,transcrib$ f ! #ahgg ,salopian &       
,we/-,midl& ,(fice edition by  ,david   
,price4                                 
,,!                               ,,clay
 ,,indu/ries                            
,,includ+ ,,!                           
,,fictile  ,,c]amic ,,arts              
,,on ,,!                                
,,banks ,,( ,,! ,,sev]n3                
,,) ,,notices ,,( ,,!                   
,e>ly ,use ( ,,%rop%ire ,,clays1 !      
,hi/ory (                  ,,pott]y1    
,,porcela91 c41 9 ! ,di/rict4           
,,by                              ,,john
 ,,r&all1 ,f4,g4,s41                    
,,au?or ,,(              #8,! ,sev]n    
,valley1' #8,old ,sports & ,sportsm51'  
#8,life                   ( ,capta9     
,webb1' #8,john ,wilk9son1' c4          
99 99 99 99 99                          
,,madeley1 ,,salop3              ,pr9t$ 
& ,publi%$ at ! ,salopian & ,we/-,midl& 
,(fice4                                 
#ahgg4                                  
99 99 99 99 99          ,,d$ication4    

,,to                        ,alex&] ,h4 
,br[n1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4    ,,sir1    ,!    
foll[+ treatise on ! 8,clay ,indu/ries0 
( ! ,bor\gh y  repres5t may sc>cely     
appe> at fir/ sight ( t importance to   
w>rant ! usual =m ( a d$ication1 & ,i   
confess ,i _c b wi%1  = pres5t purposes1
 t its m]its 7 m comm5surate ) !        
object4  ,z a l>ge numb] ( y\r          
con/itu5ts h[ev] are engag$ 9  ^! v>i\s 
bran*es ( trade--9 "o ( :i* y too h m   
?an a  g5]al int]e/1 & z ,i h be5 at "s 
tr\ble to collect facts  be>+ ^u _!     
g5]al hi/ory1 ! "w itself may n be )\t  
"s value4    ,! motive :i* dictates !   
d$ication w n1 ,i ?9k1 be  miscon/ru$1  
inasmu* z ! prom95t "p ,i took m ?an n9e
 ye>s  ago 9 introduc+ y to !           
con/itu5cy1 z "o likely to become a     
repres5tative ( ! 8,comm]cial ,elem5t0 (
 ! ,bor\gh1 & ! highly  satisfactory way
 9 :i* ^? pr$ictions h be5 v]ifi$ &     
fulfill$1 z well z ! v g5]al reg>d &    
e/eem all feel :o  h obs]v$ y\r public &
 private "*1 ju/ify me 9 feel+ a        

special pride 9 ! result1 & h]eby mak+  
?is public  ackn[l$gem5t ( s]vices s    
fai?fully & hon\rably r5d]$4    ,i h !  
hon\r to rema91    ,de> ,sir1           
y\rs fai?fully1                         
,,john ,,r&all4    ,,madeley1 ,,jan4    
#a,,/1 #ahgg4          ,,introduction4  
,,! ,bor\gh ( ,w5lock comprises places n
 only ri* 9 hi/oric  int]e/ b important 
also z c5tres ( manufactur+ indu/ry2 &  
none m s ?an ^? gr\p$ )9 a mile or two (
 ! ,iron-bridge1  itself a "w ( _w-wide 
fame4  8,broseley ,pipes0 & 8,broseley  
,bricks10--! latt] includ+ all simil>   
productions emanat+ f  ,coalbrookdale1 !
 ,woodl&s1 ,lady-,wood1 ,cole=d1        
c4--possess  ackn[l$g$ m]its :i* create 
= !m a con/ant dem&1 :il/ 9  high]      
bran*es ( ! art1 :]e simil> natural &   
o!r clays are  us$1 ,messrs4 ,maw1      
,crav51 ,dunnill1 & ,co41 & ,ba?ur/1 f9d
 a /ill  m ext5sive m>ket = _! goods4   
,f "t immemorial ! m]its ( ^! clays seem
 to h be5 kn[n  & recognis$2 if n f     
,e>ly ,briti%1 at any rate f ! p]iod  :5

 ! armies ( imp]ial ,rome p5etrat$ !    
,valley ( ! ,sev]n1  ?r\gh int]m$iate   
ages1 ^! b$s ( clay :i* give employm5t  
to  ?\s&s seem to h be5 us$ = "s purpose
 or o!r1 ei!r =  articles ( ornam5t or (
 use4  ,at ,ca]sws1 ne> ,ll&9am1 on !   
left  bank ( ! ,sev]n1 we h se5 ,roman  
bricks app>5tly ) !  initials ( !       
workm5's names ^u !m2 :il/ ( pott]y1 c>t
 loads  h be5 f\nd !re & at ,wroxet]1   
includ+ a numb] ( j>s1  bottles1 urns1  
lamps1 vases1 c41 ) hunt+ & o!r         
subjects4  ,"s  ( ! mort>s1 col&]s1     
di%es1 & simil> kit*5 ut5sils1 are (    
co>se :ite clay1 simil> to t n[ us$ at  
,broseley4  ,x is !re=e  evid5t f mod]n 
excavations t fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago !  
value  ( ^! clays 0 kn[n to !           
brick-mak]s & pott]s introduc$ by  t    
ent]pris+ p4  ,specim5s ( ,norman & (   
lat] p]iods are  r>e1 b c]ta9 evid5ces  
concur to make x cle> t n only fifte5   
hundr$ ye>s ago 0 ! wor? ( ^! clays     
e/abli%$1 b t f  t p]iod to ! pres5t !y 
h be5 us$ 9 "o way or ano!r4    ,!      

subject is !re=e "o ( hi/orical z well z
 ( indu/rial  int]e/1 al?\gh ^? at      
pres5t engag$ 9 ! v>i\s bran*es (       
manufacture may be too absorb$ 9 turn+ !
 mat]ial to acc\nt to  pause to note !  
/ages ! trades 9 :i* !y are engag$ h    
gone  ?r\gh4    ,x 0 ! value ( ^! clays 
:i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( works  = !     
manufacture ( porcela9 at ,caughley1    
,jackfield1 ,coalport1 &  ,madeley1     
hi/orical notices ( :i* works w be f\nd 
9 ! foll[+  pages1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p a 
repr9t ( articles t h  appe>$ 9 !       
8,salopian & ,we/-,midl& ,magaz9e40     
,,native ,,clays3  ,,or ,,^? ,,us$ ,,=  
,,bricks  ,,tiles1 ,,tesselat$ ,,tiles1 
,,pott]y1 c4      ,,clay1 z commonly    
und]/ood1 means e>? ( suffici5t         
ductility to  all[ ( its be+ knead$ by !
 h& into useful %apes or =ms1 &  ranks z
 a raw mat]ial1 or "o n work$ up or     
prep>$ = use4  ,"s clays are s(t1 o!rs  
are indurat$1 or h>d & rocky3 b all  h1 
nev]!less1 be5 9 "o s5se prep>$ by      
p\nd+s1 wa%+s1  & mix+s1 c>ri$ on by    

,nature on a mu* l>g] scale ?an t on    
:i* !y are n[ fitt$ = use4  ,!y diff] 9 
quality1 9 degree (  firmness1 & 9      
col\r1 & %[ c]ta9 relation%ips by :i* x 
is  cle> t !y are d]iv$ f s&1 j z s& is 
d]iv$ f a  h>dy race ( pebbles1 :i* 9   
turn be> a close relation%ip to rocks1  
f :i* und\bt$ly !y are also d]iv$4      
,surface clays1 us$ =  mak+ inf]ior     
bricks & tiles1 ^: e>?y od\r gives      
evid5ce (  alum9a1 are (t5 d]iv$ f r$   
s&/one rocks1 :i* h be5  gr\nd d[n by   
ma*9]y ( waves or /reams2 :il/ ! deep]  
coal-measure clun*es1 us$ = firebricks &
 pott]y1 7 orig9ally  ! s$im5t ?r[n by  
riv]s at _! emb\*ures into inl& lakes or
  seas4  ,common r$ clays1 d]iv+ _!     
col\r f iron1 h _m  impurities1 & conta9
 a l>ge p]c5tage ( alum9a4  ,fire-clays 
are  ne>ly free f iron1 & conta9 a l>ge 
am\nt ( silica1 :il/  *9a-clay1 or      
kaol91 conta9s felsp>1 sometimes ) !    
impurities  ( soda & pota%4    ,let u   
fir/ take brick & tile ,clays4  ,( !    
?ree sub/ances  express$ by ! ?ree words

 ( f\r lett]s--clay1 coal1 & gold1 we   
"q :e!r ! fir/ does n rank highe/ 9     
importance4  ,!  latt] may be ! mo/     
covet$1 b ! =m]1 we imag9e1 contributes 
mo/ to ! conv5i5ces & com=ts ( mank9d4  
,x is 9 "o =m or  ano!r univ]sally      
atta9able4  ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9  
its  qualities2 & :5 x is rememb]$ t a  
por\s brick made f bad  clay w hold     
ne>ly a qu>t ( wat]1 ! advantage ( good 
clays  produc+ good bricks :i* w protect
 heal? & prop]ty f !  injuri\s effects (
 a fickle climate1 becomes app>5t4  ,9  
addition to  ord9>y clays us$ = !       
manufacture ( build+ mat]ials1 we h     
?r\gh\t ! :ole coalfields ( ,%rop%ire & 
,/af=d%ire sup]ior  fire-clays1 :i*     
occur 9 a t\gh indurat$ /ate1 & are kn[n
 by !  famili> "n ( clun*es4  ,!y       
possess b a small portion ( iron1  :i*  
gives a r$ col\r to ord9>y clays1 at !  
same "t t !y  are di/+ui%$ by an almo/  
entire abs5ce ( lime & alkalies2 yet    
conta91 on ! o!r h&1 t proportion (     
silica & alum9a :i*  al?\gh !y _c be    

melt$ by ! /ronge/ heat1 =m +r$i5ts  :i*
 dur+ ! process ( burn+ comb9e to =m an 
artificial /one  capable ( su/a9+ great 
heat4  ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( "o (  
^! fire-clays3--    ,silica             
#fa4ia  ,alum9a                         
#ba4gc  ,protoxide ( ,iron              
#d4gc  ,lime                            
#j4ji  ,magnesia                        
#j4ei  ,pota%                           
#c4af  ,soda                            
#j4be  ,*loride ( sodium           #j4jh
  ,organic matt]               #j4gj    
,wat]                        #f4gc      
#ii4ig    ,^! %ales or clun*es1 n[      
indurat$1 7 orig9ally ! s(t soils  f :i*
 ! roots ( plants ( ! coal-measure p]iod
 drew _!  n\ri%m5t2 & !y /ill reta9 !   
impression ( su* roots 9 great          
abundance1 z any "o may satisfy himself 
:o takes a piece 9 8 h&  to exam9e x4   
,! vegetable matt] d]iv$ f roots1 & f ! 
plants !mselves1 give !m a d>k col\r2 b 
?is burns away 9 !  fir+1 & ! bricks    
come out ( ! kiln ne>ly a pure :ite4  ,x

 is  almo/ inv>iably f\nd t :]e !       
vegetation ( a seam ( coal grew  on !   
spot1 & 0 n transport$1 z 0 ! case 9 "s 
in/ances1  t "o ( ^! und]clays is to be 
f\nd /ill reta9+ v  beautiful ca/s ( !  
roots ( plants1 & n unfrequ5tly ! se$s z
  well z ! plants !mselves t grew above 
!m4  ,z fire-clays1 !y  are little if at
 all inf]ior to ! fam\s ,/\rbridge      
clays1 & !y  supply an invaluable       
mat]ial = crucibles1 = bricks = !       
int]ior  ( our bla/ & puddl+ furnaces1 =
 ! kilns ( our pott]ies1 &  = v>i\s o!r 
purposes :]e int5se heat is requir$4    
,) reg>d to clays 9 g5]al1 & ! art (    
work+ 9 !m1 x may  be rem>k$ t          
ar*ologi/s h told u little4  ,!y h      
divid$  ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! race into !    
/one1 bronze1 & iron p]iods1  b h told u
 no?+ ( ! age ( clay1 or ( an art :i* we
  v5ture to say 0 "o ( ! olde/ inv5t$ by
 man4  ,clay &  clay-work]s are f\nd    
ev]y:]e2 & ! mat]ial is "o ( ! mo/      
abundant provid$ by ,nature4  ,! fir/   
man w\ld f9d x s(t1 yield+1  & ready to 

8 h&s1 ) ! impressions ( birds & bea/s1 
sugge/ive ( ! use to :i* x might be put1
 & ! act ( m\ld+  x into =m w\ld be z   
natural z t ( pluck+ fruit f a tree1  or
 t ( tak+ up a /one to /rike a h>d] bl[ 
?an ! h& c\ld  give4  ,h>d5+ x 9 ! sun  
or bak+ x 9 a wood fire w\ld be  equally
 simple2 :il/ ! act ( fa%ion+ a %apeless
 mass into an  endur+ =m w\ld yield s   
mu* pleasure t x w\ld be repeat$4  ,t ! 
art is pre-hi/oric1 & began be=e ! race 
comm5c$ a  record ( its do+s1 is evid5t 
f specim5s :i* accompany !  rema9s ( m5 
( ^: tribe & nation we "k no?+4  ,liv+  
be+s  /rong] ?an man _h be5 ma/]s ( !   
globe be=e he came1 &  ignobly p]i%$1   
leav+ b ! impressions ( _! bones to tell
 (  _! exi/5ce2 b man br\ght ) him a new
 elem5t by :i* to  subjugate & subdue ! 
mat]ials he saw ar\nd him to 8 use1 &   
left  beh9d him m endur+ monum5ts4      
,o!r endur+ mat]ials press$ into !      
s]vice ( ar*itects (  anci5t & mod]n    
times 7 once z incoh]5t a mass ( atoms1 
& z  un%apable z ^! clays1 & 7 ei!r     

e>?s1 clays1 or s&s1 :i*  ,nature by !  
processes ( knead+1 press+1 & bak+1 9 h]
 great  laboratory1 conv]t$ into /one4  
,we f9d !m to "s ext5t ready  %ap$ to h&
 9 ! qu>ry1 & we cut !m into cubes or   
blocks1 &  pile !m up 9 build+s1 accord+
 to ! hum\r or ta/e ( ! "t4  ,bricks are
 artificial /ones1 & 9 mak+ !m we foll[ 
! example  ,nature set u only t we cut !
 pla/ic mat]ial fir/ ( all to !  size we
 desire x1 !n conv]t x into /one by     
heat2 & ?is  artificial /one1 we v5ture 
to say1 = durability & beauty1 is equal 
ev5 to ,nature's own production1 & q z  
sugge/ive to ! m9d4  ,nature's f9i%$    
mat]ial may be deem$ m suitable =       
*ur*es2 b  artificial /one1 fa%ion$ into
 %ape by man1 is q z appropriate  = a   
dwell+ 9 :i* ! highe/ social sanctities 
ga!r4  ,inde$ !  art ( us+ artificial   
/one appe>s to h be5 r\s$ f ! torpor    
into :i* x _h fall5 s9ce ,roman &       
,flemi% au?orities set su*  good        
examples4  ,p _h be5 s long accu/om$ to 
see brickwork us$  only = inf]ior h\ses1

 & /one = build+s ( great] pret5sions   
t1 till rec5tly1 ,engli% bricks h       
sc>cely _h ju/ice done !m4    ,!        
antiquity ( brickmak+ is s well-kn[n t x
 is sc>cely  necess>y to allude to x4   
,x w suffice to rem9d ! read] ( !  t[] (
 ,babel1 built ab\t #djj ye>s aft] !    
p]iod assign$ to !  flood4  ,t bricks 7 
made 9 ,egypt at an e>ly p]iod ( h]     
hi/ory  is well kn[n2 & t ?is same p _h 
fai? 9 _! durability is  cle> f ! fact t
 !y impress$ !m ) hi]oglyphics1 or      
hi/orical records1 transmitt+ to u !    
names ( _! k+s4  ,mr4  ,smi? ( ! ,briti%
 ,museum1 has br\ght home clay cyl9d]s  
:i* !  ,assyrians us$ = writ+ ^u4       
,aga91 ! way 9 :i* ,jewi% writ]s  speak 
( pots & pott]s1 comp>+ humanity to     
lumps ( clay fa%ion$  into vessels (    
hon\r & di%on\r1 & ! silly & wick$      
portion (  humanity to pot%]ds1 good =  
no?+ b to be ca/ ^u ! highway1  %[s t !y
 drew mu* ( _! philosophy f ! art4  ,)  
!m1  z ) o!r nations ( antiquity1 ! art 
( work+ 9 clay rank$  high4  ,pott]s ( !

 tribe ( ,judah 8dwelt ) ! k+40  ,& "o v
  noticeable feature is ! fact t ! same 
simple means are /ill  employ$ to effect
 ! same object2 = illu/rations 9 !      
catacombs (  ,!bes %[ t =ty c5turies ago
 clay 0 knead$ ) ! feet1  turn$ ^u a    
:eel1 & bak$ 9 a circul> ov51 z at      
pres5t4  ,!  praise ( ^? :o out ( rude  
clay fa%ion$ ?+s ( use & beauty1  &     
impress$ ^u pla/ic mat]ials ! liv+      
?\ghts t /irr$  m5's m9ds 0 l\dly sung1 
:il/ ! m successful cultivators (  ! art
 7 hon\r$ ) m$als & /atues1 & _! names  
transmitt$ by poets & hi/orians to      
po/]ity4  ,! ,greeks & ,romans  gave a  
dignity to ! art by rais+ x to a level )
 t (  sculpture4  ,a ,cor9?ian pott]1   
,pl9y tells u1 0 9 8 day reg>d$  z !    
fir/ :o contriv$ mak+ lik5esses 9 clay  
by press+ !  mat]ial up to ! outl9es 8  
daught] _h drawn ( h] lov]'s %ad[  on ! 
wall & plac+ x ) o!r pott]y to be h>d5$ 
9 ! fire4  ,o!r au?ors ascribe to ! art 
a high] antiquity & speak ( x z  ! p>5t 
( sculpture4  ,! e/imation 9 :i* x 0    

held is %[n by  ! fact t exhibitions ( !
 be/ works 9 clay 7 frequ5tly held  9   
,a!ns2 & among/ ! ru9s ( t city /atues (
 clay h be5  f\nd1 "s 9 gr\ps1 repres5t+
 ,grecian ,my?ology2 & "s ( l>ge  size  
reta9+ portions ( ! pa9t ) :i* !y 7     
col\r$ on !  eyes & eyebr[s4  ,9 !      
,t[nley ,gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum1    
,no4 #ch  is a /atue ( a ,muse1 ?ree    
feet elev5 in*es high2 & also a         
t]ra-cotta /atue ( a ,muse re/+ h] left 
arm ^u a pile ( writ+  tablets1 :i* are 
plac$ ^u a squ>e column1 b ! head is    
gone4  ,! =m] repres5ts ,orania1 ! latt]
 ,calliop1 ^: (fice x 0 to  note d[n !  
wor?y actions ( ! liv+1 z x 0 t (       
,clio's to  celebrate ^? ( dep>t$ h]oes4
    ,celts1 ,etruscans1 & ,*9ese made   
e>ly & great advances 9 ! art (  us+    
clay3 ! latt] _h ev5 an imp]ial porcela9
 "w at  ,k+-te-,*+1 a hundr$ &          
eighty-f\r ye>s ,be=e ,*ri/1 & ?irty    
ye>s ,b4,c4 !y introduc$ ! same art into
 ,japan4    ,) reg>d to bricks & tiles  
we "k t among ,roman & m$ival  build]s  

bricks made ( clay 7 held 9 high        
e/imation4  ,! =m]  ent]pris+ p hav+    
p5etrat$ into our valleys & excavat$ our
  hill sides 9 se>* ( lead & iron 7 n   
likely to neglect !  clays ) :i* ! ore =
 ! latt] 0 associat$2 & evid5ces (  !   
ext5t to :i* !y work$ !m on ! banks (   
riv]s1 :]e su*  seams 7 expos$1         
p>ticul>ly on ! banks ( ^? fl[+ ?r\gh  !
 great c5tres ( _! occupation1 confirms 
?is view4  ,_! armies  7 accompani$ by  
m5 le>n$ 9 ! art2 & 9 ! relics dug up at
  ,malmesbury1 ,salisbury1 ,romsey1     
,malv]n1 & ,uriconium1 mod]n work]s 9   
clay may le>n mu* ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( _!  
craft4  ,! /ill  up/&+ walls at         
,wroxet]1 ) /r+ c\rses ( tiles1 & !     
num]\s specim5s ( bricks1 tess]1 &      
pott]y 9 diff]5t col\r$  clays1 br\ght  
to light by excavations )9 its %ad[1 are
 int]e/+  f ! fact t "s are suppos$ to h
 be5 manufactur$ f clays  /ill 9 use 9 !
 neighb\rhood4    ,at ,ca]sws1 a little 
village on ! banks ( ! ,sev]n1 betwe5   
,ll&9am & ,newt[n1 well made bricks1 bo?

 ( composite & simple  clay1 may be se5 
/amp$ ) ,roman lett]s1 probably !       
initials (  workm5's names2 &1 z a te/ (
 ! durability ( bo?1 x may be  rem>k$ t 
aft] hav+ done duty 9 build+s 9 :i* !   
,roman  masons plac$ !m1 !y h be5       
rebuilt by ,briti% workm5 into !        
*imneys ( ! village4  ,^!1 ( c\rse 7    
burnt2 b1 fav\r$ by  ! extreme dryness &
 heat ( _! own climate1 ! ,romans1 l !  
,egyptians1 us$ clay mix$ ) *opp$ /raw1 
to assi/ ! t5acity (  _! bricks1 :i*1   
)\t be+ at all artificially heat$1 h    
la/$ ?\s&s ( ye>s4  ,! mat]ial ( :i*    
,roman bricks 9 ?is  c\ntry 7 =m$ 0     
usually a /rong clay1 su* z brickmak]s  
call  tile-clay2 well temp]$1 well      
press$1 & well burnt1 produc+ a heavy   
t\gh brick1 indef9itely durable1 & ( a  
good deep-r$ col\r4    ,ro(+ tiles h be5
 made 9 a simil> way to bricks1 "o w\ld 
imag9e1 look+ at ! specim5s f\nd at     
,wroxet] & o!r places f  ! "t ( ,roman  
occupation d[n to ! pres5t4  ,!y are    
f\nd 9  d\ble lay]s1 =m+ slightly       

project+ /r+-c\rses 9 !  build+s1 b l>g]
 & ?ick] ?an ours2 "s ( ^? dug up at    
,wroxet] be+ #ag in*es by #ab1 & #d     
in*es ?ick1 :il/ "s are #ba  in*es      
squ>e4  ,"o ( ^! l>g] ones has !        
impression ( ! foot  ( an ox1 evid5tly  
receiv$ :il/ 9 ! process ( dry+4  ,v _m 
int]e/+ specim5s ( bricks1 tiles1 &     
pott]y are f\nd "h1 &  ! art ( work+ up 
! clays ( ! di/rict has no d\bt be5     
practis$ f t "t to ! pres5t4    ,=m]ly  
clays 7 all[$ to lie dur+ ! w9t] to     
wea!r z x is  call$2 & a /atute n[      
obsolete requir$1 "u a p5alty1 t bricks 
%\ld n be made unless ! clay = mak+ !m  
_h be5 turn$ ov]  at int]vals1 ?ree     
times at lea/ be=e ! #a/ ( ,m>*4  ,b    
brickmak]s n[1 n hav+ pati5ce to wait = 
! action ( !  wea!r1 h inv5t$ ma*9]y to 
d ! "w1 & ! clay is tak5  direct f ! pit
 to be cru%$ by iron roll]s1 & convey$  
by co>se  canvas scre5s to ! pug-mill4  
,?is is an upright cyl9d]1 ) a  revolv+ 
v]tical %aft1 fitt$ up ) horizontal     
knives foll[+ ea*  o!r at an angle s z  

to cut1 amalgamate1 temp] ! mat]ial1 &  
fit  x = use4  ,! process ( =m+ ! brick 
itself requires m tact  ?an ! read] w\ld
 imag9e1 z ! yield+ clay has to be ?r[n 
into  ! m\ld s t e "p %all be fill$ up )
 a body ( equal  consi/5cy4  ,to cause !
 clay to leave ! m\ld1 ! latt] is ea*   
"t dipp$ into wat]1 9 :i* case ! process
 is call$  slop-m\ld+1 or is spr9kl$ ov]
 ) s& or coke-du/2 & :5 s  made ! brick 
is plac$ l5g?ways ) o!rs on smoo? flats1
 half an  in* or an in* ap>t & all[$ to 
dry4  ,! be/ k9d ( bricks are  subject$ 
to consid]able pressure 9 ! m\ld by     
means ( a ma*9e1  & a holl[ is left     
inside = ! mort>1 to enable !m to fit   
close  9 ! jo9t4  ,ornam5tal bricks (   
elaborate design = ar*itectural         
purposes require m delicate             
manipulation1 & ! clays = ^!  und]go m  
c>eful prep>ation4  ,ma*9es also are us$
 :i* take !  clay f ! cru%+-roll]s1     
temp] & ?or\ghly amalgamate x1 &  conv]t
 x into ! f9i%$ article4    ,! old      
me?ods ( prep>+ clay = bricks & tiles1  

/ill practis$  by "s firms1 is probably 
! be/ :]e a good t\gh article is        
requir$3 t is tread+ & h&-temp]+ by !   
workman1 :o kneads  x ) 8 nak$ feet1 &  
8slaps0 or 8w$ges0 x by break+ (f pieces
  & beat+ "o aga9/ ano!r4  ,ma*9]y1     
h[ev]1 is ext5sive us$1  & horizontal   
roll]s are set s z to secure diff]5t    
degrees (  f95ess1 9 conduction ) !     
pug-mill4    ,lime is a great enemy to  
good bricks1 z small portions escape bo?
  roll]s & pug-mill1 & be+ conv]t$ into 
quicklime by burn+1 x  slacks & bur/s   
bricks subject to ra9s & fro/s4  ,comp>e
 ! s\nd1  & h>d durable bricks made "h )
 ^? made ne> ,london1 into :i*          
,cockneys knock _! nails )\t tr\bl+     
!mselves to look = a  jo9t1 & say :e!r1 
) less freights1 !y might n be made to  
sup]s$e ! rubbi% pass+ "u ! "n ( ,london
 bricks1 :i* are  s(t1 damp1 & p]i%able1
 & "s ( :i*1 l o!rs ( inf]ior  quality1 
w hold f a p9t to a qu>t ( wat]4  ,/one1
 z %ewn by  ! new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 w 
n )/& ! action ( !  corrod+ acid to be  

f\nd 9 a ,london atmosph]e2 b good h>d  
,%rop%ire bricks w1 & = public build+s1 
to say no?+ (  ord9>y dome/ic /ructures1
 !y are invaluable4    ,! ,/af=d%ire    
blue bricks :i* ( late ye>s h come into 
su*  g5]al use1 p>ticul>ly 9 build+s    
connect$ ) railways1 are made  f a clay 
conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( p]oxide (   
iron1 a clay  :i* produces a r$1 a buff1
 or a blue brick accord+ to ! process ( 
fir+ & ! degree ( heat x und]goes 9 !   
kiln2 b x w 9 no  case /& a t]ra-cotta  
heat1 9 consequ5ce ( ! iron act+ z a    
flux4  ,b ! great c5tres ( ! art ( brick
 mak+ are on ! banks  ( ! ,sev]n4  ,clay
 & clay work]s are to be f\nd at        
,lille%all1  ,lightmoor1 ,horsehay1 & ! 
,woodl&s1 :]e1 z at ,broseley1 clays are
  f\nd on ! surface4  ,"h1 on ! valley  
side ! surface is  honeycomb$ by burr[+s
 aft] clay & coal4  ,"o ( ! mo/         
important  b$s ( clay = mak+ ord9>y     
bricks & tiles is "o #ag feet 9         
?ickness1 work$ 9 _m places by %all[    
%afts1 & levels driv5  into ! hill      

sides1 :i* :5 ab&on$ cause ! surface to 
collapse1  & ! gr\nd to crack1 z if by  
an e>?quake4  ,a v pretty *ur*1  built a
 c5tury s9ce on ! br[ ( ! hill ov]look+ 
"s ( !  brickfields1 is n[ a complete   
wreck1 9 consequ5ce ( ^! burr[+s  aft]  
clay4  ,! *ancel is fall+ away f ! body 
( ! build+1  ! walls are torn f ! ro( to
 ! f\ndation1 & ! w9d[s h  fall5 f _!   
places1 leav+ ! oak pews & h&some m>ble 
monum5ts a prey to ! elem5ts4  ,clays & 
coals are be+ p>$ away  f ar\nd x z a   
m\se w\ld p>e a *eese4  ,( c\rse ! bi%op
  cautions & ?reat5s1 b z long z 8      
lord%ip decl9es to g into  ! m9es ^!    
sapp]s & m9]s are safe2 & to !m mu/     
succumb n  only ! *ur*1 b ! gravey>d--  
8,:]e ! rude =efa!rs ( ! hamlet sleep40 
,9 conv]sation ) ! ,presid5t ( !        
,academy ( ,sci5ce at ,/4  ,pet]sburgh1 
:o "s ye>s ago visit$ ?is di/rict1 & )  
o!r  g5tlem5 di/+ui%$ 9 sci5ce & art1 we
 h he>d ! highe/  admiration express$ ( 
^! clays ( ! ,sev]n ,valley4  ,inde$1 ! 
v h&some public /ructures--n[ t         

prejudice is giv+ way1 &  t improv$ & m 
arti/ic treatm5t ( ! mat]ial            
pr$om9ates--:i* we see 9 t[ns erect$ ^u 
true ar*itectural  pr9ciples1 & by      
pr(essors ( classical & con/ructive     
/yles (  decoration1 are suffici5t      
indications ( ! capability ( ! mat]ial  
9 all its v>ieties = produc+ works ( a v
 high ord] ( m]it1  ) a light & a]ial   
effect n f\nd 9 ! old r$ brick1 nor ev5 
9 _m ( ! /one erections1 ( =m] times4   
,besides bricks & tiles1 ^! clays h be5 
turn$ to acc\nt f  v e>ly p]iods 9 o!r  
ways1 z = pott]y1 = in/ance1 (  diff]5t 
k9ds4    ,we h no reliable au?ority =   
fix+ ! date at :i* ! art (  pott+ 0 fir/
 practis$ 9 ,%rop%ire1 b x appe>s cle> t
 !  articles 7 ( ! simple/ k9d1 be+     
almo/ uni=mly dome/ic3  ^? 9 daily use1 
su* z milk-pans1 di%es1 tea-pots1 jugs1 
& mugs4  ,! latt] 7 sub/itutes = ! dr9k+
 horns1 :i* lat]  improvem5ts 9 ! pla/ic
 & c]amic arts h driv5 out ( use4  ,we  
h an anci5t specim5 ( "o made at !      
,pit*y>d1 & a draw+ (  ano!r made at    

,haybrook1 well pott$1 & elegant 9 %ape4
  ,!  latt] is ! be/ manipulat$1 &      
probably x 0 f ?is  circum/ance t !     
latt] "w 0 call$ 8,! ,mug-,h\se40    ,9 
evid5ce adduc$ sometime s9ce 9 an       
,election ,scrut9y at ,bewdley1 a       
public-h\se ref]r$ to 0 call$ !         
8,mugh\se10 :i* h\se is  situat$ on !   
,sev]n1 at a po9t :]e ! b>gem51 :o =m]ly
 drew  ! vessels up ! riv] in/ead (     
horses1 7 9 ! habit ( /opp+  to get mugs
 ( ale4  8,tots0 7 made out ( ! same k9d
 ( clay1 b  small]1 & 7 us$ :5 ! m5     
drank 9 company2 h5ce a p]son :o  _h    
drank too mu* 0 suppos$ to h be5 ) a    
convivial p>ty1 &  0 said to h be5      
8totty10 a ^w (t5 f\nd 9 old works4     
,tots _h  no h&les1 & "s ( ! old dr9k+  
cups1 m p>ticul>ly ^? (  glass ( ,anglo 
,saxon make1 7 r\nd$ at ! bottom t !y   
%\ld  n /& upright1 & t a man may empty 
!m at a draught1--! cu/om  cont9u+ till 
lat] times gave rise to our mod]n "n (  
tumbl]4  ,!  small tots _h no h&les2 !  
mug _h a 8/\k10 z x is call$1  consi/+ (

 a s+le piece ( clay1 flatt5$ & b5t ov] 
into a  loop4  ,! w>e 0 simil> to !     
fam\s 8,rock+ham w>e0 made on !  e/ate (
 ,e>l ,fitzwilliam1 ne> ,w5twor?4    ,! 
discov]y ( a salt glaze took place 9    
#afij1 & ! manufacture (  t k9d ( w>e   
mu/ h comm5c$ "h soon aft]1 z traces (  
works  ( ! k9d are abundant4  ,?is me?od
 consi/$ 9 ?r[+ salt into  ! kiln :5 !  
w>e _h atta9$ a great heat1 holes be+   
left 9 !  clay boxes t conta9$ x 9 ord] 
t ! fumes may ent] &  vitrify ! surface4
  ,evid5ces ( ! manufacture ( ^! old    
mugs &  tots1 toge!r ) milk-pans &      
wa%+-pans1 hav+ be5 made at an  e>ly    
p]iod1 are num]\s2 & ! old segg>s 9 :i* 
!y 7 burnt  (t5 =m walls ( ! olde/      
cottages 9 ,b5?all & ,broseley ,wood4   
,a consid]able numb] ( old j>s1 mugs1 & 
o!r articles1 h f  "t to "t be5 f\nd 9  
places & "u circum/ances suffici5t to   
indicate great antiquity2 z 9 m\nds     
ov]gr[n ) trees1 & 9 old  pits :i* = "t 
immemorial h n be5 work$4  ,"o l>ge e>!n
  j>1 ) 8,george ,weld10 9 light clay1 0

 f\nd 9 an old dra9 at  ,willey1 & is n[
 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,=e/]4  ,mr4 ,john
  ,?ursfield1 :o liv$ at ,b5?all hall1 0
 at "o "t proprietor (  ^! works4       
,?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago ^! works 7  
c>ri$ on by ,messrs4  ,bell  ,lloyd2    
aft]w>ds by ,mr4 ,john ,lloyd1 "o ( !   
be/ & mo/  truly pi\s m5 we ev] knew1 :o
 "s "t be=e 8 dea? transf]r$  !m to a   
nephew1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,ba?ur/4  ,8 son       
succe$$ him1 & aft] a  "t sold !m to !  
pres5t proprietor1 ,mr4 ,all51 :o to !  
ord9>y  r$ & yell[ w>e1 :i* f9ds a ready
 sale 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,wales1  has add$  
articles ( use & ornam5t 9 o!r ways1    
includ+ =c+  pots1 g>d5 vases1 & v>i\s  
t]ra cotta articles4    ,( ! ,pit*y>d   
works we "k little1 only t !y /ood :]e !
  late ,mr4 ,e4 ,s\?orn c>ri$ on 8 ,pipe
 ,works1 & :]e we rememb]  !m 9 ru9s m  
?an fifty ye>s ago2 b ! num]\s segg>s1  
n[  f\nd 9 cottage g>d5 walls1 %ew t !y 
mu/ h be5 cont9u$  = "s consid]able "t4 
,b1 besides ! manufacture ( bricks1     
tiles1 & pott]y1 ^! clays  h be5 rais$  

to a trade )9 ! pa/ few ye>s 9 ?is      
di/rict  :i* is e day increas+1 & :i* is
 capable ( mu* fur!r  expansion3 we ref]
 n[ to ! important dep>tm5t ( encau/ic  
or  inlaid tiles & mosaics4  ,! art (   
produc+ tiles ( ?is description  is only
 rec5tly reviv$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is "o   
:i* 9 po9t (  antiquity is n to be      
comp>$ ) its si/] bran*es4  ,! fir/     
attempt1 s f> z we are aw>e1 to revive !
 art 9 ,%rop%ire1 0 at  ,jackfield2 b ! 
fir/ designs 7 crude1 qua9t1 &          
spiritless1 &  altoge!r want+ 9 ^? nic] 
di/9ctions & qualities :i*1 n  be+      
p]ceiv$ by ! m9d ( ! produc]1 c\ld n be 
wr\ght by !  h&4  ,9 ?is z 9 _m o!r     
bran*es ( fictile art insight into  !   
pr9ciples z well z eyesight is requir$1 
& ! mi/ake--z 9  _m o!r in/ances--0     
committ$ ( attempt+ some?+ :i*1 )  !    
exp5diture ( ?\ght & "t1 might cat* !   
un$ucat$ eye--!  object be+ to produce  
quantity r ?an quality4  ,b ! call  made
 ^u ! art by ! enlight5$ dem&s ( ! age  
soon gave a  wond]ful impetus to !      

improvem5t1 & m5 ( educat$ arti/ic      
ta/e--l ! ,m9tons & ! ,maws--soon call$ 
to _! aid !  assi/ance ( ! greate/ g5ius
 & ! highe/ design+ tal5t at  comm&2 at 
! same "t t !y direct$ _! ef=ts to      
def9ite  po9ts 9 :i* utility might be   
made ! in/rum5t ( beauty1 & by  :i*     
orig9ality & intelligible design might  
be made to rise out (  ! mo/            
common-place wants4  ,b al?\gh ! mod]n  
manufacture (  geometric & encau/ic     
tiles is rec5t1 x already f> surpasses !
  anci5ts 9 v>iety & arrangem5t1 9      
geometric patt]ns1 & 9 beauty  ( design 
9 encau/ics z well z 9 me*anical f9i%2  
al?\gh x may  be d\bt$ :e!r ! same      
bread? ( g5]al effect is /udi$ z 9  _m  
anci5t examples4  ,m9tons1 ( ,/oke1 ,maw
 & ,co41 ( ,b5?all1  ,h>graves & ,crav51
 ( ,jackfield1 & ,mr4 ,ba?ur/1 (        
,broseley1 h  ea* produc$ beautiful     
encau/ic tiles = pavem5ts--bo? =        
ecclesia/ical & dome/ic use2 & !re is   
yet a l>ge field =  developm5t ( ! use (
 simil> tiles to col\r & enri* ! details

  ( our /reet ar*itecture1 z well z 9 t 
( m elaborate &  important /ructures4   
,! ,coalbrookdale ,co41 h rec5tly       
manufactur$ "s admirable  t]ra-cotta    
entablatures1 ) hi/orical subjects =    
co/ly build+s  9 ! metropolis4  ,!      
erection ( ! ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific       
,in/itution also1 ( diff]5t col\r$ clays
 %ews _! adaptation to  works ( great   
ar*itectural beauty4          ,,maw ,,& 
,,co',s ,,tesselat$1 ,,mosaic1 ,,&      
,,majolica ,,works4      ,x 0 !         
excell5cy ( ! ,broseley & ,b5?all clays1
 above ref]r$  to1 :i* attract$ !       
,messrs4 ,maw to ! spot & l$ !m to      
remove  f ,worce/]1 to :]e !y _h be5 9 !
 habit1 fir/ ( all1 (  hav+ !m convey$  
by b>ges on ! riv]1 to ! pres5t site (  
_!  works1 fa%ion$ out ( ! old ,b5?all  
,iron ,works1 c>ri$ on a c5tury  ago by 
,mr4 ,h>ries1 !n own] ( ! ,b5?all e/ate4
  ,not)/&+  ! additions made by !m1 !   
trade has s wond]fully develop$ itself  
t aft] build+ ^u or 9 "s way occupy+ e  
in* ( gr\nd1  !y are cramp$ = room1 & h 

pur*as$ a piece ( gr\nd at !  ,tuckies  
on :i* !y are ab\t to erect m commodi\s 
premises4    ,9 addition to ^? classical
 & o!r adjuncts ( ar*itectural  com=t & 
embelli%m5t1 embrac+ encau/ic tiles--!  
reproduction (  an art limit$ 9 m$ival  
times to *ur* decoration1 b n[ hav+ a   
mu* m ext5d$ application1 & !           
manufacture ( tess]1 us$ 9  !           
con/ruction ( geometrical mosaic        
pavem5ts1 simil> 9 "* to  ^? f\nd 9 !   
m$ival build+s ( ,italy1 also moresque  
mosaics1  l ^? occurr+ 9 ,roman rema9s 9
 ?is c\ntry & on !  cont95t1 !y n[      
manufacture a sup]ior majolica1 & fai5ce
 ( great  purity1 9 bo? ( :i* dep>tm5ts 
!y h rec5tly receiv$ fir/  class m$als  
at ! ,philadelphia exhibition4  ,!      
accompany+ engrav+  w convey an idea ( !
 adaptation ( fai5ce to articles (      
dome/ic  utility4                       
,picture3 ,! adaptation ( fai5ce to a   
fireplace          ,,jackfield ,,pott]y 
,,& ,,porcela94      ,old] ev5 ?an !    
,haybrook ,mug ,h\se are ! ,pot ,works (

 ,jackfield1  :i*1 accord+ to ! p>i%    
regi/] ( ,/oke-^u-,tr5t1 quot$ by  ,mr4 
,jewitt & ,mr4 ,*aff]s1 suppli$ a race (
 pott]s to t great  c5tre ( e>ly        
pot-mak+ 9 ! ye> #aefj4  ,excavations   
made too1 "s  ye>s ago1 br\ght to light 
on a spot ne> :i* ! pres5t works (      
,crav51 ,dunnill  ,co41 n[ /&1 an ov51  
or kiln1 ) unbak$ w>e1  :i* appe>$ to h 
be5 buri$ by a l&-slip2 & 9 an old pit1 
:i* x 0 said _h n be5 op5$ = two        
c5turies1 a br[n mug 0  discov]$1 :i* _h
 ^u x ! date #afcd4  ,if ,jackfield     
suppli$ e>ly  pott]s = ,/oke1 ,/oke s5t 
pot ma/]s to ,jackfield4  ,"o ( ^! 0    
,mr4 ,ri*>d ,?ursfield1 an ance/or (    
,greville ,t4 ,?ursfield ,m4,d41 :o     
took ^! works & c>ri$ !m on 9 #agac4    
,he 0 succe$$ by 8  son ,john1 ( :om we 
h spok5 z aft]w>ds liv+ at ,b5?all &    
c>ry+ on works !re4  ,! late ,ri*>d     
,?ursfield1 ,esq41 _h 9 8  possession "s
 good examples ( ,jackfield w>e4  ,among
 !m 0 a  h&some jug1 gilt1 hav+ on x1 we
 believe1 ! "n ( "o ( !  family4    ,9  

#aggb1 or soon aft]1 ,mr4 ,simpson c>ri$
 on ! works2 & he appe>s  to h fur!r    
improv$ ! manufacture1 = 9 addition to !
 8black  decant]s10 z 8 mugs 7 call$1 he
 made v>i\s articles ( sup]ior  quality1
 :i* prior to ! break+ out ( ! w> )     
,am]ica f\nd a  ready sale !re4  ,! old 
mill turn$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,sev]n1 :]e   
he gr\nd 8 mat]ials1 has j be5 tak5 d[n4
    ,mr4 ,blakeway aft]w>ds c>ri$ on !  
works1 & 0 jo9$ by ,mr4 ,john  ,rose1 ^u
 leav+ ,caughley1 &1 aft] c>ry+ !m on a 
%ort "t by  himself1 he remov$ !m1 z he 
did ! ,caughley ,works1 to ,coalport1 on
  ! opposite bank ( ! riv]4    ,! site (
 ! old pott]y 0 on ! gr\nd :i* is n[    
occupi$ by  ! ,jackfield ,encau/ic ,tile
 ,works1 ! clays ( :i* are specially    
adapt$ = geometrical & encau/ic tiles2 &
 su* tiles h be5  made "h = a numb] (   
ye>s2 b s9ce ! old works1 came into !   
possession ( ! pres5t firm ( ,messrs4   
,crav51 ,dunnill & ,co41 great  *anges h
 tak5 place4  ,! firm took a lease (    
ab\t f\r acres (  gr\nd1 & adjo9+ ! old 

works built a l>ge & commodi\s          
manufactory1 :i* has be5 9 op]ation =   
ne>ly two ye>s4  ,!y h  s9ce tak5 d[n   
all ! build+s ( ! old works1 & h erect$ 
on  _! site & jo9+ up to ! new works1   
l>ge w>eh\ses1 %[ room1  (fices1 &      
entrance lodge4  ,! plan ( ! works is v 
complete1 s  z 9 e way to economise 9 ! 
process ( manufacture1 & !y are  n[     
among ! mo/ complete works ( ! k9d4     
,z %ewn 9 ! accompany+ engrav+1 !       
build+s consi/ ( f\r  blocks1 "o deta*$ 
& ! o!rs connect$1 ea* block accommodat+
 a  sep>ate bran* ( ! manufacture4      
,picture3 ,crav5 ,dunnill  ,co4's new   
works    ,9 ! deta*$ block ! raw        
mat]ials are r$uc$ to a /ate ready =  ! 
workman4    ,! second block conta9s !   
damp+ places1 :]e ! clays are kept 9  a 
c]ta9 degree ( moi/ure2 press]s' %ops = 
! v>i\s col\rs (  geometrical tiles1 & !
 encau/ic tile mak]s' %ops1 ) _!  /oves4
    ,! next block provides = ! dry+ &   
fir+ ( ! goods &  decorat+ %ops4    ,on 
! fir/ floor are work%ops employ$ =     

pa9t+1 pr9t+ &  enamell+1 or o!r        
decorative purposes4    ,! f\r? block   
provides = ! sort+ & /ock+ ( goods & =  
pack+ !m = despat*2 also ! (fices &     
%[room4    ,ne> to ! deta*$ block fir/  
describ$ a small gas-works has be5      
erect$1 :i* supplies ! :ole ( ! build+s4
          ,,caughley4      ,l ! works   
previ\sly m5tion$1 ^? ( ,caughley 7 ^u !
  outcrop ( ! coals & clays ( !         
,%rop%ire coal-field4  ,!y 7  e/abli%$  
ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury1 on !     
e/ate ( ,mr4  ,br[n1 :o liv$ at         
,caughley ,hall1 & 0 an ance/or ( ,t4   
,wylde ,br[n1  ,esq41 ( ! ,woodl&s1 ne> 
,bridgnor?4  ,an opaque /one *9a appe>s 
to h be5 made !re 9 ! fir/ in/ance4     
,! works appe> to h be5 c>ri$ on by ,mr4
 ,br[n1 9 ! fir/  place1 & !n by ,mr4   
,gallimore1 a relative ( ,mr4 ,br[n's2 &
  aft]w>ds by ,m4 ,turn]1 :o succe$$ 9  
produc+ an article ( v  sup]ior m]it1 & 
"o :i* w always hold a di/+ui%$ place 9 
! hi/ory ( ! c]amic art4  ,mr4 ,turn] 0 
! son ( ! ,rev4  ,ri*>d ,turn]1 ,d4,d41 

rector ( ,cumb]ton1 vic> ( ,emley ,ca/le
 &  ,norton1 & ,*apla9 to ! ,c\ntess (  
,wigt[n4  ,?omas 8 son1 0  born #agdi1 &
 m>ri$ 9 #aghc1 ,miss ,doro?y           
,gallimore1 a niece ( ,mr4  ,br[n1 (    
,caughley ,hall4  ,mr4 ,turn] 0 a       
g5tleman ( great ta/e1 a  good          
draughtsman1 & an excell5t engrav]1 hav+
 le>n$ ! latt]  art at ,worce/]1        
probably "u ,rob]t ,hancock1 "s v f9e   
examples  ( ^: "w are 9 ! possession (  
,mr4 ,ar?ur ,maw1 ( ,sev]n ,h\se1  :o   
also has _m v f9e productions (         
,caughley at ! be/ p]iod (  its exi/5ce4
  ,9 #aghj ,mr4 ,turn] visit$ ,france1 &
 br\ght back )  him sev]al skill$       
workm51 & an ar*itect1 :om he employ$ 9 
!  erection ( a v h&some *ateau1 9 !    
,fr5* /yle (  ar*itecture4  ,! works 7  
sev]al ye>s 9 progress1 & 7  complet$ 9 
#agge1 z %ewn by a newspap] p>agraph (  
,novemb] #a/ 9  t ye>1 :i*1 is z        
foll[s3--        8,! porcela9           
manufactory erect$ ne> ,bridgnor?1 9 ?is
 c\nty1      is n[ q complet$1 & !      

proprietors h receiv$ &      suppli$    
ord]s to a v l>ge am\nt4  ,lately we saw
 "s ( _!      productions :i* 9 col\r & 
f95ess are truly elegant &              
beautiful1 & h ! bright & lively :ite ( 
! s mu*      extoll$ ,ori5tal40         
,pr9t+ on porcela9 appe>s fir/ to h be5 
introduc$ by ,dr4 ,wall  at ! ,worce/]  
works1 a process soon aft] tak5 to      
,caughley by a  p]son nam$ ,hold%ip1 a  
=m] p>tn] 9 ! ,worce/] works1 :]e x  0  
practis$ z a great secret1 ) clos$      
doors4    ,mr4 ,*aff]s says3--          
8,! excell5ce ( ,turn]'s porcela9 & !   
inv5tion ( !      beautiful d>k blue ( !
 ,caughley *9a1 attribut$ to him1 ga9$  
him great patronage4  ,9 #aghj he       
produc$ ! celebrat$ 8will[      patt]n10
 :i* ev5 at ! pres5t day is 9 great     
dem&1 & !      8blue dragon10 ano!r     
fav\rite patt]n1 & complet$ ! fir/      
blue pr9t$ table s]vice made 9 ,engl& = 
,?omas ,:itmore1      ,esq41 ( ,apley   
,p>k1 ne> ,bridgnor?2 ! patt]n 0 call$  
,nank91 & 0 some?+ simil> to ! ,broseley

 tea s]vice      produc$ 9 #aghb1 all 9 
porcela94  ,mr4 ,?omas ,m9ton1 ( ,/oke1 
assi/$ 9 ! completion ( ?is s]vice1 be+ 
articl$ z an      engrav] !re4          
8,messrs4 ,*amb]la9 ( ,worce/]1 until ! 
end ( #agij1 _h _!      porcela9 9 !    
:ite f ,?omas ,turn] ( ,caughley4  ,he  
at fir/      mix$ all ! bodies himself1 
b aft]w>ds in/ruct$ 8 si/]      h[ to d 
x2 subsequ5tly a man nam$ ,jones mix$ = 
him40    ,! o!r works at ,worce/]1      
,gra+]  ,co41 =m]ly1 :5 fir/  e/abli%$1 
m]ely pa9t$ & f9i%$ w>e manufactur$ at  
,caughley4  ,! ,*9a s s5t 0 m>k$ ) !    
lett] 8,c40 = ,caughley2 sometimes      
8,s40 = ,salopian4    ,among ! *ief     
workm5 7 ! foll[+3--,dontil1 pa9t]2     
,muss &  ,silk1 :o aft]w>ds atta9$ great
 celebrity 9 ,london1 z pa9t]s on       
enamel1 7 l&scape pa9t]s4  ,?omas       
,f5nell1 & ,edw>d ,jones fl[]  pa9t]s1  
,?omas ,m>t9 ,r&all1 bird pa9t]1 ,edw>d 
,r&all1 gold  decorator1 ,adams1 blue   
pa9t]1 ,de ,vivy & ,/ephan1 modell]s4   
,p]ry1 "o ( ! workm5 :o 0 appr5tic$ to  

,mr4 ,turn]1 /ates t  9 #agig !y _h f\r 
pr9t+ presses at ,caughley1 introduc$ by
 ,davis2  ! patt]ns at t "t & = ye>s    
previ\sly be+ birds & blue  panels2 t   
,turn] _h be5 an engrav] at ,worce/]2 t 
he recollects  a slab on ! front ( "o ( 
! ar*es ( ! build+ at ,caughley1  /at+ !
 date ( its f\ndation1 #aggb1 :i* w\ld  
be ! "t he  succe$$ ,mr4 ,gallimore1 & t
 x 0 n f9i%$ = "s "t  aft]4    ,9 !     
,salopian ,mag4 we gave an engrav+ ( !  
old works1 f a view  9 ! possession (   
,mr4 ,hub]t ,smi?1 ! only l9eal desc5d5t
 ( ,mr4  ,turn]2 & also ( a 8puzzle     
jug10 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,e4      
,?ursfield1 ( ,bridgnor?4  ,x is eight  
in*es 9 height1 & is =m$  ( ! usual body
 ( ^! works4  ,x is decorat$ ) blue     
sprigs1 &  be>s on its front ! "n1 9 an 
oval bord]1 (                           
,john ,ge>y                             
,cleak ( !                              
,old ,*ur*                              
,brosley                                
#aghi4    ,on ! bottom is writt5 9 blue 

8,ma!w ? v  #af10 ?\gh "o w\ld  fail to 
see any allusion 9 ! text "h ref]r$ to  
ei!r to !  vessel or to its purpose4    
,! fir/ specim5s ( ,caughley are b      
little remov$ f e>!nw>e1  b ! mat]ial   
spe$ily improv$1 z did ! manipulation or
 pott+2  ! latt] to an ext5t z reg>ds   
%ape & outl9e s mu* s z to  r5d] _m ( !m
 sup]ior to ! same class ( articles ( ! 
pres5t  day4  ,_! excell5ce 9 ?is       
respect is s self-evid5t z /ill to  r5d]
 ,caughley *9a a great fav\rite4  ,*oice
 articles ( ?is  manufacture are        
c>efully gu>d$ by ,%rop%ire families1 ) 
:om !y  h become heirlooms2 !y are      
c>efully /or$ 9 corn] cupbo>ds &  on    
kit*5 %elves1 :]e !y 7 once kept 9      
c\nt5ance by r[s (  %9+ pewt]1 & are    
only produc$ at *ri/5+s & w$d+s1 &  on  
su* r$-lett] days & r>e occasions4  ,e  
ye> w add to _!  value1 to ! v5]ation 9 
:i* !y are held2 & at di/ant p]iods1  & 
:5 comp>$ ev5 ) ! ord9>y productions (  
our factories at  ! pres5t day1 !y w    
s]ve to %[ h[ successful 7 !            

well-direct$ ef=ts at ! ,caughley ,works
 to produce a porcela9 :i*  %\ld take   
high rank & ma9ta9 x4    ,! build+s ( ! 
old factory h be5 raz$ to ! gr\nd2 !    
pl\gh passes ov] :]e !y /ood1 & a few   
pit*]s turn$ up n[ &  !n are ! only     
indications obta9$ ( ^! int]e/+ works4  
,b a  class ( clev] m5 7 educat$ !re2 "s
 ( :om--z ! late ,h]b]t  ,m9ton's fa!r1 
,john ,rose1 & o!rs--h done mu* to raise
 !  "* ( our ,engli% productions4       
,,coalport ,,porcela9 ,,works4      ,!  
fir/ works at ,coalport 7 we believe    
f\nd$ & c>ri$ on by  ,william ,reynolds1
 ,?omas ,rose1 ,rob]t ,horton1 & ,rob]t 
,an/ice2 !  =m] ,william ,reynolds1 be+ 
!n ,"l ( ! ,manor4  ,! build+s1 or  a   
good portion occupi$ by !m are /ill /&+4
    ,mr4 ,?omas ,rose1 & ,mr4 ,john     
,rose1 7 sons ( a respectable f>m]  liv+
 at ,swe5ey4  ,! latt] 0 a cl]k "u ,mr4 
,turn]1 at ,caughley1  & left him to    
take ! ,jackfield works ab\t ! ye>1 x is
 said1  #aghj4  ,hav+ c>ri$ !m on = a   
few ye>s1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4          

,blakeway1 dur+ :i* "t he greatly       
improv$ ! quality ( !  article          
manufactur$ !re1 he e/abli%$ ! pres5t   
,coalport works on  ! side ( ! canal1 !n
 rec5tly op5$1 & opposite to ^? (       
,reynolds1 ,horton1 ,?omas ,rose1 &     
,rob]t ,an/ice4  ,on ,mr4 ,turn]  retir+
 f ! ,caughley works 9 #agii1 ,mr4 ,rose
 & ! new company he  _h =m$ pur*as$ !m1 
& by means ( increas$ capital %ortly    
aft]w>ds remov$ bo? plant & mat]ials f  
,caughley & ,jackfield  to ! m          
advantage\s position !y n[ occupy1 on ! 
banks ( !  canal & ! ,sev]n4  ,ev5 !    
build+s 7 pull$ d[n & ! bricks  & timb] 
remov$ to ! opposite side ( ! ,sev]n1   
:]e !y 7  us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! cottages n[ 
/&+ opposite to ! pres5t  ,coalport     
,works4    ,a /aff ( excell5t "w-p _h   
be5 obta9$ f ,caughley &  ,jackfield    
works comb9$1 b an accid5t occurr$ on ! 
night ( !  #bcrd ( ,octob] 9 t ye> by ! 
capsiz+ ( ! f]ry1 z !  "w-p 7 cross+ !  
,sev]n1 by :i* tw5ty-eight 7 dr[n$1  "s 
among !m be+ ! be/ h&s employ$ at !     

works4  ,x 0 a  d>k night1 ! boat 0     
cr[d$1 & ! man at ! helm1 n hav+  be5   
accu/om$ to put ! boat ov] all[$ !      
vessel to sw+ r\nd 9  ! *annel :]e1 ) a 
/rong tide runn+1 x 0 drawn "u by !     
rope :i* w5t f ! ma/ to a rock 9 ! b$ ( 
! riv]4  ,"s  manag$ to scramble out on 
! ,broseley side ( ! /ream2 b !  foll[+ 
7 lo/1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( ^? :o ru%$ to  
! riv] side on he>+ ! despair+ cries    
rais$ to save !m4  ,jane  ,burns1 ,s>ah 
,burns1 ,ann ,burns1 ,m>y ,burgess1     
,elizabe? ,flet*]1 ,m>y  ,flet*]1       
,elizabe? ,be>d1 ,jane ,bod51 ,elizabe? 
,w>d1 ,s>ah ,bagnall1  ,sophia ,banks1  
,m>y ,miles1 ,elizabe? ,evans1 ,ca!r9e  
,l[e1 ,jane ,leigh1  ,*>les ,walk]1     
,george ,lynn1 ,james ,f>nwor?1 ,george 
,%eat1 ,john ,*ell1  ,rob]t ,l[e1       
,william ,be>d1 ,john ,jones1 ,b5jam9   
,gosnall1 ,b5jam9 ,wyld1  ,ri*>d        
,m\nt=d1 ,joseph ,poole1 & ano!r4  ,!   
tw5ty-eight lo/  includ$ "s ( ! be/     
arti/s2 & an unf9i%$ piece ( "w1 left   
by ,*>les ,walk] b a few m9utes be=e he 

lo/ 8 life1 0 till  )9 a few ye>s ago   
rev]5tly kept 9 ! w>eh\se z a mem5to (  
! un=tunate ev5t4    ,! ev5t1 z may be  
expect$1 creat$ a great s5sation at !   
"t1 &  0 ?us commemorat$1 by ,mr4 ,dyas1
 "o ( ! ,coalport workm53       ,alas6  
,alas6 ! fat$ night        ,( cold      
,octob] tw5ty ?ird1     ,9 sev5te5      
hundr$ n9ety-n9e2        ,:at cries1 :at
 lam5tation he>d1     ,! h\r n9e1 :5 f  
yon pile1        ,:]e fair porcela9     
takes h] =m1     ,:]e en]gy ) g5ius     
jo9s1        ,to robe h] 9 ^? mat*less  
*>ms1     ,a we>i$ b& ( arti/s rose1    
,males & females1 old & "y1     ,_! toil
 susp5d1 to seek repose1        ,_!     
homes to ga91 !y b5t along4             
,sabr9a's /ream 0 ne> to pass1        ,&
 %e h] fr[n+ waves uprais$1     ,h] mi/ 
cond5s$ to d>ksome haze        ,:i*     
mock$ ! light2 no /> appe>$4     ,yon   
boat1 :i* o'er h] bosom rides1          
,envelop$ 9 ! heavy gloom1              
,convulsive /ret*'d along h] sides1     
,to snat* ! victims to _! doom4         

,soon e'er on bo>d _! falt]+ feet       
,a mon/] fell :o grasp$ ! helm1         
,hove f ! %ore ! di/ress$ crew1         
,& s ! dreadful ov]:elm1     ,swift     
horror's w+s o'er spread ! tides1       
,!y s9k6 !y rise6 !y %riek6 !y cl+6     
,aga9 !y s9k2 al>m soon flies1          
,along _! %ores dread clam\rs rise1     
,b ,oh1 ! bleake/ night prev5t+         
,e means to save _! brea?1              
,helpless1 hopeless1 life despair+      
,tw5ty-eight sunk d[n 9 dea?4     ,alas 
small "t = ,heav5's implor+s1           
,quick seal$ _! ev]la/+ /ate1     ,or1 9
 mis]y1 or 9 glory1        ,! la/       
tribunal w relate1     ,"h fold1 ,o muse
 ?y feeble w+s1        ,hope :]e ?\     
can/1 b n decide1     ,d>e n approa* ^? 
hidd5 ?+s1        ,) m]cy1 ju/ice1 ^!   
abide4     ,return ) sympa!tic brea?1   
,see yon di/ract$ "m /&s1     ,?ree     
daught]s lo/1 to heav5 %e lifts         
,h] /ream+ eyes & wr++ h&s1     ,h>k6 f 
^? dells h[ deep ! wail+s1              
,fa!rs1 ,mo!rs1 jo9 _! moans1           

,wid[s1 orphans1 fri5ds & lov]s1        
,swell ! air ) poignant groans2         
,recluse 9 grief1 ^? wor?y ma/]s        
,sil5t drop ! m\rnful te>4     ,di/ress 
p]vades surr\nd+ hamlets1        ,sorr[ 
weeps to e e>1     ,sleepless sigh+s    
hail ! morn+1        ,morn+ br+s no     
soo?+ ray4    ,! au?or ( ^! v]ses1 ,mr4 
,dyas1 0 a v clev] c>v] on /one  & on   
wood4  ,he engrav$ ! blocks = a "w pr9t$
 by ,mr4 ,edmonds at  ,madeley1 entitl$ 
8,alex&]'s ,exp$ition d[n ! ,hydaspes & 
! ,indus  to ! ,indian ,ocean40  ,he 0 !
 au?or too ( an inv5tion _w-wide  9 its 
b5efits1 t ( ! pr9t]s' roll]2 an        
inv5tion second only  to ! art ( pr9t+  
itself1 & inf9itely sup]ior to ?\s&s (  
o!rs out ( :i* va/ =tunes h be5 made4   
,9 #ahjd ! company consi/$ ( ,cu?b]t    
,johnson1 ,william ,cl>ke1 ,john        
,wootton1 & ,john ,rose4  ,9 #ahaa x 0  
,john ,rose1 ,william ,cl>ke &  ,*>les  
,maddison4  ,9 #ahbj !y b\ght ! fam\s   
,swansea works &  ent]$ into an agreem5t
 ) ,messrs4 ,bill+sley & ,walk] to make 

a  sup]ior k9d ( porcela9 made by !m1   
fir/ at ,nantg>w 9  ,glamorgan%ire1 &   
aft]w>ds at ! ,cambrian ,pott]y1        
,swansea1 9 !  same c\nty4  ,?is 0 a    
pure s(t pa/e porcela91 sup]ior to any  
at  pres5t produc$ 9 ! k+dom1 & second  
only to ! fam\s pate  t5dre ( ,sevres at
 ! v be/ p]iod ( its manufacture4  ,?is 
*9a  0 fir/ made 9 #ahac by ,bill+sley1 
:o w5t f ,d]by to ,worce/]1  & f !re to 
,s\? ,wales4  ,he 0 an arti/1 & und]/ood
 !  manufacture 9 all its bran*es4  ,he 
produc$ a fret body1 by mix+ !          
mat]ials1 fir+ !m 9 ord] to bl5d !m     
toge!r1 !n r$uc+ !  vitrifi$ sub/ance   
into clay--a process :i* 0 c>ri$ on at  
,old  ,sevres dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is      
,,xv4--& !reby produc$ an article f9e  9
 texture1 beautifully transp>5t1 & ( a  
delicate waxy hue1 v  sup]ior to ! d+y  
blue t+e giv5 to mu* ( ! be/ *9a ( t    
day4  ,connoisseurs 7 at once attract$  
by x1 & ,mr4 ,mortlock w5t  d[n & ent]$ 
into an engagem5t to pur*ase all t      
,bill+sley &  8 son-9-law c\ld make4    

,mr4 ,john ,rose f9d+ he _h lo/ a       
cu/om]1  :il/ ord]s he 0 wont to receive
 7 go+ to ,s\? ,wales1 w5t  ov]1 b\ght !
 plant1 m\lds1 & ev]y?+1 & ent]$ into an
  agreem5t ) ,walk] & ,bill+sley = a    
p]iod ( sev5 ye>s to make  ! same       
quality ( *9a at ,coalport4  ,! process 
h[ev] 0 an  exp5sive "o1 f ! difficulty 
( work+ ! clay1 :i* want$  pla/icity1 & 
also f ! loss 9 ! burn+1 z be+ a s(t    
body  x 0 apt to melt or w>p1 & to g out
 ( %ape1 if x _h a little  too mu* fire 
9 ! biscuit kiln4  ,ab\t t "t1 too1 ,mr4
 ,ryan  discov]$ a v pure felsp> 9 !    
,middleton1 "o ( ! ,bri$d5  hills1 !    
true ,kaol91 to :i* ! ,*9ese 7 indebt$ =
 !  quality ( _! egg-%ell & o!r fir/    
class *9a4  ,! fret body  0 !re=e       
ab&on$1 ! pate t5dre = a pate dure1 z ! 
,fr5* say1 & by add+ pure felsp> to !   
,corni% /one & clay  :i* conta9s a l>ge 
p]c5tage1 a good transp>5t body 0 obta9$
  at a less co/ ?an by us+ a fret body4 
,ab\t ?is "t also !  ,society ( ,arts   
(f]$ a prize to any "o :o %\ld f9d a    

sub/itute  = lead 9 ! glaze1 ! delet]i\s
 effects ( :i* told ^u !  dipp]s1 &     
produc$ p>alysis2 & ,mr4 ,rose by apply+
 felsp> to !  glaze succe$$ 9 obta9+ x4 
,he 0 aw>d$ ! ,gold ,m$al ( !  ,society2
 & f t "t foll[+1 = "s ye>s1 a badge 0  
ei!r  atta*$ to ! w>e or engrav$ ^u x z 
foll[s3--8,coalport ,felsp>  ,porcela91 
,j4 ,rose  ,co3 ! ,gold ,m$al aw>d$ ,may
 #cj1 #ahbj2 ,patronis$  by ! ,society (
 ,arts40  ,! ,devonports & o!r          
manufactur]s compet$  = ! prize4    ,!  
felsp> porcela9 h[ev] nev] equall$ !    
orig9al ,nantg>w fret  body w>e = purity
 & transp>5cy1 a :ite plate ( :i* w\ld  
at  ! pres5t "t fet* a c\ple ( gu9eas4  
,x _c be said t any  new elem5t 0       
introduc$ by us+ felsp>1 because !      
kaol91  conta9$ 9 ,corni% /one & clay1 z
 discov]$ by ,cookwor?y 9 #agfh1  _h    
be51 & 0 n[ us$ at ,plym\?1 ,d]by1      
,worce/]1 ,caughley1 &  ,coalport2 & by 
a judici\s admixture ( ?is & a free use 
( bone  7phosphate ( lime7 a good       
s]viceable *9a 0 produc$4  ,! =m]  gave 

mell[ness1 & ! latt] :it5ess1 :i*       
approa*$ 9 a degree  ! qualities ( old &
 ,ori5tal *9a4  ,9 fact ,mr4 ,rose1 :o  
_h !  sole managem5t ( ! works1 sp>$    
nei!r pa9s nor exp5se 9 rais+  ! "* ( ! 
productions ( ! ,coalport ,works1 :i* 7 
n[ by  f> ! l>ge/ porcela9 works 9 !    
k+dom1 if n 9 ! _w4  ,l ,m9ton1 he 0 a  
man ( wond]ful en]gy1 be+ /rong 9 body1 
hav+ a cle> head1 a cool judgm5t1 &     
gift$ ) rem>kable  p]sev]ance4    ,!    
works 7 n[ 9 a /ate ( prosp]ity2        
w>eh\ses 7 op5$ 9  ,man*e/]1 ,london1   
,%effield1 & ,%rewsbury1 & a l>ge trade 
0  be+ done ) deal]s all ov] ! k+dom4   
,!re 0 pl5ty (  employm5t1 & a good     
und]/&+ g5]ally prevail$ betwe5 ma/]s  &
 _! "w p4  ,bo? be=e & aft] ! /rike !re 
7 at  ,coalport1 z at o!r works ( ! k9d 
else:]e1 an intellig5t class  ( m51     
among pott]s & pa9t]s1 z well z 9 o!r   
dep>tm5ts4  ,pa9t]s1 especially1 _h good
 opportunities = m5tal culture &  obta9+
 in=mation4  ,numb]s work$ toge!r 9 a   
room1 "o sometimes  read+ = ! b5efit ( !

 o!rs1 daily pap]s 7 tak51  discussions 
7 (t5 rais$1 & 9 politics ! %>p features
 (  p>ty 7 z def9$ z 9 ! ,h\se (        
,commons itself4  ,! rooms 7  nicely    
w>m$1 & a woman appo9t$ to sweep up1 to 
br+ coals1 to keep  ! tables clean1 to  
wa% up di%es1 peel potatoes1 & fet* wat]
 =  ^? :o1 n liv+ ne>1 br\ght _! meals )
 !m4  ,x is n  surpris+1 !re=e1 t m51   
hav+ su* advantages1 %\ld sometimes     
rise to high] situations4  ,"s became   
l+ui/s1 "s s*oolma/]s1  eng9e]s1 &      
contractors2 "o1 breakfa/+ ) a bi%op1 ^:
  daught] he aft]w>ds m>ri$1 saw ^u !   
table1 "s "t s9ce1 a  s]vice pa9t$ by   
himself :5 a workman at ,coalport4  ,"s 
7  s+ul> *>act]s3 old ,jocky ,hill kept 
8 hunt]2 ,john ,cr[!r1 a  v amiable     
fell[1 exce$+ly good natur$1 & always   
ready to d a  fav\r to any "o :o ask$   
him1 liv$ q a recluse1 /udy+ algebra  & 
me*anics4  ,he has sugge/$ _m           
improvem5ts 9 locomotives1 /eam         
paddles1 breaks1 c41 c41 & _h ! hon\r ( 
submitt+ to !  ,gov]nm5t ! plan (       

t]m9at+ annuities1 by :i* money at t "t 
0 rais$ to c>ry on ! w>1 & by :i* we h  
be5 sav$ !  burd5--s f>--( a p]man5t    
debt2 also ( mak+ o!r sugge/ions1  :i* h
 be5 likewise adopt$4  ,he also inv5t$ a
 mo/ +5i\s  almanack applicable to all  
"t4    ,coalport m5 7 usually great     
politicians2 ,hunt1 ,he?r+ton1 ,ri*>d   
,c>lile1 ,sir ,francis ,burdett1 &      
,cobbett1 _h _! disciples &  admir]s2 & 
su* 0 ! eag]ness to get ! ,regi/]1 ) its
  famili> gridiron on ! cov]1 t a man   
has be5 despat*$ to  ,birm+ham = x f "o 
( ! rooms1 8 %opmates und]tak+ to d  8  
"w = him :il/ he 0 away4    ,! works    
!mselves are ill design$ & badly        
con/ruct$1 ! great]  portion ( !m hav+  
be5 put up at ! latt] end ( ! pa/ &     
beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5turies1 :il/ o!r    
portions 7 add$ f  "t to "t1 ) no reg>d 
to v5tilation or o!r requirem5ts (      
heal?4  ,consequ5tly !re are ! mo/      
curi\s ins & outs1 dropsical  look+     
ro(s1 bulg+ walls1 & droop+ floors1 :i* 
h to be  propp$ und]nea?1 to support    

half a c5tury's accumulations ( *9a1    
accumulations am\nt+ to hundr$s &       
hundr$s ( tons 9 weight4  ,9  ent]+ "s (
 ^! unheal?y ateli]s & passages /rang]s 
h  to look well to _! craniums4  ,"s    
"w-rooms h v /ifl+  atmosph]es1 *>g$ )  
clay or fl9t2 ! biscuit room notably s4 
,we  h said t a good und]/&+ prevail$   
g5]ally betwe5 ma/]s  & workm54  ,!re 0 
"o notable exception1 ! great 8/rike0 z 
x  0 call$1 :i* occurr$ some:]e 9       
,novemb]1 #ahcc2 a memorable ev5t  9 !  
hi/ory ( ! works1 s mu* s t 9 speak+ (  
occurr5ces  x is usual to ! pres5t "t to
 ask 9 case ( d\bt if x happ5$  be=e or 
subsequ5t to ! /rike4  ,! m5 _h _!      
8,pit*]10 a well  conduct$ sick society2
 & a 8,travell+ ,society10 = assi/+ ^?  
9 se>* ( employm5t1 ) bran*es 9 all     
c5tres ( ! trade4  ,trades unions1      
h[ev]1 7 j !n com+ to ! front4  ,!      
,comb9ation ,laws _h be5 repeal$ elev5  
ye>s previ\sly2 o!rwise1  su* 0 ! temp] 
( ! ,%rop%ire magi/rates1 & ! feel+     
g5]ally 9 relation to ! trades unions1 t

 _h !y exi/$ on !  /atute book n a few  
w\ld h _h to h exp]i5c$ ! p5al          
consequ5ces ( _! acts4  ,) ! m5 :o /ill 
adh]$ to !  ma/]s ! works cont9u$ to be 
c>ri$ on to a limit$ ext5t2 aft]  mu*   
suff]+ & privation "s ( ! h&s return$1  
:il/ "s  obta9$ employm5t else:]e4  ,!  
c\rse tak5 by ,mr4 ,john ,rose1 9       
resi/+ ! m5 0 w>mly approv$ ( by 8      
neighb\rs1 :o  subscrib$ = a h&some     
silv] cup1 :i* is n[ 9 ! possession (   
,mr4 ,*>les ,pugh1 :o m>ri$ ,miss ,m>?a 
,rose1 daught] ( ,mr4 ,?omas1  & niece (
 ,mr4 ,john ,rose4  ,x is a l>ge &      
massive piece ( plate4  ,a  v9e /em     
entw9es ar\nd ! foot & =ms ! h&les1 a   
v9e bord]  ) grapes also =ms a bord]    
r\nd ! rim ( ! cov]4  ,on "o side  is ! 
foll[+ inscription3                     
,pres5t$ to ,john ,rose ,esqr41         
(                           ,coalport   
,*9a ,manufactory1                      
,by 8                                   
,fri5ds & ,neighb\rs                    
,m>* #crd                               

#ahcd4    ,on ! rev]se side is ! foll[+3
                                        
,tribute ( respect                      
to 8                           ,public &
 ,private ,"*                           
& to !                                  
uncompromis+ firmness                   
) :i*                           he has  
rec5tly resi/$ !                        
dem&s ( an illegal                      
conspiracy4    ,we h liv$ to see trades 
unions legaliz$1 & trade comb9ations    
adopt$ by ma/]s z well z m54    ,mr4    
,walk] _h inv5t$ a m>oon col\r dip =    
gr\nds1 :i* 0 us$  ) mu* success4  ,a   
good deal 0 done too ab\t ?is "t 9      
imitation  ( ! ,sevres /yle (           
decoration1 & ?\s&s ( p\nds 7 sp5t  9   
endeav\r+ to make ! fam\s torquoise ( ! 
,fr5*2 b a pale  imitation1 call$ cele/1
 only 0 obta9$2 "s ye>s aft]w>ds  h[ev] 
a mu* bett] col\r 0 produc$1 fir/ by    
,mr4 ,h>vey1 secondly  by ,mr4 ,bag%aw1 
?irdly by ,mr4 ,hancock4    ,9 #ahci !  
late ,william ,pugh became "o ( ! firm1 

x !n be+ ,john  ,rose1 ,*>les ,maddison1
 & ,william ,pugh4  ,9 #ahda x 0 ,*>les 
,maddison1 ,william ,pugh1 ,?omas ,rose1
 & ,william ,fr$]ick ,rose4  ,9 #ahdc   
,william ,pugh1 & ,william ,f4 ,rose 7 !
 proprietors4  ,9 #ahde !  ,messrs4     
,daniell receiv$ ! comm& ( ! ,que5 to   
prep>e a dess]t  s]vice z a pres5t by   
h]self to ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas1 & x 0     
manufactur$ at ! works4  ,x 0 a         
magnific5t s]vice ( bleu de  roi1 & _h !
 v>i\s ord]s ( ! ,russian ,empire       
enamell$ 9  comp>tm5ts1 ) ! ord] ( ,/4  
,ni*olas1 & ! ,russian & ,poli%  eagles 
9 ! c5tre4  ,9 #ahej ! fam\s            
,rose-du-,b>ry 0 discov]$4  ,! attempt  
to d s _h be5 sugge/$ by ! ,messrs4     
,daniell1 9 #ahdi2  & aft] repeat$      
exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,george ,hancock1 :o  
is /ill !  col\r-mak] at ! works1 x 0   
produc$4  ,?is col\r1 s nam$ aft]  ,mdme
 du ,b>ry1 "o ( ! mi/resses ( ,l\is     
,,xv1 _h be5 =m]ly made  at ! ,sevres   
,works1 b ! art _h be5 lo/1 & its       
reproduction  creat$ a dem& = v ri*     

dess]t s]vices & ornam5ts ( !  col\r4   
,v co/ly s]vices ( x 7 produc$ = !      
,messrs4  ,daniell1 ,mortlock1          
,phillips1 ,goode1 & o!r ,london deal]s1
 :i*  attract$ consid]able att5tion at !
 ,exhibition ( #ahea4  ,"o spl5did      
dess]t s]vice ( x 0 pur*as$ by ,"l      
,a%burton2 o!rs also1 aft]  special     
models & designs1 ( ?is col\r 7         
subsequ5tly produc$ =  ! head ( ! ,/ate1
 = ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 & = noblem5  l !
 duke ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ! ,m>quis (        
,lansd[ne & o!rs4    ,! foll[+ are !    
rem>ks ( ! ,jurors on t                 
occasion3--8,rose ,j41  & ,co41         
,coalbrook ,dale1 ,%rop%ire 7#dg1 p4    
#gbg71 h exhibit$  porcela9 s]vices &   
o!r articles1 :i* h attract$ ! special  
att5tion ( ! ,jury4  ,a dess]t s]vice ( 
a rose gr\nd is 9  p>ticul> rem>kable1 n
 only z be+ ! ne>e/ approa* we h  se5 to
 ! fam\s col\r :i* x is design$ to      
imitate1 b = !  excell5ce ( !           
fl[]-pa9t+1 gild+1 & o!r decorations1 & 
! h>dness & transp>5cy ( glaze4  ,! same

 obs]vation applies to  o!r porcela9    
articles exhibit$ by ?is firm4  ,! ,jury
 h aw>d$  to ,messrs4 ,rose & ,co4 a    
,prize ,m$al40  ,! company also obta9$  
m$als  at ! ,fr5* ,exhibition 9 #ahee1 &
 at t ( ,london 9 #ahfb4    ,a good deal
 has be5 done ( late ye>s 9 ! ,sevres   
/yle ( decoration  on vases1 ! m\lds (  
:i* came direct f ,sevres manufactory4  
,x is  a pleas+ incid5t1 & "o wor?      
m5tion+1 t "s ye>s ago ,mr4 ,w4  ,f4    
,rose 9 company ) ,mr4 ,daniell visit$  
,p>is1 & ( c\rse w5t to  ,sevres4  ,mr4 
,daniell 0 at once tak5 r\nd ! works1 b 
,mr4 ,rose  feel+ "s delicacy rema9$    
outside4  ,mr4 ,daniell m5tion$ !       
delicacy ( 8 fri5d1 & ! manag] at once  
s5t = him 91 &  %ew$ him ! greate/      
respect4  ,he told him he might s5d 8   
be/  arti/s to copy any ?+ he saw1 or   
employ !irs to d s3 & sometime  aft] he 
s5t ov] ! m\lds !mselves to ,coalport4  
,9 #ahfb ,mr4 ,pugh became sole         
proprietor ( ! works1 & cont9u$ s to  8 
dea?1 9 ,june #ahge4  ,mr4 ,*>les ,pugh1

 bro!r ( ! deceas$1 &  ,mr4 ,edmund     
,ratcliff1 bro!r-9-law1 7 left          
executors2 & = an  adju/m5t ( claims by 
!m & o!rs ! e/ate 0 ?r[n into  ,*anc]y &
 a receiv] & manag]1 ,mr4 ,gelson 0     
appo9t$4  ,! /ock  :i* is imm5se & _h   
be5 accumulat+ = half a c5tury is be+   
br\ght into ! m>ket4  ,hundr$s ( doz5s (
 "o patt]n1 8,india  tree10 = example1  
:i* _h rema9$ out ( sight = =ty ye>s1   
are  be+ br\ght to light4  ,9 "s        
in/ances a hundr$ doz5 or s (  sauc]s1  
7pr9t$17 are f\nd /[$ away1 )\t cups to 
mat*2 :il/  scores ( piles ( plates &   
di%es1 sixte5 or eighte5 feet high1 may 
be se5 7:ite7 9 o!rs1 :i* _h be5 sort$ &
 put on "o side f  "s defect or o!r4  ,x
 speaks well = ! quality ( ! *9a t  !   
biscuit & glaz$ are bo? s\nd & good4  ,9
 "s cases ! floors  are lit]ally giv+   
way f ! imm5se weight ( /ock !y h to    
su/a94  ,9 "o place a quantity ( old    
,caughley ,*9a 0 discov]$2  :il/ 9 ano!r
 7 f\nd a numb] ( ,caughley copp] plates
 engrav$  by ! late ,h]b]t ,m9ton's     

fa!r4    ,x may excite surprise t s l>ge
 a /ock %\ld h be5 all[$ to  accumulate1
 b mu* 0 ! result ( a wi% to keep ! m5  
employ$4  ,! fact ( a numb] ( copp]     
plates be+ f\nd ) 8 "n on1  confirms :at
 we h previ\sly said ab\t ,?omas ,m9ton1
 :o f\nd$  ! important comm]cial h\se   
be>+ 8 "n & t ( 8 son at  ,/oke1 hav+   
be5 employ$ z an engrav] at ,caughley4  
,m4 ,digby ,wyatt1  also1 9 8 pap] read 
be=e ! ,society ( ,arts & report$ 9 !   
,society's ,j\rnal1 ,may #bh?1 #aheh1 on
 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ on c]amic  art by ! 
late ,h]b]t ,m9ton1 says3--8,mr4 ,?omas 
,m9ton 0 a native (  ,%rop%ire1 & he 0  
br\ght up at ! ,caughley works1 ne>     
,broseley1  z an engrav]4  ,he !n w5t to
 t[n & work$ = ,spode1 at 8 ,london     
,h\se ( bus9ess40  ,9 #aghh he w5t to   
,/oke1 b\ght l&1 & built !  h\se & works
 :i* h s9ce become s celebrat$4  ,up to 
#agih  h[ev] he only made e>!nw>e :i* 0 
pr9t$ & ornam5t$ 9  blue1 simil> to t at
 ,caughley4    ,mr4 ,wyatt1 9 ! pap] j  
quot$1 speak+ ( ,john ,rose & ( !  late 

,h]b]t ,m9ton admitt$ t 9 ! excell5t1   
rapid1 & *eap  production ( porcela9 =  
,mr4 ,m9ton to h /ood /ill = a mom5t    
w\ld h be5 to h lo/ 8 lead 9 ! trade4   
,& ,mr4 ,daniell1 9  ! discussion :i*   
foll[$1 said3--8,) ref]5ce to ,mr4      
,m9ton's  pr$ecessors 9 ?is bran* ( art1
 he might rem9d ! society ( "o  ^: "n 0 
^u _! records z ! recipi5t ( ! society's
 gold  m$al = *9a & porcela9            
manufactures long be=e ,mr4 ,h]b]t      
,m9ton's "t4  ,he ref]r$ to ,john ,rose1
 ( ,coalport1 :o made m  *9a 9 8 day ?an
 all ^? :o 7 m5tion$ 9 ! pap]40    ,x w 
be se5 f :at we h writt5 t ,?omas       
,turn]1 (  ,caughley1 & ,j4 ,rose1 (    
,coalport1 7 ! creators1 s to speak1 (  
new indu/ries :i* drew ar\nd !m l>ge    
populations & gave  employm5t to ?\s&s  
:o o!rwise might h s\ght = x 9 va91  or 
h f\nd x "u less advantage\s            
circum/ances4  ,x w be se5  also t n    
only 7 !y b5efactors contribut+         
mat]ially to !  common /ock ( national  
prosp]ity !mselves1 b t _! en]gies  &   

abilities inspir$ o!rs :o 9 turn became 
indu/rial organis]s1  & ?r\gh v>i\s     
*annels c>ri$ on ! "w ( progress4       
,,madeley ,,*9a ,,works4      ,,except+ 
to ! trade1 & to "s ( ! old inhabitants1
 x is n  g5]ally kn[n t ,m>t9 ,r&all    
e/abli%$ ,*9a ,works at ,madeley1  &    
made porcela9 simil> to t ( ,nantg>w &  
little if at all  inf]ior to old ,sevres
 porcela94  ,he & 8 bro!r ,edw>d 7      
,caughley m52 he left !re to g to ,d]by4
  ,he aft]w>ds w5t to  ,p9xton1 & !nce )
 ,mr4 ,rob9s1 a ,p9xton man1 to ,london1
 :]e !y  ent]$ into p>tn]%ip & c>ri$ on 
bus9ess4  ,!y 7 suppli$  ) ,nantg>w :ite
 *9a by ,mr4 ,mortlock1 till ,mr4 ,rose 
cut (f !  supply f ! ,wel% ,works1 by   
engag+ ,bill+sley & ,walk] to make  x = 
himself alone at ! ,coalport ,works4    
,!y /ill cont9u$ to  c>ry on bus9ess at 
,isl+ton1 :]e !y erect$ build+s         
suitable1  & fir$ ! w>e 9 box kilns )   
*>coal4    ,ab\t ?is "t ! dem& 0 great )
 connoisseurs among !  ari/ocracy = old 
,sevres *9a2 & ! ,london deal]s1 f9d+ t 

x  0 n obta9able 9 suffici5t quantities 
to meet ! dem& = highly  decorat$       
specim5s1 hit ^u ! exp$i5t ( employ+    
ag5ts 9 ,p>is  to buy up ,sevres *9a 9  
:ite = ! purpose ( hav+ x pa9t$ 9       
,london1 z ,nantg>w _h be51 & sell+ x to
 _! cu/om]s z !  bona fide productions (
 ,sevres4  ,slightly pa9t$ patt]ns too 7
  procur$1 & ! col\rs got (f ) fluoric  
acid1 & ri* &  exp5sive pa9t+s1 gr\nds1 
& gild+ sub/itut$4    ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbf 
!y dissolv$ p>tn]%ip & ,mr4 ,r&all came 
to  ,madeley1 :]e he occupi$ a h\se 9   
,p>k ,lane1 n[ ! resid5ce ( !  ,wesleyan
 m9i/]4  ,he !n took m commodi\s        
premises at ! l[]  end ( ,madeley1 :]e  
he erect$ enamell+1 biscuit1 & o!r      
kilns1  & made & f9i%$ 8 own w>e4       
,?omas ,:eel]1 ,william ,rob]ts1 &  ,f4 
,brew]1 7 8 pott]s2 ,philip ,ball>d1    
,rob]t ,grey1 & ! pres5t  writ]1 7      
pa9t]s !re1 & ,enos ,raby 0 gr\nd lay]4 
,john ,fox (  ,coalbrookdale1 ,william  
,dorsett1 ( ,madeley1 also 7 ) ,mr4     
,r&all  = a %ort "t4  ,n hav+ _h        

exp]i5ce 9 ! mak+ ( *9a1  great mi/ak5 7
 committ$1 & heavy losses su/a9$4  ,we h
 kn[n  a biscuit kiln fir$ till tea-pots
 & cups & sauc]s 7 melt$ into  a mass   
be=e a trial 0 drawn1 cr[ b>s be+       
necess>y to remove  !m2 9 "s in/ances !y
 assum$ ! mo/ fanta/ic =ms4  ,at o!r    
times ! w>e w\ld be %ort fir$ 9 !       
biscuit kiln & w\ld take up  s mu* glaze
 t on com+ out ( ! glaze kiln x w\ld fly
 (f 9  spl9t]s4  ,^! wa/rels 7 buri$1   
brok5 up1 or ?r[n into !  canal1 to be  
out ( sight4    ,mr4 ,r&all h[ev]1 z !  
result ( repeat$ & p]sev]+  exp]im5ts1  
succe$$ 9 produc+ a fret body ) a ri*   
glaze :i*  bore s close a resemblance to
 old ,sevres *9a t connoisseurs &  fam\s
 judges fail$ to di/+ui% !m4  ,he refus$
 h[ev]1 f  consci5ti\s motives1 to put !
 ,sevres m>k1 ! initials ( ,l\is4       
,l\is1 cross$ at ! bottom1 :i* 0 done ) 
less hesitation at  ,coalport ) mu* m   
feeble imitations4  ,:5 introduc$ on "o 
occasion to a ,london deal]1 ( ! "n (   
,fro/1 :o _h a %op 9 !  ,/r&1 z ,mr4    

,m>t9 ,r&all's nephew1 ! deal] 9 old *9a
 obs]v$  t ! old ,quak] made ! be/      
imitation ( ,sevres t ev] 0 made1  b    
add$1 8he nev] c\ld be got to put !     
d\ble ,l on x1 & we  _c sell x z        
,sevres40  ,we rem>k$ t he 0 8too       
consci5ti\s to  d s10 ^u :i* he repli$1 
8,o1 d--n consci5ce2 !re is no consci5ce
  9 bus9ess40    ,mr4 ,r&all _h less    
hesitation h[ev] 9 putt+ ! ,sevres m>k  
on  :at 0 kn[n to be ,sevres2 & he did v
 mu* = ,mortlock1 ,j>man1  & ,baldock1  
:o _h ag5ts 9 ,p>is1 att5d+ all sales   
:]e old  ,sevres 0 to be sold1 9        
r$ecorat+ x 9 ! mo/ elaborate &  co/ly  
mann]4  ,! less scrupul\s ,london ag5ts 
h[ev] did n  hesitate to pass x (f z be+
 really ! "w ?r\gh\t ( ,sevres  arti/s4 
,inde$ !y h be5 kn[n to h boxes ( *9a   
go+ up  f ,madeley1 s5t on to ,dov]1 to 
be r$irect$ z com+ f ,france1  invit+   
connoisseurs to come & witness !m be+   
unpack$ on _!  arrival1 z !y repres5t$1 
f ,p>is4  ,a little ent]ta9m5t w\ld  be 
got up1 & suppos+ !mselves to be ! fir/ 

^: eyes look$ on  ! ri* goods aft] !y   
left ! ,fr5* capital1 :]e x w\ld be     
repres5t$1 p]haps1 t !y _h be5 b\ght ( !
 ,duc-de--or (  ,madame "s "o1 aft] hav+
 be5 9 ! possession ( royalty1 !y  w\ld 
buy freely4    ,sevres porcela9 fet*$   
high prices !n1 b x has ris5 high] 9 !  
m>ket1 ev5 s9ce1 & has gone on ris+ to !
 pres5t "t4  ,9 #ahej  cups & sauc]s    
fet*$ f #be to #cj ea*1 & b[ls #ff or   
#gj4  ,?ree oval vases & cov]s at ,"l   
,pembroke's sale fet*$ #ajbj4  ,prices h
 h[ev] s9ce gone up2 & at ,mr4 ,b]nal's 
sale a pair (  rose ,dub>ry vases sold =
 #ahej gu9eas2 & cups & sauc]s = #ajj4  
,s+le plates h s9ce sold = #bjj2 vases =
 #ejj or #fjj gu9eas  ea*1 & cups &     
sauc]s = #aej gu9eas4  ,a ye> ago a set 
( ?ree  ,j>d9i]s fet*$ at ,*ri/ie's1 by 
auction1 #aj1jjj6    ,we rememb] see+ an
 ornam5t at ! ,m>quis ( ,anglesey's at  
,beau  ,des]t :i* we 7 assur$ 0 old     
,sevres1 & _h be5 pur*as$ at a  great   
price on ! cont95t1 b :i* we recognis$ z
 "o ( our own  pa9t+ at ,madeley4  ,a   

man c always tell 8 own pa9t+2 b x is  n
 an easy matt] = ano!r h[ev] exp]i5c$   
sometimes to d s4  ,an amus+ in/ance    
occurr$ at ,coalport4  ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4     
,rose :o _h be5  conv]sant f a *ild )   
*9a1 on "o occasion b\ght a vase1  pa9t$
 ) birds1 believ+ x to be old ,sevres1 b
 :i* 0 made at  ! ,coalport ,works &    
pa9t$ by ! pres5t writ] at ,madeley4    
,mr4  ,rose1 s5d+ = u d[n to ! (fice    
said1 8"h1 ,r&all1 is a vase ,i  h giv5 
a good price =1 :i* is ! "r ?+2 c y d   
any?+ l x80  ,our reply 01 x w\ld be    
/range if we c\ld n1  z we did t :5 a   
lad1 add+ t x 0 made at 8 own           
manufactory1 t x 0 modell$ by ,george   
,a/on1 & pur*as$ out (  ! w>eh\se1 9 !  
:ite1 by ,t4 ,m>t9 ,r&all4  ,we ne$     
sc>cely say  t he 0 v mu* a/oni%$ on    
f9d+ he _h be5 dup$ by a ,london  *9a   
deal] ) a piece ( 8 own w>e4  ,x 0 put  
out ( sight2 b  ! late ,mr4 ,pugh did n 
=get occasionally to rem9d 8 p>tn] (  ! 
incid5t4    ,mr4 ,r&all remov$ f        
,madeley to ,%elton1 9 ! ,pott]ies1 = ! 

great] conv5i5ce ( c>ry+ on 8 works4    
,he 0 invit$ by ! late  ,h]b]t ,m9ton to
 become a p>tn]1 & to make 8 w>e = !    
b5efit  ( bo? at 8 ext5sive works at    
,/oke4  ,age h[ev]1 & a long+ =         
retirem5t l$ him to decl9e1 & he soon   
aft]w>ds retir$ to a  cottage at        
,b>le/on1 :]e he di$1 & 0 buri$1 9 a    
sunny spot (  8 own *oos+1 )9 s\nd ( !  
murmur+ wat]s ( ! ,tr5t4  ,he  0 a good 
man2 "o hold+ l>ge & lib]al views1 & "o 
:o took an  active "p 9 v>i\s social &  
religi\s movem5ts ( ! day1 be+  an      
active promot] m p>ticul>ly ( ,temp]ance
 ,societies1 :5 fir/  e/abli%$ 9 ?is    
c\ntry4  ,specim5s ( 8 w>e are mu* priz$
 &  s\ght aft] by collectors4  ,a f9e   
specim5 ) torquoise gr\nd is 9  !       
possession ( ,h5ry ,dick9son ,esq4    ,!
 *ief beauty ( ,mr4 ,r&all's porcela91 l
 t ( o!r fret  bodies1 or pate t5dre    
*9a1 0 t x admitt$ ( a complete         
amalgamation ( ! pa9t+ ) ! glaze1 & also
 ( a ri*ness &  dep? ( col\r1 z 9 ! case
 ( torquoise1 n to be produc$ on  ord9>y

 *9a4