,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & bold text l ?is4 ,a lett] prec$$ by ! sign indicates a sup]9dex4 ,= in/ance a repres5ts sup]9dex a4 ,!re are "s *>act]s quot$ 9 ! text t _c be reproduc$ 9 ! text v]sion ( ! book4 ,! sign repres5ts ! anci5t long s2 ! sign ct repres5ts ! ct ligature & ! sign ffi repres5ts ! ffi ligature4 ,a numb] ( words 9 ?is book h bo? hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ v>iants4 ,= ! words ) bo? v>iants pres5t ! "o m us$ has be5 kept4 ,n all ! font families us$ = ! diff]5t articles includ$ 9 ! book 7 available = ! ,,html v]sion4 ,! font families t c\ld be us$ = ! transcription are ,times ,new ,roman1 ,gill ,sans1 ,g>amond1 ,bodoni ,,mt 7in/ead ( ,bodoni ,book71 ,bask]ville1 ,c5taur1 ,p]petua & ,bell4 ,mo/ ( ! curr5tly available br[s]s are compatible ) ^? fonts4 ,h[ev]1 x is n c]ta9 t ! curr5tly available h&-held devices w\ld be able to reproduce ! text ) ^? fonts4 ,punctuation & o!r pr9t+ errors h be5 correct$4 ,nev]!less1 !re are "s portions :]e ! au?or quotes text writt5 9 anci5t /yle 9 :i* ! punctuation rules applicable n[adays 7 n foll[$4 ,^? h be5 left un*ang$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,=um ,illu/ration ,,books ,?is ebook 0 creat$ 9 hon\r ( ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s #bj? ,anniv]s>y4 ,,books ,,& ,,pr9t+ ,a ,,treasury ,,= ,,typophiles edit$ by ,paul ,a4 ,b5nett ,illu/ration ,=um ,books ,,! ,,_w ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,clevel& ,,& ,,new ,,york ,a ,,=um ,,book ,publi%$ by ,! ,_w ,publi%+ ,company #bbca ,we/ #aaj? ,/reet1 ,clevel& #b1 ,ohio ,revis$ ,edition ,fir/ ,=um pr9t+ ,febru>y #aifc ,copyright #aiea by ,! ,_w ,publi%+ ,company4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,no "p ( ?is book may be reproduc$ 9 any =m )\t writt5 p]mission f ! publi%]1 except = brief passages includ$ 9 a review appe>+ 9 a newspap] or magaz9e4 ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d ,numb]3 #eb-fab ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,wp#bfc ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,i am deeply grateful to _m fri5ds :o h help$ 9 ! prep>ation ( mat]ial = ?is book1 & h freely grant$ p]mission to repr9t _! bra9 *ildr54 ,to ! ,typophiles ( ,new ,york1 & to ! individual au?ors 9 _! s]ies ( ,*ap ,books1 ,i am indebt$ = includ+3 ,t4 ,m4 ,clel&'s ,h>% ,words2 ,w4 ,a4 ,dwigg9s' celebrat$ ,inve/igation ,into ! ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,books1 fir/ publi%$ = ! ,society ( ,calligraph]s & includ$ 9 ,mss4 by ,,wad2 ,evelyn ,h>t]'s ,pr9t]s ,z ,m5 ( ! ,_w2 & ,lawr5ce ,c4 ,wro?'s ,fir/ ,"w ,) ,am]ican ,types1 f ,typographic ,h]itage4 ,to ! editors ( ,! ,colophon1 & ! ?ree au?ors1 ,i am indebt$ = repr9t+ ! essays ( ,e>ne/ ,elmo ,calk9s on ,! ,book & ,job ,pr9t1 ,ru? ,s4 ,granniss on ,colophons & ,sir ,francis ,meynell's ,"s ,collectors ,read4 ,to ! individual au?ors1 ! editors ( ,! ,publi%]s' ,weekly & its publi%]1 ,r4 ,r4 ,b[k] ,company1 ,i am indebt$ = p]mission to include ,w4 ,a4 ,dwigg9s' ,tw5ty ,ye>s ,aft]1 ! sequel to 8 ,inve/igation2 exc]pts f two articles by ,rob]t ,josephy2 & ,w ,ransom's introduction f 8 ,private ,presses & ,_! ,books4 ,to ,beatrice ,w>de1 :o has graci\sly p]mitt$ repr9t+ h] classic ,pr9t+ ,%\ld ,be ,invisible4 ,i appreciate greatly ! c\nsel ( ! good fri5ds :o made possible ! symposium on ,! ,anatomy ( ! ,book3 ,pet] ,beil5son1 ,joseph ,blum5?al1 ,p4 ,j4 ,conkwright1 ,morris ,colman1 ,milton ,glick & ,evelyn ,h>t]1 ,william ,dana ,orcutt1 ,ern/ ,rei*l1 ,c>l ,pur+ton ,roll9s1 ,bruce ,rog]s & ,ar?ur ,w4 ,ru%more4 ,to ,m]g5?al] ,l9otype ,company ,i am indebt$ = repr9t+ ! text ( ! ,anatomy1 n[ slightly revis$1 f ,! ,manual ( ,l9otype ,typography4 ,to bo? au?ors & _! publi%]1 ,william ,e4 ,rudge's ,sons1 ,i am indebt$ = includ+ ! extracts f ,bruce ,rog]s' ,p>agraphs on ,pr9t+ & ,m]le ,armitage's ,notes on ,mod]n ,pr9t+4 ,to ,george ,macy1 & ! directors ( ! ,limit$ ,editions ,club1 ,i am indebt$ = repr9t+ ,port] ,g>nett's prize-w9n+ essay1 ,! ,ideal ,book4 ,& also = ! illu/ration ( ! pun*-cutt+ ma*9e 7f ,! ,dolph91 ,no4 #b7 to accompany ,c>l ,pur+ton ,roll9s' essay1 ,am]ican ,type ,design]s & ,_! ,"w1 = :i* p]mission to repr9t 0 grant$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,donnelley ,sons ,company1 ,*icago4 ,to my good fri5d1 ,james ,%&1 publi%] ( ,alphabet & ,image 9 ,london1 ,i am indebt$ = includ+ 8 acc\nt ( ,george ,b]n>d ,%aw's relations ) 8 pr9t] 7fir/ publi%$ 9 ,a ,i ,no4 #h71 & = assi/ance 9 secur+ electrotypes ( ! illu/rations4 ,to ,osc> ,ogg & ! editors ( ,! ,am]ican ,arti/ ,i owe ?anks = repr9t+ 8 ,lett]+ & ,calligraphy1 ) its illu/rations4 ,to ,edw9 ,grabhorn ,i am indebt$ = includ+ ,! ,f9e ,art ( ,pr9t+1 8 address to ! ,roxburghe ,club ( ,san ,francisco4 ,i p>ticul>ly appreciate ! assi/ance ( ! late ,otto ,ege1 ,mrs4 ,anne ,lyon ,haight & ,lawr5ce ,c4 ,wro? 9 revis+ _! essays = publication "h1 & ! ?\ghtfulness ( ,rob]t ,josephy1 ,w ,ransom & ,ar?ur ,w4 ,ru%more 9 writ+ po/scripts to enhance _! essays4 ,i am ?ankful to ,mrs4 ,c>ol9e ,&]son ( ,los ,angeles2 my colleague ,jackson ,burke at ,l9otype2 to ,*ri/oph] ,morley ( ,roslyn1 ,l4 ,i41 & ,ar?ur ,w4 ,ru%more ( ,madison1 ,n4 ,j41 = valuable sugge/ions & help 9 rese>*4 ,= assi/ance 9 secur+ illu/rative mat]ial ,i am indebt$ to my ,typophile fri5ds3 ,john ,ar*]1 ,a4 ,burton ,c>nes1 ,le/] ,d\glas1 ,george ,l4 ,mc,kay & ,william ,reydel4 ,to ,fr$ ,an?o5s5 ( ,portl&1 ,ma9e1 ,i am ?ankful = help 9 secur+ electrotypes to illu/rate two articles4 ,! publi%]1 & ,i z editor1 ackn[l$ge our appreciation to ! au?ors ( ! o!r essays includ$1 & to _! editors & publi%]s1 = p]mission to repr9t ?is valuable mat]ial1 = :i* detail$ m5tion ( copyright & publication date is pr9t$ else:]e4 ,& ,i hope my apologies may be accept$1 %\ld !re be inadv]t5t omission ( appreciation to ! num]\s o!r individuals :o h s g5]\sly assi/$ me 9 prep>+ ?is book = ! pr9t]4 ,p4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,cont5ts ,,by ,,way ,,( ,,introduction ,page ix ,,otto ,f4 ,,ege4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,alphabet #c ,,lancelot ,,hogb54 ,pr9t+1 ,pap] & ,play+ ,c>ds #ae ,,ru? ,s4 ,,granniss4 ,colophons #ca ,,edw9 ,,eliott ,,will\ghby4 ,pr9t]s' ,m>ks #de ,a4 ,f4 ,,johnson4 ,title ,pages3 ,_! ,=ms & ,developm5t #eb ,,lawr5ce ,c4 ,,wro?4 ,! ,fir/ ,"w ) ,am]ican ,types #fe ,,ronald ,b4 ,,mck]r[4 ,typographic ,debut #gh ,,edw>d ,,r[e ,,mores4 ,metal-,fl[]s #hc ,,james ,,watson4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inv5tion & ,progress ( ! ,my/]i\s ,art ( ,pr9t+ c4 #he ,,evelyn ,,h>t]4 ,pr9t]s ,z ,m5 ( ! ,_w #hh ,,anne ,,lyon ,,haight4 ,are ,wom5 ! ,natural ,enemies ( ,books8 #ajc ,,beatrice ,,w>de4 ,pr9t+ ,%\ld ,be ,invisible #aji ,,port] ,,g>nett4 ,! ,ideal ,book #aae ,w4 ,a4 ,,dwigg9s4 ,extracts f an ,inve/igation into ! ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,books #abi ,w4 ,a4 ,,dwigg9s4 ,tw5ty ,ye>s ,aft] #ade ,,desmond ,,fl[]4 ,! ,publi%] & ! ,typograph] #aec ,,william ,,dana ,,orcutt1 ,,bruce ,,rog]s1 ,,c>l ,,pur+ton ,,roll9s1 ,,joseph ,,blum5?al1 ,p4 ,j4 ,,conkwright1 ,,ar?ur ,w4 ,,ru%more1 ,,milton ,,glick1 ,,morris ,,colman1 ,,evelyn ,,h>t]1 ,,pet] ,,beil5son1 & ,,ern/ ,,rei*l4 ,! ,anatomy ( ! ,book3 ,a ,symposium #afj ,,rob]t ,,josephy4 ,trade ,bookmak+3 ,compla9t 9 ,?ree ,dim5sions #afi ,,w ,,ransom4 ,:at ,is a ,private ,press8 #age ,,alfr$ ,w4 ,,poll>d4 ,! ,tra9$ ,pr9t] & ! ,amateur3 & ! ,pleasure ( ,small ,books #ahb ,,sir ,,francis ,,meynell4 ,"s ,collectors ,read #aia ,,*ri/oph] ,,s&=d4 ,pr9t+ = ,love #bab ,,ar?ur ,w4 ,,ru%more4 ,! ,fun & ,fury ( a ,private ,press3 ,"s ,voyages ( ,! ,gold5 ,h9d #bbj ,,edw9 ,,grabhorn4 ,! ,f9e ,art ( ,pr9t+ #bbf ,,holbrook ,,jackson4 ,! ,typography ( ,william ,morris #bcc ,,/anley ,,morison4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,typography #bci ,,c>l ,,pur+ton ,,roll9s4 ,am]ican ,type ,design]s & ,_! ,"w #beb ,,eric ,,gill4 ,typography #beg ,,fr$]ic ,w4 ,,g\dy4 ,types & ,type ,design #bfg ,,!odore ,,l[ ,,de ,,v9ne4 ,! ,old & ! ,new3 ,a ,fri5dly ,dispute betwe5 ,juv5is ,s5ex #bgd ,,bruce ,,rog]s4 ,p>agraphs on ,pr9t+ #bha ,,paul ,a4 ,,b5nett4 ,b4,r4--,adv5tur] ) ,type ,ornam5t #bij ,,daniel ,,b]keley ,,updike4 ,"s ,t5d5cies 9 ,mod]n ,typography #cjf ,,pet] ,,beil5son4 ,! ,amateur ,pr9t]3 ,8 ,pleasures & ,8 ,duties #cac ,t4 ,m4 ,,clel&4 ,h>% ,words #cba ,,osc> ,,ogg4 ,a ,comp>ison ( ,calligraphy ,lett]+ #ccg ,,ald\s ,,huxley4 ,typography = ! ,tw5tie?-,c5tury ,read] #cdd ,,m]le ,,armitage4 ,notes on ,mod]n ,pr9t+ #cej ,,john ,t4 ,,w9t]i*4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl93 ,pr9t] & ,publi%] #ceb ,,e>ne/ ,,elmo ,,calk9s4 ,! ,book ,job ,pr9t #cfh ,,james ,,%&4 ,au?or & ,pr9t]3 ,g4,b4,s4 & ,r4 ,r4 ,c43 #ahih-aidh #cha ,,paul ,a4 ,,b5nett4 ,on ,type ,faces = ,books #djb ,,paul ,a4 ,,b5nett4 ,notes on ! ,type ,faces ,us$ 9 ,?is ,book #daa ,index #dba ,illu/ration,,by ,,way ,,( ,,introduction,illu/ration ,label+ ^! obs]vations introductory isn't to confuse ! puri/4 ,he kn[s t ! t]ms preface1 =eword & introduction become mix$ frequ5tly1 he doesn't l x & he mu* pref]s reta9+ ! prop] di/9ctions4 ,an introduction1 he w insi/1 %\ld be solely conc]n$ ) ! subject ( ! book1 & introduce or supplem5t its text4 ,& ! preface or =eword %\ld prop]ly deal ) ! book's purpose1 & def9e its limitation & scope4 ,let's keep ?+s t way4 ,un=tunately1 !re isn't "o t]m t cov]s comm5t :i* fl[s f "o division to ! o!r 9 a miscellany l ?is4 ,at times--& at ! risk ( editorial mode/y--,i may seem some?+ ( a typographic b>k]1 s++ ! praises ( c]ta9 essays & po9t+ up diff]5t attractions4 ,at o!rs1 ! text w be supplem5t$ ) an explanatory note1 or amplifi$ to br+ x up to date1 z 9 ! ,josephy1 ,ransom & ,ru%more articles4 ,x am\nts to an assi/ 9 gett+ back to purpose3 t ( in=m+ on matt]s typographic1 & on books1 _! pr9t+ & "s ( ! fasc9at+ /eps along ! way4 ,9 select+ mat]ial ( appeal to ! collector1 pr9t]1 typograph] & /ud5t1 ,i h n ov]look$ ! pr(essional curiosity ( editors & te*nicians4 ,t's ! ?9k+ beh9d ! inclusion ( extracts f ,mc,kerrow & ,mores & ,watson1 among o!r s*ol>ly contributions4 ,:]e !re 0 a *oice1 ! pref]5ce 0 = ! au?or ) a po9t ( view & ! ability to express x int]e/+ly4 ,f\r articles indicate ?is approa*4 ,pr9t+1 ,pap] & ,play+ ,c>ds1 ! brilliant survey ( ,lancelot ,hogb51 illum9es ! bir? & spread ( writ+ & pr9t+ z no?+ else ,i "k4 ,otto ,ege's brief acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( our alphabet1 ) its memorable lett]-diagrams1 has a diff]5t1 n less valuable appeal1 z does ,osc> ,ogg's comp>ison ( ,lett]+ & ,calligraphy1 ) its specim5s ( 8 own di/+ui%$ h&4 ,& 9 ,pr9t]s ,z ,m5 ( ! ,_w1 ,evelyn ,h>t] writes ( a numb] ( great pr9t]s z m5 ( intellect1 at home 9 ! _w ( ideas4 ,h] /imulat+ text sugge/s ! comp5sation ( look+ at ! backgr\nd ( pr9t+ 9 relation to _w ev5ts4 ,!re 0 no preconceiv$ attitude to consid] 9 evaluat+ ! essays includ$3 no re/riction by c\ntry ( orig92 no fixation ab\t ! traditional or mod]n 9 typographic approa*2 no desire to slant1 or plant1 ideas2 no int5t o!r ?an to select mu* ( ! be/ writ+ 9 ,engli% by au?ors ( sub/ance4 ,t ! ga!r+ may provide ri*es to be add$ to ! sav+s acc\nt ( y\r memory is my hope4 ,9 a q real s5se1 ! exp]i5ce has be5 some?+ l sp5d+ _m long week5ds ) fri5ds 9 good1 solid talk--"s ( x controv]sial1 mu* ( x illum9at+ & in=m+4 ,! re-read+ has n only op5$ doors & w9d[s = a welcome flood ( ideas1 x has sugge/$ new trails & made = valuable comp>isons ( favorites fir/ met ) ye>s ago4 ,x has be5 difficult to resi/ ! temptation to include m essays ( hi/oric & te*nical appeal to typograph]s & pr9t]s4 ,_m ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 ,i presume1 may n "k ,de ,v9ne's au?oritative acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! ,am]ican ,po9t ,sy/em1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! late eighties & is detail$ at l5g? 9 8 ,pla9 ,pr9t+ ,types2 or ! invaluable ,meynell & ,morison essay on ,pr9t]'s ,fl[]s & ,arabesques1 ) its fasc9at+ reproductions1 f ,! ,fleuron4 ,i h omitt$ ^! two ) reluctance1 & h us$ ! space !y w\ld occupy = a half-doz5 %ort] essays n less wor?y 9 !mselves1 b on diff]5t topics4 ,s9ce space 0 limit$1 ,i ne$$ to be4 ,i w\ld h welcom$ ! opportunity to include additional essays by ,d4 ,b4 ,updike1 ^: incomp>able ,pr9t+ ,types3 ,_! ,hi/ory1 ,=ms & ,use2 ,9 ! ,day's ,"w1 & ,"s ,aspects ( ,pr9t+3 ,old & ,new1 & o!r writ+s on typography %\ld n be miss$2 by ,w4 ,a4 ,dwigg9s1 ! di/+ui%$ ,am]ican lett] arti/ & design]1 :o writes z well z he draws2 & by ,holbrook ,jackson1 ! great ,engli% critic1 lit]>y hi/orian & essayi/1 ^: ,anatomy ( ,bibliomania1 ,fe> ( ,books & ,pr9t+ ( ,books are requir$ read+4 ,!re are o!r favorites omitt$ too1 = unlike ,jackson's rem>k ab\t ! h\se ( books1 ,!re are _m mansions & room = all trades1 :ims1 & ev5 fads--?is book c\ld com=tably hold no m4 ,x has n seem$ desirable1 z x w\ld be possible1 to elim9ate a degree ( duplication 9 "p among "s ( ! essays4 ,t w\ld h requir$ an am\nt ( editorial surg]y & revision unfair to ! au?ors conc]n$4 ,m importantly1 x w\ld h assum$ t e read] w\ld read e essay--h>dly an atta9able ideal4 ,nor has any docum5tation be5 attempt$ to reconcile oppos+ viewpo9ts--t ( ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d & ,holbrook ,jackson1 = in/ance1 9 respect to ,william ,morris z pr9t] & typograph]4 ,happy w t read] be :o f9ds ?is & o!r in/ances suffici5tly provocative to emb>k ^u fur!r rese>* ( 8 own4 ,& :ile x is easi] to come ^u mat]ial 9 a collection su* z ?is ?an to track d[n ea* item individually1 mu* ( ! fun ( ! se>* is miss+1 along ) ! memorable ?rills ( discov]ies 9 scatt]$ places4 ,!re's mu* gold yet to be f\nd by ev5 mod]ate digg+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! greate/ area = argum5t is t )9 ! oppos+ views ( ! mod]n & traditional approa* to book design4 ,x is unreali/ic to oppose ! concept t contempor>y typography %\ld reflect "s ( ! diff]5ces t m>k our "t f o!r epo*s4 ,def9+ di/9ctions & relat+ !m precisely to ! arts ( ! book is some?+ else aga94 ,9 8 eloqu5t ,h>% ,words1 ,t4 ,m4 ,clel& decries ! re/less crav+ = some?+ new4 ,?is poison is aggravat$ 9 pr9t+ & typography1 he insi/s1 by ! fact t ( all ! arts x is1 by its v nature & purpose1 ! mo/ conv5tional4 ,if x is an art at all1 x is an art to s]ve ano!r art4 ,x is good only s f> z x s]ves well & n on any acc\nt good = any o!r reason4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( type & pr9t+ to %[ (f1 & :51 z x s frequ5tly does1 x engages 9 exhibitioni/ic antics ( its own1 x is j a bad s]vant4444 ,typography1 ,i repeat1 is a s]vant--! s]vant ( ?\ght & language to :i* x gives visible exi/5ce4 ,:5 !re are new ways ( ?9k+ & a new language1 x w be "t en\gh = a new typography4 ,! mod]n design] disagrees4 ,he believes books c be fre%5$1 made m appeal+ to eye & h&1 & m invit+ to read1 j z product-packag+ has b5efit$ by ! imag9ative conceptions ( skill$ indu/rial design]s4 ,he conc$es t books rema9 unsurpass$ z a m$ium = transmitt+ ?\ght to ! read]'s m9d--& admits !y d x be/ ) a m9imum ( visual di/raction4 ,b1 he asks1 is x n reasonable to rema9 op5-m9d$ & appraise ! mod]n arti/ = :at he may contribute8 ,books1 to be sure1 are mu* m ?an packages to be /yl$ = %elf att5tion & sp>kle4 ,yet x seems reasonable to believe !y also may b5efit by travel+ ! road ( visual appeal & design attractiv5ess1 & t !y may be assi/$ 9 typographic h&l+ to convey ! au?or's words ) a m9imum ( read+ ef=t4 ,x isn't difficult to dismiss ! mod]n approa* & call x un9=m$ nons5se1 b t doesn't lift ! curta9 & illum9e ! problem--or settle ! cont9u+ debate4 ,i recall discuss+ mod]n typography "s ye>s ago ) ! late ,d4 ,b4 ,updike1 9 8 libr>y at ! ,m]rym\nt ,press 9 ,bo/on4 ,a catalog f ! ,museum ( ,mod]n ,art 0 at h&1 design$ by ,h]b]t ,bay] ( ,bauhaus fame4 ,x look$ /range 9 its all-l[]-case typography1 & seem$ to sl[ read+ because ( t /rang5ess4 ,to _m x 0 ! newe/ ( ! new 444 p]haps x w\ld in/itute a tr5d8 ,mr4 ,updike smil$1 rea*$ to a %elf = a book4 ,x 0 pr9t$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s e>li] 9 ,p>is & set ?r\gh\t 9 l[]-case4 ,s f> z ?is _h any influ5ce1 !n or lat]1 he rem>k$1 ! exp]im5t ( ,typographie ,economique is z dead z ,que5 ,anne4 ,all ( :i* po9ts up ,b]tr& ,russell's rem>ks1 ,on ,be+ ,mod]n ,m9d$1 9 8 rec5t ,unpopul> ,essays#a3 ,! desire to be contempor>y is new only 9 degree1 he decl>es1 x has exi/$ to "s ext5t 9 all previ\s p]iods t believ$ !mselves to be progressive4 ,! ,r5aissance _h a contempt = ! ,go?ic c5turies t _h prec$$ x2 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies cov]$ priceless mosaics ) :itewa%2 ! ,romantic movem5t despis$ ! age ( ! h]oic c\plet4444 ,b 9 none ( ^! =m] times 0 ! contempt = ! pa/ ne>ly z complete z x is n[4 ,f ! ,r5aissance to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury m5 admir$ ,roman antiquity2 ! ,romantic movem5t reviv$ ! ,middle ,ages4444 ,x is only s9ce ! #aiad-ah w> t x has become fa%ionable to ignore ! pa/ en bloc4 ,! belief t fa%ion alone %\ld dom9ate op9ion has great advantages4 ,x makes ?\ght unnecess>y1 & puts ! highe/ intellig5ce )9 rea* ( ev]yone4 ,really ?9k+ ?r\gh ! design pot5tial n only seems ! nub ( ! matt]1 b is basically s\nd typographically4 ,read ,pet] ,beil5son att5tively z he discusses ! amateur pr9t] & ! developm5t ( a new /yle 7page #cac74 ,x is simple1 b dull1 to copy an old /yle1 he po9ts out4 ,x is h>d1 b excit+1 to "w out a new "o4 ,& :ile y are work+ at x1 y mu/ expect cynical obs]v]s to give y\r exp]im5ts ! adjective 'wacky'2 y mu/ expect c]ta9 curi\s k9ds ( p to praise y\r "w = ! wrong reasons2 & y mu/ expect alt]nat+ moods ( conceit & confusion4 ,! pro(s y gloat ov] at night w become commonplace by dawn4444 ,y w make misjudgm5ts ab\t ! intellig5ce ( ord9>y read]s4 ,y w make mi/akes ( ta/e4 ,y w f9d x too easy to get an effect by means ( %ock1 & y w =get t any book1 ev5 a tw5ty-fir/-c5tury book1 mu/ be a coh]5t unit4 ,& y w (t51 s9ce !re are no highway m>k]s = ! explor]1 feel lonely & disc\rag$ & want to g back to ! old famili>1 well-travel$ roads aga94444 ,y c be subtle or bold1 z y feel ! urge 444 y c advance y\r own "w by look+ to o!r fields ( creation1 enjoy+ & pr(it+ by ! exp]im5ts go+ on 9 !m4 ,y c feel y\rself "p ( ! :ole =w>d-look+ culture ( today 444 & if y d /rike a ve9 ) ! lea/ glitt] ( real gold 9 x1 y w become ri* inde$4 ,= y w h become a creator 9 a new s5se2 y\r duty done z an amateur w be comp5sat$ ) a tw5ty-f\r-c>at satisfaction4444 ,!re's s5se 9 t essay1 z !re is 9 ! views ( ,m]le ,armitage1 ,t4 ,m4 ,clel&1 ,port] ,g>nett1 ,eric ,gill1 ,fr$]ic ,w4 ,g\dy1 ,edw9 ,grabhorn1 ,rob]t ,josephy1 ,ald\s ,huxley1 ,/anley ,morison1 ,bruce ,rog]s1 ,c>l ,pur+ton ,roll9s1 ,d4 ,b4 ,updike & ,beatrice ,w>de on relat$ topics4 ,admitt$ly1 "s are 9 opposition--yet t v quality ( provocativ5ess may help 9 dispell+ ! fog4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:e!r we l x or n1 ! factor ( competition affects ! sale ( books & _! read+4 ,because s _m elem5ts compete = read+ "t1 we frequ5tly =get t !y comprise ! obvi\s3 sports & ! allure ( ! outdoors1 newspap]s & magaz9es1 ! !at] & movies1 radio & television1 z well z social & family di/ractions4 ,^! elem5ts are real1 measurable to a degree1 & mat]ially affect ! read+ ( books & consequ5tly _! sales4 ,to ! trade publi%] & pr9t] !y affect ! bus9ess future & may be consid]$ oppon5ts4 ,to !m1 ! "q ( :e!r ! mod]n approa* is m effective ?an ! traditional is no academic matt]4 ,we h indicat$ ! problem at l5g?1 ?\gh only 9 "p1 because ( its consum+ int]e/4 ,= a compreh5sive & sympa!tic acc\nt ( ! mod]n view1 see ,books = ,our ,"t4 ,t illu/rat$ record ( ! exhibition sponsor$ by ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,graphic ,arts 7rec5tly publi%$ by ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press71 0 design$ & edit$ by ,m>%all ,lee1 & has essays by ,m]le ,armitage1 ,h]b]t ,bay]1 ,john ,begg1 ,s4 ,a4 ,jacobs1 ,george ,nelson & ,ern/ ,rei*l4 ,x 0 ,h5ry ,watson ,k5t :o sagely po9t$ out t ! collector :o has affection = ! book's =mat is n necess>ily indiff]5t to its s\l--! ?\ght en%r9$ 9 x4 ,& s1 z ! "o may pr\dly discuss 8 ,kelmscott1 ,doves or ,a%5d5e items & _! lit]>y backgr\nd1 s ! o!r--m kn[l$geable 9 graphic arts lore--may f9d equal pleasure 9 8 discov]ies3 ,john ,w9t]i* on ,frankl9 z pr9t] & publi%]1 possibly1 or ,sir ,francis ,meynell on collectors :o also read1 or ,james ,%&'s reveal+ acc\nt ( ,g4,b4,s41 8 int]e/ 9 typography & 8 relations ) 8 pr9t]s4 ,in/ead ( ask+ ! f9e press en?usia/ to %[ 8 ,doves ,bible1 8 ,b4 ,r4 ,pi]rot1 ,nonesu* ,dick5s1 or ,grabhorn ,leaves ( ,grass1 ! collector :o reads ab\t ! mak+ ( books may get ev5 m satisfaction 9 discuss+ 8 favorite essays or 8 mo/ rec5t f9d4 ,t ! "o c be z satisfy+ z ! o!r is q def9ite 9 my m9d4 ,9 fact1 ,i am c]ta9 t ! collector :o le>ns to appreciate book-mak+ details w f9d ! great] pleasure3 8 k becomes a "p ( him z priz$ items on 8 %elves nev] c2 he w enjoy look+ 9 books ev5 m ?an look+ at !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a conclud+ typographic note3 ,except+ = /rictly type specim5 mat]ial1 & ! degree ( typographic expression attempt$ 9 ,p>ts six & sev5 ( ,! ,new ,colophon = a diff]5t reason1 ,i don't recall any o!r book set 9 su* a v>iety ( di/+ui%$ body types4 ,yet t seem$ s natural & s5sible an idea = ?is t x has be5 /imulat+ to "w x out4 ,mu* ( ! detail & burd5 has fall5 to ! will+ h&s ( ,joseph ,trautwe91 ! able design] responsible = ?is =mat1 & ! cont9u+ int]e/ ( ,joseph & ,miriam ,s*w>tz ( ,we/cott & ,?omson1 ! sup]ior ,philadelphia typesett]s1 ^: weal? ( typographic res\rces is evid5c$ 9 ^! pages4 ,"s ( ! reasons = c\pl+ specific essays & types are detail$ 9 ! f9al *apt]1 :i* includes also a brief specim5 ( ea* face ) a note on its attribution4 ,& f9ally1 ,i want to salute ,william ,t>g1 ,_w's editor1 = invit+ me to put ?is miscellany toge!r1 & = 8 pati5ce 9 wat*+ ! book develop4 ,t hasn't prov$ any?+ l ! *all5g+ exp]i5ce ,i envision$1 b in/ead became a sp>e-"t1 week5d pleasure ,i've enjoy$ = mon?s4 ,indirectly1 ( c\rse1 ?is is relat$ to ! great frat]nity ( book-mak]s & typophiles1 ri* 9 its fri5d%ips & int]national 9 scope1 t ,i h be5 privileg$ to enjoy ?r\gh ! ye>s4 ,z ,i scan ! cont5ts aga91 ,i see n only ! names ( _m good fri5ds & ! rew>d+ associations !y br+ to m9d1 b also "s ( _! be/ writ+4 ,my *ief regret is t !re j wasn't room = m ( x 9 ?is collection4 ,b t's a diff]5t adv5ture--& possibly ano!r book4 ,,paul ,a4 ,,b5nett ,,footnotes3 #a ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,unpopul> ,essays 7,new ,york3 ,simon & ,s*u/]1 #aiej74 ,illu/ration,,books ,,& ,,pr9t+,illu/ration ,illu/ration,,otto ,f4 ,,ege,illu/ration ,! ,/ory ( ! ,alphabet ,,its ,,evolution ,,& ,,developm5t ,copyright #aiba by ,norman ,t4 ,a4 ,mund] ,company4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! au?or4 ,d y "k y\r ,a ,b ,c's8 ,ea* ,lett] ,"* ,has a ,hi/ory & a ,reason = ,its ,pres5t ,=m4 ,h y ,ev] ,que/ion$ ! ,orig9 & ,significance ( ! ,alphabet8 ,our transition f b>b>ism to civilization c be attribut$ to ! alphabet4 ,^? great prehi/oric discov]ies & inv5tions su* z ! mak+ ( a fire1 ! use ( tools1 ! :eel & ! axle1 & ev5 our mod]n m>vel\s applications ( /eam & electricity pale into insignificance :5 comp>$ ) ! p[] ( ! alphabet4 ,simple z x n[ appe>s aft] ! accu/om$ use ( ages1 x c be acc\nt$ n only ! mo/ difficult1 b also ! mo/ fruitful ( all ! a*ievem5ts ( ! human intellect4 ,man liv$ by bread alone & )\t ! alphabet untold ages1 & ) a practical alphabetic sy/em n m ?an #c1jjj ye>s4 ,s important & wond]ful 0 ?is /ep deem$ by ^? :o liv$ ne>] ! "t ( its inception--9 ! "t be=e ! wond] ( its extraord9>y p[]s _h be5 blunt$ by long possession & common use--t its inv5tion1 z well z t ( writ+1 0 inv>iably attribut$ to div9e orig94 ,mod]n inve/igation always seeks s\rces o!r ?an my?ological ones1 & ?us ! sci5ce ( anci5t h&-writ+1 paleography1 came into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! la/ hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s ! writ+ ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 :i* 0 a seal$ book = ne>ly tw5ty c5turies1 has be5 deciph]$ ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,*ampollion & ,"y2 ! my/]i\s cunei=m *>act]s ( anci5t ,assyria & ,babylon h be5 int]pret$ by ,grot(5d & ,rawl9son1 & ! miss+ l9k to connect our pres5t alphabetic sy/em to ^! anci5t ones is be+ p>tly complet$ by ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans1 :o is compil+ & analyz+ ,cretan *>act]s & pre-,pho5ician writ+4 ,! /ory1 h[ev]1 w probably nev] be told 9 its entirety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! =ms ( our lett]s1 ) ! exception ( ,g1 ,j1 ,u1 ,w1 rea*$ _! full developm5t two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! ,roman lett] 0 ! p>5t ( all ! /yles not)/&+ ! div]sity t has appe>$ 9 ,europe s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,) a little imag9ation x is n difficult to note ! resemblance betwe5 simil> lett]s ( ! old ,roman capitals & ^? foll[+ t h be5 designat$ z script1 ,italic1 ,old ,engli% or black-lett]1 v]sal1 uncial & an endless li/ ( alphabet families4 ,! desire = spe$1 & ! influ5ce ( ! tool1 p51 re$1 *isel1 bru%1 7 ! det]m9+ factors 9 ! *ange ( =m4 ,curi\sly en\gh in/ead ( be+ ar*aic1 ! ,roman alphabet1 :i* is n[ #b1jjj ye>s old1 is /ill ! mo/ useful because ( its legibility1 & also ! mo/ beautiful4 ,we d]iv$ tw5ty-?ree ( our lett]s f ! ,romans4 ,!y _h tak5 probably eighte5 ( ^! f ! ,greeks ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 & aft]w>ds borr[$ else:]e or inv5t$ sev5 m4 ,in/ead ( giv+ !m names z ! ,greeks did1 !y simply call$ !m by ! s\nds = :i* !y /ood3 ,a 7ah71 ,b 7bay74 ,!y introduc$ ! curve :]ev] possible1 :]eas ! e>ly ,greek lett]s 7 all angul>--:at an int]e/+ analogy is evid5t 9 ! ar*itecture ( ^? two peoples1 ! temple p$im5t & angul>ity ( ! ,greeks z contra/$ ) ! dome & ar* ( ! ,romans4 ,! ,greeks1 9 _! contact ) ^? great trad]s & ,yankees ( anci5t "t1 ! ,pho5icians1 saw ! value ( _! alphabetic writ+ & inaugurat$ its use ab\t ! "t ( ! fir/ ,olympiad1 #ggf ,b4,c4 ,?ree or f\r c5turies be=e !y gave x to ! ,romans ! anci5t ,greeks f\nd use = fifte5 ( ! ,pho5ician lett]s & !n conceiv$ en\gh to r\nd out an alphabet ( tw5ty-f\r *>act]s4 ,! *anges t took place 9 ! %ape ( _! lett]s c be attribut$ to _! s5se ( ord]2 ! lett]s are balanc$ bett] & ! p>ts bett] relat$4 ,! ,greeks 7 int]e/$ 9 ! s\nd value only1 n 9 ! picture value ( ! symbol1 &1 !re=e1 !y probably did n notice t ,a1 = in/ance1 _h ev] be5 a picture ( ! head ( an ox & t x 0 n[ drawn upside d[n2 & t ! ,pho5ician "n ,aleph meant ox & t !y mispron\nc$ ! s\nd 9 call+ x ,alpha4 ,! ,romans borr[$ f ! ,greeks & ! ,greeks _h borr[$ f ! ,pho5icians1 b :]e did ! ,pho5icians obta9 _! lett]s8 ,did !y inv5t !m8 ,to :at ext5t 7 ^! lett]s influ5c$ by e>li] sy/ems ( writ+s z ^? employ$ by ! ,cretan1 ,assyrian & ,egyptian civilizations8 ,^! are que/ions t probably w nev] be answ]$ satisfactorily4 ,_m argum5ts & !ories are advanc$4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 trace back ) c]ta9ty a numb] ( our lett]s to ! ,pho5ician alphabet ( #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,beyond ?is all is1 at pres5t1 a matt] ( conjecture4 ,! ,pho5ician alphabet consi/$ ( tw5ty-two pictures ( famili> objects4 ,^! pictures 7 rudely & simply made1 = writ]s & read]s soon recogniz$ ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics & all unnecess>y details 7 elim9at$4 ,! great advance t c be cr$it$ to !m is t !y realiz$ t a small numb] ( s\nd-express+ *>act]s1 if well select$1 are suffici5t to express any ^w4 ,o!r races at ?is p]iod _h phonetic sy/ems b !y consi/$ ( num]\s symbols & cumb]some app5dages ( non-alphabetic *>act]s--eye pictures side by side ) e> pictures4 ,no d\bt e>li] ,pho5ician writ+ pass$ ?r\gh ! /ages ( developm5t traceable 9 s _m c\ntries3 #a4 ,! pictures or *>act]s sugge/+ ! ?+ or incid5t 7picture writ+74 #b4 ,! pictures or *>act]s symboliz+ ! ?+ or idea 7ideographic or symbolic writ+74 #c4 ,! pictures or *>act]s repres5t+ ! s\nd ( ! ?+ or idea 7phonograms74 #d4 ,! sign sugge/+ ! v>i\s s\nds ( ! language 7alphabetic sy/em74 ,to free ?is la/ /age f ! o!rs 0 ! great ,pho5ician contribution4 ,a ,:y is ,a ! fir/ lett]8 ,x repres5ts "o ( ! commone/ v[el s\nds 9 anci5t languages4 ,naturally ! ,pho5ician alphabet mak]s select$ a famili> object 9 ! "n ( :i* ?is p>ticul> v[el s\nd 0 emphasiz$4 ,s9ce food is ( primal importance1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t he *ose ! ox--,alef 7ahlef71 or r ! head ( ! ox1 = ! *>act]i/ics ( animals are *iefly embodi$ 9 ! head4 ,n only 0 ! ox important z food b also z a bea/ ( burd51 = ! ox _h be5 h>ness$ to ! pl[ c5turies be=e ! horse 0 dome/icat$4 ,?us "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ important ( man's fri5ds among ! brute creatures 0 honor$4 ,9 mak+ ?is lett] repeat$ly & rapidly !y became c>eless & in/ead ( cross+ ! lett] ,v !y tri$ to make x ) "o cont9u\s scrat*+1 h5ce :5 ! ,greeks became acqua9t$ ) x ?ree to five c5turies aft] its inv5tion1 ! picture _h det]iorat$ almo/ beyond recognition4 ,!y introduc$ balance & ! ,v 0 inv]t$1 & ! cross-b> 0 reta9$ betwe5 ! l9es4 ,unkn[+ly !y 7 draw+ ! ox head upside d[n2 & x rema9s s ) u to ?is day4 ,! ,greeks call$ ! fir/ lett] alpha1 ! ,romans call$ x ,a 7ah7 & we call x ,a 7ay71 a s\nd x nev] possess$ 9 ,lat94 ,b ,! second lett] ( ! alphabet repres5ts a crude h\se1 r\ghly outl9$4 ,aft] food1 %elt] is an important consid]ation & ?is fact 0 express$ by ! e>ly alphabet mak]4 ,! ,greeks aga9 7 ignorant ( ! picture & c>eless or indiff]5t z to ! exact "n ( ! "*1 & ?us two triangles in/ead ( ! squ>e support+ a triangle 7 made & ! "n *ang$ f be? to beta 7bata74 ,comb9e ! ,greek names = ! fir/ two lett]s & we h 7alphabeta7 alphabet4 ,! ,romans %ort5$ ! "n beta1 call+ x ,b 7bay7 & introduc$ ! curv$ loops4 ,! orig9al "n is famili> to u ?r\gh names f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures3 ,be!l 7h\se ( ,god7 & ,be?lehem 7h\se ( bread74 ,c-,g ,! %ip ( ! des]t1 ! camel1 gave its "n to ! ?ird lett]4 ,our "n = ?is animal is traceable back to ! ,pho5ician gimel 7ghemel7 or gamel 7gahmel74 ,! long neck & ! peculi> angle ( ! neck 9 relation to ! head c\ld easily be repres5t$4 ,! ,greeks made *anges simil> to ^? 9 o!r lett]s--!y improv$ ! %ape & *ang$ ! "n to gamma4 ,! ,romans did n =get ! curve & gave x bo? ! h>d & s(t s\nds 7kay & gay74 ,lat] on1 ab\t ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 to di/+ui% ! g s\nd f ! k s\nd !y add$ a little b> bel[ ! op5+4 ,?us we get bo? ,c & ,g f ! picture ( ! camel4 ,/ev5son said t :5 he 0 a *ild ! capital ,g always impress$ him z a g5ii swoop+ d[n to dr9k out ( a h&some cup4 ,kipl+'s /ory ( ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet is fill$ ) simil> delightful /ories ( ! picture orig9 ( lett] =ms4 ,d ,! next lett]1 ,d1 came f a repres5tation ( a door--dale? 7dahle?74 ,x probably pictures ! door ( a t5t4 ,a cu/om t prevails among ! ,arabs & 9 a numb] ( c\ntries gave p>ticul> importance to ! door ( a t5t--a /rang]1 or ev5 an enemy1 if he ent]$ ?r\gh ! door ( a t5t mu/ receive food1 dr9k & %elt]4 ,dale? became delta ) ! ,greeks & ,d 7day7 ) ! ,romans1 :o1 ( c\rse1 r\nd$ ! angle4 ,e ,! h\se picture gave u ,b1 ! door1 ,d1 & ! w9d[1 ,e4 ,he 7hay7 meant to look1 to see1 or w9d[1 & "o writ] ass]ts our famili> /reet cry hey1 !re c be trac$ to ^! anci5t times4 ,"o side b> ( ! w9d[ 0 lo/ e>ly4 ,! ,greeks at fir/ us$ ?is s\nd = ! long e 7epsilon7 b aft]w>ds employ$ ! "* ,h or eta = ! long s\nd4 ,! ,romans at fir/ made no *ange except to call x eh4 ,?is is ! lett] t occurs s frequ5tly 9 ,engli% words1 & _m no d\bt recall ! int]e/+ use t ,poe makes ( ?is fact 9 8 /ory ,! ,gold ,bug4 ,f ,our lett] ord] does n agree ) t ( ! ,pho5icians or ! e>ly ,greeks4 ,our six? lett]1 ,f1 is miss+ 9 classical ,greek1 b x is f\nd 9 e>li] writ+s4 ,x comes f a ,pho5ician repres5tation ( a hook or nail 787 vau4 ,! ,hebrew =m resembles ! latt] object4 ,! nail 0 important 9 %ipbuild+1 a common indu/ry ( ! e>ly trad]s4 ,:5 ! ,greeks us$ ?is lett] !y call$ x digamma 7d\ble gamma7 & its =m repres5t$ "o gamma 7,greek c7 sup]impos$ ov] ! o!r4 ,! ,romans call$ x ,f 7ef7 & dur+ ! reign ( ,emp]or ,claudius ! consonant ,v 0 repres5t$ by ! ,f inv]t$4 ,?is 0 done because ! ,lat9 alphabet _h b "o "* to repres5t ,u & ,v & ,,octavia became ,,octa,,ia4 ,h ,two f5ce po/s & ?ree horizontal bo>ds gave u our eigh? lett]1 ,h4 ,! f5ce 0 call$ *e? 7hai?74 ,! ,greeks omitt$ ! upp] & l[] bo>ds ?us mak+ x l our ,h1 & call$ x eta 7ata74 ,! ,romans gave x a s(t s\nd ,h 7hah7 j z we d today4 ,i-,j ,! p>ts ( ! human body also play$ an important "p 9 giv+ =m to ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! e>ly peoples recogniz$ ! value ( ! h& & ! head & ^! memb]s gave rise to ! lett]s ,i & ,k1 & ,q & ,r respectively4 ,! h& 9 pr(ile b5t at ! knuckles & wri/ gives u ! "* yod 7! h&7 z us$ by ! ,pho5icians4 ,! ,greeks1 :o always lik$ to h _! words end 9 v[els1 add$ a & call$ x ,iota 7e-ota74 ,:5 ! ,romans receiv$ x1 x 0 simply a v]tical /roke1 ,i 7ee7 :i* repres5t$ ! same long e s\nd z x did ) ! ,greeks1 b lat] !y us$ x bo? z a consonant & v[el1 diff]5tiat+ ! consonant by mak+ ! lett] ,i long]1 ,j2 b !y did n give a di/9ct lett] =m = ! capital ,j until ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! small j came into be+ ne>ly a c5tury lat]4 ,! dot ov] ! i 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 a ?irte5? c5tury manuscript4 ,illu/ration3 ,g5ealogy ( ,our ,lett]s f ! ,pho5ician ,alphabet #acjj ,b4,c4 ,until ! #crd ,c5tury ,b4,c4 ! "* c repres5t$ ! s\nds ( bo? g & k :5 a slight modification ( ! "* c 0 made = ! g s\nd4 ,9 a table ( ?is sort1 dates1 =ms1 & ev5 mean+s mu/ be arbitr>y4 ,= in/ance1 ,koph c be spell$ ,goph or ,qoph2 ,he may h no mean+2 ,lam$ 7,lam$h7 may mean tea*]'s rod2 ,same* 7,samekh7 may mean fi% or fulcrum2 ,zay9 may mean olive or balance4 ,k ,! silh\ette ( ! op5 h&1 ) its radiat+ l9es1 discloses ! orig9 ( ! lett] ,k1 kaph1 :i* signifi$ holl[ or palm4 ,we "k t palmi/ry 0 practic$ by ! anci5ts1 & probably ! association ( read+ ! h& & writ+ influ5c$ ! inclusion ( ?is "*4 ,! ,greeks add$ _! favorite v[el s\nd1 a1 aga9 & ?us obta9$ _! ,kappa4 ,! ,romans _h no ne$ = ?is lett] at fir/1 z ,c furni%$ ! same s\nd4 ,:5 !y did accept x1 !y made no *ange4 ,l ,! ox goad or :ip la%1 lam$ 7lahm$7 gave rise to ! next lett]4 ,h]d+ ox5 & %eep 0 ! important occupation ( ! slaves ( ! ,pho5icians & h5ce ! la/1 an object s unfamili> to u1 0 easily recogniz$ by !m4 ,! ,greeks aga9 add$ an a & call$ x lambda & made x 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ ,v4 ,! ,romans1 /rangely1 adh]$ m closely to ! orig9al =m ?an did ! ,greeks4 ,m-,n ,! ,pho5icians 7 lov]s ( ! sea1 & f ?is s\rce two lett]s 7 d]iv$1 ,m & ,n4 ,!y explor$ n only all ( ! ,m$it]ranean %ore at an e>ly date1 b !y also sail$ boldly ?r\gh ! gates ( ,gibralt>1 & beyond ! _w :]e !y f\nd ,brita94 ,!y 7 ! fir/ navigators t sail$ by night & x is said !y discov]$ ! nor? />4 ,!re=e x is n surpris+ t wat] mem 7maim7 is ! s\rce ( ,m & t fi%1 nun 7noon7 ! s\rce ( ,n4 ,! lett] ,m has *ang$ b little 9 =m1 x is ! ,greek lett] ,mu & ! ,roman ,m 7em74 ,! head ( ! fi%1 f :i* ! lett] ,n is pictur$1 0 simplifi$ ev5 m ?an ! head ( ! ox1 9 ,a4 ,x no d\bt repres5ts ! fi%]man's viewpo9t--n a swimm+ fi% b a susp5d$ "o4 ,! ,greeks rev]s$ ! /roke & call$ x ,nu & ! ,romans did n *ange its =m b call$ x ,n 7en74 ,o ,9 ,pho5icia1 z 9 ,egypt1 ,*9a & ,mexico1 ! eye is "o ( ! commone/ elem5ts f\nd 9 ! writ+4 ,x 0 call$ ,ay9 7ah-y974 ,! ,greeks us$ x = two s\nds n[ designat$ by ,omicron1 little o1 & omega1 great o1 ! lett] :i*1 /rangely1 0 plac$ at ! end ( ! ,greek alphabet4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,bible3 ,i am ! ,alpha & ! ,omega1 ! beg9n+ & ! end1 ! fir/ & ! la/4 ,h[ _m today w\ld ?9k ( us+ ! alphabet = su* an important illu/ration8 ,x is easy to trace ! ,roman ,o 7oh7 f its ,greek p>5t1 omicron4 ,p ,_m lett] pictures run 9 pairs--f+] & h&1 wat] & fi%--& n[ aft] eye we f9d m\? pi 7pe7 :i* repres5ts ! l[] lip4 ,! ,greeks made little *ange 9 ! "n or %ape at fir/1 b lat] !y introduc$ ! angles & made ! d[nw>d /rokes equal4 ,! ,romans =m$ ! lett] by cont9u+ ! curve f>!r ?an ! ,pho5icians & call$ x pe 7pay74 ,q-,r ,n[ we come to ,q & ,r1 ! lett]s :i* 7 m5tion$ above z ^? probably com+ f ! head4 ,:e!r ,q 7koph7 0 d]iv$ f ! picture ( ! back view ( ! head & neck1 or :e!r x repres5ts a knot1 :i*1 no d\bt1 0 z important to navigators !n z x is n[1 is a moot$ "q4 ,! ,q s\nd is guttural & ! tail ( ! lett] is suppos$ to indicate ! ?roat s\nd4 ,! ,greeks soon disc>d$ koppa1 z x 0 call$1 & ! ,romans w5t back to ! orig9al s\rce = _! ,q 7koo74 ,! back view ( ! head is ! unusual "o1 = z we look at ! draw+ ( ! e>ly races1 or memory pictures1 or ! del9eations ( a *ild ( sev5 or eight we f9d !y are almo/ )\t exception pr(ile pictures4 ,! ,pho5ician re% repres5ts ! pr(ile & %[s v little resemblance to a human be+1 al?\gh at fir/ ! features may h be5 m cle>ly indicat$4 ,! ,greeks1 z 0 to be expect$1 turn$ ! lett] ar\nd1 & lat]1 oddly en\gh1 introduc$ a curve mak+ x exactly l ! ,roman lett] ,p4 ,! extra /roke :i* we f9d 9 ! ,roman lett] 0 no d\bt due to ! c>elessness 9 copy+4 ,!y pron\nc$ x ,r 7air74 ,s ,!re is a common leg5d expla9+ ,s1 ! lett] ) ! hiss+ s\nd4 ,because ( its curv$ %ape & its hiss+ s\nd _m p believe x to be d]iv$ f a snake4 ,its real hi/ory is easily foll[$ f ,pho5ician %9 or s9 7tee?7 to ! pres5t day4 ,its =m closely resembl$ our ,w4 ,! ,greeks made x p]p5dicul> = _! sigma & ! ,romans simplifi$ & curv$ x giv+ ,s 7ess74 ,t ,our tw5tie? lett]1 ,t1 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because x is d]iv$ f tahv a m>k or cross made by p :o c\ld n write1 & no d\bt _! signature frequ5tly resembl$ x4 ,we mu/ n =get t ev5 ,*>lemagne & o!r k+s ( ! middle ages _h to make _! m>k or trace _! initials ?r\gh /5cil plates4 ,! only *ange ( tahv to ,greek tau1 & to ,roman ,t 7tay7 0 ! rais+ ( ! cross-b>4 ,u-,v-,y ,! lett]s ,u1 ,v & ,y 7 all tak5 f ! lett] ,upsilon1 & x may h be5 d]iv$ f ! que] ,hebrew =m ( ,ay9 :i* closely resembles ,y4 ,! lett]s ,u & ,v 7 int]*angeable4 ,upsilon1 kn[n z ! ,samian lett]1 0 us$ by ,py?agoras z an emblem to repres5t ! p>t+ ( ! ways--! "y man mak+ a *oice 9 life4 ,w ,our ,anglo-,saxon =efa!rs contribut$ two lett]s1 ,w 7w57 & ano!r (t5 confus$ ) ,y1 call$ ?orn4 ,^! 7 introduc$ dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ,fr5* always call$ ! =m] lett] d\ble vay1 & 9 ,engli% x may be said to repres5t d\ble ,u1 z its "n indicates4 ,! lett] ?orn _h ! value ( ! digraph ?1 & ye 9 old ,engli% %\ld be pron\nc$ ! l ! def9ite article4 ,x-,z ,al?\gh we h no direct ne$ = ! lett] ,x1 = ,z c be sub/itut$ = x :5 x is us$ z an initial lett]1 & ks :5 us$ else:]e1 x has rema9$ 9 ! alphabet s9ce its frequ5t use by ! ,greeks4 ,x came f ! ,roman ,x 7eex7 :i* may h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,greek ksi4 ,! latt] resembles ! ,pho5ician "* same*1 mean+ a po/ or support4 ,! dagg] zay9 f :i* we obta9 our ,z mu/ h be5 important 9 ! daily lives ( ! ,greeks1 ,hebrews & ,pho5icians = x occupies ! six? place 7,zeta7 & ! sev5? 9 ! latt] alphabets4 ,! ,romans did n *ange its "n or %ape1 b al?\gh !re has be5 little *ange 9 #b1jjj ye>s we see little resemblance to ! %ort sword 9 ! lett] ! ,romans gave to u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m slight *anges t h occurr$ 9 ! =mation ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet may be acc\nt$ =4 ,at fir/ ! ,greeks wrote f left to "r 9 "o l9e & f "r to left on ! next l9e--a mode ( writ+ :i* has be5 t]m$ b\/roph$on because x runs z an ox pl[ does 9 a field1 up "o furr[ & d[n ano!r4 ,x is due to ?is fact t _m lett]s 7 rev]s$ f _! orig9al prototypes4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t rec5tly books = ! bl9d h be5 emboss$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! small lett]s ( ! alphabet1 sometimes call$ l[] case lett]s because pr9t]s keep !m 9 a case bel[ ! capitals1 or m9uscule lett]s 9 contra/ ) majuscule1 or capital lett]s1 illu/rate fur!r *anges due to rapid writ+ ( capitals 9 a cursive or runn+ h&4 ,! few *>act]s select$ by ! ,pho5icians1 ! great trad]s1 artific]s & f>m]s ( ! anci5t _w1 n only influ5c$ ,greek lit]ature & life1 ,roman & mod]n nations 9 ,europe1 b also spread ea/w>d to ! v walls ( ,*9a4 ,! ,hebrews copi$ !m z a :ole & reta9$ ! orig9al names ) only slight v>iations4 ,!y did *ange ! %apes because a diff]5t writ+ in/rum5t 0 employ$4 ,accord+ to a leg5d1 ,jehovah gave ! lett]s to ,moses1 h5ce all ! left curves 9 ,hebrew lett] =m turn upw>d--z symbols ( a f+] po9t+ heav5w>d4 ,! ,pho5ician alphabet is also ! p>5t ( ! ,arabic1 ,indian1 ,javanese1 ,corean1 ,tibetan1 ,coptic syllab>ies & alphabets4 ,no small c\ntry ev] gave su* a great gift to humanity2 no l>ge c\ntry c\ld h giv5 a great] gift4 ,,?is ,,article ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,janson ,,types1 ,,z ,,are ,,^? ,,articles ,,foll[+ ,,= ,,:i* ,,no ,,o!r ,,type ,,face ,,is ,,indicat$4 ,illu/ration,,lancelot ,,hogb5,illu/ration ,pr9t+1 ,pap] & ,play+ ,c>ds ,f ,cave ,pa9t+ to ,comic ,/rip by ,lancelot ,hogb54 ,copyright #aidi by ,! ,*anticle] ,press4 ,repr9t$ 9 abridg$ =m by p]mission ( au?or & publi%]4 ,tw5ty ?\s& ye>s or m sep>ate ! way ( life ( ! ,aurignacian hunt]s1 :o contribut$ ! fir/ pictures to ! mod]n symposium ( human communications1 f ! beg9n+s ( settl$ community life & ! beg9n+s ( a prie/ly script4 ,fully ?ree ?\s& ye>s sep>ate ! way ( life ( ! fir/ ,semitic trad+ folk :o _h an alphabet f ! va/ expansion ( k :i* occurr$ 9 ,nor!rn ,europe aft] ! spread ( pr9t+ f movable type dur+ ! half c5tury be=e ! voyages ( ,columbus4 ,civilis$ mank9d _h to surm\nt _m hurdles be=e x 0 possible to exploit to ! fulle/ ext5t ! consid]able economy signalis$ by ! introduction ( alphabetic writ+4 ,at fir/1 !re 7 few p :o _h any use = ! art ( writ+ except z a conv5i5ce ( comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,!re 0 9 fact no inc5tive to adapt ! art ( writ+ ) lett]s to ! flexible uses ( daily spee*4444 ,an age-long popul> tradition ( community s++ & community danc+ lies back ( ,aes*ylus1 ,euripides & ,ari/ophanes2 b x 0 "o :i* c\ld assume s novel an aspect only 9 ! trad+ communities ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e con/ant int]*ange ( p]sonnel promot$ conditions less propiti\s to ! dom9ance ( a prie/ly class ( av>ici\s l&$ proprietors ?an "u ! e>li] dyna/ies ( ,egypt & ! ne> ,ea/4 ,?us & !re1 at an e>ly date1 a segm5t ( tribal ritual cry/allises z a secul> pursuit2 & :]e !re is a fl\ri%+ drama !re is also a motive = writ+1 equally alo( f association ) ! repetition ( sacr$ texts or f ! limit$ requirem5ts ( ! c\nt+-h\se4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 an inc5tive to write d[n :at is m ?an a c]emonial password1 an epitaph or a bill ( goods1 an inc5tive to record 9 writ+ :at liv+ p actually speak4 ,x is inde$ a f> cry f ! ,greek drama to ! free-&-easy visual spee* ( a mod]n novel or ( a mod]n newspap] 9 ! ,we/]n _w2 b we unduly belittle our too (t5 ov]rat$ debt to ,greek civilisation1 if we fail to pay tribute to an innovation :i* entitles ,greek lit]ature to rank z a c>d9al contribution to ! self-education ( ! human species4 ,to a f> great] ext5t ?an ! ,romans1 ! ,greeks wrote ab\t ! life ( _! times ) an intimacy & livel9ess :i* =e%ad[s ! adaptation ( writ+ to all ! famili> uses ( spee*4 ,= ! ,lat9 :i* g5]ations ( s*oolboys reluctantly con/ru$ 9 ! gramm> s*ools1 ,lat9 9 ! ,glad/one tradition1 0 actually dead :5 committ$ to writ+1 a language z remote f ! common spee* ( ! ,italian p59sula z ! idiom ( ,g]trude ,/e9 f t ( ! contempor>y ,am]ican h\sehold4 ,)9 ! framework ( ,greco-,lat9 society1 ! writt5 ^w became available to ! m prosp]\s citiz5s on a scale unprec$5t$ 9 ! civilisations :i* _h prec$$ !m2 b !re 7 /ill v few :o read mu* or read (t54 ,! spok5 ^w 0 /ill ! ma9 in/rum5t ( in/ruction & ( political p]suasion4 ,ev5 among ^? :o c\ld read1 !re 7 /ill few :o c\ld also write4 ,!re 7 9 fact two =midable imp$im5ts alike to ! use ( ! writt5 ^w z a m$ium ( in/ruction or ( propag&a & to ! availability ( any consid]able body ( writt5 matt] = ^? ) incl9ation & tra9+ 9 ! art ( read+4 ,ne$less to say1 "o 0 ! labori\s nature ( ! only available means ( multiply+ ! products ( ! p51 :5 x 0 necess>y to copy e script individually by h&2 & s9ce ?is 0 a lab\r commonly entru/$ to slaves1 defici5cy 9 p5man%ip gave little affront to self-e/eem among ! /ill privileg$ few :o c\ld read ) ease4 ,! o!r h&icap 0 ! writ+ surface itself1 (t5 ( its v nature inadaptable to free circulation & at be/ co/ly4 ,,pap] is s mu* a "p ( e-day life t we too easily ov]look ! significance ( writ+ mat]ial z a circum/ance limit+ ! advancem5t ( lit]acy4 ,x is on t acc\nt wor?y ( m ?an a s+le s5t5ce4 ,! clay tablets ( ,babylon & ,crete might s]ve ! purpose ( /ock+ a temple or a palace libr>y2 b no h\sehold ( mode/ size c\ld h accommodat$ ! cont5ts ( sev]al issues ( ! ,new ,york]1 if transcrib$ 9 ! cunei=m tradition4 ,mu* ! same may be said ab\t ! wax tablets 9 common use among ! ,roman contempor>ies ( ,cic]o4 ,inde$ ! advantage ,egyptian civilisation1 & !reaft] ! ma9l& ,greek1 ,alex&rian1 & late ,lat91 enjoy$ f ! use ( papyrus is difficult to exagg]ate4 ,papyrus consi/s ( longitud9al ribbons ( re$ laid on a wet surface1 /uck ) gum to an ov]lay+ lay] ( simil> /rips at "r angles1 dri$ 9 ! sun & subsequ5tly poli%$4 ,x has a d\ble advantage ov] clay & wax4 ,x is n bulky1 & its smoo? surface p]mits an easy cursive /yle ( writ+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its manufacture is t$i\s2 & x does n /& up to a moi/ climate4 ,long be=e pr9t+ began 9 ,europe--dur+ ! ,han dyna/y 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4--! ,*9ese _h tak5 a lesson f ! wasp1 :i* makes its ne/ by *ew+ vegetable fibre & press+ ! moi/ susp5sion into a film ( ev5 ?ickness4 ,z a s\rce ( vegetable fibre1 ! ,*9ese us$ any?+ :i* came to h&3 old fi%+ nets1 worn-out rope & hemp1 mac]at+ x 9 tubs be=e remov+ ) a sieve ! artificial detritus4 ,x is !n possible to compress ! latt] to requir$ ?ickness1 & ! triturat$ fibres adh]e :5 dry4 ,! ,m&>9 _h n[ mat]ial f> sup]ior to papyrus1 alike = copy+ or = /or+ ! writt5 ^w2 b he lack$ ! inc5tive to %>e ! advantage ( ?is inv5tion ) 8 und]privileg$ compatriots4 ,*9ese lit]ature receiv$ a new impetus2 b !re 7 /ill few :o c\ld enjoy its b5efits4444 ,! capture ( ,sam>k& by ! ,arabs 9 ,a4,d4 #gej m>ks ! date :5 pap] />ts on its trek to ! z yet non-exi/5t pr9t+ presses ( ,europe4 ,! ,moslem invad]s ( ,spa9 & ,sicily br\ght x ) !m into ! t]ritories !y conqu]$1 & ) x a recipe = d]iv+ ! fibre basis f old rags4 ,= ?ree c5turies aft] its introduction to ,*ri/5dom1 some:]e ab\t ,a4,d4 #abjj1 x _h to compete ) p>*m5t or vellum made f /ret*$1 press$ & dri$ animal membranes4 ,:at 0 probably decisive 9 e/abli%+ its supremacy 0 ! spread ( wat] mills 9 ! two c5turies be=e ,caxton4 ,p[] 0 necess>y to spe$ up mac]ation ( ! raw mat]ial2 & we h record ( pap] mills 9 ,g]many by ,a4,d4 #accf4 ,_h x n be5 = ?is new tempo & economy ( production ( ?91 smoo? & flexible mat]ial = ! impress ( ! writt5 ^w1 ! va/ly increas$ volume ( writt5 matt] put into circulation by ! pr9t+ press c\ld n h come ab\t4 ,z we all "k1 pr9t+ f movable type began 9 ,europe ab\t fifty-ye>s be=e ,columbus set out on 8 fir/ voyage2 b few ( u reflect ^u ! dramatic spe$ ) :i* ! new trade spread f "o city or "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,a s+le leaf ( a sibyll9e poem call$ ! ,fragm5t ( ,_w ,judgm5t is suppos$ly ! e>lie/ extant product ( ! new te*nique1 probably issu$ ab\t ! ye> #adde f ! press ( ,gut5b]g1 a ma/] pr9t]1 !n resid5t 9 ,/rasb\rg4 ,f law-suit records we "k t ,fu/1 a goldsmi? ( ,ma9z :o f9anc$ ,gut5b]g's e>lie/ trials1 0 pr9t+ !re dur+ ! fifties2 & ,mc,murtrie1 au?or ( ,! ,book1 /ates t ! fir/ dat$ piece ( pr9t+ pres]v$ to u appe>$ 9 #aded1 :i* is ?us ! e>lie/ date t c be set beyond any speculation or controv]sy4 ,9 t ye> f\r diff]5t issues ( a papal indulg5ce appe>$ 9 pr9t$ =m4 ,! occasion 0 hi/oric4 ,con/ant9ople _h fall5 to ! ,turks ! ye> be=e4 ,at ! solicitation ( ! k+ ( ,cyprus1 ,pope ,ni*olas ,v grant$ indulg5ces to ^? ( ! fai?ful :o %\ld aid ) gifts ( money ! campaign aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,paul9us ,*appe1 z repres5tative ( ! k+ ( ,cyprus1 w5t to ,ma9z to raise money ( ?is cause4 ,ord9>ily1 ^! indulg5ces w\ld h be5 writt5 out by h&1 b 9 ?is case1 z !re 7 a consid]able numb] to be di/ribut$1 ! aid ( ! new art ( pr9t+ 0 enli/$1 & =ms 7 pr9t$ ) blank spaces left = fill+ ! dates1 ! names ( ! donors to :om !y 7 issu$1 & o!r details4 ,! new art turn$ out to be a d\ble-edg$ weapon 9 ! h&s ( papal au?ority4 ,a ,lat9 ,bible 9 two columns ( =ty-two l9es to ! page came out 9 #adef1 mo/ probably1 accord+ to ,mc,murtrie1 f ! press ( ,fu/1 n[ 9 competition ) ,gut5b]g4 ,z e>ly z #adgh1 a ,cologne ma/] pr9t] issu$ a ,bible 9 two diff]5t ,g]man dialects ) well ov] a hundr$ illu/rations4 ,!re 7 #acc editions ( x dur+ ! next fifty ye>s4 ,to be sure1 a c5tury 0 to elapse be=e pr9t$ ,bibles 7 available 9 ! home tongue ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 ,brita91 ,sc&9avia & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries2 b x 0 a disa/r\s /ep to make ! poor] cl]gy ,bible-consci\s4 ,)9 t5 ye>s ( ! issue ( ! ,indulg5ce m5tion$ above1 pr9t+ by movable type 0 go+ on 9 sev]al ,g]man cities o!r ?an ,ma9z & ,/rasb\rg4 ,g]man pr9t]s br\ght ! art to ,rome 9 #adfg1 & two ye>s lat] ,john ( ,spire1 l ,fu/ a goldsmi?1 _h />t$ "w 9 ,v5ice4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 says ,mc,murtrie1 x seems likely t ! fir/ pr9t+ (fice 9 ,basle began "w ab\t #adfg4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,p>is />ts ab\t a ye> lat]4 ,9 #adfi1 ,caxton1 a ,k5ti%man1 :o _h occupi$ consul> /atus to ! ,engli% ,m]*ant ,adv5tur]s at ,bruges1 began translat+ into 8 own tongue = ! press ! ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troye1 pr9t$ !re 9 #adge4 ,a ye> lat]1 he return$ to ,engl&1 set up bus9ess ) ,col>d ,mansion 9 ! ,almonry ne> ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & f t (fice produc$ ,! ,dictes or ,say5gis ( ! ,philosoph]s4 ,?is1 /ates ,mc,murtrie1 0 ! fir/ dat$ book pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1 ! ,epilogue be+ dat$ #adgg & 9 "o copy ,novemb] #ah4 ,?\gh ?is 0 ! fir/ dat$ book1 x 0 n c]ta9ly ! fir/ issue ( ! press1 ,caxton's translation ( ,jason & a few o!r publications ( slight ext5t hav+ probably prec$$ x4 ,)9 tw5ty ye>s f ! />t1 on ! ?re%old ( ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 pr9t+ f movable type is ?us 9 full sw+ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! spe$y & consequ5t intellectual f]m5t is an (t-told tale1 sc>cely wor? fur!r comm5t1 if x 7 n too cu/om>y to dwell on ! alleg$ impact on natural k1 z on biblical criticism & political !ory1 ( ,greek s*ol>%ip import$ into ,europe by ,byzant9e immigrants 9 flight f ! victori\s ,turks4 ,! fact is t ! positive outcome ( ,alex&rian ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 m$ic9e & me*anics _h long ago p5etrat$ nor?-we/]n ,europe ?r\gh visits ( /ud5ts to ! ,moori% univ]sities 9 ,spa91 :]e positive k _h atta9$ a high] level ?an ev] be=e ?r\gh ! m>riage ( ,alex&rian sci5ce to ,h9du numb]-lore4 ,equally indisputable is ! fact t ! univ]sities ( ,tol$o1 ,cordova & ,seville 7 midwives ( ! c>tography :i* ,jewi% pilots put at ! s]vice ( ,h5ry ! ,navigator4 ,t ! new te*nique ( pr9t+ made available = ! great explorations ( ! fifte5? c5tury a new sci5tific am5ity = :i* !re 0 a pre-exi/+ & insi/5t dem& is evid5t f ! m\nt+ numb] ( nautical almanacks publi%$ betwe5 ,gut5b]g's fir/ productions & ! project ( ,columbus4 ,soon !re 7 to foll[ manuals ( milit>y sci5ce prop\nd+ problems ( balli/ics creat$ by ! introduction ( gunp[d] into w>f>e--l pap]1 f ,*9ese s\rces by way ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,:y monks1 su* z ,adel>d ( ,ba?1 %\ld disguise !mselves z ,moslems to /udy 9 ! ,moori% univ]sities dur+ ! twelf? c5tury is easy to und]/&4 ,! ,*ur* _h assum$ ! responsibilities ( ! anci5t prie/hoods z cu/odians ( ! cal5d>1 & h5ce ( a/ronomical lore1 :5 ,*ri/ianity became ! (ficial religion ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,z f\nd]s ( hospitals 9 con=mity ) ! beatitude ( ! sick visitor1 !y 7 prohibit$ f active p>ticipation 9 ! advancem5t ( m$ic9e z a sci5ce by ,papal bulls aga9/ dissection ( ! human body1 b on t acc\nt ! m well-dispos$ to ,jewi% mission>ies ( ! ,moori% culture1 :5 ! latt] set up s*ools ( m$ic9e on ! campuses ( ! m$iaeval univ]sities4444 ,t ,ionian sci5tific speculations ex]t$ a salut>y influ5ce on ,newtonian sci5ce1 :5 ! atomic concept invad$ mod]n ,european ?\ght aft] ! sev5te5?-c5tury translations ( ,gass5di & o!rs1 is n op5 to dispute4 ,nor ne$ we rob ! fugitive s*ol>s ( ,con/ant9ople ( ! cr$it = play+ a m9or "p 9 ?is climax (f-/age2 b ! effloresc5ce ( sci5ce 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( te*nological advances made 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 & put into circulation ?r\gh a comm]cial und]tak+ :i* _h to sell sci5ce to a read+ public ( ma/] pilots1 m9+ eng9e]s1 artill]y comm&]s & spectacle-mak]s be=e naturali/ic sci5ce _h paid its way into univ]sity cloi/]s "u a m accommodat+ sobriquet z natural philosophy4 ,) ?is ov]due obitu>y on ! immigrants f ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ! ye> prec$+ ! fir/ dat$ product ( ! new pr9t+ te*nique let u leave !m2 & aga9 get into focus ! a/oni%+ spe$ ( its spread 9 an age :5 ! craft guilds jeal\sly gu>d$ _! secrets4 ,"h is a te*nical revolution ( ! fir/ magnitude at a "t :5 te*nical innovations diffus$ leisurely aga9/ m5ac+ ob/acles ( cu/om ?\ght & ( legal sanctions4 ,z su*1 its tempo is a *all5ge to curiosity2 & "p ( ! answ] to ! enigma is t !re 0 already a fl\ri%+ craft ( pr9t+ to take advantage ( ! economy ( movable type1 :5 ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ began _! p>tn]%ip4 ,aga91 we mu/ pause to pay a debt ( gratitude to ,*9a1 & to civilisations f> old] ?an ! ,*9ese4 ,we h se5 t ! seal is ! olde/ =m ( signature2 & t all our k ( "o ( ! e>lie/ lit]atures ( ! _w comes f clay tablets on :i* ! ,sum]ian prie/hoods engrav$ _! sign-language ) a pun* to :i* x owes ! *>act]i/ic /yle call$ cunei=m4 ,! same impulse to impose ! signature ( a sky-sign on ! clay tablet _h l$ m5 to impress symbols ( own]%ip or good om5 on ! s(t clay products ( ! pott]'s :eel be=e ! bak+ began4 ,a /amp is1 aft] all1 a seal to c>ry a pigm5t2 & ! practice ( /amp+ pott]y ) col\r$ patt]ns is ( great antiquity4 ,! next /ep is intelligible 9 its own t]ritory4 ,9 ,*9a1 :5ce ! silkworm made its le?>gic way across ! great trade r\tes ( ,asia1 /amp+ patt]ns on silk 0 probably a practice be=e ! ,*ri/ian era began2 & x 0 ,*9a :i* produc$ ! fir/ pap]4 ,probably ab\t ,a4,d4 #gjj1 ?\gh x may well be e>li]1 ! practice ( /amp+ *>ms by wood blocks on pap] began !re4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gfg ! ,empress ,%otoku ( ,japan ord]$ a million ,buddhi/ *>ms to be pr9t$ f wood blocks on pap] = plac+ 9 m9iature pagodas4 ,! ,*9ese pr$ilection = games su* z ,mah ,jongg is an anci5t tradition2 & an e>ly use ( block pr9t+--long be=e x came into ,europe--is ! production ( %eet dice or1 z we %\ld say1 play+ c>ds4 ,z *>ms--pictures ( sa9ts--& z play+ c>ds1 wood-block pr9t+ e/abli%$ a m>ket 9 ,europe at lea/ a c5tury be=e ,gut5b]g's ,bible4 ,=tunately1 we "k "s facts ab\t ?is1 z (t5 by a happy disp5sation4 ,= ! age-long ob/ruction ( ! legal m9d to progress conspires ) its obsessional drive to record its own ineptitudes & u to p]petuate mile/ones ( progress by ! resi/ance x (f]s to innovation4 ,?us we h ! record ( a prohibition issu$ by ! ,provo/ ( ,p>is 9 ,a4,d4 #acig aga9/ work+ m5 play+ c>ds on work+ days2 & !re 7 _m su* prohibitions 9 ,g]man t[ns ab\t ?is "t4 ,we h also orig9als ( contemporane\s wood-block pr9ts portray+ sa9ts = sale at %r9es by travell+ p$l>s & palm]s1 enc\rag$ to =ega!r by papal indulg5ces = ! pilgrims4 ,l ,snap & o!r *ildr5's c>d games ( today1 ! fir/ play+ c>ds 7 :olly pictorial1 9 suits exhibit+ ! feudal hi]>*y1 />t+ ) ! k+ & que54 ,! jok] is a relic4 ,sometimes1 ! wood block ( ! picture c>d accommodat$ a title or epi!t1 & (t5 ! ,heilig51 or %r9e *>ms promot$ by ! cl]gy z an antidote to ! c>nal indulg5ce ( c>d-play+1 w\ld c>ry ! "n ( ! sa9t4 ,ei!r way1 ! next /ep 0 inevitable4 ,we are n[ 9 sight ( pr9t+ z a m$ium = ! rapid circulation ( k2 b we h to take /ock ( sev]al features ( ! folk ways ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages be=e we take ! next hurdle4 ,:5 we rea* ! ?re%old ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 writ+ is no long] ! pr]ogative ( a prie/ly ca/e4 ,!re are m]*ants ) big balances 9 ! wool trade1 ! h]r+ trade & ! spice trade4 ,!re are pilots :o h to rely on _! rutt] books to navigate c>goes ( ! spice trade ov] long ocean r\tes4 ,!re is a m\nt+ volume ( manorial acc\ntancy & litigation connect$ ) ! ex*ange ( produce betwe5 ! c\ntryside & ! bor\ghs :]e ma/]-craftsm5 & m]*ants are n[ aspir+ to dome/ic conv5i5ces h]et(ore inaccessible to ! l&$ g5try4 ,all ?is signifies ! pre-exi/5ce ( consid]able semi-lit]ate p]sonnel to provide a m>ket = ! products ( ,gut5b]g's trade4 ,x is necess>y to say ?is1 because s*ool hi/ory too (t5 exhibits ! ,*ur* & ! ,law z ! cu/odians ( lit]acy4 ,:at is true is t ! monks1 & to a less ext5t ! lawy]s1 7 ! only p :o _h "t to write at l5g? dur+ ! c5tury we h n[ rea*$4 ,! lawy]s we may leave to _! own sadi/ic pursuits4444 ,! ,*ur* des]ves k9d] consid]ation1 ev5 if ! ,*ur* _h out/ay$ its welcome4 ,= ,ca?olicism kept alive ! lucidity ( picture-language 9 an age :5 a new te*nique ( illu/ration (f]$ ! only means ( grace to ! few m5 :o saw ! light ( sci5ce ?r\gh a miasma ( v]bal puns4 ,9 %ort1 we are "h talk+ ( ! ,missals1 a =m ( sacr$ art ) a *>m to :i* ev5 a h>d-boil$ te*nician su* z ! writ] is n entirely indiff]5t4 ,!re is a pa!tic e>ne/ness ab\t ! t5d] c>e ) :i* ! monks illum9at$ _! copies ( devotional texts1 & "o :i* e/abli%$ :at we may fairly call ! fir/ exp]im5t 9 visual education = ! p4 ,! monks :o made ! missals (f]$ a help+ h& to ! new indu/ry4 ,to be sure1 we read a lot ( rubbi% writt5 ab\t :at we owe to !m2 b !y did "o ?+ ( endur+ value besides />t+ hospitals & nurs+ ! spectacle trade = ! b5efit ( poor bl9d m54 ,!y made block-books possible4 ,9 ! admirable book already cit$1 ?is is :at ,mc,murtrie has to say ab\t _! contribution3 ,!re is 444 "o exce$+ly primitive block book1 ! ,ex]citium sup] ,pat] ,no/]1 9 :i* ! illu/rations are pr9t$ f woodcuts & ! text add$ 9 manuscript4444 ,! co/ume is t ( ! ,burgundian c\rt ( ! second qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 & ?is feature1 9 conjunction ) ! te*nique ( design & cutt+ l$ ,h9d to date ! book ab\t #adcj & h>dly lat] ?an #addj4 ,!re is /ill argum5t ab\t :e!r devotional block-books ) bo? illu/rations & text produc$ f fix$ blocks ant$at$ or syn*ronis$ ) pr9t+ f movable type2 b x seems fairly c]ta9 t block-books 7 9 circulation be=e ! wa/efulness ( cutt+ ! same lett] ov] & ov] aga9 on ! same block occurr$ to ,gut5b]g1 & likely en\gh to _m o!rs4 ,! issue is ( academic int]e/ only4 ,:at we c say c]ta9ly is t ! pr9t]s ( play+ c>ds & ( ,heilig5 7 already involv$ 9 ! book indu/ry be=e x occurr$ to anyone to make pun*es & dies = lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 ord] to disp5se ) ! necessity ( repeat$ly c>v+ ! same sign on a composite block4 ,metal-f\nd]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury already knew ! art ( us+ /amps ) s+le lett]s 9 relief to make an impress on f9e s& = molt5 metal :5 mak+ inscriptions1 !mselves to appe> 9 relief on ! f9i%$ ca/+4 ,9 bell f\ndries1 among craftsm5 :o made pewt] vessels ) inscriptions1 9 ! m9t+ ( co9 & ! ca/+ ( m$als1 ! use ( metal s+le-lett] pun*es & dies 0 also commonplace4 ,9 %ort1 !re is already 9 exi/5ce an indu/ry ( ma/] pr9t]s :5 ! record ( ,gut5b]g's law-suit bequea?s ! fir/ docum5t>y evid5ce ( pr9t+ z we use ! t]m today--moreov] an indu/ry work+ 9 close contact ) ancill>y crafts :i* _h already solv$ ! te*nical problems on ^: solution pr9t+ on a l>g] scale at less co/ 0 att5dant4 ,!re is a m>ket = books1 ) ri*] pr(its if ! pr9t] c solve ! te*nical problem ( outsm>t+ ! monks 9 ! art ( mak+ ! fir/ copy1 z he c already outsm>t !m by reproduc+ ! fir/ copy )\t limit4 ,9 "o s5se1 we n[ h a press4 ,/ill1 we h n expla9$ ! ph5om5al rapidity ) :i* ! new te*nique ( cutt+ /amps to make up a frame ( cont9u\s type spread ?r\gh\t ,europe1 unless we look at our p]iod 9 its social entirety2 & if we are to d s we mu/ take /ock ( _m ?+s :i* 7 n happ5+ 9 ,*9a1 ! p>5t civilisation ( ! pr9t+ art4 ,"o ( !m is suffici5tly obvi\s to be easily ov]look$ 9 an age ( c5tral heat+4 ,europe1 z po/-w> ,am]ican t\ri/s w agree1 is r cold & r cl\dy4 ,t is :y x is important to br+ glass into ! picture4 ,,glass is an inv5tion ( great antiquity1 be+ 9 fact an e>ly ,egyptian am5ity2 b ! v qualities we admire 9 ! iridesc5t glass ( ,etruscan or ,roman vessels make x equally unsuitable to ! uses ( dome/ic life or to ! sci5ce ( gas or temp]ature measurem5t4 ,be=e y h leisure to read1 9 ! *illy nor? ( ! ,hanseatic ,league or ! ,flemi% wool trade1 y mu/ h a te*nique ( h\se design utt]ly diff]5t f :at meets y\r requirem5ts 9 ! sunny s\? ( ,greece & ,italy1 ,crete or ,egypt4 ,x is !re=e relevant t !re is n[1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 a prosp]\s burgh] class ) h\ses equipp$ ) w9d[s made ( glass1 glass ( poor quality by our /&>ds b va/ly bett] fitt$ to its pr9cipal use ?an ! glass ( antiquity4 ,nor is x irrelevant t spectacles are n[ com+ into use = ! old folk :o h "t on _! h&s4 ,! v fact t we n[ h w9d[s br+s into focus t we h an em]g5t class ( semi-lit]ate & relatively prosp]\s m]*ants & craftsm51 a class :i* is beg9n+ to s5d its sons to gramm> s*ools to get a smatt]+ ( read+ & ( ! art ( cyph]s4 ,?is consid]ation prompts reflection ^u ! almo/ ubiquit\s association ( ! goldsmi? z ! patron1 p>tn] or f9anci] ( ! e>lie/ ma/] pr9t]s ( books4 ,!re is n[ a weal?y craft ( jewell]s & arm\r]s skill$ 9 ! art ( us+ pun*es & dies to make patt]ns 9 relief on a metal surface1 ) a secure trade among ! nobles & ! weal?i] m]*ants2 & !re are already ! beg9n+s ( a new trade 9 pictorial reproduction fo/]$ by arti/s seek+ patrons among !m4 ,be=e pr9t+ by movable type beg9s1 ! wood-block illu/ration is compet+ ) a bett] te*nique4 ,in/ead ( sme>+ a /icky ink on a rais$ surface1 x is n[ possible to a*ieve ! same end by fill+ ! crevices 9 a metal plate wip$ clean2 & :o %\ld be m conc]n$ ) promot+ ! use ( pictorial reproduction by engrav+ ?an goldsmi? & jewell] well v]s$ 9 ! uses ( impress+ a patt]n 9 relief or intaglio8 ,:at is happ5+ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury is n ! outcropp+ ( inborn g5ius4 ,contr>iwise1 we %\ld reg>d x z ! conflu5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( new te*niques1 individually ( little import to human advancem5t1 collectively ) a new mom5tum4 ,nor ne$ we pride ourselves on ! fact t ,european civilisation prov$ equal to exploit+ to great] advantage :at x _h ?anklessly receiv$ f ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,paul ,pelliot has discov]$ wood5 types attribut$ to ,wang ,*5g 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 well ov] a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! fir/ dat$ pr9t+ f movable type 9 ,g]many2 & if ?is inv5tion came to no?+1 h we f> to seek ! explanation8 ,) tw5ty-six pigeonholes = a box ( lett] type at 8 elb[1 ! ,european compositor ( ! fifte5? c5tury enjoys an immeasurable advantage ov] 8 f\rte5?-c5tury fell[ craftsman :o has to manipulate sev]al ?\s& ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,korea took up movable type1 probably ?r\gh ,*9ese influ5ce1 ab\t fifty ye>s be=e ,europe4 ,no intellig5t ,anglo-,am]ican ne$s to be told at l5g? h[ pr9t+ contribut$ to ! diffusion ( k previ\sly transmitt$ by oral tradition1 h[ mu* m ! ma/] pr9t]s & book-mak]s f ,gut5b]g to ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 contribut$ to ! mak+ ( our language habits ?an all ! pr(essors ( _! "t1 h[ mu* ! trade 9 read+ matt] contribut$ to ! great enlight5m5t ( ! f\r c5turies :i* foll[$1 h[ x also contribut$ to ! lib]ation ( ,*ri/5dom f papal au?ority1 :at x be/[$ on ! age ( ,galileo & ,newton1 h[ x catalys$ man's ?\ght ab\t human dignity & fundam5tal human rights4 ,:at we are prone to =get is h[ mu* wat] _h to pass "u ! bridges be=e ! homel& ( ,caxton or t ( ,frankl9 c\ld ass]t ! ability to read & to transcribe ! writt5 ^w z ! bir?right ( e citiz54 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 ,nor?we/]n ,europe1 lit]acy is today a m$ical diagnosis4 ,t a p]son _c read or write is n[ a suffici5t crit]ion ( m5tal defect2 & ?is is s 9 a s5se :i* w\ld h be5 utt]ly false ( ,brita9 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates alike :5 ,*>les ,dick5s wrote an un*>itable record ( 8 transatlantic it9]>y4 ,until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 0 ev]y:]e a l>ge und]privileg$ class cut (f f ! possession ( books & )\t ! inc5tive to pur*ase read+ matt]4444 ,by atta*+ a ca/ ( ! h&-set type to cyl9d]s x 0 possible to take advantage ( ! introduction ( /eam p[] ) consid]able economy ( "t entail$ 9 runn+ (f ! pr9t$ %eet2 b x 0 impossible to reap ! h>ve/ ( ?is economy :ile x 0 /ill necess>y to set type by manual extraction f a box ( ea* die = a lett]1 cyph] or punctuation m>k4 ,also1 ! manufactur] ( pap] f rag 0 a relatively co/ly process by mod]n /&>ds2 & ! discov]y ( a *eap] s\rce ( raw mat]ial 0 a precondition ( exp&+ trade 9 ! pr9t$ ^w4 ,rag1 be x said1 is simply wov5 fibre ( cotton or flax2 & any vegetable fibre is good en\gh = ! "w ( ! wasp4 ,x 0 !re=e a great advance1 :5 x 0 possible to use ! by-products ( ! lumb] camps = pap] manufacture4 ,wood pulp z a s\rce ( pap] came into its own 9 ! eighties1 ?\gh its use goes back to a ,g]man pat5t ab\t #ahdj4 ,9 #aheg ,r\tl$ge _h introduc$1 z an alt]native s\rce ( raw mat]ial1 esp>to grass f ,spa9 & ,nor? ,africa2 & !re _h be5 notable advances 9 ! me*anics ( pap] production dur+ ! prec$+ fifty ye>s4 ,9 #ahjc ! ,fr5* pr9t] ,didot br\ght into ,engl& a device :i* took advantage ( /eam p[] by runn+ wet pulp on to a mov+1 endless belt ( wire me% ?r\gh :i* ! wat] dra9$ (f4 ,x c\ld run (f 9 a day six miles ( pap] ( uni=m wid?4 ,9 #ahba ,crompton inv5t$ ! process ( dry+ by /eam-heat$ roll]s4 ,betwe5 #ahjc & #ahae ,knig 9 ,g]many & ,c[p] 9 ,brita9 _h p]fect$ p[]-driv5 ma*9]y = pr9t+ (f a cont9u\s roll ( pap] f cyl9d]s c>ry+ ! type ca/4 ,! f\r-cyl9d] ma*9e pat5t$ by ,c[p] & ,appleg>? 9 #ahbg ran (f #e1jjj %eets p] h\r ( ! ,london ,times simultane\sly pr9t$ on bo? sides4 ,! ,walt] ,rot>y ( #ahff appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ cyl9d] ma*9e to pr9t on bo? sides ( an unw9d+ roll ( pap] ) a p[]-driv5 me*anism to cut ! %eets1 previ\sly f$ to ! ma*9e by h&4 ,by t "t a *eap] s\rce ( pap] 0 available4 ,! adv5t ( *eap pap] accommodat$ ! pur*ase ( read+ matt] to ! purse ( ! poor] classes 9 ! community2 b x did n br+ into _! lives a daily /imulus to read4 ,:ile type-sett+ rema9$ a manual op]ation1 ! ma9t5ance ( a daily press 0 beset by _m difficulties & possible only because x did n z yet aspire to ! topical imm$iacy :i* c\ld coax a l>ge semi-lit]ate section ( ! population into ! habit ( daily read+4 ,:at made possible a truly popul> press 0 an inv5tion ?us describ$ by ,mc,murtrie3 ,sett+ ext5sive manuscripts by h& is1 ( c\rse1 a v sl[ & labori\s process1 & z ! pr9t+ indu/ry grew 9 ext5t & importance x 0 only natural t ef=ts %\ld be made to devise a means ( sett+ type me*anically at great] spe$ & less co/4444 ,! failures 7 myriad4 ,all ef=ts to take ! f\ndry type us$ by ! compositor & set x up me*anically came to naught4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 ,ottm> ,m]g5?al] inv5t$ a ma*9e :i*1 by ! action ( a keybo>d some:at resembl+ t ( a type-writ]1 assembl$ n type b matrices &1 :5 a :ole l9e 0 set & spac$1 ca/ ?is l9e 9 "o piece1 or slug1 ( type metal4 ,?is ma*9e1 :i* 0 fir/ put into practical use 9 #ahhf1 & appropriately *ri/5$ a l9otype1 gave a revolution>y impetus to ! pr9t+ indu/ry 444 z ) all new inv5tions ( importance x 0 expect$ t ?\s&s ( compositors w\ld be ?r[n out ( "w4 ,b1 aga9 z usual1 ! indu/ry grew s fa/ t m m5 7 employ$ ?an be=e4 ,?is device is n ! only ma*9e :i* sets type4 ,on its heels came ! monotype :i* employs ! pianola pr9ciple = p[] transmission & is = "s purposes pref]able4 ,! te*nical advantages ( "o or ! o!r are irrelevant to our !me4 ,:at makes pr9t+ by l9otype an out/&+ a*ievem5t ( n9ete5?-c5tury te*nology is t x p]mits type-sett+ to keep pace ) ! tempo ( topical affairs at a "t :5 a railroad s*$ule co-ord9at$ by telegraphy has made man m9ute-consci\s = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory4 ,x is at once a new goad to ! new social discipl9e ( punctuality & a new means ( satisfy+ an appetite = s5sation among a section ( ! population n z yet attun$ to habitual read+4444 ,t ! ,moslem _w ( ,om> ,khayyam & ,alk>ismi transmitt$ s _m ( ! b5efits ( ,*9ese civilisation to ! ,we/1 reap+ !mselves no advantage f ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 illu/rates a tru? :i* ,m>xi/ dogma ignores4 ,fruitful innovation is1 z ! ,m>xi/ rightly ass]ts1 ! result ( int]play betwe5 human ne$s & natural res\rces2 b ! triple =mula ( means1 motive & opportunity suffices to acc\nt = ! vag>ies ( man's hi/ory only if we recognise ! inh]5t in]tia ( human motivation4 ,beliefs d n come f heav52 b !y h a rem>kable t5acity 9 ! tee? ( worldly pr(it1 a t5acity =cefully illu/rat$ by two facets ( ! ,moslem cre$4 ,9 ! racy1 ?\gh none ! less s*ol>ly1 acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ already cit$ sev]al times 9 ?is *apt]1 ,mc,murtrie /ates3 ,! ,koran =bade games ( *ance4444 ,! ,koran _h be5 giv5 to ! ,moslems 9 writt5 =m1 & writ+1 !re=e1 0 ! only means by :i* x might ev] be transmitt$4 ,to ?is day ! ,koran has nev] be5 pr9t$ f type 9 any ,mohamm$an c\ntry2 x is always reproduc$ by li?ography4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is is t ,moslem c\ntries1 & ,african communities :i* h receiv$ _! script f ,moslem mission>ies1 suff] f ! educational disability ( a cursive /yle :i* is ill-suit$ to easy read+4 ,if we are tempt$ to ascribe ?is to defective h]$it>y equipm5t ( peoples ^: culture 0 ! inspiration ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 we may well reflect ) moral & intellectual b5efit to ourselves on ! complac5cy ) :i* we/]n s*ol>s dis[n ! con/ructive tasks ( language-plann+ at a "t :5 sci5tific j\rnals embody+ new discov]ies are appe>+ 9 tw5ty or m languages4 ,/ati/ics :i* convey a cle> picture ( ! m\nt+ volume ( pr9t$ matt] issu$ annually dur+ ! f\r c5turies ( ,european pr9t+ are h>d to come by4 ,! numb] ( editions pr9t$ 9 ,engl& increas$ f #ac 9 #aeaj to #bai 9 #aehj1 to ab\t #fjj a ye> 9 ! fir/ two decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & #ab1cgi 9 #aiac4 ,unhappily1 an edition is a grossly mislead+ index ( production1 ev5 ( new books4 ,:at we call a mod]n be/ sell] signifies a fir/ edition ( ov] #be1jjj copies4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! av]age edition 0 ab\t #cjj copies4 ,till ! middle ( ! eighte5?1 an edition r>ely exce$$ #fjj2 b !re 7 notable exceptions4 ,!re 7 #cd editions ( ! ,adagia ( ,erasmus1 ea* ( a ?\s& copies1 9 ! fir/ few decades ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & #bd1jjj copies ( 8 ,colloquia ,famili>ia came out 9 ! same au?or's lifetime4 ,( ,lu!r's tract ,to ! ,*ri/ian ,nobility #d1jjj copies 7 sold )9 five days4 ,! ,bible ,society1 f\nd$ 9 #agaa by ,b>on von ,can/e9 9 ,halle1 pr9t$ )9 a %ort space ( "t #cdj1jjj copies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & #dhj1jjj copies ( ! ,scriptures z a :ole4 ,! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society1 f\nd$ 9 #ahjd by ,?omas ,*>les ( ,bala z an incid5t 9 8 crusade aga9/ ,wel% illit]acy1 0 responsible = ! issue ( #bcg million copies 9 ! ?ree decades #aijj-aicj4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f>1 we h tak5 no cognisance ( ! =mative role ( ! ma/] pr9t] vis--vis ! culture ( contempor>y we/]n civilisation4 ,we %all n[ try to get into focus ! consequ5ces ( some?+ q new 9 ! hi/ory ( our species1 ! em]g5ce ( a social p]sonnel ) a ve/$ int]e/ 9 ! enlight5m5t ( mank9d4 ,( su* 0 ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ saleable electrical device1 ! orig9ator ( ! v names positive & negative 9 _! n[ mo/ common te*nical context1 a man :o r5d]$ signal s]vice = 8 c\ntry at ! c\rt ( ,france & put 8 signature to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! man ^: la/ w & te/am5t beg9s ,i1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,pr9t]4444 ,at fir/1 ! ma/] pr9t] 0 also a publi%]1 till ! trade began to exp& a book-sell] z well1 & sometimes1 l ,caxton1 translator or au?or4 ,nor is x surpris+ t pr9t+ & booksell+ /ill pres]ve ! pr(essional outlook ( ! m$iaeval craftsman f> m ?an any o!r contempor>y comm]cial und]tak+1 ) mores peculi> to !mselves4 ,today1 z ?r\gh\t ! pa/ f\r c5turies1 !re is /ill a place = ! small-scale high-quality firm 9 pr9t+1 publi%+ or booksell+ alike4 ,?r\gh\t ! five c5turies ( pr9t+ f movable type ! small proprietor has ev] be5 ! ally ( novel ?\ght2 & ! book trade /ill ?rives on ! free expression ( views :i* are ana!ma to big bus9ess1 oil politicians & ,wall ,/reet tycoons4 ,to say ?is is n to say t e publi%]1 e p>tn] 9 a pr9t+ firm or e back-/reet book-sell] is 9 ! vangu>d ( lib]al s5tim5t & f]tile c]ebration2 b to be bl9d to _! contribution to our common culture is to be bl9d to "o ( ! burn+ issues ( our age4 ,ev5 to say t ! publi%]1 ! pr9t] or ! book-sell] is always ahead ( 8 bus9ess colleagues 9 jo9+ ! b&wagon ( progress is to dispel a miasma ( moral indignation :i* di/orts our view ( a decision contempor>y man has to make wisely or incur ! prospect ( a d>k age ( sup]/ition & au?ority4444 ,illu/ration3 ,colophons4 ,ru? ,s4 ,granniss ,copyright #aicj by ,! ,colophon4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! au?or4 ,! late pr9t]-s*ol>1 ,!odore ,l[ ,de ,v9ne1 0 wont to exclaim ) regret ov] a puzzl+ booki% "q1 ,alas1 bibliography is n an exact sci5ce6 ,s9ce 8 day1 :at ) ! le>n$ publications ( bibliographical societies 7fir/ & =emo/--t ( ,engl&71 ) su* s*ol>ly indep5d5t productions z ,ronald ,b4 ,mc,kerrow's ,introduction to ,bibliography & "s ( its foll[]s1 & ) su* und]tak+s z ! ,gesamtkatalog d] ,wieg5drucke--n to speak ( ! _m ma/]ly libr>y catalogues & bibliographies :i* ^! late ye>s h br\ght u--we are almo/ tempt$ to rev]se 8 dictum4 ,we h all ^!1 add$ to ! weal? ( pione] writ+s ( book-lov]s l ,ri*>d de ,bury1 ,gabriel ,naude1 ,guillaume ,franois ,de ,bure1 ,gabriel ,peignot1 ,?omas ,frognall ,dibd91 & ! m sci5tific b no m 7nor less7 book-lov+ ,panz]1 ,ha91 ,brunet1 ,r5\>d1 ,brad%aw1 ,haebl]1 ,proctor1 ,claud91 & our own ,wilb]=ce ,eames4 ,we pause = brea?1 b h only pick$ a few r&om names f ! long roll ( ^? :o h lov$ & work$ = ! arts t g into ! mak+1 & ! sci5ce t goes into ! und]/&+ ( a pr9t$ book--! vehicle :i* mu/ cont9ue to pres]ve & to c>ry d[n ?r\gh ! ages ! results ( m5's ?\ghts & ! records ( _! de$s4 ,all ?is is z x %\ld be1 b ( late1 & especially 9 connection ) ! pres5t vogue = collect+ ! works ( liv+ au?ors1 a c]ta9 quality 7%all we call x self-consci\sness7 has crept 91 an undue /ress+ ( small te*nicalities1 & we blu% to confess a confus$ feel+ ( sympa?y = ! mod]n book-hunt]1 :o is hav+ s mu* ( 8 fun tak5 away f him by neat little textbooks & articles1 bri/l+ ) allusions to po9ts1 "r copies1 fir/s & ! l 7) ! inevitable quotation m>ks7 & fill$ ) weighty que/ions ( doll>s & p\nds--! seem+ly all-important matt] ( ! inve/m5t value ( our treasures4 ,?is surely is n ! f9e fr5zy :i* possess$ ,*>les ,lamb :5 he wrote3 ,d y rememb] ! br[n suit :i* y made to hang ^u y1 till all y\r fri5ds cri$ ',%ame ^u y6' ,x grew s ?readb>e--& all because ( t folio ',beaumont & ,flet*]1' :i* y dragg$ home late at night f ,b>k]'s 9 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,d y rememb] h[ we ey$ x = weeks be=e we c\ld make up our m9ds to ! pur*ase1 & _h n come to a det]m9ation till x 0 ne> t5 o'clock ( ! ,saturday night1 :5 y set (f f ,isl+ton1 fe>+ y %\ld be too late4 ,& :5 ! old book-sell] ) "s grumbl+ op5$ 8 %op1 & by ! tw9kl+ tap] 7= he 0 sett+ b$w>ds71 light$ out ! relic f 8 du/y treasures1 & :5 y lugg$ x home1 wi%+ x 7 twice z cumb]some1 & :5 y pres5t$ x to me1 & :5 we 7 explor+ ! p]fectness ( x 7collat+ y call$ x71 & :ile ,i 0 repair+ "s ( ! loose leaves ) pa/e1 :i* y\r impati5ce w\ld n suff] to be left till daybreak--0 !re no pleasure 9 be+ a poor man6 ,:]e !re is mu* smoke1 h[ev]1 !re is fire1 & x is assur$ly good t ?is int]e/ 9 bibliographical ?+s %\ld h swept ! c\ntry1 & incid5tally t ! joys ( ! bibliomaniac & ! bibliophile are be+ exp]i5c$ today by _m m ?an ! elect few ( ! pa/1 on :om we love to dwell4 ,b if we mod]ns are doom$ to buy our fir/ editions ready labell$ & to h our equations work$ out 9 advance1 if a f9e copy mu/ be t]m$ immaculate & ! back ( a book mu/ be its sp9e1 etc41 etc41 ad inf9itum1 let u />t ) ! "r premises1 & hold on to ! t]ms :i* 7 prov]bial be=e we 7 born4 ,:i* br+s u to our po9t--,:at is a ,colophon8 ,! "q w\ld seem a reflection ^u ! intellig5ce ( ! av]age book-lov]1 at ?is late day1 7 x n t !re seems to be a gr[+ t5d5cy1 %>$ 7ev5 in/igat$7 by lexicograph]s1 to mis-def9e ! ^w1 or to use x out ( its truly bibliographical & philological mean+4 ,to book-lov]s & collectors ( ev5 ! prec$+ g5]ation1 acqua9t$ z !y 7 ) ! niceties ( _! vocation1 or avocation1 ! sugge/ion ( m ?an "o signification w\ld h seem$ well-nigh an insult4 ,p]haps x is ev5 because we are liv+ 9 ?is late day t h]esies h crept 94 ,aft] all1 x is ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury s9ce ! ,caxton ,club ( ,*icago br\ght out ,an ,essay on ,colophons1 by ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,w4 ,poll>d1 lat] ,keep] ( ,pr9t$ ,books at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ^: ^w on all bibliographical matt]s c>ries ! highe/ au?ority--! ,club !reby p]=m+ "o ( ^? great s]vices to /ud5ts ( bibliography = :i* x & simil> in/itutions are acclaim$ by an appreciative1 if limit$1 circle4 ,p]haps ! v limits ( ! circle are acc\ntable = lack ( k1 & x may be t a book1 pr9t$ ne>ly tw5ty-five ye>s ago 9 an edition ( "s two hundr$ & fifty copies1 may nev] h come )9 ! k5 ( a writ] on booki% ?+s today--ev5 ( an e>ne/ "o4 ,b t is j :]e our qu>rel beg9s--ought anyone to write on colophons1 or on any?+ else1 )\t "s k ( at lea/ ! *ief lit]ature ( ! subject1 & %\ld ! next man1 & ! next1 be all[$ to h& on an error1 or p]haps a misconception1 )\t a ?\ght ( ! orig9al s\rces ( in=mation8 ,= t is j :at has be5 happ5+ 9 ,am]ica 9 ?is matt]1 & :at x seems mu/ also be occurr+ 9 great] ones4 ,!re is pl5ty ( ?or\gh s*ol>%ip "h1 s*ol>%ip t %r9ks f no drudg]y--!n :y is x t s mu* ha/y1 slip%od "w is all[$ to pass8 ,b we 7 speak+ ( colophons--a ^w :i*1 to _m p :o tr\ble ) x at all1 seems to mean almo/ any?+1--= in/ance ! m>k or device ( a pr9t] or publi%+ firm1 plac$ any:]e at r&om 9 a book1 possibly be>+ a motto or a "n4 ,inde$1 ?is is ! signification :i* has frequ5tly be5 giv5 to x ( late 9 pr9t & 9 common spee* by p :o %\ld h kn[n bett]1 & :om a little ?\ght or a little m rese>* w\ld h taught bett]4 ,= in/ance1 a publi%]'s assi/ant sugge/$ t a giv5 place ^u ! title page is ! prop] location = ! colophon2 a libr>ian wrote to reque/ a copy ( ! colophon ( ! ,groli] ,club to add to a collection2 a book-trade magaz9e issu$ an article on devices or trade-m>ks ( publi%]s ( today1 appe>+ on ! title pages ( _! publications1 & dubb$ !m all colophons2 a college pr(essor us$ ! t]m 9 l mann]2 & all ?is occurr$ )9 a p]iod ( a few mon?s4 ,! only prote/ to be rais$ 9 pr9t seems to be t ( ,leon>d ,l4 ,mackall1 9 8 dep5dable ,notes = ,bibliophiles1 a dep>tm5t ( ! ,h]ald ,tribune's ,sunday magaz9e1 ,books4 ,9 ! issue ( ,m>* #ag1 #aibi1 he wrote3 ,"r "h we mu/ call special att5tion to ! fact t1 "s mod]n ignorant or c>eless misuse to ! contr>y1 not)/&+1 a colophon is n really a colophon at all unless x appe>s at ! end ( ! book4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ! ^w does n prop]ly mean m]ely a publi%]'s device :]ev] us$1 z /at$ 9 a rec5t anonym\s illu/rat$ article4 ,no "o has he$$ him1 h[ev]1 & my own l-m9d$ objections 7 met ) ! advice to look 9 ! diction>y1 & !n ! bl[ fell6 ,x is true t "s diction>ies1 b by no means all1 c\nt5ance ?is usage ( colophon z a device ^u a title page4 ,be=e quot+ _! def9itions1 let u look at ! ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y1 :]e we f9d3 #a4 ,f9i%+ /roke2 cr[n+ t\*1 obs4 #b4 ,! inscription or device1 sometimes pictorial or emblematic1 =m]ly plac$ at ! end ( a book or manuscript1 & conta9+ ! title1 ! scribe's or pr9t]'s "n1 date & place ( pr9t+1 etc4 ,h5ce1 f title page to colophon4 ,x may be not$ t1 ( ! v>i\s examples 7#aggd-ahgd7 quot$ by ! ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y1 n "o ref]s to ! colophon z plac$ else:]e ?an at ! end ( ! book4 ,our ,c5tury ,diction>y is s\nd on ! subject1 b we h 9 ,funk ,wagnalls' ,/&>d ,diction>y3 #a4 ,an inscription or o!r device =m]ly plac$ at ! end ( books & writ+s1 (t5 %[+ ! title1 writ]'s or pr9t]'s "n & date & place ( pr9t+4 #b4 ,an emblematic device adopt$ by a publi%] & impress$ on 8 books1 usually on ! title page ( ea* volume 7accompani$ by an illu/ration ( ! pr9t]'s m>k ( ,nicolas ,j5son1 inscrib$3 ,colophon ( ,nicolas ,j5son #adha74 ,! phrase usually on ! title page 7n 9 ! ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y7 seems to u absolutely wrong1 & n to be c\nt5anc$ = a mom5t by bookm5 :o h prop] reg>d = ! correct usage ( words4 ,! correspond+ def9ition 9 late editions ( ,web/]'s ,diction>y is3 ,an emblem1 usually a device assum$ by ! publi%+-h\se1 plac$ ei!r on ! title page1 or at ! end ( a book4 ,9 :at subtle way ?is second>y & inadequate def9ition has crept into ,am]ican usage we d n "k1 & we plead e>ne/ly = its ab&onm5t4 ,9 ! encyclop$ias consult$1 !re is no?+ di/urb+1 ! def9ition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 writt5 by ,dr4 ,poll>d1 be+ especially cle> & concise4 ,x runs 9 "p z foll[s3 444 a f9al p>agraph 9 "s manuscripts & _m e>ly pr9t$ books1 giv+ p>ticul>s z to au?or%ip1 date & place ( production1 & sometimes express+ ! ?ankfulness ( ! au?or1 scribe or pr9t] on ! completion ( 8 task 444 ! importance ( ^! f9al p>agraphs sl[ly dim9i%$1 & ! in=mation !y gave 0 gradually transf]r$ to ! title page4 ,complete title pages be>+ ! date & "n ( ! publi%]s are f\nd 9 mo/ books pr9t$ aft] #aebj1 & ! f9al p>agraph1 if reta9$ at all1 0 gradually r$uc$ to in=mation z to ! pr9t] & date4 ,f ! use ( ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( a f9i%+ /roke 7f ! /ory t ! f9al *>ge ( ! cavalry ( ,colophon 0 always decisive7 su* a f9al p>agraph z has be5 describ$ is call$ by bibliograph]s a colophon1 b ?is "n = x is q possibly n e>li] ?an ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,let u turn f g5]al works to ^? specifically bibliographical4 ,9 8 ,introduction to ,bibliography1#b ,dr4 ,mc,kerrow writes3 ,9 ! e>ly days ( pr9t+1 ! end ( ! book 0 ! normal place = ! pr9t]'s "n & ! place & date ( pr9t+ to appe>4 ,! hi/ory ( ! colophon is m]ely t ( ! gradual transf]5ce ( ?is in=mation to ! title page4 ,:5 ?is 0 complete ! colophon 0 z a rule ( no use & x 0 ab&on$4 ,lat]1 among 8 catalogu+ in/ructions we f9d3 ,a colophon %\ld always be notic$1 if !re is "o4 ,x is also1 ,i ?9k1 desirable to record ! occurr5ce ( a pr9t]'s device 7ev5 )\t a v]bal impr9t7 at ! end ( a book1 z ?is (t5 appe>s to take ! place ( a colophon4 ,iolo ,williams' ,elem5ts ( ,book-,collect+#c conta9s ?is p>agraph3 ,9 ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books ! title page's functions 7 p]=m$ by ! colophon1 a ^w :i* is a translit]ation ( ! ,greek1 a summit or f9i%+ /roke4 ,! colophon is put1 n ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! book1 l ! title page1 b at ! end1 & x usually takes ! =m ( a /atem5t t "h ends su*-&-su* a book1 writt5 by s-&-s1 pr9t$ by s-&-s at su*-&-su* a place & date4 ,! use ( ! colophon has be5 reviv$ 9 c]ta9 f9ely-pr9t$ mod]n books1 b su* mod]n volumes usually conta9 bo? a title page & a colophon4 ,?\gh n q z satisfy+1 ! foll[+ allusion 9 ,van ,hoes5 & ,walt]'s ,bibliography#d %\ld be quot$1 z occurr+ 9 a mod]n ,am]ican treatise on ! subject3 ,! e>ly pr9t]s us$ ! colophon at ! end ( ! book in/ead ( a title page1 & ! colophon is /ill us$ to indicate ! pr9t+ firm 9 cases :]e x is n "p ( ! publi%+ firm giv5 on ! title page4 ,^! are ! late/ pr9t$ words t we h notic$4 ,suffice x to say t we h n[h]e f\nd 9 e>li] important manuals any?+ b ! 7to u7 prop] explanation ( ! t]m4 ,9 o!r words1 we ga!r f important s\rces t1 :ile a colophon may include or ev5 take ! =m ( a pr9t]'s m>k or device1 su* a m>k1 plac$ ^u a title page1 is n a colophon4 ,ar\s$ by ! diction>y f9d+s1 & discov]+ ^? ,am]ican /ud5ts ( bibliography :om ,i consult$ to be 9 agreem5t ) me1 ,i wrote to ,dr4 ,poll>d1 z to a c\rt ( f9al appeal1 to inquire if he consid]$ x meticul\s to object to ! intrusion ( ?is illogical trade def9ition :i* "s diction>ies & _m p are giv+ u4 ,8 answ]1 :i* ,i am all[$ to quote1 seems def9ite & wise en\gh to c>ry conviction1 com+ z x does f ! admitt$ au?ority on ! subject3 ,if a suffici5t numb] ( p misuse a ^w1 ,diction>ies h to record ! wrong use z well z ! "r1 z 9 ! case ( hectic & cr[ds ( o!r words4 ,b ! misuse ( ! ^w colophon z a synonym = ! pr9t]'s m>k or device1 )\t reg>d to position1 has n yet gone z f> z ?is & %\ld be /r5u\sly resi/$4 ,by /&>d use z well z by etymology1 ! ^w means ! cr[n+ /roke1 or f9i%+ t\*1 to a book or "p ( a book1 & x mu/ come at ! end ( ! book1 or "p ( a book1 rightly to be giv5 ?is title4 ,9 catalogu+ e>ly books x w\ld n 9 my judgm5t be incorrect to ent] ! pr9t]'s device at ! end ( a book1 "u ! head+ colophon4 ,& n[1 ! unpleasantly controv]sial side ( ! matt] hav+ be5 dispos$ ( 7if s l>ge an adjective z controv]sial may be appli$ to s small a pap]71 let u devote our little rema9+ space to ! colophons !mselves1 fir/ turn+ our att5tion to ,dr4 ,poll>d's book1#e ) 8 own r5d]+ into ,engli% ( ! unwieldy fifte5?-c5tury ,lat94 ,9 ! introduction1 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,g>nett gives a brief sket* ( ! d]ivation & e>lie/ uses ( ! t]m4 ,he quotes ! ,greek ^w colophon1 ! head or summit ( any?+1 usually us$ 9 a figurative s5se1 ! position on a cre/ ( ! ,city ( ,colophon 7:5ce its "n71 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ^w 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ) its second>y classical s5se ( a f9i%+ /roke or a cr[n+ t\*1 & goes on to say3 ,( ! use ( ! ^w colophon 9 ! p>ticul> significance elucidat$ 9 ?is essay--! end or ultimate p>agraph ( a book or manuscript--! e>lie/ example quot$ 9 ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y is f ,w>ton's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,poetry publi%$ 9 #aggd4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e ?is x is f\nd z a t]m ne$+ no explanation 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,typographical ,antiquities ( ,joseph ,ames1 publi%$ 9 #agdi4 ,h[ mu* old] x is ?an ?is _c lightly be det]m9$4 ,! bibliographical use appe>s to be unkn[n to ! ,greek & ,lat9 lexicograph]s1 m$ieval z well z classical4 ,p5d+ fur!r inve/igation1 x seems n unlikely t x may h be5 develop$ out ( ! second>y classical s5se already m5tion$ sometime dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! int]e/ 9 bibliography :i* 0 !n beg9n+ to be felt w\ld naturally call into exi/5ce new t]ms ( art4 ,:ile ackn[l$g+ ! great int]e/ t _m au?ors h f\nd 9 individual colophons1 ,dr4 ,poll>d /ates t 8 task is ! m ambiti\s1 if less ent]ta9+ "o ( mak+ a special /udy ( ?is feature 9 fifte5? c5tury books ) ! object ( asc]ta9+ :at light x ?r[s on ! hi/ory ( pr9t+1 & on ! habits ( ! e>ly pr9t]s & publi%]s4 ,8 fir/ conclusion be+ t colophons are ! sign & evid5ce ( ! pr9t]'s pride 9 8 "w1 he draws att5tion to ! utt] lack ( su* in=mation z !y give 9 ! v e>lie/ books ( all1 z contra/$ ) ! self-glorification ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] :51 pr9t+ indep5d5tly1 !y affix$ ! fir/ kn[n pr9t$ colophon to _! ,psalt] ( #adeg 79 at lea/ "o copy accompani$ by _! device73 ,! pres5t copy ( ! ,psalms1 adorn$ ) beauty ( capital lett]s1 & suffici5tly m>k$ out ) rubrics1 has be5 ?us fa%ion$ by an +5i\s inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & /amp+ )\t any driv+ ( ! p54 ,& to ! wor%ip ( ,god has be5 dilig5tly br\ght to completion by ,johann ,fu/1 a citiz5 ( ,ma9z1 & ,pet] ,s*ff] ( ,g]n%eim1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l #adeg1 on ! vigil ( ! ,fea/ ( ! ,assumption4 ,( ,pet] ,s*ff]'s lat] allusion to ! %ields ( 8 device ,dr4 ,poll>d writes3 ,ne$less discussions h be5 rais$ z to :at 0 ! use & import ( pr9t]s' devices1 & x has ev5 be5 attempt$ to connect !m ) lit]>y copyright1 ) :i* !y _h no?+ :atev] to d1 lit]>y copyright 9 ?is decade dep5d+ solely on ! prec>i\s c\rtesy ( rival firms1 or possibly on ! rules ( _! trade-guilds4 ,b "h1 on ! au?ority ( ! pr9t] :o fir/ us$ "o1 we h a cle> indication ( ! reason :i* made him put 8 m>k on a book--! simple reason t he 0 pr\d ( 8 craftsman%ip & wi%$ x to be recogniz$ z 84 ',by sign+ x ) 8 %ields ,pet] ,s*ff] has br\ght ! book to a happy completion4' ,illu/ration3 ,psalt]4 ,ma9z1 ,fu/ & ,s*ff]1 #adeg4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9t$ ,,colophon4 ,aga9 he calls att5tion to ! boa/ ( ,john ( ,spei] at ,v5ice1 primus 9 ,adriaca =mis impressit a5is1 by :i* he ass]ts 8 individual priority ov] any o!r firm 9 t city4 ,& "h is ! rhym+ colophon us$ by ! same ,john1 9 :i* he boa/s ) "s ambiguity ( ! numb] ( copies ( ,cic]o :i* he has pr9t$ 9 8 two editions3 ,f ,italy once ea* ,g]man br\ght a book4 ,a ,g]man n[ w give m ?an !y took4 ,= ,john1 a man :om few 9 skill surpass1 ,has %[n t books may be/ be writ ) brass4 ,spei] befri5ds ,v5ice2 twice 9 f\r mon?s has he ,pr9t$ ?is ,cic]o1 9 hundr$s ?ree4#f ,9 word+ _! colophons1 ! e>ly pr9t]s 7 only foll[+ ! con/ant practice ( m$ieval scribes1 ( ^: _m colophons a selection ( examples is giv5 9 ,bradley's ,diction>y ( ,m9iaturi/s4 ,! mov+ ( pr9t]s f "o t[n to ano!r1 transf]5ce ( _! /ocks1 _! qu>rels1 _! boa/+s & pleas = favor ) ^? 9 high places1 all are foll[$1 & mu* in=mation ga!r$ 9 ! ,essay4 ,!re is simple pa?os 9 ! colophon ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! londe ( ,engl& pr9t$ at ,antw]p 9 #adic1 :i* records ! dea? ( its fam\s pr9t]1 ,g]>d ,leeu1 a man ( grete wys$om 9 all mann] ( kunnyng2 :y* n[e is come f lyfe unto ! de?1 :i* is grete h>me = _m ( p\re man4 ,on :os s[le ,god almyghty = hys hygh grace haue m]cy4 ,am54 ,a man ^: dea? is great h>m = _m a poor man mu/ ne$s h be5 a good ma/]1 & a k+ ne$ want no f9] epitaph1 writes ,dr4 ,poll>d4 ,! days :5 we f9d ! book trade highly organiz$ & ! functions ( pr9t]s & publi%]s cle>ly sep>at$1 are pictur$ 9 ! foll[+ colophon3 ,"h y h1 mo/ hone/ read]1 six works1 etc4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 = y to make grateful ackn[l$gem5t to ^? :o h produc$ !m3 9 ! fir/ place to t em95t man ,ma/] ,simon ,rad91 :o saw to _! be+ br\ght to light f ! obscurity 9 :i* !y 7 buri$2 next to ,f4 ,cyprian ,b5eti = 8 editorial c>e2 !n to ,jean ,petit1 be/ ( book-sell]s1 :o caus$ !m to be pr9t$ at 8 exp5se2 nor less ?an ^! to ,&rieu ,boc>d1 ! skilful *alcograph]1 :o pr9t$ !m s elegantly & ) scrupul\s correctness1 ,june #bh1 #aejj4 ,praise & glory to ,god4#g ,"h are m5 mak+ asp]sions on ! editions ( rival publi%]s1 ) w>n+s aga9/ !m3 ,"h end ! ,decretals1 mo/ correctly pr9t$ 9 ! b\nte\s city ( ,rome1 que5 ( ! :ole _w1 by ^? excell5t m5 ,ma/] ,ulri* ,han1 a ,g]man1 & ,simon di ,niccolo ( ,lucca3 ) ! ord9>y glosses ( ,b]n>d ( ,p>ma & 8 additions1 :i* are f\nd 9 few copies2 bo? pr9t$ & correct$ ) ! greate/ dilig5ce4 ,pur*ase ^!1 book-buy]1 ) a light he>t1 = y w f9d su* excell5ce 9 ?is volume t y w be "r 9 easily reckon+ o!r editions z wor? no m ?an a /raw4#h ,we f9d t ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle is ! only book :i* ,dr4 ,poll>d c call to m9d t gives explicit in=mation z to its illu/rators1 ,mi*ael ,wolgemut & ,wilhelm ,pleyd5worff2 & f9ally we come to books :]e ! au?or takes a h&1 & we sometimes h a d\ble colophon1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,morte d',ar?ur4 ,"h we h ,sir ,?omas ,malory's colophon1 reque/+ ! read]'s pray] = 8 deliv]ance1 & = ! repose ( 8 s\l1 & ,william ,caxton's bus9ess-l /atem5t z editor1 pr9t] & publi%]4 ,! au?or's /ruggle ) ! pr9t]1 to obta9 8 own way1 is no new ?+1 z prov$ by ?is late colophon ( ! musician1 ,johann von ,cleve1 affix$ to 8 ,cantiones1 #aehj3 ,z ,i come to ! end ( my task x seems wor? :ile to in=m /ud5ts & amateurs ( music t ?is collection ( ,motets 0 9 ! fir/ place entru/$ to ,philip ,ulh>d1 citiz5 & pr9t] ( ,augsburg1 to be pr9t$1 & t he 7z (t5 happ5s71 be+ made unreasonably caprici\s by bodily ill-heal?1 (t5 did n c>ry out our int5tion1 & compell$ me1 by leav+ out "s motets 7:i* h[ev]1 if life be>s me company & ,god helps1 w %ortly be publi%$71 to abridge ! "w1 & m especially z ! same pr9t]1 :5 ! "w 0 n yet f9i%$1 came to an end ( 8 days1 & !re ^u ! "w 0 entru/$ to ,&reas ,re9heckel to be complet$1 if any?+1 !re=e1 is f\nd :i* might di/urb a connoisseur1 ,i pray musicians to be> ) x ) equanimity4 ,f>ewell4 ,9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l #aehj1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y4 ,we h not$ "o rhym+ colophon1 a mann]ism mu* affect$ by ,italian pr9t]s4 ,ano!r fanciful cu/om by :i* ! e>ly pr9t]s call$ att5tion to _! colophons 0 ! use ( ecc5tric arrangem5ts ( types1 by :i* ^! f9al p>agraphs appe>$ 9 ! %ape ( w$ges1 funnels1 diamonds1 dr9k+ glasses & ! l4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n title page is 9 a ,bull ( ,pius ,,ix1 pr9t$ 9 ,ma9z by ,fu/ & ,s*ff] 9 #adfc1 b x 0 "s tw5ty ye>s be=e ! cu/om became common4 ,at fir/ ! title only1 tak+ ! =m ( a s+le s5t5ce1 appe>$ at ! top ( a title page1 b x 0 n long be=e1 ei!r 9 ! int]e/s ( decoration or ( adv]tis+1 a simple woodcut or ! device ( ! pr9t] appe>$ bel[ ! title4 ,9 8 ,a ,treatise on ,title-pages1 #aijb1 ,mr4 ,de ,v9ne proposes ! foll[+ +5i\s explanation ( ! evolution ( ! pr9t]'s m>k3 ,x 0 hop$ t ! di/9ctiv5ess ( a peculi> device w\ld be rememb]$ by ! book-buy] :o _h =gott5 ! "n ( 8 pref]r$ pr9t]4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! device 0 put at ! end ( ! book1 above or bel[ ! colophon4 ,x 0 at fir/ a small & simple design 444 b ! eag]ness to h a device t %\ld be /rik+ l$ to its enl>gem5t & aft]w>d to an entire *ange ( position4 ,:5 ! great] "p ( ! la/ page 0 preoccupi$ by ! la/ p>agraph ( ! text1 ! device requir$ a sep>ate page4 ,?is l$ to mak+ full-page devices & aft]w>d to ! putt+ ( ! device on ! fir/ page4 ,z "t w5t on x 0 only natural t ! rema9+ space at ! foot ( ! title pages %\ld be utiliz$ = brief details ( pr9t+ & publi%+1 b ! transition 0 gradual & unsy/ematic4 ,inde$1 "s pr9t]s cont9u$ to use colophons alone well into ! sixte5? c5tury1 & !re are frequ5t in/ances dur+ t c5tury ( books conta9+ bo? title pages & colophons1 ! latt] be+ a repetition1 at ! end ( ! book1 ( ! impr9t1 z ! few bus9ess-l l9es at ! foot ( ! title page _h come to be nam$4 ,by ! "t t title pages 7 firmly e/abli%$1 publi%+ _h become a sep>ate bus9ess1 & ! publi%] 0 n long 9 assum+ ! asc5d5cy1 (t5 pu%+ ! pr9t] altoge!r into ! backgr\nd & appe>+ alone 9 ! impr9t4 ,= a long "t ! pr9t] mode/ly tuck$ 9 8 "n :]ev] he c\ld1 sometimes on ! v]so ( ! title page1 & sometimes at ! bottom ( ! la/ page1 b 9 a =mal mann]1 )\t ! naive & (t5 delightful & useful details :i* make ! e>ly colophons s int]e/+4 ,) ! n9ete5?-c5tury revival ( int]e/ 9 typography1 ! pr9t] came to ! =e aga9 & we see 8 "n appe>+ 9 a new place1 ! c]tificate1 prec$+ ! title page--an entire leaf1 moreov]1 on :i* are set =? ! details 9 :i* he is int]e/$1 ! pap]1 numb] ( copies1 & s on4 ,?is use seems to h be5 introduc$ by ! f9ely pr9t$ volumes ( ! ,fr5* book clubs1 ) _! ,ju/ification du tirage1 & x 0 foll[$ ?r\gh ! lat] decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ! publications ( book clubs & _m o!r privately & f9ely pr9t$ volumes4 ,simultane\sly ) ^! came ! publications ( ! ,kelmscott & o!r private presses1 :i* reviv$ ! use ( colophons 9 ! e>ly mann]4 ,! sep>ate page1 plac$ at ! end ( ! f9ely pr9t$ book ( today1 giv+ details ( ! mak+ ( ! volume1 is ! result ( ?is mod]n impetus 9 book-mak+#i--! int]e/ 9 f9e production ( ! p]son = :om ! book is made1 add$ to ! desire ( ! mod]n pr9t] = recognition ( himself z ! produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,s]mones4 ,ro/ock1 ,fratres ,domus ,horti ,viridis1 #adha4 ,,colophon ,,) ,,pr9t]',s ,,m>k4 ,?is is b ! v logical expression 9 ! books !mselves ( ! mod]n tr5d1 s assidu\sly cultivat$1 t[>d ! mak+ ( good books1 & ! return to prom95ce ( ! pr9t] aft] ! long p]iod ( 8 subs]vi5ce to ! publi%]4 ,9 ! pres5t-day notice ( its mak]s1 on ! f9al page ( a book1 ! colophon is reviv$1 & once m ! pr9t] has ! la/ ^w6 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,g>amond ,,types ,,footnotes3 #b ,ronald ,b4 ,mc,kerrow1 ,an ,introduction to ,bibliography = ,lit]>y ,/ud5ts 7,ox=d3 ,! ,cl>5don ,press1 #aibg74 #c ,iolo ,williams1 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,book-,collect+ 7,london3 ,elk9 ,ma!ws1 #aibg74 #d ,h4 ,b4 van ,hoes5 & ,f4 ,k4 ,walt]1 ,bibliography1 ,practical1 ,enum]ative1 ,hi/orical 7,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #aibh74 #e ,alfr$ ,w4 ,poll>d1 ,an ,essay on ,colophons1 ) ,specim5s & ,translations2 ) an ,introduction by ,ri*>d ,g>nett 7,*icago3 ,! ,caxton ,club1 #aije74 #f ,cic]o1 ,epi/olae ad ,famili>es1 ,second edition 7,v5ice1 #adfi74 #g ,diui ,a?anasii1 contra ,arium1 etc4 7,p>is1 #aejj74 #h ,decretals ( ,gregory ,,ix 7,rome1 #adgd74 #i ,we may note t ! ,fr5* te*nical t]m = ! mod]n colophon1 a*ev d'imprim]1 emphasizes ?is importance ( ! pr9t]4 ,illu/ration,,edw9 ,,eliott ,,will\ghby,illu/ration ,pr9t]s' ,m>ks ,f ,fifty ,pr9t]s' ,m>ks by ,edw9 ,e4 ,will\ghby4 ,copyright #aidg by ! au?or & repr9t$ by 8 p]mission4 ,publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press4 ,a pr9t]'s m>k is a trade-m>k4 ,pr9t]s us$ !m 9 ! fifte5?1 sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies = ! same purpose t pr9t]s employ !m today--to ornam5t _! books & to make ea* volume readily recognizable z ! product ( ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t :i* produc$ x4 ,! pr9t]'s m>k 0 b "o ( ! _m types ( m>ks :i*1 l>gely because ( ! widespread illit]acy ( ! p1 7 us$ ?r\gh\t all phases ( m$ieval life4 ,! own]%ip ( objects1 = example1 0 (t5 %[n by means ( a regul>ly us$ m>k4 ,two examples ( ?is type ( m>k1 ! seal & ! cattle br&1 g back to ! dawn ( hi/ory & h cont9u$ 9 use to ! pres5t "t4 ,m]*ants 9 ! ,middle ,ages (t5 id5tifi$ _! prop]ty by plac+ on x _! m]*ants' m>ks4 ,! m>k ( a m]*ant 0 legally recogniz$ z 8 by 8 guild or by ! t[n gov]nm5t4 ,(t5 x 0 a repres5tation ( ! tools ( ! man's trade or a replica ( 8 h\se sign4 ,sometimes x 0 an animal or object :i* =m$ a pun on ! m]*ant's "n4 ,frequ5tly1 simple geometric designs 7 us$4 ,t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 z m]*ants grew ri*] & m p[]ful1 !y ap$ ! upp] class by mak+ _! m>ks resemble1 z closely z !y d>$1 ! h]aldic devices ( ! knights & nobles4 ,^! m>ks enabl$ employees or hir$ port]s to recognize at a glance a m]*ant's prop]ty4 ,places1 z well z objects1 7 id5tifi$ by means ( m>ks4 ,inns1 %ops & simil> public places 9 ^? days be=e h\ses 7 numb]$ 7 designat$ by h\se signs4 ,! ,tab>d1 ! inn f :i* ,*auc]'s pilgrims />t$ = ,cant]bury "u ! lead]%ip ( its ho/1 ,h>ry ,baillie1 took its "n f its sign--a repres5tation ( a %ort out] jacket4 ,an equally fam\s tav]n1 patroniz$ by ,%akespe>e1 ,b5 ,jonson & o!r sir5ical g5tlem51 bore ! ,sign ( ! ,m]maid4 ,& ov] ! door ( ! ,globe1 ,%akespe>e's !at]1 hung a picture ( ,atlas be>+ ! _w on 8 %\ld]s4 ,pr9t+ h\ses1 l o!r bus9ess e/abli%m5ts1 7 kn[n by h\se signs4 ,! pr9t]'s m>k ( ,adri5 van ,b]gh5 supplies an illu/ration4 ,page #dh4 ,n only 7 objects & places designat$ by m>ks 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 b "u c]ta9 conditions p 7 recogniz$ by !m also4 ,a knight1 8 face obscur$ by 8 helmet1 made 8 id5tity kn[n by we>+ on 8 helmet1 %ield & tab>d simple pictures or symbols by :i* he c\ld be recogniz$4 ,z x 0 usual = memb]s ( ! same family to we> ! same emblems1 ^! simple pictures1 _m ( :i* became conv5tionaliz$1 desc5d$ f fa!r to son1 indicat$ relation%ips1 & f9ally develop$ "u ! control ( (fic]s ( ! k+ into ! elaborate sy/em ( h]aldry4 ,m>ks1 !n1 7 widely us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 inevitable t !y %\ld be us$ to id5tify ! mak]s ( manufactur$ goods4 ,craftsm5 ) pride 9 _! "w naturally desir$ o!rs to recognize _! products4 ,z a result1 ! use ( trade-m>ks became common4 ,craftsm5 ( e trade 7 frequ5tly compell$ ei!r by law or by guild regulations1 to affix a m>k to _! products z a gu>antee ( _! hone/y & good workman%ip4 ,su* m>ks 7 requir$ especially ( goldsmi?s1 silv]smi?s & o!r artisans :o 7 "u unusual temptation to misrepres5t ! quality ( _! goods4 ,9 ,engl&1 to take ano!r example1 arr[heads1 ! quality ( :i* might det]m9e ! issue ( a battle1 7 ord]$1 by a /atute ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 to be m>k$ ) ! m>k ( him :o made ! same4 ,^! trade-m>ks p]=m$ mu* ! same function z ! h\se m>k or ! m]*ant's m>k2 inde$1 ! ?ree 7 (t5 ! same4 ,!y enabl$ a pur*as]1 lit]ate or illit]ate1 to id5tify ! mak] ( a product & to buy !reaft] accord+ z he _h be5 satisfi$ or displeas$ ) ! fir/ article pur*as$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,guy ,,m>*ant pr9t$ 8 fir/ book at ,p>is 9 #adhc4 ,8 motto1 ,sola fides sufficit 7,fai? alone suffices7 appe>s above ! clasp$ h&s1 ) ! fir/ ^w repres5t$ by ! musical notation1 sol & la4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jacques ,,maillet began publi%+ at ,lyons 9 #adhb1 & probably began pr9t+ at ! same "t4 ,8 m>k repres5ts a %ield1 support$ by two dogs1 :i* be>s 8 initials & a mallet 7maillet 9 ,fr5*71 hang+ f a tree4 ,! pr9t]1 to be sure1 0 "u few ( ! compulsions to use a trade-m>k t beset 8 fell[ craftsm54 ,8 patrons 7 lit]ate2 !y c\ld read 8 "n & address--:5 he *ose to set !m d[n--ei!r 9 ! colophon at ! end ( ! book or on ! title page4 ,b ! example ( o!r craftsm5 0 n to be resi/$4 ,besides1 a well-made pr9t]'s m>k1 or a publi%]'s device1 c\ld be bo? useful & ornam5tal4 ,put at ! end ( ! book1 x c\ld give x a fitt+ close4 ,us$ 9 ! middle ( a book1 x c\ld set (f *apt]s & p>ts4 ,above all1 especially :5 x 0 pr9t$ 9 r$1 x c\ld give life & balance to a title page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adri5 ,,van ,,b]gh5 9 8 m>k pictures 8 pr9t+ h\se at ! ,sign ( ! ,great ,gold5 ,mort> 9 ! m>ket place at ,antw]p1 :]e he />t$ 9 #aejj4 ,by ! pr9t]'s m>k1 also1 a prospective pur*as] c\ld recognize at a glance ! product ( a press4 ,x c\ld prev5t a c>eful pur*as] f be+ deceiv$ by a false impr9t4 ,look at my sign1 w>ns ,b5$ictus ,hector ( ,bologna1 :i* is repres5t$ on ! title page & y c nev] be mi/ak54 ,x 0 h>d] to c\nt]feit a pr9t]'s m>k ?an to fil* 8 "n4 ,ev5 a m>k1 h[ev]1 0 n infallible protection4 ,! pr9ce ( pr9t]s1 ,aldus ,manutius1 compla9s t 8 ,flor5t9e competitors h affix$ our well kn[n sign ( ! dolph9 w\nd ar\nd an an*or4 ,b1 he adds1 !y h s manag$ t any p]son :o is 9 ! lea/ acqua9t$ ) ! books ( our production _c fail to obs]ve t ?is is an impud5t fraud2 = ! head ( ! dolph9 is turn$ to ! left1 :]eas t ( ours is well kn[n to be turn$ t[>d ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,caxton1 ! fir/ ,engli% pr9t]1 pr9t$ 8 own translation ( a ,fr5* romance1 ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troy1 9 #adgd4 ,at 8 press at ,we/m9/] he complet$ ne>ly eighty books betwe5 #adgg & #adia1 _m ( :i* he also translat$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,9 "o c\ntry only1 & !re = b a brief p]iod1 0 ! use ( a m>k made compulsory4 ,9 #aeci1 ,franois ,i1 9 an act int5d$ to suppress bo? ! piracy ( copyright$ works & ! pr9t+ ( h]etical books1 ord]$ e pr9t] & book-sell] 9 ,france to h 8 own device s t pur*as]s might easily asc]ta9 :]e books 7 pr9t$ & sold4 ,al?\gh 7) ?is exception7 ! use ( m>ks 0 volunt>y ) pr9t]s1 !y 7 e>ly adopt$4 ,9 #adeg ,fu/ & ,s*ff]1 ! successors ( ,gut5b]g1 fir/ employ$ "o 9 ! ,ma9z ,psalt]1 ! fir/ book to conta9 ! "n ( ! pr9t] & ! place & date ( pr9t+4 ,page #ci4 ,! device consi/$ ( two %ields resembl+ coats ( arms4 ,o!r pr9t]s quickly foll[$ _! example4 ,z ! fifte5? c5tury saw ! rise ( ! m]cantile class1 x is n surpris+ t pr9t]s us$ 9 _! m>ks h]aldic devices1 if !y _h ! "r to be> arms1 or %ields display+ _! m]*ant's m>ks 9 a mann] (t5 resembl+ armorial be>+s4 ,frequ5tly1 pr9t]s us$ z ! c5tral "p ( _! m>ks ! signs :i* s]v$ to designate _! places ( bus9ess4 ,pi]re ,le,rouge1 = example1 us$ a r$ rosebu% = 8 sign & 9 8 device4 ,! ,london pr9t]1 ,b]!let1 us$ 9 l mann] ! figure ( ,lucrece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,faques began pr9t+ 9 ,london ab\t #aejc4 ,8 m>k repres5ts a hexagram ( int]lock+ triangles be>+ biblical quotations1 :i* enclose 8 monogram pi]c$ by an arr[4 ,! initials ,,gf are ^? ( ! ,fr5* =m ( 8 "n4 ,if ! pr9t]'s "n c\ld be punn$ on1 x 0 common to use = a m>k an object ! "n ( :i* s\nd$ l ! pr9t]'s own4 ,jacques ,maillet's surname means mallet4 ,he made x easy to rememb] by display+ a mallet 9 8 device4 ,page #dg4 ,a few pr9t]s1 among !m ,aldus ,manutius1 ,john ,day1 ,john ,wight & ,willem ,vor/]man1 ev5 us$ _! own portraits 9 _! m>ks4 ,_m o!r signs & emblems 7 employ$4 ,9 an age fond ( symbolism x is n surpris+ to f9d t _m m>ks _h symbolic & my/ical mean+s--n only 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 :5 ecclesia/ical symbols 7 (t5 us$1 b 9 ! lat] p]iod also1 :5 devices 7 frequ5tly copi$ f emblem books4 ,sometimes a pr9t] w\ld use a woodcut to illu/rate a book & !n1 because x /ruck 8 fancy1 adopt x z 8 m>k4 ,?omas ,g>d9] & ,?omas ,dawson1 p>tn]s1 on ! o!r h&1 _h a block :i* conta9$1 ar\nd a c5tral op5 squ>e1 figures =m+ a rebus ( _! names3 a g>d5]1 a daw & ! sun4 ,) _! initials 9 ! op5 squ>e1 x s]v$ z a m>k2 ) ! appropriate display lett]1 x 0 a factotum be>+ ! initial lett] ( ! fir/ ^w ( a *apt]4 ,pr9t]s' m>ks1 9 fact1 took a multitude ( =ms dur+ ! fifte5?1 sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,9 ! late sev5te5?1 eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies1 !y became conv5tionaliz$ & 7 us$ infrequ5tly2 b !y did n die out altoge!r4 ,! ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,univ]sity presses1 = example1 cont9u$ to put !m on ! title pages ( _! books4 ,! revival ( pr9t+ late 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury saw an increas$ use ( ! pr9t]'s m>k4 ,?is 0 almo/ inevitable1 = :5 ! craftsm5 /rove to d f9e pr9t+1 !y desir$1 j z did ! craftsm5 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to h _! "w easily recogniz$4 ,today1 private presses :i* specialize 9 f9e pr9t+1 "s univ]sity presses1 & _m publi%+ firms1 frequ5tly use m>ks :i* bo? ornam5t _! title pages & id5tify = ! read] ! creator ( ! volume4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,groli] ,,club4 ,a r5d]+ ( ! ,club's famili> m>k by ,rudolph ,ruzicka4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,johnson ,title ,pages3 ,,_! ,,=ms ,,& ,,developm5t ,f ,"o ,hundr$ ,title ,pages3 #aejj-ahjj1 select$ & arrang$ ) an ,introduction & ,notes by ,a4 ,f4 ,johnson4 ,copyright #aibh by ,john ,lane1 ,! ,bodley ,head1 ,ltd4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! title page 0 evolv$ at a comp>atively late date 9 ! hi/ory ( ! book1 & is inde$ almo/ unkn[n be=e ! pr9t$ book4 ,!re are a few examples among e>ly surviv+ manuscripts ( a sep>ate leaf be+ us$ = ! title1 b !y are q exceptional1 & ev5 ^! give ! title on ! back ( ?is leaf4 ,! usual practice ( ! calligraph] 0 to give any in=mation consid]$ desirable z to ! au?or & ! date & place ( ! mak+ ( ! manuscript 9 ! colophon4 ,?is practice 0 tak5 ov] by ! pr9t]s1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! new art !y frequ5tly said no?+ z to place ( pr9t+1 probably ) ! delib]ate int5tion ( conceal+ ! fact t ! book 0 produc$ by me*anical means4 ,! title page z we "k x1 giv+ ! title1 au?or's "n & an impr9t1 be+1 9 fact1 a k9d ( adv]tisem5t ( ! book1 0 n well e/abli%$ until "s ye>s aft] #aejj4444 ,! title page owes its orig91 accord+ to "o !ory1 to ! fact t pr9t]s f\nd x necess>y to protect ! fir/ leaf ( ! text4 ,:]eas a manuscript w\ld be b\nd z soon z ! calligraph] _h f9i%$ ! text1 mo/ ( ! copies ( a pr9t$ edition 7 deliv]$ to a book-sell] 9 %eets1 & _m might rema9 unb\nd = ye>s4 ,h5ce arose ! practice ( beg9n+ ! book on ! second leaf or on ! back ( ! fir/ leaf4 ,! fir/ page c\ld !n be us$ = ! purpose ( adv]tis+ ! book1 = ! fully-develop$ title page arose out ( a comm]cial ne$4 ,a few e>ly examples ( ! addition ( a brief title on ! fir/ page are kn[n1 ! fir/ be+ t ( a ,bull ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 pr9t$ by ,fu/ & ,s*ff] at ,ma9z 9 #adfc4 ,b ! blank title leaf is f\nd = _m ye>s aft] t date1 & to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury a title leaf conta9+ a brief description 9 a few words is common4 ,z late z #aedh we f9d ! bro!rs ,dorici at ,rome pr9t+ sev]al volumes ( ! works ( ,c>d9al ,bembo ) ! title on ! back ( ! fir/ leaf4 ,an edition ( ! ,vulgate pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #adhg by ,georgius ,arrivab5e (f]s an example ( ! mo/ rudim5t>y =m ( a title page1 ) ! s+le ^w ,biblia on ! fir/ leaf4 ,! example ( ,ratdolt at ,v5ice1 :o 9 #adgf pr9t$ a ,cal5d> ( ,regiomontanus ) woodcut bord]s & an impr9t on ! fir/ leaf1 0 n foll[$ by contempor>y pr9t]s4 ,ev5 ?is solit>y case h>dly pres5ts a title page 9 ! =m 9 :i* we "k x1 s9ce ! leaf1 9 place ( a title1 has a poem 9 praise ( ! book4 ,( ! fully develop$ title page1 giv+ title1 au?or & full impr9t1 ,dr4 ,haebl]1 ! ,g]man au?ority on incunabula1 kn[s ( only "o in/ance 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 a book by ,johannes ,glogovi5sis pr9t$ by ,wolfgang ,/ckel at ,leipzig 9 #aejj2 ! title itself1 h[ev]1 is cut on wood4 ,! lett]+ ( ! simple fifte5?-c5tury title page 0 (t5 t ( ! text ( ! book1 or sometimes a l>g]1 head+ type 0 us$4 ,v frequ5tly ! words 7 cut on wood1 & s9ce = ! pr9t] x 0 z easy to pr9t f a block conta9+ a design 9 addition to a brief title1 ! woodcut illu/ration on ! fir/ leaf soon foll[$4 ,! examples ( ! ,john ,lydgate1 pr9t$ by ,pynson1 c4 #aeae1 & ( ! ,deceyte ( ,wom51 pr9t$ by ,abraham ,vele ab\t #aeej1 are typical title pages ( popul> books ( ! e>li] pr9t]s4 ,9 ,spa9 especially ?is comb9ation ( title & illu/ration1 9 t c\ntry (t5 an h]aldic cut1 bo? cut on wood1 became ! fa%ion & p]si/$ = _m ye>s 9 ! next c5tury4 ,sc5es f s*ool life (t5 illu/rat$ educational texts1 :ile a s*ool ( woodcutt]s at ,flor5ce design$ a fam\s s]ies ( illu/rations :i* decorat$ ! title pages ( devotional tracts by ,savon>ola & o!r works4 ,! fir/ pr9t]s' devices1 ! two %ields ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] & ! d\ble cross ris+ out ( a circle at ,v5ice1 7 add$ to ! colophons1 & x 0 only :5 ! ,fr5* pr9t]s began to use l>ge devices surr\nd$ by bord]s1 = :i* !re 0 no room on ! la/ leaf1 t ! pr9t]'s "n1 or at lea/ m>k1 began to appe> on ! title page4 ,?us "o fur!r /ep 0 tak5 t[>ds ! title page z we "k x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*iavelli1 ,,sopra ,,la ,,prima ,,deca ,,di ,,tito ,,livio1 ,,antonio ,,blado1 ,,rome1 #aeca4 ,! =mal ,italic bel[ ! device1 design$ by ,lodovico ,v9c5t9o1 ! calligraph]1 0 us$ 9 _m ( ,blado's books4 ,x has be5 reviv$ & is kn[n z ,blado ,italic4 7,size1 #e-a_/bx#h-a_/d in*es47 ,! sixte5? c5tury is especially ! age ( ! woodcut title-bord] 7or metal-cut1 = ! mat]ial us$ = blocks 0 frequ5tly metal74 ,! practice ( decorat+ ! fir/ leaf ( ! text ) a woodcut bord] _h be5 />t$ by ,ratdolt at ,v5ice1 & aft] #adij 0 common among ! pr9t]s ( t city4 ,9 fact1 sev]al ( ! bord]s orig9ally us$ = an op5+ 7 actually conv]t$ into title-bord]s aft] #aejj4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ c5tury ! v>iety ( bord]s us$ 9 all ! c\ntries :]e pr9t+ 0 practis$ is rem>kable4 ,9 ,g]many especially1 dur+ ! ye>s ( ! ,re=mation1 :5 ! pr9t+ press 0 unusually active1 a v l>ge numb] ( decorative bord]s 7 cut1 _m ( !m by arti/s ( ! fir/ rank1 includ+ ev5 ,dr] & ,holbe94 ,! "w ( ! ,holbe9s & ,urs ,graf at ,basle is well kn[n to ,engli% book collectors4 ,p]haps less famili> is ! "w ( ,hans ,baldung ,gri51 ,hans ,weiditz & ,daniel ,hopf] at ,/rasb\rg & ,augsburg1 & t extraord9>y s]ies ( designs :i* appe> on ! ,lu!r tracts pr9t$ at ,witt5b]g & on simil> works produc$ 9 ,saxony4 ,_m ( ^! bord]s are highly successful z decorative pieces4 ,! fact t !y are less famili> to u may be acc\nt$ = by two circum/ances4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! e>li] book collectors 7 almo/ all collectors ( ! classics1 & ! fir/ writ]s on ! hi/ory ( pr9t+1 except 9 ! matt] ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 approa*$ ! subject f ! po9t ( view ( ! /ud5t ( ! ,greek & ,roman classical writ]s4 ,9 ! second place ! ,g]man pr9t]s cut !mselves (f f ,we/]n ,europe by cl++ to ! go?ic lett] aft] ,italy1 ,france & f9ally ,engl& _h adopt$ ,roman & ,italic1 ev5 = books 9 ! v]nacul>4444 ,!re is "o po9t ab\t ! e>ly woodcut bord]s :i* mu/ seem /range to ! pr9t] ( today1 & t is ! suitability ( ! decoration to ! subject matt] ( ! book4 ,! sixte5?-c5tury pr9t] naturally f\nd x economical to ignore ! fact t a bord] orig9ally int5d$ = a ,bible 0 n suitable = a m$ical "w4 ,he did n reg>d x z incongru\s to use a bord] depict+ sc5es f ,greek my?ology on a ,fr5* m$ieval romance4 ,ev5 a pr9t] ( ! class ( ,jean de ,t\rnes uses ! same piece on ! title page ( a ,x5ophon & ( a book ( ,fr5* v]se4 ,nor 0 ! av]age pr9t] v p>ticul> ab\t ! /ate ( a block4 ,especially 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! g5]al /&>d 0 l[] ?an on ! ,cont95t1 a damag$ block w\ld be us$ z long z x held toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,o4 ,,f9e1 ,,quadrans ,,a/rolabicus1 ,s4 ,,de ,,col9es1 ,,p>is1 #aecd4 ,! bord] 0 probably design$ by ! au?or4 ,8 ma!matical diagrams are g5]ally decorat$ ) leaf =ms l ! petits f]s ( ?is title4 7,size1 #g-e_/hx#aa-e_/h in*es47 ,9 ! second half ( ! c5tury two rival fa%ions ( decoration 7 develop$ :i* f9ally bani%$ ! woodcut bord]1 fir/ ! me?od ( decoration by type ornam5ts or pr9t]s' fl[]s1 & secondly ! engrav$ title page4 ,!re is "o example ( type ornam5t kn[n ev5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 an ,aesop pr9t$ at ,p>ma 9 #adhc4 ,aft] #aejj1 examples ( bord]s made up ( sep>ate ca/ pieces are fairly frequ5t & are especially common 9 ,engl& 9 ! books ( ,wynkyn de ,worde & 8 contempor>ies4 ,b x is n until ab\t #aefj t we f9d bord]s built up ( type ornam5ts work$ into arabesque patt]ns4 ,x seems to h be5 ,rob]t ,granjon1 ! engrav] ( types at ,p>is & ,lyons1 :o cut arabesque fleurons1 divid$ !m up & built up fre% patt]ns out ( _! compon5t p>ts4 ,! use ( pr9t]s' fl[]s 9 bord]s is f\nd at mo/ c5t]s ( pr9t+ t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury & obta9$ its greate/ popul>ity 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & 9 ,engl&4 ,_m f9e examples are f\nd 9 ,engli% books f ab\t #aegj = ! next fifty ye>s4 ,joseph ,moxon1 :o wrote on ,engli% lett]-f\nd+ 9 #afhc1 tells u t !y 7 consid]$ old-fa%ion$ 9 8 day4 ,!y 7 reviv$ aga9 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by ,p4 ,s4 ,f\rni] at ,p>is1 :o cut _m new designs :i* 7 copi$ all ov] ,europe4 ,f\rni]'s fl[]s c\ld be built up to =m all mann] ( ornam5ts & 7 m adaptable ?an ! arabesques ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! orig9al unit always result$ 9 ! same patt]n4 ,j z ,granjon _h devis$ a me?od ( decorat+ )\t ! use ( ! woodcut block1 s ,f\rni] design$ 8 new fl[]s 9 ord] t pr9t]s might disp5se ) engrav$ vignettes4 ,h[ev]1 ! vogue ( ! ,f\rni] designs _h a %ort] life1 & may be said to h be5 kill$ by ! classical s*ool ( pr9t+ ( ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,,longlond1 ,a ,,s]mon1 ,,london1 #aecf4 ,wynkyn de ,worde & 8 contempor>ies us$ ca/ pieces z ornam5ts1 at lea/ f #aejd4 ,al?\gh _! use 0 frequ5t1 ! arrangem5t ( ?is title page is uncommon4 7,size #e-a_/dx#g-a_/d in*es47 ,engrav+ on copp] 0 practis$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 b ! engrav$ title page orig9ates ab\t #aeej4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! e>lie/ kn[n engrav$ bord] occurs 9 an ,engli% book1 ! ,anatomy ( ,?omas ,gem9us1 pr9t$ 9 ,london 9 #aede4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> we f9d a second example1 cut by ,corneille de ,la ,haye = ,bal?az> ,arn\llet at ,lyons1 :]e !re 0 a rem>kable gr\p ( engrav]s at "w ab\t ?is "t4 ,f #aedh ! books ( ,enea ,vico pr9t$ at ,v5ice beg9 ! fa%ion 9 ,italy1 :]e1 aft] #aeej1 examples are fairly num]\s4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s also1 beg9n+ ) ! "w ( ,hub]t ,goltzius at ,bruges1 !y are met ) almo/ z frequ5tly z 9 ,italy4 ,x 01 p]haps1 ,*ri/oph] ,plant9 at ,antw]p :o1 m ?an any o!r pr9t]1 made ! engrav$ title-bord] ! fa%ion = all l>g] & m important publications4 ,b x is ) ! sev5te5? c5tury especially t engrav$ bord]s are associat$4 ,! ,elzevirs us$ !m ev5 on _! pocket editions1 :ile at ! o!r extreme ! massive volumes issu$ at ,am/]dam & at ,p>is 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv are almo/ inv>iably introduc$ by an elaborate engrav$ frontispiece4444 ,illu/ration3 ,,dugu1 ,,ariette1 ,,f\rni]1 ,,p>is1 #agfe4 ,?is r ornate bord] %[s :at c\ld be done ) ,f\rni]'s new type ornam5ts4 7,size1 #g-a_/dx#aj-a_/d in*es74 ,p]haps ! wor/ examples ( ^! ov]load$ frontispieces are to be f\nd 9 ,g]man books ( ! p]iod4 ,(t51 also1 ! engrav$ bord] is only a ba/>d title1 ! prop] title page be+ set up 9 type4 ,! e>li] examples1 dat+ f ! sixte5? c5tury1 are 9 g5]al ! be/1 be+ simpl] & n yet ov]burd5$ ) a mass ( detail4 ,! good ta/e ( ! eighte5? c5tury br\ght ab\t a re=m4 ,b at ,p>is mo/ books ( ?is p]iod _h a typographic title page & ! "w ( ! fam\s s*ool ( ,fr5* engrav]s 0 lavi%$ on ! illu/rations4 ,h[ev]1 ! engrav$ vignettes ( t age 7 (t5 v effectively us$4 ,ev5 ,bask]ville did n always disda9 ! vignette1 & x 0 ! la/ =m ( decoration ab&on$ by ,bodoni4 ,"o o!r =m ( decoration may be m5tion$1 t ( metal rules4 ,rules h be5 us$ occasionally at almo/ all p]iods1 by ,ge(roy ,tory1 = example1 among o!rs4 ,b z f> z title pages are conc]n$ !y are f\nd mo/ (t5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,deceyte ,,( ,,wom51 ,a4 ,,vele1 ,,london1 ,c4 #aeej4 ,! comb9ation ( black-lett] & a woodcut is a usual title page 9 an e>ly ,engli% book4 ,?is undat$ example is probably mid-c5tury1 z ! pr9t]1 ,vele1 is n he>d ( be=e #aedh4 ,! cut seems to date mu* e>li]4 7,size1 #e-a_/dx#g-a_/b in*es47 ,! purely typographic title page is naturally ( great] int]e/ to ! mod]n produc] ( books4 ,at all p]iods ! title page :i* 0 effective ma9ly by ! arrangem5t ( type has be5 common1 & at mo/ p]iods !re h be5 pr9t]s :o pref]r$ to disp5se ) ornam5t ( any k9d4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! books ( ! ,p>is pr9t]1 ,mi*el de ,vascosan1 illu/rate ?is sev]] mann]1 & ! classical /yle ( ! great pr9t]s at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 likewise indep5d5t ( decoration4 ,"s sort ( arrangem5t ( ! lett]s display$ on ! title page sugge/$ itself f ! fir/1 & v soon v>i\s %apes 7 tri$4 ,p]haps ! commone/ arrangem5t 0 ! conical "o1 or ! s-call$ h\r-glass %ape1 9 :i* ! l9es ( type beg9 by be+ long1 to become %ort at ! c5t]1 l5g!n+ aga9 9 ! impr9t at ! foot4 ,o!rs h pref]r$ a natural arrangem5t1 pr9t+ ! matt] exactly z if on a page ( ! text4 ,ge(roy ,tory1 a book produc] ^: "w 0 ( great importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! book1 seems to h be5 aga9/ ! fa%ion ( 8 day 9 8 *oice ( ! natural lay\t4 ,x has c]ta9ly be5 ! usual cu/om to aim at "s sort ( patt]n 9 ! division ( ! l9es ( type4 ,9 ?is respect ! e>li] pr9t]s _h "o advantage :i* 0 n enjoy$ by _! successors4 ,!y felt no difficulty ab\t divid+ a ^w 9 a title1 ev5 :5 ! second "p ( ! ^w 0 to be set 9 a diff]5t size or ev5 a diff]5t k9d ( type4 ,frequ5tly we f9d examples ( su* breaks 9 words z cu/om has made impossible = ! mod]n pr9t]4 ,! simplification ( ! task = :oev] 0 responsible = ! lay\t is obvi\s4 ,"o rule :i* seems to h be5 almo/ univ]sally obs]v$ is t ! mass ( ! type mu/ be 9 ! top half ( ! page & n ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,page #fi4 ,equally important ) ! di/ribution ( ! matt] is ! "q ( ! k9d ( type to be us$1 ! sizes ( type1 upp]- or l[]-case1 & ! numb] ( diff]5t fonts4 ,! simple/ mann] ( us+ ! lett] employ$ 9 ! text met ) little fav\r & 0 soon displac$ by ! use ( l>g] types & especially by ! use ( capitals4 ,! heavy1 squ>e ,roman capitals1 l ^? ( ,frob5 at ,basle1 = ! fir/ l9e1 ) small] capitals = succe$+ l9es1 7 m or less cu/om>y 9 ,nor!rn ,europe 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 "s c\ntries a mixture ( a lettre de =me & ,roman capitals 0 n unusual at ! same p]iod4 ,) ! introduction ( ! new ,g>amond romans at ,p>is ab\t #aecj began ! fa%ion ( us+ ! ,canon & ,d\ble ,canon sizes ( ! l[]-case lett]s = titles4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d l>ge & heavy ,roman capitals aga9 9 fav\r1 (t5 balanc$ by a woodcut ornam5t or a basket ( fl[]s4 ,?is c5tury1 und\bt$ly ! wor/ 9 ! hi/ory ( typography1 not)/&+ ! ,elzevirs1 is especially rem>kable = its cr[d$ title pages4 ,x _h become ! cu/om to give z mu* in=mation z possible ab\t ! cont5ts ( ! book & ! qualifications ( au?or1 editor1 etc41 & ! pr9t] took ! opportunity ( display+ z l>ge a v>iety ( 8 types z possible4 ,no d\bt ! use ( title pages z po/]s = adv]tis+ is p>tly responsible = ! cu/om4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ by docum5t>y evid5ce t su* me?ods ( adv]tis+ books 7 usual 9 ,engl& & 9 ,g]many1 & probably ?is 0 s 9 o!r c\ntries also4 ,incid5tally x may be po9t$ out t ! po/+ up ( title pages acc\nts = "s ( ! e>ly collections1 su* z t ( ,bag=d1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,bag=d has be5 attack$ = 8 v&alism 9 mutilat+ books = ! sake ( 8 hobby1 b x n[ appe>s t he may h be5 q innoc5t ( ! *>ge4 ,9 any case ! result on ! title page z a specim5 ( typographical arrangem5t 0 deplorable4444 ,illu/ration3 ,,isaiah ,,?omas1 ,a ,,specim5 ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,types1 ,,worce/]1 #aghe4 ,z ) mo/ type specim5s1 ?is e>ly ,am]ican title page displays _m diff]5t types & fl[]s4 7,size1 #e-c_/hx#g-e_/h in*es47 ,) ! eighte5? c5tury title pages became simpl] & lett]s became light]1 & ! result is aga9 "w z good 9 its diff]5t /yle z t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! eighte5? c5tury is c]ta9ly a great p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( book production1 ) its c5t] 9 ,p>is4 ,9 ,engl& ! influ5ce ( ,caslon & ,bask]ville at l5g? rais$ our typography to a level ) ,cont95tal "w4 ,= "o innovation ,p4 ,s4 ,f\rni] is ma9ly responsible1 ! introduction ( outl9e & o!r decorative capitals :i* 7 s successfully us$ at ,p>is4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury we h ! "w ( ! ,didots & ,bodoni1 ! classical s*ool1 ^: te*nical a*ievem5t has h>dly be5 surpass$ at any p]iod4 ,"o may cavil at _! conception ( ! ideal %ape ( lett]s1 "o may dislike _! excessive use ( hair l9es & _! flat s]ifs1 b x mu/ be admitt$ t z practical pr9t]s & type-cutt]s _! "w 0 ( fir/ rate quality4 ,^! classical pr9t]s 7 pr\d ( _! types & wi%$ !m to /& alone4 ,bodoni1 :o at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] us$ ornam5ts copi$ f ,f\rni] & engrav$ vignettes1 9 8 lat] ye>s m & m ab&on$ decoration & outl9e lett]s4 ,! classical title page is compos$ 9 ,roman capitals ( v>y+ size1 b )\t ! admixture ( l[]-case lett]s or italics & )\t ! aid ( decoration4 ,l ,bask]ville1 ^! pr9t]s consid]$ t type is itself suffici5tly int]e/+ to /& alone4 ,lawr5ce ,c4 ,wro? ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"w ,,) ,,am]ican ,,types ,f ,typographic ,h]itage4 ,copyright #aidi by ,! ,typophiles4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! au?or4 ,on #g ,april #agge !re appe>$ 9 ,philadelphia ! initial issue ( ,/ory ,humphrey's ,p5nsylvania ,m]cury4 ,?is newspap] 0 ref]r$ to by a contempor>y di>i/ z ,! fir/ ,"w ) ,am]4 ,types & ) c]ta9 qualifications1 lat] to be made1 x seems to be entitl$ to ! di/9ction ( priority impli$ 9 ?is descriptive phrase4 ,type f\nd+ 9 ! colonies w5t ?r\gh ^? phases ( t5tative ef=t1 complete failure1 & p>tial a*ievem5t :i* are normal to ! beg9n+s ( great indu/ries1 & be=e go+ on ) ! /ory ( ! font ( type f :i* ! ,p5nsylvania ,m]cury 0 pr9t$1 x is propos$ to give briefly an acc\nt ( e>li] attempts at ! e/abli%m5t ( lett] f\nd+ 9 ,engli% ,am]ica4 ,by do+ ?is x w be possible to secure correctness ( sequ5ce & ( relation%ip among ! sev]al elem5ts ( ?is /udy 9 orig9s4 ,! fir/ font ( types ca/ 9 ,engli% ,am]ica 0 t :i* result$ f ! pa9ful ef=ts ( ,abel ,buell1 a silv]smi? & lapid>y ( ,kill+wor?1 ,connecticut4 ,%ortly be=e #a ,april #agfi ,buell ca/ a small font ( lett]s1 crude 9 design & 9 execution1 f :i* pro(s 7 tak5 = ! exam9ation & ! criticism ( 8 fri5ds4 ,9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 us+ a diff]5t & mu* bett] type ( 8 own mak+1 he pres5t$ to ! ,connecticut ,assembly a pr9t$ petition 9 :i* he ask$ t body = f9ancial assi/ance 9 8 propos$ e/abli%m5t ( a lett] f\ndry4 ,9 reply to ?is memorial he receiv$ a loan f ! colony = ! purposes ( 8 v5ture1 & soon aft]w>ds he remov$ to ,new ,hav5 & prep>$ to manufacture type = ! pr9t]s ( a cont95t4 ,! /ory ( 8 failure at ?is "t1 & ( 8 success on a mu* small] scale twelve ye>s lat]1 is a "p ( ! pres5t /udy only 9 ! s5se :i* has be5 indicat$ 9 ! introductory s5t5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,abel ,buell's ,fir/ ,font4 ,f a pro( ( ,may #agfi4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,yale ,univ]sity ,libr>y4 ,buell 0 n )\t a rival 9 8 ambiti\s plans4 ,david ,mit*elson ( ,bo/on1 possibly act+ "u ! direction ( ,john ,me91 a pr9t] ( t city1 is report$ by a contempor>y newspap] writ] to h atta9$ z great a degree ( success z ! ,connecticut silv]smi? 9 ! difficult art ( lett] ca/+4 ,9 ! ,massa*usetts ,gazette & ,bo/on ,weekly ,news-,lett] = #g ,septemb] #agfi !re appe>$ among ! local news items a report on rec5t developm5ts 9 ,am]ican manufactur+ activities 9 :i* are c]ta9 s5t5ces ( int]e/ 9 ! /ory ( colonial type f\nd+4 ,we are assur$ by a ,g5tleman f ! ,we/w>d1 said ! writ]1 t ,mr4 ,abel ,buell1 ( ,kill+wor? 9 ,connecticut1 ,jewell] & ,lapid>y1 has lately1 8 own ,g5ius1 made himself ,ma/] ( ! ,art ( ,f\nd+ ,types = ,pr9t+4 ,pr9t+ ,types are also made by ,mr4 ,mit*elson ( ?is ,t[n ,bo/on equal to any import$ f ,great-,brita92 & might1 by prop] ,enc\ragem5t soon be able to furni% all ! ,pr9t]s 9 ,am]ica at ! same price !y are sold 9 ,engl&4 ,! abs5ce ( a kn[n specim5 ( ,mit*elson's lett]s or ( any specific in=mation z to 8 op]ations is en\gh1 h[ev]1 to require a v]dict ( n prov5 on any claim to priority 9 ,am]ican type ca/+ t has yet be5 made on 8 behalf4 ,because ( ! unfruitful nature ( ! ent]prises :i* h be5 spok5 (1 ! ye> #aggj f\nd ! ,am]ican pr9t] /ill dep5d5t ^u ,european importation = 8 pr9t+ type1 & at ! mom5t !re exi/$ little prospect ( relief f a situation :i* 9 ! ye>s ( ! ,revolution 0 to become a h>d%ip r ?an ! simple inconv5i5ce ( ! e>li] p]iod4 ,! policy ( non-importation1 h[ev]1 0 /irr+ ! colonies to ! e/abli%m5t ( local manufactures1 & "u ! :ip ( necessity1 type f\nd+1 among o!r ess5tial indu/ries1 0 to take its rise 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! c>ry+ to success ( ?is manufacture 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 ! ye> #agge 0 und\bt$ly assur$ by ! political & economic situation ( ! c\ntry1 b its beg9n+1 :i* mu/ fir/ be describ$1 _h its cause 9 a set ( circum/ances ( a m g5]al "*4 ,! secul> hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 wrote ,h5ry ,/ev5s1 is ! sacr$ hi/ory ( pr9t+4 ,9 ^! words ! ,v]mont] gave s5t5ti\s expression to ! tru? t ! pr9t+ ( ! ,bible has be5 9 all ages an appreciable factor 9 ! developm5t ( typography4 ,! successful beg9n+s ( type f\nd+ 9 ,engli% ,am]ica1 x is believ$1 may be trac$ to ! desire ( ,*ri/oph] ,s[] ,jr4 ( ,g]mant[n1 ,p5nsylvania1 to issue a ?ird edition ( t ,g]man ,bible :i* fir/ _h made its appe>ance at ! pa9s & exp5se ( 8 fa!r 9 ! ye> #agdc4 ,x is said t ! y\ng] ,s[]'s dissatisfaction ) ! conditions ( type importation f ,g]many l$ him to conceive ! idea ( import+ !nce matrices & m\lds in/ead ( f9i%$ type1 & ) ^! plac$ 9 ! cunn+ h&s ( ,ju/us ,fox1 8 j\rneyman1 ( ca/+ 8 own lett]s = use 9 ! propos$ edition ( ,die ,heilige ,s*rift4 ,an ent]pris+ man1 a religi\s zealot1 & ! proprietor ( "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive pr9t+ (fices 9 ,am]ica1 he 0 able1 p>tly at lea/1 to c>ry out 8 int5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,abel ,buell's ,second ,font1 ,octob] #agfi4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,connecticut ,/ate ,ar*ives4 ,! exact date ( ! fir/ use by ,s[] ( locally ca/ ,g]man lett]s evades det]m9ation4 ,sometime 9 ! ye> #aggj1 he began ! publication ( ! second "p ( a p]iodical kn[n z ,e9 ,gei/li*es ,magazi54 ,! title page ( ,no4 ,i1 ,"p ,,ii1 ( ?is e>ly religi\s magaz9e tells u t x 0 pr9t$ by ,*ri/oph] ,s[] at ,g]mant[n 9 ! ye> #aggj1 & ! undat$ colophon ( ,no4 ,,xii ( ! s]ies conta9s in=mation ( s+ul> int]e/ 9 ! words1 ,g$ruckt mit d] er/5 ,s*rift die jemals 9 ,am]ica gegoss5 word54 ,! probability is t ?is issue ( ,e9 ,gei/li*es ,magazi5 0 publi%$ late 9 #agga or e>ly 9 ! ensu+ ye>4 ,^u ! basis ( ?is quot$ /atem5t & 9 view ( ! k t :5 8 e/ate 0 sold 9 #aggh !re 7 dispos$ ( to ,jacob ,bay & o!rs c]ta9 lots ( lett] m\lds1 crucibles & a l>ge quantity ( antimony#aj x becomes cle> t ,s[]'s int]e/ 9 type mak+ develop$ well beyond ! /age ( ?9k+ x w\ld be a nice ?+ to d4 ,! initiatory ef=ts ( ,s[] h a p>ticul> significance 9 ! /ory ( ,am]ican type f\nd+2 = ! tradition is t :ile engag$ 9 ! ca/+ process ( type mak+ 9 ! ,g]mant[n f\ndry1 ,ju/us ,fox & ,jacob ,bay le>n$ ! m difficult my/]ies ( an art 9 :i* lat] !y atta9$ pr(ici5cy4 ,because ( ! l9k ( cont9u\s ef=t ?us =m$ betwe5 ,s[]'s initiation ( ! bus9ess 9 #aggj & ! lat] cutt+ & ca/+ ( ,roman lett] by ^! artisans1 !re mu/ be conc$$ to him ! di/9ction ( hav+ begun 9 ,engli% ,am]ica ! indu/ry ( type manufactur+1 reg>dless ( :e!r or n 8 ca/+ ( ,g]man lett] f import$ matrices 0 z ext5sive z has be5 suppos$4 ,our k ( ,fox & ( ,bay is d]iv$ l>gely f ! ,additions to ,?omas's ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 a body ( tradition ( unev5 reliability transmitt$ to ,isaiah ,?omas by ,william ,mc,culloch1 a ,philadelphia pr9t] active 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,selections f ! six communications ( ! p]iod #ahab-ahad 9 :i* ?is in=mation 0 transmitt$ 7 incorporat$ by ,?omas 9 ! revision ( 8 book ^u :i* 0 bas$ ! second edition br\ght out by ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society 9 #ahgd4 ,long aft]w>d ! s]ies ( lett]s 0 publi%$ z a :ole 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,april #aiba "u ! title1 ,william ,mc,culloch's ,additions to ,?omas's ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+4 ,9 ^! lett]s to ,isaiah ,?omas1 ,mc,culloch 0 record+ 8 own memories & ! accept$ ,philadelphia tradition4 ,because he 0 well advanc$ 9 ye>s at ! "t ( writ+1 "o is n surpris$ to f9d t n[ & !n he trips ov] ! b>ri] t sep>ates docum5t$ fact f he>say & p]sonal recollection4 ,x is mu* to our com=t 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 h[ev]1 to le>n t he possess$ & made use ( unusual opportunities to obta9 correct in=mation z to ! craftsm5 :o are ! subject ( our int]e/4 ,^! facts :i* he records ( ,ju/us ,fox1 = example1 he obta9$ f ,emmanuel1 ! son & p>tn] 9 type f\nd+ ( t artisan1 & 9 ,ju/us ,fox1 a ,g]man ,pr9t] ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,l4 ,ni*ols accepts 8 te/imony z ( g5]al reliability4 ,he 0 indebt$ to v>i\s relatives ( ,bay1 among !m a si/]1 a plump lady ( #fh1 = ! acc\nt ( him :i* is f\nd 9 ! pages ( ! ,additions4 ,x is possible to comp>e v>i\s items 9 ,mc,culloch's sket*es ( ^! m5 ) records unkn[n to him1 b available to u1 ) results s little at v>iance t "o is incl9$ to accord a high degree ( cr$5ce to all t he wrote conc]n+ _! activities4 ,at ! "t ( ,s[]'s importation ( ,g]man equipm5t1 ,mc,culloch in=m$ ,isaiah ,?omas1 he _h among 8 j\rneym5 an +5i\s g5]al me*anic1 ,ju/us ,fox1 :om he *>g$ ) ! responsibility = ca/+ ! lett]s to be us$ 9 ! great ,bible4 ,9 ,april #aggb he employ$ a newly arriv$ ,swiss silk weav]1 ,jacob ,bay1#aa to assi/ ,fox4 ,two ye>s lat] ,bay left ,s[]'s s]vice & set up a f\ndry on 8 own acc\nt 9 a ne>-by h\se 9 ,g]mant[n4 ,fox rema9$ 9 ,s[]'s e/abli%m5t1 presumably engag$ 9 ca/+ ! l>ge quantity ( type requir$ to keep /&+ an edition ( ! ,bible4 ,9 addition to ?is r\t9e "w he is said to h cut & ca/ an unspecifi$ am\nt ( ,roman lett] be=e #aggd1 ! ye> ( ,bay's sep>ation f ! ,s[] e/abli%m5t4 ,work+ 9 8 sep>ate f\ndry1 x is record$ by our volunte] hi/orian1 ,bay ca/ a numb] ( fonts1 cutt+ all ! pun*es1 & mak+ all ! app>atus p]ta9+ !reto1 himself1 = ,roman ,b\rgeois1 ,long ,prim]1 etc4 ,t ?is report$ activity 9 type ca/+ 9 ,g]mant[n ab\t ! ye> #aggd 0 n a play ( ! imag9ation on ! "p ( its hi/orian is made c]ta9 by ! def9ite /atem5t t occurs 9 "o ( ! non-importation resolutions ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,conv5tion4 ,on #bc ,janu>y #agge ! ,conv5tion ,resolv$ unanim\sly1 ,t z pr9t+ types are n[ made to a consid]able degree ( p]fection by an +5i\s arti/ 9 ,g]mant[n2 x is recomm5d$ to ! pr9t]s to use su* types 9 pref]5ce to any :i* may be h]eaft] import$4#ab ,ref]r+ some:at vaguely to ?is resolution1 bo? z to cont5t & z to orig91 ,mc,culloch tells u t ev5 at ! "t ( its passage ,fox & ,bay ea* claim$ ! honor impli$ 9 its t]ms4 ,to ?is day ! id5tity ( ! +5i\s arti/ rema9s unc]ta94 ,x is n cle> by :at evid5ce x 0 kn[n to ! ,conv5tion t a consid]able degree ( p]fection _h be5 atta9$ 9 ! mak+ ( type 9 ,g]mant[n4 ,! only kn[n specim5 ( pr9t+ type ca/ at t place be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,conv5tion 9 ,janu>y #agge is ! ,g]man lett] employ$ 9 ,s[]'s p]iodical1 ,e9 ,gei/li*es ,magazi51 & x is n likely t ?is or any o!r specim5 ( ,g]man type w\ld h l$ ! ,conv5tion to a recomm5dation z sweep+ z t :i* has be5 quot$ f its j\rnal4 ,x c\ld only h be5 a ,roman lett] t ! delegates _h 9 m9d = a usage s g5]al z 0 indicat$ 9 _! resolution1 & we mu/ rema9 9 d\bt z to :at specim5 or specim5s !y _h se5 ( locally ca/ type 9 ?is "*4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t at ! "t ( _! action a font ( ,roman lett] _h be5 complet$1 or at any rate1 t x 0 !n 9 ! process ( ca/+4 ,x is q possible t a trial specim5 ( ?is font _h be5 submitt$ to ! ,conv5tion = its exam9ation & approval4 ,x is a satisfaction to be able to introduce ! new font ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a contempor>y ref]5ce to its use4 ,we are indebt$ to ! correspond5ce & to ! di>y ( ! ,rev4 ,ezra ,/iles ( ,newport1 lat] ,presid5t ( ,yale ,college1 = "s important in=mation on e>ly ,am]ican type f\nd+4 ,excit$ by ,buell's ef=ts to make type 9 ! ye> #agfi1 8 int]e/ 9 ! manufacture seems to h rema9$ 9 be+1 = on #i ,may #agge he app5d$ ! foll[+ comm5t to an entry 9 8 ,di>y3 ,extract$ f ! ,p5nsylva ,m]cury1 ^: fir/ ,no 0 pub4 ! #g? ( ,april la/3 pr9t$ ) types ( ,am]ican ,manufacture4 ,! fir/ ,"w ) ,am]4 ,types3 ?o' ,types 7 made at ,n4 ,hav5 ye>s ago4#ac ,! fact t ,ezra ,/iles 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ patrons ( ,abel ,buell's v5ture 9 lett] ca/+1 support$ z ?is fact is by 8 int]e/ 9 ,am]ican manufactures g5]ally1 l5ds a c]ta9 am\nt ( weight to any obs]vation t he might make on ! subject ( ,am]ican type f\nd+1 al?\gh x is probable t he 0 ignorant ( ,s[]'s p>tial a*ievem5t ( ! art1 j z ,s[] "s ye>s e>li] 9 8 claim to priority _h seem$ to be unaw>e ( ,buell's te*nically successful ef=t4 ,if we may int]pret ,dr4 ,/iles's words z mean+ t ,/ory ,humphreys's ,p5nsylvania ,m]cury#ad ( #g ,april #agge1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 ,i1 0 ! fir/ publi%$ "w pr9t$ 9 ,roman lett] :i* _h be5 cut & ca/ 9 ,engli% ,am]ica1 we may unhesitat+ly repeat 8 description ( x z ,! fir/ ,"w ) ,am]4 ,types4 ,! ,philadelphia newspap] :i* has be5 ref]r$ to is "o ( ! r>e/ ( ,am]ican j\rnals ( ! p]iod4 ,complete files1 compris+ issues f #g ,april to #bg ,decemb] #agge1 are f\nd only 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress & 9 ! ,h>v>d ,college ,libr>y4 ,f ! fir/ page ( its fir/ issue1 ! publi%]'s ann\ncem5t is "h reproduc$4 ,a glance at ! pages ( ! newspap] 9 :i* ! new ,roman lett] 0 fir/ us$ makes u feel t 9 8 comm5dable will+ness to admit imp]fection ! publi%] paid small tribute to ! skill ( 8 +5i\s arti/4 ,! lett]s ( ru/ic manufacture 7 f> f p]fect1 x is true1 & 9 lat] issues ( ! newspap] x is obs]vable t !y _h n worn especially well1 b none!less !y compos$ agreeably & !y 7 suffici5tly well execut$ to entitle !m to some?+ m ?an ! half apology ) :i* !y 7 (f]$ to ! public4 ,_! int]e/1 h[ev]1 z ! fir/ ,am]ican-made ,roman type to be us$ 9 a publication int5d$ = circulation transc5ds consid]ations ( wor? & appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,extract f ,! ,p5nsylvania ,m]cury ( #g ,april #agge4 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,h>v>d ,college ,libr>y4 ,rejoic+ 9 _! enc\ragem5t ( native manufactures1 ! practical support !y 7 giv+ to ! ,p5nsylvania non-importation resolutions ( six mon?s e>li]1 ! publi%]s ( ! ,m]cury adv]tis$ on #bc ,june #agge ,! ,imp5etrable ,secret z a "w ,j ,publi%$ & ,pr9t$ ) ,types1 ,pap] & ,ink1 ,manufactur$ 9 ?is ,prov9ce4 ,if !y _h add$1 z possibly !y might h done ) tru?1 on a press ( ,philadelphia make1 we c\ld reg>d ?is /atem5t z ! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce ( ! ,am]ican pr9t] f ! ,engli% manufactur]4#ae ,isaiah ,?omas says t ! ,p5nsylvania ,m]cury 0 e/abli%$ ) ! back+ ( ,joseph ,gall[ay z a sub/itute = ! ,p5nsylvania ,*ronicle1 t disa/r\s e>li] v5ture 9 j\rnalism 9 :i* ! ,quak] politician _h engag$ ) ,william ,godd>d4 ,if ?is 0 ! case1 c]ta9 features ( ! new publication mu/ h be5 displeas+ to ! sil5t p>tn]1 = ,gall[ay ! ,tory c\ld h>dly h rejoic$ ) ! publi%]s 9 _! virtu\s enc\ragem5t ( native type f\nd+1 ) all its patriotic implications4 ,fur!rmore1 f an adv]tisem5t ( ,john ,willis & ,h5ry ,vogt 9 ! fir/ issue ( ! pap] "o le>ns t ! publi%]s 7 mak+ use ( o!r articles ( pr9t+ equipm5t made by ^! g5]al craftsm51 :o "h ann\nc$ _! ability to make presses & any & all ( ! me*anical appurt5ances requir$ 9 a pr9t+ %op4 ,?is well-adv]tis$ ,am]icanism ( ! publi%]s1 h[ev]1 seems n to h avail$ !m 9 ! atta9m5t ( success1 & aft] _! e/abli%m5t _h be5 de/roy$ by fire 9 ! clos+ days ( ! ye> ! bus9ess 0 nev] resum$4 ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n :o 0 ! mak] ( ! significant ,m]cury types4 ,assum+ t ,s[]'s f\ndry 0 9 full op]ation 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( #agge1 we mu/ assume also1 9 ! abs5ce ( k to ! contr>y1 t its pr9cipal activity 0 9 ! manufacture ( ,g]man lett]s = ! great ,bible1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aggf1 & t ,s[] w\ld n h be5 likely to engage 9 ! mak+ ( ,roman type on a l>ge scale until ?is "w _h be5 complet$4 ,because ( our ignorance ( o!r possibilities !re rema9 to be consid]$ only ! two craftsm51 ,fox & ,bay1 z ! probable mak]s ( ?is fir/ successful ,am]ican lett]4 ,accord+ to ,mc,culloch1 ,fox _h cut & ca/ ,roman lett] at "s p]iod be=e ! ye> #aggd :ile /ill work+ = ,s[]4 ,?is /atem5t conta9s all t is kn[n ( 8 ef=ts at mak+ ,roman type dur+ ! ye>s t he rema9$ ) ,s[]1 b !re is ! *ance to be tak5 into acc\nt t ! ,m]cury font 0 ! result ( 8 exp]im5tation dur+ ?is p]iod 9 an art :i* lat] he pursu$ ) no small degree ( local success4 ,on ! same au?ority x is said1 x w be rememb]$1 t ,jacob ,bay _h left ,s[] 9 #aggd1 & 9 a ne>-by h\se 9 ,g]mant[n _h set up a type f\ndry on 8 own acc\nt4 ,9 ?is sep>ate e/abli%m5t1 x is likely t he 0 able to devote to ! bus9ess su* "t & en]gy z w\ld be requir$ 9 mak+ a font ( suffici5t size to accommodate ! ne$s ( su* a newspap] z ! ,p5nsylvania ,m]cury4 ,! fact ( 8 sep>ate f\ndry hav+ be5 e/abli%$ sometime 9 #aggd1 ! ref]5ce 9 ! ,conv5tion resolution ( ,janu>y #agge to ! +5i\s arti/ at ,g]mant[n & ! appe>ance 9 ,april #agge ( ! new font ( type acclaim$ by ! publi%]s z an attempt to introduce s valuable an art into ^! colonies are consid]ations :i*1 tak5 9 _! ord]1 seem to give gr\nd = an assumption t x 0 ,jacob ,bay :o cut & ca/ ! lett]s = ,! fir/ ,"w ) ,am]4 ,types4 ,until pro( is =?com+1 h[ev]1 ?is mu/ rema9 an assumption & no?+ m4 ,x is c]ta9 t bo? ,fox & ,bay ma9ta9$ _! int]e/ 9 lett] ca/+ = _m ye>s4 ,at ! sale ( ,s[]'s confiscat$ prop]ty 9 ! ye> #aggh bo? ( ^! artisans 7 pres5t z pur*as]s ( type-mak+ tools & mat]ial4#af ,bay especially seems to h tak5 advantage ( ! opportunity to secure equipm5t at ?is disp]sal ( 8 old ma/]'s goods4 ,among o!r pur*ases :i* he made at ! sale ( :at 0 probably at ! "t ! l>ge/ typographical e/abli%m5t 9 ! c\ntry 7 a lot ( lett] moles at ?ree p\nds1 a ,box ) #i ,crusibles at #e #aes41 a quantity ( worn type at #h;d4 a p\nd & antimony wor? #h #ahs4 #c;d4 ,he 0 liv+ at ! "t 9 a h\se r5t$ f ,s[]1#ag & at ! sale ( ! pr9t]'s real prop]ty 9 ,septemb] #aggi he pur*as$ ano!r h\se belong+ to ! e/ate = #dbjj1 a sum :i* he paid 9 two in/allm5ts be=e #bh ,octob] #aggi4ah ,9 record+ f tradition ! fact t ,bay secur$ at ?is "t "o ( ! ,s[] h\ses1 ,mc,culloch ass]ts t he pur*as$ x f ,john ,dunlap1 ! pr9t]1 :om he paid 9 type ( 8 own mak+4 ,x is possible t he borr[$ ! pur*ase price f ,dunlap on ?is or a simil> basis ( repaym5t1 a transaction t w\ld expla9 ,mc,culloch's v]sion ( ! /ory4 ,x is said t he conduct$ 8 f\ndry until ! ye> #aghi1 & t betwe5 ?is ye> & #agib he sold ! bus9ess to ,francis ,bailey4 ,fox cont9u$ ! mak+ ( type until 8 dea? 9 ! ye> #ahje1 :5 8 son & p>tn] ,emmanuel ,fox sold ! equipm5t to ,samuel ,s[] ( ,baltimore1 ! son ( ,*ri/oph] ,s[]1 ! ,second1 ( ,g]mant[n1 ^: ent]prise _h be5 ! det]m9+ cause ( its exi/5ce4 ,mc,culloch 0 emphatic 9 8 praise ( ! /urd9ess ( ,fox's types1 b :5 he rem>k$ to ,ar*ibald ,b9ny ^u ! excell5t we>+ quality ( a set ( figures & capitals ca/ by ! ,g]mant[n f\nd]1 :i* he & 8 fa!r be=e him _h be5 us+ = _m ye>s1 t g5tleman repli$ ) scorn t !y 7 at fir/ s devili% ugly 444 ! longe/ us+ _c m> _! de=mity4 ,! type-f\nd+ op]ations ( ,fox & ( ,bay h great] importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art 9 ,am]ica ?an is usually conc$$ !m4 ,:5 !y are ref]r$ to at all by g5]al writ]s1 _! activities are m5tion$ briefly or 9 su* a mann] z to give "o ! impression t _! ef=ts 7 sporadic or t5tative4 ,x is ) ! "w ( ! ,scot* f\nd] ,ba9e1 us+ import$ equipm5t1 t ! /ory ( ,am]ican type f\nd+ is usually begun1 b ) ! ,m]cury font be=e u1 cut & ca/ ?irte5 ye>s be=e ,ba9e's fir/ op]ations1 & ) assurances by ,mc,culloch t ,fox cut & ca/ ! lett]s us$ 9 ! ,mc,kean edition ( ! ,acts ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,assembly1 pr9t$ by ,francis ,bailey 9 #aghb1ai & ) ref]5ces by ,mc,culloch to fonts produc$ by ,bay1 x seems c]ta9 t !re exi/s mat]ial :i* w require a revision ( ! /ory ( ,am]ican type-f\nd+ orig9s4 ,beg9n+ ) ! inconte/able fact ( ! successful ,m]cury font ( #agge & accept+ ,mc,culloch's relation ( lat] ev5ts z a work+ hypo!sis1 !re is se5 to exi/ a field = rese>* :i* %\ld prove productive ( discov]ies1 inasmu* z ! fact & ! tradition indicate a cont9u\s activity on ! "p ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! e>ly ,p5nsylvania f\nd]s1 ,fox & ,bay1 f #agge to #ahje4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! ye>s o!r f\nd]s1 bett] kn[n to u1 began _! "w1 & betwe5 ! ye>s #agif & #ahja1 m ?an "o hundr$ ,am]ican pr9t]s1 f ,massa*usetts to ,georgia1 pur*as$ type f ! f\ndry ( ,b9ny ,ronaldson ( ,philadelphia4#bj ,! id5tification ( ! v>i\s fonts ( locally made type us$ 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 ! qu>t] c5tury foll[+ ,! fir/ ,"w ) ,am]4 ,types w\ld =m an int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! /ory ( e>ly ,am]ican type f\nd+4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,monticello ,,types ,,footnotes3 #aj ,editor's ,note3 ,p5nsylvania ,ar*ives1 #f? ,s]ies1 #ab3hhg-iai4 ,9 ,typographic ,h]itage1 ! second pr9t+ ( ?is essay1 ,s[]'s type f\nd+ v5ture is m ext5sively treat$1 & ! r>e exi/+ issues ( ,"p ,,ii ( ,e9 ,gei/li*es ,magazi5 are locat$ 7pp4 #adc-add74 #aa ,mc,culloch1 p4 #aha1 gives ! middle ( ,decemb] #agga z ! date ( ,bay's arrival 9 ,philadelphia4 ,9 ,rupp's ,collection ( ,?irty ,?\s& ,names ( ,g]man1 ,swiss1 ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 & o!r ,immigrants 9 ,p5nsylvania f #agbg to #aggf1 p4 #cih1 ,jacob ,bay is among ! arrivals on ! ,brig ,betsey on #a ,decemb] #agga4 ,! "n is spell$ ,bey by ,mc,culloch1 ,by by ,rupp1 ,bay 9 v>i\s li/s & docum5ts 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,ar*ives4 ,! la/-nam$ spell+ is us$ 9 ! pres5t /udy on ?is au?ority4 #ab ,j\rnal ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,p5nsylvania 444 7#aggf-agha71 ,volume ! ,fir/ 7,philadelphia1 #aghb71 p4 #cc4 #ac ,ezra ,/iles1 ,lit]>y ,di>y4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,b4 ,dext]4 #c vols4 7,new ,york1 #aija71 ,i3#edi4 #ad ,/ory ,humphreys's ,p5nsylvania ,m]cury1 & ,univ]sal ,adv]tis]4 ,evans #addgg4 ,no copy se5 by ,hildeburn4 #ae ,x well may be t ?is production 0 n a book or pamphlet b a popul> c>d game ( ! educational sort4 ,see ,a4 ,t4 ,haz51 ,a ,bibliography ( ,horace ,walpole1 p4 #agc1 & ! same au?or's bibliography ( ! ,/rawb]ry ,hill ,press1 pp4 #ade-adh4 #af ,p5nsylvania ,ar*ives1 #f? ,s]ies1 #ab3hhg-iai4 #ag ,mc,culloch's /atem5t is borne out by ! inv5tory ( ,s[]'s real e/ate 9 ,p5nsylvania ,ar*ives1 #f? ,s]ies1 #ab3hgb-hgc4 #ah ,p5nsylvania ,ar*ives1 #f? ,s]ies1 #ab3iah-iai4 #ai ,mc,culloch gives ! date indef9itely z ab\t ! ye> #aghd4 ,8 fa!r1 ,john ,mc,culloch1 f :om he receiv$ mu* in=mation embodi$ 9 ! ,additions1 0 at "o "t =eman 9 ,bailey's %op4 #bj ,"o ,hundr$ ,ye>s1 ,mac,kellar1 ,smi?s & ,jordan ,f\ndry1 ,philadelphia1 ,p5nsylvania 7#ahif71 p4 #ab1 :]e is giv5 a li/ ( pr9t]s f\nd 9 ,b9ny ,ronaldson's l$g]s f #agif to #ahja4 ,! orig9al books are 9 ! ,typographic ,libr>y & ,museum ( ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company1 n[ a "p ( ! ,columbia ,univ]sity ,libr>y4 ,,ronald ,b4 ,mc,k,e,r,r,o,w ,typographic ,debut ,notes on ! ,long & o!r ,*>act]s 9 ,e>ly ,engli% ,pr9t+4 ,f ,an ,introduction to ,bibliography by ,ronald ,b4 ,mc,kerrow4 ,copyright #aibg by ! ,cl>5don ,press4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,! lett]s & s ,f ! beg9n+ ( pr9t+ until t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 us$ initially & m$ially & s f9ally1 foll[+ ( c\rse ! practice ( ! ,,mss4 ,!re 7 c]ta9 exceptions3 ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz1 sett+ up ! fir/ press 9 ,italy at ,subiaco 9 #adfe1 us$ a type transitional 9 "* ?\gh ) m>k$ go?ic features1 :i* us$ ! long 9 all positions1 a practice :i* may h be5 imitat$ f ,neapolitan ,,mss4 ( ! p]iod4 ,o!r pr9t]s sometimes foll[$ ! same usage 9 ,roman type4 ,! fir/ book to disc>d is said to h be5 ,joseph ,ames's ,typographical ,antiquities ( #agdi1 b ?is 0 reg>d$ z an ecc5tricity1 & ! normal is us$ 9 ,h]k]t's edition ( #aghe-ij4 ,! effective introduction ( ! re=m has be5 cr$it$ to ,john ,bell :o 9 8 ,briti% ,!atre ( #agia us$ s ?r\gh\t1 ! same practice be+ foll[$ 9 ! ,boydell ,%akespe>e1 ( :i* vol4 ,i appe>$ 9 #agib4ba ,x is wor? not+ t ,capell 9 8 ,prolusions1 #agfj1 _h attempt$ a modification ( ! usual practice4 ,he !re uses s m$ially = a z-s\nd1 reta9+ = an s-s\nd1 ?us3 easily1 visible1 rais'd1 c41 b v]es1 puruit1 atify4 ,9 ,london pr9t+ ! re=m 0 adopt$ v rapidly &1 save 9 "w ( an int5tionally antiqu>ian "*1 we d n f9d mu* use ( 9 ! bett] k9d ( pr9t+ aft] #ahjj4 ,! prov9cial presses seem1 h[ev]1 to h reta9$ x some:at long] & x is said to h be5 us$ at ,ox=d until #ahbd4 ,! lett]s i1 j1 u & v ,z a g5]al rule1 until e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 0 only "o capital lett]1 ,i 79 ,roman7 or ,illu/ration3 ,j 9 black-lett]71 = ! lett]s n[ repres5t$ by ,i & ,j2 & only "o capital lett] ,v 79 ,roman7 or ,illu/ration3 ,u1 ,v 79 black-lett]7 = ! lett]s ,u & ,v4 ,z 0 po9t$ out by ,f4 ,w4 ,b\rdillon1 ?is has 9 e>ly ,fr5* books ! odd result t a libraire jur is liable to appe> 9 capitals z ,i ,v ,r ,e4 ,:5 repr9t+ a black-lett] text 9 ,roman x seems logical to repres5t ^! by ,i & ,v 9 all cases1 ?\gh "s editors h pref]r$ to use ,j & ,u1 p]haps because ! black-lett] =ms approximate m closely to ^! lett]s 9 %ape4 ,9 l[]-case mo/ f\nts _h i1 j1 u & v1 b j 0 only us$ 9 ! comb9ation ij 7(t5 a ligature7 or 9 num]als1 z xiij1 :ile v & u 7 diff]5tiat$ accord+ to position1 n accord+ to pronunciation2 v be+ always us$ at ! beg9n+ ( a ^w & u always m$ially4 ,?us ! foll[+ are ! normal spell+s3 iudge1 inijc]e or iniic]e 7 lat4 injic]e71 vse1 eu5t1 vua 7 lat4 uva74 ,c]ta9 pr9t]s v>i$ ! practice 9 a few books1 b ! rule foll[$ by mo/ 0 absolutely rigid4 ,x is q incorrect to say t ! lett]s 7 us$ indiff]5tly1 or t ! sixte5?-c5tury usage 0 ! conv]se ( ! mod]n4444 ,rimes & puns %[ t ! ,elizabe?ans call$ ,v by ! "n we n[ give to ,u 7h5ce ,w is call$ d\ble-u74 ,i h fail$ to discov] ! orig9ator ( ! mod]n "n ve4444 ,9 ,engl& no example ( ! di/9ction betwe5 i & j1 u & v seems to h be5 f\nd e>li] ?an ,j4 ,bani/]'s ,hi/ory ( ,man1 pr9t$ by ,john ,day 9 #aegh4 ,! new me?od is foll[$ 9 a few o!r books ( ,day1 & 9 #aegi-hj we f9d x foll[$ by ,h5ry ,middleton 9 repr9t+ a ,lat9 ,bible f a ,frankfurt edition 9 :i* ! di/9ction _h be5 made4 ,f t "t onw>ds to ! end ( ! c5tury we f9d a c]ta9 numb] ( books foll[+ ! new sy/em ei!r completely or ) c]ta9 modifications1 & !reaft] ! numb] gradually increas$ until betwe5 #afbj & #afcj x became ! g5]al rule4 ,! majuscule ,u at fir/ employ$ 0 ( ! g5]al design ( ! l[]-case u ) a small tail or s]if at ! foot 7:i* has be5 reviv$ 9 "s mod]n fonts74 ,! mod]n ,u beg9s to come into use 9 ,engli% pr9t+ ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! lett] w ,9 e>ly fonts ?is is (t5 repres5t$ by vv4 ,9 lat] times ! same is (t5 f\nd 9 fonts ( extra l>ge size 7presumably ( =eign orig971 & 9 ord9>y fonts :5 !re happ5$ to be a run on ! w & ! compositor _h n en\gh4 ,ligatures ,two or m lett]s jo9$ toge!r1 or diff]+ 9 design f ! sep>ate lett]s1 & ca/ on "o type-body1 su* z ct or ffi1 are call$ a ligature4 ,!re 7 two reasons = _! be+ s ca/1 cu/om & conv5i5ce4 ,9 ! e>ly fonts ! great majority ( ! ligatures 7 due to cu/om alone & repres5t$ a foll[+ ( scribal practice :i* commonly jo9$ toge!r c]ta9 pairs ( lett]s4 ,?us 9 ! f\nt us$ by ,caxton 9 ! ,dictes & ,say+s ( ! ,philosoph]s we f9d su* ligatures z ad1 be1 ce1 *1 co1 de1 en1 91 ll1 pa1 pe1 po1 pp1 re1 ro1 te1 c41 all ( :i* owe _! exi/5ce solely to imitation ( ,,mss4 ( ! "t4 ,_m ( ^! cu/om>y ligatures p]si/$ ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ev5 lat] 9 black-lett] f\nts 444 :ile a few h comb9ations ) c]ta9 capitals su* z ,*1 ,%1 ,?1 ,:4444 ,ev5 9 ,roman f\nts we f9d ct1 oo1 c41 ( :i* ct has p]si/$ until mod]n times4 ,9 ,italic fonts we also f9d es1 u1 /1 & o!rs4 7,! orig9al ,ald9e ,italic _h _m m47 ,:5 a lett] "p ( :i* ov]hangs ! body ( ! type1 su* z f or 1 happ5s to be foll[$ by su* an upright lett] z l or h1 or by an i1 ! ov]hang+ "p or k]n ( ! fir/ lett] comes 9 contact ) ! top ( ! second1 & ei!r ! two types d n fit toge!r prop]ly or ! k]n ( ! fir/ lett] gets brok5 (f4 ,to avoid ?is1 mo/ fonts ev5 at pres5t h ligatures ( f ) l1 i & ano!r f 7! end ( ! curve ( ! fir/ lett] or ! dot ( ! i be+ suppress$71 & ( ff ) l & i4 ,9 e>ly times ^! ligatures = conv5i5ce includ$ also a set ) 4 ,! f & ligatures are also presumably copi$ f ! ,,mss41 :]e !y frequ5tly occur1 ?\gh n 9 all h&s4444 ,punctuation m>ks _/ ,9 q e>ly fonts ?is sign is us$ = ! comma1 or p]haps we %\ld r say to indicate any %ort pause 9 read+4444 ,! mod]n comma seems to h be5 introduc$ into ,engl& ab\t #aeba 79 ,roman type7 & #aece 79 black-lett]74 ,x occurs 9 ,v5etian pr9t+ be=e #aejj4 8 ,! qu]y m>k seems to h be5 us$ 9 ,engl& f ab\t #aeba4 2 ,! semicolon seems to h be5 fir/ us$ 9 ,engl& ab\t #aefi1 b 0 n common until #aehj or !reab\ts4 4 ,! full /op 0 commonly us$ be=e z well z aft] ,roman1 & sometimes also arabic1 num]als until ab\t #aehj4 ,?us 4xii4 ,x 0 also us$ be=e & aft] i 74i4 id e/7 & 744 scilicet71 & ,i h f\nd x once ) q cue3 z ?\gh 8 4q4 0 !n to speake4 #8 & ' 7 us$ indiff]5tly 9 su* abbreviations z ?' or ?#8 = #8!4' ,x may be not$ t #8t'is' or #8t#8is' 7in/ead ( #8 'tis'7 0 s common 9 ! ,elizabe?an p]iod t x %\ld p]haps be reg>d$ z normal4 ,inv]t$ commas 71 until late 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 frequ5tly us$ at ! beg9n+s ( l9es to call att5tion to s5t5ti\s rem>ks4 ,mod]n editors h occasionally reg>d$ su* passages z quotations & complet$ ! quotes1 :i* is g5]ally wrong4 ,s f> z ,i h obs]v$ !y 7 n especially associat$ ) quotations until ! eighte5? c5tury1 al?\gh1 ow+ to _! use = call+ especial att5tion to a passage1 !y (t5 appe> 9 passages :i* are actually quot$4 ,ev5 aft] !y become cle>ly us$ to m>k quotations !y g5]ally appe> at ! beg9n+ ( ! passage & at ! beg9n+ ( e l9e1 b n always at ! end4 ,! practice ( clos+ ! quotation ) two apo/rophes seems to be comp>atively mod]n4 7,i h f\nd x 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b x does n seem to h be5 regul>ly obs]v$ until mu* lat]47 ,inv]t$ commas1 z well z _m o!r signs1 ,greek lett]s 7sometimes inv]t$7 c41 7 us$ 9 sixte5?- & sev5te5?-c5tury pr9t+ z ref]5ce m>ks direct+ to side- or footnotes4 7 7 7 (t5 us$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury :]e we n[ use quotation m>ks1 & 7 inde$ ! g5]al way ( indicat+ a %ort quotation1 e4g43 %e 0 neu] he>d to giue any ! lie1 nor s mu* z to 7?\7 any 9 ang]4--,,/ubbes1 ,*ri/al ,glasse1 #aeia4 ,!y also seem sometimes to be us$ m]ely = emphasis1 e4g43 ,:at ye/]day 0 7,gre5e7 n['s se>e & dry--,,cooke1 ,gre5e's ,tu ,quoque1 #afad4 ,squ>e brackets are common 9 "s ,elizabe?an fonts1 be+ us$ z we n[ use r\nd ones4 ,!y 7 also sometimes us$ in/ead ( r\nd ones = ! purposes m5tion$ above2 e4g43 :i* is z mu* z ( olde or 9 times pa/4--,,plut>*1 ,morals1 #afjc4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,caslon #ccg ,,types ,,footnotes3 #ba ,,note3 ,9 ! ,birrell ,g>nett catalog1 ,typef\nd]s' ,specim5s1 ,london #aibh1 pp4 #ci-dj1 x is po9t$ out t ! %ort s 0 effectively introduc$ by ! ,m>t9s :o work$ ! ,apollo ,press at ,ed9burgh1 & _! ,london publi%]1 ,john ,bell4 ,! fir/ book ( !irs t ,i h se5 is ! s]ies ( ,poets1 = example ! ,dryd5 ( #aggg4444 ,graham ,poll>d relates !re ! in/ructive & amus+ hi/ory ( ! error1 = :i* ,hans>d 0 responsible3 ,j4 ,johnson 9 ,typographia1 ,london #ahbd1 wrote 444 = :i* we are indebt$ to ! +5i\s ,mr4 ,john ,bell1 :o introduc$ !m 9 8 edition ( ! ,briti% ,classics4 ,9 copy+ ?is1 ,hans>d 7#ahbe7 made ! error 9 transcrib+ ,briti% ,!atre4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,c4 ,h4 ,timp]ley 9 #ahdb1 :o add$ ! qualify+ phrase ab\t #agie1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,ni*ols 9 8 ,illu/rations ( ,lit]ature1 #aheh1 & by ,r4 ,b4 ,mc,kerrow 9 #aibg1 :]e x has be5 giv5 a new lease ( life by correct+ ! obvi\s mi/ake 9 date to #agia4 ,,edw>d ,,r[e ,,mores ,illu/ration3 ,metal-,fl[]s ,f a ,diss]tation ^u ,engli% ,typographical ,f\nd]s & ,f\ndries by ,edw>d ,r[e ,mores4 ,london #aggh4 ,repr9t$ by ,! ,groli] ,club1 #aibd4 ,metal-fl[]s 7 ! firt ornam5ts ued 9 pr9t$ books1 to be et at ! head ( ! firt page & ! tail ( ! lat page1 z well z at ! head & tail ( any ep>ate "p ( ! :ole "w1 & !y 7 ometimes ued z an edg+ to ! matt] accord+ to ! tate ( ! au?or or ! pr9t]1 !y 7 ued p>+ly & ) mall v>iety1 b 9 "t !y became m num]\1 & 7 cut 9 ev]al hapes1 =ms & devices1 & cont9u$ 9 reputation till ,cutt]s 9 ,wood upplant$ !m1 :5 ,mr4 ,moxon wrote !y 7 acc\nt$ old-fa%ion$4 b ! ue ( !m 0 reviv$ by ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans & ! v>iety ( !m conid]ably encreas$ by ! ,two ,mr4 ,james's 9 ,engl&4 ,! fl[]-matrices 9 _! f\nd]y h be5 divid$ into old & new1 :i* to be ure is a diviion1 b u* z conveys no?+ or a fale idea to ! "ut&+4 ,we are to oberve !n t ! latt]1 ?\gh motly n[ 9 vogue1 are m]e figures ( fancy1 made up ( circul> oval & angul> turns1 contriv$ to look light1 airy & unmean+1 & to try ! g5ius or pati5ce ( a compoitor4 ,b ! =m] expreed ome mean+ & 7 adapt$ to o!r purpoes ?an b>ely to dress & decorate a page4 !y 7 =m$ f real objects natural & artificial1 civil & milit>y1 z f we$s & fl[]s ( ! field & g>d51 leaves1 bran*es1 fruits1 fl[]-bakets1 fl[]-pots1 urns1 croes1 bann]s1 launces1 words1 & tilt+ pe>s1 & o!r amples cull$ f ! fields ( nature & ( h]aldry2 yet g]mane to ! ubject matt] ( ! "w4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly emblematical & monitory2 z *]ubs' faces = ! hymns ( *>ity girls1 h\r-glaes = lugubri\s orators1 & mort-heads = ! p>ih-cl]ks4 !y 7 ymbolical ( nations2 z ! cr[n & roe1 ! cr[n & lyz1 ! cr[n & h>p2--( dignities & ord]s2 z diadems1 cr[ns1 mitres & coronets2 ! r$ hat call$ at ,camb4 ! ,c>d9al's cap1 :]e too ! mitre is call$ ! gold5 night-cap2 ! c\rtelass2 ! arms ( ,ult]1 & ! an*or ( hope2 ! ,scot*-?itle & prigs ( rue2 bo? ub-ymbolical2 ! =m] r5d]$ m o by ! cry de gu]re ,noli me ,tang]e2--( tates & conditions2 z ! myrtle1 ! weep+ will[1 & ! bugle-horn4 ) _m o!rs :i* to enum]ate w\ld be t$i\s "h4 ,illu/ration ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,caslon #ccg ,,types ,,james ,,watson ,! ,,hi/ory ( ! ,inv5tion & ,progress ( ! ,my/]i\s ,art ( ,,pr9t+ c4 ,f ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+ 444 pr9t$ by ,james ,watson1 ,ed9burgh1 #agac4 ,if ! ,ignorant look ^u ,,pr9t+ )\t admir+ ,x2 x is1 because !y d n und]/& ! same3 ,! ,le>n$ h always judg$ f> o!rways2 & h1 ) ,reason1 ?\ght1 ,t1 = almo/ ! ,?ree ,ages :]e9 ?is ,wond] ha? be5 se5 9 ,europe1 ! ,wit ( ,man did nev] inv5t any ,?+ t 0 ei!r m lucky1 or m useful = ,in/ruction4 ,?is ,tru? is s univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 t x ne$s no ,pro(3 ,e "o kn[s1 t1 )\t ?is m>vell\s ,art1 ! ,/udies1 ,lab\rs1 & ,works ( great ,m51 w\ld h be5 ( no ,use to ,po/]ity4 ,we are !n oblig$ to ?is ,art1 = ! ,k ( ! ,works ( ! old ,philosoph]s1 ,physicians1 ,a/ronom]s1 ,hi/orians1 ,orators1 ,poets1 ,lawy]s1 ,!ologues2 &1 9 a ,^w1 ( all t ha? be5 writ ^u any ,art1 & ,sci5ce :atsoev]4 ,x is by ! ,means ( ,,pr9t+ t ,!ologues d atta9 to ! sacr$ ,my/]ies ( our ,religion2 ,t ! ,doctors ( ,law1 d tea* ^? admirable ,laws1 :i* d regulate ! ,society ( ,m52 ,t ,hi/oriograph]s d furni% u ) ,examples1 :i* we are ei!r to foll[ or %un2 ,t ,a/ronom]s d make e ,day su* f9e ,discov]ies 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,x is ?is v ,art :i* furni%e? ,physicians ) ,means to pres]ve & recov] ! ,heal? ( ,man's ,body2 ,:i* discov]e? to ,philosoph]s ! m hid ,secrets ( ,nature2 ,:i* furni%e? ,geometricians ) ,ability to measure ! ,e>?2 ,& to ,ari?meticians1 to give e ,man 8 ,due4 ,9 f9e1 :at w\ld ! ,mod]ns "k 9 any "o ,sci5ce1 & ,art1 if ,,pr9t+ did n furni% !m ) ,all t ! ,anci5ts f\nd out8 ,all ! ,elogiums :i* we make ( ,,pr9t+1 & ! ,hon\rs :i* we pay to ,x1 come f> %ort ( ,x's ,m]it3 ,& we _c b easily cons5t to ?is1 if we consid] ! va/ ,exp5ces :i* ! ,anci5ts 7 oblig$ to be at1 9 procur+ ,manuscripts4444 ,,! ,,publi%]',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,pr9t]s ,,9 ,,scotl& ,g5tlem51 ,t ,m5 are n born = !mselves1 b = ! ,republick1 is an anci5t & univ]sally applaud$ ,maxim4 ,& x is s agreeable to "r ,reason1 t ! wise/ & be/ ,"p ( ,mank9d1 9 e ,age s9ce ! ,creation1 h endeav\r'd to lay ! ,f\ndation ( a la/+ good ,"n1 by e ,action ( _! ,life2 :]eby !y might improve ! ,body or ,society ( :i* !y 7 ,memb]s4 ,to ?is ,pr9ciple x is1 t we owe ! ,inv5tion or ,improvem5t ( all ! ,arts & ,sci5ces t are in/ructive or b5eficial to ,man4 ',mong/ :i* ! ,inv5tion1 & va/ ,improvem5t1 ( ! no less hon\rable1 ?an useful & admirable ,art ( ,,pr9t+1 :i* we pr(ess1 des]ves a v em95t ,place3 ,s9ce by ,x1 all ,sorts ( ,le>n+1 ,sacr$ or ,pr(ane1 & e ,k9d ( pr(itable ,in/ruction & ,inv5tion are bo? publi%'d & pres]v'd2 z my ,au?or1 ,i "h give y ! ,translation (1 %ews cle>ly & copi\sly en\gh4 ,?is ,book1 be+ ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,beg9n+ & ,advancem5t ( our ,art1 %ews ! ,"* ( ! ,m5 :o fir/ pr(ess'd ,x1 ! ,m>ks ( ,hon\r paid !m1 wil/ alive2 nay1 & ! ,monum5ts rais'd to pres]ve _! ,memories aft] ,dea?4 ,by all :i* 'tis pla91 ,t ^? illu/ri\s ,p]sons 7 hon\r'd1 & rank$ among ! be/ ( _! fell[ ,citiz5s1 9 ^? ,times3 ,:]eas n[ we are sc>cely class'd or e/eem'd above ! l[] ,=ms ( ,me*anicks4 ,h[ we came to lose t ,hon\r & ,respect due to our ,pr(ession1 7s9ce ! pres5t ,age is mu* m le>n$1 & ,i believe1 z j too1 & disc]n+ ( ,m]it z _! ,ance/ors7 %all be a little inquir'd into4 ,b fir/ let me give "s g5]al ,acc\nt ( ?is ,"w4 ,x be>s ! ,title (1 ,! ,hi/ory1 c4 ( our ,my/]i\s ,art2 & ! ,au?or1 ) great ,exactness & ,c&or1 fairly %ews ! ,claims1 ,reasons & ,au?ority support+ !m1 on bo? ,sides1 9 ! la/+ ,conte/ betwixt ! ,t[ns ( ,m5tz & ,h>lem2 = ! ,glory ( ! ,inv5tion4 ,a cle> ,m>k1 :at a solid ,hon\r 'tis e/eem'd = a ,t[n to h be5 ! noble ,!atre1 :]e s wond]ful an ,art 0 fir/ br\ght to ,light4 ,he next gives ! ,names ( ! fir/ le>n$ ,pr9t]s1 toge!r ) a ,catalogue ( ! ,works pr9t$ by !m1 & ! ,m>ks ( ,hon\r paid to !m by _! ,fell[-,citiz5s & ,c\ntry-,m52 :i* w m ?an en\gh ju/ify :at ,i h affirm'd above4 ,! ,au?or wrote 9 ,fr5*1 & ,i h caus'd translate x = my own1 & ! common ,b5efit ( ^! practis+ ! ,art 9 ?is ,"p ( ,brita92 )\t propos+ any o!r ,advantage or ,ga9 by x1 b ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,art1 or at lea/ rais+ ,x to ! ,pit* ( ,p]fection ,x 0 at "h 9 =m] ,times4 ,& s9ce we are1 ,i tru/1 all ( u hone/ ,m51 & ( bett] ,spirits ?an to propose ! ,e>n+ our ,bread z ! *ief & only ,end ( our ,lab\r2 ,i ent]ta9 a settl$ well gr\nd$ ,hope1 t ! ,p]usal ( ?is1 w inspire u all ) a noble & g5]\s ,emulation ( equall+1 nay1 exce$+1 if we c1 ! be/ ,p]=mances ( our laudable ,ance/ors 9 ! ,employm5t4 ,t s9ce our ,native ,c\ntry has at pres5t z _m good ,spirits1 & ,abundance ( m ,au?ors ?an 9 any =m] ,age2 we may make x our ,ambition1 z well z x is our ,int]e/ & ,hon\r1 to furni% !m ) ,pr9t]s t c s]ve !m s well1 t !y ne$ n1 z _m ( our =m] ,au?ors h be5 =c'd to d1 g to o!r ,c\ntries to publi% _! ,writ+s1 le/ a le>n'd ,book %\ld be spoil'd by an ignorant or c>eless ,pr9t]4 ,?us1 ,g5tlem51 we %all h ?is ,hon\r1 :i* is truly m valuable ?an imm5se ,sums ( ,money or opul5t ,e/ates1 t1 = ! ,glory ( our ,c\ntry1 we h retriev$ ! ,art ( ,,pr9t+1 & br\ght ,x to z great ,p]fection z ev] ,x 0 "h 9 =m] ,times4444 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,may #bi,,?1 #agac ,pr9t]s z ,m5 ( ! ,_w ,illu/ration3 ,,evelyn ,,h>t] ,copyright #aidg by ,! ,typophiles4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! au?or4 ,pr9t]s are usually judg$ z pr9t]s1 & !re are ^? :o hold t ?is is z x %\ld be1 t ! pr9t] %\ld /ick to 8 pica rule & foll[ copy out ! w9d[4 ,b 9 _! sp>e "t pr9t]s also eat1 vote1 m>ry & g to w>4 ,x w\ld !re=e be possible to look at !m f v>i\s po9ts ( view1 z1 = in/ance1 h[ _m 7 veget>ians1 an>*i/s1 bigami/s & top s]geants4 ,?is c\ld be s ( any gr\p ( craftsm54 ,if we look at pr9t]s f ano!r viewpo9t1 z to :e!r !y 7 m5 ( ! _w1 x is because ( ! nature ( ! /uff ) :i* !y "w4 ,i %\ld l to beg9 obliquely by speak+ fir/ ( an approa* to ! hi/ory ( pr9t+4 ,probably ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ is m limit$1 def9ite & easy to encompass ?an t ( almo/ any subject4 ,t is n to say t anyone c ev] le>n all ( x1 or t we _c g on le>n+ some?+ new ab\t x all our lives4 ,b pr9t+ />t$ fairly rec5tly 9 "t2 x is its own record4 ,exclud+ ! sci5ce ( bibliography1 ! lit]ature is n l>ge comp>$1 = example1 ) t ( art or philosophy or geology4 ,yet few p "k z mu* ( x z !y might "k ) pleasure1 & p]haps ! reason = t might be a faulty approa*4 ,x is cu/om>y to s5d beg9n]s to /udy ,updike1 b x is easy = beg9n]s to get bogg$ d[n 9 ,pr9t+ ,types1 p>ticul>ly if !y />t to read x f ! beg9n+4 ,updike's magnific5t "w is1 9 its writ+ & its outl9e1 gratify+ to ! /ud5t ^: basic k has be5 fix$ & matur$4 ,beg9n]s move m freely 9 ! pages ( ,george ,p>k] ,w9%ip1 possibly because he relat$ pr9t+ ev5ts to _w ev5ts to a great] ext5t ?an does ,updike4 ,usually ! p]son :o wi%es to le>n m ab\t pr9t+ has already at h& a lot ( names & dates & places vaguely relat+ to _w ev5ts ( ! pa/4 ,to su* a p]son pr9t+ hi/ory l5ds itself readily to ! me?od ( /udy by association4 ,x c be a good game to f9d out :at 0 happ5+ 9 pr9t+ :5 ,napoleon 0 look+ at ! ,pyramids1 or :5 ,*>les ,i 0 behead$4 ,if "o is int]e/$ 9 art1 he c correlate arti/s & pr9t]s1 & f9d t ,leon>do 0 born ab\t ! same "t t pr9t+ 0 born 9 ,europe1 or he c correlate pr9t+ ) advances 9 ! k ( m$ic9e or agriculture4 ,!re are small b int]e/+ l9ks betwe5 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ & t ( music4 ,= in/ance ,william ,caslon ! eld] lov$ music1 & x is possible t ! compos] ,h&el sometimes play$ 8 new pieces at ! conc]ts held 9 ,caslon's organ room1 s9ce ! two m5 _h mutual fri5ds 9 ! musical _w ( ,london4 ,!re h be5 pr9t]s :o 7 int]e/$ 9 o!r worlds4 ,! ,dut* pr9t] ,blaeu /udi$ a/ronomy "u ,ty*o ,brahe1 & himself produc$ 9 #afjj a cele/ial globe4 ,! ,scotti% type-f\nd] ,alex&] ,wilson1 al?\gh educat$ z a doctor1 became int]e/$ 9 type & left a consid]able f\ndry to 8 sons be=e he himself mov$ on to become pr(essor ( a/ronomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,if y wi% to make ! mo/ ( ?is me?od1 y mu/ d x y\rself4 ,!n x is y :o w h ! fun1 & !n :at y le>n w /ick4 ,:at foll[s illu/rates ! me?od briefly by look+ at a numb] ( pr9t]s 9 ! pa/ five hundr$ ye>s f "o angle1 judg+ !m n simply z pr9t]s b z m5 ( ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld be nice if we c\ld />t ) a def9ition ( man ( ! _w & a def9ition ( pr9t] b actually ?is small inve/igation is an attempt at def9ition4 ,we _c mean man ( ! _w 9 ! ,*e/]fieldian s5se1 al?\gh !re h be5 _m pr9t]s :o knew h[ to dress & c>ry !mselves 9 c\rt & salon1 notably ,aldus1 ,caxton & memb]s ( ! ,didot family4 ,*e/]field w\ld be oblig$ to all[ "s ( our pr9t]s 9 8 company1 b ,i d\bt if we c\ld all[ him 9 ours1 = 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to 8 son he says1 ,due att5tion to ! inside ( books & due contempt = ! outside is ! prop] relation betwe5 a man ( s5se & 8 books4 ,p]haps he 0 ?9k+ ( ! vanity ( fancy b9d+s1 ?\gh x is m likely t he 0 beguil+ himself into "o ( ^? untru?s common to aphoriz]s4 ,h[ev] t may be1 our man ( ! _w does n mean g5tleman ( ! _w z ,*e/]field ?\ght ( g5tleman1 al?\gh !re are pr9t]s :o are bo?--n all dead4 ,if we 7 to speak ( ! pr9t] z a citiz5 ( ! _w1 we w\ld be com+ a little clos] to x1 b citiz5 implies be+ at home 9 ! geographical _w1 :]eas we are ?9k+ ( him be+ at home 9 ! _w ( ideas4 ,:5 we say ( ! _w1 we mean t he kn[s t he belongs to 8 contempor>y _w1 t ! p & ev5ts are ( int]e/ to him1 ! politics1 art1 sci5ce & poetry--n only "s p>ticul> dext]ity1 pr(essional specialization or money-mak+ device ( 8 own4 ,x might be argu$ t ! bulk ( pr9t+ has n n[1 & nev] has _h1 mu* relation to ideas1 t 9 ! e>ly days its *ief bus9ess 0 dubi\s !ological disputes & t its *ief bus9ess n[ is adv]tis+ soap flakes & ! l4 ,b pr9t+1 9 its entirety1 is a description ( ! _w1 & if a great deal ( pr9t is devot$ to murd] cases1 too?pa/e ads & income tax blanks--well1 t mu/ be ! k9d ( _w we h4 ,h[ev]1 :5 new ideas h be5 advanc$1 !y h be5 advanc$ 9 pr9t1 s t ! pr9t] has nev] be5 safe f !m4 ,ev5 n[1 9 ! ev5t t !y be promulgat$ by radio1 !y mu/ be fix$ 9 pr9t 9 ord] to /ick & s9k 94 ,let u only say !n t ) reg>d to ga9+ k ( ! _w 9 :i* we live1 ! pr9t] is 9 an expos$ position--no?+ m4 ,al?\gh we d n "k mu* ab\t ,gut5b]g1#bb ! fir/ pr9t]1 we d\bt t he 0 a man ( ! _w 9 our s5se4 ,h[ c\ld he h be58 ,= ! prec$+ f\r or five hundr$ ye>s to be a man ( ! _w 0 to be unworldly2 p _h be5 conc]n$ ) build+ ca!drals1 mak+ religi\s pa9t+s1 go+ on crusades4 ,pr9t+ 0 ! *ief factor 9 mak+ ! man ( ! _w 9 our mod]n s5se4 ,pr9t+ enabl$ him to "k :at 0 go+ on s t he might take "p 9 x1 al?\gh pr9t]s did n realize ?is dur+ ! cradle days ( pr9t+4 ,great ev5ts 7 occurr+ !n2 ! ,turks captur$ ,con/ant9ople2 ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> came to an end ) ! ,engli% driv5 (f ! cont95t ( ,europe2 ! ,portuguese sail$ to ! ,can>ies & ! ,azores2 b ^! ev5ts f\nd little m5tion 9 e>ly pr9t+4 ,! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 z ,hel5 ,g5try & ,david ,gre5hood po9t out 9 _! ,*ronology1 made no m5tion ( ,columbus' discov]y ( ,am]ica 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,fir/ came religi\s books1 !n s*ool books1 law books & classics4 ,x is true t ,fu/ & ,s*ff] pr9t$ proclamations & in=mation = ! ar*bi%op1 b x 0 n until ,von ,olpe at ,basle pr9t$ ,! ,%ip ( ,fools 9 #adid t we h a book deal+ ) contempor>y p & _! exploits in/ead ( ) hi/orical acc\nts ( ! pa/4 ,al?\gh ,gut5b]g _h be5 involv$ 9 ! politics ( ,ma9z 9 8 y\?1 probably he ?\ght ( no?+ b pr9t+ aft] he began "w on 8 inv5tion4 ,we h an old book ( /ories = *ildr5 :i* describes ,gut5b]g 9 a dream3 ,he ?\ght ( ! great h>m :i* might be done ?r\gh ! pr9t+ ( bad books--h[ !y w\ld corrupt ! m9ds ( ! innoc5t1 h[ !y w\ld /ir up ! passions ( ! wick$4 ,sudd5ly he seiz$ a heavy hamm] & began to break 8 press 9 pieces4 ,b !n a voice seem$ to come f ! press itself say+1 ',hold y\r h&1 ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,! art ( pr9t+ w enlight5 ! _w4' ,i h no idea :]e ! au?or c\ld h f\nd s\rce mat]ial = ?is little fantasy1 = we c feel q sure t ,gut5b]g _h little conception ( ! influ5ce ( 8 inv5tion4 ,he 0 all craftsman & inv5tor & c>ri$ 8 _w 9 8 head4 ,8 f9ancial rev]ses alone w\ld indicate t4 ,! ^w pr9t] has be5 an ela/ic ^w f ! v beg9n+1 includ+ s*ol>s & arti/s1 bus9essm5 & craftsm54 ,if we 7 to consid] ! t]m pr9t] n>r[ly 9 ! s5se ( a typesett] or a pressman or a man :o sup]vises ^! op]ations1 we %\ld /ill h to make room 9 our hi/ory = m5 l ,jean ,groli]1 ! patron1 & ,ge(froy ,tory1 ! arti/4 ,we "k ( _m pr9t]s :o 7 fir/ & la/ bus9essm54 ,johann ,fu/ 0 a bank] until he put money 9 ,gut5b]g's project4 ,! fir/ ,engli% pr9t]1 ,caxton1 0 a retir$ wool m]*ant :o lik$ to translate ,fr5* romances = 8 fri5ds & became tir$ ( writ+ !m out 9 longh&4 ,anton ,kob]g]1 :o 0 ,dr]'s godfa!r1 ! publi%] ( ,! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle & a great entrepr5eur 9 8 day1 began z a pr9t]2 he pr9t$ books 9 v>i\s languages1 did sub-contract+ & pr9t$ adv]tis+ circul>s4 ,probably if ! pla9 motives ( mo/ pr9t]s c\ld be discov]$1 mak+ a liv+ w\ld loom l>ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re h be5 _m pr9t]s :o 7 also s*ol>s1 beg9n+ ) ,aldus & includ+ ! ,e/i5nes & ! ,didots4 ,& !re are ! typecutt]-pr9t]s :o comb9$ lett]-f\nd+ & pr9t+--,nicolas ,j5son1 ,giambatti/a ,bodoni1 ,john ,bask]ville1 z well z ! names equally brilliant 9 pr9t+ hi/ory ( ^? :o devot$ !mselves to f\nd+--,claude ,g>amond1 ,william ,caslon & ! ,f\rni]s4 ,a g5]al haze surr\nds ! subject ( ! contribution ( less well-kn[n type-cutt]s to pr9t+4 ,al?\gh ! use ( a di/+ui%$ type may be "o ( ! *ief reasons = ! pr9t]'s success1 comp>e ! fame ( ! pr9t] ,aldus ) t ( 8 type design]1 ,francesco da ,bologna1 ( ,john ,bell ) t ( ,ri*>d ,au/91 ( ,?omas ,b5sley ) t ( ,v9c5t ,figg9s1 ( ,bulm] ) ,william ,m>t91 ( ,elzevir ) ,*ri/(fel van ,dyck1 ( ,franois ,ambroise ,didot ) t ( ,wafl>d4 ,on ! subject ( ! %>e :i* ^! pr9t]s _h 9 sugge/+ ! nature ( ! type to ! m5 :o cut x1 typographical writ]s are almo/ consi/5tly inexplicit1 al?\gh we d "k t ,william ,m>t9 br\ght 8 types ) him :5 he />t$ "w = ,bulm]4 ,ev5 ,updike1 :o gives cr$it to ! type design] & cutt] :]ev] he is kn[n1 says1 ,at fir/ ! be/ pr9t]s 7 (t5 type-f\nd]s too1 al?\gh ,g>amond m]ely 7sic67 cut & ca/ type = ! use ( o!rs4 ,b9d]s & pap]m51 ink-mak]s & ma*9]y manufactur]s h always _h an affectionate & propriet>y air ab\t pr9t+4 ,r ?an try to def9e pr9t] /rictly1 x may be tru] to say t pr9t]s are an adjectival lot1 & t pr9t+ c honorably be a v inclusive t]m1 b t we might h a new pr9t+ t]m9ology :i* w\ld bett] def9e ! v>i\s contributions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at 0 happ5+ 9 ! _w ab\t ! ye> #aejj :5 ,aldus ,manutius#bc _h 8 great pr9t+ %op 9 ,v5ice work+ at its peak8 ,columbus _h made sev]al voyages1 & ! ,portuguese _h be5 ar\nd ! tip ( ,africa al?\gh ,magellan _h n yet sail$ ar\nd ! _w4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h left ,milan = political reasons1 & 0 work+ 9 ,v5ice1 z 0 ,giovanni ,bell9i & 8 pupils ,titian & ,giorgione4 ,nor!rn ,italy 0 ! sc5e ( mu* brawl+ betwe5 rival pr9ces1 ) ,emp]or ,maximilian ,i /epp+ 9 n[ & !n to make ?+s worse4 ,! battles 7 nuisances to ,aldus1 = !y int]f]$ ) ! production & di/ribution ( 8 books4 ,i d n "k h[ mu* he knew ab\t ! geographical discov]ies ( 8 "t1 b we c be sure t a man ( 8 cultivation knew ab\t ! great pa9t+ & sculpture be+ done4 ,ralph ,ro$] says ( ?is "t t its triumphs are pres]v$ 9 art1 its rev]ses 9 its spiritual /ory1 & bo? are ! result ( ! same cause--its supreme vitality4 ,x is "o m indication ( t vitality t ,aldus at ! age ( =ty emb>k$ on a project :i* 0 to br+ ab\t a trem5d\s enl>gem5t ( ! conception ( ! purpose ( books4 ,_m pr9t]s 9 hi/ory h drift$ into pr9t+ or its alli$ trades by *ance1 b !re seems to be no d\bt t ,aldus knew exactly :at he 0 do+ all ! "t4 ,he 0 a man :o knew :at he want$4 ,he _h be5 a s*ol> & tutor to ,alb]to & ,lionello ,pio1 pr9ces ( ,c>pi1 :5 he fir/ saw pr9t$ books & realiz$ :at c\ld be done to make classical manuscripts g5]ally available4 ,) ! aid ( ! ,pio family he w5t to ,v5ice1 :i*1 s9ce ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 _h be5 ! ri*e/ repository ( manuscripts & a resid5ce ( ,greek s*ol>s4 ,9 ord] to h ref]5ce books available = 8 pro(-read]s & editors1 he fir/ pr9t$ a ,greek diction>y & a ,greek gramm> & himself prep>$ a ,greek-,lat9 diction>y4 ,he gave ,v5ice a univ]sity :5 he />t$ ! ,new ,academy ( ,v5ice4 ,= 8 press he hir$ ! f9e/ s*ol>s ( ! day--,bembo & ,reu*l91 ,musurus & ,erasmus4 ,we1 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 h a t5d5cy to ?9k ( s*ol>s z remov$ f ! affairs ( life4 ,aldus 0 a s*ol> :o 0 also 9 ! mid/ ( life1 because s*ol>%ip 0 an important affair 9 ! _w ( ,r5aissance man4 ,he mu/ h be5 a true cosmopolitan z well1 comm&+1 z he did1 ! fri5d%ip ( m5 z diff]5t z ,erasmus ( ,rott]dam & ,jean ,groli] ( ,france1 f :om he _h a commission to pr9t special copies ( 8 books on vellum4 ,! #aejj's 7 a "t ( religi\s bick]+s & ( religi\s w>s1 ( ,h5ry ! ,,viii's break ) ,rome1 ( ! ,g]man w>s foll[+ ! dea? ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 & ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa94 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury !re 0 work+ at ,lyons1 :i* 0 !n second only to ,p>is z a pr9t+ c5t] 9 ,france1 a "y s*ol> & pr9t] nam$ ,eti5ne ,dolet4#bd ,!re is a /ory t he 0 ! illegitimate son ( ,francis ,i1 b at any rate he came ( a weal?y family1 hav+ be5 to ,v5ice z secret>y to ! ,fr5* ,ambassador & to ,t\l\se to /udy law4 ,by ! "t he 0 tw5ty-sev5 he _h publi%$ a ,lat9 ,diction>y :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ important contributions to classical s*ol>%ip 9 ! c5tury & 0 giv5 a lic5se by ,francis ,i provid+ t ,dolet might pr9t = t5 ye>s any books writt5 or sup]vis$ by him4 ,8 great range ( ta/e & int]e/s may be judg$ by ! fact t he pr9t$ ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,lat9 & ,rabelais 9 ,fr5*4 ,he _h met ,rabelais :5 he fir/ w5t to ,lyons to "w "u ,seba/ian ,gryphius z pro(-read]1 & !re ga9$ 8 practical k ( pr9t+ "u ! =eman1 ,jean de ,t\rnes4 ,e4 ,d4 ,*ri/ie1 ,dolet's biograph]1 says t ,dolet1 arriv+ 9 ,lyons ) a fev]1 may h be5 tak5 directly to ,rabelais1 :o 0 at t "t practis+ m$ic9e1 ) ! position ( ,physician to ! ,great ,hospital4 ,*ri/ie also ?9ks x possible t ,dolet may h se5 ,rabelais p]=m a dissection on a man's body t5 ye>s be=e ,vesalius4 ,ev]y?+ ,dolet did %[s him to h be5 a man ) lively fe>less intellect & no tal5t = play+ safe & keep+ out ( tr\ble4 ,he sp5t sev]al t]ms 9 jail = lack ( or?odoxy on religi\s que/ions1 0 p>don$ by ,francis ,i = kill+ a man1 & 0 d5\nc$ by ,rabelais = pr9t+ an unexpurgat$ edition ( ,pantagruel aft] ,rabelais _h fix$ x up to suit ! ,sorbonne4 ,at ,lyons 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may1 #aeci1 !re occurr$ ! fir/ l>ge organiz$ pr9t]s' /rike4 ,x 0 no wond]1 = ,updike says t x 0 n unusual = ! pr9t]s' day to beg9 at two 9 ! morn+ & la/ until eight or n9e at night4 ,! workm5 said t ! ma/]s did n supply suffici5t food1 t wages _h be5 r$uc$1 t !re 7 too _m compulsory holidays4 ,! ,s5es*al ( ,lyons 0 emp[]$ to meet a committee ( j\rneym5 & "o ( ma/]s2 at ?is conf]5ce rules 7 drawn up4 ,b ! tr\ble spread to ,p>is1 & z a result ( arbitration !re1 ! work+ day 0 set f five 9 ! morn+ till eight at night4 ,!n !re 0 a fl>e-up at ,lyons aga9 because ! ma/] pr9t]s ?reat5$ to move away2 ?is 0 "s ye>s 9 settlem5t4 ,( all ! ma/] pr9t]s ( ,lyons1 ! only "o :o sid$ ) ! /rik]s 0 ,dolet4 ,?is 0 held aga9/ him lat] :5 he 0 imprison$ on a *>ge ( a!ism1 tortur$1 hang$ & f9ally burn$ on 8 ?irty-sev5? bir?day4 7,see ,*ronology ( ,books & ,pr9t+47 ,on 8 way to 8 dea? he made a ,lat9 pun on 8 "n4 ,if we speak ( him z a man ( ! _w1 ! acc5t is on man4 ,x is said t x 0 ?is ev5t--! burn+ ( ,dolet--:i* decid$ ,*ri/oph] ,plant9#be to leave ,france 9 #aedh = ,antw]p1 ?\gh ,plant9 nev] exhibit$ ! uncompromis+ attitude ( ,dolet2 r he %[$ a bus9ess t\ghness & adaptability :i* enabl$ him to survive & /ay 9 ?is _w1 :i* 0 no small feat = a pr9t] 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 a "t :5 empires & ideologies 7 9 trem5d\s conflict2 ! p]iod ( ! ,g]man religi\s w>s foll[+ ! dea? ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r2 ( ,spa9 & ,engl& 9 unrel5t+ /ruggle = control ( ! sea1 culm9at+ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,spani% ,armada 9 #aehh4 ,antw]p itself 0 a focal po9t ( disord] aft] ,philip ,,ii s5t ! ,duke ( ,alba to subdue ! ,ne!rl&]s4 ,plant9 _h built up a good pr9t+ & publi%+ bus9ess :51 9 #aefb1 x 0 liquidat$ because ( 8 alleg$ unor?odoxy4 ,)9 a few ye>s he _h recov]$ to ! ext5t t he 0 made ,pr9t] to ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 f :om he receiv$ assurances ( help on 8 ,polyglot ,bible4 ,aga91 9 ! sack ( ,antw]p by ,spani% soldi]s 9 #aegf 8 bus9ess 0 all b ru9$2 he w5t to ,leyd5 = a few ye>s1 b return$ to f9i% 8 days at ,antw]p4 ,to a man liv+ 9 ^? times1 ! issues mu/ h seem$ ev5 m confus$ & difficult ?an ours d n[4 ,rec5t inve/igations indicate t ,plant9 belong$ to a sect ( h]etics = :i* he pr9t$ books secretly1 :ile also do+ books = ! *ur*4 ,ano!r sixte5?-c5tury pr9t] :o c\ld h>dly be oblivi\s to ! ev5ts ( 8 "t--he 0 s knock$ ab\t by !m--0 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne4#bf ,ev5 ?\gh he 0 at "o "t ,royal ,pr9t]1 lik$ & respect$ by ,francis ,i1 he sometimes _h to seek ! sanctu>y ( ! ,k+'s c\rt to escape ! ,k+'s c5sors4 ,rob]t mu/ h be5 a man ( /ature1 = he publi%$ 8 ,new ,te/am5t 9 defiance ( ! ,sorbonne1 & only aft] ,francis ,i di$ did he leave ,p>is = ,g5eva4 ,he 0 a believ] 9 "o ( ! spr+s ( ,r5aissance ?\ght--t ?r\gh s*ol>%ip x is possible to come to ! tru?1 & ?r\gh pr9t+ all m5 may recognize & "k ! tru?4 ,x w\ld be possible = a man ( ! _w to be s )\t ev] /irr+ f ! t[n ( 8 bir?1 yet (t5] ?an n ! man ) bread? ( int]e/ is a cosmopolitan & a travell]4 ,su* cosmopolitans 7 f\rte5 memb]s ( ! ,elzevir#bg family1 :o1 ov] a p]iod ( "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 engag$ 9 pr9t+ & sell+ small books *iefly int5d$ = poor s*ol>s4 ,?is ,dut* family ( practical int]nationali/s e/abli%$ _! book%ops & pr9t+ (fices 9 ne>ly e l>ge city on ! cont95t1 f ,d5m>k to ,italy1 pr9t+ _! books 9 ,lat9 & ,greek1 ,fr5* & ,arabic1 on subjects rang+ f m$ic9e to political sci5ce4 ,all ?is 9 spite ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 :i* 0 to br+ ab\t ! decl9e ( ! artificial int]nationalism ( ! ,hapsburgs & ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 & 9 spite ( simil> di/urbances be=e & aft]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ! geographical b\nd>ies ( pr9t+ 7 ext5d$ va/ly outside ( ,europe4 ,! colonization ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica 0 go+ =w>d4 ,! fir/ press 9 ,am]ica _h be5 e/abli%$ at ,mexico ,city 9 #aeci by ag5ts ( ,kromb]g] ( ,seville4 ,european pr9t+ 0 c>ri$ to ,india 9 #aefa1 to ,*9a 9 #aehi1 & to ,japan 9 #aeia4 ,! fir/ pr9t+ 0 done 9 ,russia 9 #aefc4 ,cr$it = do+ ! fir/ pr9t+ 9 ! ,am]ican colonies1 ,! ,freeman's ,oa?1 0 once giv5 to ,/eph5 ,daye1 is sometimes latt]ly giv5 to 8 "y son1 ,mat!w ,daye4 ,7 !y m ?an me*anic1 compositor & pressman8 ,:o *ose ! copy1 pro(read x1 set policies1 pu%$ ! "w along8 ,possibly "s ( ! f\nd]s ( ! new ,h>v>d ,college1 or possibly ,mrs4 ,glov]1 ! wid[ ( ! man :o orig9at$ ! idea ( ! press4 ,%e 0 probably a woman ( education1 s9ce %e settl$ 9 ,cambridge to be ne> ! new college & lat] m>ri$ ! ,presid5t1 ,h5ry ,dun/]4 ,%e und\bt$ly %>$ h] fir/ husb&'s indep5d5t views--he _h be5 susp5d$ f 8 p>sonage 9 ,surrey because ( 8 noncon=mity2 %e might h pick$ ,! ,freeman's ,oa? = ! fir/ copy4 ,%e may h be5 m ( a pr9t] & m ( a woman ( ! _w ?an ! fragm5ts ( k :i* we h ab\t h] disclose4444 ,:oev] guid$ ! de/9y ( ! fir/ press1 x 0 a p]son n completely conf9$ by dogma1 = ! books includ$ almanacs1 law books & college !sis li/s1 z is po9t$ out by ,c>l ,pur+ton ,roll9s1 himself p]haps our be/ example ( a mod]n f9e pr9t] consci\s ( :at is go+ on ar\nd him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dur+ ! late #agjj's ! ,indu/rial ,revolution began1 b its implications 7 n guess$ by artisan or /atesman1 & ! be/ pr9t]s 7 /ill 9 ! age ( elegance4 ,bask]ville 0 bus9essman1 ecc5tric1 free-?9k]1 b 8 pr9t+1 z mu* z t ( ,bodoni :o 0 employ$ by ! ,duke ( ,p>ma1 0 regal4 ,probably ,horace ,walpole1#bh m ?an any o!r pr9t]1 felt t ! _w 0 8 h\se1 9 :i* he c\ld move ab\t freely f room to room1 always at ease4 ,he _h ! wit & mann]s to be an ornam5t to ,fr5* salons1 ! orig9ality to introduce a new br& ( lit]ature 9 8 ,ca/le ( ,otranto--! =]unn] ( our my/]y novel ( today1 ! p]sonal =ce to influ5ce ! tr5d ( ,engli% ar*itecture ) 8 little ,go?ic ca/le at ,/rawb]ry ,hill 9 ,twick5ham4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ! arti/ ,ri*>d ,b5tley he says t he c't resi/ go+ to fires1 & !re is some?+ ( ?is _s 9 8 activities4 ,! collector ,w4 ,s4 ,lewis says1 ,he 0 n only1 9 8 own ^w1 a 'gazette]' b ! hi/orian ( ,engli% pa9t+ & g>d5+1 an essayi/1 poet1 noveli/1 pamphlete]1 dramati/1 pr9t]1 antiqu>ian1 & arbit] eleganti>um & 9 ! mod]n s5se & phrase a 'debunk]' ( hi/orical figures4444 ,x 0 8 ma9 purpose 9 life to be ! (ficial hi/orian ( 8 "t4 ,al?\gh he _h a seat 9 ,p>liam5t1 he paid little att5tion to ! nation's bus9ess4 ,he repres5t$ ^? p>ts ( life 9 ! eighte5? c5tury :i* _h natur$ & 7 draw+ to a close1 z ,field+ & ,goldsmi?1 ! ,am]ican ,revolution & ! ,fr5* ,revolution repres5t$ ?+s to come4 ,pr9t+ be+ "o ( 8 m9or activities1 he is ( m int]e/ z a human be+ ?an z a craftsman4 ,if ,walpole 0 a man ( ! _w & man ( lett]s1 ,john ,bell#bi 0 man ( ! _w & man ( bus9ess4 ,dur+ a lifetime ( eighty-six ye>s he 01 z ,/anley ,morison pictures him1 book-sell]1 pr9t]1 publi%]1 type-f\nd] & j\rnali/4 ,l a less] ,frankl9--he _h n ,frankl9's sci5tific int]e/1 integrity1 or vision--he 0 end[$ ) ! ability to grasp ! sali5t facts ( a trade or pr(ession1 & a weal? ( exub]ant int]e/ 9 life ar\nd him4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] z a book-sell]1 he publi%$ a sort ( e>ly v]sion ( ,wilson's ,cumulative ,book ,index1 a li/ ( curr5t books = ! use ( ! trade4 ,z type-f\nd] 7& introduc] ( ! %ort s7 he employ$ ! tal5t ( ! pun* cutt] ,ri*>d ,au/9 to produce ! fir/ ,engli% mod]n type4 ,9 addition to a successful fa%ion magaz9e1 he publi%$ at diff]5t times f\r newspap]s4 ,at "o "t he ev5 made himself a w> correspond5t1 :5 he visit$ ! ,briti% ,army !n fight+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution>ies 9 ,fl&]s4 ,he report$ ! action at ,ypres1 made a m>* ) ! troops f ,c\rtrai to ,t\rnai & pursu$ 8 object ( f9d+ active & well-in=m$ p]sons 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cont95t :o w\ld act z regul> correspond5ts = 8 pap]1 ,! ,oracle4 ,! books he publi%$ includ$ law books1 ,%akespe>e1 a s]ies ( ! poets ( ,great ,brita92 he engag$ memb]s ( ! ,royal ,academy to illu/rate ! plays ( a s]ies call$ ,! ,briti% ,!atre & hir$ ! be/ engrav]s ( ! day to copy ! pa9t+s4 ,he knew ! lit]>y m5 ( ! day--,%]idan wrote = 8 ,_w--& ev5 _h a ballooni/ = a fri5d--,lun>di1 :o made ! fir/ asc5t 9 ,london4 ,comp>$ to 8 contempor>y ,bulm]1 :o c\ld be call$ a pr9t]'s pr9t]1 ,bell 0 a promot] ^: m$ium 0 pr9t+4 ,( all ! ,didots1 & !y seem to h be5 able m51 ,firm9 ,didot#cj is ( mo/ int]e/ to u4 ,he taught _m ( ! pr9t]s ( ,greece out ( sympa?y = ! cause ( ,greek indep5d5ce1 ! same = :i* ,byron di$4 ,he wrote plays1 translat$ classics1 & aft] he retir$ f bus9ess he ent]$ ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies2 he le>n$ ,spani% at ! age ( sixty-?ree4 ,desmond ,fl[] says1 9 writ+ ( him1 ,pr9t+ is a curi\s & p]haps unsatisfactory hybrid betwe5 a pr(ession & an art2 ! m5 :o h caught ! s5se ( x mo/ successfully h be5 intellig5t p :o c\ld see x :ole--s*ol>-pr9t]-publi%]s--= :om "s o!r riv]s fl[$ beyond ! simple floods ( pr9t+ ink4 ,p]haps :5 ,mr4 ,fl[] wrote ?is he _h =gott5 h[ tacky pr9t+ ink is1 b 8 mean+ is a l>ge "p ( :at ,i am try+ to say4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q ( :at _w "o *ooses to recognize--t ( c\rts & salons or ( slums--arises 9 connection ) ! great pr9t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,william ,morris4#ca ,he saw :at 0 happ5+ z a result ( ma*9]y & l>ge indu/ry1 & he did n l x4 ,he mu/ h se5 x v pla9ly 9 ord] to revolt aga9/ x s /rongly4 ,8 pr9t+ p]iod 0 ! la/ 9 8 life1 foll[+ ! *9tzes1 /a9$ glass w9d[s1 tape/ries1 rugs & furniture4 ,he felt t p w\ld be bett] p if !y made & own$ beautiful ?+s1 & he also saw1 l 8 contempor>y1 ,k>l ,m>x1 t ! economic /ructure w\ld h to be *ang$ be=e ! be/ qualities 9 p c\ld op]ate1 ?\gh he 0 n will+ to foll[ ,m>x 9 8 me?ods4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ,william ,morris :o pr9t$ ! ,kelmscott ,*auc]1 we d n always rememb] ! ,william ,morris :o /ood 9 ,hyde ,p>k ne> ! ,m>ble ,ar* talk+ to ! /reet cr[ds ab\t socialism1 wond]+ if ! police 7 com+2 :o = ye>s travell$ ab\t speak+ 9 a ?\s& /uffy halls 9 ,engl&1 ,irel& & ,scotl&4 ,:5 he 0 old1 te>s w\ld come to 8 eyes :5 ! mis]y ( ! poor 0 m5tion$4 ,x is easy to say t 8 socialism 0 vague & 8 desire to return to ! me?ods ( ! ?irte5? c5tury unreali/ic1 b consid]+ ! s9c]ity ( 8 motives & ! bread? ( 8 int]e/s1 ,i ?9k t we mu/ say t he 0 n s mu* a man ( ?is _w z a man ( a bett] _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]haps we mu/ return to ,am]ica to f9d ! pr9t] :o has made ! greate/ contribution to political hi/ory4 ,we c h>dly detail "h ! cosmopolitan accompli%m5ts ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,we might r exam9e :at "r we h to call him a pr9t]1 9 view ( ! magnitude ( 8 o!r accompli%m5ts4 ,he lik$ to ?9k ( himself z a pr9t]1 & />t$ 8 w ) ! words1 ,i1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 pr9t]4 ,once :5 he visit$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,didots 9 ,france he /opp$ at a h& press & pull$ a few pro(s4 ,:5 ! workman exclaim$ at 8 dext]ity he said1 ,d n be surpris$4 ,pr9t+ is my real trade4 ,:]ev] he w5t 9 ,engl& or ,france he correspond$ ) pr9t]s & visit$ _! e/abli%m5ts4 ,we "k ab\t 8 private press at ,passy & ab\t 8 :olesome influ5ce on ,am]ican pr9t+4 ,c>l ,van ,dor51 9 8 biography ( ,frankl91 says t :5 he di$ ! pr9t]s ( ,philadelphia walk$ 9 8 fun]al procession & t ! pr9t]s ( ,p>is ga!r$ to honor him1 li/5$ to a eulogy by "o ( !m :ile o!rs set x 9 type z fa/ z x 0 deliv]$ & di/ribut$ pr9t$ copies z s\v5irs4 ,if !n we c claim him z a pr9t]1 we c feel sure t ! man :o help$ draft ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 :o 0 s5t to negotiate ! peace & 0 a delegate to ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion 01 m ?an any o!r pr9t]1 a man ( ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x c\ld h>dly be ma9ta9$ t be+ connect$ ) pr9t+ makes "o a man ( ! _w4 ,x might ev5 be argu$ & prov$ by examples pa/ & pres5t t preoccupation ) ! problems ( ! craft is a n>r[+ influ5ce4 ,s9ce mo/ ( ! circum/ances ( our lives are arrang$ = u :5 we are born1 x is possible to travel ?r\gh life z on a conveyor belt1 hav+ ?+s done to u along ! way1 & ?is c be z true ( a f9e pr9t] z ( a bank presid5t4 ,ea* c g ?r\gh life utt]ly ignorant ( ! economic & m5tal processes t br+ food to 8 table & s5d 8 son to ! w>s4 ,x 0 always a "q1 n[ m ?an ev] critical1 :at "p ( a man's life mu/ be giv5 to be+ a citiz5 aga9/ ! claims ( livelihood1 philosophy1 family & amusem5t4 ,! ev5ts ( ! pa/ few ye>s h dramatiz$ ! dilemma4 ,pr9t+ has help$ br+ u to ?is place 9 hi/ory4 ,& s1 al?\gh we _c condemn a good craftsman because he is int]e/$ 9 no?+ except %op talk1 we might say t pr9t]s :o are also m5 ( ! _w realize t !y are work+ 9 a bigg] %op4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood ,,engrav+ ,,by ,,reynolds ,,/one1 #aicg4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,granjon ,,types ,,footnotes3 #bb ,johann ,gut5b]g 7c4 #acig-adfh74 ,gut5b]g is consid]$ ! effective inv5tor ( pr9t+1 b 8 biography is writt5 d>kly only 9 ! records ( ! law c\rts to :i* he 0 con/antly summon$ on money matt]s4 ,8 0 a complex ( inv5tions3 he n only ca/ type 9 s+le pieces1 b devis$ a *ase to hold x1 mix$ suitable ink & p]fect$ a te*nique = regi/] & good impression1 ) ! result t ! fir/ pr9t+ rema9s among ! be/4 #bc ,aldus ,manutius 7#adej-aeae74 ,aldus' contributions to pr9t+--small capitals1 ! fir/ ,italic1 ! popul>ization ( ! small type page--c5t]$ ab\t 8 wi% to help s*ol>s4 ,he wrote to a fri5d3 ,we s5d ^! ,satires to y1 my de> ,scipio1 t !y may ?r\gh _! brevity become once m y\r intimate fri5ds1 z !y 7 =m]ly dur+ y\r /ay at ,rome z a "y man1 :5 y possess$ !m z ?or\ghly 9 y\r memory z y\r own f+]s & f+]nails4 #bd ,eti5ne ,dolet 7#aeji-aedf74 ,dolet belongs ) ! great s*ol>-pr9t]s ,aldus ,manutius & ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 al?\gh he did n live long en\gh to comp>e ) !m 9 volume ( "w4 ,8 c>e] ( collision ) ! au?ority ( ! *ur*1 ! /ate & o!r pr9t]s t]m9at$ :5 he 0 tortur$1 hang$ & burn$ on 8 ?irty-sev5? bir?day4 #be ,*ri/oph] ,plant9 7#aead-aehi74 ,plant91 a ,fr5*man :o migrat$ to ,belgium1 pr9t$ 9 _m languages1 us+ fonts by ! be/ contempor>y type-cutt]s2 he und]took "w = ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 & ! ,city ( ,antw]p1 :i* honor$ him 9 dea? by bury+ him 9 its ca!dral1 ) ! inscription 444 k+ ( typography4 #bf ,rob]t ,e/i5ne 7c4 #aejc-aeei74 ,9 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 z 9 ,aldus & ,dolet1 ! s*ol> & pr9t] comb9$ to produce tools = humanism3 diction>ies1 lexicons1 gramm>s1 editions ( ! classics4 ,on 8 dea? 8 son ,h5ri ,e/i5ne1 gr&son ( ! fir/ ,h5ri1 augm5t$ ! family tradition ( s*ol>ly publi%+1 ?\gh he nev] surpass$ ! books ( 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r 9 typographical brilliance4 #bg ,l\is ,elzevir 7#aedj-afag74 ,ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 ,l\is ,elzevir became ! fir/ publi%] 9 ! mod]n s5se2 n prim>ily a s*ol> or craftsman1 b a bus9essman :o und]took ! risk ( production & di/ribution ( quantities ( books = a v>iety ( read]s ?r\gh\t ,europe4 #bh ,horace ,walpole 7#agag-agig74 ,walpole is ! great example ( ! g5tleman-amateur 9 pr9t+4 ,8 fame z a pr9t] has be5 bol/]$ by 8 r5[n 9 o!r fields1 especially 9 lit]ature & ar*itecture4 #bi ,john ,bell 7#agdi-ahca74 ,bell 0 a j\rnali/ & impres>io 9 pr9t+ ^: ent]prises rang$ f publi%+ fa%ion magaz9es to sets ( ,%akespe>e4 ,if he did n entirely realize ! ambition ann\nc$ :5 he />t$ 8 f\ndry--444 ,i am n )\t hopes ( rais+ my fame 9 ?is pursuit beyond ! rea* ( competition 9 any c\ntry :atev]--! type :i* be>s 8 "n rema9s today 8 be/ memorial4 #cj ,firm9 ,didot 7#agfd-ahcf74 ,! ,didot family illu/rates aga9 t pr9t+ ink seems to l+] 9 ! blood long] 9 ,france ?an 9 o!r c\ntries2 ( ! ,didots1 ,firm9 /&s out z a man :o lov$ 8 pr(ession & con/antly look$ beyond x4 #ca ,william ,morris 7#ahcd-ahif74 ,william ,morris 0 a man :o look$ backw>d 9 ! crafts & =w>d 9 human relations1 yet _h a full life 9 ! _w ( 8 own "t4 ,z a pr9t] he _h great influ5ce1 n all good4 ,illu/ration,,anne ,,lyon ,,haight,illu/ration ,are ,wom5 ! ,natural ,enemies ( ,books8 ,f ,bookmak+ on ! ,di/aff ,side by ,anne ,lyon ,haight4 ,copyright #aicg by ! au?or & repr9t$ by h] p]mission4 ,9 my se>* = k ab\t lady bibliophiles ,i climb$ ! libr>y ladd] & among ! books on collect+ saw ,! ,libr>y1 by ,&rew ,lang1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,confid5t t ,i w\ld f9d "s *>m+ & sympa!tic essay on ! subject1 ,i took x d[n & turn$ to ! index1 b evid5tly ,i _h =gott5 ,lang's prejudice1 = to my horror ! />tl+ l9es ,wom5 ! natural foes ( books met my eye4 ,!y 7 class$ ) ! o!r enemies ( books3 damp1 du/1 dirt1 book-worms1 c>eless read]s1 borr[]s1 book /eal]s1 book-gh\ls1 etc41 s ,i ha/ily turn$ to ! page & read3 ,almo/ all wom5 are ! invet]ate foes1 n ( novels1 ( c\rse1 nor pe]ages & popul> volumes ( hi/ory1 b ( books wor?y ( ! "n4 ,x is true t ,isabelle d',e/e & ,madame de ,pompad\r & ,madame de ,ma9t5on 7 collectors2 &1 d\btless1 !re are _m o!r brilliant exceptions to a g5]al rule4 ,b broadly speak+1 wom5 dete/ ! books :i* ! collector desires & admires4 ,fir/1 !y don't und]/& !m2 second1 !y are jeal\s ( _! my/]i\s *>ms2 ?ird1 books co/ money1 & x really is a h>d ?+ = a lady to see money exp5d$ on :at seems a d+y old b9d+1 or yell[ pap] scor$ ) crabb$ *>act]s4 ,?us ladies wage a skirmi%+ w> aga9/ book-sell]s' catalogues1 & hi/ory speaks ( husb&s :o h _h to practise ! guile ( smuggl]s :5 !y convey$ a new pur*ase across _! own fronti]4 ,?us _m m>ri$ m5 are r$uc$ to collect+ ,elziv]s1 :i* g readily into ! pocket1 = y _c smuggle a folio volume easily4 ,poor man1 8 exp]i5ce ) ! fair sex mu/ h be5 a v un=tunate "o4 ,p]haps he _h be5 disillusion$ by read+ ( ! sixte5?-c5tury abbess ( ! conv5t ( ,rumsey 9 ,hamp%ire1 :om ,dibd9 tells ab\t4 ,%e 0 bibul\sly r ?an bibliographically incl9$ & b>t]$ ! books ( ! abbey = /rong liquors & consequ5tly 0 accus$ ( immod]ate dr9k+1 especially 9 ! nighttime :5 %e invit$ ! nuns to h] *amb] to p>ticipate 9 ^! excesses4 ,b =tunately ! wom5 :om ,lang describes 9 8 diatribe are really ! r>e exception to ! rule & only lack ( space prev5ts my writ+ a folio volume ab\t ! _m fam\s wom5 collectors :o h be5 fri5ds n foes to books ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,x is true ?\gh t ! female ( our species has nev] be5 z susceptible to ! malady ( book madness z ! male1 possibly because %e has n _h ! same opportunity4 ,unless a woman is economically indep5d5t !re are _m dem&s ^u h] all[ance & consequ5tly %e mu/ really want a book v mu* to buy x in/ead ( a new hat or some?+ else t is de> to h] he>t4 ,%e is n z apt to buy = speculation or because a book is "o ( ! conv5tional collector's items1 b is m indep5d5t & adv5tur\s 9 foll[+ h] p]sonal ta/e1 al?\gh ! _s ( a true collector ( books is ! same :e!r x be possess$ by man or woman4 ,/range to say1 ! fir/ bibliophile on record is a woman4 ,%e 0 a ,b5$ict9e abbess nam$ ,hros)a4 ,%e liv$ 9 ! ,nunn]y ( ,g&]%eim 9 ,saxony 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,%e n only read all ! p>*m5t rolls & great codices :i* came into h] h&s1 b caus$ books to be writt5 = h] ,conv5t1 wrote plays 9 ,lat9 & translat$ ,t]5ce4 ,hros)a probably knew b little ,greek1 z c]ta9 monks ( ! p]iod consid]$ ! language an inv5tion ( ! devil4 ,h] example 0 foll[$ 9 ! next c5tury by ! lovely & intellig5t ,c\ntess ,judi? ( ,fl&]s1 :o1 :]ev] %e foll[$ h] w>r+ ,engli% husb&1 caus$ ! mo/ exquisite illum9at$ manuscripts to be made4 ,%e cont9u$ h] int]e/s on ! cont95t :5 %e lat] m>ri$ ! ,duke ( ,bav>ia4 ,f\r ( h] manuscripts1 magnific5tly b\nd1 are n[ safely h\s$ 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,libr>y :]e ?\gh !y are books wor?y ( ! "n _! beauty may be appreciat$ by wom5 :o are n ev5 ! brilliant exception to ! g5]al rule ( collectors4 ,! ,gold5 ,age ( wom5 bibliophiles 9 ,france f ! fifte5? ?r\gh ! eighte5? c5turies mu/ h be5 a glori\s "t to h liv$4 ,! ,que5s1 ! ,pr9cesses1 ! ,mi/resses ( ! ,k+s & all ! great ladies _h _! libr>ies4 ,!y 7 compos$ ( beautifully illum9at$ brevi>ies1 missals & manuscripts1 & f ! presses ( ! great pr9t]s ( ! day came romances1 hi/ories1 plays & religi\s books1 v]itable works ( art4 ,^! books & manuscripts 7 b\nd 9 gold & silv] & jewels1 embroid]$ velvet1 & 9 "s ( ! mo/ beautiful lea!r b9d+s ! _w has ev] se54 ,briefly3 ,m>gu]ite ( ,nav>re 0 "o ( ! fam\s s*ol>s ( h] day & ! au?or ( a collection ( love /ories1 ,! ,heptam]on4 ,x is said ( h] ,l'am\r du livre1 *ez la fille de ,ca!r9e fut une vritable passion4 ,h] books 7 b\nd by ! fam\s ,clovis & ,nicolas ,eve & 7 decorat$ ) daisies4 ,madame de ,pompad\r 0 = _m ye>s an inspir+ influ5ce 9 art & lett]s1 al?\gh %e own$ m plays1 novels & o!r productions lgres ?an s]i\s works4 ,%e _h a pr9t+ press at ,v]sailles & also et*$ plates = illu/rations & z gifts = h] fri5ds4 ,la ,c\ntesse de ,v]rue 0 a discrim9at+ collector1 a patroness ( all ! arts & a fasc9at+ woman4 ,! ,du ,b>ry acquir$ #a1jfh volumes4 ,:5 %e began to =m h] libr>y %e c\ld sc>cely read or write4 ,h[ev]1 ) practise1 %e soon le>n$ to read well1 b l _m ( u nev] to spell4 ,anne ( ,au/ria 0 =tunate 9 hav+ h] fri5d ,maz>91 a k9dr$ _s 9 bibliomania1 to advise h]4 ,m>ie ,anto9ette _h two libr>ies4 ,%e kept h] p>ticul> books 9 h] b\doir 9 ! ,trianon & ! titles 9 ! catalogue are v ent]ta9+4 ,m>y ,/u>t _h a ca?olic ta/e 9 lit]ature & h] books 7 exceptionally well *os54 ,9 def]5ce to ! loss ( h] fir/ husb& "s 7 b\nd 9 black ) black edges4 ,x is com=t+ to "k t :5 %e left ,france z a "y wid[ to return to h] native ,scotl& :]e s mu* trag$y await$ h] qu'elle avait p\r les livres un gt pr(ond1 et ils etai5t p\r a9si dire sa seule consolation lo9 de ce beau ,pays de ,france4 ,9 ,engl&1 "o ( ! mo/ =tunate ( ! _m ladies :o appreciat$ lit]ature 0 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 = %e liv$ 9 an age :5 ma/]pieces 7 be+ writt51 _m ( !m d$icat$ to h] & _m inspir$ by h]4 ,:5 %e 0 "y %e embroid]$ velvets 9 gold & silv] ?reads to b9d h] treasures4 ,among ! manuscripts 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y are ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 etc41 :i* 0 ,elizabe?'s own book4 ,%e has writt5 at ! beg9n+ ,i walke _m times into ! pleasant fields ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 :]e ,i plucke up ! goodlie-"s h]bes ( s5t5ces by prun+3 *aw !m by mus+3 & laie !m up at l5g? 9 ! hie seate ( memorie by ga!r+ !m toge!r3 t s hav+ ta/$ _! sweetness ,i may ! less p]ceave ! bitt]ness ( ?is mis]able life4 ,"o ( ! mo/ t\*+ & beautiful tributes ev] writt5 to a woman is ,sir ,philip ,sidney's d$ication ( 8 ,arcadia to 8 de>e ladie & si/]1 ! ,c\ntess ( ,pembroke1 to :om he wrote 9 "p3 y desir$ me to d x1 & y\r desire1 to my h>t is an absolute comm&m5t4 ,n[ x is done onely = y1 onely to y4 ,%e 0 8 great inspiration & help$ him 9 ! edit+ ( ! book4 ,:]e !re's a w !re's a way & wom5 seem able to smuggle folios z well z duodecimos into ! libr>y4 ,ca!r9e de ,mdici1 = in/ance1 _h su* a passion = books t %e got !m by fair means or f\l4 ,%e long$ = ! libr>y ( h] c\s9 ,m>%al ,/rozzi & z soon z he di$ appropriat$ x = h] own4 ,ca!r9e neglect$ to pay = x & ow$ ! book-sell]s z well1 s aft] h] dea? :5 h] books 7 ab\t to be seiz$ by h] cr$itors1 ,de ,?\ rais$ ! money to pay = !m & !y 7 sav$ = ! /ate4 ,! fasc9at+ & glamor\s ,diane de ,poiti]s 0 a practical bus9ess executive z well z a bibliophile1 = x 0 %e :o suppos$ly advis$ ,h5ry ,,ii to pass an ord9ance requir+ publi%]s to pres5t a copy ( ea* book !y publi%$ to ! royal libr>ies at ,blois & ,fonta9ebleau1 !reby increas+ ^! collections by m ?an sev5 hundr$ volumes4 ,?us ! pres5t-day copyright law 0 initiat$ by a woman4 ,ca!r9e ( ,russia 0 also c\rage\s 9 h] me?ods ( gratify+ h] lit]>y ta/es4 ,%e p>tition$ ,pol& 9 #aggb & seiz$ en\gh books to =m ! f\ndation ( ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ! ,h]mitage4 ,%e us$ to ask ! ,ambassadors1 p>ticul>ly ! ,ambassador f ,engl&1 to get =eign books = h] & if %e did n h ! money to pay = !m at ! "t %e conv5i5tly =got ab\t x4 ,9 lat] days !re 7 wom5 9 ! "y colony 9 ,am]ica :o enjoy$ _! books 9 ! mid/ ( _! primitive surr\nd+s4 ,9 #afdc 9 ,emans1 ,new ,york1 ! inv5tory ( ! ,wid[ ,bronck includ$ ,dani% books4 ,mrs4 ,will\ghby ( ,virg9ia left ov] "o hundr$ volumes at h] dea? 9 #afgc1 & 9 #agjj ,elizabe? ,ta?am ( ,new ,j]sey left five hundr$ & fifty-two volumes1 :ile _! ,new ,engl& contempor>y1 ,hannah ,sutton1 acquir$ a libr>y ( ab\t sev5te5 hundr$ volumes4 ,9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury ,miss ,ri*>dson ,curr] ( ,e%ton ,hall1 ,crav51 ,york%ire1 amass$ a l>ge & s*ol>ly collection ( books on _m subjects4 ,x 0 h\s$ 9 a great room ) a gall]y :i* mu/ h be5 ! envy ( all book-lov]s4 ,%e 0 ! fond possessor ( ! r>e ,book ( ,/4 ,albans1 writt5 & compil$ by ,juliana ,b]n]s1 prioress ( ! nunn]y ( ,sop) 9 ,h]t=d%ire4 ,x is said t ! ard5t book collector ,ri*>d ,heb]1 be+ unable to secure ! book 9 any o!r way1 ard5tly propos$ m>riage to ,miss ,curr]4 ,%e 0 firm 9 h] refusal h[ev]1 pref]r+ to keep ?is fir/ book ab\t sport to be writt5 by a woman to h]self4 ,"o ( ! mo/ le>n$ lady bibliophiles ( ?is c5tury 9 ,am]ica 0 ,miss ,amy ,l[ell ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts4 ,h] books & manuscripts1 includ+ h] collection ( ,keats1 are be+ pres]v$ = po/]ity 9 ! ,h>ry ,elk9s ,wid5] ,memorial at ,h>v>d4 ,%e always enjoy$ smok+ a good cig> :ile writ+ or c>ry+ on h] sp>kl+ conv]sations1 z %e ?\ght x made h] ?\ghts fl[ m easily4 ,"o c\ld n write ( wom5 9 connection ) books )\t speak+ ( two di/+ui%$ cu/odians ( fam\s libr>ies1 s*ol>s1 :o are z well kn[n abroad z 9 ,am]ica3 ! late ,miss ,belle ,da ,co/a ,gre5e1 ! brilliant ,director ( ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,libr>y1 & ,miss ,ru? ,%epp>d ,granniss1 =m] ,libr>ian ( ! ,groli] ,club & sympa!tic fri5d ( all bibliophiles1 male or female4 ,!y1 ( c\rse1 come "u ,lang's category ( exceptional examples4 ,b :at ( ! _m o!r exceptions8 ,w\ld ,lang h ?\ght t ,miss ,l[ell c\ld n und]/& books8 ,or t ,diane de ,poiti]s c\ld be jeal\s ( _! my/]i\s *>ms8 ,or t ,ca!r9e ( ,russia w\ld hesitate to sp5d :at money %e c\ld procure to satisfy h] passion = !m8 ,:at c\ld 8 lady fri5ds h be5 l to be class$ ) ! enemies ( books--& su* enemies at t8 ,x w\ld appe> t book collect+ is a truly fem99e pa/ime1 conta9+ _m elem5ts :i* appeal to _! sex2 romance1 intellectual curiosity1 love ( ! beautiful & ! que/ ( some?+ difficult to obta94 ,b fem99e collectors %\ld bew>e ( pitfalls1 = sometimes ?is mania ar\ses ! bas] in/9cts su* z envy1 extravagance & self-indulg5ce4 ,wives h ev5 be5 kn[n to sp5d _! m>ket+ money on books in/ead ( daily bread1 & to wa/e h\rs read+ book catalogues in/ead ( att5d+ to _! h\sewifely duties4 ,book collect+1 h[ev]1 is a common d5om9ator ( all ages & a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! m9ds ( bo? sexes may meet ) pleasure1 & !re=e greatly to be recomm5d$ z a delightful occupation4 ,illu/ration,,beatrice ,,w>de,illu/ration ,,pr9t+ ,,%\ld ,,be ,,invisible ,copyright #aicb by ,! ,m>*banks ,press4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! au?or4 ,imag9e t y h be=e y a flagon ( w9e4 ,y may *oose y\r own favorite v9tage = ?is imag9>y demon/ration1 s t x be a deep %imm]+ crimson 9 color4 ,y h two goblets be=e y4 ,"o is ( solid gold1 wr\ght 9 ! mo/ exquisite patt]ns4 ,! o!r is ( cry/al-cle> glass1 ?9 z a bubble1 & z transp>5t4 ,p\r & dr9k2 & accord+ to y\r *oice ( goblet1 ,i %all "k :e!r or n y are a connoisseur ( w9e4 ,= if y h no feel+s ab\t w9e "o way or ! o!r1 y w want ! s5sation ( dr9k+ ! /uff out ( a vessel t may h co/ t5 ?\s& doll>s2 b if y are a memb] ( t vani%+ tribe1 ! amateurs ( f9e v9tages1 y w *oose ! cry/al1 because ev]y?+ ab\t x is calculat$ to reveal r ?an to hide ! beautiful ?+ :i* x 0 meant to conta94 ,be> ) me 9 ?is long-w9d$ & fragrant metaphor2 = y w f9d t almo/ all ! virtues ( ! p]fect w9eglass are p>allel 9 typography4 ,!re is ! long1 ?9 /em t obviates f+]-pr9ts on ! b[l4 ,:y8 ,because no cl\d mu/ come betwe5 y\r eyes & ! fi]y he>t ( ! liquid4 ,are n ! m>g9s on book pages simil>ly meant to obviate ! necessity ( f+]+ ! type-page8 ,aga93 ! glass is colorless or at ! mo/ only fa9tly t+$ 9 ! b[l1 because ! connoisseur judges w9e p>tly by its color & is impati5t ( any?+ t alt]s x4 ,!re are a ?\s& mann]isms 9 typography t are z impud5t & arbitr>y z putt+ port 9 tumbl]s ( r$ or gre5 glass6 ,:5 a goblet has a base t looks too small = security1 x does n matt] h[ clev]ly x is weight$2 y feel n]v\s le/ x %\ld tip ov]4 ,!re are ways ( sett+ l9es ( type :i* may "w well en\gh1 & yet keep ! read] subconsci\sly worri$ by ! fe> ( d\bl+ l9es1 read+ ?ree words z "o1 & s =?4 ,n[ ! man :o fir/ *ose glass in/ead ( clay or metal to hold 8 w9e 0 a mod]ni/ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i am go+ to use t t]m4 ,t is1 ! fir/ ?+ he ask$ ( ?is p>ticul> object 0 n ,h[ %\ld x look8 b ,:at mu/ x d8 & to t ext5t all good typography is mod]ni/4 ,w9e is s /range & pot5t a ?+ t x has be5 us$ 9 ! c5tral ritual ( religion 9 "o place & "t1 & attack$ by a virago ) a hat*et 9 ano!r4 ,!re is only "o o!r ?+ 9 ! _w t is capable ( /irr+ & alt]+ m5's m9ds to ! same ext5t1 & t is ! coh]5t expression ( ?\ght4 ,t is man's *ief miracle1 unique to man4 ,!re is no explanation :atev] ( ! fact t ,i c make arbitr>y s\nds :i* w lead a total /rang] to ?9k my own ?\ght4 ,x is %e] magic t ,i %\ld be able to hold a "o-sid$ conv]sation by means ( black m>ks on pap] ) an unkn[n p]son half-way across ! _w4 ,talk+1 broadca/+1 writ+ & pr9t+ are all q lit]ally =ms ( ?\ght transf]5ce1 & x is ?is ability & eag]ness to transf] & receive ! cont5ts ( ! m9d t is almo/ alone responsible = human civilization4 ,if y agree ) ?is1 y w agree ) my "o ma9 idea1 i4e41 t ! mo/ important ?+ ab\t pr9t+ is t x conveys ?\ght1 ideas1 images1 f "o m9d to o!r m9ds4 ,?is /atem5t is :at y might call ! front door ( ! sci5ce ( typography4 ,)9 lie hundr$s ( rooms2 b unless y />t by assum+ t pr9t+ is meant to convey specific & coh]5t ideas1 x is v easy to f9d y\rself 9 ! wrong h\se altoge!r4 ,be=e ask+ :at ?is /atem5t leads to1 let u see :at x does n necess>ily lead to4 ,if books are pr9t$ 9 ord] to be read1 we mu/ di/+ui% readability f :at ! optician w\ld call legibility4 ,a page set 9 #ad-po9t ,bold ,sans is1 accord+ to ! laboratory te/s1 m legible ?an "o set 9 #aa-po9t ,bask]ville4 ,a public speak] is m audible 9 t s5se :5 he bell[s4 ,b a good speak+ voice is "o :i* is inaudible z a voice4 ,x is ! transp>5t goblet aga96 ,i ne$ n w>n y t if y beg9 li/5+ to ! inflections & speak+ rhy?ms ( a voice f a plat=m1 y are fall+ asleep4 ,:5 y li/5 to a song 9 a language y d n und]/&1 "p ( y\r m9d actually does fall asleep1 leav+ y\r q sep>ate ae/hetic s5sibilities to enjoy !mselves unimp$$ by y\r reason+ faculties4 ,! f9e arts d t2 b t is n ! purpose ( pr9t+4 ,type well us$ is invisible z type1 j z ! p]fect talk+ voice is ! unnotic$ vehicle = ! transmission ( words1 ideas4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t pr9t+ may be delightful = _m reasons1 b t x is important1 fir/ & =emo/1 z a means ( do+ some?+4 ,t is :y x is mis*iev\s to call any pr9t$ piece a "w ( art1 especially f9e art3 because t w\ld imply t its fir/ purpose 0 to exi/ z an expression ( beauty = its own sake & = ! delectation ( ! s5ses4 ,calligraphy c almo/ be consid]$ a f9e art n[adays1 because its prim>y economic & educational purpose has be5 tak5 away2 b pr9t+ 9 ,engli% w n qualify z an art until ! pres5t ,engli% language no long] conveys ideas to future g5]ations1 & until pr9t+ itself h&s its usefulness to "s yet unimag9$ successor4 ,!re is no end to ! maze ( practices 9 typography1 & ?is idea ( pr9t+ z a conveyor is1 at lea/ 9 ! m9ds ( all ! great typograph]s ) :om ,i h _h ! privilege ( talk+1 ! "o clue t c guide y ?r\gh ! maze4 ,)\t ?is ess5tial humility ( m9d1 ,i h se5 ard5t design]s g m hopelessly wrong1 make m ludicr\s mi/akes out ( an excessive en?usiasm1 ?an ,i c\ld h ?\ght possible4 ,& ) ?is clue1 ?is purposiv5ess 9 ! back ( y\r m9d1 x is possible to d ! mo/ unhe>d-( ?+s1 & f9d t !y ju/ify y triumphantly4 ,x is n a wa/e ( "t to g to ! simple fundam5tals & reason f !m4 ,9 ! flurry ( y\r individual problems1 ,i ?9k y w n m9d sp5d+ half an h\r on "o broad & simple set ( ideas involv+ ab/ract pr9ciples4 ,i once 0 talk+ to a man :o design$ a v pleas+ adv]tis+ type :i* und\bt$ly all ( y h us$4 ,i said some?+ ab\t :at arti/s ?9k ab\t a c]ta9 problem1 & he repli$ ) a beautiful ge/ure3 ,ah1 madame1 we arti/s d n ?9k--we feel6 ,t same day ,i quot$ t rem>k to ano!r design] ( my acqua9tance1 & he1 be+ less poetically incl9$1 murmur$3 ,i'm n feel+ v well today1 ,i ?9k6 ,he 0 "r1 he did ?9k2 he 0 ! ?9k+ sort2 & t is :y he is n s good a pa9t]1 & to my m9d t5 times bett] z a typograph] & type design] ?an ! man :o in/9ctively avoid$ any?+ z coh]5t z a reason4 ,i always suspect ! typographic en?usia/ :o takes a pr9t$ page f a book & frames x to hang on ! wall1 = ,i believe t 9 ord] to gratify a s5sory delight1 he has mutilat$ some?+ inf9itely m important4 ,i rememb] t ,t4 ,m4 ,clel&1 ! fam\s ,am]ican typograph]1 once %[$ me a v beautiful lay\t = a ,cadillac booklet involv+ decorations 9 color4 ,he did n h ! actual text to "w ) 9 draw+ up 8 specim5 pages1 s he _h set ! l9es 9 ,lat94 ,?is 0 n only = ! reason t y w all ?9k (1 if y h se5 ! old typef\ndries' fam\s ,qu\sque ,t&em copy i4 e41 t ,lat9 has few desc5d]s & ?us gives a rem>kably ev5 l9e4 ,no1 he told me t orig9ally he _h set up ! dulle/ word+ t he c\ld f9d ,i d>e say x 0 f ! ,congressional ,record1 & yet he discov]$ t ! man to :om he submitt$ x w\ld />t read+ & mak+ comm5ts on ! text4 ,i made "s rem>k on ! m5tality ( ,bo>ds ( ,directors1 b ,mr4 ,clel& said ,no3 y're wrong2 if ! read] _h n be5 practically =c$ to read--if he _h n se5 ^? words sudd5ly imbu$ ) glamor & significance--!n ! lay\t w\ld h be5 a failure4 ,sett+ x 9 ,italian or ,lat9 is only an easy way ( say+ ',?is is n ! text z x w appe>4' ,let me />t my specific conclusions ) book typography1 because t conta9s all ! fundam5tals1 & !n g on to a few po9ts ab\t adv]tis+4 ,! book typograph] has ! job ( erect+ a w9d[ betwe5 ! read] inside ! room & t l&scape :i* is ! au?or's words4 ,he may put up a /a9$ glass w9d[ ( m>vell\s beauty1 b a failure z a w9d[2 t is1 he may use "s ri* sup]b type l text go?ic t is some?+ to be look$ at1 n ?r\gh4 ,or he may "w 9 :at ,i call transp>5t or invisible typography4 ,i h a book at home1 ( :i* ,i h no visual recollection :atev] z f> z its typography goes2 :5 ,i ?9k ( x1 all ,i see is ! ,?ree ,muskete]s & _! comrades swagg]+ up & d[n ! /reets ( ,p>is4 ,! ?ird type ( w9d[ is "o 9 :i* ! glass is brok5 into relatively small lead$ panes2 & ?is corresponds to :at is call$ f9e pr9t+ today1 9 t y are at lea/ consci\s t !re is a w9d[ !re1 & t someone has enjoy$ build+ x4 ,t is n objectionable1 because ( a v important fact :i* has to d ) ! psy*ology ( ! subconsci\s m9d4 ,?is is ! fact t ! m5tal eye focusses ?r\gh type & n ^u x4 ,! type :i*1 ?r\gh any arbitr>y w>p+ ( design or excess ( color1 gets 9 ! way ( ! m5tal picture to be convey$1 is a bad type4 ,our subconsci\sness is always afraid ( blund]s :i* illogical sett+1 tight spac+ & too-wide unlead$ l9es c trick u into1 ( bor$om1 & ( (fici\sness4 ,! runn+ headl9e t keeps %\t+ at u1 ! l9e t looks l "o long ^w1 ! capitals jamm$ toge!r )\t hairspaces--^! mean subconsci\s squ9t+ & loss ( m5tal focus4 ,& if :at ,i h said is true ( book pr9t+1 ev5 ( ! mo/ exquisite limit$ editions1 x is fifty times m obvi\s 9 adv]tis+1 :]e ! "o & only ju/ification = ! pur*ase ( space is t y are convey+ a message--t y are implant+ a desire1 /raight into ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,x is tragically easy to ?r[ away half ! read]-int]e/ ( an adv]tisem5t by sett+ ! simple & compell+ argum5t 9 a face :i* is uncom=tably ali5 to ! classic reasonabl5ess ( ! book-face4 ,get att5tion z y w by y\r headl9e1 & make any pretty type pictures y l if y are sure t ! copy is useless z a means ( sell+ goods2 b if y are happy en\gh to h really good copy to "w )1 ,i beg y to rememb] t ?\s&s ( p pay d[n h>d-e>n$ money = ! privilege ( read+ quietly-set book-pages1 & t only y\r wilde/ +5uity c /op p f read+ a really int]e/+ text4 ,( c\rse e "o ( y realizes t :atev] int]e/+ effects y c produce ) display$ adv]tis+1 ,direct ,mail is y\r p>adise4 ,x is "h t y approa* ! augu/ prec9cts ( ! design] ( books2 "h y c deal 9 ! fasc9at+ que/ions ( pap]1 ink1 presswork1 & all ^? m9ute & ?rill+ te*nicalities by :i* ! craftsman proves 8 wor?4 ,y also h ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t ! bett] & m mann]ly ,direct ,mail adv]tis+ looks1 ! m solid returns x w br+ 94 ,to sum up3 pr9t+ dem&s a humility ( m9d1 = ! lack ( :i* _m ( ! f9e arts are ev5 n[ fl\nd]+ 9 self-consci\s & maudl9 exp]im5ts4 ,!re is no?+ simple or dull 9 a*iev+ ! transp>5t page4 ,vulg> o/5tation is twice z easy z discipl9e4 ,:5 y realize t ugly typography nev] effaces itself1 y w be able to capture beauty z ! wise m5 capture happ9ess by aim+ at some?+ else4 ,! /unt typograph] le>ns ! fickl5ess ( ri* m5 :o hate to read4 ,n = !m are long brea?s held ov] s]if & k]n1 !y w n appreciate y\r splitt+ ( hair spaces4 ,nobody save ! o!r craftsm5 w appreciate half y\r skill4 ,b y may sp5d endless ye>s ( happy exp]im5t 9 devis+ t cry/all9e goblet :i* is wor?y to hold ! v9tage ( ! human m9d4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,bembo ,,types ,illu/ration,,port] ,,g>nett,illu/ration ,! ,ideal ,book ,copyright #aica by ,! ,limit$ ,editions ,club4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,9 adopt+ a prescrib$ title = ?is pap]1 ,i mu/ beg9 by regi/]+ my diss5t to its validity4 ,!re is no su* ?+ nor c !re be su* a ?+ z ! ideal book4 ,no s+le book1 no p>ticul> /yle ( book c be said to repres5t 9 itself an ideal bel[ :i* all o!r books & o!r /yles :i* diff] f x fall4 ,a c]ta9 book may be ideal = its purpose1 b books c no m con=m to a fix$ ideal ?an c *ur*es1 cocktail-%ak]s1 or hats4 ,! be/ t "o c d is to attempt to enum]ate & codify ^? elem5ts ( good book-mak+ t ent] into :at may be call$ ! f9e book4 ,x is difficult to decl>e oneself an advocate or expon5t ( f9e pr9t+ or f9e book-design )\t be+ misund]/ood4 ,su* a decl>ation1 h[ev]1 is n to arrogate sup]iority4 ,x m]ely means t "o believes 9 c]ta9 pr9ciples ( craftsman%ip & 9 uphold+ c]ta9 /&>ds bas$ ^u a scrupul\s & uncompromis+ obs]vance ( ref9em5ts & m9uti4 ,x is a mi/ake to assume t ! ^w f9e1 z appli$ to pr9t+ & to books1 is a comp>ative t]m mean+ a grade or measure ( m]it4 ,consid] = a mom5t its true mean+3 delicate1 /udi$1 subtly calculat$4 ,x repres5ts n a grade ( excell5ce1 b a quality1 a quality di/+ui%+ ^? books & pieces ( pr9t+ :i* ! t]m prop]ly describes f o!r books or pieces ( pr9t+4 ,x may be all[$1 h[ev]1 t f95ess is itself a comp>able t]m2 t !re are1 9 o!r words1 degrees ( f95ess4 ,?us a book may be f9e )\t be+ ( ! fir/ ord] ( f95ess4 ,b if we are to seek = a /&>d ( excell5ce equival5t to :at is impli$ by ! ^w ideal1 x %\ld be obvi\s t only f95ess ( ! fir/ ord] c be consid]$4 ,a f9e book ( ! fir/ ord] is ! end-result ( a s$ul\s ef=t on ! "p ( design]1 pr9t]1 & b9d] to br+ to _! artifact e c>e = physical & te*nical details1 e revision 9 ! int]e/ ( bett]m5t1 ( :i* !y are capable1 to ! end t ! f9i%$ product %all repres5t ! capacity ( ea* = ! fulfilm5t ( 8 arti/ic wi%1 8 desire = p]fection4 ,to slack5 ?is ef=t1 to compromise witt+ly 7or wilfully71 to surr5d] to exp$i5cy1 is to repudiate f95ess ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,x is ?is conc]n = p]fection t ,mr4 ,/anley ,morison means :5 he says ,! f9e pr9t] beg9s :]e ! c>eful pr9t] has left (f4 ,x is ?is conc]n ) p]fection t ,conrad celebrat$ :5 he wrote3 ,n[ ! moral side ( an indu/ry1 productive or unproductive1 ! r$eem+ & ideal aspect ( ?is bread-w9n+1 is ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ possible skill on ! "p ( ! craftsman4 ,su* skill1 ! skill ( te*nique1 is m ?an hone/y2 x is some?+ wid]1 embrac+ hone/y & grace & rule 9 an elevat$ & cle> s5tim5t1 n altoge!r utilit>ian1 :i* may be call$ ! honor ( labor4 ,x is made up ( accumulat$ tradition1 kept alive by individual pride1 r5d]$ exact by pr(essional op9ion1 &1 l ! high] arts1 x is spurr$ on & su/a9$ by discrim9at+ praise4 ,?is is :y ! atta9m5t ( pr(ici5cy1 ! pu%+ ( y\r skill ) att5tion to ! mo/ delicate %ades ( excell5ce1 is a matt] ( vital conc]n4 ,effici5cy ( a practically flawless k9d may be rea*$ naturally 9 ! /ruggle = bread4 ,b !re is some?+ beyond--a high] po9t1 a subtle & unmi/akable t\* ( love & pride beyond m]e skill2 almo/ an inspiration :i* gives to all "w t f9i% :i* is almo/ art1 :i* is art4 ,9 deal+ ) ! con/itu5ts ( ! f9e book ,i int5d no disp>agem5t ( seemly1 mode/1 & hone/ly-made books to :i* ! t]m f9e is n /rictly applicable4 ,ev5 ! humble/ volume1 ad paup]um commoditatum1 may be1 by virtue ( its suitability to purpose & its seeml9ess1 :olly admirable4 ,z = ! bett] class ( trade books1 ! productions ( univ]sity & great comm]cial presses1 !y (t5 display qualities ( design & workman%ip ( a high ord]4 ,?\gh n ( ! fir/ ord] ( f95ess1 !y repres5t1 ) gratify+ frequ5cy1 :at ,conrad call$ effici5cy ( a practically flawless k9d4 ,t ! be/ ( !m belong1 h[ev]1 to a l[] /ratum ?an ! truly f9e book may be1 ,i ?9k1 q easily demon/rat$4 ,"o does n h to consid] ! "w ( ! ,doves ,press or ! ,brem] ,presse or ! f9] examples ( ,fr5* pr9t+ ( ! sixte5? or eighte5? c5tury ! ne plus ultra ( book-mak+ 9 ord] to recognize 9 !m a quality 7m>k ! ^w7 :i* ! trade edition1 h[ev] *>m+1 nev] does & nev] c atta94 ,by reason ( ?is quality--! quality ( f95ess--!y are diff]5t f trade books1 :e!r or n !y are sup]ior mu/ rema9 = ea* ( u a "q ( p]sonal values4 ,s9ce t is true1 let u n[--hav+ cle>$ ! gr\nd & remov$ p]haps ! possibility ( a misappreh5sion ) reg>d to ! title ( ?is pap]--consid] ! values & ! physical con/itu5ts ( ! f9e book4 ,^! con/itu5ts fall into ?ree divisions3 fir/1 ,dim5sional 7size & proportions72 second1 ,tectonic 7plan & con/ruction72 & ?ird1 ,visual 7appe>ance74 ,x w\ld be absurd to cont5d t1 ideally1 a book %\ld be ( a c]ta9 size4 ,v l>ge books are1 ( c\rse1 awkw>d to h&le & are unsuitable1 let u say1 = read+ 9 b$ or 9 a railway tra94 ,b x does n foll[ t1 because our habits ( life diff] s radically f ^? ( ! m leisurely & contemplative pa/1 ! tall volume is no long] ju/ifi$4 ,! l>ge book is n an imp$im5t to m$itative read+ &1 al?\gh ! h&y volume w1 9 mo/ circum/ances1 s]ve e purpose1 !re are ^? :o1 undelud$ by pragmatism & undebas$ by false ideas ( effici5cy1 may /ill1 9 ! seclusion ( /udy or libr>y1 f9d pleasure 9 ! leisurely p]usal (1 let u say1 ,! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 9 folio1 nobly en?ron$ ^u its lect]n4 ,aga91 !re is no?+ incongru\s or unpractical ab\t ! s*ol> 7p]haps ,i %\ld say1 rese>*-work]7 mak+ use ( a huge volume1 spread be=e him on a libr>y table4 ,l>ge volumes are1 moreov]1 frequ5tly ju/ifi$ by ! fact t illu/rative plates ( a l>ge size are (t5 desirable or ess5tial4 ,:o w d5y t reproductions ( ,egyptian papyri1 ( eighte5? c5tury engrav$ portraits1 ( ,ori5tal c>pets1 9 fact1 ( almo/ all works ( art o!r ?an su* small objects z m9iatures or jewelry1 w\ld be bett] 9 folio ?an 9 octavo or duodecimo8 ,x c be said1 ,i ?9k1 t ! v l>ge book %\ld be unconditionally condemn$ only :5 its size defeats ! purpose to :i*1 by reason ( its cont5t1 x w\ld normally be put4 ,/atel9ess ( =m imp>ts dignity4 ,x may be argu$1 !re=e1 t a great "w on engrav$ gems1 impos+ 9 size1 ) plates1 ea* %[+ _m specim5s1 comports bett] ) ! "* ( its subject matt] q aside f any advantage x (f]s = comp>ative /udy1 ?an w\ld ! same "w pr9t$ z a book "o might slip 9 "o's pocket4 ,/atel9ess ( =m implies /atel9ess ( cont5t1 & vice v]sa4 ,let a book be1 = a g5]ation1 ( su* good report t x may be said to h become a classic1 & a l>ge-pap] edition is ju/ifi$4 ,let ^? :o mu/ cavil d s4 ,if !y _c rise above ! utilit>ian ideal1 !y c easily obta9 ! "w 9 a small =mat & be happy4 ,x may n be out ( ord] to say at ?is po9t t1 :ile a consid]able range 9 ! size ( books is n only p]missible b desirable1 !re are limits at bo? ends ( ! scale :]e practicability ceases to exi/ & we pass into ! realm ( curiosities & t\rs de =ce4 ,?us ! m9iature book1 = all its *>m1 lies outside ! conf9es ( normal book-design4 ,z to ! maximum size t may be legitimately all[$ = a book1 x %\ld nev]1 ,i ?9k1 exce$ ! normal folio height 7def9$ approximately by ! l>g] m\lds employ$ = manufactur+ h&-made pap]7 :ile its bulk & weight %\ld n preclude ! possibility ( hold+ x by ! sp9e ) "o h& :ile turn+ ! leaves ) ! o!r1 :5 su* a me?od ( ref]r+ to its cont5ts may be necess>y4 ,& n[ a f9al ^w z to dim5sions4 ,l>ge or small1 ! mo/ p]fect book w always be "o ( :i* ! ?ickness be>s a j & agreeable relation to its height & wid?4 ,small & sl5d] books are delightful objects :i* no "o c\ld wi% to aboli% 7"o _c say z mu* = ! lamelli=m folio1 a v]itable atrocity71 b _! inf]iority to books ( a meet ?ickness becomes app>5t :51 ) 7or1 worse yet1 )\t7 _! v]tical1 neck-twi/+ titles !y are plac$ on a %elf4 ,we mu/ next turn our att5tion to ^? aspects ( a book :i* h to d ) its plan & con/ruction & :i* we h call$ tectonic4 ,9 its physical "* a book addresses itself to two ( our s5ses1 ! s5se ( sight & ! s5se ( t\*4 ,because ! tactile qualities ( a book are relatively ( less importance ?an its visual aspects1 let u fir/ deal ) ^? elem5ts :i* are1 9 "p at lea/1 evaluat$ ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*4 ,our fir/ impression ( a book is receiv$ f its ext]ior1 its b9d+4 ,n[ ! qualities to be look$ = 9 ! b9d+ ( a book are3 7#a7 ! "* & quality ( ! mat]ial1 7#b7 suitability1 7#c7 s\ndness & *>m ( design1 7#d7 agreeable color 7a relative t]m71 7#e7 workman%ip1 7#f7 pleasantness to ! t\*4 ,grant+ adequacy 9 all ( ^! 7& no book c pret5d to f95ess )\t su* adequacy71 !re is /ill ano!r desid]atum less easy to specify4 ,x might be call$ 7#g7 ! evid5ce ( durability4 ,a book :5 tak5 9 ! h& %\ld h a feel+ ( compactness1 almo/ ( solidity4 ,i d n mean by ?is t x %\ld feel l a block ( wood1 b x %\ld1 :5 pick$ up1 :5 op5$1 or :5 its h+es are te/$1 give ! impression t leaves & cov] are s firmly 7& hone/ly7 knit toge!r t !y con/itute a unit1 hav+ 9 its feel ! evid5ce 7or ! assurance7 ( durability4 ,! next *>act]i/ic ( a book to be not$ ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\* is ! texture ( ! pap]4 ,by texture sev]al ?+s are meant3 a surface agreeable to ! h&1 ! degree ( crispness1 an impression ( t\ghness 7aga9 ! evid5ce ( durability71 & ! degree ( flexibility4 ,ideally1 ! pap] 9 a book %\ld satisfy all ^! requirem5ts & %\ld possess z well c]ta9 qualities ( "*1 /yle1 & color1 pleas+ to ! in=m$ eye4 ,^! w be dealt ) 9 _! prop] place4 ,! pap] %\ld be flexible1 )\t ! flims9ess *>act]i/ic ( pap]s weak 9 sub/ance4 ,x %\ld b5d readily :5 ! leaves are turn$ & %\ld fl[ smoo?ly ?r\gh ! h& :5 all ! leaves are b5t at once4 ,/iffness 9 ! leaves ( a book 7an all too common defect7 is n1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 always ! fault ( ! pap]4 ,x is (t5 due to ! *oice ( a pap] too heavy = ! size ( ! leaf4 ,! same pap] 9 a l>g] leaf might h ! desir$ flexibility4 ,! f9al tactile te/ ( a f9e book 7applicable1 alas1 to v few books inde$7 resides 9 ! "* ( ! impression ( ! type on ! pap]4 ,9 ! be/ pr9t+1 ! surface ( ! page1 if rubb$ ) ! palm ( ! h&1 %[s a slight & pleasant r\ghness due to ! s9k+ ( ! type into ! pap]4 ,su* pr9t+ is r>e 9 mod]n books because x is difficult ( atta9m5t ) ma*9es design$ = quantity production4 ,to atta9 ! effect describ$ ! pap] %\ld be damp5$ be=e pr9t+1 & an ink employ$ t is adaptable only to ! h& press4 ,dry pap]1 p>ticul>ly :5 heavily siz$1 resi/s a deep impression4 ,x c be heavily impress$1 b !re is n ! same diff]5ce betwe5 ! impress$ & unimpress$ portions1 due to ! impaction ( ! sub/ance caus$ by ! pressure ( ! type1 :i* results :5 damp5$ pap] is us$4 ,9 ! latt] in/ance1 ! dep? ( impression is )9 ! %eet1 n an embossm5t on ! rev]se side4 ,?is incisiv5ess1 )\t a correspond+ relief on ! back ( ! %eet1 is %[n :5 an impression )\t ink is made on a h& press ) damp5$ pap] & a h>d pack+4 ,9 pr9t+ on dry pap] x is necess>y1 if adequate color is to be obta9$1 to use su* a quantity ( ink1 ( a consi/5cy suitable to ma*9e-press pr9t+1 t a really deep 7n m]ely heavy7 impression _c be imp>t$ to pap] )\t spread+1 :i* slightly modifies ! %>pness ( ! type4 ,! ma*9e pr9t] mu/ *oose !re=e betwe5 a surfacy quality ) %>pness & a heavy 7n necess>ily deep7 impression ) a loss ( %>pness1 nei!r ( :i* is ideal4 ,!re are "s t w "q ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t1 call+ att5tion to specim5s ( ma*9e pr9t+ on dry pap] 9 :i* ! ink has be5 driv5 into ! %eet & p]fect %>pness ma9ta9$4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 9 support ( our cont5tion1 t1 "u ! te/ ( h& & eye1 ?is p]fectly pr9t$ dry %eet w be f\nd1 9 ! la/ analysis1 to lack1 9 comp>ison ) a %eet p]fectly pr9t$ by h& on damp5$ pap]1 a c]ta9 almo/-indef9able some?+ t c p]haps be be/ describ$ z a liv+ quality4 ,?is ultimate grace arises1 ,i ?9k1 f ! fact t 9 compet5t h&-press pr9t+ ! ?ird dim5sion is n m]ely sugge/$ b actual2 we h1 9 o!r words1 n m]ely %>pness b crispness2 ! effect atta9$ is sculptural4 ,no pr9t+ t is lifeless1 or to :i* su* t]ms z slick & dry may be appropriately appli$ c be call$ f9e pr9t+4 ,turn+ n[ f ! tactile to ! visual elem5ts ( ! f9e book1 we %all consid]1 fir/ ( all1 t fundam5tal factor ( all books1 ! text-page1 ^u ! =m or lay\t ( :i* all o!r typographic elem5ts mu/1 to a l>ge ext5t1 dep5d4 ,! text-page is ( prim>y importance because by its rightness or wrongness a book mu/ /& or fall4 ,! elem5ts ( ! text-page t call = consid]ation may be gr\p$ "u ?ree heads3 fir/1 ,=m 7! proportions--wid? to height--( ! type-page & ! balance ( ! rectangle ( type ) ! rectangle ( pap]72 second1 ,space 7! ratio betwe5 ! areas ( ! type-page & ! pap]-page72 ?ird1 ,tone 7! tonal value ( ! type mass & ! relation betwe5 its tone & ! :ite area ( ! m>g9s74 ,9 ! p]fect text-page all ^! elem5ts may be obs]v$ 9 nice adju/m5t1 sev]ally & mutually4 ,!re are ^? :o cont5d t a prop] relation ( m>g9s to type-page may be arriv$ at by employ+ ratios id5tical ) ^? to be f\nd 9 ! well-proportion$ pages ( ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,o!rs decl>e t correct m>g9s c be creat$ by ! application ( an ari?metical or a geometrical =mula4 ,x c be admitt$ t su* proc$ures are1 at lea/1 safe2 t is to say1 ! dang] ( malproportion$ m>g9s w be avoid$4 ,b nei!r ! me?od nor ! result c be ideal = ! simple reason t1 :ile provid+ = ! factors ( =m & space1 !y fail to provide = ! factor ( tone4 ,x %\ld be obvi\s t a rectangle ( black type1 ) no space 7lead+7 betwe5 l9es1 & a rectangle ( ! same %ape & size pr9t$ f light-face type & g5]\sly lead$ call = diff]5t m>g9+4 ,all ( ?is may seem to be sup]vacane\s1 b ! /ubborn fact rema9s t no "o ( ! factors set =? above c be ignor$4 ,x is p]fectly true t ! accompli%$ book design] w compass ! desir$ end ?r\gh a sagaci\s application ( 8 k & ta/e1 b we are conc]n$ "h ) pres5t+ ! elem5ts ( ! ideal book & x is !re=e ess5tial t all ! elem5ts1 no matt] h[ mu* ! initiat$ may take "s ( !m = grant$1 %\ld be1 = ! b5efit ( ! layman1 categorically enum]at$4 ,x is necess>y at ?is po9t to allude to ! dictum--voic$ 9 high places z well z 9 l[--t a book is prim>ily some?+ to be read2 t e factor :i* does n contribute to t end is an imp]t95ce4 ,! wor?y *ampions ( ?is fai? w\ld be on firm] gr\nd if !y heap$ _! condemnation ^u su* adjuncts ( a book z actually less5 its readability4 ,m4 ,paul ,valry has dispos$ ( ! matt] s effectively f ! ae/hetic po9t ( view 9 8 essay1 ,les deux v]tus d'un livre1 t no?+ rema9s to be said on t side ( ! "q4 ,b !re are o!r objections to be rais$ to ?is ipse dixit ( ! me*ani/s4 ,_! cont5tion t :at we all grant is at once ! basic & p>am\nt function ( a book1 its readability1 is its only function w\ld1 if c>ri$ to its logical conclusion1 lead to a doctr9e 9 book design equival5t to :at is kn[n 9 pres5t-day ar*itecture z functionalism4 ,s9ce functionalism or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! ma*9e & function pr9ciple1 dem&s t ! design ( a build+ mu/ gr[ out ( & be re/rict$ by its pr$et]m9$ use or purpose1 x %\ld foll[ t1 if ! sole purpose ( a book is t x be some?+ to read1 !re is no reason1 bas$ ^u utility1 = n us+ ! :ole area ( ! pap]-page1 ) m>g9s ( no m1 let u say1 ?an a qu>t] ( an in* or s4 ,! uncomely1 m>g9less illu/rations ( c]ta9 rec5t books repres5t an application ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,if ! protagoni/s ( ! utilit>ian ideal admit t m>g9s are o!r ?an a wa/e ( usable space1 !y make a concession to ! ae/hetic conception ( a book1 = ! det]m9ation ( m>g9s1 ! mise en page1 is prim>ily an elem5t ( design4 ,x w be argu$ no d\bt1 9 contrav5tion ( ?is /atem5t1 t m>g9s make = ease ( read+ 7utility71 b t ?is is an unt5able def5sive assumption %\ld be prov$ by ! p]fect readability ( newspap] columns sep>at$ only by a light rule1 or by ! two-column book or magaz9e page ) only a pica ( :ite betwe5 ! columns4 ,s9ce x _c be d5i$ t ! m>g9s ( a book1 if well proportion$1 promote pleasure1 an ae/hetic function1 ! true functionali/ %\ld1 to be consi/5t1 insi/ ^u do+ away ) !m4 ,we may turn n[ f t major fundam5tal ( ! f9e book--a text-page ( p]fect seeml9ess--to a consid]ation ( o!r elem5ts4 ,b be=e do+ s1 x may be prop] to expla9 :at "s ( my read]s may deem an omission4 ,i h said no?+ ab\t ! *oice ( type4 ,x is axiomatic t good lett] is a prime ess5tial ( ! good book4 ,!re are only two k9ds ( type1 good & bad4 ,good types1 :e!r bas$ ^u classical models or ! quasi-orig9al =ms ( contempor>y type-design]s1 are suffici5tly num]\s to make a suitable selection1 provid$ ! pr9t] kn[s any?+ :atev] ab\t ! subject1 q simple4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 type ca/ f matrices /ruck f h&-cut pun*es is sup]ior to ma*9e-cut type4 ,?is sup]iority is a matt] ( real importance1 *iefly 9 pr9t+ by means ( ! h& press4 ,only 9 su* pr9t+ is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! h&-cut & ma*9e-cut lett] fully app>5t4 ,no type is good if "s ( ! *>act]s are m>k$ by ecc5tricity4 ,unor?odox peculi>ities 9 ! =ms ( c]ta9 lett]s sometimes l5d *>m to a type-face1 b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 a peculi>ity ( %ape ?\ghtfully & discreetly arriv$ at & freaki% v>iations :i* d n ju/ify !mselves & bespeak only a /upid desire = novelty at any co/4 ,giv5 ! seemly text-page z ! prime requisite ( ! f9e book1 our next consid]ation %\ld be :at may be call$ integration ( ! p>ts4 ,"h we mu/ aga9 ?9k 9 t]ms ( ar*itecture1 ) :i* art book-design has s mu* 9 common4 ,let ! p>ts ( a book be few or _m1 simple or complex1 x is ( ! fir/ importance t !y be1 "o to ! o!r & ea* to all1 h>moni\sly correlat$4 ,9 ! simple undecorat$ & unillu/rat$ book x is n only desirable t sunk5 pages1 if any 7! fir/ pages ( *apt]s or sections1 = example71 %\ld %[ an equal s9kage4 ,b all isolat$ typographic elem5ts1 su* z half-titles1 elem5ts ( ! title page1 copyright notice1 d$ication1 head+s ( prelim9>y & supplem5t>y matt]1 etc41 %\ld fall on levels :i*1 ?\gh n necess>ily id5tical1 be> a m5sural1 n an arbitr>y1 relation "o to ! o!r & to ! /ructure ( ! book z a :ole4 ,?is requires1 p]haps1 "s elucidation4 ,suppose we give ! fir/ pages ( our *apt]s a uni=m s9kage4 ,^! pages1 let u say1 e/abli% ?ree levels = u--7#a7 ! *apt] head+1 7#b7 *apt] title1 & 7#c7 ! fir/ l9e ( text4 ,if we adopt ! same s9kage = ,cont5ts1 ,illu/rations1 ,app5dices1 & ,index1 putt+ ! head+s ( ?is gr\p on ! same level z ! *apt] head+s 7,,level #a71 ! fir/ text l9es ( ?is gr\p %\ld be on ! same level z ! *apt] titles 7,,level #b71 or on ! level ( ! fir/ text l9es ( ! *apt]s 7,,level #c74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we adopt a diff]5t s9kage 7small]7 = ! second gr\p1 we may /ill relate x m5surally to ! fir/ gr\p by plac+ ! fir/ text l9es ( ,gr\p #b on ! same level z ! *apt] head+s ( ,gr\p #a4 ,suppose fur!r t we place our half-titles on "o ( ! ?ree or f\r levels t h be5 e/abli%$4 ,we /ill h to deal ) a copyright notice1 p]haps a limit notice1 a bibliographical note1 & a d$ication4 ,x is n ess5tial t all ( ^! %\ld fall on ! same level1 b x is ess5tial t ea* be relat$ to "s "o ( ! e/abli%$ levels4 ,f9ally1 x is desirable t su* major elem5ts ( ! title page z a subtitle or ! au?or's "n %\ld be plac$ on "o ( ! e/abli%$ levels4 ,an obs]vance ( ?is pr9ciple makes = homog5eity ( design4 ,9 read+ a book s put toge!r we are sp>$ 7)\t kn[+ t we are sp>$7 ! di/urbance ( our s5se ( balance :i* results1 almo/ )\t our kn[+ x1 :5 our eyes fall ^u a page "s "p ( :i* is n ti$ 9 ar*itecturally ) ! re/ ( ! book4 ,! effect is simil> to t ( a _m-panel$ room ) an impo/ cornice at a c]ta9 height 9 all ! panels except two or ?ree :]e x is ei!r high] or l[]4 ,we h1 9 "o case1 faulty ar*itecture2 9 ! o!r1 faulty book-mak+4 ,9 judg+ a book or a build+1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t1 h[ev] *>m+ its p>ts1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a :ole4 ,if our contemplation ( x is to be att5d$ ) pleasure & com=t1 its p>ts mu/ be s dispos$1 s correlat$1 t !y w n produce a jumpy effect4 ,x is n cont5d$ t e book 9 :i* ?is ref9em5t ( p]fectly integrat$ p>ts has be5 ignor$ %\ld be consid]$ a failure because x is less ?an p]fect4 ,if t 7 true1 few books w\ld pass ! te/4 ,x w\ld inde$ be hyp]critical to insi/ t a failure to obs]ve ?is pr9ciple actually spoils an o!rwise well-made book4 ,x is desirable1 h[ev]1 t ! pr9ciple %\ld be obs]v$ z f> z ! mat]ial w p]mit4 ,x mu/ be recogniz$1 also1 t sometimes ! elem5ts are s div]se--*apt] head+s or ! int]nal titles ( essays1 %ort /ories or poems--t a /rict adh]5ce to ! pr9ciple becomes impossible4 ,9 su* in/ances1 ! design]'s task is /ill to /rive = ord] & integration4 ,p]fect ord]1 symmetry1 & balance may be unatta9able1 b ?is does n ju/ify him 9 be+ haphaz>d4 ,:5 ord] is obs]v$ we may n be consci\s ( x2 :5 x is n obs]v$ we are aw>e ( its abs5ce4 ,movem5t is ( ! highe/ importance z a factor ( design--su* movem5t1 = example1 z is imp>t$ to a book by ?is v div]sity ( its elem5ts--b good design dem&s movem5t t is ord]$1 n arbitr>y4 ,if lib]ties are tak5 7& x is desirable1 9 ! int]e/ ( vitality & *>m1 t !y %\ld be tak57 !y mu/ ju/ify !mselves ae/hetically2 !y %\ld n only please u 9 !mselves b z evid5ce ( ! design]'s intellig5ce1 8 insight1 subtlety1 s5sitiv5ess1 discrim9ation1 & tact4 ,h[ev] div]se ! elem5ts or p>ts ( a book may be1 h[ev] !y may1 by reason ( su* div]sity1 r5d] p]fect ord] & balance impossible1 _! arrangem5t %\ld at lea/ possess a rationale4 ,?is ne$ ( a fundam5tal balance has its basis 9 its pleasure-giv+ value4 ,i h adv]t$ to ! analogy betwe5 book-design & ar*itecture1 let me po9t n[ to an equally p]t95t analogy ) ! /ructure ( poetry4 ,v]se1 says ,poe1 orig9ates 9 ! human enjoym5t ( equality1 fitness4 ,to ?is enjoym5t1 also1 all ! moods ( v]se--rhy?m1 met]1 /anza1 rhyme1 allit]ation1 ! refra91 & o!r analog\s effects--are to be ref]r$4 ,specifically1 ! p>ts ( a book--half-titles1 head+s1 etc41 etc4--%\ld be1 sev]ally & collectively1 relat$ z are su* /ructural elem5ts 9 v]se z recurr5t rhy?ms1 rhymes1 & refra9s4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! decorat$ or illu/rat$ book4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be und]/ood t no =m ( decoration or illu/ration is legitimate 9 ! /rictly f9e book except su* z are pr9t$ f wood or metal engrav$ by h&1 pref]ably 9 relief :i* comports ) type bo? 9 physical "* & 9 ! means by :i* ! image is imp>t$ to ! pap]4 ,process-engrav+s are disqualifi$ n only because ( ! prepond]ant me*anical factor1 b because me*anical engrav+ 9 relief _c produce a l9e ( ! delicacy & purity obta9$ ) ! engrav+ tool4 ,z a coroll>y to ! pr9ciple ( integration set =? above let u take fir/ ! type ( decorat$ book to :i* mo/ obvi\sly x applies4 ,a book c>ry+ on v>i\s pages head-b&s ( v>y+ dep? & v>y+ tone--deep1 %all[1 black & heavy1 light & delicate--w produce a di/urb+ effect4 ,less obvi\s b h>dly less di/urb+ is a succession ( initial lett]s diff]+ 9 size1 9 tone1 or 9 position on ! page4 ,! book ) initial lett]s /rewn ?r\gh ! text1 sometimes sev]al on a s+le page1 is a *all5ge to ! design]4 ,:5 ?us arbitr>ily employ$ x is important1 9 ord] t ! initials %all n be obtrusive1 t !y be s select$ z to size 79 proportion to ! page7 & s integrat$ ) ! book z a :ole t _! accid5tal "* is ei!r disguis$ or lo/ & _! recurr5ce actually contributes to ! unity ( ! volume by virtue ( _! consi/5t acc5tual value4 ,an arbitr>y arrangem5t ( tailpieces is likely to produce a jumpy effect4 ,s9ce ! spaces 7at ! ends ( *apt]s or sections7 )9 :i* tailpieces may be plac$ diff] 9 area1 su* decorative elem5ts _c always fall on ! same level4 ,?is irregul>ity c be comp5sat$ = 9 a measure by adju/+ ! size ( ! decoration to ! area ( ! space x occupies4 ,by :at may seem to be a negation ( ! law ( balance "h insi/$ ^u1 su* a v>iation is m productive ( ar*itectural h>mony ?an tailpieces ( uni=m size w\ld be if dispos$ 9 spaces ( v>y+ area4 ,return+ = a mom5t to ! undecorat$ book1 x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+ t v]se1 p>ticul>ly a collection ( %ort lyrics1 does n l5d itself to good book-design4 ,x %\ld be en\gh to po9t out t ! disproportion betwe5 type mass & :ite pap] caus$ by %ort measure & ! frequ5tly meag] lett]-press deprive books ( v]se ( ! book's basic /ructural factor1 ! rectangle ( type4 ,h[ decoration c be employ$ to ov]come ?is defici5cy is p]fectly exemplifi$ 9 ! orig9al edition ( ,dorat's ,les ,bais]s4 ,) ! pr9ciples ( balance & unity /ill 9 m9d1 x w h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 admit ( contradiction t ! scatt]+ ( odd-siz$ illu/rations ?r\gh ! text is incompatible ) bo? ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,su* illu/rations1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( irregul> %ape b\nd$ on two or ?ree sides by type1 are z de/ructive ( balance & unity z is poor f5e/ration 9 a build+4 ,x is n en\gh t some?+ l a balance is effect$ on fac+ pages 7an elem5t>y pr9ciple 9 lay\t72 ! lack ( a complete integration ( ! pictures ) ! book & ! di/urbance creat$ by di/ort+ ! lett]-press into odd %apes preclude ! possibility ( su* a book be+ reg>d$ z well-plann$1 mu* less ideal1 h[ev] *>m+ x may be 9 detail4 ,we h se51 :ile consid]+ ! major aspects ( book-design1 9 :at wise pap] mu/ be judg$ ) reg>d to ^? fir/ or imm$iate impressions ga9$ f see+ & feel+ x4 ,i mu/ n[ c>ry ! consid]ation ( pap] a little f>!r4 ,s9ce /yle & "* are ess5tial qualities ( ! f9e book1 we mu/ insi/ ^u ^! qualities 9 e elem5t ( its sub/ance4 ,n[ /yle & "* at _! utmo/ are peculi> 7= reasons t h to d ) ! me?ods ( manufacture7 to h&-made pap] only1 laid or wove1 &1 x may be fur!r insi/$1 to only ! be/ h&-made pap]4 ,desirable z wove pap] is = c]ta9 purposes1 x _c be d5i$ t x has less "* ?an ! laid %eet4 ,x is also true t no feature ( f9e laid pap] gives m "* to a %eet ?an ! s-call$ antique factor1 a slight ?ick5+ ( ! pulp & great] opacity along ! *a9-l9es4 ,by an improv$ me?od ( m\ld-mak+1 introduc$ by ,bask]ville1 ?is ?ick5+ 0 elim9at$1 b1 :atev] me*anical sup]iority its abs5ce may repres5t1 !re c be no "q b t x repres5ts a loss ( "*4 ,all book pap]s produc$ by ma*9]y 7p>ticul>ly ! laids 9 :i* ! effect ( laid l9es is me*anically fak$7 are z mu* imitations ( & sub/itutes = h&-made pap] z ma*9e-made lace is a sub/itute = h&-made lace1 & ! disp>ity 9 quality is z great4 ,we speak ( imitation lace & real lace1 mean+ ma*9e-made & h&-made2 we might1 ) equal propriety1 speak ( imitation pap] & real pap]4 ,ideally1 !n1 ! f9e book1 9 ! fulle/ & /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m1 c be pr9t$ on no o!r ?an pap] t is h&-made & ( ! be/ quality4 ,z to ! color ( pap] = f9e books1 ! :ole "q may be consid]ably cl>ifi$ at once by ! /atem5t t ev]y?+ sugge/ive ( artificiality %\ld be avoid$4 ,a pap] t is *alky :ite or blui% :ite tells u at once t ! rags :i* w5t into its manufacture 7 *emically 7t is to say1 artificially7 blea*$4 ,a great _m ton$ pap]s1 describ$ z cream or india1 are artificially color$ & %[ x4 ,! mo/ desirable tone = f9e book pap] is ! natural tone ( unblea*$ 7& sort$ z su*7 l95 rags4 ,its slight creami% color is at once pleasant to ! eye & holds ! promise ( t agreeable mell[ness :i* comes1 v sl[ly1 ) age4 ,a numb] ( v pleasant books h be5 pr9t$ 9 rec5t ye>s on gray1 blue1 gre51 & br[ni% pap]s 7! la/ usually a delib]ate simulation ( anci5t pap]71 b1 despite _! *>m1 !y are1 ,i ?9k1 op5 to ! *>ge ( affectation1 aga9/ :i*1 if true1 !re is ( c\rse no def5se4 ,if n actually arty1 !y come p]il\sly ne> to x4 ,x has n be5 my purpose 9 ?is pap] to lay d[n ! rules = mak+ a f9e book1 =1 aft] all1 rules are ( no use :atev] 79 an art or 9 a craft7 except to be brok5--wisely4 ,nei!r has any attempt be5 made1 s9ce ?is is n a te*nical treatise1 to outl9e ! me?ods by :i* ! results describ$ may be produc$4 ,i h tri$ m]ely to set =? ! v>i\s crit]ia by :i* f9e books %\ld be judg$ & ! pr9ciples 7q diff]5t f rules7 t und]lie !m4 ,if ! specifications seem ov]-exact+1 if !y are to be dismiss$ z trop raff9s1 ,i mu/ ask ! cavil] if t :i* purports to be f9e c be too ref9$8 ,let ^? :o wi% to compromise 7) popul> ta/e1 ) outlay & returns1 ) hone/y1 ) self-respect1 or ) ma*9]y7 d s1 b unless ! ?+ !y produce repres5ts1 ) eloqu5ce & beauty1 ! full & unconditional employm5t ( e realizable aid to bett]m5t1 physical & te*nical1 x is some?+ o!r ?an a f9e book ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,we mu/ disc\rage ourselves 9 ord] t we may be /rong4 ,illu/ration,w4 ,a4 ,,dwigg9s,illu/ration ,,extracts ,,f ,,an ,,inve/igation ,,into ,,! ,,physical ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,books ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,at ,,pres5t ,,publi%$ ,,und]tak5 ,,by ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,calligraph]s1 #aiai ,copyright #aiai by ,l4 ,b4 ,siegfri$4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! au?or4 ,,note3 ,! accompany+ extracts f ! ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,calligraph]s are publi%$ ) ! approval ( ! ,society4 ,!y =m a "p ( ! exhau/ive & unbias$ ,report return$ by ! ,committee 9 *>ge ( ! ,inve/igation1 :i* ,report w be pres5t$ 9 its entirety 9 ! ,annual ,bullet94 ,! report is ( s surpris+ a nature t x 0 deem$ unwise to )hold all notice ( ! f9d+s until ! annual publication4 ,! ,society1 !re=e1 has ! hon\r to pres5t c]ta9 portions ( ! ,inquiry toge!r ) an ab/ract ( ! ,committee's recomm5dations4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,dwigg9s1 ,secret>y #chd;,a ,boyl/on ,/reet1 ,bo/on ,decemb] #a1 #aiai ,editor's ,note3 ,9 comm5t+ on ! reception ( ! n[ fam\s ,inve/igation1 ,watson ,gordon po9t$ out 79 ,mss4 by ,,wad1 a collection ( ! writ+s ( ,dwigg9s on v>i\s subjects1 publi%$ by ,! ,typophiles1 ,new ,york1 #aidg7 t x receiv$ wide att5tion 9 publi%+ circles :]e "s exceptions 7 tak5 to ! f9d+s4 ,c]ta9 publi%]s felt sure t "s ( ^? reply+ to ! p]t95t & imp]t95t que/ions ( ! inve/igator 7 memb]s ( _! organizations :o pref]r$ to rema9 anonym\s4 ,! complete report1 ) its orig9al note & illu/ration1 z well z ! sequel ( tw5ty ye>s lat]1 foll[4 ,x may be said 9 introduction t ! ,society's ,inve/igation into ! ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,books 0 und]tak5 by a special committee ^: p]sonnel insur$ t its consid]ation w\ld be ?or\gh & unbias$4 ,! ,committee began its lab\r by an exam9ation ( all books publi%$ 9 ,am]ica s9ce ! ye> #aiaj4 ,?is exam9ation =c$ ^u ! inve/igators ! conclusion t ,all ,books ( ! pres5t day are ,badly ,made4 ,! conclusion 0 unanim\s4 ,work+ out f ?is basic fact 9 an ef=t to arrive at ! reasons und]ly+ ! evil1 ! ,committee held num]\s sitt+s 9 consultation ) m5 conc]n$ ) v>i\s bran*es ( pr9t+ & publi%+4 ,f ^! sitt+s !re develop$ a mass ( in=mation ( an unusual & /imulat+ "*4 ,! publi%]s h *os5 f ! ,record ( ! exam9ation a few examples1 n because !y are extraord9>y b because !y pres5t typical po9ts ( view4 ,!y are transcrib$ v]batim4 ,x w be obvi\s t 9 c]ta9 cases x has be5 no m ?an c\rte\s to suppress ! names ( ! p]sons assi/+ ! inve/igation4 ,= ! sake ( uni=mity x has be5 deem$ wise to foll[ ?is practice ?r\gh\t4 ,i4 ,,mr4 ,b4 ,q3 ,mr4 ,b----1 w y please tell ! committee :y y pr9t$ ?is book on c>d-bo>d8 ,a3 ,to make x ! "r ?ickness4 ,x _h to be "o in* ?ick4 --,:y t ?ick1 p>ticul>ly8 --,because o!rwise x w\ld n sell4 ,if a book isn't "o in* ?ick x won't sell4 --,d y mean to say t p :o buy books select !m ) ! help ( a foot rule8 --,!y h to h "s /&>d ( selection4 --,s t x is y\r practice to /ret* out ! text if x is too %ort by pr9t+ x on egg-box /ock8 --,n my practice1 p>ticul>ly4 ,all publi%]s d x4 ,we are oblig$ to use ?is & o!r means to br+ ! book up to a prop] ?ickness4 ,y mu/ rememb] t our prices are n bas$ on ! cont5ts ( a book b on its size4 ,illu/ration3 ,a *>t %[+ ! p]c5tage ( excell5ce 9 ! physical prop]ties ( books publi%$ s9ce #aiaj4 --,y m5tion o!r me?ods4 ,w\ld y m9d tell+ u :at o!r me?od y use8 --,we c exp& ! lett]-press judici\sly4 ,we limit ! matt] to sev5 words on a page1 say1 & s get a great] numb] ( pages4 ,we c use l>ge type & c lead consid]ably4 --,b does n t practice hurt ! appe>ance ( ! page8 ,make a poor-look+ page8 --,i am afraid ,i d n get y\r mean+4 --,i mean to say1 is n ! page ugly & illegible :5 y exp& ! matt] to t ext5t8 --,y don't consid] ! look ( a page 9 mak+ a book4 ,t is a ?+ t doesn't ent] into ! production ( a book4 ,if ,i und]/& y correctly1 d y mean to say t x matt]s h[ a book looks8 --,t 0 ! ?\ght 9 my m9d4 --,t's a new idea 9 book publi%+6 99 99 99 99 99 --,y 7 speak+ ( ! pressure ( indu/rial conditions s9ce ! w>4 ,"u ^! conditions :at p]c5tage ( ! traditions ( ! craft c y pres]ve1 w\ld y say8 --,! traditions ( :at craft8 --,! craft ( pr9t+1 obvi\sly4 ,:at ,i am try+ to get at is ?is3--,!re are c]ta9 precise & matur$ /&>ds ( workman%ip 9 ! pr9t+ craft2 ^! /&>ds are ! results ( exp]im5t ?r\gh ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s4 ,h[ f> are ^! /&>ds effective "u y\r pres5t-day conditions8 --,^? /&>ds1 s f> z ,i "k any?+ ab\t !m1 are :at y w\ld call academic4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 book-manufactur+ is n a craft1 x is a bus9ess4 ,z = /&>ds ( workman%ip--,i c und]/& ! t]m 9 connection ) cab9et-mak+1 = example1 or tailor+1 b ,i %\ld n apply ! expression to books4 ,y d n talk ab\t ! /&>ds ( workman%ip 9 mak+ soap1 d y8 --,!n 9 y\r m9d !re does n l+] any atmosph]e ( an art ab\t ! mak+ ( books8 --,:5 y talk ab\t atmosph]e y h me out ( my dep?4 ,!re isn't any atmosph]e ( art l+]+ ab\t mak+ soap1 is !re8 --,y w\ld class soap-mak+ ) book-mak+8 --,i c see no reason :y n4 --,may ,i ask y :y y 7 select$ by ---- ,company to manage _! manufactur+ dep>tm5t8 --,really1 ,i mu/ say t y ov]/ep ! bord]s-- --,please d n mis9t]pret my "q4 ,x is really p]t95t to ! inquiry4 --,x %\ld c]ta9ly be obvi\s :y a man is *os5 = a giv5 position4 ,i am employ$ to e>n a satisfactory return on ! %>ehold]s' inve/m5t4 ,is t ! in=mation y want8 --,i ?9k t is :at we want4 ,w\ld y !n consid] y\rself z happily employ$ 9 mak+ soap z 9 mak+ books8 --,q z well employ$1 if mak+ soap paid ! divid5d4 99 99 99 99 99 --,:ile we are on ?is subject1 may ,i ask y h[ y *oose ! arti/s :o make y\r illu/rations8 --,my practice is to select an illu/rator ^: "n is well kn[n4 --,is t ! only po9t y consid]8 --,i %\ld say1 yes4 ,i am n aw>e ( any o!r reason = sp5d+ money on ?is feature4 ,x is always an unc]ta9 detail & ?is way ( mak+ a *oice puts ! matt] on a safe basis4 --,x is sometimes assum$ t ! illu/rations %\ld h a sympa!tic be>+ on ! /ory4 ,does n t consid]ation h "s weight ) y 9 *oos+ y\r arti/8 --,none1 ,i %\ld say4 ,y see1 ! pictures are n really a necess>y "p ( ! book4 ,!y are a k9d ( frill t ! public has got 9 ! way ( expect+1 & we h to put !m 94 ,illu/rations z a rule /& u z a dead loss unless !y are made by a well-kn[n arti/4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 !y help sell ! book4 ,,ii4 ,,mr4 ,mc,g4 ,a3 ,! g5tlem5 ( ! committee mu/ rememb] t ! book-publi%+ bus9ess is a gamble4 ,ea* new issue1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! dep>tm5t ( fiction1 is a highly adv5tur\s risk4 ,our p]c5tage ( blanks w\ld a/oni% y if we d>$ to /ate x4 ,b any book may turn out a be/-sell]4 ,?is hope keeps u go+4 ,x is absolutely a gamble1 z ,i say4 ,y c see t "u ^! conditions we _c sp5d v mu* money on non-ess5tials4 ,we h to /rip ! books d[n to ! b>e/ necessities4 ,p]sonally ,i %\ld l to see ! firm put out no?+ t is n well design$ & well pr9t$4 ,b z an ag5t ( ! firm ,i h to set aside my p]sonal pref]5ces4 ,! directors are v mu* d[n on :at !y call art4 --,has ! firm ev] look$ into ! "q ( good workman%ip z a possible aid to sales8 --,n "u ! pres5t managem5t4 ,! f\nd] look$ at good "w z m or less a m>ket+ advantage4 --,:at d y ?9k caus$ ! pres5t managem5t to *ange f t op9ion8 --,!y hav5't *ang$4 ,!y nev] _h x4 ,!y get at ! matt] f ano!r angle altoge!r4 ,_! policy is to r$uce ! production co/ to ! m9imum4 ,! m9imum 9 !ory w\ld be rea*$ :5 ! public compla9$4 ,! public hasn't compla9$1 s y c't tell :5 to /op *eap5+4 ,y see ! directors don't look at a book z a fabricat$ ?+ at all4 ,books are m]ely some?+ to sell--m]*&ise4 ,our managem5t--& all ! re/ ( !m1 = t matt]--come f ! sell+ side ( ! bus9ess & d n h any pride 9 ! product4 ,old ,mr4 ---- 0 a publi%] because he lik$ books4 ,t made an entirely diff]5t policy 9 ! old firm1 ( c\rse4 --,to get back to ! "q ( good workman%ip help+ sales3--,"h are two books publi%$ abroad to be sold at #ej c5ts & #hj c5ts4 ,!y c v well be call$ works ( art4 ,d y n ?9k t ^! well design$ pap] cov]s w\ld /& out among o!r books & invite cu/om]s to !mselves8 --,und\bt$ly !y w\ld4 --,h y ev] tri$ ! exp]im5t ( putt+ out editions 9 pap] cov]s ( attractive design8 --,nev]4 ,x c\ldn't be done4 ,p w\ldn't buy !m4 --,b y said a mom5t ago-- --,moreov] ! diff]5ce ( co/ betwe5 *eap clo? sides & pap] cov]s ( ! k9d y h !re is s slight t x w\ldn't pay to try ! exp]im5t4 ,p want /iff bo>d cov]s4 ,x doesn't mu* matt] :at is inside1 b !y insi/ on bo>d cov]s4 --,h[ d y arrive at t fact8 --,?r\gh our salesm54 --,& y say t pap] cov]s h nev] be5 tri$8 --,nev]4 ,none ( our travell]s w\ld g out on ! road ) a sample 9 pap] cov]s4 99 99 99 99 99 --,a little :ile ago y said some?+ ab\t y\r salesm5 help+ y to an und]/&+ ( ! public ta/e4 ,i inf] t y get consid]able help f ?is s\rce8 --,mo/ valuable help inde$4 ,we dep5d entirely on ! reports ! sales =ce turns 9 9 ^! matt]s4 ,! salesm5 are 9 direct contact ) ! retail]s & are naturally 9 a position to feel ! public pulse1 s to speak4 ,_! help is invaluable4 ,!y c anticipate ! dem& v (t54 ,i _h ref]5ce m p>ticul>ly to ! way books are made4 --,oh1 on t po9t too4 ,we nev] make a f9al decision on a cov] design1 = in/ance1 )\t %[+ x to ! salesm54 ,!y v (t5 make valuable sugge/ions z to *anges ( col\r1 etc4 ,!y run l>gely to r$4 --,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ! design+ ( ! books is v mu* 9 ! h&s ( ! salesm58 --,q 9 _! h&s4 --,are ! (fice-boys (t5 call$ into consultation8 --,mr4 ---- f9ds 8 /5ograph] a v great help 9 pass+ ^u c]ta9 po9ts--illu/rations1 etc4 --,does x appe> to y t ! sales dep>tm5t w\ld be ! "o be/ qualifi$ to pass on po9ts ( design8 --,well1 !re1 y see--! books h to be sold--t is :at we make !m =--& ! sales dep>tm5t is ! "o 9 close/ t\* ) ! p t buy ! books--t kn[s j :at !y want4 --,! /&>ds ( quality1 !n1 are set by ! p :o buy ! books8 --,oh1 absolutely s4 ,h[ else w\ld y move ! books8 ,x is a m]*&is+ proposition1 y mu/ rememb]4 --,b d y n ?9k t p w\ld buy dec5tly made books z will+ly z poorly made books8 ,at ! same price1 yes4 ,no "q ab\t x4 ,! book-buy+ public doesn't worry its head ab\t ! way books are made4 ,x doesn't "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,& well made books co/ m4 ,! trade is committ$ to a doll>-&-a-half article & c't risk go+ above x4 --,y\r op9ion is t ! price ( a well made book w\ld be s high z to prev5t its sale8 --,9 ! case ( fiction1 yes4 ,! price has become almo/ a fixture4 --,we %all h to g outside ( fiction1 !n1 to look = well made books8 --,x am\nts to t4 --,y h said t c]ta9 unproductive factors prev5t y f sp5d+ :at y o!rwise might on good workman%ip4 ,:at specific factors w\ld y m5tion8 --,plates--electros4 ,we plate ev]y?+ on ! *ance ( its runn+ into sev]al pr9t+s4 #hj p] c5t ( ! books are n repr9t$4 ,y c see t ! money ti$ up 9 plates is a v consid]able sum1 &1 z ,i say1 #hj p] c5t ( x is dead loss4 ,we are oblig$ to take ! *ance1 h[ev]4 --,has any rem$y occurr$ to y8 --,if /]eotyp+ c\ld be reviv$ z an accurate process x might help u out4 ,x w\ld co/ mu* less to make & to /ore pap] matrices ?an to make electrotypes4 ,! difficulty "h is t no "o kn[s h[ to make good /]eotypes1 & ! /]eotype plates at _! be/ are m tr\ble to make ready4 ,tr\ble ) ! press-room1 y see4 --,is x possible "u good conditions to get satisfactory results f /]eotype plates8 --,unque/ionably4 ,! books pr9t$ f ?is k9d ( plates 9 ! fir/ days ( ! inv5tion are entirely satisfactory4 ,,iii4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,q4 ,c a trade-edition book be well made & sell = #a4ej8 --,t dep5ds on h[ high y set y\r /&>d4 --,well1 let u n be too rigor\s4 ,c x be made bett]1 say1 ?an ?is book8 --,beyond "q4 ,x w all dep5d ^u :e!r or n ! pr9t] has a few l+]+ memories ( ! /&>ds ( pr9t+4 --,b %\ld n ! sett+ ( /&>ds come f ! publi%]8 --,oh yes1 "u ideal conditions4 ,bo? pr9t] & publi%] %\ld h a h& 9 x4 --,h[ w\ld y make a book ( fiction to be sold = #a4ej8 --,well1 su* a book c\ld h a good title-page z *eaply z a bad "o--& ! :ole typographic s*eme w\ld co/ no m if x 7 logically done in/ead ( crudely /rung toge!r4 ,by logically done ,i mean ) well proportion$1 practicable m>g9s & legible head+s1 etc4 ,! press-"w on books is reasonably good b ! lay\t or design is entirely neglect$4 ,x calls = a little plann+1 ( c\rse1 b no m ?an %\ld be available 9 any reputable plant4 ,x isn't s mu* t ^! books are badly plann$ z x is t !y are n plann$ at all4 --,b mo/ pr9t+ firms h a plann+ dep>tm5t1 d !y n8 --,! plann+ 9 mo/ presses is conc]n$ ) ! h&l+ ( mat]ial1 n ) ! design+ ( mat]ial4 ,?is is no d\bt due to ! fact t ! ,taylor ,sy/em has n yet got ar\nd to ,ae/hetic ,effici5cy4 --,are n ! typographical unions conc]n$ to tra9 _! m5 on ^! po9ts ( design t y m5tion8 --,! unions h only "o idea--& x is n conc]n$ ) ! improvem5t ( pr9t+4 --,are !re any trade s*ools t tea* ^! ?+s8 ,are n ! employ]s' associations promot+ s*ools to tra9 m5 9 ! craft8 --,! employ]s' associations h "o idea--a little diff]5t f ! idea ( ! unions1 p]haps1 b n conc]n$ ) ! improvem5t ( pr9t+4 ,!re are trade s*ools b !y tea* only ! me*anics ( ! craft4 --,app>5tly1 !n1 !re is no place 9 ?is c\ntry :]e "o c le>n h[ to design pr9t+8 --,y c safely say t !re is no su* place4 ,,iv4 ,,mr4 ,a4 ,q3 ,:at is y\r own op9ion on ! subject ( illu/rations 9 books8 --,9 :at p>ticul> d y mean8 --,i mean1 d y ?9k t illu/rations help or h9d] ! quality ( a book8 --,! "q is too g5]al to be answ]$ easily4 ,may ,i ask y to be m specific8 --,= example1 "h is a be/-sell] ) sev]al--five or six--half-tone illu/rations4 ,d y consid] t ^! pictures make ! book a m complete ?+ z a specim5 ( book-mak+8 --,mo/ c]ta9ly n4 --,!n w\ld y say t illu/rations 9 su* books 7 a detraction8 --,illu/rations su* z ^!1 yes4 ,?\gh x w\ld be h>d to detract f ?is p>ticul> book4 --,x is a /&>d book--a /&>d type ( book4 --,i fe> t x is4 --,:at k9d ( illu/rations w\ld y fav\r8 --,= _m books1 none at all4 ,9 ^! books ( curr5t fiction ! pictures are ei!r futile or else detrim5tal to ! developm5t ( ! plot4 ,!y give ! game away1 s to speak1 :5 ! au?or may wi% to hold ! /ory 9 susp5se4 ,! ef=t to avoid ?is disa/] acc\nts = ! multitude ( undramatic pictures y see 9 books4 --,y\r !ory ( no pictures %\ld appeal to ! publi%]s b ,i d\bt if ! illu/rators w /& ) y4 --,illu/ration is a trade z well z an art4 --,true4 ,b we are try+ to limit ! inquiry to ! arti/ic side at pres5t4 ,:51 !n1 accord+ to y\r d$uctions1 w\ld illu/rations be call$ =8 --,:5 !y c make a /age-sett+ = ! /ory4 ,:5 !y ornam5t x or sugge/ x1 p]haps1 in/ead ( reveal x4 ,impressions & atmosph]e in/ead ( lit]al diagrams ) a cross m>k+ ! spot :]e1 etc4 --,b p]haps p l ! cross m>k+ ! spot :]e4 --,we are limit+ ! discussion to ! arti/ic side1 are we n8 --,:at ab\t ! half-tone process ( engrav+8 --,! process is a way ( do+ a ?+ t _c be done *eaply by any o!r means4 --,d y consid] x a process t adds to ! arti/ic possibilities ( book pr9t+8 --,y mean accord+ to ! /&>ds t prevail$ 9 ! e>li] days ( ! craft8 --,i d4 ,yes4 --,accord+ to ^? /&>ds x seems to me t half-tones w always h to be consid]$ z necessities =c$ ^u ! book-pr9t]4 ,!y dem& a k9d ( pap] t is nev] a satisfactory book-pap]4 ,9 ! case ( ! k9d ( books we are talk+ ab\t ! relief l9e me?ods h always giv5 ! mo/ arti/ic results1 because !y are s closely relat$ to ! "* ( type4 ,"o regrets1 h[ev]1 to give up ! *ances = tonal designs t ! half-tone process provides4 ,probably ! design]s & pr9t]s w "w out a satisfactory relation betwe5 half-tones & type :5 ! craze = photographic detail passes a little4 ,z ?+s /&1 ,i %\ld say t ! be/ results are to be _h ) uncoat$ book-pap]s & ) l9e plates4 ,x is true books are r>ely illu/rat$ ?is way--curr5t fiction1 ,i mean--b ! me?od might be us$ to produce a v attractive & unusual result4 --,!n y w\ld condemn ! use ( half-tones 9 ?is k9d ( book8 --,if y mean ! usual k9d ( half-tones pr9t$ sep>ately & ins]t$1 ,i d4 ,b if y are mak+ a book ( travel1 = example1 ! half-tones f photographs expla9 & ju/ify !mselves4 ,b on ?is :ole subject ( book illu/ration x /rikes me t if y are to make ! design f ! />t y might z well make x 9 h>mony ) ! k9d ( pap] & pr9t+ y are plann+ to use1 & get all ! arti/ic advantage ( fitt+ y\r means to y\r limitations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,are y famili> ) ! ,*ri/y-,holbe9 ,te/8 --,yes4 ,t is to say1 ,i h he>d ( y\r apply+ x1 & rememb] t ! p]c5tages 7 v mu* aga9/ ,holbe94 --,n9ety-?ree to sev51 on an av]age4 ,h[ d y expla9 su* a crudity ( ta/e 9 ^! gr\ps ( p o!rwise well educat$8 --,by ! d$uction t !y are n educat$4 ,t is to say t ^! p1 cultivat$ 9 o!r ways1 react precisely l savages :5 confront$ ) pictures or draw+s4 ,!y g = ! t9sel & glitt] & are opaque to ! high] & m civiliz$ values4 ,!y get ! mo/ pleasure f draw+s t !y ?9k !y c\ld make !mselves4 ,?is is ! basis ( ! ,eight-ye>-old ,=mula widely appli$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( newspap] comics3 ,make y\r draw+ s t x c be und]/ood by a *ild eight ye>s old4 ,all ( ?is is cle>ly lack ( tra9+1 because _! ta/e is good 9 o!r matt]s--music1 = example1 & h\se furni%+s4 --,y w\ld d$uce1 !n1 t ! p]iodical & book-publi%+ indu/ry has fail$ to tra9 ! ta/e ( its public 9 su* matt]s8 --,x has done worse3 x has deprav$ t ta/e4 ,because !re 01 n v long ago1 a f9e tradition 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! l9e ( illu/ration4 --,:y %\ld ! publi%]s f9d any advantage 9 deprav+ ! ta/e ( ! public--z y say !y h done8 --,because !y turn$ _! backs on ! /&>ds ( ! publi%+ bus9ess & became m]*&is]s solely4 ,!y _h to sell ! goods & !y _h to sell a big new public4 ,! quicke/ way to ?is public--?r\gh fla%-&-cra% tactics--!y adopt$4 ,& naturally ran !mselves & ! public d[n hill4 --,may !re n be o!r sides to x1 too8 ,may x n be t ! art s*ools are n n[ produc+ draughtsm5 ( a calibre to support ! f9e tradition y m5tion8 --,t may h some?+ to d ) x4 ,b ev5 t is mix$ up ) ! o!r4 ,i ?9k t ! *ief difficulty is ) ! publi%]s4 --,& ! public8 --,! public w foll[ if ! publi%]s lead4 ,v4 ,,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,are y n mak+ ! mi/ake ( keep+ too close to ! publi%]s8 ,x seems to me t y w n get at all ! facts beh9d ! situation until y get 9 t\* ) ! p we sell ! books to4 ,!y are ! factors t br+ ab\t ! conditions y object to4 ,! publi%] is m]ely a ma*9e = sell+ ! public :at x wants4 --,!n ! publi%] has no selective function8 --,absolutely none4 --,h[ does ! public br+ ab\t ! condition we object to8 --,obvi\sly by buy+ ! books4 --,i mean to say1 h[ does ! public prevail ^u y to sell x tra%y books in/ead ( well made books8 --,! public is entirely un$ucat$ on ! subject ( books1 9 y\r s5se4 ,p "k no?+ at all ab\t pap] or pr9t+ or pictures or ?+s ( t sort4 ,"o book is z good z ano!r to any educat$ man s long z he c read x4 ,he doesn't "k t !re is any su* ?+ z good pr9t+ or bad pr9t+ or good or bad ta/e 9 mak+ books4 ,"u ^! conditions we %\ld be fools to sp5d money on features t d n h any be>+ on sales4 ,x's a simple bus9ess proposition4 --,w\ld ! public t y are discuss+ buy well made books z will+ly z tra%y books8 --,oh1 absolutely4 ,x's ! books !y are int]e/$ 9--:at !y conta91 n h[ !y are made4 ,!y w\ldn't "k ! diff]5ce4 ,,vi4 ,,mr4 ,g4 ,a3 ,:at's ! use ( talk+ ab\t /&>ds 9 connection ) ?+s l ^!8 ,^! are n books4 ,!y ar5't fit to wad a gun )4 ,i w\ldn't h !m 9 ! h\se4 ,nobody pays any att5tion to /uff l t4 ,!re isn't :at y w\ld call a book on ! table1 except ?is "o1 p]haps4 ,t's pr9t$ 9 ,engl& & s5t ov] 9 %eets & b\nd on ?is side4 ,b t "o is set 9 a ba/>d ,caslon4 ,x isn't ! orig9al ,caslon b a revision ) ! desc5d]s cut (f4 ,see h[ he's got 8 ,o upside d[n6 ,^? o!rs--:at's ! use ( talk+ ab\t !m at all8 ,x rem9ds me ( ! /ory ab\t ! ,*9aman-- --,b1 ,mr4 ----1 d y n ?9k x possible to get up ?is class ( books 9 a mann] t w\ld suit y bett]8 --,y c't hope to get any?+ l a dec5t book until y d away ) ! damnable *eap pap] & ! vile types4 ,& !n y w h to />t 9 & tea* ! pr9t] h[ to pr9t4 ,!re ar5't m ?an a half a doz5 presses 9 ! c\ntry t "k h[ to pr9t4 ,mo/ pr9t+ looks l x _h be5 done ) apple-butt] on a hay-press-- --,:at y say is unhappily true4 ,:at we are try+ to f9d out are ! causes ( ?is /ate ( ?+s4 --,! causes are ev]y:]e--all ?r\gh ! rattletrap1 *eap-jack1 %oddy "w t is be+ done 9 e k9d ( trade4 ,nobody c>es = mak+ dec5t ?+s any m4 ,! only cure is to get back to dec5t /&>ds ( workman%ip 9 ev]y?+ aga94 ,b ! case seems to me to be hopeless4 ,i try to d pr9t+ up to a dec5t /&>d--& t is ab\t all any ( u c d4 ,i don't believe y c hope to d mu* good ?r\gh y\r societies & inve/igations4 ,i believe 9 ea* "o do+ 8 own job 9 ! be/ way he kn[s h[4 ,t's ! only way y c raise ! /&>d4 ,x's ! "w y turn out t c\nts4 ,,an ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,! ,,committee',s ,,recomm5dations ,two ma9 que/ions result+ f ! ,inquiry pres5t !mselves to ! ,committee4 ,! fir/ "q is3 ,is x )9 ! p[] ( ! ,society ( ,calligraph]s1 ( any society1 or ( ,society itself1 to re/ore to ! pr9t+ ( books a /&>d ( good "w8 ,! second & major "q3 ,are books necess>y to ! pres5t social /ate8 ,i4 ,:5 ! ,committee began its "w x assum$ z a matt] ( c\rse t ! e/abli%$ /&>ds ( pr9t+ w\ld s]ve x z guide-po/s & crit]ia4 ,x expect$ to trav]se a c\ntry :]e ! highways 7 9 ne$ ( repair1 p]haps1 & ! m>ks ( direction dim1 b on ! :ole a negotiable c\ntry4 ,x f\nd a v diff]5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,in/ead ( roads to be foll[$ ) "s excusable discom=t x f\nd n ev5 trails4 ,su* highways z _h once be5 *>t$ 7 oblit]at$4 ,n only hair-l9es b ! mo/ elem5t>y blazem>ks 7 ov]gr[n & lo/ beyond any hope ( recov]y4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! plann$ c\rse ( visit & consultation ! ,committee 0 =c$ to reorganize itself into an exp$ition ( discov]y4 ,x has be5 =tunate to return at all4 ,! collect$ data ( ! exploration c lead to b "o conclusion3 ,t ! :ole fabric ( ,/&>ds ( ,workman%ip w h to be rebuilt f ! beg9n+4 ,:e!r ?is c be done "u ! pres5t /ate ( society is a matt] to be discuss$ 9 connection ) ! second "q4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,are books necess>y to ! pres5t social /ate8 ,! ,committee's f9d+ is1 unanim\sly & conclusively1 ,no4 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s _m influ5ces h be5 at "w to wean mank9d f ! use ( books4 ,automobiles1 ! motion-picture drama1 pr(essional a?letics1 ! ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/--^! op]at$ ev5 be=e ! ,great ,w> to disc\rage ! habit ( read+4 ,s9ce ! w> ! progress ( society--culm9at+1 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat--has effectually complet$ ! process4 ,books z an elem5t vital to ! welf>e ( ! race h be5 elim9at$4 ,! ,society ( ,calligraph]s is ?us fre$ at "o /roke f ! obligations impli$ 9 ! fir/ "q4 ,b !re are /ill books 9 exi/5ce1 & = ^! ! ,committee feels a pr(essional conc]n4 ,= ! ,inve/igation1 if x has done no?+ else1 has disclos$ ! mo/ cog5t & ineluctable fact3 t :]ev] !re is contact betwe5 books & ! public1 ! effect ^u ! books is delet]i\s4 ,s f> z ! imm$iate situation is conc]n$1 ! public1 by discont9u+ ! contact1 has obviat$ ! dang]4 ,b 9 a p]iod ( revolution no condition c be tak5 = grant$ z fix$4 ,x is q )9 ! range ( possibility t ! public1 "u compulsion1 may turn aga9 to books & read+2 & ?is1 ! ,committee believes1 is a cont+5cy ! ,society %\ld be prep>$ to meet4 ,publi%]s z a gr\p promise1 = ! imm$iate future1 to be a h>ass$ & unimpressionable body4 ,influ5ce ^u !m c be br\ght to be> only ?r\gh public dem&4 ,%\ld a public dem& = books revive1 x w be imp]ative = ! ,society ei!r to qu5* x altoge!r--a project :i* ! ,committee has disc>d$ z vision>y--or to take x 9 h& at its inception & give x con/ructive %ape by =c+ ^u public att5tion su* k ( ! m elem5t>y po9ts ( good ta/e z %all make impossible ! fur!r pro/itution ( /&>ds4 ,z ! mo/ direct means to ?is end x is urg5tly recomm5d$ by ! ,committee t ! ,society take up at once ! /udy ( adv]tis+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration,w4 ,a4 ,,dwigg9s,illu/ration ,,tw5ty ,,ye>s ,,aft]3 ,,mr4 ,mc,g41 ,,mr4 ,a41 ,,mr4 ,l4 & ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,calligraph]s ,f ,publi%]s' ,weekly1 ,sept4 #b1 #aici4 ,copyright #aici by ,r4 ,r4 ,b[k] ,co4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,,note3 ,9 #aiai ! ,society ( ,calligraph]s publi%$ a pamphlet3 ,extracts ,f ,an ,inve/igation ,into ! ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,books4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aici1 ?ree ( ! p :o report$ 9 ! inve/igation 7 visit$ aga9 & _! op9ions solicit$ z to :at _h happ5$ 9 ! int]val ( tw5ty ye>s to *ange ! physical *>act]i/ics ( books4 ,transcriptions ( p>ts ( ! ?ree int]views foll[4 ,,mr4 ,mc,g4 ,q3 ,tw5ty ye>s ago y 7 k9d en\gh to discuss book-manufactur+ ) u4 --,tw5ty ye>s4 ,rem>kable memory6 --,x meant a great deal to u--y\r help4 ,x 0 9 #aiai4 ,we 7 conduct+ an inquiry--p]haps y rememb]--into ! physical qualities ( books4 --,oh1 yes6 ,h[ y c\ld improve !m1 & s on4 ,yes4 --,n[ we are back aga9--to see :at y ?9k n[4 --,good4 ,int]e/+ idea4 ,ask me que/ions4 --,= in/ance 444 ,does x /rike y t trade books h improv$ 9 ! tw5ty ye>s8--z physical objects1--packages8 --,packages4 ,v neat4 ,sums up ! situation4 --,we mean1 bo? z implem5ts1 tools1 = gett+ a job done2 & z pleasant ?+s to look at1 h&le1 use 444 or ! contr>y4 --,well4 ,let's see4 ,yes4 ,i ?9k trade books h improv$ decid$ly 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,decid$ improvem5t4 --,:at po9ts ( improvem5t1 w\ld y say8 --,well4 ,m c>e tak5 ) ! get-up1 m>g9s1 =mat z y call x1 title pages4 ,real design com+ into x4 ,& mu* m c>eful ab\t ! type--legibility & all t--pap]1 suitability = read+1 good surface = ! eye1 etc41 etc4 --,y said1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 t y\r directors' lack ( int]e/ 9 ! product hamp]$ y4 ,s9ce y h be5 9 *>ge "h h y be5 able to br+ y\r books up to a level t suits y bett]8 --,yes 444 & no4444 ,co/s h climb$ 9 tw5ty ye>s1 mat]ials1 labor4 ,we've pu%$ up retail prices1 b ! manufactur+ co/s eat up all we ga94 ,m ?an eat x up4 ,less m>g9 n[ = design or /yle or :atev] ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i'd say4 --,t looks l faulty adju/m5t some:]e1 doesn't x8 --,situation ne$s adju/+1 c]ta9ly6 --,i mean1 maybe y are pay+ out money = q unnecess>y features4 --,possibly4 --,n a /rictly factual meet+ ( ! conditions1 p]haps8--n reali/ic1 z ! dictators say4 ,h y ev] ?\ght h[ y might /udy ! m>ket-product relations f an entirely new & fre% angle8 --,n[ !re6 444 t's int]e/+ 444 ,i h4 ,i've ?\ght a lot ab\t x4 ,:5 ,i get (f into ! ,ma9e woods & look back at x !re's "o ?+ t /icks out l a sore ?umb4 ,we've got into a rut4 ,! :ole trade has4 ,n a %ad[ ( a d\bt ab\t x4 ,we let ourselves be rul$ by a :ole catalog ( /&>ds & values & mu/s t are z dead z ! dodo4 ,/&>ds inh]it$ f an entirely diff]5t /ate ( society4 ,a ?\s& ye>s diff]5t1 y might say4 ,x is amaz+ h[ cons]vative a tribe we are1 we book p4444 ,take ! cov] ( a book1 = example4 ,take ?is cov] "h1 = in/ance4 ,we sp5t a lot ( tr\ble & money dick]+ x up--worry ab\t ! colors & ! design--co/ ( dies1 co/ ( /amp+1 co/ ( foil 444 & n a s\l w ev] see x6 ,x's all hidd5 away "u ! jacket1 & x'll /ay hidd5 "u ! jacket6 ,all ?is book-cov] /uff is 444 :at's ! ^w8 444 ve/igial--l y\r app5dix--some?+ no long] us$--some?+ useless left ov] f an e>li] /age ( evolution4 ,did y ev] see anybody 9 a book /ore turn ! jacket back & look at ! cov]8 ,did y ev] he> ( a cov] t help$ sell a book8--to ! slighte/ ext5t8 ,no4 ,& :5 !y get 'em home & read 'em & l5d !m to _! fri5ds ! jacket /ays on4 ,nev] comes (f4 ,book-cov]s are j exp5se--useless exp5se--! decoration & ?+s1 ,i mean4 --,y w\ld d away ) cov]s1 !n8 --,no4 ,x's got to be 9 bo>ds--p want !m t way--x's "o ( y\r reali/ic details4 --,9 y\r new angle volume w\ld y h ! insides z y d !m n[8 --,no4 ,!re aga9 ,i'd let ! dem& %ape ! product4 ,y\r m>ket doesn't give a hang ab\t ! type & pr9t+ s long z !y c read x4 --,t s\nds l tw5ty ye>s ago6 --,i "k4 ,v likely x does4 --,hav5't ?+s *ang$8 --,n mu*4 ,x's z true n[ z x 0 !n4 --,b all ?is talk+ & writ+ & lectur+4444 --,two or ?ree ?\s& p]sons1 p]haps--two or ?ree ?\s& h become book consci\s z !y say--! limit$ edition cr[d4 ,i'm deal+ ) ! t5 million4444 ,!re's a lot ( :oo% 9 all t book beautiful /uff1 y "k4 --,mr4 ---- ?9ks x helps to tell !m ab\t type & pap]1 etc4 --,i "k4 ,x doesn't4 ,!y don't und]/& 8 little notices--x's all %op talk4 ,he likes 'em4 ,he ?9ks !y give ! books tone1 ,i d>esay4 ,i ?9k x doesn't matt] a damn "o way or ! o!r4 ,all t %op detail is z]o4 ,!y don't c>e to "k & !y don't ne$ to "k4 ,j make y\r book s x w read h&ily & let x g at t4 --,h y got ?is new angle idea to a po9t :]e y c\ld describe a book made t way8 --,well4 ,i might4 ,take ! cov]--,i'd h bo>d cov]s & clo?4 ,b ,i w\ldn't /amp !m4 ,bright color4 ,gay4 ,patt]n$ clo? sometimes4 ,i'd h ! simple/ k9d ( pap] label on ! backbone4 ,pr9t$ f type--/&>d affair--libr>y label t y c\ld read4 ,no embroid]y1 j pla9 function4 ,on ! lea/ exp5sive t]ms possible4 ,make x a k9d ( h\se-tradem>k feature4444 ,inside ,i'd =get all ,i knew ab\t f9e pr9t+--! art--x's a great art--=get all ,i knew--/>t fre% ) ! use4 --,y l f9e pr9t+4 --,t's "r4 ,i d4 ,9 its place4 ,! place isn't trade books4 ,y c't h f9e pr9t+ 9 trade books4 ,all y c h along t l9e is *eap imitation--celluloid coll> & no %irt4 ,if y g out ) y\r imitation f9e pr9t+ z a m>k to %oot at y come back ) :at we turn out n[1 all ( u--%abby g5teel1 to ! limit4 ,my book won't try to get by ) a pap] coll>4 ,my book won't h any coll>4 ,x w get d[n to ! basis ( realism--a h&y1 effici5t1 *eap tool = tempor>y use4 ,read x--?r[ x away4 ,:o saves a book n[8 ,if y save x1 :]e are y go+ to put x8 ,9 ! c>8 --,t sugge/s "q ( size--:at d y ?9k ab\t size8 --,oh1 small1 by all means4 ,= ! usual job n l>g] ?an ! #e-a_/bx#g-c_/d range4 ,small] ?an t :5 y c4 --,y ?9k p d n want a big package = _! money8 --,n :5 !y want a book to read4 ,if we c get ! price d[n !y'll flock to small size1 ,i'm sure4 ,:5 !y pay two-fifty1 ?ree1 p]haps !y want _! p\ndage4 ,books = gifts too1 possibly--want 'em impressive4 ,b on my basis ( a good workable tool !y'll l !m small & h&y4 --,y\r po9t 9 g5]al1 !n1 is t mod]n books %\ld be look$ at z tempor>y affairs4 --,absolutely4 ,tempor>y affairs4 ,l magaz9es4 ,& !y ought to be produc$ z tempor>y affairs4 ,pap] a little bett] ?an newspr9t1 b n mu* bett]--bett] color1 on ! w>mi% side in/ead ( blue-grey4 ,gu>ante$ by ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds to la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,bo%4 ,presswork3 set y\r /&>d at ! level ( legibility4 ,t's l[--look at ! newspap]s4 ,get x s y c read x easily & let ! f9e po9ts ride4 ,give up po9ts ( pap] & make-ready to get a *eap] package4 ,y are mak+ a tool1 rememb]1 n a bij\--y're mak+ a s\nd1 effici5t1 easy-work+ tool--tools don't ne$ pap] lace & fake-lea!r uphol/]y to make !m s\nd--:5 a tool is effici5t x has a /yle ( its own1 inevitably4 --,y\r dictum is1 books z tools4 --,books z tools4 ,"r4 ,b "h's a po9t4 ,all ?is is on ! te*nical side4 ,treat a book z a tempor>y affair4 ,b :ile x la/s ,i'd take consid]able pa9s to h x be a lively affair4 ,n freaki%--y c't play tricks ) ! read+ process--b lively1 l a good1 int]e/+ talk]4 ,little fre% twi/s1 b h>dly noticeable 9 detail4 ,a lot ( ways to d x 9 an inconspicu\s way4 ,mu/n't be conspicu\s--mu/n't int]f]e ) ! read+ job4 ,little t\*es ( ornam5t 9 ! "r places4 ,pictorial bits--pictures are com+ back into trade books aga91 9 a new =m--easy1 swift1 simple illu/rations t fit 9 ) ! tempor>y affair /yle4 ,"s ( ! money sav$ by a /rategic retreat f impossible pr9t+ /&>ds ,i'd put into ?+s l t--to keep ! pages gay & int]e/+4 --,9 ?is connection1 d y ?9k t mod]n books ought to be mod]ni/ic 9 design8 --,absolutely n4 ,z ,i said a m9ute ago1 y c't play tricks ) ! process ( read+4444 ,"o ( ! necessities ( ! mod]ni/ic /uff is ! necessity to %ock y--to make p jump4 ,y c't set (f firecrack]s on a book page e few p>agraphs )\t tak+ ! read]'s m9d (f ! text4 ,y simply c't read 9 ! neighborhood ( mod]ni/ic design4 ,x isn't because y are n us$ to x4 ,x's 9 ! v nature ( ! /yle4444 ,i'm talk+ ab\t books1 ( c\rse4 ,= adv]tis+1 x's prime4 ,h all ! mod]ni/ic design y want on y\r jacket4 ,! m ! bett]4 --,& t br+s u4444 --,yes4 ,i've be5 wait+ = x4 ,t br+s u to book-jackets6 --,yes4 ,:at d y ?9k4444 --,n[ !re y are 9 ano!r c\ntry entirely4 ,n['s ! "t to beat ! drums & run up ! flags & drape ! bunt+4444 ,all ! money y c't af=d to sp5d on cov]s y c af=d to sp5d on jackets4 ,because1 fir/1 ! jacket is ! cov]2 & second1 ! jacket helps directly 9 sell+ ! book4 ,jackets are adv]tis+--po/]s--billbo>ds--s make 'em %\t4 --,attractive8 --,if y mean pretty1 n s important4 ,if y mean oomph1 by all means4 ,fem99e *>m1 9 ! prevail+ mode4444 ,b sock-'em-9-!-eye4 ,make !m /rong4 ,make !m s p c't miss see+ !m4 --,:at is y\r own =mula8 --,=mula8 ,i hav5't any =mula4444 ,if ,i _h ,i ?9k x w\ld be contra/4 ,contra/ ) all ! o!r books on ! table4 ,don't foll[ anybody's /yle4 ,get away f ! preval5t successful /yle ( ! mom5t4 ,take a look at ! tables--:at w\ld /ick out n[ m ?an pla9 :ite pap] ) pla9 black type8 ,i'd probably v>ni% x4 ,contra/4 --,d jackets sell books8 --,oh 444 no4 ,jackets don't sell books4 ,!y help4 ,:at sells a book is ! /uff inside--/ory--text4 ,b books ne$ to be se54 ,jackets help make !m visible4 99 99 99 99 99 --,y save on cov]s & sp5d on jackets4 ,y save on pap] & pr9t+1 & put "s ( ! sav+ into pictorial & design features4 ,w\ld y come out ) en\gh sav+ to get ! retail price d[n f two fifty8 --,i ?9k s4 ,i ?9k if ! ?+ 7 /udi$ out on our new angle basis y'd f9d t y n only lik$ my books a lot bett]--z packages--b t y'd be able to buy m ( !m4 ,,mr4 ,a4 ,q3 ,"o ?+ ,i want$ to ask 444 y h _h a consid]able "p 9 %ap+ y\r juv5ile dep>tm5t4 --,yes4 ,i h4 --,my "q may seem a little 444 cool4444 ,d y prep>e y\r juv5ile titles ) ! *ildr5 !mselves 9 view--! ultimate consum]s8 --,! "q's q prop]4 ,i am glad y ask$ x--x goes /raight to ! he>t ( a big tr\ble ab\t *ildr5's books4444 ,! *ildr5 !mselves 9 view1 eh8 ,! ultimate consum]s4444 ,no4 ,i am sorry to say1 we d n4 ,we c't4 ,because *ildr5 d n buy books4444 ,y see1 a juv5ile1 l any o!r book on our li/1 has to please ! p]son t's likely to buy x4 ,& t means1 a book to please adults--a book t a gr[n-up w m>k d[n z some?+ a *ild ought to l4 ,ought to1 y see--! adult's judgm5t1 n ! *ild's4 ,we c't get pa/ x4 ,we c't f9d out :at ! *ild really does l4 ,:5 *ildr5 rally to an au?or1 or a /yle ( book1 !n we get a glimpse ( ! *ildr5's /ate ( m9d4 ,b t is our only contact4444 ,all our new v5tures h to be bait$ & prim$ to cat* ! fancy ( ! mo!rs & ! c\s9s & ! aunts--aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ! ultimate consum]1 y might say1 :5 t is necess>y4 ,sometimes a juv5ile runs to l>ge sales purely on ! /r5g? ( adult appreciation alone1 l ,f]d9&1 = in/ance4444 ,if x 7 possible1 !re is no?+ ,i %\ld l bett] ?an to deal ) ! *ildr5 direct4 ,i h *ildr5 ( my own4 ,i ?9k ,i und]/& !m 444 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld please !m4 ,once or twice--?is is a confession--,i did take a direct h&--made a c\ple ! way ,i ?\ght !y ought to be4 ,my judgm5t aga9/ ! *ild's1 eh8444 ,complete failures--drugs4444 ,i c\ldn't move !m--c\ldn't get pa/ ! c5sor--c\ldn't sell ! gr[n-ups4 --,h y ev] ?\ght ( ways = gett+ into direct t\* ) ! *ildr58 --,i c see no practicable way4 ,z ! case /&s y c't p5etrate ! ,adult ,front ,l9e4 ,,mr4 ,l4 ,q3 ,?is s*eme ( ,mr4 ,mc,g4's = a diff]5t k9d ( book--:at d y ?9k ( x8 --,if he c control 8 decl9e f a high e/ate ,i am ) him1 emphatically4 ,books ne$ to be *eap]4 ,books vis--vis m>ket c]ta9ly ne$ to be /udi$ all ov] aga9--f a new base l9e4 ,i agree ) 8 f9d+s ab\t %abby-g5teel4 ,& ,i'm sure t ,i'd l 8 *eap books mu* bett] ?an ! k9d ,i buy n[1 if he c liv5 !m up z he sugge/s4 ,! "q is1 c he /op 8 /rategic retreat at ! "r po9t8 ,x's l inflation3 easy to />t1 b4446 ,he drops ! /&>d ( mat]ial & process--w 8 pro(read+ g d[n hill too8444 ,_m ,fr5* books 9 pap] wrapp]s--made at ! l[e/ co/-level1 badly pr9t$ on *eap pap]--h an air & a /yle t our own m exp5sive affairs c't q a*ieve4 ,somebody laid a f+] on !m4 ,:o1 9 ,mr4 ,mc,g4's s*eme1 is to be ?is somebody ^: t\* creates livel9ess & int]e/8 ,a highly important factor 9 ! product6444 ,if we c get ! livel9ess & int]e/1 we w be glad to trade m exp5sive pap] & pr9t+ to get x4 ,our books are pretty dull4444 ,b1 j inf]ior pr9t+ on *eap pap]1 )\t ! lively t\* & /yle1 is go+ to bore u worse yet6 --,y mean dull 9 cont5t8 --,i mean dull optically1 visually4444 ,l--to put x into t]ms ( s\nd--l a long1 dron+ recital ( a t$i\s /ory--no inflection--no climax--no motion4 444 ,i l ,mr4 ,mc,g4's figure ( a good1 int]e/+ talk]4 --,y'd spice x up ) mod]ni/ feel+8 --,no4 ,he's "r1 !re4 ,no fireworks4 ,keep ! explosions outside ! book4 --,y h us$ contempor>y design4 --,yes1 b y'll notice1 n 9 places :]e read+ is go+ on4444 ,ano!r po9t3 lett+ ! m>ket set ! tone is n good m]*&is+4 ,! m>ket ne$s to be l$1 by a tone a little high] ?an its av]age ta/e4444 ,& ,mr4 ,mc,g4's good tool isn't made by majority vote 9 ,congressional committee--x's made by somebody :o kn[s1 exp]tly & practically1 j :at ! tool is int5d$ to d & h[ x works4 --,y are = books z tools4 --,i am = books z tools--& t means *eap] books4444 ,i ?9k1 too1 t a lot ( ! ?+s t make books exp5sive are false value--brummagem4444 ,b ! trade is s firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! tradition ( false-front & bu/le-re> t ,i'm afraid x's go+ to take an awful tussle to get x back to real values aga9--to ! tool basis--to ! simplicity & directness & g5]al fitness-=-its-job1 = example1 t makes a c>p5t]'s plane a ma/]piece ( appropriate design4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,electra ,,types ,illu/ration,,desmond ,,fl[],illu/ration ,! ,publi%] & ! ,typograph] ,f ,! ,p5rose ,annual1 ,vol4 #dd4 ,copyright #aiej by ,lund ,humphries ,ltd41 ,london1 & ,pitman ,publi%+ ,corp41 ,new ,york4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]s4 ,we live 9 an unhappy age4 ,i suppose t x mu/ be ! mo/ wret*$ kn[n 9 hi/ory s9ce ! hordes ( ,g5ghis ,khan swept across ! face ( ! ea/]n _w4 ,yet x is n ! physical losses--?\gh ^! are bad en\gh--:i* are responsible = ! malaise1 b a spiritual %ortcom+3 a lack ( direction & a lack ( fai?4 ,ours is an age 9 :i* !re is no s+le ?+1 n great or small1 :i* c escape our petty prob+1 our que/ion+ & our d\bts4 ,no?+ is because x is3 a %ad[y reason mu/ be s\ght beh9d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( man's desire to exam9e & expla9 away ev]y?+1 "o ( ! multitud9\s m9uti :i* h come 9 = worri$ att5tion is ! position ( pr9t]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 relation to ! publi%]s !y s]ve4 ,! fir/ f\r c5turies ( pr9t+ produc$ n9ety-n9e p] c5t ( all ! books :i* are wor? look+ at3 yet1 at :at "t dur+ t p]iod did anyone worry ab\t ! division ( responsibility 9 a book's production8 ,!n1 x 0 a matt] :i* someh[ got done2 n[1 un=tunately1 x is a subject = discussion4 ,:5 ,sweynheim & ,pann]tz />t$ "w at ,subiaco 9 #adfe !y 7 at ! same "t bo? pr9t]s & publi%]s1 & ?is repres5ts a dual p]sonality4 ,b :5 ,fi*et1 ! ,rector ( ! ,sorbonne1 decid$ to set up ! fir/ ,fr5* press five ye>s lat] )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,univ]sity1 he import$ ?ree pr9t]s f ,g]many1 & possibly ! fir/ pr9t]-publi%] relation%ip 0 born4 ,t ?is relation%ip 0 a liv+ ?+ is %[n by ! fact t ,fi*et _h ! books :i* ! press produc$ pr9t$ 9 ,roman type4 ,soon aft] ! great ,rector _h gone into volunt>y exile = 8 political op9ions1 ! press mov$ out ( ! ,univ]sity prec9cts to become a normal comm]cial pr9t+ %op1 & ,g]+ & ,krantz rev]t$ to ! use ( go?ic type6 ,s9ce ! use ( ,roman lay )9 ! high road ( ,fr5* classical developm5t--,france be+ ! only c\ntry 9 ,europe :i* did n beg9 its pr9t+ hi/ory 9 go?ic--?is /&s z ! fir/ in/ance ( ! views ( a publi%]1 z a man ord]+ ! pr9t1 be+ 9 advance ( ! m timor\s craftsm51 :o 7 glad to rev]t to _! old1 safe & conv5tional ways z soon z ! ref9+ influ5ce 0 remov$4 ,fr5* pr9t+ z a :ole 9 ! late fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5turies is full ( pr9t]-publi%] problems = our que/+ m9ds4 ,simon le ,vo/re1 ! great ecclesia/ical publi%] ( 8 age1 us$ ,pig\*et mo/ly = 8 pr9t+2 ! ,h>d\yn bro!rs commission$ sev]al lovely books f ,anabat3 :y1 & :o dictat$ ! t]ms8 ,! balance ( p[] may !n well h la9 ) ! pr9t]1 s9ce 9 ! ,h>d\yn's #aejj ,book ( ,h\rs ! fir/ page is fill$ ) ,anabat's sup]b device4 ,b :at %all we say ( ! ,h\rs pr9t$ 9 #aebg by ,simon du ,bois1 b :i* be>s on e page ! unmi/akable /amp & signature ( its publi%]1 ,ge(froy ,tory8 ,n[1 !y say1 too1 t ,tory 0 n a b9d]3 yet f him we h two gilt panels done to 8 ord] & to 8 design1 mat*+ exactly ! "w :i* he hir$ 8 pr9t]s to d = him4 ,i feel we are too c]ta9 9 our m9ds t 9 ! pa/ pr9t]s 7 ipso facto publi%]s1 or t ^? = :om !y pr9t$ 7 m]ely ag5ts4 ,l a fatal crack hidd5 = _m ye>s 9 ! f\ndations ( an outw>dly s\nd edifice1 ! split betwe5 pr9t] & publi%] _h occurr$ at ! ,sorbonne 9 #adgj1 b 0 pat*$1 m5d$ & ignor$ f "t to "t = long !reaft]4 ,yet l t neglect$ flaw :i*1 hav+ wid5$ until x defies repair1 w 9 ! end br+ ! :ole build+ d[n1 ! pr9t]-publi%] relation%ip has n[ "s "t ago irrevocably divid$4 ,today ! publi%] & ! pr9t] are two sep>ate m53 !re are few exceptions to ?is rule4 ,mr4 ,oliv] ,simon rec5tly began "o ( 8 all too r>e essays ) ! words ,pr9t+ is a way ( life2 & lat] he rem>k$ t if he 7! pr9t]7 is n some?+ ( an arti/1 he _c hope to evolve & ma9ta9 a typographic /yle4 ,b ^! words mu/ be read 9 conjunction ) "o ( ,holbrook ,jackson's _m wise rem>ks3 :e!r x 7pr9t+7 is an art or n is a second>y affair1 s long z x is good pr9t+4 ',art happ5s' says ,:i/l]1 & ! pr9t] :o sets out to be an arti/ is liable to make a mess ( bo? art & pr9t4 ,"o fur!r quotation w %[ h[ readily ,holbrook ,jackson's wisdom c be ?r[n out ( ! w9d[2 9 ^! pages la/ ye> ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,read criticis$ ! ,engli% & ,am]ican editions ( 8 own book1 ,! ,grass ,roots ( ,art4 ,he wrote ,on balance1 ,i d n f9d mu* to *oose betwe5 ^! two designs f a functional po9t ( view1 b disc\nt+ a pov]ty due to mat]ial re/rictions impos$ on ! ,engli% publi%]1 !re is a c]ta9 livel9ess 9 ! ,am]ican production1 :i*1 7 ,i a pur*as] fac$ ) a *oice1 w\ld induce me to buy ! ,am]ican edition1 ev5 if x co/ me r m4 ,b if ! ,engli% edition _h be5 pr9t$ on bett] pap]1 x w\ld h be5 ! easi] ( ! two editions to read4444 ,) ! exception ( ! la/ s5t5ce1 ! :ole ( ?is passage seems mislead+ & irrelevant4 ,! use ( ! ^w functional is "o ( ! crosses :i* we 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury h to be>1 b1 s9ce x has occurr$1 we mu/ presume ! function ( pr9t+ to be t ( pres5t+ ! writt5 ^w to ! read] 9 its mo/ easily assimilat$ =m2 if ! ,engli% edition 9 "q is1 ap>t f its pap]1 m easily readable1 h[ c bo? editions be equally functional8 ,! implication t a piece ( pr9t+--p>ticul>ly :5 ! text is a "w ( s]i\s criticism--is to be pur*as$ 7ev5 at a high] price7 = its livel9ess at ! exp5se ( its readability is p>ticul>ly un=tunate4 ,if = livel9ess we read speci\sness or pret5tion we h f\nd a ready def9ition ( ! "o quality :i* %\ld be exclud$ f book pr9t+ at almo/ any co/4 ,= ?is reason ,i am fright5$ ( ,mr4 ,simon's /atem5t t pr9t+ is a way ( life2 good pr9t+ implies a philosophy1 x is true1 b ,i fe> t pr9t]s :o are f> f good may assume airs above _! /ation &1 :5 !y produce a p]fect horror1 /ate t is my way ( life--take x or leave x4 ,if !y d1 !y may be a/oni%$ at h[ fa/ any dec5t publi%] w embrace ! latt] c\rse4 ,i disagree ) a great deal m :i* ,mr4 ,read wrote 9 8 article1 b !re is room "h = comm5t only ^u 8 rem>ks ab\t ,bask]ville type4 ,bask]ville is n an easy type1 nor a safe "o 7?\gh pr9t]s may f9d t x satisfies _! cu/om]s74 ,! g5tlemanly sort ( type :i* passes unnotic$1 unque/ion$ is und\bt$ly ,caslon & all its d]ivatives4 ,bask]ville ) its broad face & fl\ri%+ ,italic is h>d to h&le1 & 9 consequ5ce is employ$ 9 a high] p]c5tage ( bad pr9t+ ?an any o!r type face4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t :5 an irresi/ible =ce meets an immovable body1 ! result is a /alemate2 equally obvi\sly1 :i*ev] p[] wanes fir/ w suff] an imm$iate eclipse4 ,f ?is we may proce$ by a process ( elim9ation4 ,a publi%] :o kn[s :at he wants employs a pr9t] :o is an arti/1 & ! result %\ld be a ma/]piece ( give & take4 ,a publi%] :o does n "k :at he wants employs a pr9t] :o is an arti/1 & ! result %\ld be a piece ( f9e pr9t+4 ,a publi%] :o kn[s :at he wants employs a pr9t] :o is n an arti/1 & ! result w dep5d on ! degree ( ta/e ( ! publi%]4 ,a publi%] :o ei!r does n "k :at he wants or does n c>e1 & employs a pr9t] :o is n an arti/1 w bo? get & des]ve a %ambles4 ,f ^! simple equations "o con/ant factor em]ges--! publi%]2 & ?is fact is n at all at v>iance ) ! traditional saw t he :o pays ! pip] calls ! tune4 ,!re h be5 a numb] ( em95t publi%]-pr9t] relation%ips 9 ! pa/4 ,i h m5tion$ ! ,fr5* ( #aejj-aeej1 :]e !re seems already to be evid5ce ( a publi%]'s ta/e ex]t+ an influ5ce4 ,! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies (f] no examples :i* are wor?y ( /udy3 ! works und]tak5 by "o pr9t] on behalf ( a syndicate ( publi%]s produce no evid5ce ( ! book's appe>ance be+ dictat$ by any ta/e o!r ?an t ( ! pr9t] himself4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury saw ! publi%] come into 8 own4 ,"o ( ! greate/ publi%]-pr9t] p>tn]%ips 9 ! hi/ory ( ,briti% book-production is t ( ,pick]+ & ,:itt+ham4 ,x w\ld be reasonable to suppose t ,pick]+ 0 ! mov+ =ce 9 ?is p>tn]%ip1 s9ce ! ideas are publi%+ ideas ma9ly exemplifi$ by ! ,ald9e poets & ! ,diamond classics1 & _! />t+ po9t is ,pick]+'s *oice ( ! an*or & dolph9 ) ! motto gr\p$ ab\t x3 ,aldi ,discip4 ,anglus4 ,to ! same ta/e ( ,pick]+ & 8 delight 9 ! pr9t+ ( ,aldus & 8 contempor>ies may be attribut$ ! graci\s & re/ra9$ use ( sixte5?-c5tury fleurons :i* 9 ! eighte5-?irties are n readily to be f\nd else:]e1 & ! curi\sly appropriate r5aissance bord]s occasionally introduc$4 ,ano!r p>tn]%ip 9 :i* ,i suspect t ! publi%] _h a consid]able say 0 t ( ,edw>d ,moxon & ,bradbury ,evans4 ,9 #ahej ,moxon issu$ ! fir/ edition ( two mo/ important works1 ,wordswor?'s ,prelude & ,t5nyson's ,9 ,memoriam2 bo? 7 pr9t$ by ! same pr9t]4 ,b eight ye>s lat] we may po9t to ,john ,murray's edition ( ,col]idge's ,table ,talk2 ?is1 too1 0 pr9t$ by ,bradbury ,evans ) m ?an a glance ov] ! %\ld] at ,pick]+'s publications1 b )\t ! guid+ h& ( ,moxon4 ,x is an int]e/+ book1 = x j fails be=e e problem :i* ! text sets4 ,pick]+ w\ld h set ! solid prose at lea/ a po9t small] & increas$ ! m>g9s2 9 ! same way he w\ld h manag$ to get m space betwe5 ea* specim5 ( ,table ,talk4 ,in/ead ( a page ( grace & readability1 !re is 9 consequ5ce a slightly cr[d$ air & ! eye skips disconc]t+ly f l9e to l9e4 ,little m ?an ?irty ye>s lat] ,briti% book production 0 influ5c$ by ! mo/ p[]ful small gr\p ( publi%]s :i* _h ev] turn$ pr9t+ upside d[n3 x 0 inde$ a small gr\p--x consi/$ ( ?ree m53 ,john ,lane1 ,elk9 ,ma!ws & ,leon>d ,smi!rs4 ,! spl5did s]ies ( publications = :i* ea* ( ^! extraord9>y individuals 0 responsible ne$ no enum]ation "h 444 b x is wor? po9t+ out t !y 7 ! pione]s ( ! asymmetry :i* ,mr4 ,read praises z an unusual & notable feature 9 ! ,am]ican edition ( 8 book already m5tion$4 ,holbrook ,jackson said ! la/ ^w on ! publi%]-pr9t] relation%ip3 x 0 publi%]s l ,pick]+1 ,moxon1 ,field & ,tu]1 ,elk9 ,ma!ws1 ,john ,lane & ,j4 ,m4 ,d5t :o by _! example 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury help$ to def5d my italics pr9t+ f pr9t]s :o 7 cont5t to d z !y 7 told1 &1 if no "o told !m1 to foll[ rule-(-?umb me?ods :i* t5d$ always to become worse r ?an bett]4#cb ,to quote aga9 f ,holbrook ,jackson3 ,x 0 long be=e ! av]age pr9t] took advantage ( ! awak5+ ( typographical ta/e :i* began 9 ! eighte5-n9eties4 ,! m5 :o ext5d$ & consolidat$ t ta/e came f any:]e b ! pr9t+ (fices4 ,! majority ( mod]n typograph]s are intellectuals or s*ol>s :o h =c$ !mselves on ! trade1 (t5 ?r\gh ! publi%+ h\ses4 ,9 almo/ e age !re h be5 a few comm]cial pr9t]s ( fir/-class /&+1 b p]haps x is no co9cid5ce t x w\ld be difficult to "n "o :o 0 at "w 9 ! eighte5-n9eties--! mo/ lively age ( ! publi%]'s influ5ce4 ,! situation has n mat]ially *ang$ by ! middle ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 except t 9 our own age we are =tunate 9 hav+ among u a few pr9t]s :o b[ to no man1 & h left _! m>k ^u ?is c\ntry's production4 ,fir/ among !m /&s ,mr4 ,oliv] ,simon1 ^: /eady output ( f9e pr9t+ mu/ comm& unqualifi$ admiration4 ,bo? ! ,cambridge & ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,presses h evolv$ /yles ( _! own1 & !re are a few o!rs :o are f9e pr9t]s 9 _! own "r4 ,b on ! o!r side ( ! l$g] !re is ,sir ,francis ,meynell1 :o1 despite ! criticism t mu* ( 8 "w is pa/i*e1 %[$ ) exquisite ta/e 9 ! fir/ hundr$ ,nonesu* ,press books :at c\ld be made ( ! types & ornam5ts :i* ,mr4 ,/anley ,morison _h made available ?r\gh ! ,monotype ,corporation1 & all ?is ) a multitude ( pr9t]s :o 7 set to "w & produc$ b "o result--pure ,meynell4 ,!re is also ! m rec5t example ( ,mr4 ,jan ,ts*i*old at "w 9 ! ,p5gu9 pool4 ,?is lam5table lack ( ta/e among ! g5]ality ( pr9t]s l$ publi%]s to give in/ructions z to _! wi%es1 & ?is 9 turn has creat$ a new position 9 publi%+ (fices3 ! typograph]4 ,once ?is p]son made 8 appe>ance on ! payroll1 ! initiative pass$ f ! pr9t] = ev]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if ! publi%] employs a typograph] he is go+ to be sure he gets 8 money's wor?2 9 ! second1 human nature be+ :at x is1 mo/ pr9t]s w will+ly accept a publi%]'s design because x is ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & because1 accord+ to ! be/ pr9ciples ( bus9ess1 ! cu/om] is always "r4 ,i _c see :y ! initiative 9 design %\ld ev] pass back to ! pr9t]4 ,! problem 0 admirably express$ by ,d4 ,b4 ,updike 9 8 little book ( essays on ! craft1 ,9 ! ,day's ,"w3 ,if pr9t]s _h m ( a /&>d & a /iff] "o1 bo? ab\t ! types !y employ & ! way 9 :i* !y use !m1 pr9t+ w\ld be bett]4 ,! pr9t]1 if he has no /&>d1 mu/ all[ ! cu/om] to dictate 8 own wi%es ab\t types4 ,i hope t !re w always be ! h&ful ( pr9t]s :o are great en\gh to say y w d x my way--or else1 b ! re/ w d z !y are told by publi%]s' typograph]s1 :i* am\nts to ! sub/itution ( h\se /yles = pr9t]s' /yles4 ,pr9t+1 l s _m arts1 has fall5 into ! h&s ( ! middleman--= su* inde$ ! publi%] is4 ,!re ,i am sure x w rema91 & x is n[ = ! middleman to ju/ify himself4 ,if he w take 8 responsibilities s]i\sly he c d no?+ b good4 ,! good pr9t]'s compositor :o is some?+ ( an arti/ w g on sett+ ! t>get2 b ! publi%]'s typograph] c1 if he w1 g f> t[>ds dragg+ ! m$iocre pr9t]s up t[>ds ! same high /&>d4 ,if ?is is done1 design 9 ,briti% pr9t+ w %[ a welcome ov]all improvem5t4 ,,footnotes3 #cb ,! ,pr9t+ ( ,books4 ,illu/ration,,william ,,dana ,,orcutt,illu/ration ,! ,anatomy ( ! ,book ,f ! ,manual ( ,l9otype ,typography1 ,copyright #aibc by ,m]g5?al] ,l9otype ,company1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]s4 ,correct$ & am5d$ by ! ,editor4 ,! exp]i5c$ design] is famili> ) ! successive p>ts ( a complete book4 ,all less =mal embodim5ts ( ! book idea h "s ( ^! p>ts1 & _! position 9 ! :ole s*eme %\ld be gov]n$ by ! traditions ( ! book prop]4 ,9 ord] to leave complete fre$om z to numb] ( pages1 ! favorite cu/om is to numb] ! text pages 9 arabic folio numb]s1 beg9n+ ) #a4 ,! front pages are !n numb]$ ) ,roman folios1 & ?us x makes no diff]5ce ) ! body h[ _m or few front pages are f9ally f\nd necess>y4 ,! typographical treatm5t ( front matt] & *apt] pages ?r\gh\t ! book %\ld be 9 p]fect h>mony1 :e!r ! treatm5t is simple typography or calls = elaborate embelli%m5t4 ,! "* ( ! book is l>gely decid$ by :at is done 9 ?is respect1 & ! intellig5t design] fully realizes its importance & ! *ance ?us giv5 him = di/+ui%$ "w4 ,! foll[+ summ>y gives ^! p>ts 9 prop] sequ5ce1 & ! nature ( ea*4 ,,ba/>d ,,title 7always a "r-h& page7 ,n[adays ?is page 7(t5 miscall$ ,half ,title7 is us$ m]ely because cu/om dem&s ! famili> re/+ place = ! eye 9 advance ( ! ,title ,page4 ,x %\ld nev] be omitt$ 9 "w ( any pret5sion to /yle & quality1 & x %\ld nev] be made unduly prom95t by decoration or o!r treatm5t4 ,conv5tional dignity is ! safe note = ?is page 9 ! book4 ,,adv]tis+ ,,c>d 7always a left-h& page7 ,if an ,adv]tis+ ,c>d or o!r simil> ann\ncem5t is requir$1 x %\ld be typographically a "p ( ! book1 no matt] :at ! cli5t's /yle 9 8 adv]tis+ typography may be4 ,if a cu/om] has a special or unique =m ( adv]tis+1 & insi/s on its use1 ! pr9t] %\ld in=m him t x conflicts ) ! h>mony ( ! book to d s4 ,,! ,,title ,,page 7always a "r-h& page7 ,! ,title ,page gives ! read] 8 s5se ( ! :ole book's quality4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be z ne>ly p]fect z may be4 ,its fir/ ess5tial is t ! eye %all read in/antly ! ?ree important facts t x has to tell3 ! title ( ! book1 ! "n ( ! au?or1 & ! impr9t4 ,9 ! case ( a bus9ess volume ?is means ! m]*&ise or bus9ess subject1 ! "n ( ! bus9ess h\se1 & ! address or addresses4 ,! typography %\ld make ^! ?ree divisions cle> at a glance4 ,!re %\ld be z little else on ! title page z possible4 ,ev]y?+ t c be left out is an aid to quality4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! page is t x is an ann\ncem5t ( ! book's cont5ts & t x %\ld n g beyond a v few display l9es4 ,x is ! door to ! h\se4 ,:ite space is ( ! greate/ value 9 ?is "p ( ! book4 ,if decoration is us$1 x %\ld nev] be made m important ?an ! type l9es4 ,! use ( diff]5t faces ( type is almo/ always bad1 & success is obta9$ only occasionally by a g5ius4 ,s important is h>mony t x is n safe ev5 to comb9e l9es ( capitals & l[] case lett]s1 except aft] c>eful plann+ & ) assur$ und]/&+ & tal5t4 ,,copyright 7always a left-h& page7 ,! ,copyright ( ! volume %\ld be plac$ a little above ! c5t] ( ! page4 ,! be/ ta/e calls = caps & small caps1 or small caps alone4 ,x is cu/om>y to use ! bottom ( ?is page = ! pr9t]'s impr9t or ! int]national requirem5t1 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 or bo?1 b ! size ( page %\ld be consid]$4 ,,d$ication 7always a "r-h& page7 ,! "* & purpose ( ! ,d$ication dictate t its treatm5t %\ld always be =mal4 ,! monum5tal /yle is appropriate & correct4 ,small caps are ! be/4 ,! ,d$ication %\ld always be a "r-h& page4 ,its rev]se mu/ be left blank4 ,,preface ,,or ,,=eword 7always a "r-h& page7 ,a ,preface t has simply ! ord9>y "* usual to mo/ prefaces %\ld be set 9 ! same size ( type z ! body ( ! book1 & 9 ! same face4 ,= any preface ( unusual importance1 ! page may be d\ble-lead$1 or set 9 a type "o size l>g] ?an ! body4 ,if ! book has bo? ,preface & ,introduction1 ! ,preface may be set 9 italics to m>k ! di/9ction4 ,italics may also be employ$ if ! ,preface has be5 writt5 by a p]son o!r ?an ! au?or4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! ,preface is pref]ably plac$ aft] ! ,cont5ts & ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,,cont5ts 7always a "r-h& page7 ,! ,cont5ts or ,table ( ,cont5ts1 fill+ z _m pages z necess>y1 foll[s ! ,preface4 ,! quality ( ?is "p ( ! book-job dep5ds on ! little niceties ( spac+1 m>g91 & proportion ( :ite space to type :i* are too (t5 ignor$1 ev5 9 o!rwise pret5ti\s books4 ,! ,cont5ts pages are almo/ z important z ! ,title ,page 9 e/abli%+ a s5se ( quality4 ,,! ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations 7always a "r-h& page7 ,! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations foll[s ! ,cont5ts pages1 b no matt] :]e ! ,cont5ts f9i%es1 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations %\ld beg9 on a "r-h& page4 ,obvi\sly its typographical /yle %\ld be ! same z ! ,cont5ts4 ,,introduction 7always a "r-h& page7 ,! ,introduction foll[s ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations1 & its composition %\ld be 9 ! same size & face z ! body ( ! book4 ,any typographical di/9ction betwe5 ,preface & ,introduction %\ld be limit$ to ! =m]1 z /at$ "u ,preface4 ,au?ors are n always cle> 9 _! und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,preface & an ,introduction4 ,_! ,introduction (t5 is really a ,preface1 & %\ld be s entitl$ & plac$ 9 ! book accord+ly4 ,! ,preface is ! au?or's p]sonal rem>ks to ! read]1 & ^! may be ( any "*1 treat+ ( any subject4 ,! ,introduction1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld treat specifically ( ! subject ( ! book1 & %\ld conta9 only /atem5ts ( direct be>+ & importance4 ,,half ,,title 7always a "r-h& page7 ,z ! ,ba/>d ,title always prec$es ! ,title ,page1 s ! ,half ,title always prec$es ! fir/ page ( ! text--! page :i* c>ries ! title ( ! book at its top4 ,! ,half ,title mu/ always be on ! "r-h& page imm$iately prec$+ ?is page1 & x %\ld consi/ ( n m ?an ! title ( ! volume4 ,half ,titles may run ?r\gh a book be=e v>i\s divisions4 ,^? sections ( a book :i* foll[ ! text mu/ be treat$ ) ! same typographic c>e z ! pages :i* prec$e ! text4 ,^! sections are usually z foll[s3 ,,app5dix 7always a "r-h& page7 ,?is %\ld be set 9 ! same face z ! text1 b 9 "o size small] type4 ,if ! text ends on ! left-h& page1 a ,half ,title may be ?r[n betwe5 ! text & ! ,app5dix4 ,,gloss>y 7pref]ably a "r-h& page7 ,! size ( type us$ = ! ,gloss>y dep5ds :olly ^u its nature1 b x usually is two full sizes small] ?an t us$ 9 ! text ( ! volume4 ,a ,half ,title may be ?r[n 9 be=e ! ,gloss>y1 if ! text ends on ! left-h& page4 ,,bibliography 7pref]ably a "r-h& page7 ,! comm5ts made "u ,gloss>y apply equally to ! ,bibliography4 ,! comb9ation ( titles ( books & ! names ( au?ors (f]s an attractive opportunity = arti/ic treatm5t4 ,,index 7always a "r-h& page7 ,if ! text ends on ! left-h& page1 a ,half ,title may be ?r[n 9 be=e ! ,index4 ,! type us$ = ! ,index is usually #h po9t size set 9 d\ble column4 ,!re is s mu* diff]5ce 9 ! way ! index entries read t great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to select a model :i* w fit ! p>ticul> case 9 h&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,symposium3 ,by ,bruce ,rog]s1 ,c>l ,pur+ton ,roll9s1 ,joseph ,blum5?al1 ,p4 ,j4 ,conkwright1 ,ar?ur ,w4 ,ru%more1 ,milton ,glick1 ,morris ,colman1 ,evelyn ,h>t]1 ,pet] ,beil5son & ,ern/ ,rei*l4 ,h !re be5 any mat]ial *anges 9 ! anatomy ( ! book 9 ! pa/ qu>t] c5tury8 ,%\ld !re be1 to h ! contempor>y book reflect ! times 9 :i* x is design$1 set & pr9t$8 ,z ^! & o!r que/ions occurr$1 we re-apprais$ ! ,anatomy ( ! ,book summation 9 ,! ,manual ( ,l9otype ,typography1 repr9t$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,t text seem$ to /& up pretty well4 ,x 0 writt5 orig9ally by ,william ,dana ,orcutt = ! ,manual1 ^: typographical plan & critical comm5t 0 prep>$ ) ! co-op]ation ( ! late ,edw>d ,e4 ,b>tlett1 !n ,director ( ,l9otype ,typography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at revisions or additions w\ld ,mr4 ,orcutt sugge/ = a repr9t+8 ,:at w\ld o!r prom95t design]s & book-mak]s sugge/8 ,! idea ( a symposium appeal$4 ,! c\nsel ( ,bruce ,rog]s1 ,c>l ,pur+ton ,roll9s & ,joseph ,blum5?al1 9 ! field ( f9e & privately pr9t$ books1 0 invit$1 ) t ( ,p4 ,j4 ,conkwright 9 ! univ]sity press field4 ,trade book-mak]s w\ld also h op9ions & sugge/ions1 9 all probability4 ,c\nsel 0 s\ght f ,milton ,glick1 :o heads ! ,vik+ ,press design & production activity2 ,morris ,colman1 =m] *airman ( ! ,a4,i4,g4,a4 ,trade ,book ,cl9ic & "o ( ,vik+'s top design]s2 ,ar?ur ,w4 ,ru%more1 =m] ,h>p] vice-presid5t 9 *>ge ( design & production1 n[ retir$ to ! delights ( 8 ,gold5 ,h9d ,press1 at ,madison1 ,n4 ,j42 & ,ern/ ,rei*l1 "o ( our rank+ mod]n design]s1 ^: long association 9 book manufactur+ ) ,h4 ,wolff & z a free-lance br\ght an unmat*$ exp]i5ce 9 work+ ) _m publi%]s4 ,mr4 ,rei*l also has be5 prom95t 9 ,a4,i4,g4,a4 ,book & ,magaz9e ,cl9ic activities4 ,! comm5t ( an au?or & a publi%] also seem$ 9 ord]1 & happily "o 9 ea* field ) a consid]able appreciation ( ! graphic arts 0 obta9$3 ,evelyn ,h>t]1 ^: novel1 ,dr4 ,ka!r9e ,bell1 0 rec5tly publi%$ by ,d\bl$ay1 & :o =m]ly head$ design & production activity = ,r&om ,h\se1 ,smi? & ,haas & o!r firms be=e retir+ to private life z ,mrs4 ,milton ,glick4 ,z publi%]-design]-pr9t] all 9 "o1 ,pet] ,beil5son 0 invit$ to comm5t4 ,he1 ) ,mrs4 ,edna ,beil5son1 directs ! ,pet] ,paup] ,press 9 ,mt4 ,v]non1 & is consi/5tly repres5t$ 9 ! ,a4,i4,g4,a4 ,fifty ,books ( ! ,ye> selections4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ,mr4 ,orcutt wrote1 ! ,anatomy rema9s ! same today & ,i c ?9k ( no *anges ,i w\ld want to make4 ,i may be wrong1 b ,i am /ill hop+ t x is "o ?+ t doesn't *ange4 ,to ,joseph ,blum5?al1 :o directs ! ,spiral ,press 9 ,new ,york1 & ^: books are fam$ = _! simplicity ( design & excell5ce ( typography & presswork1 ! /atem5ts ( ! ,anatomy are sane & safe4 ,9 ! h&s ( a suffici5tly exp]i5c$ & v]satile design]1 he add$1 no rule is absolute to ! po9t :]e x _c be brok51 at lea/ 9 "p1 :]e occasion requires4 ,to ,bruce ,rog]s1 mo/ di/+ui%$ ( design]s ( books1 ! ,anatomy is an excell5t %ort treatise t cov]s all ! po9ts ( a well-design$ volume4444 ,i recomm5d x = ! p]usal ( anyone engag$ 9 book-mak+4 ,foll[+ x lit]ally w\ld result 9 a decid$ advance 9 t art4 ,sev]al m9or sugge/ions t ,b4,r4 made h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! text ( ! ,anatomy z "h repr9t$4 ,^! conc]n$ ! sub/itution ( %\ld = mu/ 9 sev]al in/ances1 9 ord] n to be too dogmatic4 ,8 o!r po9ts 73 #a1 t x is frequ5tly pref]able to place ! preface be=e ! cont5ts2 & #b1 t !re seem to be too _m half-titles recomm5d$ = any?+ else ?an a de luxe book--especially at ! end1 = ! index & vocabul>y4 ,to ,c>l ,pur+ton ,roll9s1 ,pr9t] ,em]itus to ,yale ,univ]sity1 lectur] & writ] on ! graphic arts & "o ( ! =emo/ ,am]ican ma/]s ( ! book1 ! ,anatomy is a v s\nd & s5sible guide = "y book mak]s--&1 to judge f ! que] books com+ out ( ,new ,york1 old] ones c\ld pr(it f x4 ,i h no disagreem5t ) x 9 any p>ticul>1 he cont9u$1 & if x w n make a g5ius1 x w at lea/ prev5t a dilig5t read] f go+ a/ray4 ,p4 ,j4 ,conkwright f\nd ! text cle> & concise4 ,any ext5sive elaboration w\ld defeat its usefulness1 ,i ?9k1 to ^? approa*+ ! subject = ! fir/ "t4 ,my only qu>rel1 he add$1 is ) ! p>agraph conc]n+ ,copyright4 ,if !re is no ,d$ication ,i l ! ,copyright /atem5t & pr9t]'s impr9t gr\p$ toge!r a little above ! c5t] ( ! page4 ,if !re is a ,d$ication1 ,i l ! ,copyright /atem5t at ! top ( ! page l9+ ) ! top l9e ( ! title page1 & ! pr9t]'s impr9t at ! bottom ( ! page1 l9+ ) ! bottom l9e ( ! title page4 ,?is is a good example1 h[ev]1 ( h[ an elaboration ( ! text c get too involv$ = a beg9n]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to sev]al exp]i5c$ trade-book design]s ) consid]able production & manufactur+ exp]i5ce1 ! ,anatomy text 0 less satisfactory4 ,bo? ,evelyn ,h>t] & ,milton ,glick f\nd ! text too dogmatic 9 its dicta4 ,!y 7 bo!r$ mo/ by ! fir/ two s5t5ces "u ,copyright1 ! la/ s5t5ce "u title page & ref]5ces to 'g5ius4' ,!y bo? lik$ be/ ! rem>ks reg>d+ ,cont5ts1 ,preface & ,introduction4 ,ought n ! topics ( *apt] op5+s be includ$1 ,mr4 ,glick inquir$1 also illu/rations1 captions1 runn+ page heads1 folios & su*8 ,z an ex-design] turn$ au?or1 ,miss ,h>t] has come to appreciate m ?an ev] ! values ( legibility & simplicity1 ) no extrane\s tricks4 ,morris ,colman concurr$ 9 feel+ ! ,anatomy text is pretty arbitr>y = today1 & t *apt] op5+s1 runn+ page heads & all o!r normal elem5ts ( a book %\ld be includ$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he add$1 ,i w\ld l to see ! v>i\s argum5ts pres5t$ bo? 9 t]ms ( tradition & also 9 t]ms ( ! p>ticul> function :i* ea* elem5t ( a book p]=ms4 ,= example1 ! title page is n only ! 'ma9 entrance' b x also is ! s\rce ( ! bibliographic in=mation :i* appe>s 9 hundr$s ( libr>y c>ds1 catalogs1 etc41 & its cont5ts & arrangem5t det]m9es :e!r x w be li/$ 9 all ^! places 9 su* =m t y or ,i c\ld f9d x if we want$ x4 ,!re are c]ta9 legal requirem5ts :i* influ5ce ! =m & cont5t ( copyright pages4 ,d$ications1 :ile =mal 9 a te*nical s5se1 may ne$ to be treat$ q in=mally to express ! _s ( ! p>ticul> d$icator4 ,& ) _m k9ds ( contempor>y books1 he cont9u$1 ! cont5ts page is made to prec$e any o!r prelim9>y matt]1 despite tradition1 = ! great] conv5i5ce ( ! read]4 ,i am sure t ?is is always :y ! ,index is inv>iably ! la/ elem5t 9 back matt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ,ar?ur ,ru%more1 ! ,anatomy is d>n good copy1 cle>ly /at$4 ,!re are a c\ple ( amplifications t might help give m cl>ity3 ,adv]tis+ ,c>d seems a little vague4 ,?is is m likely to be a ',li/ ( ,au?or's ,books' or ',s]ies ,title & ,titles ( ,books already issu$' if ! book is 9 a hi/orical or o!r s]ies4 ,copyright3 ,relatively few books c>ry ! ,pr9t]'s "n on copyright & ! l9e ',pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica' looks bett] & obviates a pr9t+ problem if run z a l9e directly "u ! copyright notice4 ,a s+le l9e at ! foot ( ! page1 aft] ! fir/ #ejj impressions ( #aiea pr9t+1 is ei!r bold face or completely unreadable4 ,d$ication3 ,to me1 'small caps are ! be/' is d\btful4 ,small caps are ! wor/ pr9t+ ( all *>act]s 9 a font1 & unless small caps ( a l>g] size ?an text w look too weak & small4 ,i'd say '%\ld be plann$ ) ! utmo/ c>e = balance & position on page4' ,half ,title3 ,fir/ p>agraph too dogmatic4 ,if book is a novel1 or book )\t ',p>ts' !n half title %\ld be 'book title' back$ blank & folio$ 9 ,roman front matt]4 ,if book has ',p>ts1' ! half title %\ld n be> book title1 b %\ld c>ry ! ,"p or ,section ,title & folio arabic #a1 back$ blank #b & fir/ page ( text folio #c4 ,simil> half title = all o!r ,p>ts or ,sections folio$ 94 ,pet] ,beil5son1 ^: comm5t on ! pleasures & duties ( ! amateur pr9t] is well wor? read+ 7page #cac71 ?9ks ! ,anatomy p]fectly all "r1 s f> z x goes4 ,if x wav]s f ! p]fect1 x is 9 be+ too /rict--vide ! rem>ks ab\t ! title page1 ! x %\ld nev] ( ! ba/>d title1 etc4 ,b1 he asks 9 sugge/+ ! text be ext5d$1 :at ab\t additions to ! cov]age8 ,footnotes1 runn+ heads1 *apt] titles1 initials1 etc41 are n ! limbs ( ! anatomy1 b !y are organs4 ,:at ab\t ! b9d+8 ,! jacket8 ,! direction ( ! /amp+ ( ! title on ! sp9e8 ,to ,ern/ ,rei*l1 ! ,anatomy comprises :at might be call$ ! basic m9imum4 ,any design] wor? 8 salt %\ld n only />t ) ?is /&>d b also all[ 8 imag9ation to roam f> beyond x4 ,an 'anatomy1' h[ev] precise & objective1 necess>ily breaks d[n a liv+ entity into compon5t p>ts4 ,^! p>ts 9 reality %[ mu* m cohesion ?an is app>5t 9 _! piece-by-piece description4 ,9 ! mod]n book1 9 p>ticul>1 we t5d to treat ! volume z a :ole & to subm]ge ! importance ( ! s+le page 9 x4 ,! ba/>d title1 = in/ance1 might be left entirely blank2 ! title page may be spread ov] two pages & ! adv]tis+ c>d incorporat$ into x2 ! copyright page & ! d$ication page might be treat$ z a d\ble-page spread1 etc4 ,! t5d5cy today1 he summ>iz$1 is altoge!r to h&le ! d\ble-page spread z ! unit ( ! lay\t1 r ?an ! s+le page4 ,?is may help to break d[n 9 "s degree ! rigidity & =mality :i* awes ord9>y human be+s1 & makes !m z reluctant to t\* a book z to put on a dress suit4 ,x may also help to make our books a little m ord9>y & lively4 ,illu/ration,,rob]t ,,josephy,illu/ration ,trade ,bookmak+3 ,,compla9t ,,9 ,,?ree ,,dim5sions ,f ,publi%]s' ,weekly1 ,oct4 #e1 #aice4 ,copyright #aice by ,r4 ,r4 ,b[k] ,co4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,! developm5t ( trade book-mak+ s9ce #aibj has be5 an extraord9>y ph5om5on 9 ! cons]vative bus9ess ( publi%+4 ,at t "t mo/ publi%]s look$ ^u manufactur+ z a necess>y b r\t9e activity1 rank+ ) acc\nt+1 %ipp+ & su*1 & on a f> l[] intellectual plane ?an ! cultivation ( au?ors & review]s1 or ! writ+ ( good blurbs4 ,! production ( books 0 usually entru/$ to an un9spir$ sa9t :o 0 expect$ to be h>d on 8 pr9t]'s back & s(t "u 8 boss's feet4 ,! idea ( ! publi%] himself tak+ any int]e/ 9 ! ae/hetics ( book-mak+ 0 ?\ght to be a trifle que]4 ,!re 01 to be sure1 a small traffic 9 books pr9t$ = collectors1 & ! t]m f9e pr9t+ _h already come to mean n pr9t$ to be read4 ,typography1 z usual1 0 less ?an tw5ty ye>s beh9d curr5t ar*itecture1 & ,am]ican type f\nd]s _h already clean$ up ! ,r5aissance & 7 well on _! way into ! eighte5? c5tury1 :ile ,am]ican typograph]s1 l int]ior decorators1 7 le>n+ to hop nimbly f p]iod to p]iod4 ,ev]yone 0 le>n+ to blame ! ma*9e = ! ?+s we 7 too gre$y or too lazy to d prop]ly2 =tunately small p[] presses c\ld be made to imitate h&-press pr9t+1 s x 0 n really necess>y to d bus9ess at h&-press rates4 ,9 ! field ( g5]al publi%+1 h[ev]1 ! h&-press page 0 out ( ! "q1 p]iod /yles 7 incongru\s1 & ! real problem ( design+ ! trade book _h nev] be5 attempt$1 because x _h nev] be5 se5 ) any cl>ity4 ,!re 7 _m exp]im5ts ) new b9d+ mat]ials & designs1 & ) pr9t]s' fl[]s & o!r typographic embelli%m5t1 b ^! 7 all attempts to dress up ! old =mats1 & arose f no real und]/&+ ( ! problem4 ,today #aice1 ?anks to ! lead]%ip ( a v few publi%]s1 ! educational "w ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,graphic ,arts1 & p]haps to ! en?usiasm ( ! design]s !mselves1 !re is a /eadily wid5+ appreciation ( good trade book-mak+1 & a bett] p]ception ( ! problem among book-mak]s4 ,we are le>n+ to plan books 9 ?ree dim5sions1 consid]+ proportion & weight & ! texture ( mat]ials--design+ = ! h& z well z = ! eyes4 ,we are gett+ free ( p]iod /yles & p]iod motifs1 & develop+ a new idiom to suit new me?ods ( production4 ,we are f9ally try+ to make ! physical aspect ( our books be> "s relation to ! culture ( our own "t4 ,ev]yone has come to recognize c]ta9 ae/hetic values 9 *eap ma*9e-made glass & metal-w>e1 if x be design$ = ! ma*9e & does n attempt to imitate ! h&-made1 & we f9d 9 x a quality diff]5t f1 b n necess>ily inf]ior to1 t ( ! m elegant article4 ,?us 9 pr9t+ we are com+ to realize t electrotyp$ plates1 made f ma*9e-set type & pr9t$ on wood-pulp pap] on a p]fect+ cyl9d] press c produce a page q z satisfactory1 ae/hetically1 z ! product ( ! h&-press4 ,x is ?is new s5se ( values1 born ( respect = ! ma*9e & = :at x c d if us$ ) "*1 t mu/ be ! basis ( ! design]'s attitude4 ,if he is work+ ) 8 f+]s cross$1 8 "w w %[ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! problem ( suit+ type to subject is ! cause ( mu* confusion4 ,we give too little /udy to ! *>act]i/ics ( type-faces1 & ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! f\ndries & compos+-ma*9e p frequ5tly attribute ! mo/ fanta/ic qualities to _! new types4 ,fur!rmore1 mo/ ( ! faces available on ! compos+ ma*9es h be5 cut to reproduce "s e>li] design1 & few to meet ! contempor>y te*nical or lit]>y requirem5ts1 s t we h sev]al great gaps 9 ! l9e ( type res\rces t ne$ to be fill$4 ,rec5t books exam9$1 & a great "p ( all curr5t book-mak+1 %[ t we h l>gely ?r[n (f ! reaction>y h&-press ideal1 & t we are le>n+ to con/ruct in/ead ( decorate4 ,we h f9ally obta9$ a supply ( mod]n book clo?2 ,europe has giv5 u a supply ( mod]n display types2 & we are anxi\sly await+ ! compos+-ma*9e companies' arrival 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,two ye>s lat]3 ,f ,publi%]s' ,weekly1 ,april #c1 #aicg4 ,copyright #aicg by ,r4 ,r4 ,b[k] ,co4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,! end ( a ?ree-h\r p]iod sp5t exam9+ a mon?'s output ( ,am]ican trade books leaves "o ?9k+ mu* m ab\t ! book mak+ situation 9 g5]al ?an ab\t ! f\r books "o has *os54 ,:at impresses "o is n t f\r books1 or =ty1 are dec5tly made1 b t all ! re/ are s badly made4 ,aft] my la/ exp]i5ce 9 inspect+ a collection ( ?is k9d1 ,i wrote1 ) "s satisfaction & mu* optimism3 ,we are le>n+ to plan books 9 ?ree dim5sions 444 design+ = ! h& z well z = ! eye4444 ,we are f9ally try+ to make ! physical aspect ( our books be> "s relation to ! culture ( our own "t4 ,well1 ,i /ill ?9k we are only try+4 ,design+ a book is a problem 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is good & suitable mat]ials1 ! second good proportions1 ! ?ird a good type1 & ! la/ good typographic arrangem5t4 ,good decoration 7or any decoration7 is n ess5tial at all4 ,if ! mat]ials are poor 9 quality & unsuitable to ! idea ( a book2 if ! proportions detract f ! ae/hetic effect1 or f ! book's practical usefulness1 typography c d v little to save x4 ,9 ! la/ two ye>s ! publi%]s h be5 increas+ trim sizes )\t increas+ li/ prices1 & at ! same "t increas+ bulks1 in/ead ( r$uc+ !m to comp5sate4 ,:at t means 9 simple ari?metic is t :5 a novel is increas$ f a #g-a_/b in* #abmo to an #h-a_/h in* l>ge #abmo1 & ! bulk f #a in* to #a-a_/h in*es1 x requires a ?ird m cubic in*es ( pap]1 a sev5? m squ>e in*es ( clo?1 a six? m bo>d1 etc4--all = ! same money4 ,x means ev5 s(t]1 less pr9table1 less b9dable pap]2 *eap] b9d+ mat]ials ?r\gh\t2 sew+ 9 #cb's & o!r skimp+ 9 workman%ip4 ,& x means clumsi]1 ugli]1 m p]i%able books4 ,:ile o!r indu/ries are seek+ to make ! implem5ts ( liv+ m conv5i5t & m durable & m beautiful1 we are delib]ately mak+ books less conv5i5t & less durable & less beautiful4 ,:ile o!r indu/ries are help+ to develop popul> ta/e & anticipat+ *anges 9 x1 we are wait+ = our cu/om]s to get mad at u4 ,:ile we see ! masses gett+ wise to o!r frauds ( br&+ & packag+1 we /ill h& our intellig5t m9ority ! old fraud ( inflat$ books4 ,! dige/ magaz9es c get millions ( read]s1 ?\gh magaz9es h always _h l>ge pages1 b t's n ! book bus9ess4 ,a few ( ! publi%]s c sell small books1 b t's all "r = _! li/s4 ,booksell]s c tell u ! public is on to u1 b _! cu/om]s ar5't typical book buy]s4 ,our fri5ds c tell u !y l to c>ry books 9 _! pockets1 & t !y h no m room on _! %elves1 or "u _! b$s1 b !y're only our crazy fri5ds4 ,our salesman c tell u he got a bad ord] because ! book 0 too ?9--& ah6 !re we h ! real & only tru?4 ,publi%]s ( new books blame ?is practice on ! repr9ts1 b !y !mselves control mu* ( ! (f5d+ repr9t output4 ,we all[ ! *eape/ & %oddie/ goods to set our /yles2 z if ,f\rte5? ,/reet 7 to lead our dress indu/ry1 & j]ry-built ,que5s our build]s4 ,publi%+ is inde$1 z we are s (t5 told1 a diff]5t k9d ( bus9ess6 ,mo/ ( ! books ,i exam9$ suff]$ f ?is inflation4 ,9 mo/ cases ! money sp5t on !m w\ld h produc$ a s\nd1 h&some1 & durable book 9 a small] size1 & )\t small type or cr[d+4 ,books pr9t$ on prop] pap] 7 s r>e t ,i f\nd myself reluctant to disc>d ! few ,i f\nd1 h[ev] undi/+ui%$ 9 o!r respects "s ( !m 74 7,i felt ! same way ab\t ! few books ) trimm$ edges--b t is a delicate subject bett] discuss$ face to face1 & ) weapons1 ?an 9 a family j\rnal47 ,mo/ ( ! books suff]$ also f too mu* typography4 ,i ?9k we are all try+ desp]ately to ov]come typographically ! h&icap ( pap] & mat]ials4 ,"s ( u f9d t if we don't d /unts ! publi%] w ?9k we're n try+4 ,"s ( u are /ill suff]+ a little f ,rog]s-compla9t4 ,& "s ( u are p]haps j too anxi\s to express ourselves4 ,:atev] ! reason1 we seldom h ! c\rage to let a simple book /ay simple4 ,we are v p>ticul> ab\t ! type we select1 & !n we are afraid to use x boldly1 & to dep5d on ! design ( ! lett] = our effects4 ,books ) illu/rations1 diagrams1 complicat$ heads1 or o!r special matt]1 we are apt to h&le well2 b :5 ! copy is simple we d insi/ on us+ rules &_/or ornam5t4 ,:5 we use ornam5t we are incl9$ to h mean+less little units repeat$ endlessly ?r\gh\t ! book1 in/ead ( a few positive1 significant elem5ts1 us$ ) prop] re/ra9t4 ,9 _m ( ! books ,i saw1 ! design bore no relation to ! subject matt]1 ei!r 9 mat]ials1 =mat1 or typography1 & ^! 7 by no means all f ! h&s ( inexp]i5c$ design]s4 ,_m suff]$1 ( c\rse1 because good types are n available = c]ta9 problems4 ,none ( ! compos+ ma*9es has a really suitable type = books on contempor>y subjects3 ! natural & social sci5ces1 ar*itecture & te*nology1 etc4 ,!re %\ld be sev]al su* types1 comp>able to ! old numb]$ mod]ns & old /yles b bett] 9 design1 traditional 9 g5]al =m b imp]sonal & me*aniz$ 9 draw+2 & cut 9 sev]al weights = diff]5t pap]s4 ,if ,i may conclude by quot+ aga9 f my la/ ef=t 9 ?is m$ium1 we are /ill anxi\sly await+ ! compos+-ma*9e companies' arrival 9 ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,po/script1 #aiea3 ,re-read+ ! above compla9ts1 ,i am sadd5$ to f9d h[ _m ( !m ,i w\ld repeat today4 ,_m ( !m1 b n all4 ,! inflat$ book is becom+ r>e1 b x took a _w w> to f9i% x (f4 ,) x we are los+ ! sloppy r\gh-cut =e-edge4 ,p]iod typography is q dead1 b its belat$ & tortur$ pass+ is no cr$it to any ( u4 ,we /ill h too mu* typography1 h[ev]2 too _m self-consci\s tricks1 too mu* un-discipl9e4 ,& we /ill lack _m ( ! types we ne$4 ,! w> may fairly be blam$ = disrupt+ ! programs ( ! ma*9e p1 = a book face takes ye>s ( labor & trial to produce4 ,b :]e are ! new h&-types8 ,a heal?y pr9t+ indu/ry ne$s a prolific type design program4 ,creative type-f\nd+ /imulates ! typograph]1 & paves ! way = ! ma*9e cutt+4 ,we ne$ ignore competition 9 ! f\ndry field1 & all we h is "o tir$ monopoly4 ,p]haps mo/ ( u are too polite to po9t1 b let u n ?9k t we c ignore ! f\ndry situation1 & supply ! lack ( types ) calligraphy4 ,e creative p]iod 9 pr9t+ hi/ory has produc$ its own new types4 ,! pres5t p]iod c make no important contribution )\t do+ ! same4 ,,w ,,ransom ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,private ,,press8 ,f ,private ,presses & ,_! ,books1 by ,w ,ransom4 ,copyright #aibi by ,r4 ,r4 ,b[k] ,co4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( au?or & publi%]4 ,correct$ & am5d$ by ! au?or4 ,:5ev] private presses are m5tion$1 "o ( two que/ions is c]ta9 to be he>d4 ,! layman asks1 ,:at d y mean1 a private press8 :ile a collector smiles quizzically & inquires1 ) g5tle malice1 ,h[ d y def9e a private press8 ,!re h be5 _m answ]s & mu* discussion1 b common agreem5t has n yet fix$ ^u a s+le def9ite phrase4 ,p]haps "o fasc9at+ elem5t ( ! subject is ?is v unc]ta9ty4 ,!re is really little "q ab\t ! mean+ ( private 9 any connection1 ) its connotation ( complete p]sonal fre$om 9 ?\ght & expression & exemption f ext]ior influ5ce or compulsion4 ,s x is a simple matt] to def9e a private press 9 ^? t]ms4 ,! usual argum5t1 h[ev]1 is less conc]n$ ) a fundam5tal def9ition ?an ) its int]pretation4 ,! unc]ta9ty is ab\t :i* ( ! _m presses ( pa/ & pres5t %all be consid]$1 f ! collector's viewpo9t1 private ent]prises z di/+ui%$ f comm]cial v5tures4 ,actually ! l9e ( dem>cation is s broad & nebul\s t decision mu/ always rema9 a matt] ( p]sonal op9ion4 ,= a work+ basis1 ! foll[+ /atem5ts provide ! be/ available mat]ial4 ,john ,m>t91 9 8 ,bibliographical ,catalogue ( ,books ,privately ,pr9t$ 7#ahcd71 includ$ c]ta9 presses ^: productions 7 n int5d$ by ! writ]s = sale1 & ! circulation ( :i* has be5 conf9$ entirely to _! fri5ds & connexions or to ^? :o took an int]e/ 9 ! matt] conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! int5t is app>5t1 b x applies equally to privately pr9t$ & private press pr9t+1 :i* are diff]5t matt]s4 ,! re/riction to writ]s is un=tunate1 & ,m>t9 contradicts himself by includ+ at lea/ "o press1 ,/rawb]ry ,hill1 _m ( ^: books 7 (f]$ = public sale4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he omitt$ _m :i* 7 cle>ly )9 8 own t]ms4 ,m4 ,claud91 ! ,fr5* bibliograph]1 expla9s at great] l5g? t a private press is "o set up 9 a mona/]y1 a palace1 a resid5ce1 or a private h\se1 n ! (fice ( a pr9t]4 ,9 fact x is a press res]v$ = p]sonal & n = public use1 patroniz$1 held1 own$1 or hir$ = ! occasion by a private p]son at 8 own h\se1 or by a congregation 91 or close to1 _! build+s4 ,:e!r ! copies issu$ 7 m]ely int5d$ = ! use ( an ecclesia/ical ord] or to be pres5t$ to high p]sonages1 :e!r !y 7 expos$ = sale or res]v$ = ex*ange 444 makes no ess5tial diff]5ce4 ,t seems to cov] ! gr\nd pretty ?or\ghly4 ,alfr$ ,w4 ,poll>d1 "o ( ! =emo/ ,engli% au?orities1 says3 ,= a press to be private a d\ble qualification seems to be necess>y3 ! books x pr9ts mu/ n be obta9able by any *ance pur*as] :o (f]s a price = !m & ! own] mu/ pr9t = 8 own pleasure & n "w = hire = o!r p4 ,& ,falcon] ,madan1 ano!r not$ ,engli% bibliograph]1 cond5ses 8 decision into a press c>ri$ on un(ficially by a p]son or gr\p ( p]sons = 8 or _! private purposes4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 z orig9ally writt51 errone\sly ascrib$ ! quotation to ,john ,t4 ,w9t]i*4 ,x %\ld h read3 ,/ill ano!r neatly phras$ v]sion occurs 9 ,engli% ,books #adge-aijj1 by ,sawy] & ,d>ton3 ,p]haps1 9 ! end1 ! be/ def9ition ( a private press is t x is an ent]prise conceiv$1 & ma/]fully & ?or\ghly c>ri$ out1 by a creative arti/ :o 7:e!r or n he likes to cov] "s ( 8 exp5ses by sales7 does 8 "w f a s9c]e conviction t he is s express+ 8 own p]sonality4 ,except t any book (f]$ = sale may easily come into ! h&s ( any *ance pur*as] :o le>ns ( x1 & t creative arti/ is a sev]e limitation1 ! common factor ( indep5d5t expression is app>5t 9 all ^!4 ,grant+ ! connotation ( privacy z an imp]ative factor1 a survey ( impulses & *>act]i/ics provides a bett] und]/&+ ( ! matt]4 ,actually1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ces ( op9ion & ! major argum5t d]ive f ! "q ( :e!r or n ! productions ( a press are sold or giv5 away4 ,b :at diff]5ce does t make if ! fundam5tal impulse & cont9u$ purpose prove monet>y return to be a m9or consid]ation1 a casual effect r ?an a desir$ result8 ,x is true t _m private presses1 ev5 "s ( ! great] ones1 cont9u$ = long] & m prolifically ?an !y w\ld h )\t patronage1 b t 0 because _! subscrib]s lik$ ! result ( :at 0 done 9 free p]sonal expression4 ,ev5 ! ,kelmscott ,press produc$ an edition = ,way & ,williams ) a ,*icago impr9t1 b x %\ld be not$ t ! publi%]s b\ght ! book & ! book-mak+ ( ,morris' *oice in/ead ( engag+ him to c>ry out _! wi%es4 ,s !re seems to be suffici5t ju/ification = disreg>d+ ! f9ancial elem5t1 s long z x is cle>ly second>y1 except to note t a private press mu/ be free f ! necessity ( consid]+ t phase ( ! matt]4 ,z individual expression *ooses _m av5ues1 ea* ) its p>ticul> attraction1 ! reasons = e/abli%+ private presses are num]\s & v>i$4 ,!y h sprung f ! dreams & desires ( craftsm51 au?ors & arti/s1 prophets & dilettantes4 ,broadly1 !y divide into two g5]al classes1 "o be+ conc]n$ ) lit]>y cont5t & ! o!r ) typographic =m1 ) p]haps a ?ird division conc]n$ only ) enjoy+ some?+ to play )4 ,! typographic viewpo9t seems to attract popul> int]e/ to ! greate/ ext5t4 ,! simple/ & p]haps ! true/ type ( private press is t ma9ta9$ by "o :o is1 at lea/ by desire1 a craftsman & f9ds a peculi> joy 9 h&l+ type1 ink1 & pap]1 ) suffici5t means & leisure to w>rant su* an avocation4 ,8 lit]>y selection may leave some?+ to be desir$ & art may be disreg>d$ or amaz+ly int]pret$1 b he has a good "t4 ,z a correspond5t rec5tly wrote3 ,?is small ef=t %[s ! difficulties ( an amateur bo? ) ink & ) type4 ,b z x is a matt] ( ! m]e fun ( ! ?+1 r ?an bus9ess1 ,i am 9 t s+ul>ly =tunate position ( be+ able to tell anyone :o doesn't l x to g jump 9 ! lake4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! same _s 0 happily express$ by ,edw9 ,r(fe 7,ro*e/] ,press7 9 #ahfa3 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i love my ,press2 ,= :5 ,i pr9t1 ,i "k no /9t1 ,( joy4 ,at ! o!r extreme is ! au?or :o is entirely or l>gely conc]n$ ) produc+ 8 own writ+s4 ,he may turn pr9t] by *oice or = economy1 or may hire a workman1 b he mu/1 to qualify z a private press1 ma9ta9 ! equipm5t 9 8 own own]%ip or control4 ,9 ?is gr\p ! p]sonal elem5t is usually ! "o po9t ( int]e/1 z ! typography is g5]ally a m]e means to an end4 ,some:]e 9 ?is rat+ may be includ$ ! secret presses devot$ to political & religi\s propag&a 9 ! days :5 free spee* 0 a haz>d\s adv5ture2 also ^? :i*1 l ,middle ,hill1 7 e/abli%$ to pres]ve & di/ribute r>e or unique items ( in=mation & record4 ,!n !re is ! dilettante :o dabbles a little 9 bo? phases b p]=ms few ( ! functions 9 8 own p]son4 ,8 viewpo9t is m ne>ly t ( a publi%]1 yet ins(> z he ma9ta9s a press & foll[s an individual program he is a memb] ( ?is goodly company4 ,horace ,walpole 0 an excell5t example4 ,pres5t amusem5t is all my object1 he said at ! />t1 & no d\bt he accompli%$ t purpose n only = himself b = _m ( 8 fri5ds4 ,ano!r di/9ct approa* to private press activity1 mo/ famili> because its results h be5 m significant & h affect$ typography z a :ole m emphatically1 is f ! /&po9t ( ae/hetic or arti/ic vision4 ,m5 ) a f9e feel+ = beauty h done m>vels ) available mat]ials1 b ! impulse usually includes type design4 ,let's make a new f\nt ( type voic$ ! conception ( ! ,kelmscott ,press & ! next t5 or twelve ye>s saw almo/ z _m types design$1 n all successful b c]ta9ly be>+ ! impress ( individual expression4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,daniel1 ) no assumption ( creative ability1 s]v$ ! cause well by se>*+ out & reviv+ ! ,fell types4 ,f9ally1 !re is a k9d ( press :i* may or may n be consid]$ private b is c]ta9ly n comm]cial1 a press ma9ta9$ by a s*ool = educational purposes ( "o =m or ano!r4 ,r>ely d ^! rea* a collector's att5tion1 s9ce _! products are di/9ctly localiz$1 b !re are in/ances ( significant accompli%m5t4 ,! notable example is ! ,laboratory ,press :]e1 "u ! direction ( ,port] ,g>nett1 /ud5ts ( pr9t+ le>n some?+ ( typography 9 t]ms ( ! ideal1 n to m5tion o!r cultural by-products4 ,mr4 ,g>nett's /atem5t may well be add$ to ! def9itions already quot$4 ,issu+ publications 7= su*1 9 spite ( _! sl5d]ness1 our /ud5ts' specim5s are71 & hav+ no comm]cial function1 ! ,laboratory ,press is1 9 ! pure/ s5se ( ! t]m1 a private press2 & its purpose be+ solely educational1 x may be said to be ! fir/ private press to be d$icat$ exclusively to educational ends4 ,on ! sole po9t ( priority ! ,:itna% & ,s*ool ,presses might be (f]$ 9 evid5ce1 b no comp>ison ( purpose c fairly be sugge/$4 ,some:at 9 ! same _s is ! use ( a private press = exp]im5tal "w1 z propos$ by ,james ,gu?rie1 :o has said3 ,! arti/ at ! press is1 be=e ev]y?+1 an explor]4 ,8 true mission is to sugge/ & demon/rate1 n ideas ?irty ye>s old1 b new ideas1 :i* may take our fri5d ! f9e pr9t] 7by easy me?ods7 ano!r ?irty ye>s to see ! drift (6 ,t approa*1 z well z ano!r /at$ int5tion t[>ds a ge/ure ( prote/ & criticism1 is ( a "p ) ! purpose animat$ by vision ( new & f9] a*ievem5t4 ,t !re 0 feel+ ( exp]im5t 9 ! fir/ ,kelmscott type & book is a matt] ( record1 z is ! fact t subsequ5t exp]i5ce & developm5t h *ang$ ! result 9 "s important details4 ,:ile ^! gr\ps s]ve to di/+ui% ! ma9 diff]5ces betwe5 v>i\s k9ds ( private presses1 v few individual in/ances lie )9 "o classification4 ,craftsm5 h turn$ to writ+1 au?ors to pr9t+1 & dilettantes to bo?4 ,"s h a*iev$ simultane\s di/9ction 9 type design1 writ+1 & book-mak+4 ,su* v]satility is r>e1 yet x is illum9at+ to note t ! out/&+ figures1 ^? :o h contribut$ mo/ ( p]man5t wor? to subsequ5t culture1 ( :i* ,william ,morris is ! *ief example1 are ! ones :o h comb9$ ! greate/ numb] ( elem5ts 9 _! activities4 ,out ( all ^! has come some?+ m ?an individual purpose & p]sonal endeavor4 ,?\gh ! poore/ ( !m h e>n$ no?+ m ?an pity or at be/ a g5ial tol]ance1 ! significant presses h contribut$ ri*ly to ! program ( typography & to ae/hetic progress 9 g5]al4 ,al?\gh ! /ory ( private presses is no m ?an a t9y *apt] 9 ! annals ( graphic art1 al?\gh all ( !m are b an inf9itesimal "p ( ! deluge ( pr9t]s & pr9t+ s9ce ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 _! influ5ce1 p>ticul>ly ^u book design1 is /rik+ly impressive out ( all proportion to _! size & numb]4 ,v]ily1 !y are ! little leav5 t leav5e? ! :ole lump4 ,aft] all is said1 ! di/+ui%+ quality ( a private press is no less ?an a matt] ( _s1 indef9able except by inf]5ce4 ,:atev] decision is made conc]n+ ! /atus ( a press1 ) reg>d to its be+ private or n1 mu/ be bas$ ^u a recognition ( ! ideal app>5t 9 its works1 ) due consid]ation = ! human elem5ts ( its activities4 ,fre$ f ! conf9+ /rictures ( details1 a private press may be def9$ z ! typographic expression ( a p]sonal ideal1 conceiv$ 9 fre$om & ma9ta9$ 9 indep5d5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,village ,press4 ,,press ,,m>k1 ,,its ,,second1 ,,by ,,fr$]ic ,w4 ,,g\dy4 ,mr4 ,ransom 0 associat$ ) ! ,village ,press dur+ its beg9n+ mon?s at ,p>k ,ridge1 ,ill41 9 ! ,summ] ( #aijc4 ,,po/script1 #aiea3 ,tw5ty-f\r ye>s lat] ! "q is /ill academic4 ,in/ead ( a few di/+ui%$ private presses !re is n[ a spate ( press books1 "s ( :i* are produc$ 9 home privacy1 o!rs design$ or pr9t$ or publi%$ by an out/&+ p]sonality1 & a few1 regrettably1 on ! bord] l9e ( ! comm]cial limit$ editions racket4 ,b ! mean+ ( privacy rema9s un*ang$ & a private press is :at x has always be51 a p]sonal activity4 ,i _c improve on my orig9al /atem5t4 ,to fill out ! record ) "s def9itions t 7 unkn[n or omitt$ 9 ! e>li] *apt]1 & to get all ( ! /atem5ts into "o place1 we may beg9 ) ,william ,morris's ,note on ,8 ,aims 9 ,f\nd+ ! ,kelmscott ,press 7#ahih73 ,i began pr9t+ books ) ! hope ( produc+ "s :i* w\ld h a def9ite claim to beauty1 :ile at ! same "t !y %\ld be easy to read & %\ld n dazzle ! eye1 or tr\ble ! intellect ( ! read] by ecc5tricity ( =m 9 ! lett]s4 ,c4 ,r4 ,a%bee1 ( ! ,essex ,h\se ,press1 /at$ 9 ,! ,private ,press3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,idealism 7#aiji73 ,a private press z we und]/& x at ! pres5t day 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica is a ,press ^: objective is fir/ ( all an ae/hetic "o1 a press t if x is to h real wor? *all5ges support on a basis ( ,/&>d1 cat]s = a limit$ m>ket & is n conc]n$ ) ! "q ( ! ,comm]cial developm5t ( pr9t+ by ma*9]y4 ,9 #aicc 7also tw5ty-f\r ye>s lat]7 he repeat$ t def9ition 9 ,! ,book-,collector's ,qu>t]ly 7,no4 ,,xi1 p4 #gb7 & add$3 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is z ne> z we %all get4 ,= ! ,doves ,press1 ,t4 ,j4 ,cobd5-,s&]son expla9$ 8 purpose 9 ! ?ree ,catalogues ,raisonn ( #aijh1 #aiaa1 & #aiaf1 %ort5$ 9 ! la/3 444 to attack ! problem ( ,typography z pres5t$ by ord9>y books 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( ,v]se1 ,prose1 & ,dialogue &1 keep+ always 9 m9d ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! ,book ,beautiful1 to attempt its solution by ! simple arrangem5t ( ! :ole ,book1 z a :ole1 ) due reg>d to its p>ts & to ! emphasis ( its capital divisions r ?an by ! addition spl5d\r ( appli$ ornam5t4 ,among ! comm5tators & bibliograph]s1 ,rob]t ,/eele1 9 ,! ,revival ( ,pr9t+ 7#aiab7 makes no attempt at def9ition1 & ,g4 ,s4 ,tomk9son1 9 8 ,select ,bibliography ( ,mod]n ,presses 7#aibh7 /ill seeks ! "r answ]s4 ,9 ! latt] book1 ,b]n>d ,h4 ,newdigate's introduction conta9s two /atem5ts :i* indicate ! _s t in=ms private presses & 9 rec5t ye>s has exp&$ into m public book-mak+3 444 a zeal 9 ! pursuit ( _! art :i* has be5 inspir$ by some?+ m ?an m]e money-mak+1 & 9 _m cases by ! atta9m5t ( a degree ( excell5ce :i* inve/s _! "w ) a peculi> int]e/ = all ^? :o /udy pr9t+444 & specifically ab\t op]ators ( private presses :o h pr9t$ _! books because !y h judg$ ! books wor? pr9t+ = _! own sakes1 or wor? pr9t+ 9 "s p>ticul> way2 & x is ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* ea* ( ^! pr9t]s has s\ght to give expression to 8 conception ( h[ 8 books %\ld be pr9t$ & ! way 9 :i* he has ov]come ! limitations ( 8 type & plant & solv$ ! sev]al problems :i* beset ! /udi\s pr9t] 9 e detail ( 8 "w1 t give !m s mu* individual int]e/4444 ,9 lat] ye>s1 we h _h noble bibliographies ( ! ,nonesu*1 ,grabhorn1 & ,a%5d5e ,presses1 ,bruce ,rog]s' ,p>agraphs on ,pr9t+1 & ,daniel ,b]keley ,updike's ,notes on ! ,m]rym\nt ,press & ,"s ,aspects ( ,pr9t+1 ,old & ,new4 ,all ( ^! are requir$ read+ = collectors ( press books1 & ea* repres5ts a p]sonal viewpo9t1 b only "o def9es a private press4 ,t is ! ,a%5d5e ,bibliography1 b "o :o seeks = a =mal decl>ation w n f9d x4 ,! few phrases t c be isolat$--444 ! absorb+ int]e/ ( an o!rwise busy life4444--,! ,press 0 />t$ solely = ! sake ( ! int]e/ & amusem5t ,i expect$ to d]ive f x4444--444 ! /riv+ aft] an ideal4444--^! casual comm5ts are sl5d] evid5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! entire ,=eword is read1 "o discov]s j :y & h[ a private press is op]at$--! lett] kille?1 b ! _s make? alive4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,eldorado ,,types ,illu/ration,,alfr$ ,w4 ,,poll>d,illu/ration ,! ,tra9$ ,pr9t] & ! ,amateur3 & ,! ,pleasure ( ,small ,books ,f ! ,c5taur ann\ncem5t booklet1 ,lan/on ,monotype ,corporation1 ,ltd41 ,london1 #aibi4 ,pr9t]s1 z a class1 l all o!r craftsm51 c only ?rive by supply+ _! cu/om]s ) :at !y want at prices :i* !y are will+ to pay4 ,"h & !re an exceptionally gift$ & c\rage\s craftsman may rely on be+ able to obta9 a bett] price = bett] "w1 & be rew>d$ = 8 confid5ce1 b success w always dep5d n only on himself b also on two ext]nal factors ov] :i* he has v little control2 ! exi/5ce ( en\gh cu/om]s1 or pot5tial cu/om]s1 able to recognise bett] "w ?an t :i* !y h be5 gett+1 & ! ability & will+ness ( ^! cu/om]s to pay a high] price = x z long z a high] price is necess>y = its production4 ,b occasionally ! discrim9at+ cu/om] 7or pot5tial cu/om]7 may n f9d a ma/]-craftsman able & will+ to d = him :at he wants1 & if s1 if he c>es en\gh ab\t x to be an ent]pris+ amateur1 he />ts a press ( 8 own to pr9t ! books he wants z he ?9ks !y ought to be pr9t$4 ,v (t5 he fails2 almo/ always he f9ds t he mu/ engage at lea/ "o skill$ j\rneyman to help him ?r\gh4 ,b occasionally he succe$s1 & :5 he succe$s he br+s new life into ! craft ( pr9t+4 ,def9itions ( :at con/itutes an amateur h always prov$ difficult4 ,! two *>act]i/ics ( ! class ( :i* ,i am ?9k+ are t !y h be5 read]s & lov]s ( books be=e !y h become pr9t]s & t !y w n kn[+ly pr9t any book badly = ! sake ( mak+ a pr(it (f x4 ,z a rule !y w only pr9t ! books !y l1 & !y w pr9t !m accord+ to _! own /&>ds4 ,t "s ( !m h made a good liv+ by _! "w1 does n alt] _! /atus4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( pr9t+ amateurs ab\nd$1 b n at ! v fir/4 ,:5 pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ x 0 appli$ fir/ ( all to multiply+ a few mu*-us$ ,lat9 gramm>s & cal5d>s = :i* !re 0 a l>ge & /eady sale1 because ! production ( manuscript copies _h be5 too sl[ & too exp5sive4 ,^! e>ly ef=ts1 :i* h come d[n to u ma9ly 9 fragm5ts f\nd 9 b9d+1 are rude & ugly en\gh4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( any ef=t to make !m beautiful = ! sake ( mak+ !m beautiful1 & !re 0 no ne$ to d s4 ,fifte5?-c5tury s*oolma/]s did n cosset _! pupils ) pretty s*ool-books2 !y beat !m4 ,_! /&>d 9 pr9t+ 0 /rictly utilit>ian4 ,b :5 ! adv5ture 0 once und]tak51 :e!r x 0 by ,gut5b]g1 or by ,fu/ & ,s*ff]1 ( pr9t+ l>ge ,bibles = use 9 *ur*1 !re 0 at once admitt$ a /&>d ( dignity1 & ?is ! ,*ur* = c5turies did m ?an any o!r body to ma9ta94 ,fur!rmore :5 ! goldsmi? ,fu/ & ! scribe ,pet] ,s*ff]1 greatly d>+1 set !mselves to produce psalt]s = use 9 *oir :i*1 by r$ pr9t+ & by l>ge & small capitals 9 r$ & blue1 %\ld rival ! beauty ( ! h&-writt5 & h&-pa9t$ psalt]s !n 9 use1 to ! dignity ( ! fir/ ,bibles !re 0 add$ beauty & *>m1 & 9 a few ye>s bookm5 all ov] ,europe 7 eag] to apply ! new craft to multiply+ ! books 9 :i* !y 7 specially int]e/$4 ,a few secul> highbr[s /ood alo(4 ,z "s old ladies /ill drive out 9 _! c>riage & pair 7a v pleasant & dignifi$ way ( gett+ ab\t7 & abjure motor-c>s1 s !re 7 a few great bookm5 :o clung to manuscripts & w\ld n h a pr9t$ book 9 _! libr>ies4 ,9 ! same way = "s tw5ty ye>s bi%ops look$ askance at presses & types1 & x 0 n until #adgd t a pr9t$ missal 0 plac$ ^u an alt>1 & n until #adgi t m ?an two editions 7 pr9t$ 9 any ye>1 or any:]e outside ,italy4 ,b :5 ,milan & ,rome _h cont9u$ to set ! example1 ,g]man bi%ops 7 cont5t to foll[ x1 & :5 !y decid$ to pr9t !y f\nd a vigor\s way ( ma9ta9+ a high /&>d4 ,!y commission$ ! be/ pr9t] !y c\ld get to d ! "w2 !y all[$ him to *>ge an agre$ price = x1 & !y oblig$ e ,*ur* 9 _! prov9ce or diocese to provide itself ) a copy be=e a specifi$ date4#cc ,9 ,france 9 sev]al in/ances a ,bi%op1 or ! ,canons ( a ,ca!dral1 arrang$ ) a pr9t] to come to ! ,ca!dral t[n & pr9t a missal or brevi>y "u _! sup]vision4 ,^! good m5 7 p]haps r amateur publi%]s ?an amateur pr9t]s work+ private presses ) a hir$ man to d ! heavy "w4 ,b if we *oose to ?9k ( !m only z cu/om]s1 !y 7 cu/om]s :o knew :at !y want$ & br\ght ! pr9t] "u _! ro( z ! be/ means ( see+ t !y got x4 ,z reg>ds ! pr9t+ ( secul> books 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 s9ce ! craft 0 a new "o1 x 0 necess>ily run 9 ! fir/ in/ance by m5 :o _h be5 br\ght up 9 o!r occupations4 ,9 ?is s5se ne>ly e native pr9t] outside ,g]many 0 an amateur4 ,at ! outset ! newcom]s 7 l>gely cl]ks 9 m9or ord]s & pr(essional scribes2 b m]*ants1 pr(essors & m5 ( lett]s g5]ally 7 attract$ to ! new craft1 _m ( !m d\btless only to make money1 o!rs to pr9t books 9 :i* !y 7 specially int]e/$4 ,ev5 m ?an 9 ! case ( ! bi%ops or canons :o commission$ missals & brevi>ies1 we mu/ ?9k ( ?is motley cr[d ( recruits r z amateur publi%]s ?an amateur pr9t]s4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ev5 ,caxton 7:o 0 by trade a m]c]7 9 all 8 fifte5 ye>s 9 ! bus9ess1 set up ! equival5t ( "o ( 8 small folios ) 8 own h&s4 ,he />t$ 8 press because he want$ to get 8 books into pr9t z ! easie/ way ( circulat+ !m2 b !re are no signs t he took any special int]e/ 9 f9e pr9t+ = its own sake1 or took any joy 9 produc+ a h&some book4 ,8 /&>ds 7 ^? ( a compet5t b un5t]pris+ scribe1 :o only want$ to set 8 words d[n accurately on ! page s t !y c\ld be easily read4 ,! ma/] pr9t]s all ov] ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 :5 !y _h ! c\rage to /& out aga9/ ! pressure to cut prices or increase pr(its by us+ *eap] & *eap] pap]1 & cr[d+ m on to x1 7 do+ mu* bett] "w ?an ,caxton1 & :5 !y f\nd cu/om]s :o enc\rag$ !m to d _! be/1 _! "w altoge!r outclass$ 84 ,:5 we turn to ! s*ol>-pr9t]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,i ?9k x w\ld be h>d to d5y ! claim ( ,aldus & ! ,e/i5nes to a dis9t]e/$ love ( good pr9t+1 z well z a desire to get ! books 9 :i* !y 7 int]e/$ into pr9t4 ,x is true t ! ri* s*ol>s ( ,italy & ,france 7 us$ to a high /&>d ( excell5ce 9 ! books1 manuscript or pr9t$1 :i* !y put on _! %elves1 b x is to ! cr$it ( ,aldus & ! ,e/i5nes & ,simon ,col9es & ,ge(froy ,tory t !y cat]$ also = ! ne$s ( less weal?y s*ol>s1 n by *eap5+ pap] or cr[d+ m old types on a page1 b by design+1 or caus+ to be design$1 new fonts1 ) :i* !y c\ld pr9t m economically )\t loss ( beauty4 ,moreov]1 m especially at ,lyons1 ! new ideals ( compact pr9t+1 ( ! small book beautiful1 7 appli$ to pr9t+ n only 9 ,greek & ,lat91 b 9 ! v]nacul>1 & ^! sixte5? c5tury models c /ill be imitat$ )\t ar*aism or o/5tation1 :i*1 :5 fifte5? c5tury ma/]pieces are foll[$1 are (t5 difficult to avoid4 ,a p5ny1 ,i tr[1 is en\gh = books1 said "o ( ,rob]t ,copl&'s cu/om]s to him1 some:]e ab\t #aecj1 & ! _s ( t rem>k haunt$ ! v]nacul> ,engli% book trade = ne>ly a c5tury & a half4 ,amid all ! outp\r+ ( ! wond]ful ,elizabe?an & ,jacobean lit]ature1 ?\gh no pr9t+ 0 all[$ 9 ! prov9ces except at ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 !re 0 n a suffici5t dem& = books 9 all ,engl& to provide "w = m ?an ab\t five & tw5ty ma/] pr9t]s _m ( :om _h only a s+le press1 ) a c\ple ( j\rneym5 & an appr5tice4 ,! ,privy ,c\ncil 0 always try+ to keep d[n ! numb]1 bo? ( pr9t]s & presses1 & its action 9 s do+ is usually repres5t$ z solely dictat$ by ! fe> ( _! be+ employ$ 9 produc+ s$iti\s or s*ismatic pamphlets4 ,no d\bt ?is fe> 0 ! ma9 cause ( ! ,c\ncil's action4 ,b if !re _h be5 en\gh lawful "w = twice z _m pr9t]s & presses1 ! numb] might h be5 d\bl$ ) no increase ( risk4 ,! risk lay solely 9 ! fact t a man :o own$ & c\ld use a press1 if he c\ld n get en\gh lawful "w to give him a liv+1 might be tempt$ to take secret "w4 ,unless !y 7 desp]ate1 m5 w\ld n risk hang+ to e>n a few %ill+s1 or a few p\nds1 b !re is ample evid5ce t 9 ,%akespe>e's day "s ( ! small ma/] pr9t]s really 7 desp]ate1 & x 0 only natural t !y %\ld d bad "w--z inde$ !y did4 ,all ov] ,europe pr9t+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 bad2 9 ,engl& x 0 v bad inde$4 ,dur+ ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & ! :ole ( ! eighte5?1 ! weal? ( ,engl& /eadily increas$1 & ) its weal? ! /&>d ( education4 ,!re 0 a mu* great] dem& = books1 & ?\gh pr9t+ 0 p]mitt$ aft] #afic 9 ! prov9ces )\t re/rictions1 !re 0 cle>ly m "w to d 9 ,london4 ,pr9t+ became neat1 & on occasion elaborate1 & ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 !re 7 con/ant exp]im5ts & ef=ts to improve x1 to :i* full ju/ice has n yet be5 done4 ,among ^! ef=ts to improve x !re is no reason to include ,horace ,walpole's private press at ,/rawb]ry ,hill1 or any ( ! o!r private presses :i*1 possibly 9 imitation ( 8 example1 subsequ5tly sprang up1 except p]haps t at ,lee ,priory4 ,! ,/rawb]ry ,hill books 7 h&somely pr9t$ accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! day1 b !y %[$ no orig9ality1 su* z 0 display$ by ,bask]ville or ev5 ! ,f\lises1 & !y c]ta9ly />t$ no /yle4 ,! o!r private presses ( ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies 7 purely lit]>y 9 _! aims1 & _m ( ! books produc$ at !m are bel[ ! av]age good comm]cial "w ( ! day4 ,9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! great spread ( education caus$ a dem& = v *eap books1 bo? = amusem5t & in/ruction1 :i* l$ to "s l[]+ ( /&>d4 ,m dang]\s /ill 7 ! v gaudy ideals ( decorative "w :i* f\nd fav\r dur+ ! era inaugurat$ by ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,!re 0 an epidemic ( bad ta/e among book buy]s & publi%]s1 & !re=e pr9t]s respond$ to x1 z !y always w1 :e!r gladly or reluctantly1 respond to any popul> dem& :i* br+s gri/ to _! mill4 ,mean:ile mu* q good "w 0 be+ done by ! ,*iswick ,press & o!r firms1 b ! influ5ce ( ! amateur on ! pr(essional pr9t+ ( t p]iod is n mu* 9 evid5ce1 ei!r = good or = evil4 ,! ,daniel ,press1 work$ z an amusem5t by ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,o4 ,daniel1 ,provo/ ( ,worce/] ,college1 ,ox=d1 = a good _m ye>s1 beg9n+ ab\t #ahgd1 seems to me "o ( ! be/ examples ( a really amateur press t c be adduc$4 ,! int]e/ ( its books is ma9ly lit]>y1 b x is also typographical1 & ?\gh ! p]=mance is usually slight1 & ev5 ?91 ,dr4 ,daniel %[$ real flair 9 8 revival ( ! old ,fell types1 8 uses ( italics1 & ! happy knack ) :i* ! "w 0 put on ! page4 ,i ?9k t ,dr4 ,daniel's influ5ce may possibly be trac$1 ?\gh only q slightly1 9 "s ( ! pretty books 7(t5 a little spoilt by ! weakness ( ! ink7 publi%$ by ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5* ,co41 9 ! eighties1 mo/ ( !m pr9t$ by ,messrs4 ,ballantyne4 ,if ?is is true1 x is s mu* m to ,dr4 ,daniel's cr$it4 ,we come n[ to ! movem5t ( :i* ,william ,morris 0 ! lead]1 :i* plac$ to ! cr$it ( ,engli% typography "s ( ! f9e/ books ! _w has ev] se54 ,morris mu/ be class$ z an amateur1 & 8 press z a private press1 because he pr9t$ to please himself1 & no (f] ( money1 h[ev] great1 w\ld h induc$ him to pr9t any?+ he really dislik$4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 all[ ! private income :i* enabl$ ,morris to c>ry out 8 ideas )\t worry+ ov] ca%-returns1 or ! fact t he sold mo/ ( 8 books by means ( circul>s f a private h\se in/ead ( ov] a c\nt]1 or any o!r consid]ation1 to bl9d u to ! fact t he 0 "o ( ! _w's greate/ craftsm51 & c]ta9ly1 if we consid] 8 v]satility1 8 sur5ess ( t\* & 8 imag9ation1 ! f9e/ t ! ,briti% ,isles h ev] produc$4 ,if he _h _h ! l>ge/ pr9t+ h\se 9 ,london1 & _h pr9t$ ! ,kelmscott books 9 a special dep>tm5t ( x to adv]tise ! re/1 x c\ld n h made him m ( a craftsman ?an he 04 ,he /&s 9 a v real s5se alone by virtue ( 8 unique & spl5did p]sonality4 ,illu/ration ,admiration = ,morris l$ to ! sett+ up ( sev]al private or amateur presses1 :i* did excell5t "w 9 8 _s3 notably ! ,doves ,press1 conduct$ at fir/ by ,mr4 ,cobd5-,s&]son1 an ex-b>ri/]1 :o _h produc$ "s real ma/]pieces z a bookb9d]1 & ,mr4 ,em]y ,walk]1 ! photo-engrav]1 :o _h ev] be5 ready to help anyone try+ to promote good pr9t+2 aft]w>ds by ,mr4 ,cobd5-,s&]son alone4 ,!re 0 also ! ,a%5d5e ,press ( ,mr4 ,/4 ,john ,hornby1 "o ( ! p>tn]s 9 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,smi? ,son1 :o1 ,i fancy1 has done r m ( ! "w ) 8 own h&s ?an mo/ o!r private pr9t]s4 ,rob]t ,proctor's ,greek type1 aga91 0 br\ght into exi/5ce by love ( ,morris1 b ,proctor1 l ,messrs4 ,ricketts & ,%annon1 :o 7 responsible = ! ,vale ,press books1 _h no press ( 8 own4 ,! beauty ( all ^! books re9=c$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,kelmscott ,press ones1 by prov+ t :at ,morris _h done on 8 own l9es c\ld be done by less] m5 ) ! v>iations sugge/$ by _! individual ta/es4 ,!y re9=c$ also ! pro( :i* ,morris _h giv51 t s long z x is reg>d$ z a hobby 7or 9 a comm]cial h\se z an adv]tisem5t7 ! production ( really f9e specim5s ( pr9t+ is n an impossibly exp5sive "o4 ,morris made no pr(it f ! ,kelmscott books z a publi%]2 c\ld allot himself no paym5t = all ! magnific5t decorative "w :i* he put into !m ) 8 own h&s4 ,he got no?+ f 8 v5ture save ! joy ( a*ievem5t & pleasure ( giv+ copies to 8 fri5ds4 ,b he prov$ ! exi/5ce ( a public will+ to pay = ! co/ ( pr9t & pap]1 ev5 :5 bo? pr9t & pap] 7 ! be/ :i* money c\ld buy2 & ,i believe t mo/ v5tur]s 9 ! same field h be5 support$ to ab\t ! same ext5t4 ,f our pres5t po9t ( view1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important results :i* ,morris a*iev$4 ,! direct influ5ce ( 8 "w on m5 l ,mr4 ,updike & ,mr4 ,bruce ,rog]s c only be reckon$ v slight4 ,b if ! ,kelmscott books _h n made ! success !y did1 nei!r ,mr4 ,updike nor ,mr4 ,bruce ,rog]s w\ld h be5 giv5 8 *ance1 & to make x possible = y\ng] m5 to get _! *ance is "o ( ! f9e/ ?+s a ma/] craftsman c d4 ,private presses h multipli$ greatly 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & "s ( !m h done f9e "w4 ,b ! influ5ce :i* !y are ex]cis+ on ! comm]cial pr9t+ ( ! pres5t day is n 9 any way comp>able to t :i* ! ,kelmscott & ,doves books ex]cis$ a g5]ation ago4 ,!re is no virtue 9 a book be+ pr9t$ 9 a small edition or 9 a private h\se1 & no virtue 9 produc+ endless specim5s ( pr9t+ r ?an books4 ,mr4 ,meynell & ! ,nonesu* ,press 7^: a*ievem5ts ,i %\ld admire mu* m joy\sly if x _h n be5 call$ a press7 h %[n :at a div]sity ( int]e/+ "w c be obta9$ f comm]cial pr9t]s by a man :o has good ta/e & kn[s h[ to get :at he wants4 ,:5 f9e "w c be obta9$ 9 ?is way private presses seem ( little use save z an amusem5t to _! own]s4 ,b no "o is z yet mak+ full use ( ! revolution 7a mu* great] revolution ?an t inaugurat$ by ! ,ald9e italics7 :i* ! ,monotype ma*9e has effect$ 9 mod]n pr9t+ j at ! mom5t :5 7ow+ to ! economic conditions1 compositors hav+ at la/ secur$ a fair wage7 x 0 mo/ ne$$4 ,?anks to ! wond]ful facility ) :i* small types c n[ be cut & ! great] quickness ( ma*9e-sett+ !re is n[ only "o ob/acle to a new triumph ( ! ,small ,book ,beautiful2 & t is ! obsession ( ! payma/]1 ! ,cu/om]1 t x is unreasonable to expect him to pay any?+ approa*+ ! same price = compact books 9 small cle> type ) no ne$less expanse ( blank pap] ar\nd ! type page1 z = ! same numb] ( words pr9t$ 9 l>g] type & ) mu* m blank pap]4 ,! obsession is fo/]$ by ! fact t ! repr9ts ( popul> books :i* h pass$ out ( copyright & :i* (t5 are produc$ 9 v pretty =ms1 are sold 9 l>ge quantities at small prices1 because no au?or has to make a livelihood out ( !m4 ,b if a book does n appeal to a l>ge public & yet has to e>n money = its au?or x _c be sold at a l[ price1 & x is *ildi% = ! cu/om] to insi/ t ?is fact %\ld be conceal$ f him by books be+ made ne$lessly l>ge 9 ord] t he may p]suade himself t he is /ill gett+ pl5ty = 8 money4 ,publi%]s & ,pr9t]s & ,au?ors %\ld unite to educate _! payma/] ! ,cu/om] on ?is po9t1 & x is mu* to _! int]e/ to d s1 = ! book space :i* is n[ occupi$ by a c\ple ( hundr$ volumes might easily hold two or ?ree times z _m if all books 7 pr9t$ ) pleasant compactness4 ,if an ,amateur w\ld arise :o w\ld help to tra9 ,cu/om]s to pay high prices = beautiful compact books he w\ld be do+ good s]vice4 ,at pres5t mo/ ( ! f9ely pr9t$ books are ne$lessly & inconv5i5tly l>ge4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,! /ory ( ,bible-pr9t+ 9 ,engl& runs on v mu* ! same l9es4 ,z soon z x 0 decid$ t ,engli% ,bibles 7 to be plac$ 9 all *ur*es1 ! pr9t]s 7 *os51 ! price 0 fix$ & e ,p>i% 0 ord]$ to supply itself ) a copy4 ,f t day to ?is1 ) only a v p>tial exception = a few ye>s "u ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ! pr9t+ ( ! pla9 text ( ! ,bible has be5 a monopoly 9 ,engl&4 ,s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury x has be5 kept absolutely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,k+'s ,pr9t]s & ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,f ab\t #aggj onw>ds v>i\s prov9cial pr9t]s tri$ to circumv5t ?is monopoly by pr9t+ ,bibles ) only a nom9al am\nt ( comm5t>y1 b h>dly any ( !m f\nd x wor? :ile to issue a second edition4 ,! monopoli/s knew t to ma9ta9 _! rights 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* made unre/rict$ competition into a feti%1 !y mu/ give good value to buy]s1 ensure good workman%ip1 & give _! workm5 no gr\nd = compla9t4 ,!y h fulfill$ all ?ree conditions1 & z a result we /ill h a ,bible ,tru/ 9 ,engl&1 :i* is a ,tru/ 9 ! true mean+ ( ! ^w1 because x is work$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ev]yone conc]n$4 ,illu/ration,,francis ,,meynell,illu/ration ,,"s ,,collectors ,,read ,?is essay appe>$ orig9ally 9 ,! ,colophon1 ,"p ,,iv1 #aicj4 ,x 0 revis$ & retitl$ ,! ,p]sonal ,elem5t = inclusion 9 ,! ,nonesu* ,c5tury1 #aicf1 f :i* x is "h repr9t$4 ,x w\ldn't be easy to imag9e an idea1 a policy & a bus9ess m p]sonal ?an our ,nonesu* has be54 ,?is is my excuse = ! p]sonal 7worse1 ! fir/-p]sonal7 "* ( ^! ensu+ notes4 ,nonesu* 0 />t$ by ?ree ( u 9 ! close qu>t]s ( a basem5t room 7two ( ! ?ree became husb& & wife72 at our busie/ & mo/ successful we h nev] _h an (fice /aff ( m ?an ?ree1 usually our fri5ds z well z our associates2 we lat] liv$ above & 9 our (fice2 we h be5 responsible ourselves n only = e decision ( policy ( :at to publi% & n to publi% b also = e piece ( pr9t+1 ( make-up1 ( adv]tis+2 = jackets1 catalogues1 specim5 pages & a va/ deal ( miscellane\s edit+4 ,&1 m ?an any?+ else1 x is our own ta/e :i* has det]m9$ our *oice ( books & *oice ( /yles4 ,9 %ort ev]y?+ 7except typ+ & acc\nt-add+ 9 lat] days7 has be5 done by ,v]a ,meynell or ,david ,g>nett or me4 ,:5 ,i set myself to ! mak+ ( ^! notes ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld only h to rememb]1 n to recon/ruct4 ,i _h by he>t all t 0 wor? kn[+ ab\t ! beg9n+s ( ! ,nonesu* 9 itself4 ,b = its remot] beg9n+s 9 myself ,i f\nd t ,i _h 9 fact to g back to my *ildhood4 ,:at induc$ ?is revision ( my op9ion 0 a phrase 7quot$ 9 my bro!r ,ev]>d's ,life ( ,francis ,?ompson7 f a lett] ( my "m's4 ,please return %e _h writt5 to ,?ompson1 ! revise pro(s sixte5 pages at a "t4 ,fir/ ( all 7said ,i to myself7 ,i am ! son ( a "m :o 0 n only a poet b :o knew also t page pro(s h to be dealt ) 9 units ( sixte54 ,yes1 & t 0 only a trifle ( ! family's k4 ,i h (t5 se5 my "m unfl9*+ly cut a treasurable phrase 9 "o ( h] essays s t x %\ld end to ! l9e or p>agraph ( ! pr9t]'s prescription2 & correct a pro( s t a ^w delet$ "h w\ld be promptly balanc$ by an add$ ^w !re to save ! ov]-runn+ ( ! correct$ l9es4 ,:]e did %e le>n ?is t5d]ness t[>ds my craft8 ,b f my fa!r1 ( c\rse4 ,& !n ,i realis$ t1 if he likes x or n1 ! ,nonesu* ,press is really my fa!r's gr&-son4 ,9 e/abli%+ x ,i 0 do+ no m ?an rev]t+ to type4 ,!re 0 ( c\rse ! lit]>y backgr\nd1 ! great names & excit+ p]sonalities ( ! writ]s :o 7 my p>5ts' fri5ds4 ,!re 0 ,george ,m]$i? ^: limp+ desc5t ( ! /aircase ,i c j1 & ^: ye>ly tip ( a p\nd at ,*ri/mas ,i c v easily1 rememb]4 ,!re 0 ! silv] teapot :i* ,i nev] c>ri$ to be repl5i%$ )\t rememb]+ my fa!r's solemn sanctification ( x3 ,rob]t ,br[n+ has tak5 8 tea f ?is4 ,!re 0 ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats /&+ owl-l at ! door bl9k+ to discov] my "m ?r\gh ! smoke emitt$ f ! ,egyptian cig>ettes :i* ,i _h lately be5 s5t at top spe$ to buy1 my fa!r sometimes go+ twice ?r\gh 8 pockets be=e he assembl$ ! necess>y t5p5ce halfp5ny4 7,t5p5ce halfp5ny 0 also ! price ( a box ( soldi]s1 & once ,i ?\ght ( buy+ soldi]s in/ead ( cig>ettes & runn+ away f home47 ,!re 0 ,francis ,?ompson1 ,! ,poet z we *ildr5 always call$ him1 fragile1 mann]$1 & compla9+ ( ! wea!r or ( ! quality ( our food4 ,mu* lat] ,i rememb] ,jack ,squire discuss+ ! plans = ! fir/ ,london ,m]cury2 & ,hilaire ,belloc br\ght by ,wilfrid ,blunt because ( my fa!r's discov]y ( 8 fir/ writ+ 9 ! ,morn+ ,po/4 ,i don't rememb] ,/ev5son or ,patmore2 b fram$ holographs ( ,9 ! ,highl&s & ,! ,toys 7 set betwe5 ! gold ,japanese embroid]ies :i* surr\nd$ ! sitt+ room4 ,?is lit]>y atmosph]e 0 m cont9u\sly & int5sively itself ?an any?+ ,i "k today--ev5 9 psy*o-analytic or ,communi/ circles4 ,does he write8 ,!n d br+ him4 ,is he a ,?ompsonian8 ,( c\rse he mu/ come4 ,e ,sunday aft]noon & ev5+ my p>5ts 7 at home4 ,!re 0 endless poetry-read+1 endless lit]>y talk by my "m's devot$ admir]s4 ,no1 n endless4 ,!re 7 two signals = _! dep>ture4 ,! fir/ gong1 s to speak1 0 ! arrival ( ! hot blackcurrant jam dr9k4 ,! second 0 my fa!r unbutton+1 almo/ uno/5tati\sly1 ! top button ( 8 boots4 ,b all ?is 0 lit]ature1 n lett]s1 & lett]s 0 aft] all ! *ief occupation ( ! h\se4 ,a lit]>y hot-h\se %\ld h produc$ 9 me1 v ne>ly did produce1 an ov]-s5sitive lit]>y plant4 ,& sure en\gh ,i wrote poetry1 ) ?ree ( my si/]s & "o ( my bro!rs4 7,george ,moore 9 "o ( ! ,hail & ,f>ewell volumes has a disconc]t+ fancy ( ! "y ,meynells assembl+ = _! v]se-writ+ h\r once a week47 ,b lett]s made me into a pr9t]4 ,9 a play ab\t ,francis ,?ompson :i* 0 lately produc$ my fa!r _h necess>ily to be repres5t$4 ,he object$ to 8 portrayal "u 8 own "n1 & he 0 !re=e made to appe> z ,john ,oldca/le1 8 writ+-"n be=e ,i 0 born4 ,9 "o sc5e he 0 %[n sitt+ 9 ! (fice ( ! pap] :i* he edit$1 ,m]ry ,engl&4 ,he /ruck ! bell twice = 8 sub-editor1 once = 8 (fice boy1 ?ree times = 8 secret>y4 ,!re 0 inde$ su* a magaz9e4 ,b !re 0 nev] an (fice1 nev] a secret>y1 nev] a sub-editor1 nev] an (fice boy4 ,! :ole "w 0 done by my "m & fa!r & amateur help]s on & ab\t ! libr>y table4 ,if ,i 0 all[$ 9 ! room on press-days ! b>ga9 0 t ,i 0 to sit "u ! table4 ,mo/ly ?is 0 fun4 ,i le>n$ a lot ab\t ! leg-fidgets ( writ]s4 ,& "u ! table became my own k+dom1 f :i* ,i c\ld at ! age ( sev5 declaim )\t emb>rassm5t ,gray's ,elegy to ! ,sunday night supp] gue/s4 ,b "o memory survives :i* /ill c>ries horror ) x--! memory ( my "m sudd5ly go+ d[n on h] knees1 d[n to my level1 & bury+ h] face 9 h] h&s4 ,%e _h j be5 told1 9 ! mid/ ( pro(-correct+1 ( ! dea? ( ,cov5try ,patmore4 ,! ,poet 0 "o ( ! help]s--a fe>$ help]4 ,he w\ld wi% to engage all ! re/ 9 argum5t z to ! desirability ( ?is or t p>agraph4 ,on "o occasion1 ,j4 ,l4 ,g>v91 :o c\ld di/urb by 8 brilliant relevance almo/ z mu* z ,?ompson by 8 dull irrelevance1 made an unexpect$ call4 ,pro(s 7 already ov]due4 ,by a ma/]ly manoeuvre ! poet 0 s5t to ent]ta9 him4 ,g>v91 ! livelie/ talk] ( our day1 0 ov]:elm$ by ,?ompson's discussion ( ! relative m]its ( ,lyons & ,a4,b4,c4 tea %ops4 ,he sat mum*ance an aft]noon ?r\gh4 ,?ompson report$3 ,nev] h ,i kn[n ,g>v9 s brilliant4 ,m]ry ,engl& 0 a mon?ly1 b its crises 7 n less acute = t4 ,y c put (f s easily until too late :at has to be done only once a mon?4 ,b ,! ,weekly ,regi/]1 :i* 0 also my fa!r's prop]ty1 & :i* 0 writt5 almo/ :olly by himself & my "m1 0 a weekly4 ,! correction ( pro(s 0 a diurnal occupation ) ,?ursdays z ! gr& climax4 ,x 0 pr9t$ by ! ,we/m9/] ,press2 & "h1 too1 my fa!r 0 ! begett] ( my trade4 ,= he 0 "p-own] ( ! ,we/m9/] ,press & help$ to e/abli% ) x a /yle ( typography & a c>e = detail 9 pr9t+ :i* 7 f> ahead ( ! run ( comm]cial presses4 ,:5 he 0 ov] fifty my fa!r add$ ! la/ segm5t to ! circle4 ,magaz9e proprietor1 editor1 writ]1 pr9t]1 he n[ became book publi%]1 z manag+ director ( ,burn ,oates4 ,he transf]r$ f ,john ,lane ,francis ,?ompson's books & my "m's1 & he gave me my fir/ job4 ,he gave me also my fir/ lesson 9 detail4 ,! ,collect$ ,works ( ,francis ,?ompson 7 issu$ by ,burns ,oates a few mon?s aft] ,i _h jo9$ ! firm1 & ,i 0 all[$ to h a h& 9 design+ ! edition4 ,:5 x 0 pr9t$ my fa!r discov]$ t sev]al commas _h brok5 away f ! ends ( l9es & t a numb] ( ! k]ns or top loops ( ! lett] f _h be5 brok54 ,day aft] day piles ( ! imp]fect volumes 7 mass$ 9 8 flat1 :i* 0 imm$iately above ! (fice4 ,we _h a sort ( fire-bucket drill4 ,"o ( my si/]s w\ld f9d ! page1 my fa!r w\ld dab 9 ! comma1 ,i w\ld d ! blott+ & ano!r si/] w\ld re/ack ! books4 ,"s scores ( ?\s&s ( p5 corrections 7 ?us made4 ,i don't ?9k my fa!r w\ld h tru/$ any "o ( u to d ! actual p5 "w4 ,he leant back1 he quizz$1 he admir$ aft] e /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,! title page ( ,bunyan's classic1 compos$ 9 ,caslon & ,deuts*e ,zeits*rift1 pr9t$ by ! ,kyno* ,press1 edition1 #afjj copies4 ,9 #aiac1 pursu+ a common typographical err&1 ,i *anc$ to meet ,/anley ,morison1 :o _h j em]g$ f a bank & 0 anxi\s to conc]n himself ) book-production1 & he jo9$ =ces ) me at ,burns ,oates4 ,a ye> lat] z a p]sonal v5ture ,i pur*as$ a h& press1 :i* ,i kept 9 my d9+ room2 & my next /ep 0 to p]suade ! delegates ( ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press to let me use "s ( _! sev5te5? c5tury ,fell types4 ,!y 7 v oblig+1 & !y let me h :at ,i want$1 *>g$ me = x z if x 7 sold1 b v prop]ly kept ! legal title to x1 s t if ,i 7 to misuse ?is *]i%$ type !y c\ld at any "t call ^u me to surr5d] x4 ,i /ill h ^! ,fell types 9 my possession4 ,! ,romney ,/reet ,press1 s9ce ,i liv$ 9 t /reet1 0 my new /yle1 & ,i issu$ a prospectus1 :i* ,i reg>d n[ ) mix$ feel+s ( %ame & admiration at my audacity2 = if ev] !re 0 a gold-brick prospectus ?is 0 "o6 ,"h x is3 ,! ,romney ,/reet ,press at #fg ,romney ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 has be5 set up = ! bett] & unaffect$ production ( ,books1 ,pamphlets1 s+le %eets ( poetry4 ,! type ( ! ,press 7us$ = ?is prospectus7 is ! f9e/ ( ! s]ies import$ f ,holl& 9 ab\t #affj by ,bi%op ,fell = ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 by ^: c\rtesy x is n[ us$4 ,! editions ( ! ,romney ,/reet ,press w be limit$ to a maximum ( fifty copies4 ,! prelim9>y co/s ( equipm5t am\nt to #dj1 ,francis ,meynell1 ! ,director ( ! ,press1 invites subscriptions to cov] ?is am\nt4 ,subscrib]s w h fir/ call ^u ! publications ( ! ,press at co/ price1 ^u ! am\nt ( _! subscription4 ,! fir/ publications w be ,sev5 ,poems by ,alice ,meynell1 writt5 s9ce ! issue ( ! ,collect$ ,poems4 ,!re w foll[ ,m>y ,c>y1 ! m$itations1 occasional poems & spiritual di>y ( ! wife ( a ,cromwellian capta91 n[ fir/ publi%$1 f h] ,,ms4 note-book2 ,love 9 ,dian's ,lap1 by ,francis ,?ompson4 ,b ! process ( production w be sl[4 ,sugge/ions = o!r books1 p>ticul>ly ( #ag? c5tury ref]5ce1 w be welcome4 ,,april #aiae4 ,i may say at once t ! only two books :i* ,i issu$ 7,t5 ,poems by ,alice ,meynell1 & ,! ,di>y ( ,m>y ,c>y7 71 ) a good deal ( difficulty1 dispos$ (--yes1 ! :ole ( ! fifty copies2 b !re 7 no g5]al subscriptions to ! ,press1 n "o1 & ! co/ ( equipm5t1 =ty p\nds1 bore heavily ^u me4 ,p]haps because ( ?is1 p]haps because my d9+ room 0 my work%op1 & pr9t]'s ink 0 apt to get into ! s\p1 ,i discont9u$ ! v5ture--:i* 9 any case 7s9ce ,i _h no te*nical assi/ance & v little compet5ce myself7 0 decid$ly irksome4 ,meantime decisive ?+s _h happ5$ to me4 ,i _h met ,george ,lansbury1 inspiration ( my politics1 & ,i _h met ,bruce ,rog]s1 inspiration ( all eag] typograph]s4 ,= ! next five ye>s ,i work$ 9 close association ) ,george ,lansbury4 7,i suppose t he has lately become "o ( ! mo/ g5]ally lov$ m5 9 ,engl&4 ,to anyone :o has kn[n him 9 times ( deep /ress z intimately z ,i h t _c be surpris+4 ,!re is no qualification 9 my admiration & affection4#cd7 ,9 him ,i f\nd a mo/ ready support = my propag&a view ( good pr9t+ & good craftsman%ip ( any k9d4 ,lansbury secur$ ! f9ancial support :i* made x possible = me to />t ! ,pelican ,press4 ,i ?9k ! ,pelican 0 a pione] 9 ! policy ( hav+ v few types b all ( !m ( good design4 ,we set adv]tisem5ts = comm]ce1 :i* 0 9 ^? days some?+ ( an innovation2 & we pr9t$ political pamphlets 9 ! ,m9ority ,lab\r int]e/4 ,^! pamphlets are odd to look at n[4 ,! slogan ( fitness = purpose _h n yet in=m$ u4 ,a report ( ! great meet+s :i* we held at ! ,alb]t ,hall aft] ! fir/ ,russian revolution 0 design$ ) ! mann]$ elegance :i* w\ld h suit$ bett] an essay by ,walt] ,pat]4 ,& ,i rememb] myself writ+ a d\ble-page political manife/o = ! ,weekly ,h]ald1 call+ ^u ! prolet>iat to rise & end ! w>1 :i* 0 set 9 ,cloi/] ,old ,face ) a sev5te5? c5tury fl[] bord] & sixte5? c5tury initials4444 ,i set up ) elegance :at mu/ be ! r>e/ ( ,siegfri$ ,sassoon fir/ editions4 ,i myself h no copy4 ,b]tr& ,russell br\ght him to see me :5 ,sassoon _h decid$ to refuse to g back to ! w>1 & ,i made into a leaflet 8 lett] ( explanation to 8 ,comm&+ ,(fic]4 ,i am n[ a/oni%$ at :at we publi%$ )\t prosecution4 ,n[ x w\ld be s$iti\s propag&a4 ,i c only put x d[n to ! innoc5t elegance ( typography6 ,soon aft] ! w> ,i began mak+ proposals f ! ,pelican ,press to v>i\s publi%]s4 ,w\ld !y all[ me to pr9t = !m ?is t & ! o!r book 9 a really nice edition8 ,i po9t$ out t if !y 7 9 fact wreck$ ^u ! conv5tional des]t isl& & wi%$ to take ) !m ! conv5tional *oice ( two books1 ,%akespe>e & ! ,bible1 !y w\ld n f9d a curr5t edition ( ei!r fit = a ta/eful %ipwreck4 ,b my argum5ts 7 fruitless--except ( a plan = myself4 ,:y %\ldn't ,i d :at ,i want$ !m to d8 ,:y wait on !m8 ,s ,i began to hank] aft] ! z yet unnam$1 unmann$ & unf9anc$ ,nonesu* ,press4 ,! next /ep 0 to b9d ,david ,g>nett & ,v]a ,m5del to ! adv5ture4 ,david ,g>nett's family hi/ory1 l my own1 is full ( lit]ature4 ,he is ! son ( two writ]s & ! gr&son ( a ?ird4 ,he too1 aft] a brief excursion into ! ,natural ,sci5ces1 rev]t$ to type1 op5$ a book-%op 7) ,francis ,birrell71 wrote 8 fir/ novel &1 9 ! same ye>1 l5t bo? ! cell> ( 8 book-%op & ! assi/ance ( 8 critical & book-le>n$ m9d to our new v5ture4 ,he too lik$ books4 ,he c\ld1 ,i mean1 enjoy ! feel ( a book1 its weight1 %ape1 edges1 ! syn!sis ( s5sitive ?+s :i* is repres5t$ by t mo/ ins5sitive ^w =mat4 ,v]a ,m5del 0 ! useful necess>y incubator = our s*emes4 ,%e provid$ our small capital & %e did ! r\t9e "w4 ,%e 0 also our fe>less critic-9-*ief4 ,! ?+s %e /opp$ u do+6 ,%e1 too1 develop$ 9 me ! s5se :i* ,david ,g>nett already %>$ ) h]--! s5se ( responsibility ab\t texts4 ,& %e put sobriety :5ev] %e c\ld into my lu% blurbs4 ,h] flexibility ( m9d made our "w1 too1 flexible4 ,%e translat$ ,toll]'s fir/ play1 :i* 0 among our e>lie/ books2 & %>$ ) me ! edit+ ( ,! ,week-,end ,book4 ,= ! fir/ eighte5 mon?s1 :ile ,i 0 work+ full "t at ! ,pelican ,press & ,david ,g>nett at 8 book-%op1 & be=e we felt ju/ifi$ 9 employ+ z mu* z an (fice girl1 %e did ev]y?+1 f edit+ to /amp-lick+1 t ,i c\ld n /eal "t to d4 ,?is ab\t ourselves4 ,:5ce our corporate "n8 ,we began by look+ n = a "n1 b = a device2 & we f\nd 9 a tape/ry surviv+ f ,nonesu* ,palace ! elem5ts :i* ,/eph5 ,good5 made into our fir/ m>k4 ,9 adapt+ ! device1 we took also ! "n2 & ,i sil5c$ an e>ly objection t x 0 too boa/ful by po9t+ out t ,nonesu* means nonp>eil & s _h an esot]ic mean+4 ,= nonp>eil is ! "n ( a v small & v humble size ( type4 ,nonesu* 0 *os51 !n1 9 a _s ( mix$ hope & humility4 ,ralph ,hodgson1 ! poet1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 my ent]prise1 0 mo/ anxi\s t ,i %\ld call x ! ,p\nd ,press4 7,he _h lately se5 & admir$ my fa!r's sev5te5?-c5tury f>mh\se1 :i* has 9 front ( x a delightful y>d or p\nd47 ,e book1 he urg$1 w>m+ to 8 subject1 %\ld weigh a p\nd & co/ a p\nd6 ,aft] "s int5sive correspond5ce 8 en?usiasm 0 r\t$1 & ! ,nonesu* ,press came into be+4 ,illu/ration3 ,page f ,montaigne's ,essays1 compos$ 9 ,poliphilus & ,ko* ,antiqua1 pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k4 ,publi%$ #aica2 edition1 #acge sets ( two volumes4 ,s !re we 71 9 #aibc1 9 our cell> "u ,birrell ,g>nett's book-%op1 book-en?usia/s1 amateurs 9 ! lit]al1 ?\gh n1 ,i hope1 ! d]ogatory s5se ( ! ^w1 tackl+ ! donkey "w ( book production & ! mule "w ( book di/ribution4 ,= ne>ly two ye>s we cont9u$ 9 ! half light ( our limit$ premises1 produc+ illum9at+ works 9 limit$ editions1 & v>y+ ! daily task ) su* occasional div]sions z invoice bees--p>ties to :i* our fri5ds 7 bidd5 9 ord] to help u betwe5 dr9ks ) ! task ( writ+ our invoices1 /atem5ts1 et caet]a4 ,x is sc>cely wor? record+ ! vicissitudes ( ^? und]gr\nd activities4 ,only :5 we tri$ to /op an ev]-ris+ tide ( ,congreves--:i*1 z ) break+ back ,i eag]ly unload$ ! volumes f ! lorries1 n>r[ly escap+ immur+ ,v4 ,m4 9 t unhi/oric cell> = good--only !n did we wond] :e!r1 = purposes ( self-pres]vation1 ! ,press might n h to exp&4 7,inde$1 "o wall did bulge al>m+ly47 ,happily1 "p ( ! edition ( ,congreve got lo/ 9 ,devon%ire4444 ,! lorries :i* 7 c>ry+ ! b\nd books f ! pr9t]s at ,plym\? broke d[n be=e we did4 ,i myself travell$ ! fir/ books1 be+ receiv$ ) v>y+ degrees ( c\rtesy by ! book-sell]s4 ,( ^? :o 7 civil "s 7 enc\rag+1 "s politely disc\rag+4 ,:51 v soon1 we 7 oblig$ to ration ord]s1 ^! 7 rew>d$ & p]suad$1 & ! disc\rte\s receiv$ no m ?an _! small des]ts4 ,we meant to h fun ) our bus9ess & fun we h _h4 ,ev5 :5 x _h outgr[n its puppyhood we cont9u$ to button-hole our cu/om]s & sell !m n only our goods b our ta/es & our views4 ,let me anticipate = a mom5t & quote a sample f ! op5+ p>agraph ( our #aibi catalogue4 ,9 ^! days ( lit]>y c5sor%ip ex]cis$ by ,sir ,ar*ibald ,bodk9 7( ,savidge case fame71 ,sir ,william ,joynson-,hicks & a ,detective-,inspector ( ,scotl& ,y>d1 no publi%] c be positive 9 8 ann\ncem5t t he w issue su* & su* a book4 ,*auc]8 ,fie1 8 language is co>se4 ,plato8 ,! less said ab\t ,socrates & 8 "y fri5ds1 if y please1 ! bett]4 ,%akespe>e8 ,he w p]haps pass un*all5g$1 = ,lamb's ,tales d\btless exhau/$ ! c5sors' int]e/ 9 ?is pruri5t au?or4 ,f>quh>1 ,don ,quixote ev5--^! too may corrupt ! corrupt1 :i* is ! curr5t legal te/ ( obsc5ity4 ,) a propitiatory b[ to ,sir ,ar*ibald & to ! pot5t & anonym\s ,detective-,inspector 7! unlam5t$ ,home ,secret>y gets no m ?an a di/ant nod71 we !re=e give to ?is li/ ( ann\ncem5ts ! precaution>y title1 ',bodk9 ,p]mitt+4' ,b ?is jape1 & o!rs1 7 "p ( a s]i\s & delib]ate policy4 ,f ! beg9n+ we _h a plan & hop$ to h a public4 ,9 ! words ( our fir/ 7#aibc7 catalogue1 we int5d$ to make books = ^? among collectors :o also use books = read+4 ,we int5d$ to *oose our books to suit our ta/es1 n ! imput$ ta/e ( a hypo!tical public4 ,n t we felt ego-c5tric & exclusive ab\t x1 l ! ,cali=nian millionaire :o1 ,i am told1 caus$ a ,%akespe>e to be pr9t$ to suit 8 own ta/e & 8 own libr>y--an edition ( "o copy4 ,we h made n[ ov] a hundr$ editions to suit our own p]sonal requirem5ts--! au?or we want$1 ! text we want$1 ! =mat we want$1 ! decorations we want$4 ,& if !re _h be5 no o!r pr(it f ! ,press1 ?is %elf ( my libr>y w\ld h seem$ 9 itself a suffici5t recomp5se = my %>e ( ! "w4 ,b =tunately1 _m o!r p also want$ ^! books4 ,= our ta/e prov$ to be a normal contempor>y ta/e4 ,we did n create ! vogue = ,donne1 = in/ance--we 7 ourselves "p ( t g5]al t5d5cy :i* has 9 ^! days f\nd him afre%4 ,my previ\s exp]i5ce 9 pr9t+ _h %[n me q cle>ly t1 9 ord] to avoid monotony & to produce desirable editions at a reasonable co/1 "o mu/ intellig5tly exploit ! be/ me*anical equipm5t & ! highe/ te*nical skill available4 ,today !re is m f9e typographical mat]ial to be _h ?an ev5 ! l>ge/ pr9t+ h\se 9 ! c\ntry c\ld possess2 & ! v>i\s comm]cial presses h develop$ te*nical skill & v>iety along v>i\s l9es4 ,!re 0 !re=e no good reason1 we ?\ght1 = a new private press 9 ! old /yle1 arrogantly self-conta9$1 & ) b "o type & obsolete h& ma*9]y4 ,our /ock-9-trade has be5 ! !ory t me*anical means c\ld be made to s]ve f9e ends2 t ! ma*9e 9 pr9t+ 0 a controllable tool4 ,!re=e we set out to be mobilis]s ( o!r p's res\rces2 to be design]s1 specifi]s1 r ?an manufactur]s2 ar*itects ( books r ?an build]s4 ,! propriety ( our use ( ! ^w ,press 0 call$ 9 "q by ,arnold ,b5nett & o!rs4 ,p$antically x may be wrong2 by ! _s x is ne>ly "r4 ,!re is no exact ^w = our function1 :i* 0 new4 ,nor = my own "p 9 t function4 ,:5 ,i h want$ to sign a book1 at fir/ ,i wrote ,typography by4 ,b typography is only a qu>t] ( my battle1 & t phrase puts undue emphasis on "o dep>tm5t1 "o only1 ( a job ! ess5ce ( :i* is t x is manifold4 ,a numb] ( books ,i sign$ ,f4 ,m4 ,f9x4 ,b f9xit means fa%ion$1 & s made1 r ?an design$4 ,i also us$ ! phrase "u ! c>e (1 b ?is is vague & inaccurate1 sugge/+ m]ely ! ov]sight ( someone else's designs4 ,p]haps ,?is book 0 plann$ by is ! lea/ inaccurate =mula1 ?\gh ?is aga9 leaves out ! :ole bus9ess ( ov]see+4 ,ov]see+ is no purely typographical matt]4 ,x means ! plann+ & coord9at+ ( ! :ole book--text1 editor1 & arti/1 z well z pap]-mak]1 pr9t] & b9d]4 ,9 fact1 x involves an editorial z well z a typographical attitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,op5+ page f ,voltaire's ,pr9cess ( ,babylon ) l9e draw+ by ,?omas ,l[9sky4 ,compos$ 9 ,caslon1 pr9t$ by ! ,we/m9i/] ,press4 ,publi%$ #aibh2 edition1 #aejj copies4 ,f\lk ,grevill writ+ ( ! po/hum\s edition ( ,sidney's ,arcadia said ,?is requyres ! c>e ( 8 fri5ds1 n to am5d 7= ,i ?9k t falls )9 ! rea* ( no man liv+7 b only to see to ! pap]1 & o!r common errors ( m]c5>y pr9t+4 ,my own int]e/ & ambition 9 f\nd+ ! ,nonesu* 0 to see to ! pap] & o!r common errors ( m]c5>y pr9t+2 b ,d4 ,g4 & ,v4 ,m4 aspir$ to tackle ! "q ( am5dm5ts z well4 ,f our f\r? book onw>ds t policy has gov]n$ all our major publications4 ,:51 z sometimes happ5s1 a text ne$s no m edit+3 :5 x is adequately & accurately e/abli%$1 !re is /ill ! quasi-editorial function ( ! illu/rator4 ,he may1 he %\ld1 become 9 8 designs m ?an a decorator2 he %\ld1 ,i believe1 become a significant comm5tator4 ,kauff] on ,burton is1 = example1 h[ ,i w\ld describe ! draw+s = our edition ( ,! ,anatomy4 ,our books 7 publi%$ 9 limit$ editions because we _h to rope 9 ! collector z well z ! read] & /ud5t4 ,we h f\nd t x 0 necess>y to impose ano!r sort ( limit on our output--a limit to ! numb] ( titles we c\ld conv5i5tly & prop]ly publi% 9 a giv5 "t4 ,we came to ! conclusion t eight books a ye> 0 ab\t z mu* z we c\ld manage if e detail 0 to be our p]sonal conc]n & if all 7 to be fre%ly design$4 ,! mak+ ( our books 9 a great v>iety ( /yles 0 an e>ly pr9ciple1 firmly held to4 ,i did n want p to be able to say at ! fir/ sight ( our books1 ,oh yes1 t mu/ be a ,nonesu* book4 ,i want$ !m to say1 ,t's n a bad look+ book1 & !n to f9d t x 0 ours4 ,my calculation--x 0 a calculation1 n a programme--prov$ surpris+ly "r4 ,our fir/ hundr$ books h tak5 u twelve ye>s to make4 ,our fri5ds h be5 our editors2 & our editors h be5 our fri5ds4 ,we h _h ! mo/ valuable sugge/ions = books1 & ! mo/ valuable criticism ( details ( production ev51 f !m4 ,i h seldom pass$ a b9d+1 = example1 )\t ask+ ,ge(frey ,keynes's op9ion ( x4 ,8 well-wi%+ has be5 ( extraord9>y value to u1 ap>t f ! _m editions :i* he has himself admirably edit$ = ! ,nonesu*4 ,x 0 he :o introduc$ u to ^? o!r excell5t editors ( our texts1 ,john ,hayw>d & ,john ,sp>r[--! =m] a ke5 critic & helpful advis]4 ,e4 ,mc,knight ,kauff]1 ,/eph5 ,good5 & ,t4 ,l4 ,p\lton h also done = u mu* m ?an illu/rate a numb] ( our books4 ,e4 ,mc,knight ,kauff] 7:o drew u f ! life = ! la/ ( 8 illu/rations to ,! ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly7 at "o "t _h (fice-room ) u4 ,! h\rs ,i sp5t 9 discuss+ ae/hetics ) him 7 /imulat+--ov]-/imulat+1 we f\nd1 :5 !re 0 "w to d4 ,s1 9 ! end1 we nail$ up a li/ ( r$-h]r+ words 7functional1 ! ,arti/ & s =?7 :i* 7 n to be us$ dur+ (fice h\rs on pa9 ( a f9e ( sixp5ce = ea* use4 ,b !re 0 no sixp5ny escape f ,george ,moore4 ,:ile ,ulick & ,sora*a 0 at ! pr9t]s1 he came almo/ daily1 hung up 8 squ>e b[l] hat & settl$ d[n to read al\d to u ! revisions he _h made 9 8 la/ bat* ( pro(s4 ,ea* "t x 0 an entirely new text4 ,! fir/ v]sion 0 almo/ illit]ate4 ,! second grammatical b undi/+ui%$4 ,! ?ird a transfiguration4 ,x 0 fasc9at+ to see ! process ( 8 composition at close qu>t]s3 & our feel+s 7 undi/urb$ by anxieties ab\t ! pr9t]'s bill1 = he _h propos$ at ! outset t he %\ld pay = 8 own corrections4 ,!y exce$$ ! orig9al co/ ( ! sett+4 ,9 any ev5t1 :o am ,i to be critical8 ,= "o book ,i _h #cg diff]5t v>ieties ( title-page set up4 ,my fri5d ,william ,maxwell1 :o pr9t$ ?is book1 said t he did n m9d los+ 7pr9t]s are l f>m]s7 on ! text ( a ,nonesu* book because he always made up 8 loss on ! title-page4444 ,9 #aibe we mov$ f our cell> to ,great ,james ,/reet & we decid$ 7) "s misgiv+s7 to incorporate ! firm4 ,x seem$ bett] to our auditors al?\gh we _h suspicions t our subscrib]s might be disc\rag$ f collect+ :5 !y saw fir/ ! =mula ,ltd4 on our lett]-pap]4 ,we did !m an inju/ice4 ,! p>tn]s became directors & %>ehold]s4 ,v]a ,meynell b\ght a little book entitl$ ,! ,secret>y & ,8 ,directors &1 impress$ by ! legal p5alties t h$ge ab\t ^! (fices1 occasionally w\nd up "o ( our long triangul> discussions by tak+ d[n ! m9utes book & say+3 ,well1 ,i suppose t ?is might z well h be5 a bo>d meet+4 ,once a ye>1 = ! b5efit ( ,som]set ,h\se we 7! directors7 pres5t$ to ourselves 7! %>ehold]s7 ) all due =malities1 a report on ! ye>'s acc\nts & progress4 ,o!rwise x made no diff]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,antigone ,greek type us$ 9 ,hom]'s ,iliad1 decorat$ by ,rudolph ,ko*4 ,pr9t$ by ,joh4 ,ens*$ en ,zon54 ,publi%$ #aica2 edition1 #adej copies4 ,ev5 ! mundial bad-"t 7to quote ! phrase ( an ,indian fri5d7 ( #aicj did n seem to affect u or our cu/om]s mu*4 ,b ! second ye> ( ! great depression br\ght onto ! m>ket _m ho>d$ copies ( our books f ! pickle-%elves ( pr(ite]s & deflat$ "s ( _! m a/ronomical prices4 ,our survival-value 7z luxury trades g7 is p]haps due to ! fact t ev5 9 boom-"t we tri$ to be hone/ trad]s1 n us+ our success ) collectors to put prices z high z ! traffic w\ld be>1 b giv+ a con/ant ratio ( good value 9 ! %e] mat]ials ( book-mak+1 s t our pap]1 pr9t+1 b9d+ 7 z good z any to be _h at ! price4 ,no book-produc+ ( our k9d c subsi/ )\t sales 9 ,am]ica4 ,x 0 our good =tune to ally ourselves 9 #aibg ) ,r&om ,h\se ( ,new ,york4 ,no collaboration c\ld be m satisfactory f a te*nical or a p]sonal po9t ( view4 ,x surviv$ ! get-ri*-quick temptations ( #aibi2 x has surviv$ ! difficulties ( ! depression4 ,new blood & money ent]$ ! ,press two ye>s ago :5 ,cecil ,h>mswor?1 ,desmond ,h>mswor? & ,eric ,h>mswor? jo9$ our bo>d4 ,b !y belong to our ,second ,c5tury1 n to our fir/4 ,we h avoid$ antagonisms1 ev5 avoid$ competition4 ,my fri5d ,osb]t ,sitwell sugge/$ t we %\ld publi% a satire on ,noel ,c[>d2 ,c[>d t we %\ld publi% 8 satire on ! ,sitwells4 ,to bo? we said no4 ,h[ pleasant x w\ld h be5 to issue !m toge!r 9 a s+le book6 ,:5 ,i f\nd t ,pet] ,davies & ! ,nonesu* 7 bo? plann+ to reissue ,cobbett's ,rural ,rides1 we met & toss$ = x4 ,he won2 & our editorial "w 0 made ov] to him4 ,( all ,nonesu* books t by :i* ,i %\ld be/ l ! v5ture to be judg$ is our ,%akespe>e1 edit$ by ,h]b]t ,f>jeon4 ,x br\ght u1 among o!r ?+s1 a *>act]i/ic contact ) ,t4 ,e4 ,lawr5ce4 ,lawr5ce _h writt5 a lett] ( f]v5t praise ( ! ,%akespe>e to ,david ,g>nett2 & ,i s\ght p]mission to use x4 ,david ,g>nett 0 himself our ambassador4 ,lawr5ce appeal$ to ! gr\p ( fri5ds ) :om he happ5$ to be4 ,i don't want my lett] to be repr9t$4 ,i hate ! adv]tis+ ( my "n & op9ions1 he prote/$4 ,to 8 obvi\s *agr9 7= ,lawr5ce _h a passion = publicity z great z 8 passion aga9/ x7 8 fri5ds support$ 8 view4 ,aft] all1 said !y y are n a ,%akespe>e exp]t4 ,t decid$ ,lawr5ce4 ,i ?9k x is my duty to give p]mission1 he said4 ,?is 0 8 lett]3 ,we turn ov] to ! ,nonesu* ,%akespe>e4 ,!re y h creat$ a mo/ m>vell\s pleasure4 ,i h h&l$ x ev] s _m times1 & read ,,! ,,tempe/ "r ?r\gh4 ,x satisfies4 ,x is f9al1 l ! ,kelmscot ,*auc] or ! ,a%5d5e ,virgil4 ,& x is a book :i* *>ms "o to read sl[ly1 an art :i* is almo/ gone f u 9 ^! times4 ,e ^w :i* ,%akespe>e uses /&s out gl[+4 ,a really great edition4 ,! tact & grace ( y\r editor h be5 surpass+4 ,i ?9k ,i l ! size & %ape & b9d+ almo/ z mu* z ! text4 ,! pap]1 too1 is j "r4 ,altoge!r a triumph4 ,"o ( ! be/ ?+s is t x c be done aga94 ,nobody w ev] d>e to produce ! old type ( edition n[1 :ile y\r text /&s !re to reproa* !m4 ,x means a p]man5t improvem5t 9 ,%akespe>es4 ,!re !y are1 my fifty m5 & wom54 ,!y mu/ speak = !mselves1 & ,i h almo/ sil5c$ !m ) my *att]4 ,= _! successors ,i c say only ?is3 t x rema9s ! ambition ( ! ,press to make a wor?y edition1 textually & typographically1 ( e major ,engli% writ] :o has n already be5 appropriately s]v$4 ,x w make ^! books = money1 & has no %ame 9 t4 ,we are n ,g5tlem5 ,f>m]s b work]s at our trade4 ,b we are en?usia/s also1 ev5 9 our middle ye>s2 & /ill propag&i/s4 ,e well-design$ book or adv]tisem5t or prospectus is ! begett] ( o!rs2 & good pr9t+ is "o ( ! graces ( life ev5 :]e life is ungraci\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,title page = small book edit$ by ,francis ,meynell1 compos$ 9 ,janson & pr9t$ on ! premises at ! ,press on ,van ,geld] m\ld-made pap]4 ,edition1 #abej copies4 ,9 a lett] f ,vi5na 9 #agag1 ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu writes ( ,pr9ce ,eug5e's libr>y t x is ?\gh n v ample1 well *os52 b z ! ,pr9ce w\ld admit into x no editions b :at are beautiful & pleas+ to ! eye & !re are nev]!less numb]s ( excell5t books t are b indiff]5tly pr9t$1 ?is f9ik9 & foppi% ta/e makes _m disagreeable *asms 9 ?is collection6 ,i %\ld l to make ,pr9ce ,eug5e patron sa9t ( ! ,nonesu*4 ,& de> ,lady ,m>y z well2 = x rema9s ! object ( ! ,nonesu* ,press to meet ta/es f9ik9 & foppi% l 81 /udi\s l h]s4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,poliphilus ,,& ,,blado ,,types ,,footnotes3 #cd ,:5 we publi%$ ! ,comp5di\s ,william ,morris ,i s5t copies to ,g4 ,l41 to ,ramsay ,mac,donald & to ,mr4 ,baldw9--! la/ a /rang] to me4 ,_! replies make almo/ a rsum ( _! political *>act]s4 ,g4 ,l4 saw 9 ! social essays a consci5ce-prick+ reproa* ab\t ?+s left long undone4 ,j4 ,r4 ,m4 saw 9 !m a cause = self-congratulation4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 did n answ] = ne>ly two ye>s3 ! book _h be5 mislaid4 ,b :5 he did answ] he cov]$ two pages ) 8 close h&-writ+ to apologise & expla94 ,! ,p]fect ,g5tleman6 ,illu/ration,,*ri/oph] ,,s&=d,illu/ration ,pr9t+ = ,love ,f ,cockalorum3 ,a ,bibliography ( ! ,gold5 ,cock]el ,press1 ,june #aidc-;,decemb] #aidh4 7,an address to ! ,art ,society1 ,univ]sity ( ! ,s\? ,we/ ( ,engl& 9 ,exet]1 ,june1 #aidg47 ,copyright #aiej by ! ,gold5 ,cock]el ,press4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( au?or & publi%]4 ,illu/ration ,i h call$ ?is talk ,pr9t+ = ,love4 ,i h n come to prea* a gospel to y1 b1 z ,i proce$ to discuss pr9t+ & publi%+ & book-illu/ration1 x w be app>5t to y t "o ( ! t5ets ( my religion is t we work]s %\ld d our job1 :e!r x be f>m+1 or g>d5+1 book-keep+ or build+1 hew+ coal or eng9e]+1 ) a w4 ,9 ,ecclesia/es ! ,prea*] advises u3 ,:atsoev] ?y h& f9de? to d1 d x ) ?y might4 7,*4 #i1 v4 #aj47 ,y may say t my job is a nice job2 t x is all v well = me to talk4 ,i c assure y t book-manufacture is a mo/ intricate process4 ,?+s t5d to g wrong at e /age ( production4 ,( worries we pr9t]s h no end4 ,i (t5 feel l an ,iri% f>m] driv+ 8 pig to m>ket4 ,9 "o h& he holds a /ick to prod ! pig4 ,9 ! o!r a /r+ ti$ to ! pig's leg4 ,! pig goes to ! "r & !n to ! left & ! c\ntryman wond]s w he ev] get t pig to ! m>ket4 ,_m ( my books are l t pig4 ,!y drive me to despair4 ,& yet ,i love my pr9t+ l a m\nta9e] loves 8 m\nta9s1 :i* he climbs ardu\sly ) sweat & a*+ limbs4 ,he has 8 rew>d :5 he rea*es ! summit & enjoys a f9e view1 mu* z ,i enjoy ! appe>ance ( a book :i* ,i h made ) inf9ite pa9s4 ,= bo? ( u !re is ! joy ( a*ievem5t--( some?+ attempt$1 some?+ done4 ,oh1 b1 y may expo/ulate1 suppos+ y 7 a sew]-man1 c\ld y br+ love into y\r "w8 ,i am sure ,i w\ld4 ,9 fact ?is case 9 po9t 0 quot$ rec5tly on ! wireless4 ,if ,i rememb] rightly1 a speak] _h ref]r$ ) commis]ation to ! lot ( ! sew]-man work+ und]gr\nd among ! rats 9 ! muck & /5* ( dra9s4 ,he 0 call$ to task by a mo/ insult$ sew]-man1 :o expla9$ t 8 0 a good job--z good z any o!r4 ,all ! arti/s & ! craftsm5 :o co-op]ate ) me--! pap]-mak]s1 ! clo?-mak]s1 ! tann]s1 ! brass-cutt]s1 ! illu/rators1 ! compositors1 ! pressm51 ! b9d]s--aye1 & ! au?ors too1 :o write & rewrite _! text until x seems to me j "r = ! ,gold5 ,cock]el--all ( !m h _! worries & _! toil1 b _! "w = me is done ) love4 ,?is is a "q y might ask y\rselves3 c a beautiful ?+ be made cynically8 ,! dice is load$ aga9/ ! unwant$ *ild ( a loveless m>riage4 ,y _c divorce y\r "w f y\r life4 ,! two are p>ts ( a :ole4 ,my religion is t love %\ld be ! basis ( all "o's liv+ & all "o's "w4 ,9 s f> z my books h be5 successful z works ( art1 x is because !y h be5 made ) love4 ,only ) great self-re/ra9t c ,i refra9 f read+ y aga9 t beautiful ?irte5? *apt] ( ,/4 ,paul's ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians on ,fai?1 ,hope & ,love--y rememb] ,love suff]e? long & is k9d1 love envie? n1 love vaunte? n itself1 is n puff$ up4 ,please read x n[ & !n4 ,x is s important4 ,p]haps1 :5 y he>d my talk 0 to be call$ ,pr9t+ = ,love1 y ?\ght1 ,oh1 he means pr9t+ )\t f9ancial rew>d4 ,believe me1 love1 too1 ha? its rew>d4 ,make :at y h to make1 & d :at y h to d1 ! way ,i advocate1 & y w h y\r rew>d4 ,y mu/ h fai? 9 ?is4 ,we h got to fight our battles aga9/ ob/ructions1 b1 if we fight well1 & d :at we are int5d$ to d1 ev]y?+ is made possible = u3 ! mo/ miracul\s ?+s happ5 9 _! due "t4 ,at ! ,gold5 ,cock]el ,i nev] *oose a book because ,i ?9k x a good sell]4 ,publi%+ fri5ds are a/oni%$ :5 ,i admit t q rec5tly ,i refus$ books (f]$ to me by ,evelyn ,waugh--"o ( ! be/ sell+ noveli/s ( today--& ,sir ,osb]t ,sitwell4 ,( c\rse ,i d n disapprove ( ! au?ors4 ,i admire !m greatly4 ,b 9 ea* case ! manuscript submitt$ 0 n "o ,i want$ = ! ,cock]el4 ,i *oose ^? books :i* ,i believe are "r = ?is gay1 mir?ful1 v]satile bird4 ,at times he likes to play1 at times to be s]i\s4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 g5u9e old tales ( adv5ture writt5 by explor]s & mission>ies1 :o may h travell$ 9 bir*-b>k canoes or qua9t unwieldy %ips4 ,he is int]e/$ 9 old peoples & _! poetry4 ,at pres5t he is pr9t+ a translation ( ! epic ( ,gilgame% pres]v$ on /one tablets4 ,x is at lea/ six ?\s& ye>s old & ref]s to a flood--l ,noah's ,flood--:i* 0 rec5t hi/ory to p !n4 ,!y 7 ei!r m or less civiliz$ !n ?an we are n[1 accord+ to y\r view ( :at con/itutes civilization4 ,!y appe> to h _h m to eat ?an we h n[2 !y sp5t m "t 9 mak+ life beautiful1 & 9 ?\ghtful enquiry into spiritual ?+s1 su* z survival aft] dea?4 ,!y _h libr>ies ( books1 n pr9t$ l ,gold5 ,cock]els1 b inscrib$ on s]ies ( /one tablets4 ,!re 7 sev]al copies ( ! epic ( ,gilgame% 9 ! libr>y at ,n9eveh4 ,to return to ! ,gold5 ,cock]el1 he also loves ! ma/]pieces ( ,engli% & ,fr5* lit]ature & classical lit]ature4 ,he is really a v human bird1 k9d & sometimes v amor\s1 nev] spiteful1 nev] morbid1 nev] cruel4 ,i p]sonally pret5d to run ?is ,press1 b y "k ?is *im]ic cock]el really rules ! roo/4 ,:5 ,i & two fri5ds took ov] ! ,press 9 #aicc1 ,i _h q diff]5t ideas = x f ^? ,i _h accept$ a few mon?s lat]4 ,?is ,cock]el _h 8 own p]sonality & traditions4 ,i h r enjoy$ foll[+ 8 gaudy plumage along ! a]ial av5ues 9 :i* he seems to want to fly4 ,?is has n always be5 easy = me4 ,f "t to "t ,i _h p>tn]s to help me4 ,_! ideas & m9e naturally did n always co9cide4 ,!y gave 9 to me s (t5 t j occasionally ,i _h1 9 common *>ity1 to pr9t & publi% "s book fav\r$ by "o ( !m & :i* ,i did n myself l4 ,usually on su* occasions ! f9i%$ book 0 to me abortive--a baby cuckoo among my own fl$gl+s4 ,& !y usually did n sell well4 ,try z y may1 y _c d q z well = someone else's (fspr+4 ,x has always be5 ( p>am\nt importance t my books %\ld sell4 ,z a husb& & a fa!r ( ?ree *ildr51 ,i h _h to make ! ,cock]el pay4 ,o!rwise ,i %\ld h _h to "w at some?+ else4 ,obvi\sly y _c make a l>ge income f ! sale (1 say1 half a doz5 books a ye> 9 small limit$ editions4 ,b ! ,cock]el has nev] let me d[n & always made x possible = me to keep on ) ?is "w4 ,! late ,/4 ,john ,hornby1 :o us$ to publi% ^? monum5tal ,a%5d5e ,press books at prices 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #ajj gns4 has said t1 tak5 all ov]1 he w\ld j approximately cov] 8 co/s4 ,no pr(it6 ,he 0 9 a f9ancial position to ignore co/s & ! necessity to make 8 books pay4 ,9 !ory t is good4 ,9 practice ,i ?9k x is :olesome t ! products ( y\r lab\r %\ld be comm]cially "r4 ,! absolute necessity = y to sell :at y produce makes y take notice ( ! reactions ( y\r patrons1 keeps y f be+ too p]sonal1 too idiosyncratic1 too preci\s1 %all ,i say too amateuri%8 ,"h ,i am on difficult gr\nd4 ,x dep5ds :at y mean by amateuri%4 ,i ?9k ( myself z a pr(essional1 b1 to ! trade publi%]s 7:o w\ld n dream ( reject+ a manuscript f ,evelyn ,waugh71 ,i1 & o!rs l me1 are look$ on z amateurs1 because we d :at we l4 ,?is type ( amateur1 :o does :at he likes1 sci5tifically1 is1 ,i believe1 v important4 ,into ?is category w\ld fall rese>* /ud5ts1 & poets1 & s*ol>s1 & inv5tors1 & all sorts ( p4 ,has a sci5tific /udy ev] be5 made ( ! amateur ?r\gh\t ! ages & 8 influ5ce on our life8 ,if n1 !re is a noble !sis = a rese>* /ud5t1 & he c\ld make ( x a mo/ int]e/+ & ,i ?9k saleable book4 ,p]haps "o ( y w d x6 ,n[ y may be ?9k+1 "h's ?is *ap & !y tell me he has a c]ta9 reputation z a pr9t]4 ,we get him d[n "h to talk to u ab\t pr9t+1 & (f he goes gass+ ab\t love1 & ,noah's flood1 & h[ to make money )\t try+ to4 ,please =give me6 ,y see ,i />t$ z a pr9t] & taught myself h[ to dress a book accord+ to my ta/es4 ,!n ,i became a publi%]4 ,let u make no mi/ake3 ! important ?+ is ! lit]>y cont5t ( ! book4 ,h[ x is dress$ is only ( second>y importance4 ,x c be dress$ any old h[4 ,obvi\sly x is bett] :5 x is suitably dress$4 ,b ! dress1 t is1 ! pr9t+ & b9d+1 mu/ n be accord$ too great importance--x mu/ n vaunt itself4 ,if y ask a book-sell] :o has built up a circle ( p :o collect cock]els :y !y l cock]els1 he w answ] because !y are cock]els4 ,by ?is he does n1 ,i hope1 mean because !y we> cock]el dress--or1 %all ,i say1 plumage8--b r t !y are1 9 _! lit]>y cont5t1 9 _! dress1 & 9 _! illu/ration1 examples ( ! cock]el idea ( :at a book %\ld be4 ,( c\rse x is no good ! au?or ?9k+ he has done ev]y?+--x is ! composite :ole :i* is s engag+4 ,i h kn[n "s illu/rators :o ?9k ! au?or doesn't c\nt4 ,& au?ors t5d to ?9k ! arti/ a hack :o %\ld d :at he is told4 ,bo? may ?9k t my own small contribution1 z ! ar*itect ( ! :ole /ructure1 is unimportant4 ,q ! greate/ joy = me 9 publi%+ is be+ 9 con/ant delightful int]c\rse ) ^! beautiful au?ors & arti/s4 ,beautiful is ! "r ^w4 ,i don't mean physically1 ( c\rse1 b 9 _! natures4 ,comp>e !m if y l1 to ! mo/ s5sitive in/rum5ts design$ by man & y behold ^! ,god-made be+s a hundr$-fold m s5sitive4 ,g to ! races & delight 9 ! controll$ n]v\sness & ! p5t-up fire ( en?usiasm 9 ^? beautiful ?or\ghbr$ horses1 & yet ^! dream]s ( dreams1 ^! passionate romanc]s1 ^! s*ol>s1 9 all ! controll$ exub]ance ( _! k & _! zeal = rese>*1 ^! draw]s ( pictures1 :o see ! light t nev] 0 on sea or l&3 ! horses are z no?+ beside !m6 ,n[1 :o are ^! au?ors & s*ol>s & arti/s8 ,well1 "s are1 ( c\rse1 pr(essionals1 9 ! s5se t !y live by _! art1 & o!rs1 a lot ( !m1 are civil s]vants1 or ar*itects1 or ev5 prime m9i/]s1 :o make _! art a hobby4 ,b c we end !re8 ,is n e roadman tidy+ 8 road1 e ?at*] on ! ro(1 or e good acc\ntant neatly writ+ 8 acc\nts1 & e work] plant+ 8 allotm5t ( a summ]'s ev5+1 an arti/ to a great] or less degree8 ,he seems to me1 wat*+ him1 to be work+ = love4 ,& s ) ^? ( u :o make seemly books4 ,normally y h ! publi%] :o *ooses :at books he w publi%1 & contracts ) ! au?or to produce & sell 8 "w 9 book =m4 ,y h also ! pap]-mak]1 ! ink-mak]1 ! type-f\nd]1 ! mak] ( pr9t+ ma*9]y & plant4 ,y h ! pr9t]1 ) 8 compositors :o prep>e ! type = press1 8 pro(-read]s1 8 pressm5 :o pr9t ! correct$ type on ! pap]1 & 8 w>eh\sem51 :o deal out ! pap]1 & pack ! pr9t$ %eets4 ,y h ! b9d]s & manufactur]s ( mat]ial & ma*9]y us$ 9 b9d+4 ,normally a ho/ ( p h tak5 _! "p1 h[ev] small1 9 processes :i* g to ! mak+ ( ! f9i%$ book4 ,9 a private press a v great deal ( ! "w is conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( its own]4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! own] himself has set ! type & pr9t$ x on a h&-press4 ,8 output has ?us be5 sev]ely limit$ to ! productivity ( "o s+le pair ( h&s4 ,?is is n practical politics today--"o's turnov] is too small to cov] ov]heads4 ,an alt]native is to employ skill$ help ) ! type-sett+ & presswork4 ,?is 0 ! me?od employ$ by ! ,gold5 ,cock]el up to #aicc4 ,= reasons ,i ne$ n g into1 ?is me?od does n n[ pay4 ,! survival ( ! ,gold5 ,cock]el1 s9ce ,i & my fri5ds took x ov] 9 ! mid/ ( ! great depression1 has be5 due 9 l>ge measure to ! me?od ( production :i* we adopt$4 ,by work+ 9 ) ! ,*iswick ,press1 a fam\s old firm ( trade pr9t]s1 we arrang$ t ! ,cock]el %\ld h ! use ( _! plant & _! skill$ lab\r precisely z & :5 we want$ x1 )\t ! necessity = capital exp5diture on plant or ( provid+ ! wages ( skill$ craftsm51 week 9 week out1 :e!r or n fully employ$4 ,^? 7 t]rible times1 & our solution 0 ! only "o practicable4 ,x 0 a great exp]im5t1 b x work$4 ,( all ! important private presses 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,cock]el alone has c>ri$ on--& "r ?r\gh ! w>4 ,9 ! books ( ! ,gold5 ,cock]el a great tradition survives4 ,b ! survival ( ! ,gold5 ,cock]el1 & ( ! tradition :i* x holds de>1 is n a*iev$ solely by its me?od ( production4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are o!r prime factors4 ,i h said t 9 my view ! lit]>y cont5t ( ! book is m important ?an its dress4 ,we mu/ n pr9t = ! sake ( pr9t+4 ,fir/ly !n ,i only pr9t :at ,i greatly desire to publi%--some?+ t is really good4 ,i ?9k ,i h be5 successful 9 f9d+ a lot ( new lit]>y mat]ial :i* a sophi/icat$ section ( ! community does enjoy to read4 ,( c\rse "s ( my book-sell] fri5ds (t5 beg me to pr9t ! old fav\rites1 = :i* !re is su* a great dem&4 ,occasionally ,i oblige4 ,i h a ,gray's ,elegy at ! b9d]s n[ & a ,keats' ,endymion 9 ! press4 ,b g5]ally ! ,cock]el pref]s to be m ent]pris+4 ,look at all ! lit]ature we une>!d & publi%$ on ! subject ( ! ,mut9y on ! ,b\nty--book aft] book4 ,& !n ^? volumes ( ,%elley's lett]s to ,hogg4 ,we f\nd & publi%$ ! j\rnal kept by ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs :5 !y w5t to ,am]ica4 ,!n !re 7 ! f\r previ\sly unpubli%$ books by t leg5d>y "*1 ,lawr5ce ( ,arabia1 & s on4 ,^! are typical ( ! sort ( ?+ we've f\nd & publi%$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,n ! old favorites1 b1 because !y add to lit]ature & k1 s well wor? mak+ kn[n4 ,! second important feature ( ,cock]els is _! illu/ration ) engrav+s4 ,m ?an any o!r process1 engrav+ h>monizes ) type4 ,engrav$ wood-blocks & copp]-plates are v difficult to pr9t z !y %\ld be pr9t$1 especially on a durable rag-pap]4 ,!y are !re=e little us$ 9 ^! days ( mass-production4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! team ( arti/s :o "w = ! ,gold5 ,cock]el1 engrav+ z an arti/ic m$ium is fl[]+ z nev] be=e4 ,by ! en?usiasm & love :i* ^! arti/s br+ to _! "w1 !y advance _! te*niques ye> by ye>1 always improv+ on _! own previ\s be/1 or ! previ\s be/ ( _! competitors1 till !re sometimes seems to be no limit to ! new effects !y w obta9 9 _! illu/rations4 ,x is an undy+ satisfaction to ! ,gold5 ,cock]el to be able to enc\rage & advise tal5t$ engrav]s1 &1 by display+ _! "w to ! be/ advantage1 to build up = !m ! reputations !y des]ve4 ,9 ! tw5ties x 0 ,eric ,gill1 ,rob]t ,gibb+s1 ,eric ,ravili\s1 ,david ,jones1 ,blair ,hughes-,/anton1 ,agnes ,mill]-,p>k] & ,john ,na%4 ,9 ! ?irties1 & m rec5tly1 o!r engrav]s l ,clif=d ,webb1 ,john ,buckl&-,wright1 ,reynolds ,/one1 ,gw5da ,morgan1 ,pet] ,b>k]-,mill1 & ,john ,o',connor h come to ! =e4 ,y h se5 a few examples ( my own wife's "w among ! books ,i h br\ght along4 ,& n[ we h o!rs too1 ( an a/oni%+ brilliance1 l ,doro!a ,braby1 com+ on4 ,x is impossible = me to be suffici5tly grateful = ! privilege ( be+ able 9 my small way to nurture ?is fl[]+ & progressive art4 ,aft] _! lit]>y cont5t & _! illu/ration1 ! ?ird feature ( ,cock]els :i* has su/a9$ ! ,press1 :5 o!r presses h fall5 out1 is my policy ( co-op]at+ ) ! buy+ public--( produc+ books :i* !y c af=d to buy4 ,obvi\sly ! v ri* m5 :o c pay #ajj gns4 = a book are n[ v few & f> betwe54 ,i h resi/$ ! temptation to compete ) ! #ajj gn4 books--! museum pieces4 ,i h resi/$ ! temptation to sp5d s mu* on ! production ( my books t !y are inaccessible4 ,) ! levell+ ( incomes !re is n[ a consid]able public1 :i*1 if x appreciates !m1 c buy ,cock]els at ! #b gu9eas or #d gu9eas :i* _! production necessitates4 ,^?1 !n are ! p>ticul> features ( ,cock]els :i* ,illu/ration h ma9ta9$ ! ,press ?r\gh difficult ye>s4 ,t !y are works ( art--! conceptions ( a book-ar*itect--w\ld n h suffic$1 b1 s9ce !y are expressions ( ! art ( ! book1 let u consid] !m ar*itecturally = a few m9utes4 ,! subject is va/3 ,i mu/ try to epitomise x4444 ,,cock]el ,,devices ,,by ,,m>k ,,sev]9 ,,ar?ur ,w4 ,,ru%more ,,! ,,fun ,,& ,,fury ,,( ,a ,,private ,,press4 ,"s ,voyages ( ,! ,gold5 ,h9d ,f ,bookmak+ & ,k9dr$ ,am5ities edit$ by ,e>l ,s*5ck ,mi]s & ,ri*>d ,ellis4 ,copyright #aidb by ,rutg]s ,univ]sity ,press4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,illu/ration ,x's fun1 isn't x8 said my wife4 ,i've gott5 s t ,i c recall :ole sonnets j by read+ ^! fir/ l9es4 ,we 7 sitt+ 9 a pat* ( w>m ,septemb] sun%9e "u ! walnut1 trimm$ high l a giant umbrella1 ov] ! t]race back ( ! press4 ,pro( & copy ( ! long ,cont5ts ( ,edna ,millay's new volume ( collect$ sonnets lay on ! table betwe5 u z we idl$1 savor+ ! fir/ signs ( ,fall 9 ! yell[ leaves t ! breeze scatt]$ ab\t ! gray flag/ones4 ,! air 0 spicy & ! ag]atum & m>igolds 9 ! bord] mat*$ ! autumn colors ( ! gold5rod & wild a/]s by ! roadside4 ,i love g>d5+1 too1 %e said loyally4 ,i mu/ pot ^? d\ble begonias be=e ! fro/ gets !m4 ,i lit my pipe aga9 & we w5t on ) ! pro(s4 ,"o hundr$ n9ety-two pages set 9 ,bruce ,rog]s' beautiful ,c5taur1 correct$1 ti$ & wrapp$1 lay 9 neat piles wait+ to be tak5 to ,camd5 = pr9t+4 ,we _h work$ at x (f & on all summ]--pa9/ak+ "w1 b z rew>d+1 9 our eyes at lea/1 z any labor we c\ld ?9k (--int]e/+ copy1 lots ( problems to argue ov]1 ! excitem5t ( wat*+ ! au?or's m9d at "w z pro(s came back ) alt]ations1 *anges t 9 "s miracul\s way always add$ cl>ity or cad5ce to ! l9es2 read+ & re-read+ pro( until ! sonnets became "p ( u4 ,n[ x 0 f9i%$1 & we _h add$ "o m book to ! _w's /ore & to our little %elf ( ,gold5 ,h9d ,press impr9ts4 ,?is book w be publi%$ by ,h>p] ,bro!rs 9 an edition :i* w\ld take u ! re/ ( our lives to pr9t by h&4 ,! design1 ! :ole =mat & all ! composition is ours4 ,! pr9t+ & b9d+ w be done else:]e4 ,?\s&s ( p w %>e our pleasure 7or br& u failures74 ,we feel t books ( ?is type (f] gold5 opportunities = ! private press4 ,we are n sell+ !m1 we are mak+ !m our way = someone else to sell4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( our books are pr9t$ on an old h& press1 & giv5 to our fri5ds4 ,s f> we /ill h our fri5ds4 ,z a hobby1 a private press may be z extravagant1 or z inexp5sive1 z "o *ooses to make x4 ,x's fun & h>d "w & a *all5ge to all ! intellig5ce "o possesses4 ,we />t$ our press 9 #aibg1 nam$ x ,! ,gold5 ,h9d aft] ,drake's flag%ip t w5t on adv5tures no m haz>d\s ?an ours4 ,elm] ,adl] call$ x ,a ,busman's ,holiday = a publi%]'s production man4 ,p]haps he 0 "r4 ,at t "t we knew little ab\t ! problems--ab\t z mu* z p>5ts d ab\t ! fir/ baby4 ,we don't "k mu* yet1 b we've _h a swell "t & ?r\gh x h made a jolly lot ( fri5ds :i* 9 itself is rew>d en\gh4 ,we />t$ ) an anci5t h& press ( unkn[n v9tage t _h be5 9 use 9 ! cut-room at ! old ,h>p] plant 9 ,pe>l ,/reet s9ce be=e ! k ( any man n[ liv+4 ,i've an idea t x may h come f ,engl& :5 ,h>p]s />t$ 9 #ahag4 ,until ! #ahcj's all _! books 7 pr9t$ on h& presses--s close are we to ! beg9n+s ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,lat]1 9 ,philadelphia1 we f\nd a big ,wa%+ton h& press 9 p]fect condition t 0 go+ out z old metal4 ,! b$ 0 smoo? ?\gh ! edges %[$ ! nicks ( h>d we> f ! endless up-end+ ( ! =ms ( "s c\ntry newspap]4 ,) dec5t treatm5t x w be j z good a hundr$ ye>s f n[4 ,we made up 9 en?usiasm :at we lack$ 9 k4 ,x's n always wise to "k too mu*--x's a great damp] on ambition4 ,%ortly aft] we />t$1 a *ance came to d a propos$ def9itive edition ( a well-kn[n poet's works4 ,x 0 to be 9 sev5 folio volumes on h&made pap] & no ef=t 0 to be sp>$ to make x "r4 ,six hundr$ p\nds ( #ah po9t ,lutetia & weight fonts ( ! small] sizes 7 ord]$ ca/ at ! ,ens*$ ,f\ndry 9 ,ha>lem1 ,holl&1 = ! job4 ,! type duly came1 pages 7 set1 & sample =ms pr9t$ & b\nd--& !n ! project 0 )drawn6 ,9 ! light ( accumulat$ exp]i5ce ,i /ill break out 9 a cold sweat at ! ?\ght ( our colossal n]ve to h tak5 on su* a task4 ,anyh[ we _h ! type1 & h us$ x _m times4 ,) x we h set ! limit$ editions ( ea* new book ( ,edna ,/4 ,v9c5t ,millay's poems z !y h come along1 s9ce #aibh4 ,! /atus ( a private press is difficult to def9e4 ,z f> z we are conc]n$ x is to make z well z we c only ^? books t we want to d & to turn d[n all else2 to h no help1 no payroll1 keep no books2 to c>e n a hoot ab\t a balance %eet :i* has no column = satisfaction2 & to take all ! "t we want to d ! job ! way we want x4 ,f ! /&po9t ( factory spe$ we are no?+ to write home ab\t--b we are n a factory & h no ambitions 9 t direction4 ,ours is a private press & we "w z we please3 t is :]e ! fun comes 94 ,we c "w h>d if ne$ arises2 !n h\rs h no mean+1 & we "w till we get exhau/$1 f$ up1 & solemnly v[ t we'll nev] d ano!r book4 ,b we h be5 at x ne>ly fifte5 ye>s & we /ill ?9k1 ev5 ?\gh composition is exact+ "w1 t su* cong5ial labor is ! be/ fun 9 ! _w4 ,sometimes we h furi\s argum5ts ov] punctuation1 z ?\gh life dep5d$ on x4 ,x is surpris+ h[ mu* w>m? c be g5]at$ ov] ! position ( a comma4 ,:5 we set ,%akespe>e's ,sonnets we _h at lea/ six diff]5t s\rces to "w f1 includ+ a facsimile ( ! fir/ edition4 ,a s+le punctuation m>k w completely *ange ! mean+ ( a sonnet1 s cond5s$ is ! word+ to fit ! m\ld4 ,no two s\rces agre$ ?r\gh\t--:o 7 we to put 9 ,%akespe>e's po9ts = him--s ! smoke got pretty ?ick sometimes1 & ! result 0 /ill ano!r read+ ( ! sonnets embody+ ^? details we pref]r$ f ea*3 t's ! fury ( x4 ,! dream ( e private press is to own its own private face4 ,we _h our *ance b didn't "k :at to use = money s we let x g4 ,"o ( ! be/ presses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ owns t type--alas6 ,we h _m1 too _m1 faces & bord]s & florets collect$ f ,europe :5 ! _w 0 sane1 yet e new volume seems to ne$ some?+ we d n h4 ,fr$ ,g\dy ca/ = u at 8 %op at ,m>lboro two sizes ( ,m$iaeval4 ,we did ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s ,sonnets f ! ,portuguese 9 x4 ,t type is preci\s n[ s9ce ! matrices 7 lo/ 9 ! fire t de/roy$ all 8 equipm5t at ,deepd5e4 ,long be=e ! ,monotype cut ! ,deepd5e face1 ,fr$ ca/ x = u4 ,we us$ x = ,dr4 ,nor?'s ,hymns4 ,!n along came a book my wife want$ to d4 ,two hundr$ & eighty-eight pages ( #ad pt4 ,a4,t4,f4 ,g>amond all /&+ 9 galleys made a lot ( type = u to /ore4 ,we us$ x aga9 = ,fr$]ic ,prokos*'s ,! ,assass9s & lat] = ,! ,c>nival4 ,gradually ! metal has crept into ! h\se until sc>cely a room is sp>$4 ,we sleep ) #fj cases ( type 9 /&s on our sleep+ por*4 ,we %\ld be safe 9 a tornado--we h pl5ty ( balla/4 ,a c\ple ( ye>s ago we did a gr\p ( ,edmund ,sp5s]'s ,amoretti = ,*ri/mas4 ,! l9es brea! ! _s ( ano!r day & we want$ to pres]ve1 if we c\ld1 ! romantic atmosph]e4 ,i rememb]$ t = ! titles ( ! poems 9 ,! ,que5's ,g>l&1 pr9t$ = ,r4 ,h4 ,russell 9 #ahih1 ,d4 ,b4 ,updike _h us$ an odd ,italic :i* he told me 0 ,orig9al ,old ,/yle ca/ by ! old ,f>m] f\ndry 9 #ahed4 ,"s "o _h _h fun ) ! #ah po9t size--x _h a swell set ( ov]siz$ v[els & all ! long ligatures4 ,! result+ effect look$ mu* l v e>ly pr9t+4 ,! mats 7 9 ! possession ( ! ,a4,t4,f4 ?\gh !y seem$ nev] to h he>d ( !m & 7 a bit annoy$ by my insi/+ on see+ _! file copy ( ! ,f>m] type book4 ,!re x 01 & ev5tually !y dug !m out & ca/ !m = u4 ,we pr9t$ ! book on our old ,hoe h& press on ,arak ,a% :ite pap]4 ,= a frontispiece we us$ ,virtue's beautiful engrav+ ( ,sp5s]4 ,x 0 b\nd 9 tan bo>ds ) du/y rose clo? sp9e & a bright yell[ label4 ,9 _m ways x is our favorite book4 ,la/ ye> we _h fun 7p]haps ,i %\ld say ,i did z my wife did n give h] fulle/ sympa?y74 #aidj 0 celebrat$1 & h[6 z ! #ejj? ,anniv]s>y ( ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+4 ,! :ole c\ntry broke out 9 a ra% ( exhibitions1 lectures1 special articles & su* l1 on poor old ,gut5b]g ab\t :om practically no?+ is kn[n to beg9 )1 n ev5 t he inv5t$ movable type4 ,if he did1 he 0 only try+ to fake manuscript writ+ & %\ld h be5 hung z a =g]4 ,i got pretty f$ up on ! to% t 0 be+ h&$ out4 ,s1 to ev5 ! score1 ,i discov]$ 9 a g>ret 9 ,ma9z1 ,g]many1 ! private di>y ( ,gut5b]g's wife 7no "o b ,i knew he _h "o74 ,by quot+ f h] di>y ,i %[$ conclusively t all ! cr$it 0 really h]s4 ,i _h cuts made ( ! old lea!r-b\nd volumes ( ! di>y 7f\r old volumes f ! ,h>p] ,m$ical ,libr>y7 & a page ( ! manuscript 7translat$ into ,g]man & writt5 9 ! lovely h& ( ,dr4 ,otto ,fuhrmann74 ,dr4 ,h]man ,pt]s*e91 t infallible au?ority on ?+s typographic1 wrote a ,=eword4 ,x 0 titl$ ,! ,ma9z ,di>y3 ,new ,light on ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ & #bjj copies w5t out = ,*ri/mas4 ,!n ! unexpect$ happ5$4 ,lett]s began p\r+ 9 %[+ x 0 be+ tak5 z gospel4 ,pundits1 libr>ians1 exp]ts 9 ! graphic arts1 fell = x h>d4 ,my wife ?reat5$ to dis[n me4 ,( c\rse ! tale hadn't a ^w ( tru? 9 x4 ,i _h be5 9 ,ma9z & ,frank=t a few ye>s be=e s t ! ?+ />t$ (f ) "s elem5t ( reality4 ,a fri5d 9 ,london gobbl$ x :ole--,i _h to s5d a lett] by ,clipp] to keep him f %[+ x pr\dly to 8 fri5ds4 ,aft] all1 my y>n _h ab\t z mu* tru? 9 x z mo/ ( ! ha% t ,i'd be5 =c$ to li/5 to dur+ ! ye> & ,i'd gott5 q fond ( ,frau ,gut5b]g4 ,i felt1 too1 t ,i'd done my bit = ! cause4 ,_m ( ! bigge/ libr>ies1 includ+ ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 _h reque/$ & receiv$ copies4 ,t5 ye>s f n[ x w pop up 9 "s bibliography ( a ,ph4,d4 !sis4 ,i _h my fun all "r4 ,b ! boys got ev5 ) me4 ,a ye> lat]1 ! editor ( a well-kn[n art magaz9e & 8 wife1 ) c>eful delib]ation & mu* +5uity1 sold me d[n ! riv] ) a hoax t ,i gobbl$ :ole4 ,s we are ev5 & ev]ybody is happy4 ,:y are we s crack$ ab\t a private press8 ,i (t5 wond] myself4 ,! h\se smells ( pr9t]'s ink & type wa%4 ,"r n[ !re are elev5 metal-/rapp$ type boxes on ! sunpor* :]e ! expressman left !m a week ago2 & my wife is to h a lun*eon tomorr[4 ,f9e look+ mess4 ,i'll get ar\nd to !m soon4 ,!re are piles ( pr9t$ signatures ( our ,*ri/mas book all ov] ! place4 ,! compos+ room is crawl+ ) undi/ribut$ type4 ,c h>dly "w )\t spill+ x4 ,my pet ,v&]cook bray] has fall5 ar*es--x 0 left 9 ! sun ye/]day & its insides turn$ to s\p4 ,next morn+ on my desk ,i f\nd ! pro( ( our new broadside ,emm] ,jane ) ! draw+ at ! top beautifully color$ by ! arti/4 ,x's swell4 ,pres5tly ! mess5g] br\ght 9 ! advance copies ( ! new ,sonnets b\nd 9 blue natural-f9i%$ clo? /amp$ 9 gold1 j z ,i want$ x4 ,i c h>dly wait to get home to %[ !m to my wife4 ,we mu/ get t new type to use = ,! ,gho/ ,%ip4 ,we'll />t x ?is week-end4 ,h[ sl[ ! days g4 ,isn't a private press fun6 ,po/script #aiea3 ,/ill h>d at x4 ,we are old] b no wis]4 ,n[adays ! gr&-*ildr5 come 9 ! back door & call up ! compos+-room /airs1 ,ar?ur1 may we play type & picture cuts8 ,!y sp5d h\rs at x & ,i sp5d h\rs putt+ ?+s to rights4 ,! *eck-li/ has gr[n to #ahf books & pamphlets4 ,! "w is /ill z excit+ z ev]1 ?\gh we try to *eck ! fury a bit4 ,! skipp] ( ! ,gold5 ,h9d retir$ 9 ,janu>y #aiej1 :i* releas$ m "t = ! press2 be+ 9 bus9ess always 0 a nuisance4 ,we sp5t ! summ] do+ a fir/ edition ( a ,m>k ,twa9 book = ,h>p]s--mix$ ) a lot ( f>m+4 ,= a retirem5t occupation we c comm5d a private press4 ,x keeps up ! int]e/ 9 life4 ,(f]s ( "w fl[ 91 mu* m ?an we c>e to accept4 ,we are n 9 bus9ess & we h m projects ( our own ?an we %all ev] complete4 ,x's fun to get up ) ! *ick5s & "w toge!r all morn+1 sp5d ! aft]noon putt]+ ab\t outdoors1 & retire at night dog tir$--:at my wife calls nice tir$1 no n]v\s t5sion4 ,! ,gold5 ,h9d is tw5ty-f\r ye>s old b h] seams are tight & %e manages nicely--:o kn[s1 maybe ! voyage is only nicely begun4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,fairfield ,,types ,illu/ration,,edw9 ,,grabhorn,illu/ration ,! ,f9e ,art ( ,pr9t+ ,an address be=e ! ,roxburghe ,club ( ,san ,francisco at its meet+ 9 ! ,alli$ ,arts ,guild1 ,m5lo ,p>k1 ,cali=nia1 ,may #ae1 #aicc4 ,fifty copies pr9t$ by ,edw9 & ,rob]t ,grabhorn = memb]s ( ! ,roxburghe ,club1 ,may #ae1 #aicc4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! au?or4 ,illu/ration ,i "k ( no bett] way ( beg9n+ ?is talk to y tonight on ,,pap]1 ,,ink & ,,type ?an by fir/ sket*+ a brief outl9e ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+4 ,pr9t+ 9 its *ildhood 0 an art4 ,! highe/ p]iod ( any art is its *ildhood1 because *ildhood moves by spontane\s inn] urge1 n by rules & intellectual bondage t runs all into fix$ m\lds4 ,x is an accept$ tru? t z skill & elaboration creep into developm5t ( an art1 simplicity1 feel+ & beauty decl9e4 ,! e>ly pr9t]s 7 n weigh$ d[n ) rules1 =mulas & !ories :i* h smo!r$ u today4 ,) b "o font ( type1 a wood5 frame ) a screw atta*m5t & a crude ink+ device1 !y h giv5 u books ( /r5g? & beauty t we h nev] equall$4 ,we all l to ?9k ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ z spr++ ,m9]va-l f ! bra9 ( man4 ,pr9t+ is1 ( c\rse1 ! comb9ation ( pap]1 type1 ink & ! press2 & ^! v>i\s elem5ts 7 "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 ! process ( spr++4 ,pap] 0 ! *eap sub/itute = vellum1 & type ! sub/itute = h&-writ+4 ,all ( u are m or less famili> ) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ) its ,god-l fir/-born1 ! ,gut5b]g ,bible4 ,^? :o h _h ! ?rill ( exam9+ ! great #db-l9e ,bible h told u t x is ! mo/ beautiful book ev] pr9t$4 ,?is is a magnific5t tribute--"o t ,i h nev] he>d contradict$4 ,j h[ mu* ( ! beauty ( ?is ,bible is due to ! art ( ! illum9ator & h[ mu* to ! skill ( ! pr9t] has nev] be5 told by ^? :o repres5t x to be ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ( pr9t+4 ,a few ye>s ago a book speculator dissect$ an incomplete copy1 sell+ ! leaves ) beautifully h&-illum9$ initials at twice ! price ( ^? pages )\t decoration4 ,i hope ?is speculator lo/ 8 ill-gott5 ga9s 9 ! /ock m>ket4 ,a ?+ ( beauty /&s alone1 & ,i "k ( no fix$ law by :i* we c judge beauty except ?r\gh ! emotions2 & emotions are r difficult to tabulate4 ,i1 myself1 c only contemplate ! *ildhood ( pr9t+ ) amazem5t & admiration4 ,9 its y\? x exhau/$ e possibility ( type arrangem5t4 ,an e/imate ( ! activity ( ^? fir/ wood5 frames c only be guess$ at4 ,9 ,v5ice alone1 z e>ly z #adgb1 ov] two million sep>ate volumes 7 pr9t$4 ,by ! op5+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! art ( pr9t+ _h spread to e civiliz$ c\ntry & ! supply ( its raw mat]ials became s great t ! process ( *eap5+ set 94 ,! fir/ pr9t]s _h select$ z models = _! types ! beautiful h&-writt5 books ( _! day4 ,! second g5]ation ( pr9t]s modell$ _! types f ^? ( ! fir/ pr9t]s4 ,! illum9ator gave way to ! wood-cutt] & ! f9e art ( pr9t+ became a sci5ce1 !n a craft1 & :5 ,william ,morris tri$ to /op its d[nw>d slide1 9 #ahia1 x 0 a trade4 ,dur+ ?is d[nw>d trip ?r\gh f\r c5turies1 weak attempts to re/ore ! art ( pr9t+ to its fir/ high place 9 ! life ( man 7 made4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 wrote on ! ,improvem5t ( ,pr9t+ ,backw>ds1 prote/+ ! discont9uance ( ! tall f4 ,b man 0 n int]e/$ 9 ! intangible influ5ce ( art z mu* z he 0 9 ! p]fection ( ! ma*9e4 ,! ink 0 h>dly dry on ! effusions ( our mod]n pr9t+ critics1 :5 ! collapse ( ov]-production set 9 & sil5c$ !m1 ,i hope1 p]man5tly4 ,writ+ ab\t mod]n books 9 ! late/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,francis ,meynell ( ! ,nonesu* ,press says3 ,! type-sett+ ma*9es us$ ) z mu* skill z h&-set type w give a bett] result1 & 9 alliance ) fa/ b v p]fect cyl9d] pr9t+ presses1 w give ?is result n to a few1 b to a multitude4 ,x has tak5 u f ! day ( '! book beautiful1' & giv5 u ! day ( ! beautiful book4 ,! fa/ mov+ cyl9d] presses ( ! ,nonesu* ,press h sl[$ up s9ce ?is 0 writt54 ,& we c ?ank ,god t we h "s opportunity = reflection4 ,"o ( ! mod]n criticisms ( ,william ,morris & ! private presses t he inspir$ is t too mu* /ress 0 plac$ on me?od4 ,me?od means h[ a ?+ is done & h[ a ?+ is done is ( v vital importance if we want to give our "w durability4 ,i h said be=e t x 0 ,william ,morris :o attempt$ to /op ! d[nw>d slide ( pr9t+4 ,he 0 ! lead] 9 ! revival ( :at is kn[n z mod]n f9e pr9t+4 ,x has be5 said t ,morris 0 inspir$ by a lecture ( ,em]y ,walk]'s on ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,pr9t+4 ,:ile n d5y+ ,walk]'s position 9 ?is revival1 we mu/ admit t !re is a va/ gulf betwe5 talk+ & do+4 ,morris's 0 a v simple yet positive p]sonality4 ,!re 7 no t9ts 9 8 make-up4 ,:5 ask$ if he lik$ colors1 8 answ]3 blue & r$1 tells u :ole volumes 9 folio4 ,he _h no tol]ance = ! effem9ate pr9t+ ( 8 day4 ,he ev5 scorn$ ! sunny pages ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance pr9t]s4 ,x is no wond] t 8 ,go?ic books1 9 viol5t contra/ to ! weak old /yles & mod]n type faces ( 8 "t--& our "t1 too--7 />tl+4 ,i h no d\bt t "s antiqu>ian hundr$s ( ye>s h5ce1 delv+ among mu/y tomes1 w f9d ,morris's books /ill giants 9 a l& ( dw>fs4 ,:e!r y l or dislike ,morris's books is ( little conc]n to me4 ,b :at is ( vital importance to me z a pr9t]1 & %\ld be to all pr9t]s :o are endeavor+ to pr9t books t w la/1 is ! hone/y ( ,william ,morris4 ,morris knew1 because he 0 a collector ( ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books1 t ^? e>ly pr9t$ books c\ld n h desc5d$ to him1 look+ z sp>kl+ & vital z ! day !y left _! mak]s' h&s1 )\t hone/y ( craftsman%ip4 ,x 0 ?is craftsman%ip t ,morris reviv$1 & t we today w h to revive aga9 be=e our books c h any claims to a long life4 ,let me briefly describe to y ! v>i\s processes us$ 9 ! mak+ ( books1 beg9n+ ) ! pap] on :i* ! book is pr9t$4 ,morris f\nd no pap] be+ manufactur$ t 0 suitable = 8 use4 ,x 0 only aft] mon?s ( exp]im5t & failure1 dur+ :i* he work$ at ! pap] mill himself1 t a satisfactory %eet 0 made = him4 ,) ! clos+ ( ! ,kelmscott ,press aft] ,morris's dea?1 ,t4 ,j4 ,cobd5-,s&]son & ,em]y ,walk] us$ 8 specifications = ?is pap] at _! ,doves ,press4 ,?is mill /ill manufactures ?is pap]1 & x c be obta9$ easily en\gh4 ,b x is n popul> ) ! pr9t]s ( today because its texture is s t\gh1 its resi/ance to type s great1 t we r *oose ! %ort cut to ! ,royal ,road to ,f9e ,bookmak+1 us+ ! _m c\nt]feits ) _! imitation deckle edges & _! artificial age+ at ! mill4 ,we also l opaqu5ess 9 our pap]1 al?\gh transp>5cy is usually a gu>antee ( its quality4 ,all-l95-rag quality pap] c easily en\gh be pr9t$ on if damp5$ fir/4 ,by less5+ ! resi/ance ( ! pap] ?r\gh damp5+1 ! type c p5etrate its t\gh fib]1 & ! ink ?us becomes a "p ( ! pap] itself4 ,b by tak+ ! %ort cut & n damp5+ ! pap]1 at lea/ f\r times ! quantity ( pressure & ink mu/ be us$4 ,?is ov]-abundance ( pressure & ink /ill does n p5etrate ! pap] b leaves ! ink ^u ! pap]'s surface s t x looks to me z if pr9t$ f an et*]'s plate4 ,! excessive am\nt ( ink1 because ( ! heavy v>ni% us$ 9 its manufacture1 has a t5d5cy to %9e :5 dry1 produc+ a lu/] t is h>d on ! eyes4 ,9 "t a film ( oil w encircle ea* individual lett]1 discolor+ ! pap]1 & ! page w look l ^? *eaply pr9t$ eighte5?-c5tury books d to u today4 ,i "k ( no process 9 ! mak+ ( a f9e book m difficult ( p]fect+ ?an gett+ ! "r am\nt ( pressure & ink into ! pap]4 ,9 h&-made pap] !re is only an approximate uni=mity 9 ! ?ickness ( ! %eets1 & ^! v>iations c be ov]come by us+ a h&-press4 ,! s5se ( t\* mu/ be develop$ until y c feel ! "r am\nt ( pressure ?r\gh ! lev]4 ,! me*anical press is s regulat$ t x _c control ! v>iations ( ! pap]'s ?ickness4 ,! "r pressure c1 ( c\rse1 be appli$ to ! av]age %eet--! heavi] & light] %eets c be sort$ out be=e pr9t+4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is seldom done4 ,! pap] is usually sort$ :5 ! f9i%$ book is be+ collat$4 ,i c speak ) "s au?ority on ! importance ( damp5+ a %eet ( f9e pap]4 ,su* a process takes lots ( "t1 b if y ?9k ! "t n well sp5t comp>e a book f ! ,kelmscott ,press ) any ( ! books ( our be/ ma*9e pr9t]s ( today4 ,y w see t decay is already beg9n+ to set 9 9 ! ma*9e book4 ,! edges ( ! pap] w soon turn yell[ & ! ink beg9 to spread4 ,i hesitate to turn f ! processes ( mak+ a f9e book endure )\t impress+ ^u y ! importance ( us+ ! f9e/ quality ( pap]4 ,! pap]1 & ! ink t becomes a "p ( t pap]1 det]m9es ! life ( ! book1 j z /ones & mort> d 9 ar*itecture4 ,no matt] h[ f9e ! type or h[ beautiful ! decorations1 ! book mu/ die if quality be lack+ 9 bo? pap] & ink4 ,& n[ j a few rem>ks ab\t ! b9d+ ( a book4 ,b9d+s are ! protection = ! body ( a book4 ,"h p]man5cy decreases z use increases4 ,only ^? books t h escap$ usage h come d[n to u ) _! orig9al b9d+s1 except ^? b\nd 9 limp vellum4 ,heavy bo>ds encas$ 9 lea!r 7 ! protection ( _m e>ly books4 ,! sw++ ( ! heavy cov]s breaks ! h+es ( ! book1 & ?is leads to de/ruction4 ,william ,morris reviv$ ! use ( limp vellum z a book cov]+4 ,( f> m importance ?an ! cov] 9 ! mak+ ( a f9e book is ! ga!r+ & sew+4 ,:5 ! pr9t$ %eets are fold$ a tra9$ eye %\ld put !m toge!r s t pages ei!r "u- or ov]-ink$ may be tak5 out4 ,if !re are no extras1 !n all ! light pages c be put into "o book1 & ! d>k 9 ano!r4 ,if ?is is done1 ! critic w say t ! press "w is ev54 ,aft] ! book is assembl$ ! %eets are sewn toge!r by h&1 us+ a /rong l95 ?read4 ,( c\rse1 !y c be sewn on a ma*9e1 b y might j z well save t exp5se by glu+ ! %eets toge!r4 ,if y don't believe me1 take a ma*9e-sewn book1 be=e x is glu$1 pull (f ! fir/ section1 hold x up by ! la/ page & wat* ! book fall to pieces4 ,h&-sewn books are sewn on ei!r cords or tapes4 ,( c\rse1 y c h cords & tapes on a ma*9e-sewn book1 b !y w be false ones1 pa/$ on aft] ! book has be5 /abb$ to dea?4 ,i d n want to give y ! impression t ,i am "s sort ( ,john ! ,bapti/ cry+ 9 a wild]ness ( ma*9es4 ,ma*9es are design$ = special purposes & :5 we try to use !m = a diff]5t purpose f t = :i* !y 7 int5d$ we fail4 ,y w\ld ?9k a c>p5t] :o us$ a ma*9e t 0 made to drive nails 9 an orange box unbalanc$ if he tri$ to adju/ t ma*9e to build a h\se4 ,! delicately adju/$ pr9t+ press t ,francis ,meynell idealizes 0 design$ = produc+ our ephem]al pr9t+4 ,a ma*9e _c create--x c only assi/1 direct$ by ! m9d & imag9ation4 ,! m t is left to ! ma*9e1 ! worse ! "w4 ,! ma*9e c arrive at p]fection1 p]fection t is cold & dead & me*anical4 ,& x is ?is cold & dead p]fection t br+s me to ! beauty ( ! book ( today4 ,i w\ld say t ,po/-,mod]n ,f9e ,pr9t+ began 9 ,am]ica ) ,bruce ,rog]s1 at ! plant ( ,william ,rudge4 ,x 0 ,bruce ,rog]s' books t h influ5c$ ,am]ican & ,engli% pr9t]s m ?an any o!r rec5t s+le =ce4 ,x 0 ! *>m & f9i% ( ?is man's "w t none ( u escap$4 ,dur+ ! ye>s t ,bruce ,rog]s 0 design+ special editions at ! ,riv]side ,press !re 7 few collectors ( 8 books4 ,z late z #aibj1 ,i b\ght "s ( ^! books f ! publi%]s4 ,!y _h be5 9 /ock ne>ly tw5ty ye>s6 ,among !m 0 ,! ,song ( ,rol& at ! publi%]'s price4 ,:5 ,i fir/ />t$ pr9t+ ,i 0 already an admir] & collector ( ^! ,riv]side ,press limit$ editions4 ,n[ ,william ,rudge 0 a bett] bus9ess man ?an a pr9t]4 ,he recogniz$ ! ability ( ,rog]s & engag$ him4 ,!n ?+s began to happ5 to our ,f9e ,art ( ,pr9t+4 ,! typographical design] came into fa%ion1 ! ma*9e 0 glorifi$ & we all became !ori/s4 ,pr9t+ 0 aim$ at suitability4 ,! s*ol> & critic displac$ ! ma/] craftsman & ! adv]tis+ arti/ 0 add$ by way ( v>iety4 ,ea* new type face1 fai?fully re-cut by ! aid ( ! pantograph & resurrect$ f our admitt$ly wor/ p]iods ( pr9t+1 0 eag]ly b\ght by our typographical exp]ts4 ,! pr9t]s :o _h be5 quietly produc+ books1 try+ to make !m a little bett] ?an necess>y1 fell into ! h&s ( ! publi%] & ! publicity ag5t4 ,& ! publi%] ann\nc$ t ! next limit$ edition ( #afjj copies 0 completely ov]-subscrib$--! poor pr9t] got "o-?ird ( :at y _h to pay4 ,x 0 a ,wond]l&1 inde$1 until ,alice woke up1 & ! pr9t] 0 left ) all ! c>ds1 & !y 7 all blank4 ,i am v glad x all happ5$4 ,i w\ld g ?r\gh any =m ( hy/]ia aga91 if we c\ld produce ano!r ,leaves ( ,grass4 ,s9ce ,i am go+ to talk ab\t type1 ,i "k ( no?+ bett] ?an to relate our exp]i5ce 9 pr9t+ ,walt ,:itman's ma/]piece1 = x has %[n me ! folly ( !ory & intellect 9 art4 ,we accept$ ?is und]tak+ ) en?usiasm4 ,"h 0 an opportunity to prove t we c\ld pr9t a book4 ,! fir/ deposit _h no m ?an be5 sp5t :5 ! publi%]s ann\nc$ x z ! f9e/ book to be pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica1 & (f we />t$ on ! wrong track4 ,well1 ! f9e/ book _h to h ! f9e/ type & ! f9e/ type 0 ! late/ type4 ,& x _h to be a folio 9 size1 because = ,"o ,hundr$ ,doll>s y _h to get a folio4 ,we b\ght "o ?\s& p\nds ( ! f9e/ type2 #ah po9t ,lutetia1 fre% f a new design] 9 ,holl&4 ,& we hir$ two pr9t]s to set ?is bright new type & :5 x 0 all set1 we pull$ a pro( & />t$ to put grass into x--pale gre5 grass1 & x look$ l grass & we pull$ x out & tri$ aga94 ,well1 e "t we tri$ t bright new type x didn't look "r4 ,s we dug up "s ( ! late/ !ories ab\t suitability1 tri$ aga91 b x 0 no use4 ,! bra9 told u "o ?+ & our eyes ano!r4 ,mean:ile1 "o ?\s& p\nds ( bright new type & mon?s ( labor 7 ti$ up ) /r+s & ! ,ma/] ,craftsman 0 gett+ worri$4 ,he w5t to speciali/s = advice4 ,!y said3 ,try ?is new initial or ?is new picture1 & ! ,ma/] ,craftsman w5t back to 8 %op & b[$ 8 head4 ,!n 8 tir$ eyes light$ on a du/y case ( type1 design$ by ! arti/ ,g\dy b ! critics _h condemn$ x to ! gravey>d4 ,we>ily ! ,craftsman dug x up & set a page ( ,:itman 9 x4 ,!n he pull$ a pro( & ,lo6 ,he saw some?+ t ! ma*9e _h disc>d$2 he saw /r5g?3 he saw ! /rong1 vigor\s l9es ( ,:itman1 born ( ! soil1 )\t grass4 ,he saw :at he _h he>d :isp]$ be=e4 ,he saw /rong1 vigor\s1 simple pr9t+--pr9t+ l m\nta9s1 rocks & trees1 b n l pansies1 lilacs & val5t9es2 pr9t+ t came f ! soil & 0 n ref9$ 9 ! class-room4 ,& ! pr9t] knew t ! limit$ edition 0 n a racket z long z he _h hone/y & s9c]ity1 & rev]5ce = ! be/ traditions ( 8 craft4 ,illu/ration,,holbrook ,,jackson,illu/ration ,,! ,,typography ,,( ,,william ,,morris ,f ,! ,pr9t+ ( ,books by ,holbrook ,jackson4 ,copyright #aich by ,cassell ,company1 ,ltd4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,fir/ read z a pap]1 at ! ,william ,morris ,c5t5>y ,d9n] ( ! ,d\ble ,cr[n ,club1 ,london1 ,may #b1 #aicd4 ,william ,morris is an ironic figure4 ,8 a*ievem5ts n only miss$ _! m>k1 b hit m>ks he 0 n aim+ at4 ,8 pr9t+ is no exception4 ,! ma/]pieces ( ! ,kelmscott ,press :i* he aim$ at mak+ useful pieces ( goods 7 typographical curiosities f bir?1 & s f> remov$ f ! common way ( read]s t !y h become models ( :at a book %\ld n be4 ,he 0 a ,bibliophile1 or m exactly1 a typophile ^: affections became unruly 9 ! pres5ce ( decorat$ incunabula1 &1 al?\gh he 0 outw>dly correct t[>ds pure pr9t+1 8 he>t 0 n !re4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,sydney ,cock]ell he flirt$ ) ! idea ( a folio edition ( ,! ,e>?ly ,p>adise1 pr(usely illu/rat$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,burne-,jones1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e ! inception ( ! ,kelmscott ,press4 ,8 p]sonal ta/e 0 mu* ! same !n z lat]1 al?\gh he cont9u$ to pay homage to good z di/9ct f f9e pr9t+4 ,x 0 ! ess5ce ( my und]tak+1 he said1 to produce books :i* x w\ld be a pleasure to look ^u z pieces ( pr9t+ & arrangem5t ( type4 ,?us inspir$ by ! example ( ! calligraphy ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! e>li] pr9t+ :i* took its place1 & 9 spite ( 8 passion = decorat$ books he obs]v$ t ! e>ly pr9t$ books 7 always beautiful by =ce ( ! m]e typography1 ev5 )\t ! add$ ornam5t ) :i* _m ( !m are s lavi%ly suppli$4 ,mu* has be5 made ( ! emphasis he laid ^u ! book z an organic assembly ( pap]1 type1 & b9d+4 ,b al?\gh few pr9t]s or publi%]s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury _h insi/$ ^u ! excell5ce ( ^! +r$i5ts1 z he did1 ! ar*itectonic pr9ciple _h nev] be5 :olly ignor$4 ,b 9 ! ma9 x 0 unconsci\sly obs]v$4 ,delib]ation is evid5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,pick]+ books1 9 ! ,keepsakes & ,table ,books ( ! ?irties & =ties1 9 ! illu/rat$ books ( ! sixties1 & ! lat] productions ( ! ,daniel ,press2 &1 if we may leave ,engl& = a mom5t1 9 su* conv5i5t publications z ^? ( ,b]nh>d ,tau*nitz1 :]e !re is rectitude to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! mo/ au/]e ( functionali/s4 ,x 0 n1 !n1 ! ar*itectonics ( ! ,kelmscott books :i* evok$ a typographical revolution4 ,nor 0 x ! pursuit ( beauty :i* always haunt$ ,morris's int5tions4 ,i began pr9t+ books1 he said1 9 ! hope ( produc+ "s :i* w\ld h a def9ite claim to beauty4 ,_m pr9t]s & publi%]s ( ! "t w\ld h claim$ z mu*4 ,bad ta/e 9 ! arts & crafts is inv>iably ! result ( beauty-mong]+1 & ! m co/ly books ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are litt]$ ) beauty f cov] to cov]4 ,nei!r 0 x orig9ality4 ,morris nev] s\ght to be orig9al4 ,he 0 a revivali/1 & all 8 "w is d]ivative4 ,!re is no?+ new ev5 9 t1 = all ! arts & crafts are d]ivative1 & orig9ality is apt to be a my? & (t5 a nuisance4 ,morris 0 ev5 less orig9al ?an _m o!r e>ne/ innovators1 & ! ,kelmscott books are d]ivatives twice remov$4 ,!y are mod]n v>iations ( ! e>ly pr9t$ books ( nor!rn ,europe1 z !y 9 turn 7 b me*anical imitations ( ! manuscripts :i* prec$$ ! inv5tion ( movable types4 ,nor aga9 0 !re any?+ peculi> ev5 9 t1 = all me*anical evolution seems to proce$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! e>lie/ railway c>riages foll[$ ! l9es ( ! /age-coa*2 ! e>lie/ /eam%ips 7 s*oon]s & brigant9es ) funnels & paddle-boxes2 & ! e>lie/ motor-c> 0 a horseless-c>riage complete ) tail-bo>d4 ,x is n surpris+ to le>n t ! e>lie/ pr9t$ books 7 imitations ( manuscripts1 b x is surpris+ to f9d a n9ete5?-c5tury pr9t] ( g5ius imitat+ ! imitations4 ,illu/ration3 ,a page f ,poems ,by ,! ,way1 writt5 by ,morris & set 9 ! ,kelmscott ,gold5 type4 ,?is small qu>to 0 ! fir/ book pr9t$ at ! ,press 9 two colors1 black & r$4 ,issu$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahia1 9 an edition ( #cjj copies on pap] & #ac on vellum4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 m ?an "o diff]5ce betwe5 ^! me*anical devices & ! ,kelmscott books4 ,! eng9e]s copi$ because !y c\ld n ?9k ( any?+ bett]4 ,n[ & !n !y ev5 made concessions to beauty1 9 ! =m ( sup]add$ decorations1 mu* z ,morris did4 ,b !re 0 a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 = ,morris knew bett]4 ,al?\gh to him beauty meant decoration or ornam5t1 yet 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,roots ( ! ,m\nta9s he actually produc$ an undecorat$ book ( great di/9ction4 ,! book is n only admirable 9 itself1 b x has _h a bett] influ5ce on rec5t typography ?an all ! ,kelmscott books toge!r4 ,morris himself 0 delight$ ) ! book4 ,he decl>$ x to be ! be/-look+ book issu$ s9ce ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & add$3 ,i am s pleas$ ) my book1 typography1 b9d+1 & mu/ ,i say x1 lit]>y matt]1 t ,i am any day to be se5 huggl+ x up1 & am become a spectacle to ,gods & m5 because ( x4 ,8 en?usiasm r+s true1 b ?is 0 a pass+ fancy1 = ev5 !n he 0 9 hot pursuit ( m opul5t beauties4 ,x 0 ! magnific5ce ( ! ,kelmscott adv5ture :i* impress$ & influ5c$ pr9t]s1 pr(essional & amateur1 & resuscitat$ ! curi\s vogue = s-call$ ,private ,press books artificially r>efi$ & delib]ately beautifi$4 ,b1 9 spite ( _m extravagances & "s few absurdities1 ! ,kelmscott influ5ce has be5 b5eficial4 ,morris reass]t$ s\nd pr9ciples1 & ! ri*ness ( 8 books help$ to secure _! acceptance4 ,! road ( excess leads to ! palace ( wisdom4 ,! /yle ( ! books !mselves1 because ( _! massive individuality1 mu/ always provoke diff]5ces ( op9ion1 b 9 ! h\se ( books !re are _m mansions1 & room = all ta/es1 :ims1 & ev5 fads4 ,i pref] my books pocketable1 flexible1 & legible4 ,9 ! ,kelmscott books ^! qualities are n suffici5tly balanc$4 ,ea* is !re 9 "s measure1 b some?+ is inv>iably add$ to weak5 proportion4 ,william ,morris 7or worse1 ,burne-,jones7 is always gett+ betwe5 read] & au?or4 ,i l my ,*auc] neat4 ,morris produc$ ,*auc] z ,h5ry ,irv+ & ,be]bohm ,tree produc$ ,%akespe>e4 ,i suspect t en?usia/s = su* productions are n read]s4 ,! idea is support$ by ! fact t ! majority ( ,kelmscotts are /ill 9 m9t /ate2 x is n easy to meet a copy be>+ ! hon\rable & ende>+ sc>s ( use4 ,illu/ration3 ,a page f ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ! ,kelmscott ,troy type1 ,! ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troye1 a l>ge qu>to pr9t$ 9 black & r$ & publi%$ by ,b]n>d ,qu>it* 9 #ahib4 ,! edition3 ,two volumes1 #cjj copies on pap] & #e on vellum4 ,z to ! matt] ( ! book1 wrote ,morris1 x makes a ?or\ghly amus+ /ory1 in/9ct ) m$ieval ?\ght & mann]s4 ,legibility is relative1 z ,i am rem9d$ by my own exp]i5ce1 = myself :5 "y did eag]ly frequ5t ,pick]+'s ,diamond ,classics--a practice ,i %\ld probably h def5d$ ) conviction bas$ ^u sight r ?an insight4 ,i take a diff]5t view today1 n only ( m9iature types1 b ( rules & spac+s g5]ally4 ,morris grant$ ! necessity ( legibility4 ,9 ?is he diff]$ f ano!r poet & amateur ( pr9t+1 ,rob]t ,bridges1 :o us$ ,go?ic *>act]s = ! ,daniel ,press edition ( 8 poems to induce sl[ +e/ion4 ,morris believ$ t solidity ( type & sett+ made = easy read+4 ,by solid type he meant )\t ne$less excresc5ces or ! ?ick5+ or ?9n+ ( ! l9e1 :i*1 ) res]vations1 c be def5d$4 ,d5sity ( type area is a diff]5t matt] &1 if ,i admit *>m1 ,i res]ve ! "r to "q ev5 ae/hetical propriety 9 fav\r ( legibility4 ,! solid page is impressive3 solidity inspires confid5ce1 b confid5ce1 z we "k1 is (t5 illusion & n always guiltless ( trick]y4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,! ,roots ( ! ,m\nta9s w\ld probably h be5 m readable ) ?an )\t rules4 ,b al?\gh legibility mu/ always be ! fir/ rule ( pr9t+1 !re are o!r important pr9ciples4 ,morris summ$ !m up 9 ! ^w beauty ) impressive b dubi\s results1 because ( 8 pr$ilection = ornam5tation4 ,any pla9 space = him 0 an opportunity = decoration1 or1 9 ,rusk9's words1 = ! expression ( man's joy 9 8 "w4 ,he w\ld g out ( 8 way to make books bigg] ?an !y ne$ be s t he might h m space to fill ) 8 & ,burne-,jones's illu/rations4 ,8 type-faces became picturesque1 8 m>g9s incl9$ to pomposity1 & 8 pap] 0 pret5ti\s4 ,! ,kelmscott books are ov]dress$4 ,!y ask y to look at !m r ?an to read !m4 ,y c't get away f _! ov]:elm+ typography1 &1 ev5 if y c\ld1 y might /ill be *eat$ ( y\r au?or by _! high-m9d$ purpose1 = 9 addition to be+ ! creations ( an impressive g5ius ! ,kelmscott books 7 prote/s aga9/ ! logical conclusions ( me*anical book-production4 ,all ^! ?+s are h9drances to read+1 & ,i /ill believe t to be read is ! de/9y ( a book1 & t read+ is be/ :5 y are lea/ consci\s ( pr9t or pap] or b9d+4 ,s9ce ! ,kelmscott books are n likely to induce t condition !y mu/ rema9 museum pieces1 typographical monum5ts--beautiful & ineffectual angels beat+ 9 ! void _! lum9\s w+s 9 va94 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,em]son ,,types ,/anley ,morison ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,typography ,publi%$ #aiea by ! syndics ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,,note3 ,?is essay t[>ds a rationale ( book-typography 0 fir/ attempt$ z an article1 s4v4 ,typography1 9 ! twelf? edition ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica 7,*icago & ,london1 #aibi74 ,x 0 reconsid]$ & entirely rewritt5 = ,no4 #g ( ,! ,fleuron 7,cambridge1 #aicj7 :5 x also w5t out ( pr9t4444 ,al?\gh sev]al repr9ts h be5 br\ght out & extracts h be5 made1 dem&s cont9ue = ! :ole text f pr9t]s z well z f ^? outside ! trade = :om ! article 0 orig9ally writt54444 ,z ! brevity ( ! essay seems to be "o ( its mo/ approv$ qualities1 no expansion1 & only slight revision1 0 made4444 ,! pres5t repr9t is t ( ! ,am/]dam edition publi%$ 9 #aidg1 9 :i* ! fir/ p>agraph 0 int]polat$4444 ,x may be add$ t :ile ! pr9ciples "h set =? apply to ! typography ( books1 ! sections deal+ ) composition may be adapt$ to ! design ( newspap]s & publicity4444 ,s4,m4 ,i ,lett]s ( ! alphabet t are ca/ or f\nd$ = ! purpose ( impress+ ^u pap] are kn[n z types & ! impression ?us made z a pr9t4 ,b e impression1 f any rais$ surface1 is a pr9t4 ,h5ce ! impression f ! p>ticul> rais$ surfaces kn[n z types is call$ a typographical impression2 or1 to use a m old-fa%ion$ t]m1 lett]-press4 ,! precise =m ( ! types & ! exact position !y ne$ to occupy ^u ! select$ pap] involve skill 9 ! art t is call$ typography4 ,typography may be def9$ z ! art ( rightly dispos+ pr9t+ mat]ial 9 accordance ) specific purpose2 ( s arrang+ ! lett]s1 di/ribut+ ! space & controll+ ! type z to aid to ! maximum ! read]'s compreh5sion ( ! text4 ,typography is ! effici5t means to an ess5tially utilit>ian & only accid5tally ae/hetic end1 = enjoym5t ( patt]ns is r>ely ! read]'s *ief aim4 ,!re=e1 any disposition ( pr9t+ mat]ial :i*1 :atev] ! int5tion1 has ! effect ( com+ betwe5 au?or & read] is wrong4 ,x foll[s t 9 ! pr9t+ ( books meant to be read !re is little room = bright typography4 ,ev5 dullness & monotony 9 ! type-sett+ are f> less vici\s to a read] ?an typographical ecc5tricity or pleasantry4 ,cunn+ ( ?is sort is desirable1 ev5 ess5tial 9 ! typography ( propag&a1 :e!r = comm]ce1 politics1 or religion1 because 9 su* pr9t+ only ! fre%e/ survives inatt5tion4 ,b ! typography ( books1 ap>t f ! category ( n>r[ly limit$ editions1 requires an ob$i5ce to conv5tion :i* is almo/ absolute--& ) reason4 ,s9ce pr9t+ is ess5tially a means ( multiply+1 x mu/ n only be good 9 itself--b be good = a common purpose4 ,! wid] t purpose1 ! /rict] are ! limitations impos$ ^u ! pr9t]4 ,he may try an exp]im5t 9 a tract pr9t$ 9 an edition ( #ej copies1 b he %[s little common s5se if he exp]im5ts to ! same degree 9 ! tract hav+ a run ( #ej1jjj4 ,aga91 a novelty1 fitly introduc$ into a #af-page pamphlet1 w be highly undesirable 9 a #afj-page book4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( typography & ( ! nature ( ! pr9t$ book qua book1 t x p]=m a public s]vice4 ,= s+le or individual purpose !re rema9s ! manuscript1 ! codex2 s !re is some?+ ridicul\s 9 ! unique copy ( a pr9t$ book1 ?\gh ! numb] ( copies pr9t$ may ju/ifiably be limit$ :5 a book is ! m$ium ( typographical exp]im5t4 ,x is always desirable t exp]im5ts be made1 & x is a pity t su* laboratory pieces are s limit$ 9 numb] & 9 c\rage4 ,typography today does n s mu* ne$ ,inspiration or ,revival z ,inve/igation4 ,x is propos$ "h to =mulate "s ( ! pr9ciples already kn[n to book-pr9t]s1 :i* inve/igation confirms & :i* non-pr9t]s may l to consid] = !mselves4 ,,ii ,! laws gov]n+ ! typography ( books int5d$ = g5]al circulation are bas$ fir/ ^u ! ess5tial nature ( alphabetical writ+1 & secondly ^u ! traditions1 explicit or implicit1 prevail+ 9 ! society = :i* ! pr9t] is work+4 ,:ile a univ]sal "* or typography applicable to all books produc$ 9 a giv5 national area is practicable1 to impose a univ]sal detail$ =mula ^u all books pr9t$ 9 ,roman types is n4 ,national tradition expresses itself 9 ! v>y+ sep>ation ( ! book into prelims1 *apt]s1 etc41 no less ?an 9 ! design ( ! type4 ,b at lea/ !re are physical rules ( l9e> composition :i* are obey$ by all pr9t]s :o "k _! job4 ,! normal ,roman type 79 simple =m )\t special sorts1 etc47 consi/s ( an upright design1 & a slop+ =m ( x3 ,,abcdefghijklmnopqr/uvwxyz ,,abcdefghijklmnopqr/uvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqr/uvwxyz ,,abcdefghijklmnopqr/uvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqr/uvwxyz ,! pr9t] ne$s to be v c>eful 9 *oos+ 8 type1 realiz+ t ! m (t5 he is go+ to use x1 ! m closely its design mu/ approximate to ! g5]al idea held 9 ! m9d's eye ( read]s p]=ce rul$ by ! famili> magaz9e1 newspap] & book4 ,x does no h>m to pr9t a ,*ri/mas c>d 9 black-lett]1 b :o n[adays w\ld read a book 9 t type8 ,i may believe1 z ,i d1 t black-lett] is 9 design m homog5e\s1 m lively & m economic a type ?an ! grey r\nd ,roman we use1 b ,i d n n[ expect p to read a book 9 x4 ,aldus' & ,caslon's are bo? relatively feeble types1 b !y repres5t ! =ms accept$ by ! community2 & ! pr9t]1 z a s]vant ( ! community1 mu/ use !m1 or "o ( _! v>iants4 ,no pr9t] %\ld say1 ,i am an arti/1 !re=e ,i am n to be dictat$ to4 ,i w create my own lett] =ms1 =1 9 ?is humble job1 no pr9t] is an arti/ 9 ?is s5se4 ,nor is x possible today1 z x j 0 9 ! infancy ( ! craft1 to p]suade society into ! acceptance ( /rongly m>k$ & highly individuali/ic types--because lit]ate society is s mu* great] 9 mass & correspond+ly sl[] 9 movem5t4 ,type design moves at ! pace ( ! mo/ cons]vative read]4 ,! good type-design] !re=e realizes t1 = a new f\nt to be successful1 x has to be s good t only v few recognize its novelty4 ,if read]s d n notice ! consummate retic5ce & r>e discipl9e ( a new type1 x is probably a good lett]4 ,b if my fri5ds ?9k t ! tail ( my l[]-case r or ! lip ( my l[]-case e is r jolly1 y may "k t ! f\nt w\ld h be5 bett] _h nei!r be5 made4 ,a type :i* is to h any?+ l a pres5t1 let alone a future1 w nei!r be v diff]5t nor v jolly4 ,s mu* = ,type4 ,! pr9t] possesses also ,spaces & ,leads z a normal "p ( 8 typographical mat]ial1 /raight l9es ( metal kn[n z rules1 braces1 & f9ally a m or less indiscrim9ate collection ( ornam5ts--head & tailpieces1 fl[]s1 decorat$ initial lett]s1 vignettes & fl\ri%es4 ,ano!r decorative m$ium at 8 option lies 9 8 comm& ( col\r2 r$ is1 ) s\nd in/9ct1 ! mo/ frequ5tly us$4 ,= emphasis1 heavy faces are us$4 ,:ite space is an important item ( compos+-room equipm5t--m>g9s1 blanks1 etc41 be+ fill$ 9 ) :at are kn[n z quotations4 ,! select+ & arrang+ ( ^! elem5ts is kn[n z ,composition4 ,imposition is ! plac+ ( ! compos$ matt] ^u ! %eet4 ,pr9t+ includes impress+ 9 due ord]1 p]fect+ ! %eet 9 due regi/] 7back+ up71 regulat+ ! ink+1 & a*iev+ a crisp type-page4 ,f9ally ! tone1 weight & texture ( ! pap] are important factors ent]+ into ! complet$ result4 ,typography1 !re=e1 controls ! composition1 imposition1 impression & pap]4 ,( pap]1 x is at lea/ necess>y to dem& t x be capable ( express+ ! value ( ! composition2 ( imposition1 t ! m>g9s be proportionate to ! area ( ! text1 af=d+ dec5t space = ?umbs & f+]s at ! side & bottom ( ! page4 ,! old-/yle m>g9s are h&some 9 !mselves & agreeable to ! purpose ( a c]ta9 k9d ( book1 b are obvi\sly n conv5i5t 9 books :]e ! page dim5sion is unavoidably small or n>r[1 or ! purpose ( ! book is to be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket4 ,= ^! & o!r k9ds ( book1 ! type may be c5tr$ on ! measure ( ! page1 & slightly rais$ above ocul> c5tre4 ,imposition is ! mo/ important elem5t 9 typography--= no page1 h[ev] well compos$ 9 detail1 c be admir$ if ! mise-en-page is c>eless or ill-consid]$4 ,9 practical pr9t+ today1 ^! details ( imposition are on ! :ole adequately c>$ =2 s t x is possible to report t ! mass ( books pres5ts a tol]able appe>ance4 ,ev5 a badly compos$ "w may give a good appe>ance if x is well impos$--good imposition r$eem+ bad composition1 :ile a good composition w\ld be effectively ru9$ by bad imposition4 ,,iii ,! design] ( ! book1 !re=e1 fir/ det]m9es 8 imposition & !n tackles ! details ( composition4 ,! fir/ pr9ciples ( composition d n require mu* discussion s9ce !y necess>ily foll[ f ! conv5tions ( alphabetical pr9t+ 9 ! ,roman lett] accept$ by ^? = :om we are pr9t+4 ,! matt] is relatively simple4 ,fir/1 x is c]ta9 t ! eye _c read ) ease any consid]able numb] ( words compos$ ( lett]s embody+ %>ply contra/$ ?icks & ?9s2 secondly1 x is none ! less c]ta9 t ! eye _c agreeably read a mass ( words compos$ ev5 9 a rightly con/ruct$ lett]1 if ! l9es are beyond a c]ta9 l5g?4 ,! mo/ exp]t read]'s eye _c seize m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( words 9 a giv5 size except 9 a proportionate l5g? ( l9e4 ,?irdly1 practice proves t ! size ( ! lett] mu/ be relat$ to ! l5g? ( l9e4 ,respect = ^! pr9ciples w g5]ally protect ! read] f ! risk ( d\bl+ 7read+ ! same l9e twice74 ,! av]age l9e ( words :i* ! read]'s eye c conv5i5tly seize is betwe5 t5 & twelve4 ,nev]!less1 ! typograph]1 :ile ex]t+ himself to ! utmo/ to respect ?is ocul> tru?1 is daily confront$ ) ! fact t unavoidable conditions make x impossible = him to secure a type ( ! duly relat$ size1 & t he is driv5 to use a relatively small type4 ,to obviate "h ! risk ( d\bl+1 he consi/5tly ins]ts proportionate leads ?r\gh ! matt]1 s op5+ ! l9es t ! eye com=tably travels & returns f beg9n+ to end & f end to beg9n+4 ,! practice ( lead+1 d5\nc$ 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s z ess5tially evil1 is an inevitable necessity to a l>ge proportion ( pr9t+2 & ! skill$ typograph]1 mak+ ! be/ use ( 8 mat]ial1 makes 9 turn1 wise use ( leads4 ,! or?odox high-br[ view t leads produce 9 e in/ance an unhappy weak-look+ effect w n survive a wide exp]i5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w be f\nd t _! abs5ce may effectively ru9 ev5 a composition 9 l>ge type1 s t x is true to say t ! intellig5t use ( lead+ di/+ui%es ! exp]t f ! inexp]t pr9t]4 ,a slight diff]5tiation ( type-face may make ! practice advisable4 ,cle>ly1 :ile a lett] ( ! size n[ "u ! read]'s eye1 ) fairly long asc5d]s & desc5d]s1 w\ld n require lead+ unless set to a measure ( m ?an #c-a_/b 941 !re exi/ lett]s ) %ort desc5d]s design$ r to su/a9 lead+ by rule ?an by exception4 ,bask]ville's is a type to :i* lead+ is inv>iably an advantage4 ,! problem ( det]m9+ ! am\nt to be giv5 is n to be settl$ by consid]+ only ! asc5d]s or ! body ( ! type1 because bread? ( lett] is also a factor to be reckon$ )--"s lett]s are n>r[ 9 respect to _! height1 :ile o!rs are wide4 ,a composition 9 a r\nd1 op51 wide lett]1 *os5 because x is r loose 7t is to say1 ! space betwe5 ! lett]s is great]1 or appe>s great]1 by reason ( ! curves ( ! c1 o1 e1 g71 ga9s 9 consi/5cy :5 !re is a satisfactory lead betwe5 ! l9es4 ,x is (t5 argu$ t loose sett+ is n admirable 9 itself2 to :i* x might be repli$ t ! pr9t] is g5]ally b\nd to c>ry out ! in/ructions ( 8 cu/om]2 (t5 to respect ! wi%es ( an arti/ :o may be illu/rat+ ! "w2 &1 n seldom1 committ$ by ! publi%] to a pap]-size dictat$ by irrelevant consid]ations4 ,fur!r1 x is obvi\s t ! space betwe5 words compos$ 9 a cond5s$ lett] may be less ?an t betwe5 words 9 a r\nd1 wide =m ( lett]4 ,:]e !re is no lead+ betwe5 ! l9es1 & ! composition is1 = extr9sic reasons1 necess>ily tight1 x may be an advantage to set leads betwe5 ! p>agraphs1 ev5 ?\gh ?is result 9 pages ) unev5 tails4 ,9 p>agraph+1 x is important to realize t ! op5+ s5t5ce ( a "w %\ld automatically manife/ itself z su*4 ,?is may be secur$ by ! use ( ! l>ge initial lett]2 ! pr9t+ ( ! fir/ ^w 9 ,,capitals1 or ,,small ,,capitals 2 ,,capitals & ,,small ,,capitals 2 or by sett+ ! fir/ ^w into ! m>g94 ,on no acc\nt %\ld ! op5+ ( a *apt] be ind5t$1 s9ce ind5tion %\ld m>k 7& always m>k7 ! subsequ5t sections1 i4e41 ! p>agraphs1 ( ! text4 ,! abolition ( p>agraph-ind5tions is pla9ly an undesirable practice2 nor is sett+ ! fir/ ^w 9 capitals or small capitals an agreeable sub/itute = ! ind5tion4 ,! space ( ! ind5tion %\ld be suffici5t to be noticeable4 ,z bo? measures mu/ be relat$1 display+ a proportion pleas+ to ! eye1 ! dep? ( ! page foll[s f its wid?4 ,x seems t ! proportions ( ! oblong are m pleas+ ?an ^? ( ! squ>e2 & z a horizontal oblong drives out ! l9e to an impossible l5g?1 & a two-column arrangem5t is t$i\s1 ! v]tical oblong has become ! normal page4 ,su* are ! elem5ts ( typography2 & a volume built up ( type-pages compos$ 9 accordance ) !m w be g5]ally satisfactory4 ,!re rema9 only ! page head+s & ! folio4 ,by rang+ ! head+s inside t[>ds ! gutt]1 to ! left & "r respectively1 two pages are fix$ z a unity2 b !y c also be rang$ outside to ! "r & left1 or !y may be c5t]$4 ,! folio may be c5t]$ at ! foot1 or range ei!r way at ! top or bottom 7pref]ably1 = quick] ref]5ce1 on ! outside71 b x _c be c5t]$ at ! top )\t cancell+ ! runn+ page headl9e--only to be done by exception4 ,! runn+ headl9es may be set 9 capitals ( ! text1 9 upp] & l[]-case ( ! text1 or 9 a comb9ation ( capitals4 ,full-siz$ capitals ov]emphasize :at is1 aft] all1 a repetitive page-feature ins]t$ *iefly = ! conv5i5ce ( libr>ians & read]s int]e/$ 9 ! id5tification ( leaves :i* h work$ loose4 ,if set 9 upp] & l[]-case1 ! headl9e loses 9 levelness1 s t x seems well to employ ,s ,m ,a ,l ,l ,c ,a ,p ,i ,t ,a ,l ,s2 ^! are be/ sep>at$ by hair spaces1 s9ce ! unreliev$ rectangul> /ructure & p]p5dicul>ity ( capitals t5d to defeat in/antane\s recognition4 ,full-siz$ capitals may well be us$ = *apt] head+s1 ) ! numb] ( ! *apt] 9 smalls2 bo? indications be+ hair-spac$4 ,! read]1 travell+ f ! g5]ally inv>iable blank at ! end ( a *apt] to ! beg9n+ ( ! next1 f9ds a dropp$ *apt] head an agreeably consi/5t feature1 :i* saves him f feel+ suffocat$ or ov]p[]$ by ! text4 ,,iv ,! =ego+ elem5t>y directions affect ! ma9 "p ( ! book1 its body4 ,!re rema9s a section :i* goes be=e ! text1 kn[n z ! prelim9>ies1 (t5 complicat$ bo? 9 respect to arrangem5t & draftsman%ip4 ,be=e consid]+ ^!1 x may be well to summ>ize our pres5t f9d+s--to conc5trate !m into a =mula4 ,accord+ to our doctr9e1 a well-built book is made up f v]tical oblong pages arrang$ 9 p>agraphs hav+ an av]age l9e ( t5 to twelve consi/5tly spac$ words1 set 9 a f\nt ( com=table size & famili> design2 ! l9es suffici5tly sep>at$ to prev5t d\bl+ & ! composition be+ head$ by a runn+ title4 ,?is rectangle is s impos$ ^u ! page z to provide c5tre1 head1 =e-edge & tail m>g9s ( dim5sions suitably relat$ n only to ! l5g? ( l9e b to ! disposition ( space at ^? po9ts :]e ! text is cut into *apt]s1 & :]e ! body jo9s ! prefatory & o!r pages kn[n z prelim9>ies4 ,n[ ^! fir/ pages1 be+ int5d$ r = ref]5ce ?an = read+ & re-read+1 are less /rictly gov]n$ by conv5tion ?an ! text-pages4 ,!y consequ5tly (f] ! maximum opportunity = typographic design4 ,! hi/ory ( pr9t+ is 9 l>ge measure ! hi/ory ( ! title-page4 ,:5 fully develop$1 ! title occupi$ a recto page1 ei!r p>tially or :olly2 & ! title-phrase1 or ! pr9cipal words ( x1 has g5]ally be5 set 9 a conspicu\s size ( type4 ,sixte5?-c5tury ,italian pr9t]s g5]ally us$ l>ge capitals copi$ f inscriptions1 or by exception1 f m$ieval manuscripts2 :ile ,engli% use emulat$ ! ,fr5* 9 employ+ a canon l9e ( upp] & l[]-case1 foll[$ by a few l9es ( pica capitals4 ,next came ! pr9t]'s device1 & at ! foot ( ! page1 8 "n & address4 ,^! l>ge sizes ( upp] & l[]-case1 an inh]itance f pr9t]s :o 7 accu/om$ to black-lett] 7:i* _c be set 9 solid capitals71 h gone4 ,! device has also vani%$ 7x has be5 reviv$ by a few publi%]s71 & ?us ! contempor>y title page is g5]ally a bleak affair1 exhibit+ 9 n9e out ( t5 cases a space betwe5 ! title & ! impr9t ( ! pr9t]-publi%]1 s t ?is blank t5ds to be ! /ronge/ feature on ! page4 ,:5 ! device 0 fir/ ab&on$1 ! au?or1 pr9t] or publi%] took advantage ( ! leisure ( ! read] & ! blank at _! disposal1 to draft a t$i\sly long title1 subtitle & li/ ( ! au?or's qualifications1 design$ to fill ! entire page4 ,! pres5t-day publi%] goes to ! o!r extreme1 r$uc+ ! title to z few %ort words z possible1 foll[$ ) by & ! au?or's "n4 ,a pr(essional writ] may ins]t1 e4g41 ,au?or ( ,! ,deluge "u 8 "n or !re may be incorporat$ a motto2 b ap>t f su* exceptions1 ?ree & sometimes f\r in*es ( space sep>ate ! au?or's "n f ! fir/ l9e ( ! impr9t4 ,! result is t unless ! title is set 9 a size ( type out ( all relation to t ( ! rema9d] ( ! book1 ?is space is m conspicu\s ?an ! *ief l9e4 ,x is m reasonable to less5 ?is space by %ort5+ ! dep? ( ! :ole piece f title to impr9t4 ,x is cle> t a volume 9 #ab-po9t does n require a #cj-po9t title unless x be a folio 9 d\ble-column2 & x is ( no consequ5ce if ! title page is a little %ort] ?an ! text pages4 ,!re is no reason1 o!r ?an a desire to be diff]5t1 = a title page to be> any l9e ( type l>g] ?an twice ! size ( ! text lett]4 ,if ! book be set 9 #ab-po9t1 ! title ne$ be no l>g] ?an #bd-po9t--& may dec5tly en\gh be small]4 ,z l[]-case is a necess>y evil1 :i* we %\ld d well to subord9ate s9ce we _c suppress1 x %\ld be avoid$ :5 x is at its lea/ rational & lea/ attractive--9 l>ge sizes4 ,! ma9 l9e ( a title %\ld be set 9 capitals2 &1 l all titl+ capitals1 !y %\ld be spac$4 ,:atev] may happ5 to ! re/ ( ! composition1 ! au?or's "n1 l all display$ prop] names1 %\ld be 9 capitals4 ,v ,"h we may pause to c\nt] an objection4 ,x w be cont5d$ t :atev] ! value ( our prec$+ conclusions1 _! adoption mu/ mean an increase 9 /&>dization--all v well = ^? :o h an economic objective b v monoton\s & dull = ^? ^: aim is t books %all possess m life4 ,?is means t ! objectors want m v>iety1 m diff]5tness1 m decoration4 ,! crav+ to decorate is natural1 & only if x is all[$ ! fre$om ( ! text pages %all we look ^u x z a passion to be resi/$4 ,! decoration ( title pages is "o ?+--t ( a f\nt to be employ$ 9 books is ano!r4 ,our cont5tion1 9 ?is respect1 is t ! necessities ( a mass-production book & ! limit$ edition diff] nei!r 9 k9d nor 9 degree1 s9ce all pr9t+ is ess5tially a means ( ! multiplication ( a text set 9 an alphabetical code ( conv5tional symbols4 ,to disall[ v>iety 9 ! vital details ( ! composition is n to insi/ ^u uni=mity 9 display4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! prelim9>y pages (f] scope = ! utmo/ typographical +5uity4 ,yet ev5 "h1 a ^w ( caution may be 9 place1 s soon d we =get1 9 arrang+ any piece ( display 7above all1 a title page71 ! supreme importance ( s5se4 ,e "*1 e ^w1 e l9e %\ld be se5 ) maximum cle>ness4 ,words %\ld n be brok5 except unavoidably1 & 9 title pages & o!r compositions ( c5tr$ matt]1 l9es %\ld h>dly beg9 ) su* feeble p>ts ( spee* z prepositions & conjunctions4 ,x is m reasonable1 z assi/+ ! read]'s imm$iacy ( compreh5sion1 to keep ^! to ! ends ( l9es or to c5tre !m 9 small] type & s br+ out ! sali5t l9es 9 a relatively conspicu\s size4 ,no pr9t]1 9 safegu>d+ himself f ! *>ge ( monotony 9 8 composition1 %\ld admit1 aga9/ 8 bett] judgm5t1 any typographical di/raction do+ viol5ce to logic & lucidity 9 ! suppos$ int]e/s ( decoration4 ,to twi/ 8 text into a triangle1 squeeze x into a box1 torture x into ! %ape ( an h\r-glass or a diamond is an (f5ce requir+ great] ju/ification ?an ! exi/5ce ei!r ( ,italian & ,fr5* prec$5ts ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 or ( an ambition to d some?+ new 9 ! tw5tie?4 ,9 tru?1 ^! are ! easie/ tricks ( all1 & we h se5 s mu* ( !m dur+ ! late revival ( pr9t+ t we n[ ne$ r a revival ( re/ra9t4 ,9 all p]man5t =ms ( typography1 :e!r publicly or privately pr9t$1 ! typograph]'s only purpose is to express1 n himself1 b 8 au?or4 ,!re are1 admitt$ly1 o!r purposes :i* ent] into ! composition ( adv]tisem5t1 publicity & sales matt]2 & !re is1 ( c\rse1 a v great deal common to bo? book & adv]tisem5t composition4 ,b x is n all[able to ! pr9t] to relax 8 zeal = ! read]'s com=t 9 ord] to satisfy an ambition to decorate or to illu/rate4 ,r ?an run ?is risk ! pr9t] %\ld /rive to express himself by ! use ( ?is or t small decorative unit1 ei!r ( common design suppli$ by ! type f\nd]s or drawn = 8 (fice by an arti/4 ,x is q true t to an inv5tive pr9t] decoration is n (t5 necess>y4 ,9 comm]cial pr9t+1 h[ev]1 x seems to be a necessity1 because ! complexity ( our civilization dem&s an inf9ite numb] ( /yles & *>act]s4 ,publi%]s & o!r buy]s ( pr9t+1 by insi/+ ^u a sett+ :i* %all express _! bus9ess1 _! goods1 _! books & nobody else's bus9ess or goods or books1 dem& an individuality :i* pure typography c nev] hope to supply4 ,b book-pr9t]s1 conc]n$ ) ! p]man5tly conv5i5t r ?an ) ! transi5tly s5sational or ! m]ely fa%ionable1 %\ld be on _! gu>d aga9/ title-page bord]s1 vignettes & devices inv5t$ to ease _! difficulties4 ,!re is no easy way ) mo/ title pages2 & ! pr9t]'s task is r5d]$ m difficult by ! av]age publi%]'s & au?or's incompet5ce to draft a title or to organize ! prelim9>ies 9 reasonable sequ5ce4 ,,vi ,^? :o w\ld l to less5 or v>y ! t5d5cy t[>ds /&>dization 9 day-today book production h a field = _! activity 9 ! la/-m5tion$ pages4 ,! position on ! page ( ! half-title1 title1 d$ication1 etc41 & _! relation to ea* o!r1 are n ess5tially inv>iable4 ,nev]!less1 z x is well = pr9t]s & publi%]s to h rules1 & ! same rules1 x may be sugge/$ t ! head+s to ,preface1 ,table ( ,cont5ts1 ,introduction1 etc41 %\ld be 9 ! same size & f\nt z ! *apt] heads2 & %\ld be dropp$ if !y are dropp$4 ,! ord] ( ! prelim9>ies rema9s to be settl$4 ,) ! exception ( ! copyright notice1 :i* may be set on ! v]so ( ! title page1 all %\ld beg9 on a recto4 ,! logical ord] ( ! prelim9>y pages is ,half-title or ,d$ication 7,i see no reason = includ+ bo?71 ,title1 ,cont5ts1 ,preface1 ,introduction4 ,! c]tificate ( limitation1 9 ! case ( books ( t class1 may face ! title :]e !re is no frontispiece1 be incorporat$ ) ! half-title1 or be tak5 to ! end ( ! volume4 ,?is ord] is applicable to mo/ categories ( books4 ,novels ne$ nei!r ,table ( ,cont5ts nor ,li/ ( ,*apt]s1 ?\gh "o or ! o!r is too (t5 pr9t$4 ,if x is decid$ to reta9 ei!r1 x w\ld be reasonable to pr9t x on ! back ( ! half-title & fac+ ! title page1 s t ! /ructure1 scope & nature ( ! book w be almo/ completely indicat$ to ! read] at a s+le op5+4 ,:]e ! volume is made up ( a few %ort /ories1 _! titles c be li/$ 9 ! o!rwise blank c5tre ( ! title page4 ,,vii ,fiction1 ,belles-,lettres & ,educational books are habitually fir/ publi%$ 9 portable1 b n pocketable =mats2 cr[n octavo 7#e by #g-a_/b 947 be+ ! inv>iable rule = novels publi%$ z su*4 ,! novel 9 ! =m ( ,biography w be publi%$ z a ,biography1 demy octavo 7#e-e_/h by #h-c_/d 9471 ! size also = ,hi/ory1 ,political ,/udy1 ,ar*aeology1 ,sci5ce1 ,art & almo/ ev]y?+ b ,fiction4 ,novels are only promot$ to ?is =mat :5 !y h become fam\s & /&>d2 :5 !y are popul> r ?an fam\s !y are compos$ 9 pocket 7#d-a_/b by #f-c_/d 947 editions4 ,size1 !re=e1 is ! mo/ manife/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! categories ( books4 ,ano!r obvi\s diff]5ce is bulk1 calculat$ 9 accordance ) ! publi%]'s notion1 fir/1 ( ! g5]al s5se ( trade expectation &1 secondly1 ( ! pur*as+ psy*ology ( a public habituat$ to c]ta9 sell+ prices vaguely relat$ to numb] ( pages & ?ickness ( volume 7inconsi/5tly en\gh1 weight does n ent] into ^! expectations74 ,^! habits ( m9d h consequ5ces 9 ! typography2 !y affect ! *oice ( f\nt & size ( type1 & may necessitate ! adoption ( devices = driv+ out1 i4e41 mak+ ! sett+ take up z mu* room z possible4 ,by putt+ ! runn+ headl9e betwe5 rules or r[s ( ornam5ts2 introduc+ unnecess>y blanks betwe5 *apt]s2 contract+ ! measure2 exagg]at+ ! spaces betwe5 ! words & ! l9es2 excessively ind5t+ p>agraphs2 isolat+ quot$ matt] ) areas ( :ite space3 ins]t+ :olly unnecess>y sectional titles 9 ! text & surr\nd+ !m ) space2 contriv+ to drive a *apt] end+ to ! top ( a recto page s t ! re/ ( x & its v]so may be blank2 us+ ?ick pap]2 increas+ ! dep? ( *apt] beg9n+s & ins]t+ v l>ge v]sals !reto2 & s on1 ! volume c be inflat$ to an extra sixte5 pages & sometimes m--:i* is a feat ! able typograph] is expect$ to accompli% )\t %[+ 8 h&4 ,limit$ editions ( /&>d au?ors1 or ( au?ors ^: publi%]s desire !m to rank z su*1 are commonly giv5 a rubricat$ title or "s o!r feature n /rictly necess>y4 ,a dreadful example ( ov]done rubrication is to be f\nd 9 an edition ( ,?omas ,h>dy's v]se1 9 :i* ! runn+ heads ?r\gh\t ! book are 9 r$--! production ( a firm :i* desir$ to make an impression on ! pur*as] 9 view ( ! price ask$ = ! edition4 ,?is c\ld h be5 bett] done by res]v+ col\r = ! initial lett]s4 ,h&made pap] is g5]ally us$ = ditions de luxe1 & none b ! brave among publi%]s w disreg>d ! sup]/iti\s love ( ! book-buy+ classes = its untrimm$1 ugly & dirt-ga!r+ edges4 ,t mo/ ( ! public pref] to h x s is because a trimm$ book looks ord9>y to !m4 ,any book :i* is diff]5t f ! ord9>y 9 "o sup]ficial way or ano!r is apt to impress ^? lack+ trade exp]i5ce4 ,& !re has be5 a notable increase dur+ rec5t ye>s 9 ! category ( books1 g5]ally illu/rat$1 kn[n to ! trade z f9e pr9t+1 ditions de luxe1 press-books1 limit$ editions1 collectors' books1 etc4 ,h5ce1 x is hop$ t ! above sett+ out ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( typography may give ! discrim9at+ read] "s sort ( y>d/ick :i* he c apply n only to ! entries catalogu$ by ! book-sell]s z limit$ editions1 b to ! output ( publi%]s responsible = pr9t+ ! lit]>y & sci5tific books :i* are m necess>y to society1 & are (t5 design$ ) great] intellig5ce4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,new ,,times ,,roman ,,types ,illu/ration,,c>l ,,pur+ton ,,roll9s,illu/ration ,am]ican ,type ,design]s & ,_! ,"w ,publi%$ by ,! ,lakeside ,press #aidg-aidh4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,a piece ( pap] ab\t two in*es squ>e1 orig9ally p9n$ to ! manuscript ( ! ,rev4 ,ezra ,/iles's di>y 9 ! ,yale ,univ]sity ,libr>y is all t rema9s ( ! fir/ orig9al ,am]ican type design4 ,x is a pro( ( lett]s made by ,abel ,buell1 a ,connecticut ,yankee1 9 #agfi4ce ,buell 0 8 own design]1 pun* cutt]1 & ca/]1 s9ce 9 8 day1 z = _m ye>s aft]1 ! mak+ ( type 0 entirely a h& op]ation4 ,n ! lea/ exact+ "p ( ! "w 0 ! cutt+ ( ! pun* on ! end ( a %ort b> ( s(t5$ /eel4 ,x 0 n until ! inv5tion ( ! ,b5ton pantograph pun*-cutt+ ma*9e 9 #ahhe t any o!r me?od 0 kn[n4 ,all type made be=e #ahhe 0 !re=e dep5d5t on h& pun* cutt+1 & ! design] ( ! type 0 almo/ always ! same man :o cut ! pun*es4 ,:o ^! type design]s 7 aft] ,buell is a matt] ( unc]ta9ty & obscurity4 ,! fir/ type specim5 book 9 ,am]ica 0 t ( ,b9ny ,ronaldson ( ,philadelphia1 issu$ 9 #ahab2 & f !n almo/ to our own day ! type f\ndries h tak5 ! cr$it = ! type designs :i* !y h (f]$ = sale4 ,type design]s1 l ar*itects1 got no cr$it2 possibly ,mode/y1 ) a backw>d glance at old specim5 books1 rais$ a w>n+ f+]1 & ! design]s 7 will+ to let ! f\ndries h :atev] glory !re 04 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pun* ,cutt+ ,ma*9e4 ,c\rtesy ,george ,macy ,publications4 ,abel ,buell & 8 contempor>ies & successors foll[$ ! g5]al tr5ds 9 design 9 ! arts z a :ole4 ,! ,greek ,revival & ! ,victorian ,age1 m>k$ by ! two great expositions at ,london & ,philadelphia ) _! crudities & extravagancies 9 design1 f\nd e*oes 9 our imitative craft ( pr9t+4 ,s x is n surpris+ t type design began to improve1 along ) ! o!r arts1 ) ! adv5t ( ! '#ij's4 ,we h always foll[$ ,european & especially ,engli% models1 & x is natural t ! upheaval 9 type design 9 ,engl& "u ,morris's influ5ce _h imm$iate rep]cussions "h4 ,b :ile imitations ( ,kelmscott types 7 soon on ! m>ket1 two surpris+ly orig9al ,am]ican designs appe>$ at ! same "t z ! imitations4 ,ab\t #ahid or #ahie ! ,c5tral ,type ,f\ndry ( ,/4 ,l\is introduc$ a face :i* became widely us$1 call$ 7= no bett] reason ?an att5ds ! *ri/5+ ( mo/ type faces7 ,de ,v9ne4 ,x is ( unkn[n p>5tage1 ?\gh !re is "s reason to suppose t x desc5d$ f ! ,elzevirs2 b x 0 a face ( "* & di/9ction4 ,at ! same "t ! same f\ndry br\ght out ano!r design :i* _h an ackn[l$g$ fa!r--,w ,bradley4 ,( ?is face x has be5 said t x has rem>kably bold lett]s1 ) peculi>ities ( =m nev] be=e attempt$4 ,?us we h 9 ! ,de ,v9ne & ! ,bradley faces two fre% & di/9ctively ,am]ican types1 de/9$ to be ! =]unn]s ( _m o!rs4 ,& 9 "o case ! "n ( ! design] 0 def9itely atta*$4 ,) ! inv5tion ( ! pantograph pun* cutt]1 type design became an art r ?an a craft1 & z might be expect$ ! p]sonality ( ! design] became = v>i\s reasons m important4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ t ! *ief design] ( ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company--a man responsible = almo/ ! :ole type output ( t f\ndry = _m ye>s--,morris ,full] ,b5ton1 0 ! son ( ! man ^: ma*9es 7 responsible = ?is revolution 9 type design4 ,= x 0 ! two basic ma*9es inv5t$ & develop$ by ,l9n ,boyd ,b5ton :i* made x possible = ^? unskill$ 9 ! intricacies ( type mak+ to provide ! basic designs = type4 ,! ma*9es 7 v +5i\s1 & ! designs p>took ( ! faultily faultless1 icily regul> p]fection ( ! me*anical device4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ type faces involv$ ! draw+ ( ! design & ! mak+ ( two or ?ree patt]ns 9 ?9 brass ( ! outl9e ( ! lett]--ea* patt]n good = sev]al sizes ( type1 & slightly modifi$ = ano!r gr\p ( sizes4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* mod]n type is design$4 ,x is ! reason :y su* a type s]ies z ,*elt5ham1 design$ by ! ar*itect ,b]tram ,g4 ,goodhue 9 #aijj = ! ,m]g5?al] ,l9otype ,company1 :ile v exp]tly h&l$ 9 ! details1 seems monoton\s 9 mass2 :]eas ! ,caslon type ( ! orig9al cutt+ %[s all ! inevitable v>iations ( h& "w4 ,a survey ( ! types ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! pres5t c5tury1 made by ! ,editor ( ! ,inl& ,pr9t] 9 #aibg1 displays #afa type faces br\ght out by sev5 or eight ( ! lead+ f\ndries betwe5 #aijj & #aibe4 ,( ^!1 x 0 possible to "n ! design]s ( #gb1 almo/ all f ! ,b>nh>t ,bro!rs ,sp9dl] f\ndry ( ,*icago1 ^: records seem to h be5 9 bett] %ape1 or ^: g5]osity 0 m spontane\s4 ,oswald ,coop]1 ,sydney ,gaunt1 ,w ,ransom1 ,rob]t ,wiebk+1 & ,george ,tr5holm 7 ! *ief names4 ,x is un=tunate t ! names ( ! design]s ( ! types put out by ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company h n be5 pres]v$ except 9 r>e in/ances4 ,( c\rse1 ,b5ton 0 responsible = ! great] portion1 & on ! ae/hetic side !y occasionally scor$ a triumph z 9 ! case ( ! ,cloi/] face4 ,! li/ includ$ 9 ! ,inl& ,pr9t]'s survey fails to include "s ( ! out/&+ designs ( ! p]iod4 ,goodhue's ,m]rym\nt 0 done 9 #ahid1 b aft] #aijj we h ,mr4 ,rog]s's ,c5taur1 ,mr4 ,hunt]'s odd b =ceful types 7prop]ly cut on pun*es by ! design]71 ! output ( ! rapidly gr[+ compos+-ma*9e indu/ry1 & ,fr$]ic ,w4 ,g\dy's fifty designs complet$ 9 t qu>t] c5tury4 ,g\dy's output ( six score type designs 9 fifty ye>s is an amaz+ record1 "o probably nev] equall$4 ,su* designs z ^? = ,g\dy ,mod]n1 ,g\dy ,text1 & ,hadrian w\ld e/abli% 8 reputation4 ,he _h 8 limitations z a design]--mo/ ( 8 designs lack a c]ta9 crispness--b 8 v]satility 0 extraord9>y4 ,9 ! ye>s s9ce #aibe new design]s h come to ! =e3 ,blum5?al ) 8 ,em]son1 ,dwigg9s ) 8 ,electra & ,cal$onia1 ,ruzicka ) 8 ,fairfield1 & ,*appell ) 8 ,lydian4 ,?is brief survey _c hope to m5tion all types or designs :i* ,am]ican design]s h contribut$1 b x is well to see if any t5d5cies c be detect$4 ,! type :i* ,buell made 9 #agei1 z well z ! type ( 8 imm$iate successors into ! fir/ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 7 ma9ly v>iations on ! s-call$ mod]n romans ( ,didot1 ,bodoni1 ,au/51 & ,?or[good4 ,z ! arti/ic /yles 9 design 9 g5]al1 n alone 9 type1 gradually lo/ ! evolution>y =ce :i* has develop$ lett] =ms ?r\gh ! c5turies1 ecc5tricity & an>*y came into play4 ,! n9ete5?-c5tury types z %[n 9 ! specim5 books ( ,bruce1 ,connor1 ,f>m]1 etc41 & exhibit$ 9 all _! grotesque horror 9 ,fr$ ,phillips' ,old-fa%ion$ ,type ,book1 _h no legitimate p>5tage1 & !y are z well relegat$ to ! biz>re & pseudo-no/algic adv]tisem5t4 ,! result ( ! ,kelmscott revival 0 to turn att5tion to type =ms ( ! pa/ :i* c\ld be reviv$ = mod]n use1 & ! type design]s aft] #aijj did a rem>kable piece ( "w 9 introduc+ good type faces4 ,! adv]tis]s h be5 eag] to use new & novel faces1 & h greatly /imulat$ ?is activity1 ev5 9 _m cases ov]-excit+ x4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ result has be5 ! r5ew$ int]e/ 9 calligraphy4 ,fir/ direct$ t[>d new =ms ( script1 ! tru] =m ( broad p5 lett]+ is n[ beg9n+ to influ5ce type design1 to free x f too slavi% a devotion on ! "o h& to ! s]if1 & on ! o!r to a too-free rejection ( ! s]if altoge!r4 ,su* a face z ,mr4 ,*appell's ,lydian is an example ( real advance 9 design1 & if "o c\ld adduce ,european examples1 m c\ld be cit$4 ,am]ican design]s h n develop$ _m new or good book faces2 su* types z ,ox=d1 ,c5taur1 ,em]son1 ,fairfield1 ,electra1 are ! exception4 ,_! ef=ts h be5 giv5 to ! draw+ ( display & adv]tis+ types--too (t5 n to ! enri*m5t ( ! pr9t]'s rep]tory4 ,x is q z true n[ z 9 ! pa/ t di/ortions ( ! normal ,roman lett] =m 9 ! direction ( extra cond5s$ or extra heavy or v light mono-l9e lett]s result 9 ecc5tricities :i* h no p]man5t value4 ,on ! o!r h& su* novel type designs z ,g>amond ,bold ,italic1 ,hadriano1 ! newspap] ,ionics1 & ,lydian are m]itori\s additions to ! pr9t]'s fonts4 ,:5 x is realiz$ t ecc5tricity & orig9ality are n ! same ?+1 we may expect f our increas+ly intellig5t design]s indig5\s types ( usefulness & *>m4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,repr9t$ 9 ,lawr5ce ,c4 ,wro?'s ,! ,fir/ ,"w ) ,am]ican ,types1 page #fe4 ,,typography--,,eric ,,gill ,f ,pr9t+ ,piety1 ,an ,essay on ,typography by ,eric ,gill4 ,copyright #aica by ,j4 ,m4 ,d5t & ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ allur+ en?usiasms t c occupy ! m9d ( ! lett]] is t ( inv5t+ a really logical & consi/5t alphabet hav+ a di/9ct sign = e di/9ct s\nd4 ,?is is especially ! case = ,engli% speak+ p3 = ! lett]s we use only inadequately symbolize ! s\nds ( our language4 ,we ne$ _m new lett]s & a revaluation ( exi/+ ones4 ,b ?is en?usiasm has no practical value = ! typograph]2 we mu/ take ! alphabets we h got1 & we mu/ take ^! alphabets 9 all ess5tials z we h inh]it$ !m4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 we h ! ,,roman ,,alphabet ( ,,capital lett]s 7,upp]-case71 & second ! alphabet :i* pr9t]s call ,,roman ,,l[]-,,case4 ,! latt]1 ?o' d]iv$ f ! ,capitals1 is a di/9ct alphabet4 ,?ird we h ! alphabet call$ ,,italic1 also d]iv$ f ! ,capitals b ?r\gh diff]5t *annels4 ,^! are ! ?ree alphabets 9 common use = ,engli% p4 ,are !re no o!rs8 ,x might be held t !re are sev]al2 !re are1 = example1 ! alphabet call$ ,black ,lett]1 & t call$ ,lomb>dic4 ,b ^! are only p>tial survivals1 & v few p c\ld1 )\t ref]5ce to anci5t books1 write d[n ev5 a complete alphabet ( ei!r4 ,z f> z we are conc]n$ 9 mod]n ,engl&1 ,roman ,capitals1 ,l[]-case & ,italics are ?ree diff]5t alphabets1 & all are curr5t co94 ,b h[ev] famili> we are ) !m1 _! ess5tial diff]5ces are n always easily discov]$4 ,x is n a matt] ( slope or ( s]ifs or ( ?ickness or ?9ness4 ,^! qualities1 ?\gh "o or o!r ( !m may be commonly associat$ ) "o alphabet m ?an ano!r1 are n ess5tial m>ks ( diff]5ce4 ,a ,roman ,capital ,a does n cease to be a ,roman ,capital ,a because x is slop$ backw>ds or =w>ds1 because x is made ?ick] or ?9n]1 or because s]ifs are add$ or omitt$2 & ! same applies to ,l[]-case & ,italics 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a illu/rates ! cont5tion t slope 9 ei!r direction does n deprive ,capitals1 ,l[]-case or ,italics ( _! ess5tial diff]5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b 9 :i* ! upp] l9e ( lett]s is ess5tially ,roman ,l[]-case2 ! l[] ess5tially ,italic4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ces are obvi\sly betwe5 ! =ms ( ! lett]s4 ,! foll[+ lett]s1 abdefghklmnqrtu & y1 are n ,roman ,capitals1 & t is all ab\t x4 ,! lett]s %[n 9 ! l[] l9e ( ,fig4 #b are nei!r ,capitals nor ,l[]-case4 ,! conclusion is obvi\s3 !re is a complete alphabet ( ,capital lett]s1 b ! ,l[]-case takes t5 lett]s f ! ,capital alphabet1 & ! ,italic takes t5 f ! ,capitals & twelve f ! ,l[]-case4 ,figure #c %[s ! ?ree alphabets complet$1 & x w be se5 t ,,cijopsvwx & ,z are common to all ?ree1 t bdhklmnqrtu & y are common to ,l[]-case & ,italics2 t ,,abdefghklmnqrtu & ,y are always ,capitals2 & t aef & g are always ,l[]-case4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c %[s ! diff]5ces & simil>ities betwe5 ! ?ree curr5t alphabets4 ,note3 ! curve ( ! ,italic y's tail is due to exub]ance1 & n to necessity4 ,b ?o' ?is is a true acc\nt ( ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 ! ?ree alphabets1 !re are cu/om>y diff]5ces :i* seem almo/ z important4 ,x is cu/om>y to make ,roman ,capitals upright4 ,x is cu/om>y to make ,l[]-case small] ?an ,capitals :5 ! two are us$ toge!r2 & x is cu/om>y to make ,italics n>r[] ?an ,l[]-case1 slop+ t[>ds ! "r & ) c]ta9 details rem9isc5t ( ! cursive h&-writ+ f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! ?ree alphabets ) _! cu/om>y z well z _! ess5tial diff]5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d %[s ! ,capitals1 ,roman ,l[]-case & ,italics ) _! cu/om>y z well z _! ess5tial diff]5ces4 ,prop]ly speak+ !re is no su* ?+ z an alphabet ( ,italic ,capitals1 & :]e upright or ne>ly upright ,italics are us$ ord9>y upright ,roman ,capitals g p]fectly well ) !m4 ,b z ,italics are commonly made ) a consid]able slope & cursive fre$om1 v>i\s sorts ( slop+ & quasi-cursive ,roman ,capitals h be5 design$ to mat*4 ,?is practice has1 h[ev]1 be5 c>ri$ to excess2 ! slope ( ,italics & _! cursiv5ess h be5 mu* ov]done4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( pun* cutt]s ) any p]sonal s5sibility z lett] design]s1 ) pun* cutt+ almo/ entirely done by ma*9e1 ! obvi\s rem$y is a mu* m ne>ly upright & non-cursive ,italic1 & = ,capitals ! ord9>y upright ,roman4 ,ev5 ) a ne>ly upright ,italic1 ! m]e pres5ce ( ! ,italic aef & g alt]s ! :ole "* ( a page1 & ) a slight n>r[ness z well z a slight slope1 ! effect is q diff]5t f t ( a page ( ,l[]-case4 ,! common practice ( us+ ,italics to emphasize s+le words %\ld be ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ! use ( ! ord9>y ,l[]-case ) spaces betwe5 ! lett]s 7l e t t e r - s p a c e d74 ,! prop] use ( ,italics is = quotations & footnotes1 & = books 9 :i* x is or seems desirable to use a light] & less =mal /yle ( lett]4 ,9 a book pr9t$ 9 ,italics upright ,capitals may well be us$1 b if slop+ ,capitals be us$ !y %\ld only be us$ z initials--!y g well en\gh ) ,italic ,l[]-case1 b !y d n g ) "o ano!r4 ,we h1 !n1 ! ?ree alphabets1 & ^! are ! pr9t]'s ma9 outfit2 all o!r sorts ( lett]s are 9 ! nature ( fancy lett]s1 useful 9 inv]se proportion to ! importance & quantity ( 8 output4 ,! m s]i\s ! class ( book he pr9ts1 ! wid] ! public to :om he appeals1 s mu* ! m solemn & imp]sonal & normal w be & %\ld be 8 typography4 ,b he w n call t book s]i\s :i* is m]ely widely b\ght1 & he w n call t a wide appeal :i* is made simply to a mob ( =cibly educat$ prolet>ians4 ,a s]i\s book is "o :i* is good 9 itself accord+ to /&>ds ( goodness set by infallible au?ority1 & a wide appeal is "o made to intellig5t p ( all times & nations4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! breakd[n ( ! m$ieval _w happ5$ at ! same "t2 & t breakd[n1 ?o' ha/5$ by corruption 9 ! ,*ur*1 0 *iefly caus$ by ! recrudesc5ce ( a comm]cialism :i* _h n _h a prop] *ance s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,! inv5tion ( d\ble-entry book-keep+ also happ5$ ab\t ! same "t1 & ?\gh1 z ) mod]n me*anical inv5tion1 ! "w 0 done by m5 ( bra9s r ?an m5 ( bus9ess1 x 0 ! latt] :o ga9$ ! *ief advantage4 ,pr9t+1 a *eap] me?od ( reproduc+ books ?an h&-writ+1 came !re=e j at ! "r mom5t4 ,s9ce its fir/ f9e c>eless rapture1 & 9 spite ( ! g5u9ely dis9t]e/$ ef=ts ( ecclesia/ical presses1 ,univ]sity presses & ! "w ( _m notable individual pr9t]s & type-f\nd]s1 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ has be5 ! hi/ory ( its comm]cial exploitation4 ,z is natural ) m5 ( bus9ess1 ! worse appe>s ! bett] reason4 ,f9ancial success is1 rightly1 _! only aim1 & te*nical p]fection ! only crit]ion !y "k h[ to apply to _! works4 ,,typography 7! reproduction ( lett]+ by means ( movable lett] types7 0 orig9ally done by press+ ! ink$ surface or face ( a lett] made ( wood or metal aga9/ a surface ( pap] or vellum4 ,! unev5ness & h>dness ( pap]1 ! irregul>ities ( types 7bo? 9 respect ( _! pr9t+ faces & ! dim5sions ( _! bodies7 & ! me*anical imp]fections ( presses & pr9t+ me?ods made ! "w ( e>ly pr9t]s notable = correspond+ unev5nesses1 irregul>ities & me*anical imp]fections4 ,to ensure t e lett] left its m>k m or less completely & ev5ly1 consid]able & noticeable impression 0 made 9 ! pap]4 ,! pr9t$ lett] 0 a col\r$ lett] at ! bottom ( a dit*4 ,! subsequ5t developm5t ( typography 0 *iefly die developm5t ( te*nical improvem5ts1 m accurately ca/ types1 smoo!r pap]1 me*anically p]fect presses4 ,ap>t f ! hi/ory ( its comm]cial exploitation1 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ has be5 ! hi/ory ( ! abolition ( ! impression4 ,a pr9t is prop]ly a d5t made by press+2 ! hi/ory ( lett]-press pr9t+ has be5 ! hi/ory ( ! abolition ( t d5t4 ,b ! v smoo? pap] & ! me*anically v p]fect presses requir$ = pr9t+ :i* %all %[ no impression c only be produc$ 9 a _w :i* c>es = su* ?+s1 & su* a _w is ( its nature inhuman4 ,! indu/rial _w ( today is su*1 & x has ! pr9t+ x desires & des]ves4 ,9 ! indu/rial _w ,typography1 l h\se build+ & sanit>y eng9e]+1 is "o ( ! necess>y arts--a ?+ to be done 9 work+ h\rs1 ^? dur+ :i* "o is buoy$ up by ! k t "o is s]v+ "o's fell[ m5 & nei!r enjoy+ oneself l an arti/ nor prais+ ,god l a man ( prud5ce4 ,9 su* a _w ! only excuse = any?+ is t x is ( s]vice4 ,pr9t+ :i* makes any claim on its own acc\nt1 pr9t]s :o give !mselves ! /atus ( poets or pa9t]s1 are to be condemn$2 !y are n s]v+2 !y are %irk+4 ,su* is ! tone ( ! m romantic among m5 ( comm]ce2 & ! consequ5ce is a pseudo-asceticism & a ba/>d ae/hetics4 ,! asceticism is only a %am because ! te/ ( s]vice is ! pr(its %[n 9 ! acc\nts2 & ! ae/hetics is ba/>d because x is n f\nd$ ^u ! reasonable pleasure ( ! m9d ( ! workman & ( 8 cu/om]1 b ^u ! snobb]y ( museum /ud5ts employ$ by m5 ( comm]ce to give a saleable appe>ance to articles too dull o!rwise to please ev5 ! read]s ( ,! ,daily ,mail4 ,nev]!less1 z we h already %[n1 comm]cial pr9t+1 ma*9e pr9t+1 indu/rial pr9t+ w\ld h its own prop] goodness if x 7 /udi\sly pla9 & />kly effici5t4 ,our qu>rel is n ) su* a ?+ b only ) ! ?+ t is nei!r "o nor ! o!r--nei!r really me*anically p]fect & physically s]viceable nor really a "w ( art1 i4e41 a ?+ made by a man :o1 h[ev] laughable x may seem to m5 ( bus9ess1 loves ,god & does :at he likes1 :o s]ves 8 fell[ m5 because he is wrapp$ up 9 s]v+ ,god--to :om ! s]vice ( ,god is s commonplace t x is z mu* bad =m to m5tion x z among m5 ( bus9ess x is bad =m to m5tion pr(its4 ,!re are1 !n1 two typographies1 z !re are two worlds2 &1 ap>t f ,god or pr(its1 ! te/ ( "o is me*anical p]fection1 & ( ! o!r sanctity--! comm]cial article at its be/ is simply physically s]viceable &1 p] accid5s1 beautiful 9 its effici5cy2 ! "w ( art at its be/ is beautiful 9 its v sub/ance &1 p] accid5s1 z s]viceable z an article ( comm]ce4 ,! typography ( ,indu/rialism1 :5 x is n delib]ately diabolical & design$ to deceive1 w be pla92 & 9 spite ( ! weal? ( its res\rces--a ?\s& v>ieties ( inks1 pap]s1 presses & me*anical processes = ! reproduction ( ! designs ( tame design]s--x w be entirely free f exub]ance & fancy4 ,e sort ( ornam5t w be omitt$2 = pr9t]s' fl[]s w n spr+ 9 su* a soil1 & fancy lett]+ is nauseat+ :5 x is n ! fancy ( type-f\nd]s & pr9t]s b simply ( ^? :o desire to make some?+ appe> bett] ?an x is4 ,p>adoxical ?\gh x be1 ! great] ! weal? ( appliances1 ! less is ! p[] ( us+ x4 ,all ! :ile t ! te*nical & me*anical good quality is increas+1 ! de-humaniz+ ( ! workm5 is also increas+4 ,z we become m & m able to pr9t f9] & m elaborate & delicate types ( lett] x becomes m & m intellectually imp]ative to /&>dize all =ms & oblit]ate all elaborations & fancifulness4 ,x becomes easi] & easi] to pr9t any k9d ( ?+1 b m & m imp]ative to pr9t only "o k9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o use humane me?ods c nev] a*ieve me*anical p]fection1 because ! slav]ies & /&>dizations ( ,indu/rialism are incompatible ) ! nature ( m54 ,humane ,typography w (t5 be comp>atively r\gh & ev5 unc\?2 b :ile a c]ta9 unc\?ness does n s]i\sly matt] 9 humane works1 lack ( unc\?ness is ! only possible excuse = ! productions ( ! ma*9e4 ,s :ile 9 an indu/riali/ society x is te*nically easy to pr9t any k9d ( ?+1 9 a humane society only "o k9d ( ?+ is easy to pr9t1 b !re is e scope = v>iety & exp]im5t 9 ! "w itself4 ,! m elaborate & fanciful ! indu/rial article becomes1 ! m nauseat+ x becomes--elaboration & fancifulness 9 su* ?+s are inexcusable4 ,b !re is e excuse = elaboration & fancy 9 ! works ( human be+s1 provid$ t !y "w & live accord+ to reason2 & x is in/ructive to note t 9 ! e>ly days ( pr9t+1 :5 human exub]ance _h full scope1 pr9t+ 0 *>act]iz$ by simplicity & dec5cy2 b t n[1 :5 su* exub]ance no long] exi/s 9 ! workman 7except :5 he is n at "w71 pr9t+ is *>act]iz$ by e k9d ( vulg>ity ( display & complicat$ indec5cy4 ,b1 alas = humanity1 !re is ! ?+ call$ compromise2 & ! man ( bus9ess :o is also ! man ( ta/e1 & he ( ta/e also :o is also man ( bus9ess w1 9 _! blameless ef=ts to e>n a liv+ 7= us+ "o's wits is blameless1 & e>n+ a liv+ is necess>y71 f9d _m ways ( giv+ a humane look to ma*9e-made ?+s or ( us+ ma*9]y & ! factory to turn out1 m quickly & *eaply1 ?+s ^: prop] nature is d]iv$ f human labor4 ,?us we h imitation p]iod furniture 9 ,w>d\r ,/reet1 & we h imitation arts & crafts 9 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road4 ,!-man-(-bus9ess-:o-is-also-man-(-ta/e w t5d to ! p]iod "w1 !-man-(-ta/e-:o-is-also-man-(-bus9ess w t5d to ! imitation h&icrafts4 ,&1 9 ! pr9t+ _w1 !re are bus9ess h\ses ^: reputation is f\nd$ on _! resuscitations ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & private presses ^: spe$ ( output is increas$ by ma*9e-sett+ & gas eng9es4 ,^! ?+s are m deplorable ?an blamewor?y4 ,_! *ief objectionabl5ess lies 9 ! fact t !y confuse ! issue = ! ord9>y uncritical p]son1 & !y turn out "w :i* is nei!r v good nor v bad4 ,p]iod pr9t+ looks bett] ?an ! usual vulg> products ( unre/ra9$ comm]cialism1 & !re is no visible diff]5ce1 except to ! exp]t1 betwe5 ma*9e-sett+ & h&-sett+1 or betwe5 %eets work$ on a h&-press & ^? turn$ out on a p[]-driv5 ,plat54 ,nev]!less1 ev5 if ^! ?+s be difficult to decide 9 individual in/ances1 !re c be no sort ( d\bt b t z indu/rialism requires a diff]5t sort ( workman s x also turns out a diff]5t k9d ( "w--a workman sub-human 9 8 irresponsibility1 & "w inhuman 9 its me*anical p]fection4 ,! imitation ( ! "w ( pre-indu/rial p]iods _c make any important ultimate diff]5ce2 ! introduction ( indu/rial me?ods & appliances into small work%ops _c make su* work%ops capable ( competition ) big bus9ess4 ,b :ile false /&>ds ( good ta/e may be set up by p]iod "w1 ?is good ta/e is entirely t ( ! man ( bus9ess & 8 cu/om]s2 x is n at all t ( ! h&s--!y are 9 no way responsible = x or affect$ by x2 on ! o!r h&1 ! introduction ( me*anical me?ods into small work%ops has an imm$iate effect on ! workm54 ,inevitably !y t5d to take m int]e/ 9 ! ma*9e & less 9 ! "w1 to become ma*9e-m9d]s & to reg>d wages z ! only rew>d4 ,& good ta/e ceases to be ! result ( ! re/ra9t put ^u 8 consci5ce by ! workman himself2 x becomes a ?+ impos$ ^u him by 8 employ]4 ,y _c see ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ma*9e-set page & "o set by h&4 ,no1 b y c see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,cornwall be=e & aft] x became ! ,engli% ,rivi]a2 y c see ! diff]5ce betwe5 rid+ 9 a hansom & 9 a motor-cab--betwe5 a cabby & a taxi-man2 y c see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ord9>y issue ( ,! ,times today & its ord9>y issue a hundr$ ye>s ago2 y c see ! diff]5ce betwe5 an ord9>y mod]n book & an ord9>y book ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,& x is n a "q ( bett] or worse2 x is a "q ( diff]5ce simply4 ,our argum5t "h is n t ,indu/rialism has made ?+s worse1 b t x has inevitably made !m diff]5t2 & t :]eas be=e ,indu/rialism !re 0 "o _w1 n[ !re are two4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury attempt to comb9e ,indu/rialism ) ! ,humane 0 necess>ily doom$1 & ! failure is n[ evid5t4 ,to get ! be/ out ( ! situation we mu/ admit ! impossibility ( compromise2 we mu/1 9 z mu* z we are indu/riali/s1 glory 9 ,indu/rialism & its p[]s ( mass-production1 see+ t good ta/e 9 its products dep5ds ^u _! absolute pla9ness & s]viceabl5ess2 & 9 s mu* z we rema9 outside ,indu/rialism1 z doctors1 lawy]s1 prie/s & poets ( all k9ds mu/ necess>ily be1 we may glory 9 ! fact t we are responsible workm5 & c produce only "o ?+ at a "t4 ,t if y look aft] goodness & tru? beauty w take c>e ( itself1 is true 9 bo? worlds4 ,! beauty t ,indu/rialism prop]ly produces is ! beauty ( bones2 ! beauty t radiates f ! "w ( m5 is ! beauty ( ! liv+ face4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,p]petua ,,types ,illu/ration ,,fr$]ic ,w4 ,,g\dy ,illu/ration,,types ,,& ,,type ,,design,illu/ration ,! ,syracuse ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,j\rnalism aw>d$ its fir/ m$al ( honor to ,f4 ,w4 ,g4 9 #aicf1 = di/9ctive a*ievem5t 9 typographic design4 ,8 address !n1 reflect+ ! typographic philosophy & practice ( two-score ye>s1 is repr9t$ z publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity 9 #aicf4 ,x w\ld be m]e affectation on my "p 7 ,i to pret5d n to be t\*$ by ! signal honor y ext5d to me ?is ev5+1 & ,i w\ld be ungrateful inde$ if ,i neglect$ to voice my v great appreciation ( y\r k9dness4 ,i wi% t ,i might express t appreciation 9 words t w\ld leave no %ad[ ( d\bt 9 y\r m9ds z to ! dep? & s9c]ity ( my feel+4 ,i am n consci\s ( any out/&+ reasons = ! k9d words spok5 "h tonight ( my "w4 ,at ! same "t ,i am "u no illusions z to ! ultimate value ( ! "w ,i h attempt$ to d1 al?\gh x is1 aft] all1 m]ely ! e-day "w ( an e>ne/ craftsman :o endeavors to p]=m ea* task well & ! next "o1 if possible1 ev5 bett]2 & )al no ?\ght or expectation ( acclaim4 ,my craft is a simple "o4 ,= ne>ly two score ye>s x has be5 my con/ant aim & endeavor to create a great] & m g5]al e/eem = pr9t+ & type design2 to give to pr9t]s & read]s ( pr9t m legible & m beautiful types ?an ^? 9 curr5t use4 ,?is has involv$ "s little sacrifice2 ! mission>y seldom acquires mu* m ?an ! satisfaction ( "w well done1 & yet1 on ! :ole1 ,i hav5't done badly1 s9ce my "w has br\ght me a weal? ( fri5d%ip beyond measure4 ,& n[ to ! subject :i* has be5 assign$ to me = ?is occasion--some?+ ab\t types ( ! pa/1 type revivals1 & a bit ab\t type design1 z ,i see x4 ,i tru/ y w n f9d t my brief po/pr&ial attempt be>s out ,gay's l9es too lit]ally3 ,s comes ! reckon+ :5 ! banquet's o'er1 ,a dreadful reckon+1 :5 m5 smile no m4 ,"o hundr$ & twelve ye>s ago type design 0 g5]ally imag9$ to be a matt] t conc]n$ only ! lett] cutt]4 ,j4 ,johnson1 au?or ( ,typographia 7publi%$ 9 #ahbd71 wrote ( a type face t ! pr9t] ne$$ only to obs]ve t its %ape be p]fectly true1 & t x l9es or ranges ) accuracy1 & t by not+ c]ta9 ma!matical rules ! lett] cutt] may produce ,roman *>act]s ( su* h>mony1 grace & symmetry z w please ! eye 9 read+2 & by hav+ _! f9e /rokes & swells bl5d$ toge!r 9 due proportion1 w excite admiration4 ,he says fur!r t if ! lett] /&s ev5 & 9 l9e1 :i* is ! *ief good quality 9 lett]1 x makes ! face !re( sometimes to pass1 ?\gh o!rwise ill-%ap$4 ,type design z a pr(ession evid5tly did n exi/ 9 #ahbd4 ,& ev5 today _m pr9t]s are un9=m$ z to ! v>i\s /eps t mu/ be tak5 betwe5 ! inception ( a type face 9 ! design]'s m9d & its ev5tual appe>ance on ! pr9t$ page4 ,today ! design+ ( type is practic$ by few arti/s z a sep>ate craft2 x is an humble art at be/--& a m9or "o4 ,yet e us] ( types dem&s 9 !m c]ta9 arti/ic qualities1 i4e41 inv5tion1 novelty1 /yle1 beauty1 di/9ction 7a few insi/ on legibility72 mo/ ( ^? us]s =get or d n realize t ^! are qualities an arti/ only may secure1 & ev5 ! arti/ _c always insure t 8 design w pres5t all ( !m4 ,fir/3 ,inv5tion requires t we so> above m]e caprices ( fa%ion or ! dem&s ( pass+ fancy4 ,our lett] =ms h become fix$ 9 _! ess5tials by long use & tradition1 yet a /udy ( all t has gone be=e w enable ! design] seek+ new expressions to infuse new life & "* into traditional %apes & inspire him to create new designs bas$ on ! broad impressions /or$ 9 ! gran>y ( 8 m9d4 ,second3 ,novelty gives u "s new impression suit$ to & br\ght ab\t by new conditions ( life & environm5t--by ! *anges t "t has wr\ght4 ,by novelty ,i d n mean1 h[ev]1 ! imitation novelty s frequ5tly met ) & pres5t$ z some?+ new2 too (t5 x means simply "s old] ?+ newly describ$4 ,a*iev+ ! fanta/ic quality rem9isc5t ( ! slimy trail ( ,art ,n\veau1 :i* y old] ones w recall z rampant 9 ! #ahij's1 produces freaks ( fa%ion 9 an attempt to be novel1 b may n1 necess>ily1 always secure ! novelty desir$4 ,traditions ( ! pa/ ne$ n be disreg>d$ nor ov]look$ 9 ord] to meet ! prejudices ( ! pres5t4 ,j n[ a seem+ly insatiable dem& = novelty is giv+ u a s5seless & ridicul\s riot ( beautiful atrocities4 ,! inundation ( freak types is l>gely due to a revival ( "s =m] products ( ignorance br++ 9 _! tra9 new designs ev5 m biz>re 9 ! attempt to secure novelty--a dete/able ^w us$ frequ5tly1 ,i fe>1 l *>ity1 to cov] a multitude ( s9s4 ,x has no place 9 arti/ic consid]ations1 z a ?+ t really is good %\ld be good = all "t4 ,sporadic outbreaks 9 ! "n ( novelty inevitably occur f "t to "t & =tunately h usually only _! little day 9 ! sun be=e vani%+ =ev] into ! limbo ( ! =gott54 ,i d n wi% to imply t novelty itself is undesirable--by no means2 /riv+ = newness keeps ?+s fre% & alive4 ,x is ! re-pres5tation ( ! extraord9>ily ugly & biz>re types ( ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury ) no exceptional arti/ic w>rant = _! revival1 9 an attempt to d some?+ diff]5t1 t ,i deprecate4 ,newness = its own sake only may n always be wor? :ile4 ,i f9d x difficult to speak dispassionately ( "s ( ! types adv]tis]s are us+ n[adays1 because ,i am too deeply /eep$ 9 ! traditions ( ! pa/ to accept !m4 ,i _c be accus$ ( intol]ance1 h[ev]4 ,! be/ art ( ! design]1 ! highe/ skill ( ! pr9t]1 & ! cle>1 lucid argum5t ( ! adv]tisem5t writ] mu/ be requisition$4 ,yet 9 mu* ( ! typography ( today _m ( ! new types display a m>k$ avoidance ( ev]y?+ t is pla91 simple & legible4 ,:y are simplicity & easy readability no long] e/eem$ z desirable qualities 9 pr9t8 ,:y are ^! outl&i% *>act]s select$8 ,= f\r hundr$ ye>s ! ,roman types ( ! e>ly ,italian pr9t]s h furni%$ models to suit all ta/es & s]ve e purpose4 ,= sev]al ye>s pa/ adv]tis]s & ev5 our magaz9e & book pr9t]s h some:at /ray$ f a def9ite /&>d ( dignity & beauty 9 ! que/ = novelty4 ,=eign types1 import$ to add a t\* ( novelty to our adv]tis+ 7types :i*1 no d\bt1 are good en\gh = ! conditions 9 ! bailiwicks t gave !m bir?71 too frequ5tly imp>t to pr9t a fanta/ic or a too fanciful effect :5 us$ "u ! entirely diff]5t conditions f\nd "h4 ,^! types are likely to imp>t to our pr9t+ an air ( incongruity displeas+ to ! tra9$ ta/e4 ,en passant1 ,i am rem9d$ ( a sugge/ion (f]$ by ,re9h>dt1 ! sc5ic design]3 ,d n try to inspire f =eign ideas4 ,be int]e/$ 9 !m1 ( c\rse1 & !y w help to f]tilize y\r own4 ,?ird3 ,/yle is a subtle quality t comes f an intellig5t use ( a good tradition r5ew$ & advanc$ into our own times2 x is a quality insep>able f ! tools & mat]ials employ$1 & is n to be acquir$ simply by tak+ ?\ght or by a det]m9ation to atta9 x4 ,/yle is ! liv+ expression controll+ bo? ! =m & ! vital /ructure ( ! vehicle :i* pres5ts ?\ght 9 tangible =m--an intimate & insep>able some?+ 9 ! "w ( a craftsman :olly unconsci\s ( /yle or ( any def9ite aim t[>ds beauty = itself4 ,f\r?3 ,di/9ction is m difficult to secure1 yet1 :5 a type pres5ts an unassum+ simplicity2 :5 x expresses ?\ght 9 e detail2 :5 x is cle>1 elegant1 /rong2 no?+ 9 x t is loose & vague1 no f9esse ( design1 b %[+ cle>ly 9 e l9e ! _s ! design] has put into ! body ( 8 "w1 t type c h>dly fail ( real di/9ction4 ,to meet ! dem&s ( utility & to pres]ve also an e/hetic /&>d is ! problem ! type design] mu/ attempt to solve4 ,obvi\sly a l>ge ord] = a m]e amateur 7or ev5 = a pr(essional design]74 ,z to legibility1 ,i %all n "h comm5t4 ,ev]yone kn[s 7or ?9ks he kn[s7 j :at con/itutes x2 ,i fe> ,i d n1 or ,i w\ld nev] p]mit myself consci\sly to make a type t 0 n ! qu9tess5ce ( legibility4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am frequ5tly ask$ h[ ,i design a type face4 ,!re are s _m ?+s t lead up to "o t x is difficult to give a specific reply4 ,i once told a /ud5t t ,i ?9k ( a lett] & !n m>k ar\nd ! ?\ght4 ,t is h>dly real design+4 ,x may be easy to ?9k ( "o lett]1 b to ?9k also ( its tw5ty-five relations :i* ) x =m ! alphabet & s to m>k ar\nd !m t !y w comb9e 9 complete h>mony & rhy?m ) ea* o!r & ) all--t is ! difficult ?+1 ! successful do+ ( :i* con/itutes design4 ,:at is ! inspiration = a new face8 ,t also is difficult to answ]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is h>dly possible to create an absolutely new type or "o t w n be rem9isc5t ( ! pa/4 ,x is q )9 ! prov9ce ( ! lett] arti/ to take 8 inspiration = a new face f any s\rce--! lapid>y inscriptions ( ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,imp]ial age ( ,rome2 a m$iaeval brass t m>ks ! la/ re/+ place ( a dep>t$ rul]2 a manuscript lett] by "s unsung scribe ( ! ,r5aissance1 or an e>ly type ( ! gold5 age ( typography4 ,or maybe he may ev5 /rive to put into tangible =m on 8 draw+ bo>d "s vision f out ( n[h]e--! realization ( a *ance ?\ght /ray+ ?r\gh an idle rev]ie :i* he w :ip into a satisfactory m$ium ( intellectual ex*ange4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he may pref] to attempt ! re-creation ( new lett] f ! bones ( a m anci5t =m1 endeavor+ to secure 9 x a new expression ( life & vigor1 ) new graces suit$ to our times & our use4 ,if ! design] *ooses to disreg>d old types & g direct to _! s\rce1 ! manuscript h&s ( ! scribes1 well1 :y n8 ,by revis+ _! =ms1 ref9+ !m1 elim9at+ _! :imsicalities & vag>ies & =maliz+ _! irregul>ities1 he may meet1 too1 ! me*anical requirem5ts & te*nical limitations ( type f\nd+4 ,?is1 probably1 is ! m legitimate me?od1 s9ce 9 ?is way he w inspire f ! real beg9n+s ( our l[] case =ms4 ,= myself ,i am incl9$ to agree ) a writ] :o ma9ta9s t x is d\btful :e!r ! type design] b5efits f a close /udy ( h& lett]+1 mean+ ( c\rse ! manuscript h&s ( ! pa/4 ,int]e/+ z old manuscripts are1 ,i f9d !m ( little practical use z (f]+ models = new types4 ,speak+ = myself only ,i f9d x m feasible to get my inspirations f a /udy ( ! e>li] types t appeal to me4 ,!y frequ5tly (f] opportunity = new expression4 ,) no attempt to copy _! p>ticul> =ms1 or to make *anges m]ely 9 weight or s]if1 ,i endeavor r to te> f !m ! qualities & ! _s t makes !m good1 = incorporation 9 my own lett] %apes4 ,i realize1 ( c\rse1 t ! lett]s ,i may select z my models 71 )\t d\bt1 inspir$ by "s manuscript h& t p]sonally ,i may f9d (f]s little = use 9 my own "w4 ,) complete indep5d5ce ( calligraphy ,i attempt1 in/ead1 to secure ! negative quality ( unpret5ti\sness2 ,i /rive = ! pure cont\r & monum5tal "* ( ! classic lapid>y =ms ( ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 ,i endeavor 9 my "w to avoid any biz>re quality or exhibition ( consci\s preciosity4 7,x has be5 said t 9 ?is latt] aim ,i sometimes fail47 ,once 9 a :ile a type face by "s o!r design] seems to pres5t an int]e/+ movem5t or quality t ,i l4 ,i take e>ly opportunity to make x m9e1 frankly & op5ly1 9 ! same way t a writ] might use exactly ! same words z ano!r1 b by a new arrangem5t ( !m pres5t a new ?\ght1 a new idea1 or a new subtlety ( expression4 ,or z two pa9t]s us+ id5tical tools & colors1 ea* might produce a ma/]piece1 yet ! "w ( "o probably w\ld n resemble t ( ! o!r 9 any detail4 ,by copy+ c>efully a few *>act]s ( ! type t appeals to me drawn by ano!r h&1 ,i try to secure 9 my own draw+s "s c]ta9 movem5t or rhy?m 8 may pres5t4 ,i soon disc>d my model & proce$ f !re1 z x 71 "u my own /eam1 & sometimes produce a face :i* my good fri5d ,k5t ,currie says has an acid1 typy quality & 79 sub/ance7 t x is regul> & well-ord]$1 t x has int]e/1 color1 movem5t1 & sometimes qua9tness4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,i accept$ a commission to make a type = a magaz9e ( l>ge circulation4 ,at t "t x 0 my practice to make draw+s f :i* matrices 7 engrav$ = me by ! late ,rob]t ,wiebk+ ( ,*icago4 ,8 dea? occurr$ j ab\t ! "t ,i 0 to s5d him my orig9als = translation into mats f :i* to ca/ ! type4 ,9 ord] to c>ry out my arrangem5t ) ! magaz9e1 & f9d+ difficulty 9 procur+ ! "w else:]e1 ,i det]m9$ to try do+ also ! me*anical "w ( matrix engrav+ myself4 ,l ,moxon1 ,i le>nt x ( my own g5u9e incl9ation1 ) no previ\s in/ruction 9 ! craft4 ,) no engrav+ or ca/+ plant ready to my h& ,i began ! gett+ toge!r ( ! v>i\s p>aph]nalia ( a type f\ndry4 ,procur+ ma*9es = a type f\ndry 0 comp>atively simple2 ! op]ation ( !m1 mak+ patt]ns = use 9 ! engrav+ ma*9es1 ! l9+ & fitt+ ( ! ca/ types1 etc41 all aft] ,i _h rea*$ my sixtie? bir?day1 0 some?+ else4 ,look+ back1 ,i am amaz$ at my tem]ity4 ,x 0 lit]ally a case ( ru%+ 9 :]e angels might well fe> to tread4 ,yet1 s9ce t "t ,i h engrav$ _m hundr$s ( matrices4 ,& n[1 "o o!r p]sonal note4 ,x is my cr$o4 ,= ne>ly two score ye>s ,i h made use & beauty ! great desid]ata4 ,i h nev] p]mitt$ myself int5tionally to utilize ! message ,i 0 attempt+ to pres5t1 to s]ve z a m]e framework or scaffold+ ^u :i* to exploit my own skill1 nor ev] to all[ my craft to became an end 9 itself in/ead ( a means only to a desirable & useful end4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,deepd5e ,,types ,illu/ration,,!odore ,,l[ ,,de ,,v9ne,illu/ration ,! ,old & ! ,new ,a ,,fri5dly ,,dispute ,,betwe5 ,,juv5is ,,& ,,s5ex ) a note by ,,fr$]ic ,w4 ,,g\dy ,publi%$ by ,! ,village ,press1 ,m>lboro1 ,new ,york1 #aicc4 ,juv5is3 ,:at is x t y admire 9 ! types ( old books8 ,don't y love !m m = _! qua9tness ?an = _! beauty8 ,i h se5 orig9als or accr$it$ facsimiles ( ! be/ books ( ,gut5b]g1 ,j5son1 ,aldus1 ,k]v]1 ,caxton1 & o!r notable pr9t]s1 b ,i pref] mod]n types4 ,s5ex3 ,!n y h se5 ! po9t$ black-lett]1 ! r\nd go?ic1 ! ald9e ,italic1 ! flemi% black1 & ! e>ly ,roman4 ,did n any ( ^! /yles please y8 ,juv5is3 ,n "o4 ,to try to read ! po9t$ black ( ,gut5b]g & ,k]v] is z repell+ z a walk ?r\gh ! crypts ( an old *ur*2 ! r\nd go?ics are z scraggy z a heap ( oy/] %ells2 ! ,ald9e italics are squeez$ z to wid?1 elongat$ z to height1 & incongru\sly mat$ ) absurdly small capitals2 ! flemi% black-lett] is ! 't\r de =ce' ( a lit]>y acrobat4 ,9 all ^! *>act]s ,i see bad draw+ & disreg>d ( proportion4 ,! f\nd+ is z bad z ! design2 "s *>act]s are fitt$ too ne>1 o!rs too wide1 & _m lett]s are out ( l9e4 ,s5ex3 ,y surely _c c5sure ,j5son's ,roman = bad fitt+8 ,juv5is3 ,i d except t1 = ,j5son 0 a good me*anic1 & s 0 ,k]v]4 ,_! types are well fitt$ & neatly l9$4 ,b ,i h small praise to give ,j5son = 8 mu* admir$ ,roman lett]4 ,bett]1 no d\bt1 ?an any o!r ,roman ( ! p]iod1 b 0 x p]fection8 ,bibliophiles =get t ?is ,j5son ,roman 0 out ( fa%ion fifty ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 & t 8 models h be5 alt]$ by e succe$+ pun*-cutt]4 ,s5ex3 ,h[1 !n1 c y expla9 ! favor %[n to ! rec5t types ( ,william ,morris8 ,8 ',gold5' type is bas$ on ! ,j5son model2 8 ',troy' & ',*auc]' types are model$ aft] ! r\nd go?ic ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,juv5is3 ,i d n pret5d to expla9 freaks ( fa%ion 9 typography any m ?an 9 religion or art or music4 ,! ,a!nians :o wor%ip$ an unkn[n or =gott5 god h successors 9 e g5]ation4 ,!re are ,engli%m51 nurs$ 9 ! ,cate*ism1 :o try to be dev\t ,buddhi/s2 !re are ,impressioni/s1 ,pre-,raphaelites1 & ,wagn]ians4 ,! lov] ( s+ul>ity :o c inv5t no?+ t is new mu/ hunt up some?+ t is old1 or at lea/ odd1 to keep up 8 reputation = disc]nm5t4 ,x is en\gh = me to "k t ! lit]>y _w1 outside ( ,g]many1 mov$ by common impulse1 disc>d$ all ! e>ly types4 ,! sacr$ black-lett] ( ,gut5b]g1 & o!r =ms1 w5t to oblivion = good reason4 ,all 7 ( bad =m & h>d to read--obscur$ by abbreviations1 misuse ( capital lett]s1 absurd divisions1 & inconsi/5t or?ography4 ,mu* z a /ud5t ( our "t may pr(ess admiration = e>ly typography1 he w n consult ! ',bible ( ,=ty-two ,l9es' = a disput$ text1 :5 a m readable edition is accessible4 ,s5ex3 ,y conf\nd two features ( typography t %\ld be kept sep>ate4 ,! %apes ( e>ly types %\ld be consid]$ ap>t f ! skill1 or want ( skill1 9 _! compositors4 ,! black-lett] types ( ! fifte5? c5tury are (t5 fair copies ( ! admirable manuscripts ( ! p]iod4 ,juv5is3 ,! black-lett] ( e e>ly pr9t] 0 b a s]vile copy ( ! manuscript mo/ atta9able4 ,mal=mations 7 copi$1 b ! fl[+ graces ( p5man%ip c\ld n be reproduc$ 9 me*anically squ>e types4 ,no pun*-cutt] ( ! p]iod improv$ on ! manuscript copy4 ,all ! e>ly books ab\nd 9 infelicities ( design & cutt+1 indicat+ t ! "w 0 n z ?\ghtfully done z simil> "w is done n[4 ,x is a begg+ ( ! "q to assume t ! e>ly pun*-cutt]s 7 demigods 9 art4 ,to say t !y 7 "r is to say t ,albre*t ,dr] & ,ge(froy ,tory1 :o wrote books on ! true proportions ( lett]s1 & ,granjon & ,g>amond1 :o gave a lifetime to type-mak+1 7 wrong4 ,i pref] to accept ! tea*+s ( kn[n arti/s z ( high] au?ority4 ,s5ex3 ,is n ! difficulty ( read+ old black-lett] due to its unfamili> abbreviations & to mann]isms 9 type-sett+ n[ out ( fa%ion8 ,w\ld n mod]n types be obscure if simil>ly treat$8 ,juv5is3 ,!y w\ld2 b ! fault beg9s ) ! %apes ( ! pr9t$ lett]s4 ,y note x 9 ! mod]n ,g]man fraktur1 always a p]plexity to e ,engli%-born /ud5t4 ,! ,g]mans !mselves practically admit its inf]iority4 ,_! sci5tific books are usually 9 ,roman4 ,_! pref]5ce = ,roman is a confession t ,roman types are bett]1 & t ! pr9t]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury did wisely 9 _! g5]al ab&onm5t ( po9t$ lett]s4 ,! read+ _w _h outgr[n !m4 ,:y %\ld we revive !m8 ,s5ex3 ,let u n tr\ble ourselves ab\t po9t$ lett]s4 ,!re is no probability t !y w ev] be accept$ by ,am]icans = ! texts ( ord9>y books4 ,let u consid] ! ,roman types t h be5 9 use by ! ,lat9 races & by ,engli%-speak+ p = ?ree c5turies4 ,are mod]n types z readable z ^? ( ,j5son8 ,"h is 8 ,pl9y ( #adgb1 & "h is ! 'soprasilvio' ( ,bodoni1 z exhibit$ 9 8 ,manuale ,tipografico ( #ahah4 ,:i* is bett]8 ,juv5is3 ,i am surpris$ at ! "q4 ,e "* 9 ! ,bodoni type is correctly drawn2 e sy/em ( uni=m ?ickness1 e hair-l9e & s]if %>p z a knife-edge4 ,curves are true & graceful1 angles exact2 fitt+ & l9+ beyond criticism4 ,9 ! ,j5son type !re is n "o p]fect lett]4 ,! hair-l9es are scant & ( unequal ?ickness1 ! s]ifs are /ubby1 ! /ems ( unev5 wid?1 ! *>act]s out ( proportion4 ,ragg$ness ( draw+ & r\ghness ( cutt+ are n conceal$ by its fairly good fitt+ & l9+4 ,no publi%] ( ! la/ two c5turies w\ld d>e to pr9t1 & no read] cons5t to buy1 a contempor>y book 9 ?is type4 ,s5ex3 ,c y n see some?+ m 9 ?is ,j5son type8 ,is x n m readable8 ,i put !m side by side at a di/ance ( t5 feet1 :]e y c read ! ,j5son & _c read ! ,bodoni4 ,juv5is3 ,true3 b types 9 great prim] are n made to be read at t5 feet di/ance4 ,s5ex3 ,true aga92 b ! mann]isms t obscure ! ,bodoni type at t5 feet are m di/ress+ 9 8 small types1 usually read at ! di/ance ( fifte5 in*es4 ,! ov]-%>p hair-l9e1 ! dazzl+ s]if1 & ! vani%+ curve are m irritat+ 9 ! small] ?an 9 ! l>g] sizes4 ,ord9>y eyesight does n seize at a glance ! entire face ( mod]n type2 x dimly sees hair-l9es or s]ifs2 x deciph]s ! /ems only2 x sees b half ( ! lett]1 & guesses at ! invisible4 ,! type ( ,bodoni is a we>y+ /ra9 on ! eye4 ,juv5is3 ,y\r rem>ks d n fairly apply to read]s ( good sight4 ,s5ex3 ,!y d apply to ! majority ( read]s4 ,x is a mi/ake to make = ord9>y texts types ) l9es t _c be easily se5 by all4 ,juv5is3 ,if y ?9k boldness ( mo/ importance 9 a type1 :y make ,j5son's type y\r model8 ,:y n g back /ill f>!r8 ,:y n take up ! lapid>y lett]s ( old ,rome1 ,greece1 or ,etruria8 ,s5ex3 ,!y are unc\? & wa/eful ( space4 ,design$ to be *isel$ on /one1 !y are unfit = types4 ,! ',c>ol9e m9uscule1' :i* is ! basis ( our ,roman text lett]1 is m compact1 q z irregul>1 & mu* m readable4 ,juv5is3 ,if y believe t !re 0 a gradual improvem5t 9 ! %apes ( lett]s betwe5 ! fir/ & fifte5? c5turies1 :y /op at ! fifte5?8 ,:y n admit t ?is improvem5t cont9ues8 ,s5ex3 ,because ! *anges t foll[$ 7 n always improvem5ts4 ,! faultless curves1 %>p l9es1 & exact angles ( ,bodoni 7 disfigurem5ts made at ! exp5se ( readability4 ,types are made to be easily read1 n to %[ ! skill ( ! design]4 ,:5 !y fail 9 readability ! fault is fatal4 ,! prop] developm5t ( typography 0 *eck$ by ! inv5tion ( copp]-plate t trod on its heels4 ,its delicacy ( l9e1 its p]fect graduation ( %ad[s1 its vigor\s blacks1 & its facile r5d]+ ( a rec$+ p]spective put out ( fa%ion all /rong & manly "w on wood4 ,dr]'s ',little ,passion1' ,holbe9's ',dance ( ,dea?1' & ,vo/re's ,book ( ,h\rs 7 put aside1 & ! insipid effem9acies ( ov]work$ l9e-engrav+ took _! place4 ,pun*-cutt]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ?\ght t pr9t+ w\ld be improv$ if !y imitat$ ! me?ods ( l9e-engrav]s1 & s !y cut _! types %>p] & ?9n]4 ,!y w\ld n see t relief engrav+ & incis$ engrav+ are diametrically oppos$ 9 !ory & practice1 & t ! imitation ( "o process by ! o!r is impossible4 ,repeat$ failures did n *eck ?is desire to imitate4 ,increas+ ref9em5ts 9 types produc$ a correspond+ degradation 9 pr9t+4 ,! inf]iority ( ! av]age book ( ! eighte5? c5tury is l>gely due to ! s-call$ 'improv$' faces ( type4 ,! mo/ irrepressible imitator ( copp]-plate effects 0 ,bodoni ( ,p>ma4 ,william ,morris is "r 9 say+ t 8 imitations ( copp]-plate delicacy indicate a real abasem5t ( ! typographic art4 ,juv5is3 ,if correct draw+1 exact proportion1 & high f9i% are m]its 9 o!r arts1 :y %\ld !y be faults 9 type-mak+8 ,s5ex3 ',f9i%' is a m]it only :5 x improves2 :5 x ov]-elaborates1 :5 x leads ! read] to ?9k m ( ! means employ$ ?an ( ! object s\ght1 x is a fault4 ,bodoni's c>eful draw+ & f9ical cutt+ defeat ! purpose = :i* types 7 made4 ,!y d n fully %[ ! lett]2 !y d %[ ,bodoni2 & x is a fair supposition t he 0 m int5t on %[+ 8 skill ?an he 0 on aid+ ! read]4 ,y\r ideal ( m]it 9 types is t ( me*anical precision4 ,y =get t lett]s are ( irregul> %apes1 ) int5t to make !m di/9ct4 ,! m y prune away ! irregul>ities1 ! m indi/9ct !y become4 ,read]s d n isolate & critically exam9e ea* lett]2 !y read words at a glance4 ,!y pref] *>act]s ) en\gh ( irregul>ity to arre/ ! eye & fix ! ?\ght ( ! writ]4 ,x is ) types z ) p5man%ip4 ,has x be5 y\r mis=tune to revise a long manuscript writt5 9 fem99e /yle ) a cr[-quill p51 & ) admirable precision1 b ) almo/ invisible hair /rokes8 ,recollect y\r exasp]ation at its me*anical precision & we>isome monotony4 ,h[ gratefully y turn$ to a jagg$ & mascul9e b readable /yle ( p5man%ip1 9 :i* y 7 cont5t to h all ! rules ( writ+-ma/]s violat$6 ,recall ^! exp]i5ces1 & !n und]/& :y ,i pref] old types4 ,n because !y are old1 or ( faultless =m1 b because ! lett]s are m di/9ct4 ,!y 7 made1 n to %[ ! skill ( ! pun*-cutt]1 b to help ! read]2 & !y des]ve ! cr$it due to /raight=w>d workman%ip4 ,a ,,note ,,by ,,fr$]ic ,w4 ,,g\dy ,9 #ahih ! "n ,de ,v9ne meant little m to me ?an ! "n ( a !n popul> display pr9t+ type1 until ! day1 9 a book-%op 9 ,detroit1 ,i *anc$ on a copy ( ,! ,book-lov]'s ,almanac = #ahif4 ,( ! eight or t5 articles li/$ 9 ! table ( cont5ts "o 0 by ,!o4 ,l[ ,de ,v9ne4 ,! article 0 writt5 9 ! =m ( a discussion betwe5 ,s5ex & ,juv5is on ! comp>ative m]its ( ! e>ly type faces & ^? ( ,bodoni & 8 successors4 ,?is 01 ,i believe1 my fir/ realization t ,de ,v9ne 0 ! "n ( a liv+ p]sonality4 ,i 0 j becom+ int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! typography ( books & 0 mak+ also a clos] /udy ( type design1 b x did n occur to me t su* /udy w\ld ev] lead to ! actual practise ( ! art ,i h s9ce made peculi>ly my own4444 ,:5 ,i fir/ read ,mr4 ,de ,v9ne's article x seem$ to me t ,s5ex _h r ! bett] ( ! argum5t1 inde$1 ,i h n f\nd1 dur+ ! ne>ly two score ye>s t h elaps$1 any /atem5ts else:]e t h *ang$ mat]ially ! op9ions !n =m$ z to ! s\ndness ( 8 assev]ations4444 ,if ,i 7 ask$ to say :at ,i ?9k has be5 ! greate/ s+le influ5ce 9 my "w z a type design] ,i w\ld be h>d put to f9d a satisfactory reply2 b !re is no d\bt 9 my m9d t ! pr9ciples set =? 9 ?is article & 9 8 book ,notable ,pr9t]s ( ,italy ,dur+ ! #ae? ,c5tury h c]ta9ly loom$ l>ge 9 cry/alliz+ ! "* ( my types4 ,! consi/5cy ( ?\ght he display$1 8 s\nd k ( old types1 8 fairness 9 ! consid]ation ( ea* moot po9t1 ! simple yet lucid pres5tation ( 8 ideas & op9ions int]e/$ me2 !y influ5c$ my own ?\ght1 & 9 turn are reflect$ 9 my "w4 ,if1 to my m mature consid]ation ( ?is discussion !re is any lapse ( ! au?or's p51 x seems to me x is1 t ,s5ex fail$ to /ress m /rongly a dem& = great] grace & beauty 9 types 9 clos] comb9ation ) legibility4 ,i feel t ! prop] /&>d ( beauty 9 types basically resides 9 _! utility1 b !re are1 nev]!less1 second>y e/hetic attributes :i* may be includ$ )\t any sacrifice ( life & vigor & legibility4 ,a c]ta9 rugg$ beauty is p]ceiv$ )\t difficulty1 & irregul>ities :i* 9 isolat$ or individual *>act]s1 might seem objectionable f ! /&po9t ( grace alone1 may prove highly desirable 9 ! compos$ l9e4 ,readability is ( c\rse to be consid]$ above e o!r quality1 because1 fail+ ?is x fails utt]ly1 reg>dless ( e o!r excell5ce2 yet1 :ile /riv+ = legibility1 beauty ( =m %\ld also be giv5 almo/ equal consid]ation4444 ,i v5ture to disagree ) ,s5ex's /atem5t t ! lapid>y lett]s ( old ,rome are unc\? & 444 unfit = types4444 ,m>lboro1 ,n4 ,y41 ,may1 #aicc ,illu/ration3 ,bruce ,rog]s ,,p>agraphs ,,on ,,pr9t+ ,f ,p>agraphs on ,pr9t+4 ,copyright #aidc by ,william ,e4 ,rudge's ,sons4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( au?or & publi%] ,,note3 ,! text = ?is book on ! functions ( ! book design] 0 elicit$ f ,b4,r4 9 talks ) ,james ,h5drickson4 ,^! in=mal obs]vations on typographical problems 7 accompani$ by num]\s reproductions ( pages ( ,mr4 ,rog]s' design1 by way ( illu/ration & example4 ,y ?9k ( ! book1 ! size & %ape ( ! book1 be=e y consid] type or any?+ else4 ,:at k9d ( a volume %\ld x be8 ,9 :at p>ticul> =m & 9 :at face ( type w\ld y l to read x8 ,! type & =mat %\ld be gov]n$ by y\r conception ( ! "* ( ! subject matt]4 ,z an in/ance take ,conrad's tale1 ,! ,tremol9o1 rec5tly pr9t$4 ,x is a slight b vivid /ory1 to be read almo/ at a glance1 s x w\ld h be5 a misfit to make x l>g]1 say 9 octavo size4 ,! vividness is indicat$ by ! dramatic little cuts 9 color1 ! slightness by ! dim5sions & op5 "* ( ! pages4 ,aft] ! size is det]m9$ ! selection ( a suitable type comes next4 ,& t dep5ds usually on :at types are available 9 ! (fice 9 :i* ! book is to be made4 ,ev5 ?is is n always necess>y1 z _m (fices h composition done outside by type-composition firms1 s t an almo/ unlimit$ *oice may be y\rs4 ,!re are s _m v>ieties ( type n[1 t = almo/ any size or k9d ( book y plan y w readily f9d an appropriate face4 ,at any rate x isn't s vitally important z o!r ?+s4 ,illu/ration ,x is a great advantage 9 lay+ out a page1 especially a title or display page1 if ! design] c h&le p5 or p5cil2 & ! m def9itely he c repres5t ! type he proposes to use1 ! great] sav+ ( "t & exp5se !re w be :5 x comes to ! sett+ ( x4 ,x is true t "s ma/]s ( pr9t+ d n resort to sket*+--at lea/ n m ?an m]e l9es on ! pap]1 label$ ) ! k9ds & sizes ( type !y repres5t4 ,b to visualize ! complet$ page 9 su* slight indications is an unusual gift1 & if "o does n possess ?is gift !re is ! probability t ! fir/ sett+ ( ! page w h to be torn ap>t sev]al times be=e a satisfactory "o is produc$4 ,x is sometimes well wor? :ile to "w a page out v c>efully1 ev5 9 p5-&-ink1 s t x w be a pretty close approximation to ! f9i%$ ?+2 especially if y h to submit ! s*eme to a cu/om] = 8 approval1 or if he asks to see alt]native treatm5ts4 ,( c\rse1 aft] _m ye>s ( famili>ity ) type faces1 x isn't necess>y to draw !m accurately = y\r own guidance1 ev5 ?\gh y %\ld possess t ability2 b "s nev]!less f9d x a pleasant ?+ to see ! page take =m "u _! p5cil or p5 be=e x goes into actual type4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 !re is a s5se ( disappo9tm5t 9 see+ ! fir/ type pro(1 = ! fre$om & sw+ ( y\r sket* has usually vani%$ 9 its translation into type2 & ! m =mal ! /yle ( type ! less x w reta9 ! quality ( y\r sket*4 ,illu/ration ,mak+ an allusive =mat = a book--t is1 ca/+ x 9 ! /yle ( ! p]iod ( ! orig9al text--is 9 a small way some?+ l plann+ ! /age sett+ = a play4 ,an up-to-date /yle = an anci5t text w\ld comp>e ) /ag+ ,hamlet 9 mod]n dress4 ,h[ev] novel & effective 9 its own way1 y feel x to be /range1 & ?is s5se ( /rang5ess is an annoy+ di/raction2 y are =c$ to ?9k ( ! sett+ & ! design] r ?an ( ! text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "* ( ! text to be pr9t$ is ( c\rse ! fir/ ?+ to consid] 9 select+ ! k9d ( type2 & ! numb] ( pages to :i* ! book w probably run is ! det]m9+ factor z to :at size ( type is possible4 ,! wid? & l5g? ( ! type page are !n to be proportion$ to ! pap] page1 :i* 9 turn also helps to det]m9e ! size ( ! type4 ,all ^! consid]ations are int]lock+4 ,!re h be5 sev]al rules =mulat$ = page proportions4 ,"o is t ! wid? ( ! page %\ld approximate "o-half ( ! diagonal4 ,ano!r is t ! l5g? ( l9e %\ld be "o-half m ?an ! l5g? ( a l9e ( ! tw5ty-six l[]-case lett]s ( ! type us$4 ,b all su* rules are only guides1 to be disc>d$ :5 ! effect y are aft] seems to require some?+ else2 ?is some?+ else to be det]m9$ only by ! judgm5t ( ! design] & 8 feel+ = ! appe>ance ( ! page4 ,9 ! reproduction ( ! /yles ( e>ly typography ! design] %\ld avoid sett+ small type 9 too wide a measure4 ,! old pr9t]s 9 _! folio volumes did n seem to m9d v long l9es ( comp>atively small type4 ,b mo/ ( ^! anci5t books 9 ,roman type 7 nev] int5d$ = rapid read+4 ,!y 7 g5]ally ,lat9 texts :]e ! eye foll[s ! l9e bett] ?an 9 ,engli% or ,fr5* composition4 ,lat9 composition naturally makes m beautiful pages on acc\nt ( ! prepond]ance ( %ort lett]s--m1 n1 u1 etc41 ) comp>atively few asc5d]s & desc5d]s4 ,! ev5ness ( spac+ t ! e>ly pr9t]s got came f _! abundant use ( ,lat9 abbreviations & _! indiff]5ce z to h[ _m consecutive ^w divisions occurr$ at ! ends ( l9es1 b x 0 nev] a consci\s ef=t to obta9 :at is call$ texture 9 ! page4 ,!re %\ld be no labor+ to produce a p]fectly spac$ page b r an endeavor to avoid a badly spac$ "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! am\nt ( lead+ t a page requires dep5ds on s _m factors t x is difficult to give any fix$ me?od ( proc$ure4 ,! k9d ( type1 ! size ( type1 ! l5g? ( l9e & ! g5]al "* ( ! text all be> on ?is po9t4 ,g5]ally speak+1 mo/ types %\ld be at lea/ slightly lead$1 especially if ! l9es are fairly long4 ,?is helps ! eye to cat* ! foll[+ l9e 9 rapid read+ m easily ?an :5 ! type is set solidly4 ,! solid pages 7 usually adopt$ :5 old-/yle types 7 us$ exclusively2 b :5 mod]n type came 91 beg9n+ ) ,bodoni1 ! cu/om ( lead+1 sometimes d\ble-lead+1 arose4 ,! effect ( ^! new types 0 help$ by a g5]\s am\nt ( :ite pap] betwe5 ! l9es4 ,?is applies to ,bodoni1 ,bulm]1 & ! ,scot* face & _! d]ivatives4 ,antique types 71 h[ev]1 occasionally v freely lead$1 especially 9 ,spani% books ( ! late fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5turies4 ,! conv5tional use ( quotation m>ks is to place a d\ble m>k at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! passage quot$1 ) s+le m>ks = any quotations )9 x4 ,9 books ) mu* conv]sation ! use ( d\ble quotes frequ5tly results 9 v mottl$ typography1 & = _m ye>s "s ,engli% pr9t]s h adopt$ ! s+le m>k = ! major quotations1 us+ d\ble m>ks only if an inn] quote occurs4 ,?is violates1 a little1 "o's s5se ( relative importance1 b 9 a book :]e !re are only simple quotations !re is no reason :y ! s+le m>k %\ld n suffice1 mu* to ! visual improvem5t ( ! typography4 ,!re is "s possibility ( confusion if ! la/ ^w ( ! extract %\ld *ance to be a possessive plural1 ) an apo/rophe1 z ! two m>ks are id5tical2 b ?is occurs s infrequ5tly z to be negligible4 ,inv]t$ commas 7 us$ = op5+ quotes 9 mo/ f\nts until comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 b n[ a sep>ate patt]n is provid$ = mo/ f\nts4 ,rev]s$1 in/ead ( inv]t$ commas n[ accompany _m f\nts1 p>ticul>ly ! reproductions ( late n9ete5?- & e>ly tw5tie?-c5tury types1 at :i* "t !y 7 fir/ introduc$4 ,fr5*1 ,spani% & o!r cont95tal f\nd]s furni% a special design ( m>ks1 2 b ^! look r /range to ,anglo-,saxon eyes4 ,9 ,elizabe?an pr9t+ ! quotation m>ks sometimes ran entirely d[n ! m>g9s ( ! extracts1 & if1 z 0 frequ5tly ! case1 ! page 0 enclos$ ) rules1 !y 7 (t5 plac$ outside ! rules4 ,?is treatm5t occurs 9 "o ( ! h&some/ books ( t p]iod1 ,nobilitas ,politica vel ,civilis1 pr9t$ 9 #afjh by ,william ,jagg>d1 ! pr9t] ( ! ,fir/ ,folio fifte5 ye>s lat]4 ,! ,nobilitas is g5]ally acc\nt$ ! ma/]piece ( 8 press1 & 9 itself comprises ne>ly all ( ! v>i\s typographical features ( books ( t "t4 ,l>ge & small types1 ,roman1 ,italic1 black-lett] & ,anglo-,saxon1 bo? solid & lead$ pages1 tabul> "w ) h&some braces1 side notes1 woodcut initials1 head-pieces & tailpieces1 & a s]ies ( co/ume plates engrav$ on copp] & pr9t$ )9 ! rules on folio$ blank pages left = !m 9 ! =m--all g t[>d mak+ a book t is a comp5di\s example = /ud5ts ( ,elizabe?an typography4 ,illu/ration ,r$ is ! mo/ satisfactory second>y color ) black1 & y w (t5 f9d t x is bett] to use j "o spot ( color on ! page4 ,9 us+ r$ = an occasional display l9e1 blue-r$ or purple-r$ or orange-r$ %\ld be avoid$4 ,a r$ su* z ! e>ly pr9t]s _h1 a full-bodi$1 r dull v]milion1 :i* w hold up well ) ! black1 is ! mo/ successful4 ,if x is desirable to employ ! blue = a bord] or an initial x %[s up mu* m brilliantly :5 ! design is 9 :ite on a solid or /ippl$ gr\nd ( ! blue4 ,an outl9e design 9 blue is too light 9 mass to accompany ! black ( ! type4 ,b black & blue alone are nev] s pleas+ a comb9ation z :5 r$ is introduc$ z ! second color1 ) blue z ! ?ird4 ,! black = ! text or read+ types %\ld be int5se )\t be+ glossy1 because ! gloss causes a reflection ( light & int]f]es ) legibility4 ,! same objection does n apply to colors1 = a mod]ate gloss enri*es !m & ov]comes a sort ( du/9ess t _! surfaces take on4 ,! text pages ( mo/ books %\ld be pr9t$ 9 black ink4#cf ,! t5d5cy ( a "y pr9t] is (t5 to try = novelty by pr9t+ ) color r ?an ) black1 n realiz+ t mo/ types 7 n design$ = any?+ b black on :ite4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! job is some:at aside f ! usual run ( books1 & is n ( too great ext5t1 a br[n or gre5 ink may be sub/itut$ = black if ! t9t be d>k en\gh to af=d p]fect legibility4 ,b ! result !n acquires some?+ ( ! "* ( an object ( art r ?an a book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lett]-spac+ is (t5 misus$4 ,x is safe to say t l[]-case type %\ld practically nev] be lett]-spac$1 = ! individual lett]s 7 design$ = close comb9ation ) o!r lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,if x becomes necess>y to fill out a l9e x is pref]able to put all ! extra space betwe5 ! words ev5 ?\gh ! resultant holes are di/ress+ to ! eye4 ,sometimes ) v l>ge types x is p]missible to lett]-space 9 a m9or degree1 z ! spaces betwe5 ! lett]s naturally are l>g] & lett]-spac+ does n detract too mu* f ! appe>ance ( ! l9e1 especially if x is di/ribut$ accord+ to ! irregul> space betwe5 ! diff]5t lett]s z normally set4 ,) capitals or upp]-case lett]s ! conditions are diff]5t4 ,!n x is frequ5tly a great advantage to use lett]-spaces1 ev5 consid]ably2 b ?is dep5ds ^u ! g5]al /yle ( ! typography adopt$ = ! book4 ,9 ! h&s ( "s contempor>y pr9t]s ! ,ald9e practice ( wide lett]-spac+ ( small capitals has be5 foll[$ q skilfully 9 title- or subtitle l9es1 *apt] head+s1 & o!r display "w4 ,?is is ( p>ticul> advantage ) ! r heavy-fac$ mod]n types1 i4e41 ,scot*1 ,bodoni1 etc4 ,x is well to avoid too _m1 & too op5 lett]-spac$ l9es 9 any k9d ( display composition1 = ! effect is sometimes disa/r\s4 ,bask]ville 0 v fond ( lett]-spac+ & mo/ ( 8 "w is1 9 t respect1 extremely ugly4#cg ,he sometimes pu%$ spac+ to ! po9t ( absurdity2 notably 9 8 great ,bible1 :]e 9 ! head+ ( ! ,book ( ,job he set ! lett]s ,j ,o ,b 9 capitals ( ab\t #dh-po9t size ) ?ree in*es ( space betwe5 !m4 ,x c\ld h>dly be call$ a ^w1 b r j a bad job ( type-sett+4 ,! practice ( lett]-spac+ to produce block$-out l9es ( capitals mu/ be done ) great caution & skill or else a v unev5 texture w be produc$4 ,frequ5tly x is bett] to ab&on ! idea ( a block ( type if ! spac+ _c be done ) a fairly uni=m effect4 ,x is a mi/ake to />t ) a det]m9ation to produce a block ( type & !n to p]si/ 9 x at any co/ ( legibility or appe>ance4 ,:5 l9es ( capitals are set )\t lead+1 lett]-spac+ %\ld nev] be us$4 ,! lead+ %\ld be 9 proportion to ! spac+ 9 ord] to keep ! cont9uity ( ! l9es ( type1 o!rwise y w produce columns ( lett]s in/ead ( l9es4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! be/ lett]-spac+ is n done ) uni=m spaces betwe5 ! lett]s4 ,! spac+ on ei!r side ( a lett] %\ld be det]m9$ by ! %ape ( ! adjac5t lett]s4 ,mo/ compositors h n[ le>n$ to use spaces accord+ to ! %ape ( ! lett]s1 b ! cutt+ ( su* lett]s z ,v1 ,w1 to make !m set clos] ?an _! natural wid? is usually v mu* ov]done4 ,! new logotypes cut = ?is purpose are equally faulty 9 ?is respect4 ,! result+ effect is m noticeable & m objectionable ?an ! natural sett+ ( ! type w\ld be4 ,any?+ t /rikes ! eye z /range or unusual 9 a l9e ( type is to be avoid$4 ,p]iods & commas ( lett]-spac$ capitals %\ld n be set (f f ! la/ lett] ( ! ^w1 reg>dless ( ! am\nt ( spac+ us$ else:]e 9 ! l9e4 ,colons & semicolons h traditionally be5 set ap>t f ! ^w !y foll[1 :e!r 9 capitals or l[] case4 ,9 old books !y are frequ5tly c5t]$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! words :]e !y occur4 ,exclamation & int]rogation po9ts %\ld if possible be set (f ) ?9 spaces because !y (t5 =m disagreeable & confus+ comb9ations ) ! la/ lett] ( ! ^w1 su* z ff61 ll61 f81 etc4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,c5taur ,,& ,,arrighi ,,types ,,footnotes3 #cf ,( ! m ?an half-?\s& books t ,mr4 ,rog]s has design$1 only f\r come to m9d z hav+ ! text matt] pr9t$ 9 any?+ o!r ?an black2 & ^! f\r 7 all slight volumes1 m or less 9 ! gift-book classification4 #cg ,:5 we look at 8 books we ?9k ( ,bask]ville2 :ile to look at ! "w ( ,j5son is to ?9k b ( its beauty1 & almo/ to =get t x 0 made ) h&s6 ,,updike1 ,pr9t+ ,types1 ,,ii1 p4 #aaf4 ,,adv5tur] ,,) ,,type ,,ornam5t ,illu/ration3 ,b4,r4 ,paul ,a4 ,b5nett ,revis$ & am5d$ f ,p4,m41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #e1 ,new ,york1 ,janu>y #aicf4 ,to anyone :o has set or h&l$ type1 ! a*ievem5ts ( ,bruce ,rog]s 9 comb9+ decorative type units to =m a design are extraord9>y4 ,?is may seem undilut$ en?usiasm2 actually & s9c]ely x is b simple fact4 ,h[8 ,:y8 ,only a detail$ exam9ation ( a p>ticul> ,b4,r4 design ) type ornam5ts w reveal4 ,an exam9ation1 t is1 accompani$ by simultane\s scann+ ( a pro( ( ! individual elem5ts compris+ ! design4 ,:5 "o sees ! units alone--"s ( !m s seem+ly useless t "o wond]s t any?+1 ev5 second-rate /uff1 c\ld possibly be done ) su* drab mat]ial--!n "o appreciates ! typographic magic ,b4,r4 has accompli%$4 ,h[ he sees any?+ 9 "s ( ! units he uses s dext]\sly1 ,i don't "k4 ,:5 & h[ he fir/ became int]e/$ 9 do+ designs ) type ornam5ts is wor? consid]+4 ,8 exp]im5ts date back to ,riv]side ,press days1 ?\gh 9 t p]iod no attempts 7 made to use type ornam5t except by conv5tional comb9ations into bord]s or head-pieces4 ,b ev5 at t "t he _h sev]al sev5te5?-c5tury fl[]s recut = ! decoration ( a collection ( e>ly ,am]ican docum5ts1 titl$ ,sailors ,n>ratives ( ,voyages ,along ! ,new ,engl& ,coa/1 #aebd-afbd1 edit$ by ,george ,p>k] ,w9%ip4 ,int]e/ 9 comb9+ type ornam5ts 0 %[n aga9 :ile at ! ,univ]sity ,press 9 ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 dur+ #aiah-ai1 b he develop$ x !re into no?+ m ?an ! revival ( two or ?ree o!r e>li] ornam5ts :i* 7 us$1 z at ,riv]side1 9 conv5tional ways4 ,a page ( 8 scrapbook %[s also a numb] ( trials ) ,egyptian hi]oglyphs1 b app>5tly no?+ came ( ^!4 ,! g]m ( 8 allusive use ( ornam5ts is probably to be f\nd 9 ! ,goosefe/ m5u :i* he concoct$ at ,c>l ,roll9s' ,montague ,press2 :5 at ! bottom ( an elaborate bill ( f>e ?ree ( ,w ,bradley's /rutt+ little figures are set 7or laid7 flat on _! backs 9 a r[1 ) ! leg5d1 ,turn ov] 7n u b ! leaf74 ,! e>lie/ traceable use ( ornam5ts & punctuation m>ks t 9 comb9ation be> directly ^u ! text ?us decorat$ 0 9 ! head+ = ! fir/ page ( ,! ,symbol & ! ,sa9t1 :]e a l9e ( p>5!ses1 a cross & ?ree dolph9s symbolize ! ov]seas que/ ( ! h]o ( ! tale4 ,?is same motif 0 develop$ & elaborat$ lat] 9 ,joseph ,conrad ! ,man1 ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 & o!r pieces4 ,8 scrapbook %[s _m unus$ v>iations on ?is !me4 ,! sea & leap+ dolph9s & palms seem to be 8 favorite preoccupation4 ,illu/ration ,probably ! mo/ difficult compositions ( ?is k9d he has produc$ are to be f\nd 9 ,conrad's unf9i%$ novel1 ,! ,si/]s2 :]e 9 a space ! wid? ( ! page & "o-qu>t] to "o-half in* 9 dep? may be f\nd sugge/ions ( illimitable ,russian :eat fields1 ,p>is ) its mans>d ro(s & ,fr5* roads lead+ into x1 a f>ewell sc5e at sunset on a w9d+ ,spani% road1 etc41 ea* bas$ ^u "s phrase or p>agraph 9 ! /ory itself4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,mo/ c]ta9ly ,b4,r4's accompli%m5ts surpass ^? decorative comb9ations ( type ornam5ts %[n 9 e>ly pr9t]s' & type-f\nd]s' specim5s--yes1 ev5 includ+ ! =emo/ a*ievem5ts ( ! hall[$ rule b5d]s4 ,little rese>* is necess>y to support ^! r inclusive /atem5ts4 ,an excell5t example is ! ,utopia title page1 done = ! ,limit$ ,editions ,club4 ,"h is swirl+ movem5t 9 a bord]1 if ev] y saw x4 ,& accompli%$1 ma9ly1 ) two traits ( ornam5t & _! rev]ses4 ,! entire bord] took b sev]al m4 ,illu/ration ,sett+ !m out individually1 doesn't give a h9t ( _! possibilities4 ,yet look at ! result ( _! use by ,b4,r41 scan ! design closely to discov] j :]e & h[ ea* elem5t is plac$ ) su* tell+ effect--& y beg9 to appreciate ! man's ability4 ,ano!r example--old /uff ,b4,r4 w call x--is ! title page ( a little ,*ri/mas book issu$ a doz5 ye>s ago by ,rudge4 ,c\ld "o reasonably expect any?+ remotely approa*+ typographic :imsy f a few typographic toy soldi]s1 a dog1 an elephant1 a few ,*ri/mas trees1 a half moon & "s />s8 ,j glance at ,! ,symbol & ! ,sa9t title page ?\gh1 & see h[ ,b4,r4's subtle skill utiliz$ mat]ial teet]+ t[>d ! junk pile4 ,nev]1 y\r p]ceptive collector w say1 has any?+ m ma/]ful be5 done ) type ornam5ts ?an 9 ! ,groli] ,club ,pi]rot ( ! ,m9ute4 ,few w\ld disagree1 = if ev] !re 0 a typographic jewel1 ! ,pi]rot is x4 ,yet ,b4,r41 9 discuss+ x critically1 t]m$ x ,fr5* mill9]y4 ,probably all "r = its purpose4 ,r ov]-decorat$1 b !n ! poem itself seems ov]-decorative4 ,illu/ration ,!re are doz5s ( o!r examples ( ,b4,r4's ma/]y ( typographic decoration4 ,b space is n limitless1 & ,i want p>ticul>ly to say some?+ ab\t "s designs ) ,l9otype ornam5ts 7drawn by ,t4 ,m4 ,clel&7 t ,mr4 ,rog]s devis$ a few ye>s ago = ! ,l9otype ,company4 ,^! 7 us$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ins]t discuss+ ! auction prices ( tw5ty ,b4,r4 books1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,b>nacles ,f ,_m ,bottoms1 sev]al ( :i* are %[n on pages #bij1 #bii & #cjj4 ,t some?+ may be/ be told1 ,i believe1 by exc]pts f lett]s writt5 to a ,company executive1 9 ,april & ,may #aica1 by ,b4,r41 :o !n 0 9 ,london3 444 ,9 an odd h\r ,i got to play+ ab\t ) "s ( ! ,clel& ornam5ts1 cutt+ !m out ( a specim5 & pa/+ !m into a design :i* f9ally evolv$ itself into sev]al amus+ compositions4 ,lat] on x occurr$ to me t y might be able to use !m 9 "s piece4444 ,hav+ only a limit$ numb] ( pro(s1 & no slugs :atev]1 ,i 0 able to "w out ! idea 9 only ! r\ghe/ fa%ion--n fit to %[ anyone--b ! pr9cipal "o ( ! designs is = a page head+ 444 or ! elem5ts compos+ x c\ld be us$ s+ly--z tail pieces1 initial lett]s1 etc4 ,?is probably is an impractical idea a sugge/ion by ,mr4 ,rog]s on h[ ! mat]ial might be us$1 b ,i only make x to put into action m or less "w t ,i h already done to save x f ! scrap basket--"w t might be useful to y\r firm z a demon/ration ( :at c be done ) "s ( y\r product4 ,i really don't ?9k anyone has yet work$ out ! possibilities ( y\r ornam5tal mat]ial1 mu* ( :i* is ! be/ on ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,additional pro(s ( ! ,clel& ornam5ts 7 s5t imm$iately to ,mr4 ,rog]s 9 ,london4 ,) !m he made eight designs1 cutt+ ! pro(s & pa/+ ! ornam5ts to %[ ! desir$ effect4 ,?is tree1 = in/ance1 0 us$ on ! title page ( ! ,b>nacles ins]t3 ,illu/ration ,?is 0 pr9t$ f a l9e engrav+ made direct f ,mr4 ,rog]s' pa/e-up1 & us$ z is to %[ h[ accurately 8 lay\ts = ?is type ( "w rea* ! compos+-room4 ,a mon? lat]1 9 ,may #aica1 ,mr4 ,rog]s return$ 8 lay\ts ) ?is note3 444 ,i h only j be5 able to complete ! designs ,i _h begun4444 ,"o or two o!r comb9ations occurr$ to me1 :i* ,i h also put 9--b we c\ld g on endlessly1 almo/1 :5 once />t$ on ?is k9d ( ?+4444 ,i w\ld h built up ! designs ) impressions f sections ( a slug1 _h y s5t an in* or two ( ea* unit2 b x is p]haps bett]1 ?\gh sl[]1 to cut & pa/e pro(s1 z ea* cutt+ is a guide to ! compositor z to h[ & :]e trimm+ or bevel+ ! ornam5ts are necess>y4 ,b only a few su* trimm+s are requir$1 & all ! bevel+s are at #de degrees--z is ! diagonal composition ( ! oak tree heads4 ,if at all possible ,i w\ld l to h a *ance to revise pro(s ( ^!1 be=e !y are actually pr9t$--b if t isn't feasible1 !n ,i mu/ rely on ! compositors gett+ ! close/ possible approximation to my pa/$-up designs4 ,z close sett+ z possible is ! secret ( mo/ "w ( ?is k9d4 ,! v>i\s p>ts mu/ hang toge!r well--?\gh ,i d n m9d a slight indication at ! jo9ts t !y are made ( individual pieces ( type4 ,i once _h an ov]-zeal\s electrotyp] fill up all ! jo9ts ) sold]--& ru9$ ! appe>ance ( ! design--x look$ l a drawn "o4 ,x wasn't possible to %[ ,mr4 ,rog]s :at _h be5 done ) 8 lay\ts = ! ins]t 9 ,b>nacles1 :i* 0 ess5tially a surprise book di/ribut$ z a keepsake at a d9n] 9 8 honor4 ,! fight+ cocks1 to cite "o in/ance1 7 orig9ally sugge/$ by ,b4,r4 to be us$ to dress a page folio at ! bottom ( ! page2 9 ! ins]t !y 7 rais$ to ! top ( ! page & pr9t$ ) 8 initials4 ,o!r slight adaptations ( simil> "* 7 tak5 9 t piece ( pr9t+4 ,illu/ration ,typographic :imsy1 wrote ,c>l ,pur+ton ,roll9s 9 ,b4,r4--,am]ica's ,typographic ,playboy1 9 #aibg1 is a pretty difficult a*ievem5t4 ,! compositor at ! case is too mu* conc]n$ ) ! practical m9uti ( 8 craft to h mu* "t = su* trivialities1 & ! man :o designs pr9t+ at a draught+ bo>d is apt to f9d 8 humor1 if he attempts x 9 type1 limp+ l a ?rice-told je/4 ,mr4 ,rog]s has _h ! advantage ( en\gh famili>ity ) type to "k :at c be done1 & he has be5 able at times to "w ) compositors :o take a l>ge & robu/ view ( _! call+4 ,t :imsy ,mr4 ,roll9s _h ref]5ce to lies 9 _m ( ,b4,r4's m ephem]al ef=ts1 frequ5tly reproduc$4 ,x is reflect$ to a measure1 by ,! ,symbol & ! ,sa9t page4 ,b !re is consid]ably m ?an :imsy 9 ! type ornam5t designs by ,b4,r4 ,^! h grac$ doz5s ( books ( v>y+ subjects 444 & ! m>vel ( x all is1 to me1 t ! man nev] repeats himself--he sw+s (f on a new tack 444 adv5tur\s1 explor+1 ma/]+ new trails1 scatt]+ typographic inspiration = doz5s ( o!rs1 po9t+ up pa?s !y previ\sly nev] ev5 suspect$4 ,po/script1 #aiea3 ,x is fitt+ to add a note conc]n+ "o ( ,b4,r4's m di/+ui%$ rec5t projects1 ! great folio ,bible design$ = ,! ,_w ,publi%+ ,company1 :i* 0 f\r ye>s 9 ! mak+4 ,! design ( ! ,_w ,bible employ$ decorative treatm5t = ! bord]$ title page1 ! sixty-six book op5+s1 initial lett]s & num]\s tailpieces4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! type select$ a revis$1 special cutt+ ( ,g\dy ,new-/yle1 are int5d$ to give a slightly ori5tal flavor to ! volume1 ,b4,r4 po9t$ out1 indicative ( ! ,syriac & ,hebrew s\rces ( ! text on :i* ! ,k+ ,james translators bas$ _! classic v]sion4 ,9 discuss+ ! matt] ( ornam5ts 9 ! ,bible ) ! publi%]s1 ,b4,r4 reveal$ 8 ?9k+ conc]n+ _! use3 444 ,mo/ ( ! ,books w probably n beg9 at ! top ( ! page & ! use ( ornam5ts are to me necess>y to sep>ate ! end ( ! prec$+ book f ! title ( ! foll[+ "o4 ,illu/ration ,! ,bible has always be5 a book on :i* mu* decoration & illu/rations h be5 lavi%$1 & !re is no reason 9 tradition :y x %\ld be treat$ solemnly 9 t respect4 ,! v fir/ edition 7( :i* ,i h specim5 %eets & a :ole ,bible pr9t$ f ! same type & ) ! same decorations by ! same pr9t]1 tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 #afce7 is j pepp]$ ) woodcut decorations & type ornam5ts4 ,s we h a good prec$5t = a decorat$ treatm5t--if any 7 ne$$4 ,y "k ! ,bible is on ! :ole "o ( ! mo/ excit+ texts 9 exi/5ce1 & ! mod]n 'practical' treatm5t ( x z ma9ly a book ( devotion is ignoble1 to say ! lea/4444 ,"s ( ! typographic decoration & initials us$ 9 ! ,bible are includ$ "h4 ,william ,t>g's detail$ acc\nt1 ,! ,mak+ ( ! ,bruce ,rog]s ,_w ,bible1 conta9s mo/ ( ! decorative elem5ts--initials1 tailpieces & *apt] initials--& reveals ! intimate /ory ( ! progress ( ! book's production ?r\gh ! f\r ye>s4 ,x 0 publi%$ by ,_w 9 #aidi1 9 a limit$ edition ( #ahge copies1 #ejj ( :i* 7 = sale4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,c5taur ,,& ,,arrighi ,,types ,illu/ration3 ,book labels devis$ ) typographic ornam5t by ,b4 ,r4 ,9 ! orig9als1 a second color 0 us$ = ea* except+ ! ,reydel4 ,,"s ,,t5d5cies ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,typography ,illu/ration ,daniel ,b]keley ,updike ,f ,"s ,aspects ( ,pr9t+ ,old & ,new by ,d4 ,b4 ,updike4 ,copyright #aida by ! au?or4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! ,provid5ce ,public ,libr>y1 ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,n v long s9ce ,i 0 ask$ by a pr9t] to :at ext5t he %\ld accept or avoid mod]n tr5ds 9 ! design ( types & books4 ,i attempt "h to answ] t "q4 ,i h a fri5d1 connect$ ) "o ( ! great companies supply+ ma*9es = type composition4 ,n long s9ce he spoke to me 9 unflatt]+ t]ms ( ! examples ( typography %[n at an exhibition ( ! products ( ! ,bauhaus ,s*ool1 orig9ally ( ,weim> & lat] ( ,muni*4 ,he prote/$ aga9/ a practice !re manife/$ ( disc>d+ capital lett]s & dep5d+ solely on ^? 9 ! l[]-case4 ,i consol$ him by %[+ him a ,fr5* book1 pr9t$ entirely 9 ?is /yle4 ,?is volume1 entitl$ ,typographie conomique1 0 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahcg & s f> z x _h any influ5ce on pr9t+1 !n or lat]1 is z dead z ,que5 ,anne4 ,! au?or1 ! ,c\nt de ,la/eyrie1 :o promot$ ?is s*eme1 0 "o ( a race ( ,fr5* sci5ti/s1 ( "s intellectual & social importance--"o ( ! daught]s ( ,lafayette m>ri$ into t family4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury no less a p]son ?an ! ,g]man writ] ,grimm tri$ a simil> typographical plan4 ,9 ! ,fairy ,tales conta9+ ,sn[ ,:ite & ! ,sev5 ,dw>fs1 lat] compil$ by ,jacob & ,wilhelm ,grimm1 ! practice 0 n cont9u$4 ,?is supports ! cont5tion t _m new & di/urb+ exp]im5ts1 "u ! patronage ( di/+ui%$ names1 are m]ely survivals or revivals ( anci5t failures4 ,?us 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce1 !re is 9 ,bauhaus typography no?+ = my acqua9tance--or anybody else--to be excit$ ab\t4 ,n[ ,bauhaus typography is ( ! ess5ce ( mod]nism4 ,t its position may be fairly /at$ ,i quote ! foll[+ f a ,bauhaus ,ye> ,book3--v]batim & 7,i may add7 lit]atim3 :y %\ld we write & pr9t ) two alphabets8 bo? a l>ge & a small sign are n necess>y to indicate "o s+le s\nd4 ,a a we d n speak a capital ,a & a small a4 we ne$ only a s+le alphabet4 x gives u practically ! same result z ! mixture ( upp] & l[]-case lett]s1 & at ! same "t is less ( a burd5 on all :o write--on s*ool *ildr51 /ud5ts1 /5ograph]s1 pr(essional & bus9ess m54 x c\ld be writt5 mu* m quickly1 especially on ! type-writ]1 s9ce ! %ift key w\ld !n become unnecess>y1 typewrit+ c\ld !re=e be m quickly ma/]$ & typewrit]s w\ld be *eap] because ( simpl] con/ruction1 pr9t+ w\ld be *eap]1 = fonts & type cases w\ld be small]1 s t pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts w\ld save space & _! cli5ts money4 ) ^! common s5se economies 9 m9d 444 ! bauhaus made a ?or\gh alphabetical h\se-clean+ 9 all its pr9t+1 elim9at+ capitals f books1 po/]s1 catalogs1 magaz9es1 /ation]y & ev5 call+ c>ds4 dropp+ capitals w\ld be a less radical re=m 9 engli%4 inde$ ! use ( capital lett]s occurs s infrequ5tly 9 engli% 9 comp>ison ) g]man t x is difficult to und]/& :y su* a sup]flu\s alphabet %\ld /ill be consid]$ necess>y4 ,n[ 9 ,g]man pr9t+ all n\ns h capital lett]s4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ,a ,dog *ases a ,cat into a ,b>n1 dog1 cat1 b>n are all capitaliz$4 ,no "o c be blam$ = want+ to be rid ( s mu* capitalization4 ,b :5 ,g]mans purge any?+ ! innoc5t inv>iably suff] ) ! guilty4 ,?us all capitals mu/ g4 ,:ile x may h ov]come a difficulty felt 9 ,g]many1 ?is import$ mission>y zeal corrects no difficulty 9 ! pr9t+ ( ,engli% prose or poetry4 ,9 "s in/ances su* a cu/om br+s ab\t surpris+ results4 ,suppose1 = example1 a newspap] says ! :ite h\se favors black & pref]s ev5 gre5 to a dy$-9-!-wool r$4 ,to make ! s5t5ce intelligible w\ld ne$ ! addition ( a numb] ( words--:i* w\ld n be typographie conomique6 ,we ne$ lab\r ?is po9t no fur!r b leave ^! exp]im5ts to ! adv]tis+ ( ,coty & ,elizabe? ,ard54 ,su* effects h :at is call$ att5tion value--l ,neon signs--b ,i am n consid]+ t k9d ( typography4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 "h trac$ ! s\rce ( a curr5t fa%ion ( pr9t+ signs & adv]tisem5ts )\t capital lett]s4 ,i h be5 class$ by my "w z a cons]vative1 b ,i am a lib]al cons]vative or a cons]vative lib]al--:i*ev] y l or dislike4 ,all ,i wi% to cons]ve1 ei!r 9 traditionalism or mod]nism1 is common s5se4 ,:at little ,i h 0 ga9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,i reg>d _m typographic exp]im5ts ) good w & _m traditional viewpo9ts ) tol]ance4 ,i agree :olehe>t$ly ) nei!r4 ,i rememb]--or try to d s--t e g5]ation has 9 turn to be told t !re 0 once a man nam$ ,caes>1 :o wrote a v dull book call$ ! ,comm5t>ies1 ( :i* ! fir/ s5t5ce is all t mo/ p rememb]2 t ! mak]s ( ,bak]'s ,*ocolate did n inv5t ! famili> picture ( a *ocolate girl1 :i* 0 an eighte5?-c5tury pa9t+ by ,jean ,eti5ne ,liot>d n[ 9 a ,dresd5 picture gall]y1 & t ,william ,blake did n write1 b only illu/rat$1 ! ,book ( ,job4 ,we :o h long kn[n ^! ?+s =get t p are born n kn[+ !m4 ,we %\ld !re=e look t5d]ly on _m typographic exp]im5ts4 ,to u eld]s !y may seem ak9 to light+ a fire ) k]os5e or apply+ "o's tongue to metal 9 z]o temp]atures1 b x is by su* unwise v5tures t we outgr[ !m4 ,& z ,i h sp5t a long life le>n+1 & to mo/ que/ions d n yet "k ! answ]s1 ,i h no "r to fr[n on m y\?ful & ent]pris+ enquir]s4 ,obvi\sly "s ( ! ecc5tricities ( pres5t-day typography are a natural reflection ( t r tortur$ _w 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,if art1 ! drama1 lit]ature1 & music reflect curr5t tr5ds ( life x is natural t pr9t+ %\ld 9 a measure d s4 ,if we ?r[ ov]bo>d old /&>ds ( conduct1 we may f> m readily ?r[ ov] old /&>ds ( ta/e4 ,:5 "o ca/s a conv5tion away z useless & outmod$1 we (t5 le>n = ! fir/ "t :y x 0 !re6 ,x is urg$ t full] expression ( individuality1 unhamp]$ by rules1 is developm5t4 ,x seems to me m accurate to say t ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( try+ ^! exp]im5ts developm5t comes--?\gh n always ( a k9d expect$4 ,su* developm5t ought nev] to /op until 9 ! exact s5se ( ! ^w we are accompli%$--f9i%$--:i* few live to be4 ,! problem is to di/+ui% betwe5 a true developm5t1 & a false "o4 ,9 judg+ ei!r mod]ni/ic or retrospective typography1 t is :at mu/ be decid$4 ,d ^! developm5ts--wise or o!rwise1 produce a well-made & readable book--9 %ort a good book8 ,9 ! pr9t+ ( books meant to be read1 says an au?ority1 !re is little room = 'bright' typography4 ,ev5 dullness & monotony 9 ! type-sett+ are f> less vici\s to a read] ?an typographical ecc5tricity or pleasantry4 ,cunn+ ( ?is sort is desirable1 ev5 ess5tial 9 ! typography ( propag&a1 :e!r = comm]ce1 politics1 or religion because 9 su* pr9t+ only ! fre%e/ survives inatt5tion4 ,b ! typography ( books1 ap>t f ! category ( n>r[ly limit$ editions1 requires an ob$i5ce to conv5tion :i* is almo/ absolute--& ) reason4 ,x is ! fa%ion1 j n[1 to decry typographic conv5tions4 ,"s conv5tions & traditions des]ve to be decri$ & "s h already be5 laugh$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 good & bad conv5tions & traditions 9 pr9t+1 j z !re are true & false developm5ts1 & ! trick is to "k :i* is :i*6 ,conv5tion & p>ticul>ly tradition are1 g5]ally1 ! cry/alliz$ result ( pa/ exp]im5ts1 :i* exp]i5ce has taught u are valuable4 ,9 "s ( ! extreme mod]ni/ic typography a little m tradition might come 9 h&y4 ,! tr\ble ) ! mod]ni/ is t he seems afraid n to ?r[ ev]y?+ ov]bo>d & mi/akes ecc5tricity = emancipation4 ,?us "s books ( today seem to be ! arrangem5t ( a p]v]se & self-consci\s ecc5tricity4 ,su* pr9t+ is (t5 ! "w ( eag]1 ambiti\s1 & inexp]i5c$ m51 & because !y are "y & ,god is good1 "o c af=d to be pati5t2 sure t !y w1 9 ! long run1 outgr[ ! tee?+1 mumps1 & measles ( typography4 ,_! convalesc5ce w possibly be ha/5$ by m$itat+ on ! say+ ( ,"l ,falkl& t :5 x is n necess>y to *ange1 x is necess>y n to *ange4 ,no movem5t ev] accompli%es all t its fir/ promot]s int5d$ or hop$ =2 almo/ all movem5ts make "s la/+ contributions to our common /ock4 ,e new idea1 e new inv5tion br+s along ) its expect$ b5efits un=ese5 evils4 ,mod]ni/ic ar*itecture is at pres5t excit+ because new & unusual2 :5 m common x w become commonplace4 ,:5 x becomes difficult to diff]5tiate ! ext]ior ( a mod]ni/ic *ur* f a w>eh\se1 we may get v1 v tir$ ( x4 ,!n a comp5sat+ reaction w set 9 & balance w be re/or$4 ,! same ?+ is true ( mod]ni/ic typography4 ,at pres5t1 x %ocks u into att5tion1 b we get tir$ ( be+ %ock$1 = we d n want pr9t+ to surprise b to soo! u4 ,! mod]ni/ mu/ rememb]1 too1 t su* a ?+ z an und]ivative "w ( art does n & _c exi/1 & no great ma/] 9 ! arts has ?\ght or ass]t$ o!rwise4 ,we gladly admit t "s mod]ni/ic =mulas h _h good results4 ,9 ar*itecture1 p]haps to "s degree 9 typography1 !y h taught u to get rid ( clutt] & useless ornam5tation4 ,b nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r leads any:]e--except to a dead end4 ,! cons]vative1 h[ev]1 ne$ n ?9k t all tru? is on 8 side4 ,h[ev] mu* he tries to practise retrospective or p]iod typography1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly 8 "w w %[ ! influ5ce ( 8 "t4 ,j z !re is a popul> idiom 9 spee* :i* v>ies 9 ea* decade1 s !re is a curr5t idiom 9 pr9t+4 ,all ^! idioms1 lit]>y & typographic1 h n come to /ay1 b "s become accept$ t]ms4 ,"u ,!odore ,roosevelt we suff]$ f ! ^w /r5u\s4 ,presid5t ,h>d+ inflict$ ! ^w normalcy on ,am]ican spee*4 ,we n[ h reactions1 & contacts4 ,cl]gym5 *all5ge ?+s1 h spiritual adv5tures1 talk ( /rategic positions = _! p>i% h\ses & aid p>o*ial *>ities by cl>ion calls1 ?\gh if confront$ ) a cl>ion 7if ?is in/rum5t exi/s outside ( s]mons7 !y w\ld be q unable to bl[ x4 ,all ^! cat*-words & /ock phrases are 9 ! air4 ,we suff] mu* ! same ?+ 9 typography1 ab\t :i* !re is also a new j>gon :i* replaces ! old cli*s ( my y\? ab\t rhy?m1 balance1 & col\r4 ,nei!r 9 spee* nor pr9t+ c "o make a clean sweep ( ! pa/ nor help be+ ( ! pres5t1 no matt] h[ h>d "o tries4 ,i deplore viol5t attempts to make curr5t pr9t+ accord ) ! _s ( ! age4 ,x always has1 always w1 & does n[4 ,nor ne$ ! cons]vative sniff at typographic exp]im5tation4 ,to turn to ano!r dep>tm5t ( daily life1 :at w\ld happ5 if no "o _h ev] tri$ exp]im5ts ) food8 ,9 ! di/ant pa/ !re 0 ! fir/ human be+ :o--z an exp]im5t--ate an oy/]1 ?\gh p]haps fir/ try+ jelly-fi% ) less com=table results4 ,o!rs di$ ( eat+ toad/ools be=e p le>n$ t !y c\ld survive on mu%rooms4 ,almo/ all our vegetable food we owe to ga/ronomic adv5tur]s4 ,?us ! hide-b\nd cons]vative owes su/5ance to ! fruits1 & vegetables1 ( exp]im5t4 ,to speak m s]i\sly1 bo? mod]ni/ & cons]vative %\ld lay to he>t :at ,b5$etto ,croce says 9 8 ,autobiography ab\t ! impossibility ( re/+ on ! results ( pa/ ?\ght & ! necessity ( mode/y 9 /at+ "o's pres5t position4 ,i see1 he writes1 a new crop ( problems spr++ up 9 a field f :i* ,i h b n[ reap$ a h>ve/ ( solutions2 ,i f9d myself call+ 9 "q ! conclusions to :i* ,i h previ\sly come2 & ^! facts 444 =ce me to recognize t tru? w n let itself be ti$ fa/4444 ,!y tea* me mode/y t[>ds my pres5t ?\ghts1 :i* tomorr[ w appe> defici5t & 9 ne$ ( correction1 & indulg5ce t[>ds myself ( ye/]day or ! pa/1 ^: ?\ghts1 h[ev] inadequate 9 ! eyes ( my pres5t self1 yet conta9$ "s real elem5t ( tru?2 & ?is mode/y & indulg5ce pass into a s5se ( piety t[>ds ?9k]s ( ! pa/1 :om n[ ,i am c>eful n to blame1 z once ,i blam$ !m1 = _! inability to d :at no man1 h[ev] great1 c d 444 to fix into et]nity ! fleet+ mom5t4 ,!re is1 to ! reasonable m9d1 no real qu>rel betwe5 mod]nism & traditionalism 9 pr9t+1 except 9 degree4 ,mod]nism mu/ & does influ5ce ! cons]vative 9 spite ( himself--if by mod]nism we mean a heal?y aw>5ess ( ! ne$s ( ! "t 9 :i* we are liv+4 ,tradition mu/ & does influ5ce ! mod]ni/1 if by tradition we mean pati5t & respectful appraisal ( :at t accumulation ( ye/]days1 :i* we call ! pa/1 has to tea*4 ,x is only by exp]i5ce t we c effect a wise bl5d ( ! two4 ,!n we produce books :i*1 :ile repres5t+ ! be/ practice ( our "t1 w outla/ x4 ,! appraisal ( _! ultimate values we mu/ leave to ! future4 ,!re is no pa/ t we ne$ long to return to1 said ,goe!1 !re is only ! et]nally new :i* is =m$ out ( enl>g$ elem5ts ( ! pa/2 & our real endeavor mu/ always be t[>ds new & bett] creation4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,bell ,,types ,illu/ration,,pet] ,,beil5son,illu/ration ,! ,amateur ,pr9t]3 ,,8 ,,pleasures ,,& ,,8 ,,duties ,f ,graphic ,=ms3 ,! ,arts ,z ,relat$ to ! ,book4 ,copyright #aidi by ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,press4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,al?\gh ! title ( ?is piece is suffici5tly long to be impressive & important-s\nd+1 all ,i really want to write ab\t is pr9t+ z fun4 ,i am go+ to write ab\t ! amateur pr9t]1 & ! amateur is ! fell[ :o has fun4 ,i d n wi% to belittle ! affection a pr(essional pr9t] may h = 8 "w4 ,he %\ld love 8 "w4 ,b he c love x only 9 a diff]5t way3 = aft] all he is ess5tially a bus9essman ab\t x4 ,8 "w1 l t ( any o!r bus9essman1 is some?+ he has to sit d[n to by n9e 9 ! morn+ & some?+ he c't leave until five at night4 ,x is some?+ t involves l&lords & labor unions1 payrolls & tax inspectors1 truckm51 (fice-boys1 salesm51 compositors1 pressman1 b9d]y work]s--& cu/om]s4 ,he has to worry ab\t paym5ts1 & depreciation1 & publicity1 & "t %eets4 ,! pr(essional has to conc]n himself ) all ^! ?+s :i* are n pr9t+ at all1 because he is 9 bus9ess & has to make money4 ,8 prim>y y>d/ick ( success z a pr(essional is3 ,h[ mu* money did we make la/ ye>8 ,( c\rse he has o!r m9or y>d/icks ( success too3 he may be successful because 8 presses turn out useful ?+s l timetables1 or gratify+ ?+s l corporation reports = ! ye>1 or beautiful ?+s l f\r-color reproductions ( ,v>ga girls4 ,to make ^! ?+s well is a k9d ( fun2 & ins(> z ! fun comes f ! satisfaction 9 ! ?+ itself r ?an 9 ! pr(it t d]ives f x1 ,i'd l to call x amateur satisfaction4 ,b ess5tially our pr(essional pr9t]--& p]mit me to limit myself to ! pr(essional book pr9t]--is suppos$ to make money1 n to h fun4 ,& he makes money be/1 n[adays1 if 8 plant is equipp$ ) ! effici5t mod]n ma*9]y :i* is design$ = maximum production4 ,su* ma*9]y is a wond]ful creation ( man2 x is ?rill+ to wat* 9 action2 & x gets results4 ,b x has its disadvantages4 ,n[ t me*anization is becom+ m & m complete 9 m & m places1 we c beg9 to see cle>ly ! greate/ disadvantage ( all3 "u su* me*anization individual work]s h lo/ pride & satisfaction 9 _! "w1 because !y h become m]e replaceable units ( less & less importance2 :]eas ! ma*9es !y op]ate are m & m important1 & h become ! ess5tial units4 ,a g5]ation ago ! pr(essional pr9t] might h boa/$ ( 8 skill$ compositors1 :o c\ld set type m exp]tly1 or 8 skill$ pressm51 :o c\ld make m c>eful ov]lays or mat* ink bett] ?an someone else's craftsm54 ,today he boa/s ( 8 remote-control compos+ ma*9es1 8 presses :i* come close to elim9at+ make-ready altoge!r1 & 8 ink suppli]'s new gadget :i* mat*es colors sci5tifically4 ,today ! mo/ successful pr9t] is ! "o :o ) ! lea/ possible dep5d5ce on man-p[]1 c keep ! mo/ presses runn+ fa/e/ = ! greate/ numb] ( h\rs p] day & days p] ye>4 ,he is n ! "o ) ! mo/ skill$ craftsm54 ,9 su* a _w1 :]e ! executive's function is to fe$ ! ma*9e & ! workman's is to t5d x1 ! human _s beg9s to cry out = ! fun 9 "w :i* ,i h call$ ! amateur satisfaction4 ,x is true t today's %ort] work+ h\rs--:i* ! ma*9e makes possible--p]mit p to h m outside fun2 p]mit ! manag] to play m golf1 & ! workman to play m s(tball 7or m p9ball7 9 ! late aft]noon2 x is true t m p n[ see m be] adv]tis$ on m television programs1 & may ev5 dr9k m ( x1 9 ! ev5+s4 ,b manag]s & workm5 alike turn s avidly to su* k9ds ( fun because !y no long] get fun out ( _! daily "w4 ,x is becom+ h>d] & h>d] = p to equate "w & happ9ess4 ,n[ ,i d n set myself up z a social re=m] d$icat$ to ! dream t all p %\ld be happy 9 _! "w4 ,nor d ,i propose z a /ep to ?is end t we rev]t1 sma% ! wond]ful ma*9es1 & g back to ! good old days :5 ev]yone really did "w ) 8 h&s--usually f dawn to d>k1 six days a week4 ,!re 0 no p9ball or television !n1 b /ill ,i d n wi% to g back6 ,nor d ,i sugge/ t ! solution is ! promis$ ?irty-h\r week1 ) all ! workm5 driv+ _! own ,buicks home at two ea* aft]noon1 & tak+ out ! wife & kiddies to ,braves ,field or ! ,g>dn] ,museum4 ,b ,i d sugge/ t "s ( y p :o really love pr9t+1 b are too involv$ ) ! n9e-to-five daily bus9ess ( x to enjoy x mu*1 %\ld enri* y\r lives by becom+ amateur pr9t]s 9 y\r sp>e "t4 ,y w h fun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i yield to no man 9 my bor$om ) vegetables & salads4 ,i see gre5 at e meal save breakfa/4 ,i h eat5 en\gh /r+beans to /ret*--if !y 7 /raight5$ out & laid end to end--f ,=dhook ,nurs]ies 9 ,delaw>e to ! city ( ,burbank1 ,cali=nia4 ,if y c\ld see all ! lettuce leaves ,i h consum$ 9 my lifetime1 pil$ leaf on leaf & dripp+ 9 _! oils1 _! v9eg>1 _! mayonnaise1 & _! roque=t dress+s1 y w\ld be absolutely appall$4 ,b1 bor$ z ,i am ) gre5 ?+s on ! table--bor$ because despite _! goodness !y h be5 too pl5tiful & too easily come by--,i am n bor$ on ^? occasions :51 l ,c&ide1 ,i cultivate my g>d51 get my h&s into ! dirt1 & smell ,god's good fragrance 9 ! loam4 ,to wat* ! p[] ( liv+ ?+s l salad gre5s & /r+beans pu%+ _! way out ( ! se$1 up ?r\gh ! e>?1 rea*+ d[n = wat] & up = sunlight ) an irresi/ible drive1 is to realize afre% ! p[] ( life on ?is planet4 ,x is a re9vigorat+ & religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,x is impossible to wat* se$s gr[ into plants & fl[]s & fruit & /ill to believe cynically 9 a m]e me*ani/ic explanation = su* a life drive4 ,to get back to ! se$1 ! e>?1 & ! root is to re-exp]i5ce ! fun & mean+ ( life4 ,9 ! same way t ,i h become bor$ ) salad1 we h all become bor$ ) words1 pr9t$ words4 ,we h se5 too _m ( !m1 we h read too _m ( !m1 we h measur$1 or pro(read1 or edit$1 or sold1 too _m ( !m4 ,we h =gott5 _! primal p[]1 _! irresi/ible liv+ urge4 ,we h =gott5 t s9c]e au?ors h n put !m d[n on pap] because ( two c5ts a ^w or #aj p] c5t ( ! retail gross--t !y h be5 writt5 79 ! be/ cases7 out ( human necessity1 human ebulli5ce1 human passion1 human sympa?y1 or human und]/&+4 ,! indu/rial book-pr9t+ _w _c ev] ?9k ( words 9 t way4 ,x mu/ always ?9k ( !m z areas ( type #bb by #bh picas1 z numb]s ( pages :i* d or d n make up a multiple ( ?irty-two1 z units ( sale at #c4jj less #dj p] c5t4 ,to g back to nature & become an amateur pr9t] 9 su* an indu/rializ$ book _w is l work+ 9 ! g>d5 :5 y are bor$ ) salad4 ,y really get back to ! roots ( words4 ,if y are a g5u9e amateur pr9t]1 & set ! type & pr9t ! pages y\rself1 y actually c %>e 9 ! creative agonies & satisfactions ( ! au?or4 ,= y put d[n 8 words1 lett] = lett] 9 y\r type-/ick1 j z he did ) 8 quill or 8 batt]$ ,rem+ton4 ,! be/ way on e>? to appreciate an au?or & 8 creative _s 7or = t matt] to realize m quickly ! faults 9 him7 is to pick him up lett] by lett] f a ,cali=nia case4 ,an ev5 m acid te/ is to di/ribute ! type aft] pr9t+ him4 ,9 su* a case y pick up half a doz5 l9es ( type at once & "w backw>ds1 di/ribut+ ! la/ ^w ( ! la/ l9e fir/4 ,x is a revelation h[ ! holl[ness ( an au?or c %[ up "u ?is treatm5t4 ,x is especially cruel to poets1 = e ^w :i* is n really necess>y1 :i* is !re j = padd+ or = a rhy?m or a rhyme1 becomes z noticeable z ! well-kn[n sore ?umb4 ,b ! g5u9e1 s9c]e au?or ) a pure /yle /&s up beautifully "u su* treatm5t1 & has 8 rew>d 9 y\r pleasure at ?is discov]y4 ,aft] y h set y\r au?or's type y mu/ make up 8 pages1 *oose 8 decorations or illu/rations1 & set 8 head+s4 ,y mu/ decide :e!r to /ret* him to tw5ty-f\r pages or cond5se him to sixte54 ,y mu/ buy 8 pap]1 lock up 8 pages 9 y\r *ase1 make him ready1 curse y\r press :i* is pr9t+ him1 apply y\r ink to 8 words1 & impress him = po/]ity4 ,p]haps y w !reaft] fold him1 sew him1 & encase him 9 bo>ds4 ,9 s do+1 y become1 to ! ext5t ( sixte5 or tw5ty-f\r pages1 9 an edition ( "o hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ copies1 ,god4 ,y h creat$ some?+ :i* did n exi/ be=e1 & :i* w\ld n h exi/$ save = y\r ?9k+ bra9 & tir$ back & dirty h&s4 ,true1 y h n creat$ ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & y h und\bt$ly work$ at y\r creation = m ?an ! orig9al quota ( six days4 ,b anyway y h giv5 ! _w some?+ :i* 0 at fir/ only words y lov$1 & is n[ a :ole1 real book1 :i* y love all ! m because x is y\r book1 y\r *ild1 y\r embodim5t ( ^? words4 ,t is ! fun & satisfaction ( be+ an amateur4 ,9 our pr9t+ _w !re is no o!r satisfaction equal to x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,good old ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son 0 mortally "r :5 he wrote d[n 8 doctr9e ( ,comp5sation4 ,8 doctr9e ( ,comp5sation says t e pleasure c>ries "s p5alty1 e ga9 "s k9d ( loss4 ,e duty accept$ gives y a satisfaction1 & e satisfaction receiv$ involves y 9 a duty4 ,?us f> ,i h writt5 ( ! satisfaction ( y\r be+ an amateur pr9t]4 ,n[ ,i wi% to write ( y\r duty & obligation4 ,! amateur book pr9t] has a duty :i*1 if he w accept x1 w 9 ! long run return to him ! greate/ satisfaction4 ,?is duty is to tea* ! pr(essional1 by example1 ab\t ! out] cultural _w1 & to exp]im5t = him 9 matt]s ( pr9t+ /yle4 ,n[ ?is is directly contr>y to :at n9ety out ( "o hundr$ curr5t amateurs w\ld seem to ?9k1 & ,i mu/ !re=e beg _! n9ety p>dons if ,i di/urb _! habits ( m9d4 ,mo/ amateurs ei!r don't tr\ble _! m9ds ab\t problems ( pr9t+ /yle at all1 or else !y fall too easily into ! habit ( work+ 9 ! ,colonial /yle1 or ,v5etian /yle1 or "s o!r hi/orical /yle1 r ?an 9 a contempor>y "o4 ,maybe !y d s = psy*ological reasons4 ,& maybe n4 ,i am too set 9 my diction to le>n ! trick ( talk+ 9 psy*ological t]ms4 ,i w\ld express _! case l ?is3 ,amateurs :o "w 9 hi/orical /yles d s because !y are romantics1 romantics :o turn away f ! imp]sonal ma*9e _w ( ! pres5t = a brea? ( ! m human & glamor\s-seem+ pa/4 ,i sympa?ize ) su* an in/9ct1 & hold myself ready to def5d any man :o seeks to re-inject a human elem5t into ! pr9t+ craft4 ,! tr\ble is1 su* amateurs ?9k t because pr9t+ 9 ! pa/ 0 done by h&1 & because !re is some?+ m satisfy+ & human ab\t pr9t+ by h&1 !y mu/ !re=e "w 9 an antique pr9t+ /yle & make ,colonial & ,v5etian books 9 ord] to enjoy !mselves4 ,?is is a false syllogism4 ,i /rongly recomm5d pr9t+ by h& to amateurs because x w give !m great] satisfaction1 n because x w make _! books look l antiques4 ,x is too easy to fabricate su* antiques1 & to d s w 9 ! long run give y less enjoym5t ?an mak+ some?+ :i* 9 /yle is orig9al & new4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is already too late to ?9k 9 t]ms ( revivals & reproductions4 ,9 pr9t+1 ! revival habit />t$ ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago ) ,:itt+ham & ,pick]+1 :5 !y du/$ (f ! =gott5 ,caslon types & ! eighte5?-c5tury /yle4 ,x has be5 go+ on ev] s9ce1 & rea*$ a climax ( und]/&+ & skill 9 our c5tury at ! h&s ( ,updike1 ,rog]s1 ,roll9s1 ,g\dy1 & o!rs4 ,?is revivalism 0 a k9d ( se>* = humanism1 & a k9d ( rebellion aga9/ comm]cialism4 ,^! m5 7 n unique4 ,9 e g5]ation s9ce #ahjj1 9 e art & craft1 e field ( ?\ght1 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution has prompt$ m5 to make ! same se>* backw>d = satisfactions :i* ! mod]n _w did n seem to (f]4 ,too _m ( our amateurs are /ill mak+ ! same se>*1 al?\gh ! ,indu/rial ,revolution is well ov] "o hundr$ ye>s old1 all ! necess>y backw>d se>*+ has be5 done1 & all ! hi/orical /yles h be5 rework$4 ,our pr$ecessors h made x unnecess>y = u to g ?r\gh ! process once aga94 ,we c see n[ t _! "w 0 an escape p]haps = !m1 b t x c nev] be a durable way ( creative realization = u4 ,f n[ on1 we mu/ jo9 up ) ! =w>d-look+ cr[d :o ?9k !y c build a new _w4 ,! book-pr9t+ indu/ry has n be5 v =w>d-look+ 9 matt]s ( /yle4 ,) ! exception ( a few pr9t]s & design]s1 book pr9t]s h be5 unheal?ily backw>d4 ,!re=e ! "t is ripe = amateur book-exp]im5tali/s to prod & tea* !m4 ,! amateur c d x4 ,he is1 or %\ld be1 a man ) int]e/s 9 o!r fields ( culture ?an 8 own4 ,he is aw>e already ( :at has be5 done 9 pa9t+ & music1 9 fabrics & furniture design1 9 ar*itecture too--mo/ important ( all4 ,he mu/ n[ help pr9t+ to develop its own new /yles1 equival5t to ^? 9 o!r fields4 ,t he c d s is evid5c$ by ! fact t 9 rec5t ye>s ! greate/ /rides =w>d h be5 tak5 n by ! pr(essionals b by p :o 9 a s5se are amateurs1 b :o h kn[n h[ to apply mod]n ideas f o!r fields4 ,! ,bauhaus gr\p fir/ became notable1 betwe5 ! w>s1 by apply+ ! functional !ories ( mod]n ar*itecture to ! pr9t$ page4 ,! ,black ,sun ,press & ,h>rison ( ,p>is appli$ ! ideas ( ,monroe ,:eel] & o!rs :o 7 /imulat$ by mod]n pa9t+4 ,!re may be simil> publi%+ projects 9 ?is c\ntry today1 b !y are n yet influ5tial4 ,! mo/ effective1 mo/ vocal1 mo/ lovable ( contempor>y ,am]ican influ5ces is t rugg$ individual ,m]le ,armitage1 ^: ideas h be5 influ5tial 9 %ap+ my own attitude4 ,su* p all "k t ! _w has *ang$2 t x w nev] turn back aga92 & t x is up to u to cat* on to ! fly+ coattails ( ,today4 ,i urge o!r amateurs to jo9 ! ranks ( ^! apo/les ( *ange4 ,x w be a great day = all ( u :5 n9ety out ( "o hundr$ are exp]im5tali/s1 & n ! o!r way ar\nd4 ,( c\rse 9 urg+ amateurs to develop new /yles1 ,i am n recomm5d+ any easy hobby4 ,x is simple1 b dull1 to copy an old /yle4 ,x is h>d1 b excit+1 to "w out a new "o4 ,& :ile y are work+ at x1 y mu/ expect cynical obs]v]s to give y\r exp]im5ts ! adjective wacky2 y mu/ expect c]ta9 curi\s k9ds ( p to praise y\r "w = ! wrong reasons2 & y mu/ expect alt]nat+ moods ( conceit & fru/ration4 ,! pro(s y gloat ov] at night w become commonplace by dawn4 ,y\r wife may g back to h] "m 9 rage & despair4 ,y may ne$ sleep+ pills4 ,y w make misjudgm5ts ab\t ! intellig5ce ( ord9>y read]s4 ,y w make mi/akes ( ta/e4 ,y w f9d x too easy to get an effect by means ( %ock1 & y w =get t any book1 ev5 a tw5ty-fir/-c5tury book1 mu/ be a coh]5t unit4 ,& y w (t51 s9ce !re are no highway m>k]s = ! explor]1 feel lonely & disc\rag$1 & want to g back to ! old famili> well-travel$ roads aga94 ,b if y g ?r\gh ) x1 or ev5 if y j play ) x sometimes z a hobby1 y c h great fun4 ,= x w put y out 9 ! op51 free to please y\rself1 ) ! boss & ! cu/om] left f> beh9d4 ,y c be subtle or bold1 z y feel ! urge1 = y d n h to please ! great common d5om9ator1 ! common man4 ,y c advance y\r own "w by look+ to o!r fields ( creation1 enjoy+ & pr(it+ by ! exp]im5ts go+ on 9 !m4 ,y c feel y\rself a "p ( ! :ole =w>d-look+ culture ( y\r day1 & n someone (f 9 a little =gott5 corn]4 ,&1 if y d /rike a ve9 ) ! glitt] ( real gold 9 x1 y w become ri* inde$4 ,= y w h become a creator 9 a new s5se2 y\r duty done z an amateur w be comp5sat$ ) a tw5ty-f\r-c>at satisfaction4 ,at su* a mom5t ( realization y w h e>n$ ! privilege to re/ & feel cont5t4 ,z on a sev5? day aft] six ( creation1 /&+ late at night ) blood%ot eyes & inky f+]s & a*+ back 9 a pap]-litt]$ room1 y h become a creator4 ,y h n m]ely escap$ f ! flatt5$ monotony ( ! ma*9e age--y h become "o ( ! %ap]s ( its future4 ,m p[] to y 9 t "w6 ,t4 ,m4 ,,clel& ,h>% ,words ,an address deliv]$ at a meet+ ( ,! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,graphic ,arts1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ,febru>y #e?1 #aidj1 on ! occasion ( ! op5+ ( ! eighte5? annual exhibition ( ! ,fifty ,books ( ! ,ye>4 ,copyright #aidj by ,t4 ,m4 ,clel&4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission4 ,mr4 ,*airman & ,memb]s ( ,! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,graphic ,arts3 ,! g5]osity ( y\r invitation to me to speak on ?is important occasion leaves me a trifle bewild]$4 ,i am s accu/om$ to be+ told to keep my op9ions to myself t be+ ?us unexpect$ly enc\rag$ to express !m gives me "s cause to wond] if ,i h1 or ev] _h1 any op9ions ^u ! graphic arts wor? express+4 ,b s9ce x is ! !ory ( y\r ,committee t ,i h1 & x may nev] be anybody's !ory aga91 & !y h gone s f> z to give me no in/ructions or sugge/ions z to ! scope or ! limitations ( :at ,i might say1 x w\ld seem z ungraci\s to decl9e su* an exceptional (f] z x w\ld be to abuse x4 ,s if ,i accept x z :olehe>t$ly z ,i believe x 0 giv5--if ,i take y at y\r ^w & say ?+s t ,i h long want$ to he> somebody say--,i hope x w n be ?\ght an abuse ( ?is k9dly t5d]$ privilege4 ,i realize t1 nom9ally at lea/1 my subject mu/ be t ( pr9t+ & typography z exemplifi$ by ! selection ( ! fifty be/ books ( ! ye> :i* we are "h to celebrate2 & ,i suppose1 by comp>ison to deplore ! fifty ?\s& wor/ books :i* may be se5 else:]e4 ,b by :at may seem a v odd p>adox1 ,i don't q "k h[ to /ick to ?is subject )\t w&]+ a good way (f x4 ,or1 p]haps ,i %\ld say t ,i _c approa* x directly except by a v r\ndab\t way4 ,if ,i h a !sis = ^! rem>ks1 ,i c only develop x 9 t]ms ( a tree4 ,?is is because ,i d n believe t inv5tion 9 ! arts c be pick$ f empty space l objects 9 a pre/idigitator's act4 ,fruits really gr[ on trees & trees h roots 9 ! e>?4 ,! tree ,i h 9 m9d is cultural civilization3 "o ( its limbs is art & a bran* ( ?is we call ! graphic arts1 & a twig on ?is bran* is pr9t+ & typography4 ,i promise n to dig into ! roots ( ?is tree1 b ,i may be f\nd1 monkey-wise1 climb+ all ov] x be=e ,i am ?r\gh4 ,i am at "s disadvantage 9 t ,i d n belong to any organizations = ! advancem5t ( typography & ! graphic arts--n ev5 to ?is "o--& ,i am ill-in=m$ & out ( t\* ) :at is go+ on 9 ^! fields except by casual obs]vation4 ,b z memb]s ( ?is v useful organization1 y are n engag$ 9 pr9t+ or o!r graphic arts1 ,i take x1 solely = ea* o!r1 b = ! enjoym5t & delectation ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,s !re is a p>tially comp5sat+ advantage 9 my be+ at l>ge myself1 & ?us able to speak ( pres5t tr5ds 9 ! graphic arts z !y appe> f ! outside1 look+ 94 ,b ?is advantage may 9 turn be (fset by ! fact t ,i _c hone/ly speak ( :at ,i see ) mu* en?usiasm4 ,i c br+ y no message ( hope or light ( inspiration4 ,mu* z ,i am fill$ ) admiration & respect = _m individual tal5ts & accompli%m5ts t /ill contrive to exi/1 !y seem to me to /& unhappily isolat$ 9 :at ,i c't help view+ z arti/ic bankruptcy & cultural *aos4 ,among !m are pr9t]s mak+ beautiful books & o!r ?+s ab\t z well z ^! ?+s h ev] be5 made4 ,b z to ! g5]al volume ( pr9t+1 no "o has ask$ me1 to be sure1 :at ,i ?\ght 0 ! l[e/ po9t ( arti/ic ta/e 9 ! five hundr$ ye>s ( its exi/5ce :i* we are celebrat+ ?is ye>1 b if anyone %\ld ask me1 ,i w\ld be b\nd to say t we h rea*$ t po9t j ab\t n[4 ,?+s may get worse1 b x's h>d to see h[ !y c4 ,to p>aphrase a rem>k 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( ,updike's classic "w on pr9t+ types1 x has tak5 pr9t]s & publi%]s five hundr$ ye>s to f9d out h[ wret*$ly books & o!r ?+s c be made & /ill sell4 ,i am n =gett+ t !re 7 "s v b5ight$ p]iods ( ta/e 9 o!r c5turies t w\ld seem to refute ?is sweep+ ass]tion4 ,p]haps x is wor? not+ "h--& ! fact is peculi>ly ironical--t ! design & /yle ( (ficial & gov]nm5tal ?+s--money1 po/age /amps1 bonds & /ock c]tificates--0 creat$ & solidifi$ into a seem+ly unalt]able conv5tion at t hi!rto all "t l[ po9t ( ! decorative arts 9 ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury4 ,s p[]ful is ?is conv5tion t we w\ld be suspici\s ( a t5 doll> bill t 0 n visually saturat$ ) ugl9ess4 ,a c\nt]feit] ) ae/hetic s5sibilities mu/ n only sweat blood b weep te>s ov] ! job ( imitat+ "o4 ,b 9 ! sadly p]v]t$ ta/e ( t epo* !re 0 a k9d ( innoc5ce3 /&>ds 7 /ill respect$1 & pr(ici5cy1 ?\gh ov]work$ & misdirect$1 0 recogniz$ & n condemn$4 ,today :5 ,i look ab\t 9 ! book/ore1 & m especially on ! news/&s1 or op5 ! pages ( mo/ ( ! magaz9es ) ! bigge/ circulations1 ,i want to d :at ! little boy did 9 ! /ory :i* 0 a favorite ( my fri5d1 ! late ,hal ,m>*banks4 ,! little boy _h be5 to 8 fir/ p>ty1 & :5 he arriv$ home1 8 "m said3 ,did mama's little boy h a nice "t at ! p>ty8 ,yep1 he repli$4 ,:at did mama's little boy d at ! p>ty8 ,i ?['d up4 ,aga9/ ?is /eady decl9e 9 bo? ta/e & workman%ip1 y\r fifty books selection & exhibit ea* ye> has be5 a noble ef=t1 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 almo/ ! only conc]t$ "o ( consequ5ce to uphold "s /&>ds4 ,y h inspir$ bo? publi%]s & pr9t]s to e>ne/ endeavor to improve _! products ) frequ5tly admirable results4 ,b ^! are only fifty books out ( h[ _m o!r books & o!r pr9t$ ?+s4 ,)\t ?is good "w ( y\rs1 "o wond]s if any /&>ds at all w\ld survive ! flood ( *eap & easy me*anization1 c>eless workman%ip & bad ta/e4 ,n t !re is any?+ wrong ) ma*9es4 ,! fir/ h& press1 x %\ld be rememb]$ by its s5tim5tal admir]s1 0 also a ma*9e4 ,we h n le>n$ to use ! ma*9es at _! be/1 b accept$ !m l fruits 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 & ?\ght ( no?+ b h[ mu* we c\ld get out ( !m 9 spe$ & quantity & pr(it4 ,because we c d ) !m easily :at =m]ly dem&$ "t & pa9s to d at all1 we h too easily assum$ t !y deliv]$ u f ! ne$ ( any "t or pa9s4 ,be=e ,i g any f>!r on or (f ! track ) ^! r&om rem>ks1 ,i %\ld l x to be und]/ood t ,i am address+ !m p>ticul>ly to any /ud5ts & beg9n]s 9 ! graphic arts t may be pres5t1 r ?an to ^? :o are arriv$4 ,i am a /ud5t & /ill a beg9n] myself1 & s my int]e/ & my he>t are naturally ) my own k9dr$4 ,i speak z an old beg9n] to y\ng] ones4 ,i am at a great disadvantage ) reg>d to ! numb] ( ye>s ,i h left 9 :i* to get />t$1 & if ,i h any advantage at all1 x is only 9 exp]i5ce ) ! bewild]m5ts & illusions t clutt] our common way 9 le>n+ & try+ to practice "o or m ( ! graphic arts4 ,! confusions & di/raction ( ?is day make ! pa? ( ! /ud5t & beg9n] r\gh & tortu\s4 ,hav+ travell$ x = m ye>s ?an ,i l to admit1 :5 ,i look backw>d1 ,i am a/oni%$ to discov] ! numb] ( twi/s & turns & pitfalls ,i might j z well h sp>$ myself4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fooli% ( ^! 0 ! fe> ( n be+ orig9al--:at ,roma9 ,roll& calls ! fe> ( ! already said4 ,! notion t ,i mu/ d some?+ new e day1 or ,i w\ld n be creative--=gett+ t ,god made ! planets all ! same %ape z f> z we c see1 & t ! oak tree does n alt] ! =m ( its leaves f ye> to ye>4 ,!re is no supposition s pa!tically mislead+ z t creative orig9ality is )9 y\r own volition--! notion t x c be acquir$ leads to deplorable results4 ,x di/racts ! m9d & en]gies ( ! "y /ud5t f ga9+ ne$ful te*nical compet5ce--f le>n+ 8 trade1 & 9 m mature /ages tempts ! w\ld-be arti/ into vulg> mann]isms & =mulas :i* he w call 8 /yle4 ,! idea t orig9ality is ess5tial to ! successful practice ( ! graphic arts is m preval5t today ?an x ev] 0 9 ! days :5 ! graphic arts 7 practic$ at _! be/4 ,! curr5t belief t ev]yone mu/ n[ be an inv5tor is too (t5 int]pret$ to mean t no "o ne$ any long] be a workman4 ,h& 9 h& ) ?is prem$itat$ individualism goes1 m (t5 ?an n1 a curi\s irritation ) /&>ds ( any k9d4 ,! consci\s cultivator ( 8 own individuality w g to extravagant l5g?s to escape ! pa9s impos$ by a /&>d4 ,b ( all ! p]ils t lie 9 wait = adolesc5t arti/s !re is none m s$uctive ?an ! bewild]+ array ( ologies & isms t le] & beckon to him at e crossroad ( 8 j\rney4 ,j z isms & ologies h tak5 ! place1 9 social & political life1 ( "r & wrong2 s h !y become ! accept$ t]ms ( ! arts4 ,9 fact1 nons5se is n[ s univ]sally ! language ( art t x is ne>ly hopeless to try to make oneself und]/ood 9 any o!r4 ,brood m>e to all ( ^! extravagancies--& ,i h liv$ to see _m ( !m come & g--is t "o :i* a*ieves ! sup] absurdity ( call+ itself mod]nism2 & none has be5 exp\nd$ & exploit$ 9 m contradictory & antic ways4 ,to delib]ately call oneself mod]n is no less ludicr\s ?an some?+ an old ,dani% fri5d told me ye>s ago ab\t a l9e 9 "o ( ! books ( a v prolific writ] ( hi/orical romances 9 8 c\ntry4 ,9 a tale ) a m$ieval sett+ ?is writ] _h "o ( 8 knights 9 arm\r cry out to ano!r3 ,we m5 ( ! middle ages nev] take insults1 etc4 ,embrac$ ) fanatic en?usiasm by _m ar*itects & design]s is ! curr5t quack]y call$ ,functionalism4 ,x1 9 common ) its _m pr$ecessors1 (f]s a new gospel = ! reg5]ation ( our ae/hetic _w by re/rict+ all design to ! function ( its object or its mat]ials4 ,l ! new religions & philosophies t h p>ad$ 9 & out ( our social hi/ory = c\ntless g5]ations1 x purports to be an orig9al concept4 ,x has br\ght to u su* gladsome gifts z concrete boxes ) holes 9 !m = build+s1 *airs ( b5t pipe ) no h9d legs1 glass fireplaces1 b$s ( cem5t blocks jo9$ by /ructural /eel1 ! que] agglom]ation ( unsightly edifices we call ! ,_w's ,fair & _m o!r specim5s ( />k & =bidd+ claptrap4 ,unless all signs are mislead+ me1 x is ano!r mass vulg>ity l ! age ( gold5 oak & mission furniture1 ev5 n[ on its way to ! junk pile or ! attic1 p]haps to be som$ay r$iscov]$ !re & dragg$ out by future g5]ations 9 se>* ( qua9tness4 ,x seems to me1 ladies & g5tlem51 t all art 0 mod]n :5 x 0 made1 & /ill is if x is suitable to life z we n[ live x2 & ,i look 9 va9 = any appli$ art wor?y ! "n t 0 n also1 9 "s s5se functional4 ,f ! buttresses ( a go?ic ca!dral to ! gaye/ ,*ipp5dale *air "o f9ds1 ^u analysis1 a p]fect "w ( eng9e]+ p]fectly adapt$ to its purpose4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 ^! ?+s w\ld h>dly h endur$ = s long a "t4 ,s t common reg>d = function :i* has always be5 ! basic pr9ciple ( fir/-rate design1 assumes ! impressive aspect ( a religion1 ) high prie/s & ritual1 by ! simple addition ( an ism4 ,z /ud5ts & beg9n]s 9 se>* ( tru?1 we are today be+ pu%$ & pull$ ab\t by no end ( su* bogus prea*m5ts--famili> faces ) false :isk]s--old & common pr9ciples doll$ up ) new names & (t5 us$ to acc\nt = incompet5ce & laz9ess4 ,& :at is ! mean+ ( ?is t]m functionalism8 ,mu/ a design be relat$ to no functions except me*anical & mat]ial ones8 ,might n ! mo/ fanta/ic & elaborate works ( ! g5iuses ( ! b>oque & rococo /yles h also be5 functional 9 t !y express$ ! _s & fitt$ p]fectly ! life !y 7 int5d$ to s]ve8 ,we he> mu* holy talk ( simplicity 9 ?is day & ! idea ( simplicity express$ by a total abs5ce ( ev]y?+ n ess5tial to me*anical function has be5 elevat$ to a feti*4 ,we h divorc$ simplicity f its old mate *>m z we might break up ! happy relation%ip ( ham & eggs or pork & beans4 ,b 9 ?is rev]5t r5unciation ( all adornm5t n /rictly functional 9 ?is limit$ s5se1 h we paus$ to ask :e!r we are 9 fact foll[+ a basic human in/9ct1 or m]ely attempt+ to make a virtue out ( pov]ty ( inv5tion8 ,!re is no evid5ce t man is imbu$ ) an in/9ctive love ( simplicity 9 ! objects ) :i* he f9ds x useful to surr\nd himself4 ,inde$1 our museums are bulg+ ) evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,f ! ,cro-,magnon cave to go?ic ca!drals1 f ! temples ( ,india to ! palace ( ,v]sailles1 ! e>? has be5 made to fl[] ) man's inh]5t love ( ornam5t4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ornam5tation is deeply root$ 9 ! human in/9ct s9ce no tribe1 h[ev] primitive 9 o!r respects1 is )\t x4 ,! re/ra9ts ( ?is in/9ct & ! temp]+ ( x ) :at we call ta/e is a cultivat$ faculty l ! re/ra9t ( our o!r appetites2 b to be a teetotal] 9 ornam5t or 9 any?+ else1 is to confess to ei!r weakness ( control or incapacity = enjoym5t4 ,a teetotal]1 said ,:itman1 is j ano!r k9d ( top]4 ,?is in/9ctive ye>n+ = ornam5tation is well demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( our own ,rockefell] ,c5t]2 :]e x has be5 cat]$ to ) peculi> ineptitude4 ,"h all ! important /ructures h be5 pi\sly /ripp$ ( ev]y?+ non-ess5tial to me*anical function4 ,pill>s1 pila/]s1 cornices & m\ld+s--ornam5ts t at lea/ h _! g5esis 9 /ructural functions--h all be5 pi\sly r5\nc$4 ,& !n because x 0 f\nd t ! human _s c\ld n tol]ate su* b>r5 />kness1 & bus9ess might suff] f x1 ornam5ts h be5 pa/$ ar\nd its doorways & approa*es l gold pap] lace on a pa/ebo>d box--ornam5ts completely unrelat$ to any /ructural function ( any k9d4 ,sculptures1 f\nta9s1 trees1 fl[]s & awn+s h all be5 press$ into s]vice to comp5sate = ?is spuri\s simplicity4 ,_m ( ^! ?+s are beautiful 9 _! own "r l ,mr4 ,man%ip's gold5 figure ( ,prome!us4 ,"o ( ! little (fice girls t fur!r decorate ! sc5e at ! noon h\r1 0 ov]he>d ! o!r day expla9+ to ano!r t ?is 0 a /atue ( ,primiscu\s escap+ f ,responsibility4 ,s "u ?is wildly flapp+ bann] ( ,mod]nism m>*es a qua9t array ( worn & %abby syn!ses = art1 ea* day p>ad+ a new dress & a new alias4 ,! common urge = self-expression c always f9d "o or ano!r ( !m at its s]vice4 ,= ^? :o are p>ticul>ly defici5t 9 ! tal5t1 en]gy & pati5ce dem&$ = ! ma/]y ( an art1 some?+ call$ non-objective art has be5 inv5t$4 ,= ?is ! only ?+s requir$ are a box ( pa9ts1 bru%es & a surface to ex]cise !m on4 ,) ^! simple & easily procurable tools y express y\r own inn] emotions & ne$ n tr\ble y\rself ) anyone else's or ) :at anyone else sees4 ,if y wat* ! o!rs y w see t x is mo/ly be+ done ) triangles1 circles or vortexes ( pa9t j z x comes f ! tube4 ,if y h no pa9t1 too?pa/e w d z well4 ,if1 aft] a few m9utes ( ?is1 y are tir$1 /op--y w h add$ spontaneity to its o!r attractions4 ,! fact t x deals only ) y\r own emotions w n prev5t y putt+ x on exhibition = o!r p to enjoy4 ,if anyone balks at enjoy+ x1 y smile wanly & %rug y\r %\ld]s & pity !m = _! dumb enslavem5t to outworn tradition4 ,x works l a *>m--no "o w d>e attack y--!y w all be afraid t y've got some?+ !re4 ,p h a t]ror ( mak+ mi/akes--z if !y _h n be5 made by ! be/ p 9 all ages4 ,x is ! mo/ p]fect device yet inv5t$ = attract+ att5tion to y\rself ) ! lea/ tr\ble4 ,a g5]ation ago we he>d a great deal ab\t art = art's sake3 n[ x is art = ! arti/'s sake1 l bread = ! bak]'s sake or m$ic9e = ! doctor's sake4 ,& ,i say1 = ,god's sake1 tell me :at art made ?r\gh ! vision ( a human eye ) a bra9 beh9d x is n non-objective8 ,no two m5 w ev] draw or pa9t ! same picture ( ! same object4 ,only ! l5s ( a cam]a w r5d] x q objectively1 & ev5 ! cam]a 9 ! h&s ( an arti/ is capable ( "s degree ( subjectivity4 ,& s9ce ,i h inadv]t5tly m5tion$ ! cam]a1 ,i ought to say a good ^w = x too4 ,x is j n[ 9 its hey-day & p are tak+ great] pa9s ) x ?an !y are will+ to take ) any o!r m$ium ( arti/ic expression4 ,i see a great _m v f9e pictures made ) x1 9 spite ( its obvi\s limitations4 ,b x has also be5 tortur$ into s]v+ z a m$ium = self-consci\s orig9ality until its new ideas h come to be1 9 _! way1 9 _! monotony & /al5ess1 an intol]able bore4 ,! m>vels ( color photography h reveal$ to u hi!rto unsuspect$ dep?s ( ae/hetic sordidness4 ,?is factual reproduction ( :at we are told are ,nature's colors1 ,i am giv5 to und]/&1 is n yet :olly p]fect$4 ,only :5 x is w we "k ! wor/--only !n w we "k :at ! ?+s t ?r\gh our eyes h /irr$ u by _! beauty1 really are6 ,p]haps ano!r sup] in/rum5t ( disillusionm5t w be inv5t$ to reveal u1 n 9 =m & color alone1 b 9 _s1 to ea* o!r z we really are4 ,good-by !n to human love1 respect & fri5d%ip6 ,i h /ray$ a good way f my subject1 z ,i w>n$ y t ,i might2 & ^! rem>ks mu/ appe> by n[ to be n only rambl+s b ! rav+s ( an old reaction>y :o is bl9d to any?+ t is new4 ,t d$uction w be almo/ lit]ally correct1 ladies & g5tlem54 ,!re is no d5y+ t ,i am old1 & t[>d mu* t ,i see ar\nd me1 ,i am reaction>y2 & ,i h le>n$ no?+ 9 all my ye>s ( /riv+ = k1 m conv9c+ ?an t /atem5t 9 ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es to ! effect t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,i plead guilty to ?is hide\s indictm5t & ?r[ myself on ! m]cy ( ?is c\rt4 ,i am ev5 happy to h le>n$ t mu*1 & wi%1 9 ! mann] ( ! camp meet+ revivali/1 t ,i might pass on some?+ ( ?is bless$ revelation to ! bre!rn & si/]n pres5t4 ,:ile ,i ?us braz5ly d5y ! exi/5ce ( any?+ really new1 & fail to recognize :at is call$ progress & deplore ! wa/e ( tal5t & en]gy t is dissipat$ 9 /riv+ = ^! ?+s1 ,i am f> f bl9d to ! value ( revolt4 ,our creative s5se is all too prone to doze (f into dreams ( pa/ glories4 ,f ^!1 & ! /]ile copy+ ( !m1 we may be awak5$ & rescu$ by ev5 ! crude/ ( revolutions4 ,we may b5efit f !m provid$ we d n let !m te> up our roots--provid$ we /ill c recognize an illusion :5 we meet x4 ,! squirrel 9 8 revolv+ cage mu/ h "s illusion ( progress1 else he w\ld n take any ex]cise1 & )\t ex]cise he w\ld fatt5 & sick5 & die4 ,&1 rememb]1 !re is always progress to be made )9 y\rselves1 no matt] if x is ! same progress 9 ! same direction t has be5 made by c\ntless o!r s\ls4 ,& !re w1 ,i hope1 always be ?+s new to y1 z !re are e day ?+s new to me1 ev5 if ! sun has se5 !m all be=e4 ,i don't want to live a day long] ?an ,i c le>n4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t !re is n today z mu* lat5t tal5t = ! arts 9 exi/5ce1 z at any "t 9 _! hi/ory4 ,b tal5t = art is n tal5t = be+ an arti/--"o may h mu* ( ! "o1 )\t mu* ( ! o!r4 ,x seems to me t !re are m temptations & di/ractions work+ aga9/ ! tal5t to be an arti/ today ?an ev] be=e4 ,m allur+ %ort cuts & s$uctive philosophies--a di/urb+ babel ( undige/$ ideas & indige/ible objectives4 ,if 9 ?is riot y c keep y\r heads & n lose sight ( ! important diff]5ce betwe5 a gra9 ( tru? & ! :ole tru?1 if y c gr[ 9 und]/&+ ( :at x is y want to d1 y may1 ev5 n[1 h a good *ance ( do+ x4 ,b :at has all ?is to d ) pr9t+ & typography & _! relat$ graphic arts8 ,i seem by n[ to be s f> (f ! track t x w take a d]rick & wreck+ crew to get me back on aga94 ,z a matt] ( fact ,i h n =gott5 ! subject altoge!r & h1 9 my lumb]+ way1 be5 work+ t[>d x4 ,b because ,i c't ?9k ( typography z an art 9 itself1 unrelat$ to all ! o!r arts1 ,i c\ld n approa* x except by ! way ,i h4 ,all ( ^! ?+s t ,i h be5 compla9+ ab\t 9 ! o!r arts1 h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 pres5t-day typography & pr9t+4 ,! same re/less crav+ = some?+ new1 ! same preoccupation ) isms1 ! same monoton\s sam5ess4 ,b ?is poison is aggravat$ 9 ! case ( pr9t+ & typography1 by ! fact t ( all ! arts1 x is1 by its v nature & purpose1 ! mo/ conv5tional4 ,if x is an art at all1 x is an art to s]ve ano!r art4 ,x is good only 9 s f> z x s]ves well & n on any acc\nt good = any o!r reason4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( type & pr9t+ to %[ (f1 & :51 z x n[ s frequ5tly does1 x engages 9 exhibitioni/ic antics ( its own1 x is j a bad s]vant4 ,= ?is reason ! emb>rass+ ineptitude ( ! curr5t ef=ts t[>d a new typography are ev5 m di/ress+ ?an simil> contortions 9 o!r fields4 ,typography1 ,i repeat1 is a s]vant--! s]vant ( ?\ght & language to :i* x gives visible exi/5ce4 ,:5 !re are new ways ( ?9k+ & a new language1 x w be "t en\gh = a new typography4 ,:5 we h alt]$ all ( our mann]s & social cu/oms1 only !n w x be "t to radically alt] ! well gr\nd$ conv5tions ( ?is v m9or art4 ,)9 !m !re is n[ ample room1 z !re always has be51 = ! ex]cise ( +5uity1 skill & individual ta/e4 ,i sugge/ t ^? :o _c abide ! conv5tions ( typography are mo/ly ^? :o h nev] tri$ !m4 ,9 :at does ! newness ( ?is new typography consi/8 ,x seems to be new z ! neu 9 neurosis f :i* x l>gely d]ives4 ,x is new z x w\ld be new = a man to ent] ! d9+ room on 8 h&s in/ead ( 8 feet1 & in/ead ( eat+ 8 s\p1 to p\r x into 8 ho/ess's lap4 ,x is z new & agreeable & pleas+ to look at z delirium trem5s :i* x closely resembles4 ,! new typography engages 9 su* side-splitt+ pranks z putt+ ! m>g9s ( a book page 9 j ! opposite arrangem5t to t :i* practical utility & well f\nd$ tradition h always plac$ !m4 ,x might ) equal reason & orig9ality1 turn ! type page upside d[n4 ,9 adv]tis+ display x makes use ( t highly orig9al & refre%+ device ( pr9t+ :at is to be read at a cockey$ angle4 ,! make-up exp]t indulges t o!r fre% & orig9al dodge ( ble$+ pictures (f ! edge ( ! page s t a flat two dim5sional photograph is view$ )\t a frame on two ( its sides & mu/ compete ) a backgr\nd ( all ! ?ree dim5sional ?+s 9 ! room4 ,i refuse to bore y or myself by enum]at+ all ! tiresome /ock-9-trade ecc5tricities ( ! typographic exp]t 9 se>* ( some?+ new--! epileptic fits he ?r[s to attract att5tion to himself at ! exp5se ( ! words he is pr9t+4 ,y see en\gh ( !m e day to "k :at ,i mean4 ,ne>ly e magaz9e & newspap] page1 n to m5tion a good _m books1 pres5t ! same revolt+ spectacle--! ord] ( ! day1 x seems1 is disord]4 ,& speak+ ( magaz9es1 x has fall5 to my lot f "t to "t 9 ! pa/ ?irty-five ye>s to design & r$esign a numb] ( p]iodicals ( "o k9d & ano!r4 ,su* jobs require really v little actual "w--x's by endless argum5t & conf]5ce t !y c we> y to ! bone4 ,my simple purpose ) ^! ?+s has always be5 to br+ any measure ( ord] ! case w p]mit out ( ! disord] 9 :i* ,i g5]ally f9d x4 ,my mission1 if ,i h any1 is to suppress typography1 n to enc\rage x--to put x 9 its place & make x behave l a dec5tly tra9$ s]vant4 ,i f9d magaz9es roll+ 9 ! gutt] cov]$ ) ! accumulat$ mud ( ye>s ( dissipation4 ,i pick !m up & bru% !m (f1 give !m a cup ( black c(fee & a new suit ( clo!s & />t !m (f on respectable typographic c>e]s4 ,b l o!r mission>ies1 m (t5 ?an n1 ,i f9d !m a ye> or s lat]1 back 9 ! same gutt]1 drunk & disord]ly & remorselessly happy ab\t x4 ,if ! philosophy ( functionalism has hit ! new typography z x has ! o!r appli$ arts1 ,i see no evid5ce ( x4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ?is field1 any?+ goes1 s long z x is ecc5tric1 free f ! re/ra9ts ( reason1 & c successfully disc\rage ! read] f read+4 ,all ! di/ortions ( ! ,roman alphabet t 7 disc>d$ a half c5tury ago--9 fact any types :i* are z ne>ly unreadable z types c be made--h be5 dragg$ out aga9 & call$ mod]n4 ,^! range f ! elaborately ornam5tal lett]s ( ! mo/ deprav$ p]iods ( design to ! />k diagrams ( lett]s t 7 call$ by type-f\nd]s 9 my y\?3 ,pr9t]'s l9+ go?ic--z absurd a misnom] z c\ld be imag9$1 s9ce !y h no?+ :atsoev] to d ) go?ic lett]s or any o!r lett] =ms kn[n to hi/ory4 ,laym5 call$ !m1 m accurately1 block lett]s2 b 9 ! new typography !y are elegantly ref]r$ to z sans s]ifs because1 among o!r features ( ! ,roman alphabet :i* !y lack1 is a total abs5ce ( s]ifs4 ,!y be> ! same relation to ,roman lett]s z w\ld an eng9e]'s draw+s = a trolley track4 ,at ! mom5t !y are v mu* 9 vogue & are widely believ$ to be mod]n & to be a simplification 9 h>mony ) ! new ar*itecture1 furniture & o!r ?+s4 ,!y are suppos$ to repres5t ! _s ( our day l ! noise ( rivett+ hamm]s 9 a mod]n musical composition4 ,!y simplify ! traditional =ms ( type z y might simplify a man by cutt+ 8 h&s & feet (f4 ,y c no m disp5se ) ! ess5tial features ( ! writt5 or pr9t$ ,roman alphabet1 ladies & g5tlem51 ?an y c disp5se ) ! acc5ts & intonations ( human spee*4 ,?is is simplification = simpletons1 & ^! are block lett]s = blockheads4 ,! us]s ( typography & pr9t+1 ! publi%]s & adv]tis]s1 are also confus$ by illusions ( _! own4 ,=emo/ among ^! is ! notion t !y require e week new types to give fre%ness & effectiv5ess to :at !y pr9t & publi%4 ,?is :olly unw>rant$ assumption is und\bt$ly a gods5d to ! type-f\nd]s1 h[ev] disa/r\s x is to ! developm5t ( a sane & ord]$ typography4 ,x has peopl$ ! e>? ) typographic exp]ts :o "k ! late/ ?+ & n mu* else1 & x has reliev$ ! design]s ( pr9t+ f ! burd5 ( kn[+ any?+ ab\t design4 ,x is s mu* easi] to buy new types ?an to le>n h[ to use effectively ! types we already h4 ,& if1 in/ead ( flood+ our compos+ rooms ) new types1 :i* are seldom m ?an v>iations ^u old !mes ( di/ortion1 our type-f\nd]s w\ld give u at lea/ twice z _m sizes z !y n[ make1 ( a few good types1 we %\ld h a really flexible m$ium to "w 94 ,we w\ld h to make few] compromises ) good design1 & !y might pr(it comm]cially1 z typography surely w\ld pr(it arti/ically4 ,& ?is con/ructive sugge/ion rem9ds me t ,i ought p]haps to temp] ?is hurricane ( de/ructive criticism ) "s fur!r helpful h9ts4 ,at ! mom5t ,i c only ?9k ( two t might relieve ! dreadful situation t ,i h pictur$4 ,"o is t we organize a pogrom ( all type design]s--a little h>d on !m p]haps1 b !y w\ld ga9 m>tyrdom to a cause--& ! o!r is t we e/abli% a conc5tration camp 9 :i* to int]n all ^? :o ?9k up or ?9k !y ?9k up new ideas 9 typography = su* "t z x w take !m to recov] f _! delusion4 ,!re !y might :ile away pleasant h\rs 9 ! di/+ui%$ company ( ! inv5tors ( pap]-t[els1 pa/ebo>d milk bottles & be] 9 cans4 ,) my y\ng] colleagues /ill 9 m9d1 ,i ought to say some?+ ( ! practical problems t we enc\nt] 9 pr(ess+ & practic+ "o or o!r ( ! graphic arts4 ,we are1 or %\ld be1 if we are really arti/s1 m conc]n$ ) :at we give to our art ?an ) :at we get out ( x4 ,b we h to live--or ?9k we d--& to d t by ! practice ( art is c]ta9ly no easi] n[ ?an x ev] 04 ,if any?+1 x's a little h>d]4 ,beyond t inn] satisfaction ) :at we c give--& !re is only a little ( t & at r>e int]vals--! only two ?+s to be got out ( art are money & fame2 & ,i d>esay !re are few ( u :o w\ld n welcome a little ( bo?4 ,b we mu/ compete today ) a great _m ( ^? :o "w = no?+ else2 & :o1 "u ! bann] ( "o or ano!r ( ^! isms ( :i* ,i've be5 prat+1 c conc5trate ^u t unique objective unhamp]$ by any s]i\s int]e/ 9 art itself4 ,!y are devotees ( success1 l _! comm]cial bre?r51 & by means ( ! same promotional p>aph]nalia !y succe$ s well t "o is tempt$ at times to believe t ! only liv+ art is ! art ( self promotion4 ,ano!r curi\s developm5t ( ^! times is ! classification ( arti/s accord+ to political ideology4 ,we he> n[ ( left w+ arti/s4 ,z ne>ly z ,i c discov]1 ^! are to be recogniz$ by _! contempt = any sort ( craftsman%ip & a peculi> inability to keep _! draw+s clean4 ,!y make p5ury--! unhappy lot ( ne>ly all arti/s--a pi\s virtue1 & !y are n infrequ5tly big ) pret5sion to be+ ! only s]i\s int]pret]s ( life & tru?4 ,^! are balanc$ on ! o!r end ( ! political see-saw by a s*ool ( economic royali/s :o h made ( art a comm]cial opportunity4 ,z ,indu/rial ,design]s ) l>ge /affs & control bo>ds & troops ( indefatigable press ag5ts1 !y h weld$ art & comm]ce s successfully t x is ne>ly impossible to tell !m ap>t4 ,some:]e betwe5 ! two is ! arti/2 & he is z (t5 z n a =gott5 man4 ,n q poor en\gh to be picturesque or he>tr5d+1 j well en\gh (f to keep 8 coll> & 8 draw+s clean1 he mu/ nev]!less sp5d an exorbitant "p ( 8 life & en]gies 9 worry+ ab\t bills4 ,& n[ to /op ! clamor ( ! but*]1 ! bak] et al41 to :om mu/ we sell our graphic arts8 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ,i suppose1 x w be to publi%]s1 indu/riali/s & adv]tis+ ag5ts4 ,! publi%] is a pretty dec5t sort1 on ! :ole1 b if he is a book publi%]1 he c g5]ally be recogniz$ z su* by ! fact ( hav+ v little money to sp5d on art4 ,9 my own exp]i5ce1 ! mo/ g5]\s & appreciative cu/om] = our w>es has be5 ! indu/riali/4 ,:at y d = him c (t5 increase 8 pr(it v mat]ially1 & he is n sl[ to recognize t fact4 ,! adv]tis+ ag5t1 speak+ v g5]ally & ) ! p>ticul> exception ( "o v de> fri5d 9 m9d1 deals l>gely 9 :at might be call$ sci5tifically organiz$ fraud4 ,i am aw>e t to say ?is n[ is to risk be+ call$ a communi/ transmission belt--:atev] t may be4 ,x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t by ^! animadv]sions ^u adv]tis+1 ,i am bit+ ! h& t f$ me2 b ,i sugge/ t ,i am bit+ ! h& t ,i h f$ until ,i am f$ up on fe$+ x4 ,x may be t y w f9d1 z ,i sometimes h1 9 ! ranks ( ^! %ock troops ( deception1 sympa!tic & amiable cli5ts = y\r "w :o c deal diff]5tly ) arti/s ?an !y deal ) ! public--b n v (t54 ,ea* ( !m employs :at is call$ an ,art ,director ^: importance is d]iv$1 n s mu* f art z f ! f9ancial size & numb] ( adv]tis+ acc\nts t[>d :i* he directs x4 ,x is 8 duty to furni% y ) :at he calls ideas1 ^u ! !ory t an arti/ is n m5tally up to hav+ any ( 8 own4 ,t5 to "o he w end by alt]+ y\r draw+ to give x ! wallop ?\ght to be ess5tial to all adv]tis+4 ,a public1 already groggy & half bl9d f ! incessant batt]+ ( adv]tisem5ts ) a pun*1 w h>dly notice ! diff]5ce4 ,to ?9k at all1 says ! ,spani% philosoph]1 ,ortega y ,gasset1 is to exagg]ate4 ,a c>eful measurem5t ( anatomical detail 9 ! draw+s & sculptures ( ,mi*elangelo w reveal />tl+ exagg]ations ( fact1 b ^! enl>gem5ts ^u fact are b 8 m$ium = tru?ful expression4 ,he gives u ! figure ( a man or woman m ess5tially true ?an c\ld be made by any anatomi/ ) micromet] calip]s4 ,s1 ,i humbly pray1 ladies & g5tlem51 t y w apply no in/rum5ts ( precision to my words--!y are ! be/ ,i c\ld f9d 9 ?is em]g5cy = say+ :at ,i believe to be true4 ,if y ?9k me guilty ( exagg]ation1 ! =ego+ rem>ks are my only def5se4 ,b if y accuse me ( be+ faceti\s1 ,i w tell y t ,i h nev] be5 m s]i\s 9 my life4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,bodoni ,,book ,,types ,illu/ration,,osc> ,,ogg,illu/ration ,a ,comp>ison ( ,calligraphy ,lett]+ ,copyright #aidg by ! ,am]ican ,arti/4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%] & au?or4 ,sup]ior writ+ & able lett]+ h nev] made inconsequ5tial lit]ature valuable1 nor h poorly conceiv$1 incompet5t calligraphy & lett]+ ev] invalidat$ good lit]ature4 ,lett]s :i* are well consid]$1 exp]tly execut$1 consci5ti\sly fitt$ to _! purpose1 h[ev]1 c create visually a spiritual /ate 9 a read] :i* w influ5ce him to be receptive to ! message he reads4 ,x may ev5 be possible t beautiful writ+1 aside f ! int5se pleasure x gives u z graphic art1 helps to make un9spir$ au?ors seem m pr(\nd4 ,p]haps x is ?is realization t has made graphic arti/s 9 rec5t ye>s exhibit a notable increase 9 int]e/ 9 ,am]ican calligraphy4 ,! quotes are int5tional4 ,s mu* :i* is n calligraphy has _h ! t]m appli$ to x & s mu* :i* is calligraphy has be5 consid]$ some?+ else1 t "s sort ( evaluation & comp>ative def9ition n[ appe>s to be wise4 ,! aura ( romance :i* has surr\nd$ ! tools1 ! me?ods1 & ! products ( ! scribe has t5d$1 we believe1 to place !m 9 ! eyes ( practic+ lett] arti/s some:at high] 9 ! scale ( ! arts ?an ^? ( ! lett]]4 ,h5ce ! lett]+ man likes to call himself a calligraph]4 ,?is same snobbi%ness is (t5 evid5t betwe5 easel pa9t]s & illu/rators1 betwe5 book illu/rators & magaz9e illu/rators1 betwe5 book design]s & adv]tis+ typograph]s4 ,& all ( x is false4 ,by simple def9ition lett]+ & writ+ are relat$ b c]ta9ly n competitive arts4 ,calligraphy is beautiful writ+4 ,lett]+1 9 mod]n usage1 ref]s to built-up1 design$ =ms4 ,/anley ,morison1 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 says3 ,calligraphy is ! art ( f9e writ+4 ,writ+ is a means ( communication by agre$ signs2 if ^! signs or symbols are pa9t$ or engrav$ on /one or wood or pap] we h t ext5sion & application ( writ+ kn[n z lett]+1 i4e4 a script g5]ally =m$ ) me*anical aids su* z ! rule1 compass1 & squ>e4 ,b x is ! ess5ce ( h&-writ+ t x be free f su*1 ?\gh n f all1 gov]nm5t4444 ,calligraphy may be def9$ z freeh& 9 :i* fre$om is s nicely reconcil$ ) ord] t ! und]/&+ eye is pleas$ to contemplate x4 ,illu/ration3 ,! same nib 0 us$ = built-up & writt5 =ms 9 ?is freely r5d]$ fragm5t ( a n9?-c5tury manuscript4 ,built-up & writt5 =ms ea* h _! place4 ,"o ( ! t5ets ( f9e lett] art is t ! =ms be 9 p]fect ta/e2 t is1 t ! lett] & its me?od ( production be 9 h>mony ) its use4 ,a delicately drawn cursive is z out ( place on a subway c>d adv]tis+ a c\gh rem$y z is a po/] egypti5ne on ! title page ( a small volume ( romantic poetry4 ,to assume1 h[ev]1 t ei!r ! writt5 or ! drawn =m is ! m ari/ocratic is uns\nd4 ,to attempt a repres5tation ( ei!r by ! o!r is likewise illogical4 ,writt5 lett]s1 bas$ on traditional manuscript usage1 are m s]i\s 9 concept ?an _! less re/ra9$ contempor>y built-up *>act]s & d n p]mit ( ! same unconc]n ) anatomical discrim9ation4 ,bo?1 prop]ly execut$1 c be sup]b examples ( lett] art--& bo? c be t]rible4 ,illu/ration3 ,a simple ,roman1 execut$ entirely ) a broad nib4 ,*>act]i/ic /rokes employ$ 9 writ+ ! above4 ,illu/ration3 ,a simil> lett] design$ & built up us+ a bru%4 ,*>act]i/ic outl9es to be fill$ 9 = above4 ,! gr[+ practice ( call+ all script-l lett]s calligraphy is unju/ to writ+ & lett]+ alike4 ,p>ticul>ly ! practice ( produc+ ) a po9t$ p5 or bru% ! built-up1 trick$-out imp]sonations ( broad nib writ+ mu/ be ab&on$ if ! art ( mak+ lett]s is to rema9 honorable4 ,hav+ def9$1 !n1 ! g5]al limitation ( ! t]ms1 let u look at "s ( ! pr9cipal diff]5ces 9 "* betwe5 ! two4 ,hi/orically1 we f9d !m side by side4 ,s9ce !y 7 bo? produc$ by scribes & illum9ators work+ 9 l tradition1 !re 0 no "q ( fitness "o ) ! o!r4 ,bo? /emm$ f ! same s\rce & 7 produc$ ) ! same type ( tool4 ,!y 7 necess>ily 9 h>mony4 ,contempor>ily1 h[ev]1 mu* lett]+ is execut$ by craftsm5 :o nei!r "k or c>e ab\t ! hi/orical backgr\nd ( ! alphabet4 ,! responsibility = ?is lies1 we believe1 z mu* ) ! pur*as] z ) ! produc] ( lett]s4 ,! art director1 work+ 9 a vici\sly competitive field1 dem&s ( ! lett]] some?+ diff]5t4 ,! result is usually a built-up =m :i* has little 9 common ) its ance/ors1 ei!r 9 %ape or me?od ( production4 ,b1 if x is h&some 9 itself1 x may h a real aff9ity = a text ( type4 ,a writt5 elem5t may also s]ve beautifully z a foil = ! rigidity ( a type page4 ,illu/ration3 ,^! two treatm5ts ( a title are by no means ! only likely ones by ei!r me?od4 ,! l[] =m 0 actually us$4 ,! lett] 0 design$ 9 ! _s ( ! type :i* 0 us$ 9 conjunction ) x4 ,p]haps if a writt5 title _h be5 *os51 "o bas$ on an ,italian r ?an an ,engli% h& w\ld h be5 m suitable4 ,! great diff]5ce 9 ^! two treatm5ts is t ! writt5 s]ves z a contra/1 :ile ! built-up h>monizes ) ! type on ! page4 ,to e/abli% fur!r ! v>iance betwe5 calligraphy & lett]+1 a brief inspection ( ! me?ods ( production may be advantage\s4 ,! design$ =m is conceiv$ z a draw+--x is a device :i* may be f9i%$ up ) any in/rum5t at h&4 ,! only limitation :i* ! design] mu/ n exce$ is ! recognizability ( ! p>ticul> lett]4 ,! writt5 =m dep5ds ^u tradition = lett] %ape & ^u tool = lett] "*4 ,di/ortion is possible & poor =m n unusual1 b s9ce ! p5 is ess5tially ! lett]-mak+ tool1 ! natural action ( a prop]ly cut p5 elim9ates at lea/ "s ( ! opportunities = improbable =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,^! two lett]s1 enl>g$ f ! two r5d]+s ( ,w>time ,correspond5ce1 illu/rate ! control :i* is ex]t$ by ! cut & size & h&l+ ( a squ>e nib ^u ! calligraphic =m z oppos$ to ! fre$om f con/ra9t 9 ! built-up treatm5t4 ,! tool decid$ ! %ape ( ! fir/4 ,a c>eful patt]n+ ( curves & weights to con=m to ! type ( ! book page 7,poliphilus7 det]m9$ ! second4 ,a ,so5neck5 /eel p5 0 us$ = ! writt51 & a po9t$ bru% = ! built-up4 ,! calligraphic & ! built-up approa* to ! execution ( a book title may indicate h[ ea* may be employ$ frankly & hone/ly )\t rec\rse to cam\flage to procure p>ticul> effects4 ,! size1 g5]al weight1 & disposition ( ! lett]s are indicat$ 9 ! r\gh lay\t4 ,! arti/ :o executes ! built-up r5d]+ w keep ! weight ( lett]s ev5 by con/ant *eck+ ( "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! calligraph] w cut a re$ or p5 to ?is weight & ?us ma9ta9 ev5 color4 ,x w be not$ t ! design$ =m is completely & f9ally e/abli%$ 9 ! p5cil$ =m4 ,! lay+-out = ! writt5 =m is less accurate & is ! product ( a d\ble po9t$ tool1 set to ! wid? ( ! nib to be us$4 ,9 any b a v tight design su* z ?is1 ! p5-execut$ lett] requires r less prelim9>y p5cil+ ?an is "h indicat$4 ,a l9e = ! bottom ( ! lett]s is usually suffici5t4 ,x has be5 impossible to cr[d all "o %\ld l to write on ?is subject into ^! few words4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is fir/ voic+ ( a ne$ = a sane concept ( ! relations betwe5 lett]+ & calligraphy has ev5 ! smalle/ influ5ce1 ! au?or w be> ) pleasure ! rightful criticism ( incomplet5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,! wid? ( ! nib is t ( ! wide/ "p ( ! d[n-/roke4 ,/rokes #e & #f fill ! op5+s ?us left4 ,illu/ration3 ,lay\t & demon/ration ( ! writt5 =m 7calligraphic74 ,illu/ration3 ,! c5t] l9e is drawn by compass4 ,wid? ( ! swell is arriv$ at by mov+ ! po9t #a_/b ?is wid? to "r & left4 ,illu/ration3 ,lay\t & demon/ration ( ! design$ =m 7lett]$74 ,illu/ration,,ald\s ,,huxley,illu/ration ,typography = ! ,tw5tie?-,c5tury ,read] ,! introduction f ,pr9t+ ( ,today1 an illu/rat$ survey ( po/-w> typography 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,oliv] ,simon & ,julius ,rod5b]g4 ,copyright #aibh by ,pet] ,davies1 ,ltd41 ,london1 & ,h>p] & ,bro!rs4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! publi%]4 ,9 our en?usiasm = ! _s we are (t5 unju/ to ! lett]4 ,inw>d & outw>d1 sub/ance & =m are n easily sep>at$4 ,9 _m circum/ances ( life & = ! va/ majority ( human be+s !y con/itute an indissoluble unity4 ,sub/ance conditions =m2 b =m no less fatally conditions sub/ance4 ,inde$1 ! outw>d may actually create ! inw>d1 z :5 ! practice ( religi\s rites creates religi\s fai?1 or ! commemoration ( ! dead revives1 or ev5 calls into exi/5ce1 ! emotions to :i* ! c]emonial gives symbolical expression4 ,!re are o!r cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* _s seems n to be s closely dep5d5t on lett]1 9 :i* ! quality ( ! =m does n directly affect ! quality ( ! sub/ance4 ,! sonnets ( ,%akespe>e rema9 ! sonnets ( ,%akespe>e ev5 9 ! mo/ abom9able edition4 ,nor c ! f9e/ pr9t+ improve _! quality4 ,! poetical sub/ance exi/s indep5d5tly ( ! visible =m 9 :i* x is pres5t$ to ! _w4 ,b ?\gh1 9 ?is case1 ! lett] is p[]less to make or m> ! _s :i* x symbolizes1 x is n = t reason to be despis$ z m]e lett]1 m]e =m1 m]e negligible outside4 ,e outside has a correspond+ inw>dness4 ,! inw>dness ( lett]s does n happ5 to be lit]ature2 b t is n to say t !y h no inw>dness at all4 ,good pr9t+ _c make a bad book good1 nor bad pr9t+ ru9 a good book4 ,b good pr9t+ c create a valuable spiritual /ate 9 ! read]1 bad pr9t+ a c]ta9 spiritual discom=t4 ,! inw>dness ( lett]s is ! inw>dness ( any piece ( visual art reg>d$ simply z a ?+ ( beauty4 ,a volume ( ! ,p5ny ,classics may give u ! sonnets ( ,%akespe>e 9 _! entirety2 & = t we may be duly grateful4 ,b x _c at ! same "t give u a "w ( visual art4 ,9 a f9ely pr9t$ edition we h ,%akespe>e's sonnets plus ! lovely equival5t (1 say a ,p]sian rug or a piece ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,! pleasure we %\ld d]ive f b[l or c>pet is add$ to t :i* ! poetry gives u4 ,at ! same "t our m9ds are s5sitiz$ by ! contemplation ( ! simple visual beauty ( ! lett]s3 !y are made m susceptible ( receiv+ ! o!r & m complex beauties1 all ! intellectual & spiritual cont5t1 ( ! v]se4 ,= our s5sations1 our feel+s & ideas d n exi/ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 b =m1 z x 71 ! con/itu5t notes ( :at is ei!r a discord or a h>mony4 ,! /ate ( m9d produc$ by ! sight ( beautiful lett]s is 9 h>mony ) t creat$ by ! read+ ( good lit]ature4 ,_! beauty c ev5 comp5sate u1 9 "s degree1 = :at we suff] f bad lit]ature4 ,!y c give u int5se pleasure1 z ,i discov]$ 9 ,*9a1 ev5 :5 we d n und]/& :at !y signify4 ,= :at a/\nd+ elegances & subtleties ( =m />e out 9 gold or lampblack f ! %op-fronts & ! hang+ sc>let signs ( a ,*9ese /reet6 ,:at does x matt] if ! lit]>y _s express$ by ^! /range symbols is only ,fri$ ,fi% & ,*ips1 or ,a ,five ,gu9ea ,suit = ,?irty ,%ill+s8 ,! lett]s h a value ( _! own ap>t f :at !y signify1 a private inw>dness ( graphic beauty4 ,! ,*9ese !mselves1 = :om ! ,fi%-&-,*ips significance is no secret1 are ! mo/ ard5t admir]s ( ?is graphic beauty4 ,f9e writ+ is valu$ by !m z highly z f9e pa9t+4 ,! writ] is an arti/ z mu* respect$ z ! sculptor or ! pott]4 ,writ+ is dead 9 ,europe2 & ev5 :5 x fl\ri%$1 x 0 nev] su* a f9ely subtle art z among ! ,*9ese4 ,our alphabet has only six & tw5ty lett]s1 & :5 we write1 ! same =ms mu/ con/antly be repeat$4 ,! result is1 inevitably1 a c]ta9 monoton\sness 9 ! aspect ( ! page--a monoton\sness enhanc$ by ! fact t ! =ms !mselves are1 fundam5tally1 extremely simple4 ,9 ,*9ese writ+1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ideographs are numb]$ by ?\s&s & h none ( ! rigid1 geometrical simplicity t *>act]izes ,european lett]s4 ,! ri* fl[+ bru%work is built up into elaborate =ms1 ea* =m ! symbol ( a ^w1 di/9ct & diff]5t4 ,*9ese writ+ is almo/ ! arti/ic image ( ?\ght itself1 free1 v>i\s1 unmonoton\s4 ,ev5 9 ! age ( h&-writ+1 ! ,european c\ld nev] hope to create1 by means ( 8 few & simple signs1 an art ( calligraphy comp>able to ! ,*9ese4 ,pr9t+ has r5d]$ ! ,*9ese beauty yet m unrealizable4 ,:]e ! ,*9ese freely pa9t$ we mu/ be cont5t ) reproduc+ geometrical patt]ns4 ,patt]n mak+ is a poor]1 less subtle art ?an pa9t+4 ,b x is /ill an art4 ,by "s "o :o und]/&s 8 bus9ess ! pr9t$ page c be compos$ into patt]ns almo/ z satisfy+ly beautiful z ^? ( ! c>pet or ! brocade4 ,! problem :i* confronts ! contempor>y pr9t] may be briefly /at$ z foll[s3 to produce beautiful & mod]n pr9t-patt]ns by means ( lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y4 ,!re h be5 num]\s attempts 9 rec5t ye>s to improve ! quality ( pr9t+4 ,b ( ^! attempts too _m h be5 made 9 ! wrong _s4 ,in/ead ( try+ to exploit mod]n ma*9]y1 _m arti/ic pr9t]s h reject$ x altoge!r & rev]t$ to ! primitive me?ods ( an e>li] age4 ,in/ead ( try+ to create new =ms ( type & decoration1 !y h imitat$ ! /yles ( ! pa/4 ,?is prejudice 9 fav\r ( h&-"w & anci5t decorative =ms 0 ! result ( an inevitable reaction aga9/ ! s\lless ugl9ess ( n9ete5?-c5tury indu/rialism4 ,ma*9es 7 produc+ bea/l9ess4 ,x 0 only natural t s5sitive m5 %\ld h wi%$ to ab&on ! use ( ma*9es & to return to ! arti/ic conv5tions 9 vogue be=e ! developm5t ( ma*9]y4 ,x has become obvi\s t ! ma*9e is "h to /ay4 ,:ole armies ( ,william ,morrises & ,tol/oys c\ld n n[ expel x4 ,ev5 9 primitive ,india x has prov$ itself too /rong = ^? :o w\ld1 ) ,g&hi1 resi/ its encroa*m5ts4 ,! s5sible ?+ to d is n to revolt aga9/ ! inevitable1 b to use & modify x1 to make x s]ve y\r purposes4 ,ma*9es exi/2 let u !n exploit !m to create beauty--a mod]n beauty1 :ile we are ab\t x4 ,= we live 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury2 let u frankly admit x & n pret5d t we live 9 ! fifte5?4 ,! "w ( ! backw>d-look+ h&-pr9t]s may be excell5t 9 its way2 b its way is n ! contempor>y way4 ,_! books are (t5 beautiful1 b ) a borr[$ beauty expressive ( no?+ 9 ! _w 9 :i* we happ5 to live4 ,!y are also1 z x happ5s1 s exp5sive1 t only ! v ri* c af=d to buy !m4 ,! pr9t] :o makes a feti% ( h&-"w & m$ieval craftsman%ip1 :o refuses to tol]ate ! ma*9e or to make any ef=t to improve ! quality ( its output1 !reby condemns ! ord9>y read] to a p]petuity ( ugly pr9t+4 ,z an ord9>y read]1 :o _c af=d to buy h&made books1 ,i object to ! ar*aiz+ pr9t]4 ,x is only f ! man ) ! ma*9e t ,i c hope = any amelioration ( my lot z a read]4 ,to 8 cr$it be x spok51 ! man ) ! ma*9e has done 8 duty4 ,he has set himself to improve ! sordid typographical surr\nd+s 9 :i* ! impecuni\s read] 0 s long condemn$ to pass 8 life4 ,he has %[n t *eap books ne$ n necess>ily be ugly1 & t ma*9]y direct$ by a judici\s m9d c d z well z1 or mu* bett] ?an1 ! h& ( an un9spir$ craftsman4 ,!re are publi%]s 9 bus9ess today ^: sev5-&-sixp5nies1 reg>d$ z typography1 are wor? a gu9ea apiece4 7,:at !y are wor? z lit]ature is ano!r "q47 ,!re are a doz5 ,presses produc+ f9e "w at mod]ate prices4 ,! m5 beh9d ! ma*9es h us$ _! bra9s4 ,"s ( our excell5t ma*9e-pr9t]s are /ill1 x is true1 too fond ( us+ decorations borr[$ f ! pa/1 & types t sav\r ( ano!r age ?an ours4 ,s long z our s5se ( p]iod rema9s z /rong z x is1 s long z we reta9 our love ( ! qua9t & its m mod]n equival5t1 ! amus+1 ?is t5d5cy to sub/itute pa/i*e = orig9al creation is b\nd to p]si/4 ,!re is an incessant dem& = ! antique3 we %\ld n be too h>d on ! pr9t]s :o supply x4 ,if !y are s9n+1 !y are at lea/ s9n+ 9 company4 ,let ! ar*itects & pa9t]s1 ! int]ior decorators1 & ! !atrical produc]s ?r[ ! fir/ /one4 ,!re are pa/i*]s among ! pr9t]s1 j z !re are pa/i*]s among ! pr(essors ( e art4 ,b !re are also m orig9al m51 :o are prep>$ to enc\rage mod]n decorators & to use types t are elegant & /rik+ )\t be+ affect$ly ar*aic4 ,) ?is la/ phrase ,i may seem to be damn+ ! mod]ns ) ! fa9te/ ( praise4 ,b ! tru? is t ,typography is an art 9 :i* viol5t revolutions c sc>cely1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 hope to be successful4 ,a type ( revolution>y novelty may be extremely beautiful 9 itself2 b1 = ! creatures ( habit t we are1 its v novelty t5ds to make x illegible1 at any rate to beg9 )4 ,i "k a r ecc5tric ,g]man typographical re=m]1 = :om legibility is ! greate/ enemy1 ! infam\s ?+ t mu/ at all co/s be cru%$4 ,we read1 he argues1 too easily4 ,our eyes slide ov] ! words1 & ! words1 9 consequ5ce1 mean no?+ to u4 ,an illegible type makes u take tr\ble4 ,x compels u to dwell on ea* sep>ate ^w3 we h "t1 :ile we are deciph]+ x1 to suck out its :ole significance4 ,putt+ 8 !ory into practice1 ?is re=m] _h design$ a set ( lett]s s /rangely unlike ^? ) :i* ! typographical practice ( g5]ations has made u famili>1 t ,i _h to pore ov] a simple ,engli% s5t5ce z ?\gh x 7 ,russian or ,arabic4 ,my fri5d 0 p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ t we read too mu* & too easily4 ,b 8 rem$y1 x seems to me1 0 ! wrong "o4 ,x is ! au?or's bus9ess to make read+ less facile1 n ! pr9t]'s4 ,if ! au?or conc5trat$ m matt] into ! same numb] ( s5t5ces1 8 read]s w\ld h to read m c>efully ?an !y d at pres5t4 ,an illegible type _c p]man5tly a*ieve ! same result1 = ! simple reason t x does n p]man5tly rema9 illegible4 ,if we are prep>$ to make ! ef=t to read until ! novel =ms h become famili>1 ! illegible type w come to be p]fectly legible4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 we are reluctant to make ?is ef=t4 ,we dem& t typographical beauty %all be comb9$ ) imm$iate legibility4 ,n[1 9 ord] t x may be imm$iately legible1 a type mu/ be simil> to ! types ) :i* we are famili>4 ,h5ce1 ! practical pr9t]1 :o has to live by sell+ 8 w>es to a l>ge public1 is deb>r$ f mak+ revolution>y innovations 9 ! designs ( 8 type4 ,he mu/ cont5t himself ) ref9+ on ! ord9>y1 accept$ types ( comm]ce4 ,if he has great typographical re=ms 9 view1 he mu/ proce$ t[>ds !m by degrees1 modify+ ! curr5tly accept$ designs gradually1 s z n to repel ! ord9>y lazy read]1 :o is fright5$ by ! idea ( mak+ any unnecess>y ef=t4 ,9 o!r arts1 :]e =m & sub/ance are directly associat$1 revolution is possible1 may ev5 be necess>y4 ,b ! outw>d =m ( lit]ature is n typography4 ,! association1 9 a book1 ( lit]ature ) "o ( ! graphic arts is 9 ! nature ( an accid5t4 ,! pr9t] :o w\ld at "o /roke revolutionize 8 art fright5s away read]s1 = :om ! idea ( revolution 9 lit]ature1 or 9 any "o ( ! graphic arts t is indep5d5t ( lit]ature1 has no t]rors4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,p buy books = ! sake ( ! lit]ature conta9$ 9 !m & n1 prim>ily1 z specim5s ( graphic art4 ,!y dem& ( ! typography t x %all be beautiful1 yes2 b also t x %all give !m imm$iate & unhamp]$ access to ! lit]ature ) :i* x is associat$4 ,pr9t]s may desire to be revolution>y2 b unless !y c af=d to sell no books1 !y are compell$ by ! =ce ( circum/ances to adopt a cauti\s policy ( gradual re=m4 ,! ,communi/ mu/ ei!r turn ,lib]al or retire f bus9ess4 ,,m]le ,,armitage ,,notes ,,on ,,mod]n ,,pr9t+ ,f ,notes on ,mod]n ,pr9t+ by ,m]le ,armitage4 ,copyright #aide by ,william ,e4 ,rudge's ,sons4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( au?or & publi%]4 ,,h[ ,,does ,,"o ,,design ,a ,,book8 ,i ,,conclude ,,z ,i ,,began ,,) ,a ,,few ,,g5]al ,,ideas ,,& ,,sugge/ions3 #a4 ,all[ ! subject ( a book to det]m9e its design & =mat4 #b4 ,design a book = ef=tless read+1 utiliz+ ! =mat to enhance or int]pret ! text4 #c4 ,use ! prime mat]ials--type1 pap] & space--to a*ieve y\r results4 ,mean+less decorations disclose ! design]'s pov]ty ( inv5tion4 #d4 ,simplicity is ! be/ policy4 #e4 ,make no attempt to design e page 444 let type & space h _! natural rhy?m4 #f4 ,und]/& ! text 444 "k y\r prim>y aims 444 let =m foll[ function4 #g4 ,type ornam5ts h _! place 444 b an ornam5t design$ = g5]al use has no p>ticul> significance4 #h4 ,a brilliantly design$ book c't save a dull or m$iocre text4 #i4 ,a page ( type c be a ?+ ( unique1 arre/+ beauty4 #aj4 ,m]e type legibility is to a book z m]e %elt] is to ar*itecture4 #aa4 ,book design %\ld be a synonym = ! arrangem5t & integration ( mat]ials--pap]1 b9d+1 illu/ration1 type & space4 ,my fri5ds ( ! musical _w believe t music is ! mo/ important ?+ 9 life4 ,pa9t]s are absolutely c]ta9 t ! re=mation w come only ?r\gh an und]/&+ ( art4 ,acqua9tances among ! eng9e]s are sure t by te*nological developm5t alone c emancipation come to man1 :ile sci5ti/s rightfully take ! cr$it = progress 9 ! contempor>y _w4 ,fri5ds 9 indu/ry insi/ t mass production is ! great panacea4 ,! photograph]s c prove t photography makes ! pictorial pa9t]s unnecess>y1 & ! writ]s ,i h enc\nt]$ are conv9c$ t ! writt5 ^w is ! "o r\te to _w unity4 ,h[ev]1 ! pa9t] 444 ! musician 444 ! eng9e] 444 ! photograph] 444 ! indu/riali/ 444 ! sci5ti/ 444 & ! writ] h a r5dezv\s ) ! book4 ,"h1 ! k1 ! romance1 ! fiction1 ! facts1 ! speculations1 ! op9ions1 & ! accompli%m5ts ( ! _w are made p]man5tly articulate4 ,?is is our day1 our "t1 our environm5t4 ,we c make a /atem5t1 ?r\gh ! employm5t ( design1 t is valid & true 444 n divorc$ f tradition1 b us+ ! great works ( ! pa/ z a spr+bo>d t[>d new horizons6 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,gill ,,sans ,,types ,b5jam9 ,frankl93 ,,pr9t] & ,,publi%] ,,john ,t4 ,,w9t]i* ,f ,e>ly ,am]ican ,books & ,pr9t+ by ,john ,t4 ,w9t]i*4 ,copyright #aice by ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ,curtis ,br[n1 ,ltd41 ag5t4 ,josiah ,frankl9 0 re>$ a dy] 9 ! village ( ,ecton 9 ,nor?ampton%ire1 b soon aft] 8 arrival 9 ,am]ica1 ab\t #afhb1 he =esaw a great] future 9 ! trade ( tall[-*&l] & soap-boil]4 ,x 0 a call+ :i* seems humble en\gh 9 a day t has evolv$ su* m\?-fill+ occupational designations z sales eng9e]1 m]*&is+ c\nsel1 & mortician4 ,josiah ,frankl91 _h ! locution be5 available 9 8 era1 might h ass]t$ ) all accuracy t he 0 an important factor 9 public utilities--ev5 our own cat*-phrase epo* has n be5 q equal to ! co9age ( ! label public utilit>ian4 ,= :5 ! ,bo/on t[n wat* want$ fre% c&les !y b\ght !m f ,josiah ,frankl9--f o!r tall[-*&l]s too1 p]haps1 b at lea/ "s1 by docum5t>y evid5ce1 f ,josiah ,frankl94 ,! close relation%ip betwe5 progress 9 ! sci5ce ( artificial illum9ation & progress 9 ! dissem9ation ( ! pr9t$ ^w c\ld be *>t$ ) almo/ ma!matical accuracy4444 ,mo/ ( ! books ( colonial days 7 design$ = ! use ( ^? ^: pr(essions exact$ "s consid]able am\nt ( requir$ read+--m9i/]s1 physicians1 lawy]s1 public (ficials1 s*oolm54 ,! man :o toil$ ) 8 h&s 7& h&s are em95tly useful 9 ! build+-up ( a new c\ntry7 labor$ :ile ! light ( heav5 w\ld let him & !n return$ to a home :]e9 ! conv5i5ces 7 h>dly su* z to make read+ a pleasure4 ,l9coln /udi$ by ! gl>e ( blaz+ p9e-knots1 b ! middle-class ,bo/onian & ,new ,york] & ,philadelphian ( ! g5]ations imm$iately prec$+ ,l9coln 7to say no?+ ( _! c\ntry c\s9s7 _h to dep5d on illum9ants t (f]$ no great] inducem5ts to ei!r ! solace or ! b5efits ( type4 ,josiah ,frankl9's wife & _! ?ree *ildr5 accompani$ him to ,am]ica4 ,be=e h] dea? %e bore him ?ree m *ildr54 ,josiah rem>ri$1 & ( ! second union t5 *ildr5 7 born4 ,( ?is multitud9\s (fspr+ ?irte5 grew to maturity--a rem>kable proportion = ! "t & region4 ,! eigh? *ild & la/ son ( ! second m>riage1 *ri/5$ ,b5jam9 aft] a pat]nal uncle1 0 at fir/ int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 b ,josiah c\ld n af=d to give him ! education :i* ?is mo/ le>n$ ( ! pr(essions dem&$1 & at ! age ( t51 aft] receiv+ z ?or\gh an intellectual re>+ z c\ld be expect$ 9 s %ort a space1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 quit s*ool to assi/ 8 fa!r 9 ! fabrication ( c&les & soap4 ,an eld] bro!r1 ,john1 _h already become pr(ici5t 9 ! tw9 arts ( illum9ation & sanitation & _h gone to ! bu/l+ colony ( ,rhode ,isl& to practice !m4 ,ano!r bro!r 7& ano!r ,josiah7 _h also inve/igat$ !m1 f\nd !m n to 8 lik+1 & run away to sea4 ,b5jam91 also1 made x cle> t ! p>5tal pursuits 7 n to ta/e1 & a wise fa!r1 fe>+ ano!r abrupt dep>ture1 took ,b5jam9 walk+ ab\t ,bo/on1 t he might see jo9]s1 bricklay]s1 turn]s1 brazi]s1 etc41 at _! "w & !reby1 boywise1 make kn[n to 8 eld] :i* way 8 incl9ations lay4 ,a pat5t lean+ t[>d books at l5g? p]suad$ ! fa!r to make him a pr9t]1 despite ! fact t ano!r bro!r1 ,james1 ,b5jam9's eld] by n9e ye>s 444 _h adopt$ ! craft4 ,b5jam9 conc$$ a pref]5ce to ! claims ( pr9t+ ov] ^? ( tall[-*&l]y1 b he /ill sniff$1 ) ! true l&sman's appetite1 ! tang ( ! salt breeze t blew 9 f ! ea/4 ,josiah1 h[ev]1 0 insi/5t1 & ! p>5tal insi/5ce ( #agah 0 no toy scept] to sw+ above ! head ( a sub-adolesc5t boy4 ,accord+ly1 ,b5jam9 0 duly ind5tur$ to ,james to s]ve z an appr5tice till ,i 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 only ,i 0 to be all[$ j\rneyman's wages dur+ ! la/ ye>4 ,be=e long1 ,b5jam9 0 writ+ odds & ends ( v]se1 & ,james1 ) ! inbr$ ,frankl9 sagacity1 enc\rag$ him 9 8 endeavors & let him put "s ( 8 compositions 9 type4 ,"o 7decl>$ ,b5jam97 0 call$ ,! ,ligh?\se ,trag$y1 & conta9$ an acc\nt ( ! dr[n+ ( ,capta9 ,wor?ilake1 ) 8 two daught]s3 ! o!r 0 a sailor's song1 on ! tak+ ( ,tea* 7or ,blackbe>d7 ! pirate4 ,!y 7 wret*$ /uff1 9 ! ,grub-/reet-ballad /yle2 & :5 !y 7 pr9t$ he s5t me ab\t ! t[n to sell !m4 ,! fir/ sold wond]fully1 ! ev5t be+ rec5t1 hav+ made a great noise4 ,?is flatt]$ my vanity2 b my fa!r disc\rag$ me by ridicul+ my p]=mances1 & tell+ me v]se-mak]s 7 g5]ally begg>s4 ,! importance ( ^! two pieces consi/s 9 ! fact t !y 7 ! fir/ ) :i* ,frankl9's "n c be id5tifi$ z ei!r au?or or pr9t]1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,william ,j4 ,campbell1 :o adds t no copy is kn[n to exi/1 nor is ! exact title ( ei!r ( !m kn[n4 ,?is 0 true 9 #aiah1 :5 ,dr4 ,campbell's admirable catalogue ( ,! ,collection ( ,frankl9 ,impr9ts 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,curtis ,publi%+ ,company 0 issu$1 & x is un=tunately /ill true today #aice4 ,if !y 7 at all l simil> productions ( bo? e>li] & lat] date1 !y 7 broadsides--s+le %eets t 7 di/ribut$ l h&bills1 ! ma9 diff]5ce be+ t !y comm&$ a price4 ,!y w\ld comm& a fanta/ic price today1 toge!r or s+ly1 & _! ev5tual discov]y is by no means beyond ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,a copy ( "o--or copies ( bo?--may be tuck$ away 9 "s =gott5 contempor>y !ological comp5dium :i* has n be5 op5$ = a c5tury4 ,! disappe>ance ( ^! broadsides is regrettable on _m c\nts1 n lea/ ( :i* is ! fact t ev5 if ,b5jam9 _h nev] accompli%$ any?+ else1 he c\ld at lea/ claim cr$it = sponsor+ p]haps ! mo/ textually int]e/+ productions ( 8 bro!r's press4 ,james ,frankl9 0 a skill$ pr9t]--,london tra9$1 & no slov5ly self-taught colonial1 9 ,paul ,leice/] ,=d's phrase--& ,james 0 n1 ( c\rse1 9 any degree responsible = ! dullness ( ! copy t 0 br\ght to 8 %op4 ,a brief glance at a few ( 8 impr9ts ( ?is p]iod is ( int]e/ ma9ly because ( ! c]ta9ty t ,b5jam9 work$ on _m ( !m4 ,! product ( ,james ,frankl9's press 7says ,=d 9 ,! ,_m-,sid$ ,frankl91 ,new ,york1 #ahii7 is a dre>y lot ( gone-no?+-ness4 ,a few ( ! ,new ,engl& s]mons ( ! day2 ,/odd>d's ,treatise on ,conv]sion2 ,/one's ,%ort ,cate*ism2 ,a ,prefatory ,lett] ab\t ,psalmody1 9 def5se ( *ur* s++1 :i* _m ,puritans /ill held to be unholy2 an allegory /yl$ ,! ,isle ( ,man1 or1 ,legal ,proce$+s 9 ,man%ire ,aga9/ ,s92 ,c>e's ,engli% ,lib]ties2 sundry pamphlets on ! local politics ( ! mom5t1 su* z ,a ,lett] f ,"o 9 ! ,c\ntry to 8 ,fri5d 9 ,bo/on1 ,news f ! ,moon1 ,a ,fri5dly ,*eck f a ,k9d ,relation to ! ,*ief ,cannonne]1 & ,a ,^w ( ,com=t to a ,melan*oly ,c\ntry2 two or ?ree tractates on inoculation1 & "o aim$ half at ! ,bo/on cl]gy & half at ! fair sex1 entitl$ ,hoop$ ,petticoats ,arraign$ by ! ,light ( ,nature & ! ,law ( ,god1 7 ! *ief output ( ! new pr9t] dur+ ! ye>s 8 bro!r s]v$ him4 ,9 ! summ] ( #agba1 ,james ,frankl9 e/abli%$ a newspap]1 ,! ,new ,engl& ,c\rant4 ,two ye>s e>li] he _h be5 engag$ to pr9t ! ,bo/on ,gazette1 b ) ! transf] ( its managem5t a few mon?s lat] ! contract _h gone else:]e4 ,! ,c\rant 0 a new dep>ture ev5 = ! novelty t 0 ,am]ican j\rnalism--s ext5sive & viol5t a dep>ture1 inde$1 t 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! au?orities s5t5c$ ! pr9t]-proprietor to a mon?'s imprisonm5t = 8 insol5ce4 ,! puni%m5t did n improve him2 free aga91 he press$ ! ?orn ( ! ,c\rant deep] into ! fle% ( 8 p]secutors1 ) ! consequ5ce t he 0 soon =bidd5 to pr9t or publi% ei!r ! ,c\rant or any o!r pamphlet or pap] ( ! l nature unless x 7 fir/ submitt$ to ! secret>y ( ! prov9ce4 ,!re 7 two app>5t ways out ( ! dilemma1 & "o 0 z em95tly unsatisfactory z ! o!r4 ,! fir/ 0 to quit pr9t+ & publi%+4 ,! second 0 to submit to ! c5sor%ip4 ,james hit ^u a m +5i\s solution4 ,he turn$ ! ,c\rant ov] to sixte5-ye>-old ,b5jam94 ,b5jam9's ind5tures z appr5tice to ,james _h five ye>s to run1 & 9 ord] to =e/all any objection on ! "p ( ! au?orities t an appr5tice 0 n compet5t to manage ! pap]1 ! ind5tures 7 o/5tati\sly cancel$ & a new docum5t drawn up z a private & confid5tial 7b none ! less b9d+7 memor&um :i* 9 !ory 0 no "o's affair save ,james's & ,b5jam9's4 ,! half-%eet issue ( ! ,c\rant = ,febru>y #d-aa1 #agbc1 id5tifi$ x z pr9t$ & sold by ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 9 ,que5 ,/reet1 :]e ,adv]tisem5ts are tak5 94 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9's "n ?us fir/ appe>$ 9 an impr9t4 ,x rema9$ on ! tail-bo>d ( ! ,c\rant until ! pap]'s discont9uance 9 #agbf1 long aft] ,b5jam9 _h left ,bo/on4 ,! gratify+ tableau ( two /alw>t bro!rs battl+ loyally side by side = fre$om ( ! press1 h[ev]1 0 n ! :ole picture4 ,james & ,b5jam9 _h diff]5ces1 & ,b5jam9 lat] admitt$ t he himself 0 p]haps 444 too saucy & provok+1 & t ,james1 despite ! bl[s 8 passion too (t5 urg$ him to be/[ ^u me1 0 o!rwise n an ill-natur'd man4 ,b5jam91 at all ev5ts1 decid$ to take advantage ( ! fre$om accord$ him by ! cancellation ( 8 ind5tures1 :i* act he lat] conc$$ to h be5 n fair & "o ( ! fir/ errata ( my life4 ,james spread ! tid+s ( ?is p]fidy ?r\gh\t ,bo/on1 & e local pr9t+ e/abli%m5t !reupon became a clos$ %op to ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,if ,james assum$ t ,b5jam9 w\ld ?us be =c$ to return to 8 own %op1 he reckon$ )\t 8 ,b5jam94 ,= n long !reaft]1 ) ! connivance ( a fri5d1 ,john ,coll9s1 ,b5jam9 0 smuggl$ abo>d a ,new ,york-b\nd sloop1 & ?ree days lat]1 ?anks to a fair w9d1 he 0 9 a city :i* 0 n yet a metropolis judg$ ev5 by easy colonial /&>ds4 ,he call$ on old ,mr4 ,william ,brad=d 7ag$ sixty71 :o _h no?+ to (f]1 b :o sugge/$ t 8 son ,&rew1 !n fl\ri%+ 7aft] a fa%ion7 9 ,philadelphia1 might h a position = him1 s9ce ,&rew's pr9cipal h&1 ,aquila ,rose1 _h j di$4 ,frankl9 set out by wat] by way ( ,p]? ,amboy4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 9 view ( ! dispute reg>d+ ! e>lie/ ,new ,j]sey impr9t 444 t ! trip f ,new ,york to ! ,new ,j]sey port took ?irty h\rs4 ,all 9 good "t he rea*$ ,philadelphia4 ,wa%+ton did n cut d[n a *]ry tree & !n in=m 8 fa!r t he c\ld n tell a lie2 ,well+ton did n say ,up1 ,gu>ds1 & at 'em6 or ,p]%+1 ,lafayette1 we are "h4 ,! de> old leg5ds explode all ab\t u2 x is gratify+ to recall t !re is "o at lea/ ! accuracy ( :i* is unimpea*able4 ,walk+ up ,m>ket ,/reet1 ,philadelphia1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 did pass ! home ( 8 wife-to-be ) a roll "u ea* arm & mun*+ a ?ird1 & 8 wife-to-be did see him & note t he made a mo/ awkw>d1 ridicul\s appe>ance4 ,&rew ,brad=d _h no?+ to (f]--! vacancy left by ! dea? ( ,aquila ,rose _h already be5 fill$4 ,b ,frankl9 0 n yet done ) ! gho/ly trail ( ,aquila4 ,at ,&rew ,brad=d's sugge/ion he wait$ on ,samuel ,keim]1 :o _h rec5tly set up z a pr9t] despite a meag] end[m5t ( equipm5t1 native ability1 or acquir$ skill4 ,he f\nd ,keim] compos+ an ,elegy on ,aquila ,rose directly f ! type4 ,s !re be+ no copy 7record$ ,frankl971 b "o pair ( cases1 & ! ,elegy likely to require all ! lett]s1 no "o c\ld help him4 ,i endeavor'd to put 8 press 7:i* he _h n yet u'd1 & ( :i* he und]/ood no?+7 into ord] fit to be "w'd )2 &1 promis+ to come & pr9t (f 8 ,elegy z soon z he %\ld h got x ready1 ,i return'd to ,brad=d's1 :o gave me a little job to d = ! pres5t1 & !re ,i lodg$ & diet$4 ,a few days aft]1 ,keim] s5t = me to pr9t (f ! ,elegy4 ,& n[ he _h got ano!r pair ( cases1 & a pamphlet to repr9t1 on :i* he set me to "w4 ,?is broadside poem1 !re=e1 0 ! fir/ piece ( ,philadelphia pr9t+ ) :i* ,frankl9's "n is cle>ly id5tifi$4 ,! pamphlet to repr9t may h be5 ,a ,lett] to a ,fri5d 9 ,irel&1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,absolute ,reprobation ,refut$1 ,a ,lett] f ,"o 9 ! ,c\ntry to ,8 ,fri5d 9 ! ,city1 ,a ,p>able1 or 7& ?is w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 ,frankl9's *oice7 ,! ,curiosities ( ,common ,wat]1 all ( :i* ,keim] impr9ts ( #agbc are li/$ 9 ! %ort-title *eck li/ :i* foll[s ! ,curtis catalogue4 ,no m specifically is x possible to id5tify ! little job :i* ,&rew ,brad=d gave him4 ,x is n likely t ,frankl9 w\ld h long cont9u$ ) ,keim] 7:o 0 an odd fi%2 ignorant ( common life1 fond ( rudely oppos+ receiv'd op9ions1 slov5ly to extream dirt9ess1 en?usia/ic 9 "s po9ts ( religion1 & a little knavi% )al7 ev5 if a r\ndab\t co9cid5ce _h n br\ght him to ! att5tion o ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce1 ,sir ,william ,kei?1 ^: qu>rel ) ,william ,brad=d _h be5 "o ( ! impulses t _h e/abli%$ ! latt] z ,new ,york's fir/ pr9t]4 ,keim] />'d l a pig poison'd "o day :5 no less a wor?y ?an ,sir ,william ent]$ ! %op 9 se>* ( ! new assi/ant f ,bo/on4 ,gov]nor & assi/ant adj\rn$ to a tav]n1 :]e ! =m] disclos$ a gr&iose idea = sett+ ! newcom] up 9 a %op ( 8 own4 ,he mu/ fir/1 ( c\rse1 g to ,london to buy equipm5t1 & to ?is end ! gov]nor load$ him d[n ) en?usiasm & lett]s ( cr$it4 ,aft] a %ort visit to ,bo/on1 :]e all made me welcome1 except my bro!r1 :o receiv'd me n v frankly1 look'd me all ov]1 & turn'd to 8 "w aga91 ,frankl9 sail$ = ,london1 :i* he rea*$ ! day be=e ,*ri/mas1 #agbd--to le>n1 to 8 int5se mortification1 t ,sir ,william's lett]s ( cr$it 7 wor?less1 s9ce t g5tleman's pr[ess z a promis] & 8 %ortcom+s z a p]=m] 7 r m famili> 9 ! old c\ntry ?an 9 ! new4 ,frankl91 h[ev]1 _h little difficulty 9 extricat+ himself f ! crisis into :i* he 0 precipitat$ on 8 arrival 9 ,london by ! non-negotiability ( ,sir ,william ,kei?'s comm]cial pap]4 ,i imm$iately got into "w at ,palm]'s1 he says1 !n a fam\s pr9t+ h\se 9 ,b>?olomew ,close1 & "h ,i cont9u'd ne> a ye>4 ,samuel ,palm]1 decl>es ,john ,clyde ,oswald 9 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,pr9t] 7,new ,york1 #aiag71 0 m ?an an ord9>y pr9t]4 ,he _h visit$ ,am]ica1 0 lett]-f\nd] z well z pr9t]1 & 0 engag$ 9 ! writ+ ( ',a ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1' only a ?ird ( :i* he _h complet$ :5 he di$ 9 #agcb4 ,frankl9 id5tifies only "o ( ! jobs on :i* he work$ at ,palm]'s4 ,i 0 employ$1 cont9ues ! ,autobiography1 9 compos+ = ! second edition ( ,wolla/on's ,religion ( ,nature4 ,! "n ( ,william ,wolla/on 7#afei-agbd7 n[ survives ma9ly by virtue ( ?is adv5titi\s association ) a n9ete5-ye>-old immigrant compositor4 ,! ,religion ( ,nature ,del9eat$ fir/ appe>$ 9 #agbb 9 a small privately pr9t$ edition4 ,presumably ?is fir/ edition is n[ r>e1 b no collector is impress$ !reby1 pref]r+ above x t on :i* ,frankl9 work$ 7! ?ird 9 /rict sequ5ce1 b ! second publi%$ edition71 :i*1 happily1 is relatively common4 ,x be>s ! impr9t3 ,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,s4 ,palm]1 & sold by ,b4 ,l9tott1 ,w4 & ,j4 ,innys1 ,j4 ,osborn1 ,j4 ,batley1 & ,t4 ,longman4 #agbe4 ,! pr9t] f ,am]ica pond]$ ov] ! copy z he set x1 & out ( 8 rum9ations came a pamphlet reply to ! rec5tly deceas$ au?or3 ,a ,diss]tation on ,lib]ty ,& ,necessity1 ,pleasure & ,pa9 7,london1 #agbe74 ,frankl9 pr9t$ "o hundr$ copies1 gave a few to fri5ds1 & !n1 rep5t+ ( 8 mat]iali/ic agno/icism1 burnt ! re/ except "o copy2 pride ( au?or%ip w\ld n :olly d[n4 ,t copy may be "o ( ! f\r kn[n to survive today1 all 9 in/itutional collections4 ,receiv+ a bett] (f] f ,john ,watts1 :o conduct$ a l>g] pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 ,frankl9 w5t ?i!r1 rema9+ six mon?s1 :5 he accept$ ! proposal ( a ,philadelphia m]*ant !n 9 ,london t he return & act z 8 cl]k1 keep 8 books1 9 :i* he w\ld in/ruct me1 copy 8 lett]s1 & att5d ! /ore4 ,9 leav+ ,london1 !re=e1 ,frankl9 suppos$ t he !reby took leave ( pr9t+ =ev]4 ,man proposes4 ,frankl9 & 8 new employ] rea*$ ,philadelphia2 ! /ore 0 duly op5$ & its new cl]k in/all$2 f\r mon?s lat] ! employ] di$4 ,! e/abli%m5t 0 tak5 ov] by ! executors & ,frankl9 0 out ( "w4 ,keim] want$ him back z =eman ( 8 new & l>g] %op1 b ,frankl91 :o knew well 8 ,keim]1 fir/ s\ght a place at 8 new trade ( cl]k & salesman4 ,no?+ (f]$1 s he reluctantly accept$ ,keim]'s bid4 ,! affiliation did n la/ long4 ,frankl9 & ,keim] qu>rel$ ov] a trifle t repres5t$ ! culm9ation ( a long s]ies ( abuses3 ,a great noise happ5+ ne> ! c\r?\se1 ,i put my head out ( ! w9d[ to see :at 0 ! matt]4 ,keim]1 be+ 9 ! /reet1 look'd up & saw me1 call'd out to me 9 a l\d voice & angry tone to m9d my bus9ess1 add+ "s reproa*ful words1 t nettl$ me ! m = _! publicity1 all ! neighbors :o 7 look+ out on ! same occasion1 be+ witness h[ ,i 0 treat$4 ,he came up imm$iately into ! pr9t+-h\se1 cont9u'd ! qu>rel1 high words pass'd on bo? sides1 he gave me ! qu>t]'s w>n+ we _h /ipulat$1 express+ a wi% t he _h n be5 oblig'd to s long a w>n+4 ,i told him t 8 wi% 0 unnecess>y1 = ,i w\ld leave him t in/ant2 & s1 tak+ my hat1 walk'd out ( doors4 ,_h affairs n fall5 out ?us ludicr\sly1 !n "s o!r incid5t w\ld h snapt our connections4 ,if no great noise _h occurr$ ne> ! c\r?\se 7:at1 "o wond]s1 0 ! cause ( ! di/urbance871 !re w\ld /ill h be5 a subsequ5t great noise 9 ,keim]'s %op1 & ! hirel+ w\ld h spok5 8 piece to ! ov]lord & walk$ out ( ! id5tical door to ! fulfillm5t ( 8 high de/9y4 ,frankl9 0 ( m ?an half a m9d to return to ,bo/on1 9 :i* ev5t ,philadelphia w\ld "o day h be5 compell$ to seek ano!r patron sa9t4 ,=tunately = ,philadelphia1 :ile work+ at ,keim]'s1 ,frankl9 _h /ruck up a fri5d%ip ) ,hugh ,m]$i?1 a fell[ craftsman1 :o sugge/$ a p>tn]%ip4 ,a secret agreem5t 0 drawn up1 & p5d+ ! completion ( arrangem5ts = laun*+ ! v5ture1 ,frankl9 s\ght tempor>y "w at ,brad=d's4 ,keim] mean:ile 0 negotiat+ ) ! prov9cial gov]nm5t ( ,new ,j]sey = ! pr9t+ ( an issue ( pap] money at ,burl+ton1 & urg$ ,frankl9 to accompany him if he 0 aw>d$ ! job4 ,! plan w5t ?r\gh1 & ! pair 7 9 ,burl+ton ?ree mon?s4 ,!re is n a s+le piece ( ?is pap] money kn[n to exi/ today1 says ,dr4 ,campbell1 & ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,laws t !y pr9t$ at ! same "t !re are only two kn[n copies4444 ,9 ! summ] ( #agbh ! new firm ( ,b4 ,frankl9 & ,h4 ,m]$i? came into exi/5ce4 ,!y _h sc>ce op5$ our lett]s 7_! cases1 t is1 n ! morn+ mail7 :5 a fri5d br\ght a c\ntryman to u1 :om he _h met 9 ! /reet inquir+ = a pr9t]4 ,! id5tity ( ?is bucolic1 casual1 b sup]latively important patron ( ! typographic arts is unkn[n & probably =ev] unkn[able1 = he c\ld h>dly h be5 aw>e t he 0 ! in/rum5t ( ,provid5ce *os5 to motivate ! fir/ impr9t issu$ by ,frankl9 z a ma/] pr9t]4 ,dr4 ,campbell surmis$ ! job 0 probably /ation]y or a small h&bill4 ,:atev] x 01 x has probably vani%$ beyond hope ( recall1 or at lea/ beyond hope ( positive id5tification4 ,almo/ on ! heels ( ?is fir/ cu/om] came ano!r--none o!r ?an ,samuel ,keim]1 ^: g5]al ineffectualness & *ronic /ate ( panic provide mu* ( ! comic relief 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,am]ican pr9t+4 ,keim] _h be5 work+ (f & on = ?ree ye>s on ,william ,sewell's ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise1 ,increase1 & ,progress ( ! ,*ri/ian ,p ,call$ ,quak]s3 ,! ,?ird ,edition1 ,correct$4 ,! end 0 n 9 sight1 & ,keim]1 evid5tly 9 a condition ( acute m5tal di/ress1 ru%$ to ! new %op = assi/ance4 ,frankl9 & ,m]$i? compos$ & pr9t$ =ty %eets1 total+ ne>ly a ?ird ( ! sev5 hundr$ pages--! fir/ kn[n job to issue f _! %op1 ev5 ?\gh x did n be> _! impr9t4 ,sewell's ,hi/ory is d\bly a ,frankl9 item1 z ,frankl9 mu/ h work$ on ! book :ile he 0 /ill 9 ,keim]'s employ4 ,?anks to ! dilig5ce ( its proprietors--or ( "o ( !m1 = ,m]$i? 0 (t5 se5 drunk 9 ! /reets1 & play+ at l[ games 9 aleh\ses--! new %op prosp]$4 ,b ab\t ! middle ( #agcj x enc\nt]$ a haz>d :i* its sponsors _h n =ese54 ,m]$i?'s fa!r _h advanc$ "o hundr$ p\nds to put ! ent]prise on its feet & _h promis$ ano!r hundr$4 ,:5 ! "t came = him to meet 8 obligation1 he c\ld n1 & ! ,new ,pr9t+-,(fice ne> ! ,m>ket 0 fac$ ) a cr$itor's suit4 ,?is crisis confirm$ "y ,m]$i?'s conviction t he 0 n cut out = ! pr9t+ bus9ess2 moreov]1 he 0 anxi\s to jo9 a company ( fell[ ,wel%m5 :o 7 plann+ a settlem5t 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,two ( ,frankl9's fri5ds (f]$ to come to ! aid ( ! s5ior p>tn]1 & ! difficulty 0 amicably adju/$4 ,?us 0 ! ,b4 ,frankl9 impr9t born4 ,x appe>$ = ! fir/ "t n on any?+ 9 ,engli%1 b at ! bottom ( ! title-page ( ,my/is*e und ,sehr ,geheyme ,sprue*e1 by ,conrad ,beissel1 ^: religio-communi/ic ,ephrata colony1 itself to become "o day an important pr9t+ c5t]1 _h be5 organiz$ only a few ye>s be=e4 ,%ortly be=e ! dissolution ( ! firm ( ,frankl9 & ,m]$i? !re _h be5 ano!r odd run-9 ) ,keim]4 ,frankl9 0 already plann+ a newspap]1 & fooli%ly imp>t$ ! secret to a fri5d :o =?) made x kn[n to ,keim]4 ,t[>d ! end ( #agbh ! n-to-be-anticipat$ ,keim] issu$ ! fir/ numb] ( ,! ,univ]sal ,in/ructor 9 all ,arts & ,sci5ces3 & ,p5nsylvania ,gazette4 ,x 0 ,keim]'s inescapable g5ius to />t :at he c\ld n f9i%1 & he 0 soon glad to dispose ( ! pap] to ,frankl9 & ,m]$i?1 ^: control dates f ,octob] #b1 #agbi4 ,"o ( ,frankl9's fir/ acts z a newspap] publi%]--8 memory mu/ h h>k$ back to ! old ,bo/on days--0 to %ort5 ! too compreh5sive title to ,! ,p5nsylvania ,gazette4 ,probably "s ?ree mon?s aft] ! dep>ture ( ,m]$i?1 ,frankl9 initiat$ a new p>tn]%ip4 ,he m>ri$4 ,p>tn]%ip is no romantic figure ( spee*4 ,! "n ( ,deborah ,read has an honor$ place on ! ro/] ( wom5 :o help$ to make ,am]ican pr9t+4 ,by h] husb&'s own te/imony1 h] %>e 9 ! "w ( ! e/abli%m5t includ$1 9 "s measure1 ! fold+ & /it*+ ( pamphlets1 & x is n unlikely t h] h&s _h a busy %>e 9 ! prep>ation ( "s ( ! s]ies ( pamphlets ) :i*1 m ?an ) any o!r1 ,frankl9's "n is mo/ cle>ly associat$ z au?or-pr9t]-publi%]--! ,poor ,ri*>d almanacs4 ,! importance ( ! almanac 9 ! colonial s*eme has already be5 /ress$4 ,frankl9 0 naturally al]t to ?is importance2 9 fact1 z soon z ! h\se ( ,frankl9 & ,m]$i? 0 9 exi/5ce he _h commission$ ,?omas ,godfrey to compile an almanac4 ,godfrey 0 a self-taught ma!matician1 great 9 8 way1 b he knew little out ( 8 way1 & !re 0 consid]able ( ! prima donna 9 8 make-up4 ,he prep>$ almanacs = #agcj1 #agca1 & #agcb1 & !n1 9 an outbur/ ( temp]am5t1 transf]r$ 8 skill to ! %elt] ( ,&rew ,brad=d4 ,! =tunate result1 c]ta9ly n anticipat$ by ,?omas ,godfrey 9 8 dudgeon1 01 z ,paul ,leice/] ,=d def9es x1 ! bir? ( ,am]ican humor4 ,frankl9 initiat$ ! ,poor ,ri*>d s]ies1 compil+ ! bulk ( ! cont5ts himself1 b attribut+ _! au?or%ip to ,ri*>d ,saund] or ,saund]s1 ^: almanacs _h enjoy$ enorm\s popul>ity 9 ,engl& & 7 /ill enjoy+ x1 ?\gh ,saund]s _h be5 gone ?is _m a ye>4 ,a ,poor ,rob9 s]ies ( almanacs 0 also popul> 9 ,engl&1 & ,james ,frankl9 a few ye>s e>li] _h begun a s]ies ( ,rhode ,isl& almanacs "u ?is title4 ,poor ,ri*>d 0 an imm$iate success1 & ?\gh ! fir/ numb] 0 n adv]tis$ 9 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,gazette until ,decemb] #ai1 #agcb1 :i* 0 r late 9 ! ye> = a new almanac1 ?ree pr9t+s 7 necess>y to supply ! dem&4 ,poor ,ri*>d !reaft] issu$ regul>ly e ,decemb] "u ,frankl9's own editor%ip until #ageg 7= #ageh74 ,poor ,ri*>d's ri* wisdom has become "p ( common spee* :]ev] ,engli% or any o!r language is spok54 ,ev]yone f ,*9a to ,p]u kn[s t ,god helps ^? t help !mselves1 t ?ree removes are z bad z a fire1 t ,vessels l>ge may v5ture m1 ,b little boats %\ld keep ne> %ore4 ,a rec5t comm5tator--,c>l ,l4 ,beck] 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,am]ican ,biography--says ( ! ,poor ,ri*>d almanacs3 ,no?+ bett] exhibits ! man1 or bett] illu/rates 8 +5uity z an adv]tis]4444 ,ri*>d ,saund]s1 ! ,philoma? ( ! ,almanack1 0 ! ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley ( ! masses1 pilf]+ ! _w's /ore ( aphorisms1 & adapt+ !m to ! circum/ances & ! und]/&+ ( ! poor4 ,necessity nev] made a good b>ga94 ,x is h>d = an empty sack to /& upright4 ,_m di%es make diseases4 ,! us$ key is always bright4 ,! ,almanack 0 imm$iately successful & commonly sold ab\t t5 ?\s& copies4 ,z ,poor ,ri*>d says became a curr5t phrase1 us$ to give weight to any c\nsel ( ?rift4 ,! "w made ,frankl9's "n a h\sehold ^w ?r\gh\t ! colonies4444 ,! introduction to ! la/ ,almanack 7,fa!r ,abraham's spee* at ! auction7 spread ! fame ( ,poor ,ri*>d 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 broadsides & po/$ on walls 9 ,engl&1 &1 9 translation1 di/ribut$ by ! ,fr5* cl]gy among _! p>i%ion]s4 ,x has be5 translat$ into fifte5 languages1 & repr9t$ at lea/ f\r hundr$ times4 ,frankl9's rise to ! position ( ! mo/ important pr9t] 9 ! colonies aft] ! well-entr5*$ ,brad=ds 0 n[ rapid4 ,be=e long he 0 (ficial pr9t] to ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,delaw>e4 ,( ! bulk ( 8 non-gov]nm5tal productions1 ,=d writes t :ile g5]ally ( little mom5t1 /ill !re c be no d\bt t z a :ole !y conta9 m ( g5u9e m]it ?an ^? ( any o!r pr9t] ( ! same or previ\s p]iods 9 ! colonies1 ! am\nt ( doctr9al & polemical !ology be+ a m9imum1 & be>+ a less proportion to ! :ole mass ?an c be f\nd 9 ! books ( contempor>y ,am]ican pr9t]s4 ,9 #agce appe>$ ov] ,frankl9's impr9t ,james ,logan's ,cato's ,moral ,di/i*s ,engli%$ 9 ,c\plets4 ,n9e ye>s lat] ,frankl9 sponsor$ ,samuel ,ri*>dson's ,pamela--n only ! fir/ ,am]ican edition1 b ! fir/ novel to be pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica1 ,price #f s4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #agdd1 he issu$ :at is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! typographical ma/]piece ( 8 press1 ,m4 ,t4 ,cic]o's ,cato ,major1 or ,8 ,disc\rse ( ,old-,age3 ,) ,explanatory ,notes 7also ,engli%$ by ,james ,logan71 ref]r+ to x 9 a f\r-page =eword ( 8 own composition z ?is fir/ ,translation ( a ,classic 9 ?is ,we/]n ,_w4 ,?is 0 a wide error1 = ,george ,s&ys _h translat$ ,ovid on ! banks ( ! ,james ,riv] a life-span e>li]1 & ! translation _h be5 pr9t$ 9 ,london 9 #afbf2 moreov]1 ,frankl9 =got ^? ,moral ,di/i*s ( ,cato & ,james ,logan :i* he himself _h issu$ 9 #agce4 ,9 #agdh1 ,frankl9 =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) an al]t "y ,scot*man :om he _h engag$ five ye>s be=e1 & ! ,frankl9 & ,hall impr9t !reupon replac$ 7) a few exceptions7 ! famili> ,b4 ,frankl94 ,a few e>li] connections mu/ be m5tion$4 ,frankl9's "n is f\nd on sev]al ,g]man titles 9 comb9ation ) t ( ,got?>d ,armbrue/] & ) t ( ,johannes ,bhm1 &1 app>5tly once only1 ) t ( ,johannes ,w/]1 b ^! seem to h be5 purely p>tn]%ips ( conv5i5ce1 & sugge/ no su* dual affiliations z ^? ) ,m]$i? & ,hall4 ,! ,hall p>tn]%ip la/$ eighte5 ye>s1 & dur+ t p]iod ,frankl9's connection ) pr9t+ & publi%+ became less & less important z ! crisis 9 int]national affairs t 0 br++ on ! ,am]ican ,revolution grew m & m acute4 ,b ! pr9t] 9 him c\ld n :olly be suppress$4 ,:5 he w5t to ,p>is 9 #aggf z repres5tative ( ! colonies1 he e/abli%$ a little press = 8 own amusem5t at 8 home 9 ,passy1 !n a suburb1 n[ z mu* a "p ( ! metropolis z ,gre5wi* ,village is ( ,new ,york4 ,x 0 n q su* a toy z ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son & 8 /epson ,lloyd ,osb\rne 7 "o day to set up 9 ,switz]l&1 ! ma9 diff]5ce be+ t ! ,/ev5son-,osb\rne comb9ation knew no?+ ab\t pr9t+ & 0 joy\sly aw>e ( x1 :]eas ,frankl91 ) j z joy\s aw>5ess1 knew z mu* ab\t x z any man ( 8 "t4 ,"o factor ! two private presses ( ,passy & ,davos-,platz h 9 common--_! productions are excessively r>e & co/ly collector's play?+s4 ,! /ory ( ! ,fr5* v5ture is au?oritatively set =? 9 ,lu!r ,s4 ,liv+/on's ,frankl9 & ,8 ,press at ,passy1 issu$ by ! ,groli] ,club ( ,new ,york 9 #aiad4 ,liv+/on li/$ ?irty-two entries1 & s9ce 8 monograph 0 publi%$ six o!rs h come to light1 accord+ to ,w ,ransom's ,private ,presses & ,_! ,books 7,new ,york1 #aibi74 ,! output ( ,frankl9's press f #agbi to ! t]m9ation ( ! ,hall p>tn]%ip 7#agff7 is /ati/ically impressive4 ,! foll[+ summ>y is tabulat$ f ! %ort-title *eck li/ ( all ,frankl9 impr9ts kn[n 9 #aiah :i* ,dr4 ,campbell app5d$ to ! ,curtis catalogue 7exclud+ ,! ,p5nsylvania ,gazette & ! num]\s issues ( pap] curr5cy pr9t$ by ,frankl9 f #agca to #agfd73 #agbi #h #agdh #cj #agcj #ae #agdi #cc #agca #h #agej #ai #agcb #ae #agea #bd #agcc #ad #ageb #ah #agcd #ae #agec #af #agce #bj #aged #ae #agcf #h #agee #bg #agcg #ac #agef #bf #agch #i #ageg #ca #agci #ab #ageh #ac #agdj #df #agei #af #agda #de #agfj #aj #agdb #ca #agfa #ab #agdc #be #agfb #h #agdd #be #agfc #ae #agde #ae #agfd #ah #agdf #bc #agfe #ai #agdg #bg #agff #d ,any book1 pamphlet1 broadside1 or p]iodical t be>s a ,frankl9 impr9t1 alone or 9 comb9ation1 is wor? treasur+ on t acc\nt alone4 ,9 g5]al1 ! scale ( desirability is set by sc>city1 ?is scale "o might suppose1 %\ld foll[ ! l9e ( *ronology ) reasonable accuracy1 b x happ5s t x does n4 ,! ,sewell ,hi/ory1 = in/ance1 ought by *ronological measurem5t to be an excessively r>e book z ! fir/ book on :i* ,frankl9 work$ z an indep5d5t pr9t]1 & r>e x assur$ly is1 b by no means to ! po9t ( utt] elusiv5ess4 ,twelve ye>s lat] ! total ( ,frankl9 impr9ts 0 mov+ t[>d two hundr$--& 9 t twelf? ye>1 #agdj1 !re issu$ f 8 press ! second edition ( ,david ,evan's ,a ,%ort1 ,pla9 ,help = ,p>5ts & ,heads ( ,families1 to ,fe$ ,_! ,babes ) ! ,s9c]e ,milk ( ,god's ,^w4 ,be+ a ,%ort1 ,pla9 ,cate*ism1 ,gr\nd$ ,^u ,god's ,^w1 & ,agreeable to ! ,we/m9/] ,assembly's ,excell5t ,cate*ism4 ,no copy ( ! fir/ edition is kn[n to be extant--,dr4 ,campbell quot$ ! title imp]fectly f a contempor>y adv]tisem5t--& nei!r ,hildeburn nor ,campbell knew t a second edition _h ev] be5 issu$4 ,nei!r did anyone else until #aibi1 :5 a copy came to light & won its way to a ,new ,york book-sell]'s catalogue4 ,! book is m5tion$ "h1 n because x possesses great intr9sic importance 7x w\ld be ( trivial note if a hundr$ or two copies ( x surviv$71 b z an indication ( ! fact t unrecord$ ,frankl9 impr9ts are likely to appe> at any "t1 & z indication1 fur!r1 t ! sc>city ( ,frankl9 impr9ts does n altoge!r p>allel ! dates ( 8 activity z pr9t] & publi%]4 ,9 ^! notes x has be5 necess>y to neglect ,frankl91 ! au?or 7save z ,poor ,ri*>d71 9 favor ( ,frankl91 ! pr9t] & publi%]4 ,b x w\ld be an effront]y to allude ev5 briefly to ,frankl9 )\t m5tion ( ! ,autobiography4 ,begun 9 #agga 9 ! quiet *>m ( an ,engli% c\ntry-seat1 ! fir/ great ,am]ican classic nev] 0 complet$4 ,! manuscript fir/ appe>$ 9 pr9t1 by an odd s]ies ( accid5ts1 9 ,fr5* 9 #agia4 ,subsequ5tly ,frankl9's gr&son1 ,william ,temple ,frankl91 issu$ x 9 a ,b[dl]iz$ ,engli% v]sion t w\ld h af=d$ ! old man quiet & some:at indignant laught]4 ,! text 0 n def9itely publi%$ until #ahfh1 soon aft] ,john ,bigel[ _h come into possession ( ! orig9al manuscript4 ,frankl9's epitaph is easily ! mo/ famili> 9 ,am]ican hi/ory1 & almo/ z well-kn[n a docum5t1 p]haps1 z ,l9coln's ,gettysburg ,address4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! orig9al v]sion ( x 0 compos$ 9 #agbh1 ! v ye> 9 :i* its au?or1 a y\? ( tw5ty-two1 ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,m]$i?4 ,! v]sion writt5 9 t ye>1 :i* diff]s 9 m9or details f ! f9al draft1 0 ?is3 ,,! ,,body ,,( ,b ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t]1 7,,l ,,! ,,cov] ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,book ,,its ,,cont5ts ,,torn ,,out ,,& ,,/ript ,,( ,,its ,,lett]+ ,,gild+7 ,,lies ,,"h1 ,,food ,,= ,,worms4 ,,b ,,! ,,"w ,,%all ,,n ,,be ,,lo/2 ,,= ,,x ,,w1 7,,z ,,he ,,believ',d7 ,,appe> ,,once ,,m1 ,,9 ,a ,,new ,,& ,,m ,,elegant ,,edition ,,revis$ ,,& ,,correct$1 ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,note3 ,a docum5t$ acc\nt ( ! v>i\s transcripts ( ,frankl9's celebrat$ epitaph appe>$ 9 ,! ,new ,colophon1 ,volume #c1 ,new ,york1 #aiej4 ,x discusses ! date ( its composition1 place ( fir/ publication & ! diff]+ texts1 & 0 writt5 by ,lyman ,h4 ,butt]field1 associate editor ( ! ,jeff]son pap]s4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,bask]ville ,,types ,illu/ration,,e>ne/ ,,elmo ,,calk9s,illu/ration ,! ,book ,job ,pr9t ,f ,! ,colophon1 ,new ,graphic ,s]ies ,no4 #a4 ,copyright #aici by ! publi%]4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! au?or & ,mr4 ,elm] ,adl]4 ,i ,! pr9t+ (fice 0 a long n>r[ room ov] a /ore4 ,"o front w9d[ 0 appropriat$ to a cubicle kn[n z ! (fice--seldom us$1 its desk pil$ high ) galley pro(s & du/y gov]nm5t reports4 ,frames = type cases occupi$ ! two rema9+ front w9d[s & ! ?ree at ! back4 ,9 betwe5 7 ! h&-p[] cyl9d] press1 ! two ,gordon jobb]s1 an impos+ /one = ! newspap] & "o = job "w4 ,along ! walls ran ! dump--slop+ %elves divid$ longitud9ally by /rips ( wood1 hold+ galleys & /&+ jobs ti$ up ) :ite pack?read4 ,! preval5t odor 0 a mixture ( b5z9e & w>m roll] composition famili> to old-"t pr9t]s1 b sweet] ?an ! sc5ts ( ,araby to ! "y appr5tice ab\t to be initiat$ into ! craft & my/]y ( pr9t+4 ,!y seat$ him on a high /ool be=e a case 9 ! d>k] "p ( ! room1 ) a compos+ /ick1 a sett+ rule1 & a piece ( pat5t m$ic9e repr9t4 ,a slug on a /r+ hung on 8 upp] case to hold ! copy 9 place1 = ! olde/ rule ( ! pr9t+ trade is foll[ copy ?\gh x goes out ! w9d[4 ,9 ea* corn] ( ! l[] case boxes ,big ,swe5y1 ! =eman1 _h /uck lett]s f a job font to guide ! y\ng/] 9 le>n+ ! case4 ,= days ! tyro 0 absorb$ 9 ! seem+ly impossible task ( sett+ a /ick full ( type & dump+ x on ! galley4 ,! fir/ lot explod$ 9 ! air2 x took h\rs to di/ribute ! pi4 ,9 a few weeks he _h le>n$ 8 case1 except ! small boxes ar\nd ! edge1 d\ble ffls & ffis & little-us$ punctuation po9ts4 ,he c\ld di/+ui% a #c-;em space f a #e-;em1 & ju/ify a l9e by di/ribut+ !m judici\sly1 rememb]+1 z 0 (t5 impress$ on him1 to put m space betwe5 words end+ 9 tall lett]s4 ,he began to look ab\t him & take /ock ( ! curi\s _w 9 :i* he f\nd himself4 ,= ye>s he _h dream$ ( pr9t+1 8 appetite :ett$ by ! life ( ,frankl9 9 ! ,h>p] ,/ory ,books1 & a manual ( in/ructions = "y pr9t]s 9 ! same volume4 ,he por$ ov] type specim5 books obta9$ f ,b>nh>t ,bro!rs ,sp9dl]1 & revel$ 9 ! amaz+ faces %[n4 ,o!r boys _h _! ambitions--firem51 policem51 railroad eng9e]--b 8 h]o 0 ! j\rneyman pr9t]1 a gre5 %ade ov] 8 eyes1 sleeves roll$ to display a bright r$ und]%irt1 spitt+ tobacco ) an accuracy t miss$ no?+ b ! spittoon4 ,tales told by typographical t\ri/s1 ! tramp pr9t]s1 7 8 folklore1 & = "s ye>s aft] he le>n$ 8 trade 8 *ance to "w came mo/ly 9 subb+ = pr9t]s frankly lay+ (f to get drunk4 ,type _h two names4 ,he 0 sett+ brevi] ,roman2 ! small] size us$ = quotations & = c\nty correspond5ce 0 nonp>eil4 ,o!r sizes ) equally picturesque names piqu$ 8 curiosity4 ,9 ! e>ly eighties ! po9t sy/em _h n rea*$ ! prairies4 ,lat] he became famili> ) x4 ,! old names ( ! types ) approximate sizes 9 po9ts t prevail$ 9 ! days ( our "y appr5tice 7 z foll[s3 ,diamond1 #d-a_/b-po9t2 ,pe>l1 #e-po9t2 ,agate1 #e-a_/b-po9t2 ,nonp>eil1 #f-po9t2 ,m9ion1 #g-po9t2 ,brevi]1 #h-po9t2 ,b\rgeois1 #i-po9t2 ,long ,prim]1 #aj-po9t2 ,small ,pica1 #aa-po9t2 ,pica1 #ab-po9t2 ,engli%1 #ad-po9t2 ,columbian1 #af-po9t2 ,great ,prim]1 #ah-po9t2 ,p>agon1 #bj-po9t2 ,d\ble ,pica 7/rictly ?is %\ld be ,d\ble ,small ,pica71 #bb-po9t2 ,two-l9e ,pica1 #bd-po9t2 ,two-l9e ,engli%1 #bh-po9t2 ,two-l9e ,great ,prim]1 #cf-po9t2 ,two-l9e ,d\ble ,pica1 #dd-po9t2 ,canon1 #dh-po9t4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t all ^! sizes 7 f\nd 9 ! (fice ( ! ,book ,job ,pr9t1 nor = t matt] probably any:]e b 9 ! w>eh\ses ( ,b>nh>t ,bros4 ,sp9dl]1 ,m>d]1 ,luse ,co41 ,mac,kellar1 ,smi?s ,jordan ,co41 ,bruce1 or o!r type-f\nd]s4 ,our appr5tice 0 afflict$ ) "o ( ^? curi\s pry+ m9ds t s\ght to "k ! reason = all ?+s4 ,mu* typographical hi/ory lurk$ beh9d ! names giv5 to type sizes4 ,diamond1 agate & nonp>eil1 x seem$1 7 m]ely fancy names1 b brevi] 0 s-call$ because x _h be5 us$ to pr9t brevi>ies2 canon1 f ! fir/ l9es ( ! canonical mass1 & prim] = prim>ies or elem5t>y pray] books4 ,b\rgeois has be5 attribut$ to ! city ( ,b\rges1 to a pr9t] nam$ ,b\rgeois1 & to hav+ be5 us$ 9 *eap books = ! middle classes1 ! b\rgeoisie4 ,m9ion 0 said to be ! ,fr5* ^w mignon1 d>l+4 ,b ! orig9 ( pica1 s con/antly us$ z a y>d/ick = measur+ leads1 slugs1 reglets1 & ! wid? ( columns & pages1 is z fasc9at+ z x is baffl+4 ,pica is ,lat9 = magpie1 & x has be5 +5i\sly suppos$ t "s "w n[ lo/1 an acc\nt ( t ?ievi% & mis*iev\s bird1 0 pr9t$ 9 type n[ be>+ t "n4 ,de ,v9ne#ch cites a f> m amus+ d]ivation3 ,l great prim]1 pica takes its "n f its e>ly use z a text lett]4 ',! ,pie1' writes ,mores1 '0 a table %[+ ! c\rse ( ! s]vice ( ! *ur* 9 ! "t ( d>kness4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,pie because x 0 writt5 9 lett]s ( black & r$1 z ! ,fri>s de ,pica 7 s nam$ f _! p>ty-color$ raim5t black & :ite1 ! plumage ( ! magpie4' ,& is x n at lea/ probable t pi1 a jumble ( unsort$ type1 is also d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 ei!r because ( ! pi$ fea!rs ( ! bird1 or f its habit ( assembl+ a miscellane\s collection ( objects 9 "s hid+ place8 ,z he explor$ 8 upp] case1 our appr5tice discov]$ t :ile ! capitals & small capitals 7 rang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 ,j & ,u 7 left to ! end l sub/itute ball play]s on ! b5*4 ,by /udy+ an unabridg$ diction>y he le>n$ t ^? lett]s 7 late com]s into ! alphabet2 ! old scribes1 f9d+ t ,i t5d$ to become confus$ ) ! la/ /roke ( ! previ\s lett]1 gave x a tail to di/+ui% x4 ,! two =ms 7 us$ indiscrim9ately = ! consonant & v[el s\nds ( ,i until 9 due c\rse !y 7 sep>at$4 ,9 ! same way ,v 0 half ( ,w1 di/+ui%$ z s+ley\ & d\bley\4 ,v 0 c>elessly writt5 z ,u & ev5 z ,y1 & _h all ! s\nds1 b 0 at l5g? assign$ "o job1 & ! ,u add$ to ! alphabet4 ,h[ long ago t happ5$6 ,s cons]vative 0 ! pr9t+ art t ev5 aft] two hundr$ ye>s ! case _h n be5 %ift$ to accommodate !m1 & diction>ies z late z #ahjj /ill us$ bo? =ms 9 ! same classification4 ,our appr5tice felt t ! (fice :]e he 0 le>n+ 8 trade _h n *ang$ greatly1 typographically at lea/1 s9ce ,plant94 ,,ii ,! numb] & v>iety ( faces at ! disposal ( ! ma/] pr9t] equall$ _! ugl9ess1 ?\gh ?is appr5tice consid]$ !m all beautiful4 ,!re 7 ( c\rse ! ,roman faces1 "s ( :i* 7 good1 & /ill are1 b ^! 7 /rangely di/ort$ z cond5s$1 extra-cond5s$1 ext5d$1 exp&$1 z well z %ad$1 op51 skeleton1 cont\r1 slop$ 7bo? ways71 ornam5t$1 & hair-l9e lett]s4 ,"o w\ld ?9k ^! 7 en\gh = all ! pr9t+ anyone w\ld want to d1 b !re 0 also a bewild]+ multitude ( s-call$ job types ( fancy & fanta/ic design4 ,ea* f\ndry put out a book z big z a diction>y1 fill$ ) biz>re creations 9 :i* ! innoc5t alphabet 0 twi/$ & torm5t$ & decorat$ until "s ( its ma/]pieces 7 illegible4 ,among !m 7 a numb] in=mally /&>diz$ & ca/ by all f\ndries4 ,su* 7 ,antique1 ,boldface1 ,go?ic1 ,lightface1 ,cl>5don1 ,cal$onian1 ,ionic1 ,doric1 ,egyptian1 ,runic1 ,celtic1 ,ru/ic1 ,script1 ,grecian1 ,mona/ic1 ,norman1 ,title1 & ^! too 7 also cond5s$1 ext5d$ & o!rwise squeez$1 /ret*$ & pull$ ab\t4 ,:5 ! type-writ] came !re 0 add$ t mon/rosity1 type-writ] type4 ,b ! pride ( ea* f\ndry 0 its own exclusive creations1 to :i* 7 giv5 names z fanta/ic z ! designs1 putt+ ,pullman nom5clature to %ame1 su* z ,pansy1 ,olive1 ,a/]oid1 ,van ,dyke1 ,vulcan1 ,s*waba*]1 ,flori/1 ,teuton1 ,text1 ,ea/lake4 ,f su* an array ! c\ntry pr9t] 0 expect$ to *oose ! types to equip 8 %op4 ,8 outfit consi/$ ( fair quantities ( ,roman1 nonp>eil1 brevi] & long prim] = /raight matt]--! weekly newspap]1 booklets & pamphlets1 ) l>g] sizes = job "w1 too _m faces ) few fonts l>ge en\gh to set m ?an a l9e or two4 ,?is did n matt] s9ce x seem$ obligatory to set 9 a diff]5t lett] ea* l9e ( display1 adv]tisem5ts1 title pages1 z well z dodg]s & h&bills1 ! great] ! contra/ & v>iety ! bett]1 ) &s & !s 9 l9es by !mselves1 c5t]$ & flank$ by fl\ri%es on ea* side4 ,type l>g] ?an two-l9e canon 0 made ( wood1 & 0 call$ /ud-horse type because us$ = ! big bills tack$ up on b>ns & trees to adv]tise ! s]vices ( a /allion4 ,small fonts ( job type 7 li/$ 9 f\ndry catalogues #e;,a #ac;a1 to indicate quantity1 o!r lett]s be+ 9 proportion4 ,!re 0 seldom m ?an "o ( little us$ lett]s1 necessitat+ a %ift to ano!r font :5 a l9e turn$ up ) two ,xs or two ,zs4 ,job types 7 laid 9 cases l ! upp]s ( ,roman1 ! boxes all ( a size1 capitals on "o side1 l[] case on ! o!r4 ,new type 0 an abom9ation4 ,! compositor's f+]s1 already t5d] f ! lye us$ to wa% =ms1 7 cut by ! %>p edges1 & 8 eyes bl9d$ by ! gl>e f sorts1 & ! pr9t]s 7 =ev] pr[l+ ! %9+ metal4 ,!re 0 *ronic clack ( up & d[n ! live bank ) tweez]s1 pull+ out ! ne$$ lett]s1 & ins]t+ an equal-siz$ type upside d[n to m>k ! place4 ,ano!r s\rce ( tr\ble 0 ! font f a diff]5t f\ndry1 suppos$ly ! same body1 b ) a slight v>iation1 t 0 =ev] gett+ into ! wrong case & be+ set up1 dropp+ out :5 ! =m 0 lift$4 ,,iii ,! appr5tice 0 kept too busy to h mu* "t = ! acquisition ( ab/ract k4 ,9 return = in/ruction 9 ! art & my/]y ( pr9t+ he 0 expect$ to p]=m ! duties ( a devil4 ,he arriv$ at half-pa/ six1 />t$ ! fire 9 ! pot-belli$ /ove1 swept up 7no light job1 = ! cont9u\s b>rage ( f9e-cut & plug =m$ a cop+ ar\nd ! feet ( e frame1 & ! trimm+s f ! big knife lay 9 w9dr[s74 ,all day he ran err&s ) pro(s1 h&bills1 billheads1 adv]tisem5ts1 to submit to cu/om]s2 wet d[n pap] = ! weekly run ( ! newspap]1 & pa/$ ! subscrib]s' names on !m = ! mail2 di/ribut$ pi1 & ru%$ ! gr[l] = ?ir/y j\rneym54 ,b he le>n$ t ! pr9t]s 9 "o %op 7 a *apel1 ! head 0 ! fa!r1 :o 0 n ! =eman4 ,x ?rill$ him t su* expressions w5t back to ! "t :5 ,caxton _h 8 press 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,a small gr\p ( m5 work+ on ! same job 0 a companion%ip1 & _h /rict rules z to :o 0 to d :at4 ,po9ts ( proc$ure1 su* z ! fir/ or a fat take1 or ! selection ( a victim to set up ! be]1 0 det]m9$ by a curi\s cu/om4 ,! m5 ga!r$ ar\nd ! impos+ /one1 & ea* 9 turn %ook out a few em-quads1 five or sev51 ?r[+ !m on ! /one l dice4 ,! "o ) ! mo/ nicks upp]mo/ 0 ! w9n]4 ,^! 7 "t-honor$ practices1 b ea* %op _h cu/oms peculi> to itself4 ,he le>n$ n to :i/le at 8 case1 = a sponge ( dirty wat] 0 apt to take him squ>ely 9 ! m\?4 ,:5 late he f\nd l9es set up 9 8 compos+ /ick1 :i* he _h to di/ribute be=e he began "w1 at 8 own exp5se--:5 he 0 f9ally promot$ to piece "w1-- ,a dill]1 a doll>1 a t5-o'clock s*ol>1 ,:at makes y come s soon8 ,y us$ to come at t5 o'clock1 ,b n[ y come at noon4 ,= "s "t 8 torm5tors _h allud$ my/]i\sly to ! type l\se t haunt$ ! =ms1 & promis$ to %[ him "o :5 f\nd4 ,a j\rneyman work+ at ! /one ov] a newspap] =m wet d[n = di/ribution call$ him ov]1 & po9t+ excit$ly1 cri$1 ,n[1 !re1 look6 ,he look$4 ,h&fuls ( type _h be5 remov$1 & ! wat] ga!r$ 9 small pools betwe5 ! columns4 ,! appr5tice b5t ov] eag]ly to behold ! /range insect1 :]eupon ! j\rneyman %ov$ up a column ( type1 =c+ ! wat] to rise l a f\nta9 into ! appr5tice's innoc5t face1 :ile ! =ce ro>$ ) laught] & p\nd$ ) _! compos+ /icks on ! frames4 ,,iv ,9 a small (fice 9 pre-union days1 e pr9t] 0 or became an all-r\nd man4 ,n only c\ld he /ick type 7& "s old-"t pr9t]s _h a wond]ful in/9ct = spac+71 b he c\ld kick a jobb]1 impose1 make ready1 & fe$ a cyl9d] press4 ,"s ( ! vagabond pr9t]s :o drift$ back & =? across ! ,we/1 work+ a few days at ea* halt1 7 n only craftsm5 b *>act]s4 ,x 0 amaz+ h[ promptly !y became at home 9 a /range %op1 9 a few mom5ts work+ z if !y _h be5 !re = ye>s4 ,! saga ( ! typographic t\ri/ has yet to be told4 ,x 0 n long be=e he f\nd himself /&+ on "o leg l a /ork1 work+ ! treadle ( ! ,gordon jobb] ) ! o!r1 fe$+ "s small job1 milk tickets or dodg]s or billheads1 aga9/ ?ree #c-;em quads pa/$ to ! tympan 9 lieu ( gaugep9s4 ,z ! press _h no gripp]s ! fe$] mu/ grab ! pr9t$ %eet be=e ! ink pull$ x (f & ins]t ! next1 regulat+ ! spe$ accord+ to 8 ne$4 ,pa/+ scraps ( c>dbo>d on ! quads to project a bit help$ hold ! pr9t$ c>d or pap]4 ,! regul> gaugep9s sold nev] seem$ to "w z well z quads1 & anyway1 old-"t pr9t]s 7 self-helpful & nev] b\ght :at !y c\ld make4 ,f fe$+ press he graduat$ to mak+ ready & lock+ up =ms4 ,!re 7 always en\gh odds & ends ( furniture = small jobs )\t cutt+ new1 b = big "w1 p>ticul>ly a book or pamphlet1 ! furniture 0 cut to fit ! job4 ,! =m 0 lock$ by driv+ quo9s1 w$ge-%ap$ bits ( h>d wood1 along ! tap]+ side /icks ) an implem5t kn[n z a %oot+ /ick1 not*$ at "o end4 ,! =m 0 plan$ ) a block ( wood beat5 ov] ! =m to drive d[n type t might /ick above ! pr9t+ surface4 ,some?+ l ?is /ill prevails1 no d\bt1 b n ) su* primitive tools1 & v little pr9t+ is n[ done f ! type4 ,i am sure ! %oot+ /ick & wood5 quo9s mu/ be z obsolete z ink balls4 ,! night be=e ! newspap] 0 run (f1 ! pap] 0 laid d[n on a broad plat=m1 a quire at a "t1 dr5*$ ) wat]1 cov]$ ) a wide bo>d1 & a heavy /one plac$ on top to squeeze ! wat] out4 ,damp5+ 0 necess>y to make ! ink /ick4 ,subscrib]s receiv$ _! pap]s s wet !y _h to dry !m be=e read+4 ,! press 0 a cyl9d] ) a l>ge fly:eel hav+ a h&le atta*$4 ,x 0 run by human p[]--a husky ,negro1 :o also furni%$ ! muscle = ! big knife1 or guillot9e1 ) :i* books 7 trimm$4 ,9 ! words ( ! proprietor he always gives a sc5t back no matt] :at we pay him4 ,! appr5tice & devil d\bl$ = ! port] :5 he 0 o!rwise engag$1 b %ortly /eam 0 in/all$1 add+ greatly to ! excitem5t on press day4 ,fe$+ ! damp5$ %eets aga9/ ! gripp] 0 n easy1 & (t5 he miss$4 ,to /op ! press he grasp$ ! long swit* lev] & ?rew ! ov]head belt on to ! idle pulley4 ,if x fail$1 z x sometimes did1 ! tympan 0 ink$1 & sev]al %eets mu/ be run ?r\gh be=e x ceas$ to (fset on ! wrong side ( ! pap]1 a wa/e ( :i* 8 employ] made him emphatically aw>e4 ,x _h be5 easi] to /op ! press :5 x 0 turn$ by h&4 ,a daily *ore :i* fell to 8 lot cruelly %>p5$ ! appetite ( a hungry boy t[>d ! noon h\r4 ,?is 0 ! m5u c>d f ! local hotel ) corrections = ! day's d9n] 7squ>e meal1 #be c5ts74 ,he pick$ up ! /&+ type1 slid x on a galley1 & proce$$ to pull out ye/]day's banana fritt] & /ew$ corn & ins]t today's pe> fritt] & /ew$ tomatoes4 ,he !n ran (f ?irty copies1 tak+ extra c>e z ! /ock 0 special & _h ! ^w ,m5u emboss$ 9 gold & o!r decorations4 ,x 0 a sort ( ,b>mecide's fea/ = him1 :ett+ an appetite t ne$$ no :ett+4 ,e pr9t+ (fice boa/$ "o ( ^? g5iuses exp]t at rule twi/+1 :o ) %e>s1 file & pli]s b5t brass rule into patt]ns t w\ld pr9t scrolls & fl\ri%es ar\nd headl9es & on title pages1 ornam5ts = ! corn]s ( boxes1 & :5 ne$$ extra long braces4 ,"s c\ld create intricate designs1 birds ) /ream]s 9 _! beaks 9 :i* type c\ld be set1 l ^? t 7 ! pride ( ! writ+ ma/]s4 ,l leads1 brass rule 0 b\ght 9 l5g?s ( a foot or s1 & cut z ne$$4 ,mu* +5uity 0 requir$ to make ! corn]s meet1 until ! arrival ( labor-sav+1 ) corn]s mit]$ or bevel$4 ,v ,:5 "w 9 ! pr9t+ (fice became slack he 0 mov$ to ! b9d]y1 :]e ! files ( ,godey's1 ,pet]son's & ,ball\'s ,magaz9es 7 put 9 dull black cov]s ) names lett]$ on ! sp9e4 ,its pr9cipal "w1 h[ev]1 0 ! manufacture ( acc\nt books1 made to ord] to fit ! individual book-keep+ me?ods ( bank or m]*ant4 ,! anci5t rul+ ma*9e ( mahogany look$ some?+ l a loom = weav+ clo?4 ,until ! adv5t ( loose-leaf books & add+ ma*9es1 bus9ess m5 kept _! acc\nts 9 ?ree enorm\s tomes label$ respectively ,day ,book1 ,j\rnal1 & ,l$g]4 ,e transaction 0 ent]$ 9 ! ,day ,book *ronologically4 ,x 0 rent]$ 9 ! ,j\rnal to sep>ate outgo f income4 ,f9ally1 ea* item appe>$ 9 ! ,l$g] "u ! "n ( ! cu/om]1 or cr$itor1 to %[ ! /atus ( individual acc\nts4 ,%eets ( pap]1 be>+ picturesque old names--,royal1 ,cr[n1 ,demy1 or ,foolscap--7 f$ to ! rul+ ma*9e1 & came into contact ) a batt]y ( p5s1 ea* ) its own little f\nta9 ( ink1 r$ or blue1 z ! l9e dem&$--bo? colors rul$ at once4 ,! %eets 7 !n pr9t$ at ! top ( ea* page ) ! "n ( ! firm1 numb]$ by h&1 & b\nd 9 ! famili> heavy books1 ) cov]s half an in* ?ick1 h+es ( ra:ide1 r$ lea!r backs & corn]s1 & sides decorat$ ) m>bl$ pap]4 ,! m>bl$ pap] 0 made 9 ! %op4 ,a squ>e tray or pan ( slate 0 fill$ ) a ?9 siz+ ( wat] & gum tragacan?4 ,on its surface 7 g5tly %ak5 little blobs ( color t spread sl[ly on ! surface ( ! pool4 ,! fa%ion 9 blank books seem$ to run to r$1 blue & :ite4 ,! spots ( color 7 comb$ into ! wavy patt]ns peculi> to su* books4 ,a %eet ( pap] laid on ! surface ( ! wat] took (f a f9e impression ( ! patt]n4 ,^! %eets 7 us$ = end-pap]s z well z cov]s4 ,! edges ( ! book 7 also m>bl$4 ,all ?is 0 once done 9 a small pr9t+ (fice 9 a prairie t[n ( ab\t #ab1jjj inhabitants4 ,! books 7 /urdy & durable4 ,i h se5 _m ( !m pres]v$ 9 vaults b5ea? banks1 fill$ ) ! neat ,sp5c]ian h& ( ! bookkeep]s ( t era1 ! pupils ( ! writ+ ma/]s :o drew )\t tak+ p5 f pap] ! fl[+ florid birds trail+ messages f _! bills4 ,he 0 = "s ye>s a two-?ird]4 ,a two-?ird] receiv$ two-?irds ! wages ( a j\rneyman pr9t]1 :i* 7 fifte5 doll>s a week4 ,!y did n h piece "w at ! ,book ,job ,pr9t1 b lat] he ent]$ ano!r _w1 work$ on ! ev5+ newspap] ( ! t[n & ta/$ ! excitem5t ( a race aga9/ bogie1 ! av]age day's "w ( t5 ?\s& ems1 ! pr9t]'s measure famili> to all crossword puzzle fans4 ,! piece rate 0 tw5ty-five c5ts a ?\s&1 :e!r lead$ brevi] or solid nonp>eil4 ,a rapid compositor c\ld set t5 or m ?\s& a day1 accord+ to luck ) takes4 ,"o le>n$ ! f9e art ( jockey+ = position1 sl[+ up :5 ! next take on ! hook1 0 an undesirable "o1 or spe$+ 9 ! race = a fat "o4 ,fat takes 7 pickups--railroad "t table1 baseball score1 m>ket report1 tak5 f ! live bank1 correct$ & add$ to "o's /r+ to be paid = z if set4 ,ea* compositor _h a numb]$ slug t he dump$ on ! galley ) 8 /ickful ( set matt]4 ,:5 ! galley 0 prov$ he kept a copy1 & at ! end ( ! day pa/$ up 8 "w1 be+ c>eful to jo9 ! takes closely1 sign$ 8 "n & turn$ x 94 ,z soon z ! pap] 0 up !re 0 a let-d[n1 ! t5sion relax$1 pipes 7 lit1 conv]sation 0 possible1 & ! m5 pick$ up incr$ibly long h&fuls ( type f ! =ms return$ f ! pressroom1 & proce$$ to ?r[ 9 a ?ump+ big case aga9/ next day's "w4 ,cuts1 if any1 7 ( wood4 ,!re 0 an engrav] 9 ! t[n :o suppli$ illu/rations :5 badly en\gh ne$$ & pl5ty ( "t 0 available4 ,he made bo? ! draw+ & ! block1 & 0 a bett] engrav] ?an arti/4 ,8 pictures 7 :at is n[ mod]ni/ & ev5 surreali/4 ,an +5i\s me?od ( mak+ cuts 9 an em]g5cy 0 nipp$ 9 ! bud by ! progress ( z9c et*+4 ,t 0 ! *alk plate4 ,a metal plate coat$ ) a film ( *alk c\ld be drawn on ) a %>p in/rum5t1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! *alk to ! plate4 ,! plate 0 !n us$ z a matrix to make a ca/+ t w\ld pr9t ! l9es drawn1 some?+ aft] ! mann] ( a /]eotype4 ,b ! pride ( ! c\ntry press 0 its /ock ( ready-made cuts--,lodge emblems3 ,masonic1 ,odd ,fell[s1 ,i4,o4,g4,t42 patriotic3 eagle1 />1 flag1 ,lib]ty ,bell2 trade symbols3 mort> & pe/le1 false tee?1 piano1 anvil1 wat*1 dome/ic animals1 toge!r ) ! inevitable po9t+ f+] 7fi/7 & clasp$ h&s4 ,!re 7 h\ses1 %ips1 buggies1 &1 ev5 /ill on h& 9 "s (fices1 runaway slaves4 ,^! 7 us$ to embelli% circul>s1 invitations1 or programs1 & 7 also us$ 9 small ads 9 ! newspap]4 ,!re 7 molds = ca/+ roll]s t look$ mu* l huge c&le molds4 ,! roll] composition 0 a mixture ( glue & molasses1 consi/5cy v>y+ accord+ to ! season ( ! ye>4 ,x 0 m practicable to buy roll]s by ?is "t1 b homemade roll]s 7 /ill ca/ occasionally4 ,9 a ne>-by village z late z #ahhi a f\r-column folio weekly newspap] 0 run (f--pull$1 ,i %\ld say--on a h&-lev] press1 "o page at a "t1 ! same me?od & almo/ ! same press z t :i* pr9t$ ! ,virg9ia ,gazette1 or ! e>li] ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/1 or = t matt] all incunabula4 ,x is q likely t all ! old-"t editors ( c\ntry newspap]s 7 pr9t]s4 ,! tradition no long] holds1 b "o appr5tice pr9t] 9 my old %op ^: de/9y 0 no d\bt influ5c$ by ?is e>ly contact ) type 0 ,john ,f9ley1 :o became editor ( ! c\ntry's greate/ newspap]4 ,!re are /ill m51 ?\gh n s _m z !re 7 once1 play+ important roles 9 _w affairs :o at "s "t 9 _! lives exp]i5c$ ! ?rill ( h&l+ ! tw5ty-f\r 7n[ tw5ty-six7 pot5t little lead soldi]s t *ange ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,no man ev] loses t s5se ( ! importance ( pr9t+1 or c look ^u a pr9t$ ?+ ) indiff]5ce1 :o has once felt x4 ,nor = t matt] does he ev] =get ! lay ( ! case4 ,x is a craft t gets into ! blood4 ,9 #ahhi or !reab\ts ,i witness$ a sc5e :i* =etold ! great *ange t 0 com+ to ! art ,i _h le>n$ ) su* pati5ce & dilig5ce1 z revolution>y z ! *ange ( %ipp+ f sail to /eam4 ,!re arriv$ & 0 set up a ma*9e int5d$ to set type4 ,its "n 0 ,?orne1 & its pr9ciple 0 to release ! lett] call$ = :5 ! key 0 press$ by means ( nicks 9 ! body ( ! type1 l ! tumbl]s ( a ,yale lock4 ,! type travell$ 9 ! *annels to a galley1 & 0 ju/ifi$ by h&1 if ,i rememb] rightly4 ,obvi\sly ! device dep5d$ ^u a hair-trigg] nicety ( adju/m5t4 ,ev5 ! me*anics :o came ) x _h difficulty 9 mak+ x "w4 ,x jamm$ repeat$ly1 & be=e _m h\rs ! floor 0 cov]$ ) brok5 sorts4 ,aft] a few mon?s x 0 pack$ up & s5t back1 & ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( sett+ by h& 0 re9/at$1 until t day :5 t (fice1 l e "o ( its class1 0 equipp$ ) a batt]y ( l9otypes4 ,?us vani%$ a craft t _h be5 f\r hundr$ ye>s 9 ! mak+1 t uncanny skill ) :i* a good pr9t] manipulat$ type4 ,! tramp pr9t]1 ) 8 ?ir/1 8 /eel sett+ rule1 8 budget ( gossip ( all ! pr9t+ (fices 9 a wide t]ritory1 has become ext9ct4 ,! call\s =ef+] ( ! pr9t] is z mu* a leg5d z ! mill]'s s5sitive ?umb4 ,,vi ,did !y pr9t books 9 ^? f>-away prairie pr9t+ (fices8 ,!y c]ta9ly did4 ,"o ( ! r>e/ items ( ,we/]n ,am]icana be>s a ,galesburg impr9t4 ,a pione] ( t t[n1 a g5ius :o play$ ! flute & made _m inv5tions1 "o ( !m ! rot>y pl[ /ill us$ to cle> sn[ f ! tracks ( we/]n railroads1 0 ,riley ,root4 ,9 #ahdi he caught ! gold fev] & made ! trip to ,oregon & ,cali=nia ov]-l& 9 a cov]$ wagon4 ,he _h _m adv5tures1 & on 8 return wrote a book t 0 pr9t$ 9 ,galesburg & is n[ a collector's item4 ,a fam\s ,bo/on book-sell] became excit$ :5 he discov]$ a copy4 ,unkn[n1 he wrote 9 #aicb1 to ,wagn]1 ,smi?1 ,c[an1 or z f> z we "k to any o!r bibliograph] ( ! ,we/1 & unrecord$ 9 ! entire run ( ,am]ican ,book ,prices ,curr5t4 ,! front wrapp] reads3 ,j\rnal ( ,travels _/ f _/ ,/4 ,josephs to ,oregon _/ ) _/ obs]vations ( t c\ntry _/ toge!r ) _/ a ,description ( ,cali=nia1 _/ its agricultural int]e/s1 _/ & _/ a full description _/ ( _/ its ,gold ,m9es4 _/ ,by ,riley ,root _/ ,galesburg1 ,ill4 _/ ,intellig5c] ,pr9t _/ #ahej4 ,! matt] on ! wrapp] is repeat$ on ! title page ) "s m9or v>iations4 ,! book is a sub/antial pamphlet1 size #i-a_/b by #f in*es1 #add pages1 uncut4 ,! ,bo/on bookman cont9ues3 ,riley ,root's ,j\rnal has ev]y?+ t a r>e piece ( ,we/]n ,am]icana %\ld h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x looks r>e4 ,l sev]al r>e ,we/]n items ( :i* only a few copies exi/1 x 0 pr9t$ 9 a small mid-,we/]n t[n4 ',galesburg1 ,ill9ois1 #ahej' is an impr9t t has *>m = ! collector4 ,x mu/ be excessively r>e4 ,! only o!r copy ( :i* ,i "k1 besides ! "o describ$1 is n[ appropriately 9 ! ,seym\r ,libr>y ( ,knox ,college4 ,( ?is copy ! libr>ian said 7:5 he ackn[l$g$ ! gift to ! ,libr>y 9 #aica73 ,?is little unb\nd pamphlet 0 writt5 by ,riley ,root :o came ) 8 family to ?is prairie c\ntry 9 #ahcf1 :5 he 0 #cg ye>s old1 & help$ to build ! h\ses ( ,log ,city1 ! =]unn] ( ,galesburg4444 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 ,galesburg 9 #ahej by ! ',intellig5c] ,pr9t' & be>s 9 ! bord] ( ! cov] ! "n ( ! compositor1 ,s\?wick ,davis1 :o graduat$ f ,knox 9 ! fir/ class--t ( #ahdf4 ,?is cr$itable piece ( pr9t+ 0 done only ab\t f\rte5 ye>s aft] ,galesburg 0 /ak$ out & :5 ,knox ,college 0 graduat+ its fif? class4 ,9 ,april #ahdh ,riley ,root left ,galesburg to make ?is ov]-l& j\rney1 cross+ ! cont95t by way ( ! ,oregon ,trail to ,oregon ,city1 a di/ance ( #ahdf miles f ,/4 ,josephs on ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! />t+ po9t = ! long j\rney ?r\gh ! ,indian ,c\ntry4 ,al?\gh gold _h be5 discov]$ at ,sutt]'s sawmill 9 ,cali=nia on ,febru>y #aj?1 #ahdh1 ne>ly two mon?s be=e ,mr4 ,root left ,galesburg1 x is n probable t he le>n$ ( t fam\s ev5t until he rea*$ ,oregon 9 mid-,septemb]4 ,! news spread sl[ly ev5 on ! ,pacific coa/1 cr$ible reports rea*+ ,san ,francisco only 9 ,may4 ,mr4 ,root says t ! excitem5t 7'yell[ fev]1' he calls x7 began 9 ,oregon ab\t ! middle ( ,augu/1 & t )9 "o mon? ne>ly #b1jjj p]sons left ,oregon = ! gold fields4 ,! purpose ( ,mr4 ,root's ov]-l& j\rney to ,oregon is n /at$1 b x w\ld seem f an entry 9 8 di>y sev5 mon?s aft] rea*+ ,oregon ,city1 to ! effect t he _h be5 'roam+ up & d[n ! valley1 9 pursuit ( in=mation1' t he 0 sc\t+ = new l&s on a new fronti]4 ,f9d+ himself 9 ! mid/ ( all ! gold ru% 'commotion' he may v well h be5 attack$ by ! 'yell[ fev]' bug himself4 ,at any rate he left ,oregon 9 ,april1 #ahdi1 j a ye> aft] leav+ ,galesburg1 & go+ to ,san ,francisco & ! ,cali=nia gold fields1 sp5t five mon?s1 return+ to ,ill9ois by way ( ,panama & ,new ,orleans4 ,he arriv$ 9 ,galesburg1 ,janu>y #h1 #ahej4 ,?is little pamphlet records ! details ( ?is epic j\rney1 & if ,riley ,root's reputation re/$ on ?is alone he w\ld take high rank z a hi/orian4 ,x is extremely well done & is a fai?ful j\rnal ( n only ! day to day happ5+s1 b ( ! c\ntry & its climate1 ! wild animals1 ! ,indians1 ! geology & botany1 ! m\nta9s1 ! =e/s & /reams1 & _m o!r features t give evid5ce ( ! obs]vant eye ( ! au?or4 ,"o int]e/+ & important *apt] relates ! h>r[+ details ( ! ,indian massacre ( ,novemb]1 #ahdg1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,m>cus ,:itman & 8 wife lo/ _! lives4 ,?is /ory 0 suppli$ to ,mr4 ,root by eye-witnesses & is said to be its e>lie/ publication 9 book or pamphlet =m4 ,among ! _m *anges ( own]%ip ( presses 9 ,galesburg1 x w\ld be difficult to decide :e!r ! %op 9 :i* ,i le>n$ my trade 0 a desc5dant ( ! ,intellig5c] ,pr9t or n1 b x 0 produc$ 9 j su* a primitive & res\rceful plant4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,pla9 ,pr9t+ ,types1 ,!odore ,l4 ,de ,v9ne1 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,james ,%& ,,au?or ,,& ,,pr9t]3 ,g4,b4,s4 ,,& ,r4 ,r4 ,c43 #ahih-aidh ,f ,alphabet & ,image3 #h1 ,w9t]1 #aidh4 ,copyright by ,art & ,te*nics1 ,ltd4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission ( ! au?or & publi%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,topolski's draw+ f ! illu/rat$ ,p5gu9 ,pygmalion4 ,au?or & pr9t]1 publi%] & book-sell]2 ^! conjunctions fl[ too easily f ! p54 ,!y cov] an immeasurable sum ( human exp]i5ce1 bo? melan*oly & magnific5t1 9 ! long hi/ory ( ! book trade2 !y %\ld be us$ ) m res]ve4 ,=tunately = ! read]1 ! writ] is no doctor 9 bibliography exp\nd+ ! p]ils & diseases ( textual transmission1 b a typographical report]1 ) an int]im case-hi/ory ( a p>ticul> au?or1 a p>ticul> pr9t] & a heal?y body ( "w 9 progress4 ,our au?or is ,george ,b]n>d ,%aw1 sometime ( ,dubl93 our pr9t]1 ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k1 n[1 z always1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! association is unique 9 m ?an a geographical s5se2 9 "t x cov]s fifty ye>s2 9 space x defies quantitative analysis4 ,b]n>d ,%aw's quota1 if consign$ to ! ,society ( ,au?ors1 w\ld probably make t body indep5d5t ( ! publi%+ trade = ye>s to come4 ,miss ,m>jorie ,plant has po9t$ out1 9 h] always readable economic hi/ory1 ,! ,engli% ,book ,trade1 t !re 0 once a "t :5 ! p]son :o 0 ( no acc\nt :atev] 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! book indu/ry 0 ! au?or4 ,at a lat] p]iod :5 ! pr9t] 0 dom9at$ by book-sell] & publi%]1 ,dr4 ,johnson wrote 9 ,! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e 9 #agci1 ,we c produce "s :o ?reat5$ pr9t]s ) _! highe/ displeasure = hav+ d>$ to pr9t books = ^? :o wrote !m6 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]ature ! relations ( au?or1 pr9t] & publi%] h (t5 be5 bitt] & obscure1 pos+ _m problems 9 bibliography & textual criticism4 ,dr4 ,mc,kerrow1 introduc+ ! lit]>y /ud5t to bibliography1 sugge/s t ! be/ way ( obta9+ a cle> & lively compreh5sion ( ! processes by :i* ! books ( ,%akespe>e's "t 7 produc$ w\ld be by actually compos+ a %eet or two 9 exact facsimile ( an ,elizabe?an qu>to & pr9t+ x on a h&-press4 ,once he does ?is1 he adds1 he w f9d t ! mat]ial book1 ap>t altoge!r f its lit]>y cont5t1 c be a ?+ ( surpris+ int]e/4 ,! surprise ( ,dr4 ,mc,kerrow's /ud5t try+ to dis5tangle ! impositions by :i* ! ,p5gu9 edition ( m ?an a million copies ( ,%aw's plays 7 produc$ on mod]n p]fector pr9t+ presses & automatic fold+ ma*9es w\ld inde$ be consid]able4 ,nev]!less x is to be d\bt$ :e!r !re are z _m bibliographical vag>ies & obscurities 9 ,%aw z 9 ! folios & qu>tos ( ,%akespe>e4 ,c]ta9ly !re is some?+ ( ! same fasc9ation 9 ! pr9t+ & production ( ! mat]ial books ( ! lat] playwright2 ap>t f ! lit]>y antics ( an ebulli5t ,iri% au?or ) t mo/ emotional ( all romantic *>act]s3 seem+ly h>d-head$ ,scots pr9t]s4 ,s9ce we are pres5t+ ! romance ( playwright & pr9t]1 )\t b5efit ( publi%]1 let u set our *>act]s 9 _! dramatic place & sc5e4 ,! place is ,ed9burgh2 ! sc5e ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k2 ! pr9cipal *>act]s1 ,edw>d ,cl>k1 ,b]n>d ,%aw & ,william ,maxwell2 ) a fa9t e*o (f-/age f t habitual bankrupt1 ,grant ,ri*>ds1 lat] des]t$ = ! m solid attractions ( a commission$ ,con/able4 ,illu/ration3 ,%aw's orig9al %or?& draft ( 8 lett] to ,maxwell on ! c5t5>y ( ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k 9 #aidf4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,m4 ,trevelyan1 9 "o ( ^? two brilliant *apt]s on ,scotl& 9 8 ,engli% ,social ,hi/ory1 po9ts out t rapidly develop+ eighte5?-c5tury ,ed9burgh 0 h>dly less important ?an ,london 9 ! ,briti% field ( lett]s4 ,mr4 ,/anley ,morison1 speak+ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #aidd on ! subject ( ,! ,typographic ,arts1 po9t$ out t ! fir/ hi/ory ( typography ev] writt5 = ! in/ruction ( ! trade 0 ,james ,watson's ,! ,art ( ,pr9t+1 publi%$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #agac4ci ,a few ye>s lat] ! ,ed9burgh book-sell]1 ,alex&] ,donaldson1 :o set up %op 9 ! ,/r& & put ,ed9burgh pr9t$ classics on sale at #cj p] c5t to #ej p] c5t bel[ ! usual prices1 0 l>gely responsible = ! creation ( a p]man5t & enl>g$ pr9t+ & type-f\nd+ indu/ry 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,mr4 ,morison also ass]ts t 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,scotl& l$ ! int]e/ 9 te*nicalities ( pr9t+4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 pr9t$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #agga1 0 br\ght out by a ,society ( ,g5tlem5 ( ,scotl&4 ,john ,bell's ,briti% ,poets & ,briti% ,!atre 7 pr9t$ at ! ,apollo ,press by ,gilb]t ,m>t91 an ,ed9burgh pr9t] ( :om ,mr4 ,morison w\ld gladly "k m4 ,! social1 imag9ative & intellectual life ( ,scotl& 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury c5tr$ l>gely 9 ,ed9burgh on ,burns & ,scott1 ,adam ,smi? & ,! ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,! famili> publi%] names1 ,ballantyne1 ,blackwood1 ,*amb]s1 ,con/able1 ,nelson1 7 also pr9t]s4 ,9 type-f\nd+1 ,mill] ,ri*>ds' ,scot* ,roman cut 9 #ahjc1 & ! lat] ,old ,/yle1 7 widely us$ ?r\gh\t ! trade1 at home & abroad1 "r up to ! pres5t day4 ,x 0 9 #ahdf1 six ye>s be=e ,alex&] ,phemi/] cut ! n[ fam\s ,old ,/yle1 t ,rob]t ,cl>k1 ) a loan ( #bjj1 laid ! mode/ f\ndations ( ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k4 ,aft] s]v+ 8 appr5tice%ip 9 ,montrose z compositor & pressman 7:at is call$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh trade a twic]7 he s\ght exp]i5ce 9 ,london z a j\rneyman1 be=e return+ to ,ed9burgh to />t 8 own bus9ess4 ,8 ,london exp]i5ce mu/ h be5 ( "s value to him because x 0 n long be=e he & 8 p>tn]1 ,james ,kirkwood1 _h develop$ an active bus9ess ) ,london publi%]s3 ,macmillans1 ,b5tley1 ,john ,murray1 ,smi? ,eld]1 ,a4 ,c4 ,black1 among/ o!rs4 ,rob]t ,cl>k's policy ( provid+ f9e quality1 ) consci5ti\s s]vice at ! highe/ possible price1 no d\bt contribut$ to ! f9ancial success ( a rapidly develop+ bus9ess :i* mov$ to ! pres5t pr9t+ works at ,br&on ,/reet 9 #ahhc4 ,rob]t ,cl>k's only surviv+ son1 ,edw>d1 took ov] sole control aft] 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #ahid4 ,william ,maxwell fir/ appe>s on ! sc5e at ?is "t1 ent]+ ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k z a %or?& writ] 9 #ahib4 ,x 0 9 #ahib t ,%aw's fir/ play1 ,wid[]s' ,h\ses1 0 produc$2 #ahih :5 ,plays ,pleasant & ,unpleasant1 publi%$ by ,grant ,ri*>ds1 7 pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k4 ,few liv+ au?ors n[adays c claim cont9u\s direct relations ) "o pr9t] ov] a p]iod ( fifty ye>s4 ,books are n[ ! product ( me*anical compos+ ma*9es1 automatic pr9t+ presses1 & me*aniz$ b9d]ies4 ,!y require exp]t control by exp]i5c$ production /affs deal+ ) _m diff]5t pap]-mak]s1 pr9t]s & b9d]s4 ,= ?is reason alone ! pr9t$ works ( su* a productive au?or z ,b]n>d ,%aw are a rem>kable exception to ! g5]al rule 9 ! highly-organiz$ pr9t+ & publi%+ trades4 ,commission publi%+ is ! resort ( au?ors ^: reputation gu>antees a lucrative circulation & :o c af=d ! necess>y capital4 ,%aw n[ deals directly ) 8 pr9t] & b9d]1 buy+ & pay+ = 8 own composition1 ma*9+1 pap] & b9d+4 ,%aw _h always v def9ite ideas ab\t ! =mat ( 8 books &1 ) ! complete & fri5dly co-op]ation ( 8 pres5t publi%]1 has dealt cont9u\sly ) ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k s9ce #ahih4 ,cl>ks are n[ #ajb1 ,%aw #ib1 ,maxwell #ge2 ?is unique association ( au?or & pr9t] is also a competition 9 longevity4 ,illu/ration3 ,page f ! ,/&>d ,edition1 :i* began publication 9 #aica1 9 ,f\rni] small pica1 #a-a_/b po9ts lead$1 l>ge cr[n octavo1 #ex#h in*es4 ,! influ5ce ( ,b]n>d ,%aw on our "t has be5 pr(\nd2 9 ! !atre1 9 films & 9 broadca/+4 ,! circulation ( 8 pr9t$ works has be5 imm5se4 ,8 direct collaboration ) 8 pr9t] ov] a long p]iod is ( m ?an pr(essional int]e/ to publi%]s1 pr9t]s & bibliograph]s4 ,?is unique au?or-pr9t] relation%ip provides an unusual aspect = u ( ! wit1 vig\r & work+ me?ods ( "o ( ! mo/ successful au?ors & playwrights ( our "t2 demon/rat+ also 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms ! integrity1 craftsman%ip & me*anical res\rce ( ! pr9t+ h\se ( ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k1 s s\ndly bas$ & flexibly develop$ ov] ! la/ hundr$ ye>s 9 ! solid traditions ( ! ,ed9burgh book-pr9t+ trade4 ,9 #aidf1 on ! occasion ( ! c5t5>y ( ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k1 ,%aw wrote ( t r5[n$ ,ed9burgh pr9t+ firm1 ,ev] s9ce x pr9t$ my fir/ plays1 ,pleasant & ,unpleasant1 9 #ahih1 x has be5 z natural a "p ( my work%op z ! p5 9 my h&4 ,few pr9t]s c ev] h receiv$ s eloqu5t a tribute f s em95t an au?or4 ,z a "y au?or1 ,%aw's exp]i5ces ) publi%]s _h n be5 exactly enc\rag+4 ,betwe5 #ahgi & #ahhc1 z regul>ly z clockwork1 at ! rate ( "o a ye>1 !y reject$ all 8 novels4 ,! climate 9 publi%+ at t "t is be/ describ$ by ,%aw himself writ+ to ,daniel ,macmillan 9 #aidc4 ,! lett] is quot$ 9 full 9 ,*>les ,morgan's ,! ,h\se ( ,macmillan2 a small portion be>s repr9t+ "h4 ,aft] describ+ h[ ,m]$i? turn$ him d[n = ,*atto's )\t ext5uat+ circum/ances2 h[ ,blackwood accept$ 8 fir/ novel b r5eg$2 h[ ,smi? ,eld] 7 polite & ask$ to see future ef=ts1 ,%aw goes on to write3 ,i am n[ "o ( ! few :o p]sonally rememb] ! ,gr& ,old ,m5 ( ! publi%+ _w ( t day3 ,alex&] ,macmillan1 ,longmans & ,b5tley4 ,!y 7 s p[]ful t !y held ! book-sell]s 9 abject subjection1 & 7 d5\nc$ by ,walt] ,besant & 8 newly-organiz$ ,society ( ,au?ors z remorseless %>ks4 ,:5 !y di$ & 7 succe$$ by _! sons1 ! h]$it>y sy/em did n always "w z well z x did 9 ,b$=d ,/reet2 & ! book-sell]s got ! upp] h&4 ,john ,murray's ,byronic pre/ige 0 s select t ,i did n dream ( try+ him until ye>s lat]1 :5 ,i 0 an au?or ( "s note & _h already help$ to bankrupt ?ree publi%]s4 ,i (f]$ him ,man & ,sup]man4 ,he refus$ 9 a lett] :i* really t\*$ me4 ,he said he 0 old-fa%ion$ & p]haps a bit beh9d ! times2 b he c\ld n see any int5tion 9 my book b to w\nd1 irritate & upset all e/abli%$ con/itutional op9ion1 & !re=e c\ld n take ! responsibility ( publi%+ x4 ,by t "t ,i c\ld comm& suffici5t capital to f9ance my books & ent] into direct fri5dly relations ) ! pr9t]s 7?is began my v pleasant relations ) ,cl>ks ( ,ed9burgh74 ,i took matt]s into my own h&s &1 l ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,rusk91 manufactur$ my books myself1 & induc$ ,con/ables to take me on commission4 ,sidney & ,beatrice ,webb s5t ,%aw to _! ,ed9burgh pr9t]4 ,an in=mative & amus+ correspond5ce repr9t$ at l5g? by ,grant ,ri*>ds 9 ,au?or ,hunt+ reveals h[ he 0 rul$ & educat$ by ,%aw 9 ! *oice ( type1 ,morris m>g9s1 specim5 pages1 pap] & o!r details ( production4 ,holbrook ,jackson has po9t$ out 9 an article 9 numb] f\r ( ,! ,fleuron t ,%aw's books foll[$ ! model ( ,william ,morris's ,roots ( ! ,m\nta9s1 pr9t$ 9 ,caslon ,old ,face at ! ,*iswick ,press 9 #ahib4 ,%aw1 ,sociali/ intimate & admir] ( ,morris1 0 also 9 close t\* ) ,em]y ,walk]1 & famili> no d\bt ) ! typographical ideas ( ,morris1 ,walk] & ,cobd5-,s&]son1 fir/ elaborat$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahhi at a meet+ ( ! ,national ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,art1 & lat] publi%$ 9 ,arts & ,crafts ,essays pr9t$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahic4 ,9 prelim9>y discussions ( ! production ( ,plays ,pleasant & ,unpleasant1 ,%aw insi/$ on a trade union pr9t]4 ,grant ,ri*>ds d\bt$ :e!r a union h\se c\ld d ju/ice to 8 ideal ( ! book beautiful4 ,i _h few notions ( :at makes a union h\se1 wrote ,grant ,ri*>ds4 ,i d n ?9k ,i _h a union h\se on my li/4 ,! problem %ift$ to ! "q ( fair wages1 & ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k 7 approv$4 ,%aw1 9 a lett] to ,grant ,ri*>ds 9 #ahig1 obs]v$1 ,cl>k is all "r2 a fir/-rate h\se4 ,i enclose a lett] :i* y c hold z a c]tificate ( compliance ) my fair wages clause4444 ,edw>d ,cl>k d\btless also got mu* ent]ta9m5t f 8 deal+s ) a teetotal1 non-smok+1 veget>ian1 ,sociali/ ( an au?or4 ,!re is a /ory t1 on "o specim51 ,%aw's in/ructions = close & me*anically-equal spac+ betwe5 words 7 s precisely foll[$ by ! pragmatical ,scots1 t at ! end ( "s closely spac$ l9es ! def9ite article ! 0 divid$ t- & he turn$ ov]1 & ! indef9ite article a- ) n turn$ ov]4 ,%aw's comm5t :5 return+ ! specim51 z ,maxwell tells ! /ory1 01 ,excell5t2 b please d n g s f> z to prove ! au?or is really a damn fool4 ,%aw d5ies ! /ory2 nev]!less1 true or untrue1 x has a ,%avian flav\r4 ,%aw's *oice ( ,caslon = 8 orig9al edition 0 inevitable4 ,we "k t he pick$ up ! pre-,kelmscott =mula ready-made f ,william ,morris2 b1 unlike ! f\nd+ fa!rs ( ! private press movem5t1 he lack$ ! une>n$ income to indulge 9 a privately-cut type-face4 ,9 #ahig we mu/ rememb] t !re 7 only two text-types available 9 mo/ book-h\ses3 ,old ,/yle or ,mod]n4 ,m (t5 ?an n1 be=e me*anical type-sett+1 !re 0 n ev5 any *oice4 ,publi%] & au?or (t5 _h to accept ! type ( :i* !re happ5$ to be1 at any giv5 mom5t1 ! greate/ am\nt ( dis4 ,%aw's orig9al h&-set page 9 type-f\nd]'s ,caslon1 long prim] solid1 /ood up to ?irty ye>s' con/ant use4 ,to our po/-w> eyes1 condition$ by au?oriz$ economy /&>ds1 ! precise & consi/5t sett+ ( ! plays1 ) _! ev5 ,roman small caps1 l[]-case italics 9 squ>e brackets1 ) occasional l[]-case ,roman words lett]-spac$1 has consid]able no/algic typographical *>m4 ,"h is s5se & s5sibility 9 book-mak+1 well ahead ( its typographical "t4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m p1 ,william ,maxwell & ,b]n>d ,newdigate among/ !m1 :o prote/$ t long prim] ,caslon set solid 0 too small & too difficult to read4 ,b ,%aw prov$ fai?ful to 8 orig9al /yle & to 8 orig9al sett+ until ! plates wore out4 ,he lik$ a col\rful block ( lett]-press )\t :ite riv]s4 ,he compla9s t mod]n pr9t+ ink is n black en\gh4 ,9 ! middle tw5ties :5 ! project ( a ,limit$ ,collect$ ,edition 0 discuss$1 ,%aw /ill pref]r$ ,caslon1 b agre$ to a l>g] size1 pica solid1 on a l>g] page1 m$ium octavo4 ,b1 & to ,william ,maxwell x 0 a consid]able b1 ,%aw specifi$ h&-sett+4 ,z a disciple ( ,william ,morris1 ,%aw object$ to sett+ 8 books by ma*9e4 ,our ,william f ,ed9burgh !reaft] call$ on ,%aw ) two diff]5t specim5 pages1 "o h&-set 9 orig9al ,caslon & "o ma*9e-ju/ifi$ 9 ,monotype ,caslon4 ,bo? 7 submitt$ to ,%aw )\t say+ :i* 0 :i*4 ,! suspect$ ,monotype ju/ification 0 pref]r$4 ,maxwell triumph$4 ,em]y ,walk]1 consult$ by lett]1 also approv$ ! ma*9e-set page4 ,:at a victory = ! ma*9e6 ,or r1 :at a subtle example ( ,maxwell's typographical tact & p]suasiv5ess6 ,! re-sett+ ( ! :ole ( ,%aw by h& w\ld h be5 an inexcusable & exp5sive drudg]y4 ,maxwell conv9c$ ,%aw t ! me*anical compos+ ma*9e c\ld equal h&-sett+ 9 typographical quality & close spac+ betwe5 words & s5t5ces4 ,! devotion to ,monotype ,caslon 9 ! middle tw5ties seems /range to u n[1 look+ back f a weal? ( typographical equipm5t1 includ+ ,bembo1 ,bell & ,times4 ,b if we look r\nd ! lit]ature ( ! trade at t "t1 p>ticul>ly at ,! ,fleuron1 we note t ,caslon 9 its ,monotype v]sion _h a vogue1 almo/ a k9d ( typographical ,indian summ]4 ,! ,fleuron numb] "o 0 set 9 ! !n fa%ionable design kn[n z ,g>amond2 numb] two 9 ,bask]ville2 numb]s ?ree & f\r rev]t$ to ,caslon4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,/anley ,morison took ov] ! edit+ ( numb]s five1 six & sev51 & ! pr9t+ mov$ f ,curw5 to ,cambridge1 ! f9al volumes 7 all set 9 ,f\rni]4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is same "t t ,william ,maxwell told ,%aw t 8 old ,caslon plates 7 worn out & sugge/$ complete resett+s 9 a new ,/&>d ,edition 9 l>ge cr[n octavo 9 small-pica ,f\rni] #a-a_/b-po9ts lead$4 ,9 ! f9al *oice ( type = ! ,/&>d ,edition1 we detect aga9 h[ ,%aw tru/$ ,william ,maxwell's judgm5t & accept$ 8 advice4 ,no d\bt !re 0 an improvem5t 9 readability ov] ! orig9al edition1 b my own feel+ is t ! ,/&>d ,edition1 z at pres5t pr9t$1 has none ( ! evocative *>m ( ! orig9al edition4 ,x may be t ! ,sund\r b9d+ seems prosaic4 ,b ,%aw1 disgu/$ by ! fad+ ( 8 gre5 cov]s1 0 conv]t$ to ,sund\r by a ,w9t]bottom director emphasiz+ t n ev5 ! ,indian sun c\ld *ange x4 ,:5 ,%aw fir/ saw ,maxwell's specim5s = ! new ,/&>d ,edition 9 v>i\s type-faces1 ,caslon1 ,bask]ville1 ,scot* ,roman1 ,old ,/yle & ,f\rni] among/ o!rs1 he repli$1 ,i l !m all b ,i'll /ick to ,caslon until ,i die3 & aft] ,i am dead y c d :at y l4 ,=tunately1 ,%aw is /ill alive & ! ,/&>d ,edition is 9 ,f\rni]4#dj ,i cross-exam9$ ,william ,maxwell closely & at "s l5g? on ?is swit* f ,caslon to ,f\rni]4 ,8 p]suasive & peculi> ability to get 8 own way1 ev5 9 face ( su* a d-or-die /atem5t ( ,%aw's1 mu/ be rem>k$ "h4 ,i am afraid1 h[ev]1 ! only light ,i c ?r[ on ?is1 ! greate/ typographical conv]sion ( all "t1 is t ,maxwell himself is v fond ( ,f\rni] italics4 ,maxwell is no h>d-head$ ,scot4 ,he comes f ! s(t ,hyp]borean nor?1 :]e ! ,gulf ,/ream makes ! fu*sias gr[ six feet high4 ,:5 he confesses to an affair ) an elegant ,fr5* type !re isn't mu* *ance = ev5 an ,iri% au?or1 mu* less ! ,engli% public1 to break up ! auld alliance4 ,?us ,%aw's ,/&>d ,edition1 n[ runn+ into "s ?irty-five volumes1 began publication 9 ,f\rni] 9 #aica & has /eadily repr9t$ 9 ?is type & =mat at int]vals ev] s9ce4 ,9 an article on ,au?or & ,pr9t] 9 ! elev5? impression ( ! n9? edition ( ,coll9s's ,au?ors' & ,pr9t]s' ,diction>y ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,*apman obs]ves3 ,! prolixity ( mod]n writ+1 fo/]$ by *eap pap] & pr9t1 by ! habit ( mak+ books out ( articles & lectures1 by ! use ( typewrit]s & /5ograph]s1 is a positive evil4 ,illu/ration3 ,%aw's meticul\s pro(read+ is indicat$ by ?is heavily-correct$ pro( ( ,on ! ,rocks1 ) a complete retyp+ ( ! passage bel[4 ,%aw's me?od1 probably v]g+ on ! diabolical to ,dr4 ,*apman1 is to write ev]y?+ fir/ 9 %or?&4 ,a d\ble-spac$ typescript !n becomes 8 work+ copy1 to be s5t to ! pr9t] only aft] c>eful em5dation & revision1 9 ,%aw's always cle> h&4 ,! manuscripts1 typescripts1 galley1 page & f9al press pro(s1 inde$ ! :ole app>atus ( ! ,%avian work%op 9 ,william ,maxwell's collection1 %[ ! great pa9s ,%aw takes 9 writ+ & revis+ be=e sett+4 ,8 meticul\s pro( read+ is z *>act]i/ic z ! cl>ity ( 8 pro( correction4 ,william ,maxwell tells me t ,%aw's fir/-pro( corrections are (t5 heavy1 sometimes involv+ consid]able re-sett+ & re-make-up4 ,b :]ev] l5g?y excisions or additions are made 9 f9al pro(s1 ,%aw is always c>eful to supply ! exact numb] ( words2 sometimes 9 %ort] corrections c\nt+ individual lett]s 9 sub/itut$ words 9 ord] to avoid ov]-runn+ & re-ju/ification4 ,by all ! /&>ds ( ,horace ,h>t & ,h[>d ,coll9s1 ,%aw w\ld qualify z an admirable & exp]t au?or 9 ! te*nical aspect ( 8 relations ) 8 pr9t]--except1 p]haps1 = ,dr4 ,*apman's s*ol>ly /rictures on prefatorial prolixity & diabolonian au?or%ip4 ,%aw's plays are draft$ 9 :at he calls ,au?or's ,%or?& 7simplifi$ ,pitman72 typ$ by 8 secret>y2 revis$2 pr9t$2 & pass$ = press aft] two m revisions4 ,= rehe>sal1 fifty copies are /ruck (f z ,by a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,lit]ature4 ,if m are requir$ !y are ,by ,b]n>d ,%aw4 ,^! sets are privately pr9t$4 ,alt]ations & additions 9 rehe>sal & dur+ ! run ( ! play are incorporat$ z f9al corrections be=e publication4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ,%aw exhibits 9 ,william ,maxwell's possession is ! orig9al ( ! filmscript ( ,pygmalion4 ,%aw all[$ no h& b 8 own on ! scripts ( 8 films4 ,! correct$ copy ( ! play1 ) alt]ations 9 dialogue & "t s*eme = ! scre5 & ! additional sc5es & sequ5ces1 is 9 itself rem>kable visual evid5ce ( ,%aw's nimble-witt$ inv5tiv5ess4 ,few playwrights at ! age ( eighty-five h tackl$ s successfully ! transition into ano!r m$ium1 coop]at+ ) director & produc] to pres5t 9 all its fre%ness & v]ve ! au!ntic ,%avian t\* on bo? s\nd-track & scre54 ,! orig9al edition1 ! ,limit$ ,collect$ edition1 ! ,/&>d edition1 =m ! bulk ( ,%aw's pr9t$ works2 8 pr9t$ ephem]a are n my conc]n "h4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 v>i\s editions ( :at we might call out-(-!-run-plays-&-prefaces books3 ,! ,intellig5t ,woman's ,guide1 ,ev]ybody's ,political ,:at's ,:at1 ! two-column qu>to editions ( ! ,prefaces & ,! ,complete ,plays1 ! illu/rat$ ,black ,girl1 ! illu/rat$ ,good ,k+ ,*>les's ,gold5 ,days 7!re 0 also an illu/rat$ edition ( ,g5eva pr9t$ by ! ,*iswick ,press7 & ! illu/rat$ ,p5gu9 edition ( ,pygmalion4 ,omnibus editions ( ! ,plays & ,prefaces h be5 publi%$ by ,odhams1 *eap editions by ,p5gu92 & ,back to ,me?uselah by ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press 9 ,_w's ,classics4 ,! ,odhams omnibus 0 repr9t$ f ,%aw's plates2 ! ,p5gu9 editions 7 re-set 9 ,times4 ,! ,intellig5t ,woman 0 in/ruct$ 9 ,caslon on a page dim5sion decid$ by ,william ,maxwell2 a b9d+ design by ,d\glas ,cock]ell2 & a f\r-col\r half-tone jacket f an orig9al draw+ by ,eric ,k5n+ton ( a nude female ,intellig5c] look+ d[n a well4 ,%e1 ne$less to add1 _h a mu* less %apely figure ?an ! ,black ,girl4 ,! typography ( ,! ,intellig5t ,woman's ,guide 7#aibh7 is 9 ! ,caslon =mula4 ,we ne$ only note 9 pass+ t ! drop initials at ! beg9n+ ( *apt]s are tightly fitt$ & spill ov] into ! m>g9s4 ,! b9d+ sugge/s t too mu* ,cock]ell c spoil a trade b9d+4 ,! jacket 0 regrettable3 ! ext]nals ( ?is book seem out ( "* ) ! re/ ( ,%aw's production4 ,a m acceptable popul> edition1 pr9t$ f ! same plates1 ) r$uc$ m>g9s 9 small demy octavo1 0 publi%$ a ye> lat] 9 #aibi4 ,illu/ration3 ,%aw's note on ! correct$ ,pygmalion filmscript 9 :i* he alt]$ ! dialogue & "t s*eme1 provid+ additional sc5es & sequ5ces = ! film z %[n 9 ! two pages foll[+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! two-column edition ( ! ,complete ,plays1 set 9 ,scot* ,roman 9 qu>to1 is a skillful piece ( book-mak+2 a pleasant1 readable page1 :i* ,william ,maxwell c appropriate entirely to 8 own cr$it4 ,= size1 weight & g5]al col\r ! ,scot* ,roman 0 em95tly successful = all ! plays 9 "o volume1 n too heavy 9 ! h&1 9 a =mat :i* makes = easy ref]5ce & re-read+4 ,! contra/ ( ! two-column ,f\rni] sett+ ( ! ,prefaces ) ! two-column sett+ ( ! ,complete ,plays 9 ,scot* ,roman is to ! advantage ( ! ,scot* ,roman4 ,! small pica ,f\rni] is too l>ge 9 relation to ! wid? ( ! column &1 to my eye1 does n look at all happy 9 ?is two-column sett+4 ,ev]ybody's ,political ,:at's ,:at provides u ) an int]e/+ example ( ! close collaboration 9 pro(-read+ betwe5 ,william ,maxwell1 8 press-read]s & ,%aw4 ,%aw1 to illu/rate "s argum5t1 ass]t$ errone\sly t s _m codfi% 7 be+ caught at "o p]iod t great quantities 7 be+ ?r[n back into ! sea4 ,maxwell po9t$ out t codfi% 7 nev] ?r[n back into ! sea2 !y are salt$1 dri$1 pres]v$ & dispos$ ( 9 _m o!r ways4 ,%aw1 hazy ab\t v>ieties1 int5d$ fi% 9 g5]al & n codfi% 9 p>ticul>4 ,also 9 ?is book1 ,%aw m5tion$ t :5 an outsid] w9s a race1 book-mak]s lose4 ,william ,maxwell1 no mean exp]t 9 ! mak+ ( ^! o!r k9ds ( books & hav+ absorb$1 no d\bt1 f ,edw>d ,cl>k "s k & appreciation ( ! sport+ spirits1 que/ion$ ?is2 & innum]able lett]s f punt]s & bookies ov]load$ ,%aw's lett]box4 ,he re-word$ ! passage to sil5ce ! rule-(-?umb practition]s4 ,we h all be5 afflict$ f "t to "t 9 prefaces & au?ors' notes ) ! names ( odd p :o h also read ! pro(s4 ,!re c be few au?ors :o get ! b5efit ( skill$ press-read+ & skill$ scrut9y f a manag+ director s kn[l$geable ab\t fi% & ab\t bookies4 ,! codfi% & bookie /ories are an int]e/+ indication ( h[ e page ( ,%aw's goes ?r\gh a d\ble sieve at ,br&on ,/reet1 su* is ! passion ( ,scots = accuracy 9 type-sett+4 ,! ,scots' passion = p]fection 9 press-"w comes to light 9 ?is association ) ! production ( ,! ,black ,girl4 ,"s "t prior to #aicb1 ,%aw ask$ ,maxwell to sugge/ an engrav]-illu/rator = ?is ,voltairean tale2 ,maxwell sugge/$ ,john ,f>leigh4 ,) t ?or\gh att5tion to detail *>act]i/ic ( ! ,scot1 he n only ensur$ t ,%aw %\ld h an illu/rator capable ( int]pret+ 8 ideas1 he also took c>e t ! engrav+s1 pap] & ink %\ld all be happily mat*$ & te/$4 ,by accept+ full responsibility = ! typography ( ! illu/rat$ page1 he und\bt$ly produc$ an illu/rat$ ,%aw ( a quality & at a price :i* 0 a cr$it to au?or & pr9t]4 ,my typographical feel+s ab\t ,! ,black ,girl are mix$4 ,! engrav+s seem r too heavy = ! ,f\rni] sett+2 x may be an odd obs]vation to make ab\t a ,%aw book1 b ! illu/rations ov]load ! text ( ?is slim book2 ! b9d+ is too mu* & too black4 ,%aw's own wa% draw+s ( ! ,black ,girl are mu* m subtle 9 sugge/ion ?an ,john ,f>leigh's :ite l9e4 ,b !re 0 little d\bt ab\t ! success ( ,! ,black ,girl ) a l>ge public4 ,x is an int]e/+ & successful example ( a %ort book ) text & illu/rations pr9t$ at "o impression1 & )\t any complications 9 b9d+4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ,f>leigh's %>p :ite l9e & ,topolski's loose black squiggle 9 ! illu/rat$ edition ( ,good ,k+ ,*>les's ,gold5 ,days demon/rates :at ,i mean by ! rigidity ( ,! ,black ,girl page4 ,%aw z an au?or is impossible to illu/rate2 he c only be annotat$ & decorat$4 ,!re is an engag+ light-he>t$ quality ab\t ,topolski's cosmopolitan draughtsman%ip :i* seems to suit ,%aw bett] ?an ,f>leigh's engrav+s4 ,maxwell's e>lie/ recollection ( meet+ ,%aw is ( go+ to see ,mrs4 ,%aw at ! ,adelphi ab\t ! pr9t+ ( h] translations ( "s plays by ,brieux1 ! au?or ( ,damag$ ,goods4 ,%aw _h writt5 an introduction to !m4 ,9 ! c5t5>y lett] to ,william ,maxwell 9 ,novemb] #aidf1 ,%aw wrote3 ,i rememb] ,edw>d ,cl>k v k9dly & v well2 b x 0 ) y t our bus9ess relations develop$ into a cordial p]sonal relation%ip :i* has be5 ( ine/imable value to me z an au?or4444 ,illu/ration3 ,correction 9 popul> edition ( ,! ,intellig5t ,woman's ,guide %[+ c>eful c\nt ( words & lett]s = exact fit ( sub/itut$ passage4 ,william ,maxwell at an e>ly /age 9 8 c>e] became aw>e ( ! pr9t]'s responsibility to ! au?or4 ,cl>k's "w = ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son mu/ (t5 h be5 recollect$ & discuss$4 ,_m o!r au?ors h pass$ ?r\gh ,br&on ,/reet on _! way4 ,x is "o ( ! d\btful pleasures ( a book-pr9t+ e/abli%m5t to deal direct ) au?ors4 ,maxwell has _h 8 full %>e ( t k9d ( mix$ pleasure & responsibility ) ,h>dy1 ,kipl+1 ! ,webbs1 ,sir ,james ,fraz]1 ,hugh ,walpole1 ,virg9ia ,woolf1 ,*>les ,morgan1 ,osb]t & ,edi? ,sitwell4 ,i began ) an ,ed9burgh book-pr9t]2 ,i conclude ) an honor>y ,,ll4,d4 ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,9 #aidg t anci5t ,univ]sity conf]r$ on ,william ,maxwell t hon\r :i* he values above any p]sonal recognition4 ,x 0 a des]v$ complim5t to ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k & to ,scotti% pr9t+ z a :ole4 ,no man is self-made2 b s f> z any "o individual c by 8 own ef=ts raise ! /&>d ( 8 trade1 ! r5[n ( 8 firm & add to ! lu/re ( 8 native city1 ,dr4 ,william ,maxwell has done s by 8 devot$ & s$ul\s ye>s 9 ! s]vice ( _m au?ors & _m publi%]s4444 ,?is inadequate typographical report is 9 no s5se int5d$ to be ei!r accurate or inclusive4 ,nor d ,i make any claim = />tl+ innovations 9 graphic design or any p>ticul>ly notewor?y contributions to typography4 ,?is productive association has cov]$ fifty ( ! mo/ inv5tive ye>s 9 ! me*anical developm5t ( book-pr9t+2 ,b]n>d ,%aw himself wrote1 ,i h n _h to ?9k ab\t my pr9t+4 ,i h left x to d itself1 :i* means t ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k _h to d x4 ,all ! same he ?\ght a lot ab\t x4 ,i may well conclude ) ! f9al p>agraph ( ,%aw's lett] to ,william ,maxwell ( ,novemb] #aidf4 ,long may y & ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k ,ltd4 fl\ri% aft] we h said our la/ f>ewell :i* we %all bo?1 ,i hope1 be /ill too busy to att5d to4 ,,compos$ ,,9 ,,cal$onia ,,types ,,footnotes3 #ci ,two exc]pts are includ$ 9 ?is book1 see pages #hf & #hg4 #dj ,a specim5 page f ,! ,devil's ,disciple is %[n on page #chf4 ,illu/ration,,paul ,a4 ,,b5nett,illu/ration ,on ,type ,faces ,= ,books ,x is simple en\gh to und]/& t type1 pap] & ink are compon5ts ( book pr9t+4 ,b n s easy to compreh5d ! reasons = ! v>iety ( pap]s available1 nor ! _m doz5s ( type faces (f]$ = book composition4 ,! reasons = ?is great v>iety are p>tly functional1 p>tly ae/hetic1 & competitive4 ,pap]s diff] 9 _m ways--color1 f9i%1 opacity1 /r5g? & bulk are "s ( !m4 ,type faces diff]1 too1 & = equally valid reasons4 ,!re are ! important design & /yle diff]5ces t comprise ! old /yle1 transitional & mod]n faces suitable = books4 ,& di/9ctions 9 weight or color2 di/9ctions 9 r\ndness1 9 degree ( compactness1 & di/9ctions 9 legibility1 & 9 size4 ,to ! design] ( books1 type face selection is important 9 relation to ! "* ( ! text to be pr9t$4 ,! size ( type select$1 & ! am\nt ( lead+1 or space betwe5 its l9es1 has a be>+ ^u ! numb] ( pages ! manuscript w make4 ,"s %ort] manuscripts1 = in/ance1 ne$ to be driv5 out or padd$1 to make ! book appe> great] 9 cont5t ?an x actually is1 to ju/ify its price4 ,o!rs ne$ e possible degree ( compression to get ! manuscript into a less] numb] ( pages1 :i*1 9 turn1 means few] =ms to pr9t1 few] signatures to b9d1 & less pap] to use4 ,to turn f ! functional use ( type to ! ae/hetic1 & also make a r loose analogy1 "o may ?9k ( ! type face z a g>m5t ) :i* ! design] dresses ! au?or's words4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! design] selects a type face to develop an allusive =mat--to reflect some?+ ( ! /yle ( ! p]iod ( ! manuscript4 ,bruce ,rog]s1 ! greate/ ma/] ( allusive book-mak+1 9 8 ,p>agraphs on ,pr9t+ po9ts out t 9 a small way ?is is l plann+ ! /age sett+ = a play4 ,an up-to-date /yle = an anci5t text w\ld comp>e ) /ag+ ,hamlet 9 mod]n dress4 ,h[ev] novel & effective 9 its own way1 y feel x to be /range1 & ?is s5se ( /rang5ess is an annoy+ di/raction2 y are =c$ to ?9k ( ! sett+ & ! design] r ?an ! text4 ,x is easi] to sugge/ a fem99e appeal ) types l ,e/i5ne or ,fairfield or ,g>amond1 ?an ) less decorative faces su* z ,bask]ville1 ,bodoni or ,janson4 ,yet x is fooli% to g too f> 9 ?is direction4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re are no def9itely fem99e or mascul9e types--! way type is h&l$ has mu* to d ) ! mood x evokes4 ,& x is dang]\s to p9 labels on types )\t kn[+ a great deal ( _! backgr\nd & d]ivation4 ,! idea ( us+ _m di/+ui%$ types = ! composition ( ?is book 0 delib]ate3 ,! int5t 0 to demon/rate1 on a uni=m pap] surface & "u id5tical pr9t+ conditions1 ! behavior ( tw5ty ( ! f9e/ types ( our "t4 ,& to af=d a basis = comp>ison t might n only illum9e "s ( ! po9ts m5tion$1 b also provide ref]5ce specim5s ( ^! notable book faces4 ,to t end1 a complete alphabet %[+ 9 caps & l[]-case ( ea* face is includ$1 ) a brief acc\nt ( its backgr\nd & developm5t4 ,n e essay w be equally appeal+1 typographically4 ,yet ! v>iety ( faces us$ 9 sett+ !m seems m successful ?an w\ld be ! less s5sitive treatm5t ( uni=m typography4 ,read+ ! articles & /udy+ ! p]=mance ( ! individual types %\ld provide an increas$ appreciation ( ! "p typography plays 9 develop+ ! book's =mat4 ,9 ?is pres5t in/ance1 ! design] has *os5 "o basic backgr\nd face1 ,janson1 = ! majority ( ! essays4 ,& has int]leav$1 s to speak1 _m ( ! essays set 9 diff]5t types4 ,?is treatm5t less5s any t5d5cy t[>d unev5 color & spott9ess1 & m9imizes "s ( ! pot5tial scrap book feel ( _m diff]+ type specim5s4 ,! problem ( c\pl+ face ) essay 0 c>efully consid]$4 ,!re c\ld be none b ! obvi\s selection ( ! au?or's own design 9 connection ) five ( ! essays3 ,electra = ,w4 ,a4 ,dwigg9s' ,inve/igation into ! ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,books2 ,p]petua = ,eric ,gill's ,typography2 ,times ,roman = ,/anley ,morison's ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,typography2 ,deepd5e = ,fr$]ic ,g\dy's ,types & ,type ,design2 & ,c5taur = ! extracts f ,bruce ,rog]s' ,p>agraphs on ,pr9t+4 ,"s backgr\nd on ! type selections = o!r essays may be ( int]e/3 ,monticello1 a recutt+ ( "o ( ! e>lie/ ,am]ican types1 0 a natural & excell5t *oice = ,lawr5ce ,wro?'s ,fir/ ,"w ) ,am]ican ,types1 z 0 ,bembo1 "o ( ,beatrice ,w>de's favorite faces = h] ,pr9t+ ,%\ld ,be ,invisible4 ,bell1 :i* ,mr4 ,updike 0 "o ( ! fir/ to use ) di/9ction--he call$ x ,m\ntjoye :5 he acquir$ x 9 #aijc--0 ! *oice = 8 ,"s ,t5d5cies 9 ,mod]n ,typography4 ,! selection ( ,poliphilus = ,sir ,francis ,meynell's ,"s ,collectors ,read seem$ appropriate 9 recognition ( ! _m f9e ,nonesu* books he _h set 9 ,engli% ,monotype faces2 :ile t ( ,bask]ville = ,john ,w9t]i*'s essay on ,frankl9 z pr9t] & publi%] 0 because ,bask]ville 0 a type ,frankl9 greatly admir$4 ,cal$onia1 an orig9al ,dwigg9s face influ5c$ by ,scot* ,roman1 0 ! m subtle *oice = ,scot pr9t] ,james ,%&'s reveal+ acc\nt ( ,george ,b]n>d ,%aw's relations ) 8 pr9t]--m appropriate to ,%&'s pref]5ce & backgr\nd1 ?an w\ld h be5 ! *oice ( ,caslon or ,f\rni]1 9 :i* ,%aw's books h be5 set4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! brief m5tion ( old /yle1 transitional & mod]n faces may ne$ amplification4 ,& also ! descriptive t]ms ,l9otype & ,monotype1 :i* are trade-m>k$ words t indicate me?ods ( composition4 ,9 ,l9otype1 ! product is an actual l9e ( type1 call$ slug 9 pr9t]'s p>lance4 ,?is is produc$ by "o ma*9e1 f matrices assembl$ ?r\gh f+] action on a keybo>d4 ,9 op]ation1 ! assembl$ l9e moves to ! mold = ca/+ & ! matrices are !n return$ 7di/ribut$7 to _! *annels 9 ! magaz9e = use 9 o!r l9es4 ,9 ,monotype1 ! product is individual pieces ( type--lett]s & spaces assembl$ into a l9e ( _m elem5ts1 z 9 h& type4 ,! ,monotype ma*9e consi/s ( two units3 ! keybo>d 7:i* resembles a type-writ]7 pun*es holes 9 a roll ( pap]1 n unlike t 9 a play] piano4 ,?is roll is !n f$ into ! ca/+ unit1 :]e x functions by controll+ lev]s :i* br+ ! matrix ( ea* "* into position = ca/+ lett]s & spaces 9 sequ5ce 9 ! l9es4 ,illu/ration ,! di/9ctions betwe5 type faces call$ old /yle1 transitional or mod]n1 are app>5t at a glance to ! te*nician4 ,j z1 = in/ance1 y di/+ui% in/antly betwe5 a ,sc&9avian1 a ,lat9-,am]ican1 or a ,mongolian4 ,analysis may indicate t ! *ief factor 9 y\r in/ant recognition ( ^! types is memory ( features4 ,s too 9 type faces4 ,"h ! diff]5ces are m m9ute1 & ess5tially a matt] ( design di/9ctions3 ! weight & relation ( ?ick & ?9 /rokes1 ! treatm5t & /ress ( curves1 & ! h&l+ ( s]ifs4 ,!re is little diff]5ce 9 ! actual %apes ( lett]s1 :i* is z x %\ld be4 ,"o ( ! m lucid acc\nts ( ! developm5t ( lett] =ms is ,w4 ,a4 ,dwigg9s' ,! ,%apes ( ,roman ,lett]s1 includ$ 9 8 ,mss4 by ,,wad4 ,illu/rations f ?is m9or classic are us$ "h by p]mission4 ,rememb] t mo/ ( ! lett] =ms we meet are modifications ( writt5 lett]s1 %ap$ by p5 action4 ,"s diff]5ces 9 ! details ( s]if treatm5t are indicat$ by ^! ,dwigg9s draw+s3 ,illu/ration a b c d a %[s a commonly design$ s]if detail1 mu* bett] h&l$ by natural p5 action 9 b4 ,! ar* ( a lett]1 frequ5tly h&l$ 9 type z c1 is m crisp & attractive 9 d1 ! natural p5 =m4 ,9 type1 s]ifs help c>ry ! eye 9 a horizontal direction1 a design] fri5d po9ts out1 sett+ up a fl[ f lett] to lett] )9 ! ^w1 & f ^w to ^w across ! l9e4 ,illu/ration e f ,contra/ ! deg5]ate1 commonly us$ =m ( o %[n 9 e1 ) ! m attractive p5 =m 9 f4 ,"h is graphic di/9ction 9 ! treatm5t & /ress ( curves4 ,! two mo/ common classes ( type faces are old /yle & mod]n4 ,! transitional1 a m]g+ ( ! old /yle =m into ! mod]n--is typifi$ by ! illu/ration ( ,bulm]1 betwe5 ! ,janson & ,bodoni specim5s us$ = ! visual pres5tation on page #djd4 ,our old /yle faces desc5d f ! e>ly ,italian ,roman types & diff] 9 m9or details & national *>act]i/ics4 ,among ! old /yle faces us$ 9 ?is book are ,bembo & ,c5taur1 :i* reflect ! ,italian =m2 ,e/i5ne1 ,granjon & ,g>amond1 :i* reflect ! ,fr5* =m2 ,caslon & ,janson1 typical ( ! ,engli%-,dut* =m2 & ,fairfield & ,times ,roman1 z diff]+ expressions ( contempor>y old /yle types4 ,mod]n faces1 ! result ( a sw+ ( ta/e 9 ! opposite direction1 /emm$ f an ef=t to copy 9 type ! lett]s ( eighte5?-c5tury copp]-plate engrav]s4 ,bodoni1 ! classic =m ( ! mod]n1 is includ$ 9 its light] r5d]+1 nam$ ,bodoni ,book4 ,! fir/ ,engli% mod]n1 nam$ ,bell1 is also includ$2 toge!r ) two contempor>y mod]ns1 ! ,dwigg9s-design$ ,electra & ,cal$onia faces1 cut by ,l9otype4 ,all ?ree are less sev]e ?an ,bodoni & reta9 elem5ts ( ! transitional =m 9 "s lett]s4 ,! two really transitional faces includ$ are ! classic ,bask]ville1 & ,monticello1 :i* v]ges some:at m to ! old /yle "*4 ,lett]s1 z ,mr4 ,dwigg9s illu/rates graphically1 are made out ( ?ick '/ems1' ?9 'hair-l9es1' loops & 's]ifs1' or f9i%+ /rokes4 ,illu/ration ,h[ ! v>iations t produce ! diff]5t /yles ( ,roman types actually came ab\t is easily und]/ood by see+ h[ ! nib ( ! p5 is slant$ to write an old /yle lett] l ,caslon 7g71 z aga9/ hold+ x at "r angles to ! writt5 l9e = ! mod]n lett]1 su* z ,scot* 7h73 ,illu/ration g h ,diff]5ces 9 curve & f9i% are a natural result ( ^! two p5 positions4 ,z ,mr4 ,dwigg9s expla9s3 ,9 writ+ l[]-case 'a1' = example1 ! /roke beg9s at ! little bulb at ! upp] left-h& corn]1 passes ov] ! ar* at ! top1 desc5ds to =m ! /raight /em1 & f9i%es ) an upw>d flick2 a second motion =ms ! loop4 ,z ! l9e moves1 x swells & ?9s 9 accordance ) ! %ape ( ! p5 & ! direction ( ! movem5t4 ,illu/ration i j ,9 ! ,caslon lett] 7i71 ! swell+ at ! top beg9s at ! bulb or dot2 ! ar* exp&s ?r\gh\t its :ole curve2 ! loop has a decid$ tilt1 z has ! f9i%+ /roke4 ,9 ! ,scot* lett] 7j71 ! ar* is a ?9 l9e2 ! expansion does n beg9 until ! d[nw>d /roke ( ! /em2 ! swell+ ( ! loop is at "r angles to ! l9e ( writ+1 & ! lett] ends ) a p]p5dicul> flick4 ,9 ! 'b1' "o notices ! diff]5ce 9 ! loops & 9 ! s]ifs at ! tops ( ! lett]s4 ,illu/ration k l ,! typical 'old /yle' s]if at ! top 7k7 tilts z ! p5 is tilt$2 ! loop is a tilt$ sweep ( ! slant$ p52 :ile ! s]if & loop ( ! 'mod]n' lett] 7l7 p>take ( ! p]p5dicul> position ( ! p54 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( tilt or p]p5dicul>ity appe> 9 all ! l[]-case lett]s & to a limit$ ext5t 9 ! capitals4 ,to *eck ! di/9ctions 9 diff]5t *>act]s 9 ! foll[+ tw5ty types1 a magnify+ glass w be helpful4 ,! arti/ic quality ( a type lett]1 ,mr4 ,dwigg9s concludes1 is det]m9$ by its degree ( grace ( l9e & proportion4 ,! /&>ds ( grace & proportion are to be look$ = 9 ! natural motions ( ! p54 ,b ! quality call$ art is dep5d5t1 too1 ^u ! arti/'s appreciation ( ! mat]ial 9 :i* he works--namely metal4 ,! draughtsman does n attempt to copy exactly ! =m ( 8 p5-writt5 model1 b modifies ! p5 =m to a %ape suitable to its f9al /ate--t ( a metal pun*4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,type ,,faces ,,us$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,book ,by ,paul ,a4 ,b5nett ,,note3 ,! foll[+ specim5s are set 9 a #aj po9t type size1 except ,c5taur1 9 #ad po9t1 & ,eldorado1 9 #aa po9t1 :i* 7 ! only sizes available = ?is book4 ,,bask]ville1 ! f9e transitional face nam$ = ! eighte5?-c5tury ,engli% pr9t]1 is available 9 sev]al contempor>y v]sions4 ,! ,l9otype cutt+ us$ "h1 mo/ fai?ful to ! orig9al ,roman1 0 produc$ f a complete font ca/ f ! orig9al matrices1 exhum$ at ,p>is 9 #aibi4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ,bask]ville has be5 a favor$ type ) ,am]ican book-mak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bask]ville 0 us$ = sett+ ,b5jam9 ,frankl93 ,pr9t] & ,publi%]1 pp4 #ceb-cfg4 ,,bell1 ! f9e ,engli% transitional-mod]n1 0 cut by ,ri*>d ,au/9 ab\t #aghh = ,john ,bell1 a lead+ ,engli% book & newspap] publi%]4 ,! ,engli% ,monotype v]sion us$ "h 0 reproduc$ 9 #aica f ! orig9al pun*es1 !n 9 possession ( ! ,/eph5son-,blake f\ndry 9 ,%effield4 ,bruce ,rog]s us$ ! type 7call+ x ,brimm]7 = _m f9e ,riv]side ,press books4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bell 0 us$ = sett+ ,"s ,t5d5cies 9 ,mod]n ,typography1 pp4 #cjf-cab4 ,,bembo1 ! f9e ,v5etian old face1 is a revival by ,engli% ,monotype ( "o ( ! e>lie/ ,ald9e romans4 ,t 0 cut be=e #aejj by ,francesco ,griffo ( ,bologna1 ! design] responsible = ! fir/ ,italic type a half-doz5 ye>s lat]1 & nam$ = ,pietro ,bembo1 ! humani/ s*ol> 7lat] ,c>d9al & secret>y to ,pope ,leo ,x71 ^: ,de ,aetna 0 pr9t$ by ,aldus 9 #adie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bembo 0 us$ = sett+ ,pr9t+ ,%\ld ,be ,invisible1 pp4 #aji-aad4 ,,bodoni ,,book1 a light weight r5d]+ ( ! popul> ,a4,t4,f4 ,bodoni1 is widely us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = book & p]iodical composition4 ,introduc$ 9 #aiaj1 x is n a copy ( ! types ( ! great ,italian1 ,giambatti/a ,bodoni1 b r a v]sion reta9+ 8 pr9ciple ( mod]n lett] design4 ,! less5$ degree ( contra/ betwe5 its ?ick & ?9 l9es make x ga9 9 read+ ease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bodoni ,,book 0 us$ = sett+ ,h>% ,words1 pp4 #cba-ccf4 ,,cal$onia1 a contempor>y ,l9otype face design$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,dwigg9s1 0 inspir$ by ! "w ( ,scot* type-f\nd]s1 9 p>ticul> by a light] weight1 m sl5d] transitional face cut by ,william ,m>t9 = ,bulm] ar\nd #agij4 ,*ri/5$ = its =ebe>s1 ,cal$onia resembles nei!r--?\gh x has t\*es ( bo? ,bulm]'s ,m>t9 & ,wilson's ,scot*1 & also some?+ ( ! simple1 h>d-work+1 feet-on-!-gr\nd quality ( ,scot* ,mod]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cal$onia 0 us$ = sett+ ,au?or & ,pr9t]3 ,g4,b4,s4 & ,r4 ,r4 ,c41 pp4 #cha-dja4 ,,caslon1 ! great eighte5?-c5tury ,engli% old /yle1 has suff]$ m f improvem5t & ref9em5t by succe$+ g5]ations ( type f\nd]s ?an mo/ celebrat$ types4 ,a developm5t bas$ on ,dut* models r ?an an orig9al creation1 ,caslon has be5 eloqu5tly t]m$ ! f9e/ vehicle = ! pr9t$ conveyance ( ,engli% spee* t ! art ( ! pun*-cutt] has yet devis$4 ,monotype's excell5t r5d]+ us$ "h 7,no4 #ccg7 reflects ! ess5tial qualities ( ! orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,caslon 0 us$ = sett+ ,typographic ,debut1 pp4 #gh-hb & ,metal-,fl[]s1 pp4 #hc-hd4 ,,c5taur1 a di/+ui%$ ,italian ,r5aissance face design$ by ,bruce ,rog]s1 0 cut by ,rob]t ,wiebk+ ( ,*icago 9 #aiad1 9 ! #ad po9t size4 ,its fir/ use by ,,br 0 9 a limit$ edition ( ,de ,gu]9's ,! ,c5taur1 pr9t$ at ,c>l ,roll9s' ,montague ,press4 ,! face1 recut by ,engli% ,monotype 9 #aibi1 seem$ to ,d4 ,b4 ,updike to be "o ( ! be/ ,roman f\nts yet design$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,italic is ,arrighi1 design$ by ,fr$]ic ,w>de1 us$ s9ce !re is no ,c5taur ,italic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5taur 0 us$ = sett+ ,p>agraphs ,on ,pr9t+1 pp4 #bha-bhi1 & ,b4,r43 ,adv5tur] ,) ,type ,ornam5t1 pp4 #bij-cje4 ,,deepd5e1 design$ & cut by ,fr$]ic ,w4 ,g\dy 9 #aibg1 0 nam$ = 8 e/ate at ,m>lboro-on-,hudson4 ,9 8 ,a ,half ,c5tury ( ,type ,design1 ,mr4 ,g\dy m5tions ! face 0 sugge/$ by a ,dut* type 7! ,lutetia ( ,van ,krimp57 :i* _h j be5 introduc$ 444 b z ) "s ( my previ\s designs1 ,i soon got away f my exempl> to foll[ a l9e ( my own4 ,! ,monotype recutt+1 done lat]1 is us$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,deepd5e 0 us$ = sett+ ,types & ,type ,design1 pp4 #bfg-bgc4 ,,eldorado1 ! late/ ,l9otype face design$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,dwigg9s1 0 develop$ ?r\gh ! w> ye>s & complet$ 9 #aiea4 ,x 0 sugge/$ by an uncommonly compact & di/9ctive eighte5?-c5tury face us$ 9 ,madrid by ! ,spani% pr9t]1 ,de,sancha4 ,9 no s5se a copy1 ,eldorado reta9s 9 its lett] anatomy some?+ ( ! treatm5t ( curves1 ar*es & junctions t br\ght di/9ction to its antec$5t1 z well z flavor ( ,spani% typographic tradition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eldorado 0 us$ = sett+ ,:at is a ,private ,press1 pp4 #age-aha4 ,,electra1 an orig9al mod]n1 design$ = ,l9otype by ,w4 ,a4 ,dwigg9s1 reflects ! w>m? & di/9ction ( 8 p]sonal lett]+4 ,! ef=t 0 to "w into ,electra lett] %apes1 :]e possible1 "s ( ! tw5tie?-c5tury _s3 electricity1 high-spe$ /eel1 /reaml9$ curves1 ! read]s' famili>ity ) newspap] & type-writ] faces 444 to develop lett]s fill$ ) en]gy1 human w>m? & p]sonality4 ,electra is available ) ei!r an oblique ,roman l[]-case companion =m1 or ! m famili> cursive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electra 0 us$ = sett+ ! ,inve/igation ,into ! ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,books1 pp4 #abi-add & ,tw5ty ,ye>s ,aft]1 pp4 #ade-aeb4 ,,em]son 0 design$ by ,joseph ,blum5?al & cut by ,monotype 9 ,engl& 9 #aicd4 ,! face is a duplicate ( 8 ,spiral ,press type1 design$ sev]al ye>s e>li] & cut = him by ,l\is ,hoell 9 ,frank=t1 ,g]many1 9 #aica4 ,?is face 0 initially us$ = a limit$ edition ( ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son's essay on ,nature1 pr9t$ on a h& press at ,croton ,falls 9 #aicb1 & privately publi%$4 ,! accompany+ ,em]son ,italic 0 design$ 9 #aicf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,em]son 0 us$ = sett+ ,typography ( ,william ,morris1 pp4 #bcc-bch4 ,,fairfield1 a slightly decorative1 orig9al & contempor>y old /yle1 0 design$ = ,l9otype by ,rudolph ,ruzicka1 ! di/+ui%$ ,am]ican wood engrav]4 ,%>ply cut1 z ?\gh ! lett]s came f ! arti/'s grav] r ?an p51 ,fairfield 0 design$ = read+ by "o ( ! mo/ kn[l$geable m5 9 ! c\ntry ab\t lett] =ms & _! /yle4 ,to invite cont9u\s read+1 ! design] feels1 type mu/ h a subtle degree ( int]e/ & v>iety ( design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fairfield 0 us$ = sett+ ,! ,fun & ,fury ( a ,private ,press1 pp4 #bbj-bbe4 ,,g>amond 0 introduc$ 9 ,am]ica by ,,atf 9 #aiai1 :5 _! cutt+1 bas$ on ! c>actres de l',univ]sit ( ! ,imprim]ie ,nationale1 appe>$4 ,s9ce1 at lea/ eight o!r v]sions h be5 made3 by ! ,engli% & ,am]ican ,l9otype & ,monotype1 by ,int]type1 ,ludl[1 & ! ,/empel f\ndry4 ,a docum5t$ article consid]+ ! ,,xvi & ,,xvii s\rces ( ! ,g>amond types1 by ,paul ,beaujon1 appe>$ 9 ,! ,fleuron1 ,v4 ,?is v]sion is ! ,am]ican ,monotype4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>amond 0 us$ = sett+ ,colophons1 pp4 #ca-dd4 ,,gill ,,sans1 design$ by ,eric ,gill 9 #aibh1 0 patt]n$ aft] lett]+ done = ! ,d\glas ,clev]don book-%op 9 ,bri/ol4 ,fir/ (f]$ by ,engli% ,monotype z a titl+ font 7caps1 figures & po9ts only71 ! l[]-case 0 add$ z ! face grew 9 favor4 ,today1 ,gill is ! mo/ popul> sans s]if 9 ,engl&4 ,x ranges ?r\gh a v>iety ( weights1 includ+ light1 normal1 heavy1 extra heavy1 & %ad[ & outl9e display & cond5s$ v]sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gill ,,sans 0 us$ = sett+ ,notes on ,mod]n ,pr9t+1 pp4 #cej-cea4 ,,granjon 0 design$ = ,l9otype by ! late ,george ,w4 ,jones1 "o ( ,engl&'s greate/ pr9t]s4 ,x is nei!r a copy ( a classic face nor an orig9al creation1 b r some?+ betwe5 ! two1 ) its basic design /emm+ f classic ,g>amond s\rces4 ,an exce$+ly compact & useful old /yle1 ,granjon is exceptionally cle> 9 small sizes4 ,its space-sav+ virtues are important 9 ! book & p]iodical field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,granjon 0 us$ = sett+ ,pr9t]s z ,m5 ( ! ,_w1 pp4 #hh-ajb4 ,,janson1 ! di/+ui%$ sev5te5?-c5tury old /yle face1 is presum$ ,dut* 9 orig94 ,x 0 issu$ by ,anton ,janson1 a ,leipsic pun*-cutt] & type-f\nd]1 betwe5 #affj & #afhg4 ,little is kn[n ( ,janson to supplem5t 8 fir/ type specim5 issu$ 9 #afge4 ,! orig9al matrices1 b\ght 9 ,holl& f ! heirs ( ,edl+1 ,janson's successor1 are possess$ by ! ,/empel f\ndry 9 ,frank=t1 ,g]many4 ,! ,l9otype recutt+ ( ,janson 0 made f type ca/ f ! orig9al matrices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,janson 0 us$ = sett+ all ! essays 9 ?is book except+ ^? indicat$ 9 o!r faces4 ,,monticello is a recutt+ ( ! fam\s ,b9ny ,ronaldson ,roman ,no4 #a1 a di/+ui%$ e>ly ,am]ican face cut 9 #agif 9 ,philadelphia4 ,type ca/ f ! orig9al matrices by ,a4 ,t4 ,f4 has be5 favor$ = ye>s by su* discrim9at+ pr9t]s z ,d4 ,b4 ,updike1 ,fr$ ,an?o5s5 & ! ,grabhorns4 ,l9otype's remodel+ ( ! type = mod]n use 0 nam$ = ! ,pap]s ( ,?omas ,jeff]son1 a fifty-volume publi%+ project by ,pr9ceton1 = :i* ! face 0 adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,monticello 0 us$ = sett+ ! ,fir/ ,"w ,) ,am]ican ,types1 pp4 #fe-gg4 ,,p]petua 0 design$ by ,eric ,gill1 ! em95t ,engli% sculptor & mak] ( lett]s ) p51 *isel & grav]4 ,mr4 ,gill's acc\nt ( 8 type 7cut 9 ,engl&73 f draw+s made by me4 ,^? draw+s 7 n made ) special ref]5ce to typography--!y 7 simply drawn ) bru% & ink4 ,= ! typographical quality ( ! f\nt1 z also = ! rem>kably f9e & precise cutt+ ( ! pun*es1 ! ,monotype ,corporation is to be prais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]petua 0 us$ = sett+ ,typography1 pp4 #beg-bff4 ,,poliphilus is a lit]al reproduction ( ! ,ald9e ,roman us$ 9 ! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili 9 #adii1 cut by ,francesco ,griffo4 ,! recutt+1 by ! ,engli% ,monotype organization 9 #aibc 7f %eets ( ! book7 0 attempt$ ) ! ?\ght ( provid+ a type to convey an old-_w atmosph]e appropriate = repr9t+ fifte5?-c5tury classics4 ,! accompany+ ,italic1 nam$ ,blado1 0 ! fir/ ( a numb] ( ,*anc]y italics to come f ,european type-f\nd]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,poliphilus 0 us$ = sett+ ,"s ,collectors ,read1 pp4 #aia-baa4 ,,times ,,roman 0 design$ by ,/anley ,morison = ! ,london ,times1 & fir/ us$ 9 t great newspap]4 ,its mascul9e simplicity1 directness ( design & excell5t color makes x exceptionally useful = p]iodicals & g5]al comm]cial "w4 ,! basic design objective ( maximum legibility 9 m9imum space has result$ 9 ! l>g] lett]-/ructure t makes ea* po9t size seem ! equival5t ( a size l>g] 9 mo/ o!r types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,times ,,roman 0 us$ = sett+ ,! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,typography1 pp4 #bci-bea4 ,,index ,adl]1 ,elm]1 #bba adv]tis+ c>d1 #afj-fa1 #afg1 #afh 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#aig-ih ,la/eyrie1 ,c\nt de1 ,typographie ,economique 7#ahcg71 xii1 #cjf ,lawr5ce1 ,t4 ,e41 #bji1 #bah lead+2 see lett]-spac+ ,lee1 ,m>%all1 ed41 ,books = ,our ,"t1 xiv ,lee ,priory ,press1 #ahf ,leeu1 ,g]>d1 #dj ,le,rouge1 ,pi]re1 #ej lett]+1 #cch-dc1 #dje-g def9$1 #cch lett]-spac+1 #bhg-hh lead+1 #bdc-dd1 #bhd driv+ out1 #bej1 #djb ,lewis1 ,w4 ,s41 #ih-ii ligature1 #hj-ha ,l9otype1 def9$1 #djd li/ ( illu/rations1 #afb ,liv+/on1 ,lu!r ,s41 ,frankl9 & ,8 ,press at ,passy1 #cfe ,longlond1 ,j41 ,a ,s]mon 7#aecf71 #eh ,l[ell1 ,amy1 #ajg l[]-case lett]s1 #beg-fa ,l[9sky1 ,?omas1 draw+1 #bjd ,lutetia type face1 #bcb1 #dad ,lu!r1 ,m>t9 ,to ! ,*ri/ian ,nobility1 #bi tracts1 #ee ,lydgate1 ,john1 #ec ,lydian type face1 #bee-ef ,mc,culloch1 ,william1 #fi-ga1 #gd1 #gf ,mac,donald1 ,james ,ramsay1 #aig n4 ,ma*iavelli1 ,nicol1 ,discorsi 7#aeca71 #ed ,mackall1 ,leon>d ,l41 ,notes = ,bibliophiles1 #cd ,mc,kerrow1 ,ronald ,b41 ix1 #gh ,introduction to ,bibliography1 #ca1 #ce-cf1 #chb ,macmillan1 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,francis1 xiv1 #aeh1 #ahi1 #bca ,nonesu* ,press1 #aia-baa ,pr9t]'s ,fl[]s & ,arabesques1 x on type-sett+ ma*9es1 #bbg-bh ,meynell1 ,v]a & ,nonesu* ,press1 #aia1 #aih-ii1 #bja1 #bje1 #bjf-g ,meynell1 ,wilfrid1 #aib-if1 #aii ,middle ,hill ,press1 #agh ,middleton1 ,h5ry1 #hj ,mill] ,ri*>ds1 #chd ,mill]-,p>k]1 ,agnes1 #bah missals1 fir/ pr9t$1 #bb-bc ,mit*elson1 ,david1 #ff-fg ,monotype1 #aeh1 #ahi def9$1 #djd ,montagu1 ,lady ,m>y ,wortley1 #baa ,montague ,press1 #bia ,de ,gu]9's ,! ,c5taur1 #dad ,monticello type face1 #djc specim51 #dai ,moore1 ,george1 #aic ,ulick & ,sora*a1 #bjf ,mores1 ,edw>d ,r[e1 ix1 #hc1 #cgj ,morgan1 ,*>les1 ,h\se ( ,macmillan1 #chg ,morgan1 ,gw5da1 #bah ,morison1 ,/anley1 x1 xiii1 #ii1 #aaf1 #aeh1 #aif1 #chd on calligraphy1 #cch ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,typography1 #bci ,times ,roman1 #dbj ,morris1 ,william1 xi1 #agi1 #cij a*ievem5t & influ5ce1 #ahg-hh1 #bbg1 #bbh-bi1 #bcj1 #bec c>e]1 #ajj-a ,note on ,8 ,aims 9 ,f\nd+ ! ,kelmscott ,press1 #ahj ,roots ( ! ,m\nta9s1 #bcf1 #bch1 #chh typography (1 #bcc-ch1 #bge1 #bgh see also ,kelmscott ,press ,m\ntjoye type face1 #djc ,moxon1 ,edw>d1 #hc1 #aeg ,moxon1 ,joseph1 #eg ,murray1 ,john1 #aeg1 #chg-hh ,musurus1 ,m>cus1 #id ,na%1 ,john1 #bah ,national ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,art1 #chh ,nelson1 ,george1 xiv ,new ,colophon1 ,!1 xv ,new ,engl& ,c\rant1 ,!1 #cee-ef ,new ,york ,h]ald ,tribune1 #cd ,newdigate1 ,b]n>d ,h41 #aha1 #cij ,niccolo1 ,simon di1 #da ,ni*ols1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,l41 ,ju/us ,fox1 #gj ,nonesu* ,press1 #aeh1 #aha1 #ahi1 #bbh hi/ory (1 #aia-baa ,nonesu* ,press1 impr9ts1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bjd-e1 #bjg1 #bji-aj press m>k1 #aii & ,r&om ,h\se1 #bjh ,%akespe>e1 #bji ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 ,!1 #da1 #ia1 #ib ,o',connor1 ,john1 #bah ,ogg1 ,osc>1 ix1 #ccg ,olpe1 ,j4 von1 #ia ,orcutt1 ,william ,dana1 ,manual ( ,l9otype ,typography1 #afj-fe ,orig9al ,old ,/yle type face 7,italic71 #bbc ornam5t2 see type ornam5t ,oswald1 ,john ,clyde1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,pr9t]1 #ceh ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y1 #cd-ce ,ox=d type face1 #bef ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #ea1 #gi1 #aeh1 #ahd n41 #ahe1 #aif ,palm]1 ,samuel1 #ceh-ei ,pann>tz1 ,arnold1 #gh1 #aec pap]1 #af-ah1 #bf-bg ,*9ese inv5tion (1 #ag damp5+ (1 #bbi esp>to grass1 #bf mills1 #ag-ah1 #bf-bg papyrus1 #ag rag1 #bf texture (1 #aai wood pulp1 #bf ,patmore1 ,cov5try1 #aic1 #aid ,pelican ,press1 #aih ,pelliot1 ,paul1 #be ,pembroke1 ,c\ntess ( 7,m>y ,h]b]t71 #ajf ,p5gu9 ,books1 #aeh editions ( ,%aw1 #cha-hb1 #cie ,p5nsylvania ,gazette1 ,!1 #cfb-fc ,p5nsylvania ,m]cury1 ,!1 #fe1 #fh1 #ga-gd types =1 #gd-gf ,p]petua type face1 #djc specim51 #dai ,pet] ,paup] ,press1 #afe ,petit1 ,jean1 #da ,phillips1 ,fr$1 ,old-,fa%ion$ ,type ,book1 #bee pi1 d]ivation ( "n1 #cgj pica1 d]ivation ( "n1 #cgj ,pick]+1 ,william1 #aef-eg1 #bcd1 #cah ,pig\*et1 ,phillipe1 #aed ,pio family1 #id ,plant1 ,m>jorie1 ,engli% ,book ,trade1 #chb ,plant91 ,*ri/oph]1 #fj1 #if play+ c>ds1 #ba-bb ,pleyd5worff1 ,wilhelm1 #da ,poe1 ,e4 ,a41 ,! ,gold ,bug1 #h po9t sy/em1 x1 #cfi ,poliphilus type face1 #bjj1 #djc specim51 #dbj ,poll>d1 ,alfr$ ,w41 xi1 #ce1 #cf-cg1 #agf1 #ahb ,essay on ,colophons1 #cc1 #cg-ch1 #dj-da ,poll>d1 ,graham1 #gh n4 ,pompad\r1 ,mme4 de1 #aje ,p\lton1 ,t4 ,l41 #bjf preface1 #afb-fc pr9t]1 amateur1 #ahb-ij see also private press pr9t]'s fl[]1 #eg-ei1 #hc-hd1 #aef-eg see also type ornam5t pr9t]'s m>k1 #de-ea pr9t+ developm5t (1 #ae-cj importance (1 #he-hg pr9ciples (1 #bbf-cb re/rict$ 9 ,engl&1 #ahe-hf private press def9$1 & aims (1 #age-ha1 #ahb influ5ce (1 #ahf-ij pr9ciples & pleasures (1 #cac-bj types (1 #agg-gi see also pr9t]1 amateur ,proctor1 ,rob]t1 #ahh ,proctor's ,greek type face1 #ahh ,psalt] 7,ma9z1 #adeg71 #ch-ci1 #di1 #ahc pun*-cutt+ ma*9e1 ,b5ton pantograph1 #beb-ed punctuation m>ks1 #ha-hb1 #bhe1 #bhi ,pt]s*e91 ,dr4 ,h]man1 #bbd ,pynson1 ,ri*>d1 #ec ,py?agoras1 #ab ,rabelais1 ,franois1 ,pantagruel1 #ie ,rad91 ,simon1 #da ,r&om ,h\se1 & ,nonesu* ,press1 #bjh ,ransom1 ,w1 ix1 #bed ,private ,presses1 #age1 #cfe ,ratdolt1 ,erh>d1 #ec1 #ee ,ravili\s1 ,eric1 #bah ,rawl9son1 ,sir ,h5ry ,c41 #c ,read1 ,h]b]t1 ,grass ,roots ( ,art1 #aee1 #aeg ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,troye1 #ai1 #di ,regiomontanus 7,mll]1 ,j471 ,cal5d>1 #ec ,rei*l1 ,ern/1 xiv1 #afd-fe1 #afh ,re9heckel1 ,&reas1 #db ,reu*l91 ,johann1 #id ,ri*>ds1 ,grant1 #chd1 #che ,au?or ,hunt+1 #chh ,ricketts & ,%annon1 #ahh ,riv]side ,press1 #bca1 #bia1 #daa ,ro*e/] ,press1 #agg ,rod5b]g1 ,julius2 see ,simon1 ,oliv] ,ro$]1 ,ralph1 #ic ,r(fe1 ,edw91 #agg ,rog]s1 ,bruce1 xiii1 #afd1 #afe1 #ahh1 #bbj1 #cah1 #daa ,c5taur1 #bee1 #dad designs1 #bij-cje influ5ce1 #bca ,p>agraphs on ,pr9t+1 #aha1 #bha-hi1 #djc ,_w ,bible1 #cjb-d ,roll9s1 ,c>l ,pur+ton1 xiii1 #ih1 #afd1 #aff1 #beb1 #bia1 #cah1 #dad ,b4 ,r4--,am]ica's ,typographic ,playboy1 #cjj-a ,romney ,/reet ,press1 #aif-ig ,root1 ,riley1 ,j\rnal ( ,travels 7,galesburg1 #ahej71 #cgi-hj ,rose1 ,aquila1 #cef-eg ,r\tl$ge1 ,george1 #bf ,rudge1 ,william1 #bca ,rudge ,press1 #bie runn+ head1 #bde ,ru%more1 ,ar?ur ,w41 ix1 #afd1 #afg-fh1 #bbj ,russell1 ,b]tr&1 #aih ,unpopul> ,essays1 xii-xiii ,ruzicka1 ,rudolph design1 #ea ,fairfield1 #bee1 #daf ,s&=d1 ,*ri/oph]1 ,cockalorum1 #bab sans s]if type face1 #ccb-cc1 #dag specim51 #dag ,sassoon1 ,siegfri$1 #aih ,savon>ola1 ,girolamo1 tracts1 #ec ,sawy]1 ,c4 ,j41 & ,d>ton1 ,f4 ,j4 ,h41 ,engli% ,books #adge-aejj1 #agf ,s*ff]1 ,pet]1 #ch-dj1 #db1 #di1 #ec1 #ia1 #ahc ,s*ool ,press1 #agi ,scot* ,mod]n type face1 #bhd1 #bhg1 #dac ,s*w>tz1 ,joseph1 xv ,s*w>tz1 ,miriam1 xv s]ifs1 #bee1 #dje-g ,%&1 ,james1 xiv1 #cha ,%aw1 ,g4 ,b41 xiv editions1 #che-hh1 #cia-ib1 #cie1 #cih-ii filmscripts1 #cic-ie lett]s quot$1 #chc1 #chg-ij pro( correction1 #cic-id1 #cif-ig1 #cih1 #djj relations ) ,r4 ,r4 ,cl>k1 #cha-dja %or?&1 #chc1 #cid type pref]5ces1 #cia-ib ,%aw1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,b41 #cii ,%ip ( ,fools1 ,! 7#adid71 #ia ,sidney1 ,sir ,philip1 ,arcadia1 #ajf1 #bjc ,simon1 ,oliv]1 #aed1 #aeh & ,rod5b]g1 ,julius1 ,pr9t+ ( ,today1 #cdd n4 ,sitwell1 ,sir ,osb]t1 #bjh1 #bac ,smi!rs1 ,leon>d1 #aeg ,s[]1 ,*ri/oph]1 ,jr41 #fg-gj1 #gb1 #gd-ge ,s[]1 ,samuel1 #gf ,sp>r[1 ,john1 #bjf ,spiral ,press1 #afe1 #daf ,squire1 ,sir ,john ,c41 #aib ,/eele1 ,rob]t1 ,revival ( ,pr9t+1 #aha ,/ev5son1 ,r4 ,l41 #g ,/iles1 ,rev4 ,ezra1 ,lit]>y ,di>y1 #ga-gb1 #beb ,/ckel1 ,wolfgang1 #ec ,/one1 ,reynolds1 #bah design1 #ajb ,/rawb]ry ,hill ,press1 #agf1 #ahf ,/rozzi1 ,pi]o1 #ajf ,sutton1 ,hannah1 #ajg ,sweynheim1 ,conrad1 #gh1 #aec table ( cont5ts1 #afb1 #afg ,t>g1 ,william1 xv ,mak+ ( ! ,bruce ,rog]s ,_w ,bible1 #cjd ,ta?am1 ,elizabe?1 #ajg ,tau*nitz1 ,b]nh>d1 #bcd ,t5nyson1 ,alfr$1 ,"l1 ,9 ,memoriam 7#ahej71 #aeg ,?omas1 ,isaiah ,additions to ,?omas's ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 #fi-gj1 #gd ,specim5 ( ,pr9t+ ,types1 #fc ,?ompson1 ,francis1 #aib-id ,times ,roman type face1 #djc specim51 #dbj title page ,bag=d collection1 #fd developm5t (1 #db-dc1 #eb-fd engrav$1 #eg-fj type ornam5ts1 #eg-fj typographic1 #fj-fd typography (1 #afa1 #afg-fh1 #bdf-dg woodcut1 #ec-eg ,tomk9son1 ,g4 ,s41 ,select ,bibliography ( ,mod]n ,presses1 #aha ,topolski1 ,feliks1 #cii draw+1 #cha ,tory1 ,ge(froy1 #fj1 #fb1 #ib1 #aed1 #ahe1 #bge ,t\rnes1 ,jean de1 #ee1 #ie ,trautwe91 ,joseph1 xv ,tr5holm1 ,george1 #bed ,trevelyan1 ,g4 ,m41 ,engli% ,social ,hi/ory1 #chd ,ts*i*old1 ,jan1 #aeh type faces mod]n1 #agj-ga1 #agd1 #djd-f old /yle1 #djd-e pr9ciples ( design1 #bfg-gc transitional1 #djd-f us$ by job pr9t]s 9 #ahhj's1 #cfi-gb see also typography1 & "u individual names type f\nd+1 e>ly hi/ory (1 9 ,u4 ,s41 #fe-gg type ornam5t1 #eg-ei ,clel&'s designs1 #big1 #bii ,rog]s's designs1 #bij-cje see also pr9t]'s fl[] typograph]1 & publi%]1 #aec-ei ,typographie ,economique2 see ,la/eyrie1 ,c\nt de typography ,bauhaus1 #cjf-g *>act]s 9 e>ly ,engli%1 #gh-hj def9$1 #bci-dj 9 mod]n trade books1 #afi-gd ( ,william ,morris1 #bcd-ch old vs4 mod]n1 #bgd-hj typography1 pr9ciples (1 #aji-ad1 #afj-fh1 #bci-ea1 #beg-ff problems 9 mod]n1 #cdd-di1 #djb-g t5d5cies 9 mod]n1 #cjf-ab1 #cba-cf see also type faces ,typophiles1 ,!1 #ajb1 #abi ,ulh>d1 ,philip1 #db ,updike1 ,daniel ,b]keley1 xii1 xiii1 #ib-ic1 #ie1 #ahh1 #bbc1 #bhh n41 #cah1 #djc1 #dad1 #dai ,9 ! ,day's ,"w1 x1 #aeh ,notes on ! ,m]rym\nt ,press1 #aha ,pr9t+ ,types1 x1 #hh ,"s ,aspects ( ,pr9t+1 x1 #aha1 #cjf ,vale ,press1 #ahh ,valry1 ,paul1 ,les deux v]tus d'un livre1 #abb ,van ,dor51 ,c>l1 #aja ,van ,hoes51 ,h4 ,b41 ,bibliography1 #cf ,vascosan1 ,mi*el de1 #fj ,vele1 ,abraham1 #ec1 #fa ,v]rue1 ,c\ntesse de1 #aje ,vico1 ,enea1 #fj ,v9c5t9o1 ,lodovico1 #ed ,vor/]man1 ,willem1 #ej ,vo/re1 ,simon le1 #aed ,book ( ,h\rs1 #bgh ,wafl>d1 #ib ,walk]1 ,em]y1 #ahh1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #chh ,walpole1 ,horace1 #ih-ii1 #agh1 #ahf ,walt]1 ,f4 ,k41 ,bibliography1 #cf ,wang ,*5g1 #be ,w>de1 ,beatrice1 xiii1 #aji ,w>de1 ,fr$]ic1 #dad ,w>ton1 ,?omas1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,poetry1 #cg ,watson1 ,james1 ix ,art ( ,pr9t+1 #he1 #chd ,watts1 ,john1 #cei ,waugh1 ,evelyn1 #bac ,way ,williams1 #agg ,webb1 ,beatrice1 #chh ,webb1 ,clif=d1 #bah ,webb1 ,sidney1 #chh ,web/]'s ,diction>y1 #ce ,week-,end ,book1 ,!1 #aii ,weekly ,regi/]1 ,!1 #aid ,weiditz1 ,hans1 #ee ,we/cott & ,?omson 7,philadelphia71 xv ,we/m9/] ,press1 #aid ,:eel]1 ,monroe1 #cai ,:itna% ,press1 #agi ,:itt+ham1 ,*>les1 #aef1 #cah ,wiebk+1 ,rob]t1 #bed1 #bgc1 #dad ,wight1 ,john1 #ej ,williams1 ,iolo1 ,elem5ts ( ,book-,collect+1 #cf ,will\ghby1 ,edw9 ,eliott1 #de ,wilson1 ,alex&]1 #hi ,w9%ip1 ,george ,p>k]1 #hh-hi ,sailor ,n>ratives1 #bia ,w9t]i*1 ,john ,t41 xiv1 #agf ,e>ly ,am]ican ,books & ,pr9t+1 #ceb ,wolff1 ,h41 ,co41 #afe ,wolgemut1 ,mi*ael1 #da ,wolla/on1 ,william1 ,religion ( ,nature ,del9eat$1 #ceh-ei wom51 z bibliophiles1 #ajc-h wood-block pr9t+ ,*9ese orig9s1 #ba ,heilig51 #be play+ c>ds1 #ba-bb ,worde1 ,wynkyn de1 #eg1 #eh ,wordswor?1 ,william1 ,prelude 7#ahej71 #aeg ,_w ,publi%+ ,co41 xv ,_w ,bible1 #cjb-d ,wro?1 ,lawr5ce ,c41 #fe ,yeats1 ,w4 ,b41 #aib ,"y1 ,?omas1 #c ,?is book 0 compos$ 9 tw5ty-two diff]5t type faces by ,we/cott ,?omson1 ,inc41 ,philadelphia4 ,typography & design by ,jos4 ,trautwe94