,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ by ,italics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,tyndall ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,cl\ds ,,& ,,riv]s ,,ice ,,& ,,glaci]s ,,by ,,john ,,tyndall1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,) ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,illu/rations ,,drawn ,,& ,,engrav$ ,,"u ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahii ,copyright1 #ahgb1 ,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,electrotyp$ & ,pr9t$ at ! ,appleton ,press1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,am]ican ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies4 ,! rapid developm5t ( sci5ce 9 ! pres5t age1 & ! increas+ public int]e/ 9 its results1 make x desirable t ! mo/ effici5t measures %\ld be adopt$ to elevate ! "* ( its popul> lit]ature4 ,! t5d5cy ( c>eless & unscrupul\s book-mak]s to cat] to public ignorance & love ( ! m>vell\s1 & to foi/ _! crude productions ^u ^? :o are too little in/ruct$ to judge ( _! real quality1 has hi!rto be5 s /rong z to ca/ discr$it ^u ! idea ( popul> sci5ce4 ,x is highly important to c\nt]act ?is evil t5d5cy by furni%+ ! public ) popul> sci5tific books ( a sup]ior "*4 ,! publication ( ! pres5t volume is ! fir/ /ep 9 c>ry+ out a sy/ematic ent]prise ( ?is k9d4 ,x initiates a s]ies ( su* works on a wide range ( sci5tific subjects1 to be prep>$ by ! lead+ ?9k]s ( diff]5t c\ntries1 & kn[n z ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,x is design$ to consi/ ( comp5di\s sci5tific treatises1 repres5t+ ! late/ advances ( ?\ght ^u subjects ( g5]al int]e/1 !oretical & practical1 to all classes ( read]s4 ,! famili> ph5om5a ( surr\nd+ ,nature1 9 _! physical & *emical aspects1 ! k ( :i* has rec5tly und]gone m>k$ ext5sion or revision1 w be consid]$ 9 _! late/ int]pretations4 ,biology1 or ! g5]al sci5ce ( life1 :i* has lately come into prom95ce1 w be expla9$ 9 its lead+ & mo/ important pr9ciples4 ,! subject ( m9d1 :i*1 "u ! inductive me?od & on ! basis ( its physical accompanim5ts & conditions1 is giv+ rise to a new psy*ology1 w be treat$ ) ! fulness to :i* x is entitl$4 ,! laws ( man's social developm5t1 or ! natural hi/ory ( society1 :i* are n[ be+ /udi$ by ! sci5tific me?od1 w also receive a due %>e ( att5tion4 ,:ile ! books ( ?is s]ies are to deal ) a wide div]sity ( topics1 x w be a lead+ object ( ! ent]prise to pres5t ! be>+s ( inquiry ^u ! high] que/ions ( ! "t1 & to ?r[ ! late/ light ( sci5ce ^u ! ph5om5a ( human nature & ! economy ( human life4 ,z ! fir/ requisite ( su* a s]ies ( works is tru/wor?9ess1 _! prep>ation has be5 confid$ only to m5 ( em95t ability1 & :o are recogniz$ au?orities 9 _! sev]al dep>tm5ts4 ,z !y are to address ! non-sci5tific public1 x is a fur!r requisite t !y %\ld be writt5 9 famili> & intelligible language4 ,x is n to be expect$ t ! au?ors w all atta9 to ! same /&>d 9 ?is respect1 b !y are pl$g$ to ! utmo/ simplicity ( exposition t is possible consi/5tly ) cle> & accurate repres5tation4 ,z sci5ce is n[ ! supreme int]e/ ( civilization1 & conc]ns alike ! p ( e c\ntry1 & z1 moreov]1 x af=ds a common gr\nd ^u :i* m5 ( all races1 tongues1 fai?s1 & nationalities1 may "w toge!r 9 h>mony1 x seem$ fitt+ t an und]tak+ ( ?is k9d %\ld be ( compreh5sive scope & /& ^u an int]national basis4 ,) ! gr[+ s5tim5t ( sympa?y & bro!rhood among ! mo/ widely-sep>at$ /ud5ts ( ,nature1 & ! ext5sive facilities ( bus9ess int]c\rse t n[ exi/1 !re appe>$ no reason :y an int]national comb9ation ( au?ors & publi%]s %\ld n be effect$ t w\ld be equally fav\rable to _! own private int]e/s & advantage\s to ! public4 ,to ga9 ?is end & gu>antee to au?ors bett] remun]ation = _! "w1 is a di/9ctive purpose ( ! pres5t ent]prise4 ,b !re 0 ?is difficulty 9 ! way ( any su* arrangem5t1 t1 :ile ! rights ( =eign au?ors are gu>d$ by all o!r civiliz$ gov]nm5ts1 !y are n protect$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to escape ?is difficulty1 & secure ,am]ican cop]ation1 ! fir/ ?+ ne$$ 0 to obta9 ! cons5t ( an ,am]ican publi%+-h\se to grant volunt>ily to =eign au?ors ! ju/ice :i* our gov]nm5t d5ies !m4 ,x 0 agre$ by ,messrs4 ,appleton t !y w\ld pay ! =eign contributors to ?is s]ies ! full rates ( copyright t are usually all[$ to ,am]ican au?ors4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 engagem5ts 7 made ) di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s ( ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to prep>e works = ! s]ies1 & ) ,h5ry ,s4 ,k+ ,co41 ( ,london1 ,g]m] ,baillire1 ( ,p>is1 & ,messieurs ,brockhaus1 ( ,leipsic1 to publi% !m4 ,negotiations are p5d+ = ! reproduction ( ! s]ies 9 o!r c\ntries1 b ! pres5t arrangem5ts secure to ! au?ors ! b5efits ( ! f\r lead+ m>kets ( ! _w4 ,x is a fact n )\t significance1 t ! proposal ( ?is ent]prise 0 receiv$ ) ! mo/ cordial fav\r by ! em95t sci5tific m5 :o 7 solicit$ to aid 9 c>ry+ x =w>d4 ,mo/ ( !m cons5t$ at once2 b1 :ile "s 7 s heavily burd5$ ) "w t !y c\ld ent] into no imm$iate engagem5ts1 n "o ( !m decl9$ to cop]ate1 & all promis$ to d s at ! e>lie/ practicable opportunity4 ,! feel+ ( ! desirabl5ess ( su* an und]tak+ 0 /rong & unanim\s4 ,! old dislike ( ! cultivators ( sci5ce to p>ticipate 9 ! "w ( popul> tea*+1 seems v mu* to h pass$ away2 & 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 alike x 0 freely ackn[l$g$ t savants h an imp]ative duty to dis*>ge 9 relation to ! "w ( g5]al sci5tific education4 ,z rem>k$ by ,pr(4 ,vir*[1 ( ,b]l91 ! de/9y ( sci5ce is ! s]vice ( humanity4 ,x 0 /ipulat$ by ! au?ors t !y %\ld h ample "t = ! prep>ation ( _! books1 &1 z ! arrangem5ts 7 rec5tly made1 only a few ( ! works are yet ready4 ,sev]al1 h[ev]1 are n[ 9 press1 & w %ortly appe>4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! s]ies are "u _m obligations to ,pr(4 ,tyndall = 8 k9dness 9 cons5t+ to furni% its comm5c+ volume4 ,be+ prep>$ 9 a %ort "t1 amid great pressure bo? ( laboratory & lit]>y "w1 x conta9s some:at less matt] ?an may be expect$ 9 ! ensu+ volumes4 ,x treats ( subjects ^u :i* he is p]haps ! highe/ liv+ au?ority2 & x is an admirable example ( t vivid1 /irr+1 impressive /yle = :i* its au?or is s di/+ui%$4 ,pr(4 ,tyndall is n only a ma/] 9 ! sci5tific use ( ! imag9ation1 b 9 k9dl+ ! action ( t faculty 9 8 read]s4 ,he writes 9 pictures1 s z to make !m see :at he sees4 ,9 ?is volume he addresses himself directly to 8 juv5ile fri5ds1 gr\ps !m ar\nd him1 takes !m ) him to 8 fav\rite m\nta9s1 & ?us adds a dramatic elem5t & ! effect ( p]sonal sympa?y to famili> colloquial exposition4 ,! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies w =m an elegant & valuable libr>y ( popul> sci5ce1 fre% 9 treatm5t1 attractive 9 =m1 /rong 9 "*1 mod]ate 9 price1 & indisp5sable to all :o c>e = ! acquisition ( solid & s]viceable k2 & x is comm5d$ to ,am]ican read]s z a help 9 ! important "w ( s\nd public education4 ,e4 ,l4 ,y4 ,new ,york1 ,septemb]1 #ahgb4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( twelve ye>s1 ,i visit$ ! ,m] de ,glace la/ ,june4 ,x exhibit$ 9 a /rik+ degree t excess ( consumption ov] supply :i*1 if cont9u$1 w\ld ev5tually r$uce ! ,swiss glaci]s to ! m]e spectres ( _! =m] selves4 ,:5 ,i fir/ saw ! ,m] de ,glace its ice-cliffs t[]$ ov] ,les ,mottets1 & an arm ( ! ,arveiron1 issu+ f ! cliffs1 plung$ z a p[]ful cascade d[n ! rocks4 ,! ice has n[ %runk f> beh9d !m4 ,a huge mora9e1 left beh9d by ! retreat+ glaci]1 w m>k1 = "s "t to come1 its rec5t magnitude4 ,! vault ( ! ,arveiron has dw9dl$ consid]ably4 ,! way up to ! ,*apeau lies on ! top ( a lat]al mora9e1 rea*$ a few ye>s ago by ! surface ( ! glaci]1 ! pres5t surface ly+ f> bel[4 ,! visible & cont9ual break+ away ( ! mora9es1 left ?us /r&$ on ! m\nta9 flank1 expla9s ! abs5ce ( anci5t ridges on ! m\nta9s :]e ! slopes are /eep4 ,! ice-cascades ( ! ,gant has suff]$ mu* f ! g5]al wa/e4 ,its crevasses are /ill wild1 b ! ice-cliffs & sracs ( =m] days are b poorly repres5t$ to-day4 ,! great ,alets* & its neighb\rs exhibit simil> evid5ces ( dim9ution4 ,i f\nd moreov] ?is ye> t ! two anci5t mora9es m5tion$ 9 p>agraph #cfd are p>ts ( ! same great lat]al mora9e :i* flank$ ! glaci] = a long p]iod1 dur+ :i* its magnitude mu/ h rema9$ practically con/ant4 ,! place occupi$ by ! anci5t ice-riv] is r5d]$ /rik+ly conspicu\s by ?is well-pres]v$ b\nd>y4 ,dur+ my resid5ce at ! ,bel ,alp ?is ye>1 a cata/rophe occurr$ :i* r5d]s1 = ! "t be+1 ! description ( ! ,mrgel9 ,see giv5 9 #ej inappropriate4 ,9 company ) two "y fri5ds ,i _h desc5d$ ! glaci] & pass$ ?r\gh ! gorge ( ! ,massa4 ,on our return to ! ,bel ,alp we f\nd ! dome/ics ( ! hotel lean+ out ( ! w9d[s & look+ excit$ly t[>ds ! glaci]4 ,f x proce$$ a s\nd :i* resembl$ ! ro> ( a cat>act4 ,! s]vants rem>k$ t ! ,mrgel9 ,see mu/ h brok5 loose4 ,?is 0 ! case4 ,= a "t1 h[ev]1 ! wat] fl[$ b5ea? ! glaci]2 b at a po9t ab\t midway betwe5 ! ,bel ,alp & ! ggis*horn1 x broke =? on ! ggis*horn side1 & =m$ a torr5t betwe5 ! glaci] & ! slope ( ! m\nta94 ,9 "s places ?is riv] 0 m ?an sixty y>ds wide1 at o!rs x 0 contract$ to less ?an "o-fif? ( ?is wid?4 ,brok5 cascades ( great height 7 =m$ "h & !re by successive l$ges ( ice1 ! torr5t leap+ ) indescribable fury f l$ge to l$ge1 & s5d+ a smoke ( spray into ! air4 ,at "o place ! bottom ( ! torr5t 0 deep s(t s&1 :i*1 aft] ! wat] _h pass$1 c\ld be se5 to h be5 tortur$ into huge funnels by ! :irl+ eddies ov]head4 ,soon aft] we rea*$ ! ,bel ,alp1 on ! occasion j ref]r$ to1 ! front ( ! torr5t appe>$ at ! opposite side ( ! valley c>ry+ ev]y?+ movable be=e x1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds swept ?r\gh ! holl[ t we _h trav]s$ a little e>li] 9 ! day4 ,:5 at ! end ( ! glaci] ,i 0 /ruck by ! =ce & volume ( ! ,massa1 & ! gr&eur ( its vault1 b ,i c\ld n !n acc\nt = ! huge blocks ( ice :i* x incessantly c>ri$ d[n4 ,d\btless ! eruption above _h be5 p>tial be=e ! gr& ru% set 94 ,! ,rhone 0 consid]ably swoll51 crops 7 damag$ or ru9$1 & ! driv] ( ! dilig5ce 0 sorely p]plex$ to f9d himself 9 ?ree feet ( wat]1 )\t any app>5t reason1 on ! public highway4 ,two or ?ree days subsequ5tly ,i le>n$ at ! ggis*horn t an eng9e] _h be5 s5t up to report on ! possibility ( op5+ a *annel1 s z to prev5t any future accumulation ( wat] 9 ! ,mrgel9 ,see4 ,if ?is be done a useful end w be ga9$1 by ! abolition1 h[ev]1 ( "o ( ! mo/ beautiful objects 9 ,switz]l&4 ,j4 ,tyndall4 ,septemb]1 #ahgb4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,manag]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution held on ,decemb] #ab1 #ahbe1 ! ,committee appo9t$ to consid] :at lectures %\ld be deliv]$ 9 ! ,in/itution 9 ! next session1 report$ t !y _h consult$ ,mr4 ,f>aday on ! subject ( engag+ him to take a "p 9 ! juv5ile lectures propos$ to be giv5 dur+ ! ,*ri/mas & ,ea/] recesses1 & !y f\nd 8 avocations 7 su* t x w\ld be exce$+ly inconv5i5t = him to engage 9 su* lectures4 ,at a g5]al mon?ly meet+ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 held on ,decemb] #d1 #ahbf1 ! ,manag]s report$ t !y _h engag$ ,mr4 ,wallis to deliv] a c\rse ( lectures on ,a/ronomy1 adapt$ to a juv5ile auditory1 dur+ ! ,*ri/mas vacation4 ,9 a report dat$ ,april #af1 #ahbg1 ! ,bo>d ( ,visitors express _! satisfaction at f9d+ t ! plan ( juv5ile c\rses ( lectures _h be5 resort$ to4 ,!y feel sure t ! influ5ce ( ! ,in/itution _c be ext5d$ too f>1 & t ! sy/em ( in/ruct+ ! y\ng] portion ( ! community is "o ( ! mo/ effective means :i* ! ,in/itution possesses = ! diffusion ( sci5ce4 ,f>aday's hold+ alo( 0 b tempor>y1 = at ,*ri/mas #ahbg we f9d him giv+ a ,c\rse ( ,six ,elem5t>y ,lectures on ,*emi/ry1 adapt$ to a ,juv5ile ,auditory4,a ,a ,!re is no record to %[ t ,mr4 ,wallis gave ! ,a/ronomical lectures ref]r$ to1 & our libr>ian believes t ! ,*ri/mas c\rses 7 op5$ by ,f>aday4 ,! ,ea/] lectures 7 soon ab&on$2 b f ! date "h ref]r$ to to ! pres5t "t ! ,*ri/mas lectures h be5 a m>k$ feature ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,9 #ahga x fell to my lot to give "o ( ^! c\rses4 ,i _h be5 frequ5tly invit$ to write on ,glaci]s 9 encyclopdias1 j\rnals1 & magaz9es1 b _h always decl9$ to d s4 ,i _h also ab/a9$ f mak+ !m ! subject ( a c\rse ( lectures1 wi%+ to take no advantage ( my position "h1 & inde$ to avoid writ+ a l9e or utt]+ a s5t5ce on ! subject = :i* ,i c\ld n be held p]sonally responsible4 ,9 view ( ! discussions :i* ! subject _h provok$1 ,i ?\ght ?is ! faire/ c\rse4 ,b1 9 #ahga1 ! "t 7,i imag9$7 _h come :51 )\t risk ( (f5ce1 ,i might tell our "y p some?+ ab\t ! lab\rs ( ^? :o _h unravell$ = _! in/ruction ! v>i\s problems ( ! ice-_w4 ,my lam5t$ fri5d & ev]-helpful c\nsellor1 ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones1 ?\ght ! subject a good "o1 & accord+ly x 0 *os54 ,/rong 9 my sympa?y ) y\?1 & rememb]+ ! damage done by defective exposition to my own "y m9d1 ,i s\ght1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 to conf] ^u ^! lectures cle>ness1 ?or\ghness1 & life4 ,wi%+1 moreov]1 to r5d] !m ( p]man5t value1 ,i wrote out copi\s ,notes ( ! c\rse1 & _h !m di/ribut$ among ! boys & girls4 ,9 prep>+ ^! ,notes ,i aim$ at no?+ less ?an pres5t+ to my y\?ful audi5ce1 9 a conc5trat$ b p]fectly dige/ible =m1 e ess5tial po9t embrac$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! glaci]s1 & "s ?+s 9 addition1 :i*1 d]iv$ z !y 7 f my own rec5t rese>*es1 no book previ\sly publi%$ on ! subject conta9$4 ,b my !ory ( education agrees ) t ( ,em]son1 accord+ to :i* in/ruction is only half ! battle1 :at he calls provocation be+ ! o!r half4 ,by ?is he means t p[] ( ! tea*]1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( 8 "* & ! vitality ( 8 ?\ght1 to br+ out all ! lat5t /r5g? ( 8 pupil1 & to inve/ ) int]e/ ev5 ! drie/ matt]s ( detail4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ,i 0 det]m9$ to %irk no?+ ess5tial1 h[ev] dry2 &1 to keep my m9d alive to ! requirem5ts ( my pupil1 ,i propos$ a s]ies ( ideal rambl+s1 9 :i* he %\ld be always at my side4 ,oddly en\gh1 ?\gh ,i 0 "h deal+ ) :at might be call$ ! ab/ract idea ( a boy1 ,i realis$ 8 pres5ce s fully z to ent]ta9 = him1 be=e our excursions end$1 an affection consci\sly w>m & real4 ,! ,notes "h ref]r$ to 7 at fir/ int5d$ = ! use ( my audi5ce alone4 ,at ! urg5t reque/ ( a fri5d ,i slightly exp&$ !m1 & conv]t$ !m into ! little book "h pres5t$ to ! read]4 ,! am\nt ( att5tion be/[$ ^u ! volume induces me to give ?is brief hi/ory ( its orig94 ,a ,g]man critic1 :om ,i h no reason to reg>d z specially fav\rable to me or x1 makes ! foll[+ rem>k on ! /yle ( ! book3 ,?is passion = ! m\nta9s tempts him frequ5tly to reveal m ( 8 ,alp9e w&]+s ?an is necess>y = 8 demon/rations4 ,! read]1 h[ev]1 w n f9d ?is a disagreeable int]ruption ( ! c\rse ( ?\ght2 = ! book !reby ga9s wond]fully 9 vividness4 ,?is1 ,i w\ld say1 0 ! express aim ( ! breaks ref]r$ to4 ,i desir$ to keep my companion fre% z well z in/ruct$1 & ^! int]ruptions 7 s _m brea?+-places :]e ! intellectual t5sion 0 purposely relax$ & ! m9d ( ! pupil brac$ to fre% action4 ,( o!r criticisms1 flatt]+ & o!rwise1 ,i =be> to speak4 ,z reg>ds "s ( !m1 inde$1 x w\ld be a reproa* to t manl9ess :i* ,i h s\ght to enc\rage 9 my pupil to return bl[ = bl[4 ,if ! read] be acqua9t$ ) !m1 ?is w let him "k h[ ,i reg>d !m2 & if he be n acqua9t$ ) !m1 ,i w\ld recomm5d him to ignore !m1 & to =m 8 own judgm5t ( ?is book4 ,no fair-m9d$ p]son :o reads x w dream t ,i1 9 writ+ x1 _h a ?\ght ( act+ o!rwise ?an ju/ly & g5]\sly t[>ds my pr$ecessors1 ! la/ ( :om1 to ! grief ( all :o knew him1 has rec5tly pass$ away4 ,john ,tyndall4 ,april1 #ahgd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,cl\d-bann] ( ! ,aiguille du ,dru ,frontispiece ,,page #a1 #b4 ,cl\ds1 ,ra9s1 & ,riv]s #a1 #f #c4 ,! ,waves ( ,light #h #d4 ,! ,waves ( ,heat :i* produce ! ,vap\r ( our ,atmosph]e & melt our ,glaci]s #aa #e4 ,exp]im5ts to prove ! =ego+ /atem5ts #ad #f4 ,oceanic ,di/illation #ai #g4 ,tropical ,ra9s #bc #h4 ,m\nta9 ,cond5s]s #bg #i4 ,ar*itecture ( ,sn[ #bi #aj4 ,atomic ,poles #cb #aa4 ,ar*itecture ( ,lake ,ice #ce #ab4 ,! ,s\rce ( ! ,arveiron4 ,ice ,p9nacles1 ,t[]s1 & ,*asms ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois4 ,passage to ! ,montanv]t #ch #ac4 ,! ,m] de ,glace & its ,s\rces4 ,our ,fir/ ,climb to ! ,cleft ,/ation #dc #ad4 ,ice-cascade & ,sn[s ( ! ,col du ,gant #df #ae4 ,que/ion+ ! ,glaci]s #dh #af4 ,bran*es & ,m$ial ,mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace f ! ,cleft ,/ation #ea #ag4 ,! ,talfre & ! ,j>d94 ,"w among ! ,crevasses #eb #ah4 ,fir/ ,que/ions reg>d+ ,glaci] ,motion4 ,drift+ ( ,bodies buri$ 9 a ,crevasse #ed #ai4 ,! ,motion ( ,glaci]s4 ,measurem5ts by ,hugi & ,agassiz4 ,drift+ ( ,huts on ! ,ice #fi #bj4 ,precise ,measurem5ts ( ,agassiz & ,=bes4 ,motion ( a ,glaci] prov$ to resemble ! ,motion ( a ,riv] #fj #ba4 ,! ,!odolite & its ,use4 ,our own ,measurem5ts #fb #bb4 ,motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace #ff #bc4 ,unequal ,motion ( ! two ,sides ( ! ,m] de ,glace #gj #bd4 ,sugge/ion ( a new ,lik5ess ( ,glaci] ,motion to ,riv] ,motion4 ,conjecture te/$ #gb #be4 ,new ,law ( ,glaci] ,motion #gf #bf4 ,motion ( ,axis ( ,m] de ,glace #gh #bg4 ,motion ( ,tribut>y ,glaci]s #gi #bh4 ,motion ( ,top & ,bottom ( ,glaci] #hj #bi4 ,lat]al ,compression ( a ,glaci] #ha #cj4 ,longitud9al ,compression ( a ,glaci] #hd #ca4 ,slid+ & ,fl[+4 ,h>d ,ice & ,s(t ,ice #hf #cb4 ,w9t] on ! ,m] de ,glace #hh #cc4 ,w9t] ,motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace #ic #cd4 ,motion ( ! ,gr9delwald & ,alets* ,glaci] #ic #ce4 ,motion ( ,mort]ats* ,glaci] #ie #cf4 ,bir? ( a ,crevasse3 ,reflections #ih #cg4 ,icicles #ii #ch4 ,! ,b]gs*rund #ajb #ci4 ,transv]se ,crevasses #ajc #dj4 ,m>g9al ,crevasses #aje #da4 ,longitud9al ,crevasses #aji #db4 ,crevasses 9 relation to ,curvature ( ,glaci] #aaj #dc4 ,mora9e-ridges1 ,glaci] ,tables1 & ,s&-,cones #aab #dd4 ,! ,glaci] ,mills or ,m\l9s #aaf #de4 ,! ,*anges ( ,volume ( ,wat] by ,heat & ,cold #aah #df4 ,consequ5ces fl[+ f ! =ego+ ,prop]ties ( ,wat]4 ,correction ( ,errors #abb #dg4 ,! ,molecul> ,me*anism ( ,wat]-,congelation #abe #dh4 ,! ,dirt ,b&s ( ! ,m] de ,glace #abg #di4 ,sea-ice & ,iceb]gs #acb #ej4 ,! ggis*horn1 ! ,mrgel9 ,see & its ,iceb]gs #acf #ea4 ,! ,bel ,alp #aci #eb4 ,! ,riffelb]g & ,grn] ,glaci] #adj #ec4 ,anci5t ,glaci]s ( ,switz]l& #ade #ed4 ,erratic ,blocks #adg #ee4 ,anci5t ,glaci]s ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales #aej #ef4 ,! ,glaci] ,epo* #aeb #eg4 ,glacial ,!ories #aee #eh4 ,dilatation & ,slid+ ,!ories #aee #ei4 ,pla/ic ,!ory #aef #fj4 ,visc\s ,!ory #afa #fa4 ,regelation ,!ory #afc #fb4 ,cause ( ,regelation #afg #fc4 ,f>aday's ,view ( ,regelation #aga #fd4 ,! ,blue ,ve9s ( ,glaci]s #agf #fe4 ,relation ( ,/ructure to ,pressure #ahc #ff4 ,slate ,cleavage & ,glaci] ,lam9ation #ahg #fg4 ,conclusion #aia ,illu/ration3 ,,cl\d-,,bann] ,,( ,,! ,,aiguille ,,du ,,dru 7p>4 #hd & #bbg74 ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,cl\ds ,,& ,,riv]s1 ,,ice ,,& ,,glaci]s4 #a4 ,cl\ds1 ,ra9s1 & ,riv]s4 #a4 ,e occurr5ce 9 ,nature is prec$$ by o!r occurr5ces :i* are its causes1 & succe$$ by o!rs :i* are its effects4 ,! human m9d is n satisfi$ ) obs]v+ & /udy+ any natural occurr5ce alone1 b takes pleasure 9 connect+ e natural fact ) :at has gone be=e x1 & ) :at is to come aft] x4 #b4 ,?us1 :5 we ent] ^u ! /udy ( riv]s & glaci]s1 our int]e/ w be greatly augm5t$ by tak+ into acc\nt n only _! actual appe>ances1 b also _! causes & effects4 #c4 ,let u trace a riv] to its s\rce4 ,beg9n+ :]e x empties itself into ! sea1 & foll[+ x backw>ds1 we f9d x f "t to "t jo9$ by tribut>ies :i* swell its wat]s4 ,! riv] ( c\rse becomes small] z ^! tribut>ies are pass$4 ,x %r9ks fir/ to a brook1 !n to a /ream2 ?is aga9 divides itself into a numb] ( small] /reamlets1 end+ 9 m]e ?reads ( wat]4 ,^! con/itute ! s\rce ( ! riv]1 & are usually f\nd among hills4 #d4 ,?us ! ,sev]n has its s\rce 9 ! ,wel% ,m\nta9s2 ! ,?ames 9 ! ,cotswold ,hills2 ! ,danube 9 ! hills ( ! ,black ,=e/2 ! ,rh9e & ! ,rhone 9 ! ,alps2 ! ,ganges 9 ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s2 ! ,euphrates ne> ,m\nt ,ar>at2 ! ,g>onne 9 ! ,pyr5ees2 ! ,elbe 9 ! ,giant ,m\nta9s ( ,bohemia2 ! ,miss\ri 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,amazon 9 ! ,&es ( ,p]u4 #e4 ,b x is q pla9 t we h n yet rea*$ ! real beg9n+ ( ! riv]s4 ,:5ce d ! e>lie/ /reams d]ive _! wat]8 ,a brief resid5ce among ! m\nta9s w\ld prove to y t !y are f$ by ra9s4 ,9 dry wea!r y w\ld f9d ! /reams feeble1 sometimes inde$ q dri$ up4 ,9 wet wea!r y w\ld see !m foam+ torr5ts4 ,9 g5]al ^! /reams lose !mselves z little ?reads ( wat] ^u ! hill sides2 b sometimes y may trace a riv] to a def9ite spr+4 ,! riv] ,albula 9 ,switz]l&1 = in/ance1 ru%es at its orig9 9 consid]able volume f a m\nta9 side4 ,b y v soon assure y\rself t su* spr+s are also f$ by ra91 :i* has p]colat$ ?r\gh ! rocks or soil1 & :i*1 ?r\gh "s orifice t x has f\nd or =m$1 comes to ! light ( day4 #f4 ,b we _c end "h4 ,:5ce comes ! ra9 :i* =ms ! m\nta9 /reams8 ,obs]vation enables y to answ] ! "q4 ,ra9 does n come f a cle> sky4 ,x comes f cl\ds4 ,b :at are cl\ds8 ,is !re no?+ y are acqua9t$ ) :i* !y resemble8 ,y discov] at once a lik5ess betwe5 !m & ! cond5s$ /eam ( a locomotive4 ,at e puff ( ! eng9e a cl\d is project$ into ! air4 ,wat* ! cl\d %>ply3 y notice t x fir/ =ms at a little di/ance f ! top ( ! funnel4 ,give close att5tion & y w sometimes see a p]fectly cle> space betwe5 ! funnel & ! cl\d4 ,?r\gh t cle> space ! ?+ :i* makes ! cl\d mu/ pass4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is ?+ :i* at "o mom5t is transp>5t & invisible1 & at ! next mom5t visible z a d5se opaque cl\d8 #g4 ,x is ! /eam or vap\r ( wat] f ! boil]4 ,)9 ! boil] ?is /eam is transp>5t & invisible2 b to keep x 9 ?is invisible /ate a heat w\ld be requir$ z great z t )9 ! boil]4 ,:5 ! vap\r m+les ) ! cold air above ! hot funnel x ceases to be vap\r4 ,e bit ( /eam %r9ks :5 *ill$1 to a mu* m m9ute p>ticle ( wat]4 ,! liquid p>ticles ?us produc$ =m a k9d ( wat]-du/ ( exce$+ f95ess1 :i* floats 9 ! air1 & is call$ a cl\d4 #h4 ,wat* ! cl\d-bann] f ! funnel ( a runn+ locomotive2 y see x gr[+ gradually less d5se4 ,x f9ally melts away altoge!r1 & if y cont9ue y\r obs]vations y w n fail to notice t ! spe$ ( its disappe>ance dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! day4 ,9 humid wea!r ! cl\d hangs long & lazily 9 ! air2 9 dry wea!r x is rapidly lick$ up4 ,:at has become ( x8 ,x has be5 reconv]t$ into true invisible vap\r4 #i4 ,! dri] ! air1 & ! hott] ! air1 ! great] is ! am\nt ( cl\d :i* c be ?us dissolv$ 9 x4 ,:5 ! cl\d fir/ =ms1 its quantity is f> great] ?an ! air is able to ma9ta9 9 an invisible /ate4 ,b z ! cl\d mixes gradually ) a l>g] mass ( air x is m & m dissolv$1 & f9ally passes altoge!r f ! condition ( a f9ely-divid$ liquid into t ( transp>5t vap\r or gas4 #aj4 ,make ! lid ( a kettle air-tight1 & p]mit ! /eam to issue f ! pipe2 a cl\d is precipitat$ 9 all respects simil> to t issu+ f ! funnel ( ! locomotive4 #aa4 ,p]mit ! /eam z x issues f ! pipe to pass ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s-lamp1 ! cl\d is in/antly dissolv$ by ! heat1 & is n aga9 precipitat$4 ,) a special boil] & a special nozzle ! exp]im5t may be made m /rik+1 b n m in/ructive1 ?an ) ! kettle4 #ab4 ,look to y\r b$room w9d[s :5 ! wea!r is v cold outside2 !y sometimes /ream ) wat] d]iv$ f ! cond5sation ( ! aque\s vap\r f y\r own lungs4 ,! w9d[s ( railway c>riages 9 w9t] %[ ?is cond5sation 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,p\r cold wat] into a dry dr9k+-glass on a summ]'s day3 ! outside surface ( ! glass becomes in/antly dimm$ by ! precipitation ( moi/ure4 ,on a w>m day y notice no vap\r 9 front ( y\r m\?1 b on a cold day y =m !re a little cl\d d]iv$ f ! cond5sation ( ! aque\s vap\r f ! lungs4 #ac4 ,y may notice 9 a ball-room t z long z ! door & w9d[s are kept clos$1 & ! room rema9s hot1 ! air rema9s cle>2 b :5 ! doors or w9d[s are op5$ a dimness is visible1 caus$ by ! precipitation to fog ( ! aque\s vap\r ( ! ball-room4 ,if ! wea!r be int5sely cold ! entrance ( fre% air may ev5 cause sn[ to fall4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,russian ball-rooms2 & also 9 ! subt]ranean /ables at ,erz]oom1 :5 ! doors are op5$ & ! cold morn+ air is p]mitt$ to ent]4 #ad4 ,ev5 on ! drie/ day ?is vap\r is nev] abs5t f our atmosph]e4 ,! vap\r diffus$ ?r\gh ! air ( ?is room may be congeal$ to ho>-fro/ 9 y\r pres5ce4 ,?is is done by fill+ a vessel ) a mixture ( p\nd$ ice & salt1 :i* is cold] ?an ! ice itself1 & :i*1 !re=e1 cond5ses & freezes ! aque\s vap\r4 ,! surface ( ! vessel is f9ally coat$ ) a froz5 fur1 s ?ick t x may be scrap$ away & =m$ into a sn[-ball4 #ae4 ,to produce ! cl\d1 9 ! case ( ! locomotive & ! kettle1 heat is necess>y4 ,by heat+ ! wat] we fir/ conv]t x into /eam1 & !n by *ill+ ! /eam we conv]t x into cl\d4 ,is !re any fire 9 nature :i* produces ! cl\ds ( our atmosph]e8 ,!re is3 ! fire ( ! sun4 #af4 ,?us1 by trac+ backw>d1 )\t any break 9 ! *a9 ( occurr5ces1 our riv] f its end to its real beg9n+s1 we come at l5g? to ! sun4 #b4 #ag4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 riv]s :i* h s\rces some:at diff]5t f ^? j m5tion$4 ,!y d n beg9 by driblets on a hill side1 nor c !y be trac$ to a spr+4 ,g1 = example1 to ! m\? ( ! riv] ,rhone1 & trace x backw>ds to ,lyons1 :]e x turns to ! ea/4 ,b5d+ r\nd by ,*amb]y1 y come at l5g? to ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 f :i* ! riv] ru%es1 & :i* y might be dispos$ to reg>d z ! s\rce ( ! ,rhone4 ,b g to ! head ( ! lake1 & y f9d t ! ,rhone !re ent]s x1 t ! lake is 9 fact a k9d ( expansion ( ! riv]4 ,foll[ ?is upw>ds2 y f9d x jo9$ by small] riv]s f ! m\nta9s "r & left4 ,pass ^!1 & pu% y\r j\rney high] /ill4 ,y come at l5g? to a huge mass ( ice !--end ( a glaci]--:i* fills ! ,rhone valley1 & f ! bottom ( ! glaci] ! riv] ru%es4 ,9 ! glaci] ( ! ,rhone y ?us f9d ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,rhone4 #ah4 ,b aga9 we h n rea*$ ! real beg9n+ ( ! riv]4 ,y soon conv9ce y\rself t ?is e>lie/ wat] ( ! ,rhone is produc$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice4 ,y get ^u ! glaci] & walk upw>ds along x4 ,aft] a "t ! ice disappe>s & y come ^u sn[4 ,if y are a compet5t m\nta9e] y may g to ! v top ( ?is great sn[-field1 & if y cross ! top & desc5d at ! o!r side y f9ally quit ! sn[1 & get ^u ano!r glaci] call$ ! ,trift1 f ! end ( :i* ru%es a riv] small] ?an ! ,rhone4 #ai4 ,y soon le>n t ! m\nta9 sn[ fe$s ! glaci]4 ,by "s means or o!r ! sn[ is conv]t$ into ice4 ,b :5ce comes ! sn[8 ,l ! ra91 x comes f ! cl\ds1 :i*1 z be=e1 c be trac$ to vap\r rais$ by ! sun4 ,)\t sol> fire we c\ld h no atmosph]ic vap\r1 )\t vap\r no cl\ds1 )\t cl\ds no sn[1 & )\t sn[ no glaci]s4 ,curi\s !n z ! conclusion may be1 ! cold ice ( ! ,alps has its orig9 9 ! heat ( ! sun4 #c4 ,! ,waves ( ,light4 #bj4 ,b :at is ! sun8 ,we "k its size & its weight4 ,we also "k t x is a globe ( fire f> hott] ?an any fire ^u e>?4 ,b we n[ ent] ^u ano!r enquiry4 ,we h to le>n def9itely :at is ! mean+ ( sol> light & sol> heat2 9 :at way !y make !mselves kn[n to our s5ses2 by :at means !y get f ! sun to ! e>?1 & h[1 :5 !re1 !y produce ! cl\ds ( our atmosph]e1 & ?us orig9ate our riv]s & our glaci]s4 #ba4 ,if 9 a d>k room y close y\r eyes & press ! eyelid ) y\r f+]-nail1 a circle ( light w be se5 opposite to ! po9t press$1 :ile a %>p bl[ ^u ! eye produces ! impression ( a fla% ( light4 ,!re is a n]ve specially devot$ to ! purposes ( vision :i* comes f ! bra9 to ! back ( ! eye1 & !re divide into f9e filam5ts1 :i* are wov5 toge!r to a k9d ( scre5 call$ ! ret9a4 ,! ret9a c be excit$ 9 v>i\s ways s z to produce ! consci\sness ( light2 x may1 z we h se51 be excit$ by ! rude me*anical action ( a bl[ imp>t$ to ! eye4 #bb4 ,!re is no spontane\s creation ( light by ! heal?y eye4 ,to excite vision ! ret9a mu/ be affect$ by some?+ com+ f )\t4 ,:at is t some?+8 ,9 "s way or o!r lum9\s bodies h ! p[] ( affect+ ! ret9a--b h[8 #bc4 ,x 0 long suppos$ t f su* bodies issu$1 ) inconceivable rapidity1 an inconceivably f9e matt]1 :i* flew ?r\gh space1 pass$ ?r\gh ! pores suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! hum\rs ( ! eye1 rea*$ ! ret9a beh9d1 & by _! %ock aga9/ ! ret9a1 ar\s$ ! s5sation ( light4 #bd4 ,?is !ory1 :i* 0 support$ by ! greate/ m51 among o!rs by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 0 f\nd compet5t to expla9 a great numb] ( ! ph5om5a ( light1 b x 0 n f\nd compet5t to expla9 all ! ph5om5a4 ,z ! skill & k ( exp]im5t]s increas$1 l>ge classes ( facts 7 reveal$ :i* c\ld only be expla9$ by assum+ t light 0 produc$1 n by a f9e matt] fly+ ?r\gh space & hitt+ ! ret9a1 b by ! %ock ( m9ute waves aga9/ ! ret9a4 #be4 ,dip y\r f+] into a bas9 ( wat]1 & cause x to quiv] rapidly to & fro4 ,f ! po9t ( di/urbance issue small ripples :i* are c>ri$ =w>d by ! wat]1 & :i* f9ally /rike ! bas94 ,"h1 9 ! vibrat+ f+]1 y h a s\rce ( agitation2 9 ! wat] y h a vehicle ?r\gh :i* ! f+]'s motion is transmitt$1 & y h f9ally ! side ( ! bas9 :i* receives ! %ock ( ! little waves4 #bf4 ,9 l mann]1 accord+ to ! wave !ory ( light1 y h a s\rce ( agitation 9 ! vibrat+ atoms1 or smalle/ p>ticles1 ( ! lum9\s body2 y h a vehicle ( transmission 9 a sub/ance :i* is suppos$ to fill all space1 & to be diffus$ ?r\gh ! hum\rs ( ! eye2 & f9ally1 y h ! ret9a1 :i* receives ! successive %ocks ( ! waves4 ,^! %ocks are suppos$ to produce ! s5sation ( light4 #bg4 ,we are "h deal+ = ! mo/ "p ) suppositions & assumptions m]ely4 ,we h nev] se5 ! atoms ( a lum9\s body1 nor _! motions4 ,we h nev] se5 ! m$ium :i* transmits _! motions1 nor ! waves ( t m$ium4 ,h[1 !n1 d we come to assume _! exi/5ce8 #bh4 ,be=e su* an idea c\ld h tak5 any real root 9 ! human m9d1 x mu/ h be5 well discipl9$ & prep>$ by obs]vations & calculations ( ord9>y wave-motion4 ,x 0 necess>y to "k h[ bo? wat]-waves & s\nd-waves are =m$ & propagat$4 ,x 0 above all ?+s necess>y to "k h[ waves1 pass+ ?r\gh ! same m$ium1 act ^u ea* o!r4 ,?us discipl9$1 ! m9d 0 prep>$ to detect any resemblance pres5t+ itself betwe5 ! action ( light & t ( waves4 ,great classes ( optical ph5om5a accord+ly appe>$ :i* c\ld be acc\nt$ = 9 ! mo/ complete & satisfactory mann] by assum+ !m to be produc$ by waves1 & :i* c\ld n be o!rwise acc\nt$ =4 ,x is because ( its compet5ce to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( light t ! wave !ory n[ receives univ]sal acceptance on ! "p ( sci5tific m54 ,let me use an illu/ration4 ,we inf] f ! fl9t implem5ts rec5tly f\nd 9 su* pr(usion all ov] ,engl& & 9 o!r c\ntries t !y 7 produc$ by m51 & also t ! ,pyramids ( ,egypt 7 built by m51 because1 z f> z our exp]i5ce goes1 no?+ b m5 c\ld =m su* implem5ts or build su* ,pyramids4 ,9 l mann]1 we inf] f ! ph5om5a ( light ! ag5cy ( waves1 because1 z f> z our exp]i5ce goes1 no o!r ag5cy c\ld produce ! ph5om5a4 #d4 ,! ,waves ( ,heat :i* produce ! ,vap\r ( our ,atmosph]e & melt our ,glaci]s4 #bi4 ,?us1 9 a g5]al way1 ,i h giv5 y ! conception & ! gr\nds ( ! conception1 :i* reg>ds light z ! product ( wave-motion2 b we mu/ g f>!r ?an ?is1 & foll[ ! conception into "s ( its details4 ,we h all se5 ! waves ( wat]1 & we "k !y are ( diff]5t sizes diff]5t 9 l5g? & diff]5t 9 height4 ,:51 !re=e1 y are told t ! atoms ( ! sun1 & ( almo/ all o!r lum9\s bodies1 vibrate at diff]5t rates1 & produce waves ( diff]5t sizes1 y\r exp]i5ce ( wat]-waves w enable y to =m a tol]ably cle> notion ( :at is meant4 #cj4 ,z obs]v$ above1 we h nev] se5 ! light-waves1 b we judge ( _! pres5ce1 _! position1 & _! magnitude1 by _! effects4 ,_! l5g?s h be5 ?us det]m9$1 & f\nd to v>y f ab\t #a_/cjjjj? to #a_/fjjjj? ( an in*4 #ca4 ,b besides ^? :i* produce light1 ! sun s5ds =? incessantly a multitude ( waves :i* produce no light4 ,! l>ge/ waves :i* ! sun s5ds =? are ( ?is non-lum9\s "*1 ?\gh !y possess ! highe/ heat+ p[]4 #cb4 ,a common sunbeam conta9s waves ( all k9ds1 b x is possible to sift or filt] ! beam s z to int]cept all its light1 & to all[ its obscure heat to pass unimp$$4 ,= sub/ances h be5 discov]$ :i*1 :ile int5sely opaque to ! light-waves1 are almo/ p]fectly transp>5t to ! o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible1 by ! *oice ( prop] sub/ances1 to int]cept 9 a great degree ! pure heat-waves1 & to all[ ! pure light-waves free transmission4 ,?is la/ sep>ation is1 h[ev]1 n s p]fect z ! fir/4 #cc4 ,we %all le>n pres5tly h[ to deta* ! "o class ( waves f ! o!r class1 & to prove t waves compet5t to light a fire1 fuse metal1 or burn ! h& l a hot solid1 may exi/ 9 a p]fectly d>k place4 #cd4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t we )draw1 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! l>ge heat-waves1 & all[ ! light-waves alone to pass4 ,^! may be conc5trat$ by suitable l5ses & s5t into wat] )\t s5sibly w>m+ x4 ,let ! light-waves n[ be )drawn1 & ! l>g] heat-waves conc5trat$ 9 ! same mann]2 !y may be caus$ to boil ! wat] almo/ in/antane\sly4 #ce4 ,?is is ! po9t to :i* ,i wi%$ to lead y1 & :i* )\t due prep>ation c\ld n be und]/ood4 ,y n[ p]ceive ! important "p play$ by ^! l>ge d>kness-waves1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 9 ! "w ( evaporation4 ,:5 !y plunge into seas1 lakes1 & riv]s1 !y are int]cept$ close to ! surface1 & !y heat ! wat] at ! surface1 ?us caus+ x to evaporate2 ! light-waves at ! same "t ent]+ to great dep?s )\t s5sibly heat+ ! wat] ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,n only1 !re=e1 is x ! sun's fire :i* produces evaporation1 b a p>ticul> con/itu5t ( t fire1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* y probably 7 n aw>e (4 #cf4 ,fur!r1 x is ^! selfsame lightless waves :i*1 fall+ ^u ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 melt ! ice & produce all ! riv]s fl[+ f ! glaci]s2 = ,i %all prove to y pres5tly t ! light-waves1 ev5 :5 conc5trat$ to ! utt]mo/1 are unable to melt ! mo/ delicate ho>-fro/2 mu* less w\ld !y be able to produce ! copi\s liquefaction obs]v$ ^u ! glaci]s4 #cg4 ,^! l>ge lightless waves ( ! sun1 z well z ! heat-waves issu+ f non-lum9\s hot bodies1 are frequ5tly call$ obscure or invisible heat4 ,we h "h an example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ph5om5a1 app>5tly remote1 are connect$ toge!r 9 ?is wond]ful sy/em ( ?+s t we call ,nature4 ,y _c /udy a sn[-flake pr(\ndly )\t be+ l$ back by x /ep by /ep to ! con/itution ( ! sun4 ,x is ?us ?r\gh\t ,nature4 ,all its p>ts are int]dep5d5t1 & ! /udy ( any "o "p completely w\ld really involve ! /udy ( all4 #e4 ,exp]im5ts to prove ! =ego+ ,/atem5ts4 #ch4 ,heat issu+ f any s\rce n visibly r$ _c be conc5trat$ s z to produce ! int5se effects j ref]r$ to4 ,to produce ^! x is necess>y to employ ! obscure heat ( a body rais$ to ! highe/ possible /ate ( inc&esc5ce4 ,! sun is su* a body1 & its d>k heat is !re=e suitable = exp]im5ts ( ?is nature4 #ci4 ,b 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,london1 & = exp]im5ts su* z ours1 ! heat-waves emitt$ by coke rais$ to int5se :it5ess by a curr5t ( electricity are mu* m manageable ?an ! sun's waves4 ,! electric light has also ! advantage t its d>k radiation embraces a l>g] proportion ( ! total radiation ?an ! d>k heat ( ! sun4 ,9 fact1 ! =ce or en]gy1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 ( ! d>k waves ( ! electric light is fully sev5 times t ( its light-waves4 ,! electric light1 !re=e1 %all be employ$ 9 our exp]im5tal demon/rations4 #dj4 ,f ?is s\rce a p[]ful beam is s5t ?r\gh ! room1 reveal+ its track by ! motes float+ 9 ! air ( ! room2 = 7 ! motes entirely abs5t ! beam w\ld be unse54 ,x falls ^u a concave mirror 7a glass "o silv]$ beh9d w answ]7 & is ga!r$ up by ! mirror into a cone ( reflect$ rays2 ! lum9\s apex ( ! cone1 :i* is ! focus ( ! mirror1 be+ ab\t fifte5 in*es di/ant f its reflect+ surface4 ,let u m>k ! focus accurately by a po9t]4 #da4 ,& n[ let u place 9 ! pa? ( ! beam a sub/ance p]fectly opaque to light4 ,?is sub/ance is iod9e dissolv$ 9 a liquid call$ bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,! light at ! focus in/antly vani%es :5 ! d>k solution is introduc$4 ,b ! solution is int5sely transp>5t to ! d>k waves1 & a focus ( su* waves rema9s 9 ! air ( ! room aft] ! light has be5 aboli%$4 ,y may feel ! heat ( ^! waves ) y\r h&2 y may let !m fall ^u a !rmomet]1 & ?us prove _! pres5ce2 or1 be/ ( all1 y may cause !m to produce a curr5t ( electricity1 :i* deflects a l>ge magnetic ne$le4 ,! magnitude ( ! deflection is a measure ( ! heat4 #db4 ,our object n[ is1 by ! use ( a m p[]ful lamp1 & a bett] mirror 7"o silv]$ 9 front & ) a %ort] focal di/ance71 to int5sify ! action "h r5d]$ s s5sible4 ,z be=e1 ! focus is r5d]$ /rik+ly visible by ! int5se illum9ation ( ! du/ p>ticles4 ,we w fir/ filt] ! beam s z to int]cept its d>k waves1 & !n p]mit ! purely lum9\s waves to ex]t _! utmo/ p[] on a small bundle ( gun-cotton plac$ at ! focus4 #dc4 ,no effect :atev] is produc$4 ,! gun-cotton might rema9 !re = a week )\t ignition4 ,let u n[ p]mit ! unfilt]$ beam to act ^u ! cotton4 ,x is in/antly dissipat$ 9 an explosive fla%4 ,?is exp]im5t proves t ! light-waves are incompet5t to explode ! cotton1 :ile ! waves ( ! full beam are compet5t to d s2 h5ce we may conclude t ! d>k waves are ! real ag5ts 9 ! explosion4 #dd4 ,b ?is conclusion w\ld be only probable2 = x might be urg$ t ! mixture ( ! d>k waves & ! light-waves is necess>y to produce ! result4 ,let u !n1 by means ( our opaque solution1 isolate our d>k waves & conv]ge !m on ! cotton4 ,x explodes z be=e4 #de4 ,h5ce x is ! d>k waves1 & !y only1 t are conc]n$ 9 ! ignition ( ! cotton4 #df4 ,at ! same d>k focus %eets ( plat9um are rais$ to vivid r$ness2 z9c is burnt up2 pap] in/antly blazes2 magnesium wire is ignit$2 *>coal )9 a receiv] conta9+ oxyg5 is set burn+2 a diamond simil>ly plac$ is caus$ to gl[ l a />1 be+ aft]w>d gradually dissipat$4 ,& all ?is :ile ! air at ! focus rema9s z cool z 9 any o!r "p ( ! room4 #dg4 ,to obta9 ! light-waves we employ a cle> solution ( alum 9 wat]2 to obta9 ! d>k waves we employ ! solution ( iod9e above ref]r$ to4 ,b z be=e /at$ 7#cb71 ! alum is n s p]fect a filt] z ! iod9e2 = x transmits a portion ( ! obscure heat4 #dh4 ,?\gh ! light-waves "h prove _! incompet5ce to ignite gun-cotton1 !y are able to burn up black pap]2 or1 inde$1 to explode ! cotton :5 x is black5$4 ,! :ite cotton does n absorb ! light1 & )\t absorption we h no heat+4 ,! black5$ cotton absorbs1 is heat$1 & explodes4 #di4 ,in/ead ( a solution ( alum1 we w employ = our next exp]im5t a cell ( pure wat]1 ?r\gh :i* ! light passes )\t s5sible absorption4 ,at ! focus is plac$ a te/-tube also conta9+ wat]1 ! full =ce ( ! light be+ conc5trat$ ^u x4 ,! wat] is n s5sibly w>m$ by ! conc5trat$ waves4 ,we n[ remove ! cell ( wat]2 no *ange is visible 9 ! beam1 b ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! te/-tube n[ boils4 #ej4 ,! light-waves be+ ?us prov$ ineffectual1 & ! full beam effectual1 we may inf] t x is ! d>k waves t d ! "w ( heat+4 ,b we cl5* our inf]5ce by employ+ our opaque iod9e filt]4 ,plac+ x on ! pa? ( ! beam1 ! light is entirely /opp$1 b ! wat] boils exactly z x did :5 ! full beam fell ^u x4 #ea4 ,! tru? ( ! /atem5t made 9 p>agraph 7#cd7 is ?us demon/rat$4 #eb4 ,& n[ ) reg>d to ! melt+ ( ice4 ,on ! surface ( a flask conta9+ a freez+ mixture we obta9 a ?ick fur ( ho>-fro/4 ,s5d+ ! beam ?r\gh a wat]-cell1 its lum9\s waves are conc5trat$ ^u ! surface ( ! flask4 ,n a spicula ( ! fro/ is dissolv$4 ,we n[ remove ! wat]-cell1 & 9 a mom5t a pat* ( ! froz5 fur z l>ge z half-a-cr[n is melt$4 ,h5ce1 inasmu* z ! full beam produces ?is effect1 & ! lum9\s "p ( ! beam does n produce x1 we fix ^u ! d>k portion ! melt+ ( ! fro/4 #ec4 ,z be=e1 we cl5* ?is inf]5ce by conc5trat+ ! d>k waves alone ^u ! flask4 ,! fro/ is dissipat$ exactly z x 0 by ! full beam4 #ed4 ,^! effects are r5d]$ /rik+ly visible by d>k5+ ) ink ! freez+ mixture )9 ! flask4 ,:5 ! ho>-fro/ is remov$1 ! blackness ( ! surface f :i* x _h be5 melt$ comes out 9 /rong contra/ ) ! adjac5t sn[y :it5ess4 ,:5 ! flask itself1 in/ead ( ! freez+ mixture1 is black5$1 ! purely lum9\s waves be+ absorb$ by ! glass1 w>m x2 ! glass reacts ^u ! fro/1 & melts x4 ,h5ce ! wisdom ( d>k5+1 in/ead ( ! flask itself1 ! mixture )9 ! flask4 #ee4 ,?is exp]im5t proves to demon/ration ! /atem5t 9 p>agraph 7#cf73 t x is ! d>k waves ( ! sun t melt ! m\nta9 sn[ & ice1 & orig9ate all ! riv]s d]iv$ f glaci]s4 ,!re are writ]s :o seem to reg>d sci5ce z an aggregate ( facts1 & h5ce d\bt its efficacy z an ex]cise ( ! reason+ p[]s4 ,b all t ,i h "h taught y is ! result ( reason1 tak+ its /&1 h[ev]1 ^u ! sure basis ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,& ?is is ! _s 9 :i* our fur!r /udies are to be pursu$4 #f4 ,oceanic ,di/illation4 #ef4 ,! sun1 y "k1 is nev] exactly ov]head 9 ,engl&4 ,b at ! equator1 & )9 c]ta9 limits nor? & s\? ( x1 ! sun at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> is directly ov]head at noon4 ,^! limits are call$ ! ,tropics ( ,canc] & ( ,capricorn4 ,^u ! belt compris$ betwe5 ^! two circles ! sun's rays fall ) _! mightie/ p[]2 = "h !y %oot directly d[nw>d1 & heat bo? e>? & sea m ?an :5 !y /rike slant+ly4 #eg4 ,:5 ! v]tical sunbeams /rike ! l& !y heat x1 & ! air 9 contact ) ! hot soil becomes heat$ 9 turn4 ,b :5 heat$ ! air exp&s1 & :5 x exp&s x becomes light]4 ,?is light] air rises1 l wood plung$ into wat]1 ?r\gh ! heavi] air ov]head4 #eh4 ,:5 ! sunbeams fall ^u ! sea ! wat] is w>m$1 ?\gh n s mu* z ! l&4 ,! w>m$ wat] exp&s1 becomes !reby light]1 & !re=e cont9ues to float ^u ! top4 ,?is upp] lay] ( wat] w>ms to "s ext5t ! air 9 contact ) x1 b x also s5ds up a quantity ( aque\s vap\r1 :i* be+ f> light] ?an air1 helps ! latt] to rise4 ,?us bo? f ! l& & f ! sea we h asc5d+ curr5ts e/abli%$ by ! action ( ! sun4 #ei4 ,:5 !y rea* a c]ta9 elevation 9 ! atmosph]e1 ^! curr5ts divide & fl[1 "p t[>ds ! nor? & "p t[>ds ! s\?2 :ile f ! nor? & ! s\? a fl[ ( heavi] & cold] air sets 9 to supply ! place ( ! asc5d+ w>m air4 #fj4 ,incessant circulation is ?us e/abli%$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! equatorial air & vap\r fl[ above t[>ds ! nor? & s\? poles1 :ile ! pol> air fl[s bel[ t[>ds ! equator4 ,! two curr5ts ( air ?us e/abli%$ are call$ ! upp] & ! l[] trade w9ds4 #fa4 ,b be=e ! air returns f ! poles great *anges h occurr$4 ,= ! air z x quitt$ ! equatorial regions 0 lad5 ) aque\s vap\r1 :i* c\ld n subsi/ 9 ! cold pol> regions4 ,x is !re precipitat$1 fall+ sometimes z ra91 or m commonly z sn[4 ,! l& ne> ! pole is cov]$ ) ?is sn[1 :i* gives bir? to va/ glaci]s 9 a mann] h]eaft] to be expla9$4 #fb4 ,x is necess>y t y %\ld h a p]fectly cle> view ( ?is process1 = great mi/akes h be5 made reg>d+ ! mann] 9 :i* glaci]s are relat$ to ! heat ( ! sun4 #fc4 ,x 0 suppos$ t if ! sun's heat 7 dim9i%$1 great] glaci]s ?an ^? n[ exi/+ w\ld be produc$4 ,b ! less5+ ( ! sun's heat w\ld infallibly dim9i% ! quantity ( aque\s vap\r1 & ?us cut (f ! glaci]s at _! s\rce4 ,a brief illu/ration w complete y\r k "h4 #fd4 ,9 ! process ( ord9>y di/illation1 ! liquid to be di/ill$ is heat$ & conv]t$ into vap\r 9 "o vessel1 & *ill$ & reconv]t$ into liquid 9 ano!r4 ,:at has j be5 /at$ r5d]s x pla9 t ! e>? & its atmosph]e con/itute a va/ di/ill+ app>atus 9 :i* ! equatorial ocean plays ! "p ( ! boil]1 & ! *ill regions ( ! poles ! "p ( ! cond5s]4 ,9 ?is process ( di/illation heat plays q z necess>y a "p z cold1 & be=e ,bi%op ,heb] c\ld speak ( ,gre5l&'s icy m\nta9s1 ! equatorial ocean _h to be w>m$ by ! sun4 ,we %all h m to say ^u ?is "q aft]w>ds4 ,illu/rative ,exp]im5ts4 #fe4 ,i h said t :5 heat$1 air exp&s4 ,if y wi% to v]ify ?is = y\rself1 proce$ ?us4 ,take an empty flask1 /op x by a cork2 pass ?r\gh ! cork a n>r[ glass tube4 ,by heat+ ! tube 9 a _s-lamp y c b5d x d[nw>ds1 s t :5 ! flask is /&+ upright ! op5 end ( ! n>r[ tube may dip into wat]4 ,n[ cause ! flame ( y\r _s-lamp to play aga9/ ! flask4 ,! flame heats ! glass1 ! glass heats ! air2 ! air exp&s1 is driv5 ?r\gh ! n>r[ tube1 & issues 9 a /orm ( bubbles f ! wat]4 #ff4 ,7 ! heat$ air unconf9$1 x w\ld rise 9 ! heavi] cold air4 ,all[ a sunbeam or any o!r int5se light to fall ^u a :ite wall or scre5 9 a d>k room4 ,br+ a heat$ pok]1 a c&le1 or a gas flame und]nea? ! beam4 ,an asc5d+ curr5t rises f ! heat$ body ?r\gh ! beam1 & ! action ( ! air ^u ! light is su* z to r5d] ! wrea?+ & wav+ ( ! curr5t /rik+ly visible ^u ! scre54 ,:5 ! air is hot en\gh1 & !re=e light en\gh1 if entrapp$ 9 a pap] bag x c>ries ! bag upw>ds1 & y h ! ,fire-balloon4 #fg4 ,fold two %eets ( pap] into two cones & susp5d !m ) _! clos$ po9ts upw>ds f ! end ( a delicate balance4 ,see t ! cones balance ea* o!r4 ,!n place = a mom5t ! flame ( a _s-lamp b5ea? ! op5 base ( "o ( !m2 ! hot air asc5ds f ! lamp & in/antly tosses upw>ds ! cone above x4 #fh4 ,into an inv]t$ glass %ade introduce a little smoke4 ,let ! air come to re/1 & !n simply place y\r h& at ! op5 m\? ( ! %ade4 ,mimic hurricanes are produc$ by ! air w>m$ by ! h&1 :i* are /rik+ly visible :5 ! smoke is illum9at$ by a /rong light4 #fi4 ,! heat+ ( ! tropical air by ! sun is indirect4 ,! sol> beams h sc>cely any p[] to heat ! air ?r\gh :i* !y pass2 b !y heat ! l& & ocean1 & ^! communicate _! heat to ! air 9 contact ) !m4 ,! air & vap\r />t upw>ds *>g$ ) ! heat ?us communicat$4 #g4 ,tropical ,ra9s4 #gj4 ,b long be=e ! air & vap\r f ! equator rea* ! poles1 precipitation occurs4 ,:]ev] a humid w>m w9d mixes ) a cold dry "o1 ra9 falls4 ,inde$ ! heavie/ ra9s occur at ^? places :]e ! sun is v]tically ov]head4 ,we mu/ enquire a little m closely into _! orig94 #ga4 ,fill a bladd] ab\t two-?irds full ( air at ! sea level1 & take x to ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,z y asc5d1 ! bladd] becomes m & m di/5d$2 at ! top ( ! m\nta9 x is fully di/5d$1 & has evid5tly to be> a pressure f )94 ,return+ to ! sea level y f9d t ! tightness disappe>s1 ! bladd] f9ally appe>+ z flaccid z at fir/4 #gb4 ,! reason is pla94 ,at ! sea level ! air )9 ! bladd] has to be> ! pressure ( ! :ole atmosph]e1 be+ !reby squeez$ into a comp>atively small volume4 ,9 asc5d+ ! m\nta91 y leave m & m ( ! atmosph]e beh9d2 ! pressure becomes less & less1 & by its expansive =ce ! air )9 ! bladd] swells z ! outside pressure is dim9i%$4 ,at ! top ( ! m\nta9 ! expansion is q suffici5t to r5d] ! bladd] tight1 ! pressure )9 be+ !n actually great] ?an ! pressure )\t4 ,by means ( an air-pump we c %[ ! expansion ( a balloon p>tly fill$ ) air1 :5 ! ext]nal pressure has be5 9 "p remov$4 #gc4 ,b :y d ,i dwell ^u ?is8 ,simply to make pla9 to y t ! unconf9$ air1 heat$ at ! e>?'s surface1 & asc5d+ by its lightness1 mu/ exp& m & m ! high] x rises 9 ! atmosph]e4 #gd4 ,& n[ ,i h to introduce to y a new fact1 t[>ds ! /atem5t ( :i* ,i h be5 work+ = "s "t4 ,x is ?is3 ,! asc5d+ air is *ill$ by its expansion4 ,inde$ ?is *ill+ is "o s\rce ( ! coldness ( ! high] atmosph]ic regions4 ,& n[ fix y\r eye ^u ^? mix$ curr5ts ( air & aque\s vap\r :i* rise f ! w>m tropical ocean4 ,!y />t ) pl5ty ( heat to pres]ve ! vap\r z vap\r2 b z !y rise !y come into regions already *ill$1 & !y are /ill fur!r *ill$ by _! own expansion4 ,! consequ5ce might be =ese54 ,! load ( vap\r is 9 great "p precipitat$1 d5se cl\ds are =m$1 _! p>ticles coalesce to ra9-drops1 :i* desc5d daily 9 gu%es s pr(use t ! ^w torr5tial is us$ to express ! copi\sness ( ! ra9fall4 ,i c\ld %[ y ?is *ill+ by expansion1 & also ! consequ5t precipitation ( cl\ds4 #ge4 ,?us long be=e ! air f ! equator rea*es ! poles its vap\r is 9 great "p remov$ f x1 hav+ r$esc5d$ to ! e>? z ra94 ,/ill a good quantity ( ! vap\r is c>ri$ =w>d1 :i* yields hail1 ra91 & sn[ 9 nor!rn & s\!rn l&s4 ,illu/rative ,exp]im5ts4 #gf4 ,i h said t ! air is *ill$ dur+ its expansion4 ,prove ?is1 if y l1 ?us4 ,) a cond5s+ syr+e1 y c =ce air into an iron box furni%$ ) a /opcock1 to :i* ! syr+e is screw$4 ,d s till ! d5sity ( ! air )9 ! box is d\bl$ or trebl$4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is cond5sation1 bo? ! box & ! air )9 x are w>m1 & c be prov$ to be s by a prop] !rmomet]4 ,simply turn ! cock & all[ ! compress$ air to /ream into ! atmosph]e4 ,! curr5t1 if all[$ to /rike ! !rmomet]1 visibly *ills x2 & ) o!r in/rum5ts ! *ill may be made m evid5t /ill4 ,ev5 ! h& feels ! *ill ( ! exp&+ air4 #gg4 ,?r[ a /rong light1 a conc5trat$ sunbeam = example1 across ! issu+ curr5t2 if ! compress$ air be ord9>y humid air1 y see ! precipitation ( a little cl\d by ! *ill accompany+ ! expansion4 ,?is cl\d-=mation may1 h[ev]1 be bett] illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ way3-- #gh4 ,9 a d>k5$ room s5d a /rong beam ( light ?r\gh a glass tube ?ree feet long & ?ree in*es wide1 /opp$ at its ends by glass plates4 ,connect ! tube by means ( a /opcock ) a vessel ( ab\t "o-f\r? its capacity1 f :i* ! air has be5 remov$ by an air-pump4 ,! exhau/$ cyl9d] ( ! pump itself w answ] capitally4 ,fill ! glass tube ) humid air2 !n simply turn on ! /opcock :i* connects x ) ! exhau/$ vessel4 ,hav+ m room ! air exp&s1 cold accompanies ! expansion1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 a d5se & brilliant cl\d imm$iately fills ! tube4 ,if ! exp]im5t be made = y\rself alone y may see ! cl\d 9 ord9>y daylight2 inde$1 ! brisk exhau/ion ( any receiv] fill$ ) humid air is kn[n to produce ?is cond5sation4 #gi4 ,o!r vap\rs ?an t ( wat] may be ?us precipitat$1 "s ( !m yield+ cl\ds ( int5se brilliancy1 & display+ iridesc5ces1 su* z are sometimes1 b n frequ5tly1 se5 9 ! cl\ds float+ ov] ! ,alps4 #hj4 ,9 sci5ce :at is true = ! small is true = ! l>ge4 ,?us by comb9+ ! conditions obs]v$ on a l>ge scale 9 nature we obta9 on a small scale ! ph5om5a ( atmosph]ic cl\ds4 #h4 ,m\nta9 ,cond5s]s4 #ha4 ,to complete our view ( ! process ( atmosph]ic precipitation we mu/ take into acc\nt ! action ( m\nta9s4 ,imag9e a s\?-we/ w9d bl[+ across ! ,atlantic t[>ds ,irel&4 ,9 its passage x *>ges itself ) aque\s vap\r4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,irel& x enc\nt]s ! m\nta9s ( ,k]ry3 ! highe/ ( ^! is ,magillicuddy's ,reeks1 ne> ,kill>ney4 ,n[ ! l[e/ /ratum ( ?is ,atlantic w9d is t :i* is mo/ fully *>g$ ) vap\r4 ,:5 x enc\nt]s ! base ( ! ,k]ry m\nta9s x is tilt$ up & fl[s bodily ov] !m4 ,its load ( vap\r is !re=e c>ri$ to a height1 x exp&s on rea*+ ! height1 x is *ill$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! expansion1 & comes d[n 9 copi\s %[]s ( ra94 ,f ?is1 9 fact1 arises ! luxuriant vegetation ( ,kill>ney2 to ?is1 inde$1 ! lakes owe _! wat] supply4 ,! cold cre/s ( ! m\nta9s also aid 9 ! "w ( cond5sation4 #hb4 ,note ! consequ5ce4 ,!re is a t[n call$ ,cahircive5 to ! s\?-we/ ( ,magillicuddy's ,reeks1 at :i* obs]vations ( ! ra9fall h be5 made1 & a good di/ance f>!r to ! nor?-ea/1 "r 9 ! c\rse ( ! s\?-we/ w9d1 !re is ano!r t[n1 call$ ,port>l+ton1 at :i* obs]vations ( ra9fall h also be5 made4 ,b be=e ! w9d rea*es ! latt] /ation x has pass$ ov] ! m\nta9s ( ,k]ry & left a great portion ( its moi/ure beh9d x4 ,:at is ! result8 ,at ,cahircive51 z %[n by ,dr4 ,lloyd1 ! ra9fall am\nts to #ei in*es 9 a ye>1 :ile at ,port>l+ton x is only #ba in*es4 #hc4 ,aga91 y may sometimes desc5d f ! ,alps :5 ! fall ( ra9 & sn[ is heavy & incessant1 into ,italy1 & f9d ! sky ov] ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy blue & cl\dless1 ! w9d at ! same "t bl[+ ov] ! pla9 t[>ds ! ,alps4 ,bel[ ! w9d is hot en\gh to keep its vap\r 9 a p]fectly transp>5t /ate2 b x meets ! m\nta9s1 is tilt$ up1 exp&$1 & *ill$4 ,! cold ( ! high] summits also helps ! *ill4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! vap\r is precipitat$ z ra9 or sn[1 ?us produc+ bad wea!r ^u ! heights1 :ile ! pla9s bel[1 flood$ ) ! same air1 enjoy ! aspect ( ! uncl\d$ summ] sun4 ,cl\ds bl[+ f ! ,alps are also sometimes dissolv$ ov] ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy4 #hd4 ,9 connection ) ! =mation ( cl\ds by m\nta9s1 "o p>ticul>ly in/ructive effect may be "h notic$4 ,y frequ5tly see a /ream] ( cl\d _m hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g? drawn out f an ,alp9e peak4 ,its /ead9ess appe>s p]fect1 ?\gh a /rong w9d may be bl[+ at ! same "t ov] ! m\nta9 head4 ,:y is ! cl\d n bl[n away8 ,x is bl[n away2 its p]man5ce is only app>5t4 ,at "o end x is incessantly dissolv$1 at ! o!r end x is incessantly r5ew$3 supply & consumption be+ ?us equaliz$1 ! cl\d appe>s z *angeless z ! m\nta9 to :i* x seems to cl+4 ,:5 ! r$ sun ( ! ev5+ %9es ^u ^! cl\d-/ream]s !y resemble va/ tor*es ) _! flames bl[n ?r\gh ! air4 #i4 ,ar*itecture ( ,sn[4 #he4 ,we n[ resemble p]sons :o h climb$ a difficult peak1 & !reby e>n$ ! enjoym5t ( a wide prospect4 ,hav+ made ourselves ma/]s ( ! conditions necess>y to ! production ( m\nta9 sn[1 we are able to take a compreh5sive & intellig5t view ( ! ph5om5a ( glaci]s4 #hf4 ,a few words are /ill necess>y z to ! =mation ( sn[4 ,! molecules & atoms ( all sub/ances1 :5 all[$ free play1 build !mselves into def9ite &1 = ! mo/ "p1 beautiful =ms call$ cry/als4 ,iron1 copp]1 gold1 silv]1 lead1 sulphur1 :5 melt$ & p]mitt$ to cool gradually1 all %[ ?is cry/alliz+ p[]4 ,! metal bismu? %[s x 9 a p>ticul>ly /rik+ mann]1 & :5 prop]ly fus$ & solidifi$1 self-built cry/als ( great size & beauty are =m$ ( ?is metal4 #hg4 ,if y dissolve saltpetre 9 wat]1 & all[ ! solution to evaporate sl[ly1 y may obta9 l>ge cry/als1 = no portion ( ! salt is conv]t$ into vap\r4 ,! wat] ( our atmosph]e is fre% ?\gh x is d]iv$ f ! salt sea4 ,sug> dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & p]mitt$ to evaporate1 yields cry/als ( sug>-c&y4 ,alum readily cry/allizes 9 ! same way4 ,fl9ts dissolv$1 z !y sometimes are 9 nature1 & p]mitt$ to cry/allize1 yield ! prisms & pyramids ( rock cry/al4 ,*alk dissolv$ & cry/alliz$ yields ,icel& sp>4 ,! diamond is cry/alliz$ c>bon4 ,all our preci\s /ones1 ! ruby1 sapphire1 b]yl1 topaz1 em]ald1 are all examples ( ?is cry/alliz+ p[]4 #hh4 ,y h he>d ( ! =ce ( gravitation1 & y "k t x consi/s ( an attraction ( e p>ticle ( matt] = e o!r p>ticle4 ,y "k t planets & moons are held 9 _! orbits by ?is attraction4 ,b gravitation is a v simple affair comp>$ to ! =ce1 or r =ces1 ( cry/allization4 ,= "h ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]1 inconceivably small z !y are1 %[ !mselves possess$ ( attractive & repell5t poles1 by ! mutual action ( :i* ! %ape & /ructure ( ! cry/al are det]m9$4 ,9 ! solid condition ! attract+ poles are rigidly lock$ toge!r2 b if suffici5t heat be appli$ ! bond ( union is dissolv$1 & 9 ! /ate ( fusion ! poles are pu%$ s f> asund] z to be practically out ( ea* o!r's range4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( ! molecules to build !mselves toge!r is ?us neutraliz$4 #hi4 ,?is is ! case ) wat]1 :i* z a liquid is to all appe>ance =mless4 ,:5 suffici5tly cool$ ! molecules are br\ght )9 ! play ( ! cry/alliz+ =ce1 & !y !n arrange !mselves 9 =ms ( indescribable beauty4 ,:5 sn[ is produc$ 9 calm air1 ! icy p>ticles build !mselves into beautiful /ell> %apes1 ea* /> possess+ six rays4 ,!re is no deviation f ?is type1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects ! appe>ances ( ! sn[-/>s are inf9itely v>i\s4 ,9 ! pol> regions ^! exquisite =ms 7 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,scoresby1 :o gave num]\s draw+s ( !m4 ,i h obs]v$ !m 9 mid-w9t] fill+ ! air1 & load+ ! slopes ( ! ,alps4 ,b 9 ,engl& !y are also to be se51 & no words ( m9e c\ld convey s vivid an impression ( _! beauty z ! annex$ draw+s ( a few ( !m1 execut$ at ,gre5wi* by ,mr4 ,glai%]4 #ij4 ,x is wor? paus+ to ?9k :at wond]ful "w is go+ on 9 ! atmosph]e dur+ ! =mation & desc5t ( e sn[-%[]3 :at build+ p[] is br\ght into play6 & h[ imp]fect seem ! productions ( human m9ds & h&s :5 comp>$ ) ^? =m$ by ! bl9d =ces ( nature6 #ia4 ,b :o v5tures to call ! =ces ( nature bl9d8 ,9 reality1 :5 we speak ?us we are describ+ our own condition4 ,! bl9dness is ours2 & :at we really ought to say1 & to confess1 is t our p[]s are absolutely unable to compreh5d ei!r ! orig9 or ! end ( ! op]ations ( nature4 #ib4 ,b :ile we ?us ackn[l$ge our limits1 !re is also reason = wond] at ! ext5t to :i* sci5ce has ma/]$ ! sy/em ( nature4 ,f age to age1 & f g5]ation to g5]ation1 fact has be5 add$ to fact1 & law to law1 ! true me?od & ord] ( ! ,univ]se be+ !reby m & m reveal$4 ,9 do+ ?is sci5ce has enc\nt]$ & ov]?r[n v>i\s =ms ( sup]/ition & deceit1 ( cr$ulity & impo/ure4 ,b ! _w cont9ually produces weak p]sons & wick$ p]sons2 & z long z !y cont9ue to exi/ side by side1 z !y d 9 ?is our day1 v debas+ beliefs w also cont9ue to infe/ ! _w4 #aj4 ,atomic ,poles4 #ic4 ,:at did ,i mean :51 a few mom5ts ago 7#hh71 ,i spoke ( attract+ & repell5t poles8 ,let me try to answ] ?is "q4 ,y "k t a/ronom]s & geograph]s speak ( ! e>?'s poles1 & y h also he>d ( magnetic poles1 ! poles ( a magnet be+ ! po9ts at :i* ! attraction & repulsion ( ! magnet are z x 7 conc5trat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[ ,,cry/als4 #id4 ,e magnet possesses1 two su* poles2 & if iron fil+s be scatt]$ ov] a magnet1 ea* p>ticle becomes also end[$ ) two poles4 ,suppose su* p>ticles devoid ( weight & float+ 9 our atmosph]e1 :at mu/ occur :5 !y come ne> ea* o!r8 ,manife/ly ! repell5t poles w retreat f ea* o!r1 :ile ! attractive poles w approa* & f9ally lock !mselves toge!r4 ,& suppos+ ! p>ticles1 in/ead ( a s+le pair1 to possess sev]al pairs ( poles arrang$ at def9ite po9ts ov] _! surfaces2 y c !n picture !m1 9 ob$i5ce to _! mutual attractions & repulsions1 build+ !mselves toge!r to =m masses ( def9ite %ape & /ructure4 #ie4 ,imag9e ! molecules ( wat] 9 calm cold air to be gift$ ) poles ( ?is description1 :i* compel ! p>ticles to lay !mselves toge!r 9 a def9ite ord]1 & y h be=e y\r m9d's eye ! unse5 ar*itecture :i* f9ally produces ! visible & beautiful cry/als ( ! sn[4 ,?us our fir/ notions & conceptions ( poles are obta9$ f ! sight ( our eyes 9 look+ at ! effects ( magnetism2 & we !n transf] ^! notions & conceptions to p>ticles :i* no eye has ev] se54 ,! p[] by :i* we ?us picture to ourselves effects beyond ! range ( ! s5ses is :at philosoph]s call ! ,imag9ation1 & 9 ! ef=t ( ! m9d to seize ^u ! unse5 ar*itecture ( cry/als1 we h an example ( ! sci5tific use ( ?is faculty4 ,)\t imag9ation we might h critical p[]1 b n creative p[] 9 sci5ce4 #aa4 ,ar*itecture ( ,lake ,ice4 #if4 ,we h ?us made ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! beautiful sn[-fl[]s self-con/ruct$ by ! molecules ( wat] 9 calm cold air4 ,d ! molecules %[ ?is ar*itectural p[] :5 ord9>y wat] is froz58 ,:at1 = example1 is ! /ructure ( ! ice ov] :i* we skate 9 w9t]8 ,q z wond]ful z ! fl[]s ( ! sn[4 ,! obs]vation is r>e1 if n new1 b ,i h se5 9 wat] sl[ly freez+ six-ray$ ice-/>s =m$1 & float+ free on ! surface4 ,a six-ray$ />1 moreov]1 is typical ( ! con/ruction ( all our lake ice4 ,x is built up ( su* =ms wond]fully int]lac$4 #ig4 ,take a slab ( lake ice & place x 9 ! pa? ( a conc5trat$ sunbeam4 ,wat* ! track ( ! beam ?r\gh ! ice4 ,"p ( ! beam is /opp$1 "p ( x goes ?r\gh2 ! =m] produces int]nal liquefaction1 ! latt] has no effect :atev] ^u ! ice4 ,b ! liquefaction is n uni=mly diffus$4 ,f sep>ate spots ( ! ice little %9+ po9ts are se5 to sp>kle =?4 ,e "o ( ^? po9ts is surr\nd$ by a beautiful liquid fl[] ) six petals4 #ih4 ,ice & wat] are s optically alike t unless ! light fall prop]ly ^u ^! fl[]s y _c see !m4 ,b :at is ! c5tral spot8 ,a vacuum4 ,ice swims on wat] because1 bulk = bulk1 x is light] ?an wat]2 s t :5 ice is melt$ x %r9ks 9 size4 ,c ! liquid fl[]s !n occupy ! :ole space ( ! ice melt$8 ,pla9ly no4 ,a little empty space is =m$ ) ! fl[]s1 & ?is space1 or r its surface1 %9es 9 ! sun ) ! lu/re ( burni%$ silv]4 #ii4 ,9 all cases ! fl[]s are =m$ p>allel to ! surface ( freez+4 ,!y are =m$ :5 ! sun %9es ^u ! ice ( e lake2 sometimes 9 myriads1 & s small z to require a magnify+ glass to see !m4 ,!y are always atta9able1 b _! beauty is (t5 m>r$ by int]nal defects ( ! ice4 ,ev5 "o portion ( ! same piece ( ice may %[ !m exquisitely1 :ile ! second portion %[s !m imp]fectly4 #ajj4 ,annex$ is a v imp]fect sket* ( ^! beautiful figures4 #aja4 ,"h we h a rev]sal ( ! process ( cry/allization4 ,! se>*+ sol> beam is delicate en\gh to take ! molecules d[n )\t d]ang+ ! ord] ( _! ar*itecture4 ,try ! exp]im5t = y\rself ) a pocket-l5s on a sunny day4 ,y w n f9d ! fl[]s confus$2 !y all lie p>allel to ! surface ( freez+4 ,9 ?is exquisite way e bit ( ! ice ov] :i* our skat]s glide 9 w9t] is put toge!r4 #ajb4 ,i said 9 7#ig7 t a portion ( ! sunbeam 0 /opp$ by ! ice & liquefi$ x4 ,:at is ?is portion8 ,! d>k heat ( ! sun4 ,! great body ( ! light waves & ev5 a portion ( ! d>k ones1 pass ?r\gh ! ice )\t los+ any ( _! heat+ p[]4 ,:5 prop]ly conc5trat$ on combu/ible bodies1 ev5 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! ice1 _! burn+ p[] becomes manife/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,liquid ,,fl[]s ,,9 ,,lake ,,ice4 #ajc4 ,& ! ice itself may be employ$ to conc5trate !m4 ,) an ice-l5s 9 ! pol> regions ,dr4 ,scoresby has (t5 conc5trat$ ! sun's rays s z to make !m burn wood1 fire gunp[d]1 & melt lead2 ?us prov+ t ! heat+ p[] is reta9$ by ! rays1 ev5 aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh s cold a sub/ance4 #ajd4 ,by r5d]+ ! rays ( ! electric lamp p>allel1 & !n s5d+ !m ?r\gh a l5s ( ice1 we obta9 all ! effects :i* ,dr4 ,scoresby obta9$ ) ! rays ( ! sun4 #ab4 ,! ,s\rce ( ! ,arveiron4 ,ice ,p9nacles1 ,t[]s1 & ,*asms ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois4 ,passage to ! ,montanv]t4 #aje4 ,our prep>atory /udies are = ! pres5t end$1 & ?us in=m$1 let u approa* ! ,alps4 ,?r\gh ! village ( ,*am\ni1 9 ,savoy1 a riv] ru%es :i* is call$ ! ,arve4 ,let u trace ?is riv] backw>ds f ,*am\ni4 ,at a little di/ance f ! village ! riv] =ks2 "o ( its bran*es /ill cont9ues to be call$ ! ,arve1 ! o!r is ! ,arveiron4 ,foll[+ ?is latt] we come to :at is call$ ! s\rce ( ! ,arveiron--a %ort h\r's walk f ,*am\ni4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,rhone already ref]r$ to1 y are front$ by a huge mass ( ice1 ! end ( a glaci]1 & f an ar* 9 ! ice ! ,arveiron issues4 ,d n tru/ ! ar* 9 summ]4 ,its ro( falls at int]vals ) a />tl+ cra%1 & w\ld infallibly cru% any p]son on :om x might fall4 #ajf4 ,we mu/ n[ be obs]vant4 ,look+ ab\t u "h1 we f9d 9 front ( ! ice curi\s heaps & ridges ( dbris1 :i* are m or less conc5tric4 ,^! are ! t]m9al mora9es ( ! glaci]4 ,we %all exam9e !m subsequ5tly4 #ajg4 ,we n[ turn to ! left1 & asc5d ! slope beside ! glaci]4 ,z we asc5d we get a bett] view1 & f9d t ! ice "h fills a n>r[ valley4 ,we come ^u ano!r s+ul> ridge1 n ( fre% dbris1 l ^? l[] d[n1 b cov]$ 9 "p ) trees1 & appe>+ to be lit]ally z old z ! hills4 ,x tells a wond]ful tale4 ,we soon satisfy ourselves t ! ridge is an anci5t mora9e1 & at once conclude t ! glaci]1 at "s =m] p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 0 va/ly l>g] ?an x is n[4 ,?is old mora9e /ret*es "r across ! ma9 valley1 & abuts aga9/ ! m\nta9s at ! opposite side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,arveiron4 #ajh4 ,hav+ pass$ ! t]m9al portion ( ! glaci]1 :i* is cov]$ ) /ones & rubbi%1 we f9d ourselves beside a v wond]ful exhibition ( ice4 ,! glaci] desc5ds a /eep gorge1 & 9 do+ s is riv5 & brok5 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y mann]4 ,"h are t[]s1 & p9nacles1 & fanta/ic %apes wr\ght out by ! action ( ! wea!r1 :i* put "o 9 m9d ( rude sculpture4 ,annex$ is a sket* ( an ice-p9nacle4 ,f deep *asms 9 ! glaci] issues a delicate %imm] ( blue light4 ,at times we he> a s\nd l ?und]1 :i* arises ei!r f ! fall+ ( a t[] ( ice1 or f ! tumble ( a huge /one into a *asm4 ,! glaci] ma9ta9s ?is wild & *aotic "* = "s "t2 & ! be/ iceman w\ld f9d himself defeat$ 9 any attempt to get along x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ice-,,p9nacle4 #aji4 ,we rea* a place call$ ! ,*apeau1 :]e1 if we wi%1 we c h refre%m5t 9 a little m\nta9 hut4 ,we !n pass ! ,mauvais ,pas1 a precipit\s rock1 on ! face ( :i* /eps are hewn1 & ! unpractis$ travell] is assi/$ by a rope4 ,we pursue our j\rney1 p>tly along ! m\nta9 side1 & p>tly along a ridge ( s+ul>ly artificial aspect a lat]al mora9e4 ,we at l5g? face a h\se p]*$ ^u an em95ce at ! opposite side ( ! glaci]4 ,?is is ! aub]ge ( ! ,montanv]t1 well kn[n to all visitors to ?is portion ( ! ,alps4 #aaj4 ,"h we cross ! glaci]4 ,i %\ld h told y t its l[] "p1 includ+ ! brok5 portion we h pass$1 is call$ ! ,glaci] des ,bois2 :ile ! place t we are n[ ab\t to cross is ! beg9n+ ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,y feel t ?is t]m is n q appropriate1 = ! glaci] "h is mu* m l a riv] ( ice ?an a sea4 ,! valley :i* x fills is ab\t half a mile wide4 #aaa4 ,! ice may be riv5 :]e we ent] ^u x1 b ) ! necess>y c>e !re is no difficulty 9 cross+ ?is portion ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,! clefts & *asms 9 ! ice are call$ crevasses2 we %all make _! acqua9tance on a gr&] scale by & by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace1 ,,%[+ ,,mont ,,tacul ,,& ,,! ,,gr&e ,,jorasse1 ,,) ,,our ,,cleft ,,above ,,tr,,leporte ,,to ,,! ,,"r4 #aab4 ,look up & d[n ?is side ( ! glaci]4 ,x is consid]ably riv51 b z we advance ! crevasses w dim9i%1 & we %all f9d v few ( !m at ! o!r side4 ,note ?is = future use4 ,! ice is at fir/ dirty2 b ! dirt soon disappe>s1 & y come ^u ! clean crisp surface ( ! glaci]4 ,y h already notic$ t ! clean ice is :ite1 & t f a di/ance x resembles sn[ r ?an ice4 ,?is is caus$ by ! break+ up ( ! surface by ! sol> heat4 ,:5 y p\nd transp>5t rock-salt into p[d] x is z :ite z table-salt1 & x is ! m9ute fissur+ ( ! surface ( ! glaci] by ! sun's rays t causes x to appe> :ite4 ,)9 ! glaci] ! ice is transp>5t4 ,aft] an exhil>at+ passage we get ^u ! opposite lat]al mora9e1 & asc5d ! /eep slope f x to ! ,montanv]t ,inn4 #ac4 ,! ,m] de ,glace & its ,s\rces4 ,our ,fir/ ,climb to ! ,cleft ,/ation4 #aac4 ,"h ! view be=e u is v gr&4 ,we look across ! glaci] at ! beautiful pyramid ( ! ,aiguille du ,dru 7%[n 9 our frontispiece72 & to ! "r at ! ,aiguille des ,*>moz1 ) its %>p p9nacles b5t z if !y 7 ductile4 ,look+ /raight up ! glaci] ! view is b\nd$ by ! great cre/s call$ ,la ,gr&e ,jorasse1 ne>ly #ad1jjj feet high4 ,our object n[ is to get into ! v he>t ( ! m\nta9s1 & to pursue to its orig9 ! wond]ful froz5 riv] :i* we h j cross$4 #aad4 ,/>t+ f ! ,montanv]t )1 ! glaci] bel[ u to our left1 we soon rea* "s rocks resembl+ ! ,mauvais ,pas2 !y are call$ les ,fonts4 ,we cross !m & rea* l',angle1 :]e we quit ! l& = ! ice4 ,we walk up ! glaci]1 b be=e rea*+ ! promontory call$ ,trlaporte1 we take once m to ! m\nta9 side2 = ?\gh ! pa? "h has be5 =sak5 on acc\nt ( its dang]1 = ! sake ( k we are prep>$ to incur dang] to a reasonable ext5t4 ,a little glaci] reposes on ! slope to our "r4 ,we may see a huge b\ld] or two pois$ on ! end ( ! glaci]1 &1 if =tunate1 also see ! b\ld] lib]at$ & plung+ viol5tly d[n ! slope4 ,pres5ce ( m9d is all t is necess>y to r5d] our safety c]ta92 b travell]s d n always %[ pres5ce ( m9d1 & h5ce ! pa? :i* =m]ly l$ ov] ?is slope has be5 =sak54 ,! :ole slope is cumb]$ by masses ( rock :i* ?is little glaci] has s5t d[n4 ,^! ,i wi%$ y to see2 by & by !y %all be fully acc\nt$ =4 #aae4 ,above ,trlaporte to ! "r y see a mo/ s+ul> cleft 9 ! rocks1 9 ! middle ( :i* /&s an isolat$ pill>1 hewn out by ! wea!r4 ,our next object is to get to ! t[] ( rock to ! left ( t cleft1 = f t position we %all ga9 a mo/ comm&+ & in/ructive view ( ! ,m] de ,glace & its s\rces4 #aaf4 ,! cleft ref]r$ to1 ) its pill>1 may be se5 to ! "r ( ! prec$+ engrav+ ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,bel[ ! cleft is also se5 ! little glaci] j ref]r$ to4 #aag4 ,we may rea* ?is cleft by a /eep gully1 visible f our pres5t position1 & lead+ directly up to ! cleft4 ,b ^! gullies1 or c\loirs1 are v dang]\s1 be+ ! pa?ways ( /ones fall+ f ! heights4 ,we w !re=e take ! rocks to ! left ( ! gully1 by close inspection asc]ta9 _! assailable po9ts1 & !re attack !m4 ,9 ! ,alps z else:]e wond]ful ?+s may be done by look+ /eadfa/ly at difficulties1 & te/+ !m :]ev] !y appe> assailable4 ,we ?us rea* our /ation1 :]e ! glory ( ! prospect1 & ! insight t we ga9 z to ! =mation ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 f> m ?an repay u = ! lab\r ( our asc5t4 #aah4 ,= we see ! glaci] bel[ u1 /ret*+ its froz5 tongue d[nw>ds pa/ ! ,montanv]t4 ,& we n[ f9d ?is s+le glaci] bran*+ out into ?ree o!rs1 "s ( !m wid] ?an itself4 ,reg>d ! bran* to ! "r1 ! ,glaci] du ,gant4 ,x /ret*es smoo?ly up = a long di/ance1 !n becomes di/urb$1 & !n *anges to a great froz5 cascade1 d[n :i* ! ice appe>s to tumble 9 wild confusion4 ,above ! cascade y see an expanse ( %9+ sn[1 occupy+ an area ( "s squ>e miles4 #ad4 ,ice-cascade & ,sn[s ( ! ,col du ,gant4 #aai4 ,in/ead ( climb+ to ! height :]e we n[ /&1 we might h cont9u$ our walk ^u ! ,m] de ,glace1 turn$ r\nd ! promontory ( ,trlaporte1 & walk$ "r up ! ,glaci] du ,gant4 ,we %\ld h f\nd ice "u our feet up to ! bottom ( ! cascade4 ,x is n s compact z ! ice l[] d[n1 b y w\ld n ?9k ( refus+ to call x ice4 #abj4 ,z we approa* ! fall1 ! smoo? & unbrok5 "* ( ! glaci] *anges m & m4 ,we enc\nt] transv]se ridges succe$+ ea* o!r ) augm5t+ /eepness4 ,! ice becomes m & m fissur$ & confus$4 ,we w9d ?r\gh tortu\s rav9es1 climb huge ice-m\nds1 & creep cauti\sly along crumbl+ cre/s1 ) crevasses "r & left4 ,! confusion increases until fur!r advance along ! c5tre ( ! glaci] is impossible4 #aba4 ,b ) ! aid ( an axe to cut /eps 9 ! /eep] ice-walls & slopes we might1 by sw]v+ to ei!r side ( ! glaci]1 "w our way to ! top ( ! cascade4 ,if we asc5d$ to ! "r1 we %\ld h to take c>e ( ! ice avalan*es :i* sometimes ?und] d[n ! slopes2 if to ! left1 we %\ld h to take c>e ( ! /ones let loose f ! ,aiguille ,noire4 ,aft] we _h cle>$ ! cascade1 we %\ld h to bew>e = a "t ( ! crevasses1 :i* = "s di/ance above ! fall yawn t]ribly4 ,b by caution we c\ld get r\nd !m1 & sometimes cross !m by bridges ( sn[4 ,"h ! skill & k to be acquir$ only by long practice come into play2 & "h also ! use ( ! ,alp9e rope sugge/s itself4 ,= n only are ! 'sn[ bridges (t5 frail1 b :ole crevasses are sometimes cov]$1 ! unhappy travell] be+ fir/ made aw>e ( _! exi/5ce by ! sn[ break+ "u 8 feet4 ,_m lives h ?us be5 lo/1 & "s q rec5tly4 #abb4 ,once ^u ! plateau above ! ice-fall we f9d ! surface totally *ang$4 ,bel[ ! fall we walk$ ^u ice2 "h we are ^u sn[4 ,aft] a g5tle b long asc5t we rea* a depression ( ! ridge :i* b\nds ! sn[-field at ! top1 & n[ look ov] ,italy4 ,we /& ^u ! fam\s ,col du ,gant4 #abc4 ,!y 7 no idle scamp]]s on ! m\nta9s t made ^! wild recesses fir/ kn[n2 x 0 n ! desire = heal? :i* n[ br+s "s1 or ! desire = gr&eur & beauty :i* br+s o!rs1 or ! wi% to be able to say t !y h climb$ a m\nta9 or cross$ a col1 :i* ,i fe> br+s a good _m m2 x 0 a desire = k t br\ght ! fir/ explor]s "h1 & on ?is col ! celebrat$ ,de ,saussure liv$ = sev5te5 days1 mak+ sci5tific obs]vations4 #ae4 ,que/ion+ ! ,glaci]s4 #abd4 ,i w\ld n[ ask y to consid] = a mom5t ! facts :i* su* an excursion places 9 our possession4 ,! sn[ ?r\gh :i* we h 9 idea trudg$ is ! sn[ ( la/ w9t] & spr+4 ,_h we plac$ la/ ,augu/ a prop] m>k ^u ! surface ( ! sn[1 we %\ld f9d x ?is ,augu/ at a c]ta9 dep? b5ea? ! surface4 ,a good deal has be5 melt$ by ! summ] sun1 b a good deal ( x rema9s1 & x w cont9ue until ! sn[s ( ! com+ w9t] fall & cov] x4 ,?is aga9 w be 9 "p pres]v$ till next ,augu/1 a good deal ( x rema9+ until x is cov]$ by ! sn[ ( ! subsequ5t w9t]4 ,we ?us arrive at ! c]ta9 conclusion t on ! plateau ( ! ,col du ,gant ! quantity ( sn[ t falls annually exce$s ! quantity melt$4 #abe4 ,_h we come 9 ! mon? ( ,april or ,may1 we %\ld h f\nd ! glaci] bel[ ! ice-fall also cov]$ ) sn[1 :i* is n[ entirely cle>$ away by ! heat ( summ]4 ,nay1 m1 ! ice !re is obvi\sly melt+1 =m+ runn+ brooks :i* cut *annels 9 ! ice1 & exp& "h & !re into small blue-gre5 lakes4 ,h5ce y conclude ) c]ta9ty t bel[ ! ice-fall ! quantity ( froz5 mat]ial fall+ ^u ! glaci] is less ?an ! quantity melt$4 #abf4 ,& ?is =ces ^u u ano!r conclusion3 betwe5 ! glaci] bel[ ! ice-fall & ! plateau above x !re mu/ exi/ a l9e :]e ! quantity ( sn[ :i* falls is exactly equal to ! quantity annually melt$4 ,?is is ! sn[-l9e4 ,on "s glaci]s x is q di/9ct1 & x w\ld be di/9ct "h 7 ! ice less brok5 & confus$ ?an x actually is4 #abg4 ,! ,fr5* t]m nv is appli$ to ! glacial region above ! sn[-l9e1 :ile ! ^w glaci] is re/rict$ to ! ice bel[ x4 ,?us ! sn[s ( ! ,col du ,gant con/itute ! nv ( ! ,glaci] du ,gant1 & 9 "p1 ! nv ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 #abh4 ,b if e ye> ?us leaves a residue ( sn[ ^u ! plateau ( ! ,col du ,gant1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! plateau mu/ get annually high]1 provid$ ! sn[ rema9 ^u x4 ,equally c]ta9 is ! conclusion t ! :ole l5g? ( ! glaci] bel[ ! cascade mu/ s9k gradually l[]1 if ! wa/e ( annual melt+ be n made good4 ,suppos+ two feet ( sn[ a ye> to rema9 ^u ! ,col1 ?is w\ld raise x to a height f> surpass+ t ( ,mont ,blanc 9 five ?\s& ye>s4 ,su* accumulation mu/ take place if ! sn[ rema9 ^u ! ,col2 b ! accumulation does n take place1 h5ce ! sn[ does n rema9 on ! ,col4 ,! "q !n is1 :i!r does x g8 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket*-,,plan1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,mora9es1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 #af4 ,bran*es & ,m$ial ,mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace f ! ,cleft ,/ation4 #abi4 ,we %all grapple ) ?is "q imm$iately4 ,mean:ile look at t ice-valley 9 front ( u1 /ret*+ up betwe5 ,mont ,tacul & ! ,aiguille de ,l*aud1 to ! base ( ! great ridge call$ ! ,gr&e ,jorasse4 ,?is is call$ ! ,glaci] de ,l*aud4 ,x receives at its head ! sn[s ( ! ,jorasse & ( ,mont ,mallet1 & jo9s ! ,glaci] du ,gant at ! promontory ( ! ,tacul4 ,! glaci]s seem weld$ toge!r :]e !y jo91 b !y cont9ue di/9ct4 ,betwe5 !m y cle>ly trace a /ripe ( dbris 7c on ! annex$ sket*-plan72 y trace a simil> ?\gh small] /ripe 7a on ! sket*71 f ! junction ( ! ,glaci] du ,gant ) ! ,glaci] des ,priades at ! foot ( ! ,aiguille ,noire1 :i* y also foll[ along ! ,m] de ,glace4 #acj4 ,we also see ano!r glaci]1 or a portion ( x1 to ! left1 fall+ app>5tly 9 brok5 fragm5ts ?r\gh a n>r[ gorge 7,cascade du ,talfre on ! sket*7 & jo9+ ! ,l*aud1 & f _! po9t ( junction also a /ripe ( dbris 7d7 runs d[nw>ds along ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,beyond ?is aga9 we notice ano!r /ripe 7e71 :i* seems to beg9 at ! bottom ( ! ice-fall1 ris+ z x 7 f ! body ( ! glaci]4 ,beyond all ( ^! we c notice ! lat]al mora9e ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 #aca4 ,^! /ripes are ! m$ial mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,we %all le>n m ab\t !m imm$iately4 #acb4 ,& n[1 hav+ in=m$ our m9ds by ^! obs]vations1 let our eyes w&] ov] ! :ole glori\s sc5e1 ! spl9t]$ peaks & ! hack$ & jagg$ cre/s1 ! f>-/ret*+ sn[-fields1 ! small] glaci]s :i* ne/le on ! heights1 ! deep blue heav5 & ! sail+ cl\ds4 ,is x n wor? "s lab\r to ga9 comm& ( su* a sc5e8 ,b ! delight x imp>ts is height5$ by ! fact t we did n come expressly to see x2 we came to in/ruct ourselves ab\t ! glaci]1 & ?is high enjoym5t is an incid5t ( our lab\r4 ,y w f9d x ?us ?r\gh life2 )\t hone/ lab\r !re c be no deep joy4 #ag4 ,! ,talfre & ! ,j>d94 ,"w among ! ,crevasses4 #acc4 ,& n[ let u desc5d to ! ,m] de ,glace1 = ,i want to take y across ! glaci] to t brok5 ice-fall ! orig9 ( :i* we h n yet se54 ,we aim at ! f>!r side ( ! glaci]1 & to rea* x we mu/ cross ^? d>k /ripes ( dbris :i* we obs]v$ f ! heights4 ,look$ at f above1 ^! mora9es seem$ flat1 b n[ we f9d !m to be ridges ( /ones & rubbi%1 f tw5ty to ?irty feet high4 #acd4 ,we quit ! ice at a place call$ ! ,c\v]cle1 & w9d r\nd ?is promontory1 asc5d+ all ! "t4 ,we squeeze ourselves ?r\gh ! gralets1 a k9d ( natural /aircase 9 ! rock1 & soon aft]w>ds obta9 a full view ( ! ice-fall1 ! orig9 ( :i* we wi% to f9d4 ,! ice ^u ! fall is mu* brok52 we h p9nacles & t[]s1 "s erect1 "s lean+1 & "s1 if we are =tunate1 fall+ l ^? ^u ! ,glaci] des ,bois2 & we h *asms f :i* issues a delicate blue light4 ,) ! ice-fall to our "r we cont9ue to asc5d1 until at l5g? we comm& a view ( a huge glaci] bas91 almo/ level1 & on ! middle ( :i* /&s a solit>y isl&1 entirely surr\nd$ by ice4 ,we /& at ! edge ( ! ,glaci] du ,talfre1 & connect x ) ! ice-fall we h pass$4 ,! glaci] is b\nd$ by rocky ridges1 hack$ & torn at ! top into tee? & edges1 & buttress$ by sn[ flut$ by ! desc5d+ /ones4 #ace4 ,we cross ! bas9 to ! c5tral isl&1 & f9d grass & fl[]s at ! place :]e we ent] ^u x4 ,?is is ! celebrat$ ,j>d91 ( :i* y h (t5 he>d4 ,! upp] "p ( ! ,j>d9 is b>e rock4 ,close at h& is "o ( ! noble/ peaks 9 ?is portion ( ! ,alps1 ! ,aiguille ,v]te4 ,x is betwe5 ?irte5 & f\rte5 ?\s& feet high1 & d[n its sides1 aft] fre%ly-fall5 sn[1 avalan*es incessantly ?und]4 ,f "o ( its projections a /reak ( mora9e />ts d[n ! ,talfre2 f ! ,j>d9 also a simil> /reak ( mora9e issues4 ,bo? cont9ue side by side to ! top ( ! ice-fall1 :]e !y are engulph$ 9 ! *asms4 ,b at ! bottom ( ! fall !y reappe>1 z if newly em]g+ f ! body ( ! glaci]1 & aft]w>ds !y cont9ue along ! ,m] de ,glace4 #acf4 ,walk ) me n[ alongside ! mora9e f ! ,j>d9 d[n t[>ds ! ice-fall4 ,= a "t our "w is easy1 su* fissures z appe> (f]+ no imp$im5t to our m>*4 ,b ! crevasses become gradually wid] & wild]1 foll[+ ea* o!r at l5g? s rapidly z to leave m]ely walls ( ice betwe5 !m4 ,"h p]fect /ead9ess ( foot is necess>y a slip w\ld be dea?4 ,we look t[>ds ! fall1 & obs]ve ! confusion ( walls & blocks & *asms bel[ u increas+4 ,at l5g? prud5ce & reason cry ,halt6 ,we may sw]ve to ! "r or to ! left1 & mak+ our way along cre/s ( ice1 ) *asms on bo? h&s1 rea* ei!r ! "r lat]al mora9e or ! left lat]al mora9e ( ! glaci]4 #ah4 ,fir/ ,que/ions reg>d+ ,glaci] ,motion4 ,drift+ ( ,bodies buri$ 9 a ,crevasse4 #acg4 ,b :at are ^! lat]al mora9es8 ,z y & ,i g f day to day along ! glaci]s1 _! orig9 is gradually made pla94 ,we see at int]vals ! /ones & rubbi% desc5d+ f ! m\nta9 sides & arre/$ by ! ice4 ,all along ! fr+e ( ! glaci] ! /ones & rubbi% fall1 & x soon becomes evid5t t we h "h ! s\rce ( ! lat]al mora9es4 #ach4 ,b h[ are ! m$ial mora9es to be acc\nt$ =8 ,h[ does ! dbris range itself ^u ! glaci] 9 /ripes "s hundr$s ( y>ds f its edge1 leav+ ! space betwe5 !m & ! edge cle> ( rubbi%8 ,"s h suppos$ ! /ones to h roll$ ov] ! glaci] f ! sides1 b ! supposition w n be> exam9ation4 ,call to m9d n[ our reason+ reg>d+ ! excess ( sn[ :i* falls above ! sn[-l9e1 & our subsequ5t "q1 ,h[ is ! sn[ dispos$ (4 ,c x be t ! entire mass is mov+ sl[ly d[nw>ds8 ,if s1 ! lat]al mora9es w\ld be c>ri$ along by ! ice on :i* !y re/1 & :5 two bran* glaci]s unite !y w\ld lay _! adjac5t lat]al mora9es toge!r to =m a m$ial mora9e ^u ! trunk glaci]4 #aci4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no way t we c see ( dispos+ ( ! excess ( sn[ above ! sn[-l9e2 !re is no way ( mak+ good ! con/ant wa/e ( ! ice bel[ ! sn[-l9e2 !re is no way ( acc\nt+ = ! m$ial mora9es ( ! glaci]1 b by suppos+ t f ! highe/ sn[-fields ( ! ,col du ,gant1 ! ,l*aud1 & ! ,talfre1 to ! extreme end ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois1 ! :ole mass ( froz5 matt] is mov+ d[nw>ds4 #adj4 ,if y 7 old]1 x w\ld give me pleasure to take y up ,mont ,blanc4 ,/>t+ f ,*am\ni1 we %\ld fir/ pass ?r\gh woods & pa/ures1 !n up ! /eep hill-face ) ! ,glaci] des ,bossons to our "r1 to a rock kn[n z ! ,pi]re ,po9tue2 !nce to a high] rock call$ ! ,pi]re l'*elle1 because "h a ladd] is usually plac$ to assi/ 9 cross+ ! *asms ( ! glaci]4 ,at ! ,pi]re l'*elle we %\ld /rike ! ice1 & pass+ "u ! ,aiguille du ,midi1 :i* t[]s to ! left1 & :i* sometimes sweeps a portion ( ! track ) /one avalan*es1 we %\ld cross ! ,glaci] des ,bossons2 amid heap$-up m\nds & brok5 t[]s ( ice2 up /eep slopes2 ov] *asms s deep t _! bottoms are hid 9 d>kness4 #ada4 ,we rea* ! rocks ( ! ,gr&s ,mulets1 :i* =m a k9d ( b>r5 islet 9 ! icy sea2 !nce to ! high] sn[-fields1 cross+ ! ,petit ,plateau1 :i* we %\ld f9d cumb]$ by blocks ( ice4 ,look+ to ! "r1 we %\ld see :5ce !y came1 = ris+ "h ) ?reat5+ aspect high above u are ! brok5 ice-crags,b ( ! ,dme du ,gt4 ,! guides wi% to pass ?is place 9 sil5ce1 & x is j z well to hum\r !m1 h[ev] mu* y may d\bt ! compet5ce ( ! human voice to br+ ! ice-crags d[n4 ,f ! ,petit ,plateau a /eep sn[-slope w\ld c>ry u to ! ,gr& ,plateau1 & at day-dawn ,i "k no?+ 9 ! :ole ,alps m gr& & solemn ?an ?is place4 ,b ,nam$ sracs f _! resemblance 9 %ape & col\r to an inf]ior k9d ( curdy *eese call$ by ?is "n at ,*am\ni4 #adb4 ,"o object ( our asc5t w\ld be n[ atta9$2 = "h at ! head ( ! ,gr& ,plateau1 & at ! foot ( ! f9al slope ( ,mont ,blanc1 ,i %\ld %[ y a great crevasse1 into :i* ?ree guides 7 p\r$ by an avalan*e 9 ! ye> #ahbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crevasse ,,on ,,gr& ,,plateau4 #adc4 ,is ?is language correct8 ,a crevasse h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f ! pres5t "o und\bt$ly exi/$ "h 9 #ahbj4 ,b 0 x ! id5tical crevasse n[ exi/+8 ,is ! ice riv5 "h to-day ! same z t riv5 fifty-"o ye>s ago8 ,by no means4 ,h[ is ?is prov$8 ,by ! fact t m ?an =ty ye>s aft] _! int]m5t1 ! rema9s ( ^? ?ree guides 7 f\nd ne> ! end ( ! ,glaci] des ,bossons1 _m miles bel[ ! exi/+ crevasse4 #add4 ,! same obs]vation proves to demon/ration t x is ! ice ne> ! bottom ( ! high] nv t becomes ! surface-ice ( ! glaci] ne> its end4 ,! wa/e ( ! surface bel[ ! sn[-l9e br+s ! deep] portions ( ! ice m & m to ! light ( day4 #ade4 ,!re are num]\s obvi\s indications ( ! exi/5ce ( glaci] motion1 ?\gh x is too sl[ to cat* ! eye at once4 ,! crevasses *ange )9 c]ta9 limits f ye> to ye>1 & sometimes f mon? to mon?2 & ?is c\ld n be if ! ice did n move4 ,rocks & /ones also are obs]v$1 :i* h be5 pla9ly torn f ! m\nta9 sides4 ,blocks se5 to fall f p>ticul> po9ts are aft]w>ds obs]v$ l[] d[n4 ,on ! mora9es rocks are f\nd ( a totally diff]5t m9]alogical "* f ^? compos+ ! m\nta9s "r & left2 & 9 all su* cases /rata ( ! same "* are f\nd bord]+ ! glaci] high] up4 ,h5ce ! conclusion t ! =eign b\ld]s h be5 float$ d[n by ! ice4 ,fur!r1 ! ends or sn\ts ( _m glaci]s act l pl\gh%>es on ! l& 9 front ( !m1 ov]turn+ ) sl[ b m]ciless en]gy huts & *alets t /& 9 _! way4 ,facts l ^! h be5 long kn[n to ! inhabitants ( ! ,high ,alps1 :o 7 ?us made acqua9t$ 9 a vague & g5]al way ) ! motion ( ! glaci]s4 #ai4 ,! ,motion ( ,glaci]s4 ,measurem5ts by ,hugi & ,agassiz4 ,drift+ ( ,huts on ! ,ice4 #adf4 ,b ! gr[? ( k is f vagu5ess t[>ds precision1 & exact det]m9ations ( ! rate ( glaci] motion 7 soon desir$4 ,) ref]5ce to su* measurem5ts "o glaci] 9 ! ,b]nese ,ob]l& w rema9 =ev] memorable4 ,f ! little t[n ( ,meyr+5 9 ,switz]l& y proce$ up ! valley ( ,hasli1 pa/ ! celebrat$ wat]fall ( ,h&eck1 :]e ! riv] ,a> plunges into a *asm m ?an #bjj feet deep4 ,y approa* ! ,grimsel ,pass1 b in/ead ( cross+ x y turn to ! "r & foll[ ! c\rse ( ! ,a> upw>ds4 ,l ! ,rhone & ! ,arveiron1 y f9d ! ,a> issu+ f a glaci]4 #adg4 ,get ^u ! ice1 or r ^u ! deep mora9e %+le :i* cov]s ! ice1 & walk upw>ds4 ,x is h>d walk+1 b aft] "s "t y get cle> ( ! rubbi%1 & on to a wide glaci] ) a great m$ial mora9e runn+ along its back4 ,?is mora9e is =m$ by ! junction ( two bran* glaci]s1 ! ,laut]a> & ! ,f9/]a>1 :i* unite at a promontory call$ ! ,abs*wung to =m ! trunk glaci] ( ! ,unt]a>4 #adh4 ,on ?is great m$ial mora9e 9 #ahbg an intrepid & en?usia/ic ,swiss pr(essor1 ,hugi1 ( ,solo?urm 7,fr5* ,soleure71 built a hut ) a view to obs]vations ^u ! glaci]4 ,8 hut mov$1 & he measur$ its motion4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s--f #ahbg to #ahcj--;x _h mov$ #ccj feet d[nw>ds4 ,9 #ahcf x _h mov$ #b1ced feet2 & 9 #ahda ,m4 ,agassiz f\nd x #d1gab feet bel[ its fir/ position4 #adi4 ,9 #ahdj1 ,m4 ,agassiz himself & "s bold companions took %elt] "u a great ov]hang+ slab ( rock on ! same mora9e1 to :i* !y add$ side walls & o!r means ( protection4 ,& because he & 8 comrades came f ,neuf*tel1 ! hut 0 call$ long aft]w>ds ! ,htel des ,neu*telois4 ,two ye>s subsequ5t to its erection ,m4 ,agassiz f\nd t ! hotel _h mov$ #dhf feet d[nw>ds4 #bj4 ,precise ,measurem5ts ( ,agassiz & ,=bes4 ,motion ( a ,glaci] prov$ to resemble ! ,motion ( a ,riv]4 #aej4 ,we n[ approa* an epo* 9 ! sci5tific hi/ory ( glaci]s4 ,_h ! fir/ obs]v]s be5 practically acqua9t$ ) ! in/rum5ts ( precision us$ 9 survey+1 accurate measurem5ts ( ! motion ( glaci]s w\ld probably h be5 e>li] execut$4 ,we are n[ on ! po9t ( see+ su* in/rum5ts introduc$ almo/ simultane\sly by ,m4 ,agassiz on ! glaci] ( ! ,unt]a>1 & by ,pr(essor ,=bes on ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,attempts _h be5 made by ,m4 ,es*] de la ,l9? to det]m9e ! motion ( a s]ies ( wood5 /akes driv5 into ! ,alets* glaci]1 b ! melt+ 0 s rapid t ! /akes soon fell4 ,to rem$y ?is1 ,m4 ,agassiz 9 #ahda und]took ! great lab\r ( c>ry+ bor+ tools to 8 hotel1 & pi]c+ ! ,unt]a> glaci] at six diff]5t places to a dep? ( t5 feet1 9 a /raight l9e across ! glaci]4 ,into ! holes six piles 7 s firmly driv5 t !y rema9$ 9 ! glaci] = a ye>1 & 9 #ahdb ! displacem5ts ( all six 7 det]m9$4 ,!y 7 f\nd to be #afj feet1 #bbe feet1 #bfi feet1 #bde feet1 #baj feet1 & #abe feet1 respectively4 #aea4 ,a great /ep is "h ga9$4 ,y notice t ! middle numb]s are ! l>ge/4 ,!y correspond to ! c5tral portion ( ! glaci]4 ,h5ce1 ^! measurem5ts conclusively e/abli%1 n only ! fact ( glaci] motion1 b t ! c5tre ( a glaci]1 l t ( a riv]1 moves m rapidly ?an ! sides4 #aeb4 ,) ! aid ( tra9$ eng9e]s ,m4 ,agassiz foll[$ up ^! measurem5ts 9 subsequ5t ye>s4 ,8 rese>*es are record$ 9 a "w entitl$ ,sy/me glaciaire1 :i* is accompani$ by a v noble ,atlas ( ! ,glaci] ( ! ,unt]a>1 publi%$ 9 #ahdg4 #aec4 ,^! det]m9ations 7 made by means ( a !odolite1 ( :i* ,i w give y "s notion imm$iately4 ,! same in/rum5t 0 employ$ ! same ye> by ! late ,pr(essor ,=bes ^u ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,he e/abli%$ indep5d5tly ! great] c5tral motion4 ,he %[$1 moreov]1 t x is n necess>y to wait a ye>1 or ev5 a week to det]m9e ! motion ( a glaci]2 ) a correctly-adju/$ !odolite he 0 able to det]m9e ! motion ( v>i\s po9ts ( ! ,m] de ,glace f day to day4 ,he affirm$1 & ) tru?1 t ! motion ( ! glaci] might be det]m9$ f h\r to h\r4 ,we %all prove ?is f>!r on 7#afb74 ,pr(essor ,=bes also triangulat$ ! ,m] de ,glace1 & laid d[n an excell5t map ( x4 ,8 fir/ obs]vations & 8 survey are record$ 9 a celebrat$ book publi%$ 9 #ahdc1 & entitl$ ,travels 9 ! ,alps4 #aed4 ,^! obs]vations 7 also foll[$ up 9 subsequ5t ye>s1 ! results be+ record$ 9 a s]ies ( deta*$ lett]s & essays ( great int]e/4 ,^! 7 subsequ5tly collect$ 9 a volume entitl$ ,occasional ,pap]s on ! ,!ory ( ,glaci]s1 publi%$ 9 #ahei4 ,! lab\rs ( ,agassiz & ,=bes are ! two *ief s\rces ( our k ( glaci] ph5om5a4 #ba4 ,! ,!odolite & its ,use4 ,our own ,measurem5ts4 #aee4 ,my object ?us f> is atta9$4 ,i h giv5 y pro(s ( glaci] motion1 & a hi/oric acc\nt ( its measurem5t4 ,& n[ we mu/ try to add a little to ! k ( glaci]s by our own lab\rs on ! ice4 ,resolution mu/ n be want+ at ! comm5cem5t ( our "w1 nor /eadfa/ pati5ce dur+ its prosecution4 ,look !n at ?is !odolite2 x consi/s ma9ly ( a telescope & a graduat$ circle1 ! telescope capable ( motion up & d[n1 & ! circle1 c>ry+ ! telescope along ) x1 capable ( motion "r & left4 ,:5 desir$ to make ! motion exce$+ly f9e & m9ute1 suitable screws1 call$ tang5t screws1 are employ$4 ,! in/rum5t is support$ by ?ree legs1 movable1 b firm :5 prop]ly plant$4 #aef4 ,two _s-levels are fix$ at "r angles to ea* o!r on ! circle j ref]r$ to4 ,practice enables "o to take hold ( ! legs ( ! in/rum5t1 & s to fix !m t ! circle %all be ne>ly horizontal4 ,by means ( f\r levell+ screws we r5d] x accurately horizontal4 ,exactly "u ! c5tre ( ! in/rum5t is a small hook f :i* a plummet is susp5d$2 ! po9t ( ! bob j t\*es a rock on :i* we make a m>k2 or if ! e>? be s(t und]nea?1 we drive a /ake into x exactly "u ! plummet4 ,by re-susp5d+ ! plummet at any future "t we c f9d to a hairbread? ! position occupi$ by ! in/rum5t to-day4 #aeg4 ,look ?r\gh ! telescope2 y see x cross$ by two fibres ( ! f9e/ spid]'s ?read4 ,9 actual "w we fir/ direct ! telescope across ! glaci]1 until ! int]section ( ! two fibres accurately cov]s "s well-def9$ po9t ( rock or tree at ! o!r side ( ! valley4 ,?is1 our fix$ /&>d1 we sket* ) its surr\nd+s 9 a note-book1 s z to be able imm$iately to recognise x on our return to ?is place4 ,imag9e a /raight l9e drawn f ! c5tre ( ! telescope to ?is po9t1 & t ?is l9e is p]mitt$ to drop /raight d[n ^u ! glaci]1 e po9t ( x fall+ z a /one w\ld fall2 along su* a l9e we h n[ to fix a s]ies ( /akes4 #aeh4 ,a tra9$ assi/ant is already ^u ! glaci]4 ,he erects 8 /aff & /&s beh9d x2 ! telescope is l[]$ )\t sw]v+ to ! "r or to ! left2 9 ma!matical language x rema9s 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,! cross$ fibres ( ! telescope probably /rike ! ice a little away f ! /aff ( ! assi/ant2 by a wave ( ! arm he moves "r or left2 he may move too mu*1 s we wave him back aga94 ,aft] a trial or two he kn[s :e!r he is ne> ! prop] po9t1 & if s makes 8 motions small4 ,he soon exactly /rikes ! po9t cov]$ by ! int]section ( ! fibres4 ,a signal is made :i* tells him t he is "r2 he pi]ces ! ice ) an aug] & drives 9 a /ake4 ,he !n goes =w>d1 & 9 precisely ! same mann] takes up ano!r po9t4 ,aft] "o or two /akes h be5 driv5 91 ! assi/ant is able to take up ! o!r po9ts v rapidly4 ,any requisite numb] ( /akes may ?us be fix$ 9 a /raight l9e across ! glaci]4 #aei4 ,next morn+ we measure ! motion ( all ! /akes4 ,! !odolite is m\nt$ 9 its =m] position & c>efully levell$4 ,! telescope is direct$ fir/ ^u ! /&>d po9t at ! opposite side ( ! valley1 be+ mov$ by a tang5t screw until ! int]section ( ! spid]'s ?reads accurately cov]s ! po9t4 ,! telescope is !n l[]$ to ! fir/ /ake1 beside :i* our tra9$ assi/ant is already /&+4 ,he is provid$ ) a /aff ) feet & in*es m>k$ on x4 ,a glance %[s u ! /ake has mov$ d[n4 ,by our signals ! assi/ant recov]s ! po9t f :i* we />t$ ye/]day1 & !n det]m9es ! di/ance f ?is po9t to ! /ake4 ,x is1 say1 #f in*es2 ?r\gh ?is di/ance1 !re=e1 ! /ake has mov$4 #afj4 ,we are c>eful to note ! h\r & m9ute at :i* ea* /ake is driv5 91 & ! h\r & ! m9ute :5 its di/ance f its fir/ position is measur$2 ?is enables u to calculate ! accurate daily motion ( ! po9t 9 "q4 ,! di/ances ?r\gh :i* all ! o!r po9ts h mov$ are det]m9$ 9 precisely ! same way4 #afa4 ,?us we %all proce$ to "w1 fir/ mak+ cle> to our m9ds :at is to be done1 & !n mak+ sure t x %all be accurately done4 ,to give our "w reality1 ,i w "h record ! actual measurem5ts execut$1 & ! actual ?\ghts sugge/$1 on ! ,m] de ,glace 9 #aheg4 ,! only unreality t ,i w\ld ask y to all[1 is t y & ,i are suppos$ to be mak+ ! obs]vations toge!r4 ,! lab\r ( measur+ 0 und]tak5 = ! mo/ "p by ,mr4 ,hir/4 #bb4 ,motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 #afb4 ,on ,july #ad1 !n1 we f9d ourselves at ! end ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois1 n f> f ! s\rce ( ! ,arveiron4 ,we direct our telescope across ! glaci]1 & fix ! int]section ( its spid]'s ?reads accurately ^u ! edge ( a p9nacle ( ice4 ,we leave ! in/rum5t unt\*$1 look+ ?r\gh x f h\r to h\r4 ,! edge ( ice moves sl[ly1 b pla9ly1 pa/ ! fibres1 & at ! end ( ?ree h\rs we assure ourselves t ! motion has am\nt$ to sev]al in*es4 ,:ile /&+ ne> ! vault ( ! ,arveiron1 & talk+ ab\t go+ into x1 its ro( gives way1 & falls ) ! s\nd ( ?und]4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 )\t reason t ,i w>n$ y aga9/ ent]+ ^! vaults 9 summ]4 #afc4 ,we asc5d to ! ,montanv]t ,inn1 fix on x z a resid5ce1 & !n desc5d to ! lat]al mora9e ( ! glaci] a little bel[ ! inn4 ,"h we erect our !odolite1 & m>k its exact position by a plummet4 ,we mu/ fir/ make sure t our l9e is p]p5dicul>1 or ne>ly s1 to ! axis or middle l9e ( ! glaci]4 ,our in/ruct$ assi/ant lays d[n a long /aff 9 ! direction ( ! axis1 assur+ himself1 by look+ up & d[n1 t x is ! true direction4 ,) ano!r /aff 9 8 h&1 po9t$ t[>ds our !odolite1 he %ifts 8 position until ! second /aff is p]p5dicul> to ! fir/4 ,"h he gives u a signal4 ,we direct our telescope ^u him1 & !n gradually rais+ its end 9 a v]tical plane we f9d1 & note by sket*+1 a /&>d po9t at ! o!r side ( ! glaci]4 ,?is po9t kn[n1 & our plummet m>k kn[n1 we c on any future day f9d our l9e4 7,to r5d] ! measurem5ts m intelligible1 ,i app5d on ! next page an outl9e diagram ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 & ( its tribut>ies47 #afd4 ,along ! l9e j describ$ t5 /akes 7 set on ,july #ag1 #aheg4 ,_! displacem5ts 7 measur$ on ! foll[+ day4 ,two ( !m _h fall51 b "h are ! di/ances pass$ ov] by ! eight rema9+ ones 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,,daily ,,motion ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 ,fir/ ,l9e3 ,a ,a' ^u ! ,sket*4 ,ea/ ,we/ ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #g #i #aj ,in*es #ab #ag #bc #bf #be #bf #bg #cc #afe4 ,y h already assur$ y\rself by actual contact t ! body ( ! glaci] is real ice1 & y may h read t glaci]s move2 b ! actual obs]vation ( ! motion ( a body app>5tly s rigid is /rangely int]e/+4 ,& n only does ! ice move bodily1 b "o "p ( x moves pa/ ano!r2 ! rate ( motion augm5t+ gradually f #ab in*es a day at ! side to #cc in*es a day at a di/ance f ! side4 ,?is quick] movem5t ( ! c5tral ice ( glaci]s _h be5 already obs]v$ by ,agassiz & ,=bes2 we v]ify _! results1 & n[ proce$ to some?+ new4 ,cross+ ! ,glaci] du ,gant1 :i* occupies m ?an half ! valley1 we f9d t our l9e ( /akes is n yet at an end4 ,! #aj? /ake /&s on ! "p ( ! ice :i* comes f ! ,talfre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,outl9e ,,plan1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,measur$ ,,l9es ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace ,,& ,,its ,,tribut>ies4 #aff4 ,n[ ! motion ( ! sides is sl[1 because ( ! friction ( ! ice aga9/ its b\nd>ies2 b !n "o w\ld ?9k t midway betwe5 ! b\nd>ies1 :]e ! friction ( ! sides is lea/1 ! motion ought to be greate/4 ,?is is cle>ly n ! case2 = ?\gh ! #aj? /ake is ne>] ?an ! #i? to ! ea/]n or ,*apeau side ( ! valley1 ! #aj? /ake surpasses ! #i? by #f in*es a day4 #afg4 ,"h we h some?+ to ?9k (2 b be=e a natural philosoph] c ?9k ) com=t he mu/ be p]fectly sure ( 8 facts4 ,! =ego+ l9e ran across ! glaci] a little bel[ ! ,montanv]t4 ,we w run ano!r l9e across a little way above ! hotel4 ,on ,july #ah we set out ?is l9e1 & to multiply our *ances ( discov]y we place along x #ca /akes4 ,on ! subsequ5t day five ( ^! 7 f\nd unfit = use2 b "h are ! di/ances pass$ ov] by ! rema9+ six-&-tw5ty 9 #bd h\rs4 ,second ,l9e3 ,b ,b' ^u ! ,sket*4 ,we/ ,/ake #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac ,in*es #aa #ab #ae #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #bj #ba #ba ,/ake #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf ,in*es #bc #bc #bc #ba #bc #ba #be #bb #bb #bc #be #bf ,ea/ #afh4 ,look at ^! numb]s4 ,! fir/ broad fact !y reveal is ! advance 9 ! rate ( motion f fir/ to la/4 ,!re are h[ev] "s irregul>ities2 f #bc in*es at ! #ag? /ake we fall to #ba in*es at ! #ah?2 f #bc in*es at ! #ai? we fall to #ba in*es at ! #bj?2 f #be in*es at ! #ba/ we fall to #bb in*es at ! #bbnd & #bcrd2 b not)/&+ ^! small ups & d[ns1 ! g5]al advance ( ! rate ( motion is manife/4 ,n[ !re may h be5 "s slight displacem5t ( ! /akes by melt+1 suffici5t to acc\nt = ^! small deviations f uni=mity 9 ! increase ( ! motion4 ,b ano!r solution is also possible4 ,we %all aft]w>ds le>n t ! glaci] is ret>d$ n only by its sides b by its b$2 t ! upp] portions ( ! ice slide ov] ! l[] ones4 ,n[ if ! b$ ( ! ,m] de ,glace %\ld h em95ces "h & !re ris+ suffici5tly ne> to ! surface to ret>d ! motion ( ! surface1 !y might produce ! small irregul>ities notic$ above4 #afi4 ,we note p>ticul>ly1 :ile ^u ! ice1 t ! #bf? /ake1 l ! #aj? /ake 9 our la/ l9e1 /&s mu* ne>] to ! ea/]n ?an to ! we/]n side ( ! glaci]2 ! measurem5ts1 !re=e1 (f] a fur!r pro( t ! c5tre ( ?is portion ( ! glaci] is n ! place ( swifte/ motion4 #bc4 ,unequal ,motion ( ! two ,sides ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 #agj4 ,b 9 nei!r ! fir/ l9e nor ! second 7 we able to pu% our measurem5ts q across ! glaci]4 ,:y8 ,9 attempt+ to d "o ?+ we are (t5 taught ano!r1 & ?us 9 sci5ce1 if we are only /eadfa/ 9 our "w1 our v defeats are conv]t$ into means ( in/ruction4 ,we at fir/ plant$ our !odolite on ! lat]al mora9e ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 expect+ to be able to comm& ! glaci] f side to side4 ,b we are n[ undeceiv$2 ! c5tre ( ! glaci] proves to be high] ?an its sides1 & f our la/ two positions ! view ( ! ice ne> ! opposite side ( ! glaci] 0 int]cept$ by ! elevation at ! c5tre4 ,! m\nta9 slopes1 9 fact1 are w>m 9 summ]1 & !y melt ! ice ne>e/ to !m1 ?us caus+ a fall f ! c5tre to ! sides4 #aga4 ,b yond] on ! heights at ! o!r side ( ! glaci] we see a likely place = our !odolite4 ,we cross ! glaci] & plant our in/rum5t 9 a position f :i* we sweep ! glaci] f side to side4 ,our fir/ l9e 0 bel[ ! ,montanv]t1 our second l9e above x2 ?is ?ird l9e is exactly opposite ! ,montanv]t2 9 fact1 ! m>k on :i* we h fix$ ! fibre-cross ( ! !odolite is a corn] ( "o ( ! w9d[s ( ! little inn4 ,along ?is l9e we fix twelve /akes on ,july #bj4 ,on ! #ba/ "o ( !m _h fall52 b ! velocities ( ! rema9+ elev5 9 #bd h\rs 7 f\nd to be z foll[s3-- ,?ird ,l9e3 ,c ,c' ^u ! ,sket*4 ,ea/ ,we/ ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ,in*es #bj #bc #bi #cj #cd #bh #be #be #be #ah #i #agb4 ,bo? ! fir/ /ake & ! elev5? 9 ?is s]ies /ood ne> ! sides ( ! glaci]4 ,on ! ea/]n side ! motion is #bj in*es1 :ile on ! we/]n side x is only #i4 ,x rises on ! ea/]n side f #bj to #cd in*es at ! #e? /ake1 :i* we1 /&+ ^u ! glaci]1 c see to be mu* ne>] to ! ea/]n ?an to ! we/]n side4 ,! unit$ evid5ce ( ^! ?ree l9es places ! fact beyond d\bt1 t opposite ! ,montanv]t1 & = "s di/ance above x & bel[ x1 ! :ole ea/]n side ( ! glaci] is mov+ m quickly ?an ! we/]n side4 #bd4 ,sugge/ion ( a new ,lik5ess ( ,glaci] ,motion to ,riv] ,motion4 ,conjecture te/$4 #agc4 ,"h we h cause = reflection1 & facts are comp>atively wor?less if !y d n provoke ?is ex]cise ( ! m9d4 ,x is because facts ( nature are n isolat$ b connect$1 t sci5ce1 to foll[ !m1 mu/ also =m a connect$ :ole4 ,! m9d ( ! natural philosoph] mu/1 z x 71 be a web ( ?\ght correspond+ 9 all its fibres ) ! web ( fact 9 nature4 #agd4 ,let u1 !n1 asc5d to a po9t :i* comm&s a good view ( ?is portion ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,! ice-riv] we see is n /raight b curv$1 & its curvature is f ! ,montanv]t2 t is to say1 its convex side is ea/1 & its concave side is we/ 7look to ! sket*74 ,y h already pond]$ ! fact t a glaci]1 9 "s respects1 moves l a riv]4 ,h[ w\ld a riv] move ?r\gh a curv$ *annel8 ,?is is kn[n4 ,7 ! ice ( ! ,m] de ,glace displac$ by wat]1 ! po9t ( swifte/ motion at ! ,montanv]t w\ld n be ! c5tre1 b a po9t ea/ ( ! c5tre4 ,c x be !n t ?is wat]-rock1 z ice is sometimes call$1 acts 9 ?is respect also l wat]8 #age4 ,?is is a ?\ght sugge/$ on ! spot2 x may or x may n be true1 b ! means ( te/+ x are at h&4 ,look+ up ! glaci]1 we see t at les ,ponts x also b5ds1 b t !re its convex curvature is t[>ds ! we/]n side ( ! valley 7look aga9 to ! sket*74 ,if our surmise be true1 ! po9t ( swifte/ motion opposite les ,ponts ought to lie we/ ( ! axis ( ! glaci]4 #agf4 ,let u te/ ?is conjecture4 ,on ,july #be we fix 9 a l9e across ?is portion ( ! glaci] sev5te5 /akes2 e "o ( !m has rema9$ firm1 & on ! #bf? we f9d ! motion = #bd h\rs to be z foll[s3-- ,f\r? ,l9e3 ,d ,d' ^u ! ,sket*4 ,ea/ ,we/ ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #h #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae ,in*es #g #h #ac #ae #af #ai #bj #ba #ba #bc #bc #ba #bb #ag #ae #agg4 ,inspect$ by ! nak$ eye alone1 ! /akes #aj & #aa1 :]e ! glaci] rea*es its greate/ motion1 are se5 to be consid]ably to ! we/ ( ! axis ( ! glaci]4 ,?us f> we h a p]fect v]ification ( ! guess :i* prompt$ u to make ^! measurem5ts4 ,y w "h obs]ve t ! guesses ( sci5ce are n ! "w ( *ance1 b ( ?\ghtful pond]+ ov] antec$5t facts4 ,! guess is ! induction facts1 to be ratifi$ or explod$ by ! te/ ( subsequ5t exp]im5t4 #agh4 ,& ?\gh ev5 n[ we h exce$+ly /rong reason = hold+ t ! po9t ( maximum velocity obeys ! law ( liquid motion1 ! /r5g? ( our conclusion w be d\bl$ if we c %[ t ! po9t %ifts back to ! ea/]n side ( ! axis at ano!r place ( flexure4 ,=tunately su* a place exi/s opposite ,trlaporte4 ,"h ! convex curvature ( ! valley turns aga9 to ! ea/4 ,across ?is portion ( ! glaci] a l9e 0 set out on ,july #bh1 & f measurem5ts on ! #ca/1 ! rate ( motion p] #bd h\rs 0 det]m9$4 ,fif? ,l9e3 ,e ,e' ^u ! ,sket*4 ,we/ ,ea/ ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae ,in*es #aa #ad #ac #ae #ae #af #ag #ai #bj #ai #bj #ah #af #ae #aj #agi4 ,"h1 aga91 ! m]e e/imate ( di/ances by ! eye w\ld %[ u t ! ?ree /akes :i* mov$ fa/e/1 viz4 ! #i?1 #aj?1 & #aa?1 7 all to ! ea/ ( ! middle l9e ( ! glaci]4 ,! demon/ration t ! po9t ( swifte/ motion w&]s to & fro across ! axis1 z ! flexure ( ! valley *anges1 is1 !re=e1--%all ,i say complete8 #ahj4 ,n yet4 ,= if sur] means are op5 to u we mu/ n re/ cont5t ) e/imates by ! eye4 ,we h ) u a survey+ *a93 let u %ake x out & measure ^! l9es1 not+ ! di/ance ( e /ake f ! side ( ! glaci]4 ,?is is no easy "w among ! crevasses1 b ,i confide x confid5tly to ,mr4 ,hir/ & y4 ,we c aft]w>ds comp>e a numb] ( /akes on ! ea/]n side ) ! same numb] ( /akes tak5 at ! same di/ances f ! we/]n side4 ,= example1 a pair ( /akes1 "o t5 y>ds f ! ea/]n side & ! o!r t5 y>ds f ! we/]n side2 ano!r pair1 "o fifty y>ds f ! ea/]n side & ! o!r fifty y>ds f ! we/]n side1 & s on1 c be comp>$ toge!r4 ,= ! sake ( easy ref]5ce1 let u call ! po9ts ?us comp>$ 9 pairs1 equival5t po9ts4 #aha4 ,!re 7 five pairs ( su* po9ts ^u our f\r? l9e1 ,d ,d'1 & "h are _! velocities3 ,ea/]n po9ts2 motion 9 in*es #ac #ae #af #ah #bj ,we/]n #ae #ag #bb #bc #bc ,9 e case "h ! /ake at ! we/]n side mov$ m rapidly ?an ! equival5t /ake at ! ea/]n side4 #ahb4 ,apply+ ! same analysis to our fif? l9e1 ,e ,e'1 we h ! foll[+ s]ies ( velocities ( ?ree pairs ( equival5t po9ts3-- ,ea/]n po9ts2 motion 9 in*es #ae #ah #ai ,we/]n #ac #ae #ag #ahc4 ,"h ! ?ree po9ts on ! ea/]n side move m rapidly ?an ! equival5t po9ts on ! we/]n side4 #ahd4 ,x is ?us prov$3-- #a4 ,t opposite ! ,montanv]t ! ea/]n half ( ! ,m] de ,glace moves m rapidly ?an ! we/]n half4 #b4 ,t opposite les ,fonts ! we/]n half ( ! glaci] moves m rapidly ?an ! ea/]n half4 #c4 ,t opposite ,trlaporte ! ea/]n half ( ! glaci] aga9 moves m rapidly ?an ! we/]n half4 #d4 ,t ^! *anges 9 ! place ( greate/ motion are det]m9$ by ! flexures ( ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,m] de ,glace moves4 #be4 ,new ,law ( ,glaci] ,motion4 #ahe4 ,let u express ^! facts 9 ano!r way4 ,suppos+ ! po9ts ( swifte/ motion = a v great numb] ( l9es cross+ ! ,m] de ,glace to be det]m9$2 ! l9e jo9+ all ^? po9ts toge!r is :at ma!maticians w\ld call ! locus ( ! po9t ( swifte/ motion4 #ahf4 ,at ,trlaporte ?is l9e w\ld lie ea/ ( ! c5tre2 at ! ,ponts x w\ld lie we/ ( ! c5tre2 h5ce 9 pass+ f ,trlaporte to ! ,ponts x w\ld cross ! c5tre4 ,b at ! ,montanv]t x w\ld aga9 lie ea/ ( ! c5tre2 h5ce betwe5 ! ,ponts & ! ,montanv]t ! c5tre mu/ be cross$ a second "t4 ,if !re 7 fur!r s9uosities ^u ! ,m] de ,glace !re w\ld be fur!r cross+s ( ! axis ( ! glaci]4 #ahg4 ,! po9ts on ! axis :i* m>k ! transition f ea/]n to we/]n b5d+1 & ! rev]se1 may be call$ po9ts ( contr>y flexure4 #ahh4 ,n[ :at is true ( ! ,m] de ,glace is true ( all o!r glaci]s mov+ ?r\gh s9u\s valleys2 s t ! facts e/abli%$ 9 ! ,m] de ,glace may be exp&$ into ! foll[+ g5]al law ( glaci] motion3-- ,:5 a glaci] moves ?r\gh a s9u\s valley1 ! locus ( ! po9ts ( maximum motion does n co9cide ) ! c5tre ( ! glaci]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 always lies on ! convex side ( ! c5tral l9e4 ,! locus is !re=e a curv$ l9e m deeply s9u\s ?an ! valley itself1 & crosses ! axis ( ! glaci] at ea* po9t ( contr>y flexure4 #ahi4 ,! dott$ l9e on ! ,outl9e ,plan 7page #fh7 repres5ts ! locus ( ! po9t ( maximum motion1 ! firm l9e m>k+ ! c5tre ( ! glaci]4 #aij4 ,sub/itut+ ! ^w riv] = glaci]1 ?is law is also true4 ,! motion ( ! wat] is rul$ by precisely ! same conditions z ! motion ( ! ice4 #aia4 ,let u n[ apply our law to ! explanation ( a difficulty4 ,turn+ to ! c>eful measurem5ts execut$ by ,m4 ,agassiz on ! glaci] ( ! ,unt]a>1 we notice 9 ! discussion ( ^! measurem5ts a section ( ! ,sy/me glaciaire devot$ to ! ,migrations ( ! ,c5tre4 ,x is "h %[n t ! middle ( ! ,unt]a> glaci] is n always ! po9t ( swifte/ motion4 ,?is fact has hi!rto rema9$ )\t explanation2 b a glance at ! ,unt]a> valley1 or at ! map ( ! valley1 %[s ! enigma to be an illu/ration ( ! law :i* we h j e/abli%$ on ! ,m] de ,glace4 #bf4 ,motion ( ,axis ( ,m] de ,glace4 #aib4 ,we h n[ measur$ ! rate ( motion ( five diff]5t l9es across ! trunk ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,d !y all move alike8 ,no4 ,l a riv]1 a glaci] at diff]5t places moves at diff]5t rates4 ,comp>+ toge!r ! po9ts ( maximum motion ( all five l9es1 we h ?is result3 ,,motion ,,( ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 ,at ,trlaporte #bj in*es a day4 ,at les ,ponts #bc ,above ! ,montanv]t #bf ,at ! ,montanv]t #cd ,bel[ ! ,montanv]t #cc;,c ,c ,?is is probably "u ! m>k4 ,i ?9k x likely t ! swifte/ motion ( ?is portion ( ! ,m] de ,glace 9 #aheg am\nt$ to a y>d 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #aic4 ,!re is ?us an increase ( rapidity z we desc5d ! glaci] f ,trlaporte to ! ,montanv]t2 ! maximum1 motion at ! ,montanv]t be+ f\rte5 in*es a day great] ?an at ,trlaporte4 #bg4 ,motion ( ,tribut>y ,glaci]s4 #aid4 ,s mu* = ! trunk glaci]2 let u n[ inve/igate ! bran*es1 p]mitt+1 z we h hi!rto done1 reflection on kn[n facts to prec$e our attempts to discov] unkn[n ones4 #aie4 ,z we /ood ^u our cleft /ation1 :5ce we _h s capital a view ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 we 7 /ruck by ! fact t "s ( ! tribut>ies ( ! glaci] 7 wid] ?an ! glaci] itself4 ,suppos+ wat] to be sub/itut$ = ! ice1 h[ d y suppose x w\ld behave8 ,y w\ld d\btless conclude t ! motion d[n ! broad & slightly-incl9$ valleys ( ! ,gant & ! ,l*aud w\ld be comp>atively sl[1 b t ! wat] w\ld =ce itself ) increas$ rapidity ?r\gh ! n>r[s ( ,trlaporte4 ,let u te/ ?is notion z appli$ to ! ice4 #aif4 ,plant+ our !odolite 9 ! %ad[ ( ,mont ,tacul1 & *oos+ a suitable po9t at ! opposite side ( ! ,glaci] du ,gant1 we fix on ,july #bi a s]ies ( t5 /akes across ! glaci]4 ,! motion ( ?is l9e 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 0 z foll[s3-- ,,motion ,,( ,,glaci] ,,du ,g,,ant4 ,six? ,l9e3 ,h ,h' ^u ,sket*4 ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,in*es #aa #aj #ab #ac #ab #ac #aa #aj #i #e #aig4 ,our conjecture is fully v]ifi$4 ,! maximum motion "h is sev5 in*es a day less ?an t ( ! ,m] de ,glace at ,trlaporte 7#aib74 #aih4 ,& n[ = ! ,l*aud bran*4 ,on ,augu/ #a we fix t5 /akes across ?is glaci] above ! po9t :]e x is jo9$ by ! ,talfre4 ,measur$ on ,augu/ #c1 & r$uc$ to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! motion 0 f\nd to be-- ,,motion ,,( ,,glaci] ,,de ,l,,*aud4 ,sev5? ,l9e3 ,k ,k' ^u ,sket*4 ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,in*es #e #h #aj #i #i #h #f #i #g #f #aii4 ,"h our conjecture is /ill fur!r v]ifi$1 ! rate ( motion be+ ev5 less ?an t ( ! ,glaci] du ,gant4 #bh4 ,motion ( ,top & ,bottom ( ,glaci]4 #bjj4 ,we h "h ! mo/ ample & v>i$ evid5ce t ! sides ( a glaci]1 l ^? ( a riv]1 are ret>d$ by friction aga9/ its b\nd>ies4 ,b ! lik5ess does n end "h4 ,! motion ( a riv] is ret>d$ by ! friction aga9/ its b$4 ,two obs]v]s1 viz4 ,pr(4 ,=bes & ,m4 ,*>les ,m>t9s1 concur 9 %[+ ! same to be ! case ) a glaci]4 ,! obs]vations ( bo? h be5 object$ to2 h5ce x is all ! m incumb5t on u to seek = decisive evid5ce4 #bja4 ,at ! ,tacul 7ne> ! po9t a ^u ! sket* plan1 p4 #hc7 a wall ( ice ab\t #aej feet high has already attract$ our att5tion4 ,b5d+ r\nd to jo9 ! ,l*aud ! ,glaci] du ,gant is "h drawn away f ! m\nta9 side1 & exposes a f9e section4 ,we try to measure x top1 bottom1 & middle1 & are defeat$ twice ov]4 ,we try x a ?ird "t & succe$4 ,a /ake is fix$ at ! summit ( ! ice-precipice1 ano!r at #d feet f ! bottom1 & a ?ird at #ce feet above ! bottom4 ,^! l[] /akes are fix$ at "s risk ( b\ld]s fall+ ^u u f above2 b by skill & caution we succe$ 9 measur+ ! motions ( all ?ree4 ,= #bd h\rs ! motions are3-- ,top /ake #f in*es4 ,middle /ake #d ,bottom /ake #b #bjb4 ,! ret>d+ influ5ce ( ! b$ ( ! glaci] is r$uc$ to demon/ration by ^! measurem5ts4 ,! bottom does n move ) half ! velocity ( ! surface4 #bi4 ,lat]al ,compression ( a ,glaci]4 #bjc4 ,furni%$ ) ! k :i* ^! lab\rs & measurem5ts h giv5 u1 let u once m climb to our /ation beside ! ,cleft "u ! ,aiguille de ,*>moz4 ,at our fir/ visit we saw ! m$ial mora9es ( ! glaci]1 b we knew no?+ ab\t _! cause4 ,we n[ "k t !y m>k ^u ! trunk its tribut>y glaci]s4 ,ca/ y\r eye1 !n1 fir/ ^u ! ,glaci] du ,gant2 realise its wid? 9 its own valley1 & see h[ mu* x is n>r[$ at ,trlaporte4 ,! broad ice-/ream ( ! ,l*aud is /ill m surpris+1 be+ squeez$ ^u ! ,m] de ,glace to a n>r[ :ite b& betwe5 its b\nd+ mora9es4 ,! ,talfre und]goes simil> compression4 ,let u n[ desc5d1 %ake out our *a91 measure1 & express 9 numb]s ! wid? ( ! tribut>ies1 & ! actual am\nt ( compression suff]$ at ,trlaporte4 #bjd4 ,we f9d ! wid? ( ! ,glaci] du ,gant to be #e1aee l9ks1 or #a1acd y>ds4 #bje4 ,! wid? ( ! ,glaci] de ,l*aud we f9d to be #c1gbe l9ks1 or #hbe y>ds4 #bjf4 ,! wid? ( ! ,talfre we f9d to be #b1ijj l9ks1 or #fch y>ds4 #bjg4 ,! sum ( ! wid?s ( ! ?ree bran* glaci]s is !re=e #b1eig y>ds4 #bjh4 ,at ,trlaporte ^! ?ree bran*es are =c$ ?r\gh a gorge #hic y>ds wide1 or "o-?ird ( _! previ\s wid?1 at ! rate ( tw5ty in*es a day4 #bji4 ,if we limit our view to ! ,glaci] de ,l*aud1 ! facts are /ill m a/oni%+4 ,previ\s to its junction ) ! ,talfre1 ?is glaci] has a wid? ( #hbe y>ds2 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! jaws ( ! granite vice at ,trlaporte1 its wid? is r$uc$ to eighty-eight y>ds1 or 9 r\nd numb]s to "o-t5? ( its previ\s wid?4 7,look to ! sket* on ! next page47 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket*-,,plan ,,%[+ ,,! ,,mora9es1 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 ,,( ,,! ,,m] ,,de ,,glace4 #baj4 ,are we to und]/& by ?is t ! ice ( ! ,l*aud is squeez$ to "o-t5? ( its =m] volume8 ,by no means4 ,x is ma9ly a *ange ( =m1 n ( volume1 t occurs at ,trlaporte4 ,previ\s to its compression1 ! glaci] resembles a plate ( ice ly+ flat ^u its b$4 ,aft] its compression1 x resembles a plate fix$ ^u its edge4 ,! squeez+1 d\btless1 has deep5$ ! ice4 #cj4 ,longitud9al ,compression ( a ,glaci]4 #baa4 ,! ice is =c$ ?r\gh ! gorge at ,trlaporte by a pressure f beh9d2 9 fact ! ,glaci] du ,gant1 imm$iately above ,trlaporte1 repres5ts a pi/on or a plug :i* drives ! ice ?r\gh ! gorge4 ,:at effect mu/ ?is pressure h ^u ! plug itself8 ,reason+ alone r5d]s x probable t ! pressure w %ort5 ! plug2 t ! l[] "p ( ! ,glaci] du ,gant w to "s ext5t yield to ! pressure f beh9d4 #bab4 ,let u te/ ?is notion4 ,ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile above ! ,tacul1 & on ! m\nta9 slope to ! left z we asc5d1 we obs]ve a pat* ( v]dure4 ,?i!r we climb2 !re we plant our !odolite1 & set out across ! ,glaci] du ,gant1 a l9e1 :i* we w call l9e ,no4 #a 7,f ,f' ^u sket*1 p4 #fh74 #bac4 ,ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile l[] d[n we f9d a practicable c\loir on ! m\nta9 side2 we asc5d x1 rea* a suitable plat=m1 plant our in/rum5t1 & set out a second l9e1 ,no4 #b 7,g ,g' ^u sket*74 ,we mu/ ha/5 our "w "h1 = along ?is c\loir /ones are dis*>g$ f a small glaci] :i* re/s ^u ! slope ( ,mont ,tacul4 #bad4 ,/ill l[] d[n by ano!r qu>t] ( a mile1 :i* br+s u ne> ! ,tacul1 we set out a ?ird l9e1 ,no4 #c 7,h ,h' ^u sket*71 across ! glaci]4 #bae4 ,! daily motion ( ! c5tres ( ^! ?ree l9es is z foll[s3-- ,in*es ,di/ances asund] ,no4 #a #ejee #ede y>ds4 ,no4 #b #aedc #dhg ,no4 #c #abge #baf4 ,! fir/ l9e "h moves five in*es a day m ?an ! second2 & ! second ne>ly ?ree in*es a day m ?an ! ?ird4 ,! reason+ is !re=e confirm$4 ,! ice-plug1 :i* is 9 r\nd numb]s "o ?\s& y>ds long1 is %ort5$ by ! pressure ex]t$ on its front at ! rate ( ab\t eight in*es a day4 #bag4 ,a riv] desc5d+ ! ,valley du ,gant w\ld behave 9 sub/antially ! same fa%ion4 ,x w\ld h its motion on approa*+ ,trlaporte dim9i%$1 & x w\ld p\r ?r\gh ! defile ) a velocity great] ?an t ( ! wat] beh9d4 #ca4 ,slid+ & ,fl[+4 ,h>d ,ice & ,s(t ,ice4 #bah4 ,we h ?us f> conf9$ ourselves to ! measurem5t & discussion ( glaci] motion2 b 9 our excursions we h notic$ _m ?+s besides4 ,"h & !re1 :]e ! ice has retreat$ f ! m\nta9 side1 we h se5 ! rocks flut$1 scor$1 & poli%$2 ?us prov+ t ! ice _h slidd5 ov] !m & gr\nd !m d[n4 ,at ! s\rce ( ! ,arveiron we notic$ ! wat] ru%+ f b5ea? ! glaci] *>g$ ) f9e matt]4 ,all glaci] riv]s are simil>ly *>g$4 ,! ,rhone c>ries its load ( matt] into ! ,lake ( ,g5eva2 ! ru% ( ! riv] is "h arre/$1 ! matt] subsides1 & ! ,rhone quits ! lake cle> & blue4 ,! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 & _m o!r ,swiss lakes1 are 9 "p fill$ up ) ?is matt]1 & w1 9 all probability1 f9ally be oblit]at$ by x4 #bai4 ,"o portion ( ! motion ( a glaci] is due to ?is bodily slid+ ( ! mass ov] its b$4 #bbj4 ,we h se5 9 our j\rneys ov] ! glaci] /reams =m$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice1 & escap+ ?r\gh cracks & crevasses to ! b$ ( ! glaci]4 ,! f9e matt] gr\nd d[n is ?us wa%$ away2 ! b$ is kept lubricat$1 & ! slid+ ( ! ice r5d]$ m easy ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 #bba4 ,z a skat] also y "k h[ mu* ice is weak5$ by a ?aw4 ,be=e x actually melts x becomes rott5 & unsafe4 ,te/ su* ice ) y\r p5knife3 y c dig ! blade readily into x1 or cut ! ice ) ease4 ,try good s\nd ice 9 ! same way3 y f9d x mu* m resi/ant4 ,! "o1 inde$1 resembles s(t *alk2 ! o!r h>d /one4 #bbb4 ,n[ ! ,m] de ,glace 9 summ] is 9 ?is ?aw+ condition4 ,its ice is r5d]$ s(t & yield+ by ! sun2 its motion is !reby facilitat$4 ,we h se5 t n only does ! glaci] slide ov] its b$1 b t ! upp] lay]s slide ov] ! "u ones1 & t ! c5tre slides pa/ ! sides4 ,! s(t] & m yield+ ! ice is1 ! m free w be ?is motion1 & ! m readily also w x be =c$ ?r\gh a defile l ,trlaporte4 #bbc4 ,b 9 w9t] ! ?aw ceases2 ! quantity ( wat] rea*+ ! b$ ( ! glaci] is dim9i%$ or entirely cut (f4 ,! ice also1 to a c]ta9 dep? at lea/1 is froz5 h>d4 ,^! consid]ations w\ld ju/ify ! op9ion t 9 w9t] ! glaci]1 if x moves at all1 mu/ move m sl[ly ?an 9 summ]4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! summ] measurem5ts give no clue to ! w9t] motion4 #bbd4 ,?is po9t m]its exam9ation4 ,i w n1 h[ev]1 ask y to visit ! ,alps 9 mid-w9t]2 b1 if y all[ me1 ,i w be y\r deputy to ! m\nta9s1 & report to y fai?fully ! aspect ( ! region & ! behavi\r ( ! ice4 #cb4 ,w9t] on ! ,m] de ,glace4 #bbe4 ,! w9t] *os5 is an inclem5t "o4 ,!re is sn[ 9 ,london1 sn[ 9 ,p>is1 sn[ 9 ,g5eva2 sn[ ne> ,*am\ni s deep t ! road f5ces are entirely effac$4 ,on ,*ri/mas night--ne>ly at mid-night--#ahei1 y\r deputy rea*es ,*am\ni4 #bbf4 ,! sn[ fell heavily on ,decemb] #bf2 b on ! #bg?1 dur+ a lull 9 ! /orm1 we turn out4 ,!re are ) me f\r good guides & a port]4 ,!y tie planks to _! feet to prev5t !m f s9k+ 9 ! sn[2 ,i neglect ?is precaution & s9k (t5 to ! wai/4 ,f\r or five times dur+ our asc5t ! slope cracks ) an explosive s\nd1 & ! sn[ ?reat5s to come d[n 9 avalan*es4,d ,d ,f\r ye>s lat]1 viz4 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfc1 a mighty climb] & noble guide & companion ( m9e1 nam$ ,johann ,joseph ,b5n51 0 lo/1 ?r\gh ! crack+ & subsequ5t slipp+ ( sn[ on su* a slope4 ,! fre%ly-fall5 sn[ 0 9 t p>ticul> condition :i* causes its granules to adh]e1 & h5ce e flake fall+ on ! trees _h be5 reta9$ !re4 ,! lad5 p9es pres5t$ beautiful & (t5 fanta/ic =ms4 #bbg4 ,aft] five h\rs & a half ( ardu\s "w ! ,montanv]t 0 atta9$4 ,we unlock$ ! =sak5 aub]ge1 r\nd :i* ! sn[ 0 re>$ 9 buttresses4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! complex play ( cry/allis+ =ces4 ,! fro/ figures on ! w9d[-panes ( ! aub]ge 7 wond]ful3 mimic %rubs & f]ns wr\ght by ! build+ p[] :ile hamp]$ by ! adhesion betwe5 ! glass & ! film 9 :i* x work$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! glaci] 0 v impressive2 all s\nds 7 /ill$4 ,! cascades :i* 9 summ] fill ! air ) _! music 7 sil5t1 hang+ f ! l$ges ( ! rocks 9 flut$ columns ( ice4 ,! surface ( ! glaci] 0 obvi\sly high] ?an x _h be5 9 summ]2 sugge/+ ! ?\ght t :ile ! w9t] cold ma9ta9$ ! l[] end ( ! glaci] jamm$ betwe5 its b\nd>ies1 ! upp] portions /ill mov$ d[nw>ds & ?ick5$ ! ice4 ,! peak ( ! ,aiguille du ,dru %ook out a cl\d-bann]1 ! orig9 & nature ( :i* h be5 already expla9$ 7#hd74 7,see ,frontispiece47 ,illu/ration3 ,,sn[-,,lad5 ,,p9e-,,tree4 #bbh4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bh? ?is bann] 0 /rik+ly l>ge & gr&1 & r$d5$ by ! light ( ! ris+ sun1 x gl[$ l a flame4 ,roses ( cl\d also clu/]$ r\nd ! cre/s ( ! ,gr&e ,jorasse & hung ^u ! p9nacles ( ,*>moz4 ,f\r m51 well rop$ toge!r1 desc5d$ to ! glaci]4 ,i _h tra9$ "o ( !m 9 #aheg1 & he 0 n[ to fix ! /akes4 ,! /orm _h s di/ribut$ ! sn[ z to leave alt]nate l5g?s ( ! glaci] b>e & ?ickly cov]$4 ,:]e mu* sn[ lay great caution 0 requir$1 = hidd5 crevasses 7 und]nea?4 ,! m5 s\nd$ ) _! /affs at e /ep4 ,once :ile look+ at ! p>ty ?r\gh my telescope ! lead] sudd5ly disappe>$2 ! ro( ( a crevasse _h giv5 way b5ea? him2 b ! o!r ?ree m5 promptly ga!r$ r\nd & lift$ him out ( ! fissure4 ,! true l9e 0 soon pick$ up by ! !odolite2 "o by "o ! /akes 7 fix$ until a s]ies ( elev5 ( !m /ood across ! glaci]4 #bbi4 ,to get high] up ! valley 0 impracticable2 ! sn[ 0 too deep1 & ! aspect ( ! wea!r too ?reat5+2 s ! !odolite 0 plant$ amid ! p9es a ,little way bel[ ! ,montanv]t1 :5ce ?r\gh a vi/a ,i c\ld see across ! glaci]4 ,! m5 7 wrapp$ at int]vals by :irl+ sn[-wrea?s :i* q hid !m1 & we _h to take advantage ( ! lulls 9 ! w9d4 ,fitfully x came up ! valley1 d>k5+ ! air1 cat*+ ! sn[ ^u ! glaci]1 & toss+ x ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? into high & viol5tly agitat$ cl\ds1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by cl\dless spaces correspond+ to ! nak$ portions ( ! ice4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is turmoil ! m5 cont9u$ to "w4 ,bravely & /eadfa/ly /ake aft] /ake 0 set1 until at l5g? a s]ies ( t5 ( !m 0 fix$ across ! glaci]4 #bcj4 ,_m ( ! /akes 7 fix$ 9 ! sn[4 ,!y 7 f\r feet 9 l5g?1 & 7 driv5 9 to a dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet4 ,b t night1 :ile li/5+ to ! wild onset ( ! /orm1 ,i ?\ght x possible t ! /akes & ! sn[ :i* held !m might be c>ri$ bodily away be=e ! morn+4 ,! w9d1 h[ev]1 lull$4 ,we rose ) ! dawn1 b ! air 0 ?ick ) desc5d+ sn[4 ,x 0 all compos$ ( ^? exquisite six-petal$ fl[]s1 or six-ray$ />s1 :i* h be5 already figur$ & describ$ 7 #i74 ,! wea!r bright5+1 ! !odolite 0 plant$ at ! end ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,! m5 desc5d$1 &1 tra9$ by _! previ\s exp]i5ce1 rapidly execut$ ! measurem5ts4 ,! fir/ l9e 0 complet$ be=e #aa ,a4 ,m4 ,aga9 ! sn[ began to fall1 fill+ all ! air4 ,spangles innum]able 7 %[]$ ^u ! heights4 ,contr>y to expectation1 ! m5 c\ld be se5 & direct$ ?r\gh ! %[]4 #bca4 ,to rea* ! position occupi$ by ! !odolite at ! end ( our second l9e1 ,i _h to wade brea/-deep ?r\gh sn[ :i* seem$ z dry & s(t z fl\r4 ,! toil ( ! m5 ^u ! glaci] 9 break+ ?r\gh ! sn[ 0 prodigi\s4 ,b !y did n fl9*1 & aft] a "t ! lead] /ood beh9d ! f>!/ /ake1 & cri$1 ,n\s avons f9i4 ,i 0 surpris$ to he> him s di/9ctly1 = fall+ sn[ _h be5 ?\ght v dead5+ to s\nd4 ,! "w 0 f9i%$1 & ,i /ruck my !odolite ) a feel+ ( a g5]al :o _h won a small battle4 #bcb4 ,we put ! h\se 9 ord]1 pack$ up1 & %ot by glissade d[n ! /eep slopes ( ,la ,filia to ! vault ( ! ,arveiron4 ,we f\nd ! riv] feeble1 b n dri$ up4 ,_m weeks mu/ h elaps$ s9ce any wat] _h be5 s5t d[n f ! surface ( ! glaci]4 ,b at ! sett+ 9 ( w9t] ! fissures 7 9 a great measure *>g$ ) wat]2 & ! ,arveiron ( to-day 0 probably due to ! gradual dra9age ( ! glaci]4 ,!re 0 n[ no dang] ( ent]+ ! vault1 = ! ice seem$ z firm z m>ble4 ,9 ! cav]n we 7 ba!d by blue light4 ,! /range beauty ( ! place sugge/$ magic1 & put me 9 m9d ( /ories ab\t fairy caves :i* ,i _h read :5 a boy4 ,at ! s\rce ( ! ,arveiron our w9t] visit to ! ,m] de ,glace ends2 next morn+ y\r deputy 0 on 8 way to ,london4 #cc4 ,w9t] ,motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 #bcc4 ,"h are ! measurem5ts execut$ 9 ! w9t] ( #ahei3-- ,l9e ,no4 ,i4 ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ,in*es #g #aa #ad #ac #ad #ad #af #af #ab #ab #g ,l9e ,no4 ,,ii4 ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj ,in*es #h #aj #ad #af #af #af #ah #ag #ae #ad #bcd4 ,?us ! w9t] motion ( ! ,m] de ,glace ne> ! ,montanv]t is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 half ! summ] motion4 #bce4 ,z 9 summ]1 ! ea/]n side ( ! glaci] at ?is place mov$ quick] ?an ! we/]n4 #cd4 ,motion ( ! ,gr9delwald & ,alets* ,glaci]s4 #bcf4 ,z reg>ds ! "q ( motion1 to no o!r glaci] h we devot$ ourselves ) su* ?or\ghness z to ! ,m] de ,glace2 we are1 h[ev]1 able to add a few measurem5ts ( o!r celebrat$ glaci]s4 ,re> ! village ( ,gr9delwald 9 ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 !re are two great ice-/reams call$ respectively ! ,upp] & ! ,l[] ,gr9delwald glaci]s1 ! second ( :i* is frequ5tly visit$ by travell]s 9 ! ,alps4 ,across x on ,augu/ #f1 #ahfj1 a s]ies ( twelve /akes 0 fix$ by ,mr4 ,vaughan ,hawk9s & myself4 ,measur$ on ! #h? & r$uc$ to its daily rate1 ! motion ( ^! /akes 0 z foll[s3-- ,,motion ,,( ,,l[] ,,gr9delwald ,,glaci]4 ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ,in*es #ah #ai #bj #ba #ba #ba #bb #bj #ai #ah #ag #ad #bcg4 ,! !odolite 0 "h plant$ a little bel[ ! footway lead+ to ! high] glaci] region1 & at ab\t a mile above ! end ( ! glaci]4 ,! measurem5t 0 r5d]$ difficult by crevasses4 #bch4 ,! l>ge/ glaci] 9 ,switz]l& is ! ,great ,alets*1 to :i* fur!r ref]5ce %all subsequ5tly be made4 ,across x on ,augu/ #ad1 #ahfj1 a s]ies ( ?irty-f\r /akes 0 plant$ by ,mr4 ,hawk9s & me4 ,measur$ on ! #af? & r$uc$ to _! daily rate1 ! velocities 7 f\nd to be z foll[s3-- ,,motion ,,( ,,great ,,alets* ,,glaci]4 ,ea/ ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ,in*es #b #c #d #f #h #aa #ac #ad #af #ag #ag #ai ,/ake #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #bc ,in*es #ai #ah #ah #ag #ai #ai #ai #ai #ag #ag #ae ,/ake #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #cb #cc #cd ,in*es #af #ag #ag #ag #ag #ag #ag #ag #af #ab #ab ,we/ #bci4 ,! maximum motion "h is n9ete5 in*es a day4 ,probably ! ea/]n side ( ! glaci] is %all[1 ! ret>dation ( ! b$ mak+ ! motion ( ! ea/]n /akes inconsid]able4 ,! wid? ( ! glaci] "h is #i1jcj l9ks1 or ab\t a mile & a furlong4 ,! !odolite 0 plant$ high among ! rocks on ! we/]n flank ( ! m\nta91 ab\t half a mile above ! ,mrgel9 ,see4 #ce4 ,motion ( ,mort]ats* ,glaci]4 #bdj4 ,f> to ! ea/ ( ! ,ob]l& & 9 t int]e/+ "p ( ,switz]l& kn[n z ! ,ob] ,engad91 /&s a noble gr\p ( m\nta9s1 less 9 height ?an ^? ( ! ,ob]l&1 b /ill ( comm&+ elevation4 ,! gr\p d]ives its "n f its mo/ dom9ant peak1 ! ,piz ,b]n9a4 ,to rea* ! place we travel by railway f ,basel to ,zri*1 & f ,zri* to ,*ur 7,fr5* ,coire71 :5ce we pass by dilig5ce ov] ei!r ! ,albula pass or ! ,juli] pass to ! village ( ,pontres9a4 ,"h we are 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! ,b]n9a m\nta9s4 #bda4 ,f ,pontres9a we may walk or drive along a good coa* road ov] ! ,b]n9a pass into ,italy4 ,at ab\t an h\r above ! village y w\ld look f ! road into ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s1 ! l9e ( vision pass+ ?r\gh a valley1 9 :i* is c\*$ a glaci] ( consid]able size4 ,along its back y w\ld trace a m$ial mora9e1 & y c\ld h>dly fail to notice h[ ! mora9e1 f a m]e n>r[ /reak at fir/1 wid5s gradually z x desc5ds1 until f9ally x q cov]s ! l[] end ( ! glaci]4 ,nor is ?is an effect ( p]spective2 = 7 y to /& ^u ! m\nta9 slopes :i* n\ri% ! glaci]1 y w\ld see !nce also ! wid5+ ( ! /reak ( rubbi%1 ?\gh ! p]spective "h w\ld t5d to n>r[ ! mora9e z x retreats d[nw>ds4 #bdb4 ,! ice-/ream "h ref]r$ to is ! ,mort]ats* glaci]1 ! end ( :i* is a %ort h\r's walk f ! village ( ,pontres9a4 ,we h n[ to det]m9e its rate ( motion & to acc\nt = ! wid5+ ( its m$ial mora9e4 #bdc4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahfd ,mr4 ,hir/ & myself set out ?ree l9es ( /akes across ! glaci]4 ,! fir/ l9e cross$ ! ice high up2 ! second a good di/ance l[] d[n1 & ! ?ird l[] /ill4 ,ev5 ! ?ird l9e1 h[ev]1 0 at a consid]able di/ance above ! actual sn\t ( ! glaci]4 ,! daily motion ( ^! ?ree l9es 0 z foll[s3-- ,fir/ ,l9e4 ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ,in*es #h #ab #ac #ac #ad #ac #ab #ab #aj #g #e ,second ,l9e4 ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ,in*es #a #d #f #h #aj #aa #aa #aa #aa #aa #aa ,?ird ,l9e4 ,/ake #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ,in*es #a #b #d #e #f #f #g #g #e #e #d #bdd4 ,comp>e ^! l9es toge!r4 ,y notice ! velocity ( ! fir/ is great] ?an t ( ! second1 & ! velocity ( ! second great] ?an t ( ! ?ird4 #bde4 ,! l9es 7 p]mitt$ to move d[n w>ds = #ajj h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! spaces pass$ ov] by ! po9ts ( swifte/ motion ( ! ?ree l9es 7 z foll[s3 ,maximum ,motion 9 #ajj ,h\rs4 ,fir/ l9e #ef in*es4 ,second l9e #de ,?ird l9e #cj #bdf4 ,"h !n is a demon/ration t ! upp] portions ( ! ,mort]ats* glaci] are advanc+ on ! l[] ones4 ,9 #ahga ! motion ( a po9t on ! middle ( ! glaci] ne> its sn\t 0 f\nd to be less ?an two in*es a day6 #bdg4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! consequ5ce ( ?is swift] m>* ( ! upp] glaci]8 ,obvi\sly to squeeze ?is m$ial mora9e longitud9ally1 & to cause x to spread out lat]ally4 ,we h "h di/9ctly reveal$ ! cause ( ! wid5+ ( ! m$ial mora9e4 #bdh4 ,x has be5 a "q mu* discuss$1 :e!r a glaci] is compet5t to scoop out or deep5 a valley ?r\gh :i* x moves1 & ?is v ,mort]ats* glaci] has be5 cit$ to prove t su* is n ! case4 ,obs]v]s w5t to ! sn\t ( ! glaci]1 & f9d+ x s5sibly quiesc5t1 !y conclud$ t no scoop+ occurr$4 ,b ^? :o cont5d$ = ! p[] ( glaci]s to excavate valleys nev] /at$1 or meant to /ate1 t x 0 ! sn\t ( ! glaci] :i* did ! "w4 ,9 ! ,mort]ats* glaci] ! "w ( excavation1 :i* c]ta9ly goes on to a great] or less ext5t1 mu/ be f> m effectual high up ! valley ?an at ! end ( ! glaci]4 #cf4 ,bir? ( a ,crevasse3 ,reflections4 #bdi4 ,pres]v+ ! notion t we are work+ toge!r1 we w n[ ent] ^u a new field ( enquiry4 ,we h wrapp$ up our *a91 & are turn+ homew>ds aft] a h>d day's "w ^u ! ,glaci] du ,gant1 :5 "u our feet1 z if com+ f ! body ( ! glaci]1 an explosion is he>d4 ,some:at />tl$1 we look enquir+ly ov] ! ice4 ,! s\nd is repeat$1 sev]al %ots be+ fir$ 9 quick succession4 ,!y seem sometimes to our "r1 sometimes to our left1 giv+ ! impression t ! glaci] is break+ all r\nd u4 ,/ill no?+ is to be se54 #bej4 ,we closely scan ! ice1 & aft] an h\r's /rict se>* we discov] ! cause ( ! reports4 ,!y ann\nce ! bir? ( a crevasse4 ,?r\gh a pool ^u ! glaci] we notice air bubbles asc5d+1 & f9d ! bottom ( ! pool cross$ by a n>r[ crack1 f :i* ! bubbles issue4 ,eight & left f ?is pool we trace ! "y fissure ?r\gh long di/ances4 ,x is sometimes almo/ too feeble to be se51 & at no place is x wide en\gh to admit a knife-blade4 #bea4 ,x is difficult to believe t ! =midable fissures among :i* y & ,i h s (t5 trodd5 ) awe1 c\ld comm5ce 9 ?is small way4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! case4 ,! great & gap+ *asms on & above ! ice-falls ( ! ,gant & ! ,talfre beg9 z n>r[ cracks1 :i* op5 gradually to crevasses4 ,we are ?us taught 9 an in/ructive & impressive way t appe>ances sugge/ive ( v viol5t action may really be produc$ by processes s sl[ z to require ref9$ obs]vations to detect !m4 ,9 ! production ( natural ph5om5a two ?+s always come into play1 ! int5sity ( ! act+ =ce1 & ! "t dur+ :i* x acts4 ,make ! int5sity great1 & ! "t small1 & y h sudd5 convulsion2 b precisely ! same app>5t effect may be produc$ by mak+ ! int5sity small1 & ! "t great4 ,?is tru? is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! ,alp9e ice-falls & crevasses2 & _m geological ph5om5a1 :i* at fir/ sight sugge/ viol5t convulsion1 may be really produc$ 9 ! selfsame almo/ imp]ceptible way4 #cg4 ,icicles4 #beb4 ,! crevasses are gr&e/ on ! high] nvs1 :]e !y sometimes appe> z long yawn+ fissures1 & sometimes z *asms ( irregul> outl9e4 ,a delicate blue light %imm]s f !m1 b ?is is gradually lo/ 9 ! d>kness ( _! pr(\nd] portions4 ,ov] ! edges ( ! *asms1 & mo/ly ov] ! s\!rn edges1 hangs a cop+ ( sn[1 & f ?is dep5d l /alactites r[s ( transp>5t icicles1 #aj1 #bj1 #cj feet long4 ,^! p5d5t spe>s con/itute "o ( ! mo/ beautiful features ( ! high] crevasses4 #bec4 ,h[ are !y produc$8 ,evid5tly by ! ?aw+ ( ! sn[4 ,b :y1 :5 once ?aw$1 %\ld ! wat] freeze aga9 to solid spe>s8 ,y h se5 icicles p5d5t f a h\se-eave1 :i* h be5 manife/ly produc$ by ! ?aw+ ( ! sn[ ^u ! ro(4 ,if we und]/& ^!1 we %all also und]/& ! va/] /alactites ( ! ,alp9e crevasses4 #bed4 ,ga!r+ up su* k z we possess1 & reflect+ ^u x pati5tly1 let u f\nd ^u x1 if we c1 a !ory ( icicles4 #bee4 ,fir/1 !n1 y are to "k t ! air ( our atmosph]e is h>dly heat$ at all by ! rays ( ! sun1 :e!r visible or invisible4 ,! air is highly transp>5t to all k9ds ( rays1 & x is only ! scanty fraction to :i* x is n transp>5t t exp5d _! =ce 9 w>m+ x4 #bef4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) ! sn[ on :i* ! sunbeams fall4 ,x absorbs ! sol> heat1 & on a sunny day y may see ! summits ( ! high ,alps gli/5+ ) ! wat] ( liquefaction4 ,! air above & ar\nd ! m\nta9s may at ! same "t be _m degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t 9 temp]ature4 #beg4 ,y h only to pass f sun%9e into %ade to prove ?is4 ,a s+le /ep suffices to c>ry y f a place :]e ! !rmomet] /&s high to "o :]e x /&s l[2 ! *ange be+ due1 n to any diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! air1 b simply to ! )drawal ( ! !rmomet] f ! direct action ( ! sol> rays4 ,nay1 )\t %ift+ ! !rmomet] at all1 by int]pos+ a suitable scre51 :i* cuts (f ! sun's rays1 ! coldness ( ! air may be demon/rat$4 #beh4 ,look n[ to ! sn[ ^u y\r h\se ro(4 ,! sun plays ^u x1 & melts x2 ! wat] trickles to ! eave & !n drops d[n4 ,if ! eave face ! sun ! wat] rema9s wat]2 b if ! eave d n face ! sun1 ! drop1 be=e x quits its p>5t sn[1 is already 9 %ad[4 ,n[ ! %ad$ space1 z we h le>nt1 may be bel[ ! freez+ temp]ature4 ,if s ! drop1 in/ead ( fall+1 congeals1 & ! rudim5t ( an icicle is =m$4 ,o!r drops & driblets succe$1 :i* trickle ov] ! rudim5t1 congeal ^u x 9 "p & ?ick5 x at ! root4 ,b a portion ( ! wat] rea*es ! free end ( ! icicle1 hangs f x1 & is !re congeal$ be=e x escapes4 ,! icicle is ?us l5g!n$4 ,9 ! ,alps1 :]e ! liquefaction is copi\s & ! cold ( ! %ad$ crevasse int5se1 ! icicles1 ?\gh produc$ 9 ! same way1 naturally gr[ to a great] size4 ,! dra9age ( ! sn[ aft] ! sun's p[] is )drawn also produces icicles4 #bei4 ,x is int]e/+ & important t y %\ld be able to expla9 ! =mation ( an icicle2 b x is f> m important t y %\ld realise ! way 9 :i* ! v>i\s ?reads ( :at we call ,nature are wov5 toge!r4 ,y _c fully und]/& an icicle )\t fir/ kn[+ t sol> beams p[]ful en\gh to fuse ! sn[s & bli/] ! human sk91 nay1 x might be add$1 p[]ful en\gh1 :5 conc5trat$1 to burn up ! human body itself1 may pass ?r\gh ! air1 & /ill leave x at an icy temp]ature4 #ch4 ,! ,b]gs*rund4 #bfj4 ,hav+ cle>$ away ?is difficulty1 let u turn once m to ! crevasses1 tak+ !m 9 ! ord] ( _! =mation4 ,fir/ !n above ! nv we h ! f9al ,alp9e peaks & cre/s1 aga9/ :i* ! sn[ is (t5 re>$ z a /eep buttress4 ,we h already le>n$ t bo? nvs & glaci]s are mov+ sl[ly d[nw>ds2 b x usually happ5s t ! atta*m5t ( ! highe/ portion ( ! buttress to ! rocks is great en\gh to enable x to hold on :ile ! l[] portion breaks away4 ,a v *>act]i/ic crevasse is ?us =m$1 call$ 9 ! ,g]man-speak+ portion ( ! ,alps a ,b]gs*rund4 ,x (t5 surr\nds a peak l a fosse1 z if to def5d x aga9/ ! assaults ( climb]s4 #bfa4 ,look m closely into its =mation4 ,imag9e ! sn[ z yet unbrok54 ,its high] portions cl+ to ! rocks1 & move d[nw>ds ) extreme sl[ness4 ,b its l[] portions1 :e!r f _! great] dep? & weight1 or _! less p]fect atta*m5t1 are compell$ to move m quickly4 ,a pull is !re=e ex]t$1 t5d+ to sep>ate ! l[] f ! upp] sn[4 ,= a "t ?is pull is resi/$ by ! cohesion ( ! nv2 b ?is at l5g? gives way1 & a crack is =m$ exactly across ! l9e 9 :i* ! pull is ex]t$4 ,9 o!r words1 a crevasse is =m$ at "r angles to ! l9e ( t5sion4 #ci4 ,transv]se ,crevasses4 #bfb4 ,bo? on ! nv & on ! glaci] ! orig9 ( ! crevasses is ! same4 ,?r\gh "s cause or o!r ! ice is ?r[n into a /ate ( /ra91 & z x _c /ret* x breaks across ! l9e ( t5sion4 ,take = example1 ! ice-fall ( ! ,gant1 or ( ! ,talfre1 above :i* y "k ! crevasses yawn t]ribly4 ,imag9e ! nv & ! glaci] entirely peel$ away1 s z to expose ! surface ov] :i* !y move4 ,f ! ,col du ,gant we %\ld see ?is surface fall+ g5tly to ! place n[ occupi$ by ! br[ ( ! cascade4 ,"h ! surface w\ld fall /eeply d[n to ! b$ ( ! pres5t ,glaci] du ,gant1 :]e ! slope w\ld become g5tle once m4 #bfc4 ,?9k ( ! nv mov+ ov] su* a surface4 ,x desc5ds f ! ,col till x rea*es ! br[ j ref]r$ to4 ,x crosses ! br[1 & mu/ b5d d[n to keep ^u its b$4 ,realise cle>ly :at mu/ occur4 ,! surface ( ! nv is evid5tly ?r[n into a /ate ( /ra92 x breaks & =ms a crevasse4 ,ea* fre% portion ( ! nv z x passes ! br[ is simil>ly brok51 & ?us a succession ( crevasses is s5t d[n ! fall4 ,betwe5 e two *asms is a great transv]se ridge4 ,?r\gh local /ra9s ^u ! fall ^? ridges are also frequ5tly brok5 across1 t[]s ( ice--sracs--be+ ! result4 ,d[n ! fall bo? ridges & sracs are borne1 ! dislocation be+ augm5t$ dur+ ! desc5t4 #bfd4 ,:at mu/ occur at ! foot ( ! fall8 ,"h ! slope sudd5ly less5s 9 /eepness4 ,x is pla9 t ! crevasses mu/ n only cease to op5 "h1 b t !y mu/ 9 :ole or 9 "p close up4 ,at ! summit ( ! fall1 ! b5d+ 0 su* z to make ! surface convex2 at ! bottom ( ! fall ! b5d+ r5d]s ! surface concave4 ,9 ! "o case we h /ra91 9 ! o!r pressure4 ,9 ! "o case1 !re=e1 we h ! op5+1 & 9 ! o!r ! clos+ ( crevasses4 ,?is reason+ corresponds exactly ) ! facts ( obs]vation4 #bfe4 ,lay b>e y\r arm & /ret* x /raight4 ,make two ink dots half an in* or an in* ap>t1 exactly opposite ! elb[4 ,b5d y\r arm1 ! dots approa* ea* o!r1 & are f9ally br\ght toge!r4 ,let ! two dots repres5t ! two sides ( a crevasse at ! bottom ( an ice-fall2 ! b5d+ ( ! arm resembles ! b5d+ ( ! ice1 & ! clos+ up ( ! dots resembles ! clos+ ( ! fissures4 #bff4 ,! same rem>ks apply to v>i\s portions ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,at c]ta9 places ! incl9ation *anges f a g5tl] to a /eep] slope1 & on cross+ ! br[ betwe5 bo? ! glaci] breaks its back4 ,transv]se crevasses are ?us =m$4 ,!re is su* a *ange ( incl9ation opposite to ! ,angle1 & a /ill great] b simil> *ange at ! head ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! ,m] de ,glace at ! =m] po9t is impassable1 & at ! latt] ! r5d+ & dislocation are su* z we h se5 & describ$4 ,bel[ ! ,angle1 & at ! bottom ( ! ,glaci] des ,bois1 ! /eepness relaxes1 ! crevasses heal up1 & ! glaci] becomes once m cont9u\s & compact4 #dj4 ,m>g9al ,crevasses4 #bfg4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t we _h no *anges ( incl9ation1 %\ld we h no crevasses8 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly h less ( !m1 b !y w\ld n :olly disappe>4 ,= o!r circum/ances exi/ to ?r[ ! ice into a /ate ( /ra91 & to det]m9e its fracture4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! is ! m rapid movem5t ( ! c5tre ( ! glaci]4 #bfh4 ,help$ by ! lab\rs ( an em95t man1 n[ dead1 ! late ,mr4 ,wm4 ,hopk9s1 ( ,cambridge1 let u ma/] ! explanation ( ?is po9t toge!r4 ,b ! pleasure ( ma/]+ x w\ld be enhanc$ if we c\ld see be=eh& ! p]plex+ & delusive appe>ances acc\nt$ = by ! explanation4 ,c\ld my wi%es be foll[$ out1 ,i w\ld at ?is po9t ( our rese>*es c>ry y (f ) me to ,basel1 !nce to ,?un1 !nce to ,int]lak51 !nce to ,gr9delwald1 :]e y w\ld f9d y\rself 9 ! actual pres5ce ( ! ,wett]horn & ! ,eig]1 ) all ! greate/ peaks ( ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 ! ,f9/]a>horn1 ! ,s*reckhorn1 ! ,mon*1 ! ,jungfrau1 at h&4 ,at ,gr9delwald1 z we h already le>nt1 !re are two well-kn[n glaci]s--! ,ob] ,gr9delwald & ! ,unt] ,gr9delwald glaci]s--on ! latt] ( :i* our obs]vations %\ld comm5ce4 #bfi4 ,dropp+ d[n f ! village to ! bottom ( ! valley1 we %\ld brea/ ! opposite m\nta91 & ) ! great lime/one precipices ( ! ,wett]horn to our left1 we %\ld get ^u a pa? :i* comm&s a view ( ! glaci]4 ,"h we %\ld see beautiful examples ( ! op5+ ( crevasses at ! summit ( a br[1 & _! clos+ at ! bottom4 ,b ! *ief po9t ( int]e/ w\ld be ! crevasses =m$ at ! side ( ?is glaci]--! m>g9al crevasses1 z !y may be call$4 #bgj4 ,we %\ld f9d ! side copi\sly fissur$1 ev5 at ^? places :]e ! c5tre is compact2 & we %\ld p>ticul>ly notice t ! fissures w\ld nei!r run 9 ! direction ( ! glaci]1 nor /raight across x1 b t !y w\ld be oblique to x1 enclos+ an angle ( ab\t #de degrees ) ! sides4 ,/>t+ f ! side ( ! glaci] ! crevasses w\ld be se5 to po9t upw>ds2 t is to say1 ! ends ( ! fissures abutt+ aga9/ ! b\nd+ m\nta9 w\ld appe> to be dragg$ d[n4 ,7 y less in/ruct$ ?an y n[ are1 ,i might lay a wag] t ! aspect ( ^! fissures w\ld cause y to conclude t ! c5tre ( ! glaci] is left beh9d by ! quick] motion ( ! sides4 #bga4 ,?is inde$ 0 ! conclusion drawn by ,m4 ,agassiz f ?is v appe>ance1 be=e he _h measur$ ! motion ( ! sides & c5tre ( ! glaci] ( ! ,unt]a>4 ,intimately v]s$ ) ! treatm5t ( me*anical problems1 ,mr4 ,hopk9s imm$iately d$uc$ ! obliquity ( ! lat]al crevasses f ! quick] fl[ ( ! c5tre4 ,/&+ beside ! glaci] ) p5cil & note-book 9 h&1 ,i w\ld at once make ! matt] cle> to y ?us4 ,illu/ration #bgb4 ,let ,a ,c1 9 ! annex$ figure1 be "o side ( ! glaci]1 & ,b ,d ! o!r2 & let ! direction ( motion be t indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,let ,s ,t be a transv]se slice ( ! glaci]1 tak5 /raight across x1 say to-day4 ,a few days or weeks h5ce ?is slice w h be5 c>ri$ d[n1 & because ! c5tre moves m quickly ?an ! sides x w n rema9 /raight1 b w b5d into ! =m ,s' ,t'4 #bgc4 ,suppos+ ,t i to be a small squ>e ( ! orig9al slice ne> ! side ( ! glaci]4 ,9 its new position ! squ>e w be di/ort$ to ! loz5ge-%ap$ figure ,t' i'4 ,fix y\r att5tion ^u ! diagonal ,t i ( ! squ>e2 9 ! l[e/ position ?is diagonal1 if ! ice c\ld /ret*1 w\ld be l5g!n$ to ,t' i'4 ,b ! ice does n /ret*2 x breaks1 & we h a crevasse =m$ at "r angles to ,t' i'4 ,! m]e inspection ( ! diagram w assure y t ! crevasse w po9t obliquely upw>ds4 #bgd4 ,along ! :ole side ( ! glaci] ! quick] movem5t ( ! c5tre produces a simil> /ate ( /ra92 & ! consequ5ce is t ! sides are copi\sly cut by ^? oblique crevasses1 ev5 at places :]e ! c5tre is free f !m4 #bge4 ,x is curi\s to see at o!r places ! transv]se fissures ( ! c5tre unit+ ) ^? at ! sides1 s z to =m great curv$ crevasses :i* /ret* across ! glaci] f side to side4 ,! convexity ( ! curve is turn$ upw>ds1 z me*anical pr9ciples decl>e x ought to be4 7,see sket* on opposite page47 ,b if y 7 ignorant ( ^? pr9ciples1 y w\ld nev] inf] f ! aspect ( ^! curves ! quick] motion ( ! c5tre4 ,9 l&slips1 & 9 ! motion ( p>tially indurat$ mud1 y may sometimes notice appe>ances simil> to ^? exhibit$ by ! ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,( ,,curv$ ,,crevasses3 ,,! ,,glaci] ,,moves ,,f ,,left ,,to ,,"r4 #da4 ,longitud9al ,crevasses4 #bgf4 ,we h ?us unravell$ ! orig9 ( bo? transv]se & m>g9al crevasses4 ,b :]e a glaci] issues f a /eep & n>r[ defile ^u a comp>atively level pla9 :i* all[s x room to exp& lat]ally1 its motion is 9 "p arre/$1 & ! level portion has to be> ! ?ru/ ( ! /eep] portions beh9d4 ,"h ! l9e ( ?ru/ is 9 ! direction ( ! glaci]1 :ile ! direction at "r angles to ?is is "o ( t5sion4 ,across ?is latt] ! glaci] breaks1 & longitud9al crevasses are =m$4 #bgg4 ,examples ( ?is k9d ( crevasse are furni%$ by ! l[] "p ( ! ,glaci] ( ! ,rhone1 :5 look$ d[n ^u f ! ,grimsel ,pass1 or f any comm&+ po9t on ! flank+ m\nta9s4 #db4 ,crevasses 9 relation to ,curvature ( ,glaci]4 #bgh4 ,"o po9t 9 addition rema9s to be discuss$1 & y\r pres5t k w enable y to ma/] x 9 a mom5t4 ,y rememb] at an e>ly p]iod ( ,,out rese>*es t we cross$ ! ,m] de ,glace f ! ,*apeau side to ! ,montanv]t side4 ,i !n desir$ y to notice t ! ,*apeau side ( ! glaci] 0 m fissur$ ?an ei!r ! c5tre or ! ,montanv]t side 7#ge74 ,:y %\ld ?is be s8 ,kn[+ z we n[ d t ! ,*apeau side ( ! glaci] moves m quickly ?an ! o!r2 t ! po9t ( maximum motion does n lie on ! c5tre b f> ea/ ( x1 we are prep>$ to answ] ?is "q 9 a p]fectly satisfactory mann]4 #bgi4 ,let ,a ,b & ,c ,d1 9 ! diagram opposite1 repres5t ! two curv$ sides ( ! ,m] de ,glace at ! ,montanv]t1 & let m n be a /raight l9e across ! glaci]4 ,let o be ! po9t ( maximum motion4 ,! me*anical /ate ( ! two sides ( ! glaci] may be ?us made pla94 ,suppos+ ! l9e m n to be a /raight ela/ic /r+ ) its ends fix$2 let x be grasp$ firmly at ! po9t o by ! f+] & ?umb1 & drawn to o'1 keep+ ! di/ance betwe5 o' & ! side ,c ,d con/ant4 ,"h ! l5g?1 n o ( ! /r+ w\ld h /ret*$ to n o'1 & ! l5g? m o to m o' & y see pla9ly t ! /ret*+ ( ! %ort l9e1 9 comp>ison ) its l5g?1 is great] ?an t ( ! long l9e 9 comp>ison ) its l5g?4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ra9 ^u n o' is great] ?an t ^u m o'2 s t if "o ( !m 7 to break "u ! /ra91 x w\ld be ! %ort "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,montanv]t #bhj4 ,^! two l9es repres5t ! conditions ( /ra9 ^u ! two sides ( ! glaci]4 ,! sides are held back1 & ! c5tre tries to move on1 a /ra9 be+ ?us set up betwe5 ! c5tre & sides4 ,b ! displacem5t ( ! po9t ( maximum motion ?r\gh ! curvature ( ! valley makes ! /ra9 ^u ! ea/]n ice great] ?an t ^u ! we/]n4 ,! ea/]n side ( ! glaci] is !re=e m crevass$ ?an ! we/]n4 #bha4 ,"h inde$ resides ! difficulty ( gett+ along ! ea/]n side ( ! ,m] de ,glace3 a difficulty :i* 0 "o reason = our cross+ ! glaci] opposite to ! ,montanv]t4 ,!re are two convex sweeps on ! ea/]n side to "o on ! we/]n side1 h5ce on ! :ole ! ea/]n side ( ! ,m] de ,glace is mo/ riv54 #dc4 ,mora9e-ridges1 ,glaci] ,tables1 & ,s&-,cones4 #bhb4 ,:5 y & ,i fir/ cross$ ! ,m] de ,glace f ,trlaporte to ! ,c\v]cle1 we f\nd t ! /ripes ( rocks & rubbi% :i* con/itut$ ! m$ial mora9es 7 ridges rais$ above ! g5]al level ( ! glaci] to a height at "s places ( tw5ty or ?irty feet4 ,on exam9+ ^! ridges we f\nd ! rubbi% to be sup]ficial1 & t x re/$ ^u a great sp9e ( ice :i* ran along ! back ( ! glaci]4 ,by :at means has ?is ridge ( ice be5 rais$8 #bhc4 ,mo/ boys h read ! /ory ( ,dr4 ,frankl9's plac+ bits ( clo? ( v>i\s col\rs ^u sn[ on a sunny day4 ,! bits ( clo? sank 9 ! sn[1 ! d>k ones mo/4 #bhd4 ,consid] ?is exp]im5t4 ,! sun's rays fir/ ( all fall ^u ! upp] surface ( ! clo? & w>m x4 ,! heat is !n conduct$ ?r\gh ! clo? to ! "u surface1 & ! "u surface passes x on to ! sn[1 :i* is f9ally liquefi$ by ! heat4 ,x is q manife/ t ! quantity ( sn[ melt$ w altoge!r dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( heat s5t f ! upp] to ! "u surface ( ! clo?4 #bhe4 ,n[ clo? is :at is call$ a bad conductor4 ,x does n p]mit heat to travel freely ?r\gh x4 ,b :]e x has m]ely to pass ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( a s+le bit ( clo?1 a good quantity ( ! heat gets ?r\gh4 ,b if y d\ble or treble or qu9tuple ! ?ickness ( ! clo?2 or1 :at is easi]1 if y put sev]al pieces "o ^u ! o!r1 y come at l5g? to a po9t :]e no s5sible am\nt ( heat c\ld get ?r\gh f ! upp] to ! "u surface4 #bhf4 ,:at mu/ occur if su* a ?ick piece1 or su* a s]ies ( pieces ( clo?1 7 plac$ ^u sn[ on :i* a /rong sun is fall+8 ,! sn[ r\nd ! clo? is melt$1 b t und]nea? ! clo? is protect$4 ,if ! action cont9ue long en\gh ! inevitable result w be1 t ! level ( ! sn[ all r\nd ! clo? w s9k1 & ! clo? w be left beh9d p]*$ ^u an em95ce ( sn[4 #bhg4 ,if y und]/& ?is1 y h already ma/]$ ! cause ( ! mora9e-ridges4 ,!y are n produc$ by any swell+ ( ! ice upw>ds4 ,b ! ice und]nea? ! rocks & rubbi% be+ protect$ f ! sun1 ! glaci] "r & left melts away & leaves a ridge beh9d4 #bhh4 ,v>i\s o!r appe>ances ^u ! glaci] are acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way4 ,"h ^u ! ,m] de ,glace we h flat slabs ( rock sometimes lift$ up on pill>s ( ice4 ,^! are ! s-call$ ,glaci] ,tables4 ,!y are produc$1 n by ! gr[? ( a /alk ( ice out ( ! glaci]1 b by ! melt+ ( ! glaci] all r\nd ! ice protect$ by ! /one4 ,"h is a sket* ( "o ( ! ,tables ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,illu/ration #bhi4 ,notice moreov] t a glaci] table is h>dly ev] set squ>e ^u its pill>4 ,x g5]ally leans to "o side1 & repeat$ obs]vation tea*es y t x s leans z to enable y always to draw ! nor? & s\? l9e ^u ! glaci]4 ,= ! sun be+ s\? ( ! z5i? at noon p\rs its rays aga9/ ! s\!rn end ( ! table1 :ile ! nor!rn end rema9s 9 %ad[4 ,! s\!rn end1 !re=e1 be+ mo/ w>m$ does n protect ! ice und]nea? x s effectually z ! nor!rn end4 ,! table becomes incl9$1 & ends by slid+ bodily (f its p$e/al4 #bij4 ,9 ! figure opposite we h :at maybe call$ an ideal ,table4 ,! oblique l9es repres5t ! direction ( ! sunbeams1 & ! consequ5t tilt+ ( ! table "h %[n resembles t obs]v$ ^u ! glaci]s4 #bia4 ,a pebble w n rise ?us3 l ,frankl9's s+le bit ( clo?1 a d>k-col\r$ pebble s9ks 9 ! ice4 ,a spot ( black m\ld w n re/ ^u ! surface1 b w s9k2 & v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,glaci] du ,gant are honeycomb$ by ! s9k+ ( su* spots ( dirt into ! ice4 ,illu/ration #bib4 ,b :5 ! dirt is ( a ?ickness suffici5t to protect ! ice ! case is diff]5t4 ,s& is (t5 wa%$ away by a /ream f ! m\nta9s1 or f ! mora9es1 & /rewn ov] c]ta9 spaces ( ! glaci]4 ,a mo/ curi\s action foll[s3 ! s&$ surface rises1 ! "p on :i* ! s& lies ?icke/ ris+ highe/4 ,little peaks & em95ces jut =?1 & :5 ! di/ribution ( ! s& is fav\rable1 & ! action suffici5tly prolong$1 y h little m\nta9s =m$1 sometimes s+ly1 & sometimes gr\p$ s z to mimic ! ,alps !mselves4 ,! ,s&-,cones ( ! ,m] de ,glace are n /rik+2 b on ! ,grn]1 ! ,alets*1 ! ,mort]ats*1 & o!r glaci]s1 !y =m s+ly & 9 gr\ps1 rea*+ sometimes a height ( t5 or tw5ty feet4 #dd4 ,! ,glaci] ,mills or ,m\l9s4 #bic4 ,y & ,i h le>n$ by long exp]i5ce ! "* ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,we h m>*$ ov] x daily1 ) a def9ite object 9 view1 b we h n clos$ our eyes to o!r objects4 ,x is f side glimpses ( ?+s :i* are n at ! mom5t occupy+ our att5tion t fre% subjects ( enquiry arise 9 sci5tific inve/igation4 #bid4 ,?us 9 m>*+ ov] ! ice ne> ,trlaporte we 7 (t5 /ruck by a s\nd resembl+ l[ rumbl+ ?und]4 ,we subsequ5tly s\ght out ! orig9 ( ?is s\nd1 & f\nd x4 #bie4 ,a l>ge area ( ?is portion ( ! glaci] is unbrok54 ,driblets ( wat] h room to =m rills2 rills to unite & =m /reams2 /reams to comb9e to =m ru%+ brooks1 :i* sometimes cut deep *annels 9 ! ice4 ,soon] or lat] ^! /reams rea* a /ra9$ portion ( ! glaci]1 :]e a crack is =m$ across ! /ream4 ,a way is ?us op5$ = ! wat] to ! bottom ( ! glaci]4 ,by long action ! /ream holl[s out a %aft1 ! crack ?us becom+ ! />t+-po9t ( a funnel ( unse5 dep?1 into :i* ! wat] leaps ) ! s\nd ( ?und]4 #bif4 ,?is funnel & its cat>act =m a glaci] ,mill or ,m\l94 #big4 ,let me grasp y\r h& firmly :ile y /& ^u ! edge ( ?is %aft & look into x4 ,! hole1 ) its pure blue %imm]1 is beautiful1 b x is t]rible4 ,incauti\s p]sons h fall5 into ^! %afts1 a second or two ( bewild]m5t be+ foll[$ by sudd5 dea?4 ,b caution ^u ! glaci]s & m\nta9s ought1 by habit1 to be made a second nature to explor]s l y & me4 #bih4 ,! crack into :i* ! /ream fir/ desc5d$ to =m ! m\l91 moves d[n ) ! glaci]4 ,a succe$+ portion ( ! ice rea*es ! place :]e ! break+ /ra9 is ex]t$4 ,a new crack is !n =m$ above ! m\l91 :i* is !nce=? =sak5 by ! /ream1 & moves d[nw>d z an empty %aft4 ,"h ^u ! ,m] de ,glace1 9 advance ( ! ,gr& ,m\l91 we see no less ?an six ( ^! =sak5 holes4 ,"s ( !m we s\nd to a dep? ( #ij feet4 #bii4 ,b y & ,i bo? wi% to det]m9e1 if possible1 ! entire dep? ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,! ,gr& ,m\l9 (f]s a *ance ( do+ ?is :i* we mu/ n neglect4 ,our fir/ ef=t to s\nd ! m\l9 fails ?r\gh ! break+ ( our cord by ! impetu\s plunge ( ! wat]4 ,a lump ( grease 9 ! holl[ ( a weight enables a m>9] to judge ( a sea bottom4 ,we employ su* a weight1 b _c rea* ! b$ ( ! glaci]4 ,a dep? ( #afc feet is ! utmo/ rea*$ by our plummet4 #cjj4 ,f ,july #bh to ,augu/ #h we h wat*$ ! progress ( ! ,gr& ,m\l94 ,on ! =m] date ! position ( ! ,m\l9 0 fix$4 ,on ! #ca/ x _h mov$ d[n #ej in*es2 a little m ?an a day aft]w>ds x _h mov$ #gd in*es4 ,on ,augu/ #h x _h mov$ #aih in*es1 :i* gives an av]age ( ab\t #ah in*es 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,no d\bt next summ] ^u ! ,m] de ,glace a ,gr& ,m\l9 w be f\nd ?und]+ ne> ,trlaporte2 b l ! crevasse ( ! ,gr& ,plateau1 already ref]r$ to 7 #af71 x w n be our ,m\l94 ,?is1 or r ! ice :i* x p5etrat$1 is n[ probably m ?an a mile l[] d[n ?an x 0 9 #aheg4 #de4 ,! ,*anges ( ,volume ( ,wat] by ,heat & ,cold4 #cja4 ,we h notic$ ^u ! glaci] %afts & pits fill$ ) wat] ( ! mo/ delicate blue4 ,9 "s cases ^! h be5 ! %afts ( ext9ct m\l9s clos$ at ! bottom4 ,a !ory has be5 advanc$ to acc\nt = !m1 :i*1 ?\gh x may be unt5able1 op5s out consid]ations reg>d+ ! prop]ties ( wat] t ought to be famili> to enquir]s l y & me4 #cjb4 ,9 our dissection ( lake ice by a beam ( heat 7 #aa7 we notic$ little vacu\s spots at ! c5tres ( ! liquid fl[]s =m$ by ! beam4 ,^! spots we ref]r$ to ! fact t :5 ice is melt$ ! wat] produc$ is less 9 volume ?an ! ice1 & t h5ce ! wat] ( ! fl[] 0 n able to occupy ! :ole space cov]$ by ! fl[]4 #cjc4 ,let u m fully illu/rate ?is subject4 ,/op a small flask wat]-tight ) a cork1 & ?r\gh ! cork introduce a n>r[ glass tube also wat]-tight4 ,x is easy to fill ! flask ) wat] s t ! liquid %all /& at a c]ta9 height 9 ! glass tube4 #cjd4 ,let u n[ w>m ! flask ) ! flame ( a _s-lamp4 ,on fir/ apply+ ! flame y notice a mom5t>y s9k+ ( ! liquid 9 ! glass tube4 ,?is is due to ! mom5t>y expansion ( ! flask by heat2 x becomes sudd5ly l>g] :5 ! flame is fir/ appli$4 #cje4 ,b ! expansion ( ! wat] soon ov]takes t ( ! flask & surpasses x4 ,we imm$iately see ! rise ( ! liquid column 9 ! glass tube1 exactly z m]cury rises 9 ! tube ( a w>m$ !rmomet]4 #cjf4 ,our glass tube is t5 in*es long1 & at />t+ ! wat] /ood 9 x at a height ( five in*es4 ,we w apply ! _s-lamp flame until ! wat] rises q to ! top ( ! tube & trickles ov]4 ,?is exp]im5t suffices to %[ ! expansion ( ! wat] by heat4 #cjg4 ,we n[ take a common f+]-glass & put into x a little p\nd$ ice & salt4 ,on ?is we place ! flask1 & !n build r\nd x ! freez+ mixture4 ,! liquid column retreats d[n ! tube1 prov+ ! contraction ( ! liquid by cold4 ,we all[ ! %r9k+ to cont9ue = "s m9utes1 notic+ t ! d[nw>d retreat ( ! liquid becomes gradually sl[]1 & t x f9ally ceases altoge!r4 #cjh4 ,keep y\r eye ^u ! liquid column2 x rema9s quiesc5t = a fraction ( a m9ute1 & !n moves once m4 ,b its motion is n[ upw>ds in/ead ( d[nw>ds4 ,! freez+ mixture n[ acts exactly l ! flame4 #cji4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to pass a !rmomet] ?r\gh ! cork into ! flask1 & x w\ld tell u ! exact temp]ature at :i* ! liquid ceas$ to contract & began to exp&4 ,at t mom5t we %\ld f9d ! temp]ature ( ! liquid a %ade ov] #ci ,fahr4 #caj4 ,at ?is temp]ature1 !n1 wat] atta9s its maximum d5sity4 #caa4 ,sev5 degrees bel[ ?is temp]ature1 or at #cb ,fahr41 ! liquid beg9s to turn into solid cry/als ( ice1 :i* y "k swims ^u wat] because x is bulki] = a giv5 weight4 ,9 fact1 ?is halt ( ! approa*+ molecules at ! temp]ature ( #ci1 is b ! prep>ation = ! subsequ5t act ( cry/allisation1 9 :i* ! expansion by cold culm9ates4 ,up to ! po9t ( solidification ! increase ( volume is sl[ & gradual2 :ile 9 ! act ( solidification x is sudd51 & ( ov]:elm+ /r5g?4 #cab4 ,by ?is =ce ( expansion ! ,flor5t9e ,academicians long ago bur/ a sph]e ( copp] ne>ly ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,by ! same =ce ! celebrat$ a/ronom] ,huygh5s bur/ 9 #affg iron cannons a f+] bread? ?ick4 ,su* exp]im5ts h be5 frequ5tly made s9ce4 ,major ,williams dur+ a sev]e ,quebec w9t] fill$ a mort> ) wat]1 & clos$ x by driv+ into its muzzle a plug ( wood4 ,expos$ to a temp]ature #ej ,fahr4 bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 ! metal resi/$ ! /ra91 b ! plug gave way1 be+ project$ to a di/ance ( #djj feet4 ,at ,w>saw h[itz] %ells h be5 ?us explod$2 & y & ,i h %iv]$ ?ick bomb%ells to fragm5ts1 by plac+ !m = half an h\r 9 a freez+ mixture4 #cac4 ,! !ory ( ! %afts & pits ref]r$ to at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section is ?is3 ,! wat] at ! surface ( ! %aft is w>m$ by ! sun1 say to a temp]ature ( #ci ,fahr4 ,! wat] at ! bottom1 9 contact ) ! ice1 mu/ be at #cb or ne> x4 ,! heavi] wat] is !re=e at ! top2 x w desc5d to ! bottom1 melt ! ice !re1 & ?us deep5 ! %aft4 #cad4 ,! circulation "h ref]r$ to und\bt$ly goes on1 & "s curi\s effects are due to x2 b n1 ,i ?9k1 ! "o "h ascrib$ to x4 ,! deep5+ ( a %aft implies a quick] melt+ ( its bottom ?an ( ! surface ( ! glaci]4 ,x is n easy to see h[ ! fact ( ! sol> heat be+ fir/ absorb$ by wat]1 & !n convey$ by x to ! bottom ( ! %aft1 %\ld make ! melt+ ( ! bottom m rapid ?an t ( ! ice :i* receives ! direct impact ( ! sol> rays4 ,! surface ( ! glaci] mu/ s9k at lea/ z rapidly z ! bottom ( ! pit1 s t ! circulation1 ?\gh actually exi/+1 _c produce ! effect ascrib$ to x4 #df4 ,consequ5ces fl[+ f ! =ego+ ,prop]ties ( ,wat]4 ,correction ( ,errors4 #cae4 ,i 0 n mu* above y\r age :5 ! prop]ty ( wat] ceas+ to contract by cold at a temp]ature ( #ci ,fahr4 0 made kn[n to me1 & ,i /ill rememb] ! impression x made ^u me4 ,= ,i 0 ask$ to consid] :at w\ld occur 9 case ?is solit>y exception to an o!rwise univ]sal law ceas$ to exi/4 #caf4 ,i 0 ask$ to reflect ^u ! condition ( a lake /or$ ) fi% & (f]+ its surface to v cold air4 ,x 0 made cle> to me t ! wat] on be+ fir/ *ill$ w\ld %r9k 9 volume & become heavi]1 t x w\ld !re=e s9k & h its place suppli$ by ! w>m] & light] wat] f ! deep] portions ( ! lake4 #cag4 ,x 0 po9t$ out to me t )\t ! law ref]r$ to ?is process ( circulation w\ld g on until ! :ole wat] ( ! lake _h be5 l[]$ to ! freez+ temp]ature4 ,congelation w\ld !n beg91 & w\ld cont9ue z long z any wat] rema9$ to be solidifi$4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is w\ld be to de/roy e liv+ ?+ conta9$ 9 ! lake4 ,o!r calamities 7 add$1 all ( :i* 7 said to be prev5t$ by ! p]fectly exceptional arrangem5t1 t aft] a c]ta9 "t ! cold] wat] becomes ! light]1 floats on ! surface ( ! lake1 is !re congeal$1 ?us ?r[+ a protect+ ro( ov] ! life bel[4 #cah4 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 "o ( ! mo/ solid ( sci5tific m51 writes 9 ! foll[+ /ra9 ab\t ?is "q3--,x does n appe> to me t !re is any?+ :i* human sagacity c fa?om1 )9 ! wide-ext5d$ b\nds ( ! visible creation1 :i* af=ds a m /rik+ or m palpable pro( ( ! wisdom ( ! ,creator1 & ( ! special c>e ,he has tak5 9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! univ]se1 to pres]ve animal life1 ?an ?is wond]ful contrivance4 #cai4 ,let me beg ! att5tion ( my read]s :ile ,i endeav\r to inve/igate ?is mo/ int]e/+ subject2 & let me at ! same "t bespeak 8 c&\r & indulg5ce4 ,i feel ! dang] to :i* a mortal exposes himself :o has ! tem]ity to expla9 ! designs ( ,inf9ite ,wisdom4 ,! ent]prise is adv5tur\s1 b x surely _c be improp]4 #cbj4 ,_h n ,provid5ce int]f]$ on ?is occasion 9 a mann] :i* may well be consid]$ z miracul\s1 all ! fre% wat] )9 ! pol> circle mu/ inevitably h be5 froz5 to a v great dep? 9 w9t]1 & e plant & tree de/roy$4 #cba4 ,?r\gh _m pages ( 8 book ,c\nt ,rum=d cont9ues 9 ?is /ra9 to exp\nd ! ways & int5tions ( ! ,almighty1 & he does n hesitate to apply v h>% words to ^? :o _c %>e 8 notions4 ,he calls !m h>d5$ & degrad$4 ,we are "h w>n$ ( ! fact1 :i* is too (t5 =gott51 t ! pleasure or com=t ( a belief1 or ! w>m? or exaltation ( feel+ :i* x produces1 is no gu>antee ( its tru?4 ,= ! :ole ( ,c\nt ,rum=d's delight & en?usiasm 9 connexion ) ?is subject1 & ! :ole ( 8 ire aga9/ ^? :o did n %>e 8 op9ions1 7 f\nd$ ^u an errone\s notion4 #cbb4 ,wat] is n a solit>y exception to an o!rwise g5]al law4 ,!re are o!r molecules ?an ^? ( ?is liquid :i* require m room 9 ! solid cry/all9e condition ?an 9 ! adjac5t molt5 condition4 ,iron is a case 9 po9t4 ,solid iron floats ^u molt5 iron exactly z ice floats ^u wat]4 ,bismu? is a /ill m impressive case1 & we c\ld %iv] a bomb z c]ta9ly by ! solidification ( bismu? z by t ( wat]4 ,!re is no fi%1 to be tak5 c>e ( "h1 /ill ! contrivance is ! same4 #cbc4 ,i am reluctant to m5tion !m 9 ! same brea? ) ,c\nt ,rum=d1 b ,i am told t 9 our own day !re are p :o pr(ess to f9d ! com=ts ( a religion 9 a sup]/ition l[] ?an any t has hi!rto degrad$ ! civiliz$ human m9d4 ,s t ! happ9ess ( a fai? & ! tru? ( a fai? are two totally diff]5t ?+s4 #cbd4 ,life & ! conditions ( life are 9 necess>y h>mony4 ,?is is a truism1 = )\t ! suitable conditions life c\ld n exi/4 ,b bo? life & its conditions set =? ! op]ations ( inscrutable ,p[]4 ,we "k n its orig92 we "k n its end4 ,& ! presumption1 if n ! degradation1 re/s ) ^? :o place ^u ! ?rone ( ! univ]se a magnifi$ image ( !mselves1 & make its do+s a m]e colossal imitation ( _! own4 #dg4 ,! ,molecul> ,me*anism ( ,wat]-,congelation4 #cbe4 ,b let u return to our sci5ce4 ,h[ are we to picture ?is act ( expansion on ! "p ( freez+ wat]8 ,by :at op]ation d ! molecules dem& ) su* irresi/ible emphasis m room 9 ! solid ?an 9 ! adjac5t liquid condition8 ,9 all cases ( ?is k9d we mu/ d]ive our conceptions f ! _w ( ! s5ses1 & transf] !m aft]w>ds to a _w transc5d+ ! range ( ! s5ses4 #cbf4 ,y h n =gott5 our conv]sation reg>d+ atomic poles 7 #aj71 & h[ ! notion ( pol> =ce came to be appli$ to cry/als4 ,) ?is fre% 9 y\r memory1 y w h no great difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ expansion ( volume may accompany ! act ( cry/allisation4 #cbg4 ,i place a numb] ( magnets be=e y4 ,!y1 z matt]1 are affect$ by gravity1 &1 if p]fectly free1 !y w\ld move t[>ds ea* o!r 9 ob$i5ce to ! attraction ( gravity4 #cbh4 ,b !y are n only matt]1 b magnetic matt]4 ,!y n only act ^u ea* o!r by ! simple =ce ( gravity1 b by ! pol> =ce ( magnetism4 ,imag9e !m plac$ at a di/ance f ea* o!r1 & p]fectly free to move4 ,gravity fir/ makes itself felt & draws !m toge!r4 ,= a "t ! magnetic =ce issu+ f ! poles is ins5sible2 b :5 a c]ta9 ne>ness is atta9$1 ! pol> =ce comes into play4 ,! mutually attract+ po9ts close up1 ! mutually repell5t po9ts retreat1 & x is easy to see t ?is action may produce an arrangem5t ( ! magnets :i* requires m room4 ,suppose !m surr\nd$ by a box :i* exactly encloses !m at ! mom5t ! pol> =ce fir/ comes into play4 ,x is easy to see t 9 arrang+ !mselves subsequ5tly ! repell$ corn]s & ends ( ! magnets may be caus$ to press aga9/ ! sides ( ! box1 & ev5 to bur/ x1 if ! =ces be suffici5tly /rong4 #cbi4 ,"h !n we h a conception :i* may be appli$ to ! molecules ( wat]4 ,!y1 l ! magnets1 are act$ ^u by two di/9ct =ces4 ,= a "t :ile ! liquid is be+ cool$ !y approa* ea* o!r1 9 ob$i5ce to _! g5]al attraction = ea* o!r4 ,b at a c]ta9 po9t new =ces1 "s attractive1 "s repulsive1 emanat+ f special po9ts ( ! molecules1 come into play4 ,! attract$ po9ts close up1 ! repell$ po9ts retreat4 ,?us ! molecules turn & re>range !mselves1 dem&+1 z !y d s1 m space1 & ov]com+ all ord9>y resi/ance by ! en]gy ( _! dem&4 ,?is1 9 g5]al t]ms1 is an explanation ( ! expansion ( wat] 9 solidify+3 x w\ld be easy to con/ruct an app>atus = its illu/ration4 #dh4 ,! ,dirt ,b&s ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 #ccj4 ,pass f bright sun%9e into a mod]ately light$ room2 = a "t all appe>s s d>k t ! objects 9 ! room are n to be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,hit viol5tly by ! waves ( light 7 #c7 ! optic n]ve is numb$1 & requires "t to recov] its s5sitiv5ess4 #cca4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i *oose ! pres5t h\r = a special obs]vation on ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,! sun has sunk beh9d ! ridge ( ,*>moz1 & ! surface ( ! glaci] is 9 sob] %ade4 ,! ma9 portion ( our day's "w is f9i%$1 b we h /ill suffici5t en]gy to climb ! slopes adjac5t to ! ,montanv]t to a height ( a ?\s& feet or !reab\ts above ! ice4 ,illu/ration #ccb4 ,we n[ look fairly d[n ^u ! glaci]1 & see x less =e%ort5$ ?an f ! ,montanv]t4 ,we notice ! diet ov]spread+ its ea/]n side1 due to ! cr[d+ toge!r ( its m$ial mora9es4 ,we see ! comp>atively clean surface ( ! ,glaci] du ,gant2 b we notice ^u ?is surface an appe>ance :i* we h n hi!rto se54 ,x is cross$ by a s]ies ( grey b5t b&s1 :i* foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession1 f ,trlaporte d[nw>ds4 ,we c\nt eighte5 ( ^! f our pres5t position4 7,see sket*1 page #abh47 ,illu/ration #ccc4 ,^! are ! ,dirt ,b&s ( ! ,m] de ,glace2 !y 7 fir/ obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes 9 #ahdb4 ,illu/ration #ccd4 ,!y ext5d d[n ! glaci] fur!r ?an we c see2 & if we cross ! valley ( ,*am\ni1 & climb ! m\nta9s at ! opposite side1 to a po9t ne> ! little aub]ge1 call$ ,la ,flgre1 we %all comm& a view ( ! end ( ! glaci] & obs]ve ! completion ( ! s]ies ( b&s4 ,we notice t !y are conf9$ ?r\gh\t to ! portion ( ! glaci] d]iv$ f ! ,col du ,gant4 7,see sket*1 page #abi47 #cce4 ,we mu/ trace !m to _! s\rce4 ,y "k h[ noble & complete a view is obta9$ ( ! glaci] & ,col du ,gant f ! ,cleft ,/ation above ,trlaporte4 ,?i!r we mu/ once m climb2 & !nce we c see ! succession ( b&s /ret*+ d[nw>ds to ! ,montanv]t1 & upw>ds to ! base ( ! ice-cascade ^u ! ,glaci] du ,gant4 ,! cascade is evid5tly conc]n$ 9 _! =mation4 7,see sket* opposite47 #ccf4 ,& h[8 ,simply en\gh4 ,! glaci]1 z we "k1 is brok5 transv]sely at ! summit ( ! ice-fall1 & desc5ds ! declivity 9 a s]ies ( great transv]se ridges4 ,at ! base ( ! fall1 ! *asms are clos$1 b ! ridges 9 "p rema9 =m+ protub]ances1 :i* run l va/ wr9kles across ! glaci]4 ,^! protub]ances are m & m b5t because ( ! quick] motion ( ! c5tre1 & ! depressions betwe5 !m =m receptacles = ! f9e mud & dbris wa%$ by ! little rills f ! adjac5t slopes4 #ccg4 ,! protub]ances s9k gradually ?r\gh ! wa/+ action ( ! sun1 s t long be=e ,trlaporte is rea*$ !y h :olly disappe>$4 ,n s ! dirt ( :i* !y 7 ! collectors3 x cont9ues to occupy1 9 transv]se b&s1 ! flat surface ( ! glaci]4 ,at ,trlaporte1 moreov]1 :]e ! valley becomes n>r[1 ! b&s are mu* %>p5$1 obta9+ !re ! "* :i* !y aft]w>ds pres]ve ?r\gh\t ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,o!r glaci]s ) cascades also exhibit simil> b&s4 #di4 ,sea ,ice & ,iceb]gs4 #cch4 ,we are n[ equipp$ intellectually = a campaign into ano!r t]ritory4 ,wat] becomes heavi] & m difficult to freeze :5 salt is dissolv$ 9 x4 ,sea wat] is !re=e heavi] ?an fre%1 & ! ,gre5l& ,ocean requires to freeze x a temp]ature #c degrees l[] ?an fre% wat]4 ,:5 conc5trat$ till its specific gravity rea*es #a4ajde1 sea wat] requires = its congelation a temp]ature #ah degrees l[] ?an ! ord9>y freez+-po9t4,e ,e ,scoresby4 #cci4 ,b ev5 :5 ! wat] is saturat$ ) salt1 ! cry/allis+ =ce /udi\sly rejects ! salt1 & devotes itself to ! congelation ( ! wat] alone4 ,h5ce ! ice ( sea wat]1 :5 melt$1 produces fre% wat]4 ,! only sal9e p>ticles exi/+ 9 su* ice are ^? entangl$ 'me*anically 9 its pores4 ,!y h no "p or lot 9 ! /ructure ( ! cry/al4 #cdj4 ,?is exclusiv5ess1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 ( ! wat] molecules2 ?is entire rejection ( all =eign elem5ts f ! edifices :i* !y build1 is en=c$ to a surpris+ degree4 ,sulphuric acid has s /rong an aff9ity = wat] t x is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts kn[n to ! *emi/ = ! removal ( humidity f air4 ,/ill1 z %[n by ,f>aday1 :5 a mixture ( sulphuric acid & wat] is froz51 ! cry/al =m$ is p]fectly sweet & free f acidity4 ,! wat] alone has l5t itself to ! cry/allis+ =ce4 #cda4 ,e w9t] 9 ! ,arctic regions ! sea freezes1 ro(+ itself ) ice ( enorm\s ?ickness & va/ ext5t4 ,by ! summ] heat1 & ! toss+ ( ! waves1 ?is is brok5 up2 ! fragm5ts are drift$ by w9ds & borne by curr5ts4 ,!y cla%1 !y cru% ea* o!r1 !y pile !mselves into heaps1 ?us con/itut+ ! *ief dang] enc\nt]$ by m>9]s 9 ! pol> seas4 #cdb4 ,b among ! drift+ masses ( flat sea-ice1 va/] masses sail1 :i* spr+ f a totally diff]5t s\rce4 ,^! are ! ,iceb]gs ( ! ,arctic seas4 ,!y rise sometimes to an elevation ( hundr$s ( feet above ! wat]1 :ile ! weight ( ice subm]g$ is ab\t sev5 times t se5 above4 #cdc4 ,! fir/ obs]v]s ( /rik+ natural ph5om5a g5]ally all[ wond] & imag9ation m ?an _! due place4 ,b to exclude all error aris+ f ?is cause1 ,i w ref] to ! j\rnal ( a cool & intrepid ,arctic navigator1 ,sir ,leopold ,mc,clintock4 ,he describes an iceb]g #bej feet high1 :i* 0 agr\nd 9 #ejj feet ( wat]4 ,?is w\ld make ! entire height ( ! b]g #gej feet1 n an unusual altitude = ! great] iceb]gs4 #cdd4 ,f ,baff9's ,bay ^! mighty masses come sail+ d[n ?r\gh ,davis' ,/raits into ! broad ,atlantic4 ,a va/ am\nt ( heat is dem&$ = ! simple liquefaction ( ice 7 #dh72 & ! melt+ ( iceb]gs is on ?is acc\nt s sl[1 t :5 l>ge !y sometimes ma9ta9 !mselves till !y h be5 drift$ #bjjj miles f _! place ( bir?4 #cde4 ,:at is _! orig98 ,! ,arctic glaci]s4 ,f ! m\nta9s 9 ! int]ior ! indurat$ sn[s slide into ! valleys & fill !m ) ice4 ,! glaci]s ?us =m$ move l ! ,swiss ones1 incessantly d[nw>d4 ,b ! ,arctic glaci]s rea* ! sea1 ent] x1 (t5 pl\gh+ up its bottom into subm>9e mora9es4 ,und]m9$ by ! lapp+ ( ! waves1 & unable to resi/ ! /ra9 impos$ by _! own weight1 !y break across1 & dis*>ge va/ masses into ! ocean4 ,"s ( ^! run agr\nd on ! adjac5t %ores1 & (t5 ma9ta9 !mselves = ye>s4 ,o!rs escape s\?w>d1 to be f9ally dissolv$ 9 ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! fir/ engrav+ on ! opposite page is copi$ f a photograph tak5 by ,mr4 ,brad=d dur+ a rec5t exp$ition to ! ,nor!rn seas4 ,! second repres5ts a mass ( ice ^u ! ,glaci] des ,bossons4 ,_! lik5ess sugge/s _! common orig94 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration #ej4 ,! ggis*horn1 ! ,mrgel9 ,see & its ,iceb]gs4 #cdf4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 unwill+ t y %\ld quit ,switz]l& )\t see+ su* iceb]gs z x c %[1 & inde$ !re are o!r /ill nobl] glaci]s ?an ! ,m] de ,glace ) :i* y ought to be acqua9t$4 ,9 trac+ ! ,rhone to its s\rce1 y h already asc5d$ ! valley ( ! ,rhone4 ,let u visit x aga9 toge!r2 halt at ! little t[n ( ,vies*1 & g f x /raight up to ! excell5t ho/elry on ! slope ( ! ggis*horn4 ,?is we %all make our head-qu>t]s :ile we explore t mon>* ( ,european ice-/reams1--! great ,alets* glaci]4 #cdg4 ,includ+ ! longe/ ( its bran*es1 ?is noble ice-riv] is ab\t tw5ty miles long1 :ile at ! middle ( its trunk x measures ne>ly a mile & a qu>t] f side to side4 ,! gr&e/ m\nta9s ( ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 ! ,jungfrau1 ! ,mon*1 ! ,trugb]g1 ! ,alets*horn1 ! ,brei?orn1 ! ,glets*]horn1 & _m ano!r noble peak & ridge1 are ! collectors ( its nvs4 ,f ?ree great valleys =m$ 9 ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s ^! nvs are p\r$1 unit+ toge!r to =m ! trunk ( ! ,alets* at a place nam$ by a witty m\nta9e]1 ! ,place de la ,concorde ( ,nature4 ,if ! phrase be meant to convey ! ideas ( tranquil gr&eur1 beauty ( =m1 & purity ( hue1 x is well be/[$4 #cdh4 ,our hotel is n ^u ! peak ( ! ggis*horn1 b a brisk morn+ walk soon places u ^u ! top4 ,!nce we see ! glaci] l a broad riv] /ret*+ upw>ds to ! roots ( ! ,jungfrau1 & d[nw>ds pa/ ! ,bel ,alp t[>ds its end4 ,prolong+ ! vision d[nw>ds1 we /rike ! noble/ m\nta9 gr\p 9 all ! ,alps1--! ,dom & its att5dant peaks1 ! ,matt]horn & ! ,weis%orn4 ,! sc5e inde$ is "o ( impressive gr&eur1 a multitude ( peaks & cre/s "h unnam$ contribut+ to its glory4 #cdi4 ,b l[ d[n to our "r1 & surr\nd$ by ! %elt]+ m\nta9s1 is an object ! beauty ( :i* />tles ^? :o are unprep>$ = x4 ,yond] we see ! nak$ side ( ! glaci]1 expos+ gli/5+ ice-cliffs sixty or sev5ty feet high4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! ,alets* "h 7 engag$ 9 ! va9 attempt to ?ru/ an arm ?r\gh a lat]al valley4 ,x once did s2 b ! arm is n[ incessantly brok5 (f close to ! body ( ! glaci]1 a great space =m]ly cov]$ by ! ice be+ occupi$ by its wat] ( liquefaction4 ,a lake ( ! lovelie/ blue is ?us =m$1 :i* rea*es q to ! base ( ! ice-cliffs1 saps !m1 z ! ,arctic waves sap ! ,gre5l& glaci]s1 & receives f !m ! brok5 masses :i* x has und]m9$4 ,z we look d[n ^u ! lake1 small iceb]gs sail ov] ! tranquil surface1 ea* resembl+ a sn[y swan accompani$ by its %ad[4 #cej4 ,?is is ! beautiful little lake ( ,mrgel91 or1 z ! ,swiss "h call x1 ! ,mrgel9 ,see4 ,y see t spla%1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds he> ! s\nd ( ! plung+ ice4 ,! glaci] has brok5 be=e our eyes1 & dropp$ an iceb]g into ! lake4 ,all ov] ! lake ! wat] is set 9 commotion1 ?us illu/rat+ on a small scale ! swamp+ waves produc$ by ! desc5t ( va/ isl&s ( ice f ! ,arctic glaci]s4 ,look to ! end ( ! lake4 ,x is cumb]$ ) ! remnants ( iceb]gs n[ agr\nd1 :i* h be5 9 "p waft$ ?i!r by ! w9d1 b 9 "p sl[ly borne by ! wat] :i* moves g5tly 9 ?is direction4 #cea4 ,imag9e u bel[ ^u ! m>g9 ( ! lake1 z ,i happ5$ to be on "o occasion4 ,!re is "o l>ge & lonely iceb]g ab\t ! middle4 ,sudd5ly a s\nd l t ( a cat>act is he>d2 we look t[>ds ! iceb]g & see wat] teem+ f its sides4 ,:5ce comes ! wat]8 ! b]g has become top-heavy ?r\gh ! melt+ und]nea?2 x is 9 ! act ( p]=m+ a som]sault1 & 9 roll+ ov] c>ries ) x a va/ quantity ( wat]1 :i* ru%es l a wat]fall d[n its sides4 ,& notice t ! iceb]g1 :i* a mom5t ago 0 sn[y-:ite1 n[ exhibits ! delicate blue col\r *>act]i/ic ( compact ice4 ,x w soon1 h[ev]1 be r5d]$ :ite aga9 by ! action ( ! sun4 ,! va/] iceb]gs ( ! ,nor!rn seas sometimes roll ov] 9 ! same fa%ion4 ,a week may be sp5t ) delight & pr(it at ! ggis*horn4 #ea4 ,! ,bel ,alp4 #ceb4 ,f ! ggis*horn ,i might lead y along ! m\nta9 ridge by ! ,bett5 ,see1 ! fi% ( :i* we h already ta/$1 to ! ,ri$] ,alp1 & !nce across ! ,alets* to ! ,bel ,alp4 ,?is is a f9e m\nta9 ramble1 b y & ,i pref] mak+ ! glaci] our highway d[nw>ds4 ,easy at "s places1 x is by no means *ild's play at o!rs to unravel its crevasses4 ,b ! /eady con/ancy & close obs]vation :i* we h hi!rto f\nd avail+ 9 difficult places d n =sake u "h4 ,we cle> ! fissures2 &1 aft] f\r h\rs ( exhil>at+ "w1 we f9d ourselves ^u ! slope lead+ up to ! ,bel ,alp hotel4 #cec4 ,?is is "o ( ! f9e/ halt+-places 9 ! ,alps4 ,/ret*+ be=e u up to ! ggis*horn & ,mrgel9 ,see is ! long la/ rea* ( ! ,alets*1 ) its great m$ial mora9e runn+ along its back4 ,at h& is ! wild gorge ( ! ,massa1 9 :i* ! sn\t ( ! glaci] lies c\*$ l ! head ( a s]p5t4 ,! beautiful sy/em ( ! ,ob]alets* glaci]s is )9 easy rea*4 ,above u is a peak call$ ! ,sp>r5horn1 accessible to ! mo/ mod]ate climb]1 & on ! summit ( :i* little m ?an an h\r's ex]tion w place y & me4 ,bel[ u n[ is ! ,ob]alets* glaci]1 exhibit+ ! mo/ p]fect ( m$ial mora9es4 ,ne> u is ! great mass ( ! ,alets*horn1 clasp$ by its nvs1 & culm9at+ 9 br[n rock4 ,x is support$ by o!r peaks almo/ z noble z itself4 ,! ,ne/horn is at h&2 :ile sweep+ r\nd to ! we/ we /rike ! glori\s triad already ref]r$ to1 ! ,weis%orn1 ! ,matt]horn1 & ! ,dom4 ,take "o glance at ! crevasses ( ! glaci] imm$iately bel[ u4 ,x tumbles at its end d[n a /eep incl9e1 & is greatly riv54 ,b ! crevasses op5 be=e ! /eep "p is rea*$1 & y notice ! coalesc5ce ( m>g9al & transv]se crevasses1 produc+ a sy/em ( curv$ fissures ) ! convexities ( ! curves po9t+ upw>ds4 ,! me*anical reason ( ?is is n[ kn[n to y4 ,! glaci]-tables are also num]\s & f9e4 ,i %\ld l to l+] ) y "h = a week1 explor+ ! exi/+ glaci]s1 & trac+ out ! evid5ces ( o!rs t h pass$ away4 #eb4 ,! ,riffelb]g & ,grn] ,glaci]4 #ced4 ,& ?\gh our measurem5ts & obs]vations on ! ,m] de ,glace are m or less repres5tative ( all t c be made or solv$ else:]e1 ,i am unwill+ to leave y unacqua9t$ ) ! great sy/em ( glaci]s :i* /ream f ! nor!rn slopes ( ,monte ,rosa & ! adjac5t m\nta9s4 ,f ! ,bel ,alp we c desc5d to ,brieg1 & !nce drive to ,visp2 b y & ,i pref] ! breezy heights1 s we sweep r\nd ! promontory ( ! ,nessel1 until we /& ov] ! ,rhone valley1 9 front ( ,visp4 ,f ?is village an h\r's walk+ c>ries u to ,/ald51 :]e ! valley divides into two bran*es3 ! "o lead+ ?r\gh ,saas ov] ! ,monte ,moro1 & ! o!r ?r\gh ,/4 ,ni*olas to ,z]matt4 ,! latt] is our r\te4 #cee4 ,we rea* ,z]matt1 b d n halt "h4 ,on ! m\nta9 ridge1 #d1jjj feet above ! valley1 we disc]n ! ,riffelb]g hotel4 ,?is we rea*4 ,"r 9 front ( u is ! p9nacle ( ! ,matt]horn1 ^u ! top ( :i* x mu/ appe> incr$ible to y t a human foot c\ld ev] tread4 ,con/ancy & skill1 h[ev]1 accompli%$ ?is1 b 9 ! fir/ in/ance at a t]rible price4 ,9 ! little *ur*y>d ( ,z]matt we h se5 ! graves ( two ( ! greate/ m\nta9e]s t ,savoy & ,engl& h produc$3 & :o1 ) two gallant "y companions1 fell f ! ,matt]horn 9 #ahfe4 #cef4 ,at ! ,riffelb]g we are )9 an h\r's walk ( ! fam\s ,grn] ,grat1 :i* comm&s s gr& a view ( ! glaci]s ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,b yond] huge knob ( p]fectly b>e rock1 :i* is call$ ! ,riffelhorn1 mu/ be our /ation4 ,:at ! ,cleft ,/ation is to ! ,m] de ,glace1 ! ,riffelhorn is to ! ,grn] glaci] & its tribut>ies4 ,f its l[] side ! rock1 easy z x may seem1 is inaccessible4 ,"h1 inde$1 9 #ahfe1 a fif? good man met 8 end1 & he also lies beside 8 fell[ c\ntrym5 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,z]matt4 ,pass+ a little t>n1 or lake1 call$ ! ,riffel ,see1 we assail ! ,riffelhorn on its upp] side4 ,x is capital rock-practice to rea* ! summit2 & f x we comm& a mo/ extraord9>y sc5e4 #ceg4 ,! huge & _m-peak$ mass ( ,monte ,rosa faces u1 & we scan its sn[s f bottom to top4 ,to ! "r is ! mighty ridge ( ! ,lyskamm1 also lad5 ) sn[2 & betwe5 bo? lies ! ,we/]n ,glaci] ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,?is glaci] meets ano!r f ! va/ sn[-fields ( ! ,cima di ,jazzi2 !y jo9 to =m ! ,grn] glaci]1 & f _! place ( junction /ret*es ! cu/om>y m$ial mora9e4 ,on ?is side ( ! ,lyskamm rise two beautifully sn[y em95ces1 ! ,tw9s ,ca/or & ,pollux2 !n come ! br[n crags ( ! ,brei?orn1 !n ! ,little ,matt]horn1 & !n ! broad sn[-field ( ! ,?odule1 out ( :i* spr+s ! ,great ,matt]horn1 & :i* y & ,i w cross subsequ5tly into ,italy4 #ceh4 ,! valleys & depressions betwe5 ^! m\nta9s are fill$ ) glaci]s4 ,d[n ! flanks ( ! ,tw9 ,ca/or comes ! ,glaci] des ,jumeaux1 f ,pollux comes ! ,s*w>tze glaci]1 f ! ,brei?orn ! ,trifti glaci]1 !n come ! ,little ,matt]horn glaci] & ! ,?odule glaci]1 ea*1 z x welds itself to ! trunk1 c>ry+ ) x its m$ial mora9e4 ,we c c\nt n9e su* mora9es f our pres5t position4 ,& to a /ill m surpris+ degree ?an on ! ,m] de ,glace1 we notice ! p[] ( ! ice to yield to pressure2 ! broad nvs be+ squeez$ on ! trunk ( ! ,grn] into :ite /ripes1 :i* become ev] n>r[] betwe5 ! b\nd+ mora9es1 & f9ally disappe> "u _! own %+le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,g,,rn] ,,glaci]1 ,,) ,,monte ,,rosa ,,9 ,,! ,,di/ance1 ,,& ,,! ,,riffelhorn ,,to ,,! ,,left4 #cei4 ,on ! two ma9 tribut>ies we also notice mora9es :i* seem 9 ea* case to rise f ! body ( ! glaci]1 appe>+ 9 ! middle ( ! ice )\t any app>5t orig9 high] up4 ,^! at _! s\rces1 are sub-glacial mora9es1 :i* h be5 rubb$ away f rocky promontories entirely cov]$ ) ice4 ,!y lie hidd5 = a "t 9 ! body ( ! glaci]1 & appe> at ! surface :]e ! ice above !m has be5 melt$ away by ! sun4 #cfj4 ,?is is ! place to m5tion a notion long ent]ta9$ by ! inhabitants ( ! high ,alps1 t glaci]s possess ! p[] ( ?ru/+ out all impurities f !m4 ,on ! ,m] de ,glace y & ,i h notic$ l>ge pat*es ( clay & black mud :i* evid5tly came f ! body ( ! glaci]1 & we c !re=e und]/& h[ natural 0 ?is notion ( extrusion to p unaccu/om$ to close obs]vation4 ,b ! p[] ( ! glaci] 9 ?is respect is 9 reality ! p[] ( ! sun1 :i* fuses ! ice above conceal$ impurities1 &1 l ! bodies ( ! guides on ! ,glaci] des ,bossons 7#adc71 br+s !m to ! light ( day4 #cfa4 ,on no o!r glaci] w y f9d m objects ( int]e/ ?an on ! ,grn]4 ,s&-cones1 glaci]-tables1 deep ice-gorges cut by /reams & bridg$ fanta/ically by b\ld]s1 m\l9s1 sometimes ar*$ ice-cav]ns ( extraord9>y size & beauty4 ,on ! l[] "p ( ! glaci] we notice ! p>tial disappe>ance ( ! m$ial mora9e 9 ! crevasses1 & its reappe>ance at ! foot ( ! incl9e4 ,= _m ye>s ?is glaci] 0 /eadily advanc+ on ! mead[ 9 front ( x1 pl\gh+ up ! soil & ov]turn+ ! *alets 9 its way4 ,x n[ %>es 9 ! g5]al retreat exhibit$ dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s among ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps4 ,z usual1 a riv]1 ! ,visp1 ru%es f a vault at ! extremity ( ! ,grn] glaci]4 #ec4 ,anci5t ,glaci]s ( ,switz]l&4 #cfb4 ,y h n lo/ ! memory ( ! old ,mora9e1 :i* int]e/$ u s mu* 9 our fir/ asc5t f ! s\rce ( ! ,arveiron2 = x op5$ our m9ds to ! fact t at "o p]iod ( its hi/ory ! ,m] de ,glace atta9$ f> great] dim5sions ?an x n[ exhibits4 ,our exp]i5ce s9ce t "t has enabl$ u to pursue ^! evid5ces ( ice action to an ext5t ( :i* we _h !n no notion4 #cfc4 ,close to ! exi/+ glaci]1 = example1 we h repeat$ly se5 ! m\nta9 side laid b>e by ! retreat ( ! ice4 ,?is is especially conspicu\s j n[1 because = ! la/ fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps h be5 /eadily %r9k+2 s t x is no uncommon ?+ to see ! m>g9al rocks laid b>e = a height ( fifty1 sixty1 eighty1 or ev5 "o hundr$ feet above ! pres5t glaci]4 ,on ! rocks ?us expos$ we see ! evid5t m>ks ( ! slid+2 & our eyes & m9ds h be5 s educat$ 9 ! obs]vation ( ^! appe>ances t we are n[ able to detect1 ) c]ta9ty1 icem>ks1 or mora9es1 anci5t or mod]n1 :]ev] !y appe>4 #cfd4 ,b ! elevations at :i* we h f\nd su* evid5ce might well %ake belief 9 ! conclusions to :i* !y po9t4 ,beside ! ,massa ,gorge1 at #a1jjj feet above ! pres5t ,alets*1 we f\nd a great old mora9e4 ,desc5d+ ! mead[s betwe5 ! ,bel ,alp & ,flatt51 we f\nd ano!r1 n[ clo!d ) grass1 & be>+ a village on its back4 ,b ,i wi% to c>ry y to a region :i* exhibits ^! evid5ces on a /ill gr&] & m impressive scale4 ,we h already tak5 a brief flight to ! valley ( ,hasli & ! ,glaci] ( ! ,a>4 ,let u make t glaci] our />t+-po9t4 ,walk+ f x d[nw>ds t[>ds ! ,grimsel1 we pass ev]y:]e ov] rocks s+ul>ly r\nd$1 & flut$1 & sc>r$4 ,^! appe>ances are manife/ly ! "w ( ! glaci] 9 rec5t times4 ,b we approa* ! ,grimsel1 & at ! turn+ ( ! valley /& be=e ! precipit\s granite flank ( ! m\nta94 ,! traces ( ! anci5t ice are "h z pla9 z !y are amaz+4 ,! rocks are s h>d t n only ! flut+ & poli%+1 b ev5 ! f9e scrat*es :i* date back unnamable ?\s&s ( ye>s are z evid5t z if !y _h be5 made ye/]day4 ,we may trace ^! evid5ces to a height ( two ?\s& feet above ! pres5t valley b$4 ,x is indubitable t an ice-riv] ( ?is a/\nd+ dep? once fl[$ ?r\gh ! vale ( ,hasli4 #cfe4 ,yond] is ! summit ( ! ,si$elhorn2 & if we ga9 x1 ! ,unt]a> glaci] w lie l a map bel[ u4 ,f ?is comm&+ po9t we pla9ly see m>k$ ^u ! m\nta9 sides ! height to :i* ! anci5t ice ext5d$4 ,! ice-gr\nd "p ( ! m\nta9s is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! spl9t]$ cre/s :i* 9 ^? di/ant days rose above ! surface ( ! glaci]1 & :i* mu/ h !n appe>$ z isl& peaks & cre/s 9 ! mid/ ( an ocean ( ice4 #cff4 ,we n[ scamp] d[n ! ,si$elhorn1 get once m into ! valley ( ,hasli1 along :i* we foll[ = m ?an tw5ty miles ! traces ( ! ice4 ,flut$ precipices1 poli%$ slabs1 & beautifully-r\nd$ granite domes4 ,"r & left ^u ! m\nta9 flanks1 at great elevations1 ! evid5ces appe>4 ,we foll[ ! foot/eps ( ! glaci] to ! ,lake ( ,bri5tz2 & if we prolong$ our enquiries1 we %\ld le>n t all ! lake b$s ( ?is region1 at ! "t n[ ref]r$ to1 bore ! burd5 ( imm5se masses ( ice4 #cfg4 ,in/ead ( ! vale ( ,hasli1 we might take ! valley ( ! ,rhone4 ,! traces ( a mighty glaci]1 :i* =m]ly fill$ x1 may be foll[$ all ! way to ,m>tigny1 :i* is #fj miles di/ant f ! pres5t ice4 ,at ,m>tigny ! ,rhone glaci] 0 re9=c$ by ano!r f ,mont ,blanc1 & ! weld$ masses mov$ onw>d1 plan+ ! m\nta9s "r & left1 to ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ! bas9 ( :i* !y entirely fill$4 ,o!r evid5ces prove t ! glaci] did n end "h1 b pu%$ across ! l[ c\ntry until x enc\nt]$ ! lime/one b>ri] ( ! ,jura ,m\nta9s4 #ed4 ,erratic ,blocks4 #cfh4 ,:at are ^! o!r evid5ces8 ,we h se5 mighty rocks pois$ on ! mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 & we n[ "k t1 unless !y are split & %att]$ by ! fro/1 ^! rocks w1 at "s di/ant day1 be l&$ bodily by ! ,glaci] des ,bois 9 ! valley ( ,*am\ni4 ,y h already le>n$ t ^! b\ld]s (t5 reveal ! m9]alogical nature ( ! m\nta9s among :i* ! glaci] has pass$2 t specim5s are ?us br\ght d[n ( a "* totally diff]5t f ! rocks among :i* !y are f9ally l&$2 ?is is /rik+ly ! case ) ! erratic blocks /r&$ along ! ,jura4 #cfi4 ,= ! ,jura itself1 z already /at$1 is lime/one2 !re is no trace ( native granite to be f\nd among/ ^! hills4 ,/ill along ! brea/ ( ! m\nta9 above ! t[n ( ,neuf*tel1 & at ab\t #hjj feet above ! lake ( ,neuf*tel1 we f9d /r&$ a belt ( granite b\ld]s f ,mont ,blanc4 ,& :5 we cle> ! soil away f ! adjac5t m\nta9 side1 we f9d ^u ! lime/one rocks ! sc>r+s ( ! anci5t glaci] :i* br\ght ! b\ld]s "h4 #cgj4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! rocks1 call$ ! ,pi]re ,bt1 measures #ej feet 9 l5g?1 #dj 9 height1 & #bj 9 wid?4 ,multiply+ ^! ?ree numb]s toge!r1 we obta9 #dj1jjj cubic feet z ! volume ( ! b\ld]4 #cga4 ,b ?is is small comp>$ ) "s ( ! rocks :i* con/itute ! freight ( ev5 rec5t glaci]s4 ,let u visit ano!r ( !m4 ,we h already be5 to ,/ald51 :]e ! valley divides into two bran*es1 ! "r bran* runn+ to ,/4 ,ni*olas & ,z]matt1 & ! left "o to ,saas & ! ,monte ,moro4 ,?ree h\rs above ,saas we come ^u ! end ( ! ,allele9 glaci]1 n fill+ ! ma9 valley1 b ?r[n a?w>t x s z to /op its dra9age l a dam4 ,above ?is ice-dam we h ! ,mattm>k ,lake1 & at ! head ( ! lake a small inn well kn[n to travell]s ov] ! ,monte ,moro4 #cgb4 ,close to ?is inn is ! greate/ b\ld] t we h ev] se54 ,x measures #bdj1jjj cubic feet4 ,look+ across ! valley we notice a glaci] ) its pres5t end half a mile f ! b\ld]4 ,! /one1 ,i believe1 is s]p5t9e1 & 7 y & ,i to explore ! ,s*w>tzb]g glaci] to its upp] fa/nesses1 we %\ld f9d among !m ! bir?place ( ?is gigantic /one4 ,f\r-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 ! glaci] rea*$ ! place n[ occupi$ by ! b\ld]1 x l&$ !re its mighty freight1 & !n retreat$4 ,!re is a second ice-borne rock at h& :i* w\ld be consid]$ va/ 7 x n dw>f$ by ! aspect ( its hug] neighb\r4 #cgc4 ,evid5ce ( ?is k9d might be multipli$ to any ext5t4 ,9 fact1 at ?is mom5t1 di/+ui%$ m51 l ,pr(essor ,favre ( ,g5eva1 are det]m9+ f ! di/ribution ( ! erratic blocks ! ext5t ( ! anci5t glaci]s ( ,switz]l&4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 an eng9e] nam$ ,v5etz t fir/ br\ght ^! evid5ces to light1 & ann\nc$ to an incr$ul\s _w ! va/ ext5sion ( ! anci5t ice4 ,m4 ,agassiz aft]w>ds develop$ & wond]fully exp&$ ! discov]y4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ obs]vation reg>d+ anci5t glaci]s is t ( ,dr4 ,hook]1 :o1 dur+ a rec5t visit to ,pale/9e1 f\nd ! celebrat$ ,c$>s ( ,lebanon gr[+ ^u anci5t mora9es4 #ee4 ,anci5t ,glaci]s ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales4 #cgd4 ,at ! "t ! ice atta9$ ?is extraord9>y developm5t 9 ! ,alps1 _m o!r portions ( ,europe1 :]e no glaci]s n[ exi/1 7 cov]$ ) !m4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 among ! m\nta9s ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ,wales1 ! anci5t glaci]s h writt5 _! /ory z pla9ly z 9 ! ,alps !mselves4 ,i %\ld l to w&] ) y ?r\gh ,borrodale 9 ,cumb]l&1 or ?r\gh ! valleys ne> ,be?gell]t 9 ,wales4 ,"u all ! beauty ( ! pres5t sc5]y we %\ld discov] ! memorials ( a "t :5 ! :ole region 0 lock$ 9 ! embrace ( ice4 ,pr(essor ,ramsay is especially di/+ui%$ by 8 writ+s on ! anci5t glaci]s ( ,wales4 #cge4 ,we h made ! acqua9tance ( ! ,reeks ( ,magillicuddy z ! great cond5s]s ( ,atlantic vap\r4 ,at ! "t n[ ref]r$ to1 ?is moi/ure did n fall z s(t & fructify+ ra91 b z sn[1 :i* =m$ ! nutrim5t ( great glaci]s4 ,a *a9 ( lakes n[ con/itutes ! *ief attraction ( ,kill>ney1 ! ,l[]1 ! ,middle1 & ! ,upp] ,lake4 ,let u suppose ourselves r[+ t[>ds ! head ( ! ,upp] ,lake ) ! ,purple ,m\nta9 to our left4 ,rememb]+ our travels 9 ! ,alps1 y w\ld infallibly call my att5tion to ! plan+ ( ! rocks1 & decl>e ! action to be unmi/akably t ( glaci]s4 ,) our att5tion ?us %>p5$1 we l& at ! head ( ! lake1 & walk up ! ,black ,valley to ! base ( ,magillicuddy's ,reeks4 ,y\r conclusion w\ld be1 t ?is valley tells a tale z wond]ful z t ( ,hasli4 #cgf4 ,we rea* our boat & r[ homew>ds along ! ,upp] ,lake4 ,its isl&s n[ possess a new int]e/ = u4 ,"s ( !m are b>e1 o!rs are cov]$ :olly or 9 "p ) luxuriant vegetation2 b bo? ! nak$ & clo!d isl&s are glaciat$4 ,! wea!r+ ( ages has n alt]$ _! =ms3 !re are ! ,cannon ,rock1 ! ,giant's ,c(f91 ! ,man ( ,w>1 all sculptur$ z if ! *isel _h pass$ ov] !m 9 our own lifetime4 ,^! lakes1 n[ fr+$ ) t5d] woodl& beauty1 7 all occupi$ by ! anci5t ice4 ,x has disappe>$1 & se$s f o!r regions h be5 waft$ ?i!r to s[ ! trees1 ! %rubs1 ! f]ns1 & ! grasses :i* n[ beautify ,kill>ney4 ,man himself1 !y say1 has made 8 appe>ance 9 ! _w s9ce t "t ( ice2 b ( ! real p]iod & mann] ( man's introduction little is pr(ess$ to be kn[n s9ce1 to make !m squ>e ) sci5ce1 new mean+s h be5 f\nd = ! beautiful my?s & /ories ( ! ,bible4 #cgg4 ,x is ! nature & t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to look backw>d & =w>d2 to endeav\r to re/ore ! pa/ & pr$ict ! future4 ,?us end[$1 f data pati5tly & pa9fully won1 we recov] 9 idea a /ate ( ?+s :i* exi/$ ?\s&s1 x may be millions1 ( ye>s be=e ! hi/ory ( ! human race began4 #ef4 ,! ,glacial ,epo*4 #cgh4 ,?is p]iod ( ice-ext5sion has be5 nam$ ! ,glacial ,epo*4 ,9 acc\nt+ = x great m9ds h fall5 into grave errors1 z we %all pres5tly see4 #cgi4 ,! sub/ance on :i* we h ?us f> be5 work+ exi/s 9 ?ree diff]5t /ates3 z a solid 9 ice2 z a liquid 9 wat]2 z a gas 9 vap\r4 ,to cause x to pass f "o ( ^! /ates to ! next foll[+ "o1 heat is necess>y4 #chj4 ,dig a hole 9 ! ice ( ! ,m] de ,glace 9 summ]1 & place a !rmomet] 9 ! hole2 x w /& at #cb ,fahr4 ,dip y\r !rmomet] into "o ( ! glaci] /reams2 x w /ill m>k #cb4 ,! wat] is !re=e z cold z ice4 #cha4 ,h5ce ! :ole ( ! heat p\r$ by ! sun ^u ! glaci]1 & :i* has be5 absorb$ by ! glaci]1 is exp5d$ 9 simply liquefy+ ! ice1 & n 9 r5d]+ ei!r ice or wat] a s+le degree w>m]4 #chb4 ,expose wat] to a fire2 x becomes hott] = a "t4 ,x boils1 & f t mom5t x ceases to get hott]4 ,aft] x has begun to boil1 all ! heat communicat$ by ! fire is c>ri$ away by ! /eam1 ?\gh ! /eam itself is n ! lea/ fraction ( a degree hott] ?an ! wat]4 #chc4 ,9 fact1 simply to liquefy ice a l>ge quantity ( heat is necess>y1 & to vaporize wat] a /ill l>g] quantity is necess>y4 ,& inasmu* z ?is heat does n r5d] ! wat] w>m] ?an ! ice1 nor ! /eam w>m] ?an ! wat]1 x 0 at "o "t suppos$ to be hidd5 9 ! wat] & 9 ! /eam4 ,& x 0 !re=e call$ lat5t heat4 #chd4 ,let u ask h[ mu* heat mu/ ! sun exp5d 9 ord] to conv]t a p\nd weight ( ! tropical ocean into vap\r8 ,?is problem has be5 accurately solv$ by exp]im5t4 ,x w\ld require 9 r\nd numb]s #a1jjj times ! am\nt ( heat necess>y to raise "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree 9 temp]ature4 #che4 ,b ! quantity ( heat :i* w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( a p\nd ( wat] "o degree w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( a p\nd ( iron t5 degrees4 ,?is has be5 also prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,h5ce to conv]t "o p\nd ( ! tropical ocean into vap\r ! sun mu/ exp5d #aj1jjj times z mu* heat z w\ld raise "o p\nd ( iron "o degree 9 temp]ature4 #chf4 ,?is quantity ( heat w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( #e lbs4 ( iron #b1jjj degrees1 :i* is ! fus+ po9t ( ca/ iron2 at ?is temp]ature ! metal w\ld n only be :ite hot1 b w\ld be pass+ into ! molt5 condition4 #chg4 ,consid] ! conclusions at :i* we h n[ arriv$4 ,= e p\nd ( tropical vap\r1 or = e p\nd ( ,alp9e ice produc$ by ! congelation ( t vap\r1 an am\nt ( heat has be5 exp5d$ by ! sun suffici5t to raise #e lbs4 ( ca/ iron to its melt+-po9t4 #chh4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to calculate approximately ! weight ( ! ,m] de ,glace & its tribut>ies--to say1 = example1 t !y conta9$ s _m millions ( millions ( tons ( ice & sn[4 ,let ! place ( ! ice be tak5 by a mass ( :ite-hot iron ( qu9tuple ! weight2 ) su* a picture be=e y\r m9d y get "s notion ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( heat paid out by ! sun to produce ! pres5t glaci]4 #chi4 ,y mu/ ?9k ov] ?is1 until x is z cle> z sun%9e4 ,= y mu/ nev] h5ce=? fall into ! error already ref]r$ to1 & :i* has entangl$ s _m4 ,s natural 0 ! association ( ice & cold1 t ev5 celebrat$ m5 assum$ t all t is ne$$ to produce a great ext5sion ( our glaci]s is a dim9ution ( ! sun's temp]ature4 ,_h !y gone ?r\gh ! =ego+ reflections & calculations1 !y w\ld probably h dem&$ m heat in/ead ( less = ! production ( a glacial epo*4 ,:at !y really ne$$ 7 cond5s]s suffici5tly p[]ful to congeal ! vap\r g5]at$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 #eg4 ,glaci] ,!ories4 #cij4 ,y h n =gott51 & h>dly ev] c =get1 our climbs to ! ,cleft ,/ation4 ,?\ghts 7 !n sugge/$ :i* we h n yet discuss$4 ,we saw ! bran* glaci]s com+ d[n f _! nvs1 weld+ !mselves toge!r1 pu%+ ?r\gh ,trlaporte1 & aft]w>ds mov+ ?r\gh ! s9u\s valley ( ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,^! appe>ances alone1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt subsequ5t obs]vations1 7 suffici5t to sugge/ ! idea t glaci] ice1 h[ev] h>d & brittle x may appe>1 is really a visc\s sub/ance1 resembl+ treacle1 or honey1 or t>1 or lava4 #eh4 ,dilatation & ,slid+ ,!ories4 #cia4 ,/ill ?is 0 n ! notion express$ by ! majority ( writ]s ^u glaci]s4 ,s*eu*z] ( ,zri*1 a great naturali/1 visit$ ! glaci]s 9 #agje1 & prop\nd$ a !ory ( _! motion4 ,wat]1 he knew1 exp&s 9 freez+1 & ! =ce ( expansion is s great1 t ?ick bomb%ells fill$ ) wat]1 & p]mitt$ to freeze1 are1 z we "k 7#cab71 %att]$ to pieces by ! ice )94 ,s*eu*z] suppos$ t ! wat] 9 ! fissures ( ! glaci]s1 freez+ !re & exp&+ ) resi/less =ce1 0 ! p[] :i* urg$ ! glaci] d[nw>ds4 ,he add$ to ?is !ory o!r notions ( a less sci5tific k9d4 #cib4 ,_m ye>s subsequ5tly1 ,de ,*>p5ti] ( ,bex r5ew$ & develop$ ?is !ory ) su* ability & complet5ess1 t x 0 long kn[n z ,*>p5ti]'s ,!ory ( ,dilatation4 ,m4 ,agassiz = a "t esp\s$ ?is !ory1 & x 0 also m or less di/9ctly held by o!r writ]s4 ,! glaci]1 9 fact1 0 consid]$ to be a magaz9e ( cold1 capable ( freez+ all wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh x4 ,! !ory 0 ab&on$ :5 ?is notion ( glaci] cold 0 prov$ by ,m4 ,agassiz to be unt5able4 #cic4 ,9 #agfj1 ,altmann & ,grn] prop\nd$ ! view t glaci]s mov$ by slid+ ov] _! b$s4 ,ne>ly =ty ye>s subsequ5tly1 ?is notion 0 reviv$ by ,de ,saussure1 & x has !re=e be5 call$ ,de ,saussure's ,!ory1 or ! ,slid+ ,!ory ( glaci] motion4 #cid4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 b little reason to connect ! "n ( ,de ,saussure ) ?is or any o!r !ory ( glaci]s4 ,incessantly occupi$ 9 obs]vations ( ano!r k9d1 ?is celebrat$ man devot$ v little "t or ?\ght to ! "q ( glaci] motion4 ,:at he has writt5 ^u ! subject reads less l ! elaboration ( a !ory ?an ! expression ( an op9ion4 #ei4 ,pla/ic ,!ory4 #cie4 ,by none ( ^! writ]s is ! prop]ty ( viscosity or pla/icity ascrib$ to glaci] ice2 ! appe>ances ( _m glaci]s are1 h[ev]1 s sugge/ive ( ?is idea t we may be sure x w\ld h f\nd m frequ5t expression1 7 x n 9 su* app>5t contradiction ) our e-day exp]i5ce ( ice4 #cif4 ,/ill ! idea f\nd its advocates4 ,9 a little book1 publi%$ 9 #aggc1 & entitl$ ,picturesque ,j\rney to ! ,glaci]s ( ,savoy1 ,bordi] ( ,g5eva wrote ?us3--,x is n[ "t to look at all ^! objects ) ! eyes ( reason2 to /udy1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! position & ! progression ( glaci]s1 & to seek ! solution ( _! pr9cipal ph5om5a4 ,at ! fir/ aspect ( ! ice-m\nta9s an obs]vation pres5ts itself1 :i* appe>s suffici5t to expla9 all4 ,x is t ! entire mass ( ice is connect$ toge!r1 & presses f above d[nw>ds aft] ! mann] ( fluids4 ,let u !n reg>d ! ice1 n z a mass entirely rigid & immobile1 b z a heap ( coagulat$ matt]1 or z s(t5$ wax1 flexible & ductile to a c]ta9 po9t4,f ,"h probably = ! fir/ "t ! quality ( pla/icity is ascrib$ to ! ice ( glaci]s4 ,f ,i am indebt$ to my di/+ui%$ fri5d ,pr(4 ,/ud] ( ,b]ne = direct+ my att5tion to ,bordi]'s book1 & to my fri5ds at ! ,briti% ,museum = ! great tr\ble !y h tak5 to f9d x = me4 #cig4 ,to u1 famili> ) ! aspect ( ! glaci]s1 x mu/ seem /range t ?is idea once express$ did n at once receive recognition & developm5t4 ,b 9 ^? e>ly days explor]s 7 few1 & ! ,picturesque ,j\rney probably b little kn[n1 s t ! notion ( pla/icity lay dormant = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,b ,bordi] 0 at l5g? succe$$ by a man ( f> great] sci5tific grasp & insight ?an himself4 ,?is 0 ,r5du1 a ,ca?olic prie/ & canon :5 he wrote1 & aft]w>ds ,bi%op ( ,annecy4 ,9 #ahda ,r5du laid be=e ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,savoy 8 ,!ory ( ! ,glaci]s ( ,savoy1 a contribution = ev] memorable 9 relation to ?is subject4,g ,g ,memoirs ( ! ,academy1 vol4 x4 #cih4 ,r5du seiz$ ! idea ( glaci] pla/icity ) great p[] & cle>ness1 & foll[$ x resolutely to its consequ5ces4 ,x is n kn[n t he _h ev] se5 ! "w ( ,bordi]2 probably n1 z he nev] m5tions x4 ,let me quote = y "s ( ,r5du's expressions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 fail to give an adequate idea ( 8 insight & precision ( ?\ght3--,betwe5 ! ,m] de ,glace & a riv] !re is a resemblance s complete t x is impossible to f9d 9 ! glaci] a circum/ance :i* does n exi/ 9 ! riv]4 ,9 curr5ts ( wat] ! motion is n uni=m ei!r ?r\gh\t _! wid? or ?r\gh\t _! dep?4 ,! friction ( ! bottom & ( ! sides1 ) ! action ( local h9drances1 causes ! motion to v>y1 & only t[>ds ! middle ( ! surface d we obta9 ! full motion4 #cii4 ,?is reads l a pr$iction ( :at has s9ce be5 e/abli%$ by measurem5t4 ,look+ at ! glaci] ( ,mont ,dol5t1 :i* resembles a %eaf 9 =m1 wide at bo? ends & n>r[ 9 ! middle1 & reflect+ t ! upp] wide "p _h become n>r[1 & ! n>r[ middle "p aga9 wide1 ,r5du obs]ves1 ,!re is a multitude ( facts :i* seem to necessitate ! belief t glaci] ice enjoys a k9d ( ductility :i* enables x to m\ld itself to its locality1 to ?9 out1 to swell1 & to contract z if x 7 a s(t pa/e4 #djj4 ,to fully te/ 8 conclusions1 ,r5du requir$ ! accurate measurem5t ( glaci] motion4 ,_h he add$ to 8 o!r end[m5ts ! practical skill ( a l&-surveyor1 he w\ld n[ be reg>d$ z ! pr9ce ( glaciali/s4 ,z x 0 he 0 oblig$ to be cont5t ) imp]fect measurem5ts4 ,9 "o ( 8 excursions he exam9$ ! guides reg>d+ ! successive positions ( a va/ rock :i* he f\nd ^u ! ice close to ! side ( ! glaci]4 ,! mean ( five ye>s gave him a motion = ?is block ( #dj feet a ye>4 #dja4 ,ano!r block1 ! transport ( :i* he subsequ5tly measur$ m accurately1 gave him a velocity ( #djj feet a ye>4 ,note 8 explanation ( ?is discrepancy3--,! enorm\s diff]5ce ( ^! two obs]vations arises f ! fact t "o block /ood ne> ! c5tre ( ! glaci]1 :i* moves mo/ rapidly1 :ile ! o!r /ood ne> ! side1 :]e ! ice is held back by friction4 ,s cle> & def9ite 7 ,r5du's ideas ( ! pla/ic motion ( glaci]s1 t _h ! "q ( curvature occurr$ to him1 ,i ent]ta9 no d\bt t he w\ld h enunciat$ be=eh& ! %ift+ ( ! po9t ( maximum motion f side to side across ! axis ( ! glaci] 7 #be74 #djb4 ,x is "r t y %\ld "k t sci5tific m5 d n always agree 9 _! e/imates ( ! comp>ative value ( facts & ideas2 & x is especially "r t y %\ld "k t y\r pres5t tutor atta*es a v high value to ideas :5 !y spr+ f ! pr(\nd & p]si/5t pond]+ ( sup]ior m9ds1 & are n1 z is too (t5 ! case1 ?r[n out )\t ! w>rant ( ei!r deep ?\ght or natural capacity4 ,x is because ,i believe ,r5du's lab\rs fulfil ?is condition1 t ,i ascribe to !m s high a value4 ,b :5 y become old] & bett] in=m$1 y may diff] f me2 & ,i write ^! words le/ y %\ld too readily accept my op9ion ( ,r5du4 ,judge me1 if y c>e to d s1 :5 y\r k is matur$4 ,i c]ta9ly %all n fe> y\r v]dict4 #djc4 ,b1 mu* z ,i prize ! prompt+ idea1 & ?or\ghly z ,i believe t (t5 9 x ! =ce ( g5ius ma9ly lies1 x w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be an error ( omission ( ! grave/ k9d1 & :i*1 if habitual1 w\ld ensure ! ultimate decay ( natural k1 to neglect v]ify+ our ideas1 & giv+ !m outw>d reality & sub/ance :5 ! means ( do+ s are at h&4 ,9 sci5ce ?\ght1 z f> z possible1 ought to be w$d$ to fact4 ,?is 0 attempt$ by ,r5du1 & 9 "p accompli%$ by ,agassiz & ,=bes4 #fj4 ,visc\s ,!ory4 #djd4 ,"h inde$ ! m]its ( ! di/+ui%$ glaciali/ la/ nam$ rise conspicu\sly to view4 ,f ! able & e>ne/ advocacy ( ,pr(essor ,=bes1 ! public k ( ?is doctr9e ( glacial pla/icity is almo/ :olly d]iv$4 ,he gave ! doctr9e a m di/9ctive =m2 he fir/ appli$ ! t]m visc\s to glaci] ice1 & s\ght to f\nd ^u precise measurem5ts a ,visc\s ,!ory ( glaci] motion4 #dje4 ,i am "h oblig$ to /ate facts 9 _! hi/oric sequ5ce4 ,pr(essor ,=bes :5 he began 8 inve/igations 0 acqua9t$ ) ! lab\rs ( ,r5du4 ,9 8 e>lie/ "w ^u ! ,alps he ref]s to ^? lab\rs 9 t]ms ( flatt]+ recognition4 ,b ?\gh z a matt] ( fact ,r5du's ideas 7 !re to prompt him1 x w\ld be too mu* to say t he ne$$ _! inspiration4 ,_h ,r5du n prec$$ him1 he might none ! less h grasp$ ! idea ( viscosity1 execut+ 8 measurem5ts & apply+ 8 k to ma9ta9 x4 ,be t z x may1 ! appe>ance ( ,pr(essor ,=bes on ! ,unt]a> glaci] 9 #ahda1 & on ! ,m] de ,glace 9 #ahdb1 & 8 lab\rs !n & subsequ5tly1 h giv5 him a "n n to be =gott5 9 ! sci5tific hi/ory ( glaci]s4 #djf4 ,! !ory advocat$ by ,pr(essor ,=bes 0 enunciat$ by himself 9 ^! words3--,a glaci] is an imp]fect fluid1 or visc\s body1 :i* is urg$ d[n slopes ( c]ta9 incl9ation by ! natural pressure ( its p>ts4 ,9 #aggc ,bordi] wrote ?us3--,z ! glaci]s always advance ^u ! pla91 & nev] disappe>1 x is absolutely ess5tial t new ice %all p]petually take ! place ( t :i* is melt$3 x mu/ !re=e be press$ =w>d f above4 ,"o c h>dly refuse !n to accept ! a/oni%+ tru?1 t ?is va/ ext5t ( h>d & solid ice moves z a s+le piece d[nw>ds4 ,9 ! passage already quot$ he speaks ( ! ice be+ press$ z a fluid f above4 ,^! con/itute1 ,i believe1 ,bordi]'s contributions to ?is subject4 ,! quotations %[ 8 sagacity at an e>ly date2 b1 9 po9t ( complet5ess1 8 views are n to be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,r5du & ,=bes4 #djg4 ,i mu/ n omit to /ate "h t ?\gh ! idea ( viscosity has n be5 esp\s$ by ,m4 ,agassiz1 8 measurem5ts1 & maps ( measurem5ts1 on ! ,unt]a> glaci] h be5 rec5tly cit$ z ! mo/ cle> & conclusive illu/rations ( a quality :i*1 at all ev5ts1 closely resembles viscosity4 #djh4 ,b :y1 ) pro(s be=e him m copi\s & *>act]i/ic ?an ^? ( any o!r obs]v]1 does ,m4 ,agassiz hesitate to accept ! idea ( viscosity z appli$ to ice8 ,d\btless because he believes ! notion to be contradict$ by our e-day exp]i5ce ( ! sub/ance4 #dji4 ,take a mass ( ice t5 or ev5 fifte5 cubic feet 9 volume2 draw a saw across x to a dep? ( half an in* or an in*2 & /rike a po9t$ prick]1 n ?ick] ?an a v small r\nd file1 into ! groove2 ! sub/ance w split f top to bottom ) a clean cry/all9e fracture4 ,h[ is ?is brittl5ess to be reconcil$ ) ! notion ( viscosity8 #daj4 ,we h1 moreov]1 be5 ^u ! glaci] & h witness$ ! bir? ( crevasses4 ,we h se5 !m beg9n+ z n>r[ cracks sudd5ly =m$1 days be+ requir$ to op5 !m a s+le in*4 ,9 _m glaci]s fissures may be trac$ n>r[ & pr(\nd = hundr$s ( y>ds ?r\gh ! ice4 ,:at does ?is prove8 ,did ! ice possess ev5 a v small modicum ( t p[] ( /ret*+1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( a visc\s sub/ance1 su* crevasses c\ld n be =m$4 #daa4 ,/ill x is und\bt$ t ! glaci] moves l a visc\s body4 ,! c5tre fl[s pa/ ! sides1 ! top fl[s ov] ! bottom1 & ! motion ?r\gh a curv$ valley corresponds to fluid motion4 ,mr4 ,ma!ws1 ,mr4 ,fr\de1 & above all ,signor ,bianconi1 h1 moreov]1 rec5tly made exp]im5ts on ice :i* /rik+ly illu/rate ! flexibility ( ! sub/ance4 ,^! exp]im5ts m]it1 & w d\btless receive1 full att5tion at a future "t4 #fa4 ,regelation ,!ory4 #dab4 ,i w n[ describe to y an attempt t has be5 made ( late ye>s to reconcile ! brittl5ess ( ice )1 its motion 9 glaci]s4 ,x is f\nd$ on ! obs]vation1 made by ,mr4 ,f>aday 9 #ahej1 t :5 two pieces ( ?aw+ ice are plac$ toge!r !y freeze toge!r at ! place ( contact4 #dac4 ,?is fact may n surprise y2 /ill x surpris$ ,mr4 ,f>aday & o!rs1 & m5 ( v great di/9ction 9 sci5ce h diff]$ 9 _! int]pretation ( ! fact4 ,! difficulty is to expla9 :]e1 or h[1 9 ice already ?aw+ ! cold is to be f\nd requisite to freeze ! film ( wat] betwe5 ! two t\*+ surfaces4 #dad4 ,! ^w ,regelation 0 propos$ by ,dr4 ,hook] to express ! freez+ toge!r ( two pieces ( ?aw+ ice obs]v$ by ,f>aday2 & ! memoir 9 :i* ! t]m 0 fir/ us$ 0 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,huxley & ,mr4 ,tyndall 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #aheg4 #dae4 ,! fact ( regelation1 & its application irrespective ( ! cause ( regelation1 may be ?us illu/rat$3--,saw two slabs f a block ( ice1 & br+ _! flat surfaces into contact2 !y imm$iately freeze toge!r4 ,two plates ( ice1 laid "o ^u ! o!r1 ) flannel r\nd !m ov]night1 are sometimes s firmly froz5 9 ! morn+ t !y w r break else:]e ?an along _! surface ( junction4 ,if y ent] "o ( ! dripp+ ice-caves ( ,switz]l&1 y h only to press = a mom5t a slab ( ice aga9/ ! ro( ( ! cave to cause x to freeze !re & /ick to ! ro(4 #daf4 ,place a numb] ( fragm5ts ( ice 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 & cause !m to t\* ea* o!r2 !y freeze toge!r :]e !y t\*4 ,y c =m a *a9 ( su* fragm5ts2 & !n1 by tak+ hold ( "o end ( ! *a91 y c draw ! :ole s]ies aft] x4 ,*a9s ( iceb]gs are sometimes =m$ 9 ?is way 9 ! ,arctic seas4 #dag4 ,consid] :at foll[s f ^! obs]vations4 ,sn[ consi/s ( small p>ticles ( ice4 ,n[ if by pressure we squeeze out ! air entangl$ 9 ?aw+ sn[1 & br+ ! little ice-granules into close contact1 !y may be expect$ to freeze toge!r2 & if ! expulsion ( ! air be complete1 ! squeez$ sn[ may be expect$ to assume ! appe>ance ( compact ice4 #dah4 ,we arrive at ?is conclusion by reason+2 let u n[ te/ x by exp]im5t1 employ+ a suitable hydraulic press1 & a m\ld to hold ! sn[4 ,9 exact accordance ) our expectation1 we conv]t by pressure ! sn[ into ice4,h ,h ,a simil> exp]im5t 0 made by ! ,messrs4 ,s*lag9tweit prior to ! discov]y :i* expla9s x1 & :i* !re=e rema9$ unsolv$4 #dai4 ,place a compact mass ( ice 9 a prop] m\ld1 & subject x to pressure4 ,x breaks 9 pieces3 squeeze ! pieces =cibly toge!r2 !y re-unite by regelation1 & a compact piece ( ice1 totally diff]5t 9 %ape f ! fir/ "o1 is tak5 f ! press4 ,to produce ?is effect ! ice mu/ be 9 a ?aw+ condition4 ,:5 its temp]ature is mu* bel[ ! melt+ po9t x is cru%$ by pressure1 n into a pellucid mass ( ano!r %ape1 b into a :ite p[d]4 #dbj4 ,by means ( suitable m\lds y may 9 ?is way *ange ! %ape ( ice to any ext5t1 turn+ out sph]es1 & cups1 & r+s1 & twi/$ ropes ( ! sub/ance2 ! *ange ( =m 9 ^! cases be+ effect$ ?r\gh rude fracture & regelation4 #dba4 ,by apply+ ! pressure c>efully1 rude fracture may be avoid$1 & ! ice compell$ sl[ly to *ange its =m z if x 7 a pla/ic body4 #dbb4 ,n[ our fir/ exp]im5t illu/rates ! consolidation ( ! sn[s ( ! high] ,alp9e regions4 ,! deep] lay]s ( ! nv h to be> ! weight ( all above !m1 & are !reby conv]t$ into m or less p]fect ice4 ,& our la/ exp]im5t illu/rates ! *anges ( =m obs]v$ ^u ! glaci]1 :]e1 by ! sl[ & con/ant application ( pressure1 ! ice gradually m\lds itself to ! valley1 :i* x fills4 #dbc4 ,9 glaci]s1 h[ev]1 we h also ample illu/rations ( rude fracture & regelation4 ,! op5+ & clos+ ( crevasses illu/rate ?is4 ,! glaci] is brok5 on ! cascades & m5d$ at _! bases4 ,:5 two bran* glaci]s lay _! sides toge!r1 ! regelation is s firm t !y beg9 imm$iately to fl[ 9 ! trunk glaci] z a s+le /ream4 ,! m$ial mora9e gives no indication by its sl[ness ( motion t x is d]iv$ f ! sluggi% ice ( ! sides ( ! bran* glaci]s4 #dbd4 ,! gi/ ( ! ,regelation ,!ory is t ! ice ( glaci]s *anges its =m & pres]ves its cont9uity "u pressure :i* keeps its p>ticles toge!r4 ,b :5 subject$ to t5sion1 soon] ?an /ret* x breaks1 & behaves no long] z a visc\s body4 #fb4 ,cause ( ,regelation4 #dbe4 ,"h ! fact ( regelation is appli$ to expla9 ! pla/icity ( glaci] ice1 no attempt be+ made to assign ! cause ( regelation itself4 ,!y are two entirely di/9ct que/ions4 ,b a little "t w be well sp5t 9 look+ m closely into ! cause ( regelation4 ,y may feel "s surprise t em95t m5 %\ld devote _! att5tion to s small a po9t1 b we mu/ n =get t 9 nature no?+ is small4 ,laws & pr9ciples int]e/ ! sci5tific /ud5t mo/1 & ^! may be z well illu/rat$ by small ?+s z by l>ge ones4 #dbf4 ,! "q ( regelation imm$iately connects itself ) t ( lat5t heat1 already ref]r$ to 7#chc71 b :i* we mu/ n[ subject to fur!r exam9ation4 ,to melt ice1 z already /at$1 a l>ge am\nt ( heat is necess>y1 & 9 ! case ( ! glaci]s ?is heat is furni%$ by ! sun4 ,nei!r ! ice s melt$ nor ! wat] :i* results f its liquefaction c fall bel[ #cb ,fahr5heit4 ,! freez+ po9t ( wat] & ! melt+ po9t ( ice t\* ea* o!r1 z x 71 at ?is temp]ature4 ,a hair's-bread? l[] wat] freezes2 a hair's-bread? high] ice melts4 #dbg4 ,b if ! ice c\ld be caus$ to melt )\t ?is supply ( sol> heat1 a temp]ature l[] ?an t ( ord9>y ?aw+ ice w\ld result4 ,:5 sn[ & salt1 or p\nd$ ice & salt1 are mix$ toge!r1 ! salt causes ! ice to melt1 & 9 ?is way a cold ( #bj or #cj degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t may be produc$4 ,"h1 9 fact1 ! ice consumes its own w>m? 9 ! "w ( liquefaction4 ,su* a mixture ( ice & salt is call$ a freez+ mixture4 #dbh4 ,& if by any o!r means ice at ! temp]ature ( #cb ,fahr5heit c\ld be liquefi$ )\t access ( heat f )\t1 ! wat] produc$ w\ld be cold] ?an ! ice4 ,n[ ,pr(essor ,james ,?omson has prov$ t ice may be liquefi$ by m]e pressure1 & 8 bro!r1 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 has also %[n t wat] "u pressure requires a l[] temp]ature to freeze x ?an :5 ! pressure is remov$4 ,pr(essor ,m\sson subsequ5tly liquefi$ l>ge masses ( ice by a hydraulic press2 & by a beautiful exp]im5t ,pr(essor ,helmholtz has prov$ t wat] 9 a vessel f :i* ! air has be5 remov$1 & :i* is !re=e reliev$ f ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 freezes & =ms ice-cry/als :5 surr\nd$ by melt+ ice4 ,all ^! facts are summ$ up 9 ! brief /atem5t t ! freez+ po9t ( wat] is l[]$ by pressure4,i ,i ,pr(essor ,james ,?omson & ,pr(essor ,clausius prov$ ?is indep5d5tly & almo/ contemporane\sly4 #dbi4 ,= our own in/ruction we may produce ! liquefaction ( ice by pressure 9 ! foll[+ way3--,y rememb] ! beautiful fl[]s obta9$ :5 a sunbeam is s5t ?r\gh lake ice 7 #aa71 & y h n =gott5 t ! fl[]s always =m p>allel to ! surface ( freez+4 ,let u cut a prism1 or small column ( ice ) ! planes ( freez+ runn+ across x at "r angles2 we place t prism betwe5 two slabs ( wood1 & br+ c>efully to be> ^u x ! squeez+ =ce ( a small hydraulic press4 #dcj4 ,x is well to conv]ge by means ( a concave mirror a good light ^u ! ice1 & to view x ?r\gh a magnify+ l5s4 ,y already see ! result4 ,hazy surfaces are =m$ 9 ! v body ( ! ice1 :i* gradually exp& z ! pressure is sl[ly augm5t$4 ,"h & !re y notice some?+ resembl+ cry/allisation2 f]n-%ap$ figures run ) consid]able rapidity ?r\gh ! ice1 & :5 y look c>efully at _! po9ts & edges y f9d !m 9 visible motion4 ,^! hazy surfaces are spaces ( liquefaction1 & ! motion y see is t ( ! ice fall+ to wat] "u ! pressure4 ,t wat] is cold] ?an ! ice 0 be=e ! pressure 0 appli$1 & if ! pressure be reliev$1 n only does ! liquefaction cease1 b ! wat] re-freezes4 ,! cold produc$ by its liquefaction "u pressure is suffici5t to re-congeal x :5 ! pressure is remov$4 #dca4 ,if in/ead ( diffus+ ! pressure ov] surfaces ( consid]able ext5t1 we conc5trate x on a small surface1 ! liquefaction w ( c\rse be m rapid1 & ?is is :at ,mr4 ,bottomley has rec5tly done 9 an exp]im5t ( s+ul> beauty & int]e/4 ,let u support on blocks ( wood ! two ends ( a b> ( ice #aj in*es long1 #d in*es deep1 & #c wide1 & let u loop ov] its middle a copp] wire "o-tw5tie?1 or ev5 "o-t5?1 ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,connect+ ! two ends ( ! wire toge!r1 & susp5d+ f x a weight ( #ab or #ad p\nds1 ! :ole pressure ( ?is weight is conc5trat$ on ! ice :i* supports ! wire4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 ,! ice und]nea? ! wire liquefies2 ! wat] ( liquefaction escapes r\nd ! wire1 b ! mom5t x is reliev$ f ! pressure x freezes1 & r\nd ab\t ! wire1 ev5 be=e x has ent]$ ! ice1 y h a froz5 cas+4 ,! wire cont9ues to s9k 9 ! ice2 ! wat] incessantly escapes1 freez+ z x does s beh9d ! wire4 ,9 half an h\r ! weight falls2 ! wire has gone clean ?r\gh ! ice4 ,y c pla9ly see :]e x has pass$1 b ! two sev]$ pieces ( ice are s firmly froz5 toge!r t !y w break else:]e z soon z along ! surface ( regelation4 #dcb4 ,ano!r beautiful exp]im5t be>+ ^u ?is po9t has rec5tly be5 made by ,m4 ,b\ss+ault4 ,he fill$ a holl[ /eel cyl9d] ) wat] & *ill$ x4 ,9 pass+ to ice1 wat]1 z y "k1 exp&s 7 #de72 9 fact1 room = expansion is a necess>y condition ( solidification4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case ! /rong /eel resi/$ ! expansion1 ! wat] 9 consequ5ce rema9+ liquid at a temp]ature ( m ?an #cj ,fahr4 bel[ ! ord9>y freez+ po9t4 ,a bullet )9 ! cyl9d] rattl$ ab\t at ?is temp]ature1 %[+ t ! wat] 0 /ill liquid4 ,on op5+ ! tap ! liquid1 reliev$ ( ! pressure1 0 in/antly conv]t$ into ice4 #dcc4 ,x is only sub/ances :i* exp& on solidify+ t behave 9 ?is mann]4 ,! metal bismu?1 z we "k1 is an example simil> to wat]2 :ile lead1 wax1 or sulphur1 all ( :i* contract on solidify+1 h _! po9t ( fusion height5$ by pressure4 #dcd4 ,& n[ y are prep>$ to und]/& ,pr(essor ,james ,?omson's !ory ( regelation4 ,:5 two pieces ( ice are press$ toge!r liquefaction1 he cont5ds1 results4 ,! wat] spreads out ar\nd ! po9ts ( pressure1 & :5 releas$ re-freezes1 ?us =m+ a k9d ( cem5t betwe5 ! pieces ( ice4 #fc4 ,f>aday's ,view ( ,regelation4 #dce4 ,f>aday's view ( regelation is n s easily express$1 /ill ,i w try to give y "s notion ( x1 deal+ 9 ! fir/ place ) admitt$ facts4 ,wat]1 ev5 9 op5 vessels1 may be l[]$ _m degrees bel[ its freez+ temp]ature1 & /ill rema9 liquid2 x may also be rais$ to a temp]ature f> high] ?an its boil+ po9t1 & /ill resi/ boil+4 ,?is is due to ! mutual cohesion ( ! wat] p>ticles1 :i* resi/s ! *ange ( ! liquid ei!r into ! solid or ! vapor\s condition4 #dcf4 ,b if into ! ov]-*ill$ wat] y ?r[ a p>ticle ( ice1 ! cohesion is ruptur$1 & congelation imm$iately sets 94 ,& if into ! sup]heat$ wat] y introduce a bubble ( air or ( /eam1 cohesion is likewise ruptur$1 & ebullition imm$iately comm5ces4 #dcg4 ,f>aday conclud$ t 9 ! int]ior ( any body1 :e!r solid or liquid1 :]e e p>ticle is grasp$ s to speak by ! surr\nd+ p>ticles1 & grasps !m 9 turn1 ! bond ( cohesion is s /rong z to require a high] temp]ature to *ange ! /ate ( aggregation ?an is necess>y at ! surface4 ,at ! surface ( a piece ( ice1 = example1 ! molecules are free on "o side f ! control ( o!r molecules2 & !y !re=e yield to heat m readily ?an 9 ! int]ior4 ,! bubble ( air or /eam 9 ov]heat$ wat] also frees ! molecules on "o side2 h5ce ! ebullition consequ5t ^u its introduction4 ,practically speak+1 !n1 ! po9t ( liquefaction ( ! int]ior ice is high] ?an t ( ! sup]ficial ice4 ,f>aday also ref]s to ! special solidify+ p[] :i* bodies ex]t ^u _! own molecules4 ,camphor 9 a glass bottle fills ! bottle ) an atmosph]e ( camphor4 ,9 su* an atmosph]e l>ge cry/als ( ! sub/ance may gr[ by ! incessant deposition ( camphor molecules ^u camphor1 at a temp]ature too high to p]mit ( ! slighte/ deposit ^u ! adjac5t glass4 ,a simil> rem>k applies to sulphur1 phosphorus1 & ! metals 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,!y are deposit$ ^u solid portions ( _! own sub/ance at temp]atures n l[ en\gh to cause !m to solidify aga9/ o!r sub/ances4 #dch4 ,wat] furni%es an em95t example ( ?is special solidify+ p[]4 ,x may be cool$ t5 degrees & m bel[ its freez+ po9t )\t freez+4 ,b ?is is n possible if ! smalle/ fragm5t ( ice be float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,x !n freezes accurately at #cb ,fahr41 deposit+ itself1 h[ev]1 n ^u ! sides ( ! conta9+ vessel1 b ^u ! ice4 ,f>aday obs]v$ 9 a freez+ app>atus ?9 cry/als ( ice gr[+ 9 ice-cold wat] to a l5g? ( six1 eight1 or t5 in*es1 at a temp]ature incompet5t to produce _! deposition ^u ! sides ( ! conta9+ vessel4 #dci4 ,& n[ we are prep>$ = ,f>aday's view ( regelation4 ,:5 ! surfaces ( two pieces ( ice1 cov]$ ) a film ( ! wat] ( liquefaction1 are br\ght toge!r1 ! cov]+ film is transf]r$ f ! surface to ! c5tre ( ! ice1 :]e ! po9t ( liquefaction1 z be=e %[n1 is high] ?an at ! surface4 ,! special solidify+ p[] ( ice ^u wat] is n[ br\ght into play on bo? sides ( ! film4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,f>aday held t ! film w\ld congeal1 & freeze ! two surfaces toge!r4 #ddj4 ,! l[]+ ( ! freez+ po9t by pressure am\nts to no m ?an "o-sev5tie? ( a degree ,fahr5heit = a :ole atmosph]e4 ,consid]+ ! inf9itesimal fraction ( ?is pressure :i* is br\ght into play 9 "s cases ( regelation1 ,f>aday ?\ght its effect ins5sible4 ,he susp5d$ pieces ( ice1 & br\ght !m into contact )\t s5sible pressure1 /ill !y froze toge!r4 ,pr(essor ,james ,?omson1 h[ev]1 consid]$ t ev5 ! capill>y attraction ex]t$ betwe5 two su* masses w\ld be suffici5t to produce regelation4 ,y may make ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 9 fur!r illu/ration ( ?is subject3-- #dda4 ,place a small piece ( ice 9 wat]1 & press x und]nea? ! surface by a second piece4 ,! subm]g$ piece may be s small z to r5d] ! pressure inf9itesimal2 /ill x w freeze to ! "u surface ( ! sup]ior piece4 #ddb4 ,place two pieces ( ice 9 a bas9 ( w>m wat]1 & all[ !m to come toge!r2 !y freeze toge!r :5 !y t\*4 ,! p>ts surr\nd+ ! place ( contact melt away1 b ! pieces cont9ue = a "t unit$ by a n>r[ bridge ( ice4 ,! bridge f9ally melts1 & ! pieces = a mom5t are sep>at$4 ,b capill>y attraction imm$iately draws !m toge!r1 & regelation sets 9 once m4 ,a new bridge is =m$1 :i* 9 its turn is dissolv$1 ! sep>at$ pieces aga9 clos+ up4 ,a k9d ( pulsation is ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 ! two pieces ( ice4 ,!y t\*1 !y freeze1 a bridge is =m$ & melt$2 & ?us ! rhy?mic action cont9ues until ! ice disappe>s4 #ddc4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,james ,?omson's !ory1 pressure is necess>y to liquefy ! ice4 ,! heat necess>y = liquefaction mu/ be drawn f ! ice itself1 & ! cold wat] mu/ escape f ! pressure to be re-froz54 ,n[ 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5ts ! cold wat]1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to freeze1 issues into ! w>m wat]1 /ill ! float+ fragm5ts regelate 9 a mom5t4 ,! t\*+ surfaces may1 moreov]1 be convex2 !y may be r$uc$ practically to po9ts1 clasp$ all r\nd by ! w>m wat]1 :i* inde$ rapidly dissolve !m z !y approa* ea* o!r2 /ill !y freeze imm$iately :5 !y t\*4 #ddd4 ,y may le>n f ?is discussion t 9 sci5tific matt]s1 z 9 all o!rs1 !re is room = diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,! frame ( m9d to be cultivat$ "h is a susp5sion ( judgm5t z long z ! mean+ rema9s 9 d\bt4 ,x may be t ,f>aday's action & ,?omson's action come bo? into play4 ,i _c d bett] ?an f9i% ^! rem>ks by quot+ ,f>aday's own conclud+ words1 :i* %[ h[ 9 8 m9d sci5tific conviction dwelt ap>t f dogmatism3--,no d\bt1 he says1 nice exp]im5ts w enable u h]eaft] to criticise su* results z ^!1 & sep>at+ ! true f ! untrue w e/abli% ! correct !ory ( regelation4 #fd4 ,! ,blue ,ve9s ( ,glaci]s4 #dde4 ,we n[ approa* ! end1 "o important "q only rema9+ to be discuss$4 ,hi!rto we h kept x back1 = a wide acqua9tance ) ! glaci]s 0 necess>y to its solution4 ,we _h also to make ourselves famili> by actual exp]im5t ) ! p[] ( ice1 s(t5$ by ?aw1 to yield to pressure1 & to liquefy "u su* pressure4 #ddf4 ,sn[ is :ite4 ,b if y exam9e its individual p>ticles y w\ld call !m transp>5t1 n :ite4 ,! :it5ess arises f ! mixture ( ! ice p>ticles ) small spaces ( air4 ,9 ! case ( all transp>5t bodies :it5ess results f su* a mixture4 ,! cle>e/ glass or cry/al :5 cru%$ becomes a :ite p[d]4 ,! foam ( *ampagne is :ite ?r\gh ! intimate admixture ( a transp>5t liquid ) transp>5t c>bonic acid gas4 ,! :ite/ pap]1 moreov]1 is compos$ ( fibres :i* are individually transp>5t4 #ddg4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! air or ! gas1 b ! optical sev]ance ( ! p>ticles1 giv+ rise to a multitude ( reflexions ( ! :ite sol> light at _! surfaces1 t produces ! :it5ess4 #ddh4 ,! :it5ess ( ! surface ( a clean glaci] 7#aab71 & ( ! iceb]gs ( ! ,mrgel9 ,see 7#ceg71 has be5 already ref]r$ to a simil> cause4 ,! surface is brok5 into innum]able fissures by ! sol> heat1 ! reflexion ( sol> light f ! sides ( ! little fissures produc+ ! obs]v$ appe>ance4 #ddi4 ,9 l mann] if y freeze wat] 9 a te/-tube by plung+ x into a freez+ mixture1 ! ice produc$ is :ite4 ,= ! mo/ "p also ! ice =m$ 9 freez+ ma*9es is :ite4 ,exam9e su*1 ice1 & y w f9d x fill$ ) small air-bubbles4 ,:5 ! freez+ is extremely sl[ ! cry/allis+ =ce pu%es ! air effectually aside1 & ! result+ ice is transp>5t2 :5 ! freez+ is rapid1 ! air is entangl$ be=e x c escape1 & ! ice is transluc5t4 ,b ev5 9 ! case ( quick freez+ ,mr4 ,f>aday obta9$ transp>5t ice by skilfully remov+ ! air-bubbles z fa/ z !y appe>$ ) a fea!r4 #dej4 ,9 ! case ( lake ice ! freez+ is n uni=m1 b int]mitt5t4 ,x is sometimes sl[1 sometimes rapid4 ,:5 sl[ ! air dissolv$ 9 ! wat] is effectually squeez$ out & =ms a lay] ( bubbles on ! "u-surface ( ! ice4 ,an act ( sudd5 freez+ entangles ! air1 & h5ce we f9d lake ice usually compos$ ( lay]s alt]nately cle>1 & fill$ ) bubbles4 ,su* lay]s r5d] x easy to detect ! planes ( freez+ 9 lake ice4 #dea4 ,& n[ = ! be>+ ( ^! facts4 ,"u ! fall ( ! ,gant1 at ! base ( ! ,talfre cascade1 & l[] d[n ! ,m] de ,glace2 9 ! high] regions ( ! ,gr9delwald1 ! ,a>1 ! ,alets* & ! ,grn] glaci]s1 ! ice does n possess ! transp>5cy :i* x exhibits ne> ! ends ( ! glaci]s4 ,x is :ite1 or :iti%4 ,:y8 ,exam9ation %[s x to be fill$ ) small air-bubbles2 & ^!1 z we n[ le>n1 are ! cause ( its :it5ess4 #deb4 ,!y are ! residue ( ! air orig9ally entangl$ 9 ! sn[1 & connect$1 z be=e /at$1 ) ! :it5ess ( ! sn[4 ,dur+ ! desc5t ( ! glaci]1 ! bubbles are gradually expell$ by ! enorm\s pressures br\ght to be> ^u ! ice4 ,n only is ! expulsion caus$ by ! me*anical yield+ ( ! s(t ?aw+ ice1 b ! liquefaction ( ! sub/ance at places ( viol5t pressure1 op5+1 z x does1 fissures = ! escape ( ! air1 mu/ play an important "p 9 ! consolidation ( ! glaci]4 #dec4 ,! expulsion ( ! bubbles is1 h[ev]1 n uni=m2 = nei!r ice nor any o!r sub/ance (f]s an absolutely uni=m resi/ance to pressure4 ,at ! base ( e cascade t we h visit$1 & on ! walls ( ! crevasses !re =m$1 we h notic$ innum]able blue /reaks drawn ?r\gh ! :ite transluc5t ice1 & giv+ ! :ole mass ! appe>ance ( lam9ation4 ,^! blue ve9s turn$ out ^u exam9ation to be spaces f :i* ! air-bubbles _h be5 almo/ :olly expell$1 transluc5cy be+ ?us conv]t$ into transp>5cy4 #ded4 ,?is is ! ve9$ or ribbon$ /ructure ( glaci]s1 reg>d+ ! orig9 ( :i* div]se op9ions are n[ ent]ta9$4 #dee4 ,x is n[ our duty to take up ! problem1 & to solve x if we c4 ,on ! nvs ( ! ,col du ,gant1 & o!r glaci]s1 we h f\nd great cracks1 & faults1 & ,b]gs*runds1 expos+ deep sections ( ! nv2 & on ^! sections we h f\nd m>k$ ! edges ( half-consolidat$ /rata evid5tly produc$ by successive falls ( sn[4 ,! nv is /ratifi$ because its supply ( mat]ial f ! atmosph]e is int]mitt5t1 & :5 we fir/ obs]v$ ! blue ve9s we 7 dispos$ to reg>d !m z due to ?is /ratification4 #def4 ,b obs]vation & reflexion soon dispell$ ?is notion4 ,inde$ x c\ld h>dly /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ! s+le fact t at ! bases ( ! ice-falls ! ve9s are always v]tical1 or ne>ly s4 ,we saw no way ( expla9+ h[ ! horizontal /rata ( ! nv c\ld be s tilt$ up at ! base ( ! fall z to be set on edge4 ,nor is ! aspect ( ! ve9s t ( /ratification4 #deg4 ,on ! c5tral portions ( ! cascades1 moreov]1 !re are no signs ( ! ve9s4 ,at ! bases !y fir/ appe>1 rea*+ 9 ea* case _! maximum developm5t a little bel[ ! base4 ,z y & ,i /ood ^u ! heights above ! ,zs5b]g & scrut9is$ ! cascade ( ! ,/rahleck bran* ( ! ,gr9delwald glaci]1 we c\ld n d\bt t ! base ( ! fall 0 ! bir?place ( ! ve9s4 ,we call$ ?is portion ( ! glaci] a ,/ructure ,mill1 intimat+ t "h1 & n on ! nv1 ! ve9$ /ructure 0 manufactur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,icefall1 ,,& ,,glaci] ,,bel[ ,,x1 ,,%[+ ,,orig9 ,,( ,,ve9$ ,,/ructure4 #deh4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is1 at bottom1 ! language ( /rong op9ion m]ely1 n t ( demon/ration2 & 9 sci5ce op9ion ought to cont5t u only s long z positive pro( is unatta9able4 ,! love ( repose mu/ n prev5t u f seek+ ?is pro(4 ,!re is no /]n] consci5ce ?an ! sci5tific consci5ce1 & x dem&s1 9 e possible case1 ! sub/itution = private conviction ( demon/ration :i* %all be conclusive to all4 #dei4 ,let u1 = example1 be %[n a case 9 :i* ! /ratification ( ! nv is prolong$ into ! glaci]2 let u see ! planes ( b$d+ & ! planes ( lam9ation exi/+ side by side1 & /ill indubitably di/9ct4 ,su* an obs]vation w\ld effectually exclude /ratification f ! problem ( ! ve9$ /ructure1 & ?r\gh ! removal ( ?is tempt+ s\rce ( error1 we %\ld be r5d]$ m free to pursue ! tru?4 #dfj4 ,we s\ght = ?is conclusive te/ ^u ! ,m] de ,glace1 b did n f9d x4 ,we s\ght x on ! ,gr9delwald1 & ! ,a> glaci]s1,j ) an equal want ( success4 ,on ! ,alets* glaci]1 = ! fir/ "t1 we obs]v$ ! app>5t coexi/5ce ( b$d+ & /ructure1 ! "o cutt+ ! o!r ^u ! walls ( ! same crevasse4 ,/ill ! case 0 n suffici5tly pron\nc$ to produce entire conviction1 & we visit$ ! ,grn] glaci] ) ! view ( foll[+ up our que/4 ,j ,m4 ,agassiz1 h[ev]1 reports a case ( ! k9d ^u ! glaci] ( ! ,a>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ructure ,,& ,,b$d+ ,,on ,,alets* ,,glaci]4 #dfa4 ,"h day aft] day add$ to ! conviction t ! b$d+ & ! /ructure 7 two diff]5t ?+s4 ,/ill day aft] day pass$ )\t reveal+ to u ! f9al pro(4 ,surely we h n let our own ease /& 9 ! way ( its atta9m5t1 & if we retire baffl$ we %all d s ) ! consci\sness ( hav+ done our be/4 ,yond]1 h[ev]1 at ! base ( ! ,matt]horn1 is ! ,furgge glaci] t we h n yet explor$4 ,^u x our f9al attempt mu/ be made4 #dfb4 ,we get ^u ! glaci] ne> its end1 & asc5d x4 ,we are soon front$ by a b>ri] compos$ ( ?ree successive walls ( nv1 ! "o ris+ above ! o!r1 & ea* retreat+ beh9d ! o!r4 ,! bottom ( ea* wall is sep>at$ f ! top ( ! succe$+ "o by a l$ge1 on :i* ?reat5+ masses ( brok5 nv n[ re/4 ,we /& amid blocks & rubbi% :i* h be5 evid5tly dis*>g$ f ^! l$ges1 on :i* o!r masses1 ready app>5tly to tumble1 are n[ pois$4 #dfc4 ,on ! v]tical walls ( ?is b>ri] we see1 m>k$ ) ! utmo/ pla9ness1 ! horizontal l9es ( /ratification1 :ile some?+ exce$+ly l ! ve9$ /ructure appe>s to cross ! l9es ( b$d+ at ne>ly a "r angle4 ,! v]tical surface is1 h[ev] wea!r$1 & ! l9es ( /ructure1 if !y be su*1 are indi/9ct4 ,! problem n[ is to remove ! surface1 & expose ! ice und]nea?4 ,x is "o ( ! _m cases t h come be=e u1 :]e ! value ( an obs]vation is to be balanc$ aga9/ ! dang] :i* x involves4 #dfd4 ,we d no?+ ra%ly2 b scann+ ! l$ges & select+ a po9t ( attack1 we conclude t ! dang] is n too great to be incurr$4 ,we advance to ! wall1 remove ! surface1 & are rew>d$ by ! discov]y und]nea? x ( ! true blue ve9s4 ,!y1 moreov]1 are v]tical1 :ile ! b$d+ is horizontal4 ,bruce1 z y "k1 0 defeat$ 9 _m a battle1 b he p]si/$ & won at la/4 ,"h1 ^u ! ,furgge glaci]1 y also h f\ght & won y\r little ,bannockburn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ructure ,,& ,,b$d+ ,,on ,,furgge ,,glaci]4 #dfe4 ,b let u n use ! language ( victory too soon4 ,! /ratification !ory has be5 remov$ out ( ! field ( explanation1 b no?+ has z yet be5 (f]$ 9 its place4 #fe4 ,relation ( ,/ructure to ,pressure4 #dff4 ,?is ve9$ /ructure 0 fir/ describ$ by ! di/+ui%$ ,swiss naturali/1 ,guyot1 n[ a resid5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f ! ,grimsel ,pass ,i h already po9t$ out to y ! ,gries glaci] ov]spread+ ! m\nta9s at ! opposite side ( ! valley ( ! ,rhone4 ,x 0 on ?is glaci] t ,m4 ,guyot made 8 obs]vation4 #dfg4 ,i saw1 he said1 "u my feet ! surface ( ! entire glaci] cov]$ ) regul> furr[s1 f "o to two in*es wide1 holl[$ out 9 a half-sn[y mass1 & sep>at$ by protrud+ plates ( h>d] & m transp>5t ice4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! glaci] "h 0 compos$ ( two k9ds ( ice1 "o t ( ! furr[s1 sn[y & m easily melt$2 ! o!r ( ! plates1 m p]fect1 cry/all9e1 glassy1 & resi/ant2 & t ! unequal resi/ance :i* ! two k9ds ( ice pres5t$ to ! atmosph]e 0 ! cause ( ! ridges4 #dfh4 ,aft] hav+ foll[$ !m = sev]al hundr$ y>ds1 ,i rea*$ a crevasse tw5ty or ?irty feet wide1 :i*1 z x cut ! plates & furr[s at "r angles1 expos$ ! int]ior ( ! glaci] to a dep? ( ?irty or =ty feet1 & gave a beautiful transv]se section ( ! /ructure4 ,z f> z my eyes c\ld rea*1 ,i saw ! mass ( ! glaci] compos$ ( lay]s ( sn[y ice1 ea* two ( :i* 7 sep>at$ by "o ( ! h>d plates ( :i* ,i h spok51 ! :ole =m+ a regul>ly lam9at$ mass1 :i* resembl$ c]ta9 calc>e\s slates4 #dfi4 ,i h n fail$ to po9t out to y ^u all ! glaci]s t we h visit$ ! little sup]ficial furr[s "h describ$2 & y h1 moreov]1 notic$ t 9 ! furr[s ma9ly is lodg$ ! f9] dirt :i* is scatt]$ ov] ! glaci]4 ,!y sugge/ ! passage ( a rake ov] ! ice4 ,& :5ev] ^! furr[s 7 int]rupt$ by a crevasse1 ! ve9$ /ructure inv>iably reveal$ itself ^u ! walls ( ! fissure4 ,! surface groov+ is inde$ an infallible indication ( ! int]ior lam9ation ( ! ice4 #dgj4 ,we h track$ ! /ructure ?r\gh ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! glaci]s at :i* its appe>ance 0 mo/ di/9ct2 & we h paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! condition ( ! ice at ^! places4 ,! v fact ( its cutt+ ! crevasses at "r angles is significant4 ,we "k ! me*anical orig9 ( ! crevasses2 t !y are cracks =m$ at "r angles to l9es ( t5sion4 ,b s9ce ! crevasses are also p]p5dicul> to ! planes ( /ructure1 ^! planes mu/ be p>allel to ! l9es ( t5sion4 #dga4 ,on ! glaci]s1 h[ev]1 t5sion r>ely occurs alone4 ,at ! sides ( ! glaci]1 = example1 :]e m>g9al crevasses are =m$1 ! t5sion is always accompani$ by pressure2 ! "o =ce act+ at "r angles to ! o!r4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! ve9$ /ructure1 :i* is p>allel to ! l9es ( t5sion1 is p]p5dicul> to ! l9es ( pressure4 #dgb4 ,t ?is is s w be evid5t to y 9 a mom5t4 ,let ! adjac5t figure repres5t ! *annel ( ! glaci] mov+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,suppose ?ree circles to be m>k$ ^u ! ice1 "o at ! c5tre & ! two o!rs at ! sides4 ,9 a glaci] ( uni=m incl9ation all ^! circles w\ld move d[nw>d1 ! c5tral "o only rema9+ a circle4 ,by ! ret>dation ( ! sides ! m>g9al circles w\ld be drawn out to ovals4 ,! two circles w\ld be elongat$ 9 "o direction1 & compress$ 9 ano!r4 ,across ! long diamet]1 :i* is ! direction ( /ra91 we h ! m>g9al crevasses2 across ! %ort diamet] m n1 :i* is ! direction ( pressure1 we h ! m>g9al ve9$ /ructure4 ,illu/ration #dgc4 ,?is association ( pressure & /ructure is inv>iable4 ,at ! bases ( ! cascades1 :]e ! incl9ation ( ! b$ ( ! glaci] sudd5ly *anges1 ! pressure 9 _m cases suffices n only to close ! crevasses b to viol5tly squeeze ! ice4 ,at su* places ! /ructure always appe>s1 sweep+ q across ! glaci]4 ,:5 two bran* glaci]s unite1 _! mutual ?ru/ int5sifies ! pre-exi/+ m>g9al /ructure ( ! bran*es1 & developes new planes ( lam9ation4 ,"u ! m$ial mora9es1 !re=e1 we h usually a good developm5t ( ! /ructure4 ,x is f9ely display$1 = example1 "u ! great m$ial mora9e ( ! glaci] ( ! ,a>4 #dgd4 ,^u ?is glaci]1 inde$1 ! blue ve9s 7 obs]v$ indep5d5tly ?ree ye>s aft] ,m4 ,guyot _h fir/ describ$ !m4 ,i say indep5d5tly1 because ,m4 ,guyot's description1 ?\gh writt5 9 #ahch1 rema9$ impr9t$1 & 0 unkn[n 9 #ahda to ! obs]v]s on ! ,a>4 ,^! 7 ,m4 ,agassiz & ,pr(essor ,=bes4 ,to ! "q ( /ructure ,pr(essor ,=bes subsequ5tly devot$ mu* att5tion1 & x 0 ma9ly 8 obs]vations & reason+s t gave x ! important position n[ assign$ to x 9 ! ph5om5a ( glaci]s4 #dge4 ,?us )\t quitt+ ! glaci]s !mselves1 we e/abli% ! connexion betwe5 pressure & /ructure4 ,is !re any?+ 9 our previ\s sci5tific exp]i5ce ) :i* ^! facts may be connect$8 ,! new k ( nature mu/ always /rike its roots into ! old1 & spr+ f x z an organic gr[?4 #ff4 ,slate ,cleavage & ,glaci] ,lam9ation4 #dgf4 ,m4 ,guyot ?rew out an exce$+ly sagaci\s h9t1 :5 he comp>$ ! ve9$ /ructure to ! cleavage ( slate rocks4 ,we mu/ le>n some?+ ( ?is cleavage1 = x really furni%es ! key to ! problem :i* n[ occupies u4 ,let u g !n to ! qu>ries ( ,bangor or ,cumb]l&1 & obs]ve ! qu>rym5 9 _! %$s splitt+ ! rocks4 ,) a %>p po9t /ruck skilfully into ! edge ( ! slate1 !y cause x to divide into ?9 plates1 fit = ro(+ or ciph]+1 z ! case may be4 ,! surfaces along :i* ! rock cleaves are call$ its planes ( cleavage4 #dgg4 ,all ?r\gh ! qu>ry y notice ! direction ( ^! planes to be p]fectly con/ant4 ,h[ is ?is lam9at$ /ructure to be acc\nt$ =8 #dgh4 ,y might be dispos$ to consid] t cleavage is a case ( /ratification or b$d+2 = x is true t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl& !re are rocks :i* c be clov5 into ?9 flags along ! planes ( b$d+4 ,b :5 we exam9e ^! slate rocks we v]ify ! obs]vation1 fir/ ,i believe made by ! em95t & v5]able ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 t ! planes ( b$d+ usually run across ! planes ( cleavage4 #dgi4 ,we h "h1 z y obs]ve1 a case exactly simil> to t ( glaci] lam9ation1 :i* we 7 at fir/ dispos$ to reg>d z due to /ratification4 ,we aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 f\nd planes ( lam9ation cross+ ! lay]s ( ! nv1 exactly z ! planes ( cleavage cross ! b$s ( slate rocks4 #dhj4 ,b ! analogy ext5ds fur!r4 ,slate cleavage cont9u$ to be a puzzle to geologi/s till ! late ,mr4 ,daniel ,%>pe made ! discov]y t %ells & o!r fossils & bodies f\nd 9 slate rocks are inv>iably flatt5$ out 9 ! planes ( cleavage4 #dha4 ,turn into any well-arrang$ museum--= example1 into ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es 9 ,j]myn ,/reet1 & obs]ve ! evid5ce !re collect$4 ,look p>ticul>ly to ! fossil trilobites tak5 f ! slate rock4 ,!y are 9 "s cases squeez$ to "o ?ird ( _! primitive ?ickness4 ,num]\s o!r specim5s %[ 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] ! flatt5+ out ( %ells4 #dhb4 ,to ! evid5ce adduc$ by ,mr4 ,%>pe1 ,mr4 ,sorby add$ o!r p[]ful evid5ce1 f\nd$ ^u ! microscopic exam9ation ( slate rock4 ,tak+ bo? into acc\nt1 ! conclusion is irresi/ible t su* rocks h suff]$ enorm\s pressure at "r angles to ! planes ( cleavage1 exactly z ! glaci] has demon/rably suff]$ great pressure at "r angles to its planes ( lam9ation4 #dhc4 ,! association ( pressure & cleavage is ?us demon/rat$2 b ! "q arises1 d !y /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect8 ,! only way ( reply+ to ?is "q is to comb9e artificially ! conditions ( nature1 & see :e!r we _c produce h] results4 #dhd4 ,! sub/ance ( slate rocks 0 once a pla/ic mud1 9 :i* fossils 7 emb$d$4 ,let u imitate ! action ( pressure ^u su* mud by employ+1 in/ead ( x1 s(t5$ :ite wax4 ,plac+ a ball ( ! wax betwe5 two glass plates1 wett$ to prev5t x f /ick+1 we apply pressure & flatt5 out ! wax4 #dhe4 ,! flatt5$ mass is at fir/ too s(t to cleave %>ply2 b y c see1 by te>+1 t x is lam9at$4 ,let u *ill x ) ice4 ,we f9d aft]w>ds t no slate rock ev] exhibit$ s f9e a cleavage4 ,! lam91 x ne$ h>dly be said1 are p]p5dicul> to ! pressure4 #dhf4 ,"o cause ( ?is lam9ation is t ! wax is an aggregate ( granules ! surfaces ( :i* are places ( weak cohesion2 & t by ! pressure ^! granules are squeez$ flat1 ?us produc+ planes ( weakness at "r angles to ! pressure4 #dhg4 ,b ! ma9 cause ( ! cleavage ,i take to be ! lat]al slid+ ( ! p>ticles ( wax ov] ea* o!r4 ,old atta*m5ts are !reby sev]$1 :i* ! new ones fail to make good4 ,?us ! tang5tial slid+ produces lam9ation1 z ! rails ne> a /ation are caus$ to exfoliate by ! glid+ ( ! :eel4 #dhh4 ,in/ead ( wax we may take ! slate itself1 gr9d x to f9e p[d]1 add wat]1 & ?us reproduce ! pri/9e mud4 ,by ! prop] compression ( su* mud1 9 "o direction1 ! cleavage is re/or$4 #dhi4 ,call n[ to m9d ! evid5ces we h _h ( ! p[] ( ?aw+ ice to yield to pressure4 ,recollect ! %ort5+ ( ! ,glaci] du ,gant1 & ! squeez+ ( ! ,glaci] de ,l*aud1 at ,trlaporte4 ,su* a sub/ance1 sl[ly act$ ^u by pressure1 w yield lat]ally4 ,its p>ticles w slide ov] ea* o!r1 ! sev]$ atta*m5ts be+ imm$iately made good by regelation4 ,x w n yield uni=mly1 b along special planes4 ,x w also liquefy1 n uni=mly1 b along special surfaces4 ,bo? ! slid+ & ! liquefaction w take place pr9cipally at "r angles to ! pressure1 & glaci] lam9ation is ! result4 #dij4 ,z long z x is s\nd ! lam9at$ glaci] ice resi/s cleavage4 ,regelation1 z ,i h said1 makes ! sev]$ atta*m5ts good4 ,b :5 su* ice is expos$ to ! wea!r ! /ructure is reveal$1 & ! ice c !n be clov5 into tablets a squ>e foot1 or ev5 a squ>e y>d 9 area4 #fg4 ,conclusion4 #dia4 ,"h1 my fri5d1 our lab\rs close4 ,x has be5 a true pleasure to me to h y at my side s long4 ,9 ! sweat ( our br[s we h (t5 rea*$ ! heights :]e our "w lay1 b y h be5 /eadfa/ & indu/ri\s ?r\gh\t1 us+ 9 all possible cases y\r own muscles in/ead ( rely+ ^u m9e4 ,"h & !re ,i h /ret*$ an arm & help$ y to a l$ge1 b ! "w ( climb+ has be5 almo/ exclusively y\r own4 ,x is ?us t ,i %\ld l to tea* y all ?+s2 %[+ y ! way to pr(itable ex]tion1 b leav+ ! ex]tion to y m anxi\s to br+ out y\r manl9ess 9 ! pres5ce ( difficulty ?an to make y\r way smoo? by ton+ difficulties d[n4 #dib4 ,/eadfa/1 prud5t1 )\t t]ror1 ?\gh n at all times )\t awe1 ,i h f\nd y on rock & ice1 & y h %[n ! /ill r>] quality ( /eadfa/ness 9 intellectual ef=t4 ,z "h set =?1 our task seems pla9 en\gh1 b y & ,i "k h[ (t5 we h _h to wrangle resolutely ) ! facts to br+ out _! mean+4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 is n[ done1 & y are ma/] ( a fragm5t ( t sure & c]ta9 k :i* is f\nd$ on ! fai?ful /udy ( nature4 ,is x n wor? ! price paid = x8 ,or r1 0 n ! pay+ ( ! price ! heal?ful1 if sometimes h>d1 ex]cise ( m9d & body1 ^u alp & glaci]--a portion ( our delight8 #dic4 ,"h !n we "p4 ,& %\ld we n meet aga91 ! memory ( ^! days w /ill unite u4 ,give me y\r h&4 ,good bye4 ,,index4 ,a ,accurate measurem5ts ( ! motions ( glaci]s1 by ,agassiz & ,=bes1 #fj-fb4 ggis*horn1 view f !1 #acg4 ,agassiz's measurem5ts1 #fj2 conclusions1 #ajg2 discov]y by1 #aej2 obs]vations made by1 #ahg4 ,aiguille du ,dru1 pyramid (1 #dc2 cl\d-bann] (1 #ij4 ---- des ,*>moz1 #dc2 cl\ds ab\t1 #ij4 ---- ,noire1 #ea4 ---- ,v]te1 height (1 #ec ---- du ,midi1 /one avalan*es (1 #ef4 ,air1 its expansion1 #bd2 a *ill+ process1 #be2 exp]im5ts illu/rat+1 #be1 #bf4 ,alets* glaci]1 #acf2 l5g? (1 #acf2 arm (1 #acg4 ,alp9e ice1 orig9 9 ! sun's heat1 #g4 ,anci5t glaci]s ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales1 #aej1 #aea4 ,ar*itecture ( sn[1 #bi-cd1 #ia2 ( lake-ice1 #ce1 #afi4 ,arveiron1 vault (1 #ff2 description & cause (1 #ib4 ,b ,bel ,alp1 description ( !1 #aci1 #adj4 ,b]gs*rund1 =mation ( !1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #agi4 ,blue ve9s ( glaci]s1 #agf2 :it5ess ( sn[1 #agf2 :it5ess ( ice1 #agg2 freez+ ( lake-ice1 #agg2 explanation ( cause ( :it5ess ( glaci]s1 #agh2 transluc5cy conv]t$ into transp>5cy1 #agh2 v]tical ve9s1 #agi2 /ructure & b$d+ on glaci]s1 #aha1 #ahb2 /ratification !ory1 #ahc2 obs]vations1 #ahg4 ,bodies ( guides f\nd on ,glaci] des ,bossons1 #eg1 #add4 ,b\ld]s1 size (1 #adh1 #adi4 ,c ,*anges ( volume result+ f heat & cold1 #aah-abb2 illu/rations (1 #aai1 #abj2 consequ5ces f1 #abb2 op9ions ( ,c\nt ,rum=d1 #ab1 #abd4 ,*apeau1 refre%m5t at1 #da4 ,cleavage & glaci] lam9ation1 #ahg2 analogy betwe51 #ahh1 #ahi2 planes (1 #ahh2 obs]vations ( ,pr(4 ,s$gwick1 #ahh2 discov]y by ,daniel ,%>p1 #ahh2 additional evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,sorby1 #ahi2 association ( pressure & cleavage e/abli%$1 #ahi3 relation ( cause & effect1 #ahi2 artificial conditions ( ,nature comb9$1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,cl\ds1 _! =mation1 #c-f2 9 tropical regions1 #be2 illu/ration ( ! =mation (1 #bf4 ,col du ,gant1 sn[s & ice-cascade ( !1 #df1 #dg2 sn[-fall on ! plateau (1 #dh1 #di2 cracks on1 #agi4 ,conclusion1 #aia1 #aib4 ,cond5s]s ne$$1 #aed4 ,conditions necess>y = ! production ( natural ph5om5a1 #ii4 ,consci5ce1 sci5tific1 #ahj4 ,crevasses1 #da2 "w among !1 #eb2 wid5+ (1 #ed2 drift+ ( bodies buri$ 91 #eg2 bir? (1 #ih2 features (1 #ajj2 *>act]i/ic1 #ajb2 transv]se1 #ajc2 /alactites ( ,alp9e1 #ajj2 m>g9al1 #aje-ajg2 longitud9al1 #aji2 curvature ( glaci] relat$ to numb] (1 #aaj-aab4 ,cry/allization ( metals1 #bi2 ( sug>1 #cj2 ( saltpetre1 #cj2 ( alum1 #cj2 ( *alk1 #cj2 ( c>bon1 #cj2 rev]sal ( ! process (1 #cf4 ,d ,de ,saussure's !ory ( glaci]-motion1 #aef4 ,dilatation !ory1 #aee1 #aef4 ,dirt-b&s ( ,m] de ,glace1 obs]v$ by ,pr(4 ,=bes1 #acj2 description & explanation (1 #aca1 #acb4 ,di/illation1 oceanic1 #ah2 ord9>y1 #ba4 ,dme du ,gt1 brok5 crags (1 #ej4 ,drift+ ( huts on ice1 #ei1 #fj4 ,dr4 ,william ,hopk9s's conclusions reg>d+ ! obliquity ( ! lat]al crevasses1 #ajg4 ,e gralets1 passage ?r\gh !1 #ec4 ,electric light1 d>k waves (1 #ad4 ,equival5t po9ts1 comp>ison ( velocities (1 #ge1 #gf1 #ajg4 ,erratic blocks1 #adg-aej4 ,evaporation1 caus$ by ! heat-rays ( ! sun1 #ac4 ,expansion ( wat]1 #aba1 #aee4 ,exp]im5ts to %[ ! heat-p[] ( ! d>k rays1 #ad-ai2 illu/rative1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bj2 ,dr4 ,frankl9's exp]im5t1 #aab4 ,extract f ,bordi]'s book1 #aeg1 #afb4 ,f ,f>aday's !ory reg>d+ regelation1 #aga2 special solidify+ p[] ex]t$ by sub/ances ^u _! own molecules1 #agb1 #agc2 op9ion ( ,pr(4 ,james ,?omson1 #agd1 #age2 exp]im5ts illu/rat+ ! subject1 #agd2 quotation f ,f>aday1 #age4 ,fog1 its =mation 9 ball-rooms1 #e4 ,=ces1 ( cry/allization1 #cj2 ( gravitation1 #cj2 ( ,nature1 #ca2 attractive & repulsive1 #abg4 ,freez+ mixture1 #abj1 #afh4 ,g ,glaci]1 ! s\rce ( ! ,rhone1 #g2 f$ by m\nta9-sn[1 #g1 #ba2 melt$ by ! sun's d>k rays1 #ac2 t]m9al mora9es (1 #ch2 que/ions reg>d+ motions (1 #ed-eh2 action ( ! ends (1 #eh2 motion at top & bottom (1 #hj1 #ha2 lat]al compression (1 #ha1 #hb2 longitud9al compression (1 #hd1 #he2 sl[ movem5t 9 w9t] (1 #hg2 motion ( ,gr9delwald1 #id2 motion ( ,great ,alets*1 #id2 motion ( ,mort]ats*1 #ie2 crevasses at ! side (1 #ajf2 action1 #adf1 #adg2 ice1 #aee2 ve9$ or ribbon$ /ructure (1 #agh2 blue ve9s (1 #agj2 tables1 #aac1 #aad2 mills1 #aaf-aah2 !ory ( ,s*eu*z] reg>d+1 #aee2 anci5t1 #ade-adg2 impurities ?ru/ out by1 #add2 :it5ess ( a clean1 #dc1 #agj2 measurem5ts by ,hugi & ,agassiz (1 #ei1 #fj2 epo*1 #aeb-afg4 ,glaci] des ,bois1 description (1 #ch-dc4 ---- des ,bossons1 #ef2 mass ( ice ^u1 #acd4 ---- ( ,alets*1 s&-cones (1 #aaf4 ---- des ,priades1 #ea4 ---- du ,talfre1 b\nd>y (1 #ec2 wid? (1 #ib2 *asms ( !1 #ih4 ---- de ,l*aud1 motion (1 #hj2 wid? (1 #hb2 compression (1 #aij4 ---- du ,gant1 nv ( !1 #di2 motion (1 #gi2 wid? (1 #hb2 cracks above ! ice-falls (1 #aai2 honey-comb+ (1 #aae2 %ort5+ (1 #aij4 ---- ,unt]a>1 movem5t (1 #fa2 appe>ance ( ,pr(4 ,=bes on1 #afa2 measurem5ts by ,agassiz on1 #afb4 ---- ,grn]1 s&-cones (1 #aaf2 description (1 #adj-add2 mora9es (1 #adc2 advance & retreat (1 #add2 objects ( int]e/ on1 #add2 /ructure & b$d+ on1 #aha4 ,gr& ,plateau1 crevasse on1 #eg1 #aah4 ,gre5l&'s icy m\nta9s1 #ba4 ,gr[? ( k1 #ei4 ,guesses 9 sci5ce1 #gd4 ,h ,h>mony ( life & its conditions1 #abe4 ,heat1 waves (1 #ab2 invisible1 #ad2 (fice ( ! invisible waves (1 #cf2 absorption ( sol>1 #ajj2 dem&$ = ! liquefaction ( ice1 #aca2 lat5t1 #aec4 ,ho>-fro/1 #e1 #f2 n melt$ by light-waves1 #ac1 #ah4 ,htel des ,neu*telois1 movem5ts (1 at ,riffelb]g1 #ada4 ,i ,ice1 /ructure (1 #ce1 #cf1 #aai2 t[]s (1 #ajd2 sea1 #acb-acd2 retreat (1 #ade2 developm5t 9 ! ,alps (1 #aej2 freez+ ( pieces (1 #afd2 liquefaction by pressure (1 #ajh1 #afj2 transluc5t1 #agg2 diff]5ce betwe5 h>d & s(t1 #hg4 ,iceb]gs1 ( arctic seas1 #acc2 describ$ by ,sir ,leopold ,mc,clintock1 #acc1 #acd2 drift+ (1 #acd2 orig9 (1 #acd2 ( ,switz]l&1 #acf-ach2 colors (1 #ach2 =mation ( *a9s (1 #afe4 ,ice-l5s1 conc5tration ( sun's rays by means (1 #cg4 ,ice-riv] ?r\gh ! vale ( ,hasli1 #adf4 ,icicles1 #ii2 h[ produc$1 #ajj2 a !ory (1 #ajj-ajb ,imag9ation1 sci5tific use (1 #cd4 ,impurities ?ru/ out by glaci]s1 #add4 ,inf9ite ,wisdom1 designs (1 #abd4 ,j ,j>d91 description (1 #ec4 ,jungfrau1 #acf1 #acg4 ,k ,kill>ney1 luxuriant vegetation (1 #bg1 #aea4 ,l ,la ,gr&e ,jorasse1 cre/s (1 #dc2 roses ( cl\d ab\t1 #ij4 ,lake ( ,g5eva1 an expansion ( ! riv] ,rhone1 #f4 ,lat5t heat1 #aec1 #afg4 ,lat]al mora9es1 orig9 (1 #ed4 ,light1 wave-!ory (1 #aj1 #aa2 inf]5ce f ! ph5om5a (1 #aa2 l5g? ( wave (1 #ab4 ,lik5ess ( glaci]-motion to riv]-motion1 #gb-gf4 ,liquefaction ( ice1 #afh1 #afi2 exp]im5t by ,mr4 ,bottomley1 #agj2 exp]im5t by ,mr4 ,b\ss+ault1 #agj1 #aga4 ,locus ( ! po9t ( swifte/ motion1 #gf4 ,longitud9al crevasses1 h[ =m$1 #aji2 examples (1 #aaj4 ,m ,magillicuddy's ,reeks1 #bg1 #aej1 #aea4 ,magnet1 poles (1 #cb2 repell+ corn]s & ends (1 #abf4 ,mrgel9 ,see1 #ach2 iceb]gs 9 !1 #ach4 ,m>g9al crevasses1 explanation (1 #ajf-aji4 ,mauvais ,pas1 #da4 ,measurem5ts ( glaci]s by ,hugi & ,agassiz1 #ei1 #fj4 ,m$ial mora9es1 h[ acc\nt$ =1 #ee4 ,m] de ,glace1 #da2 its s\rces1 #dc-de2 view ( !1 #dd2 bran*+ ( !1 #de2 m$ial mora9es ( !1 #ea1 #eb2 triangulation (1 #fb2 motion (1 #ff1 #gj2 daily motion (1 #fg2 unequal motion ( ! two sides (1 #gj-gb2 motion ( axes (1 #gh2 summ] condition (1 #hg2 w9t] on1 #hh-ib2 dirt-b&s (1 #abg2 dim5sions (1 #ade2 w9t] motion (1 #ic2 great] numb] ( crevasses on ea/]n side (1 #aab2 glaci] tables (1 #aac2 gr& m\l9 (1 #aag1 #aah2 approximate weight (1 #aed4 ,molecules1 ( wat]1 #ca1 #cd2 expansion (1 #abe2 =ces act+ ^u1 #abg2 exclusiv5ess ( wat]1 #acb1 #acc4 ,montanv]t1 aub]ge ( !1 #da1 #dc2 appe>ance 9 w9t]1 #hi4 ,mora9e1 lat]al1 #da2 m$ial mora9es ( ! ,m] de ,glace1 #ea1 #aab2 c$>s ( ,lebanon gr[+ on anci5t1 #aej2 explanation ( ! cause ( ridges on1 #aab1 #aac4 ,mort]ats* glaci]1 cause ( ! wid5+ ( ! m$ial mora9e (1 #ig2 motion (1 #ie1 #if2 s&-cones (1 #aaf4 ,motion1 ( ,m] de ,glace1 #ic2 ( ,gr9delwald1 #id2 ( ,great ,alets* glaci]1 #id2 ( ,mort]ats* glaci]1 #ie2 s&-cones (1 #aaf4 ,m\l9s1 description (1 #aaf2 dang]s f1 #aag2 s\nd+ (1 #aah4 ,m\nta9 cond5s]s1 #bg1 #aej4 ,n ,nv1 explanation ( t]m1 #di2 /ratification ( !1 #agi4 ,o ,obliquity ( ! lat]al crevasses1 #afg2 illu/ration1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,p ,petit ,plateau1 #ef4 ,piz ,b]n9a1 r\te to1 #ie4 ,place de la ,concorde ( ,nature1 #acf4 ,pla/ic !ory1 #aef2 advocat$ by ,bordi]1 #aeg2 advocat$ by ,r5du1 #aeh4 ,poles1 atomic1 #cb1 #abf2 attractive & repell5t1 #cj4 ,pontres9a1 village (1 #ie4 ,preci\s /ones1 examples ( cry/alliz+ p[]1 #cj4 ,precipitation1 #bc1 #be2 atmosph]ic1 #bg4 ,promontory ( ,trlaporte1 #dd2 ( ,tacul1 #ea4 ,pro(s ( glaci]-motions1 #eh4 ,pyramid ( ,aiguille du ,dru1 #dc2 ( ,aiguille des ,*>moz1 #dc4 ,q ,quotation f ,r5du1 #aeh4 ,r ,ra91 its s\rce1 #c2 tropical1 #bc1 #be4 ,ra9fall1 obs]vations on am\nt (1 #bh4 ,regulation1 !ory1 #afc-afg2 obs]vations made by ,mr4 ,f>aday1 #afd2 =mation ( *a9 ( iceb]gs by1 #afe2 cause (1 #afg2 ,f>aday's view (1 #aga-agf4 ,relation ( /ructure to pressure1 #ahc2 ve9$ /ructure describ$ by ,guyot1 #ahc-ahe2 illu/ration1 #ahf2 connection e/abli%$1 #ahg4 ,ret9a1 h[ excit$1 #h2 !ory ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 #i4 ,riffelb]g ,hotel1 location (1 #add4 ,riv]s1 _! s\rces1 #a1 #g1 #ai4 ,s ,s&-cones1 #aaf4 ,sci5tific tacts1 connection (1 #gb4 ,si$elhorn1 view f ! summit (1 #adf4 ,sn[1 its conv]sion into ice1 #aef2 consolidation 9 ,alp9e regions1 #aef2 l9e1 #di2 its =mation 9 ,russian ball-rooms1 #e2 9 subt]ranean /ables1 #e1 #ad2 9 pol> regions1 #ba2 its ar*itecture1 #bi-cb1 #cd1 #ia2 absorbs sol> heat1 #ajj4 ,solidify+ p[] ( camphor & metals1 #ag4 ,s\rce ( ! ,sev]n1 #b2 ! ,?ames1 #b2 ! ,danube1 #b2 ! ,rh9e1 #b2 ! ,rhone1 #b2 ! ,gauges1 #b2 ! ,euphrates1 #b2 ! ,g>onne1 #b2 ! ,elbe1 #b2 ! ,miss\ri1 #b2 ! ,amazon1 #b2 ,albula1 #b2 ! ,arveiron1 #ch2 ! ,a>1 #ej4 ,/alactites ( ,alp9e crevasses1 #ajj4 ,/eam1 its cond5sation1 #c1 #d4 ,sunbeams1 (fice (1 #aj-ba4 ,sun1 its heat ! s\rce ( ,alp9e ice1 #g2 vibratory motion ( ! atoms ( !1 #aa2 position (1 #ai2 indirect heat1 ( !1 #bh4 ,switz]l&1 anci5t glaci]s (1 #ade-adg4 ,t ,!odolite1 description (1 #fc2 use (1 #fd1 #fe4 ,!ory1 ( ,dilatation1 #aee2 develop$ by ,de ,*>p5ti]1 #aef2 slid+1 #aef2 pla/ic1 #aef-afj2 visc\s1 #afa-ajc2 regulation1 #afc-afg2 ( glacial epo*1 #aee-afg4 ,trade-w9ds1 #bj4 ,transv]se crevasses1 =mation (1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,trlaporte1 promontory (1 #dd2 motion ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! n>r[s (1 #gi4 ,u ,univ]se1 ord] ( !1 #cb4 ,v ,valley1 ( ,hasli1 #adf1 #adg2 ,black1 #aea4 ,vapor1 9 ! atmosph]e1 #e4 ,visc\s !ory1 advocat$ by ,pr(4 ,=bes1 #afa2 reject$ by ,m4 ,agassiz1 #afb4 ,w ,wat]1 *anges ( volume (1 #aah-abb2 maximum d5sity (1 #abj2 effects ( expansion (1 #aba2 n a solit>y exception to g5]al law1 #abd2 molecul> expansion (1 #abe-abg2 temp]ature necess>y to freeze ! sea1 #acb2 special solidify+ p[] (1 #agc2 freez+-po9t (1 #afh4 ,waves1 ( light1 #h-aa1 #abg2 l5g? (1 #ab2 ( heat1 #ab4 ,:it5ess ( a clean glaci]1 #dc1 #agf2 ( ,mrgel9 ,see1 #ach1 #agf2 ( sn[1 #agf2 ( ice =m$ 9 freez+ mixtures1 #agg4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,on page #fa 7#aec71 ,pr9cipal 0 *ang$ to ,pr(essor4 ,m9or typos 7 correct$4 ,"s images 7 mov$ to avoid splitt+ p>agraphs4