feuds1 and determining the disputes among the chieftains4 ,in the day of adversity1 these condescensions were repaid with loyal devotion to his person2 and when harassed by his barons1 and deserted by his ,english subjects1 he found a brief sanctuary in ,wales1 at ,neath ,abbey1 and also1 as other writers conjecture1 at g,tinterne_/g4 #dja ,or ,grenville1 ,grainvil1 ,greenfeld--various spellings for the same name4 #djb ,see ,tewkesbury1 vol4 i4 of this work1 p4 #agb4 #djc ,on the authority of ,girald4 ,cambrens42 query1 ,gwentiana1 from ,gwent1 fair8 #djd ,tourist in ,wales1 7#ahea17 p4 #acj4 #dje ,this and most others of the native patronymics are all variously spelt by different writers4 #djf ,nevertheless1 the old maxim of has lost nothing of its truth as a medicinal agent in the treatment of human maladies4 ,the superstitious belief that once carried the invalid to drink1 8nothing doubting10 of some distant well1 necessitated1 in many instances1 a total change of scenes and habits1 which could hardly fail to prove beneficial in many cases1 in which the comforts of home and the established rules of treatment had been found quite ineffectual4 ,the cures ascribed to hydropathy in our own time are1 in many cases1 not a whit less wonderful than those ascribed by monkish legends to the holy wells of ,england and ,wales4 ,the only difference is1 that while tradition affirms that new limbs were known to sprout out as in the claw of a lobster by the plentiful use of certain waters1 hydropathics restrict themselves to the reproduction of lungs only2 so that the modern wells have rather an advantage over the ancient in the art of miracle-working4 #djg ,this daughter afterwards married ,sir ,henry le ,scrope1 ,knt4 #djh ,near the entrance to the lawn in front of the castle1 on the road leading to ,carew village and church1 stands one of the early g,crosses_/g1 in the centre of which is an elaborate inscription1 but which cannot now be deciphered4--,prescot1 #afd4 #dji ,g4 ,h4 ,warrington1 ,esq4 ,see 8,thomas' ,glendwr10 #ahbb4 #daj ,see the particulars as related in the chronicles of ,speed and others4 #daa ,camden4 #dab ,the ,earl being at the time ,lord ,steward of the ,king's household4--,clarend41 vol4 i4 p4 #eh4 #dac ,vide ,dec4 ,lanfr4 ,fosb4 #fg4 #dad ,sanctor4 ,patrum4 ,reg4 ,monast4 ,louv4 #abmo4 #aega1 fol4 #i-ea4 ,joh4 de ,turre ,cremata1 ,concordia ,regularum1 c41 quoted in the ,brit4 ,monach4 p4 #fh4 #dae ,so far we have followed ,stevens2 but according to other authorities1 he seems to have forgotten that the ancient ,benedictines wore a coif upon the head4 ,the 8,specimen ,monochologi0 clothes the ,benedictine monk with breeches4--,v4 ,brit4 ,mon4 #daf ,his work on ,osteology--written during the time he acted as ,demonstrator in one of the metropolitan schools1 and before he had reached his twentieth year--did him great credit4