,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,9 p>ticul> ! words height & hight are us$ ab\t equally4 ,z hight is a legitimate spell+1 x has n be5 *ang$4 ,"s ( ! l>g] tables h be5 re-organis$ to improve cl>ity & avoid excessive wid?4 ,! footnotes are locat$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,) ,,"s ,,notes ,,on ,,lead ,,m9+ ,,edit$ ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s ,device ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,,! ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,m9+ ,,j\rnal #aijf ,,copyright1 #aijf1 ,,by ,,! ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,m9+ ,,j\rnal4 ,,also ,,ent]$ ,,at ,,/ation]s' ,,hall1 ,,london1 ,,engl&4 ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$4 ,,preface ,?is book is a repr9t ( v>i\s articles p]ta9+ especially to ! smelt+ & ref9+ ( lead1 toge!r ) a few articles relat+ to ! m9+ ( lead ore1 :i* h appe>$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 *iefly dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s2 9 a few cases articles f e>li] issues h be5 ins]t$1 9 view ( _! special importance 9 r\nd+ out c]ta9 ( ! subjects treat$4 ,= ! same reason1 sev]al articles f ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s h be5 incorporat$1 p]mission to republi% !m 9 ?is way hav+ be5 c\rte\sly grant$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,in/itute4 ,c]ta9 ( ! o!r articles compris$ 9 ?is book are ab/racts ( pap]s orig9ally pres5t$ be=e eng9e]+ societies1 or publi%$ 9 o!r te*nical p]iodicals1 subsequ5tly republi%$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 z to :i* prop] ackn[l$gm5t has be5 made 9 all cases4 ,! articles compris$ 9 ?is book relate to a v>iety ( subjects1 :i* are ( importance 9 ! practical metallurgy ( lead1 & especially 9 connection ) ! desulphurization ( gal5a1 :i* is n[ accompli%$ by a new class ( processes kn[n z 8,lime ,roa/+0 processes4 ,! successful introduction ( ^! processes into ! metallurgy ( lead has be5 "o ( ! mo/ important features 9 ! hi/ory ( ! latt] dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,_! developm5t is s rec5t t !y are n else:]e treat$ 9 te*nical lit]ature1 outside ( ! pages ( ! p]iodicals & ! transactions ( eng9e]+ societies4 ,! !ory & practice ( ^! processes are n yet by any means well und]/ood1 & a ye> or two h5ce we %all d\btless possess mu* m k conc]n+ !m ?an we h n[4 ,prompt in=mation respect+ su* new developm5ts is1 h[ev]1 m desirable ?an delay ) a view to say+ ! la/ ^w on ! subject1 :i* nev] c be said by any ( u1 ev5 if we %\ld wait to ! end ( ! lifetime4 ,= ?is reason x has appe>$ useful to collect & republi% 9 conv5i5t =m ! articles ( ?is "* :i* h appe>$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,+alls4 ,,augu/ #a1 #aijf4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,notes ,,on ,,lead ,,m9+ ,,page ,,s\rces ,,( ,,lead ,,production ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates 7,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls7 #c ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,s\!a/ ,,miss\ri ,,lead 7,h4 ,a4 ,,:eel]7 #aj ,,m9+ ,,9 ,,s\!a/]n ,,miss\ri 7,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls7 #af ,,lead ,,m9+ ,,9 ,,s\!a/]n ,,miss\ri 7,r4 ,d4 ,o4 ,,johnson7 #ah ,,! ,,lead ,,ores ,,( ,,s\?we/]n ,,miss\ri 7,c4 ,v4 ,,petraeus ,,& ,w4 ,,geo4 ,,w>+7 #bd ,,"p ,,ii ,,roa/-,,reaction ,,smelt+ ,,scot* ,,he>?s ,,& ,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,scot* ,,he>? 7,,k5ne? ,w4 ,m4 ,,middleton7 #ca ,,! ,,f$]al ,,smelt+ ,,works1 ,,ne> ,,alton1 ,,ill4 7,o4 ,,pufahl7 #ch ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,at ,,t>n[itz 7,,editorial7 #da ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces ,,at ,,desloge1 ,,mo4 7,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls7 #db ,,"p ,,iii ,,s9t]+ ,,& ,,briquett+ ,,! ,,desulphurization ,,( ,,slimes ,,by ,,heap ,,roa/+ ,,at ,,brok5 ,,hill 7,e4 ,j4 ,,horwood7 #ea ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,f9e ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,smelt+ 7,t4 ,j4 ,,gre5way7 #ei ,,! ,,briquett+ ,,( ,,m9]als 7,,rob]t ,,s*orr7 #fc ,a ,,brick+ ,,plant ,,= ,,flue ,,du/ ,,& ,,f9e ,,ores 7,,jas4 ,c4 ,,b5nett7 #ff ,,"p ,,iv ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,bla/ ,,furnace ,,mod]n ,,silv]-,,lead ,,smelt+ 7,,ar?ur ,s4 ,,dwight7 #gc ,,me*anical ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,silv]-,,lead ,,bla/ ,,furnaces 7,,ar?ur ,s4 ,,dwight7 #ha ,,co/ ,,( ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ 7,,malv]n ,w4 ,,iles7 #if ,,smelt+ ,,z9c ,,retort ,,residues 7,e4 ,m4 ,,johnson7 #ajd ,,z9c ,,oxide ,,9 ,,slags 7,w4 ,,mayn>d ,,hut*+s7 #ajh ,,"p ,v ,,lime-,,roa/+ ,,( ,,gal5a ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process #aac ,,lime-,,roa/+ ,,( ,,gal5a 7,,editorial7 #aad ,,! ,,new ,,me?ods ,,( ,,desulphuriz+ ,,gal5a 7,w4 ,,bor*]s7 #aaf ,,lime-,,roa/+ ,,( ,,gal5a 7,w4 ,,mayn>d ,,hut*+s7 #abf ,,!oretical ,,aspects ,,( ,,lead-,,ore ,,roa/+ 7,c4 ,,guillema97 #acc ,,metallurgical ,,behavior ,,( ,,lead ,,sulphide ,,& ,,calcium ,,sulphate 7,f4 ,o4 ,,doeltz7 #aci ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process 7,,donald ,,cl>k7 #add ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process ,,at ,,fri$ri*%,,tte 7,a4 ,,bi]nbaum7 #adh ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process ,,f ,,! ,,hygi5ic ,,/&po9t 7,a4 ,,bi]nbaum7 #afj ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process 7,,?omas ,,hunt+ton ,,& ,,f]d9& ,,heb]le97 #afg ,,mak+ ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,at ,,brok5 ,,hill 7,,editorial7 #agd ,,! ,,c>mi*ael-,,brad=d ,,process 7,,donald ,,cl>k7 #age ,,! ,,c>mi*ael-,,brad=d ,,process 7,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls7 #agg ,,! ,,savelsb]g ,,process 7,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls7 #ahf ,,lime-,,roa/+ ,,( ,,gal5a 7,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls7 #aic ,,"p ,,vi ,,o!r ,,me?ods ,,( ,,smelt+ ,,! ,,bormettes ,,me?od ,,( ,,lead ,,& ,,copp] ,,smelt+ 7,,alfr$o ,,lotti7 #bae ,,! ,,g]mot ,,process 7,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls7 #bbd ,,"p ,,vii ,,du/ ,,& ,,fume ,,recov]y ,,flues1 ,,*amb]s ,,& ,,bag-,,h\ses ,,du/ ,,*amb] ,,design 7,,max ,j4 ,,wel*7 #bbi ,,concrete ,,9 ,,metallurgical ,,con/ruction 7,,h5ry ,w4 ,,edw>ds7 #bcd ,,concrete ,,flues 7,,edw9 ,h4 ,,messit]7 #bdj ,,concrete ,,flues 7,,francis ,t4 ,,hav>d7 #bdb ,,bag-,,h\ses ,,= ,,sav+ ,,fume 7,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls7 #bdd ,,"p ,,viii ,,bl[]s ,,& ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es ,,rot>y ,,bl[]s ,,vs4 ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es ,,= ,,lead ,,smelt+ 7,,editorial7 #bea ,,rot>y ,,bl[]s ,,vs4 ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es 7,j4 ,,p>ke ,,*ann+7 #bed ,,bl[]s ,,& ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es ,,= ,,lead ,,& ,,copp] ,,smelt+ 7,,hiram ,w4 ,,hixon7 #bef ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es ,,& ,,rot>y ,,bl[]s 7,s4 ,e4 ,,bre!rton7 #beh ,,"p ,,ix ,,lead ,,ref9+ ,,! ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,lead ,,bullion 7,f4 ,l4 ,,pidd+ton7 #bfc ,,! ,,electrolytic ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,base ,,lead ,,bullion 7,,titus ,,ulke7 #bgj ,,electrolytic ,,lead ,,ref9+ 7,,anson ,g4 ,,betts7 #bgd ,,"p ,x ,,smelt+ ,,works ,,& ,,ref9]ies ,,! ,,new ,,smelt] ,,at ,,el ,,paso1 ,,texas 7,,editorial7 #bhe ,,new ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company ,,at ,,murray1 ,,utah 7,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls7 #bhg ,,! ,,murray ,,smelt]1 ,,utah 7,o4 ,,pufahl7 #bia ,,! ,,pueblo ,,lead ,,smelt]s 7,o4 ,,pufahl7 #bid ,,! ,,p]? ,,amboy ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company 7,o4 ,,pufahl7 #bif ,,! ,,national ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company 7,o4 ,,pufahl7 #bii ,,! ,,ea/ ,,hel5a ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company 7,o4 ,,pufahl7 #cjb ,,! ,,globe ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company 7,o4 ,,pufahl7 #cjd ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,spa9 7,,hjalm> ,,eriksson7 #cjf ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,at ,,monteponi1 ,,s>d9ia 7,,erm9io ,,f]r>is7 #caa ,,"p ,i ,,notes ,,on ,,lead ,,m9+ ,,s\rces ,,( ,,lead ,,production ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls 7,novemb] #bh1 #aijc7 ,/ati/ics ( lead production are ( value 9 two directions3 7#a7 9 %[+ ! relative proportion ( ! k9ds ( lead produc$2 & 7#b7 9 %[+ ! s\rces f :i* produc$4 ,lead is m>ket$ 9 ?ree pr9cipal =ms3 7a7 desilv]iz$2 7b7 s(t2 7c7 antimonial1 or h>d4 ,! t]ms to di/+ui% betwe5 classes 8a0 & 8b0 are inexact1 because1 ( c\rse1 desilv]iz$ lead is s(t lead4 ,desilv]iz$ lead itself is classifi$ z 8corrod+10 :i* is ! highe/ grade1 & ord9>y 8desilv]iz$40 ,s(t lead1 ref]r+ to ! ,miss\ri product1 may be ei!r 8ord9>y0 or 8*emical h>d40 ,! latt] is su* lead z conta9s a small p]c5tage ( copp] & antimony z impurities1 :i*1 )\t mak+ x really h>d1 increase its resi/ance aga9/ ! action ( acids1 & !re=e r5d] x especially suitable = ! production ( %eet to be us$ 9 sulphuric-acid *amb] con/ruction & l purposes4 ,! production ( *emical h>d lead is a =tuit\s matt]1 dep5d+ on ! pres5ce ( ! valuable impurities 9 ! virg9 ores4 ,if pres5t1 ^! impurities g into ! lead1 & _c be completely remov$ by ! simple process ( ref9+ :i* is practis$4 ,nobody kn[s j :at proportions ( copp] & antimony are requir$ to imp>t ! desir$ prop]ty1 & consequ5tly no specifications are made4 ,"s *emical eng9e]s call = a p>ticul> br&1 b ?is is really only a :im1 s9ce ! same br& w n be uni=mly ! same2 practically "o br& is z good z ano!r4 ,corrod+ lead is ! v pure metal1 :i* is suitable = :ite lead manufacture4 ,x may be made ei!r f desilv]iz$ or f ! ord9>y ,miss\ri product2 or ! latt]1 if especially pure1 may be class$ z corrod+ )\t fur!r ref9+4 ,antimonial lead is really an alloy ( lead ) ab\t #ae to #cj p] c5t4 antimony1 :i* is produc$ z a by-product by ! desilv]iz]s ( base bullion4 ,! antimony cont5t is v>iable1 x be+ possible = ! smelt] to run ! p]c5tage up to #fj4 ,=m]ly x 0 ! g5]al cu/om to make antimonial lead ) a cont5t ( #aj to #ab p] c5t4 ,sb2 lat]1 ) #ah to #bj p] c5t42 :ile n[ #be to #cj p] c5t4 ,sb is be/ suit$ to ! m>ket4 ,! relative values ( ! v>i\s grades ( lead fluctuate consid]ably1 accord+ to ! m>ket place1 & ! dem& & supply4 ,! s*$ules ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company make a regul> diff]5tial ( #aj;c4 p] #ajj lb4 betwe5 corrod+ lead & desilv]iz$ lead 9 all m>kets4 ,9 ! ,/4 ,l\is m>ket1 desilv]iz$ lead us$ to comm& a premium ( #e;c4 to #aj;c4 p] #ajj lb4 ov] ord9>y ,miss\ri2 b n[ !y sell on approximately equal t]ms4 ,*emical h>d lead sells sometimes at a high] price1 sometimes at a l[] price1 ?an ord9>y ,miss\ri lead1 accord+ to ! dem& & supply4 ,!re is no regul> diff]5tial4 ,?is is also ! case ) antimonial lead4#a ,! total production ( lead f ores m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aija 0 #bgi1ibb %ort tons1 ( :i* #baa1cfh tons 7 desilv]iz$1 #eg1hih s(t 7mean+ lead f ,miss\ri & adjac5t ,/ates7 & #aj1fef antimonial4 ,^! are ! /ati/ics ( 8,! ,m9]al ,indu/ry40 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey report$ sub/antially ! same quantities4 ,9 #aijb ! production 0 #aii1fae tons ( desilv]iz$1 #gj1dbd tons ( s(t1 & #aj1dhe tons ( antimonial1 a total ( #bhj1ebd tons4 ,!re is an annual production ( #djjj to #ejjj tons ( :ite lead direct f ore at ,jopl91 ,mo41 :i* increases ! total lead production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by1 say1 #cejj tons p] annum4 ,! production ( lead report$ z 8s(t0 does n repres5t ! full output ( ,miss\ri & adjac5t ,/ates1 because a good deal ( _! ore1 itself non-arg5tif]\s1 except to ! ext5t ( ab\t #a oz4 p] ton 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 is smelt$ ) silv]-be>+ ores1 go+ ?us into an arg5tif]\s lead2 :ile 9 "o case1 at lea/1 ! almo/ non-arg5tif]\s lead1 obta9$ by smelt+ ! ore unmix$1 is desilv]iz$ = ! sake ( ! extra ref9+4 ,lead-be>+ ores are ( widespread occurr5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s !re are num]\s di/ricts 9 :i* ! ore c>ries m or less lead 9 connection ) gold & silv]4 ,= ?is reason1 ! lead m9+ indu/ry is n commonly ?\ght ( z hav+ su* a conc5trat$ "* z copp] m9+ & z9c m9+4 ,x is ! fact1 h[ev]1 t upw>d ( #gj p] c5t4 ( ! lead produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is d]iv$ f five di/ricts1 & 9 ! ?ree lead+ di/ricts f a comp>atively small numb] ( m9es4 ,! /ati/ics ( ^! = #aija to #aijd are z foll[s3#b ,,production1 ,,tons ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,di/rict #aija #aijb #aijc #aijd #aija #aijb #aijc #aijd,,ref4 ,cur d',al5e #fh1iec #gd1gci #hi1hhj #ih1bdj #bd4c #bf4c #cb4e #cb4e;a ,s\!a/ ,mo4 #df1feg #ef1eej #ei1ffj #ei1ajd #af4d #ai4i #ba4b #ai4f;b ,leadville1 ,colo4 #bh1ahj #ai1gbe #ah1agg #bc1eij #aj4j #f4i #f4f #g4h;c ,p>k ,city1 ,utah #bh1caj #cf1cjj #cf1ecd #cj1aib #aj4j #ab4h #ac4b #aj4j;d ,jopl91 ,mo4-,kan4 #bd1ejj #bb1acj #bj1jjj #bc1fjj #h4f #g4h #g4b #g4h;e ,total #aif1fjjbji1dddbbd1beabcd1gbf #fi4c #gc4g #ha4j #gg4g a4 ,! production 9 #aija & #aijb is comput$ f direct returns f ! m9es1 ) an all[ance ( #f p] c5t4 = loss ( lead 9 smelt+4 ,! production 9 #aijc & #aijd is e/imat$ at #ie p] c5t4 ( ! total lead product ( ,idaho4 b4 ,?is figure includes only ! output ( ! m9es at ,bonne ,t]re1 ,flat ,riv]1 ,doe ,run1 ,m9e la ,motte & ,fr$]ickt[n4 ,x is comput$ f ! report ( ! ,/ate ,lead & ,z9c ,m9e ,inspector z to ore produc$1 ! ore 7conc5trates7 ( ! m9es at ,bonne ,t]re1 ,flat ,riv] & ,doe ,run be+ reckon$ z yield+ #fj p] c5t4 lead4 c4 ,report ( ,/ate ,commission] ( ,m9es4 d4 ,report ( ,director ( ! ,m9t on 8,production ( ,gold & ,silv] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 ) all[ance ( #f p] c5t4 = loss ( lead 9 smelt+4 e4 ,f /ati/ics report$ by 8,! ,m9]al ,indu/ry10 reckon+ ! ore 7conc5trates7 z yield+ #gj p] c5t4 lead4 ,outside ( ^! five di/ricts1 ! mo/ ( ! lead produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is d]iv$ f o!r camps 9 ,idaho1 ,colorado1 ,miss\ri & ,utah1 ! comb9$ output ( all o!r ,/ates be+ insignificant4 ,x is int]e/+ to exam9e ! conditions "u :i* lead is produc$ 9 ! five pr9cipal di/ricts4 ,leadville1 ,colo4--,! m9es ( ,leadville1 :i* once 7 ! l>ge/ lead produc]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 became comp>atively unimportant aft] ! exhau/ion ( ! deposits ( c>bonate ore1 b h atta9$ a new importance s9ce ! successful introduction ( means = sep>at+ ! mix$ sulphide ore1 :i* occurs !re 9 v l>ge bodies4 ,! lead production ( ,leadville 9 #ahig 0 #aa1hej tons2 #ag1igc tons 9 #ahih2 #bd1bii tons 9 #ahii2 #ca1cjj tons 9 #aijj2 #bh1ahj tons 9 #aija1 & #ai1gbe tons 9 #aijb4 ,! ,leadville mix$ sulphide ore assays ab\t #h p] c5t4 ,pb1 #be p] c5t4 ,zn & #aj oz4 silv] p] ton4 ,x is sep>at$ into a z9c product assay+ ab\t #ch p] c5t4 ,zn & #f p] c5t4 ,pb1 & a gal5a product assay+ ab\t #de p] c5t4 ,pb1 #aj or #ab p] c5t4 ,zn1 & #aj oz4 silv] p] ton4 ,cur d',al5e4--,! m9es ( ?is di/rict are op5$ on fissure ve9s ( great ext5t4 ,! ore is ( l[ grade & requires conc5tration4 ,z m9$1 x conta9s ab\t #aj p] c5t4 lead & a v>iable proportion ( silv]4 ,x is m>ket$ z m9]al1 av]ag+ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,pb & #cj oz4 silv] p] ton4 ,! production ( lead ore 9 ?is di/rict is c>ri$ on "u ! disadvantages ( remot5ess f ! pr9cipal m>kets = pig lead1 high-pric$ labor1 & comp>atively exp5sive supplies4 ,x enjoys ! advantages ( l>ge orebodies ( comp>atively high grade 9 lead1 & an important silv] cont5t1 & 9 _m cases *eap wat] p[]1 & ! ability to "w ! m9es ?r\gh adit levels4 ,! co/ ( m9+ & mill+ a ton ( crude ore is #b4ej to #c4ej4 ,! mills are situat$1 g5]ally1 at "s di/ance f ! m9es1 ! ore be+ transport$ by railway at a co/ ( #h to #bj;c4 p] ton4 ,! dress+ is done 9 l>ge mills at a co/ ( #dj to #ej;c4 p] ton4 ,ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ( ! lead ( ! ore is recov]$4 ,! conc5trates are sold at #ij p] c5t4 ( _! lead cont5ts & #ie p] c5t4 ( _! silv] cont5ts1 less a smelt+ *>ge ( #h p] ton1 & a freight rate ( #h p] ton on ore ( less ?an #ej value p] ton1 #aj on ore wor? #ej to #fe1 & #ab on ore wor? m ?an #fe2 ! ore values be+ comput$ f4 o4 b4 m9es4 ,! settl+ price ( lead is ! arbitr>y "o made by ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company4 ,) lead 79 ore7 at #c4e;c4 & silv] at #ej;c41 ! value1 f4 o4 b4 m9es1 ( a ton ( ore conta9+ #ej p] c5t4 ,pb & #cj oz4 silv] is approximately z foll[s3 #ajjj #j4ij #ijj lb4 lead1 at #c4e;c4 #ca4ej #cj #j4ie #bh4e oz4 silv]1 at #ej;c4 #ad4be ------------ ,gross value1 f4 o4 b4 m9es #de4ge ,less freight1 #aj1 & smelt+ *>ge1 #h #ah4jj ------------ ,net value1 f4 o4 b4 m9es #bg4ge ,assum+ an av]age ( #f tons ( crude ore to #a ton ( conc5trate1 ! value p] ton ( crude ore w\ld be ab\t #d4fb1 & ! net pr(it p] ton ab\t #a4fb1 :i* figures are increas$ #bc4ge;c4 = ea* #e;c4 rise 9 ! value ( silv] above #ej;c4 p] ounce4 ,! production ( ! ,cur d',al5e s9ce #ahie1 z report$ by ! m9es1 has be5 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,ye> ,,lead1 ,,tons ,,silv]1 ,,oz4 ,,ratio#c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #ahif #cg1bej #b1ejj1jjj #fg4a #ahig #eg1ggg #c1egi1dbd #fa4i #ahih #ef1cci #c1cii1ebd #fj4c #ahii #ej1jjf #b1gcf1hgb #ed4g #aijj #ha1ece #d1gee1hgg #eh4c #aija #fh1iec #c1cdi1ecc #dh4e #aijb #gd1gci #d1dhi1edi #fj4j #aijc #dajj1cee #e1gea1fac #eg4c #aijd #dajh1ied #f1bdg1gie #eg4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! numb] ( produc]s 9 ! ,cur d',al5e di/rict is comp>atively small1 & _m ( !m h rec5tly consolidat$1 "u ! "n ( ! ,f$]al ,m9+ & ,smelt+ ,company4 ,outside ( t conc]n are ! ,bunk] ,hill ,sullivan1 ! ,morn+ & ! ,h]cules m9es1 control ( :i* has lately be5 secur$ by ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company4 ,s\!a/]n ,miss\ri4--,! mo/ ( ! lead produc$ 9 ?is region comes f :at is call$ ! dissem9at$ di/rict1 compris+ ! m9es ( ,bonne ,t]re1 ,flat ,riv]1 ,doe ,run1 ,m9e la ,motte & ,fr$]ickt[n1 ( :i* ^? ( ,bonne ,t]re & ,flat ,riv] are ! mo/ important4 ,! ore ( ?is region is a magnesian lime/one impregnat$ ) gal5a4 ,! deposits lie ne>ly flat & are v l>ge4 ,!y yield ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( m9]al1 :i* assays ab\t #fe p] c5t4 lead4 ,! l[ grade ( ! ore is ! only disadvantage :i* ?is di/rict has1 b ?is is s mu* m ?an (fset by ! num]\s advantages1 t m9+ is conduct$ v pr(itably1 & x is an op5 "q :e!r lead c be produc$ m *eaply "h or 9 ! ,cur d',al5e4 ,! m9es ( s\!a/]n ,miss\ri are only #fj to #ajj miles di/ant f ,/4 ,l\is1 & are 9 close proximity to ! coalfields ( s\!rn ,ill9ois1 :i* af=d *eap fuel4 ,! ore lies at dep?s ( only #ajj to #ejj ft4 bel[ ! surface4 ,! gr\nd /&s admirably1 )\t any timb]+4 ,labor & supplies are comp>atively *eap4 ,m9+ & mill+ c be done = #a4je to #a4be p] ton ( crude ore1 :5 conduct$ on ! l>ge scale t is common 9 ?is di/rict4 ,mo/ ( ! m9+ companies are equipp$ to smelt _! own ore1 ! smelt]s be+ ei!r at ! m9es or ne> ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! freight rate on conc5trates to ,/4 ,l\is is #a4dj p] ton2 on pig lead x is #b4aj p] ton4 ,! total co/ ( produc+ pig lead1 deliv]$ at ,/4 ,l\is1 is ab\t #b4be;c4 p] p\nd1 n all[+ = int]e/ on ! inve/m5t1 amortization1 etc4 ,! production ( ! m9es 9 ! dissem9at$ di/rict 9 #aija 0 equival5t to #df1feg tons ( pig lead2 9 #aijb x 0 #ef1eej tons4 ,! mill+ capacity ( ! di/rict is ab\t #fjjj tons p] day1 :i* corresponds to a capacity = ! production ( ab\t #eg1jjj tons ( pig lead p] annum4 ,! ,/4 ,joseph ,lead ,company is build+ a new #ajjj ton mill1 & ! ,/4 ,l\is ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company 7,national ,lead ,company7 is fur!r increas+ its output1 :i* improvem5ts w increase ! daily mill+ capacity by ab\t #adjj tons1 & w enable ! di/rict to put out upw>d ( #ff1jjj tons ( pig lead4 ,9 ?is di/rict1 z 9 ! ,cur d',al5e1 ! indu/ry is closely conc5trat$1 !re be+ only n9e produc]s1 all told4 ,p>k ,city1 ,utah4--,ne>ly all ! lead produc$ by ?is camp comes f ! ,silv] ,k+1 ,daly ,we/1 ,ont>io1 ,qu9cy1 ,an*or & ,daly m9es1 :i* h l>ge ve9s ( l[-grade ore c>ry+ arg5tif]\s gal5a & bl5de1 a gal5a product be+ obta9$ by dress+1 & z9kif]\s tail+s1 :i* are accumulat$ = fur!r treatm5t z z9c ore1 :5 m>ket conditions ju/ify4#e ,jopl9 ,di/rict4--,! lead production ( s\?we/]n ,miss\ri & s\!a/]n ,kansas1 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,jopl9 di/rict1 is d]iv$ entirely z a by-product 9 dress+ ! z9c ore ( t di/rict4 ,x is obta9$ z a product assay+ ab\t #gg p] c5t4 ,pb1 & is ! highe/ grade ( lead ore produc$1 9 l>ge quantity1 any:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is smelt$ p>tly = ! production ( pig lead1 & p>tly = ! direct manufacture ( :ite lead4 ,! lead ore production ( ! di/rict 0 #ca1bid tons 9 #ahie1 #bf1ibg tons 9 #ahif1 #bi1egh tons 9 #ahig1 #bf1deg tons 9 #ahih1 #bd1ajj tons 9 #ahii1 #bh1ejj tons 9 #aijj1 #ce1jjj tons 9 #aija1 & #ca1fae tons 9 #aijb4 ,! production ( lead ore 9 ?is di/rict v>ies m or less1 accord+ to ! production ( z9c ore1 & is n likely to increase mat]ially ov] ! figure atta9$ 9 #aija4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,s\!a/ ,,miss\ri ,,lead ,,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,:eel] 7,m>* #ca1 #aijd7 ,! s\rce ( ! lead t is be+ m9$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri has be5 a moot$ "q4 ,nor is ! orig9 ( ! lead a purely !oretical "q1 z x has an important be>+ on ! possible ext5sion ( ! orebodies into ! und]ly+ s&/one4 ,! dissem9at$ lead ores ( ,miss\ri occur 9 a %aly1 magnesian lime/one ( ,cambrian age 9 ,/4 ,franois1 ,madison & ,wa%+ton c\nties1 f #fj to #acj miles s\? ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! lime/one is kn[n z ! ,bonne ,t]re1 or l[] half ( 8! ?ird magnesian lime/one0 ( ! ,miss\ri ,geological ,survey1 & re/s on a s&/one1 kn[n z 8! ?ird s&/one10 t is ! base ( ! s$im5t>y =mations 9 ! area4 ,"u ?is s&/one occur ! cry/all9e porphyries & granites ( ,algonkian & ,ar*ean age1 :i* outcrop z knobs & isl&s ( limit$ ext5t amid ! unalt]$ ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian s$im5ts4 ,! lead occurs z irregul> granules ( gal5a scatt]$ ?r\gh ! lime/one 9 ess5tially horizontal bodies t v>y f #e to #ajj ft4 9 ?ickness1 f #be to #ejj ft4 9 wid?1 & h exce$$ #ijjj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,!re is no ve9 /ructure1 no cru%+ or brecciation ( ! inclos+ rock1 yet ^! orebodies h well def9$ axes or c\rses1 & rem>kable reliability & p]si/5cy4 ,x is true t ! lime/one is usually d>k]1 m por\s1 & m apt to h ?9 seams ( v d>k 7organic7 %ales :]e x is ore-be>+ ?an 9 ! surr\nd+ b>r5 gr\nd4 ,! orebodies1 h[ev]1 fade out gradually1 ) no %>p l9e betwe5 ! pay-rock & ! non-pay+1 & ! lead is r>ely1 if ev]1 entirely abs5t 9 any ext5t ( ! lime/one ( ! region4 ,:ile ! ma9 c\rse ( ! orebodies seems to be intimately connect$ ) ! axes ( ! g5tle anticl9al folds1 num]\s cross-runs ( ore t are associat$ ) slight faults are almo/ z important z ! ma9 %oots1 & h be5 foll[$ = #ejjj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,^! cross-runs are sometimes ri*] ?an ! ma9 runs1 at lea/ ne> ! int]sections1 b !y are n>r[]1 & p>take m ( ! type ( v]tical %oots1 z di/+ui%$ f ! horizontal %eet-=m4 ,mo/ ( ! orebodies occur at1 or close to1 ! base ( ! lime/one1 & frequ5tly 9 ! transition rock betwe5 ! und]ly+ s&/one & ! lime/one1 ?\gh "s notable & important bodies h be5 f\nd f #ajj to #bjj ft4 above ! s&/one4 ,?is makes ! work+ dep? f ! surface v>y f #aej to #bej ft41 = ! upp] orebodies1 to #cjj to #ejj ft4 deep to ! ma9 or basal orebodies1 accord+ z erosion has remov$ ! ore-be>+ lime/one4 ,! ?ickness ( ! latt] ranges f #djj to #ejj ft4 ,associat$ ) ! gal5a are less am\nts ( pyrite1 :i* especially fr+es ! orebodies1 & v small quantities ( *alcopyrite1 z9c bl5de1 & sieg5ite 7! d\ble sulphide ( nickel & cobalt74 ,calcite also occurs1 especially :]e rec5t lea*+ has op5$ vugs1 caves1 or *annels 9 ! lime/one1 :5 second>y enri*m5t frequ5tly incru/s ^! op5+s ) cry/als ( calcite & gal5a4 ,no b>ite ev] occurs ) ! dissem9at$ ore1 ?\gh x is ! pr9cipal gangue m9]al 9 ! upp] or ,potosi memb] ( ! ?ird magnesian lime/one1 & is nev] abs5t 9 ! small ore occurr5ces 9 ! /ill high] second magnesian lime/one4 ,:ile ! av]age t5or ( ! ore is l[1 ! yield be+ f #c to #d p] c5t4 9 pig lead1 !y are s p]si/5t & easy to m9e t ! di/rict today is produc+ ab\t #gj1jjj tons ( pig lead annually1 & at a v satisfactory pr(it4 ,z ! output 0 ab\t #bejj tons lead 9 #ahgc1 approximately #hejj tons 9 #ahhc1 & ab\t #bj1jjj tons 9 #ahic1 x %[s t ?is di/rict is "y1 = ! pr9cipal gr[? has be5 )9 ! la/ five ye>s4 ,( ! num]\s b mu* small] occurr5ces ( lead else:]e 9 ,miss\ri & ! ,mississippi valley1 none resembles ?is di/rict 9 "*1 a fact :i* is unique4 ,= :ile ! ,me*]ni* lead deposits1 9 ,g]many1 are dissem9at$1 & ( ev5 l[] grade ?an 9 ,miss\ri1 !y occur 9 a s&/one1 & 7l all ! lead deposits outside ( ! ,mississippi valley7 !y are arg5tif]\s1 at lea/ to an ext5t suffici5t to make ! extraction ( ! silv] pr(itable2 & on ! non-arg5tif]\s "* ( ! dissem9at$ deposits hangs my /ory4 ,( ! num]\s hypo!ses advanc$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ^! deposits1 !re are only two t seem wor?y ( consid]ation3 7a7 ! lat]al secretion !ory1 & 7b7 deposition f solutions ( deep-seat$ orig94 ,o!r !ories evolv$ 9 ! pione] p]iod ( economic geology are int]e/+1 *iefly by reason ( ! difficulties "u :i* ! e>ly /ruggl]s aft] geological k blaz$ ! pa?way = mod]n rese>* & obs]vation4 ,! lat]al secretion !ory1 z n[ mod]niz$ into ! second>y enri*m5t hypo!sis1 has mu* m]it :5 appli$ to ! s\!a/]n & c5tral ,miss\ri lead deposits4 ,= ! lime/ones ?r\gh\t ,miss\ri--& !y are ! outcropp+ =mation ov] m ?an half ( ! ,/ate--are r>ely1 if ev]1 devoid ( at lea/ slight am\nts ( lead & z9c1 al?\gh !y range 9 age f ! ,c>bonif]\s d[n to ! ,cambrian4 ,! sub-,c>bonif]\s =mation is almo/ entirely made up ( lime/ones1 :i* aggregate #abjj to #aejj ft4 9 ?ickness4 ,!y frequ5tly conta9 en\gh lead 7& less (t5 z9c7 to ar\se ! hopes ( ! f>m]1 & m or less prospect+ has be5 c>ri$ on f ,hannibal to ,/4 ,l\is1 or #abe miles along ! ,mississippi front1 & we/ to ! c5tral "p ( ! ,/ate1 b ) mo/ disc\rag+ results4 ,9 ! rock qu>ries ( ,/4 ,l\is1 imm$iately "u ! l[] coal measures1 f9e specim5s ( mill]ite ( _w-wide reputation occur z fili=m l9+s ( vugs 9 ?is sub-,c>bonif]\s lime/one4 ,^! vugs occur 9 a solid1 unalt]$ rock :i* gives no clue to ! exi/5ce ( ! vug or cavity until x is accid5tally brok54 ,! vugs are l9$ ) cry/als ( p9k dolomite1 calcite & mill]ite1 ) occasionally b>ite1 sel5ite1 gal5a & bl5de4 ,!y occur 9 a well-def9$ horizon ab\t #e ft4 ?ick1 & ! vugs 9 ! lime/one above & bel[ ?is mill]ite b$ conta9 only calcite1 or less frequ5tly dolomite4 ,yet ?is sub-,c>bonif]\s =mation 9 s\?we/]n ,miss\ri1 ab\t ,jopl91 c>ries ! innum]able pockets & %eets ( lead & z9c t h made t di/rict ! mo/ important z9c produc] 9 ! _w4 ,:ile fault+ & limit$ fold+ occur 9 ea/]n & c5tral ,miss\ri to fully z great an ext5t z 9 ,/4 ,franois c\nty or ! ,jopl9 di/rict1 ?us f> no m9]al conc5tration into workable orebodies has be5 f\nd 9 ?is =mation1 except 9 ! ,jopl9 area4 ,! next important s]ies ( lime/ones t make up mo/ ( ! c5tral portion ( ,miss\ri are ( ,silurian age1 & 9 !m lead & z9c are lib]ally scatt]$ ov] l>ge areas4 ,9 ! residual surface clays left by dissolution ( ! lime/one1 ! f>m]s frequ5tly make l[ wages by goph]+ aft] ! lib]at$ lead1 & ! aggregate ( ^! num]\s ?\gh insignificant goph]-holes makes q a respectable total4 ,b !y are only work$ :5 !re is no?+ else to d on ! f>m1 z ) r>e exceptions !y d n yield liv+ wages1 & ! f9ancial results ( m9+ ! rock are ev5 less satisfactory4 ,yet a few small orebodies h be5 f\nd t 7 und\bt$ly =m$ by local lea*+ & re-precipitation ( ?is diffus$ lead & z9c4 ,su* orebodies occur 9 op5+s or caves1 ) well cry/alliz$ =ms ( gal5a & bl5de1 & inv>iably associat$ ) cry/alliz$ 8tiff0 or b>ite4 ,i am n aw>e ( any ( ^! pockets or second>y enri*m5ts hav+ produc$ z mu* z #bjjj tons ( lead or z9c1 & v few h produc$ z mu* z #ejj tons1 al?\gh "o ( ^! pockets 0 rec5tly exploit$ ) h]oic quantities ( pr9t]'s ink z ! l>ge/ lead m9e 9 ! _w4 ,yet !re are l>ge areas 9 :i* x is almo/ impossible to put d[n a drill-hole )\t f9d+ 8%9es0 or trifl+ am\nts ( lead or z9c4 ,t ^! c5tral ,miss\ri lead deposits are due to lat]al secretion !re seems little d\bt1 & x is possible t l>g] pockets may yet be f\nd :]e m favorable conditions occur4 ,:5 ! lat]al secretion !ory is appli$ to ! dissem9at$ deposits ( s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 we are confront$ by enorm\s bodies ( ore1 abs5ce ( b>ite1 non-cry/alliz$ condition ( ! gal5a except 9 local1 small1 evid5tly second>y deposits1 & well-def9$ c\rses = ! ma9 & cross-runs ( ore4 ,! ,bonne ,t]re orebody1 :i* has be5 work$ longe/ & mo/ en]getically1 has atta9$ a l5g? ( ne>ly #ijjj ft41 ) a production ( ab\t #cej1jjj tons or #cj1jjj1jjj ( lead1 & is f> f be+ exhau/$4 ,orebodies rec5tly op5$ are q z promis+4 ,! c\ntry rock is n z brok5 nor z op5 z 9 c5tral ,miss\ri1 & is !re=e mu* less favorable = ! lat]al circulation ( m9]al wat]s1 yet ! orebodies va/ly exce$ ^? ( ! c5tral region4 ,fur!r1 ! ,bonne ,t]re =mation is heavily int]calat$ ) ?ick %eets ( %ale t w\ld h9d] ov]ly+ wat]s f rea*+ ! base ( ! ore-horizon1 :]e mo/ ( ! ore occurs1 s t ! lea*able area w\ld be conf9$ to a v limit$ v]tical range1 or to b little great] ?ickness ?an ! #ajj ft4 or s 9 :i* mo/ ( ! orebodies occur4 ,:ile ,i h always felt t su* l>ge bodies1 %[+ relatively rapid precipitation ( ! lead1 c\ld n be satisfactorily expla9$ except z hav+ a deep-seat$ orig91 ! fact t ! dissem9at$ ore is practically non-arg5tif]\s1 or at lea/ c>ries only "o to ?ree ounces p] ton1 has be5 a =midable ob/acle4 ,= ! lead 9 ! small fissure-ve9s t occasionally occur 9 ! adjac5t granite has always be5 report$ z arg5tif]\s4 ,?us ! ,e9/e9 silv] m9e1 ne> ,fr$]ickt[n1 work$ a fissure-ve9 f #a to #f ft4 wide 9 ! granite4 ,x _h a typical complex ve9-fill+ & /ructure1 & c>ri$ gal5a t assay$ f #dj to #bjj oz4 p] ton4 ,:ile ! quantity ( ore obta9$ did n ju/ify ! exp5sive plant erect$ to op]ate x1 ! gal5a 0 ri* 9 silv]1 :]eas 9 ! dissem9at$ ores at ! ,m9e la ,motte m9e1 t5 miles di/ant1 only ! cu/om>y #a4e oz4 p] ton occurs4 ,occasionally f9e-gra9$ specim5s ( gal5a t ,i h f\nd 9 ! dissem9at$ belt w\ld unque/ionably be rat$ z arg5tif]\s by a ,we/]n m9]1 b ! assay %[$ t ! /ructure 9 ?is case 0 due to o!r causes1 z only ab\t two ounces 7 f\nd4 ,an app>5t exception 0 report$ at ! ,pea* ,or*>d digg+s1 9 ,wa%+ton c\nty1 9 ! high] or ,potosi memb] ( ! ?ird magnesian lime/one1 :]e ,ar?ur ,?a*] f\nd sulphide & c>bonate ore c>ry+ #h to #aj oz4 ( silv] p] ton2 & a %ort-liv$ hamlet1 kn[n z ,silv] ,city1 sprang up to "w !m4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ^! deposits are associat$ ) little v]tical fissure-ve9s or seams t unque/ionably come up f ! und]ly+ porphyry4 ,rec5tly ,i exam9$ ! ,jackson ,revel m9e1 :i* has be5 consid]$ a silv] m9e = ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,x lies ab\t sev5 miles s\? ( ,fr$]ickt[n1 & is a fissure-ve9 9 ,algonkian felsite1 :]e x protrudes1 z a l[ hill1 ?r\gh ! dissem9at$ lime/one =mation4 ,a %aft has j be5 sunk ab\t #aej ft4 at less ?an #ajjj ft4 f ! fea!r edge ( ! lime/one4 ,! ve9 is n>r[1 only "o to twelve in*es wide1 ) slick5-sid$ walls1 runs ab\t ,n4 #bj deg4 ,e41 & dips #hj to #hf deg4 ea/w>d4 ,:ite qu>tz =ms ! pr9cipal "p ( ! fill+2 ! ve9 conta9s m or less gal5a & z9c bl5de4 ,assays ( ! clean gal5a made by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,b4 ,pott] %[ only #b4e oz4 silv] p] ton1 or no m ?an is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! dissem9at$ lead ores4 ,z ! lead 9 ?is fissure ve9 may be reg>d$ z ( und\bt$ deep orig91 & x is practically non-arg5tif]\s1 ?is w\ld seem to remove ! la/ objection to ! !ory ( ! deep-seat$ s\rce ( ! lead 9 ! dissem9at$ deposits ( s\!a/ ,miss\ri4 ,,m9+ ,,9 ,,s\!a/]n ,,miss\ri ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls 7,febru>y #ah1 #aijd7 ,! ,/4 ,joseph ,lead ,company1 9 ! op]ation ( its m9es at ,bonne ,t]re1 does n p]mit ! cages employ$ = hoi/+ purposes to be us$ = access to ! m9e4 ,m5 go+ to & f _! "w mu/ climb ! ladd]s4 ,?is rule does n obta9 9 ! o!r m9es ( ! di/rict4 ,! ,/4 ,joseph ,lead ,company employs electric haulage = ! transport ( ore und]gr\nd at ,bonne ,t]re4 ,9 ! o!r m9es ( ! di/rict1 mules are g5]ally us$4 ,! fl[ ( wat] 9 ! m9es ( ! di/rict is extremely v>iable2 "s h v little2 o!rs h a good deal4 ,! ,c5tral m9e is "o ( ! wette/ 9 ! entire di/rict1 mak+ ab\t #bjjj gal4 ( wat] p] m9ute4 ,coal 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri co/s #b to #b4be p] ton deliv]$ at ! m9es1 & ! co/ ( rais+ #bjjj gal4 ( wat] p] m9ute f a dep? ( some?+ l #cej ft4 is a v consid]able item 9 ! co/ ( m9+ & mill+1 :i*1 9 ! aggregate1 is expect$ to come to n mu* ov] #a4be p] ton4 ,! ore %oots 9 ! di/rict are unusually l>ge4 ,_! precise tr5d has n be5 id5tifi$4 ,"s consid] ! pr$om9ance ( tr5d to be nor!a/2 o!rs1 nor?we/4 ,!y g bo? ways1 & appe> to make ! greate/ depositions ( ore at _! int]sections4 ,h[ev]1 ! network ( %oots1 if t be ! actual occurr5ce1 is laid out on a v gr& scale4 ,v]tically !re is also a diff]5ce4 ,"s %afts p5etrate only "o /ratum ( ore2 o!rs1 two or ?ree4 ,! orebody may be only a few feet 9 ?ickness2 x may be #ajj ft4 or m4 ,! occurr5ce ( sev]al ov]ly+ orebodies obvi\sly indicates ! m9]alization ( diff]5t /rata ( lime/one1 :ile 9 ! v ?ick orebodies ! :ole zone has app>5tly be5 m9]aliz$4 ,! grade ( ! ore is extremely v>iable4 ,x may be only #a or #b p] c5t4 m9]al1 or x may be #ae p] c5t4 or m4 ,h[ev]1 ! av]age yield = ! di/rict1 9 l>ge m9es :i* mill #ejj to #abjj tons ( ore p] day1 is probably ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( m9]al1 assay+ #fe p] c5t4 ,pb1 :i* w\ld correspond to a yield ( #c4be p] c5t4 metallic lead 9 ! =m ( conc5trate4 ,! actual recov]y 9 ! dress+ works is probably ab\t #ge p] c5t41 :i* w\ld indicate a t5ure ( ab\t #d4cc p] c5t4 lead 9 ! crude ore4 ,,lead ,,m9+ ,,9 ,,s\!a/]n ,,miss\ri ,,by ,r4 ,d4 ,o4 ,,johnson 7,septemb] #af1 #aije7 ,! lead deposits ( s\!a/]n ,miss\ri c>ry gal5a dissem9at$ 9 c]ta9 /rata ( magnesian lime/one4 ,_! great] dim5sions are g5]ally horizontal1 b ) outl9es extremely irregul>4 ,! l>ge orebodies consi/ usually ( a s]ies ( small] bodies dispos$ p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,^! small] memb]s may coalesce1 b are g5]ally sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a v>y+ ?ickness ( lean ore or b>r5 rock4 ,! v]tical & lat]al dim5sions ( an orebody may be det]m9$ ) a fair degree ( accuracy by diamond drill+1 & a map may be con/ruct$ f ! in=mation s obta9$4 ,su* a map 7on :i* are plott$ ! surface cont\rs7 makes x possible to det]m9e closely ! prop] location ( ! %aft1 or %afts1 consid]+ also ! surface & und]gr\nd dra9age & tramm+4 ,! fir/ %afts 9 ! di/rict 7 sunk at ,bonne ,t]re1 :]e ! deposits lie comp>atively ne> ! surface4 ,! e>ly practice at ?is po9t 0 to s9k a numb] ( small "o-comp>tm5t %afts4 ,z ! deposits 7 foll[$ deep]1 ?is gave way to ! practice ( putt+ d[n two-comp>tm5t %afts equipp$ mu* m completely ?an 7 ! %all[] %afts4 ,at ,flat ,riv] 7:]e ! deposits lie at mu* great] dep?s1 "s be+ ov] #ejj ft47 ! %afts are #g #ad ft41 #f #ah ft41 & #g #bj ft4 ,^! l>g] dim5sions give room n only = two cage-ways & a ladd]-way1 b also = a roomy pipe-comp>tm5t4 ,! l>ge quantities ( wat] to be pump$ 9 ?is "p ( ! di/rict make ! c>e ( ! pipes 9 ! %afts a matt] ( fir/ importance4 ,at ,bonne ,t]re only su* a quantity ( wat] 0 enc\nt]$ z c\ld be h&l$ by bail+ or be tak5 out ) ! rock2 !re ! only pipe necess>y 0 a small air-pipe d[n "o corn] ( ! %aft4 ,:5 ! quantity ( wat] enc\nt]$ is s great t ! cont9u$ work+ ( ! m9e dep5ds ^u its un9t]rupt$ removal1 ! c>e ( ! pipes becomes a matt] ( great importance4 ,a %aft :i* yields f #djjj to #ejjj gal4 ( wat] p] m9ute is equipp$ ) two #ab 94 column pipes & two #d 94 /eam pipes cov]$ & %ea!d4 ,moreov]1 ! pipe comp>tm5t w probably conta9 an #h 94 air-pipe1 besides speak+-tubes1 pipes = c>ry+ electric wires1 & pipes = conduct+ wat] f upp] levels to ! sump4 ,to c>e = ^! prop]ly !re are requir$ a sep>ate comp>tm5t & pl5ty ( room4 ,%afts are sunk by us+ tempor>y head frames & iron buckets ( f #h to #ad cu4 ft4 capacity4 ,:]e ! influx ( wat] 0 small1 #ajd ft4 h be5 sunk 9 #cj days1 ) ?ree #h h\r %ifts1 two drills1 & two m5 to ea* drill2 #b 94 drills are us$ almo/ exclusively2 #c 94 drills h be5 us$ 9 s9k+1 b )\t app>5t increase 9 spe$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! quantity ( wat] enc\nt]$ ^u ! spe$ ( s9k+ 7& ! consequ5t co/ p] foot7 is s great t figures are ( little value4 ,conditions are n at all uni=m4 ,at "s po9t 7usually be=e #bjj ft4 is rea*$7 a horizontal op5+ w be enc\nt]$4 ,?is op5+ inv>iably yields wat]1 ! am\nt foll[+ closely ! surface precipitation4 ,x is ! practice to e/abli% at ?is po9t a pump+ /ation4 ,! %aft is 8r+$0 & ! wat] is direct$ into a sump on ! side1 f :i* x is pump$ out4 ,?is sump receives also ! dis*>ge ( ! s9k+ pumps4 ,! %afts sunk 9 solid lime/one require no timb]+ o!r ?an t necess>y to support ! guides1 pipes1 & ladd] plat=ms4 ,^! timb]s are #h #h 94 & #f x #h 941 spac$ #g or #h ft4 ap>t4 ,%afts are sunk to a dep? ( #aj ft4 bel[ ! po9t det]m9$ ^u z ! l[] cage l&+4 ,f ! end at ! bottom a n>r[ drift is driv5 horizontally to a di/ance ( #ae ft42 at t po9t x is wid5$ out to #aj ft4 & driv5 #bj ft4 fur!r4 ,! :ole area 7#aj #bj ft47 is !n rais$ to a po9t #bh or #cj ft4 above ! bottom ( ! drift f ! %aft4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is *amb] con/itutes ! sump4 ,/>t+ f ?is *amb] 7on "o side & at a po9t #aj ft4 above ! cage l&+1 or #bj ft4 above ! bottom ( ! sump71 ! 8pump-h\se0 is cut out4 ,?is pump-h\se is cut #dj ft4 long & is z wide z ! sump is long1 namely1 #bj ft4 ,a n>r[ drift is driv5 to connect ! top ( ! pump-h\se ) ! %aft4 ,?r\gh ?is drift ! v>i\s pipes ent] ! pump-h\se f ! %aft4 ,! pumps are ?us plac$ at an elevation ( #aj ft4 above ! bottom ( ! m9e4 ,flood+ ( m9es1 due to failure ( pumps or to /rik+ und]gr\nd bodies ( wat]1 taught ! necessity ( plac+ ! pumps at su* an elevation t !y w\ld be ! la/ to be cov]$1 ?us giv+ "t = gett+ or keep+ !m 9 op]ation4 ,! pumps are plac$ on ! solid rock1 ! air pumps & cond5s]s at a l[] level on timb]s ov] ! sump4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 ! bottom ( ! %aft s]ves z an ante*amb] = ! sump1 9 :i* is collect$ ! wa%+ f ! m9e & ! dripp+ f ! %aft4 ,! sump prop] r>ely ne$s clean+4 ,! pumps are g5]ally ( high-grade1 comp\nd-& triple-expansion1 pot-valv$1 outside-pack$ plung] patt]n4 ,plants ) electrical p[] di/ribution h rec5tly in/all$ direct-connect$ comp\nd c5trifugal pumps ) entire success4 ,pumps ( ! ,corni% patt]n h nev] be5 us$ mu* 9 ?is region4 ,"o su* pump has be5 in/all$1 b ! example has n be5 foll[$ ev5 by ! company putt+ x 94 ,! irregul> disposition ( ! ore r5d]s any sy/ematic plan ( drift+ or m9+ 7z 9 coal or ve9 m9+7 impossible4 ,on ea* side ( ! %aft & 9 a direction at "r angles to its great] horizontal dim5sion1 drifts #ab to #ad ft4 9 wid? are driv5 to a di/ance ( #fj or #gj ft4 ,9 ^! broad drifts are locat$ ! tracks & also ! 8crossov]s0 = runn+ ! c>s on & (f ! cage4 ,:5 a deposit is fir/ op5$ up1 x is usually work$ on two1 & sometimes ?ree1 levels4 ,^! ev5tually cut into "o ano!r1 :5 ! ore is hoi/$ f ! l[] level alone4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! dep? ( ! l[] level is a matt] ( compromise4 ,mu* good ore may be kn[n to exi/ bel[2 :5 x comes to m9+1 x w h to be tak5 out at great] exp5se2 b ! level is aim$ to cut ?r\gh ! l[] portions ( ! ma9 body4 ,x is g5]ally safe to pr$ict t ! ore ly+ bel[ ! upp] levels w ev5tually be m9$ f a l[] level )\t ! exp5se ( local und]gr\nd hoi/+ & pump+4 ,! ore has simply to be foll[$2 no "o c say 9 advance h[ x is go+ to turn out4 ,! irregul>ity ( ! deposits r5d]s any g5]al plan ( m9+ ( little or no value4 ,"s manag]s endeavor to outl9e ! deposits by work+ on ! outskirts1 leav+ ! int]ior z 8ore res]ves40 ,su* res]ves h be5 f\nd to be no res]ves at all1 ?\gh ! quality ( ! rock may be fairly well det]m9$ by und]gr\nd diamond drill+4 ,_m ( ! deposits are too n>r[ to p]mit ! employm5t ( any sy/em ( outl9+ & at ! same "t keep+ up ! ore supply4 ,! individual bodies con/itut+ ! g5]al orebody are r>ely1 if ev]1 completely sep>at$ by b>r5 rock2 "s 8/r+]s0 or 8lead]s0 ( ore connect !m4 ,! c>eful sup]9t5d5t keeps a record on ! mon?ly m9e map ( all su* occurr5ces1 or o!rwise1 or ( blank walls ( b>r5 rock t m>k ! edge ( ! deposit4 ,?is precaution f9ds abundant rew>d :5 ! drills comm5ce to 8cut poor10 & :5 a se>* = ore is necess>y4 ,! me?od ( m9+ is to rise to ! top ( ! ore & to c>ry =w>d a #f ft4 brea/4 ,if ! ore is ?ick en\gh1 ?is is foll[$ by ! und]h& /ope4 ,drill holes 9 ! brea/ are usually #g or #h ft4 9 dep?2 /ope holes1 #aj to #ad feet4 ,bo? ! ro( & ! floor are drill$ ) #h or #aj ft4 holes plac$ #h or #aj ft4 ap>t4 ,^! s]ve to prospect ! rock 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood2 9 ! ro( !y s]ve ! fur!r v important purpose ( dra9+ out wat] t might o!rwise accumulate betwe5 ! /rata & t might =ce !m to fall4 ,! condition or safety ( ! ro( is det]m9$ by /rik+ ) a hamm]4 ,if ! s\nd is holl[ or 8drummy10 ! ro( is unsafe4 ,if wat] is all[$ to accumulate betwe5 ! loose /rata1 obvi\sly x is n possible to det]m9e ! condition ( ! ro(4 ,x is ! duty ( two m5 on ea* %ift to keep ! m9e 9 a safe condition by tak+ d[n all loose & dang]\s masses ( rock4 ,^! m5 are kn[n z 8m9]s40 ,x sometimes happ5s t a consid]able area ( ! ro( gets into su* a dang]\s condition t x is ei!r too risky or too exp5sive to put 9 ord]1 9 :i* case ! space und]nea? is f5c$ (f4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 ! m9es are safe & are kept s4 ,!re are b few accid5ts ( a s]i\s nature due to fall+ rock4 ,! ro( is support$ entirely by pill>s2 no timb]+ :atev] is us$4 ,! pill>s are p>ts ( ! orebody or rock t is left4 ,!y are ( all v>ieties ( size & %ape4 ,!y are usually circul> 9 cross-section1 #aj to #ae ft4 9 diamet] & spac$ #bj to #ce ft4 ap>t1 dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! ro(4 ,pill>s g5]ally fl>e at ! top to give z mu* support to ! ro( z possible4 ,! hight ( ! pill>s corresponds1 ( c\rse1 to ! ?ickness ( ! orebody4 ,all drill+ is done by #b 94 p]cussion drills4 ,9 ! e>ly days1 :5 diamonds 7 wor? #f p] c>at1 und]gr\nd diamond drills 7 us$4 ,diamond drills are us$ n[ occasionally = putt+ 9 long horizontal holes = %oot+ d[n 8drummy0 ro(4 ,air pressure v>ies f #fj to #hj lb4 ,pressures ( #ajj lb4 & m h be5 us$1 b ! repairs on ! drills became s great t ! advantages ( ! high] pressure 7 neutraliz$4 ,ea* drill is op]at$ by two m51 designat$ z 8drill]s10 or 8front h&0 & 8back h&40 ,! av]age am\nt ( drill+ p] %ift ( #aj h\rs is 9 ! neighborhood ( #dj ft41 ?\gh at "o m9e an av]age ( #ee ft4 0 ma9ta9$4 ,9 "s ( ! m9es ! 8drill]s0 & 8back h&s0 d ! load+ & fir+2 9 o!rs t is done by 8fir]s10 :o d ! bla/+ betwe5 %ifts4 ,:5 ! drill]s d ! fir+1 !re is employ$ a 8p[d] monkey10 :o makes up ! 8nipht]s10 or /icks ( p[d]1 9 :i* are ins]t$ & fa/5$ ! caps & fuse2 #ce p] c5t4 p[d] is us$ = g5]al m9+4 ,batt]y fir+ is employ$ only 9 %aft s9k+4 ,9 ! m9+ "w ?is is f\nd to be mu* m exp5sive2 ! heavy concussions loos5 ! /ratum ( ! ro( & make x dang]\s4 ,l>ge quantities ( oil are us$ = lubrication & illum9ation4 8,z]o0 black oil & oils ( t grade are us$ on ! drills4 ,m9]s' oil is g5]ally us$ = illum9ation1 ?\gh "s ( ! m9es use a l[ grade ( felsite wax4 ,two oil cans 7ea* hold+ ab\t #a p9ts7 are giv5 to ea* pair ( drill]s1 "o c = black oil & "o = m9]s' oil4 ,^! cans1 prop]ly fill$1 are giv5 out to ! m51 z !y g on %ift1 at ! 8oil-h\se10 locat$ ne> ! %aft und]gr\nd4 ,?is 8oil-h\se0 is 9 *>ge ( ! 8oil boy10 ^: duty x is to keep ! cans clean1 to fill !m & to give !m out at ! beg9n+ ( ! %ift4 ,! cans are return$ to ! oil-h\se at ! end ( ! %ift4 ,k]os5e is us$ 9 ! hat-lamps 9 wet places4 ,! 8oil-h\ses0 are provid$ ) ?ree tanks4 ,9 "s in/ances ^! tanks are *>g$ ?r\gh pipes com+ d[n ! %aft f ! surface oil-h\se4 ,^! tanks are provid$ ) oil-pumps & graduat$ gage-glasses4 ,%ovel]s or load]s op]ate 9 gangs ( #h to #ab1 & are sup]vis$ by a 8/raw boss10 :o is provid$ ) a gallon c = illum9at+ oil4 ,! c>s are #bj cu4 ft4 7#a ton7 capacity4 ,"u ord9>y conditions "o %ovel] w load #bj ( ^! c>s 9 a %ift ( #aj h\rs4 ,!y use 8half-spr+10 long-h&l$1 r\nd-po9t$ %ovels4 ,c>s are ( ! solid-box patt]n1 & are dump$ 9 cradles4 ,loose & 8,anaconda0 manganese-/eel :eels are ! mo/ common4 ,gage ( track1 #bd to #cj 941 #af lb4 rails on ma9 l9es & #ab lb4 on ! side & tempor>y tracks4 ,c>s are drawn by mules4 ,"o m9e has in/all$ compress$-air locomotives & is op]at+ !m ) success4 ,%afts are g5]ally equipp$ ) ge>$ hoi/s1 bo? /eam & electrically driv54 ,lat] hoi/s are all ( ! fir/-motion patt]n4 ,g5]ally ! c>s are hoi/$ to ! top & dump$ ) cradles4 ,"o %aft1 h[ev]1 is provid$ ) a #e-ton skip1 *>g$ at ! bottom f a b91 into :i* ! und]gr\nd c>s are dump$4 ,^u arriv+ at ! top ! skip dumps automatically4 ,?is design exhibits a numb] ( advantages ov] ! old] me?od & w probably f9d favor ) o!r m9e op]ators4 ,,! ,,lead ,,ores ,,( ,,s\?we/]n ,,miss\ri ,,by ,c4 ,v4 ,,petraeus ,,& ,w4 ,,geo4 ,,w>+ 7,octob] #ba1 #aije7 ,! lead ore ( s\?we/]n ,miss\ri1 & ! adjo9+ area 9 ! vic9ity ( ,gal5a1 ,kan41 is obta9$ z a by-product ( z9c m9+1 ! gal5a be+ sep>at$ f ! bl5de 9 ! jigg+ process4 ,=m]ly ! gal5a 7toge!r ) 8dry-bone10 includ+ c]ussite & anglesite7 0 ! pr9cipal ore m9$ f surface deposits 9 clay1 ! bl5de be+ ! subsidi>y product4 ,9 ! deep] work+s bl5de 0 f\nd l>gely to pr$om9ate2 ?is is %[n by ! %ipm5ts ( ! di/rict 9 #aijd1 :i* am\nt$ to #bfg1big tons ( z9c conc5trate & #cd1ecc tons ( lead conc5trate4 ,! lead occurs 9 segregat$ cubes1 f less ?an "o millimet] up to "o foot 9 diamet]4 ,! cleavage is p]fect1 s t ea* piece ( ore :5 /ruck ) a hamm] breaks up into small] p]fect cubes4 ,9 ?is respect ! ore diff]s f ! gal5a enc\nt]$ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 regions1 :]e torsional or %e>+ /ra9s seem 9 mo/ in/ances to h de/roy$ ! p]fect cleavage ( ! m9]als subsequ5t to _! orig9al deposition4 ,cases ( s*i/ose & twi/$ /ructure occur 9 lead deposits ( ! ,jopl9 di/rict b r>ely1 & !y are always q local4 ,! sep>ation ( ! gal5a f ! bl5de & m>casite 78mundic07 9 ! ord9>y process ( jigg+ is v complete2 ! p]c5tage ( z9c & iron 9 ! lead conc5trate is insignificant4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is1 ! assays ( #ajj rec5t consecutive %ipm5ts ( lead ore f ! di/rict1 tak5 at r&om1 are cit$ z foll[s3 #g %ipm5ts assay$ f #eg to #gj lead #ae %ipm5ts assay$ f #gj to #ge lead #df %ipm5ts assay$ f #ge to #gi lead #cb %ipm5ts assay$ f #hj to #hd4d lead ,av]age ( #ajj %ipm5ts #gh4d lead ,f\rte5 %ipm5t samples1 rang+ f #gj to #hd4d p] c5t4 lead1 7 te/$ = z9c & iron4 ,^! av]ag$ #b4bd p] c5t4 ,fe & #a4gh p] c5t4 ,zn1 ! highe/ z9c cont5t be+ #d4e p] c5t4 ,no bismu? or ars5ic1 & only v m9ute traces ( antimony1 h ev] be5 f\nd 9 ^! ores4 ,!y conta9 only ab\t #j4jjje p] c5t4 ( silv] 7"o-sev5? ( an ounce p] ton7 & sc>cely m ?an t ( copp] 7occurr+ z *alcopyrite74 ,! pig lead produc$ f ^! ores is !re=e v pure1 s(t & uni=m 9 quality1 s t ! t]m 8s(t ,miss\ri lead0 has become a synonym = excell5ce 9 ! manufacture ( lead alloys & products1 su* z li?>ge1 r$ & :ite lead1 & orange m9]al4 ,its fre$om f bismu?1 :i* is g5]ally pres5t 9 ,colorado lead1 makes x p>ticul>ly suitable = :ite lead2 also = glass-mak]'s li?>ge & r$ lead4 ,^! oxides1 = use 9 mak+ cry/al glass1 mu/ be made by d\ble ref9+ s z to remove ev5 ! small quantities ( silv] & copp] t are pres5t4 ,! result+ product1 made f s(t ,miss\ri lead1 is f> sup]ior to any ref9$ lead produc$ any:]e 9 ?is c\ntry or 9 ,europe1 ev5 excell+ ! fam\s ,t>n[itz lead4 ,x gives a lu/] & cl>ity to ! glass t no o!r lead w produce4 ,lead f s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 ,k5tucky1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 & ,wiscons9 yields id5tical results1 b ! ref9+ is m difficult1 n only because ! lead conta9s a little m silv] & copp]1 b also because x conta9s m antimony4 ,! valuation ( ! lead conc5trate produc$ 9 ! ,jopl9 di/rict is bas$ ^u a wet assay1 usually ! molybdate or f]rocyanide me?od4 ,! price paid is det]m9$ v>i\sly4 ,"o buy] pays a fix$ price = av]age ore1 mak+ no d$uctions2 z1 = example1 at pres5t rates1 #cb4be p] #ajjj lb4 :e!r ! ore assays #ge or #hd p] c5t4 ,pb1 pig lead be+ wor? #d4ge at ,/4 ,l\is4#f ,ano!r pays #cb4be = #hj p] c5t4 ore1 or ov]1 d$uct+ #ej;c4 p] unit = ores assay+ "u #hj p] c5t4 ,ano!r pays = #ij p] c5t4 ( ! lead cont5t ( ! ore z %[n by ! assay1 at ! ,/4 ,l\is price ( pig lead1 less a smelt+ *>ge (1 say1 #f to #h p] ton ( ore4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( lead ore buy+ 9 ! ,jopl9 di/rict is r curi\s4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! di/rict ! ore 0 smelt$ :olly on ,scot* he>?s1 :i*1 ) ! pure/ ores1 w\ld yield #gj p] c5t4 metallic lead4 ,no acc\nt 0 tak5 ( ! lead 9 ! ri* slag1 *emical det]m9ations be+ some?+ unkn[n 9 ! di/rict at t "t2 x be+ suppos$ g5]ally t pure gal5a conta9$ #gjj lb4 lead to ! #ajjj lb4 ( ore1 ! value ( #gjj lb4 lead1 less #d4ej p] #ajjj lb4 ( ore = freight & smelt+ co/s1 0 return$ to ! m9]4 ,! buy]s grad$ ! ore1 accord+ to _! judgm5t1 by its appe>ance1 z to its purity & also z to its behavior 9 smelt+2 an ore1 = example1 f ne> ! surface1 imb$d$ 9 ! clay & coat$ m or less ) sulphate1 yield$ its metal m freely ?an ! pur] gal5as f deep] work+s4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! pres5t me?od ( buy+--a sy/em t w\ld h>dly be tol]at$ except = ! fact t ! lead is1 z previ\sly /at$1 consid]$ a by-product ( z9c m9+4 ,orig9ally all ! lead ore f ! ,miss\ri-,kansas di/rict 0 smelt$ 9 ! same region1 ei!r 9 ! air furnace 7rev]b]atory sweat+-furnace7 or 9 ! wat]-back ,scot* he>?4 ,competition gradually develop$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,lead ref9]s f\nd ! pure sulphide ( special value 9 ! production ( oxidiz$ products4 ,"s ( ! ore f\nd its way to ,/4 ,l\is1 & ev5 z f> away z ,colorado1 :]e x 0 us$ to collect silv]4 ,s9ce ! =mation ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company & ! greatly increas$ output ( ! imm5se deposits ( lead ore 9 ,idaho1 no ,miss\ri lead ore has gone to ,colorado4 ,up to #aija1 "o conc]n _h m or less ! control ( ! s\?we/]n ,miss\ri ores4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 lead ore is b\ght = smelt]s 9 ,jopl91 ,c>t]ville1 & ,granby1 ,mo41 ,gal5a1 ,kan41 & ,coll9sville1 ,ill41 & compla9t is he>d t pres5t prices are really too high = ! com=t ( ! smelt]s4 ,yet ! old pr9ciple ( pay+ = lead ores ^u ! suppos$ yield ( #gj p] c5t41 irrespective ( ! real lead cont5t1 is /ill l>gely 9 vogue4 ,any "o int]e/$ 9 ! matt] w f9d x q in/ructive to calculate ! return+ *>ges1 or gross pr(its1 9 smelt+ ^! ores1 on ! basis ( #gj p] c5t4 recov]y1 at #cb4be p] #ajjj lb4 ( ore1 less #ej;c4 p] ton haulage1 ) lead at #d4gg p] #ajj lb4 at ,/4 ,l\is4 ,no d$uction1 x %\ld be rem>k$1 is ev] made = moi/ure 9 lead ores 9 ?is di/rict4 ,x is ( int]e/ to obs]ve t ,dr4 ,isaac ,a4 ,h\rwi* e/imates 79 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,c5sus ,special ,report on ,m9es & ,qu>ries rec5tly issu$7 ! av]age lead cont5ts ( ! s(t lead ores ( ,miss\ri 9 #aijb at #fh4b p] c5t41 tak+ z a basis ! returns f five lead+ m9+ & smelt+ companies ( ,miss\ri1 :i* report$ a product ( #gj1dia tons ( lead f #ajc1dbh tons ( _! own & pur*as$ ore4 ,! av]age prices = lead ore 9 #aijb 7 report$ z foll[s1 p] #ajjj lb43 ,ill9ois1 #ai4ec2 ,i[a1 #bd4dh2 ,kansas1 #bc4ea2 ,miss\ri1 #bb4ag2 ,wiscons91 #bc4bi2 ,rocky ,m\nta9 & ,atlantic ,coa/ ,/ates1 #aj4ij4 ,9 #aijc1 accord+ to ,+alls 78,! ,m9]al ,indu/ry10 ,vol4 ,,xii71 ! ore f ! ,jopl9 di/rict comm&$ an av]age price ( #ec p] #bjjj lb41 :ile ! av]age 9 ! s\!a/]n di/rict 0 #df4ha4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,roa/-,,reaction ,,smelt+ ,,scot* ,,he>?s ,,& ,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,scot* ,,he>? ,,by ,,k5ne? ,w4 ,m4 ,,middleton 7,july #f1 #aije7 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! ,scot* he>? 9 its improv$ =m is n[ com+ to ! front aga9 to "s ext5t 9 lead smelt+1 x may prove int]e/+ to give a brief acc\nt ( its pres5t use 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,admitt+ t1 :]e prelim9>y roa/+ is necess>y1 ! be/ results c be obta9$ ) ! wat]-jacket$ bla/ furnace 7?is be+ m especially ! case :]e labor is an exp5sive item71 we h /ill z an alt]native ! me?od ( smelt+ raw 9 ! ,scot* he>?4 ,at "o works1 :i* ,i rec5tly visit$1 all ! ore 0 smelt$ raw2 at ano!r1 all ! ore receiv$ a prelim9>y roa/1 & x is in/ructive to comp>e ! results obta9$ 9 ! two cases4 ,! foll[+ data ref] to a fairly 8free-smelt+0 gal5a assay+ ne>ly #hj p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,:5 smelt+ raw ore 9 ! he>?1 fully #g long tons c be treat$ 9 #bd h\rs1 ! am\nt ( lead produc$ direct f ! furnace 9 ! fir/ fire be+ #hdjj to #ijjj lb42 ?is is equival5t to #ef to #fj p] c5t4 ( lead1 ! rema9+ #bd to #bj p] c5t4 go+ into ! fume & ! slag4 ,:5 smelt+ ore :i* has receiv$ a prelim9>y roa/ ( two h\rs1 #ab1jjj lb4 ( lead is produc$ direct f ! he>?1 ?is be+ equival5t to #fe p] c5t4 ( ! ore4 ,:5 ! ore is roa/$1 ! output ( ! he>? is practically ! same = all ores ( equal ri*ness2 b :5 smelt+ raw1 if ! gal5a is f9ely divid$1 ! output may fall mu* bel[ t giv5 h]e)2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions x may rise to #ab1jjj lb4 9 #bd h\rs1 or ev5 m4 ,i _h an opportunity ( see+ a p>cel ( gal5a c>ry+ #hd p] c5t4 ( lead 7b brok5 d[n v f9e7 smelt$ raw4 ,! ore 0 kept damp & ! bla/ fairly l[2 b1 9 spite ( t1 a quantity ( ! ore 0 bl[n into ! flue1 & only #eajj lb4 ( lead 0 produc$ f ! he>? 9 #bd h\rs4 ,gal5a c>ry+ only #fe p] c5t4 ( lead does n give ne>ly z satisfactory results :5 smelt$ raw 9 ! he>?2 b>ely six tons ( ore c be smelt$ 9 #bd h\rs1 & only #dejj to #edjj lb4 ( lead c be produc$ directly4 ,?is is equival5t to1 say1 #dc p] c5t4 ( ! ore 9 ! fir/ fire2 ! rema9+ #bb p] c5t4 goes into ! slag or to ! flue z fume4 ,moreov]1 ! #fe p] c5t4 ore requires #aejj lb4 ( coal 9 #bd h\rs1 :ile ! #hj p] c5t4 gal5a uses only #ajjj lb4 ,turn+ n[ = a mom5t to ! co/s ( smelt+ raw & ( smelt+ aft] a prelim9>y roa/1 we f9d t 79 ! case ( ! two works we h be5 consid]+7 ! results are all 9 favor ( smelt+ raw1 s f> z a gal5a c>ry+ ne>ly #hj p] c5t4 is conc]n$4 ,! co/ ( smelt+1 p] ton ( lead produc$1 is giv5 h]e)3 ,,ore ,,smelt$ ,,raw ,smelt]s' wages #b4jd 8 coal 7#dbe lb47 #j4ch ----- ,total #b4db ,a v small quantity ( lime is also us$ 9 ?is case = "s ores1 b its co/ w\ld nev] am\nt to m ?an #d;c4 p] ton ( lead produc$4 ,,ore ,,receiv+ ,a ,,prelim9>y ,,roa/ ,roa/]s' wages #j4fa 8 coal 7#dbe lb47 #j4fe ,smelt]s' wages #a4jh 8 coal 7#ge lb47 #j4aa ,peat & lime #j4jh ----- ,total #b4ec ,x %\ld be not$ also t ! smelt]s at ! works :]e ! ore 0 n roa/$ receive high] pay4 ,9 ! eight-h\r %ift !y produce ab\t #a tons ( lead2 & z !re are two ( !m to a furnace1 !y make #c4jf betwe5 !m1 or #a4ec ea*4 ,! two m5 smelt+ roa/$ ore produce ab\t two tons 9 an eight-h\r %ift1 & !re=e ea* receives #a4jh p] %ift4 ,com+ n[ to fume-smelt+ 9 ! he>?1 we c aga9 comp>e ! results obta9$ 9 smelt+ raw & aft] roa/+4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d1 also1 t1 :ile only #f p] c5t4 ( ! lead goes 9 ! fume :5 smelt+ roa/$ ores 9 ! he>?1 a consid]ably l>g] proportion is ?us lo/ :5 smelt+ raw ores4 ,:5 fume is smelt$ raw1 x is be/ dealt ) :5 conta9+ ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 ,"o man att5ds to ! he>? 7in/ead ( two z :5 smelt+ ore71 & 9 #bd h\rs #cjjj lb4 ( lead is produc$1 ! am\nt ( coal us$ be+ #bajj lb4 ,no lime is requir$4 ,:5 smelt+ roa/$ fume1 two m5 att5d to ! he>? & ! output is #fjjj lb4 9 #bd h\rs1 ! am\nt ( coal us$ be+ #ahjj lb4 ,9 ?is latt] case fluorsp> happ5s to be available 7practically free ( co/71 & a little ( x is us$ ) advantage 9 fume-smelt+1 z well z a small quantity ( lime4 ,! co/ ( fume-smelt+ p] ton ( lead produc$ is giv5 h]e)3 ,,fume ,,smelt$ ,,raw ,smelt]s' wages #b4hh 8 coal 7#adjj lb47 #b4ac -------- ,total #e4ja ,,fume ,,receiv+ ,a ,,prelim9>y ,,roa/ ,roa/]s' wages #b4jh 8 coal 7#adej lb47 #b4ah ,smelt]s' wages #b4jd 8 coal 7#fjj lb47 #j4ib ,peat & lime #j4jh -------- ,total #g4cj ,9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( ore1 ! smelt] ( ! raw fume gets bett] pay2 he has #a4dd p] eight-h\r %ift1 :ile ! smelt] ( ! roa/$ ore has only #a4jb p] eight-h\r %ift4 ,fume takes f\r h\rs to roa/1 z comp>$ to ! two h\rs tak5 by ore4 ,f ^! facts reg>d+ ,scot*-he>? smelt+1 x w\ld seem t ) gal5a c>ry+1 say1 ov] #gj p] c5t4 lead 7b m especially ) ore up to #hj p] c5t4 9 lead1 &1 moreov]1 fairly free f impurities detrim5tal to 8free0 smelt+71 v satisfactory results c be obta9$ by smelt+ raw4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be said t at ! works :]e ! ore is roa/$ attempts at smelt+ raw h be5 made sev]al times )\t suffici5t success to ju/ify ! adoption ( ?is me?od1 al?\gh ! ores smelt$ av]age #ge p] c5t4 lead & seem q suitable = ! purpose4 ,probably ?is may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! me?od ( runn+ ! furnace :5 raw ore is be+ smelt$ is r diff]5t f t adopt$ :5 deal+ ) roa/$ ore4 ,moreov]1 at ! works "u notice ! furnaces are n ( ! mo/ mod]n con/ruction2 &1 z ! old cu/om ( dropp+ a peat 9 front ( ! bla/ e "t ! fire is made up /ill survives1 x is necess>y to %ut (f ! bla/ :ile ?is is be+ done1 & ! fire is !n apt to get r slack4 ,! gray slag produc$ 9 ! he>? is smelt$ 9 a small bla/ furnace1 a little poor fume1 & sometimes a small quantity ( fluorsp>1 be+ add$ to facilitate ! process4 ,"s figures reg>d+ slag-smelt+ may be ( int]e/4 ,! slag-smelt]s produce #ijjj lb4 ( lead 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! co/ ( slag-smelt+ p] ton ( lead produc$ is z foll[s3 ,smelt]s' wages #a4fj ,coke 7#aejj lb47 #c4db ,peat #j4jf -------- ,total #e4jh ,rec5t analyses ( ,we>dale 7,durham c\nty7 lead smelt$ 9 ! ,scot* he>?1 & slag-lead smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace1 are giv5 h]e)3 ,,fume-,,lead ,,f ,,silv]-,,lead ,,f ,,slag-,,lead ,,f ,,he>? ,,he>? ,,bla/ ,,furnace ,lead #ii4ieg #ii4ieg #ii4jac ,silv] #j4jjce #j4jbjj #j4jadb 7#aoz4 #b;dwt4 #ba;gr4 7#foz4 #aj;dwt4 #af;gr4 7#doz4 #ab;dwt4 #ah;gr4 p] ,long ,ton7 p] ,long ,ton7 p] ,long ,ton7 ,t9 nil nil nil ,antimony nil nil #j4hgd ,copp] nil nil #j4jbd ,iron #j4jai #j4jai #j4jbc ,z9c nil nil nil #ii4igie #ii4iifj #ii4idhb ,! ord9>y =m ( ! ,scot* he>? is probably too well kn[n to ne$ mu* description4 ,! dim5sions :i* h be5 f\nd mo/ suitable are z foll[s3 ,front to back1 #ba 942 wid?1 #bg 942 dep? ( he>?1 #h to #ab 94 ,=m]ly ! di/ance f front to back 0 #bd 941 b ?is 0 f\nd too mu* = ! bla/ & = ! m54 ,! ca/-iron he>? :i* holds ! molt5 lead is set 9 brickwork2 if #h 94 deep & capable ( hold+ ab\t ton ( lead1 x is q l>ge en\gh4 ,! work/one or incl9$ plate 9 front ( ! he>? is ca/ 9 "o piece ) x1 & has a rais$ hold] on ei!r side at ! l[] edge1 & a gutt] to convey ! ov]fl[+ lead to ! melt+-pot4 ,! latt] is be/ made ) a p>tition & an op5+ at ! bottom ?r\gh :i* clean lead c run1 s t x c be ladl$ into molds )\t ! necessity = skimm+ ! dross (f ! surface4 ,x is well also to h a small fireplace bel[ ! melt+-pot4 ,on ea* side ( ! he>?1 & re/+ on x1 is a heavy ca/-iron block1 #i 94 ?ick1 #ae 94 high1 #bg to #bh 94 long4 ,to save metal1 ^! are n[ ca/ holl[ & air is caus$ to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,on ! back ( ! he>? /&s ano!r ca/-iron block kn[n z ! 8pipe/one10 ?r\gh :i* ! bla/ comes into ! furnace4 ,9 ! old] =ms ( pipe/one ! bla/ comes 9 ?r\gh a simple r\nd or oval pipe1 a common size be+ #c or #d 94 wide by #b 94 high1 & ! pipe/one is n wat]-cool$4 ,) ?is con/ruction ! he>? w n run satisfactorily unless ! pipe/one is set ) ! greate/ c>e1 s z to h ! tuy]e exactly 9 ! c5t]1 & z !re is no wat]-cool+ ! metal quickly burns away :5 fume is be+ smelt$4 ,moreov]1 ! bla/ is apt to be /opp$ by slag adh]+ to ! end ( ! pipe4 ,z already m5tion$1 a peat is dropp$ 9 front ( ! bla/ e "t ! fire is made up1 ) ! object ( keep+ a cle> passage op5 = ! bla/4 ,?is old cu/om has1 h[ev]1 sev]al s]i\s disadvantages2 fir/1 x prev5ts ! bla/ be+ kept on cont9u\sly2 &1 second1 x makes x necess>y to h ! he>? op5 at ! top s t ! smelt]-man c g 9 by ! side ( x4 ,9 ?is case ! ore is f$ f ! side by ! smelt]-man1 :o works "u ! l>ge hood plac$ above ! furnace to c>ry away ! fume4 ,ev5 :5 he is engag$ 9 %ovel+ back ! fire f ! front & is n und]nea? ! hood1 x is impossible to prev5t "s fume f bl[+ out2 & !re is mu* m liability to lead-poison+ ?an :5 ! he>? is clos$ at ! top by ! *imney & ! smelt]-m5 "w f ! front4 ,! be/ arrangem5t is to h ! he>? entirely clos$ 9 by ! *imney1 except = ! op5+ at ! front1 & to h a small auxili>y flue above ! work/one lead+ direct to ! op5 air to cat* any fume t may bl[ out pa/ ! %utt] 9 front ( ! he>?4 ,9 an improv$ =m ( pipe/one1 a pipe connect$ to ! bla/-ma9 fits into ! semicircul> op5+ at ! back & is driv5 tight aga9/ a ridge 9 ! flat side ( ! op5+4 ,go+ ?r\gh ! pipe/one1 ! ar* becomes gradually flatt]1 & ! bla/ em]ges into ! he>?1 ab\t #b 94 above ! level ( ! molt5 lead1 ?r\gh an oblong slit #ab 94 long by #a 94 wide1 ) a l$ge project+ #a 94 imm$iately above x4 ,! back & front are simil>1 s t :5 "o side gets damag$ ! pipe/one c be turn$ back to front4 ,wat] is convey$ 9 a #b 94 iron pipe to ! pipe/one1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh x is l$ away f ! o!r end to a wat]-box1 :i* /&s beside ! he>? & into :i* ! r$-hot lumps ( slag are ?r[n to safegu>d ! smelt]s f ! noxi\s fumes4 ,on ! top ( ! pipe/one re/s an upp] back/one1 also ( ca/ iron2 x ext5ds some:at high] ?an ! blocks at ! sides4 ,all ?is metal above ! level ( ! lead is necess>y because ! p>tially fus$ lumps :i* /ick to x h to be knock$ (f ) a long b>1 s t if fire-bricks 7 us$ 9 place ( ca/ iron !y w\ld soon be brok5 up & de/roy$4 ,) a cov]$-9 he>?1 :5 ! ore is *>g$ f ! front1 ! foll[+ is ! me?od adopt$ 9 smelt+ raw ore3 ,! *>ge floats on ! molt5 lead 9 ! he>?1 & at %ort int]vals ! two smelt]s runn+ ! furnace ease x up ) long b>s1 :i* !y ins]t und]nea? 9 ! lead4 ,any pieces ( slag adh]+ to ! sides & pipe/one are brok5 (f4 ,aft] eas+ up ! fire1 ! lumps ( p>tially r$uc$ ore1 mix$ ) c9d]s & slag1 are %ovel$ on to ! back ( ! fire2 ! slag is drawn out ^u ! work/one 7any pieces ( ore adh]+ to x be+ brok5 (f & return$ to ! he>?71 & x is !n qu5*$ 9 a wat]-box plac$ alongside ! work/one4 ,"o or two %ovelfuls ( coal1 brok5 fairly small & g5]ally kept damp1 are ?r[n on ! fire1 toge!r ) ! necess>y am\nt ( ore1 :i* is also kept damp if 9 a f9e /ate ( division4 ,x is "p ( ! duty ( ! two smelt]s to ladle out ! lead f ! melt+-pot into ! molds4 ,9 smelt+ ore a fairly /rong1 /eady bla/ is requir$1 & x is made to bl[ "r ?r\gh s z to keep ! front ( ! fire bright4 ,a little lime is ?r[n on ! front ( ! fire :5 ! slag gets too greasy4 ,:5 smelt+ raw fume "o man att5ds to ! furnace4 ,x does n h to be made up ne>ly z frequ5tly1 ! "w be+ easi] = "o man ?an smelt+ ore is = two4 ,! unr$uc$ cl9k]s & slag are dealt ) exactly z 9 smelt+ ore2 & coal is also1 9 ?is case1 ?r[n on ! back ( ! fire1 b ! bla/ does n bl[ "r ?r\gh to ! front4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! front ( ! fire is kept tamp$ up ) fume1 :i* %\ld be ( ! coh]5cy ( a ?ick mud4 ,! bla/ is n s /rong z t necess>y = ore4 ,! idea is p>tially to bake ! fume be=e submitt+ x to ! hotte/ "p ( ! furnace1 or to ! "p :]e ! bla/ is mo/ /rongly felt4 ,x is only :5 smelt+ fume t x is necess>y to keep ! pipe/one wat]-cool$4 ,to />t a furnace takes f two to ?ree h\rs4 ,! he>? is left full ( lead1 & ?is has to be melt$ be=e ! he>? is 9 normal work+ ord]4 ,draw+ ! fire takes ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r2 ! cl9k]s are tak5 (f & kept = />t+ ! next run1 & ! sides & back ( ! he>? are clean$ d[n4 ,,! ,,f$]al ,,smelt+ ,,works1 ,,ne> ,,alton1 ,,ill4#g ,,by ,o4 ,,pufahl 7,june #b1 #aijf7 ,! works ( ! ,f$]al ,lead ,company1 ne> ,alton1 ,ill41 7 erect$ 9 #aijb4 ,!y h a connection ) ! ,*icago1 ,peoria ,/4 ,l\is ,railway1 by :i* !y receive all _! raw mat]ials1 & by :i* all ! lead produc$ is %ipp$4 ,! ore smelt$ is gal5a1 ) dolomitic gangue1 & a small quantity ( pyrites 7conta9+ a little copp]1 nickel1 & cobalt7 f s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 & consi/s *iefly ( f9e conc5trates1 conta9+ #fj to #gj p] c5t4 lead4 ,9 addition !reto a small proportion ( lump ore is also smelt$4 ,a /rik+ feature at ^! works is ! excell5t facility = h&l+ ! mat]ials4 ,! b9s = ! ore1 coke & coal are made ( concrete & /eel & are fill$ f c>s runn+ on tracks laid above !m4 ,= transport+ ! mat]ials ab\t ! works a n>r[-gage railway ) electric locomotives is us$4 ,! ores are smelt$ by ! ,scot*-he>? process4 ,!re are #bj he>?s arrang$ 9 a r[ 9 a build+ con/ruct$ :olly ( /eel & /one4 ,! sump 7#d #b #a ft47 ( ea* furnace conta9s ab\t "o ton ( lead4 ,! furnaces are op]at$ ) l[-pressure bla/ f a ma9 :i* passes along ! :ole r[4 ,! bla/ ent]s ! furnace f a w9d *e/ at ! back ?r\gh eight #a 94 iron pipes1 #b 94 above ! ba? ( lead4 ,! two sides & ! re> wall are cool$ by a ca/-iron wat] jacket ( #a 94 int]nal wid?4 ,two m5 "w1 9 eight-h\r %ifts1 at ea* ( ! furnaces1 receiv+ #d4ge & #d4be;c4 respectively = e #ajj lb4 ( lead produc$4 ,! ore is weigh$ out & heap$ up 9 front ( ! furnaces2 on ! track ne> by ! coke is :eel$ up 9 a flat iron c> ) two comp>tm5ts4 ,! furnacem5 are *iefly negroes4 ,at ! side ( ea* furnace is a small /ock ( coal1 :i* is us$ *iefly = ma9ta9+ a small fire "u ! lead kettle4 ,only small quantities ( coal are add$ f "t to "t dur+ ! smelt+ op]ation4 ,ov] ea* furnace is plac$ an iron hood1 ?r\gh :i* ! fumes & gases escape4 ,!y pass fir/ ?r\gh a collect+ pipe1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! :ole works1 to a #aejj ft4 du/ flue1 measur+ #aj #aj ft41 9 int]nal cross-section4 ,ne> ! middle ( ?is is plac$ a fan ( #ajj1jjj cu4 ft4 capacity p] m9ute1 :i* =ces ! fumes & gases into ! bag-h\se1 :]e !y are filt]$ ?r\gh #aejj sacks ( loosely wov5 cotton clo?1 ea* #be ft4 long & #ah 94 9 diamet]1 & !nce pass up a #aej ft4 /ack4 ,! du/ recov]$ 9 ! collect+ flue is burnt1 toge!r ) ! fume caught by ! bags1 ! coal :i* x conta9s furni%+ ! combu/ible4 ,x burns smold]+ly & frits toge!r some:at4 ,! product 7*iefly lead sulphate7 is !n smelt$ 9 a %aft furnace1 toge!r ) ! gray slag f ! he>? furnaces4 ,! total extraction ( lead is ab\t #ih p] c5t41 i4e41 ! comb9$ process ( ,scot*-he>? & bla/-furnace smelt+ yields #ih p] c5t4 ( ! lead conta9$ 9 ! crude ore4 ,! direct yield ( lead f ! ,scot* he>?s is ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ,!y also produce gray slag1 conta9+ mu* lead1 :i* am\nts to ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! ore4 ,ab\t equal proportions ( lead pass into ! slag & into ! flue du/4 ,:5 work+ to ! full capacity1 ) ri* ore 7#hj p] c5t4 lead & m7 ! #bj furnaces c produce ab\t #bjj tons ( lead 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! coke consumption 9 ! he>? furnaces am\nts to only #h p] c5t4 ( ! ore4 ,! lead f ^! furnaces is ref9$ = #cj m9utes to "o h\r by /eam 9 a ca/-iron kettle ( #ce tons capacity1 & is ca/ into b>s ei!r alone or mix$ ) lead f ! %aft furnace4 ,! 8,f$]al ,br&0 c>ries ne>ly #ii4i p] c5t4 lead1 #j4je to #j4a p] c5t4 copp]1 & traces ( nickel & cobalt4 ,! work+ up ( ! betwe5 products f ! he>?-furnaces is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,slag1 burnt flue du/ & roa/$ matte f a previ\s run1 toge!r ) a lib]al proportion ( iron slag 7f ! iron works at ,alton71 are smelt$ 9 a #ab-tuy]e bla/ furnace = "w-lead & matte4 ,! furnace is provid$ ) a lead well at ! back4 ,! matte & slag are tapp$ (f toge!r at ! front & fl[ ?r\gh a numb] ( slag pots = sep>ation4 ,! %ells :i* rema9 adh]+ to ! walls ( ! pots on p\r+ out ! slag are return$ to ! furnace4 ,all ! wa/e slag 7conta9+ ab\t #j4e p] c5t4 lead7 is dump$ d[n a rav9e belong+ to ! t]ritory ( ! smelt]y4 ,! lead f ! %aft furnace is liquat$ 9 a small rev]b]atory furnace1 ( :i* ! he>? consi/s ( two incl9$ p]=at$ iron plates4 ,! residue is return$ to ! %aft furnace1 :ile ! liquat$ lead fl[s directly to ! ref9+ kettle1 :i* is fill$ 9 ! c\rse ( f\r h\rs4 ,"h x is /eam$ = ab\t "o h\r & is !n ca/ into b>s ?r\gh a ,/eitz siphon1 aft] skimm+ (f ! oxide4 ,! matte is cru%$ & roa/$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace 7#fj ft4 long74 ,! p[] plant comprises ?ree ,/irl+ boil]s & two #bej h4 p4 comp\nd eng9es1 ( :i* "o is = res]ve2 also "o /eam-driv5 dynamo1 c\pl$ direct to ! eng9e1 furni%+ ! curr5t = ! entire plant1 = ! electric locomotives1 etc4 ,! coke is obta9$ f ,p5nsylvania & co/s ab\t #d a ton1 :ile ! coal comes f ne>-by colli]ies & co/s #a p] ton4 ,9 ! well-equipp$ laboratory ! lead 9 ! ores & slags is det]m9$ daily by ,alex&]'s 7molybdate7 me?od1 :ile ! silv] cont5t ( ! lead 7a little ov] #a oz4 p] ton7 is e/imat$ only once a mon? 9 an av]age sample4 ,:5 ! plant is 9 full op]ation x gives employm5t to #aej m54 ,cases ( lead-poison+ are said to occur b r>ely1 & !n only 9 a mild =m4 ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,at ,,t>n[itz 7,septemb] #bc1 #aije7 ,! acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process at ,t>n[itz1 ,prussia1 publi%$ else:]e 9 ?is issue1 is ( peculi> int]e/ inasmu* z x tells ( ! complete displacem5t by ! new process ( "o ( ! old processes ( lead smelt+ :i* _h become classic 9 ! art4 ,! roa/-reaction process ( lead smelt+1 especially z c>ri$ out 9 rev]b]atory furnaces1 has be5 = a long "t decad5t1 ev5 9 ,europe4 ,t>n[itz 0 "o ( ! places :]e x surviv$ mo/ vigor\sly4 ,outside ( ,europe1 ?is process nev] f\nd any g5]ally ext5sive application4 ,x 0 tri$ 9 ! ,jopl9 di/rict1 & else:]e 9 ,miss\ri1 ) ,fl9t%ire furnaces 9 ! sev5ties4 ,lat] x 0 employ$ ) modifi$ ,fl9t%ire & ,t>n[itz furnaces at ,desloge1 9 ! ,flat ,riv] di/rict ( ,miss\ri1 :]e ! plant is /ill 9 op]ation1 b on a r$uc$ scale4 ,! roa/-reaction process ( smelt+1 z practis$ at ,t>n[itz1 0 *>act]iz$ by a comp>atively l>ge *>ge1 sl[ roa/+ & l[ temp]ature1 diff]+ 9 ^! respects f ! ,c>9?ian & ,wel% processes4 ,x 0 n aim$ to extract ! maximum proportion ( lead 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace itself1 ! residue !refrom1 :i* inevitably is high 9 lead1 be+ subsequ5tly smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,ores too l[ 9 lead to be suitable = ! rev]b]atory smelt+ 7 s9t]$ 9 ord9>y furnaces & smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace toge!r ) ! residue f ! o!r process4 ,9 bo? ( ^! processes ! loss ( lead 0 comp>atively high4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s advantages ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process is its ability to r$uce ! loss ( lead4 ,! result 9 t respect at ,t>n[itz is cle>ly /at$ by ,mr4 ,bi]nbaum1 ^: pap] w surely attract a good deal ( att5tion4#h ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces ,,at ,,desloge1 ,,mo4 ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls 7,decemb] #af1 #aije7 ,! roa/-reaction me?od ( lead smelt+ 9 rev]b]atory furnaces nev] f\nd any g5]al employm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh 9 connection ) ! rude air-furnaces x 0 e>ly introduc$ 9 ,miss\ri4 ,! m elaborate ,fl9t%ire furnaces 7 tri$ at ,granby1 9 ! ,jopl9 di/rict1 b !y 7 displac$ !re by ,scot* he>?s4 ,! mo/ ext5sive in/allation ( furnaces ( ! ,fl9t%ire type 0 made at ,desloge1 9 ! ,flat ,riv] di/rict ( s\!a/]n ,miss\ri4 ,?is cont9u$ 9 full op]ation until #aijc1 :5 ! major portion ( ! plant 0 clos$1 x be+ f\nd m economical to %ip ! ore else:]e = smelt+4 ,h[ev]1 two furnaces h be5 kept 9 use to "w up surplus ore4 ,z a matt] ( hi/oric int]e/1 x is wor? :ile to record ! te*nical results at ,desloge1 :i* h n previ\sly be5 describ$ 9 metallurgical lit]ature4 ,! ,desloge plant1 :i* 0 situat$ close to ! dress+ works connect$ ) ! m9e1 & 0 design$ = ! smelt+ ( its conc5trate1 compris$ five furnaces4 ,! furnaces 7 ( v>i\s con/ructions4 ,! olde/ ( !m 0 ( ! ,fl9t%ire type1 & _h a he>? #aj ft4 wide & #ad ft4 long4 ,! o!r furnaces 7 a comb9ation ( ! ,fl9t%ire & ,t>n[itz types4 ,!y 7 built orig9ally l ! new] furnaces at ,t>n[itz1 ,upp] ,silesia1 ) a r l>ge rectangul> he>? & a lead sump plac$ at "o side ( ! he>? ne> ! ?roat end2 b good results 7 n obta9$ f t con/ruction1 :]e=e ! furnaces 7 re>rang$ ) ! sump at "o side1 b 9 ! middle ( ! furnace1 z 9 ! ,fl9t%ire =m4 ,! rectangul> %ape ( ! ,t>n[itz he>? 01 h[ev]1 reta9$4 ,furnaces ?us modifi$ _h he>?s #aa ft4 wide & #af ft4 long1 except "o :i* _h a he>? #ac ft4 wide4 ,! same quantity ( ore 0 put ?r\gh ea* ( ^! furnaces1 ! increase 9 he>? area be+ practically ( no useful effect1 because ( inability to atta9 ! requisite temp]ature 9 all p>ts ( ! l>g] he>?s ) ! me?od ( heat+ employ$4 ,! m5 object$ especially to a furnace ) he>? #ac ft4 wide1 :i* x 0 f\nd difficult to keep 9 prop] condition1 & also difficult to h&le effici5tly4 ,ev5 ! wid? ( #aa ft4 0 consid]$ too great1 & pref]5ce 0 express$ = a #aj ft4 wid?4 ,9 ?is connection1 x may be not$ t ! old furnaces at ,t>n[itz 7 #aa ft4 #i 94 long & #aj ft4 #aj 94 wide1 :ile ! new furnaces 7 #af ft4 long & #h ft4 #aj 94 wide 7,h(man1 8,metallurgy ( ,lead10 fif? edition1 p4 #aab74 ,all ( ^! dim5sions 7 exce$$ at ,desloge4 ,! ,fl9t%ire furnaces at ,desloge _h ?ree work+ doors p] side2 ! o!rs _h f\r1 b only ?ree p] side 7 us$1 ! doors ne>e/ ! ?roat end be+ kept clos$ because ( insuffici5t temp]ature 9 t "p ( ! furnace4 ,! furnace ) he>? #aa #ad ft4 _h a grate area ( #f4e #c ft4 #ai4e sq4 ft42 ! #aa #af furnaces _h grates #h #c #bd ft4 sq4 ,! ratios ( grate to he>? area 7 !re=e approximately #a3h & #a3g4c1 respectively4 7,comp>e ) ratio ( #a3aj at ,t>n[itz1 & #a3f at ,/ip]/ones47 ,! a% pits 7 op5 f beh9d 9 ! cu/om>y ,engli% fa%ion4 ,! grate b>s 7 ca/ iron1 #cf 94 long4 ,! b>s 7 #a 94 ?ick at ! top1 ) 94 spaces betwe5 !m4 ,! op5 spaces 7 #cb 94 long1 includ+ ! rib 9 ! middle4 ,! b>s 7 #d 94 deep at ! middle & #b 94 at ! ends4 ,! di/ance f ! surface ( ! grate b>s to ! fire-door v>i$ 9 ! diff]5t furnaces4 ,"s ( ^? ) he>?s #aa #af ft4 & grates #h #c ft4 _h ! b>s #f 94 bel[ ! fire-door2 9 o!rs ! b>s 7 almo/ on a level ) ! fire-door4 ,! furnaces 7 run ) a comp>atively ?9 b$ ( coal on ! grate1 & combu/ion 0 v imp]fect1 ! p]c5tage ( unburn$ c>bon 9 ! a% be+ commonly high4 ,?is 0 unavoidable ) ! me?od ( fir+ employ$ & ! inf]ior "* ( ! coal 7s\!rn ,ill9ois74 ,! excessive consumption ( coal 0 due l>gely1 h[ev]1 to ! practice ( rak+ out ! entire b$ ( coal at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation ( 8fir+ d[n0 7beg9n+ ! reaction p]iod71 :5 a fre% fire 0 built ) cordwood & l>ge lumps ( coal4 ,ea* furnace _h two flues at ! ?roat1 #af #ah 94 9 size1 ea* flue be+ provid$ ) a sep>ate damp]4 ,ea* furnace _h an iron *imney approximately #ee ft4 high1 ( :i* #ac ft4 0 a brick p$e/al 7#fd #fd 947 & ! rema9+ #db ft4 %eet /eel1 guy$4 ,! *imneys 7 #db 94 9 diamet]4 ,! di/ance f ! outside end ( ! furnace to ! *imney 0 approximately #f ft41 & !re 0 consequ5tly b little opportunity = flue du/ to collect 9 ! flue4 ,ab\t once a mon?1 h[ev]1 ! *imney 0 op5$ at ! base & ab\t two :eelb>r[s 7say #fjj lb47 ( flue du/1 assay+ ab\t #ej p] c5t4 lead1 0 recov]$ p] furnace4 ,! furnace h\se 0 a frame build+ #de ft4 wide1 ) bo>d$ sides & a corrugat$-iron pit* ro(1 support$ by /eel trusses4 ,! furnaces 7 set 9 ?is h\se1 side by side1 _! longitud9al axes be+ at "r angles to ! longitud9al axis ( ! build+4 ,! di/ance f ! outside ( ! fire-box end ( ! furnace to ! side ( ! build+ 0 #aj ft4 ,! coal 0 unload$ f a railway track alongside ( ! build+ & 0 :eel$ to ! furnace 9 b>r[s4 ,"s ( ! furnaces 7 plac$ #ah ft4 ap>t2 o!rs #bb ft4 ap>t4 ,! m5 mu* pref]r$ ! great] di/ance1 :i* made _! "w easi]1 an important consid]ation 9 ?is me?od ( smelt+4 ,! hight f ! floor to ! work+ door ( ! furnace 0 approximately #cf 94 ,! work+ doors 7 =m$ ) ca/-iron frames1 mak+ op5+s #g #aa 94 on ! inside & #ae #bh 94 on ! outside4 ,on ! side ( ! furnace opposite ! middle work+ door 0 plac$ a ca/-iron hemisph]ical pot1 set p>tially bel[ ! floor-l9e4 ,?is pot 0 #af 94 deep & #bd 94 9 diamet]2 ! metal 0 94 ?ick4 ,! di/ance f ! top ( ! pot to ! l9e ( ! work+ door 0 #ca 942 f ! top ( ! pot to ! bottom ( ! tap-door 0 #g 94 ,! tap-door 0 #d 94 wide & #i 94 high1 op5+ ?r\gh a ca/-iron plate #a 94 ?ick4 ,bel[ ! tap-door & on a l9e ) ! upp] rim ( ! pot 0 a tap-hole #c 94 9 diamet]4 ,! frames ( ! work+ doors _h lugs 9 front1 aga9/ :i* ! buck/aves bore1 to hold ! frames 9 position4 ,all o!r p>ts ( ! sides ( ! furnace1 includ+ ! fire-box1 7 cas$ ) 94 ca/-iron plates1 :i* 7 obvi\sly too light1 be+ badly crack$4 ,! co/ ( a furnace :5 built 9 #ahic 0 approximately #adjj1 n includ+ ! *imney2 b ) ! increas$ co/ ( mat]ial ! pres5t exp5se w\ld probably be ab\t #bjjj4 ,not)/&+ ! light con/ruction ( ! furnaces1 repairs 7 nev] a l>ge item4 ,once a mon? a furnace 0 idle ab\t #bd h\rs :ile ! ?roat 0 be+ clean$ out1 & e two mon?s "s repair+1 su* z rel9+ ! fire-boxes1 etc41 0 requir$4 ,if repairs _h to be made on ! inside ( ! furnace1 two days w\ld be lo/ :ile x 0 cool+ suffici5tly = ! m5 to ent]4 ,9 refir+ a furnace1 f #h to #ab h\rs 0 requir$ to raise x to ! prop] temp]ature4 ,out ( ! #cfe days ( ! ye>1 a furnace w\ld lose f #bj to #be days1 = clean+ ! ?roat & mak+ repairs to ! fire-box1 ar*1 etc4 ,:5 a furnace 0 run ) two %ifts ! s*$ule ( op]ation 0 z foll[s3 ,drop *>ge #d a4m4 ,beg9 "w #g a4m4 ,beg9 fir+ d[n #aa a4m4 ,beg9 fir/ tapp+ #a p4m4 ,rake out slag #b4cj p4m4 ,beg9 second tapp+ #c p4m4 ,drop *>ge #d p4m4 ,beg9 work+ #e4cj p4m4 ,beg9 fir+ d[n #aa p4m4 ,beg9 fir/ tapp+ #a a4m4 ,rake out slag #b4cj a4m4 ,beg9 second tapp+ #c p4m4 ,) ?ree %ifts on a furnace1 ! s*$ule 0 z foll[s3 ,drop *>ge #g a4m4 ,beg9 fir+ d[n #ab a4m4 ,beg9 tapp+ #a p4m4 ,rake out slag #b p4m4 ,beg9 tapp+ #b4cj p4m4 ,drop *>ge #c p4m4 ,beg9 fir+ d[n #h p4m4 ,beg9 tapp+ #i p4m4 ,rake out slag #aj p4m4 ,beg9 tapp+ #aj4cj p4m4 ,drop *>ge #aa4jj p4m4 ,beg9 fir+ d[n #d a4m4 ,beg9 tapp+ #e a4m4 ,rake out slag #f a4m4 ,beg9 tapp+ #f4cj a4m4 ,! he>?s 7 compos$ ( ab\t #h 94 ( gray slag beat5 d[n solidly on a bas9 ( brick1 :i* re/$ on a fill+ ( clay1 ramm$ solid4 ,! he>? 0 pat*$ if necess>y aft] ! draw+ ( ea* *>ge4 ,! sy/em ( smelt+ 0 analog\s to t :i* 0 practic$ 9 ,wales r ?an to ! ,silesian1 ! *>ges be+ work$ (f quickly1 & ) ! aim ( mak+ a high extraction ( lead directly & a gray slag ( comp>atively l[ cont5t 9 lead4 ,! av]age furnace *>ge 0 #cejj lb4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! reaction p]iod ab\t #he to #ajj lb4 ( cru%$ fluorsp> 0 ?r[n into ! furnace & mix$ well ) ! *>ge4 ,! furnace doors 7 !n clos$ tightly & ! temp]ature rais$1 ! grate hav+ previ\sly be5 clean$4 ,at ! fir/ tapp+ ab\t #abjj lb4 ( lead w\ld be obta9$4 ,a small quantity ( *ips & b>k 0 ?r[n into ! lead 9 ! kettle1 :i* 0 !n pol$ = a few m9utes1 skimm$1 & ladl$ into molds1 ! pigs weigh+ #hj lb4 ,! skimm+s & dross 7 put back into ! furnace4 ,! pig lead 0 sold z 8ord9>y s(t ,miss\ri40 ,! gray slag 0 rak$ out ( ! furnace1 at ! end ( ! op]ation1 into a b>r[1 by :i* x 0 :eel$ to a pile outside ( ! build+4 ,%ipm5ts ( ! slag 7 made to o!r smelt]s f "t to "t1 #ie p] c5t4 ( its lead cont5t be+ paid = :5 its assay 0 ov] #dj p] c5t41 & #ij p] c5t4 :5 l[]4 ,ea* furnace 0 mann$ by "o smelt] 7#a4ge7 & "o help] 7#a4ee7 p] %ift1 :5 two %ifts p] #bd h\rs 7 run4 ,!y _h to get _! own coal1 ore & flux1 & :eel away _! gray slag & a%es4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 ?ree %ifts 7 run1 ! m5 7 paid only #a4fe & #a4ej respectively4 ,!re 0 a =eman on ! day %ift1 b none at night4 ,! total coal consumption 0 ord9>ily ab\t #j4h to #j4i p] ton ( ore4 ,run-(-m9e coal 0 us$1 :i* co/ ab\t #b p] ton deliv]$4 ,! coal 0 ( inf]ior quality1 & x 0 wa/efully burn$1 z previ\sly ref]r$ to1 :]e=e ! consumption 0 high 9 comp>ison ) ! av]age at ,t>n[itz1 :]e x us$ to be ab\t #j4e p] ton ( ore4 ,! *ief features ( ! practice at ,desloge are comp>$ ) ^? at ,t>n[itz1 ,silesia & ,holywell 7,fl9t%ire71 & ,/ip]/ones 7,%rop%ire71 ,wales1 9 ! foll[+ table1 ! data = ,silesia & ,wales be+ tak5 f ,h(man's 8,metallurgy ( ,lead10 fif? edition1 pp4 #aab1 #aac4 ,,detail ,,holywell ,,/ip]-,,t>n[itz,,t>n[itz ,,desloge ,,/ones ,he>? l5g?1 ft4 #ab4jj #i4ge #aa4ge #af4jj #af4jj ,he>? wid?1 ft4 #i4ej #i4ej #aj4hc #h4hc #aa4jj ,grate l5g?1 ft4 #d4ej #d4ej #h4jj #h4jj #h4jj ,grate wid?1 ft4 #b4ej #b4ej #a4fg #a4fg #c4jj ,grate area3 he>? area #a3h #a3f #a3aj #a3aj #a3g ,*>ges p] #bd hr41 #c #c #b #b #c ,ore smelt$ p] #bd hr41 lb4 #g1jej #g1jej #h1hjj #af1ejj #aj1ejj ,assay ( ore1 ,pb #ge-hj #gg4e #gj-gd #gj-gd #gj ,gray slag1 ( *>ge #ab #ae #cj #bg ,gray slag1 ,pb #ee #ch4h #ef #ch ,m5 p] #bd hr4 #f #d #d #f #f ,coal us$ p] ton ore #j4eg-j4gf #j4ef #j4df #j4ej #j4ij ,! regul> furnace *>ge at ,desloge 0 #cejj lb4 ,! work+ ( ?ree *>ges p] #bd h\rs gave a daily capacity ( #aj1ejj lb4 p] furnace4 ,^! figures ref] to ! wet weight ( ! conc5trate1 :i* 0 smelt$ j z deliv]$ f ! mill4 ,its size 0 #i mm4 & f9]4 ,assum+ its av]age moi/ure cont5t to be #e p] c5t41 ! daily capacity p] furnace 0 ab\t #aj1jjj lb4 7#e tons7 ( dry ore4 ,! metallurgical result is indicat$ by ! figures = two mon?s ( op]ation 9 #aijj4 ,! quantity ( ore smelt$ 0 #ajab tons1 equival5t to approximately #ifb tons dry weight4 ,! pig lead produc$ 0 #ebc4c tons1 or #ed4d p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! ore4 ,! gray slag produc$ 0 #bfb4be tons1 or ab\t #bg p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! ore4 ,! assay ( ! ore 0 approximately #gj p] c5t4 lead1 giv+ a cont5t ( #fgc4d tons 9 ! ore smelt$4 ,! gray slag assay$ approximately #ch p] c5t4 lead1 giv+ a cont5t ( #ii4ff tons4 ,assum+ t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! lead 9 ! gray slag be recov]able 9 ! subsequ5t smelt+ 9 ! bla/ furnace1 or #hi4g tons1 ! total extraction ( lead 9 ! process 0 #ebc4c #hi4g #fgc4d #ia p] c5t4 ,! metallurgical effici5cy ( ! process 01 !re=e1 reasonably high1 especially 9 view ( ! abs5ce ( du/ *amb]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! co/ ( smelt+ ) five furnaces 9 op]ation1 ea* treat+ ?ree *>ges p] day1 0 approximately z foll[s3 #a =eman at #c #c4jj #e furnace crews at #i4ij #di4ej ,unload+ #ba tons ( coal at #f;c4 #a4bf ,load+ #ad tons lead at #ae;c4 #b4aj 8 #g tons gray slag at #ae;c4 #a4je ------------ ,total labor #ef4ia #ba tons coal at #b #db4jj ,flux & supplies #ac4jj ,blacksmi?+ & repairs #aj4jj ------------ ,total #aba4ia ,on ! basis ( #f4be tons ( wet ore1 ?is w\ld be #d4fe p] ton4 ,! actual co/ 9 sev5 consecutive mon?s ( #aijj 0 z foll[s3 ,labor1 #a4ih p] ton2 coal1 #a4hf2 flux & supplies1 #j4ea2 blacksmi?+ & repairs1 #j4ci2 miscellane\s1 #j1jag2 total1 #d4geg4 ,if ! co/ ( smelt+ ! gray slag be reckon$ at #h p] ton1 & ! proportion ( gray slag be reckon$ at #j4be ton p] ton ( gal5a conc5trate1 ! total co/ ( treatm5t ( ! latt] comes to ab\t #f4ge p] ton ( wet *>ge1 or ab\t #g p] ton ( dry *>ge4 ,?is co/ c\ld be mat]ially r$uc$ 9 a l>g] & m p]fectly design$ plant4 ,! practice at ,desloge did n comp>e unfavorably1 ei!r 9 respect to metal extract$ or 9 smelt+ co/1 ) ! roa/-r$uction me?od ( smelt+ or ! ,scot* he>? me?od1 z c>ri$ out 9 ! plants ( simil> capacity & approximately ! same date ( con/ruction1 smelt+ ! same class ( ore1 b ! l>g] & m rec5t plants 9 ! vic9ity ( ,/4 ,l\is c\ld (f] suffici5tly bett] t]ms to make x advisable to close d[n ! ,desloge plant & %ip ! ore to !m4 ,"o ( ! drawbacks ( ! rev]b]atory me?od ( smelt+ 0 ! necessity ( %ipp+ away ! gray slag1 ! quantity ( t product made 9 a small plant be+ insuffici5t to w>rant ! op]ation ( an indep5d5t %aft furnace4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,s9t]+ ,,& ,,briquett+ ,,! ,,desulphurization ,,( ,,slimes ,,by ,,heap ,,roa/+ ,,at ,,brok5 ,,hill#i ,,by ,e4 ,j4 ,,horwood 7,augu/ #bb1 #aijc7 ,x is well kn[n t1 ow+ to ! intimate mixture ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! ,brok5 ,hill sulphide ores1 a great deal ( cru%+ & gr9d+ is requir$ to deta* ! p>ticles ( gal5a f ! z9c bl5de & ! gangue2 & x w be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t a consid]able am\nt ( ! mat]ial is conv]t$ into a slime :i* consi/s ( m9ute b well-def9$ p>ticles ( all ! con/itu5ts ( ! ore1 ! relative proportions ( :i* dep5d on ! dual *>act]i/ics ( h>dness & abundance ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts4 ,an analysis ( ! slime %[s ! cont5ts to be z foll[s2 ,gal5a 7,pb,s7 #bd4jj ,bl5de 7,zn,s7 #bi4jj ,pyrite 7,fe,s7 #c4ch ,f]ric oxide 7,fe,o7 #d4ag ,f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o7 conta9$ 9 g>nets #a4jc ,oxide ( manganese 7,mn,o7 conta9$ 9 rhodonite & g>nets #f4ff ,alum9a 7,al,o7 conta9$ 9 kaol9 & g>nets #e4dj ,lime 7,ca,o7 conta9$ 9 g>nets1 etc4 #c4dj ,silica 7,si,o7 #bb4ih ,silv] 7,ag7 4#jf ------------ #ajj4dh ,gal5a1 be+ ! s(te/ ( ^!1 is f\nd 9 ! slimes to a l>g] ext5t ?an 9 ! crude ore2 x is also1 = ! same reason1 9 ! f9e/ /ate ( subdivision1 z is well illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! la/ slime to settle 9 wat] is inv>iably mu* ! ri*e/ 9 lead1 :ile ! p]c5tages ( ! h>d] con/itu5ts1 z9c bl5de & gangue1 %[ a correspond+ r$uction 9 quantity1 by reason ( _! be+ g5]ally 9 l>g] siz$ p>ticles & consequ5tly settl+ e>li]4 ,! fairly complete lib]ation ( ea* ( ! con/itu5t m9]als ( ! ore t takes place 9 slim+ t5ds1 ( c\rse1 to help ! production ( a high-grade conc5trate by ! use ( tables & vann]s1 & und\bt$ly a fair recov]y ( lead is q possible1 ev5 ) exi/+ ma*9es1 9 ! treatm5t ( f9e slimes2 b1 ow+ to ! great r$uction 9 ! capacity ( ! ma*9es1 :i* takes place :5 x is attempt$ to c>ry ! vann+ ( ! f9] slimes too f>1 & ! consequ5tly greatly increas$ area ( ! ma*9es t w\ld be necess>y1 ! op]ation1 soon] or lat]1 becomes unpr(itable4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! vann] treatm5t ( slimes %\ld be c>ri$ is1 ( c\rse1 less 9 ! case ( ^? m9es own+ smelt]s ?an ) ^? :i* h to dep5d on ! sale ( conc5trates z _! sole s\rce ( pr(it4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,propriet>y ,company1 all slime produc$ 9 cru%+ is pass$ ov] ! ma*9es aft] classification4 ,a high recov]y ( lead 9 ! =m ( conc5trates is1 ( c\rse1 nei!r expect$ nor obta9$1 = reasons already expla9$2 b ! f9e/ lead-be>+ slimes are all[$ to unite ) ! tail+s1 :i* are collect$ f gr\ps ( ma*9es1 & are !n run into po9t$ boxes1 :]e1 ) ! aid ( hydraulic classification1 ! f9e ri* slimes are wa%$ out & c>ri$ to settl+ b9s & tanks1 :]e ! wat] is /ill$ & all[$ to deposit its slime1 & pass ov] a wide ov]fl[ z cle> wat]4 ,! slime ?us recov]$ am\nts to ov] #abjj tons weekly1 or ab\t #aa p] c5t41 by weight1 ( ! ore1 & assays ab\t #bj p] c5t4 lead1 #ag p] c5t4 z9c1 & #ah oz4 silv]1 & repres5ts1 9 lead value1 ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al lead cont5ts ( ! crude ore & r m ?an t p]c5tage 9 silv] cont5ts4 ,^! slimes are ?us a by-product ( ! mills1 & _! production is unavoidable2 b z !y are n *>geable ) ! co/ ( mill+1 !y are an asset ( consid]able value1 m especially s s9ce x has be5 demon/rat$ t !y c be desulphuriz$ suffici5tly = smelt+ purposes by a simple op]ation1 &1 at ! same "t1 conv]t$ into su* a physical condition z r5d]s ! mat]ial well suit$ = smelt+1 ow+ to its ability to resi/ pressure 9 ! furnaces4 ,! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company has _m ?\s&s ( tons ( ^! slimes :i* ! smelt]s h hi!rto be5 unable to cope )1 ow+ to ! roa/]s be+ fully occupi$ ) ! m valuable conc5trates4 ,moreov]1 ! desulphurization ( slimes 9 ,ropp me*anical roa/]s is objectionable = v>i\s reasons1 namely1 ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( du/ creat$ ) su* f9e mat]ial1 result+ injuri\sly to ! m5 employ$2 also on acc\nt ( ! r$uction 9 ! capacity ( ! roa/]s1 & consequ5t increase 9 work+ co/1 ow+ to ! lightness ( ! slime1 especially :5 hot1 z comp>$ ) conc5trates1 & ! necessity = limit+ ! ?ickness ( mat]ial on ! b$ ( ! roa/]s to a c]ta9 small maximum4 ,fur!r1 ! desulphurization ( ! slimes is no m complete ) ! me*anical roa/]s ?an 9 ! case ( heap roa/+1 & ! comb9$ co/ ( roa/+ & briquett+ be+ q ?ree %ill+s 7or #ge;c47 p] ton 9 excess ( ! co/ ( heap roa/+1 ! latt] possesses _m advantages4 ,^! heaps are be+ dealt )1 prep>atory to roa/+1 by pick+ d[n ! mat]ial 9 lumps ( ab\t #e 94 9 ?ickness1 :ile ! f9e dry smalls1 unavoidably produc$1 are work$ up 9 a pug mill ) wat]1 & dealt ) 9 ! same way z ! wet slime produc$ f curr5t "w4 ,! slime1 z produc$ by ! mills1 is run f b9s into railway trucks 9 a semi-fluid condition1 & %ortly aft] be+ tipp$ alongside "o ( ! v>i\s sid+s on ! m9e is 9 a fit condition to be cut ) %ovels into r\gh bricks1 :i* dry ) fair rapidity1 & :5 requir$ = roa/+ are easily reload$ into railway trucks4 ,z ea* man c cut ab\t #bj tons ( bricks p] day1 ! co/ is small4 ,v>i\s o!r me?ods ( lump+ ! slime 7 tri$1 includ+ truck+ ! semi-fluid mat]ial on movable trams1 alongside :i* 7 set la?s1 ab\t #i 94 ap>t1 :i* enabl$ long slabs to be =m$ #i 94 wide & #e 94 ?ick1 :i* 71 aft] dry+1 pick$ up 9 suitable lumps & load$ 9 plat=m trucks1 !nce on railway trucks4 ,ow+ to ! inf]ior roa/+ t takes place ) bricks hav+ flat sides1 :i* are liable to come into close contact 9 roa/+1 & to ! r high labor co/1 ?is me?od 0 discont9u$4 ,ano!r me?od 0 to all[ ! slime to dry p>tially aft] be+ empti$ f railway trucks1 & to break x into lumps by means ( picks2 b ?is me?od entail$ ! mak+ ( an increas$ am\nt ( smalls1 besides tak+ up m sid+ room1 ow+ to ! extra "t requir$ = dry+1 z comp>$ ) ! me?od n[ 9 use4 ,ord9>y brick+ ma*9es c\ld1 ( c\rse1 be us$1 b :5 ! co/ ( h&l+ ! slime be=e & aft] brick+ is c\nt$1 ! co/ w\ld be great] ?an ) ! simple me?od n[ 9 use2 ! mat]ial be+ 9 too fluid a condition = mak+ into bricks until "s "t elapses = dry+1 a d\ble h&l+ w\ld be necessitat$ be=e s5d+ x to ! brick+ ma*9e4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! slime c\ld be all[$ "t to dry suffici5tly 9 ! trucks1 brick+ by ma*9]y w\ld probably be pref]able4 ,r m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( smalls is made 9 h&l+ ! lumps 9 & out ( ! railway trucks1 & ?is is1 z already not$1 work$ up ) wat] 9 a pug mill at ! s9t]+ works1 & us$ p>tly = cov]+ ! heaps ) slime to exclude an excessive am\nt ( air4 ,! balance is ?r[n out & cut into bricks1 z already describ$4 ,at ! heaps ! lumps are at pres5t be+ ?r[n f "o man to ano!r to rea* _! de/9ation 9 ! heap1 b ! sid+s h be5 laid out 9 duplicate ) a view to enabl+ travel+ cranes to be us$ on ! l9e next ! heap1 ! lumps to be load$ prim>ily into wood5 skips fitt+ ! trucks4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! lumps w require to be h&l$ out ( ! skips into _! place 9 ! heap1 z ! brittle nature ( ! mat]ial may be f\nd to r5d] automatic tipp+ impracticable4 ,a consid]able sav+ 9 labor w\ld nev]!less accompany ! use ( cranes1 :i* w\ld likewise be advantage\s 9 load+ ! s9t]$ mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! inconv5i5ce aris+ f fumes1 l5g? is v desirable 9 sid+ accommodation1 s t heap build+ may be c>ri$ on at a suffici5t di/ance f ! burn+ kilns4 ,x is = ! same reason pref]able to build 9 a l>ge tonnage at "o "t1 light+ ! heaps altoge!r4 ,z ! heaps burn ab\t two weeks only1 long int]vals int]v5e1 dur+ :i* ! fumes are abs5t4 ,9 ! exp]im5tal /ages ( slime roa/+1 fuel1 *iefly wood1 0 us$ 9 quantities up to #e p] c5t41 & 0 plac$ on ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( ! heap1 :]e also a numb] ( flues1 loosely built bricks1 7 plac$ = ! circulation ( air4 ,! am\nt ( fuel us$ has1 h[ev]1 be5 gradually r$uc$1 until ! pres5t practice ( plac+ no fuel :atev] 9 ! bottom 0 arriv$ at2 b in/ead less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( wood is n[ burn$ 9 small enl>gem5ts ( ! flues1 "u ! out] portion ( ! pile1 & plac$ ab\t #ab ft4 ap>t at ! c5t]s4 ,?is is f\nd to be suffici5t to />t ! roa/+ op]ation )9 #bd h\rs ( light+1 aft] :i* no fur!r fuel is necess>y4 ,z reg>ds ! dim5sions ( ! heaps1 ! wid? f\nd mo/ suitable is #bb ft4 at ! base1 ! sides slop+ up r flatt] ?an "o to "o1 ) a flat section on top rea*+ ab\t #g ft4 9 hight4 ,z !re is always ab\t #f 94 ( ! out] cru/ imp]fectly roa/$1 x is advisable to make ! l5g? z great z possible1 ?us m9imiz+ ! surface expos$4 ,! company is build+ heaps up to #bjjj ft4 long4 ,dur+ roa/+ c>e is requir$ to regulate ! air supply1 ! object be+ to avoid too fi]ce a roa/1 :i* t5ds to s9t] & p>tially fuse ! mat]ial on ! out] portions ( ! lumps1 :ile inside !re is raw slime4 ,by ext5d+ ! roa/ ov] a long] p]iod ?is is avoid$1 & a m complete desulphurization is effect$4 ,exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,mr4 ,brad=d1 ! *ief assay]1 demon/rat$ t1 at a temp]ature ( #djj deg4 ,c41 ! sulphide slime is conv]t$ into basic sulphate1 :ile at a temp]ature ( #hjj deg4 ,c4 ! mat]ial becomes s9t]$ ow+ to ! decomposition ( ! basic sulphate & ! =mation ( fusible silicate ( lead4 ,9 practice1 ! sulphur cont5ts ( ! mat]ial1 :i* orig9ally are ab\t #ad p] c5t41 become r$uc$ to f #f4e to #h4e p] c5t41 half 9 ! =m ( basic sulphate & half z sulphides2 mu* ( ! mat]ial s9t]s & becomes matt$ toge!r 9 a fairly solid mass4 ,! heaps are built )\t *imneys ( any k9d2 a /rip ab\t #e ft4 wide along ! cre/ ( ! pile is left uncov]$ by pla/]$ slime1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! op5 way 9 :i* ! lumps are built 91 all[s a natural draft to be set up1 :i* c be regulat$ by p>tly clos+ ! op5 ends ( ! flues at ! base ( ! pile4 ,masonry kilns 7 us$ 9 ! e>li] /ages ) good results1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 n s mu* bett] ?an ^? obta9$ by ! heap me?od z to ju/ify ! exp5se ( build+1 tak+ into consid]ation1 too1 ! extra co/ ( h&l+ ! roa/$ mat]ial 9 ! necess>ily m conf9$ space4 ,mu* int]e/ has be5 tak5 9 ! *emical reactions :i* take place 9 ! op]ation ( desulphurization ( ^! slimes1 x be+ cont5d$1 on ! "o h&1 t ! unexpect$ly rapid roa/ :i* takes place may be due to ! sulphide be+ 9 a v f9e /ate ( subdivision1 & m or less por\s1 ?us all[+ ! air ready access to ! sulphur1 produc+ sulphur\s acid gas 7,,s74 ,on ! o!r h&1 o!rs1 ( :om ,mr4 ,c>mi*ael is ! *ief expon5t1 claim t sev]al reactions take place dur+ ! op]ation1 connect$ ) ! rhodonite & lime comp\nds pres5t 9 ! slimes1 :i* he describes z foll[s3 8,! temp]ature ( ! kilns hav+ rea*$ a dull r$ heat1 ! rhodonite 7silicate ( manganese7 is conv]t$ into mangan\s oxide & silica2 at a r high] temp]ature ! calcium comp\nds are also split up1 ) =mation ( calcium sulphide1 ! sulphur be+ provid$ by ! slimes4 ,! air p]meat+ ! mass oxidizes ! manganese oxide & calcium sulphide into manganese tetroxide & calcium sulphate respectively1 z %[n z foll[s2 #c,mn,o ,o ,mn,o ,ca,s #d,o ,ca,s,o1 &1 z su*1 are c>ri]s ( a =m ( conc5trat$ oxyg5 to ! sulphide slimes1 ) a correspond+ r$uction to mangan\s oxide & calcium sulphide1 z %[n by ! foll[+ equation1 9 ! case ( lead3 ,pb,s #d,mn,o ,pb,s,o #ab,mn,o ,pb,s ,ca,s,o ,pb,s,o ,ca,s4 ,! oxidation ( ! mangan\s oxide & calcium sulphide is repeat$1 & ^! alt]nate reactions recur until ! desulphurization ceases1 or ! kiln cools d[n to a temp]ature bel[ :i* oxidation _c occur4 ,^! reactions1 be+ heat-produc+1 provide "p ( ! heat necess>y = desulphurization1 :i* is br\ght ab\t by c]ta9 concurr5t reactions betwe5 metallic sulphates & sulphide4 8,! fir/ t probably occurs is t 9 :i* two equival5ts ( ! metallic sulphide react on "o ( ! metallic sulphate ) r$uction to ! metal1 metallic sulphide1 & sulphur\s acid1 z %[n by ! foll[+ equation 9 ! case ( lead3 #b,pb,s ,pb,s,o #b,pb ,pb,s #b,,s4 8,! metal s =m$1 9 ! pres5ce ( air1 is oxidiz$1 & 9 ?is /ate reacts on a fur!r portion ( ! metallic sulphide produc$1 ) an increas$ =mation ( metal & evolution ( sulphur\s acid1 accord+ to ! foll[+ equation1 9 ! case ( lead3 #b,pb,o ,pb,s ,pb ,,s4 8,! metal s produc$ 9 ?is reaction is :olly reoxidiz$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air curr5t1 & be+ free to react on /ill fur!r portions ( ! metallic sulphide1 repeats ! reaction1 & becomes an important factor 9 ! desulphuriz+ ( ! undecompos$ portion ( ! mat]ial4 ,z ! desulphurization proce$s1 & ! sulphate ( metal accumulates1 reactions are set up betwe5 ! metallic sulphide & diff]5t multiple proportions ( ! metallic sulphate1 ) ! =mation ( metal1 metallic oxide1 & evolution ( sulphur\s acid1 z foll[s3 8,) two equival5ts ( metallic sulphate to "o equival5t ( metallic sulphide1 9 ! case ( lead1 accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3 ,pb,s #b,pb,s,o #b,pb,o ,pb #c,,s4 8,) ?ree equival5ts ( metallic sulphate to "o ( metallic sulphide1 9 ! case ( lead1 accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3 ,pb,s #c,pb,s,o #d,pb,o #d,,s40 ,! volatility ( sulphide ( lead--especially 9 ! pres5ce ( an in]t gas su* z sulphur\s acid--be+ great] ?an t ( ! sulphate1 oxide1 or ! metal itself1 x might be ?\ght t ! conditions are conducive to a s]i\s loss ( lead4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ow+ to ! easily volatiliz$ sulphide be+ trapp$1 z non-volatile sulphate1 by small portions ( sulphuric anhydride 7,,s71 :i* is =m$ by a catalytic reaction set up betwe5 ! hot ore1 sulphur\s acid1 & ! air pass+ ?r\gh ! mass4 ,ow+ to ! non-volatility ( ! silv] comp\nds 9 ! slimes1 ! loss ( ?is metal has be5 f\nd to be inappreciable4 ,! z9c cont5ts ( ! slime are r$uc$ appreciably1 ?us r5d]+ ! mat]ial m suitable = smelt+4 ,aft] desulphurization ceases1 a few days are all[$ = cool+ (f4 ,on ! break+ up ( ! mass = despat* to ! smelt]s1 z mu* ( ! l[] portion ( ! walls is left intact z possible1 s t x c be utiliz$ = ! next roa/1 ?us avoid+ ! re-build+ ( ! :ole ( ! walls4#aj ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,f9e ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,smelt+ ,,by ,t4 ,j4 ,,gre5way 7,janu>y #ab1 #aije7 ,9 ! c\rse ( smelt+1 at ! works ( ! company kn[n z ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,block #ad1 mat]ial :i* consi/$ *iefly ( silv]-lead conc5trate & slime1 result+ f ! conc5tration ( ! ,brok5 ,hill complex sulphide ore1 ,i _h to cont5d ) all ! tr\bles :i* att5d ! treatm5t ( l>ge quantities ( f9ely divid$ mat]ial 9 bla/ furnaces4 ,) ! view ( avoid+ ^! tr\bles1 ,i exp]im5t$ ) v>i\s briquett+ processes2 &1 aft] a numb] ( m or less unsatisfactory exp]i5ces1 ,i adopt$ a proc$ure simil> to t foll[$ 9 manufactur+ ord9>y bricks by :at is kn[n z ! semi-dry brick-press+ process4 ,?is me?od ( briquett+ n only conv]ts ! f9ely divid$ mat]ial *eaply & effectively into h>d semi-fus$ lumps1 :i* are especially suitable = ! heavy furnace burd5s requir$ by mod]n smelt+ practice1 b also elim9ates sulphur1 ars5ic1 etc41 to a great ext5t2 !re=e1 x is capable ( wide application 9 deal+ ) conc5trate1 slime1 & o!r f9ely divid$ mat]ial conta9+ lead1 copp] & ! preci\s metals4 ,?is briquett+ process comprises ! foll[+ s]ies ( op]ations3 #a4 ,mix+ ! f9ely divid$ mat]ial ) wat] & newly slak$ lime4 #b4 ,press+ ! mixture into blocks ( ! size & %ape ( ord9>y bricks4 #c4 ,/ack+ ! briquettes 9 suitably cov]$ kilns4 #d4 ,burn+ ! briquettes1 s z to h>d5 !m1 )\t melt+1 at ! same "t elim9at+ sulphur1 ars5ic1 etc4 #a4 ,! mat]ial is dump$ into a mix+ plant1 toge!r ) su* proportions ( scre5$ slak$ lime 7usually f ?ree to five p] c5t47 & wat] z %all produce a p[d]y mixture :i* w1 on be+ squeez$ 9 ! h&1 coh]e into dry lumps4 ,9 prep>+ ! mixture1 x is well to mix s&y mat]ial ) suitable proportions ( f9e1 su* z slime1 9 ord] t ! f9] mat]ial may act z a b9d+ ag5t4 ,! mix] us$ by me consi/s ( an iron tr\gh1 ab\t #h ft4 long1 trav]s$ by a pair ( revolv+ %afts1 c>ry+ a s]ies ( knives arrang$ screw-fa%ion2 & s plac$ t ! knives on "o %aft travel ?r\gh ! spaces betwe5 ! knives on ! o!r %aft4 ,! v>i\s mat]ials are dump$ into "o end ( ! mix+ tr\gh1 f b>r[s or trucks1 & are deliv]$ cont9u\sly at ! o!r end ( ! tr\gh1 into an elevator :i* conveys ! mixture to ! brick-press+ plant4 #b4 ,! plant employ$ 0 ! semi-dry brick-press4 ,?is ma*9e receives ! mixture f ! elevators1 & deliv]s x 9 ! =m ( briquettes1 :i* c at once be /ack$ 9 ! kilns4 ,x 0 f\nd t su* mat]ial z conc5trate & slime has comp>atively little mobility 9 ! dies dur+ ! press+ op]ation2 ?is necessitates ! use ( a device :i* provides = ! accurate fill+ ( ! dies4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! mat]ials treat$ by smelt]s v>y 9 compressibility1 & ?is r5d]s necess>y ! adoption ( a brick-press+ plant hav+ plung]s :i* are =c$ into ! dies by means ( adju/able spr+s1 brick-presses hav+ plung]s actuat$ by rigid me*anism be+ extremely liable to jam & break4 #c4 ,briquettes made f su* mat]ial z conc5trate & slime v>y 9 fusibility2 !y are also combu/ible1 & :ile be+ burn$ !y produce l>ge quantities ( smoke conta9+ sulphur\s acid & o!r objectionable fumes4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t su* briquettes be burn$ 9 kilns provid$ ) arrangem5ts = accurately controll+ ! burn+ op]ations1 & = conv5i5tly dispos+ ( ! smoke4 ,suitable kilns1 :i* w conta9 f #cj to #ej tons ( briquettes p] sett+1 are employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,reg5]ative kilns ( ! ,h(fman type might be us$ = deal+ ) "s classes ( mat]ial1 b1 = g5]al purposes1 ! kilns z design$ "h w be f\nd m conv5i5t4 ,! briquettes are /ack$ accord+ to ! "* ( ! mat]ial & ! object to be obta9$4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( /ack+1 & ! reasons = adopt+ !m1 c be readily le>n$ by /udy+ ord9>y brick-burn+ op]ations 9 any l>ge brick-y>d4 ,aft] ! /ack+ is complete ! kiln-fronts are built up ) burnt briquettes produc$ 9 conduct+ previ\s op]ations1 & all ! jo9ts are well lut$4 #d4 ,9 burn+ briquettes made f pyrite or o!r self-burn+ mat]ial1 x is simply necess>y to ma9ta9 a fire 9 ! kiln fireplaces = a p]iod ( f #aj to #bj h\rs4 ,:5 x is judg$ t ?is fir+ has be5 cont9u$ long en\gh1 ! fire-b>s are drawn & ! fronts are lut$ ) burnt briquettes 9 ! same mann] z ! kiln-fronts4 ,holes ab\t two in*es squ>e are !n made 9 ^! lut+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! air requir$ = ! fur!r burn+ ( ! briquettes is all[$ to ent] ! kilns "u prop] control4 ,aft] ! fireplaces are ?us clos$ ! progress ( ! burn+1 :i* cont9ues = p]iods ( f ?ree to six days1 is wat*$ ?r\gh small inspection holes made 9 ! kiln-fronts2 & :5 x is se5 t ! burn+ is complete ! fronts are p>tially torn away1 9 ord] to accel]ate ! cool+ ( ! burnt briquettes1 :i* are brok5 d[n & convey$ to ! smelt]s z soon z !y c be conv5i5tly h&l$4 ,:5 briquettes made f pyrite conc5trate1 or ( o!r free-burn+ mat]ial1 are ?us treat$1 !y are n only s9t]$ b !y are also m or less effectively roa/$1 & x may be tak5 = grant$ t any ore :i* c be effectively roa/$ 9 ! lump =m 9 kilns or /alls w =m briquettes t w bo? s9t] & roa/ well2 inde$1 "o may say m ?an ?is1 = briquettes :i* w s9t] & roa/ well c be made f _m classes ( ore t _c be effectively treat$ by ord9>y kiln-& /all-roa/+ op]ations2 &1 moreov]1 good-burn+ briquettes may be made f mixtures ( free-burn+ & poor-burn+ mat]ial4 ,briquettes conta9+ l>ge proportions ( pyrite or o!r free-burn+ mat]ial w1 unless ! air-supply is prop]ly controll$1 (t5 heat up to su* an ext5t z to fuse into solid masses1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z matte ( pyritic ore w melt :5 x is unskilfully h&l$ 9 roa/+4 ,9 deal+ ) mat]ial :i* w n burn freely1 su* z roa/$ conc5trate1 ! briquett+ is conduct$ ) ! int5tion ( s9t]+ ! mat]ial2 & 9 ?is case ! fir+ ( ! kilns is cont9u$ = p]iods ( f ?ree to f\r days1 ! proc$ure be+ simil> 9 e way to t foll[$ 9 burn+ ord9>y bricks4 ,:5 conduct+ my e>li] briquett+ op]ations ,i made ! briquettes by simply pugg+ ! f9ely divid$ mat]ial1 foll[+ a practice simil> to t adopt$ 9 produc+ 8slop-made0 bricks by h&4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ ! briquettes 0 att5d$ ) a numb] ( obvi\s disadvantages1 & 0 ab&on$ z soon z ! semi-dry brick-press+ plant became available4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is process1 or modifications ( x1 may be appli$ is %[n by ! fact t1 foll[+ ^u in=mation giv5 by me1 ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company adopt$ a simil> me?od ( s9t]+ & roa/+ slime1 consi/+ ( ab\t #bj p] c5t4 gal5a1 #bj p] c5t4 bl5de1 & #fj p] c5t4 silici\s gangue4 ,! proc$ure foll[$ 9 ?is case consi/$ ( simply pugg+ ! slime1 & runn+ ! pug ^u a floor to dry2 aft]w>d cutt+ ! dri$ mat]ial into lumps by means ( suitable cutt+ tools1 & !n pil+ ! lumps ov] fir+ f\ndations1 foll[+ a practice simil> to t pursu$ 9 conduct+ ord9>y heap-roa/+4 ,?is company is n[ treat+ f #ejj to #ajjj tons ( slime weekly 9 ?is mann]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t bett] results w\ld att5d ! treatm5t ( ?is mat]ial by mak+ ?is slime into briquettes & burn+ !m 9 kilns4 ,! co/ ( briquett+ & burn+ mat]ial 9 ! mann] fir/ describ$1 ) labor at #be;c4 p] h\r1 & wood or coal at #d p] ton1 am\nts to f #a to #a4ej p] ton ( mat]ial4 ,,! ,,briquett+ ,,( ,,m9]als ,,by ,,rob]t ,,s*orr 7,novemb] #bb1 #aijb7 ,! value ( briquett+ 9 connection ) metallurgical processes & ! manufacture ( artificial /one is well und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,9 smelt+ plants !re is always m or less flue du/1 f9e ores1 & sometimes f9e conc5trates to be treat$1 b ! *>g+ ( su* f9e mat]ial directly into a furnace w\ld cause tr\ble & irregul>ities1 & w\ld less5 its capacity also4 ,z m9]al briquett+ _c be effect$ )\t consid]able we> ^u ! ma*9]y & )\t q appreciable exp5se 9 b9d]1 labor1 & h&l+1 _m smelt]s try to avoid x4 ,! f9ancial "q1 h[ev]1 is n z s]i\s z x may at fir/ appe>1 & tak+ ! l>ge output ( mod]n briquett+ ma*9es 9 consid]ation1 ! co/ = repairs am\nts only to a few c5ts p] ton ( briquett$ mat]ial4 ,! total co/ dep5ds 9 ! fir/ place on ! co/ ( labor1 p[] & ! b9d]1 & 9 mo/ ,am]ican smelt]s x v>ies betwe5 #j4fe & #a4be p] ton ( briquettes4 ,ord9>y brick presses1 ) clay z a b9d]1 7 us$ 9 ,europe z well z 9 ?is c\ntry1 b !y are too sl[ & exp5sive = l>ge propositions & ! pres5ce ( clay is usually undesirable4 ,! ,engli% ,yeadon 7fuel7 press has also be5 us$ = "s ye>s at ! ,c>lton ,iron ,company's ,works at ,f]ryhill 9 ,engl&1 & at ! ,ore & ,fuel ,company's plant at ,coatbridge 9 ! same c\ntry2 also by "s ,cont95tal firms4 ,dupuis ,sons1 ,p>is1 furni%$ a few presses :i* are mo/ly us$ = manganese & iron ores & pyrites4 ,9 "s localities coke du/ is add$4 ,! mak+ ( clay briquettes or mud-cakes is ! crude/ =m ( briquett+2 b :ile heat has to be exp5d$ to evaporate ! #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( moi/ure 9 !m1 & :ile consid]able flue du/ is made1 ?is me?od is bett] ?an fe$+ f9e ore or flue du/ directly into ! furnace4 ,! only o!r me?od ( avoid+ briquett+ is by fus+ ore f9es 9 slagg+ rev]b]atory furnaces & by add+ flue du/ 9 ! slagg+ pit1 ?us incorporat+ x ) ! slagg+ ore4 ,?is is practis$ sometimes 9 silv]-lead smelt]s1 b 9 connection ) copp] or iron smelt]s x is n practicable4 ,9 briquett+ m9]als a ?or\gh mix+ & knead+ is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,if ?is is done prop]ly a comp>atively l[ pressure w suffice to create a good & solid briquette1 :i* aft] six to eight h\rs ( air-dry+1 or aft] a spe$i] elim9ation ( ! surplus ( moi/ure 9 hot-air *amb]s1 w be ready = ! furnace *>ge4 ,a good briquette %\ld p]mit transportation )\t excessive breakage or du/ a few h\rs aft] be+ made1 & x %\ld reta9 its %ape 9 ! furnace until completely fus$1 s z to create z little flue du/ z possible4 ,! briquette %\ld be d5se1 o!rwise x w crumble "u ! influ5ce ( bad wea!r4 ,! two presses on ! ,am]ican ma*9]y m>ket are ! type built by ! ,*i%olm1 ,boyd ,:ite ,company1 ( ,*icago1 & ! briquett+ ma*9e manufactur$ by ! ,h4 ,s4 ,m\ld ,company1 ( ,pittsburg4 ,bo? are ext5sively us$1 & 9 _m metallurgical plants x w pay well to adopt !m4 ,f #d to #f p] c5t4 ( milk ( lime is g5]ally us$ z b9d]1 & ?is has a desirable flux+ influ5ce also4 ,a complete outfit comprises1 besides ! press1 a mix] = slack+ ! lime1 & a fe$-pump :i* dis*>ges ! liquid 9 proportion into ! ma9 mix] :]e9 ! ore f9es1 flue du/1 or conc5trates are %ovel$4 ,! ,*i%olm1 ,boyd ,:ite ,company's press makes #hj briquettes p] m9ute1 :i*1 ) a new disk1 are ( #d 94 diamet] & #b 94 hight1 ?us giv+ ab\t #hgb cu4 ft4 ( briquette volume p] #aj h\rs1 or #ej to #hj tons1 dep5d+ on ! weight ( ! mat]ial4 ,) ! we> ( ! disk ! hight ( ! briquettes is r$uc$ & consequ5tly ! capacity ( ! ma*9e also4 ,! disk weighs ab\t #afjj lb41 & z mo/ l>ge smelt]s h _! own f\ndries x c be replac$ ) little exp5se4 ,ab\t #cj effective horse-p[] is usually provid$ = driv+ ! app>atus4 ,! ma*9e is too well kn[n to metallurgi/s & eng9e]s to require fur!r comm5t or description4 ,! ,h4 ,s4 ,m\ld ,company has also succe$$ 9 mak+ its ma*9e a ?or\gh practical success4 ,?is ma*9e is a plung]-type press4 ,! l>ge/ press built employs six plung]s1 & at #be revolutions x makes #aej briquettes ( #c 94 diamet] & #c 94 hight1 or #ajhj cu4 ft4 p] #aj h\rs4 ,its rat$ capacity is #ajj tons p] #aj h\rs4 ,9 us+ a plung]-type press ! mat]ial %\ld n conta9 m ?an #g p] c5t4 me*anical moi/ure4 ,if wet conc5trates h to be briquett$ x is necess>y to add dry ore f9es or flue du/ to arrive at a prop] consi/5cy4 ,! briquettes are v solid & only air-dry+ = a few h\rs is necess>y4 ,! cyl9drical %ape ( briquettes is v good1 z x insures a prop] air circulation 9 ! furnace & consequ5tly a rapid oxidation & fusion4 ,! we> ( ! ,m\ld ,company's press is mo/ly conf9$ to ! *ill$ iron bu%+s & to ! pi/ons4 ,auxili>y ma*9]y consi/s ( ! slack]1 ! fe$] & ! ma9 mix]4 ,! press is ( a v sub/antial design1 & x is claim$ t ! co/ ( repairs does n am\nt to m ?an #c;c4 p] ton ( briquettes4 ,we> & te> is unavoidable 9 a crude op]ation l briquett+2 to treat flue du/1 ore f9es1 & f9e conc5trates successfully1 x is almo/ absolutely necess>y to resort to x4 ,edison us$ a numb] ( int]mitt5t-act+ presses at 8 magnetic iron-sep>ation works 9 ,new ,j]sey1 b ?is plant %ut d[n "s "t ago4 ,a ,,brick+ ,,plant ,,= ,,flue ,,du/ ,,& ,,f9e ,,ores ,,by ,,james ,c4 ,,b5nett 7,septemb] #ae1 #aijd7 ,! plant1 :i* is "h describ$1 = brick+ f9e ores & flue du/1 0 design$ & ! plans produc$ 9 ! eng9e]+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,selby smelt]4 ,! ma*9]y conta9$ 9 ! plant consi/s ( a ,boyd f\r-mold brick press1 a #g ft4 wet pan or ,*ile mill1 a #ej h4p4 induction motor1 & a conveyor-elevator1 toge!r ) ! necess>y pulleys & %aft+4 ,! press1 ,*ile mill1 & motor ne$ no special m5tion1 z !y all are f /&>d patt]ns & b\ght1 )\t alt]ations1 f ! respective build]s4 ,! ,*ile mill 0 pur*as$ f ! build]s ( ! brick press4 ,! conveyor-elevator 0 built on ! premises & consi/s ( a #ad 94 eight-ply rubb] belt1 ) buckets ( %eet /eel plac$ at int]vals ( #f 941 runn+ ov] flang$ pulleys4 ,! buckets1 or m prop]ly speak+ ! flights1 are made f ,no4 #ab /eel plate1 flang$ to produce ! back & ends1 ) ! ends secur$ to ! flang$ bottom by "o rivet 9 ea*4 ,! plant has be5 9 op]ation = sixte5 mon?s & !re h be5 few or no repairs to ! elevator1 except to r5ew ! belt1 :i* is attack$ by ! acid conta9$ 9 ! *>ges4 ,?is fir/ belt 0 9 cont9u\s use = n9e mon?s4 ,z orig9ally design$1 ! capacity 0 #ajj tons p] day ( #ab h\rs1 b ?is 0 f\nd to require a spe$ s high t ! workm5 7 unable to h&le ! output ( ! press4 ,! spe$ 01 consequ5tly1 r$uc$ ab\t #be p] c5t41 :i* br+s ! output d[n to ab\t #ge tons p] day4 ,?is output1 z express$ 9 weight1 naturally v>ies some:at ow+ to ! v>iation 9 ! weight ( ! mat]ial h&l$4 ,x is probable t ! capacity c\ld be increas$ to ab\t #ij tons by enl>g+ ! bricks1 :i* c\ld be done1 b w\ld require a consid]able am\nt ( alt]ation 9 ! ma*9e1 z x is design$ to produce a /&>d siz$ build+ brick4 ,by ?is me?od ( increase1 h[ev]1 ! "w ( h&l+ w\ld n be mat]ially increas$1 because ! numb] ( bricks w\ld be ! same z ) ! pres5t output ( #ge tons2 !re w\ld be ab\t #af p] c5t4 m to h&le1 by weight4 ,work+ on ! basis ( #ajj tons capacity1 ! b9s 7 design$ to af=d /orage room = ab\t ?ree days' run1 or a little ov] #cjj tons4 ,! b9s are made entirely ( /eel1 9 ord] t ! hot mat]ial may be dump$ into !m directly f ! roa/+ furnaces1 ?us sav+ "o h&l+4 ,9 ord] t !re may be room = sev]al k9ds ( mat]ial1 ! b9s are divid$ into sev5 comp>tm5ts1 ?ree on "o side & f\r on ! o!r4 ,! l[] "p is ( 94 /eel plate1 & ! upp]1 ab\t "o-half ! hight1 ( #e_/af 94 plate4 ,x may be well to call att5tion to ! me?od ( h&l+ ! mat]ial1 prep>atory to its deliv]y to ! brick press4 ,! b9s are con/ruct$1 z w be se5 by ! draw+1 ) _! floor set #b4e ft4 above ! work+ floor1 :i* enables ! workm5 to rea* ! mat]ial ) a m9imum ef=t4 ,! floor ( ! b9s project #b4e ft4 9 front ( ! face1 ?us =m+ a plat=m on :i* ! %ovel+ may be done )\t ! necessity ( b5d+ ov]4 ,9 ?is project+ plat=m are cut rectangul> holes #ab #ah 941 :i* are plac$ midway betwe5 ! op5+s 9 ! front ( ! b9s & furni%$ ) scre5s to /op any /ray bolts or o!r co>se mat]ial t might injure ! press4 ,?is position ( ! holes ?r\gh ! plat=m 0 adopt$ s t1 9 ! ev5t ( ! mat]ial runn+ out beyond ! op5+ 9 ! face1 x w\ld n fall directly ^u ! floor4 ,two buckets are provid$1 ) a capacity ( #g cu4 ft4 ea*1 :i* is ! size ( a s+le *>ge ( ! ,*ile mill4 ,^! buckets h a hopp]-%ap$ bottom fix$ ) a sw++ gate :i* is op]at$ by ! foot2 ?us ! bucket c be run ov] ! pan ( ! ,*ile mill & ! *>ge dump$ directly into x4 ,! buckets run on an ov]head iron track 7#a 94 by #c 947 hung #g ft4 9 ! cle>1 above ! floor4 ,! me?od ( mak+ up ! *>ge is z foll[s3 ,! bucket is run "u ! hole 9 ! plat=m ne>e/ to ! comp>tm5t conta9+ ! mat]ial ( :i* ! *>ge is p>tly compos$1 & a pr$et]m9$ numb] ( %ovelfuls is drawn out & put into ! bucket1 :i* is !n pu%$ on to ! next comp>tm5t f :i* mat]ial is want$1 :]e ! op]ation is repeat$4 ,aft] *>g+ into ! bucket ! requisite am\nt ( ore or flue du/1 ! bucket is run to ! back ( ! build+1 :]e ! necess>y am\nt ( lime 7slak$7 is add$4 ,by putt+ ! lime 9 la/1 x is s surr\nd$ by ! du/ or ore t x has n ! opportunity to /ick to ! sides ( ! bucket 9 dis*>g+1 z x o!rwise w\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a 7a74--,plant = ,brick+ ,ores1 ,selby ,smelt]4 7,plan47 ,! numb] ( m5 requir$ to op]ate ! entire plant1 exclusive ( ^? employ$ 9 br++ ! mat]ial to ! b9s & empty+ ! c>s into !m1 is #ab1 plac$ z foll[s2 ,"o prep>+ ! lime = use1 "o remov+ ! *>ge f ! mill & supply+ ! elevator-conveyor1 :i* is accompli%$ by means ( a specially %ap$1 long-h&l$ %ovel2 "o keep+ ! supply sp\t ( ! press cle> 7an attempt 0 made to d ?is me*anically1 b 0 f\nd to be unsuccessful1 ow+ to ! extremely /icky nature ( ! mat]ial1 & s 0 disc>d$ 9 favor ( manual labor72 "o to control ! press 9 case ( mi%ap & to keep ! dies clean2 "o oil]2 ?ree receiv+ ! bricks f ! press & tak+ ! brick-load$ c>s f ! press to ! dry+-h\se1 & two plac+ ! bricks on ! %elves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a 7b74--,plant = ,brick+ ,ores1 ,selby ,smelt]4 7,elevation47 ,! dry+-h\se sc>cely requires description2 x is b a ro($ %$1 )\t sides1 fitt$ ) /alls into :i* ! bricks are set on portable %elves1 z close z work+ conditions w p]mit4 ,! means ( dry+1 at ! pres5t "t1 is by ! natural circulation ( air1 b a me*anical sy/em is 9 contemplation1 by :i* ! air w be drawn into ! build+ f ! outside & =c$ to f9d its way out ?r\gh ! bricks4 ,! dry+-h\se is adjac5t to ! press+ plant1 9 fact =ms ! back ( x1 s t !re is a m9imum di/ance to haul ! product4 ,! "t requir$ = dry+ ! bricks suffici5tly = !m to )/& ! necess>y h&l+ is1 dep5d+ on ! wea!r1 f two to eight days1 ! usual "t be+ ab\t ?ree days4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,! ,,bla/ ,,furnace ,,mod]n ,,silv]-,,lead ,,smelt+#aa ,,by ,,ar?ur ,s4 ,,dwight 7,janu>y #aj1 #aijc7 ,! rectangul> silv]-lead bla/ furnace develop$ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s has an area ( #db #abj to #dh #afj 94 at ! tuy]es2 #ed #acb to #hd #bjj 94 at ! top2 & hight f tuy]e level to top ( *>ge ( #ae to #ba ft4 ,su* a furnace smelts #hj to #bjj tons ( *>ge 7ore & flux1 b n slag & coke7 p] #bd h\rs4 ,! slag t has to be resmelt$ am\nts to #bj to #fj p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge4 ,coke consumption is #ab to #af p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge4 ,! bla/ pressure ranges f #a4e to #d lb4 p] squ>e in*1 av]ag+ close to #b lb4 ,gases ( h&-*>g$ furnaces are tak5 (f ?r\gh an op5+ bel[ ! *>ge-floor1 ! furnace be+ f$ ?r\gh a slot 7ab\t #bj 94 wide1 ext5d+ ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! furnace7 9 ! iron floor-plates2 or ?r\gh a hood 7brick or %eet iron7 above ! *>ge-floor level1 ) a d[n-take to ! flues1 *>ge-doors be+ provid$ on ea* side ( ! hood1 ext5d+ pref]ably ! :ole l5g? ( ! furnace & usually hav+ a sill a few in*es high :i* compels ! fe$] to lift 8 %ovel4 ,:5 a silv]-lead bla/ furnace is op]at+ satisfactorily1 ! foll[+ conditions %\ld obta92 7#a7 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! lead 9 ! *>ge %\ld appe> z direct bullion-product at ! lead-well4 7#b7 ,! slag %\ld be fluid & clean4 7#c7 ,! matte %\ld be l[ 9 lead4 7#d7 ,! furnace %\ld be cool & quiet on top1 mak+ a m9imum quantity ( lead-fume & flue-du/1 & ! *>ges %\ld desc5d uni=mly ov] ! :ole area ( ! %aft4 7#e7 ,! furnace spe$ %\ld be good4 7#f7 ,! furnace %\ld be free f s]i\s accretions & cru/s2 t is to say1 ! tuy]es %\ld be reasonably bright & op51 & ! level ( ! lead 9 ! lead-well %\ld respond promptly to v>iations ( pressure1 caus$ by ! bla/ & by ! hight ( ! column ( molt5 slag & matte inside ! furnace--an indication t ample connection exi/s betwe5 ! smelt+ column & ! crucible4 ,good r$uction 7us+ t t]m to express ! degree 9 :i* ! furnace is manife/+ its r$uc+ action7 is obta9$ :5 ! fir/ ?ree ( ! above conditions are satisfi$4 ,= any giv5 furnace !re are five prime factors1 ! resultant ( :i* det]m9es ! r$uction1 namely3 7a7 ,*emical composition ( ! furnace *>ges2 7b7 proportion & "* ( fuel2 7c7 air-volume & pressure1 to :i* might p]haps also be add$ temp]ature ( bla/2 =1 al?\gh hot bla/ has n yet be5 successfully appli$ 9 lead-smelt+ practice1 ,i believe x is only a "q ( "t :5 x w be2 7d7 dim5sions & proportions ( smelt+ furnace2 7e7 me*anical "* & arrangem5t ( ! smelt+ column4 ,all b "o ( ! above factors c be intellig5tly gag$4 ,! me*anical factor1 h[ev]1 c be express$ only 9 g5]alities & indef9ite t]ms4 ,a wise selection ( ores & prop] prelim9>y prep>ation1 cru%+ ! co>se & briquett+ ! f9e1 w d mu* to regulate x1 b all ?is c>e may be l>gely nullifi$ by c>eless fe$+4 ,! importance & possibilities ( ! me*anical factor are g5]ally ov]look$ & its symptoms are wrongly diagnos$4 ,= in/ance1 ! importance ( slag-types has und\bt$ly be5 consid]ably exagg]at$ at ! exp5se ( ! me*anical factor4 ,slags seldom come d[n exactly z figur$4 ,we mu/ "k our ores & apply c]ta9 empirical corrections to ! iron1 sulphur1 etc41 bas$ on previ\s exp]i5ce ) ! ores2 b ^! empirical corrections may repres5t also an un=mulat$ expression ( ! influ5ce ( ! me*anical factor on ! r$uction--a function1 !re=e1 ( ! rul+ physical complexion ( ! ores1 & ! peculi>ities ( ! fe$+ habitually ma9ta9$ 9 ! works conc]n$4 ,) a giv5 ore-*>ge l>ge reciprocal v>iations may be produc$ 9 ! composition ( slag & matte by m]ely *ang+ ! me*anical conditions ( ! smelt+ column1 & s9ce ! effici5t utilization ( bo? fuel & bla/ mu/ be controll$ 9 ! same way1 ! me*anical factor may be consid]$1 p]haps1 ! dom9at+ ag5t ( r$uction4 ,inasmu* z !re is no way ( gag+ x1 h[ev]1 ! only rec\rse is to seek a correct adju/m5t & ma9ta9 x z a positive con/ant1 aft] :i* slag1 fuel & bla/ may be ) mu* great] c]ta9ty adju/$ t[>d effici5cy ( furnace "w & metal-sav+4 ,behavior ( ,iron4--,! output ( lead is s dep5d5t ^u ! reactions ( ! iron 9 ! *>ge t ! *ief att5tion may well be fix$ ^u t metal z ! key to ! situation4 ,! success ( ! process dep5ds l>gely ^u r$uc+ j ! "r am\nt ( iron to ?r[ ! lead out ( ! matte1 ! rema9d] ( ! iron be+ r$uc$ only to f]r\s oxide & ent]+ ! slag4 ,too mu* iron r$uc$ w =m a s[ 9 ! he>?4 ,iron is r$uc$ f its oxides pr9cipally by contact ) solid inc&esc5t c>bon1 & by ! action ( hot c>bon monoxide4 ,r$uction by solid c>bon is ! m wa/eful1 b !re is 9 lead smelt+ an ev5 m s]i\s objection to p]mitt+ ! r$uction to be accompli%$ by t means1 :i* leads to comp>atively hot top & m or less volatilization ( lead4 ,r$uction by c>bon monoxide is ! ideal condition = ! lead furnace4 ,x means keep+ ! zone ( inc&esc5ce l[ 9 ! *>ge column1 leav+ pl5ty ( room above = ! gases to yield up _! heat to1 & ex]cise _! r$uc+ p[] on1 ! desc5d+ *>ge1 s t by ! "t !y escape !y w be well-nigh sp5t4 ,_! volume & temp]ature w be dim9i%$1 & ! l[ velocity ( _! exit w t5d to m9imize ! loss ( lead 9 fume & flue du/4 ,! idea t high temp]atures 9 lead bla/ furnaces %\ld be avoid$ is bas$ on a misconception4 ,temp]atures mu/ exi/ :i* are suffici5tly high to volatilize all ! lead 9 ! *>ge1 if o!r conditions p]mit4 ,a high temp]ature be=e ! tuy]es means fa/ smelt+2 & fa/ smelt+1 "u prop] conditions1 means a %ort5+ ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! lead is subject to scorify+ & volatiliz+ influ5ces4 ,a rapidly desc5d+ *>ge1 con/antly repl5i%$ ) cold ore f above1 absorbs effectively ! heat ( ! gases & acts z a mo/ effici5t du/ & fume collector4 ,9 consid]+ long flues1 bag-h\ses1 etc41 x %\ld be kept 9 m9d t ! mo/ effective du/ collector ought to be ! furnace itself4 ,9 ! practice ( twelve ye>s ago & e>li]1 p>ticul>ly :5 us+ mix$ coke & *>coal1 r$uction by c>bon 0 probably ! rule2 & ! p]c5tage ( fuel requir$ 0 v high4 ,!re is good reason to ?9k we h /ill mu* room = improvem5t along ?is l9e 9 our av]age practice ( today4 ,volume ( ,bla/4--,x is cu/om>y to supply a batt]y ( furnaces f a l>ge bla/ ma91 connect$ ) a numb] ( bl[]s4 ,inasmu* z ! air w take pref]ably ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 if ! int]nal resi/ance ( any "o furnace be increas$ ! volume ( air x w take w be dim9i%$ & ! o!rs w be favor$ unduly4 ,only by keep+ all ! furnaces on approximately ! same *>ge1 ) ! same hight ( smelt+ column1 c any?+ l uni=mity ( op]ation & close regulation be secur$4 ,! rational plan w\ld seem to be to h a sep>ate bl[]1 ( v>iable spe$1 directly connect$ to ea* furnace1 b ?is plan1 :i* has _h a numb] ( trials1 has usually be5 ab&on$ 9 favor ( ! common bla/ ma94 ,trials by myself1 ext5d+ ov] consid]able p]iods1 h be5 s uni=mly favorable1 h[ev]1 t ,i am =c$ to ascribe ! failure ( o!rs to "s outside reason4 ,! peculi> atmosph]e requir$ 9 ! lead bla/ furnace dep5ds ^u ! correct proportion ( two c\nt]active elem5ts1 c>bon & oxyg54 ,if giv5 too mu* air ! furnace w %[ signs ( defici5t r$uction1 commonly int]pret$ z call+ = m fuel1 :i* w be %e] wa/e s9ce its object is to burn up surplus air4 ,!re w be an additional wa/e ?r\gh ! extra coal burn$ "u ! /eam boil]s4 ,! true rem$y w\ld be to cut d[n ! quantity ( air4 ,burn+ up excessive coke is z h>d "w z smelt+ ore4 ,too mu* fuel inv>iably sl[s up a furnace2 x also drives ! fire upw>d & gives pr$om9ance to r$uction by solid c>bon4 ,! ma9t5ance ( a m9imum fuel p]c5tage1 ) a correctly adju/$ volume ( air1 w t5d to promote ! conditions "u :i* iron w be r$uc$ by ! gases1 r ?an by solid c>bon4 ,pressure ( ,bla/4--,pressure necess>ily involves resi/ance2 & ! bla/-pressure1 z regi/]$ by a simple m]cury-gage on ! bu/le-pipe1 may be increas$ 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,by increas+ ! volume ( air =c$ ?r\gh ! int]/ices 9 ! *>ge4 ,?is is ! wrong way2 b1 un=tunately1 x is only too common 9 our practice1 & !re=e des]ves to be m5tion$1 if only to be condemn$4 7#b7 ,by leav+ ! volume ( air un*ang$1 b increas+ ! friction (f]$ by ! int]/itial *annels1 ei!r by mak+ !m small] 9 aggregate cross-section 7:i* means a f9] *>ge71 or by mak+ !m long] 7:i* means a high] smelt+ column74 ,a correctly graduat$ int]nal resi/ance is1 !re=e1 ! only true basis = a high bla/ furnace1 :i*1 :5 s produc$1 w br+ ab\t rapid smelt+1 a l[ zone ( inc&esc5ce1 & a v vigor\s action ^u ! ores by ! gases 9 _! ret>d$ asc5t ?r\gh ! *>ge column4 ,^! conditions promote ! r$uction ( iron by ,,co4 ,! adju/m5t ( int]nal resi/ance1 :i* is ?us cle>ly ! ma9 factor1 c be accompli%$ only by ! correct fe$+ ( ! furnace4 ,fe$+ ! ,*>ge4--,x is self-evid5t t1 ! m ?or\gh ! prelim9>y prep>ation ( ! *>ge be=e x rea*es ! zone ( fusion1 ! m rapidly c ! actual smelt+ proce$4 ,a piece ( raw ore t f9ds itself prematurely at ! tuy]es1 )\t hav+ be5 subject$ to ! usual prep>atory processes ( dry+1 heat+1 r$uction1 etc41 mu/ rema9 !re until x is gradually dissolv$ or c>ri$ away me*anically 9 ! slag4 ,any su* occurr5ce mu/ greatly ret>d ! process4 ,x w\ld seem1 by ! same reason+1 t an intimate mixture ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! *>ge %\ld exp$ite ! smelt+1 & ,i advocate ! intimate mixture ( ! *>ge +r$i5ts 9 all cases4 ,! !ory ( fe$+ is simple1 b n s ! practice4 ,if ! *>ge column 7 compos$ ( pieces ( uni=m size1 ! asc5d+ gases w\ld f9d ! *annel ( lea/ resi/ance close to ! furnace walls & w\ld take x pref]ably to ! c5t] ( ! %aft4 ,! m re/rict$ *annel w\ld necessitate a high] velocity1 s t n only w\ld ! c5t] ( ! *>ge be depriv$ ( ! action ( ! gases1 b also ! portion trav]s$ w\ld be ov]heat$2 _m p>ticles ( ore w\ld be s9t]$ to ! walls or c>ri$ (f z flue du/2 slag w\ld =m prematurely2 fuel w\ld be wa/$2 9 %ort1 all ! irregul>ities & losses :i* accompany ov]-fire w\ld be exp]i5c$4 ,9 practice ! *>ge is nev] uni=m1 b is a mixture ( co>se & f9e4 ,by lodg+ ! f9] mat]ial close to ! walls & plac+ ! co>s] 9 ! c5t]1 an adju/m5t may be made :i* w cause ! gases to asc5d uni=mly ?r\gh ! smelt+ column4 ,a furnace top smok+ quietly & uni=mly ov] its :ole area is ! visible sign ( a prop]ly f$ furnace4 ,effect ( ,l>ge ,*>ges4--,x has frequ5tly be5 rem>k$ t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 l>ge *>ges give m favorable results ?an small ones2 & num]\s attempts h be5 made to acc\nt = ?is fact4 ,my obs]vations lead me to (f] ! foll[+ z a rational explanation--at lea/ 9 cases :]e ore & fuel are *>g$ 9 alt]nate lay]s4 ,l>ge ore-*>ges mean correspond+ly l>ge fuel-*>ges4 ,! gases c pass readily ?r\gh ! coke2 & h5ce ea* fuel-zone t5ds to equalize ! gas curr5ts by giv+ !m ano!r opportunity to di/ribute !mselves ov] ! :ole furnace area1 :ile ea* lay] ( ore subsequ5tly enc\nt]$ w blanket ! gases1 & compel !m to =ce a passage "u pressure1 :i* is ! mann] mo/ favorable to effective *emical action4 ,9 me*anically f$ furnaces ! *>ges ( ore & fuel are usually dropp$ 9 simultane\sly f a c> & ! sep>ate lay]s ?us oblit]at$1 & ! di/ribut+ zones :i* are su* a safegu>d aga9/ ! consequ5ces ( bad fe$+ are lack+1 h5ce m c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to secure prop] plac+ ( ! co>se & f9e mat]ial4 ,?is may ?r[ "s light on ! failure ( mo/ ( ! e>ly attempts at me*anical fe$+4 ,me*anical ,"* ( ,*>ge4--,v f9e *>ges blanket ! gases excessively & cause !m to break ?r\gh at a few po9ts1 =m+ bl[-holes1 :i* s]i\sly di/urb ! op]ation1 cause loss ( raw ore 9 ! slag1 & are accompani$ by all ! evils ( ov]-fire4 ,a *>ge conta9+ a few massive pieces1 ! re/ be+ f9e1 is a /ill m unfavorable comb9ation4 ,a v co>se *>ge p]mits too ready an exit to ! gases1 & 9 ! end t5ds likewise to ov]-fire & poor r$uction4 ,! rem$y is to briquette ! f9e ore 7?\gh pref]ably n all ( x71 & cru% ! co>se to su* degree z to approa* an ideal result1 :i* may be r\ghly describ$ z a mixture 9 :i* ab\t "o-?ird is compos$ ( pieces ( #e to #b 94 9 diamet]1 "o-?ird pieces ( #b to #j4e 941 & ! rema9+ ?ird f #j4e 94 d[n4 ,! coke is bett] = be+ some:at brok5 up be=e *>g+1 & a reasonable am\nt ( coke f9es1 su* z usually accompanies a good quality ( coke1 is n 9 ! lea/ detrim5tal4 ,! common practice ( h&l+ ! coke by =ks & ?r[+ away ! f9es is to be condemn$ z an unw>rant$ wa/e ( good fuel4 ,! slag on ! *>ge %\ld be brok5 to pieces at mo/ #f 94 9 diamet]4 ,! common practice ( ?r[+ 9 :ole butts ( slag-%ells is bad4 ,!re is no economy 9 us+ ! slag hot2 cold *>ges1 n hot1 are :at we want4 ,a reasonable am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! *>ge is b5eficial1 provid+ x be 9 su* =m z to be readily dri$ out4 ,x is (t5 advantage\s to wet ! ore mixtures :ile b$d+ !m1 or to spr9kle ! *>ges be=e fe$+4 ,! driv+ (f ( ?is wat] mu/ consume fuel1 b n s mu* z if ! smelt+ zone crept up4 ,l>ge doses ( wat] appli$ directly to ! furnace are unp>donable "u any circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ?\gh !y are sometimes indulg$ 9 z a dra/ic measure to subdue excessive ov]-fire :5 o!r & sur] means are n recogniz$4 ,"o ( ! *ief m]its ( mod]ate spr9kl+ be=e *>g+ is t x gives 9 _m cases a m favorable me*anical "*1 approximat+ a lumpy condition 9 too f9e a *>ge1 & assi/+ to pack a too co>se "o4 ,diff]5t ,behavior ( ,co>se & ,f9e ,ore4--,9 tak+ up a %ovelful ( ore1 ! f9e w be obs]v$ to pr$om9ate 9 ! bottom & c5t]1 & ! co>se on ! top & sides4 ,:5 ?r[n f ! %ovel1 ! co>se w out/rip ! f9e & fall beyond x4 ,9 mak+ a conical pile ! co>se ore w roll to ! base1 leav+ ! f9e ne> ! apex4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! action ( ! mobile co>se ore & ! sluggi% f9es is ! key to ! practical side ( fe$+1 bo? manual & me*anical4 ,x is n suffici5t to tell ! fe$] to ?r[ ! co>se 9 ! middle & ! f9e aga9/ ! sides2 if x be easi] to d x "s o!r way su* in/ructions w c\nt = little4 ,! desir$ result c be be/ secur$ by mak+ ! "r way easi] ?an ! wrong way4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! op5-top furnaces1 f$ by h& ?r\gh a slot 9 ! floor-plates1 d n give z satisfactory results z ! hood$ furnaces ) long fe$-doors on bo? sides4 ,9 ! op5-top furnace x is comp>atively difficult to ?r[ to ! sides2 ! n>r[] ! slot ! great] ! difficulty4 ,! major "p ( ! *>ge w drop ne> ! c5t]1 mak+ t place high] ?an ! sides4 ,! f9e ore w t5d to /ay :]e x falls1 :ile ! co>se w t5d to roll to ! sides1 ?us lead+ to an arrangem5t ( ! *>ge j ! rev]se ( :at x ought to be4 ,9 ! hood$ furnace mo/ ( ! mat]ial w naturally fall ne> ! doors1 caus+ ! sides to be high] ?an ! c5t] t[>d :i* ! co>se w roll1 :ile ! =ce ( ! ?r[ z ! ore is %ovel$ 9 w also h a t5d5cy to conc5trate ! co>se mat]ial 9 ! c5t]4 ,once a prop] balance ( conditions has be5 f\nd1 absolute regul>ity ( r\t9e is ! secret ( good results4 ,an exp]i5c$ & intellig5t fe$] owes 8 m]it to 8 consci5ti\s regul>ity ( "w4 ,he may h to v>y 8 program some:at :5 he enc\nt]s a furnace t is suff]+ f ! results ( bad fe$+ by a pr$ecessor2 b 8 guid+ pr9ciple is fir/ to re/ore regul>ity1 & !n ma9ta9 x4 ,a poor fe$] c br+ ab\t1 9 a s+le %ift1 disord]s t w require _m days to correct1 if inde$ !y are correct$ at all dur+ ! campaign4 ,! p]sonal elem5t is productive ( m h>m ?an good4 ,me*anical ,fe$+4--,if x be admitt$ t ! "w ( a fe$] is ! bett] ! m x approximates ! regul>ity ( t ( a ma*9e1 x ought to be desirable to elim9ate ! p]sonal factor entirely & design a ma*9e = ! purpose1 :i* w\ld be a comp>atively simple matt] if x be kn[n j :at we want to accompli%4 ,no valid gr\nd n[ exi/s = prejudice aga9/ me*anical fe$+ 9 lead smelt+4 ,x is 9 successful op]ation 9 a numb] ( l>ge works1 & is be+ in/all$ 9 o!rs4 ,our furnaces h outgr[n ! %ovel2 we h pass$ ! limit ( effici5cy ( ! old me?ods ( h&l+ mat]ial = !m4 ,we mu/ come to me*anical fe$+ 9 spite ( ourselves4 ,b :atev] may be ! motive lead+ to its introduction1 its *ief ju/ification w be discov]$1 aft] x has be5 successfully in/all$ & correctly adju/$1 9 ! consequ5t great improvem5t ( g5]al op]at+ results1 metal sav+1 etc4 ,x w remove "o ( ! mo/ unc]ta9 factors ) :i* ! metallurgi/ has to deal1 !reby br++ into cle>] view = /udy & regulation ! o!r factors 7fuel & bla/ proportion1 slag composition1 etc47 9 a way t has h>dly be5 possible "u ! irregul>ities consequ5t ^u h& fe$+4 ,,me*anical ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,silv]-,,lead ,,bla/ ,,furnaces#ab ,,by ,,ar?ur ,s4 ,,dwight 7,janu>y #ag1 #aijc7 ,hi/orical4--,a silv]-lead furnace f$ by means ( cup & cone 0 9 op]ation 9 #ahhh at ! works ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 b x is probable t previ\s attempts _h be5 made1 s9ce ,hahn ref]s 78,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 #ahhc7 9 a g5]al way to exp]im5ts ) ?is device1 :i* 7 unsuccessful because ! heat crept up 9 ! furnace & gave ov]-fire4 ,at ! "t ( my visit to ! ,/4 ,l\is works 79 #ahhh7 ! furnaces 7 %[+ signs ( ov]-fire1 b ?is may n h be5 _! *>act]i/ic condition4 ,a4 ,f4 ,s*neid]1 :o built ! ,/4 ,l\is furnaces1 aft]w>d erect$1 at ! ,gugg5heim works at ,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j4 1 r\nd furnaces ) cup & cone fe$]s1 b al?\gh good results are said to h be5 obta9$1 ! runn+ ( ref9]y products is no crit]ion ( :at !y w\ld d on g5]al ore smelt+4 ,cup & ,cone ,fe$]s4--,! cup & cone is an entirely rational device = fe$+ a r\nd furnace1 b is q unsuitable = fe$+ a rectangul> "o4 ,furnaces ( ! latt] type 7 in/all$ = copp] smelt+ at ,aguas ,cali5tes1 ,mex41 ) two sets ( circul> cup & cone fe$]s1 b disa/r\s results foll[$ ! application ( ?is device to lead furnaces4 ,! reason is cle> :5 x is consid]$ t a circul> di/ribution _c possibly con=m to ! requirem5ts ( a rectangul> furnace4 ,a m rational device 0 design$ = ! works at ,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j4 1 ,lead ,furnace4 ,v]tical section at "r angles to ,fig4 #c4 ,p=t ,curta94--,ab\t t5 ye>s ago "s ( ! ,am]ican smelt]s adopt$ ! ,p=t curta91 :i*1 z adapt$ to _! requirem5ts1 consi/$ ( a ?imble ( %eet iron hung f ! iron deck plates s z to leave ab\t #ae 94 ( space betwe5 x & ! furnace walls1 ?is space be+ connect$ ) ! d[n-take ( ! furnace4 ,! ?imble 0 kept full ( ore up to ! *>ge-floor4 ,?is device 0 popul> = a "t1 *iefly because x prev5t$ ! furnace f smok+ & dim9i%$ ! labor ( fe$+1 b x 0 f\nd to give bad results 9 ! furnaces1 x be+ impossible to obs]ve h[ ! *>ge sunk 7except by dropp+ x bel[ ! ?imble71 :ile ! curta9 _h to be remov$ 9 ord] to b> d[n accretions1 &1 mo/ important1 x caus$ irregul> furnace "w & high metal losses1 because x effect$ a di/ribution ( ! co>se & f9e mat]ial :i* 0 ! rev]se ( correct1 ! evil be+ emphasiz$ by ! tak+ (f ( ! gases close to ! furnace walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4,j41 ,lead ,furnace4 ,v]tical section at "r angles to ,fig4 #b4 ,t]hune ,grat+s4--,r4 ,h4 ,t]hune design$ a device 7,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #ehe1big1 ,june #bi1 #ahig71 :i* compris$ two grizzlies1 "o on ea* side ( ! furnace1 slop+ d[nw>d f ! edge ( ! *>ge-floor t[>d ! c5t] l9e ( ! furnace4 ,! b>s tap]$ t[>d ! c5t] ( ! furnace1 ! op5 spaces tap]+ correspond+ly t[>d ! sides1 s t z ! *>ge 0 dump$ on !m a classification ( co>se & f9e w\ld be effect$4 ,?is device is correct 9 conception4 ,pueblo ,sy/em4--,9 ! remodel+ ( ! plant ( ! ,pueblo ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company 9 #ahie1 "u ! direction ( ,w4 ,w4 ,all51 me*anical fe$+ 0 introduc$1 & ! sy/em 0 ! fir/ "o to be appli$ successfully on a l>ge scale4 ,! furnaces ( ?is plant are #fj #abj 94 at ! tuy]es1 ) six tuy]es1 #d 94 9 diamet] on ea* side1 ! nozzles 7wat] cool$7 project+ #f 94 inside ! jackets4 ,! hight ( ! smelt+ column above ! tuy]es is #bj ft4 ,! gases are tak5 (f bel[ ! *>ge-floor1 & ! furnace tops are clos$ by h+$ & c\nt]-weight$ doors ( heavy %eet iron1 op5$ by ! att5dant1 j previ\s to dump+ ! *>ge-c>4 ,9 ! side walls ( ! %aft are iron door-frames1 ord9>ily brick$ up1 b giv+ access to ! %aft = repairs or b>r+ out )\t int]f]+ ) ! movem5t ( ! *>ge-c>4 ,ext5d+ across ! %aft1 ab\t #ah 94 above ! normal /ock l9e1 are ?ree ,a-%ap$ ca/-iron deflectors1 divid+ ! area ( ! %aft into f\r equal rectangles4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! plant is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,f ! *>ge-c> pit !re ext5ds an incl9$ tre/le1 on an angle ( #ag deg4 to ! *>ge-floor level1 9 l9e ) ! batt]y ( furnaces4 ,! gage ( ! track is approximately equal to ! l5g? ( ! furnaces at ! top4 ,! *>ge-c>1 actuat$ by a /eel tail-rope1 moves sideways on ?is track f ! *>g+-pit to any furnace 9 ! batt]y4 ,! hoi/+ drums are locat$ at ! cre/ ( ! incl9e1 inside ( ! furnace build+4 ,at ! f> end ( ! latt] !re is a tight5] %eave1 ) a weight to keep prop] t5sion on ! tail-rope4 ,! *>ge-c> has a capacity ( #e tons4 ,x has an ,a-%ape bottom1 & is s arrang$ t "o att5dant c quickly trip ! bolt & dis*>ge ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,pueblo ,sy/em4 ,longitud9al v]tical section ?r\gh incl9e4 ,:ile ! c> is mak+ its trip ! *>ge-:eel]s are fill+ _! buggies1 work+ 9 pairs1 ea* man weigh+ up a half*>ge ( a p>ticul> +r$i5t4 ,!y !n sep>ate1 ea* tak+ 8 prop] place 9 ! l9e ( :eel]s on ei!r side4 ,:5 ! c> has return$1 ! :eel]s successively dis*>ge _! buggies into opposite ends ( ! c>4 ,! coke is add$ la/1 to avoid cru%+4 ,! sy/em is n /rictly economical ( labor1 s9ce ! :eel]s1 :o mu/ always be ready = _! c>1 h to wait = its return1 :i* necessitates m :eel]s ?an w\ld o!rwise be requir$4 ,figs4 #e1 #f & #g %[ ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,pueblo ,*>ge-c>4 7,side elevation47 ,a v]tical section ?r\gh ! c> fill$ by dump+ f ! two ends w %[ an arrangem5t ( co>se & f9e1 :i* is f> f regul>4 ,analyz+ its /ructure1 we %all f9d a conical pile ne> ea* end1 ) a valley betwe5 !m1 9 :i* co>se ore w pr$om9ate4 ,! deflectors 9 ! furnace1 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 s]ve to scatt] ! f9es z ! *>ge is dropp$ 94 ,)\t !m ! fe$+ ( ! furnace w\ld be a failure2 ) !m x is successful1 ?\gh n s completely z might be1 ! furnaces hav+ a t5d5cy to run ) hot tops4 ,) ! batt]y ( sev5 furnaces1 ea* smelt+ an av]age ( #ajj tons ( ore p] day1 ! sav+1 z comp>$ ) h&-fe$+1 0 #fc p] day1 or #i;c4 p] ton ( ore1 ?is includ+ co/ ( /eam1 b n we> & te> on ! ma*9]y4 ,?is is di/9ctly a maximum figure2 ) few] furnaces ! fix$ *>ges ( ! me*anical fe$ w\ld soon increase ! co/ p] ton to su* a figure t ! two sy/ems w\ld be ab\t equal 9 economy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,pueblo ,*>ge-c>4 7,plan47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,pueblo ,*>ge-c>4 7,end elevation47 ,ea/ ,hel5a ,sy/em4--,?is 0 introduc$ at ! ,ea/ ,hel5a plant ( ! ,unit$ ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company by ,h4 ,w4 ,hixon4 ,! plant compris$ f\r lead furnaces1 ea* #dh #acf 941 ) a #ba ft4 smelt+ column4 ,!y 7 all op5-top furnaces1 f$ ?r\gh a slot ov] ! c5t]1 ! gases be+ tak5 (f bel[ ! floor4 ,!y 7 capable ( smelt+ ab\t #ahj tons ( *>ge 7ore & flux7 p] #bd h\rs1 us+ a bla/ ( #cj to #dh oz41 furni%$ by two ,allis duplex1 horizontal1 pi/on bl[]s1 air-cyl9d]s #cf 94 diam41 #db 94 /roke1 belt$ f electric motors4 ,! ,hixon fe$ 0 design$ to meet exi/+ conditions1 )\t irrevocably cutt+ (f conv5i5t return to h& fe$+ 9 case ( an em]g5cy4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i !re is a track-way at "r angles to ! l9e ( furnaces4 ,! c> hoi/$ up ! incl9e is l&$ on a transf] c>riage1 on :i*1 aft] deta*+ ! cable1 x c be mov$ ov] ! tops ( ! furnaces by means ( a tail-rope sy/em4 ,! gage ( ! *>ge-c> is #d ft4 #i 942 ( ! transf] c>riage1 #aa ft4 #h 94 ,a swit* at ! l[] end ( ! incl9e p]mits two *>ge-c>s to be employ$1 "o be+ fill$ :ile ! o!r is mak+ ! trip4 ,9 s5d+ d[n ! empty c> a h& w9* is necess>y to />t x f ! transf] c>riage4 ,figs4 #aj & #aa %[ ! *>ge-c>2 ,fig4 #ab ! transf] c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,pueblo ,sy/em4 7,sectional diagrams ( furnace top47 ,! *>ge-c> is #aj #d #c4e ft41 & has capacity = #f tons ( ore1 flux1 slag & fuel1 ! total ( ore & flux be+ usually #hhjj lb4 ,its bottom is flat1 consi/+ ( two doors1 h+$ along ! sides & kept clos$ by means ( *a9s w\nd ab\t a longitud9al w9dlass on top ( ! c>4 ,! *>g+ pits are deck$ ) iron plates1 leav+ a slot along ! c5t] ( ea* c> exactly l ! slot 9 ! furnace top4 ,! load$ ore-buggies are tak5 f ! :eel]s by two m51 :o c>efully di/ribute ! cont5ts ( ea* buggy along ! :ole l5g? ( ! *>ge-c> by dragg+ x along ! slot :ile 9 ! act ( dump+4 ,ea* buggy conta9s b "o +r$i5t2 !y foll[ "o ano!r 9 a prescrib$ ord]1 s z to secure ?9 lay]s 9 ! *>ge-c>4 ,! coke is divid$ into ?ree or m lay]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,ea/ ,hel5a ,sy/em4 7,v]t-longitud9al section & plan ( incl9e47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,ea/ ,hel5a ,*>ge-c>4 7,side elevation47 ,! fir/ few trials ( ?is device 7 n satisfactory4 ,! furnaces quickly %[$ ov]-fire1 & decreas$ lead output1 :i* w\ld n yield to any rem$y except a return to h& fe$+4 ,! total *>ge be+ dropp$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! furnace1 a c5tral core ( f9es 0 produc$1 ! lumps t5d+ to roll t[>d ! walls4 ,?is wrong t5d5cy 0 emphasiz$ by ! pres5ce ( ! *a9s support+ ! bottom ( ! *>ge-c>4 ,on unw9d+ !m to dump ! c>1 ! doors 7 prev5t$ f dropp+ by ! w$g+ ( ! *a9s 9 ! *>ge1 :i* 9 turn ar*$ itself m or less aga9/ ! sides ( ! c>2 h5ce ! doors op5$ b sl[ly1 & (t5 _h to be assi/$ by an att5dant ) a b>4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is sl[ op5+1 consid]able f9e ore sift$ out fir/ & =m$ a ridge 9 ! c5t] ( ! furnace1 f ! slopes ( :i* ! co>s] "p ( ! *>ge1 ! la/ to fall1 naturally roll$ t[>d ! sides4 ,?is fact1 det]m9$ dur+ a visit ( ! writ] 9 ,april1 #ahii1 prov$ to be ! key to ! situation4 ,! att5dant op]at+ ! tail-rope me*anism 0 in/ruct$ to move ! transf] c>riage rapidly backw>d & =w>d ov] ! slot :ile ! fir/ "o-?ird or "o-half ( ! *>ge 0 dropp+1 & dur+ ! re/ ( ! dis*>ge to let ! c> /& directly ov] ! slot & p]mit ! co>s] mat]ial to fall 9 ! c5t] ( ! furnace4 ,two piles ( comp>atively f9e mat]ial 7 ?us left on ! *>ge-floor1 "o on ea* side ( ! slot4 ,^! 7 subsequ5tly f$ 9 by h&1 ) in/ructions to ?r[ ! mat]ial well to ! sides ( ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,ea/ ,hel5a ,*>ge-c>4 7,plan47 ,! furnaces 7 runn+ v hot on top :5 ?is modifi$ proc$ure 0 begun4 ,9 a few h\rs ! ov]-fire _h disappe>$2 ! lead output 0 increas+2 & ! furnaces 7 runn+ normally4 ,?is 0 done ab\t ,may #a1 #ahii1 & f t "t until ab\t ,febru>y #bj1 #aijj1 ! ,hixon fe$1 z modifi$ above1 0 cont9u\sly 9 op]ation4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahih1 ) ?ree furnaces 9 op]ation & h& fe$+1 ! labor co/ p] furnace 0 #db4jf p] day2 9 ,octob]1 #ahii1 ) ! same numb] ( furnaces & me*anical fe$+1 x 0 #da p] day1 ! sav+ be+ only #j4f;c4 p] ton ( *>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,ea/ ,hel5a ,*>ge-c> & ,transf] ,c>riage4 7,elevation47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,ea/ ,hel5a ,sy/em1 ) spread] & curta9s4 7,exp]im5tal =m47 ,dwight ,spread] & ,curta94--,9 ,janu>y1 #aijj1 ! writ] aga9 _h occasion to visit ! ,ea/ ,hel5a plant1 to inve/igate :y a c]ta9 *eap local coke c\ld n be us$ successfully in/ead ( exp5sive ,ea/]n coke4 ,/range z x may seem1 ! peculi> behavior ( ! cokes 0 trac$ to improp] fe$+ ( ! furnaces4 ,fur!r /udy ( ! me*anical fe$+ sy/em1 !n 9 op]ation = n9e mon?s1 %[$ t x 0 f> f p]fect1 & x appe>$ desirable to design a spread] :i* w\ld prop]ly di/ribute ! mat]ial dis*>g$ f ! ,hixon c> & disp5se ) h& fe$+ entirely4 ,an exp]im5tal con/ruction 0 arrang$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! flang$ ca/-iron plates ar\nd ! fe$+ slot 7 pu%$ back & a ro(-%ap$ spread]1 ) slopes ( #de deg41 0 set 9 ! gap1 leav+ op5+s ab\t #h 94 wide on ea* side4 ,! plan provid$ = two iron curta9s to be hung1 "o on ea* side ( ! spread]1 & s adju/$ t ! f9e ore slid+ d[n ! spread] w\ld cle> ! edge ( ! curta9 & %oot t[>d ! sides ( ! furnace1 :ile ! co>se ore w\ld /rike ! curta9 & reb\nd t[>d ! c5t] ( ! furnace4 ,! classification effect$ 9 ?is mann] 0 capable ( adju/m5t by rais+ or l[]+ ! curta94 ,?is arrangem5t 0 f\nd to "w surpris+ly well4 ,! fir/ furnace equipp$ ) x imm$iately %[$ improvem5t4 ,x av]ag$ bett] 9 spe$1 ) l[] bla/1 l[] lead 9 slag & matte1 & bett] bullion output ?an ! o!r furnaces op]at+ "u ! old sy/em4 ,! success ( ! spread] & curta9 be+ e/abli%$1 ! furnaces 7 provid$ ) p]man5t con/ructions1 ! only modifications be+ t ! ridge ( ! spread] 0 l[]$ to correspond ) ! level ( ! floor & ! curta9s 7 omitt$1 ! fe$+ be+ app>5tly satisfactory )\t _! aid4 ,9 _! abs5ce1 ! l[]+ ( ! spread] 0 a prop] /ep1 z x di/ribut$ ! mat]ial fully z well1 & caus$ less abrasion ( ! walls4 ,! f9al =m is %[n approximately 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,x has giv5 complete satisfaction at ,ea/ ,hel5a s9ce ,febru>y1 #aijj1 & has be5 adopt$ z ! basis = ! me*anical fe$+ device 9 ! new plant ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company at ,salt ,lake1 ,utah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,ea/ ,hel5a ,sy/em4 7,f9al =m1 approximate47 ,comp>ison ( ,sy/ems4--,9 me*anical design ! ,pueblo sy/em is bett] ?an ! ,ea/ ,hel5a1 be+ simpl] 9 con/ruction & op]ation4 ,no "t is lo/ 9 atta*+ & *ang+ cables1 op]at+ transf] c>riage1 etc4 ,9 bo? sy/ems ! track runs directly ov] ! tops ( ! furnaces1 & ?is is an inconv5i5ce :5 furnace repairs are "u way4 ,! ,pueblo c> is ! simpl]1 & makes ! r\nd trip 9 ab\t half ! "t ( a c> at ,ea/ ,hel5a1 s ! two c>s ( ! latt] d n make mu* diff]5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,! sy/em ( fill+ ! *>ge-c> at ,pueblo is also ! quick]4 ,x may be e/imat$ r\ghly t p] ton ( capacity x takes #b4e to #c times z long to fill ! ,ea/ ,hel5a c>2 & ?is means long] wait+ on ! "p ( ! :eel]s1 & consequ5tly great] co/ ( mov+ ! mat]ial1 repres5t+ probably #g or #h;c41 9 favor ( ,pueblo1 p] ton ( *>ge h&l$4 ,h[ev]1 bo? sy/ems are wa/eful ( labor4 ,z to furnace results1 x is believ$ t ! bett] di/ribution ( ! *>ge 9 ! ,ea/ ,hel5a sy/em leads to greatly increas$ regul>ity ( furnace runn+1 less t5d5cy to ov]-fire1 "s economy 9 fuel1 less accretions on ! furnace walls & l>g] metal sav+s4 ,if ! half ( ^! conclusions are true1 ! diff]5ce ( #g or #h;c4 p] ton 9 favor ( ! ,pueblo sy/em1 :i* c be trac$ almo/ entirely to ! co/ ( fill+ ! *>ge-c>1 s9ks into insignificance 9 comp>ison ) ! important advantages ( hav+ ! furnaces uni=mly & correctly f$4 ,true ,function ( ! ,*>ge-,c>4--,! radically ess5tial feature ( a me*anical fe$+ device is t "p :i* automatically di/ributes ! mat]ial 9 ! furnace1 :atev] approximate means may h be5 us$ to effect ! deliv]y4 ,tak+ a ha/y review ( ! num]\s fe$+ devices t h be5 tri$ 9 lead-smelt+ practice1 we _c b rem>k ! fact t ^? :i* dep5d$ ^u dump+ ! *>ge into ! furnace f small buggies or b>r[s fail$ g5]ally to secure a prop] classification & di/ribution ( co>se & f9e1 &1 consequ5tly1 7 ab&on$ z unsuccessful1 :ile ! adoption ( ! idea ( ! *>ge-c> = transport+ ! mat]ial to ! furnace 9 l>ge units seems to h be5 co9cid5t ) a successful outcome4 ,x is natural en\gh1 !re=e1 t ! c> %\ld be reg>d$ by _m z ! vital feature4 ,?is view ( ! "q is n1 h[ev]1 9 accordance ) ! true p]spective ( ! facts1 & m]ely limits ! field ( application 9 an entirely unnecess>y way4 ,x mu/ be app>5t t ! ess5tial function ( ! *>ge-c> is *eap & conv5i5t transportation4 ,! di/ribution ( ! *>ge is an entirely diff]5t matt]1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! *>ge-c> may be made to assi/1 z 9 ! ,pueblo sy/em2 or entirely di/9ct & special means may be employ$ = ! di/ribution1 z 9 ! ,ea/ ,hel5a sy/em4 ,to foll[ ! argum5t to its conclusion1 let u imag9e = ! mom5t t ! ,ea/ ,hel5a plant 7 arrang$ on ! t]race sy/em1 ) ! furnace tops on a level ) ! floor ( ! ore-b9s4 ,c]ta9 precautions be+ obs]v$1 ! spread] w\ld give z good results ) small units ( *>ge deliv]$ by buggies z x n[ does ) ! l>ge units deliv]$ by ! *>ge-c>1 & ! exp5se ( deliv]y to ! furnaces w\ld be practically no m ?an x n[ is to ! *>ge-c> pit4 ,! furnace top w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h to be arrang$ s t ! buggies1 9 dis*>g+1 c\ld be drawn along ! slot1 s z to give ! necess>y longitud9al di/ribution p>allel to ! furnace walls1 j z is n[ done 9 fill+ ! *>ge-c>4 ,! ends ( ! spread]1 if built l a hipp$ ro(1 w\ld secure prop] fe$+ ( ! front & back4 ,?us1 by elim9at+ ! *>ge-c>1 & ) x ! necessity = p[]ful hoi/+ ma*9]y1 ) its exp5sive repairs & op]at+ co/s1 we may greatly simplify ! problem ( me*anical fe$+1 & op5 ! way = ! adoption ( successful automatic fe$+ 9 _m exi/+ plants :]e x is n[ consid]$ impracticable4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,by ,,malv]n ,w4 ,,iles 7,augu/ #ah1 #aijj7 ,9 ! te*nical lit]ature ( lead smelt+ !re is a lam5table lack ( data on ! subject ( co/s4 ,! majority ( writ]s consid] t !y h fulfill$ _! duties if !y discuss 9 full detail ! *emical & eng9e]+ sides ( ! subject1 leav+ ! indu/rial consid]ation ( co/ to be wr\ght out by exp]i5ce4 ,:5 an eng9e] or metallurgi/ collects data on ! co/s involv$ 9 ! v>i\s smelt+ op]ations1 he g5]ally hesitates to give ?is special in=mation to ! public1 z he reg>ds x z private1 or res]ves x z /ock 9 trade to be held = 8 own use4 ,! foll[+ tables ( co/ h be5 compil$ f actual results ( smelt+ & ref9+ at ! ,globe works1 ,d5v]1 ,colo41 & are (f]$ 9 ! hope t !y w prove a valuable addition to ! lit]ature ( lead smelt+4 ,^! results are (f]$ t5tatively1 &1 :ile true = ! p]iods /at$1 !y require consid]able adju/m5t to meet ! smelt+ conditions ( ! pres5t "t4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,h&-,,roa/+ ,,p] ,,ton 7#bjjj ,,lb47 ,,( ,,ore #ahhg #c4ige #ahhh #d4bhj #ahhi #d4abj #ahij #c4eca #ahia #c4ecj #ahib #ahic #ahid #c4dbi #ahie #b4hjf #ahif #b4hdj #ahig #b4gdj #ahih #b4fbj ,at fir/ ! roa/+ 0 done ma9ly by h& roa/]s2 lat] two ,br[n-,o',h>ra me*anical furnaces 7 us$1 & ! co/ 0 r$uc$1 b n to ! ext5t usually conc$$ to ?is type ( furnace1 z ! l>ge am\nt ( repairs & ! consequ5t loss ( "t dim9i%$ ! app>5t ga9 due to great] output4 ,! figures quot$ above may be consid]$ some:at high] ?an ! av]age1 z ! roa/]s 7 *>g$ 9 proportion ) exp5ses ( g5]al managem5t1 (fice1 etc4 ,9 view+ ! ye>ly r$uction ( co/s "o mu/ take into consid]ation _m *anges 9 ! furnace con/ruction & work+1 z well z ! items ( labor1 fuel1 etc4 ,f #ahhg to #ahii ! pr9cipal *anges 9 ! con/ruction ( ! h&-roa/+ furnaces consi/$ 9 an increase ( wid?1 #b ft41 :i* all[$ an addition ( #bjj lb4 to ea* ore *>ge1 & correspond$ to a total increase p] furnace ( #abjj lb4 9 #bd h\rs4 ,9 ! work+ ( ! *>ge an important *ange 0 made 9 ! condition ( ! product4 ,=m]ly ! mat]ial 0 fus$ 9 ! fusion-box & drawn f ! furnace 9 a fus$ or slagg$ condition2 & :ile ?is gave an excell5t mat]ial = ! subsequ5t treatm5t 9 ! %aft furnace 9 t !re 0 v little du/+ ( ! *>ge1 & a consid]able increase 9 ! output ( ! furnace1 ! disadvantages ( l>ge losses ( lead & silv] greatly ov]-balanc$ ! advantages1 & call$ = an entire ab&onm5t ( ! fusion-box4 ,z a result ( exp]i5ce x 0 f\nd t ! be/ condition ( product is a semi-fus$ or s9t]$ /ate1 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( roa/$ ore h be5 compress$ by p\nd+ ! mat]ial1 :i* has be5 drawn into ! slag pots1 ) a heavy iron disk4 ,! am\nt ( 8f9es0 "u ^! conditions is q small & dep5ds ^u ! p]c5tage ( lead 9 ! ore1 ! degree ( heat employ$1 & ! ext5t ( ! compression4 ,! total co/ 0 p>tly r$uc$ f ! less5$ labor co/ foll[+ ! f9ancial di/urbance ( #ahic1 & p>tly f ! r$uction 9 ! fuel co/1 ! =m] exp5sive lump coal be+ replac$ by ! slack coals f s\!rn ,colorado4 ,! comp>ison ( ! co/ ( labor by ! two me?ods %[s a ga9 ( #ed;c4 a ton 9 favor ( ! me*anical furnaces4 ,h[ev]1 ,i consid] t ?is ga9 is a co/ly "o1 & is m ?an (fset by ! l>ge am\nt ( high-grade fuel requir$1 & ! exp5se ( repairs n %[n 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,inde$1 ,i believe t at ! end ( five or t5 ye>s ! av]age co/ ( roa/+ p] ton by ! h& roa/]s w be ev5 small] ?an by ^! me*anical roa/]s4 ,to illu/rate ! details ( roa/+ co/ & to furni% a comp>ison ( ! h& roa/]s & me*anical furnaces1 ! foll[+ table has be5 prep>$3 ,,details ,,( ,,av]age ,,mon?ly ,,co/ ,,= #ahih ,,( ,,h& ,,roa/]s ,,& ,,me*anical ,,furnaces ,,h& ,,roa/]s ,,br[n-,o',,h>ra ,,me*anical ,,furnaces ,,total ,,tons ,mon? ,,tons ,,roa/$,,labor ,,coal ,,g5]al,,labor ,,coal ,,g5]al ,,roa/$ ,,p] ,,day ,,exp5se ,,exp5se ,janu>y #e1fia #ahd #a4dg #j4ec #j4hj #j4ib #j4hj #a4cb ,febru>y #e1fgg #bjc #a4dd #j4dd #j4ii #j4gb #j4eh #a4ja ,m>* #e1hba #ahh #a4ea #j4ec #j4fd #j4gf #j4fd #j4fb ,april #e1dgb #ahb #a4dg #j4dg #j4ga #j4hj #j4fi #j4hg ,may #e1ddd #agf #a4ee #j4ea #j4hd #j4hj #j4fi #j4ha ,june #d1hei #afb #a4eh #j4dh #j4ga #j4ij #j4fh #a4ag ,july #e1fia #ahd #a4ei #j4dh #j4ge #j4gb #j4ef #j4fd ,augu/ #e1iaj #aia #a4ee #j4df #j4hc #j4gb #j4ee #j4ge ,septemb] #e1fgg #ahi #a4ee #j4de #j4gd #j4gc #j4ee #j4fg ,octob] #f1bed #bjb #a4dh #j4di #j4gb #j4fe #j4ej #j4fj ,novemb] #f1bia #bac #a4db #j4dg #j4hj #j4ff #j4ec #j4gj ,decemb] #e1hgd #aih #a4de #j4dh #j4gh #j4gi #j4fc #j4ha ,av]age #a4ej #j4dh #j4gg #j4gf #j4fb #j4hc ,total #b4ge #b4ba ,co/ ( ,smelt+4--,! lead-ore mixtures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 addition to lead1 conta9 gold1 silv] & g5]ally copp]1 & are treat$ to save ^! metals4 ,! total co/ ( smelt+ is made up ( a l>ge numb] ( items4 ,! que/ions ( locality & transportation1 fuel1 fluxes & labor are ! pr9cipal factors1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! h&l+ ( ! mat]ial to & f ! furnace2 ! furnace itself1 its size1 %ape1 & me?od ( smelt+1 ! volume & pressure ( bla/1 etc4 ,! foll[+ table ( co/s1 f #ahhg to #ahih1 %[s 9 a g5]al way ! great advance t has be5 made 9 ! developm5t ( smelt+1 & ! consequ5t r$uction 9 co/ p] ton ( ore treat$3 ,,av]age ,,co/ ,,( ,,smelt+1 ,,p] ,,ton #ahhg #d4fdd #ahhh #d4ecj #ahhi #d4dhj #ahij #d4cgd #ahia #d4agj #ahib #d4ijf #ahic #c4cge #ahid #c4jbi #ahie #b4ghf #ahif #b4gej #ahig #b4ebj #ahih #b4bfj ,9 connection ) ?is table ( smelt+ co/ %\ld be consid]$ ! *anges develop$ dur+ ! int]val #ahhg-ahhi1 outl9$ z foll[s3 ,,conditions ,,( ,,smelt+ ,,9 #ahhf ,,& #ahii ,,contra/$ ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,developm5t ,,area ,,( ,,furnace ,,height ,,( ,,bla/ ,,pressure1 ,,=e ,,he>? ,,at ,,tuy]es1 ,,*>ge ,,f ,,lb4 ,,p] ,,capacity1 ,,cu4 ,,94 ,,tuy]es1 ,,ft4 ,,sq4 ,,94 ,,ft4 #ahhf #cj #ajj #aa #a #f #ahii #db #adj #af #c to #d #abh ,,slag ,,fuel ,,slag ,,remov$1 ,,matte ,,remov$1 ,,settl$ ,,lb4 ,,p] ,,trip ,,lb4 ,,p] #ahhf ,,trip ,9 pots ,*>coal ,by h& ,by h& #bhj #bjj #ahii ,9 furnaces ,coke ,by locomotive ,by horse #cjjj-fjjj #bjjj-cjjj ,i believe t !re is room = fur!r improvem5t 9 ! sub/itution ( me*anical transportation )9 ! works = h& labor1 & t ! fuel co/ c be mat]ially r$uc$ by replac+ ! coke1 :i* at pres5t conta9s #af to #bb p] c5t4 ( a%1 by a fuel ( pur] & bett] quality4 ,co/ ( ,ref9+ by ! ,p>kes ,process4--,9 g5]al x may be /at$ t ! av]age co/ ( ref9+ base bullion is f #c to #e a ton4 ,?is am\nt is bas$ on ! co/ ( labor1 spelt]1 coal1 coke1 supplies1 repairs & g5]al exp5ses4 ,:5 ! additional items ( int]e/1 expressage1 brok]age & treatm5t ( by-products are consid]$1 :i* g to make up ! total ref9+ co/1 ! am\nt may be /at$ approximately z #aj p] ton ( bullion treat$4 ,v>iations 9 ! co/ occur f "t to "t1 & are due to sev]al causes1 pr9cipally ! irregul>ity ( ! bullion supply & its consequ5t effect on ! "w ( ! plant4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( bullion available = treatm5t is small1 ! plant _c be run to its maximum capacity1 & ! co/ p] ton w naturally be increas$4 ,to illu/rate ?is v>iation1 ! av]age co/ p] ton ( base bullion ref9$ dur+ n9e mon?s 9 #ahic 03 ,janu>y1 #d4hfd2 ,febru>y1 #e4ghi2 ,m>*1 #e4jbd2 ,april1 #c4iae2 ,may1 #e4jid2 ,june1 #d4afh2 ,july1 #d4bca2 ,augu/1 #d4baf2 ,septemb]1 #e4bii4 ,! ye>ly v>iation %[s b little *ange1 z ! av]age co/ p] ton 0 = #ahic1 #d4ge2 = #ahid1 #c4ii2 = #ahie1 #d4ba2 = #ahif1 #c4ij4 ,9 consid]+ ! total co/ ( ref9+1 ! additional factors ( int]e/1 expressage1 p>t+1 brok]age1 & rework+ ( by-products mu/ be consid]$4 ,z ! dor silv] is treat$ at ! works or else:]e1 s w ! total co/ be less or great]4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! co/ 9 detail1 :5 ! p>t+ is done at ! same works3 ,,av]age ,,mon?ly ,,co/ ,,( ,,ref9+ ,,p] ,,ton ,,( ,,bullion ,,treat$ ,,items #ahie #ahie #ahif ,,av]age ,,jan4 ,,to ,,july,,july ,,to ,,dec4,,jan4 ,,to ,,july ,labor #b4cea #a4gah #a4hcf #a4ifh ,spelt] #j4geg #j4hdj #j4ihg #j4hfa ,coal #j4ehe #j4ddb #j4dfa #j4dif ,coke #j4fcd #j4dah #j4eaa #j4eba ,supplies1 repairs & g5]al exp5ses #j4cdc #j4bgc #j4beb #j4bhi ,int]e/ #a4hjh #a4jge #a4jgj #a4cag ,expressage #a4cfj #a4jae #j4hhb #a4jhe ,p>t+ & brok]age #b4dhc #b4jhd #a4gif #b4aba ,rework+ by-products #a4efg #a4bhf #a4fbe #a4dib ,totals #aa4hhh #i4aea #i4dbj #aj4aea ,tons bullion ref9$ #e1eaa4eh #i1bdi4jg #aj1ajc4dc #h1bhg4ii ,an analysis ( ! diff]5t items ( co/ is important1 & a brief summ>y is giv5 bel[4 ,labor & ,att5dance4--,! co/ = ?is item v>ies b little f ye> to ye>1 & its r$uction dep5ds1 = ! mo/ "p1 on a l>g] yield p] man r ?an on a r$uction ( wages4 ,if a man at ! same or slightly increas$ co/ c give a l>g] output1 s w ! labor co/ p] ton be dim9i%$4 ,?is result is accompli%$ by enl>g+ ! furnace capacity & by us+ appliances :i* w h&le ! bullion & its products 9 an easi] & quick] mann]4 ,! small size ( ! furnaces1 settl]s & retorts us$ at mod]n ref9]ies is op5 to criticism2 ,i believe t great improvem5t c be made 9 ?is direction4 ,spelt]4--,! co/ ( ?is item v>ies ) ! m>ket conditions1 & w probably be *ang$ b little 9 ! future1 z ! am\nt necess>y p] ton ( bullion seems to be fix$4 ,coal4--,! am\nt requir$ p] ton ( bullion is fairly con/ant1 & :ile less5$ co/ = fuel may be atta9$ by ! sub/itution ( oil or gase\s fuel1 ! fuel co/ 9 comp>ison ) ! aggregate co/ is v small1 & leaves little opportunity = improvem5t 9 ?is l9e4 ,supplies4--,?is item includes brooms1 %ovels1 :eelb>r[s1 etc41 & ! am\nt is small & fairly con/ant f ye> to ye>4 ,repairs4--,?is item is q small 9 works prop]ly con/ruct$2 & 9 ?is connection ,i wi% to call p>ticul> att5tion to ! floor cov]+1 :i* %\ld be made ( ca/-iron plates f #a4e to #b 94 ?ick1 & plac$ on a #b to #c 94 lay] ( s& spread ov] ! well-tamp$ & level$ gr\nd4 ,! con/ant pat*+ ( brick floors is n only an annoyance1 b is co/ly f ! additional labor requir$4 ,fur!rmore1 a brick floor does n p]mit a close sav+ ( ! metallic scrap mat]ial4 ,x w be f\nd economical 9 ! long run to protect all expos$ brickwork ( furnaces or kettles ) %eet iron4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! ref9]y build+ ,i %\ld advise brick walls except at ! end or side1 :]e !re is ! greate/ likelihood ( future ext5sion2 "h corrugat$ iron may be us$4 ,! ro( %\ld n be made ( corrugat$ iron1 z cond5s$ or leakage wat] is liable to collect & drop on ^? places :]e wat] %\ld be scrupul\sly avoid$4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] 9 a mold at ! "t ( ca/+1 ev5 ?\gh small 9 am\nt1 w cause explosions & w scatt] ! molt5 lead1 endang]+ ! workm54 ,! item ( repair = ! ord9>y corrugat$ iron ro( may be dim9i%$ by con/ruct+ x ( #a 94 bo>ds ) int]v5+ spaces ( half an in*1 ! :ole ov]laid ) t>r$ felt1 & cov]$ ) %eets ( iron at lea/ ,no4 #bg ,b4 ,w4 ,g41 pa9t$ ) graphite pa9t & jo9$ toge!r ) p>allel r[s ( ribb$ crimp$ iron4 ,g5]al ,exp5ses4--,?is item is g5]ally con/ant1 & calls = no special comm5t4 ,int]e/4--,?is important item is1 z a rule1 consid]able1 z ! /ock ( bullion & o!r gold-& silv]-be>+ mat]ial is q l>ge4 ,= ?is reason special att5tion %\ld be giv5 to prev5t ! accumulation ( /ock or by-products4 ,! occasional necessity ( additional capital to run ! bus9ess %\ld pref]ably be met by an increase ( work+ capital1 r ?an by a direct loan4 ,expressage4--,?is item1 z a rule1 is l>ge1 & %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! orig9al plans = ! location ( ! ref9+ works4 ,p>t+4--,! item ( p>t+ & brok]age is ! l>ge/ ( ! ref9]y co/s1 & = obvi\s reasons a mod]n smelt+ plant %\ld h a p>t+ plant "u its own control4 ,! ,work+ ( ! ,by-,products4--,?is con/itutes a l>ge item ( co/1 & consid]able att5tion %\ld be devot$ to ! improvem5t ( pres5t me?ods1 :i* seem faulty1 sl[ & exp5sive4 ,summ>y4--,! items ( small] co/ ) _! respective am\nts p] ton ( base bullion treat$ are3 ,spelt]1 #j4he2 coal1 #j4ej2 coke1 #j4ej2 supplies1 repairs & g5]al exp5ses1 #j4ce2 total1 #b4aj4 ,x is d\btful :e!r mu* improvem5t c be made 9 ! r$uction ( ^! co/s4 ,! items ( l>g] co/ are3 ,labor1 #b2 int]e/1 #a4cb2 expressage1 #a4aj2 p>t+ & brok]age1 #b2 rework+ by-products1 #a4ej2 total1 #g4ib4 ,! g5]al manag] usually att5ds to ! items ( int]e/1 expressage & brok]age1 leav+ ! que/ions ( labor & work+ ( by-products to ! metallurgi/4 ,! co/ quot$ = smelt+ practice1 z employ$ at ,d5v]1 w diff] necess>ily f ^? at o!r localities1 :]e ! co/ ( labor1 freight rates on spelt]1 fuel1 etc41 are *ang$4 ,ref9+ c d\btless be done at a l[] co/ at po9ts along ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 & ev5 m s at cities on ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 z ,new>k or ,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! consolidation ( _m ( ! m important smelt+ plants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u "o managem5t w d\btless alt] ! figures ( co/ giv5 above1 p>ticul>ly z ! int]e/ co/ !re /at$ is at ! high rate ( #aj p] c5t41 a condition ( affairs n[ *ang$ to #e p] c5t4 ,o!r factors h less5$ ! co/ ( ref9+2 ! bullion produc$ at ! pres5t "t is s(t]1 or conta9s a small] am\nt ( impurities1 & admits ( easi] work+ ) %ort] "t & less labor4 ,by prop] managem5t l>g] tonnages are turn$ out p] man1 & ! ,h[>d /irr] & ,h[>d press h simplifi$ & *eap5$ ! work+ ( ! z9c skimm+s4 ,to illu/rate ! comp>atively rec5t conditions ( co/ ,i h compil$ ! foll[+ table = ea* mon? ( ! ye> #ahih3 ,,co/ ,,( ,,ref9+ ,,dur+ #ahih1 ,,includ+ ,,labor1 ,,spelt]1 ,,coal1 ,,coke1 ,,supplies1 ,,repairs ,,& ,,g5]al ,,exp5ses4 ,janu>y #c4ei ,febru>y #c4bh ,m>* #c4bf ,april #c4ei ,may #c4ch ,june #c4ef ,july #c4fe ,augu/ #c4ed ,septemb] #c4ce ,octob] #c4de ,novemb] #c4bj ,decemb] #c4ef ,av]age co/ dur+ ! ye>1 #c4de4 ,x is und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t ^! figures d n include co/ ( int]e/1 expressage1 p>t+1 brok]age & rework+ ( by-products4 ,al?\gh ?is article ref]s to conditions 9 #ahih1 s9ce :i* "t !re h be5 improvem5ts 9 practice1 ! latt] h n be5 ( radical "* & ! figures giv5 are fairly repres5tative ( pres5t conditions4--,,editor4 ,,smelt+ ,,z9c ,,retort ,,residues#ac ,,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,johnson 7,m>* #bb1 #aijf7 ,! foll[+ notes 7 tak5 f "w done at ! ,*]okee ,lanyon ,smelt] ,company1 ,gas1 ,kansas1 9 #aijc4 ,x 0 practically an exp]im5t4 ,! furnace 0 only #cf #ij 94 at ! crucible1 ) a #aj 94 side bo% & a #f 94 end bo%4 ,!re 7 five tuy]es on ea* side ) a #c 94 op5+4 ,! side jackets measur$ #d4e ft4 #ah 94 ,! di/ance f top ( crucible to c5t] ( tuy]es 0 #aa4e 94 ,! bla/ 0 furni%$ by "o ,no4 #d ,connellsville bl[]4 ,! furnace orig9ally 0 only #aa ft4 f ! c5t] ( tuy]es to ! fe$-floor1 & _h only be5 sav+ ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! lead4 ,?is loss ( lead1 h[ev]1 0 n entirely due to ! l[ furnace4 ,z no provision _h be5 made to sep>ate ! slag & matte1 ^u assum+ *>ge ,i rais$ ! fe$-floor #c ft41 !reby *ang+ ! di/ance f ! tuy]e to top ( furnace f #aa ft4 to #ad ft4 ,matte settl]s 7 also in/all$4 ,^! two *anges rais$ ! p]c5tage ( lead sav$ to #ib1 z %[n by mon?ly /atem5ts4 ,! furnace be+ small1 & a high p]c5tage ( z9c oxide on ! *>ge1 ! campaigns 7 naturally %ort4 ,! longe/ run 0 ab\t six weeks4 ,?is 0 made on "s residue t _h be5 scre5$ f ! co>se coal1 & coke1 & _h wea!r$ = sev]al mon?s4 ,?is p>ticul> residue also c>ri$ ab\t #aj p] c5t4 lead4 ,! m rec5t residue t _h n be5 scre5$ & wea!r$1 & 0 l[ 9 lead1 did n "w s well4 ,al?\gh ^! residues consi/$ ( a l>ge proportion ( coal & coke1 x seem$ impossible to r$uce ! p]c5tage ( good lump coke on ! *>ge l[] ?an #ab4e or #ac p] c5t4 ,at ! same "t ! r$uc+ p[] ( ! residue 0 /rong1 & ) ! normal am\nt ( coke caus$ "s tr\ble 9 ! crucible4 ,:5 residue conta9+ semi-an?racite coal 0 smelt$1 ! sav+ 9 lead dropp$1 & ! fire w5t to ! top ( ! furnace1 burn+ ) a blue flame1 !reby necessitat+ ! r$uction ( ?is class ( mat]ial4 ,?is residue _h be5 scre5$ ?r\gh a five-me% scre51 & wet d[n 9 lay]s1 becom+ s h>d t x _h to be bla/$4 ,! l[ sav+ ( lead ) ?is class ( mat]ial 0 a surprise1 z x has be5 claim$ t ! sub/itution ( "p ( ! fuel by an?racite coal did n affect ! metallurgical op]ations ( ! furnace4 ,! slag 0 q liquid & fl[$ v well at all times4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 a m>k$ v>iation 9 ! am\nt at diff]5t tapp+s4 ,?is1 ,i am satisfi$1 0 n due to irregul> "w on ! furnace1 b may be acc\nt$ = 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! residue 7n scre5$ or wea!r$ to any ext5t71 consi/+ approximately ( "o-half coal & coke1 0 v bulky1 & :ile !re 0 ab\t #ce p] c5t4 ( x on ! *>ge by weight1 !re 0 ov] #ej p] c5t4 ( x by bulk1 n includ+ slag & coke4 ,9 fe$+1 !re=e1 x 0 a difficult matt] to mix ! :ole ( x ) ! *>ge4 ,sev]al diff]5t ways ( fe$+ ! furnace 7 tri$4 ,! "o giv+ ! mo/ satisfactory results 0 to fe$ ne>ly all ( ! residue along ! c5t] ( ! furnace1 9 connection ) ! lime-rock1 co>se ore & co>se iron ore1 & ! f9e & easy smelt+ ores along ! sides4 ,! slag 0 spread uni=mly ov] ! :ole furnace1 :ile ! sides 7 favor$ ) ! coke4 ,! *>ge w\ld drop sev]al in*es at a "t1 go+ d[n a little fa/] 9 ! c5t] ?an on ! sides4 ,x is possible t a small proportion ( ! residue 9 connection ) ! easy smelt+1 leady1 neutral ore1 iron ore & lime-rock =m$ ! type ( slag m>k$ ,no4 #a4 ,si,o ,fe,o ,mn,o ,ca,o ,zn,o ,pb ,ag #a #cc4g #cd4a #a4j #af4e #g4e #j4i #j4g #b #ca4j #cf4a #a4b #af4j #i4f #a4c ,?is be+ tapp$ ) a good fl[ ( slag1 ! *>ge w\ld drop1 br++ a proportionately l>ge am\nt ( residue 9 ! fusion zone :i* =m$ ! type ( slag m>k$ ,no4 #b4 ,!re 0 also a m>k$ v>iation 9 ! slag-%ells f diff]5t pots4 ,! above cit$ irregul>ities ( c\rse exi/ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 any bla/ furnace4 ,,av]age ,,analysis ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,smelt$ ,,"n ,,r[ ,,"n ,,r[ ,mo4 iron ore ,a ,roa/$ matte#ae ,f ,lime rock ,b ,b>r+s ,g ,mo4 gal5a ,c ,coke a% ,h ,av4 ( b$s ,d ,coke#af ,j ,residue#ad ,e ,si,o ,fe,o ,ca,o ,mg,o ,zn,o ,al,o ,fe,o ,s ,pb ,cu ,ag ,au ,a #aj4j #fe4j ,b #a4e #eb4j ,c #a4e #b4d #i4e #aa4jgd4j ,d #ej4h #af4b #d4f #c4c #i4a ,e #aj4e #ch4e #ah4j #d4h #b4ba4jaj4jj4jc ,f #i4j #dh4j #c4j #aj4j #d4j #i4ic4jba4jj4jf ,g #ah4h #bd4d #e4j #ad4e #f4jbe4d #ac4jj4jg ,h #bg4j #ad4i #d4e #ai4g #ca4f ,h,o ,v4,m4,f4,c4 ,a% ,s ,j #a4b #b4c #he4gaa4a #j4i ,,analysis ,,( ,,bullion1 ,,slag ,,& ,,matte ,,produc$ _/-,,bullion- _/--------------------------,,slag------ -------------------------_/---------,,ma tte--------- ,ag ,au ,si,o ,fe,o ,mn,o,ca,o ,zn,o ,pb ,ag ,ag ,au ,pb ,cu ,feb4 #ij4j #a4aeca4b #ce4ia4jad4eaj4cj4hhj4ihai4jj4jdh4ga4e ,m>* #ic4a #a4fcca4c #cg4ba4jac4iaa4aj4gaa4cjba4jj4jfh4jb4e ,april#ajd4c #a4eibi4h #cg4gb4gac4iaa4dj4eba4djbc4jj4jgg4jc4e ,may #ij4j #a4bdcj4j #cg4cb4bad4a #i4cj4hfa4ajbe4dj4jge4ad4j ,july #gh4g #a4jjcb4b #cg4da4jac4i #i4hj4eja4aeba4cj4jch4id4j ,aug4 #ij4h #a4baca4b #cg4a #a4gac4g #i4fa4aja4fjbc4aj4jhi4hc4j ,sept4 #fe4c #b4ehcb4j #ci4gj4had4a #h4aj4hja4cjah4fj4jfg4fb4c ,avge4 #hg4e #a4dica4a #cg4ea4ead4aaj4jj4gga4bfba4fj4jfg4hc4j ,,mon?ly ,,record ,,( ,,furnace ,,op]ations ,,bla/ ,,tons ,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,ounces ,,p] ,,pb4 ,,on ,,coke ,,on ,,slag ,,on ,s ,,on ,f4,d4 ,,*>ge ,,*>ge ,,*>ge ,,*>ge ,feb4 #ba #db4e #i4j #ab4j #cj4j #c4g ,m>* #ba #dd4h #i4g #ac4e #cg4j #d4j ,april #ba #dc4g #i4j #ac4e #ce4j #d4c ,may #ba #di4d #aj4j #ac4e #cj4j #c4e ,july #ag #da4j #i4h #ab4e #cd4j #c4h ,augu/ #ah #dg4j #i4c #ac4j #cb4j #c4g ,sept4#ag #ae #ea4j #g4c #ac4j #cj4j #b4h ,av]age #de4f #i4a #ac4j #cb4f #c4g ,,matte ,,sav+ ,,produc$ ,,ag ,,au ,,pb ,feb4 #h4j #hd4d #hc4j #ij4c ,m>* #i4j ,april #aj4j #ig4i #gj4e #if4f ,may #f4e #ie4f #aji4e #hh4h ,july #f4j #ig4i #ij4j #ib4i ,augu/ #f4c #hf4b #ajg4e #hg4f ,sept4 #d4f #ib4i #id4j #ie4f ,av]age #g4b #ij4h #ib4d #ib4j ,i believe t1 9 smelt+ residues high 9 z9c oxide1 bett] metallurgical results w\ld be obta9$ by us+ a dry silici\s ore 9 connection ) a high-grade gal5a ore1 provid$ ! residue be l[ 9 sulphur4 ,?is 0 confirm$ to a c]ta9 degree 9 actual practice1 z ! furnace work$ v well ^u increas+ ! p]c5tage ( ,cripple ,creek ore on ! *>ge4 ,?is w\ld also seem to indicate t alum9a _h no bad effect on a z9ky slag4 ,,z9c ,,oxide ,,9 ,,slags ,,by ,w4 ,,mayn>d ,,hut*+s 7,decemb] #bd1 #aijc7 ,f "t to "t1 9 v>i\s articles & lett]s on metallurgical subjects 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ! "q ( ! removal ( z9c oxide 9 slags is ref]r$ to1 & ! "q is rais$ z to ! =m 9 :i* x is conta9$ 9 ! slags4 ,i ga!r t op9ion is divid$ z to :e!r z9c oxide ent]s into ! slags z a comb9$ silicate1 or :e!r x is simply c>ri$ into !m 9 a /ate ( me*anical mixture4 ,= _m ye>s ,i h tak5 great int]e/ 9 ! composition ( slags1 & h /udi$ !m microscopically & *emically4 ,! conclusion to :i* ,i h be5 l$ z reg>ds z9c oxide is1 t 9 a n too basic slag x is orig9ally ma9ly1 if n :olly1 tak5 up z silicate along ) ! o!r bases4 ,on "o occasion1 "o ( my furnaces = sev]al days produc$ a slag 9 :i* beautiful cry/als ( willemite 7 v abundant1 bo? free 9 cavities & also imb$d$ ?r\gh\t ! mass ( solid slag1 z %[n 9 ?9 sections "u ! microscope4 ,9 ! same slag 0 a l>ge am\nt ( magnetite1 all ( :i* conta9$ a consid]able proportion ( z9c oxide comb9$ ) x4 ,magnetite cry/als1 sep>at$ out f ! slag & treat$ ) /rong acid1 yield$ %ells ( mat]ial reta9+ ! =m ( ! orig9al m9]al1 ri* 9 z9c oxide2 an int]-cry/alliz$ z9c-iron sp9el1 9 fact4 ,i h se5 & sep>at$ z9c-iron sp9els v ri* 9 z9c oxide f o!r slags4 ,!y h be5 se5 9 ! slags at ,freib]g2 & ( c\rse ev]ybody kn[s ! v int]e/+ pap] by ,/elzn] & ,s*ulze1 9 :i* !y describ$ ! beautiful =mations ( sp9els & willemite 9 ! walls ( ! retorts ( z9c works4 ,i ?9k !re is ?us good gr\nd = conclud+ t z9c oxide is slagg$ (f z comb9$ silicate1 & t free oxide does n exi/ 9 slags2 ?\gh z9c oxide does occur 9 !m aft] solidification1 comb9$ ) o!r oxides1 9 =ms rang+ f a z9kif]\s magnetite to a m or less impure z9c-iron1 or z9c-iron-alum9a sp9el1 ^! m9]als hav+ cry/alliz$ out 9 ! e>li] /ages ( cool+4 ,! microscope %[$ t ! cry/als ( willemite1 m5tion$ above1 7 ! fir/ ?+s to cry/allize out f ! molt5 slag4 ,! ma9 con/itu5t 0 well-cry/alliz$ iron-oliv9e-fayalite4 ,,"p ,v ,,lime-,,roa/+ ,,( ,,gal5a ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process 7,july #f1 #aije7 ,x is a fact1 n g5]ally kn[n1 t ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company is n[ prep>+ to introduce ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process 9 all its plants1 ?is action be+ ! outcome ( ext5sive exp]im5tation ) ! process4 ,x is contemplat$ to employ ! process n only = ! desulphurization ( all classes ( lead ore1 b also ( mattes4 ,?is is a t>dy recognition ( ! value ( a process :i* has be5 be=e ! metallurgical pr(ession = n9e ye>s1 ! ,briti% pat5t hav+ be5 issu$ "u date ( ,april #af1 #ahif1 & has already atta9$ important use 9 sev]al =eign c\ntries2 b x w be ! gr&e/ application 9 po9t ( magnitude4 ,! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 is ! fir/ ( a new s]ies ( processes :i* effect ! desulphurization ( gal5a on an entirely new pr9ciple & at great advantage ov] ! old me?od ( roa/+4 ,!y act at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 s t ! loss ( lead & silv] is r$uc$ to insignificant proportion2 !y elim9ate ! sulphur to a great] degree2 & !y deliv] ! ore 9 ! =m ( a c9d]1 :i* greatly increases ! smelt+ spe$ ( ! bla/ furnace4 ,!y con/itute "o ( ! mo/ important advances 9 ! metallurgy ( lead4 ,! roa/+ process has be5 ! "o 9 :i* lea/ progress has be5 made1 & x has rema9$ a co/ly & wa/eful /ep 9 ! treatm5t ( sulphide ores4 ,9 r$uc+ upw>d ( #b1ejj1jjj tons ( ore p] annum1 ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company is oblig$ to roa/ upw>d ( #a1jjj1jjj tons ( ore & matte4 ,! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process 0 inv5t$ & fir/ appli$ at ,p]tusola1 ,italy4 ,x has s9ce be5 introduc$ 9 ,g]many1 ,spa91 ,great ,brita91 ,mexico1 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,tasmania1 & ,au/ralia1 9 ! la/ at ! ,port ,pirie works ( ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company4 ,ef=ts 7 made to introduce x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at lea/ five ye>s ago1 )\t success & ) little enc\ragem5t4 ,! only %>e 9 ?is metallurgical improvem5t t ?is c\ntry c claim is t ,?omas ,hunt+ton1 "o ( ! inv5tors1 is an ,am]ican citiz51 ,f]d9& ,heb]le91 ! o!r1 be+ a ,g]man4 ,,lime-,,roa/+ ,,( ,,gal5a 7,septemb] #bb1 #aije7 ,! article ( ,pr(essor ,bor*]s 7see p4 #aaf7 is1 we believe1 ! fir/ critical discussion ( ! reactions involv$ 9 ! new me?ods ( desulphuriz+ gal5a1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! processes ( ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le91 ,savelsb]g1 & ,c>mi*ael & ,brad=d1 al?\gh ! subject has be5 t\*$ ^u by ,donald ,cl>k1 writ+ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s f a /udy ( ! metallurgy ( ^! processes t !y introduce an entirely new pr9ciple 9 ! oxidation ( gal5a1 z ,pr(essor ,bor*]s po9ts out4 ,inasmu* z !re are already ?ree ( ^! processes & are likely to be m1 x w be necess>y to h a type-"n = ?is new bran* ( lead metallurgy4 ,we v5ture to sugge/ t x may be ref]r$ to z ! 8lime-roa/+ ( gal5a10 inasmu* z lime is evid5tly a requisite 9 ! process2 or1 at all ev5ts1 x is ! ag5t :i* w be commonly employ$4 ,:5 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process 0 fir/ describ$1 x did n ev5 appe> a simplification ( ! ord9>y roa/+ process1 b r a complication ( x4 ,! process attract$ comp>atively little att5tion1 & 0 inde$ reg>d$ some:at ) suspicion4 ,?is 0 l>gely due to ! policy ( ! company :i* acquir$ ! pat5t rights 9 refus+ to publi% ! te*nical in=mation conc]n+ x t ! metallurgical pr(ession expect$ & ne$$4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is exploitation is ano!r example ( ! disadvantage ( secrecy 9 su* matt]s4 ,! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process has only become ?or\ghly e/abli%$ z a new & valuable dep>ture 9 metallurgy1 a dep>ture :i* is inde$ revolution>y1 n9e ye>s aft] ! date ( ! orig9al pat5t4 ,9 propriet>y processes "t is a p>ticul>ly valuable elem5t1 inasmu* z ! life ( a pat5t is limit$4 ,f ! outset ! explanation ( ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le9 z to ! reactions involv$ 9 _! process 0 unsatisfactory4 ,pr(essor ,bor*]s po9ts out cle>ly t _! conception ( ! =mation ( calcium p]oxide 0 errone\s1 & indicates /rongly ! probability t ! active ag5t is calcium plumbate4 ,x is v mu* to be regrett$ t he did n g fur!r ) 8 exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 & x is to be hop$ t !y w be tak5 up by ! pr(essors ( metallurgy 9 o!r metallurgical s*ools4 ,! =mation ( calcium plumbate 9 ! process 0 cle>ly =eca/$1 h[ev]1 by ,c>mi*ael & ,brad=d 9 _! fir/ pat5t specification2 inde$1 !y consid]$ t ! s9t]$ product consi/$ l>gely ( calcium plumbate4 ,ev5 yet1 we h only a vague idea ( ! reactions t occur 9 ^! processes4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a =mation ( calcium sulphate1 z po9t$ out by ,bor*]s & ,savelsb]g2 b t comp\nd is ev5tually decompos$1 s9ce x is "o ( ! advantages ( ! lime-roa/+ t ! s9t]$ product is comp>atively l[ 9 sulphur4 ,is x true1 h[ev]1 t ! calcium ev5tually becomes silicate8 ,if s1 "u :at conditions is calcium silicate =m$8 ,! temp]ature ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! process is l[1 consid]ably l[] ?an t requir$ = ! =mation ( any calcium silicate by fusion4 ,moreov]1 x is n only gal5a :i* is decompos$ by ! new me?od1 b also bl5de1 pyrite & copp] sulphides4 ,! process is employ$ v successfully 9 ! treatm5t ( ,brok5 ,hill ore t is r high 9 z9c sulphide1 & x is also to be employ$ = ! desulphurization ( mattes4 ,:at are ! reactions t affect ! desulphurization ( ! sulphides o!r ?an lead8 ,!re is a wide field = exp]im5tal metallurgy 9 connection ) ^! new processes4 ,! important practical developm5t is t !y d actually effect a great economy 9 ! r$uction ( lead sulphide ores4 ,,! ,,new ,,me?ods ,,( ,,desulphuriz+ ,,gal5a#ah ,,by ,w4 ,,bor*]s 7,septemb] #b1 #aije7 ,an important revolution 9 ! me?ods ( smelt+ lead ore1 :i* _h to a l>ge ext5t rema9$ = c5turies un*ang$ 9 _! ess5tials1 0 wr\ght by ! inv5tion ( ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le9 9 #ahif4 ,m especially is ?is true ( ! roa/-r$uction me?od ( treat+ gal5a1 :i* consi/s ( oxidiz+ roa/+ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace & subsequ5t smelt+ ( ! roa/$ product 9 a %aft furnace4 ,! fir/ /age ( ! roa/-r$uction process1 z c>ri$ out accord+ to ! old me?od1 viz41 ! oxidiz+ roa/ ( ! gal5a1 s]ves to conv]t ! lead sulphide into lead oxide3 ,pb,s #c,o ,pb,o ,,s4 ,ow+ to ! basic "* ( ! lead oxide1 ! production ( a consid]able quantity ( lead sulphate 0 ( c\rse unavoidable3 ,pb,o ,,s ,o ,pb,s,o4 ,z ?is lead sulphate is conv]t$ back into sulphide 9 ! bla/-furnace op]ation1 & s adds to ! =mation ( matte1 x has always be5 ! aim 79 work+ up ores conta9+ little or no copp] to be conc5trat$ 9 ! matte7 to elim9ate ! sulphate z completely z possible1 by br++ ! *>ge1 especially t[>d ! end ( ! roa/+ op]ation1 into a zone ( ! furnace :]e9 ! temp]ature is suffici5tly high to effect decomposition ( ! sulphate by silica3 ,pb,s,o ,si,o ,pb,si,o ,,s4 ,b 9 ! usual mode ( c>ry+ out ! roa/ 9 rev]b]atory furnaces1 ! roa/+ itself on ! "o h&1 & ! decomposition ( ! sulphates on ! o!r1 7 effect$ only incompletely & ) widely v>y+ results4 ,little att5tion has be5 paid 9 connection ) ! roa/-r$uction process to ! reaction betwe5 sulphates & undecompos$ sulphides1 :i* plays s important a "p 9 ! roa/-reaction me?od ( lead smelt+4 ,z is well kn[n1 lead sulphate reacts ) lead sulphide 9 v>y+ quantities1 =m+ ei!r metallic lead or lead oxide1 or a mixture ( bo?4 ,a small quantity ( lead sulphate react+ ) lead sulphide yields "u c]ta9 conditions only lead3 ,pb,s,o ,pb,s ,pb #b,,s4 ,)9 c]ta9 temp]ature limits ?is reaction ev5 proce$s ) lib]ation ( heat4 ,9 ord] to enc\rage x1 x is necess>y to create favorable conditions = ! =mation ( consid]able quantities ( sulphate "r at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation4 ,?is 0 fir/ a*iev$ by ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le91 b n 9 ! simple/ nor 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann]4 ,&1 inde$1 ! inv5tors 7 n by any means on ! "r track z to ! "* ( _! process1 s f> z ! *emical reactions involv$ are conc]n$4 ,at fir/ sight ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process does n ev5 appe> z a simplification1 b r z a complication1 ( ! roa/+ op]ation4 ,= 9 place ( ! roa/ c>ri$ out 9 "o app>atus & cont9u\sly1 !re are two roa/s :i* h to be c>ri$ out sep>ately & 9 two diff]5t =ms ( app>atus2 nev]!less1 ! ultimate results 7 s favorable t ! :ole process is presumably ackn[l$g$1 )\t res]vation1 by all smelt]s z "o ( ! mo/ important advances 9 lead smelt+4 ,x is useful to exam9e 9 ! light ( ! ,g]man pat5t specification 7,no4 #ie1fja ( ,feb4 #bh1 #ahig7 :at 7 ! ideas ( its orig9ators reg>d+ ! op]ation ( ?is process & ! reactions lead+ to su* rem>kable results4 ,!y /at$3 8,we h made ! obs]vation t :5 p[d]$ lead sulphide 7,pb,s71 mix$ ) ! p[d]$ oxide ( an alkal9e e>? metal1 e4g41 calcium oxide1 is expos$ to ! action ( air at bright r$ heat 7ab\t #gjj deg4 ,c471 & is !n all[$ to cool )\t int]rupt+ ! supply ( air1 an oxidiz+ decomposition takes place :5 d>k-r$ heat 7ab\t #ejj deg4 ,c47 is rea*$1 sulphur\s acid be+ expell$1 & a consid]able am\nt ( heat evolv$2 if suffici5t air is !n cont9u\sly pass$ ?r\gh ! *>ge1 d5se vapors ( sulphur\s acid escape1 & ! mixture gradually s9t]s toge!r to a mass1 9 :i* ! lead ( ! ore is pres5t 9 ! =m ( lead oxide1 provid$ ! air bla/ is cont9u$ long en\gh2 !re is no ne$ to supply heat 9 ?is process--! heat lib]at$ 9 ! reaction is q suffici5t to keep x up40 ,! inv5tors expla9$ ! process z foll[s3 8,at a bright-r$ heat ! calcium oxide 7,ca,o7 takes up oxyg5 f ! air suppli$1 =m+ calcium p]oxide 7,ca,o71 :i* latt] aft]w>d1 9 consequ5ce ( cool+ d[n to d>k-r$ heat1 aga9 decomposes into monoxide & oxyg52 ?is nasc5t oxyg5 oxidizes a "p ( ! lead sulphide to lead sulphate1 :i* !n reacts ) a fur!r quantity ( lead sulphide1 ) evolution ( sulphur dioxide & =mation ( lead oxide40 ,assum+ ! =mation ( calcium p]oxide 7,ca,o71 ! process lead+ to ! desulphurization w\ld !re=e be repres5t$ z foll[s3 #a4 at #gjj ,c4 ,ca,o ,o ,ca,o #b4 at #ejj ,c4 #d;,ca,o ,pb,s #d;,ca,o ,pb,s,o #c4 at ! melt+ po9t ,pb,s ,pb,s,o #b,pb,o #b,,s 787 ,reactions #a & #b comb9$1 assum+ ! pres5ce ( suffici5t oxyg51 give3 ,pb,s #d;,ca,o #d,o ,pb,s,o #d;,ca,o4 ,n[ ! inv5tion consi/s 9 apply+ ! obs]vation describ$ above to ! work+ up ( gal5a1 & o!r ores conta9+ lead sulphide1 = metallic lead2 & ! ess5tial novelty ( ! process !re=e consi/s 9 pass+ air ?r\gh ! mass cool$ to a d>k-r$ heat 7#ejj deg4 ,c474 ,?is feature %>ply di/+ui%es x f o!r kn[n processes4 ,x is true t 9 previ\s processes 7comp>e ! ,t>n[itz rev]b]atory-furnace process1 ! roa/+ process us$ at ,mun/]bus* ne> ,/olb]g1 & o!rs7 ! lead ore 0 mix$ ) lime/one or dolomite 7:i* are conv]t$ into oxides 9 ! e>ly /age ( ! roa/7 & ! heat 0 alt]nately rais$ & l[]$2 b 9 all cases only a surface action ( ! air 0 produc$1 ! air supply be+ provid$ simply by ! furnace draft4 ,pass+ air ?r\gh ! mass cool$ d[n1 z indicat$ above1 leads to ! important economic advantages ( r$uc+ ! fuel consumption1 ! losses ( lead1 ! manual labor 7rak+7 & ! dim5sions ( ! roa/+ app>atus4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out ! process ( ?is inv5tion1 ! p[d]$ ore is intimately mix$ ) a quantity ( alkal9e e>? oxide1 e4g41 calcium oxide1 correspond+ to its sulphur cont5t2 if ! ore already conta9s alkal9e e>?1 ! quantity to be add$ is r$uc$ 9 accordance4 ,! mixture is heat$ to bright-r$ heat 7#gjj deg4 ,c47 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace1 9 a /rongly oxidiz+ atmosph]e1 is !n all[$ to cool d[n to d>k-r$ heat 7#ejj deg4 ,c471 also 9 /rongly oxidiz+ atmosph]e1 is transf]r$ to a vessel call$ ! 8conv]t]10 & atmosph]ic air is pass$ ?r\gh at a slight pressure 7! inv5tors h f\nd a bla/ correspond+ to #ce to #dj cm4 head ( wat] suitable74#ai ,! heat lib]at$ is q suffici5t to keep ! *>ge at ! reaction temp]ature1 b1 if desir$1 hot bla/ may also be us$4 ,! mixture s9t]s toge!r1 & 7:ile sulphur\s acid gas escapes7 x is gradually conv]t$ into a mass consi/+ ( lead oxide1 gangue & calcium sulphate1 f :i* ! lead is extract$ 9 ! metallic =m1 by any ( ! kn[n me?ods1 9 ! %aft furnace4 ,! op]ation is conclud$ z soon z ! mass1 by cont9u$ s9t]+1 has become imp]meable to ! bla/4 ,if ! op]ation is prop]ly conduct$1 ! gas escap+ conta9s only small quantities ( volatile lead comp\nds1 b on ! o!r h& up to #h p] c5t4 by volume ( sulphur dioxide4 ,?is latt] c be collect$ & fur!r work$ up4 8,9 place ( ! oxide ( an alkal9e e>?1 f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o7 or mangan\s oxide 7,mn,o7 may also be us$40 ,accord+ to ! reports on ! practice ( ?is process :i* h be5 publi%$1#bj conical conv]t]s ( ab\t #agjj mm4 7#e ft4 #f 947 upp] diamet] & #aejj mm4 7#e ft47 dep? are us$ 9 ,au/ralian works4 ,at a new plant at ,port ,pirie 7,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company7 conv]t]s #bdjj mm4 7#g ft4 #aj 947 9 diamet] & #ahjj mm4 7#e ft4 #aa 947 deep h be5 in/all$4 ,^! latt] w hold a *>ge ( ab\t eight tons4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ^! conv]t]s1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #fjj mm4 7#b ft47 f ! bottom1 !re is plac$ an annul> p]=at$ plate1 & ^u ?is a %ort p]=at$ tube1 clos$ above by a plate hav+ only a limit$ numb] ( holes4 ,no details h be5 publi%$ ) reg>d to ! ,european in/allations4 ,! g5]al in=mation :i* ! ,metallurgis*e ,gesells*aft#ba plac$ at my disposal ^u reque/ "s ye>s ago1 = use 9 my lecture c\rses1 0 re/rict$ to data reg>d+ ! consumption ( fuel & labor 9 roa/+ & smelt+ ! ores1 :i* 0 figur$ at ab\t "o-?ird or "o-half ( ! consumption 9 ! =m] processes1 to ! demon/ration ( ! l>ge output ( ! comp>atively small conv]t]s1 & to ! r$uc$ size ( ! roa/+ plant z ! result4 ,b ! ,european e/abli%m5ts :i* introduc$ ?is process 7 b\nd by ! own]s ( ! pat5ts1 not)/&+ ! protection af=d$ by ! pat5ts1 to give no in=mation :atev] reg>d+ ! process to outsid]s1 & n to all[ any inspection ( ! works4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a great deal appe>$ 9 te*nical lit]ature :i* 0 calculat$ to excite curiosity4 ,moreov]1 z pr(essor ( metallurgy1 x 0 my duty to in/ruct my pupils conc]n+ ?is process among o!rs1 & x 0 !re=e v gratify+ to me t "o ( ! /ud5ts 9 my laboratory took a special int]e/ 9 ! treatm5t ( lead ore4 ,i gave him opportunity to in/all a small conv]t]1 9 ord] to c>ry out ! process on a small scale1 & 9 spite ( ! sl5d] dim5sions ( ! app>atus ! v fir/ exp]im5ts gave a complete success4 ,h[ev]1 ,i c\ld n h>monize ! explanation ( ! process giv5 by ! inv5tors ) ! k :i* ,i _h acquir$ 9 my _m ye>s' practical exp]i5ce 9 ! manufacture ( p]oxides4 ,x is cle> f ! pat5t specification t 9 ! roa/+ op]ation at #gjj deg4 ,c4 a comp\nd mu/ be =m$ :i* functions z an excell5t oxyg5 c>ri]1 = on cool+ to #ejj deg4 ,c4 ! fur!r oxidation !n proce$s to ! end n only )\t any ext]nal application ( heat1 b ev5 ) vigor\s evolution ( heat4 ,no m /rik+ in/ance ?an ?is c\ld be desir$ by ! !ori/s :o h ( rec5t ye>s aga9 become s en?usia/ic ov] ! idea ( catalysis4 ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le9 reg>d$ calcium p]oxide z ! oxyg5 c>ri]1 b t is a comp\nd :i* _c exi/ at all "u ! conditions :i* obta9 9 _! process4 ,! p]oxides ( ! alkal9e e>?s are s v s5sitive t 9 prep>+ !m ! small quantities ( c>bon dioxide & wat] mu/ be extract$ c>efully f ! air1 & yet 9 ! process1 9 an atmosph]e pregnant ) c>bon dioxide1 wat]1 sulphur\s acid1 etc41 calcium p]oxide1 ! mo/ s5sitive ( ! :ole gr\p1 is suppos$ to =m6 ,?is c\ld n be4 ,! only comp\nds kn[n z oxyg5 c>ri]s1 & capable ( exi/+ "u ! conditions ( ! process1 are calcium plumbate & plumbite4 ,i h emphasiz$ ?is po9t f ! fir/ 9 my lectures on metallurgy1 :5 deal+ ) ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 ?is assumption has s9ce be5 prov$ to be correct by ! "w ( ,l4 ,hupp]tz1 "o ( my /ud5ts4 ,dur+ my practical activity 7#ahgi-ahia7 ,i _h prep>$ b>ium p]oxide & lead p]oxide 9 l>ge quantities on a manufactur+ scale1 ! la/-m5tion$ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate =mation ( plumbites & plumbates3 #b,na,o,h ,pb,o ,o ,na,pb,o ,h,o or3 #d,na,o,h ,pb,o ,o ,na,pb,o #b;,h,o4 ,an exp]im5t made 9 ?is connection %[$ t calcium plumbate is =m$ j z readily f slak$ lime & li?>ge z ! sodium plumbates above4 ,li?>ge is an int]m$iate product1 produc$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 lead works1 & mu/ 9 any case be br\ght back into ! process4 ,if1 !n1 ! li?>ge is roa/$ at a l[ temp]ature ) slak$ lime1 ! roa/+ ( ! gal5a c\ld p]haps be entirely avoid$ by introduc+ t ore toge!r ) calcium plumbate into ! conv]t]1 aft] ! latt] _h once be5 heat$ up4 ,mr4 ,hupp]tz und]took ! fur!r developm5t ( ?is process1 b ,i h no in=mation on ! lat] exp]im5tal results1 z he plac$ himself 9 communication ) neighbor+ lead works = ! purpose ( cont9u+ 8 inve/igation1 & has n s9ce !n giv5 me any precise data4 ,i w !re=e conf9e myself to ! /atem5t t ! fundam5tal idea = ! exp]im5ts1 :i* ,mr4 ,hupp]tz und]took at my sugge/ion1 0 ! foll[+3 ,to disp5se ) ! roa/+ ( ! gal5a1 :i* is necess>y accord+ to ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le92 9 o!r words1 to conv]t ! gal5a by direct bla/1 ) ! addition ( calcium plumbate1 ! latt] be+ produc$ f ! li?>ge :i* is an unavoidable int]m$iate product 9 ! metallurgy ( lead & silv]4 7,bor*]s1 8,elektrometallurgie10 #c;d edition1 #aijb-aijc1 p4 #dfg47 ,?is alone w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h meant a consid]able simplification ( ! roa/1 b ! problem ( ! roa/+ ( gal5a has be5 solv$ 9 a bett] way by ,a4 ,savelsb]g1 ( ,ramsbeck1 ,we/phalia1 :o has det]m9$ ! conditions = directly conv]t+ ! gal5a ) ! addition ( lime/one & wat] & )\t previ\s roa/+4 ,he has communicat$ ! foll[+ in=mation reg>d+ ^! conditions3 ,9 ord] t1 9 bl[+ ! air ?r\gh ! mixture ( ore & lime/one1 an alt]ation ( ! mixture may n take place ow+ to ! light] p>ticles ( ! lime/one be+ c>ri$ away1 x is necess>y 7q at v>iance ) ! processes 9 use hi!rto1 9 :i* = ! sake ( economy /ress is laid on ! precaution ( *>g+ ! ore z dry z possible into ! app>atus7 to add a consid]able quantity ( wat] to ! *>ge be=e introduc+ x into ! conv]t]4 ,! wat] s]ves ?is purpose p]fectly1 also prev5t+ any *ange 9 ! mixture ( ore & lime/one1 :i* inv>iably occurs if ! ore is us$ dry4 ,! wat]1 moreov]1 ex]ts a v b5eficial action 9 ! process1 inasmu* z x aids mat]ially 9 ! =mation & tempor>y ret5tion ( sulphuric acid1 :i* latt] !n1 by its oxidiz+ action1 greatly enhances ! reaction & consequ5tly ! desulphurization ( ! ore4 ,fur!rmore1 ! wat] t5ds to mod]ate ! temp]ature 9 ! *>ge by absorb+ heat 9 its volatilization4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! process ! conv]t] mu/ n be fill$ entirely all at once1 b fir/ only 9 "p1 additional lay]s be+ *>g$ 9 gradually 9 ! c\rse ( ! op]ation4 ,9 ?is way a uni=m progress ( ! reaction 9 ! mass is secur$4 ,! foll[+ mode ( proc$ure is advantage\sly adopt$3 ,a small quantity ( gl[+ fuel 7coal1 coke1 etc47 is introduc$ into ! conv]t]1 :i* is provid$ at ! bottom ) a grate 7p]=at$ %eet iron71 ! grate be+ fir/ cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( cru%$ lime/one 9 ord] to protect x f ! action ( ! r$-hot coals & ore4 ,^u ?is r$-hot fuel a uni=m lay] ( ! wett$ mixture ( crude ore & lime/one is plac$4 ,:5 ! surface ( ! fir/ lay] has acquir$ a uni=m r$ heat1 a fre% lay] is *>g$ on1 & ?is is cont9u$1 lay] by lay]1 until ! conv]t] is q full4 ,:ile ! lay]s are /ill be+ put on1 ! bla/ is pass$ 9 at q a l[ pressure1 & only :5 ! conv]t] is entirely fill$ is ! :ole =ce ( ! bla/1 at a r great] pressure1 turn$ on4 ,!re !n sets 9 a k9d ( slag =mation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is prec$$ by a v vigor\s desulphurization4 ,aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! process1 :i* c be recogniz$ by ! fact t vapors cease to be evolv$1 & t ! surface ( ! ore becomes h>d1 ! conv]t] is tipp$ ov]1 & ! desulphuriz$ mass drops out z a solid cone ( slag1 :i* is !n suitably brok5 up = ! subsequ5t smelt+ 9 ! %aft furnace4 ,savelsb]g expla9s ! reaction ( ?is process z foll[s3 8#a4 ,! p>ticles ( lime/one act me*anically1 glid+ 9 betwe5 ! p>ticles ( lead ore & sep>at+ !m f "o ano!r4 ,9 ?is way a premature s9t]+ is prev5t$1 & ! :ole mass is r5d]$ loose & por\s4 8#b4 ,! lime/one mod]ates ! reaction temp]ature produc$ 9 ! combu/ion ( ! sulphur1 s t ! fusion ( ! gal5a1 ! =mation ( du/ & ! sep>ation ( metallic lead are avoid$1 or at lea/ kept )9 ! limits p]missible4 ,! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature ( reaction is due p>tly to ! decomposition ( ! lime/one into cau/ic lime & c>bon dioxide1 9 :i* heat is absorb$1 & p>tly to ! consumption ( ! quantity ( heat :i* is necess>y 9 ! fur!r progress ( ! op]ation = ! =mation ( a slag f ! gangue ( ! ore & ! lead oxide produc$4 8#c4 ,! lime/one gives rise to *emical reactions4 ,by its decomposition x produces lime1 :i*1 at ! mom5t ( its =mation1 is conv]t$ into calcium sulphate at ! exp5se ( ! sulphur 9 ! ore4 ,! calcium sulphate at ! "t ( slag =mation is conv]t$ into silicate by ! silica pres5t1 sulphuric acid be+ evolv$4 ,! lime/one !re=e assi/s directly & =cibly 9 ! desulphurization ( ! ore1 caus+ ! =mation ( sulphuric acid at ! exp5se ( ! sulphur 9 ! ore1 ! sulphuric acid !n act+ z a /rong oxidiz+ ag5t t[>d ! sulphur 9 ! ore40 ,! mo/ conclusive pro( = ! correctness ( ! op9ion :i* ,i express$ above1 t x is v important to create at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation ! conditions = ! =mation ( z mu* sulphate z possible1 has be5 furni%$ by ,c>mi*ael & ,brad=d4 ,!y recomm5d t gypsum be add$ to ! *>ge 9 place ( lime/one4 ,at "o ( ! works ( ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company 7:]e _! process has be5 c>ri$ on successfully1 & :]e lead ores v ri* 9 z9c _h to be work$ up7 ! dehydrat$ gypsum 0 mix$ ) an equal quantity ( conc5trate & ?ree times ! quantity ( slime f ! lead ore-dress+ plant1 z 9 ! table giv5 h]e)3 ,,( ,,! ,,( ,,! ,,( ,,! ,,( ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,slime ,,conc5trate ,,calcium ,,:ole ,,sulphate ,,*>ge ,gal5a #bd #gj #bi ,z9c bl5de #cj #ae #ba ,pyrites #c #b ,f]ric oxide #d #b4e ,f]r\s oxide #a #a ,mangan\s oxide #f4e #e ,alum9a #e4e #c ,lime #c4e #d4a #aj ,silica #bc #ad ,sulphur trioxide #ei #ab ,! *>ge is mix$1 ) addition ( wat]1 9 a suitable pug-mill4 ,! mass is !n1 :ile /ill wet1 brok5 up into pieces #ej mm4 7#b 947 9 diamet]1 :i* are !n all[$ to dry on a floor 9 contact ) air2 9 do+ s !y set h>d1 ow+ to ! rehydration ( ! gypsum4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,savelsb]g process1 ! conv]t]s are heat$ ) a small quantity ( coal1 are fill$ ) ! mat]ial prep>$ 9 ! mann] above describ$1 & ! *>ge is bl[n1 regulat+ ! bla/ 9 su* mann] t1 aft] ! moi/ure pres5t has be5 dissipat$1 a gas ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,,s cont5t is produc$1 :i* is work$ up = sulphuric acid 9 a sy/em ( lead *amb]s4 ,! reactions are 9 ?is case ! same z 9 ! ,savelsb]g process1 = "h also calcium sulphate is =m$ transitorily1 :i*1 l o!r sulphates1 reacts p>tly ) sulphides1 p>tly ) silica4 ,:]e gypsum is available & *eap1 ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process mu/ be giv5 pref]5ce2 9 all o!r cases unque/ionably ! ,savelsb]g process is sup]ior1 ow+ to its great simplicity4 ,,lime-,,roa/+ ,,( ,,gal5a ,,by ,w4 ,,mayn>d ,,hut*+s 7,octob] #ba1 #aije7 ,mu* int]e/ atta*es to ! pap] by ,pr(essor ,bor*]s1 rec5tly pres5t$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal 7,sept4 #b1 #aije7 on 8,new ,me?ods ( ,desulphuriz+ ,gal5a10 toge!r ) an editorial on 8,lime-,roa/+ ( ,gal5a02 x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t ! same issue conta9$ also an article on ! 8,new] ,treatm5t ( ,brok5 ,hill ,sulphides10 9 :i* is %[n ! importance ( ! new me?ods z a contribution to actual practice4 ,= "s ye>s x _h be5 a s\rce ( surprise to me t a new process1 s int]e/+ & s successful z ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 treatm5t ( sulphide ores1 %\ld h receiv$ sc>cely any notice or discussion4 ,?is lack1 h[ev]1 n[ appe>s to be rem$i$4 ,! sugge/ion t ! subject %\ld be discuss$ 9 ! ,j\rnal is good1 z is also t ( ! designation 8,lime-,roa/+0 = a type-"n4 ,su* obs]vations & exp]im5ts on ! subject z ,i h _h occasion to record h1 = _m ye>s1 figur$ 9 my note-books "u t head+4 ,:atev] may be ! f9al results ( ! lat] processes1 n[ be=e ! metallurgical _w or /ill to come1 !re c be no d\bt :atev] t full & exclusive cr$it mu/ be giv5 to ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le91 n only = fir/ draw+ att5tion to ! use ( lime1 b also = work+ out & introduc+ practically ! process4 ,x has be5 a success f ! fir/2 & s f> z "p ( x is conc]n$1 x seems to be an absolute & fundam5tal necessity :i* lat] inv5tors c nei!r bett] nor set aside4 ,! o!r processes1 s9ce pat5t$1 h[ev] good !y may be1 are simply grafts on ?is p>5t /em4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q c]ta9 t ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le91 9 ! !oretical explanation ( ! process1 fail$ to und]/& ! mo/ important reactions4 ,_! attribut+ ! effect to ! =mation & action ( calcium p]oxide af=ds a sad case ( a priori assumption devoid ( any %r$ ( evid5ce4 ,z ,pr(essor ,bor*]s po9ts out1 calcium p]oxide1 s difficult to produce & s un/able :5 =m$1 is an absolute & absurd impossibility "u ! conditions 9 "q4 ,probably _m rubb$ _! eyes ) a/oni%m5t on read+ t "p ( ! pat5t on its fir/ appe>ance1 & ha/5$ to look up ! *emical au?orities to refre% _! m9ds1 le/ some?+ z to ! nature ( calcium p]oxide might h escap$ !m4 ,=tunately ! pat5t law is su* t !re 0 no dang] ( a really good & s\nd inv5tion be+ invalidat$ by a wrong !oretical explanation by its orig9ators4 ,b1 nev]!less1 x 0 a mis=tune t ! inv5tors did n und]/& _! own process4 ,_h !y kn[n1 !y c\ld h add$ a few m words to _! pat5t-claims & r5d]$ ! ,c>mi*ael pat5t an impossibility4 ,pr(essor ,bor*]s appe>s to consid] t ! active ag5t 9 ! new process is calcium plumbate4 ,t ?is comp\nd may play a "p at "s /age ( ! process may be true2 ?is long ago sugge/$ itself to "s o!rs4 ,we may yet expect to he> t ! exp]im5ts und]tak5 by ,pr(essor ,bor*]s himself1 & by o!rs at 8 in/igation 79 :i* calcium plumbate is sep>ately prep>$ & !n br\ght into action ) lead sulphide71 h giv5 good results4 ,b x does n appe> s f> t !re is any real pro( t calcium plumbate is =m$ 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 or o!r simil> processes2 & x is difficult to see at :at /age or h[ x w\ld be produc$ "u ! conditions 9 "q4 ,?is is a po9t :i* rese>* may cle> up1 b x %\ld n be tak5 = grant$ at ?is /age4 ,inde$1 x seems to me t ! results obta9$ may be fairly well expla9$ )\t call+ calcium plumbate into play at all4 ,( c\rse ! action ( lime 9 contact ) lead sulphide excit$ int]e/ _m ye>s be=e ! new process came into exi/5ce4 ,my own att5tion to x dates back m ?an a doz5 ye>s be=e t "t 7,i 0 9 *>ge ( works :]e ,i f\nd ! old 8,fl9t%ire process0 /ill 9 use74 ,p]cy po9t$ out1 9 8 "w on lead smelt+1 t on ! addition ( slak$ lime to ! *>ge1 at c]ta9 /ages1 to 8/iff5 x up10 ! mixture c\ld be se5 to 8gl[0 = a "t4 ,:5 ,i myself saw ?is ph5om5on1 ,i comm5c$ to make "s obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,also 7z o!rs probably _h done71 ,i _h obs]v$ t *>ges ( lead ) calc>e\s gangue are roa/$ m rapidly & bett] ?an o!rs1 & to an ext5t :i* c\ld n be :olly expla9$ by simple physical action ( ! lime pres5t4 ,simple exp]im5ts made 9 assay-scorifi]s 9 a muffle1 on lime roa/+1 are v /rik+1 & ,i ?9k q expla9 a good "p ( :at takes place up to a c]ta9 /age 9 ! processes n[ "u consid]ation4 ,i tri$ !m a numb] ( ye>s ago1 on _m sorts ( ore1 & aga9 m rec5tly1 :5 /udy+ ! work+ ( ! new pat5ts4 ,= illu/ration1 ,i w take "o class ( ore 7,brok5 ,hill conc5trate71 us+ a sample assay+2 ,pb1 #eh p] c5t42 ,fe1 #c4f p] c5t42 ,s1 #ad4f p] c5t42 ,si,o1 #c p] c5t4 ,! ore conta9$ "s pyrite4 ,if two scorifi]s are *>g$1 "o ) ! f9ely p[d]$ ore alone1 & "o ) ! ore intimately mix$ )1 say1 #aj p] c5t4 ( pure lime1 & plac$ side by side j )9 a muffle at l[ r$ness1 ! lim$ *>ge w soon be se5 to 8gl[40 ,be=e ! simple ore *>ge %[s any sign ( action1 ! lim$ *>ge rapidly ignites all ov]1 l s mu* t9d]1 & heats up consid]ably above ! surr\nd+ temp]ature1 at ! same "t increas+ noticeably 9 bulk4 ,?is la/s = "s "t1 dur+ :i* h>dly any ,,s passes (f4 ,aft] ! viol5t gl[+ is ov]1 ! *>ge cont9ues to calc9e quietly1 giv+ (f ,,s1 b is /ill f> m active ?an its neighbor4 ,if1 f9ally1 ! fully roa/$ *>ge is tak5 out1 cool$ & rubb$ d[n1 x proves to conta9 no free lime at all1 b l>ge quantities ( calcium sulphate c be dissolv$ out by boil+ 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,= in/ance1 9 "o example :]e weigh$ quantities 7 tak5 ( lime & ! ore m5tion$1 ! f9al roa/$ mat]ial 0 %[n to conta9 ne>ly #bc p] c5t4 ( ,ca,s,o2 ! quantity actually extract$ by wat] 0 #bj4b p] c5t4 ,fur!r te/s %[ t ! insoluble portion /ill conta9s calcium sulphate intimately comb9$ ) lead sulphate1 b n extractable by wat]4 ,!re is no d\bt t :5 lead sulphide 7or o!r sulphide7 is heat$ ) lime1 ) free access ( air1 ! lime is rapidly & completely conv]t$ into sulphate4 ,! /rong base1 lime1 app>5tly plays ! "p ( 8catalyz]0 9 ! mo/ vigor\s mann]1 ! fir/ ,,s evolv$ be+ in/antly oxidiz$ & comb9$ ) ! lime to sulphate1 ) s /rong an evolution ( heat t ! op]ation spreads rapidly & /ill goes on en]getically1 ev5 if ! scorifi] is tak5 out ( ! muffle4 ,also1 ! 8catalytic0 action />ts ! oxidation ( ! sulphides at a f> l[] temp]ature ?an is requir$ :5 !y are roa/$ alone4 ,if1 9 place ( lime1 we take an equival5t weight ( pure calcium c>bonate & intimately mix x ) ore1 we obta9 j ! same action1 only x takes a little long] to />t x4 ,once />t$1 x is almo/ z vigor\s & rapid1 & ) ! same results4 ,x does n seem correct to assume 7z is usually done7 t ! c>bonate has fir/ to be decompos$ by heat1 ! lime !n com+ into action4 ,! reaction comm5ces 9 s %ort a "t & :ile ! *>ge is /ill s cool1 t no appreciable driv+ (f ( ,,co by heat only c h tak5 place4 ,! ma9 lib]ation ( ! ,,co occurs dur+ ! vigor\s exo!rmic oxidation ( ! mixture1 & is co9cid5t ) ! conv]sion ( ! ,ca,o into ,ca,s,o4 ,if1 9 place ( lime or its c>bonate1 we use a correspond+ quantity ( pure calcium sulphate & mix x ) ! ore1 we see v en]getic roa/+ 9 ?is case also1 ) copi\s evolution ( sulphur dioxide1 only x is mu* m en]getic & rapid & occurs at a l[] temp]ature ?an 9 ! case ( a companion *>ge ( ore alone4 ,x is v easily demon/rat$ t ! ,ca,s,o 9 contact ) ! /ill unoxidiz$ ore 7:e!r x has be5 introduc$ ready made or has be5 =m$ f lime or lime/one add$7 greatly assi/s ! fur!r roa/+1 9 act+ z a 8c>ri]0 & enabl+ calc9ation to take place m rapidly & easily & at a l[] temp]ature ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts 7:e!r we mix ! ore ) ,ca,o1 ,ca,c,o1 or ,ca,s,o7 is t we arrive ) great ease & rapidity at a ne>ly dead-sweet roa/4 ,! lime is conv]t$ into sulphate1 & ! lead p>tly to sulphate & p>tly to oxide4 ,two examples out ( sev]al1 bo? f ! above ore1 gave results z foll[s3 ,no4 #a--,roa/$ ) #bj p] c5t4 ,ca,c,o 7 #aa4b p] c5t4 ,ca,o72 sulphide sulphur1 #j4jb p] c5t42 sulphate sulphur1 #i4cj p] c5t42 total sulphur1 #i4cb p] c5t4 ,no4 #h--,roa/$ ) #bg4b p] c5t4 ,ca,s,o 7 #aa p] c5t4 ,ca,o72 sulphide sulphur1 #j4je p] c5t42 sulphate sulphur1 #aa4bh p] c5t42 total sulphur1 #aa4cc p] c5t4 ,if ^! calc9$ products are n[ intimately mix$ ) additional silica 79 ab\t ! proportions us$ 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process7 & /rongly heat$1 fritt+ is br\ght ab\t & ! sulphur cont5t is r$uc$ by ! decomposition ( ! sulphates by ! silica4 ,?us1 ! resultant mat]ial ( exp]im5t ,no4 #a1 above1 :5 treat$ 9 ?is mann] ) /rong heat = ?ree h\rs1 0 s9t]$ to a mass :i* 0 q h>d & /ony :5 cold1 & :i* conta9$ #f4ge p] c5t4 ( total sulphur4 ,long] heat+ drives out m sulphur1 b a v long "t is requir$2 9 furnaces1 & on a l>ge scale1 x is ) great difficulty & co/ t a product c be obta9$ comp>able ) t :i* is rapidly & *eaply turn$ out f ! 8conv]t]s0 ( ! new process4 ,to return to ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 work+1 = example1 on an ore m or less l ! "o giv5 above1 we may assume t1 dur+ ! comp>atively %ort prelim9>y roa/1 ! lime is all rapidly conv]t$ into ,ca,s,o & t "s ,pb,s,o is also =m$ 7b n mu*1 z ! mixture to be transf]r$ f ! furnace to ! conv]t] requires n less ?an #f to #h p] c5t4 ( sulphur to be /ill pres5t z sulphide1 9 ord] t ! foll[+ op]ation may "w at its be/74 ,z ! bla/ p]meates ! mass1 oxidation is en]getic2 no d\bt t ,ca,s,o "h plays a v important "p z a c>ri] ( oxyg51 9 ! same mann] z we c see x act on a scorifi] or on ! he>? ( a furnace4 ,:at ! lat] reactions are does n seem s cle>4 ,!y are q diff]5t f ^? on ! scorifi] or on ! op5 he>? ( a furnace1 & result 9 ! rapid =mation 79 successive lay]s ( ! mixture1 f ! bottom upw>d7 ( l>ge am\nts ( lead oxide1 flux+ ! silica & o!r con/itu5ts to a m or less slaggy mass1 :i* decomposes ! sulphates & takes up ! ,ca,o into a complex & easily fus$ silicate4 ,x is true t1 z a :ole1 ! cont5ts ( a well-work$ conv]t] are nev] v hot1 b locally 79 ! regions :]e ! progressive reaction & decomposition f bel[ upw>d is go+ on7 ! temp]ature rea*$ is consid]able4 ,?is =mation ( lead oxide is s pron\nc$ at times t "o may see 9 ! f9al product consid]able quantities ( pure uncomb9$ li?>ge4 ,:5 ! "w is successful1 ! mass dis*>g$ f ! conv]t]s is a basic silicate ( ,pb,o1 ,ca,o1 & oxides ( o!r metals pres5t1 & ne>ly all ! sulphates h disappe>$4 ,a l>ge piece ( yell[ product 7:i* 0 tak5 f a well-work$ conv]t]7 conta9$ only #a4a p] c5t4 ( total sulphur4 ,x may be t calcium plumbate is =m$ & plays a "p 9 ^! reactions2 b its pres5ce w\ld be difficult to prove1 & its =mation & exi/5ce dur+ ^! /ages w\ld n be easy to expla94 ,nei!r does x seem necess>y1 z ! :ole ?+ appe>s to be capable ( explanation )\t x4 ,:ile ! mixture 9 ! conv]t] is /ill dry & loose1 en]getic oxidation ( ! sulphides goes on1 ) ! int]v5tion ( ! ,ca,s,o z a c>ri]4 ,z soon z ! heat rises suffici5tly1 flux+ comm5ces 9 a giv5 lay] & sulphates are decompos$4 ,! lib]at$ sulphuric anhydride1 at ! locally high temp]ature & "u ! exi/+ conditions1 w act ) ! greate/ possible vigor on ! sulphides 9 ! adjac5t lay]s2 ^! lay]s w !n 9 _! turn flux & act on ^? above !m1 till ! :ole *>ge is work$ out4 ,! column ( ore is ( consid]able hight1 requir+ a bla/ ( #a lb41 or p]haps m1 9 ! l>g] conv]t]s n[ us$4 ,?is pressure ( ! oxidiz+ bla/ 7& ( ! f> m p[]fully oxidiz+ sulphuric anhydride1 cont9u\sly be+ lib]at$ )9 ! mass ( ore1 locally v hot7 con/itutes a totally diff]5t set ( conditions f ^? obta9$ on ! he>? ( a furnace ) ! ore 9 ?9 lay]s1 :]e x is nei!r s hot nor "u any pressure4 ,x is to ^! conditions1 9 :i* we h ! cont9u$ int5se action ( r$-hot sulphuric anhydride "u a consid]able pressure 7toge!r ) ! e>li] action ( ! ,ca,s,o71 t ! rem>kable effici5cy ( ! process seems to me to be due4 ,9 ! ,c>mi*ael process1 ! prelim9>y roa/ is done away )1 ,ca,s,o be+ add$ directly in/ead ( hav+ to be =m$ dur+ ! op]ation f ,ca,o & ! oxidiz$ sulphur ( ! ore4 ,! *>ge 9 ! conv]t] has to be />t$ by heat suppli$ to x1 & ! "w !n goes =w>d on ! same l9es z 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 s t we may assume t ! reactions are ! same & come "u ! same explanation4 ,c>mi*ael 0 quick to see :at 0 really an important "p & a correct explanation ( ! orig9al process4 ,he 0 n misl$ by wrong !ory ab\t any my?ical calcium p]oxide1 & s he obta9$ 8 pat5t = ! use ( ,ca,s,o & ! disp5s+ ( ! roa/ 9 a furnace4 ,?is process w\ld always be limit$ 9 its application by ! comp>ative r>ity ( *eap supplies ( gypsum1 b x appe>s to be a great success at ,brok5 ,hill2 !re x is n only ( importance 9 work+ ! leady ores1 b also = mak+ sulphuric acid = ! new treatm5t ( mix$ sulphides by ! ,delprat & ,pott] me?ods4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! use ( ,ca,s,o w h ! additional advantage t ! mixture to be work$ 9 ! conv]t] w conta9 n only ! sulphur ( ! ore1 b also t ( ! add$ gypsum2 on decomposition1 x w yield /rong] gases = ! lead *amb]s ( ! acid plant4 ,f9ally comes ! ,savelsb]g pat5t1 :i* is ! simple/ ( all2 n only 7l ! ,c>mi*ael process7 avoid+ ! prelim9>y roa/ ) its extra plant1 b also n requir+ ! use ( ready-made ,ca,s,o1 z x uses raw ore & lime/one directly 9 ! conv]t]4 ,i h no k z to actual results ( ?is process2 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no?+ on ! subject has be5 publi%$4 ,b ,pr(essor ,bor*]s evid5tly has "s in=mation ab\t x1 & reg>ds x z ! mo/ successful ( ! me?ods ( c>ry+ out ! new ideas4 ,on ! face ( x1 !re seems no reason :y x %\ld n atta9 all ! results desir$1 z ! *emical & physical actions ( ! ,ca,o1 & ( ! ,ca,s,o =m$ f x1 %\ld come into play 9 ! same mann] & 9 ! same ord] z 9 ! orig9al process2 z x is c>ri$ out 9 ! id5tical conv]t] us$ by ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le91 ! f9al reactions 7z sugge/$ above7 w take place "u ! same conditions z to cont9u\s decomposition "u consid]able heat & pressure1 :i* ,i reg>d z ! mo/ vital "p ( ! :ole matt]4 ,x is well to emphasize aga9 ! fact t ! idea1 & ! means ( obta9+ ^! vital conditions1 owe _! orig9ation to ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le94 ,,!oretical ,,aspects ,,( ,,lead-,,ore ,,roa/+#bb ,,by ,c4 ,,guillema9 7,m>* #aj1 #aijf7 ,x is well kn[n t ! process ( roa/+ lead ores 9 rev]b]atory furnaces proce$s 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to ! composition ( ! ore 9 "q4 ,?us 9 roa/+ a sulphide lead ore ri* 9 silica1 "o ( ! reactions is3 ,pb,s #c,o ,pb,o ,,s4 ,b ?is reaction is incomplete1 = ! gases :i* pass on 9 ! furnace are ri* 9 ,,s & 9 ,,s4 ,& s x is f\nd t :atev] lead oxide is =m$ passes ov] almo/ imm$iately into lead sulphate1 accord+ to ! reaction3 ,pb,o ,,s ,o ,pb,s,o4 ,?is reaction is ! *ief "o :i* takes place4 ,:e!r ! silici\s gangue s]ves z a catalyz] = ! sulphur dioxide1 or :e!r x s]ves m]ely to keep ! gal5a op5 to ! action ( ! gases1 ! end result ( ! roa/ is usually ! =mation ( lead sulphate accord+ to ! above reaction4 ,9 ! case ( an ore ri* 9 gal5a1 a sl[ roa/ is ess5tial1 = x is desir$ to h ! foll[+ reaction take place dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! roa/3 ,pb,s #c,pb,s,o #d,pb,o #d,,s4 ,n[1 if ! heat+ 7 too rapid1 n en\gh lead sulphate w\ld be f\nd to react ) ! unalt]$ gal5a4 ,! quick roa/+ ( a ri* ore w\ld result 9 ! e>ly s9t]+ ( ! *>ge1 & s9t]+ prev5ts ! fur!r =mation ( lead sulphate4 ,:e!r ?is s9t]+ 7:i* takes place s easily & :i* is s h>mful 9 ! latt] "p ( ! process7 is due to ! l[ melt+ po9t ( ! lead sulphide1 :e!r ! heat evolv$ by ! reaction ,pb,s #c,o ,pb,o ,,s is suffici5t to melt ! lead sulphide1 or :e!r o!r !rmo*emical effects 7notably ! prelim9>y sulphatiz+ ( ! lead sulphide7 come into play1 mu/ = ! pres5t be undecid$4 ,suffice x to say t ! s9t]+ ( ! *>ge works aga9/ a good roa/4 ,9 ! ,t>n[itz process a def9ite am\nt ( lead sulphide is conv]t$ into lead sulphate by a prelim9>y roa/4 ,! sulphate !n reacts ) ! unalt]$ lead sulphide1 & metallic lead is set free1 ?us3 ,pb,s ,pb,s,o #b,pb #b,,s4 ,b :5 a v little ( ! sulphide has be5 trans=m$ into sulphate1 & :5 !re is s little ( ! latt] pres5t t only a small am\nt ( lead sulphide c be r$uc$ to metallic lead1 ! mass ( ore beg9s to s9t] & gr[ pa/y4 ,v little lead c\ld be =m$ 7 x n = ! addition ( cru%$ lime to ! *>ge j be=e ! s9t]+ beg9s4 ,?is lime breaks up ! *>ge & cools x1 prev5ts any s9t]+1 & all[s ! cont9u$ =mation ( lead sulphate4 ,x sc>cely c be held t ! lime has any *emical effect 9 =m+ lead sulphate1 or 9 =m+ a hypo!tical comp\nd ( lead & calcium4 ,ev5 if su* !ories 7 t5able f a physico-*emical po9t ( view1 !y w\ld be less5$ 9 importance by ! fact t o!r sub/ances1 su* z purple ore or puddle c9d]1 act j z well z ! lime4 ,!re are n[ to be m5tion$ sev]al new processes ( lead-ore roa/+ ^: op]ations fall s f> outside ! common ideas on ! subject t _! inve/igation is full ( int]e/4 ,= a long "t ! attempt _h be5 made to produce lead directly by bl[+ air ?r\gh lead sulphide 9 a mann] analog\s to ! production ( bessem] /eel or ! conv]t+ ( copp] matte4 ,9 ! case ( ! lead sulphide1 ! oxidation ( ! sulphur 0 to furni% ! heat necess>y to c>ry on ! process4 ,aft] _m attempts along ?is l9e1 ,anton9 ,g]mot has p]fect$ a me?od :]e91 by bl[+ air ?r\gh molt5 gal5a1 metallic lead is obta9$4#bc ,ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( a previ\sly melt$ *>ge ( gal5a is sublim$ z lead sulphide1 & ! re/ rema9s beh9d z metallic lead4 ,! disadvantages ( ! process are ! difficulties ( collect+ all ( ! sublimate & ( work+ x up4 ,moreov]1 x is impossible z yet to secure two products ( :i* "o is silv]-free & ! o!r silv]-be>+4 ,! silv] values are 9 bo? ! metallic lead & 9 ! sublim$ lead sulphide4 ,:ile ! process j describ$ answ]s = pure gal5a1 x fails ) ores :i* conta9 ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( gangue4 ,9 ! case ( su* ores1 !y =m a non-homog5e\s mass :5 melt$1 & ! bla/ p5etrates ! *>ge ) difficulty4 ,if ! pressure is increas$ ! air =ces itself out ?r\gh tubes & canals :i* x makes = itself1 & ! *>ge freezes ar\nd ^! passages4 ,messrs4 ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le9 h gone a little f>!r4 ,al?\gh !y are unable to obta9 metallic lead directly1 !y prep>e ! ore satisfactorily = smelt+ 9 ! bla/ furnace1 aft] _! roa/+ is complet$4 ,! inv5tors f\nd t if lead sulphide is mix$ ) cru%$ lime1 heat$ ) access ( air1 & !n *>g$ into a conv]t] & bl[n1 ! sulphur is completely remov$ 9 ! =m ( sulphur dioxide4 ,! *>ge1 be+ divid$ by ! lime1 rema9s op5 uni=mly to ! passage ( air1 & s9t]s only :5 ! sulphur is elim9at$4 ,! inv5tors ann\nce1 z ! !ory ( _! process1 t at #gjj deg4 ,c4 ! lime =ms a dioxide ( calcium 7,ca,o7 :i* at #ejj deg4 ,c4 breaks d[n into lime 7,ca,o7 & nasc5t oxyg54 ,?is nasc5t oxyg5 oxidizes ! lead sulphide to lead sulphate accord+ to ! reaction3 ,pb,s #d,o ,pb,s,o4 ,fur!rmore x is claim$ t ! heat evolv$ by ?is la/ reaction is l>ge en\gh to />t & keep 9 op]ation a second reaction1 namely ,pb,s ,pb,s,o #b,pb,o #b,,s4 ,! !ory1 z j m5tion$1 _c be accept$1 & "s ( ! reasons lead+ to its rejection w be giv54 ,x is well e/abli%$ t ! simple heat+ ( lime ) access ( air w n result 9 fur!r oxidation ( ! calcium4 ,! dioxide ( calcium _c be =m$ ev5 by heat+ lime to inc&esc5ce 9 an atmosph]e ( oxyg51 nor by fus+ lime ) potassium *lorate4 ,moreov]1 calcium /&s v ne> b>ium 9 ! p]iodic sy/em4 ,& z ! dioxide ( b>ium is =m$ at a l[ temp]ature & breaks up on cont9u$ heat+1 x seems absurd to suppose t ! dioxide ( calcium w\ld act 9 exactly ! opposite mann]4 ,moreov]1 a consid]ation ( ! !rmo-*emical effects w disclose m inconsi/5cies 9 ! ideas ( ! inv5tors4 ,! break+ up ( ,ca,o into ,ca,o & ,o is accompani$ by ! evolution ( #ab cal4 ,! reaction ( ! oxyg5 7?us suppos$ to be lib]at$7 ^u ! lead sulphide is /rongly exo!rmic1 giv+ up #aie4d cal4 ,s mu* heat is produc$ by ^! two reactions t1 if ! ideas ( ! inv5tors 7 true1 ! fur!r break+ up ( ! calcium dioxide w\ld /op1 z ! :ole *>ge w\ld be above #ejj deg4 ,c4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! explanations sugge/$ by ,messrs4 ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le9 are untrue4 ,9 ! usual roa/+ process1 z c>ri$ out 9 rev]b]atory furnaces1 x is well e/abli%$ t ! gangue1 & :atev] o!r sub/ances are add$ to ! ore1 prev5t me*anical lock+ up ( *>ge p>ticles1 s9ce !y /op s9t]+4 ,x is n at all improbable t 9 ! new roa/+ process ! *ief1 if n ! only1 "p play$ by ! lime is ! same z t play$ by ! gangue 9 rev]b]atory-furnace roa/+4 ,a few obs]vations lead+ to ?is belief w be giv54 ,x is kn[n t o!r sub/ances w answ] j z well z lime 9 ?is new roa/+ process4 ,su* sub/ances are manganese & iron oxides4 ,n only ^! two sub/ances1 b 9 fact any sub/ance :i* answ]s ! purpose ( dim9i%+ ! local /rong evolution ( heat1 due to ! reaction3 ,pb,s #c,o ,pb,o ,,s1 s]ves j z well z ! lime4 ,?is fact is prov$ by exhau/ive exp]im5ts 9 :i* mixtures ( lead sulphide on ! "o h&1 & qu>tz1 cru%$ lead slags1 iron slags1 cru%$ iron ores1 cru%$ copp] slags1 etc41 on ! o!r h&1 7 us$ = bl[+4 ,all ^! sub/ances are su* t any *emical action1 analog\s to ! splitt+ up ( ,ca,o1 or ! =mation ( plumbates z sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,bor*]s1 _c be imag9$4 ,! "t is n yet ripe1 )\t m exp]im5ts on ! subject1 to ass]t conclusively t !re is no accel]ation ( ! process due to ! =mation ( plumbates ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( lime4 ,b ! facts ?us f> secur$ po9t out t su* reactions are1 at lea/1 n ( mu* importance4 ,!oretical consid]ations po9t out t x ought to be possible to avoid ! injuri\s local increase ( temp]ature dur+ ! progress ( ?is new roa/+ process1 )\t hav+ to add any sub/ance :atev]4 ,to expla93 ,! fir/ reaction tak+ place 9 ! roa/+ is ,pb,s #c,o ,pb,o ,,s #ii4h cal4 ,n[ ! heat ?us lib]at$ may be successfully disp]s$ if !re is1 9 simultane\s progress1 ! endo!rmic reaction3 ,pb,s #c,pb,s,o #d,pb,o #d,,s - #ahg cal4 ,h5ce if !re c\ld be obta9$ a mixture ( lead sulphide & ( lead sulphate 9 ! proportions dem&$ by ! above reaction1 !n su* a mixture ought to be bl[n successfully to lead oxide )\t ! addition ( any o!r sub/ance4 ,su* a process has1 9 fact1 be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! orig9al gal5a is heat$ until ! requir$ am\nt ( lead sulphate has be5 =m$4 ,!n ! mixture ( lead sulphide & ( lead sulphate is transf]r$ to a conv]t] & bl[n successfully )\t ! addition ( any o!r sub/ance4 ,! adaptability ( an ore to ! process j m5tion$ dep5ds on ! co/ ( ! prelim9>y roa/ & ! ?or\ghness ) :i* x mu/ be done4 ,z is kn[n1 :5 lead sulphide is heat$ ) access ( air1 x is v easy to =m s9t]$ incru/ations ( lead sulphate4 ,if ^! incru/ations are n brok5 up1 or if _! =mation is n prev5t$ by dilig5t rabbl+1 ! fur!r access ( air to ! mass is prev5t$ & ! oxidation ( ! *>ge /ops4 ,if ores ) su* incru/ations are plac$ 9 ! conv]t] )\t be+ cru%$1 !y rema9 unalt]$ by ! bl[+4 ,if ! incru/ations are too num]\s ! conv]t+ becomes a failure4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! adoption ( me*anical roa/+ furnaces prev5ts ?is4 ,su* furnaces appe> to /op ! frequ5t failures ( ! bl[+ :i* are due to ! lack ( c>e on ! "p ( ! workm5 dur+ ! prelim9>y roa/+4 ,moreov]1 9 su* me*anical furnaces a m intimate mixture ( ! sulphide ) ! sulphate is obta9$1 & ! degree ( ! sulphatiz+ roa/ is m easily controll$4 ,z a summ>y ( ! facts connect$ ) ?is new bl[+ process1 x may be /at$ t ! be/ me?od ( work+ c be det]m9$ ^u & adopt$ if "o has 9 m9d ! fact t ! am\nt ( sub/ance 7lime7 to be add$ is dep5d5t on3 #a1 ! am\nt ( sulphur pres5t2 #b1 ! =ms ( oxidation ( ?is sulphur2 #c1 ! am\nt ( gangue 9 ! ore2 #d1 ! specific heats ( ! gangue & ( ! sub/ance add$2 #e1 ! degree ( ! prep>atory roa/+ & heat+4 ,= example1 ) conc5trates :i* run high 9 sulphur1 !re is requir$ ei!r a l>ge am\nt ( additional mat]ial1 or a long prelim9>y roa/4 ,! specific heat ( ! add$ mat]ial mu/ be high1 & ! heat evolv$ by ! oxidation ( ! sulphur 9 ! prelim9>y roa/ mu/ be disp]s$4 ,(t5times x is necess>y to cool ! *>ge p>tially ) wat] be=e bl[+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ore runs l[ 9 sulphur1 ! prelim9>y roa/ mu/ be %ort1 & ! temp]ature necess>y = />t+ ! bl[+ reactions mu/ be secur$ by heat+ ! *>ge out ( contact ) air4 ,n only mu/ no flux be add$1 b (t5times "s o!r sulphides mu/ be suppli$ 9 ord] t ! bl[+ may be c>ri$ out at all4 ,! opportunity = ! acquisition ( m k on ?is subject is v great4 ,x lies 9 ! direction ( see+ :e!r or n ! /rong local evolution ( heat _c be r$uc$ by bl[+ ) gases poor 9 oxyg5 r ?an ) air4 ,mixtures ( filt]$ flue gases & ( air c be made 9 almo/ any proportion1 & su* mixtures w\ld h a m>k$ effect ^u ! possibility ( regulat+ ! progress ( ! oxidation ( ! v>i\s ores & ore-mixtures :i* are met ) 9 practice4 ,,metallurgical ,,behavior ,,( ,,lead ,,sulphide ,,& ,,calcium ,,sulphate#bd ,,by ,f4 ,o4 ,,doeltz 7,janu>y #bg1 #aijf7 ,9 8 ,briti% pat5t1#be = desulphuriz+ sulphide ores1 ,a4 ,d4 ,c>mi*ael /ates t a mixture ( lead sulphide & calcium sulphate reacts 8at dull r$ heat1 say ab\t #djj deg4 ,c410 =m+ lead sulphate & calcium sulphide1 accord+ to ! equation3 ,pb,s ,ca,s,o ,pb,s,o ,ca,s4 ,judg+ f !rmo-*emical data1 ?is reaction does n seem probable4 ,accord+ to ,rob]ts-,au/51#bf ! heats ( =mation 79 kilogram-calories7 ( ! diff]5t comp\nds 9 ?is equation are z foll[s3 ,pb,s #ag4h2 ,ca,s,o #cah4d2 ,pb,s,o #baf4b2 ,ca,s #ib4 ,h5ce we h ! algebraic sum3 -#ag4h - #cah4d #baf4b #ib -#bh4j cal4 ,z ! law ( maximum "w does n hold1 exp]im5t only c decide :e!r ?is decomposition takes place or n4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made3 ,exp]im5t #a4--;,co>sely cry/all9e & specially pure gal5a 0 gr\nd to p[d]4 ,"s gypsum 0 p[d]$1 & !n calc9$4 ,! p[d]$ gal5a & calc9$ gypsum 7 mix$ 9 molecul> proportions 7,pb,s ,ca,s,o71 & heat$ = #a h\rs to #djj deg4 ,c41 9 a /ream ( c>bon dioxide 9 a plat9um resi/ance furnace4 ,! temp]ature 0 measur$ ) a ,le ,*ateli] pyromet]4 ,! mat]ial 0 all[$ to cool 9 a curr5t ( c>bon dioxide4 ,! mixture %[$ no signs ( reaction4 ,"u ! magnify+ glass ! bright cube-faces ( gal5a c\ld be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,if any reaction _h tak5 place1 9 accordance ) ! equation giv5 above1 no bright faces ( gal5a w\ld h rema9$4 ,exp]im5t #b4--;,a simil> mixture 0 sl[ly heat$1 also 9 ! electric furnace1 to #hej deg4 ,c41 9 a /ream ( c>bon dioxide1 & 0 kept at ?is temp]ature = "o h\r4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t "s gal5a sublim$ )\t decomposition1 be+ r$eposit$ at ! cold] end ( ! porcela9 boat 7#g cm4 long71 9 ! =m ( small %9+ cry/als4 ,! residue 0 a mixture ( d>k p>ticles ( gal5a & :ite p>ticles ( gypsum1 9 :i* no evid5ce ( any reaction 0 visible "u ! microscope4 ,t gal5a sublimes m>k$ly bel[ its melt+ po9t has already be5 not$ by ,lod94#bg ,exp]im5t #c4--;,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! inv]se reaction takes place1 = :i* ! heat ( reaction is #bh4j cal41 ! foll[+ equations are giv53 ,pb,s,o ,ca,s ,pb,s ,ca,s,o2 - #baf4b - #ib #ag4h #cah4d #bh4 ,a mixture ( lead sulphate & calcium sulphide 0 heat$ 9 a porcela9 crucible 9 a b5z9e-buns5 flame 7,b>!l burn]74 ,! mat]ials 7 suppli$ expressly 8= sci5tific inve/igation0 by ! firm1 ,c4 ,a4 ,f4 ,kahlbaum4 ,! :ite mixture turn$ d>k & pres5tly assum$ ! color :i* w\ld correspond to its conv]sion into lead sulphide & calcium sulphate4 ,?is exp]im5t is easy to p]=m4 ,exp]im5t #d4--,! same mat]ials1 lead sulphate & calcium sulphide1 7 mix$ 9 molecul> ratio 7,pb,s,o ,ca,s71 & 7 heat$ = #cj m9utes to #djj deg4 ,c41 on a porcela9 boat 9 ! electric furnace1 9 a curr5t ( c>bon dioxide4 ,! mixture 0 all[$ to cool 9 a /ream ( c>bon dioxide1 & 0 )drawn f ! furnace ! next day 7! exp]im5t hav+ be5 made 9 ! ev5+74 ,! mixture %[$ a d>k coloration1 simil> to t ( ! la/ exp]im5t2 b a few :ite p>ticles 7 /ill recognizable4 ,! mat]ial 9 ! boat smell$ ( hydrog5 sulphide4 ,exp]im5t #e4--;,a mixture ( pure gal5a & calc9$ gypsum1 9 molecul> ratio 7,pb,s ,ca,s,o71 0 plac$ on a cov]$ scorifi] & introduc$ into ! hot muffle ( a petroleum furnace1 at #gjj to #hjj deg4 ,c4 ,! temp]ature 0 !n rais$ to #aajj deg4 ,c4 ,f #e g4 ( ! mixture a d>k-gray por\s cake weigh+ #c4g;g4 0 ?us obta9$4 ,!re 0 "s undecompos$ gypsum pres5t1 recognizable "u ! magnify+ glass4 ,no metallic lead _h sep>at$ out4 ,:5 hot hydro*loric acid 0 p\r$ ov] ! mixture1 x evolv$ hydrog5 sulphide4 ,! fracture ( ! cake %[$ isolat$ %9+ spots4 ,! supposition t x 0 melt$ or sublim$ gal5a 0 confirm$ by ! aspect ( ! cake :5 cut ) a knife2 ! surface %[$ ! typical appe>ance ( ! cut surface ( melt$ gal5a4 ,on cutt+1 ! cake 0 f\nd to be brittle1 ) a t5d5cy to crumble4 ,on boil+ ) acetic acid1 a little lead w5t into solution4 ,wett+ ) wat] did n *ange ! color ( ! cru%$ cake4 ,exp]im5t #f4--;,9 8 exp]im5ts = det]m9+ ! melt+ po9t ( gal5a1 ,lod9#bh f\nd t1 9 addition to its sublimation at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 ! gal5a also und]goes oxidation if c>bon dioxide is us$ z ! 8neutral0 atmosph]e4 ,lod9 0 !re=e compell$ to use a /ream ( nitrog5 9 8 det]m9ation ( ! melt+ po9t ( gal5a4 ,n[ ! temp]ature ( exp]im5t #b 7#hej deg4 ,c471 describ$ h]et(ore1 is n z high z ! melt+ po9t ( gal5a 7:i* lies betwe5 #icj & #idj deg4 ,c472 !re=e exp]im5t #b 0 repeat$ 9 a /ream ( nitrog51 s z to insure a really neutral atmosph]e4 ,a mixture ( gal5a & calc9$ gypsum 9 molecul> ratio 7,pb,s ,ca,s,o7 0 heat$ to #hej deg4 ,c41 0 kept at ?is temp]ature = "o h\r1 & all[$ to cool1 ! entire op]ation be+ c>ri$ out 9 a /ream ( nitrog54 ,aga91 gal5a _h sublim$ away f ! hott] end ( ! porcela9 boat 7#f4e cm4 long71 & _h be5 p>tially deposit$ 9 ! =m ( small cry/als ( lead sulphide at ! cold] end4 ,! mat]ial 9 ! boat consi/$ ( a mixture ( p>ticles hav+ ! d>k color ( gal5a1 & o!rs ) ! :ite color ( gypsum1 ! orig9al cry/als ( gypsum & ! bright surfaces ( ! lead sulphide be+ di/9ctly recognizable "u ! magnify+ glass4 ,! loss 9 weight 0 #a4i p] c5t4 ,exp]im5t #g4--;,= ! same reason z 9 #b1 exp]im5t #e 0 also repeat$1 us+ a curr5t ( nitrog54 ,a mixture ( gal5a & calc9$ gypsum1 9 molecul> ratio 7,pb,s ,ca,s,o7 0 heat$ 9 a porcela9 boat to #ajcj deg4 ,c41 9 a plat9um-resi/ance furnace1 & all[$ to cool1 be+ surr\nd$ by a /ream ( nitrog5 dur+ ! :ole p]iod4 ,"s sublimation ( lead sulphide aga9 took place4 ,! mixture 0 se5 to consi/ ( :ite p>ticles ( gypsum1 & o!rs d>k1 l gal5a4 ,! loss 9 weight 0 #c4e p] c5t4 ,! mixture _h s9t]$ toge!r slightly2 ) hot hydro*loric acid1 x evolv$ hydrog5 sulphide4 ,on boil+ ) acetic acid1 a little lead 7only a trace7 w5t into solution4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 practically no lead oxide pres5t2 no metallic lead _h sep>at$ out4 ,exp]im5t #h4--;,9 exp]im5t #c1 lead sulphate & calcium sulphide 7 mix$ r\ghly & by h& 7i4e41 n weigh$ out 9 molecul> ratio72 9 ?is exp]im5t su* a mixture ( lead sulphate & calcium sulphide 9 molecul> ratio 7,pb,s,o ,ca,s7 0 heat$ 9 a porcela9 crucible 9 a b5z9e-buns5 flame4 ,x pres5tly turn$ d>k1 & a d>k gray product 0 obta9$1 z 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4 ,exp]im5t #i4--;,9 a mixture ( lead sulphate & sodium sulphide 9 molecul> ratio 7,pb,s,o ,na,s71 ! con/itu5ts react directly on rubb+ toge!r 9 a porcela9 mort>4 ,! mass turns d>k gray1 ) =mation ( lead sulphide & sodium sulphate4 ,if a simil> mixture is heat$1 x also turns d>k gray4 ,on lixiviation ) wat]1 a solution is obta9$ :i* gives a d5se :ite precipitate ) b>ium *loride4 ,exp]im5t #aj4--;,if lead sulphate & calcium sulphide are rubb$ toge!r 9 a mort>1 ! mass turns a grayi%-black4 ,conclusion4--,f ^! exp]im5ts ,i inf] t ! reaction ,pb,s ,ca,s,o ,pb,s,o ,ca,s does n take place1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t :5 lead sulphate & calcium sulphide are br\ght toge!r1 ! t5d5cy is to =m lead sulphide & calcium sulphate4 ,nev]!less1 on heat+ a mixture ( gal5a & gypsum 9 contact ) air1 lead sulphate w be =m$ along ) lead oxide2 n1 h[ev]1 ow+ to any d\ble decomposition ( ! gal5a ) ! gypsum1 b r to ! =mation ( lead sulphate f lead oxide & sulphuric acid produc$ by catalysis1 ?us3 ,pb,o ,,s ,o ,pb,s,o4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n process :i* always takes place 9 roa/+ gal5a1 ! explanation ( :i* 0 famili> to ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,plattn]4 ,t ! pres5ce ( gypsum has any *emical influ5ce on ?is process seems to be out ( ! "q accord+ to ! above exp]im5ts4 ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process ,,by ,,donald ,,cl>k 7,octob] #bj1 #aijd7 ,! process 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahig1 & is bas$ on ! fact t gal5a c be desulphuriz$ by mix+ x ) lime & bl[+ a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! mixture4 ,if ! temp]ature is dull r$ at ! />t1 no additional s\rce ( heat is necess>y1 because ! reaction causes a great rise 9 temp]ature4 ,! *emi/ry ( ! process _c be said at pres5t to h be5 work$ out 9 detail4 ,! reactions giv5 by ! pat5tees are n satisfactory1 s9ce calcium dioxide is =m$ only at l[ temp]atures & is readily decompos$ on g5tly w>m+ x2 lead oxide1 h[ev]1 comb9es ) oxyg5 "u suitable conditions at a temp]ature n exce$+ #dej deg4 ,c4 & =ms a high] oxide1 & x is probable t ?is unites ) ! lime to =m calcium plumbate4 ,! reaction betwe5 sulphides & lime :5 intimately mix$ & heat$ may be put d[n z ,ca,o ,pb,s ,ca,s ,pb,o4 ,9 contact ) ! air ! calcium sulphide oxidizes to sulphite1 !n to sulphate1 !n reacts ) lead oxide1 giv+ calcium plumbate & sulphur dioxide1 ,ca,s,o ,pb,o ,ca,pb,o ,,s4 ,fur!r1 calcium sulphate w also react ) gal5a1 giv+ calcium sulphide & lead sulphate2 ! calcium sulphide is oxidiz$1 by air bl[n ?r\gh1 to calcium sulphate aga91 ! ultimate reaction be+ ,ca,s,o ,pb,s ,o ,ca,pb,o ,,s4 ,9 all cases ! action is oxidiz+ & desulphuriz+4 ,x 0 f\nd t oxides ( iron & manganese w1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 s]ve ! same purpose z lime1 & on application to complex ores1 especially ^? conta9+ mu* bl5de1 t ^! may be desulphuriz$ z well z gal5a4 ,9 ! case ( z9c sulphide ! decomposition is probably due to ! int]action ( sulphide & sulphate4 ,zn,s #c,zn,s,o #d,zn,o #d,,s4 ,! process has n[ be5 adopt$ by ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company at its works at ,port ,pirie1 ! ,tasmanian ,smelt+ ,company1 ,zeehan1 ! ,fremantle ,smelt+ ,works1 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 & ! ,sulphide ,corporation's works at ,cockle ,creek1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! op]ations c>ri$ on at ! ,tasmania ,smelt+ ,works comprise mix+ pulv]iz$ lime/one1 gal5a & slag-mak+ mat]ials & introduc+ ! mixture ei!r into h&-rabbl$ rev]b]atories or me*anical furnaces ) rotat+ he>?s4 ,aft] a roa/1 dur+ :i* ! mat]ials h become well mix$ & mo/ ( ! lime/one conv]t$ into sulphate & ab\t half ( ! sulphur expell$1 ! granul> product is run :ile /ill hot into ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 conv]t]s4 ,^! consi/ ( inv]t$ %eet-iron cones1 hung on trunnions1 ! diamet] be+ #e ft4 #f 94 & ! dep? #e ft4 ,a p]=at$ plate or col&] is plac$ z a diaphragm across ! apex ( ! cone1 ! small conical space bel[ s]v+ z a w9d-box into :i* compress$ air is =c$4 ,a hood above ! conv]t] s]ves to c>ry away wa/e gases4 ,z soon z ! vessel is fill$1 air "u a pressure ( #ag oz4 is =c$ ?r\gh ! mass1 :i* rapidly w>ms up1 giv+ (f sulphur dioxide abundantly4 ,! temp]ature rises & ! mixture fuses1 & 9 f two to f\r h\rs ! action is complete4 ,! sulphur is r$uc$ f #aj to #a p] c5t41 & ! :ole mass is fritt$ & fus$ toge!r4 ,! conv]t] is empti$ by inv]t+ x1 :5 ! s9t]$ mass falls out & is brok5 up & s5t to ! smelt]s4 ,!re are #ab conv]t]s1 ( ! size indicat$1 = ! two me*anical furnaces1 ( #ae ft4 diamet]4 ,l>g] conv]t]s ( ! same type 7 erect$ to deal ) ! product f ! h&-rabbl$ roa/]s4 ,at ,cockle ,creek1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! gal5a conc5trate is r$uc$ to #a4e mm41 m ?an #fj p] c5t4 ( ! mat]ial be+ f9]2 ! lime/one is cru%$ d[n to f #aj to #af me%2 silica is also add$1 if x does n exi/ 9 ! ore1 s t1 exclud+ ! lead1 ! re/ ( ! bases w be 9 su* proportion z to =m a slag runn+ ab\t #bj p] c5t4 silica4 ,! mixture may conta9 f #be to #ej p] c5t4 lead1 & f #f to #i p] c5t4 lime2 if too mu* lime is add$ ! f9al product is p[d]y1 in/ead ( be+ 9 a fus$ condition4 ,?is is giv5 a prelim9>y roa/ 9 a ,godfrey furnace4 ,! ,godfrey furnace is *>act]iz$ by a rotat+1 circul> he>? & a l[ dome-%ap$ ro(4 ,ore is f$ ?r\gh a hopp] at ! c5t] & deflect$ outw>d by blades atta*$ to a fix$ radial arm4 ,at ea* revolution ! ore is turn$ ov] & mov$ outw>d1 ! m\nt ( deflection ( ! blades1 :i* are adju/able1 & rate ( rotation ( ! he>?1 det]m9+ ! output4 ,! hot semi-roa/$ ore is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a slot at ! circumf]5ce ( ! roa/]4 ,?is may conta9 f #ab to #f4e p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 b f #f4e to #h p] c5t4 is held to be ! mo/ suitable quantity = ! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,?or\gh mix+ is ( ! utmo/ importance1 = if ?is is n done ! mass w 8volcano0 9 ! conv]t]2 t is1 *annels w =m 9 ! mass ?r\gh :i* ! gases w escape1 leav+ lumps ( unt\*$ mat]ial alongside4 ,! action c be />t$ if a little r$-hot ore is run into ! conv]t] & cold ore plac$ above x2 ! :ole mass w become heat$ up1 & ! products w fuse1 & s9t] into a homog5e\s mass %[+ none ( ! orig9al +r$i5ts4 ,at ,cockle ,creek ! "t tak5 is /at$ to be five h\rs2 a small air-pressure is turn$ on at fir/1 & ultimately x is increas$ to #bj oz4 ,op]ations at ,port ,pirie are conduct$ on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,a mixture ( pulv]iz$ gal5a1 p[d]y lime/one1 iron/one & s& is f$ into ,ropp furnaces1 ( :i* !re are five1 by means ( a flut$ roll plac$ at ! base ( a hopp]4 ,ea* roa/] deals ) #ajj tons ( ! mixture 9 #bd h\rs4 ,ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( ! sulphur is elim9at$ f ! ore by ! ,ropps 7! gal5a 9 ?is case be+ admix$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( bl5de1 !re be+ only #ee p] c5t4 ( lead & #aj p] c5t4 ( z9c 9 ! conc5trate produc$ at ! ,propriet>y m9e74 ,! hot ore f ! roa/]s is truck$ to ! conv]t]s1 !re be+ #ag ( ^! rang$ 9 l9e4 ,! conv]t]s "h are l>ge segm5tal ca/-iron pots hung on trunnions2 ea* is ab\t #h ft4 diamet] & #f ft4 deep1 & holds an #h-ton *>ge4 ,at ab\t two feet f ! bottom an annul> p]=at$ plate fits horizontally2 a %all[ fru/rum ( a cone1 also p]=at$1 re/s on ?is2 :ile a plate ) a few p]=ations closes ! top ( ! fru/rum4 ,! :ole s]ves z a w9d-box4 ,a conical hood ) flang$ edges re/s on ! flang$ edges ( ! conv]t]1 giv+ a close jo9t4 ,?is hood is provid$ ) doors :i* all[ ! *>ge to be b>r$ if necess>y4 ,a pipe ab\t #a ft4 #i 94 diamet]1 fitt$ ) a telescopic slid+ arrangem5t1 all[s = ! rais+ or l[]+ ( ! hood by block & tackle1 & ?us enables ! conv]t] to be tilt$ up & its products empti$4 ,! ca/-iron pots /& v well2 !y crack sometimes1 b !y c be pat*$ up ) an iron /rap & rivets4 ,only two pots h be5 lo/ 9 #ah mon?s4 ,air ent]s at a pressure ( ab\t #bd oz4 & ! "t tak5 = conv]sion is ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,! sulphur cont5ts are r$uc$ to ab\t ?ree p] c5t4 ,x is f\nd t ! top ( ! *>ge is n s well conv]t$ z ! int]ior4 ,!re is practically no loss ( lead or silv] due to volatilization & v little due to escape ( z9c4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t practically all ! lime/one f$ into ! ,ropp is conv]t$ into calcium sulphate2 also t a consid]able portion ( lead becomes sulphate1 & x is consid]$ t lead sulphate is z necess>y = ! process z gal5a4 ,! value ( ! process may be judg$ f ! fact t bett] "w is n[ done ) #h bla/ furnaces ?an 0 done ) #ac be=e ! process 0 adopt$4 ,9 addition to ! s9t]$ product f ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 pots1 s9t]$ slime1 obta9$ by heap roa/+1 & flux consi/+ ( lime/one & iron/one1 are f$ into ! furnaces1 :i* take #bjjj long tons p] day ( ore1 fluxes & fuel4 ,! slags n[ be+ produc$ av]age3 ,si,o1 #be to #bf p] c5t42 ,fe,o1 #a to #c p] c5t42 ,mn,o1 #e to #e4e2 ,ca,o1 #ae4e to #ag2 ,zn,o1 #ac2 ,al,o1 #f4e2 ,s1 #c to #d2 ,pb1 by wet assay1 #a4b to #a4e p] c5t42 & ,ag1 #j4g oz4 p] ton4 ,al?\gh ?is comp>atively l>ge quantity ( sulphur rema9s1 yet no matte is =m$4 ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process ,,at ,,fri$ri*%,,tte#bi ,,by ,a4 ,,bi]nbaum 7,septemb] #b1 #aije7 ,no?+1 = "s "t pa/1 has caus$ su* a /ir 9 ! metallurgical treatm5t ( lead ores1 & produc$ su* radical *anges at _m lead smelt+ works1 z ! introduction ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process4 ,?is process 7:i* x may be rem>k$1 incid5tally1 has giv5 rise to ! inv5tion ( sev]al simil> processes7 repres5ts an important advance 9 lead smelt+1 &1 n[ t x has be5 9 use = "s "t at ! ,fri$ri*%tte1 ne> ,t>n[itz1 9 ,upp] ,silesia1 & has !re und]gone fur!r improvem5t 9 sev]al respects1 a comp>ison ( ?is process ) ! e>li] roa/+ process is ( int]e/4 ,at ! above-m5tion$ works1 up to #aijj ! lead ore 0 treat$ exclusively 7#a7 by smelt+ 9 rev]b]atory furnaces 7,t>n[itz]f571 & 7#b7 by roa/+ 9 rev]b]atory-s9t]+ furnaces roa/$ mat]ial 9 ! %aft furnace4 ,! factor :i* det]m9$ :e!r ! treatm5t 0 to be effect$ 9 ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ or 9 ! roa/+-s9t]+ furnace 0 ! p]c5tage ( lead & z9c 9 ! ores2 ^? comp>atively ri* 9 lead & poor 9 z9c be+ work$ up 9 ! =m]1 ) p>tial production ( pig-lead2 :ile ^? poor] 9 lead & ri*] 9 z9c 7 treat$ 9 ! latt]4 ,ab\t two-fif?s ( ! lead ores annually work$ up 7 *>g$ into ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ furnaces1 & ?ree-fif?s into ! s9t]+ furnaces4 ,9 #aijj !re 7 available #aj rev]b]atory-smelt+ & n9e s9t]+ furnaces4 ,^! 7 work$ exclusively by h&4 ,! s9t]$ product ( ! roa/+ furnaces1 & ! gray slag f ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ furnaces1 7 transf]r$ to ! %aft furnaces = fur!r treatm5t1 & 7 !re9 smelt$ toge!r ) ! requisite fluxes4 ,eight su* furnaces 7#h m4 high1 & #a4d m41 #a4f m41 & #a4h m4 respectively 9 diamet] at ! tuy]es71 p>tly ) ?ree & p>tly ) five or eight tuy]es1 7 at t "t 9 use4 ,n[ t ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process has be5 completely in/all$1 ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ furnaces h be5 %ut d[n entirely1 & ! s9t]+ furnaces also = ! mo/ "p2 all k9ds ( lead ore1 ) a s+le exception1 are work$ up by ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 irrespective ( ! cont5ts ( lead & z9c4 ,an exce$+ly small proportion ( ! ore treat$1 viz41 ! l[-grade conc5trate 7,h]ds*lie*e7 conta9+ #be to #ce p] c5t4 ,pb1 is /ill roa/$ 9 ! old s9t]+ furnace1 toge!r ) v>i\s betwe5-products 7su* z du/1 fume1 scaffold+s1 & matte72 ^! are scorifi$ by ! aid ( ! high p]c5tage ( silica 9 ! mat]ial4 ,= roa/+ lead ores at ! pres5t "t !re are six r\nd me*anical roa/]s ( #f m4 diamet]1 "o ( #h m4 diamet]1 & two ord9>y1 /ation>y ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces4 ,! latt] 7:i* repres5t ! primitive ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces1 requir+ manual labor7 h rec5tly be5 %ut d[n1 & w probably nev] be us$ aga94 ,9 ! me*anical ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnace1 roa/+ ( lead ore is c>ri$ only to su* a po9t t a small portion ( ! lead sulphide is conv]t$ into sulphate4 ,! desulphurization ( ! ore is complet$ 9 ! s-call$ conv]t] 7made ( iron1 pe>-%ap$ or hemisph]ical 9 =m7 9 :i* ! *>ge1 up to ?is /age loosely mix$1 is bl[n to a solid mass4 ,ow+ to ! ready fusibility ( ?is product 7:i* /ill conta9s1 z a rule1 up to #a4e p] c5t4 sulphur z sulphide71 x is possible to use %aft furnaces ( r l>ge dim5sions2 !re=e a r\nd %aft furnace 7#b4d m4 diamet] at ! tuy]es1 #g m4 high1 & furni%$ ) #ae tuy]es7 0 built4 ,9 ?is furnace ne>ly ! :ole ( ! roa/$ ore f ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 conv]t]s is n[ smelt$1 "s ( ! small] %aft furnaces be+ us$ occasionally4 ,! introduction ( ! new process has caus$ no notewor?y *ange 9 ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! "w-lead4 ,9 ! foll[+ /udy ,i %all discuss ! treatm5t ( a giv5 annual quantity ( ore 7#ej1jjj tons71 :i* is ! actual figure at ! ,fri$ri*%tte at ! pres5t "t4 #a4 ,roa/+ ,furnaces4--,a rev]b]atory-smelt+ furnace us$ to treat #e tons ( ore 9 #bd h\rs2 a roa/+-s9t]+ furnace1 #h tons4 ,assum+ ! ratios previ\sly /at$1 ! annual treatm5t by ! =m] process w\ld be #bj1jjj tons1 & by ! latt] #cj1jjj tons4 ,on ! basis ( #cjj work+ days p] ye>1 & no prolong$ /oppages = furnace repairs 7?\gh consid]+ ! high temp]atures ( ^! furnaces ?is record w\ld h>dly be expect$71 !re w\ld be requir$3 #bj1jjj 7#e #cjj7 #ac4c 7or #ac to #ad rev]b]atory furnaces74 #cj1jjj 7#h #cjj7 #ab4e 7or #ab to #ac s9t]+ furnaces74 ,! capacity ( a /ation>y ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnace is #ah tons2 h5ce 9 ord] to treat ! same quantity ( ores !re w\ld be requir$3 #ej1jjj 7#ah #cjj7 #i4c 7or #i to #aj ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces74 ,) ! revolv+-he>? roa/]s 7( #f m4 diamet]7 work+ a total *>ge ( at lea/ #bg tons ( ore1 !re w\ld be requir$3 #ej1jjj 7#bg #cjj7 #f4a 7or #f to #g roa/]s74 ,/ill bett] results are obta9$ ) ! #h m4 r\nd roa/]1 :i* has be5 9 op]ation = "s "t2 9 ?is1 #ee tons ( ore c be roa/$ daily4 ,?ree su* furnaces w\ld !re=e suffice = work+ up ! :ole ( ! ore *>g$ p] annum4 ,n[1 mak+ due provision = res]ve furnaces1 to "w up #ej1jjj tons ( ore w\ld require3 ,rev]b]atory 7#ae7 & s9t]+ furnaces 7#ae7 #cj ,/ation>y ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces #ab #f m4 revolv+-he>? furnaces #h #h m4 revolv+-he>? furnaces #d ,simil> relations hold good reg>d+ ! numb] ( workm5 att5d+ ! furnaces1 !re be+ requir$1 daily1 six m5 = ! rev]b]atory furnace2 eight m5 = ! s9t]+ furnace2 t5 m5 = ! /ation>y2 & six m5 = ! me*anical ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnace2 or1 = #ad rev]b]atory furnaces1 daily1 #hd m52 = s9t]+ furnaces1 daily1 #ajd m52 total1 #ahh m54 ,:ile = #aj /ation>y ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces1 #ajj m5 are requir$2 & = #g me*anical ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces1 daily1 #db m54 ,x is expect$ t only #ad m5 7work+ 9 two %ifts7 w be requir$ to run ! new in/allation ) #h m4 r\nd roa/]s4 ,x is true t ! exclusion ( human labor "h has be5 c>ri$ to an extreme4 ,! roa/]s & conv]t]s w be *>g$ exclusively by me*anical means2 ?us e contact ( ! workm5 ) ! lead-conta9+ mat]ial is avoid$ until ! treatm5t ( ! roa/$ mat]ial 9 ! conv]t]s is complet$4 ,f ! data giv5 above1 ! capacity ( ea* individual workman is readily det]m9$1 z foll[s3 ,) ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ furnace1 ea* man daily works up #j4hc tons2 ) ! s9t]+ furnace1 #a ton2 ) ! /ation>y ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnace1 #a4h tons2 ) ! #f m4 revolv+-he>? furnace1 #d4e tons2 & ) ! #h m4 revolv+-he>? furnace1 #aa4h tons4 ,a significant *ange has also tak5 place 9 coal consumption4 ,?us1 :5 work+ ) ! rev]b]atory & s9t]+ furnaces 9 ord] to atta9 ! requisite temp]ature ( #ajjj deg4 ,c41 !re 0 requir$ n only a comp>atively high-grade coal1 b also a l>ge quantity ( x4 ,a rev]b]atory furnace consum$ ab\t #ejc kg41 a s9t]+ furnace ab\t #bhg kg41 ( coal p] ton ( ore4 ,= roa/+ ! ore 9 ! /ation>y & also 9 ! me*anical ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces1 a l[] temp]ature 7at mo/ #gjj deg4 ,c47 is suffici5t1 z ! roa/+ prop] ( ! ore is effect$ 9 ! conv]t]s1 & ! sulphur furni%es ! actual fuel4 ,= ?is reason1 ! consumption ( coal is mu* l[]4 ,! comp>ative figures p] ton ( ore are z foll[s3 ,9 ! rev]b]atory furnace1 #ej4c p] c5t42 9 ! s9t]+ furnace1 #bh4g p] c5t42 9 ! /ation>y ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnace1 #aj4c p] c5t42 & 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 revolv+-he>? furnace1 #g4c p] c5t4 ,b !re is ano!r te*nical advantage ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process :i* %\ld be m5tion$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! volatilization ( lead at high temp]atures is an exce$+ly tr\blesome factor 9 ! runn+ ( a lead-smelt+ plant2 ! recov]y ( ! valuable fume is difficult1 & requires cond5s+ app>atus1 to say no?+ ( ! unheal?ful "* ( ! volatile lead comp\nds4 ,?is volatilization is ( c\rse p>ticul>ly m>k$ at ! high temp]atures employ$ :5 work+ ) rev]b]atory-smelt+ furnaces2 ! same is true1 9 a some:at less degree1 ( ! s9t]+ furnaces4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! m>k$ly l[] temp]ature to :i* ! *>ge is heat$ 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnace1 & also ( ! peculi> mode ( complet+ ! roa/ 9 bla/-conv]t]s1 ! production ( fume is s r$uc$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! values recov]$ 9 ! old & ! new processes is v /rik+4 ,:]eas1 9 #aijj1 9 work+ up #ab1ibb tons ( ore 9 ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ furnace1 & #ad1dig tons 9 ! s9t]+ furnace 7#bg1dai tons 9 all71 !re 0 recov]$ #bdgj tons 7or #i p] c5t47 z fume f ! cond5s]s & smoke flues1 ! quantity ( fume recov]$1 9 #aijc1 fell to #hgi tons 7or #a4h p] c5t471 out ( ! #dh1bjh tons ( ore roa/$1 & ?is not)/&+ ! fact t 9 ! meantime fume-cond5s+ appliances _h be5 consid]ably exp&$ & improv$1 :]eby ! collection 0 mu* m effici5t4 ,la/ly1 ! z9c cont5t ( ! ores no long] ex]ts ! same unfavorable influ5ce z 9 ! old process 7:]e9 x 0 advisable to subject ore conta9+ mu* bl5de to a f9al wa%+ be=e proce$+ to ! actual metallurgical treatm5t74 ,9 ! new process1 ! ores are simply roa/$ )\t reg>d to _! z9c cont5t4 ,9 ?is connection x has be5 f\nd t a consid]able proportion ( ! z9c passes (f ) ! fume1 & t ! roa/$ mat]ial usually conta9s a quantity ( z9c s small t x no long] causes any tr\ble 9 ! %aft furnace4 ,x may also be m5tion$ "h t ! ore-dress+ plants rec5tly in/all$ 9 ! m9es ( ,upp] ,silesia h result$ 9 a m p]fect sep>ation ( ! bl5de4 ,%aft ,furnaces4--,! f9i%$ product f ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 bla/-conv]t]s is ( a por\s "*1 & already conta9s a "p ( ! flux mat]ials 7su* z lime/one1 silica & iron7 :i* are requir$ = ! %aft-furnace *>ge4 ,x is j ^! two *>act]i/ics ( ! roa/$ product 7its por\s nature1 on ! "o h&1 lead+ to its m p]fect r$uction by ! furnace gases2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! admixture ( fluxes 9 ! molt5 condition1 result+ 9 a m complete utilization ( ! temp]ature71 :i*1 toge!r ) its high] lead & l[] z9c cont5t1 det]m9e its ready fusibility4 ,if we fur!r consid] t x is possible 9 ! new process to make ! total *>ge ( ! %aft furnace ri*] 9 lead ?an =m]ly 7two-?irds ( ! total *>ge z aga9/ "o-?ird71 & t a high] bla/ pressure c be us$ )\t dang]1 x foll[s imm$iately t ! capacity ( a %aft furnace is mu* great] by ! new process ?an by ! old me?od ( work+4 ,! daily production ( ! %aft furnaces on ! old & ! new process is z %[n 9 ! table giv5 h]e)3 ,,*>ge ,,"w-,,lead ,,type ,,( ,,%aft ,,"* ,,( ,,*>ge ,,p] ,,day1 ,,produc$ ,,furnace ,,tons ,,p] ,,day1 ,,tons #c tuy]es ,gray slag f #cf #f to #g rev]b]atory furnaces & ,l[- s9t]$ conc5trate pressure ,bla/ #h tuy]es 0 0 #cf to #ch #f to #h #c tuy]es ,roa/$ product ( #cf #aa to #ab ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process #h tuy]es 0 0 #fe to #gb #bd to #bf ,high- pressure #ae tuy]es 0 0 #bgj #ij to #ajj ,bla/ ,x %\ld be not$ t ! figure giv5 = ! furnace ) #ae tuy]es repres5ts ! av]age = #aijd2 ?is av]age is l[]$ by ! circum/ance t dur+ ?is p]iod !re 0 frequ5tly a defici5cy ( roa/$ mat]ial1 & ! furnace _h to "w ) l[-pressure bla/4 ,a tru] impression c be ga9$ f ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #aije1 = in/ance1 dur+ :i* "t ?is furnace work$ "u normal conditions2 ! results are z foll[s3 ,! av]age = ,m>*1 #aije1 03 ,ore *>g$1 #h1bfi4gae tons2 coke1 #feb4dda tons2 total1 #h1ibb4aef tons4 ,or1 9 #bd h\rs3 ,ore *>g$1 #bff4gfe tons2 coke1 #ba4jdf tons2 total1 #bhg4haa tons4 ,! production ( "w-lead 0 #c1acc4bde tons1 or #aja4jfi tons p] day4 ,! maximum production ( roa/$ ore 0 #baj tons1 on ,june #cj1 #aije1 :5 ! total *>ge 03 ,ore1 #cbg4ch tons2 coke1 #be4b tons2 total1 #ceb4eh tons4 ,! quantity ( "w-lead produc$ on t day 0 #abj4fie tons1 :ile ! l>ge/ quantity previ\sly produc$ 9 "o day 0 #abd4hf tons4 ,x %\ld also be m5tion$ t ! lead t5or ( ! slag is almo/ inv>iably bel[ #a p] c5t42 x usually lies betwe5 #j4c & #j4e p] c5t4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! roa/+ furnaces1 ! productive capacity ( ! %aft furnace also comes out cle>ly if we figure ! numb] ( furnaces requir$1 on ! basis ( an annual consumption ( #ej1jjj tons ( ore4 ,if we consid] #a ton ( ! roa/$ mat]ial z equival5t to #a ton ( ore 7:i* is ab\t "r 9 ! case ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 mat]ial1 b is r a high e/imate 9 ! case ( ! product ( ! s9t]+ furnace71 !n1 9 ! old process 7:]e "o-?ird ( ! *>ge 0 lead-be>+ mat]ial71 #ab tons c\ld be smelt$ daily4 ,!re w\ld !re=e be ne$$ at lea/3 #ej1jjj 7#ab #cjj7 #ad ?ree-tuy]e %aft furnaces4 ,s9ce1 z already m5tion$1 ! lead-be>+ "p ( ! *>ge con/itutes two-?irds ( ! :ole 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 ! numb] ( %aft furnaces ( diff]5t types1 z comp>$ ) ! =ego+1 w\ld figure out3 #c-tuy]e %aft furnace1 ) product ( s9t]+ furnace1 #ej1jjj 7#ab #cjj7 #ad furnaces2 #c-tuy]e %aft furnace1 ) product ( ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnace1 #ej1jjj 7#bd #cjj7 #g furnaces2 #h-tuy]e %aft furnace1 ) product ( ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnace1 #ej1jjj 7#dh #cjj7 #c4d 7say #d7 furnaces2 #ae-tuy]e %aft furnace1 ) product ( ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnace1 #ej1jjj 7#ahj #cjj7 #a furnace4 ,runn+ regul>ly & )\t int]ruption1 ! l>ge %aft furnace is !re=e fully capable ( cop+ ) ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 roa/$ mat]ial at ! pres5t rate ( production4 ,z reg>ds ! numb] ( workm5 & ! product turn$ out p] man1 no su* m>k$ diff]5ce is produc$ by ! introduction ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process 9 ! case ( ! %aft furnace z !re 0 not$ = ! roa/+ op]ation4 ,?is is *iefly due to ! fact t ! "w :i* requires ! m p[] 7su* z *>g+ ( ! furnaces1 convey+ away ! slag & p\r+ ! lead7 c be execut$ only 9 "p by me*anical means4 ,nev]!less1 x w be se5 f ! table giv5 h]e) t1 on ! "o h&1 ! numb] ( m5 requir$ = ! *>ge work$ up is small]2 &1 on ! o!r1 ! product turn$ out p] man has ris5 some:at4 ,,type ,,( ,,"* ,,*>ge ,,numb] ,,( ,,*>ge ,,daily ,,output ,,output ,,%aft ,,( ,,*>ge,,p] ,,day1,,furnacem5,,p] ,,man1,,( ,,"w-,,lead1,,p] ,,man1 ,,furnace ,,tons ,,tons ,,tons ,,tons #c tuy]e ,a #cf #f #f4j #f #a4j #h tuy]e ,b #ch #f #f4c #h #a4c #c tuy]e ,c #cf #f #f4j #ab #b4j #h tuy]e ,d #gb #ab #f4j #bf #b4a #ae tuy]e ,e #bgj #cd #g4i #ij #b4f ,,"* ,,"* ,,( ,,*>ge ,,( ,,*>ge ,,code ,a ,s9t]$ conc5trate & gray slag ,b f rev]b]atory furnace4 ,b ,gray slag f rev]b]atory furnace4 ,c ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 product4 ,d ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 product4 ,e ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 product4 ,a slight diff]5ce only is produc$ by ! new process 9 ! consumption ( coke2 ! economy is a little ov] #a p] c5t41 ! coke consum$ be+ r$uc$ f #i4ci p] c5t4 to #h4ag p] c5t4 ( ! total *>ge4 ,b ) ! high price ( coke1 ev5 ?is small diff]5ce repres5ts a consid]able l[]+ ( ! co/ ( production4 ,) ! great increase 9 ! bla/ pressure1 x w\ld be suppos$ t ! losses 9 fume w\ld be mu* great] ?an ) ! =m] me?od ( work+4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 on ! contr>y1 all exp]i5ce s f> %[s t !re is mu* less fume develop$4 ,9 #aijd1 = in/ance1 ! %aft-furnace fume recov]$ 9 ! cond5s+ sy/em am\nt$ to only #a4jf p] c5t4 ( ! roa/$ mat]ial1 or #j4fd p] c5t4 ( ! total *>ge1 z aga9/ #b4jc & #a4j p] c5t41 respectively1 9 =m] ye>s4 ,! obs]vations made on ! quantity ( flue du/ c>ri$ away ) ! gases escap+ into ! air ?r\gh ! /ack %[$ t x is almo/ nil4 ,n[1 f ! loss 9 fume be+ slight1 f ! t5or ( lead 9 ! slag be+ l[1 &1 on ! "o h&1 f ! quantity ( lead-matte produc$ be+ mu* less ?an be=e1 :ile on ! o!r ! losses 9 roa/+ ! ore are greatly r$uc$--f all ^! consid]ations1 x is cle> t ! total yield mu/ h be5 mu* improv$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! yield ( lead & silv] has be5 increas$ by at lea/ #f to #h p] c5t4 ,economic ,results4--,z reg>ds ! economical value ( ! new process1 = obvi\s reasons no data c be furni%$ ( ! exact exp5diture1 i4e41 ! actual total co/ ( roa/+ & smelt+ ! ore4 ,b ?is at lea/ is plac$ beyond d\bt by :at has be5 develop$ above1 namely1 t consid]able sav+ mu/ be effect$ 9 ! roa/+1 & especially 9 ! smelt+1 z comp>$ ) ! =m] mode ( work+4 ,if we take into acc\nt only ! economy :i* is ga9$ 9 wages ?r\gh ! increase 9 ! mat]ial :i* "o workman c h&le1 & t result+ f ! r$uc$ consumption ( coal & coke1 ^! alone w %[ suffici5tly t an important dim9ution ( work+ co/ has tak5 place4 ,! objection :i* might be rais$1 t ! sav+ effect$ by r$uc+ manual labor may be neutraliz$ by ! exp5se ( me*anical p[] 7actuat+ ! roa/]s1 furni%+ ! compress$ bla/1 etc471 _c be reg>d$ z ju/ifi$1 z ! co/ ( me*anical "w is comp>atively l[4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! l>ge #h m4 furnace & ! small1 r\nd furnaces require #ae h4p4 if work$ by electricity4 ,accord+ to an exact calculation1 ! co/ 7to ! produc]7 ( ! h4p4 h\r1 inclusive ( ma*9]y1 figures out to #c4f pf5nigs 7#j4i;c472 h5ce ! daily exp5se = runn+ ! revolv+-he>? furnaces am\nts to3 #ae #c4f pfg4 #bd #ab4if m>ks 7#c4db74 ,z ! sev5 furnaces toge!r "w up3 7#f #bg7 #ee #bag tons ( ore1 ! co/ p] ton ( ore is ab\t #j4jf m>k 7#a4e;c474 ,! requisite bla/ is produc$ by means ( s+le-compression ,encke bl[]s1 ( :i* "o is q suffici5t :5 runn+ at full load1 & !n consumes #cd h4p4 ,! daily exp5ses are accord+ly3 #cd #c4f pfg4 #bd #bi4bh m>ks 7#g4cb72 or p] ton ( ore1 #bi4bh #bag #j4ad m>k 7#c4e;c474 ,!re=e ! total exp5se = ! me*anical "w 9 roa/+ ! ore am\nts to #j4jf #j4ad #j4bj m>k 7#e;c474 ,h[ev]1 ! co/ ( roa/+ is mu* m affect$ by ! exp5se = keep+ ! furnaces 9 repair2 ano!r important factor is ! acquisition & ma9t5ance ( ! tools4 ,bo? 9 ! case ( ! s9t]+ & also ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ furnace1 ! co/ ( keep+ 9 repair 0 high2 ! consumption ( iron 0 especially l>ge1 ow+ to ! rapid we> ( ! tools4 ,?is 0 n surpris+1 consid]+ t a notably high] temp]ature prevail$ 9 ! rev]b]atory & s9t]+ furnaces ?an 9 ! new roa/]s1 9 :i* ! temp]ature /rictly ought n to rise above #gjj deg4 ,c4 ,b 9 ! old type ( furnace ! high temp]ature & ! con/ant work+ ) ! iron tools caus$ _! rapid we>1 ?us creat+ a l>ge item = iron & /eel & smi? "w4 ,9 ! new process 7& m especially 9 ! revolv+-he>? roa/]s7 ?is disadvantage does n arise4 ,9 ?is case !re is practically no "w on ! furnace1 & ! we> & te> ( iron is small4 ,also1 ! co/ ( keep+ ! furnaces 9 repair :5 work+ regul>ly is small z comp>$ ) ! old process4 ,9 ! ye> #aijj1 = in/ance1 ! co/ ( ma9t5ance & tools = ! rev]b]atory & s9t]+ furnaces came to #bj1gja4ic m>ks 7#e1age4dh7 = treat+ #bg1dai4ge tons ( ore4 ,p] ton ( ore1 ?is repres5ts #j4ge m>k 7#ai;c474 ,9 ! ye> #aijc1 on ! o!r h&1 only #i1jgd4ag m>ks 7#b1bfh4ed7 7 exp5d$1 al?\gh #dh1bjh tons ( ore 7 work$ up 9 ! ?ree /ation>y & six me*anical ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces4 ,! co/ ( ma9t5ance 01 !re=e1 9 ?is case #j4ah m>k 7#d4e;c47 p] ton ( ore4 ,9 ! co/ ( smelt+ 9 ! %aft furnace1 only a slight diff]5ce 9 favor ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process is f\nd if ! e/imate is bas$ on ! total *>ge2 b a m>k$ diff]5ce is %[n if x is ref]r$ to ! lead-be>+ portion ( ! *>ge1 or to ! "w-lead produc$4 ,?us ! co/ ( ma9t5ance & total co/ ( smelt+1 figur$ = "o ton ( ore1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt g5]al exp5ses1 h be5 tabulat$ z foll[s3 ,,r$uction ,,9 ,,exp5ses ,,p] ,,ton ,,( ,,total ,,lead ,,ore ,,"w-,,lead ,,*>ge 7a7 ,co/ ( ma9t5ance #j4ja,m #j4ch,m #j4fg,m 7#j4be;c7 7#i4e;c7 7#af4ge;c7 7b7 ,total co/ ( smelt+ #j4bj,m #f4df,m #aa4dh,m 7#e;c7 7#a4fae7 7#b4hg7 ,! m>k$ r$uction 9 ! exp5ses1 z ref]r$ to ! lead-ore & ! "w-lead produc$1 is det]m9$ 7z 0 po9t$ out above7 by ! great] lead cont5t ( ! *>ge1 & by ! l>g] yield ( lead consequ5t !reon4 ,! advantage ( long] smelt+ campaigns 7:i* ultimately 7 mo/ly prolong$ to "o ye>7 also makes itself felt2 x w\ld be /ill m m>k$1 if ! %aft furnace 7:i* 0 /ill 9 work+ condition aft] x 0 bl[n out7 _h be5 run on = "s "t long]4 ,f9ally1 if we exam9e ! "q ( ! space tak5 up by ! plant 7:i*1 ow+ to ! sc>city ( suitably locat$ build+ sites1 w\ld h be5 important at ! ,fri$ri*%tte at ! "t :5 ! quantity ( ore treat$ 0 sudd5ly d\bl$71 "h aga9 we %all recognize ! great advantage :i* ?is e/abli%m5t has ga9$ f ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process4 ,z 0 calculat$ above1 !re w\ld h be5 requir$ #ae rev]b]atory & #ae s9t]+ furnaces to cope ) ! quantity ( ore treat$4 ,z a rev]b]atory requires1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #abj sq4 m4 7#abij sq4 ft471 & a s9t]+ furnace #bjj sq4 m4 7#baec sq4 ft472 & z fully #ajj sq4 m4 7#ajhj sq4 ft47 mu/ be all[$ = ea* furnace = a dump+ gr\nd1 !re=e ! #ae rev]b]atory furnaces w\ld h requir$ an area ( #ae #abj #ae #ajj #ccjj sq4 m42 ! #ae s9t]+ furnaces w\ld h requir$ #ae #bjj #ae #ajj #dejj sq4 m42 9 all #ccjj #dejj #ghjj sq4 m4 7#hc1ifj sq4 ft474 ,! #ab /ation>y ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces 7built toge!r two & two7 w\ld take up a space ( #f #bjj #ab #ajj #bdjj sq4 m4 7#be1hcj sq4 ft474 ,simil>ly1 #h small furnaces w\ld require #h #ajj #h #ajj #afjj sq4 m4 7#ag1bbb sq4 ft472 :ile = ! new in/allation ( f\r #h-met] revolv+-he>? furnaces & #aj l>ge conv]t]s1 only #acbj sq4 m4 7#ad1abj sq4 ft47 h be5 all[$4 ,= %aft furnaces ) ?ree or eight tuy]es1 :i* 7 run ) l[-pressure bla/ = ! mat]ial roa/$ on ! old plan1 ! total area built ^u 0 #ah #af4e #big sq4 m42 :ile a fur!r area ( #ah #ad #bej sq4 m4 0 hi!rto provid$1 & 0 f\nd suffici5t = dump+ slag :5 work+ regul>ly4 ,!re=e1 ! in/allation ( %aft furnaces =m]ly 9 exi/5ce1 aft] requisite enl>gem5t to #ad furnaces1 w\ld h dem&$ a space ( #g #big #g #bej #chbi sq4 m4 7#db1bae sq4 ft474 ,if f\r ( ! small %aft furnaces _h be5 recon/ruct$ = eight tuy]es1 & run ) ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 roa/$ mat]ial1 us+ high-pressure bla/1 ! area occupi$ w\ld h be5 r$uc$ to #b #big #b #bej sq4 m4 #ajid sq4 m4 7#aa1ggf sq4 ft474 ,/ill m favorable are ! conditions ( area requir$ 9 ! case ( ! l>ge %aft furnace4 ,?is furnace /&s 9 a build+ cov]+ an area ( #cej sq4 m4 7#cgfg sq4 ft471 :i* is m ?an suffici5t room4 ,! slag-y>d 7situat$ 9 front ( ?is build+1 & amply l>ge en\gh = #cf h\rs' run7 has an area ( #bej sq4 m4 7#bfia sq4 ft472 ?us ! space occupi$ by ! l>ge %aft furnace1 includ+ a y>d ( #agj sq4 m4 7#ahcj sq4 ft471 is 9 all #ghj sq4 m4 7#hcif sq4 ft474 ,aft] completion ( ! new roa/+ plant & ! l>ge %aft furnace 9 connection ) x1 !re w\ld be occupi$ #acbj #ghj #bajj sq4 m4 7#bbfj sq4 ft472 & if ! sy/em ( rev]b]atory & s9t]+ furnaces _h be5 cont9u$ 7) ! requisite additions !reto & to ! old %aft-furnace sy/em71 !re w\ld h be5 requir$ #aa1fbi sq4 m4 7#abe1bad sq4 ft474 ,9 ! e/imate above giv5 no reg>d has be5 paid to any ( ! auxili>y in/allations 7du/ *amb]s1 etc471 :i*1 j z 9 ! case ( ! old process1 w\ld h _h to be provid$ on a l>ge scale4 ,x is ( c\rse self-evid5t t bo? ! pr9cipal & ! auxili>y in/allations 9 ! old process w\ld n only h involv$ a high fir/ co/1 b w\ld also1 on acc\nt ( _! ext5sive dim5sions1 h caus$ consid]ably great] annual exp5se = ma9t5ance4 ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process ,,f ,,! ,,hygi5ic ,,/&po9t#cj ,,by ,a4 ,,bi]nbaum 7,octob] #ad1 #aije7 ,) reg>d to ! hygi5ic improvem5ts :i* ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process (f]s1 we mu/ fir/ deal ) ! que/ions3 ,:at 7 ! s\rces ( dang] 9 ! old process1 & 9 :at way are ^! n[ dim9i%$ or elim9at$8 ,! only dang] :i* ent]s into consid]ation is lead-poison+1 o!r influ5ces detrim5tal to heal? be+ ! same 9 "o process z ! o!r4 ,) ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ & roa/+-s9t]+ furnaces1 ! *ief dang] ( lead-poison+ lies 9 ! metallic vapor evolv$ dur+ ! )drawal ( ! roa/$ *>ge f ! furnace4 ,x is true t appliances may be provid$1 by :i* ^! vapors are drawn (f or l$ back into ! furnace dur+ ?is op]ation2 b1 ev5 work+ ) utmo/ c>e1 x is impossible to insure ! complete elim9ation ( lead fumes1 especially 9 :eel+ away ! pots fill$ ) ! r$-hot s9t]$ product4 ,moreov]1 ! "w at ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ & roa/+-s9t]+ furnaces involves great physical ex]tion1 :]e=e ! respiratory organs ( ! workm5 are /imulat$ to full activity1 :ile ! exposure to ! int5se heat causes ! m5 to p]spire freely4 ,h5ce1 z has be5 e/abli%$ m$ically1 ! absorption ( ! poison\s metallic comp\nds 7:i* are p>tially soluble 9 ! p]spiration7 into ! sy/em is favor$ bo? by inhalation ( ! lead vapor & by its p5etration into ! pores ( ! sk91 op5$ by ! p]spiration4 ,a fur!r dang] ( lead-poison+ 0 occasion$ by ! frequ5tly recurr+ "w ( cle>+ out ! du/ flues4 ,! smoke f ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ furnace especially conta9$ oxidiz$ lead comp\nds1 :i* on absorption into ! human body might readily be dissolv$ by ! acids ( ! /oma*1 & ?us endang] ! heal? ( ! workm54 ,9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh ! *>ge is rak$ =w>d & turn$ ov] by h&1 x is n )drawn1 z 9 ! old furnaces1 by an op5+ situat$ next to ! fire1 b is empti$ at a po9t opposite into ! conv]t]s :i* are plac$ 9 front ( ! furnace4 ,moreov]1 ! conv]t]s are fill$ ) ! *>ge at a mu* l[] temp]ature4 ,inasmu* z ?is *>ge has already cool$ d[n consid]ably1 !re c be practically no volatilization ( lead4 ,! small quantity ( gas :i* may nev]!less be evolv$ is drawn (f by fans ?r\gh hoods plac$ above ! conv]t]s4 ,a fur!r improvem5t1 f ! hygi5ic po9t ( view1 is 9 ! use ( ! me*anical furnaces1 f :i* ! conv]t]s c be fill$ automatically 7almo/ )\t manual labor1 & ) absolute exclusion ( smoke74 ,! conv]t]s are !n plac$ on _! /&s & bl[n4 ,?is "w also is c>ri$ out "u hoods1 z gas-tight z possible1 furni%$ ) a few closable work+ ap]tures4 ,dur+ ! bl[+ ( ! mat]ial1 ! "w ( ! att5dant consi/s solely 9 keep+ up ! *>ge by add+ m cold mat]ial & fill+ any holes t may be =m$4 ,x does n entail ne>ly z mu* physical /ra9 z ! h&l+ ( ! heavy iron tools & ! cont9u$ exposure ( ! workm5 to ! hotte/ "p ( ! furnace1 :i* ! =m] roa/+ process involv$4 ,"s exp]im5ts c>ri$ out ) l>g] conv]t]s 7( #d & #aj ton capacity7 h indicat$ ! direction 9 :i* ! advantages m5tion$ above may probably be develop$ to su* a po9t t ! dang] ( lead-poison+ ne$ h>dly ent] into consid]ation4 ,bo? ! *>g+ ( ! revolv+-he>? furnaces & ! fill+ ( ! conv]t]s are to be effect$ me*anically4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! case ( ! l>ge conv]t]s ! fill+ up ( holes becomes unnecess>y1 & no manual "w ( any k9d is requir$ dur+ ! :ole "t ( bl[+4 ,! conv]t]s c be s p]fectly enclos$ 9 hoods t ! escape ( gases into ! work+-rooms becomes impossible1 & lead-poison+ ( ! m5 c occur only "u q unusual circum/ances4 ,! b5eficial influ5ce on ! heal? ( ! workm5 att5d+ on ! roa/+ furnaces1 occasion$ by ! introduction ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 c be se5 f ! /ati/ics ( sickness f lead-poison+ = ! ye>s #aijb to #aijd1 z giv5 h]e)3 ,,lead-,,poison+ ,,cases ,,contract$ ,,no4 ,,( ,,cases ,,days ,,( ,,sickness,,at ,,rev]4 ,,at ,,& ,h4 ,h4 ,,sickness ,,me?od ,,( ,,ye> ,,no4 ,,(,,total,,p] #ajj ,,total ,,p] #ajj ,,s9t4 ,,fur4 ,,work+ ,,m5 ,,p]sons ,,p]sons ,,fur4 ,old #aijb #ic #ae #af4a #bdf #bfd4e #aa #d #aijc #hf #ab #ac4i #bbb #beh4a #g #e ,h4-,h4 #aijd #hg #h #i4b #bdb #bgh4b #f #b ,?is %[s a gratify+ decrease 9 ! numb] ( cases1 namely1 f #af4a to #i4b p] c5t42 ?is decrease w\ld h be5 /ill great] if ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces _h be5 9 use exclusively4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! "t two or ?ree s9t]+ furnaces 7 fir$ = work+ up by-products1 #af to #ah m5 be+ engag$ on t "w4 ,! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 furnaces alone 7at :i*1 9 ! ye> #aijd1 #fi m5 9 all 7 occupi$7 %[ only #b4i p] c5t4 ( cases4 ,t ! numb] ( days ( illness 0 n r$uc$ is due to ! fact t ! cases among ! gang ( m5 work+ at ! s9t]+ furnaces 7 mo/ly ( long /&+ & took "s "t to cure4 ,! noxi\s effects ^u ! heal? ( ! workm5 9 runn+ ! %aft furnaces are due to ! fumes f ! products made 9 ?is op]ation1 su* z "w-lead1 matte & slag1 :i* fl[ out ( ! furnace at a temp]ature f> above _! melt+ po9ts4 ,ev5 ) ! old me?od ( runn+ ! %aft furnaces ! endeavor has always be5 to provide z effici5tly z possible aga9/ ! dang] caus$ by ?is volatilization1 &1 :]ev] feasible1 to in/all safety appliances to prev5t ! escape ( lead vapors into ! "w-rooms2 b ^! measures c\ld n be made z ?or\gh z 9 ! case ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process4 ,! pr9cipal "w 9 runn+ ! %aft furnaces1 aside f ! *>g+1 consi/s 9 tapp+ ! slag & p\r+ out ! "w-lead4 ,o!r unpleasant jobs are ! b>r+ d[n 7:i* 9 ! old process _h to be done frequ5tly7 & ! clean+ out ( ! furnace aft] bl[+ out4 ,9 ! old process ! slag =m$ 9 ! furnace fl[s out cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! tap-hole into iron pots plac$ 9 front ( ! sp\t4 ,a numb] ( su* pots are s arrang$ on a revolv+ table t z soon z "o is fill$ ! next empty c be br\ght up to ! duct2 ?us ! slag fir/ p\r$ 9 has "t to cease fum+ & to solidify be=e x is remov$4 ,! vapors aris+ f ! slag z x fl[s out are convey$ away ?r\gh hoods4 ,at ! same "t ) ! slag1 lead matte also issues f ! furnace4 ,n[ ! great] ! quantity ( lead matte1 ! m smoke is also produc$2 &1 ) ! comp>atively high proportion ( lead matte result+ f ! old process1 ! quantity ( smoke 0 s great t ! v5tilation appliances 7 no long] suffici5t to cope ) x1 ?us all[+ vapors to escape into ! "w-room4 ,! "w-lead collects at ! back ( ! furnace 9 a well1 f :i* x is f "t to "t ladl$ into molds plac$ ne> by4 ,if ! lead is all[$ to cool suffici5tly 9 ! well1 x does n fume mu* 9 ! ladl+ out4 ,b :5 ! furnace runs v hot 7:i* sometimes happ5s71 ! lead also is hott] & is m incl9$ to volatilize4 ,9 ?is ev5t ! dang] ( lead-poison+ is v great1 = ! workman has to /& ne> ! lead sump4 ,a /ill great] dang] att5ds ! "w ( b>r+ d[n & clean+ out ! furnace4 ,! b>r+ d[n s]ves ! purpose ( loos5+ ! *>ge 9 ! zone ( fusion2 at ! same "t x removes any cru/s =m$ on ! sides ( ! furnace1 or ob/ructions /opp+ up ! tuy]es4 ,) ! old furnaces1 & _! /rong t5d5cy to cru/1 ?is "w _h to be und]tak5 almo/ e day1 ! m5 be+ compell$ to "w = r a long "t & (t5 v labori\sly ) ! heavy iron tools 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! gl[+ *>ge1 ! front ( ! furnace be+ torn op5 = ?is purpose4 ,9 ?is op]ation !y 7 expos$ )\t protection to ! metallic vapors issu+ f ! furnace1 inasmu* z ! v5tilat+ appliances _h to be p>tially remov$ dur+ ?is "t1 9 ord] to r5d] x at all possible to d ! "w4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 b only at ! "t ( %utt+ d[n a %aft furnace1 ! clean+ out 7t is to say1 ! )draw+ ( no long] fus$ b /ill r$-hot portions ( ! *>ge left 9 ! furnace7 is c>ri$ out4 ,9 ?is process1 h[ev]1 ! gl[+ mat]ial br\ght out c\ld be qu5*$ ) cold wat] to su* a po9t t ! evolution ( metallic vapors c\ld be l>gely avoid$4 ,la/ly1 ! mode ( *>g+ ( ! %aft furnace is also to be reg>d$ z a cause ( poison+1 inasmu* z x is impossible to avoid entirely ! rais+ ( du/ 9 ! repeat$ act ( dump+ & turn+ ov] ! mat]ials = smelt+1 9 prep>+ ! mix1 & 9 subsequ5tly *>g+ ! furnace4 ,by ! introduction ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 all ^! disadvantages1 bo? 9 ! roa/+ op]ation & 9 runn+ ! %aft furnaces1 are 9 "p remov$ altoge!r1 9 "p r$uc$ to su* a degree t ! dang] ( injury is br\ght to a m9imum4 ,9 furnaces 9 :i* ! product ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 roa/ is smelt$1 ! slag is tapp$ only p]iodically at consid]able int]vals2 &1 z !re is less lead matte produc$ ?an =m]ly1 ! quantity ( smoke is nev] s great t ! v5tilat+ fan _c easily take c>e ( x4 ,!re is !re=e little *ance ( any smoke escap+ into ! work+-room4 ,z ! production ( "w-lead1 especially 9 ! case ( ! l>ge %aft furnace1 is v consid]able1 s t ! lead cont9ually fl[s out 9 a big /ream into ! well1 ! h& ladl+ has to be ab&on$4 ,!re=e ! lead is conduct$ to a l>ge res]voir /&+ ne> ! sump1 & is !re all[$ to cool bel[ its volatiliz+ temp]ature4 ,z soon z ?is tank is full1 ! lead is tapp$ (f & 7by ! aid ( a sw++ gutt]7 is ca/ into molds ready = ?is purpose4 ,bo? ! sump & ! res]voir-tank are plac$ "u a fume-hood4 ,! sw++ gutt] is cov]$ ) %eet-iron lids :ile tapp+1 s t any lead volatiliz$ is convey$ by ! gutt] itself to a hood atta*$ to ! res]voir2 ?us ! escape ( metallic vapors into ! work+ space is avoid$1 z f> z possible4 ,?is me?od ( p\r+ does n entail ! same bodily ex]tion z ! ladl+ ( ! lead2 moreov]1 z x requires b little "t1 x gives ! workm5 frequ5t opportunity to re/4 ,b "o ( ! *ief advantages ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process lies 9 ! entire omission ( ! b>r+ d[n4 ,if ! runn+ ( ! %aft furnace is conduct$ ) any degree ( c>e1 disord]s 9 ! work+ ( ! furnace d n occur1 & "o c rely on a p]fectly regul> c\rse ( ! smelt+ process day aft] day4 ,no =mation ( any cru/s int]f]+ ) ! op]ation ( ! furnace has be5 record$ dur+ any ( ! campaigns1 :i* h1 9 ea* case1 la/$ ne>ly a ye>4 ,z reg>ds ! clean+ out ( ! furnace1 ?is _c be avoid$ on bl[+ out ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 %aft furnace2 b at mo/ x occurs only once a ye>1 & c be done ) less dang] to ! workm51 ow+ to ! bett] equipm5t4 ,fur!r1 ! *>ge is ?r[n /raight into ! furnace 79 ! case ( ! l>ge %aft furnace72 ?us ! repeat$ turn+ ov] ( ! smelt+ mat]ial1 z =m]ly practis$1 becomes unnecess>y1 & ! delet]i\s influ5ce ( ! unavoidable =mation ( du/ is mu* dim9i%$4 ,! accompany+ /ati/ics ( sickness due to lead-poison+ 9 connection ) ! op]ation ( ! %aft furnace 7ref]r+ to ! same p]iod ( "t z ^? giv5 above = ! roa/+ furnaces7 confirm ! above /atem5ts4 ,,lead-,,poison+--,,%aft ,,furnaces ,,ye>,,no4 ,,( ,,m5 ,,cases ,,days ,,( ,,illness ,,total,,p] #ajj ,,p]sons,,total,,p] #ajj ,,p]sons #aijb #bej #eh #bc4b #ief #chb4d #aijc #bfg #ei #bb4a #ajdd #cia4j #aijd #bcb #bd #aj4c #ecj #bbh4d ,if x 7 possible to make ! necess>y di/9ctions 9 ! case ( ! l>ge %aft furnace1 ! dim9ution 9 sickness f lead-poison+ w\ld be /ill m app>5t2 =1 among ! furnace att5dants prop]1 !re has be5 no illness2 all cases ( poison+ h occurr$ among ! m5 :o prep>e ! *>ge1 :o break up ! roa/$ mat]ial1 & o!rs :o are occupi$ ) subsidi>y "w4 ,"s ( ^! are expos$ to illness ?r\gh _! own fault1 ow+ to want ( cleanl9ess1 or to neglect ( e precaution>y measure aga9/ lead-poison+4 ,?us f> we h dealt only ) ! advantages & improvem5ts ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process2 we w n[1 9 conclusion1 consid] also its disadvantages4 ,! *ief drawback ( ! new process lies 9 ! difficulty ( break+ up ! blocks ( ! roa/$ product f ! conv]t]s1 a labor :i*1 ap>t f ! great exp5se involv$1 is also unheal?y = ! workm5 engag$ !reon4 ,seem+ly ?is evil is /ill fur!r increas$ by work+ ) l>g] *>ges 9 ! #aj ton conv]t]s1 z project$2 b 9 ?is case x is propos$ to place ! conv]t]s 9 an elevat$ position1 & to cause ! blocks to be %att]$ by _! fall f a c]ta9 hight1 s t fur!r break+ up w require b little "w4 ,trials made 9 ?is direction h already yield$ satisfactory results1 & seem to promise t ! disadvantage w 9 "t become less important4 ,ano!r unpleasant feature is ! pres5ce 79 ! wa/e gases f ! conv]t]s7 ( a high] p]c5tage ( sulphur dioxide1 ! suppression ( :i*1 if x is feasible at all1 might be fraught ) tr\ble & exp5se4 ,t ! roa/] gases f ! rev]b]atory-smelt+ & s9t]+ furnaces did n %[ su* a high p]c5tage ( sulphur dioxide mu/ be ascrib$ *iefly to ! circum/ance t ! roa/+ 0 mu* sl[]1 & t ! gases 7 l>gely dilut$ ) air already at ! po9t :]e !y are =m$1 z ! "w mu/ always be done ) ! work+-doors op54 ,9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 on ! o!r h&1 ! aim is to prev5t1 z f> z possible1 ! access ( air f outside :ile bl[+ ! *>ge4 ,! m p]fectly ?is is effect$1 & ! great] ! quantity ( ore to be bl[n 9 ! conv]t]s1 ! high] w also be ! p]c5tage ( sulphur dioxide 9 ! wa/e gases4 ,?is circum/ance has n only furni%$ ! inducem5t1 b x has r5d]$ x possible to approa* ! plan ( utiliz+ ! sulphur dioxide = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid4 ,if ?is %\ld be done successfully 7:i*1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts c>ri$ out1 !re is reasonable gr\nd to expect71 ! pres5t disadvantage might be turn$ into an advantage4 ,?is has ! m significance because an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! lead ore--! sulphur--w !n no long]1 z hi!rto1 h to be reg>d$ z :olly lo/4#ca ,,! ,,hunt+ton-,,heb]le9 ,,process ,,by ,,?omas ,,hunt+ton ,,& ,,f]d9& ,,heb]le9 7,may #bf1 #aijf7 ,?is process = roa/+ lead sulphide ores has n[ fairly e/abli%$ itself 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & is recogniz$ by metallurgical eng9e]s z a successful new dep>ture 9 ! me?od ( desulphurization4 ,x (f]s ! great advantage ov] previ\s me?ods ( be+ a m sci5tific application ( ! roa/+ reactions 7( ! old well-us$ =mul ,pb,s #c,o ,pb,o ,,s & ,pb,s ,pb,s,o #b,o #b,pb,o #b,,s7 & admits ( l>g] quantities be+ h&l$ at a "t1 s t ! use ( fuel & labor are 9 proportion to ! results a*iev$1 & also !re is less wa/e all ar\nd 9 s f> z ! factors necess>y = ! op]ation--fuel1 labor & air--c be m economically us$4 ,! workman's "t & /r5g? are n employ$ 9 labori\sly %ift+ ! ore f "o "p ( ! furnace to ano!r ) a maximum am\nt ( ex]tion & a m9imum am\nt ( oxidation4 ,! fuel consum$ acts m directly ^u ! ore dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! process 9 ! furnace & its place is tak5 by ! sulphur itself dur+ ! f9al & bl[+ /age1 s t dur+ ! :ole s]ies ( op]ations m conc5trat$ gases are produc$ & consequ5tly ! l>ge excess ( heat$ air ( ! old processes is avoid$ to su* an ext5t t ! gases c be us$ = ! production ( sulphuric acid4 ,) a mod]n well-con/ruct$ plant practically all ! evils ( ! old h&-roa/+ furnaces are avoid$1 & besides ! notable economy a*iev$ by ! ,h4-,h4 process itself1 ! heal? & well-be+ ( ! workm5 employ$ are greatly advanc$1 s t :]e hygi5ic /ati/ics are kept x is prov$ t lead-poison+ has greatly dim9i%$4 ,x is only natural1 !re=e1 t ! ,h4-,h4 process %\ld h be5 a success f ! />t1 popul> alike ) manag]s & workm5 once ! difficulties insep>able f ! introduction ( any new process 7 ov]come4 ,simple z ! process n[ appe>s1 h[ev]1 x is ! result ( _m ye>s ( /udy & exp]im5t1 n devoid ( disappo9tm5ts & at times appe>+ to pres5t a problem incapable ( solution4 ,! fir/ trials 7 made 9 ! smelt+ works at ,p]tusola1 ,italy1 z f> back z #ahhi1 :]e consid]able sums 7 devot$ e ye> to ?is exp]im5tal "w & lead ore roa/+ 0 almo/ cont9u\sly on ! li/ ( new "w f #ahge on4 ,x may be int]e/+ to m5tion t at ?is "t ! ,montevec*io ores 7conta9+ ab\t #gj p] c5t4 lead & ab\t #ae p] c5t4 sulphur1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( z9c & iron7 7 consid]$ highly refractory to roa/1 & ! only ores approv$ ( by ! managem5t ( ! works at ?is date 7 ! ,monteponi & ,san ,giovanni fir/-class ores 7conta9+ ab\t #hj p] c5t4 lead71 & ! second-class c>bonates 7) at lea/ #fj p] c5t4 lead & #e p] c5t4 sulphur74 ,x mu/ be not$ t a modifi$ ,fl9t%ire rev]b]atory process 0 9 use 9 ! works1 :i* c\ld deal satisfactorily only ) ?is class ( ore1 s t1 z ^! easy ores dim9i%$ 9 quantity e ye> & _! place 0 tak5 by ! 8refractory0 ,montevec*io type1 ! roa/+ problem 0 always well to ! front at ! ,p]tusola works4 ,x may be ass]t$ t almo/ e kn[n me?od ( desulphurization 0 exam9$ & exp]im5t$ ^u on a l>ge scale4 ,gas fir+ 0 exclusively us$ on c]ta9 classes ( ores = sev]al ye>s ) consid]able success1 & revolv+ furnaces ( ! ,brckn] type--gas fir$--7 also tri$4 ,al?\gh v>y+ degrees ( success 7 obta9$1 no really great progress 0 made 9 actual desulphurization2 me?ods 7 *eap5$ & l>g] quantities h&l$ at a "t1 b ! f9al product--:e!r s9t]$ or 9 a pulv]ul5t /ate--seldom av]ag$ mu* "u #e p] c5t4 sulphur1 :ile ! days ( ! old 8gray slags0 7#a p] c5t4 to #b p] c5t4 sulphur7 f ! rev]b]atories totally disappe>$1 toge!r ) ! class ( ores :i* produc$ !m4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( ^! exp]im5ts 9 desulphurization v>i\s facts 7 e/abli%$3 7#a7 ,t sulphide ( lead--especially 9 a pulv]ul5t /ate--c\ld n be desulphuriz$ 9 ! same way z o!r sulphides1 su* z sulphides ( iron1 copp]1 z9c1 etc41 because if roa/$ 9 a me*anical furnace ! temp]ature _h to be kept l[ en\gh to avoid premature s9t]+1 :i* w\ld *oke ! /irr]s & cause tr\ble by ! ore clogg+ on ! sides & bottom ( ! furnace4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ore 0 roa/$ 9 a 8dry /ate0 at l[ temp]ature1 a great deal ( sulphur rema9$ 9 ! product z sulphate ( lead1 :i* 0 z bad = ! subsequ5t bla/-furnace "w z ! sulphide ( lead itself4 ,:5 air 0 press$ ?r\gh molt5 gal5a--9 ! same way z ?r\gh molt5 copp] matte--a v heavy volatilization ( lead took place1 :ile portions ( x 7 r$uc$ to metal or 7 conta9$ z sulphide 9 ! molt5 matte1 s t a good product 0 n obta9$4 7#b7 ,t no complete dead roa/ ( lead ores c\ld be obta9$ unless ! f9al product 0 ?or\ghly smelt$ & agglom]at$4 7#c7 ,t a well roa/$ lead ore c\ld be obta9$ by oxidiz+ ! ,pb,s ) compress$ air1 aft] ! ore _h be5 suitably prep>$4 7#d7 ,t metal losses 7 ma9ly due to ! excessive heat produc$ 9 ! oxidation ( ,pb,s to ,pb,o1 & o!r sulphides pres5t 9 ! ore4 ,x 0 by mak+ use ( ^! facts t ! ,h4-,h4 roa/+ process 0 f9ally evolv$1 & by c>efully apply+ its pr9ciples x is possible to desulphurize completely ! ore to a practically dead roa/ ( "u #a p] c5t4 sulphur2 9 practice1 h[ev]1 su* p]fection is unnecess>y & a well agglom]at$ product ) f #b to #b4e p] c5t4 sulphur is all t is requir$4 ,dur+ "s trials 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e a great degree ( p]fection 0 aim$ at1 a block ( ov] #bjjj tons ( agglom]at$1 roa/$ ore 0 produc$ conta9+ #a p] c5t4 sulphur 7z sulphide72 z ! ores conta9$ an av]age ( ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,zn1 ?is 0 a v f9e result f a desulphurization po9t ( view1 b x 0 n f\nd t ?is #a p] c5t4 product gave any bett] results 9 ! subsequ5t smelt+ 9 ! bla/ furnace ?an lat] on a less c>efully prep>$ mat]ial conta9+ #b4e p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( exp]im5t ! great difficulty 0 to obta9 agglom]ation )\t fir/ fus+ ! sulphides 9 ! ore1 & turn+ out a half-roa/$ product full ( leady matte4 ,simple z ! ?+ n[ is1 x seem$ at times impossible to avoid ?is defect1 & x 0 only by a c>eful /udy ( ! effects ( an addition ( lime1 ,fe,o or ,mn,o1 & _! prop]ties t ! "r pa? 0 /ruck4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! ,h4-,h4 process lime 0 only us$ 9 ! rev]b]atory process 7,fl9t%ire & ,t>n[itz7 to /iff5 ! *>ge1 b z ,p]cy tells u t aft] its addition ! *>ge 0 gl[+1 x mu/ h _h a *emical z well z a me*anical effect4 ,9 recognition ( ?is fact f9e cau/ic lime or cru%$ lime/one 0 mix$ ) ! ore be=e *>g+ x into ! furnace & expos+ x to an oxidiz+ heat4 ,x 0 ?\ght probable t a dioxide ( lime might be tempor>ily =m$1 :i* 9 contact ) ,pb,s w\ld be decompos$ imm$iately aft] its =mation1 or t ! ,ca,o s]v$ z ,contactsub/anz 9 ! same way z spongy plat9um1 metallic silv]1 or oxide ( iron4 ,z ,ca,s,o & n ,ca,s,o is always f\nd 9 ! roa/$ ore1 ?is may prove t ,ca,o is really a contact sub/ance = oxyg5 7see ,w4 ,m4 ,hut*+s1 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #ba1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,lxxx1 p4 #gbf74 ,! fact t ! process works equally well ) ,fe,o in/ead ( ,ca,o speaks aga9/ ! !ory ( plumbate ( lime4 ,:atev] !ory may be correct1 ! fact rema9s t ,ca,o assi/s ! roa/+ process & t by its use ! premature agglom]ation ( ! sulphide ore is avoid$4 ,a fur!r advantage ( lime is t x keeps ! *>ge m por\s & ?us facilitates ! passage ( ! air4 ,! %ape & size ( ! bl[+ app>atus be/ adapt$ = ! purpose 9 view occupi$ _m mon?s2 />t+ f v %all[ pans or rectangul> boxes sev]al feet squ>e ) a few in*es ( mat]ial ov] a p]=at$ plate1 x gradually resolv$ itself into ! cone-%ap$ receptacle--hold+ ab\t a ton ( ore--z fir/ introduc$ toge!r ) ! process4 ,9 lat] ye>s & 9 treat+ l>g] quantities a m hemisph]ical =m has be5 adopt$1 conta9+ up to #ae tons ( ore4 ,x is probable ab\t eight ye>s 7 employ$ 9 actually work+ out ! process be=e x 0 introduc$ on any l>ge scale at ,p]tusola1 b by ! end ( #ahih ! great] "p ( ! ,p]tusola ores 7 treat$ by ! process4 ,its fir/ introduction to any o!r works 0 9 #aijj1 :5 x 0 />t$ outside its home = ! fir/ "t at ,brauba* 7,g]many74 ,s9ce !n its application has gradually ext5d$1 proce$+ f ,europe to ,au/ralia & ,mexico & f9ally to ,am]ica & ,canada1 :]e recognition ( its m]its 0 m t>dy ?an else:]e4 ,x is n[ practically 9 g5]al use all ov] ! _w & is recogniz$ z a s\nd addition to metallurgical progress4 ,x is d\btless only a /ep 9 ! "r direction & ) its g5]al use a bett] k ( its pr9ciples w prevail1 s t its future developm5t 9 "o direction or ano!r1 z comp>$ ) pres5t results1 may %[ "s fur!r progress4 ,! pres5t work+ ( ! ,h4-,h4 process /ill foll[s practically ! orig9al l9es laid d[n1 & by prelim9>y roa/+ 9 a furnace ) lime1 oxide ( iron1 or manganese 7if n already conta9$ 9 ! ore71 prep>es ! ore = bl[+ 9 ! conv]t]4 ,me*anical furnaces h be5 introduc$ to ! entire exclusion ( ! old h&-roa/]s1 & ! size ( ! conv]t]s has be5 gradually increas$ f ! orig9al "o-ton app>atus successively to #e1 #g & #aj ton conv]t]s2 at pres5t "s = #ae tons are be+ built 9 ,g]many & w d\btless lead to a fur!r economy4 ,! me*anical furnace at pres5t mo/ 9 use is a s+le-he>? revolv+ furnace ) fix$ rabbles1 ! late/ be+ built ) a diamet] ( #bf ft4 & a relatively high ar* to ensure a cle> flame & rapid oxidation ( ! ore4 ,! capacity ( ^! furnaces v>ies1 ( c\rse1 ) ! nature ( ! ores to be treat$1 b ) ord9>y lead ores 7,european & ,au/ralian practice7 ( f #ej p] c5t4 to #fj p] c5t4 lead & #ad p] c5t1 to #ah p] c5t4 sulphur1 ! av]age capacity may be tak5 at ab\t #ej to #fj tons ( crude ore p] day ( #bd h\rs4 ,! consumption ( coal ) a well-con/ruct$ furnace is v l[ & is always "u #h p] c5t4--#f p] c5t4 be+ p]haps ! av]age4 ,^! furnaces require v little att5tion1 be+ automatic 9 _! *>g+ & dis*>g+ arrangem5ts4 ,! ore on leav+ ! furnace is *>g$ into ! conv]t]s by v>i\s me*anical means 7,jacob's ladd]s1 conveyors1 etc474 ,! conv]t] *>ge usually consi/s ( "s hot ore direct f ! furnace1 on top ( :i* ore is plac$ :i* has be5 cool$ d[n by /orage 9 b9s or by ! addition ( wat]4 ,! conv]t] is g5]ally fill$ 9 two *>ges ( five tons ea*1 & ! bl[+ "t %\ld n be m ?an #d to #f h\rs4 ,! product obta9$ %\ld be por\s & well agglom]at$1 b easily brok5 up1 t\gh melt$ mat]ial be+ due to an excess ( silica & too mu* lead sulphide4 ,att5tion1 !re=e1 to ^! two po9ts 7good prelim9>y roa/+ & correction ( ! *>ge by lime7 obviates ?is tr\ble4 ,?is roa/$ ore %\ld n conta9 m ?an ab\t #a4e to #b p] c5t4 sulphur1 & 9 a mod]n bla/ furnace gives surpris+ly good results1 ! matte-fall be+ 9 mo/ cases r$uc$ to no?+1 & ! capacity ( ! furnace is l>gely increas$1 :ile ! slags are poor]4 ,if ! conv]t] *>ge has be5 prop]ly prep>$1 ! bl[+ op]ation proce$s ) ! greate/ smoo?ness & requires v little att5tion on ! "p ( ! workm51 ! heat & oxidation rise gradually f ! bottom & volatilization losses rema9 l[1 s t x is possible1 if desir$1 to produce hot conc5trat$ sulphur\s gases suitable = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid4 ,besides ! actual economy obta9$ 9 roa/+ ores by ! process1 a great feature ( its success has be5 ! rem>kable improvem5t 9 smelt+ & r$uc+ ! roa/$ ore z comp>$ ) previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,?is is due to ! nature ( ! roa/$ mat]ial1 :i*1 besides be+ mu* poor] 9 sulphur ?an 0 =m]ly ! case1 is ?or\ghly por\s & well agglom]at$ & conta9s--if ! orig9al mixture is prop]ly made--all ! necess>y slagg+ mat]ials itself1 s t x practically becomes a case ( smelt+ slags in/ead ( ore1 & to an exp]t ! diff]5ce is evid5t4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t on an av]age ! improvem5t 9 ! capacity ( ! bla/ furnace may be tak5 at ab\t #ej to #ajj p] c5t41 s t 9 works us+ ! ,h4-,h4 process--aft] its complete introduction--ab\t half ! bla/ furnaces =m]ly necess>y = ! same tonnage 7 bl[n out4 ,! matte-fall has become a ?+ ( ! pa/1 s t1 except 9 ^? cases :]e "s matte is requir$ to collect ! copp] conta9$ 9 ! ores1 lead matte has disappe>$ & ! quantity ( flue du/ z well z ! lead & silv] losses h be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,ref]r+ to ! late/ hi/ory ( ! ,h4-,h4 process1 & ! !ory ( direct bl[+1 x may be rem>k$--putt+ aside all legal que/ions--t ! idea1 metallurgically speak+1 is attractive1 z x w\ld seem t by elim9at+ "o-half ( ! process & bl[+ ! ores direct )\t ! exp5se ( a prelim9>y roa/ a consid]able economy %\ld be effect$4 ,^u exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ?is suppos$ economy & simplicity is n at all ( su* great importance1 & 9 _m cases1 )\t d\bt1 w\ld be retrogressive 9 lead ore smelt+ r ?an progressive4 ,:5 co/s ( roa/+ 9 a furnace are r$uc$ to su* a l[ figure z c be obta9$ by us+ #ej ton furnaces & #aj to #ae ton conv]t]s1 !re is v little m>g9 = improvem5t 9 ?is direction4 ,f ! publi%$ acc\nts ( ! ,t>n[itz smelt+ works 7! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,sept4 #bc1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,lxxx1 p4 #ece7 ! co/ ( me*anical prelim9>y roa/+ _c exce$ #be;c4 p] ton1 s t ev5 assum+ direct bl[+ 7 z *eap z bl[+ a prop]ly prep>$ mat]ial1 ! total economy w\ld only be ! above figure1 viz41 #be;c42 b ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,direct bl[+ ( a crude ore is consid]ably m exp5sive ?an deal+ ) ! ,h4-,h4 product1 because ( necessity ! bl[+ op]ation mu/ be c>ri$ out sl[ly & ) great c>e s z to avoid heavy metal losses1 & :]eas a pre-roa/$ ore c be easily bl[n 9 f\r h\rs & "o man c att5d to two or ?ree #aj ton conv]t]s1 ! direct bl[+ op]ation takes f #ab to #ah h\rs & requires ! cont9ual att5tion ( "o man4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! co/ ( labor w\ld be3 ,"o man at say #c = #ej tons 7at lea/71 i4e41 #f;c4 p] ton1 & 9 ! second case "o man at #c = #aj tons 7at ! be/71 i4e41 #cj;c41 a diff]5ce 9 favor ( pre-roa/+ ( #bd;c41 s t any possible economy w\ld disappe>4 ,fur!rmore1 z ! dang] ( bl[+ ^u crude sulphides = #ab or #ah h\rs is great] z reg>ds metal losses ?an a quick op]ation ( f\r h\rs1 x is v likely t in/ead ( an economy !re w\ld be an increase 9 co/1 ow+ to a great] volatilization ( metals4 ,^! rem>ks ref] to ord9>y lead ores ) say #ej p] c5t4 lead & ab\t #ad p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,) ores1 h[ev]1 su* z are g5]ally treat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! advantages ( pre-roa/+ are /ill m evid5t4 ,^! ores conta9 ab\t #aj to #ae p] c5t4 lead1 #cj to #dj p] c5t4 sulphur1 #bj to #cj p] c5t4 iron1 #aj p] c5t4 z9c1 #e p] c5t4 silica1 & lose ! great] "p ( ! pyritic sulphur 9 ! prelim9>y roa/+1 leav+ ! iron 9 ! =m ( oxide1 :i* 9 ! subsequ5t bl[+ op]ation acts 9 ! same way z lime4 ,= ?is reason ! addition ( extra fluxes1 su* z lime/one1 gypsum1 etc41 to ! orig9al ore is n necess>y & only a useless exp5se4 ,9 c]ta9 exceptional cases & ) ores poor 9 sulphur1 direct bl[+ might be applicable1 b = ! g5]al run ( lead ores no economy c be expect$ by do+ away ) ! prelim9>y roa/4 ,,mak+ ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,at ,,brok5 ,,hill 7,augu/ #aa1 #aijd7 ,! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company has ent]$ ^u ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid on a comm]cial scale4 ,! acid is practically a by-product1 be+ made f ! gases emanat+ f ! desulphurization ( ! ores1 conc5trates1 etc41 by ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process4 ,! acid c be made at a m9imum ( co/1 & ?us mat]ially enhances ! value ( ! process rec5tly introduc$ = ! sep>ation ( z9c bl5de f ! tail+s by flotation4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s are tak5 f a rec5tly publi%$ description ( ! process3 ,! ores1 conc5trates1 slimes1 etc41 z ! case may be1 are mix$ ) gypsum1 ! quantity ( ! latt] v>y+ f #ae to #be p] c5t4 ,! mixture is !n granulat$ to ! size ( m>bles & dump$ into a conv]t]4 ,! bottom ( ! *>ge is heat$ f #djj to #ejj deg4 ,c4 ,x is !n subject$ to an induc$ curr5t ( air1 & ! auxili>y heat is turn$ (f4 ,! desulphurization proce$s v rapidly ) ! evolution ( heat & ! gases conta9+ sulphur\s anhydride4 ,! desulphurization is v ?or\gh1 & no losses occur ?r\gh volatilization4 ,! sulphur ?us r5d]$ available = acid mak+ is r m ?an is conta9$ 9 ! ore1 ! sulphur 9 ! agglom]at$ product be+ some:at less ?an t acc\nt$ = by ! sulphur conta9$ 9 ! add$ gypsum4 ,?us f "o ton ( #ad p] c5t4 sulphide ore x is possible to make ab\t #ab cwt4 ( *amb] acid1 fully equal+ #g cwt4 ( /rong acid4 ,! plant at pres5t 9 use1 :i* comprises a lead *amb] ( #dj1jjj cu4 ft41 c turn out #ce tons ( *amb] acid p] week4 ,?is plant is be+ duplicat$1 & x has also be5 decid$ to erect a l>ge plant at ,port ,pirie = use 9 ! manufacture ( sup]phosphates4 ,x is claim$ t ! production ( sulphuric acid f ores conta9+ only #ad p] c5t4 ( sulphur e/abli%es a new record4 ,,! ,,c>mi*ael-,,brad=d ,,process ,,by ,,donald ,,cl>k 7,novemb] #c1 #aijd7 ,subsequ5t to ! introduction ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process 9 ,au/ralia1 ,messrs4 ,c>mi*ael & ,brad=d1 two employees ( ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company1 pat5t$ a process :i* be>s _! "n4 ,in/ead ( />t+ ) lime1 or lime/one & gal5a1 z 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 !y discov]$ t if sulphate ( lime is mix$ ) gal5a & ! temp]ature rais$1 on bl[+ a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! mixture ! temp]ature rises & ! mass is desulphuriz$4 ,! process w\ld ?us appe> to be a coroll>y ( ! orig9al "o1 & ! reactions 9 ! conv]t] are id5tical4 ,ow+ to ! success ( ! acid processes 9 sep>at+ z9c sulphide f ! tail+ at ,brok5 ,hill1 x became necess>y to manufacture sulphuric acid locally 9 l>ge quantity4 ,! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process has be5 />t$ = ! purpose ( g5]at+ ! sulphur dioxide necess>y1 & is ( mu* int]e/ z %[+ h[ gases ri* en\gh 9 ,,s may be produc$ f a mixture conta9+ only f #ac to #af p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,gypsum is obta9$ 9 a friable /ate )9 ab\t five miles f ,brok5 ,hill4 ,?is is dehydrat$1 ! ,ca,s,o1 #b;,h,o be+ conv]t$ into ,ca,s,o on heat+ to ab\t #bjj deg4 ,c4 ,! p[d]$ residue is mix$ ) slime produc$ 9 ! mill+ op]ations & conc5trate 9 ! proportion ( slime #c p>ts1 conc5trate #a "p1 & lime sulphate #a "p4 ,! proportions may v>y to "s ext5t1 b ! sulphur cont5ts run f #ac to #af or #ag p] c5t4 ,! av]age composition ( ! +r$i5ts is z giv5 9 ! table on ! next page4 ,^! mat]ials are moi/5$ ) wat] & well mix$ by pass+ !m ?r\gh a pug-mill4 ,! small am\nt ( wat] us$ s]ves to set ! product1 ! lime sulphate p>tly becom+ pla/] ( p>is1 #b;,ca,s,o1 ,h,o4 ,:ile /ill moi/ ! mixture is brok5 into pieces n exce$+ two in*es 9 diamet] & spread out on a dry+ floor1 :]e excess ( moi/ure is evaporat$ by ! conjo9t action ( sun & w9d4 ,,slime,,conc5trate,,calcium ,,av]age ,,sulphate ,gal5a #bd #gj #bi ,bl5de #cj #ae #ba ,pyrite #c #b ,f]ric oxide #d #b4e ,f]r\s oxide #a #a ,mangan\s oxide #f4e #e ,alum9a #e4e #c ,lime #c4e #da #aj ,silica #bc #ad ,sulphur trioxide #ei #ab ,! pots us$ are small conical ca/-iron ones1 hung on trunnions1 & ( ! same patt]n z us$ 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process4 ,?ree ( ^! are set 9 l9e1 & two are at "w :ile ! ?ird is be+ fill$4 ,^! pots h ! same =m ( conical cov] lead+ to a telescopic tube1 & all are connect$ to ! same horizontal pipe lead+ to ! nit] pots4 ,damp]s are provid$ 9 ea* case4 ,a small am\nt ( coal or fuel is f$ into ! pots & ignit$ by a g5tle bla/2 z soon z a temp]ature ( ab\t #djj to #ejj deg4 ,c4 is atta9$ ! dri$ mixture is f$ 91 until ! pot is full2 ! cov] is clos$ d[n & ! mass w>ms up4 ,wat] is fir/ driv5 (f1 b aft] a %ort "t conc5trat$ fumes ( sulphur dioxide are evolv$4 ,! am\nt ( ?is gas may be z mu* z #ad p] c5t41 b x is usually kept at ab\t #aj p] c5t41 s z to h en\gh oxyg5 = ! conv]sion ( ! dioxide to ! trioxide4 ,! gases are l$ ov] a c\ple ( nit] pots & !nce to ! usual type ( lead *amb] hav+ a capacity ( #dj1jjj cu4 ft4 ,*amb] acid alone is made1 s9ce ?is requires to be dilut$ = :at is kn[n z ! saltcake process4 ,! plant has n[ be5 9 op]ation = "s "t &1 x is claim$1 ) highly successful results4 ,! product tipp$ out (4 ! conv]t] is simil> to t obta9$ 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 & is at once fit = ! smelt]s1 ! am\nt ( sulphur left 9 x be+ always less ?an t orig9ally introduc$ ) ! gypsum2 analysis ( ! desulphuriz$ mat]ial %[s usually f #c to #d p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,,! ,,c>mi*ael-,,brad=d ,,process ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls 7,octob] #bh1 #aije7 ,z describ$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t ,no4 #gje1ijd1 issu$ ,july #bi1 #aijb1 lead sulphide ore is mix$ ) #aj to #ce p] c5t4 ( calcium sulphate1 ! p]c5tage v>y+ accord+ to ! grade ( ! ore4 ,! mixture is *>g$ into a conv]t] & gradually heat$ ext]nally until ! l[] portion ( ! *>ge1 say "o-?ird to "o-f\r?1 is rais$ to a dull-r$ heat2 or ! reactions may be />t$ by ?r[+ into ! empty conv]t] a %ovelful ( gl[+ coal & turn+ on a bla/ ( air suffici5t to keep ! coal burn+ & !n fe$+ ! *>ge on top ( ! coal4 ,?is heat+ effects a reaction :]eby ! lead sulphide ( ! ore is oxidiz$ to sulphate & ! calcium sulphate is r$uc$ to sulphide4 ,! heat$ mixture be+ cont9u\sly subject$ to ! bla/ ( air1 ! calcium sulphide is re-oxidiz$ to sulphate & is ?us reg5]at$ = fur!r use4 ,?is reaction is exo!rmic1 & suffici5t heat is develop$ to complete ! desulphurization ( ! *>ge ( ore by ! concurr5t reactions betwe5 ! lead sulphate 7produc$ by ! calcium sulphate7 & portions ( undecompos$ ore1 sulphur\s anhydride be+ ?us evolv$4 ,! v>i\s reactions1 :i* are complicat$ 9 _! nature1 cont9ue until ! temp]ature ( ! *>ge rea*es a maximum1 by :i* "t ! *>ge has %runk consid]ably 9 volume & has a t5d5cy to become pa/y4 ,?is becomes m m>k$ z ! production ( lead oxide increases1 & z ! desir$ po9t ( desulphurization is atta9$ ! mixture fuses2 at ?is /age ! calcium sulphide :i* is produc$ f ! sulphate _c readily oxidize1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( com+ into actual contact ) ! air 9 ! pa/y mass1 b1 be+ subject$ to ! /rong oxidiz+ effect ( ! metallic oxide1 x is conv]t$ into calcium plumbate1 :ile sulphur\s anhydride is set free4 ,! mass !n cools1 z ! exo!rmic reactions cease1 & c be readily remov$ to a bla/ furnace = smelt+4 ,! reactions above describ$ are z outl9$ 9 ! orig9al ,am]ican pat5t specification4 ,irrespective ( _! accuracy1 ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process is obvi\sly q simil> to ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le91 & d\btless owes its orig9 to ! latt]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is t 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process ! ore is fir/ p>tially roa/$ ) addition ( lime1 & is !n conv]t$ 9 a special vessel4 ,9 ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process ! ore is mix$ ) gypsum & is !n conv]t$ directly4 ,! greate/ claim = orig9ality 9 ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process may be consid]$ to lie 9 x z a me?od ( desulphuriz+ gypsum1 inasmu* z n only is ! sulphur ( ! ore expell$1 b also a "p ( ! sulphur ( ! gypsum2 & ! sulphur is driv5 (f z a gas ( suffici5tly high t5or ( sulphur dioxide to enable sulphuric acid to be made f x economically4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process has be5 put into practical use only at ,brok5 ,hill1 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4 ,! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company fir/ conduct$ a s]ies ( te/s 9 a conv]t] capable ( treat+ a *>ge ( #bj cwt4 ,^! te/s 7 made at ! smelt+ works at ,port ,pirie4 ,exhau/ive exp]im5ts made on v>i\s classes ( ores satisfactorily prov$ ! g5]al efficacy ( ! process4 ,! foll[+ ores 7 tri$ 9 ^! prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 viz43 ,fir/-grade conc5trate conta9+3 ,pb1 #fj p] c5t42 ,zn1 #aj p] c5t42 ,s1 #af p] c5t42 ,ag1 #cj oz4 ,second-grade conc5trate conta9+3 ,pb1 #de p] c5t42 ,zn1 #ab4e p] c5t42 ,s1 #ad4e p] c5t42 ,ag1 #bb oz4 ,slime conta9+3 ,pb1 #ba p] c5t42 ,zn1 #ag p] c5t42 ,s1 #ac p] c5t42 ,ag1 #ah oz4 ,lead-copp] matte conta9+3 ,fe1 #db p] c5t42 ,pb1 #ag p] c5t42 ,zn1 #ac4c p] c5t42 ,cu1 #b4d p] c5t42 ,s1 #bc p] c5t42 ,ag1 #be oz4 ,o!r mattes1 ( v>y+ composition up to #de p] c5t4 ,pb & #ajj oz4 ,ag1 7 also tri$4 ,! results f ^! prelim9>y te/s 7 s gratify+ t a fur!r set ( te/s 0 made on lead-z9c slime1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r any volatilization losses occurr$ dur+ ! desulphurization4 ,?is p>ticul> mat]ial 0 *os5 because ( its accumulation 9 l>ge proportions at ! m9e1 & ! unsatisfactory result ( ! heap roa/+ :i* has rec5tly be5 practis$4 ,! heap roa/+1 al?\gh af=d+ a product conta9+ only #g p] c5t4 ,s1 :i* is deliv]$ 9 lump =m & !re=e q suitable = smelt+1 result$ 9 a high loss ( metal by volatilization 7#ag p] c5t4 ,pb1 #e p] c5t4 ,ag74 ,! result ( n9e *>ges ( ! slime treat$ by ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process 0 z foll[s3 ,,assays ,,cont5ts ,cwt4 ,pb ,ag oz4,zn ,s ,pb ,ag4 ,zn ,s cwt4 oz4 cwt4cwt4 ,raw slime #abh4a #ba4c #ah4j #af4hac4abg4bhaae4cbf4baf4gh ,raw gypsum #ed4i #i4hh ,total #ahc4j #bg4bhaae4cbe4bbf4ff ,s9t]$ mat]ial#aji4hhbj4g #ag4b #d4hjbb4gd #id4e #e4bg ,middl+ #ad4dgag4g #ae4g #f4bj #b4ef #aa4c #j4hi ,f9es #aa4abai4j #ad4h #g4ej #b4aa #h4b #j4hc ,total #ace4dg #e4agbg4daaac4j #f4ii ,^! results indicat$ practically no volatilization ( lead & silv] dur+ ! treatm5t1 ! lead %[+ a slight increase1 viz41 #j4dg p] c5t41 & ! silv] #a4ac p] c5t4 loss4 ,a desulphurization ( #gj4d p] c5t4 0 effect$4 ,a high] desulphurization c\ld h be5 effect$ _h ?is be5 desir$4 ,9 ! above tabulat$ results1 ! t]m 8middl+0 is appli$ to ! loose fritt$ lumps ly+ on ! top ( ! *>ge3 ^! are suitable = smelt+1 ! f9es be+ ! only portion :i* has to be return$4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! practicability ( mak+ sulphuric acid1 a plant consi/+ ( ?ree l>ge conv]t]s ( capacity ( five tons ea*1 toge!r ) a lead *amb] #ajj ft4 by #bj ft4 by #bj ft41 0 !n erect$ at ,brok5 ,hill1 toge!r ) a dehydrat+ furnace1 pug-mill1 & granulator4 ,^! conv]t]s are %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+s4 ,a trial run 0 made ) #ajh tons ( conc5trate ( ! foll[+ composition3 #ed p] c5t4 lead2 #a4i p] c5t4 iron2 #j4i p] c5t4 manganese2 #i4d p] c5t4 z9c2 #ad4f p] c5t4 sulphur2 #ai4b p] c5t4 insoluble residue1 & #bd oz4 silv] p] ton4 ,! conv]t] *>ge consi/$ ( #ajj p>ts ( ! conc5trate & #be p>ts ( raw gypsum1 cru%$ to pass a #a 94 hole & reta9$ by a #j4be 94 hole1 ! mat]ial f9] ?an #j4be 94 7:i* am\nt$ to #e p] c5t4 ( ! total7 be+ return$ to ! pug-mill4 ,aft] desulphurization 9 ! conv]t]1 ! product assay$ z foll[s3 #dh4i p] c5t4 lead2 #a4hj p] c5t4 iron2 #j4hj p] c5t4 manganese2 #g4hg p] c5t4 z9c2 #c4ij p] c5t4 sulphur2 #a4jb p] c5t4 alum9a2 #e4hj p] c5t4 lime2 #ba4ge p] c5t4 insoluble residue2 #h4af p] c5t4 undet]m9$ 7oxyg5 z oxides1 sulphates1 etc472 total1 #ajj p] c5t4 ,its silv] cont5t 0 #bb oz4 p] ton4 ,! desulphuriz$ ore weigh$ #aj p] c5t4 m ?an ! raw conc5trate4 ,dur+ ?is run #cd tons ( acid 7 made4 ,a trial 0 !n made on #ge tons ( slime ( ! foll[+ composition3 #ah4j p] c5t4 lead2 #af4f p] c5t4 z9c2 #f4j p] c5t4 iron2 #b4e p] c5t4 manganese2 #c4b p] c5t4 alum9a2 #b4a p] c5t4 lime2 #ch4e p] c5t4 insoluble residue2 total1 #ajj p] c5t4 ,its silv] cont5t 0 #ai4b oz4 p] ton4 ,! conv]t] *>ge 9 ?is case consi/$ ( #ajj p>ts ( raw slime & #cj p>ts ( gypsum4 ,! conv]t$ mat]ial assay$ z foll[s3 #af4a p] c5t4 lead2 #ad4j p] c5t4 z9c2 #c4f p] c5t4 sulphur2 #e4db p] c5t4 iron2 #b4be p] c5t4 manganese2 #d4aj p] c5t4 alum9a2 #h4fj p] c5t4 lime2 #ci4hj p] c5t4 insoluble residue2 #f4ac p] c5t4 undet]m9$ 7oxyg51 etc472 total1 #ajj p] c5t42 & silv]1 #ag4e oz4 p] ton4 ,! increase 9 weight ( desulphuriz$ ore ov] t ( ! raw ore 0 #aa p] c5t4 ,dur+ ?is run #bb tons ( acid 7 manufactur$4 ,! analysis ( ! gypsum us$ 9 ea* ( ! above te/s 7at ,brok5 ,hill7 0 z foll[s3 #gf4a p] c5t4 ,ca,s,o1 #b;,h,o2 #j4e p] c5t4 ,fe,o2 #d4e p] c5t4 ,al,o2 #ah4i p] c5t4 insoluble residue4 ,! plant 0 !n put into cont9u\s op]ation on a mixture ( ?ree p>ts slime & "o ( conc5trate1 desulphuriz+ d[n to #d p] c5t4 ,s1 & supply+ #bj tons ( acid p] week1 & additions 7 made to ! plant z soon z possible4 ,! acid made at ,brok5 ,hill has be5 us$ 9 connection ) ! ,delprat process = ! conc5tration ( ! z9c tail+4 ,at ,port ,pirie1 works are be+ erect$ ) capacity = desulphurization ( ab\t #ce1jjj tons p] annum1 ) an acid output ( #aj1jjj tons4 ,?is acid is to be utiliz$ = ! acidulation ( phosphate rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,details ( ,conv]t]s4 ,! co/ ( desulphurization ( a ton ( gal5a conc5trate by ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process1 bas$ on labor at #a4hj p] #h h\rs1 gypsum at #b4dj p] #bbdj lb41 & coal at #h4dj p] #bbdj lb41 is e/imat$ z foll[s3 #j4be ton ( gypsum #j4fj ,dehydrat+ & granulat+ gypsum 4#dh ,dry+ mixture ( ore & gypsum 4#ab ,conv]t+ 4#bd ,spall+ s9t]$ mat]ial 4#ab #j4ja ton coal 4#jh ---------- ,total #a4fd ,! lime 9 ! s9t]$ product is cr$it$ at #ab;c41 mak+ ! net co/ #a4eb p] ton 7#bbdj lb47 ( ore4 ,! plant requir$ = ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process c be describ$ ) suffici5t cle>ness )\t draw+s1 except ! conv]t]s4 ,! ore 7conc5trate1 slime1 etc47 to be desulphuriz$ is deliv]$ at ! top ( ! mill by c>s1 conveyors1 or o!r conv5i5t means1 & dump$ into a b94 ,two screw fe$]s plac$ inside ! b9 supply ! mill ) ore1 uni=mly & z fa/ z x is requir$4 ,^! fe$]s deliv] ! ore into a *ute1 :i* directs x into a v]tical dry mix]4 ,a small b91 on ! same level z ! ore-b91 receives ! crude gypsum f c>s4 ,!nce x is f$ automatically to a dis9tegrator1 :i* pulv]izes x f9ely & deliv]s x into a /orage b9 und]nea?4 ,?is dis9tegrator revolves at ab\t #agjj r4p4m4 & requires #aj h4p4 ,! body ( ! ma*9e is ca/ iron1 fitt$ ) r5ewable we>+ plates 7made ( h>d iron7 9 ! gr9d+ *amb]4 ,! revolv+ p>ts consi/ ( a malleable iron disc 9 :i* are fix$ /eel beat]s1 fac$ on ! gr9d+ surface ) highly temp]$ /eel4 ,! b9 t receives ! fl\r$ gypsum conta9s a screw conveyor simil> to ^? 9 ! ore-b91 & dumps ! mat]ial into pu% conveyors pass+ into ! dehydrat+ furnace4 ,!y c>ry ! cru%$ gypsum along at a spe$ ( ab\t #a ft4 p] m9ute1 & all[ ab\t #bj ft4 to dehydrate ! gypsum4 ,?is spe$ c1 ( c\rse1 be regulat$ to suit requirem5ts4 ,! dehydrat$ gypsum runs d[n a *ute into an elevator boot1 & is elevat$ into a b9 :i* is on ! same level z ! ore-b94 ,?is b9 also conta9s a screw conveyor1 l t 9 ! ore-b94 ,! spe$ ( deliv]y is regulat$ to deliv] ! "r proportion ( dehydrat$ gypsum to ! mix]4 ,! mix] is ( ! v]tical patt]n & receives ! sulphide ore & dehydrat$ gypsum f ! screw fe$]s4 ,9 x are set two flat revolv+ cones runn+ at diff]5t spe$s1 ?us ensur+ a ?or\gh mixture ( ! gypsum & ore4 ,! mix$ mat]ial drops f ! cones ^u two baffle plates1 & is wett$ j be=e ent]+ ! pug-mill4 ,! pug-mill is a wr\ght-iron cyl9d] ( 94 plate ab\t #b ft4 #f 94 diamet] & #f or #h ft4 long1 & has ! mix] fitt$ to ! head4 ,x conta9s a #c ft4 wr\ght-iron spiral ) propell+ blades1 :i* =ces ! pla/ic mixture ?r\gh 94 holes 9 ! cov]4 ,! mat]ial comes out 9 long cyl9drical pieces1 b is brok5 up & =m$ into m>ble-%ap$ pieces on dropp+ into a revolv+ trommel4 ,! trommel is ab\t #e ft4 long1 #b ft4 9 diamet] at ! small end & ab\t #d ft4 at ! l>ge end4 ,x revolves ab\t a wr\ght-iron sp9dle 7#b 94 diamet]7 c>ry+ two ca/-iron hubs to :i* are fitt$ arms = c>ry+ ! conical plate 94 ?ick4 ,ab\t #ah 94 ( ! small end ( ! cone is fitt$ ) wire gauze1 s z to prev5t ! mat]ial z x comes out ( ! pug-mill f /ick+ to x4 ,! trommel is driv5 by bevel ge>+ at #bj to #be r4p4m4 ,! granulat$ mat]ial =m$ 9 ! trommel is deliv]$ ^u a dry+ conveyor4 ,! conveyor consi/s ( h+$ wr\ght-iron plates flang$ at ! side to keep ! mat]ial f runn+ (f4 ,x is driv5 f ! head by ge>+1 at a spe$ ( #a ft4 p] m9ute1 pass+ ?r\gh a furnace #aj ft4 long to dry & set ! granules ( ore & gypsum4 ,?is spe$ c1 ( c\rse1 be regulat$ to suit requirem5ts4 ,! granulat$ mat]ial1 aft] leav+ ! furnace1 is deliv]$ to a s+le-*a9 elevator1 travel+ at a spe$ ( ab\t #aej ft4 p] m9ute4 ,x drops ! mat]ial into a gras%opp] conveyor1 driv5 by an ecc5tric1 :i* di/ributes ! mat]ial ov] ! l5g? ( a /orage b94 ,f ?is b9 ! mat]ial is direct$ into ! conv]t]s by means ( ! *utes1 :i* h _! bottom ends h+$ s z to all[ = ! rais+ ( ! hood :5 *>g+ ! conv]t]s4 ,! conv]t]s are %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+s1 b !y may be ( slightly diff]5t =m f :at is %[n !re91 i4e41 !y may be m sph]ical ?an conical4 ,!y w h a capacity ( ab\t f\r tons1 be+ #f ft4 9 diamet] at ! top1 #d ft4 9 diamet] at ! false bottom1 & ab\t #e ft4 deep4 ,!y are swung on ca/-iron trunnions bolt$ to ! body & turn$ by means ( a h&-:eel & worm 7n %[n74 ,!y are c>ri$ on /rong ca/-iron /&>ds fitt$ ) be>+s = trunnions1 & all necess>y brackets = tilt+ ge>4 ,! hood has a telescopic funnel :i* all[s x to be rais$ or l[]$1 weights be+ us$ to balance x4 ,at ! apex ( ! cone a damp] is provid$ to regulate ! draft4 ,a #d 94 hole 9 ! pot all[s ! air f ! bla/-pipe1 #ah 94 9 diamet]1 to ent] "u ! false p]=at$ bottom1 ! connection betwe5 ! two be+ made by a flexible pipe & c\pl+4 ,two ,bak] bl[]s supply ! bla/ = ! conv]t]s4 ,! mat]ial1 aft] be+ s9t]$1 is tipp$ on ! floor 9 front ( ! conv]t]s & is !re brok5 up to any suitable size1 & !nce dispat*$ to ! smelt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,arrangem5t ( ,conv]t]s4 ,! necess>y p[] = a plant ) a capacity ( #aej tons ( ore p] day w be suppli$ by a #ej h4p4 eng9e4 ,,! ,,savelsb]g ,,process ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls 7,decemb] #i1 #aije7 ,!re are 9 use at ! pres5t "t ?ree processes = ! desulphurization ( gal5a by ! new me?od1 :i* has be5 ref]r$ to z ! 8lime-roa/+ ( gal5a40 ,! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 & ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d processes h be5 previ\sly describ$4 ,! ?ird process ( ?is type1 :i* 9 "s respects is m rem>kable ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 is ! inv5tion ( ,adolf ,savelsb]g1 director ( ! smelt]y at ,ramsbeck1 ,we/phalia1 ,g]many1 :i* is own$ by ! ,akt4 ,gesell4 f4 ,b]gbau1 ,blei4 u4 ,z9khtt5betrieb zu ,/olb]g u4 9 ,we/phal54 ,! process is 9 use at ! ,ramsbeck & ,/olb]g lead smelt]ies ( t company4 ,x is describ$ 9 ,am]ican pat5t ,no4 #gee1eih1 issu$ ,m>* #bb1 #aijd 7application fil$ ,dec4 #ah1 #aijc74 ,! process is well outl9$ 9 ! words ( ! inv5tor 9 ! specification ( t pat5t3 8,! desulphuriz+ ( c]ta9 ores has be5 effect$ by bl[+ air ?r\gh ! ore 9 a *amb]1 ) ! object ( do+ away ) ! imp]fect & co/ly process ( roa/+ 9 ord9>y furnaces2 b hi!rto x has n be5 possible satisfactorily to desulphurize lead ores 9 ?is mann]1 z1 if air be bl[n ?r\gh raw lead ores 9 accordance ) ei!r ( ! processes us$ = treat+ copp] ores1 = example1 ! temp]ature rises s rapidly t ! unroa/$ lead ore melts & ! air c no long] act prop]ly ^u x1 because by reason ( ?is melt+ ! surface ( ! ores is consid]ably decreas$1 ! great] numb] ( po9ts or ext5t ( surface :i* ! raw ore orig9ally pres5t$ to ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air bl[n ?r\gh be+ lo/1 &1 moreov]1 ! fur!r bl[+ ( air ?r\gh ! molt5 mass ( ore produces metallic lead & a plumbif]\s slag 79 :i* ! lead oxide comb9es ) ! gangue7 & also a l>ge am\nt ( light du/1 consi/+ ma9ly ( sublimat$ lead sulphide4 ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le9 h propos$ to ov]come ^! objections by adopt+ a middle c\rse1 consi/+ 9 roa/+ ! ores ) ! addition ( lime/one = ov]com+ ! ready fusibility ( ! ores1 & !n subject+ !m to ! action ( ! curr5t ( air 9 ! *amb]2 b ?is process is n satisfactory1 because x /ill requires ! co/ly previ\s op]ation 9 a roa/+ furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,conv]t] ,ready to ,dump4 8,my inv5tion is bas$ on ! obs]vation :i* ,i h made t if ! lead ores to be desulphuriz$ conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( lime/one x is possible1 by obs]v+ c]ta9 precautions1 to disp5se entirely ) ! previ\s roa/+ 9 a roa/+ furnace1 & to desulphurize ! ores 9 "o op]ation by bl[+ air ?r\gh !m4 ,i h f\nd t ! addition ( lime/one r5d]s ! roa/+ ( ! lead ore unnecess>y1 because ! lime/one produces ! foll[+ effects3 8,! p>ticles ( lime/one act me*anically by sep>at+ ! p>ticles ( lead ore f ea* o!r 9 su* a way t premature agglom]ation is prev5t$ & ! :ole mass is loos5$ & r5d]$ accessible to air2 &1 moreov]1 ! lime/one mod]ates ! high reaction temp]ature result+ f ! burn+ ( ! sulphur1 s t ! liquefaction ( ! gal5a1 ! sublimation ( lead sulphide1 & ! sep>ation ( metallic lead are avoid$4 ,! mod]ation ( ! temp]ature ( reaction is caus$ by ! decomposition ( ! lime/one into cau/ic lime & c>bon dioxide1 :]eby a l>ge am\nt ( heat becomes lat5t4 ,fur!r1 ! decomposition ( ! lime/one causes *emical reactions1 lime be+ =m$1 :i* at ! mom5t ( its =mation is p>tly conv]t$ into sulphate ( lime at ! exp5se ( ! sulphur conta9$ 9 ! ore1 & ?is sulphate ( lime1 :5 ! scorification takes place1 is trans=m$ into calcium silicate by ! silicic acid1 ! sulphuric acid produc$ !reby escap+4 ,! lime/one also l>gely contributes to ! desulphurization ( ! ore1 z x causes ! production ( sulphuric acid at ! exp5se ( ! sulphur ( ! ore1 :i* sulphuric acid is a p[]ful oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 a mixture ( raw lead ore & lime/one 7:i* mixture mu/1 ( c\rse1 conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( silicic acid = =m+ silicates7 be introduc$ into a *amb] & a curr5t ( air be bl[n ?r\gh ! mixture1 & at ! same "t ! "p ( ! mixture :i* is ne> ! bla/ inlet be ignit$1 ! combu/ion ( ! sulphur w give rise to v en]getic reactions1 & sulphur\s acid1 sulphuric acid1 lead oxide1 sulphates & silicates are produc$4 ,! sulphur\s acid & ! c>bon dioxide escape1 :ile ! sulphuric acid & sulphates act 9 _! turn z oxidiz+ ag5ts on ! undecompos$ gal5a4 ,"p ( ! sulphates is decompos$ by ! silicic acid1 !reby lib]at+ sulphuric acid1 :i*1 z already /at$1 acts z an oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,! rema9+ lead oxide comb9es f9ally ) ! gangue ( ! ore & ! non-volatile con/itu5ts ( ! flux 7! lime/one7 to =m ! requir$ slag4 ,^! sev]al reactions comm5ce at ! bla/ inlet at ! bottom ( ! *amb]1 & ext5d gradually t[>d ! upp] portion ( ! *>ge ( ore & lime/one4 ,liquefaction ( ! ores does n take place1 = al?\gh a slag is =m$ x is at once solidifi$ by ! bl[+ 9 ( ! air1 ! passages =m$ !reby 9 ! h>d5+ slag all[+ ( ! cont9u$ passage !re?r\gh ( ! air4 ,! f9al product is a silicate consi/+ ( lead oxide1 lime1 silicic acid1 & o!r con/itu5ts ( ! ore1 :i* n[ conta9s b little or no sulphur & con/itutes a coh]5t solid mass1 :i*1 :5 brok5 into pieces1 =ms a mat]ial suitable to be smelt$4 8,! quantity ( lime/one requir$ = ! treatm5t ( ! lead ores v>ies accord+ to ! con/itution ( ! ores4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 am\nt g5]ally to f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ,z lead ores d n conta9 ! necess>y am\nt ( lime/one z a natural con/itu5t1 a consid]able am\nt ( lime/one mu/ be add$ to !m1 & ?is addition may be made ei!r dur+ ! dress+ ( ! ores or subsequ5tly4 8,= ! satisfactory work+ ( ! process1 ! foll[+ precautions are to be obs]v$3 ,9 ord] t ! bl[+ 9 ( ! air may n cause p>ticles ( lime/one to escape 9 ! =m ( du/ be=e ! reaction beg9s1 x is necess>y to add to ! *>ge be=e x is subject$ to ! action 9 ! *amb] a consid]able am\nt ( wat]--say #e p] c5t4 or m4 ,?is wat] prev5ts ! escape ( du/1 & x also contributes consid]ably to ! =mation ( sulphuric acid1 :i*1 by its oxidiz+ action1 promotes ! reaction1 &1 consequ5tly1 also ! desulphurization4 ,x is advisable1 9 conduct+ ! op]ation1 n to fill ! *amb] ) ! *>ge at once1 b fir/ only p>tly to fill x & add to ! *>ge gradually :ile ! *amb] is at "w1 z by ?is means ! reaction w take place m smoo?ly 9 ! mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,*>ge ,dump$4 8,x is advantage\s to proce$ z foll[s3 ,! bottom "p ( a *amb] ( any suitable =m is provid$ ) a grate1 on :i* is laid & ignit$ a mixture ( fuel 7coal1 coke1 or ! l7 & pieces ( lime/one4 ,by mix+ ! fuel ) pieces ( lime/one ! heat+ p[] ( ! fuel is r$uc$ & ! grate is protect$1 :ile at ! same "t premature melt+ ( ! l[] "p ( ! *>ge is prev5t$2 or ! grate may be fir/ cov]$ ) a lay] ( lime/one & ! fuel be laid !reon1 & !n ano!r lay] ( lime/one be plac$ on ! fuel4 ,on ! mat]ial ?us plac$ 9 ! *amb]1 a uni=m *>ge ( lead ore & lime/one--say ab\t #ab 94 high--is plac$1 ?is hav+ be5 moi/5$ z previ\sly expla9$4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! air-bla/ & ! heat1 ! reactions h]e9be=e describ$ take place4 ,:5 ! upp] surface ( ! fir/ lay] becomes r$-hot1 a fur!r *>ge is laid !reon1 & fur!r *>ges are gradually introduc$ z ! surface ( ! prec$+ *>ge becomes r$-hot1 until ! *amb] is full4 ,s long z *>ges are /ill introduc$ a bla/ ( air ( b l[ pressure is bl[n ?r\gh2 b :5 ! *amb] is fill$ a l>g] quantity ( air at a high] pressure is bl[n ?r\gh4 ,! scorification process !n takes place1 a v p[]ful desulphurization hav+ prec$$ x4 ,dur+ ! scorification ! desulphurization is complet$4 8,:5 ! process is complet$1 ! *amb] is tilt$ & ! desulphuriz$ mass falls out & is brok5 into small pieces = smelt+40 ,! draw+ on page #aij1 ,fig4 #ag1 %[s a side view ( ! app>atus us$ 9 connection ) ! process1 :i* w be readily und]/ood )\t special description4 ,! dott$ l9es %[ ! pot 9 its empty+ position4 ,! s]ies ( op]ations is cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ah-bj1 :i* are reproduc$ f photographs4 ,?is process has n[ be5 9 practical use at ,ramsbeck = ?ree ye>s1 :]e x is employ$ = ! desulphurization ( gal5a ( high grade 9 lead1 ) :i* are mix$ qu>tzose silv] ore 7or s& if no su* ore be available71 & calc>e\s & f]rug9\s fluxes4 ,a typical *>ge is #ajj p>ts ( lead ore1 #aj p>ts ( qu>tzose silv] ore1 #aj p>ts ( spa?ic iron ore1 & #ai p>ts ( lime/one4 ,a ?or\gh mixture ( ! compon5ts is ess5tial2 aft] ! mixture has be5 effect$1 ! *>ge is ?or\ghly wett$ ) ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( wat]1 :i* is conceiv$ to play a ?reefold function 9 ! desulphuriz+ op]ation1 namely3 7#a7 pres]vation ( ! homog5eity ( ! mixture dur+ ! bl[+2 7#b7 r$uction ( temp]ature dur+ ! process2 & 7#c7 =mation ( sulphuric acid 9 ! process1 :i* promotes ! desulphurization ( ! ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,savelsb]g ,conv]t]4 ,! moi/5$ *>ge is convey$ to ! conv]t]s1 into :i* x is f$ 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,! conv]t]s are hemisph]ical ca/-iron pots1 support$ by trunnions on a truck1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ engrav+s4 ,except = ?is me?od ( support1 :i* r5d]s ! pot movable1 ! arrangem5t is q simil> to t :i* is employ$ 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process4 ,! pots :i* are n[ 9 use at ,ramsbeck h capacity = ab\t #hjjj kg4 ( *>ge1 b x is ! int5tion ( ! managem5t to increase ! capacity to #aj1jjj or #ab1jjj kg4 ,previ\sly1 pots ( only #ejjj kg4 capacity 7 employ$4 ,su* a pot weigh$ #acjj kg41 exclusive ( ! truck4 ,! air-bla/ 0 ab\t #g cu4 m4 7#bdg4b cu4 ft47 p] m941 beg9n+ at a pressure ( #aj to #bj cm4 ( wat] 7#b to #d oz47 & ris+ to #ej to #fj cm4 7#aa to #ac oz47 :5 ! pot 0 completely fill$ ) *>ge4 ,! desulphurization ( a *>ge is complet$ 9 #ah h\rs4 ,a pot is att5d$ by "o man p] %ift ( #ab h\rs2 ?is is only ! att5tion ( ! pot prop]1 ! labor ( convey+ mat]ial to x & break+ up ! desulphuriz$ product be+ extra4 ,"o man p] %ift %\ld be able to att5d to two pots1 :i* is ! practice 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,conv]t] 9 ,position = ,bl[+4 ,:5 ! op]ation 9 ! pot is complet$1 ! latt] is turn$ on its trunnions1 until ! *>ge slides out by gravity1 :i* x does z a solid cake4 ,?is is caus$ to fall ^u a v]tical b>1 :i* breaks x into l>ge pieces4 ,by w$g+ & sl$g+ ^! are r$uc$ to lumps ( suitable size = ! bla/ furnace4 ,:5 ! op]ation has be5 prop]ly conduct$ ! *>ge is r$uc$ to ab\t #b or #c p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,x is expect$ t ! use ( l>g] conv]t]s w %[ ev5 m favorable results 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,z 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 & ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d processes1 "o ( ! greate/ advantages ( ! ,savelsb]g process is ! ability to effect a te*nically high degree ( desulphurization ) only a slight loss ( lead & silv]1 :i* is ( c\rse due to ! p]fect control ( ! temp]ature 9 ! process4 ,! precise loss ( lead has n yet be5 det]m9$1 b 9 ! desulphurization ( gal5a conta9+ #fj to #gh p] c5t4 lead1 ! loss ( lead is probably n m ?an #a p] c5t4 ,!re appe>s to be no loss ( silv]4 ,! process is applicable to a wide v>iety ( lead-sulphide ores4 ,! ore treat$ at ,ramsbeck conta9s #fj to #gh p] c5t4 lead & ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 b ore f ,brok5 ,hill1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( z9c has also be5 treat$4 ,a z9c cont5t up to #g or #h p] c5t4 9 ! ore is no drawback1 b ores c>ry+ a high] p]c5tage ( z9c require a l>g] addition ( silica & ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( iron ore 9 ord] to increase ! fusibility ( ! *>ge4 ,! *>ge ord9>ily treat$ at ,ramsbeck is made to conta9 ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ( silica4 ,! pres5ce ( pyrites 9 ! ore is favorable to ! desulphurization4 ,dolomite plays ! same "p 9 ! process t lime/one does1 b is ( c\rse less desirable1 9 view ( ! subsequ5t smelt+ 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,! ore is be/ cru%$ to ab\t #c mm4 size1 b good results h be5 obta9$ ) ore co>s] 9 size ?an t4 ,h[ev]1 ! prop] size is some:at dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! ore4 ,! bla/ pressure requir$ 9 ! conv]t] is also1 ( c\rse1 some:at dep5d5t ^u ! porosity ( ! *>ge4 ,f9e slimes are work$ up by mixture ) co>s] ore4 ,9 mak+ up ! *>ge1 ! proportion ( lime/one is n v>i$ mu*1 b ! proportions ( silica & iron mu/ be c>efully modifi$ to suit ! ore4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( ore h a t5d5cy to rema9 pulv]ul5t1 or to reta9 balls ( uns9t]$1 p[d]$ mat]ial4 ,9 su* cases x is necess>y to provide m fusible mat]ial 9 ! *>ge1 :i* is done by v>y+ ! proportions ( silica & iron4 ,! *>ge mu/1 moreov]1 be prep>$ 9 su* a mann] t ov]heat+1 & consequ5tly ! tr\blesome fusion ( raw gal5a1 w be avoid$4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 & ,savelsb]g processes is ! use 9 ! =m] ( a p>tially desulphuriz$ ore1 conta9+ lime & sulphate ( lime2 & ! use 9 ! latt] ( raw ore & c>bonate ( lime4 ,x is claim$ t ! latt]1 :i* loses its c>bon dioxide 9 ! conv]t]1 necess>ily plays a diff]5t *emical "p f t ( quicklime or gypsum4 ,irrespective ( ! reactions1 h[ev]1 ! ,savelsb]g process has ! great economic advantage ( disp5s+ ) ! prelim9>y roa/+ ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 :]e=e x is *eap] bo? 9 fir/ co/ ( plant & 9 op]ation4 ,,! ,,lime-,,roa/+ ,,( ,,gal5a#cb ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 & especially dur+ ! la/ six mon?s1 a numb] ( important articles ^u ! new me?ods = ! desulphurization ( gal5a h be5 publi%$ 9 ! te*nical p]iodicals1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal & 9 ,metallurgie4 ,i propos$ = ^! me?ods ! type-"n ( 8lime-roa/+ ( gal5a10 z a conv5i5t metallurgical classification1#cc & ?is t]m has f\nd "s acceptance4 ,! articles ref]r$ to h %[n ! great practical importance ( ^! new processes1 & ! g5]al recognition ( _! metallurgical & comm]cial value1 :i* has already be5 accord$ to !m4 ,x is my pres5t purpose to review broadly ! *anges develop$ by !m 9 ! metallurgy ( lead1 9 :i* connection x is necess>y to ref] briefly to ! previ\s /ate ( ! art4 ,! elim9ation ( ! sulphur cont5t ( gal5a has be5 always ! mo/ tr\blesome "p ( ! smelt+ process1 be+ bo? co/ly 9 ! op]ation & wa/eful ( silv] & lead4 ,previ\s to ! introduction ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process at ,p]tusola1 ,italy1 x 0 effect$ by a v>iety ( me?ods4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( non-arg5tif]\s gal5a conc5trate1 ! smelt+ 0 done by ! roa/-r$uction me?od 7roa/+ 9 rev]b]atory furnace & smelt+ 9 bla/ furnace72 ! roa/-reaction me?od1 appli$ 9 rev]b]atory furnaces2 & ! roa/-reaction me?od1 appli$ 9 ,scot* he>?s4#cd ,precipitation smelt+1 simple1 _h practically gone out ( use1 al?\gh its reactions ent] into ! mod]n bla/-furnace practice1 z d also ^? ( ! roa/-reaction me?od4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( arg5tif]\s lead ores1 a comb9ation ( ! roa/-r$uction1 roa/-reaction & precipitation me?ods _h be5 develop$4 ,ores l[ 9 lead 7 /ill roa/$1 *iefly 9 h&-work$ rev]b]atories 7! me*anical furnaces n hav+ prov$ well adapt$ to lead-be>+ ores71 :ile ! high loss ( lead & silv] 9 s9t]-or slag-roa/+ ( ri* gal5as _h caus$ ^? processes to be ab&on$1 & su* ores 7 *>g$ raw into ! bla/ furnace1 ! "p ( _! sulphur :i* escap$ oxidation !re9 reappe>+ 9 ! =m ( matte4 ,9 ! roa/-r$uction smelt+ ( gal5a alone1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no way ( avoid+ ! roa/+ ( ! :ole1 or at lea/ a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! ore1 & 9 ?is roa/+ ! ore _h necess>ily to be slagg$ or s9t]$ 9 ord] to elim9ate ! sulphur to a satisfactory ext5t4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! gal5a conc5trate ( s\!a/]n ,miss\ri at ! pres5t "t4 ,until ! two new ,scot*-he>? plants at ,alton & ,coll9sville1 ,ill41 7 put 9 op]ation1 ! ?ree processes ( smelt+ ! s\!a/]n ,miss\ri gal5a 7 ab\t on an equal foot+4 ,_! results p] ton ( ore conta9+ #fe p] c5t4 lead 7 approximately z foll[s#ce3 ,,me?od ,,co/ ,,extraction ,rev]b]atory #f4ej-g4jj #ij-ib ,scot* he>? #e4ge-f4ej #hg-hh ,roa/-r$uction #f4jj-g4jj #ij-ib ,! new works employ ! ,scot*-he>? process1 ) bag-h\ses = ! recov]y ( ! fume1 :i* previ\sly 0 ! weak po9t ( ?is me?od ( smelt+4#cf ,?is improvem5t l$ to a l>ge increase 9 ! recov]y ( lead1 s t ! entire extraction is n[ approximately #ih p] c5t4 ( ! cont5t ( ! ore1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! co/ ( smelt+ p] ton ( ore has be5 r$uc$ ?r\gh ! increas$ size ( ^! plants & ! introduction ( improv$ means = h&l+ ore & mat]ial4 ,! practice ( ^! works repres5ts ! highe/ effici5cy yet obta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! smelt+ ( high-grade gal5a conc5trate1 & probably x _c be equal$ ev5 by ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 & simil> processes4 ,! ,scot*-he>? & bag-h\se process is !re=e ! "o ( ! old] me?ods ( smelt+ :i* w survive4 ,9 ! o!r me?ods ( smelt+1 a l>ge proportion ( ! co/ is involv$ 9 ! roa/+ ( ! ore1 :i* am\nts 9 h&-work$ rev]b]atory furnaces to #b to #b4ej p] ton4 ,also1 ! l>g] proportion ( ! loss ( metal is suff]$ 9 ! roa/+ ( ! ore1 ?is loss am\nt+ to f #f to #h p] c5t4 ( ! metal cont5t ( su* ore z is roa/$4 ,! loss ( lead 9 ! comb9$ process ( treatm5t dep5ds ^u ! details ( ! process4 ,! *ief advantage ( lime-roa/+ 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is class ( ore is 9 ! high] extraction ( metal :i* x af=ds4 ,?is %\ld rise to #ih p] c5t4 ,t figure has be51 inde$1 surpass$ 9 op]ations on a l>ge scale1 ext5d+ ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! arg5tif]\s ores ( ! ,we/ diff]5t conditions ent] into ! consid]ation4 ,9 ! work+ ( ^? ores1 ! pres5t practice is to roa/ only ^? :i* are l[ 9 lead1 & *>ge raw into ! bla/ furnace ! ri* gal5as4 ,! co/ ( roa/+ is ab\t #b to #b4ej p] ton2 ! co/ ( smelt+ is ab\t #b4ej p] ton4 ,on ! av]age ab\t #j4d ton ( ore has to be roa/$ = e ton t is smelt$4 ,! co/ ( roa/+ & smelt+ is !re=e ab\t #c4ej p] ton4 ,9 good practice ! recov]y ( silv] is ab\t #ih p] c5t4 & ( lead ab\t #ie p] c5t41 reckon$ on basis ( fire assays4 ,9 treatm5t ( ^! ores1 ! lime-roa/+ process (f]s sev]al advantages4 ,x may be p]=m$ at less ?an ! co/ ( ord9>y roa/+4#cg ,! loss ( silv] & lead dur+ ! roa/+ is r$uc$ to insignificant proportion4 ,! sulphide f9es :i* mu/ be *>g$ raw into ! bla/ furnace are elim9at$1 inasmu* z !y c be effici5tly desulphuriz$ 9 ! lime-roa/+ pots )\t significant loss2 all ! ore to be smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace c be1 !re=e1 deliv]$ to x 9 lump =m1 :]eby ! spe$ ( ! bla/ furnace is increas$ & ! w9d pressure requir$ is decreas$4 ,f9ally1 ! p]c5tage ( sulphur 9 ! *>ge is r$uc$1 produc+ a l[] matte-fall1 or no matte-fall :atev]1 ) consequ5t sav+ 9 exp5se ( retreatm5t4 ,9 ! case ( a new plant1 ! fir/ co/ ( con/ruction & ! gr\nd-space occupi$ are mat]ially r$uc$4 ,be=e discuss+ m fully ! ext5t & nature ( ^! sav+s1 x is advisable to po9t out ! diff]5ces among ! ?ree processes ( lime-roa/+ t h already come into practical use4 ,9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 ! ore is mix$ ) suitable proportions ( lime/one & silica 7or qu>tzose ore7 & is !n p>tially roa/$1 say to r$uction ( ! sulphur to "o half4 ,! roa/+ is done at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 & ! loss ( metals is consequ5tly small4 ,! roa/$ ore is damp5$ & all[$ to cool4 ,x is !n *>g$ into a hemisph]ical ca/-iron pot1 ) a movable hood :i* cov]s ! top & conveys (f ! gases4 ,!re is a p]=at$ grate 9 ! bottom ( ! pot1 on :i* ! ore re/s1 & air is introduc$ ?r\gh a pipe ent]+ ! bottom ( ! pot1 "u ! grate4 ,a small quantity ( r$-hot calc9es f ! roa/+ furnaces is ?r[n on ! grate to />t ! reaction2 a lay] ( cold1 semi-roa/$ ore is put ^u x1 ! air bla/ is turn$ on & reaction beg9s1 :i* manife/s itself by ! copi\s evolution ( sulphur fumes4 ,^! consi/ *iefly ( sulphur dioxide1 b !y conta9 m or less trioxide1 :i* is evid5t f ! solution ( copp]as t trickles f ! hoods & iron smoke-pipes1 :]e9 ! moi/ure cond5ses4 ,z ! reaction progresses1 & ! heat creeps up1 m ore is introduc$1 lay] by lay]1 until ! pot is full4 ,c>e is tak5 by ! op]ator to compel ! air to pass ev5ly & g5tly ?r\gh ! *>ge1 :]e=e he is wat*ful to close bl[-holes :i* develop 9 x4 ,at ! end ( ! op]ation1 :i* may la/ f f\r to eighte5 h\rs1 ! ore becomes r$-hot at ! top4 ,! hood is !n pu%$ up1 & ! pot is turn$ on its trunnions1 by means ( a h&-op]at$ :eel & worm-ge>1 until ! *>ge slides out1 :i* x does z a solid1 semi-fus$ cake4 ,! pot is !n turn$ back into position4 ,its design is su* t ! air-pipe makes automatic connection1 a flang$ pipe ca/ ) ! pot settl+ ^u a simil>ly flang$ pipe communicat+ ) ! ma91 a suitable gasket s]v+ to make a tight jo9t4 ,! pots are set at an elevation ( ab\t #ab ft4 above ! gr\nd1 s t :5 ! *>ge slides out ! drop w break x up to "s ext5t1 & x is moreov] caus$ to fall on a w$ge1 or simil> contrivance1 to assi/ ! breakage4 ,aft] cool+ x is fur!r brok5 up to furnace size by w$g+ & sl$g+2 ! lumps are =k$ out1 & ! f9es scre5$ & return$ to a subsequ5t *>ge = completion ( _! desulphurization4 ,! ,savelsb]g process diff]s f ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 9 respect to ! prelim9>y roa/+1 :i* 9 ! ,savelsb]g process is omitt$1 ! raw ore1 mix$ ) lime/one & silica1 be+ *>g$ directly into ! conv]t]4 ,! ,savelsb]g conv]t] is support$ on a truck1 in/ead ( be+ fix$ 9 position1 b o!rwise its design & managem5t are q simil> to ^? ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 conv]t]4 ,9 nei!r case are !re any pat5ts on ! conv]t]s4 ,! pat5ts are on ! processes4 ,9 view ( ! litigation t has already be5 comm5c$ betwe5 _! respective own]s1 x is int]e/+ to exam9e ! claims4 ,! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 pat5t 7,u4 ,s4 #fjj1cdg1 issu$ ,m>* #h1 #ahih1 appli$ = ,dec4 #i1 #ahif7 has ! foll[+ claims3 #a4 ,! h]e9-describ$ me?od ( oxidiz+ sulphide ores ( lead prep>atory to r$uction to metal1 :i* consi/s 9 mix+ ) ! ore to be treat$ an oxide ( an alkal9e-e>? metal1 su* z calcium oxide1 subject+ ! mixture to heat 9 ! pres5ce ( air1 !n r$uc+ ! temp]ature & f9ally pass+ air ?r\gh ! mass to complete ! oxidation ( ! lead1 sub/antially z & = ! purpose set =?4 #b4 ,! h]e9-describ$ me?od ( oxidiz+ sulphide ores ( lead prep>atory to r$uction to metal1 :i* consi/s 9 mix+ calcium oxide or o!r oxide ( an alkal9e-e>? metal ) ! ore to be treat$1 subject+ ! mixture 9 ! pres5ce ( air to a bright-r$ heat 7ab\t #gjj deg4 ,c471 !n cool+ d[n ! mixture to a dull-r$ heat 7ab\t #ejj deg4 ,c471 & f9ally =c+ air ?r\gh ! mass until ! lead ore1 r$uc$ to an oxide1 fuses1 sub/antially z set =?4 #c4 ,! h]e9-describ$ me?od ( oxidiz+ lead sulphide 9 ! prep>ation ( ! same = r$uction to metal1 :i* consi/s 9 subject+ ! sulphide to a high temp]ature 9 ! pres5ce ( an oxide ( an alkal9e-e>? metal1 su* z calcium oxide1 & oxyg51 & !n l[]+ ! temp]ature sub/antially z set =?4 ,adolf ,savelsb]g1 9 ,u4 ,s4 pat5t #gee1eih 7issu$ ,m>* #bb1 #aijd1 appli$ = ,dec4 #ah1 #aijc7 claims3 #a4 ,! h]e9-describ$ process ( desulphuriz+ lead ores1 :i* consi/s 9 mix+ raw ore ) lime/one & !n subject+ ! mixture to ! simultane\s application ( heat & a curr5t ( air 9 suffici5t proportions to sub/antially complete ! desulphurization 9 "o op]ation1 sub/antially z describ$4 #b4 ,! h]e9-describ$ process ( desulphuriz+ lead ores1 :i* process consi/s 9 fir/ mix+ ! ores ) lime/one1 !n moi/5+ ! mixture1 !n fill+ x )\t previ\s roa/+ into a *amb]1 !n heat+ x & treat+ x by a curr5t ( air1 z & = ! purpose describ$4 #c4 ,! h]e9-describ$ process ( desulphuriz+ lead ores1 :i* consi/s 9 mix+ raw ores ) lime/one1 !n fill+ ! mixture into a *amb]1 !n subject+ ! mixture to ! simultane\s application ( heat & a curr5t ( air 9 suffici5t proportions to sub/antially complete ! desulphurization 9 "o op]ation1 ! mixture be+ introduc$ into ! *amb] 9 p>tial *>ges introduc$ successively at int]vals dur+ ! process1 sub/antially z describ$4 #d4 ,! h]e9-describ$ process ( desulphuriz+ lead ores1 !n moi/5+ ! mixture1 !n fill+ x )\t previ\s roa/+ into a *amb]1 !n heat+ x & treat+ x by a curr5t ( air1 ! mixture be+ introduc$ into ! *amb] 9 p>tial *>ges introduc$ successively at int]vals dur+ ! process1 z & = ! purpose describ$4 #e4 ,! h]e9-describ$ process ( desulphuriz+ lead ores1 :i* process consi/s 9 fir/ mix+ ! ores ) suffici5t lime/one to keep ! temp]ature ( ! mixture bel[ ! melt+-po9t ( ! ore1 !n fill+ ! mixture into a *amb]1 !n heat+ said mixture & treat+ x ) a curr5t ( air1 z & = ! purpose describ$4 #f4 ,! h]e9-describ$ process ( desulphuriz+ lead ores1 :i* process consi/s 9 fir/ mix+ ! ores ) suffici5t lime/one to me*anically sep>ate ! p>ticles ( gal5a suffici5tly to prev5t fusion1 & to keep ! temp]ature bel[ ! melt+-po9t ( ! ore by ! lib]ation ( c>bon dioxide1 !n fill+ ! mixture into a *amb]1 !n heat+ said mixture & treat+ x ) a curr5t ( air1 z & = ! purpose describ$4 ,! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process diff]s f ! ,savelsb]g by ! treatm5t ( ! raw ore mix$ ) gypsum in/ead ( lime/one1 & diff]s f ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 bo? 9 respect to ! use ( gypsum & ! omission ( ! prelim9>y roa/+4 ,! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process has n be5 ?reat5$ ) litigation1 s f> z ,i am aw>e4 ,! claims ( its orig9al pat5t read z foll[s#ch3 #a4 ,! process ( treat+ mix$ sulphide ores1 :i* consi/s 9 mix+ ) said ores a sulphur comp\nd ( a metal ( ! alkal9e e>?s1 />t+ ! reaction by heat+ ! same1 !reby oxidiz+ ! sulphide & r$uc+ ! sulphur comp\nd ( ! alkali metal1 pass+ a curr5t ( air to oxidize ! r$uc$ sulphide comp\nd ( ! metal ( ! alkalies prep>atory to act+ ^u a new *>ge ( sulphide ores1 sub/antially z & = ! purpose set =?4 #b4 ,! process ( treat+ mix$ sulphide ores1 :i* consi/s 9 mix+ calcium sulphate ) said ores1 />t+ ! reaction by means ( heat1 !reby oxidiz+ ! sulphide ores1 lib]at+ sulphur\s-acid gas & conv]t+ ! calcium sulphate into calcium sulphide & oxidiz+ ! calcium sulphide to sulphate prep>atory to treat+ a fre% *>ge ( sulphide ores1 sub/antially z & = ! purpose set =?4 ,! process describ$ by ,w4 ,s4 ,bay/on1 ( ,melb\rne 7,au/ralian pat5t ,no4 #bhfb71 appe>s to be id5tical ) t ( ,savelsb]g4 ,irrespective ( ! validity ( ! ,savelsb]g & ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d pat5ts1 & )\t attempt+ to m9imize ! +5uity ( _! inv5tors & ! importance ( _! discov]ies1 x mu/ be conc$$ t ! m]it = ! inv5tion & introduction ( lime-roa/+ ( gal5a belongs to ,?omas ,hunt+ton & ,f]d9& ,heb]le94 ,! =m] is an ,am]ican1 & ?is is ! only claim t ! ,unit$ ,/ates c make to a %>e 9 ?is great improvem5t 9 ! metallurgy ( lead4 ,x is to be regrett$1 moreov]1 t ( all ! important lead-smelt+ c\ntries 9 ! _w1 ,am]ica has be5 ! mo/ backw>d 9 adopt+ x4 ,! details ( ! ?ree processes & ! g5]al results accompli%$ by !m h be5 r fully describ$ 9 a s]ies ( articles rec5tly publi%$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,!re has be51 h[ev]1 comp>atively little discussion z to co/s2 & un=tunately ! data available = analysis are extremely scanty1 due to ! secrecy ) :i* ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 ! mo/ ext5sively exploit$ ( ! ?ree1 has be5 veil$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i may attempt an approximate e/imation ( ! v>i\s details1 tak+ ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process z ! basis4 ,! ore1 lime/one & silica are cru%$ to pass a f\r-me% scre54 ,?is is ab\t ! size to :i* x w\ld be necess>y to cru% z prelim9>y to roa/+ 9 ! ord9>y way1 :]e=e ! only diff]5ce 9 co/ is ! *>ge = cru%+ ! lime/one & silica1 :i* 9 ! aggregate may am\nt to "o-six? ( ! weight ( ! raw sulphide & may consequ5tly add #b to #b4e;c4 to ! co/ ( treat+ a ton ( ore4 ,! mix+ ( ore & fluxes may be co/ly or *eap1 accord+ to ! way ( do+ x4 ,if done 9 a rational way x ought n to co/ m ?an #aj;c4 p] ton ( ore1 & may come to less4 ,! deliv]y ( ! ore f ! mix+-h\se to ! roa/+ furnaces ought to be done entirely by me*anical means1 at insignificant co/4 ,! ,heb]le9 roa/+ furnace1 :i* is us$ 9 connection ) ! ,h4-,h4 process1 is simply an improvem5t on ! old ,brunton calc9]--a circul> furnace1 ) revolv+ he>?4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is furnace1 accord+ to ,am]ican designs1 is excell5t4 ,! he>? is #bf ft4 9 diamet]2 x is revolv$ at sl[ spe$ & requires ab\t #a4e h4p4 ,a flange at ! p]iph]y ( ! he>? dips into s& 9 an annul> tr\gh1 ?us %utt+ (f air f ! combu/ion *amb]1 except ?r\gh ! ports design$ = its admittance4 ,! me*anical con/ruction ( ! furnace is workmanlike1 & ! me*anism "u ! he>? is easy ( access & com=tably att5d$ to4 ,a #bf ft4 furnace roa/s ab\t #hj1jjj lb4 ( *>ge p] #bd h\rs4 ,9 deal+ ) an ore conta9+ #bj to #bb p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 ! latt] is r$uc$ to ab\t #aj to #aa p] c5t41 ! consumption ( coal be+ ab\t #bb4e p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! *>ge4 ,! he>? effici5cy is ab\t #aej lb4 p] sq4 ft41 :i* 9 comp>ison ) ord9>y roa/+ is high4 ,! coal consumption1 h[ev]1 is n correspond+ly l[4 ,two furnaces c be manag$ by "o man p] #h h\r %ift4 ,on ! basis ( #hj tons ( *>ge ore p] #bd h\rs1 ! co/ ( roa/+ %\ld be approximately z foll[s3 ,labor--#c m5 at #b4ej #g4ej ,coal--#ah tons at #b #cf4jj ,p[] #c4ce ,repairs #c4ce ------------ ,total #ej4bj #fc;c4 p] ton4 ,9 ! above e/imate repairs h be5 reckon$ at ! same figure z is exp]i5c$ ) ,brckn] cyl9d]s1 & ! co/ ( p[] has be5 all[$ = ) fair lib]ality4 ,! e/imat$ co/ ( #fc;c4 p] ton is comp>able ) ! #a4aj to #a4de p] ton1 :i* is ! result ( roa/+ 9 ,brckn] cyl9d]s 9 ,colorado1 r$uc+ ! ore to #d4e-f p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,! ,heb]le9 furnace is built up to consid]able elevation above ! gr\nd level1 ext]nally some:at resembl+ ! ,pe>ce turret furnace4 ,?is s]ves two purposes3 7#a7 x af=ds ample room "u ! he>? = att5tion to ! driv+ me*anism2 & 7#b7 x enables ! ore to be dis*>g$ by gravity into suitable hopp]s1 )\t ! con/ruction ( subt]ranean gangways4 ,! ore dis*>ges cont9u\sly f ! furnace1 at dull-r$ heat1 into a brick b91 :]e9 x is cool$ by a wat]-spray4 ,p]iodically a little ore is div]t$ into a side b91 9 :i* x is kept hot = />t+ a subsequ5t *>ge 9 ! conv]t]4 ,! cool$ ore is convey$ f ! receiv+ b9s at ! roa/+ furnaces to hopp]-b9s above ! conv]t]s4 ,if ! tramm+ be done by h& ! co/1 ) labor at #be;c4 p] h\r1 may be approximately #ab4e;c4 p] ton ( ore1 b ?is %\ld be capable ( consid]able r$uction by me*anical conveyance4 ,! conv]t]s are hemisph]ical pots ( ca/ iron1 #i ft4 9 diamet] at ! top1 & ab\t #d ft4 9 dep?4 ,!y are provid$ ) a circul>1 ca/-iron grate1 :i* is 94 ?ick & #f ft4 9 diamet] & is set & secur$ horizontally 9 ! pot4 ,?is grate is p]=at$ ) holes 94 9 diamet]1 #b 94 ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]1 & is simil> to ! ,we!rill grate employ$ 9 z9c oxide manufacture4 ,! pot itself is ab\t #b 94 ?ick at ! bottom1 ?9n+ to ab\t #a 94 at ! rim4 ,x is support$ on trunnions & is ge>$ = conv5i5t turn+ by h&4 ,! bla/ pipe :i* ent]s ! pot at ! bottom is #f 94 9 diamet]4 ,two roa/+ furnaces & six conv]t]s are rat$ nom9ally z a #ij ton plant4 ,?is rat+ is1 h[ev]1 consid]ably 9 excess ( ! actual capacity1 at lea/ on c]ta9 ores4 ,! "t requir$ = desulphurization 9 ! conv]t] app>5tly dep5ds a good deal ^u ! "* ( ! ore4 ,! six conv]t]s may be arrang$ 9 a s+le r[1 or 9 two r[s ( ?ree 9 ea*4 ,!y are set s t ! rim ( ! pot1 :5 upright1 is ab\t #ab ft4 above ! gr\nd level4 ,a plat=m gives access to ! pots4 ,"o man p] %ift c att5d to two pots4 ,8 "w consi/s 9 *>g+ !m1 :i* is done by gravity1 spread+ out ! *>ge ev5ly 9 ! pot1 clos+ any bl[-holes :i* may develop1 & at ! end ( ! op]ation rais+ ! hood 7:i* cov]s ! pot dur+ ! op]ation7 & dump+ ! pot4 ,! "w is easy4 ,! conditions "u :i* x is done are com=table1 bo? z to temp]ature & atmosph]e4 ,reports h %[n a great r$uction 9 liability to lead-poison+ 9 ! works :]e ! ,h4-,h4 process has be5 introduc$4 ,a new *>ge is />t$ by k9dl+ a small wood or coal fire on ! grate1 !n ?r[+ 9 a few %ovelfuls ( hot calc9es1 & f9ally dropp+ 9 ! regul> *>ge ( damp ore 7plus ! fluxes previ\sly ref]r$ to74 ,! *>ge is introduc$ 9 /ages1 successive lay]s be+ dropp$ 9 & spread out z ! heat rises4 ,at ! beg9n+ ! bla/ is v l[--ab\t #b oz4 ,x is increas$ z ! hight ( ! ore 9 ! pot rises1 f9ally atta9+ ab\t #af oz4 ,! op]ation goes on quietly1 ! smoke ris+ f ! surface ev5ly & g5tly1 precisely z 9 a well-runn+ bla/ furnace4 ,:ile ! *>ge is /ill black on top1 ! h& c be held ) p]fect com=t1 inside ( ! hood1 imm$iately ov] ! ore4 ,?is expla9s1 ( c\rse1 :y ! volatilization ( silv] & lead is insignificant4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 little or no loss ( ore z du/1 because ! ore is introduc$ damp1 & ! passage ( ! air ?r\gh x is at l[ velocity4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! *>ge1 h[ev]1 !re is high temp]ature 7evid5tly mu* high] ?an has be5 /at$ 9 "s descriptions71 z w be %[n fur!r on4 ,! conditions 9 ?is respect appe> to be analog\s to ^? ( ! bla/ furnace1 :i*1 ?\gh smelt+ at a temp]ature ( say #abjj deg4 ,c4 at ! level ( ! tuy]es1 suff]s only a slight loss ( silv] & lead by volatilization4 ,at ! end ( ! op]ation 9 ! ,h4-,h4 pot1 ! *>ge is dull r$ at ! top1 ) bl[-holes1 ar\nd :i* ! ore is bright r$4 ,imp]fectly work$ *>ges %[ masses ( well-fus$ ore surr\nd$ by masses ( only p>tially alt]$ ore1 a condition :i* may be ascrib$ to ! irregul> p5etration ( air ?r\gh ! *>ge1 af=d+ good evid5ce ( ! important "p :i* air plays 9 ! process4 ,a prop]ly work$ *>ge is tipp$ out ( ! pot z a solid cake1 :i* 9 fall+ to ! gr\nd breaks into a few l>ge pieces4 ,z !y break1 x appe>s t ! int]ior ( ! *>ge is bright r$ all ?r\gh1 & !re is a little molt5 slag :i* runs out ( cavities1 presumably spots :]e ! *emical action has be5 mo/ int5se4 ,:5 cold1 ! ?or\ghly desulphuriz$ mat]ial has ! appe>ance ( slag-roa/$ gal5a4 ,prills ( metallic lead are visible 9 x1 indicat+ reaction betwe5 lead sulphide & lead sulphate4 ,! columns ( ! /ructure support+ ! pots %\ld be ( /eel1 s9ce fragm5ts ( ! r$-hot ore dump$ on ! gr\nd are likely to fall aga9/ !m4 ,to ha/5 ! cool+ ( ! ore1 wat] is sometimes play$ on x f a hose4 ,?is is bad1 s9ce "s is likely to spla% into ! /ill inv]t$ pot1 lead+ to cracks4 ,! crack$ pots at c]ta9 works appe> to be due *iefly to ?is cause1 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* ! pots ought to la/ a long "t1 inasmu* z ! conditions to :i* !y are subject$ dur+ ! bl[+ process are n at all sev]e4 ,:5 ! ore is suffici5tly cold x is fur!r brok5 up1 fir/ by driv+ 9 w$ges1 & f9ally by sl$g+ d[n to pieces ( orange size1 or :at is suitable = ! bla/ furnace4 ,^! are =k$ out1 leav+ ! f9e ore1 :i* comes l>gely f ! top ( ! *>ge & is !re=e only p>tially desulphuriz$4 ,! f9es are1 !re=e1 re-treat$ ) a subsequ5t *>ge4 ,! quantity is n excessive2 x may am\nt to #g or #h p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge4 ,! break+ up ( ! desulphuriz$ ore is "o ( ! problems ( ! process1 ! necessity be+ ! r$uction ( sev]al l>ge pieces ( fus$1 or semi-fus$1 mat]ial weigh+ two or ?ree tons ea*4 ,:5 done by h& only1 z is usually 7p]haps always7 ! practice1 ! op]ation is r exp5sive4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 to be n a difficult matt] to devise "s me*anical aids = ?is process--p]haps to make x entirely me*anical4 ,:5 done by h&1 a #f-pot plant requires #f m5 p] %ift sl$g+ & =k+4 ,) #h-;h\r %ifts1 ?is is #ah m5 = ! break+ ( ab\t #fj tons ( mat]ial1 :i* is ab\t #c tons p] man p] #h h\rs4 ,) labor at #be;c4 p] h\r1 ! co/ ( break+ ! fus$ mat]ial comes to #fj;c4 p] ton4 ,x may be rem>k$1 = comp>ison1 t 9 break+ ore z x ord9>ily comes1 co>se & f9e toge!r1 a good workman w\ld normally be expect$ to break #e to #e4e tons 9 a %ift ( #h h\rs4 ,! ord9>y *>ge = ! /&>d conv]t] is ab\t #h tons 7#af1jjj lb47 ( an ore weigh+ #aff lb4 p] cu4 ft4 ,) a heavi] ore1 l a high-grade gal5a1 ! *>ge w\ld weigh proportionately m4 ,! "t ( work+ (f a *>ge is decid$ly v>iable4 ,acc\nts ( ! op]ation ( ! process 9 ,au/ralia tell ( *>ge-work+s 9 #c to #e h\rs1 b ?is does n correspond ) ! results report$ else:]e1 :i* specify times ( #ab to #ah h\rs4 ,assum+ an av]age ( #af h\rs1 :i* 0 ! record ( "o plant1 six conv]t]s w\ld h capacity = ab\t #gb tons ( *>ge p] #bd h\rs1 or ab\t #eh tons ( ore1 ! ratio ( ore to flux be+ #d3a4 ,! loss 9 weight ( ! *>ge corresponds sub/antially to ! replacem5t ( sulphur by oxyg51 & ! expulsion ( c>bon dioxide4 ,! f9i%$ *>ge conta9s on ! av]age f #c to #e p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,?is is ab\t ! same z ! result a*iev$ 9 good practice 9 roa/+ lead-be>+ ores 9 h&-work$ rev]b]atory furnaces1 b curi\sly ! ,h4-,h4 product1 9 "s cases at lea/1 does n yield any matte1 to speak (1 9 ! bla/ furnace2 ! product deliv]$ to ! latt] be+ evid5tly 9 su* condition t ! rema9+ sulphur is almo/ completely burn$ (f 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,?is is an important sav+ effect$ by ! process4 ,9 calculat+ ! value ( an ore1 sulphur is commonly debit$ at ! rate ( #be;c4 p] unit1 :i* repres5ts approximately ! co/ ( h&l+ & rework+ ! matte result+ f x4 ,! practically complete elim9ation ( matte-fall r5d]$ possible by ! ,h4-,h4 process may n be1 h[ev]1 an unmix$ bless+4 ,!re may be1 = example1 a small =mation ( lead sulphide :i* causes tr\ble 9 ! crucible & lead-well1 & results 9 furnace difficulties & ! pres5tation ( a vexati\s betwe5-product4 ,x may n[ be attempt$ to summ>ize ! co/ ( ! conv]t+ process4 ,assum+ ! case ( an ore assay+ lead1 #ej p] c5t42 iron1 #ae2 sulphur1 #bb2 silica1 #h1 & alum9a1 etc41 #e1 let x be suppos$ t x is to be flux$ ) pure lime/one & pure qu>tz1 ) ! aim to make a slag conta9+ silica1 #cj2 f]r\s oxide1 #dj2 & lime1 #bj p] c5t4 ,a ton ( ore w make1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ajjj lb4 ( slag1 & w require #cdd lb4 ( lime/one & #acj lb4 ( qu>tz1 or we may say r\ghly "o ton ( flux mu/ be add$ to f\r tons ( ore1 :]e=e ! ore w con/itute #hj p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge4 ,9 r$uc+ ! *>ge to #c p] c5t4 sulphur x w lose ultimately ?r\gh expulsion ( sulphur & c>bon dioxide 7( ! lime/one7 ab\t #bj p] c5t4 9 weight1 :]e=e ! quantity ( mat]ial to be smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace w be practically equival5t to ! raw sulphide ore 9 ! *>ge = ! roa/+ furnaces2 b 9 ! roa/+ furnace ! *>ge is likely to ga9 weight1 because ( ! =mation ( sulphates4 ,tak+ ! *>ge1 :i* ,i h assum$ above1 & reckon+ t z x comes f ! roa/+ furnace x w conta9 #aj p] c5t4 sulphur1 all 9 ! =m ( sulphate1 ei!r ( lead or ( lime1 & t ! iron be entirely conv]t$ to f]ric oxide1 9 spite ( ! expulsion ( ! c>bon dioxide ( ! lime/one & ! combu/ion ( a portion ( ! sulphur ( ! ore z sulphur dioxide1 ! *>ge w ga9 9 weight 9 ! ratio ( #a3a4ai4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is too high1 inasmu* z a portion ( ! sulphur w rema9 z sulphide :ile a portion ( ! iron may be z f]r\s oxide4 ,! actual ga9 9 weight w consequ5tly be probably n m ?an "o-t5?4 ,! foll[+ !oretical calculation w illu/rate ! *anges3 ,,raw ,,*>ge ,,semi-,,roa/$ ,,*>ge ,,f9i%$ ,,*>ge #ajjj lb4 ,pb #aaed lb4 ,pb,o #aaed lb4 ,pb,o #cjj lb4 ,fe #dbh lb4 ,fe,o #dbh lb4 ,fe,o787 ,ore #afj lb4 ,si,o ,ore #afj lb4 ,si,o ,ore #afj lb4 ,si,o #ajj lb4 ,al,o1 #ajj lb4 ,al,o1 #ajj lb4 ,al,o1 etc4 etc4 etc4 #ddj lb4 ,s #cjj lb4 ,s #fh lb4 ,s #acj lb4 ,si,o #acj lb4 ,si,o #acj lb4 ,si,o ,flux #cdd lb4 ,ca,c,o ,flux #aic lb4 ,ca,o ,flux #aic lb4 ,ca,o #dej lb4 ,o -------- -------- -------- #bdgd lb4 #biae lb4 #bbcc lb4 #aj ,s4 #c ,s4 ,ratios3 #bdgd3biae 33 #a3a4ah4 #biae3bbcc 33 #a3j4gf4 #bdgd3bbcc 33 #a3j4ij4 ,x may be assum$ t = e ton ( *>ge 7conta9+ ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ore7 !re w be #a4a ton ( mat]ial to g to ! conv]t]1 & t ! product ( ! latt] w be #j4i ( ! weight ( ! orig9al *>ge ( raw mat]ial4 ,ea* conv]t] requires #djj cu4 ft4 ( air p] m9ute4 ,! bla/ pressure is v>iable1 z diff]5t pots are always at diff]5t /ages ( ! process1 b assum+ ! maximum ( #af oz4 pressure1 ) a bla/ ma9 ( suffici5t diamet] 7at lea/ #ae 947 & ! bl[] reasonably ne> ! batt]y ( pots1 ! total requirem5t is #ba h4p4 ,! co/ ( conv]t+ w be approximately z foll[s3 ,labor1 #c =em5 at #c4bj #i4fj 8 #i m5 at #b4ej #bb4ej ,p[]1 #ba h4p4 at #cj;c #f4cj ,supplies1 repairs & r5ewals #e4jj ------------ ,total #dc4dj #fj;c4 p] ton ( *>ge4 ,! co/ ( conv]t+ is1 ( c\rse1 r$uc$ directly z ! "t is r$uc$4 ,! above e/imate is bas$ on unfavorable conditions z to "t requir$ = work+ a *>ge4 ,! total co/ ( treatm5t1 f ! initial /age to ! deliv]y ( ! desulphuriz$ ore to ! bla/ furnaces1 w be1 p] #bjjj lb4 ( *>ge1 approximately z foll[s3 ,cru%+ #a4j ton at #aj;c #j4aj ,mix+ #a4j ton at #aj;c 4#aj ,roa/+ #a4j ton at #fc;c 4#fc ,deliv]+ #a4a ton to conv]t]s at #ab;c 4#ac ,conv]t+ #a4a ton at #fj;c 4#ff ,break+ #j4i ton at #fj;c 4#ed ---------- ,total #b4af ,! co/ p] ton ( ore w be #b4af #j4hj #b4gj4 ,mak+ all[ance = ! cru%+ ( ! ore1 :i* is n ord9>ily includ$ 9 ! co/ ( roa/+1 & possibly "s ov]e/imates1 x appe>s t ! co/ ( desulphurization by ?is me?od1 "u ! conditions assum$ 9 ?is pap]1 is r high] ?an 9 good practice ) ord9>y h&-work$ furnaces1 b x is evid5t t ! co/ c be r$uc$ to approximately ! same figure by introduction ( improvem5ts1 z = example 9 break+ ! desulphuriz$ ore1 & by %ort5+ ! "t ( conv]t+1 :i* is possible 9 ! case ( favorable ores4 ,! *ief advantage mu/ be1 h[ev]1 9 ! fur!r /age ( ! smelt+4 ,z to ?is1 !re is ! evid5ce t ! ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,company 0 able to smelt ! same quantity ( ore 9 sev5 furnaces1 aft] ! introduction ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 t =m]ly requir$ ?irte54 ,a simil> exp]i5ce is report$ at ,fri$ri*%tte1 ,silesia4 ,?is increase 9 ! capacity ( ! bla/ furnace is due to ?ree ?+s3 7#a7 ,9 deliv]+ to ! furnace a *>ge conta9+ a r$uc$ p]c5tage ( f9e ore1 ! spe$ ( ! furnace is increas$1 i4e41 m tons ( ore c be smelt$ p] squ>e foot ( he>? area4 7#b7 ,!re is less roa/$ matte to g into ! *>ge4 7#c7 ,"u "s conditions ! p]c5tage ( lead 9 ! *>ge c be increas$1 r$uc+ ! quantity ( gangue t mu/ be flux$4 ,x is difficult to g5]alize ! economy t is effect$ 9 ! bla/-furnace process1 s9ce ?is mu/ necess>ily v>y )9 wide limits because ( ! diff]5ce 9 conditions4 ,an increase ( #fj to #ajj p] c5t4 9 bla/-furnace capacity does n imply a correspond+ r$uction 9 ! co/ ( smelt+4 ,! fuel consumption p] ton ( ore rema9s ! same4 ,!re is a sav+ 9 ! p[] requirem5ts1 because ! smelt+ c be done ) a l[] bla/ pressure2 also1 a sav+ 9 ! co/ ( rework+ matte4 ,!re w1 moreov]1 be a sav+ 9 o!r labor1 9 s f> z portions !re( are n already p]=m$ at ! m9imum co/ p] ton4 ,! net result "u ,am]ican conditions ( silv]-lead smelt+ c only be det]m9$ closely by ext5sive op]ations4 ,t !re w be an important sav+1 h[ev]1 !re is no d\bt4 ,! co/ ( smelt+ a ton ( *>ge at ,d5v] & ,pueblo1 exclusive ( roa/+ & g5]al exp5se1 is ab\t #b4ej1 ( :i* ab\t #j4hd is = coke & #a4ff = labor1 p[] & supplies4 ,g5]al exp5se am\nts to ab\t #j4af additional4 ,if x %\ld prove possible to smelt 9 a giv5 plant #ej p] c5t4 m ore ?an at pres5t )\t increase 9 ! total exp5se1 except = coke1 ! sav+ p] ton ( *>ge w\ld be #gj;c4 ,t is n to be expect$1 b ! half ( x w\ld be a satisfactory improvem5t4 ,) respect to sulphur 9 ! *>ge1 ! co/ is commonly reckon$ at #be;c4 p] unit4 ,z comp>$ ) a *>ge conta9+ #b p] c5t4 ( sulphur !re w\ld be a sav+ ris+ t[>d #ej;c4 p] ton z ! maximum4 ,x is reasonable to reckon1 !re=e1 a possible sav+ ( #ge;c4 p] ton ( *>ge 9 silv]-lead smelt+1 no sav+ 9 ! co/ ( roa/+1 & an increase ( ab\t #c p] c5t4 9 ! extraction ( lead1 & p]haps #a p] c5t4 9 ! extraction ( silv]1 z ! net results ( ! application ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process 9 ,am]ican silv]-lead smelt+4 ,on a *>ge av]ag+ #ab p] c5t4 lead & #cc oz4 silv] p] ton1 an increase ( #c p] c5t4 9 ! extraction ( lead & #a p] c5t4 9 ! extraction ( silv] w\ld correspond to #be;c4 & #ce;c4 respectively1 reckon+ lead at #c4e;c4 p] lb41 & silv] at #fj;c4 p] oz4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 x is assum$ t all lead-be>+ ores w be desulphuriz$ by ?is process1 :i* practically w h>dly be ! case4 ,a good deal ( pyrites1 conta9+ only a little lead1 w d\btless cont9ue to be roa/$ 9 ,brckn] cyl9d]s1 & o!r me*anical furnaces1 :i* are bett] adapt$ to ! purpose ?an are ! lime-roa/+ pots4 ,moreov]1 a c]ta9 proportion ( high-grade lead ore1 :i* is n[ smelt$ raw1 w be desulphuriz$ outside ( ! furnace1 at additional exp5se4 ,x is comp>atively simple to e/imate ! probable b5efit ( ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process 9 ! case ( smelt+ works :i* treat pr9cipally a s+le class ( ore1 b 9 su* works z ^? 9 ,colorado & ,utah1 :i* treat a wide v>iety ( ores1 we mu/ anticipate a comb9ation process1 & await results ( exp]i5ce to det]m9e j h[ x w "w out4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 moreov]1 t my e/imates d n take into acc\nt ! royalty on ! process1 :i* is an actual debit1 :e!r x be paid on a tonnage basis or be comput$ 9 ! =m ( a lump sum = ! lic5se to its use4 ,h[ev]1 9 view ( ! imm5se tonnage ( ore smelt$ annually = ! extraction ( silv] & lead1 x is evid5t t ! inv5tion ( lime-roa/+ by ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le9 0 an improvem5t ( ! fir/ ord] 9 ! metallurgy ( lead4 ,9 ! case ( non-arg5tif]\s gal5a1 conta9+ #fe p] c5t4 ( lead 7z 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri71 comp>ison may be made ) ! slag-roa/+ & bla/-furnace smelt+ ( ! ore4 ,"h1 no sav+ 9 co/ ( roa/+ may be reckon$ & no ga9 9 ! spe$ ( ! bla/ furnaces is to be anticipat$4 ,! only sav+s w be 9 ! increase 9 ! extraction ( lead f #ib to #ih p] c5t41 & ! elim9ation ( matte-roa/+1 :i* latt] may be reckon$ z am\nt+ to #ej;c4 p] ton ( ore4 ,! ext5t ( ! advantage ov] ! old] me?od is s cle>ly app>5t t x ne$ n be comput$ any fur!r4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! ,scot*-he>? bag-h\se me?od ( smelt+1 h[ev]1 ! advantage1 if any1 is n s c]ta94 ,t me?od already saves #ih p] c5t4 ( ! lead1 & on ! :ole is probably z *eap 9 op]ation z ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 c\ld be "u ! same conditions4 ,! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 me?od has replac$ ! old roa/-reaction me?od at ,t>n[itz1 ,silesia1 b ! ,am]ican ,scot*-he>? me?od z practis$ ne> ,/4 ,l\is is likely to survive4 ,a m s]i\s competitor w be1 h[ev]1 ! ,savelsb]g process1 :i* appe>s to d all t ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process does1 )\t ! prelim9>y roa/+4 ,inde$1 if ! latt] be omitt$ 7toge!r ) its e/imat$ exp5se ( #fc;c4 p] ton ( *>ge1 or #gi;c4 p] ton ( ore71 all t has be5 said 9 ?is pap] z to ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process may be con/ru$ z apply+ to ! ,savelsb]g4 ,! *>ge is prep>$ 9 ! same way1 ! me?od ( op]at+ ! conv]t]s is ! same1 & ! results ( ! reactions 9 ! conv]t]s are ! same4 ,! litigation :i* is p5d+ betwe5 ! two int]e/s1 ,messrs4 ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le9 claim+ t ,savelsb]g infr+es _! pat5ts1 w be1 h[ev]1 a det]r5t to ! ext5sion ( ! ,savelsb]g process until t matt] be settl$4 ,! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process may be dismiss$ ) a few words4 ,x is simil> to ! ,savelsb]g1 except t gypsum is us$ in/ead ( lime/one4 ,x is some:at m exp5sive because ! gypsum has to be gr\nd & calc9$4 ,! process works effici5tly at ,brok5 ,hill1 b x c h>dly be ( g5]al application1 because gypsum is likely to be too exp5sive1 except 9 a few favor$ localities4 ,! ability to utilize ! conv]t] gases = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid w cut no great figure1 save 9 exceptional cases1 z at ,brok5 ,hill1 & anyway ! gases ( ! o!r processes c be utiliz$ = ! same purpose1 :i* is 9 fact be+ done 9 connection ) ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process 9 ,silesia4 ,! co/ ( desulphuriz+ a ton ( gal5a conc5trate by ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process is e/imat$ by ! company controll+ ! pat5ts z foll[s1 labor be+ reckon$ at #a4hj p] eight h\rs1 gypsum at #b4dj p] #bbdj lb41 & coal at #h4dj p] #bbdj lb43 #j4be ton ( gypsum #j4fj ,dehydrat+ & granulat+ gypsum 4#dh ,dry+ mixture ( ore & gypsum 4#ab ,conv]t+ #j4bd ,spall+ s9t]$ mat]ial 4#ab #j4ja ton coal 4#jh ---------- ,total #a4fd ,! value ( ! lime 9 ! s9t]$ product is cr$it$ at #ab;c41 mak+ ! net co/ #a4eb p] #bbdj lb4 ( ore4 ,! co/ all[$ = conv]t+ may be expla9$ by ! m rapid action t appe>s to be atta9$ ) ! ores ( ,brok5 ,hill ?an ) "s ores t are treat$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b ! l[ figure e/imat$ = spall+ ! s9t]$ mat]ial appe>s to be highly d\btful4 ,! !ory ( ! lime-roa/+ processes is n yet well e/abli%$4 ,x is recogniz$ t ! explanation (f]$ by ,hunt+ton & ,heb]le9 9 _! orig9al pat5t specification is errone\s4 ,!re is no good evid5ce 9 _! process1 or any o!r1 ( ! =mation ( ! high] oxide ( lime1 :i* !y sugge/4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are two views4 ,9 "o1 =mulat$ mo/ explicitly by ,pr(essor ,bor*]s1 !re is =m$ 9 ?is process a plumbate ( calcium1 :i* is an active oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,a =mation ( ?is sub/ance 0 also describ$ by ,c>mi*ael 9 8 orig9al pat5t1 b he consid]$ x to be ! f9al product1 n ! active oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,9 ! o!r view1 ! lime1 or lime/one1 s]ves m]ely z a dilu5t ( ! *>ge1 enabl+ ! air to obta9 access to ! p>ticles ( gal5a1 )\t liquefaction ( ! latt]4 ,! oxidation ( ! lead sulphide is !re=e effect$ *iefly by ! air1 & ! process is analog\s to :at takes place 9 ! bessem] conv]t] or 9 ! ,g]mot process ( smelt+1 or p]haps m closely to :at might happ5 9 an ord9>y roa/+ furnace1 provid$ ) a por\s he>?1 ?r\gh :i* ! air supply w\ld be introduc$4 ,roa/+ furnaces ( t design h be5 propos$1 & 9 fact su* a con/ruction is n[ be+ te/$ = bl5de roa/+ 9 ,kansas4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 ! evid5ce is surely too incomplete to enable a def9ite conclusion to be rea*$4 ,"s facts may1 h[ev]1 be /at$4 ,!re is cle>ly reaction to a c]ta9 ext5t betwe5 lead sulphide & lead sulphate1 z 9 ! rev]b]atory smelt+ furnace1 because prills ( metallic lead are to be obs]v$ 9 ! lime-roa/$ *>ge4 ,!re is a =mation ( sulphuric acid 9 ! lime-roa/+1 ^u ! oxidiz+ effect ( :i* ,savelsb]g lays consid]able /ress1 s9ce its action is to be obs]v$ on ! iron "w 9 :i* x cond5ses4 ,calcium sulphate1 :i* is pres5t 9 all ( ! processes1 be+ specifically add$ 9 ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d1 evid5tly plays an important *emical "p1 because n only is ! sulphur trioxide expell$ f ! artificial gypsum1 b also x is to a c]ta9 ext5t expell$ f ! natural gypsum1 :i* is add$ 9 ! ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process2 9 o!r words1 m sulphur is giv5 (f by ! *>ge ?an is conta9$ by ! metallic sulphides alone4 ,fur!r evid5ce t lime does inde$ play a *emical "p 9 ! reaction is pres5t$ by ! ph5om5a ( lime-roa/+ 9 clay di%es 9 ! assay muffle1 :]e9 ! air is c]ta9ly n bl[n ?r\gh ! *>ge1 :i* is simply expos$ to sup]ficial oxidation z 9 ord9>y roa/+4 ,! desulphuriz$ *>ge dropp$ f ! pot is c]ta9ly at mu* bel[ ! temp]ature ( fusion1 ev5 9 ! int]ior1 b we h no evid5ce ( ! precise temp]ature condition dur+ ! process itself4 ,pyrite & ev5 z9c bl5de 9 ! ore are completely oxidiz$4 ,?is1 at lea/1 indicates int5se atmosph]ic action4 ,! pap]s by ,bor*]s1#ci ,doeltz1#dj ,guillema91#da & ,hut*+s#db may pr(itably be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! reactions involv$ 9 lime-roa/+4 ,! conclusion w be1 h[ev]1 t _! precise nature has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,9 view ( ! great int]e/ t has be5 awak5$ by ?is new dep>ture 9 ! metallurgy ( lead1 x is to be expect$ t mu* exp]im5tal "w w be devot$ to x1 :i* w ?r[ light ^u its pr9ciples1 & possibly develop x f a m]e process ( desulphurization into "o :i* w yield a f9al product 9 a s+le op]ation4 ,,"p ,,vi ,,o!r ,,me?ods ,,( ,,smelt+ ,,! ,,bormettes ,,me?od ,,( ,,lead ,,& ,,copp] ,,smelt+#dc ,,by ,,alfr$o ,,lotti 7,septemb] #cj1 #aije7 ,x is well kn[n t1 9 ord] to obta9 a prop] fusion 9 lead & copp] ore-smelt+1 x is n only advantage\s1 b (t5 indisp5sable1 t a suitable proportion ( slag be add$ to ! *>ge4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( copp] matte 9 ! conv]t]1 ! total quantity ( slag mu/ be resmelt$1 inasmu* z x always reta9s a notable quantity ( ! metal2 :ile 9 ! smelt+ ( lead ore 9 ! bla/ furnace1 ! addition ( slag is ma9ly int5d$ to facilitate ! op]ation1 avoid+ ! use ( /rong air pressure & ?us dim9i%+ ! loss ( lead4 ,! proportion ( slag requir$ sometimes am\nts to #cj to #ce p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! ore4 ,inasmu* z ! slag is usually add$ 9 lump =m1 cold1 its orig9al heat 7ab\t #djj calories p] kilogram7 is completely lo/ & an intimate mixture ) ! *>ge _c be obta9$4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i h /udi$ ! agglom]ation ( lead & copp] ores ) fus$ slag1 employ+ a v>iable proportion accord+ to ! nature ( ! ore treat$4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 & ) "s slight modifications 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 by incorporat+ ! dry or slightly moi/5$ m9]al ) ! pr$et]m9$ quantity ( liquid slag1 & by rapidly /irr+ ! mixture s z to secure a prop] subdivision ( ! slag & ! m9]al1 !re is produc$ a spongy mat]ial1 l>gely compos$ ( small pieces1 toge!r ) a simultane\s evolution ( d5se fumes ( sulphur1 sulphur dioxide1 & sulphur trioxide4 ,by submitt+ ?is spongy mat]ial to an air bla/1 ! sulphur ( ! m9]al is burn$1 ! temp]ature ris+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass to a cle> r$ heat4 ,copi\s fumes ( sulphur dioxide & trioxide are giv5 (f1 & at times a yell[i% vapor ( sulphur1 :i* cond5ses 9 drops1 especially if ! ore is pyrit\s4 ,at ! end ( f "o to ?ree h\rs1 accord+ to ! quantity ( sulphur conta9$ 9 ! mat]ial "u treatm5t & ! am\nt ( ! air pressure1 ! desulphurization ( ! ore1 s f> z x has come 9 contact ) ! air1 is complet$1 & ! mass1 n[ ?or\ghly agglom]at$1 =ms a spongy b compact block4 ,x is !n only necess>y to break x up & smelt x ) ! requisite quantity ( flux & coke4 ,! physical condition ( ! mat]ial is conducive to a rapid & economical smelt+1 :ile ! mixture ( ! sulphide1 sulphate & oxide leads to a favorable reaction 9 ! furnace4 ,9 employ+ ?is me?od1 x sometimes happ5s t ores ri* 9 sulphur produce dur+ ! smelt+ a little m matte ?an :5 ! ord9>y sy/em ( roa/+ is employ$4 ,9 su* in/ances1 9 ord] to avoid or to dim9i% ! co/ ( re-treatm5t ( ! matte1 x is be/ to agglom]ate a portion !re( ) ! crude m9]al & ! slag4 ,?is has ! advantage ( oxidiz+ ! matte1 :i* acts z a f]rug9\s flux 9 ! smelt+4 ,! sy/em describ$ above leads to consid]able economy1 especially 9 roa/+1 z ! heat ( ! scoria1 toge!r ) t giv5 (f 9 ! combu/ion ( ! sulphur1 is almo/ always suffici5t = ! agglom]ation & desulphurization ( ! m9]al2 :ile1 moreov]1 x r$uces ! co/ ( smelt+ 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,al?\gh ! prim>y desulphurization is only p>tial 7ab\t #ej p] c5t471 x cont9ues 9 ! bla/ furnace1 s9ce ! m9]al1 agglom]at$ ) ! slag1 assumes a spongy =m & !reby pres5ts an increas$ surface to ! action ( ! air4 ,! sulphur also acts z a fuel & does n produce an excessive quantity ( matte4 ,! sy/em w prove especially useful 9 ! treatm5t ( arg5tif]\s lead ore1 s9ce1 by avoid+ ! calc9ation 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 loss ( silv] is dim9i%$4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t1 contr>y to ! reactions :i* occur 9 ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 a calc>e\s or basic gangue is n favorable to ?is process1 if ! proportion be too great4 ,! foll[+ comp>ison has be5 made 9 ! case ( an ore conta9+ #fb to #fe p] c5t4 ( lead1 #af to #ag p] c5t4 sulphur1 #aj to #aa p] c5t4 z9c1 #j4d p] c5t4 copp]1 & #j4bbb p] c5t4 silv]1 9 :i* connection x is to be rem>k$ t1 9 g5]al1 ! less z9c !re is 9 ! ore ! bett] are ! results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,elevation & ,plan ( ,conv]t+ ,*amb]s4 ,ord9>y ,me?od4--,roa/-r$uction4 ,co/ p] #ajjj kg4 ( crude ore3 #a4 ,roa/+ 9 rev]b]atory furnace3 ,labor #j4gj ,fuel #a4ej ,repairs & supplies 4#je --------- #b4be #b4 ,smelt+ 9 wat]-jacket3 ,labor #a4ja ,fuel #b4bj ,repairs & supplies 4#jc ,fluxes 4#ej --------- #c4gd --------- ,total #e4ii ,bormettes ,me?od4--,agglom]ation ) slag1 pneumatic desulphurization & smelt+ 9 wat]-jacket3 #a4 ,agglom]ation & desulphurization3 ,labor #j4db ,repairs & supplies #j4je ------- #j4dg #b4 ,smelt+ 9 wat]-jacket3 ,labor #j4ij ,fuel #a4ia ,repairs & supplies 4#jc ,fluxes 4#db --------- #c4bf --------- ,total #c4gc ,?is %[s a diff]5ce 9 favor ( ! new me?od ( #b4bf p] ton ( ore1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! sav+s realiz$ by a mu* m spe$y h&l+ ( ! op]ation1 :i* w\ld fur!r r$uce ! co/ to approximately #b4ej p] ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,details ( ,transf] ,c>s4 ,9 ! above figures1 no acc\nt has be5 tak5 ( g5]al exp5ses1 :i* p] ton ( ore are r$uc$ because ( ! great] rapidity ( ! process1 enabl+ a l>g] quantity ( ore to be smelt$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,mak+ all[ance = ?is1 ! sav+ w am\nt to an av]age ( #b4dj p] #ajjj kg41 a figure :i* w naturally v>y accord+ to ! prices = fuel1 labor1 & ! quantity ( matte :i* x may be necess>y to re-treat4 ,if ! quantity ( matte does n exce$ #aj p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! ore1 x c be desulphuriz$ by admixture ) ! ore1 )\t use ( o!r fuel4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! proportion ( matte rises to #bj p>ts p] #ajj p>ts ( ore 7a maximum :i* ought n to be rea*$ 9 good work+71 x is necess>y to roa/ a portion ( x4 ,"u unfavorable conditions1 consequ5tly1 ! sav+ effect$ by ?is process may be r$uc$ to #b #b4bj p] #ajjj kg41 & ev5 to z little z #a4dj #a4fj4 ,! above reckon+s are1 h[ev]1 )\t tak+ any acc\nt ( ! high] extraction ( lead & silv]1 :i* is "o ( ! great advantages ( ! ,bormettes process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,late/ ,=m ( ,conv]t]4 7,section on ,a ,b47 ,! te*nical results obta9$ 9 ! smelt+ ( an ore ( ! above m5tion$ composition are z foll[s3 ,,ord9>y ,,bormettes ,,me?od ,,me?od ,coke1 p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge #ad #ab ,bla/ pressure1 wat] gage #ab to #bj cm4 #ab to #ad cm4 ,tons ( *>ge smelt$ p] #bd hr #bj #be ,tons ( ore smelt$ p] #bd hr #h #aj ,lead assay ( slag #j4hj to #j4ijj4bj to #j4dj ,matte-fall1 p] c5t4 ( ore *>g$ #e to #aj #aj to #ae ,lead extraction #ij #ib ,silv] extraction #ie #ih ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,late/ ,=m ( ,conv]t]4 7,section on ,c ,d47 ,! high] extractions ( lead & silv] are expla9$ by ! fact t ! loss ( metals 9 roa/+ is r$uc$1 :ile1 moreov]1 ! slags f ! bla/ furnace are poor] ?an 9 ! ord9>y process ( smelt+4 ,! economy 9 coke results f ! great] quantity ( sulphur :i* is utiliz$ z fuel1 & f ! increas$ fusibility ( ! *>ge = ! bla/ furnace4 ,! new sy/em ( desulphurization enables ! *>ge to be smelt$ ) a less quantity ( fre% flux1 by ! employm5t 9 its place ( a great] proportion ( f\l slag4 ,! r$uction 9 ! necess>y am\nt ( flux is due n only to ! increas$ fusibility ( ! agglom]at$ *>ge1 b pr9cipally to ! fact t 9 ?is sy/em ! =mation ( silicates ( lead 7:i* are produc$ abundantly 9 ord9>y slag-roa/+7 is almo/ nil4 ,x is !re=e unnecess>y to employ basic fluxes 9 ord] to r$uce scorifi$ lead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,late/ ,=m ( ,conv]t]4 7,plan47 ,! losses ( metal 9 ! desulphurization are less ?an 9 ! ord9>y me?od1 because ! crude m9]al rema9s only a %ort "t 7f "o to ?ree h\rs7 9 ! app>atus = desulphurization & agglom]ation1 & ! temp]ature ( ! process is l[]4 ,! bla/-furnace slags are poor]1 because !re is no =mation ( silicate ( lead dur+ ! agglom]ation4 ,! ,bormettes me?od1 9 s f> z ! treatm5t ( lead ore is conc]n$1 may be consid]$ a comb9ation process ( roa/-reaction1 ( roa/-r$uction1 & ( precipitation-smelt+4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ to ! treatm5t ( lead ore4 ,x may also be appli$ to ! smelt+ ( pyrit\s copp]-be>+ ores4 ,9 an exp]im5t ) cuprif]\s pyrites1 conta9+ #bj to #be p] c5t4 sulphur1 x succe$$ 9 agglom]at+ & smelt+ !m )\t use ( any fuel = calc9ation1 effect+ a p]fect smelt+1 analog\s to pyrite smelt+1 ) ! production ( a matte ( suffici5t degree ( conc5tration4 ,! fir/ co/ ( plant in/allation is v mu* r$uc$ by ! ,bormettes me?od1 inasmu* z ! ord9>y roa/+ furnaces are almo/ entirely disp5s$ )1 app>atus be+ sub/itut$ = !m :i* co/ only "o-?ird or "o-f\r? z mu* z ord9>y furnaces4 ,! process pres5ts ! advantage1 moreov]1 ( be+ put into imm$iate op]ation1 )\t any exp5diture ( excess fuel4 ,! app>atus requir$ 9 ! process is illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ba-be4 ,! app>atus = desulphurization & agglom]ation consi/s ( a ca/-iron box1 compos$ ( f\r v]tical walls1 ( :i* two incl9e slightly t[>d ! front4 ,^! incl9$ walls c>ry ! air-boxes4 ,! o!r two walls are =m$1 ! "o 9 front by ! doors :i* give access to ! int]ior1 & ! o!r 9 ! re> by a /raight plate4 ,! :ole arrangem5t is surm\nt$ by a hood4 ,! f\r pieces :5 assembl$ =m a box )\t bottom4 ,sev]al ( ^! boxes are comb9$ z a batt]y4 ,! pots 9 :i* ! agglom]ation & desulphurization are effect$ are mov$ into ^! boxes on suitable c>s1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! fir/ engrav+4 ,a lat] & m improv$ =m is %[n1 h[ev]1 9 ,figs4 #bc-be4 ,?is process1 :i* is ! inv5tion ( ,a4 ,lotti & has be5 pat5t$ 9 all ! pr9cipal c\ntries1 is 9 successful use at ! works ( ! ,socit ,anonyme des ,m9es de ,bormettes1 at ,bormettes1 ,la ,londe 7,v>71 ,france4 ,negotiations are n[ 9 progress ) respect to its introduction else:]e 9 ,europe4 ,,! ,,g]mot ,,process#dd ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls 7,novemb] #a1 #aijb7 ,accord+ to ,f4 ,laur1 9 ! ,e*o des ,m9es 7^! notes are ab/ract$ f ,oe/4 ,zeit41 ,l41 xl1 #ee1 ,octob] #d1 #aijb71 ,a4 ,g]mot1 ( ,cli*y1 ,france1 made exp]im5ts "s ye>s ago ^u ! production ( :ite lead directly f gal5a4 ,^! l$ ,catel9 to attempt ! recov]y ( metallic lead 9 a simil> way4 ,if air be bl[n 9 prop] quantity into a fus$ mass ( lead sulphide ! foll[+ reaction takes place3 #b,pb,s #b,o ,,s ,pb ,pb,s4 ,?us "o-half ( ! lead is r$uc$1 & x is f\nd collects all ! silv] ( ! ore2 ! o!r half is sublim$ z lead sulphide1 :i* is free f silv]4 ,! reaction is exo!rmic to ! ext5t t ! burn+ ( "o-half ! sulphur ( a *>ge %\ld !oretically develop suffici5t heat to volatilize half ( ! *>ge & smelt ! o!r half4 ,?is is almo/ done 9 practice ) v ri* gal5a1 b n s ) poor] ore4 ,! temp]ature ( ! furnace mu/ be ma9ta9$ at ab\t #aajj deg4 ,c4 ?r\gh\t ! :ole op]ation1 & !re are ! usual losses ( heat by radiation1 absorption by ! nitrog5 ( ! air1 etc4 ,defici5cies 9 heat are suppli$ by burn+ "s ( ! ore to :ite lead1 :i* is mix$ ) ! black fume 7,pb,s7 & by ! well-kn[n reactions r$uc$ to metal ) evolution ( sulphur dioxide4 ,! f9al result is !re=e ! production ( 7#a7 pig lead enri*$ 9 silv]2 7#b7 pig lead free f silv]2 7#c7 a leady slag2 & 7#d7 sulphur dioxide4 ,9 ! case ( ores conta9+ less ?an #ge p] c5t4 ,pb ! gangue =ms fir/ a little sk9 & !n a ?ick h>d cru/ :i* soon int]f]es ) ! op]ation1 especially if ! ore be z9kif]\s4 ,?is difficulty is ov]come by increas+ ! temp]ature or by flux+ ! ore s z to produce a fusible slag4 ,a leady slag is always easily produc$2 ?is is ! only by-product ( ! process4 ,! !oretical reaction requires #fjj cu4 m4 ( air1 assum+ a deliv]y ( #ej p] c5t4 f ! bl[]1 & at "o atmosph]e pressure involves ! exp5diture ( #ah h4p4 p] #ajjj kg4 ( gal5a p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,plan & ,elevation ( ,smelt+ ,plant at ,cli*y4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! plant at ,cli*y is %[n diagrammatically 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,!re is a r\nd %aft furnace1 #j4ed met] 9 diamet] & #d4e met]s high4 ,p[] is suppli$ to ! bl[] ,c ?r\gh ! pulley ,g & ! %aft ,,dd4 ,! compress$ air is accumulat$ 9 ! res]voir ,r1 :5ce x is conduct$ by ! pipe to ! tuy]e :i* is susp5d$ inside ( ! furnace by means ( a *a91 :]eby x c be rais$ or l[]$4 ,o & ,o are tap-holes4 ,l is a door & ,n an obs]vation tube4 ,a is ! *>ge tube4 ,x is ! pipe :i* conveys ! gas & fume to ! cond5sation *amb]s4 ,t is ! pipe ?r\gh :i* ! wa/e gases are drawn4 ,v is ! exhau/] & ,s is ! *imney4 ,k & ,k are tilt+ crucible furnaces = melt+ lead & gal5a4 ,aft] ! furnace has be5 prop]ly heat$1 #ajj kg4 ( lead melt$ 9 ,k are p\r$ 9 ?r\gh ! ca/-iron pipe ,p1 & aft] t ab\t #bjj kg4 ( pure1 ?or\ghly melt$ gal5a f ,k4 ,ore conta9+ #gj to #hj p] c5t4 ,pb mu/ be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! bla/ ( air is !n introduc$ into ! molt5 gal5a1 & f #ajjj to #cjjj kg4 ( ore is gradually *>g$ 9 ?r\gh ! tube ,a4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation black fume 7,pb,s7 collects 9 ! cond5sation *amb]4 ,all outlets are clos$ aga9/ ! ext]nal air4 ,if ! air bla/ is prop]ly adju/$1 no?+ b black fume is produc$2 if x beg9s to become light color$1 *>g+ is discont9u$ & ! bla/ ( air is %ut (f4 ,lead is !n tapp$ ?r\gh ,o1 :i* is ab\t #j4b met] above ! he>?1 s !re is always a ba? ( lead 9 ! bottom ( ! furnace2 b x is advisable n[ & !n to tap (f "s ?r\gh ,o1 s z gradually to heat up ! bottom ( ! furnace4 ,he>? accretions are also remov$ ?r\gh ,o4 ,! lead is tapp$ (f ?r\gh ,o until matte appe>s4 ,! tap hole is !n clos$1 ! tuy]e is l[]$ & ! bla/ is turn$ into ! lead 9 ord] to oxidize x & completely desulphurize ! sulphur comb9ations1 :i* is quickly done4 ,! oxide ( lead is scorifi$ z a v fusible slag1 :i* is tapp$ (f ?r\gh ,o1 & m ore is !n *>g$ 9 ^u ! lead ba? & ! cycle ( op]ations is begun aga94 ,,"p ,,vii ,,du/ ,,& ,,fume ,,recov]y ,,flues1 ,,*amb]s ,,& ,,bag-,,h\ses ,,du/ ,,*amb] ,,design ,,by ,,max ,j4 ,,wel* 7,septemb] #a1 #aijd7 ,only a few ye>s ago smelt+ companies began to recognize ! advantage ( l>ge *amb]s = collect+ flue du/ & cond5s+ fumes4 ,! object is ?reefold3 ,fir/1 pr(it2 second1 to prev5t law suits ) surr\nd+ agricultural int]e/s2 ?ird1 cleanl9ess ab\t ! plant4 ,x is my object at pres5t to discuss ! mat]ials us$ 9 con/ruction & g5]al types ( cross-section4 ,mo/ ( ! old types ( *amb]s are built aft] "o g5]al patt]n1 namely1 brick or /one side walls & ar* ro(1 ) iron buck/ays & tie rods4 ,! above type is n[ ne>ly out ( use1 because x is %ort-liv$1 exp5sive1 & dang]\s to repair1 :ile ! /eel & masonry are n us$ to good advantage 9 /r5g? ( cross-section4 ,) ! introduction ( concrete & exp&$ metal began a new era ( du/-*amb] con/ruction4 ,x 0 f\nd t a skeleton ( /eel ) cem5t pla/] is v /rong1 light & *eap4 ,! fir/ flue ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi 0 built aft] ! design ( ,e4 ,h4 ,messit]1 at ! ,arkansas ,valley smelt] 9 ,colorado4 ,?is flue 0 9 commission sev]al ye>s1 convey+ sulphur\s gases f ! rev]b]atory roa/] plant4 ,! same company decid$1 9 #aijj1 to enl>ge & entirely rebuild its du/-*amb] sy/em1 & ?ree types ( cross-section 7 adopt$ to meet ! v>i\s conditions4 ,all ?ree types 7 ( cem5t & /eel con/ruction4 ,! fir/ type1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 is plac$ directly beh9d ! bla/ furnaces4 ,! cross-section is #bgc sq4 ft4 area1 be+ design$ = a #aj-;furnace lead smelt]4 ,! back "p is =m$ ^u ! slope ( ! hillside & pav$ ) #b4e 94 ( brick4 ,! front "p is ( ribb$ ca/-iron plates4 ,n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! flue du/ is collect$ 9 ?is *amb] & is remov$1 ?r\gh slid+ doors1 into tram c>s4 ,!re is a little knack 9 design+ a door to reta9 flue du/4 ,x is simply to make ! bottom sill ( ! door frame horizontal = a space ( ab\t #a 94 outside ( ! door slide4 ,! front "p ( ! *amb]1 ,fig4 #bg1 is ( exp&$ metal & cem5t4 ,! top is ( #bj 94 ,i-beams1 spann+ a di/ance ( #bd ft4 ) #ae 94 cross-beams & #c 94 ( concrete floor re/+ ^u ! bottom flanges ( ! beams4 ,?is heavy con/ruction =ms ! f\ndation = ! *>g+ floor1 b9s1 scales1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,rectangul> =m ( ,concrete ,du/ ,*amb]4 ,:ile dwell+ ^u ?is type ( con/ruction ,i wi% to m5tion a mo/ important po9t1 t ( ! prop] factor ( safety4 ,flue du/1 collect$ ne> ! bla/ furnace1 weighs f #hj to #ajj lb4 p] cubic foot1 & ! /eel supports %\ld be design$ = #af1jjj lb4 extreme fib] /ress1 :5 ! *amb] is ?ree-qu>t]s full ( du/4 ,if ! du/ is all[$ to accumulate beyond ?is po9t1 ! /eel1 be+ well design$1 %\ld n be ov]/ra9$4 ,discussions z to /ra9s 9 b9s h be5 air$ by ! eng9e]+ pr(ession1 b ! pres5t "q is 8,:]e is a du/ *amb] a b980 ,exp]i5ce %[s t b9 con/ruction %\ld be adopt$ beh9d1 or 9 close proximity to1 ! bla/ furnaces4 ,fig4 #bh %[s ! second type ( hopp]-bottom flue adopt$4 ,x is ( v light con/ruction1 ( #bgd sq4 ft4 area 9 ! cle>4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is flue be+ #dgc ft4 f ! bla/ furnaces removes all possibility ( any mat]ial floor-load1 z ! du/ is light 9 weight & does n collect 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! hopp]-bottom floor is =m$ ( #d 94 concrete slabs1 9 panels1 plac$ betwe5 #d 94 ,i-beams4 ,ca/-iron door frames1 ) op5+s #ab #af 941 are plac$ on #e ft4 c5t]s4 ,! concrete floor is tamp$ 9 place ar\nd ! frames4 ,! side walls & ro( are built ( #a 94 angles1 exp&$ metal1 & pla/]$ to #b4e 94 ?ickness4 ,at e #aj ft4 di/ance1 pila/] ribs built ( #b 94 angles1 lattic$ & pla/]$1 =m ! w9d-brac+ & ar* ro( support4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,ar*$ =m ( ,concrete ,du/ ,*amb]4 ,fig4 #bi %[s ! beehive con/ruction4 ,?is *amb] is ( #bec sq4 ft4 cross-sectional area4 ,x is built ( #b 94 *annels1 plac$ #af 94 c5t]s1 ti$ ) #a #j4abe 94 /eel /rips4 ,! object ( ! /rips is to support ! #b 94 *annels dur+ erection4 ,no4 #bg gage exp&$ metal la? 0 wir$ to ! inside ( ! *annels & ! :ole pla/]$ to a ?ickness ( #c 94 ,! inside coat 0 pla/]$ fir/ ) portl& cem5t & s&1 "o to ?ree1 ) ab\t #e p] c5t4 lime4 ,! fill+ betwe5 ribs is "o to f\r1 & ! outside coat "o to ?ree4 ,! above types ( du/ *amb] h be5 9 use ov] ?ree ye>s at ,leadville4 ,cem5t & concrete1 9 conjunction ) /eel1 h be5 us$ 9 ,utah1 ,montana & ,arizona1 9 v>i\s types ( cross-section4 ,! results %[ cle>ly :]e n to use cem5t2 namely1 :]e cond5s+ sulphur fumes come 9 contact ) ! walls1 or :]e moi/ure collects1 =m+ sulphuric acid4 ,! reason is t portl& cem5t & lime mort> conta9 calcium hydrate1 :i* takes up sulphur f ! fumes1 =m+ calcium sulphate4 ,9 cond5s+ *amb]s1 ?is calcium sulphate takes up wat]1 =m+ gypsum1 :i* exp&s & peels (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,beehive =m ( ,concrete ,du/ ,*amb]4 ,9 mat]ials ( con/ruction x is r difficult to get some?+ t w /& ! action ( sulphur fumes p]fectly4 ,! lime mort> jo9ts 9 ! old types ( brick flues are soon eat5 away4 ,! ar*es become weak & fall d[n4 ,i not$ a %eet /eel cond5s+ sy/em1 :]e 9 "o ye> ! ,no4 #ab /eel 0 ne>ly eat5 ?r\gh4 ,) a view ( pr(it+ by pa/ exp]i5ce1 let u consid] ! acid-pro( mat]ials ( con/ruction1 namely1 brick1 adobe mort>1 fire-clay1 & acid-pro( pa9t4 ,also1 let u consid] at :at place 9 a du/-*amb] sy/em are we to take ! prop] precaution 9 ! use ( ^! mat]ials4 ,at smelt+ plants1 bo? copp] & lead1 x is f\nd t ne> ! bla/ furnaces ! gases rema9 hot & dry1 s t concrete1 brick or /one1 or /eel1 c safely be us$4 ,lead-bla/ furnace gases w n injure su* con/ruction at a di/ance ( #f or #h ft4 away f ! furnaces4 ,= copp] furnaces1 roa/]s or pyritic smelt+1 concrete or lime mort> con/ruction %\ld be limit$ to )9 #bjj or #cjj ft4 ( ! furnaces4 ,ano!r type ( settl+ *amb] is #bj ft4 squ>e 9 ! cle>1 ) concrete floor betwe5 beams & /eel hopp] bottom4 ,?is *amb] is built )9 #aej ft4 di/ance f ! bla/ furnaces1 & is "o ( ! types us$ at ! ,%annon ,copp] ,company's plant at ,clifton1 ,arizona4 ,aft] pass+ ! #bjj ft4 m>k1 !re is no ne$ ( exp5sive hopp] design4 ,! am\nt ( flue du/ settl$ beyond ?is po9t is s small t x is a bett] inve/m5t to provide only small side doors ?r\gh :i* ! du/ c be remov$4 ,! ideal arrangem5t is to h a sy/em ( cond5s+ *amb]s1 s sep>at$ by damp]s t ei!r set c be ?r[n out = a %ort "t = clean+ purposes1 & ! :ole sy/em c be ?r[n 9 = be/ effici5cy4 ,z to cross-section = cond5s+ *amb]s1 ,i consid] t ! foll[+ w come ne> to meet+ ! requirem5ts4 ,"o1 f\r1 & six1 concrete f\ndation2 tile dra9age2 #i 94 brick walls1 laid 9 adobe mort>1 po9t$ on ! outside ) lime mort>2 occasional /rips ( exp&$ metal floor+ laid 9 jo9ts2 ! necess>y pila/]s to take c>e ( ! size ( cross-section adopt$2 ! top cov]$ ) unpa9t$ corrugat$ iron1 ov] :i* is tamp$ a concrete ro(1 ne>ly flat2 concrete to conta9 corrugat$ b>s 9 accordance ) light floor con/ruction2 & la/ly1 ! corrugat$ iron to h two coats ( graphite pa9t on "u side4 ,! above type ( ro( is us$ "u slightly diff]5t conditions ov] ! imm5se du/ *amb] ( ! new ,copp] ,que5 smelt] at ,d\glas1 ,arizona4 ,! pa9t is an important consid]ation4 ,/eel "w imb$d$ 9 concrete %\ld nev] be pa9t$1 b all /eel expos$ to fumes %\ld be cov]$ by graphite pa9t4 ,te/s made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,graphite ,company %[ t = /ack "w ! pa9t1 :5 expos$ to acid gases1 "u z high a temp]ature z #gjj deg4 ,f41 w we> well4 ,,concrete ,,9 ,,metallurgical ,,con/ruction#de ,,by ,,h5ry ,w4 ,,edw>ds ,! con/ruction ( concrete flues ( ! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca gives bett] results ?an t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 be+ less liable to collapse4 ,x co/s some:at m to build ow+ to ! great] complication ( ! crib1 :i*1 9 bo? cases1 consi/s ( an int]ior core only4 ,= "w #d 94 9 ?ickness & "u1 ,i recomm5d ! use ( rock or slag cru%$ to pass ?r\gh a #a4e 94 r+4 ,al?\gh concrete is n v refractory1 x w easily )/& ! heat ( ! gases f a set ( ord9>y lead-or copp]-smelt+ bla/ furnaces1 or f a batt]y ( calc9+ or roa/+ furnaces4 ,i h nev] notic$ t x is attack$ 9 any way by sulphur dioxide or o!r furnace gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cj & #ca4--,sections ( ,concrete ,flues4 ,%apes ! mo/ complicat$ to suit all ta/es 9 du/ *amb]s c be con/ruct$ ( concrete4 ,! lea/ suitable design1 s f> z ! con/ruction itself is conc]n$1 is a long1 wide1 /raight-wall$1 empty *amb]1 :i* is apt to collapse1 ei!r inw>ds or outw>ds1 &1 al?\gh ! outw>d movem5t c be prev5t$ by a sy/em ( light buck/ays & tie-rods1 ! t5d5cy to collapse inw>ds is n s simply controll$ 9 ! abs5ce ( transv]se baffle walls4 ,! t5d5cy1 s f> z ! collection ( me*anical flue du/ is conc]n$1 appe>s to be t[>ds a l>ge empty *amb]1 )\t baffles1 etc41 9 :i* ! velocity ( ! air curr5ts is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & ! du/ all[$ to settle4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( transv]se baffle walls to c\nt]act ! collaps+ t5d5cy1 x seems be/ to design ! *amb] ) a numb] ( /\t concrete columns at suitable int]vals along ! side & end walls--! walls !mselves be+ made only a few in*es ?ick ) wov5-wire scre5 or 8exp&$ metal0 buri$ )9 !m4 ,! wire skeleton %\ld also be emb$d$ into ! columns 9 ord] to prev5t ! sep>ation ( wall & ! columns4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruct+ is "o t ,i h foll[$ ) v satisfactory results z f> z ! con/ruction itself is conc]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,concrete ,du/ ,*amb] at ! ,guill]mo ,smelt+ ,works1 ,palom>es1 ,spa94 7,horizontal section47 ,figs4 #cb & #cc %[ a *amb] design$ & erect$ at ! ,don ,guill]mo ,smelt+ ,works at ,palom>es1 ,prov9ce ( ,murcia1 ,spa94 ,figs4 #cd & #ce %[ a design = ! smelt] at ,murray ,m9e1 ,sudbury1 ,ont>io1 9 :i* ! columns are holl[1 ?us economiz+ concrete mat]ial4 ,= "w ( ?is k9d ! columns are built fir/ & ! wire nett+ /ret*$ f column to column & p>tly buri$ )9 !m4 ,! crib is !n built on ea* side ( ! nett+1 a gang ( m5 work+ f bo? sides1 & is built up a y>d or s at a "t z ! "w progresses4 ,doors ( good size %\ld be provid$ = entrance into ! *amb]1 & z !y w seldom be op5$ !re is no ne$ = exp5sive fa/5+s or h+es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,concrete ,du/ ,*amb] at ! ,guill]mo ,smelt+ ,works1 ,palom>es1 ,spa94 7,end elevation47 ,f\ndations = ,dynamos & o!r ,electrical ,ma*9]y4--,dry concrete is a poor conductor ( electricity1 b :5 wet x becomes a fairly good conductor4 ,!re=e1 if x be necess>y to insulate ! electrical app>atus1 ! concrete %\ld be cov]$ ) a lay] ( asphalt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,concrete ,du/ ,*amb] design$ = smelt] at ,murray ,m9e1 ,sudbury1 ,ont>io1 ,c4 ,!re are eight #i ft4 sections 9 ! plan4 ,*imney ,bases4--,fig4 #cf %[s ! base = ! #ij ft4 brick-/ack at ,don ,guill]mo4 ,! resemblance to masonry is giv5 by nail+ /rips ( wood on ! inside ( ! crib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,concrete ,du/ ,*amb] design$ = smelt] at ,murray ,m9e1 ,sudbury1 ,ont>io1 ,c4 7,end elevation47 ,reta9+-,walls4--,figs4 #cg1 #ch1 & #ci %[ ?ree diff]5t /yles ( reta9+-walls1 accord+ to location4 ,^! walls are %[n 9 section only1 & %[ ! plac+ ( ! iron re5=cem5ts4 ,reta9+-walls are be/ built 9 panels 7ea* panel be+ a day's "w71 = ! reason t horizontal jo9ts 9 ! concrete are !reby avoid$4 ,! alt]nate panels %\ld be built fir/ & ! int]m$iate spaces fill$ 9 aft]w>d4 ,%\ld !re be wat] beh9d ! wall x is be/ to ins]t a few small pipes ?r\gh ! wall1 9 ord] to c>ry x (f2 ?is precaution is p>ticul>ly important 9 places :]e ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd meets ! wall1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #cg & #ch4 ,if a wood5 build+ is to be erect$ on ! reta9+-wall1 x is be/ to bury a few #j4ge 94 bolts v]tically 9 ! top ( ! wall1 by :i* a wood5 cop+ may be secur$ 7see ,figs4 #cg1 #ch1 & #ci71 :i* =ms a good comm5cem5t = ! c>p5t] "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,concrete ,base = a #ij ft4 ,*imney at ! ,guill]mo ,smelt+ ,works1 ,palom>es1 ,spa94 ,m9imum ?ickness = a reta9+-wall1 hav+ a lib]al quantity ( iron emb$d$ !re91 is #bj 94 at ! bottom & #aj 94 at ! top1 ) ! tap] pref]ably on ! inn] face4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( int]ior /r5g!n+ irons ! ?ickness ( ! wall at ! bottom %\ld nev] be less ?an "o-f\r? ! total hight1 & at ! top "o-sev5? ( ! hight2 unless v lib]al iron brac+ be us$1 ! dim5sions c h>dly be r$uc$ to less ?an "o-sev5? & "o-t5? respectively4 ,unbrac$ reta9+-walls are m /able ) ! batt] on ! out] face4 ,dry clay is ! mo/ trea*]\s mat]ial t c be _h beh9d a reta9+-wall1 especially if x be beat5 91 = ! reason t x is s prone to absorb moi/ure & swell1 caus+ an enorm\s side ?ru/ aga9/ ! wall4 ,:5 ?is mat]ial is to be reta9$ x is be/ to build ! wall sup]abundantly /rong--a precaution :i* applies ev5 to a dry climate1 because ! bur/+ ( a wat]-pipe may cause ! damage4 ,9 ord] to avoid horizontal jo9ts x is be/1 :]ev] practicable1 to build ! crib-"w 9 its entirety be=e />t+ ! concrete4 ,9 a reta9+-wall #c ft4 ?ick by #af ft4 high ?is is n practicable4 ,! support+ po/s & /ruts c1 h[ev]1 be complet$ & ! bo>ds laid 9 z ! wall gr[s1 9 ord] n to int]rupt ! regul> progress ( ! tamp+4 ,a good f9i% may be produc$ on ! expos$ face ( ! wall by a few /rokes ( ! %ovel up & d[n ) its back aga9/ ! crib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cg1 #ch1 & #ci4--,reta9+-,walls ( ,concrete4 ,9 conclusion ,i wi% to /ate t ?is pap] is n writt5 = ! in/ruction ( ! civil eng9e]1 or = ^? :o h special exp]i5ce 9 ?is l9e2 b r = ! m9+ eng9e] or metallurgi/ ^: tra9+ is n v deep 9 ?is direction1 & :o is s (t5 ?r[n ^u 8 own res\rces 9 ! wild]ness1 & :o might be glad ( a few practical sugge/ions f "o :o has be5 9 a l pr$icam5t4 ,,concrete ,,flues#df ,,by ,,edw9 ,h4 ,,messit] 7,septemb]1 #aijd7 ,"u ! head+ 8,flues10 ,mr4 ,edw>ds ref]s to ! ,beehive con/ruction1 a cross-section ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ca ( 8 pap]4 ,a flue simil> to ?is 0 design$ by me ab\t six ye>s ago1#dg & 9 :i* ! walls1 ?\gh mu* ?9n] ?an ^? describ$ by ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 gave entire satisfaction4 ,^! walls1 f #b4be 94 ?ick ?r\gh\t 9 ! small] flues to #c4be 94 9 ! l>g]1 7 built by pla/]+ ! cem5t mort> on exp&$-metal la?1 )\t ! use ( any =ms or cribs :atev]1 at a co/ ( labor g5]ally less ?an #a p] sq4 yd4 ( wall4 ,( c\rse1 :]e pla/]]s _c be obta9$ on reasonable t]ms1 ! cem5t c be mold$ betwe5 wood5 =ms1 ?\gh x is difficult to see h[ x c be done ) an int]ior core only1 z /at$ by ,mr4 ,edw>ds4 ,9 reg>d to ! effect ( sulphur dioxide & furnace gases on ! cem5t1 ,i h f\nd t 9 c]ta9 cases ?is is a matt] :i* mu/ be giv5 v c>eful att5tion4 ,:]e !re is suffici5t heat to prev5t ! exi/5ce ( cond5s$ moi/ure inside ( ! flue1 !re is app>5tly no action :atev] on ! cem5t1 b if ! concrete is wet1 x is rapidly rott$ by ^! gases4 ,at po9ts ne> ! furnaces !re is g5]ally suffici5t heat n only to prev5t int]nal cond5sation ( ! aque\s vapor always pres5t 9 ! gases1 b also to evaporate wat] f ra9 or sn[ fall+ on ! outside ( ! flue4 ,fur!r along a po9t is rea*$ :]e ra9-wat] w p]colate ?r\gh m9ute cracks caus$ by expansion & contraction1 & rea* ! int]ior ev5 ?\gh int]nal cond5sation does n occur !re 9 dry wea!r4 ,f ?is po9t to ! end ( ! flue ! ro( mu/ be coat$ on ! outside ) asphalt pa9t or o!r imp]vi\s mat]ial4 ,9 v long flues a po9t may be rea*$ :]e moi/ure w cond5se on ! inside ( ! walls 9 cold wea!r4 ,f ?is po9t to ! end ( ! flue x is ess5tial to protect ! int]ior ) an acid-resi/+ pa9t1 ( :i* two or m coats w be necess>y4 ,= ! fir/ coat a mat]ial conta9+ little or no l9se$ oil is be/1 z ,i am in=m$ t ! lime 9 ! cem5t attacks ! oil4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h us$ ebonite v>ni%1 & = ! succe$+ coats durable metal-coat+4 ,! fir/ coat w require ab\t #a gal4 ( mat]ial = ea* #ajj sq4 ft4 ( surface4 ,9 "o ( ! e>lie/ long flues built ( cem5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 a small "p ne> ! *imney 0 damag$ z a result ( failure to apply ! protective coat+1 ! necessity = x n hav+ be5 recogniz$ at ! "t ( its con/ruction4 ,x may be said1 9 pass+1 t o!r long brick flues built prior to t "t 7 j z badly attack$ at po9ts remote f ! furnaces4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! am\nt ( flue subject to cond5sation1 ! pla/]$ flues h be5 built ) d\ble la? hav+ an int]v5+ air-space 9 ! middle ( ! wall4 ,9 build+ ?9 walls ( cem5t1 su* z flue walls1 x is p>ticul>ly important to prev5t !m f dry+ be=e ! cem5t has comb9$ ) all ! wat] x ne$s4 ,= ?is reason ! "w %\ld be spr9kl$ freely until ! cem5t is fully set4 ,mu* "w ( ?is class has be5 ru9$ ?r\gh ignorance by fires built ne> ! walls 9 cold wea!r1 :i* caus$ ! mort> to %ell (f 9 a %ort "t4 ,! great sav+ 9 co/ ( con/ruction1 :i* ! concrete-/eel flue makes possible1 w d\btless cause x to sup]s$e o!r types to ev5 a great] ext5t ?an x has already done4 ,if prop]ly design$ ?is type ( con/ruction r$uces ! co/ ( flues by ab\t "o-half4 ,moreov]1 ! concrete-/eel flue is a tight flue z comp>$ ) "o built ( brick4 ,!re is a s]i\s leakage ?r\gh ! walls ( ! brick flues :i* is n easily obs]v$ 9 flues "u suction z mo/ flues are1 b :5 a brick flue is "u pressure f a fan ! leakage is surpris+ly app>5t4 ,9 flues op]at+ by *imney-draft ! entrance ( cold air mu/ cause a consid]able loss 9 ! effici5cy ( ! *imney1 a disadvantage :i* w\ld l>gely be obviat$ by ! use ( ! concrete-/eel flue4 ,,concrete ,,flues#dh ,,by ,,francis ,t4 ,,hav>d ,9 discussion ( ,mr4 ,edw>ds's int]e/+ & valuable pap]1 ,i beg to submit ! foll[+ notes conc]n+ ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! concrete flues & /acks at ! plant ( ! ,anhaltis*e ,blei-und ,silb]-w]ke4 ,! flues & small] /acks at ! works 7 con/ruct$ ( concrete consi/+ g5]ally ( "o "p ( cem5t to sev5 p>ts ( s& & jig-tail+s b1 9 ! case ( ! "u-m5tion$ metal concrete slabs1 ( "o "p ( cem5t to f\r p>ts ( s& & tail+s4 ,! co/ ( con/ruct+ ! concrete flue approximat$ #e m>ks p] sq4 m4 ( area 7equival5t to #j4aa p] sq4 ft474 ,effect ( ,heat4--,a temp]ature above #ajj deg4 ,c4 caus$ ! concrete to crack de/ructively4 ,neutral furnace gases at #abj deg4 ,c41 pass+ ?r\gh an indep5d5t concrete flue & /ack1 caus$ s mu* damage by ! =mation ( cracks t1 aft] two ye>s ( use1 ! /ack1 con/ruct$ ( pipes #d 94 ?ick1 requir$ ?or\gh repair+ & auxili>y ties = e foot ( hight4 ,effect ( ,flue ,gases & ,moi/ure4--,! sides ( ! ma9 flue1 made ( blocks ( #f 94 holl[ wall-sections1 #ajj cm4 by #ej cm4 9 area1 7 cov]$ ) #b 94 or #a 94 slabs ( metal concrete4 ,9 cases :]e ! flue 0 protect$ on ! outside by a wood5 or til$ ro(1 & inside by an acid-pro( pa9t1 consi/+ ( wat]-glass & asbe/os1 ! concrete has n be5 appreciably affect$4 ,9 ano!r case1 :]e ! protective cov]1 bo? inside & outside1 0 ( asphalt only1 ! concrete 0 badly corrod$ & crack$ at ! end ( ?ree ye>s4 ,9 a ?ird case1 9 :i* ! concrete 0 unprotect$ f bo? atmosph]ic influ5ce on ! outside1 & furnace gases on ! inside1 ! flue 0 q de/roy$ at ! end ( ?ree ye>s4 ,t portion ( ! protect$ concrete flue1 ne> ! ma9 /ack1 :i* came 9 contact only ) dry1 cold gases 0 n affect$ at all4 ,gases alone1 su* z sulphur dioxide1 sulphur trioxide1 & o!rs1 d n affect concrete2 nei!r is ! usual quantity ( moi/ure 9 furnace gases suffici5t to damage concrete2 b %\ld moi/ure p5etrate f ! outside ( ! flue1 &1 meet+ gase\s ,,s or ,,s1 =m hydr\s acids1 !n ! concrete w be corrod$4 ,effect ( ! ,atmosph]e ,alone4--,= outside con/ruction "w1 f\ndations & o!r /ructures n expos$ to heat1 moi/ acid gases & *emicals1 ! concrete has ma9ta9$ its reputation = *eapness & durability4 ,effect ( ,cry/allization ( ,conta9$ ,salts4--,9 *emical works1 floors con/ruct$ ( concrete are sometimes unsatisfactory1 = ! reason t soluble salts1 noticeably z9c sulphate1 w p5etrate into ! floor &1 by cry/alliz+ 9 n>r[ conf9es1 cause ! concrete to crack & ! floor to rise 9 places4 ,,bag-,,h\ses ,,= ,,sav+ ,,fume ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls 7,july #ae1 #aije7 ,"o ( ! mo/ effici5t me?ods ( sav+ fume & v f9e du/ 9 metallurgical practice is by filtration ?r\gh clo?4 ,?is idea is by no means a new "o1 hav+ be5 propos$ by ,dr4 ,p]cy1 9 8 treatise on lead1 page #ddi1 b he makes no m5tion ( any attempt to apply x4 ,its fir/ practical application 0 f\nd 9 ! manufacture ( z9c oxide direct f ores1 initially tri$ by ,ri*>d & ,samuel ,t4 ,jones 9 #ahej1 & 9 #ahea modifi$ by ,samuel ,we!rill into ! process :i* cont9ues 9 use at ! pres5t "t 9 ab\t ! same =m z orig9ally4 ,9 #ahgh a simil> process = ! manufacture ( :ite lead direct f gal5a 0 introduc$ at ,jopl91 ,mo41 by ,g4 ,t4 ,lewis & ,eyre ,o4 ,b>tlett1 ! latt] ( :om _h previ\sly be5 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( z9c oxide 9 ! ,ea/1 f :i* he obta9$ 8 idea ( ! simil> manufacture ( :ite lead4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! ore & o!r conditions1 h[ev]1 made x necess>y to introduce num]\s modifications be=e ! process became successful4 ,! ev5tual success ( ! process l$ to its application = filtration ( ! fume f ! bla/ furnaces at ! works ( ! ,globe ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company1 at ,d5v]1 ,colo41 & lat] on = ! filtration ( ! fume f ! ,scot* he>?s employ$ = ! smelt+ ( gal5a 9 ! vic9ity ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,9 connection ) ! smelt+ ( high-grade gal5a 9 ,scot* he>?s1 ! bag-h\se is n[ a /&>d accessory4 ,x has receiv$ also consid]able application 9 connection ) silv]-lead bla/-furnace smelt+ & 9 ! desilv]iz+ ref9]ies4 ,its field ( usefulness is limit$ only by ! "* ( ! gas to be filt]$1 x be+ a pr]equisite t ! gas conta9 no con/itu5t t w quickly de/roy ! fabric ( :i* ! bags are made4 ,bags are also employ$ successfully = ! collection ( du/ 9 cyanide mills1 & o!r works 9 :i* f9e cru%+ is practis$1 = example1 9 ! magnetic sep>at+ works ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,company1 ,frankl91 ,n4 ,j4 1 :]e ! outlets ( ! ,edison dri]s1 ?r\gh :i* ! ore is pass$1 communicate ) bag-filt]+ ma*9es1 9 :i* ! bags are caus$ to revolve = ! purpose ( me*anical dis*>ge4 ,! filtration ( su* du/ is m tr\blesome ?an ! filtration ( furnace fume1 because ! cond5sation ( moi/ure causes ! bags to become soggy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,bag-h\se1 ,globe ,smelt+ ,works4 ,! /&>d bag-h\se employ$ 9 connection ) furnace "w is a l>ge room1 9 :i* ! bags hang v]tically1 be+ susp5d$ f ! top4 ,! bags are simply tubes ( cotton or wool5 7flannel7 clo?1 f #ah to #bj 94 9 diamet]1 & #bj to #ce ft4 9 l5g?1 mo/ commonly ab\t #cj ft4 ,9 ! manufacture ( z9c oxide1 ! fume-lad5 gas is conduct$ into ! h\se ?r\gh %eet-iron pipes1 ) suitably arrang$ bran*es1 f nipples on :i* ! bags are susp5d$1 ! l[] end ( ! bag be+ simply ti$ up until x is necess>y to dis*>ge ! filt]$ fume by %ak+4 ,9 ! bag-h\ses employ$ 9 ! metallurgy ( lead1 ! fume is introduc$ at ! bottom into brick *amb]s1 :i* are cov]$ ) %eet-iron plates1 provid$ ) ! necess>y nipples2 or else into hopp]-bottom1 %eet-iron flues1 ) ! necess>y nipples on top4 ,9 ei!r case ! bags are ti$ to ! nipples1 & are ti$ up tight at ! top1 :]e !y are susp5d$4 ,:5 ! fume is dislodg$ by %ak+ ! bags1 x falls into ! *amb] or hopp] at ! bottom1 :5ce x is p]iodically remov$4 ,! co/ ( att5d+ a bag-h\se1 collect+ ! fume1 etc41 v>ies f ab\t #aj;c4 p] ton ( ore smelt$ 9 a l>ge plant l ! ,globe1 to ab\t #be;c4 p] ton 9 a ,scot*-he>? plant treat+ #be tons ( ore p] #bd h\rs4 ,no def9ite rules = ! proportion+ ( filt]+ area to ! quantity ( ore treat$ h be5 =mulat$4 ,! correct proportion mu/ necess>ily v>y accord+ to ! volume ( gase\s products develop$ 9 ! smelt+ ( a ton ( ore1 ! p]c5tage ( du/ & fume conta9$1 & ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! bags are %ak54 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t 9 bla/ furnaces & ,scot*-he>? smelt+ a ratio ( #ajjj sq4 ft4 p] ton ( ore w\ld be suffici5t "u ord9>y conditions4 ,! bag-h\se orig9ally con/ruct$ at ! ,globe works _h ab\t #bej sq4 ft4 ( filt]+ area p] ton ( *>ge smelt$1 b ?is 0 subsequ5tly increas$1 & ,dr4 ,iles1 9 8 treatise on lead-smelt+1 recomm5ds an equipm5t :i* w\ld correspond to ab\t #gej sq4 ft4 p] ton ( *>ge4 ,at ! ,omaha works1 :]e ! ,br[n-,de ,camp sy/em 0 us$1 !re 0 #hj1jjj sq4 ft4 ( clo? = #aj furnaces #db #abj 941 accord+ to ,h(man's 8,metallurgy ( ,lead10 :i* w\ld give ab\t #ajjj sq4 ft4 p] ton ( *>ge smelt$1 assum+ an av]age ( eight furnaces to be 9 bla/4 ,a bag-h\se 9 a ,scot*-he>? smelt]y1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 _h approximately #ijj sq4 ft4 p] ton ( ore smelt$4 ,at ! ,lone ,elm works1 at ,jopl91 ! ratio 0 ab\t #cejj sq4 ft4 p] ton ( ore smelt$1 :5 ! works 7 run at _! maximum capacity4 ,9 ! manufacture ( z9c oxide ! bag area us$ to be f #aej to #bjj sq4 ft4 p] squ>e foot ( grate on :i* ! ore is burn$1 b at ,palm]ton1 ,pa4 7! mo/ mod]n plant71 ! ratio is only #ajj3a4 ,?is corresponds to ab\t #adjj sq4 ft4 ( bag area p] #bjjj lb4 ( *>ge work$ on ! grate4 ,9 ! manufacture ( z9c-lead :ite at ,caon ,city1 ,colo41 ! ratio betwe5 bag area & grate area is #aej3a4 ,assum+ ! gas to be free1 or ne>ly free1 f sulphur\s fumes1 ! bags are made ( unblea*$ musl91 v>y+ 9 weight f #j4d to #j4g oz4 avoirdupois p] squ>e foot4 ,! clo? %\ld h #db to #dh ?reads p] l9e> in* 9 ! w>p & ! same numb] 9 ! wo(4 ,a k9d ( clo? commonly us$ 9 good practice weighs #j4f oz4 p] squ>e foot & has #df ?reads p] l9e> in* 9 bo? ! w>p & ! wo(4 ,! bags %\ld be #ah to #bj 94 9 diamet]4 ,!re=e ! clo? %\ld be ( su* wid? z to make t diamet] ) only "o seam1 all[+ = ! lap4 ,clo? #fb 94 9 wid? is mo/ conv5i5t4 ,x co/s #d to #e;c4 p] y>d4 ,! seam is made by lapp+ ! edges ab\t #a 941 or by turn+ ov] ! edges & !n lapp+1 9 ! latt] case ! /it*es pass+ ?r\gh f\r ?icknesses ( ! clo?4 ,x %\ld be sew$ ) ,no4 #ej l95 ?read1 mak+ two r[s ( d\ble lock-/it*es4 ,! ?imbles to :i* ! bags are fa/5$ %\ld be ( ,no4 #aj %eet /eel1 ! rim be+ =m$ by turn+ ov] a r+ ( #j4be 94 wire4 ,! bags are ti$ on ) #b 94 /rips ( musl94 ,! nipples are conv5i5tly spac$ #bg 94 ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]1 on ! ma9 pipe4 ,! gas is be/ introduc$ at a temp]ature ( #bej deg4 ,f4 ,too high a temp]ature is liable to cause !m to ignite4 ,!y are safe at #cjj deg4 ,f41 b ! temp]ature %\ld n be all[$ to exce$ t po9t4 ,! gas is cool$ by passage ?r\gh iron pipes ( suitable radiat+ surface1 b ! temp]ature %\ld be controll$ by a dial !rmomet] close to ! bag-h\se1 :i* %\ld be obs]v$ at lea/ h\rly1 & !re %\ld be an inlet into ! pipe f ! outside1 s t1 9 ev5t ( rise ( temp]ature above #cjj deg41 suffici5t cold air may be admitt$ to r$uce x )9 ! safety limit4 ,9 ! case ( gas conta9+ mu* sulphur dioxide1 & especially any appreciable quantity ( ! trioxide1 ! bags %\ld be ( unwa%$ wool4 ,su* gas w soon de/roy cotton1 b wool ) ! natural grease ( ! %eep /ill 9 x is n mu* affect$4 ,! gas f ,scot* he>?s & lead-bla/ furnaces c be successfully filt]$1 b ! gas f roa/+ furnaces conta9s too mu* sulphur trioxide to be filt]$ at all1 bags ( any k9d be+ rapidly de/roy$4 ,,"p ,,viii ,,bl[]s ,,& ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es ,,rot>y ,,bl[]s ,,vs4 ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es ,,= ,,lead ,,smelt+ 7,april #bg1 #aija7 ,a note 9 ! communication f ,s4 ,e4 ,bre!rton on 8,pyritic ,smelt+ & ,hot ,bla/10 publi%$ 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal ( ,april #ac1 #aija1 ref]s to a subject ( great int]e/ to lead smelt]s4 ,mr4 ,bre!rton rem>k$ t he _h be5 rec5tly in=m$ by ,augu/ ,raht t by actual exp]im5t ! loss ) ! ord9>y rot>y bl[]s 0 #ajj p] c5t4 "u #aj lb4 pressure2 t is1 x 0 possible to %ut all ! gates s t !re 0 no outlet = ! bla/ to escape f ! bl[] & ! pressure 0 only #aj lb41 or 9 o!r words ! bl[] w\ld deliv] no air aga9/ #aj lb4 pressure4 ,= t reason ,mr4 ,raht express$ himself z be+ 9 favor ( bl[+ eng9es = lead bla/ furnaces4 ,?is is ( special int]e/1 inasmu* z x comes f "o :o is recogniz$ z /&+ 9 ! fir/ rank ( lead-smelt+ eng9e]s4 ,mr4 ,raht is n alone 9 hold+ ! op9ion he does4 ,! rot>y bl[] did good s]vice 9 ! old days :5 ! air 0 bl[n into ! lead bla/ furnace at comp>atively mod]ate pressure4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! bla/ pressure employ$ is commonly #dj oz4 at lea/1 & sometimes z high z #dh oz41 ! defici5cies ( ! rot>y bl[] h become m app>5t4 ,not)/&+ ! excell5t workman%ip :i* is put into !m by _! manufactur]s1 ! ext5sive surfaces ( contact are inh]5t to ! type1 & leakage ( air backw>d is inevitable & important at ! pressures n[ prevail+4 ,! impell]s ( a rot>y bl[] %\ld n t\* ea* o!r nor ! cyl9d]s 9 :i* !y revolve1 b !y are made ) z little cle>ance z possible1 ! surfaces be+ coat$ ) grease1 :i* fills ! cle>ance space & =ms a pack+4 ,?is w n1 h[ev]1 entirely prev5t leakage1 :i* w naturally increase ) ! pressure4 ,ev5 ! manufactur]s ( rot>y bl[]s admit ! defects ( ! type1 & conc$e t = pressures ( #e lb4 & upw>d ! cyl9d] bl[+ eng9e is ! m economical4 ,metallurgi/s are com+ g5]ally to ! op9ion1 h[ev]1 t bl[+ eng9es are probably m economical = pressures ( #d lb4 or !reab\ts1 & "s g ev5 fur!r4 ,) ! bl[+ eng9es ! air-jo9ts ( pi/on & cyl9d] are ^? ( actual contact1 & ! metallurgi/ may c\nt on 8 cubic feet ( air1 :atev] be ! pressure4 ,bl[+ eng9es 7 actually introduc$ sev]al ye>s ago by ,m4 ,w4 ,iles at :at is n[ ! ,globe plant ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company1 & we believe _! p]=mance has be5 f\nd satisfactory4 ,! fanci$ drawback to ! use ( bl[+ eng9es is _! great] fir/ co/1 b ,h4 ,a4 ,vez91 a me*anical eng9e] ^: op9ions c>ry great weight1 po9t$ out five ye>s ago 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s 7,vol4 ,,xxvi7 t p] cubic foot ( air deliv]$ ! bl[+ eng9e 0 probably no m co/ly ?an ! rot>y bl[]1 b on ! contr>y *eap]1 /at+ t ! fir/ co/ ( a cyl9d] bl[] is only #bj to #be p] c5t4 m ?an t ( a rot>y bl[] ( ! same nom9al capacity & ! eng9e to drive x4 ,! capacity ( a rot>y bl[] is commonly giv5 z ! displacem5t ( ! impell]s p] revolution1 )\t all[ance = slip or leakage backw>d4 ,mr4 ,vez9 express$ ! op9ion t = ! same actual capacity at #b lb4 pressure1 t is1 ! deliv]y 9 cubic feet aga9/ #b lb4 pressure1 ! cyl9d] bl[] w\ld co/ no m ?an1 if z mu* z1 ! rot>y bl[]4 ,9 ?is connection x is wor? :ile mak+ a note ( ! increas+ t5d5cy ( lead smelt]s to provide mu* m p[]ful bl[]s ?an 7 =m]ly consid]$ necess>y1 due1 no d\bt1 9 l>ge measure to ! recognition ( ! great] loss ( air by leakage backw>d at ! pressure n[ work$ aga9/4 ,x is consid]$1 = example1 t a #db #adj 94 furnace to be driv5 "u #dj oz4 pressure %\ld be provid$ ) a ,no4 #aj bl[]1 :i* size displaces #cjj cu4 ft4 ( air p] revolution & is design$ to be run at ab\t #ajj r4p4m42 its nom9al capacity is1 !re=e1 #cj1jjj cu4 ft4 ( air p] m9ute2 al?\gh its actual deliv]y aga9/ #dj oz4 pressure is mu* less1 z po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,raht & ,mr4 ,bre!rton4 ,! ,conn]sville ,bl[] ,company1 ( ,conn]sville1 ,ind41 lately suppli$ ! ,aguas ,cali5tes plant 7n[ ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company7 ) a rot>y bl[] ( ! above capacity1 & duplicates ( x h be5 in/all$ at o!r smelt+ works4 ,! =ce requir$ to drive su* a huge bl[] is enorm\s1 be+ some?+ l #djj h4p41 :i* makes x advisable to provide ea* bl[] ) a directly connect$ comp\nd cond5s+ eng9e4 ,9 view ( ! favor ) :i* cyl9drical bl[+ eng9es = driv+ lead bla/ furnaces are held by _m ( ! lead+ lead-smelt+ eng9e]s1 & ! likelihood t !y w come m & m into use1 x w be int]e/+ to obs]ve :e!r ! lead smelt]s w take ano!r /ep 9 ! tracks ( ! iron smelt]s & adopt ! circul> =m ( bla/ furnace t is employ$ = ! r$uction ( iron ore4 ,! limit ( size = rectangul> furnaces appe>s to h be5 rea*$ 9 ^? ( #db #ade 941 or approximately ^? dim5sions4 ,a furnace ( #ff #afj 941 :i* 0 built sev]al ye>s ago at ! ,globe plant at ,d5v]1 prov$ a failure4 ,h4 ,v4 ,croll at t "t advocat$ ! build+ ( a circul> furnace in/ead ( ! rectangul> furnace ( ^? excessive dim5sions & consid]$ t ! exp]i5ce ) ! latt] demon/rat$ _! impracticability4 ,9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal ( ,may #bh1 #ahih1 he /at$ t !re 0 no good reason1 h[ev]1 :y a furnace ( #cjj to #ejj tons daily capacity c\ld n be run successfully1 b consid]$ t ! r\nd furnace 0 ! only =m p]missible4 ,we are unaw>e :e!r ,mr4 ,croll 0 ! fir/ to advocate ! use ( l>ge circul> furnaces = lead smelt+1 b at all ev5ts !re are o!r exp]i5c$ metallurgi/s :o n[ agree ) him1 & ! "t is1 p]haps1 n f> di/ant :5 !y may be adopt$4 ,,rot>y ,,bl[]s ,,vs4 ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es ,,by ,j4 ,,p>ke ,,*ann+ 7,june #h1 #aija7 ,9 ! issues ( ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal = ,april #ac? & #bg? ref]5ce 0 made to ! relative effici5cy ( pi/on-bl[+ eng9es & rot>y bl[]s ( ! impell] type1 & 9 ^! articles ,augu/ ,raht 0 quot$ z say+ t1 ) an ord9>y rot>y bl[] work+ aga9/ #aj lb4 pressure1 ! loss 0 #ajj p] c5t4 ,i h wait$ "s "t ) ! idea t "s ( ! bl[] p w\ld call att5tion to ! conceal$ fallacy 9 ! /atem5t quot$1 b s f> h fail$ to notice any ref]5ce to ! matt]4 ,i feel q sure t ,mr4 ,bre!rton fail$ to quote ,mr4 ,raht 9 full4 ,! "o factor miss+ 9 ?is /atem5t is ! spe$ at :i* ! bl[] 0 run :5 ! loss 0 #ajj p] c5t4 ,! accept$ me?od ( te/+ ! volumetric effici5cy ( rot>y bl[]s is t ( 8clos$ dis*>ge40 ,! dis*>ge op5+ ( ! bl[] is clos$1 a pressure gage is connect$ ) ! clos$ deliv]y pipe1 & ! bl[] is gradually spe$$ up until ! gage regi/]s ! requir$ pressure4 ,! numb] ( revolutions :i* ! bl[] makes :ile hold+ t pressure1 multipli$ by ! cubic feet p] revolution1 w give ! total slip ( t p>ticul> bl[] at t p>ticul> pressure4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t1 )9 ! practical limits ( spe$ at :i* a bl[] is run1 ! slip is a function ( ! pressure & has no?+ to d ) ! spe$4 ,if1 !re=e1 x 7 f\nd t ! p>ticul> bl[] ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,raht 7 oblig$ to be revolv$ at ! rate ( #cj r4p4m4 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a con/ant pressure ( #aj lb4 ) a clos$ dis*>ge1 & if ! bl[] 7 aft]w>d put 9 practical s]vice1 deliv]+ air1 & 7 run at a spe$ ( #aej r4p4m41 x w\ld !n foll[ t its deliv]y ( air w\ld am\nt to3 #aej-cj #abj4 ,its volumetric effici5cy w\ld be #abj #aej #hj p] c5t4 ,! above figures mu/ n be reli$ ^u1 z ,i give !m simply by way ( illu/ration4 ,ab\t a ye> ago ,i _h ! pleasure ( exam9+ ! tabulat$ results ( "s ext5sive exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 made by "o ( ! bl[] companies4 ,i believe !y c>ri$ _! exp]im5ts up to #aj lb4 pressure1 & ,i regret t ,i h n ! figures be=e me1 s t ,i c\ld give some?+ def9ite4 ,i d1 h[ev]1 rememb] t 9 ! exp]im5tal bl[]1 :5 runn+ at ab\t #aej r4p4m41 ! volumetric effici5cy at #b lb4 pressure 0 ab\t #he p] c5t41 & t at #c lb4 pressure ! volumetric effici5cy 0 ab\t #ha p] c5t4 ,x is unnecess>y 9 ?is connection to call att5tion to ! horse-p[] effici5cy ( rot>y bl[]s4 ,?is is a matt] entirely by itself1 & !re is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion among eng9e]s z to ! relative horse-p[] effici5cy ( rot>y bl[]s & pi/on bl[]s4 ,all agree t !re is a c]ta9 pressure at :i* ! effici5cy ( ! bl[] becomes less ?an ! effici5cy ( ! bl[+ eng9e4 ,?is ,i h he>d plac$ all ! way f #b lb4 up to #f lb4 ,at ! smelt+ plant ( ! ,t5nessee ,copp] ,company we h lately in/all$ bla/-furnace pi/on-bl[+ eng9es2 ! /eam cyl9d]s are ( ! ,corliss type & are #ac & #bd 94 by #db 942 ! bl[+ cyl9d]s are two 9 numb]1 ea* #eg #db 942 ! air valves are all ,corliss 9 type4 ,^! bl[+ eng9es are design$ to op]ate at a maximum air pressure ( #b lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,at ! ,santa ,fe ,gold & ,copp] ,m9+ ,company's smelt] we h rec5tly in/all$ a ,no4 #h bl[] directly c\pl$ to a #ad #cb 94 ,corliss eng9e4 ,?is bl[] has be5 9 use ab\t five mon?s & is giv+ v good results aga9/ ! comp>atively l[ pressure ( #ab oz41 or lb4 ,dur+ ! com+ summ] x is my int5tion to make c>eful volumetric & horse-p[] te/s on ^! two types ( ma*9es "u simil> conditions ( air pressure1 & to publi% ! results2 b 9 ! meantime ,i wi% to correct ! error t a rot>y bl[] ( ! impell] type is n a practicable ma*9e at pressure ov] #e lb4 ,,bl[]s ,,& ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es ,,= ,,lead ,,& ,,copp] ,,smelt+ ,,by ,,hiram ,w4 ,,hixon 7,july #bj1 #aija7 ,9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal = ,july #f? ,i note ! discussion ov] ! relative m]its ( bl[]s & bl[+ eng9es = lead & copp] smelt+1 & wi% to /ate t1 irrespective ( ! "w to be done1 ! bla/ pressure w dep5d entirely on ! *>ge burd5 9 any k9d ( bla/-furnace "w1 & t ! *>ge burd5 gov]ns ! r$uc+ action ( ! furnace altoge!r4 ,along ^! l9es ! iron indu/ry has rais$ ! *>ge burd5 up to #ajj ft4 to secure ! full b5efit ( ! r$uc+ action ( ! c>bon monoxide on ! ore4 ,9 direct opposition to ?is we h :at is kn[n z pyritic smelt+1 :]e9 ! *>ge burd5 gov]ns ! grade ( ! matte produc$ to su* an ext5t t if a *>ge run ) #d to #f ft4 ( burd5 above ! tuy]es1 produc+ #dj p] c5t4 matte1 is *ang$ to a *>ge burd5 ( #aj or #ab ft41 ! grade ( ! matte w decrease f #dj p] c5t4 to probably less ?an #bj p] c5t4 ,i c /ate ?is z a fact f rec5t exp]i5ce 9 op]at+ a bla/ furnace on heap-roa/$ ores "u ! conditions nam$1 ) ! result z above /at$4 ,i 0 exce$+ly skeptical ab\t pyritic smelt+ z advocat$ by "s ( y\r correspond5ts1 & /ill cont9ue to be s2 b on mak+ inquiries f "s ( my co-work]s 9 ?is l9e1 ,mr4 ,/i*t ( ,tasmania1 & ,mr4 ,nutt+ ( ,b+ham1 ,utah1 ,i h arriv$ at ! foll[+ conclusion1 to :i* "s may take exception3 ,t pyritic smelt+ )\t fuel1 or ) less ?an #e p] c5t41 ) hot bla/1 is practically impossible2 t smelt+ raw ore ) a l[ *>ge burd5 to avoid ! r$uc+ action ( ! c>bon monoxide1 !reby secur+ oxidation ( ! iron & sulphur1 is possible & practicable1 "u favorable conditions2 & t a l>ge portion ( ! sulphur is burn$ (f1 & ! iron1 )\t r$uc+ action1 goes into ! slag 9 comb9ation ) silica4 ,^! results c be obta9$ ) cold bla/4 ,a bl[+ eng9e w\ld c]ta9ly be mu* out ( place = op]at+ copp]-matt+ furnaces run ) ! evid5t int5tion ( oxidiz+ sulphur & iron & secur+ z high a grade ( matte z possible1 = ! reason t to d ?is x is necess>y to run a l[ *>ge burd51 & ) a l[ *>ge burd5 a high pressure ( bla/ _c be ma9ta9$4 ,) a #d to #f ft4 *>ge burd5 ! bla/ pressure at ,victoria ,m9es at pres5t is #c oz41 produc$ by a ,no4 #f ,gre5 bl[] run at #abj r4p4m42 & a bl[+ eng9e1 deliv]+ ! same am\nt ( air1 w\ld c]ta9ly n give m pressure4 ,"u ! conditions :i* we h1 a fan w\ld be m effective ?an a pressure bl[]1 & a bl[+ eng9e entirely out ( ! "q z f> z economy is conc]n$4 ,i in/all$ bl[+ eng9es at ! ,ea/ ,hel5a = lead smelt+ :]e ! *>ge burd5 0 #ba ft4 & ! bla/ pressure at times w5t up z high z #dh oz4 ,"u ^! conditions ! bl[+ eng9es gave satisfaction1 b ,i am ( ! op9ion t ! same am\nt ( bla/ c\ld h be5 obta9$ "u t pressure ) less horse-p[] by ! be/ type ( rot>y bl[]4 ,i d n believe t ! field ( ! bl[+ eng9e prop]ly exi/s bel[ #e lb41 & if ?is pressure _c be obta9$ by *>ge-burd5 conditions1 _! in/allation is a mi/ake4 ,i wi% to add ! v evid5t fact t v>y+ ! grade ( ! matte by fe$+ ! furnace at diff]5t hights v>ies ! slag composition z to its silica & iron cont5ts & makes ! fe$] ! real metallurgi/4 ,! r$uc+ action 9 ! furnace is effect$ almo/ entirely by ! gases1 & :5 ^! are all[$ to g to wa/e1 r$uction ceases4 ,,bl[+ ,,eng9es ,,& ,,rot>y ,,bl[]s--,,hot ,,bla/ ,,= ,,pyritic ,,smelt+ ,,by ,s4 ,e4 ,,bre!rton 7,augu/ #bd1 #aija7 ,i h j read 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal ( ,july #bj? an int]e/+ lett] writt5 by ,hiram ,w4 ,hixon 9 reg>d to bl[+ eng9es v]sus ! rot>y bl[]s1 & also ! use ( cold bla/ = pyritic smelt+4 ,! controv]sy1 :i* ,i un9t5tionally />t$ 9 my lett] 9 ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal ( ,april #ac? la/1 ab\t ! advantages ( us+ ei!r bl[]s or bl[+ eng9es = bla/ furnaces1 does n p>ticul>ly int]e/ me1 ) ! exception t ,i h ab\t decid$1 9 my own m9d1 to use bl[+ eng9es :]e !re is mu* back pressure1 & ! ord9>y up-to-date bl[] = pyritic or matte smelt+ :]e mu* back pressure %\ld n exi/4 ,i fully appreciate ! fact t s-call$ pyritic smelt+ c be done to a limit$ ext5t1 ev5 ) cold bla/4 ,!oretically1 en\gh oxyg5 c be s5t into ! bla/ furnace1 conta9$ 9 ! cold bla/1 to oxidize bo? ! fuel & ! sulphur 9 an ord9>y sulphide *>ge1 b ,i h n yet le>n$ :]e a high conc5tration is be+ made ) unroa/$ ore & cold bla/4 ,i exp]im5t$ on ^! l9es at diff]5t times = ?ree ye>s1 dur+ #ahif1 #ahig1 & #ahih1 mak+ a fair conc5tration ) refractory ores1 mo/ ( :i* _h be5 roa/$4 ,i 0 myself int]e/$ 9 ! pr(its & z anxi\s z any "o = economy4 ,we tri$1 = fuel 9 ! bla/ furnace1 coke alone1 coke & lignite coal1 lignite coal alone1 lignite coal & dry wood1 coal & gre5 wood1 & !n coke & gre5 wood1 all "u diff]5t hights ( ore burd5 9 ! furnace4 ,a description ( ^! exp]im5ts w\ld1 no d\bt1 be tiresome to y\r read]s1 b ,i wi% to /ate t ! furnace 0 froz5 up sev]al times on acc\nt ( us+ too little fuel1 :5 ! cold bla/ w\ld gradually drive ne>ly all ! heat to ! top ( ! furnace1 ! crucible & betwe5 ! tuy]es becom+ s badly cru/$ t ! furnace _h to be clean$ out & bl[n 9 aga91 unless ,i 0 call$ 9 "t to save x by *ang+ ! *>ge & increas+ ! fuel4 ,we 7 mak+ high-grade matte "u contract1 high conc5tration & small matte fall1 :i* w\ld1 no d\bt1 aggravate matt]s4 ,aft] ! introduction ( hot bla/1 heat$ up to betwe5 #bjj & #cjj deg4 ,f41 we made ! same grade ( matte f ! same "* ( ore1 ) ! exception t we !n smelt$ )\t roa/+1 & r$uc$ ! p]c5tage ( fuel consumption1 increas$ ! capacity ( ! furnace1 & almo/ entirely obviat$ ! tr\ble ( cold crucibles & hot tops4 ,i write ! above facts1 z !y speak = !mselves4 ,i ne>ly agree ) ,mr4 ,hixon1 & d n ?9k x practical to smelt ) mu* less ?an #e p] c5t4 coke cont9u\sly2 b !re is a great sav+ betwe5 ! am\nt ( coke us$ ) a mod]ately heat$ bla/ & cold bla/4 ,reg>dless ( ei!r hot or cold bla/1 h[ev]1 ! fuel consumption dep5ds v mu* on ! "* ( ! ore to be smelt$1 ! am\nt ( matte-fall & grade ( matte made4 ,x is n always advisable or necess>y to use hot bla/ = a matt+ furnace2 t is1 :]e ! supply ( sulphur is limit$4 ,x may !n be necess>y to use z mu* fuel 9 ! bla/ furnace to prev5t ! sulphur f oxidiz+ z w be suffici5t to furni% ! heat = smelt+4 ,su* conditions exi/$ at ,silv] ,city1 ,n4 ,m4 1 at times1 aft] our surplus supply ( iron & z9c sulphide conc5trates 0 us$4 ,i und]/& t !y are n[ %ort ( sulphur !re1 on acc\nt ( gett+ a surplus am\nt ( oxidiz$ copp] ore1 & are only utiliz+ :at little heat ! slag gives !m1 )\t ! addition ( any fuel on top ( ! =ehe>?4 ,be=e clos+ ?is1 :i* ,i int5d$ to h be5 brief1 ,i wi% to call y\r att5tion to a little exp]i5ce we _h ) alum9a 9 ! matt+ furnace at ,silv]ton1 ,col41 :]e ,i 0 act+ z consult+ metallurgi/4 ,! ore we _h to smelt conta9$1 on an av]age1 ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,al,o1 #cj p] c5t4 ,si,o1 ) #ah p] c5t4 ,fe 9 ! =m ( an iron pyrite1 & no o!r iron 0 available except "s iron sulphide conc5trates conta9+ a small p]c5tage ( z9c & lead4 ,! "q naturally arose1 c\ld we oxidize & =ce suffici5t ( ! iron into ! slag1 & :]e %\ld we class ! alum9a1 z a base or an acid8 ,my exp]i5ce 9 lead smelt+ l$ me to believe t ,al,o c\ld only be class$ z an acid 9 ! ord9>y lead furnace1 & t x w\ld be useless to class x o!rwise 9 a %all[ matt+ furnace2 & ,e4 ,w4 ,walt]1 ! sup]9t5d5t & metallurgi/ 9 *>ge1 agre$ ) me4 ,we !n decid$ to make a bisilicate slag1 class+ ! alum9a z silica1 & we obta9$ fairly satisfactory results4 ,! slag made 0 v clean1 b trea*]\s1 :i* 0 attribut$ to two reasons3 ,fir/1 t x requir$ m heat to keep ! alum9a slag liquid en\gh to fl[ ?an x does a ne>ly /raight silica slag2 &1 second1 t we 7 runn+ s close to ! =mula ( a bisilicate & alum9ate slag 7ab\t #ca p] c5t4 ,si,o1 #bg p] c5t4 ,fe1 #bj p] c5t4 ,ca,o1 & #ah p] c5t4 ,al,o1 or #di p] c5t4 acid7 t a few *>ges ?r[n into ! furnace conta9+ m silica or alum9a ?an usual w\ld ?ick5 ! slag s t x w\ld !n require "s extra coke & flux to save ! furnace4 ,at times ! comb9$ ,si,o & ,al,o did rea* #ee & #ef p] c5t4 9 ! slag1 :i* did n freeze up ! furnace1 b caus$ u tr\ble4 ,,"p ,,ix ,,lead ,,ref9+ ,,! ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,lead ,,bullion#di ,,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,pidd+ton 7,octob] #c1 #aijc7 ,9 pres5t+ ?is acc\nt ( ! ,p>kes process ( desilv]iz+ & ref9+ lead bullion no orig9ality is claim$1 b ,i hope t a description ( ! process z c>ri$ out at ! works ( ! ,smelt+ ,company ( ,au/ralia may be ( s]vice4 ,introductory4--,! ,p>kes process may be conv5i5tly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,s(t5+ ( ! base bullion to remove copp]1 antimony1 etc4 #b4 ,removal ( preci\s metals f ! s(t5$ bullion by means ( z9c4 #c4 ,ref9+ ! desilv]iz$ lead4 #d4 ,liquation ( gold & silv] cru/s obta9$ f op]ation ,no4 #b4 #e4 ,retort+ ! liquat$ alloy to drive (f z9c4 #f4 ,conc5trat+ & ref9+ bullion f ,no4 #e4 ,s(t5+4--,?is is done 9 rev]b]atory furnaces4 ,9 l>ge works two furnaces are us$1 copp]1 antimony1 & ars5ic be+ remov$ 9 ! fir/ & antimony 9 ! second4 ,! size ( ! furnaces is naturally gov]n$ by ! quantity to be treat$4 ,9 ^! works 7ref9+ ab\t #bjj tons weekly7 a d\ble set ( #ae-ton furnaces 7 at "w4 ,! sides & ends ( ^! furnaces are protect$ by a jacket ) a #b-;94 wat] space1 ! jacket ext5d+ "s #c 94 above ! *>ge level & #f 94 to #i 94 bel[ x4 ,! furnace is built into a wr\ght-iron pan1 & if ! brickwork is well laid into ! pan !re ne$ be no fe> ( lead break+ ?r\gh bel[ ! jacket4 ,! b>s ( bullion 7conta9+1 z a rule1 #b to #c p] c5t4 ( impurities7 are plac$ 9 ! furnace c>efully1 to avoid injur+ ! he>?1 & melt$ d[n sl[ly4 ,! copp] dross sep>ates out & floats on top ( ! *>ge1 :i* is /irr$ frequ5tly to expose fre% surfaces4 ,if ! furnace is ov]heat$ "s dross is melt$ into ! lead aga9 & w n sep>ate out until ! *>ge is cool$ back4 ,h[ev] c>efully ! "w is done "s copp] rema9s ) ! lead1 & its effects are to be se5 9 ! lat] /ages4 ,! dross is skimm$ into a slag pot ) a hole bor$ 9 x "s #d 94 f ! bottom2 any lead dra9$ f ! pot is return$ to ! *>ge4 ,! copp] dross is ei!r s5t back to ! bla/ furnace direct or may be fir/ liquat$4 ,by ! latt] me?od "s #cj p] c5t4 ( ! lead cont5ts ( ! dross is recov]$ 9 ! ref9]y4 ,base bullion made at a cu/om]'s smelt] w (t5 v>y greatly 9 composition1 & x is1 !re=e1 difficult to give any h>d & fa/ figures z to p]c5tage ( metals 9 ! dross4 ,z a rule our dross %[$ #fe to #gj p] c5t4 lead1 copp] #b to #i p] c5t4 7av]age #d p] c5t471 gold & silv] values v>y+ ) ! grade ( ! orig9al bullion1 ?\gh x 0 difficult to detect any def9ite relation betwe5 bullion & dross4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 notic$ t gold & silv] values increas$ ) ! p]c5tage ( copp]4 ,imm$iately ! copp] dross is skimm$ (f ! heat is rais$ consid]ably1 & v soon a t9 7& ars5ic1 if pres5t7 skimm+ appe>s4 ,x is q 8dry0 & may be remov$ 9 an h\r or s4 ,x is a v small skimm+1 & ! t91 n be+ wor? sav+1 is put ) ! copp] dross4 ,! temp]ature is n[ rais$ aga9 & antimony soon %[s 9 black1 boil+1 oily drops1 ga!r+ 9 "t into a %eet cov]+ ! surface ( ! lead4 ,:5 ! skimm+ is ab\t -in* ?ick1 slak$ lime1 a%es1 or f9e coal is ?r[n on & /irr$ 94 ,! dross soon ?ick5s up & may be skimm$ (f easily4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until all antimony is elim9at$4 ,con/ant /irr+ ( ! *>ge is necess>y4 ,! addition ( li?>ge greatly facilitates ! removal ( antimony2 ei!r /eam or air may be bl[n on ! surface ( ! metal to ha/5 oxidation1 ?\gh !y h any?+ b a b5eficial effect on ! furnace l9+4 ,f "t to "t samples ( ! dross are tak5 9 a small ladle1 & aft] sett+ h>d ! sample is brok5 9 two4 ,a black vitre\s appe>ance indicates pl5ty ( antimony yet 9 ! *>ge4 ,lat] samples w look less black1 until f9ally a few yell[i% /reaks are se51 be+ ! fir/ appe>ance ( li?>ge4 ,:5 all antimony is out ! fracture ( a sample %\ld be q yell[ & ! gra9 ( ! li?>ge long1 a %ort gra9 indicat+ impurities /ill pres5t1 9 :i* case ano!r skimm+ is necess>y4 ,! analysis ( a repres5tative sample ( antimony dross 0 z foll[s3 ,pb,o #gh4aa p] c5t4 ,sb,o #h4ge 0 0 ,z,o #b4ah 0 0 ,cu,o #j4cf 0 0 ,ca,o #a4aj p] c5t4 ,fe,o #j4db 0 0 ,al,o #j4hg 0 0 ,insol4 #d4aj 0 0 ,antimony dross is usually kept sep>ate & work$ up f "t to "t1 yield+ h>d antimonial lead1 us$ = type metal1 ,britannia metal1 etc4 ,desilv]ization4--,! s(t5+ be+ complet$ ! *>ge is tapp$ & run to a kettle or pan ( ca/ iron or /eel1 hold+1 :5 conv5i5tly full1 "s #ab or #ac tons4 ,! lead fall+ into ! kettle =ms a consid]able am\nt ( dross1 :i* is skimm$ (f & return$ to ! s(t5+ furnace4 ,by cool+ d[n ! *>ge until x ne>ly 8freezes0 an additional copp] skimm+ is obta9$1 :i* also is return$ to ! s(t5]4 ,! kettle is n[ heat$ up to ! melt+ po9t ( z9c1 & ! z9c *>ge1 det]m9$ by ! gold & silv] cont5ts ( ! kettle1 is add$ & melt$4 ,! *>ge is /irr$1 ei!r by h& or /eam1 = ab\t an h\r1 aft] :i* ! kettle is all[$ to cool d[n = "s ?ree h\rs & ! fir/ z9c cru/ tak5 (f4 ,:5 ! *>ge is skimm$ clean a sample ( ! bullion is tak5 = assay1 & :ile ?is is be+ done ! kettle is heat$ aga9 = ! second z9c *>ge1 :i* is work$ 9 ! same way z ! fir/2 sometimes a ?ird addition ( z9c is necess>y4 ,! result+ cru/s are kept sep>ate1 ! second & ?ird be+ add$ to ! next *>ge z 8returns10 all[+ #c lb4 ( z9c 9 returns z equal to #a lb4 ( fre% z9c4 ,an alt]native me?od is to take out gold & silv] 9 sep>ate cru/s1 9 :i* case ! quantity ( z9c fir/ add$ is calculat$ on ! gold cont5ts ( ! kettle only4 ,! me?od ( work+ is ! same1 ?\gh subsequ5t treatm5t may diff] 9 t ! gold cru/s are cupel$ direct4 ,z to ! quantity ( z9c requir$3 #a4 ,extract+ ! gold ) z little silv] z possible1 ! foll[+ figures 7 obta9$3 ,total ,gold-- ,au4 ,9 kettle #cjj oz4 #a lb4 z9c takes out #a4jj oz4 0 0 #bjj 0 0 0 0 0 #a4jj 0 0 0 #aej 0 0 0 0 0 #j4gi 0 0 0 #ajj 0 0 0 0 0 #j4ei 0 0 0 #fj 0 0 0 0 0 #j4de 0 #b4 ,silv] z9k+ gave ! foll[+ g5]al results ) #aa-ton *>ges3 ,total ,silv]-- ,9 kettle #a1dej oz4 #a lb4 z9c takes out #e4f oz4 0 0 #a1bjj 0 0 0 0 0 #d4a 0 0 0 #icj 0 0 0 0 0 #c4h 0 0 0 #gee 0 0 0 0 0 #c4e 0 0 0 #faf 0 0 0 0 0 #c4d 0 0 0 #dfj 0 0 0 0 0 #b4f 0 #c4 ,extract+ gold & silv] toge!r3 ,,total ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,kettle #a ,,lb4 ,,z9c ,,takes ,,out ,,au4 ,,oz4 ,,ag4 ,,oz4 ,,au4 ,,oz4 ,,ag4 ,,oz4 #did #c1aaj #j4ei #c4fj #ddc #a1hhc #j4fd #b4hj #ccj #b1dag #j4de #c4cd #bjd #a1fch #j4cf #b4hf #adc #a1ccj #j4bh #b4fe #abc #a1cbj #j4bc #b4ed ,x w be notic$ t 9 ea* case ! ri*] ! bullion ! great] ! extractive p[] ( z9c4 ,exp]im5ts made on *>ges ( ri* bullion %[$ t ! l>ge am\nt ( z9c call$ = by ! table 9 use 0 unnecess>y1 & #bej lb4 0 fix$ on z ! fir/ addition ( z9c4 ,on ?is basis an av]age ( #bcg *>ges gave results z foll[s3 ,,total ,,cont5ts ,,z9c ,,us$ #a ,,lb4 ,,z9c ,,takes ,,out ,,au4 ,,oz4 ,,ag4 ,,oz4 ,,lbs4 ,,au4 ,,oz4 ,,ag4 ,,oz4 #ebj #a1ahf #ejg4e #a4bg #b4ia ,! z9c us$ 0 t necess>y to clean ! kettle1 add$ z foll[s3 #a/1 #bej lb42 #b;d 7av]age71 #abg lb42 #c;d 7av]age71 #eg lb4 ,9 #aab cases no ?ird addition 0 requir$4 ,f ^! figures x appe>s t 9 ! e>li] "w ! z9c 0 by no means saturat$4 ,ref9+ ! ,lead4--,gold & silv] be+ remov$1 ! lead is siphon$ (f into ! ref9+ kettle & ! fire made up4 ,9 ab\t f\r h\rs ! lead w be r$ hot1 & :5 hot en\gh to burn z9c1 dry /eam1 deliv]$ by a 94 pipe rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! kettle1 is turn$ on4 ,! *>ge is /irr$ f "t to "t & wood is f$ on ! top to assi/ dez9k+ & prev5t ! =mation ( too mu* li?>ge4 ,9 ?ree to f\r h\rs ! lead w be s(t & practically free f z9c4 ,:5 te/ /rips %[ ! lead to be q s(t & clean1 ! kettle is cool$ d[n & ! scum ( lead & z9c oxides skimm$ (f4 ,9 an h\r or s ! lead w be cool en\gh = mold+2 ! b> %\ld h a yell[ lu/] on ! face :5 set2 if ! lead is too cold x w be :ite1 if too hot a deep blue4 ,! ref9+ kettles are subject$ to sev]e /ra9 dur+ ! /eam+ process1 & h5ce _! life is unc]ta9--an av]age w\ld be ab\t #fj *>ges2 ! z9k+ kettles1 on ! o!r h&1 la/ v mu* long]4 ,good /eel kettles 7if !y c be obta9$7 are pref]able to ca/ iron4 ,treatm5t ( ,z9c ,cru/s4--,hav+ dispos$ ( ! lead1 let u return n[ to ! z9c cru/s4 ,^! are fir/ liquat$ 9 a small rev]b]atory furnace1 ! he>? ( :i* is =m$ ( a ca/-iron plate 7! edges ( ! long sides be+ turn$ up "s #d 947 laid on brasque fill+1 ) a fall f bridge to flue ( 94 p] foot & also slop+ f sides to c5t]4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ at a l[ temp]ature & ! *>ge is turn$ ov] at int]vals1 ! liquat$ lead runn+ out into a small sep>ately fir$ kettle4 ,?is lead r>ely conta9s m ?an a few ounces ( silv] p] ton2 x is bal$ into b>s1 & return$ to ! z9k+ kettles or work$ up 9 a sep>ate *>ge4 ,9 two to ?ree h\rs ! cru/ is z 8dry0 z x is advisable to make x1 & ! liquat$ alloy is rak$ out ov] a slant+ p]=at$ plate to break x up & goes to ! retort b94 ,retort+ ! ,alloy4--,?is is c>ri$ on 9 ,fab] du ,faur tilt+ furnaces--simply a ca/-iron box sw++ on trunnions & l9$ ) firebrick4 ,batt]sea retorts 7class #dji7 hold+ #efj lb4 ea* are us$2 _! av]age life is ab\t #cj *>ges4 ,! retorts are *>g$ hot1 a small %ovel ( coal be+ add$ ) ! alloy4 ,! cond5s] is n[ put 9 place & lut$ on2 x is made ( 94 iron b5t to =m a cyl9d] #ab 94 9 diamet]1 op5 at "o end2 x is l9$ ) a mixture ( lime1 clay & cem5t4 ,x has ?ree holes1 "o on ! upp] side close to ! furnace & ?r\gh :i* a rod c be pass$ into ! retort1 a v5t-hole on ! upp] side away f ! furnace1 & a tap-hole on ! bottom = cond5s$ z9c4 ,9 an h\r or s ! flame f ! v5t-hole %\ld be gre51 %[+ t di/illation has begun4 ,:5 cond5sation ceases 7%[n by ! flame7 ! cond5s] is remov$ & ! bullion skimm$ & p\r$ into b>s = ! cupel4 ,! products ( retort+ are bullion1 z9c1 z9c p[d] & dross4 ,bullion goes to ! cupel1 z9c is us$ aga9 9 ! desilv]iz+ kettles1 p[d] is siev$ to take out scraps ( z9c & return$ to ! bla/ furnace1 or x may be1 & sometimes is1 us$ z a precipitat+ ag5t 9 cyanide works2 dross is ei!r sweat$ d[n 9 a cupel ) lead & li?>ge1 toge!r ) outside mat]ial su* z z9c gold slimes f cyanide works1 jewel]'s sweep1 m9t sweep1 etc41 or 9 ! s(t5+ furnace aft] ! antimony has be5 tak5 (f4 ,9 ei!r case ! result+ slag goes back to ! bla/ furnace4 ,! total weight ( alloy treat$ is approximately #g p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al base bullion4 ,! z9c recov]$ is ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( t us$ 9 desilv]iz+4 ,! mo/ important s\rce ( tempor>y loss is ! retort dross 7consi/+ ( lead-z9c-copp] alloy ) c>bon1 silica & o!r impurities71 & x is "h t ! necessity ( remov+ copp] 9 ! s(t5+ process is se51 s9ce any copp] comes out ) ! z9c cru/s & goes on to ! retorts1 :]e x ent]s ! dross1 c>ry+ gold & silv] ) x4 ,if mu* copp] is pres5t ! dross may conta9 m gold & silv] ?an ! retort bullion itself4 ,9 ?is connection ,i rememb] an occasion on :i* "s retort dross yield$ gold & silv] to ! ext5t ( ov] #hjj & #cjjj oz4 p] ton respectively4 ,cupellation4--,retort bullion is fir/ conc5trat$ 7toge!r ) bullion result+ f dross treatm5t7 to #ej to #fj p] c5t4 gold & silv] 9 a wat]-jacket$ cupel4 ,! side l9+ is protect$ by an in* wat]-pipe imb$d$ 9 ! l9+ at ! li?>ge level or by a wat]-jacket1 ! inn] face ( :i* is ( copp]2 ! cupel has also a wat]-jacket$ brea/ s t ! front is n cut d[n4 ,! cupel l9+ may be compos$ ( lime/one1 cem5t1 fire-clay & magnesite 9 v>i\s proportions1 b a simple l9+ ( s& & cem5t 0 f\nd q satisfactory4 ,:5 ! bullion is conc5trat$ up to #ej to #fj p] c5t4 gold & silv]1 x is bal$ out & transf]r$ to ! f9i%+ cupel1 :]e x is run up to ab\t #j4iie f9e2 x is !n ready ei!r = ! melt+-pot or p>t+ plant4 ,! ref9+ te/1 by ! way1 is n wat]-cool$4 ,re-melt+ is done 9 #bjj-oz4 plumbago crucibles & pres5ts no special features4 ,9 ! case ( dor bullion l[ 9 gold1 8spr\t+0 ( ! silv] is gu>d$ aga9/ by plac+ a piece ( wood or *>coal on ! surface ( ! metal be=e p\r+1 & any slag is kept back4 ,! quantity ( slag =m$ is1 ( c\rse1 v small1 s t ! b>s d n require mu* clean+4 ,! p>t+ plant 0 n 9 op]ation 9 my "t1 & ,i am !re=e unable to g into details4 ,! process arrang$ = 0 briefly z foll[s3 ,solution ( ! dor bullion 9 ,h,,s2 cry/allization ( silv] z monosulphate by dilution & cool+2 decomposition ( silv] sulphate by f]r\s sulphate solution giv+ metallic silv] & f]ric sulphate1 :i* is r$uc$ to ! f]r\s salt by contact ) scrap iron4 ,! gold & silv] are wa%$ ?or\ghly ) hot wat] & ca/ into b>s4 ,9 conclusion1 "s v>iations 9 practice may be not$4 ,! use ( two furnaces 9 ! s(t5+ process has already be5 m5tion$2 by ?is means ! dross+ & s(t5+ are m p]fect & subsequ5t op]ations !reby facilitat$2 fur!r1 ! furnaces1 be+ kept at a m equable temp]ature1 are less subject to we> & te>4 ,z9c cru/s are sometimes skimm$ direct into an alloy press 9 :i* ! excess ( lead is squeez$ out :ile /ill molt52 liquation is !n unnecess>y4 ,ref9+ ( ! lead may be effect$ by a simple scorification 9 a rev]b]atory1 ! s(t lead be+ run into a kettle f :i* x is mold$ into m>ket b>s4 ,,! ,,electrolytic ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,base ,,lead ,,bullion ,,by ,,titus ,,ulke 7,octob] #aa1 #aijb7 ,important *anges 9 lead-ref9+ practice are b\nd to foll[1 9 my op9ion1 ! late demon/ration on a l>ge scale ( ! l[ work+ co/ & high effici5cy ( ,betts' electrolytic process ( ref9+ lead bullion4 ,x 0 my good =tune rec5tly to see ?is highly int]e/+ process 9 op]ation at ,trail1 ,briti% ,columbia1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! inv5tor1 ,a4 ,g4 ,betts1 & ,messrs4 ,lab>! & ,aldridge1 ( ! ,trail works4 ,a plant ( ab\t #aj tons daily capacity1 :i* probably co/ ab\t #be1jjj1 al?\gh x c\ld be duplicat$ = p]haps #ae1jjj at ! pres5t "t1 0 in/all$ ne> ! ,trail smelt+ works4 ,x has be5 9 op]ation = ab\t t5 mon?s1 ,i am in=m$1 ) signal success1 & ! erection ( a l>g] plant1 ( approximately #cj tons capacity & provid$ ) improv$ h&l+ facilities1 is n[ complet$4 ,! deposit+-room conta9s #bj tanks1 built ( wood1 l9$ ) t>1 & approximately ( ! size ( copp]-ref9+ tanks4 ,und]nea? ! tank-room floor is a basem5t p]mitt+ inspection ( ! tank bottoms = possible leakage & removal ( ! solution & slime4 ,a suction pump is employ$ 9 lift+ ! electrolyte f ! receiv+ tank & circulat+ ! solution4 ,9 ne>ly e respect ! arrangem5t ( ! plant & its equipm5t is /rik+ly l t ( a mod]n copp] ref9]y4 ,! great success ( ! process is prim>ily bas$ ^u ,betts' discov]y ( ! easy solubility ( lead 9 an acid solution ( lead fluosilicate1 :i* possesses bo? /ability "u electrolysis & high conductivity1 & f :i* exceptionally pure lead may be deposit$ ) impure anodes at a v l[ co/4 ,) su* a solution1 !re is no pol>ization f =mation ( lead p]oxide on ! anode1 no evaporation ( con/itu5ts except wat]1 & no dang] 9 its h&l+4 ,x is *eaply obta9$ by dilut+ hydr(luoric acid ( #ce p] c5t4 ,,hf1 :i* is quot$ 9 ,new ,york at #c;c4 p] p\nd1 ) an equal volume ( wat] & saturat+ x ) pulv]iz$ qu>tz accord+ to ! equation3 ,si,o #f;,,hf ,h,si,f #b;,h,o4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,betts1 an acid ( #bj to #bb p] c5t4 w come to ab\t #a p] cu4 ft41 or to #a4be :5 ! solution has be5 /&>diz$ ) #f lb4 ( lead4 ,"o p] c5t4 ( lead w neutralize #j4g p] c5t4 ,h,si,f4 ,! electrolyte employ$ at ! "t ( my inspection ( ! works conta9$1 ,i believe1 #h p] c5t4 lead & #aa p] c5t4 excess ( fluosilicic acid4 ,! anodes consi/ ( ! lead bullion to be ref9$1 ca/ into plates ab\t #b 94 ?ick & approximately ( ! same size z ord9>y two-lugg$ copp] anodes4 ,be=e be+ plac$ 9 position 9 ! tanks1 !y are /raight5$ by hamm]+ ov] a mold & _! lugs squ>$4 ,no anode sacks are employ$ z 9 ! old ,kei? process4 ,! ca?ode %eets :i* receive ! regul> lead deposits are ?9 lead plates obta9$ by electrodeposition ^u & /ripp+ f special ca?odes ( %eet /eel4 ,! latt] are prep>$ = use by clean+1 fla%+ ) copp]1 lightly lead-plat+ 9 ! tanks1 & greas+ ) a b5z9e solution ( p>aff91 dri$ on1 f :i* ! deposit$ lead is easily /ripp$4 ,! anodes & ca?odes are sep>at$ by a space ( #a to #b 94 9 ! tank & are electrically connect$ 9 multiple1 ! tanks be+ 9 s]ies circuit4 ,! fall 9 pot5tial betwe5 tanks is only ab\t #j4b ( a volt1 :i* rem>kably l[ voltage is due to ! high conduct+ p[] ( ! electrolyte & to "s ext5t to ! sy/em ( contacts us$4 ,^! contacts are small wells ( m]cury 9 ! bus-b>s1 l>ge en\gh to accommodate copp] p9s sold]$ to ! iron ca?odes or clamp$ to ! anodes4 ,only a small am\nt ( m]cury is requir$4 ,curr5t /r5g?s ( f #aj to #be amp]es p] sq4 ft4 h be5 us$1 b at ,trail #ad amp]es h giv5 ! mo/ satisfactory results z reg>ds economy ( work+ & ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( ! ref9$ metal produc$4 ,a curr5t ( #a amp]e deposits #c4hh grams ( lead p] h\r1 or transports #c times z mu* lead1 9 ?is case1 z copp] ) an ord9>y copp]-ref9+ solution4 ,a little ov] #ajjj kg41 or #bbdj lb41 requires ab\t #bfj1jjj amp]e h\rs4 ,at #aj amp]es p] sq4 ft4 ! ca?ode 7or anode7 area %\ld be ab\t #ajhj sq4 ft4 p] ton ( daily output4 ,tak+ a lay] ( electrolyte #a4e 94 ?ick1 #ace cu4 ft4 w be f\nd to be ! am\nt betwe5 ! electrodes1 & #age cu4 ft4 may be tak5 z ! total quantity ( solution necess>y1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,betts' e/imate4 ,! inv5tor /ates t he has work$ cont9u\sly & successfully ) a drop ( pot5tial ( only #j4age volt p] tank1 & t !re=e #j4be volt %\ld be an ample all[ance 9 regul> ref9+4 ,quot+ ,mr4 ,betts2 8#bfj1jjj amp]e h\rs at #j4be volt works out to #hg electrical h4p4 h\rs ( #ajj h4p4 h\rs at ! eng9e %aft1 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,e/imat+ t #a h4p4 h\r requires ! burn+ ( #a4e lb4 ( coal1 & all[+ say #fj lb4 = ca/+ ! anodes & ref9$ lead1 ea* ton ( lead ref9$ requires ! burn+ ( #baj lb4 ( fuel40 ,) coal at #f p] ton ! total am\nt ( fuel consum$1 !re=e1 %\ld n co/ ov] #fj;c41 :i* is f> bel[ ! co/ ( fire-ref9+ base lead bullion1 z we "k4 ,9 ! ,betts electrolytic process1 practically all ! impurities 9 ! base bullion rema9 z a m or less adh]5t coat+ on ! anode1 & only ! z9c1 iron1 cobalt & nickel pres5t g into solution4 ,! anode residue consi/s practically ( all ! copp]1 antimony1 bismu?1 ars5ic1 silv] & gold conta9$ 9 ! bullion1 & v ne>ly #aj p] c5t4 ( its weight 9 lead4 ,hav+ ! analysis ( any bullion1 x is easy to calculate ) ^! data ! composition ( ! anode residue & ! rate ( pollution ( ! electrolyte4 ,all[+ #age cu4 ft4 ( electrolyte p] ton ( daily output1 x w be f\nd t 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> ^! impurities w h accumulat$ to ! ext5t ( a v few p] c5t4 ,e/imat+ t ! electrolyte w h to be purifi$ once a ye>1 ! am\nt to be purifi$ daily is less ?an #a cu4 ft4 = ea* ton ( output4 ,! am\nt ( lead n imm$iately recov]$ 9 pure =m is ab\t #j4c p] c5t41 mo/ ( :i* is f9ally recov]$4 ,z comp>$ ) ! ord9>y fire-ref9$ lead1 ! electrolytically ref9$ lead is mu* pur] & conta9s only m]e traces ( bismu?1 :5 bismu?y base bullion is treat$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! pres5t loss ( silv] 9 fire ref9+1 am\nt+1 x is claim$1 to ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ! silv] pres5t1 & cov]$ by ! ord9>y loss 9 assay1 is to a l>ge ext5t avoid$1 z ! silv] 9 ! electrolytic process is conc5trat$ 9 ! anode residue ) a v small loss1 & ! loss ( silv] 9 ref9+ ! slimes is mu* less ?an 9 treat+ ! z9c cru/s & ref9+ ! silv] residue aft] di/illation4 ,! silv] slimes obta9$ at ,trail1 av]ag+ ab\t #hjjj oz4 ( gold & silv] p] ton1 are n[ treat$ at ! ,seattle ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,works4 ,!re ! slimes are boil$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & /eam1 all[+ free access ( air1 :i* removes ! great] "p ( ! copp]4 ,! wa%$ residue is !n dri$ 9 pans ov] /eam coils1 & melt$ d[n 9 a magnesia brick-l9$ rev]b]atory1 provid$ ) bla/ tuy]es1 & ref9$4 ,9 ?is rev]b]atory furnace ! rema9d] ( ! copp] left 9 ! slimes aft] boil+ is remov$ by ! addition ( nit] z a flux1 & ! antimony ) soda4 ,! dor b>s f9ally obta9$ are p>t$ 9 ! usual way ) sulphuric acid1 mak+ silv] #j4iii f9e & gold b>s at lea/ #j4iib f9e4 ,mr4 ,betts treat$ #bjjj grams ( bullion1 analyz+ #ih4gf p] c5t4 ,pb1 #j4ej ,ag1 #j4ca ,cu1 & #j4dc ,sb ) a curr5t ( #be amp4 p] squ>e foot 9 an exp]im5tal way1 & obta9$ products ( ! foll[+ composition3 ,ref9$ ,lead3 #ii4iiga p] c5t4 ,pb1 #j4jjjc ,ag1 #j4jjjg ,cu1 & #j4jjai ,sb4 ,anode ,residue3 #i4j p] c5t4 ,pb1 #cf4d ,ag1 #be4a ,cu1 & #b4ie ,sb4 ,f\r hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( bullion f ! ,compania ,metalurgica ,mexicana1 analyz+ #j4ge p] c5t4 ,cu1 #a4bb ,bi1 #j4id ,z1 #j4fh ,sb1 & assay+ #ceh4i oz4 ,ag & #a4ga oz4 ,au p] ton1 7 ref9$ ) a curr5t ( #aj amp4 p] squ>e foot1 & gave a ref9$ lead ( ! foll[+ analysis3 #j4jjjbg p] c5t4 ,cu1 #j4jjcg ,bi1 #j4jjbe ,z1 #j ,sb1 #j4jjaj ,ag1 #j4jjbb ,fe1 #j4jjah ,zn & ,pb 7by diff]5ce7 #ii4ihfa p] c5t4 ,al?\gh ! pres5t me?od = recov]+ ! preci\s metals & by-products f ! anode residue leaves mu* room = improvem5t1 ! use ( ! ,betts process may be recomm5d$ to our lead ref9]s1 because x is a m economical & effici5t me?od ?an ! fire-ref9+ process n[ 9 common use4 ,i w /ate my belief1 9 conclusion1 t ! pres5t developm5t ( electrolytic lead ref9+ signalizes z great an advance ov] z9c desilv]ization & ! fire me?ods ( ref9+ lead z electrolytic copp] ref9+ does ov] ! old ,wel% me?od ( ref9+ t metal4 ,,electrolytic ,,lead-,,ref9+#ej ,,by ,,anson ,g4 ,,betts ,a solution ( lead fluosilicate1 conta9+ an excess ( fluosilicic acid1 has be5 f\nd to "w v satisfactorily z an electrolyte = ref9+ lead4 ,x conducts ! curr5t well1 is easily h&l$ & /or$1 non-volatile & /able "u electrolysis1 may be made to conta9 a consid]able am\nt ( dissolv$ lead1 & is easily prep>$ f inexp5sive mat]ials4 ,x possesses1 h[ev]1 9 common ) o!r lead electrolytes1 ! defect ( yield+ a deposit ( lead lack+ 9 solidity1 :i* gr[s 9 cry/all9e bran*es t[>d ! anodes1 caus+ %ort circuits4 ,b if a r$uc+ action 7practically accompli%$ by ! addition ( gelat9e or glue7 be giv5 to ! solution1 a p]fectly solid & d5se deposit is obta9$1 hav+ v ne>ly ! same /ructure z electrolytically deposit$ copp]1 & a specific gravity ( ab\t #aa4cf1 :i* is t ( ca/ lead4 ,lead fluosilicate may be cry/alliz$ 9 v soluble brilliant cry/als1 resembl+ ^? ( lead nitrate & conta9+ f\r molecules ( wat] ( cry/allization1 ) ! =mula ,pb,si,f1#d;,h,o4 ,?is salt dissolves at #ae deg4 ,c4 9 #bh p] c5t4 ( its weight ( wat]1 mak+ a syrupy solution ( #b4ch sp4 gr4 ,heat$ to #fj deg4 ,c41 x melts 9 its wat] ( cry/allization4 ,a neutral solution ( lead fluosilicate is p>tially decompos$ on heat+1 ) ! =mation ( a basic insoluble salt & free fluosilicic acid1 :i* keeps ! re/ ( ! salt 9 solution4 ,?is decomposition ends :5 ! solution conta9s p]haps #b p] c5t4 ( free acid2 & ! solution may !n be evaporat$ )\t fur!r decomposition4 ,! solutions desir$ = ref9+ are n liable to ?is decomposition1 s9ce !y conta9 mu* m ?an #b p] c5t4 ( free acid4 ,! electrical conductivity dep5ds ma9ly on ! acidity ( ! solution4 ,my fir/ exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out )\t ! addition ( gelat9e to ! fluosilicate solution4 ,! lead deposit consi/$ ( m or less sep>ate cry/als t grew t[>d ! anode1 &1 f9ally1 caus$ %ort circuits4 ,! ca?odes1 :i* 7 %eet-iron plates1 lead-plat$ & p>aff9$1 _h to be remov$ p]iodically f ! tanks & pass$ ?r\gh rolls1 to pack d[n ! lead4 ,:5 gelat9e has be5 add$ 9 small quantities1 ! d5sity ( ! lead is great] ?an c be produc$ by roll+ ! cry/all9e deposit1 unless great pressure is us$4 ,! ,canadian ,smelt+ ,works1 ,trail1 ,b4 ,c4 1 h in/all$ a ref9]y1 mak+ use ( ?is process4 ,!re are #bh ref9+-tanks1 ea* #hf 94 long1 #cj 94 wide & #db 94 deep1 & ea* receiv+ #bb anodes ( lead bullion ) an area ( #bf by #cc 94 expos$ to ! electrolyte on ea* side1 & #bc ca?odes ( %eet lead1 ab\t #a_/af 94 ?ick1 prep>$ by deposition on lead-plat$ & p>aff9$ iron ca?odes4 ,! ca?odes are susp5d$ f #j4e by #a 94 copp] b>s1 re/+ crosswise on ! sides ( ! tanks4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 ?or\ghly tri$ ( us+ iron %eets to receive a deposit ?ick] ?an #a_/af 942 t is1 suitable = direct melt+ )\t ! necessity ( increas+ its weight by fur!r deposition z an indep5d5t ca?ode2 b ! iron %eets are exp5sive1 & are sl[ly pitt$ by ! action ( ! acid solution2 & ! lead deposits ?us obta9$ are mu* less smoo? & pure ?an ^? on lead %eets4 ,! smoo?ness & ! purity ( ! deposit$ lead are proportional4 ,mo/ ( ! impurity seems to be introduc$ me*anically ?r\gh ! atta*m5t ( float+ p>ticles ( slime to irregul>ities on ! ca?odes4 ,! effect ( r\ghness is cumulative2 x is (t5 obs]v$ t p>ticles ( slime attract an undue am\nt ( curr5t1 result+ 9 ! lumps se5 9 ! ca?odes4 ,samples tak5 at ! same "t %[$ f #a to #b4e oz4 silv] p] ton 9 r\gh pieces f ! iron ca?odes1 #j4be oz4 z an av]age = ! lead-%eet ca?odes1 & only #j4jd oz4 9 samples select$ = _! smoo?ness4 ,! v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( silv] 7:i* is det]m9$ frequ5tly7 9 ! samples ( ref9$ lead is attribut$ n to ! great] or less turbidity ( ! electrolyte at diff]5t times1 b to ! employm5t ( new m5 9 ! ref9]y1 :o require "s exp]i5ce be=e !y remove ca?odes )\t deta*+ "s slime f ! neighbor+ anodes4 ,ea* tank is capable ( yield+1 ) a curr5t ( #djjj amp]es1 #gej lb4 ( ref9$ lead p] day4 ,! voltage requir$ to pass ?is curr5t 0 high] ?an expect$1 z expla9$ bel[2 & = ?is reason1 & also because ! losses ( solution 7 v heavy until prop] app>atus 0 put 9 to wa% ?or\ghly ! l>ge volume ( slime produc$ 7result+ 9 a weak5$ electrolyte71 ! curr5t us$ has probably av]ag$ ab\t #cjjj amp]es4 ,! %ort circuits 7 also tr\blesome1 ?\gh ?is difficulty has be5 greatly r$uc$ by frequ5t inspection & c>eful plac+ ( ! electrodes4 ,at "o "t1 ! solution 9 use _h ! foll[+ composition 9 grams p] #ajj c4c43 ,pb1 #f4jg2 ,sb1 #j4jaib2 ,fe1 #j4bdij2 ,si,f1 #f4ic1 & ,z1 a trace4 ,! curr5t pass+ 0 #bhjj amp]es1 ) an av]age ( ab\t #j4dd volts p] tank1 includ+ bus-b>s & contacts4 ,x is n kn[n :at 0 ! loss ( effici5cy on t date1 due to %ort circuits2 & x is1 !re=e1 impossible to say :at resi/ance ?is electrolyte con/itut$4 ,hydr(luoric acid ( #ce p] c5t41 us$ z a />t+ mat]ial = ! prep>ation ( ! electrolyte1 is run by gravity ?r\gh a s]ies ( tanks = conv]sion into lead fluosilicate4 ,9 ! top tank is a lay] ( qu>tz #b ft4 ?ick1 9 pass+ ?r\gh :i* ! hydr(luoric acid dissolves silica1 =m+ fluosilicic acid4 ,:ite lead 7lead c>bonate7 9 ! requir$ quantity is add$ 9 ! next tank1 :]e x dissolves readily & completely ) eff]vesc5ce4 ,all sulphuric acid & any hydr(luoric acid t may n h react$ ) silica settle out 9 comb9ation ) lead z lead sulphate & lead fluoride4 ,lead fluosilicate is "o ( ! mo/ soluble ( salts2 s !re is nev] any dang] ( its cry/alliz+ out at any degree ( conc5tration possible "u ?is me?od4 ,! lead solution is !n filt]$ & run by gravity into ! ref9+-tanks4 ,! solution orig9ally us$ at ,trail conta9$ ab\t #f p] c5t4 ,pb & #ae p] c5t4 ,si,f4 ,! electrical resi/ance 9 ! tanks 0 f\nd to be great] ?an _h be5 calculat$ = ! same solution1 plus an all[ance = loss ( voltage 9 ! contacts & conductors4 ,?is is p>tly1 at lea/1 due to ! resi/ance to free motion ( ! electrolyte1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! anode1 (f]$ by a lay] ( slime :i* may be any?+ up to 94 ?ick4 ,dur+ electrolysis1 ! ,si,f ions travel t[>d ! anodes1 & !re comb9e ) lead4 ,! lead & hydrog5 travel 9 ! opposite direction & out ( ! slime2 b !re are comp>atively few lead ions pres5t1 s t ! solution 9 ! neighborhood ( ! anodes mu/ increase 9 conc5tration & t5d to become neutral4 ,?is great] conc5tration causes an e4m4f4 ( pol>ization to act aga9/ ! e4m4f4 ( ! dynamo4 ,?is am\nt$ to ab\t #j4jb volt = ea* tank4 ,! great] effect comes f ! great] resi/ance ( ! neutral solution ) :i* ! slime is saturat$4 ,!re is1 consequ5tly1 an advantage 9 work+ ) r ?9 anodes1 :5 ! bullion is impure en\gh to leave slime /ick+ to ! plates4 ,a comp5sat+ advantage is f\nd 9 ! increas$ ease ( remov+ ! slime ) ! anodes1 & wip+ x (f ! scrap 9 special tanks1 in/ead ( empty+ ! tanks & clean+ out1 z is done 9 copp] ref9]ies4 ,x is v necess>y to h adequate app>atus = wa%+ solution out ( ! slime4 ,! filt] fir/ us$ consi/$ ( a support$ filt]+ clo? ) suction und]nea?4 ,x 0 v difficult to get ?is to d satisfactory "w by reason ( ! l>ge am\nt ( fluosilicate to be wa%$ out ) only a limit$ am\nt ( wat]4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! slime is fir/ /irr$ up ) ! ord9>y electrolyte sev]al times1 & all[$ to settle1 be=e />t+ to wa% ) wat] at all4 ,! ,trail plant produces daily #h or #aj cu4 ft4 ( anode residue1 ( :i* ov] #ij p] c5t4 by volume is solution4 ,! evaporation f ! total tank surface ( some?+ l #djj sq4 ft4 is only ab\t #ae cu4 ft4 daily2 s t only a limit$ am\nt ( wa%-wat] is to be us$--namely1 en\gh to replace ! evaporat$ wat]1 plus ! volume ( ! slime tak5 out4 ,! tanks are made ( #b 94 c$>1 bolt$ toge!r & ?or\ghly pa9t$ ) rubb] pa9t4 ,any leakage is caught und]nea? on slop+ bo>ds4 ,solution is circulat$ f "o tank to ano!r by gravity1 & is pump$ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ by means ( a wood5 pump4 ,! #bb anodes 9 ea* tank toge!r weigh ab\t #c tons1 & dissolve 9 f #h to #aj days1 two sets ( ca?odes usually be+ us$ ) ea* set ( anodes4 ,:ile #cjj lb4 ca?odes c be made1 ! %ort-circuit+ gets s tr\blesome ) ! spac+ us$ t ! loss ( capacity is m disadvantage\s ?an ! extra "w ( putt+ 9 & tak+ out m plates4 ,! lead %eets us$ = ca?odes are made by deposit+ ab\t #a_/af 94 metal on p>aff9$ /eel %eets 9 f\r ( ! tanks1 :i* are diff]5t f ! o!rs only 9 be+ a little deep]4 ,! anodes may conta9 any or all ( ! elem5ts1 gold1 silv]1 copp]1 t91 antimony1 ars5ic1 bismu?1 cadmium1 z9c1 iron1 nickel1 cobalt & sulphur4 ,x w\ld be expect$ t gold1 silv]1 copp]1 antimony1 ars5ic & bismu?1 be+ m electronegative ?an lead1 w\ld rema9 9 ! slime 9 ! metallic /ate1 )1 p]haps1 t91 :ile iron1 z9c1 nickel & cobalt w\ld dissolve4 ,x appe>s t t9 /&s 9 ! same relation to lead t nickel does to iron1 t is1 !y h ab\t ! same electromotive =ces ( solution1 ) ! consequ5ce t !y c behave z "o metal & dissolve & deposit toge!r4 ,iron1 contr>y to expectation1 dissolves only slightly1 :ile ! slime w c>ry ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( x4 ,x appe>s f ?is t ! iron exi/s 9 ! lead 9 ! =m ( matte4 ,ars5ic1 antimony1 bismu? & copp] h electromotive =ces ( solution m ?an #j4c volt bel[ t ( lead4 ,z !re is no *ance t any p>ticle ( "o ( ^! impurities w h an electric pot5tial ( #j4c volt above t ( ! lead ) :i* x is 9 metallic contact1 !re is no *ance t !y w be dissolv$ by ! action ( ! curr5t4 ,! same is ev5 m c]ta9ly true ( silv] & gold4 ,! behavior ( bismu? is int]e/+ & satisfactory4 ,x is z completely remov$ by ?is process ( ref9+ z antimony is4 ,no o!r process ( ref9+ lead w remove ?is objectionable impurity s completely4 ,t9 has be5 f\nd 9 ! ref9$ lead to ! ext5t ( #j4jb to #j4jc p] c5t4 ,?is we _h no difficulty 9 remov+ f ! lead by pol+ be=e ca/+4 ,!re is always a c]ta9 am\nt ( dross =m$ 9 melt+ d[n ! ca?odes2 & ! lead oxide ( ?is reacts ) ! t9 9 ! lead at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature4 ,! extra am\nt ( dross =m$ 9 pol+ is small1 & am\nts to less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! lead4 ,! dross c>ries m antimony & ars5ic ?an ! lead1 z well z all ! t94 ,! total am\nt ( dross =m$ is ab\t #d p] c5t4 ,table ,i %[s its composition4 ,! electrolyte takes up no impurities1 except1 possibly1 a small "p ( ! iron & z9c4 ,e/imat+ t ! anodes conta9 #j4ja p] c5t4 ( z9c & soluble iron1 & t !re are #aej cu4 ft4 ( ! solution 9 ! ref9]y = e ton ( lead turn$ out daily1 9 "o ye> ! #aej cu4 ft4 w h tak5 up #ic lb4 ( iron & z9c1 or ab\t #a p] c5t4 ,^! impurities c accumulate to a mu* great] ext5t ?an ?is be=e _! pres5ce w become objectionable4 ,x is possible to purify ! electrolyte 9 sev]al ways4 ,= example1 ! lead c be remov$ by precipitation ) sulphuric acid1 & ! fluosilicic acid precipitat$ ) salt z sodium fluosilicate4 ,by di/illation ) sulphuric acid ! fluosilicic acid c\ld be recov]$1 ?is process1 !oretically1 requir+ b "o-?ird z mu* sulphuric acid z ! decomposition ( fluorsp>1 9 :i* ! fluor9e 0 orig9ally conta9$4 ,! only dang] ( lead-poison+ to :i* ! workm5 are expos$ occurs 9 melt+ ! lead & ca/+ x4 ,9 ?is respect ! electrolytic process pres5ts a di/9ct sanit>y advance4 ,= ! treatm5t ( slime1 ! only me?od 9 g5]al use consi/s 9 susp5d+ ! slime 9 a solution capable ( dissolv+ ! impurities & supply+1 by a jet ( /eam & air =c$ into ! solution1 ! air necess>y = its reaction )1 & solution (1 su* an inactive metal z copp]4 ,aft] ! impurities h be5 mo/ly dissolv$1 ! slime is filt]$ (f1 dri$ & melt$1 "u su* fluxes z soda1 to a dor bullion4 ,! am\nt ( p[] requir$ is calculat$ ?us3 ,five amp]es 9 #bd h\rs make #a lb4 ( lead p] tank4 ,"o ton ( lead equals #aj1jjj amp]e-days1 & at #j4ce volts p] tank1 #cejj watt-days1 or #d4g electric h4p4 days4 ,all[+ #aj p] c5t4 loss ( effici5cy 9 ! tanks 7we always get less lead ?an ! curr5t :i* is pass+ w\ld indicate71 & ( #h p] c5t4 loss 9 ! g5]ator1 increases ?is to ab\t #e4f h4p4 days1 & a fur!r all[ance = ! electric lights & o!r applications gives f #g to #h h4p4 days z ab\t ! am\nt p] ton ( lead4 ,at #cj p] ye>1 ?is item ( co/ is some?+ l #fe;c4 p] ton ( lead4 ,s ?is is an electro-*emical process n especially favor$ by wat]-p[]4 ,! co/ ( labor is n great] ?an 9 ! z9c-desilv]ization process4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ?is process & ! ,p>kes process1 on ! assumption t ! co/s = labor1 int]e/ & g5]al exp5ses are ab\t equal1 %[s t ab\t #a wor? ( z9c & a consid]able am\nt ( coal & coke h be5 done away )1 at ! exp5se ( p[]1 equal to ab\t #age h4p4 h\rs1 ( ! av]age value ( p]haps #fe;c41 & a small am\nt ( coal = melt+ ! lead 9 ! electrolytic me?od4 ,m important1 h[ev]1 is ! great] sav+ ( ! metal values by reason ( increas$ yields ( gold1 silv]1 lead1 antimony & bismu?1 & ! fre$om ( ! ref9$ lead f bismu?4 ,tables ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv %[ ! composition ( bullion1 slimes & ref9$ lead4 ,tables ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 & ,,viii give ! results obta9$ exp]im5tally 9 ! laboratory on lots ( a few p\nds up to a few hundr$ p\nds4 ,! results 9 ,tables ,,vi & ,,vii 7 giv5 me by ! companies = :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,,table ,i4--,,analyses ,,( ,,dross ,= analyses ( ! lead f :i* ?is dross 0 tak51 see ,table ,,ii ,,no4 ,,9 ,,no4,,table ,,cu4 ,,z4 ,,sb4 ,,fe4 ,,zn4 ,,ii4 ,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4 #a #b #j4jjje #j4jjjc #j4jjaf #j4jjaf none #b #c #j4jjaj #j4jjjh #j4jajg #j4jjaa 8 ,,table ,,ii4--,,analyses ,,( ,,bullion ,,no4 ,,fe4 ,,cu4 ,,sb4 ,,sn4 ,,z4 ,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4 #a #j4jjge #j4agjj #j4edjj #j4jaah #j4adfj #b #j4jaae #j4aejj #j4fajj #j4jaeh #j4jifj #c #j4jjgj #j4afjj #j4djjj #j4jdgd #j4accj #d #j4jafe #j4adjj #j4gjjj #j4jbcf #j4cabj #e #j4jabj #j4adjj #j4hgjj #j4jdcb #j4bbfj #f #j4jjee #j4acjj #j4gcjj #j4jcaf #j4ajcj #g #j4jchj #j4cfjj #j4djcj tr4 ,,no4 ,,ag4 ,,au4 ,,pb4 ,,ag4 ,,au4 ,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,oz4 ,p4 ,t4,,oz4 ,p4 ,t4 #a #a4jifb #j4jjhe #ih4jbjj #cai4g #b4di #b #a4bjad #j4jjhf #ig4ijfh #cej4d #b4eb #c #a4jgch #j4jabc #ih4affe #cac4b #c4f #d #j4hiad #j4jaea #ig4ijad #bfj4j #d4db #e #j4fjhb #j4jabd #ih4jhhb #agg4d #c4fc #f #j4ffjj #j4jajf #ih4bfic #aib4e #c4aj #g #j4gbcj #j4jahj #ih4dehj #baj4i #e4be ,,table ,,iii4--,,analyses ,,( ,,slimes ,,fe4 ,,cu4 ,,sb4 ,,sn4 ,,z4 ,,pb4 ,,zn4 ,,bi4 ,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4 #a4bg #h4hc #bg4aj #ab4db #bh4ae #ag4jenonenone #a4ab #bb4cf #ba4af #e4dj #bc4je #aj4fb 8 8 ,,table ,,iv4--,,analyses ,,( ,,ref9$ ,,lead ,,ni1 ,,cu4 ,,z4 ,,sb4 ,,fe4 ,,zn4 ,,sn4 ,,ag4 ,,co1 ,,cd ,,bi4 ,,no4 ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,oz4 ,,p] ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,c5t4 ,,c5t4 ,,c5t4 ,,c5t4 ,,c5t4 ,p4 ,t4 ,,c5t4,,c5t4 #a #j4jjjf #j4jjjh #j4jjje #b #j4jjjc #j4jjjb #j4jjaj #j4jjaj none #c #j4jjji #j4jjja #j4jjji #j4jjjh 0 #j4bd #d #j4jjaf #j4jjag #j4jjad #j4dg none #e #j4jjjc #j4jjfj #j4jjjc #j4bb #f #j4jjbj #j4jjaj #j4jjdf #j4bb none #g #j4jjjd none #j4jjff #j4jjac none #j4jjce #j4ad #h #j4jjjd #j4jjch #j4jjjd 0 #j4jjce #j4be #i #j4jjje #j4jjeb #j4jjjd 0 #j4jjci #j4bh #aj #j4jjjc none #j4jjfj #j4jjjc 0 #j4jjdi #j4dc #aa #j4jjjc 0 #j4jjdb #j4jjac 0 #j4jjei #j4cb #ab #j4jjje 0 #j4jjee #j4jjji 0 #j4jjdi #j4bb #ac #j4jjje 0 #j4jjee #j4jjjg 0 #j4jjia #j4aa #ad #j4jjjd 0 #j4jjfc #j4jjje 0 #j4jjab #j4ad #ae #j4jjjc 0 #j4jjgb #j4jjjc 0 #j4jjbd #j4bd #af #j4jjjf 0 #j4jjfb #j4jjab 0 #j4jjhc #j4bb #ag #j4jjjf 0 #j4jjgb #j4jjaa #j4jjhj #j4bc #ah #j4jjjf 0 #j4jjeg #j4jjaj #j4jjec #j4cd #ai #j4jjje 0 #j4jjff #j4jjaf #j4jadj #j4ch #ai #j4jjje 0 #j4jjdd #j4jjaa #j4jajh #j4ce #bj #j4jjjd 0 #j4jjdg #j4jjae #j4jjgb #j4bb #bj #j4jjjd 0 #j4jjcd #j4jjaf trace #j4bc #ba #j4jjbb 0 #j4jjaj #j4jjdf none #j4jjha #j4ch none none ,,table ,v4--,,analyses ,,( ,,bullion ,,& ,,ref9$ ,,lead ,,ag4 ,,cu4 ,,sb4 ,,pb4 ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,bullion #j4ej #j4ca #j4dc #ih4gf ,ref9$ lead #j4jjjc #j4jjjg #j4jjai #ii4iiga ,,table ,,vi4--,,analyses ,,( ,,bullion ,,& ,,ref9$ ,,lead ,,cu4 ,,bi4 ,,z4 ,,sb4 ,,ag4 ,,ag4 ,,au4 ,,fe4 ,,zn4 ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,ct4 ,,ct4 ,,ct4 ,,ct4 ,,ct4 ,,ct4 ,,ct4 ,,ct4 ,,ct4 ,bullion #j4ge #a4bb #j4icf #j4fhcbceh4hi #a4ga ,ref9$ lead #j4jjbgj4jjcgj4jjbej4jjjj #j4jjajnone #j4jjbbj4jjah ,,table ,,vii4--,,analyses ,,( ,,bullion1 ,,ref9$ ,,lead ,,& ,,slimes ,,fe1,,zn1 ,,pb4 ,,cu4 ,,z4 ,,sb4 ,,ag4 ,,ag4 ,,ni1,,co4 ,,bi4 ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,oz4 ,,p] ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,c5t4 ,,c5t4 ,,c5t4 ,p] ,t4 ,,c5t4 ,,c5t4 ab\t ,bullion #if4gcj4jif #j4he #a4db #bgeea ,ref9$ lead #j4jjacj4jjejf #j4jjbh #j4jjjfhj4jjbgtrace ,slimes 7dry sample7 #i4jea4i #i4ad #bi4ea #icff4i #j4di trace ,,table ,,viii4--,,analyses ,,( ,,bullion1 ,,ref9$ ,,lead ,,& ,,slimes ,,pb4 ,,cu4 ,,bi4 ,,ag4 ,,sb4 ,,z4 ,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4,,p] ,,c5t4 ,bullion #hg4ad #a4dj #j4ad #j4fd #d4j #g4d ,lead #j4jjaj #j4jjbb #j4jjag trace ,slimes #aj4c #i4c #j4eb #d4g #be4cb #dd4eh ,,"p ,x ,,smelt+ ,,works ,,& ,,ref9]ies ,,! ,,new ,,smelt] ,,at ,,el ,,paso1 ,,texas 7,april #ai1 #aijb7 ,9 ,july1 #aija1 ! ,el ,paso1 ,texas1 plant ( ! ,consolidat$ ,kansas ,city ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company#eb 0 almo/ completely de/roy$ by fire4 ,! p[] plant1 bla/-furnace build+ & bla/ furnaces 7 entirely de/roy$1 & portions ( ! o!r build+s 7 badly damag$4 ,! flames 7 h>dly ext+ui%$ be=e /eps 7 tak5 to con/ruct a new1 mod]n & enl>g$ plant on ! ru9s ( ! old "o1 & on ,april #ae1 #aijb1 n9e mon?s aft] ! de/ruction ( ! =m] plant1 ! new furnaces 7 bl[n 94 ,9 rebuild+ x 0 decid$ to locate ! new p[]-h\se at "s di/ance f ! o!r build+s4 ,! furnaces h all be5 enl>g$1 ea* ( ! new lead furnaces 7( :i* !re are sev57 hav+ ab\t #bjj tons daily capacity4 ,^! & ! ?ree l>ge copp] furnaces h be5 locat$ 9 a new position 9 ord] to secure a l>g] build+ t]ritory4 ,! entire plant is mod]n & up to date 9 e p>ticul>4 ,"o ( ! int]e/+ features is ! sub/itution ( crude oil z fuel 9 ! boil] & roa/+ dep>tm5ts4 ,x is int5d$ to use ,beaumont petroleum = ! g5]ation ( p[] & ! roa/+ ( ! ores in/ead ( wood1 coal or coke1 & x is expect$ t a consid]able economy w be effect$ by ?is means4 ,p[] ,plant4--,! p[] plant is complete 9 all respects4 ,x is a duplicate plant 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 s t x w nev] be necess>y to %ut ! works d[n on acc\nt ( ! failure ( any "o piece ( ma*9]y4 ,!re are sev5 boil]s1 hav+ a total ( #abej h4p4 ,! f\r bl[]s are unusually l>ge1 hav+ a capacity ( #cj1jjj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m9ute4 ,!y are direct-connect$ to ?ree t&em comp\nd cond5s+ ,corliss eng9es4 ,no belts are us$ 9 ?is plant1 except = driv+ a small bl[] ( #aj1jjj cu4 ft4 capacity1 :i* w act z a regulator4 ,a l>ge c5tral electric plant has be5 in/all$ 9 ! p[]-h\se1 consi/+ ( two direct-connect$1 direct-curr5t g5]ators1 m\nt$ on ! %afts ( two cross-comp\nd cond5s+ ,nordb]g-,corliss eng9es4 ,! curr5t f ^! g5]ators is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! plant1 op]at+ sampl+ works1 briquett+ ma*9]y1 pumps1 hoi/s1 motors1 c>s1 etc41 displac+ all ! small /eam eng9es & /eam pumps us$ 9 ! old plant4 ,! p[] plant is provid$ ) two sy/ems = cond5s+2 "o be+ a l>ge ,:eel] surface cond5s]1 ! o!r a ,wor?+ton c5tral-elevat$ jet cond5s]1 ! idea be+ to use ! surface cond5s] dur+ a %ort p]iod ( ! ye> :5 ! wat] is s bad t x _c be us$ 9 ! boil]s4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! ye> ! jet cond5s] is 9 s]vice & ! surface cond5s] c be clean$4 ,! cond5s$ /eam f ! surface cond5s]1 ) ! necess>y additional wat]1 goes back directly to ! boil]s :5 ! surface cond5s] is 9 use4 ,! p[]-h\se is absolutely firepro( ?r\gh\t1 be+ ( /eel & brick ) iron & cem5t floors4 ,x is provid$ ) a travel+ crane1 & no exp5se has be5 sp>$ to make ?is1 z all o!r p>ts ( ! plant1 complete 9 e respect4 ,! ma9 conductors f ! g5]ators pass out ?r\gh a tunnel into a brick & /eel lightn+-arre/] h\se1 f :i* po9t ! v>i\s di/ribut+ l9es g to diff]5t p>ts ( ! plant4 ,bla/ ,furnaces4--,!re are sev5 l>ge lead furnaces1 ea* hav+ a capacity ( #bjj to #bej tons ( *>ge p] day1 & ?ree l>ge copp] furnaces1 ea* hav+ a capacity ( #bej to #cjj tons p] day4 ,all ( ! furnaces are enclos$ 9 "o /eel firepro( build+1 ! lead furnaces be+ at "o end & ! copp] furnaces at ! o!r4 ,ea* ( ! furnaces has its indep5d5t flue sy/em & /ack4 ,an entirely new sy/em ( fe$+ ^! furnaces has be5 devis$1 consi/+ ( a #f ton *>ge c> op]at$ by means ( a /reet railroad motor & controll] ) ?ird-rail sy/em4 ,! *>ge c>s collect _! *>ge at ! ore b$s1 lime-rock & coke /orage1 & are run on to #ae ton hydraulic elevators4 ,!y are !n elevat$ #ch ft4 to ! top ( ! furnaces1 travel+ ov] !m to ! *>g+ doors1 ?r\gh :i* ! loads are dump$ directly into ! furnaces4 ,?is sy/em p]mits ( two m5 h&l+ ab\t #ajjj tons p] day4 ,! same sy/em & c>s are us$ = *>g+ ! copp] furnaces1 except t1 z ^! furnaces are mu* l[] ?an ! lead furnaces1 ! *>ge is dropp$ into a l>ge hopp]1 f :i* x is f$ to ! copp] furnaces by a man on ! copp] furnace fe$-floor level4 ,,new ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company ,,at ,,murray1 ,,utah ,,by ,,walt] ,,r5ton ,,+alls 7,june #bh1 #aijb7 ,murray is a few miles s\? ( ,salt ,lake ,city1 ) :i* x is connect$ by a trolley l9e4 ,! new works are situat$ )9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( ! t]m9us ( ! latt] & 9 close juxtaposition to ! old ,g]mania plant1 :i* is ! only "o ( ! ,salt ,lake lead-smelt+ works 9 op]ation at pres5t4 ,! new plant is ( special int]e/ inasmu* z x is ! late/ con/ruction = silv]-lead smelt+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & may be consid]$ z embody+ ! be/ exp]i5ce 9 t indu/ry1 ! design]s hav+ _h access to ! results atta9$ at almo/ all ( ! previ\s in/allations4 ,x w be p]ceiv$1 h[ev]1 t !re has be5 no radical dep>ture 9 ! me?ods1 & ! novelties are r 9 details ?an 9 ! g5]al s*eme4 ,! new works are built on level gr\nd2 !re has be5 no attempt to seek or utilize a slop+ or a t]rac$ surface1 save imm$iately 9 front ( ! bla/ furnaces1 :]e !re is a drop ( sev]al feet f ! furnace-h\se floor to ! slag-y>d level1 af=d+ room = ! l>ge matte settl+-boxes to /& "u ! slag sp\ts4 ,a l[] t]race beyond ! slag y>d furni%es conv5i5t dump+ gr\nd4 ,o!rwise ! elevations requir$ 9 ! works are secur$ by me*anical lifts1 ! ore1 fluxes & coal be+ br\ght 9 almo/ entirely by means ( incl9es & tre/les4 ,! plant consi/s ess5tially ( two p>ts1 ! roa/+ dep>tm5t & ! smelt+ dep>tm5t4 ,! =m] comprises a cru%+ mill & two furnace-h\ses1 "o equipp$ ) ,brckn] furnaces & ! o!r ) h&-rak$ rev]b]atories4 ,! rev]b]atories are ( ! /&>d design1 b are notewor?y = ! excell5ce ( _! con/ruction4 ,simil> praise may be1 inde$1 ext5d$ to almo/ all ! o!r p>ts ( ! works1 9 :i* obvi\sly no exp5se has be5 sp>$ on false gr\nds ( economy4 ,! roa/+ furnaces /& 9 a long /eel h\se2 !y are set at "r angles to ! long] axis ( ! build+1 9 ! usual mann]4 ,at _! fe$ end !y communicate ) a l>ge du/-settl+ flue1 :i* leads to ! ma9 *imney ( ! works4 ,! ore is br\ght 9 on a tramway ov] ! furnaces & is *>g$ into ! furnaces ?r\gh hopp]s4 ,! furnaces h roa/+ he>?s only4 ,! fire-boxes are arrang$ ) /ep-grates & clos$ a%-pits1 be+ f$ ?r\gh hopp]s at ! end ( ! furnace4 ,! coal is dump$ close at h& f ! railway c>s1 :i* are swit*$ 9 on a tre/le p>allel ) ! side ( ! build+1 :i* side is n clos$ 94 ,?is1 toge!r ) a l>ge op5+ 9 ! ro( = ! :ole l5g? ( ! build+1 af=ds good light & v5tilation4 ,! floor ( ! h\se is concrete4 ,! roa/$ ore is dropp$ into c>s1 :i* run on a sunk5 tramway pass+ "u ! furnaces4 ,at ! end ( ?is tramway !re is an incl9e up :i* ! c>s are drawn & aft]w>d dump$ into brick b9s4 ,f ! latt] x is sp\t$ into /&>d-gage railway c>s1 by :i* x is tak5 to ! smelt+ dep>tm5t4 ,! roa/$ ore f ! ,brckn] furnaces is h&l$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! deliv]y ( ! coal & ore to ! ,brckn]s & ! g5]al in/allation ( ! latt] are analog\s to ! me?ods employ$ 9 connection ) ! rev]b]atories4 ,! c5tral feature ( ! smelt+ dep>tm5t is ! bla/-furnace h\se1 :i* comprises eight furnaces1 ea* #dh by #afj 94 at ! tuy]es4 ,9 _! g5]al design !y are simil> to ^? at ! ,arkansas ,valley works at ,leadville4 ,!re are #aj tuy]es p] side1 a tuy]e pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ea* jacket1 ! latt] be+ ( ca/ iron & #af 94 9 wid?2 _! l5g? is #f ft41 :i* is r extraord9>y4 ,! furnaces are v high & are arrang$ = me*anical *>g+1 a rectangul> brick d[n-take lead+ to ! du/ *amb]1 :i* ext5ds beh9d ! furnace-h\se4 ,! furnace-h\se is erect$ entirely ( /eel1 ! upp] floor be+ iron plates laid on /eel ,i-beams1 :ile ! upp] t]race ( ! l[] floor is also laid ) iron plates4 ,z previ\sly rem>k$1 ! l[] floor drops d[n a /ep 9 front ( ! furnaces1 b !re is an ext5sion on ea* side ( e furnace1 :i* af=ds ! necess>y access to ! tap-hole4 ,! hight ( ! latt] above ! l[] t]race leaves room = ! l>ge matte settl+-boxes1 & ! matte tapp$ f ! latt] runs into pots on ! gr\nd level1 disp5s+ ) ! inconv5i5t pits t are to be se5 at "s ( ! old] works4 ,! con/ruction ( ! bla/ furnaces1 :i* 7 built by ! ,d5v] ,eng9e]+ ,works ,company1 is admirable 9 all respects4 ,! eight furnaces /& 9 a r[1 ab\t #cj ft4 ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]4 ,! ma9 air & wat] pipes are /rung along beh9d ! furnaces4 ,! slag f ! matte-settl+ boxes ov]fl[s into s+le-b[l ,nesmi? pots1 :i* are to be h&l$ by means ( small locomotives4 ,! f\l slag is return$ by means ( a cont9u\s pan-conveyor to a brick-l9$1 cyl9drical /eel tank beh9d ! furnace-h\se1 :5ce x is drawn (f ?r\gh *utes1 z requir$ = re*>g+4 ,! *>ges are made up on ! gr\nd level1 imm$iately beh9d ! furnace-h\se4 ,! ore & flux are br\ght 9 on tre/les1 :5ce ! ore is unload$ into b$s & ! flux into elevat$ b9s4 ,^! are all 9 ! op51 !re be+ only two small %$s :]e ! *>ges are made up & dump$ into ! c>s :i* g to ! furnaces4 ,!re are two incl9es to ! latt]4 ,at ! top ( ! incl9es ! c>s are l&$ on a transf]r+ c>riage by :i* !y c be mov$ to any furnace ( ! s]ies4 ,! du/-flue ext5d+ beh9d ! furnace-h\se is arrang$ to dis*>ge into c>s on a tramway 9 ! cut bel[ ! gr\nd level4 ,?is flue1 :i* is ( brick1 connects ) ! ma9 flues lead+ to ! *imney4 ,! ma9 flues are built ( concrete1 laid on a /eel frame 9 ! usual mann]1 & are v l>ge4 ,= a c]ta9 di/ance !y are in/all$ 9 triplicate2 !n !y make a turn approximately at "r angles & two flues cont9ue to ! *imney4 ,at ! prop] po9ts !re are l>ge damp]s ( /eel plate1 pivot$ v]tically1 = ! purpose ( cutt+ out su* section ( flue z x may be desir$ to clean4 ,ea* flue has op5+s1 ord9>ily clos$ by /eel doors1 :i* give access to ! int]ior4 ,! flues are simple tunnels1 )\t drift-walls or any o!r int]ruption ?an ! ar*$ passages :i* ext5d transv]sely ?r\gh !m at c]ta9 places4 ,! *imney is ( brick1 circul> 9 section1 #bj ft4 9 diamet] & #bbe ft4 high4 ,?is is ! only *imney ( ! works save ^? ( ! boil]-h\se4 ,! boil]-h\se is equipp$ ) eight int]nally fir$ corrugat$ fire-box boil]s4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 two r[s1 face to face4 ,betwe5 ! r[s !re is an ov]head coal b91 f :i* ! coal is drawn directly to ! hopp]s ( ! ,am]ican /ok]s1 ) :i* ! boil]s are provid$4 ,adjo9+ ! boil]-h\se is ! eng9e-h\se2 ! latt] is a brick build+1 v commodi\s1 light & airy4 ,x conta9s two cross-comp\nd1 horizontal ,allis-,*alm]s 7,dickson7 bl[+ eng9es = ! bla/ furnaces1 & two direct-connect$ electrical g5]at+ sets = ! developm5t ( ! p[] requir$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! works4 ,a travel+ crane1 built by ! ,:it+ ,f\ndry ,equipm5t ,company1 spans ! eng9e-h\se4 ,9 close proximity to ! eng9e-h\se !re is a well-equipp$ ma*9e %op4 ,o!r important build+s are ! sampl+ mill & ! flue-du/ briquett+ mill4 ,a notewor?y feature ( ! new plant is ! concrete pav+1 laid on a b$ ( brok5 slag1 :i* is us$ lib]ally ab\t ! ore-y>d & 9 o!r places :]e tramm+ is to be done4 ,! roa/+-furnace h\ses are floor$ ) ! same mat]ial1 :i* n only gives an admirably smoo? surface1 b also is durable4 ,! :ole plant is well laid out ) s]vice tramways & /&>d-gage spur tracks2 ! int5tion has be51 obvi\sly1 to save manual labor z mu* z possible4 ,,! ,,murray ,,smelt]1 ,,utah#ec ,,by ,o4 ,,pufahl 7,may #bf1 #aijf7 ,?is plant has be5 9 op]ation s9ce ,june1 #aijb4 ,x gives employm5t to #hjj m54 ,! mon?ly production consi/s ( ab\t #djjj tons ( "w-lead & #gjj tons ( lead-copp] matte 7#ab p] c5t4 lead1 #de p] c5t4 copp]74 ,! "w-lead is s5t to ! ref9]y at ,omaha2 ! matte to ,pueblo1 ,colo4 ,mo/ ( ! ores come f ,utah2 b 9 addition "s ri*] lead ores are obta9$ f ,idaho1 & "s gold-be>+ ores f ,nevada4 ,= sampl+ ! ,vez9 app>atus is us$1 cutt+ out "o-fif? 9 ea* ( ?ree passes1 cru%+ int]v5+1 ! sample f ! ?ird ma*9e be+ #a_/fbe ( ! orig9al ore2 aft] fur!r comm9ution ( sample 9 a c(fee-mill gr9d]1 x is cut d[n fur!r by h&1 us+ a riffle4 ,! f9al sample is buck$ d[n to pass an #hj-me% sieve1 b gold ores are put ?r\gh a #abj-me%4 ,! /eps 9 ! smelt+ process are z foll[s3 ,roa/+ ! poor] ores 9 rev]b]atory furnaces & 9 ,brckn] cyl9d]s4 ,smelt+ raw & roa/$ ores1 mix$1 9 wat]-jacket$ bla/ furnaces1 = "w-lead & lead-copp] matte1 ! latt] conta9+ #ae p] c5t4 lead & #aj to #ab p] c5t4 copp]4 ,roa/+ ! gr\nd matte1 conta9+ #bb p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 d[n to p] c5t4 9 rev]b]atory furnaces4 ,smelt+ ! roa/$ matte toge!r ) acid flux 9 ! bla/ furnace = a matte ) #de p] c5t4 copp] & #ab p] c5t4 lead4 ,only ! pyritic ores are roa/$ 9 ,brckn] furnaces1 ! lead ores & matte be+ roa/$ 9 rev]b]atory furnaces4 ,ea* ( ! #bj ,brckn] furnaces1 :i* con/itute "o batt]y1 roa/s #h to #ab tons ( ore 9 #bd h\rs d[n to #e to #f p] c5t4 sulphur1 ) a coal consumption ( two tons4 ,! *>ge weighs #bd tons4 ,! furnaces make "o turn 9 #dj m9utes4 ,to increase ! draft & ! output1 /eam at #dj lb4 pressure is bl[n 9 ?r\gh a pipe2 ?is has1 h[ev]1 result$ 9 increas+ ! quantity ( flue du/ to #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( ! ore *>g$4 ,t5 furnaces are att5d$ by "o workman ) "o assi/ant1 work+ 9 eight-h\r %ifts4 ,= fir+ & )draw+ ! *>ge five m5 are requir$4 ,! gases f ! ,brckn]s & rev]b]atory furnaces pass into a du/-flue #ad #ad ft4 9 section & #fjj ft4 long1 built ( brickwork1 ) concrete vault2 9 ! /ack 7#bbe ft4 high1 #bj ft4 diamet]7 !y unite ) ! %aft-furnace gases1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is only #fj deg4 ,!re are #ab rev]b]atory furnaces ) he>?s #fj ft4 long & #af ft4 broad4 ,!y roa/ #ad tons ( ore 7or #ac tons ( matte7 9 #bd h\rs d[n to #c to #d p] c5t4 sulphur1 consum+ #cb to #cd p] c5t4 ( coal figur$ on ! weight ( ! *>ge4 ,!re are #ab work+ doors on ea* side4 ,! small coal 7f ,rock ,spr+s1 ,wyom+71 :i* is burnt on flat grates1 conta9s #e p] c5t4 a% & #c to #e p] c5t4 moi/ure4 ,! roa/$ product is dump$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! he>?1 ord9>ily kept clos$ ) an iron plate1 into c>s :i* are rais$ by electricity on a self-act+ incl9$ plane4 ,_! cont5t is !n tipp$ ov] into a *ute & cool$ by spr9kl+ ) wat]4 ,f "h ! roa/$ matte is convey$ to ! bla/ furnace 9 #cj-ton c>s4 ,! roa/$ ore is tipp$ into ! ore-b9s4 ,!re are eight bla/ furnaces1 #dh #afj 94 at ! tuy]es1 ( :i* !re are #aj on ea* ( ! long sides4 ,! hight f ! tuy]es to ! gas outlet is #bj ft41 !nce to ! ?roat #f ft42 ! di/ance ( ! tuy]es f ! floor is #d ft4 ,! base is wat]-cool$4 ,! wat]-jackets ( ! furnace are #f ft4 high4 ,! tuy]es 7#d 947 are provid$ ) ! ,eil]s automatic arrangem5t = prev5t+ ! furnace gases ent]+ ! bla/ pipes4 ,! bla/ pressure is #cd oz4 ,! furnaces are furni%$ ) ! ,ar5ts lead wells2 ! crucible holds ab\t #cj tons ( lead4 ,! slag & ! matte run into a brick-l9$ =ehe>? 7#h #c ft41 #d ft4 deep71 f :i* ! slag fl[s into pots hold+ #cj cu4 ft41 :ile ! matte is tapp$ (f into flat r\nd pans m\nt$ on :eels4 ,! *>ge is convey$ to ! fe$-floor by electricity4 ,! furnace *>ge is #hjjj lb4 & #ab p] c5t4 coke1 ) #cj p] c5t1 7figur$ on ! weight ( ! *>ge7 ( 8%ells0 7slag74 ,occasionally z mu* z #bcj tons ( ! 7moi/7 *>ge1 exclusive ( coke & slag1 has be5 h&l$ by "o furnace 9 #bd h\rs4 ,dur+ "o mon? 7,septemb]1 #aijd7 #dj1jjj tons ( *>ge 7 work$ up1 correspond+ to a daily av]age ( #aff tons p] furnace4 ,! lead 9 ! *>ge runs f #ac to #ad p] c5t4 on an av]age4 ,! lime/one1 :i* is add$ z flux1 is qu>ri$ n f> f ! works4 ,! coke us$ is 9 "p a v ord9>y quality f ,utah2 9 "p a bett] quality f ! ,ea/1 ) #i to #aj p] c5t4 a%4 ,! matte am\nts to #aj p] c5t4 ,! slag conta9s #j4f to #j4g p] c5t4 lead & #j4a to #j4ae p] c5t4 copp]4 ,! slag has approximately ! foll[+ composition3 #cf p] c5t4 silica1 #bc p] c5t4 iron 7correspond+ to #bi4eg p] c5t4 ,fe,o71 #bc p] c5t4 lime1 #c4h p] c5t4 z9c & #d p] c5t4 alum9a4 ,! "w-lead is transf]r$ :ile liquid f ! furnaces to kettles ( #cj tons capacity1 9 :i* x is skimm$1 & !nce ca/ 9 molds ?r\gh a ,/eitz siphon4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 a #e4e lb4 sample is tak5 out by means ( a special ladle1 & is ca/ into a plate4 ,f ?is samples ( #j4e a4t4 are pun*$ out at f\r po9ts = ! assay ( ! preci\s metals4 ,= ! purpose ( precipitat+ ! flue du/1 ! bla/-furnace gases are pass$ into brickwork *amb]s 9 :i* a pl5tiful deposition ( ! heavi] p>ticles takes place4 ,f "h ! gases g ?r\gh an ,l pipe ( %eet iron1 #ah ft4 9 diamet]1 to ! ,moni] flues1 :i* h a cross-section ( #bef sq4 ft4 & a total l5g? ( #bjjj ft4 ,a small "p ( ! flues is also built ( brick4 ,! gases unite ) ! hot roa/] gases j be=e ent]+ ! #bbe ft4 *imney4 ,9 ! portion ( ! bla/-furnace du/ fir/ precipitat$ ! silv] runs #bb oz4 p] ton1 :ile t recov]$ ne>] ! /ack conta9s only #h oz4 ,! flue du/ is briquett$ ) a small proportion ( lime1 &1 aft] dry+1 is return$ to ! bla/ furnaces4 ,,! ,,pueblo ,,lead ,,smelt]s#ed ,,by ,o4 ,,pufahl 7,may #ab1 #aijf7 ,at ! ,pueblo plant1 ores conta9+ ov] #aj p] c5t4 lead are n roa/$1 b are add$ raw to ! *>ge4 ,= su* mat]ial z requires roa/+ !re are 9 use five ,brckn] furnaces4 ,! *>ge is #bd tons = #dh to #fj h\rs2 ! furnaces make "o revolution p] m9ute & roa/ ! ore d[n to #f p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,!re are also two ,o',h>ra furnaces1 ea* roa/+ #be tons daily1 & #aj rev]b]atory furnaces #ge ft4 9 l5g?1 ea* roa/+ #ae tons ( ore daily d[n to #d p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,! *>ge = smelt+ is prep>$ f roa/$ ore1 toge!r ) ,idaho lead ore1 ,cripple ,creek gold ore1 briquett$ flue du/1 slag & lime/one4 ,!re are sev5 wat]-jacket$ furnaces1 :i* smelt1 ea*1 #aej tons ( *>ge p] day4 ,! furnaces h #ah tuy]es1 bla/ pressure #cd oz41 cross-section at ! tuy]es #dh #adh 94 ,!y are *>g$ me*anically by a c> ( #d tons' capacity4 ,! output ( lead is #aa to #ae tons p] furnace4 ,! matte1 :i* is produc$ 9 small quantity1 conta9s #h to #ab p] c5t4 lead & ! same p]c5tage ( copp]4 ,x is cru%$ by rolls1 roa/$ 9 rev]b]atory furnaces1 & smelt$ ) ores ri* 9 silica4 ,! matte result+ at ?is /age1 runn+ #de to #ej p] c5t4 9 copp]1 is %ipp$ to be fur!r work$ up = bli/] copp]4 ,! "w-lead is purifi$ by remelt+ 9 iron kettles1 ! cuprif]\s dross be+ press$ dry 9 a ,h[>d press1 & s5t to ! bla/ furnaces4 ,! "w-lead is s5t to ! ref9]ies at ,omaha1 ,neb41 or ,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j4 ,to collect ! flue du/ ! wa/e gases are pass$ ?r\gh long brick flues4 ,! *imneys are #aej to #bjj ft4 high1 & #ae ft4 9 diamet]4 ,!y /& #ge ft4 above ! gr\nd level ( ! bla/ furnaces4 ,! comp>atively small proportion ( flue du/ produc$ 7#j4i p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge7 is briquett$1 toge!r ) f9e ore & #e p] c5t4 ( a ?ick pa/e ( lime4 ,= ?is purpose a ,:ite press is us$1 :i* makes six briquets at a "t1 & h&les #aj tons p] h\r4 ,accord+ to a tabulation ( ! results ( five mon?s' runn+1 ! proportion ( flue du/ at sev]al works ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company is z foll[s3 ,globe ,plant1 ,d5v] #j4e ( ! *>ge4 ,pueblo ,plant1 ,pueblo #j4i 0 0 0 ,eil]s' ,plant1 ,pueblo #j4e 0 0 0 ,ea/ ,hel5a ,plant1 ,hel5a #j4c 0 0 0 ,arkansas ,valley ,plant1 ,leadville #j4b 0 0 0 ,murray ,plant1 ,murray1 ,utah #a4b 0 0 0 ,! fuel us$ is ( v mod]ate quality4 ,! coke 7f beehive ov5s7 c>ries up to #ag p] c5t4 a%1 ! coal #aj to #ah p] c5t4 ,! mon?ly production is #bcjj tons ( "w-lead & #aej tons ( copp] matte 7#de to #ej p] c5t4 copp]74 ,at ! ,eil]s plant all sulphide ores1 except ! ri* ,idaho ore1 are roa/$ d[n to #e to #g p] c5t4 ,s 9 #ae rev]b]atory furnaces1 #fj to #gj ft4 9 l5g?1 ea* furnace roa/+ #ae tons p] #bd h\rs1 9 six *>ges4 ,! flue du/ is briquett$ toge!r ) f9e ,cripple ,creek ore1 pyrites c9d] f ,arg5t9e1 ,kan41 ,cre$e ores ri* 9 silica & #aj p] c5t4 lime4 ,! residue f ! z9c smelt]y 7,u4 ,s4 ,z9c ,company71 :i* is br\ght to ?is plant 7#fjj tons a mon? conta9+ ne>ly #aj p] c5t4 lead71 is tak5 direct to ! bla/ furnaces4 ,( ! latt] !re are six1 ea* ) #ah tuy]es1 :i* h&le p] #bd h\rs #afj to #ahj tons ( *>ge1 conta9+ on an av]age #aj p] c5t4 ( lead 9 ! ore1 ) #aj p] c5t4 ( coke1 figur$ on ! *>ge4 ,! av]age mon?ly production ( a furnace is ab\t #cfj tons ( "w-lead1 :i* is purifi$ at ! ,pueblo plant4 ,! furnaces are *>g$ by h&4 ,( ! slag1 #cj p] c5t41 z %ells1 etc41 is return$ to ! *>ge4 ,! mon?ly production ( "w-lead is #bjjj tons1 c>ry+ #aej oz4 ( silv] & #b to #f oz4 ( gold p] ton4 ,! matte am\nts to ab\t #h4c p] c5t41 & conta9s #ab p] c5t4 copp]4 ,x is conc5trat$ up to #de p] c5t4 ,cu1 :i* is %ipp$ 7#aej tons a mon?7 = smelt+ to bli/] copp]4 ,,! ,,p]? ,,amboy ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company#ee ,,by ,o4 ,,pufahl 7,janu>y #bg1 #aijf7 ,^! works 7 erect$ 9 #ahie by ! ,gugg5heim ,smelt+ ,company4 ,!y are situat$ on ,r>itan ,bay1 opposite ! s\!rn po9t ( ,/at5 ,isl&1 9 a position (f]+ excell5t facilities = transportation by l& & by wat]4 ,! mat]ials work$ up are base lead bullion & crude copp]1 conta9+ silv] & gold1 *iefly drawn f ! company's smelt]ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico4 ,silv] ore is receiv$ f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ores & base metals f ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica are br\ght to ,p]? ,amboy by ! company's /eam%ips 7,am]ican ,smelt]s ,/eam%ip ,company74 ,ore ,smelt+4--,! silv] ore f ,s\? ,am]ica 7conta9+ antimony & mu* silv]1 toge!r ) gal5a1 iron & copp] pyrites7 is cru%$ by rolls & is roa/$ d[n f #bf p] c5t4 to #c p] c5t4 ,s 9 #aa rev]b]atory furnaces1 #gj ft4 long & #ae ft4 wide 7inside dim5sions74 ,x is !n mix$ ) ri* gal5a f ,idaho1 pyrites c9d]1 li?>ge1 copp] skimm+s1 & residues f ! desilv]iz+ process1 toge!r ) lime/one1 & is smelt$ = "w-lead & lead-copp] matte 9 ?ree wat]-jacket$ furnaces1 us+ #ab p] c5t4 coke1 figur$ on ! ore 9 ! *>ge4 ,( ^! furnaces "o has #ab tuy]es2 x measures #db #if 94 9 cross-section at ! tuy]es1 & #f ft4 #c 94 by #h ft4 at ! *>g+ level4 ,! hight ( *>ge is #af ft4 ,! o!r two furnaces h #af tuy]es ea*1 _! cross-section at ! tuy]es be+ #dd 94 by #abh 941 at ! *>g+ level #f ft4 #f 94 by #ab ft41 & hight ( *>ge #af ft4 ,! furnaces are op]at$ at a bla/ pressure ( #ce oz4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! temp]ature ( ! gases at ! ?roat is #adj deg4 ,f4 7#fj deg4 ,c47 measur$ ) a ,columbia record+ !rmomet]1 :i* works v well4 ,^! furnaces r$uce1 respectively1 #ajj to #abj & #acj to #adj tons ( *>ge p] #bd h\rs2 !y are also us$ = conc5trat+ roa/$ matte4 ,copp] ,ref9+4--,! crude copp] is melt$ 9 two furnaces ( #abe tons aggregate daily capacity1 & is mold$ into anodes by ,walk] ca/+ ma*9es4 ,tw5ty-six anodes are lift$ out ( ! cool+ vessel at a "t1 & are tak5 to ! electrolytic plant4 ,! electrolytic plant comprises two sy/ems1 ea* ( #djh vats4 ,! curr5t is furni%$ by two dynamos1 ea* giv+ #dgjj amp]es at #aje volts4 ,! ca?odes rema9 9 ! ba? = #ad days4 ,! weight ( ! residual anodes is #ae p] c5t4 ,! anode mud is swill$ d[n into res]voirs 9 ! cell> z at ,*rome 7,de ,lam> ,copp] ,ref9+ ,company71 is clean$1 dri$ & ref9$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,= melt+ ! ca?odes !re are two rev]b]atory furnaces ( capacity = #ge tons p] #bd h\rs4 ,! wire-b>s & +ots are ca/ ) a ,walk] ma*9e4 ,ab\t #cbjj tons ( ref9$ copp] are produc$ p] mon?4 ,copp] ,sulphate ,manufacture4--,! lyes )drawn f ! electrolytic process are work$ up into copp] sulphate1 %ot copp] be+ add$4 ,?is latt] is prep>$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace f matte obta9$ z a by-product 9 work+ up ! lead4 ,ab\t #bjj tons ( copp] sulphate are ?us produc$ p] mon?2 ! process us$ is ! same z at ! ,ok] works4 ,l[] ,h>z1 ,g]many4 ,! cry/als are r9s$1 dri$ & pack$ 9 /rong wood5 b>rels4 ,lead ,ref9+4--,! work+ up ( ! ,mexican raw lead is c>ri$ out "u ! sup]vision ( ! cu/oms (fic]s4 ,! lead1 :i* is import$ duty free1 mu/ be export$ aga94 ,f ea* b> a sample is cut f above & bel[ by means ( a pun* ent]+ half way into ! b>4 ,= ref9+ ! lead !re are f\r rev]b]atory furnaces ( #fj tons capacity1 ) he>?s #ag ft4 #i 94 by #ab ft4 #f 941 a mean dep? ( #ad 941 & a grate area ( #b ft4 #f 94 by #f ft42 9 addition to ^! !re is a furnace ( #hj tons capacity ) a he>? #ai ft4 #g 94 by #i ft4 #f 941 a mean dep? ( #ah 941 & grate area ( #c ft4 by #f ft4 ,= desilv]iz+ ! s(t5$ lead !re are five kettles1 ea* ( #fj tons capacity1 #aj ft4 #c 94 diamet] & #ci 94 dep?4 ,! z9c is /irr$ 9 ) a ,h[>d me*anical /irr] & ! z9c scum is press$ dry 9 a ,h[>d press1 :i* gives a v dry scum4 ,! latt] is !n1 :ile /ill w>m1 readily hamm]$ into pieces = ! retorts4 ,! desilv]iz$ lead is ref9$ 9 five rev]b]atory furnaces1 ( :i* f\r take a *>ge ( #ej tons ea*1 & "o ( #fe tons4 ,! production ( desilv]iz$ lead is #ejjj to #eejj tons a mon?4 ,! di/illation ( ! z9c cru/s is c>ri$ out 9 #ah oil-fir$ ,fab] du ,faur tilt+ furnaces4 ,ea* retort receives a *>ge ( #abjj lb4 ( brok5-up cru/ & a little *>coal4 ,! di/illation la/s #f to #g h\rs4 ,fifty gallons ( petroleum residues are consum$ p] *>ge4 ,! oil is bl[n into ! furnace ) a compress$ air atomiz]4 ,aft] )draw+ ! cond5s]1 :i* runs on a travel+ support1 ! arg5tif]\s lead is p\r$ directly f ! tilt$ retort into an ,engli% cupel furnace4 ,sev5 su* furnaces 7magnesia-l9$1 ) movable te/7 are 9 use1 ( :i* ea* works up #d4e to #e tons ( retort metal 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! furnaces are wat]-jacket$4 ,! bla/ is introduc$ by ! aid ( a jet ( /eam4 ,?ree tons ( coal are us$ p] #bd h\rs4 ,gold & ,silv] ,p>t+4--,! dor b>s are ca/ into anodes = electrolytic p>t+ by ! ,moebius process4 ,! plant consi/s ( #add cells 9 #bd divisions4 ,! mean composition ( ! electrolytic ba? is said to be z foll[s3 #aj p] c5t4 free nitric acid1 #ag grams silv]1 & #ce to #dj grams copp] p] lit]4 ,! curr5t is furni%$ by a #fb k4w4 dynamo4 ,"o cell consumes #bfj amp4 at #a4ge volts4 ,"o k4w4 gives a yield ( #afjj oz4 f9e silv] p] #bd h\rs4 ,! daily production ( silv] is almo/ #ajj1jjj oz41 & is exce$$ at no o!r works4 ,ab\t #c1jjj1jjj wor? ( metal is always on h& 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts4 ,,! ,,national ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company#ef ,,by ,o4 ,,pufahl 7,april #ad1 #aijf7 ,?is plant1 at ,s\? ,*icago1 ,ill41 ref9es base lead bullion4 ,x comprises f\r rev]b]atory furnaces1 ( :i* "o takes a *>ge ( #ajj tons1 "o #hj tons1 & ! o!r two #cj tons ea*2 "o ( ! small furnaces is be+ torn d[n1 & a #abj ton furnace is to be built 9 its place4 ,! furnaces are fir$ ) coal f ,s\!rn ,ill9ois1 :i* conta9s #aa p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,9 s(t5+ ! bullion1 ! "t = ea* *>ge is #aj h\rs4 ,! fir/ portion tapp$ consi/s ( dross ri* 9 copp]1 :i* is foll[$ by antimonial skimm+s & li?>ge4 ,! copp] dross is melt$ up 9 a small rev]b]atory furnace1 toge!r ) gal5a f ,wiscons9 7conta9+ #hj p] c5t4 lead71 = "w-lead & lead-copp] matte1 ! latt] conta9+ ab\t #ce p] c5t4 ( copp]2 ?is matte is enri*$ to #ee p] c5t4 copp] by ! addition ( roa/$ matte1 & is f9ally work$ up = crude copp] 7#ie p] c5t47 9 a rev]b]atory furnace4 ,all ! copp] s produc$ is us$ 9 ! p>t+ process = precipitat+ ! silv]4 ,! antimonial skimm+s are smelt$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 toge!r ) coke c9d]1 = lead & a slag ri* 9 antimony1 :i* is r$uc$ to h>d lead 7#bg p] c5t4 antimony1 #j4e p] c5t4 copp]1 #j4e p] c5t4 ars5ic7 9 a small bla/ furnace1 #ad ft4 high1 :i* has #h tuy]es4 ,! s(t5$ lead is tapp$ (f into ca/-iron desilv]iz+ pots1 :i* usually outlive #bjj *>ges2 9 isolat$ cases z _m z #cjj4 ,= desilv]iz+1 z9c f ,pueblo1 ,colo41 is add$ 9 two in/alm5ts1 be+ mix$ 9 by means ( a ,h[>d /irr]4 ,aft] ! fir/ addition !re rema9s 9 ! lead #g oz4 ( silv] p] ton2 aft] ! second only #j4b oz4 ,! fir/ scum is press$ 9 a ,h[>d press & di/ill$2 ! second is ladl$ (f & is add$ to ! next *>ge4 ,! ,h[>d /irr] is driv5 by a small /eam eng9e susp5d$ ov] ! kettle2 ! ,h[>d press by compress$ air4 ,= di/ill+ z9c scum1 #ab ,fab] du ,faur tilt+ retorts1 heat$ ) petroleum residue1 are us$4 ,! arg5tif]\s lead 7) #i4f p] c5t4 silv]7 is transf]r$ f ! retort to a pan l9$ ) refractory brick1 :i* is :eel$ to ! cupell+ he>? & rais$ by means ( compress$-air cyl9d]s1 s z to empty its molt5 cont5ts ?r\gh a %ort gutt] ^u ! cupell+ he>?4 ,! cupell+ he>?s are ( ! wat]-cool$ ,engli% type1 & are heat$ by coal ) "u-grate bla/4 ,! ca/-iron te/ r+s1 ) re9=c+ ribs1 are made 9 two pieces1 slightly ar*$ & wat]-cool$2 !y are rectangul>1 ) r\nd$ corn]s1 & are m\nt$ on :eels4 ,! mat]ial ( ! he>? is m>l4 ,arg5tif]\s lead is add$ z ! op]ation proce$s1 & f9ally ! dor bullion is p\r$ f ! tilt$ te/ into ?ick b>s 7#aajj oz47 = p>t+4 ,! desilv]iz$ lead is ref9$ 9 *>ges ( #bh tons 7#d to #e h\rs7 & #hj to #ij tons 7#h to #aj h\rs71 introduc+ /eam ?r\gh f\r to eight half-in* iron pipes4 ,! fir/ skimm+s conta9 a consid]able proportion ( antimony & are !re=e add$ to ! *>ge :5 r$uc+ ! antimonial slags 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,! li?>ge is work$ up 9 a rev]b]atory furnace = lead ( second quality4 ,! ref9$ lead is tapp$ (f into a kettle1 f :i* x is ca/ into b>s ?r\gh a siphon4 ,! p>t+ ( ! dor bullion is c>ri$ out 9 tanks ( gray ca/ iron1 9 :i* ! solution is effect$ ) sulphuric acid ( #fj deg4 ,b4 ,! acid ( #dj deg4 ,b4 cond5s$ f ! vapors is br\ght up to /r5g? 9 lead5 pans4 ,9 a second l>g] tank1 :i* is slightly w>m$1 a little gold deposits f ! acid solution ( sulphates4 ,! solution is !n transf]r$ 7by ! aid ( compress$ air7 to ! l>ge precipitat+ tank1 & dilut$ ) wat]4 ,x is "h heat$ ) /eam1 & ! silv] is rapidly precipitat$ by copp] plates 7#abe plates #ah #h #a 947 susp5d$ 9 ! solution f iron hooks cov]$ ) h>d lead4 ,aft] ! precipitation1 ! vitriol lye is siphon$ (f1 ! silv] is wa%$ 9 a vat provid$ ) a false bottom1 is remov$ ) a wood5 %ovel1 & is press$ into cakes #aj #aj #f 94 ,! ref9+ is f9i%$ on a cupell+ he>? fir$ ) petroleum residue1 add+ saltpet]1 & remov+ ! slag by means ( p[d]$ brick4 ,aft] draw+ ! la/ portion ( slag ! silv] 7#j4iii f9e7 is kept fus$ "u a lay] ( wood-*>coal = #bj m9utes1 & is !n ca/ into iron molds1 previ\sly black5$ ) a petroleum flame4 ,! b>s weigh ab\t #aajj oz4 ,! gold is boil$ ) sev]al fre% portions ( acid1 is wa%$ & dri$1 & f9ally melt$ up ) a little soda 9 a graphite crucible4 ,x is #j4iie f9e4 ,! lye f ! silv] precipitation1 aft] cle>+1 is evaporat$ d[n to #dj deg4 ,b4 9 lead5 pans by means ( /eam coils1 & is transf]r$ to cry/alliz+ vats4 ,! fir/ product is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution is br\ght up to #dj deg4 ,b4 /r5g?1 & is all[$ to cry/allize4 ,! pur] cry/als s obta9$ are cru%$1 & are wa%$ & dri$ 9 c5trifugal app>atus2 !y are !n sift$ & pack$ 9 wood5 casks 9 two grades accord+ to ! size ( gra94 ,! v f9e mat]ial goes back into ! vats4 ,f ! fir/ /rongly acid "m liquor1 acid ( #fj deg4 ,b4 is prep>$ by conc5trat+ 9 lead5 pans1 & ?is is us$ = ! p>t+ op]ation4 ,,! ,,ea/ ,,hel5a ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company#eg ,,by ,o4 ,,pufahl 7,april #bh1 #aijf7 ,! mon?ly production ( ^! works is ab\t #aejj tons ( base bullion 7conta9+ #aej oz4 ,ag & #d to #f oz4 ,au p] ton71 & #bjj tons ( #de p] c5t4 copp] matte4 ,! base bullion is %ipp$ to ,s\? ,*icago1 ! matte to ,pueblo4 ,! ore-roa/+ is done 9 two batt]ies ( eight rev]b]atory furnaces & #af ,brckn] furnaces1 ! result+ product conta9+ on an av]age #bj p] c5t4 lead & #c p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,! *>ge = ! bla/ furnaces consi/s ( roa/$ ore1 ri* gal5a1 arg5tif]\s r$ hematite1 briquett$ flue du/1 slag 7%ells7 f ! furnace itself1 lead skimm+s1 scrap iron & lime/one4 ,f\r tons ( ! *>ge are dump$ ov] a roll] into a l[ c>1 :i* is !n drawn up an incl9$ plane to ! *>g+ gall]y by an electric motor & is !n dump$ into ! furnace4 ,! two rectangul> bla/ furnaces 7,eil]s' type7 h eight tuy]es on ea* ( _! long] sides & ca/-iron wat]-jackets ( #f ft4 hight4 ,! bla/ is deliv]$ at a pressure ( #dj oz4 ,! lead is drawn (f ?r\gh a siphon tap into a cool+ kettle4 ,! furnace has a l>ge =ehe>? = sep>at+ ! matte & ! slag4 ,! slag is receiv$ by a two-pot ,nesmi? truck1 hav+ an aggregate capacity ( #ad cu4 ft4 ,^! trucks are haul$ to ! dump by an electric locomotive4 ,! %ells are return$ to ! furnace ) ! *>ge4 ,! matte 7) ab\t #f p] c5t4 ,cu & ! same p]c5tage ( lead7 is tapp$ (f into iron molds & aft] cool+ is cru%$ to #j4be-;94 size1 to be roa/$ 9 ! rev]b]atory furnaces & smelt$ up toge!r ) roa/$ ore = a #ae p] c5t4 matte4 ,! latt] is cru%$1 roa/$ & sep>ately smelt$ toge!r ) silici\s ore = #de p] c5t4 matte1 :i* is !n s5t to ,pueblo to be work$ up into bli/] copp]4 ,! small quantity ( speiss :i* is =m$ is brok5 up & return$ to ! bla/ furnaces ) ! *>ge4 ,! slag conta9s #j4e to #j4h p] c5t4 lead & #j4e oz4 silv] p] ton4 ,,! ,,globe ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,company#eh ,,by ,o4 ,,pufahl 7,may #e1 #aije7 ,?is plant produces #ahjj tons ( base bullion p] mon? & #bjj tons ( lead-copp] matte conta9+ #de to #eb p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,! ores smelt$ are mo/ly f ,colorado1 b include also gal5a f ! ,cur d',al5e & o!r supplies4 ,! lime/one is qu>ri$ #ad miles f ,d5v]2 coke & coal are br\ght f ,tr9idad1 ,colo4 ,all sulphides1 except ! slimes1 conc5trates & ! ri* ,idaho ores1 are roa/$4 ,= roa/+ !re are3 7#a7 ,fifte5 rev]b]atory furnaces1 five ( :i* measure #fj #ad ft41 & ! o!r t5 #hj #af ft4 ext]nally4 ,9 #bd h\rs ^! roa/ six *>ges ( #ddjj lb4 7av]age7 ( moi/ ore 7#b4ae tons ( dry ore7 f #bh to #cj p] c5t4 d[n to #c to #d p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,ea* furnace is att5d$ by ?ree m5 work+ 9 #ab-;h\r %ifts2 ! /ok] e>ns #b4ge2 ! roa/]s1 #b4cj4 7#b7 ,two ,br[n-,o',h>ra furnaces1 #ij ft4 long1 ) two he>?s1 & a small s9t]+ furnace atta*$4 ,!y h ?ree grates on ea* long side1 & ea* roa/s #bf tons ( ore 9 #bd h\rs d[n to p] c5t4 sulphur4 7#c7 ,twelve ,brckn] furnaces1 ea* tak+ #bd tons' *>ge1 ) "u-grate bla/1 ! air be+ f$ into ! cyl9d]s by a /eam jet4 ,accord+ to ! z9c cont5t ( ! ores ! roa/+ op]ation la/s #gj to #ij h\rs1 ! furnace mak+ "o revolution p] h\r4 ,! roa/$ product f ! ,brckn] furnaces is press$ into briquets1 toge!r ) f9e ore1 flue du/ & lime4 ,! smelt+ is c>ri$ out 9 sev5 bla/ furnaces1 ) #af tuy]es1 bla/ at #b-lb4 pressure1 hight ( furnace #ah ft4 #f 941 section at ! tuy]es #db #add 94 ,! *>ge is #abj to #aej tons exclusive ( slag & coke4 ,! slag & ! matte are tapp$ (f toge!r into d\ble-b[l ,nesmi? c>s1 :i* are haul$1 by an electric locomotive1 to a rev]b]atory furnace 7he>? #bj #ab ft47 9 :i* !y are kept liquid1 = sev]al h\rs1 9 *>ges ( #ad to #ae tons1 9 ord] to effect complete sep>ation4 ,a little "w-lead is obta9$ 9 ?is op]ation1 :ile ! matte is tapp$ (f into ca/-iron pans ( "o ton capacity1 & ! slag1 #j4e to #j4f p] c5t4 lead1 #j4f to #j4g oz4 silv]1 is remov$ 9 #e-ton pots to ! dump4 ,! matte is brok5 up1 cru%$ to #j4be 94 size1 roa/$ 9 ! rev]b]atory furnaces1 smelt$ = a #de to #eb p] c5t4 copp] matte1 :i* is %ipp$ to be fur!r work$ up into bli/] copp]4 ,! crude matte conta9s #aj to #ab p] c5t4 copp]1 #ab to #ae p] c5t4 lead1 #dj oz4 silv] & #j4je oz4 gold4 ,f ! siphon taps ( ! bla/ furnaces ! "w-lead is transf]r$ to a ca/-iron kettle ( #cc tons' capacity4 ,"h ! copp] dross is remov$1 ! metal is mix$ by introduc+ /eam = #aj m9utes1 sampl$1 & ! lead is ca/ into b>s ?r\gh siphons4 ,x conta9s ab\t #b p] c5t4 antimony1 #bjj oz4 silv] & #h oz4 gold4 ,?is product is ref9$ at ,omaha4 ,! bla/-furnace gases pass ?r\gh a flue #abjj ft4 long1 & ent] ! bag-h\se1 9 :i* !y are filt]$ ?r\gh #djjj cotton bags #cj ft4 long & #ah 94 9 diamet]4 ,^! bags are %ak5 e #f h\rs4 ,! mat]ial :i* falls to ! floor is burnt :]e x lies1 s9t]$ & return$ to ! bla/ furnaces4 ,9 ! eng9e h\se !re are f\r ,conn]sville bl[]s1 two ( :i* are ,no4 #h & two ( ,no4 #g size4 ,ea* bla/ furnace requires #de1jjj cu4 ft4 ( air a m9ute4 ,! works give employm5t to #dej m51 ^: wages 7= #aj-to #ab-;h\r %ifts7 are #b to #c4 ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,spa9 ,,by ,,hjalm> ,,eriksson 7,novemb] #ad1 #aijc7 ,a few notes1 ga!r$ dur+ a c\ple ( ye>s :ile ,i 0 employ$ at "o ( ! l>ge lead works 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,spa91 are ( int]e/1 n z %[+ good "w1 b = comp>+ ! results obta9$ 9 mod]n practice ) ^? obta9$ by :at is probably ! mo/ primitive k9d ( smelt+ to be f\nd today4 ,! plant ab\t to be describ$ may s]ve z a g5]al type = t c\ntry4 ,z f> z ,i "k1 ! exceptions are a l>ge plant at ,maz>ron1 fully up to date & equipp$ ) ! mo/ mod]n improvem5ts 9 e l9e2 a small] plant at ,alm]ia1 also 9 good %ape1 & ! rev]b]atory smelt+ ( ! c>bonates at ,l9>es4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! conditions are peculi>1 iron & ma*9]y be+ v exp5sive & manual labor v *eap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,spani% ,lead ,bla/ ,furnace4 ,ab\t #d ft4 above ! tuy]es ! furnace is built ( uncalc9$ brick made ( a black graphitic clay f\nd 9 ! m9es ne> by2 ! upp] "p is ( common r$ brick4 ,! entire co/ ( "o furnace does n rea* #ajj4 ,! flue leads to a ma9 gall]y #c4e by #g ft41 :i* goes d[n to ! gr\nd1 & ext5ds sev]al times ar\nd a hill1 ! *imney be+ plac$ on ! top ( ! hill1 consid]ably above ! furnace level4 ,! gall]y is ab\t #aj1jjj ft4 long1 & is laid d[n 9 ! e>?1 ) ! ar*$ ro( j em]g+4 ,x is all built ( r\gh /one1 ! inside be+ pla/]$ ) gypsum4 ,! furnace has ?ree tuy]es ( #c 94 diamet]4 ,! bla/ pressure is g5]ally #d to #f 94 ( wat]4 ,nei!r fe$+ floor nor elevators are us$1 only a c\ple ( scaffolds1 ! *>ge be+ lift$ up gradually by h& 9 small conv5i5t buckets made ( sea-grass4 ,:5 *>g+ ! furnace1 coke is pil$ up 9 ! c5t]1 & ! mixture ( ore1 fluxes & slag is *>g$ ar\nd ! walls4 ,! slag & matte are left to run out toge!r on an incl9$ s&-b$4 ,! matte1 fl[+ m quickly1 goes fur!r & leaves ! slag beh9d1 b ! sep>ation ?us obta9$ is1 ( c\rse1 v unsatisfactory4 ,! *>ge mixture is weigh$ & made = ea* furnace e morn+4 ,:5 x is all put ?r\gh1 ! furnace is run d[n v l[1 )\t any protect+ cov] on ! top2 sev]al iron b>s are driv5 ?r\gh ! furnace at ! slag-tap level1 = hold+ up ! *>ge2 ! lead is all tapp$ out2 a big hole is made 9 ! crucible = ! purpose ( clean+ x out2 all accretions are loos5$ ) a b>2 ! hole is clos$ ) mud ( ! graphitic clay2 b>s are remov$1 :5 ! crucible is fill$ ) coke f ! c5t] & ! *>g+ is cont9u$4 ,9 ?is way a furnace c be kept runn+ = any l5g? ( "t1 b at a great loss ( heat1 & ) a great increase ( flue du/4 ,! curr5t practice1 9 _m p>ts ( ,spa91 is to run ! same numb] ( ore-smelt+ & ( matte-smelt+ furnaces4 ,all ! slag & ! raw matte1 produc$ by ! ore-smelt+ furnaces1 is re-smelt$ 9 ! matte furnaces1 toge!r ) "s dry silv] ores4 ,no lead at all is produc$ 9 ! matte furnaces1 only a matte conta9+ up to #aej oz4 silv] p] ton & #be to #ce p] c5t4 ( ! lead *>g$ on !m4 ,?is ri* matte is calc9$ 9 kilns1 & smelt$ toge!r ) ! ore *>ge4 ,! ores we smelt$ 7 gal5a rang+ f #e to #hc p] c5t4 lead & ab\t #bej oz4 silv] p] ton ( lead2 dry silv] ores conta9+ up to #abj oz4 silv] p] ton1 & en\gh ( ! ,l9>es c>bonates = keep+ ! silv] bel[ #abj oz4 p] ton 9 ! lead4 ,! gangue ( ! gal5a 0 ma9ly iron c>bonate4 ,mo/ ( t ore 0 h& pick$ & ( nut size4 ,ma*9e conc5trates ) m ?an #cj p] c5t4 lead or conta9+ mu* pyrite 7 calc9$2 ev]y?+ else 0 smelt$ raw4 ,! flux exclusively us$1 be=e ,i came1 0 c>bonate ( iron1 :i*1 by ! way1 0 consid]$ a 8cure-=-all40 ,! slag analyses %[$3 ,ca,o1 bel[ #d p] c5t4 ,fe,o1 above #de p] c5t4 ,si,o1 ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ,ba,o1 #e to #aj p] c5t4 ,al,o1 #e to #aj p] c5t4 ,pb1 by fire assay1 #j4ge to #b4e p] c5t4 ,ag1 by fire assay1 #b to #c oz4 p] ton4 ,! specific gravity ( ! slag 0 ab\t #e1 or practically ! same z t ( ! matte4 ,! output ( metallic lead 0 ab\t #gj p] c5t42 ( silv]1 #hd p] c5t4 ,! work+ hight ( ! furnaces--tuy]e level to top ( *>ge--0 at t "t only #g ft41 & ,i 0 told t x _h be5 /ill l[] be=e4 ,to ! work+ hight ( ! furnaces 0 add$ #b ft41 simply by putt+ up ! *>g+ doors t mu*4 ,a v good lime/one 0 f\nd j outside ! f5ce ar\nd ! plant4 ,en\gh lime/one 0 sub/itut$ = ! iron c>bonate1 to keep ! lime up to #ab p] c5t4 9 ! slag1 r$uc+ ! ,fe,o to bel[ #ce p] c5t4 & ! specific gravity to bel[ f\r4 ,! result ( ^! alt]ations 0 an increase 9 ! output ( metallic lead1 f #gf to #he p] c5t42 ( silv] f #hd to #ij p] c5t42 a comp>atively good sep>ation ( slag & matte1 & a slag runn+ ab\t #j4e to #j4ge p] c5t4 ,pb & #a4e oz4 ,ag p] ton4 ,ow+ to ! great ext5t ( ! gall]y1 & ! consequ5t good cond5sation ( ! flue du/1 ! total loss ( lead & silv] 0 mu* small] ?an w\ld be expect$2 9 no case be+ f\nd above #d p] c5t4 ,! composition ( ! *>ge 0 #ee p] c5t4 ore & roa/$ matte1 #ac p] c5t4 fluxes1 & #cb p] c5t4 slag4 ,coke us$ 0 #aa p] c5t4 on *>ge1 or #bj p] c5t4 on ore smelt$4 ,ea* furnace put ?r\gh #aj to #ae tons ( *>ge1 or #g tons ( ore1 9 #bd h\rs4 ,eight m5 & two boys 7 requir$ = ea* furnace1 includ+ slag h&l+ & mak+ up ( ! *>ge4 ,! co/ ( smelt+ 0 #ag pesetas p] ton ( ore1 :i* at ! usual premium 7#a #cd pesetas #d4he7 equals #b4dc4 ,?is co/ is divid$ z foll[s3 ,coke #a4dg ,fluxes #j4jd ,labor #j4fe ,coal = p[] #j4aj ,g5]al exp5ses #j4ag --------- ,total #b4dc ,?is #b4dc p] ton includes all exp5ses ( :atev] k9d4 ,! iron c>bonate flux conta9$ lead & silv]1 :i* 0 n paid =4 ,! fluxes are cr$it$ = ! actual value ( ?is lead & silv]4 ,)\t mak+ ?is disc\nt1 ! co/ ( flux w\ld am\nt to #bf;c4 p] ton1 mak+ ! entire smelt+ co/ come to #b4fe4 ,z an explanation ( ! l[ co/ ( labor1 x may be not$ t ! wages 71 = ! furnace-man1 #b4be pesetas1 or #cb;c4 a day2 = ! help]s1 #a4ge pesetas1 or #be;c4 a day4 ,! basis = pur*as+ ! gal5a ore may "h be giv51 r$uc$ to ,am]ican money2 lead & silv] are paid = accord+ to ! late/ quotations = ref9$ metals giv5 by ! ,revi/a ,m9]a1 publi%$ at ,c>tag5a4 7,! quotations are ! actual value 9 ,c>tag5a ( ! ,london quotations47 ,! foll[+ disc\nts are made3 #e p] c5t4 = bo? silv] & lead2 #f4dj p] ton on ore conta9+ #g p] c5t4 ,pb & bel[2 ?is rises gradually to a disc\nt ( #g4ge p] ton ( ore conta9+ #cj p] c5t4 ,pb & above4 ,! transportation is paid by ! pur*as] & am\nts to ab\t #a4bj p] ton ( ore4 ,! dry silv] ores 7 *eap] ?an ?is & ! lead c>bonates mu* m exp5sive4 ,,lead ,,smelt+ ,,at ,,monteponi1 ,,s>d9ia#ei ,,by ,,erm9io ,,f]r>is 7,octob] #bh1 #aije7 ,9 dress+ mix$ lead & z9c c>bonate ores by ! old me?od ( gradual cru%+ ) rolls1 middl+ products 7 obta9$1 :i* c\ld be fur!r sep>at$ only ) mu* loss4 ,inasmu* z ! losses 9 ! metallurgical treatm5t ( su* mix$ ore 7 reckon$ to be less ?an 9 ore dress+1 ^! betwe5-products at ,monteponi 7 sav$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 until !re %\ld be en\gh raw mat]ial to w>rant ! erection ( a small lead & z9c smelt]y4 ,9 #ahid ! lead smelt]y 9 ,monteponi 0 put 9 op]ation2 9 #ahii ! z9c smelt]y 0 />t$4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! res]ves ( lead ore 7 exhau/$1 & ! lead plant !n began to treat all ! ,monteponi ores & a "p ( ^? f neighbor+ m9es4 ,z w be se5 f ! plan 7,fig4 #db71 ! smelt+ works clu/] 9 t]races ar\nd ! m9e %aft1 cov]+ an area ( ab\t #cjjj sq4 m4 7#j4ge acre72 ! ore /ocks & ! pott]y ( ! z9c works are locat$ 9 sep>ate build+s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( work+1 ! slag _h purposely be5 kept v ri* 9 z9c1 9 ! hope ( utiliz+ x lat] = ! production ( z9c oxide4 ,x _h an av]age z9c cont5t ( #af4hj p] c5t41 or #ba p] c5t4 ( z9c oxide1 ) ab\t #cb p] c5t4 ,si,o1 #be p] c5t4 ,fe,o1 & #ad p] c5t4 lime4 ,accord+ to ! rec5t exp]im5ts1 ?is slag c v well be us$ = oxide manufacture1 9 connection ) calam9e ri* 9 iron4 ,! slag made at ! pres5t "t has only #ae p] c5t4 ,zn,o2 #be p] c5t4 ,si,o2 #af p] c5t4 ,ca,o2 #c p] c5t4 ,mg,o2 #cc p] c5t4 ,fe,o2 #b4e p] c5t4 ,al,o1 & #b p] c5t4 ,ba,o1 & small quantities ( alkalies1 sulphur & lead 7#a to #a4e p] c5t74 ,! foll[+ classes ( ore are produc$ at ,monteponi3 #a4 ,lead c>bonates1 ) a little z9c oxide2 ^! ores are scre5$ d[n to #aj mm4 ,! portion held back by ! scre5 is s5t /raight to ! %aft furnaces2 ! portion pass+ ?r\gh is ei!r roa/$ toge!r ) lead sulphides1 or is s9t]$ by itself1 accord+ to circum/ances4 #b4 ,dry lead ores1 mo/ly qu>tz1 ) #aj to #ae p] c5t4 lead1 :i* are mix$ = smelt+ ) ! lead c>bonates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,g5]al ,plan ( ,works4 #c4 ,lead sulphides1 :i* are cru%$ f9e & roa/$ dead4 ,qu>tz s& is add$ 9 ! roa/+1 9 ord] to decompose ! lead sulphate & produce a readily fusible silicate2 z qu>tz flux1 f9e s& f ! dunes on ! coa/ is us$4 ,?is is a product ( decomposition ( tra*yte1 & conta9s #hh p] c5t4 ( silica1 toge!r ) alkalies & alum9a4 ,! roa/ is effect$ 9 two h&-rak$ rev]b]atory furnaces1 #ah m4 long1 :i* turn out #ab1jjj kg4 ( roa/$ ore 9 #bd h\rs1 consum+ #ahjj kg4 ( ,engli% cannel coal1 or #bdjj kg4 ( ,s>d9ian lignite4 ,!re is also a ?ird rev]b]atory furnace1 provid$ ) a fusion *amb]1 :i* is us$ = roa/+ matte & = liquat+ v>i\s second>y products4 ,! *>ge = ! %aft furnace1 z a rule1 consi/s ( #ej p] c5t4 ore 7crude & roa/$71 #bj p] c5t4 fluxes & #cj p] c5t4 slag ( suitable orig94 ,! fluxes us$ are lime/one f ! m9e1 conta9+ #ih p] c5t4 ,ca,c,o1 & limonite f ! calam9e deposits4 ,?is iron ore conta9s #dh p] c5t4 ,fe1 n m ?an #d p] c5t4 ,zn1 a little lead & traces ( copp] & silv]4 ,a %aft furnace w "w up a *>ge ( #fj tons1 equal to #cj tons ( ore1 9 #bd h\rs1 ) a coke consumption ( #ab p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! *>ge & a bla/ pressure ( #ej mm4 ( m]cury4 ,!re are ?ree furnaces1 ( :i* two are us$ alt]nately = smelt+ lead ores1 :ile "o small] furnace s]ves = smelt+ d[n products1 su* z h>d lead1 copp] matte & copp] bottoms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,elevation ( works on l9e ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ( ,fig4 #db4 ,figs4 #dc to #df %[ "o ( ! furnaces4 ,x w be se5 at once t its con/ruction is simil> to t ( ! /&>d ,am]ican furnaces4 ,pilz furnaces 7 tri$ 9 ! fir/ few ye>s1 b 7 f9ally ab&on$1 z !y c\ld n be kept runn+ = any satisfactory l5g? ( "t ) slags ri* 9 z9c4 ,dilut+ ! slag1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld h l$ to an increas$ coke consumption1 & w\ld h r5d]$ ! slag itself wor?less4 ,! furnace1 h[ev]1 diff]s 9 sev]al respects f its ,am]ican prototype2 ! foll[+ are "s ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics peculi> to x3 ,illu/ration3 ,section ,e ,f4 ,section ,g ,h4 ,,fig4 #dd4--,%aft ,furnace = ,lead ,smelt+4 ,! *imney above ! fe$-floor cov]s "o-?ird ( ! furnace %aft1 & is turn$ d[n 9 ! =m ( a siphon1 to connect ) ! flue-du/ *amb]4 ,! lat]al faces1 :i* are left op51 s]ve z *>g+ ap]tures2 ! c5tral "o ( ^!1 provid$ ) a c\nt]balanc$ %eet-iron door1 is us$ = *>g+ f c>s4 ,! squ>e op5+s at ! ends1 :i* are cov]$ ) ca/-iron plates1 are us$ = b>r+ d[n ! furnace %aft & may also be us$ = *>g+4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 toge!r ) ! two hopp]s plac$ lat]ally on ! *imney1 x is possible to di/ribute ! *>ge 9 any desir$ mann] ov] ! :ole cross-section ( ! furnace4 ,?is arrangem5t greatly facilitates ! removal ( any accretions 9 ! furnace %aft1 z ! c5trally plac$ *imney cat*es all ! smoke1 :ile ! *>ge-holes r5d] ! furnace accessible on all sides4 ,9 case ( l>ge accretions be+ =m$1 ! :ole furnace c be empti$1 clean$ & re/>t$ 9 #bd to #cf h\rs4 ,! smelt+ cone is enclos$ by ca/-/eel plates #ej cm4 high1 in/ead ( hav+ a wat]-jacket4 ,^! are cool$ z desir$ by turn+ a jet ( wat] on !m4 ,! plates are connect$ to ! furnace %aft by a bo% wall #be cm4 ?ick1 :i* is surr\nd$ ) a boil]-plate jacket4 ,^! jacket plates also are cool$ f ! outside by sprays ( wat]4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! consumption ( wat] is less ?an ) wat]-jackets1 z a "p ( ! wat] is vaporiz$1 & ! dang] ( leakage ( ! jackets is avoid$4 ,! ca/-/eel plates are made 9 two patt]ns2 !re are two simil> side-plates1 ea* ) f\r slits = ! tuy]es1 & two end-plates1 provid$ ) a circul> brea/ ( #cj cm4 ap]ture1 = tapp+ ! slag4 ,! brea/ is cool$ by wat] fl[+ d[n1 & is clos$ 9 front by a plate ( %eet iron1 9 :i* is ! tap-hole = runn+ (f ! slag4 ,:5 clean+ out1 ?is %eet-iron plate is remov$ & ! brea/ is op5$1 ?us provid+ easy access to ! he>?4 ,! f\r ca/-/eel plates are an*or$ toge!r ) bolts at _! out] ribs1 & re/ on two long1 gutt]-%ap$ pieces ( %eet iron1 :i* c>ry (f all ! wat] :i* fl[s d[n1 & keep x away f ! brickwork ( ! he>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ,j ,l4 ,section ,c ,d4 ,,fig4 #de4--,%aft ,furnace4 ,! he>?1 cas$ ) boil] plate & rails1 has at ! side a ca/-iron pipe ( #aj cm4 diamet] = draw+ (f ! lead to ! outside kettle2 ?is pipe has a slight d[nw>d incl9ation1 to prev5t ! slag fl[+ out2 e #bj m9utes lead is tapp$1 & ! end ( ! pipe is !n plugg$ up ) clay4 ,! furnace %aft is support$ ^u a holl[ mantel1 :i* s]ves at ! same "t z bla/-pipe4 ,! bla/-pipe has eight lat]al tees1 :i* are connect$ by canvas hose ) ! eight tuy]es4 ,! m\? ( ! tuy]es has ! =m ( a horizontal slit1 :]eby ! air is di/ribut$ m ev5ly ov] ! entire zone ( fusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,%aft ,furnace = ,lead ,smelt+4 7,section ,a ,b47 ,! precipitation ( flue du/ is effect$ 9 a brick cond5s+ *amb]1 plac$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ma9 flue4 ,! ma9 flue t]m9ates on ! hill 7see ,fig4 #dc7 9 a *imney1 ! top ( :i* is #afj m4 above ! gr\nd level ( ! works1 af=d+ excell5t draft4 ,! cond5s+ *amb] 7,figs4 #di to #ea7 consi/s ( a vault$ room1 #c4dj m4 wide & #f4fj m4 long1 :i* is divid$ into twelve comp>tm5ts by "o longitud9al & five baffle walls4 ,! gases *ange direction sev5 times1 & pass ov] ! longitud9al wall six times1 be+ /ruck six times by f9e sprays ( wat]4 ,! six atomiz]s = ?is purpose consume #a4e lit] ( wat] p] m9ute1 ( :i* f\r-fif?s is vaporiz$1 :ile "o-fif? fl[s (f to ! l[] wat] bas94 ,by ?is means #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( ! total flue du/ is precipitat$ 9 ! cond5s+ *amb] itself1 & is remov$ f "t to "t z mud ?r\gh ! l[] op5+s1 :i* are wat]-seal$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! volatiliz$ wat] precipitates ! flue du/ almo/ completely on ! way to ! /ack1 s t only a %ort column ( /eam is visible at ! m\? ( ! /ack4 ,! flue to ! /ack passes = ! mo/ "p und]gr\nd ?r\gh ab&on$ adits & gall]ies1 ?us provid+ a v>iety ( *anges 9 cross-section & 9 direction1 & assi/+ mat]ially ! action ( ! cond5s+ *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,section ( ,lead ,ref9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,s(t5+ ,furnace4 ,z ! *>ge ( ! %aft furnaces is poor 9 sulphur1 no real matte is produc$1 b only "w lead & lead a%es 7,bleis*aum71 :i* conta9s #ij p] c5t4 ( lead1 #a4f p] c5t4 sulphur1 #j4d p] c5t4 z9c1 #j4he p] c5t4 ,cu1 #j4ii p] c5t4 ,fe1 & #j4bb p] c5t4 ,sb4 ,by liquation & a r$uc+ smelt 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 mo/ ( ! lead is obta9$1 along ) a lead-copp] matte1 :i* is smelt$ = copp] matte & antimonial lead 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,fume ,cond5s]4 7,section ,a ,b47 ,! copp] matte1 conta9+ #ah p] c5t4 ,cu1 #be p] c5t4 ,fe1 #cj p] c5t4 ,pb & #ah4d p] c5t4 ,s1 is roa/$ dead 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 is s9t]$1 & melt$ to copp]-bottoms 9 a small %aft furnace4 ,^! copp]-bottoms1 :i* conta9 #fj p] c5t4 copp] & #be p] c5t4 lead1 are subject$ to liquation1 & f9ally ref9$ to bli/] copp]4 ,! z9c-desilv]+ plant1 ,fig4 #dg1 consi/s ( a rev]b]atory s(t5+ furnace1 two desilv]+ kettles ( #ad tons capacity1 a pan = liquat+ ! z9c cru/1 & a small kettle = receiv+ ! lead f ! liquation process4 ,?is pan has ! advantage ov] ! ord9>y liquat+ kettle1 t ! lead :i* drips (f is imm$iately remov$1 be=e x c dissolve ! alloy2 ! silv] cont5t ( ! liquat$ lead is sc>cely #j4je p] c5t41 :ile ! dry alloy conta9s #e to #h p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,fume ,cond5s]4 7,section ,e ,f ,g ,h47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,fume ,cond5s]4 7,section ,c ,d47 ,! removal ( ! z9c is effect$ 9 a second rev]b]atory furnace4 ,=m]ly ! /eam-me?od 0 us$1 b ! rapid we> ( ! kettles1 & ! excessive =mation ( oxides call$ = a *ange 9 ! process4 ,! z9c-silv] alloy is di/ill$ 9 a crucible ( #bjj kg4 capacity1 & is cupel$ 9 an ,engli% cupel furnace4 ,! details ( ! rev]b]atory furnace are %[n 9 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! composition ( ! f9al products is %[n by ! foll[+ analyses2 ,lead3 ,zn1 #j4jjba p] c5t42 ,fe1 #j4jjdg p] c5t42 ,cu1 #j4jjje p] c5t42 ,sb1 #j4jjcj p] c5t42 ,bi1 #j4jjjg p] c5t42 ,ag1 #j4jjaj p] c5t42 ,pb1 #ii4iih p] c5t42 ,silv]1 ,ag1 #ii4gbj p] c5t42 ,cu1 #j4aba p] c5t42 ,fe1 #j4jje p] c5t42 ,pb1 #j4jah p] c5t42 ,au1 #j4jjc p] c5t4 ,,index ,alloy1 retort+ !1 9 lead ref9+1 #bfg ,alum9a1 exp]i5ce )1 #bei ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #d1 #f1 #bf1 #ic1 #aac1 #beb1 #bie at ,murray1 ,utah1 #bhg ,atmosph]e1 effect ( on concrete1 #bdb ,bag-h\se1 co/ ( att5d+1 #bdf /&>d1 #bdf ,bag-h\ses = sav+ fume1 #bdd ,b>tlett1 ,eyre ,o41 #bdd ,bay/on1 ,w4 ,b41 #aii ,b5nett1 ,james ,c41 #ff ,betts1 ,anson ,g41 #bgj1 #bgd ,betwe5 products1 work+ up (1 #ci ,bi]nbaum1 ,a41 #da1 #adh1 #afj ,bla/ furnace ( circul> =m1 #bec ,spani% lead1 #cjg ,bla/1 volume & pressure ( 9 lead smelt+1 #gf ,bl[]1 rot>y1 defici5cy (1 #bea ,bl[]s = lead & copp] smelt+1 #bef n[ m p[]ful = lead smelt+ use1 #beb ,bl[]s1 rot>y1 me?od ( te/+ volumetric effici5cy (1 #bed vs4 bl[+ eng9es1 #bed vs4 bl[+ eng9es = lead smelt+1 #bea ,bl[+ eng9es1 :5 to use1 #bei ,bonne ,t]re lead deposits1 #ah orebody1 ,miss\ri1 #ac1 #ad ,bor*]s1 ,w41 #aad1 #aaf1 #abg ,bormettes me?od1 comb9ation processes 91 #bbb ,brad=d1 ,mr41 #ee ,bre!rton1 ,s4 ,e41 #bea1 #beh ,brok5 ,hill ,propriet>y ,block1 #ad1 #ei ,brok5 ,hill practice1 #ea ,propriet>y ,co41 #eb1 #aac1 #abd1 #ade1 #age1 #agh1 #bjf ,brick+ plant = flue du/ & f9e ores1 #ff-gj ,briquett+ co/s1 #fb me?ods ( avoid+1 #fc1 #fd process1 op]ations1 9 #ei ,bullion1 analyses ( 9 lead ref9+1 #bha ref9$ lead & slimes1 analyses (1 #bhb ,canadian ,smelt+ ,works1 #bge ,c>lton ,iron ,co41 #fc ,c>mi*ael1 ,a4 ,d4 #ef1 #aii ,c>mi*ael-,brad=d process1 #age-ahe brief e/imate (1 #bji claims ( 9 pat5t1 #aii recomm5dations (1 #abd process1 po9ts conc]n+1 #aca ,cem5t walls1 h[ to build1 #bda ,*ann+1 ,j4 ,p>ke1 #bed ,*>ge-c> 9 smelt+1 true function (1 #id fe$+ ( 9 lead smelt+1 #gg me*anical "* ( 9 lead smelt+1 #gh ,*>ges1 effect ( l>ge 9 lead smelt+1 #gg ,*]okee ,lanyon ,smelt] ,co41 #ajd ,*imney bases1 #bcg ,*i%olm1 ,boyd ,:ite ,co41 #fd ,cl>k1 ,donald1 #aad1 #add1 #age ,cur d',al5e m9es1 #e1 #f1 #g ,concrete flues & /acks1 advantages & disadvantages (1 #bdb 9 metallurgical con/ruction1 #bcd ,conn]sville ,bl[] ,co41 #beb ,consolidat$ ,kansas ,city ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #bhe ,coke1 p]c5tage necess>y to use 9 smelt+1 #bei ,croll1 ,h4 ,v41 #bec ,cupellation 9 lead ref9+1 #bfi ,de ,lam> ,copp] ,ref9+ ,co41 #big ,desilv]ization 9 lead ref9+1 #bfe ,desloge practice contra/$ ) o!rs1 #df ,doeltz1 ,f4 ,o41 #aci ,dross1 analyses ( 9 lead ref9+1 #bgi ,dupuis ,sons1 #fc ,du/ *amb]1 ar*$ =m1 #bca beehive =m (1 #bcb design1 #bbi rectangul> =m1 #bcj concrete1 #bce-bcg ,dwight1 ,ar?ur ,s41 #gc1 #ha spread] & curta9 9 furnaces1 #ia ,ea/ ,hel5a & ,pueblo smelt+ sy/ems comp>$1 #ic plant ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #cjb sy/em ( smelt+1 #hh-id ,edw>ds1 ,h5ry ,w41 #bcd1 #bdj1 #bdb ,e9/e9 silv] m9e1 #ad ,eng9e1 bl[+1 prop] field (1 #beg bl[+1 & rot>y bl[]s1 #beh ,eriksson1 ,hjalm>1 #cjf ,f$]al ,lead ,co41 #ch ,m9+ & ,smelt+ ,co41 #g ,fe$]s1 cup & cone1 = r\nd furnaces1 #ha ,f]r>is1 ,erm9io1 #caa ,flat ,riv] m9es1 #ah ,flue gases & moi/ure1 effect ( on concrete1 #bdb ,flues1 concrete1 #bcd1 #bdj1 #bdb ,f\ndations = dynamos1 #bcf ,fremantle ,smelt+ ,works1 #ade ,fume-smelt+1 co/ (1 #cc 9 ! he>?1 #cb ,furnace op]ations at ,desloge1 ,mo41 #de ,furnaces at ,desloge1 ,mo41 #dc rev]b]atory1 at ,desloge1 ,mo41 #db ,gal5a1 exp]im5ts 9 roa/+1 #abi lime-roa/+ (1 #ad new me?ods ( desulphuriz+1 #aaf roa/+ ( by ,savelsb]g process1 #abb1 #abc ,gas1 furnace1 effect ( on cem5t1 #bdj ,gelat9e1 use ( 9 electrolytic lead ref9+1 #bge ,g]mot1 ,a41 #bbd process1 #bbd ,globe plant ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #cjd ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #bdd ,gre5way1 ,t4 ,j41 #ei ,guillema91 ,c41 #acc ,h>v>d1 ,francis ,t41 #bdb ,he>?1 cov]$-91 #cf ,heat1 effect ( on cem5t1 #bdb ,heb]le91 ,f]d9&1 #aac1 #afg1 #aii ,hixon1 ,hiram ,w41 #bef1 #beh ,h>wood1 ,e4 ,j41 #ea ,h\rwi*1 ,dr4 ,isaac ,a41 #bg ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 #aac1 #add-adg consid]ation & e/imate (1 #bjc-bji cr$it due to1 #abf process z di/+ui%$ f o!rs1 #aah economic results (1 #aee-aei ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 expla9$ by ! inv5tors1 #afg-agc process at ,fri$ri*%tte1 #adh process1 f ! hygi5ic /&po9t1 #afj ideas ( 9 pat5t specifications1 #aag process1 introduction ( at ,t>n[itz1 ,prussia1 #da & ,savelsb]g processes1 ess5tial diff]5ce betwe51 #aib process1 "s disadvantages (1 #afe1 #aff ,hupp]tz1 ,l41 #aba ,hut*+s1 ,w4 ,mayn>d1 #ajh1 #abf1 #agj ,hunt+ton1 ,?omas1 #aac1 #afg1 #aii ,iles1 ,malv]n ,w41 #if1 #beb ,+alls1 ,w4 ,r41 #c1 #af1 #bg1 #db1 #agg1 #ahf1 #aic1 #bae1 #bbd1 #bdd1 #bhg ,iron1 behavior ( 9 silv]-lead smelt+1 #ge ,jackson ,revel m9e1 #ad ,johnson1 ,e4 ,m41 #ajd ,r4 ,d4 ,o41 #ah ,jones1 ,ri*>d1 #bdd ,samuel ,t41 #bdd ,laur1 ,f41 #bbd ,lead1 analyses ( ref9$1 #bha bullion1 electrolytic ref9+ ( base1 #bgj bullion1 ,p>kes process ( desilv]iz+ & ref9+1 #bfc bullion1 s(t5+ (1 #bfc conc5trate ,jopl9 di/rict1 valuation (1 #be & copp] smelt+1 ! ,bormettes me?od (1 #bae-bbc deposits1 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 #ah ,jopl9 di/rict1 #h m>ket+1 #c -ore roa/+1 consid]ation ( new processes1 #ace-ach ,lead ore1 av]age prices =1 #bg ore1 co/ ( smelt+1 #cb -ore roa/+1 !oretical aspects (1 #acc ores1 ,gal5a1 ,kan41 #bd ores1 me?od ( valu+1 #bf ores1 s\?we/]n ,miss\ri1 #bd ,p>k ,city1 ,utah1 #h -poison+ 9 old & new processes1 #afb-afe ref9+1 electrolytic1 #bgd s(t1 ,miss\ri1 #be smelt+ at ,desloge1 ,mo41 #db smelt+ at ,monteponi1 ,s>d9ia1 #caa smelt+ & ref9+1 co/ (1 #if smelt+ 9 ! ,scot* he>?1 #ca smelt+ 9 ,spa91 #cjf smelt+ at ,t>n[itz1 ,prussia1 #da s\rce ( 9 ,miss\ri1 #ac 9 s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 #g1 #aj1 #ag sulphide & calcium sulphate1 metallurgical behavior (1 #aci-adc total production ,unit$ ,/ates1 #e yield f ,scot* he>?s1 #ci ,leadville1 ,colo41 m9es1 #h ,lewis1 ,g4 ,t41 #bdd ,lime-roa/+ ( gal5a1 #abf ,lotti1 ,alfr$o1 #bae ,messit]1 ,edw9 ,h41 #bbi1 #bdj ,middleton1 ,k4 ,w4 ,m41 #ca ,m9e ,la ,motte1 #ad ,m9]als1 briquett+ (1 #fc ,m9+ me?ods 9 ,miss\ri1 #ai-bc ,miss\ri ,smelt+ ,co41 #aig ,m\ld1 ,h4 ,s41 ,co41 #fd ,murray smelt]1 ,utah1 #bia ,national plant ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #bii ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,co41 #bdf ,nutt+1 ,mr41 #bef ,ore & ,fuel ,co41 #fc diff]5t behavior ( co>se & f9e 9 lead smelt+1 #gi treatm5t 9 detail by ! ,hunt+ton-,heb]le9 process1 #aej-aee ,p>kes process1 co/ ( ref9+ by1 #ii ,p]cy1 ,dr41 #bdd ,p]? ,amboy plant ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #bif ,petraeus1 ,c4 ,v41 #bd ,p=t curta9 = furnaces1 #hb ,pi*] ,lead ,co41 #aig ,pidd+ton1 ,f4 ,l41 #bfc ,pott]1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,b41 #ae ,pueblo lead smelt]1 #bid ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #hd ,pufahl1 ,o41 #ch1 #bia1 #bid1 #bif1 #bii1 #cjb1 #cjd ,pyritic smelt+ )\t fuel practically impossible1 #bef ,raht1 ,augu/1 #bea1 #bed ,ref9+1 mon?ly co/ ( p] ton ( bullion treat$1 #ajj ,roa/]s1 h&1 & me*anical furnaces1 av]age mon?ly co/ (1 #ih ,rob]ts-,au/51 ,w4 ,c41 #aci ,salts1 effect ( cry/allization ( conta9$ on concrete1 #bdc ,santa ,fe ,gold & ,copp] ,m9+ ,co41 #bee ,savelsb]g1 ,adolf1 #abb ,savelsb]g process1 #ahf-aib process1 claims ( 9 pat5t1 #bja process contra/$ ) ,hunt+ton-,heb]le91 #bji process1 diff]5ce betwe5 & ,hunt+ton-,heb]le91 #aig ,savelsb]g process ! simple/1 #acb ,scot*-he>? me?od1 p]man5cy (1 #aie ,scot* he>?s1 #cd ,s*neid]1 ,a4 ,f41 #ha ,seattle ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,works1 #bgc ,silv]-lead bla/ furnaces1 me*anical fe$+ (1 #ha bla/ furnace1 prop] conditions1 #gc smelt+1 details ( practice1 #gc smelt+1 mod]n1 #gc ,slag-smelt+ co/s1 #cd ,slime analysis at ,brok5 ,hill1 #ea ,slimes1 analyses ( 9 lead ref9+1 #bha desulphurization ( by heap roa/+1 #ea treatm5t ( at ,brok5 ,hill1 #ec-ee ,smelt]1 new1 at ,el ,paso1 ,texas1 #bhe ,smelt]s' pay1 #cb ,smelt+1 av]age co/ ( p] ton1 #ih ,smelt+ ,co4 ( ,au/ralia1 #bfc co/s1 #dh detail$ co/s (1 #aja1 #ajb ( gal5a ore1 #ch prep>ation ( f9e mat]ial =1 #ei ,solution1 wa%+ f slime1 #bgg ,/i*t1 ,mr41 #bef ,/4 ,joseph ,lead ,co41 #af ,/4 ,l\is ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #ha ,sulphide ,corporation1 #ade ,sulphur dioxide1 effect ( on cem5t1 #bdj ,sulphuric acid1 mak+ ( at ,brok5 ,hill1 #agd ,tasmanian ,smelt+ ,co41 #ade ,t5nessee ,copp] ,co41 #bee ,t]hune1 ,r4 ,h41 furnace grat+s1 #hd ,?a*]1 ,ar?ur1 #ad ,ulke1 ,titus1 #bgj ,unit$ ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,co41 #hh ,/ates ,z9c ,co41 #bie ,vez91 ,h4 ,a41 #beb ,walls1 reta9+1 #bcg ,walt]1 ,e4 ,w41 #bfj ,w>+1 ,w4 ,geo41 #bd ,wel*1 ,max ,j41 #bbi ,we!rill1 ,samuel1 #bdd ,:eel]1 ,h4 ,a41 #aj ,z9c1 am\nt requir$ 9 lead ref9+1 #bfe1 #bff cru/s1 treatm5t ( 9 lead ref9+1 #bfg oxide 9 slags1 #ajh retort residues1 analysis ( mat]ials smelt$ & bullion produc$1 #ajf retort residues1 smelt+1 #ajd ,,footnotes3 #a ,dur+ #aije1 antimonial lead comm&$ a premium ( ab\t #a;c4 p] lb4 above desilv]iz$1 ow+ to ! high price = antimony4 #b ,! figures = #aijc & #aijd h be5 add$ 9 ! revision ( ?is article = ?is book4 ,! production ( lead 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijc 0 #bgf1fid tons2 9 #aijd1 x 0 #cjb1bjd tons4 #c ,ounces ( silv] to ! ton ( lead4 #d ,^! figures are d\btful2 !y are probably too high4 7,see table on p4 #e74 #e ,! production ( z9c ore 9 ?is di/rict has n[ be5 comm5c$4 #f ,! manuscript ( ?is article 0 dat$ ,oct4 #e1 #aije4 #g ,translat$ f ,zeit4 f4 ,b]g4-,htt5-und ,sal95wes51 ,,liii 7#aije1 p4 #dej74 #h ,?is pap] is publi%$ 9 pp4 #adh-aff ( ?is book4 #i ,ab/ract f ,transactions ( ! ,au/ralasian ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,"p #a4 #aj ,9 ! c\rse ( subsequ5t discussion ,mr4 ,horwood /at$ t ! losses 9 roa/+ 7 #ab p] c5t4 9 lead & probably ab\t #e p] c5t4 9 silv]4 ,z comp>$ to roa/+ 9 ,ropp furnaces ! loss 9 lead 0 #e to #f p] c5t4 great]1 b ! diff]5ce ( loss 9 silv] 01 he ?\ght1 n appreciable4 ,mr4 ,hibb>d said t ! ,c5tral m9e _h obta9$ satisfactory results ) masonry kilns4--,,editor4 #aa ,ab/ract ( portion ( a pap] pres5t$ at ! ,mexican meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 "u ! title 8,! ,me*anical ,fe$+ ( ,silv]-,lead ,bla/ ,furnaces40 ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,xxxii1 pp4 #cec-cie4 #ab ,ab/ract ( a pap] 78,! ,me*anical ,fe$+ ( ,silv]-,lead ,bla/ ,furnaces07 pres5t$ at ! ,mexican meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s & publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions1 ,vol4 ,,xxxii4 ,= ! fir/ portion ( ?is pap] see ! prec$+ article4 #ac ,ab/ract ( a pap] 9 ,we/]n ,*emi/ & ,metallurgi/1 ,i1 ,,vii1 ,aug41 #aije4 #ad ,mu* bett] "w is be+ done at pres5t1 smelt+ ! ,we/]n z9c ores1 & ! residue conta9s ab\t "o-?ird ( ! above figure1 or #g4e p] c5t4 ( z9c oxide4 ,! high p] c5t4 ( ,zn,o left 9 residue 0 ma9ly due to poor roa/+4 #ae ,!re 0 also consid]able coke us$ ( an inf]ior grade1 made f ,kansas coal4 #af ,"p ( ! ,zn,o 9 roa/$ matte came f be+ roa/$ 9 ! same furnace ! z9c ore _h be5 roa/$ 94 #ag ,!re 0 less residue on ! *>ges dur+ ?is mon?1 :i* acc\nts = ! l>g] tonnage ) a l[] bla/4 #ah ,translation ( a pap] read be=e ! ,naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,v]e9 at ,aa*51 & publi%$ 9 ,metallurgie1 #aije1 ,,ii1 i1 #a-f4 #ai #ce to #dj cm4 #ac4gh to #ae4ge 94 #h to #i4ab oz4 p] sq4 94 #bj ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aijd1 ,,lxxviii1 p4 #fcj2 article by ,donald ,cl>k2 repr9t$ 9 ?is "w1 p4 #add4 #ba ,own] ( ! pat5ts4--,,editor4 #bb ,ab/ract ( a pap] 9 ,metallurgie1 ,,ii1 #ah1 ,sept4 #bb1 #aije1 p4 #dcc4 #bc ,?is me?od is describ$ fur!r on 9 ?is book4 #bd ,translat$ f ,metallurgie1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #ai4 #be ,briti% pat5t1 ,no4 #ag1ehj1 ,jan4 #cj1 #aijb1 8,improv$ process = desulphuriz+ sulphide ores40 #bf ,w4 ,c4 ,rob]ts-,au/51 8,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,metallurgy10 ,london1 #aijb4 #bg ,a4 ,lod91 ,comptes r5dus1 #ahie1 ,,cxx1 #aafd-aafg2 ,b]g4 u4 ,htt5m4 ,ztg41 #aijc1 p4 #fc4 #bh ,comptes r5dus1 loc4 cit4 #bi ,translat$ f ! ,zeits*rift fr das ,b]g4-,htt5-und ,sal95wes5 im4 preuss4 ,/aate1 #aije1 ,,liii1 ii1 pp4 #bai-bcj4 #cj ,translat$ f ! ,zeits*rift fr das ,b]g4-,htt5-und ,sal95wes5 im4 preuss4 ,/aate1 #aije1 ,,liii1 ii1 pp4 #bai-bcj4 #ca ,! manufacture ( sulphuric acid f ^! gases has n[ be5 und]tak5 9 ,silesia on a work+ scale4--,,editor4 #cb ,a pap] pres5t$ be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,july1 #aijf4 #cc ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,sept4 #b1 #aije4 #cd ,?is t]m is inexact1 because ! he>?s employ$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n /rictly 8,scot* he>?s10 b !y are commonly kn[n z su*1 :]e=e my use ( ! t]m4 #ce ,p]c5tages ( lead 9 ,miss\ri practice are bas$ on ! wet assay2 among ! silv]-lead smelt]s ( ! ,we/ ! fire assay is /ill g5]ally employ$4 #cf ,?is improvem5t did n orig9ate at ei!r ,alton or ,coll9sville4 ,x _h previ\sly be5 9 use at ! works ( ! ,miss\ri ,smelt+ ,company at ,*elt5ham1 ,/4 ,l\is1 b ! idea orig9at$ f ! practice ( ! ,pi*] ,lead ,company1 ( ,jopl91 ,mo4 #cg ,?is ref]s especially to ! ,savelsb]g process4 #ch ,a4 ,d4 ,c>mi*ael1 ,u4 ,s4 pat5t ,no4 #gje1ijd1 ,july #bi1 #aijb4 #ci ,metallurgie1 #aije1 ,,ii1 i1 #a-f2 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,sept4 #b1 #aije4 #dj ,metallurgie1 #aije1 ,,ii1 #ai2 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,jan4 #bg1 #aijf4 #da ,metallurgie1 #aije1 ,sept4 #bb1 #aije2 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,m>* #aj1 #aijf4 #db ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #ba1 #aije4 #dc ,translat$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,+alls4 #dd ,z orig9ally publi%$ ! title ( ?is article 0 8,lead-,smelt+ )\t ,fuel40 ,9 ?is connection ref]5ce may well be made to ,hannay's exp]im5ts & !ories1 ,transactions ,in/itution ( ,m9+ & ,metallurgy1 ,,ii1 #ahh1 & ,hunt+ton's discussion1 ibid41 p4 #bag4 #de ,exc]pt f a pap]1 8,concrete 9 ,m9+ & ,metallurgical ,eng9e]+10 ,transactions ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,,xxxv 7#aije71 p4 #fj4 #df ,a ,discussion ( ! ,pap] by ,h5ry ,w4 ,edw>ds1 on 8,concrete 9 ,m9+ & ,metallurgical ,eng9e]+10 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,,xxxv4 #dg ,eng9e]+ ,news1 ,nov #cj1 #ahii1 & ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,no4 #ffe1bej1 ,jan4 #a #aija4 #dh ,a discussion ( ! pap] ( ,h5ry ,w4 ,edw>ds1 on 8,concrete 9 ,m9+ & ,metallurgical ,eng9e]+10 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,,xxxv4 #di ,ab/ract f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical1 ,metallurgical & ,m9+ ,society ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,may1 #aijc4 #ej ,ab/ract ( a pap] 9 ,transactions ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,,xxxiv 7#aijd71 p4 #age4 #ea ,silv] n giv54 ,?is 0 ! case1 also1 ) ! gold 9 ! bullion4 ,! slimes conta9$ #j4aca p] c5t4 ( gold1 or #ci4a oz4 p] ton4 #eb ,a con/itu5t company ( ! ,am]ican ,smelt+ & ,ref9+ ,company4 #ec ,translat$ f ,zeit4 f4 ,b]g4-,htt54-und ,sal95wes5 im preuss4 ,/aate1 #aije1 ,,liii1 p4 #dcc4 #ed ,ab/ract f a pap] 9 ,zeit4 f4 ,b]g4-,htt5-und ,sal95wes5 im preuss4 ,/aate1 #aije1 ,,liii1 p4 #dci4 #ee ,translat$ f ,zeit4 f4 ,b]g4-,htt54-und ,sal95wes5 im preuss4 ,/aate1 #aije1 ,,liii1 #dij4 #ef ,ab/ract f a pap] 9 ,zeit4 f4 ,b]g4-,htt5-und ,sal95wes5 im preuss4 ,/aate1 #aije1 p4 #djj4 #eg ,ab/ract f a pap] 9 ,zeit4 f4 ,b]g4-,htt54-und ,sal95wes5 im preuss4 ,/aate1 #aije1 p4 #djj4 #eh ,ab/ract f an article 9 ,zeit4 f4 ,b]g4-,htt54-und ,sal95wes5 im preuss4 ,/aate1 #aije1 ,,liii1 p4 #ddd4 #ei ,translat$ f ,oe/4 ,zeit4 f4 ,b]g4-und ,htt5wes51 #aije1 p4 #dee4