file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #fcgai-;h4htm or #fcgai-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #fcgai_/pg#fcgai-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#fcga i_/fcgai-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/l\vrefift yplate#jjkonori* ,"s *>act]s might n display prop]ly 9 ?is ,,utf-#h text file 7e4g41 empty squ>es74 ,if s1 ! read] %\ld consult ! html v]sion or ! orig9al page images not$ above4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,,! ,,l\vre3 ,,fifty ,,plates ,,9 ,,col\r ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai7 ,,flor5t9e ,,s*ool ,no4 #afja4--,,portrait ,,( ,,mona ,,lisa 7,la ,joconde7 ,! portrait ( ,lisa di ,anton ,m>ia di ,noldo ,gh]>d9i1 ?ird wife ( ,francesco di ,b>tolommeo de ,z5obi del ,giocondo4 ,%e is seat$ 9 a *air on :i* h] left arm re/s1 h] "r h& sup]pos$ on ! left4 ,%e is turn$ ?ree-qu>t]s to h] "r4 ,h] hair1 divid$ 9 ! c5tre & se5 "u a transp>5t veil1 falls 9 curls on h] %\ld]s2 h] d>k almond-%ap$ eyes look out at ! spectator2 ! m\? is smil+4 ,%e we>s a d>k-gre5 dress ) gold5-br[n sleeves2 a d>k cloak is drap$ ov] h] %\ld]s4 ,! backgr\nd is =m$ by a m\nta9\s l&scape full ( incid5t4 ,pa9t$ 9 temp]a on panel1 & re/or$ 9 oil4 #b ft4 #f 94 #a ft4 #i 94 7#jgi #jec47 ,,! ,,l\vre3 ,,fifty ,,plates ,,9 ,,col\r by ,,paul ,g4 ,,konody & ,,maurice ,w4 ,,brockwell ,jo9t-,au?ors ( 8,! ,national ,gall]y3 ,"o ,hundr$ ,plates 9 ,col\r0 ,editor3 ,t4 ,leman ,h>e ,illu/ration ,new ,york ,dodge ,publi%+ ,company #bad-bbj ,ea/ #bcrd ,/reet ,,preface ,^? :o wi% to make a ?or\gh1 compreh5sive1 & sy/ematic /udy ( ! pictures ( ! great national collection conta9$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* ext5d f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury d[n to almo/ ! pres5t day1 w be well advis$ to deal ) ! arti/s by ! c\ntries1 s*ools1 & p]iods to :i* !y belong4 ,t is ! s*eme :i* we h foll[$ "h4 ,we d n hesitate to ref] to pa9t]s1 especially ^? ( ! ,italian s*ools1 "u ! names by :i* !y are g5]ally kn[n to mod]n critics1 z oppos$ to ^? "u :i* !y are (ficially catalogu$ by ! ,l\vre au?orities4 ,?us1 ,raphael1 ,titian1 & ,giulio ,romano1 & n ,santi1 ,vecelli1 & ,pippi1 are ! names :i* we %all use 9 ?is book4 ,special att5tion is drawn to ! fact t ! (ficial attributions ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ! pictures1 ma9ly ( ! ,italian s*ools1 & notably sev]al by ,raphael1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & ,titian1 are n accept$ by u4 ,! au?ors ( any critical book on a l>ge national collection :i* includes sev]al hundr$ ,italian pa9t+s ( v>y+ importance mu/ ( necessity be "u heavy obligations to ,mr4 ,b]5son1 ^: s*ol>ly1 sci5tific1 & con/ructive criticism1 foll[+ on t ( ,morelli1 has entirely revolutionis$ ! /udy ( ,italian art4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 _m in/ances ! dates us$ 9 ^! pages d n co9cide ) ^? giv5 9 ! (ficial ,catalogues & repeat$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( text-books1 :ile 9 a few cases x has be5 ?\ght desirable to draw ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t to ! que/ionable accuracy ( "s ( ! titles & 8p$igrees40 ,! illu/rations :i* h be5 select$ repres5t1 z f> z possible1 ! :ole range ( ! art ( ea* c\ntry & s*ool compris$ )9 ! limits ( ! fifte5? to ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,! ,plates are arrang$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to !m 9 ! text1 b x has be5 f\nd impossible to place !m opposite ! pages on :i* ! critical rem>ks are giv54 ,9 ! descriptions ( ! pictures ! t]ms "r & left are us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! "r & left ( ! spectator1 unless ! text obvi\sly implies ! contr>y4 ,moreov]1 9 ! titles ( pictures conta9+ ! ,madonna & sev]al ,sa9ts1 ! names ( ! ,sa9ts are giv5 9 ! ord] !y occupy 9 ! composition reg>d$ f left to "r4 ,! titles we h us$ are descriptive r ?an m]e translations ( ^? conta9$ 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue4 ,! (ficial numb]s are ^? m>k$ 9 l>ge figures & plac$ at ! top ( ! frames2 ! numb]s 9 small figures affix$ to ! bottom left corn] ( "s ( ! frames are obsolete4 ,! surface measures ( ! pictures are = conv5i5ce giv5 9 feet & in*es z well z 9 metres1 ! height prec$+ ! wid?4 ,! te*nical conditions z to panel or canvas & temp]a or oil are also not$4 ,mo/ ( ! ,rooms conta9+ pictures are op53-- #a4 ,on ,sundays all ! ye> r\nd1 #aj a4m4 to #d p4m4 #b4 ,on ,tuesdays1 ,w$nesdays1 ,fridays1 & ,saturdays f ,april #a to ,septemb] #cj1 #i a4m4 to #e p4m4 #c4 ,on ,tuesdays1 ,w$nesdays1 ,fridays1 & ,saturdays f ,octob] #a to ,m>* #ca1 #aj a4m4 to #d p4m4 #d4 ,on ,?ursdays 9 ! ,summ] ,mon?s1 #a p4m4 to #e p4m41 & 9 ! ,w9t] ,mon?s1 #a p4m4 to #d p4m4 #e4 ,rooms ,,ix4-,,xiii41 :i* conta9 ,fr5* pictures & ,rooms ,,xix4-,,xxxv41 :i* conta9 ,flemi% & ,dut* pictures are n op5 be=e elev5 o'clock4 #f4 ,! ,l\vre is clos$ on ,mondays all ! ye> r\nd1 & on ,janu>y #a1 ,july #ad1 & ,asc5sion ,day2 x is also clos$ on ! ,fea/ ( ! ,assumption 7,augu/ #ae71 ,all ,sa9ts ,day 7,novemb] #a71 & ,*ri/mas ,day1 unless ^! la/ ?ree days fall on a ,sunday4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,introduction #a ,,e>ly ,,si5ese ,,s*ool #ae ,,duccio',s ,,foll[]s #af ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,s*ool #ai ,,! ,,giottesques #bj ,,fra ,,angelico #bc ,,paolo ,,uccello #bf ,,! ,,goldsmi? ,,pa9t]s #cb ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci #cd ,,mona ,,lisa #cf ,,botticelli #ci ,,alb]t9elli #dc ,,&rea ,,del ,,s>to #de ,,! ,,lat] ,,si5ese ,,s*ool #di ,,! ,,umbrian ,,s*ool #ec ,,p]ug9o #ed ,,raphael #ef ,,! ,,v5etian ,,s*ool #fa ,,! ,,bell9i #fb ,,giorgione #ff ,,titian #fh ,,titian',s ,,foll[]s #gb ,,paolo ,,v]onese #gd ,,! ,,paduan ,,s*ool #gi ,,&rea ,,mantegna #hj ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,v]ona #he ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,f]r>a #hi ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,milan #ic ,,&rea ,,sol>io #ie ,,b]n>d9o ,,lu9i #if ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,lomb>dy #ii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,f]r>a-,,bologna #aja ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,cremona #ajc ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,brescia #aje ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,mod5a #ajg ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,vic5za #aji ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,v]celli #aaa ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,p>ma #aac ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,bologna #aae ,,! ,,decad5t ,,s*ools #aag ,,! 8,,mann]i/s0 #aag ,,! 8,,eclectics0 #aah ,,! 8,,naturali/s0 #abj ,,! ,,e>ly ,,flemi% ,,s*ool #abc ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck #abd ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,t\rnai #abd ,,hans ,,meml9c #abe ,,meml9c',s 8,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild1 ,,) ,,donors0 #abg ,,g]>d ,,david #abh ,,hi]onymus ,,bos* #acj ,,! ,,antw]p ,,s*ool #aca ,,b>5d ,,van ,,orley #acc ,,! ,,late ,,flemi% ,,s*ool #ace ,,piet] ,,brueghel #acf ,,jan ,,brueghel #acg ,,! ,,franck ,,family #ach ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s #aci ,,rub5s ,,at ,,antw]p #adj ,,! ,m,,dicis ,,s]ies #adb ,m,,dicis ,,portraits #adc ,,late ,,works ,,by ,,rub5s #ade ,,an?ony ,,van ,,dyck #adf ,,van ,,dyck',s ,,second ,,antw]p ,,p]iod #adg 8,,le ,,roi ,,la ,,*asse0 #adh ,,frans ,,snyd]s #adi ,,jacob ,,jorda5s #aej ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,rub5s #aea ,,adria5 ,,br\w] #aeb ,,david ,,t5i]s #aec ,,philippe ,,de ,,*ampaigne #aee ,,van ,,d] ,,meul5 #aef ,,m9or ,,flemi% ,,pa9t]s #aef ,,! ,,g]man ,,s*ool #aei 8,,! ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,b>?olomew ,,alt>0 #aei ,,cologne ,,pa9t]s #afj ,,albre*t ,d,,r] #afa ,d,,r]',s ,,foll[]s #afb ,,lucas ,,crana* #afb ,,hans ,,holbe9 #afc ,,! ,,kratz] ,,portrait #afd ,,portrait ,,( ,,anne ,,( ,,cleves #aff ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury #afg ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #afg ,,! ,,spani% ,,s*ool #aga ,,luis ,,de ,,dalmau #aga ,,luis ,,morales #agb ,,el ,,greco #agc ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,seville #age ,,zurb>,n #agf ,,rib]a #agg ,,velazquez #agi ,,! ,,infanta #aha ,,m>iana ,,( ,,au/ria #ahb ,,copies ,,& ,,s*ool ,,pictures #ahc ,,! 8,,meet+ ,,( ,,?irte5 ,,p0 #ahd ,,murillo #ahe 8,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception0 #ahf 8,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,virg90 #ahg 8,,! ,,angels' ,,kit*50 #ahh ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,madrid #ahi ,,goya #aia ,,! ,,dut* ,,s*ool #aic ,,g]>d ,,( ,,ha>lem #aic ,,sir ,,antonis ,,mor #aie ,,spani% ,,oppression #aif ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s #aig ,,cornelis ,,janss5 #aih ,,frans ,,hals #aih ,,dut* ,,indep5d5ce #bja ,,rembr&t #bja ,,! ,,pupils ,,( ,,rembr&t #bje ,,van ,,d] ,,hel/ #bje ,,g5re ,,pa9t]s #bjg ,,adria5 ,,van ,,o/ade #bjg ,,g]>d ,,d\ #bjh ,,d\',s ,,pupils #baj ,,g]>d ,,t]bor* #baa ,,jan ,,/e5 #bab ,,piet] ,,de ,,hoo* #bac ,,nicolas ,,maes #bad ,,gabriel ,,metsu #bae ,,l&scape ,,pa9t]s #baf ,,aelb]t ,,cuyp #bag ,,jacob ,,van ,,ruisdael #bah ,,hobbema #bai ,,philips ,,w\w]man #bai ,,! ,,italian ,,influ5ce #bbj ,,ar*itectural ,,pa9t]s #bba ,,m>9e ,,pa9t]s #bbb ,,/ill-,,life ,,pa9t]s #bbc ,,! ,,decl9e #bbd ,,! ,,e>ly ,,fr5* ,,s*ool #bbg ,,! ,,ma,,tre ,,de ,,m\l9s #bbh ,,! ,,de ,,somz,e 8,,magdal50 #bcj ,,jean ,,f\quet #bca ,,nicolas ,,from5t #bcb ,,! ,,sixte5?-,,c5tury ,,fr5* ,,s*ool #bce ,,jean ,,cl\et',s ,,draw+s #bce ,,fran,,ois ,,cl\et #bcg ,,corneille ,,de ,,lyon #bch ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,fonta9ebleau #bci ,,jean ,,c\s9 #bdj ,,! ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,fr5* ,,s*ool #bdc ,,! ,,bro!rs ,,le ,,na9 #bdd ,,nicolas ,,p\ss9 #bde ,,claude ,,lorra9 #bdg ,,le ,,sueur #bdh ,,*>les ,,le ,,brun #bdi ,,pi]re ,,mign>d #bej ,,le ,,brun',s ,,foll[]s #bea ,,battle ,,pa9t]s #bec ,,jean ,,j\v5et #bec ,,! ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s #bed ,,l&scape ,,pa9t]s #beg ,,desportes #beh ,,! ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,fr5* ,,s*ool #bei ,,g5re ,,pa9t]s #bei ,,ra\x ,,& ,,de ,,troy #bfj ,,watteau #bfa ,,! ,,watteaus ,,9 ,,! ,,la ,,caze ,,gall]y #bfc ,,watteau',s ,,foll[]s #bfc ,,! ,,van ,,loo ,,family #bfd ,,fran,,ois ,,b\*] #bfe ,,sim,,on ,,*>d9 #bfg ,,fragon>d #bfh ,,greuze #bfi ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s #bgj ,,tocqu1 ,,ve/i]1 ,,& ,l,,pici #bgj ,,mme4 ,,vig,e ,,le ,,brun #bgb ,,joseph ,,v]net #bgc ,,hub]t ,,rob]t #bgc ,,jacques ,,l\is ,,david #bge ,,! 8,,coronation0 ,,picture #bgf ,,b>on ,g,,r>d #bgg ,,b>on ,,gros #bgh ,,pi]re ,,prud',,hon #bgh ,,! ,,n9ete5?-,,c5tury ,,fr5* ,,s*ool #bgi ,g,,ricault #bgi ,,delacroix #bhj ,,delacroix',s ,,ori5tal ,,pictures #bhb ,,+res #bhc ,,del>o*e ,,& ,,s*eff] #bhe ,,decamps #bhf ,,! ,,ori5tali/s #bhg ,,regnault #bhh ,,academic ,,pa9t]s #bhh ,,mi*el ,,& ,,huet #bhi ,,! ,,b>bizon ,,s*ool #bij ,,corot #bij ,t4 ,,r\sseau #bib ,c4 ,,troyon #bic ,j4 ,,dupr #bic ,,diaz #bid ,,daubigny #bie ,,millet #bif ,,daumi] #bih ,,c\rbet #bih ,,meissoni] #bii ,,ric>d #cjj ,,manet #cja ,,! ,,briti% ,,s*ool #cjc ,,con/able ,,& ,,8 ,,imitators #cjc ,,bon+ton #cje ,,raeburn #cjf ,,sir ,,?omas ,,lawr5ce #cjf ,,o!r ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s #cjg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,no4 ,,italian ,,s*ools ,,plate ,,page #afja ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,mona ,,lisa 7,,la ,,joconde7 ,,iv ,frontispiece #achc ,,simone ,,m>t9i-- ,,*ri/ ,,be>+ ,,8 ,,cross ,i #af #acdd ,,fra ,,filippo ,,lippi-- ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild1 ,,) ,,angels1 ,,& ,,two ,,ii #bh ,,abbots #acbb ,,dom5ico ,,ghirl&aio-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,gr&son 78,,! ,,bottle-,,nos$ ,,man07 ,,iii #cb #abig ,,botticelli-- ,,giovanna ,,degli ,,albizzi ,,& ,,! ,,?ree ,,graces ,v #dj #aeff;,a ,,p]ug9o-- ,,/4 ,,seba/ian ,,vi #ef #adif ,,raphael-- ,,la ,,belle ,,j>d9i,,re ,,vii #eh #aeje ,,raphael-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,baldass>e ,,ca/iglione ,,viii #fj #aacd ,,antonello ,,da ,,mess9a-- ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,condotti]e ,,ix #fd #aacf ,,giorgione-- ,,pa/oral ,,symphony ,x #ff #acii ,,palma ,,vec*io-- ,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,%eph]ds1 ,,) ,a ,,female ,,donor ,,xi #fh #aeib ,,titian-- ,,! ,,man ,,) ,a ,,glove ,,xii #gj #aehd ,,titian-- ,,! ,,entombm5t ,,xiii #gd #acge ,,&rea ,,mantegna-- ,,p>nassus ,,xiv #hj #aaag ,,correggio-- ,,! ,,my/ic ,,m>riage ,,( ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,xv #aab ,,flemi% ,,s*ool #aihf ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck-- ,,! ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild1 ,,& ,,! ,,*ancellor ,,rol9 ,,xvi #abb #a ,,hans ,,meml9c-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,lady ,,xvii #abh #aieg ,,g]>d ,,david-- ,,! ,,m>riage ,,at ,,cana ,,xviii #acj #bjbi ,,qu5t9 ,,matsys- ,,! ,,bank] ,,& ,,8 ,,wife ,,xix #acb #aiig ,,jan ,,mabuse-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,jean ,,c>ondelet ,,xx #acd #bjic ,,rub5s-- ,,h5ry ,,iv4 ,,leaves ,,= ,,! ,,w>s ,,xxi #add #baac ,,rub5s-- ,,portrait ,,( ,h,l,,ne ,,f\rm5t ,,& ,,two ,,( ,,h] ,,*ildr5 ,,xxii #adf #aifg ,,van ,,dyck-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,*>les ,i4 ,,( ,,engl& ,,xxiii #adh ,,g]man ,,s*ool #bgae ,,hans ,,holbe9 ,,! ,,y\ng]-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,erasmus ,,xxiv #afd ,,spani% ,,s*ool #agca ,,velazquez-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,infanta ,,m>g>ita ,,xxv #ahj #agji ,,murillo-- ,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception ,,xxvi #ahf ,,dut* ,,s*ool #bchd ,,frans ,,hals-- ,,! ,,gipsy ,,girl ,,xxvii #aih #bche ,,frans ,,hals-- ,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,lady ,,9 ,,black ,,xxviii #bjj #beci ,,rembr&t-- ,,! ,,pilgrims ,,at ,,emmaus ,,xxix #bjb #bedg ,,rembr&t-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,h5drickje ,,/(fels ,,xxx #bjd #bcid ,,van ,,d] ,,hel/-- ,,! ,,%oot+ ,,prize ,,xxxi #bjf #bcdh ,,g]>d ,,d\-- ,,! ,,dropsical ,,woman ,,xxxii #bjh #behi ,,t]bor*-- ,,! ,,conc]t ,,xxxiii #baj #behj ,,jan ,,/e5-- ,,bad ,,company ,,xxxiv #bab #bdae ,,piet] ,,de ,,hoo*-- ,,dut* ,,int]ior1 ,,) ,a ,,lady ,,play+ ,,c>ds ,,xxxv #bad #bdef ,,jan ,,v] ,,me]-- ,,! ,,lace-,,mak] ,,xxxvi #baf ,,fr5* ,,s*ool #gcd ,,nicolas ,,p\ss9-- ,,! ,,%eph]ds ,,9 ,,arcadia ,,xxxvii #bdf #cag ,,claude-- ,,view ,,( ,a ,,seaport ,,xxxviii #bdh #ihb ,,watteau-- ,,! ,,emb>kation ,,= ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,cy!ra ,,xxxix #bfb #cf ,,b\*]-- ,,vulcan ,,pres5t+ ,,arms ,,to ,,v5us ,,xl #bff #ib ,,*>d9-- ,,grace ,,be=e ,,meat ,,xli #bfh #bia ,,fragon>d-- ,,! ,,music ,,lesson ,,xlii #bgj #cgb ,,greuze-- ,,! ,,brok5 ,,pit*] ,,xliii #bgb #ebb ,,mme4 ,,vig,e ,,le ,,brun-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,arti/ ,,& ,,h] ,,daught] ,,xliv #bgd #aii ,,david-- ,,portrait ,,( ,,mme4 ,r,,cami] ,,xlv #bgf #cch ,g,,ricault-- ,,! ,,raft ,,( ,,! 8,,m$usa0 ,,xlvi #bhj #bjg ,,delacroix-- ,,dante ,,& ,,virgil ,,xlvii #bhb #dbb ,,+res-- ,,! ,,spr+ ,,xlviii #bhd #bhja ,,corot-- ,,! ,,dell ,,xlix #bib #bhfg ,,dupr-- ,,! ,,pond ,l #bid #bhah ,,daubigny-- ,,! ,,weir ,,gate ,,at ,,optevoz ,,li #bif #fdd ,,millet-- ,,wom5 ,,glean+ ,,lii #bih #fac;,a ,,manet-- ,,olympia ,,liii #cjb ,,engli% ,,s*ool #ahji ,,con/able-- ,,hamp/ead ,,hea? ,,liv #cjd #a ,?is picture has n yet receiv$ an (ficial numb]4 ,,introduction ,to =m a j appreciation ( ! magnific5t collection ( pa9t+s :i* ! ,l\vre to-day conta9s w\ld require an exhau/ive /udy :i* might be spread ov] a t]m ( ye>s sp5t 9 ! fam\s ,fr5* capital itself4 ,9 ! limit$ space at our disposal we c only t\* lightly ^u ! hi/orical ev5ts1 ! sociological causes1 ! gr&eur ( royalty1 & ! ta/e ( ! p1 all ( :i* contribut$ t[>ds br++ ab\t ! =mation ( ! great ,muse ,national du ,l\vre z we n[ "k x4 ,x has be5 our endeav\r to ?r[ into prom95t relief ! out/&+ features 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,gall]y & to sket* !m 9 *ronological ord]4 ,! ar*itectural claims ( ! build+1 its priceless collections ( /atu>y & ( objets d'art ( e age d n "h imm$iately conc]n u2 x is to ! =mation ( ! sup]b collection ( pa9t+s t we prim>ily desire to call our read]s' att5tion4 ,a small "p ( ! build+ :i* is to-day kn[n z ! ,l\vre 0 fir/ occupi$ z a royal resid5ce by ,philippe-,augu/e 7reign$ #aahj-abbc71 :o conv]t$ a hunt+-seat ( ! e>ly ,fr5* k+s on ?is site into a feudal =tress ) a /rong donjon or keep1 ! exact plan ( :i* may /ill be trac$ by ! :ite l9e m>k$ s9ce #ahfh on ! pavem5t 9 ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! old c\rty>d4 ,*>les v4 7reign$ #acfd-hj71 :o may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ royal collector ( art treasures 9 ,france1 greatly enl>g$ ! build+ ( ! ,old ,l\vre z a resid5tial palace2 he is also said to h decorat$ ! build+ ) /atues & pa9t+s :i* h long s9ce disappe>$4 ,! real f\ndations ( ! collection ( la maison du ,roi 7 laid by ,franois ,i4 7reign$ #aeae-dg71 :o dur+ 8 ,italian campaigns acquir$ a respect = art t prov$ to be an hon\r to 8 ta/e & a d[ry = 8 c\ntry4 ,! /hetic movem5t _h develop$ rapidly by #aeda1 :5 he laid ! f\ndations ( ! pres5t palace#b & _h already begun to =m a collection ( easel pictures4 ,franois ,i4 invit$ to 8 c\rt ! ma/]-pa9t] ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 :o 9 #aeaf left 8 native l& = ,france1 :]e he did ! k+ little m ?an ! complim5t ( dy+ 9 8 realm1 al?\gh n1 z an unv]aci\s tradition rec\nts1 9 8 arms4 ,&rea del ,s>to 7#adhf-aeca7 0 also employ$ at ! ,fr5* c\rt1 at :i* he arriv$ 9 #aeah4 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,rosso 7#adid-aeda71 a pa9t] ( little g5ius b great ability1 0 summon$ by ,franois ,i4 9 #aecj to decorate ! ,*teau at ,fonta9ebleau4 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i 7#aejj-ga71 ! ,flor5t9e goldsmi?1 hav+ 8det]m9$ to seek ano!r c\ntry & bett] luck10 0 yet "o m arti/ :o set out = ,france1 :]e1 betwe5 #aedj & #aedd1 he adorn$ ! royal tables ) objects preci\s 9 workman%ip & mat]ial4 ,primaticcio 7#aejd-gj71 :o is kn[n to h clean$ at ,fonta9ebleau 9 #aecj f\r ( ! l>ge reput$ ,raphaels n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 rema9$ at ! ,fr5* c\rt until 8 dea?4 ,! /rict au!nticity ( ^! f\r pictures--,! ,holy ,family ( ,francis ,i4 7,no4 #adih71 ! ,/4 ,m>g>et 7,no4 #aeja71 ! l>ge ,/4 ,mi*ael 7,no4 #aejd71 & ! ,portrait ( ,joan ( ,arragon 7,no4 #aejg7--;does n "h conc]n u4 ,franois ,i4 also possess$ at ?is date1 among o!r notable pictures1 ,raphael's ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire 7,no4 #adif1 ,plate ,,vii471 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks 7,no4 #aeii71 & ! same arti/'s ,mona ,lisa or ,la ,joconde 7,no4 #afja1 ,plate ,,iv471 :ile ! art ( ,seba/iano del ,piombo1 ,&rea del ,s>to1 & o!r pa9t]s1 ,flemi% z well z ,italian1 0 well repres5t$ 9 ! royal collection dur+ 8 reign4 #b 8,franois ,i4 v\lant avoir dans ,p>is un palais digne de sa magnific5ce et ddaignant le vieux ,l\vre et l'htel des ,t\rnelles1 amas irrguli] de t\rnelles 7t\relles7 et de pavillons go?iques1 avait fait dmolir1 ds #aebh1 la grosse t\r du ,l\vre1 ce donjon de ,philippe-,augu/e duquel relevai5t t\s les fiefs du royaume4 ,c'tait dmolir l'hi/oire elle-mme2 c'tait la mon>*ie de la r5aissance abattant la vieille royaut fodale40--,m>t91 ,hi/4 de ,france4 ,! example set by ,franois ,i4 0 foll[$ by 8 successor1 ,h5ri ,,ii4 7reign$ #aedg-ei71 = :om ,niccol dell' ,abbate 7#aeae-ga71 an arti/ ( second>y importance1 0 work+ f #aeeb onw>ds4 ,h5ri ,,ii4's que51 ,ca!r9e de ,mdicis1 0 also a patron ( art1 be+ h]self a collector ( co9s & m$als4 ,to h] influ5ce 0 due ! decoration ( ! ,*teau ( ,fonta9ebleau & ! erection ( ! ,palace ( ! ,tuil]ies1#c :i* 0 subsequ5tly connect$ ) ! ,l\vre by means ( ! ,long ,gall]y1 n[ ,room ,,vi4 ,h] elde/ son1 ,franois ,,ii4 7reign$ #aeei-fj71 ! husb& ( ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots1 fir/ conv]t$ ! new build+s ( ! ,l\vre into a royal resid5ce4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 7reign$ #aehi-afaj7 enl>g$ ! ,tuil]ies1 & almo/ complet$ ! ,long ,gall]y1 :i* n[ conta9s su* a l>ge proportion ( ! pictures4 ,l\is ,,xiii4 7reign$ #aehi-afaj71 8 elde/ son1 seems to h tak5 little int]e/ 9 ! royal collection2 b 8 "m1 ,m>ie de ,mdicis1 invit$ ,rub5s 7#aegg-afdj7 to ,p>is to decorate ! ,palace ( ! ,luxemb\rg ) t s]ies ( impos+ canvases repres5t+ h] own life-hi/ory :i* are to-day se5 to _! be/ advantage 9 ! ,salle ,rub5s 7,room ,,xviii47 ( ! ,l\vre4 #c ,an inscription on a tablet plac$ high up on ! left ( ! ,pavillon ,sully records t ,franois ,i4 began ! ,l\vre 9 #aeda1 & ,ca!r9e de ,mdicis ! ,tuil]ies 9 #aefd4 ,no complete record has be5 f\nd ( ! pictures :i* =m$ ! royal collection previ\s to ! ye> #afdb4 ,to t date belongs a meagre ,catalogue ( ! objects ( art :i* !n rema9$ at ,fonta9ebleau1 b x is suppos$ t :5 ,l\is ,,xiv4 7reign$ #afdc-agae7 succe$$ to ! ?rone he inh]it$ ab\t "o hundr$ pictures1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,cr[n4 ,) 8 accession a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( art 9 ,france began4 ,mean:ile1 across ! wat]1 a sup]b royal collection _h be5 =m$4 ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl& 7reign$ #afbe-di7 _h begun 8 c>e] z a patron ( art be=e 8 accession1 ) ! acquisition ( ! pa9t+s & /atues collect$ by 8 deceas$ bro!r1 ,h5ry4 ,dur+ 8 matrimonial visit to ,madrid 9 #afbc he 0 pres5t$ by ,philip ,,iv4 ) ,titian's ,v5us del ,p>do1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,no4 #aehg74 ,soon aft] 8 accession he began to collect sy/ematically1 employ+ tru/y ag5ts to buy = him 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe4 ,8 mo/ notable pur*ase 0 t ( ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,mantua1 = :i* he paid #ah1bhj betwe5 #afbi & #afcb4 ,he is said to h possess$ 9 all #agfj pictures by ! date ( 8 execution4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 dispos$ ( at auction by ord] ( ,cromwell betwe5 #afdi & #afeb4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p]si/5t bidd]s at ! sale ( ,*>les ,i4's pictures 0 ,eb]h>d ,jaba*1 a native ( ,cologne1 :o settl$ 9 ,p>is & became a naturalis$ ,fr5*man 9 #afdg4 ,he 0 an en?usia/ic buy] ( pictures1 & 8 collection soon surpass$ t ( ! ,fr5* k+4 ,x 0 kn[n to all ,fr5* connoisseurs1 & 0 visit$ by all travell]s ( note4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 ,jaba*'s en]gies z a buy] exce$$ 8 f9ancial res\rces1 & :5 8 debts am\nt$ to #bgh1gah livres he (f]$ 8 collection to ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o 0 mo/ anxi\s to di/+ui% 8 reign by ! =mation ( a gall]y ( pictures :i* %\ld be 9 all respects wor?y ( x4 ,to ?is end he pur*as$ ,eb]h>d ,jaba*'s collection1 pay+ #bbj1jjj livres = ! #eedb draw+s & #aja pictures :i* x conta9$4 ,! price orig9ally ask$ by ,jaba* 0 #dfc1dbe livres4 ,among ! ma/]pieces ?us acquir$ by ! k+ 7 ,titian's ,entombm5t 7,no4 #aehd1 ,plate ,,xiii471 :i* ,jaba* _h _h ! good =tune to pur*ase f ! ,engli% royal collection = ! absurdly small sum ( #abh1 & ,giorgione's ,pa/oral ,symphony 7,no4 #aacf1 ,plate ,x471 :i* _h also be5 among ! treasures ( ! ,engli% ,cr[n4 ,to ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu 7#aehe-afdb71 :o f\nd$ ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 #afce1 at "o "t belong$ ,&rea ,mantegna's ,p>nassus 7,no4 #acge1 ,plate ,,xiv471 ! same pa9t]'s ,wisdom victori\s ov] ! ,vices 7,no4 #acgf71 ,lor5zo ,co/a's ,! ,c\rt ( ,isabella d',e/e 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,muses 7,no4 #abfa71 & ! same pa9t]'s ,my?ological ,sc5e 7,no4 #abfb71 toge!r ) ,p]ug9o's ,combat ( ,love & ,*a/ity 7,no4 #aefg74 ,ano!r important buy] at ! sale ( ,*>les ,i4's collection 0 ,c>d9al ,maz>9 7#afjb-fa71 :o acquir$ sev]al valuable pictures1 besides /atu>y1 tape/ries1 & o!r fabrics4 ,( ,maz>9's pictures ! ,l\vre n[ possesses ,raphael's small ,/4 ,mi*ael 7,no4 #aejb7 & a ,holy ,family 7,no4 #aace71 :i* is catalogu$ "u ! "n ( ,giorgione1 b x is m probably f ! h& ( ,c>iani4 ,x is said t ,l\is ,,xiv4 pref]r$ ! pictures ( 8 own c\rt-pa9t]1 ,*>les ,le ,brun1 to ^? ( ! ,v5etian ma/]1 ,paolo ,v]onese1 ^: l>ge canvas1 ,! ,supp] at ,emmaus 7,no4 #aaif71 0 nev]!less acquir$ dur+ 8 reign4 ,eight pictures by ,annibale ,c>racci1 all ( :i* are n n[ publicly exhibit$ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,nos4 #abah1 #abbj1 #abbb1 #abbf1 #abca-cd71 ,albani's ,diana & ,acton 7,no4 #aaaa71 n9e compositions by ,guido ,r5i 7,nos4 #adci-ee & #adeg71 & t5 pa9t+s by ,dom5i*9o 7,nos4 #afji-aj & #afab-ai71 also enri*$ ! royal collection dur+ ,l\is ,,xiv4's reign4 ,nor 7 ! great ,fr5* pa9t]s neglect$4 ,! f\r pictures 7,nos4 #gcf-ci7 ( ,! ,seasons1 by ,nicolas ,p\ss91 :i* _h be5 commission$ 9 #affj by ! ,duc de ,ri*elieu = ! decoration ( ! ,*teau de ,meudon1 toge!r ) f\r ( ! l>ge/ ,claudes n[ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,nos4 #cab1 #cad1 #caf1 #cag71 7 obta9$ = ! royal gall]ies by ! ev]-wat*ful ,colb]t 7#afai-hc71 :o _h be5 appo9t$ ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance on ! dea? ( ,maz>9 7#afjb-fa74 ,flemi% art1 z se5 9 ! /ately pictures ( ,van ,dyck1 0 repres5t$ by sev5 examples 7,nos4 #aifa-fc1 #aigj1 #aigc-ge74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 is said to h fail$ altoge!r to appreciate ! "w ( ,t5i]s & to h exclaim$1 :5 "s ( t arti/'s pictures 7 br\ght to 8 notice1 8tez-moi ces magots-l60 ,only "o ( ! ?irty-n9e pictures by ,t5i]s n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ! ,int]ior ( a ,cottage 7,no4 #bafb71 pass$ into ! ,gall]y at t date4 ,! almo/ entire abs5ce ( ,dut* pictures is also to be notic$4 ,an ev5t ( extreme importance 9 ?is pomp\s reign 0 ! in/itution ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,arts1 9 #afdh1 ) ,*>les ,le ,brun 7#afai-ij7 z ,director1 ! despotic p[] :i* he ex]cis$ 9 art matt]s br++ ab\t 8 fur!r appo9tm5t z ,director ( ! ,gobel9s tape/ry works 9 #affj4 ,9 #afha ! ,cr[n pictures & o!r royal art treasures 7 br\ght to ! ,l\vre f ,v]sailles & 7 tempor>ily exhibit$ !re1 ! k+ pay+ a /ate visit to ! capital on ,decemb] #e to see 8 cab9et de tableaux4 ,we read t ! walls ( elev5 rooms 7 cov]$ up to ! cornices4 ,! collection1 putt+ on "o side all d\bts z to /rict au!nticity1 includ$ six pa9t+s by ,correggio1 t5 by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 eight by ,giorgione1 tw5ty-?ree by ,titian1 n9ete5 by ,a4 ,c>racci1 twelve by ,guido ,r5o1 & eighte5 by ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,^! treasures1 h[ev]1 did n rema9 long at ! ,l\vre1 b 7 8pack$ up1 load$ on r\gh c>ts1 & tak5 back ov] ! pav$ roads to ,v]sailles10 :i* _h n[ tak5 prec$5ce ov] ,fonta9ebleau z a royal resid5ce2 & at ,v]sailles ! ,c\rt ma9ly resid$ until ! ,revolution1 al?\gh ,l\is ,,xiv4 greatly enl>g$ ! ,l\vre ,palace & plant$ ! ,tuil]ies ,g>d5s4 ,at ! dea? ( le ,roi ,soleil ! ,cr[n pictures numb]$ #aejj4 ,! en]gy ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 foll[$ by ! apa?y ( 8 deg5]ate successor1 ,l\is ,,xv4 7reign$ #agae-gd71 :o1 h[ev]1 add$ #cjj pictures to ! royal collection4 ,! ,virg9 ) ! ,blue ,diadem or ,virg9 ) ! ,veil 7,no4 #adig71 :i* /ill passes "u ! "n ( ,raphael1 0 among ! pictures :i* !n pass$ out ( ! collection ( ! ,pr9ce de ,c>ignan into ! possession ( ! ,cr[n4 ,x 0 n[ a sorry mom5t = ! pictures :i*1 8scatt]$ ?r\gh ! int]m9able & !n ill-kept c\ntry palaces ( ! ,fr5* ,cr[n1 expos$ to e injury ( "t1 ignorance1 & wea!r1 reg>d$ at be/ 9 ! light ( old furniture & too (t5 9 t ( old lumb]1 plead$ 9 va9 = respect & c>e4 ,no public ,catalogue told ( _! exi/5ce2 ! g5]ation t _h talk$ ( !m _h pass$ away2 x 0 nobody's bus9ess to ask = !m1 & few actually knew :]e !y 74 ,ev5 ! new-com]s pass$ into ! same void :i* _h swall[$ _! pr$ecessors40 ,"s ( ! pictures previ\sly record$ n[ disappe>$ completely1 )\t leav+ a clue to _! fate4 ,ev5tually1 9 #agdf1 ,m4 de la ,fonte de ,sa9t-,y5ne 9 a pamphlet direct$ public op9ion to ! fact t ^! ,cr[n pictures _h = fifty ye>s be5 hidd5 & neglect$ 9 8une obscure prison de ,v]sailles40 ,z a result ( ?is1 9 #agej1 by ! k+'s p]mission1 #aaj pictures select$ f ! diff]5t s*ools ( pa9t+ 7 br\ght f ,v]sailles to ! ,palais de ,luxemb\rg1 :]e ! l>ge canvases by ,rub5s 7n[ 9 ! ,salle ,rub5s at ! ,l\vre7 7 reg>d$ z =m+ a c5tre d'tudes4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t1 & = two days only 9 ! week1 !y 7 %[n "u c]ta9 re/rictions to a limit$ public4 ,9 #aghe !y 7 aga9 remov$ to ,v]sailles4 ,al?\gh ,l\is ,,xiv4's well-kn[n grudge aga9/ ,holl& probably acc\nt$ = ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( ,dut* pictures f ! ,cr[n possessions1 ,l\is ,,xvi4 _h ! good ta/e to acquire works by ,aelb]t ,cuyp 7,no4 #bcda1 ,l&scape72 ,jan van ,goy5 7,no4 #bcge1 ,banks ( a ,dut* ,riv]1 & ,no4 #bcgg1 ,a ,riv] 9 ,holl&72 ,b4 van d] ,hel/ 7,no4 #bcid1 ,! ,(fic]s ( ! ,arquebusi]s ( ,/4 ,seba/ian72 ,g4 ,metsu 7,no4 #bdfa1 ,! ,al*emi/72 ,adria5 van ,o/ade 7,no4 #bdie1 ,! ,pa9t]'s ,family81 & ,no4 #bdif1 ,! ,s*oolma/]72 ,isaac van ,o/ade 7,no4 #beaj1 ,a ,froz5 ,canal 9 ,holl&72 ,rembr&t 7,no4 #beci1 ,! ,pilgrims at ,emmaus1 ,no4 #bedj1 & ,no4 #beda1 ,! ,philosoph] 9 ,m$itation1 ,no4 #beee1 ,portrait ( ,rembr&t ag$72 ,jacob van ,ruisdael 7,no4 #beei1 ,l&scape1 & ,no4 #befj1 ,sunny ,l&scape72 ,t]borgh 7,no4 #behg1 ,! ,milit>y ,gallant72 & ,philips ,w\v]man 7,no4 #bfba1 ,! ,prize ,ox1 & ,no4 #bfbe1 ,! ,/ag ,hunt74 ,five ( ! less important ( ,murillo's pictures n[ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,nos4 #agab-ae & ,no4 #agag7 7 also acquir$ at ?is p]iod1 & ! s]ies ( tw5ty-two l>ge canvases illu/rat+ ,sc5es f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,bruno by ,eu/a*e ,le ,sueur 7 also pur*as$ by ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,f #agbe onw>ds ! ,salon held its ,exhibitions 9 ! ,salon ,c>r 7,room ,,iv471 b aft] #ahdh ?is room 0 us$ only = ,pa9t+s by ! ,old ,ma/]s4 ,9 #agij a ,commission 0 appo9t$ by ! ,national ,assembly 8to regi/] & wat* ov] all t 0 mo/ valuable10 & on ,may #bf1 #agia a decree 0 made t ! ,l\vre %\ld be !nce=w>d d$icat$ to ! cons]vation ( objects ( sci5ce & ( art4 ,on ,augu/ #bf ( ! same ye> a fur!r ,commission 0 appo9t$ by ! ,national ,conv5tion to inspect & ga!r toge!r ! treasures ( art scatt]$ ?r\gh les maisons royales4 ,! ,conv5tion decid$ t ! 8,museum ( ! ,republic0 %\ld be (ficially op5$ 9 ! ,long ,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre on ,augu/ #aj1 #agic1 & f ,novemb] #h ( ! same ye> ! ,museum 0 op5 to ! inspection ( ! public ?ree days 9 e t54 ,?is1 ! fir/ public exhibition ( art treasures 9 ! ,l\vre1 0 ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t in/itution4 ,! ,catalogue ( ?is date conta9s ref]5ce to only #ecg pictures1 ! great] numb] ( :i* came f ,p>is *ur*es & national build+s4 ,! inhabitants ( ,v]sailles n[ petition$ t _! t[n %\ld n be despoil$ ( its pictures1 8& s be depriv$ ( its la/ attraction 9 ! eyes ( ! _w06 ,! ,l\vre 0 n[ de/9$ to become = a few ye>s ! temple ( ! spolia opima :i* ! victori\s ,fr5* army br\ght home4 8,?is sy/em ( levy+ pictures1 /atues1 & o!r objects by means ( treaties1 s call$1 9 :i* ! conqu]or dictat$ t]ms to ^? incapable ( refus+ !m1 0 a di%on\rable novelty 9 ! annals ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,disda9+ ! usages ( ,*ri/ian nations & ov]leap+ especially ! traditions ( ,fr5* c\rtesy & *ivalry1 ,buonap>te turn$ back to ! ages ( pagan hi/ory = a prec$5t = 8 measures ( spoliation40 ,by ! ,treaty ( ,bologna ( ,june #bc1 #agif1 & ! ,treaty ( ,tol5t9o ( ,febru>y #ai1 #agig1 he became possess$ ( tw5ty pictures f ,mod5a1 tw5ty f ,p>ma1 =ty f ,bologna1 t5 f ,f]r>a1 :ile ,rome1 ,piac5za1 ,c5to1 ,rav5na1 ,rim9i1 ,pes>o1 ,ancona1 ,loreto1 & ,p]ugia also _h to yield up a portion ( _! treasures4 ,! fir/ exhibition ( ?is booty 0 held 9 ! ,l\vre 9 ,janu>y #agih4 ,"h1 dur+ ! next few ye>s1 7 ga!r$ toge!r _m ( ! _w's mo/ fam\s pictures1 includ+ ,raphael's ,/4 ,cecilia1 n[ 9 ! ,bologna ,gall]y2 ,correggio's ,/4 ,j]ome & 8 ,madonna della ,scodella1 n[ 9 ! ,p>ma ,gall]y2 ,raphael's ,transfiguration1 n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 & 8 ,madonna della ,s$ia1 n[ 9 ! ,pitti ,palace at ,flor5ce2 ,dom5i*9o's ,la/ ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 n[ 9 ! ,vatican2 ,titian's ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr1 de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahfg1 & 8 ,assumption1 n[ 9 ! ,v5ice ,gall]y2 ,van ,eyck's ,adoration ( ! ,lamb1 n[ dismemb]$ & di/ribut$ betwe5 ,gh5t1 ,b]l91 & ,brussels2 ,p>is ,bordone's ,fi%]man ( ,/4 ,m>k1 n[ 9 ! ,v5ice ,gall]y2 & ,paul ,pott]'s ,bull1 n[ at ,! ,hague4 8,"h 0 se5 ! unexampl$ sight ( tw5ty-five ,raphaels rank$ toge!r1 ! great ma/] complete 9 e p]iod & walk ( 8 art4 ,"h tw5ty-?ree ,titians gl[$ 9 burn+ r[4 ,"h ,rub5s revell$ 9 no less ?an fifty-?ree pictures & 9 almo/ z _m classes ( subject4 ,van ,dyck foll[$ 8 illu/ri\s ma/] ) ?irty-?ree works1 :ile ?irty-"o specim5s ( ,rembr&t's bru% %$ a gold5 atmosph]e ^u ! walls4 ,! lat] ,italians especially 7 magnific5tly repres5t$--?irty-six pictures by ,annibale ,c>racci1 sixte5 by ,dom5i*9o2 tw5ty-?ree by ,guido2 includ+ ! l>ge/ alt>pieces by ea*2 & tw5ty-six by ,gu]c9o1 7 p]haps ! mo/ popul> "p ( ! wondr\s %[40 ,h[ev]1 9 ,septemb] #ahae1 ! pictures & o!r valuable works ( art :i* ,france _h plund]$ f h] foes _h to be giv5 back1 & ! spoliation ( ! ,l\vre began4 ,9 all1 #ebcc objects1 ( :i* #bjfe 7 pictures1 7 tak5 away f ! ,royal ,museum by ! ,alli$ ,p[]s4 ,an ev5t r>e 9 ! hi/ory ( public gall]ies took place 9 #ahac1 :5 ! ,l\vre receiv$ ,c>paccio's ,prea*+ ( ,/4 ,/eph5 7,no4 #abaa71 ,boltraffio's ,madonna ( ! ,casio ,family 7,no4 #aafi71 ,m>co d',oggiono's ,holy ,family 7,no4 #achb71 ,moretto's ,/4 ,b]n>d9o ( ,si5a & ,/4 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se 7,no4 #aage71 & ! same arti/'s ,/4 ,bonav5tura & ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua 7,no4 #aagf71 9 ex*ange = five pictures by ,rub5s1 ,rembr&t1 ,van ,dyck1 & ,jorda5s4 ,x is curi\s to notice t at ?is p]iod v little importance 0 atta*$ to ,italian primitives1 :i* 71 inde$1 deem$ 8b>b>\s40 ,_m beautiful works ( ! v e>ly ,italian s*ools 7 actually n consid]$ wor? ! tr\ble & exp5se ( transport1 & 7 !re=e left = ! la/+ glory ( ! ,l\vre4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ,fra ,angelico's ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #abij72 ! ,madonna & ,*ild & ,two ,sa9ts1 7,no4 #aaad71 n[ (ficially ascrib$ to ,alb]t9elli2 ,bronz9o's ,*ri/ & ! ,magdal5e 7,no4 #aahc72 ! ,madonna & ,angels 7,no4 #abfj71 :i* passes "u ! "n ( ,cimabue2 ,g5tile da ,fabriano's ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple 7,no4 #abgh72 ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #acjc71 /ill (ficially ascrib$ to ,raffaell9o del ,g>bo2 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi receiv+ ! ,/igmata 7,no4 #acab71 :i* /ill passes "u ! "n ( ,giotto2 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli's ,triumph ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7,no4 #acai72 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi's ,madonna & ,*ild betwe5 ,two ,sa9ts 7,no4 #acdd72 ,pesell9o's two small pr$ella pictures 7,no4 #adad72 ,pi]o di ,cosimo's ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #adaf72 ,! ,madonna 9 ,glory betwe5 ,/4 ,b]n>d & ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,no4 #adhb71 :i* is /ill assign$ to ,cosimo ,rosselli2 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i's ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,julian & ,/4 ,ni*olas 7,no4 #abfc72 ,cima's ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #abei72 ,vas>i's ,annunciation 7,no4 #aege71 :i* is n[ 9 "o ( ! /or]ooms ( ! ,l\vre2 ! ,f]r>ese ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,qu5t9 & ,/4 ,b5$ict 7,no4 #aafg71 :i* is /ill assign$ to ,bian*i2 ,&rea ,mantegna's ,calv>y 7,no4 #acgc7 & ,virg9 ( ,victory 7,no4 #acgd72 ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio's ,visitation 7,no4 #acba72 & ,p]ug9o's ,/4 ,paul 7,no4 #aeff74 ,fur!r pro( ( ! slight reg>d 9 :i* c]ta9 pictures t we *]i% to-day 7 !n held is af=d$ by ! read9ess ) :i* ! au?orities s5t two panels ( ,mantegna's alt>piece1 ! c5tre-"p ( :i* is n[ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,z5o at ,v]ona1 to ! ,museum at ,t\rs1 & p>t$ ) ,p]ug9o's alt>pieces to ! public gall]ies ( ,lyons & ,m>seilles4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xviii4 7di$ #ahbd7 #aaa pictures 7 pur*as$ = ! national collection at a co/ ( #bf1gcj1 b dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,x4 7#ahbd-cj7 only #cj 7 acquir$1 #beaa be+ exp5d$ on !m4 ,an outlay ( #bife by ,l\is ,philippe 7reign$ #ahcj-dh7 enri*$ ! ,l\vre ) #cc m pictures1 b t k+ conc5trat$ 8 ef=ts on ! re/oration & decoration ( ! ,*teau ( ,v]sailles1 on :i* he sp5t #ddj1jjj4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,second ,republic a l>ge numb] ( improvem5ts 7 effect$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 & 9 #ahdh #hjjj 0 sp5t on re/or+ sev]al ( ! rooms n[ hung ) pictures1 :i* 7 fir/ sy/ematically arrang$ ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,al?\gh ! ,museum _h at t p]iod an annual grant ( #bjjj = ! pur*ase ( pictures1 special grants 9 aid 7 made f "t to "t1 notably on ! occasion ( ! sale ( ,m>%al ,s\lt1 pictures f ^: collection 7 acquir$ 9 #aheb = #bd1fab4 ,9 ?is way ,murillo's ,immaculate ,conception 7,no4 #agji1 ,plate ,,xxvi47 pass$ to ! ,l\vre f ! 8,plund]-ma/]-,g5]al0 ( ! ,spani% campaign4 ,dur+ ! ,second ,empire ! ,muse du ,l\vre acquir$ ab\t #bjj ,italian primitives f ! ,campana collection1 :ile sev5 ye>s lat] x 0 fur!r enri*$ by ! important beque/ by ,dr4 ,la ,caze ( #bge pa9t+s ( diff]5t s*ools4 ,s9ce #ahgj1 :5 ! ,palace ( ! ,tuil]ies 0 de/roy$1 ! p]man5t collection has be5 increas$ by ! pur*ase 9 #ahhc = #hjjj ( ! ,morris ,moore 8,raphael0 7,no4 #aeji71 :i* has s9ce come to be univ]sally reg>d$ z a "w by ,p]ug9o2 :ile ab\t #cjj o!r pa9t+s ( v>y+ importance h also be5 acquir$ f "t to "t ) ,gov]nm5t funds4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! national collection has b5efit$ l>gely by ! g5]osity ( private donors1 among :om we may m5tion ,,mm4 ,du*tel1 ,gatteaux1 ,8 de la ,salle1 ,lallemant1 ,maciet1 ,rodolphe ,kann1 ,s$elmey]1 ,gr&idi]1 ,v&eul1 & sev]al memb]s ( ! ,ro?s*ild family4 ,9 #ahif1 by ! sale ( a l>ge proportion ( ! ,cr[n jewels1 a ,caisse des ,muses 0 organis$1 & ! annual income devot$ to ! pur*ase ( pictures notably increas$4 ,a ye> lat] ! ,socit des ,amis du ,l\vre1 :i* corresponds to ! ,national ,art-,collections ,fund 9 ,engl&1 0 f\nd$ to assi/ 9 secur+ pictures & o!r works ( art = ! nation2 by t means ! ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #acjj;,a or #acjj;,b7 :i* passes "u ! "n ( ,pi]o dei ,frances*i 0 acquir$ by ! ,l\vre4 ,9 ,may #aijj1 on ! inauguration ( ! ,exposition ,univ]selle1 ! opportunity 0 tak5 to rehang a l>ge "p ( ! collection1 & ! ,gal]ie de ,mdicis 7,room ,,xviii47 & ! eighte5 small cab9ets built r\nd x 7 fir/ us$ = ! bett] exhibition ( a l>ge proportion ( ! ,flemi% & ,dut* pictures4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 by ! dea? ( ,m4 ,?omy ,?iry1 an ,engli%man :o _h become a naturalis$ ,fr5*man1 ov] #ajj pa9t+s1 mo/ly ( ! s*ool ( ,b>bizon1 became an exce$+ly valuable addition to ! ,l\vre1 & fill$ a void 9 ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* pa9t+ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ! mo/ memorable pur*ases by ! ,gov]nm5t h be5 t ( ,*>d9's ,*ild ) a ,top 7,no4 #ij;,a71 :i* 0 acquir$ toge!r ) ! same arti/'s ,"y ,man ) a ,viol9 7,no4 #ij;,b7 = #ad1jjj1 & ,hans ,meml9c's ,portrait ( an ,old ,lady 7,plate ,,xvii47 = #hjjj4 ,! national collection ( ! ,muse du ,l\vre n[ includes 9 its ,catalogue ne>ly two ?\s& eight hundr$ oil & temp]a pa9t+s1 ab\t f\r hundr$ ( :i* h n be5 exhibit$ = _m ye>s4 ,,e>ly ,,si5ese ,,s*ool ,?is s*ool ( pa9t+1 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 ! hi/ory ( art 9 ,italy & probably ! e>lie/ ) :i* ! ord9>y /ud5t ( art 9 ,italy w conc]n himself1 0 affect$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( its hi/ory by ! influ5ce ( ! m9iaturi/s4 ,x 0 *>act]is$ by navet1 & 9 ! h&s ( its e>lie/ pa9t]1 ,duccio di ,buon9segna 7#abee-acai71 /rove to realise an effect ( hi]atic sumptu\sness1 its precision & grace be+ t ( 8a sanctu>y swept & g>ni%$40 ,! ,l\vre possesses no picture by ,duccio1 :o d]iv$ 8 te*nique f ! ,byzant9e m9iaturi/s1 al?\gh he modifi$ _! me?ods4 ,/&+ betwe5 ! old _w & ! new1 ,duccio occupi$ an important position at ! head ( ! s*ool ( ,si5a1 :i* 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury set a noble example to ! o!r t[ns & incipi5t s*ools ( ,tuscany4 ,pass+ ref]5ce may "h be made to ! arti/ic aims & religi\s aspirations ( ! cities ( ,rome1 ,pisa1 & ,arezzo1 b x is ,si5a :i* /&s out pre-em95tly at ?is e>ly date z int]pret+ sc5es ( quiet rapture & sacr$ peace1 its own social life be+ b\nd up 9 8*ivalry1 ! meat ( ! eye10 & 8piety1 ! w9e ( ! s\l40 ,bo? ,duccio1 :o 0 fir/ employ$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( 8 native city z e>ly z #abgh1 & ,cimabue1 8 s5ior by fifte5 ye>s 7if we are to accept ! mu* conte/$ records71 h alike be5 hail$ z ! au?or ( ! ,rucellai ,madonna :i* /ill hangs 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella 9 ,flor5ce4 ,?is picture 0 a g5]ation ago almo/ unanim\sly accept$ by responsible critics z ! "w ( ! ,flor5t9e pa9t]1 & ^? :o /ill advocate ! claims ( 8,flor5t9ism0 are loa? to de/roy _! *]i%$ illusions4 ,x is n our duty "h to br+ =w>d ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( its lat] ascription to ,duccio1 :o1 we are l$ to believe1 pa9t$ x e>ly 9 8 c>e]1 be=e he _h le>nt to free himself f ! /iff ge/ures & ,byzant9e types ( a =m] tradition4 ,duccio1 x mu/ be conc$$1 nev] q succe$$ 9 giv+ to 8 compositions t s5se ( life1 "*1 & design :i* we f9d 9 ! works ( ,giotto1 8 junior by "s tw5ty ye>s1 :o 0 ! fir/ arti/ to accompli% va/ s*emes ( monum5tal decoration4 ,duccio1 h[ev]1 0 ! be>] ( t tor* :i* 0 to k9dle ! flame ( religi\s art bo? 9 ,si5a & ,flor5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ,si5ese pa9t+ 0 de/9$1 almo/ f ! mom5t ( its bir?1 to %[ signs ( dw9dl+ into a s*ool ( trite copyi/s & %all[ quieti/s4 ,e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! l(ty ideals manife/$ by emotional ,si5a spread to sci5tific ,flor5ce1 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! city on ! ,arno gave unmi/akable signs ( becom+ ! lead+ art c5tre 9 ,tuscany4 ,,duccio',s ,,foll[]s ,! greate/ ( ,duccio's foll[]s 0 ,simone ,m>t9i 7#abhe8-acdd71 :o 0 also slightly influ5c$ by ,giotto4 ,simone1 ^: ,*ri/ be>+ ,8 ,cross 7,no4 #achc1 ,plate ,i47 is ! e>lie/ ,si5ese picture 9 ! ,l\vre1 has be5 well describ$ z 8a reaction>y :o made a :ole beautiful _w ( 8 own40 ,9 ?is small picture ! col\rs /& out mo/ cle>ly1 al?\gh ! draw+ & p]spective are1 ( c\rse1 faulty4 ,x belongs to a s]ies ( :i* o!r panels are at ,antw]p & 9 ! ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum at ,b]l94 ,a ,crucifixion 7,no4 #affe7 t is catalogu$ z be+ by an unkn[n ,si5ese arti/ may be attribut$ to ,ugol9o da ,si5a 7fl4 #abij-acbj72 x w\ld seem to be ! c5tre panel ( a l>ge & lo/ alt>piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,,simone ,,m>t9i 7#abhe8-acdd7 ,,si5ese ,,s*ool ,no4 #achc4--;,,*ri/ ,,be>+ ,,8 ,,cross 7,jsus-,*ri/ m>*ant au ,calvaire7 ,*ri/1 prec$$ by ! execution]1 soldi]s1 & two *ildr51 is be>+ ,8 ,cross to ,calv>y4 ,he is att5d$ by a l>ge cr[d 9 :i* may be recognis$ ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 9 blue robes1 support$ by ,/4 ,john2 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e 9 r$1 ) h] long hair fall+ ov] h] %\ld]s1 raises h] h&s 9 grief4 ,pa9t$ 9 temp]a on panel4 #aj 94 #d 94 7#jbe #jaj47 ,pietro ,lor5zetti 7fl4 #acje-ej7 0 probably a pupil ( ,duccio1 & 0 influ5c$ by ,simone ,m>t9i1 b ,pietro & 8 y\ng] bro!r1 ,ambrogio ,lor5zetti 7#abhe8-acdh871 :o repres5t$ a new movem5t & endeav\r$ to set =? ! civic ideal1 are n repres5t$ 9 ?is collection4 ,simone ,m>t9i's bro!r-9-law1 ,lippo ,memmi 7di$ #aceg871 is possibly ! au?or ( ! ,/4 ,pet] 7,no4 #aaeb71 a poor picture :i* is (ficially assign$ to ,taddeo di ,b>tolo 7#acfb8-adbb74 ,! art ( ! latt] is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,b]5son1 se5 9 ! small ,crucifixion 7,no4 #afbb71 :i* ! ,l\vre au?orities mode/ly catalogue z be+ by an unkn[n f\rte5?-c5tury ,italian pa9t]4 ,to ,b>tolo di ,mae/ro ,fr$i 7#accj8-adaj71 :o came "u ! influ5ce ( ,lippo ,memmi & ! ,lor5zetti1 is giv5 a ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple 7,no4 #aaea74 ,paolo di ,giovanni ,fei 7fl4 #acgb-adaj71 ^: pictures are r>ely met ) out ( ,italy1 may be reg>d$ z ! au?or ( ! ,madonna & ,sa9ts 7,no4 #acad7 :i* is (ficially held to be by an unkn[n ,flor5t9e pa9t] ( ! s*ool ( ,giotto4 ,! ,l\vre possesses no example ( ! art ( ,sassetta 7#acib-adej71 :o1 toge!r ) ,paolo di ,giovanni ,fei1 deeply impress$ ,giovanni di ,paolo 7#adjc8-adhb74 ,! latt] may be cr$it$ ) ! small panel 7,no4 #afei;,a7 :i* is (ficially entitl$ ,! ,entry ( ,pope ,m>t9 into ! ,ca/le ( ,sa9t ,angelo1 & includ$ 9 ! ,catalogue z be+ by an unkn[n ,flor5t9e1 b labell$ 8,s*ool ( ,masaccio40 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is qua9t little picture depicts ,pope ,gregory ! ,great's ,vision ( ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael %ea?+ 8 ,sword ov] ! ,ca/le ( ,sa9t ,angelo4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ,gregory _h be5 indefatigable 9 nurs+ ! plague-/rick5 9 ,rome 9 ! six? c5tury1 & :ile on 8 way at ! head ( a procession to (f] up pray] = ! cessation ( ! plague1 saw 8! w>rior ( ,god0 9 ! attitude "h %[n4 ,gregory1 aft] flee+ f ^? :o wi%$ to make him ,pope1 0 elect$ to we> ! papal ti>a "u ! title ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,he is *iefly kn[n to u z hav+ s5t mission>ies to prea* ! gospel 9 ,engl&1 hav+ be5 mov$ to pity by see+ ,briti% captives expos$ = sale 9 ,rome1 & = 8 arrangem5t ( ! music ( ! *ants :i* are aft] him kn[n z ,gregorians4 ,! (ficial title ( ! picture1 on ! o!r h&1 assumes t we h "h ,pope ,m>t9 ,v41 a man ( sa9tly "*1 mak+ 8 entry into ,rome 9 #adba amid ! acclamations ( ! p4 ,he _h be5 elect$ ,pope 9 #adag on ! deposition ( ,john ,,xxiii4 ,by ?is "t ! art ( ,si5a _h progress$ "s di/ance on ! road t its religi\s aspirations & te*nical accompli%m5ts indicat$1 b x soon became evid5t t ! m intellectual aims ( ,flor5t9e art 7 %ap+ ! c\rse ( all ! pa9t]s ( ,italy4 ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,s*ool ,al?\gh we h begun our /udy ( ! art ( ,italy ) a review ( ! ,si5ese ,s*ool1 :i* owes its importance to ,duccio1 ! e>lie/ ,italian picture 9 ! ,l\vre is ! ,madonna & ,angels 7,no4 #abfj71 :i* may be accept$ z a *>act]i/ic example ( ! type ( picture t passes "u ! "n ( ,cimabue 7#abdj8-acjb74 ,giovanni ,c5ni de' ,pepi1 to give him 8 full "n1 has be5 hail$ z 8! fa!r ( mod]n pa9t+40 ,! ,l\vre ,madonna1 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,francesco at ,pisa1 0 c>ri$ (f to ,p>is by ,napoleon1 b n consid]$ wor? ! tr\ble ( repack+ :5 9 #ahae ! ,alli$ ,armies call$ ^u ! ,fr5* to surr5d] ! pictorial spoils ( w>4 ,x is kn[n t ,cimabue 0 work+ at ,pisa at ! v end ( 8 life1 &1 al?\gh he 0 engag$ !re z mosaici/ r ?an z a pa9t]1 ! prov5ance ( ?is l>ge pa9t+1 :i* is execut$ 9 temp]a on panel1 has to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 any discussion z to its /rict au!nticity4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem9isc5t ( ! ,rucellai ,madonna1 & %>es mu* ( its "*4 ,! pa9t] has repeat$1 ) c]ta9 modifications1 ! ,byzant9e type ( ,madonna1 ^: almond-%ap$ eyes & long1 bony f+]s %\ld be notic$4 ,x has be5 freely re/or$4 ,f ! same *ur* 9 ,pisa comes ,giotto's ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi receiv+ ! ,/igmata 7,no4 #acab74 ,accord+ to ! descriptive acc\nt h&$ d[n to u by ! unv]aci\s ,vas>i1 ,giotto 7#abff-accg7 0 orig9ally a %eph]d boy ^: lat5t tal5t 0 recognis$ by ! disc]n+ ,cimabue1 :o =?) took him z 8 pupil & taught him h[ to pa9t1 ! boy's g5ius enabl+ him e>ly to surpass 8 ma/]4 ,al?\gh x w\ld be ra% unque/ion+ly to accept ?is ar*aic production z an au!ntic "w by ,giotto1 x is "o :i* any national collection w\ld treasure4 ,x depicts ! supreme ev5t 9 ! life ( ,/4 ,francis1 :5 dur+ 8 vision virtue pass$ f ! w\nd$ h&s1 ! w\nd$ feet1 & ! w\nd$ side ( ! ,*ri/ into ! same p>ts ( ! sa9t's body4 ,9 ! pr$ella are ?ree sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,francis3 7a7 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 dream+ t ,/4 ,pet] reveals to him t unless ! ,franciscan ,ord] is f\nd$ ! ,*ur* 7typifi$ "h by ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,john ,lat]an 9 ,rome7 w fall d[n2 7b7 ,! ,pope f\nd+ ! ,ord]2 & 7c7 ,/4 ,francis1 we>+ ! br[n robes ( 8 ,ord]1 & prea*+ to ! birds3 8,:5as ,/4 ,francis spake ^! words to !m1 ^? birds began all ( !m to op5 _! beaks1 & /ret* _! necks1 & spread _! w+s1 & rev]5tly b5d _! heads d[n to ! gr\nd1 & by _! acts & by _! songs to %[ t ! ,holy ,fa!r gave !m joy exce$+ great40 ,,! ,,giottesques ,f\r s*ool pictures 7,nos4 #acac1 #acae-acag7 illu/rate ! example set by ,giotto1 :o influ5c$ v /rongly inde$ all art-manife/ation dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 an age :5 ! human body 0 d5i$ all intr9sic significance4 ,8 pr(\nd feel+1 gay col\r1 high dramatic p[]1 & s5se ( =m m>k ! emancipation ( ,italian art f ! rigid =malism ( ! ,byzant9e mann]4 ,he discov]$ a /yle :i* 0 admirably suit$ to ! _s ( 8 "t1 & develop$ = 8 own purposes a s5se ( p]spective :i* he employ$ ) consid]able effect1 al?\gh he nev] really f\nd a sci5tific /atem5t ( ! arti/ic pr9ciples :i* he in/9ctively p]ceiv$4 ,8 indefatigable en]gy & innate g5ius enabl$ him to di/ance 8 rivals & to bequea? to 8 c\ntrym5 a h]itage :i* pr(\ndly affect$ ! art ( ,italy4 ,=emo/ among 8 foll[]s1 :o imitat$ 8 mann]isms )\t und]/&+ ! full significance ( 8 ideas1 0 ,taddeo ,gaddi 7#acjj8-acff71 to :om are assign$ 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue ! pr$ella pictures 7,no4 #acjb7 ( 7a7 ,! ,dea? ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 7b7 ,calv>y1 & 7c7 ,judas ,isc>iot4 ,taddeo ,gaddi1 a pa9t] & ar*itect1 0 ! godson & pupil ( ,giotto z well z ! pupil ( 8 fa!r1 ,gaddo ,gaddi4 ,taddeo's desire to give suitable expression to ea* ( 8 figures (t5 result$1 z 9 t ( ! daught] ( ,h]odias 9 ! second ( ^! panels1 9 exagg]ation4 ,taddeo's son1 ,agnolo ,gaddi 7#accc-acif71 :o 0 describ$ by ,rusk9 z 8r /upid 9 religi\s matt]s & high art10 may be ! pa9t] ( ! ,annunciation 7,no4 #acja71 9 :i* we see ! ,virg9 seat$ 9 a loggia to ! "r ( ! picture4 ,! ,ar*angel ,gabriel ann\nces1 by ! ge/ure ( ! "r h&1 t ! ,virg9 %all be ! ,"m ( ! ,*ri/4 ,god ! ,fa!r is %[n 9 ! heav5s4 ,notice ! gold backgr\nd & ! mosaics ( ! loggia4 ,! me*anical me?ods & un9spir$ aims ( ! ,giottesques1 ! arti/s :o work$ dur+ ! c5tury :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,giotto1 are well se5 9 ! productions ( ,lor5zo di ,bicci 7fl4 #acgj-adji71 8 son ,bicci di ,lor5zo 7fl4 #acgc-adbd71 & 8 gr&son ,n]i di ,bicci 7#adai-adia74 ,n]i is repres5t$ by a ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #acig74 ,he might ju/ly be describ$ z a m]e manufactur] ( ,giottesque pictures to ord]4 ,he br\ght art d[n to ! level ( a trade1 8 "w be+ flat & 8 col\r raw & inh>moni\s4 ,a ,virg9 & ,infant ,*ri/ 7,no4 #aefc71 inscrib$ 8,,tvr9vs ,,vannis ,,de ,,pisis ,,me ,,piqsit ,p10 is evid5tly by ,tur9o ,vanni 7fl4 #acij-acih71 a r>e arti/ ( ?is gr\p ( ,flor5t9e pa9t]s4 ,! brief li/ ( 8 pictures might be increas$ by hav+ add$ to x a few panels at ,pisa & ,assisi1 :i* are errone\sly ascrib$ to ,buffalmacco4 ,&rea ,orcagna 7#acjh8-acfh87 & 8 bro!r ,n>do are n repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 b we h a foll[] ( ,agnolo ,gaddi 9 ,lor5zo ,monaco 7#acgj8-adbe71 :o is se5 to advantage 9 8 ,*ri/ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane & 8 ,holy ,wom5 prep>+ ! ,tomb 7,no4 #acdh;,a71 :i* is inscrib$ 8,,anno ,d,i #adjh10 & 0 =m]ly attribut$ to ,g5tile da ,fabriano4 ,lor5zo ,monaco is (ficially cr$it$ ) a triple picture 7,no4 #acdh7 ( 7a7 ,/4 ,agnes ) h] lamb & a m>tyr's palm bran*2 7b7 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! arti/'s "n-sa9t1 hold+ 9 8 "r h& a book & palm bran*1 & en?ron$ on a gridiron1 ! symbol ( 8 m>tyrdom2 & 7c7 ,/4 ,m>g>et1 ! patron sa9t ( ,woman z ,"m1 /&+ on ! dragon4 ,lor5zo ,monaco1 :o is reput$ to h be5 ! ma/] ( ,fra ,angelico1 usually depicts long1 sl5d]1 & s9u\s bodies4 ,bel[ ?is picture hangs a small panel1 app>5tly "p ( ! pr$ella ( an unid5tifi$ alt>piece4 ,x does n seem to be includ$ 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue1 & has nei!r a numb] by :i* to id5tify x nor a label to d5ote its subject or au?or%ip6 ,! picture has app>5tly nev] be5 ref]r$ to or describ$ 9 any article or book4 ,x c]ta9ly repres5ts ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius c>ry+ ! ,true ,cross into ,j]usalem4 ,! picture appe>s to h be5 pa9t$ by ,giovanni del ,ponte 7fl4 #ache-adcg74 ,nei!r ,/>n9a 7#aced-adjh71 :o took ! traditions ( ,e>ly ,flor5t9e pa9t+ to ,spa91 ,masol9o 7fl4 #achc-adce71 :o is r>ely met ) out ( ,italy1 nor ,masaccio 7#adja-bh71 :o may be said to h vitalis$ ,italian art1 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,tommaso ,masaccio1 ! 8,hulk+ ,tom0 ( ,br[n+1 gave to ,italy & ! _w ! magnific5t s]ies ( frescoes :i* /ill decorate ! ,brancacci ,*apel ( ! ,c>m9e ,*ur* 9 ,flor5ce4 ,he imp>t$ to 8 figures su* natural movem5t1 vivacity ( expression1 free attitudes1 simple drap]ies1 & excell5t modell+ t he entirely revolutionis$ ! art ( ,flor5ce4 ,8 figures are1 z ,vas>i said1 8s lifelike t !y seem to live & brea!40 ,?is s]ies ( frescoes 0 /udi$ ) en?usiasm by all ! great ,flor5t9e pa9t]s2 ,leon>do1 ,raphael1 ,mi*elangelo1 & innum]able o!r arti/s d]iv$ ! greate/ possible b5efit f !m4 ,,fra ,,angelico ,on ! ?re%old ( ! ,r5aissance /&s ,fra ,angelico 7#achg-adee71 :o 0 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( m9iaturi/s & influ5c$ by ,lor5zo ,monaco & ,masaccio4 ,8 life 0 devot$ to 8! s]vice ( ,god1 ! b5efit ( ! _w1 & 8 duty t[>ds 8 neighb\r10 z ,vas>i says4 ,he reg>d$ pa9t+ z "o ( ! duties ( ! mona/ic life1 & nev] began to pa9t )\t fir/ kneel+ 9 pray]4 ,8 pictures are aspirations t[>ds heav51 :ile ! figures ) :i* he peoples 8 sa9tly compositions h faces :i* %[ peace1 joy1 hope1 & communion ) ,god4 ,!y are clo!d 9 drap]ies ( ! pure/ col\rs1 cr[n$ ) glories ( burni%$ gold1 b are nev] dramatic 9 _! action4 ,"o ( 8 be/ easel pa9t+s outside ,flor5ce1 :]e alone 8 art c be adequately /udi$1 is 8 e>ly ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #abij74 ,?is impos+1 if ov]cr[d$1 composition is pa9t$ to ! glory ( ,god & 9 hon\r ( ! ,dom9ican ,ord]1 to :i* ! pa9t] belong$4 ,9 ! "r bottom corn] we see ,/4 ,agnes ) h] lamb1 next to h] ,/4 ,ca!r9e ) h] :eel1 above is ,/4 ,lawr5ce ) 8 gridiron1 & to ! latt]'s "r ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr 9 ,dom9ican robes & ) w\nd$ head4 ,9 ! =egr\nd kneels ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e 9 r$1 h] box ( o9tm5t 9 h] left h&4 ,/4 ,ni*olas ) ! ?ree gold5 balls at 8 feet1 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 9 ,dom9ican robes & hold+ ! !ological book f :i* rays ( gold5 light issue1 ,/4 ,l\is 7,l\is ,,ix41 ,k+ ( ,france71 & ,/4 ,dom9ic himself--all help to swell ! heav5ly company4 ,9 ! pr$ella1 or l[] "p1 ( ?is panel picture are depict$ ,sc5es f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 ! f\nd] ( ,fra ,angelico's own ,ord]3 7a7 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 9 8 vision sees ,/4 ,dom9ic support+ ! fall+ ,*ur*2 7b7 ! ,pope receives1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul :o h& him a /aff & ! ,gospel1 ,div9e au?ority to f\nd ! ,dom9ican ,ord]2 7c7 ! ,sa9t br+s back to life a "y noble nam$ ,napoleon :o _h be5 trampl$ "u foot by a horse2 7d7 ,*ri/ 9 ! tomb1 ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john2 7e7 ,/4 ,dom9ic *all5ges h]etics ^: books are consum$ 9 ! fire1 :ile 8 own book ( ! true ,gospel issues =? unhurt by ! action ( fire2 7f7 angels desc5d f heav5 to fe$ ! />v+ mona/]y ( ,/4 ,sab9a at ,rome imm$iately aft] ,/4 ,dom9ic has ask$ a bless+2 ^! two blue-clad figures are among ! lovelie/ ( all ,fra ,angelico's angelic be+s1 & p]haps ! mo/ inspir+ figures 9 ! :ole ( ! ,l\vre collection2 7g7 ! dea? ( ! ,sa9t at ,bologna & ! pass+ ( 8 s\l up to heav5 9 accordance ) ! vision ( ! monk at ,brescia4 ,?is e>ly ,c9quec5to panel picture1 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,dom5ico at ,fiesole1 ne> ,flor5ce1 0 pa9t$ be=e ! ,beato w5t to beautify ! cells ( ,s4 ,m>co ) frescoes4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ ( ! primitive pictures 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,f ! h& ( ! same sa9tly pa9t] are ! ,ador+ ,angel 7no ,no471 :i* until #aiji 0 9 ! ,victor ,gay collection1 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian 7,no4 #abic71 "p ( ! pr$ella ( a dismemb]$ alt>piece1 & ! l>ge fresco pa9t+ ( ! ,crucifixion 7,no4 #abid7 :i* hangs on ! ,escali] ,d>u4 ,! latt] 0 pur*as$1 toge!r ) ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio's ,bottle-nos$ ,man 7,no4 #acbb1 ,plate ,,iii471 9 #ahgi = #aifj4 ,! ,behead+ ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,no4 #abia7 & ! ,resurrection 7,no4 #abid;,a7 are unau!ntic4 ,9 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli 7#adbj-adih7 we h an assi/ant & foll[] ( ,fra ,angelico4 ,he work$ at diff]5t t[ns 9 ,italy1 notably at ,montefalco1 ,orvieto1 ,flor5ce1 ,san ,gimignano1 ,rome1 & ,pisa1 :]e he di$4 ,al?\gh 8 e>li] "w rem9ds u ( ,fra ,angelico1 ?an :om he is mu* m dramatic & mu* less spiritual1 9 lat] life he depicts ! co/umes & life ( 8 "t 9 a m reali/ic & objective mann]4 ,8 ,triumph ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7,no4 #acai71 :i* orig9ally hung 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,pisa1 deals ) a subject (t5 met ) 9 ! art ( ! p]iod4 ,! great ,dom9ican tea*]1 :om ! hea!n philosoph]s1 ,ari/otle on ! left1 & ,plato on ! "r1 recognise z _! ma/] 9 philosophy1 is en?ron$1 8 books ( !ological le>n+ on 8 knees4 ,at 8 feet1 subdu$1 is ,guillaume de ,/4 ,am\r1 ! au?or ( a book entitl$ ,de ,p]iculis ,novissimorum ,temporum1 9 :i* he expos$ ! v>i\s abuses !n preval5t among ! m5dicants4 ,! dramatic action se5 9 ! l[] "p ( ! panel embraces ,pope ,alex&] ,,iv4 presid+ ov] ! religi\s c\ncil ( ,agnani1 & ! envoys ( ,/4 ,l\is 7,l\is ,,ix4 ( ,france7 :o took /eps to end ! religi\s conflicts ( #abef4 ,a l>ge alt>piece 7,no4 #acbj7 repres5t+ ! ,madonna & ,*ild ,en?ron$1 ,/4 ,cosmo1 ,/4 ,damian1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,francis d',assisi1 & ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 ! c5tral panel is also assign$ to ,b5ozzo4 ,! frame also conta9s sev5 pr$ella pictures1 & at ei!r end is ! coat ( arms ( ! ,m$ici family4 ,! great ,fr5* ,museum1 :i* is weak] ?an ! ,national ,gall]y1 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y1 & c]ta9 o!r national collections 9 ,italian primitives1 af=ds u no example ( ! art ( ,&rea del ,ca/agno 7fl4 #adaj-adeg71 ^: compositions are *>act]is$ by h>% col\r1 h>d l9es1 & crude =ms4 ,nor d we f9d "h any pa9t+ by t v r>e arti/1 ,dom5ico ,v5eziano 7#adjj8-adfa71 :o1 x has be5 said1 0 ! fir/ ,tuscan arti/ to "w 9 an oil m$ium4 ,,paolo ,,uccello ,prom95t among ! ma/]s :o 7 influ5c$ by ,donatello1 ! sculptor1 & ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti1 ! fir/ metal-work] 9 elegant =ms1 is ,paolo di ,dono1 g5]ally kn[n z ,uccello4 ,8 pr(\nd /udy & ultimate discov]y ( ! laws ( l9e> p]spective 0 enhanc$ by ! inquiries into ! laws ( a]ial p]spective t ,fra ,angelico /udi$ s deeply4 ,paolo ,uccello 7#acig-adge7 0 a pupil & assi/ant ( ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti1 :o made ! bronze doors = ! ,ea/ ,side ( ! ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce4 ,he gave himself up to ! sci5tific /udy ( p]spective1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to apply to pa9t+1 ?us r5d]+ incalculable s]vices to art4 ,9 8 ,battlepiece 7,no4 #abgc7 is se5 a m\nt$ soldi] 9 arm\r ) 8 sword drawn2 on ! left are horsem5 ab\t to *>ge ) c\*ant lances1 :ile on ! "r cavalry-m5 are drawn up await+ ord]s1 _! lances 9 re/4 ,! correctness ( ! p]spective & ! ju/ice ( ! =e%ort5+s & ! movem5ts ( ! foot-m5 9 ! int]vals ( ! cavalry m>k an epo* 9 art4 ,?is is ! ?ird & "r-h& panel ( ! s]ies ( ?ree battle-pictures :i* ,uccello pa9t$ = ! ,casa ,m$ici 7n[ ! ,ricc>di ,palace7 9 ,flor5ce = ,cosimo de' ,m$ici ab\t ! ye> #adeg1 & n1 z ! (ficial ,catalogue ass]ts1 = ! ,b>tol9i family4 ,! be/ pres]v$ ( ^! ?ree l>ge panel pictures illu/rat+ ! ,r\t ( ,san ,romano 9 #adcb is t 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #ehc71 :ile ! second or c5tre panel ( ! s]ies is n[ 9 ! ,uffizi 7,no4 #eb74 ,! ,l\vre panel is 9 a deplorable condition1 caus$ by long neglect4 ,uccello's ,portraits ( ,giotto1 ,paolo ,uccello1 ,antonio ,manetti1 & ,filippo ,brunelles*i 7,no4 #abgb71 ^: names are 9 ?is ord] on ! panel1 is a "w ( consid]able importance1 z m>k+ an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( portraiture4 ,?is picture1 :i* is ref]r$ to at "s l5g? by ,vas>i1 con/itutes a hi/orical docum5t4 ,! ,italian *ronicl] tells u t ,uccello 80 a p]son ( ecc5tric "* & peculi> habits1 b he 0 a great lov] ( ability 9 ^? ( 8 own art1 &1 to ! end t _! memory %\ld rema9 to po/]ity1 he drew ) 8 own h& on an oblong picture ! portraits ( five di/+ui%$ m51 :i* he kept 9 8 h\se z a memorial ( !m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! portraits 0 t ( ! pa9t] ,giotto1 z "o :o _h giv5 light & new life to ! art2 ! second 0 ,filippo di ,s] ,brunellesco1 = ar*itecture2 ! ?ird 0 ,donatello1 = sculpture2 ! f\r? 0 himself1 = p]spective & animals2 ! fif? 0 8 fri5d ,giovanni 7sic7 ,manetti1 = ma!matics4 ,) ?is philosoph] ,paolo conf]r$ v frequ5tly1 & held cont9ual disc\rse ) him conc]n+ ! problems ( ,euclid40 ,manetti's real ,*ri/ian "n1 ,antonio1 is correctly inscrib$ on ! panel1 b is inaccurately giv5 z ,giovanni by ,vas>i & on ! (ficial label4 ,! ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ z a ,*ild 7,no4 #abgd71 :i* hangs 9 ! ,long ,gall]y1 is labell$ z a picture ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool1 & catalogu$ z be+ by ,uccello4 ,x is p]haps by ,pi]o di ,cosimo4 ,we ent] on ! fir/ p]iod ( ! com+ ,r5aissance ) ,fra ,filippo ,lippi 7#adjf-adfi71 :o 0 tra9$ 9 ! be/ s*ool ( ,flor5t9e pa9t+4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,lor5zo ,monaco1 came "u ! influ5ce ( ,fra ,angelico1 & 0 affect$ by ! magic spell ( ,masaccio1 :om he mu/ h se5 at "w 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! ,quattroc5to ! cult ( love & beauty 0 rapidly de?ron+ ! m au/]e ideals ( an e>li] age4 ,filippo ,lippi's /ormy & romantic c>e] passes into a new phase ) 8 resid5ce at ,prato 9 #adeb4 ,f\r ye>s lat] he 0 appo9t$ ,*apla9 to ! nuns ( ,s4 ,m>gh]ita 9 t t[n4 ,! ye> be=e 8 arrival 9 ,prato1 ,lucrezia & ,sp9etta1 ! orphan daught]s 7ag$ eighte5 & sev5te5 respectively7 ( ,francesco ,buti1 _h1 app>5tly mu* aga9/ _! w1 be5 plac$ 9 ! ,conv5t1 ! abbess ( :i* commission$ ! ,frate to pa9t a picture ( ! ,madonna della ,c9tola4 ,lucrezia pos$ to ! pa9t]-*apla9 = ! figure ( ! ,madonna 9 t picture4 ,on ,may #a1 #adef1 on ! occasion ( ! exhibition ( ! ,holy ,girdle ( ! ,virg91 a preci\s relic /ill pres]v$ at ,prato1 ! pa9t] bore (f ,lucrezia out ( ! safe keep+ ( ! conv5t4 ,a %ort summ>y ( ^! well-kn[n facts is sugge/$ by ! view :i* is put =w>d 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue ( ! ,l\vre1 to ! effect t ! ,madonna della ,c9tola is to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,nativity 7,no4 #acdc7 9 ?is ,gall]y4 ,! weight ( evid5ce is aga9/ ?is !ory2 9 fact1 ?is l>ge panel picture has little claim to be reg>d$ z ! "w ( ,fra ,filippo4 ,"o critic has giv5 x z 8 op9ion t ! ,nativity 0 begun by ,fra ,filippo & complet$ by ,fra ,diamante1 :o succe$$ him z ,*apla9 at ,prato4 ,o!rs h attribut$ ! picture to ,pesell9o1 ,baldov9etti1 & ,/efano da ,zevio respectively4 ,x seems to %[ ! influ5ce ( ,&rea del ,ca/agno4 ,! (ficial ,catalogue does n indicate ! prov5ance ( ! picture1 al?\gh x implies t x came f ! ,conv5t at ,prato at ! "t :5 x 0 br\ght to ,p>is by ,napoleon4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! ,madonna della ,c9tola is ! pa9t+ ?us nam$ :i* /ill hangs 9 ! place ( hon\r 9 ! ,municipal ,gall]y at ,prato4 ,! ,l\vre does1 h[ev]1 possess 9 ! ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,angels & ,two ,abbots 7,no4 #acdd1 ,plate ,,ii47 "o ( ! be/ ( ! ,frate's creations1 al?\gh ! col\r+ has suff]$ consid]ably4 ,x is an e>ly "w1 & 0 pa9t$ ab\t #adcg = ! ,b>badori ,*apel 9 ,santo ,spirito4 ,x conta9s beauty ( l9e1 fre%ness ( col\r1 & mu* v>iety 9 ! composition4 ,! ca/ ( ! drap]ies is ample & ! motives are novel & bold1 ! ,r5aissance backgr\nd ?r[+ into prom95t relief ! s\lful & ideal figure ( ! ,madonna4 ,! pr$ella panels ( ?is dismemb]$ alt>piece1 = :i* ,fra ,filippo receiv$ =ty gold flor9s1 are n[ 9 ! ,accademia at ,flor5ce4 ,!y depict 7a7 ,/4 ,fr$iano deviat+ ! ,c\rse ( ! ,riv] ,s]*io2 7b7 ,! ,virg9 receiv+ ! ,ann\ncem5t ( h] ,com+ ,decease2 & 7c7 ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 8 ,/udy4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #acde7 is only a s*ool picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,fra ,,filippo ,,lippi 7#adjf-adfi7 ,,flor5t9e ,,s*ool ,no4 #acdd4--,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild1 ,,) ,,angels ,,& ,,two ,,abbots 7,la ,vi]ge et l',enfant ,jsus entre deux abbs7 ,! ,virg9 /&s be=e ! ?rone hold+ ! ,infant ,*ri/ to ! adoration ( two kneel+ abbots & surr\nd$ by six angels c>ry+ lilies4 ,to ! left a monk leans ov] ! balu/rade1 & two small *ild-angels flank ! composition on ei!r side4 ,pa9t$ 9 temp]a on panel4 #g ft4 #a 94 #h ft4 #j 94 7#bag #bdd47 ,9 #adeg1 ! ye> t ,fra ,filippo's son ,filipp9o 0 born1 8 h\sehold effects & box ( col\rs 7 seiz$ = debt4 ,he liv$ on until ,octob] #d1 #adfi1 :5 he di$ ( a sudd5 & some:at my/]i\s illness4 ,! ,frate1 :o is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ,masaccio1 ! fir/ blossom1 & ,raphael1 ! full fl[] ( ,flor5t9e pa9t+1 0 ! ma/] ( ,botticelli4 ,a small ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #acde7 has little claim to be reg>d$ z ! "w ( ,fra ,filippo4 ,9 our attempt to unravel ! ske9 ( ,italian art 9 ?is collection & to sket* its hi/ory 9 /rict *ronological ord] we may n[ consid] two small pr$ella panels ( 7a7 ,/4 ,francis receiv+ ! ,/igmata & 7b7 ,an ,incid5t 9 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian 7,no4 #adad7 by ,francesco ,pesell9o 7#adbb-adeg74 ,! =m] deals ) a subject we h already met ) 9 ?is ,gall]y 7,no4 #acab72 ! latt] is a new !me4 ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian 7 weal?y m5 & sp5t _! "t 9 do+ *>itable works z doctors )\t monet>y rew>d1 & are ?us sometimes kn[n z 8! ,holy ,money-despis]s40 ,accord+ to ! leg5d "h repres5t$1 a ,*ri/ian 0 "o day pray+ to ^! sa9ts 9 ! *ur* d$icat$ to !m 9 ,rome 9 ! f]v5t hope t he might be heal$ ( canc] 9 ! leg4 ,:ile ?us at pray] he imag9$ t 8 leg 0 amputat$ & replac$ by t ( a dead ,moor4 ,9 ?is small panel ! sa9ts are %[n 9 ! act ( plac+ ! black man's limb on ! body ( ! ,*ri/ian1 :o1 no d\bt1 w be=e long be heal$4 ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian be+ patron sa9ts ( ! ,m$ici family are (t5 met ) 9 ,flor5t9e art4 ,we h already 9 ?is collection look$ at a picture 7,no4 #abic7 by ,fra ,angelico illu/rat+ _! m>tyrdom4 ,pesell9o1 :o /udi$ ! art ( ,fra ,angelico1 ,masaccio1 & ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 & foll[$ some:at closely 9 ! /eps ( ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 c h>dly h pa9t$ ! small ?ree-panel picture (ficially ascrib$ to him ( 7a7 ,! ,dead ,*ri/1 7b7 ,a ,c>d9al support+ ! ,bodies ( ,two ,m5 :o h be5 hang$1 & 7c7 ,a ,c>d9al appe>+ 9 a ,vision to a ,bi%op4 ,?is small "w 7,no4 #adae71 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,campana collection1 has be5 claim$ by ,dr4 ,v5turi & ,mr4 ,b]5son to be by ! ,umbrian arti/1 ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild & ,/4 ,augu/91 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,an?ony1 & ,/4 ,francis 7,no4 #affa71 :i* is (ficially catalogu$ z be+ by an ,unkn[n ,flor5t9e arti/1 & has be5 v>i\sly attribut$ to ,&rea del ,ca/agno1 ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 & ,&rea ,v]roc*io1 may be assign$ to t nameless contempor>y ( ,pesell9o ^: arti/ic p]sonality 0 a few ye>s ago con/ruct$ by ,mrs4 ,b]5son "u ! "n ( 8,compagno di ,pesell9o40 ,! art ( ! ,umbrian arti/1 ,pi]o dei ,frances*i 7#adae8-adib71 :o is s well repres5t$ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 is n se5 at ! ,l\vre1 :]e1 h[ev]1 a ,madonna & ,*ild passes "u 8 "n4 ,?is panel 7! (ficial numb] ( :i* is giv5 9 ! ,catalogue z #acjj;,b & on ! frame z #acjj;,a7 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,du*tel collection be=e pass+ into t ( ! ,duc de la ,trmolle1 f :om x 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahih = #ebjj by ! ,socit des ,amis du ,l\vre4 ,x 0 recognis$ ov] twelve ye>s ago by ,m4 ,ary ,r5an z ! "w ( ,alessio ,baldov9etti 7#adbgadii71 :o1 l ,pi]o dei ,frances*i1 0 =m$ on ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 & 0 also influ5c$ by ! discov]ies & me?ods ( ,uccello4 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle also _h made t attribution be=e ! "q 0 tak5 up by ,mr4 ,b]5son1 :o on morphological & /hetic gr\nds unhesitat+ly ascribes x to ,baldov9etti4 8,comp>$ ) ,baldov9etti10 writes ,mr4 ,b]5son1 8,pi]o dei ,frances*i is /]n] & h>d] & m monum5tal4 ,pi]o's ,madonnas h a fix$ & sev]e physiognomy1 massive /ructure & immobile pose2 nev] a smile1 nev] a t\* ( t5d]ness40 ,h[ diff]5t f all ?is is ! ,madonna by ,baldov9etti be=e u1 ) h] 8ref9$ features & h] p5sive gaze ( adoration--a look t unveils h] inn] life1 a look t w soon develop into ! my/]y :i* we feel 9 ! face ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,mona ,lisa40 ,vas>i tells u t ,baldov9etti 0 8extremely c>eful & exact 9 8 "w1 & ( all ! m9uti :i* ,"m ,nature is capable ( pres5t+1 he took pa9s to be ! close imitator4 ,he delight$ 9 ! repres5tation ( l&scape1 :i* he depict$ ) ! utmo/ exactitude2 ?us we f9d 9 8 pictures riv]s1 bridges1 rocks1 h]bs1 fruits1 pa?s1 fields1 cities1 ca/les1 s&s1 & objects innum]able ( ! same k9d40 ,a goodly numb] ( ^! are includ$ 9 ! backgr\nd ( ?is picture4 ,) ,antonio ,pollaiuolo 7#adbi-adih7 & 8 bro!r ,pi]o 7#addc-adif7 we ent] on a m sci5tific era 9 ,flor5t9e art4 ,masaccio _h already advanc$ ! /udy ( ! nude1 & ! influ5ce ( ,donatello 7#achf-adff7 & o!r sculptors _h drawn ! att5tion ( all art-work]s to ! full] significance ( ! human =m4 ,a m s]i\s attempt 0 n[ made by ! ris+ g5]ation ( sculptors & pa9t]s1 among :om ,antonio ,pollaiuolo & ,v]roc*io 7#adce-adhh7 n[ play$ ! lead+ p>ts1 to imp>t to ! human figure a m exact physiological accuracy & s give x great] effectiv5ess4 ,! advance made by ,baldov9etti 9 l&scape t5d$ also to a m real s5se ( movem5t 9 a natural environm5t4 ,! ,l\vre catalogues no picture "u ! "n ( ei!r ( ! ,pollaiuoli1 b a ,madonna 7,no4 #acfg;,a7 "h cr$it$ to ,ba/iano ,ma9>di 0 probably execut$ by ,pi]o1 :o frequ5tly work$ on 8 eld] bro!r's designs4 ,! influ5ce ( ,alessio ,baldov9etti is reflect$ 9 ! pictures ( ,cosimo ,rosselli 7#adcg-aejg74 ,no?+ is (ficially ascrib$ to him 9 ?is collection1 b ! ,annunciation1 ) ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,an?ony1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 & ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr 7,no4 #afef71 :i* is "h catalogu$ z by an ,unkn[n fifte5?-c5tury ,flor5t9e pa9t]1 is app>5tly 8 "w4 ,x is inscrib$ ) ! date ,a4,d4,m4,,cccclxxiii4 ,,! ,,goldsmi? ,,pa9t]s ,dur+ ! g5]ation :i* prec$$ ! activity ( ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio 7#addi-adid7 7:o appe>s 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue "u ! "n ( ,grill&aio7 ! art ( ! pa9t] _h (t5 be5 comb9$ ) t ( ! ar*itect & sculptor4 ,9 "t ! influ5ce ( ! goldsmi? is se5 9 ! incl9ation ( ! m prosaic pa9t]s1 among :om ,ghirl&aio holds an important place1 to subord9ate ! pictorial qualities ( _! compositions to ! gold-work]'s love ( ornam5tal detail & fanciful jewell]y4 ,pa9t+s c>ri$ out 9 ! goldsmi?'s %op ?us conta9$ 9 ! action ( ! figures1 ! treatm5t ( ! drap]ies1 & ! fanciful head-dresses1 imitations ( silv] & bronze "w4 ,dom5ico ,bigordi ow$ ! "n ( ,ghirl&aio1 by :i* he is n[ g5]ally kn[n1 to 8 hav+ be5 appr5tic$ to a goldsmi? :o acquir$ fame z a mak] ( ! jewell$ coronals 7ghirl&e7 t became fa%ionable4 ,?is pupil ( ,alessio ,baldov9etti1 :o 0 a craftsman q z mu* z a pa9t]1 is to-day be/ kn[n by ! l>ge numb] ( frescoes he pa9t$ 9 ,tuscany4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,dom5ico ,,ghirl&aio 7#addi-adid7 ,,flor5t9e ,,s*ool ,no4 #acbb4--,,portrait ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,man ,,& ,,8 ,,gr&son 78,,! ,,bottle-,,nos$ ,,man07 7,portrait d'un ,vieill>d et de son petit-fils7 ,an old man1 we>+ a r$ robe edg$ ) fur1 looks d[n t5d]ly at 8 gold5-hair$ little gr&son :o lifts up 8 face to be kiss$4 ,?r\gh an op5 casem5t is se5 a l&scape4 ,pa9t$ 9 temp]a on panel4 #b ft4 #j 94 #a ft4 #f 94 7#jfb #jdf47 ,9 ,ghirl&aio's ,visitation 7,no4 #acba7 ! ,virg91 h] conv5tional robes fa/5$ by a morse su* z ?is goldsmi?-pa9t] repeat$ly introduc$ into 8 pictures1 /oops to greet ,/4 ,elizabe?4 ,on ! left is ,m>y ,cleophas1 & f ! "r ,m>y ,salome trips lightly on to ! sc5e4 ,z always 9 a pa9t+ ( ?is subject1 ! pr9cipal figures are silh\ett$ aga9/ ! ar* 9 ! backgr\nd1 ?r\gh :i* ! sky is se54 ,*>act]i/ic ( ,ghirl&aio's pa9t+s is ! jewell$ ar*itecture :i* be>s ! date #adia1 ?ree ye>s previ\s to 8 dea?4 ,! ,catalogue sugge/s t ?is l>ge picture 0 f9i%$ by ei!r ,davide or ,b5$etto1 ! bro!rs & assi/ants ( ,dom5ico1 b x is possible t 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,ba/iano ,ma9>di1 may h work$ on x4 ,! ,fr5*1 hav+ po9t$ out to ! ,duke ( ,tuscany 9 #ahae t ,flor5ce possess$ _m bett] examples ( ?is pa9t]'s art1 7 all[$ to reta9 ?is panel picture1 :i* _h be5 br\ght 9 #ahjf f ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maddal5a dei ,pazzi at ,flor5ce4 ,! delightful ,portrait ( an ,old ,man & 8 ,gr&son 7,no4 #acbb1 ,plate ,,iii471 :i* is usually kn[n z ,! ,bottle-nos$ ,man1 is an admirable /udy f life4 ,! w9some attitude ( ! little boy & ! ref9$ expression ( ! old man are v pleas+4 ,x is an incontrov]tible1 b p]haps n obvi\s1 fact t m]e physiological ugl9ess c 9 ! h&s ( an accompli%$ arti/ be trans=m$ into a m$ium ( beauty4 ,! picture has un=tunately be5 damag$1 notably 9 ! =ehead ( ! pr9cipal figure4 ,! c]ta9ty ( t\* & ! delicacy ( ! modell+ indicate t ?is panel belongs to ! la/ p]iod ( ! arti/'s activity1 :5 he also execut$ ! magnific5t ,portrait ( ,giovanna degli ,albizzi1 n[ 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,pi]pont ,morgan4 ,"o ( ,dom5ico's bro!rs1 ,b5$etto ,ghirl&aio 7#adeh-adig7 is cr$it$ ) a ,*ri/ on ! ,way to ,calv>y 7,no4 #acbc74 ,8 own son1 ,ridolfo 7#adhc-aefa71 pa9t$ ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #acbd7 9 #aejc1 ! date be+ inscrib$ on ! panel4 ,ma9>di 7fl4 #adhb-aeac71 ! bro!r-9-law1 pupil1 & imitator ( ,dom5ico1 pa9t$ _m pictures :i* usually pass "u ! "n ( 8 m illu/ri\s relation4 ,?is pupil has pa9t$ 9 ! tondo ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #acfg7 a morse some:at simil> to t se5 9 ! ,visitation 7,no4 #acba74 ,9 ?is same gr\p ( arti/s mu/ be plac$ a nameless assi/ant ( ,dom5ico4 ,8 pictures h be5 gr\p$ by ,mr4 ,b]5son1 :o calls him by ! descriptive "n ( 8,alunno di ,dom5ico10 & t5tatively id5tifies him ) ,b>tolommeo di ,giovanni1 ( :om v little is kn[n4 ,alunno di ,dom5ico is ?us cr$it$ ) hav+ execut$ ! companion pictures 7,no4 #adaf;,a & ,no4 #adaf;,b7 ( ! ,nuptials ( ,!tis & ,peleus1 a pagan subject :i* sugge/s ! adv5t ( ! decad5ce 9 ,flor5t9e art4 ,^! two panels are (ficially catalogu$ "u ! "n ( ,pi]o di ,cosimo4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci ,we n[ h to pass f ! m$iocre arti/s :o work$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,dom5ico ,ghirl&aio to t great ma/]1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 ^: "w 9 ! oil m$ium c n[h]e be /udi$ s pr(itably z 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,?is _m-sid$ g5ius 0 ! natural & fir/-born son ( a c\ntry not>y1 & became a pupil ( ! sculptor-pa9t]1 ,&rea del ,v]roc*io1 9 ^: work%op he met ,botticelli1 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 & _m less di/+ui%$ ,flor5t9e pa9t]s4 ,8 int]e/s & occupations 7 s v>i\s t a detail$ /udy ( 8 life-"w reveals him z sci5ti/1 philosoph]1 ar*itect1 sculptor1 milit>y eng9e]1 ma!matician1 botani/1 & musician4 ,! ,annunciation 7catalogu$ z ,no4 #afjb;,a & labell$ ,no4 #abfe71 :i* 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue is n[ only attribut$ to him aft] hav+ long pass$ "u ! "n ( ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 is d\btless an e>ly "w ( ab\t #adgb by ,leon>do4 ,"s t5 ye>s lat] ,leon>do ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,lodovico ,s=za1 ,duke ( ,milan1 9 :i* city he %ortly aft]w>ds pa9t$ ! ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks 7,no4 #aeii74 ,?is f9e pa9t+--^: virtues are conceal$ "u a ?ick coat ( *ill$ v>ni%--is reput$ to h be5 9 ! collection ( ,franois ,i41 al?\gh x has no cont9u\s p$igree e>li] ?an ! ye> #afbe1 :5 x 0 9 ! royal collection at ,fonta9ebleau4 ,x is v simil> to ! pa9t+ ( ! same subject :i* ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #ajic7 pur*as$ 9 #ahhj = #ijjj4 ,! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two v]sions are num]\s b trifl+4 ,! nimbi 9 ! ,national ,gall]y picture 7 add$ mu* lat] & are n f\nd 9 ! ,l\vre panel1 :i* 9 ! great] p]fection ( detail1 9 ! treatm5t ( ! =egr\nd & ! bru%work1 prove x to be an e>li] & m au!ntic "w4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! docum5ts :i* came to light 9 ! ye> #ahic %[s t a dispute arose z to ! price to be paid by ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,conception ( ,milan = ! picture n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 & t ,ambrogio da ,pr$is & ,leon>do da ,v9ci petition$ ! ,duke ( ,milan to int]v5e4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,national ,gall]y picture 0 execut$ 9 great "p by ,ambrogio1 :o work$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! great ,flor5t9e ma/]1 9 #adid1 ab\t twelve ye>s lat] ?an ! v]sion 9 ?is collection4 ,leon>do's greate/ contribution to ,flor5t9e art consi/$ 9 8 practice ( ! sci5ce ( *i>oscuro1 ! laws ( :i* he 0 ! fir/ to fully inve/igate4 ,hav+ begun 8 celebrat$ 8,treatise on ,pa9t+0 & recomm5c$ 8 "w on ! colossal eque/rian /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za1 :i* at ! mom5t ( its de/ruction by ! ,fr5* b[m5 9 #aejj _h e>n$ him la/+ fame z a sculptor1 ,leon>do und]took 8 *ef d'uvre1 ,! ,la/ ,supp]1 at ,milan4 ,execut$ 9 temp]a on a badly prep>$ /ucco gr\nd1 ! pa9t+ un=tunately soon began to p]i%1 & al?\gh x 0 re/or$ 9 #aijh ) great success by ,pr(essor ,cav5aghi1 only a fa9t idea ( its pri/9e beauty rema9s4 ,! ,l\vre possesses a contempor>y copy 7,no4 #afjc;,a7 ( ?is fresco by ,m>co d',oggiono1 :i* 0 commission$ by ! ,con/able de ,montmor5cy & long hung 9 ! ,*teau d',ec\54 ,a simil> copy ( ,leon>do's ,la/ ,supp] 0 pur*as$ f a groc] 9 ,milan 9 #agic = #fjj1 & is n[ 9 ! ,royal ,academy1 ,london4 ,,mona ,,lisa ,:5 ,lodovico ,s=za 0 conqu]$ by ! ,fr5* & 8 city occupi$ by !m1 ,leon>do set out = ,mantua & ,flor5ce4 ,x may h be5 9 ! spr+ or summ] ( #aejj t he began to "w on ! ,portrait ( ,mona ,lisa 7,no4 #afja1 ,plate ,,iv47 :i* (ficially passes "u ! title ( ,la ,joconde4 ,vas>i says t ,leon>do work$ on ?is picture = f\r ye>s1 & f9ally left x unf9i%$4 ,! words ( ,vas>i mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t ,leon>do did n "w 9 ,flor5ce = f\r consecutive ye>s dur+ ! p]iod to :i* ! ,l\vre's treasur$ picture belongs1 b 9 #aejb visit$ ,orvieto1 ,ps>o1 & ,rim9i1 act+ z eng9e] to ,ces>e ,borgia4 ,he probably began x 9 #aejj1 resum$ "w on x 9 #aejc1 & did n complete x until ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?is w\ld make ,vas>i's /atem5t sub/antially correct4 ,! subject ( ?is _w-fam\s portrait 0 ,lisa di ,anton ,m>ia di ,noldo ,gh]>d9i1 ! ?ird wife ( ,francesco di ,b>tolommeo de ,z5obi del ,giocondo1 :om %e m>ri$ 9 #adie4 ,x is f ! surname ( h] husb& t %e d]ives ! "n ( 8,la ,joconde0 by :i* h] portrait is n[ (ficially kn[n4 7,! title has no?+ to d ) any ref]5ce to h] jocund outlook on life47 ,a ,fr5* critic has %[n t ,mona ,lisa's *ild di$ :ile ?is portrait 0 be+ pa9t$4 8,:oev] %all desire to see h[ f> ,art c imitate ,nature10 says ,vas>i1 8may d s to p]fection 9 ?is head1 :]e9 e peculi>ity t c\ld be depict$ by ! utmo/ subtlety ( ! p5cil has be5 fai?fully reproduc$4 ,! eyes h ! lu/r\s brightness & moi/ure :i* is se5 9 life1 & ar\nd !m are ^? pale1 r$1 & slightly livid circles also prop] to ,nature4 ,! nose1 ) its beautiful & delicately roseate no/rils1 might be easily believ$ to be alive2 ! m\?1 admirable 9 its outl9e1 has ! lips unit+ ! rose t9ts ( _! col\r ) ^? ( ! face1 9 ! utmo/ p]fection1 & ! c>nation ( ! *eek does n appe> to be pa9t$1 b truly fle% & blood40 ,?is eulogi/ic criticism may seem to-day to be some:at excessive1 b all[ance mu/ be made = ! dra/ic re/orations to :i* ! panel has be5 subject$ f "t to "t4 ,z e>ly z #afbe x is record$ to h be5 9 a bad condition4 ,tradition says t x 0 pur*as$ by ,franois ,i4 = #djjj cus d'or1 equal to-day to ab\t #ahjj1 & hung 9 ! ,cab9et dor at ,fonta9ebleau4 ,cassiano del ,pozzo has left x on record t ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 9 #afbe1 :5 he 0 s5t to escort ,h5rietta ,m>ia to ,engl& z ! bride ( ,*>les ,i41 express$ ! hope t he might be p]mitt$ to take ! picture back ) him z a pres5t f ,h5ri ,,iv4 ( ,france1 :o 0 ) difficulty prev5t$ by 8 c\rti]s f act+ on ! sugge/ion4 ,! picture 0 at ,v]sailles dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv441 & appe>$ 9 ! ,l\vre = ! fir/ "t at ! ,revolution4 ,9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 plac$ 9 an excell5t frame ( ! p]iod4 ,by ,may #aejf ,leon>do _h return$ to ,milan1 & !re ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,fr5* k+4 ,ab\t #aejh-ab he seems to h work$ ^u ! ,madonna1 ,infant ,*ri/1 & ,/4 ,anne 7,no4 #aeih71 :i* appe>s to h be5 9 "p execut$ by an assi/ant1 possibly ,sala9o4 ,?is l>ge panel 0 pur*as$ by ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu 9 #afbi4 ,a sket* by ,leon>do = "p ( ?is picture is 9 ! ,l\vre 7,draw+ ,no4 #cia72 o!r sket*es are 9 ! ,v5ice ,academy & 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,w9dsor4 ,! "n ( ,&rea ,sala9o 7fl4 #adie-aeae7 has be5 put =w>d z ! pa9t] ( ! my/]i\s picture entitl$ ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,no4 #aeig71 :i* 0 evid5tly pa9t$ f a female model4 ,x is difficult to accept ! view put =w>d by ,?ophile ,gauti] t 9 ?is &rogyn\s figure we h 8ano!r portrait ( ,la ,joconde1 m my/]i\s1 m /range1 fre$ f mat]ial lik5ess1 & %[+ ! s\l ?r\gh ! veil ( ! body40 ,! picture pass$ into ! collection ( ,*>les ,i4 f ,l\is ,,xiii4 9 ex*ange = ,holbe9's ,portrait ( ,erasmus 7,no4 #bgae1 ,plate ,,xxiv47 & a n[ unrecognisable ,holy ,family by ,titian1 b on ! disp]sal ( ! ,engli% k+'s collection 0 pur*as$ = #adj by ,jaba*1 f :om x ultimately pass$ to ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,x is a ,milanese production1 b n1 9 all probability1 f ! h& ( ,leon>do himself1 al?\gh (ficially s reg>d$4 ,! same criticism applies to ! s-call$ ,portrait ( ,lucrezia ,crivelli 7,no4 #afjj74 ,lucrezia 0 a lady-9-wait+ to ,beatrice d',e/e1 & 9 #adif ,lodovico ,s=za became enam\r$ ( h]1 a hi/orical ev5t :i* has no be>+ on ! id5tity ( ?is portrait or on its (ficial1 al?\gh unc]ta91 claim to /rict au!nticity4 ,x has also be5 describ$ "u ! mislead+ title ( ,la ,belle ,f]ronnire1 app>5tly 9 ref]5ce to ! wife ( "o ,f]ron1 a blacksmi?1 :o _h accord+ to tradition be5 ! mi/ress ( ,franois ,i41 b 0 already dead :5 ,leon>do pass$ into ! s]vice ( t k+ & came to ,france 9 #aeaf4 ,! picture's p$igree _c be trac$ fur!r back ?an #afde1 & ! !ories put =w>d 9 connection ) x are l>gely conjectural4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a ,milanese production ( ! s*ool ( ,leon>do4 ,! ,pr(ile ,portrait ( a ,woman 7,no4 #afje7 0 also a c5tury ago loosely describ$ z ! ,portrait ( ,la ,belle ,f]ronnire2 x is catalogu$ z a s*ool picture1 b is reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,b]5son z ! "w ( ,b]n>d9o de' ,conti4 ,! same critic is ( ! op9ion t ! ,bac*us 7,no4 #afjb7 is 8bas$ no d\bt on a draw+ by ,leon>do10 b ! ,catalogue accepts x unhesitat+ly4 ,x seems to h be5 orig9ally int5d$ z a ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ) a /aff1 & subsequ5tly alt]$ into a ,bac*us ) a ?yrsus4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #afjc;,a71 an attribut$ "w1 is only an old ,flemi% copy ( a slightly w>p$ panel picture ( ! ,madonna ) ! ,c>nation 7,no4 #ajdj;,a7 at ,muni*4 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,scales 7,no4 #afjd71 :i* /ill passes z a s*ool picture1 has long be5 reg>d$ by responsible critics z be+ by ,ces>e da ,se/o1 a pupil ( ,leon>do4 ,! ,holy ,family 7,no4 #afjf71 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,8 de la ,salle collection1 is n n[ exhibit$4 ,9 #aeaf1 )9 ?ree ye>s ( 8 dea?1 ! great ,flor5t9e left ,italy = ! ,manor ,h\se ( ,cl\x1 ne> ,amboise1 9 ,t\ra9e1 to ent] ! s]vice ( ! ,fr5* k+4 ,8 "r h& 0 p>alys$--he 0 left-h&$ & wrote f "r to left--& 8 heal? 0 fail+ fa/4 ,! end ( t great life came on ,may #b1 #aeai1 :5 e "o lam5t$ ! loss ( a man & a pa9t] 8^: l ,nature _c produce a second "t40 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,/4 ,julian1 & ,/4 ,ni*olas 7,no4 #abfc7 is p]haps ! ma/]piece ( ,lor5zo di ,cr$i 7#adef8-aecg71 :o 0 ano!r pupil ( ,v]roc*io4 ,he also pa9t$ ! ,*ri/ appe>+ to ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,no4 #abfd74 ,! ,annunciation 7,no4 #afjb;,a71 :i* 0 =m]ly assign$ to ,lor5zo 9 ! ,catalogue 7,no4 #abfe71 is1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 an e>ly "w by ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,,botticelli ,! ev]-increas+ reg>d 9 :i* pictures by ,botticelli 7#addd-aeaj7 are held is traceable to ! fact t !y %[ ! my/ic _s ( m$ival times m+l$ ) a fantasy t is almo/ mod]n4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,fra ,filippo ,lippi1 & /udi$ ! m sci5tific me?ods :i* ,antonio ,pollaiuolo adopt$ 9 8 treatm5t ( ! human figure4 ,pa9t+ 9 an age :5 poets p5n$ canzones to _m mi/resses1 & lovelorn gallants spoke 9 impassion$ v]se ( ! great platonic emotions :i* /irr$ !m to ! dep? ( _! love-torm5t$ s\ls1 ,botticelli /&s =w>d z ! repres5tative ( ! lat] ye>s ( ! ,m$icean age4 ,! my/ic t5d5cy ( 8 g5ius1 8 poetic imag9ation1 8 highly develop$ s5se ( l9e> design1 & ! *>m ( 8 col\r imp>t to 8 works a delicacy & ref9em5t :i* di/+ui% !m f ! works ( 8 contempor>ies1 pupils1 & imitators4 ,8 fame _h long be5 9 eclipse :5 half a c5tury ago ,rusk9 rescu$ x f oblivion4 ,botticelli1 :o n[ has become ! object ( a cult at ! h&s ( f]v5t en?usia/s1 is1 h[ev]1 n to be rank$ z a supreme ma/]4 ,he _c be plac$ on ! same plane z ,leon>do1 ,mi*elangelo1 ,raphael1 & ,giorgione4 ,botticelli is inadequately repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre1 :i* possesses only two au!ntic pa9t+s f 8 h&4 ,nei!r ( ^! is on panel or canvas1 b 9 fresco4 ,he 0 commission$ 9 #adhf1 ! ye> foll[+ 8 ,m>s & ,v5us 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #iae71 to execute two wall pa9t+s 7,no4 #abig1 ,plate ,v41 & ,no4 #abih7 9 ! hall on ! piano nobile ( ! ,villa ,lemmi1 at ,*iasso ,mac]elli1 betwe5 ,fiesole & ,flor5ce1 to commemorate ! m>riage ( ,lor5zo ,tornabuoni & ,giovanna degli ,albizzi4 ,^! exquisite1 b mu* injur$1 frescoes 7 cov]$ ov] ) :itewa% until #ahgc1 & 9 #ahhb !y 7 remov$ f ! wall & sold to ! ,l\vre = #ahfj4 ,9 ! fir/ 7,no4 #abih7 ( ! s]ies ,lor5zo ,tornabuoni1 z ,bridegroom1 is admitt$ into ! ,circle ( ! ,lib]al ,arts1 :o give a graci\s welcome to ?is fri5d ( all ! ,muses4 ,?is fresco1 curi\sly en\gh1 is 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue reg>d$ z only a s*ool picture4 ,! second ( ^! wond]ful creations depicts ,giovanna ,tornabuoni & ! ,?ree ,graces 7,no4 #abig1 ,plate ,v474 ,we see ! ,?ree ,graces br++ to ,giovanna _! gifts ( ,*a/ity1 ,beauty1 & ,love1 depict$ symbolically z fl[]s4 ,a tragic fate await$ ! lov+ pair1 z ,giovanna di$ )9 a few ye>s 9 *ildbir?1 :ile ,lor5zo 0 condemn$ to dea? 9 #adig = conspiracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,,botticelli 7#addd-aeaj7 ,,flor5t9e ,,s*ool ,no4 #abig4--;,,giovanna ,,degli ,,albizzi ,,& ,,! ,,?ree ,,graces 7,giovanna ,albizzi et les ,trois ,grces ou les ,v]tus7 ,to ! "r ,giovanna1 a "y woman 9 a r$-br[n dress1 we>+ a :ite veil on h] gold5 hair & a necklace ( pe>ls r\nd h] neck1 advances t[>ds f\r lovely maid5s clad 9 delicately-t9t$ robes4 ,%e holds 9 h] out/ret*$ h&s a :ite l95 clo? into :i* ! f\r maid5s ?r[ fl[]s symbolic ( ! ,virtues4 ,fresco pa9t+ deta*$ f ! wall4 #g ft4 #c 94 #i ft4 #d 94 7#bab #bhd47 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild & ,/4 ,john 7,no4 #abif71 :i* 0 =m]ly put =w>d by "o critic z a 8"w ( ,botticelli's e>ly ye>s1 b %[+ collaboration10 & :i* is /ill catalogu$ z be+ by ! ma/] himself1 is n[ g5]ally recognis$ z a s*ool picture only4 ,! backgr\nd is =m$ by cypresses & rosebu%es4 ,! circul> panel 7,no4 #abie71 :i* is /ill cr$it$ (ficially to ,s&ro1 is only a copy ( ! ,madonna ( ! ,magnificat n[ 9 ! ,uffizi at ,flor5ce 7,no4 #abfg ,bis74 ,au!nticity _c be claim$ = ! ,fragm5t ( a ,pr$ella 7,no4 #acjj71 conta9+ ! figures ( ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr1 ! ,virg91 ,/4 ,elizabe?1 ,*ri/ & ! ,magdal5e1 ,david1 ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,dom9ic1 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! ,sc5e f ! ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia 7,no4 #affb;,a or ,no4 #affb ,bis71 a cassone front1 & ! ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man 7,no4 #affc71 :i* 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahhb = #fjj1 are catalogu$ z be+ by an unkn[n ,flor5t9e pa9t]4 ,^! h1 h[ev]1 be5 includ$ by ,mr4 ,b]5son among ! num]\s pictures pa9t$ by ! nameless imitator ( ,botticelli1 :om ! em95t critic has id5tifi$ "u ! significant "n ( 8,amico di ,s&ro10 i4e4 8,! fri5d ( ,s&ro ,botticelli40 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild ador$ by ,angels 7,no4 #acjj;,a71 bequea!d by ! ,b>oness ,na?aniel de ,ro?s*ild1 is reg>d$ by ! same high au?ority z a copy by ,jacopo del ,sellaio 7#addb8-adic71 a pupil ( ,fra ,filippo ,lippi & an imitator ( ,botticelli1 ( a lo/ picture by 8,amico di ,s&ro40 ,! unbeautiful ,v5us 7,no4 #abii7 f ! ,c>d9al ,fes* & ,campana collections 7:i* is v simil> to a picture 7,no4 #iaf7 9 ! ,national ,gall]y71 ! ,e/h] cr[n$ by ,ahasu]us 7,no4 #afdc;,a71 & ! ,/4 ,j]ome 7,no4 #afeh71 mu/ also be includ$ among ! m$iocre works ( ,sellaio4 ,9 ! same gr\p ( ,flor5t9e pa9t]s is plac$ ,francesco ,bottic9i 7#addf-adig71 :o work$ "u & 0 influ5c$ by ,cosimo ,rosselli 7#adcg8-aejg72 ! ,virg9 9 ,glory betwe5 ! ,magdal5e & ,/4 ,b]n>d 7,no4 #adhb7 is by ,bottic9i al?\gh plac$ "u ! "n ( ,rosselli 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,_m pictures by ,bottic9i pass 9 public gall]ies "u ! m illu/ri\s "n ( ,botticelli4 ,f ,cosimo ,rosselli we naturally pass to 8 pupil ,pi]o di ,cosimo 7#adfb-aeba71 :o d]iv$ great pleasure f ! pa9t+ ( su* sc5es f classic fable z enabl$ him to depict grotesque mon/]s1 /range animals1 & fanta/ic co/ume4 ,at fir/ sight x might be assum$ t ! ,nuptials ( ,!tis & ,peleus 7,no4 #adaf;,a & ,no4 #adaf;,b7 7 f 8 bru%2 b al?\gh ^! two panels pass "u 8 "n 9 ! ,catalogue1 !y are1 z we h se51 by 8,alunno di ,dom5ico40 ,pi]o is repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre exclusively by religi\s pictures1 ! mo/ impos+ ( :i* is ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ) ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 & ,/4 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se 7,no4 #adaf74 ,an unpleas+ ,madonna 7,no4 #affb7 has long ago be5 assign$ to ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 :o is also ! au?or ( a ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ z a ,*ild 7,no4 #abgd71 :i* is labell$ ) ! "n ( ,uccello4 ,! two la/ pictures hang 9 ! ,long ,gall]y on ei!r side ( ! door lead+ into ,room ,,vii4 ,! au?orities catalogue z ! "w ( ,raffael9o del ,g>bo 7#adff-aebd7 ! l>ge ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 ) ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ,/4 ,salvi1 ,/4 ,john ,gualb]to1 & ,/4 ,b]n>d degli ,ub]ti 7,no4 #acjc71 :i* is 9 reality ! c5tre "p ( a l>ge alt>piece by ,raffaelle dei ,c>li 7#adgj-aebf871 :o work$ ) ,g>bo & 8 gr\p4 ,! great ,fr5* ,museum does n possess "o ( ! only ?ree easel pa9t+s :i* are n[ assign$ by ! safe/ critics to ,mi*elangelo 7#adge-aefd71 :o z a pa9t] is be/ kn[n = 8 fresco pa9t+s 9 ,rome4 ,?is collection is1 h[ev]1 =tunate en\gh to own ! two sculptures ( ! ,slaves1 repres5t$ z fett]$ & ov]come by grief at ! dea? ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 = ^: tomb !y 7 int5d$4 ,,alb]t9elli ,by ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,flor5ce _h become ! /hetic capital ( ,italy1 & pa9t]s innum]able 7 ply+ _! trade )9 h] walls4 ,z !y work$ 9 close contact & unconsci\sly reflect$ ! influ5ces :i* beset !m on e side1 x becomes increas+ly difficult to assign to any giv5 arti/ ! execution ( c]ta9 works4 ,! task becomes ev5 m difficult1 & inde$ ?ankless1 :5 "o is br\ght face to face ) su* a composite picture z ! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,z5obius 7,no4 #aaad71 :i* is (ficially ascrib$ to ,alb]t9elli 7#adgd-aeae74 ,! lead+ au?ority on ,italian art has giv5 x z 8 op9ion t ?is l>ge canvas1 :i* is inscrib$3 ,,m>iocti ,,deb]t9ellis ,,opus 4 ,d4 ,m4 ,,dvi1 0 8begun by ,filipp9o ,lippi1 :o laid 9 ! ,/4 ,j]ome1 :ile ,alb]t9elli 0 assi/$ by ,bugi>d9i 9 ! execution ( ! re/1 especially 9 ! *ild & l&scape40 ,alb]t9elli 0 ! intimate fri5d ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 ^: p>tn] he ev5tually became4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ,alb]t9elli work$ 9 ! /udio ( ,cosimo ,rosselli ) ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 :o 0 ! ma/] ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo & _h "s influ5ce on ,filipp9o ,lippi1 x w be recognis$ t x is only ! disc]n+ critic ( wide exp]i5ce & consummate flair t c detect ! h& ( v>i\s pa9t]s 9 a composite picture ( ?is k9d1 z ,mr4 ,b]5son has done4 ,! ,*ri/ appe>+ to ! ,magdal5e 7,no4 #aaae71 :i* passes (ficially z ! "w ( ,alb]t9elli1 0 mo/ probably an e>ly picture by ,fra ,b>tolommeo 7#adgb-aeag71 :o1 hav+ l ,botticelli come "u ! spell ( ,savon>ola1 took ! v[s ( a ,dom9ican 9 ,july #aejj1 & tempor>ily rel9qui%$ ! pr(essional activity ( a pa9t]4 ,! ,frate took up 8 bru% aga9 &1 :ile work+ betwe5 #aeji & #aeab z ! p>tn] ( ,alb]t9elli1 a*iev$ ! l>ge & impos+ ,holy ,family1 ) ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,/4 ,/eph51 & ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a on ! left1 & ,/4 ,dom9ic1 ,/4 ,francis1 & ,/4 ,b>?olomew on ! "r 7,no4 #aaed74 ,x is sign$ on ! base ( ! ?rone1 9 *>act]i/ic mann]3 ,,orate ,,pro ,,pictore ,,mdxi ,,b>?olome ,,flor54 ,,or4 ,,prae4 ,f\r ye>s lat] he also complet$ 8 ,annunciation 7,no4 #aaec71 :i* is inscrib$3 ,f4 ,b>t ,flor5 or pre4 #aeae4 ,! introduction ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ,/4 ,m>g>et on ! left1 & ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e & ,/4 ,francis on ! "r1 t5ds to de/roy ! full significance ( ! pr9cipal !me4 ,fra ,b>tolommeo's pictures help$ to emancipate ,raphael f ! mann]isms he _h acquir$ f ,p]ug9o2 !y m>k a late p]iod 9 ! ,r5aissance art ( ,flor5ce4 ,he liv$ until #aeag1 :5 ,flor5t9e pa9t+ 0 on ! v]ge ( a fa/ approa*+ decad5ce4 ,equally influ5tial 9 ! art ( ?is p]iod 0 ,filipp9o ,lippi 7#adeg-aejd71 ^: t5d5cy to ov]-ornam5tation became m advanc$ 9 8 lat] ye>s4 ,9 8 fasc9at+ pictures spiritual significance is at times sacrific$ to a love ( m]e display1 ! b>oque flutt]+s ( 8 drap]ies & ! air ( affectation t he sometimes imp>t$ to 8 figures4 ,! ,l\vre exhibits no example ( ! art ( ,filipp9o :i* 9 its late/ phase %[s ! e>ly1 al?\gh unmi/akable1 signs ( decl9e4 ,,&rea ,,del ,,s>to ,! highly te*nical skill & mell[ col\r+ ( ,&rea del ,s>to 7#adhf-aeca7 h long be5 kn[n 9 ,france1 :]e he 0 invit$ by ,franois ,i4 ,= t mon>* he execut$ ! ,*>ity 7,no4 #aead71 :i*1 hav+ be5 transf]r$ f panel to canvas by ,picault 9 #agej :5 ! process 0 little und]/ood1 suff]$ accord+ly4 ,9 its pres5t /ate we c get little idea ( ! =m] brilliance ( ! picture :i* secur$ to ! 8faultily faultless pa9t]0 9 #aeah--! ye> he arriv$ 9 ,france--a v consid]able income4 ,x is inscrib$3 ,,&reas ,,s>tus ,,flor5t9tus ,,me ,,p9xit ,,mdxviii4 ,a ,holy ,family 7,no #aeae71 by ! same facile pa9t]1 has be5 said by "s to portray 9 ! features ( ! ,virg9 ^? ( 8 own infam\s wife ,lucrezia del ,f$e4 ,x has be5 enl>g$1 & has suff]$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,less au!ntic are ! ,holy ,family 7,no4 #aeaf71 :i* is said to be> ! inscription3 ,,&rea ,,del ,,s>to ,,flor5t9o ,,faciebat foll[$ by a monogram1 & a lunette ( ! ,annunciation 7,no4 #aeag74 ,! ,portrait ( ,&rea ,fau/i1 :i* is giv5 9 ! ,catalogue "u ! "n ( ,s>to1 & describ$ z be+ ! "w ( a pupil1 is held by "s critics to h be5 pa9t$ by ,franciabigio 7#adhb-aebe71 :o came "u ! influ5ce ( ,&rea4 ,! insignificant ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man 7,no4 #aejf71 :i* s9ce #agji has pass$ "u ! q fictiti\s title ( ! ,portrait ( ,raphael1 & is inde$ /ill catalogu$ "u 8 "n1 is an ill drawn & badly col\r$ production4 ,x seems to issue f ! influ5ces we h j outl9$4 ,morelli reg>d$ x z ! "w ( ,bac*iacca 7#adid-aeeg71 :o *urn$ up rem9isc5ces ( ,&rea del ,s>to1 ,franciabigio1 & ,p]ug9o4 ,mr4 ,b]5son has t5tatively assign$ x to ,sogliani1 :o imitat$ ,alb]t9elli & _m o!r ,flor5t9es4 ,an unattribut$ ,flor5t9e ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man 7,no4 #afdd71 :i* has be5 enl>g$ ab\t ?ree in*es all r\nd1 _h at "o "t or ano!r be5 ascrib$ )\t mu* discrim9ation to ,raphael1 ,giorgione1 ,seba/iano del ,piombo1 ,francesco ,francia1 ,ridolfo ,ghirl&aio1 & ,franciabigio6 ,x is app>5tly f ! h& ( ,giuliano ,bugi>d9i 7#adge-aeed71 a m$iocre arti/ :o endeav\r$ to appropriate all ! conflict+ influ5ces t he came "u4 ,x has long be5 hung to ! left ( ,raphael's ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire4 ,a ,flor5t9e pa9t] ( no great accompli%m5t or orig9ality 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 ,jacopo da ,pontormo 7#adid-aeeg71 :o pa9t$ ! ,portrait ( an ,engrav] ( ,preci\s ,/ones 7,no4 #abda7 & ! l>ge ,holy ,family 7,no4 #abdj74 ,! ,visitation 7,no4 #abdb7 is a copy by a pupil ( 8 fresco 9 ! ,annunziata1 ,flor5ce4 ,by ano!r pupil1 ,agnolo ,bronz9o 7#aejb-aegb71 are ! ,*ri/ & ! ,magdal5e 7,no4 #aahc71 n n[ exhibit$1 & ! ,portrait ( a ,sculptor 7,no4 #aahd72 ! ,holy ,family 7,no4 #aahc;,a or ,no4 #aahc;,b7 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,v&euil collection is only a copy4 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,rosso 7#adif-aeda71 :o is call$ ,rosso ,fior5t9o to di/+ui% him f ,francesco ,rosso 7,il ,salviati71 came to "w at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt ab\t #aecj2 he pa9t$ a ,piet 7,no4 #adhe71 & a ,*all5ge ( ! ,pi]ides 7,no4 #adhf71 :i* are hung among ! ,fr5* pictures4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,musician 7,no4 #afjh71 by ,paolo ,zac*ia2 ! ,madonna1 ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,/eph5 7,no4 #aacc71 by ,mi*elangelo ,anselmi2 ! ,david ov]com+ ,golia? 7,no4 #adfb71 a repulsive production pa9t$ by ,daniele da ,volt]ra 7,ricci>elli7 on bo? sides ( a l>ge piece ( slate2 a ,flight into ,egypt 7,no4 #abji71 by ,lodovico ,c>di 7,il ,cigoli71 & ,matteo ,rosselli's ,triumph ( ,david 7,no4 #adhc71 are unwor?y ( comm5t4 ,!y %[ unmi/akably ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,decad5ce 9 full op]ation4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,si5ese ,,s*ool ,we h already sket*$ ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! art ( ,si5a1 & se5 h[ = a brief space ( "t x dom9at$ t ( ,tuscany4 ,! great] precision ( ! ,flor5t9e te*nique1 & ! wid] m5tal outlook ( its arti/s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 plac$ x 9 ! van be=e long4 ,sano di ,pietro 7#adjf-adha71 a pupil ( ,sassetta1 und\bt$ly pa9t$ ! five small *>act]i/ic panels 7,no4 #aabh-cb71 :i* illu/rate sc5es f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 & at "o "t =m$ ! pr$ella ( a l>ge alt>piece4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ) o!rs ( 8 ord] :o run away1 kneels "u a portico ( ! mona/]y he f\nd$ at ,be?lehem1 & is extract+ a ?orn f ! lion's paw4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ! lion 0 aft]w>ds plac$ 9 *>ge ( an ass :i* ! monks employ$ to c>ry wood2 we see "h t :ile ! lion 0 asleep 9 ! heat ( ! day "u a clump ( trees1 ! ass 0 /ol5 by m]*ants4 ,/4 ,j]ome naturally believ$ t ! ass _h n be5 c>ri$ (f by a pass+ c>avan1 b eat5 by ! lion1 :o subsequ5tly saw 8 old fri5d ! ass 9 ! possession ( ! same m]*ants t *anc$ to pass t way aga94 ,! lion is "h se5 7,no4 #aacj7 9 ! act ( compell+1 "o might almo/ say pu%+1 ! ass & ! o!r bea/s ( burd5 lad5 ) provisions back into ! mona/]y1 :ile ! m]*ants flee away 9 t]ror4 ,! ,l\vre does n conta9 any "w by ,vec*ietta 7#adab-adhj71 :o 0 ar*itect z well z pa9t]4 ,a ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #affj71 catalogu$ z be+ by an unkn[n ,flor5t9e arti/1 is mo/ probably f ! h& ( ,matteo di ,giovanni 7#adce8-adie71 :o 0 mo/ likely at "o "t a pupil ( ,vec*ietta4 ,ano!r ( ! latt]'s pupils1 ,francesco di ,giorgio 7#adci-aejb71 p]haps execut$ ! panel ( ! ,rape ( ,europa 7,no4 #afdj;,a or ,no4 #afdj ,bis71 :i* ! catalogu] relegates to ! l5g?y li/ ( unattribut$ ,flor5t9e works4 ,f ^! influ5ces spr+ ,girolamo di ,b5v5uto 7#adgj-aebd71 ^: ,judgm5t ( ,p>is 7,no4 #affh7 passes 9 ! ,catalogue z a late fifte5? c5tury ,bolognese picture4 ,b]n>d9o ,fungai 7#adfj-aeaf71 :o trod 9 ! /eps ( ,giovanni di ,paolo1 ,francesco di ,giorgio1 & ! ,umbrian arti/ ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo1 & yet ev9c$ no real signs ( developm5t f )91 is unrepres5t$ 9 ?is collection4 ,?is rapid survey ( ! ,s*ool ( ,si5a %[s t x is n well exemplifi$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! ?ird-rate pa9t]s1 ,pac*i>otto 7#adgd-aedj7 & ,beccafumi 7#adhf-aeea71 w n deta9 u4 ,ano!r accompli%$ late ,si5ese eclectic1 ,girolamo del ,pac*ia 7#adgg-aece871 has be5 cr$it$ ) a ,crucifixion 7,no4 #afdb71 b n by ! (ficial catalogu]4 ,sodoma 7#adgg-aeea7 also work$ 9 ,si5a4 ,t[>ds ! ye> #aeja o!r arti/s ( ! v>i\s s*ools ( ,c5tral ,italy1 includ+ ,p9turic*io1 ,signorelli1 & ,p]ug9o1 visit$ ! city1 _! adv5t br++ ab\t an arti/ic revolution4 ,be=e long ! religi\s f]v\r1 ! delicate ornam5tation1 ! gesso-embelli%m5t1 ! draw+ 9 ! flat1 & ! m9iature-l delicacy ( an e>li] age became ext9ct4 ,! arti/ic glory ( ,si5a 0 dimm$1 & rapidly pass$ into a p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,among ! la/ ,si5ese arti/s ( any di/9ction 7 ,baldass>e ,p]uzzi 7#adha-aecf71 an ar*itect & pa9t]1 & ,matteo ,balducci 7fl4 #aeji-aeec71 to :om we may p]haps ascribe ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon 7,no4 #aega7 & ! ,judgm5t ( ,daniel 7,no4 #aegb74 ,9 any case ^! pictures belong to ! ,umbro-,si5ese p]iod ( ,c5tral ,italian art2 !y are (ficially reg>d$ z be+ by ,p]ug9o himself4 ,:5 all orig9ality _h pass$ out ( ,si5ese pa9t+1 ,francesco ,vanni 7#aefc8-afji7 produc$ 8 ,repose on ! ,flight into ,egypt 7,no4 #aefa7 & ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,ir5e 7,no4 #aefb74 ,,! ,,umbrian ,,s*ool ,at ! head ( ! v>i\s local c5tres ( pa9t+ :i* =m ! s*ool ( ,umbria we mu/ place ,alegretto ,nuzi 7di$ #ache71 ^: works are v r>ely met ) 9 museums nor? ( ,italy4 ,he inh]it$ ! be/ ,giottesque traditions1 & became ! tea*] ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano 7#acfj8-adbh71 an e>ly ma/] ^: influ5ce 0 m f>-rea*+ & inspir+ ?an we c to-day trace 9 any detail4 ,! ,l\vre has ! good =tune to conta9 a preci\s little pr$ella panel ( ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple 7,no4 #abgh71 :i* is v decorative & exhibits a /rongly m>k$ appreciation ( ar*itecture4 ,x is ! only sep>at$ panel f ! pr$ella ( ,g5tile's l>ge & magnific5t alt>piece ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 ( #adbc1 :i* 0 seiz$ by ,napoleon b 0 return$ 9 #ahae4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,accademia at ,flor5ce4 ,! ,miracle ( ,/4 ,ni*olas giv+ a ,d[ry to ! ,?ree ,daught]s ( a ,nobleman 7,no4 #afei71 :i* is (ficially class$ among ! unattributable works ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool1 is n[ consid]$ to be by ,giovanni ,francesco da ,rim9i1 :ile ! ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #acjj;,a or #acjj;,b7 :i* is (ficially ascrib$ to ,pi]o dei ,frances*i1 ! lead+ pa9t] ( 8 g5]ation 9 ! s*ool ( ,umbria1 mu/1 z we h se51 be giv5 to ,alessio ,baldov9etti ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool4 ,aga91 ! ?ree-panel picture 7,no4 #adae7 :i* is cr$it$ to ,pesell9o ( ,flor5ce is 9 reality f ! h& ( ! ,umbrian arti/ ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo 7#addj-aeba74 ,! collection is n ri* 9 ! works ( ! e>lie/ pa9t]s ( ?is s*ool1 b ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #aebe71 a deta*$ panel f a lo/ or unid5tifi$ alt>piece by ,luca ,signorelli 7#adda-aebc71 gives u "s idea ( ! great p[] ( ?is influ5tial ma/]1 ^: k ( composition & anatomy is be/ se5 9 8 frescoes at ,orvieto4 ,signorelli's s5se ( complicat$ movem5t & cr[d$ action m>k an epo* 9 ! art ( ,umbria4 ,! ,fragm5t ( a ,l>ge ,picture 7,no4 #aebg7 seems to be imbu$ ) 8 _s1 b ! l>ge ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,no4 #aebf7 :i* comes f ,citt di ,ca/ello1 & a ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 & o!r ,sa9ts 7,no4 #aebh71 conta9 none ( ! vigor\s orig9ality ( t ma/] f :om ev5 ,mi*elangelo did n disda9 to borr[ on occasion4 ,?ree pr$ella panels 7,no4 #aabj7 h be5 dismemb]$ f a l>ge alt>piece by ,niccol da ,foligno1 & 7 orig9ally pa9t$ = a side alt> 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,niccol at ,foligno4 ,9 ! art ( ?is ov]-emotional ,umbrian1 :at is meant = deep religi\s feel+ is by exagg]ation almo/ trans=m$ into grimac+ passion4 ,,p]ug9o ,niccol's mo/ illu/ri\s contempor>y 9 ?is s*ool 0 ,pietro ,p]ug9o 7#addf-aebc74 ,ov] fifty ( ! religi\s pictures ( ?is influ5tial & accompli%$ ma/] 7 c>ri$ (f f ,c5tral ,italy by ,napoleon4 ,he is well repres5t$ 9 ?is ,gall]y4 ,! contemplative & deeply impressive pictures ( 8 less mann]$ /yle are among ! be/ pictures :i* ,umbria has giv5 u1 b !re is a t5d5cy1 notably t[>ds ! end ( 8 c>e]1 to repeat 8 compositions1 only alt]+ ! attitude ( a s+le figure1 & s exhibit+ a m>k$ lack ( orig9ality4 ,8 e>ly ,holy ,family ) ,/4 ,rose & ,/4 ,ca!r9e 7,no4 #aefd71 pa9t$ ab\t #adia1 is a little cramp$2 ! tondo h>dly provides suffici5t space to conta9 ! r /iff figures1 & ! treatm5t is unpleasantly conv5tional4 ,x also recalls ! art ( ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo4 ,! ,/4 ,seba/ian 7,no4 #aeff;,a1 ,plate ,,vi471 :i* is inscrib$3 ,,sagitt ,,tv ,,infix ,,svnt ,,mi*i1 is a fav\rite subject ) ?is ma/]1 :o pa9t$ x at lea/ eight times on a l>ge scale1 z well z 9 a m9iature n[ l5t to ! ,national ,gall]y by ,mr4 ,h4 ,yates ,?ompson4 ,! ,holy ,family ) ,/4 ,ca!r9e 7,no4 #aefe7 is said to be> ! *>act]i/ic signature3 ,,petrus ,,p]vs9us ,,p9xit4 ,! ,combat ( ,love & ,*a/ity 7,no4 #aefg7 0 commission$ by ,isabella d',e/e1 ,du*ess ( ,mantua1 9 #aeje1 & remov$ at ! sack ( t city 9 #afcj to ! ,*teau ( ,ri*elieu1 :]e x rema9$ d[n to ! ,revolution4 ,! ,/4 ,paul 7,no4 #aeff7 is a v late & n v attractive "w4 ,9 8 be/ pictures ,p]ug9o lov$ to pa9t a puri/ l&scape ) its buoyant spaci\sness ( view1 b too frequ5tly 8 figures are insuffici5tly dramatic & h a t5d5cy t[>ds s5tim5tality4 ,a v late ,/4 ,seba/ian 7,no4 #affh;,a71 :i* is on a mu* small] scale ?an ! subject ( our illu/ration 7,plate ,,vi471 is (ficially catalogu$ z be+ by an ,unkn[n ,umbrian pa9t]4 ,! ,apollo & ,m>syas 7,no4 #aeji71 :i* 0 pur*as$ at ,*ri/ie's 9 #ahej = #gj by ,morris ,moore1 ) an ascription to ,mantegna1 0 9 #ahhc sold to ! ,l\vre = #hjjj4 ,x long hung 9 ! ,salon ,c>r z a ,raphael1 b is n[ only attribut$ to him by ! catalogu]4 ,?is gem ( ,umbrian art has successively be5 ascrib$ by critics to ,p9toric*io1 ,timoteo ,viti1 ,francesco ,francia1 & o!rs1 b is to-day g5]ally reg>d$ z a v f9e example ( ! art ( ,p]ug9o4 ,two pictures 7,no4 #aegc & ,no4 #aegc;,a7 ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild are by unid5tifiable pupils ( ,p]ug9o4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t acquisitions is a ,madonna by ,antoniazzo ,romano 7#addj8-aejh71 ! gift ( ,m4 ,luci5 ,delam>re4 ,! art ( ,p9toric*io 7#aded-aeac7 is %[n 9 ! ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,gregory & ano!r ,sa9t 7,no4 #adag71 :ile ,lo ,spagna 7#adge8-aebh871 a pupil ( ,p]ug9o1 is repres5t$ by a ,nativity 7,no4 #aeci71 a ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #aedj71 & by ?ree small pictures illu/rat+ ! ,dead ,*ri/1 ! ,virg91 & ,/4 ,john 7,no4 #aefh71 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi receiv+ ! ,/igmata 7,no4 #aefi71 & ,/4 ,j]ome 9 ! ,des]t 7,no4 #aegj74 ,a m$iocre pupil ( ,p]ug9o & ,p9toric*io1 ,giannicola ,manni 7fl4 #adic-aedd71 is d\btless responsible = ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ 7,no4 #acfi71 ! ,assumption 7,no4 #acgj71 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,no4 #acga71 & ! ,holy ,family 7#acgb7 :i* pass "u 8 "n4 ,! la/-m5tion$ panel 0 attribut$ by ,villot1 app>5tly )\t mu* reason1 to ,l',+egno4 ,,raphael ,! majority ( ! ?irte5 pictures :i* 9 ! ,l\vre are unres]v$ly catalogu$ "u ! great "n ( ,raphael 7#adhc-aebj7 c]ta9ly belong to 8 ?ird or ,roman p]iod1 & 9 _m ( !m he obvi\sly receiv$ a l>ge am\nt ( assi/ance f 8 pupil1 ,giulio ,romano4 ,x is ?is fact1 no d\bt1 :i* has l$ ! compil] ( ! ,catalogue to place ! 8,div9e ,urb9ate0 9 ! ,roman s*ool4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be readily admitt$ t su* a classification is bo? arbitr>y & mislead+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,p]ug9o 7#addf-aebc7 ,,umbrian ,,s*ool ,no4 #aeff;,a4-,,/4 ,,seba/ian 7,sa9t ,sba/i57 ,! ,sa9t /&s ) 8 h&s beh9d 8 back b\nd to a pill>1 ) 8 head rais$ t[>ds heav54 ,an arr[ pi]ces 8 "r arm & ano!r 8 left brea/4 ,! body is nude1 b = a :ite lo9 clo? /rip$ ) r$ & blue4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is a r\nd$ ar* support$ by two highly ornam5t$ pill>s4 ,?r\gh ! ar*way is se5 a beautiful l&scape4 ,pa9t$ 9 temp]a on panel4 ,sign$3--8,,sagitt ,,tv ,,infix ,,svnt ,,mi*i40 #e ft4 #g 94 #c ft4 #aj 94 7#agj #aag47 ,al?\gh he liv$ b ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 ,raphael gave to ! _w a va/ am\nt ( art treasure4 ,br\ght up 9 ,urb9o1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,giovanni ,santi1 0 poet z well z pa9t]1 he pass$ be=e he 0 fifte5 "u ! direct influ5ce ( ,timoteo ,viti1 :o _h work$ at ,bologna "u ,francesco ,francia4 ,raphael became ! pupil ( ,p]ug9o at ,p]ugia ab\t #aejj1 & also work$ z ! assi/ant ( ,p9toric*io4 ,8 art be+ ?us =m$ on ! be/ ,umbrian tradition1 ,raphael 9 ,octob] #aejd left ,p]ugia = ,flor5ce1 & x 0 only at t date t he began to acquire a di/9ctive /yle ( 8 own4 ,dur+ 8 second or ,flor5t9e p]iod he pa9t$ ! ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon 7,no4 #aejc71 9 :i* is se5 ! *ivalr\s knight m\nt$ on a pure :ite /e$2 8 lance is brok5 9 8 combat ) ! mon/]1 & he is =c$ to use 8 sword1 :ile ! little ,pr9cess ,cleodol9da flees 9 abject t]ror into ! backgr\nd4 ,! v small panel ( ,/4 ,mi*ael 7,no4 #aejb71 :i* is a *essbo>d on ! back1 0 pa9t$ = ,guidobaldo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 & ev5tually pass$ into ! collections ( ,c>d9al ,maz>9 & ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild :i* has come to be kn[n z ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire 7,no4 #adif1 ,plate ,,vii47 is r lat] ?an ! ,madonna del ,gran' ,duca 9 ! ,pitti ,palace1 ! ,c>dell9o ,madonna 9 ! ,uffizi1 & ! ,ansidei ,madonna 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ,raphael's sa9tly & ideal ,madonnas2 ! pose ( ! figures is easy1 ! treatm5t simple1 ! col\r exquisite4 ,! l&scape backgr\nd is poetic 9 feel+1 & conveys ! mood :i* makes ?is "o ( ,raphael's mo/ pleas+ creations4 ,! ?9 fea!ry trees & ! treatm5t ( ! ,virg9's hair are /ill ,p]ug9esque1 b ! sup]iority ( ! pupil to ! ma/] is gradually mak+ itself felt4 ,! ,infant ,*ri/ is /&+ on ! "r foot ( ,8 "m4 ,tradition says t ,raphael entru/$ to ,ridolfo ,ghirl&aio ! task ( pa9t+ 9 ! blue ( ! ,virg9's g>m5t4 ,! drap]y is app>5tly inscrib$3 ,,vrb4 ,,raphaello ,,mdvii4 ,aft] work+ = f\r ye>s 9 ,flor5ce1 ,raphael w5t 9 ! summ] ( #aejh to ,rome1 :]e he a*iev$ su* a va/ am\nt ( "w = ,popes ,julius ,,ii4 & ,leo ,x4 ,8 "w 0 increas$ by 8 appo9tm5t1 on ! dea? ( ,bramante 9 #aead1 z ,ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s & ,inspector ( ,antiquities4 ,ab\t #aeae-af ,raphael delight$ to pa9t ! ,portrait ( ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione 7,no4 #aeje1 ,plate ,,viii471 :o 0 8 lifelong fri5d & advis] z well z ! au?or ( ,il ,cortegiano4 ,?is picture1 :i* is eloqu5t te/imony to ,raphael's skill z a portrait pa9t]1 0 orig9ally on wood1 b x 0 long ago transf]r$ to canvas1 :i* has un=tunately abrad$1 ! pa9t hav+ peel$ (f ! h&s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,ca/iglione 9 ,spa91 ?is picture :i* he _h tak5 ) him pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,duke ( ,mantua1 & !nce into ! collection ( ,*>les ,i41 :]e x seems to h be5 copi$ by ,rub5s4 ,x subsequ5tly became ! prop]ty ( a ,dut* amateur nam$ ,van ,assel51 & 0 copi$ by ,rembr&t4 ,lat]1 x 0 sold = #cejj flor9s to ,don ,alfonso ,lopez1 a collector at ,am/]dam1 & aft] figur+ 9 ! collection ( ,maz>9 0 acquir$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! ,holy ,family ( ,francis ,i4 7,no4 #adih7 0 commission$ by ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & pres5t$ to ! ,que5 ( ,franois ,i4 by ,pope ,leo ,x4 ,x 0 orig9ally pa9t$ on wood1 & 0 =w>d$ to ,lyons on ,april #ai1 #aeah4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 x hung 9 ! gr& app>tem5t at ,v]sailles1 & hav+ be5 plac$ ne> a fireplace _h to be rel9$4 ,x !n _h w+s1 b !y 7 de/roy$ at ! "t ( ! ,revolution4 ,al?\gh x is v o/5tati\sly sign$ ,,raphael ,,vrb9as ,,p+ebat ,,mdxviii on ! edge ( ! robe ( ! kneel+ ,madonna1 !re c be no "q t x 0 only design$ by ,raphael1 ! execution be+ :olly or 9 great "p c>ri$ out by ! ma/]'s be/ pupil1 ,giulio ,romano4 ,9 ! ,si/9e ,madonna & su* works z ,raphael pa9t$ at ?is p]iod entirely ) 8 own h& we see t 8 te*nique _h become ma/]ly & 8 p[]s ( composition _h develop$ to ! utmo/4 ,comp>$ ) ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire ( a decade e>li]1 a great] k ( craftsman%ip has be5 accompani$ by a loss ( purity & simplicity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,raphael 7#adhc-aebj7 ,,umbrian ,,s*ool ,no4 #adif4--,,la ,,belle ,,j>d9i,,re 7,la ,vi]ge dite ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire7 ,! ,virg9 is seat$ 9 a fl[]y mead[4 ,%e we>s a r$ tunic edg$ ) black1 yell[ sleeves & a blue mantle2 a book is on h] knees2 h] fair hair is conf9$ "u a transp>5t veil4 ,%e looks d[n to ! left at ! ,infant ,jesus1 :o leans t5d]ly aga9/ h] knee & draws h] att5tion to ! little ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ :o kneels to ! "r1 8 re$ cross 9 8 "r h&4 ,! backgr\nd %[s a l&scape conta9+ a small t[n ) its *ur*1 & a lake surr\nd$ by m\nta9s4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 ,! signature seems to be3--8,,vrb4 ,,raphaello ,,mdvii40 #c ft4 #h 94 #b ft4 #g 94 7#abb #jhj47 ,two ye>s be=e 8 dea? ,raphael _h design$ ! l>ge b by no means impos+ ,/4 ,mi*ael ov]com+ ,satan 7,no4 #aejd71 ! execution ( :i* on panel 0 c]ta9ly due to ,giulio ,romano4 ,x 0 a gift f ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici to ,franois ,i41 ! orig9al c>toon be+ pres5t$ by ,raphael to ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a4 ,?is picture1 l ! ,holy ,family ( ,francis ,i41 0 orig9ally protect$ by fold+ w+s1 ! inn] sides ( :i* 7 l9$ ) gre5 velvet1 :ile ! out] 7 gild$ & pa9t$ ) arabesques4 ,! two pictures arriv$ at ,fonta9ebleau 9 ,july #aeah1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ on ! back ( mules by way ( ,flor5ce & ,lyons4 ,z e>ly z #aecj ! ,/4 ,mi*ael 0 re/or$ by ,primaticcio & by _m o!rs subsequ5tly1 notably 9 #ageb4 ,! picture 0 transf]r$ to canvas by ,picault1 :o receiv$ = 8 lab\rs ! l>ge sum ( #aa1ejj livres1 a sum q out ( proportion to its /hetic or f9ancial value to-day4 ,x 0 aga9 re/or$ 9 #aggf1 #ahjj1 & #ahej4 ,x is sign$ 9 gilt *>act]s on ! edge ( ! ,ar*angel's tunic3 ,,raphael ,,vrb9as ,,p+ebat ,,mdxviii4 ,! ,demon is n %[n1 z 9 ! e>ly & small picture ( ! same subject 7,no4 #aejb71 z a dragon1 b z a half-human mon/] ) horns & tail4 ,! =e%ort5+ is und\bt$ly clev]1 b ! picture is too in/antane\s 9 its dramatic action4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! high lights h gone d[n & ! %ad[s d>k5$ 9 ! metallic-look+ figure ( ! ,ar*angel4 ,! ,virg9 ) ! ,blue ,diadem or ! ,virg9 ) ! ,veil 7,no4 #adig7 is "o ( at lea/ t5 pictures 9 ?is collection :i* 7 c>ri$ out by ,giulio ,romano 7#adib8-aedf74 ,x is "h cr$it$ to ,raphael4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly re/or$4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( replicas1 v>iants1 & old copies ( ?is panel exi/4 ,! foll[+ 8,raphaels0 may be reg>d$ z ! "w ( ,giulio3 ! ,small ,holy ,family ) ,/4 ,elizabe? 7,no4 #adii72 ! mu* re/or$ ,sa9t ,m>g>et 7,no4 #aeja72 ! ,portrait ( ,joan ( ,arragon 7,no4 #aejg71 :om ,raphael app>5tly nev] saw2 & ! ,portraits ( ,two ,m5 se5 to ! ,bu/ 7:i* has be5 call$ ,raphael & 8 ,f5c+ ,ma/]7 7,no4 #aejh74 ,giulio c]ta9ly pa9t$ ! ,triumph ( ,titus & ,vespasian 7,no4 #adbj71 ! ,v5us & ,vulcan 7,no4 #adba71 & ! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #adbb71 :i* are catalogu$ "u 8 "n1 & 9 all probability ! ?ree l>ge ,c>toons entitl$ ,a ,triumph1 ,! ,triumph ( ,scipio1 & ,! ,tak+ & ,burn+ ( a ,city1 :i* hang on ! ,escali] ,d>u4 ,! ,circumcision 7,no4 #adch7 :i* figures (ficially "u ! "n ( ! ,bolognese pa9t] ,b>tolommeo ,ram5ghi 7,il ,bagnacavallo7 7#adhd-aedb7 is by ,giulio ,romano4 ,! fresco pa9t+ ( ,! ,et]nal ,fa!r 7,no4 #aeab71 :i* is n[ ins]t$ ov] ! door ( ! ,salle des ,primitifs 7,room ,,vii471 0 c]ta9ly execut$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ,raphael1 & probably "u 8 sup]vision4 ,x 0 pa9t$ = ! *apel atta*$ to ! ,villa ,magliana1 a fav\rite hunt+-box ( ,pope ,leo ,x41 :o commission$ x4 ,x 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahgc = ! l>ge sum ( #hbhj4 ,f ! h& ( ,giannicola ,manni 7fl4 #adic-aedd7 come ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ 7,no4 #acfi71 ! ,assumption 7,no4 #acgj71 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,no4 #acga71 & a ,holy ,family 7,no4 #acgb71 :ile a fully sign$ ,dead ,*ri/ support$ by ,two ,angels 7,no4 #adjj7 is by ! m$iocre ,umbrian arti/ ,m>co ,palmezzano 7fl4 #adef-aech74 ,! latt]'s pupil1 ,zaganelli da ,cottignola 7#adfj8-aeca71 may h pa9t$ ! ,*ri/ be>+ ,8 ,cross 7,no4 #afda7 :i* is catalogu$ z an unattributable ,italian "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,raphael 7#adhc-aebj7 ,,umbrian ,,s*ool ,no4 #aeje4-,,portrait ,,( ,,baldass>e ,,ca/iglione 7,portrait de ,bal?az> ,ca/iglione1 ambassadeur et littrateur7 ,he is se5 ne>ly 9 full face4 ,he we>s a :ite l95 "u-g>m5t1 an ov]-dress ( black velvet ) grey sleeves1 & a cap4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #b ft4 #j 94 #b ft4 #b 94 7#jfb #jfg47 ,,! ,,v5etian ,,s*ool ,! conque/ ( ,byzantium dur+ ! ,f\r? ,crusade by ,doge ,enrico ,d&olo 9 #abjd1 an epo*-mak+ ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,v5ice & ,v5etian art1 /r5g!n$ ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,city ( ! ,lagoons4 ,at ! same "t x rivet$ ! fett]s ( ,byzant9ism on to ! nasc5t art ( ,v5ice1 to :i* x also imp>t$ a s5se ( int5se ,ori5tal col\r4 ,! frescoes pa9t$ 9 ,tuscany on ! l9es ( ,giottesque tradition & ! environm5t "u :i* its pa9t]s work$1 9 "t gave to ! ,flor5t9es a s5se ( l9e & =m :i* produc$ a s*ool ( ideali/s3 on ! o!r h&1 ! col\r-impressions creat$ on ! m9d ( ! ,v5etian pa9t] by ! relics f ! ,ea/ & ! brilliant mosaics :i* he saw ar\nd him result$ ev5tually 9 ! =mation ( a s*ool ( col\ri/s ) a reali/ic t5d5cy4 ,x w cause little surprise t ! ,l\vre conta9s no polypty* by ! v e>ly ,v5etians1 ,niccol ,semitecolo 7fl4 #acea-adjj71 ,jacobello del ,fiore 7di$ #adci71 & ,mi*ele ,giambono 7fl4 #adbj-adfb74 ,! ,gall]y possesses1 h[ev]1 a f\rte5?-c5tury ,v5etian ar*$ panel ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #aeda7 :i* is attribut$ to ,/efano ,v5eziano4 ,9 ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury ! dom9at+ influ5ce ex]t$ on ! pa9t]s ( ,v5ice 0 t ( ,jacopo ,bell9i 7#adjj8-adgj71 ^: sons1 ,g5tile & ,giovanni1 & son-9-law1 ,&rea ,mantegna1 7 to %ape ! de/9ies ( ! s*ool ?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance4 ,jacopo's draw+ is se5 9 its full maturity 9 ! ,sket*-book ( ab\t #adej :i* belongs to ! ,l\vre b is n publicly exhibit$4 ,ano!r ,sket*-book by him ( ab\t #adcj is "o ( ! treasur$ possessions ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,jacopo _h 9 e>ly life be5 ! pupil ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano1 :o1 toge!r ) ,alegretto ,nuzi1 /&s at ! head ( ! ,umbrian s*ool1 & ( ,antonio ,pisanello 7#acig-adee71 ! m$alli/-pa9t] :o play$ su* an important "p 9 ! art ( ,v]ona4 ,bo? ,g5tile da ,fabriano & ,pisanello work$ = a "t at ,v5ice4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 !re=e1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t a ,madonna & ,*ild ) a ,donor 7,no4 #aaei;,a1 =m]ly ,no4 #abgi & ,no4 #aga71 :i* is n[ ju/ly ascrib$ 9 ! ,catalogue to ,jacopo ,bell9i1 0 long assign$ (ficially to ,g5tile ,bell9i1 al?\gh held by "s critics to h be5 pa9t$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,pisanello4 ,! "n ( ! ,donor 9 ?is picture is giv5 9 ! ,catalogue z ,leonello d',e/e & on ! frame z ,p&olfo ,malate/a2 x w\ld1 h[ev]1 seem to be ! portrait ( ,sigismondo ,malate/a4 ,f\r small tripty*s 7,nos4 #abhj-hc7 f ! ,campana collection /ill pass (ficially "u ! ambigu\s designation ( 8,s*ool ( ,g5tile da ,fabriano02 !y may1 h[ev]1 )\t mu* d\bt be ascrib$ to ,antonio ,viv>9i1 :o rema9$ outside ! ,bell9i sph]e ( influ5ce1 & di$ ab\t #adgj4 ,,! ,,bell9i ,! sunny spl5d\r ( ,v5etian pa9t+ rea*$ its z5i? 9 ! bottega ( ! ,bell9i4 ,g5tile1 :o 0 s5t to ,con/ant9ople ) ! au?ority ( ! ,republic 9 #adgi1 pa9t$ portraits1 c]emonial1 religi\s1 & hi/orical pictures1 _m ( :i* are on a l>ge scale1 :ile ,giovanni 0 = _m ye>s ! greate/ tea*] & ! mo/ influ5tial pa9t] 9 ,v5etian t]ritory4 ,giovanni execut$ a l>ge numb] ( panels & canvases :i* 9 ! p]iod ( 8 maturity exhibit a pr(\nd s5se ( dignity1 beauty1 religi\s feel+1 & ri* deep col\r4 ,mo/ ( ^? :i* are sign$ 9 a c>tell9o 8,,ioannes ,,bell9us0 79 capitals &1 ( c\rse1 9 pigm5t ( ! p]iod7 are au!ntic works f 8 own h&4 ,! majority ( ^? :i* be> :at to ! unpractis$ eye might be tak5 = 8 p]sonal signature1 b are only sign$ 9 uncials 78,ioannes ,bell9us071 mu/ be reg>d$ z m]e /udio productions4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury no "o 0 misl$ by ^! alt]native me?ods ( p]sonal signature & /udio-m>k4 ,al?\gh ! ,l\vre au?orities catalogue two pictures "u ! "n ( ,g5tile & ?ree "u t ( ,giovanni1 none ( !m is f ! h& ( ei!r ( ^! bro!rs4 ,b>tolommeo ,viv>9i ( ,murano 7fl4 #adej-adii7 0 ! pupil ( ,giovanni d',allemagna1 :o work$ 9 ,v5ice1 & ,antonio ,viv>9i4 ,he pa9t$ a l>ge panel ( ,/4 ,john ( ,capi/rano 7,no4 #afjg71 :i* is sign$ & dat$ ,,opvs ,,b>?olomei ,,vi,v,,ar9i ,,de ,,muraho--#adei4 ,alvise or ,luigi ,viv>9i 7fl4 #adfa-aejc71 ! nephew ( ,b>tolommeo1 0 ! la/ & mo/ di/+ui%$ pa9t] 9 ! ,murano s*ool4 ,he c>ri$ on ! old traditions ( ,e>ly ,v5etian art until ! day :5 ! rival s*ool ( ! ,bell9i _h become supreme 9 ,v5ice1 & s _h begun to prep>e ! way = ! triumphs ( ! ,giorgionesque p]iod--! gold5 age ( ,v5etian pa9t+4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #aeai71 catalogu$ "u ! "n ( ,savoldo 7#adhj8-aedh87 is by ,alvise4 ,?is magnific5t bu/-l5g? picture repres5ts ,b]n>do di ,salla1 :o holds 9 8 glov$ "r h& a pap] inscrib$ 8,dono ,bn>do di ,salla40 ,x vividly recalls ! ,portrait ( a ,man ) a ,hawk at ,w9dsor1 :i*1 al?\gh x traditionally b errone\sly be>s ! "n ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci & has be5 ascrib$ to ,savoldo1 is 9 all probability ano!r ( ! r>e portraits by ,alvise4 ,f ! ,viv>9i gr\p issues ,c>lo ,crivelli 7#adcj8-adic874 ,8 morosely ascetic compositions1 ) _! elaborate drap]ies1 jewell$ ornam5tation1 & at times grotesque anatomy1 di/+ui% 8 polypty*s1 all ( :i* are pa9t$ 9 temp]a1 f ^? ( any o!r pa9t] 9 ! :ole range ( art4 ,8 l>ge panel picture ( ,/4 ,b]n>d9o ( ,si5a 7,no4 #abfh7 is inscrib$ ,,opus ,,c>oli ,,crivelli ,,v5eti1 #adgg4 ,x belongs to 8 middle p]iod1 & 0 pa9t$ n9e ye>s e>li] ?an 8 magnific5t ,annunciation1 n[ "o ( ! gems ( ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #gci72 bo? ^! pictures came f ! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunziata at ,ascoli4 ,ano!r pa9t] :o c>ri$ on ! ,viv>9i tradition b 0 influ5c$ by ,giovanni ,bell9i1 0 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,cima 7#adfj8-aeag871 ^: art is adequately %[n 9 ! ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,no4 #abei74 ,! signature ,,ioanis ,,bapt4 ,,coneglanes4 ,,opvs4 z well z ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! picture %[ x to be an au!ntic "w4 ,"o ( ! be/1 b until rec5t ye>s "o ( ! lea/ kn[n1 memb]s ( t brilliant gr\p ( pa9t]s :o fl\ri%$ at ,v5ice 9 ! e>ly half ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 ,lor5zo ,lotto 7#adhj-aeef74 ,he practis$ 8 art 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy1 & = t reason has be5 less g5]ally kn[n ?an _m ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,alvise ,viv>9i1 b b5efit$ l>gely by ! example ( ,giovanni ,bell9i & ,giorgione4 ,8 art is n well se5 9 ! small ,/4 ,j]ome 7,no4 #acej71 :i* is sign$ & dat$ 8,,lotvs #aejj0 & mu/ !re=e be "o ( 8 e>lie/ & lea/ ambiti\s works1 nor 9 8 ,holy ,family 7,no4 #acea7 :i* 0 =m]ly attribut$ to ,dosso ,dossi4 ,replicas h be5 f\nd ( 8 ,*ri/ & ! ,woman tak5 9 ,adult]y 7,no4 #acdi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4--,,antonello ,,da ,,mess9a 7#adcj-adgi7 ,,v5etian ,,s*ool ,no4 #aacd4--,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,condotti]e 7,portrait d'homme dit le ,condotti]e7 ,bu/ portrait1 turn$ ?ree-qu>t]s to ! left4 ,he we>s a black d\blet1 above ! coll> ( :i* is visible ! edge ( a :ite l95 "u-g>m5t4 ,"u 8 cap is se5 8 zazz>a ( r$-br[n hair4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 ,sign$3 8#adgd ,antonellus ,messaneus me p9xit40 #a ft4 #a 94 #aa 94 7#jcc #jbh47 ,al?\gh we possess v detail$ records ( ,antonello da ,mess9a 7#adcj-adgi71 8 movem5ts & 8 life's "w1 x is only 9 rec5t ye>s t !y h be5 /udi$ ) any c>e4 ,?is ,sicilian-born arti/ obvi\sly _c h set out = ,fl&]s & !re h le>nt f ,jan van ,eyck 7:o di$ 9 #adda7 ! 8discov]y0 ( oil z a m$ium 9 pa9t+1 z ,vas>i tells u4 ,b he may h se5 9 ,italy a picture by ! great ,nor!rn arti/ & f x h acquir$ "s facility 9 ! use ( oil & 9 f9i%+ ) glazes ( oil panels :i* _h be5 begun 9 temp]a4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly 9 ,v5ice 9 #adge-gf1 if n e>li]1 & 8 ,portrait ( a ,condotti]e 7,no4 #aacd1 ,plate ,,ix471 :i* is *>act]i/ically sign$ & dat$ #adgd ,antonellus ,messaneus me p9xit belongs to t p]iod ( 8 full maturity4 ,x 0 pur*as$ at ! ,p\rtals-,gorgi] sale 9 #ahfe = #dgfg4 ,9 any case1 ! discov]ies ) :i* ,antonello is cr$it$ )9 a few ye>s completely revolutionis$ ! me?ods ( pa9t+ ?r\gh\t ,italy1 & prep>e u = ! wond]ful a*ievem5ts ( ! lat] ,v5etians1 :o foll[$ & improv$ ^u ! ,bell9i tradition4 ,vittore ,c>paccio 7#adee8-aebf7 01 l ,g5tile ,bell9i1 a pa9t] ( ,v5etian ftes1 pageantry1 & religi\s pictures on an impos+ scale4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ,c>paccio's arti/ic desc5t1 b 8 "w %[s traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,jacopo ,bell9i & ( ,lazz>o ,ba/iani1 :o 0 ! head ( a gr\p ( arti/s ^: art 0 bas$ on ! tradition ( su* e>ly pa9t]s z ,jacobello del ,fiore4 ,c>paccio's ,prea*+ ( ,/4 ,/eph5 at ,j]usalem 7,no4 #abaa7 is "o ( ! s]ies ( five incid5ts f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,/eph5 :i* 7 pa9t$ by ?is arti/ betwe5 #aeaa & #aebj = ! ,scuola di ,s4 ,/efano at ,milan4 ,! o!rs ( ! s]ies are n[ 9 ! ,milan ,gall]y 7,no4 #agj--sign$ & dat$ #aeac71 at ,b]l9 7,no4 #bc71 & at ,/uttg>t4 ,! ,l\vre obta9$ ?is canvas1 :i* v>ies f ! o!rs 9 size1 f ! ,milan ,gall]y 9 #ahac1 :5 toge!r ) ,boltraffio's ,madonna ( ! ,casio ,family 7,no4 #aafi7 & o!r pictures x 0 ex*ang$ = works by ,rembr&t1 ,rub5s1 ,van ,dyck1 & ,jorda5s4 ,to ,v9c5zo ,cat5a 7#ad448-aeca87 may be assign$1 on /yli/ic gr\nds1 ! ,reception ( a ,v5etian ,ambassador at ,cairo 9 #aeab 7,no4 #aaeg74 ,9 any case1 x _c h be5 execut$ by ,g5tile ,bell9i1 z alleg$ 9 ! ,catalogue1 z ! audi5ce "h depict$ did n take place until five ye>s aft] t ma/]'s dea?6 ,ano!r ,bell9esque pa9t] 0 ,b>tolommeo ,v5eto 7fl4 #aeje-aeee74 ,we %all1 foll[+ ! sugge/ion ( ,v5turi1 assign to him ! excell5t b (ficially unattribut$ ,portrait ( a ,lady 7,no4 #afgc7 :i* hangs to ! "r ( ,raphael's ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire4 ,,giorgione ,al?\gh a l>ge numb] ( really repres5tative examples ( ! great lyrici/ ,giorgione 7#adgg-aeaj7 h n come d[n to u1 he is to be reg>d$ z ! greate/ ( ! ,v5etian arti/s1 & p]haps ! mo/ romantic pa9t] t ,europe has ev] kn[n4 ,he 01 toge!r ) 8 illu/ri\s contempor>y ,titian1 a pupil ( ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,8 ,pa/oral ,symphony 7,no4 #aacf1 ,plate ,x47 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful idyllic gr\ps 9 ! :ole range ( pa9t+1 & %[s t ,giorgione c\ld naively reveal ! inn] dep?s ( ?\ght & feel+ & depict 8passionate s\ls 9 passionate bodies40 ,e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! au/]e traditions ( ! ,bell9esque era 7 pass+ away4 ,giorgione n[ began to unseal ! eyes ( 8 contempor>ies1 among :om ,titian occupi$ an important place1 to ! 8life-giv+ & dea?-deal+ wat]s ( love10 mak+ ! l&scape backgr\nd ( 8 lyrical compositions respond to ! mood ( ! incid5t illu/rat$4 ,! ,pa/oral ,symphony 0 acquir$ by ,*>les ,i4 f ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,mantua2 x !n pass$ to ,jaba*1 & subsequ5tly to ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,al?\gh x has be5 slightly re/or$ & has f "t to "t be5 )\t any reason ascrib$ to ,titian1 ,seba/iano del ,piombo & a l>ge numb] ( ,v5etian arti/s1 x is to-day recognis$ on all sides z an excell5t example ( ,giorgione4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4--,,giorgione 7#adgg8-aeaj7 ,,v5etian ,,s*ool ,no4 #aacf4--,,pa/oral ,,symphony 7,conc]t ,*amptre7 ,two "y m5 are seat$ on ! grass2 ! "o1 we>+ a gre5 tunic ) r$ sleeves1 a r$ cap & p>ti-col\r$ hose1 is play+ on ! lute2 8 companion b5ds ov] to li/5 to him4 ,be=e !m a nude woman1 h] back turn$ to ! spectator1 is seat$ hold+ a flute4 ,to ! left ano!r nude woman1 ) a drap]y across h] left hip1 is draw+ wat] at a f\nta94 ,9 ! backgr\nd to ! "r is se5 a %eph]d ) 8 flock4 ,9 ! c5tre backgr\nd are "s h\ses4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #c ft4 #g 94 #d ft4 #f 94 7#aaj #ach47 ,! same influ5ces :i* =m$ ! art ( ,giorgione inspir$ ! pictures ( ,palma ,vec*io 7#adhj-aebh71 ^: ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds ) a ,female ,donor 7,no4 #acii1 ,plate ,,xi47 is brilliant 9 col\r4 ,! signature 9 ! "r =egr\nd ( ?is canvas1 ,,tician1 is false4 ,palma left a l>ge numb] ( pictures unf9i%$ at 8 dea?4 ,! ,visitation 7,no4 #aceb7 is an admirable example ( ! art ( ,seba/iano del ,piombo 7#adhe-aedg71 & is sign$ ,,seba/ianvs ,,v5etvs ,,faciebat ,,romae ,,mdxxi4 ,x 0 pur*as$ 9 ! ye> indicat$ 9 ! inscription by ,franois ,i41 :o add$ x to 8 collection at ,fonta9ebleau1 :5ce x 0 remov$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 to ,v]sailles4 ,! canvas1 :i* has be5 a good deal injur$1 has at "s "t be5 cut into ?ree pieces4 ,! "n by :i* ?is arti/ is g5]ally kn[n 0 d]iv$ f ! (fice :i* he held late 9 life at ! ,papal ,c\rt4 ,!re he =sook ! traditions ( 8 native s*ool & gradually came "u ! influ5ce ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,9 ,rome he also met ,raphael1 :o 0 mu* impress$ by 8 col\r s*emes3 ! ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 ! ,des]t 7,no4 #aejj71 "h catalogu$ "u ! "n ( ,raphael1 & a few pictures simil>ly attribut$ 9 o!r gall]ies1 7 pa9t$ by ,seba/iano 9 8 ,roman mann]4 ,a prom95t place among ! less important arti/s g5]ally includ$ 9 ?is s*ool mu/ be accord$ to ,c>iani 7#adhj8-aedg874 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! pictures ( ?is ,b]gamask pa9t] usually pass "u m impos+ names1 & x is a rem>kable fact t we d n f9d any "w attribut$ to him 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue4 ,he1 h[ev]1 pa9t$ a ,holy ,family 7,no4 #aace71 "h assign$ to ,giorgione1 z well z ! ,madonna & ,*ild & ,/4 ,seba/ian 7,no4 #aaei7 giv5 to ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,! ,portrait ( ,two ,m5 7,no4 #aaef71 :i* = no v app>5t reason 0 once reg>d$ z ! portraits ( ,g5tile & ,giovanni ,bell9i1 mu/ be by ,c>iani1 al?\gh /ill plac$ to ! cr$it ( ,g5tile4 ,ano!r ( ! less effici5t pupils ( ,giovanni ,bell9i 0 ,niccol ,rond9elli 7fl4 #adhj-aejj71 ^: ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,/4 ,pet]1 & ,/4 ,seba/ian 7,no4 #aaeh7 masqu]ades z a "w by ,giovanni ,bell9i1 ^: full "n1 ,,ioannes ,,bell9vs1 is inscrib$ 9 capitals 7n1 h[ev]1 plac$ 9 a c>tell9o7 on ! p>apet :i* runs across ! front ( ! panel4 ,,titian ,al?\gh we h only limit$ space to deal ) ! diff]5ces ( ! critics z to ! probable date ( ,titian's bir?1 we may po9t out t x 01 until rec5t times1 plac$ 9 ! ye> #adgg4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,cook has1 h[ev]1 put =w>d a v /rong case 9 fav\r ( ! ye> #adhi1 po9t+ out ! rem>kable fact t !re is no record ( ,titian e>li] ?an ,dec4 #b1 #aeaa1 or1 accord+ to ! usual *ronology1 until he 0 ?irty-five ye>s ( age6 ,aga91 ,l4 ,dolce1 9 #aeeg1 wrote t ,titian 0 8sc>cely tw5ty ye>s old :5 ,giorgione 0 pa9t+ ! faade ( ! ,fondaco de' ,t$es*i02 & we "k t ,titian 0 8 assi/ant on t "w 9 #aejg-h4 ,vas>i also ass]ts1 z ,mr4 ,cook rem9ds u1 t ! fam\s ,v5etian 0 8ab\t sev5ty-six ye>s old 9 #aeff-fg10 :5 he visit$ him 9 ,v5ice4 ,no reliance is to be plac$ on ! date conta9$ 9 ! well-kn[n lett] :i* ,titian address$ to ,philip ,,ii4 9 #aega1 z he evid5tly _h a motive 9 ref]r+ to himself z 8an old s]vant ( n9ety-five40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt t ,titian di$ 9 #aegf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4--,,palma ,,vec*io 7#adhj-aebh7 ,,v5etian ,,s*ool ,no4 #acii4--,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,%eph]ds1 ,,) ,a ,,female ,,donor 7,l',annonce aux ,b]g]s7 ,! ,virg9 is seat$ & holds ! ,infant ,jesus on a cradle =m$ ( basket-"w2 %e we>s a r$ robe ) blue & gre5 drap]ies & a :ite veil1 "u :i* h] br[n hair is se54 ,to h] "r ,/4 ,joseph is seat$ lean+ on 8 /aff2 be=e him a %eph]d boy kneels 9 adoration to ! ,infant ,*ri/4 ,to ! left kneels ! donatrice1 h] h&s fold$4 ,9 ! ru9$ %$ beh9d ! ,holy ,family are ! ox & ass4 ,to ! "r ( ! composition is a l&scape backgr\nd 9 :i* sev]al figures appe>4 ,a small gr\p ( angels 9 ! sky4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #d ft4 #g 94 #f ft4 #aa 94 7#adj #baj47 ,titian1 :o 0 a native ( ,cadore1 left 8 home at an e>ly age = ,v5ice4 ,he 0 fir/ plac$ z a pupil ( ,seba/ian ,zuccato1 a mosaici/ & p]haps a pa9t]2 he !n seems to h work$ 9 ! /udio ( ,g5tile ,bell9i be=e pass+ into t ( ,giovanni1 :]e he met ,giorgione4 ,titian1 l ,giotto1 has be5 call$ 8! ,fa!r ( mod]n pa9t+40 ,! e>ly ,flor5t9e _h provid$ 8 c\ntrym5 ) a set ( fundam5tal pr9ciples ( art1 b x rema9$ = ! illu/ri\s ,v5etian to end[ 8 contempor>ies & arti/ic desc5dants ) a m complete equipm5t & a new s5se ( pictorial effect4 ,! pr(\nd impression ex]t$ by ,giorgione on ! y\?ful ,titian inspir$ him to a*ieve ^? idyllic compositions & 8poesies0 :i* /& out s prom95tly among ! _w's pictures4 ,titian's e>lie/ picture 9 ! ,l\vre is ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,/eph51 ,/4 ,ambrose1 & ,/4 ,maurice 7,no4 #aegg71 ( ab\t #aejh-aeaj4 ,x is v rem9isc5t ( a picture by ,titian 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y 7,no4 #aff71 9 :i* he has sub/itut$ ,/4 ,j]ome = ,/4 ,ambrose4 ,no d\bt c exi/ z to ! au!nticity ( ! s-call$ ,portrait ( ,alfonso da ,f]r>a & ,laura de' ,dianti 7,no4 #aeij71 b ! title "u :i* x has pass$ = _m ye>s is probably incorrect4 ,x 0 9 ! collection ( ,*>les ,i41 & 0 !n describ$ z 8,tytsian's ,mrs41 aft] ! life by ,tytsian40 ,9 ! collection ( ,jaba* x 0 call$ ,la ,matresse du ,titi51 & z su* 0 sold to ,l\is ,,xiv4 = #ajj4 ,?is picture w\ld correctly be describ$ "u ! less ambiti\s title ( ,a ,woman at h] ,toilet & a ,man hold+ ,two ,mirrors4 ,laura 0 ! daught] ( a hatt] ( ,f]r>a4 ,%e 0 p]sona grata at ! c\rt ( ,alfonso ,i41 ,duke ( ,f]r>a 7reign$ #aeje-aecd71 & !re held ! title ( ,illu/rissima ,donna ,laura ,eu/o*ia d',e/e4 ,! ,duke's fir/ wife1 ,anna ,s=za1 di$ 9 #adig1 :5 he 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s old4 ,9 #aeja he m>ri$1 z 8 second wife1 ,lucrezia ,borgia 7di$ #aeai71 ! natural daught] ( ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,x seems probable t %ortly aft]w>ds ! ,duke took ,laura z 8 ?ird wife1 & t %e 0 pa9t$ by ,titian a little lat]4 ,! ,l\vre picture 7,no4 #aeij7 appe>s on /yli/ic gr\nds to be a "w ( ab\t #aeae-aeag4 ,a portrait :i* c be m c]ta9ly id5tifi$ z t ( ,laura is ! s+le figure picture1 pa9t$ by ,titian ab\t #aebc1 9 ! collection ( ,sir ,fr$]ick ,cook at ,ri*mond4 ,! influ5ce ( ,giorgione is /ill cle>ly se5 9 ,titian's ,man ) a ,glove 7,no4 #aeib1 ,plate ,,xii474 ,x is a noble portrait ( an unkn[n man2 ! col\r is ri*1 & ! light & %ade are contra/$ ) great ma/]y2 ! b>e "r h& & ! glov$ left hold+ ! second glove are admirably modell$4 ,! canvas1 :i* seems to h be5 pa9t$ ab\t #aeah1 is sign$ 8,,ticianvs ,f40 ,soon aft]w>ds ,titian mu/ h pa9t$ ! ,portrait ( a ,man 9 ,black ) ! ,?umb ( 8 ,left ,h& 9 ! ,belt ( 8 ,d\blet 7,no4 #aeia71 ! ,madonna ) ! ,rabbit 7,no4 #aegh71 :i* is inscrib$ ,ticianus ,f41 & ! magnific5t ,entombm5t 7,no4 #aehd1 ,plate ,,xiii474 ,?is priceless picture1 :i* 0 pa9t$ n lat]1 ?an #aebc = ,f$]igo ,gonzaga1 pass$ f ,mantua into ! collection ( ,*>les ,i4 ,x 0 sold (f by ,cromwell = #abh &1 aft] be+ "o ( ! ma/]pieces = a few ye>s 9 ! collection ( ,jaba*1 0 acquir$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! deep religi\s feel+ & ! ri*1 sonor\s h>mony ( col\r make ?is "o ( ! _w's mo/ preci\s pictures4 ,notice ! sunburnt arm ( ,joseph ( ,arima?a2 x is significant ( ! art ( ,v5ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,,titian 7#adhi8-aegf7 ,,v5etian ,,s*ool ,no4 #aeib4--,,! ,,man ,,) ,a ,,glove 7,l'homme au ,gant7 ,he is /&+ & se5 ne>ly 9 full face1 ! head turn$ ?ree-qu>t]s to ! "r1 ! eyes direct$ to ! "r4 ,he we>s a black co/ume ) a :ite pleat$ "u-g>m5t1 a gold *a9 r\nd 8 neck1 & :ite frills 9 8 sleeves4 ,8 "r h&1 ) a r+ on ! =ef+]1 holds 8 girdle4 ,8 left h&1 glov$ & hold+ ! second glove1 re/s on a /one pl9?4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 ,sign$ on ! pl9?3--8,,ticianvs4 ,f40 #c ft4 #c 94 #b ft4 #aa 94 7#ajj #jhi47 ,at an int]val ( ab\t eight ye>s we come to ! ,/4 ,j]ome 7,no4 #aehe71 a religi\s sc5e set1 curi\sly en\gh1 9 a moonlight l&scape1 :i* has d>k5$4 ,! exact int]pretation to be plac$ ^u ! ,allegory 9 hon\r ( ,alfonso d',avalos 7,no4 #aehi71 ( ab\t #aecc1 has be5 mu* discuss$2 x is suppos$ to repres5t ,alfonso bidd+ f>ewell to 8 wife on 8 dep>ture = ! w>s1 & entru/+ h] to ! safe keep+ ( ,*a/ity1 ,cupid1 :o be>s a %eaf ( arr[s1 & a ?ird figure4 ,! ,portrait ( ,francis ,i4 7,no4 #aehh71 :om ,titian nev] saw1 appe>s to h be5 pa9t$ ab\t #aecf f a m$al1 & repres5ts ! ,k+ 9 pr(ile4 ,franois ,i4 di$ 9 #aedg4 ,x belongs to ! same p]iod z ! ,portrait ( a ,man 9 ,damasc5$ ,arm\r ) a ,page hold+ 8 ,helmet 9 ! collection ( ,c\nt ,potocki4 ,ano!r portrait1 pa9t$ ab\t #aedc1 repres5ts a ,man ) a ,black ,be>d re/+ 8 ,h& on ! ,l$ge ( a ,pila/] 7,no4 #aeic74 ,by ?is "t ,titian's art 0 rapidly matur+1 z we see f 8 magnific5t & impos+ ,supp] at ,emmaus 7,no4 #aeha7 ( ! same ye>4 ,x _h pass$ f ,mantua to ,engl& be=e be+ acquir$ by t excell5t connoisseur1 ,jaba*4 ,x is said to be sign$ ,ticianus ,f41 :ile ! ,*ri/ ,cr[n$ ) ,?orns 7,no4 #aehc71 :i* 0 pa9t$ = a *ur* 9 ,milan ab\t #aeej1 is inscrib$ ,,titianvs ,f4 ,:5 ,*>les ,i41 z ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 visit$ ,madrid 9 #afbc1 he 0 pres5t$ ) ! ,jupit] & ,antiope 7,no4 #aehg71 :i* has ! alt]native title ( ! ,v5us del ,p>do4 ,x _h be5 pa9t$ = ,philip ,,ii41 & _h already escap$ ! fire :i* broke out 9 ! ,prado4 ,jaba* acquir$ x = #fjj gu9eas1 & pass$ x on to ,c>d9al ,maz>91 f :om x 0 acquir$ = #aj1jjj livres t\rnois by ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,x escap$ de/ruction by fire 9 ! ,old ,l\vre 9 #affa4 ,x has be5 v mu* repa9t$ f "t to "t4 ,,titian',s ,,foll[]s ,! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,ca!r9e 78 ,/4 ,agnes71 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ z a ,*ild 7,no4 #aegi71 :i* has be5 enl>g$ by ! addition ( a /rip ( canvas d[n ! left side1 conta9s a glimpse ( ! c\ntry ne> ,pieve di ,cadore1 ! native place ( ,titian4 ,f\rte5 ( ! tw5ty pictures "h (ficially cr$it$ to him are to be reg>d$ z au!ntic4 ,polidoro ,lanzani 7#aeae8-aefe71 an imitator ( ,titian1 h[ev]1 pa9t$ ! ,holy ,family ) ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,no4 #aehj71 & ! ,holy ,family & ,sa9ts 7,no4 #aeif7 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room2 :ile ,&rea ,meldolla 7,s*iavone71 :o 0 a pupil ( ,titian1 no d\bt execut$ ! ,ecce ,homo 7,no4 #aehb7 cr$it$ to ! great ,v5etian arti/1 z well z ! ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,no4 #aebd7 :i* is rightly assign$ to him4 ,! ,g]man pa9t] ,johan ,/ephan von ,calc>1 :o to ,italian biograph]s is kn[n z ,giovanni ,calc> 7#adii-aedf71 0 a pupil ( ,titian4 ,he pa9t$ ! impos+ ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #aahe74 ,he is se5 at half l5g? /&+1 & hold+ a lett] 9 8 "r h&2 8 left h& to 8 wai/4 ,on a column 9 ! backgr\nd is pa9t$ ! coat ( arms1 reput$ to be t ( ! ,buono family ( ,v5ice1 :i* is repeat$ on ! bezel ( ! r+ on ! =ef+] ( 8 left h&4 ,bel[ 8 "r h& is ! inscription3 ,,anno #aedj ,,tatis #bf4 ,p>is ,bordone 7#aejj-aegj71 :o 8pa9t$ wom5 ) m ( an eye on ! fa%ion-plate ?an on ! expression ( _! features10 is n ! au?or ( a ,portrait ( a ,lady 7,no4 #aahj;,a71 nor ( ! ,portrait ( a ,man & a ,*ild 7,no4 #aahj71 :i* seems to be a ,flemi% r ?an a ,v5etian picture4 ,8 ,v]tumnus & ,pomona 7,no4 #aagh7 is less repres5tative ?an 8 ,portrait 7s call$7 ( ,j]onimo ,cr(t 7,no4 #aagi74 ,x takes its title f ! inscription1 8,spss4 ,dom9o ,j]onimo ,cr(ft 444 ,magior suo semp] obs]o 444 ,augu/a10 :i* is writt5 on ! lett] held 9 ! "r h&4 ,! la/ dy+ e*o ( ! 8fire0 & poetry ( ,giorgione is se5 9 "s ( ! works ( ,bonifazio ,v]onese 7#adhg-aeec71 :o 0 also a pupil ( ,palma4 ,bonifazio is n[ reg>d$ z a s+le individual1 al?\gh =m]ly ! v>y+ diff]5ces 9 8 /yle ( pa9t+ l$ c]ta9 critics to reg>d him z ?ree diff]5t memb]s ( ! same family4 ,! v>i$ gr\p+ se5 9 ! l>ge canvas entitl$ ,holy ,family1 ) ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,an?ony1 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,/4 ,elizabe?1 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,no4 #aaga71 & ! col\r+ ( ?is canvas1 seem to prove its au!nticity4 ,! small] picture ( a ,holy ,family 7,no4 #aagb71 ) a simil> p$igree & a ,greek inscription1 :i* includes ! same sa9ts1 is a m$iocre "w4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,joseph1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,/4 ,ursula 7,no4 #afgd;,d7 is a poor picture4 ,f ! /udio ( ,bonifazio issu$ ,jacopo ,bassano 7#aeaj8-aeib71 ^: ,v9tage 7,no4 #adbh7 %[s 8 pr$ilection = introduc+ animals & kneel+ peasants into g5re pictures1 ! treatm5t ( :i* is apt to be rugg$4 ,?is did n prev5t 8 at times pa9t+ /rik+ & vigor\s portraits4 ,! ,l\vre conta9s a good example ( ?is bran* ( 8 art 9 ! ,portrait ( ,giovanni da ,bologna 7,no4 #adbi71 :i* is at pres5t n exhibit$4 ,! ,animals ent]+ ! ,ark 7,no4 #adbc71 ,moses /rik+ ! ,rock 7,no4 #adbd71 ,cana ( ,galilee 7,no4 #adbe71 ,*ri/ be>+ ,8 ,cross 7,no4 #adbf71 & ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross 7,no4 #adbg7 are also cr$it$ to him 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,le&ro ,bassano 7#aeeh-afbc71 8 son1 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,la ,caze collection by an ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,no4 #adcj7 & a ,ru/ic ,lab\r 7,no4 #adca74 ,! vigor\s1 ambiti\s & late ,v5etian pa9t] ,t9toretto 7#aeah-aeid71 :o pa9t$ portrait-gr\ps1 religi\s subjects1 & my?ological compositions on a l>ge scale1 & br\ght 8 a*ievem5ts to completion ) extraord9>y rapidity1 is n adequately repres5t$ 9 ?is ,gall]y1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 no few] ?an elev5 works pass "u 8 "n4 ,8 ,susanna & ! ,eld]s 7,no4 #adfd7 te/ifies to ! increas+ frequ5cy ) :i* pa9t]s or _! patrons at t p]iod pref]r$ ! repres5tation ( s5sational incid5ts f ! ,apocrypha4 ,! subject is unattractive1 b ! picture1 :i* is 9 a v dirty /ate1 is wond]fully pa9t$4 ,! ,p>adise 7,no4 #adfe7 is b a prelim9>y sket* = ! colossal pa9t+1 measur+ #hd ft4 #cd ft41--! l>ge/ oil-pa9t+ by an old ma/] 9 exi/5ce1--:i* ,t9toretto pa9t$ = ! end wall ( ! ,sala del ,maggior ,consiglio 9 ! ,doge's ,palace at ,v5ice4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,man hold+ a ,h&k]*ief 9 8 ,h& 7,no4 #adfg7 reveals 8 great p[] z a portrait pa9t]4 ,! ,portrait ( ,pietro ,moc5igo 7,no4 #adgj71 sign$ ,,petrus ,,moc5io ,,s5ator1 & ! ,portrait ( a ,v5etian ,s5ator 7,no4 #adga71 inscrib$ ,,anno ,,tatis ,,lvii ,,mvii ,,iacomo ,,t5toreto 4 ,f1 are among ! pictures ( ! ,la ,caze collection4 ,9 ,room ,,xv41 :i* is giv5 up to self-portraits by arti/s1 hangs a picture :i* passes z an au!ntic ,portrait ( ,t9toretto 7,no4 #adff7 by himself4 ,x is inscrib$ ,,jacobvs ,,t5toretvs ,,pict,,or ,,v5et,,ivs & ,,ipsivs4 ,f4 ,,paolo ,,v]onese ,! h>moni\s col\r1 ! s5se ( mat]ial magnific5ce1 & ! ma/]ly draughtsman%ip ( ,paolo ,v]onese 7#aebh-aehh7 are se5 to ! greate/ advantage 9 8 ,m>riage at ,cana 7,no4 #aaib74 ,he sign$ a contract 9 ,june #aefb1 to pa9t ?is l>ge picture1 :i* measures #ba ft4 #cb ft41 = ! refectory ( ,san ,giorgio ,maggiore at ,v5ice1 & complet$ x by ,septemb] #h1 #aefc4 ,accord+ to ! agreem5t1 ,paolo 0 to receive #cbd ducats1 a sum equal to-day to ab\t #bjj2 to be f$ dur+ ! "t he 0 engag$ on ! "w2 to be repaid ! co/ ( ! mat]ials2 & to receive a pipe ( w9e4 ,! picture 0 seiz$ by ,napoleon dur+ 8 victori\s campaign ( #agig1 & br\ght by road to ,p>is4 ,9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( ! ,peace ( ,campo ,=mio ( #ahad1 x %\ld h be5 return$4 ,z x _h prov$ a v difficult matt] to take x to ,p>is1 :]e x _h to g into ! re/or]'s h&s1 ! ,fr5* urg$ t x 0 too va/ & too dilapidat$ to be> a second j\rney4 ,a/oni%+ z x may seem to u to-day1 ! ,italians accept$ ! sugge/ion & 9 ex*ange took ,*>les ,le ,brun's l>ge b m$iocre ,magdal5e at ! ,feet ( ,jesus1 p]haps because x measur$ #ab ft4 #f 94 #aj ft4 #d 94 ,le ,brun's picture n[ hangs 9 ! ,v5ice ,gall]y 7,no4 #cgg71 ! ,catalogue ( :i* po9t$ly rem>ks t 8! ex*ange is mu* to be regrett$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,,titian 7#adhi8-aegf7 ,,v5etian ,,s*ool ,no4 #aehd4--,,! ,,entombm5t 7,la ,mise au ,tombeau7 ,! dead body ( ! ,*ri/ is borne on a :ite clo? by ,nicodemus & ,joseph ( ,arima?a4 ,nicodemus is se5 f ! back we>+ a pale r$ tunic & a p>ti-col\r$ sc>f2 ,joseph ( ,arima?a 9 gre5 robes is 9 pr(ile t[>ds ! "r4 ,/4 ,john 9 a r$ robe supports ! "r arm ( ! ,*ri/4 ,to ! left ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ) h] arms ar\nd ! ,virg91 gazes 9 pr(\nd grief at ! ,*ri/4 ,! ,virg9 ) clasp$ h&s b5ds =w>d to look at h] ,son4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #d ft #aj 94 #g ft4 #a 94 7#adh #bae47 ,paolo ,v]onese's ma/]ly "w conta9s no devotional feel+4 ,! ,scriptural /ory m]ely s]ves z a pretext = depict+ a sc5e ( ,v5etian fe/ivity & mat]ial magnific5ce ) impos+ ar*itectural backgr\nd4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! figures is v>i$1 dext]\sly dispos$ & /ately1 :ile ! col\r is h>moni\s & sp>kl+4 ,! *ang+ ( ! wat] into w9e is1 h[ev]1 m]ely incid5tal4 ,x is a significant fact t a "w ( ?is description1 9 :i* ,art 9 ,v5ice beg9s to trick h]self out 9 m]etrici\s embelli%m5ts1 %\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a seemly decoration = ! refectory ( a conv5t4 ,an additional b frankly worldly int]e/ is imp>t$ to ! "w by ! introduction ( a portrait ( ,alfonso d',avalos 7^: portrait by ,titian we h already se57 z ! bridegroom1 on ! extreme left ( ! composition2 to 8 left is ! bride1 ) ! features ( ,eleonora ( ,au/ria4 ,! o!r figures include ,franois ,i41 dress$ 9 blue & we>+ a curi\s headdress2 ,m>y ( ,engl&1 si/] ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & wid[ ( ,l\is ,,xii41 9 yell[2 ! ,sultan ,soliman1 9 gre51 at ! side ( a negro pr9ce :o addresses a s]vant4 ,on ! left ( ! next figure sits ,vittoria ,colonna1 :om ,mi*elangelo describ$ z 8a man )9 a woman10 ply+ h] too?pick6 ,at ! end ( ! table1 speak+ to a s]vant1 is ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 se5 9 pr(ile & we>+ ! ,ord] ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece4 ,! introduction ( ! fool ) ! bells 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture is p]haps int5d$ to express ! pomp & pleasure ( ! _w pursu$ )\t ?\ght ( ,*ri/1 :o1 h[ev]1 occupies ! place ( hon\r 9 ! c5tre ( ! composition4 ,! c\ple ( dogs 9 lea%1 "o gnaw+ a bone1 & a cat1 ly+ on h] back z %e scrat*es at "o ( ! vases :i* hold ! w9e on ! "r ( ! composition1 may /& = m]ely brutal nature4 ,! pa9t]'s p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! sc5e is depict$ 9 ! gr\p ( f\r arti/s 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,paolo himself is play+ a viol2 j beh9d him is ,t9toretto ) a simil> in/rum5t2 :ile on ! "r are ,titian1 9 r$ ) a bass viol1 & ,bassano play+ ! flute4 ,! !ory put =w>d by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,cook t ,titian 0 born z late z #adhi1 & s w\ld be sev5ty-f\r ye>s old 9 #aefb-fc1 ! ye> 9 :i* ?is picture 0 pa9t$1 c]ta9ly seems to f9d corroboration 9 ! features "h giv5 to ,titian by ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,he c]ta9ly does n look eighty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 z he %\ld d if he _h be5 born z e>ly z #adgf4 ,9 ! ,catalogue sixte5 pictures are assign$ to ,paolo ,v]onese4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,lady & a ,*ild play+ ) a ,dog 7,no4 #aaii7 is an e>ly "w4 ,! ,disciples at ,emmaus 7,no4 #aaif71 :i* is sign$ 8,,paolo ,,v]onese10 is ano!r ( ! ma/]'s impos+ canvases1 z also is ! ,fea/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,simon ! ,ph>isee 7,no4 #aaic71 :i* 0 pres5t$ to ,l\is ,,xiv4 by ! ,v5etian ,republic 9 #affe1 & 0 = _m ye>s hung at ,v]sailles4 ,?is arti/ is also (ficially cr$it$ ) ! ,burn+ ( ,sodom 7,no4 #aahg71 a ,holy ,family1 ) ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 & a ,male ,donor 7,no4 #aaij71 a ,holy ,family1 ) ,/4 ,elizabe? & ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 & a ,female ,donor 7,no4 #aaia71 a ,*ri/ he$+ ,pet]'s ,wife's ,"m 7,no4 #aaia;,a71 a ,*ri/ fa9t+ "u ! weight ( ! ,cross 7,no4 #aaid71 a ,calv>y 7,no4 #aaie71 & an ,e/h] fa9t+ be=e ,ahasu]us 7,no4 #aahi74 ,! ,susan & ! ,eld]s 7,no4 #aahh7 is a replica ( a picture 9 ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire4 ,! ,/4 ,m>k cr[n+ ! ,!ological ,virtues 7,no4 #aaig71 & ! ,jupit] hurl+ ,?und]bolts on ,crim9als 7,no4 #aaih71 7 orig9ally execut$ z ceil+ pa9t+s = ! ,doge's ,palace4 ,! ,*ri/ ) ! ,t]re/rial ,globe 7,no4 #abjj7 & ! ,portrait ( a ,lady 9 ,black 7,no4 #abja7 are only /udio pictures4 ,little arti/ic ability is %[n 9 ! empty ab/ractions1 & at times mean+less productions1 ( _m ( ! late sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5tury ,v5etian arti/s4 ,felice ,riccio 7,il ,brusasorci ! ,y\ng]7 7#aedj-afje7 is giv5 z ! pa9t] ( a ,holy ,family 7,no4 #adfc72 ,aless&ro ,tur*i 7,orbetto7 7#aehb-afdh7 ( ?ree pictures 7,nos4 #aeeh-aefj72 ,seba/iano ,ricci 7#afei8-agcd7 ( f\r compositions 7,nos4 #adeh-adfa72 ,antonio ,pellegr9o 7#afge-agda7 ( an ,allegory 7,no4 #adac72 ,aless&ro ,v>ot>i 7#aeij-afej7 ( an utt]ly un9spir$ ,v5us & ,cupid 7,no4 #aegd72 & ,pietro della ,vec*ia 7#afje-afgh7 ( a dull ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #aegf74 ,a c5tury lat] ?an ! /up5d\s a*ievem5ts ( ,t9toretto & ,v]onese ! art ( ,v5ice _h pass$ into decl9e1 b a glimm] ( ! g5ius t _h f\nd expression 9 ! gorge\sly decorative art 9 ,v5ice 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 yet to be reflect$ 9 ! "w ( ,giovanni ,batti/a ,tiepolo 7#afib-agfi74 ,8 ,la/ ,supp] 7,no4 #aedg7 0 pur*as$ = #djj 9 #ahgg1 & 8 sket* = ! ,triumph ( ,religion 7,no4 #aedi;,a7 = #abjj 9 #aijc4 ,by him also is ! ,bann] 7,no4 #aedi71 depict+ on ! "o side ,/4 ,m>t9 say+ ,mass1 & on ! o!r ,! ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,an ,app>ition ( ! ,virg9 to ,/4 ,j]ome 7,no4 #aedh7 is "o ( ! less /rik+ pictures 9 ! ,la ,caze collection4 ,ano!r decorative pa9t] 0 ,antonio ,canale1 g5]ally kn[n z ,canaletto 7#afig-agfh71 :o is well repres5t$ 9 ! ,view ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia della ,salute & ! ,gr& ,canal 7,no4 #abjc74 ,! ,l\vre appe>s to conta9 no?+ by ,b]n>do ,bellotto 7#agbj-aghj71 :o is sometimes ref]r$ to z ,canaletto1 & is se5 to ! be/ advantage at ,dresd54 ,canaletto's pupil1 ,francesco ,gu>di 7#agab-agic71 :o 0 born ( ,au/rian p>5tage1 is ! pa9t] ( sev5 ,v5etian sc5es3 ,aft] w$d+ ! ,adriatic1 ! ,doge emb>ks at ! ,lido on ! 8,buc5taur0 7,no4 #acbh72 ,! ,doge proce$s to ,s4 ,m>ia della ,salute to commemorate ! ,pres]vation ( ,v5ice f ! ,plague 9 #afcj 7,no4 #acbi72 ,fte du ,jeudi ,gras 9 ! ,piazzetta 7,no4 #accj72 ,! ,procession ( ,corpus ,dom9i 9 ! ,piazza ( ,s4 ,m>co 7,no4 #acca72 ,! ,visit ( ! ,doge to ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,zac*>ia on ,ea/] ,day 7,no4 #accb72 ,! ,doge seat$ on 8 ,?rone 9 ! ,sala del ,collegio 7,no4 #accc72 ,coronation ( ! ,doge 7,no4 #accd72 & a ,view ( ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,salute 7,no4 #acce74 ,gu>di's pupil1 ,franois ,casanova 7#agci-ahje71 a pa9t] ( battle-pieces1 work$ 9 ,france2 "s ( 8 pictures are hung 9 ! ,fr5* ,rooms4 ,) ,gu>di we close ! *apt] ( ,v5etian art :i*1 ow+ to f\r c5turies ( high aspiration & magnific5t a*ievem5t1 came to an end lat] ?an ! art ( any o!r s*ool ( pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,,! ,,paduan ,,s*ool ,f>-rea*+ influ5ces 7 to be ex]t$ by classical ,padua on ! art ( ! neighb\r+ cities ( ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,padua 0 a city ( great antiquity1 & _h be5 suffici5tly p[]ful & prosp]\s ev5 9 ,roman times to excite ! cupidity ( its enemies4 ,ev5tually ! ,go?s & o!r b>b>ian hordes _h de/roy$ its monum5ts ( ! ,roman age2 ! _s ( antiquity1 nev]!less1 surviv$ until ,giotto came at ! v beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury to decorate ! walls ( ! ,*apel ( ! ,madonna dell' ,ar5a1 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #acjc by ,enrico ,scrovegno on ! site ( an anci5t ,roman ar5a4 ,^! v preci\s frescoes by ,giotto1 :i* =tunately are /ill pres]v$1 revolutionis$ art1 & ! movem5t initiat$ by him quick5$ ! art-life ( ?is ,univ]sity city4 ,half a c5tury lat]1 ,alti*i]o ,alti*i]i 7fl4 #acbj-ache7 develop$ 8 art "u ! influ5ce ( ,giotto1 & beautifi$ ! *ur*es ( ,padua ) frescoes1 ! figures 9 :i* he clo!d 9 fanciful attire4 ,an art movem5t 0 n[ on foot1 & ! influ5ce ( ,alti*i]i1 :o 0 lat] to become ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool ( ,v]ona1 0 to be reveal$ 9 ! "w ( 8 foll[] ,pisanello1 ! ,v]onese pa9t] & m$alli/4 ,! long resid5ce 9 ,padua ( ,donatello 7#achf-adff71 ! great ,flor5t9e sculptor1 & ! erection ( 8 fam\s eque/rian /atue ( ,gattamelata initiat$ 9 ,padua ! ,r5aissance movem5t1 :i* soon took deep root 9 ?is anci5t city4 ,! example ( ,donatello 9 sculpture be=e long br\ght ab\t ! f\ndation ( a local s*ool ( pa9t+ :i* 0 rapidly develop$ ?r\gh ! %rewd commons5se r ?an ! arti/ic a*ievem5ts ( ,francesco ,squ>cione 7#acid-adgd74 ,x is notewor?y t ,squ>cione _h travell$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & _h !re =m$ a collection ( antique works ( pla/ic art :i* became ! basis ( 8 art-tea*+4 ,"o ( ! num]\s pupils ( ,squ>cione 0 ,gregorio ,s*iavone 78,! ,slavonian07 7fl4 #addj-adgj71 a native ( ,dalmatia1 :o 9 ! /udio ( 8 ,paduan ma/] met ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,! ,l\vre au?orities ) "s hesitancy attribute to ,s*iavone a ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #aebc74 ,al?\gh x is h>dly by him1 x exhibits "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,s*iavone1 :o 0 fond ( decorat+ 8 pictures ) fe/oons ( fl[]s & fruit 9 mu* ! same way t 8 ,v5etian contempor>y1 ,c>lo ,crivelli1 delight$ to adorn 8 l>ge panel pictures4 ,,&rea ,,mantegna ,&rea ,mantegna 7#adca-aejf7 0 adopt$ at ! age ( t5 by ,squ>cione1 & s naturally became 8 pupil4 ,no bett] tra9+ c\ld h be5 *os5 = ! boy1 :o _h a natural ta/e = ! classics1 pro( ( :i* is fur!r af=d$ by ! ,lat9 inscriptions on 8 pictures4 ,&rea seems to h quickly realis$ ! connection betwe5 ! traditions ( ,paduan antiquities & ! classical models ( anci5t ,greece :i* 8 adoptive fa!r ,squ>cione _h br\ght home ) him f 8 travels4 ,&rea 9 "t became deeply impress$ ) ! me?ods ( ,jacopo ,bell9i1 ^: daught] ,niccolosia he m>ri$ 9 #adec1 to ! great displeasure ( ,squ>cione4 ,ano!r p[]ful influ5ce on ,mantegna may be trac$ to ! bronzes :i* ,donatello execut$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,sant' ,antonio ( ,padua 9 t city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4--,,&rea ,,mantegna 7#adca-aejf7 ,,paduan ,,s*ool ,no4 #acge4--,,p>nassus 7,le ,p>nasse7 ,on ! summit ( an ar*$ rock /& ,m>s & ,v5us be=e a drap$ b$ back$ by orange trees4 ,to ! left is ,cupid1 :ile ,vulcan /&s be=e 8 =ge4 ,bel[1 to ! extreme left1 ,apollo plays 8 lyre to ! /ra9s ( :i* ! ,muses dance4 ,to ! "r ,m]cury1 we>+ ! petasus & tal>ia & c>ry+ ! caduceus1 leans aga9/ ,pegasus4 ,l&scape backgr\nd4 ,pa9t$ 9 temp]a on canvas4 #e ft4 #c 94 #f ft4 #c 94 7#afj #aib47 ,aft] pa9t+ ! frescoes 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,eremitani at ,padua1 ,&rea 9 #adeg execut$ a l>ge & /rik+ alt>piece = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,z5o 9 ,v]ona4 ,x 0 remov$ by ,napoleon's ag5ts to ,france 9 #agig1 b only ! pr9cipal panel 0 return$ to t *ur* 9 #ahae4 ,! ?ree pr$ella panels 7 reta9$ 9 ,france4 ,! c5tre "o ( ^!1 depict+ ! ,calv>y1 is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre 7,no4 #acgc72 ! o!r two1 repres5t+ ! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d5 & ! ,resurrection1 h long hung 9 ! ,museum at ,t\rs4 ,! sev]ity ( ! /atuesque figures & ! c]ta9ty ( ! draw+ se5 9 ! ,calv>y are *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ma/]4 ,mantegna n[ remov$ to ,mantua1 :]e he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,lodovico ,,ii41 ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 z 8 ,c\rt ,pa9t]1 rema9+ !re = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,! ,madonna ( ,victory 7,no4 #acgd7 0 pa9t$ to commemorate ! victory ga9$ at ! ,pass ( ,=novo on ! ,t>o on ,july #f1 #adie1 by ,giovanni ,francesco ,,iii41 ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 ov] ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! picture ! ,madonna & ,*ild are en?ron$4 ,on ! left kneels ! ,m>quis1 & on ! "r is ,/4 ,elizabe?1 ! patron sa9t ( ,gonzaga's wife1 ,isabella d',e/e1 8at ! s\nd ( ^: "n all ! ,muses rise & d rev]5ce40 ,/4 ,mi*ael /&+ beh9d ! ,duke1 & ,/4 ,george beh9d ,/4 ,elizabe?1 hold ! robe ( ! ,madonna1 :o is ?us repres5t$ z tak+ "u h] protection ! two pr9cipal figures4 ,9 ! backgr\nd on ! left is ,/4 ,&rew1 "n-sa9t ( ! pa9t] & "o ( ! patrons ( ,mantua4 ,on ! "r is ,/4 ,long9us ) ! spe> ) :i* he pi]c$ ! side ( ,*ri/4 ,8 relics 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,&rea 9 ,mantua4 ,! g>l&s ( fl[]s & fe/oons ( fruit are a well-kn[n device 9 ,mantegna's pictures4 ,mantegna's ,p>nassus 7,no4 #acge1 ,plate ,,xiv47 illu/rates ! am\rs ( ,m>s & ,v5us1 :i* 7 discov]$ by h] husb&1 ,vulcan4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ! ,muses are danc+4 ,! gr\p ( ! ,muses 0 aft]w>ds appropriat$ by ,giulio ,romano = 8 ,dance ( ,apollo & ! ,muses 9 ! ,pitti ,palace at ,flor5ce4 ,?is pa9t+ 0 execut$ 9 #adig1 j be=e ! com+ ( ! ,r5aissance feel+ into ,v5etian art & ! repres5tation ( classical my?4 ,notice ! excell5tly drawn & highly *>act]i/ic %ells & /ones plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,9 ! same ye> ,mantegna pa9t$ ! ,triumph ( ,wisdom & ,virtue ov] ! ,vices 7,no4 #acgf71 ! la/ ( ! f\r pictures by him 9 ?is ,gall]y4 ,9 ! corn] to ! extreme left is ,virtus ,des]ta1 :o appe>s "u ! guise ( a laurel tree ) a woman's head2 ab\t ! /em is w\nd a scroll ) inscriptions 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew4 ,! ,lat9 inscription reads3 ,,agite ,,pellite ,,s$ibus ,,no/ris ,,fa$a ,,haec ,,viciorv ,,mon/ra ,,virtutvm ,,coelitvs ,,ad ,,nos ,,r$ev,,tivm & on ! inside ( ! scroll3 ,,divae ,,comites4 ,?is pa9t+ =m]ly decorat$ ! cam]9o ( ,isabella d',e/e at ,mantua4 ,x 0 seiz$ at ! sack ( ,mantua by ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu 9 #afcj1 toge!r ) ! ,p>nassus 7,no4 #acge71 ,p]ug9o's ,combat ( ,love & ,*a/ity 7,no4 #aefg71 & ,lor5zo ,co/a's ,c\rt ( ,isabella d',e/e 7,no4 #abfa74 ,! ,my?ological ,sc5e 7,no4 #abfb71 :i* is n n[ exhibit$1 repres5ts ! ,realm ( ,erotic ,love2 x 0 begun by ,mantegna ! ye> he di$1 & 0 gone ov] & complet$ by ,lor5zo ,co/a4 ,mantegna became involv$ f9ancially t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 & ! collection he _h =m$ 0 sold4 ,8 la/ ye>s 7 cl\d$ by pecuni>y emb>rassm5t4 ,8 compositions are ess5tially classic 9 _s1 8 figures noble & pa9t$ 9 imitation ( ! antique1 :ile 8 pagan conceptions prep>$ ! way = ^? ( a lat] g5]ation 9 ! art ( ,v5ice4 ,by ?is process ( gradual evolution ! s*ool ( ,padua came to be di/+ui%$ among ! o!r local s*ools ( ,nor!rn ,italy 9 ! lifetime ( ,mantegna1 ^: example gave a new impulse to contempor>y art4 ,a small ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,no4 #afgh71 :i* is (ficially unattribut$1 is reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,b]5son z ! "w ( ,b]n>do ,p>5zano 7#adcg-aeca71 :o 0 influ5c$ by ,mantegna1 & imitat$ ! me?ods ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,_m o!r arti/s bore _! "p 9 ! "w ( ?is s*ool1 & s contribut$ to ! developm5t ( ?is movem5t :i* spread to ,v]onese & ,v5etian t]ritory4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 unrepres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,v]ona ,! f\ndations ( ! art ( ,v]ona 7 laid 9 ,paduan soil by ,alti*i]i1 :o initiat$ ! s*ool ( ,v]ona4 ,v]onese art e>ly f\nd expression 9 ! naive pictorial & m$ival /yle practis$ by ! m$alli/-pa9t] ,antonio ,pisanello 7#acig-adee71 ^: "n appe>s to h be5 an ende>+ dim9utive4 ,he 0 a foll[]1 if n a pupil1 ( ,alti*i]i4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* he sign$ himself 8,,pictor0 on 8 m$als leads "o to suppose t he look$ ^u himself z a pa9t] fir/ & =emo/1 & contempor>y records seem to confirm ?is4 ,8 art 0 s highly reput$ 9 ,nor!rn ,italy t ! ,v5etians ?\ght x advisable to invite him to ,v5ice 9 #adba to assi/ ,g5tile da ,fabriano 9 pa9t+ frescoes1 n[ de/roy$1 9 ! ,doge's ,palace4 ,jacopo ,bell9i also work$ at ,v]ona4 ,he is kn[n to h pa9t$ a picture ( ! ,crucifixion = ! ,*apel ( ,s4 ,niccol 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,v]ona 9 #adcf1 b1 aft] ex]cis+ consid]able influ5ce on ! art ( ,nor!rn ,italy1 x 0 9 #agei hewn d[n by a ,canon ) a view to beautify+ ! *apel6 ,un=tunately1 !re are only two frescoes f ! h& ( ,pisanello at ,v]ona1 :ile no m ?an f\r au!ntic easel pa9t+s by him are kn[n to exi/1 two ( !m be+ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,he is kn[n to h travell$ ext5sively 9 ,italy1 & to h work$ also at ,mantua1 ,f]r>a1 & ,rim9i4 ,! traditions ( m$ival *ivalry & ! pictorial p>ade ( pomp & mundane realism :i* are reflect$ 9 8 "w %[ t 8 contempor>ies 7 ju/ifi$ 9 ! high e/eem 9 :i* !y held him4 ,pisanello's love ( depict+ birds & animals is %[n 9 8 two pictures 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 b 9 ! ,portrait ( a ,pr9cess ( ! ,e/e ,family 7,no4 #adbb;,a1 or ,no4 #adbb ,bis7 he is %[n to h be5 a lov] ( fl[]s also4 ,?is small panel 0 =m]ly attribut$ to ,pi]o dei ,frances*i1 ! ,umbrian arti/4 ,= _m ye>s x hung among ! ,draw+s1 be+ app>5tly consid]$ unwor?y ( a place 9 its prop] environm5t1 among ! ,italian primitive pa9t+s1 :]e x is n[ hung4 ,x 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahic out ( ! ,felix ,bamb]g collection4 ,! lady is se5 9 pr(ile to ! left4 ,h] hair is dress$ accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! p]iod1 ! front hair be+ pluck$ out to r5d] ! =ehead r\nd & high1 :ile ! nape ( h] neck = ! same reason is hairless4 ,%e we>s a :ite dress ) loose-fall+ r$ sleeves2 a sprig ( junip] 7g9evra7 is let into h] dress j above ! left %\ld]4 ,x has be5 assum$ f ?is t we "h h a ,portrait ( ,g9evra d',e/e4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,niccol ,,ii4 d',e/e by 8 second wife1 ! infam\s & ill-treat$ ,p>is9a ,malate/a1 :o 0 decapitat$ 9 #adbe4 ,g9evra 7#adai-addj7 became ! wife ( ,sigismondo ,malate/a1 ,"l ( ,rim9i1 9 #adcc1 & di$ ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,! backgr\nd is compos$ ( p9ks & columb9es1 among :i* fly f\r highly decorative butt]flies4 ,! embroid]y on ! left sleeve ( ! dress is patt]n$ ) ! impresa ( a cry/al vase set r\nd ) pe>ls4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,g9evra's husb&1 ,sigismondo1 is probably ! ,donor 9 ! ,madonna & ,*ild & a ,kneel+ ,donor 7,no4 #aaei;,a or ,no4 #abgi7 by ,jacopo ,bell9i :i* hangs next to x on ! left4 ,! only o!r pa9t$ portrait by ,pisanello kn[n is ! lat]1 & l>g]1 "o ( ,leonello d',e/e 9 ! ,b]gamo ,gall]y4 ,bono da ,f]r>a 7fl4 #adej-adfa7 0 a pupil ( ,pisanello1 & ,oriolo 7fl4 #adej7 0 a foll[] ( 82 _! pictures are extremely r>e4 ,! ,l\vre conta9s no picture by ,lib]ale da ,v]ona 7#adea-aecf71 a ma/] :o _h _m pupils1 among :om may be includ$ ,girolamo dai ,libri 7#adgd-aeef7 & ,francesco ,c>oto 7#adgj-aedf74 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,no4 #acah71 :i* is (ficially catalogu$ "u ! "n ( ,girolamo1 has long be5 held to be by ,c>oto4 ,dom5ico ,brusasorci 78,! ,rat-burn]07 7#adid-aefg7 0 ! fa!r ( ,felice ,riccio & a pupil ( ,c>oto4 ,he has be5 claim$ z ! au?or ( ! ,madonna & ,/4 ,m>t9a 7,no4 #aafc71 :i* passes 9 ! ,catalogue z be+ by ! v late ,roman pa9t] ,pietro ,b]ret9i da ,cortona 7#aeif-affi74 ,o!r v]sions ( ?is composition1 repres5t+ ,/4 ,m>t9a triumph+ ov] ! ,idols1 are kn[n4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! prom95t ,v]onese pa9t]s are unrepres5t$ 9 ?is collection1 b ! influ5ce ( ,lib]ale is frequ5tly se54 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7,no4 #aehf7 may be assign$ to ,paolo ,f>9ati1 al?\gh x is reg>d$ by ! au?orities z com+ f ! h& ( ,titian4 ,by ! "t t ,f>9ati di$1 art 9 ,v]ona _h pass$ into decl9e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ decorative pa9t]s 9 ,italy 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 ,paolo ,v]onese1 :o al?\gh a native ( ,v]ona sp5t ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life 9 ,v5ice4 ,he is usually includ$ among ! arti/s ( ,v5ice4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,f]r>a ,accord+ to tradition ! mo/ fam\s arti/ 9 ! s*ool ( ,f]r>a be=e ,tura 0 ,ettore de' ,bonacossi1 ( :om little is kn[n4 ,at ,f]r>a1 ! city ( ! ,e/e family1 z at all ! ,italian c\rts1 ! art ( pa9t+ 0 lib]ally patronis$4 ,all ,f]r>ese art 0 m or less ,paduan bo? 9 orig9 & /yle1 ,cosimo ,tura 7#adcj8-adie71 ! f\nd] ( ?is s*ool1 hav+ work$ at ,padua z a pupil ( ,squ>cione4 ,! s]i\sness ( ,cosimo ,tura's realism 0 unyield+ to ^? intellectual qualities t dom9at$ ! art ( ,flor5ce 9 8 day2 b1 9 spite ( a c]ta9 h>%ness ( effect1 ! vig\r ( 8 design & ! dignity ( 8 conception give p]man5t value to ! "w ( ?is ma/]4 ,tura is repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre by two pictures2 ! figures se5 9 8 l>ge lunette ( ! ,piet 7,no4 #aeef7 are admirably design$ to fill up ! space !y occupy4 ,?is panel is a dismemb]$ "p ( an alt>piece :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! ,rov]ella family1 & 0 =m]ly 9 its entirety 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,giorgio fuori le ,mura at ,f]r>a4 ,! ,piet ev5tually pass$ to ! ,campana collection1 & s to ! ,l\vre4 ,! drap]y 9 ?is panel1 :i* is crack$ horizontally1 is t9ny1 & ! fle% is metallic ) its :ite & purple lights1 :ile ! bones 9 ! faces be+ ov]-prom95t create an unpleasant effect4 ,! c5tre panel ( ! orig9al alt>piece repres5ts ! ,madonna & ,*ild ,en?ron$4 ,x pass$ 9 "t into ! ,frizzoni collection at ,b]gamo1 & 0 subsequ5tly pur*as$ 9 #ahfg f ,sir ,*>les ,ea/lake = ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #ggb74 ,! s9i/] w+ ( ! orig9al alt>piece depicts ! ,bi%op ,lor5zo ,rov]ella pres5t$ to ! ,virg9 by ,/4 ,maurelius & ,/4 ,paul1 & is n[ 9 ! private rooms ( ! ,colonna ,palace 9 ,rome4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,giorgio fuori le ,mura at ,f]r>a also at "o "t conta9$ ano!r alt>piece pa9t$ by ,cosimo ,tura4 ,x 0 plac$ ov] ! alt> ( ,/4 ,maurelius1 b has long ago be5 dismemb]$4 ,"o ( its panels is ! ,flight into ,egypt1 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,b5son2 two o!rs1 repres5t+ a ,sc5e f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,maurelius & ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,maurelius1 are 9 ! ,f]r>a ,gall]y2 ano!r is ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 9 ! possession ( ! ,contessa di ,santa ,fiora1 9 ,rome2 :ile a fif?1 ! ,circumcision1 belongs to ! ,m>*esa ,pass]i1 9 ,rome4 ,! ,l\vre possesses an ar*$ panel ( ,a ,monk 7,no4 #aeeg7 by ,tura4 ,! panel is split & ! *eek ( ! sa9t injur$4 ,! s]i\sness ( purpose :i* inspir$ ,cosimo ,tura 0 absorb$ by 8 pupil ,francesco ,cossa 7#adce-adgg71 ^: art is n se5 at ! ,l\vre4 ,"o ( ,cossa's pupils 0 ,lor5zo ,co/a1 :o 9 #adhc pass$ f ,f]r>a to ,bologna1 to :i* city he c>ri$ ! pr9ciples ( ,tura's tra9+4 ,francesco ,bian*i 7#adfj-aeaj7 0 ano!r ( ,tura's pupils1 b he belongs m /rictly to ! s*ool ( ,mod5a4 ,ano!r pupil 9 ! /udio ( ! *ef d'ecole ( ,f]r>ese pa9t+ 0 ,ercole ,rob]ti 7#adcj8-adif71 :o also work$ at ,padua4 ,?is pa9t]1 ^: full "n 0 ,ercole de' ,rob]ti ,gr&i1 has be5 ju/ly claim$ z ! au?or ( ! two small panels repres5t+ ,/4 ,apollonia 7,no4 #afgg;,a71 hold+ 9 h] h& ! p9c]s1 ! symbol ( h] m>tyrdom1 & ,/4 ,mi*ael 7,no4 #afgg;,b74 ,^! companion pictures are (ficially describ$ "u ! ambigu\s designation ( 8,f]r>ese ,s*ool1 ,,xvi c5tury40 ,!y1 h[ev]1 cle>ly belong to ! e>li] c5tury1 & are probably by ,rob]ti4 ,! ,l\vre conta9s no?+ by ,ercole ,rob]ti's pupil1 ,ercole di ,giulio ,ces>e ,gr&i 7#adfe8-aeca74 ,ercole ,gr&i's influ5ce is sometimes se5 9 ! exce$+ly r>e pictures ( ,giovanni ,batti/a ,b5v5uto1 :o is bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,ortolano 78! g>d5]071 & takes 8 "n f ! occupation ( 8 fa!r4 ,! art ( ,ortolano 7#adfj-aebi7 is se5 to ! greate/ advantage 9 ! ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,ro*1 & ,/4 ,demetrius1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #ffi74 ,an immature "w by him is app>5tly ! ,nativity 9 ?is ,gall]y 7,no4 #adja71 :i* 9 ! op9ion ( ! compil]s ( ! ,catalogue is by ,dom5ico ,panetti 7#adej8-aeab871 a pupil ( ,lor5zo ,co/a4 ,panetti's works are r>ely met ) out ( ,italy4 ,among ! pictures ( ?is s*ool1 ^? ( ,lodovico ,mazzol9o 7#adgh8-aebh7 are p]haps ! easie/ to recognise4 ,8 ,holy ,family 7,no4 #achg7 is n n[ exhibit$1 b ! ,*ri/ prea*+ to ! ,multitude on ! ,sea ( ,galilee 7,no4 #achh7 is evid5tly by him1 al?\gh x has be5 rank$ by "o critic z a ,flemi% picture pa9t$ "u ! inspiration ( ,mazzol9o & ,dosso ,dossi4 ,panetti 0 ! ma/] ( ,b5v5uto ,tisi1 a v prolific pa9t] :o is bett] kn[n by ! "n ( ,g>(alo 7#adha8-aeei71 ow+ to 8 occasionally pa9t+ a gillyfl[] into 8 pictures z a signature4 ,al?\gh ! ,catalogue includes f\r small works by ?is arti/1 a ,circumcision 7,no4 #aeej71 a ,holy ,family 7,no4 #aeeb71 a ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #aeed71 & a ,sleep+ ,*ild ,jesus 7,no4 #aeec71 only ! la/ ( !m is n[ exhibit$4 ,ano!r arti/ 9 ?is s*ool :o sign$ 8 pictures ) a rebus 0 ,giovanni ,lut]o 7#adgi8-aedb71 :o is bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,dosso ,dossi4 ,a typical in/ance ( ?is punn+ use ( 8 "n is ! ,money ,*ang]s driv5 out ( ! ,temple1 9 ! ,doria ,gall]y at ,rome2 x is sign$ ) a 8,d0 trav]s$ by a bone 7osso71 obvi\sly a play on 8 "n ( ,dosso or ,d ,,osso4 ,no picture by ,dosso ,dossi is n[ exhibit$4 ,francesco ,bonsignori 7#adee-aeai71 ,m>co ,zoppo 7fl4 #adga-adih71 ,mi*ele ,coltell9i 7#adhj-aedb71 ,ippolito ,sc>sell9o 7#aeea-afbj71 ,girolamo da ,c>pi1 & o!r ,f]r>ese pa9t]s are unrepres5t$ 9 ?is collection4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,milan ,! pa9t]s :o practis$ 9 ,milan 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 little bett] ?an prov9cial craftsm5 :o _h come )9 ! range ( ! ,giottesque tradition )\t grasp+ ! m vital ( its pr9ciples4 ,^? :o work$ 9 ,milanese t]ritory 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury acquir$ "s ( ! reflect$ influ5ces :i* pass$ f ! "w ( ,pisanello & ,jacopo ,bell9i 9 ,v]ona1 & f ! m /rik+ a*ievem5ts ( ! ,paduan & e>ly ,v5etian s*ools1 b _! "w lack$ all trace ( orig9ality4 ,a pa9t] ( ! "n ( ,mi*el9o ,mol9>i da ,besozzo 7fl4 #acid-addb71 or ,mi*ele da ,pavia1 0 pa9t+ at ,milan ab\t #adbj4 ,h[ev]1 !re _c be said to h be5 a s*ool ( pa9t+1 b only an aggregation ( pa9t]s 9 ,milanese t]ritory1 prior to ! arrival at ,pavia & ,milan ( ! ,brescian-born ma/]1 ,vic5zo ,foppa1 ab\t #adeh4 ,previ\s to t important ev5t1 if n ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( its activity1 ,milanese art lack$ ! high] elem5ts ( g5ius 9 all matt]s /hetic4 ,z a s*ool x 0 to ! end too incl9$ to m]e prett9ess & sup]ficial sweetness4 ,! ,umbrian-born ar*itect & pa9t]1 ,bramante 7#addd-aead71 :o _h receiv$ 8 education 9 ,flor5ce1 pa9t$ 9 ,lomb>dy f #adgb-adgd1 z 8 ,panig>ola frescoes n[ 9 ! ,br]a te/ify4 ,bramante also influ5c$ ,foppa1 ^: "w is well def9$ & ^: col\r+ is subdu$4 ,side by side ) ,foppa at ! head ( ! ,milanese s*ool comes ,b]n>d9o ,but9one 7fl4 #adej-aejg71 a great deal ( ^: "w may /ill be se5 at ,milan4 ,a ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #aebc71 :i* is d\btfully ascrib$ 9 ! ,catalogue to ,gregorio ,s*iavone1 a pupil ( ,squ>cione at ,padua1 may possibly be by ,but9one1 ^: art is m>k$ by an au/]ity & dryness :i* are abs5t f ! pa9t+s ( ,z5ale1 :o 0 ! p>tn] & p]haps a pupil ( ,but9one4 ,! ,circumcision1 ) ! ,portrait ( ! ,donor 7,no4 #aede71 al?\gh catalogu$ "u ! "n ( ,bramant9o1 may be by ,z5ale 7#adcf-aebf74 ,?is panel is inscrib$ 8,,xl4 ,,anno #adia4 ,f,r ,i,a ,,lapugnanvs ,p,p ,,hvmil ,,c40 ,bramant9o 7#adee8-aecf871 ^: "n 0 ,b>tolommeo ,su>di1 came "u ! influ5ce ( ,foppa & ,bramante1 & f ! latt] acquir$ 8 sobriquet4 ,! pictures ( ,borgognone 7#adee8-aebb87 are easily recognis$ by ! a%5 grey pallor ( 8 faces1 reliev$ occasionally by eyelids r$d5$ by grief4 ,he 0 a prolific pa9t] ( religi\s pictures :i* %[ simple pa?os4 ,) ! possible exception ( ! ,family ,portraits 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,nos4 #ggi-ghj71 :i* are inde$ fragm5ts ( a /&>d1 & may h be5 pa9t$ by ,z5ale1 ,borgognone1 ^: "n 0 ,ambrogio da ,fossano1 is n kn[n to h pa9t$ a secul> subject4 ,?is typical ,milanese pa9t] 0 ano!r ( ! pupils ( ,foppa4 ,be+ an ar*itect z well z a pa9t]1 ,borgognone delight$ 9 giv+ an ar*itectural sett+ to 8 compositions4 ,he also lov$ to introduce brightly col\r$ c>pets & drap]ies1 & m9utely pa9t$ jewell]y into 8 pictures4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are se5 9 8 companion pictures ( ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr & a ,donoress 7,no4 #aahb71 & ,/4 ,augu/9e & a kneel+ ,donor 7,no4 #aahb;,a74 ,! latt] ( ?is pair ( panels ( 8 e>ly p]iod 0 pur*as$ f ,"l ,ald5ham 9 #ahii = #ajjj gu9eas4 ,!y orig9ally =m$ "p ( a dismemb]$ alt>piece1 ! c5tre panel ( :i* is n[ lo/ or unid5tifi$4 ,8 ,pres5tation ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,temple 7,no4 #aaha71 al?\gh orig9ally pa9t$ on panel1 0 transf]r$ to canvas 9 #ahhe4 ,borgognone might almo/ be t]m$ ! ,p]ug9o ( ! ,milanese s*ool4 ,,&rea ,,sol>io ,&rea ,sol>io 7#adfj8-aeae871 :o 0 p]haps ! pupil ( 8 bro!r ,cri/(oro a sculptor & ar*itect1 w5t ) him to ,v5ice 9 #adij & rema9$ !re at lea/ ?ree ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,alvise ,viv>9i & ,giovanni ,bell9i4 ,e>li] 9 8 c>e] he 0 impress$ by ! pictures ( ,antonello da ,mess9a1 :o 0 9 ,v5ice & ,milan 9 #adge-adgf4 ,sol>io c h>dly h become ,antonello's pupil at t e>ly age4 ,he mu/ also h come )9 ! sph]e ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's influ5ce4 ,leon>do1 :o work$ 9 ,milan betwe5 #adhb & #aejj & f #aejf to #aeac1 0 ask$ by ! ,c>d9al ,george ( ,amboise to decorate a *apel 9 ! ,*teau at ,gaillon 9 ,norm&y4 ,he1 h[ev]1 advis$ ! ,c>d9al to employ ,sol>io4 ,sol>io 9 consequ5ce w5t to ,france 9 ,augu/ #aejg to und]take ! "w4 ,! ,l\vre is ri* 9 8 pictures4 ,8 *>m+ ,madonna ( ! ,gre5 ,cu%ion 7,no4 #aecj7 is inscrib$3 ,&reas de ,sol>io fa4 ,?is small panel 0 once ! prop]ty ( ,m>ie de ,mdicis4 ,! ,crucifixion 7,no4 #aecb7 0 =m]ly catalogu$ "u ! "n ( ,&rea de ,milan1 :i* l$ "s to confuse ,&rea ,sol>io ) ! mu* less effici5t pa9t]1 ,&rea ,sala9o4 ,?is picture is inscrib$3 ,,&reas ,,m$iolan5sis ,,fa #aejc1 a =m ( signature :i* is said to h be5 employ$ by ,sol>io only = su* ( 8 pictures z 7 de/9$ = o!r t[ns ?an ,milan4 ,! ,head ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ on a ,*>g] 7,no4 #aecc7 is said to be sign$ & dat$ ,,&reas ,,de ,,sol>io1 ,,fat1 #aejg4 ,! ,portrait ( ,*>les d',amboise1 ,seigneur ( ,*aumont & ,gov]nor ( ,milan 7,no4 #aeca71 l _m o!r ( ,sol>io's pictures1 has 9 ! pa/1 :5 ! range ( 8 art 0 n s well und]/ood1 be5 attribut$ to o!r arti/s4 ,,b]n>d9o ,,lu9i ,9 ,b]n>d9o ,lu9i 7#adge8-aecc87 we h a lyrical arti/4 ,he is said to h be5 a pupil ( "o ,/efano ,scotto1 b he 0 deeply impress$ by ! art ( ,borgognone1 & e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury came "u ! influ5ce ( ,leon>do4 ,inde$1 x 0 almo/ impossible at t p]iod ( ,milanese art = a pa9t] 9 t s*ool to resi/ ! /yle ( ,leon>do4 ,al?\gh ,lu9i's works are rem9isc5t ( ! great] ma/]1 he /rove aft] orig9ality2 he 0 an indu/ri\s pa9t] r ?an an arti/ ( g5ius4 ,lu9i is nev] v emotional1 nev] passionate1 nev] dramatic4 ,8 figures are *>act]is$ by sweetness & grace2 8 types are ref9$ b insipid & are apt to become monoton\s4 ,x is z a pa9t] ( frescoes t he succe$s be/1 & ! ,l\vre is =tunate 9 possess+ sev]al ( 8 works 9 t m$ium4 ,! be/ are a ,nativity 7,no4 #acei71 & an ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,no4 #acfj74 ,! ,head ( ,*ri/ 7,no4 #acfa7 is inscrib$3 ,,posce ,,ne ,,dubita ,,quod ,,quodcv ,,patri ,,9 ,,nom9e ,,me ,,peti]is ,,fiet ,,tibi4 ,!y 7 acquir$ 9 #ahfg f ! collection ( ! ,duke ,antonio ,litta ,visconti ,arese1 ( ,milan4 ,! ,l\vre also conta9s fragm5ts ( l>ge fresco pa9t+s ( ! ,=ge ( ,vulcan 7,no4 #acef71 a ,*ild ,seat$ 7,no4 #aceg71 & a ,*ild ,kneel+ 7,no4 #aceh74 ,!y =m "p ( ! s]ies1 :i* is n[ pres]v$ 9 ,milan1 b =m]ly decorat$ ! ,villa ,pelucca ne> ,monza2 !y 7 remov$ f !re 9 #ahag4 ,^! ?ree fragm5ts h be5 transf]r$ f pla/] to canvas or panel4 ,! f\r frescoes 7,nos4 #acfb-acfe7 are by a pupil4 ,! art ( ,lu9i z a pa9t] on panel is se5 to advantage 9 ! ,holy ,family 7,no4 #acec71 ! ,virg9 & ! ,infant ,*ri/ 7,no4 #aced71 & ,salome receiv+ ! ,head ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,no4 #acee74 ,! arrival ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :5 little ov] ?irty ye>s ( age1 at ! c\rt ( ,lodovico ,s=za at ,milan revolutionis$ art 9 t city4 ,! exquisite rhy?m & balance & ! rem>kable ge/ures & facial expression se5 9 8 ,la/ ,supp] mu/ h made a pr(\nd impression on all ! ,milanese1 p & pa9t]s alike4 ,n hav+ be5 educat$ 9 ! pr(\nd pr9ciples t gradually built up ! s*ool ( ,flor5ce1 :5ce ! great pa9t] came1 ! majority ( ! native arti/s 7 s ov]come by 8 p[] t 9 "t !y became enslav$ by ! magic ( 8 bru%4 ,ambrogio da ,pr$is 7#adee8-aejf871 :o work$ z ,leon>do's assi/ant on ! ,national ,gall]y's replica ( ! ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks 9 ?is collection 7,no4 #aeii71 is n repres5t$ "h4 ,ano!r assi/ant & pupil ( ,leon>do 0 ,b]n>d9o de' ,conti4 ,z we h se51 he may be ! pa9t] ( ! ,pr(ile ,portrait ( a ,lady--or ,la ,belle ,f]ronnire 7,no4 #afje7--:i* is (ficially reg>d$ z be+ ( ! 8,s*ool ( ,leon>do40 ,a simil> attribution is also giv5 to ! ,madonna ( ! ,scales 7,no4 #afjd71 :i* %\ld r be assign$ to ,ces>e da ,se/o 7#adgg-aebc71 a sickly & insipid imitator ( ! ma/]4 ,ano!r ( ,leon>do's imitators 0 ,m>co d',oggiono 7#adgj8-aedj74 ,8 copy ( ,leon>do's ,la/ ,supp] 7,no4 #afjc7 is p]haps ( great] int]e/ ?an 8 own ,holy ,family 7,no4 #achb7 & ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #achb;,a74 ,"o ( ! m orig9al ( ! imitators ( ,leon>do 0 ,boltraffio 7#adfg-aeaf71 ^: ,madonna ( ! ,casio ,family 7,no4 #aafi7 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,milan ,gall]y1 :]e any picture conta9+ a portrait ( t poet might reasonably h be5 expect$ to rema94 ,?is picture is ! pa9t]'s ma/]piece4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,lomb>dy ,aft] ! activity :i* _h prevail$ 9 ,milan dur+ ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 art 9 ,lomb>dy rapidly det]iorat$4 ,be=e ! decl9e _h pass$ into decad5ce ,pi] ,francesco ,sac*i 7fl4 #aeab-aebg7 pa9t$ at ,pavia 8 ,f\r ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* 7,no4 #adhh71 :i* is sign$ 9 ! c>t\*e ,,petri ,,francisci ,,sa*i ,,de ,,papia ,,opus #aeaf4 ,ea* ( ! ,doctors duplicates ! "p ( an ,evangeli/4 ,on ! left ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ) 8 book inscrib$ 8,de ,civitate ,dei10 is also %[n z ,/4 ,john ) 8 eagle2 ,/4 ,gregory1 ) 8 dove1 is also ,/4 ,luke ) 8 bull2 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ) 8 c>d9al's hat1 is also ,/4 ,mat!w ) 8 angel2 :ile ,/4 ,ambrose1 ) 8 sc\rge1 is also ,/4 ,m>k ) 8 lion4 ,! sc\rge held by ,/4 ,ambrose1 a patron sa9t ( ,milan1 alludes to 8 refus+ ! ,emp]or ,!odosius admittance into ! *ur* at ,milan 9 consequ5ce ( ! g5]al massacre he ord]$ ) a view to subdu+ a s$ition at ,!ssalonica 9 ,a4,d4 #cij4 ,ano!r e>ly-sixte5?-c5tury ,pavian pa9t] 0 ,b>tolommeo ,bononi1 ^: only kn[n picture is ! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ,/4 ,francis1 a ,bi%op1 & a ,monk 7,no4 #aagd74 ,x is sign$ ,,opus ,,b>tolomei ,,bononii ,,civis ,,papi5sis #aeja4 on ! /ump ( ! tree 9 ! c5tre =egr\nd4 ,a /rik+1 al?\gh m$iocre1 ,family ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #abhd7 by ,lor5zo de' ,fasoli1 :o is also kn[n z ,lor5zo di ,pavia1 & :o di$ ab\t #aebj1 illu/rates ! tradition t ,/4 ,anne1 ! "m ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 0 ?ree times m>ri$1 ,joa*im be+ h] ?ird husb&2 ! o!r two 7 ,cleophas & ,salome4 ,?is composition ( sev5te5 figures is sign$ ,,laur5tivs ,,papi5 ,,fecit ,,mdxiii1 & is "o ( ! late/ examples ( ?is tradition1 :i* ab\t #aebj pass$ out ( art4 ,a l>ge ,tripty* 7,no4 #achd71 sign$ ,,joh,,nes ,,mazonvs ,,de ,,alex ,,p9xit1 is by ,giovanni ,massone1 :o work$ at ,aless&ria 9 ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 x conta9s ! portraits ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 ) ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi & ,c>d9al ,giuliano della ,rov]e "u ! protection ( ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua4 ,c>d9al ,giuliano della ,rov]e 0 ,bi%op ( ,savona ab\t #adhc2 he 0 9 #aejc elect$ ,pope "u ! title ( ,julius ,,ii41 & became ! patron ( ,raphael4 ,! rema9+ pictures ( ?is s*ool are ( little acc\nt4 ,b]n>d9o ,campi 7#aebb-aeib87 is repres5t$ by a ,mat] ,dolorosa 7,no4 #abjb72 & ,b>tolommeo ,manfr$i 7#aehj8-afag7 by a ,=tune ,tell] 7,no4 #acfh71 a subject :i* demon/rates ! ,decad5ce 9 full op]ation4 ,giovanni ,paolo ,pan9i 7#afie-agfd71 :o came to ,p>is 9 #agcb & became an ,academician1 seems to h got "s satisfaction out ( committ+ to canvas a ,conc]t giv5 at ,rome on ,dec4 #bf1 #agbi1 9 ,hon\r ( ! ,bir? ( ! ,dauph91 ! son ( ,l\is ,,xv4 7,no4 #adji7 & a l>ge ,int]ior ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome 7,no4 #adjh71 ! latt] be+ sign$ & dat$ #agcj4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,f]r>a-,,bologna ,! city ( ,bologna 0 visit$ 9 #abfh by ,od]igi ( ,gubbio 7fl4 #abfh-abie71 :o _h ! b5efit ( p]sonal int]c\rse ) ,giotto 9 ,rome4 ,bologna produc$ a skill$ m9iature pa9t] 9 ,franco ,bolognese 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b gave bir? to few native pa9t]s ( m]it4 ,until ,francesco ,cossa remov$ f ,f]r>a to ,bologna 9 #adgj1 art 9 ! ,city ( ! ,colonnades 0 9 an undevelop$ /ate4 ,! s*ool ( ,bologna1 :i* may be consid]$ z an (f%oot ( ! ,f]r>ese s*ool1 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! arrival ( ,lor5zo ,co/a4 ,lor5zo ,co/a 7#adfj-aece71 :o _h be5 a pupil ( ,francesco ,cossa at ,f]r>a1 work$ = ! ,b5tivogli family 9 ,bologna until #aeji4 ,9 t ye> he 0 induc$ to fix 8 abode 9 ,mantua at ! in/ance ( ! ,m>quis ,francesco ,gonzaga & 8 wife ,isabella d',e/e1 ^: c\rt pa9t]1 ,&rea ,mantegna1 _h di$ ?ree ye>s e>li]4 ,co/a !re pa9t$ ab\t #aeaj 8 ,c\rt ( ,isabella d',e/e 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ! ,muses 7,no4 #abfa71 :i* is sign$ ,l4 ,,co/a ,f4 ,?is fam\s canvas %[s a weakness ( draw+ & a 8want ( =ce t m>s :at is meant = grace40 ,co/a's ,my?ological ,sc5e 7,no4 #abfb7 is n n[ exhibit$1 b 9 x1 z 9 ! majority ( 8 works1 ! figures h no real exi/5ce4 ,! heads are usually 8screw$ on--n always at ! prop] angle--to crosspoles hung ab\t ) clo!s40 ,8 l&scapes1 h[ev]1 8)\t be+ 9 any s5se s]i\s /udies1 are among ! lovelie/ pa9t$ 9 8 day40 ,co/a's %ortcom+s 7 to dom9ate to ! end ! s*ool ( ,bologna1 :i* 0 ess5tially1 almo/ f its incipi5ce1 "o ( ,decad5ce4 ,he became ! fir/ direct ma/] ( ,francesco ,francia 7#adej-aeag71 ! typical ,r5aissance pa9t] 9 ,bologna :o seems to h tak5 to pa9t+ at ! relatively advanc$ age ( ?irty-five4 ,francia _h matriculat$ 9 ! ,goldsmi?s' ,guild 9 #adhb & 0 ,ma/] ( ! ,guild 9 #adhc1 ! ye> ( ,co/a's arrival2 b until he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,co/a he _h work$ only z an engrav] ( paci 9 niello-"w1 a die-s9k]1 & a m$alli/4 ,!y soon w5t into p>tn]%ip1 ! upp] /orey ( _! jo9t work%op be+ us$ = ! pa9t+ ( pictures1 :ile metal-"w 0 execut$ bel[4 ,francia is n se5 to ! be/ advantage 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,8 ,*ri/ on ! ,cross 7,no4 #adcf7 is some:at unusual 9 treatm5t1 z a nude figure ( ,/4 ,job1 a plague sa9t1 is pa9t$ 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,?is l>ge picture be>s ! *>act]i/ic signature ,,francia ,,aurifab]1 & %[s 8 practice ( demon/rat+ ! v]satility ( 8 _m tal5ts4 ,! small ,nativity 7,no4 #adce7 is an au!ntic "w4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,francis1 & ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,no4 #adcf;,a71 is kn[n z ! ,gua/avillani ,madonna f ! inscription to ! effect t ,filippo ,gua/avillani1 a ,bolognese s5ator1 ord]$ ! picture ( ,francia4 ,nev]!less1 ?is l>ge panel appe>s to h be5 execut$ by 8 son1 ,giacomo4 ,a ,madonna & ,*ild 7,no4 #adcg7 & a ,holy ,family ) ,/4 ,francis d',assisi 7,no4 #adcg;,a7 are only by pupils4 ,! ,l\vre conta9s no example ( ! "w ( ! ,umbrian arti/1 ,timoteo ,viti 7#adfg-aebd71 :o 0 a pupil ( ,co/a1 & f ,july #adij to ,april #adie work$ 9 ! /udio ( ,francia4 ,!re are no o!r sixte5?-c5tury ,bolognese pa9t+s 9 ?is collection4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,cremona ,?is small & unimportant s*ool includes ,boccaccio ,boccacc9o 7fl4 #adfj-aeah871 :o 0 =m$ on v>i\s ,v5etian & ,milanese influ5ces4 ,! ,holy ,family 7,no4 #aafh7 :i* is cr$it$ to him1 b n n[ exhibit$1 seems to be an unattributable panel by "s arti/ ( ! ,lomb>d s*ool4 ,?is s*ool includes an e>ly-sixte5?-c5tury imitator :o has receiv$ ! significant "n ( 8,pseudo-,boccacc9o10 b is n "h repres5t$4 ,! ,mat] ,dolorosa 7,no4 #abjb7 appe>s to be by ,b]n>d9o ,campi1 a m$iocre sixte5?-c5tury pa9t] ( ! ,lomb>d & ,cremonese s*ools4 ,s(onisba ,anguissola 7#aebh-afbe71 a female arti/1 0 8 pupil & ! wife ( ,orazio ,lomell9i4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,brescia ,?is small t[n seems to h produc$ little local tal5t previ\s to ! bir? ( ,foppa4 ,ottaviano ,pr&9o1 :o _h work$ ) ,alti*i]o at ,padua1 & ,b>tolommeo ,te/or9o 7di$ ab\t #adbi7 are little m ?an names4 ,v9c5zo ,foppa 7#adbg8-aeaf87 0 born ne> ,brescia4 ,! !ory t he /udi$ "u ,squ>cione at ,padua lacks confirmation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he seems to h be5 little affect$ by ! ,squ>cionesque traditions1 & is r to be reg>d$ z ! arti/ic product ( ! s*ool ( ,v]ona1 :]e he w\ld h come "u ! influ5ce ( ,pisanello & ,jacopo ,bell9i4 ,he may h be5 a fri5d ( ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n 9 ,brescia1 b 9 ,milan t ,foppa's art may be /udi$ to-day4 ,he arriv$ 9 ,pavia ab\t #adeh1 & became ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool ( ,milan tw5ty ye>s be=e ,leon>do fir/ took up 8 abode at ! c\rt ( ,lodovico ,il ,moro4 ,foppa's pupil ,v9c5zo ,civ]*io 7#adgj8-aedd7 & ,floriano ,f]ramola 7#adhj-aebh7 7 ! jo9t f\nd]s ( ! s*ool ( ,brescia2 ,roman9o 7#adhe-aeff7 0 a pupil ( ! latt]4 ,! ,l\vre is s+ul>ly poor 9 its repres5tation ( ?is s*ool1 :i* _c "h be /udi$ e>li] ?an ! 7s-call$7 ,portrait ( ,ga/on de ,foix 7,no4 #aeah7 by ,giovanni ,girolamo ,savoldo 7#adhj8-aedh874 ,?is canvas1 :i* appe>s to be sign$ ,op]a di ,jovanni ,j]onimo di ,bressia di ,savoldi1 %[s unmi/akably ! conflict+ influ5ces1 mo/ly ,v5etian1 "u :i* ?is arti/ work$4 ,moretto 7#adih8-aeee871 :o 0 a pupil ( ,f]ramola & 0 influ5c$ by ,savoldo & ,roman9o1 produc$ l>ge & /rik+ alt>pieces z well z portraits4 ,he met ) "s success 9 8 attempts to comb9e a subtlety ( feel+ peculi> to himself ) ! 8silv]y0 tones ( :i* he 0 s fond4 ,8 ,/4 ,b]n>d9o ( ,si5a & ,/4 ,l\is ( ,t\l\se 7,no4 #aage7 & 8 ,/4 ,bonav5tura & ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua 7,no4 #aagf7 are ar*$ panels on a mu* small] scale ?an he (t5 uses4 ,moretto's pupil1 ,giambatti/a ,moroni 7#aebe8-aegh71 pa9t$ _m f> bett] portraits ?an t ( ,an ,old ,man seat$ 7,no4 #acie74 ,! only o!r ,brescian pa9t+ 9 ?is collection seems to be ! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #afdf71 :o is se5 at half l5g?1 seat$ ?ree-qu>t]s to ! left & we>+ a robe trimm$ ) fur4 ,al?\gh catalogu$ z an unattributable ,italian "w1 x is 9 our op9ion by ,cali/o ,piazza ( ,lodi 7fl4 #aebj-aefj71 ! son ( ,m>t9o ,piazza ( ! ,milanese s*ool4 ,to ,cali/o da ,lodi has be5 assign$ ! ,portrait ( a ,knight ( ,malta 7,no4 #aeid7 :i* is catalogu$ z be+ by ,titian4 ,! ,l\vre is v inf]ior to ! ,national ,gall]y 9 bo? ! quality & quantity ( pictures ( ?is s*ool4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,mod5a ,! city ( ,mod5a gave bir? to ! e>ly pa9t]s ,tommaso da ,mod5a 7#acbe-acgi7 & ,b>naba da ,mod5a 7fl4 #acgg71 :o work$ 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( ,tuscany4 ,! prom95t figure 9 ?is s*ool1 h[ev]1 is ,francesco ,bian*i 7#adfj-aeaj74 ,?is pa9t]1 ^: "n is sometimes giv5 z ,francesco ,bian*i ,f]r>i1 0 9 all probability a pupil ( ,cosimo ,tura at ,f]r>a4 ,he left t city ab\t #adhj = ,mod5a4 ,8 /yle ( pa9t+ has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion1 *iefly because he is reg>d$ z ! ma/] ( ,correggio ( ,p>ma4 ,! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,b5$ict & ,/4 ,qu5t9 7,no4 #aafg71 al?\gh (ficially catalogu$ "u 8 "n1 is n n[ g5]ally accept$ z 8 "w4 ,9 #agbe x 0 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,qu5t9 at ,p>ma & attribut$ to ,francia4 ,c]ta9 critics h ascrib$ x to ,aless&ro da ,c>pi & o!rs to ,pellegr9o ,mun>i ( ,mod5a 7#adej8-aebc74 ,bian*i's "w c only be /udi$ 9 ! ,p9acoteca ,e/5se & 9 ! *ur*es at ,mod5a4 ,! ?ree pictures (ficially catalogu$ "u ! "n ( ! ?ird-rate arti/ ,b>tolommeo ,s*idone 7#aegj8-afae7 are n exhibit$1 nor are !y miss$1--a rem>k :i* w also apply to a ,/4 ,cecilia 7,no4 #abec7 by ,jacopo ,cav$one 7#aegg-affj74 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,vic5za ,! fir/ ,vic5t9e pa9t] kn[n to u is ,batti/a da ,vic5za 7fl4 #adej71 b x 0 n until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury t ,vic5za produc$ a pa9t] ( any note4 ,b>tolommeo ,montagna 7#adfj8-aebc7 /udi$ ! art ( ! ,viv>9i1 & s became ! c5tral figure 9 an unimportant s*ool4 ,8 ,ecce ,homo 7,no4 #acic71 :i* be>s ! signature3 ,b>?olomeus ,montagna ,fecit 9 a c>tell9o fa/5$ to a twig1 is a mature "w4 ,! delightful & late picture ( ,?ree ,angel ,musicians 7,no4 #acid71 :i* is sign$ 9 a c>tell9o ,opus ,b>?olomei ,montagna1 %[s ! unmi/akable influ5ce ( ,g5tile ,bell9i4 ,! same motif is f\nd 9 ! ?ree musician angels 9 ,montagna's magnific5t ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,&rew1 ,/4 ,monica1 ,/4 ,ursula1 & ,/4 ,sigismund1 ( #adih1 9 ! ,br]a4 ,montagna's son1 ,b5$etto 7fl4 #aejj-aedj71 ,giovanni ,buonconsiglio 7#adgj8-aecf871 & ,giovanni ,sp]anza 7#adhj-aecf7 also practis$ z pa9t]s2 b ,vic5t9e art f ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury has little claim on our att5tion4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,v]celli ,"o ( ! e>lie/ pa9t]s 9 ?is s*ool 0 an obscure arti/ ( ! ,old ,lomb>d s*ool nam$ ,m>t9o ,spanzotti4 ,he 0 ! ma/] ( ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i 7#adga-aedf71 ^: frescoes are easily recognisable by ! crude col\r1 exub]ant imag9ation1 & =ceful1 almo/ brutal1 realism :i* h caus$ him to be t]m$1 some:at loosely1 ! ,rub5s ( ,italy4 ,a v late "w by him is ! ,/4 ,paul 7,no4 #abhe71 :i* is sign$ & dat$ #aedc ,,gaud5tius4 ,ano!r ( ,spanzotti's pupils 0 ,sodoma1 :o 0 born at ,v]celli 9 ,pi$mont1 9 #adgg4 ,he is be/ kn[n = ! l>ge am\nt ( "w t he execut$ at ,si5a4 ,?is prolific arti/1 l a numb] ( o!r pa9t]s ( ?is unimportant s*ool1 is n repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,he di$ 9 #aeea4 ,a fa9t e*o ( ! tea*+ ( ,spanzotti may at times be detect$ 9 ! works ( ,def5d5te ,f]r>i 7fl4 #aejj-aece7 & ,girolamo ,giov5one 7fl4 #aeac-aebg71 :o are n repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4--,,correggio 7#adid-aecd7 ,,s*ool ,,( ,,p>ma ,no4 #aaag4--,,! ,,my/ic ,,m>riage ,,( ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e 7,m>iage my/ique de ,sa9te ,ca!r9e7 ,! ,virg91 9 a r$ tunic & blue mantle1 is seat$ to ! left ( ! composition hold+ on h] lap ! ,infant ,*ri/4 ,he is ab\t to place ! w$d+-r+ on ! ?ird f+] ( ! out/ret*$ "r h& ( ! kneel+ ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 :o we>s a gold-brocad$ robe4 ,beh9d h] /&s ,/4 ,seba/ian1 look+ on ) int]e/ & clasp+ 9 8 h& ! arr[s1 ! symbol ( 8 m>tyrdom4 ,9 ! l&scape backgr\nd are depict$ sc5es ( ! m>tyrdom ( ! two ,sa9ts4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 #c ft4 #e 94 #c ft4 #d 94 7#aje #ajb47 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,p>ma ,"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive & p]haps ! mo/ s5su\s ( ! ,italian ma/]s is ,correggio 7#adid-aecd71 :o takes 8 "n f 8 bir?place1 ,il ,correggio1 a small t[n ne> ,mod5a4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t he %\ld h become ! pupil ( ,francesco ,bian*i ( ! s*ool ( ,mod5a4 ,correggio came "u almo/ all ! lead+ influ5ces :i* di/+ui% ! pr9cipal ,italian s*ools ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,8 8sidelong grace10 8 subtle gradations ( tone1 8 d>+ =e%ort5+1 8 sublimity ( space & light1 8 vivid imag9ation1 8 pr(\nd k ( *i>oscuro1 r5d] him an isolat$ ph5om5on 9 ,italian art at ! mom5t :5 x 0 pass+ into precipitate decl9e4 ,8 ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e 7,no4 #aaag1 ,plate ,,xv47 entirely lacks ! dignity & solemnity :i* are ! dom9ant features ( truly religi\s art4 ,! figures :i* make up ?is fasc9at+ composition are delicate1 b by no means ( an elevat$ type4 ,?is pseudo-religi\s picture1 :5 /udi$ toge!r ) ! ,jupit] & ,antiope 7,no4 #aaah71 %[s ! ju/ice ( ! criticism t ,correggio's pictures are 8hymns to ! *>m ( fem99ity ! l ( :i* h nev] be5 kn[n be=e or s9ce 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe40 ,x is m rem>kable t ?is my?ological canvas1 :i* is s full ( s5su\s vitality1 %\ld h be5 add$ to ! royal collection ( ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ?an t x %\ld h be5 all[$ by ,cromwell to leave ! c\ntry a few ye>s lat]4 ,two ,allegories ( ,virtue & ,vice1 execut$ by ,correggio 9 g\a*e1 hang 9 "o ( ! ,rooms ( ,draw+s4 ,p>migian9o 7#aejd-aedj71 an imitator ( ,correggio & 9 a less degree ( ,raphael1 :o 7 bo? %ortliv$ arti/s1 pa9t$ ! two small panels ( a ,holy ,family 7,no4 #ache71 & a ,holy ,family & ,sa9ts 7,no4 #achf74 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,bologna ,aft] ! dea?s ( ,francia 9 #aeag & ,lor5zo ,co/a 9 #aecf1 pa9t+ 9 ,bologna rapidly decreas$ 9 quality1 al?\gh n 9 volume4 ,a di/9ctive feature 0 ! "w ( ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi 7b4 #adge71 a pupil ( ,francia1 :o develop$ ! process ( engrav+ on copp]4 ,bologna1 :i* l o!r cities ( ,italy felt ! effects ( humanism1 acquir$ an increas$ importance 9 political activity ?r\gh ! meet+ !re ( ,pope ,leo ,x4 & ,francis ,i41 9 #aeae1 & by ! ,coronation ( ,*>les ,v41 on ,feb4 #bd1 #aecj4 ,x also obta9$ )9 a few ye>s a great reputation z an art c5tre1 al?\gh x is n easy = u n[ to realise :y4 ,! e/eem 9 :i* its art 0 held 9 =eign c\ntries is also difficult to expla94 ,innoc5zo da ,imola1 :o _h /udi$ "u ,francia1 0 ! ma/] ( ,primaticcio1 :o 0 summon$ to ,france by ,franois ,i4 9 #aeca4 ,primaticcio at t "t 0 work+ at ,mantua ) ,giulio ,romano1 ! fav\rite pupil & ! imitator ( ,raphael4 ,:ile ,primaticcio took ) him ! influ5ce ( ,bolognese art to ,fonta9ebleau1 :]e he di$ 9 #aegj1 ,pellegr9o ,tibaldi 7#aebg-aeia71 a pupil ( ,bagnacavallo1 c>ri$ ! ,bolognese influ5ce into ,spa94 ,! appreciation by a =eign arti/ ( ! art ( ,bologna is %[n 9 ! case ( ,d5is ,calva]t ( ,antw]p1 :o ?\ght ! ,bolognese s*ool to be 9 s fl\ri%+ a /ate1 :5 he pass$ ?r\gh on 8 way to /udy 9 ,rome1 t he decid$ to ab&on 8 orig9al int5tion & to /ay on 9 ! city ( ! ,colonnades4 ,a /rik+ feature ( ! lit]ature & art ( pa9t+ at ,bologna 0 t its ,univ]sity _h always accord$ equal t]ms to wom5 /ud5ts ) m51 & _h wom5 pr(essors4 ,female pa9t]s--!y 7 )\t exception only ( ! ?ird rank--_h work$ 9 ,bologna f ! days ( ,cat]9a di ,vigri1 pa9t] & sa9t1 :o 0 born z e>ly z #adac4 ,9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 art 9 ,bologna pass$ into ! complete control ( ! ,eclectics4 ,,! ,,decad5t ,,s*ools ,9 ! ,flor5t9e & ,roman s*ools ! ,decad5ce may be said to h begun ) ! dea? ( ,raphael 9 #aebj4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,v5etian s*ool1 9 :i* art did n langui% until aft] ! dea? ( ,t9toretto 9 #aeid1 pa9t+ rapidly deg5]at$ dur+ ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,pa9t+s 71 ( c\rse1 produc$ 9 great pr(usion 9 e art c5tre ( ,italy1 b =m & subject 7 n 9 true h>mony4 ,to a great ext5t local traditions 7 ab&on$1 ! e>li] types v>i$1 & ?ree di/9ctive movem5ts develop$--! 8,mann]i/s10 ! 8,eclectics10 & ! 8,naturali/s40 ,,! 8,,mann]i/s0 ,giulio ,romano 7#adib8-aedf7 0 cont5t to imitate ! works ( ,raphael2 & ,daniele da ,volt]ra 7#aeji-aeff7 tri$1 z we h se5 9 8 ,david ov]com+ ,golia? 7,no4 #adfb71 to reproduce ! swell+ muscles ( ,mi*elangelo4 ,b>occio 7#aebf-afab7 9 8 ,circumcision 7,no4 #aadi71 :i* is sign$ & dat$ #aegj1 & 9 8 ,virg9 9 ,glory1 ) ,/4 ,an?ony & ,/4 ,lucy 7,no4 #aaej71 s\ght to reproduce ! ineffable grace ( ,correggio2 :ile o!rs endeav\r$ to repeat ! enigmatic smile1 ! 8greyh\nd0 eye1 & ! my/]i\s *i>oscuro ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,al?\gh ! 8,mann]i/s0 7 to be met ) 9 mo/ ( ! c5tres ( pa9t+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 !y made ,rome ! c5tre ( _! op]ations4 ,dom5ico ,feti 7#aehi-afbd7 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre by f\r canvases1 ,n]o 7,no4 #abhf71 ,life 9 ! ,c\ntry 7,no4 #abhg71 ,melan*oly 7,no4 #abhh71 & ,! ,gu>dian ,angel 7,no4 #abhi71 ! subjects be+ highly significant4 ,9 ! ,holy ,family 7,no4 #adic7 by ,sass(]rato 7#afje-afhe7 are %[n ! %all[ness & empty =malism :i* produc$ ! fair-hair$1 blue-ey$1 hyp]-s5tim5tal ,madonnas ) :i* 8 "n is associat$4 ,c>lo ,dolci is n repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,"o ( ! m e/imable arti/s 9 ! ,late ,roman s*ool is ,c>lo ,m>atta 7#afbe-agac71 :o may be judg$ by ! unsign$ ,portrait ( ,m>ie ,madele9e ,rospigliosi 7,no4 #acgi7 & ,8 ,own ,portrait 7,no4 #achj74 ,two pa9t+s ( ,fruit 7,nos4 #abed1 #abee7 /& to ! cr$it ( ,m4 ,a4 ,c]quozzi 7#afjb-affj71 & ! art ( ,g4 ,b4 ,ca/iglione1 ( ,g5oa 7#afaf-afgj71 is se5 9 8 ,abraham & ,mel*iz$ek 7,no4 #abej7 & ,animals & ,ut5sils 7,no4 #abeb74 ,,! 8,,eclectics0 ,a revolt aga9/ ! me?ods ( ! 8,mann]i/s0 0 made by ! ,c>racci :5 !y op5$ _! s*ool ( art at ,bologna 9 #aehi4 ,^! 8,eclectics0 78,pick]s & ,*oos]s07 advocat$ a c>eful /udy ( 8! draw+ ( ,rome1 ! ,v5etian %ad[1 ! t]rific =ce ( ,mi*elangelo's mann]1 ! natural tru? ( ,titian1 ! pure & sov]eign /yle ( ,correggio1 ! true symmetry ( ,raphael1 ! dignity & pr9ciple ( ,tibaldi1 ! inv5tion ( ! le>n$ ,primaticcio1 toge!r ) a little ( ! grace ( ,p>migian9o06 ,x is n surpris+ t !y 9 _! turn soon sank into m]e academic m$iocrity4 ,! ,l\vre is notori\sly ri* 9 repres5tative examples ( ! 8,eclectic0 pa9t]s' art4 ,! "n ( ,lodovico ,c>racci 7#aeee-afai71 ! f\nd] ( ?is s*ool at ,bologna1 is includ$ 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue1 b nei!r ( 8 two pictures is at pres5t exhibit$4 ,lodovico _h z c\s9s1 ,ago/9o 7#aeeg8-afjb7 & ,annibale 7#aefj8-afji71 :o also work$ 9 ,rome4 ,six ( ,annibale ,c>racci's fifte5 pictures 9 ?is collection are n[ exhibit$4 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,*]ries 7,no4 #abag7 & ! ,sleep+ ,*ild ,jesus 7,no4 #abah7 are *>act]i/ic1 :ile 8 huge canvas ( ,! ,virg9 appe>+ to ,/4 ,luke & ,/4 ,ca!r9e 7,no4 #abai7 9 e way exemplifies ! art ( ?is pa9t] & 8 s*ool4 ,x is inscrib$3 ,,annibal ,,c>actius ,f4 ,,mdxcii4 ,pictures ( ?is type 7 mu* s\ght aft] & priz$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ?is "o 0 seiz$ by ,napoleon 9 ,italy1 b to-day a high] /&>d ( /hetics has des]v$ly rul$ !m out ( fa%ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 suffici5t att5tion is n n[ paid to "s ( ! l&scape pictures :i* ! 8,eclectics0 pa9t$2 ,annibale's ,fi%+ 7,no4 #abcc7 & ,hunt+ 7,no4 #abcb7 are wor? ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t4 ,antonio ,c>racci 7#aehc-afah71 a less-kn[n memb] ( ?is family1 is ! au?or ( a l>ge canvas depict+ ,! ,deluge 7,no4 #abce74 ,guido ,r5i1 aft] work+ "u ,d5is ,calva]t at ,bologna1 ent]$ ! s*ool ( ! ,c>racci4 ,?is fitful s5tim5tali/ indulg$ 9 idealis$ ab/ractions t 7 nei!r human nor div9e1 z may be se5 f 8 ,david & ,golia? 7,no4 #adci7 & ,/4 ,seba/ian 7,no4 #adej7 on ! "o h&1 & 8 ,ecce ,homo 7,no4 #addg7 & ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,no4 #addh7 on ! o!r4 ,f\r ( 8 l>ge my?ological pa9t+s 7,nos4 #adec1 #aded1 #adee1 #adeg7 %[ "s te*nical ability4 ,francesco ,albani 7#aegh-affj7 0 influ5c$ by ! ,c>racci & ,guido ,r5i4 ,! ,diana & ,actaeon 7,no4 #aaaa7 may be select$ out ( 8 n9e productions m5tion$ 9 ! ,catalogue4 ,dom5i*9o 7#aeha-afda71 a pupil ( ! ,c>racci1 ! assi/ant ( ,annibale & a fri5d ( ,guido ,r5i 9 ,rome1 0 a s5tim5tali/ ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ ord]4 ,8 h>d execution & unpleasant col\r+ c be judg$ 9 8 ,/4 ,cecilia 7,no4 #afac71--;h] features are s+ul>ly ill-proportion$1--b n9e ( 8 o!r pictures d n take up any ( ! valuable wall space4 ,! self-taught arti/ & insipid ,gu]c9o 78,! ,squ9tl+07 7#aeia-afff71 aft] work+ 9 ,rome1 settl$ 9 #afdb at ,bologna1 :]e he di$ 9 afflu5t circum/ances4 ,8 ,rais+ ( ,laz>us 7,no4 #aaci71 ! l>ge ,patron ,sa9ts ( ,mod5a 7,no4 #aadc71 toge!r ) a ,circe 7,no4 #aadg7 & ,! ,pa9t]s ,own ,portrait 7,no4 #aadh71 are n[ exhibit$4 ,^! & su* pictures z 7 pa9t$ by ,g4 ,a4 ,donducci 7#aege-afee71 ,g4 ,f4 ,grimaldi 7#afjf-afhj71 ,s4 ,cant>9i 7#afab-afdh71 & ,g4 ,m4 ,crespi 7#affe-agdg71 provok$ a fre% reaction4 ,,! 8,,naturali/s0 ,a natural reaction aga9/ ! selective me?ods ( ! 8,eclectics0 gave rise to ! 8,naturali/s10 :o1 head$ by ,mi*elangelo ,c>avaggio 7#aefi-afji71 made ,naples ! c5tre ( _! op]ations4 ,! utt]ly repulsive picture entitl$ ,! ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #aaba71 by ,c>avaggio1 is m]ely l>ge4 ,nei!r ,! ,=tune ,tell] 7,no4 #aabb7 nor ! ,conc]t ( ,n9e ,musicians 7,no4 #aabc7 c be comp>$ ) ! really /rik+ & well-pa9t$ ,portrait ( ,al( de ,wignac\rt1 ,gr&-,ma/] ( ,malta 7,no4 #aabd74 ,salvator ,rosa 7#afae-afge7 is repres5t$ by ,tobias & ! ,angel 7,no4 #adgg7 & a ,vision ( ,saul to ,samuel 7,no4 #adgh74 ,8 ,l&scape 7,no4 #adhj7 %[s t he delight$ 9 8ideas ( desolation1 solitude & dang]1 imp5etrable =e/s1 rocky & /orm-la%$ %ores1 9 lonely dells lead+ to d5s & cav]ns ( b&itti1 alp9e ridges1 trees bla/$ by lightn+ or sapp$ by "t40 ,8 ,battle 7,no4 #adgi7 is a /range production4 ,c>avaggio 0 ! ma/] ( ,rib]a 7#aehh-afef71 :o is also call$ ,spagnoletto1 & is includ$ 9 ! ,catalogue among ! ,spani% arti/s4 ,?is 8,naturali/0 s*ool ( ,naples also includ$ ,luca ,giordano 7#afcb-agje71 :o liv$ 9 ,spa9 at "o p]iod4 ,! aim ( ! 8,naturali/s0 is display$ 9 ! prom95ce !y gave to all t 0 vulg>1 co>se1 & vile4 ,) !m art 9 ,italy came to an ignom9i\s end1 al?\gh 9 te*nical accompli%m5t1 9 m]e craftsman%ip1 !y c hold _! own ) pa9t]s ( mu* high] rank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4--,,jan ,,van ,,eyck 7#acij8-adda7 ,,e>ly ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,no4 #aihf4--,,! ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild ,,& ,,! ,,*ancellor ,,rol9 7,la ,vi]ge au donateur7 ,an angel 9 a blue alb & ) peacock-blue w+s is plac+ an elaborate gold cr[n on ! head ( ! ,madonna1 :o holds ! ,infant ,*ri/ on h] knee1 & is seat$ t[>ds ! "r ( ! composition4 ,on ! o!r side ! ,*ancellor1 kneel+ at a prie-,dieu1 & ) 8 h&s jo9$ 9 adoration1 we>s a ri*ly brocad$ robe1 & is se5 9 pr(ile t[>ds ! "r4 ,! figures are gr\p$ 9 a portico op5+ on to a fl[]-g>d5 & a cr5ellat$ wall2 9 ! di/ance is se5 a sev5-ar*$ bridge1 & beyond x a ca/l$ isl&4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 #b ft4 #b 94 #b ft4 #j 94 7#jff #jfb47 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,! e>ly art ( ,fl&]s1 unlike t ( ,italy1 does n pres5t itself at ! ,l\vre1 or inde$ at any ,gall]y1 9 ord]ly sequ5ce f ! immature grop+ = arti/ic expression to ma/]ly a*ievem5t4 ,) ! exception ( ! exquisite "w ( ! late-f\rte5?-c5tury m9iaturi/s1 :i* =ms a special bran* ( /udy1 !re is no?+ to bridge ! imm5se gulf t divides ,mel*ior ,bro$]lam1 ! e>lie/ kn[n ,flemi% pa9t]1 f ! bro!rs ,van ,eyck1 ^: e>lie/ kn[n "w1 ! wond]ful ,gh5t polypty* ( ,! ,adoration ( ! ,lamb1 is1 if n q ! />t+-po9t1 ! noble/ a*ievem5t ( ! ,e>ly ,flemi% s*ool4 ,! inv5tion ( oil-pa9t+1 9 ! s5se ( ! ^w z x is appli$ to-day1 ) :i* ! ,van ,eycks are cr$it$1 no d\bt contribut$ l>gely t[>ds ?is amaz+ly sudd5 progress2 b _! art also m>ks a new era 9 ! conception ( life & pictorial =m4 ,an ard5t love ( tru? & nature takes ! place ( ! e>li] vague idealism4 ,at ! same "t1 ! realism ( ! bro!rs ,van ,eyck & _! foll[]s1 not)/&+ its insi/5ce on lit]al tru? 9 ! repres5tation ( frequ5tly ugly details1 0 kept 9 *eck by deep s5tim5t1 love ( spl5did col\r1 & a great s5se ( /yle 9 composition4 ,details1 ev5 9 ! f>-away di/ance1 7 c]ta9ly elaborat$ ) m9ute precision1 b !y are nev] unduly obtrusive1 & are inv>iably subord9at$ to ! ma9 motive4 ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck ,! e>lie/ important ,flemi% pa9t+ 9 ! ,l\vre is ! fam\s ,virg9 & ,*ild ) ! ,*ancellor ,rol9 7,no4 #aihf1 ,plate ,,xvi47 by ,jan van ,eyck 7c4 #acij-adda71 :i* 0 tak5 by ord] ( ,napoleon ,i4 f ! ,collegiate ,*ur* ( ,autun 9 ,burgundy4 ,9 a ?ree-aisl$ colonnad$ hall ) /ilt$ ar*es & pavem5t ( geometrical inlay is se5 ,ni*olas ,rol91 ,*ancellor ( ,burgundy & ,brabant1 kneel+ at a pray]-desk be=e ! ,virg91 on ^: "r knee is seat$ ! ,infant ,savi\r hold+ an orb 9 ,8 left & rais+ ,8 "r h& 9 b5$iction4 ,an angel ) peacock-blue w+s is float+ above ! ,virg9 & hold+ an elaborately wr\ght gold5 cr[n ov] h] head4 ,! exquisite detail ( ! riv] l&scape ) a view ( ,maa/ri*t ext5d+ beyond ! op5 colonnade1 ! sumptu\s brocad$ dresses1 ! c>v$ capitals ( columns & pi]s1 & _m o!r details pa9t$ ) inimitable m9ute skill1 help t[>ds an ensemble ( jewel-l spl5d\r dimm$ b n m>r$ by ! yell[ v>ni% :i* cov]s ! surface4 ,! ,virg9 ) ! ,donor 0 =m]ly g5]ally attribut$ to ,hub]t1 b is mo/ probably a late "w by ,jan van ,eyck1 pa9t$ p]haps ab\t #adcb4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,t\rnai ,nei!r ,petrus ,*ri/us 7#adab8-adgc71 ! only ma/] :o 0 directly influ5c$ by ,jan van ,eyck1 nor ,rob]t ,camp9 7#acfe-addd71 :o is n[ kn[n to be id5tical ) ! s-call$ 8,matre de ,flmalle10 & :o 0 ! head ( ! important ,t\rnai s*ool1 are repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre4 ,! (ficial ,catalogue ascribes to ,camp9's greate/ pupil1 ,rogi] van d] ,weyd5 7c4 #adjj-adfd71 ! two panels ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild 7,no4 #baie71 & ,! ,deposition f ! ,cross 7,no4 #baif71 ( :i* at lea/ ! =m] is only a s*ool v]sion ( an (t5 repeat$ !me by ! ma/]1 :il/ ! ,deposition is by no means an important example ( 8 "w4 ,rogi] 0 born at ,t\rnai1 b w5t to ,brussels aft] #adcb1 & practis$ 9 t city until 8 dea? 9 #adfd4 ,a j\rney to ,italy 9 #addi did n appreciably affect 8 art1 :i* always reta9$ an ar*aic flav\r1 especially 9 ! r tortur$ r5d]+ ( ! nude4 ,9 ?is respect1 & also 9 8 utt] disreg>d ( beauty 7except ! beauty ( rhy?mic l9e71 he comp>es unfav\rably ) ! bro!rs ,van ,eyck1 z may be cle>ly se5 on comp>+ 8 "w ) ,jan van ,eyck's ,virg9 & ,donor4 ,8 occasional use ( gold backgr\nds1 z 9 ! ,virg9 & ,*ild 7,no4 #baie71 is ano!r ar*aic trait4 ,! h& ( a nameless contempor>y & foll[] ( ,camp9 & ,rogi] van d] ,weyd51 :o is also repres5t$ at ! ,gall]ies ( ,vi5na1 ,tur91 & ,antw]p1 is to be recognis$ 9 ! small panel ( ,! ,annunciation 7,no4 #bbjb71 :i* 0 =m]ly attribut$ to ! mu* lat] pa9t] ,lucas van ,leyd51 & has also be5 claim$ to be only a copy ( a picture by ! ,matre de ,flmalle4 ,,hans ,,meml9c ,! influ5ce ( ,rogi] van d] ,weyd5 det]m9$ ! entire c\rse tak5 by ! ,flemi% s*ool until its decl9e ) ! introduction ( ^? ,italian ,r5aissance t5d5cies :i* only became a vital factor & l$ to ! bir? ( a new ,flemi% art ?r\gh ! g5ius ( ,rub5s4 ,aga91 ,rogi]'s *ief pupil1 ,di]ick ,b\ts 7c4 #adaj-adge71 is unrepres5t$ at ! ,l\vre4 ,9 ! art ( ,hans ,meml9c 7c4 #adcj8-adid71 :o 0 ! f\nd] ( ! great s*ool ( ,bruges1 may be f\nd cle> traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,rogi] & ( ,b\ts1 al?\gh we h no c]ta9 k z to t ma/]'s actual pupilage4 ,he may h be5 born at ,mml+51 ne> ,as*aff5burg on ! ,ma91 & app>5tly _h already ris5 to fame z a pa9t] be=e #adfg1 ! date ( 8 great alt>piece at ,dantzig4 ,by t "t he 0 settl$ at ,bruges4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,j4 ,weale's rese>*es h %[n t ! leg5d1 accord+ to :i* ,meml9c fir/ came to ,bruges z a w\nd$ soldi] & 0 nurs$ back to heal? at ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,john1 is n f\nd$ on fact4 ,x is probable t ,meml9c s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip "u "s ,cologne pa9t]1 b all !ories reg>d+ 8 e>ly life mu/ rema9 l>gely conjectural4 ,:at is ( real importance is t he introduc$ into ! detail$ realism ( 8 precursors a note ( pi\s f]v\r & t5d] idealism1 :i* is ! ne>e/ approa* 9 ,nor!rn art to ! angelic sweetness ( ,fra ,giovanni da ,fiesole4 ,n )\t good reason has he be5 call$ 8! ,fra ,angelico ( ! ,nor?40 ,from5t9 0 c]ta9ly "r 9 say+ t 8,van ,eyck saw ) 8 eyes1 ,meml9c beg9s to see ) 8 s\l40 ,x is ?is w>m? ( feel+ t makes ,meml9c ! mo/ lovable pa9t] ( ! ,flemi% s*ool1 = he c\ld nei!r rival ! dramatic p[] & reali/ic tru? ( ! ,van ,eycks1 nor ! firm draughtsman%ip ( ,van d] ,weyd51 nor ,b\ts's skill 9 l&scape pa9t+4 ,nor did he take full advantage ( ! possibilities ( ! oil te*nique1 8 me?od rema9+ t ( ! temp]a pa9t]s1 al?\gh he avail$ himself ( ! new m$ium4 ,! e>lie/ "w by ,meml9c 9 ! great ,fr5* national collection is ! *>m+ little dipty*1 pa9t$ ab\t #adge1 & repres5t+ on "o leaf ,! ,my/ic ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e 7,no4 #bjbg71 & on ! o!r ,! ,donor1 ,john du ,celi]1 pres5t$ by ,/4 ,john 7,no4 #bjbg;,a74 ,9 ! fir/ ! ,virg9 is se5 seat$ 9 a fl[]+ mead[ 9 front ( a rose-cov]$ trellis & support+ ! ,infant ,*ri/1 :o b5ds =w>d to place ! r+ on ! f+] ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e on ! left4 ,beh9d ! sa9tly bride are ,/4 ,agnes & ,/4 ,cecilia2 :il/ ! gr\p on ! "r comprises ,/4 ,b>b>a1 ) ,/4 ,m>g>et & ,/4 ,lucy1 all accompani$ by _! *>act]i/ic attributes4 ,on ! o!r leaf ! ,donor is se5 kneel+1 ) h&s jo9$ 9 pray]1 9 front ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o is po9t+ to ,our ,"l4 ,! l&scape backgr\nd %[s1 on ! left1 ! ,apocalyptic vision ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & on ! "r1 ,/4 ,george fight+ ! ,dragon4 ,?is leaf1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! collection ( ,mr4 ,h]z & ,mr4 ,hea?1 0 pres5t$ to ! ,l\vre 9 #ahie by ,mme4 ,&r1 & 0 ?us reunit$ ) its companion1 :i* _h be5 bequea!d to ! ,gall]y f\rte5 ye>s e>li] by ,m4 ,e4 ,gatteaux4 ,x is on ! :ole 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 al?\gh "s ( ! accessories 9 ! backgr\nd are s ?9ly pa9t$ t !y h almo/ disappe>$4 ,,meml9c',s 8,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild1 ,,) ,,donors0 ,ab\t #adij ,meml9c mu/ h pa9t$ ! admirable ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) ,donors 7,no4 #bjbf71 :i* 0 commission$ by ,james ,flore9s1 a memb] ( ! ,bruges ,m]*ant ,groc]s' ,guild1 b subsequ5tly f\nd its way to ,spa91 :5ce x 0 tak5 to ,france by ,g5]al d',armagnac4 ,! ,donor1 :o is kneel+ on ! left1 9 front ( 8 sev5 sons1 is pres5t$ by ,/4 ,james ! ,great1 ! same (fice be+ p]=m$ by ,/4 ,dom9ic = ,flore9s's wife & h] twelve daught]s1 on ! opposite side4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 a ,romanesque *ur*1 ) op5+s at ei!r side1 ?r\gh :i* glimpses ( ! l&scape beyond are obta9$4 ,! *>act]isation ( all ! faces1 :i* be> a /rong family lik5ess1 is z admirable z ! pa9t+ ( ! noble ar*itecture4 ,rem>kable1 too1 is ! effect ( p]fect symmetry obta9$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! two unequal gr\ps ?r\gh ! simple device ( plac+ ! ,virg9 & ,*ild m t[>ds ! less cr[d$ side1 al?\gh ! canopy is 9 ! exact middle ( ! panel4 ,?is alt>piece is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ important works by ,meml9c t are to be f\nd outside ,belgium4 ,! two little panels1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,no4 #bjbd71 & ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e 7,no4 #bjbe71 bo? /&+ 9 a l&scape ) small sc5es f _! respective leg5ds1 =m$ orig9ally1 ) two fur!r panels repres5t+ ,/4 ,*ri/oph] & ,/4 ,/eph51 ! %utt]s ( a tripty*4 ,! c5tre "p _h disappe>$ be=e ! w+s1 c>efully sawn ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! panels s1 z to sep>ate ! obv]se f ! rev]se1 came into ! possession ( ,luci5 ,bonap>te1 & aft]w>ds ( ,william ,,ii4 ( ,holl&4 ,! two ,sa9ts n[ at ! ,l\vre 7 pur*as$ 9 #ahea = #dfi4 ,9 #aijh ! ,l\vre obta9$1 at ! high price ( #hjjj1 ! ,portrait ( an ,old ,lady 7,plate ,,xvii471 to :i* att5tion 0 fir/ drawn at ! ,bruges ,exhibition 9 #aijb1 :5 x 0 %[n by ,m4 ,n>dus1 f :om x pass$ into ! h&s ( ,m4 ,kle9b]g]4 ,bo? ! ,p>is portrait1 :i* is drawn ) exquisite precision b has app>5tly suff]$ f ov]-clean+1 & its companion1 ! portrait ( ?is anonym\s lady's husb& at ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 7 until #ahhd 9 ! ,meazzu collection 9 ,milan4 ,! tripty* 7,no4 #bjbh7 ) 7a7 ,! ,resurrection1 7b7 ,! ,asc5sion1 & 7c7 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 :i* 0 b\ght at ,tur9 9 #ahfj = #edj1 & is (ficially consid]$ to be ( d\btful au!nticity1 is includ$ by ,mr4 ,weale 9 8 catalogue ( ,meml9c's works4 ,,g]>d ,,david ,! recon/ruction & ! rescu+ f oblivion ( ! arti/ic p]sonality ( ,g]>d ,david1 begun by ,mr4 ,weale & complet$ by ,freih]r von ,bod5haus51 is "o ( ! triumphs ( ! mod]n sci5tific me?od ( criticism4 ,! ,l\vre is =tunate 9 possess+ two important examples f ! bru% ( ?is ma/]1 :o1 born at ,ouwat] 9 ,holl& ab\t #adfj1 0 9 8 e>ly /udies influ5c$ by ,alb]t van ,ouwat]1 b1 aft] settl+ at ,bruges 9 #adhc1 came "u ! spell ( ,van ,eyck1 ,b\ts1 & above all ( ,meml9c1 :om he succe$$ z lead] ( ! ,bruges s*ool4 ,on 8 dea? 9 #aebc1 ! supremacy ( t s*ool came to an end1 & pass$ on to ! city ( ,antw]p1 :i* by t "t _h also sup]s$$ ,bruges z a comm]cial c5tre4 ,g]>d ,david 0 n ,meml9c's equal z reg>ds intimate *>m1 b 9 8 "w is to be f\nd a summ+-up ( all ! a*ievem5t ( ! ,flemi% ,quattroc5to--8! la/ conc5trat$ expression ( ! aims ( all ! great ma/]s ( t f]tile age40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4--,,hans ,,meml9c 7#adcj8-adid7 ,,e>ly ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,no4--#d4--,,portrait ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,lady ,%e is se5 9 full face & at half-l5g?1 we>+ ! co/ume ( ! p]iod2 h] h&s are sup]pos$2 l&scape backgr\nd to ! left1 ) a w9d+ s&y pa?4 ,a porphyry column to ! "r4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 #a ft4 #b 94 #a ft4 7#jcf #jcj47 #d ,?is picture has n yet receiv$ an (ficial numb]4 ,aft] hav+ be5 successively attribut$ to ,van ,eyck1 ,van d] ,weyd51 ,meml9c1 & ,david's pupil ,ys5brant1 ! ,m>riage at ,cana 7,no4 #aieg1 ,plate ,,xviii47 is n[ g5]ally admitt$ to be design$ & p>tly execut$ by ,g]>d ,david1 al?\gh ! panel %[s unmi/akable evid5ce ( be+ complet$ by ano!r & less skilful h&4 ,mr4 ,weale has %[n1 on ! /r5g? ( a c]ta9 docum5t1 t ! picture may h be5 f9i%$ by ,ys5brant1 b he has be5 unable to e/abli% t ! docum5t quot$ by him ref]s to ?is p>ticul> picture4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,david himself pa9t$ ! figure ( ! ,donor1 kneel+ on ! left1 a m>vell\s example ( e>ly portraiture1 & ! ,donor's son1 ! ,*ri/1 & ! boy c>ry+ ! cake4 ,"s ( ! o!r heads are almo/ wood5 9 _! h>dness4 ,! head ( ! ,dom9ican look+ into ! hall ?r\gh an op5+ beyond :i* is to be se5 ! ,place du ,sa9t-,sang1 at ,bruges1 is cle>ly an aft]?\ght1 & is introduc$ s clumsily t ! wall & ! page-boy ) ! cake-di% really leave no room = ! fri>'s body4 ,!re is a curi\s lack ( spiritual cohesion 9 ! picture--! majority ( ! figures look away f ! ,savi\r z well z f ! bride1 al?\gh ! significance ( ! mom5t is su* z to dem& a conc5tration ( ev]ybody's att5tion on ! ,*ri/4 ,! picture1 ( :i* !re are sev]al replicas1 notably "o at ! ,/ockholm ,museum by ,david's pupil ,ambrosius ,b5son1 0 until #aehj 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,sa9t-,sang at ,bruges1 & !n 9 ! collection ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 f :i* x pass$ into ! ,l\vre4 ,! tripty* 7,no4 #bbjb;,a7 ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) ,two ,angels1 9 ! c5tre1 & ,two ,donors pres5t$ by ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 on ! w+s1 is (ficially catalogu$ z an anonym\s picture ( ! ,flemi% sixte5?-c5tury s*ool1 b is unque/ionably an e>ly "w ( ,g]>d ,david4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! male ,donor is ! same z ! ,donor 9 ! ,m>riage at ,cana1 ?\gh y\ng] 9 ye>s1 & t ! delightful & /rangely ,italian putti on ! capitals ( ! columns t flank ! ,virg9's ?rone recur aga91 rev]s$1 9 ,david's ,judgm5t ( ,cambyses1 at ,bruges4 ,! ,adam & ,eve on ! outside ( ! %utt]s are inspir$ by ! correspond+ figures on ! great ,van ,eyck alt>piece at ,gh5t4 ,! ,l\vre tripty* 0 b\ght at ! ,g>riga sale 9 ,madrid1 9 #ahij1 = #bdh4 ,,hi]onymus ,,bos* ,be=e pass+ on to ! s*ool f\nd$ at ,antw]p by ,qu5t9 ,matsys 7c4 #adff-aecj71 m5tion %\ld be made ( ,hi]onymus ,bos* van ,aek5 7c4 #adfb-aeaf71 :o1 a foll[] ( ,ouwat]1 has z mu* "r to be c\nt$ among ! ma/]s ( ! ,dut* z ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,( 8 life we "k b little4 ,8 pictures reveal t reali/ic obs]vation ( ev]yday life :i* 0 to become ! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,dut* s*ool2 b1 add$ to x1 !re is a t5d5cy t[>ds ! grotesque :i* made him delight 9 subjects t gave him full scope = ! inv5tion ( weird mon/]s1 devils1 & spectres1 su* z ! demons 9 ,! ,damn$ 7,no4 #aijj71 :i* is attribut$ to ,bos* 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue1 b is1 l its companion1 ,heav51 at ! ,lille ,museum1 ! "w ( ! unkn[n pa9t] ( ! fam\s ,la/ ,judgm5t at ,dantzig1 :i* has by v>i\s exp]ts be5 giv5 9 turn to ,jan van ,eyck1 ,rogi] van d] ,weyd51 & ,meml9c4 ,!re is at ! ,l\vre a draw+ :i* corresponds to s rem>kable a degree ) ! panel ,no4 #aijj1 t x has long be5 held to be a /udy f ! same h&4 ,?is draw+ is1 h[ev]1 m probably an e>ly /udy by ! ,g]man ma/] ,m>t9 ,s*ngau] aft] ! ,l\vre panel4 ,! picture 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,du*tel collection1 & 0 giv5 to ! ,l\vre by ! ,duc de la ,tremolle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4--,,g]>d ,,david 7#adfj8-aebc7 ,,e>ly ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,no4 #aieg4--,,! ,,m>riage ,,at ,,cana 7,les ,noces de ,cana7 ,! sc5e takes place 9 a ri*ly appo9t$ *amb]1 :i* on ! left side looks out on to ! ,place du ,sa9t-,sang at ,bruges4 ,! ,bride is seat$ on ! f>!r side ( ! table2 t[>ds ! left ! ,virg9 b[s h] head 9 ! direction ( ! ,*ri/4 ,9 ! left-h& corn] ( ! composition kneels ! ,donor1 we>+ ! co/ume ( a ,provo/ ( ! ,company ( ! ,holy ,blood2 on ! "r kneels ! ,female ,donor4 ,gue/s & s]vants v>i\sly dispos$ complete ! picture4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 #c ft4 #b 94 #d ft4 #b 94 7#jif #abh47 ,,! ,,antw]p ,,s*ool ,qu5t9 ,matsys1 ! pa9t] ( ,! ,bank] & 8 ,wife 7,no4 #bjbi1 ,plate ,,xix471 ( :i* num]\s replicas & v>iants are kn[n1 "s probably f ! h& ( 8 pupil ,m>9us van ,roym]swaele1 /ill owes 8 tra9+ to ! primitives ( 8 race1 b h]alds ! new era :i* 0 to culm9ate 9 ! art ( ,rub5s1 by pass+ f ! e>li] m9ute precision ( detail to a c]ta9 bread? ( /yle & boldness ( bru%work1 necessitat$ p>tly by ! l>g] scale adopt$ = 8 figures4 ,nei!r ,! ,savi\r ,bless+ 7,no4 #bjcj7 nor ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild 7,no4 #bjcj;,a71 bo? ( :i* are catalogu$ "u 8 "n1 c be accept$ z au!ntic2 b ! int]e/+ g5re gr\p ( ,! ,bank] & 8 ,wife is n only fully sign$ & dat$ ,,qv5t9 ,,matsys1 ,,s*ild]1 #aead1 b is unmi/akably ! "w ( 8 bru%1 al?\gh ! woman's face & h&s appe> to h be5 badly repa9t$4 ,x 0 b\ght 9 #ahjf at ! l[ price ( #gb4 ,! be/ v]sion ( ! same subject is ! "o 9 ! ,sigm>+5 ,gall]y4 ,by ,qu5t9 ,matsys is also1 probably1 ! ,piet 7,no4 #bbjc71 :i* is catalogu$ (ficially z 8,flemi% ,x,v,ith ,c5tury40 ,qu5t9's son ,jan1 :o foll[$ 8 fa!r's tradition & a*iev$ consid]able di/9ction1 is ! pa9t] ( ! hide\s ,david & ,ba?%eba 7,no4 #bjcj;,b71 :i* be>s ! inscription #aefb4 ,,ioanes ,,massiis ,,p+ebat4 ,next 9 importance among ! ,antw]p ma/]s is ,jan ,goss>t 7c4 #adgj-aecc871 bett] kn[n z ,mabuse1 f ! "n ( 8 native t[n ,maubeuge 9 ! ,ha9ault4 ,9 8 e>ly "w he foll[$ ! tradition ( ! great ma/]s ( 8 own c\ntry1 b a j\rney to ,italy 9 #aejh made him *ange 8 mann]1 & l$ him to adopt1 toge!r ) ! amplitude ( ,italian design1 a c]ta9 floridness :i* comp>es unfav\rably ) ! hone/ realism ( 8 precursors & :i* l$ to ! rapid decad5ce ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,9 ! magnific5t portrait ( ,jean ,c>ondelet1 ,p]petual ,*ancellor ( ,fl&]s 7,no4 #aiig1 ,plate ,,xx471 al?\gh x 0 pa9t$ z late z #aeag1 he is /ill fai?ful to ! great tradition ( 8 c\ntry = hone/1 /raight=w>d1 %rewdly obs]v$1 & delicately wr\ght portraiture4 ,an inscription on ! top ( ! ar*$ gilt frame reads3 ,,repr,,s5tacion ,,de ,,messire ,,jehan ,,c>ondelet1 ,,havlt ,,doy5 ,,de ,,besan,,on1 ,,en ,,son ,,eage ,,de #dh1 &1 bel[1 8,,fait ,l',,an #aeag40 ,9 a ni*e beh9d ! panel are ! lett]s 8,i ,c0 entw9$ ) /r+s1 & ! motto 8,,matvra40 ,! portrait 01 !re=e1 obvi\sly pa9t$ j be=e ,c>ondelet accompani$ ,*>les ,v4 to ,spa9 9 #aeag4 ,?is portrait panel1 toge!r ) ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild 7,no4 #aiih71 :i* be>s on ! frame ! inscription ,,m$iatrix ,,no/ra ,,qve ,,e/ ,,po/ ,,devm ,,spes ,,sola ,,tvo ,,filio ,,me ,,repres5ta1 & ! signature 8,,johannes ,,melbodie ,,p+ebat10 =m$ a dipty* :i* 0 b\ght 9 #ahdg f a ,val5ci5nes ar*itect = ! ridicul\s price ( #dj6 ,a lat] portrait ( ,c>ondelet by ,mabuse1 dat$ #aeca1 appe>$ 9 #aijg at ,*ri/ie's "u ! "n ( ,c4 ,amb]g]1 & realis$ ! price ( #chhe4 ,ano!r portrait ( ,c>ondelet1 by ,b4 van ,orley1 is 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y1 :]e x is (ficially ascrib$ to ,qu5t9 ,matsys1 :o is probably ! pa9t] ( yet ano!r portrait ( ! ,*ancellor :i* 0 rec5tly 9 ! ,du*tel collection 9 ,p>is4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,b5$ict9e 7,no4 #aiii7 be>s ! date #aebf & ! signature ,,joanne ,,malbold ,,p+e4 ,! decl9e ( ! ,antw]p s*ool ?r\gh ! introduction ( ,italian mann]isms is illu/rat$ 9 ,"y ,tobias re/or+ ,sight to 8 ,fa!r 7,no4 #bjja71 a fully sign$ late picture by ,jan van ,hemess51 :o fl\ri%$ 9 t city t[>ds ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 9 ^: art ! la/ traces ( ! great national tradition disappe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4--,,qu5t9 ,,matsys 7#adff8-aecj7 ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,no4 #bjbi4--,,! ,,bank] ,,& ,,8 ,,wife 7,le ,banqui] et sa femme7 ,on ! f> side ( a table cov]$ ) a gre5 clo? & /rewn ) v>i\s objects1 :i* include a cry/al cup & a circul> mirror1 are seat$ ! bank]1 we>+ a d>k blue robe edg$ ) fur1 & 8 wife :o is turn+ ov] ! leaves ( an illum9at$ book ( h\rs4 ,at ! back are %elves1 on :i* are display$ books & _m decorative objects4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 ,sign$ on a roll ( pap] 9 ! backgr\nd3--8,,qu5t9 ,,matsys1 ,,s*ild]1 #aead40 #b ft4 #e 94 #a ft4 #aa 94 7#j4gd #j4fj47 ,,b>5d ,,van ,,orley ,( ! s*ool t fl\ri%$ 9 ,brussels be=e ,italianism appe>$ 9 ! p]son ( ,b>5d van ,orley 7c4 #adie-aedb71 ! only "n t has come d[n to po/]ity is t ( ,rogi] van d] ,weyd5's foll[]1 ,col9 de ,cot]1 ?anks to ! cle> inscription ,col9 de ,cot] p9xit me 9 ,brabancia ,bruxelle on ! hem ( ! dress ( ! kneel+ ,magdal5 9 ,! ,holy ,wom5 7,no4 #aieb;,b71 :i*1 ) ,! ,tr9ity 7,no4 #aieb;,a7 & ano!r lo/ panel1 probably orig9ally =m$ a tripty*4 ,! sign$ w+ 0 pres5t$ to ! ,gall]y 9 #aijc2 :il/ ! ,tr9ity c5tre-piece 0 b\ght two ye>s lat] f ! ,abb ,t\ssa9t at ,/4 ,om] = #abj4 ,l ,mabuse1 ,b>5d van ,orley1 aft] %[+ 9 8 e>ly "w cle> traces ( 8 desc5t f ! ,flemi% primitives1 drank deeply at ! f\nta9 ( ,italian art4 ,he 0 pr(\ndly impress$ by ,raphael1 f :om he endeav\r$1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( success1 to le>n ! noble fl[ ( drap]y & ! h>moni\s disposition ( ! design4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he sacrific$ ! lu/r\s ri*ness ( ,e>ly ,flemi% col\r & became addict$ to dull grey %ad[s & p9ki% lights4 ,8 ,holy ,family 7,no4 #bjfg;,a7 does n rank ) 8 f9e/ works1 ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t at ,antw]p & ! ,holy ,family at ,liv]pool4 ,! ar*itectural sett+1 ) a /atue ( ,neptune 9 a squ>e 9 ! backgr\nd1 indicates ! adv5t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! picture 0 b\ght at ! ,otlet sale 9 ,brussels1 9 #aijb1 = #edj4 ,) ,b>5d van ,orley closes ! *apt] ( ! ,e>ly ,flemi% s*ool4 ,inde$1 he 0 r ! fir/ ( ! new era ?an ! la/ ( ! primitives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4--,,jan ,,mabuse 7#adgj8-aecc87 ,,e>ly ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,no4 #aiig4--,,portrait ,,( ,,jean ,,c>ondelet1 ,,p]petual ,,*ancellor ,,( ,,fl&]s 7,portrait de ,jean ,c>ondelet1 *anceli] p]ptuel de ,fl&re 7#adfi-aedd77 ,he is b>e-head$ & we>s a blue robe2 he is turn$ ?ree-qu>t]s to ! "r2 8 h&s are fold$ 9 pray]4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 ,inscrib$ on ! frame3--8,,repr,,s5tacion ,,de ,,messire ,,jehan ,,c>ondelet1 ,,havlt ,,doy5 ,,de ,,besan,,on1 ,,en ,,son ,,eage ,,de #dh10 &1 bel[1 8,,fait ,l',,an #aeag40 #a ft4 #e 94 #aj 94 7#jdc #jbg47 ,,! ,,late ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,! p]iod ( ! great /ruggle ( ! ,ne!rl&s = religi\s & political indep5d5ce f ! yoke ( ,spa9 & ! ,inquisition 0 n propiti\s = ! fo/]+ ( ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,n only did ! tr\bl$ prov9ces1 z 0 q natural1 slack5 9 arti/ic production1 b a va/ portion ( ! treasures own$ by *ur*es & mona/ic e/abli%m5ts 7 de/roy$ by ! fanaticism ( ,prote/ant iconocla/s4 ,! sep>ation ( ! ,prote/ant ,nor? f ! ,ca?olic ,s\? by ! ,utre*t ,union 9 #aegi became 9 a way ! det]m9+ factor = ! future c\rse ( pa9t+ 9 ,holl& & 9 ! ,belgic prov9ces4 ,! ,dut*m5 practically _h no fur!r use = religi\s pa9t+1 & devot$ !mselves m exclusively to ! dome/ic g5re1 portraiture1 & l&scape2 :il/ ! ,flem+s appli$ !mselves l>gely to infus+ new vitality into ! repres5tation ( ,scriptural *>act]s & incid5ts :i*1 ?r\gh con/ant me*anical repetition1 _h become m]e allegorical hi]oglyphics1 or g5]alis$ ideas )\t ! all-important s5se ( pulsat+ life4 ,?is reg5]ation 0 ! great de$ ( ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s 7#aegg-afdj71 :o1 :il/ /ill b5efit+ f ! example ( ! great ,italians1 rema9$ ! v embodim5t ( ,flemi% "* & ?\ght1 & became ! f\nd] ( ! second important p]iod ( ,flemi% national art4 ,he 0 a man ( exub]ant vitality & b\ndless en]gy1 end[$ ) a creative =ce unequall$ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( art4 ,he mu/ rank = all "t among ! v giants ( ! bru%1 ) ,rembr&t1 ,titian1 & ,velazquez1 8 contribution to ! progress 9 pictorial art be+ ! use ( pigm5t & sweep+ bru%work z a con/ructive elem5t--an advance z significant z ! ,v5etians' admission ( light into ! pictorial s*eme1 :i* ) ! ,flor5t9es 0 bas$ entirely on l9e> design4 ,,piet] ,,brueghel ,b be=e consid]+ ! magnific5t array ( close on fifty au!ntic works by ! ma/] :i* =m "p ( ! ,fr5* national collection1 ref]5ce w h to be made to a few ,flemi% arti/s ( ! s+ul>ly b>r5 decades t prec$e ! adv5t ( ,rub5s4 ,fir/ & =emo/ among ^! is ,piet] ,brueghel 7or ,breughel7 ! ,eld] 7#aecj-aefi71 :o 0 born at ,br$a 9 #aecj1 became a pupil ( ,piet] ,koeck1 & di$ at ,brussels 9 #aefi4 ,9 spite ( 8 e>ly travels 9 ,italy--:i* 7 !n already consid]$ indisp5sable = ! completion ( an arti/'s tra9+--he rema9$ unaffect$ by ! all-p]vad+ ,italian influ5ce4 ,he 0 pure ,flemi% 9 ?\ght & expression1 & devot$ himself to ! reali/ic pa9t+ ( peasant life4 ,c]ta9 reali/ic features :i* make 8 pictures sometimes appe> obsc5e & co>se to mod]n eyes are m]ely an expression ( ! hum\r ( 8 age4 ,! exquisite little pa9t+1 ,! ,begg>s 7,no4 #aiag71 :i* is fully sign$ ,,pet] ,,brueghel1 ,m ,d ,l ,,viii1 is probably "s satirical political allusion to ! revolution>y p>ty :o call$ !mselves ! ,gueux 7begg>s74 ,a simil> political significance is probably ! int5tion ( ,! ,p>able ( ! ,bl9d 7,no4 #aiag;,a74 ,! s+le file ( bl9d m5 foll[+ _! bl9d lead]s into a riv] is meant to satirise ! moral bl9dness ( ! arti/'s compatriots foll[+ _! political lead]s into disa/]4 ,?is excell5t v]sion ( ,brueghel's fam\s ma/]piece at ,naples 0 b\ght at ! ,leys sale at ,antw]p1 9 #ahid1 = #gbd4 ,! type ( picture to :i* ! eld] ,brueghel owes 8 sobriquet 8,peasant ,brueghel0 is exemplifi$ at ! ,l\vre by two little panels1 ,a ,village 7,no4 #aiah7 & ,peasants ,danc+ 7,no4 #aiah;,a71 :i* c1 h[ev]1 only be accept$ z s*ool pictures4 ,,jan ,,brueghel ,( ,brueghel's two sons1 ,piet] ! y\ng]1 kn[n z 8,hell0 ,brueghel1 is n repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 boa/s possession ( eight examples f ! bru% ( 8,peasant0 ,brueghel's second son1 ,jan 7#aefh-afbe71 kn[n to fame z 8,velvet0 ,brueghel1 ei!r ow+ to 8 love ( spl5did app>el or to ! velvety s(tness ( 8 bru%4 ,he began z a /ill-life & fl[] pa9t]1 9 :i* capacity he (t5 collaborat$ ) ,rub5s4 ,hav+ j\rney$ to ,rome 9 #aeic1 he devot$ himself m exclusively to l&scape enliv5$ ) _m small figures1 = :i* "s ,scriptural or my?ological subject g5]ally provid$ ! excuse4 ,:]e 8 pictures conta9 figures on a l>g] scale1 !y are g5]ally put 9 by ,rub5s1 ,rott5hamm]1 or ,van ,bal54 ,! la/-nam$ is c]ta9ly responsible = ! figures 9 ,air 7,no4 #aibj71 "o ( a s]ies ( ! ,f\r ,elem5ts1 pa9t$ by ,jan ,brueghel = 8 ,roman patron1 ,c>d9al ,f$]igo ,borromeo1 9 #afba4 ,to ! same s]ies belongs ,e>?1 or ,! ,e>?ly ,p>adise 7,no4 #aiai71 a subject (t5 repeat$ by him1 z = in/ance 9 ! v]sions at ,! ,hague & at ,budape/4 ,( 8 o!r pictures at ! ,l\vre ,! ,bridge ( ,talav]a 7,no4 #aibe71 & ! ,l&scape 7,no4 #aibf71 are sign$ & dat$ ,,brueghel1 #afai1 & ,j4 ,,brueghel1 #afbj1 respectively4 ,! ,battle ( ,arbela 7,no4 #aiba7 is a *>act]i/ic "w ) _m m9utely wr\ght figures4 ,! ,l&scapes 7,nos4 #aibc & #aibd7 are ( d\btful au!nticity1 & 7 =m]ly attribut$ to ,paul ,bril4 ,!y are n n[ exhibit$4 ,!re are sc>cely any ,flemi% *>act]i/ics 9 ! art ( ,paul ,bril 7#aeef-afbf71 ! y\ng] bro!r & pupil ( ,mat?ias ,bril4 ,he 0 born at ,antw]p1 b work$ ne>ly all 8 life 9 ,rome4 ,!re is little to di/+ui% ?is precursor ( ,p\ss9 9 ! art ( l&scape f 8 ,italian contempor>ies4 ,9 ,duck ,%oot+ 7,no4 #aijh71 ,diana & h] ,nymphs 7,no4 #aiji71 & ,pan & ,syr9x 7,no4 #aiaa7 ! figures are believ$ to h be5 pa9t$ 9 by ,annibale ,c>racci4 ,! ,fi%]m5 7,no4 #aiaj7 be>s 8 signature ,,pa4 ,,brilli1 & ! date #afbd4 ,,! ,,franck ,,family ,al?\gh ! ,l\vre owns no picture by ,frans ,floris1 ! head ( ! ,italianis+ mid-sixte5?-c5tury ,antw]p s*ool1 8 un9t]e/+ /yle may be /udi$ 9 ,! ,/ory ( ,e/h] 7,no4 #aihi7 by 8 pupil ,frans ,franck 7#aedb-afaf74 ,to t second-rate arti/'s son1 ,frans ,franck ! ,y\ng] 7#aeha-afdb71 :o already b5efit$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! example ( ,rub5s1 is giv5 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue ,ulysses recognis+ ,a*illes among ! ,daught]s ( ,lycom$es 7,no4 #aiia;,a74 ,! ,p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son 7,no4 #aiij71 :i* is also catalogu$ "u 8 "n1 is obvi\sly by 8 son ,frans ,franck ,,iii41 s9ce ! date #affc prec$es ! signature1 & ,f4 ,franck ! y\ng] di$ 9 #afdb4 ,frans ,p\rbus ! ,y\ng] 7#aefi-afbb7 0 born at ,antw]p1 b sp5t ! lat] "p ( 8 life 9 ,p>is1 :]e1 l 8 fa!r1 he enjoy$ consid]able reputation z a portrait pa9t]4 ,he _h previ\sly be5 work+ at ! ,mantuan ,c\rt1 & became pa9t] to ,m>ie de ,mdicis aft] #afji4 ,al?\gh he occasionally produc$ alt>pieces l ! r un9spir$ ,la/ ,supp] 7,no4 #bjfh7 & ,/4 ,francis receiv+ ! ,/igmata 7,no4 #bjfi71 he 0 ess5tially a portrait pa9t]4 ,9 ?is capacity he belongs r to ! age t 0 com+ to a close ?an to ! new era initiat$ by ,rub5s4 ,8 portraits are q s\ndly pa9t$1 ri* 9 col\r1 & conv9c+ z lik5esses1 b lack dep? ( "* & suavity ( t\*4 ,by f> 8 be/ pictures at ! ,l\vre are ! ,portrait ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 7,no4 #bjga7 & ! l>ge ,portrait ( ,m>ie de ,mdicis 7,no4 #bjgb71 9 :i* ! details ( ! co/ume are p>ticul>ly notewor?y4 ,less important is ano!r ,portrait ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 7,no4 #bjgj71 & "o ( ,guillaume du ,vair 7,no4 #bjgd74 ,octavius van ,ve51 or ,otto ,v5ius 7#aeeh-afbi71 ! pa9t] ( ,! ,arti/ & 8 ,family 7,no4 #baia71 owes 8 fame m to ! fact t he 0 "o ( ! ?ree ma/]s "u :om ,rub5s /udi$ ?an to any intr9sic m]it ( 8 art4 ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s ,! ,l\vre owes its almo/ unequall$ weal? 9 pa9t+s by ,rub5s to ! ma/]'s relations ) ,m>ie de ,mdicis & h] ,c\rt2 & to ?is reason is due ! fact t by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! fifty-"o au!ntic works :olly or p>tly f 8 bru%1 :i* n[ =m "p ( ?is great collection1 date approximately f1 or imm$iately be=e & aft]1 ! "t dur+ :i* he 0 busy ) ! fam\s s]ies pa9t$ by ord] ( t que5 = ! decoration ( ! ,luxemb\rg ,palace1 & n[ to be se5 9 a sett+ appropriate to _! florid sumptu\sness 9 ! new ,rub5s ,gall]y at ! ,l\vre4 ,ev5 s1 ! collection comprises examples ( e phase ( ! ma/]'s colossal activity--religi\s & hi/orical compositions1 allegorical pa9t+s1 l&scapes1 portraits1 /ill life1 & ev5 g5re-pieces1 l ! ,k]messe 7,no4 #baae71 9 :i* he successfully competes ) ,t5i]s on a gr\nd peculi>ly 8 own4 ,born at ,sieg5 9 #aegg1 ,rub5s receiv$ 8 arti/ic education at ,antw]p f ,tobias ,v]hae*t1 a l&scape pa9t]1 ,adam van ,noort1 & ,o4 van ,ve54 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree he w5t to ,italy & ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,v9c5zo ,gonzaga ( ,mantua1 /udy+ 9 _! own c\ntry ! works ( ! great ,italian ma/]s1 & especially ! ,v5etians1 f ^: glori\s col\r he d]iv$ m b5efit ?an f 8 e>ly tra9+4 ,) ! exception ( a j\rney to ! ,c\rt ( ,philip ,,iii4 at ,madrid1 :]e he 0 s5t on a mission by ! ,duke ( ,mantua 9 #afjc1 ,rub5s sp5t ! eight ye>s f #afjj to #afjh 9 ! v>i\s ,italian c5tres1 & especially 9 ,rome1 :]e he pa9t$1 ab\t #afjf1 ! little ,l&scape ) ,ru9s 7,no4 #baai71 :i* is ( int]e/ n only z %[+ to :at degree he 0 at t "t influ5c$ by ! ,roman s*ool1 & by ! ,c>racci1 b also z be+ ! v fir/ l&scape kn[n to h be5 produc$ by him4 ,! same view ( ! ,palat9e ,hill is to be recognis$ 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! ,f\r ,philosoph]s at ! ,pitti ,palace1 & 9 ! portrait ( ,wov]ius 9 ! ,ar5b]g collection4 ,( ab\t ! same "t1 ?\gh ! figures w\ld appe> to h be5 add$ at a consid]ably lat] date1 is ! ,l&scape ) a ,ra9b[ 7,no4 #baah74 ,,rub5s ,,at ,,antw]p ,hav+ return$ to ,antw]p 9 #afjh1 & m>ri$ 8 fir/ wife1 ,isabella ,brant1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,rub5s1 :o 0 n[ made ,c\rt pa9t] to ,ar*duke ,albre*t1 ent]$ ^u a p]iod ( /up5d\s arti/ic activity1 :i* ext5d$ to ab\t #afba1 :5 he began to divide 8 "t betwe5 art & diplomatic missions1 &1 hav+ previ\sly organis$ a va/ /udio ) an army ( assi/ants1 (t5 left ! execution ( 8 brilliant sket* designs to less capable h&s4 ,?is e>ly ,antw]p p]iod is n p>ticul>ly well repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre1 al?\gh ! collection includes ,! ,virg9 surr\nd$ by ! ,holy ,innoc5ts 7,no4 #bjgh7-- a ,virg9 ( *>act]i/ic ,flemi% co>s5ess & fulness ( =m1 9 ! mid/ ( a d5se sw>m ( delici\s1 plump1 dimpl$1 w+less angel-*ildr51 ^: rosy baby-fle% is pa9t$ ) inimitable ma/]y4 ,! picture 0 pa9t$ ab\t #afae1 six ye>s be=e ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild )9 a ,g>l& ( ,fl[]s 7,no4 #bjgi71 execut$ 9 #afba = ,c>d9al ,f$]igo ,borromeo4 ,! ta/eless floral wrea? 9 ?is picture1 z 9 ! simil> v]sions at ,muni* & ,new ,york1 is f ! bru% ( ,jan ,brueghel4 ,to ab\t ! ye> #afae belongs also ! ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 ) ! ,virg91 ! ,magdal5 & ,/4 ,john 7,no4 #bjhb71 :i* c1 h[ev]1 h>dly be entirely f ! ma/]'s own h&4 ,! mass ( unbrok5 v]milion 9 ! robe ( ,/4 ,john is "o ( ,rub5s's fav\rite devices at t p]iod4 ,! ,resurrection ( ,laz>us 7,no4 #bjha7 is ! orig9al sket* = ! ,b]l9 picture4 ,9 #afbj1 :5 ,rub5s und]took to pa9t a s]ies ( ?irty-n9e ,miracles ( ,,ss4 ,ignatius ,loyola & ,franois ,xavi] = ! ceil+ ( ! ,jesuit ,*ur* at ,antw]p1 ! bus9ess-l organisation ( 8 /udio 0 an ackn[l$g$ fact1 z may be ga!r$ f ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t :i* /ipulat$ t ! ma/] himself %\ld provide ! designs1 ?\gh ! execution 0 to be entru/$ to 8 mo/ compet5t assi/ants4 ,! actual pa9t+s 7 de/roy$ by fire 9 #agah1 b ( ! orig9al sket*es sev5te5 h be5 pres]v$1 & are n[ di/ribut$ betwe5 ! ,l\vre1 ! ,vi5na ,academy1 ! ,museums ( ,go?a & ,brussels1 & ! ,dulwi* ,gall]y4 ,! f\r 9 ! ,la ,caze collection at ! ,l\vre are ,abraham's ,sacrifice 7,no4 #babj71 ,abraham & ,mel*is$ek 7,no4 #baba71 ,! ,elevation ( ! ,cross 7,no4 #babb71 & ,! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #babc74 ,! :ole s]ies1 b especially ! fir/ two ( ^!1 is rem>kable = ! boldness ( ! =e%ort5+1 calculat$ = ! position ( ! panels on ! ceil+1 & = ! swift bravura & inimitable expressiv5ess ( ! bru%work4 ,to ! same p]iod belongs ,philopm5 recognis$ by an ,old ,woman 7,no4 #babd71 :i* is ess5tially a brilliant /ill-life /udy = a lo/ picture4 ,,! ,m,,dicis ,,s]ies ,we come n[ to ! s]ies ( tw5ty-"o l>ge allegorical pa9t+s1 design$ by ,rub5s & execut$ mo/ly by 8 pupils1 f #afba to #afbe1 = ! decoration ( ! ,luxemb\rg ,palace = ,m>ie de ,mdicis1 ^: by no means inspir+ c>e] _h to furni% ! subjects = ! s]ies4 ,x 0 a ?ankless task :i* c\ld only be accompli%$ by a t\r de =ce--by remov+ ! ev5ts ( ! que5's life f actuality into ! sph]e ( my?ology & allegory4 ,t ! /range m+l+ ( ! real & ! ideal %\ld sometimes v]ge on ! grotesque 0 almo/ inevitable--z inevitable z t ! "w ( 8 assi/ants %\ld h fail$ to d full ju/ice to ! ma/]'s conception1 ev5 if x 0 8pull$ toge!r0 by ! easily recognisable t\*es add$ by ,rub5s to ! f9i%$ panels4 ,! florid exub]ance ( design & col\r 0 entirely 9 keep+ ) ! purpose & ! surr\nd+s = :i* ! pa9t+s 7 int5d$4 ,x is impossible "h to ent] into a full description ( ?is ext5sive s]ies1 or to def9e exactly ,rub5s's %>e 9 ea* ( ! elev5 pictures4 ,we mu/ conf9e ourselves to ! brief enum]ation ( ! subjects 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are n[ to be se5 9 ! new ,rub5s ,gall]y4 ,! s]ies beg9s ) ,! ,fates sp9n+ ! ,de/9y ( ,m>ie de ,mdicis 7,no4 #bjhe74 ,!n foll[ ,! ,triumph ( ,tru? 7,no4 #baje72 ,h5ri ,,iv4 receiv+ ! ,portrait ( ,m>ie 7,no4 #bjhh72 ,! ,m>riage ( ,m>ie by ,procuration ) ,h5ri ,,iv4 7,no4 #bjhi72 ,m>ie l&+ at ,m>seilles1 ,nov4 #c1 #afjj 7,no4 #bjij72 ,! ,m>riage at ,lyons1 ,dec4 #aj1 #afjj 7,no4 #bjia72 ,! ,bir? ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 at ,fonta9ebleau1 ,sept4 #bg1 #afja 7,no4 #bjib72 ,h5ri ,,iv4 leaves = ! ,w> ) ,g]many & entru/s ! ,gov]nm5t to ! ,que5 7,no4 #bjic1 ,plate ,,xxi472 ,! ,coronation ( ! ,que5 7,no4 #bjid72 ,apo!osis ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 & ! ,que5's ,reg5cy 7,no4 #bjie72 ,! ,que5's ,j\rney to ,ponts-de-,c 7,no4 #bjig72 ,ex*ange ( ! ,two ,pr9cesses1 ,nov4 #i1 #afae 7,no4 #bjih72 ,! ,prosp]\s ,reg5cy 7,no4 #bjii72 ,! ,majority ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 7,no4 #bajj72 ,! ,que5's ,nocturnal ,flight f ,blois 7,no4 #baja72 ,! ,reconciliation ( ! ,que5 ) h] ,son 7,no4 #bajb72 ,! ,conclusion ( ,peace 7,no4 #bajc72 & ,m>ie's ,int]view ) h] ,son 7,no4 #bajd74 ,b ,! ,bir? ( ,m>ie de ,mdicis1 at ,flor5ce1 on ,april #bf1 #aege 7,no4 #bjhf72 ,! ,education ( ,m>ie by ,m9]va1 ,m]cury1 ,apollo1 & ! ,graces 7,no4 #bjhg72 & ,! ,gods 9 ,olympus protect+ ! ,que5's ,gov]nm5t 7,no4 #bjif71 :i* belong to ! same s]ies1 h be5 plac$ 9 ano!r room4 ,( ! fir/ & ! la/ pa9t+s ! ,l\vre owns ! orig9al sket* on "o panel1 by ,rub5s1 = ,! ,triumph ( ,tru? & ,! ,fates sp9n+ ! ,de/9y ( ,m>ie 7,no4 #baaj71 ! o!r prelim9>y sket*es be+ at ! ,h]mitage & ! ,muni* ,gall]y4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t all ^! sket*es are design$ 9 a v light key1 almo/ 9 grisaille1 ) t\*es ( rose & o!r t5d] col\r notes1 s t app>5tly ,rub5s's assi/ants 7 all[$ great lib]ty 9 ! matt] ( col\r4 ,m,,dicis ,,portraits ,sev]al o!r pictures by ,rub5s at ! ,l\vre--all ( !m portraits--are m or less directly connect$ ) ! ,mdicis s]ies1 & 7 pa9t$ betwe5 #afba & #afbe4 ,^! are ! ,portrait ( ,anne ( ,au/ria 7,no4 #baab71 :i* 0 =m]ly kn[n z ,elizabe? ( ,b\rbon2 ! ,portrait ( ,francesco de' ,m$ici 7,no4 #bajf71 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 & fa!r ( ,m>ie de ,mdicis1 :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y2 ! ,portrait ( ,johanna ( ,au/ria 7,no4 #bajg71 daught] ( ! ,emp]or ,f]d9&1 & wife ( ,francesco de' ,m$ici2 ! ,portraits ( ,m>ie de ,mdicis 7,nos4 #bajh & #baji7 7! =m] 9 ! "* ( ,bellona1 & bo? /udio works ) ! f9al t\*es add$ by ! ma/]72 & ! ,portrait ( ,b>on ,h5ri de ,vicq 7,no4 #baaa71 :o1 z ,flemi% ,ambassador to ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 0 in/rum5tal 9 procur+ ,rub5s ! important commission = ! ,luxemb\rg pictures4 ,?is admirable portrait 0 b\ght at ! ,k+ ( ,holl&'s sale 9 #ahej = #fcg4 ,to ! same p]iod belongs ! beautiful ,portrait ( ,susanne ,f\rm5t 7,rub5s's h&some1 l>ge-ey$ si/]-9-law1 ^: features are be/ kn[n f ! ,*apeau de ,paille at ! ,national ,gall]y71 :i* is /ill (ficially catalogu$ z ,portrait ( a ,lady ( ! ,boon5 ,family 7,no4 #baad72 & ! important composition ,lot's ,flight f ,sodom 7,no4 #bjge71 :i* be>s ! r>e full signature & date ,,pe4-,,pa4-,,rub5s ,,fe1 ,a #afbe1 to prove ! ma/]'s satisfaction ) 8 own h&iwork4 ,x is a design ( c>efully /udi$ rhy?m1 dramatic expressiv5ess1 & subtly h>monis$ col\r1 c>ri$ out ) ! swift sur5ess ( 8 lat] "w4 ,9 #afbg1 a ye> be=e 8 mission to ,spa9 on behalf ( ! ,infanta ,isabella1 wid[ ( ! ,ar*duke ,albre*t1 ,rub5s design$ = 8 patroness an important s]ies ( tape/ries1 :i* 71 z 0 8 wont at t p]iod1 sket*$ out by him1 execut$ by 8 assi/ants1 & t\*$ up by 8 own h&4 ,! tape/ries 7 subsequ5tly pres5t$ by ! ,infanta to a conv5t at ,madrid2 "s ( ! pa9t+s = !m p]i%$ by fire1 o!rs 7 pres]v$ at ! ,conv5t ( ,loe*es1 ne> ,madrid4 ,two ( ^!1 ,! ,prophet ,elijah 9 ! ,des]t 7,no4 #bjgf7 & ,! ,triumph ( ,religion 7,no4 #bjhc71 7 "p ( ,g5]al ,seba/iani's loot f ,spa91 & 7 b\ght by ! ,l\vre = #bdjj2 :il/ f\r o!rs1 n[ at ,grosv5or ,h\se1 7 b\ght by ! ,m>quis ( ,we/m9/] = #aj1ejj4 ,( ab\t ! same date is ! brilliant ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,no4 #bjgg71 ) its ,titianesque s*eme ( /rong r$1 blue1 & gold5 yell[1 ( :i* a replica is 9 an ,iri% private collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4--,,sir ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s 7#aegg-afdj7 ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,no4 #bjic4--;,,h5ri ,,iv4 ,,leaves ,,= ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,g]many1 ,,& ,,entru/s ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,to ,,! ,,que5 7,h5ri ,,iv4 "p p\r la gu]re d',allemagne et confie la re9e le g\v]nem5t du royaume1 #afaj7 ,! ,k+1 att5d$ by w>riors & hold+ ! bann] ( ,france1 prep>es to leave ! c\ntry to make w> aga9/ ,g]many2 he h&s ! ,globe1 ! emblem ( ,/ate1 to ,m>ie de ,mdicis2 ! ,que5 gives h] h& to ! little ,dauph91 :o lat] became ,k+ "u ! title ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #ab ft4 #aa 94 #aa ft4 #d 94 7#cid #bie47 ,,late ,,works ,,by ,,rub5s ,! clos+ decade ( ,rub5s's life is repres5t$ by five pictures ( consid]able importance4 ,( ,que5 ,tomyris ) ! ,head ( ,cyrus 7,no4 #bjhd7 !re is an e>li]1 l>ge1 & des]v$ly fam\s v]sion 9 ,"l ,d>nley's collection2 b ! ,l\vre picture exce$s x 9 beauty ( design & 9 unity ( col\r4 ,x 0 pa9t$ ab\t ! same "t 7cca4 #afcb7 z ,religion cr[n$ by a ,g5ius 7,no4 #babf71 "o ( ! sket*es = ! ceil+ at ,:itehall4 ,( peculi> int]e/1 ow+ to its unf9i%$ /ate :i* reveals ! ma/]'s me?od ( portraiture1 is ! sup]b portrait gr\p ( ,hlne ,f\rm5t1 ! ,arti/'s ,second ,wife1 & ,two ( h] ,*ildr5 7,no4 #baac1 ,plate ,,xxii474 ,only ! heads1 :i* are rem>kable = an int5sity ( expression t is r>ely to be f\nd 9 ,rub5s's pa9t+s1 are f9i%$4 ,all ! re/ is loosely & ?9ly sket*$ 9 sepia height5$ ) swift t\*es ( bright] col\r4 ,x 0 pa9t$ ab\t #afcf1 :i* is also ! approximate date ( ,a ,flemi% ,k]messe 7,no4 #baae71 an almo/ unique in/ance ( ! ma/] apply+ ! exub]ant en]gy ( 8 magic bru% to a subject 9 :i* ! expression ( int5se vitality & full-blood$ s5su\sness assumes ! aspect almo/ ( be/iality--:i*1 h[ev]1 9 no way detracts f ! arti/ic value ( ! pa9t+4 ,to turn f ?is to ,a ,j\/ by ! ,moat ( a ,ca/le 7,no4 #baaf7 is to pass f co>se realism to pure romanticism1 inspir$ probably by ! associations ( ! picturesque ,ca/le ( ,/e51 :i* ,rub5s _h b\ght 9 #afce1 & :i* =ms ! sett+ = ?is sc5e ( knightly pr[ess4 ,?is1 & ! m>vell\s & /rangely mod]n little ,l&scape 7,no4 #baag71 9 :i* ! morn+ sun is se5 ris+ f ! autumnal mi/1 belong to ! clos+ ye>s ( ,rub5s's life4 ,he di$ at ,antw]p on ,may #bj1 #afdj4 ,,an?ony ,,van ,,dyck ,born at ,antw]p 9 #aeii1 ,an?ony van ,dyck 7#aeii-afda71 aft] hav+ work$ a few ye>s "u ,h5drick van ,bal51 ent]$ ,rub5s's /udio 9 #afae1 & soon became s conv]sant ) ! me?od ( 8 fam\s ma/]1 t he 0 at an e>ly age entru/$ ) ! execution ( important designs4 ,be=e he _h rea*$ 8 tw5tie? ye> he 0 a memb] ( ! ,guild ( ,/4 ,luke1 & _h acquir$ a reputation second only to t ( ,rub5s himself4 ,! ,portraits ( ,jean ,grusset ,ri*>dot1 ,presid5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s ,c\ncil1 & 8 ,son 7,no4 #aihe71 :i* 0 b\ght 9 #aghd = #af1jja livres1 s closely resembles ! "w ( ,rub5s1 especially 9 ! brilliant fle%-pa9t+1 t ! picture--a po/hum\s portrait1 by ! way--= a long "t pass$ "u ! eld] ma/]'s "n1 al?\gh x is n[ admitt$ by ! be/ au?orities to be an e>ly picture by ,van ,dyck4 ,van ,dyck paid a %ort visit to ,engl& 9 #afbj4 ,he w5t to ,italy 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 /udy+ ! works ( ! great ma/]s1 & especially ( ,titian1 & f9ally settl+ 9 ,g5oa1 :]e he rema9$ until 8 return to ,antw]p 9 #afbh4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he devot$ himself almo/ exclusively to portraiture1 9 :i* he endeav\r$ successfully to emulate ! gold5 w>m? ( col\r :i* _h drawn him t[>ds ,titian4 ,un=tunately ?is1 to "s ! mo/ attractive1 phase ( ,van ,dyck's art is b indiff]5tly %[n at ! ,l\vre1 ! only example be+ a ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #aigf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4--,,sir ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s 7#aegg-afdj7 ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,no4 #baac4--,,portrait ,,( ,h,l,,ne ,,f\rm5t1 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,second ,,wife1 ,,& ,,two ,,( ,,h] ,,*ildr5 7,portrait d',hlne ,f\rm5t1 seconde femme de ,rub5s1 et de ses enfants7 ,! arti/'s second wife1 we>+ a felt hat trimm$ ) fea!rs1 is seat$ 9 an arm-*air1 & turn$ ?ree-qu>t]s to ! left2 on h] lap is h] little son1 ,franois2 on ! left h] daught]1 ,claire-,jeanne1 dress$ 9 br[n1 plays ) h] :ite p9a=e4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 ,! picture is unf9i%$4 #e ft4 #h 94 #b ft4 #h 94 7#aac #jhb47 ,,van ,,dyck',s ,,second ,,antw]p ,,p]iod ,"s ( ! ma/]'s mo/ preci\s works at ! ,l\vre belong to 8 second ,antw]p p]iod1 :i* ext5d$ f 8 return f ,g5oa 9 #afbh to 8 dep>ture = ,engl& 9 #afcb4 ,x 0 probably !n t he pa9t$ ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) ! ,p5it5t ,s9n]s 7,no4 #aifa7 7,m>y ,magdal51 ,david1 & ! ,prodigal ,son71 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! ,v5etian col\ri/s is s cle>ly to be notic$4 ,inde$1 ! bosom ( ! female p5it5t is copi$ f ! nymph 9 ,titian's ,education ( ,cupid at ! ,borghese ,gall]y1 ( :i* !re is a draw+ 9 ! ,*atswor? ,sket*-book ) ! comm5t 9 ! arti/'s h&writ+1 8quel admirabil petto40 ,%ortly aft] 8 return f ,italy he also pa9t$ ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ) ,donors 7,no4 #aifb71 "o ( 8 greate/ ma/]pieces4 ,! ,madonna is ( a y\?ful1 pure type1 va/ly diff]5t f ! buxom ,flemi% wom5 s (t5 depict$ by 8 ma/] 9 sa9tly *>act]s4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! ,infant's body is z admirable z t ( ! kneel+ ,donors1 & a spiritual connection is e/abli%$ by ! action ( ! ,*ild & ! expression ( ! man t[>ds :om ,he is hold+ out ,8 h&4 ,! companion gr\ps ,a ,g5tleman & a ,*ild 7,no4 #aigc7 & ,a ,lady & h] ,daught] 7,no4 #aigd71 date f ab\t #afcj4 ,!y are full ( t ari/ocratic di/9ction :i* is ! hall-m>k ( ,van ,dyck's ,g5oese portraits1 & :i* 9 8 lat] ,engli% p]iod 0 apt to deg5]ate into effem9acy4 ,?is air ( di/9ction is also to be not$ 9 ! *ildr51 al?\gh !y are p]fectly natural 9 action & expression1 & h none ( t /iffness :i* makes s _m ( ! e>li] ma/]s' portraits ( *ildr5 look l und]gr[n m5 & wom54 ,! impos+ eque/rian portrait ( ,francisco d',aytona1 ,m>qus de ,moncada 7,no4 #aiga71 ,g5]alissimus ( ! ,spani% troops 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* 9 its g5]al disposition recalls ! portrait ( ,*>les ,i4 at ,w9dsor ,ca/le2 ! small /udy = x ( ! same sitt]'s head & %\ld]s 7,no4 #aigb72 & ! portrait ( ,! ,infanta ,isabella ,cl>a ,eug5ia1 ,reg5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7,no4 #aigj71 9 ! co/ume ( ! ,si/]s ( ,/4 ,cl>e1 :om %e _h jo9$ aft] ! dea? ( h] husb& ! ,ar*duke ,albre*t1 belong to ! same p]iod4 ,!n also 0 pa9t$ ! ,r9aldo 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,armida 7,no4 #aiff71 :i* is probably ! picture b\ght f ! arti/ at ,antw]p by ,endymion ,port]1 on behalf ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i41 9 ,m>* #afbi1 = ! price ( #gh4 8,,le ,,roi ,,la ,,*asse0 ,van ,dyck's mann] ( life 9 ,engl&1 z ! pett$ ,c\rt pa9t] ( ,*>les ,i41 & ! factory-l output ( 8 well-organis$ /udio at ,blackfri>s1 are too well kn[n to ne$ fur!r comm5t4 ,9 ju/ice to 8 fair fame x is necess>y to draw a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! innum]able replicas turn$ out by 8 assi/ants "u 8 guidance1 & su* magnific5t orig9al works f ! ma/]'s own bru% z ! glori\s ,portrait ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl& 7,no4 #aifg1 ,plate ,,xxiii471 kn[n z 8,le ,roi la ,*asse10 :i* is "o ( ! pr\de/ possessions ( ! ,fr5* national collection4 ,! k+ is se51 re/+ 8 glov$ h& on a /ick1 9 a glade1 ) ! sea 9 ! di/ance4 ,beh9d him are two att5dants & 8 :ite *>g] paw+ ! gr\nd 9 impati5t action4 ,! k+'s noble1 quiet dignity is su* z to dom9ate ! entire composition1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ! slighte/ h9t ( ! !atrical4 ,"h1 z 9 mo/ ( 8 ,engli% portraits1 ,van ,dyck has dep>t$ f ! gl[+ sumptu\sness ( 8 e>li] ,v5etian palette1 & arriv$ at a cool]1 mell[1 & m p]sonal h>mony ( decorative col\r4 ,z if consci\s ( ! sup]ior m]it ( ?is picture1 :i* is m ?an a m]e portrait ( ! k+1 & depicts ! v p]sonification ( royalty1 ! arti/1 :o 0 n 9 ! habit ( sign+ 8 pictures1 inscrib$ on a /one ! lett]+ ,,c>olus ,i ,,rex ,,magn ,,britanni ,,van ,,diick ,f4 ,pa9t$ = ! k+ 9 #afce = #ajj1 x pass$ ?r\gh _m h&s be=e x 0 b\ght by ,l\is ,,xv4 = ,mme du ,b>ry1 by :om x 0 c$$ 9 #agge to 8 successor = #bd1jjj livres4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4--,,sir ,,an?ony ,,van ,,dyck 7#aeii-afda7 ,,flemi% ,,s*ool ,no4 #aifg4--,,portrait ,,( ,,k+ ,,*>les ,i4 ,,( ,,engl& 7,portrait de ,*>les ,i1 roi d',anglet]re 7#afjj-afdi77 ,! ,k+1 we>+ a :ite sat9 coat1 r$ rid+-bree*es1 boots1 spurs1 & a l>ge felt hat1 /&s pr\dly =w>d t[>ds ! left ( ! composition2 8 "r h& re/s on 8 /ick1 8 left is plac$ on 8 hip4 ,! ,m>quess ( ,hamilton1 9 att5dance on ! ,k+1 grasps ! bridle ( ! *>g]2 9 ! l&scape backgr\nd is a page4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 ,sign$ on a /one 9 ! "r =egr\nd3-- 8,,c>olus ,i ,,rex ,,magn ,,britanni4 ,,van ,,diick ,f40 #h ft4 #aa 9 #g ft4 7#bgb #bab47 ,to ,van ,dyck's ,engli% p]iod1 :i* only t]m9at$ ) 8 dea? 9 #afda1 belong ! gr\p ( ,*>les ,l\is1 ,elector ,palat9e1 & ,rup]t1 ,pr9ce ( ,bav>ia 7,no4 #aifi71 & ! ,portrait ( ,james ,/u>t1 ,duke ( ,l5nox 7,no4 #aige7--n ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 z /at$ 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue--9 ! "* ( ,p>is4 ,ano!r twelve pictures are catalogu$ "u ,van ,dyck's "n1 b !y are ei!r ( m9or importance1 or1 l ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 ( ,*>les ,i4 7,no4 #aifh71 m]e /udio repetitions4 ,,frans ,,snyd]s ,! p[]ful p]sonality ( ,rub5s dom9at$ ! art ( ,fl&]s dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,8 direct or indirect influ5ce is traceable 9 ! art ( mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies & ( ! pa9t]s ( ! next g5]ation1 :o divid$ 8 arti/ic h]itage )\t atta9+ to 8 univ]sality4 ,?us 8 collaborator ,frans ,snyd]s 7#aegi-afeg71 aft] /udy+ "u 8,hell ,brueghel0 & ,h4 van ,bal51 acquir$ ! bravura ( 8 bru%work & 8 unrivall$ skill 9 depict+ animals 9 viol5t movem5t f ,rub5s1 9 ^: pictures ( ! *ase he frequ5tly pa9t$ ! animals1 :il/ he (t5 _h to seek ! assi/ance ( o!r pa9t]s = ! figures introduc$ into 8 own compositions4 ,among ! ?irte5 pictures f 8 bru% at ! ,l\vre 7,nos4 #bada-baec7 ! ,wild ,bo> ,hunt 7,no4 #badd7 s]ves be/ to illu/rate ,snyd]s's p[] to sugge/ ! furi\s onru% & wild excitem5t ( ! *ase4 ,8 skill z a /ill-life pa9t] may be judg$ f ! ma/]ly treatm5t ( ! wet glitt]+ fi% 9 ! l>ge ,fi% ,m]*ants 7,no4 #bade74 ,,jacob ,,jorda5s ,:atev] appe>s co>se 9 ! art ( ,rub5s is acc5tuat$ to ! po9t ( grossness 9 ! pa9t+s by 8 fell[-/ud5t "u ,van ,noort1 ,jacob ,jorda5s 7#aeic-afgh74 ,he is ! pa9t] ( ,le ,roi boit 7,no4 #bjad7 or ,! ,twelf? ,night ,fea/1 :i* is by no means ! be/ ( 8 _m v]sions ( 8 fav\rite subject4 ,he 0 a reali/ :o1 z may be se5 f ?is picture & f ! ,conc]t aft] a ,meal 7,no4 #bjae71 f\nd 8 mo/ cong5ial subjects 9 ! c>\sals ( ,flemi% m]rymak]s1 :i* he depict$ ) m ?an a t\* ( co>se hum\r4 ,t 8 temp]am5t & limitations deb>r$ him f a*iev+ success 9 ! high] flights ( art is cle>ly %[n by 8 l>ge b by no means noble canvas ,*ri/ driv+ ! ,moneyl5d]s f ! ,temple 7,no4 #bjaa74 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 firm grasp ( "* /ood him 9 good /ead 9 portraiture4 ,! s-call$ ,portrait ( ,admiral de ,ruyt] 7,no4 #bjaf71 :i* 0 b\ght 9 #ahbd = #hjj1 is a good example4 ,we c only briefly ref] to a numb] ( sev5te5?-c5tury ,antw]p pa9t]s1 :o 7 ei!r pupils ( ,rub5s or close foll[]s ( 8 tradition4 ,gonzales ,coques 7#afad-afhd71 ! pa9t] ( ! admirably light$ ,family ,p>ty 7,no4 #aieb71 0 ess5tially a portrait pa9t] :o became kn[n z 8! little ,van ,dyck10 al?\gh 8 mann] _h m 9 common ) t ( ! ,dut* 8small ma/]s0 ?an ) ! temp]$ elegance ( ,*>les ,i4's ,c\rt-pa9t]4 ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,rub5s ,gasp> de ,cray] 7#aehd-affi71 a pupil ( ,raphael van ,coxie1 modell$ 8 art entirely on ,rub5s1 & 0 equally successful z a portrait pa9t] & 9 8 religi\s compositions4 ,bo? phases ( 8 art figure 9 ! ,l\vre collection1 :i* owns ! ,/4 ,augu/9 9 ,ec/asy 7,no4 #aiec7 & ! life-size ,eque/rian ,portrait ( ! ,infante ,f]d9&1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7,no4 #aied74 ,x 0 a portrait ( ! same sitt] t l$ to ,cray]'s appo9tm5t to ! position ( ,pa9t] to ! ,infante's ,c\rt1 accompani$ by consid]able emolum5ts4 ,abraham van ,diep5beeck 7#aeif-afge71 ,piet] van ,mol 7#aeii-afej71 & ,paul de ,vos 7#aeic-afgf7 ne$ n "h deta9 u4 ,!y are all capable foll[]s ( _! ma/]'s /yle1 )\t any p]sonal di/9ction4 ,david ,rycka]t 7#afab-affa71 ! ?ird ( f\r arti/s ( ! same family t bore ?is "n1 is outside ! imm$iate circle ( ,rub5s4 ,8 ,int]ior ( a ,/udio 7,no4 #bacg71 :i* be>s ! signature 8,d4 ,,ryc4 f4 #afch10 is ( peculi> int]e/ z a docum5t illu/rat+ ! milieu 9 :i* a ,flemi% arti/ ( t p]iod liv$ & work$4 ,g]>d ,segh]s 7#aeia-afea71 ! pa9t] ( ,/4 ,francis 9 ,ec/asy 7,no4 #badj71 al?\gh a pupil ( ,van ,bal5 & ,abraham ,janss5s1 & indirectly1 ?r\gh ,manfr$i1 ( ,c>avaggio1 mu/ be c\nt$ among ^? :o 7 influ5c$ by ! dom9at+ p]sonality ( ,rub5s4 ,an important pupil ( ,snyd]s 0 ,jan ,fyt 7#afaa-affa71 :o excell$ z an animal pa9t] & col\ri/4 ,he 0 at 8 be/ :5 he treat$ animals m 9 ! mann] ( /ill life1 b rema9$ va/ly inf]ior to 8 ma/] :5 he tri$ to emulate 8 hunt+ sc5es4 ,n all ! five pictures catalogu$ "u 8 "n c be accept$ z 8 own "w4 ,8 great skill 9 r5d]+ ! v>i$ textures ( furs & fea!rs may be judg$ f ,game 9 a ,l>d] 7,no4 #aiic71 :i* is unque/ionably au!ntic al?\gh x does n be> ! signature :i* te/ifies to 8 au?or%ip ( ,a ,dog dev\r+ ,game 7,no4 #aiid74 ,,adria5 ,,br\w] ,bo? ! ,flemi% s*ool & ! ,dut* h an equal "r to claim ,adria5 ,br\w] 7#afje or #f-afch71 :o1 born at ,oud5>de1 c>ri$ on ! tradition ( ,b\ts & ! eld] ,brueghel4 ,:ile /ill "y1 he 0 at ,ha>lem p[]fully impress$ by ! art ( ,frans ,hals1 al?\gh x is extremely d\btful t he ev] actually work$ 9 8 /udio4 ,f9ally1 hav+ settl$ at ,antw]p 9 #afca1 he b5efit$ by ! example ( ,rub5s4 ,! ,smok] 7,no4 #aiaf71 9 spite ( ! d\bts t h be5 ca/ ^u x1 is a *>act]i/ic "w ( 8 at ! "t :51 inspir$ by ,frans ,hals1 he adopt$ a full impa/o in/ead ( 8 e>li] glazes4 ,x is sign$ ) 8 initials 8,,ab0 9 ! bottom corn] on ! "r4 ,! h&l+ is f> co>s] ?an t ( ! lat] ,int]ior ( a ,tav]n 7,no4 #aiab71 :i* is q ,rembr&tesque 9 ! r5d]+ ( light & *i>oscuro4 ,8 incl9ation t[>ds grimac+ expression (t5 made him depict su* sc5es z ,! ,op]ation 7,no4 #aiae71 9 :i* ! pati5t's face is contort$ ) pa91 :ile ! surgeon is b&ag+ 8 left %\ld]4 ,br\w] 0 ! ma/] ( ,joos van ,craesbeeck 7#afjf-afed871 :o n only closely foll[$ 8 tea*+1 b actually pa9t$ _m replicas ( ,br\w]'s pictures :i* /ill pass "u ! bett] kn[n arti/'s "n4 ,! ,arti/ pa9t+ a ,portrait 7,no4 #aieb;,d7 0 suppos$ to repres5t1 & to be f ! bru% (1 ,br\w]1 :5 ! picture 0 b\ght = ! ,l\vre4 ,b on te*nical gr\nds x mu/ be giv5 to ,craesbeeck--q ap>t f ! extreme improbability t ! dissolute ,br\w]1 :o sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t 9 l[ tav]ns1 %\ld h liv$ 9 ! elegant1 n to say luxuri\s1 surr\nd+s "h depict$1 & di$ "y4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! pa9t] seat$ be=e 8 easel1 to :om a man-s]vant is (f]+ a glass ( w9e1 is ,joos van ,craesbeeck4 ,,david ,,t5i]s ,!re is at ! ,l\vre no picture by ! eld] ,david ,t5i]s 7#aehb-afdi71 :o !re=e only int]e/s u "h z ! fa!r & fir/ ma/] ( ! mu* great] arti/ ,david ,t5i]s ! ,y\ng] 7#afaj-afij71 :o complet$ 8 arti/ic education "u ,rub5s1 )\t1 h[ev]1 abdicat+ 8 own p]sonality4 ,inde$1 ^? ( 8 pictures :i* reflect ! mann] ( ,rub5s too closely are ( little acc\nt 9 ! a*ievem5t ( ! y\ng] ,t5i]s1 :o only beg9s to be himself :5 he devotes 8 prolific bru% to ! social life ( 8 contempor>ies1 & especially ( ! l[] classes4 ,8 pictures con/itute ! mo/ reali/ic & conv9c+ record ( ! ta/es1 mann]s1 & amusem5ts ( 8 "t4 ,8 types are full ( "*1 b )\t ! exagg]ations s (t5 f\nd 9 ,brueghel & ,br\w]4 ,:at he reta9$ ( ,rub5s1 ev5 9 8 ,village ,ftes1 ,tav]n ,sc5es1 ,dances1 & ,c>\sals is ! application ( ! great ma/]'s pr9ciples ( light & h>moni\s col\r4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 he reject$ ! 8gr& /yle0 & ! consci\s se>* = beauty4 ,! ugl9ess ( 8 types & ge/ures l$ ,l\is ,,xiv4 to exclaim 9 front ( 8 pictures1 8tez-moi ces magots-l60 ,few pa9t]s are z exhau/ively repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre z ! y\ng] ,t5i]s4 ,! ,catalogue includes no few] ?an ?irty-n9e entries "u 8 "n1 two ( :i*1 9 ! ,la ,caze collection 7,nos4 #bahi & #baij71 are copies aft] pictures by ,lotto & ,titian respectively 9 ! collection ( ! ,ar*duke ,leopold ,william1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 to :om ,t5i]s 0 appo9t$ ,c\rt pa9t]4 ,x w\ld s]ve no purpose "h to enum]ate ! long li/ ( ,k]messe1 ,village ,fte1 & ,aleh\se ,sc5es 9 ! ,fr5* national collection4 ,among 8 mo/ des]v$ly fam\s ma/]pieces is ,! ,return ( ! ,prodigal ,son 7,no4 #baef71 :i* belongs to a s]ies ( :i* ano!r sc5e is to be se5 at ! ,dulwi* ,gall]y4 ,! subject is really only a ?9ly veil$ excuse = ! pa9t+ ( a g5re piece ( ! contempor>y life ( ! bett] classes ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! sc5e ( ! fea/ is laid outside a c\ntry inn t figures 9 _m ( ,t5i]s's pictures4 ,fully sign$1 & dat$ #afdd1 ! picture belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ,t5i]s's v be/ p]iod4 ,9 ,! ,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony 7,no4 #baeh7 he rivals ,bos* 9 ! inv5tion ( grotesquely fanta/ic mon/]s4 ,among o!r important works by ! ma/] 9 ! ,l\vre mu/ be m5tion$ ,! ,d5ial ( ,/4 ,pet] 7,no4 #baee71 a pa9t+ ( exquisite silv]y quality1 sign$ & dat$ ,,david ,,t5i]s1 f4 ,,an4 #afdf2 ,! ,works ( ,m]cy 7,no4 #baeg72 ! ,village ,fte 7,no4 #baei72 & ! ,peasants danc+ by an ,inn ,door 7,no4 #bafa71 :i* 0 /ol5 f ! collection 9 #ahae & return$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> ) a lett] expla9+ t x _h be5 remov$ by a ,fr5*man :o fe>$ t x might fall into ! h&s ( ! ,alli$ ,=ces4 ,by ,t5i]s's pupil1 ,franois ,du*atel 7#afaf8-afid87 is ! excell5t ,portrait ( a ,g5tleman 7,no4 #aifj74 ,du*atel is a v r>e ma/]1 ^: /yle 9 portraiture s closely resembles t ( ,gonzales ,coques t 8 pictures h be5 at times ascrib$ to t pa9t]4 ,jacob van ,artois 7#afac-afhd871 ! pa9t] ( ! ,l&scape 7,no4 #aija7 9 ! ,la ,caze room1 0 "o ( ! lead+ ,flemi% l&scape pa9t]s ( 8 "t1 & frequ5tly collaborat$ ) ,t5i]s1 :o add$ ! figures to "s ( 8 l&scapes4 ,he 0 ! ma/] ( ,cornelis ,huysmans 7#afdh-agbg71 :o frequ5tly assi/$ ! battle pa9t]1 ,van d] ,meul51 & is "h repres5t$ by eight pictures 7,nos4 #bjjb-bjji74 ,among ! l&scape pa9t]s ( t p]iod mu/ also be m5tion$ ,jan ,sib]e*ts 7#afbg-agjc71 :o sp5t ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life 9 ,engl&1 b does n seem to h _h mu* influ5ce on ! evolution ( ! ,engli% l&scape s*ool4 ,by him is ! ,ru/ic ,sc5e 7,no4 #badj;,a74 ,,philippe ,,de ,,*ampaigne ,bo? ,philippe de ,*ampaigne 7#afjb-afgd7 & ,adam ,frans van d] ,meul5 7#afcd-afij71 ?\gh born at ,brussels1 resid$ 9 ,france ! be/ "p ( _! life1 & are !re=e g5]ally class$ ) ! pa9t]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 :i* acc\nts = _! be+ repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre 9 a mann] :i* is q out ( proportion to _! arti/ic significance4 ,/ill1 if ,philippe de ,*ampaigne appe>s second-rate :5 comp>$ ) ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck1 he is unque/ionably ! lead+ portrait pa9t] ( ! contempor>y ,fr5* s*ool 9 :i* he receiv$ 8 tra9+4 ,8 p[]s 7 insuffici5t = ! high] flights ( imag9ation1 & :5 8 ambition l$ him to su* compositions z ,*ri/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,simon 7,no4 #aibg7 or ,*ri/ celebrat+ ,ea/] ) ,8 ,disciples 7,no4 #aibh71 he 0 z dull & bomba/ic z mo/ ( 8 ,fr5* contempor>ies1 :om he f> excell$ z a col\ri/4 ,8 portraits1 on ! o!r h&1 are pa9t$ 9 a broad1 hone/1 /raight=w>d mann] :i* has no?+ 9 common ) ! monoton\s pomp\sness ( 8 age1 z may be se5 f ! admirable gr\p ( two nuns 9 pray]1 ,"m ,ca!r9e ,agnes ,arnaud & ,si/] ,ca!r9e de ,sa9te-,suzanne 7,no4 #aicd74 ,! y\ng] ( ! two nuns repres5ts ! arti/'s daught]1 :o 0 heal$ f p>alysis by a miracle record$ by a ,lat9 inscription on ! wall4 ,! tw5ty pictures f ,philippe de ,*ampaigne's bru%1 :i* are actually on view1 also include ! f9e gr\p ( ! two ar*itects ,franois ,mans>d & ,claude ,p]rault 7,no4 #aidd71 b\ght 9 #ahce = ! l[ price ( #hj2 ,! ,provo/ & ,ald]m5 ( ,p>is 7,no4 #aide72 & ! sign$ & dat$ portrait ( ,rob]t ,arnaud d',&illy 7,no4 #aici74 ,,van ,,d] ,,meul5 ,van d] ,meul51 a native ( ,brussels & pupil ( ,snay]s1 0 ! hi/oriograph] ( ,l\is ,,xiv4's campaigns & victories4 ,he 0 invit$ by ,colb]t to come to ,p>is1 & 0 fir/ employ$ to furni% designs = ! ,gobel9s manufactory4 ,aft]w>ds he accompani$ ,l\is ,,xiv4 on 8 w>like exp$itions1 :i* he immortalis$ 9 num]\s l>ge pa9t+s1 mo/ ( :i* are n[ at ! ,l\vre & 9 ! ,*teau at ,v]sailles4 ,8 pa9t+s are ( consid]able topographical int]e/1 z !y give accurate repres5tations ( ! aspect ( fam\s t[ns & =tresses 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z 9 ! ,entry ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,m>ie-,?rse into ,arras 7,no4 #bjce71 a simil> sc5e at ,d\ai 7,no4 #bjcc71 & ! ,arrival ( ! ,k+ 9 ! ,camp be=e ,maa/ri*t 7,no4 #bjdj74 ,x 0 ,van d] ,meul5 :o f\nd$ ! 8tactical s*ool0 ( battle pa9t+1 :i* sub/itut$ ! ord]ly movem5t ( masses = ! wild mle ( ! h&-to-h& combat4 ,:ole armies are se5 advanc+ or retreat+ 9 long l9es f a high vantage-gr\nd :i* is g5]ally occupi$ by ! consid]ably l>g] figures ( ! army-lead]s on re>+ & c>acol+ horses1 & look+ = all ! _w l 8g5s de qualit qui j\]ai5t aux *ecs avec des soldats de plomb40 ,! (ficial ,catalogue m5tions no few] ?an tw5ty pictures by ,van d] ,meul54 ,,m9or ,,flemi% ,,pa9t]s ,) ! exception ( ,ju/us ,su/]mans 7#aeig-afha71 :o 0 ,van ,dyck's fell[-/ud5t "u ,h4 van ,bal5 & aft]w>ds rose to great fame z ,c\rt pa9t] to ,gr&-,duke ,cosimo ,,ii4 ( ,tuscany 7^: k9sman ,leopold de' ,m$ici is portray$ 9 ,no4 #baed71 & ,piet] ,neefs 7#aegg8-affa871 ^: ,*ur* ,int]iors 7,nos4 #bjei-bjfd7 are rem>kable = ! faultless accuracy & precision ( 8 ar*itectural draw+1 !re are no o!r pa9t]s ( ! ,flemi% s*ool ^: works at ! ,l\vre require close att5tion4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ! m]e m5tion ( ! l&scape pa9t]s ,jan ,frans van ,bloem51 call$ ,orizonte1 a foll[] ( ,p\ss9 & ,claude2 ,jan van ,br$a1 ,francisque ,millet1 & ,ma?ys ,s*oeva]ts2 ,c>l van ,fal5s & ,anton ,grief1 pa9t]s ( hunt+ sc5es2 ,jan ,miel1 :o work$ mo/ ( 8 life 9 ,italy & 0 completely influ5c$ by ! ma/]s ( t c\ntry2 ! /ill-life pa9t] ,gasp>d ,piet] ,v]brugg52 ! battle pa9t] ,seba/ia5 ,franck52 & ! prolific pa9t] ( l>ge alt>pieces1 ,jacob van ,oo/ ! ,eld]4 ,) ,bal?as> ,paul ,ommeganck 7#agee-ahbf7 & ! /ill-life pa9t] ,jan ,frans van ,dael 7#agfd-ahdj7 we rea* ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a p]iod ( absolute /agnation 9 ,flemi% art :i* prec$$ ! brilliant revival ( ! mod]n ,belgian s*ool4 ,,! ,,g]man ,,s*ool ,( all ! important ,european s*ools ( pa9t+1 ! ,e>ly ,g]man s*ool is ! "o ( :i* x is almo/ impossible to ga9 any?+ l an adequate idea f ! pictures t h f\nd _! way into ! ,gall]ies ( =eign c\ntries4 ,! fact is t ) ! exception ( two or ?ree lead+ ma/]s1 l ,holbe9 & ,dr]1 ! ,e>ly ,g]mans f\nd b scant fav\r beyond ! conf9es ( _! own c\ntry until comp>atively rec5t ye>s--t is to say1 until ! majority ( important examples _h be5 sy/ematically ga!r$ 9 by ! museums ( ,g]many4 ,n[ t ! importance ( ! ,g]man primitives & ,e>ly ,r5aissance pa9t]s has be5 g5]ally recognis$1 x w be practically impossible to rega9 ! lo/ gr\nd & to fill up ! s]i\s gaps :i* prev5t our =m+ an adequate idea ( ! evolution ( ,g]man art 9 ! museums ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,l\vre is no exception to ?is rule4 ,! num]ical weakness ( ! ,g]man section is un=tunately n aton$ = by ! importance ( ! examples includ$1 :i*1 ) b few exceptions1 are ( little arti/ic acc\nt4 ,"u ! circum/ances x w\ld be useless to attempt a consecutive n>rative ( ! evolution ( ,g]man art z illu/rat$ by ! pictures at ! ,l\vre1 & we mu/ conf9e ourselves to a brief discussion ( ! few notewor?y works 9 ! collection4 8,,! ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,b>?olomew ,,alt>0 ,! fir/ picture ( importance belongs to ! p]iod :5 ! idealism ( ! ,e>ly ,go?ic primitives 0 already replac$ by a /rong naturalism1 & ! creation ( types by t ( cle>ly *>act]is$ individualities4 ,?is picture1 ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross 7,no4 #bgcg71 by ! unkn[n 8,ma/] ( ! ,b>?olomew ,alt>10 is s call$1 9 accordance ) ,g]man cu/om1 f 8 be/ kn[n "w1 ! great alt>piece 9 ! ,p9ako!k at ,muni*4 ,9 ! l>ge ,l\vre picture1 :i* be>s a close resemblance to ! preci\s little panel by ! same ma/] 9 ! possession ( ! ,hon4 ,edw>d ,wood1 at ,temple ,newsam1 ! ,savi\r is be+ l[]$ f ! ,cross by ,nicodemus into ! h&s ( "o ( ! ,holy ,wom5 on ! left1 & ( ,joseph ( ,arima?a on ! "r4 ,! gr\p is complet$ by ,/4 ,john support+ ! ,virg9 on ! extreme left1 ! ,magdal5 & ano!r ,holy ,woman on ! "r1 & a ,disciple seat$ on a ladd] above ! c5tral gr\p4 ,! figures are %[n1 z 9 ! ,temple ,newsam pa9t+ ( ! same subject1 aga9/ a gold backgr\nd fram$ ) ri* ,go?ic trac]y4 ,?is alt>piece is believ$ to be ! la/ picture by ?is ,cologne ma/]1 :o fl\ri%$ betwe5 #adij & #aeae1 & 0 9 8 lat] mann] influ5c$ by ,rogi] van d] ,weyd5 & o!r ,flemi% ma/]s4 ,?is em95tly important ,e>ly ,g]man picture 0 pa9t$ = a ,jesuit e/abli%m5t 9 ! rue ,/4 ,anto9e1 ,p>is1 :i* acc\nts = its pres5ce 9 ! ,fr5* national collection4 ,,cologne ,,pa9t]s ,! 8,ma/] ( ! ,dea? ( ,m>y10 to ^: s*ool belongs ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 ) a pr$ella repres5t+ ,! ,la/ ,supp]1 & a lunette ) ,/4 ,francis receiv+ ! ,/igmata 7,no4 #bgch71 has be5 id5tifi$ by ,waut]s & ,ald5hov5 ) ! e>ly-sixte5?-c5tury ,flemi% pa9t] ,joos van ,cleef ! ,eld]1 & belongs to ! ,antw]p r ?an ! ,cologne s*ool4 ,! 8,ma/] ( ,/4 ,sev]910 to :om ! (ficial ,catalogue ascribes ! two ,sc5es f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,ursula 7,nos4 #bgch;,c & #bgch;,d71 0 probably a ,flemi% pa9t] :o work$ at ,cologne at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b ! two panels at ! ,l\vre1 :i* 7 =m]ly at ! ,cluny ,museum1 are n f 8 bru%4 ,!y are ! "w ( 8 pupil1 ! 8,ma/] ( ! ,ursula ,leg5d10 & belong to a s]ies ( :i* o!r panels c be se5 at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum & at ,cologne4 ,! fir/ def9ite "n 9 ! annals ( ! ,cologne s*ool is t ( ,b>tolomu ,bruyn 7c4 #adic-aeee71 :o 0 a foll[] ( ,joos van ,cleef b subsequ5tly became completely imbu$ ) ! ,italian _s4 ,8 portraits1 9 :i* he rema9$ m fai?ful to ! tradition ( 8 c\ntry1 are ( great] significance ?an 8 religi\s compositions1 & closely resemble ^? by ,joos van ,cleef2 b ! ,portrait ( a ,man ) a ,:ite ,cross on 8 ,brea/ 7,no4 #bgjb7 is only a s*ool picture ( indiff]5t quality4 ,,albre*t ,d,,r] ,! fl\ri%+ s*ool :i* _h its c5tre at ,nuremb]g is repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre by ! ma/] :o m>ks its z5i? & :o1 if 8 craftsman%ip 0 n always on a level ) ! p]fection ( ,holbe9's1 %>es ) ! ,augsburg ma/] ! hon\r ( unconte/$ lead]%ip ( all ,g]man arti/s4 ,albre*t ,dr] 7#adga-aebh7 0 born at ,nuremb]g1 ( ,hung>ian desc5t4 ,he /udi$ 8 art "u ,mi*ael ,wohlgemut1 a v able ,nuremb]g pa9t]1 :o 01 h[ev]1 l$ by 8 popul>ity to factory-l production ( pictures t pass$ "u 8 "n1 al?\gh !y 7 l>gely execut$ by inf]ior pupils4 ,dr]1 :o excell$ equally z an engrav] & z a pa9t]1 01 on ! o!r h&1 "o ( ! mo/ s9c]e & p]sonal arti/s ( 8 "t--a pr(\nd ?9k]1 a %rewd obs]v]1 a /ud5t ( life 9 all its phases1 an ideali/ :o 0 ev] /riv+ = beautiful expression1 ev5 ?\gh ! reali/ic tradition ( 8 c\ntry did n all[ him to atta9 to ! ab/ract ideal ( beauty :i* _h be5 rea*$ by "s ( ! contempor>y ,italians4 ,inde$1 ,dr] may ) ju/ice be call$ ! ,leon>do ( ! ,nor?4 ,he /udi$ ,v5etian art on a visit to ,v5ice 9 #aeje1 :i!r he _h be5 prec$$ by 8 fame4 ,he also travell$ to ! ,ne!rl&s 9 #aebj1 ! ye> 9 :i* he pa9t$ ! sign$ & dat$ ,head ( an ,old ,man 7,no4 #bgji71 8 o!r picture at ! ,l\vre be+ ! n v ma/]ly ,head ( a ,*ild 7,no4 #bgji;,a74 ,d,,r]',s ,,foll[]s ,dr] di$ 9 #aebh f a disease contract$ dur+ 8 j\rney to ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,among 8 pr9cipal pupils 7 ,georg ,p5cz 7c4 #aejj-aeej71 to :om is )\t suffici5t reason attribut$ ! indiff]5t half figure ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ 7,no4 #bgcj72 & ,hans ,sebald ,beham 7c4 #aejj-aeej71 ! fam\s engrav]1 ( :om ! ,l\vre is =tunate to possess ! only kn[n pa9t+1 a table top divid$ by gold5 lances into f\r comp>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a ,subject f ! ,/ory ( ,david 7,no4 #bgja73 ! ,entry ( ,saul into ,j]usalem2 ,david & ,ba?%eba 79 :i* sc5e is introduc$ a portrait ( ,ar*bi%op ,albre*t ( ,may5ce1 = :om ! "w 0 execut$72 ! ,siege ( ,rabba?2 & ! ,prophet ,na?an be=e ,david 7) a portrait ( ! arti/ & ! initials ( 8 "n1 8,h4 ,s4 ,b4074 ,,lucas ,,crana* ,?is same ,ar*bi%op ,albre*t1 ^: features are also kn[n to u f two engrav+s by ,dr] & a pa9t+ by ,grnewald1 0 "o ( ! mo/ g5]\s patrons ( ,lucas ,crana* ! ,eld] 7#adgb-aeec71 ^: busy work%ops at ,witt5b]g suppli$ ! :ole nor? & ea/ ( ,g]many ) portraits1 alt>pieces1 hi/orical & my?ological pictures4 ,lucas ,crana* 0 a foll[] ( ,grnewald1 ! great head ( ! ,colm> s*ool4 ,ap>t f 8 m]it z a col\ri/ & an excell5t draughtsman1 he attracts by ! nave grace ( 8 nude figures & by ! complete mann] 9 :i* he reflects ! ta/e ( 8 "t & c\ntry4 ,b ( ! five little pictures t figure 9 ! ,l\vre ,catalogue "u 8 "n1 n "o is f 8 own h&4 ,inde$1 ! ,v5us 9 a ,l&scape 7,no4 #bgjc7 is ! only "o t may ) a degree ( safety be attribut$ to 8 son1 ,lucas ,crana* ! ,y\ng]1 :o c>ri$ on ! managem5t ( ! /udio "s ye>s be=e 8 fa!r's dea?1 & cont9u$ to imitate 8 /yle until 8 own dea? 9 #aehf4 ,! ,v5us be>s ! usual ,crana* signature ( a w+$ s]p5t & ! date #aebj4 ,! same cre/1 ) ! date #aecb1 figures on ! portrait ( ,johann ,fri$ri* ,,iii41 ,elector ( ,saxony 7,no4 #bgjd71 :o is kn[n on "o occasion to h giv5 a :olesale ord] ( sixty replicas ( ! same portrait to ! ,witt5b]g ma/]4 ,x may be imag9$ t a commission ( ?is nature w\ld n be execut$ by ! head ( ! /udio1 b left to 8 /aff ( assi/ants4 ,! ,fight+ ,savages 7,no4 #bgjb;,a7 & ! two ,portraits 7,nos4 #bgjc;,a & #bgje7 are1 at ! be/1 /udio works4 ,,hans ,,holbe9 ,we n[ come to ! second ( ! two comm&+ figures 9 ,g]man art1 ,hans ,holbe9 ! ,y\ng] 7#adig-aedc71 :o 0 born at ,augsburg & /udi$ "u 8 fa!r1 ! eld] arti/ ( ! same "n4 ,:5 he rea*$ 8 maturity ! ,italian influ5ce _h already p]meat$ ,g]man art1 b he 0 ! fir/ ,nor!rn ma/] :o knew h[ to b5efit by ! real _s ( ! ,r5aissance )\t imitat+ ! lett]2 ! fir/ to develop a noble1 dignifi$ /yle1 free f ! florid trivialities :i* s _m ,nor!rn]s took f c]ta9 ,italian pa9t]s4 ,he 0 above all a m>vell\s portrait pa9t] :o1 9 8 draw+s z well z 9 8 pa9t+s1 comb9es ! mo/ exquisite delicacy & subtlety ) r>e /r5g?1 ! greate/ precision ( detail ) fre$om & bread? ( h&l+4 ,only ?is phase ( 8 art is repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre1 :i* c]ta9ly owns "o p]fect example ( ,holbe9's portraiture 9 ! ,portrait ( ,erasmus 7,no4 #bgae1 ,plate ,,xxiv474 ,holbe9 _h settl$ 9 ,basle 9 #aeai4 ,he w5t to ,engl& 9 #aebf1 ) a lett] ( introduction f ,erasmus to ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,f "o ( ,erasmus's lett]s x w\ld appe> t ,holbe9 _h portray$ him at lea/ ?ree times be=e #aebd2 & ! picture n[ 9 ! ,l\vre 0 probably ! "o t 0 pa9t$ = ,sir ,?omas ,m--a bett] recomm5dation ?an any lett] ( introduction6 ,! pr(ile is drawn ) inimitable ma/]y2 & ! :ole "* ( ! man c be read f ! expression ( ! tight-press$ lips & mobile features1 z he sits writ+ at 8 desk4 ,note1 also1 ! m>vell\s expressiv5ess ( ! h&s1 /udies = :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! collection ( draw+s at ! ,l\vre4 ,9 view ( ! p]sonal relations :i* l9k toge!r ,holbe91 ,erasmus1 & ,sir ,?omas ,m1 x w\ld be pleasant if we c\ld accept ! s-call$ ,portrait ( ,?omas ,m1 ,great ,*ancellor ( ,engl& 7,no4 #bgag71 z au!ntic4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 repres5t ,holbe9's fir/ ,engli% patron1 nor does x appe> to be f ! ma/]'s own bru%4 ,,! ,,kratz] ,,portrait ,holbe9's fir/ soj\rn 9 ,engl& ext5d$ f #aebf to #aebh1 9 :i* ye> he return$ to ,basle4 ,x mu/ h be5 %ortly be=e 8 dep>ture t he pa9t$ ! ,portrait ( ,nicolas ,kratz]1 ,a/ronom] to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 7,no4 #bgac72 x is an unque/ionably au!ntic "w1 al?\gh x has be5 s ext5sively repa9t$ t little is n[ left ( ! orig9al1 save ! g5]al disposition ( ! design & ! in/rum5ts plac$ on ! table & hung on ! wall1 :i* are execut$ ) all ! lov+ c>e t ,holbe9 0 wont to be/[ ^u su* accessories4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 its pres5t condition1 ! portrait is a ?or\ghly conv9c+ lik5ess ( 8a man :o is brimful ( wit1 je/1 & humor\s fancies0--z ,kratz] is ref]r$ to by "o ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,a %eet ( pap] on ! left ( ! table appe>s to be inscrib$3-- ,imago ad vivam effigiem expressa ,nicolai ,kratz]i monac5sis qui bav>us erat ,quadragessimum annum tempore illo complebat4 #aebh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4--,,hans ,,holbe9 ,,! ,,y\ng] 7#adig-aedc7 ,,g]man ,,s*ool ,no4 #bgae4--,,portrait ,,( ,,erasmus 7,portrait de ,didi] rasme7 ,! ,humani/ is se5 at half l5g? & 9 =efile to ! left1 be=e a table at :i* he is writ+4 ,he we>s a fur-l9$ coat & a d>k cap4 ,a gre5 figur$ curta9 =ms ! backgr\nd4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 #a ft4 #d 94 #a ft4 #j 94 7#jdb #jcb47 ,al?\gh decid$ly sup]ior to ano!r v]sion ( ! same picture at ,lambe? ,palace1 ! ,portrait ( ,william ,w>ham1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 7,no4 #bgad71 :i* be>s ! inscription1 ,,anno4 ,dm4 ,,mdxxvii4 ,,etatis4 ,,sve1 ,,lxx41 _c )\t hesitation be accept$ z an orig9al "w4 ,x lacks1 at any rate1 ! f9esse ( ! beautiful draw+ at ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 ^u :i* x is evid5tly bas$4 ,to ! same ye> belongs ! ,portrait ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,s\?well 7,no4 #bgai71 to ^: trea*]\s accusation 0 due ! execution ( ,h5ry ,h[>d1 ,e>l ( ,surrey4 ,b ?is picture1 aga91 is only a replica1 by an inf]ior h&1 ( ! magnific5t portrait 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y 7,no4 #gfe74 ,an inscription 9 ! backgr\nd1 at bo? sides ( ! head1 reads3 on ! left3 ,x4,o ,,ivlii4 ,,anno4 & on ! "r3 ,,etatis ,,sv ,h4 ,,viii4 ,,xxviii4 ,,anno ,,xxxiii4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! picture 0 pa9t$ 9 #aecg1 ! tw5ty-eigh? ye> ( ,h5ry ,,viii4's reign4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,man hold+ a ,c>nation & a ,ros>y 7,no4 #bgbj7 is a picture ( poor quality & has no connection :atev] ) ,holbe94 ,,portrait ,,( ,,anne ,,( ,,cleves ,( f> great] importance & undisput$ au!nticity is ! ,portrait ( ,anne ( ,cleves1 ,f\r? ,wife ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 7,no4 #bgah74 ,no cr$5ce is to be atta*$ to ! leg5d inv5t$ by ,bi%op ,burnet m ?an a c5tury aft] t ill-treat$ lady's dea?1 accord+ to :i* ,holbe9's flatt]+ portrait 0 in/rum5tal 9 8bluff ,k+ ,hal's0 *oice ( 8 f\r? sp\se & responsible = ! k+'s disappo9tm5t at sett+ eyes ^u ,anne4 ,! picture1 :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 #aeci1 sev5 ye>s aft] ,holbe9's def9ite return to ,engl& & to ! s]vice ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 has n only t air ( inevitable tru?fulness :i* di/+ui%es all ,holbe9's portraiture1 b tallies to a rem>kable degree ) ! descriptions s5t to ,h5ry ,,viii4 by 8 ag5ts4 ,:il/ n exactly unpleasant to behold1 ! features are ^? ( a spiritless1 dull woman--an impression :i* is int5sifi$ by ! abs5ce ( life & "* 9 ! h&s1 :i* ,holbe9 inv>iably /udi$ z closely z ! face4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! ri*ly embroid]$ & jewell$ co/ume1 ! /ately symmetry ( ! design1 & ! beautiful s*eme ( col\r are really ! *ief attractions ( ?is picture4 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7,no4 #bgaa;,a71 :i* 0 at "o "t attribut$ to ! eld]1 & subsequ5tly to ! y\ng]1 ,holbe91 is n[ rightly giv5 to ! latt]'s contempor>y & compatriot ,gumpold ,giltl+]1 an ,augsburg pa9t] ( no p>ticul> di/9ction4 ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,g]man art _h ent]$ ^u a p]iod ( complete decad5ce4 ,! only pa9t] :o claims att5tion1 n s mu* = ! und5iable m]it ( 8 v highly f9i%$ l&scapes1 b = ! fact t he ex]cis$ a c]ta9 influ5ce ^u ,rembr&t1 is ! ,frank=t pa9t]1 ,adam ,el%eim] 7#aegh-afba871 :o work$ at ,rome1 & :o is repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre by ,! ,flight into ,egypt 7,no4 #bgaj7 & ,! ,good ,sam>itan 7,no4 #bgaa74 ,= ! re/1 ! ,g]man pa9t]s ( 8 p]iod & ( ! :ole ( ! sev5te5? c5tury reta9$ sc>cely a trace ( national "*1 & 7 completely "u ! sway ( ! =eign1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,italian1 s*ools4 ,?us1 ,johann ,rott5hamm] 7#aefd-afbc71 ! pa9t] ( ,! ,dea? ( ,adonis 7,no4 #bgcb7 & ,diana & ,cali/o 7,no4 #bgcc71 0 successively dom9at$ by ,jan ,brueghel & by ,t9toretto4 ,! fl[] pa9t]1 ,abraham ,mignon 7#afdj-afgi71 ?\gh born at ,frank=t1 0 a pupil ( ,david de ,heem & a ,dut*man 9 8 art4 ,8 pictures at ! ,l\vre 7,nos4 #bgbd-bgbi7 are di/ribut$ betwe5 ! ,g]man & ! ,dut* sections4 ,philipp ,pet] ,roos1 bett] kn[n z ,rosa da ,tivoli 7#affe8-agje71 :o pa9t$ ! ,wolf dev\r+ a ,%eep 7,no4 #bgca71 liv$ 9 ,rome & adopt$ ! /yle ( ! c\ntry ( 8 domicile4 ,! ,be> ,hunt 7,no4 #bgcd7 is ! "w ( ,c>l ,ru?>t1 ano!r unimportant ,italianis+ ,g]man ( ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,! "w ( ! ,hamburg pa9t]1 ,baltas> ,d5n] 7#afhe-agdi71 has no claim to be consid]$ z a manife/ation ( art3 x is m]ely a display ( me*anical skill 9 ! microscopic r5d]+ ( ! little l9es & pores & /ubbly hair on ! sk9 ( old p's faces4 ,he liv$ = sev5 ye>s 9 ,london1 :]e he pa9t$ 9 #agbd ! sign$ ,portrait ( an ,old ,woman 7,no4 #bgjf71 :i* 0 b\ght 9 #aheb = #gef4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic example ( 8 misappli$ skill is ! portrait 7,no4 #bgjg7 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room4 ,*ri/ian ,wilhelm ,dietri* 7#agab-aggd7 & ,he9ri* ,wilhelm ,s*weickh>dt 7#agdf-aghg7 are too insignificant to des]ve s]i\s consid]ation4 ,! same rem>k applies to ,*ri/ian ,seybold 7#agjc8-agfh71 :o became ,c\rt ,pa9t] to ! ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa2 & to ,johann ,erne/ ,he9sius1 :o 0 active z a portrait pa9t] 9 ,france dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,all t is to be not$ 9 _! pictures at ! ,l\vre is ! total abs5ce ( all arti/ic m]it4 ,( some:at great] importance1 ?\gh by no means ( ! fir/ rank1 are ! two la/ ,g]man arti/s :o claim our att5tion3 ,raphael ,m5gs 7#agbh-aggi7 & ,angelica ,kaufmann1 7#agda-ahjg71 :o is catalogu$ among ! pa9t]s ( ! ,g]man s*ool1 al?\gh %e 0 ,swiss by bir?1 ,italian by education1 & ,engli% by domicile4 ,h] sex 0 no b> to h] becom+ "o ( ! ,f\ndation memb]s ( ! ,engli% ,royal ,academy1 & %e is g5]ally c\nt$ among ! ,engli% pa9t]s4 ,! portrait gr\p ( ,! ,b>oness von ,krdn] & h] ,daught] 7,no4 #bgbb7 is a poor example ( h] art1 :i* inv>iably s\ght to please by conv5tional prett9ess4 ,raphael ,m5gs1 ! pa9t] ( ! portrait ( ,m>ie ,amelia ,*ri/9a ( ,saxony1 ,wife ( ,*>les ,,iii4 ( ,spa91 0 born at ,aussig 9 ,bohemia1 /udi$ :il/ /ill a boy 9 ,italy1 & became ,c\rt ,pa9t] to ,*>les ,,iii41 :o invit$ him to ,madrid 9 #agfa4 ,m5gs 0 an exce$+ly accompli%$ te*nician & draughtsman1 :o modell$ himself on ,raphael & ! ,italian eclectics1 b 0 :olly lack+ 9 orig9ality & inspiration4 ,he tri$ 8 h& 9 e bran* ( 8 art1 & 0 mo/ successful 9 portraiture1 al?\gh ev5 8 portraits are lack+ 9 p5etration ( "*4 ,he1 h[ev]1 excell$ z a copyi/1 & di$ 9 ,rome 9 #aggi4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,s*ool ,?\gh num]ically by no means impos+1 ! ,spani% pictures at ! ,l\vre =m an exce$+ly int]e/+ section ( ! great ,fr5* national collection1 compris+1 z !y d1 *>act]i/ic examples ( ! art ( practically all ! mo/ prom95t figures 9 ! evolution ( ,spani% pa9t+4 ,comp>$ ) ! s*ools ( ,italy & ,fl&]s1 t ( ,spa9 0 t>dy 9 its developm5t & v mu* dep5d5t ^u =eign influ5ces4 ,! activity ( ,flemi% & ,italian ma/]s 9 ,spa9--we ne$ only m5tion ,/>n9a1 ,dello ,delli1 ,rub5s1 ,luca ,giordano--& ! visits ( sev]al em95t ,spani% ma/]s to ,italy1 c\ld n fail to leave _! cle> m>k on ! art ( ! ,p59sula1 ! r5aissance ( :i* 0 almo/ entirely due to ! /imulus receiv$ f abroad4 ,! %ort visit ( ,jan van ,eyck to ,portugal 9 #adbi also _h a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! art ( ! ,p59sula4 ,b ! local conditions1 ! /rict rule ( ! ,*ur* & ! tyranny ( ! ,inquisition1 ! /iff c]emonial ( ! ,c\rt1--! only rival ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! patronage ( ! arts1--& especially ! sombre1 passionate "* ( ! ,spani% race1--all help$ to trans=m ! import$ /yles into an art ( def9ite national /amp1 an art t is m>k$ by sombr5ess1 asceticism1 dramatic int5sity1 & deep religi\s feel+4 ,?r\gh\t x is dom9at$ by reali/ic t5d5cies & rude /r5g? r ?an by ! /riv+ = grace & beauty & rhy?m :i* *>act]ise ,italian art4 ,,luis ,,de ,,dalmau ,! ,l\vre is =tunate 9 possess+ an au!ntic & extremely important1 ?\gh badly re/or$1 alt>piece by ,ludovico ,luis de ,dalmau1 ! fir/ ,spani% pa9t] ^: p]sonality em]ges def9itely f ! obscurity ( ! ,go?ic p]iod 9 ,spa94 ,dalmau 0 a ,catalan :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & :o1 al?\gh n a direct pupil ( ! ,van ,eycks1 %[s su* close aff9ity ) _! /yle t c]ta9 mod]n critics are incl9$ to ascribe to him1 ) insuffici5t reason1 c]ta9 pictures1 l ! ,f\nta9 ( ,liv+ ,wat] at ! ,prado1 by ! heads & f\nd]s ( ! ,bruges s*ool4 ,9 spite ( ! diff]5t types & ! increas$ angul>ity ( ! drap]y folds 9 ,dalmau's ,en?ronem5t ( ,/4 ,isidore 7,no4 #agjc;,a71 ?is ,eyckian influ5ce is cle>ly traceable 9 ! ,l\vre picture1 :i* %[s ! ,virg9 en?ron$ "u a ,go?ic canopy we>+ a cr[n ( typically ,spani% =m1 & h&+ ! pallium to ! sa9tly ,bi%op ( ,seville1 :o kneels on ! left4 ,fur!r back on ! same side are f\r angels ) ! episcopal insignia4 ,! gr\p is balanc$ on ! "r by ,/4 ,an?ony ! ,h]mit 9 ! =egr\nd1 & ,,ss4 ,ca!r9e1 ,m>g>et1 ,aga?a1 ,odilia1 & ,apollonia gr\p$ ar\nd ! ?rone4 ,! picture 0 orig9ally 9 a *ur* at ,valladolid1 & 0 b\ght = ! ,l\vre at ! ,b\rgeois sale at ,cologne 9 #aijd = #cjbe4 ,,luis ,,morales ,we ne$ n "h pay att5tion to ! few unimportant pictures by unkn[n e>ly ,spani% ma/]s 9 ! collection1 & may pass on to ,luis ,morales1 call$ 8,el ,div9o0 78,! ,div9e07 7#aeji-aehf71 :o 0 born at ,badajoz1 & work$ at ,tol$o1 :5 ! :ole ,spani% s*ool 0 already addict$ to ! ,italian mann]isms introduc$ by ,b]reguete & o!r native arti/s tra9$ 9 ,rome4 ,morales1 h[ev]1 rema9$ fai?ful to ! tradition ( 8 own c\ntry1 & 0 ess5tially a pa9t] ( ^? religi\s subjects :i* enabl$ him to foll[ ! national b5t = ! sombre & tragic--! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ & ( ! ,virg91 & simil> !mes4 ,! ,*ri/ c>ry+ ! ,cross 7,no4 #agjg7 is a typical in/ance ( ! tragic int5sity ( 8 conception4 ,all ! suff]+ ( ! ,savi\r is express$ 9 ,8 drawn features & ,8 heavy1 swoll5 eyelids4 ,! picture is n dat$1 b 0 evid5tly pa9t$ be=e #aefd1 9 :i* ye> ! ma/] 0 call$ to ! ,escorial &1 :ile 9 ! s]vice ( ,philip ,,ii41 to a great ext5t lo/ 8 individual /yle 9 ! imitation ( ! ,italians1 t 0 probably =c$ ^u him by ! ta/e ( 8 patrons4 ,,el ,,greco ,we n[ come to "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ figures 9 ! hi/ory ( ,spani% pa9t+--,dom9ico ,!otocopuli1 bett] kn[n z 8,el ,greco0 7#aedh-afad71 f ! c\ntry ( 8 bir?4 ,born 9 ,crete ab\t #aedh1 ,el ,greco ent]$ at a v e>ly age ! /udio ( ,titian 9 ,v5ice4 ,?is at lea/ we "k f a lett] writt5 by ,clovio f ,rome 9 #aegj1 )\t :i*1 if we 7 to judge f ! ma/]'s e>ly /yle1 we %\ld be =c$ to ! conclusion t he acquir$ 8 art f ,t9toretto1 & m p>ticul>ly f ,jacopo da ,ponte1 to :om sev]al ( 8 e>lie/ works 9 private collections 7 =m]ly1 & 9 "s cases are /ill1 ascrib$4 ,he w5t to ,rome 9 #aegj1 & aft] five or six ye>s took up 8 abode at ,tol$o1 8 fir/ dat$ picture 9 t city1 ! sc5e ( 8 *ief activity1 be>+ ! date #aegg4 ,betwe5 t ye> & 8 dea? 9 #afad1 8 extant works illu/rate ! gradual evolution ( 8 art1 ! *ange ( 8 ,italian into a typically ,spani% mann]1 ! rapid acquisition ( a v p]sonal /yle1 & ! /ra9+ ( t p]sonal /yle to extreme mann]ism4 ,! notes & fla%es ( r>e1 cold1 almo/ acid1 b always h>moni\s1 col\r l5d a peculi> di/9ction to ,el ,greco's "w4 ,8 pr$ilection = long1 n>r[ faces & sl5d]1 emaciat$ bodies l$ him 9 8 decl9+ ye>s to extravagant exagg]ation2 ! ec/atic passionate action & ge/ure ( 8 figures reveal contortion & fr5zy4 ,z a portrait pa9t] ,el ,greco is second only to ,velazquez 9 ! s*ool ( 8 adopt$ c\ntry4 ,8 biograph]1 ,seor ,cosso1 has call$ him 8a pa9t] ( s\ls10 because he _h t int5se p[] ( p5etration :i* p]ceives & reta9s at a glance ! sum total ( a p]son's traits ( "*4 ,el ,greco's conception ( portraiture ent]s l>gely into 8 pictures at ! ,l\vre1 f :i* we mu/ exclude z an imitation by an inf]ior h& ! ,/4 ,francis & a ,novice 7,no4 #agbi;,a74 ,x is c]ta9ly an important feature 9 ! l>ge ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 ) ,two ,donors1 "o ( ! comp>atively rec5t acquisitions1 :i* /ill hangs on a scre5 9 ,gall]y ,,xv4 ,?is great alt>piece has little ( ! ma/]'s fi]ce passion & lightn+ fla%es ( col\r4 ,! expression ( ! two ,donors1 ,diego & ,antonio ,cov>rubias1 :o are se5 to ! wai/ at ! foot ( ! ,cross1 does n g beyond normal pi\s devotion2 & ! ,savi\r seems r to /& ) spread arms ?an to hang on ! ,cross ) all ! weight ( ,8 *>act]i/ically elongat$ body4 ,a lead5 grey dom9ates ! :ole col\r s*eme4 ,! composition is s+ul>ly empty & simple = a ma/] :o seem$ to h a p]fect horror ( empty spaces4 ,! picture1 :i* is fully sign$1 mu/ h be5 pa9t$ soon aft] ,el ,greco's arrival at ,tol$o 7& n1 z ,sr4 ,cosso ?9ks1 betwe5 #aeij & #afjj71 s9ce "o ( ! ,donors1 ! prie/ ,diego ,cov>rubias1 di$ 9 #aegg4 ,comp>ison ( ! two ,donors' faces ) _! portraits by ! same ma/] 9 ! ,tol$o ,libr>y c leave no d\bt z to _! id5tity4 ,! ,*ri/ on ! ,cross 0 (f]$ by ! deputy ,isaac ,p]eire ( ,prades 7,pyr5es-,ori5tales7 to ! local p>i% *ur*1 b 0 refus$ & hung 9 ! ,palais de ,ju/ice at ,prades1 :5ce x 0 remov$ to ! ,mairie 9 #aijd1 & f9ally sold to ! ,l\vre 9 #aijh = #ajjj4 ,! picture measures #h ft4 #h 94 by #e ft4 #h 94 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ( ,france & a ,page 7,no4 #agbi;,b71 :i* 0 =m]ly wrongly catalogu$ z ,k+ ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 is a m typical example ( ,el ,greco's managem5t ( col\r4 ,! boldly pa9t$ arm\r is id5tical ) t ( ! ,/4 ,m>t9 on horseback1 at ,tol$o4 ,! probable date ( ! picture1 :i* 0 b\ght 9 #aijd at ! high price ( #bhjj1 is betwe5 #aeid & #afjj4 ,by ,el ,greco's fav\rite pupil & assi/ant1 ,luis ,tri/an 7#aehf-afdj71 is ! reali/ic half-figure ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi 7,no4 #agcj74 ,a m sci5tific classification ( ! works by ! ,tol$o pa9t]s has rev]s$ ,sir ,w4 ,/irl+-,maxwell's judgm5t t ,tri/an _h all ! virtues & none ( ! faults ( 8 ma/]4 ,he 0 9 reality a m$iocre imitator ( ,el ,greco1 )\t a sp>k ( 8 ma/]'s g5ius & )\t any ( 8 di/9ction4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,seville ,! naturali/ic t5d5cies inh]5t 9 ! national ,spani% g5ius1 :i* ev5 9 ! p]iod ( ,italian mann]ism 7 n to be entirely d5i$1 bore full fruit at ,seville1 :]e ,francisco ,h]r]a 8! ,old0 7#aegf-afef7 0 ! fir/ entirely to reject ! tyranny ( ! ,italian mann]1 & ) x to a c]ta9 ext5t ! tyranny ( ,*ur* patronage4 ,he 0 a man ( fi]y "*1 ) :om ! te*nique ( 8 art became a v]itable passion4 ,x 0 left to a pa9t] ( a lat] c5tury & ( ano!r race to proclaim t x does n matt] :at y pa9t1 b h[ y pa9t2 b ,h]r]a's "w at times almo/ sugge/s t he 0 guid$ by simil> pr9ciples1 al?\gh an in/9ctive s5se ( pictorial fitness sav$ him f ! consequ5ces to :i* _! unre/rict$ application might easily lead4 ,9 spite ( ! repell+ fi]c5ess1 ! fanaticism1 ! cruelty ( e s+le face--all ( !m portraits1 no d\bt--9 ! ,/4 ,basil dictat+ 8 ,doctr9e 7,no4 #agjf7 at ! ,l\vre1 9 spite ( ! ess5tially ,spani% mann] 9 :i* ! design fills ! space 7! figures be+ gr\p$ 9 horizontal c\rses "r across ! canvas1 ) v little space above = ! sky1 & ?is little space fill$ ) angels' heads & ) a ,holy ,gho/ z fi]ce z ! re/ ( ! assembly71 !re is a noble rhy?m ( l9e z well z ( ! di/ribution ( light & %ade1 :i* proclaims ! m9d ( a ma/]4 ,! two ,sa9ts 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd1 ,/4 ,dom9ic & ,/4 ,b]n>d1 are cut ?r\gh at ! wai/--ano!r fav\rite device ( ,spani% composition1 :i* we h already notic$ 9 ! ,donors ( ,el ,greco's ,*ri/ on ! ,cross4 ,,zurb>,n ,consid]able ?\gh x be1 ,h]r]a's arti/ic a*ievem5t does n con/itute 8 *ief claim to fame2 = 8 "n w ev] be be/ kn[n z t ( ! fir/ ma/] ( ! greate/ ( all ,spani% pa9t]s1 ,don ,diego ,rodriguez de ,silva y ,velazquez4 ,b be=e discuss+ ! pictures by1 or catalogu$ "u ! "n (1 ,velazquez at ! ,l\vre1 we mu/ consid] ! "w ( two o!r pa9t]s ( ! ,naturali/ic s*ool3 ,francisco de ,zurb>n 7#aeih-affa7 & ,jos de ,rib]a1 call$ 8,lo ,spagnoletto0 7#aehh-afef74 ,zurb>n1 a pupil ( ! ,sevillan ,juan de las ,roelas1 0 ess5tially a pa9t] ( *ur* pictures1 8 fav\rite subjects be+ types ( monks & sc5es ( monki% life4 ,!re is some?+ s s9c]e & conv9c+ 9 8 unrel5t+ realism1 t ev5 8 pictures ( raptur\s ec/asy & /rongly emphasis$ emotion impress "o z tru?ful r5d]+s ( types obs]v$ by ! arti/ 9 ! /reets & *ur*es ( mona/ic ,seville4 ,! sombre passion ) :i* 8 subjects are in/9ct is reflect$ by 8 col\r & ma/]ly *i>oscuro4 ,zurb>n became ,c\rt ,pa9t] to ,philip ,,iv4 9 or be=e #afcc1 9 :i* ye> he add$ ! words 8,p9tor del ,rey0 to 8 signature on "o ( 8 pictures2 & 9 ?is capacity he pa9t$ at ,madrid 8 only kn[n secul> pictures1 a s]ies ( t5 ,sc5es f ! ,hi/ory ( ,h]cules4 ,two admirable pictures f 8 bru% figure 9 ! ,l\vre ,catalogue z ,/4 ,pet] ,nolasque & ,/4 ,raymond de ,pea=t 7,no4 #agch7 & ,! ,fun]al ( a ,bi%op 7,no4 #agci74 ,z a matt] ( fact !y repres5t two sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,bonav5tura3 ,! ,sa9t presid+ at a ,*apt] ( ,m9or ,bro!rs1 & ,! ,fun]al ( ,/ ,bonav5tura4 ,! second ( ^! companion pictures :i* 7 orig9ally 9 a conv5t at ,seville is p>ticul>ly /rik+ = ! unconv5tionality ( its composition1 ! /rong "* ( ! heads1 & ! ma/]ly treatm5t ( ! *i>oscuro4 ,note aga9 ! plac+ ( ! heads almo/ 9 a horizontal l9e "r across ! canvas1 & ! anxi\s avoidance ( empty spaces4 ,! ?ird picture t /&s to ,zurb>n's "n is ! figure ( ,a ,lady ( ,fa%ion 9 ! ,"* ( ,/4 ,apollonia 7,no4 #agdj71 a "w ( n v /rik+ m]it4 ,,rib]a ,rib]a1 ?\gh born ne> ,val5cia1 :]e he receiv$ 8 e>ly education 9 ! pa9t]'s art 9 ! /udio ( ,ribalta1 0 /ill "y 9 ye>s :5 he left 8 native l& = ,italy1 nev] to return4 ,/udy+ & work+ at ,rome1 ,p>ma1 & ,naples1 he 0 s /rongly influ5c$ by ,c>avaggio1 & to a m9or ext5t by ,correggio1 t1 tak+ also into acc\nt 8 long domicile1 !re is "s ju/ification = ^? :o treat him z belong+ to ! ,italian s*ool ( ,naturali/s4 ,! mo/ prom95t feature ( 8 art is ! viol5t & abrupt contra/+ ( brilliant lights ) v deep & heavy %ad[s1 :i* en=ces ! almo/ cruel dramatic int5sity ( 8 sc5es ( torture1 convulsions1 & suff]+4 ,9 ?is use ( *i>oscuro he 0 a true foll[] ( ,c>avaggio1 b ,rib]a1 ev5 :]e he is mo/ ,italian1 nev] d5ies 8 ,spani% nationality & ! tea*+ ( 8 fir/ ma/]4 ,n[h]e are 8 racial *>act]i/ics m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! admirable "*-/udy1 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room1 ( a gr9n+ begg>-boy :o suff]s f an infirmity f :i* ! picture d]ives its popul> "n1 ,! ,club-foot 7,no4 #agbe74 ,! boy is /&+ 9 bold silh\ette aga9/ a cl\d$ sky4 ,he %\ld]s 8 crut* l a gun1 & c>ries 9 8 left h& a %eet ( pap] ) ! inscription--,,da ,,mihi ,,elemos9am ,,propt] ,,amorem ,,dei4 ,if ,! ,club-foot is sc>cely typical ( ! qualities t are g5]ally associat$ ) ,rib]a's art1 ! ,l\vre owns two ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic examples ( 8 m viol5t mann]1 ( 8 dramatic use ( %>ply contra/$ light & %ade1 9 ,! ,entombm5t 7,no4 #agbb7 & ,/4 ,paul ! ,h]mit 7,no4 #agbc71 :i* be>s on a /one ! signature ,,jusepe ,,de ,,rib]a ,,espagnol ,p4,f4 ,9 ,! ,entombm5t ! ma/]-h& is reveal$ by ! sup]b bread? ) :i* ! limp yet weighty body ( ! ,savi\r is pa9t$4 ,x is n modell$ 9 all its pla/ic r\ndness1 b cut into %>p flat passages ( light & %ad[1 ! pla/ic relief be+ sugge/$ by ! p]fection ( ! anatomical draw+ & =e%ort5+4 ,poignant grief is express$ 9 ! faces ( ,/4 ,joseph ( ,arima?a1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,/4 ,john1 & ,nicodemus1 :o surr\nd ! body1 ! head ( :i* is support$ by ,/4 ,joseph4 ,! same subject is treat$ ) less ma/]ly au?ority 9 ,! ,entombm5t 7,no4 #agbe;,a71 :i* c only be accept$ z a s*ool picture4 ,! ascetic f]v\r t+$ ) a s5se almo/ ( cruel pleasure 9 self-inflict$ suff]+1 ) :i* ,rib]a lov$ to inve/ 8 semi-nude figures ( emaciat$ sa9ts1 h]mits1 & m>tyrs1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,/4 ,paul ! ,h]mit4 ,! picture 0 b\ght 9 #ahge = #beb4 ,)\t loss ( reali/ic p[]1 & )\t affectation or consci\s /riv+ = prett9ess1 ,rib]a %[s m human t5d]ness & g5tle emotion 9 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds 7,no4 #agba71 a picture sign$ & dat$ on a /one 9 ! "r-h& corn]1 ,juse ,rib]a espaol ,academico romano1 ,f4 #afej4 ,9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! subject he has "h refra9$ f mak+ use ( abrupt light & %ade1 ! :ole sc5e be+ envelop$ 9 a w>m gl[4 ,! types are n idealis$1 b are app>5tly fai?ful portraits ( _! respective models4 ,v simil> to ! c5tral gr\p 9 ?is canvas1 b m sonor\s 9 its dep? ( col\r1 f :i* gleam =? ! /rong lights1 is ! ,virg9 & ,*ild 7,no4 #agbd7 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room4 ,! f\r pictures ( ,philosoph]s 7,nos4 #agbf-agbi71 likewise 9 ! ,la ,caze ,beque/1 :i* ! (ficial ,catalogue gives to ,rib]a1 are c]ta9ly n by t ma/]4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t !y may be ! "w ( ,rib]a's facile & v]satile pupil1 ,luca ,giordano 78,fa ,pre/o071 b ! poor quality ( ^! pa9t+s sc>cely ju/ifies ev5 ?is attribution4 ,!y 7 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,g5]al ,mazzav$o4 ,rib]a _h a romantic c>e]1 ris+ z he did f absolute p5ury to almo/ despotic p[] z a memb] ( a triumvirate t w\ld brook no competition 9 ,naples & w\ld %r9k f no means to fur!r _! s*emes4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to h[ he di$4 ,he disappe>$ 9 #afef1 & probably f\nd 8 dea? 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,,velazquez ,! ,catalogue ( ! ,l\vre collection conta9s an impos+ li/ ( sev5 works by ! k+ ( ,spani% pa9t]s4 ,critical exam9ation ( ^! pictures w1 h[ev]1 result 9 ! elim9ation ( all b two t figure 9 ! li/4 ,velazquez1 :o 0 de/9$ to /amp 8 great p]sonality on a :ole g5]ation ( ,spani% pa9t]s1 b ^: art 0 little kn[n 9 ,nor!rn ,europe previ\s to ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 has ex]cis$ a p>am\nt influ5ce on mod]n art4 ,he 0 born ( noble desc5t at ,seville 9 ,june #aeii4 ,al?\gh orig9ally de/9$ = ano!r pr(ession1 he %[$ su* tal5t = art t he 0 all[$ to ent] ! /udio ( ,francisco ,h]r]a1 ( ^: reali/ic t5d5cies & rugg$ /r5g? we h already _h occasion to speak4 ,f 8 /udio he pass$ into t ( ! cultur$ & erudite ,francisco ,pa*eco1 ^: arti/ic a*ievem5t at its be/ 0 f> 9 advance ( 8 pr(ess$ academic pr9ciples4 ,summon$ to ,madrid 9 #afbc by ! p[]ful ,c\nt ,duke ( ,oliv>ez1 ,velazquez ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,k+ ,philip ,,iv4 ,velazquez became 8 fav\rite ,c\rt ,pa9t]1 receiv$ o!r important (fices & emolum5ts1 & aft] 8 return f 8 second visit to ,italy 9 #afea--! fir/ visit _h tak5 place 9 #afbi--;he 0 appo9t$ ,apos5tador del ,rey1 a po/ :i* approximately corresponds ) t ( ,c\rt-,m>%al4 ,he di$ on ! #f? ( ,augu/ #affj1 f ! results ( fatigue & ov]work 9 sup]vis+ ! arrangem5ts = ! betro?al ( ! ,infanta ,m>ia ,t]esa to ,l\is ,,xiv4 at ! ,palace on ! ,isle ( ,pheasants1 at ,irun4 ,) ! exception ( ! e>ly bodegones ( 8 /ud5t-ye>s & a few r>e excursions into ! realm ( religi\s & my?ological composition1 ,velazquez's life-"w1 z condition$ by ! patronage ( ! k+ & ! ,c\rt1 0 practically conf9$ to portraiture4 ,8 unrivall$ greatness 9 ?is sph]e is due to ! p]fect cle>ness ( 8 vision1 :i* made him grasp ! p]son or sc5e be=e 8 eyes at a s+le glance1 & transpose 8 impression to canvas ) undi/urb$ directness & complet5ess1 & ) an app>5t disreg>d ( ! means ( expression4 ,!re is dignity & sob]ness 9 all 8 portraits2 p]fect spac+2 noble1 firm cont\r2 complete unity ( all ! p>ts produc$ by ! s5se ( ambi5t atmosph]e4 ,& nev] is !re ! slighte/ h9t ( trick ( h&1 or mann]ism1 or pa9t+ by recipe4 ,ea* picture is ! result ( close obs]vation1 record$ ) admirable directness & hone/y4 ,?is supreme ma/] ( ! pa9t]'s te*nique seem$ to pay no att5tion to te*nique--or1 at lea/1 ! result is inv>iably s significant & s absorb+ly int]e/+ t ! spectator1 unless he approa*es ! picture ) delib]ate int5tion to probe its secret1 nev] ?9ks ( ! te*nical means by :i* life s conv9c+ has be5 brea!d on to ! canvas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4--,,velazquez 7#aeii-affj7 ,,spani% ,,s*ool ,no4 #agca4--,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,infanta ,,m>g>ita 7,portrait de l'infante ,m>g>ita ,m>ia7 ,! ,infanta1 :o appe>s to be ab\t f\r ye>s ( age1 is we>+ a :ite robe embroid]$ ) black4 ,%e is se5 /&+ at half l5g?1 h] "r h& on ! arm ( a *air4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 ,inscrib$3--8,,l9fante ,,m>gu]ite40 #b ft4 #c 94 #a ft4 #aa 94 7#jgj #jei47 ,,! ,,infanta ,9 ! ,l\vre collection !re is b "o picture f :i* x is possible to judge ! greatness ( ,velazquez's art4 ,t picture is ! des]v$ly fam\s & (t5-copi$ portrait ( ! little ,infanta ,m>g>ita 7,no4 #agca1 ,plate ,,xxv471 :i* has rightly be5 plac$ 9 ! ,salon ,c>r among ! pr\de/ possessions :i* ! ,gall]y c boa/4 ,! little pr9cess1 :o 0 born 9 #afea1 ! fir/ *ild ( ,m>iana ( ,au/ria1 is "h depict$ at ! age ( ab\t f\r1 s t ! date ( ! portrait may safely be assum$ to be ab\t ! ye> #afee1 & n #afei1 z sugge/$ by ,m4 ,laf5e/re4 ,%e is dress$ 9 a :ite robe ) black lace trimm+s4 ,a p9k ribbon is ti$ on h] "r side to h] s(t light gold5 hair1 :i* falls 9 curls to h] %\ld]s2 h] "r h& re/s ^u a *air1 :il/ ! left1 ! f+]s ( :i* h be5 repa9t$ ow+ to ! addition ( a n>r[ /rip ( canvas at ! bottom1 holds a fl[]4 ,on ! top ! words ,,l9fante ,,m>gv]ite are pa9t$ 9 heavy block lett]s across ! :ole wid? ( ! canvas4 ,?is picture1 9 :i* *ildlike +5u\sness is s happily bl5d$ ) qua9t dignity1 & 9 :i* ev5 ! =bidd+ ugl9ess ( ! dress ( ! p]iod _c de/roy ! little pr9cess's grace & doll-l *>m1 ,velazquez has surely left to ! _w "o ( ! mo/ entranc+ portraits ( lovable *ildhood t is to be f\nd 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( art4 ,,m>iana ,,( ,,au/ria ,! o!r unque/ionably au!ntic "w by ! ma/] at ! ,l\vre is to be f\nd 9 ! ,la ,caze ,beque/4 ,x is catalogu$ z ,portrait ( ! ,infanta ,m>ia ,t]esa1 aft]w>ds ,que5 ( ,france 7,no4 #agce71 b is 9 reality a portrait ( ,que5 ,m>iana ( ,au/ria1 ! "m ( ! ,infanta ,m>g>ita ,m>ia4 ,m>iana 0 m>ri$ to ,philip ,,iv4 z 8 second wife 9 #afdi1 at ! age ( f\rte54 ,velazquez 0 at t "t 9 ,italy1 s t ! duty ( pa9t+ h] fir/ portrait = ! royal bridegroom fell to ! ,c\rt ,pa9t]'s son-9-law & *ief pupil1 ,juan ,bauti/a del ,mazo 7#afaj-affg74 ,! portrait at ! ,l\vre 01 if we may judge f ! app>5t age ( ! *ild-que5 z %e is "h repres5t$1 pa9t$ 9 #afea1 :5 ,velazquez _h return$ f 8 second ,italian j\rney & :5 ,m>iana 0 sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,x 0 probably a prelim9>y /udy f life = ! l>g] portrait 9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y4 ,?is admirable portrait is ano!r arti/ic triumph ov] unfav\rable conditions impos$ by ! hide\sness ( contempor>y female attire1 al?\gh ! =ehead has be5 spoilt by clumsy repa9t+4 ,! coiffure 9 p>ticul>1 a cascade ( false hair1 b[s1 jewels1 & fea!rs1 is m sugge/ive ( "s exotic idol or feti% ?an ( a human be+4 ,9 #ahfc1 be=e ! judgm5t ( a ta/eless age1 :i* gave ,velazquez a position f> bel[ ! !n absurdly ov]rat$ ,murillo1 0 revis$1 ?is portrait ( ,m>iana appe>$ at ! ,vi>dot sale & fail$ to realise m ?an #bjj6 ,,copies ,,& ,,s*ool ,,pictures ,two o!r portraits 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room are attribut$ to ,velazquez4 ,"o ( ^!1 a ,portrait ( ,philip ,,iv4 7,no4 #agcc7 at ! age ( ab\t fifty1 is unque/ionably a :olly un9spir$ & fairly mod]n copy ( ! head 9 ! ,prado 7,no4 #ajhj74 ,! o!r1 a ,portrait ( a ,"y ,woman 7,no4 #agcf71 is an extremely feeble imitation ( ! sup]ficial aspect ( ,velazquez's mann]--s bad 9 draw+1 especially 9 ! atta*m5t ( ! nose to ! face1 t x is difficult to accept ,seor ,b]uete's attribution ( ?is picture to ,juan ,c>reo de ,mir&a 7#afad-afhe71 an able pa9t] ( ! ,madrid s*ool4 ,m4 ,h5ri ,rodolphe ,elissa1 :o expos$ ! 8,ti>a ( ,saitaph]nes0 =g]y1 has ass]t$ t he c prove bo? ! ,philip ,,iv4 & ! ,"y ,woman to be ! "w ( ! ,spani% pa9t] ,escosura1 :o di$ 9 ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re appe>s to be no reason to d\bt 8 ass]tion4 ,! head ( ,philip1 m ?an ! o!r picture1 appe>s to be n9ete5?-c5tury "w4 ,! ,portrait ( ,philip ,,iv41 ,k+ ( ,spa91 9 ,hunt+ ,co/ume 7,no4 #agcb71 ) a gun 9 8 "r h& & a dog sitt+ by 8 side1 9 a l&scape backgr\nd1 is only a contempor>y copy ( a v simil> picture 9 ! ,prado1 to :i* x is va/ly inf]ior 9 execution4 ,x is true t 9 ! ,prado picture ! k+'s hat is on 8 head1 :il/ 9 ! ,l\vre v]sion1 :i* is probably by ,mazo1 he c>ries x 9 8 left h&4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible to detect 9 ! ,prado portrait cle> evid5ce ( a p5tim5to1 f :i* x c be se5 t "h1 too1 ! hat 0 orig9ally 9 ! same position z 9 ! ,l\vre canvas4 ,presumably ,velazquez subsequ5tly made ! alt]ation2 b ! copy 0 execut$ at an e>li] date4 ,,! 8,,meet+ ,,( ,,?irte5 ,,p0 ,!re h be5 great div]g5ces ( op9ion conc]n+ ! /range little pa9t+ repres5t+ a ,meet+ ( ,?irte5 ,p 7,no4 #agcd7 on a hill4 ,x 0 =m]ly kn[n z ,a ,meet+ ( ,arti/s1 because two ( ! ,spani% cavali]s depict$ 9 ! gr\p 7 believ$ to repres5t ,velazquez & ,murillo4 ,laud$ at fir/ z "o ( ,velazquez's ma/]pieces by ^? :o 7 c>ri$ away by ! truly extraord9>y beauty ( ! pe>ly1 opalesc5t col\r h>mony & ! atmosph]ic quality ( ! pa9t+1 ! little picture has lately be5 z viol5tly abus$ = its 8poor design1 weak execution1 & commonplace arrangem5t40 ,z a matt] ( fact ! arrangem5t is any?+ b commonplace1 & ! picture has great qualities ( te*nique :i* w always be ! delight ( pr(essional arti/s4 ,x is moreov] admirably v>i$ 9 ge/ure & action1 ev5 if x has c]ta9 weaknesses :i* r5d] impossible its unqualifi$ attribution to ,velazquez4 ,"h we h cle>ly an excell5t example ( 8 son-9-law & imitator1 ,j4 ,b4 del ,mazo4 ,if any pro( 7 ne$$ = ?is attribution1 x w be f\nd 9 ! figure on ! extreme left ( ! composition4 ,bo? 8 legs are slant+ =w>d s mu* t 8 c5tre ( gravity plumbs beh9d 8 heels4 ,x w\ld really be impossible to ma9ta9 ?is po/ure1 :i*1 ?\gh x (f5ds aga9/ ! laws ( gravity1 is to be f\nd 9 q a numb] ( ,mazo's pictures1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! small figure ( ,oliv>ez 787 9 ! middle di/ance on ! "r 9 ! ,duke ( ,we/m9/]'s ,don ,baltaz> ,c>los 9 ! ,rid+ ,s*ool1 9 ! portrait ( ,don ,baltaz> ,c>los at ,! ,hague1 & 9 ! second boy 9 ,! ,family ( ,mazo at ! ,vi5na ,gall]y4 ,! s\ndly pa9t$ ,portrait ( ,don ,p$ro de ,altamira1 ,doy5 ( ! ,*apel ,royal at ,tol$o1 aft]w>ds ,c>d9al 7,no4 #agcg71 inscrib$ on ! backgr\nd 8,t #ed ,,dv1 #afcc10 is a good "*-/udy ( an en]getic & r worldly-look+ ,*ur* dignit>y1 b does n appe> to be ei!r by ,velazquez or "o ( 8 imm$iate foll[]s4 ,!re is 9 ! ,spani% section ( ! ,l\vre ano!r sup]bly pa9t$1 b v problematic1 ,head ( a ,man 7,no4 #agdg71 :i*1 on no m plausible gr\nds ?an an accid5tal lik5ess to "o ( ! figures 9 ,! ,=ge ( ,vulcan1 has by "s critics be5 believ$ to be by ,velazquez4 ,! ri* impa/o & ! c>eful f9i% ( ! pa9t+ are utt]ly unlike ,velazquez's mann]2 nor does ! picture appe> to be ( 8 p]iod4 ,b :oev] may be its au?or1 x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pa9t+s 9 ?is section ( ! ,l\vre4 ,,murillo ,by f> ! be/ repres5t$ ( all ! ma/]s at ! ,spani% s*ool is ,b>tolom ,e/ban ,murillo 7#afah8-afhb74 ,he 0 born at ,seville1 ( poor p>5ts1 & /udi$ z a boy "u ,juan del ,ca/illo4 ,=c$ be=e he _h rea*$ manhood to ga9 8 livelihood1 he took to manufactur+ arti/ically wor?less devotional pictures on saga-clo?1 = sale at ! weekly fairs 9 ! poor qu>t] ( ,seville4 ,?is e>ly practice ( r me*anical production1 & ! habit1 acquir$ by necessity1 ( work+ to please ! public1 clung to him 9 aft] life & are responsible = mu* t ! mod]n m9d f9ds di/a/eful 9 8 art--a c]ta9 sickly s5tim5tality t (t5 takes ! place ( real s5tim5t1 & an artificiality ( arrangem5t ev5 :]e ! types are reali/ic r5d]+s ( ! p among :om he sp5t 8 days4 ,) 8 small sav+s f ! proce$s ( 8 crude popul> pictures ,murillo proce$$ to ,madrid1 :]e ,velazquez assi/$ him by de$1 advice1 & example1 ?\gh ! two arti/s 7 probably nev] 9 ! relation ( ma/] & pupil4 ,aft] ab\t two ye>s ?us pr(itably sp5t at ,madrid1 ,murillo return$ to ,seville1 :]e he cont9u$ to "w until 8 dea? 9 #afhb1 & rose to ! v summit ( fame & popul>ity4 ,at 8 be/ ,murillo 0 a col\ri/ ( great *>m & a te*nician ( ! r>e/ skill4 ,8 art is mo/ admirable :]e he adh]es mo/ closely to ! reali/ic tradition ( 8 c\ntry4 ,x is sc>cely to be cr$it$ t ! same h& :i* produc$ s _m vapor\s & vapid ,madonnas is responsible = a picture pa9t$ ) su* sup]b bread? & incisive vig\r z ,! ,"y ,begg> 7,no4 #agag71 :i* is almo/ wor?y ( ! bru% ( ,velazquez 9 8 ,sevillan p]iod4 ,! decid$ly unsav\ry subject is made acceptable by ! consummate arti/ry ( ! treatm5t4 8,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception0 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to pictures ( ?is type t ,murillo ow$ 8 widespread popul>ity4 ,g5]ations ( en?usia/ic admir]s h /ood 9 sil5t awe be=e 8 l>ge pa9t+ ( ,! ,immaculate ,conception 7,no4 #agji1 ,plate ,,xxvi471 :i* is c]ta9ly "o ( ! be/ ( innum]able v]sions ( ! same subject--! ,virg9 /&+ on a cresc5t moon1 ) ec/atic gaze1 & h&s press$ to h] brea/1 & surr\nd$ by sw>ms ( joy\s angel-*ildr5--pa9t$ by ,murillo to meet an app>5tly insatiable dem&4 ,!re is some?+ ( real ec/asy 9 ?is conception4 ,to f9d a simil> morbidezza ( pigm5t "o mu/ turn to c]ta9 fam\s works by ,&rea del ,s>to3 x is a quality :i* is g5]ally conspicu\sly abs5t f ,spani% pa9t+ & :i*1 if c>ri$ a /ep f>!r1 z x sometimes 0 c>ri$ by ,murillo1 w\ld result 9 fuzzy vapidness4 ,?is fam\s picture has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! mo/ co/ly pur*ase ev] made = ! ,l\vre1 ! price paid = x at ! ,m>%al ,s\lt sale 9 #aheb--t is _m ye>s be=e ,am]ican competition _h e/abli%$ ! va/ly enhanc$ /&>ds ( value :i* n[ prevail--be+ z mu* z #fae1cjj fr41 or #bd1fab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4--,,murillo 7#afah8-afhb7 ,,spani% ,,s*ool ,no4 #agji--,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception 7,la ,conception immacule de la ,vi]ge7 ,! ,virg91 we>+ a :ite robe ) a blue mantle ov] h] left %\ld]1 has h] h&s cross$ ov] h] brea/2 %e is /&+ 9 ! holl[ ( a two-horn$ cresc5t1 & gaz+ heav5w>ds4 ,ab\t tw5ty-"o *]ubs & t5 heads are se5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! composition4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #i ft4 #j 94 #f ft4 #c 94 7#bgd #aij47 ,app>5tly ( e>li] date is ! o!r v]sion ( ! same subject at ! ,l\vre4 ,?is ,immaculate ,conception 7,no4 #agjh7 is n pa9t$ 9 ! same _s ( exaltation z ! v]sion j describ$1 b has a happy passage ( reali/ic "*-pa9t+ 9 ! six kneel+ figures on ! left4 ,on ! "r two angels c>ry a scroll ) ! inscription ,,9 ,,pr9cipio ,,dilexit ,,eam4 ,! picture 0 pa9t$ 9 #afef-eg = ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia la ,blanca at ,seville1 & 0 c>ri$ (f to ,france1 ) _m o!r ( ! ma/]'s works1 by ,m>%al ,s\lt4 ,,! 8,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,virg90 ,ano!r picture t =m$ "p ( ! loot tak5 by ,napoleon's g5]al & 0 tak5 9 #ahee f 8 son1 ! ,duke ( ,dalmatia1 9 liquidation ( a debt ( #fjjj1 is ,! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 7,no4 #agaj74 ,! ,national ,gall]y 9 ,london owns a small prelim9>y /udy = ?is pa9t+1 :i* 0 execut$ 9 #afee = ,seville ,ca!dral4 ,! c5tre is occupi$ by a beautifully dispos$ gr\p ( f\r wom5 & f\r w+$ heav5ly visitors att5d+ to ! ,infant's ba?2 9 ! backgr\nd on ! left ,/4 ,anne1 rais$ 9 h] b$1 is receiv+ visitors1 & on ! "r are se5 two att5dants air+ l95 at a fireplace4 ,! /range assemblage1 9 :i* ! e>?ly & ! heav5ly are )\t incongruity br\ght into su* close contact t "o ( ! boy-angels is actually occupi$ ) a dog1 is complet$ by ano!r f\r angels float+ 9 ! air above ! ,infant4 ,9 composition1 di/ribution ( light & %ade1 & 9 h>moni\s bl5d+ ( mell[ col\r ?is picture ranks among ,murillo's highe/ a*ievem5ts4 ,accord+ to ,cean ,b]mudez1 ! r\ndness1 beauty ( %ape1 & rosy complexion ( ! wait+-woman's arm 9 ! =egr\nd 8excit$ ! jeal\s envy ( ! ladies ( ,seville40 ,x is int]e/+ to note t be=e its acquisition by ! ,l\vre ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 0 br\ght to ,engl& 9 #ahbc1 :5 ! own]s va9ly tri$ to f9d a pur*as]4 8,,! ,,angels' ,,kit*50 ,yet ano!r des]v$ly fam\s "w by ,murillo1 remov$ f a ,franciscan conv5t at ,seville by ! insatiable gre$ ( ,m>%al ,s\lt1 is ! n[ ext5sively re/or$ l>ge picture kn[n z ,! ,miracle ( ,san ,diego1 or ,! ,angels' ,kit*5 7,no4 #agaf74 ,! composition is divid$ by two l>ge figures ( angels into two halves4 ,on ! left two knights ( ,calatrava are %[n 9 by a ,franciscan bro!r & behold ,/4 ,diego 9 pray] miracul\sly rais$ into ! air & surr\nd$ by a flood ( light4 ,on ! "r ! angels are occupi$ ) ! prep>ation ( ! repa/ = :i* ! ,sa9t has s5t 8 pray] to ! ,virg94 ,a ,franciscan is wat*+ ! sc5e f ! di/ance ) a ge/ure ( amazem5t4 ,"h aga9 ! real & ! sup]natural are bl5d$ ) unaffect$ navet1 ! unity ( ! cont5d+ elem5ts be+ e/abli%$ by ! ma/]ly r5d]+ ( light & atmosph]e4 ,an acc\nt ( ! miracle is giv5 on a c>t\*e 9 ! =egr\nd2 :il/ a piece ( pap] on ! left holds ! signature ,,b>t-,,e/4 ,,murillo1 #afdf4 ,! ,angels' ,kit*5 0 b\ght f ! despoil]'s heirs = #cdbj4 ,! ,virg9 ( ! ,ros>y 7,no4 #agab71 unlike ! majority ( ,murillo's repres5tations ( ! ,"m ( ,god1 has sc>cely a trace ( spiritual exaltation1 b is m]ely a h&some type ( a happy & cont5t$ ,spani% "m4 ,! folds ( h] out] g>m5t are arrang$ 9 florid & mean+less pr(usion4 ,! ,holy ,family 7,no4 #agac71 also kn[n z ,! ,virg9 ( ,seville1 is a g5u9e & *>act]i/ic1 ?\gh /rangely ov]rat$ "w by ! ma/]1 & be>s ! signature ,,b>tolom ,,de ,,murillo ,f4 ,,hispan4 ,! ,virg9 9 ,glory 7,no4 #agaa7 is1 to say ! lea/1 ( d\btful au!nticity4 ,! small companion pictures1 ,*ri/ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,olives 7,no4 #agad7 & ,*ri/ at ! ,column & ,/4 ,pet] 7,no4 #agae71 are pa9t$ on m>ble1 to :i* fact !y owe ! unpleasant coldness ( _! col\r+4 ,9 ! ,la ,caze ,room are two portraits1 ,! ,poet ,quev$o 7,no4 #agah7 & ,! ,duke ( ,ossua 7,no4 #agai71 :i* ! (ficial ,catalogue ascribes to ,murillo4 ,q ap>t f ! fact t ! arti/ 0 only six ye>s ( age :5 ! ,duke ( ,ossua di$1 ! quality ( ! pa9t+ does n ju/ify ^! attributions4 ,l ! head ( ,philip ,,iv4 9 ! same room1 !y 7 probably pa9t$ by ,escosura1 a late-n9ete5?-c5tury ,spani>d ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,madrid ,we mu/ n[ return to ,madrid1 :]e ! example ( ,velazquez _h inspir$ a fairly num]\s gr\p ( able pa9t]s )\t p>ticul> g5ius1 ^: art1 be+ entirely d]ivative1 c>ri$ )9 itself ! g]m ( decay & sank to complete insignificance be=e ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ arti/ ( ?is gr\p is ,juan ,bauti/a del ,mazo1 :o has already be5 ref]r$ to z ! au?or ( ! ,meet+ ( ,?irte5 ,p & probably ( ! ,philip ,,iv4 9 ,hunt+ ,co/ume4 ,s well did he succe$ 9 appropriat+ 8 fa!r-9-law's /yle t 8 be/ works h frequ5tly pass$ "u 8 illu/ri\s ma/]'s "n4 ,ano!r important pa9t] ( ! ,madrid s*ool is ,c>reo de ,mir&a 7,nos4 #afad-afhe71 :o b5efit$ by ,velazquez's patronage1 became pa9t] ( ! ,palace 9 #affi1 & ,c\rt ,pa9t] & ,assi/ant ,s5es*al 9 #afga4 ,al?\gh 9 8 lat] ye>s he devot$ himself l>gely to subject pictures :i* are di/+ui%$ by a w>m] col\r+ ?an mo/ ( ! productions by ! ,madrid s*ool ( ! p]iod1 he a*iev$ 8 greate/ successes z a portrait pa9t]4 ,he 0 consid]ably influ5c$ by ! pa9t+s ( ,van ,dyck1 :i* he _h occasion to /udy 9 ! royal palaces4 ,8 l>ge ,/4 ,ambrose di/ribut+ ,alms 7,no4 #agjb71 9 ! ,la ,caze ,gall]y1 is a hurri$ly execut$ "w :i* does n %[ 8 art to ! be/ advantage4 ,x figur$ 9 ! sale ( ! ,s\lt collection1 :5 x fail$ to realise #bj4 ,f> m typical ( its au?or's be/ mann] is ,! ,burn+ ,bu% 7,no4 #agjc7 by ,francisco ,collantes 7#aeii-afef71 a ,madrid pa9t] :o /udi$ "u ,v9c5te ,c>du*o1 b 0 influ5c$ by ,bassano4 ,he 0 an excell5t col\ri/1 especially 9 8 l&scape pa9t+s ) small figures4 ,8 mo/ fam\s picture is ,! ,vision ( ,ezekiel1 =m]ly at ! ,bu5 ,retiro ,palace & n[ 9 ! ,prado ,gall]y4 ,juan de ,arellano 7#afad-afgf71 ! pa9t] ( ! ,fl[]s 7,no4 #agja71 work$ at ,madrid1 unkn[n & 9 abject pov]ty1 until at ! age ( ?irty-six he began to devote himself to fl[]-pa9t+1 a bran* ( art 9 :i* he develop$ consid]able skill1 & rose to great popul>ity4 ,yet ano!r ,madrid pa9t] :o is b indiff]5tly repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre by a /ill life ( ,fruit & ,musical ,in/rum5ts 7,no4 #agbj7 9 ! ,la ,caze collection1 is ,antonio ,p]$a 7#aeii-affi74 ,al?\gh a contempor>y ( ,velazquez & work+ 9 ! same city1 he 0 n appreciably influ5c$ by t ma/]4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,p$ro de las ,cuevas1 & 8 /yle %[s c]ta9 aff9ities ) ,rib]a4 ,8 works are r>ely to be met ) outside ! gall]ies & *ur*es ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury m>k$ ! complete decad5ce ( ! ,spani% s*ool1 :i* 0 precipitat$ & receiv$ its f9al seal by ! adv5t 9 #afib ( ! ,neapolitan ,luca ,giordano1 ^: r>e facility 9 ! production ( %[y1 fla%y1 m]etrici\s works e>n$ = him ! sobriquet 8,fa ,pre/o10 & ^: prodigi\s success 0 a p[]ful inc5tive to emulation4 ,m fatal ev5 ?an ! influ5ce ( ,luca ,giordano 0 t ( ! ,g]man arti/ ,raphael ,m5gs1 an un9spir$ eclectic :o became ,c\rt ,pa9t] to ,*>les ,,iii41 & :o is ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ! ,g]man pictures at ! ,l\vre4 ,,goya ,9 ?is "t ( complete /agnation ! fasc9at+ p]sonality ( ,francisco ,goya y ,luci5tes 7#agdf-ahbh7 fla%es l a bright meteor ?r\gh ! d>k night ( ,spani% art4 ,goya takes a unique position 9 ! art ( 8 c\ntry--or1 inde$1 ( ! _w4 ,he 0 z mu* ! la/ ( ! old ma/]s z he is ! fir/ ( ! mod]ns4 ,a man ( fi]y temp]am5t1 impulsive1 unruly1 oppos$ to au?ority1 he 0 t]ribly unequal 9 8 p]=mance4 ,x is z unnecess>y to /ate :o 7 8 ma/]s z x is impossible to speak ( 8 /yle 9 g5]al t]ms1 = !re probably nev] 0 an arti/ :o work$ 9 s _m diff]5t /yles1 exp]im5t$ 9 s _m diff]5t m$iums1 & treat$ s va/ a range ( subjects z ,goya4 ,he 0 a creature ( moods1 & *ang$ 8 me?od ( pa9t+ z easily z 8 political allegiance f ,b\rbon to ,bonap>te & back aga9 to ,b\rbon4 ,8 f\r pictures at ! ,l\vre are )\t exception portraits1 & d n !re=e illu/rate 8 highly develop$ s5se ( ! dramatic4 ,b !y s]ve admirably to %[ 8 active prote/ aga9/ ! classici/ affectation preval5t at 8 "t1 & 8 return to ! heal?y realism :i* is ! h]itage ( 8 race4 ,! ,portrait ( ,f4 ,guillem>det1 ,ambassador ( ! ,fr5* ,republic to ,spa9 7,no4 #agjd71 is an admirably hone/ piece ( portraiture1 dignifi$ b p]fectly natural 9 pose1 /rong 9 expression & pleas+ 9 col\r4 ,x 0 bequea!d to ! ,l\vre by ,guillem>det1 toge!r ) ! ,"y ,spani% ,woman 7,no4 #agje7 9 a black mantilla1 /&+ ) cross$ arms aga9/ a pe>ly-grey l&scape backgr\nd4 ,! seat$ half-figure ( ! r corpul5t ,"y ,spani% ,woman 7,no4 #agje;,a7 0 b\ght at ! ,kums sale at ,antw]p = #abgf2 & ! portrait ( ,don ,p]ez de ,ca/ro 7,no4 #agje;,b7 0 acquir$ 9 #aijb = #abjj4 ,goya 0 an isolat$ figure 9 ,spani% art ( ! "t4 ,he left no 8s*ool10 b 8 influ5ce 0 "o ( ! lead+ factors 9 ! rise ( ! mod]n movem5t 9 ,france4 ,,! ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,we h already foll[$ ! developm5t ( ! e>ly ,flemi% or ,ne!rl&i% art dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 & obs]v$ h[ x ev5tually pass$ "u ! ,italianis+ influ5ces :i* are unmi/akable 9 ! pictures ( ,b>5d van ,orley 7#adie8-aedb7 & 8 contempor>ies4 ,! e>ly pa9t]s ( ,holl& z di/9ct f ,fl&]s _c be trac$ ) any c]ta9ty mu* f>!r back ?an ,alb]t von ,ouwat] 7fl4 #adbj-adfj71 :o work$ at ,ha>lem f #adcj to #adfj4 ,z we h already se51 ! e>ly ,flemi% pa9t]1 ,g]>d ,david 7#adfj8-aebc71 0 born at ,ouwat]1 :i* may well h _h its s*ool ( pa9t]s4 ,nei!r ,alb]t von ,ouwat]1 :o is repres5t$ to-day by a s+le "w1 ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y1 nor 8 unid5tifiable contempor>y :o pa9t$ ! ,exhumation ( ,/4 ,hub]t1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 7,no4 #ghc71 are includ$ 9 ! collection ( pictures at ! ,l\vre4 ,,g]>d ,,( ,,ha>lem ,! influ5ce ( ^! pa9t]s & ,di]ick ,b\ts is se5 9 ! r>e works ( ,ge]tg5 tot ,s4 ,jans1 or ,g]>d ( ,ha>lem 7#adfe-adic7 ^: ,rais+ ( ,laz>us 7,no4 #befc;,a7 9 ?is collection is an a*ievem5t ( ! highe/ ord]1 & 0 pur*as$ z rec5tly z #aijb = #djjj f ,b>on d',alb5as1 aft] hav+ be5 = _m ye>s 9 ,spa94 ,?is pupil or foll[] ( ! ,ouwat] ma/] 0 a native ( ,leyd51 & work$ at ,ha>lem4 ,he took 8 "n f ! comm&]y ( ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john at ,ha>lem = :om he work$1 z we see f ! c>eful inscription1 8,g]>dus ,leydanus pictor ad ,s4 ,io4 ,bapti/4 ,h>lem p9xt10 on 8 tripty* at ,vi5na4 ,among 8 contempor>ies 7 ,cornelis ,engelbre*ts51 :o 0 born 9 #adfh at ,leyd51 :]e he di$ 9 #aecc1 & ,lucas van ,leyd5 7#adid-aecc74 ,! latt] play$ an important "p z an engrav] q z mu* z a pa9t] 9 ! univ]sity t[n ( ,leyd51 :i* n[ possesses 8 l>ge ,la/ ,judgm5t & became fam\s z ! bir?place ( ,rembr&t 9 #afjf4 ,! ,l\vre possesses no picture by ei!r ,engelbre*ts5 or ,lucas van ,leyd54 ,jacob ,cornelisz van ,oo/san5 7fl4 #adgj-aecc7 is also unrepres5t$ "h4 ,portraits by pa9t]s 9 ?is gr\p are (t5 confus$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,portrait ( ! ,duke ( ,ea/ ,friesl&1 9 ! ,old5burg ,gall]y1 :i* has be5 attribut$ to bo? ,lucas van ,leyd5 & ,jacob ,cornelisz4 ,a pupil ( ! latt] may h pa9t$ ! ,cana ( ,galilee 7,no4 #bfdj;,c74 ,x is safe to assign to 8! ,ma/] ( ! ,female ,half ,figures10 ! ,"y ,lady ,read+ 7,no4 #bfda;,c71 :i* has a close analogy ) ! well-kn[n picture 9 ! ,h>ra* collection at ,vi5na1 repres5t+ half-l5g? figures ( ?ree "y ladies 9 crimson velvet dresses cut squ>e at ! neck1 & s++ to ! accompanim5t ( a flute & a lute4 ,! "n ( ?is pa9t] is n kn[n1 b 8 pictures1 :i* are nei!r num]\s nor ( any conspicu\s m]it1 are easily recognisable4 ,to ?is p]iod ( transition & m$iocre pa9t+ belongs ,jan ,scorel 7#adie-aefb71 ^: ,portrait ( ,p>acelsus ! ,doctor 7,no4 #befg;,a7 is inscrib$3 8,,=moso ,,doctor ,,p>aselsus10 & is 9 e way sup]ior to ! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #bfda;,b71 :i* is labell$ ) ! "n ( ,scorel1 b catalogu$ z be+ by an unkn[n arti/4 ,f ,scorel1 a mu* travell$ ,dut* arti/1 :o at "o "t work$ at ,nuremburg ) ,albre*t ,dr] & visit$ ,v5ice & ! ,ea/1 we naturally pass to ,jan ,mo/a]t ( ,ha>lem4 ,mo/a]t ( ,ha>lem is unrepres5t$ at ! ,l\vre1 a rem>k :i* equally well applies to ! anonym\s 8,pseudo-,mo/a]t10 :o pa9t$ s mu* 9 8 /yle t a l>ge numb] ( inf]ior productions h be5 cr$it$ to him f "t to "t4 ,pictures ( ?is type v>y s consid]ably t ! "n 8,pseudo-,mo/a]t0 is little m ?an a g5]ic designation = unassignable ,flemi% & ,dut* pictures ( ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 su* pictures be> "s relation%ip to ! ,*ri/ be>+ ,8 ,cross 7,no4 #bbii71 & ! ,abraham's ,sacrifice 7,no4 #bcjj71 (ficially attribut$ to ! little-kn[n & q negligible pa9t] ,al>t ,claeszoon 7#adih-aefd7 ( ,leyd54 ,,sir ,,antonis ,,mor ,f ,leyd5 we may pass to ,utre*t1 :i* 0 ! bir?place ( ! mu*-travell$1 di/+ui%$1 & cosmopolitan pa9t]1 ,antonis ,mor 7#aeab-aegh874 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,jan ,scorel1 b soon fre$ himself f ! h>d mann] he acquir$ "u t ma/] by 8 /udy 9 ,italy ( ! be/ works ( ! ,v5etians4 ,inde$1 "s ( 8 pictures h pass$ z ! "w ( ,calc>1 ! pupil ( ,titian4 ,mor1 or ,moro1 excell$ z a pa9t] ( vigor\s & tru?ful portraits1 & ! portraits & replicas he pa9t$ ( ,que5 ,m>y are well kn[n4 ,! ,prado ,gall]y at ,madrid & ! ,vi5na ,gall]y conta9 good examples ( 8 art1 & he is fairly well repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,:ile he 0 9 ! s]vice ( ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 he liv$ 9 mu* spl5d\r1 & 0 amply paid = 8 "w4 ,8 close intimacy ) ! mon>* induc$ him on "o occasion to take ! lib]ty ( t\*+ ) a bru% dipp$ 9 r$ pa9t ! h& ( ! k+4 ,?is s]i\s brea* ( ,c\rt etiquette creat$ a pr(\nd impression on ! c\rti]s pres5t2 &1 al?\gh ! pa9t] su$ = p>don & obta9$ x f ! k+1 he soon recognis$ t he _h made himself obnoxi\s to ! ,inquisition1 :o ass]t$ t ,moro _h got f ! h]etic ,engli%1 :ile pa9t+ ! portrait ( ,que5 ,m>y1 a *>m t enabl$ him to bewit* ! ,spani% mon>*4 ,be+ ?us compell$ to leave ,spa91 he settl$ 9 ,antw]p1 :]e he di$ betwe5 #aegf & #aegh4 ,! pictures ( ,mor1 :o 0 ! contempor>y ( ,titian1 at diff]5t p]iods ( 8 art be> traces ( ! ,dut*1 ,spani%1 & ,flemi% s*ools4 ,he 9 turn also _h an influ5ce on ! portrait pa9t]s ( ,spa9 half a c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ,velazquez4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #bdgh71 :i* is sign$ & dat$3 8,,ant ,,moro p+ebat1 #aefe10 0 9 ! pa/ held by "s writ]s to be> ! features ( ,sir ,francis ,drake1 :o 01 h[ev]1 at ! date "h giv5 only tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,! two l>ge pa9t+s 9 ! ,du*tel ,beque/ :i* pass z ! ,portrait ( ,l\is de ,rio & ,8 ,wife 7,no4 #bdhj & ,no4 #bdha7 are1 judg+ by ! attitudes ( ! figures & ! %ape ( ! panels1 ! w+s ( a l>ge alt>piece4 ,! ,dw>f ( ,*>les ,v4 7,no4 #bdgi7 rem9ds u t ! pa9t]1 :ile /ill "y1 0 tak5 into ! s]vice ( t emp]or4 ,! ,portrait ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 ( ,engl& 7,no4 #bdha;,a7 be>s a v suspici\s-look+ inscription4 ,,spani% ,,oppression ,! political ev5ts ( ! reign ( ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa91 ! mi/ak51 mis*iev\s1 & oppressive policy he adopt$ ) reg>d to 8 t]ritory 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ! contempt ) :i* he treat$ 8 ,dut* subjects1 soon ali5at$ _! sympa?ies2 b ! ,duke ( ,alva by 8 h>%ness & bigotry incit$ !m to fr5zy4 ,:5 he set =? 9 #aefg1 all hope ( peace & m]cy fl$ be=e him1 & )9 a %ort p]iod 8 tyranny & f]ocity fann$ ! flame ( rebellion1 :i* aft] a /ruggle ( eighty ye>s 0 to end 9 ! ,peace ( ,mn/] ( #afdh4 ,9 t ye> ,spa9 ignom9i\sly surr5d]$1 & ! indep5d5ce ( ! nor!rn ,ne!rl&s 0 recognis$4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! ,union ( ,utre*t 9 #aegi & ! negotiations at ,osnabrck & ,mn/] 9 #afdh mu/ h be5 de/roy$ innum]able religi\s pictures1 ! loss ( :i* r5d]s x almo/ impossible = u to e/imate ! full significance ( arti/ic endeav\r 9 ,holl& 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,a new era 9 ,dut* hi/ory1 social life & art 0 beg9n+ to op5 out by ! ye> #afab1 :5 ,abraham ,bloma]t 7#aefd-afea7 pa9t$ & sign$ 8 v l>ge ,nativity 7,no4 #bcbg71 :i* 0 =m]ly attribut$ to ,b]n>d9o ,fassolo4 ,bloma]t's ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #bcbg;,a7 is also a sign$ "w4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s ,bloma]t's contempor>y1 ,mi*iel ,jansz ,mi]evelt 7#aefg-afda71 :o 0 at "o "t ,c\rt pa9t] to ! ,pr9ces ( ,orange at ,! ,hague1 & 0 ) undue flatt]y hail$ z ! 8,new ,xeuxis ( ,delft10 is repres5t$ by ! ,portrait ( ,old5 ,b>nevelt 7,no4 #bdfe7 & ?ree o!r portraits1 "o ( :i* 7,no4 #bdff7 is 9 a v bad /ate4 ,/iff b *>act]i/ic is ! ,portrait ( a ,woman 7,no4 #becd71 :i* 0 pa9t$ by ,jan van ,rave/eyn 7#aegb-afeg7 9 #afcc1 :ile 8 initials are also f\nd on a panel 7,no4 #bece7 :i* 0 commission$ ( him 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,al?\gh ,g]>d ,v]spronck 7#afjj-afea7 0 _m ye>s 8 junior1 & 9 #afda1 9 ! p]iod ( 8 maturity1 a*iev$ ! ,portrait ( a ,lady 7,no4 #begf;,a71 ! top corn]s ( :i* h be5 add$1 he pa9t$ on ! l9es ( tradition1 & %[$ little orig9ality4 ,he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,frans ,hals1 "u ^: "n 8 pictures (t5 pass4 ,,cornelis ,,janss5 ,nor c x be said t ! num]\s portraits :i* ,cornelis ,janss5 van ,ceul5 7#aeic-affd87 und]took 9 ,engl&1 give signs ( ! new arti/ic impulse :i* 0 daily manife/+ itself 9 ,holl& 9 ! e>ly works ( ,frans ,hals4 ,janss51 :o 0 baptiz$ at ! ,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 ,au/9 ,fri>s1 ,london1 ?rove until ! e/abli%m5t 9 ,engl& ( ,van ,dyck1 be=e :om he quickly _h to give way2 al?\gh he )drew to ,k5t & liv$ 9 retirem5t1 he did n receive ! ,speak]'s w>rant to pass beyond seas until #afdc4 ,t 8,cornelius ,johnson ,picture ,draw]0 made use ( pallid fle% tones & lifeless grey tones1 is obvi\s f ! two portraits 7,no4 #bcch & ,no4 #bcci7 exhibit$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! v mod]n look+ ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man 7,no4 #bcjc;,a71 sign$ 8,d4 ,,bailly10 is (ficially held to be ! "w ( a ,leyd5 pa9t] ( t "n :o w\ld appe> to h be5 a contempor>y ( ,cornelis ,janss54 ,,frans ,,hals ,al?\gh ! great ,dut* pa9t]1 ,frans ,hals 7#aehj8-afff7 0 born at ,antw]p1 8 p>5ts 7 natives ( ,ha>lem1 :i!r he remov$ ab\t #afjj1 & :]e he settl$ = ! rema9d] ( 8 ev5tful1 irregul>1 & improvid5t c>e]4 ,?is lu/y & unromantic ma/] by 8 =ceful *>act]isation1 8 rapid wield+ ( 8 bru%1 & 8 frank realism1 9 a few ye>s trans=m$ ! e>li] portrait-mak+ ( ,holl&1 & ! r5d]+ ( ! commonplace & obvi\s lik5ess ( an individual1 z se5 9 ! works ( ,moreelse & o!rs1 into ! region ( great art4 ,he 0 by ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury ! s5ior ( ,rembr&t1 :o is ! greate/ g5ius among ,dut* pa9t]s1 & develop$ 8 art on logical l9es4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to "k ! out/&+ facts ( 8 p]sonal hi/ory1 ! fluctuat+ circum/ances "u :i* he work$1 & ! gr9d+ pov]ty ( 8 late/ p]iod4 ,p]haps no o!r pa9t] 9 ! :ole range ( art 0 s affect$ by 8 environm5t z ,hals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4--,,frans ,,hals 7#aehj8-afff7 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #bchd4--,,! ,,gipsy ,,girl 7,la ,bohmi5ne7 ,%e we>s a r$ dress1 :i* is op5 at ! neck2 %e smiles z %e turns h] eyes to ! "r2 half-l5g? figure4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #b ft4 #f 94 #b ft4 #c 94 7#jgf #jfh47 ,:e!r he 0 a pupil ( ,cornelis ,corneliss51 ,h5drick ,goltzius1 & ,k>el van ,m&] 7! ,dut* ,vas>i71 is n kn[n ) any c]ta9ty1 & no picture pa9t$ by him e>li] ?an #afac1 :5 he may h be5 ?irty-?ree ye>s ( age1 is kn[n to-day4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #afaf1 :5 he pa9t$ 8 fam\s ,banquet ( ! ,(fic]s ( ! ,/4 ,joris ,%oot+ ,guild1 "o ( 8 e>ly ma/]pieces /ill pres]v$ 9 ! small gall]y at ,ha>lem1 he 0 summon$ be=e ! ,burgoma/] ( ! 8t[n ( ! tulip10 & reprim&$ = 8 cruelty to 8 fir/ wife4 ,exactly a ye> lat] he m>ri$ a second "t1 & z ! ye>s w5t on he became ! fa!r ( at lea/ six sons :o adopt$ ! pr(ession ( ! pa9t] b e>n$ no p]man5t success4 ,! ,l\vre possesses no example ( 8 ,doel5-pieces ( ar*]-gr\ps :i* won him 8 e>lie/ fame 9 8 own c\ntry1 b is =tunate en\gh to conta9 ! fam\s ,gipsy ,girl 7,no4 #bchd1 ,plate ,,xxvii471 :i* alone w\ld h e>n$ = him ! title ( 8! ma/] ( ! laugh40 ,x pass$ ?r\gh ! ,mn>s sale 9 #agib = #cja livres4 ,! ?ree pictures ( ! ,b]e/eyn family 7 b\ght = #djjj 9 #ahhd1 :5 8 pa9t+s 7 n z highly priz$ z !y are to-day4 ,!y give an excell5t idea ( ! virility 8 art _h atta9$ by ab\t #afbi4 ,! be/ ( ^! is ! ,portrait ( ,nicolaes van ,b]e/eyn 7,no4 #bchf71 :i* is inscrib$1 8,,aetat ,,suae #dj4 #afbi40 ,8 h&s are sup]bly pa9t$2 :ile ! companion ,portrait 7,no4 #bchg7 ( 8 wife is equally /rik+4 ,! l>ge & impos+ ,portrait-,gr\p ( ! ,b]e/eyn ,family 7,no4 #bchh7 is m>r$ by ! excessive use 9 places ( a /rong r$1 & has be5 enl>g$ by ! addition d[n ! "r side ( ! canvas ( a /rip ab\t f\rte5 in*es broad1 b yet %[s a c]ta9 felicity ( gr\p+1 & a joy\s & exub]ant outlook4 ,! ,portrait1 ( ,r5 ,desc>tes1 ! ,fr5* ,philosoph] 7,no4 #bchc7 is s simple 9 treatm5t & s easy 9 pose1 t x makes an in/ant appeal to ! /ud5t4 ,ano!r ,portrait ( ,desc>tes 7,no4 #gh71 by ,sba/i5 ,b\rdon1 is 9 ?is gall]y1 & a ?ird 0 9 ! ,arsne ,h\ssaye collection4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,lady 9 a ,black ,dress 7,no4 #bche1 ,plate ,,xxviii47 is unaffect$ & lifelike1 :ile ! subtle & ha/y bru%+ 9 ( ! gloves c\ld only h be5 done by a great pa9t]4 ,x seems to h be5 g5]ally ov]look$ t a /udy = ?is picture is 9 ! collection ( ,"l ,ronald ,g[]1 & has = "s "t pa/ be5 on loan to ! ,fitz,william ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,9 ! /udy1 h[ev]1 ! arti/ _h n yet ?\ght ( ! gloves4 ,9 #afed1 ,hals _h to appe> be=e a public not>y ( ,ha>lem at ! in/ance ( 8 l&lord1 :o su$ him = debt4 ,! great ,dut* pa9t] 9 8 te/imony affirm$ t 8 only possessions 7 two pictures by ,v]m&] & ,van ,heemsk]ck1 & ?ree by himself & "o ( 8 sons1 z well z ?ree mattresses & bol/]s1 a cupbo>d & a table6 ,! ,l\vre exhibits no pictorial record ( ,hals's late/ phase1 :5 he 0 des]t$ by 8 fri5ds1 neglect$ by art patrons1 & no long] possess$ any inn] moral support4 ,! col\r+ ( 8 e>ly portraits is vigor\s1 ! tone deep1 & ! execution c>eful2 gradually he employs ri*] col\r+1 subord9ates ! local col\rs1 & becomes broad] 9 treatm5t4 ,f ab\t #afej 8 olive-gre5s gradually take on a m a%-grey hue1 until we are incl9$ to ! belief t if ! ma/] _h be5 able to disp5se ) col\r altoge!r1 he w\ld h will+ly done s4 ,x is !n t ! col\rs on 8 palette1 l ! out] _w1 became grey & black = him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4--,,frans ,,hals 7#aehj8-afff7 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #bche4--,,portrait ,,( ,a ,,lady ,,9 ,a ,,black ,,dress 7,portrait de ,femme7 ,a middle-ag$ woman we>+ a black dress1 ) :ite coll>1 cuffs & cap1 is se5 at ?ree-qu>t] l5g?1 /&+ & turn$ ?ree-qu>t]s to ! left2 9 h] h&s1 :i* are sup]pos$1 %e holds h] gloves4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #c ft4 #c 94 #b ft4 #g 94 7#ajj #jhj47 ,?is great ma/] ( ! bru% "s "t be=e 8 dea? _h to avail himself ( poor relief grant$ by ! municipality ( ,ha>lem1 & aft] 8 dea?1 9 #afff1 8 wid[ receiv$ an all[ance ( f\rte5 s\s a week6 ,su* 0 ! tragic end ( "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ ( portrait pa9t]s 9 ! :ole range ( art4 ,,dut* ,,indep5d5ce ,holl& aft] a t]rible /ruggle _h ultimately succe$$ 9 ?r[+ (f ! ,spani% yoke be=e ! art ( ,hals 0 on ! wane4 ,dut* art !n became gradually m indep5d5t1 self-c5tr$1 democratic 9 outlook1 & ,prote/ant 9 t5d5cy4 ,religi\s subjects became less frequ5t1 & dome/ic sc5es deal+ ) indoor & outdoor life 7 be=e long l>gely on ! increase4 ,be=e we pass to ! detail$ /udy ( ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( art 9 ,holl& 9 ! la/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we mu/ exam9e at "s l5g? ! f>-rea*+ influ5ce & ! _w-fam\s a*ievem5ts ( ,rembr&t1 = :om ,hals may be said to h prep>$ ! way4 ,,rembr&t ,z 8 "n d5otes1 ,rembr&t ,h>m5sz van ,rijn 7#afjf-affi7 0 born on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 8 fa!r be+ a mill] at ,leyd54 ,:5 f\rte5 ye>s ( age he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( 8 native t[n & _h a classical education1 :i* /ood him 9 good /ead ?r\gh 8 long & tr\bl$ c>e]4 ,al?\gh he 0 at fir/ plac$ z a pupil ( ,jacob van ,swan5burgh1 he at an e>ly age remov$ to ,am/]dam4 ,!re he work$ "u ,piet] ,la/man 7#aehc-afcc71 ^: ,abraham's ,sacrific+ ,jacob 7,no4 #bddc;,a7 ( #afaf is hung opposite ! works ( 8 illu/ri\s pupil4 ,! indep5d5t _s ( ,rembr&t soon ass]t$ itself1 & z e>ly z #afbg he plac$ 8 "n on pictures :i* /ill exi/1 notably 9 ! ,b]l9 & ,/uttg>t museums4 ,8 e>lie/ picture 9 ! ,l\vre is ! ,old ,man ,read+ 7,no4 #beda;,a71 :i* is sign$ & dat$ #afcj1 & 0 pres5t$ by ,m4 ,kaempf51 a =m] ,director ( ?is gall]y1 on 8 retirem5t4 ,?ree ye>s lat] came ! two small & v simil> v]sions 7,no4 #bedj & ,no4 #beda7 ( ! ,philosoph] 9 ,m$itation1 ! =m] ( :i* is sign$ & dat$2 9 #afcc 0 pa9t$ ! ,portrait ( ! ,arti/ 7,no4 #beeb71 :ile ano!r oval picture ( ! same subject 7,no4 #beec7 is inscrib$ #afcd4 ,9 ?is e>ly p]iod ! arti/ 0 9 ! habit ( portray+ memb]s ( 8 own family1 :o 7 naturally 8 mo/ accessible models4 ,at ?is mom5t ( 8 c>e] ,rembr&t _h to measure himself ) _m rivals 9 ,am/]dam1 notably ) ,?omas de ,keys] 7#aeif8-affg71 ^: ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #bdch;,a7 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,rodolphe ,kann collection1 :ile a half-l5g? ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #bdch;,b71 also by de ,keys]1 0 =m]ly at ,v]sailles4 ,f ! trammels & re/rictions :i* ! art ( de ,keys] w\ld h be5 likely to impose on a less gift$ & orig9al m9d1 ,rembr&t readily set himself free2 & he mu/ h _h great hopes = ! future :51 9 #afcd1 he took to wife ! weal?y ,saskia van ,uyl5bor*4 ,h[ev]1 ! oval ,portrait ( ,himself we>+ a black cap 7,no4 #beed71 dat$ #afcg1 is ( m>k$ inf]iority to ! dignifi$ & deeply religi\s panel1 ,! ,ar*angel ,raphael leav+ ,tobias & 8 ,fa!r ,tobit 7,no4 #becf71 ( ! same ye>4 ,a ye> lat] he mu/ h pa9t$ ! ,portrait ( an ,old ,man 7,no4 #bedd71 & 8 fir/ pure l&scape4 ,! influ5ce ( dome/ic b]eavem5ts on ,rembr&t's art is cle>ly reflect$ 9 ! *oice ( 8 subjects1 9 _! m intimate sett+1 & 9 ! deep feel+ :i* evid5tly inspir$ !m4 ,no bett] example ( ?is side ( 8 "* & 8 art c\ld be f\nd ?an ! ,holy ,family 9 ! ,c>p5t]'s ,%op 7,no4 #bedb71 :i* he pa9t$ 9 #afdj4 ,9 t ye> 8 "m di$1 an ev5t :i* foll[$ rapidly on ! dea? ( 8 two infant daught]s & 8 son1 & 8 wife's frequ5t illness4 ,he1 h[ev]1 /ill w5t on pa9t+ su* v>i$ compositions z ! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #bedf71 ( #afde1 & ! ,woman ,ba?+ 7,no4 #beej71 :i* he a*iev$ two ye>s lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4--,,rembr&t 7#afjf-affi7 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #beci4--,,! ,,pilgrims ,,at ,,emmaus 7,les ,pl]9s d',emmas7 ,9 a l(ty room 9 front ( a %all[ ni*e 9 a wall1 ,*ri/ & ! two disciples sit at table2 a "y s]v+-man ent]s f ! "r1 c>ry+ a di%4 ,*ri/1 ^: b>e feet are se5 und]nea? ! table1 gazes heav5w>d z ,he breaks bread1 by :i* act ! disciples recognise ,him z _! ,"l4 ,! room is lit f ! left4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 ,sign$ bel[ on ! left3--8,rembr&t f4 #afdh40 #b ft4 #b 94 #b ft4 #a 94 7#jfh #jfe47 ,! fam\s ,night-,wat*1 9 ! ,am/]dam ,gall]y1 te/ifies to 8 inv5tive faculty 9 #afdb1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! dea? ( 8 belov$ ,saskia caus$ him int5se grief4 ,f ?is he nev] really recov]$1 z we see f ! frequ5cy ) :i* dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life he pa9t$ pa!tic subjects4 ,:at arti/ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( pa9t+ has be5 able to imp>t to 8 r5d]+ ( ! ,good ,sam>itan ! k9dly solicitude ( ! pr9cipal "* 9 ?is p>able1 & ! feel+ ( complete collapse se5 9 ! body ( ! w\nd$ man1 z ,rembr&t has done 9 8 sup]b canvas 7,no4 #becg7 ( #afdh 9 ?is gall]y8 ,no less poignant is ! grief depict$ on ! face ( ! b>efoot$ ,man ( ,sorr[s 9 ! ,*ri/ & ! ,pilgrims at ,emmaus 7,no4 #beci1 ,plate ,,xxix47 ( ! same ye>4 ,"h we see conv9c+ pro( ( ! dext]\s use t ! ,dut* 8magician-pa9t]0 c\ld make ( *i>oscuro1 :i* he has h&l$ ) su* ma/]ly effect 9 ! ,portrait ( ,h5drickje ,/(fels 7,no4 #bedg1 ,plate ,,xxx474 ,all ^! pa9t+s belong to ! same p]iod z ! s\l-mov+ ,poli% ,rid]1 :i* 9 #aiaj pass$ f ! collection ( ,c\nt ,t>n[ski at ,dzik[ 9 ,galicia into t ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,frick 9 ,new ,york = #fj1jjj4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,man hold+ a ,bton 7,no4 #beea71 9 ! ,la ,caze collection 9 ?is gall]y1 0 pa9t$ ?ree ye>s lat] ?an ! ,ba?%eba1 or ,woman ,ba?+ 7,no4 #bedi71 ( #afed4 ,! wond]fully reali/ic & 9 no way repell5t ,c>case ( an ,ox 9 ?is gall]y 7,no4 #bedh71 l ! picture ( ! same subject at ,glasg[1 is an a*ievem5t ( a v diff]5t k9d1 & belongs to ! ye> #afee4 ,! ,l\vre au?orities h be5 well advis$ 9 rec5t ye>s 9 hang+ all ! pictures by ,rembr&t 9 ?is collection 9 "o ,bay ( ! ,long ,gall]y4 ,"h n[ we may /udy ! ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man 7,no4 #bede71 ! wond]ful & r lat] ,portrait ( ! ,arti/ at 8 ,easel at ! age ( ,fifty-f\r 7,no4 #beee71 & ! /rik+ ,/4 ,mat!w 7,no4 #bech7 ( #affa4 ,be=e ^! ?ree works 7 pa9t$1 ! great ,dut* ma/] _h be5 decl>$ bankrupt1 ! sale ( 8 mo/ treasur$ possessions realis+ a ridicul\sly small sum 9 ! w9t] ( #afeg4 ,al?\gh ,rembr&t's own /&>d ( morality (f5d$ 8 neighb\rs1 & 8 relations ) ,h5drickje ,/(fels seem to h caus$ mu* sc&al 9 ,am/]dam1 we are n conc]n$ ) ! morals ( "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ e/eem$ ( ! _w's pa9t]s1 b only ) 8 uvre1 a high place 9 :i* mu/ be accord$ to ! ,portrait ( ,h5drickje ,/(fels & h] ,*ild z ,v5us & ,cupid 7,no4 #bedc71 :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 #affb1 ! ye> t ! l>ge ,syndics1 n[ 9 ! ,am/]dam ,gall]y1 0 complet$4 ,he is also to be cr$it$ ) ! alt]native v]sion ( ! ,pilgrims at ,emmaus 7,no4 #beee;,a71 a pa9t+ ( ! same date1 :i* = _m ye>s 0 at ,compigne1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x pass$ only z a s*ool picture4 ,?is pr(\ndly creative pa9t]1 :o le>nt z "t w5t on to h&le 8 *i>oscuro ) increas$ effect1 0 also an et*] ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,we may "h note t ! art ( ,jan ,liev5s 7#afjg-afgd71 a fell[-pupil ) ,rembr&t "u ,piet] ,la/man1 is se5 9 ! l>ge b f> f impos+ ,visitation 7,no4 #bddd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4--,,rembr&t 7#afjf-affi7 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #bedg4--,,portrait ,,( ,,h5drickje ,,/(fels 7,portrait de ,h5drickje ,/(fels7 ,%e is seat$1 & looks at ! spectator4 ,ov] h] ri* br[n hair %e we>s a grey cap ) n>r[ r$ ribbons2 pe>l p5dants are 9 h] e>s1 & %e we>s a broo* on h] brea/4 ,life-size half-l5g? figure4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #b ft4 #d 94 #a ft4 #aa 94 7#jgb #jfj47 ,,! ,,pupils ,,( ,,rembr&t ,t ,gova]t ,fl9ck 7#afae-affj7 0 a pupil ( ,rembr&t1 is evid5t f 8 ,ann\ncem5t to ! ,%eph]ds 7,no4 #bcgb7 r ?an f 8 ,portrait ( a ,"y ,lady 7,no4 #bcgc71 a sign$ "w ( #afda4 ,f]d9& ,bol 7#afag-afhj7 0 a pupil & imitator ( ! great ,dut* ma/]1 & 8 ,portrait ( a ,ma!matician 7,no4 #bccj7 is "o ( 8 be/ pa9t+s2 b 8 ,philosoph] 9 ,m$itation 7,no4 #bcbh7 comp>es mo/ unfav\rably ) ,rembr&t's two e>ly pictures ( ! same subject :i* hang opposite x4 ,! ineffectual productions ( ,jan ,victoors 7#afbj-afgj7 include ! ,portrait ( a ,"y ,lady 7,no4 #bcga71 a typical example ( ! 8ni*e0 portrait :i* became s popul>1 & a l>ge ,isaac bless+ ,jacob 7,no4 #bcgj71 :i* vividly recalls 8 small canvas 9 ! ,dulwi* ,college ,gall]y t 9 less critical days pass$ z a ,rembr&t4 ,g4 van d5 ,eeckh\t 7#afba-afgd7 9 8 picture 7,no4 #bcfd7 %[s 8 dep5d5ce on ,rembr&t2 & ,cornells ,dro/'s repulsive ,ba?%eba 7,no4 #bcei;,a7 has no claim to be reg>d$ z a 8=t bonne pe9ture10 z a ,fr5* critic has ?\ght fit to t]m x4 ,,van ,,d] ,,hel/ ,b>?olomeus van d] ,hei/ 7#afab-afgj71 a native ( ,ha>lem1 :o pa9t$ "u ! e>ly ,dut* ma/]1 ,ni*olas ,elias1 surnam$ ,pick5oy1 & subsequ5tly work$ at ,am/]dam1 has fully sign$ 8 ,%oot+ ,prize 7,no4 #bcid1 ,plate ,,xxxi471 :i* is dat$ #afec4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ z a replica on a v r$uc$ scale ( ,! ,(fic]s ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ,/4 ,seba/ian at ,am/]dam1 9 ! ,am/]dam ,gall]y1 :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 be>s ! date #afeg1 & is also sign$ on a slate4 ,piet] van d] ,faes1 :o is bett] kn[n z ,sir ,pet] ,lely 7#afah-afhj71 aft] pa9t+ at ,ha>lem 9 ! s*ool ( ,piet] de ,grebb]1 w5t to ,engl& 9 #afda4 ,he !re succe$$ ,van ,dyck z ,c\rt pa9t]1 & at ! ,re/oration became ! fav\rite ,royal pa9t]4 ,! affectation & mann]ism ( 8 ,w9dsor ,beauties1 n[ at ,hampton ,c\rt1 is well kn[n4 ,he _h a c]ta9 facility 9 pa9t+ 8,! sleepy eye t spoke ! melt+ s\l40 ,?ree pictures 7,nos4 #bcfg-bcfi7 are plac$ to 8 cr$it "h1 b 8,! bugle eyeball & ! *eek ( cream0 h done _! magic n[4 ,! "n ( ,h4 van ,vliet 7#afaa8-afge7 is1 d\btless1 correctly connect$ ) two portraits on canvas 7,nos4 #bfje & #bfje;,a71 :ile 8 contempor>ies1 ,cornelis ,saftlev5 7#afjf-afha7 & ,d4 van ,santvoort 7#afaj-afhj71 are repres5t$ by ,! ,arti/'s ,portrait 7,no4 #befb7 & ! ,pilgrims at ,emmaus 7,no4 #befd7 respectively4 ,jakob van ,loo 7#afad-afgj71 :o became a naturalis$ ,fr5*man1 may be judg$ by 8 diploma picture 7,no4 #bdea7 & a v poor ,nude ,female 7,no4 #bdeb74 ,su* m$iocre produc]s ( un9spir$ & unconv9c+ panels z ,dirk ,hals 7#aeia-afef71 ! bro!r & pupil ( ,frans ,hals1 ^: ,fe/ive ,repa/ 7,no4 #bchi7 hangs 9 ,room ,,xxiii42 ,cornelis van ,poel5burg 7#aehf-affg71 ^: art is "h admirably illu/rat$ 7,nos4 #beah-bebc72 ,h5drick ,pot 7#aehe-afeg71 :o evid5tly d]iv$ "s satisfaction f ! elaborate inscription he has plac$ on 8 q ineffectual1 b =tunately dim9utive1 ,portrait ( ,*>les ,i4 7,no4 #bebe72 & ! little-kn[n & less-e/eem$ ,l4 ,f4 ,zu/ris 7#aebf-afjj71 ^: absurd ,v5us & ,love 7,no4 #bfdj7 %[s :at a wa/e ( "t x 0 = him to /udy "u ,titian 9 ,italy--^! & _m m work$ z 8bus9ess arti/s0 = undiscrim9at+ patrons4 ,9 ! same category come ,adria5 van de ,v5ne 7,no4 #bfja71 ,piet] ,codde 7,no4 #bcci;,a71 ,jacob ,duck 7,no4 #bcfj-bcfa71 & ,a4 ,palam$esz 7,no4 #beae;,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4--,,van ,,d] ,,hel/ 7#afac-afgj7 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #bcid4--,,! ,,%oot+ ,,prize 7,les ,*efs de la ,gilde des arbaltri]s7 ,! f\r (fic]s ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ,/4 ,seba/ian at ,am/]dam are seat$ at a table 9 ! =egr\nd1 ) ! insignia ( ! ,bro!rhood display$ be=e !m4 ,by ! side ( ! (fic] :o1 seat$ to ! "r1 is address+ 8 companions1 is a slate on :i* are inscrib$ _! names4 ,9 ! backgr\nd to ! "r are ?ree "y m5 ) b[s & arr[s4 ,f ! left ent]s a maid-s]vant ) a dr9k+-horn4 ,sign$ on ! slate3--8,,b>?olomeus ,,van ,,d] ,,hel/ ,,fecit1 #afec40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas affix$ to panel4 #a ft4 #g 94 #b ft4 #b 94 7#jej #jfg47 ,,g5re ,,pa9t]s ,?is r\gh sket* mu/ suffice = our /udy ( ! ,hi/ory & ,portrait ,pa9t]s ( ,holl&4 ,al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 portraiture play$ a mo/ important "p ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( ,dut* art1 we mu/ n[ deal ) ^? ( _! contempor>ies & successors :o are class$ z pa9t]s ( g5re subjects1 ,int]iors1 ,conv]sation-pieces1 & ,ru/ic ,sc5es4 ,! compositions ( ^! m5 at fir/ %[ high te*nical excell5ce1 & a ref9$ feel+ = light & %ade2 !y depict simple sc5es & homely incid5ts :i* make a wide appeal 9 any age4 ,by ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _! sc5es become fe/ive1 & ev5tually boi/]\s1 & s deg5]ate into unimag9ative r5d]+s ( f>-fet*$ incid5ts :i* are treat$ ) a p>ade ( m]e imitative skill4 ,9 ! la/ phase ( _! art ! subjects become ev5 m un9vit+1 ! panels are smoo?ly pa9t$1 & all orig9ality disappe>s4 ,,adria5 ,,van ,,o/ade ,adria5 van ,o/ade 7#afaj-afhe71 z a pupil ( ,frans ,hals at ,ha>lem1 occupies an important position 9 8 s*ool4 ,he is se5 to v great advantage at ! ,l\vre4 ,f 8 e>ly ,int]ior ( a ,cab>et 7,no4 #bejf71 :i* is sign$ on a =m 8,a4 ,v4 ,,o/ade #afda10 we see ! direction 8 life's "w 0 to take2 & 8 ,int]ior ( a ,cottage 7,no4 #bdih7 ( ! foll[+ ye>1 /r5g!ns t view4 ,al?\gh ,read+ ! ,gazette 7,no4 #beje71 ( #afec1 is pa9t$ on a v small panel1 x height5s our appreciation ( ?is able & c>eful pa9t]1 :o1 a ye> lat]1 mu/ h sp5t a long "t 9 ! completion ( a ,family ,gr\p1 :i* traditionally passes z ! ,family ( ! ,arti/ 7,no4 #bdie74 ,! ,top] 7,no4 #bdja71 ( #affh1 & ! int5sely reali/ic ,smok] 7,no4 #bejj71 are highly *>act]i/ic1 :ile ! ,s*oolma/] 7,no4 #bdif7 %[s great obs]vation4 ,! ,fi% ,m>ket 7,no4 #bdig71 ! ,bus9ess ,man 9 8 ,/udy 7,no4 #bdii71 ! ,man ,dr9k+ 7,no4 #bejb71 ! ,man ,read+ 7,no4 #bejc71 ! ,read+ 7,no4 #bejd71 & ! ,int]ior ( a ,s*ool 7,no4 #bejg71 are bo? 9 subject & h&l+ good examples ( 8 me?ods1 :i* 7 affect$ by a /udy ( ,adria5 ,br\w] & ,rembr&t4 ,adria5 van ,o/ade 0 ! eld] bro!r & ! ma/] ( ,isack van ,o/ade 7#afba-afdi71 :o is equally well repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre4 ,al?\gh he pa9t$ two ,int]iors 7,nos4 #beab & #bead71 a ,toit porcs 7,no4 #beac71 a ,halt 7,no4 #beji71 & an ov]cr[d$ ,travell]s ,halt+ 7,no4 #bejh71 8 be/ works1 "h z else:]e1 repres5t l&scapes & froz5 riv] sc5es4 ,adria5 van ,o/ade _h also z pupils ,cornelis ,bega 7#afbj-affd71 by :om ! ,l\vre possesses a v late ,ru/ic ,int]ior 7,no4 #bcab71 ( #affb2 & ,h4 ,m4 ,sorgh1 call$ ,rokes 7#afaa8-afgj71 ?ree ( ^: panels 7,nos4 #bega-begc7 are exhibit$4 ,,g]>d ,,d\ ,g]>d ,d\ 7#afac-afge7 0 9 8 day a highly popul> & prosp]\s pa9t] ( petty trag$ies4 ,z a boy ( fifte5 he ent]$ ! /udio ( 8! skill$ & f>-fam$ ,mr4 ,rembr&t10 :o 01 h[ev]1 8 s5ior by only sev5 ye>s4 ,"o is apt to tire ( 8 irritat+ p>ade ( clev]ness 9 ! manipulation ( light & %ade effects1 & ov]-scrupul\s & niggl+ treatm5t ( detail4 ,yet x is ^! v qualities t br\ght him f9ancial success :5 9 lat] life ,rembr&t 0 receiv+ scanty treatm5t at ! h&s ( ! art patrons ( ,holl&4 ,! ,d5ti/ 7,no4 #bcee7 is an e>ly "w4 ,d\'s ,portrait ( an ,old ,lady 7,no4 #bceh7 is n[ held to be a ,portrait ( ,rembr&t's ,"m1 & is reg>d$ z ! companion picture to ! ,old ,man ,read+ 7,no4 #befg71 by ,d\'s pupil1 ,godfri$ ,s*alck54 ,! ,groc]'s ,%op 7,no4 #bcej71 :i* has be51 ) ne$less precision1 8rank$ ab\t ! sev5? be/ ( ?is ma/]'s productions10 is sign$ 9 full on ! slate1 & dat$ #afdg on ! mort>1 :ile ! ,cook ) a ,dead ,cock 7,no4 #bcec7 is sign$ on ! w9d[-sill1 & dat$ #afej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4--,,g]>d ,,d\ 7#afac-afge7 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #bcdh4--,,! ,,dropsical ,,woman 7,la ,femme ,hydropique7 ,9 a well-appo9t$ room1 light$ by an ar*$ w9d[ on ! left1 an old woman is seat$ 9 an arm-*air4 ,! sick woman1 :o raises h] eyes to heav5 & is tak+ a spoonful ( m$ic9e f a "y woman1 gives h] "r h& to a girl :o kneels on ! left by h] side4 ,t[>ds ! "r /&s ! doctor1 :o holds up to ! light a glass full ( liquid4 ,a *&eli] hangs 9 ! c5tre1 & on ! "r are a l>ge tape/ry curta9 & a w9e-cool]4 ,sign$ on ! edge ( ! book plac$ on ! read+-desk 9 ! left =egr\nd3-- 8#affc4 ,g4 ,,dov4 ,,ovt4 #fe ,,ja]40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 #b ft4 #h 94 #b ft4 #b 94 7#jhc #jfg47 ,! ,trumpet] 7,no4 #bcea7 is p]haps ! p5dant to ! ,girl at a ,w9d[1 ( #afeg1 n[ 9 ! ,ro?s*ild collection at ,waddesdon ,manor4 ,on ! w9d[-l$ge 9 ! ,trumpet] we see ! same silv] flagon & a di% t also appe> 9 ! ,dropsical ,woman 7,no4 #bcdh1 ,plate ,,xxxii471 a _w-fam\s1 b n on t acc\nt a great1 picture4 ,x be>s a some:at enigmatical inscription3 8#affc4 ,g4 ,,dov4 ,,ovt4 #fe ,,ja]0 on ! edge ( ! book plac$ on ! read+-desk4 ,d\ 9 #affc1 ! ye> "h giv51 0 only fifty ye>s ( age1 & ! /atem5t ( age 9 ! second half ( ! inscription may be a lat] addition1 or capable ( ano!r int]pretation4 ,! light comes 9 f ! w9d[ on ! left4 ,! woman :o is dy+ ( dropsy is receiv+ a dose ( m$ic9e1 :ile h] daught] 9 grief kneels & kisses h] h&1 & ! doctor holds up to ! light ! vial1 ! cont5ts ( :i* he is c>efully exam9+4 ,! arti/ 9 ?is 8 l>ge/ picture is at mu* pa9s to %[ ! dext]ity ) :i* he c pa9t ! fabric ( ! dresses1 ! l>ge tape/ry hang+ 9 folds on ! "r1 & ! reflection ( light on ! *&eli]4 ,?is panel1 :i* is ,d\'s ma/]piece & is 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 0 orig9ally conta9$ 9 an ebony case1 ! outside ( :i* 79 two pieces7 0 =m]ly ! /ill-life pa9t+ ( a ,silv] ,ew] & ,di% 7,no4 #bcdi74 ,! ,man weigh+ ,gold 7,no4 #bced7 is sign$ 9 full1 & dat$ #affd2 elaborate c>e & mu* "t h be5 exp5d$1 if n wa/$1 on e wr9kle 9 8 face1 & e hair 9 8 :ite be>d4 ,x has po9ts ( analogy ) ,qu5t9 ,matsys's ,bank] & 8 ,wife 7,no4 #bjbi71 :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 ,fl&]s ne>ly a c5tury & a half e>li]4 ,d\'s meticul\s art is also exemplifi$ 9 ! ,old ,man ,read+ 7,no4 #bceg71 ,read+ ! ,bible 7,no4 #bcef71 ! ,dut* ,cook 7,no4 #bceb71 & ! highly *>act]i/ic b q negligible ,portrait ( ! ,pa9t] 7,no4 #bcei74 ,9 _m respects ?is type ( picture w>ns u t )9 a few ye>s ( ,d\'s dea?1 9 #afge1 ! art ( ,holl& pass$ into decad5ce4 ,,d\',s ,,pupils ,he _h sev]al pupils4 ,( ^! ,quiryn van ,brekel5kam 7#afbj8-affh7 holds a respectable place among ! ,small ,ma/]s ( ,holl&1 z we see f 8 ,consultation 7,no4 #bccg7 9 ?is collection r ?an f 8 ,monk ,writ+ 7,no4 #bcch74 ,h]man van ,swanevelt 7#afbj-afee71 :o f 8 j\rneys s\? e>n$ ! "n ( ,h]man ( ,italy1 gives u ?ree ,l&scapes 7,nos4 #behd-behf74 ,k>el de ,moor 7#afef-agch71 a native ( ,leyd51 :o has sign$ 8 ,dut* ,family 7,no4 #bdgg71 work$ "u bo? ,d\ & ,frans van ,mi]is ! ,eld] 7#afce-afha74 ,! latt] owes mu* ( 8 te*nique & meticul\s "w to ,d\1 z is reveal$ by a ha/y inspection ( 8 ,tea ,p>ty 7,no4 #bdga71 ) two ov]-dress$ wom5 tak+ tea1 & ?ree o!r panels 7,nos4 #bdfi1 #bdgj1 & #bdgb74 ,ary de ,vois 7#afcb-afhj7 0 a pupil ( ! ,g]man pa9t] ,n4 ,knupf] & ( 8 own c\ntryman ,abraham van d5 ,tempel 7#afbb-afgb71 :o is "h repres5t$ by a ,portrait ( a ,lady ) an ,apple 7,no4 #behf;,a72 b he also came "u ! influ5ce ( ! pa9t] ( ! ,dropsical ,woman 7,plate ,,xxxii471 z is te/ifi$ by 8 small int]ior ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #bfjf71 8 ,portrait ( a ,pa9t] at 8 ,easel 7,no4 #bfjg71 & 8 feeble ,woman cutt+ a ,lemon 7,no4 #bfjh74 ,traces ( ,d\'s art are se5 9 ,j4 ,a4 van ,/av]5's 7#afbd8-affh7 ,philosoph] 9 8 ,/udy 7,no4 #begg72 b ,p4 ,c4 van ,sl+el&t 7#afdj-afia7 0 a direct pupil4 ,8 ,dut* ,family 7,no4 #befh7 is said to h be5 b\ght by ,l\is ,,xvi4 f an ,engli% brew]1 & ! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #befi7 & ,kit*5 ,ut5sils 7,no4 #begj7 h long be5 9 ! collection4 ,! ,magdal5e 7,no4 #begj;,a7 & ,/4 ,j]ome 7,no4 #begj;,b7 7 bequea!d to ! ,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4--,,t]bor* 7#afag-afha7 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #behi4--,,! ,,conc]t 7,le ,conc]t7 ,a "y lady 9 :ite sat9 dress & yell[ bodice is seat$ 9 ! c5tre be=e a table cov]$ ) a ri*ly col\r$ tableclo?4 ,%e is s++ to ! accompanim5t ( a lady 9 ! left backgr\nd2 a page-boy ent]s f ! "r4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 #a ft4 #f 94 #a ft4 #e 94 7#jdg #jdc47 ,,g]>d ,,t]bor* ,g]>d ,t]bor* 7#afag-afha7 0 ! creator ( ! 8,conv]sation-piece10 & "o ( ! e>lie/ to portray ! well born engag$ 9 music lessons & simil> occupations2 he 0 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! ,dut* 8small-ma/]s10 & 9 e way ! sup]ior ( ! un9spir$ ,d\4 ,t]bor* invites u to jo9 him 9 ! f9e decorum ( a noble *amb] :]e ! appo9tm5ts are c>efully t5d$1 :ile its occupants give !mselves up to cultur$1 if n p]haps deeply intellectual1 pursuits4 ,we =get all ab\t ! c>\s+ & be/ial pr(ligates :o p ! tav]ns ( ,jan ,/e5 & mu* less accompli%$ pa9t]s1 & wat* ! ref9$ f+]s /ray ov] ! keybo>d ( ! op5 sp9et or sweep ! /r+s ( a well-made m&ol9e1 z 9 ! ,conc]t 7,no4 #behi1 ,plate ,,xxxiii474 ,equally f9e are ! two ,music ,lessons 7,no4 #behh & ,no4 #beia71 ! =m] be+ sign$ & dat$ #affj4 ,! ,milit>y ,galant 7,no4 #behg7 exhibits ,t]bor*'s dext]ity 9 ! r5d]+ ( reflect$ light on a r$ tableclo?1 al?\gh ! subject has an innu5do :i* h>dly adds to its *>m4 ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,assembly 7,no4 #beij7 is only a small sket* on panel1 & af=ds b a feeble e*o ( ?is pa9t]'s ma/]piece1 ! ,ratification ( ! ,peace ( ,mn/]1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,t]bor* 0 a pupil ( 8 fa!r1 :o _h visit$ ,italy1 & he /udi$ also "u ,piet] ,molyn ! ,eld] at ,ha>lem previ\s to visit+ ,engl& 9 #afce4 ,he travell$ mu* m ext5sively ?an mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 & w5t to ,spa9 dur+ ! be/ p]iod ( art 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,he does n seem to h be5 dep5d5t on 8 pr(essional success = 8 liv+1 :i* 0 pass$ 9 easy circum/ances4 ,nor did he busy himself z a tea*]1 8 only direct pupil be+ ,casp> ,nets*] 7#afci-afhd71 :o gives u a ,music ,lesson 7,no4 #bdhf71 ( ! approv$ /amp1 & a ,violoncello ,lesson 7,no4 #bdhg74 ,,jan ,,/e5 ,x is n kn[n = c]ta9 :e!r ,jan ,/e5 7#afbf8-afgi7 0 a pupil ( ,ni*olaes ,knupf]1 a native ( ,leipzig :o resid$ = a "t at ,leyd51 b he c]ta9ly work$ "u ,adria5 van ,o/ade at ,ha>lem1 & lat] became a pupil ( ,jan van ,goy51 ^: daught] ,m>g>e?a he m>ri$ z 8 fir/ wife4 ,/e5 c]ta9ly leas$ a brew]y 9 ,delft = six ye>s1 & he is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ar*ives ( t t[n ab\t #afef2 he subsequ5tly kept a tav]n 9 ! ,langebrug 9 ,leyd5 9 #afgb4 ,8 art is vivaci\s if n boi/]\s1 & ! /r5g? & v]satility he display$ 9 ! n9e hundr$ pictures ) :i* he is ju/ly cr$it$ give him a high place among ! arti/s ( ,holl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* he pa9t$ ! ,int]ior ( a ,tav]n 7,no4 #begh7 has sugge/$ t he c>ri$ on ! tradition ( ! ,flemi%-,dut* roy/]] ,adria5 ,br\w]2 b su* sc5es1 magnific5tly z !y are h&l$1 are apt to become bor+ 9 "t4 ,?is l>ge canvas is dat$ #afgd1 & ! coat ( arms ( ,*>les ,v4 is fa/5$ on to ! balcony 9 :i* are spectators4 ,! ,m]ry ,company at ,table 7,no4 #begi7 is some:at sket*y 9 p>ts1 b ! light+ is well regulat$1 & ! canvas is sign$ 9 full on ! back ( a blue-cov]$ *air to ! "r4 ,t ! ,bad ,company 7,no4 #behj1 ,plate ,,xxxiv47 is admirably pa9t$ w be conc$$ by all1 b ref9em5t is n its di/+ui%+ feature4 ,a "y man dress$ 9 a r$ jacket is sleep+ ) 8 head on ! lap ( a girl1 :ile ano!r girl is reliev+ him ( 8 wat*4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 a tav]n1 on ! floor ( :i* are pa9t$ ) wond]ful precision a numb] ( t9y objects4 ,x 0 n ,/e5's habit to pa9t repres5tations ( cultur$ society su* z ,t]bor* delight$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4--,,jan ,,/e5 7#afbf8-afgi7 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #behj4--;,,bad ,,company 7,la ,mauvaise compagnie7 ,! sc5e takes place 9 a tav]n4 ,a "y man has fall5 asleep ) 8 head 9 ! lap ( a girl1 :o is seat$ to ! "r ( ! composition1 & holds a glass ( w9e 9 h] "r h&4 ,ano!r girl has j tak5 ! "y man's wat* f 8 pocket & is giv+ x to an old woman1 :o receives x ) evid5t glee4 ,on ! left a man sits at a table smok+ 8 pipe1 & ano!r is play+ ! fiddle4 ,sign$ 9 full 9 ! left bottom corn]4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on panel4 #a ft4 #f 94 #a ft4 #b 94 7#jdg #jcf47 ,,piet] ,,de ,,hoo* ,! ,l\vre conta9s only two pa9t+s by ,piet] de ,hoo*1 :o 0 born 9 #afbi at ,rott]dam1 a t[n :i* play$ a relatively unimportant "p 9 ,dut* pa9t+4 ,he also liv$ at ,delft & ,leyd54 ,! ,int]ior ( a ,dut* ,h\se1 ) a ,woman prep>+ ,vegetables 7,no4 #bdad71 is a good example1 & is fully sign$ 9 ! bottom left-h& corn]4 ,! ,dut* ,int]ior1 ) a ,lady play+ ,c>ds 7,no4 #bdae1 ,plate ,,xxxv471 is full ( incid5ts1 conta9s six figures1 & is sign$ on ! base ( "o ( ! columns support+ ! mantelpiece 9 ! left =egr\nd4 ,no museum 9 ! _w exhibits ! art ( ,piet] de ,hoo* 9 su* excell5ce z does ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i* conta9s ?ree ma/]pieces f 8 h&s t h indirectly be5 ! cause ( assess+ ! :ole ( ! arti/'s life-"w on too g5]\s a basis4 ,x is indisputable t dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life1 ( :i* no?+ is kn[n lat] ?an ! signature & date1 #afgg1 on ! ,music ,p>ty 9 ! collection ( ,b>on ,h4 ,a4 ,/e5gra*t at ,! ,hague1 8 art det]iorat$ v consid]ably bo? 9 col\r+ & draughtsman%ip4 ,he may well h be5 a pupil ( ,k>el ,fabritius 7#afbd-afed71 b x is almo/ incr$ible t he c h be5 a pupil ( ! ,italianis] ,ni*olaes ,b]*em1 z ,h\brak5 v5tur$ to ass]t4 ,?is museum conta9s no?+ by ,o*t]velt1 _m ( ^: pictures h f "t to "t be5 accept$ z ! "w ( ,piet] de ,hoo*4 ,f ! %ortliv$ arti/ ,k>el ,fabritius d]ives ! almo/ incomp>able ma/] ,jan ,v]me] van ,delft 7#afdb-afge71 ^: fifty au!ntic pictures are to-day among ^? mo/ covet$ by collectors4 ,z a pa9t] skill$ 9 ! te*nicalities ( 8 pr(ession ,v]me] mu/ be accord$ ! highe/ rank4 ,! subtle & my/]i\s h&l+ ( 8 ,lace ,mak] 7,no4 #bdef1 ,plate ,,xxxvi471 ) its cool col\r s*eme & dom9ant tones ( blue & lemon-yell[1 make x difficult = u to realise t until tw5ty ye>s ago 8 works 7 neglect$4 ,inde$1 ?is small canvas 0 acquir$ 9 #ahgj at ! ,vis ,blokhuyz5 sale = ! ridicul\s sum ( #bij4 ,jan ,v]me] 7or ,van d] ,me]7 van ,delft is n to be confus$ ) ,jan ,van d] ,me] ( ,ha>lem 7#afbh-afia71 :o is includ$ 9 ! (ficial catalogue z ! pa9t] ( ! ,outside ( an ,inn 7,no4 #bdee1 m>k$ ,no4 #bjbb on ! frame74 ,x is fully sign$1 & be>s ! date #afeb4 ,,nicolas ,,maes ,"o ( ! la/ l+]+ influ5ces ( ,rembr&t is se5 9 ! art ( ,nicolas ,maes 7#afcb-afic74 ,! g5re pictures ( 8 e>ly p]iod are s va/ly sup]ior to 8 lat] portraits t x 0 =m]ly assum$ t !re might well h be5 two arti/s ( ! same "n4 ,he c]ta9ly delight$ 9 pa9t+ sev]al v]sions1 :i* v>y consid]ably 9 size1 ( ,grace be=e ,meat 7,no4 #bded74 ,9 8 pictures we see ! m9d t broods1 & wom5 :o m$itate r ?an act4 ,! be/ examples ( 8 dome/ic sc5es are f9ely graduat$1 al?\gh ! sadness ( advanc+ age becomes monoton\s 9 "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4--,,piet] ,,de ,,hoo* 7#afbi-afgg87 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #bdae4--;,,dut* ,,int]ior ,,) ,a ,,lady ,,play+ ,,c>ds 7,intrieur holl&ais7 ,by ! fireplace to ! left a lady is seat$4 ,%e is play+ c>ds ) a g5tleman1 & %[s h] h& to a cavali] :o /&s beside h]4 ,9 ! backgr\nd /& two lov]s1 & a boy is ent]+ ! room1 a ri*ly appo9t$ room1 hung ) gilt lea!r4 ,sign$ on ! base ( "o ( ! columns support+ ! mantelpiece3--8,p4 ,d4 ,,hoo*40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #b ft4 #b 94 #b ft4 #f 94 7#jfg #jgg47 ,,gabriel ,,metsu ,a high place among ! pa9t]s ( 8,conv]sation-pieces0 mu/ be accord$ to ,gabriel ,metsu 7#afcj8-affg71 a %ortliv$ arti/ :o 0 born at ,leyd5 & le>nt ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 8 art f ,d\4 ,z e>ly z #afdd he seems to h e>n$ "s reputation z a pa9t]1 8 signature appe>+ on 8 ,c\rt ,physician 9 t ye>4 ,he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,rembr&t1 & 9 lat] life practis$ z a pa9t] at ,am/]dam1 :]e he di$4 ,metsu1 ^: "w is at fir/ sight n easily di/+ui%able f ,t]bor*'s1 acquir$ a facility 9 ! control ( ! expression & ! ev]-v>y+ ge/ure ( ! h&s 9 8 pictures1 t 0 d5i$ to _m ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,in/ances ( ?is are ! figure ( ! ,*ri/ writ+ a long ,lat9 inscription on ! gr\nd 9 ! ,woman tak5 9 ,adult]y 7,no4 #bdeg71 ! ease ) :i* ! "y lady 9 a :ite sat9 dress runs h] f+]s ov] ! keys ( ! sp9et 9 ! ,music ,lesson 7,no4 #bdfj71 & ! treatm5t ( ! ,dut* ,lady 7,no4 #bdfb71 :o holds a jug 9 h] "r h&4 ,! la/-nam$ panel is evid5tly ! companion to ! v ?9ly pa9t$ ,dut* ,cook peel+ ,apples 7,no4 #bdfc71 :i* is sign$ 8,g4 ,,metsu40 ,p]haps 8 be/ outdoor sc5e ( humble life is ! ,vegetable ,m>ket at ,am/]dam 7,no4 #bdeh71 al?\gh 8 h&l+ ( ! trees sugge/s t 8 =te 0 ! ,conv]sation-piece ( ,dut* tradition1 & t he w\ld n h ris5 to high rank z a l&scape pa9t]4 ,! plac+ ( ! signature on a lett]1 :i* 9 ?is in/ance lies on ! gr\nd1 is a fav\rite device ) ,metsu4 ,he has d]iv$ mu* pleasure f ! treatm5t ( ! textures ( ! tableclo?1 ! curta91 & ! *air 9 ! ,(fic] visit+ a ,lady 7,no4 #bdei74 ,! ,al*emi/ 7,no4 #bdfa7 may be ! companion picture to ! ,sportsman 9 ! ,gall]y at ,! ,hague4 ,mu* speculative criticism has be5 indulg$ 9 by critics z to :e!r ! s-call$ ,portrait ( ,admiral ,cornelis ,tromp 7,no4 #bdfd7 repres5ts t admiral1 & "s d\bt has also be5 ca/ on its attribution to ,metsu4 ,,l&scape ,,pa9t]s ,! naturali/ic treatm5t ( ! l&scape backgr\nd 9 ! religi\s pictures ( ,jan van ,eyck & 8 successors1 ,meml9c1 ,b\ts1 ,hugo van d] ,goes1 & o!r pa9t]s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 "t br\ght ab\t ! promotion ( l&scape pa9t+ to an indep5d5t art4 ,among ! e>li] ,dut* arti/s :o approa*$ ! /udy ( ,nature 7 ,ar5t ,ar5tz5 7#aehf8-afce871 z we see f 8 ,l&scape ) a ,fi%]man 7,no4 #bcjj;,a71 & ,roel& ,roghman1 :o 0 born a ye> lat] ?an ,jan van ,goy51 & liv$ z late z #afhe4 ,he pa9t$ ! ,l&scape 7,no4 #beee;,b71 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,paul ,mantz collection4 ,inde$1 sev]al ,dut*m5 ( ! p]iod s\ght to commit to panel views ( nature1 z 9 ! case ( ,piet] de ,bloot 7#afjj-afeb71 :o gives u a ,l&scape ) a ,riv] 7,no4 #bcbg;,b74 ,! romantic feel+ :i* s (t5 p]vades ! backgr\nd ( ,rembr&t's pa9t+s1 & is s app>5t 9 su* et*+s z ! ,?ree ,trees1 c only be t\*$ on "h4 ,?is new t5d5cy is be/ exemplifi$ 9 ! works ( ,jan van ,goy5 7#aeif-afef71 :o may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( a self-c5tr$ s*ool ( l&scape pa9t+ 9 ,holl&2 b x 0 8 ev] h&y sket*-book t enabl$ him to out/rip 8 rivals 9 ?is bran* ( ,dut* art4 ,he is se5 to great advantage 9 8 v f9e ,banks ( a ,dut* ,riv] 7,no4 #bcge71 8 sup]b ,riv] ,view ) eight ,m5 9 a ,boat 7,no4 #bcgh71 a sign$ & dat$ "w ( #afdi1 a l>ge light-br[n-ton$ ,riv] 9 ,holl& 7,no4 #bcgg71 a good ,banks ( a ,canal 7,no4 #bcgi71 z well z a ,dut* ,canal 7,no4 #bcgf7 & a ,dut* ,riv] 7,no4 #bcgg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4--,,jan ,,v] ,,me] ,,van ,,delft 7#afcb-afge7 ,,dut* ,,s*ool ,no4 #bdef4--,,! ,,lace ,,mak] 7,la ,d5tellire7 ,a girl1 we>+ a yell[ bodice & a blue skirt1 is seat$ beh9d a table4 ,%e is b5d+ h] head ov] a light-blue lace pill[ z %e adju/s ! bobb9s ) bo? h&s4 ,a d>k-blue cu%ion & a book are on ! table to ! left4 ,sign$ 9 ! upp] "r-h& corn]3--8,j4 ,v4 ,,me]10 ! fir/ ?ree lett]s be+ int]tw9$4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #i 94 7#jbd7 squ>e4 ,a]t van d] ,ne] 7#afjc-afgg7 pa9t$ ) /rong contra/s ( light1 z 9 8 ,banks ( a ,dut* ,canal 7,no4 #bdhc72 & 8 monogram is to be f\nd on ! seat at ! foot ( a tree 9 8 ,dut* ,village 7,no4 #bdhd71 :]e 8 prop5sity = pa9t+ moonlight sc5es is well illu/rat$4 ,h]man ,saftlev5's 7#afji-afhe7 ,banks ( ! ,rh9e 7,no4 #befc72 ,jan ,asselyn's ,view ( ! ,lam5tano ,bridge on ! ,tev]one 7,no4 #bcja71 ,l&scape 7,no4 #bcjb71 & ,ru9s 9 ! ,roman ,campagna 7,no4 #bcjc72 & ! two ,l&scapes 7,nos4 #bccb & #bccc7 by ,jan ,bo? 7#afaj-afeb71 :o work$ 9 ,rome & pa9t$ ,italian l&scapes "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* arti/ ,claude ,lorra91 %[ ! gradual introduction ( =eign influ5ces4 ,joris van d] ,hag5 7di$ #affi7 takes a new l9e 9 ! repres5tation ( a v l[ horizon 9 8 ,environs de ,ha>lem 7,no4 #bchb72 b 8 ,l&scape ) ,peasants cross+ a ,=d 7,no4 #bcha7 is dull 9 tone & compos$ ( unrelat$ p>ts4 ,! ,banks ( a ,riv] 7,no4 #befa;,d7 is a sup]b example ( ! art ( ,salomon van ,ruysdael 7#afjj8-afgj71 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,ha>lem s*ool ( l&scape1 & ! uncle ( ,jacob van ,ruisdael4 ,! ,l>ge ,t[] 7,no4 #befa;,c7 gives a bett] idea ( 8 p[] ?an ! ,=d 7,no4 #befa;,b74 ,ano!r pa9t] 9 ! same s*ool1 ,cornelis ,deck] 7#afah8-afgh71 has a ,l&scape 7,no4 #bcdf74 ,al?\gh ,isack van ,o/ade at times gave himself up to trivial subjects1 z we h already se51 ! m]it ( 8 froz5 riv] sc5es 7,nos4 #beaj1 #beaa1 #beae7 is firmly e/abli%$1 & ! happy way 9 :i* he comb9$ a g5u9e appreciation ( nature ) great skill 9 ! plac+ & treatm5t ( 8 figures has e>n$ = him a high place among ! ,dut* l&scape pa9t]s4 ,,aelb]t ,,cuyp ,unlike mo/ ( ! arti/s ( 8 "t 9 ,holl&1 ,aelb]t ,cuyp 7#afbj-afia7 0 highly e/eem$ by 8 contempor>ies1 8 social position & 8 good =tune 9 money matt]s free+ him f ! pov]ty :i* ,hobbema & o!rs endur$4 ,he pa9t$ portraits ) mu* skill1 z we see f 8 ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #bcde;,a7 & 8 ,portrait ( a ,boy & a ,girl ) a ,goat 7,no4 #bcdd72 b he is be/ kn[n z a cattle pa9t]1 8 /urdy cattle be+ arti/ically gr\p$ 9 ?ick gre5 pa/ures flood$ ) sun%9e1 z 9 8 ,h]dsman ) ,cattle 7,no4 #bcda74 ,he atta9$ mu* success also ) 8 rid+ pictures1 & ! ,/>t+ = ! ,ride 7,no4 #bcdb7 & ! ,rid+ ,p>ty 7,no4 #bcdc7 are 9 e way pref]able to 8 ,boats on a ,r\gh ,sea 7,no4 #bcde74 ,foll[+ 8 usual habit1 he has plac$ no date on any ( ^! six pictures4 ,he _h no pupil 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m2 b a ho/ ( imitators1 su* z ,jacob van ,/ry & ! mu* lat] ,engli% ,royal ,academician ,sidney ,coop]1 fail$ ignom9i\sly 9 _! feeble attempts to copy 8 me?ods4 ,jan ,wynants 0 ano!r l&scape pa9t] 9 ! ,ha>lem ,s*ool1 al?\gh he settl$ 9 ,am/]dam & di$ !re 9 #afhb4 ,8 ,outskirts ( a ,=e/ 7,no4 #bfcf7 is sign$ & dat$ #affh1 & is sup]ior to ! ,l&scape 7,no4 #bfcg7 :i* be>s 8 own signature z well z t ( ,adria5 van de ,velde1 :o on num]\s occasions ins]t$ ! figures = him4 ,wynants has also plac$ 8 "n on a small ,l&scape ) ,sportsman & ,falcon] 7,no4 #bfch74 ,adria5 van de ,velde has be5 c>eful to sign & date ea* ( ! sev5 pictures by :i* he is repres5t$ 7,nos4 #beic-beii74 ,by ,all>t van ,ev]d+5 7#afba-afge71 :o travell$ 9 ,norway & pa9t$ rocky sc5es & wat]falls1 we f9d two ,l&scapes 7,nos4 #bcfe & #bcff74 ,,jacob ,,van ,,ruisdael ,! greate/ ( all ,dut* l&scape pa9t]s1 ) ! possible exception ( ,jan van ,goy51 is ,jacob van ,ruisdael 7#afbh8-afhb71 :o occupi$ himself m especially ) ru%+ wat]falls & undulat+ c\ntry4 ,8 ,/orm on ! ,coa/ 7,no4 #beeh7 is a f9e a*ievem5t1 b 8 be/ picture 9 ?is collection is ! ,l&scape 7no ,no471 :i* 0 bequea!d by ,b>on ,ar?ur de ,ro?s*ild4 ,8 ,woody ,l&scape 7,no4 #beei71 ! ,road 7,no4 #beei;,a71 ,l&scape 7,no4 #befa71 & ! ,entrance to a ,wood 7,no4 #befa;,a71 _c1 h[ev]1 comp>e ) 8 ,sunny ,l&scape 7,no4 #befj71 :i* be>s ! arti/'s monogram4 ,,hobbema ,! tal5ts ( ,me9d]t ,hobbema 7#afch-agji7 7 s disreg>d$ by 8 c\ntrym5 t 9 disgu/ he1 at ! age ( ?irty1 took a humble po/ 9 ! ,cu/oms4 ,8 woody sc5es se5 9 ! pale sunlight ( ! e>ly aft]noon are n copi$ f any *ance sc5]y1 b compos$2 & 8 ,wat] ,mill 7,no4 #bdjd71 f9e ?\gh x is1 conta9s passages t w be met ) else:]e4 ,! ,f>m 7,no4 #bdjd;,a7 is a v good picture1 z also is ! ,l&scape 7,no4 #bdjc7 f ! ,nieuw5huys collection4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( pa9t]s1 includ+ ,wyntrack1 :o gives u a ,f>m 7,no4 #bfci71 pa9t$ ! figures into ! =egr\nds ( ,hobbema's be/ works4 ,,philips ,,w\w]man ,9 a l>ge numb] ( ,philips ,w\w]man's pictures ! l&scapes are ( second>y importance to ! figures2 & al?\gh ! execution is c>eful & consci5ti\s1 ! frequ5t] ( picture gall]ies is apt to tire ( 8 make-believe g5re-pieces1 l&scapes ) horses1 rid]s1 sportsm51 soldi]s1 robb]s1 gipsies1 & ! l4 ,! ,l\vre pres5ts an impos+ array ( fifte5 ( ! twelve hundr$ or m pictures by ,philips ,w\w]man 7#afai-affh71 & 8 bro!r & pupil ,piet] is cr$it$ ) a poor b hi/orically int]e/+ ,view ( ! ,porte de ,nesles1 ,p>is1 9 #affd 7,no4 #bfce74 ,x w be conv5i5t "h to gr\p ,adam ,pynack] 7#afbb-afgc7 ) 8 ?ree pictures1 ,willem ,romeyn 7#afbd8-afif87 ) "o1 ,abraham ,begeyn 7#afcg8-afig7 ) "o1 ,guilliam de ,heus* 7#afbe8-afib7 ) "o1 ,dirk van d5 ,b]gh5 7#afde-afij87 ) two1 & ,glaub] 7#afdf-agbf7 ) a s+le ,l&scape 7,no4 #bcgd7 9 :i* ! figures are ins]t$ by ,g]>d de ,lairesse4 ,m5tion mu/1 h[ev]1 be made ( ,paul ,pott]1 ! highly e/eem$ cattle pa9t]1 :o di$ 9 #afed at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-n9e4 ,"o ( 8 late/ canvases is ! ,c[s & ,%eep 9 a ,field 7,no4 #bebg71 ( #afeb2 b 8 ,horse 9 a ,field 7,no4 #bebh7 ( ! foll[+ ye>1 & ! ,wood at ,! ,hague 7,no4 #bebi71 give an excell5t idea ( 8 art4 ,^! & ! ,horses at ! ,door ( a ,cottage 7,no4 #bebf7 %[ t ,paul ,pott] _h a s\nd k ( animal anatomy4 ,he is se5 at 8 be/ 9 small compositions su* z are "h exhibit$1 9 :i* ! con/ruction & mise-en-scne are simple & ! details delicately r5d]$4 ,x is a popul> fallacy t 8 *ief contribution to ! fame ( ,dut* art 0 8 l>ge ,bull ( #afdg1 :i* measures #h ft4 by #ab ft41 9 ,! ,hague ,gall]y4 ,he did n live long en\gh to =m a 8s*ool40 ,,! ,,italian ,,influ5ce ,! ,italianis+ influ5ce 0 already beg9n+ to make itself felt1 to ! la/+ detrim5t ( ,dut* pa9t+1 & ! typical example ( ?is d[nw>d movem5t is ,nicolaes ,b]*em 7#afbj-afhc71 :o 0 f\nd$ on 8 fa!r1 ,piet] ,claesz1 & on ,piet] de ,grebb]1 & ,jan ,wils at ,ha>lem1 :ile he also 0 impress$ by ,claes ,moya]t & ,j4 ,b4 ,we5ix at ,am/]dam1 :]e he remov$ 9 #afgg4 ,!re is sc>cely a well-furni%$ gall]y 9 ,europe t does n seek to pride itself on possess+ "o ( ,b]*em's r5d]+s ( ,cross+ ! ,=d1 or a ,woman ^u an ,ass 9 conv]sation ) ano!r ,p]son4 ,! ,l\vre is no exception to ?is rule1 & exhibits 8 ,cattle cross+ a ,=d 7,no4 #bcae7 & n9e o!r canvases & panels1 ne>ly all ( :i* be> 8 mu*-vaunt$ signature4 ,8 art is to-day des]v$ly out ( fa%ion ) disc]n+ collectors4 ,b]*em's pupil1 ,k>el du ,j>d9 7#afbb-afgh71 :o is inv>iably at mu* pa9 to sign 8 pictures1 is se5 to "s advantage 9 8 v ,italian & 9 e way *>act]i/ic ,italian ,*>latans 7,no4 #bdbg71 ! typical ,=d 9 ,italy 7,no4 #bdbh71 & eight o!r works4 ,8 attempts to depict a ,calv>y 7,no4 #bdbf7 h n be5 cr[n$ ) success1 z ! composition is ov]cr[d$ & undramatic2 nor d we exp]i5ce any emotion on reg>d+ 8 ,portrait ( ,himself 7,no4 #bdcd71 a small production on copp]4 ,bre5b]g 7#aeii-afei871 :o 0 born at ,dev5t]1 ! home ( ,t]bor*1 has depict$ a ,view ( ! ,campo ,vacc9o at ,rome 7,no4 #bccd71 & a ,ru9s ( ! ,palace ( ! ,cs>s 7,no4 #bcce7 9 ! ,italian mann] belov$ by ,b]*em & ,piet] van ,la]4 ,! latt]1 :o is also nam$ ,bamboccio1 is repres5t$ by two small oval panels4 ,l+elba* 7#afbb-afgd71 :o frequ5tly collaborat$ ) o!r ,dut* arti/s1 may be judg$ by 8 ,vegetable ,m>ket at ,rome 7,no4 #bddg7 & ?ree o!r canvases1 & ,frdric de ,m\*]on 7#afcc8-afhf7 by a ,leav+ = ! ,hunt 7,no4 #bdhb74 ,x w be conv5i5t to m5tion "h ,reyni] ,nooms1 ^: ,view ( ! ,old ,l\vre f ! ,se9e 7,no4 #bdia7 has "s hi/orical int]e/4 ,,ar*itectural ,,pa9t]s ,a limit$ numb] ( pa9t]s busi$ !mselves 9 mak+ fai?ful transcripts ( ! /reets & ! ext]ior appe>ance ( ! build+s4 ,jan van d] ,heyd5 7#afcg-agab7 0 p]haps ! mo/ successful 9 ?is direction1 & 8 ,view ( ! ,t[n ,hall ( ,am/]dam 9 #afhh is an excell5t example ( 8 me?ods1 :ile ! ,l\vre also possesses ?ree small panels by him4 ,jan ,abrahamsz ,be]/rat5 7#afbb-afff71 ! son ( a coop] at ,am/]dam1 travell$ to ,italy & ! ,m$it]ranean1 pro( ( :i* is af=d$ by 8 ,old ,t[n ,gate at ,g5oa 7,no4 #bcaj74 ,! typical ar*itectural pa9t] is1 h[ev]1 ,g]rit ,b]ckheyde 7#afch-afih74 ,al?\gh he nev] w5t to ,italy1 8 ,view ( ,trajan's ,column 7,no4 #bcbd7 is a welcome relief f ! _m v]sions he pa9t$1 ) conspicu\s success1 ( ,! ,m>ket-,place ( ,ha>lem4 ,h5drik van ,/e5wyck 7#aehj-afdh7 almo/ inv>iably cont5t$ himself ) reproduc+ ! ,int]iors ( ,*ur*es 7,nos4 #behb1 #behc72 b 8 ,*ri/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,m>?a & ,m>y 7,no4 #beha7 is an unusual subject ) him1 & mu/ be 8 ma/]piece4 ,! ,ve/ibule ( a ,palace 7,no4 #bdij71 by ,isaac van ,nickelle 7fl4 #affj71 is v good ( its k9d2 b ! ,int]ior ( a ,gu>d-,room 7,no4 #bdec71 by ,a>t van ,maes1 is a poor attempt at dramatic action4 ,,m>9e ,,pa9t]s ,! fact t ! ,dut* _h f\ght ) swamp & wat] & possess$ a l>ge m>itime comm]ce1 is reflect$ 9 ! ,seascapes ( ,simon de ,vlieg] 7#afjj-affj71 & 9 ! art ( ,ludolf ,backhuys5 7#afca-agjh71 :o is repres5t$ by a ,/ormy ,sea 7,no4 #bcji7 & five o!r canvases2 b "o ( ! be/ works ( ?is class 9 ! ,l\vre is ! ,m>9e-piece 7,no4 #bfjj7 by ,willem van de ,velde ! ,y\ng] 7#afcc-agjg71 :o cross$ ov] to ,engl&1 & aft] a long c>e] di$ at ,gre5wi*4 ,^! m5 s\ght to c>ry on ! e>li] tradition ( ,jan van ,goy5 & ! two ,ruisdaels1 b !y %[$ less orig9ality & p[]4 ,,/ill-,,life ,,pa9t]s ,mu* appreciation & "s extravagant praise has be5 lavi%$ on ! /ill-life pa9t]s :o1 at ! "t :5 ! high] aims ( arti/ic endeav\r began to die out 9 ,holl&1 display$ rem>kable ability4 ,! cultivation ( horticulture at ,ha>lem1 ! c5tre ( ! tulipomania fev] 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 may h _h an influ5ce on ! arti/ic pres5tation ( inanimate nature2 ?is feel+ 0 no d\bt /imulat$ by ! display made by ! goldsmi?s 9 an age ( great prosp]ity4 ,willem ,claesz ,h$a1 :o 0 born #aeid1 is among ! e>lie/ ( ! ,dut* /ill-life pa9t]s1 & 8 picture 7,no4 #bcij7 is dat$ #afcg2 he1 h[ev]1 did n die until m ?an =ty ye>s lat]4 ,jan ,davidsz de ,heem 7#afjf-afhd71 ! pa9t] ( ,fruit & a ,vase on a ,table 7,no4 #bcia7 & ( ano!r & mu* l>g] picture 7,no4 #bcib71 0 ! pupil ( 8 fa!r1 ,david de ,heem2 z he sp5t _m ye>s at ,antw]p1 he is sometimes reg>d$ z a ,flemi% pa9t]4 ,t ,abraham van ,bey]5 7#afbj-afge871 :o pa9t$ sev]al sea-pieces1 0 specially fond ( copy+ ! appe>ance ( fi%1 is se5 f 8 ,/ill-life3 ,fi% 7,no4 #bcbf;,a71 at ! ,l\vre1 :i* has 9 rec5t ye>s also acquir$ ano!r "w 7,no4 #bcab;,a7 by him4 ,willem ,kalf 7#afba8-afic7 may h /udi$ "u ,h4 ,g4 ,pot1 ! ,ha>lem g5re-pa9t]4 ,he 0 evid5tly impress$ ) ! *i>oscuro ( ,rembr&t1 & (t5 plac$ ! dr9k+-cups1 w9e-glasses1 & fruit on a ri*ly-col\r$ tableclo?4 ,he is "h repres5t$ by f\r examples1 ( :i* ! ,dut* ,int]ior 7,no4 #bdcf7 is ! be/4 ,eight pictures by ,jan ,huysum 7#afhb-agdi71 two by ,jan van ,os 7#agdd-ahjh71 & "o by ,c4 van ,spa5donck 7#agef-ahci7 belong to ! late/ phase ( art 9 ,holl&1 & m>k ! decad5ce 9 full op]ation4 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,l\vre has a mu* l>g] selection ( /ill-life pictures ?an ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i* seems to reg>d a*ievem5ts ( ?is k9d ) disda94 ,mel*ior ,hondecoet] 7#afcf-afie71 ! pa9t] ( ! f>my>d1 gives unmi/akable pro( ( 8 p[] 9 8 l>ge sign$ ,eagle swoop+ d[n on a ,f>my>d 7,no4 #bdje71 & two r small] pictures 7,nos4 #bdjf-g74 ,jan ,we5ix 7#afdj-agai71 :o usually conc]ns himself ) dead game & birds1 is work+ on ! usual l9es 9 ?ree 7,nos4 #bfaj1 #bfaa1 & #bfab;,a7 ( 8 f\r pictures 9 ! great ,fr5* museum2 ! o!r repres5ts ,a ,seaport 7,no4 #bfab74 ,he 0 ! fell[-pupil ( ,hondecoet] 9 ! /udio ( 8 fa!r1 ,jan ,bapti/ ,we5ix 7#afba-affj71 :o /udi$ = a "t "u ! e>ly ,dut* ma/]1 ,abraham ,bloma]t1 & work$ 9 ,italy = f\r ye>s4 ,= t reason ! latt] has adopt$ an ,italian mode ( sign+ 8 only picture 7,no4 #bfji7 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,,! ,,decl9e ,al?\gh ,g]>d ,hon?or/ 78,g]>d ( ! ,night07 0 born z e>ly z #aeij1 & 0 a pupil ( ,bloma]t1 he may he relegat$ to ! p]iod ( decl9e4 ,almo/ inv>iably he resort$ to ! trick ( light+ ! figures 9 8 pictures1 :e!r he 0 pa9t+ religi\s subjects1 portraits1 or conv]sation-pieces1 ) a c&lelight effect4 ,?is habit he _h acquir$ 9 ,italy by /udy+ ! /yle ( ,c>avaggio4 ,( 8 five pictures "h1 ! be/ is p]haps ! ,portrait ( ,*>les ,l\is1 ,duke ( ,bav>ia 7,no4 #bdaj71 ( #afdj4 ,8 ,conc]t 7,no4 #bdji71 pa9t$ sixte5 ye>s e>li]1 is an ill-balanc$ & ov]load$ composition4 ,su* arti/s z ,abraham ,hondius1 :o pa9ts a ,man ,sell+ ,pigeons 7,no4 #bdjg;,a72 ,k>el de ,moor1 :o 0 a pupil ( ,g4 ,d\1 & gives u an insignificant ,dut* ,family 7,no4 #bdgg72 ,eglon van d] ,ne]1 ^: "n is sign$ on a small panel1 ,a ,man ,sell+ ,pigeons 7,no4 #bdhe72 ,egb]t van ,heemsk]ck1 ^: ,int]ior 7,no4 #bcic7 is 9 ! ,la ,caze collection2 ,jan ,v]kolie1 ^: ,int]ior 7,no4 #bfjb7 has be5 engrav$2 ,h4 van ,limbor*1 ^: ,pleasures ( ! ,gold5 ,age 7,no4 #bddf7 0 9 ! collection ( ,l\is ,,xvi42 ,l\is de ,moni1 ! pa9t] ( a ,family ,sc5e 7,no4 #bdgf72 & ,willem van ,mi]is1 a replica ( ^: ,soap ,bubbles 7,no4 #bdgc7 is at ,! ,hague1--all ^! m$iocre pa9t]s are ! despair ( ! critic1 & af=d m]ely mom5t>y ent]ta9m5t = ! curi\s4 ,x is app>5t t by ?is p]iod ! art ( ,holl& 0 m>k$ by me*anical inv5tions1 ! surface ( ^! eighte5?-c5tury pa9t+s be+ highly fus$ & metallic 9 appe>ance4 ,! f\r panels ( ,adria5 van d] ,w]ff 7#afei-agbb71 :i* include an unpleasant ,magdal5e 9 ! ,des]t 7,no4 #bfag7 & a repulsive ,danc+ ,nymph 7,no4 #bfai71 are *>act]i/ic examples ( 8 monoton\s art4 ,! ,disemb>kation ( ,cleopatra 7,no4 #bdda7 & ! ,h]cules betwe5 ,vice & ,virtue 7,no4 #bddc7 ( ,g]>d de ,lairesse 7#afdj-agaa71 h ! enamel-l smoo?ness & mean+less expression ( academic art1 al?\gh !y h _! usefulness z museum pieces4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! ,l\vre does n conta9 a s+le example ( ! revival ( art 9 ,holl& 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,! e>ly phases ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( pa9t+--p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say ( pa9t+ 9 ,france--pres5t "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems to ! /ud5t ( art hi/ory4 ,x 0 n really until ! great ,exhibition ( ,fr5* ,primitives held 9 ,p>is 9 #aijd t any s]i\s attempts 7 made to con/ruct a hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,fr5* pa9t+2 b ! le>n$ argum5ts t h be5 br\ght to be> ^u ! tangl$ "q h s f> fail$ to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( an important auto*?on\s s*ool 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is true t contempor>y records m5tion ! names ( a few pa9t]s :o seem to h enjoy$ great repute at ! ,c\rts at :i* !y 7 employ$1 b x has be5 impossible to connect any notable extant pictures ) _! names2 :il/ ^? o!r 8,fr5*0 pa9t]s :o h left tangible pro(s ( _! activity are almo/ )\t exception ( ,flemi% bir? & tra9+4 ,inde$1 mo/ ( ^! e>ly pictures %[ no *>act]i/ics t may be describ$ z ,fr5*1 save ! types ( ! faces1 :i* w\ld naturally be tak5 f ! c\ntry :]e ! arti/s work$4 ,! difficulty ( deal+ ) ! ,e>ly ,fr5* pictures at ! ,l\vre is consid]ably increas$ by ! unc]ta9ty ( _! au?or%ip1 ! attributions be+ 9 mo/ cases t5tative & mu* disput$4 ,?r\gh\t we feel ! lack ( a def9ite basis = comp>ative criticism--! abs5ce ( prop]ly au!nticat$ works by ! v ma/]s ^: names h be5 record$ 9 contempor>y docum5ts4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! ma/]s is ,jean ,mal\el1 a ,flem+1 ^: real "n 0 ,malwaele1 & :o work$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy at ,dijon1 :]e he di$ 9 #adae4 ,to him has be5 attribut$1 )\t suffici5t pro(1 ! tondo ( ,! ,dead ,*ri/ support$ by ! ,et]nal ,fa!r 7,no4 #iif7 & m\rn$ by ! ,virg91 ,/4 ,john & ,angels4 ,equally unc]ta9 is ! attribution ( ! ,la/ ,communion & ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ,fir/ ,bi%op ( ,p>is 7,no4 #iie71 on :i* are se51 aga9/ a gold backgr\nd1 9 ! c5tre1 ! ,crucifi$ ,savi\r & ! ,et]nal ,fa!r surr\nd$ by *]ubs2 on ! left1 ,*ri/ giv+ ! ,communion to ! imprison$ bi%op1 ) a pray+ angel 9 ! =egr\nd2 & on ! "r1 ! ,decollation ( ,/4 ,d5is & 8 two companions1 ,/4 ,ru/icus & ,/4 ,eleu!rius4 ,an attempt has be5 made to id5tify ?is int]e/+ picture ) "o ord]$ by ,jean-sans-,peur1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 f ,jean ,mal\el1 & f9i%$ aft] t ma/]'s dea? by ,h5ri ,belle*ose1 ano!r ,flemi% pa9t]1 born 9 ,brabant1 :o work$ at ,dijon betwe5 #adae & #adca4 ,! ,entombm5t 7,no4 #iig7 is ! "w ( an unkn[n & presumably ,flemi% pa9t]1 :o %[s a c]ta9 aff9ity ) ! pa9t] ( ! fam\s ,p>em5t d'autel de ,n>bonne 7,no4 #acdb bis7 ( ab\t #acgd4 ,?is alt>-front is suppos$ to be by ,gir>d d',orlans & 8 son ,jean1 "u ^: "n bo? ! ,p>em5t & ! ,entombm5t 7 %[n at ! ,exhibition ( ,fr5* ,primitives 9 #aijd4 ,b all ^! attributions are l>gely conjectural4 ,,! ,,ma,,tre ,,de ,,m\l9s ,*auv9i/ic ,fr5* critics h made mu* capital out ( ! important national s*ool t is suppos$ to h fl\ri%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury at ,m\l9s1 & especially ( ! my/]i\s 8,matre de ,m\l9s10 s call$ f a fam\s tripty* at ,m\l9s :i* _c be prov$ to be ! "w ( a ,fr5* pa9t]1 & %[s v m>k$ ,italian *>act]i/ics1 al?\gh ! types ( ! faces are di/9ctly ,fr5*4 ,italian pa9t]s _h be5 work+ 9 ,france ev] s9ce ,simone ,m>t9i 7#abhe8-acdd7 0 employ$ to decorate ! ,pope's ,palace at ,avignon2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite docum5t>y evid5ce x w always rema9 a difficult matt] to decide :e!r c]ta9 pictures1 ,italian 9 /yle & ,fr5* z reg>ds ! types1 are ! "w ( ,italian ma/]s pa9t+ 9 ,france1 or ( ,fr5*m5 tra9$ by ,italians4 ,to ! ,matre de ,m\l9s h be5 loosely ascrib$ c]ta9 pictures 9 ! ,l\vre collection1 especially s9ce attempts h be5 made1 9 ! face ( great improbability1 to id5tify him ) ,jehan ,p]ral1 or ,jehan de ,p>is1 "o ( ! few pa9t]s ( t p]iod ^: ,fr5* nationality has be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,p]ral 0 born at ,lyons1 & became ,c\rt pa9t] 9 ,p>is to ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii4 ,9 ?is capacity he 0 s5t to ,engl& at ! "t ( ! m>riage ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ) ,pr9cess ,m>y ,tudor1 to design ! bride's toilettes4 ,if ,p]ral be ! pa9t] ( ,! ,virg9 betwe5 ,two ,donors 7,no4 #iih;,d1 =m]ly ,no4 #ajdh1 & n[ labell$ ,no4 --#dh71 :i* be>s ^u ! pila/]s ( a balu/rade ! lett]s 8,i ,p10 he is c]ta9ly n id5tical ) ! ,matre de ,m\l9s to :om h be5 attribut$ ! portraits ( ,pi]re ,,ii41 ,sire de ,beaujeu1 ,son-9-,law ( ,l\is ,,xi4 7,no4 #ajjd71 & 8 wife1 ,anne ( ,france1 ,du*ess ( ,b\rbon1 ,daught] ( ,l\is ,,xi4 7,no4 #ajje71 :i* are app>5tly ! w+s ( a tripty* ( :i* ! c5tre panel has disappe>$4 ,!y are utt]ly lack+ 9 *>m ( col\r & are any?+ b ma/]ly 9 treatm5t4 ,bo? ! p]sonages are portray$ kneel+1 ! husb& be+ pres5t$ by 8 ,patron ,sa9t & ! wife by ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,! ,portrait ( ,pi]re 0 b\ght 9 #ahdb by ,l\is ,philippe = #bj4 ,! companion panel 0 pres5t$ to ! ,l\vre 9 #ahhh by ,m4 ,maciet4 ,m4 ,l4 ,dimi] has rightly po9t$ out t !re is no evid5ce :atev] to prove ^! two pictures to h be5 pa9t$ by a ,fr5* ma/]4 ,! ,virg9 betwe5 ,two ,donors 7,no4 #iih;,d7 has lately be5 t5tatively attribut$ to ! 8,ma/] ( ! ,ursula ,leg5d40 ,,! ,,de ,,somz,e 8,,magdal50 ,to ! ,matre de ,m\l9s has also be5 attribut$ ! some:at ov]rat$ ,magdal5 ) a ,female ,donor 7,no4 #ajje;,a71 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 ! de ,somze collection at ,brussels1 & 01 "s "t aft] ! ,exhibition ( ,fr5* ,primitives 9 #aijd1 b\ght f ,messrs4 ,t4 ,agnew ,son = #ejjj4 ,! suppos$ simil>ities t h be5 notic$ betwe5 ?is picture & ! ,m\l9s tripty* on ! "o h&1 & ,jehan ,p]ral's au!nticat$ design = ! tomb ( ! ,duke ( ,brittany at ,r5nes on ! o!r h&1 are n suffici5tly conv9c+ ei!r to arrive at a def9ite conclusion z reg>ds ! au?or%ip ( ?is ,magdal51 or to e/abli% ! id5tity ( ! ,matre de ,m\l9s ) ,jehan ,p]ral4 ,( an ev5 m problematic nature are ! ,piet 7,no4 #iih;,c1 =m]ly ,no4 #iih7 & ! ,calv>y 7,no4 #iih;,a71 ( :i* x is only safe to affirm t bo? 7 pa9t$ 9 ,france1 ! backgr\nd %[+ 9 ! case ( ! =m] ! ,abbey ( ,sa9t-,g]ma9-des-,prs1 ! ,se9e1 ! ,l\vre1 & ! ,butte ,montm>tre2 & 9 ! latt] an equally di/+ui%able view ( ! ,se9e1 ! ,l\vre1 & o!r build+s4 ,bo? pictures appe> to be ! "w ( ,flemi% pa9t]s :o 7 n entirely un9flu5c$ by ,italian art4 ,?is ,calv>y is labell$ 8,retable du ,p>liam5t de ,p>is10 & 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,palais de ,ju/ice 9 ,p>is4 ,we ne$ n dwell at any l5g? ^u ! s*ool ( ,d\ai1 :i* %\ld be consid]$ z a bran* ( ! ,flemi% r ?an a national ,fr5* s*ool4 ,jean ,bellegambe 7c4 #adgj-aece7 is its *ief repres5tative1 & presumably ! au?or ( ! small w+ ( a tripty* depict+ ! figure ( ,/4 ,adrian 7,no4 #ac;,a7 :i* 0 =m]ly catalogu$ z be+ ( ! ,g]man s*ool 7,no4 #bgci74 ,,jean ,,f\quet ,( f> great] importance is ! s*ool :i* fl\ri%$ at ,t\rs1 = "h at la/ we meet ) cle>ly m>k$ p]sonalities ^: names are def9itely connect$ ) extant works1 ev5 if ! "* ( _! art rema9s ess5tially ,flemi%4 ,! be/ kn[n arti/ ( ?is gr\p is ,jean ,f\quet 7c4 #adbe-adhj871 :o 0 ,pa9t] to ,*>les ,,vii4 & ,l\is ,,xi4 & wr\ght ! wond]ful m9iatures 9 ! fam\s ,book ( ,h\rs at ,*antilly4 ,he 0 di/9ctly m successful z an illum9ator ?an z a pa9t]1 al?\gh 8 ma/]piece1 ! ,*evali] dipty* 7( :i* "o w+ is at ! ,antw]p & ! o!r at ! ,b]l9 ,museum71 is a "w ( consid]able m]it4 ,! ,l\vre owns an int]e/+ pa9t+ f 8 bru%--! portrait ( ! corpul5t ,*ancellor ( ,france1 ,guillaume ,juvnal des ,urs9s1 ,b>on de ,tra9el 7,no4 #bhh74 ,he is depict$ 9 ?ree-qu>t] pr(ile to ! "r1 dress$ 9 a fur-edg$ r$ robe1 ) h&s fold$ 9 pray]1 be=e an op5 book on a cu%ion4 ,! pila/]s 9 ! ri* ar*itectural sett+ t]m9ate 9 two be>s support+ ! ,*ancellor's coat ( arms4 ,?is important picture 0 b\ght 9 #ahce = ! sum ( #cf4 ,x 0 !n attribut$ to ,mi*ael ,wohlgemu?6 ,f\quet is kn[n to h pa9t$ ,*>les ,,vii4 9 #addd2 b ! ,portrait ( ,*>les ,,vii41 ,k+ ( ,france 7,no4 #bhi71 ) ! inscription along ! top1 8,,le ,,tr,s ,,glorieux ,,roy ,,de ,,france10 & bel[1 8,,*>les ,,septiesme ,,de ,,ce ,,nom10 _c c]ta9ly be id5tifi$ ) ! picture ref]r$ to 9 contempor>y records4 ,! ,l\vre picture 0 acquir$ 9 #ahch = #ah4 ,! "n ( ,jean ,f\quet has = a long "t be5 connect$ ) ! admirable little portrait kn[n z ,! ,man ) ! ,w9eglass 7,no4 #ajjj1 =m]ly ,no4 #ajjj;,a74 ,x 0 %[n z a "w ( ,f\quet at ! ,exhibition ( ,fr5* ,primitives2 & ! attribution is /ill ma9ta9$ by _m ,fr5* critics1 al?\gh 9 ! (ficial ,catalogue ! picture is giv5 to an ,unkn[n ,fr5* pa9t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury kn[n z 8,! ,ma/] ( #adef0 f a dat$ picture 9 ! ,lie*t5/e9 ,gall]y 9 ,vi5na4 ,! :ole /yle ( ! pa9t+ w\ld1 h[ev]1 po9t to ,g]man orig91 ! only ?+ ,fr5* ab\t ! picture be+ ! type ( ! p]sonage repres5t$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is portrait1 :i* 0 b\ght f a ,p>is deal] 9 #aijf = #gfjj1 0 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,c\nt ,wilczek 9 ,vi5na1 & 0 b\ght by its =m] own] at ,ulm4 ,x is probably ! "w ( a pa9t] ( ! ,swabian s*ool4 ,,nicolas ,,from5t ,nicolas ,from5t1 ! pa9t] ( ! dipty* ,k+ ,r5 & 8 ,second ,wife1 ,jeanne de ,laval 7,no4 #cjd;,a71 is frequ5tly m5tion$ by ^? :o h con/itut$ !mselves *ampions ( a suppos$ important ,e>ly ,fr5* national s*ool4 ,! few pictures ) :i* he may be cr$it$ include ! ,/4 ,siffre91 n[ 9 ! ,sem9>y at ,avignon1 ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 n[ 9 ! ,kaufmann collection at ,b]l91 & ! ,burn+ ,bu%1 :i* includes ! ,portraits ( ,k+ ,r5 & ,jeanne de ,laval1 z ! ,donors :o ord]$ ! picture = ! ,ca!dral at ,aix1 :]e x /ill is4 ,b ! ,l\vre dipty* is an inf]ior "w4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! dates ( 8 bir? & dea?4 ,he fl\ri%$ betwe5 #adfj & #adhj1 & 0 employ$ by good ,k+ ,r51 :o 0 himself a pa9t] ( "s di/9ction1 if contempor>y *ronicl]s are to be believ$4 ,from5t di$ at ,avignon1 :]e he appe>s to h work$ "s consid]able "t1 all[+ 8 art to absorb ^? di/9ctly ,italian t5d5cies :i* di/+ui%$ ! productions ( ! ,avignon s*ool ev] s9ce ,simone ,m>t9i _h e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury work$ 9 ! ,prov5al city ( ! ,popes4 ,a v typical in/ance ( ?is ,avignon s*ool1 ) its bl5d+ ( ,nor!rn realism & ! noble s5se ( /yle ( ! e>ly ,italians1 is ! ,piet 7,no4 #ajja;,b74 ,! gr\p ( ! ,virg9 ) ! rigid body ( ,*ri/ across h] knees1 ,/4 ,john on ! left & ! ,magdal5 on ! "r1 has a sculpturesque dignity & gr&eur n to be f\nd 9 ! ,nor!rn art ( t p]iod4 ,! ,donor on ! extreme left r de/roys ! balance ( ! composition4 ,! m\rn]s & ! l&scape are silh\ett$ aga9/ a gold backgr\nd4 ,! picture 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,*>treuse ( ,vill5euve ne> ,avignon1 & 0 b\ght by ! ,socit des ,amis du ,l\vre = ! great ,fr5* national collection at ! price ( #djjj4 ,a well-kn[n ,spani% critic has claim$ t ?is is "o ( ! v r>e works by ! ,spani% arti/ ,b>tolom ,b]mejo4 ,( ! same s*ool1 b va/ly inf]ior 9 conception & execution1 is ! mu* re/or$ ,*ri/ ris+ f ! ,tomb1 ) a ,donor & ,/4 ,agricola 7,no4 #ajja;,c74 ,!re are 9 ,gall]y ,x4 7,salle ,jean ,f\quet7 a few m anonym\s fifte5?-c5tury pa9t+s1 :i* ne$ n "h be discuss$ z !y are ( no real significance4 ,,! ,,sixte5?-,,c5tury ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,! m]e fact t _m ( ! draw+s & pa9t+s :i* are n[ ) good reason believ$ to be ! "w ( ,jean or ,jehan ,cl\et 7call$ ,jehannet7 pass$1 at a "t :5 art criticism foll[$ me?ods less sci5tific ?an ^? :i* prevail at pres5t1 "u ! "n ( ,holbe91 %\ld suffice to indicate t ,cl\et's art belongs ess5tially to ! ,r5aissance1 & t ! ,primitive or ,go?ic p]iod _h come to a close :5 he arriv$ 9 ,france f ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e he 0 born ab\t #adge4 ,he app>5tly work$ fir/ at ,t\rs1 :]e 8 pres5ce 9 #aeaf is te/ifi$ by docum5t>y evid5ce2 & he w5t to ,p>is be=e #aebi4 ,al?\gh he 0 nev] naturalis$1 he became ,groom ( ! ,*amb] to ,franois ,i41 & enjoy$ an enorm\s reputation = 8 skill 9 portraiture4 ,he di$ 9 #aedj or #aeda4 ,,jean ,,cl\et',s ,,draw+s ,n a s+le draw+ or pa9t+ t has come d[n to u f ?is p]iod1 :i* 0 rem>kable = its enorm\s production 9 ,c\rt portraiture1 be>s ! signature ( ,jehan ,cl\et2 b z a numb] ( ! be/ portrait draw+s 9 ! fam\s ,*antilly collection--notably t ( ! ,preux de ,m>ignan--are obvi\sly f ! same h&1 & ext5d1 z c be prov$ f ! age ( ! p]sonages portray$1 f #aead to #aedj1--! v ye>s :5 ,jean ,cl\et is kn[n to h work$ 9 ,france1--x is q reasonable to assume t arti/ to be ! au?or ( ?is gr\p ( draw+s4 ,_! sup]iority ov] all ! o!r draw+s ( ! p]iod w\ld acc\nt = ! fame enjoy$ by ! eld] ,cl\et among 8 contempor>ies4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ^! draw+s x has be5 possible to ascribe to ,jean ,cl\et a few pa9t$ portraits :i* are obvi\sly bas$ on ! draw+s & %[1 ap>t f su* diff]5ces z mu/ necess>ily result f ! use ( a diff]5t m$ium1 ! same *>act]i/ics--firm draughtsman%ip1 a sure delicate t\* 9 ! del9eation ( ! features1 & also a c]ta9 /iffness & h>dness ( cont\r :i* are nev] to be f\nd 9 ! o!rwise v simil> b always supple & ma/]ly h&l+ ( ,holbe94 ,x is n[ kn[n t practically all ! pa9t$ portraits ( ! p]iod 7 execut$ f ! delicate draw+s 9 black & r$ *alk1 ( :i* s va/ a numb] h come d[n to our day4 ,b ! fact t ! va/ majority ( ^! draw+s s]v$ z models to diff]5t pa9t]s leaves ! "q ( attribution 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! m]e trac+ back ( a picture to "s extant draw+ ( ackn[l$g$ au!nticity _c be tak5 z pro( ( _! common orig94 ,two pictures at ! ,l\vre are attribut$ to ,jean ,cl\et4 ,bo? are portraits ( ,franois ,i41 ,k+ ( ,france1 b only ! small] "o 7,no4 #abg7 appe>s to be f 8 h&4 ,cl\et's royal patron is "h depict$ 9 ?ree-qu>t] pr(ile to ! "r1 at ! age ( ab\t ?irty1 s t ! picture may be assum$ to h be5 pa9t$ ab\t ! ye> #aebd4 ,x is bas$ on a draw+ 9 ! ,*antilly collection4 ,! l>g] ,portrait ( ,franois ,i4 7,no4 #abf7 has at v>i\s times be5 attribut$ to ,jean ,cl\et1 ,mabuse1 & ,joo/ van ,cleef1 b is1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,m4 ,dimi]1 pron\nc$ly ,italian 9 col\r & 9 ! treatm5t ( ! co/ume & h&s4 ,,fran,,ois ,,cl\et ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life ,jean ,cl\et 0 assi/$ 9 ! execution ( 8 num]\s commissions by 8 bro!r ,cl\et de ,nav>re1 to :om is attribut$ ! ,portrait ( ,l\is de ,sa9t-,gelais1 ,"l ( ,lansac1 ,capta9 ( "o ( ! 8,compagnies des c5t ,g5til%ommes0 "u ,*>les ,,ix4 7,no4 #acd71 & by 8 son ,franois ,cl\et 7#aejj8-aegb74 ,x has be5 /at$ t ,franois ,cl\et1 :o 0 to become aft] 8 fa!r's dea? ! fav\rite portrait pa9t] ( ,franois ,i41 ,h5ri ,,ii41 ,ca!r9e de ,mdicis1 ,franois ,,ii41 & ,*>les ,,ix41 0 born at ,t\rs2 b x is f> m likely t he too 0 born 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 &1 :ile /ill "y1 accompani$ 8 fa!r to ,france4 ,practically no?+ is kn[n ( 8 life be=e ! ye> #aeda1 :5 ,franois ,i4 r5\nc$ to ,cl\et 8 k+ly "r to ! arti/'s inh]itance1 :i* c\ld h be5 claim$ by ! ,cr[n z ! e/ate ( a =eign]4 ,9 ! same ye> ,franois ,cl\et 0 appo9t$ ,groom ( ! ,*amb] & ,pa9t]-9-,ord9>y to ! ,k+4 ,! ,l\vre is =tunate 9 possess+ "o ( ! exce$+ly r>e sign$ pictures by ?is arti/ 9 ! ,portrait ( ,pi]re ,qu! 7,no4 #abg;,a71 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,vi5na a few ye>s ago by ,m4 ,moreau-,nlaton & pres5t$ to ! ,gall]y by t active & patriotic in/itution1 ! ,socit des ,amis du ,l\vre4 ,pi]re ,qu! 0 a notable burgh] & apo!c>y ( ,p>is1 :o own$ "o ( ! f9e/ g>d5s 9 t city4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d & neighb\r ( ,franois ,cl\et 9 ! rue ,/4 ,avoye4 ,9 ! ,l\vre pa9t+1 :i* be>s 9 ! left-h& bottom corn] ! inscription ,,fr4 ,,ianetii ,,opvs ,e4 ,,qutto ,,amico ,,s+vl>i ,,aetatis ,,sve ,,xliii #aefb he is depict$ ?ree-qu>t]-l5g? life size1 dress$ 9 a d\blet ( black velvet ) lace ins]tions1 ) a h]b>ium4 ,! picture hangs at pres5t on a scre5 9 ,gall]y ,,xv4 ,ano!r unque/ionably au!ntic "w is ! *>m+ ,portrait ( ,elizabe? ( ,au/ria1 ,wife ( ,*>les ,,ix4 7,no4 #acj71 ( :i* a prep>atory /udy 9 *alk1 dat$ #aega1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,p>is ,pr9t ,cab9et4 ,! face is drawn & modell$ ) r>e delicacy1 & e detail ( ! ri*ly jewell$ gold brocade co/ume is r5d]$ ) faultless & m9iature-l precision4 ,yet ano!r preci\s little picture f ! same h& is ! small ?ree-qu>t]-l5g? ,portrait ( ,*>les ,,ix41 ,k+ ( ,france 7,no4 #abh71 :i* is a r$uc$ replica ( ! sign$ life-size v]sion 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum4 ,bo? pictures 7 orig9ally 9 ,vi5na1 :5ce !y 7 remov$ by ,napoleon 9 #ahji1 b only ! l>g] picture 0 tak5 back to ! ,au/rian capital 9 #ahae4 ,! ,portrait ( ,claude de ,beaune 7,no4 #acc;,a7 is possibly ano!r1 ?\gh n v important1 "w f ! ma/]'s own bru%2 b nei!r ! ,portrait ( ,franois de ,lorra9e1 ,duc de ,guise 7,no4 #aca71 nor ! ,portrait ( ,h5ri ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,france 7,no4 #abi71 are ( suffici5t m]it to ju/ify _! attribution to ,franois ,cl\et2 :il/ ! portraits ( ,*>les ,,ix4 7,no4 #acb7 & ,elizabe? ( ,au/ria 7,no4 #acc7 are frankly admitt$ to be copies aft] orig9als by ! ma/]4 ,,corneille ,,de ,,lyon ,franois ,cl\et's *ief rival 9 royal fav\r 0 ano!r ,ne!rl&] domicil$ 9 ,france1 :o1 f ! city 9 :i* he sp5t ! ye>s ( 8 greate/ activity1 has become kn[n z ,corneille de ,lyon4 ,he 0 app>5tly ! head ( a busy work%op at ,lyons1 f :i* 7 turn$ out l>ge numb]s ( ?9ly pa9t$1 da9tily t\*$-9 ?ree-qu>t] pr(ile heads1 execut$ almo/ transp>5tly on a light gr\nd4 ,al?\gh ^! portraits are n[ g5]ally describ$ "u ! g5]ic "n ( ,corneille de ,lyon1 only ! be/ among !m c be accept$ z ! ma/]'s own h&iwork4 ,room ,,xi4 at ! ,l\vre conta9s sev]al insignificant & badly repa9t$ portraits ( ?is type4 ,!y are ( no importance1 z !y are only copies or /udio productions4 ,corneille became naturalis$ 9 #aedg1 9 :i* ye> he 0 appo9t$ ,pa9t] to ! ,k+4 ,he di$ ab\t #aege4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,fonta9ebleau ,! dea? ( ,p]ral & ,b\rdi*on a few ye>s aft] ! accession ( ,franois ,i4 _h left ,france )\t any arti/s ( note1 save ! few =eign portrait pa9t]s employ$ by ! ,c\rt4 ,franois ,i41 an en?usia/ic art lov]1 :o _h se5 & admir$ ! great ,italian ma/]s 9 _! own c\ntry1 sp>$ no ef=t to attract ! lead+ ma/]s to ,france4 ,we h se5 t he actually succe$$ 9 secur+ ! s]vices ( ! ag$ ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & t = a brief span ,&rea del ,s>to work$ at 8 ,c\rt4 ,:51 ab\t #aecj1 t art-lov+ k+ turn$ 8 att5tion to ! decoration ( 8 palace at ,fonta9ebleau1 !re 0 n a s+le pa9t] ( ,fr5* nationality1 or arti/ liv+ 9 ,france1 :o c\ld h be5 entru/$ ) s =midable a task1 & ,franois ,i4 0 aga9 =c$ to enli/ ! be/ ,italian pa9t]s available = ! purpose4 ,hav+ fir/ engag$ ,pellegr9o & o!r ?ird-rate arti/s1 he succe$$1 9 #aeca1 9 induc+ ! ,flor5t9e ,rosso to und]take ! execution & sup]vision ( ! decorative "w at ,fonta9ebleau2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,bolognese ,primaticcio ent]$ 8 s]vice4 ,bo? belong to ! ,italian eclectic s*ools1 & only conc]n u "h 9 s f> z _! example l$ to ! f\nd+ ( :at has be5 call$ ! 8,s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau10 :i* 0 really an (f%oot ( ! ,italian eclectic s*ool4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,rosso's & ,primaticcio's activity at ,fonta9ebleau practically all ! "w 0 done by ^! two pa9t]s & _! ,italian assi/ants1 ^: b& 0 jo9$ by ,niccol dell' ,abbate4 ,x 0 only aft] ! dea? ( ,franois ,i4 t ! tea*+ ( ! ,italian eclectics at ,fonta9ebleau produc$ a g5]ation ( ,fr5* arti/s capable ( do+ ju/ice to ! decorative tasks = :i* an ev]-increas+ dem& _h mean:ile aris54 ,t ! ,l\vre is s+ul>ly poor 9 works by ^! pa9t]s may p>tly be acc\nt$ = by ! comp>ative sc>city ( easel pictures pa9t$ by arti/s :o 7 *iefly employ$ = int]ior decoration4 ,!re is no reason = cr$it+ any ,fr5*m5 ) ! ?ree anonym\s s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau pictures 9 ,gall]y ,,xi43 ,diana 7,no4 #ajac71 ,! ,*a/ity ( ,scipio 7,no4 #ajad71 & ,! ,toilet ( ,v5us 7,no4 #ajad;,a74 ,! ,*a/ity ( ,scipio 9 p>ticul> w\ld appe> to be ! "w ( ,niccol dell' ,abbate4 ,,jean ,,c\s9 ,! mo/ fam\s ( all ! ,fr5* pa9t]s ( ! s*ool is ,jean ,c\s91 :o f ! ,la/ ,judgm5t 7,no4 #aee7 at ! ,l\vre--! only kn[n pa9t+ f 8 bru% t has be5 pres]v$--has be5 call$ 8,! ,fr5* ,mi*elangelo40 ,no?+ is kn[n ( 8 life1 save t he 0 born at ,s\cy1 ne> ,s5s1 t he work$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & t he 0 /ill alive 9 #aehc4 ,comp>ison ( 8 picture ) ,mi*elangelo's great "w 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel only helps to acc5tuate ! absurd ov]-e/imation to :i* he owes 8 sobriquet4 ,he 0 m]ely a foll[] ( ,primaticcio1 an excell5t draughtsman ) great k ( anatomy1 b lack+ 9 ta/e1 imag9ation1 & real p[]4 ,ambroise ,dubois 7#aedc-afad7 0 born at ,antw]p1 b is g5]ally c\nt$ among ! ,fr5* pa9t]s ( ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,he 0 entru/$ by ,h5ri ,,iv4 ) sev]al important s]ies ( pa9t+s = ! decoration ( ! ap>tm5ts at ,fonta9ebleau1 notably ) eight sc5es illu/rat+ ,tasso's 8,g]usalemme ,lib]ata0 = "o ( ! ,que5's rooms1 & fifte5 sc5es f 8,!og5es & ,*>iclea0 by ,heliodorus = ! 8,k+'s ,great ,closet40 ,"o f ea* s]ies has f\nd its way into ! ,l\vre collection3 ,! ,baptism ( ,clor9da 7,no4 #bgb71 & ,*>iclea1 und]go+ ! ,ordeal ( ,fire1 is recognis$ by h] ,p>5ts1 ,k+ ,hydaspes & ,que5 ,p]s9a 7,no4 #bga74 ,! only o!r pa9t] ( ?is gr\p :o is repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre is ,m>t9 ,frm9et 7#aefg-afai71 :o 0 only indirectly connect$ ) ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau1 z he _h receiv$ 8 art education 9 ,flor5ce4 ,8 be/ kn[n "w is ! ceil+ ( ! ,tr9ity ,*apel at ,fonta9ebleau4 ,8 picture at ! ,l\vre repres5ts ,m]cury ord]+ neas to leave ,dido 7,no4 #cjd74 ,! decl9e ( ! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau 0 s rapid & complete t1 :5 ,m>ie de ,mdicis decid$ to h ! great gall]y ( ! ,luxemb\rg ,palace decorat$1 9 #afbj1 !re 0 n a s+le pa9t] left 9 ,france capable to und]take ?is important "w1 :i* 0 ev5tually entru/$ to ,rub5s4 ,b ! :ole direction to be tak5 by ,fr5* sev5te5?-c5tury art _h be5 det]m9$ by ,franois ,i41 & ! influ5ce ( ! ,late ,italians rema9$ p>am\nt until ! dawn ( ! new era :i* 0 to be initiat$ by ,watteau4 ,,! ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury ! impulse = ! arti/ic activity ( ,france emanat$ f ,rome4 ,b be=e discuss+ ! dom9at+ p]sonalities ( ! age we mu/ ref] to a few pa9t]s :o occupy a m or less isolat$ position 9 ! art ( _! c\ntry4 ,! naturalism ( ,c>avaggio 0 introduc$ into ,france by two ( 8 foll[]s1 ,jean de ,b\longne1 call$ ,le ,val5t9 7#aeia-afcd71 & ,simon ,v\et 7#aeij-afdi71 :o 0 also slightly influ5c$ by ! ,v5etians4 ,val5t9 sp5t ! be/ "p ( 8 life 9 ,rome1 :]e he di$ 9 #afcd4 ,! ,l\vre owns1 among eight pictures f 8 bru% 7n all ( :i* are exhibit$71 8 ma/]piece1 ,! ,innoc5ce ( ,susannah recognis$ 7,no4 #ef71 :i* has ! vigor\s h&l+ & bold *i>oscuro ( ! ,neapolitan s*ool4 ,simon ,v\et1 :o came to ,engl& at ! age ( fifte51 & subsequ5tly travell$ 9 ,turkey & ,italy1 :]e he rema9$ until 8 appo9tm5t z ,pa9t] to ! ,k+ took him back to ,p>is 9 #afbg1 tri$ to comb9e ! naturalism ( ,c>avaggio ) ! col\r+ ( ! ,v5etians1 an endeav\r 9 :i* he 0 only p>tially successful1 z he 0 n equipp$ by nature ) a s5su\s appreciation ( beautiful col\r4 ,! ,l\vre owns a doz5 ,scriptural subjects & allegorical figures by ,v\et2 b ev5 ! be/ ( !m1 ,! ,pres5tation ( ,jesus 9 ! ,temple 7,no4 #iga71 is b a dull & heavy p]=mance2 :il/ 8 ,portrait ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 7,no4 #igf7 is :olly devoid ( arti/ic m]it4 ,p]haps he owes 8 fame *iefly to ! fact t he 0 ! ma/] ( ! absurdly ov]rat$ ,le ,sueur & ( t art despot ( ! ,l\is ,,xiv4 era1 ,*>les ,le ,brun4 ,,! ,,bro!rs ,,le ,,na9 ,( f> great] arti/ic significance are ! ?ree bro!rs1 ,anto9e1 ,l\is1 & ,mat?ieu ,le ,na91 :o 7 born at ,laon1 & fl\ri%$ 9 ,p>is dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,anto9e & ,l\is di$ 9 #afdh1 & ,mat?ieu 9 #afgg4 ,v little is kn[n ( _! hi/ory1 b ! spl5did array ( _! works 9 ,gall]y ,,xiii4 proves !m to h _h close aff9ities ) ! contempor>y ,dut* & ,flemi% s*ools1 ev5 if _! mann] ( composition sugge/s close acqua9tance ) ,spani% art4 ,_! subjects1 too1 l ^? ( _m ( ! ,nor!rn ma/]s ( _! "t1 are tak5 f ! daily life ( ! p1 :i* is r5d]$ ) nave hone/y1 & at times ) a real appreciation ( beautiful pigm5t4 ,s f> x has be5 impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! works ( ! ?ree bro!rs1 z ev5 ! signatures 8,,le ,,na91 fecit #afdg10 on ! ,portraits 9 an ,int]ior 7,no4 #edc71 & 8,,le ,,na91 fecit anno #afdb10 on ! ,peasants at _! ,meal 7,no4 #edh1 ,la ,caze ,gall]y71 af=d no clue to ! solution ( ! problem4 ,! /rik+ diff]5ces 9 bru%work & col\r+1 :i* are to be notic$ 9 ! elev5 ,le ,na9 pictures at ! ,l\vre1 w\ld c]ta9ly sugge/ t ! ?ree bro!rs did n1 or did only r>ely1 collaborate on ! same pictures4 ,! pa9t] ( ,! ,return f ,haymak+ 7,no4 #edb71 ) its prophetic sugge/ion ( ! ple9-air effects ( late n9ete5?-c5tury art1 _c h _h mu* 9 common ) ! pa9t] ( ! dull & d+y ,d5ial ( ,/4 ,pet] 7,no4 #edg74 ,,nicolas ,,p\ss9 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,classici/ s*ool ( ,fr5* pa9t+1 :i* has _h (ficial approval & support f 8 "t to ! pres5t day1 0 ,nicolas ,p\ss9 7#aeid-affe74 ,born at ,les ,&elys 9 ,norm&y1 he w5t to ,p>is at ! age ( eighte51 & became s fasc9at$ by ! examples ( antique sculpture t1 9 spite ( 8 extreme pov]ty1 he det]m9$ to cont9ue 8 /udies 9 ,rome4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to relate ! /ruggles t prec$$ 8 arrival at ,rome 9 #afbd4 ,he frequ5t$ ! s*ool ( ,dom5i*9o2 b :at 0 m decisive = ! =mation ( 8 /yle 0 8 unceas+ /udy ( antique sculpture1 9 :i* he 0 guid$ & enc\rag$ by 8 fri5d1 ! sculptor ,duquesnoy4 ,aft] "s ye>s ( cont9u$ pov]ty1 he f\nd at la/ lib]al patronage1 & rose to su* fame t on 8 return to ,p>is 9 #afdj he 0 appo9t$ ,pa9t]-9-,ord9>y to ! ,k+4 ,h[ev]1 ! duties & re/rictions atta*$ to ?is position prov$ s irksome to ,p\ss91 t aft] two ye>s he return$ to ,rome1 :]e he sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,at ! ,l\vre is to be f\nd an impos+ array ( =ty canvases by ,p\ss91 ^: art is z typical an expression ( ,fr5* g5ius z ! poetry ( ,corneille4 ,x is ess5tially intellectual1 bas$ on !oretical rules ( design & composition1 n 9 ! lea/ s5su\s or emotional1 b always coldly classical4 ,! va/ majority ( 8 pa9t+s at ! ,l\vre are 9 su* a deplorable /ate ( det]ioration & neglect t x is almo/ impossible to =m an adequate idea ( _! orig9al col\r1 b ev5 ! mo/ ard5t admir]s ( ! ma/] d n ma9ta9 t he 0 a great col\ri/4 ,8 pictures are entirely dep5d5t on beauty ( =m & rhy?mic design4 ,!y might almo/ be describ$ z pa9t$ reliefs4 ,?is applies at lea/ to 8 treatm5t ( ! human figure4 ,8 conception ( l&scape1 ?\gh /ill sev]ely classical1 is m pictorial & te/ifies to a g5u9e love ( ,nature--,nature idealis$ by a l(ty imag9ation4 ,to appreciate 8 greatness z a l&scape pa9t]1 "o has only to exam9e ! glori\s sett+ to 8 ,orpheus & ,eurydice 7,no4 #gdj74 ,! figures "h are really ( q subord9ate importance--m]e incid5ts 9 a l&scape pa9t$ ) consummate ma/]y1 p]fect 9 l9e> & a]ial p]spective4 ,! ,%eph]ds 9 ,arcadia 7,no4 #gcd1 ,plate ,,xxxvii47 may be quot$ to illu/rate ! calculat$ rhy?m ( 8 design & 8 indebt$ness to classic art f :i* he d]iv$ 8 nobility ( =m4 ,real dramatic action 0 beyond ,p\ss9's range4 ,8 fam\s ,rape ( ! ,sab9e ,wom5 7,no4 #gbd7 is a /rik+ in/ance ( 8 failure to grasp ! significant diff]5ce betwe5 dramatic movem5t & m]e h]oic po/ur+4 ,f> m inspir$1 & !re=e m natural & dramatically effective1 is ! sup]b circul> pa9t+ = a ceil+ commission$ by ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu & repres5t+ ,"t rescu+ ,tru? f ! ,attacks ( ,envy & ,discord 7,no4 #gce74 ,! allegory is said to h be5 int5d$ z an allusion to ! circum/ances :i* induc$ ,p\ss9 to leave ,p>is = good4 ,! design has m real vitality ?an is g5]ally to be f\nd 9 ,p\ss9's "w2 ! action ( ! figures is m natural2 & ! col\r music is n dr[n$ by ! preval5ce ( d+y br[ns4 ,! decorative effect h]alds 9 a /range way ! art ( ! next c5tury1 & p>ticul>ly t ( ,b\*]4 ,to see ,p\ss9 9 ! "r p]spective z reg>ds ! _w's great ma/]s1 "o ne$ only comp>e 8 two ,bac*anals 7,nos4 #gbi & #gcj7 ) ,titian's r5d]+ ( a simil> !me4 ,! comp>ison is disa/r\s = ! eclectic ,fr5*man4 ,a ,portrait ( ! ,pa9t] 7,no4 #gdc7 f ,p\ss9's own bru% is to be f\nd 9 ,room ,,xiv41 :]e no few] ?an ?irty-sev5 ( 8 pictures are on view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4--,,nicolas ,,p\ss9 7#aeid-affe7 ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,no4 #gcd4--,,! ,,%eph]ds ,,9 ,,arcadia 7,les ,b]g]s d',arcadie7 ,9 ! c5tre ( a l&scape ) rec$+ ranges ( hills1 ?ree %eph]ds1 lean+ on _! long /aves1 & a maid5 9 classic g>b1 are ga!r$ ar\nd an anci5t tomb surr\nd$ by trees4 ,an inscription on ! tomb1 8,et 9 ,arcadia ,ego10 engages _! att5tion4 ,"o ( ! %eph]ds is kneel+ & read+ ! inscription to 8 companion on ! left1 :il/ ! ?ird man ( ! gr\p leans =w>d to po9t out to ! maid5 ! significance ( ! inscription4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #b ft4 #i 94 #c ft4 #aa 94 7#jhe #aba47 ,,claude ,,lorra9 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! o!rwise v complete collection ( ,fr5* pictures at ! ,l\vre does n conta9 a s+le example ( ,p\ss9's bro!r-9-law1 ,gasp>d ,dughet1 bett] kn[n z ,gasp>d ,p\ss9 7#afac-afge71 :o devot$ himself m exclusively to l&scape ?an did 8 m illu/ri\s relative4 ,nicolas ,p\ss9's influ5ce also became decisive = ! =mation ( ! /yle ( ,claude ,gelle1 call$ ,le ,lorra9 7#afjj-afhb71 :o is repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre by sev5te5 pictures 7,nos4 #caj-cbf71 mo/ ( :i* also h suff]$ consid]ably f discoloration & neglect4 ,claude1 :o 0 ! *ild ( poor p>5ts1 />t$ life z a cook4 ,9 ?is capacity he w5t to ,rome1 :]e 8 tal5t = art 0 discov]$ by ! l&scape pa9t] ,ago/9o ,tassi1 to :om he s]v$ z cook & appr5tice4 ,hav+ le>n$ all he c\ld f 8 ma/]1 he return$ to ,france 9 #afbe1 b1 l ,p\ss91 pref]r$ to g back to ,rome aft] two ye>s sp5t 9 8 native c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,papal city he liv$ ! re/ ( 8 days1 & rose to fame & afflu5ce4 ,he 0 ess5tially a l&scape pa9t]4 ,! hi/orical & leg5d>y incid5ts introduc$ 9 su* pictures z ,! ,disemb>kation ( ,cleopatra at ,t>sis 7,no4 #cad71 or ,ulysses re/or+ ,*ryseis to h] ,fa!r 7,no4 #caf71 7 to him a m]e excuse = pa9t+ classic l&scapes & imag9>y build+s ( noble proportion ba!d 9 a gold5 atmosph]e1 :i* has h>dly be5 rivall$ by any contempor>y or lat] pa9t]4 ,x is only on r>e occasions1 z 9 ! ,view ( ! ,campo ,vacc9o at ,rome 7,no4 #caa71 t he appli$ 8 gifts to ! portrayal ( nature4 ,z a rule1 8 views are c>efully arrang$ comb9ations ( ar*itectural & l&scape elem5ts br\ght toge!r arbitr>ily1 & g5]ally dispos$ 9 ! mann] ( ! w+s & backclo? ( a /age sc5e1 b connect$ by ! unity ( light & atmosph]e4 ,consid]+ ?is me?od1 x is amaz+ t 8 memory enabl$ him to inv5t su* imag9>y sc5es ) s great a degree ( tru?4 ,! ,view ( a ,sea ,port 7,no4 #cag1 ,plate ,,xxxviii471 9 ! subdu$ light ( a mi/y day1 is a magnific5t in/ance ( 8 ma/]ly managem5t ( a]ial p]spective4 ,x is sign$ & dat$ 8,,claude ,,9 ,,roma1 #afdf40 ,x is g5]ally kn[n h[ mu* ,turn] 9 8 fir/ mann] ow$ to ! example ( ,claude4 ,t ev5 ,watteau 0 indebt$ to him may be ga!r$ f su* pictures z ,! ,village ,fte 7,no4 #cab71 :i*1 sign$ & dat$1 8,,claudio1 inv4 ,rom1 #afci10 conta9s 9 g]m ! elem5ts t con/itut$ ! greatness ( ! eighte5?-c5tury ma/]4 ,,le ,,sueur ,:il/ ,p\ss9 & ,claude 7 work+ 9 ,rome1 two pupils ( ,v\et reap$ ! highe/ hon\rs 9 ,france4 ,eu/a*e ,le ,sueur 7#afag-afee71 :om 8 compatriots 9 _! incompreh5sible ov]-e/imation ( 8 m$iocre gifts h call$ ! 8,fr5* ,raphael10 c]ta9ly /rove to emulate ! div9e ,urb9ate2 b h[ badly he succe$$ 9 ?is endeav\r is to be ga!r$ f ! fifty-two pa9t+s1 by ! plac+ ( :i* 8 memory is reta9$ at ! ,l\vre4 ,:at dignity !re is 9 ! simple fl[ ( l9e 9 8 designs1 is completely ru9$ by ! (f5sive crud5ess ( 8 col\r4 ,ev5 all[+ = ! inevitable fluctuations ( ta/e 9 matt]s ( art1 x is difficult n[ to und]/& h[ en?usiasm c\ld ev] h be5 ar\s$ by ! works t 7 consid]$ 8 ma/]pieces1 ,/4 ,paul prea*+ at ,ephesus 7,no4 #efj71 :i* at ! beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury 0 valu$ at #aj1jjj 7671 & ! tw5ty-two ,sc5es f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,bruno 7,nos4 #efd-ehe71 pa9t$ betwe5 #afde & #afdh = ! small cloi/] ( ! ,c>?usians 9 ,p>is4 ,?is s]ies1 :i* is a sev]e tax on ! pati5ce ( ! consci5ti\s visitor1 fills ! :ole ( ,gall]y ,,xii41 :il/ o!r pa9t+s connect$ ) x intrude into ! adjo9+ room1 :i* is consecrat$ to ! bro!rs ,le ,na94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4--,,claude ,,gell,e1 ,,call$ ,,claude ,,lorra9 7#afjj-afhb7 ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,no4 #cag4--,,view ,,( ,a ,,seaport 7,vue d'un ,port de ,m]3 ,effet de ,brume7 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 on ! bea*1 are gr\ps ( m5 occupi$ ) unload+ m]*&ise & cattle4 ,sail+ %ips are at an*or 9 ! port1 & boats are float+ on ! rippl+ wat]4 ,on ! left a monum5tal /aircase leads f ! l&+-/eps to a palace1 beyond :i* is se5 a =t2 a classic temple on ! "r4 ,sunset effect1 ! p[] ( ! sun be+ s(t5$ by a mi/ ov] ! f> di/ance4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 ,sign$ on a /one 9 ! left =egr\nd3--8,,claude ,,9 ,,roma1 #afdf0 #c ft4 #aj 94 #d ft4 #aa 94 7#aai #aej47 ,be=e pass+ on to ,v\et's mo/ fam\s pupil1 ,*>les ,le ,brun1 ^: despotic p[] impos$ ^u ,fr5* pa9t+ dur+ ! 8gr& sicle0 its pomp\s rhetorical "*1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ,sba/i5 ,b\rdon 7#afaf-afga71 :o1 b = 8 prolong$ soj\rn 9 ,rome1 :i* f$ 8 ambition to excel 9 ! 8gr& /yle10 w\ld h be5 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable arti/s ( 8 c5tury4 ,?is conclusion is1 at lea/1 ju/ifi$ by 8 preci\s little pa9t+ ( a gr\p ( ,begg>s 7,no4 #gf71 :i* is p]haps unrivall$ 9 ,fr5* sev5te5?-c5tury art = quality ( pa9t & appreciation ( tone values2 & by 8 excell5t ,portrait ( ! ,philosoph] ,r5 ,desc>tes 7,no4 #gh71 :o 0 also pa9t$ by ,frans ,hals 7,no4 #bchc74 ,9 8 treatm5t ( scriptural & hi/orical subjects he does n rise above ! dull level ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,,*>les ,,le ,,brun ,*>les ,le ,brun 7#afai-afij7 /udi$ fir/ "u ,v\et1 b1 attract$ by ,p\ss9's /rong] p]sonality1 foll[$ t ma/] to ,rome 9 #afdb1 & cont9u$ 8 /udies "u 8 guidance4 ,:5 ,le ,brun return$ to ,p>is f\r ye>s lat]1 8 reputation 0 already firmly e/abli%$4 ,patronis$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4's p[]ful m9i/]1 ,colb]t1 he 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! newly f\nd$ ,academy ( ,pa9t+1 & ( ! ,gobel9s ,manufactory1 became ,fir/ ,pa9t] to ! ,k+ & 8,pr9ce0 ( ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 ,rome2 & 01 9 fact1 giv5 absolute p[] 9 all matt]s conc]n+ ! fo/]+ ( ! arts & art indu/ries4 ,?is despotic p[] expla9s h[ x 0 possible t ,le ,brun1 :o not)/&+ 8 brilliant executive skill & extraord9>y facility nev] rose above ! level ( m$iocrity1 c\ld impose 8 un9spir$ p]sonality ^u e phase ( ,fr5* arti/ic activity ( 8 "t4 ,8 enorm\s canvases at ! ,l\vre1 :i* probably occupy m space ?an has be5 allott$ to any o!r pa9t]1 va9ly endeav\r to conceal ! lack ( real emotion & ( a c5tral motif by !atrical ge/ures & ov]cr[d+4 ,8 ma/]piece at ! ,l\vre is ,! ,t5t ( ,d>ius 7,no4 #eaa71 :i* repres5ts ! family ( ,d>ius implor+ ,alex&] ! ,great = m]cy4 ,b ev5 "h "o feels ! abs5ce ( dramatic inspiration & conc5tration4 ,less successful are ! o!r sc5es f ! hi/ory ( ,alex&]3 ,! ,passage ( ! ,granicus 7,no4 #eji71 ,! ,battle ( ,arbela 7,no4 #eaj71 ,alex&] & ,porus 7,no4 #eab71 ,alex&] ent]+ ,babylon 7,no4 #eac74 ,! :ole s]ies 0 pa9t$ betwe5 #affa & #affh = execution 9 tape/ry & 0 exhibit$ at ! ,salon 9 #afgc1 ! ye> 9 :i* = ! fir/ "t an (ficial catalogue 0 compil$4 ,besides _m scriptural & my?ological subjects1 & a few portraits f ,le ,bran's bru%1 !re are at ! ,l\vre 8 decorative pa9t+s on ! ceil+ ( ! ,gal]ie d',apollon 9 :i* ! magnific5t c5tre panel 0 add$ two c5turies lat] by ,delacroix4 ,,pi]re ,,mign>d ,le ,bran's successor 9 ! direction ( ! ,academy & ! ,gobel9 works1 ,pi]re ,mign>d 7#afab-afie71 call$ 8,le ,roma90 ow+ to 8 long domicile 9 ,rome aft] ! completion ( 8 /udies "u ,v\et1 did n h 8 precursor's l>ge decorative faculty & sweep+ ease ( execution4 ,yet ! excessively affect$ grace & ! c>eful f9i% ( 8 pictures1 ( :i* ,! ,virg9 ( ! ,grapes 7,no4 #fbh7 is a ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic in/ance1 help$ to raise him to an exalt$ position 9 ! op9ion ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,to ?is day ! affect$ /yle ( prett9ess ( :i* he 0 ! high prie/ is kn[n z 8mign>dise40 ,8 p[] 0 altoge!r insuffici5t = ! ambiti\s decorative tasks he set himself 9 emulation ( ,le ,brun4 ,if he has any claim to ! e/eem ( po/]ity1 x is = hav+ left ! _w a portrait gall]y ( ! notable m5 & wom5 ( 8 "t--portraits :i* are by no means free f flatt]y & mann]$ grace1 b con/itute1 nev]!less1 a valuable hi/orical record4 ,( ^! ! ,l\vre owns ! ,portrait ( ! ,arti/ at ,"w 9 8 ,/udio 7,no4 #fdj72 ! ,portrait ( ,franoise d',aubigne1 ,m>quise de ,ma9t5on 7,no4 #fci72 & ! life-size gr\p ( ,l\is ( ,france1 ,son ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 8 ,wife1 & _! ?ree ,*ildr5 7,no4 #fch74 ,colb]t & ,le ,brun _h succe$$ b too well 9 c>ry+ out ! p[]ful m9i/]'s ambition to direct ,fr5* art t[>ds indu/rial & decorative aims1 to tra9 an army ( capable produc]s1 & to place ! :ole organisation on :at may be call$ a bus9ess basis4 ,! sy/em 01 h[ev]1 n fav\rable = ! gr[? ( indep5d5t g5ius4 ,) few exceptions1 ! :ole g5]ation ( pa9t]s t grew up "u ,le ,brun's rgime are ( no significance to ! hi/ory ( art4 ,!re 7 among !m _m capable craftsm51 b !y only repeat$ 9 a feebl] way :at ,le ,brun _h done on a m impos+ & dazzl+ scale4 ,:ole dyna/ies ( pa9t]s arose1 l ! ,b\lognes & ! ,coypels1 :o1 "u (ficial patronage1 fill$ acres ( canvas ) florid1 !atrical r5d]+s ( scriptural subjects1 & ) ! bomba/ic mock-h]oics ( classic hi/ory & my?ology se5 ?r\gh b>oque spectacles4 ,,le ,,brun',s ,,foll[]s ,x w\ld be giv+ undue importance to ^! pa9t]s ( ! ,l\is ,,xiv4 p]iod if we 7 to g beyond a m]e enum]ation ( _! lead]s & _! *ief works at ! ,l\vre4 ,none ( !m possess$ any m>k$ individuality2 & mo/ ( !m 7 l9k$ toge!r1 n only by simil> aims & ambitions1 b also by family ties4 ,f\r memb]s ( ! ,coypel family rose to great em95ce among _! fell[-arti/s1 & to important (ficial positions4 ,nol ,coypel 7#afbh-agjg71 ! pa9t] ( ! f\r hi/orical compositions1 ,solon def5d+ 8 ,laws be=e ! ,a!nians 7,no4 #aeg71 ,ptolomy ,philadelphus giv+ ! ,jews _! ,fre$om 7,no4 #aeh71 ,trajan giv+ a ,public ,audi5ce 7,no4 #aei71 & ! ,=esight ( ,septimus ,sev]us 7,no4 #afj71 all ( :i* 7 orig9ally execut$ = ! ,c\ncil ,*amb] at ,v]sailles2 8 sons ,anto9e ,coypel 7#affa-agbb71 ^: be/ kn[n pictures at ! ,l\vre are ! ,susannah & ! ,eld]s 7,no4 #afi7 & ! ,democritos 7,no4 #agd71 :i* recalls ,jorda5s 9 its exub]ant life1 & ,nol ,nicolas ,coypel 7#afib-agcd71 ^: goddesses & nymphs already reflect ! ta/e :i* dom9at$ ! eighte5? c5tury2 z well z ,anto9e's son1 ,*>les ,anto9e ,coypel 7#afid-ageb71 ^: un9spir$ art may be/ be /udi$ 9 ! ,p]seus deliv]+ ,&rom$a 7,no4 #ahj74 ,! ,triumph ( ,bac*us 7,no4 #ddg7 & ,! ,annunciation 7,no4 #dde71 by ,*>les de ,la ,fosse 7#afcf-agaf72 ,h]cules fight+ ! ,c5taurs 7,no4 #ec71 by ,bon ,b\logne 7#afdi-agag72 & ,! ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e 7,no4 #ee71 by 8 bro!r ,l\is ,b\logne 7#afed-agcc71 only s]ve to illu/rate ! m$iocrity ( _! respective au?ors4 ,! imp]sonality ( ,bon ,b\logne's art _h at lea/ ! advantage t 8 tea*+ left free scope = p]sonal expression to 8 _m pupils4 ,ev5 ! /ill-life pa9t+ ( ! 8gr& sicle10 :i* f\nd its *ief expon5t 9 ,jean ,bapti/e ,monnoy] 7#afcd-afii71 p>takes ( ! love ( pomp & display t *>act]ises ?is p]iod4 ,gold & silv] vases1 preci\s /uffs & furniture g5]ally accompany 8 fl[]s1 :i* are pa9t$ )\t real appreciation ( _! natural beauty1 & 9 purely local t9ts )\t a h9t ( ! effect ( ea* col\r ^u its surr\nd+s4 ,! ,fl[]s 7,no4 #fdh71 9 ! ,la ,caze ,gall]y1 may be m5tion$ z a typical example4 ,,battle ,,pa9t]s ,! battle pa9t]1 ,jacques ,c\rtois 7#afba-afgf71 call$ ,borgognone & ,le ,b\rguignon1 ?\gh born 9 ,france1 0 s completely "u ! spell ( ! art ( ,italy1 ! c\ntry :]e he sp5t almo/ 8 entire life1 t he c sc>cely be reckon$ z belong+ to ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,8 furi\s cavalry mles1 ?\gh entirely imag9ative 7z su* confus$ enc\nt]s ( horsem5 pi]c+ ea* o!r's ranks h nev] tak5 place 9 actual w>f>e71 are pa9t$1 l ! ,cavalry ,fight 7,no4 #aea71 ) a t\* z swift z x is sure & expressive1 & full ( exub]ant vitality4 ,joseph ,p>rocel 7#afgh-agjd71 :o1 dur+ a prolong$ visit to ,rome _h b5efit$ by ,borgognone's tea*+1 c\ld n1 aft] 8 return to ,france 9 #afge1 escape ! curr5t ( ?\ght :i* dom9at$ 8 "t1 & introduc$ ! /age-h]oic note into 8 ma/]'s %am realism4 ,! glorification ( 8 k+ is ! purpose ( su* pictures z ,! ,passage ( ! ,rh9e by ,l\is ,,xiv4 7,no4 #fgh74 ,! *ief int]e/ is c5tr$ 9 ! ri*ly app>ell$ gr\p on _! pranc+ /e$s 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,,jean ,,j\v5et ,! ,desc5t f ! ,cross 7,no4 #dcg71 by ,jean ,j\v5et 7#afdd-agag71 :i* has be5 hon\r$ by a position among ! ma/]pieces 9 ! ,salon ,c>r1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ e/imable compositions produc$ 9 ,france dur+ ?is active b un9spir$ c5tury4 ,n only 9 ! g5]al disposition ( ! design1 b also 9 ! use ( col\r z a con/ructive elem5t1 ,j\v5et "h ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to ,rub5s1 al?\gh he c\ld nev] rival ! lum9\s gl[ ( ! great ,flem+'s palette4 ,mo/ ( 8 o!r pictures suff] f dull heavy %ad[s & exagg]at$ expression4 ,8 /rong & hone/ pa9t+ ( ! kneel+ gr\p 9 ,! ,abb ,delaporte (ficiat+ at ! ,high ,alt> ( ,ntre-,dame 7,no4 #ddj71 makes u regret t he did n devote himself m to subjects tak5 f ! life ( 8 "t4 ,an arti/ :o 0 less ti$ to ! tyranny ( ! (ficial s*ool1 & imbu$ ) a really pr(\nd s5se ( ! beautiful1 0 ,jean ,bapti/e ,sant]re 7#afeh-agag74 ,! delicate p]fection ( =m ( ! nude 9 ,susannah & ! ,eld]s 7,no4 #hce7 approa*es him to ,david & ,+res at _! be/4 ,b ?is v p]fection c>ries ! g]m ( decay1 because x is incapable ( progress1 & /agnation 9 art signifies dea?4 ,z reg>ds 8 te*nique1 ,sant]re 0 extremely c>eful & consci5ti\s4 ,he r$uc$ 8 palette to b five col\rs1 & wait$ t5 ye>s aft] ! completion ( a picture be=e putt+ on ! f9al coat ( v>ni%4 ,,! ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s ,! two great portrait pa9t]s :o fl\ri%$ "u ! 8,gr& ,mon>que10 ,rigaud & ,l>gillire1 7 prec$$ by an arti/ to :om1 p]haps ow+ to ! relative sc>c5ess ( 8 works1 hi/ory has done b scant ju/ice4 ,:il/ ! ,l\vre conta9s ?irte5 portraits by ,l>gillire & sev5te5 by ,rigaud1 only two pictures /& to ! "n ( ,claude ,lefebvre 7#afcb-afge72 b 8 ,portraits ( a ,ma/] & 8 ,pupil 7,no4 #ebi7 & ! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #ecj71 are di/+ui%$ by a p5etrat+ insight into "* & an incisive vig\r ( /yle t =m a /rik+ contra/ to ! %all[ bomba/ introduc$ ev5 into portraiture by ! fa%ionable pa9t]s to ! ,c\rt4 ,lefebvre has be5 comp>$ ) ,van ,dyck4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #ecj7 has m 9 common ) ! brilliant audacity ( ,frans ,hals's bru%work4 ,lefebvre work$ = "s ye>s 9 ,london1 :]e he 0 a fav\rite at ! ,c\rt ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,rigaud's mann] ( portraiture has none ( ^! s]i\s1 manly qualities1 b 8 skill 9 arrang+ ! sumptu\s accessories :i* play s important a "p 9 8 portraits1--z important1 at lea/1 z ! actual features ( ! sitt]s1--secur$ him ! patronage ( ! pomp-lov+1 haughty nobility4 ,hyac9! ,rigaud y ,ros 7#afei-agdc7 0 born at ,p]pignan & educat$ at ,montpelli] & ,lyons4 ,x 0 ! advice ( ,le ,brun t sav$ him f ! cu/om>y pilgrimage to ,rome & its inevitable consequ5ces4 ,x 0 ,le ,brun :o recognis$ ,rigaud's b5t = portraiture1 & laun*$ him on ! brilliant c>e] :i* ga9$ = him ! title ( 8! ,fr5* ,van ,dyck40 ,rigaud 0 enorm\sly productive4 ,betwe5 #afha & #afih he is said to h pa9t$ six hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree portraits4 ,& he _h !n ano!r =ty-five ye>s be=e him6 ,rigaud's be/ kn[n picture at ! ,l\vre is ! /ately portrait d'app>at ( ,k+ ,l\is ,,xiv4 7,no4 #gha71 a life-size full l5g?1 9 :i* ! _s ( ! "t1 ! curi\s bl5d+ ( sup]cili\s haught9ess1 love ( display1 & affect$ grace ( mann]1 are happily express$ 9 ! mon>*'s attitude & 9 ! :ole sett+4 ,! picture is sign$ & dat$1 8,,pe9t ,,p> ,,hyac9! ,,rigaud1 #agja40 ,! same t5d5cies are to be not$ 9 ! full l5g? ,portrait ( ,bossuet1 ,bi%op ( ,meaux 7,no4 #ghc71 9 :i* x is surpris+ t ! prelate's p]sonality is n completely smo!r$ by ! spl5did pr(usion ( ! accessories4 ,8 gifts appe>1 h[ev]1 9 a bett] light 9 8 excell5t ,portraits ( ,m>ie ,s]re1 ! ,arti/'s ,"m 7,no4 #ghd71 ) ! same head1 hone/ly & sob]ly pa9t$1 twice on ! same canvas1 once 9 %>p pr(ile look+ to ! "r1 & aga91 fac+ ?is1 a ?ree-qu>t] pr(ile to ! left4 ,:olly unexpect$ is ! delicacy & s(tness ( "o ( 8 pictures 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room3 ! ,portrait ( ! ,duke ( ,lesdiguires z a ,*ild 7,no4 #gib74 ,8 solit>y excursion into ! doma9 ( 8gr& art0 at ! ,l\vre is at ! same "t 8 la/ "w3 ,! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple 7,no4 #ghj71 :i* 9 gr\p+ & light+ owes mu* to ! /udy ( ,rembr&t4 ,nicolas de ,l>gillire 7#afef-agdf7 0 born 9 ,p>is1 b 0 tak5 :5 /ill an infant to ,antw]p1 :]e he became a pupil ( ,goeb\w4 ,f #afgd to #afhj he work$ 9 ,london z an assi/ant ( ,sir ,pet] ,lely1 f :om he acquir$ ! clev] tricks & mann]isms 9 ! pa9t+ ( drap]ies & ! textures ( silks & velvets & o!r mat]ials1 :i* 7 to =m s important a "p ( 8 arti/ic equipm5t4 ,aft] ,lely's dea? ,l>gillire w5t to ,p>is1 :]e he n only %>$ ) ,rigaud ! patronage ( ! ,c\rt z portrait pa9t]1 b secur$ _m important commissions = hi/orical pa9t+s :i*1 p]haps to ! advantage ( 8 fame1 are n[ all b =gott54 ,l>gillire 0 n )\t di/9ction z a brilliant & d>+ col\ri/4 ,nor 0 he incapable1 on occasion1 ( seiz+ ! subtleties ( 8 sitt]s' "*4 ,b 8 praisewor?y qualities are m ?an balanc$ by 8 unpleasant affectations & by ! b>oque squirm9ess ( 8 l9e4 ,?is t5d5cy c>ri$ him to su* insuff]able excesses z ! conglom]ation ( lumpy bosses :i* does duty = a h& 9 8 ,portrait ( ,m4 ,du ,vaucel 7,no4 #dhd71 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room4 ,8 boa/ful skill 9 ! managem5t ( ! sat9s & velvets 9 ! ov]rat$ portrait gr\p ( ,l>gillire ) 8 ,wife & ,daught] 9 a ,g>d5 7,no4 #dia71 _c atone = ! s+ul>ly un=tunate & clumsy composition1 & = ! self-consci\s affectation ( ea* individual pose4 ,m satisfactory1 9 spite ( ! sup]abundance ( accessories & outw>d pomp1 :i* 9 ?is case is a fitt+ attribute to ! "* ( ! sitt]1 is ! ,portrait ( ,*>les ,le ,brun1 ,fir/ ,pa9t] to ,k+ ,l\is ,,xiv4 7,no4 #dhb71 :o is depict$ 9 a colossal wig1 seat$ be=e an easel1 & we>+ a sup]bly pa9t$ r$ velvet cloak4 ,,l&scape ,,pa9t]s ,x almo/ goes )\t say+ t l&scape art1 :i*1 ev5 9 its mo/ artificial & 8classic0 phase is inspir$ by ! love & /udy ( nature1 0 sadly neglect$ 9 s artificial an age4 ,among its lead+ expon5ts mu/ be m5tion$ ! two ,patels1 fa!r & son1 ( ^: life we h b scant k1 & ^: pictures resemble "o ano!r's s closely t x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e :i* is by ,pi]re ,patel1 ! fa!r 7#afbj8-afgf71 & :i* by ,pi]re ,anto9e ,patel1 ! son 7#afdh-agjh71 especially z bo? adopt$ ! signature1 8,p4 ,,patel40 ,9 ! case ( ! old] arti/'s ,! ,exposure ( ,moses on ! ,nile 7,no4 #fhj71 & ,moses bury+ ! ,egyptian :om he _h ,sla9 7,no4 #fha71 & 8 son's f\r l&scapes repres5t+ ! mon?s1 ,janu>y 7,no4 #fhd71 ,april 7,no4 #fhe71 ,augu/ 7,no4 #fhf71 & ,septemb] 7,no4 #fhg71 all d\bts are set aside by ! dates :i* accompany ! signature4 ,bo? arti/s 7 close foll[]s ( ,claude ,lorra91 al?\gh _! precise te*nique sugge/s ! influ5ce ( ,adam ,el%eim]4 ,a tru] p]ception ( nature came to ,france f ! ,nor?1 :5ce1 inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ,fr5* pa9t+ vitality 0 infus$ into an art t 0 cramp$ by (ficially impos$ canons ( ,italian p]fection4 ,z f> back z ! "t ( ,le ,brun1 ,flibi5 & ,rog] de ,piles _h begun 9 ! field ( lit]>y polemics ! long /ruggle betwe5 ! ,p\ss9i/es & ,rub5i/es1 ! adh]5ts ( an art dom9at$ by design & p]fect draw+1 aga9/ ! p>tisans ( col\r z a vital elem5t4 ,dur+ ! :ole sev5te5? c5tury ! ,p\ss9i/es1 :o comm&$ all ! (ficial support1 held ! field1 ?\gh ! ,ne!rl&i% /ra9 0 repres5t$ by "s ( ! f9e/ pa9t]s ( t p]iod1 l ! bro!rs ,le ,na91 ,c4 ,lefebvre1 & ,philippe de ,*ampaigne4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,nor!rn influ5ce became supreme ?r\gh ,watteau & ,*>d9 on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r ?r\gh ,b\*] & ,fragon>d1 bo? ( :om 7 p[]fully influ5c$ by ! /udy ( ,rub5s's works4 ,,desportes ,9 l&scape ! heal?y opposition to ! prevail+ classic /yle appe>s fir/ 9 ! "w ( ! ,flemi% battle pa9t] ,van d] ,meul51 ^: backgr\nds1 sket*$ on ! spot1 %[ a f9e feel+ = a]ial p]spective & atmosph]ic effects4 ,b 8 example app>5tly attract$ no foll[]s4 ,?\gh n1 /rictly speak+1 a l&scape pa9t]1 ,franois ,desportes 7#affa-agdc71 :o ow$ less to 8 e>ly tra9+ "u ,nicasius1 a ?ird-rate ,flem+1 ?an to 8 habit ( us+ 8 own eyes & /udy+ nature direct1 treat$ l&scape ) simil> fre$om 9 ! backgr\nds to 8 portraits & pictures ( ! *ase4 ,9 8 pa9t+s ( animals1 dead or alive1 limp bodies ( h>es & birds arrang$ z /ill-life ) fl[]s & fruits1 or 9 a v fr5zy ( movem5t 9 8 hunt+ pieces1 he endeav\rs to emulate ,snyd]s1 )\t q rivall+ ! ,flemi% ma/]4 ,( 8 tw5ty-five pictures at ! ,l\vre1 tw5ty-?ree 7,nos4 #bbe-bdh7 belong to ?is g5re1 b n all ( !m are actually exhibit$4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,huntsman 7,no4 #bbd71 & ! ,portrait ( ! ,arti/ 7,no4 #bdi7 seat$ "u a tree1 hold+ a gun 9 8 "r1 & c>ess+ ) 8 left h& a h\nd ^: paw is re/+ on a pile ( dead game1 s]ve to prove t he knew h[ to manage portraiture ) ! same bold1 frank _s & summ>y bread?4 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly happy 9 r5d]+1 )\t lab\r$ detail1 ! v>y+ textures ( fur & plumage4 ,desportes's only successful rival z a pa9t] ( animals & hunt+ sc5es 0 ,jean ,bapti/e ,oudry 7#afhf-agee74 ,h[ closely 8 /yle resembl$ t ( ! eld] pa9t] is to be se5 f 8 ,wolf ,hunt 7,no4 #ffg71 ! ,dog wat*+ ,dead ,game 7,no4 #ffh71 & "o or two simil> pieces at ! ,l\vre4 ,oudry 0 fir/ taught by 8 fa!r1 & subsequ5tly by ,l>gillire1 :o enc\rag$ him 9 ! pa9t+ ( /ill-life1 & direct$ 8 /udy p>ticul>ly to ! obs]vation ( tone values & ( ! int]*ange ( col\r t takes place betwe5 objects 9 close proximity to ea* o!r4 ,9 #agcd1 ,oudry 0 appo9t$ ,director ( ! ,beauvais ,tape/ry ,works1 :i* took a new lease ( life "u 8 able managem5t4 ,x 0 he :o suppli$ ! designs = ! ,fables ( ,la ,fonta9e1 :i* figure s frequ5tly 9 ! tape/ries wov5 at t great e/abli%m5t4 ,p]haps 8 mo/ int]e/+ picture at ! ,l\vre is ! l>ge l&scape ,! ,f>m 7,no4 #fgj71 sign$ & dat$ #agej1 "o ( ! e>lie/ examples 9 ,fr5* art ( a ru/ic sc5e pa9t$ = its own sake1 )\t any attempt at ennobl+ ! l&scape by =c+ x into a =mal arrangem5t4 ,,! ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,,g5re ,,pa9t]s ,x is q 9 accordance ) ! t5d5cies display$ by ^! ma/]s1 t t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury an increas+ numb] ( arti/s pref]r$ to devote _! tal5t to record+ ! life ( _! own days to ! endless repetition ( ! 8gr&-mann]0 subjects :i* _h occupi$ ! en]gy ( ! prec$+ g5]ations4 ,?us ,jean ,alexis ,grim\ 7#afgh-agdj71 :o 0 ,swiss by bir? & entirely self-tra9$1 introduc$ into ,fr5* art ! dr9k+ sc5es belov$ ( ! ,flemi% ma/]s4 ,f 8 pa9t+ ( ,a ,dr9k] 7,no4 #che7 & ! two ,portraits ( ,"y ,soldi]s 7,nos4 #chf & #chg71 x may be se5 h[ little he 0 9 sympa?y ) ! (ficial art ( 8 "t2 ?is is sc>cely to be wond]$ at1 s9ce1 in/ead ( und]go+ ! cu/om>y c\rse ( academic tra9+1 he _h =m$ 8 /yle by copy+ ! works ( ,rembr&t & o!r ,nor!rn ma/]s4 ,pi]re ,subleyras 7#afii-agdi7 0 n q s emancipat$4 ,9 8 l>ge religi\s compositions he /ill foll[s ! affectations ( ! gr& /yle4 ,8 *ief "w ( ?is k9d is ! ,mass ( ,/4 ,basil1 at ,/a4 ,m>ia degli ,angeli 9 ,rome1 ( :i* ,no4 #heg at ! ,l\vre is a r$uc$ v]sion4 ,( f> m arti/ic significance are 8 small g5re pieces1 9 :i* he atta9s to a ri* quality ( pigm5t & a ju/ice ( tone-values unique 9 ,fr5* pa9t+ ( 8 p]iod4 ,subleyras is said to h be5 ( ,spani% desc5t2 & !re are 9 8 sc5es f ,la ,fonta9e's 8,fables0--notably 9 ,! ,h]mit 7,no4 #hfb7--;cle> indications ( 8 intimate acqua9tance ) ,spani% art4 ,! be/ ( all 8 pictures at ! ,l\vre is ,! ,falcon 7,no4 #hfa71 :i*1 ap>t f its g5]al quality ( tone1 conta9s "s /ill-life passages wor?y ( ! bru% ( ,*>d94 ,,ra\x ,,& ,,de ,,troy ,j z ,subleyras %\ld be judg$ by 8 g5re sc5es r ?an by 8 scriptural subjects1 s ,jean ,ra\x's 7#afgg-agcd7 real significance lies 9 ! intimate note he introduc$ into 8 fancy portraits1 & n 9 8 mod]ately successful excursions into my?ology1 l ! ,telema*us relat+ 8 ,adv5tures to ,calypso1 at ! ,l\vre 7,no4 #gfd74 ,! ,"y ,woman read+ a ,lett] 7,no4 #gfe71 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room1 is p]haps ! mo/ *>m+ ( _m simil> pictures f 8 bru%4 ,9 s5tim5t x belongs entirely to ! amor\s c5tury ( ,l\is ,,xv41 :i* 0 to produce a ,fragon>d & a ,greuze4 ,ra\x 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,fr5* pa9t]s ( contempor>y life4 ,br\ght up 9 ! old tradition1 he 0 9 8 la/ ye>s influ5c$ by ! p]sonality ( ! great ,watteau4 ,if ,ra\x 0 ! some:at s5tim5tal pa9t] ( b\rgeois life1 ,jean ,franois de ,troy 7#afgi-ageb7 play$ n infrequ5tly ! *ronicl] ( ! elegant life ( ! leisur$ classes4 ,un=tunately ?is int]e/+ phase ( 8 art is n repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre1 :i*1 besides ! ?ree ,portraits 7,nos4 #hhf-hhh7 9 ! ,la ,caze collection1 conta9s two ( 8 fam\s designs = tape/ry1 repres5t+ sc5es f ! ,hi/ory ( ,e/h] 7,nos4 #hhd-hhe72 & 8 l>ge hi/orical pa9t+1 ,! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 held by ,h5ri ,,iv4 9 #aeie 7,no4 #hhc74 ,,watteau ,! ma/] :o 0 to break def9itely ) ! cold1 maje/ic1 un9spir$ art ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & :o 9 lead+ ,fr5* pa9t+ into new pa?s rea*$ ! v limits ( poetic expressiv5ess impos$ by mat]ial means1 0 ,anto9e ,watteau 7#afhd-agba74 ,born at ,val5ci5nes six ye>s be=e t city became ,fr5* ?r\gh ! peace ( ,nymweg51 ,watteau1 ! son ( a poor ,flemi% til]1 0 ,fr5*1 z x 71 by accid5t only4 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s1 :5 he /udi$ 9 8 native t[n "u ,gr91 a m$iocre local pa9t]1 he mu/ h _h occasion to become closely acqua9t$ ) ! pa9t+s ( ! ,flemi% ma/]s4 ,on ! dea? ( ,gr91 9 #agjb1 he w5t to ,p>is1 :]e he became assi/ant to ! sc5e-pa9t] ,mtay]4 ,watteau suff]$ dire pov]ty1 & completely und]m9$ 8 heal? ?r\gh privation be=e 8 tal5t attract$ ! att5tion ( 8 next ma/]1 ,claude ,gillot1 ) :om he /ay$ until #agjh1 :5 he became assi/ant to ,claude ,audran1 a decorative arti/ ( great repute & ,keep] ( ! ,luxemb\rg collections4 ,at ! ,luxemb\rg ,palace he 0 enabl$ to /udy ! ma/]pieces ( ,rub5s1 ,titian1 & ,paolo ,v]onese1 f :i* he b5efit$ z mu* z f 8 "w f nature 9 ! ,luxemb\rg g>d5s4 ,x 0 p]haps =tunate t he fail$ 9 ! competition = ! ,prix de ,rome 9 #agji1 & 0 dissuad$ f go+ to ,italy4 ,he 0 receiv$ by ! ,academy 9 #agag1 :5 he pa9t$ 8 8diploma picture40 ,! ,emb>kation = ! ,isl& ( ,cy!ra 7,no4 #ihb1 ,plate ,,xxxix471 :i* may be consid]$ an epitome ( 8 art4 ,sket*y z x is1 ?is picture1 :i* he pa9t$ 9 sev5 days1 exce$s 9 poetic *>m & 9 ! beauty ( its entranc+ sp>kle ( mell[ tones ! m highly f9i%$ lat] v]sion 9 ! ,g]man ,emp]or's collection4 ,x is ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( a purely imag9>y sc5e ( unworldly happ9ess1 t+$ ) t peculi>ly ,watteauesque vague melan*oly1--! consumptive's maladie de l'inf9i to :i* ,m4 ,mauclair has drawn att5tion1--repres5t$ ) su* absolute atmosph]ic tru? z to make x appe> an incomp>ably beautiful reality4 ,te*nically1 ?is picture1 l ,l',indiffr5t 7,no4 #ihd7 & ,la ,f9ette 7,no4 #ihe7 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room1 embodies 9 g]m ! !ories :i* 9 ! second half ( ! next c5tury 7 sci5tifically work$ out by ! ,fr5* ,impressioni/s4 ,"s "t 9 #agai or #agbj1 ,watteau 0 9 ,engl& to consult a fam\s physician4 ,b 8 illness took a turn = ! worse1 & he _h to return to 8 native c\ntry4 ,aft] six mon?s sp5t 9 ,p>is1 he w5t to live at ,nog5t-sur-,m>ne1 :]e he di$ on ,july #ah1 #agba4 ,watteau's influ5ce ^u eighte5?-c5tury art 0 prodigi\s2 b 8 "w rema9$ unapproa*$ by any ( 8 foll[]s & imitators1 :o too (t5 sacrific$ arti/ic consid]ations to a desire to please ! lascivi\s ta/es ( a corrupt1 pleasure-lov+ society4 ,! ,faux ,pas 7,no4 #ihi7 is "o ( ! r>e in/ances :]e ,watteau all[$ a c]ta9 sugge/iv5ess to ent] into 8 "w2 b ev5 "h 8! smallness ( ! subject is swall[$ up 9 ! greatness ( ! pa9t+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4--,,anto9e ,,watteau 7#afhd-agba7 ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,no4 #ihb4--,,! ,,emb>kation ,,= ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,cy!ra 7,l',emb>quem5t p\r ,cy?re7 ,on a m\nd 9 ! =egr\nd1 "u a gr\p ( trees on ! "r1 by a g>l&$ t]m9al figure ( ,v5us1 are seat$ a "y woman & a pilgrim2 at _! feet is ,cupid1 ^: w+s are cov]$ by a black cape4 ,to ! left a cavali] helps a "y woman to rise f ! lawn4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! composition ano!r pilgrim leads away 8 p>tn]1 encircl+ h] wai/ ) 8 arm4 ,on ! left1 9 ! middle di/ance1 is a procession ( lov]s 9 pairs mov+ t[>ds a gilt b>ge ) a *im]a at ! pr[ & two semi-nude r[]s4 ,cupids are float+ 9 ! air above ! b>ge4 ,9 ! backgr\nd a lake surr\nd$ by blui% m\nta9s4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #d ft4 #b 94 #f ft4 #c 94 7#abg #aib47 ,,! ,,watteaus ,,9 ,,! ,,la ,,caze ,,gall]y ,x is a /range fact t b = ! g5]osity ( ,la ,caze1 ,! ,emb>kation w\ld be ! only example at ! ,l\vre ( ! greate/ ma/] produc$ by ,france4 ,! reason = ?is extraord9>y neglect may be f\nd 9 ! scant e/eem 9 :i* ,watteau 0 held until 8 eclips$ fame 0 resuscitat$ by ! de ,gonc\rts4 ,! sup]b life-size pa9t+ ( ,gilles 7,no4 #ihc71 "o ( t5 pictures by or attribut$ to ,watteau 9 ! ,la ,caze collection1 0 sold at public auction 9 #ahbf = #bf2 :il/ ,l',indiffr5t & ,la ,f9ette toge!r realis$ ! sum ( #ai at ! ,m>quis de ,mn>s' sale6 ,( ! elev5 pictures 9 ! ,la ,caze collection t 7 orig9ally attribut$ to ,watteau1 ,l',escamoteur 7,no4 #fbb;,a1 =m]ly ,no4 #ihg7 is n[ ackn[l$g$ to be by 8 imitator ,philippe ,m]ci] 7#afhi-agfj71 :o 0 born 9 ,b]l9 ( ,fr5* p>5ts1 & sp5t ! mo/ productive ye>s ( 8 life 9 ,london1 :]e he di$ 9 #agfj4 ,! /ill-life piece ,dead ,game 7,no4 #iic71 (ficially assign$ to ,watteau1 has rightly be5 d\bt$2 b ! asp]sions ?r[n ^u ! au!nticity ( ! delici\s ,pa/oral 7,no4 #iib7 d n seem suffici5tly ju/ifi$4 ,! pr(\nd influ5ce ( ,rub5s ^u ,watteau's art is n[h]e m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! sket* ,! ,judgm5t ( ,p>is 7,no4 #ihh71 & 9 ! beautiful oval composition ,jupit] & ,antiope 7,no4 #iia71 :i* has1 h[ev]1 also mu* 9 common ) ,titian4 ,! sup]b nude figure symbolis+ ,autumn 7,no4 #iij71 & ano!r fte galante1 entitl$ ,gay ,company 9 a ,p>k 7,no4 #ihf71 are no less cr$itable to ! ma/]'s g5ius4 ,,watteau',s ,,foll[]s ,al?\gh ,watteau indicat$ ! direction t ,fr5* art 0 to foll[ 9 a c5tury :5 x _h to cat] no long] = ! /ateap>tm5t b = ! b\doir1 he left no foll[] wor?y to c>ry on 8 tradition4 ,nicolas ,lancret 7#afij-agdc71 :o _h /udi$ "u ,dul9 & ,gillot1 bas$ 8 /yle ^u ,watteau1 :om he almo/ rivall$ z a draughtsman4 ,b he 0 an inf]ior col\ri/1 & :olly lack+ 9 poetic inspiration4 ,"o has only to comp>e 8 ,actors ( ! ,italian ,com$y 7,no4 #dgj7 ) ,watteau's ,gilles 7,no4 #ihc71 or 8 ,music ,lesson 7,no4 #dfh7 & ,innoc5ce 7,no4 #dfi7 ) _! prototypes creat$ by t ma/]1 to realise ! inf]iority ( ^! ?91 vulg>is$ v]sions ( ,watteau subjects4 ,jean ,bapti/e ,pat] 7#afie-agcf71 :o1 l ,watteau1 0 born at ,val5ci5nes1 became a pupil ( 8 fell[-t[nsman 9 ,p>is1 & b5efit$ consid]ably by 8 guidance4 ,al?\gh inf]ior z a draughtsman to ,lancret1 :om he did n rival ei!r 9 orig9ality1 he f> surpass$ him z a col\ri/4 ,) ,lancret1 col\r 0 g5]ally an aft]?\ght2 ) ,pat]1 x ent]$ into ! prim>y conception ( ! picture4 ,8 ,academy diploma piece1 ! ,fte ,*amptre 7,no4 #fhi71 is pa9t$ 9 ! ,watteau mann] ) true pictorial feel+1 ev5 if x lacks ! ma/]'s preci\s1 jewel-l quality ( pigm5t4 ,! ,fte ,*amptre 7,no4 #bjc71 by ,bonav5ture ,deb> 7#agjj-agbi71 holds promise ( a consid]able tal5t 9 a simil> direction1 cut %ort by a premature dea?4 ,,! ,,van ,,loo ,,family ,no few] ?an five memb]s ( ! ,flemi% ,van ,loo family1 :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,france f ab\t #affj until ! dea? ( ,julius ,cs> ,van ,loo 9 #ahba1 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,l\vre collection4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ among !m 7 ,l\is ,van ,loo's sons1 ,jean-,bapti/e & ,*>les ,&r1 bett] kn[n z ,c>le4 ,bo? ( !m 7 br\ght up 9 ! academic tradition2 b _! ,flemi% blood & ! ta/e ( a "t t _h se5 ! ma/]-"w ( ,watteau1 gave _! art m vig\r & s5su\sness ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! pa9t+s ( _! academic precursors4 ,/ill x is unnecess>y to l+] ov] _! hi/orical & my?ological compositions4 ,! picture :i* does mo/ cr$it to ,c>le ,van ,loo 7#agje-agfe7 is ,! ,hunt ,picnic 7,no4 #hii71 :i*1 9 spite ( a c]ta9 crud5ess ( col\r1 attracts by ! sci5ce ( ! composition1 ! ,watteau feel+ ( ! l&scape backgr\nd1 & by its fasc9at+ reality z a record ( contempor>y life among ! leisur$1 pleasure-lov+ classes4 ,franois ,le ,mo9e 7#afhh-agcg7 con/itutes a l9k betwe5 ! decorative /yle ( ! prec$+ g5]ation1 :i* _h become dull & pond]\s1 & ! art ( ,watteau & 8 foll[]s4 ,9 ?is position he h]alds 8 great pupil ,franois ,b\*]1 ^: *>act]i/ics1 depriv$ ( 8 elegant grace & suave rhy?m ( design1 are m ?an h9t$ at 9 ! ,juno1 ,iris & ,flora 7,no4 #ecf74 ,! ,olympus 7,no4 #ece71 ! sket* = a ceil+1 recalls 9 its joyful decorative col\r & bravura ( bru% "w ! art ( ,tiepolo & ,ricci4 ,,fran,,ois ,,b\*] ,:il/ su* pa9t]s z ,jean ,re/\t 7#afib-agfh7 /ill cont9u$ to foll[ ! tradition ( ! ,bolognese eclectics1 z may be se5 9 8 ,h]m9ia & ! ,%eph]d 7,no4 #gge71 ! art ( ! ,l\is ,,xv4 p]iod 0 giv5 its f9al /amp by ,franois ,b\*] 7#agjc-aggj74 ,?is fav\rite ( ,mme4 de ,pompad\r1 hav+ ga9$ ! ,prix de ,rome 9 #agbc1 w5t to ,italy 9 #agbg1 :5ce he return$ to ,p>is f\r ye>s lat]4 ,at ! age ( ?irty 8 ,r9aldo & ,armida 7,no4 #ch;,a7 caus$ him to be 8receiv$0 by ! ,academy--! fir/ ( _m hon\rs t fell to 8 %>e1 z he became 9 turn ,fir/ ,pa9t] to ! ,k+1 ,director ( ! ,academy1 & ,inspector ( ! ,beauvais ,tape/ry ,manufactory4 ,he 0 ! ideal pa9t] ( ! age t 0 dom9at$ by ! p]sonality ( ! ,pompad\r1 :o kept him employ$ ) commissions = ! decoration ( h] b\doir4 ,b\*] 0 ! true *ild ( 8 "t--lic5ti\s1 pleasure-lov+1 light-he>t$1 & )\t moral scruples4 ,! a/oni%+ ?+ is t 8 pursuit ( pleasure did n affect 8 enorm\s productivity4 ,8 art is 9 p]fect h>mony ) 8 "*--frankly s5sual1 exub]ant1 & unreliable2 at times ris+ to sup]b decorative spl5d\r ( ! airy1 graceful type dem&$ by 8 patrons1 & !n aga9 c>eless to ! po9t ( slov5l9ess4 ,b\*] 0 n a great col\ri/ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is t]m is appli$ to ma/]s l ,titian or ,rub5s4 ,inde$1 m (t5 ?an n 8 application ( purely local col\rs unaffect$ by _! surr\nd+s is apt to result 9 ! crud5ess noticeable 9 8 ,pa/oral 7,no4 #cc71 & 9 ! dome/ic sc5e call$ ,! ,breakfa/ 7,no4 #ej;,a74 ,o!r pictures l ! ,pa/oral 7,no4 #cd7 owe _! pres5t tape/ry-l mell[ness to ! fad+ ( ! pigm5ts4 ,b x w\ld be unfair to disreg>d ! arti/'s int5tion & to judge 8 capacity z a col\ri/ f ! pres5t appe>ance ( 8 works at ! ,l\vre or 9 _! usual environm5t 9 a public gall]y4 ,!y 7 int5d$ = def9ite decorative purposes1 & 9 _! prop] ,l\is ,,xv4 sett+ fulfill$ _! function 9 admirable fa%ion4 ,few arti/s excell$ ,b\*] 9 rhy?mic h>mony ( composition1 al?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t 8 emphatic insi/5ce on triangul> design is apt to become monoton\s4 ,?is pr$ilection is to be not$ 9 ! ,r9aldo & ,armida 7,no4 #ch;,a71 ,v5us dis>m+ ,cupid 7,no4 #dd71 ,! ,rape ( ,europa 7,no4 #ci71 ! ,pa/orals 7,nos4 #cc1 #cd1 & #ce71 ,vulcan pres5t+ ,arms to ,v5us 7,no4 #cf1 ,plate ,,xl471 &1 inde$1 9 ! va/ majority ( 8 tw5ty-two exhibit$ pictures at ! ,l\vre4 ,8 ma/]y 9 fle% pa9t+ is be/ illu/rat$ by ! m unconv5tionally design$ ,diana leav+ ! ,ba? 7,no4 #cj71 & ! brilliant sket* ( ,! ,?ree ,graces 7,no4 #dg7 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room4 ,among 8 o!r ma/]pieces at ! ,l\vre1 ,v5us dem&+ ,arms f ,vulcan 7,no4 #ca71 :i* l ,no4 #cf 0 design$ = execution 9 tape/ry1 & ! *>m+ ,portrait ( a ,"y ,woman 7,no4 #ej71 des]ve special att5tion4 ,x is un=tunate t !y are n hung 9 ! rooms t conta9 ! magnific5t furniture ( ! p]iod1 in/ead ( be+ pil$ sky-high among pictures t seem to be prim>ily reg>d$ by ! (ficials z m]e museum specim5s ( ! art ( pa9t+4 ,b\*] is bett] hung1 & s may be mu* m effectively /udi$ 9 ! ,wallace collection 9 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xl4--,,fran,,ois ,,b\*] 7#agjc-aggj7 ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,no4 #cf4--,,vulcan ,,pres5t+ ,,arms ,,to ,,v5us 7,vulca9 prs5tant ,vnus des ,armes p\r ne7 ,on ! "r1 ,vulcan1 seat$ on a tig]-sk9 ) 8 left elb[ re/+ on an anvil1 pres5ts a sword to ,v5us1 :o1 support$ by a nymph1 is re/+ on a cl\d 9 ! c5tre ( ! composition4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 ov] ! head ( ,vulcan1 are two cupids c>ry+ a helmet ) a blue plume2 betwe5 !m & ,v5us1 two nymphs on cl\ds "u a rock4 ,cupids & doves are flutt]+ ar\nd ! c5tral gr\p4 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 on ! left1 are ! *>iot ( ,v5us1 doves1 & cupids1 "o ( :om1 imm$iately bel[ ! goddess1 is hold+ a g>l& ( :ite roses4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 ,sign$3--8,f4 ,,b\*]40 #aj ft4 #f 94 #aj ft4 #f 94 7#cbj #cbj47 ,a little dri] 9 t\* ?an ,b\*]'s nudes1 & consid]ably less coh]5t 9 design1 b /ill pa9t$ ) rem>kable ability1 are ! figures ( ! goddess & h] att5dants 9 ,! ,triumphs ( ,amphitrite 7,no4 #hfc71 by ,b\*]'s contempor>y1 ,hugues ,t>aval 7#agbh-aghe74 ,,sim,,on ,,*>d9 ,if ,b\*] & ! army ( pa9t]s ( ftes galantes & b\doir decorations reflect ! ta/es ( ! corrupt society ( ,l\is ,,xv4's age1 ,jean-,bapti/e ,simon ,*>d9 7#afii-aggi7 is ! pa9t] p> excell5ce ( ! l[] b\rgeoisie4 ,8 0 an unev5tful1 col\rless life ( unremitt+ "w aft] ! completion ( 8 /udies "u ,cazes & ,n4 ,n4 ,coypel4 ,he nev] w5t to ,rome2 he nev] s\ght aft] di/9ction 9 ! 8gr& mann]02 he nev] hank]$ aft] ,c\rt patronage4 ,he simply devot$ himself to record+ ) ! utmo/ te*nical p]fection ! peaceful & dome/ic life ( ! l[] middle class1 to :i* he himself belong$1 ) all 8 ta/es & habits ( life1 & to ! pa9t+ ( /ill-life1 9 :i* bran* ( art he /&s )\t a rival4 ,!re are among 8 ?irty-two pictures at ! ,l\vre tw5ty pa9t+s ( ,/ill-life 7,nos4 #hi1 #ij1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aje-aaf1 & ! d\btful ,no4 #aah71 all equally rem>kable = _! inimitable skill 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! mo/ v>i$ textures & reflections2 = subtle obs]vation ( ! mutual effect ( col\r$ objects ^u ea* o!r ?r\gh ! int]*ange ( col\r$ rays2 &1 above all1 = t 8s5se ( intimacy1 ( life beh9d ! sc5e10 ) :i* he knew h[ to inve/ ev5 inanimate objects4 ,?is same s5se ( intimacy & ( absolute pictorial unity is also ! great m]it ( 8 dome/ic g5re pieces1 into :i* ent]s1 9 addition1 ! elem5t ( spiritual unity1 ( ! absorption ( ea* p]son 9 8 or h] occupation4 ,9 ! des]v$ly fam\s ,grace be=e ,meat1 at ! ,h]mitage 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ( :i* ! ,l\vre owns two admirable replicas 7,no4 #ib1 ,plate ,,xli41 & ,no4 #ic71 ! mo/ casual obs]v] _c fail to notice t intimate bond betwe5 ! "m & ! two *ildr51 :i* gives ! impression ( a sc5e accid5tally ov]look$1 )\t anybody be+ aw>e ( ! intrud]'s pres5ce4 ,la ,mre laborieuse 7,no4 #ia71 ,la ,p\rvoyeuse 7,no4 #ii71 & ev5 ! cat 9 ! /ill-life piece ,! ,cat 9 ! ,l>d] 7,no4 #hi71 are equally innoc5t ( 8pos+10 & absorb$ 9 _! respective occupations4 ,! ,boy ) ! ,top 7,no4 #ij;,a7 & ! ,"y ,man ) ! ,viol9 7,no4 #ij;,b71 "u :i* titles we h ! portraits ( ! two *ildr5 ( ! jewell] ,*>les ,godefroy1 7 b\ght by ! ,l\vre 9 #aijg = #ad1jjj4 ,^! two pictures & ! ,ca/le ( ,c>ds 7,no4 #ajc7 are suffici5t to e/abli% ,*>d9's supremacy 9 *ild portraiture4 ,,fragon>d ,*>d9 = b a few mon?s1 & ,b\*] = two ye>s1 7 ! ma/]s :o taught ,jean ,honor ,fragon>d 7#agcb-ahjf7 be=e1 hav+ ga9$ ! ,prix de ,rome 9 #ageb & work$ ?ree ye>s "u ,van ,loo1 he set out = ,rome1 :]e "u ,natoire's guidance he appli$ himself to ! copy+ ( old ma/]s4 ,m important = ! =mation ( 8 /yle 7 ! sket*es he made 9 ! company ( 8 fri5d ,hub]t ,rob]t 9 ! romantic g>d5s ( ! ,villa d',e/e1 & ! deep impression creat$ ^u 8 m9d by ,tiepolo's decorative pa9t+s 9 ,v5ice1 :i* city he visit$ be=e 8 return to ,p>is 9 #agfa4 ,he scor$ 8 fir/ great success 9 #agfe ) ! l>ge & /ill some:at academic composition ,coresus & ,calirrho 7,no4 #bij71 :i* 0 b\ght by ,l\is ,,xv4 = #bd1jjj livres = reproduction at 8 tape/ry works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli4--,,jean-,,bapti/e ,,sim,,on ,,*>d9 7#afii-aggi7 ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,no4 #ib4--;,,grace ,,be=e ,,meat 7,le ,bndicit7 ,9 ! c5tre ( a room1 by a r\nd table ) a :ite tableclo?1 /&s a woman1 ab\t to p\r ! s\p f a saucepan into a plate4 ,%e turns h] head to ! left t[>ds h] two little girls1 :o1 ) fold$ h&s1 are say+ grace4 ,a drum is susp5d$ f ! back ( ! *air on :i* ! y\ng] *ild is sitt+4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 on ! left1 a dress] ) pewt] & crock]y2 on ! "r1 a %elf ) a cani/]1 a b[l1 & "s bottles4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #a ft4 #g 94 #a ft4 #c 94 7#jdi #jda47 ,patronis$ by ,mme4 du ,b>ry1 ! danc] ,m>ie ,guim>d1 & o!r prie/esses ( ,v5us1 ,fragon>d n[ devot$ 8 exceptionally facile & spontane\s tal5t to subjects t 9 lic5ti\s frivolity1 voluptu\sness1 & sugge/iv5ess _h nev] be5 equall$ ev5 by 8 ma/] ,b\*]4 ,x is only 8 m>vell\s te*nique1 rang+ f ! liquid transp>5cy ( 8 swift oil sket*es to ! ri* lum9\s impa/o ( ! ,sleep+ ,bac*ante 7,no4 #bid72 f ! elegant arabesque ( ! ,ba?+ ,wom5 7,no4 #bic71 s full ( joie de vivre & y\?ful fire1 to ! almo/ brutal /r5g? ( ! portrait ( a writ] or poet1 kn[n "u ! title ( ,inspiration 7,no4 #bih74 ,b 9 all ^!1 z well z 9 ! *>m+ ,music ,lesson 7,no4 #bia1 ,plate ,,xlii471 ,! ,/ud5t 7,no4 #big7 & ! ,"y ,woman 7,no4 #cjj71 ,fragon>d proves himself "o ( ! greate/ col\ri/s produc$ by ! ,fr5* ,s*ool4 ,x 0 ,fragon>d's sad fate to outlive 8 fame1 to witness ! collapse ( ! anci5t rgime & ! triumph ( 8 pupil ,david's classicism1 & to die 9 obscurity & neglect4 ,,greuze ,tw5ty-?ree pa9t+s repres5t at ! ,l\vre ! art ( ,jean-,bapti/e ,greuze 7#agbe-ahje71 :o trod ! safe pa? ( flatt]+ ! ta/e ( ! multitude by ! mawki% s5tim5tality ( 8 g5re-pieces & ! prett9ess & half-conceal$ s5suality ( 8 8fancy portraits0 ( "y wom51 :i* 9 _! sugge/iv5ess are p]haps m insidi\s ?an ! frank improprieties ( ,b\*] & ,fragon>d4 ,! s5tim5tal & melodramatic side ( ,greuze's art is /rik+ly reveal$ 9 ,! ,village ,engagem5t 7,no4 #cfi71 9 ,! ,pat]nal ,curse 7,no4 #cgj71 & 9 ,! ,puni%$ ,son 7,no4 #cga71 :i* ar\s$ ! en?usiasm ( t s+ul>ly misguid$ critic ,did]ot4 ,b x is ! pa9t+ ( pictures l ,! ,brok5 ,pit*] 7,no4 #cgb1 ,plate ,,xliii471 ,! ,milkmaid 7,no4 #cgb;,a71 & ,! ,dead ,bird 7,no4 #cgb;,c2 a replica ( ! picture 9 ! ,scotti% ,national ,gall]y71 t has made him ! idol ( a c]ta9 undiscrim9at+ section ( ! public1 & e/abli%$ him among ! _w's mo/ popul> pa9t]s4 ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s ,! lead+ position among ! portrait pa9t]s ( ,l\is ,,xv4's corrupt ,c\rt 0 occupi$ by ,jean ,m>c ,natti] 7#afhe-agff71 :o 0 a good col\ri/1 b 0 utt]ly lack+ 9 s9c]ity1 & plac$ 8 able bru% at ! s]vice ( ! base/ flatt]y4 ,he has left a :ole gall]y ( ,c\rt beauties pos+ z1 & inve/$ ) ! attributes (1 ,greek goddesses & allegorical p]sonifications 9 ! mann] ( ! gr\p ( ,mdlle4 de ,lambesc & ! ,comte de ,bri5ne 7,no4 #fei7 z ,m9]va prep>+ ! h]o = w>like exploits4 ,! ,magdal5 7,no4 #feg7 is probably ano!r contempor>y portrait 9 fancy co/ume4 ,8 be/ picture at ! ,l\vre is ! ,portrait ( a ,"y ,woman 7,no4 #ffa;,a74 ,franois ,hub]t ,dr\ais 7#agbe-agge71 ! pa9t] ( ! gr\p ( ! ,comte d',artois 7aft]w>ds ,*>les ,x47 & ,madame ,clotilde1 aft]w>ds ,que5 ( ,s>d9ia 7,no4 #bff71 :o receiv$ a good %>e ( ,c\rt patronage1 %[$ consid]able ability :5 he _h suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ ! temptation to flatt] 8 sitt]s4 ,b un=tunately he too (t5 foll[$ ! example ( ,natti] 9 ?is respect4 ,,tocqu1 ,,ve/i]1 ,,& ,l,,pici ,a portrait pa9t] ( a v diff]5t /amp 0 ,natti]'s son-9-law1 ,l\is ,tocqu 7#afif-aggb74 ,al?\gh he1 too1 0 a fav\rite n only at ! ,fr5*1 b also at ! ,russian & ,dani% ,c\rts1 ! examples ( 8 art at ! ,l\vre sugge/ t he 0 b indiff]5tly successful--f ! arti/ic po9t ( view--) 8 8(ficial0 portraits1 l ! portrait d'app>at ( ,m>ie ,lecz9ska1 ,que5 ( ,l\is ,,xv4 7,no4 #hfg71 or ! affect$ ,portrait ( ! ,dauph9 ,l\is at ! age ( t5 7,no4 #hfh74 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 he 0 n weigh$ d[n by ! importance ( 8 task1 he atta9$ to a solidity ( /yle1 /r5g? ( "* pa9t+1 & beauty ( te*nique t place him at ! head ( ! ,fr5* portraiti/s ( 8 p]iod4 ,tocqu 0 app>5tly nev] 9 ,engl&1 b su* ma/]pieces f 8 bru% z ! ,mme4 ,dang] embroid]+ 7,no4 #hfh;,a71 & ! suppos$ portrait ( ,mme4 de ,graffigny 7,no4 #hfi71 %[ di/9ct aff9ity ) ,allan ,ramsay & ,hog>?1 ) sup]add$ ,fr5* f9esse & suavity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4--,,jean ,,honor ,,fragon>d 7#agcb-ahjf7 ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,no4 #bia4--,,! ,,music ,,lesson 7,la ,leon de ,musique7 ,a fair-hair$ "y girl 9 a l[-cut :ite dress is seat$1 9 pr(ile t[>ds ! "r1 be=e a sp9et4 ,a y\?1 /&+ at h] left1 beh9d ! in/rum5t1 is hold+ ) 8 left h& ! score1 :il/ 8 "r is clasp+ ! back ( ! girl's *air4 ,9 ! =egr\nd a *air on :i* are a cat & a m&ol9e4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #c ft4 #i 94 #c ft4 #aa 94 7#aaj #abj47 ,9 ! case ( ,anto9e ,ve/i] 7#agdj-ahbd7 ! pron\nc$ lean+ t[>ds ! ,engli% /yle ( ! p]iod is to be acc\nt$ = by t arti/'s l5g?y soj\rn 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,portrait ( a ,"y ,woman 7,no4 #ifa71 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room1 might on sup]ficial inspection pass = a "w ( ,francis ,cotes4 ,ev5 9 ! ,portrait ( ! ,pa9t]'s ,wife 7,no4 #iei71 :i* 0 pa9t$ 9 #aghg1 long aft] ,ve/i]'s return to 8 native c\ntry1 ! figure ( a boy c>ess+ a dog has a curi\sly ,engli% flav\r4 ,hone/y ( purpose & s]i\s conc]n ) arti/ic problems m>k ! art ( ,nicolas ,b]n>d ,lpici 7#agce-aghd71 ^: ,portrait ( ,c>le ,v]net 7#edi;,a7 is a picture ( preci\s quality4 ,he devot$ himself m p>ticul>ly to ! dome/ic g5re1 :i* he treat$ )\t ! s5tim5tality & !atricality ( a ,greuze4 ,inde$1 if !re is any contempor>y pa9t] ) :om he %[s aff9ity1 x is ,simon ,*>d94 ,t he 0 a l&scape pa9t] ( no mean ability may be ga!r$ f 8 ,f>my>d 7,no4 #edi71 :i*1 9 spite ( ! pr$om9at+ br[n1 is rem>kable = its lum9\s transp>5cy4 ,m,,me4 ,,vig,e ,,le ,,brun ,be=e turn+ to ! l&scape pa9t]s ,joseph ,v]net & ,hub]t ,rob]t1 we mu/ close ! *apt] ( eighte5?-c5tury portraiture ) ,elisabe? ,l\ise ,vige ,le ,brun 7#agee-ahdb71 s9ce h] art1 al?\gh h] life ext5d$ f> into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 belongs ess5tially to ! deg5]ate days ( ! anci5 rgime--an art n devoid ( grace1 b exce$+ 9 %all[ness & insipidity ! %all[e/ & mo/ insipid productions ( pre-,davidian days4 ,( ! _m ma/]s f :om ,vige1 h]self ! daught] ( a pa9t]1 receiv$ advice1 ,greuze appe>s to be ! "o ) :om %e 0 mo/ 9 sympa?y4 ,m>ri$ at an e>ly age to ,le ,brun1 a pa9t] & picture-deal] f :om %e 0 divorc$ aft] _m ye>s ( wret*$ conjugal life1 h] c>e]1 ( :i* %e has left a full acc\nt 9 h] autobiography1 0 "o ( adv5ture & truly extraord9>y pr(essional success4 ,%e 0 ! fav\rite pa9t] ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 _h to leave ,p>is dur+ ! ,t]ror1 & made an almo/ triumphal progress f ,c\rt to ,c\rt be=e %e def9itely settl$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahji4 ,at ,naples1 ,vi5na1 ,dresd51 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,b]l91 ,london1 & o!r c5tres1 ,royalty & ! _w ( fa%ion cr[d$ to h] /udio2 & h] art ev5 ga9$ ! un/9t$ approval ( a judge l ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 :i* is ! m surpris+ z ,vige ,le ,brun's col\r 0 almo/ inv>iably cold & unsympa!tic4 ,h] p]sonal *>ms may h be5 p>tly responsible = h] univ]sal success1 if reliance is to be plac$ on ! que/ionable hone/y ( h] flatt]+ bru% f :i* ! ,l\vre owns two ,portraits ( ! ,arti/ & h] ,daught] 7,no4 #eba & ,no4 #ebb1 ,plate ,,xliv474 ,among h] o!r pictures 9 ! ,l\vre are ! ,peace br++ ,abundance 7,no4 #ebj71 h] reception piece at ! ,academy1 & a portrait ( h] e>ly fri5d & ma/]1 ,joseph ,v]net 7,no4 #ebe74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4--,,jean-,,bapti/e ,,greuze 7#agbe-ahje7 ,no4 #cgb4--,,! ,,brok5 ,,pit*] 7,la ,cru*e ,casse7 ,a "y girl1 9 :ite dress & gauze fi*u1 /&s fac+ ! spectator1 hold+ ) bo? h&s "s loose fl[]s 9 ! ga!r$-up folds ( h] dress4 ,%e c>ries a brok5 pit*] on h] "r arm4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 on ! "r1 is a f\nta9 ) a cr\*+ lion4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 ,oval1 #c ft4 #aj 94 #b ft4 #i 94 7#aah #jhe47 ,,joseph ,,v]net ,"o has to realise t ! art ( l&scape pa9t+ _h become almo/ ext9ct 9 ,france1 & t ! art ( seascape _h nev] exi/$1 if "o wi%es to acc\nt = ,did]ot's en?usiasm ) reg>d to ,claude ,joseph ,v]net 7#agad-aghi71 :i* made him exclaim1 8,:at pictures6 ,he rivals ! ,creator 9 cel]ity1 ,nature 9 tru?60 ,our cool] judgm5t _c s easily pass ov] all t is cold & =mal 9 8 art4 ,b1 tak5 9 relation to 8 contempor>ies1 he des]ves respect = 8 emotional attitude t[>ds nature1 = a s5se ( ! dramatic t approa*es ,salvator ,rosa's1 & = 8 admirable draw+ ( ! figures introduc$ into 8 l&scapes4 ,v]net's love ( ! sea awoke :5 at ! age ( eighte5 he j\rney$ to ,rome1 :]e he became imbu$ ) ! classic tradition4 ,he only return$ to ,p>is 9 #ageb1 & soon aft]w>ds receiv$ f ,l\is ,,xv4 ! commission to pa9t ! l>ge s]ies ( ,fr5* ,seaports 7,nos4 #idj-ied7 :i* are n[ to be se5 9 ! rooms 9 ?is collection giv5 up to ! ,muse de ,m>9e4 ,9 8 o!r m>9es & l&scapes 7,nos4 #iab-ici71 n all ( :i* are actually exhibit$1 he all[$ 8 imag9ation fre] play ?an 9 ! ,seaports1 :i* 7 naturally ( m topographic "*4 ,bo? 8 son ,c>le ,v]net 7#ageh-ahcf71 a hi/orical pa9t] :o excell$ 9 ! r5d]+ ( horses 9 movem5t1 & 8 gr&son ,horace ,v]net 7#aghi-ahfc71 a popul> battle pa9t]1 are repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre1 ! =m] by ! ,/ag ,hunt 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,meudon 7,no4 #iee71 & ! latt] by ! ,b>rire de ,cli*y 7,def5ce ( ,p>is 9 #ahad7 7,no4 #ief71 & ! un9spir$ ,judi? & ,hol(]nes 7,no4 #ieg74 ,,hub]t ,,rob]t ,hub]t ,rob]t 7#agcc-ahjh71 ( ^: classic l&scapes ! collection conta9s n9ete5 examples 7,nos4 #gig-hae71 0 n1 z might be imag9$ f ! g5]al "* ( 8 pa9t+s1 influ5c$ by ! art ( ,claude ,lorra91 b d]iv$ 8 love ( antique build+s & l&scapes peopl$ ) classic figures f ! g5]al atmosph]e ( ar*ological en?usiasm eng5d]$ by ! excavations on ! site ( ,h]culaneum1 :i* prevail$ 9 ,rome :5 ! "y arti/ arriv$ at t ,mecca ( 8 pr(ession 9 #aged4 ,rob]t liv$ & work$ 9 ,italy = twelve ye>s1 & became ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ?is antiqu>ian _s4 ,unlike ,claude1 he r>ely1 if ev]1 drew ^u 8 imag9ation = ! details ( 8 classic l&scapes1 :i* are fai?ful transcripts ( exi/+ ru9$ or half-ru9$ build+s1 ?\gh n infrequ5tly !y are arrang$ = great] pictorial effect4 ,( ?is half-reali/ic1 half-classic nature--! introduction ( p 9 classic g>b among ! ru9s ( build+s1 :i* 9 classic times wore a v diff]5t aspect1 is a p>donable ana*ronism--are ! ,int]ior ( ! ,temple ( ,diana at ,nimes 7,no4 #gii71 & sev]al simil> pieces at ! ,l\vre4 ,9 8 small] pictures1 ( :i* ! be/ are ! ,f\nta9 "u a ,portico 7,no4 #hab7 & ! ,w9d+ ,/aircase1 ) ?ree ,figures 7,no4 #hac71 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room1 he rivals ! ri* quality ( pigm5t & mell[ tone ( ,gu>di at 8 be/4 ,rob]t 0 ,fragon>d's con/ant companion 9 ,rome1 & ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce ^u 8 fri5d1 z may be se5 f ,fragon>d's l&scape draw+s4 ,!re is sc>cely a trace ( ,italian classicism 9 ! sup]b ,view 9 ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,p>is 7,no4 #fej71 by ,l\is ,gabriel ,moreau 7#agdj-ahjf71 :i* 9 its silv]y-grey tonality1 9 its s5se ( atmosph]e1 & 9 ! treatm5t ( ! rec$+ di/ances1 r recalls ! mann] ( ! ,dut*man ,philips de ,kon9ck4 ,t ,moreau1 :o also work$ 9 ,engl&1 0 n always free f conv5tionality1 is prov$ by ! r =mal composition ( ! ,view ( ! ,hills ( ,meudon f ,sa9t-,cl\d 7,no4 #fea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliv4--,,elisabe? ,,l\ise ,,vig,e ,,le ,,brun 7#agee-ahdb7 ,no4 #ebb4--,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,arti/ ,,& ,,h] ,,daught] 7,portrait de ,mme4 ,le ,brun et de sa ,fille7 ,! arti/1 9 a :ite bodice ) purple sleeves & a yell[ sat9 skirt1 is seat$ on a gre5 s(a4 ,h] head is incl9$ t[>ds h] "r %\ld]4 ,%e presses t[>ds h]1 ) bo? arms1 h] little girl1 :o is re/+ on h] lap1 ) h] head turn$ t[>ds ! spectator4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #c ft4 #e 94 #b ft4 #i 94 7#aje x #jhe47 ,,l\is ,,david ,! b\doir art ( ! anci5 rgime came to a natural end ?r\gh ! great social upheaval ( ! ,revolution1 ( :i* ,jacques ,l\is ,david 7#agdh-ahbe7 is ! v p]sonification 9 ! realm ( pa9t+4 ,z a pupil ( ,b\*]1 ,david 9 8 e>ly ye>s 0 ess5tially a *ild ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,t he became ! f\nd] & head ( a new classici/ s*ool1 z tyrannical 9 8 sway z _h be5 ,le ,brun dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 0 due to ! tea*+ ( ,joseph ,m>ie ,vi51 :om he accompani$ to ,rome 9 #agge1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,vi5 0 appo9t$ ,director ( ! cole de ,rome4 ,vi5 0 an eclectic & a puri/ ( great] ability ?an w\ld appe> f 8 two dull pictures at ! ,l\vre1 ,/4 ,g]ma9 & ,/4 ,v9c5t 7,no4 #ifd7 & ,! ,sleep+ ,h]mit 7,no4 #ife74 ,david's p>ticipation 9 ! ev5ts ( ! ye> #aghi & 8 ard5t republicanism did n1 z has (t5 be5 /at$1 attract him to subjects f ,republican ,roman hi/ory4 ,inde$1 he _h already pa9t$ ,! ,oa? ( ! ,horatii 7,no4 #ahi7 & ,! ,lictors tak+ to ,brutus ! ,corpse ( 8 ,sons 7,no #aia71 = ,l\is ,,xvi41 & 0 only foll[+ ! curr5t ( ta/e 9 devot+ himself to ! /udy ( ! antique & to antiqu>ian rese>*4 ,^! two pictures1 9 spite ( _! cold classicism & !atricality1 met ) s5sational success on _! fir/ appe>ance at ! ,salon4 ,x is n 9 su* works z ^!1 nor 9 ! ,rape ( ! ,sab9e ,wom5 7,no4 #ahh71 comp>$ ) :i* ev5 ,p\ss9's v]sion ( ! same !me appe>s l a glimpse ( actual life1 t ,david's tal5t f\nd its happie/ expression1 b 9 ! unaffect$ & irresi/ibly *>m+ ,portrait ( ,mme4 ,rcami] 7,no4 #aii1 ,plate ,,xlv47 recl9+ on an ,empire s(a4 ,:atev] ?is picture may owe to ! sitt]'s grace & beauty & to ! fact t x 0 nev] f9i%$1 & ?us reta9$ ! fre%ness ( a sket*1 x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ attractive ma/]pieces ( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,"h1 z 9 ! gr\p ( ,?ree ,ladies ( ,gh5t 7,no4 #bjj;,a71 9 :i* ! lum9\s quality ( ! fre% tones is enhanc$ by ! g5]al greyness ( ! s*eme1 we h ! "w ( a real pa9t]1 :il/ ,david's bomba/ic hi/orical compositions are sc>cely m ?an t9t$ c>toons4 ,,! 8,,coronation0 ,,picture ,:5 ,napoleon rose to p[]1 ,david became 8 fav\rite pa9t]4 ,! er/:ile ,jacob9 0 *os5 to pa9t ! (ficial ,coronation picture 7,no4 #bjb;,a71 an enorm\s canvas1 :i*1 l mo/ c]emonial pictures ( ?is k9d1 has m hi/orical ?an arti/ic significance4 ,! lifelike portraiture ( ! num]\s p]sonages surr\nd+ ! c5tral gr\p ( ,napoleon plac+ ! cr[n on ,joseph9e's head1 is ! *ief po9t ( int]e/4 ,on ! re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons 9 #ahae1 ,david 0 s5t into exile4 ,he di$ at ,brussels 9 #ahbe2 b 8 influ5ce is reflect$ 9 (ficial ,fr5* art to ?is day4 ,x 0 he :o impos$ ^u ! mod]n academic s*ool a rigid canon ( =mal classic beauty :i* is fatal to evolution & progress1 because x does n p]mit p]sonal emotional expression4 ,less sev]ely classic 9 =m1 & %[+ at lea/ an attempt at approa*+ a little ne>] to tru? ?an ,david1 is ! pa9t+ ( ! figures ( ,! ,?ree ,graces 7,no4 #gfi71 by ,david's rival1 ,j4 ,b4 ,regnault 7#aged-ahbi71 9 ! ,la ,caze collection4 ,! wor/ type ( academic art is repres5t$ 9 ! bitum9\s recon/ructions ( classic antiquity by 8 pupil1 ,p4 ,n4 ,gur9 7#aggd-ahcc71 ^: ,return ( ,m>cus ,sextus 7,no4 #cic7 enjoy$1 p]haps ow+ to its suppos$ political allusion to ! return ( ! emigrants1 a success :i* _c be acc\nt$ = on arti/ic gr\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlv4--,,jacques ,,l\is ,,david 7#agdh-ahbe7 ,no4 #aii4--,,portrait ,,( ,,mme4 ,r,,cami] 7,portrait de ,mme4 ,rcami]7 ,! sitt] we>s a :ite ,empire dress1 ! tra9 ( :i* hangs d[n to ! gr\nd f ! ,empire s(a on :i* %e is half recl9+1 ) h] left elb[ re/+ on a pair ( r\nd horse-hair bol/]s4 ,h] face is turn$ t[>ds h] "r %\ld]4 ,a wide black rib& is ti$ r\nd h] fair curl$ hair4 ,a l[ foot/ool 9 front ( ! s(a on ! "r1 & a /&+ c&elabrum ( classic design on ! left4 ,! c&elabrum is said to h be5 pa9t$ by ,+res4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas 7unf9i%$74 #e ft4 #g 94 #g ft4 #aj 94 7#agj #bdj47 ,,b>on ,g,,r>d ,among ! num]\s pupils & foll[]s ( ,david :o rose to fame1 hon\rs1 & wide popul>ity be=e ,+res became ! ackn[l$g$ head ( ! (ficial s*ool1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 7 ,gr>d1 ,girodet1 & ,gros4 ,b>on ,f4 ,p4 ,s4 ,gr>d 7#aggj-ahcg71 :il/ foll[+ on ! :ole ! pr9ciples laid d[n by 8 ma/]1 knew h[ to inve/ 8 "w ) m individual "*1 :i* /ood him 9 p>ticul> good /ead 9 8 portraiture4 ,t ?is 0 recognis$ by 8 contempor>ies is prov$ by ! fact t he became ! portrait pa9t] p> excell5ce ( ! ,fir/ ,empire & ! ,b\rbon re/oration1 al?\gh 8 incl9ation drew him t[>ds allegory & my?ology4 ,!re is und5iable di/9ction & f9e *>act]isation 9 su* portraits z ,! ,pa9t] ,isabey & 8 ,daught] 7,no4 #ccb74 ,! nature ( ! subject deb>r$ him f %[+ ! /ronge/ side ( 8 tal5t 9 ! *ill+ly unemotional1 b und5iably graceful1 ,psy*e receiv+ ,cupid's ,fir/ ,kiss 7,no4 #cbh71 & 9 ! ,daphnis & ,*lo 7,no4 #cbi71 :i* 0 b\ght 9 #ahbe = #ajjj4 ,!y h _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! cold & antique ,fr5* sculpture ( ! p]iod4 ,a4 ,l4 ,girodet de ,r\cy-,trioson 7#agfg-ahbd7 0 ( all ,david's arti/ic prog5y ! "o pa9t] :o devot$ himself to ! purely pictorial problem ( conc5trat$ light & %ade1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ able to free himself f ! dom9ation ( l9e> design4 ,! compromise ( ! two pr9ciples l$ to su* un=tunate results z ,! ,sleep ( ,endymion 7,no4 #cfa7 & ,! ,burial ( ,atala 7,no4 #cfb74 ,9 ,! ,deluge 7,no4 #cfj71 :i* 0 pa9t$ lat]1 he %[s pron\nc$ lean+s t[>ds a crude naturalism :i* exce$s 9 horror ! mo/ cruel inv5tions ( ,rib]a's g5ius4 ,,b>on ,,gros ,anto9e ,jean ,gros 7#agga-ahce71 ?\gh a classici/ by tra9+1 0 =c$ by circum/ances1 & by ! patronage ( ,napoleon :o ennobl$ him1 to devote 8 bru% to an important phase ( contempor>y life--! glorification ( 8 h]o's w>like a*ievem5ts4 ,he 0 by no means a reali/2 & al?\gh he foll[$ ,napoleon on _m ( 8 campaigns & presumably br\ght back ) him ri* mat]ial 9 sket*es & vivid recollections1 8 =ceful compositions acc5tuate ! h]oic aspect & ! imag9ative appeal ( w>f>e1 & are n spontane\s glimpses ( actuality4 ,! :ole glam\r ( ! ,napoleonic leg5d is express$ 9 ! gr\p ( w\nd$ soldi]s :o1 oblivi\s ( _! suff]+1 *e] _! great capta9 9 ,napoleon at ! ,battle ( ,eylau 7,no4 #chi74 ,! s5se ( ! h]oic is z pron\nc$ 9 ! l>ge pa9t+1 ,napoleon visit+ ! ,plague-/rick5 at ,jaffa 7,no4 #chh71 9 ! ,bonap>te at ,arcole 7,no4 #cia71 & ev5 9 ! impressive ,portrait ( ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,f\rni]-,s>lovze 7,no4 #cib;,a71 silh\ett$ aga9/ a smoke-fill$ battlefield4 ,a c>eful inspection ( ?is l>ge canvas %[s p5tim5ti 9 ! pa9t+ ( ! legs1 ( :i* ! ,g5]al seems n[ to h two pair6 ,gros's weakness1 l t ( all ,david's pupils1 0 8 neglect ( col\r4 ,8 popul>ity wan$ rapidly aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon4 ,he became a victim to melan*olia1 & dr[n$ himself 9 ! ,se9e 9 #ahce4 ,,pi]re ,,prud',,hon ,?\gh n entirely deta*$ f ! rul+ s*ool ( ! p]iod1 ,pi]re ,prud'hon 7#ageh-ahbc7 occupies a unique position among 8 contempor>ies4 ,hav+ absolv$ 8 prelim9>y /udies at ,dijon1 he became ! pupil ( ! old ma/]s--( ,correggio & ,leon>do--fir/ 9 ,p>is & !n 9 ,rome1 :]e he work$ = sev5 ye>s be=e def9itely settl+ at ,p>is 9 #aghi4 ,to 8 sympa?y ) ! ,italian ma/]s he ow$ t mell[ness ( col\r & und]/&+ ( *i>oscuro :i* escap$ ! grasp ( ! ,davidi/s4 ,he 0 a real pa9t] z di/+ui%$ f ! classici/ draughtsm5 ( ! (ficial s*ool4 ,ev5 if x is impossible to %>e to-day ! en?usiasm at "o "t evok$ by ! some:at grotesque allegory1 ,ju/ice & ,div9e ,v5geance pursu+ ,crime 7,no4 #gdg71 ?is picture1 :i* 0 int5d$ = ! ,palais de ,ju/ice1 rises immeasurably above ! av]age ( ! 8imag9ative0 pa9t+s produc$ by ,prud'hon's contempor>ies4 ,va/ly sup]ior z reg>ds pictorial quality & ! :ole conception1 is ! ,abduction ( ,psy*e by ,zephyrus 7,no4 #gef74 ,9 ! ,crucifixion 7,no4 #gdd71 8 la/ picture1 ,prud'hon rises to tell+ dramatic effectiv5ess ( col\r1 & h]alds ! adv5t ( ,delacroix4 ,b ! mo/ ma/]ly ( 8 sev5te5 pa9t+s at ! ,l\vre is ! magnific5t ,portrait ( a ,"y ,man 7,no4 #gec71 :i* ! ,l\vre 0 =tunate en\gh to secure = #ce 9 #ahie4 ,x is a /rangely liv+ evocation ( a p]sonality1 se>*+1 intimate1 & my/]i\s--a portrait n s mu* ( ! sup]ficial features1 b ( ! inn] life ( ! sitt]4 ,! l>ge ,portrait ( ! ,empress ,josph9e 7,no4 #gea7 suff]s f comp>ison ) ?is ma/]piece4 ,! pose is affect$1 ! backgr\nd d+y1 & ! r$ ( ! %awl introduces a h>% & disconnect$ note ( col\r4 ,,! ,,n9ete5?-,,c5tury ,,fr5* ,,s*ool ,g,,ricault ,! revolution>y movem5t ( ! ,romantici/s1 :i* 0 to f9d a /rong lead] 9 ,eugne ,delacroix1 may be said to h be5 initiat$ by ,gricault's epo*-mak+ picture ,! ,raft ( ! ,m$usa 7,no4 #cch1 ,plate ,,xlvi474 ,?odore ,gricault 7#agia-ahbd71 a pupil ( ,c>le ,v]net & ,gur91 0 an unusually gift$ draughtsman1 :o f ! outset /rove to g beyond ! dead p]fection ( ! ,david s*ool1 & to infuse into 8 "w ! sp>k ( life4 ,! ,raft ( ! ,m$usa1 :i* caus$ an enorm\s /ir at ! ,salon ( #ahai1 0 inspir$ by a tragic incid5t f actual life2 & ,gricault 0 ! fir/ :o d>$ to repres5t 9 all its horrible reality ?is sc5e ( human suff]+--! survivors ( a %ipwreck driv5 by hung] to madness & mutual de/ruction4 ,he set aside all arbitr>ily ignor$ canons ( =mal beauty & ! 8gr& /yle10 & appli$ himself to depict+ fi]ce passions & emotions4 ,gricault 0 a passionate lov] ( horses2 b 8 k ( equ9e anatomy did n prev5t him1 9 8 portrait ( an ,(fic] ( ! ,gu>d 7,no4 #cci71 f exagg]at+ ! action ( ! *>g+ horse to a po9t dang]\sly ne> ! bord]-l9e betwe5 ! sublime & ! ridicul\s4 ,mo/ ( 8 o!r pictures at ! ,l\vre are /udies ( soldi]s1 & horses on ! race-c\rse or 9 ! /able4 ,he di$ 9 #ahbd f ! effects ( a fall f a horse4 ,,delacroix ,! topical int]e/ ( ! ,raft ( ! ,m$usa _h caus$ ! public to receive ?is picture ) fav\r1 9 spite ( its d>+ dep>ture f ! g5]ally accept$ canons ( ! 8gr& /yle40 ,! case 0 diff]5t :5 ,delacroix %[$ at ! ,salon ( #ahbb ! ,dante & ,virgil 7,no4 #bjg1 ,plate ,,xlvii471 :i* 0 inspir$ by ,gricault's great picture1 b appli$ t arti/'s pr9ciples to a subject tak5 f lit]ature1--f ,dante's 8,inf]no10--& 0 !re=e consid]$ z a direct *all5ge to ! academic ho/4 ,to-day x is difficult to und]/& ! indignation ar\s$ by ! "y arti/1 :o became =?) ! ackn[l$g$ head ( ! s-call$ ,romantici/ s*ool1 al?\gh he refra9$ f tak+ "p 9 any propag&a4 ,9 ?is1 8 fir/ important exhibit$ picture1 he prov$ himself a true pa9t] 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,rub5s 0 a pa9t]--t is to say1 he no long] gave prim>y importance to draw+1 ) col\r add$ aft]w>ds 9 ! mann] ( a t9t$ c>toon4 ,9 ! ,dante & ,virgil col\r & ! actual sweep ( ! bru% assum$ at once a vital & con/ructive function1 no long] sep>able f draw+ & design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4--,,jean ,,l\is ,,&r ,,?,,odore ,g,,ricault 7#agia-ahbd7 ,no4 #cch4--,,! ,,raft ,,( ,,! ,,m$usa 7,le ,radeau de la ,mduse7 ,! raft ( ! wreck$ ,m$usa1 ) ! survivors ( ! crew1 is float+ on ! /ormy sea4 ,9 ! =egr\nd on ! left1 surr\nd$ by dead sailors1 a fa!r is hold+ ) 8 left h& ! nude body ( 8 dy+ son4 ,on ! "r1 a corpse is p>tly re/+ on ! raft1 p>tly float+ on ! wat]4 ,f>!r back ! (fic]1 ,corrard1 is se5 po9t+ out to ! surgeon1 ,savigny1 ! brig ,argus1 :i* appe>s on ! f> horizon "u ! cl\d$ sky4 ,at ! f> end ( ! raft a mulatto & a sailor h hoi/$ !mselves on to "s b>rels to wave "s rags1 s z to attract ! att5tion ( ! di/ant %ip4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #af ft4 #a 9 #bc ft4 #f 94 7#dia #gaf47 ,eugne ,delacroix 7#agih-ahfc71 :o belong$ to a family t _h giv5 to ,france _m di/+ui%$ /atesm5 & soldi]s1 0 a pupil ( ,gur91 ^: conv5tional tea*+1 h[ev]1 0 little to ! ta/e ( a "y man ^: passionate nature _h be5 fir$ by 8 ext5sive read+ ( romantic lit]ature1 & :o pref]r$ to =m 8 /yle on ! works ( ,rub5s & o!r old ma/]s at ! ,l\vre1 & to b5efit f 8 int]c\rse ) ,gricault & ,bon+ton4 ,! ,dante & ,virgil1 :i* is n[ 9 a deplorable /ate ( neglect1 0 b\ght by ! ,/ate at ! n v g5]\s price ( #ej4 ,delacroix's next ,salon picture1 ,! ,massacre ( ,scio 7,no4 #bjh71 caus$ an ev5 great] /orm ( abuse ( ! "y arti/ :o _h d>$ to depict ! horrors ( ?is sc5e f ! ,greek ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 z x 0 ?\ght1 9 all _! crud5ess1 )\t ! h]oical & !atrical poses t 7 deem$ necess>y = pictorial 8hi/ories40 ,! magnific5t atmosph]ic backgr\nd owes its orig9 to ,delacroix's fir/ acqua9tance ) ! ,hay ,wa9 & two o!r pictures s5t by ,con/able to ! ,salon ( #ahbd1 :i* caus$ ! impetu\s "y arti/ to repa9t 9 a few days ! sky & l&scape4 ,! picture 0 aga9 b\ght by ! ,/ate1 ! price ?is "t be+ rais$ to #bdj4 ,a sup]b /udy = ! dead "m & *ild 9 ! "r-h& corn] has be5 bequea!d by ,m4 ,*]amy1 ! pres5t own]1 to ! ,national ,gall]y1 :]e x is to be hung next to 8! be/ ,con/able40 ,x is impossible "h to give a full acc\nt ( ! tw5ty-"o pa9t+s by ,delacroix at ! ,l\vre1 to :i* %\ld be add$ 8 decorative ma/]piece1 ! c5tre ( ! ceil+ 9 ! ,gal]ie d',apollon4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) a brief ref]5ce to 8 m important canvases1 fir/ ( :i* 9 ord] ( date is ,! #bh? ( ,july #ahcj3 ,lib]ty lead+ ! ,p 7,no4 #bji71 bett] kn[n z ,! ,b>ricade4 ,! introduction ( a b\rgeois ) a top-hat 9 ?is /irr+ sc5e ( contempor>y h]oism 0 ano!r act ( defiance4 ,b ! dramatic p[] ( ! conception1 :i* suff]s b is by no means de/roy$ by ! wret*$ allegorical figure ( ,lib]ty1 & ! arti/'s appeal to political passion1 caus$ ! picture to be an enorm\s success4 ,,delacroix',s ,,ori5tal ,,pictures ,delacroix's j\rney to ,morocco1 ) ,c\nt ,morney's mission 9 #ahcb1 0 ( ! greate/ b5efit to ! arti/'s progress z a col\ri/4 ,al?\gh he _h no "t dur+ 8 travels to pa9t any pictures1 he br\ght back ) him a weal? ( rapid sket*es :i*1 ) 8 vivid recollections ( ,ea/]n life & col\r1 l$ to ! production ( su* ma/]pieces z ! ,alg]ian ,wom5 9 _! ,ap>tm5t 7,no4 #baj71 ! ,jewi% ,w$d+ 9 ,morocco 7,no4 #baa71 & ,! ,entry ( ! ,crusad]s into ,con/ant9ople 7,no4 #bac74 ,9 ! sumptu\s s*eme ( ,crusad]s ! la/ traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,gros's col\rless palette h vani%$4 ,! picture 0 commission$ by ,l\is ,philippe = ! ,*teau at ,v]sailles1 ! remun]ation be+ fix$ at #djj4 ,a copy ( ! picture is 9 "o ( ! ,salles des ,croisades at ,v]sailles1 & a small sket* is at ,*antilly4 ,! ,alg]ian ,wom5 is p>ticul>ly rem>kable = ! lum9\s sp>kle ( ri* pigm5t ?r\gh ! ambi5t ( silv]y atmosph]e4 ,among ,delacroix's ma/]pieces mu/ be c\nt$ ! ,portrait ( ! ,arti/ 7,no4 #bad71 :i* he left on 8 dea? to 8 s]vant1 ,j5ny le ,guillon1 /ipulat+ t %e %\ld give x to ! ,l\vre on ! day ( ! re/oration ( ! ,orlans family--an ev5t :i* nev] happ5$1 ?\gh ! picture rea*$ its de/9ation 9 #ahgb ?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ,mme4 ,duri54 ,! ,%ipwreck ( ,don ,juan 7,no4 #bab71 pa9t$ 9 #ahdj1 is bas$ on ,"l ,byron's epic poem1 ( :i* x is1 h[ev]1 by no means a lit]al illu/ration4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ /irr+ r5d]+s ( human passion & despair 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( art1 ! livid light & g5]al sombre s*eme ( col\r contribut+ t[>ds ! tragic effect1 z ?\gh ,nature h]self 7 ent]+ into ! mood ( ! horrible sc5e4 ,al?\gh1 on ! :ole1 an unsatisfactory picture1 ,delacroix's ,rog] deliv]+ ,angelica 7,no4 #bhde7 may s]ve to illu/rate ! true significance ( 8 art 9 its relation to ! (ficial s*ool1 z !re is 9 ! same collection ano!r r5d]+ ( ! id5tical subject 7,no4 #dai7 by 8 great antagoni/ ,+res1 ! greate/ draughtsman ( 8 c5tury1 & ! ackn[l$g$ lead] ( ! ,classici/ s*ool4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ! two works w %[ t ,delacroix's v]sion1 ) all its obvi\s imp]fections1 f> surpasses ,+res's 9 emotional int5sity & fi]ce vitality4 ,! academic p]fection & exquisite f9i% ( ,+res's picture only acc5tuate ! dulness & lifelessness ( 8 conception4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii4--,,f]d9& ,,victor ,,eug,,ne ,,delacroix 7#agih-ahfc7 ,no4 #bjg4--;,,dante ,,& ,,virgil 7,dante et ,virgile aux ,enf]s7 ,9 a boat1 /e]$ by ,*>on across ! riv] ,/yx1 ,virgil1 laurel-cr[n$ & dress$ 9 a r$ cloak1 holds ) 8 "r h& ! left h& ( ,dante1 :o1 9 a blue cloak ) a r$ hood1 raises 8 "r arm 9 a ge/ure ( horror at ! sight ( ! ,damn$1 :o1 half-buri$ 9 ! turbul5t wat]s1 cl+ despair+ly to ! sides ( ! boat4 ,9 ! backgr\nd are se5 ! t[]s ( ! burn+ city ( ,dite4 ,sign$3--8,,eug,,ne ,,delacroix40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #e ft4 #aa 94 #g ft4 #aj 94 7#ahj #bdj47 ,,+res ,jean ,augu/e ,dom9ique ,+res 7#aghj-ahfg7 0 a pupil ( ,david4 ,hav+ ga9$ ! ,prix de ,rome 9 #ahja1 he did n leave = ,italy until #ahjf1 b sp5t ! next eighte5 ye>s 9 ,rome & ,flor5ce1 return+ to ,p>is 9 #ahbd4 ,al?\gh ,+res 0 br\ght up 9 ! cold tradition ( ! ,david s*ool1 he _h a mu* cle>] p]ception ( ! true _s ( ,greek art ?an 8 ma/]4 ,:5 he became acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,raphael 9 ,rome1 he f\nd x ! v acme ( p]fection1 & h5ce=? frankly /rove to emulate t ma/]1 seek+ to arrive at an eclectic ideal ( ! human =m :i* 9 its dogmatic rule ( ! proportions t con/itute absolute beauty1 all[$ none ( ! acc5ts & v>iations :i* make = life & "*4 ,himself great] ?an 8 !ories1 ,+res a*iev$ t p]fection ( grace & beauty 9 8 des]v$ly fam\s ,! ,spr+ 7,no4 #dbb1 ,plate ,,xlviii471 "o ( ! few 8gems0 9 ! ,salle ,du*tel1 & 9 ! v ,raphaelesque ,odalisque 7,no4 #dbb;,b71 :i* 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahii f ! ,pr9cesse de ,sagan = #bdjj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! imposition ( an inflexible1 rigid ideal ( =m did incalculable h>m to 8 num]\s & less gift$ foll[]s1 9 :om e sp>k ( individuality 0 ext+ui%$ by ! tyranny ( ! dogma4 ,yet ,+res1 :5 he appli$ himself to portraiture1 0 z uncompromis+ a reali/ z ,holbe91 ( ^: s5sitive1 subtle draw+ & pla/ic modell+1 )\t ! introduction ( entirely unnecess>y %9y high lights1 we are =cibly rem9d$ by ! ,portrait ( ! ,pa9t]'s ,fri5d1 ,m4 ,bo*et 7,no4 #dbh;,a74 ,some?+ ( ! same p]fection ( modell+1 sugge/$ r by ! s5sitive cont\r ?an cle>ly /at$ by pron\nc$ lights & %ad[s1 is to be notic$ 9 ! nude figure ( ,! ,odalisque1 & 9 ! creamy :ite drap+s ( ! oval ,portrait ( ,mme4 ,rivire 7,no4 #dbg74 ,p]haps 8 be/ portrait at ! ,l\vre is ! "o ( ,m4 ,b]t91 ,f\nd] ( ! ,j\rnal des ,dbats 7,no4 #dbh;,b71 a ma/]piece ( "* pa9t+1 9 :i* ! m>vell\sly drawn fle%y h&s1 ) _! tap]+ f+]s1 are z expressive z ! f9e head4 ,?is portrait 0 acquir$ 9 #ahig = ! sum ( #cbjj4 ,! less admirable side ( ,+res's tal5t is illu/rat$ by ! circul> composition ( ! ,virg9 ( ! ,ho/ 7,no4 #daf71 a crude s*eme ( 8,sass(]rato blue0 & r$1 on entirely conv5tional l9es2 & by ! ,apo!osis ( ,hom] 7,no4 #dag71 a tame ,raphaelesque design 9 :i* ,hom] is se5 en?ron$ 9 ! c5tre1 ) allegorical figures ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey seat$ on ! /eps ( ! ?rone1 & a w+$ goddess plac+ a laurel wrea? on 8 head4 ,to ! left ( ! c5tral gr\p are ! figures ( ,hesiod1 s*ylus1 ,apelles1 ,raphael1 ,virgil1 ,dante1 ,tasso1 ,corneille1 & ,p\ss92 to ! "r1 ,p9d>1 ,plato1 ,socrates1 ,alex&]1 ,camo5s1 ,rac9e1 ,molire1 & ,fnelon4 ,!re is a t\* ( ! grotesque 9 ! comb9ation ( r me*anical dry portraiture ) trite allegory t con/itutes ! design ( ! t]ribly crack$ ,portrait ( ! ,compos] ,*]ub9i 7,no4 #dah74 ,8 fail+s z a col\ri/ are mo/ aggressively obvi\s 9 ! ,*ri/ h&+ ! ,keys to ,/4 ,pet] 7,no4 #dae74 ,+res di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #ad? ,janu>y #ahfg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4--,,jean ,,augu/e ,,dom9ique ,,+res 7#aghj-ahfg7 ,no4 #dbb4--,,! ,,spr+ 7,la ,s\rce7 ,a nude figure ( a fair-hair$ "y maid5 /&s fac+ ! spectator1 ! backgr\nd be+ =m$ by a p]p5dicul> rock p>tly ov]gr[n ) cl++ plants4 ,%e raises h] "r arm ov] h] head to hold ! foot ( a tilt$ vase1 ! m\? ( :i* is support$ by h] left h&1 & f :i* issues a /reamlet ( wat] t falls into a pool at ! base ( ! rock1 9 :i* are reflect$ ! feet ( ! maid54 ,sign$ on a /one on ! left3--8,,+res1 #ahef40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #e ft4 #e 94 #b ft4 #g 94 7#a4fe #j4hj47 ,,del>o*e ,,& ,,s*eff] ,among ! pa9t]s :o 7 influ5c$ by ,delacroix1 & ^: "n 0 associat$ ) ! ,romantici/ movem5t1 none rose to great] fame ?an ,paul ,del>o*e 7#agig-ahef71 a pupil ( ,gros1 & ! ,dut*man ,ary ,s*eff] 7#agie-aheh71 :o1 l ,delacroix1 /udi$ "u ,gur94 ,b nei!r ( ^! arti/s manag$ :olly to %ake (f ! trammels ( ! academic tradition1 & bo? became popul> = ! v reasons = :i* a m critical g5]ation has d5i$ !m ! "r to figure among ! _w's great arti/s3 ,del>o*e = ! !atricality ( 8 hi/orical anecdotes1 ( :i* ,! ,dea? ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 7,no4 #baf7 & ,! ,pr9ces 9 ! ,t[] 7,no4 #bag7 are typical examples2 & ,s*eff] = ! sickly s5tim5tality display$ 9 su* pictures z ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,monica 7,no4 #hda74 ,contempor>y ) ! fight]s 9 ! great battle betwe5 ! ,romantici/s & ! ,classici/s 7 a gr\p ( able pa9t]s :o 7 n connect$ ) ei!r ( ^! ma9 curr5ts ( arti/ic ?\ght1 b drew _! inspiration f ! ,dut* g5re pa9t]s4 ,! ,arrival ( a ,dilig5ce at ! ,messag]ies 7,no4 #bh71 by ,l\is ,leopold ,boilly 7#agfa-ahde71 & ,! ,int]ior ( a ,kit*5 7,no4 #bfa71 by ,m>t9 ,droll+ 7#ageb-ahag71 may be quot$ z *>act]i/ic in/ances ( ^! 8small ma/]s0 )\t possess+ ! lum9osity ( _! ,dut* exempl>s4 ,,decamps ,some?+ ( ! preci\s quality ( pigm5t & ( ! lum9osity ( ^! ,dut*m5 is to be f\nd 9 ! g5re pictures ( ,alex&re ,gabriel ,decamps 7#ahjc-ahfj71 ( :i* a l>ge numb] =m "p ( ! ,?omy ,?iry ,beque/--notably ,! ,knife-,gr9d] 7,no4 #bhca7 & ,! ,gipsy ,encampm5t 7,no4 #bhcc74 ,decamps owes 8 hi/orical importance to 8 position z ! head ( ! ,ori5tali/s4 ,unlike 8 contempor>y explor] ( ! ,ea/ = pictorial purposes1 ,delacroix1 he f\nd ! facts ( ,ea/]n life1 sc5]y1 & cu/oms suffici5tly attractive to be satisfi$ ) ! reali/ic /atem5t ( 8 visual impressions1 in/ead ( mak+ !m ! basis = ! inv5tion ( romantic incid5ts4 ,yet ! ,/reet 9 ,smyrna 7,no4 #bhbg7 & simil> works are by no means ( m]ely topographic int]e/1 = ,decamps 0 a great pa9t] to :om pigm5t yield$ beauty indep5d5t ( ! subject repres5t$4 ,! ,rat retir$ f ! ,_w 7,no4 #bhcd7 vies 9 quality ) ! /ill-life pictures ( ,*>d94 ,decamps 0 also ! greate/ animal pa9t] ( 8 "t1 z may be ga!r$ f 8 ,*evaux de halage 7,no4 #bjd71 ,! ,bull-,dog & ,scot* ,t]ri] 7,no4 #bjf71 & ! preci\s little g5re piece1 ,! ,k5nel-,boy 7,no4 #bhch74 ,,! ,,ori5tali/s ,br\ght up 9 ! tradition ( ! ,classici/ s*ool1 ,prosp] ,m>ilhat 7#ahaa-ahdg7 only 8=m$ himself0 :5 ! _w ( col\r 0 discov]$ to him "u ! gl[+ sky ( ! ,holy ,l& & ,egypt1 :]e he pa9t$ ,! ,mosque ( ! ,khalif ,hakem1 at ,cairo 7,no4 #fae74 ,ano!r ,ori5tali/ ( great di/9ction1 :o1 aft] be+ a fav\rite pupil ( ,+res1 became attract$ by ! fi]y romanticism ( ,delacroix1 0 ! ,creole ,?odore ,*assriau 7#ahai-ahef74 ,8 works at ! ,l\vre illu/rate ! e>li] bett] ?an ! lat] phase ( 8 art4 ,*assriau 0 /ill entirely "u ! spell ( ,+res :5 he pa9t$1 9 #ahdd1 ! decoration ( ! ,c\r des ,comptes1 :i* build+ 0 de/roy$ "u ! ,commune4 ,peace 7,no4 #aba;,a7 is a fragm5t ( ?is important decorative "w1 :i* may be said to con/itute a l9k betwe5 ,+res & ,puvis de ,*avannes4 ,! ,*a/e ,susannah 7,no4 #aba7 & ! ,portrait ( ,fa!r ,lacordaire1 ,dom9ican ,prea*] 7,no4 #aba;,b71 are aga9 cle> evid5ce ( ,+res's influ5ce ^u ,*assriau at ! beg9n+ ( 8 brief c>e]4 ,a man ( pr(\nd culture & r>e critical acum51 ,eugne ,from5t9 7#ahbj-ahgf7 0 p]haps great] z a critic ?an z a pa9t]4 ,he1 too1 travell$ repeat$ly 9 ,alg]ia & ,egypt1 :]e he f\nd abundant mat]ial bo? = 8 bru% & p54 ,he did n look ^u ! ,ea/ ) ! curiosity ( ! travell]1 nor did he let ! /range l& "w ^u 8 romantic imag9ation4 ,8 pictures1 some:at timid 9 te*nique b m>k$ by great ref9em5t1 reveal1 on ! o!r h&1 a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! sad monotony ( ! sun-p>*$ des]t1 & ! *ivalr\s1 noble be>+ ( its ,arab inhabitants4 ,8 ref9$ tal5t %[s to be/ advantage 9 ,hawk+ 9 ,alg]ia 7,no4 #cje74 ,,regnault ,! ,ori5t 0 by no means ! unconte/$ field ( ! ,romantici/s4 ,b ! foll[]s ( ! (ficial s*ool :o devot$ !mselves to ! depict+ ( ,ea/]n life & sc5]y1 approa*$ ^! subjects 9 ! same _s ( p>ti pris :i* robs all _! "w ( real significance--unless1 l ,h5ri ,regnault 7#ahdc-ahga7 9 8 fam\s & (t5 reproduc$ ,moori% ,execution 7,no4 #gga71 !y treat$ !m z rank melodrama4 ,regnault is1 h[ev]1 n to be judg$ by ?is ov]rat$ piece ( s5sationalism4 ,kill$ 9 ! ,franco-,g]man ,w> 9 #ahga at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-eight1 ?is "y pa9t] gave r>e promise ( brilliant a*ievem5t 9 an altoge!r unacademic direction 9 8 sup]b eque/rian portrait ( ,g5]al ,prim 7,no4 #ggj74 ,!re is some?+ truly h]oic 9 ! way ! ,spani% g5]al sits 8 horse1 arre/+ its =w>d movem5t ) a sudd5 j]k at ! re9s2 b ! rugg$ness & unkempt appe>ance ( ! rid] displeas$ ,g5]al ,prim to su* an ext5t t ,regnault1 :o w\ld n alt] ! picture1 pref]r$ to keep x on 8 h&s4 ,,academic ,,pa9t]s ,x w suffice "h m]ely to indicate ! names & *ief works at ! ,l\vre ( ! pr9cipal arti/s :o c>ri$ on1 ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! academic tradition1--capable pa9t]s all1 b )\t cle>ly-m>k$ individuality4 ,?omas ,c\ture 7#ahae-ahgi71 a pupil ( ,gros & ( ,del>o*e1 9 pa9t+ ! huge composition1 ,romans ( ! ,decad5ce 7,no4 #aef71 produc$ a picture :i* may be tak5 z typical ( ! ambitions & fail+s ( ! :ole s*ool--( _! lit]>y t5d5cies1 !atricality1 & un9spir$ dulness4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 an accompli%$ ma/] ( te*nique1 :i* is m ?an c be said ( ,joseph ,devria 7#ahje-ahfe71 ! pa9t] ( ,! ,bir? ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 7,no4 #bej72 or ( ,+res's pupil1 ! dull ,hippolyte ,fl&r9 7#ahji-ahfd71 :o is only repres5t$ by two ,portraits 7,nos4 #bhd & #bhe74 ,nor is x possible to-day to gr[ en?usia/ic ov] ! hi/orical pa9t+s ( ,joseph ,nicolas ,rob]t-,fleury 7#agig-ahij71 ^: ,conf]5ce at ,poissy 7,no4 #bihb71 ,galileo be=e ! ,inquisition 7,no4 #bihc71 & ,*ri/oph] ,columbus receiv$ by ,f]d9& & ,isabella on 8 ,return f ,am]ica 7,no4 #bihd71 c only be reg>d$ z unnecess>ily l>ge col\r$ illu/rations4 ,,mi*el ,,& ,,huet ,9 ! mu*-neglect$ bran* ( l&scape pa9t+ ! classic tradition ( ,claude rul$ supreme until a new conception arose ) ! victory ( ! romantics 9 ! ?ird decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,two names only ne$ be m5tion$ be=e we pass on to ! new movem5t--! return to nature--:i* 0 inaugurat$ by ! gr\p ( pa9t]s vaguely kn[n z ! ,b>bizon s*ool4 ,bo? ,georges ,mi*el 7#agfc-ahdc7 & ,paul ,huet 7#ahjd-ahfh7 may be reg>d$ z =]unn]s ( t great movem5t2 & bo? h only 9 rec5t ye>s receiv$ ! recognition :i* is _! due4 ,mi*el develop$ 8 /yle 9 copy+ & closely /udy+ ! ,dut* l&scape ma/]s1 & mu/ 9 8 maturity h be5 well acqua9t$ ) ! art ( ,con/able1 :o ex]cis$1 toge!r ) ,bon+ton1 a prodigi\s influ5ce on ! :ole c\rse ( ,fr5* l&scape pa9t+4 ,if ,mi*el's bread? ( /yle1 :i* may be judg$ f ,ne> ,montm>tre 7,no4 #fbf71 _h be5 accompani$ by a great] range ( subject-matt]1 he w\ld probably rank m highly 9 ! roll ( ,fr5* arti/s2 b he cont5t$ himself ) ! endless repetition ( ! same motifs :i* he f\nd close to ,montm>tre1 :]e he sp5t 8 :ole life4 ,! c>e ) :i* he /udi$ ! works ( ,jacob van ,ruisdael e>n$ = him ! nickname ( 8! ,ruisdael ( ,montm>tre40 ,huet1 aga91 le>nt m f ! old ma/]s & f 8 fri5ds1 ,bon+ton & ,delacroix1 ?an f 8 actual tea*]s4 ,he1 too1 ?ru/ aside ! recipes ( compos+ classic or 8noble0 l&scapes1 & 0 inspir$ by an altoge!r emotional outlook ^u nature1 calm & s]5e1 z 9 ,! ,/ill ,morn+ 7,no4 #dac71 or ?reat5+ & tempe/u\s1 z 9 ,! ,inundation at ,/4 ,cl\d 7,no4 #dab71 or 9 8 ma/]piece1 ,! ,break]s at ,granville 7,no4 #bieb74 ,,! ,,b>bizon ,,s*ool ,! t]m 8,b>bizon s*ool0 has be5 ext5d$ f its n>r[] mean+1 9 :i* x m]ely comprises ,r\sseau1 ,diaz1 ,millet & ! disciples :o jo9$ !m1 to =m a little arti/ic colony on ! edge ( ! ,=e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 to a less accurate b n[ g5]ally accept$ wid] application1 embrac+ 8! m5 ( #ahcj10 :o collectively & individually set out1 inspir$ indirectly by ,con/able1 ^u ! conque/ ( light & atmosph]e ?r\gh intimate communion ) nature4 ,9 a p$antic survey ( ?is ,b>bizon s*ool1 ,r\sseau w\ld h to take hon\r ( place z ! lead] ( ! gr\p1 :il/ ,corot & ,daubigny1 nei!r ( :om actually work$ at ,b>bizon1 w\ld h to be altoge!r exclud$4 ,b 9 ! m lib]al int]pretation ( ! t]m1 :i* we h "h adopt$1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,camille ,corot 7#agif-ahge7 mu/ be giv5 fir/ place z ! doy5 ( ! :ole gr\p1 s9ce he alone 0 born be=e ! eighte5? c5tury _h run its c\rse4 ,,corot ,corot1 ! son ( a coiffeur & a modi/e 9 com=table circum/ances1 0 de/9$ 9 8 y\? = ! drap]y trade1 & 0 only enabl$ to foll[ 8 b5t = ! arti/ic pr(ession :51 at ! age ( tw5ty-five1 he ent]$ into possession ( a small annual all[ance1 suffici5t to meet 8 mode/ requirem5ts & to save him f ! desp]ate /ruggle = v exi/5ce :i* 0 ! fate ( "s ( 8 lat] fri5ds & companions4 ,8 e>ly "w f nature _h already laid ! f\ndations = 8 subsequ5t /yle :5 he ent]$ ! /udio1 fir/ ( ! academic pa9t] ,mi*allon1 & !n ( ,b]t94 ,9 #ahbe ,corot w5t to ,rome1 :]e he pa9t$1 among _m pictures ( equally ri* lusci\s quality1 ! ,view ( ! ,=um ,romanum 7,no4 #aci71 & ! ,view ( ! ,coliseum 7,no4 #adj71 :i* he himself bequea!d to ! ,/ate4 ,al?\gh ^! e>ly works h none ( ! elusive *>m & lyrical feel+ ( 8 mature /yle1 & are ( r topographic "*1 !y reveal 9 e t\* ! arti/ enam\r$ ( atmosph]e & ( ! quality ( pigm5t4 ,! t\* is precise1 b n tight4 ,! two pictures 7 pa9t$ 9 #ahbf1 b already !y hold m ?an a h9t ( t unrivall$ ma/]y ( tone-values :i* f\nd supreme expression 9 ,a ,/reet 9 ,d\ai 7,no4 #ada;,f71 pa9t$ 9 #ahga4 ,f ! precision ( 8 e>ly mann] ,corot gradually advanc$ to fre$om & airy loos5ess ( t\*2 f /atem5t ( fact1 to ! sugge/ion ( ! v _s & ess5ce ( nature 9 t]ms ( pa9t t1 m ?an any o!r arti/'s "w1 ju/ify ! expression 8col\r music40 ,8 lat] canvases are fill$ ) ! s(t %imm] ( vibrat+ atmosph]e & ) ! t5d] poetry ( dawn & dusk4 ,:il/ reta9+ a truly classic s5se ( /yle1 & adapt+ nature to 8 purposes by arrangem5t & g5]alisation1 he nev] fails to conv9ce ! behold] ( ! reality ( ! sc5e repres5t$4 ,ev5 if 8 glades are peopl$ ) danc+ nymphs & satyrs1 z 9 ,a ,morn+ 7,no4 #ach71 ^! my?ical be+s no long] sugge/ classic /atu>y1 b !y belong z mu* to ! l&scape z d ! trees & %rubs & cl\ds1 z d ! peasant woman & ! c[ 9 ,! ,dell 7,no4 #bhja1 ,plate ,,xlix471 or ! pip+ %eph]d 9 ! exquisite ,s\v5ir d',italie3 ,ca/el ,g&olfo 7,no4 #ada;,b74 ,( ! tw5ty-two pa9t+s by ! ma/] at ! ,l\vre1 no few] ?an twelve =m "p ( ! ,?omy ,?iry ,beque/ to :i* ! great ,fr5* national collection owes s _m ( its *ief treasures ( n9ete5?-c5tury art4 ,t4 ,,r\sseau ,! real head ( ! ,b>bizon s*ool 0 ,?odore ,r\sseau 7#ahab-ahfg71 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/ expon5ts ( ! 8romantic0 z oppos$ to ! 8classic0 l&scape4 ,if ,corot 0 ! lyric1 ,r\sseau 0 ! epic poet ( ,nature4 ,9 8 e>ly works he 0 consid]ably influ5c$ by ,con/able1 b he fail$ = a long "t to ga9 ! approval ( ! public & ( ! ,salon juries4 ,f\rte5 times 9 succession 8 pictures 7 refus$ admission to ! ,salon1 & success only came to him late 9 life4 ,9 #ahea1 at ab\t ! same "t z ,millet1 he settl$ at ,b>bizon1 on ! outskirts ( ! ,=e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau1 :]e h5ce=? he f\nd ! subjects = 8 pictures4 ,r\sseau 0 a mo/ consci5ti\s arti/1 :o 8con/ruct$ a gr\p ( trees ) ! c>e t an ,academician puts into ! con/ruction ( a nude figure40 ,8 love ( accurate detail did n1 h[ev]1 make him lose sight ( ! g5]al effect4 ,8 insi/5ce on bold silh\ettes made him fav\r ! sunset h\r :51 z 9 8 ma/]piece1 ,an ,op5+ 9 ! ,=e/ at ,fonta9ebleau 7,no4 #hbg71 ! trees w\ld =m effective d>k masses aga9/ ! gl[+ sunset sky4 ,m *>act]i/ic ( 8 fav\rite mann] ( composition is ! impos+ gr\p ( oak trees 9 ! middle ( a pla9 9 ! picture kn[n z ,les ,*nes 7,no4 #bijj74 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ,m>ais dans les ,l&es 7,no4 #hcj71 :i* 0 b\ght 9 #ahha = #eafj1 &1 inde$1 9 all ! pictures :]e cattle are introduc$1 x w be notic$ t ! animals =m "p & p>cel ( ! l&scape1 & are no long] individual 8portraits0 ( animals1 z !y 7 apt to be 9 ! pictures by ! e>li] ,dut* cattle-pa9t]s4 ,! same unity ( vision is to be not$ 9 all 8 sixte5 pictures at ! ,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix4--,,jean-,,bapti/e ,,camille ,,corot 7#agif-ahge7 ,no4 #bhja4--,,! ,,dell 7,le ,vallon1 avec des paysannes et une va*e7 ,a grass-cov]$ hill desc5ds f ! horizon l9e on ! left to ! "r-h& bottom corn] ( ! picture4 ,a l[ h$ge ) a clump ( trees 9 ! c5tre divides ! grassy plot f ! field ris+ beyond t[>ds ! horizon-l9e1 f :i* projects a *ur* 9 ! f> di/ance4 ,! sun is beh9d ! trees1 :i* ?r[ a deep %ad[ on ! dale4 ,a c[ occupies ! c5tre ( ! =egr\nd4 ,to ! left a gr\p ( ?ree peasant wom5 & a *ild2 to ! "r a f>m lab\r]4 ,sign$ on left3--8,,corot40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #a ft4 #a 94 #a ft4 #i 94 7#jce #jed47 ,c4 ,,troyon ,?is on5ess ( inanimate & animate nature is less completely realis$ 9 ! art ( ,con/ant ,troyon 7#ahaj-ahfe71 :o1 hav+ be5 tra9$ z a porcela9-pa9t]1 0 subsequ5tly attract$ by ! romanticism ( ,dupr1 b foll[$ su* ,dut* ma/]s z ,paul ,pott] 9 subord9at+ ! l&scape to ! cattle4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,troyon is kn[n to ! public z a 8cattle-pa9t]0 r ?an z a l&scape pa9t]4 ,at ! same "t1 he 0 a close obs]v] ( ! effects ( light on fields & mead[s1 :i* he r5d]$ ) a skill only rivall$ by ! solidity1 ! sugge/ion ( weight & movem5t1 ! well-acc5tuat$ =ms & s9uosities ( 8 cattle4 ,! huge canvas ,ox5 go+ to ,"w 7,no4 #hhi7 is an unrivall$ a*ievem5t ( its k9d--a piece ( realism t is n )\t poetry & gr&eur4 ,next to x 9 importance ranks ! ,return to ! ,f>m 7,no4 #hij74 ,among ! elev5 ,troyons 7,nos4 #bijf-biaf7 ( ! ,?omy ,?iry ,beque/1 ! ,morn+ 7,no4 #biji7 /rikes a m *e]ful & hopeful note ?an is ?is arti/'s wont4 ,ano!r arti/ ( ?is gr\p1 :o devot$ himself almo/ exclusively to ! pa9t+ ( %eep1 is ,*>les ,jacque 7#ahac-ahid71 f ^: bru% ! ,l\vre owns ! ,flock ( ,%eep 9 a ,l&scape 7,no4 #dcj;,a71 a *>act]i/ic "w ( unusually l>ge dim5sions4 ,j4 ,,dupr ,jules ,dupr 7#ahaa-ahhi7 began1 l ,troyon1 z a *9a-pa9t]1 &1 l ,r\sseau1 ) :om he 0 = ye>s on t]ms ( intimate fri5d%ip1 b5efit$ by ! example ( ,con/able1 ^: art he _h presumably occasion to /udy dur+ a visit to ,engl&4 ,x 0 f him t he acquir$ ! s5se ( movem5t 9 nature1 :i* is s mu* m pron\nc$ 9 8 l&scapes ?an 9 ,r\sseau's1 :om he exce$$ 9 bread? ( t\* & 9 p[]4 ,m p>ticul>ly 9 8 lat] mann] he lov$ to apply 8 col\rs 9 a ?ick impa/o laid on to e "p ( ! canvas1 includ+ ! sky4 ,only on r>e occasions did he adopt ! m fluid1 suave mann] %[n 9 ,morn+ 7,no4 #bidj7 & ,ev5+ 7,no4 #bida71 ! two decorative panels execut$ = ,pr9ce ,demid(f1 & acquir$ by ! ,l\vre 9 #ahhj at ! ,san ,donato sale4 ,m typical ( 8 virile1 =ceful /yle are ! twelve sign$ pictures by ,dupr 9 ! ,?omy ,?iry ,beque/ 7,nos4 #bhfd-bhge71 especially ! f9e autumn l&scape ,! ,pond 7,no4 #bhfg1 ,plate ,l471 ! int5sely sad1 sunless ,flock 9 ! ,l&es 7,no4 #bhga71 ,! ,l>ge ,oak 7,no4 #bhgc71 & ,! ,sunset on a ,m>% 7,no4 #bhgd71 ) ! gold5 gl[ ( ! sky reflect$ 9 ! wat]4 ,be=e turn+ to ,diaz1 :o has be5 aptly call$ 8! mo/ romantic ( ! ,romantici/s10 we mu/ briefly m5tion ,eugne ,isabey 7#ahjd-ahhf71 :o connects ! art ( ! ,fir/ ,empire ) ,romanticism1 & :o knew h[ to inve/ 8 hi/orical pa9t+s ) g5u9ely pictorial int]e/ at a "t :5 t class ( subject 0 g5]ally treat$ f ! lit]>y & anecdotal po9t ( view4 ,8 exub]ant temp]am5t l$ him n infrequ5tly to exagg]at$ movem5t4 ,! twelve pictures :i* be> 8 signature at ! ,l\vre 7,nos4 #bhgh-bhhd1 #biec-bief1 & #biec;,a7 are illu/rative ( e phase ( 8 art4 ,z a l&scape pa9t] he may be consid]$ a =]unn] ( ,r\sseau4 ,,diaz ,n>cisse ,diaz de la ,pea 7#ahji-ahgf7 0 born at ,bordeaux1 ! son ( political fugitives f ,spa91 &1 l s _m arti/s ( ?is gr\p1 />t$ 8 arti/ic c>e] z a *9a-pa9t]4 ,he aft]w>ds ga9$ consid]able success ) 8 romantic figure pictures ( my?ological & ,ori5tal subjects1 l ! ,nymphs 9 a ,wood 7,no4 #bhed71 ,v5us & ,adonis 7,no4 #bheh71 ,v5us dis>m+ ,cupid 7,no4 #bhei71 & above all ! ,fe aux ,p]les 7,no4 #bef74 ,z a l&scape pa9t] he delight$ 9 r5d]+ ! sp>kle ( sunlight p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! d5se foliage ( =e/ & bru%wood4 ,diaz mu/ be plac$ betwe5 ,isabey & ,millet1 :o foll[$ 8 example 9 8 e>ly figure pieces2 b he 0 also influ5c$ by ,r\sseau & by ,delacroix4 ,among 8 eighte5 pictures at ! ,l\vre are sev]al l&scapes ( sup]b quality1 notably ! ,/udy ( a ,bir* ,tree 7,no4 #beb71 ,s\s ,bois 7,no4 #bec71 & ,dogs 9 ! ,=e/ 7,no4 #beg;,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l4--,,jules ,,dupr 7#ahaa-ahhi7 ,no4 #bhfg4--,,! ,,pond 7,la ,m>e7 ,autumnal l&scape ) a pond 9 ! middle di/ance on ! left1 bord]$ on ! "r1 9 ! c5tre ( ! composition1 by a gr\p ( oak trees4 ,9 ! =egr\nd "s cattle & a c[h]d4 ,cl\dy sky4 ,sign$ on left3--8,,jules ,,dupr40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #a ft4 #a 94 #a ft4 #f 94 7#jcb #jdf47 ,,daubigny ,( all ! ,b>bizon pa9t]s & _! arti/ic k9%ip1 ,*>les ,franois ,daubigny 7#ahag-ahgh7 is ! "o :o approa*$ nature ) ! mo/ rev]5t _s4 ,he is 9 a way ! lea/ subjective ( !m all1 because 8 love ( nature ev5 9 h] simple/ aspects prev5t$ him f impos+ 8 own p]sonality ^u h]2 & = ?is v reason he is m v>i$ 9 8 range ( l&scape subjects ?an any ( ! o!r ma/]s ( ?is important gr\p4 ,! mo/ fugitive effects ( light & atmosph]e 7 seiz$ by him ) a ma/]ly sur5ess :i* f\nd expression 9 e t\* ( 8 summ>y bru%4 ,e h\r ( ! day1 e season ( ! ye>1 e mood ( nature appeal$ to him ) equal int5sity1 al?\gh ! *oice ( 8 subjects is mo/ frequ5tly inspir$ by s]5e optimism4 ,daubigny belong$ to a family ( arti/s4 ,he receiv$ 8 fir/ in/ruction f 8 fa!r1 & aft]w>ds /udi$ "u ,del>o*e4 ,be=e he began to pa9t l&scapes 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is1 he ga9$ 8 livelihood by pa9t+ sweet-boxes6 ,he f\nd 8 be/ subjects on ! banks ( ! ,oise1 b work$ also 9 o!r di/ricts ( ,france1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,engl&4 ,( 8 soj\rn 9 ,engl& we are rem9d$ by ,! ,?ames at ,eri? 7,no4 #bhba71 "o ( ! ?irte5 ,daubignys bequea!d to ! ,l\vre by ,?omy ,?iry1 :i* also include ! sun-flood$ ,weir ,gate at ,optevoz 7,no4 #bhah1 ,plate ,,li471 ,! ,pond ) ,/orks 7,no4 #bhae71 ,les ,pni*es 7,no4 #bhbj71 ,morn+ on ! ,riv] 7,no4 #bhbd71 & ,! ,banks ( ! ,oise 7,no4 #bhbc74 ,! ,v9tage 9 ,burgundy 7,no4 #ahd71 :i* 0 b\ght by ! ,/ate at ! ridicul\sly l[ price ( #djj1 is a picture ( unusually l>ge dim5sions = an arti/ :o g5]ally ne$$ b a small surface to express 8 ard5t wor%ip ( nature4 ,! delici\s ,spr+ 7,no4 #ahe71 ) its blossom+ apple trees & "y grass1 mu/ be c\nt$ among 8 f9e/ a*ievem5ts4 ,x is a picture t fills ! he>t ( ! behold] ) ! joy & cont5tm5t eng5d]$ by ! bli! atmosph]e ( a bright spr+ day 9 ! c\ntry4 ,,millet ,! ,l\vre is =tunate 9 possess+ no few] ?an a doz5 pictures by ,jean ,franois ,millet 7#ahad-ahge71 ! great pa9t] ( ! peasant's unceas+ /ruggle ) ! =ces ( nature to ga9 8 livelihood f ! soil4 ,millet himself 0 ! son ( a peasant1 & 0 kept busy ) f>m "w until he _h atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty1 :5 he began to /udy art at ,*]b\rg4 ,8 /udies 7 repeat$ly int]rupt$ be=e he def9itely took up art z 8 pr(ession4 ,be=e he w5t to ,b>bizon1 9 #ahdi1 to devote himself exclusively to ! g5re 9 :i* he 0 to a*ieve immortal fame1 he ga9$ popul> fav\r & admission to ! ,salon by foll[+ ! eighte5?-c5tury tradition ( my?ological art1 & pa9t$ a numb] ( nude /udies ( nymphs1 goddesses1 & cupids1 n unlike 9 /yle to ^? ( ,diaz1 b already m>k$ by t firmness ( design & by ! monum5tal "* t are s rem>kable 9 8 lat] "w4 ,! /udy ( ,ba?+ ,wom5 7,no4 #fdb7 belongs to t p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,li4--,,*>les ,,fran,,ois ,,daubigny 7#ahag-ahgh7 ,no4 #bhah4--,,! ,,weir ,,gate ,,at ,,optevoz 7,la ,vanne d',optevoz7 ,9 ! limpid cle> wat] ( ! riv]1 9 ! =egr\nd1 are reflect$ ! blue sky & ! opposite riv] bank1 :i*1 f a grassy slope on ! left *anges abruptly1 ne> ! weir gate1 into a /eep1 l[1 s&/one cliff1 on ! cre/ ( :i* "s trees & bu%es are silh\ett$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,on ! left "s ducks are swimm+ on ! mirror-l wat]4 ,sign$ on left3--8,,daubigny1 #ahei40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #a ft4 #g 94 #b ft4 #d 94 7#jdi #jgc47 ,aft] he _h settl$ at ,b>bizon1 ,millet1 ^: peasant orig9 0 probably ! cause ( 8 int5se sympa?y ) ! /ruggles & h>d%ips ( ! field lab\r]s' fatigu+ "w1 devot$ 8 bru% to creat+ t pr(\ndly mov+ record ( lab\r & toil :i* con/itutes 8 claim to be consid]$ "o ( ! _w's great ma/]s4 ,he knew h[ to inve/ sc5es ( humble life ) truly monum5tal gr&eur1 & br\ght out ! hopeless monotony & cruel h>d%ips ( ! life l$ by ! till]s ( ! soil ) su* incisive /r5g?1 t he 0 accus$ ( propag&i/ t5d5cies4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 0 fur!r f 8 aim4 ,he 0 an arti/ pure & simple1 :o1 9 foll[+ 8 own unpopul> ideal1 pref]r$ to suff] neglect & extreme pov]ty to a compromise ) ! ta/e ( ! vulg>4 ,! ,wom5 ,glean+ 7,no4 #fdd1 ,plate ,,lii47 may be consid]$ 8 supreme a*ievem5t1 & an epitome ( 8 :ole art4 ,millet alone c\ld h inve/$ s bald & unpromis+ a subject ) s mu* epic gr&eur4 ,!re is 9 ! rhy?mic repetition ( ! action ( ! two wom5 9 ! c5tre ( ! composition a s5se ( ! inevitable hopeless monotony ( lab\r 9 ! fields1 ev5 if ! picture is n 8a plea aga9/ ! mis]y ( ! p40 ,! same /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! result+ physical fatigue are admirably express$ 9 ! /atuesquely silh\ett$ figure ( ,! ,we$-burn] 7,no4 #bhij74 ,! ,woodcutt] 7,no4 #bhie71 ,! ,/rawb9d]s 7,no4 #bhib71 & ,! ,w9n[] 7,no4 #bhic7 all exemplify ?is phase ( ,millet's art4 ,! dome/ic life ( ! peasantry is treat$ ) equally pr(\nd sympa?y 9 ,mat]nal ,precaution 7,no4 #bhid71 ,la ,c\seuse 7,no4 #fdd;,a71 & ,la ,lessiveuse 7,no4 #bhia74 ,among 8 comp>atively r>e pure l&scape subjects ,! ,*ur* ( ,grville 7,no4 #fda71 :i* 0 f\nd 9 an unf9i%$ /ate 9 ! arti/'s /udio aft] 8 dea?1 takes v high rank4 ,x is z rem>kable = ! simple tell+ tru? ) :i* ! normal aspect ( ! l&scape is r5d]$1 z ! ,spr+ 7,no4 #fdc7 is = ! realisation ( a m uncommon effect--a ra9b[ & ! %rill acc5t ( sunlight 9 ! or*>d "u ! lead5 grey ( ! dep>t+ ?und] cl\ds4 ,,daumi] ,:at ,millet did = ! life ( ! c\ntry1 ,honor ,daumi] 7#ahjh-ahgi7 did = ! life ( ! t[n1 ( :i* he 0 a %rewd & critical obs]v]4 ,b 8 long practice z a c>icaturi/ made him look ^u ! types t engag$ 8 bru% ) a c]ta9 cruel bitt]ness :i* is f> remov$ f ,millet's human sympa?y4 ,) a palette re/rict$ almo/ to black & grey1 ,daumi] yet prov$ himself a great col\ri/ ?r\gh ! infallible accuracy ( 8 tone-values & ! sugge/ion ( ri* col\r 9 8 almo/ mono*rome s*emes4 ,8 design is z massive & monum5tal z ,millet's4 ,! t\* ( ! macabre1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,daumi]'s art1 is v evid5t 9 ,! ,?ieves & ! ,donkey 7,no4 #bicg74 ,! ,portrait ( ! ,pa9t] ,?odore ,r\sseau 7,no4 #bich7 holds a h9t ( ! c>icaturi/'s vision4 ,,c\rbet ,equally f> remov$ f1 & ho/ile to1 ,classicism & ,romanticism 0 ,gu/ave ,c\rbet 7#ahai-ahgg71 :o z head & f\nd] ( ! ,reali/ic s*ool ex]cis$ a prodigi\s influ5ce ^u n9ete5?-c5tury art4 ,he 0 ess5tially a fight+ _s1 det]m9$ to ov]come (ficial ho/ility to 8 revolution>y pr9ciples4 ,exclud$ f public exhibitions1 he held a private %[ ( 8 own works1 & def5d$ 8 !ories by spok5 & writt5 argum5ts4 ,8 j claim 0 t x did n matt] :at y pa9t1 b h[ y pa9t :at y actually see2 & 9 con=mity ) 8 l\dly proclaim$ pr9ciples he (t5 *ose subjects t 7 (f5sive to ! ta/e ( 8 day4 ,at ! same "t we c see n[ t he 0 end[$ ) a ke5 in/9ctive feel+ = pictorial fitness1 & t mo/ ( 8 pictures are f> f be+ haphaz>d snap%ots ( actuality4 ,9 8 /ud5t ye>s he _h copi$ _m ma/]pieces by ,rembr&t1 ,velazquez1 ,hals1 & ,van ,dyck4 ,h[ mu* he b5efit$ f ! example ( ! old ma/]s is to be judg$ f 8 portrait ( himself1 kn[n z ,! ,man ) ! ,lea!r-belt 7,no4 #adg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lii4--,,jean ,,fran,,ois ,,millet 7#ahad-ahge7 ,no4 #fdd4--,,wom5 ,,glean+ 7,les ,glaneuses7 ,9 a h>ve/-field ?ree female glean]s1 se5 9 pr(ile to ! left1 are occupi$ ) pick+ up blades ( corn4 ,two ( !m are b5d+ "r d[n1 ) _! "r h&s t\*+ ! gr\nd2 ! ?ird woman is half erect4 ,9 ! backgr\nd "s ricks1 a c>t & horses1 h>ve/]s1 a f>m build+1 & a horseman4 ,sign$ on "r3--8,j4 ,f4 ,,millet40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #b ft4 #h 94 #c ft4 #h 94 7#jhb #aab47 ,by f> 8 mo/ fam\s picture is ! gigantic ,fun]al at ,ornans 7,no4 #adc71 :i*1 z a /udy ( ! life & types 9 a small ,fr5* prov9cial t[n1 has aptly be5 comp>$ ) ,flaub]t's great novel ,madame ,bov>y4 ,ea* individual head 9 ?is va/ composition is a m>vell\s /udy ( facial expression4 ,9 8 l&scapes1 aga91 he 0 by no means photographic1 & he nev] fail$ to consid] ! decorative effectiv5ess ( 8 pictures4 ,8 influ5ce ^u ,:i/l]'s e>ly "w is to be judg$ f ,! ,wave 7,no4 #adg;,a74 ,if 8 l&scapes reta9 to a c]ta9 ext5t ! atmosph]e ( ! /udio1 su* pieces z ,la ,remise des ,*evreuils 7,no4 #ade;,a7 & ,le ,ruisseau du ,puits noir 7,no4 #adf;,a7 cle>ly %[ t he possess$ a s\nd und]/&+ ( ! way 9 :i* col\rs react ^u1 & modify1 ea* o!r4 ,c\rbet's revolution>y t5d5cies made him take "p 9 ! political movem5t ( ! ,commune1 & =c$ him to leave 8 native c\ntry4 ,he di$ 9 ,switz]l& 9 #ahgg4 ,,meissoni] ,x 0 realism ( a v diff]5t k9d t made public op9ion place ,jean ,l\is ,erne/ ,meissoni] 7#ahae-ahia7 on a p9nacle1 f :i* he has only 9 rec5t ye>s be5 transf]r$ to ! m mode/ position due to him1 = ! exquisite m9ute c>e he be/[$ ^u ! work+ out ( insignificant details4 ,meissoni] 0 a draughtsman & an illu/rator r ?an a pa9t]4 ,z a col\ri/ he does n c\nt4 ,he _h no appreciation ( values1 textures1 sub/ances1 & surfaces4 ,no?+ c\ld be m to ! po9t ?an ,manet's mordant rem>k t 9 ,meissoni]'s pictures 8ev]y?+ is ( iron except ! cuirasses40 ,/ill1 ! m9d t f9ds delight 9 small ?+s w dwell ) pleasure ^u ! microscopic details ( 8 little co/ume pictures ,! ,flute ,play] 7,no4 #bhhg71 ,! ,poet 7,no4 #bhhi71 & sev]al simil> 8gems0 at ! ,l\vre4 ,/rangely en\gh ! ,portrait ( ,mme4 ,g]riot 7,no4 #bife71 :i* he pa9t$ at ! age ( n9ete51 has m bread? & real "* ?an any ( 8 lat] works4 ,! *ief task ( ,meissoni]'s life 0 ! glorification ( ,napoleon ,i4's campaigns4 ,( ?is fam\s s]ies ! ,l\vre includes no example4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! collection owns ?ree important hi/orical pictures f 8 bru% 9 ,napoleon ,,iii4 at ,solf]9o 7,no4 #bieg71 :i* long hung 9 ! ,luxemb\rg ,gall]y1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 surr\nd$ by 8 ,/aff 7,no4 #bieh71 & ,! ,siege ( ,p>is 7,no4 #bifi71 9 ! pa9t+ ( :i* he _h at lea/ ! advantage ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1 z he _h foll[$ ! ,emp]or's army on ! ,italian campaign1 & 0 9 ,p>is dur+ ! siege4 ,altoge!r ! ,l\vre owns no few] ?an tw5ty-n9e pa9t+s by ,meissoni]4 ,,ric>d ,if ,meissoni] is beg9n+ to f9d 8 prop] level aft] hav+ be5 grossly ov]rat$1 ,l\is ,gu/ave ,ric>d 7#ahbd-ahgc71 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable portrait pa9t]s ( 8 c5tury1 has only j 9 rec5t ye>s be5 rescu$ f almo/ complete oblivion4 ,a pupil ( ,l4 ,cogniet1 ,ric>d sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 copy+ ! works & analys+ ! te*nical me?ods ( ! old ma/]s1 & 9 travell+ 9 ,italy1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 & ,engl&4 ,x 0 n be=e 8 return to ,p>is 9 #ahej t he began to exhibit4 ,ric>d 0 exclusively a portrait pa9t]4 ,te*nically 8 e>ly /udies enabl$ him to arrive at a me?od ( s+ul> morbidezza & w>m lum9osity4 ,!re is a c]ta9 tru? 9 a mod]n critic's description ( ,ric>d's pigm5ts z be+ compos$ ( 8cru%$ jewels1 fl[] juice1 & gold & silv] p[d]40 ,! great m]it ( ,ric>d's portraits is1 h[ev]1 8 extraord9>y insight into 8 sitt]s' psy*ology4 ,to him a portrait meant m ?an a correct record ( ! model's sup]ficial aspect3 he endeav\r$ to pa9t ! v s\l 9 s f> z x c be read f eyes & lips4 ,9 ?is respect he is ! desc5dant ( ,giorgione & ! =]unn] ( ,watts & ,c>rire4 ,! portraits ( ,! ,pa9t] ,heilbu? 7,no4 #ggh;,a71 ( ,mme4 de ,calonne 7,no4 #ggh;,e71 ( ,8 ,own ,portrait 7,no4 #ggh71 & ! badly crack$ ,portrait ( ,paul de ,musset 7,no4 #ggh;,b71 may be quot$ z admirable in/ances ( 8 art4 ,,manet ,we mu/ close ?is necess>ily fragm5t>y survey ( ,fr5* art at ! ,l\vre ) ! m5tion ( ,ed\>d ,manet 7#ahcb-ahhc71 ^: ,olympia 7,no4 #fac;,a1 ,plate ,,liii47 is ! fir/1 & s f> ! only pa9t+ ( ! ,impressioni/ s*ool t has ga9$ access to ?is gall]y4 ,x 0 =m]ly exhibit$ at ! ,luxemb\rg4 ,hung z x is n[ 9 ,gall]y ,,viii4 amid ! works ( ,david1 ,gros1 ,+res1 ,delacroix1 ,del>o*e1 & o!r e>ly n9ete5?-c5tury pa9t]s1 ?is ,olympia fully expla9s ! s5sation1 b c]ta9ly n ! indignation1 caus$ by its fir/ appe>ance at ! ,salon ( #ahfe4 ,x s+s out ) su* brilliant purity ( col\r & is s emphatic 9 ! patt]n+ ( its design1 s d>+ 9 ! plac+ side by side ( almo/ unmodulat$ b infallibly accurate col\r masses1 t ev]y?+ ar\nd appe>s m or less d+y & artificial4 ,manet's ,olympia m>ks ! dawn ( a new era1 n because x is bas$ on a revolution>y rejection ( tradition1 b because x is true to ! _s ( ! be/ tradition1 :i* is n c>ri$ on by lit]al & me*anical imitation1 b by evolution & adaptation to mod]n life & ?\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,liii4--,,d\>d ,,manet 7#ahcb-ahhc7 ,no4 #fac;,a4--,,olympia ,a nude woman1 ) blue-edg$ yell[ sat9 slipp]s on h] feet1 a n>r[ black rib& r\nd h] neck1 & a gold bracelet on h] "r arm1 is recl9+ on a b$1 h] "r arm re/+ on ! cu%ion4 ,b5ea? h] is spread a yell[i%1 fl[]$ ,indian %awl4 ,a black cat ) rais$ tail /&s at h] feet on ! b$4 ,beh9d ! b$ is se5 a negress1 :o br+s a l>ge b\quet ( fl[]s to h] mi/ress4 ,sign$ on left3--8,,ed4 ,,manet1 #ahfe40 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #d ft4 #b 94 #f ft4 #c 94 7#abg #aij47 ,,! ,,briti% ,,s*ool ,if ! repres5tation ( ,fr5* art at ! ,national ,gall]y 9 ,london is admitt$ly meagre & inadequate1 ! ,briti% section at ! ,l\vre c sc>cely be consid]$ wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,its entire removal1 ) ! exception ( ab\t half a doz5 pictures1 w\ld n only entail no s]i\s loss to ! collection1 b w\ld be an act ( ju/ice to ! reputation ( sev]al great arti/s :o are "h made responsible = pictures ^u :i* !y presumably nev] set eyes4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is q impossible to illu/rate ! progress ( ,briti% art by ! two-score or s examples 9 ! ,long ,gall]y1 "p ( :i* is devot$ to ! ,engli% pictures4 ,( ! lead+ ma/]s1 ,hog>? 7#afig-agfd7 & ,ga9sbor\gh 7#agbg-aghh7 w be va9ly look$ =1 s9ce ! two ,l&scapes 7,nos4 #ahaa & #ahaa;,b7 attribut$ to ! latt] 9 ! ,la ,caze ,room are inf]ior conv5tional compositions 9 ,italian ta/e1 :i* c no m be connect$ ) ! "n ( ,ga9sbor\gh ?an ! wret*$ ,/ill ,life :i* has lately be5 add$ to ! ,l\vre collection4 ,,con/able ,,& ,,8 ,,imitators ,9 view ( ! p[]ful influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,con/able & ! ,briti% ,l&scape s*ool 9 g5]al ^u mod]n ,fr5* art1 x is surpris+ t no attempts %\ld h be5 made to secure a few examples ( great] importance & m c]ta9 au!nticity ?an ! ones n[ exhibit$4 ,six pictures are catalogu$ "u ! "n ( ,john ,con/able 7#aggf-ahcg72 ! only "o t c be unres]v$ly accept$ z ! "w ( 8 bru% is ! little view ( ,hamp/ead ,hea? 7,no4 #ahji1 ,plate ,,liv471 :i* 0 pres5t$ to ! ,l\vre 9 #ahgg by ! pa9t]'s son1 ,mr4 ,lionel ,con/able4 ,x is a fre%1 ma/]ly /udy = ! picture 9 ! ,%eep%anks collection at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,! ,weym\? ,bay 7,no4 #ahjh71 :i* realis$ z mu* z #bbdj at ! ,m>quis de la ,ro*ebrune's sale 9 #ahgc1 has be5 en?usia/ically comm5t$ ^u by ,brg]1 b _c pass ! ordeal ( se>*+ criticism4 ,x is incoh]5t1 & 9 ! details ( ! =egr\nd & ! pa9t+ ( ! figures & %eep lacks ! purposeful sur5ess ( t\* :i* is ! hall-m>k ( ,con/able's art4 ,! ,cottage 7,no4 #ahjf7 has ! same prov5ance4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,m4 ,turn]1 9 an article 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 sugge/s t ,f4 ,w4 ,watts1 a feeble imitator ( ,con/able1 is ! real au?or ( ?is timidly execut$ pa9t+--an attribution :i* is c]ta9ly m conv9c+ ?an ! "o 9 ! (ficial catalogue4 ,! ,glebe ,f>m 7,no4 #ahaj7 tallies closely1 z reg>ds ! sup]ficial aspect1 ) ! picture ( ! same title at ! ,national ,gall]y1 to :i* x is1 h[ev]1 s inf]ior z to put ,con/able's au?or%ip out ( ! "q4 ,! ,w9dmill 7,no4 #ahaj;,a71 a gift ( ,mr4 ,s$elmey]1 seems to be a copy ( ! ,spr+ at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,! ,ra9b[ 7,no4 #ahjg7 may possibly be by ,con/able1 al?\gh its au?or%ip has be5 que/ion$ by sev]al reliable au?orities4 ,james ,webb 7#ahbe8-ahie71 a pa9t] ( und5iable tal5t = imitat+ ! mann] ( arti/s great] ?an himself1 is beyond mu* d\bt responsible bo? = ! ,l&scape 7,no4 #ahbj71 :i* is (ficially giv5 to ,ri*>d ,wilson 7#agad-aghb71 & = ! view ( ! ,pont ,neuf 7,no4 #ahai71 :i* is /ill exhibit$ z an example by ! greate/ ,engli% l&scape pa9t] ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn] 7#agge-ahea74 ,un=tunately ,turn]'s "n has to be add$ to ,hog>?'s & ,ga9sbor\gh's 9 ! li/ ( em95t ,briti% ma/]s :o are n repres5t$ at ! ,l\vre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,liv4--,,john ,,con/able 7#aggf-ahcg7 ,no4 #ahji4--;,,hamp/ead ,,hea? 7,vue de ,hamp/ead ,hea?7 ,a wide-spread+ l&scape view1 ) little incid5t1 f ,hamp/ead ,hea? look+ 9 a nor!rly direction4 ,pa9t$ 9 oil on canvas4 #a ft4 #a 94 #a ft4 #b 94 7#jbf #jcf47 ,,bon+ton ,t ,ri*>d ,p>kes ,bon+ton 7#ahja-ahbh7 %\ld be se5 to bett] advantage 9 ?is collection1 is only natural 9 view ( ! fact t by 8 tra9+ at ! cole des ,beaux-,arts 9 ,p>is & "u ,gros he belongs to ! ,fr5* r ?an to ! ,engli% s*ool4 ,he 0 closely alli$ by ! bond ( fri5d%ip to ,delacroix1 & play$ an important "p 9 ! romantic movem5t4 ,! two little pictures ,franois ,i4 & ! ,du*esse d',etampes 7,no4 #ahjb7 & ,maz>9 & ,anne ( ,au/ria 7,no4 #ahjc7 are conceiv$ q 9 ! _s ( ! ,fr5* ,romantici/s4 ,bon+ton's g5ius z a col\ri/ is1 h[ev]1 be/ display$ 9 ! sp>kl+ & animat$ ,view ( ,v5ice 7,no4 #ahje74 ,admirable1 too1 9 _! spontane\s fre%ness are ! ,view ( ! ,g>d5s at ,v]sailles 7,no4 #ahjd7 & ! ,view ( ! ,coa/ ( ,norm&y 7,no4 #ahjd;,a74 ,! ,old ,gov]ness 7,no4 #ahje;,a71 "o ( ,bon+ton's r>e attempts at portraiture1 is rem>kable = ! acc5tuation ( ! modell+1 :i* someh[ sugge/s ! broad treatm5t ( ! planes adopt$ by a wood-c>v]4 ,! picture :i* is catalogu$ z ,la ,halte 7,no4 #ahad71 by ,george ,morl& 7#agfc-ahjd71 is m]ely a poor copy ( t arti/'s pa9t+ ,! ,public-h\se ,door1 engrav$ by ,w>d4 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,l\vre by ! proprietors ( ! magaz9e ,l',art4 ,:5 we come to ! great s*ool ( ,briti% portrait pa9t+1 we h to record at lea/ two or ?ree ma/]pieces wor?y ( be+ includ$ 9 a great museum4 ,a picture ( unque/ion$ au!nticity & great *>m is ! ,portrait ( ,ma/] ,h>e 7,no4 #ahah;,b7 by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds 7#agbc-agib71 :o 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r simil> pieces1 prov$ himself ! pa9t] p> excell5ce ( *ildhood 9 all its innoc5ce & +5u\sness1 ev5 ?\gh ?is picture is by no means impeccable z reg>ds draughtsman%ip4 ,! ,ma/] ,h>e 0 bequea!d to ! ,l\vre by ,b>on ,alphonse de ,ro?s*ild 9 #aije4 ,! badly repa9t$ ,portrait ( a ,lady 7,no4 #ahah;,a7 9 a :ite dress1 & ) p[d]$ hair1 is c]ta9ly n ! "w ( ,sir ,jo%ua1 "u ^: "n x figures 9 ! catalogue4 ,,raeburn ,among ! rec5t additions to ! ,l\vre collection is ! excell5t life-size portrait ( ,capta9 ,rob]t ,hay ( ,spot1 by ,sir ,h5ry ,raeburn 7#agef-ahbc71 :i* /ill hangs on a scre5 9 ,gall]y ,,xv4 & has n yet be5 provid$ ) a numb]4 ,x is a full-l5g? portrait ( ! sitt]1 9 uni=m ( sc>let coat1 :ite bree*es1 black gait]s1 & fur busby1 8 h& re/+ ^u 8 gun1 /&+ aga9/ a conv5tional l&scape backgr\nd ) a sky ( *>act]i/ic tawny hue4 ,! picture 0 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,s&]son1 at ! sale ( :i*1 9 #aijh1 x 0 b\ght by ,messrs4 ,agnew = #fej gs4 ,to ,raeburn are also ascrib$ ! extremely puzzl+ ,portrait ( an ,old ,sailor 7,no4 #ahag71 :i*1 9 spite ( c]ta9 te*nical aff9ities ) ! ,briti% eighte5?-c5tury s*ool1 is s un-,engli% 9 _s t x w\ld be ra% to ascribe x to any ma/] ( t s*ool2 ! negligeable ,portrait ( ,anna ,moore1 ,au?oress 7,no4 #ahag;,a72 also ! utt]ly commonplace & wret*$ly drawn ,mrs4 ,macono*ie & ,*ild 7,no4 #ahag;,b71 :i* 0 b\ght 9 #aijd1 toge!r ) ! equally que/ionable ,portrait ( a ,lady & a ,"y ,boy 7,no4 #ahab;,b71 by ,hoppn]1 = #djjj4 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,lawr5ce ,! /rangely exagg]at$ e/imation 9 :i* ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce 7#agfi-ahcj7 is held by ,fr5* connoisseurs1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t to be acc\nt$ = by ! sup]b quality ( ! picture by :i* he is be/ kn[n 9 ,france3 ! portrait gr\p ( ,j4 ,j4 ,ang]/e9 & 8 ,wife 7,no4 #ahac;,a7 at ! ,l\vre1 :i* 0 acquir$ 9 #ahif = #cjjj4 ,?is f9e gr\p displays all 8 bravura & pleas+ fre%ness & brightness ( col\r1 )\t any ( ! vulg> tricks & %all[ mann]isms ( 8 lat] ye>s4 ,next to x %\ld be m5tion$ ! *>m+ half-l5g? life-size ,portrait ( ,m>y ,palm] 7,no4 #ahac;,c71 9 a yell[ dress1 seat$ 9 a g>d54 ,! completely wreck$ ,portrait ( ,"l ,:itwor?1 ,engli% ,ambassador to ,france 9 #ahjb 7,no4 #ahac71 & ! ,portrait ( a ,man 7,no4 #ahac;,d71 are ( no arti/ic significance4 ,nei!r is x necess>y to dwell ^u ! m$iocre ,bro!r & ,si/] 7,no4 #ahja71 by ,sir ,william ,bee*ey 7#agec-ahci72 ! ,portrait ( ,*>lotte ,sophia ( ,meckl5burg-,/relitz1 ,pr9cess ( ,wales 7,no4 #ahah71 by ,allan ,ramsay 7#agac-aghd72 & ! ,portrait ( ,lam>t9e1 ,fr5* ,poet & ,politician 7,no4 #ahaf;,a71 by ,h5ry ,wyndham ,phillips 7#ahbj-ahfh74 ,! ,woman 9 ,:ite 7,no4 #ahaf7 is at lea/ a s\nd piece ( craftsman%ip1 ev5 if ! attribution to ,john ,opie 7#agfa-ahjg71 8! ,corni% ,wond]10 is subject to d\bt4 ,,o!r ,,portrait ,,pa9t]s ,we h already m5tion$ ! portrait gr\p 7,no4 #ahab;,b71 a picture 9 deplorable condition1 to :i* ! "n ( ,john ,hoppn] 7#ageh8-ahaj7 has be5 atta*$ )\t suffici5t reason4 ,no less d\btful is ! au!nticity ( ! ,portrait ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,ox=d 7,no4 #ahab;,a71 a m]etrici\s picture :i* s]ves to %[ ! mann]isms & /riv+ aft] prett9ess ( ,lawr5ce's rival1 r ?an ! m e/imable qualities by :i* 8 bett] a*ievem5ts are di/+ui%$4 ,george ,romney 7#agcd-ahjb71 on ! o!r h&1 is se5 9 8 mo/ s]i\s mood 9 ! ,portrait ( ,sir ,john ,/anley 7,no4 #ahah;,c7-- a ?or\ghly hone/ 8lik5ess10 well drawn1 & pa9t$ /raight-=w>dly1 )\t tricky acc5ts & me*anical recipes4 ,on a scre5 9 ,gall]y ,,xv4 has be5 tempor>ily plac$ a rec5tly acquir$ ,portrait ( ! ,arti/1 by ,romney4 ,he is seat$1 palette 9 h&1 9 a l&scape backgr\nd4 ,! features are well modell$1 & ! light & %ade manag$ ) consid]able skill4 ,/rangely en\gh ! mo/ rem>kable ,engli% picture at ! ,l\vre is by a little kn[n pa9t]1 :o is n repres5t$ 9 any ( ! lead+ ,briti% gall]ies4 ,*>les ,h[>d ,hodges 7#agfd-ahcg71 :o 0 born 9 ,london1 b w5t at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r to ,holl&1 :]e he sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life1 0 really a mezzot9t engrav]1 9 :i* craft he _h be5 tra9$ by ,john ,raphael ,smi?4 ,he produc$ _m plates aft] pictures by ! ,dut* ma/]s1 & also pa9t$ a few portraits1 among !m ! ma/]ly ,portrait ( a ,woman 7,no4 #ahab71 at ! ,l\vre4 ,at a "t :i* 0 too mu* giv5 to conv5tionality & to ! desire to please by concessions to a popul> crav+ = prett9ess1 ?is picture /rikes a note ( almo/ brutal realism4 ,x is pa9t$ ) surpris+ vig\r & ) an appreciation ( correct tone-values1 9 a l[ key1 :i* h]alds ! art ( ! ,glasg[ s*ool 9 ! lat] decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,) ,! ,ba?+ ,woman 7,no4 #ahaj;,b71 by ,william ,etty 7#aghg-ahdi71 & ,! ,wat]+ ,place 7,no4 #ahae71 by ,william ,mulready 7#aghf-ahfc71 we rea* ! full decad5ce ( ! ,briti% s*ool 9 e>ly ,victorian days be=e ! great revival initiat$ by ! pre-,raphaelites4 ,,indexes ,i4 ,,index ,,( ,,arti/s ,albani1 ,francesco1 #e1 #aai4 ,alb]t9elli1 #aa1 #dc1 #df4 ,alti*i]i1 ,alti*i]o1 #gi1 #he1 #aje4 8,alunno di ,dom5ico10 #cd1 #db4 ,amb]g]1 ,c41 #acc4 ,ambrogio da ,fossano1 #id4 ,ambrogio da ,pr$is1 #ce1 #ig4 8,amico di ,s&ro10 #da4 ,&rea dal ,ca/agno1 #be1 #bh1 #cj4 ,&rea de ,milan1 #aic4 ,&rea del ,s>to1 #b1 #c1 #de-df1 #ahf1 #bci4 ,angelico1 ,fra1 #aj1 #bb-bd1 #bf-bg1 #abf4 ,anguissola1 ,s(onisba1 #ajc4 ,anselmi1 ,mi*elangelo1 #dg4 ,antonello da ,mess9a1 #fe1 #ie4 ,portrait ( a ,condotti]e1 ,plate ,,ix4 ,antoniazzo ,romano1 #ee-ef4 ,arellano1 ,juan de1 #aij4 ,ar5tz51 ,ar5t1 #baf4 ,artois1 ,jacob van1 #aed4 ,asselyn1 ,jan1 #bag4 ,audran1 ,claude1 #bfa4 ,bac*iacca1 #df4 ,backhuys51 ,ludolf1 #bbb4 ,bagnacavallo1 ,h41 #fj1 #aae4 ,baldov9etti1 ,alessio1 #bh1 #cj-cb1 #ec4 ,balducci1 ,matteo1 #ej4 ,bal51 ,h5drick van1 #acg1 #adf1 #adi1aef4 ,bamboccio1 #bba4 ,b>occio1 #aag4 ,b>tolo di ,mae/ro ,fr$i1 #ag4 ,b>tolommeo di ,giovanni1 #cd4 ,b>tolommeo1 ,fra1 #dc1 #dd4 ,b>tolommeo ,v5eto1 #ff4 ,bassano1 ,jacopo1 #gc1 #gf1 #agc4 ,bassano1 ,le&ro1 #gc1 #aij4 ,ba/iani1 ,lazz>o1 #fe4 ,beccafumi1 #ej4 ,bee*ey1 ,sir ,wm41 #cjg4 ,be]/rat51 ,abrahamsz1 #bbb4 ,bega1 ,cornells1 #bjh4 ,begeyn1 ,abraham1 #bbj4 ,beham1 ,hans ,sebald1 #afb4 ,belle*ose1 ,h5ri1 #bbh4 ,bellegambe1 ,jan1 #bcj4 ,bell9i1 ,g5tile1 #fa-fc1 #fe-ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #aji4 ,bell9i1 ,giovanni1 #fa-fd1 #ff1 #fh-fi1 #ie4 ,bell9i1 ,jacopo1 #fa-fe1 #hj1 #he1 #aje4 ,bell9i1 ,niccolosia1 #hj4 ,belotto1 ,b]n>do1 #gh4 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 #aa1 #be4 ,b5son1 ,ambrosius1 #acj4 ,b5v5uti1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #ia4 ,b]*em1 ,nicolaes1 #bac1 #bbj-bba4 ,b]ckheyde1 ,g]rit1 #bbb4 ,b]mejo1 ,b>tolom1 #bcc4 ,b]reguete1 #agb4 ,b]rett9i1 ,pietro1 #hg4 ,b]t91 ,n41 #bia4 ,besozzo1 ,mi*el9o da1 #ic4 ,bian*i1 ,francesco1 #aa1 #ajg1 #aac4 ,bicci di ,lor5zo1 #ba4 ,bicci1 ,lor5zo di1 #ba4 ,bloma]t1 ,abraham1 #aig1 #bbd4 ,bloot1 ,piet] de1 #baf4 ,boccacc9o1 ,boccaccio1 #ajc4 ,bol1 ,f]d9&1 #bje4 ,boltraffio1 #aj1 #ff1 #ih4 ,bonifazio ,v]onese1 #gc4 ,bon+ton1 ,r4 ,p41 #bha1bhi-bij1 #cje4 ,bono da ,f]r>a1 #hf4 ,bononi1 ,b>tolommeo1 #ii4 ,bonsignori1 #ib4 ,bordone1 ,p>is1 #aj1 #gb4 ,borgognone 7,ambrogio da ,fossano71 #id-if4 ,borgognone 7,le ,b\rguignon71 #bec4 ,bos* van ,aek51 ,hi]onymus1 #acj1 #aed4 ,bo?1 ,jan1 #bag4 ,botticelli1 #bi1 #cd1 #ci-da4 ,giovanna degli ,albizzi & ! ,?ree ,graces1 ,plate ,v4 ,bottic9i1 ,francesco1 #db4 ,b\*]1 ,franois1 #bdf1 #beh1 #bfe-bfi4 ,vulcan pres5t+ ,arms to ,v5us1 ,plate ,,xl4 ,b\logne1 ,bon1 #bea-beb4 ,b\logne1 ,l\is1 #bea-beb4 ,b\longne1 ,jean de1 #bdc4 ,b\rdi*on1 #bci4 ,b\rdon1 ,sba/i51 #bjj1 #bdi4 ,b\ts1 ,di]ick1 #abe-abf1 #aed1 #aic1 #baf4 ,bramante1 #eh1 #ia1 #ib4 ,bramant9o1 #ib4 ,bre5b]g1 #bba4 ,brekel5kam1 ,quiryn1 #baj4 ,bril1 ,mat?ias1 #ach4 ,bril1 ,paul1 #acg-ach4 ,bro$]lam1 ,mel*ior1 #abc4 ,bronz9o1 ,agnolo1 #aa1 #df4 ,br\w]1 ,adria51 #aeb-aec1 #bjh1 #bab4 ,brueghel1 8,hell10 #adi4 ,brueghel1 ,jan1 #acg1 #ada1 #afg4 ,brueghel ! ,eld]1 ,piet]1 #acf-acg1 #aeb4 ,brueghel ! ,y\ng]1 ,piet]1 #acg4 ,brunelles*i1 #bg4 ,brusasorci1 ,dom5ico1 #he4 ,brusasorci ! ,y\ng]1 #gg4 ,bruyn1 ,b>tolomu1 #afa4 ,bugi>d9i1 #dc4 ,buonconsiglio1 ,giovanni1 #aji4 ,but9one1 ,b]n>d9o1 #ib4 ,calc>1 ,giovanni1 #gb1 #aie4 ,calva]t1 ,d5is1 #aae4 ,campi1 ,b]n>d9o1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,camp91 ,rob]t1 #abd-abe4 ,canale1 ,antonio1 #gh4 ,canaletto1 #gh4 ,cant>9i1 ,s41 #abj4 ,c>avaggio1 ,mi*elangelo1 #abj1 #aea1 #agg1 #bbd1 #bdc4 ,c>di1 ,lodovico1 #dg4 ,c>du*o1 ,v9c5te1 #aij4 ,c>iani1 #fh4 ,c>oto1 ,francesco1 #hg4 ,c>paccio1 ,vittore1 #aj1 #fe4 ,c>pi1 ,aless&ro da1 #ajg4 ,c>racci1 ,ago/9o1 #aah4 ,c>racci1 ,annibale1 #e1 #f1 #aj1 #aai1 #ach4 ,c>racci1 ,antonio1 #aai4 ,c>racci1 ,lodovico1 #aah4 ,c>reo de ,mir&a1 ,juan1 #ahc1 #aij4 ,c>rire1 #cja4 ,casanova1 ,franois1 #gh4 ,ca/agno1 ,&rea dal1 #be1 #bh1 #cj4 ,ca/iglione1 ,g4 ,b41 #aah4 ,cat5a1 ,v9c5zo1 #ff4 ,cat]9a di ,vigri1 #aaf4 ,cav$one1 ,jacopo1 #ajg4 ,cazes1 #bfg4 ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 #b4 ,c5ni de' ,pepi1 ,giovanni1 #ai4 ,c]quozzi1 ,m4 ,a41 #aah4 ,ces>e da ,se/o1 #ci1 #ig4 ,*ampaigne1 ,philippe de1 #aee1 #beh4 ,*>d91 ,j4 ,b4 ,s41 #ac1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfg-bfh1 #bga4 ,grace be=e ,meat1 ,plate ,,xli4 ,cigoli1 ,h41 #dg4 ,cima1 ,giovanni ,batti/a1 #aa1 #fd4 ,cimabue1 #aa1 #ae1 #ai4 ,civ]*io1 #aje4 ,claesz1 ,piet]1 #bbj4 ,claeszoon1 ,al>t1 #aie4 ,claude1 #f1 #aeg1 #bag1 #bdg-bdh1 #beg1 #bgd1 #bhi4 ,view ( a ,sea ,port1 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,cl\et1 ,franois1 #bcg4 ,cl\et1 ,jean1 #bce-bcf4 ,codde1 ,piet]1 #bjg4 ,cogniet1 ,l41 #cja4 ,collantes1 ,francisco1 #aij4 ,coltell9i1 ,mi*ele1 #ib4 8,compagno di ,pesell9o10 #cj4 ,con/able1 ,john1 #bha1 #bhi-bij1 #bib1 #bid1 #cjc-cjd4 ,hamp/ead ,hea?1 ,plate ,,liv4 ,conti1 ,b]n>d9o de1 #ch1 #ig4 ,coop]1 ,t4 ,sidney1 ,r4,a41 #bah4 ,coques1 ,gonzales1 #aej1 #aed4 ,corneille de ,lyon1 #bch4 ,corneliss51 ,cornelis1 #aii4 ,corot1 ,j4 ,b4 ,c41 #bij-bib4 ,! ,well1 ,plate ,,xlix4 ,correggio1 #g1 #i1 #ajg1 #aac-aad1 #aag1 #agg1 #bgh4 ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 ,plate ,,xv4 ,cossa1 ,francesco1 #ij1 #aja4 ,co/a1 ,lor5zo1 #e1 #ij-ia1 #aja-ajb1 #aae4 ,cot]1 ,col9 de1 #acc4 ,cotes1 ,francis1 #bga4 ,cottignola1 ,zaganelli da1 #fj4 ,c\rbet1 ,gu/ave1 #bih4 ,c\rtois1 ,jacques1 #bec4 ,c\s91 ,jean1 #bdj4 ,c\ture1 ,?omas1 #bhh4 ,coxie1 ,raphael van1 #aea4 ,coypel1 ,anto9e1 #beb4 ,coypel1 ,*>les ,anto9e1 #beb4 ,coypel1 ,nol1 #beb4 ,coypel1 ,nol ,nicolas1 #beb1 #bfg4 ,craesbeeck1 ,joos van1 #aeb4 ,crana* ! ,eld]1 ,lucas1 #afb4 ,crana* ! ,y\ng]1 ,lucas1 #afc4 ,cray]1 ,gasp> de1 #aea4 ,cr$i1 ,lor5zo di1 #aa4 ,crespi1 ,g4 ,m41 #abj4 ,crivelli1 ,c>lo1 #fd1 #hj4 ,cuevas1 ,p$ro de las1 #aij4 ,cuyp1 ,aelb]t1 #h1 #bag4 ,dalmau1 ,luis de1 #aga-agb4 ,daniele da ,volt]ra1 #dg4 ,daubigny1 ,*>les ,franois1 #bie-bif4 ,! ,weir ,gate at ,optevoz1 ,plate ,,li4 ,daumi]1 ,h41 #bih4 ,david1 ,g]>d1 #abh-acj1 #aic4 ,m>riage at ,cana1 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,david1 ,jacques ,l\is1 #bed1 #bfi1 #bge-bgf1 #bgh4 ,portrait ( ,mme4 ,rcami]1 ,plate ,,xlv4 ,de ,la ,fosse1 ,*>les1 #beb4 ,deb>1 ,b41 #bfd4 ,deck]1 ,cornelis1 #bag4 ,delacroix1 ,eugne1 #bej1 #bgi1 #bha-bhc1 #bhe1 #bij1 #bie4 ,dante & ,virgil1 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,del>o*e1 ,paul1 #bhe1 #bhh1 #bie4 ,delli1 ,dello1 #aga4 ,d5n]1 ,baltas>1 #afg4 ,desportes1 ,franois1 #beh4 ,devria1 ,joseph1 #bhi4 ,diamante1 ,fra1 #bh4 ,diaz de la ,pea1 ,n41 #bij1 #bid-bie4 ,diep5beeck1 ,abraham van1 #aea4 ,dietri*1 ,*ri/ian ,w41 #afh4 ,dolci1 ,c>lo1 #aah4 ,dom5i*9o1 #e1 #aj1 #aai1 #bde4 8,dom5ico1 ,alunno di10 #cd4 ,dom5ico ,v5eziano1 #bf1 #ca4 ,donatello1 #bg1 #ca1 #gi-hj4 ,donducci1 ,g4 ,a41 #abj4 ,dossi1 ,dosso1 #fe1 #ia-ib4 ,d\1 ,g]>d1 #bjh-baa1 #bae4 ,! ,dropsical ,woman1 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,drake1 ,sir ,francis1 #aif4 ,dro/1 ,cornelis1 #bje4 ,dr\ais1 ,f4 ,h41 #bgj4 ,dubois1 ,ambrose1 #bda4 ,duccio di ,buon9segna1 #ae1 #ai4 ,du*tel ,collection1 #cj4 ,du*atel1 ,franois1 #aed4 ,duck1 ,jacob1 #bjg4 ,dul91 #bfd4 ,dupr1 ,jules1 #bic-bid4 ,! ,pond1 ,plate ,l4 ,duquesnoy1 #bde4 ,dr]1 ,albre*t1 #aei1 #afa-afb1 #aie4 8,eclectics10 #aag-aai4 ,eeckh\t1 ,g4 van d51 #bje4 ,elias1 ,ni*olas1 #bje4 ,el%eim]1 ,adam1 #afg1 #beg4 ,engelbre*ts51 ,cornelis1 #aid4 ,ercole de' ,rob]ti ,gr&i1 #ij-ia4 ,ercole ,rob]ti1 #ij-ia4 ,escosura1 #ahc1 #ahi4 ,ettore de' ,bonacossi1 #hi4 ,etty1 ,william1 ,r4,a41 #cjh4 ,ev]d+51 ,all>t van1 #bah4 ,fabritius1 ,k>el1 #bac1 #bad4 ,faes1 ,piet] van d]1 #bje4 ,f>9ati1 ,paolo1 #hg4 ,fassolo1 ,b]n>d9o1 #aig4 ,fei1 ,paolo di ,giovanni1 #aga4 ,f]ramola1 ,floriano1 #aje-ajf4 ,f]r>i1 ,def5d5te1 #aaa4 ,f]r>i1 ,francesco ,bian*i1 #ajg1 #aac4 ,f]r>i1 ,gaud5zio1 #aaa4 ,feti1 ,dom5ico1 #aag4 ,fior5zo di ,lor5zo1 #cj1 #ej1 #ec4 ,fl&r91 ,hippolyte1 #bhi4 ,fl9ck1 ,gova]t1 #bje4 ,floris1 ,frans1 #ach4 ,foppa1 ,v9c5zo1 #ic-id1 #aje4 ,fosse1 ,*>les de ,la1 #beb4 ,f\quet1 ,jean1 #bca1 #bcc4 ,fragon>d1 ,j4 ,h41 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfh-bfi1 #bgd4 ,music ,lesson1 ,plate ,,xlii4 ,francesca1 ,pi]o della1 or ,frances*i1 ,pi]o dei1 #ac1 #cj1 #ca1 #ec1 #hf4 ,francesco di ,giorgio1 #ej4 ,francia1 ,francesco1 #df1 #ee-ef1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aae4 ,francia1 ,giacomo1 #ajb4 ,franciabigio1 #df4 ,franck1 ,frans1 #ach4 ,franck ! ,?ird1 ,frans1 #ach4 ,franck ! ,y\ng]1 ,frans1 #ach4 ,franck51 ,seba/ia51 #aeg4 ,franco ,bolognese1 #ii4 ,frm9et1 ,m>t91 #bda4 ,from5t1 ,nicolas1 #bcb4 ,fungai1 ,b]n>d9o1 #ej4 ,fyt1 ,jan1 #aea4 ,gaddi1 ,agnolo1 #ba4 ,gaddi1 ,taddeo1 #ba4 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,t41 ,r4,a41 #cjc-cjd4 ,g>(alo1 #ia4 ,ge]tg5 tot ,s4 ,jans1 #aic4 ,g5tile de ,fabriano1 #aa1 #ec1 #fb1 #he4 ,gr>d1 ,b>on ,f4 ,p4 ,s41 #bgg4 ,g]>d ( ,ha>lem1 #aic4 ,gricault1 ,j4 ,l4 ,a4 ,?odore1 #bha-bhb1 ,! ,raft ( ! 8,m$usa10 ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,gr91 #bfa4 ,ghib]ti1 ,lor5zo1 #bf4 ,ghirl&aio1 ,b5$etto1 #cc4 ,ghirl&aio1 ,davide1 #cc4 ,ghirl&aio1 ,dom5ico1 #aa1 #bd1 #cb-cd4 ,portrait ( an ,old ,man & 8 ,gr&son 78,! ,bottle-nos$ ,man071 ,plate ,,iii4 ,ghirl&aio1 ,ridolfo1 #cd1 #df1 #eg4 ,giambono1 ,mi*ele1 #fa4 ,gillot1 ,claude1 #bfa1 #bfd4 ,gilt+]1 ,gumpold1 #aff4 ,giordano1 ,luca1 #aba1 #aga1 #aia4 ,giorgione1 #f1 #dj1 #df1 #fd1 #ff1 #fh-gj1 #gc4 ,pa/oral ,symphony1 ,plate ,x4 ,giottesques1 #bj1 #fa4 ,giotto1 #aa1 #af1 #ai-ba1 #bg1 #fi1 #gi1 #aja4 ,giovanni d',allemagna1 #fc4 ,giovanni di ,paolo1 #ag1 #ej4 ,giovanni ,francesco da ,rim9i1 #ec4 ,giov5one1 ,girolamo1 #aaa4 ,gir>d d',orleans1 #bbh4 ,girodet de ,r\cy-,trioson1 ,a4 ,l41 #bgg4 ,girolamo da ,c>pi1 #ij4 ,girolamo dai ,libri1 #hg4 ,girolamo di ,b5v5uto1 #ej4 ,giulio ,romano1 #ef1 #eh-fj1 #aae1 #aag4 ,glaub]1 #bbj4 ,goeb\w1 #bef4 ,goltzius1 ,h5drick1 #aii4 ,goss>t1 ,jan1 #acb-acd1 #bcf4 ,goya1 #aia-aib4 ,gozzoli1 ,b5ozzo1 #aa1 #be4 ,gr&i1 ,ercole de' ,rob]ti1 #ij-ia4 ,grebb]1 ,piet] de1 #bjf1 #bbj4 ,greco1 ,el1 #agc-agf4 ,greuze1 ,j4 ,b41 #bfi-bgb4 ,! ,brok5 ,pit*]1 ,plate ,,xliii4 ,grief1 ,anton1 #aeg4 ,grimaldi1 ,g4 ,f41 #abj4 ,grim\1 ,j4 ,a41 #bei4 ,gros1 ,b>on ,a4 ,j41 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhb1 #bhh1 #cje4 ,grnewald1 ,m41 #afb-afc4 ,gu>di1 ,francesco1 #gh1 #bgd4 ,gu]c9o1 #aj1 #abj4 ,gu]91 ,p4 ,n41 #bgf1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhe4 ,hals1 ,dirk1 #bjf4 ,hals1 ,frans1 #aeb1 #aih-bja1 #bjf1 #bdi1 #bii4 ,! ,gipsy ,girl1 ,plate ,,xxvii42 ,portrait ( a ,lady 9 ,black1 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,h$a1 ,willem ,claesz1 #bbc4 ,heem1 ,david de1 #afg1 #bbc4 ,heem1 ,j4 ,davidsz de1 #bbc4 ,heemsk]ck1 ,egb]t van1 #bbd4 ,he9sius1 ,johann ,e41 #afh4 ,h]r]a 8! ,old10 ,francisco1 #age1 #ahj4 ,heus*1 ,guilliam de1 #bbj4 ,hobbema1 ,me9d]t1 #bai4 ,hodges1 ,c4 ,h41 #cjh4 ,hog>?1 ,w41 #bga1 #cjc-cjd4 ,holbe9 ! ,eld]1 ,hans1 #afc4 ,holbe9 ! ,y\ng]1 ,hans1 #ch1 #aei1 #afa1 #afc1 #bcf1 #bhd4 ,portrait ( ,erasmus1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 ,hondecoet]1 ,mel*ior1 #bbd4 ,hondius1 ,abraham1 #bbd4 ,hon?or/1 ,g]>d1 #bbd4 ,hoo*1 ,piet] de1 #bac-bad4 ,dut* ,int]ior1 ,plate ,,xxxv4 ,hoppn]1 ,john1 ,r4,a41 #cjf-cjg4 ,huet1 ,paul1 #bhi4 ,huysmans1 ,cornelis1 #aed4 ,huysum1 ,jan1 #bbc4 ,+egno1 ,l'1 #ef4 ,+res1 ,j4 ,a4 ,d41 #bed1 #bgg1 #bhc-bhe4 ,! ,spr+1 ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,innoc5zo da ,imola1 #aae4 ,isabey1 ,eugne1 #bgg1 #bid1 #bie4 ,is5brant1 ,adria51 #abi4 ,jacobello del ,fiore1 #fa1 #ff-fg4 ,jacque1 ,*>les1 #bic4 ,janss51 ,cornelis1 #aih4 ,janss5s1 ,abraham1 #aea4 ,j>d91 ,k>el du1 #bba4 ,jorda5s1 #aj1 #ff1 #aej1 #beb4 ,j\v5et1 ,jean1 #bec4 ,kalf1 ,willem1 #bbc4 ,kauffmann1 ,angelica1 #afh4 ,knupf]1 ,n41 #baj1 #bab4 ,koeck1 ,piet]1 #acf4 ,kon9ck1 ,philips de1 #bgd4 ,la]1 ,piet] van1 #bba4 ,lairesse1 ,gr>d de1 #bbj1 #bbe4 ,lancret1 ,n41 #bfd4 ,l>gillire1 ,nicolas de1 #bed1 #bef1 #bei4 ,la/man1 ,piet]1 #bjb1 #bjd4 ,lawr5ce1 ,sir ,t41 ,p4,r4,a41 #cjf4 ,le ,brun1 ,*>les1 #e1 #ge1 #bdd1 #bdi-bea1 #beg1 #bgc4 ,le ,brun1 ,mme4 ,vige1 #bgb4 ,portrait ( ! ,arti/ & h] ,daught]1 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,lefebvre1 ,claude1 #bed4 ,le ,guillon1 ,j5ny1 #bhc4 ,lely1 ,sir ,pet]1 #bje1 #bef4 ,le ,mo9e1 ,f41 #bfe4 ,le ,na91 ,anto9e1 #bdd1 #bdh-bdi1 #beh4 ,le ,na91 ,l\is1 #bdd1 #bdh-bdi1 #beh4 ,le ,na91 ,mat?ieu1 #bdd1 #bdh-bdi1 #beh4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #bc1 #cd-dj1 #fd1 #ie1 #ig1 #aag1 #afb1 #bci1 #bgh4 ,portrait ( ,mona ,lisa1 ,plate ,,iv4 7,frontispiece74 ,lpici1 ,n4 ,b41 #bga4 ,le ,sueur1 ,eu/a*e1 #h1 #bdd1 #bdh4 ,lib]ale da ,v]ona1 #hf4 ,liev5s1 ,jan1 #bjd4 ,limbor*1 ,h4 van1 #bbe4 ,l+elba*1 #bba4 ,lippi1 ,filipp9o1 #bi1 #dc-dd4 ,lippi1 ,fra ,filippo1 #aa1 #bg-cj1 #ci1 #da4 ,madonna & ,*ild ) ,angels & ,two ,abbots1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,lodi1 ,cali/o ,piazza (1 #ajf4 ,lomell9i1 ,orazio1 #ajc4 ,lor5zetti1 ,ambrogio1 #ag4 ,lor5zetti1 ,pietro1 #ag4 ,lor5zo de' ,fasoli1 #ajj4 ,lor5zo di ,bicci1 #ba4 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 #aa1 #cd-ce1 #ci4 ,lor5zo di ,pavia1 #ajj4 ,lor5zo ,monaco1 #bb-bc1 #bg4 ,lotto1 ,lor5zo1 #fd1 #aec4 ,lucas van ,leyd51 #aid4 ,lu9i1 ,b]n>d9o1 #if4 ,lut]o1 ,giovanni1 #hi1 #ia-ib4 ,mabuse1 ,jan1 #acb-acd1 #bcf4 ,portrait ( ,jean ,c>ondelet1 ,plate ,,xx4 ,maes1 ,nicolas1 #bad4 ,ma9>di1 ,ba/iano1 #cb1 #cc-cd4 8,matre de ,flmalle10 #abd-abe4 8,matre de ,m\l9s10 #bbh-bcj4 ,mal\el1 ,jean1 #bbg4 ,malwaele1 ,jan1 #bbg4 ,manet1 ,ed\>d1 #cjj-cjb4 ,olympia1 ,plate ,,liii4 ,manfr$i1 ,b>tolommeo1 #ih1 #aea4 ,manni1 ,giannicola1 #ef1 #fj4 ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 #e1 #aa1 #ee1 #fa1 #hj-hc1 #aje4 ,p>nassus1 ,plate ,,xiv4 ,m>atta1 ,c>lo1 #aah4 ,m>t9i1 ,simone1 #af-ag1 #bbi1 #bcb4 ,*ri/ be>+ ,8 ,cross1 ,plate ,i4 ,masaccio1 #ag1 #bb-bc1 #bg1 #bi1 #ca4 ,masol9o1 #bb4 ,massone1 ,giovanni1 #ajj4 8,ma/] ( #adef40 8,ma/] ( ,/4 ,sev]910 #afj4 8,ma/] ( ! ,b>?olomew ,alt>10 #aei-afj4 8,ma/] ( ! ,dea? ( ,m>y10 #afj4 8,ma/] ( ! ,female ,half ,figures10 #aid4 8,ma/] ( ! ,ursula ,leg5d10 #afa1 #bcj4 ,matsys1 ,qu5t91 #acj-aca1 #baj4 ,! ,bank] & 8 ,wife1 ,plate ,,xix4 ,matteo di ,giovanni1 #ej4 ,mazo1 ,j4 ,b4 del1 #ahd1 #ahi4 ,mazzol9o1 ,lodovico1 #ia4 ,meissoni]1 ,j4 ,l4 ,e41 #bii-cjj4 ,meldolla1 ,&rea1 #gb4 ,meml9c1 ,hans1 #ac1 #abe-abh1 #aca1 #baf4 ,portrait ( an ,old ,lady1 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,memmi1 ,lippo1 #ag4 ,m5gs1 ,raphael1 #afh-afi1 #aia4 ,m]ci]1 ,p41 #bfc4 ,metsu1 ,gabriel1 #h1 #bae-baf4 ,meul51 ,a4 ,f4 van d]1 #beh4 ,mi*allon1 ,a4 ,e41 #bia4 ,mi*el1 ,georges1 #bhi4 ,mi*elangelo1 #bc1 #dj1 #db1 #gf1 #aag-aah1 #bdj4 ,mi*el9o da ,pavia1 #ia4 ,miel1 ,jan1 #aeg4 ,mi]evelt1 ,mi*iel ,jansz1 #aig4 ,mign>d1 ,pi]re1 #bej4 ,mignon1 ,abraham1 #afg4 ,millet1 ,francisque1 #aeg4 ,millet1 ,j4 ,f41 #bij1 #bib1 #bie-bih4 ,wom5 ,glean+1 ,plate ,,lii4 ,mod5a1 ,b>naba da1 #ajg4 ,mod5a1 ,tommaso da1 #ajg4 ,molyn ! ,eld]1 ,piet]1 #baa-bab4 ,moni1 ,l\is de1 #bbe4 ,monnoy]1 ,j4 ,b41 #beb4 ,montagna1 ,b>tolommeo1 #aji4 ,montagna1 ,b5$etto1 #aji4 ,moor1 ,k>el de1 #baj1 #bbd4 ,mor1 ,sir ,antonis1 #aie-aif4 ,morales1 ,luis1 #agb-agc4 ,moreau1 ,l\is ,gabriel1 #bgd4 ,moreelse1 ,paulus1 #aii4 ,moretto1 ,aless&ro1 #aj1 #ajf4 ,morl&1 ,george1 #cje4 ,moroni1 ,giambatti/a1 #ajf4 ,mo/a]t1 ,jan1 #aie4 ,moya]t1 ,claes1 #bbj4 ,mulready1 ,william1 #cjh4 ,mun>i1 ,pellegr9o1 #ajg4 ,murillo1 ,b4 ,e41 #h1 #ab1 #ahe-ahi4 ,! 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,palace1 #afe4 ,laura de' ,dianti1 #fi1 #gj4 ,lecz9ska1 ,m>ie1 ,que5 ( ,l\is ,,xv41 #bga4 ,l5nox1 ,james ,/u>t1 ,duke (1 #adi4 ,leo ,x41 ,pope1 #eg-eh1 #fj1 #aae4 ,les ,&elys1 #bde4 ,leyd51 #aic-aid1 #bab4 ,leys ,sale1 #acg4 ,lie*t5/e9 ,gall]y1 #bcb4 ,lille1 #aca4 ,liv]pool1 #acd4 ,loe*es1 ,conv5t (1 #add4 ,lopez1 ,don ,alfonso1 #eh4 ,loreto1 #i4 ,l\is ,,ix41 #bd1 #be4 ,l\is ,,xi41 #bca4 ,l\is ,,xii41 #gf1 #bbi4 ,l\is ,,xiii41 #c1 #ch1 #adb1 #bdd4 ,l\is ,,xiv41 #c-h1 #ch1 #eh1 #fg1 #acj1 #aef1 #bdd1 #bdi1 #bea1 #bec1 #bee1 #beg1 #bge4 ,l\is ,,xv41 #g1 #adi1 #bfj1 #bfi-bgj1 #bgc4 ,l\is ,,xvi41 #h1 #afh1 #baa1 #bbe1 #bge4 ,l\is ,,xviii41 #aa4 ,l\is ,philippe1 #aa1 #bbi1 #bhb4 ,l\vre1 ,spoliation ( !1 #aj4 ,lucrezia ,borgia1 #gj4 ,luxemb\rg1 ,palais de1 #c1 #g1 #aci1 #adb1 #add1 #bfa4 ,lyons1 #aa1 #eh1 #bbi1 #bch4 ,maciet1 ,m41 #ac1 #bbi4 ,macono*ie1 ,mrs41 #cjf4 ,madonna della ,s$ia1 #i4 ,ma9t5on1 ,m>quise de1 #bea4 ,malate/a1 ,p&olfo1 #fb4 ,malate/a1 ,p>is9a1 #hf4 ,malate/a1 ,sigismondo1 #fb1 #hf4 ,manetti1 ,antonio1 #bg4 8,mann]i/s10 #aag4 ,mans>d1 ,franois1 #aef4 ,mantua1 #gj-ga1 #hc1 #ii1 #aae1 #ach4 ,mantua1 ,duke (1 #d1 #adj4 ,m>ia ,!resa1 #afh1 #ahb4 ,m>iana ( ,au/ria1 #aha-ahb4 ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 #bgb4 ,m>riage at ,cana1 by ,paolo ,v]onese1 #ge4 ,m>seilles1 ,gall]y at1 #aa4 ,m>t9 ,v41 ,pope1 #ah4 ,m>y ,cleophas1 #cc4 ,m>y ( ,engl&1 #gf1 #aif4 ,maubeuge1 #acb4 ,maz>91 ,c>d9al1 #e-f1 #eg-eh1 #ga4 ,meazzu ,collection1 #abh4 ,m$ici1 ,casa1 #bf4 ,m$ici1 ,cosimo de'1 #bf4 ,m$ici ,family1 #cj4 ,m$ici1 ,francesco de'1 #adc-add4 ,mdici ,leopold de'1 #aeg4 ,mdici1 ,lor5zo de'1 #eh-ei4 ,mdicis1 ,ca!r9e de'1 #c1 #bcg4 ,mdicis1 ,m>ie de'1 #c1 #ic1 #ach-aci1 #adb1 #add1 #bda4 ,mdicis ,s]ies ( pa9t+s by ,rub5s1 #adb4 ,milan1 #ff1 #ga1 #aje1 #abh4 ,moc5igo1 ,pietro1 #gd4 ,mod5a1 #i1 #ij1 #ajg4 ,mml+51 #abe4 ,mona ,lisa1 ,portrait (1 ,plate ,,iv4 7,frontispiece71 #cf4 ,moncada1 ,m>qus de1 #adg4 ,montmor5cy1 ,con/able de1 #cf4 ,m1 ,sir ,?omas1 #afd4 ,morgan1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,pi]pont1 #cc4 ,morris ,moore1 #ab1 #ee4 ,m\l9s1 #bbh4 ,muni*1 #ci1 #adc4 ,mn/]1 ,peace (1 #aig1 #baa4 ,murano ,s*ool1 #fc4 ,naples1 #acg1 #agg1 #agi1 #bdc1 #bgb4 ,napoleon ,i41 #i1 #ai1 #ec-ed1 #ge1 #aai1 #abd1 #ahg1 #bch1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #cjj4 ,napoleon ,,iii41 #cjj4 ,n>bonne1 ,autel de1 #bbh4 ,n>dus1 ,m41 #abh4 ,national ,art-,collections ,fund1 #ac4 ,national ,assembly1 #h4 ,national ,conv5tion1 #h4 ,national ,gall]y1 #be-bf1 #ce1 #dj1 #eg1 #fd1 #hf1 #ij1 #ia1 #id1 #ig1 #add1 #aic1 #baa1 #bac1 #bbc1 #bha1 #cjc4 8,naturali/s10 #aag1 #abj-aba4 ,nuremb]g1 #afa1 #aie4 ,old5burg1 #aid4 ,oliv>ez1 ,c\nt ,duke (1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,osnabrck1 #aig4 ,ossua1 ,duke (1 #ahi4 ,otlet ,sale1 #acd4 ,padua1 #gi1 #id4 ,panig>ola1 #ic4 ,p>acelsus1 #aid4 ,p>is1 #ach4 ,p>ma1 #i1 #ajg1 #aac4 ,pass]i1 ,m>*esa1 #ij4 ,pavia1 #ic1 #ii1 #aje4 ,pazzi1 ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maddal5a dei1 #cc4 ,p]eire1 ,isaac1 #agd4 ,p]rault1 ,claude1 #aef4 ,p]ugia1 #i4 ,pes>o1 #i4 ,philip ,,ii41 #fi1 #ga1 #agc1 #aie-aif4 ,philip ,,iii41 #adj4 ,philip ,,iv41 #d1 #agf1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahi4 ,philippe-,augu/e1 #a4 ,piac5za1 #i4 ,picault1 #de4 ,pieve di ,cadore1 #gb4 ,piles1 ,rog] de1 #beg4 ,p9acoteca ,e/5se at ,mod5a1 #ajg4 ,pisa1 #ae1 #ai1 #be4 ,pitti ,palace1 #i1 #eg4 ,pompad\r1 ,mme4 du1 #bfe4 ,port]1 ,endymion1 #adh4 ,potocki1 ,c\nt1 #ga4 ,p\rtals-,gorgi] ,sale1 #fe4 ,p\ss9i/es1 #beg4 ,pozzo1 ,cassiano del1 #cg4 ,prato1 #bh4 ,prim1 ,g5]al1 #bhh4 ,primitive ,italian ,pictures1 #aj4 ,primitives1 ,exhibition ( ,fr5*1 #bbg-bbh1 #bca4 ,quev$o1 #ahi4 ,qu!1 ,pi]re1 #bcg4 ,rav5na1 #i4 ,rcami]1 ,mme41 #bge4 ,r5an1 ,m4 ,ary1 #cj4 ,r51 ,k+1 #bcb4 ,r5nes1 #bcj4 ,republic1 ,second1 #ab4 ,retable du ,p>liam5t1 #bcj4 ,ricc>di ,palace1 #bf4 ,ri*>dot1 ,jean ,grusset1 #adf4 ,ri*elieu1 ,c>d9al1 #e1 #cg1 #bdf4 ,ri*mond1 ,duke (1 #adi4 ,rim9i1 #i1 #he4 ,rio1 ,l\is de1 #aif4 ,rol91 ,*ancellor ,ni*olas1 #abd4 ,rome1 #i1 #ae1 #ah1 #bd-be1 #aae1 #abj1 #acg-ach1 #afg1 #agc1 #agg1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bfj1 #bgc-bgd1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #bia4 ,rospigliosi1 ,m>ie ,madele9e1 #aah4 ,ro?s*ild1 ,b>on ,ar?ur de1 #bai4 ,ro?s*ild1 ,b>oness ,n4 de1 #da4 ,ro?s*ild ,collection at ,waddesdon ,manor1 #bji4 ,ro?s*ild ,family1 #ac4 ,rov]e1 ,c>d9al ,giuliano della1 #ajj4 ,rov]ella ,family1 #hi4 ,royal ,academy1 ,london1 #cf4 ,rub5i/es1 #beg4 ,rucellai ,madonna1 #ae4 ,rusk91 #dj4 ,ruyt]1 ,admiral de1 #aej4 ,/4 ,bruno1 #bdh4 ,/4 ,cosmo & ,/4 ,damian1 #cj-ca4 ,/4 ,d5is1 #bbh4 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 #ag-ah4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,leg5d (1 #di4 ,/4 ,om]1 #acc4 ,sa9t-,y5ne1 ,m4 de la ,fonte de1 #g4 ,salon ( #afgc1 #bej4 ,salon1 !1 #h4 ,san ,gimignano1 #be4 ,santa ,fiora1 ,contessa di1 #ij4 ,saskia van ,uyl5bor*1 #bjc4 ,scrovegno1 ,enrico1 #gi4 ,seba/iani1 ,g5]al1 #add4 ,s$elmey]1 ,m41 #ac1 #cjd4 ,seville1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,s=za1 ,anna1 #gj4 ,s=za1 ,francesco1 #ce4 ,s=za1 ,lodovico 7,il ,moro71 #ce-cf1 #ch1 #ig1 #aje4 ,si5a1 #ae1 #aaa4 ,sigm>+51 #aca4 ,sixtus ,,iv41 ,pope1 #ajj4 ,sket*-books ( ,jacopo ,bell9i1 #fb4 ,socit des ,amis du ,l\vre1 #ac1 #cj1 #bcg4 ,somze ,collection1 #bcj4 ,s\lt1 ,m>%al1 #ab1 #ahf-ahg4 ,spa91 #bb1 #abj1 #abg1 #acb1 #ace1 #add1 #aga1 #baa1 #bdd1 #bid4 ,/e51 ,ca/le (1 #ade4 ,/e5gra*t1 ,b>on ,h4 ,a41 #bac4 ,/ockholm1 #acj4 ,/(fels1 ,h5drickje1 #bjc-bjd4 ,h] ,portrait1 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,/uttg>t1 #ff1 #bjb4 ,sultan ,soliman1 #gf4 ,surrey1 ,h5ry ,h[>d1 ,e>l (1 #afe4 ,t>n[ski1 ,c\nt1 #bjc4 ,temple ,newsam1 #afj4 ,?ompson1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,yates1 #ee4 ,?omy ,?iry1 #ac1 #bib-bic1 #bif4 ,tol$o1 #agb-agc4 ,tol5t9o1 ,treaty (1 #i4 ,tornabuoni1 ,giovanna1 #dj4 ,tornabuoni1 ,lor5zo1 #dj4 ,t\rnai1 #abe4 ,t\rs1 #aa1 #bca1 #bce1 #bcg4 ,t\ssa9t1 ,abb1 #acc4 ,tra9el1 ,b>on de1 #bca4 ,transfiguration1 ,raphael's1 #i4 ,trmolle1 ,duc de la1 #cj1 #aca4 ,tromp1 ,admiral ,cornelis1 #baf4 ,tuil]ies1 ,palace ( !1 #c1 #ab4 ,tulipomania1 #bbc4 ,tur91 #abe1 #abh4 ,turkey1 #bdc4 ,tuscany1 ,duke (1 #cc4 ,uffizi ,gall]y1 #da1 #eg1 #afe4 ,ulm1 #bcb4 ,urs9s1 ,guillaume ,juvnal des1 #bca4 ,utre*t1 ,union (1 #ace1 #aig4 ,vair1 ,guillaume du1 #aci4 ,valladolid1 #agb4 ,van ,assel51 #eh4 ,v&eul1 #ac1 #df4 ,vatican1 #i4 ,v5ice1 #ic4 ,v5ice1 ,doge's ,palace1 #gd1 #gg4 ,v5ice1 ,gall]y at1 #aj1 #ch1 #ge4 ,v5turi1 ,dr41 #cj4 ,v]celli1 #aaa4 ,v]ona1 #hc1 #aje4 ,v]ona1 ,*ur* ( ,san ,z5o at1 #aa4 ,v]sailles1 ,*teau de1 #f-g1 #i1 #ab1 #cg1 #eh1 #fg1 #gg1 #aef1 #beb1 #bhb4 ,vic5za1 #aji4 ,vicq1 ,b>on ,h5ri de1 #add4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 #afa1 #cjd4 ,vi5na1 #abc1 #ahd1 #aid-aie1 #bcb1 #bch1 #bgb4 ,vi5na ,academy1 #ada4 ,villa ,lemmi frescoes1 #dj4 ,villa ,magliana1 #fj4 ,villa ,pelucca1 #ig4 ,vill5euve ne> ,avignon1 ,*>treuse (1 #bcc4 ,visconti ,arese1 ,antonio ,litta1 #ie4 ,wallace ,collection1 #bfg4 ,w>ham1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,william1 #afe4 ,weale1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,james1 #abf1 #abi4 ,we/m9/]1 ,m>quis (1 #ade4 ,:itehall1 #ade4 ,wignac\rt1 ,al( de1 #abj4 ,wilczek ,c\nt1 #bcb4 ,william ,,ii4 ( ,holl&1 #abh4 ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 #fc1 #adh4 ,w9dsor1 ,royal ,libr>y1 #ch4 ,witt5b]g1 #afb-afc4 ,wood1 ,hon4 ,edw>d1 #afj4 ,wov]ius1 #adj4 ,pr9t$ by ,,morrison ,,gibb ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 - ,blank pages h be5 remov$4 - ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 - ,"s miss+ or mismat*$ *apt] head+s h be5 correct$ to mat* ! table ( cont5ts4