,,cambridge ,,agricultural ,,monographs ,,plants ,,poisonous ,,to ,,live ,,stock ,,cambridge ,,university ,,press ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manager ,london3 ,,fetter ,,lane1 ,e4,c4 ,edinburgh3 #ajj ,,princes ,,street ,illustration ,london3 ,h4 ,k4 ,,lewis ,,and ,,co4 ,,ltd41 #acf1 ,,gower ,,street1 ,w4,c4 ,london3 ,,william ,,wesley ,,and ,,son1 #bh1 ,,essex ,,street1 ,,strand ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay1 ,calcutta and ,madras3 ,,macmillan ,,and ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,toronto3 ,j4 ,m4 ,,dent ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,tokyo3 ,,the ,,maruzen-,,kabushiki-,,kaisha ,all rights reserved ,illustration3 a ,reddish-brown to reddish-purple 8,java0 ,beans 7,phaseolus lunatus72 b 8,red ,rangoon0 ,beans 7,p4 lunatus72 c 8,large ,white0 ,beans 7,p4 lunatus72 d ,castor ,oil ,beans 7,ricinus communis72 e 8,indian ,peas0 7,lathyrus sativus71 from ,bombay2 f ,ergot 7,claviceps purpurea71 from ,spain4 ,all natural size4 ,,plants ,,poisonous ,,to ,,live ,,stock ,,by ,,harold ,c4 ,,long1 ,b4,sc4 7,edin47 of the ,board of ,agriculture and ,fisheries ,author of ,common ,weeds of the ,farm and ,garden ,cambridge3 at the ,university ,press #aiag ,,preface ,as in the case of a previous volume1 ,common ,weeds of the ,farm and ,garden1 the preparation of this handbook was undertaken because of the great lack of readily available and reliable information on the subject in ,english scientific literature4 ,many of the facts were known to a few interested persons1 but many others were so scattered here and there in technical reports and journals that they were scarcely known even to expert chemists and botanists4 ,the bringing of this information together in some sort of order has involved considerable labour extending over several years1 but if the volume be found helpful to those for whose use it has been prepared ,i shall feel more than gratified4 ,that the subject is of importance is fully realised by farmers and veterinary surgeons alike1 for the annual loss of stock due to poisonous plants1 though not ascertainable1 is undoubtedly considerable4 ,it was felt that notes on mechanical injury caused by plants and on the influence of plants on milk might usefully be included1 as in some degree related to poisoning2 this has therefore been done4 ,on the other hand1 a number of cultivated plants 7e4g4 ,rhus1 ,wistaria7 which are poisonous have not been included because exotic and hardly likely to be eaten by stock4 ,fungi generally also find no place in the volume1 as they are sufficiently extensive to deserve a volume to themselves1 and are far less readily identified than flowering plants4 ,the dividing line between plants which are actually poisonous and those which are only suspected is far from clear1 but a division was considered desirable for the convenience of the reader1 and an endeavour has been made to give a sound but brief statement as to the present information on plants poisonous to live stock in the ,united ,kingdom1 with symptoms1 toxic principles1 and a list of the more important references to the bibliography in relation to each plant included in ,chapters ,,ii to ,,vi 7the numbers corresponding with the numbers in the ,bibliography74 ,regarding symptoms it is to be regretted that in many cases they appear to be the result of injections of the toxic extracts1 and not observations made after natural poisoning by ingestion of the plants4 ,further1 there may frequently be doubt as to the identification of the plant suspected of causing poisoning2 indeed1 in some cases it is possible that the identification rests on the veterinary surgeon or the stockman thinking a certain plant is the cause4 ,the most complete and systematic account of ,european poisonous plants is that of ,cornevin 7#ahhg71 and references to poisonous plants in the ordinary literature are heavily indebted to him4 ,in so far as the toxic principles of the plants are concerned1 however1 his book is in many instances no longer reliable4 ,the chemical formulae1 quoted for the use of students and research workers1 have been checked by consulting works by the following authors1 the reference to the bibliography being given in brackets3 ,henry 7#abh71 ,dunstan 7#gf71 ,allen 7#d71 ,haas and ,hill 7#aad71 ,thorpe 7#bdj71 ,van ,rijn 7#beb71 ,kobert 7#afa71 ,esser 7#ha71 and ,beilstein 7#af74 ,apart from the literature consulted ,i desire to acknowledge my great indebtedness to the ,board of ,agriculture and ,fisheries for kind permission to make use of official records2 to ,mr ,f4 ,w4 ,garnett1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 for kindly reading the proofs from the veterinary standpoint2 to very many ,experiment ,stations1 ,state ,departments of ,agriculture1 and other authorities in ,australasia1 ,america and the ,continent of ,europe1 for assistance given and literature sent2 to ,sir ,david ,prain and members of the staff at ,kew for much friendly advice1 and aid in consulting the ,kew library2 to ,sir ,james ,dobbie for permission to spend some time at the ,government ,laboratories to consult certain volumes2 to ,mr ,t4 ,h4 ,middleton1 ,c4,b41 ,dr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,professor ,w4 ,somerville1 ,sir ,stewart ,stockman1 ,professor ,t4 ,b4 ,wood1 and others1 for information and many helpful suggestions2 to my friend ,mr ,w4 ,a4 ,whatmough1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 for many suggestions and kindly reading the proofs2 and to my colleague ,mr ,w4 ,r4 ,black for invaluable help in preparing notes1 checking data and reading proofs4 ,to all these1 and many others who are not mentioned by name1 ,i tender my sincere thanks4 ,for any shortcomings ,i crave the indulgence of my readers1 only requesting that they be friendly enough to spare a moment to call my attention thereto4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,long4 ,,surbiton1 ,october1 #aiaf4 ,,contents ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,what is a ,poisonous ,plant8 ,harm done by ,poisonous ,plants4 ,circumstances in which ,poisoning occurs4 ,effect of ,soil1 ,climate and ,cultivation on the ,toxic ,properties of ,plants4 ,variation in the ,poisonous ,parts of ,plants4 ,eradication of ,poisonous ,plants4 ,treatment of ,poisoned ,animals4 ,tests with ,suspected ,plants4 ,legal ,aspect of ,plant ,poisoning4 ,the ,toxic ,principles of ,plants4 ,,ii4 ,,ranunculace4 ,,papaverace4 ,,crucifer4 ,,caryophyllace4 ,,hypericine4 ,,geraniace #i ,,iii4 ,,celastrace4 ,,rhamnace4 ,,papilionace4 ,,rosace4 ,,cucurbitace4 ,,umbellifer #bd ,,iv4 ,,araliace4 ,,caprifoliace4 ,,composit4 ,,ericace4 ,,primulace4 ,,oleace4 ,,convolvulace4 ,,solanace #dc ,v4 ,,scrophularine4 ,,polygonace4 ,,thymelace4 ,,euphorbiace4 ,,amentace4 ,,conifer4 ,,aroide #fa ,,vi4 ,,dioscoride4 ,,liliace4 ,,gramine4 ,,equisetace4 ,,filices4 ,,fungi #gh ,,vii4 ,,plants ,,suspected ,,of ,,being ,,poisonous #ib ,,viii4 ,,the ,,effects ,,of ,,plants ,,on ,,milk4 ,,plants ,,which ,,cause ,,mechanical ,,injury #ii ,,ix4 ,,classification ,,of ,,poisons #ajc ,,bibliography #ajf ,,index #aad ,photograph of three varieties of ,phaseolus beans1 of ,castor ,oil ,beans1 ,indian ,peas1 and ,ergot ,frontispiece ,,chapter ,i ,,introduction4 ,what is a ,poisonous ,plant8 ,as will be shown later1 so-called 8poisonous0 plants differ widely in 8degree of harmfulness10 and it is highly probable that under ordinary conditions many of the plants commonly reputed to be poisonous are really almost or quite harmless4 ,it is possible1 however1 that a plant usually unsuspected may on occasion prove noxious--for example1 ,nepeta ,glechoma 7p4 #if71 included as suspected of poisoning horses4 ,for these reasons1 no line of demarcation can be drawn to separate actually poisonous plants from those which are suspected or are almost certainly quite harmless2 and a large number of species is included in ,chapter ,,vii as suspected1 many of them1 however1 being almost certainly more or less poisonous in certain circumstances4 ,in many cases it is practically impossible to come to any conclusion as to the degree of toxicity of a plant1 owing to the want of exact information4 ,many plants are quite harmless except when affected by fungi1 moulds1 etc4 ,a really poisonous plant may be defined as one a small quantity of which when eaten induces some form of indisposition with irritant1 narcotic1 or nervous symptoms1 with serious or even fatal consequences either immediately or by reason of cumulative action of the toxic property4 ,harm done by ,poisonous ,plants4 ,a perusal of the following pages will afford convincing proof that the question of the general 8wholesomeness0 of wild plants is worthy of serious consideration by all who are interested in the practice of agriculture4 ,still more important is a satisfactory knowledge of the extent to which plants are actually poisonous--that is1 sufficiently injurious when eaten in small or large quantities to induce more or less severe indisposition1 illness or death1 with the consequent losses which such bring in their train--loss of milk and meat production in the case of cattle1 of meat and wool production in sheep1 of power in the horse1 of expenditure in attendance and veterinary treatment generally1 and possibly total loss by death of the animals concerned4 ,the losses due to ,poisonous ,plants in ,great ,britain happily afford no comparison whatever with the immense losses sustained in some other countries1 such as the cases of lupine poisoning mentioned at p4 #bi1 but deaths are sufficiently numerous to make it certain that financial losses are in the aggregate very heavy4 ,in this connection it may suffice to refer to the many cases of yew poisoning1 the losses due to ,umbellifers 7pp4 #cf-db71 and the instance reported in the ,staffordshire ,weekly ,sentinel in relation to meadow saffron and water hemlock 7p4 #hj74 ,further1 it appears to be extremely likely that many losses due to unascertained causes are really due to plant poisoning4 ,for this reason veterinary surgeons will be well advised always to consider this possibility and1 if need be1 to obtain the services of a trained botanist to survey the farm or field involved1 with the object of deciding whether poisonous plants are present4 ,circumstances in which ,poisoning occurs4 ,it may be assumed that many plants are to a considerable extent protected from animals by the fact that they have an unpleasant odour1 are acrid or bitter to the taste1 or are actually toxic in character1 just as others assume such protective devices as spines4 ,in a state of nature animals appear to avoid instinctively such plants as are toxic or 8unwholesome10 and to be less readily poisoned than are domesticated animals living under artificial conditions4 ,indeed1 it has been remarked that farm stock reared in a locality where certain poisonous plants abound are much less likely to be injured by these plants than animals imported from a district where they do not occur4 ,the individuality of stock is also a factor which may be responsible for poisoning1 some animals having what may be described as a depraved appetite for unusual and unappetising food plants4 ,it would appear that animals are often tempted to eat dark-green plants of luxuriant growth which are soft and succulent4 ,this is especially true when the plants are young and tender1 particularly as regards sheep1 which1 however1 usually avoid tall1 old rank-growing and coarse herbage--unless absolutely pressed by hunger4 ,cattle1 however1 are not so particular1 and will commonly eat large coarse-growing plants4 ,sheep have been observed to be particularly variable in their choice of food plants1 not only individually in the flock1 but from day to day4 ,chesnut and ,wilcox remark#a that 8there seems to be no way of accounting for the appetite or taste of stock4 ,this statement is perhaps especially true of sheep4 ,we have often observed sheep eating greedily on one day plants which they could scarcely be persuaded to eat on the following day on the same range40 ,in the case of one flock of sheep on a foothill range at an altitude of #d1fjj ft4 8a few of the sheep were observed eating large quantities of wild sunflower 7,balsamorhiza sagittata71 a few ate freely of false lupine 7,thermopsis rhombifolia71 some confined their attention largely to the wild geranium1 while others ate false esparcet 7,astragalus bisulcatus7 almost exclusively4 ,two sheep were seen eating the leaves of lupine1 and about fifty ate a greater or less quantity of ,zygadenus venenosus1 while the majority of sheep in the band fed exclusively upon the native grasses on the range40 ,footnote #a3 8,the ,stock-,poisoning ,plants of ,montana10 ,v4 ,k4 ,chesnut and ,e4 ,v4 ,wilcox4 ,bul4 ,no4 #bf4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric41 ,div4 ,bot41 #aija4 ,horses also have been known to acquire in ,america a depraved appetite for horsetail and loco-weed4 ,the different species of live stock are often quite differently affected by poisonous plants1 some being very susceptible to a given plant while others may be little or not at all susceptible4 ,one species 7e4g4 the pig7 may readily vomit the poison of a plant which is emetic1 while another 7e4g4 the horse7 may be unable to do so and hence be the more seriously injured4 ,the variability of the different classes of live stock in this respect is frequently brought out in ,chapters ,,ii to ,,vi4 ,poisonous effects may also vary with the individuality and age of animals of the same species4 ,at certain periods of the year--e4g4 in early spring1 and during dry summers1--there may be a scarcity of green herbage1 and this may induce animals to eat any green plants which are especially early1 including poisonous ones1 which they would otherwise refuse4 ,in some cases poisonous plants which do not lose their toxic properties on drying 7e4g4 meadow saffron7 may be included in hay1 and hence find their way to stock in such a form that they may not be distinguished4 ,it has been found1 however1 that some poisonous plants or parts of them are refused by stock when mixed with good herbage in hay4 ,care should be exercised that poisonous plants are not included with hay or green fodder1 and in cases of poisoning all forage should be examined4 ,animals may also be poisoned by certain toxic seeds 7e4g4 corn cockle7 fed to them with cereal grains1 in feeding stuffs generally1 or in the refuse seeds from the sources mentioned4 ,here again judgment is necessary1 and it is probably advisable on all counts to burn the weed seeds and similar refuse from the sources mentioned4 ,poisonous seeds may occur in low quality feeding stuffs1 and poisonous seeds of foreign origin are occasionally sold for food purposes owing to the mistaken idea that they are a valuable addition to the ration 7e4g4 the poisonous 8,java0 beans74 ,in any case in which an animal is believed to have been poisoned purchased feeding stuffs should always be considered as a possible source of injury and be submitted to examination4 ,clippings and trimmings from gardens and shrubberies have proved a more or less common cause of live stock poisoning1 such material being too often carelessly thrown out for animals to pick over4 ,in such circumstances it may quite easily happen that the animals get yew1 daphne1 privet1 rhododendron1 azalea1 solanums1 and other plants of a poisonous character4 ,for this reason it is better to destroy such trimmings1 etc41 by burning them1 or by adding them to the compost heap as the case may be4 ,a further source of poisoning must be noted here--fleshy and parasitic fungi 7toadstools1 rust fungi71 moulds and similar organisms4 ,many toadstools are directly poisonous when eaten1 but the microscopic organisms are probably in themselves harmless1 though taken with food which they are responsible for injuring 7bad hay1 cakes1 etc471 the poisoning being due to the changed and damaged feeding stuffs1 or possibly to poisonous principles directly elaborated by the microscopic fungi4 ,fungi and related organisms cannot be dealt with in this volume1 but it may at least be said that the use of mouldy hay and similarly affected feeding stuffs is attended with some danger1 which is not yet very clearly defined4 ,effect of ,soil1 ,climate and ,cultivation on the ,toxic ,properties of ,plants4 ,in general1 wild poisonous plants are richer in either alkaloids or glucosides than the same species when cultivated1 though there are exceptions4 ,in many cases it is found that plants vary considerably in toxicity1 or the percentage content of the poisonous principle1 according to soil1 light1 moisture1 etc4 ,solanaceous plants in particular vary in this way1 and one or two instances may be given as examples4 ,solanum nigrum varies so much that it has been regarded as harmless in one country and quite poisonous in another 7p4 #eb74 ,experiments conducted at the ,arlington ,experimental ,farm1 ,virginia1 showed that in #bd first-year plants of ,atropa ,belladonna grown in #aiaj the alkaloid contents of the leaves varied from #jccd to #jgjj per cent41 and averaged #jedg per cent4 ,in #aiaa the alkaloid contents 7usually the average of five pickings7 of the leaves of #ei plants varied from #jcjf to #jgff per cent41 and averaged #jecb per cent4 ,in #aiab the alkaloid contents 7commonly the average of #e pickings7 of the leaves of #eg plants varied from #jceb to #jgfh per cent41 and averaged #jede per cent4 ,in individual plants at a single picking the highest alkaloid content in #aiaa was #jibe and the lowest #jbjj1 and in #aiab the highest was #jhhb and the lowest #jbib4 7,jour4 ,agric4 ,res41 ,i4 #b1 ,nov41 #aiac47 ,the variation in the percentage of poisonous principle was well shown in several papers read at the ,international ,congress of ,applied ,chemistry held at ,washington and ,new ,york in #aiab 7see ,chemist and ,druggist reports74 ,for example1 ,carr stated that at the ,wellcome ,materia ,medica ,farm1 ,dartford1 ,kent1 the effect of manuring on medicinal plants has been tested for some years1 and the effect of the more common fertilisers on ,atropa ,belladonna was shown by the following table3-- ,percentage of ,alkaloid in ,dry ,stem and ,leaf #aijf #aijg #aiaj #aiaa #aiab ,fertiliser ,time of ,per acre #crd #dth #ast #bnd #crd ,application year'syear'syear'syear'syear's plantsplantsplantsplantsplants ,main crop #jed #jcd #jfa #jei #jfh ,farmyard ,march #ej loads #jed #jcd #jfa #jec #jga manure ,nitrate ,march #b cwt4 #jeb #jbc #jed #jdf #jfd ,april ,calcium ,do4 #a cwt4 #jfi #jdi #jge cyanamide ,basic slag ,do4 #b cwt4 #jfa #jfe #jef #jhd ,superphosphate ,do4 #e cwt4 #jdf #jha #jdi #jgf ,potash ,do4 #e cwt4 #jfa #jdj #jge #jec #jfi ,in considering these results it must be remembered that the soil is naturally suited to the plant1 and the percentage of alkaloid obtained without added fertilisers is already high4 ,the low figures obtained in #aijg were probably due to the seasonal conditions4 ,atmospheric conditions have a modifying influence4 ,it was also shown that the ,belladonna root of commerce varies greatly in alkaloid strength4 8,in a number of analyses made of commercial roots1 variations from #jbg to #jfi per cent4 have occurred4 ,the average of twenty-one analyses of ,german and ,austrian commercial roots was #jdj per cent4 ,other observers have recorded similar results4 ,chevalier 7,compt4 ,rend41 #aiaj1 #aej1 #cdd7 gives the following figures for ,continental roots3 ,french1 #jcjj to #jdej per cent42 ,austrian1 #jbea to #jcgb per cent42 ,italian1 #jajg to #jahg per cent4 ,henderson has shown the average of thirty samples of foreign root to be #jc per cent4 ,it is interesting to observe that the average of nine samples of root grown at ,darenth is #jed per cent4 ,in order to determine whether this variation was due to collecting at different times of the year1 roots from the same plot1 derived from second year's plants1 which were sown at the same time1 were dug up at intervals and dried4 ,the following is a record of the analysis of these samples3-- ,march1 #aiaa #jef per cent4 ,may1 #aiaa #jei ,june1 #aiaa #jec ,august1 #aiaa #jej ,december1 #aiaa #jei 8,the amount of variation throughout the year is thus seen to be very small40 ,dunstan 7,bul4 ,imp4 ,inst41 #aije7 has shown that ,hyoscyamus muticus grown in ,india yielded #jc to #jd per cent4 of hyoscyamine1 but that the same species grown in ,egypt produced #jf to #ab per cent4 ,according to ,esser no coniine is found in ,conium maculatum growing in the far north4 ,the same authority says that the root of ,hyoscyamus niger is quite free from toxic properties in winter4 ,variation in the ,poisonous ,parts of ,plants4 ,as will be shown in succeeding chapters1 many plants 7e4g4 meadow saffron7 are poisonous in all their parts1 though the amount of the toxic substance may differ according as to whether the seeds1 leaves1 stem or roots are severally considered4 ,in other cases one part of the plant alone is toxic 7e4g4 the seeds1 as in corn cockle74 ,further1 some species vary in the percentage of the toxic substance in the leaves before and after flowering4 ,frequently the root is the most toxic portion of the plant4 ,this point may be usefully recollected in relation to poisoning of live stock1 which are in general affected by the foliage or ripe seeds4 ,eradication of ,poisonous ,plants4 ,wherever poisonous plants are found1 particularly in quantity1 where they are liable to be eaten by live stock1 an attempt should be made to eradicate them4 ,they may be simply dealt with as weeds as may be necessary according to the species concerned4 ,when any difficulty is experienced in regard either to determination of the species or to methods of eradication the advice of the ,board of ,agriculture and ,fisheries 7,whitehall ,place1 ,london1 ,s4,w47 should be requested4 ,stock should at once be removed from a suspected pasture1 which should be immediately and thoroughly examined by a competent botanist4 ,harmful plants should be eradicated and their place filled by better herbage4 ,treatment of ,poisoned ,animals4 ,this volume makes no pretensions to deal with the veterinary treatment of cases of plant poisoning4 ,whenever poisoning is suspected the services of a veterinary surgeon should be sought without delay2 the text books at his disposal will aid him in the treatment of any case which presents unusual difficulties4 ,the symptoms indicated in the following pages1 together with the possible discovery of a suspected plant1 may be utilised in diagnosis4 ,tests with ,suspected ,plants4 ,the action of plants on animals may be ascertained 7#a7 by observing the effects in cases in which it has been established that the plants have been eaten1 or 7#b7 by direct experimental feeding of animals with the plant4 ,in the first case the results may be accurate and satisfactory if observations have been made from the outset4 ,as regards 7#b7 the results may or may not be satisfactory according as the plan pursued is sound or otherwise4 ,for example1 it cannot be considered altogether reasonable and satisfactory to extract the principles present in the plant1 inject them into the blood stream1 and conclude from any ill effects that the animal may exhibit that the plant is poisonous1 since the substance extracted may be poisonous under such conditions but little or not at all harmful when the plant is eaten in the small quantities commonly taken by animals4 ,again1 it cannot be held satisfactory to feed an animal on a heavy and exclusive diet of the suspected plant for a considerable period4 ,the real test would1 in general1 consist in a feeding trial in which the suspected plant occupied a place in the ration in reasonable quantity--such a quantity as might well be taken in natural circumstances1 in view of its relative abundance in regard to other food available2 and if considered likely that the plant would be eaten daily it may be fed regularly for some days4 ,should such a test prove negative it may generally be held that the plant is not poisonous1 or only so in exceptional circumstances4 ,legal ,aspect of ,plant ,poisoning4 ,there is clearly some legal liability in regard to poisonous plants which may1 by hanging over a boundary1 cause injury to a neighbour's stock4 ,the only cases known to the author are in relation to the yew4 ,in the case of ,crowhurst v4 ,amersham ,burial ,board 7#dh ,l4 ,j41 ,ex4 #aji2 #d ,ex4 ,d41 #e7 a ,burial ,board was held liable for the loss of a horse poisoned by eating leaves of a yew tree planted in the cemetery owned by the ,board1 the tree having grown through and over their fence and projected on to the meadow occupied by the plaintiff4 ,in ,ponting v4 ,noakes 7#fc ,l4 ,j4 ,b4 #edi2 7#ahid7 #b ,q4,b41 #bha7 the defendant was not held liable for the death of a horse which ate off the branches of a yew tree1 because the tree did not extend up to or over the plaintiff's boundary1 though it overhung a ditch1 the edge of which was the boundary1 and was hence accessible to the plaintiff's stock4 ,the ,toxic ,principles of ,plants4 ,the poisonous substances in plants may be grouped either 7#a7 according to their physiological effects on certain organs2 7#b7 according to the principal outward and perceptible symptoms caused2 or 7#c7 in accordance with their chemical relationships4 ,in regard to 7#a7 the poisons may be nerve1 heart1 blood-poisons1 etc4 7#b7 ,the poisons may be acrid1 narcotic1 or both4 ,acrid poisons are those which cause irritation or inflammation of the digestive tract 7,euphorbia1 ,ranunculus1 ,daphne1 etc472 narcotic poisons affect only or chiefly the brain 7,agrostemma1 ,papaver1 ,atropa7 or chiefly the spinal cord 7,claviceps purpurea1 ,lolium temulentum72 acrid-narcotic poisons induce to a greater or less extent the symptoms of both the foregoing groups 7,taxus1 ,colchicum1 ,cicuta1 ,solanum1 etc474 7#c7 ,as the accounts of the individual plants will show1 the toxic principles of many plants are not yet well understood1 either as regards chemical constitution or symptoms caused4 ,many poisons may be driven off by heat 7boiling1 drying71 and some plants may thus be rendered harmless4 ,most of the toxic principles of our native poisonous plants are ,alkaloids or ,glucosides4 ,the former all contain nitrogen1 differ considerably in molecular constitution1 and are usually combined with widely distributed organic acids4 ,in the pure state they are colourless and usually stable1 crystalline or amorphous solids1 or readily volatile liquids2 they usually have a burning taste4 ,in general the same base is confined to species of the same order--e4g4 ,solanine to the ,solanace4 ,the alkaloids include the most powerful poisons4 ,the term 8,glucoside0 indicates a group of substances which by the action of an acid or enzyme are split up into a sugar 7grape sugar1 galactose or rhamnose7 and other substances 7alcohol1 aldehydes1 acids74 ,they have a bitter taste and are generally readily soluble in water4 ,related to the glucosides are also the ,saponins1 remarkable for the fact that they induce an exceedingly frothy condition in water2 the prussic acid yielding compounds or cyanogenetic glucosides 7e4g4 ,amygdalin and ,phaseolunatin7 also belong to this group4 ,other substances will be mentioned in the succeeding chapters4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,ranunculace4 ,traveller's ,joy 7,clematis ,vitalba ,l474 ,the extent to which this species is poisonous is not clear1 though all parts are stated to be poisonous1 acrid and narcotic1 while the juice tends to blister the skin4 ,it is remarked by ,cornevin that it is less poisonous in spring1 when the ass and goat browse on it to a considerable extent without serious trouble1 than later1 when it cannot be eaten without danger4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,traveller's ,joy appears to contain strongly poisonous substances which have not been closely investigated4 ,greshoff found a ,saponin in the leaves#b4 ,the poison is dissipated by heat4 ,footnote #b3 ,kobert states that various species of ,clematis1 ,ranunculus1 ,anemone1 and also ,caltha palustris and ,trollius europus1 contain ,anemonal or ,pulsatilla-camphor1 which causes strong local irritation1 burning and swelling in the mouth1 vomiting1 intestinal inflammation1 etc4 ,symptoms4 ,when eaten in quantity the young shoots are diuretic1 violently purgative1 causing dysentery1 and in rare cases death4 ,applied to the exterior it is irritating and even vesicatory4 7,cornevin47 ,,references4 #fc1 #ha1 #aja1 #acj1 #afa1 #bcc4 ,anemone 7,anemone sp474 ,both our native species of ,anemone appear to be more or less poisonous in character3 the ,wood ,anemone or ,wind ,flower 7,a4 nemorosa ,l471 and also the ,pasque ,flower 7,a4 ,pulsatilla ,l474 ,these plants1 the former of which grows in woods and damp shady spots in fields1 and the latter on chalk downs and limestone pastures1 may on occasion be taken by stock in early spring1 when green herbage is not too plentiful1 but deaths appear to be rare1 even if they have occurred4 ,all parts of the plants contain a toxic principle1 which is volatile and destroyed by drying4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the toxic substance is stated to be ,anemone-camphor 7oil of ,anemone7 which imparts a bitter taste to the plants1 and itself gives rise in the plant to ,anemonic acid and ,anemonin 7,c#aj;,h#h,o#d71 a very poisonous1 narcotic substance1 stated to be neither a glucoside1 nor an alkaloid1 but a ring ketone with the properties of an acid anhydride4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms recorded by ,cornevin in the poisoning of animals by the fresh plants are nausea1 coughing1 vomiting 7if possible71 stupefaction1 muscular tremors1 and violent colic1 accompanied at times by hmaturia and always by diarrha and dysentery4 ,there are pronounced respiratory and heart troubles4 ,pott confirms the symptoms of hmaturia1 diarrha1 and inflammation of the stomach and intestines in the case of ,a4 ,pulsatilla when fed in the green condition4 ,according to ,esser1 the plant poison affects the spinal cord and the brain1 the symptoms being similar to those produced by ,aconitum ,napellus4 ,,references4 #af1 #fc1 #ha1 #aia1 #aig1 #aih1 #bac1 #bcc1 #bdj4 ,buttercups 7,ranunculus sp474 ,a number of species of ,ranunculus are acrid1 irritant or severely poisonous1 as the case may be4 ,there are variations in the poisonous character according to the season1 and some parts of the plant are more toxic than others4 ,at the time the young shoots develop in the spring but little of the poisonous principle is present1 and some 7e4g4 ,r4 ,ficaria7 are not then poisonous1 but a larger quantity of the poisonous principle forms later1 and some species are especially dangerous at the time of flowering1 after which the toxicity decreases with the maturity and state of dryness of the plant4 ,the flowers are the most poisonous1 and then the leaves and stem4 ,it does not seem to have been demonstrated that the seeds of any species are dangerous1 though ,henslow states that the fruits of some species1 when green1 appear to be most intensely acrid4 ,some species of ,ranunculus are especially harmful 7,r4 sceleratus1 ,r4 ,flammula1 and ,r4 bulbosus71 while others are less so 7,r4 lingua1 ,r4 ,ficaria1 ,r4 acris74 ,the toxic principle is volatile1 and buttercups are easily rendered innocuous by drying or boiling--so much so that when dried in hay they may be regarded as a nourishing food for stock1 and are readily eaten4 ,indeed1 ,r4 repens is scarcely1 if at all1 injurious even when green1 though a case of fatal poisoning to sheep said to be due to this species was reported in the ,veterinarian in #ahdd4 ,fresh ,r4 aquatilis is held to be quite harmless1 and has been used as a fodder4 8,along the banks of the ,hampshire ,avon1 and other places in the same neighbourhood1 it is used by the peasantry as fodder4 ,they collect it in boats and give it to their cows and horses1 allowing the former about twenty to thirty pounds a day4 ,one man is said to have kept five cows and a horse1 with little other food but what they could pick up on the heath1 using no hay but when the river was frozen4 ,hogs eat it and will live upon it alone until put up to fatten40 7,johnson and ,sowerby--,useful ,plants of ,great ,britain47 ,r4 sceleratus ,l41 or ,celery-leaved ,buttercup1 is probably the most toxic species1 and it is stated that in man a single flower may cause poisonous symptoms resembling those due to ,anemone and ,colchicum4 ,it is considered especially dangerous to cattle1 and has caused many losses3 among its ,french names are ,mort aux ,vaches1 and ,herbe sardonique4 ,poor people have been known to eat the young shoots when boiled1 heat dispelling the poison4 ,r4 ,flammula ,l41 the ,lesser ,spearwort1 has repeatedly proved fatal to horses and cattle4 ,r4 bulbosus ,l41 the ,bulbous ,buttercup1 is somewhat variable in toxicity1 and is least dangerous after the flowers have dropped their corolla1 and the bulb-like rootstock is most harmful in autumn and winter4 ,the flowers are the most dangerous part4 ,r4 ,ficaria ,l41 ,lesser ,celandine1 varies in toxicity with locality and season1 being most harmful at the flowering period4 ,it is stated that wood-pigeons eat the roots with avidity1 and that the young shoots have been eaten as a salad in ,germany1 as they are not toxic4 ,an ,english veterinary surgeon 7,flower7 recorded that three heifers were poisoned by it 7,vide ,cornevin74 ,r4 acris ,l41 ,acrid ,buttercup or ,tall ,crowfoot1 is a frequent cause of poisoning in cattle1 and ,cornevin says it is perhaps the species which causes the most accidents4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the buttercups contain an acrid and bitter juice1 the chemical properties and composition of which are not well known1 but it is believed that the substance is identical with the ,anemonin of the ,anemone sp4 7q4v474 ,beckurts isolated ,anemonin and ,anemonic acid from ,r4 acer4 ,pott1 however1 states that the poisonous species contain the two alkaloids ,aconitine and ,delphinine4 ,symptoms4 ,the buttercups are acrid1 burning and narcotic1 causing irritation of the mucous membrane1 with inflammation of the intestinal tract4 ,cornevin shows that ,r4 sceleratus induces gastro-enteritis1 colic1 diarrha with excretion of black foul-smelling fces1 vomiting when possible1 falling-off in milk yield in cows1 nervous symptoms1 reduction in pulse1 and stertorous respiration1 dilation of the pupils1 enfeebled condition1 difficult mastication1 spasmodic movements of the ears1 lips1 etc41--followed in serious cases by convulsions1 sinking of the eye in its socket1 possibly stoppage1 and death in #f to #ab hours after convulsions first appeared4 ,in the horse symptoms substantially similar to the above have been recorded 7,lander74 ,in cows1 ,pott records hmaturia1 and reddish or bitter milk4 ,sheep after eating ,r4 repens have been noticed to fall suddenly in the field2 their eyes rolled1 and some animals showed dizziness1 and died with the head inclined over the left flank 7,lander74 ,,references4 #dg1 #fc1 #ha1 #aab1 #acj1 #adj1 #ade1 #agj1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bac1 #bcc1 #bce4 ,marsh ,marigold or ,king-,cup 7,caltha palustris ,l474 ,like the species of ,ranunculus1 the ,marsh ,marigold is to some extent poisonous in character1 and both animals and man have suffered4 ,cattle have died from eating it1 and ,mller records the poisoning of many horses1 one of which died4 ,in general1 animals refuse it1 but may possibly eat it when pressed with hunger in times of scarcity of green herbage4 ,cornevin states that it has little or no acrid properties when very young1 but that it is toxic by the time of flowering--acridity increasing with age4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the toxic character of the ,marsh ,marigold has not been fully investigated1 though the presence of an alkaloid has been determined1 and ,a4 ,b4 ,smith states that the toxic properties are due to the alkaloid ,jervine 7,c#bf;,h#cg,o#c,n#b;,h#b,o7 and the glucoside ,helleborin 7,c#cf;,h#db,o#f74 ,on drying--e4g4 in hay--the plant becomes harmless1 as in the case of most species of ,ranunculus4 ,symptoms4 ,cornevin records that cattle have died from inflammation of the digestive tract1 and gives the symptoms as those of ,ranunculus poisoning4 ,there seem to be digestive troubles1 diarrha1 and loss of milk production1 even 7according to ,rusby7 when fed with hay4 ,in the horse1 there is colic1 bloating1 and inflammation of the bladder1 while the urine is dark red4 ,according to ,cornevin1 the symptoms are similar to those produced by ,ranunculus sp4 ,pammel quotes ,friedberger and ,frhner as stating that the plant causes hmaturia4 ,five persons who ate it as a herb were 8seized with violent sickness and pain in the abdomen1 followed by diarrha and general dematous swelling over the whole body10 but they recovered 7,johnson and ,sowerby74 ,,references4 #fc1 #ha1 #adj1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bac1 #bcc4 ,hellebores 7,helleborus sp474 ,two poisonous species of hellebore may on occasion be taken by live stock1 though rarely--,stinking ,hellebore 7,h4 ftidus ,l47 and ,green ,hellebore 7,h4 viridis ,l474 ,the much esteemed ,christmas ,rose 7,h4 niger7 is also toxic1 but unlikely to be eaten by stock4 ,in no case should trimmings of these plants from shrubberies1 etc41 be thrown to stock--cows have died from eating such trimmings4 ,the two species first mentioned are equally toxic1 all parts are poisonous1 and drying does not render them innocuous4 ,cornevin records that animals have been killed by ,h4 ftidus1 and says that #i oz4 of the fresh root or #b oz4 of the dried root are poisonous doses to the horse1 while #abj to #aej grains are fatal to sheep4 ,it was recorded in #ahdg 7,veterinarian7 by ,mayer that a horse was fatally poisoned through eating five half-pints of the chopped-up leaves of this species in two days in a bran mash4 ,in regard to this species also ,johnson and ,sowerby write3 8,the ,bear's-,foot has been used as a vermifuge ever since the days of ,hippocrates1 notwithstanding its dangerous qualities4 ,every part of the plant is a violent cathartic1 but far too uncertain in the degree of its action to be safely administered40 ,toxic ,principle4 ,both species contain the poisonous glucosides ,helleborin 7,c#cf;,h#db,o#f71 a highly narcotic and powerful poison2 ,helleborein 7,c#bf;,h#dd,o#ae72 and the alkaloid ,jervine 7,c#bf;,h#cg,o#c,n#b;,h#b,o74 ,symptoms4 ,the ,hellebores are cathartic1 narcotic1 and drastically purgative4 ,stupor is followed by death with spasms in the case of ,h4 viridis 7,pammel74 ,in general there is in the horse and ox bloody purgation1 salivation1 attempts to vomit1 and excessive urination1 according to ,lander1 who cites ,mayer as noting violent straining and the discharge of frothy mucus1 but no effort to vomit1 the heart action resembling that observed in ,digitalis poisoning1 showing periodic intervals of arrest in systole4 ,mller gives the symptoms in cattle and sheep after eating the leaves as loss of appetite1 nausea1 and even vomiting1 salivation1 grinding of teeth1 wind1 colic1 bloody diarrha1 decrepitude1 giddiness1 loss of sensation1 convulsions1 and not seldom death4 ,affected cows are stated to give bitter milk which has purgative effects 7,pott74 ,the poisoning of two cows by ,h4 viridis came under the notice of ,cornevin4 ,there was observed loss of appetite1 diarrha1 tenesmus1 violent attempts to evacuate1 which after #e or #f days resulted only in the expulsion of glareous blackish matter2 to the end the pulse was slow and intermittent4 ,the heart beats were weak1 and after #e or #f beats there was a stop equal in duration to at least a beat and a half4 ,a remarkable fact was the very gradual loss of condition1 while the milk secretion was maintained until the last day4 ,in one case death occurred after #ab days and in the other after #bh days4 ,,references4 #fc1 #ha1 #acj1 #adj1 #agj1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bac1 #bcc1 #bed4 ,larkspur 7,delphinium ,ajacis ,reich474 ,in the ,united ,states of ,america certain species of ,larkspur are exceedingly harmful to live stock1 and it has been said that 8with the exception of the ,loco weeds there is probably no poisonous plant on the cattle ranges of the ,west that has caused such heavy losses to stockmen as has larkspur0 7,far4 ,bul4 #ec1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric474 ,d4 ,ajacis is the only ,british species1 occurring in cornfields in ,cambridgeshire1 ,sussex and elsewhere1 and1 like the ,continental species ,d4 ,consolida1 must be regarded as poisonous and fatal to cattle1 while horses and sheep may also suffer4 ,sheep and goats1 however1 appear to resist the poison unless taken in considerable quantity4 ,wilcox fatally poisoned a yearling lamb within an hour of administering per os the extract from less than #a oz4 of the dried leaves of an ,american species4 ,the seeds are the most dangerous part of the ,larkspur1 and should never be ground up with wheat should the two plants grow together4 ,the seeds of ,d4 ,staphisagria are used in medicine4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the species ,d4 ,ajacis has been little studied1 but ,d4 ,consolida and ,d4 ,staphisagria contain the alkaloids ,delphinine 7,c#ca;,h#di,o#g,n71 very poisonous and having a bitter taste2 ,delphisine 7,c#ca;,h#di,o#g,n71 which is extremely poisonous2 ,delphinoidine 7,c#db;,h#fh,n#b,o#g71 which is poisonous2 and ,staphisagrine4 ,symptoms4 ,the seeds are stated to be emetic and purgative1 and ,d4 ,consolida is stated by ,pott to be an acute narcotic poison to horses and cattle4 ,in general the symptoms appear to resemble those produced by ,aconitum 7p4 #ae74 ,there is salivation1 vomiting1 colic1 convulsions1 and general paralysis 7,mller74 ,,references4 #af1 #fc1 #ic1 #abh1 #acj1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bac1 #bcc4 ,monkshood 7,aconitum ,napellus ,l474 ,the extremely poisonous character of this plant has been recognised since ancient times1 and it is mentioned by ,pliny1 ,dioscorides1 etc4 ,it is not common in the wild state in ,britain--chiefly occurring in some ,welsh and one or two ,west of ,england counties--and is not very liable to cause poisoning of live stock in ,britain4 ,cases of poisoning of horses1 cattle1 sheep and pigs have been recorded on the ,continent1 however 7,cornevin71 and cows died in ,victoria4 ,linnus says that it is fatal to cows and goats when they eat it fresh1 but that when dried it does no harm to horses4 ,medical works record many cases of human poisoning1 particularly in cases where the root has been mistaken for horse radish--from which1 however1 it markedly differs4 ,the leaves at first taste insipid and then sharply burning2 the root when fresh smells like the radish and has a slightly sweetish taste1 which is succeeded by characteristic tingling of the tongue and a sensation of numbness in the mouth4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,monkshood is very poisonous1 and though all parts are toxic the root is the most dangerous1 and next the seeds and leaves4 ,the plant seems to vary in toxicity with age and climate1 being but slightly active when very young1 most active just before flowering1 and at the minimum of activity when the seeds ripen4 ,the cultivated form is stated to be much less poisonous than the wild one4 ,drying removes a part of the toxic substance1 and boiling removes most of it4 ,the plant contains the toxic alkaloid ,aconitine 7,c#cd;,h#de,,no#aa71 and also ,aconine 7,c#be;,h#ci,,no#i74 ,the root contains #jag to #jbh per cent4 of ,aconitine1 but the leaves and flowers less4 ,symptoms4 ,the chief symptoms are those of depression1 and are manifested through the nervous system and the circulatory and respiratory organs4 ,tetanic symptoms are also present4 ,there is loss of appetite1 salivation1 inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and jaws1 grinding of teeth1 nausea and vomiting1 great restlessness and colic2 the animal groans and walks with an uncertain gait owing to bodily weakness1 giddiness and paralysis of hind feet or of all limbs2 there is also a notable slackening in the pulse1 breathing becomes difficult1 consciousness is lost and the pupils are dilated4 ,death ensues in most cases within a few hours1 and after convulsions4 ,kaufmann 7quoted by ,cornevin7 observed in the horse champing of the jaws1 salivation1 fibrillous contraction of the muscles of the olecranon1 then of the buttocks1 then of the whole body4 ,the intestinal pains were shown by the blows of the animal's hind feet under and at the back of the belly4 ,there was also observed an intense and painful contraction of the muscles in the inferior cervical region1 the hyoid and the abdomen2 an increased sensibility2 repeated evacuations2 at first congestion1 then great paleness of the mucous membranes2 diminution in the volume of the arteries2 faint whinnyings at the moment of the contraction of the muscles of the neck1 shoulders and stomach2 muscular rigidity of the posterior limbs2 uncertain gait2 laboured breathing2 and finally paralysis of motion1 respiration and senses4 ,lander in giving similar symptoms for the horse notices also choking movements of the sophagus1 eructation of frothy matter1 dilatation of pupils and low temperature4 ,kaufmann gives the poisonous doses of powdered root for the horse and dog as #ac to #ad oz4 and oz4 respectively4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #fc1 #gh1 #ha1 #abh1 #acj1 #aec1 #afa1 #agj1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bac1 #bcc4 ,,papaverace4 ,poppies 7,papaver sp474 ,poisoning by the two common poppies 7,p4 ,rhoeas ,l4 and ,p4 dubium ,l47 is not common1 but ,cornevin says that the former is poisonous in all its parts1 and sufficiently so to cause accidents every year4 ,animals may be affected by eating the plant when mixed with green fodder1 or by ingesting the seeds and capsules with waste material after the winnowing and grading of cereals4 ,stock1 however1 will most likely reject the plants1 owing to their unpleasant odour and taste1 but cattle have been poisoned by eating unripe heads of ,p4 ,rhoeas when the plant was mixed with clover and sainfoin4 ,p4 dubium has caused poisoning of horses1 cattle and pigs4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,both species contain the alkaloids ,morphine 7,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c7 and ,rheadine 7,c#ba;,h#ba,,no#f71 which are present in the milky juice of the plant4 ,the latter1 which was isolated by ,hesse1 is believed to have no narcotic effects4 ,the toxic principle is not destroyed by heating1 and the plant is therefore poisonous both in the green state and when dried in hay4 ,symptoms4 ,it is remarked by ,cornevin that cattle poisoned by ,p4 ,rhoeas at first exhibit symptoms of excitement1 shown by continual movement1 by pawing of the soil or litter1 increased respiration and more rapid pulse2 this is followed by stoppage of the digestive functions1 sometimes a little swelling of the eyelids1 and coma1 one affected animal appearing to sleep while standing1 remaining motionless1 and if forced to move walking in an unsteady manner4 ,finally1 the animal falls1 and if a fatal result is likely 7which is unusual7 it remains stretched on the ground2 respiration becomes slower1 the temperature falls1 and after a few convulsive movements death occurs owing to asphyxia4 ,mller notes excitement1 wildness of look1 dilatation of pupil1 convulsions2 then coma1 loss of sensation and symptoms of depression replace those of excitement4 ,there is salivation1 bloating1 constipation1 and in many cases also bloody diarrhoea4 ,death1 however1 is rare4 ,pott gives stupidity1 retention of urine1 colic1 with sickness and diarrha1 convulsions1 and epileptic symptoms1 the animals falling over and rolling4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #fc1 #abh1 #aij1 #bje1 #bac1 #bfb4 ,greater ,celandine 7,chelidonium majus ,l474 ,this common plant exhales an unpleasant odour1 and when bruised or broken shows the presence of a yellowish acrid juice1 which becomes red immediately on exposure to the air4 ,it is an old medicinal drug plant1 but is dangerous1 being emetic and purgative1 with a strongly irritating effect on the digestive tract4 ,animals are but rarely likely to take it1 and no record of the death of domesticated animals has been found4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,among the substances contained in the ,greater ,celandine may be mentioned the bitter alkaloid ,chelidonine 7,c#bj;,h#ai,,no#e ,h#b,o71 which1 especially occurring in the root1 does not appear to be poisonous1 or is of feeble activity2 the alkaloid ,chelerythrine 7,c#ba;,h#ag,,no#d71 which is poisonous2 and ,protopine 7,c#bj;,h#ai,,no#e74 ,it is stated by ,cornevin that the toxic substance is not removed on drying1 but ,pott 7#aijg7 remarks that the dried plant is harmless to animals1 the poisonous alkaloid being volatile and disappearing on drying4 ,symptoms4 ,the action of this plant is acrid1 irritant and narcotic1 emetic and purgative4 ,esser remarks that when ,chelerythrine is introduced on the nasal mucous membrane it causes violent sneezing1 and taken internally causes vomiting4 ,mller says that poisoning of domesticated animals is not recorded1 but that according to old accounts #ejj grammes 7about #a lb47 of the fresh plant eaten by the horse will at most cause slight diabetes4 ,,references4 #af1 #fc1 #ha1 #abh1 #ada1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bac4 ,,crucifer4 ,charlock 7,brassica ,sinapistrum ,boiss471 also known as ,b4 ,sinapis ,visiani and ,sinapis arvensis ,l41 may be regarded as harmless in the young state1 but liable to cause injury after flowering1 when the seeds have formed1 when it may occasion serious accidents if eaten by live stock4 ,a case in which rape cake containing the seeds of charlock caused poisoning was recorded in #ahge 7,jour4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc474 ,the seeds only are dangerous4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the seeds contain minute quantities of volatile ,oil of ,mustard or ,allyl-isothiocyanate 7,c#c;,h#e,,ncs71 the alkaloid ,sinapine 7,c#af;,h#bc,,no#e71 and the alkaloidal glucoside ,sinalbin4 ,symptoms4 ,ingestion of the seeds may cause inflammation of the stomach and intestines 7with loss of appetite1 wind1 colic1 and diarrha72 inflammation of kidneys 7difficult1 excessive or bloody urination72 and nervous symptoms1 with great exhaustion1 uncertain gait1 paralysis of limbs and in isolated cases convulsions 7,mller74 ,pott also records increased salivation4 ,in the horse ,cornevin records great depression1 difficult and accelerated respiration1 yellowish mucus and convulsive cough4 ,a characteristic symptom is the emission of frothy liquid through the nostrils 7as much as #aj litres in one hour74 ,death often occurs from asphyxia in a fit of coughing4 ,in cattle1 cake containing the seeds caused inflammation of the intestines1 exhausting diarrha1 and unquenchable thirst4 ,the cultivated ,mustards may induce similar effects1 and ,lander records the following symptoms as caused by ,brassica nigra3--,in the horse1 bronchial symptoms1 marked by difficulty in breathing and the discharge of great quantities of yellowish frothy matter from the nose2 in cattle1 uneasiness1 restlessness and intense colic1 with frantic rushing about and mania1 ending in exhaustion1 falling1 struggles and collapse2 in a recent case there were dullness1 coldness1 some tympany1 laboured respiration1 staggering and falling1 and in fatal cases1 immobility and a semi-comatose condition4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #fc1 #gf1 #abg1 #agj1 #aij1 #bje1 #bac1 #bai4 ,wild ,radish 7,raphanus ,raphanistrum ,l474 ,as in the case of charlock1 the seeds of wild radish are very acrid1 and susceptible of introducing intestinal troubles if eaten by animals when mixed with cereals4 ,garlic ,mustard 7,alliaria officinalis ,andrz47 and ,treacle ,mustard 7,erysimum cheiranthoides ,l474 ,the seeds are stated to have properties similar to ,brassica ,sinapistrum 7p4 #ah7 owing to a pungent oil2 and when eaten in quantity to induce poisoning1 inflammation of the digestive tract and of the kidneys1 as well as nervous symptoms 7,mller74 ,,caryophyllace4 ,soapwort 7,saponaria officinalis ,l474 ,this plant is more or less poisonous1 but is rarely1 if ever1 eaten by stock1 and no recorded case of the poisoning of stock has been met with4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the whole plant1 especially the root1 contains the poisonous glucosidal ,saponin 7,c#ah;,h#bh,o#aj7d1 a peculiar substance which causes intense frothing when stirred in water4 ,symptoms4 ,no symptoms of animal poisoning by the plant are recorded1 but the action of ,saponin in the blood stream is to induce dissolution of the red cells1 with stupefaction and paralysis1 as in the killing of fish by poisoning4 ,it also causes vomiting and purging4 ,taken by the mouth it causes inflammation of the alimentary tract1 the contents of which are ftid and mixed with blood4 ,,references4 #af1 #fc1 #gf1 #ha1 #bjc1 #bce4 ,corn ,cockle 7,agrostemma ,githago ,l474 ,this well-known plant of cornfields must be regarded as poisonous1 though experiments and reports as to its effects on the different classes of live stock vary widely4 ,though a poisonous principle is found in nearly all parts of the plant1 the plant in the green state appears to be innocuous1 and is in any case rarely likely to be eaten fresh by stock1 which probably refuse it on account of its hairy character4 ,the seeds1 however1 are by no means harmless4 ,they are rather large1 and somewhat troublesome to separate from cereal grains4 ,when ground up with wheat they both discolour the flour and impart a grey tint and disagreeable odour to bread made from it4 ,further1 flour containing a considerable quantity of cockle must1 owing to the poisonous character of the latter1 be held to be unfit for consumption4 ,fatal results have followed the use of bread containing ,corn ,cockle4 ,the toxic principle therefore is not destroyed by heating1 even in an oven in baking4 ,as regards domestic animals1 ,corn ,cockle seeds have frequently been mixed with feeding stuffs and have caused many deaths4 ,cornevin's experiments in feeding calves1 pigs and fowls led to fatal results4 ,he was able to say that the amounts of cockle flour necessary to cause death were3-- ,calf #jbe lb4per #ajj lb4 live weight4 ,pig #jaj ,dog #jij ,fowl #jbe ,among other cases1 ,kornauth and ,arche found that in their feeding trials pigs were not killed1 but albuminoid metabolism was diminished and fat production increased4 ,in #ahic pigs died in ,germany with symptoms of acute poisoning1 when fed on tailings containing six per cent4 of cockle4 ,in #aijc-d experiments showed that with the cow1 sheep1 pig and goat1 cockle is not poisonous when fed in amounts usually found in feeding stuffs4 ,millspaugh gives a case in which two calves died on being fed with two lots of #ad oz4 each of wheat flour containing #cj per cent4 and #de per cent4 of cockle seeds4 ,about #ahib ,nevinny concluded that six grammes of cockle seed consumed in #abjj grammes of bread were beyond doubt poisonous in effect1 and that the sale of grain or flour containing it should be forbidden4 ,kobert held that the sale of feeding stuffs containing cockle should be forbidden by law4 ,an extensive study of this question was made by ,pesch1 who concluded that 8,under certain conditions ,corn ,cockle is injurious to domestic animals4 ,the amount of the poisonous substance in the seed is variable1 depending probably upon the season and the soil4 ,animals become accustomed to it1 so that amounts of seed which at first cause sickness1 later have no injurious effect4 ,the susceptibility of animals to the poison varies both with the species and the individual4 ,young animals are more readily affected than older ones4 ,it is believed that rodents and sheep are not susceptible1 and1 as far as is known1 grown cattle are only slightly or not at all affected by the poison4 ,calves1 swine1 horses1 and especially dogs1 are more or less susceptible4 ,concerning birds and fowls there is some doubt40 ,though animals are reputed to become tolerant of the poison if the cockle is only taken in small regular doses1 yet there appears to be a chronic form of poisoning due to this cause and termed ,githagism1 while there is an acute poisoning due to the ingestion of large quantities of the seeds which may cause death in #bd hours or less4 ,it is clear that the evidence is quite sufficient to warrant the statement that the ingestion of more than a very small quantity of cockle seed is dangerous1 and the consumption of even small quantities should be avoided4 ,thus care should be taken to remove the seeds from cereal grains4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the dangerous substance contained in cockle seeds is the glucoside variously known as ,githagin1 ,saponin1 ,agrostemmin1 ,sapotoxin1 ,agrostemma-,sapotoxin1 or ,smilacin 7,c#ag;,h#bf,o#aj7b4 ,this principle appears to occur chiefly in the seeds1 which contain up to #fef per cent41 but it has been found in small quantities in other parts of the plant4 ,it is very freely soluble in water1 in which it froths like soap when shaken up1 and it has a sharp taste and no odour4 ,symptoms4 ,a sufficient quantity of the toxic substance may cause nervous debility and dysentery--according to ,chesnut 8intense irritation of the digestive tract1 vomiting1 headache1 nausea1 vertigo1 diarrha1 hot skin1 sharp pains in the spine1 difficult locomotion1 and depressed breathing4 ,coma is sometimes present and may be followed by death4 ,in animals chronic diarrha and gradual depression40 ,the chronic form1 which occurs when small doses are repeated over a long period 7practically the only form found in human beings1 but never in animals1 except perhaps in the pig7 is characterized by gradual wasting away1 loss of breath1 loss of strength1 chronic diarrha1 and nerve troubles1 death taking place in marasmus and decline4 ,the active principle acts as an irritant on the digestive tract1 causing colic1 diarrha and enterorrhagia4 ,cornevin describes the symptoms in the acute form of the poisoning in the case of horses1 cattle1 pigs and dogs4 ,in the horse1 if a small quantity only is taken1 there is yawning1 heavy colic1 stamping and evacuation of rather soft fces4 ,if larger quantities are taken1 the symptoms1 which commence in about an hour1 are salivation1 frequent yawning and turning of the head1 colic1 pale mucus1 hurried and weak pulse1 rise in temperature and accelerated respiration4 ,some time later there are muscular tremors succeeded by pronounced rigidity1 and the fces are diarrhic and ftid4 ,the animal lies down1 and getting up is painful2 it falls into a kind of coma1 stretches itself to the utmost1 and death takes place without convulsions4 ,in cattle1 the symptoms observed one hour after eating are restlessness1 salivation1 and grinding of the teeth4 ,excitement and colic are followed sometimes by coughing1 this state lasting from five to eight hours4 ,there is then a period of coma1 characterized by permanent decubitus1 repeated ftid diarrha1 hurried and plaintive respiration1 accelerated and gradually weakening pulse1 a gradual loss of motor and sensory powers1 and a progressive decline in temperature4 ,death occurs in twenty-four hours4 ,in the case of pigs1 the animal grunts1 lies down and remains thus with its snout embedded in the straw4 ,there is vomiting1 more or less violent colic and diarrha1 the evacuation consisting of bad-smelling1 spumous fcal matter4 ,at times there are clonic contractions4 ,young pigs are most susceptible4 ,pott cites cases in which abortion was a feature of the poisoning1 both in cows and pigs4 ,the results of numerous experiments which he quotes 7among others some carried out for the ,prussian ,ministry of ,agriculture7 are very contradictory1 a small quantity causing death in some animals1 while others of the same species were left unharmed by large quantities4 ,he ascribes this to the very variable proportions of the poison present in the seeds4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #bh1 #df1 #eb1 #ec1 #fc1 #gf1 #ha1 #hb1 #add1 #afa1 #agb1 #ahd1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bac1 #bdi4 ,,hypericine4 ,st4 ,john's ,wort 7,hypericum perforatum ,l474 ,there appears to be no record of poisoning of live stock by this plant in ,britain1 but ,cornevin records that it injured breeding mares fed on lucerne containing it in large proportion4 ,drying in converting into hay did not render it innocuous4 ,it is only poisonous if eaten in considerable quantity1 and in general animals are not likely to eat much of it voluntarily1 owing to its resinous odour when crushed1 and a bitter and slightly saline taste4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the poisonous properties of ,st4 ,john's ,wort have not been fully investigated1 but it is stated to contain an oil and an acrid bitter resin4 ,ewart says that it 8contains an oil whose medicinal value was formerly highly esteemed2 but this oil1 and the woody nature of the plant1 render it somewhat injurious in fodder40 ,summers says 7,journ4 ,agric4 ,s4 ,australia1 ,sept4 #aiaa1 p4 #add7 that 8it is reported to be decidedly injurious1 causing horses who eat it to break out in sores1 while milk cows have a tendency to dry off owing to its effect on the system40 ,symptoms4 ,in mares1 dullness1 sinking of head1 loss of appetite1 slackening of pulse and respiration1 dilatation of pupils1 defective sight1 and lips purple 7,mller74 ,,references4 #fc1 #hb1 #aag1 #aij1 #bjc4 ,,geraniace4 ,wood ,sorrel 7,oxalis ,acetosella ,l474 ,though rarely likely to be eaten by stock this plant must be mentioned here1 as it is considered dangerous on account of its high content of oxalates1 which may cause serious illness and diarrha1 and in the case of sheep even be fatal4 ,pott says that the milk of cows eating it is with difficulty converted into butter4 ,,reference4 #bac4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,celastrace4 ,spindle ,tree 7,euonymus europus ,l474 ,according to ,cornevin the spindle tree is poisonous in all its parts1 especially the fruits1 which are emetic and strongly purgative4 ,sheep and goats have been injured from eating the leaves1 and children have suffered from eating the fruits4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,this plant does not appear to have been closely studied from the toxicological point of view2 contrary to the statements generally made in the literature ,van ,rijn remarks that this species does not contain the doubtfully classed ,euonymin4 ,symptoms4 ,ingestion of the plant induces symptoms and lesions such as are due to violent vegetable purgatives4 ,,references4 #fc1 #ha1 #bje1 #beb4 ,,rhamnace4 ,buckthorn 7,rhamnus ,catharticus ,l47 and 7,r4 ,frangula ,l474 ,the berries of both species are toxic and purgative1 but both are uncommon and rarely eaten by stock4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the berries and bark contain the glucosides ,frangulin 7,c#ba;,h#bj,o#i7 and ,rhamnetin 7,c#af;,h#ab,o#g74 ,symptoms4 ,the berries are purgative1 and there is some danger from large quantities1 which may induce superpurgation4 ,the leaves are astringent and may arrest milk secretion 7,cornevin74 ,mller states that the inflammation of the stomach and intestines may terminate fatally4 ,,references4 #d1 #fc1 #gf1 #aij1 #bjc4 ,,papilionace4 ,laburnum 7,cytisus ,laburnum ,l474 ,the well-known and much admired ,laburnum must be regarded as one of the most poisonous species of ,british plants4 ,by numerous experimental researches ,cornevin proved that all parts of the plant are poisonous--root1 wood1 bark1 leaves1 flowers1 and seeds1 especially the seeds4 ,in his experiments the horse1 ass1 sheep1 goat1 dog1 cat1 fowl1 duck and pigeon1 were utilized1 seeds being given4 ,he found that #hj centigrammes per kilogramme live weight would be necessary to kill a horse 7say #a lb4 for an animal of #abjj lb4 live weight71 #fj centigrammes per kilogramme live weight to kill an ass 7say #f oz4 for an ass weighing #fjj lb472 and #f grammes in the case of a fowl 7say #jd oz4 for a fowl weighing #d lb474 ,the sheep and goat he was not able to kill1 as they refused the food after a certain point2 the dog and cat he was not able to kill because they so readily vomited2 and the duck and pigeon vomited with extreme facility4 ,many cases of the poisoning of children have occurred through the ingestion of the flowers and seeds4 ,in #aijh a case was recorded by the ,board of ,agriculture and ,fisheries1 in which two horses were alleged to have been poisoned in ,north ,wales by laburnum seeds1 a very small quantity of which was found in their stomachs after death4 ,mller states that in ,dalmatia goats which had eaten ,cytisus ,weldeni1 though themselves uninjured1 produced milk which was poisonous to man4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,all parts contain the toxic alkaloid ,cytisine 7,c#aa;,h#ad,n#b,o71 said by ,moer and ,partheil to be identical with ,ulexine2 it is found in the seeds to the extent of #ae per cent4 ,cornevin states that the root1 wood and bark are nearly constant in toxicity1 but that the leaves and pods present remarkable seasonal variations owing to the migration of the poison into the seeds4 ,the toxic property is not destroyed by drying of the plant4 ,symptoms4 ,laburnum poisoning is of the acrid1 narcotic type1 with1 in man1 nervous symptoms1 abdominal pain1 vomiting1 purging1 tetanic spasms and convulsions4 ,cornevin's observations show that the symptoms occur in three consecutive stages1--7#a7 excitement1 7#b7 coma and incoordination of movement1 and 7#c7 convulsions4 ,the order of the appearance1 their duration1 and the association of each with the others depend upon the susceptibility of the animal and the quantity ingested4 ,thus the symptoms of excitement may be present alone if only a small quantity is eaten2 the duration of the symptoms in this case is never considerable1 and the normal is gradually regained4 ,in general1 however1 the symptoms are associated in pairs2 thus when an average quantity is fed there is excitement and coma but no convulsions2 when large quantities are fed the first stage is suppressed or is so short as to be almost imperceptible1 the coma and convulsions being present simultaneously4 ,as regards temperature1 there is1 in stage 7#a7 a rise1 in stage 7#b7 a drop1 and in stage 7#c7 a rise again near death4 ,in stages 7#b7 and 7#c7 there is a slackening of respiration1 the arterial tension is raised1 there is an increase in the number of pulsations and a modification of the rhythm4 ,in stage 7#c7 near death there is a lowering of the arterial tension1 and the pulsations become gradually less perceptible1 but with a uniform rhythm2 there is a slackening in respiration1 and by the time this finally ceases the heart beats have become imperceptible4 ,when horses1 asses or mules have eaten a small quantity of the seeds or leaves1 there is simply yawning and uncertain gait1 these symptoms lasting for two hours1 and the normal being regained after urination4 ,considerable 7but not fatal7 quantities cause unsuccessful attempts at vomiting1 sometimes opisthotonos in asses1 sweating1 muscular tremors1 and then a deep coma which may last #ae hours4 ,fatal quantities cause yawning1 sexual excitement1 accelerated and noisy respiration1 wheezing1 muscular tremors followed by contractions which commence in the posterior limbs and spread to the anterior limbs1 facial contractions1 staggering and copious sweating4 ,a rapid fall in temperature follows1 but there is a slight rise during the period of convulsions2 the pulse is at first quicker and stronger1 but the number of beats rapidly comes back to the normal1 to rise again shortly before death2 the rhythm of the pulse is at first regular 7in groups of #b1 #c or #d7 but becomes irregular again just before death4 ,the animal at length falls1 and cannot get up1 the nostrils are distended1 the mouth is wide open1 respiration becomes gradually slower1 and death takes place in great agony4 ,in cases of poisoning of horses and asses noticed by ,pott animals that could not vomit died very quickly4 ,the symptoms were excitement1 nausea1 coma1 slower breathing1 convulsions1 paralysis of the motor nerves1 and finally cessation of the action of lungs and heart4 ,ruminants are much less susceptible than horses4 ,cornevin's attempts at poisoning failed through their refusal of the plant4 ,mller observed in a case of cattle poisoning1 bloating1 paralysis of the limbs 7especially fore limbs71 sleepiness1 dilatation of pupils1 and later salivation1 nausea1 coma and occasional convulsive movements of the muscles of the extremities4 ,these symptoms persisted through several days and then disappeared4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #fc1 #fd1 #ha1 #abh1 #add1 #afa1 #aij1 #bje1 #bac4 ,broom 7,cytisus ,scoparius ,link474 ,this very plentiful and widely distributed plant is undoubtedly to some extent poisonous1 though perhaps only feebly so in the quantities likely to be eaten by domestic animals4 ,blyth records #djj cases of poisoning from it1 however4 ,very hungry animals might eat too much of it1 and hence show symptoms of poisoning4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the plant contains the alkaloid ,cytisine 7,c#aa;,h#ad,n#b,o72 also the volatile alkaloid ,sparteine 7,c#ae;,h#bf,n#b71 a single drop of which1 according to ,blyth1 killed a rabbit1 which showed symptoms similar to those of nicotine poisoning4 ,symptoms4 ,taken in sufficient quantity broom induces narcotic poisoning1 with symptoms resembling those caused by ,coniine1 with central nervous paralysis4 ,cornevin gives the symptoms as similar to those due to ,c4 ,laburnum4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #hb1 #abh1 #bjc4 ,indian ,peas 7,lathyrus sativus ,l474 ,a type of poisoning that deserves attention here is that known as ,lathyrism1 since it is due to the consumption of peas of the genus ,lathyrus1 the most dangerous being the 8,indian ,pea10 ,l4 sativus4 ,the peas of this plant 7see ,frontispiece7 are small and dark-coloured1 and are imported largely from ,india and other countries under the general name of ,mutter peas1 a name which they share with the ordinary pea ,pisum sativum4 ,in addition to the seeds of this species the seeds of two ,south ,european and ,north ,african species--,l4 ,cicera and ,l4 ,clymenum--have commonly caused poisoning both in man and in animals1 not infrequently leading to fatal results4 ,horses1 cattle1 sheep and pigs have been affected--horses particularly so--and many cases have been recorded in the veterinary journals since #ahhe4 ,very heavy losses have occasionally resulted from the use of the raw peas as a food for stock4 ,for example1 in #ahhd ,messrs4 ,leather of ,liverpool had #ce out of #gd cart horses ill through eating ,indian peas at the rate of #c to #d lb4 per head per day4 ,of the #ce no less than #ai died1 and #b were slaughtered1 while #ad recovered4 ,in the famous ,bristol ,tramways case 7#ahid7 #abc out of #hjj horses became ill owing to being fed on the peas of ,l4 sativus1 and many died4 ,there are few records of harm to cattle1 sheep and pigs1 and ,watt quotes ,don to the effect that pigeons lose their power of flight by feeding on the peas4 ,very large quantities of the peas are used for feeding purposes1 and the fact that the losses are not larger is probably because the peas only comprise a small proportion of the ration or are cooked before use4 ,after boiling or roasting the peas appear to be less harmful1 as they are eaten in ,india when cooked1 or ground into flour and converted into bread--though ,cornevin states that drying and cooking does not destroy the toxicity1 while boiling for some time showed that at any rate part of the toxic substance passed into the water1 which became toxic and caused death1 the boiled seeds losing the greater part of their poisonous property and not causing accidents when the water was rejected4 ,mac,dougall states that as far as experimental evidence was available 7#ahid7 it seemed to show that boiling the seeds before use renders them innocuous4 ,lathyrism usually only supervenes when the use of the peas for food is prolonged1 and the peas are taken in considerable quantity1 but it is possible that there is wide variation in the toxicity of different samples1 owing to differences in soil1 climate1 and other factors4 ,in man1 ,lathyrism is stated to be common in ,spain1 ,italy1 ,russia and ,india1 owing to continued use of bread from flour of the three species of ,lathyrus mentioned above4 ,it is said especially to affect males4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,nothing certain as to the poisonous properties is known1 attempts to isolate the toxic substance having failed 7,kobert71 though ,smith gives it as prussic acid1 apparently indicating a cyanogenetic glucoside4 ,this1 however1 can hardly be so1 as the poison is cumulative1 and may not show its effects for weeks or months1 or1 in man1 even years--according to the quantity of peas eaten4 ,symptoms4 ,lathyrism is only produced when the ration consists largely of the pea for a considerable period 7see above72 in the horse fed exclusively on the pea1 the tenth day2 but when one or two quarts are given daily1 only towards about the #hjth day4 ,moreover1 the malady may declare itself as long as fifty days after the cessation of the pea feeding 7,lander74 ,in general ,lathyrism is marked by paralysis of the lower extremities in man and the hind limbs in animals1 owing to the degeneration of the muscle fibres1 and possibly to affection of the nerves4 ,in horses there is paralysis of the hind limbs1 dyspna and roaring--with paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve1 and transverse myelitis4 ,the horse thus shows weakness of the hind quarters1 staggering in the effort to stand1 difficulty in breathing1 abnormally fast and irregular pulse1 open mouth1 distended nostrils4 ,tracheotomy often gives almost immediate relief4 ,lander mentions in cart horses grinding of teeth1 and convulsive movements of the eyes1 recalling epilepsy4 ,in one outbreak there was thick wind1 staggering gait1 weakness of hind quarters1 and general signs of intoxication2 and sudden violent attacks of laryngeal paralysis and dyspna during which there was palpitation1 frothing1 tongue protruded1 eyes staring1 bluish tint of buccal membranes1 and palpitation4 ,paroxysms sometimes proved fatal4 ,an attack among #abe lambs is mentioned by ,cornevin4 ,the lambs could not stand on their fore legs and were obliged to go down on their knees4 ,on setting them up again1 they were only able to keep up while motionless or moving slowly4 ,there was loss of sensibility in the front members4 ,in spite of this the eye was alert1 they were attentive to everything that went on around them1 and were easily frightened4 ,in pigs paralysis of posterior members has been observed4 ,in cattle there was staggering1 blindness1 and stiffness of the lower joints4 ,in sheep and pigs there was also paralysis of the hind limbs4 ,,references4 #fc1 #hb1 #acg1 #agj1 #agi1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bje4 ,yellow ,vetchling 7,lathyrus ,aphaca ,l474 ,to what extent this vetchling is poisonous to stock is not clearly known1 but it is cultivated in ,india as a fodder for cattle4 ,the seeds1 however1 are not altogether safe when ripe1 and ,mac,dougall says 8,the seeds and pods have been known to be used in soup in their young state and without harm resulting1 but the ripe seeds are narcotic and cause sickness and headache40 ,lupines 7,lupinus sp474 ,different species of ,lupinus have been found to cause poisoning of live stock1 more particularly sheep1 which1 when fed largely on lupines1 develop a chronic type of poisoning known as ,lupinosis1 or poisoning may be acute and rapid in its effects1 as in the ,united ,states4 ,records of large numbers of sheep being affected at a time date from #ahgb1 in various parts of the ,german empire4 ,in ,europe by far the most harmful species is the ,yellow ,lupine 7,l4 luteus71 which has been the cause of heavy losses of sheep1 though horses1 cattle and goats may also be affected4 ,the ,blue ,lupine 7,l4 angustifolius7 and ,white ,lupine 7,l4 albus7 may also be toxic4 ,l4 luteus has caused lupinosis in ,germany since #ahfj1 and ,cornevin states that in #ahhj no less than #ad1ach out of #bdj1jjj sheep fed upon it 7or #ehi per cent47 died4 ,of #dd horses affected #aa died4 ,it must not be thought that all crops of lupine are poisonous1 as lupines are extensively grown on the ,continent for fodder purposes and are usually harmless4 ,even where ,lupinosis occurs1 considerable quantities of the lupine must be ingested to cause poisoning4 ,the toxicity appears to vary according to soil and certain indefinite conditions1 and sometimes even a kilogramme 7#bb lb47 of the plant would suffice to kill a sheep4 ,poisonous symptoms may sometimes be observed after a single meal4 ,desiccation does not render the plant innocuous1 the seeds and hay being poisonous4 ,in the ,united ,states species of ,lupinus have caused great loss4 ,in #ahih no fewer than #a1aej of a flock of #b1ejj sheep died from eating one species2 one sheep farmer lost #gjj sheep from the same cause2 and #a1ijj out of #c1jjj sheep died from ,lupine poisoning in ,montana in #aijj4 ,lupine hay is found to be less harmful to horses and cattle1 and ,chesnut and ,wilcox suggest that this is possibly because as a rule they avoid the pods1 while sheep eat them4 ,lupines in ,america are very rapid in their action on sheep1 which may often die in one-half to three-quarters of an hour after eating a quantity of the pods4 ,further1 there is evidence that sheep may gradually become immune to the poison by eating ,lupines regularly1 since sheep fed regularly on hay nearly half lupine were unaffected1 but others eating the same hay for the first time died in considerable numbers4 ,the lupines are certainly far the most dangerous when they bear ripe seeds--cut and made into hay before the pods form they are much less dangerous4 ,in regard to ,l4 luteus ,lander says3 8,according to the ,german authorities a daily ration of #a pound of the whole plant1 pound of empty pods1 or #a pound of seeds1 will produce poisoning40 ,various means have been tried to render ,lupines harmless1 and success is stated to follow heating with steam under a pressure of #b to #b atmospheres4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,a very full account of ,lupine poisoning is given by ,pott1 and from this a brief summary may be made4 ,siewert and ,wildt 7#ahgi7 found two substances very like the alkaloids of ,conium maculatum--one like ,coniine and the other like ,conhydrine1 the former only being proved to be very poisonous4 ,baumert states that in ,l4 luteus there are only two bitter alkaloids1 ,lupinine 7,c#aj;,h#ai,,on7 and ,lupinidine ,sparteine 7,c#ae;,h#bf,n#b74 ,many investigators 7e4g4 ,khn at ,halle7 held that lupinosis was not identified with the presence of lupine alkaloids4 ,then1 in #ahhc1 ,arnold and ,schneidemhl caused the disease 7lupinosis7 in sheep with lupines freed from all alkaloids1 and they isolated from the seeds a substance they named ,lupinotoxin1 which they found to be poisonous4 ,the nature of the poison cannot yet be said to be fully understood4 ,the ,lupine does not always appear to be poisonous--only under certain conditions which are not too well defined4 ,one farmer had ,lupines on the same soil for twelve years without ill effects when fed to sheep1 and then of #dej sheep #abj were severely ill1 and #hj died2 they had had unthrashed ,lupine1 not quite ripe1 to the extent of one-fourth of the ration4 ,it is held to be definitely established that the presence of this poison is due in turn to the presence of a saprophytic fungus2 when the fungus is absent or only present in small quantity the lupine is not at all or only slightly poisonous4 ,symptoms4 ,the disease is either acute or chronic according to the amount of poison ingested4 ,most writers describe the disease in sheep1 but symptoms given vary somewhat4 ,in the acute form sheep become ill suddenly4 ,there is loss of appetite1 dyspna1 intense fever1 hmaturia1 circulatory and digestive troubles1 grinding of teeth and trembling1 which may pass into spasmodic contractions4 ,vertigo is sometimes present4 ,jaundice then appears and is evidenced by the yellow colour of the mucous membranes4 ,tumefaction of the eyelids1 lips and ears is common1 but not invariably present4 ,micturition is frequent1 but not abundant1 and the urine contains albumen2 the excrements are few and dry4 ,there is collapse1 and loss of condition progresses rapidly1 death occurring on the fourth to the sixth day after the commencement of the illness4 ,in the chronic form the interstitial hepatitis predominates4 ,tumefaction of the head may also appear as in the acute form4 ,digestive troubles indicate chronic gastro-enteritis4 ,this condition lasts for from #ae to #bj days1 during which the cephalic dem are eliminated by gangrene and the animals remain listless and without appetite4 ,the illness in sheep is grave1 and affected animals are rarely completely cured4 ,the mortality in other species does not seem to be less than in sheep4 7,cornevin47 ,in describing the acute form of lupinosis ,pammel adds that the initial temperature may be as high as #ajd to #ajf ,f41 but that it is intermittent and gradually falls just before death4 ,the pulse may reach #acj per minute and the respirations #ajj4 ,a bloody froth may issue from the nostrils4 ,animals apparently prefer the recumbent position1 extend the head on the ground1 and seem entirely oblivious to all surroundings4 ,at first there is constipation1 but later diarrha may set in and the excreta be tinged with blood4 ,in the chronic form the symptoms are not so violent4 ,jaundice may be entirely absent1 and emaciation and anmia may be the chief signs4 ,chesnut and ,wilcox record a case in which two sheep were each given #aej medium-sized pods of a native lupine1 and seemed to like them4 ,in #de minutes1 however1 they became frenzied and died an hour later4 ,they give the symptoms as practically the same as those caused by ,european species of ,lupinus2 acute cerebral congestion1 with great mental excitement1 the sheep rushing about and butting into things2 following is a stage characterized by irregularity of movement1 violent spasms1 and falling fits2 in most cases collapse and death occur within half-an-hour to an hour and a half2 the pulse is strong and regular2 the convulsions resemble to some extent those caused by strychnine2 the excretion of the kidneys is much increased and sometimes bloody4 ,in post-mortem examination the kidneys are found affected1 the lungs slightly congested1 the cerebral membranes in all cases congested1 and in violent cases small blood vessels are ruptured in different parts of the body4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #bj1 #ba1 #db1 #eg1 #fc1 #fi1 #hb1 #ic1 #abh1 #afa1 #aff1 #agj1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bac4 8,java0 ,beans 7,phaseolus lunatus74 ,though not native to ,great ,britain1 the so-called ,java ,beans have been imported in considerable quantities for stock feeding1 and in the past nine years have caused the death of a large number of animals4 ,for example1 in ,march1 #aijf1 the ,board of ,agriculture and ,fisheries published an account of the poisoning of animals by these beans at eight centres2 at six of the centres #acc cattle were involved and #dc died4 ,the beans are of varying origin1 and pass under the name of ,java beans1 ,rangoon beans1 ,burma beans1 ,lima beans1 and ,paigya beans4 ,they are considerably different in colour according to origin1 the ,java beans being pale brown to almost black2 ,rangoon1 ,burma or ,paigya beans smaller1 plumper1 and lighter in colour 78red ,rangoon beans0 are pinkish with small purple splotches1 and 8white ,rangoon beans0 are pale cream72 and ,lima beans are much larger than the last-named and pale cream or white in colour 7see ,frontispiece74 ,it has long been known that beans of certain forms of ,phaseolus lunatus are poisonous1 and the fact is noted by ,church 7,food ,grains of ,india1 #ahhf71 and by ,watt 7,dictionary of the ,economic ,products of ,india1 #ahhi-if74 ,the coloured forms1 and particularly the wild forms1 are the most dangerous1 the white types being in general safe for stock feeding4 ,some forms have a general similarity to butter beans and haricots1 and have hence been favourably regarded by farmers1 but it is a sound plan to purchase under a guarantee beans with such names as those given4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,it was shown in #aijc 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #gb7 that the seeds of ,p4 lunatus1 uncultivated in ,mauritius1 contained a cyanogenetic glucoside1 ,phaseolunatin 7,c#aj;,h#ag,o#f,n74 ,this glucoside1 under favourable conditions1 such as are present when the beans are moist1 masticated and ingested at the temperature of the animal body1 gives rise to prussic acid1 which is the direct cause of poisoning4 ,the seeds of the wild forms yield1 like bitter almond seeds1 considerable quantities of prussic acid1 while the cultivated forms resemble sweet almonds in yielding only traces of the acid1 or none at all4 ,determinations of the yield of prussic acid by various investigators show percentages of from #jjbg to #jacg in ,java beans1 and #jjjd to #jjb in ,burma beans4 ,the largest proportion therefore occurs in the coloured beans1 while the white forms contain much less or none at all1 and may be generally regarded as safe for stock4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms given by ,damman and ,behrens 7,veterinary ,journal1 #aijf7 were vertigo1 tympany1 and falling1 with death in most cases4 ,mosselmann 7,vet4 ,jour41 #aijh7 observed the symptoms due to the ingestion of a small quantity of the beans by six head of cattle4 ,they were3 great excitement1 salivation1 swelling1 slight diarrha1 quick pulse and respiration1 muscular spasms1 and paralysis of the hind quarters in one instance2 all recovered rapidly4 ,,references4 #e1 #ch1 #gf1 #gg1 #ajg1 #aji1 #abe1 #abi1 #add1 #bee4 ,castor ,oil ,plant 7,ricinus communis ,l474 ,the beans 7see ,frontispiece7 of this exotic are toxic1 and poisoning is only likely to occur if they are sold in error as a feeding stuff1 or from the use for feeding purposes of the press-cake after the extraction of the well-known castor oil1 a purgative commonly used medicinally1 of which the beans contain about #ej per cent4 ,according to ,cornevin four seeds suffice to cause accidents in man1 eight lead to very grave results1 and beyond that number death may ensue4 ,pigs and poultry have been poisoned by the seeds1 and ,m4 ,audibert 7near ,beaucaire7 reported the death of #hj sheep from eating the press-cake1 which is stated to have more pronounced properties than the oil4 ,it has been found as an impurity in linseed cake and maize meal4 7,jour4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc41 #ahib47 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the toxic properties of the bean are due to ,ricin1 a toxin which is similar to bacterial toxins1 and the activity of which is destroyed by heating to #ajj ,c4 ,the beans also contain the alkaloid ,ricinine 7,c#h;,h#h,o#b,n#b71 the toxic properties of which are regarded as doubtful4 7,see ,deane and ,finnemore1 ,yearbook of ,pharmacy1 #aije1 p4 #dgc47 ,symptoms4 ,these usually appear some days after the ingestion of the beans or press-cake4 ,there is generally purging4 ,broad observed in an affected horse loss of appetite1 shivering1 cold extremities1 dejection1 abdominal pain1 constipation1 temperature #ajc ,f41 pulse #gj1 and death in about three days4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #ff1 #gc1 #abh1 #bje4 ,,rosace4 ,cherry ,laurel 7,prunus laurocerasus ,l474 ,this exceedingly common ornamental shrub has caused the poisoning of numerous cattle and sheep on the ,continent1 but is apparently less harmful in ,great ,britain--and in any case animals are not much given to eating the foliage of this shrub1 the strong smell of the leaves when bruised affording a warning of its unwholesome character4 ,gerlach recorded the intoxication of #be sheep4 ,bibbey also records the poisoning of #ae sheep by laurel1 some of them dying 7,farmer and ,stockbreeder1 ,jan4 #bi1 #aiab74 ,on the other hand1 ,henslow wrote of his cows that they 8completely ruined a long laurel hedge adjoining the field in which they lived2 but this abnormal food did no harm either to themselves or the milk they produced40 ,toxic ,principle4 ,so long ago as #ahjc ,schrader showed that the cherry laurel contains a substance yielding prussic acid4 ,the leaves contain the cyanogenetic glucoside ,prulaurasin 7,c#ad;,h#ag,o#f,n71 and an enzyme-emulsin which1 by its action on the cyanogenetic glucoside1 induces the formation of prussic acid1 which is the actual cause of poisoning4 ,the percentage of the glucoside appears to be greatest about ,july and ,august4 ,by a microchemical examination ,peche has clearly localised hydrocyanic acid compounds in the leaf parenchyma4 ,symptoms4 ,in poisoning by ,cherry ,laurel there is bloating1 inability to rise1 loss of sensation1 difficult breathing1 convulsions and dilatation of pupils1 and the results may be fatal if unattended to1 prussic acid being formed4 ,in the case of poisoning of ewes ,aggio observed 7,veterinary ,journal1 #aijg7 loss of appetite1 vomiting1 and inability to rise1 followed by several deaths4 ,in #ahga ,adsetts described 7,veterinarian1 #ahga7 symptoms of poisoning in the horse3 indistinct and feeble pulse2 congested mucous membranes1 difficult respiration1 uneasiness1 prostration1 coldness of the extremities1 loss of appetite1 constipation1 diminished urination1 and acute pain1 eventuating in death in three days4 ,in sheep ,bibbey observed salivation1 grinding of teeth1 brain symptoms1 paralysis in the back1 coma1 and death4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #gc1 #gf1 #ha1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #acb1 #agj1 #bje1 #bcb1 #bed1 #bee4 ,,cucurbitace4 ,bryony 7,bryonia dioica ,l474 ,this widely distributed hedge climber1 which produces large quantities of scarlet berries1 is a highly irritant plant1 with an unpleasant odour and a nauseous juice4 ,the large fleshy tuberous rootstocks have caused the poisoning of whole families who have eaten them in mistake for turnips and parsnips4 ,the berries may tempt children1 and cases of poisoning have occurred4 ,cornevin estimated that #ae berries would cause the death of a child and #dj that of an adult4 ,no deaths of domestic animals have been observed in searching the literature1 but animals may possibly eat it along the hedgerows at times when grass is scarce4 ,pigs might possibly eat sufficient of the rootstock1 or poultry of the berries1 to cause poisoning4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the plant contains the bitter and poisonous glucoside ,bryonin 7,c#cd;,h#dh,o#i74 ,symptoms4 ,the symptoms are those resulting from inflammation of the stomach and intestines1 together with convulsions4 ,according to ,cornevin consumption of the plant promotes sweating1 and causes a livid hue1 nausea1 diuresis and abundant painless1 watery defcation1 to which are added in cases of poisoning nervous symptoms of stupor and tetanic convulsions4 ,there may be superpurgation or a suppression of defcation4 ,lander states that #b lb4 of fresh or #f to #h oz4 of dried root given to horses did not cause purging1 but there was abdominal pain1 loss of appetite1 accelerated breathing1 fever1 dullness and copious urination4 ,cases may end fatally4 ,,references4 #gc1 #gf1 #ha1 #ada1 #agj1 #bcc4 ,,umbellifer4 ,cowbane or ,water ,hemlock 7,cicuta virosa ,l474 ,this plant is undoubtedly exceedingly poisonous1 and fatal cases have occurred in both man and farm live stock4 ,it has been mistaken by man for parsley1 celery or parsnip1 with fatal results1 many persons having succumbed to it4 ,the rootstock is attractive to children on account of its sweetish taste4 ,pott says that either fresh or dry it is poisonous to all animals when only a small quantity is eaten1 and often causes rapid death4 ,sheep and goats appear to be less readily affected than other domestic animals1 and cattle to be most sensitive4 ,the loss of eleven animals in ,brittany was noted in the ,veterinarian in #ahgg1 and a number of cattle died in ,ireland 7,veterinary ,news1 #aiaa71 death in both cases being due to ,cowbane4 ,it is clearly dangerous to grazing animals which have easy access to it1 especially if ordinary herbage is scarce4 ,hedrick 7,canada7 is quoted as stating that a piece of the root about the size of a walnut is sufficient to kill a cow in about fifteen minutes2 and ,mller says that the quantity of dried plant sufficient to kill a horse appears to be about #a lb4 ,according to ,kanngiesser the mortality in human poisoning due to this plant amounts to #de per cent4 of the cases4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the poisonous character of ,cowbane has not been fully investigated1 and the toxic principles are given as the alkaloid ,cicutine1 with ,oil of ,cicuta1 and ,cicutoxine4 ,the last is a bitter resinous substance classed by ,cushny in the picrotoxin group2 it occurs in the dry root to the extent of #ce per cent4 ,the toxicity is stated to vary with season and climate2 the rootstock is most poisonous in spring4 ,symptoms4 ,in man the yellow poisonous juice in the rhizome induces epileptic convulsions1 followed by death4 ,the cicutoxine gives acrid narcotic symptoms quickly followed by fatal results4 ,the symptoms usually appear within two hours1 and death ensues in half-an-hour to several hours4 ,the symptoms which appear in an hour or so are given as loss of appetite1 salivation1 vomiting 7in swine71 nausea1 colic 7in horse71 bloating 7in cattle71 diarrha1 irregular pulse and heart1 dilatation of pupils1 rolling of eyeballs1 vertigo1 reeling in circles1 twisting of neck1 falling down1 automatic movement of limbs1 opening and shutting of mouth1 and death1 usually with convulsions1 in from half an hour to an hour after first manifestation of symptoms4 ,for cattle1 ,lander gives hurried respiration1 collection of froth at the mouth and nostrils1 and tympanites4 ,the limbs are extended and alternately stiffened and relaxed4 ,in his description of the symptoms ,esser states that swallowing is difficult1 the tongue is stiffened1 there is salivation1 and death takes place after loss of consciousness and convulsions4 ,,references4 #ca1 #gc1 #ha1 #abc1 #ada1 #aea1 #agj1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bac1 #bcc1 #bch4 ,water ,parsnip 7,sium latifolium ,l474 ,the leaves and especially the root of this species are regarded as poisonous1 and the plant is described as 8poisonous0 by ,strasburger4 ,according to ,mller the symptoms resemble those produced by ,chaerophyllum 7p4 #dj74 ,after eating the roots cows showed symptoms of excitement1 leading1 in some instances1 very quickly to death4 ,the milk1 according to ,cornevin1 is of a disagreeable flavour4 ,the related ,s4 angustifolium has also been mentioned as objectionable4 ,as regards the toxic principle these plants have not been closely studied1 and it is not possible to give detailed symptoms4 ,,references4 #gc1 #ha1 #aij1 #bce4 ,water ,dropwort 7,oenanthe crocata ,l474 ,this weed of marshes1 ditches1 and similar wet spots1 has been a frequent cause of loss of stock4 ,cases of fatal human poisoning have also occurred1 owing to the leaves having been mistaken for celery and the rootstock for parsnips4 ,several cases of the poisoning of cattle have been recorded in the veterinary journals1 and sheep and cattle died on a farm near ,bristol 7,jour4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc41 #ahih74 ,horses have also been poisoned4 ,johnson and ,sowerby 7#ahfa7 record the poisoning of #ag convicts near ,woolwich1 the leaves and roots being eaten in mistake for celery and parsnips respectively4 ,nine suffered from convulsions and became insensible2 one died in five minutes1 a second in a quarter of an hour1 a third in an hour1 and a fourth a few minutes later1 while two more died during the next few days4 ,cornevin says that this plant causes the poisoning of animals every year--they eat it willingly1 showing an enfeebled instinct owing to domestication4 ,the plant is poisonous in all its parts1 the root being the most toxic1 and drying does not destroy the toxic property4 ,cornevin gives the following quantities of the fresh root as necessary to poison various animals3-- ,horse #jajj per cent4 of the live weight4 ,ox #jabe ,sheep #jbjj ,pig #jaej ,rabbit #bjjj ,holmes described ,oenanthe crocata as the most dangerous and virulently poisonous of all our native plants 7,pharm4 ,jour41 #aijb74 ,other species of ,oenanthe are also poisonous in a less degree--e4g4 ,o4 fistulosa ,l41 and ,o4 ,phellandrium ,lamk4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,poehl 7#ahie7 obtained from the root of this species an amorphous neutral product which he designated ,oenanthotoxin4 ,the latest investigation is that by ,tutin1 who examined entire dried plants collected in early spring1 and the experiments confirmed the conclusion arrived at by ,poehl1 that the toxic principle is a neutral resin4 ,a dark-coloured1 viscid resin1 insoluble in water1 and equal to #c per cent4 of the weight of the plant1 was extracted1 and it is stated that the neutral portions of the petroleum and ether extracts of this resin represent the toxic principle of the plant4 ,as there is no evidence of the homogeneity of this product1 and it is probably complex in character1 it was given no name or formula4 ,the fact that it has poisonous properties was ascertained by administering the various products to guinea pigs per os4 ,symptoms4 ,in poisoning by ,o4 crocata the symptoms generally appear very quickly1 and in serious cases death may follow in from one hour to a few hours4 ,in ,tutin's experiments on guinea pigs the extracts referred to above rendered the animal hypersensitive in two to four hours1 while marked convulsions1 with trismus soon appeared2 the heart-beat became very noticeably slow and the convulsions persisted until death ensued4 ,there is great restlessness1 difficult breathing1 convulsions1 loss of sensation1 blindness and stupefaction 7,mller72 ,lander says the symptoms recall hemlock poisoning1 with the addition of green ftid diarrha4 ,in cattle1 one hour after eating1 there is depression and accelerated respiration2 the conjunctiv are injected1 the eye turns in its orbit1 the pulse is weak but rapid1 and there is foaming4 ,later1 there is colic1 and spasmodic contractions of limbs and jaws4 ,if the quantity ingested is sufficient to cause death1 the animal falls1 but still moves its limbs4 ,there is bellowing1 contraction of pupils1 insensibility1 and death in convulsions--or1 if not fatal1 cattle may remain paralysed4 ,in the horse1 the appearance of the symptoms and the course of the illness are much more rapid and the nervous symptoms are accentuated4 ,if the pig has consumed only a small quantity it soon gets rid of the poison by vomiting2 but if the quantity is considerable there is no vomiting and death is as rapid as with cyanide poisoning 7,cornevin74 ,,references4 #aj1 #ad1 #gc1 #ha1 #ada1 #adf1 #agj1 #aij1 #bje1 #bji1 #bac1 #bce1 #bdf4 ,fool's ,parsley 7,aethusa ,cynapium1 ,l474 ,much has been written about the toxic properties of this weed of cultivated fields1 principally because1 owing to the fact that the foliage has often been mistaken or misused for parsley and the roots for radishes 7671 it has been the cause of human poisoning1 though it seems to be one of the least active of the poisonous ,umbellifers4 ,its poisonous character is undoubted1 but it is unlikely to cause the poisoning of stock1 which seem to refuse it4 ,some authors regard it as strongly poisonous1 but others as more or less harmless4 ,johnson and ,sowerby cite a case in which a child of five years old died within an hour after eating the root1 and a second death 7in ,germany7 within twenty-four hours from the use of the leaves in soup4 ,the most complete account of this plant is that by ,power and ,tutin1 issued from the ,wellcome ,chemical ,research ,laboratories in #aije4 ,many authors since #ahjg are cited as writing of its poisonous properties1 and of cases of poisoning1 two of which terminated fatally4 ,miller 7#ahjg7 says that 8most cattle eat it1 but it is said to be noxious to geese40 ,bentley and ,trimen write that 8in all recorded experiments with it on animals1 it has had poisonous effects40 ,dr4 ,john ,harley 7#ahgf and #ahhj71 after experiments on a child and adults1 concluded that the plant was absolutely free from the noxious properties attributed to it4 ,in #aijd1 however1 a case of severe poisoning by it was recorded 7,brit4 ,med4 ,jour41 ,july #af1 #aijd1 p4 #abd74 ,toxic ,principle4 ,this has for many years been stated to be the alkaloid ,cynapine4 ,for their investigation ,messrs4 ,power and ,tutin collected the plant round ,london in ,july and ,august1 with the fruits still green1 and after thorough chemical examination found #jjae per cent4 of an essential oil of rather unpleasant odour2 #jh per cent4 of resinous substances2 and an exceedingly small amount of a volatile alkaloid having the peculiar characteristic odour of ,coniine4 ,the amount of hydrochloride of the alkaloid obtained showed that if the base were ,coniine it would correspond to only #jjjjbc per cent4 of ,coniine in the plant4 ,in a degree this confirms the statement by ,walz 7#ahei7 that the fruit 8contains a volatile base1 very similar in odour and chemical behaviour to ,coniine1 and probably identical with it40 ,the investigators suggest that the alkaloid is ,coniine1 and the small amount would justify the opinion1 but there may be variation in toxic property according to stage of development and climate4 ,the authors conclude that 8it cannot be considered improbable that under favourable conditions of growth1 the proportion of alkaloid may be increased to such an extent as to impart to the plant the poisonous properties ascribed to it40 ,symptoms4 ,in a child which died1 there were abdominal pain1 a feeling of sickness1 and a tendency to lockjaw1 and death supervened within an hour2 and in a ,german case1 vomiting1 diarrha1 lockjaw1 and death in #bd hours4 7,johnson and ,sowerby47 ,the plant causes convulsions and stupor1 with nausea and vomiting 7,henslow74 ,the symptoms observed in cows are loss of appetite1 salivation1 fever1 uncertain gait1 and paralysis of hind limbs 7,mller74 ,pott refers to a case which occurred in ,guernsey among horses4 ,animals with white muzzles and feet had diarrha1 while other horses remained healthy4 ,all white places on the body were badly inflamed4 ,pammel states that the plant causes stupor1 paralysis and convulsions in domestic animals4 ,,references4 #de1 #gc1 #ha1 #aba1 #acj1 #ada1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bac1 #bad4 ,chervils 7,chaerophyllum sp474 ,no investigation of these plants appears to have been undertaken1 but ,c4 sylvestre ,l41 though eaten by some animals1 including the ass and the rabbit1 is stated by a ,german observer 7vide ,cornevin7 to have caused the death of pigs4 ,mller states that according to the literature both cows and pigs have been poisoned1 even fatally1 by ,c4 temulum ,l4 ,the plants have a strong odour and acrid taste4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,this1 if any1 appears to be unknown1 though ,mller 7#ahig7 says that ,c4 temulum contains in all its parts the little known ,chaerophyllin 78 alk474 ,symptoms4 ,the pigs referred to above as having died were said to show paralysis1 dilated pupils1 and enteritis1 and to refuse food4 ,postmortem examination showed acute gastro-intestinal inflammation4 ,in the case of cows there are similar symptoms4 ,,references4 #gc1 #aij4 ,hemlock 7,conium maculatum ,l474 ,this plant1 famous from ancient times as extremely poisonous1 has a ftid1 disagreeable odour--a mousy smell--especially noticeable when the plant is bruised4 ,it has caused human poisoning in three ways3 the seeds have been eaten in error for anise1 the leaves for parsley1 and the roots for parsnips4 ,animals rarely appear to eat this plant1 but cases have been recorded4 ,it is stated that in the ,united ,states many domestic animals have been killed by it2 and ,ewart says that it is responsible for poisoning a number of cows in ,victoria4 ,goats are believed to be largely immune to the poison1 or are less harmed than other animals1 and sheep are stated to eat the plant with impunity1 though cases of poisoning are recorded4 ,johnson and ,sowerby state that horses have occasionally swallowed considerable quantities without apparent effect1 while ,cornevin remarks that to cause death a horse would need to eat #d to #e lb4 of the fresh plant1 or a cow #h to #aa lb4 ,hemlock is probably most dangerous to live stock in the spring1 when green herbage is least plentiful and the young shoots of hemlock are fresh and short4 ,chesnut says that the root is nearly harmless in ,march1 ,april and ,may1 but dangerous later1 especially in the first year of growth2 but ,esser states that it is only poisonous in the spring4 ,the foliage is more poisonous before flowering than after1 when the poisonous principle passes to the fruits1 which are more poisonous before ripening 7three quarters ripe7 than afterwards4 ,pott remarks that after eating hemlock cows give milk with a bad taste4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,early in summer the toxic principle appears to be chiefly contained in the foliage1 but later in the fruit1 particularly when still green4 ,among the substances contained in hemlock are the toxic alkaloid ,coniine 7,c#h;,h#ag,n71 the poisonous ,coniceine 7,c#h;,h#ae,n71 ,conhydrine 7,c#h;,h#ag,,no71 the alkaloid ,methylconiine 7,c#i;,h#ai,n71 ,pseudoconhydrine 7,c#h;,h#ag,,on74 ,coniine may be described as an oily1 colourless1 quite volatile liquid1 quickly turning brown on exposure to the air1 and giving a mousy odour to the whole plant4 ,the amount of ,coniine in the fresh leaves is given 7,pammel7 as #jjie per cent41 but in the ripe seeds #jg per cent4 ,english fruits contain much more of the total alkaloids than imported fruits4 ,owing to the volatile character of the poisons hemlock largely loses its toxicity when dried in hay1 and is therefore the less likely to prove injurious to domestic animals4 ,symptoms4 ,hemlock is a dangerous narcotic plant4 ,even the smallest quantities may cause inflammation of the digestive organs1 paralysis and death4 ,the general symptoms are salivation1 bloating1 dilatation of pupils1 rolling of eyes2 laboured respiration1 diminished frequency of breathing1 irregular heart action2 loss of sensation1 convulsions1 uncertain gait1 falling1 and at the end complete paralysis4 ,death occurs after a few hours4 ,the poison acts on the motor nerve endings1 causing paralysis1 dyspna resulting from paralysis of the pectoral nerves1 and acceleration of the heart from that of the inhibitory fibres of the pneumogastric4 ,small quantities cause in the horse a little prostration1 yawning1 acceleration of pulse1 dilatation of pupils and sometimes muscular spasms of the neck and shoulders4 ,large quantities cause nausea1 unsuccessful attempts to vomit1 gritting of teeth1 accelerated respiration and dyspna1 and muscular tremors commencing in posterior members and spreading to anterior members and spine4 ,there is next difficulty of locomotion1 sweating 7but not continual71 falling1 paraplegia1 then paralysis1 loss of feeling1 lowering of temperature1 rapid pulse1 increasingly difficult respiration1 and death from stoppage of respiration4 ,with cattle there is ptyalism1 cessation of digestion1 bloating1 constipation1 weakness and stupor4 ,pregnant cows have been observed to abort2 the milk of cows has an unpleasant flavour4 ,there are bloody evacuations in some instances in the case of the ox4 ,in cows ,chesnut says that there was 8loss of appetite1 salivation1 bloating1 much bodily pain1 loss of muscular power1 and rapid1 feeble pulse40 ,in sheep the abdomen is tucked up1 the animal has a dazed appearance1 there is dilatation of pupils1 unsteady gait1 the hind limbs being dragged1 coldness1 and death after a few convulsive movements4 ,in the pig there is prostration and inability to move1 coldness1 slow breathing1 livid mucous membranes1 imperceptible pulse1 paralysis1 particularly of the posterior members1 and no convulsions4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #eb1 #ec1 #gc1 #ha1 #hb1 #ia1 #abh1 #ada1 #afa1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bac1 #bch4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,araliace4 ,ivy 7,hedera ,helix ,l474 ,the berries of the ,ivy are said to be largely eaten by certain birds 7e4g4 blackbirds1 thrushes1 wood-pigeons71 but have poisoned children4 ,the plant has long been said to be poisonous1 but no definite case of poisoning of live stock has been discovered2 possibly farm live stock would need to eat a considerable quantity for serious effects to be induced4 ,indeed1 when keep is short1 it is quite common in some districts to see ,ivy strewed on the fields for cattle and sheep to eat1 and it is very frequently given to sick animals by country people 7,garnett74 ,toxic ,principle4 ,this has not been closely studied1 but ivy contains a bitter principle which is strongly cathartic1 emetic and purgative4 ,ivy contains a poisonous glucoside ,hederin 7,c#fd;,h#ajd,o#ai7 and a resin 7,gummi heder74 ,symptoms4 ,as suggested above1 it is doubtful whether animals have been poisoned by ,ivy4 ,symptoms given appear to refer to children1 and consist in sickness1 diarrha1 nervous symptoms1 excitement at first1 then convulsions and paralysis 7,mller74 ,sickness and purgation 7,esser74 ,cornevin states that the symptoms are complex1 emeto-purgative effects being present1 with nervous symptoms resembling those of intoxication1 viz4 excitement1 then coma1 convulsions1 uncertain gait1 and stertorous respiration4 ,,references4 #gc1 #gf1 #ha1 #acj1 #bjh1 #bdj4 ,,caprifoliace4 ,common ,elder 7,sambucus nigra ,l47 and ,dwarf ,elder 7,s4 ,ebulus ,l474 ,these two plants are usually avoided by stock1 no doubt in view of their odour1 more particularly in the case of the latter species4 ,the bark1 leaves and berries of both species were noticed by ,cornevin as having pronounced purgative properties1 and the berries of ,s4 ,ebulus as having poisoned turkeys4 ,esser remarks that the use of ,s4 ,ebulus by country folk as a purgative has caused fatal poisoning4 ,the leaves of ,s4 nigra have caused severe irritant poisoning in a child4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,some doubt exists as to the poisonous principle of the ,elders1 the leaves of which contain ,sambunigrin 7,c#ad;,h#ag,o#f,n71 a cyanogenetic glucoside2 the alkaloid ,sambucine2 and a purgative principle4 ,according to ,cornevin drying reduces the toxicity but does not destroy it4 ,symptoms4 ,the symptoms are not very definite1 but small quantities cause purgation1 while large quantities induce depression and violent emetic and cathartic effects1 with diarrha1 abundant diuresis and acceleration of pulse4 ,the leaves of ,s4 ,ebulus have caused vomiting1 obstinate constipation and enteritis in a boy1 and in the case of another boy the flowers caused vertigo and headache4 ,,references4 #d1 #gc1 #ha1 #bjc1 #bcc4 ,,composit4 ,tansy 7,tanacetum vulgare ,l474 ,live stock are most unlikely to eat this plant1 as it is bitter and acrid4 ,cattle appear to have been poisoned by it in ,germany1 ,kobert's opinion being that death had resulted from tansy4 ,there have also been many serious cases of human poisoning4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,tansy contains the bitter1 volatile and poisonous ,oil of ,tansy4 ,symptoms4 ,tansy ,oil has been employed as an abortifacient1 and produces convulsions1 violent spasms1 frequent and feeble pulse1 and paralysis of the heart and lungs1 inducing a condition similar to that observed in rabies4 ,pammel cites cases of the action of the oil from the plant on dogs4 ,according to ,pott the tansy imparts a bitter taste to the milk of cows which eat it4 ,,references4 #afa1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bac4 ,ragwort 7,senecio ,jacoba ,l474 ,no suspicion appears to have been focussed on ,ragwort in ,britain1 but it must be recorded here as the cause in ,canada of the ,pictou cattle disease1 or hepatic cirrhosis1 a somewhat fatal disease which has caused much loss during the last few years4 ,in ,new ,zealand also the same disease has been experienced1 and has caused considerable mortality among sheep4 ,in one case sheep were closely pastured on about #djjj acres with the object of eradicating the too prevalent weed1 but after a year losses ensued4 ,gilruth concluded that if the weed does not monopolise the ground1 sheep may1 with few exceptions1 eat it daily without suffering ill effects4 ,cattle and horses avoided it when possible4 ,it may be remarked that in ,britain feeding the young shoots off with sheep1 which seem to like the plant1 is regarded as the best plan of reducing ,ragwort in grass land4 ,so far there seems to be no record of injury from this cause4 ,in ,south ,africa cirrhosis of the liver in cattle 7locally termed ,molteno cattle sickness7 has been traced to ,s4 latifolius1 #h to #aj lb4 of which in daily feeds of #b to #f oz4 caused death in about six weeks4 ,another species1 ,s4 ,burchellii1 is similarly poisonous1 lb4 daily for four days having killed an ox on the fifth day2 at ,molteno half the quantity proved fatal4 ,both species are fatal to cattle and horses4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,as regards ,s4 ,jacoba nothing appears to be known as to any toxic principles1 though an alkaloid has been isolated by ,watt 7#aiaa71 but not fully described4 ,the ,south ,african ,s4 latifolius1 however1 was examined at the ,imperial ,institute1 and two new crystalline alkaloids were isolated--,senecifoline 7,c#ah;,h#bg,o#h,n7 and ,senecifolidine 7,c#ah;,h#be,o#g,n7--#abj per cent4 being present in the plant before flowering and #jdi per cent4 after flowering4 ,symptoms4 ,as they may to some extent serve as a guide in relation to possible ,ragwort poisoning in ,britain the symptoms observed from poisoning by the ,south ,african species may be given3 ,severe and strained purging3 fces yellowish to dark brown2 cows cease to give milk2 abdominal pain1 groaning2 animal may go mad and charge anyone approaching1 or lie with outstretched head1 drooping ears1 staring coat1 and dull glaring eyes2 death usual within three days from commencement of purging4 ,the post-mortem shows an inflamed fourth stomach2 hardened condition of the liver1 often dull grey with spots in the interior2 expanded gall bladder1 with dull yellow viscid bile4 ,,references4 #dc1 #abh1 #aie1 #bfj4 ,wild ,lettuce 7,lactuca sp474 ,just how far the two species ,l4 scariola ,l4 and ,l4 virosa ,l4 are really poisonous is not clearly known1 and it is probable that to be seriously harmful to farm live stock they would need to be ingested in considerable quantity1 and this they never seem to be4 ,they are certainly not actively poisonous1 though ,bailey and ,gordon say that 8we have been informed that this ,european plant--now a national pest--is sometimes eaten by cattle1 on whom it has been observed to have had an injurious effect40 ,toxic ,principle4 ,authorities differ as to the substances to which the toxic property1 if any1 is to be attributed4 ,according to ,ludwig the milky juice1 known as ,lactucarium1 includes ,lactucone1 ,lactucin1 and ,lactucic ,acid1 the second of these being the narcotic substance4 ,nearly half the weight of ,lactucarium 7a form of dried juice7 consists of the tasteless inodorous ,lactucone or ,lactucerin 7,c#ad;,h#bb,o71 and the bitter taste is due to ,lactupicrine1 ,lactucin and ,lactucic ,acid4 ,in the leaves of ,l4 virosa1 ,dymond found traces of ,hyoscyamine or a similar substance 7,jour4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #ahib1 ,vol4 #fa1 p4 #ij74 ,symptoms4 ,intoxication is produced similar to that caused by poppy heads2 the narcotic effects are dominant 7,cornevin74 ,,references4 #aa1 #gc1 #ha1 #acj1 #bac1 #bdj4 ,,ericace4 ,rhododendron 7,rhododendron sp474 ,the literature points to there being no doubt as to the poisonous character of a number of species of ,rhododendron1 and indeed most species are suspected4 ,animals do not appear to eat ,rhododendrons very extensively1 but both ,english and ,belgian veterinary surgeons have published records of poisoning of sheep and goats by ,r4 ponticum4 ,suspected cases were recorded in the ,journal of the ,board of ,agriculture 7#aijg and #aiad72 three cases of cattle poisoning in the ,veterinary ,record 7#aijj1 #aijf1 and #aijg72 one of calves in the ,veterinarian 7#ahei72 and three of sheep-poisoning--one in the ,veterinary ,journal 7#aijf71 and two in the ,veterinarian 7#ahfe72 but these cases were not all fatal4 ,the death of #ai out of #ba cross-bred ,scotch lambs due to eating ,r4 ponticum was reported by ,c4 ,t4 ,baines in the ,journal of the ,land ,agents ,society 7,aug4 #aiad1 p4 #cgc74 ,the plant was eaten after a heavy fall of snow4 ,chesnut includes ,r4 maximum as one of the thirty most poisonous plants of the ,united ,states4 ,according to ,cornevin1 ,r4 ferrugineum causes frequent poisoning of animals which graze on the plateaux where it grows--especially sheep and goats1 the latter providing the most victims1 as they willingly browse the young shoots and leaves4 ,r4 californicum is said to be poisonous to sheep in ,oregon4 ,r4 ,chrysanthum1 the leaves of which have been used in ,russia and ,germany for rheumatism1 has caused poisoning in man4 ,r4 punctatum and ,r4 hirsutum appear to be not less poisonous4 ,both leaves and flowers are narcotic1 and even the honey in the flowers is regarded with suspicion4 ,the following quotations are not without interest3-- 8,in these regions 7,tungu7 many of my goats and kids had died foaming at the mouth and grinding their teeth1 and ,i have discovered the cause to arise from their eating the leaves of ,rhododendron cinnabarinum 78,kema ,kechoong10 ,lepcha2 ,kema signifying ,rhododendron72 this species alone is said to be poisonous1 and when used as a fuel it causes the face to swell and the eyes to inflame1 of which ,i observed several instances40 7,hooker1 ,himalayan ,journals1 ii4 p4 #aej74 8,rhododendron arboreum becomes plentiful at #ejjj to #fjjj feet 7,east ,nepal71 forming a large tree on dry clayey slopes4444 ,in the contracted parts of the valley the mountains often dip to the riverbed in precipices of gneiss under the ledges of which wild bees build pendulous nests looking like huge bats suspended by their wings2 they are two or three feet long and as broad at the top whence they taper downwards2 the honey is much sought for except in spring1 when it is said to be poisoned by ,rhododendron flowers just as that eaten by the soldiers in the retreat of the ,ten ,thousand was by the flowers of ,r4 ponticum40 7l4c4 i4 p4 #bjj74 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the leaves and flowers contain a bitter poisonous glucoside1 ,andromedotoxin 7,c#ca;,h#ej,o#aj71 which has been regarded as more poisonous than ,aconitine4 ,other glucosides found in ,rhododendrons are ,ericolin 7,c#cd;,h#ef,o#ba71 ,arbutin 7,c#ab;,h#af,o#g71 and ,rhododendrin 7,c#af;,h#bb,o#g71 but it is not clearly shown whether these are poisonous when ingested2 ,kobert1 however1 includes the two former among cerebro-spinal poisons4 ,symptoms4 ,in the case of goats ,cornevin records intense pain1 diarrha1 discomfort1 gritting of teeth1 salivation1 and frequently vomiting2 while there is reduced lactation1 trembling1 spasms1 vertigo1 loss of power1 and death4 ,lander notes similar symptoms in cattle and sheep4 ,according to ,eve 7,veterinary ,record1 #aijg71 a reddish colour was observed in the milk of a cow poisoned by ,rhododendron4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #ec1 #fc1 #gc1 #gf1 #ha1 #add1 #afa1 #agj1 #bjc1 #bje1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bca1 #beb1 #bfd4 ,azalea 7,azalea sp474 ,a suspected case of poisoning was recorded in the ,journal of the ,board of ,agriculture in #aijg4 ,no ,british record of poisoning has been found4 ,various species of ,azalea 7,a4 pontica1 ,a4 indica1 ,a4 arborescens1 ,a4 nudiflora1 etc47 are stated to be very poisonous to all animals which browse on them in the ,east4 ,cuttings should never be thrown down where they can be eaten by stock4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,little work has been done on these plants1 but they are believed to contain ,ericolin1 ,arbutin1 and ,andromedotoxin as in the case of rhododendrons 7p4 #dg74 ,symptoms4 ,azaleas appear to be narcotic1 and to produce symptoms resembling those caused by ,lolium temulentum 7,cornevin74 ,,references4 #gc1 #add1 #aij1 #bje4 ,,primulace4 ,scarlet ,pimpernel 7,anagallis arvensis ,l474 ,unless it occurs in very considerable quantity this little plant is unlikely to be eaten to an extent sufficient to cause definite poisonous symptoms1 as it is a cornfield weed4 ,it may be taken1 however1 if animals are allowed to run over stubble4 ,sheep are said to refuse it in general1 but have died from eating it 7see below74 ,there seems to be no doubt that if eaten in sufficient quantity it has a poisonous action1 having an irritant action on the digestive tract--the intestines--as well as producing narcotic effects4 ,strasburger notes it as 8slightly poisonous02 ,bailey says 8a dog is stated to have been destroyed by making it swallow three drachms of the extract10 while according to ,hyams the fluid extract in #d drachm doses is fatal to dogs 7the size of the dog is not mentioned672 at the ,veterinary ,school at ,lyons horses were intentionally killed by administering a decoction of the plant2 in ,america ,chesnut notes it as suspected of killing a horse2 ,ewart says it 8has been reported to render the chaff from oat crops infested by the weed unpalatable to stock02 and ,gilruth states that a year or two ago it was responsible for the death of a large number of sheep in ,victoria1 apparently acting as a narcotic poison 7,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 ,july1 #aiac1 p4 #chc474 ,on the ,pacific coast the plant is known as 8,poison ,weed40 ,grognier and ,orfila are stated to have put its poisonous properties beyond doubt4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the plant contains the glucoside ,cyclamin 7,c#bj;,h#cd,o#aj71 and a saponin-like substance 7,pammel74 ,van ,rijn says it contains two glucosides4 ,symptoms4 ,the plant has an irritating effect on the intestines and a stupefying effect on the nervous system4 ,cornevin states that it is never taken by the larger domestic animals in quantity sufficient to cause poisoning4 ,,references4 #aj1 #gc1 #hb1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bce1 #beb4 ,,oleace4 ,privet 7,ligustrum vulgare ,l474 ,the facts as to the poisonous character of ,privet are by no means clear1 but ,taylor records a case in which three children who ate the berries were attacked by violent purging1 and a boy and girl died4 ,turner observed a case in which horses died after eating ,privet4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the ,privet is stated to contain the poisonous glucosides ,ligustrin and ,ligustron1 not mentioned by ,van ,rijn1 who says it contains ,syringin 7,c#ag;,h#bd,o#i71 while ,pammel 7#aiaa7 adds the bitter glucosidal principle ,syringopicrin 7,c#bf;,h#bd,o#ag74 ,symptoms4 ,in horses ,turner observed loss of power in the hind limbs1 with a pulse of #ej1 temperature #ajb ,f41 slightly injected mucous membranes1 and dilated pupils1 with death in #cf to #dh hours4 ,the berries are stated by ,mller to cause sickness and diarrha4 ,,references4 #acj1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bcc1 #beb4 ,,convolvulace4 ,bindweeds 7,convolvulus sepium ,l4 and ,c4 arvensis ,l474 ,the creeping rootstocks and foliage1 as well as the seeds1 are held to be more or less poisonous if eaten in quantity1 and as long ago as #ahgb ,olver recorded 7,veterinarian1 #ahgb7 that pigs which ate freely of ,convolvulus died4 ,these species1 when eaten in considerable quantity1 appear to be cathartic and purgative1 causing symptoms resembling those due to jalap4 ,,references4 #hb1 #ada1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bed4 ,,solanace4 ,thorn ,apple 7,datura ,stramonium ,l474 ,this species is an escape from cultivation1 but on occasion occurs plentifully in gardens1 and if allowed to seed may escape to arable fields and find its way to stock1 though it does not appear to have done so in ,britain4 ,several species of ,datura are recognized as virulent poisons in ,north ,america1 where they are known as ,jimson ,weeds4 ,all parts are poisonous1 especially the seeds1 which have a somewhat sweetish taste1 and have frequently caused accidents to children who have eaten them4 ,cases are recorded in the ,united ,states in which cattle have been poisoned by eating the leaves of young plants in hay4 ,live stock1 however1 usually avoid the plant1 which has an unpleasant odour and taste1 while the seeds are enclosed in thorny capsules4 ,walsh states that the seeds are very fatal to young ostriches4 ,drying does not destroy the toxicity4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the ,thorn ,apple is usually stated to contain the highly poisonous narcotic alkaloid ,daturine1 but this appears to be a mixture of the two alkaloids ,hyoscyamine 7,c#ag;,h#bc,o#c,n7 and ,atropine 7,c#ag;,h#bc,o#c,n71 which1 together with the alkaloid ,scopolamine1 or ,hyoscine 7,c#ag;,h#ba,o#d,n71 have been found in the plant1 the principal constituent being ,hyoscyamine4 ,in some analyses as much as #jcc per cent4 of ,atropine has been found in the seeds1 and #jb per cent4 in the leaves 7,pammel74 ,the three alkaloids occur together to the extent of #jdh to #ccc per cent4 in the leaves1 #jdc per cent4 in the flowers1 and #ja per cent4 in the root1 ,hyoscyamine predominating 7,esser74 ,an investigation conducted at the ,imperial ,institute 7,bul4 ,imp4 ,inst41 #aiaa7 showed the amount of alkaloids in ,european specimens to be3-- ,seeds #jba to #jdh per cent4 ,leaves up to #jd ,stems average #jbb ,roots average #jag ,symptoms4 ,the general effect of ,datura poisoning appears to resemble that of ,atropa ,belladonna1 but is by some considered more rapidly effective4 ,there is paralysis1 dilatation of the pupils1 suspension of secretion and of the inhibitory fibres of the vagus1 leading to rapid action of the heart 7,lander74 ,poisoning may terminate fatally4 ,pammel quotes ,winslow as stating that two grains of ,atropine produce mild toxic symptoms in the horse2 cattle are as susceptible as horses1 though herbivora are not so easily influenced as carnivora4 ,chesnut gives the following symptoms3 8,headache1 vertigo1 nausea1 extreme thirst1 dry1 burning skin1 and general nervous confusion1 with dilated pupils1 loss of sight and of voluntary motion1 and sometimes mania1 convulsions1 and death40 ,walsh gives the toxic symptoms in ostriches as staggering gait1 spasmodic jerking of the neck1 stupor1 and death in a comatose state4 ,,references4 #d1 #aj1 #af1 #ci1 #eb1 #ec1 #gc1 #ha1 #ib1 #abh1 #ada1 #agj1 #bjc1 #bac1 #bfj4 ,henbane 7,hyoscyamus niger ,l474 ,the poisonous character of ,henbane is well known1 but the plant is by no means common 7except in ,ireland71 though found in parts of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,wales4 ,poisoning of live stock may occasionally occur1 but the disagreeable odour is likely to prevent all but abnormal or very hungry animals from touching it4 ,the seeds are eaten by birds1 apparently without injury1 but poisoned chickens which ate the ripe seeds in ,montana4 ,cornevin records that cows have been poisoned by eating the plant when given mixed with other herbage4 ,there are numbers of cases of children having been poisoned by eating the seeds4 ,the root has also caused accidents by being taken for other herbs1 and the young shoots and leaves have been used in error as a vegetable4 ,a case was reported in the press in #aiaj in which #be men and women visitors at a ,davos pension suffered from the effects of eating the root of ,henbane given in error for horse-radish1 or mixed with it4 ,all suffered from strange hallucinations1 but with prompt and careful treatment all had recovered in twelve hours4 ,kanngiesser says that poisoning by this plant very seldom terminates fatally4 ,welsby records a case in which animals were poisoned in a field in which ,henbane was grown for medicinal use some years before 7,veterinary ,record1 #aijc74 ,according to ,rodet and ,baillet 7vide ,cornevin7 small quantities of the seeds are in some countries mixed with the food of fattening stock2 if true that fattening is promoted1 it is probably due to the inducement to quiet and repose caused by the narcotic properties of the seeds4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,poisoning by ,henbane is due to the alkaloids ,hyoscyamine 7,c#ag;,h#bc,,no#c7 and the closely related ,hyoscine1 or ,scopolamine 7,c#ag;,h#ba,o#d,n74 ,the glucoside ,hyoscypicrin is also found in ,henbane4 ,the poisonous property is not eradicated by drying or boiling4 ,the leaves of ,henbane grown in ,europe contain from #jjd to #jjh per cent4 of total alkaloid1 and the seeds #jjf to #jaj per cent4 7,bul4 ,imp4 ,inst41 #aiaa74 ,symptoms4 ,henbane is an anodyne1 and hypnotic4 ,the symptoms resemble those caused by ,atropa ,belladonna 7p4 #eh74 ,the important differences 7,cornevin7 are that there is here abundant salivation and no dryness of the mouth as in ,atropa4 ,there is dilatation of the pupils2 and mydriasis1 which is dissipated more slowly than in ,belladonna poisoning4 ,further differences in the action of the two poisons are given by ,winslow 7via ,pammel73 ,the tetanic stage succeeding spinal paralysis observed in ,atropine poisoning does not ensue with ,hyoscine4 ,the latter alkaloid slightly depresses and slows the heart and does not paralyse the vagus terminations1 nor depress the motor and sensory nerves or muscles4 ,the circulation is but slightly influenced1 and vasomotor depression only occurs in the later stage of lethal poisoning4 ,death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory centres4 ,poisoning in animals is exhibited by loss of muscular power1 slowing and failure of respiration1 stupor1 and asphyxia4 ,the pulse may be infrequent1 the pupils are dilated1 and the skin is moist rather than dry4 ,the following symptoms in animals are given by ,welsby3 ,nervo-muscular exaltation1 eyelids and irides much dilated1 eyes amaurotic and very bright1 pulse full1 temperature normal1 respiration difficult and hurried1 profuse salivation1 muscles of neck and extremities in a state of tetanic rigidity1 considerable abdominal distension1 stercoraceous and renal emunctories entirely suspended1 death4 ,in a cow there was observed1 two hours after eating1 dilatation of pupils1 the conjunctiv were injected1 and the carotids beat violently4 ,there were general convulsions1 loud respiration1 salivation1 and purgation4 ,according to ,pott the milk of affected cows is of an unpleasant taste4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #ci1 #eg1 #fh1 #gc1 #ha1 #abh1 #ada1 #aea1 #aeg1 #afa1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bac1 #beg4 ,garden ,nightshade 7,solanum nigrum ,l474 ,this species is described as 8one of the widest spread weeds over every part of the globe1 except the extreme north and south2 varying so much in warmer regions as to have been described under more than forty names0 7,bentham and ,hooker74 ,in the same way there can be no doubt that1 though it must always be regarded as poisonous1 this plant varies considerably in toxicity according to soil1 climate1 and general condition of growth4 ,for this reason the plant may sometimes be eaten in considerable quantities without ill effects1 while in other cases it will undoubtedly prove poisonous4 ,children have been poisoned by the berries1 but may on occasion eat them with no other ill effect than a stomach ache1 or1 if eaten in excess1 sickness and purging4 ,the berries 8have even been used instead of raisins for plum puddings with no effects out of the ordinary0 7,ewart74 ,the plant has also been used in ,queensland and elsewhere as a substitute for spinach4 ,in several cases the plant has proved fatal4 ,gohier gave #c kilogrammes 7#f lb47 of the green plant to a horse and observed no serious symptoms4 ,cases of poisoning are recorded for calves1 sheep1 goats and pigs 7,chesnut and ,wilcox74 ,according to ,lehmann1 ,schraber and ,haller1 the berries are poisonous to ducks and chickens4 ,over thirty years ago the death of a number of cattle in ,victoria was recorded as being due to poisoning by this weed4 ,though cases of poisoning of stock are rare1 partly perhaps because the plant is a weed of arable land and partly because animals are likely to avoid it unless starved1 ,solanum nigrum must be regarded as a poisonous plant1 any examples of which may prove toxic4 ,the downy and more prostrate form has been considered the most poisonous4 ,the 8,wonderberry10 said to be a hybrid between ,solanum guineense and ,s4 villosum1 which are probably varieties of ,s4 nigrum1 cannot in ,england be distinguished from the last named1 the fruits of which appear to be edible in some countries and poisonous in others4 ,greshoff found that fruits of the 8,wonderberry0 contained more ,solanine than the wild ,english ,s4 nigrum or the ,canadian form known as the 8,huckleberry10 and hence they should not be eaten4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the ,garden ,nightshade1 in particular the berries1 contains the alkaloidal glucoside ,solanine1 of which the formula is considered doubtful4 ,solanine is readily converted into sugar and the poisonous ,solanidine4 ,it was isolated from the berries in #ahba1 and though decidedly active in sufficient quantity is not a violent poison4 ,a small quantity of ,solanine is present in the stem and berries1 but these are probably less poisonous than green potatoes 7p4 #ed74 ,symptoms4 ,the symptoms of poisoning are apparently much the same in man and animals3 8,stupefaction2 staggering2 loss of speech1 feeling1 and consciousness2 cramps and sometimes convulsions4 ,the pupil is generally dilated40 ,,references4 #d1 #aj1 #aa1 #af1 #ag1 #eb1 #ec1 #eg1 #gc1 #ha1 #hb1 #abh1 #ada1 #afa1 #bjc1 #bce1 #bdj4 ,bittersweet 7,solanum ,dulcamara ,l474 ,some doubt exists in regard to the toxic character of this common denizen of the hedge-row1 some persons regarding the berries as harmless and others as poisonous4 ,possibly the plant varies in toxicity4 ,floyer states that #cj berries killed a dog4 ,though stock rarely touch the plant there seems to be no doubt that it is poisonous1 stem1 leaves1 and berries containing the toxic alkaloid found in ,s4 nigrum and the potato 7q4v471 and it is especially possible that poisoning may follow the ingestion of the berries4 ,johnson and ,sowerby 7#ahfa7 say that the leaves are narcotic1 causing nausea and giddiness1 and that the fruit is equally harmful1 though no fatal cases then seemed to be recorded4 ,gillam records 7,vet4 ,record1 #aijf7 a case of poisoning of sheep4 ,an anonymous writer in the ,mark ,lane ,express 7,july #bd1 #aiaa7 states emphatically that this plant is very poisonous1 and that he has known #ad per cent4 of the sheep on a farm to be killed by it in a year1 while his veterinary surgeon had had #dj cases that season1 some proving fatal4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,like ,s4 nigrum1 the stems1 leaves1 and berries of ,bittersweet contain ,solanine4 ,the berries are stated by ,esser to contain #jc to #jg per cent4 of ,solanine4 ,the stems also contain the glucoside ,dulcamarin 7,c#bb;,h#cd,o#aj71 which imparts a bitter taste to the plant1 but which has not been fully studied4 ,symptoms4 ,in the case recorded by ,gillam 7see above7 the symptoms observed in sheep were small intermittent pulse1 temperature #ajd ,f41 quickened respiration1 staggering gait1 dilated pupil1 and greenish diarrha4 ,the symptoms appear to be the same in the case of cattle 7,farmer and ,stockbreeder1 ,july #aj1 #aiaa74 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #dj1 #ej1 #eb1 #gc1 #ha1 #ada1 #adg1 #bjc1 #bac1 #beg4 ,the ,potato 7,solanum tuberosum ,l474 ,though potato haulm is more or less commonly utilised on the ,continent as a green fodder1 and has been so used in ,england1 yet there are good grounds for the general belief that it is not a suitable food for stock4 ,the tubers may in general be eaten with impunity1 but1 under certain conditions1 cannot be regarded as blameless1 since they have caused serious injury4 ,there are certainly records of injury to man from eating ,potatoes1 and accidents with animals have occurred more commonly4 8,greened0 tubers1 and tubers with young shoots appear to be the chief cause of accidents1 and1 as regards live stock1 usually when fed raw4 ,cornevin knew of no case of poisoning in man1 and considered that this was probably because man 7#a7 eats only the part poorest in the toxic principle 7see below71 7#b7 does not eat the skin1 7#c7 always cooks the tubers1 and 7#d7 rarely subsists only on potatoes for a considerable time4 ,he found accidents among animals1 however1 not rare4 ,in fact1 eliminating cases possibly due to changes caused by weather1 cryptogams1 and ferments1 he found poisonings every year unquestionably due to ,solanine1 chiefly among cattle4 ,cows will eat the haulm without trouble in times of scarcity of green fodder1 but to the detriment of their health if such feeding is prolonged4 ,macfadyen showed some time since that old sprouted ,potatoes1 even after boiling1 are poisonous to horses4 ,in #ahif eleven horses died from eating in most instances small quantities of spoiled and somewhat sprouted ,potatoes1 and two test-horses fed on the ,potatoes died4 ,in this case1 however1 it was conjectured that the poison was probably some organic substance generated by the bacteria or fungi growing on the ,potatoes4 ,chesnut and ,wilcox 7#aija7 recorded the death of six pigs due to eating sprouted uncooked ,potatoes2 after cooking the potatoes did not cause poisoning4 ,with sufficient boiling most of the poison appears to remain behind in the water and might be thrown away4 ,cases of poisoning of stock by ,potatoes appear to have occurred more or less frequently in ,germany4 ,two such cases were noted in the ,berliner ,tierrztliche ,wochenschrift in #aiji1 in one of which #fd cows developed symptoms of poisoning after being fed on a large quantity of raw tubers1 while in the other instance two cows became ill after eating ,potato parings--which1 as shown below1 contain more ,solanine than the 8flesh40 ,in the case of two children who died1 ,f4 ,w4 ,stoddart1 ,public ,analyst of ,bristol1 after a post-mortem in one case1 gave a very guarded opinion that death was probably due to ,solanine poisoning1 due to eating raw ,potato peel1 but was not confident4 ,a most interesting case of severe but not fatal poisoning is described in ,the ,lancet 7#ahii74 ,no less than #ef soldiers in ,berlin were badly affected1 until the supply of ,potatoes was stopped1 but the men recovered4 ,pammel 7#aiaa7 states that some persons cannot eat ,potatoes because poisonous to them1 but such persons must be extremely rare1 and hypersensitive to minimum quantities of ,solanine1 which is almost if not quite absent in the 8flesh0 of ,potatoes4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the ,potato plant1 like the other species of ,solanum mentioned above1 contains ,solanine1 which occurs not only in the haulm1 but in the flowers and fruits1 and in the peel of the tubers4 ,solanidine also occurs ready-formed in the young sprouts of potatoes to the extent of #ae per cent4 7,allen74 ,in the case of the soldiers poisoned in ,berlin analysis demonstrated the presence of ,solanine to the extent of #jjch per cent4 in boiled tubers and #jjbd per cent4 in raw tubers1 and on an average every man who fell ill had #jc gramme of the alkaloid1 a sufficient quantity to produce toxic results4 ,esser 7#aiaj7 states that in midsummer the haulm contains #jjibe per cent4 of ,solanine but late in summer only #jjcgd per cent4 ,in the tubers the alkaloid occurs in the inner layers of the peel to the extent of #jjabd per cent41 red or pink varieties containing rather more than yellow sorts4 ,the same authority says that damp soils tend to a higher percentage of ,solanine than dry soils#c1 and that nitrogenous manuring as compared with potash tends to an increase of ,solanine4 ,in fresh spring shoots #ae per cent4 of the alkaloid has been found1 and the percentage is especially high in tubers which have been 8greened0 by long exposure to light4 ,as already stated it is the greened tubers which appear to be the chief cause of accidents4 ,tubers with young shoots are richer in poisonous alkaloids than those which have not yet been sprouted2 such tubers when fed raw to stock may on occasion induce poisoning1 unless fed only in small quantities4 ,footnote #c3 ,on the other hand1 potatoes grown in a dry sandy soil are stated to contain more ,solanine than those grown in other soils4 ,writing in #ahhg ,cornevin remarked that ,solanine1 though neither very active nor very abundant in ,potatoes1 nevertheless causes accidents1 as it is cumulative1 or1 to be more exact1 is eliminated slowly4 ,symptoms4 ,in poisoning by potato haulm1 ,cornevin records constipation1 loss of appetite1 rise in temperature1 accelerated circulation1 normal respiration1 salivation1 tumefaction of eyelids1 eyes watery1 conjunctiv injected1 and hair erect4 ,the skin is covered with scabs which exude matter1 the skin being cracked4 ,these scabs are found especially on the scrotum of male cattle and the udder of female cattle1 but also in the caudal region and round the anus4 ,an examination of the mouth shows places on the upper jaw which are devoid of mucus and are purulent at the centre1 the mucus round the edges being swollen4 ,the posterior members are similarly but not so badly affected4 ,movement of these members seems to cause the animal much pain4 ,defecation is frequent1 the fces being liquid and dark in colour4 ,the animals are recumbent for a considerable time with the posterior members stretched out4 ,in the worst cases there is pronounced emaciation4 ,according to ,friedberger and ,frhner 7vide ,pammel7 animals affected by potato tops show symptoms resembling those of foot-and-mouth disease4 ,according to ,pott the berries cause colic and foul smelling diarrha in cattle4 ,a ,german veterinary surgeon after feeding the green plant observed symptoms of delirium1 paralysis1 and flatulence4 ,in other cases trembling and uncertain gait1 with paralysis of the spinal cord1 have been observed in cows4 ,in poisoning by tubers there is depression1 loss of appetite1 cessation of lactation1 gritting of teeth1 profound prostration1 with a remarkable somnolence1 but no dilatation of the pupils4 ,the animals remain recumbent1 with closed eyes1 and refuse to get up4 ,respiration is somewhat retarded1 and the pulse is small and accelerated4 ,there are digestive disturbances1 tympanitis1 diarrha succeeds constipation1 and there is vomiting 7where possible74 ,the poisoning is usually fatal4 ,where a large quantity of sprouted ,potatoes has been fed the prostration becomes paraplegia1 with loss of sensibility1 stupefaction1 and death4 ,where there is prolonged ingestion of a large quantity of unsprouted tubers there is prostration1 intestinal irritation1 rapid emaciation and death in marasmus after an illness of from one to three weeks 7,cornevin74 ,pott states that potatoes diseased with wet rot1 when fed raw1 cause digestive troubles1 bloating1 diarrha1 abortion1 and decrease in milk yield1 with fatal results in some cases4 ,potatoes diseased with dry rot cause constipation in sucking pigs1 and a 8fishy0 butter from cow's milk4 ,lander notices two cases of poisoning of horses by tubers4 ,in the first case the symptoms were a small and weak pulse1 normal temperature and loss of coordination in movements2 complete loss of appetite1 excessive thirst1 but inability to drink2 mydriasis1 stertorous breathing1 suspension of peristalsis1 and slight tremors over the crural muscles4 ,in the second case there was a rapid and feeble pulse1 temperature #ajc ,f41 intense congestion of the mucous membranes1 and very ftid diarrha1 terminating fatally4 ,in poisoning of horses after receiving large quantities of raw ,potatoes1 ,pott records boil-like swellings on the skin1 loss of hair1 diarrha1 inflammation of the stomach and intestines1 skin irritation1 and swollen fetlocks and hocks4 ,in reference to the horses mentioned above 7p4 #ee7 it is stated that an affected animal seems dull1 and dies within twelve hours after being first observed1 without evincing any sign of pain4 ,the first symptoms in ten cases were weakness and loss of power over the limbs4 ,in cows the symptoms 7,mller7 are loss of appetite1 bloating1 diarrha1 staggering1 dilatation of pupils1 convulsions1 loss of sensation and paralysis4 ,in many cases1 however1 these symptoms do not appear1 but instead there are outbreaks on the skin of the hind legs similar to those in foot-and-mouth disease4 ,pott mentions abortion as a symptom4 ,after the ingestion of green ,potato parings by dairy cows he remarks catarrh of the stomach and intestines1 and bad milk and cheese2 consumption of diseased ,potato parings resulted in the flow of hard mucus from the mouth1 the legs being badly swollen1 and covered with scabs1 and the mouth and body covered with boils4 ,symptoms of paralysis were noticed after feeding dirty ,potato parings to four cows and four bulls1 and one cow died4 ,in the case of the cows already referred to 7p4 #ee7 as poisoned in ,germany1 it was remarked as a noticeable feature in both instances that there was the appearance of eczema on the hind limbs1 causing lameness4 ,a case in which pigs were fed on uncooked1 sprouted ,potatoes is noticed by ,chesnut and ,wilcox2 there was slowly progressing paralysis1 which became complete after about #bd hours1 increased salivation1 and a regurgitation of the stomach contents4 ,according to ,pott death may result in pigs4 ,the symptoms given by ,lander for poisoning in pigs are loss of appetite1 dullness1 exhaustion1 imperceptible pulse1 watery diarrha1 low temperature and comatose condition4 ,in the case of the poisoned soldiers the symptoms were those of acute gastro-enteritis2 rise in temperature to #ajc ,f42 headache1 colic1 diarrha1 general debility2 in some cases vomiting1 in others nausea only2 several men fainted1 and one had convulsions2 the majority were drowsy and apathetic2 but all recovered4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #ai1 #eg1 #gc1 #ha1 #abh1 #acj1 #ada1 #agj1 #aij1 #aif1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bac4 ,deadly ,nightshade 7,atropa ,belladonna ,l474 ,this plant has long been known to be exceedingly poisonous1 all parts containing a toxic principle4 ,both man and domestic animals may be poisoned1 though the latter are very unlikely to touch the plant4 ,as regards man1 children are most likely to be affected1 owing to the attractive character of the large bright black berries4 ,domestic animals appear to be rarely poisoned and are less affected than man1 and in any case the susceptibility of various species--and even individuals of the same species--is very variable4 ,human beings are most susceptible1 followed by the cat and dog2 the horse is much less so2 and the pig1 goat1 sheep1 and rabbit are little susceptible to poisoning1 even on eating the root--the most poisonous part 7,cornevin74 ,gohier and others have given over #b lb4 of the green plant to horses without ill effects1 and this repeated on three days did not cause marked pathological troubles4 ,hertwig considered large ruminants to be more sensible than horses to the action of ,belladonna4 ,it appears to be agreed that small ruminants are very slightly susceptible to this plant4 ,birds are considered almost insensitive1 while rabbits may be fed for weeks on the leaves without poisoning1 as also sheep1 goats1 and pigs4 ,horses and cattle are more sensitive but nevertheless resistant4 ,the poison is no doubt quickly removed by the kidneys1 since ordinary injection of ,belladonna causes the usual symptoms4 ,it is stated that the flesh of rabbits and birds which have eaten the plant and have been slaughtered apparently healthy is poisonous to man4 ,one berry can induce symptoms of human poisoning1 and a child died after eating only three berries4 ,mortality in human cases of poisoning by ,belladonna is given by ,kanngiesser as #aj per cent4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,deadly ,nightshade is the source of drugs widely used in medicine1 and its properties as regards man have been extensively studied4 ,the principal substance present is the alkaloid ,hyoscyamine 7,c#ag;,h#bc,o#c,n71 readily converted into ,atropine 7,c#ag;,h#bc,o#c,n72 ,scopolamine or ,hyoscine 7,c#ag;,h#ba,o#d,n71 and in smaller quantity ,apoatropine1 and ,belladonine are also present4 ,all parts of the plant contain the toxic alkaloids1 but in unequal degree4 ,the total quantity of the alkaloids is largest in the roots 7#jd to #a per cent471 which in the fresh state contain no ,atropine1 but only ,hyoscyamine2 the leaves and fruits contain less of the alkaloids1 and cultivated plants have been found to be poorer 7#jbf per cent47 than wild 7#jd per cent74 ,the root has been found to be five times as toxic as the berries4 ,drying does not destroy the poisonous properties4 ,symptoms4 ,in quantities which are not fatal the symptoms are nausea1 dilatation of pupils1 muscular weakness1 stumbling1 falling1 and rising only to fall again4 ,these are followed by vertigo1 frenzy1 and coma 7more rarely74 ,there is a slight slackening in respiration1 and an increase in the rapidity of the heart's action4 ,dysury and constipation are observed4 ,in fatal quantities the symptoms are more intense and make their appearance more rapidly4 ,the nausea is accompanied by vomiting1 and there is almost complete loss of sight4 ,sensitiveness is at first increased but later diminishes and gradually disappears2 complete incoordination of movements2 increase in the heart's action but a gradually weakening pulse2 stertorous1 painful respiration2 decrease in temperature4 ,there is repeated urination at the commencement of the poisoning1 and then dysury4 ,at the approach of death there are muscular trembling and clonic contractions4 ,this phase of convulsions is short but very clear in some cases3 other cases do not leave the deep coma in which they are plunged 7,cornevin74 ,in regard to cattle1 the following symptoms are given by ,mller3 ,injury to sight1 dilatation of pupils1 constipation1 later bloody evacuations1 pain in hind limbs1 rapid pulse1 difficult breathing1 restlessness1 frenzy and finally paralysis4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #fa1 #gc1 #ha1 #abh1 #ach1 #adc1 #aea1 #aeg1 #afa1 #aij1 #bje4 ,,chapter ,v ,,scrophularine ,foxglove 7,digitalis purpurea ,l474 ,the ,foxglove has been recognized as poisonous for centuries1 and one of its trivial names is ,dead ,men's ,bells--a name suggestive of the consequences of taking it4 ,it is the source of the well-known drug2 and cases of human poisoning have been very common1 though by no means always fatal--indeed1 ,esser says 8seldom resulting in death40 ,animals are not known to touch this plant1 but it may possibly be included in rough meadow hay1 though only one case1 in which two cows and a horse became ill after eating hay containing dry foxgloves1 has come to notice 7,veterinary ,record1 #aijf74 ,cornevin1 however1 experimented on animals1 and found the following amounts of fresh leaves capable of causing death in the animals specified3-- ,horse #abj-adj grammes 7#d to #e oz47 ,ox #afj-ahj 7#ee to #fe oz47 ,sheep #be- #cj 7#jhh to #a oz47 ,pig #ae- #bj 7#je to #jg oz47 ,the weight of dried leaves would be only one-fourth of these figures4 ,all parts of the foxglove are poisonous1 but especially the seeds1 and the leaves are more active before than after the flowering period4 ,cultivated varieties are stated to be less toxic than the wild species4 ,the effects of poisoning may terminate fatally in a few hours1 or if small quantities are taken regularly the poison may be cumulative and induce chronic poisoning4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the foxglove contains several poisonous glucosides1 investigated by ,kiliani1 ,schmiedeberg1 ,cloette1 ,bourquelot1 ,herzig1 and others4 ,the following substances are toxic3 ,digitalin 7,c#ce;,h#ef,o#ad or ,c#cf;,h#eh,o#ad7 in the seeds and leaves2 ,digitonin 7,c#ed;,h#ib,o#bh or ,c#ee;,h#id,o#bh7 in the seeds2 ,digitalein1 only in small quantity2 ,digitoxin 7,c#cd;,h#ed,o#aa7 in the leaves2 and ,digitin4 ,the toxic property of the foxglove is not lost on drying or boiling4 ,symptoms4 ,digitalis is an active heart poison1 and causes nausea1 pressure in the region of the stomach1 with diminished pulse1 darkening of the field of vision1 dizziness1 buzzing in the ears1 and usually dilated pupils4 ,according to ,pammel the symptoms in animals are dullness1 lassitude1 loss of appetite1 nausea1 flatulence1 diarrha2 infrequent1 full pulse 7reduced #f-aj beats in the horse72 and contracted pupils4 ,in fatal cases these symptoms are followed by severe colic and tympanites2 rapid1 feeble1 dicrotic1 irregular or intermittent pulse 7#abj-adj in horses71 while the heart may be heard and felt beating wildly and strongly1 and a systolic blowing murmur can frequently be detected4 ,this is due to mitral or tricuspid regurgitation caused by irregular contraction of the column carn4 ,the pulse is imperceptible because of the failure of the heart to fill the vessels4 ,the extremities are cold1 the eye is protruding1 and salivation occurs4 ,bloody diarrha is very often present and the urine may be suppressed4 ,the breathing finally becomes difficult and death ensues within a few hours1 or as late as several days4 ,the following account of the symptoms of poisoning in various animals is collected by ,lander3-- ,horses4 ,on the first day sleepiness1 swollen eyelids1 dilated pupils1 injected conjunctiv1 considerable swelling in submaxillary space2 respiration normal1 temperature #ajce ,f42 pulse full1 between #fe and #ge1 very intermittent1 being occasionally normal2 the second heart sound frequently obliterated4 ,on the next day laboured breathing1 head immensely swollen1 tongue greatly enlarged and protruding1 pulse #hj and most erratic1 temperature very slightly up1 great restlessness4 ,respiration became more difficult and stertorous1 tongue and buccal membranes livid1 jugular standing out4 ,a mare experimentally poisoned showed on the third day dullness and loss of appetite2 fourth day nauseated2 nose1 mouth1 and ears cold2 abdomen blown1 with colicky pain1 and occasional pawing2 pupil somewhat contracted1 pulse firm at axilla and heart1 but not perceptible at jaw2 at #d4cj p4m4 she was down1 much pained1 and attempting to roll2 pulse #hb1 but unequal2 fifth day1 pulse1 imperceptible at jaw1 about #abj2 respiration #be1 and very much laboured3 lips retracted and saliva dripping from the mouth2 enormous abdominal tympanites1 and much pain2 rapid sinking3 died sixth day4 ,cows4 ,fed erratically1 breathed hard1 lay down after feeding4 ,pulse almost imperceptible1 contracted pupil1 and excessive urination4 ,pigs4 ,languid and sleepy3 refused to eat or drink1 attempting to vomit and repeatedly passing small quantities of fces4 ,urination was scanty and strained4 ,in a case of poisoning among horses to which ,mller refers the animals had an exhausted appearance1 there was loss of appetite1 increasing thirst1 often also colic1 and later diarrha1 urination often in great quantity1 and staggering4 ,some of the animals died after a few days in convulsions4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #gc1 #gf1 #gi1 #ha1 #afa1 #agj1 #ahg1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bac1 #bbi1 #beb1 #beg4 ,lousewort 7,pedicularis1 sp474 ,two species of lousewort are involved1 ,p4 palustris ,l4 and ,p4 sylvatica ,l41 and though both are regarded as poisonous the extent to which they are so is not well known4 ,they have an unpleasant smell and sharp taste1 and are in general refused by all classes of stock4 ,p4 sylvatica may be eaten when young 7,cornevin74 ,lindley says that both plants are acrid1 but are eaten by goats4 ,p4 palustris is regarded by ,pott as an acutely poisonous plant1 especially for sheep4 ,a decoction of these plants was formerly used against lice1 and hence the trivial name4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,very little appears to be known about the poisonous principle1 but1 like ,rhinanthus and ,melampyrum1 they have been found to contain the glucoside ,rhinanthin 7see p4 #if74 ,symptoms4 ,the plants are held to be emetic and purgative2 to cause inflammation of the digestive tract1 and to cause anmia in cattle4 ,brugmann stated 7vide ,cornevin7 that if1 pressed by hunger1 animals eat ,p4 palustris1 the first consequence is hmaturia4 ,mller also notes hmaturia4 ,,references4 #gc1 #gf1 #ha1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bac4 ,,polygonace4 ,docks 7,rumex sp474 ,in general it is probable that but little harm is done by species of ,rumex1 but owing to the fact that ,common ,sorrel 7,r4 ,acetosa ,l47 and ,sheep's ,sorrel 7,r4 ,acetosella ,l47 contain acid oxalates they may on occasion prove injurious4 ,instances have been recorded in which children have suffered from eating the leaves of the former species in considerable quantity1 and both species have been accused by veterinary surgeons of poisoning horses and sheep1 some sheep even dying4 ,pammel states that the ,curled ,dock 7,r4 crispus ,l47 induces nausea1 watery brown fces1 copious urination1 dry spasmodic cough1 and perspiration2 but no record of the death of animals has been found4 ,in regard to ,r4 ,acetosella it is stated that in the horse a condition may be produced resembling drunkenness1 with vacillating gait1 salivation1 muscular tremors1 dilatation of pupils1 relaxation of sphincters1 and a feeble1 slow1 and intermittent pulse3 then convulsive contraction of lips1 retraction of the eyeball1 accelerated and stertorous breathing1 extreme dilatation of the nostrils1 tetanic contraction of the muscles of the neck1 back1 and limbs1 abundant sweating and falling4 ,in bad cases after a period of extreme exhaustion1 these symptoms are repeated1 and death occurs in convulsions 7,cornevin74 ,the acid oxalates seem especially harmful to sheep1 causing loss of appetite1 exhaustion1 small and scarcely perceptible pulse1 rapid breathing1 and constipation1 and in many cases severe diarrha1 uncertain gait1 and sometimes death 7,mller74 ,the milk of affected cows is with difficulty made into butter 7,pott74 ,,references4 #gc1 #ada1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bcc4 ,polygonum sp4 ,several species of ,polygonum are said to have poisonous properties4 ,the chief among them is ,buckwheat 7,p4 ,fagopyrum71 the grain of which is widely grown as a food for both man and live stock4 ,this plant1 particularly the flowers1 has given rise to a well-known rash in man1 cattle1 sheep1 and pigs1 with congestion and tumefaction--especially of the head and ears4 ,there is also nervous disturbance1 with agitation and hallucination--sheep1 for example1 may butt against objects4 ,the affection of the nervous centres may lead to fatal results1 which have followed in cattle1 sheep1 and pigs4 ,little is known of this so-called ,fagopyrism1 but after analytical and spectroscopical researches on the colouring matter of the tegument ,kurt concluded that it is due to the chlorophyll4 ,persicaria 7,p4 ,persicaria ,l47 and ,water-pepper 7,p4 hydropiper ,l47 are also stated to be harmful1 though the former has been considered a nutritious plant and has been given to horses and cattle as a green food4 ,both species1 however1 are said to cause a rash1 and to contain injurious narcotic substances4 ,persicaria is stated by ,mller to have caused inflammation of the bladder and the digestive tract in pigs1 and ,water-pepper to have caused hmaturia2 fatal results have followed4 ,pott records similar symptoms4 ,in regard to ,persicaria it should be noted that it varies considerably in general form1 and may possibly vary also in acridity4 ,bentham and ,hooker state of ,p4 hydropiper that 8the whole plant is more or less acrid or biting to the taste40 ,,references4 #ag1 #ai1 #gc1 #aij1 #bjd1 #bac4 ,,thymelace4 ,mezereon 7,daphne ,mezereum ,l47 and ,spurge ,laurel 7,d4 ,laureola ,l474 ,both of these species are acrid and poisonous1 and cases of the death of horses due to the spurge laurel are recorded by ,lander4 ,in general1 however1 animals will not eat the plants1 and indeed1 in one of the cases mentioned by ,lander the dried leaves were administered for worms4 ,should they touch these plants most animals would probably refuse them on account of their bitter taste4 ,the berries are tempting to children1 and ,pratt says 8,death has resulted from eating but a few of these berries 7,d4 ,mezereum72 and ,dr4 ,christison relates a case of a child1 in ,edinburgh1 who died from eating them1 while another is recorded by ,linnus of a young lady to whom twelve of the berries were given as a medicine in intermittent fever1 and who soon died in consequence of their corrosive poison4 ,four berries produced thirst1 sense of heat in the mouth and throat1 and also fever1 in a man who ate them2 and they are proved to be poisonous to dogs and foxes40 ,blyth states that #cj grammes 7#a oz47 of the powdered bark is a lethal dose for a horse1 but smaller doses of the fresh leaves may be deadly 7,pammel74 ,toxic ,principle4 ,all parts of these plants are acrid and poisonous1 especially the bark and berries4 ,they contain the bitter1 astringent1 and poisonous glucoside ,daphnin 7,c#cj;,h#cd,o#ai--or ,c#ae;,h#afji according to ,van ,rijn71 an acrid resin 7,mezerein71 and a vesicating fatty oil4 7,pott remarks that ,daphnin is believed to be harmless1 but that ,mezerein has poisonous effects47 ,drying does not destroy the poisonous property4 ,symptoms4 ,the ,daphnes are severely purgative1 cause burning in the mouth and throat1 and in severe cases have narcotic effects and give rise to convulsions4 ,lander gives the symptoms as intense colic1 constipation1 followed by dysentery and copious evacuations of fces streaked with mucus1 blood1 and intestinal epithelium4 ,drowsiness between the spasms4 ,according to ,mller there is inflammation of the stomach and intestines 7with colic1 vomiting1 severe diarrha1 passing of blood71 inflammation of the kidneys 7with strangury1 bloody urination71 and in many cases nervous symptoms 7weakness1 giddiness1 and convulsions74 ,in a case observed by ,lander1 in the horse1 there was abdominal pain1 staggering gait1 anxious countenance1 laboured breathing1 pulse #hj1 temperature #ajcb ,f41 bowels normal4 ,on the following day there was excessive purgation1 pulse #abj1 temperature #ajdb ,f41 and death occurred at mid-day4 ,,references4 #gc1 #gf1 #ha1 #acj1 #ada1 #agj1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bac1 #baf1 #bdj4 ,,euphorbiace4 ,spurges 7,euphorbia sp474 ,many species of ,spurge must be regarded as acrid1 purgative1 and poisonous4 ,live stock are not likely to touch them1 owing to the acrid effect of the milky juice on the mouth4 ,the ,caper ,spurge 7,e4 ,lathyris ,l47 contains an acrid1 emetic1 and highly purgative milky juice1 and the fruits have commonly been employed by country folk as a purge1 and also as a pickle1 though they are dangerous and should not be so used4 ,pratt records a case in which five women ate the pickled fruits with boiled mutton1 and all suffered severe pain and burning in the stomach1 and showed other symptoms attendant on irritant poisoning--and though all recovered the illness was severe4 ,used in this manner1 indeed1 they have given rise to serious cases of human poisoning4 ,only very young animals are said to eat it1 but cattle in the ,united ,states are said to be 8quite resistant to its influence1 but they are sometimes overcome40 ,according to ,chesnut goats eat this plant extensively1 and it is said that their milk then possesses all the venomous properties4 ,petty ,spurge 7,e4 ,peplus ,l47 is somewhat similar to the ,caper ,spurge in poisonous properties1 and fatal poisoning has occurred through a boy eating it4 ,sun ,spurge 7,e4 ,helioscopia ,l47 is similarly poisonous to the preceding species4 ,it has caused fatal poisoning to a boy who ate it4 ,in ,germany cows were poisoned through pasturing in stubble in which the plant was growing1 but there were no deaths4 ,toxic ,principles4 ,the milky juice of these spurges contains highly acrid poisonous substances1 which have not been individually and fully investigated4 ,drying may reduce the toxicity but does not eliminate it4 ,symptoms4 ,as regards ,e4 ,lathyris ,chesnut says that on the skin the juice causes redness1 itching1 pimples1 and sometimes gangrene4 ,the seeds when eaten inflame the mouth and stomach1 cause vomiting and intense diarrha1 and if the illness is serious1 nervous disorders1 unconsciousness1 collapse1 and death4 ,the ,euphorbias have an acrid effect on the mouth1 and severe poisoning may follow their use as aperients--burning mouth1 swelling tongue1 stomach pains1 cold skin1 vertigo1 fainting or syncope1 and even death in two or three days 7,esser74 ,similar symptoms are given by ,cornevin1 who states that the ,euphorbias have an irritating effect on the mucous membrane1 especially at the back of the mouth4 ,in from three quarters of an hour to two hours after eating the plant1 or even longer1 there is painful vomiting1 followed by diarrhic evacuations1 with a lowering of the temperature4 ,if the quantity ingested has been sufficient there appear also nervous symptoms1 vertigo1 delirium1 muscular tremors1 and respiratory and circulatory troubles which disappear after abundant sweating if the poisoning is not fatal4 ,if it is fatal the symptoms of superpurgation and enteritis predominate1 but are accompanied by nervous symptoms and circulatory disorders4 ,mller gives in addition loss of appetite1 piteous whining 7in goats71 groaning1 colic and tympanites2 and ,pott1 bloating1 fever1 palpitation of the heart1 and loss of consciousness4 ,cows gave a reddish or sharp-tasting milk4 ,milk of affected goats caused diarrha human beings4 ,,references4 #ai1 #eb1 #ec1 #gc1 #ha1 #hb1 #acj1 #ada1 #aij1 #bac1 #baf4 ,dog's ,mercury 7,mercurialis perennis ,l47 and ,annual ,mercury 7,m4 annua ,l474 ,these two species may be taken together as they have similar poisonous properties1 and closely resemble one another1 though the former is a perennial and the latter an annual4 ,the plants have a somewhat unpleasant odour1 and live stock are not likely to take them unless pressed for readily available green food4 ,the loss of one cow and severe illness of four others was recorded by ,blackhurst in the ,veterinary ,journal in #ahif2 ,gssow mentioned the loss of cows in the ,farmer and ,stock ,breeder ,yearbook1 #aijg2 the loss of horses fed on herbage cut from a hedge and containing ,m4 perennis was recorded in the ,journal of the ,royal ,agricultural ,society in #ahih2 the loss of sheep was recorded by ,henslow4 ,as regards man1 ,ray records a case in which a family of five persons suffered severely from eating ,m4 annua fried with bacon4 ,fishermen ate it with soup and all were seriously ill an hour later1 with symptoms of irritant narcotic poisoning2 two children died the next day4 ,cornevin saw ,m4 annua used1 after boiling1 as a food for pigs1 without ill consequences1 in the east of ,france4 ,this is believed to be due to the poison being volatile and destroyed by heat or boiling2 hence in hay the plant is harmless1 though ,pott says that even in hay stock avoid it4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the poisonous properties are said to be due to ,mercurialine1 ,oil of ,euphorbia1 a volatile toxic alkaloid4 ,esser states that the stem and leaves of ,m4 annua contain ,trimethylamine1 which may perhaps be a decomposition product of ,choline1 a poisonous base4 ,symptoms4 ,both plants are emetic and dangerously purgative1 causing irritant and narcotic symptoms4 ,veterinary observation has shown that the poison is cumulative1 and that it is usually after the weed has formed part of the food for #g1 #h1 or #aj days that symptoms first appear4 ,in the case recorded by ,blackhurst 7see above7 the cows suffered from inflammation of the digestive tract1 with severe purging and loss of blood4 ,the secretion of milk entirely stopped4 ,one cow died1 but three recovered in about four days4 ,the fifth was not convalescent for three weeks and then had a permanently curved and injured neck1 the muscles being subsequently found rich in fibrous tissue1 and the last three joints partially anchylosed4 ,rabbits were tested by feeding two on the leaves1 two on the stems and roots1 and two on the ground seeds mixed with oatmeal2 the first two were unaffected1 but the other four died in a few hours1 showing drowsiness and suffering1 while the post-mortem showed gastritis4 ,the digestive and urinary tracts are affected4 ,there is indigestion with slight bloating1 then colic of varying intensity1 and at first diarrha which may give place later to constipation2 hmaturia2 micturition is frequent1 painful1 and the urine is blackish and bloody2 dullness1 weakness1 loss of appetite and refusal of food2 the heart beats very strongly1 the pulse is rapid1 and the mucous membrane of the eye is reddish-yellow in colour4 ,there is no modification of respiration 7,cornevin74 ,according to ,mller1 however1 the symptoms at first include constipation and later severe and bloody diarrha4 ,in cattle ,pott states that ,m4 annua causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines1 bloody urine1 paralysis of bladder1 ftid diarrha1 abortion1 and bluish coloured milk deficient in fat4 ,mller states that there is occasionally blood in the milk4 ,according to ,lander there is in cows excessive bloody purgation1 cessation of lactation1 temperature #aje ,f41 pulse #ij1 and increased respiration4 ,the illness is protracted over several weeks1 the animals being comatose after the first symptoms4 ,,references4 #gc1 #ha1 #aab1 #acj1 #adf1 #agj1 #aij1 #bje1 #bac1 #bee4 ,box 7,buxus sempervirens ,l474 ,farm live-stock may occasionally have the opportunity of browsing on box1 or clippings may be thrown to them with other green herbage from gardens4 ,care should be taken that clippings are otherwise disposed of4 ,all parts of the plant are bitter and have been proved to be poisonous4 ,the bitter taste tends to prevent animals eating sufficient of the plant to cause serious injury4 ,pigs have died a day after eating the leaves4 ,horses also were killed by eating #gej grammes 7#af lb47 of the foliage4 ,toxic ,principles4 ,faur found in the bark and leaves of box the toxic alkaloid ,buxine1 but it was believed that there were other toxic substances1 since analysis showed the leaves to be less rich in ,buxine than the bark1 while they are three times as active4 ,other substances occurring in box are ,parabuxine1 ,buxinidine1 and ,parabuxinidine4 ,symptoms4 ,small amounts have an emetic and purgative action2 with average amounts1 there are1 in addition1 nervous symptoms1 lameness1 muscular tremors1 vertigo1 then a period of coma4 ,large amounts cause death with intense abdominal pains1 dysenteric flux1 tenesmus1 convulsions1 respiratory and circulatory troubles4 ,pigs are chiefly affected after eating the leaves1 exhibiting great thirst1 uncertain gait and delirium1 while death occurs within twenty-four hours4 ,pott gives the general symptoms as sickness1 diarrha1 giddiness1 stupefaction1 convulsive movements1 and colic4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #gc1 #abh1 #aij1 #bje1 #bac1 #bce4 ,,amentace4 ,the ,oak 7,quercus sp474 ,injury to stock from the ,oak has been due in the first place to the leaves1 and in the second to the acorns4 ,in regard to the leaves no injury appears to have been recorded in ,britain1 but ,cornevin devotes attention only to poisoning by the leaves1 which in special circumstances have caused serious accidents to animals which have eaten them4 ,in ,france1 cattle taken to the forests for grazing purposes browse on the young shoots and leaves of the oak1 and after some days there arises a trouble long known as ,mal de ,brou or ,maladie des ,bois1 which may end fatally1 sometimes even in #bd hours 7see ,symptoms below74 ,a case was also reported from ,nebraska in #aijc1 ten head of cattle having apparently died from eating oak leaves1 the trimmings from trees4 ,the stomachs were full of the leaves1 and the intestines had the appearance of being burned in places4 ,there was no evidence of impaction4 ,when the cut branches were removed no more cattle were lost4 ,serious losses have been caused through the ingestion of acorns by young cattle not over about two years old1 the years #ahjh1 #ahgj1 #ahhd1 and #aijj being especially noteworthy in this respect4 ,cattle over three years old have seldom been affected1 while sheep and pigs1 if not immune to 8acorn poisoning10 are but slightly affected4 ,mller1 however1 states that horses1 cattle1 sheep1 and goats are affected2 #i quarts 7#aj litres7 taken in four days were sufficient to cause poisoning in the case of a bullock4 ,it is believed by some observers that half-ripe acorns--e4g4 acorns which may drop owing to drought--are more injurious than thoroughly ripened acorns4 ,some authorities appear to be of the opinion that 8acorn poisoning0 is not actually poisoning1 but a serious form of indigestion4 ,if this be so the symptoms must be regarded as exceedingly severe4 ,there is no doubt that 8acorn poisoning0 is not well understood1 but a great deal has been observed and written on the subject1 and there is clear evidence that acorns may reasonably be held to be poisonous4 ,it must be pointed out1 however1 that the poisoning does not usually follow on the consumption of acorns in small quantities1 but is commonly due to full meals of acorns taken in periods when there is a dearth of herbage4 ,by proper preparation and storage acorns have been converted into a most useful food for horses1 cattle and sheep 7,jour4 ,bd4 ,agric41 ,sept4 #aiad and ,feb4 #aiaf1 and ,leaflet ,no4 #bia of the ,bd4 ,agric41 ,the ,food ,value of ,acorns1 ,horse-,chestnuts and ,beech ,mast74 ,in ,germany it has been found that acorns fed to fowls caused diminished egg-laying1 which finally ceased1 while the yolks of eggs laid were discoloured a dirty brown 7,jour4 ,bd4 ,agric41 ,dec4 #aiae1 p4 #ijb74 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the facts as to acorn poisoning and oak-leaf poisoning are not clearly known1 and the actual toxic substance is similarly not certainly known4 ,it is probable1 however1 that it consists of ,tannin1 or substances which give rise to ,tannin4 ,symptoms4 ,in relation to ,maladie des ,bois due to leaves1 ,cornevin gives the symptoms as loss of appetite2 less 7and more difficult7 rumination2 constipation1 which increases2 lying down1 animals looking at their flank as in colic1 followed by rising and attempts to urinate1 with passing of rosy-coloured liquid in jets2 loss of milk production1 which may drop to nothing2 fever1 trembling1 enfeebled condition4 ,three or four days after the commencement of illness rumination is completely suspended2 there is stamping of the feet1 colic1 retracted stomach1 pulse hard1 heart agitated1 accelerated respiration1 violent muscular shocks1 and frequent urination4 ,the urine is always dark in colour1 but varies from clear red to dark black1 nut-brown being usual4 ,cases are only serious when a ftid1 frothy1 and abundant dysentery succeeds constipation1 in which case there is rapid emaciation and death4 ,usually the course of the illness is not rapid2 but occasionally there is immediate and bloody urination with violent colic and sometimes intestinal hmorrhage1 death occurring in #bd hours4 ,in poisoning by acorns there is progressive wasting1 entire loss of appetite1 diarrha1 discharge of an excessive quantity of pale urine1 sore places inside the mouth1 discharge from the nostrils1 and also from the eyes1 which are always sunken1 giving the animal a peculiar haggard expression4 ,there is no fever2 on the contrary1 the temperature is commonly below normal1 though in some cases stated to be above normal4 ,mller remarks on the severe constipation1 followed by dysenteric diarrha1 caused by acorns1 especially when eaten in the half-ripe condition1 horses1 cattle1 sheep1 and goats being affected4 ,the experimental poisoning of a young steer and a young sheep by fully ripe acorns was described in #ahga 7,jour4 ,r4,a4,s4,e41 #ahga74 ,in the steer the symptoms were a semi-conscious condition1 weak pulse1 pallid membranes1 cold surface of body1 torpid bowels1 slow breathing1 twitchings of muscles1 and a disposition to maintain a recumbent position4 ,inflammation was entirely absent4 ,the symptoms increased in severity day by day2 there ensued a copious flow of colourless urine2 a mucopurulent discharge from the eyes and nostrils4 ,no impairment of health followed the feeding of acorns to the sheep4 ,thorburn 7,veterinary ,journal1 ,feb41 #aijb7 mentions loss of appetite1 grunting1 disinclination to move1 prostration1 icy coldness of extremities1 very rapid emaciation 7this sometimes was particularly noticeable71 pulse very small and weak 7in some cases almost imperceptible71 temperature high 7#aje to #ajg ,f417 and constipation succeeded by watery diarrha4 ,brookes and ,yeomans described 7,veterinary ,journal1 #aiab7 an instance in which #cj animals were affected and #i died4 ,the chief symptoms were a dull and depressed appearance1 entire absence of appetite and rumination1 a weak feeble pulse1 subnormal temperature and disinclination to move4 ,three cases showed a mucous and blood-tinged discharge from the nostrils and anus1 and these all died1 one eight days after being seen and the other two the day afterwards4 ,obstinate stoppage was noticeable in all cases1 and the fces were inky black1 stinking and very thick4 ,yeomans observed similar symptoms of acute digestive disturbance2 later the eyes had a sunken appearance1 diarrha set in1 the fces being dark coloured1 offensive and bloodstained4 ,the temperature was at first normal and later subnormal1 and in fatal cases death took place in from #c to #g days4 ,,references4 #d1 #ac1 #bj1 #bf1 #bi1 #gj1 #gc1 #acj1 #add1 #aij1 #bdj1 #bee4 ,,conifer4 ,the only ,conifer which commonly causes poisoning of live-stock is the ,yew1 but injury might more frequently occur were it not for the fact that ,conifers generally are unpleasant to the taste1 and are hence avoided by stock4 ,many species1 however1 contain ,tannin1 ,resins and ,gums1 ,volatile ,oils1 and an acrid substance which may cause inflammation of the digestive and urinary tracts1 while ,tanret found in the young shoots of ,picea the bitter glucoside ,picein 7,c#ad;,h#ah,o#g;,h#b,o72 ,kawalier and ,thal found the intensely bitter glucoside ,pinipicrin 7,c#bb;,h#cf,o#aa7 in ,pinus sylvestris1 ,thuja occidentalis and ,juniperus ,sabina2 and ,kubel isolated ,coniferin or ,abietin 7,c#af;,h#bb,o#h71 a slightly bitter glucoside found in ,abies excelsa1 ,a4 pectinata1 ,pinus strobus1 ,larix europa and other conifers4 ,it is not clear1 however1 whether these substances are at all poisonous4 ,it is quite possible that if eaten in quantity the foliage of some ,conifers may induce poisonous symptoms and even death in the animals concerned4 ,it is noteworthy1 however1 that according to ,pott the needles of ,picea excelsa1 ,abies pectinata1 ,larix europa1 and ,pinus sp4 are1 in the mountainous districts of ,steiermark1 ,krnten1 and ,tyrol1 extensively fed to cattle and sheep1 usually as a supplementary food1 either fresh or dried and ground up--chiefly perhaps as an appetiser1 and in small quantities as a dietetic2 ,juniperus sp4 are similarly utilised in some districts4 ,it is not known to what extent the foliage may be fed without harmful consequences1 but ,pott states that large quantities can cause hmaturia and similar effects1 and hence only small quantities should be used1 and even so may impart a bad flavour to the milk of cows4 ,all green needles frequently cause digestive troubles4 ,a case has recently 7,january1 #aiaf7 been reported to the author in which a ,douglas ,fir was cut down and a small branch about #d ft4 long was flung over into a field4 ,two sheep nipped off the bark and nearly died1 but both vomited and recovered4 ,the farmer reporting this experience recalls that over #cj years ago1 after a gale1 a lot of trees were blown down in a small plantation1 and in severe weather the sheep ate the bark to such an extent that #hj of them aborted1 while of the ewes which did not eat the bark none aborted1 so that it would appear that the bark of ,scotch ,fir and ,spruce was to blame for the loss4 ,the foliage of the ,yew 7see below7 is well known to be dangerously poisonous to stock1 and has caused many losses4 ,in regard to ,cupressus the only cases of poisoning which have been traced are recorded in ,the ,journal of the ,board of ,agriculture 7,october1 #aije74 ,these cases were reported as follows3-- 8,two instances have recently come before the ,board in which the death of cattle has been attributed to the poisonous effects of ,cupressus macrocarpa and ,c4 nootkatensis4 ,in one case four bullocks died1 and on the internal organs being forwarded by the owner to the ,royal ,veterinary ,college1 ,professor ,mc,fadyean reported that from the inflamed condition of the fourth stomach and from the description of the symptoms he had little doubt that the cause of death was irritant poison4 ,some pieces of ,cupressus macrocarpa were found in their stomachs1 and in default of any other explanation it was suggested that this plant might have some poisonous properties4 8,in another case three heifers are stated to have suffered from irritant poison2 one of them died1 but the other two recovered on removal to another field4 ,the veterinary surgeon in this case also attributed the death to a ,cupressus 7,c4 nootkatensis7 growing by the side of the field4 8,the ,board have no information as to the poisonous properties of these two species1 nor can any record be found of any similar case which would tend to confirm the suspicion that they are poisonous to cattle40 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #gf1 #add1 #bac1 #beb4 ,yew 7,taxus baccata ,l474 ,as stated above1 the ,yew is the only ,british conifer that is likely to prove seriously poisonous to live stock4 ,it has unfortunately caused the death of many horses and cattle1 while asses1 mules1 deer1 pigs1 rabbits1 and pheasants have also been poisoned4 ,many cases of fatal human poisoning have also occurred4 ,for example1 the poisoning of a horse1 and of cattle1 horses1 and deer were mentioned respectively in #ahhe and #ahic 7,jour4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc474 8,through eating the poisonous leaves of a ,yew tree1 four cross-bred cattle were found dead in a shrubbery at ,elmswell1 near ,driffield0 7,daily ,mail1 #acth ,dec41 #aiac74 ,many cases of poisoning and death of animals due to eating the foliage direct from the trees have been recorded in the veterinary journals--e4g4 the death of #ae cattle in ,the ,veterinary ,news1 #gth ,dec41 #aiab4 ,tegetmeier recorded the death of pheasants due to ,yew leaves and seeds 7,the ,field1 #aath ,nov41 #ahic74 ,on the other hand many cases have been recorded in which fatal results have not followed the ingestion of the leaves1 and it appears that the lower branches of ,yew trees in parks are constantly cropped by cattle without ill effects4 7,trans4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #aijb2 ,jour4 ,bd4 ,agric41 #aijc74 ,the bark1 leaves1 and seeds are all poisonous1 the leaves usually being the parts eaten4 ,henslow states that of #cb cases of ,yew poisoning #i were due to the berries and the remainder to the leaves1 while #bj of the #cb cases were fatal4 ,in #ahgi ,r4 ,modlen published a circumstantial account of children poisoned at ,oxford by the fruits1 and demonstrated that the arillus or scarlet mucilaginous cup surrounding the ripe seed is not poisonous1 but that the seeds are so4 ,apart from idiosyncrasy of appetite stock are perhaps more likely to eat the dark green foliage of the ,yew in winter or during scarcity of green fodder than at other times4 ,the old leaves or shoots are the most poisonous parts4 ,by experiments with autumn and winter leaves ,cornevin found that the following quantities would be necessary to kill various animals3-- ,horse #jb lb4 per #ajj lb4 live weight4 ,ass and ,mule #jaf lb4 ,cow and ,sheep #aj lb4 ,goat #ab lb4 ,pig #jc lb4 ,rabbit #bj lb4 ,other authorities1 however1 quote much lower quantities as necessary to kill the horse and ox1 and ,pott says that in the case of horses #aej to #ahj grammes 7#jcc to #jd lb47 is sufficient to cause death in one-quarter to one-half an hour1 without previous symptoms4 ,eaten by an animal on a full stomach a small quantity of ,yew may cause little or no dangerous results4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the researches of ,marm pointed to the alkaloid ,taxine 7,c#cg;,h#eb,,no#aj7 as the toxic substance4 ,later investigations of ,thorpe and ,stubbs confirmed this view1 and it is generally agreed that this substance is the toxic principle1 though doubts as to its being the only poison have been expressed4 ,taxine has a bitter taste1 is a heart depressant1 and may cause death from suffocation4 ,the yew also contains a considerable quantity of ,formic ,acid1 and the acrid1 irritant volatile ,oil of ,yew4 ,thorpe and ,stubbs 7,trans4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #aijb7 found in the fresh leaves of the common ,yew from #ja to #jah per cent4 of ,taxine4 ,in an investigation of the ,irish ,yew 7,t4 baccata var4 fastigiata7 ,moss found ,taxine present as follows3-- ,leaves from female tree1 fresh #jeif per cent4 ,leaves from female tree1 fresh #jfbc ,seeds from fruit of same tree #jjgi ,another female tree--leaves #jcbc ,another female tree--seeds #jjhb ,in the leaves of the male common ,yew ,moss found #jjhb per cent4 of ,taxine1 or less than one-half the quantity found by ,thorpe and ,stubbs4 ,symptoms4 ,the ,yew is irritant and narcotic1 and the poison is not cumulative1 but on the other hand rapidly effective1 so that animals may die apparently suddenly1 no previous symptoms having been observed4 ,when small quantities only have been taken the closest attention is necessary to discern the symptoms1 which simply consist in a little excitement with a slight rise in temperature4 ,with larger 7but not fatal7 quantities the first symptom1 excitement1 is more pronounced and is followed by nausea1 and 7where possible7 vomiting4 ,there is a pronounced slackening of respiration and circulation1 the pulse being small1 slow1 and difficult to perceive1 and the movement of the flanks very slow2 sensibility is diminished4 ,there is a fall in temperature1 the skin and extremities being cold4 ,the head is lowered1 the eyes are closed and there is decubitus4 ,in some cases pregnant animals have aborted4 ,in the horse there are muscular tremors and frequent urination4 ,in cattle and sheep rumination is suspended and there is more or less pronounced tympanites1 with eructation1 nausea1 and sometimes vomiting4 ,pigs bury the head in the litter and sleep1 their sleep being interrupted from time to time by nausea and groaning2 or the animals rise1 stagger about1 and lie down again4 ,with fatal quantities the foregoing symptoms may be followed by coma1 with death in two hours or more after the poisoning1 but more generally and usually in horses1 asses1 and mules 7but also in cattle7 there is no period of coma1 the excitement is less pronounced and often unobserved1 and death appears very sudden4 ,the animals stop1 shake their heads1 respiration is modified1 there is falling1 and death 7sometimes with convulsions7 results from cessation of the heart's action 7,cornevin74 ,the symptoms given by ,mller are roaring1 torpidity1 stupefaction1 laboured breathing1 convulsions and death in from ten minutes to an hour in the worst cases2 or where the course of poisoning is slower1 there is salivation1 nausea1 vomiting1 bloating1 retardation of pulse and respiration1 great giddiness and stupefaction1 diabetes and hmaturia4 ,the rapidity of the poisoning is confirmed by cases noted in the veterinary journals4 ,lander shows that the effects often only appear in cattle when chewing the cud2 whilst quietly chewing1 they drop as if shot4 ,in some examples the animal died while eating the plant1 or was found to have fallen and died suddenly and without evidence of a struggle4 ,the animal in some cases will stop suddenly whilst working1 start blowing and trembling1 stagger1 fall on its haunches1 then on its side1 and die quietly4 ,death occurs in about five minutes with symptoms resembling apoplexy4 ,a colt died after #af or #ag hours2 the plant was taken on a full stomach1 but paralysis of the alimentary system with stoppage of digestion immediately ensued4 ,in the case of pheasants there was acute inflammation of the small intestines 7,tegetmeier74 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #di1 #gc1 #ha1 #hd1 #ajj1 #abh1 #acj1 #ada1 #add1 #afa1 #agj1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bje1 #bac1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bef4 ,,aroide4 ,cuckoo ,pint 7,arum maculatum ,l474 ,the well-known ,cuckoo ,pint1 or ,lords and ,ladies1 is to be regarded as highly poisonous1 and children have died from eating the berries4 ,animals have exceptionally eaten the plant1 but no record of death has been found1 as it does not appear to be taken in sufficient quantity4 ,cornevin records that pigs have eaten the roots1 and suffered in consequence1 though the results were not fatal4 ,all parts of the plant are poisonous1 though the virulence is lost on drying4 ,the plant is acrid1 and emits a disagreeable smell when bruised4 ,in ,gerarde's ,herball the following passage occurs3 8,the most pure and white starch is made from the rootes of the ,cuckowpint2 but most hurtfull for the hands of the laundresse that hath the handling of it1 for it choppeth1 blistereth1 and maketh the hands rough and rugged1 and withall smarting40 ,in ,dorset the tuber-like corms have been macerated in water1 dried and powdered1 and eaten under the name ,portland ,sago or ,portland ,arrowroot1 the poisonous property being dissipated4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the ,cuckoo ,pint does not seem to have received much attention in this connection1 but the poisonous principle is believed to be a ,saponin4 ,symptoms4 ,the juice acts as an irritant when in contact with the mucous membrane4 ,when a pig has eaten several roots rich in sap1 the mouth and tongue redden and tumefy1 there is salivation1 and swallowing is difficult on account of the inflammation at the back of the mouth4 ,introduced in small quantity into the digestive tract it acts as an irritant and purgative1 and sometimes causes vomiting4 ,severe intestinal pains1 excitement1 some muscular contraction of the limbs1 rocking of the head1 and superpurgation with tenesmus are also symptoms which have been observed4 ,the intestinal pains continue for some days and the appetite is small4 ,cornevin states that animals never take a sufficient quantity to cause fatal poisoning1 but according to ,lander1 if a dangerous quantity is taken1 convulsions1 exhaustion1 and death from shock may possibly follow the foregoing symptoms4 ,a case in which a horse was poisoned through a wound being washed with a decoction of arum leaves is cited by ,mller4 ,there was much local swelling1 trembling1 and rapid breathing1 and the heart beat strongly2 the animal died on the third day4 ,,references4 #gc1 #ha1 #acj1 #ada1 #agj1 #aij4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,dioscoride4 ,black ,bryony 7,tamus communis ,l474 ,the stem and foliage of ,black ,bryony are apparently harmless1 being browsed by sheep and goats with impunity1 but the scarlet fruits are decidedly poisonous and the starchy root is acrid and purgative4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,this is probably the glucoside ,bryonin1 which occurs in ,bryonia dioica 7p4 #ce74 ,symptoms4 ,cornevin1 in citing experiments on animals1 states that small quantities of the fruits cause uneasiness1 somnolence1 and difficult locomotion4 ,larger quantities cause vomiting1 intestinal pains1 and paralysis of hind quarters4 ,death is rapid4 ,mller1 however1 remarks that paralysis of the hind quarters and convulsions may result from small quantities1 large quantities causing in addition inflammation of the stomach and intestines4 ,,references4 #gc1 #aij4 ,,liliace4 ,herb ,paris 7,paris quadrifolia ,l474 ,owing to its habitat--damp woods--it is unlikely that stock will eat this plant1 but it may be possible where fields border open woods in which it grows4 ,no records of stock poisoning have been met with1 but cases of poisoning in man are recorded1 one due to eating a considerable number 7#cj to #dj7 of the berries1 and symptoms of poisoning in a child four years of age who had eaten a few berries4 ,in smaller quantities they are very poisonous to poultry4 ,all parts are stated to be poisonous1 especially the berries4 ,fatal poisonings are nil1 or very rare if recorded4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,walz isolated the glucoside ,paridin2 and ,esser states that the toxic property is due to a ,saponin1--the bitter irritant glucoside ,paristyphnin 7,c#ch;,h#fd,o#ah71 which is convertible into ,paridin 7,c#af;,h#bh,o#g #b;,h#b,o7 and sugar4 ,symptoms4 ,the plant is emetic1 purgative1 intensely acrid1 and narcotic4 ,poisoning up to the present only appears to have been recorded in fowls1 the symptoms being intense local inflammation1 narcotic effects1 vomiting1 colic1 diarrha1 stupefaction1 convulsions1 and paralysis 7,mller74 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #gc1 #gf1 #ha1 #acj1 #ada1 #aij4 ,lily-of-the-,valley 7,convallaria majalis1 ,l474 ,this beautiful plant is only likely to induce poisoning of domestic animals at very rare intervals1 as it occurs wild in only a few woods from ,moray southwards1 being1 however1 abundant in some districts4 ,all parts are stated to be poisonous1 especially the flowers4 ,it has an acrid1 bitter taste4 ,few cases of poisoning are recorded4 ,sheep and goats are believed to eat the leaves with impunity4 ,the extract is so poisonous that four drops injected into the blood stream sufficed to kill a dog in ten minutes 7,cornevin74 ,the leaves have been known to kill geese and fowls4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,all parts of the plant contain the bitter poisonous glucoside ,convallamarin 7,c#bc;,h#dd,o#ab71 the glucoside ,paridin 7,c#af;,h#bh,o#g #b;,h#b,o71 and the glucoside ,convallarin 7,c#cd;,h#fb,o#aa7--the first a dangerous purgative1 and the last a cardiac poison resembling ,digitalis4 ,convallamarin is a very poisonous crystalline substance1 with at first a bitter and afterwards a sweetish taste4 ,symptoms4 ,the action of this plant on the animal organism is not yet clearly known1 but it is stated to have marked emetic and purgative action4 ,taken in moderate quantities a period of retardation of the heart and lung action is followed by a period in which the heart action is intermittent1 and there are stoppages in respiration1 and vomiting4 ,taken in large quantities1 the first of these periods is extremely short1 the pulse soon becomes rapid and small1 respiration is quickened1 and the heart action ceases 7,cornevin74 ,pott observes that the leaves cause stupefaction1 convulsions1 and death after a few hours in the case of geese4 ,he cites a case in which ten fowls ate the leaves and nine died4 ,,references4 #eb1 #gc1 #gf1 #ha1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bac4 ,meadow ,saffron 7,colchicum autumnale ,l474 ,the ,meadow ,saffron1 ,autumn ,crocus1 or ,naked ,ladies1 as it is variously named1 occurs in meadows in many districts in ,england and ,wales4 ,all parts are poisonous1 both in the green state and when dried1 as it possibly may be1 in hay4 ,it has caused extensive losses of live stock1 and the greatest care should be taken to eradicate it from grass land4 ,the leaves and seed-vessels are produced in spring1 and the flowers from ,august to ,october--and it is at these two periods that cases of poisoning by this plant are most frequent1 though1 as stated1 it may be included in hay4 ,many horses1 cattle1 and pigs have been killed by ,meadow ,saffron1 though cattle commonly avoid it4 ,sheep and goats are believed to be very slightly affected4 ,children and fowls died at ,schorren 7,canton ,berne7 from eating the seeds1 and there have been many cases of human poisoning due both to eating the seeds and the bulbs4 ,in ,staffordshire1 ,mr ,j4 ,c4 ,rushton reported some years ago#d that in one year a farmer lost seventeen milking cows2 in #aijh he lost seven calves2 and in #aiji he lost a number of sheep and cows4 ,it was then discovered that the field in which the animals grazed contained 8any quantity of ,meadow ,saffron and ,water ,hemlock10 and this was the cause of the losses4 ,horses and cattle are more commonly poisoned than other domesticated animals4 ,johnson and ,sowerby record the case of a woman who ate the corms in mistake for onions at ,covent ,garden1 and died2 and state that deer and cattle have been killed by the leaves4 ,kanngiesser notes that this species is the most toxic of ,german plants1 and that in cases of human poisoning the mortality is #ij per cent41 children being chiefly affected4 ,cornevin's experiments showed that #h to #aj grammes of green leaves per kilogramme of live weight--say #c to #e lb4 for an average cow--was sufficient to kill ruminants2 while #cj centigrammes of corms per kilogramme of live weight sufficed to kill pigs--say #d oz4 for a pig of #bjj lb4 live weight4 ,barret and ,remlinger 7,veterinary ,journal1 #aiab1 p4 #cjf7 record the sudden illness of #ca out of #ea cattle1 and #e of them died4 ,footnote #d3 ,staffordshire ,weekly ,sentinel1 ,aug4 #bast1 #aiji4 ,the toxic principle is cumulative1 that is1 small quantities of the plant eaten regularly may result in poisoning1 owing to the poison being slowly eliminated by the kidneys4 ,indeed1 cases have been recorded in which the poison has been secreted and eliminated in the milk of cows and so has caused poisoning of both calves and infants4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,meadow ,saffron contains in all parts the acrid1 poisonous alkaloid ,colchicine 7,c#bb;,h#be,,no#f7 stated by ,esser to occur to the extent of #jb per cent4 in the corms1 #jd to #jf per cent4 in the seed coats1 but only traces in the leaves4 ,hertel obtained #jch to #jda per cent4 of alkaloid from the seeds1 ,farr and ,wright from #jdf to #jie per cent41 and ,carr and ,reynolds #jab to #jeg per cent42 the ,u4,s4 ,pharmacopia1 #aije1 required a ,colchicine content of #jde per cent4 in the seeds1 and #jce per cent4 in the corms 7,allen74 ,symptoms4 ,after small1 but not fatal doses there is loss of appetite1 suppression of rumination1 salivation1 light colic1 diarrha and voiding of small quantities of urine4 ,blood has been observed in the milk of affected cows4 ,larger and fatal quantities cause total loss of appetite and sensation1 stupefaction1 loss of consciousness1 dilatation of pupils1 unsteady gait1 and even paralysis of limbs1 sweating1 severe colic1 and bloody diarrha1 strangury and bloody urination2 rapid1 small1 and finally imperceptible pulse1 laboured breathing2 and death in from one to three days4 ,where recovery takes place it is very slow 7#ab to #ad days according to ,cornevin74 ,cornevin draws attention to the fact that1 as the symptoms do not occur until several hours after ingestion1 by which time the poison must be partly distributed1 the poison is very dangerous and difficult to combat1 attempts at vomiting or evacuation1 whether spontaneous or caused therapeutically1 having little chance of ridding the organism of the poison4 ,cornevin's account of the symptoms shows that at first there is abundant salivation1 with constriction of the throat1 and dysphagia2 then nausea with vomiting2 colic2 abundant1 repeated and diarrhic evacuations1 which at the end become dysenteric with painful tenesmus2 abundant urination2 short1 accelerated and difficult respiration1 with incoordination in the thoracic and abdominal movements4 ,the circulatory functions are modified only in fatal cases1 when the pulse is small and intermittent towards the end4 ,there is finally a notable drop in temperature1 shown by the coldness of the skin4 ,death occurs in from #af hours to #f days after ingestion4 ,during the last few hours the animals are stretched at full length and are incapable of getting up4 ,there may be prolapsus of the rectum2 the eye is deeply sunk2 sensibility is deadened and death is due to stoppage of respiration4 ,in the horse1 there are spasmodic movements of the hind-quarters and excessive excitement of the urinary genital organs4 ,in cattle there is cessation of rumination1 grinding of teeth1 dryness of muzzle1 ptyalism1 groaning1 painful colic1 dysentery1 deeply sunken and watery eyes1 anus wide open1 and evacuation of very ftid1 blackish1 glareous matter round the excrement4 ,in cows there may be suppression of milk1 and abortion4 ,in the pig there is abundant salivation and vomiting1 and the animal keeps its snout buried in the litter4 ,there is also extremely ftid diarrha1 with dysentery4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #bg1 #gc1 #ha1 #abh1 #acj1 #ada1 #adh1 #aea1 #aij1 #aib1 #bjc1 #bag1 #bee4 ,,gramine4 ,darnel 7,lolium temulentum ,l474 ,the grass known as ,darnel1 of the same genus as rye-grass1 has been recognized for centuries as a harmful species1 and it is considered by some authorities that it is really the tares of ,scripture which the enemy sowed among the wheat4 ,its effect on eyesight was known to the ancients#e1 and its objectionable character was noted by ,shakespeare3-- ,footnote #e3 ,e4g4 ,ovid says 8,let the fields be clear of darnel that weakens the eyes40 ,in ,plautus' comedy1 ,the ,braggart ,soldier1 one servant says to another1 8',tis a wonder that you are in the habit of feeding on darnel with wheat at so low a price40 8,why so80 8,because you are so dim of sight40 ,agric4 ,jour4 ,union of ,s4 ,africa1 ,jan4 #aiad1 p4 #hb4 8,want ye corn for bread8 ,i think the ,duke of ,burgundy will fast ,before he'll buy again at such a rate3 ',twas full of darnel3 ,do you like the taste80 --,i ,henry ,,vi1 ,act ,,iii1 ,sc4 #b4 ,its effect when mixed with flour was also referred to by ,gerarde 7#aeig73 8,the new bread wherein ,darnell is1 eaten hot1 causeth drunkenness2 in like manner doth beere or ale wherein the seede is fallen1 or put into the mault40 ,before the seeding stage is reached ,darnel seems to be quite suitable as a food for stock1 only the seed or grain being poisonous1 and this not invariably so4 ,the chief danger perhaps is that the grain may not be thoroughly removed from cereal grains1 and may thus find its way into bread or cereal stock foods4 ,though it has caused many cases of human poisoning1 fatal results seem to be rare3 ,dr4 ,taylor could record no fatal case up to #ahei4 ,darnel mixed with barley caused the poisoning of pigs 7,veterinarian1 #ahdb74 ,johnson and ,sowerby 7#ahfa7 state that ,darnel has in several cases proved fatal to horses and sheep4 ,the same authorities quote a case in which #hj inmates of ,sheffield ,workhouse were attacked by violent vomiting and purging from the use of oatmeal containing ,darnel4 ,at the ,veterinary ,school at ,lyons a horse was killed by giving it #b kilogrammes 7#dd lb47 of ,darnel4 ,cornevin concluded that the amounts of ,darnel necessary to kill certain animals would be as follows3-- ,horse #jg lb4 per #ajj lb4 live weight4 ,ruminants #ae to #ah lb4 per #ajj lb4 live weight4 ,poultry #ae to #ah lb4 ,dog #ah lb4 ,he found pigs very little affected4 ,as regards man #cj grammes 7#a oz47 of the flour appear to be about the most that can be taken without showing dangerous symptoms4 ,the presence of ,darnel flour in flour of the cereal grains may be determined by an examination of the starch granules1 which are given by ,cornevin as only #e to #h2 in diameter 7compared with #be to #d for rye71 simple in general1 but sometimes in groups of #b to even #e1 polyhedral or partly rounded1 with a nucleus or fusiform nucleal cavity1 and readily coloured blue with iodine2 they resemble those of maize but are only about one-eighth the size4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,the grains only are harmful1 and contain the narcotic alkaloid ,temuline 7,c#g;,h#ab,n#b,o71 which ,hofmeister showed to be a strong nerve poison1 and which is said to occur to the extent of #jjh per cent4 in the seeds4 ,other authorities impute the toxic property to ,loliine1 while ,smith states that the toxic principle is ,picrotoxin4 ,in relation to the grain fungal hyph have usually been found1 though not invariably1 #bj to #cj per cent4 of the plants sometimes being free from it4 ,the fungus 7,endoconidium temulentum7 is propagated vegetatively by means of mycelium4 ,it appears to live symbiotically in the maturing grain1 and perhaps to a slight extent renders possible the assimilation of nitrogen from the atmosphere2 but ,freeman observed that though generally stimulating to the ,darnel1 it is occasionally injurious to it4 ,esser sums it up by saying that according to most authorities who have investigated ,darnel the fungus alone contains the toxic substance--the ,temuline--and hence the grains in which the fungus does not occur should be harmless4 ,the fungus is found in ,darnel grain in all countries--,chile1 ,brazil1 ,s4 ,africa1 ,persia1 ,spain1 ,france1 ,sweden1 ,germany1 etc4 ,so far as can be ascertained there have been no feeding experiments to determine the difference in toxic character between fungus-infested and fungus-free grains4 ,the dangerous properties are said to be most pronounced in wet seasons4 ,symptoms4 ,in ,france ,darnel is called ,ivraie1 because1 when brewed with barley1 it acts as a narcotic intoxicant4 ,darnel poisoning induces giddiness1 drowsiness1 uncertain gait1 and stupefaction 7,mller71 and1 in the older animals1 vomiting1 convulsions1 loss of sensation and death 7,pott74 ,the symptoms in the horse are dilatation of pupils1 vertigo1 uncertain gait1 and trembling4 ,the animal falls1 the body is cold and the extremities are stiff1 respiration is laboured1 the pulse is slow and small1 and there are convulsive movements of the head and limbs4 ,there is rapid enfeeblement1 and death may occur within thirty hours4 ,in pigs1 foaming1 convulsions and paralysis have been observed2 the stomach and intestines were inflamed and the lungs congested4 ,,references4 #d1 #af1 #gc1 #ha1 #ajf1 #abh1 #acj1 #ada1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bac1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bed4 ,,equisetace4 ,horsetails 7,equisetum sp474 ,a very great deal has been written on the subject of ,equisetosis or ,equisetum poisoning1 and even at the present day opinion is divided as to which species are poisonous and to what extent4 ,from the time of ,linnus there has been uncertainty as to the species1 which has generally been given as ,e4 arvense4 ,two ,german papers1 by ,weber and ,lohmann respectively1 published by the ,german ,agricultural ,society in #aijc and #aijd1 have done much to remove doubt on the matter1 but cannot be said to have settled the question absolutely4 ,these two papers seem to have been overlooked by some recent writers on the subject1 but ,lohmann's appears to be the most authoritative paper yet written4 ,both are referred to below4 ,it seems to be definitely proved that certain species of ,equisetum really are poisonous1 hesitating statements notwithstanding4 ,chesnut and ,wilcox state that there are cases of poisoning of both horses and sheep by ,e4 arvense in the ,united ,states1 though they are not common1 and the opinion is expressed that 8the plant1 if deleterious1 is evidently so only on account of its harsh scouring action in the mouth and intestinal tract40 ,on the other hand ,rich and ,jones record poisoning of horses by ,e4 arvense in hay1 but while adding that horses seem to develop a depraved appetite for the weed1 they state that they have no evidence that horses grazing upon the green plant are poisoned4 ,gssow's experience has been that cattle do not suffer any inconvenience at all from this species1 or only very slight disturbance of the digestive organs1 but that horses are conspicuously subject to fatal poisoning by it4 ,examination of hay on which a considerable number of poisoned horses were fed revealed in every case the presence of ,e4 arvense4 ,when the food was changed1 horses1 if not too seriously affected1 made rapid recovery4 7,treatment suggested is to change to easily digested food1 give a sharp purgative1 and follow by small doses of nux vomica three times a day47 ,pammel says that in recent years a disease of horses in ,vermont has been attributed to hay and fodder containing the weed2 that it is proved by experiment that when ingested in sufficient quantity ,e4 arvense is capable of causing fatal poisoning in horses1 and is at times the cause of extensive losses2 and that young horses are most susceptible1 while grain-fed horses are less susceptible than others4 ,he adds that sheep are supposed to be slightly affected1 but cattle eat hay in which it occurs in large proportion with impunity4 ,coming to the two ,german reports1 it is stated by ,weber 7#aijc7 that ,e4 palustre contains a specific poison for cattle and other ruminants1 but sheep and goats are able1 owing to their fine muzzles1 to separate it in fodder1 and hence suffer less4 ,horses and pigs1 he says1 seem to suffer very little4 ,young animals and stock1 from districts where the species does not occur1 suffer more than those from places where it occurs--the latter appearing to learn early to avoid it4 ,lohmann conducted feeding experiments with guinea-pigs with ,e4 arvense1 ,e4 palustre1 ,e4 pratense1 ,e4 sylvaticum1 ,e4 maximum1 and ,e4 heleocharis 7not ,british74 ,he also fed ,e4 arvense and ,e4 palustre to horses1 cattle1 sheep1 pigs1 and geese in considerable quantities for many days on end2 and made experiments with aconitic acid on guinea-pigs and horses4 ,the feeding experiments with guinea-pigs showed that of the species named only ,e4 palustre and to a less extent ,e4 sylvaticum are poisonous plants 7to guinea-pigs74 ,with the large domestic animals the experiments showed ,e4 arvense to be a harmless plant1 and ,e4 palustre to be really injurious to cattle but avoided by other stock4 ,lohmann considers that the many statements in the literature agree in part with this result1 and that the divergent observations may be traced to various causes1 among which perhaps an abnormal chemical composition of the weed fed plays a principal part4 ,in this connection1 however1 the ,american results must be carefully borne in mind1 and ,e4 arvense must not too hastily be regarded as blameless4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,it was for some years believed that the apparent toxic symptoms induced by ,horsetails were due to ,silica or to ,aconitic acid--the latter a substance found by ,matz and ,ludwig4 ,the conclusion come to by ,weber1 however1 was that the poisoning by ,e4 palustre is of an organic character1 not due to silica4 ,the young shoots1 which contain little silica1 were found in general to be much more poisonous than the old plants1 which contain much silica4 ,it was long since found by ,wiggers that dried plants of ,e4 palustre contained #hhh per cent4 of silica1 but all species contain this substance in greater or less degree1 and it varies considerably in amount1 even in the same species4 ,the feeding experiments conducted by ,lohmann1 with certain species of ,equisetum1 and the observed symptoms of illness after the consumption of some of them1 particularly ,e4 palustre1 serve to show that the ill effects are neither to be attributed to greater or less digestibility1 nor to the silica present4 ,neither are the aconitic acid and other organic substances1 in part found in previous investigations1 responsible for the poisoning4 ,however1 an active compound named ,equisetine1 a substance belonging to the alkaloid group1 was isolated2 this occurs usually1 perhaps only1 in ,e4 palustre1 at any rate in sufficient quantity to be dangerous to animals4 ,lohmann then1 following up the investigations of ,paucerzynski1 ,matz1 ,meyer1 ,weber and others1 ascertained definitely that ,e4 palustre contains an alkaloidal nerve poison1 to which the name ,equisetine was given1 and the experiments were held to decide that this is the poisonous substance in this species4 7,as stated above1 ,e4 arvense was held to be harmless47 ,symptoms4 ,at first1 excitement and anxiety1 followed by uncertainty of movement1 reeling and staggering2 paralysis of hind limbs at least1 falling1 possibly general paralysis1 insensibility to external irritants1 unconsciousness1 and coma4 ,pulse accelerated1 appetite at first normal1 but in course of time great disturbance of nutrition2 sugar in the urine4 ,course sometimes very acute1 death occurring in a few hours1 but sometimes protracted 7two to eight days71 and at times even chronic 7one to several weeks74 ,in cattle1 after excessive eating1 continuous diarrha is characteristic1 with paralysis2 while1 if the food be persisted with1 cachexia and hydrmia combined with weakness bordering on paralysis make their appearance 7,friedberger and ,frhner1 via ,pammel74 ,in addition to cachexia1 ,pott also mentions colic1 stoppage1 bloody urination1 abortion1 and loss of teeth4 ,young animals appear to succumb sooner than older ones1 while grain-fed animals are more resistant than others4 ,referring to ,e4 arvense ,pammel says it produces paralysis of the rear extremities1 and when death occurs spasms are noted4 ,in relation to the poisoning of horses by the same species in hay ,rich and ,jones note unthriftiness1 the animal appearing thin and the muscles wasted4 ,in from two to five weeks1 according to the age of the horse and the manner of feeding1 the animal begins to lose control of the muscles1 and there is swaying and staggering1 though the eye is bright and the appetite good4 ,if the plant is regularly ingested the horse loses the power of standing1 becomes nervous1 struggles to rise1 the legs become more or less rigid1 and at times all the muscles of the body seem convulsed4 ,even in this condition one well-nursed patient lived two weeks4 ,the horses are generally willing to eat1 although unable to rise1 but become sore and tired from struggling1 finally dying from exhaustion4 ,life is much prolonged by turning from side to side three or four times in twenty-four hours1 thus preventing congestion4 ,the pulse is slow till near the end1 when it is rapid and weak2 the temperature is below normal at first1 but when the animal is down there is fever2 the extremities are usually cold2 and the lining membrane of the mouth1 nose1 and eye becomes pale4 ,of ,equisetum sp4 ,stebler and ,schroeter say that they induce diarrha in cattle1 which become poor1 and in cows the milk yield is checked or ceases4 ,weber also refers to the effect on milk yield of ,e4 palustre1 which he says causes the milk of affected cows to become watery1 poor in fat1 and gives rise to a greasy1 unappetising butter1 while the yield may soon quite fail4 ,,references4 #b1 #bj1 #eg1 #aaa1 #agf1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bcg1 #bfj1 #bfa4 ,,filices4 ,bracken 7,pteris aquilina ,l474 ,the ,bracken1 ,brake ,fern1 or 8,fern0 is of very considerable importance to farmers for four reasons3 7#a7 ,it is a most pernicious weed2 7#b7 it forms an excellent litter for stock and treads down into good manure2 7#c7 it is said to have been successfully converted into silage2 but 7#d7 it has been accused of poisoning cattle4 ,in regard to possible poisonous properties1 it must be said that the facts are at present somewhat uncertain1 but a number of authorities clearly regard the ,bracken as poisonous4 7a7 ,mller 7#ahig7 records the poisoning of horses which ate it for some weeks with chaff--and some died4 7b7 ,chesnut and ,wilcox 7#aija7 say that cases of poisoning of horses and cattle have been reported from ,england and a few localities in the ,united ,states4 7c7 ,pott states that when eaten in quantity by cattle ,bracken causes hmaturia1 and in horses nervous symptoms 7brain trouble71 sometimes with fatal effects4 7d7 ,pammel also remarks on the believed poisonous character of this plant4 7e7 ,in view of its suspected poisonous character feeding experiments were conducted by the ,board of ,agriculture and ,fisheries with a large quantity of ,bracken1 but the results were negative1 yielding no experimental proof of the plant being poisonous4 ,one animal--a heifer--consumed #fj lb4 of ,bracken between ,aug4 #ad and ,aug4 #bj1 and after two meals containing about #cj lb4 of ,bracken showed only symptoms of indigestion4 ,after the #fj lb4 there were no symptoms of illness4 ,it has been thought possible that the so-called ,bracken poisoning is due to ,potentilla ,tormentilla 7q4v474 ,in #ahic ,storrar dealt with the question and expressed the view that any disorder due to ,bracken was probably not a toxic effect but a digestive trouble simply 7,jour4 ,comp4 ,path41 #ahic74 ,toxic ,principle4 ,continental authorities say that ,bracken contains the poisonous ,pteritannic acid1 which is identical with the ,filicic acid of the ,male ,fern 7,aspidium filix-mas74 ,symptoms4 ,in the cases of horses which died ,mller gives the symptoms as timidity1 slower movement or action1 loss of balance1 dilated pupils1 reddening followed by yellowing of the conjunctiv1 and slowing of the pulse4 ,pammel notes ,bracken as an astringent and anthelmintic1 and also says it causes enteritis1 spasms1 and paralysis4 ,,references4 #aj1 #be1 #eg1 #aij1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bac4 ,,fungi#f4 ,ergot 7,claviceps purpurea74 ,this fungus1 parasitic on rye and a number of grasses1 has long been known to induce distinct poisonous effects on man and domestic animals when ingested in sufficient quantity4 ,footnote #f3 ,poisonous parasitic fungi generally are not dealt with in this volume1 but ergot is included because it is widely distributed and perhaps the best known1 while its effects have been fully studied4 ,ergot must be regarded as a cause of abortion in cows1 though somewhat divergent views have been expressed as to the facts1 some authorities considering the belief well founded1 while others consider that there is little ground for it4 ,it is quite clear1 however1 that when taken in sufficient quantity ,ergot induces serious poisoning of domestic animals4 ,horses have died in two or three days from eating ergoted hay and wild rye4 ,extensive outbreaks of ergotism have occurred in the ,united ,states1 and serious losses have been recorded in the ,central and ,western ,states4 ,ewart remarks that 8a comparatively small number of fresh ,ergot grains suffice to injure or kill a horse1 cow1 or sheep40 ,the effects of the poisoning of animals will be found under ,symptoms below4 ,toxic ,principle4 ,ergot of rye is used in medicine4 ,it contains #jbj to #jbe per cent4 of ,ergotinine4 ,in the ,british ,pharmaceutical ,codex1 #aiaa1 the grains 7sclerotia7 of ,ergot 7see ,frontispiece7 are described as longitudinally furrowed1 #a to #d cm4 long1 slender1 curved1 tapering to both ends2 they break with a short fracture1 and are somewhat triangular in transverse section2 they have a characteristic and disagreeable odour and taste1 are dark violet to black in colour1 and whitish within4 ,ergot contains the physiologically active alkaloid ,ergotoxine or ,hydroergotinine 7,c#ce;,h#da,o#f,n#e71 also known as amorphous ,ergotinine1 and1 when formerly obtained in an impure state1 as ,cornutine and ,ecboline4 ,it is the hydrate of the crystalline base ,ergotinine 7,c#ce;,h#ci,o#e,n#e74 ,there are also other physiologically active constituents derived from amino-acids4 ,symptoms4 ,in man ,ergot has induced two types of epidemic ergotism1 caused by the prolonged use of ergoted rye bread4 ,the two forms are rarely or never found together4 ,one is a gangrenous form characterized by agonizing pain in the extremities1 followed by dry gangrene of the peripheral parts of the body4 ,the second type of ergotism is much more rare--a nervous epidemic characterized by paroxysmal epileptiform convulsions4 ,owing to the fact that at the outset ergotism causes irritation in the hands and feet it is termed 8,kribbelkrankheit0 in ,germany4 ,the three substances noted above as isolated by ,kobert are stated to cause poisoning--the first producing inflammation of the serous and mucous membranes1 disintegration of the red blood cells1 and widespread ecchymoses2 the second excites the central nervous system and causes general convulsions2 and the last induces gangrene4 ,in one case a horse ate ergoted hay3 next day the left hind leg was stiff1 and moist with cold sweat2 on the second day it was badly swollen and gangrene of all the tissues became apparent1 and after the skin of the leg and a considerable part of the muscular tissue had sloughed off the animal died on the third day4 ,in other cases horses showed symptoms twenty-four hours after eating ergoted hay3 fatigue1 indisposition to work1 cold sweat1 particularly on the neck1 paralysis of the tongue and muscles concerned in swallowing1 and then generalized paralysis1 very slow and deep respiration1 subnormal temperature1 normal pulse at first and then weaker till scarcely distinguishable1 death in six or eight hours 7,chesnut and ,wilcox74 ,according to ,pammel ergotism manifests itself among animals chiefly in the chronic form1 the poison being acquired in small amounts and accumulation taking place slowly4 ,two distinct forms of the disease are recognized1 the spasmodic and gangrenous4 8,symptoms referable to the digestive tract1 such as nausea1 vomiting1 colic1 diarrha1 or constipation occur in both forms4 ,pregnant animals very frequently abort40 8,in the spasmodic type of the disease1 symptoms due to overstimulation of the central nervous system appear4 ,these are tonic contraction of the flexor tendons of the limbs1 ansthesia of the extremities1 muscular trembling1 general tetanic spasms1 convulsions and delirium4 ,death usually occurs from secondary causes40 8,gangrenous ergotism is characterised by coldness and ansthesia of the extremities1 followed ultimately by dry gangrene of these parts4 ,the effects of this dry gangrene are often very serious and amount to sloughing of the feet1 tips of the ears1 tip of the tail1 shedding of the hair1 teeth1 etc4 ,death takes place from exhaustion4 8,acute poisoning is characterized by vomiting 7in dogs71 profuse salivation1 dilatation of the pupils1 rapid breathing and frequent pulse4 ,the animal cries out1 has convulsive twitchings1 staggering gait1 paraplegia1 intense thirst and coma1 terminating in death40 ,in an extensive outbreak of ergotism in the ,united ,states in #ahhd ,law and ,salmon reported as a prominent symptom ulceration of the mucous membrane of the tongue and mouth cavity1 this and lesions on the extremities giving the appearance of foot-and-mouth disease4 ,affected animals showed weakness1 dullness1 and paralytic conditions of certain groups of muscles4 ,when in pregnant animals the uterus is acted upon1 labour pains occur1 and the ftus is expelled4 ,the straining in those cases is often very painful and may be so severe that prolapsus of the uterus or even the rectum is the result4 ,when ,ergot produces gangrene1 it usually affects the extremities1 like the lower parts of the legs1 the ears1 tail or teats in cattle1 and the comb1 wattles1 toes1 wings or tongue of poultry4 ,it is preceded by redness1 coldness1 and painful swelling of the parts affected4 ,after a while sensibility of the dying region is lost and the line of demarcation between it and the living tissue becomes manifest4 ,the dead portion commonly dies and is cast off4 ,in some cases the gangrene is accompanied by symptoms of a septic nature4 8,the possible result of the poisoning depends largely on the amount of ,ergot taken and on the severity of the symptoms produced thereby4 ,when small amounts are taken and only a slight dullness or digestive disturbance results the outlook may be quite favourable4 ,even ,ergot abortion with rather severe symptoms usually is followed by recovery1 but in the gangrenous cases1 fatal terminations are common4 ,the animals which through this cause have lost one or more parts are not only crippled1 but septic or embolic complications may lead to a fatal termination4 ,paralytic cases do not permit of a favourable prognosis1 especially if muscle groups containing important functions are involved40 7,n4 ,dakota ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rept47 ,,references4 #a1 #d1 #ac1 #af1 #ce1 #eg1 #ha1 #hb1 #abh1 #aed1 #afa1 #bjc1 #bdb1 #bea4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,plants ,,suspected ,,of ,,being ,,poisonous4 ,a very large number of plants have at various times been suspected of possessing poisonous properties and causing harm to live stock4 ,of these it is quite probable that many are in practice entirely harmless1 but some must be included as possibly deleterious1 complaints having been made which vary in gravity from a slight irritation to causing death4 ,purging ,flax 7,linum catharticum ,l474 ,it is perhaps doubtful whether this plant is really poisonous unless taken in considerable quantity by animals--as it is quite unlikely to be4 ,it may1 however1 be included here1 as it is stated to contain a glucoside which is purgative and which on fermentation yields prussic acid4 ,furze or ,gorse 7,ulex europus ,l474 ,in view of the fact that ,gerrard isolated from the seeds of ,gorse the alkaloid ,ulexine1 which is identical with ,cytisine 7p4 #bg7 and that the alkaloid is also contained in less quantity in the bark of young shoots1 this plant has been suspected of possessing toxic properties4 ,experiments 7#agi7g with the alkaloid definitely showed it to be a nerve and muscle poison1 #c milligrammes having killed a chloroformed cat with convulsions in three minutes1 though the animal could be kept alive as long as artificial respiration was kept up4 ,as1 however1 ,gorse has long been used very widely and in considerable quantities as a fodder the percentage content of the alkaloid must in general be exceedingly small1 and no harmful effects need be feared from the consumption of the cut and bruised plant4 ,possibly the seeds might prove injurious if eaten in quantity4 ,footnote #g3 ,reference to ,bibliography4 ,melilot 7,melilotus sp47 may at times cause injury4 ,ewart 7#hb7 writes3 8,all the species contain ,cumarin1 a volatile odoriferous principle1 which in excess produces a disinclination to locomotion1 paralysis and ultimately fatal symptoms4 ,no harm is to be apprehended if the amount present does not exceed #aj per cent4 of the herbage40 ,silver ,weed 7,potentilla ,anserina ,l474 ,this well-known and elegant little weed is scarcely likely to be eaten to any extent by farm stock1 though it may possibly be taken occasionally on roadsides4 ,it has not been proved to be poisonous1 but ,pott states that it has a strongly constipating effect 7#bac74 ,tormentil 7,potentilla ,tormentilla ,l474 ,in relation to supposed bracken poisoning 7see p4 #hg7 in regard to which experiments were conducted by the ,board of ,agriculture and ,fisheries1 ,tormentil occurred in several instances with the bracken in localities where this plant was reported to cause poisoning4 ,two feeding experiments in which the weed was fed to heifers gave negative results4 ,in a further case1 however1 #d or #e lb4 were collected from a field where sick animals were grazing1 and fed to a heifer2 it appeared to be the cause of rise of temperature 7to #ajf ,f471 diarrha1 and the passing of a considerable quantity of blood in the fces for three days1 after which the animal improved4 ,it was1 however1 slaughtered1 and lesions were found similar to those found in animals dying in the field from so-called bracken poisoning4 ,though the plant was suspected1 results generally were not held to prove that it was the cause of poisoning 7#be74 ,according to ,van ,rijn the root of ,tormentil contains a considerable quantity of ,chinovic acid 7,c#cb;,h#dh,o#f874 ,wall-,pepper 7,sedum acre ,l47 is regarded as emetic and purgative1 but to lose the harmful properties on drying4 ,sundews 7,drosera sp47 are reputed to be poisonous to sheep1 but no evidence has been found4 ,white-,rot or ,marsh ,penny-,wort 7,hydrocotyle vulgaris ,l47 is stated to have caused inflammation of the digestive tract1 and hmaturia2 and to contain a toxic substance ,vellarin 7#bac74 ,wild ,parsnip 7,pastinaca sativa ,l474 ,this plant has often been supposed to be poisonous1 but ,pammel shows that in ,iowa the plant is quite harmless1 as it appears to be in ,britain4 ,devil's-,bit 7,scabiosa succisa ,l47 is stated by ,moir to have caused injury to cattle in one instance 7,vet4 ,record1 #ahii71 causing salivation1 gritting of the teeth1 twitching of facial muscles1 and slightly protruded1 abraded1 swollen and sensitive tongue4 ,an experiment on cattle showed the plant to induce violent inflammation of the mouth and tongue4 ,all-,heal 7,valeriana officinalis ,l47 is not likely to be eaten by stock in sufficient quantity to cause poisonous symptoms1 though it is stated to contain the poisonous ,valerianic acid and ,oil of ,valerian4 ,according to ,chevalier 7vide ,henry7 this plant contains an alkaloid not yet fully characterised4 ,canadian ,erigeron 7,erigeron canadensis ,l471 sporadic in ,england1 is suspected in ,america4 ,it contains an oil1 chiefly a terpene 7,c#aj;,h#af74 ,it has an acrid taste1 causes smarting of the eyes1 soreness of throat1 aching of extremities1 and colic2 and irritation to people handling it 7#bjc74 ,mayweeds 7,anthemis sp474 ,it is not at all clear whether these plants are more than irritant in character1 and they are so very common and widely distributed that there would probably be more evidence if they were poisonous4 ,a4 ,cotula is regarded as suspected by ,smith and ,halsted1 while ,ewart says that it is obnoxious to stock on account of its unpleasant flavour1 and if eaten by them in time of scarcity is apt to give their flesh1 milk1 or butter an unpleasant flavour4 ,gssow states that this species blisters the mouth and nostrils of animals4 ,in his investigations at ,kew1 ,greshoff found that the seeds of ,a4 ,cotula and ,a4 arvensis contain much hydrocyanic acid4 7,he further found that the cyanogenetic glucoside from ,a4 aetnensis ,schouw4 and ,a4 chia ,l4 belongs to the amygdalin type1 giving off hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde on hydrolysis4 8,the strong odour of benzaldehyde may even be observed on grinding the seeds with water4 ,species of ,anthemis contained from #jae down to #jjc per cent4 of hydrocyanic acid407 ,cat's-,ear 7,hypochris radicata ,l474 ,no record of poisoning of ,cat's ,ear has been found1 but it may be mentioned here1 since ,ewart says of it3 8,it contains a bitter1 milky sap1 which makes it unpalatable though not entirely poisonous4444 ,an exclusive diet of this weed could not help but injure stock eventually40 ,dodders 7,cuscuta sp471 when parasitic on clovers and fed as fodder or hay1 have been suspected of causing digestive troubles in horses and cattle in the ,united ,states4 ,mller records a case of poisoning of young pigs by ,c4 europa1 with inflammation of the intestines and nervous symptoms4 ,barbey determined the presence of the glucoside ,cuscutin in ,c4 ,epithymum4 ,viper's ,bugloss 7,echium vulgare ,l47 is suspected of being poisonous2 according to ,friedberger and ,frhner it causes slavering 7see also ,cynoglossum74 ,hound's ,tongue 7,cynoglossum officinale ,l474 ,to what extent this plant is actually poisonous is not clear1 but with some other members of the order 7,echium vulgare1 ,anchusa officinalis71 it contains the two alkaloids ,consolidine and ,cynoglossine--the former of which paralyses the central nervous system and the latter the peripheral nerves4 7,greimer1 #aijj3 vide ,henry74 ,according to ,hooker1 ,hound's ,tongue is narcotic and astringent1 and ,smith includes it as a simple vegetable irritant1 causing nausea and purging4 ,no records of actual poisoning of animals have been found4 ,broom-rape 7,orobanche minor ,sutt47 has been suspected1 and according to ,boitel is liable to cause violent colic when it occurs in considerable proportion in clover and is ingested with it 7#gc74 ,on the other hand1 in a case noted by ,stapledon1 in which ,broom-rape 7,o4 minor7 had completely overrun the aftermath on a farm near ,fishguard1 two-year-old cattle devoured the plant with apparent relish and cleared off most of it in a few days after being turned in4 ,the farmer stated that he saw no trace of colic or other ill effects4 7,jour4 ,bd4 ,agric41 ,september1 #aiaf47 ,great ,mullein 7,verbascum ,thapsus ,l474 ,though it does not appear to be touched by farm live-stock the ,great ,mullein must be mentioned here4 ,the leaves and flowers have been used medicinally as an emollient and pectoral1 while the seeds possess narcotic properties and serve to stupefy fish 7#gc74 ,pammel states that the plant causes irritation1 but is probably not very poisonous to stock4 ,toadflax 7,linaria vulgaris ,mill474 ,cornevin describes ,toadflax as acrid and poisonous1 but says that stock reject it1 and he could record no accidents to animals4 ,in his full and excellent account of this weed1 ,kraus says it is regarded as poisonous1 or suspected of being so1 but that according to most accounts it is not harmful to cattle 7#afh74 ,leunis regards it as suspicious on account of its acridity4 ,some ,german authorities say it is willingly eaten by cattle1 but it is generally believed to be avoided1 and owing to its disagreeable odour and acrid taste this view is probably correct4 ,the plant has not been exhaustively studied1 and while ,smith gives the toxic principle as ,oil of ,snapdragon and the resin ,gratiolin1 it may be observed that ,toadflax contains the glucoside ,linarin 7,c#fd;,h#ef,o#dj74 ,figworts 7,scrophularia nodosa ,l4 and ,s4 aquatica ,l474 ,these plants are not likely to be eaten by animals1 but ,cornevin states that the former is strongly emetic and purgative1 and that in excess it may cause superpurgation ending in death4 ,mller says that the two species have respectively caused poisonous symptoms in a cow and a sheep2 in the case of the cow there were loss of appetite and symptoms of paralysis4 ,from ,s4 nodosa ,walz extracted a bitter1 crystalline substance1 ,scrophularine4 ,yellow ,rattle 7,rhinanthus ,crista-galli ,l474 ,when grass land is put under the plough ,yellow ,rattle present may re-appear in a cereal crop as a semi-parasite1 and its seeds may later be ground up with the grain1 imparting a reddish or violet-brown colour and an unpleasant taste to the flour and even bread made from it4 ,it is strongly suspected of being poisonous1 like ,pedicularis and ,melampyrum1 but it is by no means clear how far it may prove harmful to stock4 ,it is believed by some people to impart a bad taste to the butter made from the milk of cows grazing on infested pastures4 ,lehmann ate without harm #ce grammes 7about #a oz47 of the seeds made into a cake and cooked2 and during four days he gave a rabbit #abch grammes 7#bg lb47 of the fresh plant with half-ripe seeds1 without apparent injury 7#gc74 ,in some poor pastures it occurs in excessive quantity1 and would appear to be only very slightly poisonous1 or would have attracted wider attention4 ,it is possibly only poisonous after being eaten for a prolonged period1 as in the case of ,lolium temulentum1 and ,lathyrus sativus4 ,the seeds contain the bitter-sweet glucoside ,rhinanthin 7,c#bi;,h#eb,o#bj71 which is suspected of having poisonous properties4 ,cow-,wheat 7,melampyrum arvense ,l474 ,it seems clear that ,cow-,wheat is at least not poisonous unless eaten in very considerable quantities--amounts in fact which in practice are most unlikely to be eaten4 ,the seeds may occur in cereal grains1 and hence be ground up into meal4 ,as they are said to contain a glucoside analogous to ,rhinanthin1 have a bitter taste and peculiar odour1 and impart a violet coloration to flour1 their presence in cornfields is most undesirable4 ,according to ,pammel this plant induces sleepiness and colic4 ,ground ,ivy 7,nepeta ,glechoma ,benth47 is1 according to ,schaffner1 poisonous to horses4 ,it contains a volatile oil and bitter principle1 as also does ,catmint 7,n4 ,cataria74 ,in a case which came before the ,board of ,agriculture and ,fisheries in #aijf three horses became ill with symptoms of poisoning1 and the only weed found in the lucerne they were getting was ,ground ,ivy1 and this was suspected but not proved to be the cause4 ,in a further case1 reported in #aiji1 eleven horses were believed to have been poisoned by this weed1 and in one of the dead horses scarcely any food but ,ground ,ivy was found1 and to it the veterinary surgeon in attendance attributed death4 ,during preceding years several horses had died in the locality 7,ely71 owing1 it was believed1 to poisoning by the same weed4 ,the losses1 however1 were not proved to be due to this plant4 ,in the ,veterinary ,journal 7,october1 #aiad1 p4 #eae7 poisoning of horses by this weed was noted 7after ,ferenczhazsy in the ,recueil de ,mdecine ,vtrinaire74 ,the author observed nine cases of intoxication due to the weed1 though it is stated that it 8has occasioned no trouble in cattle and sheep that consumed it40 ,the symptoms in horses were 8anxious look1 dyspna1 salivation1 sweating1 dilatation of the pupils1 cyanosis1 signs of pulmonary dema40 ,two horses died4 ,in #aiac similar cases were observed by other owners1 and terminated fatally4 ,hooker states that ,n4 ,glechoma is 8bitter and aromatic1 formerly used for beer1 occasionally for tea40 ,orache 7,atriplex sp474 ,so far as known these plants are not poisonous1 but it may be stated that ,greshoff found the seeds of five species1 and the leaves of two species1 to contain a ,saponin4 ,nettles 7,urtica sp474 ,nettles are not generally regarded as poisonous otherwise than as causing painful nettle rash on the bare skin1 but ,urtica dioica ,l4 is stated to have caused the death of dogs 7,berliner ,tierrztliche ,wochenschrift1 #aiji74 ,yellow ,flag 7,iris ,pseud-acorus ,l474 ,the wild ,flag was noted by ,linnus as dangerous to cattle1 but no case of actual poisoning has been found in the literature4 ,the plant is stated to have marked emetic and purgative properties1 and ,cornevin remarks that in ,belgium intense gastro-enteritis is attributed to it4 ,it contains the glucoside ,iridin 7,c#bd;,h#bf,o#ac74 ,narcissus sp4 ,various ,narcissi 7e4g4 ,n4 pseudo-narcissus1 ,n4 poeticus1 and others7 have been regarded as irritant to the hands4 ,they would rarely if ever be eaten by live-stock in ,britain1 but it is stated that on the ,continent many poisonings of cattle1 goats1 and pigs have been recorded1 not infrequently ending in death after two or three days4 ,the ,narcissi are strongly narcotic1 emetic1 and purgative1 and cause dilated pupils4 ,pott states that they cause inflammation of the digestive tract1 and convulsions1 sometimes with fatal results2 and according to ,pammel ,n4 poeticus induces intense gastro-enteritis4 ,n4 pseudo-narcissus contains the alkaloid ,narcissine 7,c#af;,h#ag,o#d,n71 which with cats causes nausea and purgation 7,henry74 ,common ,fritillary 7,fritillaria ,meleagris ,l474 ,the ,fritillary or ,snake's ,head occurs only in a few places in ,england1 and truly wild perhaps only rarely in southern and eastern counties--not in ,scotland or ,ireland4 ,no definite case of poisoning has been found in the literature1 but the plant is stated to be poisonous4 ,it contains the bitter alkaloid ,imperialine 7,c#ce;,h#fj,,no#d71 which is a heart poison4 ,bog ,asphodel 7,narthecium ossifragum ,huds47 has by some been regarded as a poisonous plant1 and ,mller says that the poisoning of cows has been recorded1 and also that a cat died after drinking the milk of an affected cow4 ,the toxic property is believed to be the glucoside ,narthecin4 ,molinia caerulea1 ,moench4 ,a short account by ,pott shows that when forming the principal part of moorland pasture grasses1 and hence extensively eaten1 this grass causes brittleness of the bones of stock1 and in sheep chlorosis and wool eating4 ,it also induces hmaturia1 but if free from parasitic fungi 7e4g4 ,claviceps microcephala7 and not covered with microscopic1 sharp crystals1 is quite harmless if only eaten as a secondary or incidental fodder4 ,this grass seems to be very poor in lime 7,immendorf1 #ahih71 and ,schulze and ,castoro found the internodes of the stem to contain a considerable quantity of a pentosan 7,xylan74 ,it is poor in nutritive constituents4 ,the harm done is due perhaps in part to this fact1 and in part to more or less accidental or occasional constituents 7as #jjdf per cent4 of lead oxide in a case of the var4 altissima near some lead works74 ,plants said to be occasionally similarly harmful are ,juncus sp41 ,nepeta ,glechoma1 and ,hieracium ,pilosella4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,effects ,,of ,,plants ,,on ,,milk4 ,a number of poisonous plants have a considerable influence on the milk yield of animals which eat them1 reducing it in volume or in fat content1 or imparting to it an unpleasant flavour which renders it unfit for human consumption1 and even affecting the butter made from it4 ,other plants not actually poisonous also affect milk by 8tainting0 it1 and must therefore be considered harmful otherwise than as mere weeds4 ,still others affect milk by causing it to be stained with blood1 and in some cases the toxic principle of the plant concerned is even stated to have rendered the milk poisonous4 ,it will be useful to give here a brief account of milk-affecting plants1 though it is probable that there may be others which are not mentioned4 ,the plants best known in this connection are the ,garlics 7,allium oleraceum ,l41 ,a4 ursinum ,l41 ,a4 vineale ,l41 and others71 which impart to milk a strong 8oniony0 flavour4 ,these plants also seriously affect the flesh of animals which eat them1 even rendering it unfit for consumption4 ,a case came before the author several years ago in which a considerable number of sheep had eaten a quantity of ,allium ursinum1 which was growing in a field in which they had been grazing for some days4 ,the meat was so strongly tainted that1 as the owner 7a butcher7 stated1 it was quite unfit for sale4 ,the only thing to be done was to pasture the sheep elsewhere for a time4 ,pott notes that species of ,ranunculus give rise to reddish or bitter milk 7,mlkereizeitung1 #ahig71 while ,caltha palustris causes loss of milk production in cows4 ,ranunculus repens imparts a strong unpleasant flavour to the milk of cows that have eaten it1 and the butter made from such milk is distinctly bitter in taste 7,gssow74 ,ranunculus sceleratus causes a falling-off in milk-yield4 7,cornevin47 ,alliaria officinalis ,andrz1 imparts an oniony flavour to milk4 ,achillea ,millefolium ,l4 is stated to impart its bitter taste and strong odour to dairy products when eaten by cows4 ,it contains an alkaloid1 ,achilleine 7,c#bj;,h#ch,o#ae,n#b7 having a peculiar odour and bitter taste4 ,chrysanthemum ,leucanthemum has also been suspected of imparting a bad flavour to butter4 ,according to ,pott the milk of cows eating ,oxalis ,acetosella is with difficulty converted into butter4 ,the poisonous principle of ,colchicum autumnale is stated to find its way into the milk of animals consuming it1 and ,mller states that the milk of goats which have eaten it has caused the poisoning of infants4 ,mller states that a cat died after drinking the milk of a cow suffering from poisoning by ,narthecium ossifragum4 ,mercurialis annua is said to cause milk to be thin1 8blue10 and poor in fat2 while in a case already mentioned 7p4 #fh7 ,m4 perennis entirely stopped the secretion of milk4 ,according to ,chesnut1 goats may eat quantities of ,euphorbia ,lathyris1 and it is said that their milk then possesses the poisonous properties of the plants4 ,ingestion of other ,euphorbias appears to have the same effect4 ,cornevin remarks that ,melampyrum arvense is considered to influence cows to produce more milk4 ,according to some authorities species of ,equisetum check milk production or cause it to cease1 and ,e4 palustre is stated by ,weber to cause the milk of affected cows to become watery1 poor in fat1 and give rise to a greasy and unappetising butter1 while the yield may soon quite fail4 ,the ingestion of the foliage of the oak 7,quercus sp47 is stated by ,cornevin to induce ,maladie des ,bois1 with reduction or entire loss of milk production 7see p4 #fi74 ,acorns have also affected milk production1 and a case is recorded 7,the ,dairy1 #aiac7 in which it is stated that cheese made from the milk of cows which had fed on acorns developed a sharp acid flavour when about four weeks old1 though the texture was good4 ,it is not clear1 however1 how it was proved to be due to the acorns4 ,in one case recorded a reddish tinge was observed in the milk of a cow suffering from ,rhododendron poisoning 7p4 #df71 and in general reduced milk production appears to occur4 ,in addition to the foregoing1 there is good authority for saying that the following plants may impart a disagreeable flavour to milk1 and in many cases the butter made from it3-- ,anthemis arvensis,l4 7,corn ,chamomile74 ,anthemis ,cotula,l4 7,stinking ,mayweed74 ,artemisia ,absinthium ,l4 7,wormwood74 ,conium maculatum ,l4 7,hemlock74 ,hyoscyamus niger ,l4 7,henbane74 ,matricaria ,chamomilla ,l4 7,wild ,chamomile74 ,pinguicula vulgaris ,l4 7,butterwort74 ,senebiera didyma ,pers4 7,lesser ,wartcress74 ,sium angustifolium ,l4 7,lesser ,sium74 ,sium latifolium ,l4 7,water ,parsnip74 ,tanacetum vulgare ,l4 7,tansy74 ,thlaspi arvense ,l4 7,penny ,cress74 7,see also ,index 8,milk1 plants affecting10 p4 #aag47 ,,plants ,,which ,,cause ,,mechanical ,,injury4 ,there are a number of plants which1 while not necessarily physiological poisons1 may induce injuries of a severe character when taken by animals1 and by causing festering may bring about septic poisoning4 ,for example the sharp pointed fruits of ,stipa pinnata and ,nardus stricta may cause injury to the skin and mouth1 piercing the palate and causing inflammation1 and when eaten may even perforate the wall of the intestine and cause death2 and the awned glumes of species of ,bromus or the spikelets of ,hordeum may injure the gums1 causing inflammation1 ulceration1 sores1 the formation of pus1 and loss of teeth4 ,the ,bromus and ,hordeum1 also1 together with over-matured 8heads0 of ,trifolium incarnatum1 may give rise to ,phytobezoars or balls in the stomach of horses and cattle 7#fj1 #aai74 ,the sharp pointed fruits of ,erodium cicutarium may cause local irritation by working into the wool of sheep4 ,aira caespitosa may also cause injury to the mouth of stock4 ,a case is recorded in ,new ,south ,wales in which cattle and horses ate ,shepherd's ,purse 7,capsella ,bursa-pastoris74 ,the cattle were unaffected1 but the horses scoured1 though most of them soon recovered when removed from the cultivated paddock containing the weed4 ,two young horses1 however1 showed signs of colic1 became bloated1 and died4 ,it was then found that they contained balls of fibrous material 7one weighed #a lb4 #i oz47 which consisted to the extent of nearly #ej per cent4 of fibres from ,shepherd's ,purse1 and death was due to simple mechanical obstruction of the bowel 7#aee74 ,chickweed 7,stellaria media7 has been found to cause digestive disorder in lambs and sheep when eaten in large quantities 7#dh71 and has caused the death of many a lamb4 ,it would appear to be due entirely to the formation of large lumps of the weed in the stomach1 and subsequent fermentation 7,farmer and ,stockbreeder1 ,mar4 #af1 #aijh74 ,according to ,cornevin1 ,black ,bindweed 7,p4 ,convolvulus ,l47 may prove injurious1 owing to the occurrence of the hard1 trigonous1 and pointed 8seeds0 in cereal grains4 ,galtier published facts which show that oats which contain too many of the 8seeds0 may1 by prolonged use1 occasion a more or less serious enteritis1 which is sometimes fatal1 particularly when the grain is fed to greedy horses which scarcely grind their food 7#gc74 ,the fruits or 8seeds0 of ,knot-weed 7,polygonum ,aviculare ,l47 may similarly prove injurious1 and probably the seeds of other plants4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,classification ,,of ,,poisons4 ,the classification of poisonous plants according to their effects is a somewhat difficult process1 since more than one prominent symptom may be produced by the same plant4 ,two classifications1 however1 may be given as examples1 the first that of ,blyth1 and the second that of ,a4 ,b4 ,smith4 ,these must be regarded as essentially applicable to human beings1 though serving more or less as a guide in case of poisoning of farm live-stock4 ,blyth's ,classification 7after ,pammel74 ,a4--,poisons causing death immediately or in a few minutes3 ,prussic acid1 cyanides1 oxalic acid1 and occasionally strychnine4 ,b4--,irritant ,poisons1 with symptoms chiefly pain1 vomiting1 and purging3 ,ergot1 digitalis1 colchicum1 yew1 laburnum4 ,c4--,irritant and ,narcotic ,poisons1 with symptoms of an irritant nature1 with more or less cerebral indications3 ,oxalic acid or oxalates4 ,d4--,poisons more especially affecting the ,nervous ,system3 #a4 ,,narcotics4--,symptoms3 insensibility1 which may be preceded by more or less cerebral excitement4 ,opium4 #b4 ,,deliriants4--,delirium1 for the most part1 a prominent symptom3 ,belladonna1 hyoscyamus1 stramonium1 and other ,solanace1 ,lolium temulentum1 ,oenanthe crocata1 poisonous fungi4 #c4 ,,convulsives4--,almost every poison has been known to produce convulsive effects1 but the only true convulsive poisons are the alkaloids of the strychnine class4 #d4 ,,complex ,,nervous ,,phenomena4--,aconite1 digitalis4 ,a4 ,bernhard ,smith's ,classification4 ,a4--,poisons acting on the ,brain4 #a4 ,,narcotics4--,symptoms3 ,giddiness2 dimness of sight2 contracted pupils2 headache2 noises in the ears2 confusion of ideas1 and drowsiness1 passing into insensibility4 ,british ,plants included3 ,papaver somniferum4 #b4 ,,deliriants4--,symptoms3 ,spectral illusions2 delirium2 dilated pupils2 thirst and dryness of the mouth2 incoordination4 ,occasionally1 though rarely1 there are paralysis and tetanoid spasms4 ,british ,plants included3 ,datura ,stramonium1 ,hyoscyamus niger1 ,solanum ,dulcamara1 ,solanum nigrum1 ,atropa ,belladonna1 ,lolium temulentum4 #c4 ,,inebriants4--,symptoms3 ,excitement of cerebral functions and of the circulation2 loss of power of coordination and of muscular movements1 with double vision2 leading to profound sleep and deep coma4 ,british ,plants included3 ,pinus pinaster1 ,pinus larix1 ,artemisia maritima1 ,artemisia ,absinthium4 ,b4--,poisons acting on the ,spinal ,cord4 ,,convulsives4--,symptoms3 ,clonic 7intermittent7 spasms1 extending from above downwards4 ,opisthotonos very violent2 but trismus 7lockjaw7 rare4 ,swallowing spasmodic4 ,death1 usually1 in less than three hours1 or rapid recovery4 ,british ,plants included3 none4 ,c4--,poisons acting on the ,heart4 #a4 ,,depressants4--,symptoms3 ,vertigo2 vomiting2 abdominal pain2 confused vision2 convulsions2 occasional delirium2 paralysis2 syncope2 sometimes asphyxia4 ,british ,plants included3 ,conium maculatum1 ,cytisus ,scoparius4 #b4 ,,asthenics4--,symptoms3 ,numbness1 and tingling in the mouth2 abdominal pain2 vertigo2 vomiting2 purging2 tremor2 occasional delirium2 paralysis2 dyspna1 ending in syncope4 ,british ,plants included3 ,prunus laurocerasus1 7,phaseolus lunatus--imported cattle food71 ,lathyrus aphaca1 ,rumex ,acetosa1 ,aconitum ,napellus1 ,actaea spicata1 ,delphinium consolida1 ,digitalis purpurea1 ,convallaria majalis1 ,colchicum autumnale4 ,d4--,vegetable ,irritants4 #a4 ,,purgatives4--,symptoms3 ,abdominal pain2 vomiting and purging2 cramps2 strangury and tenesmus1 followed by collapse1 and sometimes accompanied by drowsiness1 and slight nervous symptoms4 ,british ,plants included3 ,sambucus nigra1 ,sambucus ,ebulus1 ,helleborus viridis1 ,helleborus ftidus1 ,caltha palustris1 ,linum catharticum4 #b4 ,,abortives4--,symptoms3 ,nausea2 vomiting2 stupor2 polyuria2 sometimes tenesmus4 ,abortion may or may not occur2 coma4 ,british ,plants included3 ,juniperus ,sabina 7cultiv4 in ,britain71 ,claviceps purpurea2 ,ruta graveolens 7cultiv4 in ,britain74 #c4 ,,irritants ,,with ,,nervous ,,symptoms4--,symptoms3 ,abdominal pain2 vomiting and purging2 dilated pupils2 headache2 tetanic spasms2 occasional convulsions2 sometimes rapid coma4 ,british ,plants included3 ,oenanthe crocata1 ,oenanthe ,phellandrium1 ,oenanthe fluviatilis1 ,cicuta virosa1 ,aethusa ,cynapium1 ,sium angustifolium1 ,taxus baccata1 ,cytisus ,laburnum1 ,paris quadrifolia1 ,mercurialis perennis4 #d4 ,,simple ,,irritants4--,symptoms3 ,burning pain in the throat and stomach2 thirst2 nausea2 vomiting2 tenesmus2 purging2 dysuria2 dyspna and cough occasionally4 ,death through shock2 convulsions2 exhaustion2 or starvation due to injury to throat or stomach4 ,british ,plants included3 ,arum maculatum1 ,daphne ,laureola1 ,daphne ,mezereum1 ,narcissus moschatus1 ,narcissus poeticus1 ,scilla bifolia1 ,galanthus nivalis1 ,hyacinthus nonscriptus1 ,fritillaria meleagris1 ,clematis ,vitalba1 ,anemone nemorosa1 ,anemone appenina1 ,ranunculus aquatilis1 ,r4 ,flammula1 ,r4 ,ficaria1 ,r4 auricomus1 ,r4 sceleratus1 ,r4 acris1 ,r4 bulbosus1 ,aquilegia vulgaris1 ,bryonia dioica1 ,ligustrum vulgare1 ,asarum europum1 ,saponaria officinalis1 ,valeriana officinalis1 ,agrostemma ,githago1 ,doronicum ,pardalianches1 ,impatiens noli-me-tangere1 ,erysimum cheiranthoides1 ,cynoglossum officinale1 ,arctostaphylos ,uva-ursi1 ,tamus communis1 ,euonymus europus1 ,rhamnus catharticus1 ,glaucium luteum1 ,roemeria hybrida1 ,papaver ,rhoeas1 ,chelidonium majus1 ,sedum acre1 ,sedum album1 ,drosera rotundifolia1 ,linaria vulgaris1 ,iris ,pseud-acorus1 ,iris foetidissima1 ,buxus sempervirens1 ,crocus sativus1 ,euphorbia ,peplis1 ,e4 pilosa1 ,e4 ,helioscopia1 ,e4 platyphylla1 ,e4 hiberna1 ,e4 portlandica1 ,e4 ,paralias1 ,e4 ,peplus1 ,e4 exigua1 ,e4 ,lathyris1 ,e4 amygdaloides1 ,urtica dioica1 ,u4 urens1 ,u4 pilulifera1 ,viscum album1 ,lepidium latifolium4 #e4 ,,simple ,,irritants ,,when ,,taken ,,in ,,large ,,quantities4--,symptoms3 ,burning pain in throat and stomach1 vomiting2 purging2 difficulty in swallowing4 ,recovery usual4 ,british ,plants included3 ,sinapis alba1 and ,s4 nigra4 ,,bibliography #a4 ,,aderhold1 ,r4 ber das ,mutterkorn des ,getreides und seine ,verhtung ,kais4 ,biol4 ,anst4 f4 ,land4 und ,forstw41 ,flugblatt ,no4 #ba4 #b4 ,,agricultural ,,journal1 ,union of ,s4 ,africa1 ,july1 #aiac4 #c4 ,,agricultural ,,gazette of ,new ,s4 ,wales1 ,oct4 #b1 #aiac4 #d4 ,,allen',s ,commercial ,organic ,analysis4 ,vols4 vi4 and vii1 #aiac4 #e4 ,,analyst1 ,august1 #aijf4 #f4 ,,armatage1 ,g4 ,the ,sheep ,doctor1 #ahie4 #g4 ,,atkinson1 ,v4 ,t4 ,action of ,poisons4 ,special ,report1 ,diseases of ,cattle and on ,cattle ,feeding4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric41 ,bur4 ,an4 ,ind41 #ahif4 #h4 ---- ,poisons and ,poisoning4 ,special ,report1 ,diseases of ,cattle1 rev4 by ,l4 ,pearson4 ,u ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric41 ,bur4 ,an4 ,ind41 #aijh4 #i4 ,,auld1 ,s4 ,j4 ,m4 7,see ,,dunstan1 ,w4 ,r47 #aj4 ,,bailey1 ,f4 ,m4 ,weeds and ,suspected ,poisonous ,plants of ,queensland1 #aijf4 #aa4 ---- and ,,gordon1 ,p4 ,r4 ,plants reputed ,poisonous and ,injurious to ,stock1 #ahhg4 #ab4 ,,bang1 ,b4 ,cases of ,poisoning from ,rape-seed ,cakes4 ,ugeskr4 ,landm41 #ahig4 ,abs4 in ,exp4 ,sta4 ,rec41 #i1 p4 #iid4 #ac4 ,,barger1 ,g41 and ,,carr1 ,f4 ,h4 ,note on ,ergot-,alkaloids4 ,phar4 ,jour41 #bc1 p4 #beg4 #ad4 ,,baume1 ,m4 ,poisoning by ,oenanthe crocata4 ,archiv1 des ,mal4 ,mentales1 #ahha1 ,no4 #c4 ,abs4 in ,ed4 ,vet4 ,rev41 #d1 p4 #gjd4 #ae4 ,,becker1 ,t4 ,c4 7,see ,,witthaus1 ,r4 ,a47 #af4 ,,beilstein1 ,f4 ,handbuch der ,organischen ,chemie4 #c ,bd4 ,hamburg and ,leipzig1 #ahig4 #ag4 ,,bentham ,,and ,,hooker4 ,british ,flora1 #aijh4 #ah4 ,,berge1 ,,fr41 and ,,riecke1 ,v4 ,a4 ,giftpflanzenbuch1 #ahde4 #ai4 ,,berliner ,,tier,,rztliche ,,wochenschrift4 ,var4 issues4 #bj4 ,,bessey1 ,c4 ,e4 ,poisonous ,weeds4 ,rept4 ,nebraska ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta41 #af1 pp4 #ad-fb4 #ba4 ,,blankinship1 ,j4 ,w4 ,the ,loco and other ,poisonous ,plants in ,montana4 ,agric4 ,coll4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,montana1 ,bul4 #de1 #aijc4 #bb4 ,,blyth1 ,a4 ,w4 ,poisons3 ,their ,effects and ,detection4 #dth ,ed41 #aijf4 #bc4 ---- ,old and ,modern ,poison ,lore1 #ahhd4 #bd4 ---- and ,,blyth1 ,m4 ,w4 ,poisons4 ,rev4 ,edn41 #aijf4 #be4 ,,board ,,of ,,agric4 ,,and ,,fisheries4 ,ann4 ,rept4 ,proc4 ,dis4 ,anim4 ,acts for #aiaj 7,cd4 #efjf1 #aiaa74 #bf4 ---- ,leaflet1 ,no4 #ac4 ,acorn ,poisoning4 #bg4 ---- ,no4 #bbb4 ,meadow ,saffron4 #bh4 ---- ,no4 #bea4 ,some ,common ,weeds 7,corn ,cockle74 #bi4 ---- ,no4 #bia4 ,food ,value of ,acorns1 ,horse-,chestnuts and ,beech ,mast4 #cj4 ,,boeck1 ,h4 ,,von4 7,see ,b,,hm1 ,r47 #ca4 ,,boehm4 ,cicutoxin4 ,archiv4 f4 exp4 ,path4 u4 ,pharmakol41 #e1 #bgi-caj4 #cb4 ,b,,hm1 ,r41 ,,naunyn1 ,b41 and ,,boeck1 ,h4 ,,von4 ,handbuch der ,intoxicationen4 ,ed4 #ae of the ,german ,ed4 of ,ziemssen's ,cyclop4 #cc4 ,,brandt1 ,j4 ,f41 and ,,ratzeburg1 ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,deutschlands phan4 ,giftgewchse in ,abbildungen u4 ,beschreibungen1 #ahch4 #cd4 ,,breteau4 7,see ,,cazeneuve47 #ce4 ,,british ,,pharmaceutical ,,codex1 quoted in ,pharm4 ,jour41 ,aug4 #bi1 #aiaa4 #cf4 ,,br,,hl1 ,j4 ,w41 in col4 with ,e4 ,,hjelt and ,o4 ,,aschan4 ,die ,pflanzen ,alkaloide4 ,braunschweig1 #aijj4 #cg4 ,,br,,nnich1 ,j4 ,c4 ,hydrocyanic ,acid in ,fodder ,plants4 ,jour4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #aijc1 #ghh-gif4 #ch4 ,,bulletin ,,of ,,the ,,imperial ,,institute1 #aijc1 #aije1 #aijf4 #ci4 ---- #aiaa1 7,datura1 ,hyoscyamus74 #dj4 ,,bull4 ,,agric4 ,,intelligence ,,and ,,plant ,,diseases4 ,inter4 ,instit4 ,agric4 ,aug4-,oct41 #aiaa1 p4 #bjii 7,solanum ,dulcamara74 #da4 ,,bulliard1 ,p4 ,histoire des ,plantes vnneuses et suspectes de la ,france1 #agih1 ,ed4 #b4 #db4 ,,callsen1 ,j4 ,ueber die ,alkaloide der ,samen von ,lupinus angustifolius und von ,lupinus perennis1 var4 polyphyllus4 ,archiv4 der ,phar41 #bcg1 #eff-eie4 #dc4 ,,canadian ,,dept4 ,,agric41 ,,ottawa4 ,farm ,weeds of ,canada4 #bnd ,ed41 #aiji4 #dd4 ,,carr1 ,f4 ,h4 7,see ,,barger1 ,g47 #de4 ,,carruthers1 ,,wm4 ,aethusa ,cynapium4 ,jour4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc41 ,england1 #fc3bhj4 #df4 ---- ,lychnis ,githago4 ,id41 #fc3bgi4 #dg4 ---- ,ranunculus bulbosus4 ,id41 #fc3bgi4 #dh4 ---- ,stellaria media3 ,is it ,poisonous8 ,id41 #fd3cjh4 #di4 ---- and ,others4 ,yew ,poisoning4 ,id41 ,ser4 iii1 #c3fih4 #ej4 ,,cazeneuve1 ,p41 and ,,breteau1 ,p4 ,sur la ,solanine4 ,compt4 ,rend41 tome #abh1 #ahii1 p4 #hhg4 #ea4 ,,chemist ,,and ,,druggist4 ,var4 issues4 #eb4 ,,chesnut1 ,v4 ,k4 ,principal ,poisonous ,plants of the ,united ,states4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric41 ,div4 ,bot41 ,bull4 #bj1 #ahih4 #ec4 ---- ,thirty ,poisonous ,plants of the ,united ,states4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,farmers' ,bull4 #hf1 #ahih4 #ed4 ---- ,preliminary ,catalogue of ,plants ,poisonous to ,stock4 ,ann4 ,rept4 ,bur4 ,an4 ,ind41 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 #ae3 #chg-dbj4 #ee4 ---- ,some ,common ,poisonous ,plants4 ,year ,book1 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 #ahif4 #ef4 ---- ,some ,poisonous ,plants of ,northern ,stock ,ranges4 ,id41 #aijj4 #eg4 ---- and ,,wilcox1 ,e4 ,v4 ,stock ,poisoning ,plants of ,montana4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,bot4 ,bull4 #bf1 #aija4 #eh4 ,,coale1 ,r4 ,d4 7,see ,,remsen1 ,i47 #ei4 ,,collin1 ,,eug4 ,trait de ,toxicologie vgtale1 #aijg4 #fj4 ,,colville1 ,f4 ,v4 ,crimson ,clover ,hair ,balls4 ,cire4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ,bot41 #h3d4 #fa4 ,,comptes ,,rendus4 ,no4 #adg1 #aijf2 #aej1 #aiaj2 c4 #fb4 ,,cooke1 ,m4 ,c4 ,seven ,sisters of ,sleep4 ,london1 #ahfj4 #fc4 ,,cornevin1 ,,ch4 ,des ,plantes ,vnneuses1 #ahhg4 #fd4 ---- ,sur l'empoisonnement par quelques espces de ,cytisus4 ,compt4 ,rend41 #ahhf4 #fe4 ,,cushny1 ,a4 ,r4 ,pharmacology1 #ahih4 #ff4 ---- ,ueber das ,ricinusgift3 ,arch4 f4 exper4 ,path4 u4 ,pharm41 #ahih4 #fg4 ,,czapek1 ,f4 ,biochemie der ,pflanzen1 #aije4 #fh4 ,,daily ,,mirror1 ,dec4 #ac1 #aiaj 7,hyoscyamus poisoning74 #fi4 ,,die ,,futtermittel ,,des ,,handels1 #aijf4 #gj4 ,,die ,,landwirtschaftliche ,,versuchs-,,stationen1 ,,lxxxii1 #a and #b1 p4 #ic4 #ga4 ,,dietrich1 ,d4 ,n4 ,f4 ,deutschlands ,giftpflanzen1 #ahbf4 #gc4 ,,dixon1 ,w4 ,e4 ,manual of ,pharmacology4 #dth ,ed41 #aiae4 #gd4 ,,doeltz1 ,j4 ,c4 ,neue ,versuche und ,erfahrung der einige ,pflanzengifte1 #ahib4 #ge4 ,,duchesne1 ,e4 ,a4 ,rpertoire des ,plantes ,utiles et des ,plantes ,vnneuses du ,globe4 ,brussels1 #ahdf4 #gf4 ,,dunstan1 ,w4 ,r4 ,glucosides1 #aiac4 #gg4 ---- ,,henry1 ,t4 ,a41 and ,,auld1 ,s4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cyanogenesis in ,plants1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #gb1 #aijc2 ,b4 ,vol4 #gi1 #aijf2 ,b4 ,vol4 #gi1 #aijg4 #gh4 ---- and ,,umney1 ,c4 ,i1 ,contributions to ,our ,knowledge of the ,aconite ,alkaloids2 ,,ii1 ,the ,alkaloids of the true ,aconitum ,napellus2 ,,iii1 ,formation and ,properties of ,aconine and its ,conversion into ,aconitine4 ,jour4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #ahib4 #gi4 ,,eden1 ,r4 ,t4 ,digitalis and its ,cumulative ,action4 ,ther4 ,gaz41 #f3hi4 #hj4 ,,erdmann1 ,k4 ,g4 ,sammlung und ,beschreibung der ,giftpflanzen4 ,dresden1 #agig4 #ha4 ,,esser1 ,p4 ,die ,giftpflanzen ,deutschlands1 #aiaj4 #hb4 ,,ewart1 ,j4 ,weeds1 ,poison ,plants and ,naturalized ,aliens of ,victoria1 #aiji4 #hc4 ,,falck1 ,f4 ,a4 ,lehrbuch der praktischen ,toxikologie1 #ahhj4 #hd4 ,,field1 ,,the4 ,var4 issues4 #he4 ,,fl,,ckiger1 ,f4 ,a4 ,pharmakognosie der ,pflanzenreiche1 #ahha-b4 #hf4 ---- and ,,hanbury1 ,d4 ,pharmacographia1 #ahgi4 #hg4 ,,friedberger1 ,f41 and ,,fr,,hner1 ,e4 ,veterinary ,pathology4 ,ed4 #f4 #a3gca2 #b3gjb4 #hh4 ,,fr,,hner1 ,,eugen4 ,lehrbuch der ,toxicologie fr ,tierrzte1 #aiaj4 #hi4 ---- 7,see ,,friedberger1 ,f47 #ij4 ,,gardener',s ,,chronicle4 ,var4 issues4 #ia4 ,,gilman1 ,j4 ,f4 ,conium maculatum4 ,jour4 belge d'homoeopathie1 #ahii4 #ib4 ,,gimlette1 ,j4 ,d4 ,on ,datura ,poisoning4 ,brit4 ,med4 ,jour41 #aijc4 #ic4 ,,glover1 ,g4 ,h4 ,larkspur and ,other ,poisonous ,plants4 ,agric4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,colorado1 ,bull4 #aac1 #aijf4 #id4 ---- ,poisonous ,weeds4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,colorado1 ,bull4 #acg1 #aiji4 #ie4 ,,gmelin1 ,j4 ,f4 ,abhandlung von den giftigen ,gewchsen1 #agge4 #if4 ---- ,allgemeine ,geschichte der ,pflanzengifte1 #agge4 #ig4 ,,godet1 ,c4 ,les ,plantes vnneuses du ,canton de ,neuchtel1 #ahfd4 #ih4 ,,goeppert1 ,h4 ,r4 ,ueber die giftige ,pflanzen ,schlesiens1 #ahcb4 #ii4 ,,gordon1 ,p4 ,r4 7,see ,,bailey1 ,f4 ,m47 #ajj4 ,,grandeau1 ,l4 ,poisoning of ,cattle by ,yew ,tree ,leaves4 ,jour4 d',agric4 ,prat4 i1 #bbi-bcj1 #ahid4 #aja4 ,,greshoff1 ,m4 ,phytochemical ,investigations at ,kew4 ,bull4 ,misc4 ,infor4 ,roy4 ,bot4 ,gardens1 ,kew1 ,no4 #aj1 #aiji4 #ajb4 ---- ,distribution of ,prussic ,acid in the ,vegetable ,kingdom4 ,rept4 ,colonial ,museum ,haarlem1 ,holland1 #aijf4 #ajc4 ,,gressler1 ,f4 ,g4 ,l4 ,deutschlands ,giftpflanzen1 #ahig4 #ajd4 ,,gr,,nlund1 ,,chr4 ,danske ,giftplanter4 ,copenhagen1 #ahgd4 #aje4 ,,guardia1 ,j4 ,poisonous ,plants and their ,poisons4 ,bull4 ,pharm41 #ahic4 #ajf4 ,,guerin1 ,p4 ,the ,probable ,cause of the ,poisonous ,effect of the ,darnel1 ,lolium temulentum4 ,bot4 ,gaz4 #bh4 #ajg4 ,,guignard1 ,l4 ,le haricot acide cyanhydrique 7,phaseolus lunatus74 ,rev4 ,vit41 #aijf4 #ajh4 ---- ,recherches physiologiques sur la greffe des plantes acide cyanhydrique4 ,ann4 sc4 ,nat41 ser4 #i1 ,bot4 #f1 #bfa-cje4 #aji4 ---- ,a ,study of ,beans yielding ,hydrocyanic ,acid4 ,rev4 ,vit41 #bf4 #aaj4 ---- ,sur la greffe des plantes acide cyanhydrique4 ,compt4 ,rend4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,paris1 #aijg4 #aaa4 ,g,,ssow1 ,h4 ,t4 ,canad4 ,ex4 ,farms ,rept4 #aiab 7,equisetum arvense74 #aab4 ---- ,cattle ,poisoning by ,plants4 ,farmer and ,stockbreeder ,year ,book4 #aijg4 #aac4 ---- ,injurious ,fodder and ,poisonous ,plants4 ,jour4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc41 ,england1 #aijg4 #aad4 ,,haas1 ,p41 and ,,hill1 ,t4 ,g4 ,the ,chemistry of ,plant ,products1 #aiac4 #aae4 ,,halenke1 ,a41 and ,,kling1 ,m4 ,landw4 ,versuchs4-,stat41 vol4 #fd4 #aaf4 ,,halle1 ,j4 ,s4 ,die deutsche ,giftpflanzen1 ,berlin1 #aghd-agie4 #aag4 ,,halsted1 ,b4 ,d4 ,the ,poisonous ,plants of ,new ,jersey4 ,rept4 ,bot4 ,dept41 ,n4 ,j4 ,agr4 ,coll4 ,exp4 ,sta41 #ahid 7#ahie71 pp4 #dja-ai4 #aah4 ,,hanbury1 ,d4 7,see ,,fl,,ckiger1 ,f4 ,a47 #aai4 ,,harshberger1 ,j4 ,w4 ,a ,review of our ,knowledge of ,phytobezoars4 ,jour4 ,com4 ,med4 ,vet4 ,arch41 #ai3 #adc4 #abj4 ,,hartman1 ,g4 ,mechanische ,vergiftungen4 ,berlin1 #ahif4 #aba4 ,,harley1 ,j4 ,aethusa ,cynapium1 ,st ,thomas' ,hospital ,reports1 n4s4 #ahgc4 #abb4 ,,hebert1 ,a4 ,recherches sur la prsence de l'acide cyanhydrique chez diverses plantes4 ,bull4 de la ,soc4 chim4 de ,paris1 #ahif4 #abc4 ,,hedrick1 ,u4 ,p4 ,cicuta1 a ,plant that ,poisons ,cattle4 ,bull4 ,oreg4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta41 #df3 #ab4 #abd4 ,,hein1 ,,heinrich4 ,deutschlands ,giftpflanzen4 ,hamburg4 #ahhj4 #abe4 ,,hendrick1 ,j4 ,poisonous ,beans4 ,trans4 ,highland and ,agric4 ,soc41 #aijg4 #abf4 ,,henkel1 ,,alice4 ,weeds ,used in ,medicine4 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,farmers' ,bull4 #ahh1 #aijd4 #abg4 ,,henry1 ,t4 ,a4 7,see ,,dunstan1 ,w4 ,r47 #abh4 ---- ,the ,plants ,alkaloids1 #aiac4 #abi4 ---- ,on the ,occurrence of ,prussic ,acid and its ,derivatives in ,plants4 ,sci4 ,progress1 ,no4 #a1 ,july1 #aijf4 #acj4 ,,henslow1 ,,rev4 ,g4 ,poisonous ,plants in ,field and ,garden1 #aija4 #aca4 ---- ,the ,uses of ,british ,plants traced from ,antiquity to the ,present ,day1 #aije4 #acb4 ,,herissey1 ,h4 ,ueber das ,prulaurocerasin4 ,arch4 der ,phar41 #bde3dfc-dfi4 #acc4 ,,hilger1 ,a4 7,see ,,huseman1 ,a47 #acd4 ,,hill1 ,t4 ,g4 7,see ,,haas1 ,p47 #ace4 ,,huseman1 ,a41 ,,hilger1 ,a41 and ,,huseman1 ,,th4 ,die ,pflanzenstoffe in chemischer1 physiologischer und toxicologischer ,hinsicht4 ,berlin1 #ahhc4 #acf4 ,,index ,,phytochemicus4 ,i4 ,c4 ,ritsema ,sack1 ,amsterdam1 #aije4 #acg4 ,,jackson1 ,j4 ,r4 ,poisonous ,indian ,peas4 ,phar4 ,jour41 #gf3eba-bb4 #ach4 ,,jahresbericht 4 d4 ,fortschritte auf dem ,gesamtgebiete der ,agrikultur-,chemie1 #cte ,folge1 ,,xiv1 #aiaa 7#aiab74 #aci4 ,,johnson1 ,,ch4 ,british ,poisonous ,plants4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,ed4 #b1 8#ahff4 #adj4 ---- ,c4 ,p41 and ,,sowerby1 ,j4 ,e4 ,useful ,plants of ,great ,britain4 ,london 8#ahfe4 #ada4 ---- ,,ch41 ,,johnson1 ,c4 ,h41 and ,,sowerby1 ,j4 ,e4 ,british ,poisonous ,plants1 #ahfa4 #adb4 ,,jones1 ,l4 ,r4 ,a4 7,see ,,rich1 ,f4 ,a47 #adc4 ,,jour4 ,,agricultural ,,research4 ,vol4 #a41 ,no4 #b1 ,nov41 #aiac4 #add4 ,,jour4 ,,board ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,var4 issues4 #ade4 ,,jour4 ,,roy4 ,,agric4 ,,soc41 ,,england4 ,annual ,rept4 of ,consulting ,botanist for #ahii1 ,poisonous ,plants investigations--including ,ranunculus acris1 ,r4 parviflorus1 ,r4 ,ficaria etc41 etc41 #ahii1 pp4 #fgh-fhh4 #adf4 ---- ,water ,dropwort and ,dog's ,mercury 7#ahih71 p4 #efa4 #adg4 ---- ,bitter ,sweet or ,woody ,nightshade 7#aije71 p4 #afd4 #adh4 ---- ,meadow ,saffron 7#ahig71 p4 #gdb4 #adi4 ,,jour4 ,,soc4 ,,chem4 ,,industry1 ,may #ae1 #aijh4 #aej4 ,,juch1 ,k4 ,w4 ,die ,giftpflanzen4 ,augsburg1 #ahag4 #aea4 ,,kanngiesser1 ,,fr4 ,die akuten ,vergiftungen1 #aiaa4 #aeb4 ,,karsten1 ,g4 7,see ,,strasburger1 ,e47 #aec4 ,,kaupp1 ,b4 ,f4 ,aconite ,poisoning4 ,am4 ,vet4 ,rev41 #cj3 #ded-ef4 #aed4 ,,keeler1 ,d4 ,d4 ,poisoning by ,ergot4 ,am4 ,vet4 ,rev41 #ch3 #bea-b4 #aee4 ,,kellermann1 ,w4 ,a4 ,poisoning by ,shepherd's ,purse4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 #bj3 #cbe-f4 #aef4 ,,kerner1 ,j4 ,s4 ,deutschlands ,giftpflanzen4 ,hanover1 #agih4 #aeg4 ,,kerner1 ,a41 and ,,oliver1 ,f4 ,w4 ,nat4 ,history of ,plants1 #aijb4 #aeh4 ,,kionka1 ,h4 ,grundriss der ,toxikologie4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 #aei4 ,,kling1 ,m4 7,see ,,halenke1 ,a47 #afj4 ,,knolle1 ,f4 ,a4 ,g4 ,plantas venenatas umbelliferas4 ,leipzig1 #agga4 #afa4 ,,kobert1 ,e4 ,r4 ,compendium der praktischen ,toxicologie1 #aiab4 #afb4 ---- ,lehrbuch der ,intoxicationen1 #ahic4 #afc4 ---- ,lehrbuch der ,intoxicationen4 ,,ii4 ,bd41 #aijf4 #afd4 ,,kraus1 ,c4 ,das gemeine ,leinkraut4 ,arb4 d4 deut4 landw4 ,gesell41 ,heft #aff1 #aiji4 #afe4 ,,kreutzer1 ,k4 ,j4 ,oesterreiches ,giftgewchse1 #ahch4 #aff4 ,,krocker1 ,dr4 ,zur ,lupinenkrankheit der ,schafe4 ,landw4 ,jahrb41 #i3 #bg-ce4 #afg4 ,,kubingi1 ,a4 ,plantae venenosae ,hungariae1 #ahdb4 #afh4 ,,kunkel1 ,a4 ,j4 ,handbuch der ,toxicologie1 ,jena1 #b ,vols4 #ahii and #aija4 #afi4 ,,lambert1 ,l4 7,see ,,noel1 ,,charles47 #agj4 ,,lander1 ,g4 ,d4 ,veterinary ,toxicology1 #aiab4 #aga4 ,,leather1 ,j4 ,w4 ,cyanogenesis in ,plants4 ,ag4 ,jour4 ,india1 ,i1 #bbj-bbe4 #agb4 ,,lehmann1 ,k4 ,b41 and ,,mori1 ,r4 ,ueber die ,giftigkeit u4 ,entgiftung der ,samen von ,agrostemma ,githago4 ,archiv4 f4 ,hyg41 #i3 #beg 7,bot4 ,gaz4 #ad3 #bcc74 #agc4 ,,lehmann1 ,,otto4 ,giftpflanzen mit besonderer ,bercksichtigung der wirksamen ,stoffe1 #ahhb4 #agd4 ,,lewin1 ,l4 ,lehrbuch der ,toxicologie4 ,ed4 #b4 #age4 ,,liautard1 ,a4 ,poisoning of ,horses by ,snow ,drop4 ,am4 ,vet4 ,rev41 #cj3 #bih4 #agf4 ,,lohmann1 ,c4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ueber die ,giftigkeit der deutschen ,schachtelhalmarten4 ,arb4 d4 deut4 landw4 ,gesellschaft1 ,heft #ajj1 #aijd4 #agg4 ,,lubenau1 ,dr4 ,on ,poisoning from ,foods4 ,centrbl4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijf1 ,i4 ,abt41 ,orig41 ,,xl41 #dcc4 #agh4 ,,mccarthy1 ,,gerald4 ,the ,poisonous ,plants of ,north ,carolina4 ,bull4 ,n4,c4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta4 7,st4 ,bd4 ,agric471 #bb3 #dh4 #agi4 ,,macdougall1 ,r4 ,s4 ,on ,lathyrus sativus 444 and ,allied ,leguminous ,plants4 ,jour4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,edin41 ,dec41 #ahid4 #ahj4 ,,maiden1 ,j4 ,h4 ,native ,plants ,poisonous to ,stock4 ,agr4 ,gaz4 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 #f1 #eg-eh4 #aha4 ---- ,plants reported to be ,poisonous to ,stock in ,australia4 ,id4 #ab1 #fcg-fff4 #ahb4 ,,marchlewski1 ,l4 7,see ,,schunck47 #ahc4 ,,marsh1 ,c4 ,d41 and others4 ,larkspur or 8,poison ,weed40 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,farmers' ,bull4 #eca1 #aiac4 #ahd4 ,,milch-,,zeitung1 #bc 7#ahid71 p4 #f4 ,poisoning of ,swine from feeding ,rye ,meal containing ,corn ,cockle ,seed4 #ahe4 ,,miquel1 ,f4 ,a4 ,w4 ,de ,nord-,nederlandsche vergiftige ,gewassen1 #ahch4 #ahf4 ,,mitlacher1 ,w4 ,toxicologisch oder forensisch wichtige ,pflanzen1 #aijd4 #ahg4 ,,moeller1 ,j4 ,digitalis and ,verbascum4 ,phar4 ,post41 #cg3 #fgg-fhj4 #ahh4 ,,mori1 ,r4 7,see ,,lehmann1 ,k4 ,b47 #ahi4 ,,moss1 ,r4 ,j4 ,the ,taxine in ,irish ,yew4 ,sci4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,dublin ,soc41 vol4 ,,xii 7,n4,s471 ,no4 #aj1 #aiji4 #aij4 ,m,,ller1 ,g4 ,landwirtschaftliche ,giftlehre4 #ahig4 #aia4 ,m,,ller1 ,,georg1 and ,,krause1 ,c4 ,ueber die ,giftwirkung der ,anemone nemorosa4 ,archiv4 fr wissenschaftliche u4 praktische ,thierheilkunde1 #bc1 #cbf-cce4 #aib4 ,,mueller1 ,,karl4 ,colchicum autumnale4 ,die ,natur41 #dd3 #eej4 #aic4 ,,naunyn1 ,b4 7,see ,b,,hm1 ,r47 #aid4 ,,nebraska4 #afth ,ann4 ,rept41 ,agric4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,univ4 ,nebr41 #aijc1 pp4 #ad-id4 #aie4 ,,new ,,zealand ,,dept4 ,,agric4 ,ann4 ,repts41 #aijd4 ,ragwort ,poisoning4 #aif4 ---- ,jour4 of ,agric41 #aeth ,sept41 #aiac1 #cja4 #aig4 ,,noel1 ,,charles4 ,contributions l'tude mdicale de l',anemone ,pulsatilla4 ,nancy1 #ahig4 #aih4 ---- and ,,lambert1 ,l4 ,recherches exprimentales sur l',anemone ,pulsatilla4 ,arch4 inter4 de phar41 #ahig4 #aii4 ,,noll1 ,f4 7,see ,,strasburger1 ,e47 #bjj4 ,,nunn1 ,j4 ,a4 ,veterinary ,toxicology1 #aijg4 #bja4 ,,oliver1 ,f4 ,w4 7,see ,,kerner1 ,a47 #bjb4 ,,opwyrda1 ,r4 ,j4 7,see ,,praag1 ,l4 ,,van47 #bjb;b4 ,,orfila1 ,m4 ,j4 ,trait de ,toxicologie1 ,ed4 #e1 #b v4 ,paris1 #aheb4 #bjc4 ,,pammel1 ,l4 ,h4 ,manual of ,poisonous ,plants1 #aiaa4 7,contains a list of #ajig references to ,poisonous ,plant ,literature47 #bjd4 ---- ,poisonous and ,medical ,plants of ,missouri4 ,bul4 #ad1 ,missouri ,state ,bd4 ,hort4 #bje4 ,,parkinson1 ,s4 ,t41 and ,,russell1 ,e4 ,j4 ,a ,list of ,plants ,poisonous to ,stock4 ,jour4 ,s4 ,e4 ,agric4 ,college1 ,wye1 ,kent1 ,no4 #af1 #aijg4 #bjf4 ,,patek1 ,,johann4 ,die ,giftpflanzen1 #ahff-fg4 #bjg4 ,,peters1 ,a4 ,t4 7,see ,,sturdevant1 ,l4 ,b47 #bjh4 ,,pfaff1 ,,franz4 ,ivy ,poisoning and its ,treatment4 ,bull4 ,roy4 ,bot4 ,gardens1 ,kew1 #aijc1 #ae-af4 #bji4 ,,pharmaceutical ,,journal4 ,var4 issues4 #baj4 ,,pictet1 ,a4 ,la ,constitution chimique des ,alcalodes ,vgtaux1 #bme ,ed41 #ahig4 #baa4 ,,plugge1 ,p4 ,c4 ,andromedotoxin-haltige ,ericaceen4 ,arch4 der ,pharm41 #bbi3 #eeb-eed4 #bab4 ---- ,giftiger ,honig von ,rhododendron ponticum4 ,arch4 der ,pharm41 #bbi3 #eed-ef4 #bac4 ,,pott1 ,,emil4 ,handbuch der tierischen ,ernhrung und landwirtschaftlichen ,futtermittel1 ,,ii4 ,bd41 #aijg4 #bad4 ,,power1 ,f4 ,b41 and ,,tutin1 ,f4 ,chemical ,examination of ,aethusa ,cynapium4 ,wellcome ,chem4 ,res4 ,laboratories1 ,no4 #eh1 #aije4 #bae4 ,,praag1 ,l4 ,,van1 and ,,opwyrda1 ,r4 ,j4 ,leerbuch voor practische giftleer1 #ahga4 #baf4 ,,pratt1 ,,anne4 ,the ,poisonous1 ,noxious and ,suspected ,plants of our ,fields and ,woods 8#ahhg4 #bag4 ,,ratti1 ,professor4 ,on ,colchicum ,poisoning4 ,phar4 ,jour4 and ,trans41 iii1 #f3 #dg 7abstr4 from ,lancet74 #bah4 ,,ratzeburg1 ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 7,see ,,brandt1 ,j4 ,f47 #bai4 ,,remsen1 ,i41 and ,,coale1 ,r4 ,d4 ,am4 ,chem4 ,jour41 vi1 #ahhd1 p4 #ej4 #bbj4 ,,rice1 ,w4 ,s4 ,equisetum ,poisoning4 ,am4 ,vet4 ,rev41 #bf3 #idd-iea4 #bba4 ,,rich1 ,f4 ,a4 ,poisonous ,equisetum4 ,proc4 ,am4 ,vet4 ,assoc41 #aijb4 #bbb4 ---- and ,,jones1 ,l4 ,r4 ,a4 ,poisonous ,plant3 the ,common ,horsetail4 ,bull4 ,vt4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta41 #ie3 #ahg-aib4 #bbc4 ,,richet1 ,c4 ,les poisons convulsivants4 ,arch4 inter4 de phar41 #d3 #bic-cji4 #bbd4 ,,riecke1 ,v4 ,a4 7,see ,,berge1 ,fr47 #bbe4 ,,rothera1 ,a4 ,c4 ,h4 ,reputed ,poison ,plants4 ,jour4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,victoria1 ,nov41 #aiaj4 #bbf4 ,,russell1 ,e4 ,j4 7,see ,,parkinson1 ,s4 ,t47 #bbg4 ,,schenck1 ,h4 7,see ,,strasburger1 ,e47 #bbh4 ,,schimpfky1 ,,richard4 ,deutschlands wichtigste ,giftgewchse in ,wort und ,bild1 nebst einer ,abhandlung ber ,pflanzengift1 #ahic4 #bbi4 ,,schmiedeberg1 ,o4 ,on ,digitalin4 ,archiv4 ,exp4 ,path41 #af3 #adi4 #bcj4 ,,sch,,nemann1 ,h4 ,die ,pflanzenvergiftungen1 #ahia4 #bca4 ,,schunck1 ,e41 and ,,marchlewski1 ,l4 ,ann4 d4 ,chem41 #bgh1 #ced4 #bcb4 ,,sitzbericht ,k4 ,,acad4 ,,wiss4 7,,vienna71 ,math4 ,naturw4 ,kl41 #aba 7#aiab7 i1 ,no4 #a-c4--;,abs4 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,record1 ,,xxix1 p4 #acc4 #bcc4 ,,smith1 ,a4 ,b4 ,poisonous ,plants of ,all ,countries1 #aije4 #bcd4 ,,sowerby1 ,j4 ,e4 7,see ,,johnson47 #bce4 ,,strasburger1 ,e41 ,,noll1 ,f41 ,,schenck1 ,h41 and ,,karsten1 ,g4 ,text ,book of ,botany4 #crd ,eng4 ,ed4 ,rev4 by ,w4 ,h4 ,,lang4 #aijh4 #bcf4 ,,stubbs1 ,g4 7,see ,,thorpe1 ,t4 ,e47 #bcg4 ,,sturdevant1 ,l4 ,b41 and ,,peters1 ,a4 ,t4 ,the ,poisoning of ,horses by the ,common ,horse-tail ,weed4 ,rept4 ,neb4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta41 #ai3 #aaa-aae4 #bch4 ,,tasmania1 ,,agric4 ,,and ,,stock ,,dept4 ,hemlock4 ,bull4 ,no4 #bb1 #aiaa4 #bci4 ,,thorpe1 ,t4 ,e41 and ,,stubbs1 ,g4 ,yew ,poisoning1 ,trans4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #ha 7#aijb74 #bdj4 ,,thorpe1 ,t4 ,e4 ,a ,dictionary of ,applied ,chemistry1 #aiab4 #bda4 ,,trans4 ,,chem4 ,,soc41 #aijb4 #bdb4 ---- #aijg1 p4 #ccg4 #bdc4 ,,treub1 ,m4 ,nouvelles recherches sur le rle de l'acide cyanhydrique dans les plantes vertes4 ,ann4 ,jardin bot41 ,buitzenborg1 ,ser4 ii1 #f3 #gi-ajf4 #bdd4 ,,tuczek1 ,f4 ,behandlung der ,vergiftungen mit ,pflanzenstoffen4 ,handb4 d4 ,spec4 ,therap4 innerer ,krankh4 #b3 #bcd-ccd1 #ahid4 #bde4 ,,tutin1 ,f4 ,chemical ,examination of ,oenanthe crocata4 ,wellcome ,chem4 ,res4 ,laboratories1 ,no4 #acb1 #aiaa4 #bdf4 ---- 7,see ,,power1 ,f4 ,b47 #bdg4 ,,umney1 ,c4 7,see ,,dunstan1 ,w4 ,r47 #bdh4 ,u4,s4 ,,dept4 ,,agric4 ,experiment ,station ,record4 ,var4 issues4 #bdi4 ---- ,see 7#g71 7#h71 7#eb-eg71 7#fj71 7#abf71 and 7#ahc74 #bej4 ,,van ,,es1 ,l41 and ,,waldron1 ,l4 ,r4 ,some ,stock ,poisoning ,plants of ,north ,dakota4 ,n4 ,dak4 ,agr4 ,coll4 ,exp4 ,sta41 ,bull4 #eh1 #aijc4 #bea4 ,,van ,,rijn1 ,j4 ,j4 ,l4 ,die ,glykoside1 #aijj4 #beb4 ,,verschaffelt1 ,e4 ,bepaling der werking van vergiften op planten1 ,afd4 d4 k4 ,akad4 v4 ,welensch4 ,amst4 #ab3 #hee-i1 #aijc-d4 #bec4 ,,veterinarian4 ,var4 issues4 #bed4 ,,veterinary ,,journal4 ,var4 issues4 #bee4 ,,veterinary ,,news4 ,var4 issues4 #bef4 ,,veterinary ,,record4 ,var4 issues4 #beg4 ,,vicat1 ,p4 ,r4 ,histoire des ,plantes vnneuses de la ,suisse4 ,yverdon1 #aggf4 #beh4 ,,waldron1 ,l4 ,r4 7,see ,,van ,,es1 ,l47 #bei4 ,,walsh1 ,l4 ,h4 ,south ,african ,poisonous ,plants4 #aiji4 #bfj4 ,,weber1 ,c4 ,a4 ,der ,duwock 7,equisetum palustre74 ,arb4 d4 deut4 landw4 ,gesell41 ,heft #gb1 #aijb4 #bfa4 ,,wiedmann1 ,,fr4 ,zur chemischen ,charakteristik der ,familie der ,papaveraceen4 ,munich1 #aija4 #bfb4 ,,wilcox1 ,e4 ,v4 7,see ,,chesnut1 ,v4 ,k47 #bfc4 ,,wilson1 ,p4 ,rhododendron ,poisoning in a ,goat4 ,the ,veterinarian1 #gj3 #fci-fdj4 #bfd4 ,,winslow1 ,,kenelm4 ,veterinary ,materia ,medica and ,therapeutics4 #aijb4 #bfe4 ,,witthaus1 ,r4 ,a41 and ,,becker1 ,t4 ,c4 ,medical ,jurisprudence1 ,forensic ,medicine and ,toxicology4 ,vol4 #d41 #ahif4 #bff4 ,,wunchmann1 ,f4 ,deutschlands ,giftpflanzen4 #ahcc4 #bfg4 ,,zeitschr4 ,,anal4 ,,chem41 #aije1 ,no4 #dd4 7,see also various references in the text47 ,,index ,abies excelsa1 #gb -- pectinata1 #gb ,abietin1 #gb ,achillea ,millefolium1 #ajj ,achilleine1 #ajj ,aconine1 #ae ,aconitic acid1 #hf ,aconitine1 #aa1 #ae ,aconitum ,napellus1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae1 #ajc1 #ajd ,acorns1 #gj-gb1 #ajj ,actaea spicata1 #ajd ,aethusa ,cynapium1 #ci1 #ajd ,agrostemma ,githago1 #c1 #f1 #h1 #ai1 #aje ,agrostemma-,sapotoxin1 #ba ,agrostemmin1 #ba ,aira caespitosa1 #aja ,all-,heal1 #ic1 #aje ,alliaria officinalis1 #ai1 #ajj ,allium sp41 #ii ,allyl-isothiocyanate1 #ah ,amentace1 #fi ,amygdalin1 #h1 #id ,anagallis arvensis1 #dh ,anchusa officinalis1 #id ,andromedotoxin1 #dg1 #dh ,anemonal1 #i ,anemone sp41 #i1 #aa -- appenina1 #aje -- nemorosa1 #i1 #aje -- pulsatilla1 #i -- ,wood1 #i ,anemone-camphor 7oil of anemone71 #i ,anemonic acid1 #aj1 #aa ,anemonin1 #aj1 #aa ,annual ,mercury1 #fg ,anthemis aetnensis1 #id -- arvensis1 #id1 #aja -- chia1 #id1 -- ,cotula1 #id1 #aja ,apoatropine1 #ei ,aquilegia vulgaris1 #aje ,araliace1 #dc ,arbutin1 #dg1 #dh ,arctostaphylos ,uva-ursi1 #aje ,aroide1 #gf ,artemisia ,absinthium1 #aja1 #ajd -- maritima1 #ajd ,arum maculatum1 #gf1 #gg1 #aje ,asarum europum1 #aje ,asphodel1 ,bog1 #ig1 #aja ,aspidium filix-mas1 #hh ,astragalus bisulcatus1 #c ,atriplex sp41 #ig ,atropa ,belladonna1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #ej1 #eb1 #eh1 #ajc1 #ajd ,atropine1 #ej1 #ei ,autumn ,crocus1 #b1 #c1 #gi-hb1 #ajj1 #ajd ,azalea sp41 #d1 #dh -- arborescens1 #dh -- indica1 #dh -- nudiflora1 #dh -- pontica1 #dh ,balsamorhiza sagittata1 #c ,beans1 #d1 #cb1 #cc1 #ajd ,belladonine1 #ei ,belladonna1 see ,deadly ,nightshade ,bibliography1 #ajg ,bindweeds1 #di1 #ajb ,bittersweet1 #ed1 #ajd ,black ,bindweed1 #di1 #ajb -- ,bryony1 #ce1 #gh1 #aje ,bog ,asphodel1 #ig1 #aja ,box1 #fi1 #aje ,bracken1 #hg1 #ic ,brake-fern1 #hg1 #ic ,brassica nigra1 #ah -- ,sinapistrum1 #ah1 #ai ,bromus1 #aja ,broom1 #bg1 #ajd ,broom-rape1 #ie ,bryogenin1 #ce ,bryonia dioica1 #ce1 #gh1 #aje ,bryonin1 #ce1 #gh ,bryony1 #ce1 #gh1 #aje ,buckthorn1 #bd1 #aje ,buckwheat1 #fd ,burma beans1 #cb ,buttercups1 #h1 #aj-ab1 #ii1 #aje -- ,acrid1 #aj1 #aje -- ,bulbous1 #aj1 #aa1 #aje -- ,celery-leaved1 #aj1 #aa1 #ii1 #aje ,butterwort1 #aja ,buxine1 #fi ,buxinidine1 #fi ,buxus sempervirens1 #fi1 #aje ,caltha palustris1 #i1 #ab1 #ii1 #ajd ,canadian ,erigeron1 #ic ,caper ,spurge1 #ff1 #fg1 #ajj1 #aje ,caprifoliace1 #dc ,capsella ,bursa-pastoris1 #aja ,caryophyllace1 #ai ,castor ,oil ,plant1 #cc ,catmint1 #if ,cats-,ear1 #id ,celandine1 ,greater1 #ag1 #aje -- ,lesser1 #aj1 #aa1 #aje ,celastrace1 #bd ,celery-leaved ,buttercup1 #aj1 #aa1 #ii1 #aje ,chaerophyllin1 #dj ,chaerophyllum sp41 #cg1 #dj -- sylvestre1 #dj -- temulum1 #dj ,chamomile1 ,corn and ,wild1 #aja ,charlock1 #ah ,chelerythrine1 #ag ,chelidonine1 #ag ,chelidonium majus1 #ag1 #aje ,cherry ,laurel1 #cd ,chervils1 #dj ,chickweed1 #aja ,chinovic acid1 #ic ,choline1 #fh ,christmas ,rose1 #ac ,chrysanthemum ,leucanthemum1 #ajj ,cicuta virosa1 #b1 #h1 #cf1 #ajd ,cicutine1 #cf ,cicutoxine1 #cf ,classification of ,poisons1 #ajc ,claviceps microcephala1 #ih -- purpurea1 #h1 #hh-ia1 #ajc1 #ajd ,clematis ,vitalba1 #i1 #aje ,cockle1 ,corn1 #c1 #f1 #h1 #ai1 #aje ,colchicine1 #hj ,colchicum sp41 #h1 #aa1 #ajc -- autumnale1 #b1 #c1 #gi-hb1 #ajj1 #ajd ,composit1 #dd ,conhydrine1 #cj1 #da ,coniceine1 #da ,conifer1 #gb ,coniferin1 #gb ,coniine1 #cj1 #ci1 #da ,conium maculatum1 #f1 #cj1 #da1 #aja1 #ajd ,consolidine1 #id ,convallamarin1 #gi ,convallaria majalis1 #gi1 #ajd ,convallarin1 #gi ,convolvulace1 #di ,convolvulus sp41 #di1 #ajb -- arvensis1 #di -- sepium1 #di ,corn ,chamomile1 #aja ,corn ,cockle1 #c1 #f1 #h1 #ai1 #aje ,cornutine1 #hi ,cowbane1 #b1 #h1 #cf1 #ajd ,cow-,wheat1 #if1 #ajj ,cress1 ,penny1 #aja ,crocus1 ,autumn1 #b1 #c1 #gi-hb1 #ajj1 #ajd ,crocus sativus1 #aje ,crowfoot1 ,tall1 #aj1 #aa1 #aje ,crucifer1 #ah ,cuckoo ,pint1 #gf1 #gg1 #aje ,cucurbitace1 #ce ,cumarin1 #ib ,cupressus macrocarpa1 #gc -- nootkatensis1 #gc ,cuscuta sp41 #id -- ,epithymum1 #id -- europa1 #id ,cuscutin1 #id ,cyclamin1 #di ,cynapine1 #ci ,cynoglossine1 #id ,cynoglossum officinale1 #id1 #aje ,cytisine1 #be1 #bg1 #ib ,cytisus ,laburnum1 #be1 #bg1 #ajd -- ,scoparius1 #bg1 #ajd -- ,weldeni1 #be ,daphne sp41 #d1 #h -- ,laureola1 #fe1 #aje -- ,mezereum1 #fe1 #aje ,daphnin1 #fe ,darnel1 #h1 #dh1 #hb-hd1 #if1 #ajc1 #ajd ,datura ,stramonium1 #ej1 #ajc1 #ajd ,daturine1 #ej ,deadly ,nightshade1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #ej1 #eb1 #eh1 #ajc1 #ajd ,delphinine1 #aa1 #ad ,delphinium ,ajacis1 #ad -- ,consolida1 #ad1 #ajd -- ,staphisagria1 #ad ,delphinoidine1 #ad ,delphisine1 #ad ,devil's-,bit1 #ic ,digitalein1 #fa ,digitalin1 #fa ,digitalis purpurea1 #fa1 #ajc1 #ajd ,digitin1 #fa ,digitonin1 #fa ,digitoxin1 #fa ,dioscoride1 #gh ,docks1 #fc1 #fd ,dodders1 #id ,dog's ,mercury1 #fg1 #fh1 #ajj1 #ajd ,doronicum ,pardalianches1 #aje ,dropwort1 ,water1 #cg1 #ajc1 #ajd ,drosera sp41 #ic -- rotundifolia1 #aje ,dulcamarin1 #ed ,dwarf ,elder1 #dc1 #ajd ,ecboline1 #hi ,echium vulgare1 #id ,elder1 ,common1 #dc1 #ajd -- ,dwarf1 #dc1 #ajd ,endoconidium temulentum1 #hc ,equisetace1 #hd ,equisetine1 #hf ,equisetum sp41 #c1 #hd-hg1 #ajj -- arvense1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg -- heleocharis1 #he -- maximum1 #hc -- palustre1 #he1 #ajj -- pratense1 #he -- sylvaticum1 #he ,ergot1 #h1 #hh-ia1 #ajc1 #ajd ,ergotinine1 #hi ,ergotism1 #hi ,ergotoxine1 #hi ,ericace1 #df ,ericolin1 #dg1 #dh ,erigeron1 ,canadian1 #ic ,erigeron canadensis1 #ic ,erodium cicutarium1 #aja ,erysimum cheiranthoides1 #ai1 #aje ,esparcet1 ,false1 #c ,euonymin1 #bd ,euonymus europus1 #bd1 #aje ,euphorbia sp41 #h1 #ff1 #fg -- amygdaloides1 #aje -- exigua1 #aje -- ,helioscopia1 #ff1 #aje -- hiberna1 #aje -- ,lathyris1 #ff1 #fg1 #ajj1 #aje -- ,paralias1 #aje -- ,peplis1 #aje -- ,peplus1 #ff1 #aje -- pilosa1 #aje -- platyphylla1 #aje -- portlandica1 #aje ,euphorbiace1 #ff ,fagopyrism1 #fd ,ferns1 #hg1 #hh ,figworts1 #ie ,filices1 #hg ,filicic acid1 #hh ,flag1 ,yellow1 #ig1 #aje ,flax1 ,purging1 #ib1 #ajd ,fool's ,parsley1 #ci1 #ajd ,formic acid1 #ge ,foxglove1 #fa1 #ajc1 #ajd ,frangulin1 #bd ,fritillaria ,meleagris1 #ig1 #aje ,fritillary1 ,common1 #ig1 #aje ,fungi1 #hh ,furze1 #ib ,galanthus nivalis1 #aje ,garden ,nightshade1 #d1 #eb1 #ed1 #ajd ,garlic ,mustard1 #ai1 #ajj ,garlics1 #ii ,geraniace1 #bc ,geranium1 ,wild1 #c ,githagin1 #ba ,githagism1 #bj ,glaucium luteum1 #aje ,gorse1 #ib ,gramine1 #hb ,gratiolin1 #ie ,great ,mullein1 #ie ,ground ,ivy1 #if ,gummi heder1 #dc ,hedera ,helix1 #dc ,hederin1 #dc ,hellebore1 ,green1 #ac1 #ad1 #ajd -- ,stinking1 #ac1 #ajd ,helleborein1 #ac ,helleborin1 #ab1 #ac ,helleborus sp41 #ac -- ftidus1 #ac1 #ajd -- niger1 #ac -- viridis1 #ac1 #ad1 #ajd ,hemlock 7see also ,water ,hemlock71 #f1 #cj1 #da1 #aja1 #ajd ,henbane1 #f1 #ea1 #aja1 #ajd ,herb ,paris1 #gh1 #ajd ,hieracium ,pilosella1 #ih ,hordeum1 #aja ,horsetails1 #c1 #hd-hg1 #ajj ,hound's ,tongue1 #id1 #aje ,huckleberry1 #ec ,hyacinthus nonscriptus1 #aje ,hydrocotyle vulgaris1 #ic ,hydroergotinine1 #hi ,hyoscine1 #ej1 #ea1 #ei ,hyoscyamine1 #f1 #df1 #ej1 #ea1 #ei ,hyoscyamus sp41 #ajc -- muticus1 #f -- niger1 #f1 #ea1 #aja1 #ajd ,hyoscypicrin1 #ea ,hypericine1 #bb ,hypericum perforatum1 #bb ,hypochris radicata1 #id ,impatiens noli-me-tangere1 #aje ,imperialine1 #ig ,iridin1 #ig ,iris foetidissima1 #aje -- ,pseud-acorus1 #ig1 #aje ,ivraie1 #hc ,ivy1 #dc -- ,ground1 #if ,java beans1 #d1 #cb1 #ajd ,jervine1 #ab1 #ac ,jimson ,weed1 #ej ,juncus sp41 #ih ,juniperus ,sabina1 #gb1 #ajd ,king-cup1 #ab #ii1 #ajd ,knot-weed1 #ajb ,kribbelkrankheit1 #hi ,laburnum1 #be1 #bg1 #ajc ,lactuca scariola1 #de -- virosa1 #de1 #df ,lactucarium1 #df ,lactucerin1 #df ,lactucic1 acid #df ,lactucin1 #df ,lactucone1 #df ,lactupicrine1 #df ,larix europa1 #gb ,larkspur1 #ad1 #ajd ,lathyrism1 #bg1 #bh ,lathyrus ,aphaca1 #bi1 #ajd -- ,cicera1 #bg -- ,clymenum1 #bg -- sativus1 #bg1 #if ,laurel1 ,cherry1 #cd1 #ajd ,laurel1 ,spurge1 #fe1 #aje ,lepidium latifolium1 #aje ,lettuce1 ,wild1 #de ,ligustrin1 #di ,ligustron1 #di ,ligustrum vulgare1 #d1 #di1 #aje ,liliace1 #gh ,lily-of-the-,valley1 #gi1 #ajd ,lima beans1 #cb ,linaria vulgaris1 #ie1 #aje ,linarin1 #ie ,linum carthaticum1 #ib1 #ajd ,loco-weed1 #c ,loliine1 #hc ,lolium temulentum1 #h1 #dh1 #hb-hd1 #if1 #ajc1 #ajd ,lords and ,ladies1 #gf1 #gg1 #aje ,lousewort1 #fc1 #ie ,lupines1 #bi -- ,blue1 #bi -- ,false1 #c -- ,white1 #cj -- ,yellow1 #bi ,lupinidine1 #bg1 #ca ,lupinine1 #ca ,lupinosis1 #bi-cb ,lupinotoxin1 #ca ,lupinus sp41 #bi-cb -- albus1 #cj -- angustifolius1 #bi ---- luteus1 #bi1 #cj ,mal de ,brou1 #gj ,maladie des ,bois1 #gj1 #ajj ,male ,fern1 #hh ,marsh ,marigold1 #ab1 #ii1 #ajd ,marsh ,penny-,wort1 #ic ,matricaria ,chamomilla1 #aja ,mayweeds1 #id1 #aja ,meadow ,saffron1 #b1 #c1 #gi-hb1 #ajj1 #ajd ,mechanical injury1 plants causing1 #aja ,melampyrum sp41 #fc1 #ie1 #if -- arvense1 #if1 #ajj ,melilot1 #ib ,melilotus sp41 #ib ,mercurialine1 #fh ,mercurialis annua1 #fg1 #fh1 #ajj ---- perennis1 #fg1 #fh1 #ajj1 #ajd ,mercury1 ,dog's and ,annual1 #fg1 #fh1 #ajj1 #ajd ,methylconiine1 #da ,mezerein1 #fe ,mezereon1 #fe1 #aje ,milk1 plants affecting1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja -- ,achillea ,millefolium1 #ajj -- ,acorns1 #ajj -- ,alliaria officinalis1 #ajj -- ,allium sp41 #ii -- ,anthemis sp41 #id1 #aja -- ,artemisia ,absinthium1 #aja -- ,caltha palustris1 #ii -- ,chrysanthemum ,leucanthemum1 #ajj -- ,colchicum autumnale1 #hj1 #ha1 #ajj -- ,conium maculatum1 #db1 #aja -- ,cytisus ,weldeni1 #be -- ,equisetum palustre1 #hg1 #ajj -- ,euphorbia sp41 #fg -- -- ,lathyris1 #ajj -- ,helleborus sp41 #ac1 #ad -- ,hyoscyamus niger1 #eb1 #aja -- ,hypericum perforatum1 #bb -- ,matricaria ,chamomilla1 #aja -- ,melampyrum arvense1 #ajj -- ,mercurialis annua1 #fh1 #ajj -- -- perennis1 #fh1 #ajj -- ,narthecium ossifragum1 #ig #ajj -- ,oxalis ,acetosella1 #bc1 #ajj -- ,pinguicula vulgaris1 #aja -- ,quercus sp41 #ga1 #ajj -- ,ranunculus sp41 #ii -- ,rhododendron1 #dg1 #ajj -- ,rumex sp41 #fd -- ,senebiera didyma1 #aja -- ,senecio latifolius1 #de -- ,sium angustifolium1 #aja -- -- latifolium1 #cg1 #aja -- ,solanum tuberosum1 #eg -- ,tanacetum vulgare1 #dd1 #aja -- ,thlaspi arvense1 #aja ,molinia caerulea1 #ih ,monkshood1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae1 #ajc1 #ajd ,morphine1 #af ,mullein1 ,great1 #ie ,mustard1 ,garlic1 #ai1 #ajj -- ,treacle1 #ai ,naked ,ladies1 #b1 #c1 #gi-hb1 #ajj1 #ajd ,narcissine1 #ig ,narcissus sp41 #ig -- moschatus1 #aje -- poeticus1 #ig1 #aje -- pseudo-narcissus1 #ig ,nardus stricta1 #aja ,narthecin1 #ig ,narthecium ossifragum1 #ig1 #ajj ,nepeta ,cataria1 #if -- ,glechoma1 #a1 #if1 #ih ,nettles1 #ig1 #aje ,nightshade1 see ,deadly ,nightshade and ,garden ,nightshade ,oak1 #fi-gb1 #ajj ,oenanthe crocata1 #cg1 #ajc1 #ajd -- fistulosa1 #ch -- fluviatilis1 #ajd -- ,phellandrium1 #ch1 #ajd ,oenanthotoxin1 #ch ,oil of ,cicuta1 #cf -- ,euphorbia1 #fh -- ,mustard1 #ah -- ,snapdragon1 #ie -- ,tansy1 #dd -- ,valerian1 #ic -- ,yew1 #ge ,oleace1 #di ,orache1 #ig ,orobanche minor1 #ie ,oxalis ,acetosella1 #bc1 #ajj ,paigya beans1 #cb ,papaver sp41 #h1 #af -- dubium1 #af -- ,rhoeas1 #af1 #aje -- somniferum1 #ajc ,papaverace1 #af ,papilionace1 #be ,parabuxine1 #fi ,parabuxinidine1 #fi ,paridin1 #gh1 #gi ,paris quadrifolia1 #gh1 #ajd ,paristyphnin1 #gh ,parsnip1 ,water1 #cg1 #aja -- ,wild1 #ic ,pasque ,flower1 #i ,pastinaca sativa1 #ic ,peas1 ,indian1 #bg1 #if -- ,mutter1 #bg ,pedicularis sp41 #fc1 #ie -- palustris1 #fc -- sylvatica1 #fc ,penny ,cress1 #aja ,penny-,wort1 ,marsh1 #ic ,persicaria1 #fd ,petty ,spurge1 #ff1 #aje ,phaseolunatin1 #h1 #cc ,phaseolus lunatus1 #d1 #cb1 #ajd ,picea sp41 #gb ,picein1 #gb ,picrotoxin1 #cf1 #hc ,pimpernel1 ,scarlet1 #dh ,pinguicula vulgaris1 #aja ,pinipicrin1 #gb ,pinus larix1 #ajd -- pinaster1 #ajd -- strobus1 #gb -- sylvestris1 #gb ,pisum sativum1 #bg ,poison ,weed1 #dh ,polygonace1 #fc ,polygonum ,aviculare1 #ajb -- ,convolvulus1 #ajb -- ,fagopyrum1 #fd -- hydropiper1 #fd1 #fe -- ,persicaria1 #fd1 #fe ,poppies1 #h1 #af1 #ajc1 #aje ,potato1 #ed-eh ,potentilla ,anserina1 #ib -- tormentilla1 #hh1 #ic ,primulace1 #dh ,privet1 #d1 #di1 #aje ,protopine1 #ag ,prulaurasin1 #cd ,prunus laurocerasus1 #cd1 #ajd ,pseudoconhydrine1 #da ,pteris aquilina1 #hg1 #ic ,pteritannic acid1 #hh ,pulsatilla-camphor1 #i ,purging ,flax #ib1 #ajd ,quercus sp41 #fi-gb1 #ajj ,radish1 ,wild1 #ah ,ragwort1 #dd ,rangoon beans1 #cb ,ranunculace1 #i ,ranunculus sp41 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ii -- acer1 #aa -- acris1 #aj1 #aa1 #aje -- aquatilis1 #aj1 #aje -- auricomus1 #aje -- bulbosus1 #aj1 #aa1 #aje -- ,ficaria1 #aj1 #aa1 #aje -- ,flammula1 #aj1 #aa1 #aje -- lingua1 #aj -- repens1 #aj1 #ab1 #ii -- sceleratus1 #aj1 #aa1 #ii1 #aje ,raphanus ,raphanistrum1 #ah ,rhamnace1 #bd ,rhamnetin1 #bd ,rhamnus ,catharticus1 #bd1 #aje -- ,frangula1 #bd ,rheadine1 #af ,rhinanthin1 #fc1 #if ,rhinanthus sp41 #fc -- ,crista-galli1 #ie ,rhododendrin1 #dg ,rhododendron sp41 #d1 #df1 #ajj -- arboreum1 #dg -- californicum1 #df -- ,chrysanthum1 #df -- cinnabarinum1 #dg -- ferrugineum1 #df -- hirsutum1 #dg -- maximum1 #df -- ponticum1 #df1 #dg -- punctatum1 #dg ,ricin1 #cd ,ricinine1 #cd ,ricinus communis1 #cc ,roemeria hybrida1 #aje ,rosace1 #cd ,rumex ,acetosa1 #fc1 #ajd -- ,acetosella1 #fc -- crispus1 #fd ,ruta graveolens1 #ajd ,st ,john's ,wort1 #bb ,sambuca ,ebulus1 #dc1 #ajd -- nigra1 #dc1 #ajd ,sambucine1 #dd ,sambunigrin1 #dd ,saponaria officinalis1 #ai1 #aje ,saponins1 #h1 #i1 #ai1 #ba1 #gg1 #gh1 #ig ,sapotoxin1 #ba ,scabiosa succisa1 #ic #ic ,scarlet ,pimpernel1 #dh ,scilla bifolia1 #aje ,scopolamine1 #ej1 #ea1 #ei ,scrophularia aquatica1 #ie -- nodosa1 #ie ,scrophularine1 #ie ,scrophularine1 #fa ,sedum acre1 #ic1 #aje --album1 #aje ,senebiera didyma1 #aja ,senecifolidine1 #de ,senecifoline1 #de ,senecio ,burchellii1 #de --,jacoba1 #dd --latifolius1 #de ,sheep's ,sorrel1 #fc ,shepherd's ,purse1 #aja ,silica1 #hf ,silver ,weed1 #ib ,sinalbin1 #ah ,sinapine1 #ah ,sinapis alba1 #aje --arvensis1 see ,brassica sinapistrum --nigra1 #aje ,sium angustifolium1 #cg1 #aja1 #ajd --latifolium1 #cg1 #aja ,sium1 ,lesser1 #aja ,smilacin1 #ba ,snake's ,head1 #ig ,soapwort1 #ai1 #aje ,solanace1 #d1 #h1 #ej1 #ajc ,solanidine1 #ec1 #ef ,solanine1 #h1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef ,solanum ,dulcamara1 #ed1 #ajd --guineense1 #ec --nigrum1 #d1 #eb1 #ed1 #ajd --tuberosum1 #ed-eh --villosum1 #ec ,sorrel1 ,common1 #fc1 #ajd --,sheep's1 #fc --,wood1 #bc1 #ajj ,sparteine1 #bg1 #ca ,spearwort1 ,lesser1 #aj1 #aa1 #aje ,spindle ,tree1 #bd1 #aje ,spurge ,laurel1 #fe1 #aje ,spurges1 #ff1 #fg1 #ajj1 #aje ,staphisagrine1 #ad ,stellaria media1 #aja ,stinking ,mayweed1 #aja ,stipa pinnata1 #aja ,sundews1 #ic ,sunflower1 ,wild1 #c ,sun ,spurge1 #ff1 #aje ,syringin1 #di ,syringopicrin1 #di ,tamus communis1 #ce1 #gh1 #aje ,tanacetum vulgare1 #dd1 #aja ,tannin1 #gj ,tansy1 #dd1 #aja ,taxine1 #ge ,taxus baccata1 #b1 #d1 #g1 #h1 #gb1 #gc-gf1 #ajc1 #ajd ,temuline1 #hc ,terpene1 #ic ,thermopsis rhombifolia1 #c ,thlaspi arvense1 #aja ,thorn ,apple1 #ej1 #ajc1 #ajd ,thuja occidentalis1 #gb ,thymelace1 #fe ,toadflax1 #ie1 #aje ,tormentil1 #hh1 #ic ,traveller's ,joy1 #i1 #aje ,treacle ,mustard1 #ai ,trifolium incarnatum1 #aja ,trimethylamine1 #fh ,trollius europus1 #i ,ulex europus1 #ib ,ulexine1 #be1 #ib ,umbellifer1 #b1 #cf ,urtica sp41 #ig --dioica1 #ig1 #aje --pilulifera1 #aje --urens1 #aje ,valeriana officinalis1 #ic1 #aje ,valerianic acid1 #ic ,vellarin1 #ic ,verbascum ,thapsus1 #ie ,vetchling1 ,yellow1 #bi1 #ajd ,viper's ,bugloss1 #id ,viscum album1 #aje ,wall-,pepper1 #ic1 #aje ,wartcress1 ,lesser1 #aja ,water ,dropwort1 #cg1 #ajc1 #ajd --,hemlock1 #b1 #h1 #cf1 #ajd --,parsnip1 #cg1 #aja --,pepper1 #fd1 #fe ,white-,rot1 #ic ,wild ,chamomile1 #aja --,geranium1 #c --,lettuce1 #de --,parsnip1 #ic --,radish1 #ah --,sunflower1 #c ,wind ,flower1 #i1 #aje ,wonderberry1 #ec ,wood ,anemone1 #i1 #aje --,sorrel1 #bc1 #ajj ,wormwood1 #aja ,xylan1 #ih ,yellow ,flag1 #ig --,rattle1 #ie --,vetchling1 #bi1 #ajd ,yew1 #b1 #d1 #g1 #h1 #gb1 #gc-gf1 #ajc1 #ajd ,zygadenus venenosus1 #c ,,cambridge3 ,,printed ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,peace1 ,m4,a41 ,,at 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