,,vol4 ,,iii1 ,,pp4 #ec-bjd1 ,,pls4 #b-bj1 ,,may #bi1 #ahia ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,magaz9e ,,an ,,exp$ition ,,to ,,m\nt ,,/4 ,,elias1 ,,alaska ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell ,,wa%+ton ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,society ,price #a4ej4 #ec ,,vol4 ,,iii1 ,,pp4 #ec-bjd1 ,,pls4 #b-bj1 ,,may #bi1 #ahia ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,magaz9e ,,an ,,exp$ition ,,to ,,m\nt ,,/4 ,,elias1 ,,alaska ,,by ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell4 7,accept$ = publication ,m>* #ah1 #ahia47 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introduction--,! ,s\!rn ,coa/ ( ,alaska 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ee ,"p ,i--,previ\s ,explorations 9 ! ,/4 ,elias ,region 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eh ,b]+1 #agda 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eh ,cook1 #aggh 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eh ,la ,pr\se1 #aghf 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eh ,dixon1 #aghg 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fj ,d\glas1 #aghh 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fb ,malasp9a1 #agib 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fb ,vanc\v]1 #agid 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ff ,bel*]1 #ahcg 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fh ,teb5k(1 #aheb 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fi ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 #ahgd1 #ahhj 4 4 4 4 #gj ,new ,york ,times ,exp$ition1 #ahhf 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gb ,topham ,exp$ition1 #ahhh 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gc ,"p ,,ii--,n>rative ( ! ,/4 ,elias ,exp$ition ( #ahij 4 4 4 4 4 #ge ,organization 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ge ,f ,seattle to ,sitka 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gh ,f ,sitka to ,yakutat ,bay 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gi ,canoe ,trip up ,yakutat ,bay 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ha ,base ,camp on ! ,%ore ( ,yakutat ,bay 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hf ,fir/ ,day's ,tramp 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hi ,canoe ,trip 9 ,dis5*antm5t ,bay 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #if ,f ,yakutat ,bay to ,blossom ,isl& 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajc ,blossom ,isl& 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aac ,life above ! ,sn[-,l9e 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abb ,fir/ ,camp 9 ! ,sn[ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abd #ed ,across ,p9nacle ,pass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abi ,fir/ full ,view ( ,/4 ,elias 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ace ,summit ( ,p9nacle ,pass ,cliffs 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acg ,across ,sew>d ,glaci] to ,dome ,pass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adb ,up ! ,agassiz ,glaci] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adg ,camp on ! ,newton ,glaci] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aej ,highe/ ,po9t rea*$ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aea ,alone 9 ! highe/ ,camp 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aed ,! ,return 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aeh ,sugge/ions 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afc ,"p ,,iii--,sket* ( ! ,geology ( ! ,/4 ,elias ,region 4 4 4 4 4 #afg ,g5]al ,features 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afg ,yakutat ,sy/em 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afg ,p9nacle ,sy/em 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agj ,/4 ,elias ,s*i/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agc ,geological ,/ructure 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agd ,"p ,,iv--,glaci]s ( ! ,/4 ,elias ,region 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agf ,natural ,divisions ( ,glaci]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agf ,alp9e ,glaci]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agf ,*>act]i/ics ( ,alp9e ,glaci]s above ! ,sn[-,l9e 4 4 #ahj ,*>act]i/ics ( ,alp9e ,glaci]s bel[ ! ,%[-,l9e 4 4 #ahc ,pi$mont ,glaci]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahe ,"p ,v--,height & ,position ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahi ,app5dix ,a--,(ficial ,in/ructions gov]n+ ! ,exp$ition 4 4 4 #aib ,app5dix ,b--,report on topographic ,"w2 by ,m>k ,b4 ,k]r 4 4 4 4 4 #aie ,app5dix ,c--,report on aurif]\s ,s&s f ,yakutat ,bay2 by ,j4 ,/anley-,br[n 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aif ,app5dix ,d--,report on fossil ,plants2 by ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d 4 4 4 4 4 #aii ,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bja ,,illu/rations4 ,plate #b--,sket* ,map ( ,alaska 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eg #c--,map ( ! ,/4 ,elias ,region1 aft] ,la ,pr\se 4 4 4 4 4 #ei #d--,map ( ! ,ea/]n ,%ore ( ,yakutat ,bay1 aft] ,dixon 4 #fa #e--,map ( ! ,/4 ,elias ,region1 aft] ,malasp9a 4 4 4 4 4 #fd #f--,map ( ,bay de ,monti1 aft] ,malasp9a 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fd #g--,map ( ,dis5*antm5t ,bay1 aft] ,malasp9a 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fg #h--,sket* ,map ( ,/4 ,elias ,region1 by ,m>k ,b4 ,k]r 4 4 4 4 #gd #i--,! ,hubb>d ,glaci]2 drawn f ,photograph by ,a4 ,l4 ,broadb5t 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ii #aj--,wall ( ,ice on ,ea/]n ,side ( ! ,atrevida ,glaci]2 f a ,photograph 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aje #aa--,view on ! ,atrevida ,glaci]2 f a ,photograph 4 4 4 4 #aje #ab--;,entrance ( an ,ice-,tunnel2 f a ,photograph 4 4 4 4 4 #ajf #ac--;,deltas 9 an ,ab&on$ ,lake-,b$2 f a ,photograph 4 4 #ajf #ad--;,a ,riv] on ! ,lucia ,glaci]2 f a ,photograph 7reproduc$ f ,! ,c5tury1 ,april1 #ahia7 4 4 4 4 #ajf #ee #ae--;,entrance to a ,glacial ,tunnel2 f a ,photograph 4 4 4 4 #ajg #af--,view ( ! ,malasp9a ,glaci] f ,blossom ,isl&2 f a ,photograph 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abj #ag--,mora9es on ! ,m>v9e ,glaci]2 f a ,photograph 4 4 #abc #ah--,view ( ! ,hit*cock ,range f ne> ,dome ,pass 4 4 4 4 #add #ai--,view ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias f ,dome ,pass2 drawn f a ,photograph 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adf #bj--,view ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias f ,sew>d ,glaci]2 drawn f a ,photograph 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #age ,figure #a--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,=mation ( ,iceb]gs 4 4 4 4 #aja #b--,view ( a glacial ,lakelet2 f a ,photograph 4 4 4 4 4 #abj #c--,section ( a glacial ,lakelet 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abj #d--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,=mation ( m>g9al ,crevasses 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abh #e--;,crevasses ne> ,p9nacle ,pass2 f a ,photograph 4 4 4 4 #acj #f--,sn[ ,cre/s on ,ridges & ,peaks2 f ,field ,sket*es 4 #adc #g--;,fault$ ,pebble f ,p9nacle ,pass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aga #h--;,fault$ ,pebble f ,p9nacle ,pass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aga ,,introduction4 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,coa/ ,,( ,,alaska4 ,! s\!rn coa/ ( ,alaska is rem>kable = ! regul>ity ( its g5]al outl9e4 ,if a circle a ?\s& miles 9 diamet] be inscrib$ on a map ( ! nor!rn ,pacific ) a po9t 9 ab\t latitude #ed & longitude #ade z a c5t]1 a l>ge "p ( its nor!rn p]iph]y w be f\nd to co9cide ) ! s\!rn %ore ( ,alaska betwe5 ,dixon entrance on ! ea/ & ! ,alaska p59sula on ! we/4 ,on ! nor!rn "p ( ?is great coa/-circle lies ! region explor$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahij & describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,f ,cross s\nd1 at ! nor!rn end ( ! great sy/em ( isl&s =m+ s\!a/]n ,alaska1 we/w>d along ! base ( ! ,fairwea!r range1 ! m\nta9s are exce$+ly rugg$1 & pres5t "s ( ! f9e/ coa/ sc5]y 9 ! _w4 ,!re are b two inlets ea/ ( ,yakutat bay on ?is %ore :i* af=d %elt] ev5 = small boats4 ,^! are ,lituya bay & ,dry bay4 ,%ips may ent] ,lituya bay1 at c]ta9 /ages ( ! tide1 & f9d a safe h>bor )92 b ! approa*es to ,dry bay are n navigable4 ,we/ ( ,yakutat bay ! coa/ is equally inhospitable all ! way to ,pr9ce ,william s\nd4 #ef ,z if to comp5sate = ! lack ( refuge on ei!r end1 !re is 9 ! c5t] ( ?is great /ret* ( rock-b\nd coa/1 ov] #cjj miles 9 ext5t1 a magnific5t inlet kn[n z ,yakutat bay1 9 :i* a ?\s& %ips c\ld f9d safe an*orage4 ,on "s old maps ?is bay is designat$ z ,baie de ,monti1 ,admiralty bay & ,b]+ bay1 z w be se5 :5 its discov]y & hi/ory are discuss$ on ano!r page4 ,! s\!rn %ore ( ,alaska1 = a di/ance ( #bjj miles along ! bases ( ! ,fairwea!r & ,/4 ,elias ranges1 is =m$ ( a l[ table-l& int]v5+ betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! sea4 ,yakutat bay is ! only bight 9 ?is plateau suffici5tly deep to rea* ! m\nta9 to ! nor?w>d4 ,?is bay has a broad op5+ to ! sea2 ! di/ance betwe5 its ocean capes is tw5ty miles1 & its ext5sion inl& is ab\t ! same4 ,its ea/]n %ore is fr+$ ) l[1 wood$ isl&s1 among :i* are %elt]$ h>bors1 safe f e w9d t bl[s4 ,! mo/ accessible ( ^! is ,port ,mulgrave1 ne> its entrance on ! ea/]n side4 ,! %ores ( ,yakutat bay1 on bo? ! ea/ & ! we/1 are l[ & d5sely wood$ = a di/ance ( tw5ty-five miles f ! ocean1 :]e ! foot-hills ( ! m\nta9s beg94 ,at ! head ( ! bay ! l& rises 9 /eep bluffs & =ms picturesque m\nta9s1 sn[-capp$ ! ye> r\nd4 ,^! highl&s1 al?\gh truly m\nta9\s 9 _! proportions1 are b ! foot-hills ( /ill nobl] uplifts imm$iately nor?w>d4 ,! bay ext5ds ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! fir/ range to ! base ( ! :ite peaks beyond4 ,?is op5+ 0 exam9$ a c5tury ago by explor]s 9 se>* ( ! delusive ,nor?we/ passage1 9 ! hope t x w\ld lead to ! long-s\ght ,/rait ( ,annan--! dream ( _m voyag]s4 ,x 0 survey$ by ! exp$ition 9 comm& ( ,malasp9a 9 #agib1 & on acc\nt ( 8 fru/rat$ hopes 0 nam$ ,pu]to del ,des5gao1 or ,dis5*antm5t bay1 z x has be5 r5d]$ by ,engli% writ]s4 ,! wat]s ( ,yakutat & ,dis5*antm5t bays are deep1 & brok5 only by isl&s & reefs along _! ea/]n %ores4 ,a few s\nd+s made 9 ,dis5*antm5t bay )9 half a mile ( ! l& %[$ a dep? ( f #dj to #abj fa?oms4 ,! swell ( ! ocean is felt up to ! v head ( ! inlet1 indicat+1 z 0 rem>k$ to me by ,capta9 ,c4 ,l4 ,hoop]1 t !re are no b>s or reefs to break ! =ce ( ! incom+ swells4 #eg ,! l[l&s bord]+ ,yakutat bay on ! s\!a/ are compos$ ( assort$ glacial dbris4 ,mu* ( ! c\ntry is l[ & swampy1 & is report$ to conta9 num]\s lakelets4 ,nor?we/ ( ! bay ! plateau is high] ?an t[>d ! s\!a/1 & has a g5]al elevation ( ab\t #ejj feet at a di/ance ( a mile f ! %ore2 b ! height increases t[>d ! int]ior1 :]e a g5]al elevation ( #a1ejj feet is atta9$ ov] l>ge areas4 ,all ( ?is plateau1 except+ a n>r[ fr+e along ! %ore1 is =m$ by a great glaci]1 belong+ to :at is t]m$ 9 ?is pap] ! ,pi$mont type4 ,!re are _m reasons = believ+ t ! plateau s\!a/ ( ,yakutat bay 0 at "o "t cov]$ by a glaci] simil> to ! "o n[ exi/+ on ! nor?we/4#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is matt] w be discuss$ 9 "p ,,iv ( ?is pap]1 :]e x is also %[n t ,yakutat bay itself 0 =m]ly occupi$ by glacial ice4 ,! m\nta9s on ! nor!rn bord] ( ! seaw>d-/ret*+ table-l&s1 bo? s\!a/ & nor?we/ ( ,yakutat bay1 are abrupt & pres5t /eep s\?w>d-fac+ bluffs4 ,?is esc>pm5t is =m$ ( /ratifi$ s&/ones & %ales1 & owes its orig9 to ! upheaval ( ! rocks along a l9e ( fracture4 ,9 o!r words1 x is a gigantic fault sc>p4 ,! gravel & b[ld]s =m+ ! plateau ext5d+ oceanw>d h be5 accumulat+ on a depress$ orographic block 7or mass ( /rata mov$ z a unit by m\nta9-mak+ =ces71 :i* has und]gone "s movem5t 9 v rec5t times1 z is record$ by a t]race on ! fault sc>p bord]+ x4 ,we/ ( ,yakutat ! geological /ructure is m complex1 & long m\nta9 spurs project into ! plat=m ( ice skirt+ ! ocean4 ,fill+ ! valleys betwe5 ! m\nta9 spurs1 !re are _m l>ge seaw>d-fl[+ glaci]s1 tribut>y to ! great ,pi$mont ice-%eet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is brief sket* ( ! geography ( ,yakutat bay1 toge!r ) ! accompany+ outl9e map ( ,alaska 7plate #b71 w1 x is hop$1 aid 9 mak+ intelligible ! foll[+ hi/orical sket* & ! n>rative ( ! pres5t exp$ition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,sket* ,,map ,,( ,,alaska4 #eh ,,"p ,i4 ,,previ\s ,,explorations ,,9 ,,! ,,/4 ,,elias ,,region4#b ,footnote #b3 ,= m complete bibliographic ref]5ces ?an space w all[ 9 ?is pap]1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,dall & ,bak]'s ,p>tial li/ ( books1 pamphlets1 pap]s 9 s]ials1 j\rnals & o!r publications on ,alaska & adjac5t regions2 9 ,pacific ,coa/ ,pilot3 ,coa/s & ,inlets ( ,alaska2 second s]ies4 ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahgi2 #d1 pp4 #bbe-cge4 ,,b]+1 #agda4 ,! fir/ discov]y ( ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,alaska 0 made by ,vitus ,b]+ & ,alexei ,*]ik(1 9 ! vessels ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 9 #agda4 ,on ,july #bj ( t ye>1 ,b]+ saw ! m\nta9s ( ! ma9l&1 b an*or$ 8 vessels at ,kyak isl&1 #ahj miles we/ ( ,yakutat bay1 )\t t\*+ ! cont95tal %ore4 ,a t[]+1 sn[-clad summit nor!a/ ( ,kyak isl& 0 nam$ ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 aft] ! patron sa9t ( ! day4 ,,cook1 #aggh4 ,! next explor] to visit ?is portion ( ,alaska 0 ,capta9 ,james ,cook1 :o sail$ pa/ ! entrance ( ,yakutat bay on ,may #d1 #aggh4 ,?9k+ t ?is 0 ! bay 9 :i* ,b]+ an*or$1 he nam$ x ,b]+'s bay4 ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias 0 se5 9 ! nor?we/ at a di/ance ( #dj leagues1 b no attempt 0 made to measure its height4 ,,la ,p,,r\se1 #aghf4c ,footnote #c3 ,voyage de la ,pr\se aut\r du monde4 ,f\r vols41 #d1 & atlas2 ,p>is1 #agig2 vol4 #b1 pp4 #acj-aej4 ,yakutat bay1 9 :i* we are specially int]e/$1 0 next se5 by ! celebrat$ ,fr5* navigator1 ,j4 ,f4 ,g4 de la ,pr\se1 9 comm& ( ! frigates ,la ,b\ssole & ,l',a/rolabe1 on ,june #bc1 #aghf4 ,! *>t %[+ ! r\te foll[$ by ,la ,pr\se dur+ ?is portion ( 8 voyage is reproduc$ 9 plate #c4 ,9 ! spl5did atlas accompany+ ! n>rative ( 8 travels1 ! explor] pictures ! qua9t1 high-poop$ vessels 9 :i* he #ei circumnavigat$ ! globe4 ,^! ,fr5* frigates 7 ! fir/ to cruise (f ,yakutat bay4 ,! la/ vessel to navigate ^? wat]s 0 ! ,unit$ ,/ates rev5ue /eam] ,corw91 :i* took our little explor+ p>ty on bo>d 9 ,septemb]1 #ahij1 & !n /eam$ nor?w>d to ! ice-cliffs at ! head ( ,dis5*antm5t bay4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! ,corw9 is ! only vessel t has float$ on ! wat]s ( t inlet nor? ( ,ha5ke isl&4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s has made a revolution 9 naval ar*itecture1 b has left ?is portion ( ! ,alaska coa/ /ill unexplor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,/4 ,,elias ,,region1 ,,aft] ,,la ,p,,r\se4 ,la ,pr\se sail$ nor?w>d f ! ,s&wi* isl&s1 & fir/ saw l&1 :i* prov$ to be a portion ( ! ,/4 ,elias range1 on ,june #bc4 ,at fir/ ! %ore 0 obscur$ by fog1 :i*1 z /at$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! voyage1 sudd5ly disappe>+1 all at once disclos$ to u a long *a9 ( m\nta9s cov]$ ) sn[1 :i*1 if ! wea!r _h be5 cle>1 we w\ld h be5 able to h se5 ?irty leagues f>!r (f4 ,we discov]$ ,b]+'s ,m\nt ,sa9t ,elias1 ! summit ( :i* appe>$ above ! cl\ds4 ,! fir/ view ( ! l& is describ$ z n awak5+ ! feel+s ( joy :i* usually accompany ! fir/ view ( an unkn[n %ore aft] a long voyage4 ,to quote ! navigator's own words3 ,^? imm5se heaps ( sn[1 :i* cov]$ a b>r5 l& )\t trees1 7 f> f agreeable to our view4 ,! m\nta9s appe>$ a little remote f ! sea1 :i* broke aga9/ a bold & level l&1 elevat$ ab\t a hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ fa?oms4 ,?is black rock1 :i* appe>$ z if calc9$ by fire1 de/itute ( all v]dure1 =m$ a /rik+ contra/ to ! :it5ess ( ! sn[1 :i* 0 p]ceptible ?r\gh ! cl\ds2 x s]v$ z ! base to a long ridge ( m\nta9s1 :i* appe>$ to /ret* fifte5 leagues f ea/ to we/4 ,at fir/ we ?\ght ourselves v ne> x1 ! summit ( ! m\nta9s appe>$ to be j ov] our heads1 & ! sn[ ca/ =? a brightness calculat$ to deceive eyes n accu/om$ to x2 b 9 proportion z we advanc$ we p]ceiv$ 9 front ( ! high gr\nd hillocks cov]$ ) trees1 :i* we took = isl&s4 ,aft] "s delay1 on acc\nt ( foggy wea!r1 an (fic] 0 despat*$ to ! newly discov]$ l&2 b on return+ he report$ t !re 0 no suitable an*orage to be f\nd4 ,x is difficult at ?is "t to und]/& ! reason = ?is adv]se report1 unless a l&+ 0 attempt$ on ! we/]n side ( ,yakutat bay1 :]e !re are no h>bors4 #fj ,! "n ,baie de ,monti 0 giv5 to ! inlet 9 honor ( ,de ,monti1 ! (fic] :o fir/ l&$4 ,! location ( ?is bay1 z describ$ 9 ! n>rative & indicat$ on ! map accompany+ ! report ( ! voyage1 %[s t x corresponds ) ! ,yakutat bay ( mod]n maps4 ,obs]vations made at ?is "t by ,m4 ,dagelet1 ! a/ronom] ( ! exp$ition1 det]m9$ ! elevation ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias to be #a1ihj toises4 ,consid]+ ! toise z equival5t to #f4cidei ,engli% feet1 ?is measurem5t places ! elevation ( ! m\nta9 at #ab1ffj feet4 ,:at me?od 0 us$ 9 mak+ ?is measurem5t is n record$1 & we h !re=e no means ( decid+ ! degree ( confid5ce to be plac$ 9 x4 ,aft] fail+ to f9d an an*orage at ,yakutat bay4 ,la ,pr\se sail$ ea/w>d1 & on ,june #bi discov]$ ano!r bay1 :i* he suppos$ to be ! inlet nam$ ,b]+'s bay by ,capta9 ,cook4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,cook's ,b]+'s bay is ,yakutat bay z n[ kn[n4 ,x is evid5t t ! ,fr5* navigator made an error 9 8 id5tification1 z ! inlet designat$ z ,b]+'s bay on 8 *>t corresponds ) t n[ kn[n z ,dry bay4 ,on ! maps ref]r$ to1 a /ream is repres5t$ z empty+ into ! head ( ?is bay & ris+ a long di/ance nor?w>d2 ?is is evid5tly ,alsek riv]1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 = a long "t d\bt$1 b has rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ beyond all "q4 ,f9d+ x impossible to ent] ,dry bay1 ,la ,pr\se cont9u$ ea/w>d & discov]$ ,lituya bay1 z n[ kn[n1 b :i* he nam$ ,port des ,francais4 ,"h 8 %ips an*or$1 aft] exp]i5c+ great difficulty 9 ent]+ ! h>bor1 & rema9$ = _m days1 dur+ :i* trade 0 c>ri$ on ) ! ,indians1 :ile surveys 7 made ( ! adjac5t %ores4 ,,dixon1 #aghg4d ,footnote #d3 ,! ,voyage ar\nd ! ,_w2 b m p>ticul>ly to ! ,nor?we/ ,coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,p]=m$ 9 #aghh-aghi1 9 ! ,k+ ,george & ,que5 ,*>lotte2 ,capta9s ,portlock & ,dixon3 #d1 ,london1 #aghi4 ,al?\gh ! actual discov]y ( ,yakutat bay is to be cr$it$ to ! ,fr5*1 ! fir/ exploration ( its %ores 0 made by an ,engli% capta94 ,on ,may #bc1 #aghg1 ,capta9 ,george ,dixon an*or$ 8 vessel1 ! ,que5 ,*>lotte1 )9 ! %elt] ( its s\!a/]n cape1 &1 9 honor ( ,con/ance ,john ,phipps1 ,"l ,mulgrave1 nam$ ! hav5 !re discov]$ ,port #fa ,mulgrave4 ,! h>bor is describ$ 9 ! n>rative ( ,dixon's voyage z be+ entirely surr\nd$ by l[1 flat isl&s1 :]e sc>cely any sn[ c\ld be se51 & well %elt]$ f any w9ds :atev]4 ,! voyage ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte 0 n made = ! purpose ( increas+ geographic k1 b ) a comm]cial object4 ,trade 0 at once op5$ ) ! natives1 b result$ less favorably ?an 0 desir$1 z only sixte5 sea-ott] sk9s & a few less valuable furs 7 secur$4 ,on ! *>t accompany+ ! n>rative ( ,dixon's voyage ! inlet n[ kn[n z ,yakutat bay is nam$ ,admiralty bay4 ,a survey ( ! adjac5t %ores & inlets 0 made1 & ! a/ronomical position ( ! an*orage 0 approximately det]m9$4 ,! map result+ f ^! surveys1 ! fir/ ev] made ( any portion ( ,yakutat bay1 is reproduc$ on a r$uc$ scale z plate #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,%ore ,,( ,,yakutat ,,bay1 ,,aft] ,,dixon4 ,at ! "t ( ,dixon's voyage1 ! inhabitants numb]$ ab\t sev5ty1 includ+ m51 wom51 & *ildr51 & 7 ?us describ$3 ,!y are ( ab\t middle size1 _! limbs /raight & well %ap$1 b1 l ! re/ ( ! inhabitants we h se5 on ! coa/1 are p>ticul>ly fond ( pa9t+ _! faces ) a v>iety ( colors1 s t x is n any easy matt] to discov] _! real complexion4 ,an amus+ in/ance is n>rat$ ( induc+ a woman to wa% h] face1 :5 x 0 discov]$ t-- ,h] c\nt5ance _h all ! *e]ful gl[ ( an ,engli% milk maid1 & ! heal?y r$ :i* flu%$ h] *eeks 0 ev5 beautifully contra/$ ) ! :it5ess ( h] neck2 h] eyes 7 black & sp>kl+2 h] eyebr[s ! same color1 & mo/ beautifully ar*$2 h] =ehead s rem>kably cle> t ! transp>5t ve9s 7 se5 me&]+ ev5 9 _! m9ute/ bran*es--9 %ort1 %e 0 :at w\ld be reckon$ z h&some ev5 9 ,engl&4 ,! symmetry ( h] features1 h[ev]1 0 m>r$1 at lea/ 9 ! eyes ( h] ,engli% admir]1 by ! habit ( we>+ a labret 9 ! slit ( h] l[] lip4 ,dur+ our rec5t visit to ,port ,mulgrave we did n f9d ! native wom5 answ]+ to ! gl[+ description ( ! voyag] :o discov]$ ! h>bor2 b ?is may be ow+ to ! fact t we did n prevail ^u any ( !m to wa% _! faces4 ,"o o!r discrepancy mu/ be not$ betwe5 ! records ( ,dixon's voyage & my own obs]vations1 made "o hundr$ #fb ye>s lat]4 ,! h\ses ( ! natives are describ$ 9 ! n>rative j cit$ z-- ,! mo/ wret*$ hovels t c possibly be conceiv$3 a few poles /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 )\t ord] or regul>ity1 recross$ & cov]$ ) loose bo>ds1 444 q insuffici5t to keep out ! sn[ & ra94 ,:ile ?is description w\ld apply to ! tempor>y %elt]s n[ us$ by ! ,yakutat ,indians :5 on _! summ] hunt+ & fi%+ exp$itions1 x by no means describes ! h\ses 9 :i* !y pass ! w9t]4 ,^! are l>ge & sub/antially built ( planks hewn f spruce trees1 & 9 "s in/ances support$ f ! inside by f\r huge po/s1 c>v$ & pa9t$ to repres5t grotesque figures4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! ro( !re is a l>ge op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! smoke escapes f ! fire k9dl$ 9 an op5 space 9 ! floor4 ,b few ( ! ,indian villages ( ,alaska1 except+ p]haps ! homes ( ! ,?l9kets 9 ! ,alex&rian ar*ipelago1 are bett] built or m com=table ?an ^? at ,port ,mulgrave4 ,on ! map ( ,port ,mulgrave already ref]r$ to1 ,po9t ,turn] & ,po9t ,c>rew appe>4 ,! =m] 0 nam$ = ! second mate ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte1 :o 0 ! fir/ ( h] (fic]s to l&2 ! second "n 0 probably design$ to honor ano!r (fic] ( ! exp$ition1 b ( ?is ,i am n positive4 ,,d\glas1 #aghh4e ,footnote #e3 ,voyage ( ! ,iphig5ia2 ,capta9 ,d\glas3 9 ,voyages made 9 ! ye>s #aghh-aghi f ,*9a to ! ,nor?we/ ,coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,john ,me>es1 #d1 ,london1 #agij4 ,9 #aghh1 ano!r trad+ vessel1 ! %ip ,iphig5ia1 9 comm& ( ,capta9 ,d\glas1 visit$ ! s\!rn %ore ( ,alaska & an*or$ 9 ,yakutat bay2 b no special acc\nt ( ! c\ntry or ! inhabitants is record$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! voyage4 ,,malasp9a1 #agib4f ,footnote #f3 ,relacion del viage he*o por las goletas ,sutil y ,mexicana en el ao de #agib p>a reconoc] el e/re*o de ,fuca2 con una introduccion en que se da noticia de las exp$iciones executadas ant]iorm5te por los ,espaoles en busca del paso del noroe/e de la ,amrica ,por ,don ,dionisio ,alcala ,galiano4 ,madrid1 #ahjb accompani$ by an atlas4 ,pp4 ,,cxii-,,cxxi4 ,ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago ! int]e/ felt by ! m>itime nations ( ,europe 9 a ,nor?we/ passage1 connect+ ! #fc nor!rn ,atlantic ) ! nor!rn ,pacific1 0 reviv$ by ! r5ewal ( ! discussion z to ! au!nticity ( ,maldonado's report$ discov]y ( ! ,/rait ( ,annan4 ,! we/]n entrance to ?is /rait 0 suppos$ to be ab\t 9 ! position ( ,yakutat bay4 ,spa91 9 p>ticul>1 aft] ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( exploration & discov]y 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 0 /ill anxi\s to ext5d h] conque/s1 &1 if possible1 to discov] ! long-s\ght ,nor?we/ passage4 ,two ( h] %ips1 ! ,descubi]ta & ,atrevida1 7 !n at ,acapulco1 9 comm& ( ,don ,alej&ro ,malasp9a1 :o 0 engag$ 9 a voyage ( discov]y4 ,malasp9a1 l ,columbus1 0 a native ( ,italy 9 ! s]vice ( ,spa94 ,ord]s 7 s5t to him to cruise nor?w>d & te/ ! tru? ( ,maldonado's report4 ,! n>rative ( ?is voyage is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,don ,dionisio ,alcala ,galiano1 b 8 "n does n appe> on ! title page4 ,/ill m curi\s is ! fact t ,malasp9a's "n is omitt$ f ! n>rative ( 8 own voyage4 ,on 8 return to ,spa91 he 0 ?r[n into prison1 on acc\nt ( c\rt intrigues1 & 8 discov]ies 7 suppress$ = _m ye>s4 ,malasp9a left ,acapulco on ! fir/ ( ,may1 #agia1 & rea*$ ! vic9ity ( ! pres5t site ( ,sitka on ,june #be4 ,two days lat]1 ,m\nt ,fairwea!r1 or ,monte ,bu5-tiempo1 z x is designat$ on ,spani% maps1 0 sight$4 ,cont9u+ nor?we/w>d1 ! entrance to ,yakutat bay 0 rea*$4 ,! op5+ ?r\gh ! fir/ range ( m\nta9s at its head seem$ to correspond to ,maldonado's description ( ! entrance to ! my?ical ,/rait ( ,annan4 ,! ea/]n %ore ( ,yakutat bay1 call$ ,almiralty bay on ! ,spani% *>t1 0 explor$1 & an excursion 0 made 9 boats into ,dis5*antm5t bay z f> z ,ha5ke isl&4 ,dis5*antm5t bay1 z ! "n appe>s on mod]n *>ts1 0 nam$ ,des5gao bay by ,malasp9a1 z previ\sly /at$1 9 allusion to ! fru/ration ( 8 hopes on n f9d+ a passage lead+ to ! ,atlantic4 ,explorations 9 ,dis5*antm5t bay 7 *eck$ by ice1 :i* desc5d$ f ! nor? & fill$ all ( ! inlets nor? ( ,ha5ke isl&4 ,?is is indicat$ on ! map =m+ plate #g 7page #fg71 :i* is reproduc$ f ! atlas accompany+ ! n>rative ( ,malasp9a's voyage4 ,special int]e/ atta*es to ?is map = ! reason t by comp>+ x ) t =m+ plate #h 7page #ge71 made #ajj ye>s lat]1 ! retreat #fd ( ! glaci]s dur+ t int]val c be det]m9$4#g ,at ! "t ( ,malasp9a's exp$ition1 ! ,hubb>d & ,dalton glaci]s 7 unit$1 & 7 probably also jo9$ by "s ( ! neighbor+ glaci]s :i* d n n[ rea* tide-wat]2 ! :ole =m+ a conflu5t ice /ream :i* occupi$ all ( ,dis5*antm5t bay nor!a/ ( ,ha5ke isl&4 ,footnote #g3 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! map1 plate #h1 is n f detail$ surveys2 ! portion ref]r$ to 0 sket*$ f a few /ations only & is mu* g5]aliz$4 ,a portion ( ! g5]al map ( ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,alaska1 %[+ ! r\te foll[$ by ! ,descubi]ta & ! ,atrevida1 & depict+ ! topography ( ! adjac5t %ores1 has be5 reproduc$ 9 plate #e4 ,x w be notic$ t on ?is map ,lituya bay is call$ ,pt4 des ,francais1 :ile ,dry bay is designat$ z ,b]+'s bay4 ,^! & o!r names 7 adopt$ f ! maps ( ,la ,pr\se4 ,a map ( ,bahia de ,monti1 f ,malasp9a's report1 is reproduc$ 9 plate #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,/4 ,,elias ,,region1 ,,aft] ,,malasp9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,map ,,( ,,bay ,,de ,,monti1 ,,aft] ,,malasp9a4 ,an extract f ,galiano's acc\nt ( ,malasp9a's discov]ies 9 ,yakutat & ,dis5*antm5t bays1#h translat$ by ,rob]t ,/e91 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 is "h ins]t$1 9 ord] t ! read] may be able to =m an indep5d5t judgm5t ( ! value ( ! evid5ce j ref]r$ to z be>+ on ! retreat ( ! glaci]s3 ,an obs]vatory 0 e/abli%$ on %ore1 & "s absolute altitudes 7 tak5 9 ord] to furni% a basis = ! reckon+ ( ! wat*es2 b ! great conc\rse ( ,indians1 _! importunity & ?ievi%ness1 made x necess>y to transf] all ! in/rum5ts on bo>d4 ,/ill ! latitude 0 det]m9$1 ! wat*es 7 regulat$1 ! numb] ( oscillations made by ! simple p5dulum 0 obs]v$1 & ! height ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias 0 measur$1 be+ #f1ejg4f v>as #ag1hdg feet above sea-level4 ,! laun*es be+ ready1 put to sea on ,july #b ) ! comm&] ( ! exp$ition1 9 ord] to reconnoitre ! *annel promis$ by ! op5+1 simil> to t depict$ by ,f]r] ,maldonado 9 8 voyage2 b ! small =ce ( ! tide notic$ at ! entrance1 & ! indications ( ! natives1 made x pla9 n only t ! desir$ passage did n exi/ !re1 b t ! ext5t ( ! *annel 0 v %ort2 :i* 0 also r5d]$ evid5t by ! p]petual fro/ cov]+ ! inn] we/ %ore4 ,! laun*es an*or$ !re1 hav+ p5etrat$ into ! *annel ) great difficulty1 ! o>s be+ clogg$ by ! float+ masses ( sn[2 !y measur$ a base1 made "s m>ks1 ga!r$ v>i\s objects & /ones = ! naturali/s1 &1 hav+ rea*$ ! l9e ( p]petual fro/1 #fe return$ to ! bay :]e !y _h an*or$4#i ,!y !re obs]v$ ! latitude to be #ei #ei' #cj1 & six azimu?s ( ! sun1 :i* gave ! v>iation ( ! ne$le z #cb #di'4 ,be=e leav+ t an*orage ! comm&] buri$ a bottle ) record ( ! reconnoissance & possession tak5 9 ! "n ( ! k+4 ,!y call$ ! h>bor ,desangao1 ! op5+ ,bahia de las ,bancas1 & ! isl& 9 ! int]ior ,ha5ke1 9 memory ( ,d4 ,tadeo ,ha5ke1 botani/ & naturali/ ( ! exp$ition4 ,on ! ?ird day !y set out on _! voyage to ,mulgrave1 :]e !y arriv$ on ! #f?1 aft] reconnoit]+ v>i\s *annels & isl&s nor? ( t port & mapp+ !m4 ,footnote #h3 ,ibid41 pp4 ,,xciv-,,cxvi4 ,footnote #i3 ,on ! coa/ ( ! ma9l& ea/ ( ,knight isl&4--,i4 ,c4 ,r4 ,foll[+ ! portion ( ! n>rative above quot$1 !re is an acc\nt ( ! natives1 conta9+ mu* in=mation ( int]e/ to e?nologi/s1 b :i* x is n necess>y to foll[ 9 a geographic report4 ,on ,july #e ! corvettes sail$ we/w>d1 & made a reconnoissance z f> z ,montegue isl&4 ,return+ ea/w>d1 !y aga9 sight$ ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias on ,july #bb4 ,on ! #bh? !y 7 ?ree leagues we/ ( ! capes :i* t]m9ate 9 ,b]+ bay ,dry bay2 ! m\nta9 ( t "n be+ ab\t five leagues di/ant f ! coa/ & ris+ #e1cfh4c v>as #ad1gbb feet above ! sea-level1 & 9 latitude #ei #j' #db & longitude #b #d' f ,port ,mulgrave4 ,m\nt ,b]+ does n appe> on any map t ,i h se54 ,:i* ( ! num]\s high peaks 9 ! vic9ity ( ,dry bay %\ld be designat$ by t "n rema9s to be det]m9$4 ,9 a record ( ! a/ronomical "w ( ,malasp9a's exp$ition#aj !re are "s int]e/+ obs]vations on ! position & elevation ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 a translation ( :i*1 by ,mr4 ,/e91 is "h giv53 ,true longitude ( ,mulgrave we/ ( ,cadiz1 #acc #bd' #ab4 ,on ! same day1 ! #cj? ( ,june #agib1 at ! obs]vatory ( ,mulgrave1 at #f;h4 #cj' 9 ! morn+1 ! true altitude ( ! sun 0 obs]v$ to be #af #ad' #bj1 & its incl9ation be+ #bc #aa' #cj & ! latitude #ei #cd' #bj1 ! true azimu? ( ! sun f nor? to ea/ 0 conclud$ to be #ga #dc' #j4 ,b hav+ measur$ on ! same occasion ) ! !odolite #aaj #cc' f ! sun's v]tical to ! v]tical ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two quantities is ! a/ronomic azimu?4 ,h5ce1 f #ff ! obs]vatory ( ,mulgrave1 said m\nta9 be>s ,n4 #ch #ej' ,w41 a di/ance ( #ee4a miles1 d$uc$ by means ( good obs]vations f ! ends ( a suffici5t base4 ,a quadrant 0 us$ to measure ! angle ( app>5t altitude ( ! m\nta91 #b #ch' #f1 & all[+ = t]re/rial refraction1 :i* is "o-t5? ( ! di/ance ( #ee4a miles1 ! true altitude 0 f\nd to be #b #cd' #ci2 :5ce its elevation above sea-level 0 conclud$ to be #b1gic toises #ag1hfj feet1 & ! l5g? ( ! tang5t to ! horizon1 #aeb miles1 all[ance be+ made = ! increase due to t]re/rial refraction4444 ,la/ly1 ) ! rhumb1 or a/ronomic azimu?1 & ! di/ance f ! obs]vatory ( ,mulgrave to ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t t m\nta9 0 #dc' #ae to ! nor? & #a #i' to ! we/1 :5ce its latitude is f\nd to be #fj #ag' #ce & its longitude #acd #cc' #aj we/ ( ,cadiz4 ,footnote #aj3 ,memorias sobre las obs]vaciones a/ronomicas he*as por les navegantes ,espaoles en di/9tos lug>es del globe2 ,por ,don ,josef ,esp9osa y ,tello4 ,madrid1 en la ,impr5te real1 ,ao de #ahji1 #b vols41 l>ge #h2 vol4 #a1 pp4 #eg-fj4 ,tak+ ! longitude ( ,cadiz z #f #ai' #jg ,w4 7,san ,seba/ian light-h\se71 ! longitude ( ,/4 ,elias f ?is det]m9ation w\ld be #adj #eb' #ag ,w4 ,,vanc\v]1 #agid4aa ,footnote #aa3 ,a ,voyage ( ,discov]y to ! ,nor!rn ,pacific ,ocean & ar\nd ! ,_w1 #agij-'ie2 new edition1 #f vols41 ,london1 #ahja4 ,! citations :i* foll[ are f vol4 #e1 pp4 #cdh-djg4 ,! next vessels to visit ,yakutat bay aft] ,malasp9a's voyage1 s f> z kn[n1 7 ! ,discov]y & ,*a?am1 "u comm& ( ,capta9 ,george ,vanc\v]4 ,?is voyage increas$ k ( ! geography ( s\!rn ,alaska m ?an any t prec$$ x1 & 0 also ( great] importance ?an any s+le exp$ition ( lat] date to t region4 ,! be/ maps ( s\!rn ,alaska publi%$ at ! pres5t day are bas$ l>gely on ! surveys ( ,vanc\v]4 ,! ,discov]y1 "u ! imm$iate comm& ( ,vanc\v]1 & ! ,*a?am1 9 *>ge ( ,pet] ,puget1 cruis$ ea/w>d along ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,alaska 9 #agid4 ,! ,discov]y pass$ ! entrance to ,yakutat bay )\t /opp+1 b ! ,*a?am an*or$ !re1 & important surveys 7 c>ri$ on "u ,puget's directions4 ,on ,june #bh1 ! ,discov]y 0 9 ! vic9ity ( ,icy bay1 :]e ! %ore ( ! ocean seem$ to be compos$ ( solid ice4 ,ea/w>d f ,icy bay ! coa/ is describ$ z bord]$ by l[l&s ris+ ) a gradual & uni=m asc5t to ! foot-hills ( l(ty m\nta9s1 ^: summits are b ! base f :i* ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias t[]s magnific5tly into ! regions ( #fg p]petual fro/4 ,a l[ project+ po9t on ! we/]n side ( ! entrance to ,yakutat bay 0 nam$ ,po9t ,manby4 ,! coa/ beyond ?is t[>d ! nor!a/ became less wood$1 & seem$ to produce only a br[ni% vegetation1 :i* f>!r ea/w>d entirely disappe>$4 ,! c\ntry 0 !n b>e & compos$ ( loose /ones4 ,! n>rative conta9s an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! gr& coa/ sc5]y f ,/4 ,elias to ! ea/]n end ( ! ,fairwea!r range2 b ?is does n at pres5t claim att5tion4 ,:ile ! ,*a?am cont9u$ h] cruise ea/w>d1 ,puget asc5d$ ,yakutat bay ne>ly to its head1 & also navigat$ "s ( ! *annels betwe5 ! isl&s along its ea/]n %ore4 ,a cape on ! ea/]n side1 :]e ! bay p5etrates ! fir/ range ( foot-hills1 0 nam$ ,po9t ,lat\*e2 b ! same l&m>k _h previ\sly be5 designat$ ,pa4 de la ,esp]anza by ,malasp9a4 ,! bay at ! head ( ! inlet1 :i* ,malasp9a _h nam$ ,desangao1 0 nam$ ,digges s\nd1 aft] "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,*a?am4 ,boats 7 s5t to explore ?is inlet1 b f\nd x clos$ f side to side by a firm1 compact body ( ice1 beyond :i*1 to ! back ( ! ice1 a small inlet appe>$ to ext5d ,n4 #ee ,e4 ab\t a league4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,vanc\v]'s ,voyage1 vol4 #e1 p4 #chi4 ,^! obs]vations confirm ^? made by ,malasp9a & indicat$ on ! *>t reproduc$ on plate #g1 :]e ! ice front is repres5t$ z rea*+ z f> s\? z ,ha5ke isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,map ,,( ,,dis5*antm5t ,,bay1 ,,aft] ,,malasp9a4 ,! evid5ce furni%$ by ,malasp9a & ,vanc\v] z to ! =m] ext5t ( ! glaci]s at ! head ( ,yakutat bay is 9 h>mony ) obs]vations made by ,vanc\v]'s p>ty 9 ,icy /rait & ,cross s\nd4#ac ,e>ly 9 ,july1 #agid1 ^! /raits 7 f\nd to be heavily encumb]$ ) float+ ice4 ,at ! pres5t "t b little ice is met ) 9 t region4 ,on ,vanc\v]'s *>ts !re is no indication t he 0 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ,glaci] bay1 al?\gh "o ( 8 (fic]s1 9 navigat+ ,icy /rait1 pass$ its imm$iate entrance4 ,^! records1 al?\gh some:at indef9ite & ( negative "*1 indicate t ! fields ( float+ ice at ! m\? ( ,glaci] bay 7 mu* m ext5sive a hundr$ ye>s ago ?an at pres5t2 b !y d n %[ :]e ! glaci]s ( t region =m]ly t]m9at$4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ibid41 pp4 #dag-dba4 ,aft] ! return ( ! ,*a?am's boats f ! exploration ( #fh ,dis5*antm5t bay1 an exploration ( ! ea/]n %ore ( ,yakutat bay 0 made4 ,! foll[+ extract indicates ! "* ( "w done !re3 ,digges' s\nd ,dis5*antm5t bay 0 ! only place 9 ! bay t pres5t$ ! lea/ prospect ( any int]ior navigation1 & ?is 0 necess>ily v limit$ by ! close connect$ range ( l(ty sn[y m\nta9s t /ret*$ along ! coa/ at no great di/ance f ! seaside4 ,mr4 ,puget's att5tion 0 next direct$ to ! op5+ 9 ! l[ l&1 b z ! w9d 0 v>iable & adv]se to ! progress ( ! vessel1 a boat 0 aga9 despat*$ to cont9ue ! inve/igation ( ^! %ores1 :i* are compact f ,po9t ,lat\*e & 7 !n free f ice4 ,?is op5+ 0 f\nd to be =m$ by an isl& ab\t two miles long1 9 a direction ,s4 #ej ,e4 & ,n4 #ej ,w41 & ab\t a mile broad1 ly+ at ! di/ance ( ab\t half a mile f ! ma9l&4 ,opposite to ! s\? "p ( ?is1 nam$ by ,mr4 ,puget ,,knight',s ,,isl&1 is ,eleanor's cove1 :i* is ! ea/]n extremity ( ,be]+'s ,yakutat bay1 9 latitude #ei #dd'1 longitude #bbj #ea'4 ,knight's isl& admits ( a navigable passage all r\nd x1 b !re is an islet situat$ betwe5 x & ! ma9l& on its nor!a/ side4 ,f ,eleanor's cove ! coa/ takes a direction ,s4 #cj ,w4 ab\t six miles to ! ea/ po9t ( a *annel lead+ to ! s\?we/ betwe5 ! cont95t & "s isl&s t lie (f x4 ,?is 0 consid]$ to lead along ! %ores ( ! ma9l& to ,po9t ,mulgrave1 & 9 ! ev5t ( its prov+ navigable1 ! exam9ation ( ! bay w\ld h be5 complete1 & ! vessel br\ght to our appo9t$ place ( meet+1 :i* 0 n[ suppos$ to be no v great di/ance4 ,9 endeavor+ to rea* ,port ,mulgrave by a *annel lead+ betwe5 ! isl&s on ! ea/]n side ( ! bay & ! ma9l&1 ! ,*a?am gr\nd$1 & 0 gott5 (f ) consid]able difficulty4 ,_m obs]vations conc]n+ ! geography & ! natives are record$ 9 ! n>rative ( ?is exploration4 ,,bel*]1 #ahcg4ad ,footnote #ad3 ,n>rative ( a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 p]=m$ 9 ! %ip ,sulphur dur+ ! ye>s #ahcf-ahdb2 by ,capta9 ,sir ,edw>d ,bel*]3 #b vols41 #h1 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,! next acc\nt#ae ( explorations ar\nd ,yakutat bay t #fi has come to h& is by ,sir ,edw>d ,bel*]1 :o visit$ t coa/ 9 ,h] ,maje/y's %ip ,sulphur 9 #ahcg4 ,footnote #ae3 ,a =t 0 built by ! ,russians1 9 #agie1 on ! /rip ( l& sep>at+ ,bay de ,monti f ! ocean1 & 0 coloniz$ by convicts f ,russia4 ,9 #ahjc1 all ( ! settl]s 7 kill$ & ! =t 0 de/roy$ by ! ,yakutat ,indians4 ,s complete 0 ?is massacre t no detail$ acc\nt ( x has ev] appe>$4 7,alaska & its ,res\rces1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 #ahgj1 pp4 #caf1 #cag1 #cbc47 ,9 ! n>rative ( ?is voyage1 a brief acc\nt is giv5 ( ! ice cliffs at ,icy bay1 :i* are /at$ to h a height ( ab\t ?irty feet & to pres5t ! appe>ance ( ve9$ m>ble4 ,:]e ! ice 0 expos$ to ! sea x 0 excavat$ into alcoves & ar*ways1 recall+ to ! n>rator's m9d ! ,*alk cliffs ( ,engl&4 ,po9t ,ri\1 z nam$ by ,vanc\v]1 0 n recogniz$1 & ! inf]5ce seems to be t x 0 =m$ ( ice & 0 dissolv$ away betwe5 ! visits ( ,vanc\v] & ,bel*]4 ,accompany+ ! n>rative ( ,bel*]'s voyage is an illu/ration %[+ ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias z x appe>s f ! sea ne> ,icy bay1 :i* repres5ts ! m\nta9 m accurately ?an "s simil> pictures publi%$ m rec5tly4 ,! ,sulphur an*or$ 9 ,port ,mulgrave2 b no acc\nt is giv5 ( ! "* ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,,teb5k(1 #aheb4af ,footnote #af3 ,atlas ( ! ,nor?we/ ,coa/ ( ,am]ica f ,b]+ /rait to ,cape ,corri5tes & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s etc43 #b1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aheb4 ,) index & hydrographic obs]vations3 #h1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aheb4 ,teb5k('s notes1 :i* are (t5 ref]r$ to by writ]s on ,alaska1 consi/ pr9cipally ( compilations f reports ( ,russian trad]s1 :i* 7 int5d$ to accompany & expla9 an atlas ( ! %ores ( nor?we/]n ,am]ica1 publi%$ 9 #aheb 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg & 9 ,sitka4 ,map numb] #g ( ! atlas repres5ts ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,alaska f ,lituya bay we/w>d to ,icy bay4 ,on ! same %eet !re is a m detail$ *>t ( ! isl&s along ! ea/]n bord] ( ,yakutat bay4 ,! height ( ,/4 ,elias is giv5 z #ag1jjj feet2 its position1 latitude #fa #b' #f & longitude #adj #d'1 di/ant #cj miles f ! sea4#ag ,x is /at$ t 9 #ahci ! m\nta9 began at times to smoke ?r\gh a crat] on its s\!a/]n slope4 ,at ! "t ( an e>?quake at ,sitka 7#ahdg7 x is said to h emitt$ flames & a%es4 ,footnote #ag3 ,9 a foot-note on page #cc x is /at$ t ,capta9 ,vasilef1 9 ! %ip ,otkrytie 7,discov]y71 asc]ta9$ ! height ( ,m\nt ,fairwea!r to be #ac1idf feet4 #gj ,x w be se5 f ! acc\nt ( ! exploration c>ri$ on la/ summ] t ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias is compos$ ( /ratifi$ rocks1 ) no indication ( volcanic orig92 & ^! reports ( eruption mu/ consequ5tly be consid]$ errone\s4 ,! l[ c\ntry betwe5 ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias & ! sea is describ$ by ,teb5k( z a tundra cov]$ ) =e/s & grass2 ?r\gh cracks 9 ! gravelly soil1 ice c\ld be se5 b5ea?4 ,m rec5t k %[s t ?is /atem5t also is errone\s4 ,! adjac5t ocean is /at$ to be %all[1 ) %elv+ bottom2 at a di/ance ( half a v]/1 five to twelve fa?oms 7 obta9$1 & at two miles f l&1 ?irty to =ty fa?oms 7( sev5 feet74 ,! ,pimpluna rocks are said to h be5 discov]$ 9 #aggi by ! ,spani% capta9 ,arteiga4 ,!y 7 also se5 9 #agid by ! helmsman ,tal91 9 ! %ip ,orel1 & nam$ aft] 8 vessel4 ,^! obs]vations are int]e/+1 & indicate t possibly !re may be subm]g$ mora9es 9 ! region :]e ^! rocks are report$ to exi/4 ,_m o!r obs]vations are record$ conc]n+ ! m\nta9s & ! bays 9 ! vic9ity ( ,yakutat4 ,:ile ( int]e/ to navigation & to geograph]s1 ^! h no imm$iate connection ) ! region explor$ dur+ ! rec5t exp$ition4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,coa/ ,,& ,,geodetic ,,survey1 #ahgd1ah #ahhj4ai ,footnote #ah3 ,app5dix ,no4 #aj1 ,report ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey = ! ye> #ahge3 ,wa%+ton1 #ahgh1 pp4 #aeg-ahh4 ,footnote #ai3 ,pacific ,coa/ ,pilot1 ,alaska1 "p #a3 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhc1 p4 #bab4 ,! surveys c>ri$ on 9 #ahgd by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey on ! %ores ( ,alaska embrac$ ! region ab\t ,yakutat bay4 ,!y 7 conduct$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,dall & ,m>cus ,bak]4 ,besides ! survey ( ! coa/-l9e1 det]m9ations 7 made ( ! heights & positions ( sev]al m\nta9 peaks betwe5 ,glaci] bay & ,cook inlet4 ,dall's acc\nt ( ?is survey conta9s a brief sket* ( previ\s explorations & a summ>y ( ! measurem5ts ( ! high] peaks ( ! region4 ,?is mat]ial has be5 us$ on ano!r page 9 discuss+ ! height ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,besides ! geographic data ga!r$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey1 _m obs]vations 7 made on geology & on ! glaci]s ( ! region ab\t ,yakutat bay & ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,exception mu/ be tak51 9 ! light ( m rec5t #ga explorations1 to "s ( ! conclusions rea*$ 9 ?is connection1 z w appe> 9 ! *apt] devot$ to geology & glaci]s4 ,a description ( ! ,/4 ,elias region 9 ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,pilot supplem5ts ! pap] 9 ! coa/ survey report = #ahge4 ,?is is an exhau/ive compilation f all available s\rces ( in=mation int]e/+ to navigators4 ,x conta9s1 besides1 a valuable summ>y ( :at 0 kn[n at ! "t ( its publication conc]n+ ! hi/ory & physical features ( ! c\ntry to :i* x relates4 ,9 ?is publication ! true "* ( ! ,malasp9a glaci] 0 fir/ record$ & its "n propos$4 ,! description is z foll[s3 ,at ,po9t ,manby & ea/w>d to ! ,kwik riv] ! %ore 0 bord]$ by trees1 app>5tly will[s & ald]s1 ) a some:at d5s] belt a little f>!r back4 ,beh9d ?is rises a bluff or bank ( high l&1 z describ$ by v>i\s navigators4 ,ab\t ! vic9ity ( ,tebi5k(f's ,ne>] ,po9t ! trees cease1 b beg9 aga9 ne> ! riv]4 ,! bluff or table-l& beh9d rises high] ?an ! riv] valley & completely hides x f ! s\?w>d1 & is 9 summ] b>e ( vegetation 7except a few r>e pat*es on its face7 & app>5tly is compos$ ( glacial dbris1 mu* ( :i* is ( a r$di% color4 ,9 ,may1 #ahgd1 :5 obs]v$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey p>ty ( t ye>1 ! ext5sive flatt5$ top ( ?is table-l& or plateau 0 cov]$ ) a smoo? & ev5 %eet ( pure :ite sn[4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,june1 #ahhj1 h[ev]1 ?is sn[ _h melt$1 & = ! fir/ "t ! real & mo/ extraord9>y "* ( ?is plateau 0 reveal$4 ,)9 ! bea* & ext5d+ 9 a nor?we/]ly direction to ! valley beh9d x1 at ! foot ( ! ,/4 ,elias ,alps an undet]m9$ di/ance1 ?is plateau1 or a l>ge "p ( x1 is "o great field ( buri$ ice4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e no?+ is visible b b[ld]s1 dirt & gravel2 b at ! "t m5tion$1 back ( ! bight betwe5 ,po9t ,manby & ,ne>] ,po9t1 = a space ( sev]al squ>e miles ! cov]lid ( dirt _h fall5 91 ow+ to ! melt+ ( ! ice b5ea?1 & reveal$ a surface ( brok5 p9nacles ( ice1 ea* cr[n$ by a pat* ( dirt1 /&+ close to "o ano!r l a =e/ ( prisms1 ^! decreas+ 9 height f ! summit ( ! plateau gradually 9 a sort ( semicircul> sweep t[>d ! bea*1 ne> :i*1 h[ev]1 ! dirt & dbris aga9 pr$om9ate1 =m+ a sort ( t]m9al mora9e to ?is imm5se1 buri$1 immovable glaci]1 = x is no?+ else4 ,tra9s ( l>ge b[ld]s 7 visible "h & !re1 & ! g5]al tr5d ( ! glaci] seem$ to be nor?we/ & s\!a/4 ,betwe5 ,dis5*antm5t bay & ! foot ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 on ! flanks ( ! ,alps1 sev5te5 glaci]s 7 c\nt$1 ( :i* ab\t t5 7 beh9d ?is plateau1 b none are ( v l>ge size1 & ! sum total ( !m all seem$ f> too little to supply ! wa/e ( ! plateau if x 7 to possess motion4 ,! l[] ends ( ^! small glaci]s come #gb d[n into ! riv] valley be=e m5tion$ & at "r angles 9 g5]al to ! tr5d ( ! plateau4 ,to ! buri$ glaci] ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey has appli$ ! "n ( ,malasp9a1 9 honor ( t di/+ui%$ & un=tunate explor]4 ,no connection c\ld be se5 betwe5 ! small glaci]s & ! ,malasp9a plateau1 z ! =m] dip bel[ ! level ( ! summit ( ! latt]4 ,! ,malasp9a _h no nv1 nor 0 !re any high l& 9 ! direction ( its axis z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*4 ,ev]y:]e1 except :]e ! p9nacles protrud$ & 9 a few spots on ! face ( ! bluff1 x 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick /ratum ( soil1 gravel & /ones1 "h & !re %[+ small pat*es ( bright gre5 h]bage4 ,! bluff we/w>d f ,po9t ,manby may probably prove ( ! same "*4 ,m\nt ,cook & ,m\nt ,vanc\v] are nam$ 9 ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,pilot1 & _! elevations & positions are def9itely /at$4 ,m\nt ,malasp9a 0 also nam$1 b its position is n giv54 ,dur+ ! exp$ition ( la/ summ] x 0 f\nd impracticable to decide def9itely to :i* peak ! "n ( ! great navigator 0 appli$4 ,s exi/+ nom5clature 0 foll[$ z ne>ly z possible by atta*+ ,malasp9a's "n to a peak ab\t elev5 miles ea/ ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,its position is indicat$ on ! accompany+ map1 plate #h 7page #ge74 ,sev]al *>ts ( ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,alaska accompany ! reports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey = #ahge1 ref]r$ to above4 ,a "p ( ^! h be5 indep5d5tly publi%$4 ,^! *>ts 7 us$ 9 mapp+ ! coa/-l9e z x appe>s on plate #h1 & 7 frequ5tly consult$ :ile writ+ ! foll[+ pages4 ,,new ,,york ,,times ,,exp$ition1 #ahhf4 ,an exp$ition s5t out by ! ,new ,york ,times1 9 *>ge ( ,lieut5ant ,fr$]ick ,s*watka1 = ! purpose ( mak+ geographic explorations & climb+ ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 left ,sitka on ! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,p9ta1 on ,july #aj1 #ahhf1 & rea*$ ,yakutat bay two days lat]4 ,z x 0 f\nd impracticable to obta9 ! necess>y assi/ance f ! ,indians to cont9ue ! voyage to ,icy bay1 :5ce ! />t inl& 0 plann$ to be made1 ,capta9 ,n4 ,e4 ,ni*ols1 ! comm&] ( ! ,p9ta1 conclud$ to take ! exp$ition to its de/9ation 9 8 vessel4 ,on ,july #ag a l&+ 0 made ?r\gh ! surf at ,icy bay1 & exploration at once began4 ,! p>ty consi/$ ( ,lieut5ant ,s*watka1 9 *>ge2 ,pr(essor ,william ,libbey1 ,jr42 & ,lieut5ant ,h4 ,w4 ,seton-,k>r4 #gc ,! camp h&s 7 ,john ,dalton1 ,joseph ,woods1 & sev]al ,indian pack]s4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,! acc\nts ( ?is exp$ition are z foll[s3 ,report f ,lieut5ant ,s*watka 9 ! ,new ,york ,times1 ,octob] #ag1 #ahhf2 ,"s ( ! ,geographical ,features ( ,s\!a/]n ,alaska1 by ,william ,libbey1 ,jr41 9 ,bull4 ,am4 ,geog4 ,soc41 #ahhf1 pp4 #bgi-cjj2 ,%ores & ,alps ( ,alaska1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,seton-,k>r1 ,london1 #ahhg1 #h1 pp4 ,l-,,xcv1 #adb-adh2 ,! ,alp9e ,regions ( ,alaska1 by ,lieut5ant ,seton-,k>r1 9 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,geog4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,ix1 #ahhg1 pp4 #bfi-bhe2 ,! ,exp$ition ( ,! ,new ,york ,times 7#ahhf71 by ,lieut5ant ,s*watka1 9 ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,april1 #ahia1 pp4 #hfe-hgb4 ,f ,icy bay ! exp$ition proce$$ inl&1 = ab\t sixte5 miles1 9 a l9e lead+ ne>ly due nor?1 t[>d ! summit ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,! highe/ po9t rea*$1 #g1bjj feet1 0 on ! foot-hills ( ! ma9 range n[ call$ ! ,k>r hills4 ,! "t occupi$ by ! exp$ition1 aft] leav+ ,icy bay1 0 n9e or t5 days4 ,s f> z kn[n1 no sy/ematic surveys 7 c>ri$ on4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is exp$ition appe>$ 9 ,seton-,k>r's book1 ,! ,%ores & ,alps ( ,alaska4 ,_m obs]vations on ! glaci]s & mora9es ( ! region explor$ are record$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! map publi%$ ) x has be5 us$ 9 compil+ ! we/]n portion ( ! map =m+ plate #h1 :]e ! r\te ( ! exp$ition is indicat$4 ,ano!r acc\nt1 especially valuable = its records ( sci5tific obs]vations1 by ,pr(essor ,libbey1 0 publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,geographic ,society4 ,! ,guyot1 ,agassiz & ,tyndall glaci]s1 ! ,*aix hills1 & ,lake ,ca/ani receiv$ _! names dur+ ?is exp$ition4 ,lieut5ant ,s*watka's graphic & ent]ta9+ acc\nt ( ?is exp$ition1 publi%$ 9 ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e = ,april1 #ahia1 gives _m details ( ! exploration & illu/rates _m ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( s\!rn ,alaska4 ,,topham ,,exp$ition1 #ahhh4 ,an exp$ition conduct$ by ,messrs4 ,w4 ,h4 & ,edw9 ,topham1 ( ,london1 ,george ,broka1 ( ,brussels1 & ,william ,williams1 ( ,new ,york1 0 made 9 #ahhh4 ,l ! ,times exp$ition1 x _h = its ma9 object ! asc5t ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,icy bay 0 rea*$1 by means ( canoes f ,yakutat bay1 on ,july #ac1 & an inl& j\rney 0 made nor?w>d :i* #gd cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ! area trav]s$ by ! previ\s exp$ition4 ,! highe/ elevation rea*$1 accord+ to an]oid b>omet] & boil+-po9t measurem5ts1 0 #aa1dfj feet4 ,?is 0 on ! s\!rn side ( ,/4 ,elias4 ,! only acc\nts ( ?is exp$ition :i* h come to my notice are an int]e/+ article by ,william ,williams 9 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1#ba & a m detail$ report by ,h4 ,w4 ,topham1 accompani$ by a map#bb & by a f9e illu/ration ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 9 ! ,alp9e ,j\rnal4#bc ,footnote #ba3 ,new ,york1 ,april1 #ahhi1 pp4 #chg-djc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,topham's map 0 us$ 9 compil+ ! we/]n portion ( ! map =m+ plate #h1 & 8 r\te is !re indicat$4 ,footnote #bc3 ,london1 ,augu/1 #ahhi1 pp4 #bde-cga4 ,?is brief review ( explorations c>ri$ on 9 ! ,/4 ,elias region previ\s to ! exp$ition s5t out 9 #ahij by ! ,national ,geographic ,society is incomplete 9 _m p>ticul>s1#bd b w indicate ! mo/ promis+ s\rces ( in=mation conc]n+ ! c\ntry describ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,footnote #bd3 ,yakutat bay has be5 visit$ by vessels ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy & ,unit$ ,/ates ,rev5ue ,m>9e & by num]\s trad+ vessels2 b reports ( obs]vations made dur+ ^! voyages h n be5 f\nd dur+ a some:at exhau/ive se>* ( lit]ature relat+ to ,alaska4 #ge ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,n>rative ,,( ,,! ,,/4 ,,elias ,,exp$ition ,,( #ahij4 ,,organization4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,,sket* ,,map ,,( ,,m\nt ,,/4 ,,elias ,,region1 ,,alaska1 ,by ,m>k ,b4 ,k]r4 ,a long-*]i%$ desire to /udy ! geography1 geology1 & glaci]s ( ! region ar\nd ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias 0 f9ally gratifi$ :51 9 ! summ] ( #ahij1 ! ,national ,geographic ,society made x possible = me to und]take an exp$ition to t "p ( ,alaska4 ,! exp$ition 0 organiz$ "u ! jo9t auspices ( ! ,national ,geographic ,society & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 b 0 greatly assi/$ by individuals :o felt an int]e/ 9 ! ext5sion ( geographic k4 ,= ! inception ( exploration & = secur+ ! necess>y funds1 cr$it is due ,mr4 ,will>d ,d4 ,johnson4 ,! names ( ^? :o subscrib$ to ! exploration fund ( ! ,society are z foll[s3 ,boynton ,lea*4 ,h5ry ,gannett4 ,ev]ett ,hayd54 ,*>les ,j4 ,bell4 ,ri*>dson ,clov]4 ,j4 ,s4 ,dill]4 ,c4 ,m4 ,mc,carteney4 ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell4 ,c4 ,a4 ,williams4 ,j4 ,g4 ,judd4 ,will>d ,d4 ,johnson4 ,a4 ,graham ,bell4 ,israel ,c4 ,russell4 ,g>d9] ,g4 ,hubb>d4 ,gilb]t ,?ompson4 ,a4 ,w4 ,greely4 ,h>ry ,k+4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dobb9s4 ,morris ,bi54 ,j4 ,w4 ,hays4 ,wm4 ,b4 ,p[ell4 ,edmund ,alton4 ,z4 ,t4 ,c>p5t]4 ,bailey ,willis4 ,*>les ,nordh(f4 ,e4 ,s4 ,hosm]4 ,rog]s ,birnie1 ,jr4 ,i 0 *os5 by ! ,bo>d ( ,manag]s ( ! ,national ,geographic ,society & by ! ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey to take *>ge ( ! exp$ition & to c>ry on geological & glacial /udies4 ,mr4 ,m>k ,b4 ,k]r1 topograph] on ! ,geological ,survey1 0 assign$ z an assi/ant1 ) ! duty ( mak+ a topographical map ( ! region explor$4 #gf ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,hosm]1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 volunte]$ 8 s]vices z g5]al assi/ant4#be ,footnote #be3 ,copies ( all in/ructions gov]n+ ! "w ( ! exp$ition are giv5 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ,mr4 ,k]r left ,wa%+ton on ,may #bd = ,san ,francisco1 :]e he made arrangem5ts = 8 special "w1 & report$ to me at ,seattle on ,june #ae4 ,i left ,wa%+ton on ,may #be & w5t directly to ,seattle1 :]e ! necess>y prep>ations = explor+ an unkn[n & isolat$ region 7 made4 ,f ! l>ge numb] ( fronti]sm5 & sailors :o appli$ = positions on ! exp$ition1 sev5 m5 7 select$ z camp h&s4 ,! =eman ( ?is =ce 0 ,j4 ,h4 ,*ri/ie1 ( ,seattle1 :o _h sp5t ! previ\s w9t] 9 *>ge ( an exp$ition 9 ! ,olympian m\nta9s1 & 0 well v]s$ 9 all t p]ta9s to fronti] life4 ,! o!r camp h&s 7 ,j4 ,h4 ,crumback1 ,l4 ,s4 ,doney1 ,w4 ,l4 ,l9dsley1 ,william ,p>tridge1 ,?omas ,/amy1 & ,?omas ,:ite4 ,! individual memb]s ( ! p>ty w be m5tion$ frequ5tly dur+ ?is n>rative2 b ,i wi% to /ate at ! beg9n+ t v mu* ( ! success ( ! ent]prise 0 due to ! h>d & fai?ful "w ( ! camp h&s1 to ea* "o ( :om ,i feel p]sonally indebt$4 ,two dogs1 ,bud & ,twe$1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,*ri/ie1 also became memb]s ( ! exp$ition4 ,all camp supplies1 includ+ t5ts1 blankets1 rations1 etc41 7 pur*as$ at ,seattle4 ,rations = t5 m5 = "o hundr$ days1 on ! basis ( ! subsi/5ce furni%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 7 pur*as$ & suitably pack$ = transportation 9 a humid climate4 ,tw5ty-five t9 cans 7 obta9$1 ea* measur+ #f x #ab x #ad in*es1 & 9 ea* a mix$ ration suffici5t = "o man = fifte5 days 0 pack$ & h]metically seal$4 ,^! rations1 ?us secur$ aga9/ moi/ure & 9 conv5i5t %ape = c>ry+ on ! back 7or pack+71 7 = use above ! timb] l9e1 :]e cook+ 0 possible only by means ( oil /oves4 ,! rema9d] ( ! supplies1 int5d$ = use :]e fuel = camp-fires c\ld be obta9$1 7 secur$ ei!r 9 t9 cans or 9 canvas sacks4 ,= cook+ above timb] l9e1 two d\ble-wick oil /oves 7 provid$1 ! usual ca/-iron bases be+ replac$ by small] res]voirs ( t91 9 ord] to avoid unnecess>y weight4 ,coal oil 0 c>ri$ 9 five-gallon cans1 b a few rectangul> cans #gg hold+ "o gallon ea* 7 provid$ = use :ile on ! m>*4 ,subsequ5t exp]i5ce prov$ t ?is arrangem5t 0 satisfactory4 ,f\r sev5-by-sev5 t5ts1 ) ridge ropes1 & two pyramidal n9e-by-n9e c5t]-pole t5ts1 ) flies1 7 provid$1 all made ( cotton drill+4 ,! small] t5ts 7 = use 9 ! high] camps1 & ! l>g] ones = ! base camps4 ,! t5ts 7 z light z seem$ practicable1 & 7 f\nd to answ] well ! purpose = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,ea* man 0 suppli$ ) "o d\ble ,hudson ,bay blanket1 a wat]-pro( coat1 a wat]-pro( hat 7! mo/ s]viceable be+ ! s\'we/]s us$ by seam571 & an alp5/ock4#bf ,ea* man also c>ri$ a %eet made ( light duck1 sev5 feet squ>e1 to protect 8 blankets & to be us$ z a %elt]-t5t if requir$4 ,ea* memb] ( ! p>ty 0 also requir$ to h heavy boots or %oes1 & suitable wool5 clo?+4 ,ea* man 0 furni%$ ) two pieces ( hemp cod-l9e1 #ej feet 9 l5g?1 to be us$ 9 pack+ blankets & rations4 ,! l9es 7 d\bl$ _m times1 s z to di/ribute ! weight on ! %\ld]s1 & 7 connect$ ) two lea!r /raps = buckl+ ab\t ! package to be c>ri$4 ,! cod-l9es 7 us$ in/ead ( ord9>y pack-/raps1 = ! reason t !y di/ribute ! weight on ! %\ld] ov] a broad] area1 & also because !y c be made imm$iately available = climb+1 cross+ /reams1 etc41 :5 requir$4 ,sev]al extra l9es ( ! same mat]ial 7 also tak5 z a res]ve1 or to be us$ 9 rop+ ! p>ty toge!r :5 necess>y4 ,sev]al ( ! p>ty c>ri$ rifles1 = ea* ( :i* a hundr$ r\nds ( fix$ ammunition 7 issu$4 ,two ice-axes = ! p>ty 7 also provid$4 ,footnote #bf3 ,light rubb] clo? 0 ord]$ f ,san ,francisco = ! purpose ( all[+ ea* man a wat]-pro( %eet to place "u 8 blankets1 b 0 n receiv$ 9 "t to be us$4 ,a canvas boat 0 made by ! m5 :ile en r\te = ! field1 b !re 0 no occasion to use x1 except z a cov] = a ca*e left at "o ( ! e>li] camps4 ,subsequ5t exp]i5ce %[$ t sn[-%oes & "o or two sl$s w\ld h be5 s]viceable2 b ^! 7 n tak54 ,our in/rum5ts 7 furni%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,! li/ includ$ "o transit1 "o gradi5t]1 "o sextant1 two prismatic compasses1 "o compass cl9omet]1 #gh f\r pocket !rmomet]s1 two psy*romet]s1 "o field-glass1 two m]curial b>omet]s1 ?ree an]oids1 /eel tape-l9es1 & two photographic outfits4 ,,f ,,seattle ,,to ,,sitka4 ,prep>ations hav+ be5 complet$1 ! exp$ition sail$ f ,seattle ,june #af1 on ! /eam] ,que51 belong+ to ! ,pacific ,coa/ ,/eam%ip ,company1 9 comm& ( ,capta9 ,james ,c>roll1 & rea*$ ,sitka on ! morn+ ( ,june #bd4 ,?is portion ( our voyage 0 ?r\gh ! ju/ly celebrat$ inl& passage ( ,briti% ,columbia & s\!a/]n ,alaska1 & 0 9 e way delightful4 ,we t\*$ at ,victoria & ,wrangell1 &1 aft] ?read+ ! ,wrangell n>r[s1 ent]$ ,fr$]ick s\nd1 :]e ! fir/ float+ ice 0 se54 ,! b]gs 7 f a neighbor+ glaci]1 :i* ent]s ! sea at ! head ( a deep inlet1 too f> away to be se5 f ! c\rse foll[$ by ! ,que54 ,! r\te nor?w>d l$ ?r\gh ,/eph5s passage1 & af=d$ glimpses ( glaci]s bo? on ! ma9l& & on ,admiralty isl&4 ,9 ,taku inlet sev]al h\rs 7 sp5t 9 exam9+ ! glaci]s1 two ( :i* come d[n to ! sea4 ,"o on ! we/]n side ( ! fjord1 an ice-/ream kn[n z ! ,norris glaci]1 desc5ds ?r\gh a deep valley & exp&s into a broad ice-foot on approa*+ ! wat]1 ?\gh x is n wa%$ by ! waves1 ow+ to an accumulation ( mud ab\t its extremity4 ,ano!r ice-/ream is ! ,taku glaci]1 situat$ at ! head ( ! inlet4 ,x comes boldly d[n to ! wat]1 & ends 9 a spl5did sea-cliff ( azure blue1 "s #bej feet high4 ,! adjac5t wat]s are cov]$ ) iceb]gs %$ by ! glaci]4 ,"s ( ! small] fragm5ts 7 hoi/$ on bo>d ! ,que5 = table use4 ,! bold1 rocky %ores ( ! inlet are ne>ly b>e ( vegetation1 & indicate by _! poli%$ & /riat$ surfaces t glaci]s ( f> great] magnitude ?an ^? n[ exi/+ =m]ly fl[$ ?r\gh ?is *annel4 ,aft] leav+ ,taku inlet1 a day 0 sp5t at ,juneau2 & !n ! ,que5 /eam$ up ,lynn canal to ,pyramid h>bor1 ne> its head4 ,= picturesque beauty1 ?is is probably ! f9e/ ( ! fjords ( ,alaska4 ,sev]al glaci]s on ea* side ( ! inlet come d[n ne>ly to ! sea1 & all ! high] m\nta9s are buri$ b5ea? p]petual sn[4 ,on return+ f ,lynn canal1 ! ,que5 visit$ ,glaci] bay1 & "h pass5g]s 7 all[$ a few h\rs on %ore at ! ,muir glaci]4 ,! day ( our visit #gi 0 unusually f9e1 & a spl5did view ( ! great ice-/ream ) its _m tribut>ies 0 obta9$ f a hill-top ab\t a ?\s& feet high1 on its ea/]n bord]4 ,! glaci] dis*>ges into ! head ( ! bay & =ms a magnific5t l9e ( ice-cliffs ov] two hundr$ feet high & ?ree miles 9 ext5t4 ,?is portion ( ! coa/ ( ,alaska has be5 describ$ by sev]al writ]s2 yet its bleak %ores are /ill 9 l>ge "p unexplor$4 ,to ! we/ ( ! bay rise ! magnific5t peaks ( ! ,fairwea!r range1 f :i* fl[ _m great ice-/reams4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! glaci]s desc5d+ f ^! m\nta9s into ,glaci] bay is call$ ! ,pacific glaci]4 ,l ! ,muir glaci]1 x dis*>ges va/ numb]s ( iceb]gs into ! sea4 ,! day aft] leav+ ,glaci] bay we arriv$ at ,sitka1 & z soon z practicable call$ on ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,o4 ,f4 ,f>5holt1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,p9ta1 :o _h previ\sly receiv$ in/ructions f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy to take u to ,yakutak bay4 ,we also paid our respects to ! ,gov]nor & o!r ,alaskan (ficials1 & made a few f9al prep>ations = ! />t we/w>d4 ,,f ,,sitka ,,to ,,yakutat ,,bay4 ,all ( our effects hav+ be5 transf]r$ to ! ,p9ta1 we put to sea e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,june #be4 ,honorable ,lyman ,e4 ,knapp1 ,gov]nor ( ,alaska1 tak+ advantage ( ! sail+ ( ! ,p9ta1 accompani$ u on ! voyage4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,b\rs91 c5sus enum]ator1 also jo9$ u = ! purpose ( obta9+ in=mation conc]n+ ! ,indians at ,yakutak4 ,! morn+ we left ,sitka 0 mi/y1 ) occasional %[]s2 b ev5 ^! unfavorable conditions c\ld n obscure ! beauty ( ! wild1 d5sely wood$ %ore along :i* we /eam$4 ,! wea!r ?r\gh\t ! voyage 0 ?ick & foggy & ! sea r\gh4 ,we an*or$ 9 ,de ,monti bay1 ! fir/ ind5tation on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,yakutat bay1 late ! foll[+ aft]noon1 )\t hav+ obta9$ s mu* z a glimpse ( ! magnific5t sc5]y ( ! rugg$ ,fairwea!r range4 ,at ,yakutat we f\nd two small ,indian villages1 "o on ,khantaak isl& & ! o!r on ! ma9l& to ! ea/w>d 7bo? %[n on plate #h74 ,! village on ,khantaak isl& is ! old] ( ! two1 & consi/s ( six h\ses built along ! wat]'s edge4 ,! h\ses are made ( planks1 ea* hewn f a s+le #hj log1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,?l9kets g5]ally4 ,!y are rectangul>1 & h op5+s 9 ! ro(s1 ) w9d gu>ds1 = ! escape ( smoke4 ,! fires1 ar\nd :i* ! families ga!r1 are built 9 ! c5t]s ( ! spaces bel[4 ,! h\ses are ent]$ by means ( oval op5+s1 elevat$ two feet above ! gr\nd on plat=ms along _! fronts4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ea* !re is a rectangul> space ab\t tw5ty feet squ>e surr\nd$ by rais$ plat=ms1 ! out] portions ( :i* are %ut (f by p>titions & divid$ into small] *amb]s4 ,! canoes us$ at ,yakutat are ea* hewn f a s+le spruce log1 & are good examples ( ! boats 9 use ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,alaska4 ,!y are ( all sizes1 f a small craft sc>cely l>ge en\gh to hold a s+le ,indian to graceful boats =ty or fifty feet 9 l5g? & capable ( c>ry+ a ton ( m]*&ise ) a doz5 or m m54 ,!y h high1 ov]rea*+ /ems & /]ns1 :i* give !m a picturesque1 gondola-l appe>ance4 ,! village on ! ma9l& is less picturesque1 if su* a t]m may be all[$1 ?an ! gr\p ( h\ses already describ$1 b x is ( ! same type4 ,ne> at h&1 along ! %ore to ! s\?w>d1 !re are two log h\ses1 "o ( :i* is us$ at pres5t z a mission by ,rev]5d ,c>l ,j4 ,h5driks5 & 8 assi/ant1 ! o!r be+ occupi$ z a trad+ po/ by ,sitka m]*ants4 ,! ,yakutat ,indians are ! mo/ we/]ly bran* ( ! great ,?l9ket family :i* inhabits all ( s\!a/]n ,alaska & a portion ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,9 intellig5ce !y are above ! av]age ( ,indians g5]ally1 & are ( a mu* high] type ?an ! native inhabitants ( ! old] portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are quick to le>n ! ways ( ! :ite man1 & are especially %rewd 9 b>ga9+4 ,!y are canoe ,indians p> excell5ce1 & pass a l>ge "p ( _! lives on ! wat] 9 que/ ( salmon1 seals1 & sea-ott]4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( our visit1 ab\t ?irty sea-ott] 7 tak54 ,!y are usually %ot 9 ! primitive mann] ) copp]-po9t$ arr[s1 al?\gh repeat+ rifles ( ! mo/ improv$ patt]ns are own$ by ! natives1 9 spite ( exi/+ laws aga9/ sell+ bree*-load+ arms to ,indians4 ,! fur ( ! sea-ott] is ackn[l$g$ to be ! mo/ beautiful1 & is ! mo/ highly priz$ ( all pelts4 ,^? tak5 at ,yakutat dur+ our visit 7 sold at an av]age price ( ab\t sev5ty-five doll>s4 ,?is1 #ha toge!r ) ! sale ( less valuable sk9s & ! money receiv$ = baskets1 etc41 made by ! wom5 = ! t\ri/ trade 9 ,sitka1 br\ght a consid]able rev5ue to ! village4 ,improvid5t1 l ne>ly all ,indians1 ! ,yakutat villag]s soon sp5d at ! trad+ po/ ! money e>n$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,yakutats belong )\t "q to ! ,?l9ket /ock2 b visits f tribes f>!r we/w>d1 :o travel 9 sk9 boats1 are kn[n to h be5 made1 & x seems probable t "s mixture ( ,?l9ket & ,innuit blood may occur 9 ! natives at ,yakutat4 ,b if su* admixture has occurr$1 ! ,innuit elem5t is s small t x escapes ! notice ( "o n skill$ 9 e?nology4 ,we f\nd ,mr4 ,h5driks5 mo/ k9d & oblig+1 & are indebt$ to him = _m favors & great assi/ance4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made ) him = read+ a base-b>omet] ?ree times a day dur+ ,july & ,augu/4 ,he also assi/$ u by act+ z an int]pret]1 & 9 hir+ ,indians & canoes4 ,! wea!r cont9u$ ?ick & /ormy aft] rea*+ ,yakutat bay1 & ,capta9 ,f>5holt did n ?9k x advisable to take 8 vessel up ! ma9 inlet1 :]e _m dang]s 7 report$ to exi/4 ,a canoe hav+ be5 pur*as$ f ! trad] & o!rs hir$ f ! ,indians1 a />t 0 made f ! head ( ,yakutat bay e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,june #bh1 9 company ) two ( ! ,p9ta's boats load$ ) supplies1 "u ! comm& ( ,ensign ,c4 ,w4 ,jung54 ,,canoe ,,trip ,,up ,,yakutat ,,bay4 ,bidd+ good-bye to our fri5ds on ! ,p9ta1 to :om we 7 indebt$ = _m favors1 we />t$ = our trip up ! bay 9 a p\r+ ra9-/orm4 ,our way at fir/ l$ ?r\gh ! n>r[1 placid wat]-ways divid+ ! isl&s on ! ea/]n side ( ! bay4 ,! isl&s & ! %ores ( ! ma9l& are d5sely wood$1 & appe>$ picturesque & invit+ ev5 ?r\gh ! veil ( mi/ & ra9 t %r\d$ !m4 ,! =e/s consi/ pr9cipally ( spruce trees1 s d5se & hav+ su* a tangle ( und]bru% t x is only ) ! greate/ difficulty t "o c =ce a way ?r\gh !m2 :ile ! gr\nd b5ea? ! =e/1 & ev5 ! trunks & bran*es ( ! liv+ trees1 are cov]$ & fe/oon$ ) luxuriant gr[?s ( mosses & li*5s4 ,our trip along ^! wood$ %ores1 b half reveal$ #hb ?r\gh ! drift+ mi/1 0 novel & enjoyable 9 spite ( discom=ts due to ! ra94 ,we rejoic$ at ! ?\ght t we 7 ne>+ ! place :]e ! actual labors ( ! exp$ition w\ld beg92 we 7 approa*+ ! unkn[n2 visions ( unexplor$ regions fill$ ) new wond]s occupi$ our fancies1 & made u eag] to press on4 ,ab\t noon on ! fir/ day we pit*$ our t5ts on a /rip ( %+le skirt+ ! %ore ( ! ma9l& to ! ea/ ( ,knight isl&4 ,! ,p9ta's boats spread _! :ite w+s & sail$ away to ! s\?w>d be=e a fre%5+ w9d1 & our la/ connection ) civilization 0 brok54 ,z "o ( ! fronti]sm5 ( our p>ty rem>k$1 we 7 at home once m4 ,x may appe> /range to "s t any "o c\ld apply su* a t]m to a camp on ! wild %ore ( an unexplor$ c\ntry2 b ! ,bohemian _s is s /rong 9 "s brea/s1 & ! re/ra9t ( civilization s irksome1 t ! hom+ in/9ct is rev]s$ & leads irresi/ibly to ! wild]ness & to ! sil5t m\nta9 tops4 ,! morn+ aft] arriv+ at our fir/ camp1 ,k]r1 ,*ri/ie1 & ,h5driks51 ) all ! camp h&s except two1 w5t on ) ! canoes1 & 9 a few h\rs rea*$ ! entrance ( ,dis5*antm5t bay4 ,!y f\nd a camp+ place ab\t twelve miles ahead1 on a n>r[ /rip ( %+le b5ea? ! precipices ( ,po9t ,esp]anza1 & !re e/abli%$ our second camp4 ,my necess>y delay at ,camp #a 0 utiliz$1 s f> z possible1 9 le>n+ :at ,i c\ld conc]n+ ! adjac5t c\ntry1 & 9 mak+ a beg9n+ 9 ! /udy ( its geology4 ,our camp 0 at ! imm$iate base ( ! m\nta9s1 & on ! nor!a/]n side ( ! wide plateau bord]+ ! cont95t4 ,! plateau /ret*es s\!a/w>d = tw5ty or ?irty miles1 & is l[ & heavily =e/$4 ,! ea/]n %ore ( ! bay ne> our fir/ camp is =m$ ( bluffs ab\t #aej feet high1 :i* h be5 eat5 back by ! waves s z to expose f9e sections ( ! /rata ( s&1 gravel & b[ld]s ( :i* ! plateau is compos$4 ,all ! l[l&s bord]+ ! m\nta9s h1 app>5tly1 a common hi/ory1 & d\btless owe _! orig9 pr9cipally to ! deposition ( dbris br\ght f ! m\nta9s by =m] glaci]s4 ,:5 ?is mat]ial 0 deposit$1 or soon aft]w>d1 ! l& 0 depress$ ab\t #aej feet l[] ?an at pres5t1 z is %[n by a t]race cut along ! base ( ! m\nta9s at t elevation4 ,! /eep m\nta9 face #hc ext5d+ nor?we/w>d f ,camp #a to ! m\? ( ,dis5*antm5t bay be>s evid5ce ( be+ ! upheav$ side ( a fault ( q rec5t orig94 ,! /eep incl9ation & %att]$ condition ( ! rocks along ?is l9e are evid5tly due to ! cru%+ :i* accompani$ ! displacem5t4 ,9 ! wild gorge above our fir/ camp1 a small glaci] 0 f\nd desc5d+ to )9 #ejj feet ( ! sea-level1 & giv+ rise to a wild1 ro>+ /ream ( milky wat]4 ,ef=ts to rea* ! glaci] 7 fru/rat$ by ! d5sity ( ! dripp+ vegetation & by ! cl\ds t obscur$ ! m\nta9s4 ,a canoe trip 0 made to a rocky islet betwe5 ,knight isl& & ! ma9l& t[>d ! nor?4 ,! islet1 l ! rocks 9 ! adjac5t m\nta9 range1 is compos$ ( s&/one1 greatly %att]$ & seam$1 & ne>ly v]tical 9 attitude4 ,its surface 0 d5sely c>pet$ ) grass & brilliant fl[]s4 ,_m sea birds _h _! homes !re4 ,f its summit a f9e view 0 obta9$ ( ! cl\d-capp$ m\nta9s t[>d ! nor!a/1 ( ! d>k =e/ cov]+ ,knight isl&1 & ( ! broad plateau t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,"s ( ! mo/ *>m+ effects 9 ! sc5]y ( ! =e/-clad & mi/-cov]$ %ores ( ,alaska are due to ! wrea?s ( vapor asc5d+ f ! deep =e/s dur+ ! int]val 9 :i* ! w>m sunlight %9es ?r\gh ! cl\ds2 & on ! day ( our visit to ! islet1 ! =e/s1 :5 n conceal$ by mi/1 s5t up smoke-l vapor wrea?s ( _m fanta/ic %apes to m+le ) ! cl\ds 9 :i* ! high] m\nta9s disappe>$4 ,at ,camp #a ! p]sonnel ( ! p>ty 0 unexpect$ly r$uc$4 ,mr4 ,hosm] 0 ill1 & rema9$ ) me at camp in/ead ( pu%+ on ) ,k]r & ,*ri/ie2 & ! wea!r cont9u+ /ormy1 he conclud$ to ab&on ! exp$ition & return to ! mission at ,port ,mulgrave4 ,hav+ secur$ ! s]vices ( an ,indian :o *anc$ to pass our camp 9 8 canoe1 ,mr4 ,hosm] bade u good-bye1 ensconc$ himself 9 ! frail craft1 & />t$ = sunni] l&s4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly le>n$ t he rea*$ ,yakutak )\t mi%ap1 & a few days lat] sail$ = ,sitka 9 a small trad+ s*oon]4 ,our =ce dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! season1 n includ+ ,mr4 ,h5driks5 & ! ,indians1 ^: s]vices 7 engag$ = only a few days1 numb]$ n9e m5 all told4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,june #cj we _h a bright camp-fire blaz+ on ! bea* to welcome ! return+ p>ty4 ,ne> sunset a #hd canoe appe>$ 9 ! di/ance1 & a %ot 0 fir$ z x came r\nd a b5d 9 ! %ore4 ,we felt sure t our companions 7 return+1 & pil$ drift-wood on ! ro>+ camp-fire to *e] !m aft] _! h>d day's "w on ! wat]4 ,z ! canoe approa*$1 ea* dip ( ! paddle s5t a fla% ( light to u1 & we c\ld di/+ui% ! m5 at _! "w2 b we soon discov]$ t x 0 occupi$ n by our own p>ty b by ,indians return+ f a seal hunt 9 ,dis5*antm5t bay4 ,!y br\ght _! canoe high on ! bea*1 & made !mselves at home ab\t our camp-fire4 ,!re 7 sev5 or eight well-built "y m5 9 ! p>ty1 all arm$ ) guns4 ,9 =m] times su* an arrival w\ld h be5 reg>d$ ) suspicion2 b ?anks to ! some:at frequ5t visits ( w> vessels to ,yakutat1 & also to ! labors ( mission>ies1 ! wild spirits ( ! ,indians h be5 greatly subdu$ & r$uc$ to semi-civiliz$ condition dur+ ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,j z ! long twilight deep5$ into night1 ano!r craft came ar\nd ! di/ant headl&1 b less swiftly ?an ! =m] "o2 & soon our picturesque canoe1 ) ,*ri/ie at ! /]n /e]+ ) a paddle 9 true ,indian fa%ion1 grat$ on ! %+le bea*4 ,*ri/ie has sp5t _m ye>s ( 8 life ) ! ,indians ( ! ,nor?we/1 & has adopt$ "s ( _! habits4 ,on beg9n+ fronti] life once m1 he disc>d$ ! hat ( ! :ite man1 & wore a blue clo? ti$ tightly ar\nd 8 =ehead & /ream+ (f 9 loose ends beh9d4 ,! *ange 0 welcome1 = x add$ to ! picturesque appe>ance ( ! p>ty4 ,! m51 we>y ) _! long r[ aga9/ curr5ts & head-w9ds1 greatly enjoy$ ! camp-fire4 ,our ,indian visitors1 aft] lun*+ lightly on ! leaf-/alks ( a plant resembl+ cel]y 7,ar*angelica71 :i* gr[s abundantly ev]y:]e on ! l[l&s ( s\!rn ,alaska1 dep>t$ t[>d ,yakutat4 ,supp] 0 s]v$ 9 "o ( ! l>ge t5ts1 & we all roll$ ourselves 9 our blankets = ! night4 ,! next day1 ,july #a1 we ab&on$ ,camp #a1 pass$ by ,camp #b1 & late 9 ! aft]noon rea*$ ! nor?we/]n side ( ,yakutat bay1 opposite ,po9t ,esp]anza4 ,our trip along ! wild %ore1 aga9/ :i* a heavy surf 0 break+1 0 full ( novelty & int]e/4 ,! m\nta9s rose %e] f ! wat] to a height ( two or ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,ab\t _! bases1 l #he d>k drap]y1 foll[+ all ! folds ( ! m\nta9 side1 ran a b& ( vegetation2 b ! spruce =e/s _h mo/ly disappe>$1 & only a few trees 7 se5 "h & !re 9 ! deep] caons4 ,! position ( ! t]race along ! base ( ! m\nta91 fir/ notic$ at ,camp #a1 c\ld be pla9ly trac$1 al?\gh d5sely cov]$ ) bu%es4 ,! m\nta9 peaks above 7 all %>p & angul>1 indicat+ at a glance t !y _h nev] be5 subject$ to glacial action4 ,! s&/one & %ales =m+ ! nak$ cliffs are fractur$ & cru%$1 & are evid5tly yield+ rapidly to ! wea!r2 b ! *>act]i/ic r$ color due to rock decay c\ld n be se54 ,! prevail+ tone ( ! m\nta9s1 :5 n buri$ b5ea? vegetation or cov]$ ) sn[1 is a cold gray4 ,bright1 w>m1 summ] skies are ne$$ to reveal ! v>iety & beauty ( t =bidd+ region4 ,our l>ge canoe behav$ well1 al?\gh heavily load$4 ,sometimes ! w9d 0 favorable1 :5 an extemporiz$ sail less5$ ! fatigue ( ! trip4 ,! l&+ on ! nor?we/]n %ore 0 effect$1 ?r\gh a light surf1 on a s&y bea* heavily encumb]$ ) iceb]gs4 ,z x 0 haz>d\s to bea* ! l>ge canoe ) its load ( boxes & bags1 ! heavy freight 0 transf]r$1 a few pieces at a "t1 to small] canoes1 ea* mann$ by a s+le ,indian1 & all 0 safely l&$ beyond ! rea* ( ! break]s4 ,camp #c 0 e/abli%$ on ! s&y bea* j above ! rea* ( ! tide & ne> ! m\? ( a ro>+ brook4 ,! drift-wood along ! %ore furni%$ abundant fuel = a blaz+ camp-fire2 our t5ts 7 pit*$1 & once m we felt at home4 ,two canoes 7 dispat*$1 9 c>e ( ,doney1 to ! camp on ! opposite %ore 7,camp #b71 ) in/ructions to br+ ov] ! equipm5ts left !re4 ,k]r w5t ov] also = ! purpose ( mak+ a topographic /ation on ! bluff =m+ ,po9t ,esp]anza %\ld ! morr['s wea!r p]mit4 ,x 0 curi\s to note ! c>e :i* our ,indians took ( _! canoes4 ,n only 7 !y drawn high up on ! bea*1 out ( ! rea* ( all possible tides1 b ea* canoe 0 swa!d 9 wet clo?s1 especially at ! pr[ & /]n1 to prev5t !m f dry+ & crack+4 ,! canoes1 be+ fa%ion$ f a s+le spruce log1 are especially liable to split if all[$ to dry ?or\ghly4 ,! day aft] our arrival1 all ( our p>ty & all ( our camp #hf outfit 7 assembl$ at ,camp #c4 ,mr4 ,h5driks5 & our ,indian fri5ds took _! dep>ture1 & ! "w = :i* we _h come s f> 0 actually begun4 ,,base ,,camp ,,on ,,! ,,%ore ,,( ,,yakutat ,,bay4 ,ab\t ! t5ts at ,camp #c ! rank grass grew wai/-high1 %elt]+ ! /rawb]ries & dw>f raspb]ries t bloom$ b5ea?4 ,a little way back f ! %ore1 clumps ( ald]s1 int]sp]s$ ) spruce trees1 m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! =e/ :i* cov]$ ! hills t[>d ! we/ & s\?we/4 ,t[>d ! nor? rose rugg$ m\nta9s1 _! summits %r\d$ 9 mi/2 9 ! /eep gorges on _! sides ! ends ( glaci]s gleam$ :ite1 l foam+ cat>acts desc5d+ f cl\dl&4 ,! day foll[+ our arrival dawn$ bright & beautiful4 ,e cl\d vani%$ f ! m\nta9s z by magic1 reveal+ _! magnific5t summits 9 cle> relief4 ,we f\nd ourselves at ! base ( a rugg$ m\nta9 range ext5d+ f> s\!a/w>d & nor?we/w>d1 its fir/ ramp>t s brea*$ z to all[ ! wat]s ( ! ocean to ext5d into ! v mid/ ( ! great peaks beyond4 ,?r\gh ?is op5+ we _h a spl5did view ( ! sn[-clad m\nta9s fill+ ! nor!rn sky & /ret*+ away 9 less5+ p]spective t[>d ! ea/ until !y bl5d$ ) ! di/ant cl\ds4 ,topographic "w 0 />t$1 & ! prep>ation ( packs = ! j\rney inl& 0 begun at once2 & all h&s 7 kept busy4 ,a base-l9e 0 measur$ by ,mr4 ,k]r1 & a beg9n+ 0 made 9 ! developm5t ( a sy/em ( triangulation :i* 0 c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,our /ay at ! camp on ! %ore ext5d$ ov] a week1 & enabl$ u to become famili> ) _m ( ! *anges 9 ! rugg$ sc5]y surr\nd+ ,yakutat bay4 ,! bay itself 0 cov]$ ) iceb]gs = mo/ ( ! "t4 ,ow+ to ! prevail+ w9ds & ! action ( %ore curr5ts1 ! ice accumulat$ on ! coa/ adjac5t to our camp4 ,= _m days ! bea* t[>d bo? ! nor? & ! s\?1 z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 0 pil$ high ) huge masses ( blue & :ite ice4 ,:5 ! bay 0 r\gh1 ! surf ro>$ angrily among ! /r&$ b]gs &1 da%+ ov] !m1 =m$ spl5did %eets ( foam2 :ile on bright1 sunny days ! bay gleam$ & fla%$ 9 ! sunlight z ! summ] w9ds g5tly rippl$ #hg its surface1 & ! ?\s&s ( iceb]gs cr[d+ ! azure pla9 seem$ a numb]less fleet ( fairy boats ) cry/al hulls & fanta/ic sails ( blue & :ite4 ,:5 ! long summ] days drew to a close & gave place to ! s(t nor!rn twilight1 :i* 9 summ] la/s until ! gl[ ( ! return+ sun is se5 9 ! ea/1 ! sea & m\nta9s assum$ a s(t1 my/]i\s beauty nev] realiz$ by dwell]s 9 m s\!rn climes4 ,! h\rs ( twilight 7 s en*ant+1 ! v>y+ %ades & *ang+ t9ts on ! mighty sn[-fields rob+ ! m\nta9s 7 s exquisite 9 _! gradations t1 ev5 :5 we>y ) _m h\rs ( toil1 ! explor] c\ld n resi/ ! *>m1 & pac$ ! s&y %ore until ! night 0 f> sp5t4 ,sometimes 9 ! twilight h\rs1 long aft] ! sun disappe>$1 ! summits ( ! maje/ic peaks t[>d ! ea/ 7 trans=m$ by ! light ( ! aft]-gl[ into m\nta9s ( flame4 ,z ! light fad$1 ! cold %ad[ ( ! _w crept high] & high] up ! cry/al slopes until only ! topmo/ spires & p9nacles 7 gild$ by ! sunset gl[4 ,at su* times1 :5 our eyes 7 we>y ) wat*+ ! gorge\s trans=mation ( ! sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s & 7 turn$ to ! f>-rea*+ seaw>d view1 we w\ld be />tl$ by ! sight ( a va/ city1 ) battlem5ts1 t[]s1 m9>ets1 & domes ( fanta/ic ar*itecture1 ris+ :]e we knew t only ! b]g-cov]$ wat]s ext5d$4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! phantom cities 0 a common occurr5ce dur+ ! twilight h\rs4 ,al?\gh we knew at once t ! gho/ly spires 7 b a trick ( ! mirage1 yet _! ev]-*ang+ %apes & rem>kable mimicry ( human habitations 7 s /rik+ t !y nev] lo/ _! novelty2 & !y 7 nev] ! same on two successive ev5+s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common deceptions ( ! mirage is ! trans=mation ( iceb]gs into ! semblance ( f\nta9s gu%+ f ! sea & exp&+ into graceful1 %eaf-l %apes4 ,! /range/ freaks due to ! refraction ( light on hot des]ts1 :i* are usually suppos$ to be ! home ( ! mirage1 d n excite ! travel]'s wond] s mu* z ! phantom cities se5 9 ! unc]ta9 twilight amid ! ice-packs ( ! nor?4 ,:5 ! sl[ly deep5+ twilight trans=m$ m\nta9s & seas into a dreaml& picture1 ! h>ve/ moon1 /rangely out ( place 9 f> nor!rn skies1 spread a %eet ( silv] beh9d ! d>k headl&s t[>d ! s\!a/1 & !n sl[ly appe>$1 n ris+ boldly t[>d ! z5i?1 b trac+ a l[ #hh ar* 9 ! s\!rn heav5s1 to soon disappe> into ! sea t[>d ! s\?we/4 ,brief z 7 h] visits1 !y 7 always welcome & always br\ght ! feel+ t di/ant homes 7 ne>] :5 ! same light 0 visible to u & to lov$ ones f> away4 ,! s(t moonlight dimm$ ! twilight1 ! aft]-gl[ fad$ f ! highe/ peaks1 & ! %ort nor!rn night came on4 ,aft] return+ f ! m\nta9s1 late 9 ,septemb]1 we 7 aga9 encamp$ on ! nor?we/]n %ore ( ,yakutat bay4 ,a heavy nor!a/ /orm swept d[n f ! m\nta9s & awak5$ all ! p5t-up fury ( ! waves4 ,! bea* 0 cr[d$ ) b]gs1 among :i* ! surf broke 9 great %eets ( fea!ry foam2 cl\ds ( spray 7 da%$ f> above ! icy ramp>ts1 c>ry+ ) !m fragm5ts ( ice torn f ! b]gs ov] :i* !y swept2 :ile ! /r&$ b]gs rock$ viol5tly to & fro z ! waves bur/ ov] !m4 ,sometimes ! rag+ wat]s1 ang]$ by opposition1 lift$ ! b]gs 9 _! mighty arms &1 turn+ !m ov] & ov]1 da%$ !m high on ! bea*4 ,x seem$ z if spirits ( ! deep1 unable to leave ! wat]-_w1 7 hurl+ _! weapons at unse5 enemies on ! l&4 ,! fe>ful gr&eur ( ! rag+ wat]s & ( ! d>k /orm-swept skies 01 p]haps1 enhanc$ by ! fact t ! l&w>d-bl[+ gale1 comb9$ ) a ris+ tide1 ?reat5$ to sweep away our frail home4 ,ea* succe$+ wave1 z x roll$ %orew>d1 s5t a %eet ( foam ro>+ & ru%+ up ! bea* & creep+ ne>] & ne>] to our %elt] until only a few in*es int]v5$ betwe5 ! highwat] l9e & ! cre/ ( ! s& bank t protect$ u4 ,! limit 0 rea*$ at la/1 h[ev]1 & ! wat] sl[ly retreat$1 leav+ a fr+e ( ice )9 arm's l5g? ( our t5ts4 ,! wild sc5e along ! %ore 0 especially gr& at night4 ,! /r&$ b]gs1 se5 ?r\gh ! gloom1 =m$ /range mov+ %apes1 l vessels 9 di/ress4 ,! :ite bann]s ( spray seem$ signals ( disa/]4 ,an ,armada1 m num]\s ?an ev] sail$ f ! ports ( ,spa91 0 be+ cru%$ & gr\nd to pieces by ! ho>se w9d & rag+ surf4 ,sleep 0 impossible1 ev5 if "o c>$ to re/ :5 sea & air & sky 7 jo9$ 9 fi]ce conflict4 ,our t5ts1 sp>$ by ! waves1 7 da%$ d[n by ! fi]ce nor? w9ds1 & a lake 9 ! =e/ t[>d ! we/ ov]fl[$ its banks & dis*>g$ its flood+ wat]s ?r\gh our encampm5t4 ,at la/1 tir$ & #hi discom=t$1 we ab&on$ our t5ts & retreat$ to ! neighbor+ =e/ & !re took refuge 9 a cab9 built ne> :]e a coal seam outcrops1 & rema9$ until ! /orm _h sp5t its =ce4 ,b ,i h anticipat$1 & mu/ return to ! ?read ( my n>rative4 ,,fir/ ,,day',s ,,tramp4 ,! impressions receiv$ dur+ ! fir/ day sp5t on %ore 9 a new c\ntry are always long rememb]$4 ,( sev]al fir/ days 9 my own cal5d>1 !re are none t exce$ 9 int]e/ my fir/ excursions ?r\gh ! =e/ & ov] ! hills we/ ( ,yakutat bay4 ,e "o ab\t camp hav+ pl5ty ( "w to occupy him ?r\gh ! day1 ,i />t$ out e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,july #b1 ) only ,bud & ,twe$ = companions4 ,my objects 7 to reconnoit] ! c\ntry to ! we/w>d1 to le>n :at ,i c\ld conc]n+ its geology & glaci]s1 & to *oose a l9e ( m>* t[>d ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,to ! nor? ( our camp1 & ab\t a mile di/ant1 rose a d5sely wood$ hill ab\t #cjj feet high1 ) a curv+ outl9e1 convex s\?w>d4 ,?is hill _h excit$ my curiosity on fir/ cat*+ sight ( ! %ore1 & ,i decid$ to make x my fir/ /udy4 ,its position at ! m\? ( a /eep gorge 9 ! hills beyond1 d[n :i* a small glaci] fl[$1 sugge/$ t x might be an anci5t mora9e1 deposit$ at a "t :5 ! ice-/ream advanc$ f>!r ?an at pres5t4 ,my surprise !re=e 0 great :51 aft] =c+ my way ?r\gh ! d5se ?ickets1 ,i rea*$ ! top ( ! hill1 & f\nd a l>ge kettle-%ap$ depression1 ! sides ( :i* 7 solid walls ( ice fifty feet high4 ,?is %[$ at once t ! suppos$ hill 0 really ! extremity ( a glaci]1 long dead & deeply buri$ b5ea? =e/-cov]$ dbris4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! kettle-l depression lay a pond ( muddy wat]1 &1 z ! ice-cliffs ab\t ! lakelet melt$ 9 ! w>m sunlight1 m9iature avalan*es ( ice & /ones1 m+l$ ) /icks & bu%es t _h be5 und]m9$1 frequ5tly rattl$ d[n its sides & spla%$ into ! wat]s bel[4 ,fur!r exam9ation reveal$ ! fact t scores ( su* kettles are scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! buri$ glaci]4 ,?is ice-/ream is t designat$ ! ,galiano glaci] on ! accompany+ map4 ,cont9u+ on my way t[>d ! m\? ( ! gorge 9 ! #ij m\nta9s above1 ,i =c$ my way = ne>ly a mile ?r\gh d5se ?ickets1 frequ5tly mak+ wide det\rs to avoid ! kettle holes4 ,at l5g? ! vegetation became less d5se1 & gave place to broad op5 fields ( rocks & dirt1 cov]+ ! glaci] f side to side4 ,?is dbris 0 cle>ly ( ! nature ( a mora9e1 z ! ice c\ld be se5 b5ea? x 9 num]\s crevasses2 b no division into m>g9al or m$ial mora9es c\ld be di/+ui%$4 ,x is really a ?91 irregul> %eet ( comm9ut$ rock1 toge!r ) angul> masses ( s&/one & %ale1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are t5 or fifte5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,:5 se5 f a little di/ance ! dbris completely conceals ! ice & =ms a b>r51 rugg$ surface1 ! picture ( desolation4 ,aft] trav]s+ ?is nak$ area ! cle> ice 9 ! c5t] ( ! gorge 0 rea*$4 ,all ab\t 7 wild cliffs1 /ret*+ up t[>d ! sn[-cov]$ peaks above2 sev]al cat>acts ( ice1 =m$ by tribut>y glaci]s desc5d+ ?r\gh rugg$1 highly incl9$ *annels1 7 9 sight2 :ile ! sn[-fields f> above gleam$ brilliantly 9 ! sunlight1 & n[ & !n s5t d[n small avalan*es to awak5 ! e*oes ( ! cliffs & fill ! /ill air ) a ,babel ( tongues4 ,pu%+ on t[>d ! we/]n bord] ( ! glaci]1 across ! b>r5 field ( /ones1 ,i came at l5g? to ! br9k ( a precipice ( dirty ice m ?an a hundr$ feet high1 at ! foot ( :i* fl[$ a swift /ream ( turbid wat]4 ,a few hundr$ y>ds bel[1 ?is /ream sudd5ly disappe>$ b5ea? an ar*way =m$ by ! end ( a glacial tunnel1 & its fur!r c\rse 0 lo/ to view4 ,x 0 a /range sight to see a swift1 foam+ riv] bur/ f b5ea? ov]hang+ ice-cliffs1 ro> along ov] a b[ld]-cov]$ b$1 & !n plunge into ! m\? ( a cav]n1 leav+ no trace ( its l[] c\rse except a dull1 heavy rumbl+ f> d[n bel[ ! icy surface4 ,a /ill gr&] example ( ^! glacial /reams1 obs]v$ a few days lat]1 is describ$ on ano!r page4 ,! bank ( ! gulf opposite ! po9t at :i* ,i fir/ rea*$ x is =m$ by a /eep m\nta9-side support+ a d5se gr[? ( vegetation4 ,"h & !re1 h[ev]1 /reams ( wat] plunge d[n ! slope1 mak+ a *a9 ( foam+ cascades1 & op5+ ! way ?r\gh ! vegetation4 ,x seem$ practicable to trav]se "o ( ^! /ream b$s )\t great difficulty1 & ?us to rea* ! plateau :i* ,i knew1 f a m di/ant view1 to exi/ above4 #ia ,cross+ ! glacial riv] above ! upp] ar*way1 ,i rea*$ ! m\nta9 side & began to asc5d4 ,! task 0 f> m difficult ?an anticipat$4 ,! bu%es1 pr9cipally ( ald] & currant1 grew d5se & ext5d$ _! bran*es d[n ! /eep slope 9 su* a mann] t at times x 0 utt]ly impossible to =ce a way ?r\gh !m4 ,mu* ( ! way ,i crawl$ on h&s & knees up ! /eep wat]c\rse b5ea? ! d5se tangle ( vegetation ov]hang+ f ei!r bank & int]lac+ 9 ! c5t]4 ,on ne>+ ! top ,i 0 s =tunate z to /rike a be> trail1 along :i* ! animal _h =c$ 8 way ?r\gh ! bu%es1 mak+ an op5+ l a tunnel4 ,?r\gh ?is ,i asc5d$ to ! top ( ! slope1 com+ out 9 a wild amphi!atre 9 ! side ( ! m\nta94 ,! bottom ( ! amphi!atre 0 exce$+ly r\gh1 ow+ to confus$ mora9e-heaps1 & held a numb] ( small lakes4 ,on acc\nt ( its elevation1 x 0 n d5sely cov]$ ) bu%es1 & no trees 7 9 sight except along its s\!rn m>g94 ,ab\t its nor!rn bord] ran a broad t]race1 m>k+ ! height ( ! great glaci] :i* =m]ly occupi$ ! site ( ,yakutat bay4 ,! t]race =m$ a conv5i5t pa?way lead+ we/w>d to a %>p ridge runn+ out f ! m\nta9s & connect+ ) an out/&+ butte1 :i* promis$ to af=d an unob/ruct$ view to ! we/w>d4 ,press+ on1 ,i f\nd t ! t]race on :i* ,i 0 travel+ at l5g? became a free ridge1 "s ?ree hundr$ feet high1 ) /eep slopes on ei!r side1 l a huge railroad embankm5t4 ,?is ridge swept across ! valley 9 a graceful curve1 & %ut (f a portion ( ! we/]n "p ( ! amphi!atre f ! g5]al dra9age4 ,9 ! portion ?us isolat$ !re 0 a lake )\t an outlet1 /ill froz54 ,! sn[ banks bord]+ ! froz5 lake 7 trac$ 9 e direction by ! trails ( be>s4 ,cont9u+ my tramp1 ,i cross$ broad sn[-fields1 climb$ ! ridge to ! we/w>d1 & obta9$ a f>-rea*+1 unob/ruct$ view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! elevation rea*$ 0 only ab\t #a1ejj feet above sea-level1 b 0 above ! timb] l9e4 ,! m\nta9 slopes t[>d ! nor? 7 b>e ( vegetation & g5]ally cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! fir/ object to claim att5tion 0 ! huge pyramid =m+ ! summit ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 :i* /ood out cle> & %>p aga9/ ! nor?we/]n sky4 ,al?\gh ?irty-six miles di/ant1 x dom9at$ all o!r peaks 9 view & rose f> above #ib ! rugg$ cre/s ( ne>] ranges1 _m ( :i* w\ld h be5 c\nt$ magnific5t m\nta9s 9 a less rugg$ l&4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ view ( ! great peak obta9$ by any ( our p>ty4 ,n a cl\d obscur$ ! def9ation ( ! m\nta92 & ! wond]ful transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e1 aft] s _m days ( mi/ & ra91 0 some?+ seldom if ev] equall$ 9 less humid l&s4 ,mu* ne>] ?an ,/4 ,elias1 & a little we/ ( nor? ( my /ation1 rose ,m\nt ,cook1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful peaks 9 ! region4 ,its summit1 unlike ! isolat$ pyramid 9 :i* ,/4 ,elias t]m9ates1 is =m$ ( ?ree :ite domes1 ) "h & !re subord9ate p9nacles ( pure :ite1 %oot+ up f ! sn[-fields l great cry/als4 ,on ! s\!rn side ( ,m\nt ,cook !re are sev]al rugg$ & angul> ridges1 :i* sweep away = _m miles & project l headl&s into ! sea ( ice1 kn[n z ! ,malasp9a glaci]1 bord]+ ! ocean t[>d ! s\?we/4 ,betwe5 ! ma9 ridges !re are huge trunk glaci]s1 ea* contribut+ its flood ( ice to ! great glaci] bel[2 & ea* second>y valley & ea* amphi!atre among ! peaks1 no matt] h[ small1 has its individual glaci]1 & ! majority ( ^! are tribut>y to ! l>g] ice-/reams4 ,all ! m\nta9s 9 sight exce$+ #b1jjj feet 9 elevation 7 :ite ) sn[1 except ! %>pe/ ridges & bolde/ precipices4 ,! att5tion ( ! geologi/ is attract$ by ! fact t all ! foot-hills ( ,m\nt ,cook are compos$ ( gray s&/one & black %ale2 & he also obs]ves t ! angul> m\nta9 cre/ s %>ply drawn aga9/ ! sky furni%es abundant evid5ce t ! m\nta9s 7 nev] subject$ to ! abrasion ( a cont9u\s ice-%eet4 ,z ,i /ood on ! /eep-slop$ ridge1 ! ,atrevida & ,lucia glaci]s1 _! surfaces cov]$ f side to side ) angul> masses ( s&/one & %ale1 lay at my feet2 :ile f>!r up ! valley ! dbris on ! surface ( ! ice disappe>$1 & all above 0 a w9t] l&scape4 ,! br[n1 desolate dbris-fields on ! glaci] at my feet ext5d$ f> s\?w>d1 & cov]$ ! exp&$ ice-foot 9 :i* ! glaci] t]m9ates4 ,mo/ curi\s ( all 0 ! fact t ! mora9es on ! l[] bord] ( ! glaci] 7 conceal$ f view by a d5se cov]+ ( vegetation1 & 9 places 7 clo!d ) =e/s ( spruce trees4 ,to ! s\?w>d1 beyond ! end ( ! ,lucia glaci]1 & sep>at$ f x by a torr5t-swept b[ld]-b$1 lay a va/ #ic plateau ( ice :i* /ret*$ t[>d ! s\? & we/ f>!r ?an ! eye c\ld rea*4 ,?is is ! ,malasp9a glaci]1 %[n on plate #h4 ,its bord]s1 l ! exp&$ extremity ( ! ,lucia glaci]1 are cov]$ ) dbris1 on ! out] m>g9s ( :i* d5se vegetation has tak5 root4 ,all ! c5tral portion ( ! ice-%eet is cle> ( mora9es1 & %one 9 ! sunlight l a va/ sn[-field4 ,! heights =m]ly rea*$ by ! ne>] glaci]s 7 pla9ly m>k$ along ! m\nta9 sides by well-def9$ t]races1 slop+ ) ! pres5t dra9age4 ,:5 ! ,lucia glaci] 0 at its flood ! ridge on :i* ,i /ood 0 only #bjj or #cjj feet above its surface2 n[ x approa*es #a1jjj feet4 ,turn+ t[>d ! s\!a/1 ,i c\ld look d[n ^u ! wat]s ( ,yakutat bay1 ) its ?\s&s ( float+ iceb]gs1 & c\ld di/+ui% ! :ite break]s z !y roll$ 9 on ,ocean cape4 ,beyond ,yakutat /ret*es a =e/-cov]$ plateau betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! sea1 & ! eye c\ld range f> ov] ! m\nta9s bord]+ ?is plateau on ! nor!a/4 ,9 ! di/ance1 fully a hundr$ miles away1 /ood ,m\nt ,fairwea!r1 its position r5d]$ conspicu\s by a bank ( %9+ cl\ds float+ s]5ely above its cold summit4 ,! m\nta9s directly ea/ ( ,yakutat bay rise to a g5]al height ( ab\t #h1jjj feet1 b are )\t especially prom95t peaks4 ,9 a g5]al way !y =m a rugg$ plateau1 :i* has be5 dissect$ 9 v>i\s *annels to dep? ( #b1jjj or #c1jjj feet4 ,ne>ly all ( ! plateau1 includ+ m\nta9s & valleys1 is cov]$ ) sn[-fields & glaci]s2 b none ( ! ice-/reams1 s f> z c be se5 f a di/ance1 desc5d bel[ an elevation ( ab\t #d1jjj or #e1jjj feet4 ,?is region is z yet untrav]s$2 & :5 ! explor] ent]s x1 x is q possible t deep dra9age l9es w be f\nd ?r\gh :i* glaci]s may desc5d ne>ly or q to sea-level4 ,aft] dr9k+ 9 ! effect ( ! magnific5t l&scape & endeavor+ to impress e detail 9 ! rugg$ topography ^u my memory1 & hav+ f9i%$ writ+ my notes1 x 0 "t to return2 = ! sun 0 already decl9+ t[>d ! we/4 ,wi%+ to see m ( ! wond]ful l& ab\t me1 ,i conclud$ to desc5d ! we/]n slope ( ! ridge ^u :i* ,i /ood1 & to return to camp by foll[+ a /ream :i* issues f ! ,atrevida glaci] directly bel[ my /ation & empties into ,yakutat bay a mile or two s\? ( our ?ird camp4 #id ,! quicke/ & easie/ way d[n 0 to slide on ! sn[4 ,us+ my alp5/ock z a brake1 ,i desc5d$ swiftly sev]al hundr$ feet )\t difficulty1 ! dogs b\nd+ along beside me1 :5 on look+ up ,i 0 />tl$ to see two huge br[n be>s on ! same sn[ surface1 a little to ! left & n m ?an a hundr$ & fifty y>ds away4 ,_h my slide be5 cont9u$ a few seconds m ,i %\ld h be5 9 exce$+ly unwelcome company4 ,i 0 un>m$1 & entirely unprep>$ = a fight ) two ( ! mo/ savage animals f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! be>s _h long yell[i%-br[n hair1 & 7 ( ! size & "* ( ! grizzly1 ) :i* !y are ?\ght by hunt]s1 if n by naturali/s1 to be specifically id5tical4 ,!y 7 n at all di/urb$ by my pres5ce1 & 9 spite ( my %\ts1 :i* ,i ?\ght w\ld make !m travel (f1 "o ( !m came leisurely t[>d me4 ,8 /rides ov] ! sn[ reveal$ a /r5g? & activity comm&+ admiration despite ! decid$ly uncom=table feel+ awak5$ by 8 proximity & evid5t curiosity4 ,lat] 9 ! season ,i measur$ ! tracks ( an animal ( ! same species1 made :ile walk+ ov] a s(t1 level surface1 & f\nd ea* impression to measure #i by #ag in*es1 & ! /ride to rea* #fd in*es4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 ?is is ! l>ge/ be> track t has be5 report$4 ,realiz+ my dang]1 ,i cont9u$ my sn[ slide1 b 9 a diff]5t direction & ) accel]at$ spe$4 ,! upp] limit ( ! d5se ?icket clo?+ ! slope ( ! m\nta9 0 soon rea*$1 & my unwelcome companions 7 lo/ to sight4 ,foll[+ ! b$ ( a torr5t f$ by ! sn[-fields above1 ,i soon came to ! creek *os5 = my r\te back to camp2 ! wat]s1 br[n & turbid ) s$im5t1 well$ out ( a cav]n at ! foot ( an ice precipice #bjj feet high1 & =m$ a ro>+ /ream too deep & too swift = =d+4 ,! ro>+ ( ! br[n wat]s & ! />tl+ noises made by /ones rattl+ d[n ! ice-cliff1 toge!r ) ! d>k %ad[s ( ! deep gorge1 wall$ 9 by a /eep m\nta9 slope on "o side & a glaci] on ! o!r1 made ! r\te seem uncanny4 ,on ! s&s fill+ ! spaces betwe5 ! b[ld]s !re 7 _m fre% be> tracks1 :i* at lea/ sugge/$ t ! belat$ travel] %\ld be c>eful 9 8 movem5ts4 ,?is locality 0 aft]w>d occupi$ z a camp+ place1 & is %[n 9 ! picture =m+ plate #aj4 ,! d>k-color$ ice1 #ie mix$ ) /ones & e>?1 might easily be mi/ak5 = /ratifi$ rock2 b ! dirt discolor+ ! ice is almo/ entirely sup]ficial4 ,! cre/ ( ! cliff is =m$ ( dbris1 & is ! edge ( ! %eet ( /ones & e>? cov]+ ! g5]al surface ( ! glaci]4 ,ow+ to ! con/ant melt+1 /ones & b[ld]s are cont9ually loos5$ to rattle d[n ! /eep slope & plunge into ! wat] b5ea?4 ,i foll[$ d[n ! bank ( ! /ream1 by spr++ f b[ld] to b[ld]1 = ab\t a mile1 & !n came to a /eep bluff1 ! we/]n side ( :i* 0 swept by ! ro>+ flood4 ,! banks above 7 clo!d ) spruce trees & d5se und]bru%2 b1 !re be+ no alt]native1 ,i ent]$ ! =e/ & sl[ly work$ my way 9 ! direction ( camp4 ,to trav]se ! unbrok5 =e/s ( s\!rn ,alaska is always difficult1 ev5 :5 "o is fre%2 &1 we>y z ,i 0 ) _m h\rs ( labori\s climb+1 my progress 0 sl[ inde$4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal ob/acles enc\nt]$ 9 ?read+ ^! ,arctic jungles is ! plant kn[n z ! ,devil's club 7,panax horridum71 :i* gr[s to a height ( t5 or fifte5 feet1 & has broad1 palmate leaves t are especially conspicu\s 9 autumn1 ow+ to _! bright yell[ color4 ,! /ems ( ?is plant run on ! e>? = sev]al feet & !n curve upw>d4 ,e portion ( its surface1 ev5 to ! ribs ( ! leaves1 is ?ickly set ) sp9es1 :i* inflict pa9ful w\nds1 &1 break+ (f 9 ! fle%1 cause fe/]+ sores4 ,9 =c+ a way ?r\gh ! bru% "o frequ5tly treads on ! pro/rate portion ( ^! ?orny plants1 & n infrequ5tly is made aw>e ( ! fact by a bl[ on ! head or 9 ! face f ! ov]-ar*+ /ems4 ,i /ruggl$ on ?r\gh ! tangl$ vegetation until ! sun w5t d[n & ! woods became d>k & somb]4 ,?ick moss1 into :i* ! foot sank z 9 a b$ ( sponge1 cov]$ ! gr\nd ev]y:]e to ! dep? ( two or ?ree feet2 ea* fall5 trunk 0 a r\nd$ m\nd ( gre5 & br[n1 deck$ ) graceful equiseta & f]ns1 or brilliant ) fl[]s1 b mo/ trea*]\s & annoy+ to ! belat$ travel]4 ,9 ! gloom ( ! dim-lit woods1 ! trees1 be>d$ ) moss1 assum$ /range1 fanta/ic %apes1 :i* e unfamili> s\nd seem$ to />t into life2 :ile ! num]\s trails made by ! be>s 9 =c+ _! way ?r\gh ! ?ick tangle 7 positive evid5ce t n all ! inhabitants ( ! =e/ 7 creatures ( ! imag9ation4 ,my fai?ful companions1 ,bud & #if ,twe$ %[$ signs ( we>9ess1 & (f]$ no objection :5 ,i />t$ a fire & express$ my int5tion ( sp5d+ ! night b5ea? ! wide-spread+ bran*es ( a moss-cov]$ ev]gre54 ,hav+ a few pieces ( bread 9 my pocket1 ,i %>$ !m ) ! dogs1 & /ret*+ myself on a luxuriant bank ( li*5s tri$ to sleep1 only to f9d ! mosquitoes s en]getic t !re 0 no hope ( pass+ ! night 9 com=t4 ,aft] re/+ ,i felt refre%$1 & conclud$ to press on ?r\gh ! ga!r+ d>kness1 & aft] ano!r h\r ( h>d "w ,i came out ( ! =e/ & ^u a field ( torr5t-swept b[ld]s1 deposit$ by ! /ream :i* ,i _h left f>!r up4 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t ! twilight 0 n s f> sp5t z ,i _h fanci$4 ,! way ahead be+ free ( vegetation1 ,i ha/5$ on1 & aft] travel+ ab\t two miles 0 rejoic$ by ! sight ( a camp-fire blaz+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,! w>m fire & a he>ty supp] soon made me =get ! fatigues ( ! day4 ,?is1 my fir/ day's exploration1 mu/ /& z an example ( _m simil> days sp5t on ! hills & 9 ! =e/s nor?we/ ( ,yakutat bay1 ( :i* x is n necess>y to give detail$ descriptions4 ,,canoe ,,trip ,,9 ,,dis5*antm5t ,,bay4 ,on ,july #c1 ,i cont9u$ my exam9ation ( ! region ab\t ! head ( ,yakutat bay by mak+ a canoe trip up ,dis5*antm5t bay to ,ha5ke isl&4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ,*ri/ie & ,crumback1 our canoe 0 laun*$ ?r\gh ! surf )\t difficulty1 & we sl[ly work$ our way ?r\gh ! fields ( float+ ice :i* cov]$ all ! upp] portion ( ! inlet4 ,! m5 pli$ ! o>s ) :i* ! canoe 0 =tunately provid$1 :ile ,i direct$ its c\rse ) a paddle4 ,a heavy swell roll+ 9 f ! ocean r5d]$ ! task ( *oos+ a r\te ?r\gh ! gr9d+ ice-pack some:at difficult4 ,aft] f\r or five h\rs ( h>d "w1 dur+ :i* "t sev]al va9 attempts 7 made to trav]se leads 9 ! ice :i* _h only "o op5+1 we succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! s\!rn end ( ! isl&4 ,! %ores ( ,ha5ke isl& are /eep & rocky1 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 af=d only "o cove 9 :i* a boat c take refuge4 ,?is is at ! extreme s\!rn po9t1 & is n visible until its entrance is rea*$4 ,a break or fissure 9 ! rocks !re admits ( ! accumulation ( /one & s&1 & ?is #ig has be5 ext5d$ by ! action ( ! waves & tides until a bea* a hundr$ feet 9 l5g? has be5 deposit$4 ,! da%+ ( ! b[ld]s & s& aga9/ ! cliffs at ! head ( ! cove by ! incom+ waves has increas$ its ext5sion 9 t direction s z to =m a well-%elt]$ refuge4 ,! abs5ce ( bea*es on o!r portions ( ! isl& is due to ! fact t its bord]+ precipices desc5d abruptly into deep wat]1 & d n admit ( ! accumulation ( dbris ab\t _! bases4 ,)\t /ones & s& ) :i* ! waves c "w1 ! excavation ( t]races is an exce$+ly sl[ op]ation4 ,! precipit\s nature ( ! bord]s ( ! isl& is due1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 to ! abrasion ( ! rocks by ! glacial ice :i* once encircl$ x4 ,pull+ our canoe f> up on ! bea*1 we began ! asc5t ( ! cliffs4 ,hundr$s ( sea birds1 />tl$ f _! ne/s by our intrusion1 circl$ fe>lessly ab\t our heads & fill$ ! air ) _! wild cries4 ,! m expos$ portions ( ! slopes 7 b>e ( vegetation1 b 9 ! %elt] ( e depression d5se ?ickets ob/ruct$ ! way4 ,_m ( ! little bas9s betwe5 ! r\nd$ knolls hold t>ns ( fre% wat]1 & 7 occupi$ at ! "t ( our visit by flocks ( gray geese4 ,x is evid5t t ! isl& 0 int5sely glaciat$ at no di/ant day4 ,! surfaces ( its r\nd$ domes are s smoo?ly poli%$ t !y glitt] l mirrors 9 ! sunlight4 ,on ! poli%$ surfaces !re are deep grooves & f9e1 hair-l l9es1 made by ! /ones set 9 ! bottom ( ! glaci] :i* once fl[$ ov] ! isl& & remov$ all ( ! rocks t 7 n firm & h>d4 ,on _m ( ! domes ( s&/one !re re/ b[ld]s ( a diff]5t "*1 :i* h evid5tly be5 br\ght f ! m\nta9s t[>d ! nor!a/4 ,! summit ( ! isl& is ab\t #hjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 &1 l its sides1 is poli%$ & /riat$4 ,! t]races on ! m\nta9s ( ! ma9l& %[ t ! glaci] :i* =m]ly fl[$ out f ,dis5*antm5t bay mu/ h be5 fully #b1jjj feet deep4 ,! b$ x occupi$ t[>d ! s\? is n[ flood$ by ! wat]s ( ,yakutat bay4 ,at ! "t ( ,malasp9a's visit1 #ajj ye>s ago1 ! glaci]s f ! nor? rea*$ ,ha5ke isl&1 & surr\nd$ x on ?ree sides4#bg ,at ! rate ( retreat indicat$ by comp>+ #ih ,malasp9a's records ) ! pres5t condition1 ! glaci]s mu/ h rea*$ ,po9t ,esp]anza1 at ! m\? ( ,dis5*antm5t bay1 ab\t #bjj ye>s ago2 & an all[ance ( betwe5 #ejj & #a1jjj ye>s w\ld seem ample = ! retreat ( ! glaci]s s9ce !y 7 at _! flood4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! map accompany+ ,malasp9a's report & indicat+ ^! conditions has already be5 m5tion$1 & is reproduc$ on plate #g1 page #fg4 ,rea*+ ! topmo/ dome ( ,ha5ke isl&1 a wond]ful panorama ( sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s1 glaci]s1 & iceb]gs lay be=e u4 ,! isl& occupies ! position ( ! /age 9 a va/ amphi!atre2 ! spectators are ho>y m\nta9 peaks1 ea* a mon>* rob$ 9 erm9e & bidd+ defiance to ! ceaseless w> ( ! elem5ts4 ,h[ insignificant ! w&]] :o confronts su* an audi5ce1 & h[ weak 8 ef=ts to describe su* a sc5e6 ,f a wild cliff-enclos$ valley t[>d ! nor?1 gu>d$ by t[]+ p9nacles & massive cliffs1 fl[s a great glaci]1 ! f\nta9s ( :i* are f> back 9 ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s beyond ! rea* ( vision4 ,hav+ va9ly s\ght an ,indian "n = ?is ice-/ream1 ,i conclud$ to *ri/5 x ! ,dalton glaci]1 9 honor ( ,john ,dalton1 a m9] & fronti]sman n[ liv+ at ,yakutat1 :o is ju/ly consid]$ ! pione] explor] ( ! region4 ,! glaci] is greatly %att]$ & p9nacl$ 9 desc5d+ its /eep *annel1 & on rea*+ ! sea x exp&s into a broad ice-foot4 ,! la/ /eep desc5t is made j be=e ga9+ ! wat]1 & is m>k$ by crevasses & p9nacles ( magnific5t proportion & beautiful color4 ,?is is "o ( ! few glaci]s 9 ! ,/4 ,elias region t has well-def9$ m$ial & lat]al mora9es4 ,at ! bases ( ! cliffs on ! we/]n side !re is a broad1 lat]al mora9e1 & 9 ! c5t]1 look+ l a w9d+ road lead+ up ! glaci]1 runs a triple-b&$ ribbon ( dbris1 =m+ a typical m$ial mora9e4 ,! mora9al mat]ial c>ri$ by ! glaci] is at la/ deposit$ at its foot1 or float$ away by iceb]gs1 & scatt]$ f> & wide ov] ! bottom ( ,yakutat bay4 ,! glaci] exp&s on ent]+ ! wat]1 z is ! habit ( all glaci]s :5 unconf9$1 & ends 9 magnific5t ice-cliffs "s two miles 9 l5g?4 ,! wat] da%+ aga9/ ! bases ( ! cliffs dissolves !m away1 & ! tides t5d to raise & l[] ! exp&$ ice-foot4 ,! result is t huge masses1 sometimes rea*+ f summit to base ( ! cliffs1 are und]m9$1 & topple ov] into ! sea ) a trem5d\s cra%4 ,ow+ to ! di/ance ( ! glaci] f ,ha5ke isl&1 we c\ld #ii see ! fall long be=e ! ro> rea*$ our e>s2 ! cliffs sep>at$1 & huge masses seem$ to s9k )\t a s\nd2 ! spray ?r[n up z ! blue p9nacles disappe>$ asc5d$ l gleam+ rockets1 sometimes z high z ! tops ( ! cliffs1 & !n fell back 9 sil5t cat>acts ( foam4 ,!n a noise z ( a cannonade came roll+ across ! wat]s & e*o+ f cliff to cliff4 ,! ro> ( ! glaci] cont9ues all day :5 ! air is w>m & ! sun bright1 & is mo/ active :5 ! summ] days are f9e/4 ,sometimes1 ro> succe$$ ro>1 l artill]y fire1 & ! salutes 7 answ]$1 gun = gun1 by ! great ,hubb>d glaci]1 :i* p\rs its flood ( ice into ! fjord a few miles fur!r nor!a/w>d4 ,?is ice-/ream1 mo/ magnific5t ( ! tide-wat] glaci]s ( ,alaska yet discov]$1 & a t[]+ m\nta9 peak f :i* ! glaci] receives a l>ge "p ( its dra9age1 7 nam$ 9 honor ( ,g>d9] ,g4 ,hubb>d1 presid5t ( ! ,national ,geographic ,society4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,,hubb>d ,,glaci]4 ,look+ across ! wat]s ( ! bay1 :it5$ by ?\s&s ( float+ b]gs1 we c\ld see ?ree miles ( ! ice-cliffs =m$ :]e ! ,hubb>d glaci] ent]s ! sea4 ,a d>k headl& on ! %ore ( ! ma9l& to ! "r %ut (f ! full view ( ! glaci] b =m$ a /rongly drawn =egr\nd1 :i* enhanc$ ! picturesque effect ( ! sc5]y4 ,! ,hubb>d glaci] fl[s maje/ically ?r\gh a deep valley lead+ back into ! m\nta9s1 & has two ma9 bran*es1 ) a small] & /eep] tribut>y betwe54 ,^! bran*es unite to =m a s+le ice-foot ext5d+ into ! bay4 ,! we/]n bran* has a d>k m$ial mora9e d[n its c5t]1 :i* makes a bold1 sweep+ curve be=e jo9+ ! ma9 /ream4 ,!re is also a broad lat]al dbris-belt along ! bases ( ! cliffs =m+ its "r bank4 ,! :ole surface ( ! unit$ glaci]1 & all ( ! :ite tongues runn+ back into ! m\nta9s beyond ! rea* ( vision1 are brok5 & %att]$1 ow+ to ! /eepness & r\ghness ( ! b$ ov] :i* !y fl[4 ,! surface1 :]e n conceal$ by mora9al mat]ial1 is sn[-:ite2 b 9 ! multitude ( crevasses ! blue ice is expos$1 & gives a gre5i%-blue t9t to ! entire /ream4 ,:]e ! subglacial slopes are /eep1 ! ice is brok5 into p9nacles & t[]s ( ! gr&e/ description4 ,on ! /eep m\nta9 sides slop+ t[>d ! ,hubb>d glaci] !re are m ?an a doz5 second>y ice-/reams :i* are tribut>y to x4 ,! amphi!atres 9 :i* ! glaci] has #ajj its beg9n+s h nev] be5 se52 b our g5]al k ( ! f\nta9s f :i* glaci]s fl[ assures u t n only scores b hundr$s ( o!r second>y & t]ti>y glaci]s f> back into ! m\nta9s contribute _! floods to ! same great /ream4 ,aft] be+ receiv$ on bo>d ! ,corw91 late 9 ,septemb]1 we _h an opportunity to view ! great sea-cliffs ( ! ,hubb>d glaci] ne> at h&4 ,capta9 ,hoop]1 attract$ by ! magnific5t sc5]y1 took 8 vessel up ,dis5*antm5t bay to a po9t beyond ,ha5ke isl&1 :5ce a view c\ld be _h ( ! ea/]n ext5sion ( ! inlet4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 ! ,corw9 0 ! fir/ vessel to navigate ^? wat]s4 ,s\nd+s made betwe5 ! isl& & ! ice-foot gave =ty to sixty fa?oms4 ,at ! elb[1 :]e ! s\!a/]n %ore ( ! bay turns abruptly ea/w>d1 !re is a l[ islet n repres5t$ on any map previ\s to ! "o made by ! rec5t exp$ition1 :i* comm&s ev5 a wid] prospect ?an c be obta9$ f ,ha5ke isl&4 ,future visitors to ?is remote coa/ %\ld endeavor to rea* ?is islet1 aft] hav+ beheld ! gr& panorama obta9able f ! summit ( ,ha5ke isl&4 ,! portion ( ,dis5*antm5t bay /ret*+ ea/w>d f ! foot ( ,hubb>d glaci] is enclos$ on all sides by bold m\nta9s1 ! l[] slopes ( :i* h ! subdu$ & fl[+ outl9es *>act]i/ic ( glaciat$ regions4 ,sev]al glaci]s occur 9 ! high-grade lat]al valleys op5+ f ! bay2 b ^! h rec5tly retreat$1 & none ( !m h suffici5t volume at pres5t to rea* ! wat]4 ,! g5]al recession1 9 :i* all ! glaci]s ( ,alaska are p>ticipat+1 is manife/$ "h by ! broad dbris fields1 :i* cov] all ! l[] ice-/reams n end+ 9 ! sea4 ,! abs5ce ( vegetation on ! smoo? rocks rec5tly ab&on$ by ! ice also tells ( rec5t climatic *anges4 ,a dbris-cov]$ glaci]1 s completely conceal$ by cont9u\s %eets ( /ones & e>? t its true "* c sc>cely be recogniz$1 desc5ds f ! m\nta9s j ea/ ( ,hubb>d glaci]4 ,x is =m$ by ! union ( two pr9cipal tribut>ies1 &1 on rea*+ comp>atively level gr\nd1 exp&s into a broad ice-foot1 b does n h suffici5t volume to rea* ! sea4 ,ano!r glaci]1 ( small] size b ( ! same g5]al "*1 lies betwe5 ! ,hubb>d & ,dalton glaci]s4 ,9 a rugg$ defile 9 ! m\nta9s j we/ ( ,ha5ke isl& !re is ano!r small dirt-cov]$ glaci]1 :i* creeps d[n f ! precipices above & rea*es )9 a mile ( ! wat]4 #aja ,at its end !re is a cliff ( black1 dirty ice1 sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f rock at a little di/ance1 f ! base ( :i* fl[s a turbid /ream4 ,?is glaci] is cov]$ s completely ) e>? & /ones t n a ve/ige ( ! ice c be se5 unless we actually trav]se its surface4 ,its appe>ance sugge/s ! "n ( ,black glaci]1 by :i* x is designat$ on ! accompany+ map4 ,! visitor to ,ha5ke isl& has examples ( at lea/ two well-m>k$ types ( glaci]s 9 view3 ,! small dbris-cov]$ ice-/reams1 too small to rea* ! wat]1 are typical ( a l>ge class ( glaci]s 9 s\!rn ,alaska1 :i* are sl[ly wa/+ away & h become buri$ b5ea? dbris conc5trat$ at ! surface by reason ( _! own melt+4 ,! ,galiano glaci] is a good example ( ?is class4 ,! ,hubb>d & ,dalton glaci]s are f9e examples ( ano!r class ( ice-/reams :i* fl[ into ! sea & end 9 ice-cliffs1 & :i* = conv5i5ce we call tide-wat] glaci]s4 ,n[h]e c f9] or m beautiful examples ( ?is type be f\nd ?an ^? 9 view f ,ha5ke isl&4 ,! =mation ( iceb]gs f ! und]m9+ & break+ d[n ( ! ice-cliffs ( ! tide-wat] glaci]s has already be5 m5tion$4 ,b !re is ano!r me?od by :i* b]gs are =m$--a process ev5 m rem>kable ?an ! avalan*es t occur :5 portions ( ! ice-cliffs topple ov] into ! sea4 ,! ice-cliffs at ! foot ( ! tide-wat] glaci]s are really sea-cliffs =m$ by ! waves cutt+ back a t]race 9 ! ice4 ,! subm]g$ t]race is compos$ ( ice1 & may ext5d out a ?\s& feet or m 9 front ( ! visible "p ( ! ice-cliffs4 ,^! conditions are repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7figure #a71 :i* exhibits a longitud9al section ( ! l[] end ( a tide-wat] glaci] :]e x pu%es out into ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,=mation ( ,iceb]gs4 ,z ! sea-cliff ( ice rec$es & ! subm]g$ t]race increases 9 bread? !re comes a "t :5 ! buoyancy ( ! #ajb ice at ! bottom exce$s its /r5g?1 & pieces break (f & rise to ! surface4 ,! wat] ab\t ! ends ( ! glaci]s is s int5sely muddy t ! subm]g$ ice-foot is hidd5 f view1 & its pres5ce w\ld n be suspect$ 7 x n = ! fragm5ts occasionally ris+ f x4 ,! sudd5 appe>ance ( ^! masses ( bottom ice at ! surface is always />tl+4 ,:ile wat*+ ! ice-cliffs & admir+ ! play ( colors 9 ! deep crevasses :i* p5etrate !m 9 e direction1 or trac+ 9 fancy ! /range hi/ory ( ! sil5t riv] & wond]+ 9 :at age ! sn[s fell on ! m\nta9s1 :i* are n[ return+ to _! p>5t1 ! sea1 "o is frequ5tly awak5$ by a commotion 9 ! wat]s bel[1 p]haps sev]al hundr$ feet 9 front ( ! ice-cliffs4 ,at fir/ x seems z if "s huge sea-mon/] _h ris5 f ! deep & 0 la%+ ! wat]s into foam2 b soon ! wat]s "p1 & a blue isl& rises to ! surface1 c>ry+ hundr$s ( tons ( wat]1 :i* fl[s d[n its sides 9 cat>acts ( foam4 ,"s ( ! b]gs turn completely ov] on em]g+1 & ?us add to ! tumult & confusion t att5ds _! bir?4 ,! waves roll away 9 wid5+ circles1 to break 9 surf on ! adjac5t %ores1 & an isl& ( ice ( ! mo/ lovely blue floats s]5ely away to jo9 ! ?\s&s ( simil> isl&s t h prec$$ x4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! glaci] ris+ f ! bottom 9 ?is mann] are usually l>g] ?an ^? brok5 f ! faces ( ! ice-cliffs1 sometimes measur+ #bjj or #cjj feet 9 diamet]4 ,_! size & ! sudd5ness ) :i* !y rise w\ld insure c]ta9 de/ruction ( a vessel v5tur+ too ne> ! trea*]\s ice-walls4 ,at ! "t ( our visit to ,ha5ke isl&1 ! entire surface ( ,dis5*antm5t bay & all ( ,yakutat bay z f> s\?w>d z we c\ld see =m$ "o va/ field ( float+ ice4 ,mo/ ( ! b]gs 7 small1 b "h & !re rose masses :i* measur$ #aej by #bjj feet on _! sides & /ood #dj or #ej feet out ( ! wat]4 ,! b]gs are divid$1 9 ref]5ce to color1 into ?ree classes--! :ite1 ! blue1 & ! black4 ,! :ite ones are ^? t h fall5 f ! face ( ! ice-walls or ^? t h be5 suffici5tly expos$ to ! atmosph]e to become melt$ at ! surface & fill$ ) air cavities4 ,! blue b]gs are ( _m %ades & t9ts1 f9d+ _! ne>e/ mat* 9 color 9 ,antw]p blue4 ,^! are ! ones t h rec5tly ris5 f ! subm]g$ ice-foot1 or h turn$ ov] ow+ to a *ange ( position 9 ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,rapid z is ! #ajc melt+ ( ! ice :5 expos$ to ! air1 x seems to liquefy ev5 m quickly :5 subm]g$4 ,! *anges ?us produc$ f9ally cause ! b]gs to rev]se _! positions 9 ! wat]4 ,?is is done )\t ! slighte/ w>n+1 & is "o ( ! greate/ dang]s to be gu>d$ aga9/ :ile canoe+ among !m4 ,! :ite color pres5t$ by ! majority ( ! b]gs is *ang$ to blue :5 !y become /r&$1 & ! surf breaks ov] !m & dissolves away _! por\s surfaces4 ,a few ( ! b]gs are black 9 color1 ow+ to ! dirt & /ones t !y c>ry on _! surfaces or froz5 9 _! mass4 ,quantities ( dbris are ?us float$ away f ! tide-wat] glaci]s & /rewn ov] ! bottoms ( ! adjac5t inlets4 ,?is digression may be we>isome1 b "o _c /& on ,ha5ke isl& )\t wi%+ to "k all ! secrets ( ! great ice-/reams t fl[ sil5tly be=e him4 ,return+ f our comm&+ /ation at ! summit ( ! isl& to :]e we left our canoe1 we 7 surpris$ & n a little />tl$ to f9d t ! tide _h run out & left ! /r& betwe5 our canoe & ! wat] completely block$ ) huge fragm5ts ( ice4 ,!re 0 no way left = u to laun* our canoe except by cutt+ away & level+ (f ! ice ) our axe1 s z to =m a trail ov] :i* we c\ld drag x to ! wat]4 ,?is we did1 & !n1 pois+ ! canoe on a l[ flat b]g1 half ( :i* ext5d$ b5ea? ! wat]1 ,i took my place 9 x ) paddle 9 h&1 :ile ,*ri/ie & ,crumback1 wait+ = ! mom5t :5 a l>ge wave roll$ 91 laun*$ ! canoe f> out 9 ! surf4 ,by ! vigor\s use ( my paddle ,i succe$$ 9 rea*+ smoo? wat] & br\ght ! canoe close "u ! cliff =m+ ! s\!rn side ( ! cove1 :]e ! m5 7 able to drop 9 z a wave roll$ "u u4 ,we sl[ly work$ our way d[n ! bay ?r\gh blue lanes 9 ! ice-pack1 aga9/ an incom+ tide1 & rea*$ our t5ts ne> sunset4 ,?us end$ "o ( ! mo/ enjoyable & mo/ in/ructive days at ,yakutat bay4 ,,f ,,yakutat ,,bay ,,to ,,blossom ,,isl&4 ,our camp on ! %ore ( ,yakutat bay 0 held = sev]al days aft] return+ f ,ha5ke isl&1 b 9 ! meantime an advance-camp 0 e/abli%$ on ! side ( ! ,lucia glaci]1 f :i* ,mr4 ,k]r & myself made explorations ahead4 #ajd ,be=e leav+ ! base-camp ,i visit$ ,black glaci] = ! purpose ( tak+ photographs & /udy+ ! appe>ance ( an old glaci] f> sp5t & fa/ pass+ away4 ,?is1 l ! ,galiano glaci]1 is a good example ( a great numb] ( ice-/reams 9 ! same region :i* are cov]$ f side to side ) dbris4 ,! caon walls on ei!r side rise precipit\sly1 & _! l[] slopes1 = ! height ( #bjj or #cjj feet1 are b>e ( vegetation4 ,! surface ( ! glaci] has evid5tly sunk5 to ?is ext5t )9 a p]iod too %ort to all[ ( ! accumulation ( soil & ! root+ ( plants on ! slopes4 ,! banks ref]r$ to are 9 "p bel[ ! upp] limit ( timb] gr[?1 & ! adjac5t surfaces are cov]$ ) bu%es1 grasses1 & fl[]s4 ,"u ! climatic conditions !re prevail+1 x is evid5t t ! =mation ( soil & ! spread+ ( plants ov] areas ab&on$ by ice is a matt] ( comp>atively few ye>s4 ,x is = ?is reason t a v rec5t retreat ( ,black glaci] is inf]r$4 ,_m ( ! glaci]s 9 s\!rn ,alaska give simil> evid5ce ( rec5t contraction1 & x is evid5t t a climatic *ange is 9 progress :i* is ei!r decreas+ ! w9t]'s sn[ or increas+ ! summ]'s heat4 ,! mo/ s5sitive indicators ( ^! *anges1 respond+ ev5 m quickly ?an does ! vegetation1 are ! glaci]s4 ,! f\r? ( ,july 0 sp5t by u 9 cutt+ a trail up ! /eep m\nta9 slope to ! amphi!atre visit$ dur+ my fir/ tramp4 ,no "o c appreciate ! d5sity & luxuriance ( ! vegetation on ! l[] m\nta9 9 t region until he has cut a passage ?r\gh x4 ,sev5 m51 work+ cont9u\sly = six or sev5 h\rs ) axes & knives1 7 able to op5 a comp>atively good trail ab\t a mile 9 l5g?4 ,! rema9d] ( ! way 0 along /ream c\rses & up b[ld]-wa%es1 :i* 7 free f vegetation4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 hav+ f9i%$ our task1 a half-holiday 0 sp5t 9 an excit+ se>* = two huge br[n be>s discov]$ by "o ( ! p>ty1 b !y vani%$ be=e ! guns c\ld be br\ght out4 ,! next day an advance-camp 0 made 9 ! amphi!atre above timb] l9e1 & !re ,mr4 ,k]r & myself pass$ ! night1 mole/$ only by sw>ms ( mosquitoes1 & ! day foll[+ occupi$ an out/&+ butte z a topographical /ation4 ,9 ! aft]noon ( ! same day ! advance-camp 0 mov$ to ! bord] ( ! ,atrevida glaci] at a po9t already describ$1 :]e a muddy /ream gu%es out f "u ! ice4 #aje ,our next advance-camp1 e/abli%$ a few days lat]1 0 at ,t]race po9t1 z we call$ ! extreme end ( ! m\nta9 spur sep>at+ ! ,lucia & ,atrevida glaci]s4 ,^! ice-/reams 7 =m]ly mu* high] ?an n[1 & :5 at _! flood =m$ t]races along ! m\nta9 side1 :i* rema9 di/9ctly visible to ! pres5t day4 ,! space betwe5 ! two glaci]s at ! s\!rn end ( ! m\nta9 spur became fill$ ) b[ld]s & /ones c>ri$ d[n on ! side ( ! ice-/reams1 &1 z ! glaci]s contract$1 add$ a tap]+ po9t to ! m\nta94 ,betwe5 ! pres5t surface ( ! ice & ! highe/ t]race left at "s =m] "t !re are _m ridges1 slop+ d[n /ream1 :i* record m9or *anges 9 ! fluctuation ( ! ice4 ,a portion ( "o ( ^! t]races is se5 to ! left 9 plate #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 ,,wall ,,( ,,ice ,,on ,,ea/]n ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,atrevida ,,glaci]4 ,t]race po9t1 l all ! l[] portions ( ! m\nta9 spurs ext5d+ s\?w>d f ! ma9 range1 is d5sely clo!d ) vegetation1 & dur+ ! %ort summ]s is a p>adise ( fl[]s4 ,our t5t 0 pit*$ on a l[ t]race j beyond ! bord] ( ! ice4 ,! /eep bluff ris+ to an elevation ( "s #bjj feet on ! ea/ ( our camp 0 =m$ by glacial ice buri$ b5ea? an absolutely b>r5 cov]+ ( /ones & dirt4 ,on ! we/ ! asc5t 0 /ill m precipit\s1 b ! slope f base to summit 0 "o mass ( gorge\s fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4 ,,view ,,on ,,! ,,atrevida ,,glaci]4 ,k]r & myself made sev]al excursions f ! camp at ,t]race po9t1 & explor$ ! c\ntry ahead to ! next m\nta9 spur = ! purpose ( select+ a site = ano!r advance-camp4 ,9 ! meantime ! m5 7 busy 9 br++ up supplies4 ,our reconnoissance we/w>d took u across ! ,lucia glaci] to ! m\? ( a deep1 transv]se gorge 9 ! next m\nta9 spur4 ,! cong]ies ( l[ peaks & knobs s\? ( ?is pass we nam$ ! ,floral hills1 on acc\nt ( ! luxuriance ( ! vegetation cov]+ !m2 & ! saddle sep>at+ !m f ! m\nta9s to ! nor? 0 call$ ,floral pass4 ,9 cross+ ! ,lucia glaci] we exp]i5c$ ! usual difficulties met ) on ! dbris-cov]$ ice-field ( ,alaska4 ,! way 0 exce$+ly r\gh1 on acc\nt ( ! ridges & valleys on ! ice1 & on acc\nt ( ! angul> condition ( ! dbris re/+ ^u x4 ,_m ( ! ridges c\ld n conv5i5tly be climb$1 ow+ to ! unc]ta9 foot+ af=d$ by ! angul> #ajf /ones re/+ on ! slipp]y slope b5ea?4 ,=tunately1 ! crevasses 7 mo/ly fill$ ) /ones fall5 f ! sides1 s t ! dang] f op5 fissures1 :i* has usually to be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 glacial excursions1 0 obviat$2 yet1 z is usually ! case :5 crevasses become fill$ ) dbris1 ! melt+ ( ! adjac5t surfaces _h caus$ !m to /& 9 relief & =m ridges ( loose /ones1 :i* 7 exce$+ly tr\blesome to ! travel]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4 ,,entrance ,,to ,,an ,,ice ,,tunnel2 ,,=m]ly ,,! ,,outlet ,,( ,a ,,glacial ,,lake4 ,ne> ! we/]n side ( ! ,lucia glaci]1 betwe5 ,t]race po9t & ,floral pass1 !re is a huge r\nd$ dome ( s&/one ris+ boldly out ( ! ice4 ,?is corresponds to ! nunataks ( ! ,gre5l& ice-fields1 & 0 cov]$ by ice :5 ! glaciation 0 m int5se ?an at pres5t4 ,on ! nor!rn side ( ! isl& ! ice is =c$ high up on its flanks1 & is deeply cov]$ ) mora9es2 b on ! s\?we/]n side its base is l[ & skirt$ by a s& pla9 deposit$ 9 a valley =m]ly occupi$ by a lake4 ,! melt+ ( ! glaci] has1 9 fact1 progress$ s f> t ! dome ( rock is free f ice on its s\!rn side1 & is connect$ ) ! bord] ( ! valley t[>d ! we/ by ! s& pla94 ,?is pla9 is compos$ ( gravel & s& deposit$ by /reams :i* at times became damm$ l[] d[n & exp&$ into a lake4 ,sunk5 areas & holes ov] portions ( ! lake bottom %[ t x re/s1 9 "p at lea/1 ^u a b$ ( ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,,deltas ,,9 ,,an ,,ab&on$ ,,lake ,,b$4 ,! mo/ novel & int]e/+ feature 9 ! ,lucia glaci] is a glacial riv] :i* bur/s f b5ea? a high ar*way ( ice j at ! ea/]n base ( ! nunatak m5tion$ above1 & fl[s = ab\t a mile & a half ?r\gh a *annel excavat$ 9 ! ice1 to !n ent] ! m\? ( ano!r tunnel & become lo/ to view4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is /range riv] & ( ! m\? ( ! tunnel 9 ! dbris-cov]$ ice into :i* x rolls1 reproduc$ f a photograph by a me*anical process1 is giv5 on plate #ad1 & ano!r view ( ! m\? ( ! same tunnel is pres5t$ 9 ! succe$+ plate4 ,?is is ! f9e/ example ( a glacial riv] t x has ev] be5 my good =tune to exam9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,a ,,riv] ,,on ,,! ,,lucia ,,glaci]4 ,! /ream is swift1 & its wat]s are br[n & heavy ) s$im5t4 ,its bread? is ab\t #aej feet4 ,= ! great] "p ( its way1 :]e op5 to sunlight1 x fl[s betwe5 banks ( ice & ov] an icy floor4 ,fragm5ts ( its banks1 & portions ( #ajg ! sides & ro( ( ! tunnel f :i* x em]ges1 are swept along by ! swift curr5t1 or /r&$ "h & !re 9 mid/ream4 ,! s& pla9 already m5tion$ bord]s ! riv] = a portion ( its c\rse1 & is flood$ :5 ! l[] tunnel is ob/ruct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,,entrance ,,to ,a ,,glacial ,,tunnel4 ,! ar*way "u :i* ! /ream disappe>s is ab\t fifty feet high1 & ! tunnel reta9s its dim5sions z f> z "o c see by look+ 9 at its m\?4 ,:]e ! /ream em]ges is unkn[n2 b ! em]g5ce c\ld no d\bt be discov]$ by exam9+ ! bord] ( ! glaci] "s miles s\?w>d4 ,no explor] has yet be5 bold en\gh to ent] ! tunnel & drift ?r\gh ) ! /ream1 al?\gh ?is c\ld possibly be done )\t great dang]4 ,! greate/ risk 9 su* an und]tak+ w\ld be f fall+ blocks ( ice4 ,:ile ,i /ood ne> ! m\? ( ! tunnel !re came a ro> f ! d>k cav]n )91 rev]b]at+ l ! explosion ( a heavy bla/ 9 ! *amb]s ( a m9e1 t und\bt$ly m>k$ ! fall ( an ice mass f ! ar*$ ro(4 ,! c\rse ( ! /ream bel[ ! m\? ( ! tunnel may be trac$ = "s di/ance by sc>ps 9 ! ice above1 =m$ by ! settl+ ( ! ro(4 ,"s ( ^! may be trac$ 9 ! illu/rations4 ,:5 ! ro( ( ! tunnel collapses s completely z to ob/ruct ! passage1 a lake is =m$ above ! tunnel1 & :5 ! ob/ruction is remov$ ! /reams dra9+ ! glaci] are flood$4 ,at ! m\? ( ! tunnel !re are always confus$ noises & rhy?mic vibrations to be he>d 9 ! d>k recesses )94 ,! air is fill$ ) pulsations l deep organ notes4 ,x takes b little imag9ation to trans=m ^! /range s\nds into ! voices & songs ( ! my?ical inhabitants ( ! ne!r regions4 ,t[>d ! "r ( ! tunnel1 z %[n on plate #ad1 !re appe>s a portion ( ! =m] riv] b$1 n[ ab&on$1 ow+ to ! cutt+ across ( a b5d 9 ! /ream4 ,! floor ( ?is old *annel is mo/ly ( cle>1 :ite ice1 & has a peculi>1 hummocky appe>ance1 :i* indicates ! direction ( ! curr5t t once fl[$ ov] x4 ,a portion ( ! b$ is cov]$ ) s& & gravel1 & along its bord] are gravel t]races re/+ on ice4 ,^! occurr5ces illu/rate ! fact t riv]s fl[+ ?r\gh *annels ( ice are gov]n$ by ! same g5]al laws z ! m famili> surface /reams4 ,aft] exam9+ ?is glacial riv]1 dur+ our fir/ excursion on ! ,lucia glaci]1 we rea*$ its we/]n banks by cross+ #ajh above ! upp] ar*way4 ,trav]s+ ! s& pla9 to ! we/w>d1 we came to ano!r /ream ( ne>ly equal int]e/1 fl[+ along ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! glaci]1 pa/ ! end ( ! deep gorge call$ ,floral pass4 ,a small creek1 fl[+ d[n ! pass1 jo9s ! /ream & skirts ! glaci] j bel[ ! m\? ( a wild gorge on ! side ( ! ma9 valley4 ,?is /ream once fl[$ along ! bord] ( ! ,lucia glaci] :5 x 0 mu* high] ?an n[1 & began ! excavation ( a *annel 9 ! rock1 :i* 0 reta9$ aft] ! surface ( ! glaci] 0 l[]$ by melt+4 ,x /ill fl[s 9 a rock-cut *annel = ab\t a mile be=e desc5d+ to ! bord] ( ! glaci] z x exi/s at pres5t4 ,! geologi/ w see at once t ?is is a peculi> example ( sup]impos$ dra9age4 ,! gorge cut by ! /ream is a deep n>r[ tr5* ) r\gh angul> cliffs on ei!r side1 & is a good example ( a wat]-cut caon4 ,:5 ! ,lucia glaci] melts away & leaves ! broad-bottom$ valley cle> ( ice1 ! deep n>r[ gorge on its we/]n side1 runn+ p>allel ) its long] axes1 b a ?\s& feet or m above its bottom1 w rema9 z "o ( ! evid5ces ( a =m] ice invasion4 ,dur+ our reconnoissance we turn$ back at ! m>g9 ( ! second riv]1 b a day or two lat] rea*$ ! same po9t ) ! camp h&s & camp+ outfit1 &1 plac+ a rope f bank to bank1 effect$ a cross+4 ,our next camp 0 9 ,floral pass4 ,f !re we occupi$ a topographical /ation on ! summit ( ! ,floral hills1 & made ano!r reconnoissance ahead1 across ! ,hayd5 glaci]1#bh to ! next m\nta9 spur4 ,footnote #bh3 ,nam$ 9 honor ( ! late ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,v4 ,hayd51 f\nd] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey ( ! ,t]ritories4 ,floral pass1 l s _m ( ! topographical features exam9$ dur+ ! rec5t exp$ition1 has a peculi> hi/ory4 ,x is a comp>atively l[-grade gorge lead+ directly across ! end ( an angul> m\nta9 range =m+ "o ( ! spurs ( ,m\nt ,cook4 ,! position ( ! pass 0 det]m9$ by an ea/-&-we/ fault & by ! erosion ( s(t %ales turn$ up on edge along ! l9e ( displacem5t4 ,at its head x is %ut 9 by ! ,hayd5 glaci]1 :i* fl[s pa/ x & =ms a wall ( ice ab\t two hundr$ feet high4 ,! wat] fl[+ out f b5ea? ! side ( ! glaci] =ms a muddy creek1 :i* f9ds its way ov] a b[ld]-cov]$ b$ 9 ! bottom ( ! gorge to ! bord] ( ,lucia glaci]4 ,along ! sides ( ! gorge !re are #aji _m t]races1 :i* record a complicat$ hi/ory4 ,ev5ly /ratifi$ clays ne> its l[] end1 adjac5t to ! ,lucia glaci]1 %[ t x 0 at "o "t occupi$ 9 "p by a lake4 ,above ! lacu/ral b$s !re are wat]-worn deposits1 indicat+ t at a lat] date ! gorge 0 fill$ f side to side by mora9es & co>se /ream deposits sev]al hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,^! 7 excavat$1 & portions 7 left cl++ to ! hill-sides1 =m+ ! t]races ( to-day4 ,div]se slopes 9 ! t]races sugge/ t ! dra9age may at times h be5 rev]s$1 accord+ z ! ,lucia or ! ,hayd5 glaci] 0 ! high]4 ,! r\tes betwe5 our v>i\s camps1 scatt]$ along betwe5 ,yakutat bay & ,blossom isl&1 7 trav]s$ sev]al times by e memb] ( ! p>ty4 ,to trav]se ! same trail sev]al times ) heavy loads1 & p]haps 9 ra9 & mi/1 is di%e>t5+ "w :i* ,i w sp>e ! read] ! ef=t ( foll[+ ev5 9 fancy4 ,f our camp 9 ,floral pass ano!r reconnoissance ahead 0 made by ,mr4 ,k]r & myself1 z already m5tion$4 ,^! advances1 ea* "o ( :i* told u some?+ new1 7 ! mo/ int]e/+ portions ( our j\rney4 ,! little adv5tures & exp]i5ces ( ea* advance 7 report$ & talk$ ov] :5 we rejo9$ our companions ar\nd ! camp-fire at night1 & 7 receiv$ ) gratify+ int]e/ by ! m54 ,a view ( ! ,hayd5 glaci] f ! ,floral hills %[$ u t x diff]$ f any ( ! glaci]s previ\sly trav]s$4 ,its surface1 :]e we plann$ to cross x1 0 free ( dbris except along ! m>g9s & also ne> ! c5t]1 :]e we c\ld di/+ui% a light m$ial mora9e4 ,f>!r s\?w>d1 ne> ! t]m9us ( ! glaci]1 its surface f side to side 0 buri$ b5ea? a %eet ( /ones & dirt4 ,z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 ! dbris on ! l[] portion ( ! glaci] has be5 conc5trat$ at ! surface1 ow+ to ! melt+ ( ! ice1 s z to =m a cont9u\s %eet4 ,e>ly "o morn+1 :ile travel+ ov] ! torr5t-swept b[ld]s 9 ! /ream-b$ on our way up ,floral pass1 we 7 a little />tl$ at see+ ! head ( a be> j visible ?r\gh ! fl[]s fr++ ! bank4 ,be=e a %ot c\ld be fir$1 he vani%$1 & rema9$ p]fectly quiet among ! bu%es = sev]al m9utes4 ,b a trembl+ ( ! bran*es at l5g? betray$ 8 pres5ce1 & a few m9utes lat] he came out 9 full view1 8 yell[-br[n coat giv+ him ! appe>ance ( a huge #aaj dog4 ,/&+ on a r\nd$ m\nd he look$ inquir+ly d[n ! valley1 ) 8 %aggy side 9 full view4 ,i fir$--b miss$ my aim4 ,! unsuccessful hunt] always has an excuse = 8 failure2 ,i _h nev] be=e us$ ! rifle ,i c>ri$1 & ! hair-trigg] ) :i* x 0 provid$ deceiv$ me4 ,=tunately = ! be>1 & probably /ill m =tunately = me1 ! bullet w5t f> above ! m>k4 ,! huge bea/ vani%$ aga91 al?\gh ! vegetation 0 n d5se1 & left u wond]+ h[ su* a l>ge animal c\ld disappe> s quickly & s completely 9 su* an op5 region4 ,on se>*+ = 8 tracks1 we f\nd t he _h trav]s$ = a few rods ! plant-cov]$ t]race on :i* he 0 fir/ discov]$1 & !n escap$ up a lat]al gorge to a broad] t]race above4 ,rea*+ ! head ( ! ,floral pass & climb+ ! hill ( dbris bord]+ ! ,hayd5 glaci]1 we came out ^u ! cle>1 :ite ice ( ! c5tral portion ( ! ice-/ream4 ,! ice 0 greatly crevass$1 b ne>ly all ! gaps 9 its surface c\ld be cross$ by jump+ or else by ice-bridges4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature pres5t$ by ! glaci] 0 ! way 9 :i* x yields itself to ! inequality ( ! rocks ov] :i* x fl[s4 ,/>t+ on ! ea/]n side1 bel[ ! entrance to ,floral pass1 & ext5d+ nor?we/w>d diagonally across ! /ream1 !re is a l9e ( /eep desc5t 9 ! rocks b5ea?1 :i* causes ! ice to be greatly brok54 ,?is is n prop]ly an ice-fall1 except ne> ! conf9+ walls ( ! caon2 b x might be call$ an ice-rapid4 ,! ice b5ds d[n ov] ! subglacial sc>p ) _m long breaks1 b does n =m p9nacles1 z 9 _m simil> in/ances :]e ! desc5t is great]1 & true ice cascades occur4 ,! mo/ practicable way = cross+ ! glaci] 0 to asc5d ! /ream above ! l9e ( rapids = "s di/ance1 & !n foll[ diagonally d[n its c5t]1 f9ally ve]+ we/w>d to ! opposite bank4 ,by foll[+ ?is c\rse1 & mak+ a d\ble curve l ! lett] ,s1 we c\ld cross ! /eep desc5t 9 ! c5t]1 :]e x 0 lea/ crevass$4 ,! m>g9al mora9es on ! ,hayd5 glaci] are =m$ ( fragm5ts ( br[n & gray s&/one & black %ale ( all sizes & %apes4 ,x is cle> t ?is dbris 0 ga!r$ by ! cliffs bord]+ ! glaci] on ei!r side4 ,! m$ial mora9e :i* fir/ appe>s at ! surface j above ! rapids is ( a diff]5t "*1 & tells t ! high] peaks ( ,m\nt ,cook are compos$1 9 "p at lea/1 ( a diff]5t mat]ial f #aaa ! spurs project+ f x4 ,! m$ial mora9e looks black f a di/ance1 b1 on trav]s+ x1 x 0 f\nd to be compos$ ma9ly ( d>k-gre5 gabbro & s]p5t9e4 ,! dbris is scatt]$ ov] ! surface 9 a belt sev]al rods wide2 b x is n deep1 z ! ice c almo/ ev]y:]e be se5 betwe5 ! /ones4 ,:]e ! fragm5ts ( rock are mo/ widely sep>at$1 !re are f9e illu/rations ( ! mann] 9 :i* small1 d>k /ones absorb ! heat ( ! sun & melt ! ice b5ea? m rapidly ?an ! surr\nd+ surface1 s9k+ into ! ice s z to =m little wells1 sev]al in*es deep1 fill$ ) cle> wat]4 ,l>g] /ones1 :i* are n w>m$ ?r\gh dur+ a day's sun%9e1 protect ! ice b5ea? :ile ! adjac5t surface is melt$1 & consequ5tly become elevat$ on pill>s or p$e/als ( ice4 ,! /ones ?us elevat$ are frequ5tly l>ge1 & =m tables :i* are ne>ly always incl9$ s\?w>d4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! ice ov] l>ge areas1 especially along ! c5t] ( ! m$ial mora9e1 0 cov]$ ) cones ( f9e1 angul> fragm5ts f a few in*es to ?ree or f\r feet 9 height4 ,^! 7 n really piles ( gravel1 z !y seem$1 b consi/$ ( cones ( ice1 %eet$ ov] ) ?9 lay]s ( small /ones4 ,! secret ( _! =mation1 long s9ce discov]$ on ! glaci]s ( ,switz]l&1 is t ! gravel is fir/ conc5trat$ 9 a hole 9 ! ice &1 z ! g5]al surface melts away1 acts l a l>ge /one & protects ! ice b5ea?4 ,x is rais$ on a p$e/al1 b ! gravel at ! bord]s cont9ually rolls d[n ! sides & a conical =m is ! result4 ,:]e we cross$ ! ,hayd5 glaci] x is only ab\t a mile broad 9 a direct l9e2 b to trav]se x by ! circuit\s r\te r5d]$ necess>y by ! "* ( its surface requir$ ab\t ?ree h\rs ( h>d tramp+1 ev5 :5 un9cumb]$ ) packs4 ,f ! c5t] ( ! glaci] a magnific5t view may be obta9$ ( ! sn[-cov]$ domes ( ,m\nt ,cook1 f :i* rugg$ m\nta9 ridges /ret* s\?w>d l great arms & enclose ! :ite sn[-field f :i* ! glaci] fl[s4 ,at an elevation ( #b1ejj feet ! icy portion disappe>s b5ea? ! nv on :i* n a trace ( dbris is visible4 ,all ! high] portions ( ! m\nta9s are :ite z sn[ c make !m1 except :]e ! p9nacles & precipices are too /eep to reta9 a cov]+4 ,on rea*+ ! we/]n side ( ! glaci] we f\nd a b>e space on ! bord]+ cliffs1 ab\t a hundr$ feet high1 :i* #aab has be5 ab&on$ by ! ice s rec5tly t x is n yet grass$ ov]4 ,above ?is came ! luxuriant & beautiful vegetation cov]+ all ! l[] m\nta9 slopes4 ,! m\nta9 spur j we/ ( ! glaci]1 l sev]al ( ! ridges /ret*+ s\?w>d f ! high] m\nta9s1 ends 9 a gr\p ( hills some:at sep>ate f ! ma9 ridge4 ,! hills are cov]$ ) a rank vegetation1 & 9 places support a d5se gr[? ( spruce trees4 ,rea*+ ! grassy summit1 we _h a f9e1 f>-rea*+ view ( ! unexplor$ region t[>d ! we/1 & ( ! va/ plateau ( ice /ret*+ s\?w>d beyond ! rea* ( ! vision4 ,we/ ( our /ation1 ano!r great ice-/ream1 nam$ ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 9 honor ( ! late ,a4 ,r4 ,m>v9e1 fl[s s\?w>d ) a bread? exce$+ t ( any ( ! icy /reams yet cross$4 ,beyond ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 & =m+ its we/]n bord]1 !re is an exce$+ly rugg$ m\nta9 range tr5d+ nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,al?\gh ?is is1 topographically1 a portion ( ! m\nta9 mass =m+ ,m\nt ,cook1 its prom95ce & its peculi> geological /ructure r5d] x important t x %\ld h an indep5d5t "n4 ,9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! s]vices to sci5ce r5d]$ by ! fir/ /ate geologi/ ( ,massa*usetts1 x is designat$ ! ,hit*cock range on our maps4 ,ris+ above ! angul> cre/ l9e ( ?is m\nta9 mass t[]s ! pyramidal summit ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 seem+ly z di/ant z :5 we fir/ beheld x f ne> ,yakutat bay4 ,ab\t a mile we/ ( ! hill on :i* we /ood1 & beyond ! b$ ( a lake n[ dra9$ ( its wat]s by a tunnel lead+ s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ice1 rose a /eep1 rocky isl& out ( ! glaci]s1 its summit ov]gr[n ) vegetation & d>k ) spruce trees4 ,?is oasis 9 a sea ( ice1 subsequ5tly nam$ ,blossom isl&1 we *ose z ! mo/ favorable site = our next advance-camp4 ,we !n return$ to our camp 9 ,floral pass1 & a day or two lat] ,k]r & ,*ri/ie />t$ on a side trip up ! ,hayd5 glaci]1 to be abs5t five days4 ,dur+ ?is trip ! wea!r 0 /ormy1 & only all[$ half an h\r = topographical "w :5 a some:at favorable /ation 0 rea*$4 ,?is 0 ( great s]vice1 h[ev]1 9 mapp+ ! c\ntry1 z x gave a /ation ( consid]able elevation on ! side ( ,m\nt ,cook4 ,! trip 0 ne>ly all above ! sn[-l9e1 & 0 reliev$ by _m novel exp]i5ces4 #aac ,:ile ,k]r & ,*ri/ie 7 away1 ,i assi/$ ! camp h&s 9 advanc+ to ,blossom isl&4 ,our fir/ day's "w consi/$ 9 pack+ loads across ! ,hayd5 glaci] to ! wood$ hills on its we/]n bord]1 rea*$ dur+ ! reconnoissance describ$ above4 ,! wea!r 0 /ormy1 & a d5se fog roll$ 9 f ! ocean1 obscur+ ! m\nta9s1 & compell+ u to f9d our way across ! glaci] z be/ we c\ld )\t l&m>ks4 ,pati5tly ?read+ our way among crevasses1 we at l5g? came 9 sight ( ! =e/s on ! extremity ( ! m\nta9 spur t[>d ! we/1 & conclud$ to camp !re until ! wea!r 0 m favorable4 ,we climb$ ! b>e slope bord]+ ! glaci]1 & =c$ our way ?r\gh ! dripp+ vegetation to an op5 space beside a little /ream & ne> "s ag$ spruce trees t w\ld furni% good fuel = a camp-fire4 ,we 7 glad ( a refuge1 b did n fully appreciate ! fact t our t5ts 7 9 a p>adise ( fl[]s until ! next morn+1 :5 ! sun %one cle> & bright = a few h\rs4 ,we hail$ ) delight ! _w ( summ] beauty ) :i* we 7 surr\nd$4 ,our camp 0 9 a little valley amid irregul> hills ( dbris left by ! =m] ice invasion1 ea* ( :i* 0 a r\nd$ dome ( fl[]s4 ,! desolate ice-fields 7 completely %ut out f view by ! rank vegetation4 ,on ! slope above u1 d>k spruce trees load$ ) /ream]s ( moss1 & seem+ly _m c5turies old1 =m$ a backgr\nd = ! floral decoration ) :i* ! gr\nd 0 ev]y:]e cov]$4 ,fl[]+ plants & f]ns 7 mass$ 9 su* d5se luxuriance t ! /reams 7 lo/ 9 gorge\s banks ( bloom4 ,reluctantly we return$ to ,floral pass = ano!r load ( camp supplies1 & late 9 ! aft]noon press$ on to ,blossom isl&1 :]e we aga9 pit*$ our t5ts 9 ra9 & mi/1 & aga91 :5 ! /orm cle>$ away1 f\nd ourselves 9 an untrodd5 p>adise4 ,k]r & ,*ri/ie rejo9$ u at ,blossom isl& on ,july #ca1 & we 7 once m ready = an advance4 ,,blossom ,,isl&4 ,our camp on ,blossom isl& 0 ne> a small pond ( wat] & close beside a ?ick grove ( spruce trees on ! we/]n side ( ! l&-mass4 ,! t5ts 7 s plac$ z to secure an unob/ruct$ view to ! we/w>d2 & !y 7 visible1 9 turn1 to p>ties desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s t[>d ! nor?we/1 :i!r our "w soon l$ u4 #aad ,! sides ( ,blossom isl& are r\gh & precipit\s4 ,! glaci]s fl[+ pa/ x cut away ! rocks &1 z ! surface ( ! ice-fields 0 l[]$1 left !m 9 _m places 9 rugg$ cliffs b>e ( vegetation4 ,! top ( ! isl& 0 also =m]ly glaciat$ & 9 "p cov]$ ) dbris2 b ! ice retreat$ s long ago t ! once desolate surface has become clo!d 9 v]dure4 ,ev]y:]e !re are d5se gr[?s ( fl[]s1 f]ns & b]ry bu%es4 ,on ! rocky spurs1 ?rifty spruce trees1 fe/oon$ ) droop+ /ream]s1 %elt] luxuriant banks ( mosses1 li*5s & f]ns4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce t human h& _h ev] pluck$ a fl[] 9 t luxuriant g>d52 n a trace c\ld be f\nd ( man's previ\s invasion4 ,! only trails 7 ^? left by ! be>s 9 =c+ _! way ?r\gh ! d5se vegetation 9 que/ ( succul5t roots4 ,lat] 9 ! season1 :5 ! b]ries rip5$1 !re 0 a fea/ spread invit+ly = all :o *ose to p>take4 ,on ! w>m summ] days ! air 0 fill$ ) ! p]fume ( ! fl[]s1 birds flitt$ 9 & out ( ! %ady grove1 & insects humm$ 9 ! glad sunlight2 ! fre%ness & beauty on e h& made ?is isl& seem a little ,ed51 pres]v$ ) all its fre%ness & fragrance f ! de/roy+ h& ( man4 ,?is oasis 9 a des]t ( ice is s beautiful & displays s _m in/ructive & attractive features t ,i wi% ! read] to come ) me up ! fl[]y slopes & /udy ! int]e/+ pictures to be se5 f its summit4 ,! n>r[ rav9e back ( our camp is fe/oon$ & ov]hung ) tall f]ns1 %oot+ out f ! ?ickets on ei!r h& l b5d+ plumes4 ,y w notice at a glance1 if p]*ance y\r y\?ful excursions happ5$ to be 9 ! nor!a/]n /ates1 z 7 m9e1 t _m ( ! plants ab\t u are old fri5ds1 or at lea/ =m] acqua9tances4 ,! tall f]n nodd+ s gracefully z we pass is an ,aspl5ium1 b ( rank] gr[? ?an 9 mo/ s\!rn regions4 ,^! tall :ite fl[]s ) aspir+1 flat-topp$ umbels1 look+ l rank c>away plants1 b l>g] & m %[y1 belong to ! g5us ,ar*angelica1 & are at home 9 ! ,cascade range & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s z well z "h4 ,! lily-l plant gr[+ s pr(usely1 especially 9 ! moi/ dells1 ) tall1 slim spikes ( gre5i% fl[]s & long p>allel ve9$ leaves1 is ,v]atrum viride4 ,^! brilliant yell[ monkey-fl[]s1 b5d+ s gracefully ov] ! banks ( ! pond1 are closely relat$ to ! little #aae ,mimulus :i* nods to its own gold5 reflection 9 _m ( ! brooks ( ,new ,engl&4 ,t purple ,epilobrum1 ) n[ & !n a pure :ite v>iety1 s common ev]y:]e on ^! hills1 is ! same w&]] t we h se5 ov] _m squ>e miles b5ea? ! burnt woods ( ,ma9e4 ,^! bu%es ) obscure :ite fl[]s1 look+ l little wax5 bells1 we recognize at once z huckleb]ries2 9 a %ort "t !y w be load$ ) lusci\s fruit4 ,invit+ c\*es ( moss b5ea? ! spruce trees are fe/oon$ & decorat$ ) fairy %apes ( br[n & gre51 t recall _m a long ramble among ! ,adirondack hills & 9 ! ,canadian woods4 ,! licapods1 equiseta & f]ns are _m ( !m id5tical ) ! trac]y on mossy m\nds cov]+ fall5 hemlocks 9 ! ,otsego woods 9 ,new ,york1 b display great] luxuriance & fre%] & m brilliant colors4 ,t graceful little bea*-f]n1 "h & !re fad$ to a ri* br[n1 =etell+ ( future *anges1 is id5tical ) ! little fairy =m we us$ to ga!r long ago along ! bord]s ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,a/]s & g5tians1 delicate or*ids & purple lup9es1 besides _m less famili> plants1 cr[d ! hillsides & deck ! unkept mead[s ) a brilliant mass ( v>i$ light4 ,9 ! full sun%9e1 ! hill-slopes appe> z if ! fields ( petals clo?+ !m _h ! prism's p[]1 & 7 spread+ a web ( ra9b[ t9ts ov] ! lu% leaves & grasses bel[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on our return to ,blossom isl&1 late 9 ,septemb]1 we f\nd _m ( ! fl[]s fad$1 b 9 _! places !re 0 a pr(usion ( b]ries ne>ly z brilliant 9 color z ! petals t h]ald$ _! com+4 ,_m ( ! ?ickets1 inconspicu\s be=e1 _h !n a deep1 ri* yell[ t9t1 due to an abundance ( lusci\s salmon b]ries1 l>g] ?an our l>ge/ blackb]ries4 ,! huckleb]ries 7 also ripe1 & 9 wond]ful pr(usion4 ,^! additions to our table 7 especially appreciat$ aft] liv+ = m ?an a mon? 9 ! sn[4 ,! a% trees 7 hold+ al(t great bun*es ( sc>let b]ries1 ev5 deep] & ri*] 9 color ?an ! ripe leaves on ! same brilliant bran*es4 ,! deep woods 7 brilliant ) ! broad yell[ leaves ( ! ,devil's club1 above :i* rose spikes ( crimson b]ries4 ,! d5se ?ickets ( currant bu%es1 s luxuriant t x 0 difficult to =ce "o's way ?r\gh !m1 _h receiv$ a dusky1 smoke-l t9t1 due to abundant blue-black /r+s ( fruit susp5d$ all along ! "u sides ( ! bran*es4 99 99 99 99 99 #aaf ,let u n look too f> ahead1 h[ev]4 ,w&]+ on ov] ! sunny slopes1 :]e ! g>d5] has =gott5 to sep>ate ! colors or to divide ! fl[] banks1 we ga9 ! top ( ! isl&2 b s d5se are ! plants ab\t u1 & s eag] is ea* pa9t$ cup to exp& freely 9 ! sunlight at ! exp5se ( its neighbors1 t we h to beat !m d[n ) our alp5/ocks--mu* z we dislike to m> ! beauty ( ! place--be=e we c recl9e on ! ?ick turf b5ea? & /udy ! /range l&scape be=e u4 ,! =egr\nd ( e view is a bank ( fl[]s nodd+ & sway+ 9 ! w9d1 b all beyond is a froz5 des]t4 ,! ice-fields be=e u1 ) _! d>k b&s ( dbris1 are a picture ( desolation4 ,! creative brea? has t\*$ only ! g>d5 :i* we1 ! fir/ ( w&]]s1 h invad$4 ,! l& be=e u is entirely )\t human associations4 ,no battles h !re be5 f\ght1 no k+s h rul$1 no poets h sung ( its rugg$ness1 & no philosoph] has expla9$ its secrets4 ,yet x has its hi/ory1 its poetry1 & its philosophy6 ,! m\nta9s t[>d ! nor? are too ne> at h& to reveal _! gr&eur2 only ! bord]s ( ! va/ sn[-fields cov]+ all ( ^! upp] slopes are 9 view4 ,9 ! deep caon ) p]p5dicul> walls1 j nor? ( our /ation1 b curv+ we/w>d s t its upp] c\rse is conceal$ f view1 !re fl[s a second>y glaci] :i* =ces its t]m9al mora9e high up on ! nor!rn slope ( ,blossom isl&1 b does n n[ jo9 ! ice-field on ! s\?4 ,/reams ( turbid wat] fl[ f ?is glaci] on ea* side ( ! oasis on :i* we /& & unite at ! m\? ( a d>k tunnel 9 ! ice t[>d ! s\?4 ,! b>r5 gravel pla9 j ea/ ( our /ation1 & at ! foot ( ! glaci] f ! nor?1 is ! b$ ( a glacial lake :i* has be5 dra9$ ?r\gh ! tunnel 9 ! ice4 ,on our way to ,blossom isl& we cross$ ?is area & f\nd t x _h b rec5tly lo/ its wat]s4 ,m9iature t]races on ! gravel banks =m+ ! sides ( ! bas9 m>k$ ! height to :i* ! wat]s la/ rose1 & all ! slopes =m]ly subm]g$ 7 cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( s$im5t4 ,on ! sides ( ! bas9 :]e ?is fre% l9+ re/s on /eep slopes !re are beautiful frett+s made by rills 9 ! s(t s$im5t4 ,! /ream f ! glaci] n[ me&]s across ?is s& pla91 divid+ z x goes into _m bran*es1 :i* unite on #aag approa*+ ! d>k ar*way bel[4 ,! lake is extremely irregul> 9 its behavior1 & may be fill$ & empti$ sev]al times 9 a season4 ,! wat]s are ei!r re/ra9$ or fl[ freely1 accord+ z ! tunnel ?r\gh :i* !y dis*>ge is ob/ruct$ or op54 ,! lake is typical ( a class4 ,simil> bas9s may be f\nd ab\t _m ( ! spurs project+ into ! ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,a little we/ ( ! glaci] to :i* ,i h direct$ y\r att5tion !re is a n>r[ m\nta9 gorge occupi$ by ano!r glaci]1 ( small size b hav+ all ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ev5 ! l>ge/ ,alp9e glaci]s ( ! region4 ,x is less ?an half a mile 9 l5g?1 has a high grade1 & is f$ by sev]al lat]al bran*es4 ,its surface is divid$ into an ice region bel[ & a nv region above4 ,x has lat]al & m$ial mora9es1 ice p9nacles1 crevasses1 & _m o!r details peculi> to glaci]s4 ,f its extremity1 :i* is d>k ) dirt & /ones1 !re fl[s a /ream ( turbid wat]4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a m9iature similitude ( ! ice-/reams on ! neighbor+ m\nta91 "s ( :i* are =ty or fifty miles 9 l5g? & _m times wid] 9 _! n>r[e/ "p ?an ! little glaci] be=e u is long4 ,! m ?or\ghly we become acqua9t$ ) ! m\nta9s ( s\!rn ,alaska ! m int]e/+ & m num]\s d ! ,alp9e glaci]s ( ! ?ird ord] become4 ,already1 ?\s&s c\ld be enum]at$4 ,i w n deta9 my imag9>y companion long] ) local details1 b turn at once to ! objects :i* w ev] be ! c5t] ( attraction to visitors :o may *ance to rea* ?is remote isl& 9 ! ice4 ,look+ f> up ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 beyond ! tap]+ p9nacles & rugg$ peaks ab\t its head1 y w see spires & ca!dral-l =ms ( ! pure/ :ite project$ aga9/ ! nor!rn sky4 ,!y recall at once ! ecclesia/ic ar*itecture ( ! ,old ,_w2 b in/ead ( be+ dim & fad$ by "t !y seem built ( immaculate m>ble4 ,!y h a gr&eur & repose se5 only 9 m\nta9s ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,! ca!dral to ! "r1 ) ! long ro(-l cre/ & a tap]+ spire at its ea/]n t]m9us1 is ,m\nt ,augu/a2 its elevation is ov] #ac1jjj feet4 ,a little to ! we/1 & equally beautiful b slightly less 9 elevation1 is ,m\nt ,malasp9a--a wor?y monum5t to ! un=tunate navigator ^: "n x be>s4 ,^! peaks are on ! ma9 ,/4 ,elias range1 b f our pres5t po9t ( view !y =m only ! #aah backgr\nd ( a magnific5t picture4 ,lat] 9 ! season our t5ts 7 pit*$ at _! v bases1 & !y !n reveal$ _! full gr&eur & fulfill$ e promise giv5 by di/ant views4 ,! rugg$ ,hit*cock range bord]+ ! di/ant m>g9 ( ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 l ! m\nta9s ne> at h& & ! rocky isl& on :i* we /&1 is compos$ ( s&/one & %ale1 b pres5ts "o int]e/+ feature1 to :i* ,i %all direct y\r att5tion4 ,! tr5d ( ! range is nor!a/ & s\?we/1 b ! /rata ( :i* x is compos$ run ea/ & we/ & are incl9$ nor?w>d4 ,z ! range is "s eight miles long1 ^! conditions w\ld seem to indicate a ?ickness ( _m ?\s&s ( feet = ! rocks ( :i* x is compos$2 yet ! b$s 7 deposit$ 9 horizontal %eets ( s& & mud ( v late date1 z w be %[n f>!r on4 ,b ! great app>5t ?ickness ( ! /rata is deceptive3 a ne>] exam9ation w\ld reveal ! fact t ! rocks h be5 s greatly cru%$ t ev5 a h& specim5 c sc>cely be brok5 (f ) fre% surfaces4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! black %ale1 exhibit+ ! greate/ am\nt ( cru%+1 is usually 9 w$ge-%ap$ masses1 :i*1 9 "s cases at lea/1 are bord]$ by :at are kn[n z ?ru/ planes1 ne>ly co9cid+ ) ! b$d+ planes ( ! /rata4 ,! rocks h be5 fractur$ & cru%$ toge!r 9 su* a way z to pile fragm5ts ( ! same lay] on top ( ea* o!r1 & ?us to increase greatly _! app>5t ?ickness4 ,9 ! elevations be=e u ! ?ru/ planes are tipp$ nor!a/w>dly1 & x w\ld seem t ! =ce t produc$ !m act$ f t direction4 ,! app>5t ?ickness ( ! b$s has ?us be5 increas$ _m times4 ,:at _! orig9al ?ickness 01 x is n n[ possible to say4 ,simil> indications ( a lat]al cru%+ 9 ! rocks may be f\nd 9 sev]al ( ! m\nta9 spurs betwe5 ! ,hit*cock range & ,yakutat bay2 b space w n p]mit me to foll[ ?is subject fur!r4 ,turn+ f ! m\nta9s1 we direct our eyes seaw>d2 b x is a sea ( ice t meets our view & n ! blue ,pacific4 ,f> z ! eye c rea* t[>d ! we/1 t[>d ! s\?1 & t[>d ! s\!a/ !re is no?+ 9 view b a va/ plateau ( ice or b>r5 dbris fields re/+ on ice & conceal+ x f view4 ,?is is ! ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,on ! bord] ( ! ice1 j bel[ ! cliffs on :i* we #aai /&1 !re is a belt ( dbris p]haps five miles 9 bread?1 :i* almo/ completely conceals ! ice b5ea?4 ,portions ( ?is mora9e are cov]$ by vegetation1 & 9 places x is brilliant ) fl[]s4 ,! vegetation is mo/ abundant on ! ne>] bord] & fades away t[>d ! c5t] ( ! glaci]4 ,its di/ant bord]1 adjac5t to ! :ite ice-field beyond1 is #abj absolutely b>e & desolate4 ,an attempt has be5 made to reproduce ?is sc5e 9 ! picture =m+ plate #af4 ,! draw+ is f a photograph & %[s ! b>r5 dbris field /ret*+ away t[>ds ! s\?we/4 ,! extreme s\!rn end ( ! ,hit*cock range appe>s at ! "r4 ,9 ! di/ance is ! :ite ice ( ! c5tral "p ( ! ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,f> beyond1 fa9tly outl9$ aga9/ ! sky1 are ! sn[-cov]$ hills we/ ( ,icy bay4 ,! fl[]s 9 ! =egr\nd are gr[+ on ! cre/ ( ! /eep bluff bord]+ ,blossom isl& on ! s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af3 ,,malasp9a ,,glaci]1 ,,f ,,blossom ,,isl&4 ,on ! mora9e-cov]$ portion1 especially :]e plants h tak5 root1 !re are hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s1 ( lakelets occupy+ kettle-%ap$ depressions4 ,a view ( "o ( ^! int]e/+ res]voirs 9 ! ice is giv5 9 figure #b4 ,if we %\ld g d[n to ! glaci] & exam9e su* a lakelet ne> at h&1 we %\ld f9d t ! cliffs ( ice surr\nd+ !m are usually unsymmetrical1 be+ especially /eep & rugg$ on "o side & l[ or p]haps want+ entirely on ! o!r4 ,b !re is no regul>ity 9 ?is respect2 ! /eep slopes may face 9 any direction4 ,on bright days ! encircl+ walls are always dripp+ ) wat] produc$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice2 little rills are con/antly fl[+ d[n _! sides & plung+ 9 m9iature cat>acts into ! lake bel[2 ! /ones at ! top ( ! ice-cliffs1 belong+ to ! g5]al %eet ( dbris cov]+ ! glaci]1 are cont9ually be+ und]m9$ & precipitat$ into ! wat]4 ,a curi\s fact 9 ref]5ce to ! walls ( ! lakelets is t ! melt+ ( ! ice bel[ ! surface is m rapid ?an above1 :]e x is expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,z a result ! depressions h ! =m ( an h\r-glass1 z indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b--,view ( a glacial ,lakelet 7drawn f a ,photograph74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c--,section ( a glacial lakelet4 ,beyond ! bord]+ mora9es at our feet1 we c look f> out ov] ! ice-plateau & view hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( its #aba froz5 surface4 ,at ! same "t we obta9 glimpses ( o!r va/ ice-fields t[>d ! we/1 beyond ,icy bay2 b _! limits 9 t direction are unkn[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lat] 9 ! season ,i made an excursion f> out on ! ,malasp9a glaci] f ! extreme s\!rn end ( ! ,hit*cock range1 & became acqua9t$ ) _m ( its peculi>ities4 ,its surface1 in/ead ( be+ a smoo? sn[-field1 z x appe>s f a di/ance1 is r\gh5$ by ?\s&s ( crevasses1 _m ( :i* are fill$ ) cle>1 blue wat]4 ,ov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles ! surface appe>s z if a giant pl[ _h pass$ ov] x1 leav+ ! ice furr[$ ) crevasses4 ,! crevasses are n broad2 usually "o c cross !m at a b\nd4 ,!y appe> to be ! sc>s left by r5ts 9 ! tribut>y ice-/reams4 ,! /illness f> out on ! great ice-field is imm$iately notic$ by "o :o has rec5tly trav]s$ ! slop+ surfaces ( ! tribut>y glaci]s4 ,x is always sil5t on t va/ froz5 plateau4 ,!re are no surface /reams & no lakes2 n a rill murmurs along its *annel ( ice2 no cascades are =m$ by /reams plung+ into m\l9s & crevasses4 ,! wat] produc$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice f9ds its way d[n into ! glaci] & p]haps to its bottom1 & mu/ !re =m riv]s ( l>ge size2 b no indications ( _! exi/5ce c be obta9$ at ! surface4 ,! icy surface is undulat+1 & resembles 9 "s respects ! great roll+ prairies ( ! we/2 x is a prairie ( ice4 ,9 ! c5tral portion n a %oot ( vegetation ca/s its %ad[1 & sc>cely a fragm5t ( rock c be f\nd4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! va/ plateau h nev] be5 survey$1 b its area _c be less ?an five hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,! cle> ice ( ! c5t] greatly exce$s ! ext5t ( ! mora9e-cov]$ bord]s4 ,x has a g5]al elevation ( fifte5 or sixte5 hundr$ feet1 be+ highe/ ne> ! end ( ! ,hit*cock range1 :]e ! ,sew>d glaci] comes 91 & decreas+ f !re 9 all directions4 ,f ! summit ( ,blossom isl& & o!r comm&+ /ations x is evid5t t ! d>k mora9e belts ab\t its bord]s are comp\nd & record a v>i$ hi/ory4 ,f> away t[>d ! s\!a/ ! individual elem5ts may be di/+ui%$4 ,! d>k b&s ( dbris sweep ar\nd 9 great curves & conc5tric1 swirl-l figures1 :i* indicate t !re are complicat$ curr5ts 9 ! seem+ly motionless plateau4 ,! ,malasp9a glaci] belongs to a class ( ice bodies n #abb previ\sly recogniz$1 :i* are =m$ at ! bases ( m\nta9s by ! union ( sev]al glaci]s f above4 ,_! position sugge/s ! "n ( ,pi$mont glaci]s = ! type4 ,!y diff] f cont95tal glaci]s 9 ! fact t !y are =m$ by ! union ( ice-/reams & are n ! s\rces f :i* ice-/reams fl[4 ,! supply f ! tribut>y glaci] is c\nt]balanc$ by melt+ & evaporation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ! read] has become int]e/$ 9 ! va/ ice-fields ab\t ,blossom isl&1 he may wi% to cont9ue our acqua9tance & g ) me into ! great sn[-fields on ! high] m\nta9s1 :]e ! ice-riv]s fe$+ ! ,malasp9a glaci] h _! s\rces4 ,,life ,,above ,,! ,,sn[-,,l9e4 ,e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #b1 all necess>y prep>ations hav+ be5 made ! day previ\s1 we />t$ 9 ! direction ( ! great sn[ peak to be se5 at ! head ( ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 :]e we hop$ to f9d a pass lead+ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s :i* w\ld enable u to rea* ! foot ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias or to discov] a practicable way across ! ma9 range into ! unkn[n c\ntry t[>d ! nor?4 ,all ( ! camp h&s 7 ) u at ! />t1 except ,/amy & ,:ite1 :o _h be5 despat*$ to ,port ,mulgrave to pur*ase %oes4 ,all b ,crumback & ,l9dsley 7 to return to ,blossom isl&1 h[ev]1 aft] leav+ _! loads at a r5dezv\s z f> f ,blossom isl& z c\ld be rea*$ 9 a day & all[ suffici5t "t to return to ! base-camp4 ,k]r & myself1 ) ! two camp h&s m5tion$1 7 to press on to ! sn[-fields above4 ,we took ) u a t5t1 blankets1 rations1 an oil-/ove1 & a supply ( coal oil1 & felt equal to any em]g5cy t might arise4 ,! morn+ ( our dep>ture 0 ?ick & foggy1 ) occasional %[]s1 & ! wea!r grew worse in/ead ( bett] z we advanc$4 ,all ! m\nta9s 7 soon %ut out f view by ! va/ vapor banks t settl$ d[n f above1 & we _h little except ! g5]al "* ( ! glaci] to guide u4 ,our way at fir/ l$ up ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 ov] seem+ly int]m9able fields ( angul> dbris4 ,travel+ on ! rugg$ mora9e1 "s idea ( :i* may be obta9$ f plate #ag1 0 n only tiresome 9 ! extreme1 b ru9\s to boots & %oes4 ,on pass+ ! m\? ( ! #abc fir/ lat]al gorge 7ab\t a mile f ,blossom isl&71 f :i* fl[s a second>y glaci]1 we c\ld look up ! b$ ( ! /eep rav9e to ! :ite precipices beyond1 :i* seem$ to desc5d out ( ! cl\ds1 & 7 sc>r$ by avalan*es2 b all ( ! high] peaks 7 %r\d$ f view4 ,at noon we pass$ ! m\? ( a second & l>g] gorge1 :i* dis*>ges an important tribut>y4 ,we !n left ! bord] ( ! glaci] & travel$ up its c5t]1 ! crevasses at ! emb\*ures ( ! tribut>y /ream be+ too num]\s & too wide to be cross$ )\t great difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4 ,,mora9es ,,on ,,! ,,m>v9e ,,glaci]4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! ,m>v9e glaci] !re is a d>k m$ial mora9e1 compos$ ma9ly ( dbris ( gabbro & s]p5t9e1 ( ! same "* z ! m$ial mora9e on ! ,hayd5 glaci]1 already briefly m5tion$4 ,"h1 too1 we f\nd broad areas cov]$ ) s& cones & glacial tables4 ,!re are also ru%+ /reams1 fl[+ 9 *annels ( ice1 :i* f9ally plunge into crevasses or 9 well-l m\l9s & s5d back a deep ro> f ! cav]ns b5ea?4 ,! murmurs ( runn+ wat]s1 he>d on e h&1 seem to indicate t ! :ole glaci] is doom$ to melt away 9 a s+le season4 ,e>ly 9 ! aft]noon we rea*$ ! junction ( ! two ma9 bran*es ( ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 & *ose ! mo/ we/]ly4 ,we 7 /ill travel+ ov] h>d blue ice 9 :i* ! blue & :ite ve9-/ructure *>act]i/ic ( glaci]s c\ld be pla9ly di/+ui%$4 ,! bord]s ( ! ice-/reams 7 d>k ) lat]al mora9es2 b aft] pass+ ! la/ great tribut>y com+ 9 f ! nor!a/ we rea*$ ! upp] limit ( ! glaci] prop] & came to ! l[] bord] ( ! nv fields1 above :i* !re is little surface dbris4 ,! glaci] !re fl[s ov] a rugg$ desc5t1 & is greatly brok5 by its fall4 ,at fir/ we endeavor$ to f9d a passage up ! c5t] ( ! crevass$ & p9nacl$ ice1 b soon came to an impassable gulf4 ,turn+ t[>d ! "r1 we trav]s$ a ridge ( ice betwe5 pr(\nd gorges & rea*$ ! base ( ! m\nta9 slope bord]+ ! glaci] on ! ea/4 ,our p>ty 0 n[ divid$2 ,*ri/ie & 8 companion 7 left se>*+ = a conv5i5t place to leave ! cans ( rations !y c>ri$1 :ile we1 :o 7 to explore ! regions above1 7 endeavor+ to f9d a way up ! ice-fall4 ,a %\t f our companions bel[ call$ our att5tion to ! fact t !y 7 unable to rea* ! bord] ( ! glaci]1 :]e !y _h be5 direct$ to leave _! packs1 & t !y #abd _h left !m on ! op5 ice4 ,!y wav$ u good-bye & />t$ back t[>d ,blossom isl&1 leav+ our little b& ( f\r to make ! advance4 ,desc5d+ into a deep black gorge at ! bord] ( ! ice1 =m$ by its melt+ back f ! bord]+ cliffs1 we clamb]$ upw>d b5ea? ov]hang+ ice-walls1 f :i* /ones & fragm5ts ( ice 7 occasionally dropp+1 & f9ally rea*$ a great sn[-bank on ! bord] ( ! glaci]4 ,z ! /orm /ill cont9u$1 & 0 ev5 increas+ 9 =ce1 we conclud$ to f9d a camp+ gr\nd soon z possible & make ourselves com=table z ! circum/ances w\ld p]mit4 ,,fir/ ,,camp ,,9 ,,! ,,sn[4 ,we _h n[ rea*$ ! l[] limit ( p]petual sn[4 ,!re 7 no m mora9es on ! surface ( ! glaci]1 & no b>e rock surfaces l>ge en\gh to hold a t5t4 ,! entire region 0 sn[-mantl$ z f> z ! eye c\ld see1 except :]e p9nacles & cliffs too /eep & rugg$ = ! sn[ to accumulate rose above ! g5]al surface4 ,a little to "o side ( ! m\? ( a /eep lat]al gorge we f\nd a spot 9 :i* a mass ( p>tly dis9tegrat$ %ale _h fall5 d[n f ! cliff4 ,we scrap$ ! fragm5ts aside1 smoo!d ! sn[ b5ea?1 & built a wall ( rock along ! l[] m>g94 ,! space above 0 fill$ 9 ) fragm5ts ( %ale1 s z to =m a %elf on :i* to pit* our t5t4 ,soon our blankets 7 spread1 ) our wat]-pro( coats = a sub/ratum1 & supp] 0 prep>$ ov] ! oil-/ove4 ,d>kness settl$ d[n ov] ! m\nta9s1 & ! /orm increas$ z ! night came on4 ,:at is unusual 9 ,alaska1 ! ra9 fell 9 torr5ts1 z 9 ! tropics4 ,our little t5t ( light cotton clo? af=d$ great protection1 b ! ra9-drops beat on x ) su* =ce t ! spray 0 driv5 ?r\gh & made a f9e ra9 )94 ,we>y ) _m h\rs ( h>d travel+ ov] mora9es & across crevass$ ice1 & 9 an atmosph]e saturat$ ) moi/ure1 we roll$ ourselves 9 our blankets1 det]m9$ to re/ 9 spite ( ! /orm t rag$ ab\t4 ,z ! ra9 became heavi]1 ! avalan*es1 already al>m+ly num]\s1 became m & m frequ5t3 ,a cra% l ?und]1 foll[$ by ! clatt] ( fall+ /ones1 told t _m tons ( ice & rocks on ! m\nta9s to ! we/w>d _h slid #abe d[n ^u ! bord]s ( ! glaci]2 ano!r ro> ne> at h&1 caus$ by an avalan*e on our own side ( ! glaci]1 0 foll[$ by ano!r1 ano!r1 & /ill ano!r out 9 ! d>kness1 no "o c\ld tell :]e4 ,! wild] ! /orm1 ! l\d] & m frequ5t became ! ?und] ( ! avalan*es4 ,x seem$ z if p&emonium reign$ on ! m\nta9s4 ,"o might fancy t ! evil spirits ( ! hills _h prep>$ = u a reception ( _! own lik+--b decid$ly n to ! ta/e ( _! visitors4 ,soon !re 0 a clatt] & :iz ( /ones at our door4 ,look+ out ,i saw rocks z l>ge z "o's head b\nd+ pa/ )9 a few feet ( our t5t4 ,! /ones on ! m\nta9 side above _h be5 loos5$ by ! ra91 & x 0 evid5t t our p]* 0 no long] t5able4 ,be=e we c\ld remove our frail %elt] to a place ( great] safety1 a fall+ rock /ruck ! alp5/ock to :i* ! ridge-rope ( our t5t 0 fa/5$ & c>ri$ x away4 ,our t5t w5t by ! bo>d1 z a sailor w\ld say1 & we 7 left expos$ to ! p\r+ ra94 ,be=e we c\ld ga!r up our blankets !y 7 n only soak$1 b a bu%el or m ( mud & /ones f ! bank above1 previ\sly held back by ! t5t1 fl[$ 9 ^u !m4 ,roll+ up our blankets & ca*+ ! rations1 in/rum5ts1 etc41 "u a rubb] clo? held d[n by rocks1 we ha/ily dragg$ our t5t-clo? d[n to ! bord] ( ! glaci]1 at ! extremity ( a tap]+ ridge1 along :i* x seem$ impossible = /ones f above to travel4 ,we !re pit*$ our t5t on ! h>d sn[1 )\t ! luxury ( ev5 a few h&fuls ( %ale b5ea? our blankets4 ,wet & cold1 we s\ght to we> ! night away z be/ we c\ld1 sleep be+ impossible4 ,crumback1 :o _h be5 especially en]getic 9 remov+ ! t5t1 reg>dless ( 8 own exposure1 0 wet & became cold & sil5t4 ,! oil-/ove & a few rations 7 br\ght f ! ca*e at ! ab&on$ camp1 & soon a di% ( c(fee 0 /eam+ & fill+ ! t5t ) its delici\s odor4 ,our %elt] became com=tably w>m & ! hot c(fee1 act+ z a /imulant1 re/or$ our sluggi% circulation4 ,we pass$ an uncom=table night & wat*$ anxi\sly = ! dawn4 ,t[>d morn+ a cold w9d swept d[n ! glaci] & ! ra9 ceas$4 ,) ! dawn !re came indications t ! /orm _h pass$1 al?\gh we 7 /ill envelop$ 9 d5se cl\ds & c\ld n decide :e!r or n a favorable *ange 9 ! wea!r _h occurr$4 ,we 7 /ill cold & wet & ! desire to return to ,blossom #abf isl&1 :]e all 0 sun%9e & summ]1 0 great4 ,unc]ta9 z to :at w\ld be ! wise/ c\rse1 we pack$ our blankets & />t$ sl[ly d[n ! m\nta91 look+ anxi\sly = signs t ! /orm _h really pass$4 ,an h\r aft] sunrise a rift 9 ! mi/ above u reveal$ ! wond]ful blue ( ! heav5s1 & all[$ a flood ( sunlight to p\r d[n ^u ! :ite fields b5ea?4 ,nev] 0 ! ,augu/ sun m welcome4 ,! mi/s vani%$ be=e its magic t\*1 leav+ "h & !re fleecy vapor-wrea?s fe/oon$ along ! m\nta9 side2 z ! cl\ds disappe>$1 peak aft] peak came into view1 & sn[-domes & glaci]s1 nev] se5 be=e1 "o by "o reveal$ !mselves to our a/oni%$ eyes4 ,:5 ! curta9 0 lift$ we f\nd ourselves 9 a new _w1 m wild & rugg$ ?an any we _h yet beheld4 ,!re 0 n a tree 9 sight1 & no?+ to sugge/ gre5 fields or fl[]y hill-sides1 except on a few ( ! l[] m\nta9 spurs1 :]e brilliant ,alp9e blossoms add$ a t\* ( color to ! pale l&scape4 ,all else 0 /]n1 sil5t1 motionless w9t]4 ,! glaci]1 cle> & :ite1 )\t a rock on its brok5 surface1 look$ f a little di/ance l a va/ sn[-cov]$ mead[4 ,we 7 ab\t a mile above ! l[] limit ( ! sn[-fields1 :]e ! blue ice ( ! glaci] comes out f b5ea? ! nv4 ,! blue ice 0 deeply buri$1 & c\ld only be se5 9 ! deepe/ crevasses4 ,across ! glaci] rose ! angul> cliffs & tap]+ spires ( ! ,hit*cock range4 ,e rav9e & gul* 9 its rugg$ sides 0 occupi$ by glaci]s1 _m ( :i* 7 s brok5 & crevass$ t !y look$ l froz5 cat>acts4 ,*e]$ by ! bright skies & sun-w>m$ air1 we pu%$ on up ! glaci]1 tak+ ! c5t] ( ! /ream 9 ord] to avoid ! crevasses1 :i* 7 mo/ num]\s along its bord]s4 ,two or ?ree miles above our fir/ camp we f\nd a place :]e a ?9 lay] ( brok5 %ale cov]$ ! sn[1 at a suffici5t di/ance f ! /eep slopes above to be out ( ! rea* ( avalan*es4 ,we !re e/abli%$ our second camp aft] leav+ ,blossom isl&1 dri$ our blankets1 & sp5t ! rema9d] ( ! day bask+ 9 ! sunlight & ga!r+ en]gy = com+ em]g5cies4 ,we f\nd ! nv ( ! ,m>v9e glaci] diff]+ greatly f ! l[] or icy portion previ\sly trav]s$4 ,in/ead ( ice ) blue & :ite b&s1 z is common l[] d[n1 ! #abg entire surface1 & z f> d[n 9 ! crevasses z ! eye c\ld di/+ui%1 0 compos$ ( compact sn[1 or sn[ *ang$ to icy p>ticles resembl+ hail & hav+ 9 reality b few ( ! prop]ties ( ord9>y sn[3 x might prop]ly be call$ nv ice4 ,usually ! ?ickness ( ! lay]s v>i$ f t5 to fifte5 feet4 ,sep>at+ !m 7 d>k l9es =m$ by du/ bl[n ov] ! surface ( ! glaci] & buri$ by subsequ5t sn[-/orms1 or by ?9 blue l9es =m$ by ! edges ( %eets ( ice & %[+ t ! sn[ surface _h be5 melt$ dur+ bright sunny days & froz5 aga9 at night4 ,! horizontal /ratification s pla9ly m>k$ 9 all ! crevasses 9 ! nv 0 almo/ entirely want+1 or at lea/ 0 n conspicu\s1 9 ! l[] portion ( ! glaci]1 :]e1 in/ead1 we f\nd ^? n>r[ blue & :ite b&s already m5tion$1 ! orig9 ( :i* has be5 s well describ$ & expla9$ by ,tyndall4 ,! c5t] ( ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 z 9 mo/ simil> ice-/reams1 is high] & less brok5 by crevasses ?an its bord]s4 ,! crevasses at ! side tr5d up /ream1 z is ! case ) m>g9al crevasses g5]ally4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ! c\rses ( ^! r5ts c\ld be pla9ly di/+ui%$ on ea* bord] ( ! glaci]1 :5 look+ d[n ^u x f neighbor+ slopes4 ,! crevasses occur at q regul> int]vals ( approximately fifty feet1 & div]ge f ! bank at angles ( ab\t #dj4 ,9 ! banks ( sn[ bord]+ ! glaci] simil> crevasses div]ge f ! m>g9 ( ! fl[+ glaci] & tr5d d[n along its banks4 ,! m>g9al crevasses & ! crevasses 9 ! bord]+ sn[-fields1 to :i* no special "n has be5 giv51 fall ne>ly 9 l9e2 b betwe5 ! two !re is a s]ies ( irregul> cracks & brok5 sn[1 %>ply def9+ ! bord] ( ! mov+ nv4 ,! orig9 ( ! m>g9al crevasses tr5d+ up /ream 0 expla9$ dur+ ! /udy ( ! glaci]s ( ,switz]l&4 ,! foll[+ diagram & explanation illu/rat+ _! developm5t are copi$ f ,tyndall3 ,let ,a ,c be "o side ( ! glaci] & ,b ,d ! o!r2 & let ! direction ( motion be t indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,let ,s ,t be a transv]se slice ( ! glaci]1 tak5 /raight across x1 say to-day4 ,a few days or weeks h5ce ! slice w h be5 c>ri$ d[n1 & because ! c5t] moves m quickly ?an ! sides x w n rema9 /raight1 b w b5d into ! =m ,s' ,t'4 ,suppos+ ,t i to be a small squ>e ( ! orig9al slice ne> ! side ( ! glaci]2 9 ! new position ! squ>e w be di/ort$ to ! loz5ge-%ap$ figure ,t' i'4 ,fix y\r att5tion ^u ! #abh diagonal ,t i ( ! squ>e2 9 ! l[] position ?is diagonal1 if ! ice c\ld /ret*1 w\ld be l5g!n$ to ,t' i'4 ,b ! ice does n /ret*2 x breaks1 & we h a crevasse =m$ at "r angles to ,t' i'4 ,! m]e inspection ( ! diagram w assure y t ! crevasse w po9t obliquely upw>d4#bi ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! ,=mation ( m>g9al ,crevasses4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! ,=ms ( ,wat]3 ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 ,new ,york1 #ahge1 pp4 #ajg-ajh4 ,! explanation giv5 above applies especially to ! l[] or icy portion ( a glaci]2 above ! sn[-l9e o!r facts appe>4 ,:5 a glaci] fl[s ?r\gh fields ( sn[ on a level ) its surface1 crevasses are =m$ 9 ! adjac5t banks4 ,^! tr5d d[n /ream = ! same reason t ! crevasses 9 ! glaci] prop] tr5d up /ream--t is1 ! friction ( ! mov+ /ream aga9/ its banks t5ds to c>ry !m along1 :ile ! portions at a di/ance are /ation>y4 ,fissures are ?us op5$ :i* tr5d 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! glaci] moves4 ,! angle made by ^! crevasses ) ! axis ( ! glaci] is ab\t ! same z ^? ( ! m>g9al crevasses1 b 9 an opposite direction4 ,!y are wide/ ne> ! m>g9 ( ! glaci] & tap] to a %>p end t[>ds ! /ation>y sn[-banks above4 ,! crevasses 9 ! two s]ies ?us fall ne>ly 9 l9e1 b are sep>at$ by a n>r[ b& ( irregul>ly brok5 sn[1 m>k+ ! actual bord] ( ! glaci]4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,crevasses 9 sn[-fields ?r\gh :i* ice-/reams fl[ w be m5tion$ aga9 9 describ+ ! ,sew>d glaci]4 ,aft] leav+ ,blossom isl& ! p>ty 0 divid$1 & we began a new s]ies ( numb]s = our camp above ! sn[-l9e1 al?\gh 9 ?is n>rative & on ! accompany+ map a s+le s]ies ( numb]s = all ! camps w be us$4 ,:ile 9 ! field ! camps 9 ! sn[ 7 usually t]m$1 faceti\sly1 s>d9e camps1 9 allusion to ! uncom=table mann] 9 :i* we 7 pack$ 9 our t5t at night4 #abi ,,across ,,p9nacle ,,pass4 ,! morn+ aft] rea*+ ,camp #ab dawn$ glori\sly bright4 ,! night _h be5 cold1 & a heavy fro/ _h sil5c$ e rill f ! sn[-slopes above4 ,! cle>1 brac+ air gave u r5ew$ en]gy & a firm] desire to press on4 ,mr4 ,k]r & myself made an excursion ahead1 :ile ,l9dsley & ,crumback br\ght up a load ( supplies f ! ca*e left on ! glaci] bel[ ,camp #aa4 ,on ga9+ ! c5t] ( ! ,m>v9e glaci] we _h a magnific5t view d[n ! broad ice-/ream1 bord]$ on ei!r h& by t[]+1 sn[-lad5 precipices1 & *ang+1 z ! eye foll[$ ! d[nw>d slope1 f pure :ite to br[n & black 9 ! di/ance4 ,f> bel[ we c\ld b>ely disc]n ! wood$ summit ( ,blossom isl&1 beyond :i* /ret*$ ! seem+ly limitless ice-fields ( ! ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,all ab\t u ! :ite slope reflect$ ! sunlight ) pa9ful brilliancy1 :ile ! black mora9es & =e/s bel[ & ! mi/s ov] ! di/ant ocean1 made x seem z if "o 0 look+ d[n into a l[] & d>k] _w4 ,z we advanc$ t[>d ! head ( ! glaci] we f\nd1 z on sev]al subsequ5t occasions1 t ! ne>] we approa*$ ! s\rces ( an ice-/ream ! easi] our progress became4 ,foll[+ up ! c5t] ( ! glaci]1 we le>n$ t x curv$ t[>d ! ea/2 & aft] an h\r or two ( we>y tramp+ we rea*$ ! great amphi!atre 9 :i* x has its s\rce4 ,all ab\t u 7 rugg$ m\nta9 slopes1 heavily load$ ) sn[1 & =m+ cle> :ite cliffs f :i* avalan*es _h desc5d$4 ,to ! we/w>d ! wall ( ! amphi!atre 0 brok51 & x 0 app>5t t we c\ld cross its rim 9 t direction4 ,press+ onw>d up ! g5tly asc5d+ slope1 we came at l5g? to a gap 9 ! m\nta9s bord]$ on ! nor? by a t[]+ cliff fully a ?\s& feet high1 & 7 rejoic$ to f9d t ! sn[ surface on ! opposite side ( ! divide incl9$ we/w>d ) a grade z g5tle z ! "o we _h asc5d$4 ,look+ f> d[n ! we/]n sn[-slope1 we c\ld see :]e x jo9$ a l>ge glaci] fl[+ s\?w>d pa/ ! end ( ! great cliffs :i* ext5d$ we/w>d f ! divide4 ,! glaci] we saw 9 ! valley bel[ is designat$ on our map z ! ,sew>d glaci]1 9 honor ( ,william ,h4 ,sew>d1 ! =m] ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 :o negotiat$ ! pur*ase ( ,alaska = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #acj ,! pass we nam$ ,p9nacle pass1 on acc\nt ( ! _m t[]+ p9nacles ov]%ad[+ x4 ,its elevation is ab\t f\r ?\s& feet1 & at ! summit x has a bread? ( only two or ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,! sn[ on ! divide is greatly crevass$1 b a conv5i5t sn[-bridge enabl$ u to cross )\t difficulty4 ,! crevasses increas$ 9 bread? ) ! advance ( ! season1 & on return+ f our m\nta9 trip 9 ,septemb] we _h to climb up on ! bord]+ cliff 9 ord] to pass ! ma9 crevasse at ! summit4 ,"s idea ( ! crevasses ( ?is region may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ figure1 drawn f a photograph tak5 on ! we/]n side ( ,p9nacle pass1 n f> f ! summit4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e--;,crevasses on ,p9nacle ,pass2 f a ,photograph4 ,! cliff on ! nor? ( ,p9nacle pass is really a huge fault-sc>p ( rec5t date1 int]sect+ /ratifi$ %ale1 lime/one1 & conglom]ate1 ) a few ?9 coal-seams4 ,! /rata dip t[>d ! nor? at a high angle1 & pres5t _! brok5 edges 9 ! great cliff ris+ above ! pass4 ,! cliffs ext5d we/w>d f ! pass1 & reta9 a ne>ly horizontal cre/ l9e1 b increase 9 height & gr&eur1 ow+ to ! d[nw>d grade ( ! glaci] along _! base4 ,a mile to ! we/w>d _! elevation is fully two ?\s& feet4 ,! cliffs ?r\gh\t are #aca almo/ ev]y:]e b>e ( sn[ & too /eep & rugg$ to be scal$4 ,!y =m a /rongly drawn b\nd>y l9e 9 ! geology ( ! region1 & furni% ! key to ! /ructure & geological "* ( an ext5d$ area4 ,all ! rocks to ! s\?w>d are s&/one & %ale belong+ to a well-def9$ s]ies1 & diff] mat]ially f ! rocks 9 ! fault-sc>p4 ,i h call$ ! rocks t[>d ! s\?1 ! ,yakutat sy/em1 & ^? expos$ 9 ! faces ( ! fault-sc>p ! ,p9nacle sy/em4 ,directly nor? ( ,p9nacle pass1 & at ! base ( ,m\nt ,ow51 ! rocks ( ! ,yakutat sy/em are expos$1 & f _! position & association x is evid5t t !y are y\ng] ?an ! ,p9nacle sy/em & belong above x4 ,if ^! conclusions are su/a9$ by future inve/igation1 !y w c>ry ) !m c]ta9 d$uctions :i* are among ! mo/ rem>kable 9 geological hi/ory4 ,on ! cre/ ( ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs ,i aft]w>ds f\nd /rata conta9+ fossil %ells & leaves belong+ to species /ill liv+4 ,^! records ( animal & plant life %[ t n only 7 ! rocks ( ! ,p9nacle sy/em deposit$ s9ce liv+ species ( mollusks & plants came into exi/5ce1 b t ! ,yakutat sy/em is /ill m rec5t4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! upheaval ( ! m\nta9s1 ! =mation ( num]\s fault-sc>ps1 & ! orig9 ( ! glaci]s1 h all occurr$ s9ce ,plioc5e times4 ,! discov]y ( ,p9nacle pass left no "q z to ! r\te to be trav]s$ 9 ord] to rea* ! m\nta9s to ! we/w>d4 ,we return$ to ,camp #ab1 & ! foll[+ day1 ) ,crumback & ,l9dsley to assi/ u1 advanc$ our camp across ,p9nacle pass & f> d[n ! we/]n sn[-slope4 ,! day we cross$ ! pass 0 bright & cle> 9 ! morn+1 b cl\ds ga!r$ ar\nd all ! high] peaks ab\t midday1 vani%+ aga9 at nightfall4 ,z x 0 desirable to occupy1 = topographic & o!r purposes1 a /ation on ! top ( ! cliffs ov]look+ ,p9nacle pass1 we made an ef=t to rea* ! cre/ ( ! ridge by climb+ up ! /eep sc>p j at ! divide1 :]e ! cliffs are l[e/4 ,:ile ,crumback return$ to ,camp #ab = an additional load & ,l9dsley w5t ahead to discov] a new camp+ place1 ,k]r & myself1 tak+ ! necess>y in/rum5ts1 began ! asc5t2 b we f\nd x exce$+ly difficult4 ,! outcrops ( %ale 9 ! l[] portion ( ! cliff furni%$ b poor foo?old1 & crumbl$ & broke away at e /ep4 ,once my companion1 los+ 8 support1 slid sl[ly #acb d[n ! slope 9 spite ( vigor\s ef=ts to hold on1 & a rapid desc5t 9 ! yawn+ *asm bel[ seem$ inevitable1 :51 com+ to a slightly r\gh] surface1 he 0 able to control 8 movem5ts & to rega9 :at _h be5 lo/4 ,climb+ on1 we came to ! base ( a v]tical wall ( %ale sev]al hundr$ feet high1 & made a det\r to ! left :]e a cascade plung$ d[n a n>r[ *annel4 ,we asc5d$ ! b$ ( ! /ream1 :i* 0 sometimes s /eep t ! spray da%$ ov] u1 & rea*$ ! base ( an ov]hang+ cliff ( conglom]ate compos$ ( well-worn pebbles4 ,above ?is rose a cliff ( sn[ fifty feet or m 9 height1 :i* ?reat5$ to cra% d[n 9 avalan*es at any mom5t4 ,"o small avalan*e did occur dur+ ! asc5t1 & scatt]$ its spray 9 our faces4 ,_h a heavy avalan*e =m$1 our position w\ld h be5 exce$+ly dang]\s2 b by tak+ advantage ( e ov]hang+ l$ge1 & wat*+ = ! lea/ sign ( movem5t 9 ! sn[ above1 we rea*$ )\t accid5t a %elt]$ p]* und]nea? an ov]hang+ cliff ne> ! base ( ! sn[4 ,we !n discov]$ t cl\ds 7 =m+ on all ! high m\nta9s1 & %r$s ( vapor bl[n ov] ! cre/ ( ! cliff above told u t fur!r ef=ts w\ld be useless4 ,seek+ a p]* protect$ f avalan*es by an ov]hang+ cliff1 we _h a spl5did view f> out ov] ! slop+ sn[-pla9 t[>d ! we/ & ( ! m\nta9s bord]+ ,p9nacle pass on ! s\?4 ,my notes writt5 9 ?is comm&+ /ation read z foll[s3 ,look+ d[n f my p]* ,i c pla9ly di/+ui% ! undulations & crevasses 9 ! broad sn[-fields /ret*+ we/w>d f ,p9nacle pass4 ,ea* inequality 9 ! rock b5ea? ! glaci] is reproduc$ 9 fl[+ & subdu$ outl9es 9 ! :ite surface above4 ,! positions ( bosses & cliffs 9 ! rock b5ea? are indicat$ by r\nd$ domes & /eep desc5ts 9 ! sn[ surface4 ,ab\t ! l[] sides ( ^! inequalities !re are 9 "s cases conc5tric blue l9es & 9 o!rs radiat+ fissures1 m>k+ :]e ! sn[ has brok5 9 mak+ ! desc5t4 ,! side light %9+ f ! ea/w>d d[n ! long we/]ly slope reveals by its delicate %ad+ ! pres5ce ( broad1 t]race-l1 transv]se /eps into :i* ! /ream is divid$4 ,7 ! sn[ remov$ & ! rock b5ea? expos$1 we %\ld f9d broad t]races sep>at$ by sc>ps sweep+ across ! b$ ( ! glaci] f side to side4 ,simil> t]races occur 9 glaciat$ caons 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & #acc ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 b _! orig9 has nev] be5 expla9$4 ,! glaci] is "h at "w sculptur+ simil> =ms2 b /ill x is impossible to und]/& h[ ! process is initiat$4 ,"r 9 front ( u1 & only a mile or two away1 rise ! cliffs1 spires1 & p9nacles ( ! ,hit*cock range4 ,e rav9e & amphi!atre 9 ! great m\nta9 mass is deeply fill$ ) sn[1 & ! %>p angul> cre/s look z if !y _h be5 ?ru/ up ?r\gh ! g5]al cov]+ ( :ite4 ,! nor!rn end ( ! range is cle>ly def9$ by ! ea/-&-we/ fault to :i* ,p9nacle pass owes its orig94 ,! tr5d ( ! mighty cliffs on ! s\!rn face1 on :i* we h f\nd a p]*1 is at "r angles to ! long] axis ( ! ,hit*cock range1 & m>ks its nor!rn t]m9us bo? topographically & geologically4 ,!re is n ev5 a sugge/ion ( vegetation 9 sight4 ,! eye fails to detect a s+le da% ( gre5 or ! gl[ ( a s+le ,alp9e fl[] any:]e on ! rugg$ slopes4 ,a small avalan*e f ! sn[-cliffs above1 cascad+ ov] ! cliff :i* %elt]s me & only a few y>ds away1 tells :y ! precipices are s b>e & desolate3 !y h be5 swept clean by avalan*es4 ,f> d[n ! we/]n sn[-slope ,i c di/+ui% crevasses & dirt b&s 9 ! ,sew>d glaci]1 :i* fl[s s\?w>d pa/ ! range on :i* we sit4 ,! m>g9al crevasses along ! bord] ( ! glaci] c cle>ly be di/+ui%$4 ,z usual1 !y tr5d up-/ream &1 meet+ m$ial crevasses1 break ! surface ( ! glaci] into ?\s&s ( p9nacles & tables4 ,along ! c5t] ( ! /ream !re are ,v-%ap$ dirt b&s1 sep>at$ by crevasses1 :i* po9t d[n-/ream & give ! appe>ance ( a rapid fl[ to ! c5tral portion ( ! glaci]4 ,f ?is di/ance its c5t] has ! appe>ance ( 'wat]$' ribbon4 ,a little t[>d ! s\? ( :]e ! m$ial crevasses are mo/ num]\s1 & at a locality :]e two opposite m\nta9 spurs =ce ! ice-/ream ?r\gh ! comp>atively n>r[ gorge1 !re is evid5tly an ice-fall1 z ! :ole glaci] f side to side disappe>s f view4 ,! appe>ance ( ,niag>a :5 se5 f ! banks ( ! riv] above ! ,horse%oe falls is sugge/$4 ,beyond ?is sil5t cat>act1 ! eye ranges f> out ov] ! broad1 level surface ( ! ,malasp9a glaci]1 & traces ! d>k mora9al ribbons /ream+ away = miles f ! m\nta9 spurs among :i* !y orig9ate4 ,f ! extreme #acd s\!rn cape ( ! ,samov> hills !re is a highly comp\nd mora9e-belt /ret*+ away t[>d ! s\?1 & !n divid+ & curv+ bo? ea/ & we/4 ,! c5tral b& ( dbris mu/ be a mile broad4 ,along its ea/]n m>g9 ,i c c\nt five less] b&s sep>at$ by n>r[ int]vals ( ice1 & on ! f>!r side simil> second>y b&s are sugge/$1 b ! height ( ! c5tral range almo/ completely conceals !m f view4 ,9 ! di/ant tatt]$ ends1 h[ev]1 _! v>i\s divisions c be cle>ly trac$4 ,great swirls 9 ! ice are !re indicat$ by conc5tric curves ( dbris on its surface4 ,/ill f>!r we/w>d !re are hills ris+ to ! height ( impressive m\nta9s1 9 :i* nor?w>d dipp+ rocks1 app>5tly ( s&/one & %ale1 simil> to ^? =m+ ! ,hit*cock range1 are pla9ly di/+ui%able4 ,all ! nor!rn slopes ( ^! hills are deeply buri$ b5ea? a univ]sal cov]+ ( sn[ evid5tly hundr$s ( feet ?ick1 :i* is mold$ ^u !m s z to reveal e swell+ dome & rav9e 9 _! rugg$ sides4 ,f>!r we/w>d /ill1 beyond a d>k headl& app>5tly wa%$ by ! sea1 !re are o!r broad ice-fields ( ! same g5]al "* z ! ,malasp9a glaci]1 :i* /ret* away = miles & miles & bl5d 9 ! dim di/ance ) ! haze ( ! horizon4 ,j we/ ( ! ,sew>d glaci]1 & 9 "p =m+ its we/]n %ore1 !re are d>k1 rocky cre/s project+ ?r\gh ! univ]sal ice mantle1 sugge/+ ! lo/ m\nta9s ( ,utah & ,nevada :i* h become deeply buri$ by ! du/s ( ! des]t4 ,! "* ( ! %>p cre/s beyond ! ,sew>d glaci] indicate t !y are ! upturn$ edges ( fault-blocks simil> to ! "o on :i* we are seat$4 ,int]e/+ geological records are !re wait+ an int]pret]4 ,! va/ness ( ! m\nta9s & ! sn[-fields to be se5 at a s+le glance f ?is po9t ( view c sc>cely be realiz$4 ,!re are no famili> objects 9 sight ) :i* to make eye-measurem5ts2 ! picture is on s gr& a scale t x defies imag9ation's grasp4 ,se>*+ ! sn[-%eet bel[ ) a field-glass1 ,i discov] a m9ute spot on ! :ite surface4 ,its movem5t1 sl[ b unmi/akable1 assures me t x is ,l9dsley return+ f ! site *os5 = our camp to-night4 ,al?\gh app>5tly ne> at h&1 he =ms b an inconspicu\s speck on ! va/ sn[-field4 #ace ,hav+ le>n$ all t ,i c\ld ( ! geology ( ! cliff1 & ! ga!r+ cl\ds r5d]+ x unnecess>y to climb ! summits above1 we desc5d$ ) ev5 m difficulty ?an we _h enc\nt]$ on our way up1 & met ,l9dsley z he rea*$ ! pass4 ,resum+ our packs1 we />t$ on1 kn[+ t ,crumback w\ld foll[ our trail2 & aft] two h\rs' h>d tramp+ ov] a sn[ surface r5d]$ some:at s(t by ! heat ( ! day1 b =tunately little crevass$1 we rea*$ ! place *os5 = our camp4 ,crumback soon jo9$ u1 & we pit*$ our t5t = ! night4 ,! place *os5 0 on a little isl& ( dbris1 ! f>!/ out we c\ld discov] f ! base ( ! great cliff on ! nor?4 ,we judg$ t we %\ld !re be safe f avalan*es1 al?\gh ! scree* & hiss ( /ones fall+ f ! cliff 7 he>d _m times dur+ ! night4 ,l9dsley & ,crumback1 on revisit+ ! site ( our camp two days lat]1 f\nd t a trem5d\s avalan*e ( sn[ & rocks _h 9 ! mean "t fall5 f ! cliffs & pl\gh$ its way out ^u ! glaci] to )9 fifte5 or tw5ty feet ( :]e we _h pass$ ! night4 ,!y rem>k$ t if ! avalan*e _h occurr$ :ile we 7 9 camp1 our t5t w\ld n h be5 rea*$1 b t we %\ld probably h be5 sc>$ to dea? by ! ro>4 ,,fir/ ,,full ,,view ,,( ,,/4 ,,elias4 ,leav+ ,crumback & ,l9dsley to make our camp z com=table z possible1 ,k]r & ,i press$ on ) ! object ( see+ all we c\ld ( ! c\ntry ahead be=e ! aft]noon sunlight fad$ into twilight4 ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias _h be5 %ut out f view1 ei!r by cl\ds or by int]v5+ m\nta9s1 = sev]al days2 b x 0 evid5t t on approa*+ ! end ( ! ,p9nacle pass fault-sc>p we %\ld behold x aga91 & comp>atively ne> at h&4 ,cont9u+ d[n ! ev5 sn[-slope1 9 :i* !re 7 b few crevasses1 ! view became broad] & broad] z we advanc$1 & at l5g? ! great pyramid =m+ ! culm9at+ summit ( all ! region bur/ into full view4 ,:at a glori\s sight6 ,! great m\nta9 seem$ high] & gr&] & m regul>ly proportion$ ?an any peak ,i _h ev] beheld be=e4 ,! :ite pla9 =m$ by ! ,sew>d glaci] gave an ev5 =egr\nd1 brok5 by crevasses :i*1 less5+ 9 p]spective1 gave di/ance to ! foot-hills =m+ ! we/]n #acf m>g9 ( ! glaci]4 ,f> above ! angul> cre/ ( ! ,samov> hills 9 ! middle di/ance t[]$ ,/4 ,elias1 %>p & cle> aga9/ ! ev5+ sky4 ,midway up ! f9al slope a ?91 horizontal b> ( gray cl\ds 0 delicately p5cil$4 ,?r\gh ! me%es ( ! fairy sc>f %one ! yell[ sunset sky4 ,! /rong outl9es ( ! rugg$ m\nta91 :i* _h )/ood c5turies ( /orms & e>?quakes1 7 s(t5$ & glorifi$ by ! brea? ( ! summ] w9ds1 *ill$ z !y kiss$ its cry/al slopes4 ,c\ld ,i give to ! read] a ti! ( ! impressions t su* a view sugge/s1 !y w\ld decl>e t pa9t]s _h nev] %[n !m m\nta9s1 b only hills4 ,s maje/ic 0 ,/4 ,elias1 ) ! halo ( ! sunset ab\t 8 br[1 t o!r magnific5t peaks n[ se5 = ! fir/ "t or m fully reveal$ ?an ev] be=e1 al?\gh wor?y ! respect & homage ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ m\nta9-climb]1 sc>cely receiv$ a second glance4 ,return+ to camp1 we pass$ ! night1 & ! foll[+ day1 ,augu/ #f1 advanc$ our camp to ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,sew>d glaci] at ! extreme we/]n end ( ! upturn$ cre/ =m+ ! nor!rn wall ( ,p9nacle pass4 ,! we/]n end ( ! ,p9nacle pass cliff is turn$ abruptly nor?w>d1 & ! rocks dip ea/w>d at a high angle1 %[+1 toge!r ) o!r conditions1 t ! end ( ! ridge is det]m9$ by a cross-fault runn+ nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,we/ ( ! ,sew>d glaci] !re is a cont9uation ( ! ,p9nacle-pass cliff1 b x is greatly out ( l9e4 ,! position ( ! ,sew>d glaci]1 9 ?is portion ( its c\rse1 0 det]m9$ by ! fault :i* broke ! alignm5t ( ! ma9 displacem5t4 ,_m facts ( simil> nature %[ t ! glaci]s ( ! ,/4 ,elias region h _h _! c\rses det]m9$1 to a l>ge ext5t1 by ! faults :i* h giv5 ! region its *>act]i/ic /ructure3 ! ice dra9age is consequ5t to ! /ructure ( ! und]ly+ rocks2 ! glaci]s n only did n orig9ate ! *annels 9 :i* !y fl[1 b h fail$ to greatly modify !m4 ,camp #ad 0 on a %>p cre/ ( lime/one1 conglom]ate1 & %ale belong+ to ! ,p9nacle sy/em1 :i* 0 n ov] t5 feet broad :]e our t5t 0 pit*$4 ,ea/ ( our t5t !re 0 a broad1 upw>d slop+ sn[-pla9 bank$ aga9/ ! precipit\s base ( a hill ab\t a ?\s& feet high4 ,at ! edge ( ! sn[1 )9 ?ree feet ( our t5t1 !re 0 a pond #acg ( cle> wat]1 seem+ly plac$ !re = our special use4 ,! we/]n edge ( our t5t 0 at ! m>g9 ( a cliff ab\t a hundr$ feet high1 ov]look+ ! ,sew>d glaci]4 ,we held ?is camp = sev]al days & reccupi$ x on our return f ,/4 ,elias4 ,,summit ,,( ,,p9nacle ,,pass ,,cliffs4 ,f ,camp #ad ,crumback return$ to ,blossom isl&1 & ,/amy took 8 place4 ,^w f ,*ri/ie assur$ me t supplies w\ld be advanc$ to ,blossom isl&1 & t our ca*e on ! ,m>v9e glaci] w\ld be r5ew$4 ,/amy's arrival 0 especially welcome = ! reason t he br\ght lett]s f de> ones f> away1 :i* _h be5 =w>d$ f ,sitka by a trad+ s*oon] t *anc$ to visit ,yakutat bay4 ,:ile ! camp h&s 7 busy 9 br++ up fre% supplies1 ,k]r & ,i occupi$ two /ations on ! summit ( ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs4 ,"o ( ^! 0 on a butte at ! we/]n end ( ! ridge & j above our camp2 ! o!r 0 on ! cre/ ( ! ma9 l9e ( cliffs almo/ directly above ,p9nacle pass1 at an elevation ( #e1jjj feet4 ,ea* ( ! /ations embrac$ magnific5t views1 ext5d+ f ! out] m>g9 ( ! ,malasp9a glaci] to ! cre/ ( ! ,/4 ,elias range4 ,! /ation on ! butte ne> camp 0 occupi$ sev]al times1 & prov$ to be a mo/ conv5i5t & comm&+ po9t = /udy ( ! geography1 geology1 & di/ribution ( glaci] ov] a wide area4 ,on acc\nt ( ! spl5did view obta9$ f ! top we nam$ x ,po9t ,glori\s4 ,its elevation is #c1ejj feet4 ,"o ( ! days on :i* we occupi$ ,po9t ,glori\s 0 especially rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! cle>ness & fre%ness ( ! air & ! %>pness ) :i* ea* peak & sn[-cre/ /ood out aga9/ ! deep-blue heav5s4 ,we left our camp e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & sp5t sev]al h\rs on ! summit4 ,on our way up we f\nd sev]al l>ge pat*es ( ,alp9e fl[]s &1 "u a tussock ( moss1 a s(t1 w>m ne/ j ab&on$ by a "m pt>migan ) h] brood ( little ones4 ,"o hundr$ feet high] we came to ! bord]s ( ! sn[-field :i* cov]$ all ( ! upp] slopes except a n>r[ cre/ ( s&/one at ! top4 ,! ,sew>d glaci]1 sweep+ d[n f ! nor!a/1 curves ab\t ! base ( ,po9t ,glori\s & fl[s on s\?w>d4 ,its surface has ! appe>ance ( a wide froz5 riv]4 ,t[>d ! #ach ea/ ( our /ation !re 0 a broad1 level-floor$ amphi!atre1 b\nd$ on ! s\? by ! cliffs ( ,p9nacle pass & on ! ea/ by long sn[-slopes :i* /ret* up ! gorges 9 ! side ( ,m\nt ,cook4 ,! amphi!atre op5s t[>d ! nor?we/1 & dis*>ges its accumulat$ sn[s into ! ,sew>d glaci]4 ,beyond ?is1 on ! nor?1 /ood ! great curta9-wall nam$ ! ,corw9 cliffs1 we/ ( :i* rose ,m\nt ,eaton1 ,m\nt ,augu/a1 ,m\nt ,malasp9a1 & o!r giant summits ( ! ma9 ,/4 ,elias range4 ,t[>d ! we/ ! view culm9at$ 9 ,/4 ,elias itself1 rugg$ly outl9$ aga9/ ! sky4 ,z ! read] w become m & m famili> ) ! magnific5t sc5]y ( ! ,/4 ,elias region z we advance1 x ne$ n be describ$ 9 detail at ?is "t4 ,all day ! skies 7 cle> & bright1 giv+ abundant opportunity = mak+ a detail$ survey ( ! pr9cipal features 9 view1 & = read+ ! hi/ory writt5 9 cliffs & glaci]s4 ,:5 ! long summ] day drew to a close1 we return$ to our t5t & wat*$ ! great peaks become dim & g5]aliz$ 9 outl9e z ! twilight deep5$4 ,! fad+ light caus$ ! m\nta9s to rec$e f>!r & f>!r1 until at la/ !y seem$ gho/ly giants1 too f> away to be def9itely recogniz$4 ,) ! twilight came s(t1 gray1 unc]ta9 cl\ds drawn sl[ly & sil5tly ab\t ! rugg$ precipices by ! summ] w9ds f ! sea4 ,/4 ,elias became envelop$ 9 lum9\s cl\ds1 ) ! exception ( a few hundr$ feet ( ! %9+ summit2 & a glory 9 ! sky1 to ! left ( ! veil$ ,sa9t1 m>k$ ! place :]e ! sun w5t d[n4 ,! %ad[s crept across ! sn[-fields & *ang$ !m f dazzl+ :ite to a s(t gray-blue4 ,night came on sil5tly1 & ) b little *ange4 ,!re 0 no fold+ ( w+s2 no twitt]+ ( birds 9 leafy bran*es2 no sigh+ ( w9ds among ru/l+ leaves4 ,all 0 /]n & wild & /ill2 !re 0 n a t\* ( life to relieve ! desolation4 ,a midw9t] night 9 inhabit$ l&s 0 nev] m solemn4 ,man _h nev] re/$ !re be=e4 ,! air grew *ill :5 ! %ad[s cross$ our t5t1 & delicate ice cry/als began to %oot on ! /ill surface ( our little pond4 ,we bade good night to ! /]n peaks1 ab\t :i* !re 7 signs ( a com+ /orm1 & s\ght ! %elt] ( our t5t4 ,small & com=tless z 0 t %elt]1 x %ut out ! w9try sc5e & af=d$ a welcome retreat4 ,s\nd1 refre%+ sleep1 ) dreams ( lov$ ones f> away1 r5ew$ our /r5g? = ano!r advance4 #aci ,! next day1 ,augu/ #h1 a topographic /ation 0 occupi$ on ! summit ( ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs4 ,we 7 a/ir be=e sunrise1 & _h breakfa/ ov] be=e f\r o'clock4 ,! morn+ 0 cold1 & a cutt+ w9d swept d[n ! ,sew>d glaci] f ! nor!a/4 ,all ( ! m\nta9s 7 lo/ to view 9 d5se cl\ds4 ,a few rays ( sun%9e break+ ?r\gh ! vapor banks above ,po9t ,glori\s gave promise ( bett] wea!r dur+ ! day4 ,l9dsley & ,/amy _h n yet return$ f ! l[] camp1 :]e !y 7 to obta9 additional rations2 & ,k]r & ,i conclud$ to try to rea* ! cre/ ( ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs & take ! *ances ( ! wea!r be+ favorable = our "w4 ,leav+ camp 9 ! e>ly morn+ light1 we *ose to climb ov] ! summit ( ,po9t ,glori\s r ?an ?read ! crevasses at its nor!rn base4 ,rea*+ ! top ( ! po9t1 we 7 /ill b5ea? ! l[ canopy ( cl\ds1 & c\ld see f> up ! great amphi!atre to ! base ( ,m\nt ,ow54#ca ,desc5d+ ! ea/]n slope1 we soon rea*$ ! floor ( ! amphi!atre1 & f\nd ! sn[ smoo? & h>d & n greatly crevass$4 ,*e]$ by fa9t promise ( blue skies1 we press$ on rapidly1 ! sn[ creak+ b5ea? our tread z on a w9t] morn+4 ,two or ?ree h\rs ( rapid walk+ br\ght u to ! s\!rn wall ( ! amphi!atre1 ne>ly b5ea? ! po9t we wi%$ to occupy4 ,z we asc5d$ ! slope ! way became m difficult1 ow+ n only to its /eepness b also to ! fact t ! sn[ 0 s(t5+1 & also because great crevasses cross$ our pa?4 ,look+ back ov] ! sn[ we _h cross$1 two well-*>act]iz$ features on its surface c\ld be di/+ui%$3 ^! 7 l>ge areas ) a gray t9t1 caus$ by a cov]+ ( du/4 ,?is du/ comes f ! s\!rn faces ( ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs1 & is bl[n ov] ! cre/ ( ! ridge & scatt]$ f> & wide ov] ! sn[-fields t[>d ! nor?4 ,%\ld ! du/-cov]$ areas become buri$ b5ea? fre% sn[1 x is evid5t t ! /rata ( sn[ w\ld be sep>at$ by ?9 lay]s ( d>k] color4 ,?is is :at has happ5$ _m times1 z we c\ld see by look+ d[n into ! crevasses4 ,9 "o deep gulf ,i c\nt$ five di/9ct /rata ( cle> :ite sn[1 sep>at$ by n>r[ du/-b&s4 ,9 o!r in/ances !re are tw5ty or m su* /rata visible4 ,ea* lay] is evid5tly ! record ( a sn[-/orm1 :ile ! du/-b&s indicate int]vals ( f9e wea!r4 #adj ,! /rata ( sn[ expos$ to view 9 ! crevasses1 aft] be+ greatly compress$1 are usually f t5 to fifte5 feet ?ick1 b 9 "o in/ance exce$$ fifty feet4 ,if we assume t ea* lay] repres5ts a w9t]'s sn[1 & t compression has r$uc$ ea* /ratum to a ?ird ( its orig9al ?ickness 7& probably ! compression has be5 great] ?an ?is71 x is evid5t t ! fre% sn[s mu/ sometimes rea* ! dep? ( f #ej to #aej feet4 ,footnote #ca3 ,nam$ = ,david ,dale ,ow51 ,unit$ ,/ates geologi/4 ,toil+ on up ! sn[-slope1 we _h to w9d 9 & out among deep crevasses1 sometimes cross+ !m by n>r[ sn[-bridges1 & aga9 jump+ !m & plung+ our alp5/ocks deep 9 ! sn[ :5 we rea*$ ! f>!r side4 ,aft] _m w9d+s we rea*$ ! summit ( ! ,p9nacle-pass cliffs4 ,! cre/-l9e is =m$ ( an outcrop ( conglom]ate compos$ ( s& & pebbles1 9 "o lay] ( :i* ,i f\nd l>ge quantities ( mussel %ells /&+ 9 ! position 9 :i* ! creatures liv$4 ,! pres5t elevation ( ?is anci5t sea-bottom is #e1jjj feet4 ,! /rata incl9e nor?w>d at angles ( #cj to #dj4 ,all ( ! nor!rn slope ( ! ridge is deeply cov]$ ) sn[1 & ! rock only appe>s along ! imm$iate cre/4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 two cre/s1 z is common ) _m m\nta9 ridges 9 ?is region1 "o ( rock & ! second ( sn[2 ! sn[ cre/1 :i* is usually ! high]1 is p>allel to ! rock cre/ & a few rods nor? ( x4 ,9 ! valley betwe5 ! two ridges we f\nd secure foot+1 & asc5d$ ) ease to ! highe/ po9t on ! cliffs4 ,look+ ov] ! s\!rn or rocky cre/1 we f\nd a %e] desc5t ( ab\t #a1ejj feet to ! sn[-fields bel[4 ,! cl\ds dim9i%$ 9 d5sity & gradually broke away1 s t ! entire ext5t ( ! ,/4 ,elias range 0 9 view1 ) ! exception ( ! cr[n+ peak ( all1 :i* 0 /ill veil$ f base to summit4 ,a spur ( ,/4 ,elias1 ext5d+ s\?w>d f ! ma9 peak1 & nam$ ,! ,*>iot1 gleam$ brightly 9 ! sunlight4 ,x 0 ! fir/ po9t on :i* we made obs]vations4 ,/ret*+ ea/w>d f ,/4 ,elias is ! %>p cre/ ( ! ma9 range1 on :i* /& ,m\nts ,newton1 ,jeannette1 ,malasp9a1 ,augu/a1 ,logan1 & sev]al o!r spl5did peaks n yet nam$4 ,j to ! "r ( ,m\nt ,augu/a1 on ! imm$iate bord] ( ! ,sew>d glaci]1 rise ! ,corw9 cliffs1 m>k+ an imm5se fault-sc>p ( ! same g5]al "* z ! "o on :i* we /ood4 #ada ,mr4 ,k]r endeavor$ at fir/ to occupy a /ation on ! cre/ ( ! rocky ridge1 b z ! /eepness ( ! slope & ! %att]$ condition ( ! rock r5d]$ ! /ation haz>d\s1 ! sn[-ridge1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) du/ & s& & ne>ly z firm z rock1 0 occupi$ in/ead4 ,! cl\ds p>t+ t[>d ! nor!a/ reveal$ sev]al giant peaks n be=e se51 "s ( :i* seem to rival 9 height ,/4 ,elias itself4 ,"o /rang]1 ris+ 9 ?ree :ite domes f> above ! cl\ds1 0 especially magnific5t4 ,z ?is 0 probably ! fir/ "t its summit 0 ev] se51 we took ! lib]ty ( giv+ x a "n4 ,x w appe> on our maps z ,m\nt ,logan1 9 honor ( ,sir ,william ,e4 ,logan1 f\nd] & long director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 ,! cl\ds grew d5s] 9 ! ea/1 & %ut (f all hope ( ext5d+ ! map-"w 9 t direction4 ,:ile ,k]r 0 mak+ topographic sket*es ,i tri$ to deciph] "s ( ! geological hi/ory ( ! region ar\nd me & make myself m famili> ) its glaci]s & sn[-fields4 ,ev5 m rem>kable ?an ! mighty peaks t[>d ! nor?1 beheld t day = ! fir/ "t1 0 ! va/ plateau ( ice /ret*+ seaw>d f ! foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,f my /ation :at seem$ to be ! ocean's %ore ne> ,icy bay c\ld j be di/+ui%$4 ,beyond ! bay !re is a gr\p ( hills :i* come boldly d[n to ! sea1 & app>5tly =m a sea-cliff at ! wat]'s edge4 ,beyond ?is headl& !re is ano!r va/ glaci] ext5d+ we/w>d to ! limits ( vision4 ,! view f ?is po9t is ess5tially ! same z t obta9$ f ! cliffs at ,p9nacle pass a few days e>li]1 except t x is f> m ext5d$4 ,x ne$ n be describ$ 9 detail4 ,! cl\ds becom+ ?ick] & settl+ 9 d>k masses ab\t ! m\nta9s1 we gave up all hope ( fur!r "w & />t$ = our camp4 ,on ! way d[n ! ridge betwe5 ! cre/ ( sn[ & ! cre/ ( rock we f\nd a /ratum ( s&/one fill$ ) fossil leaves1 & ne> at h& ano!r lay] *>g$ ) v rec5t sea-%ells4 ,collect+ all ( ^! t we c\ld c>ry1 we trudg$ on1 f9d+ ! sn[ s(t & "s ( ! bridges :i* we _h easily cross$ 9 ! morn+ n[ weak1 trembl+1 & insecure4 ,we cross$ !m safely1 h[ev]1 &1 rea*+ ! level floor ( ! amphi!atre1 m>*$ we>ily on t[>d ,po9t ,glori\s4 ,?is "t we pass$ along ! nor!rn base ( ! butte at an elevation ( two or ?ree hundr$ feet #adb above ! glaci]1 &1 tak+ a conv5i5t slide d[n ! sn[-slope1 rea*$ our t5t4 ,soon a delici\s cup ( c(fee 0 prep>$1 bacon 0 fri$1 & ^! 7 put 9 a w>m place :ile "s griddle cakes 7 be+ bak$4 ,a w>m supp]1 foll[$ by a re/ful pipe1 end$ ! day4 ,k]r & ,i 7 our own cooks & our own h\sekeep]s dur+ mu* ( ! "t we liv$ above ! sn[-l9e4 ,we cle>$ away ! rema9s ( ! supp]1 & prep>$ our blankets = ! night4 ,"o ( ! huge ice p9nacles on ! glaci] fell ) a great cra% j z we 7 turn+ 94 ,ra9 began to fall1 & ! night 0 cold & disagreeable2 h[ x pass$ ,i d n "k1 z ,i slept s\ndly4 ,sc>cely any?+ less s]i\s ?an ! bl[+ away ( our t5t c\ld h awak5$ me4 ,,across ,,sew>d ,,glaci] ,,to ,,dome ,,pass4 ,/ormy wea!r & ! necessity ( br++ additional supplies f ,blossom isl& deta9$ u at ,camp #ad until ,augu/ #ac4 ,we rose at ?ree o'clock on ! morn+ ( t day1 &1 aft] a ha/y breakfa/1 prep>$ to cross ! ,sew>d glaci]4 ,! morn+ 0 cold b cle>1 & ! air 0 brac+4 ,ea* peak & m\nta9 cre/ 9 ! rugg$ l&scape /ood out boldly 9 ! e>ly light1 al?\gh ! sun _h n ris54 ,soon ! summit ( ,/4 ,elias became tipp$ ) gold1 & !n peak aft] peak1 9 ord] ( _! rank1 caught ! radiance1 & 9 a %ort "t ! va/ sn[-fields 7 ( dazzl+ spl5dor4 ,! fro/ ( ! night be=e _h h>d5$ ! sn[1 :i* made walk+ a pleasure4 ,we cross$ a rocky spur project+ nor?w>d f ,po9t ,glori\s into ! ,sew>d glaci]1 & _h to l[] our packs d[n ! side ( ! precipice ) ! aid ( ropes4 ,our c\rse l$ at fir/ up ! bord] ( ! great glaci] to a po9t above ! head ( ! rapids already ref]r$ to1 !n curv$ to ! we/w>d1 & = a mile or two co9cid$ ) ! g5]al tr5d ( ! crevasses4 ,we made good progress1 b at l5g? we came to :]e ! ,augu/a glaci] p\rs its flood ( ice into ! ma9 /ream &1 ow+ to its high grade1 is greatly brok54 ,skirt+ ?is difficult area1 we pass$ a numb] ( small blue lakelets & rea*$ ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,sew>d glaci]4 ,we f\nd a g5tly ris+ sn[-slope lead+ we/w>d ?r\gh a gap t c\ld be se5 9 hills a few miles 9 advance4 ,b little difficulty 0 n[ exp]i5c$1 except t ! sn[ #adc _h become s(t "u ! summ]'s sun1 & walk+ ov] x ) heavy loads 0 we>isome 9 ! extreme4 ,we c\ld see1 h[ev]1 t ! way ahead 0 cle>1 & t enc\rag$ u to pu% on4 ,t[>d night we f\nd a camp+ place on a /eep ridge ( %ale & s&/one project+ ea/w>d f a spur ( ,m\nt ,malasp9a4 ,?is ridge rises ab\t five hundr$ feet above ! surr\nd+ glaci]1 & has /eep ro(-l slopes4 ,! summ] sun _h melt$ ne>ly all ! sn[ f its s\!rn face1 b ! nor!rn slope 0 /ill heavily load$4 ,! sn[ on ! nor!rn side /ood "s ?irty or =ty feet high] ?an ! rocky cre/ ( ! ridge itself1 & betwe5 ! rock cre/ & ! sn[ cre/ !re 0 a little valley :i* af=d$ ample %elt] = our t5t & 0 q safe f avalan*es4 ,! melt+ ( ! sn[-bank dur+ ! w>m days suppli$ u ) wat]4 ,! =mation ( cre/s ( sn[ /&+ high above ! rocky ridges on :i* !y re/ is a peculi> & int]e/+ feature ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,/4 ,elias region4 ,a nor?-&-s\? section ?r\gh ! ridge on :i* ,camp #ae 0 situat$1 exhibit+ ! d\ble cre/s1 "o ( rock & ! o!r ( sn[1 is %[n at a 9 figure #f4 b is a section ?r\gh a simil> ridge ) a /ill high] sn[ cre/4 ,! rema9+ figures 9 ! illu/ration are sket*es ( m\nta9 peaks1 z se5 f ! s\?1 :i* h be5 increas$ 9 height by a heavy accumulation ( sn[ on _! nor!rn slopes4 ,^! sket*es are ( peaks among ! foo?ills ( ,m\nt ,malasp9a1 & %[ sn[ p9nacles f fifty to m ?an a hundr$ feet high4 ,9 "s in/ances1 domes & cre/s ( sn[ 7 se5 along ! we/]n sides ( ! ridges & peaks1 b z a rule ^! sn[-tips on ! m\nta9s are conf9$ to _! nor!rn slopes4 ,! edges & summits ( ! sn[-ridges are %>ply def9$ & cle>ly cut4 ,! s\!rn slope expos$ above ! cre/ ( rock is (t5 concave1 :ile ! nor!rn slopes are usually convex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f--,sn[ ,cre/s on ,ridges & ,peaks2 f ,field ,sket*es4 ,9 climb+ /eep ridges ! d\ble cre/s are frequ5tly ( great assi/ance4 ,safe foot+ may frequ5tly be f\nd 9 ! *annels betwe5 ! cre/s ( rock & sn[1 by ! aid ( :i* #add v precipit\s peaks may be climb$ ) ease4 ,9 case ! asc5t betwe5 ! two cre/s is n practicable1 ! ev5 sn[-slope itself af=ds a sure foot+ = "o us$ to m\nta9 climb+4 ,aft] e/abli%+ ,camp #ae1 ,l9dsley & ,/amy return$ to "o ( ! l[] camps = additional supplies1 :ile ,k]r & ,i explor$ a way = f>!r advance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4 ,,hit*cock ,,range1 ,,f ,,ne> ,,dome ,,pass4 ,our camp occupi$ a comm&+ situation4 ,f ! end ( ! ridge on :i* x 0 locat$ !re 0 a spl5did view ( glaci]s & m\nta9s to ! ea/w>d4 ,! illu/ration =m+ plate #ah is f a photograph tak5 f t /ation4 ,t[>d ! nor?1 & only a few miles away1 rose ! b>e1 rugg$ slope ( ,m\nt ,malasp9a4 ,9 a wild1 high-grade gorge on its we/]n side1 a glaci]1 all p9nacles & crevasses1 tumbles d[n into ! broad :ite pla9 bel[4 ,on acc\nt ( its spl5did ice-fall ?is 0 nam$ ! ,cascade glaci]4 ,beyond ! :ite pla91 /ret*+ ea/w>d = fifte5 or tw5ty miles1 !re rise ! foo?ills ( ,m\nt ,cook4 ,f>!r s\?1 ! rugg$1 angul> summits ( ! ,hit*cock range are 9 full view1 & t[>d ! nor? /&s ,m\nt ,irv+1#cb :i* rivals ev5 ,m\nt ,cook 9 ! symmetrical proportions ( its sn[-cov]$ slopes4 ,footnote #cb3 ,nam$ 9 honor ( ,pr(essor ,rol& ,du] ,irv+1 ,u4 ,s4 geologi/4 ,! surface ( ! va/ sn[-pla9 ne> at h& is ga%$ by _m gap+ fissures1 b ! di/ance is s great t ^! m9or details disappe> 9 a g5]al view4 ,look+ d[n ov] ! sn[1 "o may see ! crevasses z 9 a diagram4 ,!y look z if ! :ite surface _h be5 ga%$ ) a %>p knife1 & !n /ret*$ 9 su* a way z to op5 ! cuts4 ,t ! sn[ ( ! nvs may be /ret*$1 at lea/ to a limit$ ext5t1 is %[n by ! "* ( ^! fissures4 ,! crevasses are wide/ 9 ! c5t] & come to a po9t at _! curv+ extremities4 ,two crevasses frequ5tly ov]lap at _! ends & leave a sliv] ( ice /ret*+ across diagonally betwe5 !m4 ,x is by means ( ^! diagonal bridges t "o is enabl$ to ?read 8 way ?r\gh ! crevasses4 ,on return+ to camp 9 ! ev5+1 we>y ) a h>d day's climb1 a nev]-fail+ s\rce ( delight 0 f\nd 9 ! mat*less w9t] l&scape to ! ea/w>d4 ,! ev5+s foll[+ days ( un9t]rupt$ sun%9e 7 especially delightful4 ,! blue %ad[s ( ! we/]n peaks creep+ across ! %9+ surface 7 ne>ly z %>p 9 outl9e z ! peaks t ca/ #ade !m4 ,:5 ! *ill ( ev5+ made itself felt1 & ! dropp+ wat] & ! indef9ite murmurs f ! glaci] bel[ 7 /ill$1 ! sil5ce became oppressive4 ,! /illness 0 s pr(\nd t x seem$ z ?\gh ! foot/eps ( ! advanc+ %ad[s %\ld be audible4 ,on w>m sunny days1 h[ev]1 !re are noises en\gh amid ! m\nta9s4 ,! sn[1 p>tially melt$ & s(t5$ by ! heat1 falls f ! cliffs 9 avalan*es t make ! m\nta9s tremble &1 ) a ro> l ?und]1 awak5 ! e*oes f> & ne>4 ,dur+ our /ay at ,camp #ae ! avalan*es 7 sometimes s frequ5t on ! /eep m\nta9 faces t[>d ! nor? t ! ro> ( "o fall+ mass ( sn[ & rocks 0 sc>cely hu%$ be=e x 0 succe$$ by ano!r4 ,on ! s\?w>d-fac+ cliffs ( ,m\nt ,augu/a1 compos$ ( s*i/ :i* dis9tegrates rapidly1 !re are frequ5t rock avalan*es4 ,a rock or a mass ( comm9ut$ s*i/ sometimes breaks away ev5 9 midday1 al?\gh ^! avalan*es occur mo/ frequ5tly :5 ! moi/ure 9 ! rocks freezes4 ,! midday avalan*es1 ,i fancy1 may be />t$ by ! expansion ( ! rocks ow+ to ! sun's heat4 ,a few /ones dislodg$ high up on ! cliffs fall1 &1 loos5+ o!rs 9 _! desc5t1 soon set 9 motion a tra9 ( dirt & /ones1 :i* fl[s d[n ! /eep rav9es ) a long rumbl+ ro>1 at ! same "t s5d+ cl\ds ( du/ into ! air4 ,if ! w9d is bl[+ up ! cliffs1 z frequ5tly happ5s on w>m days1 ! du/ is c>ri$ f> above ! m\nta9s1 & hangs 9 ! air l cl\ds ( smoke4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly /at$ t ,/4 ,elias is a volcano1 & sea capta9s sail+ on ! ,pacific h se5 :at !y suppos$ to be smoke issu+ f its summit4 ,z its s\!rn face is compos$ ( ! same k9d ( rocks & is ( ! same precipit\s nature z ! s\!rn slope ( ,m\nt ,augu/a1 x appe>s probable t :at 0 suppos$ to be volcanic smoke 0 9 reality avalan*e du/ bl[n upw>d by asc5d+ air curr5ts4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! m\nta9 summits all ?r\gh ! ,/4 ,elias region is s great t "o con/antly wond]s t any?+ is left2 yet1 except late 9 ! fall1 ! sn[ surfaces at ! bases ( ev5 ! /eepe/ cliffs are mo/ly b>e ( dbris4 ,! abs5ce ( e>? & /ones on ! surfaces ( ! nv fields is ma9ly due1 ( c\rse1 to ! fact t ^! are regions ( accumulation :]e ! w9t]'s sn[ exce$s ! summ]'s melt+4 #adf ,?us ea* ye> ! surface is r5ew$ & made fre% & clean1 & any dbris t may h previ\sly accumulat$ is conceal$4 ,!re is ano!r reason1 h[ev]1 :y b little dbris is f\nd at ! bases ( ! /eep precipices4 ,! sn[s ( w9t] are bank$ high aga9/ ^! walls1 b :5 ! rocks are w>m$ by ! return ( ! summ]'s sun ! sn[ ne> _! d>k surfaces is melt$1 & leaves a deep gulf betwe5 ! upw>d-slop+ banks ( sn[ & ! sides ( ! cliffs4 ,^! black *asms are frequ5tly #aej or #bjj feet deep1 & receive all ! dbris t falls f above4 ,9 ?is way v l>ge quantities ( e>? & /ones are inject$1 z x 71 into ! glaci]1 & only come to light aga9 f> d[n t[>d ! ends ( ! ice-/reams1 :]e ! summ]'s melt+ exce$s ! w9t]'s supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,mt4 ,,/4 ,,elias1 ,,f ,,dome ,,pass4 ,on ,augu/ #ad1 ,k]r & ,i made an excursion ahead to ! bord] ( ! ,agassiz glaci]4 ,! sn[-slope s\? ( our camp l$ we/w>d up a g5tle grade to a gap 9 ! hills betwe5 two bold1 sn[-cov]$ domes4 ,! gap ?r\gh :i* ! sn[ ext5d$1 unit+ ) a broad sn[-field slop+ we/w>d1 0 only a few hundr$ feet wide1 & =m$ a typical m\nta9 pass1 designat$ on our map z ,dome pass4 ,its elevation is #d1cjj feet4 ,:5 ne> ! summit ( ! pass a few /eps c>ri$ u pa/ ! divide ( sn[1 & reveal$ to our eag] eyes ! wond]l& beyond4 ,/4 ,elias rose maje/ically be=e u1 unob/ruct$ by int]v5+ hills1 & b>e ( cl\ds f base to summit4 ,we 7 greatly enc\rag$ by ! prospect ahead1 z !re 7 evid5tly no ob/acles betwe5 u & ! actual base ( ! m\nta94 ,a photograph ( ! magnific5t peak 0 tak51 f :i* ! illu/ration =m+ plate #ai has be5 drawn4 ,to ! "r ( ! ma9 m\nta9 mass1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 rises ,m\nt ,newton1#cc "o ( ! _m sep>ate m\nta9 peaks cr[n+ ! cre/ ( ! ,/4 ,elias range4 ,our way l$ d[n ! sn[-slope 9 ! =egr\nd to ! bord] ( ! ,agassiz glaci]1 :i* comes 9 view betwe5 ! foot-hills 9 ! middle di/ance & ! sculptur$ base on :i* ! cr[n+ pyramid ( ,/4 ,elias /&s4 ,aft] rea*+ ! ,agassiz glaci] we turn$ to ! "r1 & made our way to ! #adg amphi!atre ly+ betwe5 ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias & ,m\nt ,newton4 ,on ! day we discov]$ ,dome pass1 we press$ on d[n ! we/]n sn[-slope & rea*$ ! side ( ! ,agassiz glaci]1 :i* we f\nd greatly crevass$2 select+ a camp+ place on a rocky spur1 we return$ to ,camp #ae1 & two days lat] e/abli%$ camp at ! place *os54 ,footnote #cc3 ,nam$ = ,h5ry ,newton1 =m]ly ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es ( ,columbia college & au?or ( a report on ! geology ( ! ,black hills ( ,dakota4 ,camp #af 0 simil> 9 _m ways to ,camp #ad4 ,x _h ab\t ! same altitude2 x 0 at ! we/]n end ( a rugg$ m\nta9 spur1 & on ! imm$iate bord] ( a l>ge s\?w>d-fl[+ glaci]4 ,on ! l[] portions ( ! cliffs1 ne> at h&1 !re 7 velvety pat*es ( brilliant ,alp9e fl[]s m+l$ ) ?ick bun*es ( wiry grass & clumps ( delicate f]ns4 ,mo/ conspicu\s ( all ! %[y plants1 s bright & lovely 9 ! va/ wild]ness ( sn[1 7 ! purple lup9es4 ,already ! fl[]s on ! l[] portions ( _! spikes _h matur$1 & pods cov]$ ) a ?ick coat+ ( wooly hairs 7 beg9n+ to be conspicu\s4 ,!re are no bees & butt]flies 9 ^! isolat$ g>d5s1 b br[n flies ) long-po9t$ w+s 7 abundant4 ,a gray bird1 a little l>g] ?an a sp>r[1 0 se5 flitt+ 9 & out ( crevasses ne> ! bord] ( ! ice1 app>5tly 9 que/ ( insects4 ,once1 :ile /ret*$ at full l5g? on ! fl[]y c>pet enjoy+ ! w>m sunlight1 a humm+ bird fla%$ pa/ me4 ,occasionally ! ho>se cries ( rav5s 7 he>d among ! cliffs1 b !y seldom v5tur$ ne> en\gh to be se54 ,^! few sugge/ions 7 all !re 0 to rem9d u ( ! summ] fields & %ady =e/s 9 f>-away l&s4 ,,up ,,! ,,agassiz ,,glaci]4 ,f ,camp #af ,k]r & ,i made an excursion across ! ,agassiz glaci]1 :ile ,/amy & ,l9dsley return$ to a l[] camp = additional supplies4 ,we f\nd ! glaci] greatly crevass$ & ! way across m difficult ?an on any ( ! ice-fields we _h previ\sly trav]s$2 b by d9t ( p]sev]ance1 & aft] _m *anges 9 our c\rse1 we succe$$ at la/ 9 rea*+ ! we/]n bank1 & saw t by climb+ a precipice bord]+ an ice-cascade we c\ld ga9 a plateau above1 :i* we knew f previ\s obs]vations to be comp>atively little brok54 ,we return$ to camp1 & on ,augu/ #ah began ! asc5t ( ! glaci] 9 e>ne/4 ,we 7 favor$ 9 ! task by brilliant wea!r4 #adh ,aft] rea*+ ! we/]n bank ( ! glaci]1 we made our way to ! base ( ! precipice up :i* we _h previ\sly wi%$ to climb4 ,9 ord] to rea* x1 h[ev]1 we _h to ?r[ our packs across a crevasse ov] :i* !re 0 no bridge1 & foll[$ !m by jump+4 ,! side ( ! crevasse f :i* we sprang 0 high] ?an its opposite lip1 & left u v unc]ta9 z to h[ we 7 to return2 b t 0 a matt] = ! future2 our aim at ! "t 0 to asc5d ! glaci]1 & ! return 0 ( no imm$iate conc]n4 ,rea*+ ! base ( ! cliff at ! side ( ! glaci]1 we asc5d$ x )\t great difficulty1 & came out ^u ! broad plateau ( sn[ above4 ,?9k+ t ! way onw>d w\ld be easi] along ! /eep sn[-slope bord]+ ! glaci]1 we made an ef=t to asc5d 9 t direction1 & sp5t two or ?ree preci\s h\rs 9 try+ to f9d a practicable r\te4 ,al?\gh ! crevasses 7 few] ?an on ! glaci] prop]1 yet !y 7 ( l>g] size & _h b few bridges4 ,at la/ we came to a wide gulf on ! opposite side ( :i* !re 0 a p]p5dicul> wall ( sn[ a hundr$ feet high1 & all fur!r advance 9 t direction 0 /opp$4 ,al?\gh oblig$ to turn back1 our elevat$ position comm&$ a good view ( ! glaci] bel[ & enabl$ u to *oose a way ?r\gh ! maze ( crevasses cross+ x4 ,desc5d+1 we plodd$ we>ily on 9 an irregul> zigzag c\rse2 b ! crevasses became broad] & deep] z we advanc$1 & at l5g? we f\nd ourselves trav]s+ flat table-l blocks ( sn[1 b\nd$ on all sides by crevasses s deep t _! bottoms 7 lo/ to view4 ,we made our way f "o sn[-table to ano!r by jump+ ! crevasses :]e !y 7 n>r[e/1 or by frail sn[-bridges spann+ ! pr(\nd gulfs4 ,night came on :ile we 7 yet 9 ?is wild1 brok5 region1 & no *oice 0 left u b to pit* our t5t 9 ! sn[ & wait until morn+4 ,! night 0 cle> & cold1 & a firm cru/ =m$ on ! sn[ be=e morn+4 ,al?\gh ! temp]ature 0 uncom=table1 we 7 *e]$ by ! prospects ( a firm sn[ surface on ! morr[4 ,we cont9u$ our m>* at sunrise & f\nd ! walk+ easy2 b ! sun soon came out ) unusual brilliancy & s(t5$ ! sn[ s mu* t ev5 ! sl[e/ movem5ts 7 fatigu+4 ,we endeavor$ to =ce our way up ! c5t] ( ! glaci] ?r\gh ! crevasses & p9nacles ( a second ice-fall2 b aft] sev]al h\rs ( exhau/+ exp]i5ce we 7 #adi oblig$ to *ange our plan1 & endeavor$ to rea* a m\nta9 spur project+ f ! we/]n bord] ( ! glaci]4 ,! sunlight reflect$ f ! sn[ 0 extremely brilliant1 & ! gl>e f e surface ab\t u 0 pa9ful to our eyes1 already weak5$ by _m days' travel ov] ! :ite sn[4 ,ea* memb] ( ! p>ty 0 provid$ ) color$ glasses1 b 9 trav]s+ sn[-bridges & jump+ crevasses ^! _h to be disp5s$ )4 ,! result 0 t all ( u 7 suff]+ m or less f sn[-bl9dness4 ,ab\t noon we rea*$ ! base ( ! m\nta9 spur t[>d :i* our c\rse 0 b5t4 ,x projects into ! we/]n bord] ( ,agassiz glaci]4 ,x is ! ext5sion ( ?is cliff und]nea? ! glaci] t caus$ ! ice-fall :i* block$ our way4 ,to g r\nd ! end ( ! cliff ) our packs 0 impracticable1 b !re seem$ a way up ! face ( ! cliff itself1 :i* "o c\ld scale by tak+ advantage ( ! jo9ts 9 ! rocks4 ,i asc5d$ ! sn[-slope to ! base ( ! precipice1 b f\nd ! way upw>d m difficult ?an anticipat$2 &1 z ! light 0 v pa9ful to my eyes :5 n protect$ by color$ glasses1 ,i decid$ to po/pone mak+ ! climb until ,i 0 9 bett] condition1 & 9 ! meantime to see if "s o!r r\te c\ld n be f\nd4 ,we decid$ to camp on a small pat* ( dbris ne> ! base ( ! cliff1 & !re left our loads4 ,k]r & ,l9dsley1 tak+ a rope & alp5/ocks1 w5t ar\nd ! end ( ! rocky spur & work$ _! way upw>d ) great difficulty to ! top ( ! cliff imm$iately above :]e ,i _h essay$ to climb x4 ,a rope 0 made fa/ at ! top1 & our way onw>d 0 secur$4 ,?is place 0 aft]w>d call$ ,rope cliff4 ,! rema9d] ( ! aft]noon ,i re/$ 9 ! t5t1 ) my eyes b\nd up ) tea-leaves1 & :5 ev5+ came f\nd ! pa9 9 my head mu* reliev$4 ,our t5t t night 0 s ne> ! br9k ( a crevasse t 9 ord] to /ay ! t5t "o end ( ! ridge-rope 0 made fa/ to a l>ge /one1 :i* 0 l[]$ into ! gulf to s]ve z a /ake4 ,above u rose a precipice ne>ly a ?\s& feet high1 f :i* /ones 7 con/antly fall+2 b a deep black gulf int]v5$ betwe5 ! position we _h *os5 & ! base ( ! cliffs1 & into ?is ! /ones 7 precipitat$4 ,n "o ( ! fall+ fragm5ts rea*$ ! edge ( ! sn[ slope on :i* we 7 camp$1 b _m times dur+ ! night we he>d ! :iz & hum ( ! rocks z !y %ot d[n f ! cliffs4 #aej ,! noise made by ea* fragm5t 9 its passage ?r\gh ! air increas$ rapidly 9 pit*1 ?us indicat+ t !y 7 approa*+ u2 b !y always fell %ort ( our camp4 ,! bomb>dm5t f above 0 mo/ active j aft] ! %ad[s fell on ! cliffs1 %[+ t ! /ones 7 loos5$ by ! freez+ ( ! wat] 9 ! int]/ices ( ! rock4 ,! next day1 ,augu/ #bj1 ,/amy & ,l9dsley w5t back to ,camp #af = m rations1 :ile ,k]r & ,i rema9$ at ,camp #ah nurs+ our eyes & re/+4 ,! day pass$ )\t any?+ wor?y ( note1 except ! almo/ con/ant ?und] ( avalan*es on ! m\nta9s4 ,ab\t sunset a d5se fog spread ov] ! w9try l&scape & ?reat5$ to delay ! return ( ! m54 ,:5 ! sun w5t d[n1 h[ev]1 ! temp]ature fell sev]al degrees1 ! mi/ vani%$1 & a few />s came out cle> & bright4 ,j z we 7 ab\t to despair ( see+ ! m5 t night we he>d a di/ant %\t ann\nc+ _! return4 ,we _h a cup ( hot c(fee = !m :5 !y rea*$ ! t5t1 :i* !y drank ) eag]ness2 b !y 7 too tir$ to p>take ( food4 ,roll+ !mselves 9 _! blankets1 !y 7 asleep 9 a few m9utes4 ,,camp ,,on ,,! ,,newton ,,glaci]4 ,on ,augu/ #ba we climb$ ! cliff above ,camp #ah by means ( ! rope already plac$ !re1 & f\nd ! sn[ above greatly crevass$4 ,we travel$ upw>d along ! /eep slope bord]+ ! glaci]1 b soon came to a deep crevasse :i* =bade fur!r progress 9 t direction4 ,return+ to a l[] level1 we und]took to smoo? (f an extremely n>r[ sn[-bridge s z to make x wide en\gh to cross1 b f\nd ! und]tak+ s haz>d\s t we ab&on$ x4 ,by ?is "t x 0 midday1 & we prep>$ a cup ( hot c(fee be=e r5ew+ our attack on ! cliffs4 ,aft] lun*eon & a %ort re/1 feel+ v mu* refre%$1 we began to cut a s]ies ( /eps 9 a bluff ( sn[ ab\t fifty feet high1 & made rapid progress 9 ! und]tak+4 ,aft] an h\r's h>d "w "o ( u rea*$ ! top &1 plant+ an alp5/ock deep 9 ! sn[1 l[]$ a rope to ^? bel[4 ,! packs 7 drawn up "o at a "t & we 7 soon ready to advance aga94 ,we f\nd ourselves 9 a va/ amphi!atre b\nd$ on all sides except+ t f :i* we _h come ) rugg$1 #aea sn[-cov]$ precipices4 ,! pla9 0 cross$ by huge crevasses1 "s ( :i* 7 fully a mile 9 l5g?2 b by travel+ ar\nd _! ends or cross+ sn[-bridges we sl[ly work$ our way onw>d t[>d ,/4 ,elias4 ,?read+ our way ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( yawn+ gulfs1 we at la/1 aft] ! sun _h gone d[n beh9d ! great pyramid t[>d ! we/1 f\nd a conv5i5t place on ! sn[1 ne> a blue pond ( wat]1 on :i* to pass ! night4 ,ev]y?+ 0 sn[-cov]$ 9 ! va/ l&scape except ! mo/ precipit\s cliffs1 & ^! 7 dang]\s to approa*1 ow+ to ! avalan*es t frequ5tly fell f !m4 ,! wea!r cont9u$ f9e4 ,! night 0 cle> & ! />s 7 unusually brilliant4 ,ev]y?+ seem$ favorable = pu%+ on4 ,! way ahead pres5t$ su* ev5 sn[-slopes & seem$ s free f crevasses t we decid$ to leave our t5t & blankets 9 ! morn+ &1 tak+ ) u z little z possible ( imp$im5ta1 endeavor to rea* ! summit ( ,/4 ,elias4 ,,highe/ ,,po9t ,,rea*$4 ,ris+ at ?ree o'clock on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #bb1 we />t$ = ! summit ( ,/4 ,elias1 tak+ ) u only our wat]-pro( coats1 "s food1 & ! necess>y in/rum5ts4 ,! high] m\nta9 summits 7 no long] cle>ly def9$1 b 9 ! e>ly light x 0 impossible to tell :e!r or n ! day 0 to be fair4 ,f ! highe/ & %>pe/ peaks1 cl\d bann]s 7 /ream+ (f t[>ds ! s\!a/1 %[+ t ! high] air curr5ts 7 9 rapid movem5t4 ,vapor banks 9 ! ea/ 7 flu%$ ) long /ream]s ( light z ! sun rose1 b soon fad$ to a dull a%5 gray1 :ile ! cl\d bann]s betwe5 u & ! sun became brilliant l ! halo se5 ar\nd ! moon :5 ! sky is cov]$ ) fleecy cl\ds4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t 9 my exp]i5ce t ,i _h se5 color$ bann]s wav+ f ! m\nta9 tops4 ,we f\nd ! sn[-surface h>d1 & made rapid headway up ! glaci]4 ,our only difficulty 0 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! e>ly light1 :i* r5d]$ x impossible to tell ! slope ( ! unev5 sn[-surfaces4 ,! light 0 s ev5ly diffus$ t !re 7 no %ad[s4 ,! r>e beauty ( t sil5t1 w9try l&scape1 s delicate 9 its pe>ly half tones & s s(tly light$1 0 unreal & fairy-l4 ,! w9ds 7 /ill2 b #aeb /range =ebod+s ( com+ *anges fill$ ! air4 ,long1 wav+ ?reads ( vapor 7 wov5 9 lace-"w across ! sky2 ! :ite-rob$ m\nta9s 7 p>tially conceal$ by cl\d-masses drift+ l spirits along _! mighty battlem5ts2 & f>1 f> above1 f ! topmo/ p9nacles1 iris$ bann]s 7 signal+ ! com+ ( a /orm4 ,we made rapid progress1 b e>ly 9 ! day came to ! base ( a heavy cl\d bank :i* en%r\d$ all ! upp] "p ( ,/4 ,elias4 ,!n sn[ began to fall1 & x 0 evid5t t to proce$ f>!r w\ld be ra% & )\t promise ( success4 ,aft] tw5ty days ( fatigue & h>d%ip s9ce leav+ ,blossom isl&1 ) our goal almo/ rea*$1 we 7 oblig$ to turn back4 ,hop+ to be able to r5ew ! attempt aft] ! /orm _h pass$1 ,mr4 ,k]r left 8 in/rum5ts on ! sn[ betwe5 two huge crevasses & we return$ to our t5t1 :]e we pass$ ! rema9d] ( ! day & ! night foll[+4 ,! sn[ cont9u$ to fall ?r\gh\t ! day1 & ! /orm increas$ 9 =ce z night came on4 ,:5 we awoke 9 ! morn+ ! tempe/ 0 /ill rag+4 ,we 7 9 ! mid/ ( ! /orm-cl\d2 ! d5se vapor & ! f9e drift+ sn[-cry/als swept along by ! w9d obscur$ ev]y?+ f view2 ! :ite sn[ surface c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ! vapor-fill$ air2 !re 0 no e>? & no sky2 we seem$ to be susp5d$ 9 a :ite1 transluc5t m$ium :i* surr\nd$ u l a %r\d4 ,! sn[ 0 already m ?an ?ree feet deep ab\t our t5t1 & to rema9 long] ) ! %ort supply ( provisions on h& 0 exce$+ly haz>d\s1 z !re seem$ no limit to ! duration ( ! /orm4 ,a c ( rations _h be5 left at ,rope cliff1 & we decid$ to return to t place if possible4 ,resum+ our packs1 we rop$ ourselves toge!r & began to desc5d ?r\gh ! bl9d+ mi/ & sn[ :i* r5d]$ ! atmosph]e s d5se t a man c\ld n be di/+ui%$ at a di/ance ( a hundr$ feet4 ,) only an occasional glimpse ( ! :ite cliff ar\nd to guide u1 we work$ our way d[nw>d ov] sn[-bridges & betwe5 ! crevasses4 ,our asc5t ?r\gh ?is dang]\s region _h be5 sl[ & difficult1 b our desc5t 0 /ill m t$i\s4 ,all day long we cont9u$ to creep sl[ly along ?r\gh ! bl9d+ /orm1 & z night approa*$ believ$ ourselves ne> ! /eps cut 9 a sn[-cliff dur+ ! asc5t1 b d>kness came be=e we rea*$ !m4 ,%ovel+ ! sn[ away z be/ we c\ld ) our h&s & #aec bas9s1 we cle>$ a place d[n to ! old sn[ l>ge en\gh = our t5t & w5t into camp4 ,9 ! morn+1 ,augu/ #bd1 ! /orm _h sp5t its =ce & left ! m\nta9s ) an immaculate cov]+1 b /ill p>tially veil$ by %r$s ( /orm-cl\ds4 ,we f\nd ourselves on "o ( ! _m tables ( sn[1 b\nd$ on all sides by crevasses ( great dep?1 b n f> f ! sn[-cliff :]e we _h cut /eps4 ,! /eps 7 oblit]at$ by ! new sn[1 b by means ( a rope & alp5/ocks we made ! desc5t )\t mu* difficulty4 ,! la/ man to g d[n1 n hav+ ! help ( ! rope1 us$ two alp5/ocks1 & desc5d$ by fir/ plant+ "o firmly 9 ! sn[ & l[]+ himself z f> z he c\ld1 /ill reta9+ a firm hold1 & !n plant+ ! o!r 9 ! sn[ at a l[] level & remov+ ! high] "o4 ,by sl[ly & c>efully repeat+ ?is op]ation he desc5d$ ! cliff safely & rejo9$ 8 companions4 ,pass+ on b5ea? ! cliffs1 dang]\s on acc\nt ( avalan*es1 we rea*$ 9 safety ! precipice :]e we _h left our rope4 ,a heavy avalan*e _h swept d[n f ! heights above dur+ our abs5ce & s5t its spray ov] ! precipice we _h to desc5d4 ,! cliff ( ice t[]+ above ! place :]e our rope 0 fa/5$ _h become greatly melt$ & honey-comb$1 & ?reat5$ e mom5t to cra% d[n & de/roy any "o :o *anc$ to be b5ea?4 ,to /& above ! precipice 9 ! %ad[ ( ! trea*]\s sn[-cliffs :ile ! m5 7 desc5d+ ! rope 0 exce$+ly try+ to "o's n]ves2 b ! avalan*es did n come1 & ! previ\s camp+ place bel[ ,rope cliff 0 rea*$ ) safety4 ,! foll[+ day1 ,augu/ #be1 aft] "s consultation1 x 0 decid$ to once m attempt to rea* ! top ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,l9dsley & ,/amy1 :o _h %>$ )\t compla9t our privations 9 ! sn[1 volunte]$ to desc5d to a l[] camp = additional rations1 :ile ,k]r & myself return$ to ! high] camp 9 ! hope t we might be able to asc5d ! peak be=e ! m5 return$1 &1 if n1 to h suffici5t rations :5 !y did rejo9 u to cont9ue ! attack4 ,! m5 dep>t$ on _! difficult err&1 :ile ,k]r & ,i1 ) blankets1 t5ts1 oil-/oves1 & :at rations rema9$1 once m scal$ ! cliff :]e we _h plac$ a rope1 & return$ on ! trail made ! day previ\sly4 ,ab\t noon we rea*$ ! excavation 9 ! sn[ :]e we _h biv\ack$ 9 ! /orm1 #aed & !re prep>$ a lun*4 ,x 0 !n discov]$ t we _h be5 mi/ak5 z to ! quantity ( oil 9 our cans2 we f\nd sc>cely en\gh to cook a s+le meal4 ,to attempt to rema9 sev]al days 9 ! sn[ ) ?is small supply ( fuel seem$ haz>d\s1 & ,mr4 ,k]r volunte]$ to desc5d & ov]take ! m5 at ! l[] camp1 procure "s oil1 & return ! foll[+ day4 ,we !n sep>at$1 ,mr4 ,k]r />t+ d[n ! m\nta91 leav+ me ) a d\ble load1 weigh+ betwe5 sixty & sev5ty p\nds1 to c>ry ?r\gh ! deep sn[ to ! high camp previ\sly occupi$4 ,,alone ,,9 ,,! ,,highe/ ,,camp4 ,trudg+ we>ily on1 ,i rea*$ ! high camp at sunset1 & pit*$ my t5t 9 ! excavation previ\sly occupi$4 ,an alp5/ock 0 us$ = "o t5t-pole1 & sn[ saturat$ ) wat]1 pil$ up 9 a column1 = ! o!r2 ! sn[ froze 9 a few m9utes1 & held ! t5t securely4 ,! ends ( ! ridge-rope 7 !n /amp$ into ! sn[1 & wat] 0 p\r$ ov] !m2 ! edges ( ! t5t 7 treat$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & my %elt] 0 ready = occupation4 ,aft] cook+ "s supp] ov] ! oil-/ove1 ,i roll$ myself 9 a blanket & slept ! sleep ( ! we>y4 ,i 0 awak5$ 9 ! morn+ by sn[ drift+ into my t5t1 & on look+ out discov]$ t ,i 0 aga9 caught 9 a bl9d+ /orm or mi/ ( sn[4 ,! /orm rag$ all day & all night1 & cont9u$ )\t int]ruption until ! ev5+ ( ! second day4 ,! coal oil becom+ exhau/$1 a c 0 fill$ ) bacon grease1 9 :i* a cotton rag 0 plac$ = a wick2 & ov] ?is wit* lamp ,i did my cook+ dur+ ! rema9d] ( my /ay4 ,! sn[1 fall+ /eadily1 soon buri$ my t5t1 already surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by an icy wall high] ?an my head1 & x 0 only by almo/ con/ant ex]tion t x 0 kept f be+ cru%$ 94 ,) a p9t bas9 = a %ovel ,i cle>$ ! t5t z be/ ,i c\ld1 & sev]al times dur+ ! day re-excavat$ ! hole lead+ d[n to ! pond1 :i* _h long s9ce disappe>$ b5ea? ! level pla9 ( :ite4 ,! excavation ( a tunnel 9 ! sn[ 0 also begun 9 ! expectation t ! t5t w\ld become un9habitable4 ,! foll[+ night x became impossible to keep ! t5t cle> 9 spite ( en]getic ef=ts1 & e>ly 9 ! morn+ x 0 cru%$ 9 by a great weight ( sn[1 #aee leav+ me no alt]native b to f9i% my sn[-h\se & move 94 ,a tunnel "s f\r or five feet 9 l5g? 0 excavat$ 9 ! sn[1 & a *amb] ab\t six feet long by f\r feet wide & ?ree feet high 0 made at "r angles to ! tunnel4 ,9 ?is *amb] ,i plac$ my blankets & o!r belong+s1 &1 hang+ a rubb] coat on an alp5/ock at ! entrance1 f\nd myself well %elt]$ f ! tempe/4 ,!re ,i pass$ ! day & ! night foll[+4 ,at night ! d>kness & sil5ce 9 my n>r[ tomb-l cell 0 oppressive2 n a s\nd broke ! /illness except ! di/ant1 muffl$ ro> ( an occasional avalan*e4 ,i slept s\ndly1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! morn+ 0 awak5$ by ! croak+ ( a rav5 on ! sn[ imm$iately above my head4 ,! grotto 0 fill$ ) a s(t blue light1 b a p9k radiance at ! entrance told t ! day _h dawn$ bright & cle>4 ,:at a glori\s sight await$ me6 ,! heav5s 7 )\t a cl\d1 & ! sun %one ) dazzl+ spl5dor on ! :ite peaks ar\nd4 ,! broad unbrok5 sn[-pla9 seem$ to burn ) light reflect$ f millions ( %9+ cry/als4 ,! great m\nta9 peaks 7 drap$ f base to summit 9 ! pure/ :ite1 z yet unsc>r$ by avalan*es4 ,on ! /eep cliffs ! sn[ hung 9 folds l drap]y1 ti] above ti]1 :ile ! angul> peaks above /ood out l cry/als aga9/ ! sky4 ,/4 ,elias 0 "o va/ pyramid ( alaba/]4 ,! w9ds 7 /ill2 n a s\nd broke ! solitude2 n an object mov$4 ,ev5 ! rav5 _h gone1 leav+ me alone ) ! m\nta9s4 ,z ! sun rose high] & high] & made its w>m? felt1 ! sn[ 0 loos5$ on ! /eep slopes & "h & !re broke away4 ,ga!r+ =ce z x fell1 x ru%$ d[n 9 avalan*es t made ! m\nta9s tremble & awak5$ ?und]\s e*oes4 ,f a small beg9n+ high up on ! /eep slopes1 ! new sn[ w\ld slip d[nw>d1 sil5tly at fir/1 & cascade ov] precipices hundr$s ( feet high1 look+ l a fall ( foam+ wat]2 !n came ! ro>1 increas+ 9 volume z ! fl[+ sn[ involv$ new fields 9 its pa? ( de/ruction1 until ! great mass became irresi/ible & pl\gh$ its way d[nw>d ?r\gh cl\ds ( sn[-spray1 :i* hung 9 ! air long aft] ! sn[ _h ceas$ to move & ! ro> ( ! avalan*e _h ceas$4 ,all day long1 until ! %ad[ ( ev5+ fell on ! /eep slopes1 ?is m\nta9 ?und] cont9u$4 ,! e*oes ( "o avalan*e sc>cely di$ away be=e !y 7 #aef awak5$ by ano!r ro>4 ,to witness su* a sc5e "u ! mo/ favorable conditions 0 wor? all ! privations & anxiety x co/4 ,besides ! /reams ( new sn[1 !re 7 occasional avalan*es ( a diff]5t "*1 caus$ by ! break+ away ( portions ( ! cliffs ( old sn[1 accumulat$1 p]haps1 dur+ sev]al w9t]s4 ,^! />t f ! summits ( precipices1 & are caus$ by ! sl[ d[nw>d creep ( ! sn[-fields above4 ,! sn[-cliffs are always crevass$ & brok5 9 mu* ! same mann] z are ! ends ( glaci]s :i* ent] ! sea1 & occasionally l>ge masses1 conta9+ ?\s&s ( cubic y>ds1 break away & are precipitat$ d[n ! slopes ) a sudd5ness t is always />tl+4 ,usually ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ^! avalan*es is a report l t ( a cannon1 foll[$ by a rumbl+ ro> z ! desc5d+ mass pl\ghs its way along4 ,! avalan*es =m$ by old sn[ are q diff]5t f ^? caus$ by ! desc5t ( ! new surface sn[1 b are frequ5tly accompani$ by surface /reams 9 case !re has be5 a rec5t /orm4 ,! pa?s pl\gh$ out by ! avalan*es are frequ5tly %ea!d ) glassy ice1 =m$ by ! freez+ ( wat] produc$ by ! melt+ ( sn[ on acc\nt ( ! heat produc$ by ! friction ( ! mov+ mass4 ,a ?ird v>iety ( avalan*es1 due to fall+ /ones1 has already be5 notic$4 ,! floor ( my sn[-*amb] 0 ! surface ( ! old sn[ on :i* we _h pit*$ our t5ts at ! "t we fir/ rea*$ t camp+ place4 ,on ?is h>d surface1 & =m+ ! walls ( ! cell1 !re 7 ?irty in*es ( cle> :ite sn[1 ! upp] limit ( :i* 0 m>k$ by a blue lay] ( ice ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,?is indicat$ ! ?ickness ( sn[ t fell dur+ ! fir/ /orm4 ,its surface _h be5 melt$ & s(t5$ dur+ ! days ( sun%9e t foll[$ its fall1 & _h froz5 into cle> ice4 ,above ! blue b& :i* encircl$ ! upp] portion ( my *amb] 0 ! s(t1 pure :ite sn[ ( ! second /orm4 ,! /ratification ( sn[ :i* ,i _h se5 fall r5d]$ x evid5t t my int]pretation ( ! /ratification obs]v$ 9 ! sides ( crevasses 0 correct4 ,! sn[ :5 x fell 0 s(t & :ite1 & compos$ ( v f9e cry/als2 b "u ! influ5ce ( ! air & sun%9e x *ang$ its texture & became icy & granul>1 & !n resembl$ ! nv sn[ s common 9 high m\nta9s4 #aeg ,! day foll[+ ! /orm 0 bright & beautiful2 ! sunlight 0 w>m & pleasant1 b ! temp]ature 9 ! %ad[s 0 always bel[ freez+4 ,! surface ( ! sn[ did n melt suffici5tly dur+ ! day to freeze & =m a cru/ dur+ ! night4 ,x ?us became m & m app>5t t ! season 0 too f> advanc$ to all[ ! sn[ to h>d5 suffici5tly = u to be able to climb ! m\nta94 ,! sn[ settl$ some:at & *ang$ its "*1 b ev5 at midday ! cry/als on ! surface glitt]$ z brilliantly 9 ! sunlight z !y did 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,al?\gh ! sn[ did n melt1 its surface 0 l[]$ slightly by evaporation4 ,! tracks ( ! rav51 at fir/ sunk5 a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ! s(t surface1 aft] ! fir/ day ( sun%9e /ood slightly 9 relief1 b 7 /ill cle>ly def9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! six? day aft] sep>at+ f my companions1 judg+ t !y mu/ h return$ at lea/ to ! camp+ place :]e we _h sep>at$1 ,i pack$ my blankets & :at food rema9$1 ab&on$ ! t5t & oil-/ove1 & />t$ to desc5d ! m\nta94 ,! sn[ _h settl$ some:at1 b 0 /ill s(t & yield+ & ov] six feet deep4 ,tramp+ we>ily on ?r\gh ! *aff-l sub/ance1 ,i sl[ly work$ my way d[nw>d1 & aga9 ?read$ ! maze ( crevasses1 n[ p>tially conceal$ by ! lay] ( new sn[1 ) :i* we _h /ruggl$ sev]al times be=e4 ,midway to ! next camp+ place ,i met my companions com+ up to se>* = me4 ,in/ead ( meet+ ?ree m51 z ,i expect$1 ,i saw five tramp+ along 9 s+le file ?r\gh ! deep sn[4 ,! sight ( human be+s 9 t va/ solitude 0 s /range t ,i wat*$ !m = "s "t be=e %\t+4 ,glad z ,i 0 to meet my companions once m1 ,i c\ld n help notic+ _! r\gh & picturesque appe>ance4 ,ea* man wore color$ glasses & c>ri$ a long alp5/ock1 & two or ?ree _h packs /rapp$ on _! backs4 ,sev]al weeks ( h>d tramp+ ov] mora9es & sn[-fields _h made _m r5ts 9 _! clo!s1 :i* _h be5 m5d$ ) clo? ( any color t *anc$ to be available4 ,n a few rags 7 visible flutt]+ 9 ! w9d4 ,to a /rang] !y w\ld h appe>$ l a dang]\s b& ( brig&s4 ,! reason = ! pres5ce ( five m5 in/ead ( ?ree 0 ?is3 ,l9dsley & ,/amy1 :5 !y left u at ,rope cliff to #aeh return = additional rations1 7 oblig$ to g back to ,camp #ab 9 ord] to get a t5t & an oil-/ove4 ,on rea*+ t place ! temptation to return to ,blossom isl& 0 s great t ,l9dsley c\ld n resi/ x & w5t back to ! base-camp1 :]e he report$ t ,k]r & ,i 7 /orm-b\nd 9 ! m\nta9s & 9 ne$ ( assi/ance4 ,?ree m51 ,p>tridge1 ,doney1 & ,:ite1 />t$ at once1 & f\nd ,/amy1 :o _h wait$ = _! arrival at ,camp #ab4 ,a day 0 ?us lo/1 :i* increas$ ,mr4 ,k]r's h>d%ip & might h prov$ disa/r\s4 ,! p>ty !n return$ to ,rope cliff & jo9$ ,k]r on ! ev5+ ( ,augu/ #bi4 ,on ?is occasion1 z on sev]al o!rs1 ,i f\nd myself indebt$ to ,/amy = will+ assi/ance :5 o!rs hesitat$4 ,dur+ my imprisonm5t at ! highe/ camp1 ,mr4 ,k]r 0 deta9$ "u simil> circum/ances at ! camp bel[ ,rope cliff4 ,on endeavor+ to rejo9 me ) ! supply ( coal oil1 s v valuable "u ! circum/ances1 he 0 caught 9 ! /orm & 0 unable to rea* ! r5dezv\s appo9t$4 ,he rea*$ ,rope cliff late 9 ! aft]noon ( ! fir/ day ( ! /orm1 climb$ ! precipice1 & f\nd 8 way ?r\gh ! ga!r+ d>kness1 along ! ne>ly oblit]at$ trail b5ea? ! avalan*e cliffs1 & up ! /eps cut 9 ! sn[-cliff1 to ! site ( our biv\ac camp4 ,f9d+ no?+ !re1 & be+ unable to proce$ f>!r ?r\gh ! bl9d+ /orm1 he ab&on$ ! attempt & return$ to ! camp bel[ ,rope cliff4 ,9 desc5d+ ! rope1 he f\nd t its l[] end _h become fa/ 9 ! sn[4 ,! taut l9e1 %ea!d ) ice1 0 an unc]ta9 help 9 ! d>kness4 ,midway 9 ! desc5t 8 h&s slipp$ & he slid to ! bottom2 b ! cu%ion ( new sn[ broke ! fall & prev5t$ s]i\s injury4 ,alone1 )\t fire1 )\t blankets1 hav+ only a canvas cov] & a rubb] clo? = %elt]1 & ) b little food1 he pass$ ?ree anxi\s days & nights be=e ! arrival ( ! camp h&s4 ,,! ,,return4 ,decid+ t ! asc5t ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias c\ld n be accompli%$ ?r\gh ! new sn[1 :i* refus$ to h>d51 x 0 decid$ to ab&on ! attempt & return to ,blossom isl&4 ,our retreat 0 none too soon4 ,/orm succe$$ /orm ?r\gh\t ,septemb]4 ,ea* "t ! cl\ds lift$1 ! mantle #aei ( new sn[ 0 se5 to h desc5d$ l[] & l[]4 ,our la/ view %[$ ! w9try cov]+ ne>ly d[n to timb]-l9e4 ,on ! night ( ,augu/ #ca we slept at ! camp b5ea? ,rope cliff1 b _h a mo/ uncom=table night4 ,six m5 sleep+ 9 a t5t measur+ sev5 by sev5 feet1 ) b little protection f ! ice b5ea?1 c]ta9ly does n seem invit+ to "o surr\nd$ by ! com=ts ( civilization4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! night 0 occupi$ by ,doney 9 prep>+ breakfa/ ov] our oil-/ove4 ,an e>ly />t 0 welcome to all2 we 7 disappo9t$ at n be+ able to rea* ! top ( ,/4 ,elias1 & 7 anxi\s to return to m com=table qu>t]s4 ,k]r conclud$ to return at once to ,blossom isl& to recup]ate1 :ile ,i made an excursion up ! ,sew>d glaci]1 ) ! hope ( ga9+ ! upp] ice-fall & see+ ! amphi!atre beyond4 ,we left ,rope cliff ab\t six 9 ! morn+1 & f\nd ! sn[ h>d & travel+ easy = sev]al h\rs4 ,aft] desc5d+ ! l[] ice-fall1 h[ev]1 ! sn[ became s(t1 & a *ange 9 ! atmosph]e indicat$ ! approa* ( ano!r /orm4 ,k]r & ,doney press$ on & 7 soon lo/ to sight1 :ile ! re/ ( ! p>ty 7 delay$1 ow+ to ,p>tridge hav+ become sn[-bl9d & almo/ helpless4 ,z ! crevasses 7 exce$+ly num]\s & ! sn[-bridges s(t & unc]ta91 ! task ( conduct+ a bl9d man to a place ( safety 0 by no means light4 ,p>tridge bore up bravely "u 8 affliction1 h[ev]1 & did n hesitate 9 crawl+ across ! trea*]\s sn[-bridges ) a rope fa/5$ ab\t 8 body & a man be=e & beh9d to assi/ 8 movem5ts4 ,late 9 ! day we rea*$ our camp+ place at ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,agassiz glaci]1 :ile ,k]r & ,doney cross$ ,dome pass & sp5t ! night 9 a t5t t _h be5 left /&+ at ! fir/ camp+ ea/ ( ! pass4 ,we pit*$ a t5t on our old camp+ place at ,camp #af1 & _h ! luxury ( a rocky b$ to sleep on t night4 ,z ,p>tridge's bl9dness /ill cont9u$1 ,:ite 0 s5t ahead to tell ,k]r & ,doney to wait = u 9 ! morn+1 s t ,p>tridge c\ld accompany !m to ,blossom isl&4 ,ra9 cont9u$ all t night & all ! next day4 ,z ,p>tridge's eyes 7 /ill uns]viceable 9 ! morn+1 ,i conclud$ to wait a day be=e all[+ him to />t = ,blossom isl&4 ,t[>d ev5+ on ,septemb] #b we mov$ our camp across #afj ,dome pass1 & pit*$ our t5t on ! high ridge beside ! "o occupi$ by ,k]r & ,doney4 ,9 ! morn+1 al?\gh ! /orm /ill cont9u$1 our p>ty divid$1 ,k]r1 ,doney1 & ,p>tridge />t+ e>ly = ,blossom isl&1 :ile ,/amy1 ,:ite1 & myself1 aft] foll[+ _! tracks = a few miles1 turn$ to ! left & work$ our way nor!a/w>d among ! crevasses ( ! ,sew>d glaci]4 ,t[>d ev5+ we rea*$ ! nor?we/]n spur ( ,m\nt ,ow51 b f\nd ! cliffs ris+ abruptly f ! glaci] & too favorable = avalan*es to admit ( our camp+ ne> !m4 ,aga9 we 7 =c$ to g into camp on ! op5 glaci]1 & 7 less com=table ?an previ\sly on simil> occasions1 ow+ to ! fact t we _h be5 expos$ to ! ra9s = ?ree successive days & our blankets & clo!s 7 wet4 ,ra9 cont9u$ all night & all ! next day1 & on ! foll[+ night *ang$ to sn[4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,septemb] #d we awoke to f9d ! skies cle>1 b ! m\nta9s all ab\t u 7 :ite ) sn[4 ,be=e ! sun rose1 ,:ite & ,i />t$ = ! top ( ! high ridge above u1 det]m9$ to h at lea/ a di/ant view ( ! amphi!atre :i* we wi%$ to explore4 ,! sn[ ab\t our camp 0 only six or eight in*es deep1 b z we asc5d$ ! m\nta9 x grew m & m tr\blesome1 & at a height ( a ?\s& feet above camp 0 ?irty in*es deep4 ,on ga9+ ! summit ( ! ridge a magnific5t view 0 obta9$ ( ! upp] portion ( ! ,sew>d glaci] & ( ,m\nt ,irv+ & ,m\nt ,logan1 & _m bold1 tap]+ m\nta9s f>!r nor!a/w>d4 ,! :ole l&scape 0 sn[-cov]$1 & z ! sun rose cle> 9 ! ea/ became ( ! mo/ dazzl+ brilliancy4 ,an icy w9d swept d[n f ! nor!a/ & r5d]$ x exce$+ly difficult to take photographs or to make measurem5ts4 ,on endeavor+ to use my prismatic compass1 ,i f\nd t1 hav+ be5 soak$ ) moi/ure dur+ ! previ\s days ( /orm1 x froze solid & refus$ to move1 on be+ expos$ to ! air4 ,mak+ :at obs]vations ,i c\ld1 we />t$ back to camp ) ! int5tion ( ab&on+ all fur!r attempts to "w 9 ! high m\nta9s4 ,on ! /eep slope n[ expos$ to ! full sun%9e sev]al avalan*es _h gone d[n1 & !re 0 great dang] ( o!rs4 ,select+ a po9t :]e an avalan*e _h already swept away ! new sn[1 we work$ our way d[nw>d 9 a zigzag c\rse & rea*$ ! bottom safely1 al?\gh an avalan*e />t+ #afa ne> at h& swept by )9 a few y>ds4 ,:5 ne>ly at ! bottom my att5tion 0 attract$ by a noise above1 & on look+ up ,i saw two rocks b\nd+ d[n ! slope & com+ /raight = me4 ,to dodge !m on ! /eep slipp]y slope 0 difficult & dang]\s4 ,all[+ "o to pass ov] my "r %\ld]1 ,i in/antly mov$ 9 t direction & all[$ ! o!r to pass ov] my left %\ld]4 ,!y %ot by me l fragm5ts ( %ells1 b did no injury4 ,rea*+ camp1 we f\nd t ,/amy _h dri$ our blankets & clo!s4 ,resum+ our packs1 we sl[ly ?read$ our way d[nw>d to ,camp #ad1 at ! we/]n end ( ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs4 ,we !re f\nd cans ( rations left sev]al days be=e &1 pit*+ our t5t1 pass$ ! night4 ,we knew by ! signs f\nd !re t ,k]r & 8 companions1 aft] tak+ lun*1 _h r5ew$ _! j\rney t[>d ,blossom isl&4 ,our camp 0 j at ! l[] limit ( ! new sn[4 ,to ! nor?w>d all 0 ( ! pure/ :ite1 b s\?w>d1 d[n ! glaci]1 ! sn[-fields 7 yell[ & mu* discolor$4 ,_m *anges _h tak5 place 9 ! ,sew>d glaci] s9ce we fir/ saw x2 ! p9nacles1 sn[-tables1 & crevasses 9 ! rapids 7 less /rik+ ?an =m]ly1 & _h evid5tly suff]$ greatly f ! summ]'s heat4 ,ab\t ! bases ( ! cliffs !re 7 d>k1 irregul> pat*es ( dbris1 :]e a mon? previ\sly all 0 :ite4 ,z ne>ly z c\ld be judg$1 ! surface ( ! glaci] _h be5 l[]$ by melt+ & settl+ dur+ our abs5ce ab\t fifty feet4 ,! foll[+ morn+1 ,septemb] #e1 we />t$ = ,blossom isl&1 ! wea!r /ill cont9u+ ?ick & /ormy4 ,on cross+ ,p9nacle pass we f\nd ov] a foot ( new sn[ :i* _h fall5 s9ce our companions pass$ t way4 ,t[>d nightfall ! l[] limit ( sn[ on ! ,m>v9e glaci] 0 rea*$1 & at night we camp$ on ! fir/ mora9es :i* appe>$ bel[ ! nv4 ,! day foll[+1 ,septemb] #f1 we rea*$ ,blossom isl& ab\t noon1 & f\nd t ,k]r & 8 p>ty _h arriv$ !re safely1 & t ,p>tridge _h recov]$ f 8 sn[-bl9dness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our /ay above ! sn[-l9e _h la/$ ?irty-five days1 & we 7 extremely glad to see ! light ( a camp-fire & h ! trees & fl[]s ab\t u once m4 ,! vegetation indicat$ t ! season 0 already f> advanc$4 ,mo/ ( ! fl[]s _h fad$1 & autumn t9ts gave brilliancy to ! #afb l[] m\nta9 slopes2 salmon b]ries & huckleb]ries 7 9 pr(usion1 & furni%$ an exce$+ly agreeable *ange 9 our diet4 ,aft] a ba? 9 "o ( ! small lakelets on ! isl& & a good night's re/ on a luxuriant b$ ( spruce b\ghs1 we felt fully re/or$ & ready = ano!r campaign4 ,z ,k]r 0 anxi\s to get back to ,port ,mulgrave1 x 0 arrang$ t ,l9dsley & ,p>tridge %\ld g ) him1 & t ! re/ ( ! m5 %\ld rema94 ,k]r took 8 dep>ture on ! morn+ ( ,septemb] #g1 & on ! foll[+ day ,*ri/ie1 ,doney1 & myself cross$ ! ,m>v9e glaci] to ! s\!rn end ( ! ,hit*cock range1 & ! foll[+ day made an excursion out ^u ! ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,! day ( our excursion 0 bright & beautiful1 & ! m\nta9s to ! nor?w>d reveal$ _! full magnific5ce4 ,! level plateau ( ice =m$ a horizontal pla91 f :i* ! m\nta9 rose precipit\sly & appe>$ gr&] & m maje/ic ?an f any o!r po9t ( view4 ,/4 ,elias rose cle> & %>p1 )\t a cl\d to obscure its dizzy height1 & appe>$ to be "o %e] precipice4 ,x is d\btful if a m impressive m\nta9 face exi/s any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,aft] le>n+ all we c\ld conc]n+ ! ,malasp9a glaci] we return$ to our camp at ! end ( ! ,hit*cock range1 & ! foll[+ day tramp$ across ! extremely r\gh mora9e-cov]$ surface back to ,blossom isl&4 ,! foll[+ morn+1 ,septemb] #ab1 we />t$ on our return trip to ,yakutat bay4 ,two small t5ts & _m articles = :i* we _h no fur!r use 7 ab&on$1 s z to make our packs light z possible4 ,we cross$ ! ,hayd5 glaci]1 & at night camp$ at ! foot ( ,floral pass4 ,aft] mak+ two int]m$iate camps1 travel+ ea* day 9 ! ra91 we rea*$ ! %ore ( ,yakutat bay on ,septemb] #ae4 ,doney & ,i halt$ at ,dalton's cab9 = ! purpose ( see+ :at we c\ld ( ! op5+s !re made = coal1 :ile ! re/ ( ! p>ty press$ on to our old camp+ place on ! %ore4 ,!re !y f\nd ,k]r & 8 p>ty /ill encamp$1 b ready to leave = ,port ,mulgrave e>ly ! next morn+4 ,septemb] #ah 0 occupi$ by u 9 cat*+ salmon & tr\t4 ,we 7 abundantly successful1 z e man return$ to camp ) all t he c\ld c>ry4 ,^! 7 spread out on a rack ov] our camp-fire & smok$ = fur!r use1 z we did n "k h[ long our /ay w\ld be ext5d$4 ,on ! next day ,/amy & ,l9dsley return$ f ,port ,mulgrave1 :]e !y #afc _h left ,k]r1 q recov]$ f 8 exposure on ! m\nta94 ,/ormy wea!r cont9u$1 & a gale f ! nor!a/ pil$ ! ice high on ! bea* & ?reat5$ to sweep away our t5ts1 z has already be5 briefly describ$ 9 e>li] pages4 ,on ,septemb] #bj1 our t5ts hav+ be5 beat5 9 by a viol5t /orm & our camp+ place ov]fl[$ by ! wat]s f a lake above u1 we remov$ our goods to a place ( safety & w5t to ,dalton's cab91 :]e we await$ bett] wea!r4 ,! morn+ ( ,septemb] #bc dawn$ cle> & bright1 & aft] dry+ our clo!s ar\nd a blaz+ camp-fire1 we />t$ back to our camp+ place on ! %ore4 ,be=e rea*+ !re1 h[ev]1 we 7 rejoic$ to see ! ,corw9 com+ up ! bay4 ,x took u b a %ort "t to get on bo>d1 :]e ,capta9 ,c4 ,l4 ,hoop]1 h] comm&]1 did ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to make u welcome & com=table4 ,to him we are indebt$ = a delightful voyage back to civilization4 ,aft] /eam+ up ,dis5*antm5t bay ne>ly to ! ice-cliffs ( ! ,hubb>d glaci]1 & obta9+ a f9e view ( ! glaci]s ab\t ,dis5*antm5t bay1 ! ,corw9 return$ to ,port ,mulgrave &1 on ,septemb] #be1 put to sea4 ,aft] a spl5did ocean passage1 we arriv$ at ,port ,t[ns5d on ,octob] #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dur+ our /ay 9 ,alaska n a man 0 s]i\sly sick & n an accid5t happ5$4 ,! "w plann$ at ! />t 0 c>ri$ out almo/ to ! lett]1 ) ! exception t sn[-/orms & ! lat5ess ( ! season did n p]mit u to rea* ! summit ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,,sugge/ions4 ,%\ld ano!r attempt be made to climb ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 ! %orte/ & mo/ practicable r\te f ! coa/ w\ld be to l& at ,icy bay & asc5d ! ,agassiz glaci]4 ,! c\rse tak5 by u 9 #ahij c\ld be int]sect$ j nor? ( :]e ! tribut>y glaci] f ,dome pass jo9s ! ma9 ice-/ream2 & f !re ! r\te foll[$ la/ summ] w\ld be ! mo/ practicable4 ,a camp %\ld be e/abli%$ on ! divide betwe5 ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias & ,m\nt ,newton1 f :i* excursions to ei!r ( ^! peaks c\ld be made 9 a s+le day4 ,9 ! prec$+ n>rative _m details h be5 omitt$4 ,"o ( ^! is t t5ts1 toge!r ) blankets1 rations1 etc41 7 left at two conv5i5t po9ts betwe5 ,blossom isl& & #afd ! ,agassiz glaci]1 & 7 us$ by ! m5 9 br++ up supplies4 ,9 attempt+ to asc5d ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias f ,icy bay by ! r\te sugge/$1 at lea/ ?ree su* relay /ations %\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,*aix hills1 :]e wood = camp-fires c be obta9$ 7z is kn[n f ! reports ( ! ,new ,york ,times & ,topham exp$itions71 & ! high camp on ! divide4 ,! relay camps sugge/$ %\ld be "o day's m>* ap>t1 & w\ld s]ve n only = /opp+ places :ile c>ry+ rations dur+ ! advance1 b w\ld furni% a l9e ( retreat4 ,a p>ty mak+ ?is j\rney %\ld be provid$ ) sn[-%oes1 :i* un=tunately we did n take ) u4 ,all rations int5d$ = use above ! sn[-l9e %\ld be pack$ 9 t9 cans1 ea* ( suffici5t size to hold betwe5 fifty & sixty p\nds1 & ea* %\ld be securely sold]$4 ,all articles pack$ 9 ?is way %\ld be ?or\ghly dry & %\ld be pack$ 9 a dry1 w>m room4 ,:5 secur$ 9 ?is mann] !y are ab\t z easy to c>ry z if pack$ 9 bags1 & c be ca*$ any:]e out ( ! rea* ( floods & avalan*es1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( be+ s]viceable :5 want$4 ,! m p]i%able articles to be us$ :]e camp-fires are possible %\ld also be secur$ 9 t9 cans4 ,sacks ( fl\r1 corn-meal1 etc41 %\ld be protect$ by an out] cov]+ ( /rong canvas4 ,! exp]i5ce ( la/ summ] %[$ t ! cans ( rations int5d$ = use above ! sn[-l9e %\ld ea* conta9 ab\t ! foll[+ ration1 :i* may be v>i$ to suit individual ta/e3 ,bacon1 smok$ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aj lbs4 ,corn$ beef1 9 c 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #f ,fl\r & corn-meal1 ) necess>y quantity ( bak+ p[d] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ae ,c(fee 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b ,roll$ oats 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #e ,sug> 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #e ,*ocolate1 sweet 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b ,salt 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,extract ( beef 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,tobacco 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,cond5s$ milk 7small cans7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b ,mat*es 7wax7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a box4 ,our exp]i5ce ) oil-/oves %[$ t !y are s]viceable4 ,:ile on ! m>* !y c be c>ri$ z h& packs 9 #afe gunny-sacks4 ,rectangul> cans hold+ ab\t a gallon ea*1 ) small screw-tops1 7 f\nd conv5i5t = c>ry+ coal oil4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,arctic explor]s indicates t alcohol w\ld p]haps be bett] ?an coal oil to use 9 sn[-camps4 ,among ! mo/ important articles to be provid$ are /rong %oes or boots2 ( ^! ea* man %\ld h at lea/ two pairs4 ,/rong hip-boots1 ) lac+s ov] ! in/ep1 are exce$+ly s]viceable4 ,:5 sleep+ on ! ice ! boot-legs may be spread b5ea? "o's blankets & ! feet us$ z a pill[4 ,! long legs are s]viceable alike 9 ! ?ick bru% on ! %ore & 9 ! deep sn[ on ! high m\nta9s4 ,) _! protection1 _m /reams c be wad$ )\t gett+ wet4 ,lea!r1 wax$ ends1 awls1 etc41 = repair+ boots1 & tall[ mix$ ) bees-wax = greas+ !m1 %\ld be tak5 & di/ribut$ 9 "p ?r\gh ! cans ( rations4 ,heavy wool5 socks are indisp5sable1 & an ef=t %\ld be made to h a dry pair always at h&4 ,?is may be arrang$1 ev5 "u ! mo/ unfavorable conditions1 by dry+ a pair z ?or\ghly z is conv5i5t & c>ry+ !m 9 ! bosom ( "o's %irt4 ,long alp5/ocks are always necess>y4 ,my own *oice is a /iff "o ( hickory1 ab\t six feet long & an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]1 provid$ ) a spike & hook at "o end & a *isel ab\t two in*es broad at ! o!r4 ,ice axes are desirable :ile climb+ 9 ! high m\nta9s1 b ev5 m s]viceable are light axes ( ! usual patt]n1 b ) h&les ab\t f\rte5 in*es long2 ^! supplem5t ! alp5/ock1 & :5 n actually 9 use are c>ri$ 9 ! packs4 ,ea* man %\ld be provid$ ) a wat]-tight mat*-box1 & %\ld h1 besides1 a bundle ( wax mat*es wrapp$ 9 oil-clo? & sew$ 9 ! coll> ( 8 %irt1 to be held z a la/ res]ve4 ,ea* man %\ld also h a small wat]-tight bag 9 :i* to c>ry salt en\gh to la/ a week or t5 days1 9 case he has to live by hunt+ or fi%+4 ,a heavy hunt+ knife is v conv5i5t1 & c be us$ n only 9 cutt+ trails ?r\gh ?ick bru%1 b 9 cases ( necessity is s]viceable 9 mak+ /eps 9 ice4 ,heavy wool5 clo?+ is pref]able to furs4 ,sleep+ bags 7 n us$ dur+ our exp$ition1 b are highly recomm5d$ by o!rs4 ,= protection at night1 a ?ick wool5 blanket ) a light canvas cov] & a %eet ( light rubb] clo? to protect x are all t is necess>y4 ,our t5ts 7 ( cotton drill+1 sev5 feet squ>e & ab\t six feet high1 & #aff provid$ ) ridge-ropes4 ,alp5/ocks 7 us$ = t5t poles4 ,s\'we/]s & /rong wat]-pro( coats are indisp5sable 9 a climate l t ( ,alaska1 & at night may be us$ z a sub/ratum on :i* to sleep4 ,:ile travel+ ov] ! sn[-l9e we us$ color$ glasses to protect ! eyes1 & also f\nd t a /rip ( d>k mosquito nett+ ti$ across ! face bel[ ! eyes af=d$ great protection4 ,"s ( ! p>ty f\nd relief f ! gl>e ( ! sn[ by black+ _! faces ) grease & burnt cork1 b "o exp]im5t ) t me?od is usually en\gh4 ,:ile camp+ bel[ timb]-l9e dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june to ,septemb] f9e mosquito nett+ is indisp5sable4 ,9 c>ry+ packs1 hemp cod-l9e ( ! l>ge/ size 0 f\nd to answ] e requirem5t1 & is pref]r$ by exp]t pack]s to pack-/raps4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t exp]i5c$ ,swiss guides are necess>y to ensure success 9 climb+ ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,hav+ nev] foll[$ a guide 9 ! m\nta9s1 ,i am n able to judge ( _! effici5cy1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t no "o c guide 9 a region t has nev] be5 trav]s$4 ,! guide z und]/ood 9 ,europe is unkn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! exploration ( ?is c\ntry by eng9e]s1 geologi/s1 etc41 ! camp h&s h foll[$ _! lead]s & h n %[n !m ! way4 ,9 e fronti] t[n !re are hunt]s1 trapp]s1 m9]s1 prospectors1 c[-boys1 voyageurs1 etc4--m5 :o h pass$ _! lives on ! pla9s or among ! hills & are enur$ to h>d%ip & dang]4 ,?is is ! be/ mat]ial 9 ! _w f :i* to recruit an explor+ p>ty4 ,a =eign] engag+ ! s]vices ( su* m5 mu/ take into acc\nt ! indep5d5t _s t animates !m & is ! secret ( _! usefulness4 ,!y are n s]vants1 b reta9]s2 t too 9 regions f> beyond ! rea* ( civil law4 ,!y w foll[ _! lead] any:]e1 support him 9 all dang]s1 & d _! "w fai?fully s long z _! rights z m5 are respect$4 ,by tak+ prop] precautions :ile travel+ across crevass$ sn[ & ice1 & gu>d+ aga9/ avalan*es & sn[-bl9dness1 an excursion c be made above ! sn[-l9e ) z little dang] z 9 bett] kn[n & m frequ5t$ regions4 #afg ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,/4 ,,elias ,,region4 ,,g5]al ,,features4 ,9 ! prec$+ n>rative1 _m ref]5ces h be5 made to ! "* ( ! rocks & to ! geological /ructure ( ! region explor$4 ,x 0 n practicable dur+ ! j\rney to c>ry on detail$ geological /udies1 b su* facts z 7 not$ are ( int]e/1 = ?is reason1 if = no o!r3 !y relate to a c\ntry previ\sly unkn[n4 ,my reconnoissance enabl$ me to det]m9e t !re are ?ree well-def9$ =mations 9 ! ,/4 ,elias region4 ,^! are-- #a4 ,! s&/ones & %ales ab\t ,yakutat bay & we/w>d along ! foot ( ! m\nta9 to ,icy bay1 nam$ ! ,yakutat sy/em4 #b4 ,a sy/em ( probably lat] date1 compos$ ( %ale1 conglom]ate1 lime/one1 s&/one1 etc41 be/ expos$ 9 ! cliffs ( ,p9nacle pass & along ! nor!rn & we/]n bord]s ( ! ,samov> hills1 & nam$ ! ,p9nacle sy/em4 #c4 ,! metamorphic rocks ( ! ma9 ,/4 ,elias range1 call$ ! ,/4 ,elias s*i/4 ,,yakutat ,,sy/em4 ,! rocks ( ?is sy/em are ( gray & br[n s&/ones & ne>ly black %ales4 ,!y are uni=m 9 li?ological "* ov] a l>ge area1 & are usually greatly cru%$ & seam$4 ,s great has be5 ! cru%+ to :i* !y h be5 subject$ t x is difficult to "w out a h& specim5 ) fre% surfaces4 ,fragm5ts brok5 out ) a hamm] are almo/ inv>iably b\nd$ by pla9s ( previ\s cru%+1 & are usually some:at wea!r$4 ,^! rocks =m ! bold %ores ( ,yakutat & ,dis5*antm5t bays1 & 7 ! only rocks se5 along our r\te f ,yakutat bay to ,p9nacle pass4 ,! :ole ( ! ,hit*cock range is compos$ ( rocks ( ?is s]ies1 z are also ! ,*aix #afh hills & ! hills we/ ( ,icy bay & ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,samov> hills4 ,nor? ( ,p9nacle pass !re are rocks undi/+ui%able li?ogically f ^? ab\t ,yakutat bay4 ,^! are expos$ 9 ,m\nt ,ow5 & on ea* side ( ,dome pass2 !y also =m ! bold spurs ab\t ! imm$iate bases ( ,m\nt ,augu/a1 ,m\nt ,malasp9a1 & ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,9 ! ?ree in/ances la/ nam$ ^! rocks dip b5ea? ! s*i/ =m+ ! cre/ ( ! ,/4 ,elias range1 & x is probable t a great ov]?ru/ !re took place be=e ! =mation ( ! faults to :i* ! pres5t relief ( ! m\nta9s is due4 ,all ! m\nta9 spurs ( ,m\nt ,cook1 s f> z is kn[n1 are compos$ ( s&/ones & %ales ( ! ,yakutat s]ies1 ) ! exception ( ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs4 ,ne>ly all ! dbris on ! glaci]s f ,dis5*antm5t bay to ! ,sew>d glaci]1 & probably beyond1 is d]iv$ f ! rocks ( ?is sy/em4 ,! di/ribution ( ! rocks f :i* ! dbris 0 d]iv$ may be asc]ta9$ 9 a g5]al way by trac+ out ! s\rces ( ! glaci]s4 ,m$ial mora9es on ! ,hayd5 & ,m>v9e glaci]s1 h[ev]1 h _! s\rces on ! nor!rn slope ( ,m\nt ,cook1 & are compos$ ( gabbro & s]p5t9e4 ,^! rocks 7 n se5 9 place1 & _! relation to ! ,yakutat s]ies c only be conjectur$4 ,al?\gh ! rocks ( ?is sy/em are /ratifi$1 x is impossible to det]m9e _! ?ickness1 = ! reason t !y h be5 greatly cru%$ & ov]?ru/4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,hit*cock range1 :i*1 z already expla9$1 tr5ds ab\t nor!a/ & s\?we/1 & is compos$ ( /rata ( %ale & s&/one1 hav+ a ne>ly ea/-&-we/ /rike & a uni=m dip t[>d ! nor!a/4 ,7 ! rocks 9 normal position _! ?ickness w\ld be incr$ible4 ,9 addition to ?is negative evid5ce1 !re is ! cru%$ condition ( ! /rata to %[ t movem5t has tak5 place all ?r\gh _! mass2 & 9 a few in/ances ?ru/ faults 7 di/+ui%$1 dipp+ nor!a/w>d at ab\t ! same angle z ! l9es ( b$d+4 ,9 ! cru%+ to :i* ! rocks h be5 subject$ ! %ales h suff]$ m ?an ! s&/ones1 & h be5 drawn out into w$ge-%ap$ masses1 ! %>p edges ( :i* usually po9t t[>d ! nor!a/1 :i* is presumably ! direction f :i* ! cru%+ =ce act$4 ,! hypo!sis t ! rocks 9 ! ,/4 ,elias region h be5 cru%$ & ov]?ru/ expla9s _m o!rwise #afi inh>moni\s facts1 & acc\nts = ! sup]position ( ! ,/4 ,elias s*i/ ^u rocks ( ! ,yakutat sy/em4 ,coal has be5 discov]$ 9 ! rocks ( ! ,yakutat sy/em ab\t two miles we/ ( ! s\!rn end ( ,dis5*antm5t bay1 & is report$ to be ( workable ?ickness4 ,i saw ?9 lignite seams at ! surface at ?is locality1 b z ! %afts 7 fill$ ) wat] ,i 0 unable to exam9e ! coal 9 ! op5+s1 & _c v\* = its ?ickness4 ,samples obta9$ f ! m9e %[ x to be a black lignite :i* w\ld app>5tly be ( value = fuel4 ,fossil leaves are report$ to occur 9 connection ) ! lignite1 b ^! h nev] be5 se5 by any "o :o c\ld id5tify !m4 ,! rocks ( ! ,yakutat sy/em1 :]ev] se51 dip nor!a/w>d1 except :5 greatly di/urb$ ne> fault-l9es4 ,ea/ ( ,dis5*antm5t bay ! incl9ation ( ! b$s is f #ae to #bj2 f>!r we/w>d ! dip increases gradually all ! way to ! ,hit*cock range1 :]e ! prevail+ incl9ation is f #cj to #dj1 & frequ5tly /ill great]4 ,b5ea? ,m\nt ,malasp9a & ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias ! ,yakutat s&/ones dip nor!a/w>d at an angle ( ab\t #ae1 & 9 ! hills we/ ( ,icy bay ! dip is ab\t ! same4 ,exceptions to ! prevail+ dips occur along ! imm$iate %ore ( ,yakutat bay1 nor?we/ ( ,knight isl&1 & at ! s\!rn extremity ( ea* ( ! m\nta9 spurs betwe5 ,yakutat bay & ,blossom isl&4 ,at ^! localities ! rocks are frequ5tly v]tical or ne>ly s1 ow+ _! high dip to ! proximity ( l9es ( displacem5t4 ,! faults indicat$ by ^! unusual dips also m>k ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! seaw>d-/ret*+ plateau ( alluvium & ice4 ,! cru%+1 ov]?ru/+ & fault+ t has affect$ ! rocks ( ?is sy/em r5d] x d\btful :e!r ! coal seams :i* occur 9 x1 ev5 if ( requisite ?ickness1 c be work$ to advantage4 ,"s ( ! samples ( coal obta9$ at ! op5+s made ne> ,yakutat bay 7 slick5sid$1 %[+ t movem5ts 9 ! coal seam _h !re tak5 place4 ,z already /at$1 ! rocks ( ! ,yakutat s]ies are rem>kably uni=m 9 "* ?r\gh\t ! ext5t n[ kn[n1 & (f] b little v>iety4 ,! s&/ones are int]sect$ 9 e direction by ?9 qu>tz seams1 :i* /& 9 relief on ! wea!r$ surfaces1 giv+ ! rocks a peculi> & #agj *>act]i/ic appe>ance4 ,! fir/ important *ange 9 ! geology along ! r\te trav]s$ by u 0 met on rea*+ ,p9nacle pass4 ,,p9nacle ,,sy/em4 ,! rocks ( ?is sy/em1 z already /at$1 are be/ expos$ 9 ! great fault-sc>p =m+ ! nor!rn wall ( ,p9nacle pass4 ,!y are m v>i$ 9 composition & h pres]v$ a bett] record ( ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 deposit$ ?an ! s&/ones & %ales ( ! ,yakutat sy/em4 ,only an approximate section ( ! rocks expos$ 9 ! ,p9nacle-pass cliff 0 obta9$4 ,s&/one & conglom]ate wea!r+ into spires 4 4 4 #ejj feet4 ,ev5ly b$d$1 s&y %ale 9 ?9 lay]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fjj ,co>se conglom]ate2 b[ld]s ( cry/all9e rock 4 4 4 #ej ,?9ly b$d$1 d>k-color$ s&/one & %ale 4 4 4 4 #ejj ,r$di% conglom]ate 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aj ,light-gray s&/one1 ) ?91 irregul> coal seams 4 #dj ----- ,total 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a1hjj ,!re is also a compact1 cry/all9e1 gray lime/one ne> ! upp] portion ( ! s]ies1 :i* escap$ notice 9 ! cliffs4 ,at ! end ( ! ,p9nacle-pass cliffs1 h[ev]1 :]e ! rocks are turn$ nor?w>d by ! great fault :i* decides ! c\rse ( ! ,sew>d glaci]1 & dip ea/w>d at a high angle1 ! lime/one is well expos$1 & has a ?ickness ( ab\t #ej feet4 ,9 _m places ! surfaces ( ! lay]s are cov]$ ) fragm5ts ( l>ge ,pect5 %ells4 ,associat$ ) ! lime/one !re are r$di% %ales1 mu* cru%$ & brok51 & a peculi> conglom]ate4 ,! pebbles 9 ! conglom]ate are ( _m v>ieties1 & 7 obs]v$ at places along ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs4 ,_! mo/ m>k$ peculi>ity lies 9 ! fact t !y h be5 %e>$ by a movem5t 9 ! rocks & sometimes brok5 into sev]al fragm5ts :i* h be5 reunit$1 probably by pressure4 ,^! fault$ pebbles are *>act]i/ic ( ! /rata f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,simil> pebbles 7 aft]w>d obta9$ 9 ! ,m>v9e glaci] ne> its junction ) ! ,malasp9a glaci]1 ?us indicat+ t !re are o!r outcrops ( ! conglom]ate ab\t ,m\nt ,cook1 ne> :]e ! ,m>v9e glaci] #aga has its s\rce4 ,two qu>tz pebbles f ! conglom]ate ( ,p9nacle pass are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,! l>g] pebble 7%[n 9 figure #g7 is ( blui%-gray qu>tz1 & ! small] "o 7depict$ 9 figure #h7 is ( :ite qu>tz4 ,! fragm5ts into :i* !y h be5 brok5 are n[ firmly unit$4 ,! engrav+s are photo-me*anical 7,moss process7 reproductions f ! objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g--;,fault$ ,pebble f ,p9nacle ,pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h--;,fault$ ,pebble f ,p9nacle ,pass4 ,9 ! nor!rn & we/]n "p ( ! ,samov> hills ! rocks ( ! ,p9nacle sy/em aga9 appe>1 =m+ a bold angul> ridge1 curv+ s\?w>d & rea*+ ! bord] ( ! ,agassiz glaci]4 ,! s\!rn face ( ?is range is precipit\s &1 l ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs1 exhibits ! edges ( nor?w>d-dipp+ /rata4 ,its nor!rn & we/]n slopes are heavily sn[-b\nd4 ,x is 9 reality a cont9uation ( ! ,p9nacle pass fault1 b ?r[n out ( l9e by ! cross-fault :i* m>k$ out ! c\rse ( ! ,sew>d glaci]4 ,! ,yakutat & ,p9nacle sy/ems are s easily recogniz$ t _! di/ribution c be di/+ui%$ at a glance1 :5 ! outcrops are n conceal$ b5ea? ! ne>ly univ]sal cov]+ ( sn[4 ,! rocks ( ! ,yakutat s]ies are heavily b$d$ s&/ones & %ales1 & h 9 g5]al a light-br[n t9t2 :ile ! rocks ( ! ,p9nacle s]ies are ?9ly b$d$ & d>k 9 color1 appe>+ black at a di/ance4 ,! pres5ce ( a ,pect5 7,p4 caur9us 787 ,gld47 9 ! lime/one ( ! ,p9nacle s]ies has already be5 m5tion$4 ,o!r fossils 7 obta9$ f s&/ones & %ales at ! cre/ ( ! cliffs above ,p9nacle pass at an elevation ( #e1jjj feet4 ,^! #agb 7 submitt$ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 :o k9dly id5tifi$ !m z foll[s3 ,mya ar5>ia1 ,l42 ,mytilus edulis1 ,l42 ,l$a fossa1 ,baird1 or ,l4 m9uta1 ,fabr42 ,macoma inconspicua1 ,b4 & ,s42 ,c>dium isl&icum1 ,l42 ,litor9a atkana1 ,dall4 ,all ( ^! species are /at$ by ,dall to be /ill liv+ 9 ! oceanic wat]s ( ,alaska4 ,! v rec5t age ( ! rocks 9 :i* !y occur is ?us e/abli%$4 ,9 /rata closely connect$ ) ! lay]s 9 :i* ^! %ells 7 f\nd !re occur _m f9e leaf impressions1 a few ( :i* 7 br\ght away4 ,^! h be5 exam9$ by ,pr(essor ,l4 ,f4 ,w>d1 :o has id5tifi$ !m ) f\r species ( ,salix1 closely resembl+ liv+ species4 ,! report on ^! int]e/+ fossils =ms ,app5dix ,d4 ,! age indicat$ by bo? inv]tebrates & plants is late ,t]ti>y 7,plioc5e7 or e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,?is det]m9ation is ( great significance :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! /ructure ( ! region1 & %[s t ! m\nta9s 9 ! ,/4 ,elias region are "y4 ,n only 0 a "p1 at lea/1 ( ! ,p9nacle sy/em deposit$ dur+ ! life ( liv+ species ( mollusks1 b also ! :ole ( ! ,yakutat s]ies1 ! /ratigraphic position ( :i* is1 if my det]m9ation is correct1 above ! ,p9nacle sy/em4 ,aft] ! s$im5ts compos+ ! rocks ( ^! two s]ies 7 #agc deposit$ 9 ! sea z /rata ( s&1 mud1 etc41 !y 7 consolidat$1 ov]?ru/1 fault$1 & upheav$ into "o ( ! gr&e/ m\nta9 ridges on ! cont95t4 ,!n1 aft] ! m\nta9s _h rea*$ a consid]able height1 if n _! full gr[?1 ! sn[s ( w9t] fell ^u !m1 & glaci]s 7 born2 ! glaci]s increas$ to a maximum1 & _! surfaces rea*$ f a ?\s& to two ?\s& feet high] ?an n[ on ! m s\!rn m\nta9 spurs1 & aft]w>d sl[ly wa/$ away to _! pres5t dim5sions4 ,all ( ?is int]e/+ & v>i$ hi/ory has be5 enact$ dur+ ! life ( exi/+ species ( plants & animals4 ,! relative age ( ! ,yakutat & ,p9nacle s]ies is ! weake/ po9t 9 ! hi/ory sket*$ above4 ,! facts on :i* x re/s are z foll[s3 ,at ,p9nacle pass ! s&/ones & %ales =m+ ! s\!rn wall belong to ! ,yakutat sy/em & are mu* di/urb$1 :ile ! nor!rn wall1 or ! heav$ side ( ! fault1 is compos$ ( ! rocks ( ! ,p9nacle sy/em1 incl9$ nor?w>d at an angle ( #cj or #dj4 ,nor? ( ?is fault-sc>p1 9 ! foo?ills ( ,m\nt ,ow51 s&/ones & %ales1 seem+ly id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,yakutat sy/em1 aga9 occur1 al?\gh _! direct connection ) ! rocks s\? ( ,p9nacle pass 0 n obs]v$1 ow+ to ! sn[ t obscur$ ! outcrops4 ,aga9 at ,dome pass a simil> relation seems evid5t1 b _c be directly e/abli%$4 ,! imm$iate foo?ills ( ,m\nts ,augu/a1 ,malasp9a1 & ,/4 ,elias are also ( s&/one1 li?ologically ! same z ! ,yakutat s]ies4 ,! conclusion t ! ,yakutat sy/em is y\ng] ?an ! ,p9nacle-pass rocks 0 rea*$ 9 ! field aft] _m o!r hypo!ses _h be5 tri$ & f\nd want+1 & to my m9d x expla9s all ! obs]vations made4 ,ev5 %\ld ! suppos$ relations ( ! two s]ies "u discussion be rev]s$1 x w\ld /ill be true t a v l>ge "p ( ! rocks ( ! ,/4 ,elias region 7 deposit$ s9ce ! appe>ance ( liv+ species ( mollusks & plants1 & t ! prevail+ /ructure ( ! region 0 impos$ at a /ill lat] date4 ,?is w appe> m cle>ly aft] exam9+ ! /ructure ( ! region4 ,,/4 ,,elias ,,s*i/4 ,! rock =m+ sev]al ?\s& feet ( ! upp] portion ( ! ,/4 ,elias range is a s*i/ 9 :i* ! planes ( b$d+ #agd are pres]v$4 ,! dip ( ! /rata is nor!a/w>d1 & has ex]t$ a decid$ influ5ce on ! wea!r+ ( ! m\nta9 cre/s4 ,z ! opportunities = exam9+ ?is =mation 7 unsatisfactory1 a detail$ acc\nt ( x w n n[ be attempt$4 ,,geological ,,/ructure4 ,! abnormal ?ickness ( ! ,yakutat s]ies1 due to cru%+ & ov]?ru/1 has be5 ref]r$ to1 z has also ! sup]position ( ! ,/4 ,elias s*i/ ^u rock suppos$ to belong to ! ,yakutat sy/em4 ,! plane ( contact betwe5 ! s&/one & ! ov]ly+ s*i/ ( ! ,/4 ,elias range dips nor!a/w>d at an angle ( ab\t #ae1 correspond+1 z ne>ly z c be det]m9$1 ) ! dip ( ! /rata 9 ! s&/one itself4 ,all ( ! obs]vations made 9 ?is connection indicate t ! s*i/ has be5 ov]?ru/ ^u ! s&/ones4 ,aft] ?is took place ! great faults to :i* ! range owes its pres5t relief 7 =m$4 ,ab\t ,m\nt ,cook1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! elevat$ plateau ea/ ( ,yakutat bay1 ! conditions are diff]5t f ^? obs]v$ along ! base ( ! ,/4 ,elias range4 ,! only displacem5ts kn[n 9 ! ,yakutat sy/em s\? & ea/ ( ,p9nacle pass is ! great fault :i* presumably exi/s :]e ! rocks ( ! foo?ills disappe> b5ea? ! gravel & glaci]s ( ! ,pi$mont region1 ! faults ref]r$ to belong+ to ! same s]ies z ^? :i* det]m9e ! s\!rn & s\?we/]n bord]s ( ! ,/4 ,elias range & _m ( ! foo?ills s\? ( ! ma9 esc>pm5t4 ,besides ! great faults :i* tr5d f ,/4 ,elias t[>d ! nor!a/ & nor?we/1 !re are sev]al cross-faults1 "o ( :i* det]m9es ! position ( ! ,sew>d glaci] ?r\gh a portion ( its c\rse1 :ile ano!r m>ks out ! pa? ( ! ,agassiz glaci]2 & two o!rs may be recogniz$ j ea/ ( ! summit ( ,/4 ,elias1 :i* h dropp$ portions ( ! ea/]n end ( ! orographic block =m+ ! cr[n+ peak ( ! range4 ,! s\!rn face ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias is a fault-sc>p4 ,! m\nta9 itself is =m$ by ! upturn$ edge ( a fault$ block 9 :i* ! /ratification is incl9$ nor!a/w>d4 ,z has j be5 m5tion$1 ! m\nta9 /&s at ! int]section ( two l9es ( displacem5t1 "o tr5d+ 9 a nor!a/]ly & ! o!r 9 a nor?we/]ly direction4 ,! "o tr5d+ #age nor?we/w>d ext5ds beyond ! end ( ! nor!a/ fault4 ,! po9t ( union is at ! pass betwe5 ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias & ,m\nt ,newton4 ,! upturn$ block1 b\nd$ on ! s\?we/ by a great fault1 projects beyond ! junction ) ! nor!a/]ly fault4 ,x is ?is project+ end ( a ro(-l block t =ms ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,t ?is is ! case may be cle>ly se5 :5 view+ ! m\nta9 f ! glaci] ne> ! base ( ,m\nt ,ow54 ,su* a view is %[n on plate #bj4 ,! cre/-l9e ( ,/4 ,elias ext5ds ) a decreas+ grade nor?we/w>d f ! culm9at+ peak1 & ! nor!rn slope ( ! ridge is ! surface ( ! tilt$ block4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4 ,,mt4 ,,/4 ,,elias1 ,,f ,,! ,,sew>d ,,glaci]4 ,f :at has be5 /at$ already1 x w be se5 t ! ,/4 ,elias range is "y4 ,its upheaval1 z indicat$ by our pres5t k1 0 s9ce ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,! break+ ( ! rocks & _! upheaval is an ev5t ( su* rec5t date t erosion has sc>cely modifi$ ! =ms :i* ! m\nta9s _h at _! bir?4 ,! =mation ( glaci]s foll[$ ! elevation ( ! region s quickly1 t !re 0 no opportunity = /reams to act4 ,! ice dra9age is consequ5t ^u ! geological /ructure1 & has made b slight *anges 9 ! topography due to t /ructure4 ,ab\t ,m\nt ,cook1 & 9 ! elevat$ plateau ea/ ( ,yakutat bay1 !re has be5 deep] erosion ?an ab\t ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,! glaci]s 9 ?is region occupy deep valleys radiat+ f ! high] peaks2 b :e!r ^! are really valleys ( erosion is n def9itely kn[n4 ,9 "s in/ances1 *anges ( dip on opposite sides ( ! valleys indicate t !y may 9 "p be due to fault+2 b1 ow+ pr9cipally to ! fact t e bas9 has its glaci]1 x has n be5 practicable1 up to ! pres5t "t1 to det]m9e h[ !y 7 =m$4 ,! cre/s ( ! m\nta9s are always %>p & angul>1 by reason ( ! rapid wea!r+ ( _! expos$ summits1 b :ile dis9tegration is rapid1 no evid5ces ( pron\nc$ decay are noticeable4 ,! peaks on ! summits ( ! ,/4 ,elias range are ei!r pyramids or ro(-l cre/s ) triangul> gables4 ,^! =ms h result$ f ! wea!r+ ( s*i/ 9 :i* ! planes ( b$d+ are cross$ by l9es ( jo9t+4 #agf ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,glaci]s ,,( ,,! ,,/4 ,,elias ,,region4 ,,natural ,,divisions ,,( ,,glaci]s4 ,! glaci]s ( ! ,/4 ,elias region =m two gr\ps4 ,! ice-/reams f ! m\nta9 are ( ! type f\nd 9 ,switz]l&1 & h5ce t]m$ ,alp9e glaci]s4 ,! great plateau ( ice along ! ocean =m$ by ! union & expansion ( ,alp9e glaci]s f ! m\nta9s belongs to a class n previ\sly describ$1 b :i* 9 ?is pap] h be5 call$ ,pi$mont glaci]s4 ,! repres5tative ( ! latt] type betwe5 ,yakutat bay & ,icy bay is ! ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,bo? types are to be di/+ui%$ f ,cont95tal glaci]s4 ,,alp9e ,,glaci]s4 ,! glaci]s 9 ! m\nta9s are all ( "o type1 b pres5t great div]sity 9 _! second>y features1 & might be sep>at$ into ?ree or f\r subord9ate divisions4 ,! great trunk glaci]s h _m tribut>ies1 & dra9 ! sn[s f ! m\nta9s ?r\gh broad *annels1 :i* are ( l[ grade ?r\gh\t all ! l[] portions ( _! c\rses4 ,besides ! trunk glaci]s & ! second>y glaci]s :i* fl[ into !m1 !re are _m small] glaci]s :i* d n jo9 ! ma9 /reams1 b t]m9ate 9 ! gorges or on ! expos$ m\nta9 sides 9 :i* !y orig9ate4 ,^! h ne>ly all ! features ( ! l>g] /reams1 b are n ( suffici5t volume to become riv]s ( ice4 ,a m9or division ( ,alp9e glaci]s = :i* x is conv5i5t to h a special "n includes ^? t end 9 ! sea &1 break+ (f1 =m iceb]gs4 ,^! may be designat$ z tide-wat] glaci]s4 ,typical examples ( ?is class are furni%$ by ! ,dalton & ,hubb>d glaci]s1 b o!r ice-/reams hav+ ! same *>act]i/ics occur 9 ,glaci] bay1 9 ,taku inlet1 & at ! heads ( sev]al ( ! deep fjords along ! coa/ ( s\!a/]n ,alaska4 #agg ,a noticeable feature ( ! ,alp9e glaci]s ( ,alaska is t !y exp& on pass+ beyond ! valleys ?r\gh :i* !y fl[ & =m delta-l accumulations ( ice on ! pla9s bel[4 ,?is expansion takes place irrespective ( ! direction 9 :i* ! glaci]s fl[1 &1 s f> z may be judg$ f ! _m examples exam9$1 is indep5d5t ( ! dbris t cov]s !m4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t none ( ! ,alaskan glaci]s ?us f> /udi$ %[ m>k$ inequalities 9 ! di/ribution ( ! mora9es ^u _! surfaces4 ,%\ld "o side ( a glaci]1 on leav+ a caon1 be heavily load$ ) m>g9al mora9es1 :ile ! opposite bord] 0 unprotect$1 x is to be presum$ t a deflection ( ! ice w\ld take place simil> to ! *ange 9 direction record$ by ! mora9es ab\t ,mono lake1 ,cali=nia4#cd ,! normal t5d5cy ( ice1 :5 n conf9$1 to exp& 9 all directions & =m a plateau is illu/rat$ on a gr& scale by ! ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,footnote #cd3 ,eigh? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ahhi1 "p ,i1 pp4 #cfj-cff4 ,! mo/ important ice-/reams ab\t ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias & ,m\nt ,cook are indicat$ on ! map =m+ plate #h4 ,! ,t9dall1 ,guyot1 & ,libbey glaci]s & ! l[] "p ( ! ,agassiz glaci] !re repres5t$ are tak5 f a map publi%$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,topham4#ce ,all ( ! o!r glaci]s indicat$ on ! map 7 ha/ily survey$ dur+ ! pres5t exp$ition & are describ$ to "s ext5t 9 ! accompany+ n>rative4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( ^! is ! "o nam$ ! ,sew>d ,glaci]4 ,footnote #ce3 ,alp9e ,j\rnal1 ,london1 vol4 ,,xiv1 #ahhg1 pl4 op4 p4 #cei4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,sew>d ,glaci] is ( ! ,alp9e type1 & is ! l>ge/ tribut>y ( ! ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,its l5g? is approximately #dj miles1 & its wid? 9 ! n>r[e/ "p1 opposite ,camp f\rte51 is ab\t #c miles4 ,! ma9 amphi!atre f :i* its dra9age is d]iv$ is nor? ( ,m\nt ,ow5 & betwe5 ,m\nt ,irv+ & ,m\nt ,logan4 ,! g5]al surface ( ! broad level floor ( ?is nv field has an elevation ( approximately #e1jjj feet4 ,! sn[ f ! nor!rn & we/]n sides ( ,m\nt ,irv+1 f ! nor!rn slope ( ,m\nt ,ow51 & f num]\s valleys & caons 9 ! va/ semicircle ( t[]+ peaks jo9+ ^! two m\nta9s1 unite to =m ! great glaci]4 ,!re is ano!r amphi!atre betwe5 ,m\nt ,ow5 & ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs suppli$ pr9cipally by sn[s #agh f ! nor?we/]n slope ( ,m\nt ,cook1 :i* s5ds a va/ flood ( ice & sn[ into ! ma9 dra9age *annel4 ,o!r tribut>y glaci]s desc5d ! /eep slopes ( ,m\nt ,augu/a & ,m\nt ,malasp9a1 & a less] tribut>y fl[s ea/w>d f ,dome pass4 ,all ( ^! ice-dra9age l9es conv]ge t[>d ! n>r[ outlet ( ,camp #ad 7plate #h7 & dis*>ge s\?w>d d[n a mod]ately /eep desc5t sev]al miles 9 l5g?4 ,bel[ ,camp #ad !re are o!r nv fields bord]+ ! glaci]1 :i* contribute no insignificant am\nt ( ice & sn[ to its mass4 ,betwe5 ! extremity ( ! ,hit*cock range & ! ,samov> hills ! pa? ( ! glaci] is aga9 contract$ & greatly brok5 z x desc5ds to ! plateau bel[4 ,! ,sew>d glaci]1 l all ice riv]s ( its class1 has its nv region above1 & its ice region bel[4 ,! limit betwe5 ! two is ! l[] m>g9 ( ! summ] sn[1 & occurs j above ! ice-fall betwe5 ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,hit*cock range & ! ,samov> hills4 ,all ! nv region is pure :ite & )\t mora9es1 except at ! imm$iate bases ( ! mo/ precipit\s cliffs4 ,at ! bases ( ! ,corw9 cliffs1 :i* rise fully #b1jjj feet above its bord]1 no dbris c be di/+ui%$ ev5 9 midsumm]4 ,an abs5ce ( mora9es along ! base ( ,p9nacle pass cliffs 0 also notic$ dur+ our fir/ visit1 b :5 we return$ ov] ! same r\te 9 ,septemb] ! melt+ ( ! sn[ _h reveal$ _m l>ge pat*es ( dirt & dis9tegrat$ rock4 ,9 sev]al places ne> ! bases ( /eep cliffs1 /rata ( dirty ice1 conta9+ _m /ones1 7 obs]v$ 9 deep crevasses4 ,x 0 evid5t t va/ quantities ( dbris 7 seal$ up 9 ! ice along ! bord]s ( ! glaci]1 only to appe> at ! surface f> d[n ! /ream :]e summ] melt+ exce$s ! w9t] accumulation4 ,! surface ( ! glaci] bel[ ! l[] fall is compos$ ( solid ice ) blue & :ite b&s1 & has broad mora9es along its bord]s4 ,! c\rse ( ! glaci]1 aft] ent]+ ! great plateau ( ice to :i* x is tribut>y1 may be trac$ = _m miles by ! b&s ( dbris along its sides4 ,^! mora9es belong to ! ,malasp9a glaci]1 & h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,at ! outlet ( ! upp] amphi!atre1 ab\t #f miles above ,m\nt ,ow51 !re is an ice-fall :i* ext5ds completely across ! glaci]4 ,bel[ ! p9nacles & crevasses =m$ by ?is fall ! ice is recem5t$ & fl[s on ) a broad1 g5tly #agi desc5d+ surface1 ga%$1 h[ev]1 by ?\s&s ( crevasses1 z %[n 9 plate #bj1 to ! end ( ! ,p9nacle pass cliffs4 ,x !re f9ds a m rapid desc5t1 & becomes crevass$ 9 an int]e/+ way4 ,! slope is n suffici5t to be t]m$ a fall1 b causes a rapid 9 ! ice-/ream4 ,! *ange ( grade 9 ! b$ ( ! glaci] is fir/ felt ab\t a mile above ,camp #ad4 ,a s]ies ( crevasses !re beg9s1 :i* ext5ds f\r or five miles d[n-/ream4 ,at fir/ ! cracks are n>r[1 & tr5d up/ream 9 ! mann] usual ) m>g9al crevasses4 ,soon ! cracks f ! opposite sides meet 9 ! c5t] & =m a s+le crevasse1 b5d+ up/ream 9 ! middle4 ,a little l[] d[n1 ! crevasse becomes /raight1 %[+ t ! ice 9 ! c5t] ( ! curr5t fl[s m rapidly ?an at ! sides4 ,! m rapid movem5t ( ! c5t] is indicat$ by ! =m ( ! crevasses all ! way d[n ! rapid4 ,aft] becom+ /raight !y b[ 9 ! c5t] & =m semi-lun> ga%es1 wide/ 9 ! c5t] & curv+ up-/ream at ea* extremity4 ,/ill f>!r d[n !y become m & m b5t 9 ! c5t] & at ! same "t greatly increas$ 9 bread?4 ,/ill l[] ! curve becomes an angle & ! crevasses are ,v-%ap$1 ! arr[-l po9t direct$ d[n-/ream4 ,^! p>allel ,v-%ap$ ga%es set 9 ord]1 "o 9 front ( ! o!r1 are :at gives ! glaci] ! appe>ance ( wat]$ ribbon :5 se5 f a di/ance4 ,) ! *ange 9 direction & curvature ( ! crevasses1 !re is an accompany+ *ange 9 color4 ,! cracks 9 ! upp] "p ( ! rapid are 9 a :ite surface & run d[n into ice t looks d>k & blue by contra/4 ,l[] d[n1 z ! cracks increase 9 wid?1 broad :ite tables are left betwe5 !m4 ,cross-fractures are =m$1 & ! sides ( ! table beg9 to crumble 9 & fill up ! gaps betwe54 ,z ! surface melts ! tables lose _! pure :it5ess & become du/-cov]$ & yell[2 b ! blocks fall+ into ! crevasses expose fre% surfaces1 & fill ! gulfs ) pure :ite ice4 ,9 ?is way ! color ( ! sides ( ! crevasses *anges f deep blue to :ite1 :ile ! g5]al surface loses its purity & becomes du/-cov]$4 ,f> d[n ! rapid :]e ! ,v-%ap$ crevasses are mo/ po9t$1 ! tables h crumbl$ away & fill$ up ! gulfs betwe51 s t ! wat]$-ribbon patt]n is di/+ui%$ by color alone4 ,! sc>s ( ! crevasses =m$ above are %[n by :ite b&s on a d>k du/-cov]$ #ahj surface4 ,be=e ! l[] fall is rea*$ ne>ly all traces ( ! ?\s&s ( fissures =m$ 9 ! rapids above h disappe>$4 ,on look+ d[n on ! rapids f any comm&+ po9t1 ! def9ite arrangem5t ( ! crevasses along ! c5t] ( ! ice-/ream at once attracts att5tion1 & _! ord] sugge/s a rapid c5tral curr5t 9 ! /ream4 ,bel[ ,camp #ad1 = at lea/ two or ?ree miles1 z well z at _m places above t po9t1 ! ,sew>d glaci] fl[s betwe5 banks ( sn[4 ,along its bord] !re are m>g9al crevasses tr5d+ up-/ream1 & 9 ! adjac5t banks !re are simil> breaks tr5d+ d[n-/ream4 ,:]e ! two sy/ems meet !re is a l9e ( irregul> crevasses1 exce$+ly difficult to cross1 :i* m>k ! actual bord] ( ! fl[+ ice4 ,a simil> arrangem5t ( m>g9al crevasses & ( %ore crevasses has be5 ref]r$ to 9 connection ) ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 & 0 obs]v$ 9 _m o!r in/ances4 ,:ile occupy+ ,camp #ad we c\ld he> ! murmur ( wat]s f> d[n 9 ! glaci] bel[ our t5t1 b !re 7 no surface /reams visible4 ,cra%+ & rumbl+ noises made by ! sl[ly mov+ ice frequ5tly attract$ our att5tion1 & sometimes at night we w\ld be awak5$ by a dull ?ud1 accompani$ by a trembl+ ( ! rocks b5ea? u1 z if a slight e>?quake _h occurr$4 ,occasionally a p9nacle ( ice w\ld fall & be engulf$ 9 ! crevasses at its base4 ,^! evid5ces ( *ange indicat$ t movem5ts 9 ! ,sew>d glaci] 7 con/antly 9 progress4 ,a %ort base-l9e 0 measur$ & sights tak5 to well-m>k$ po9ts 9 ! ,sew>d glaci] = ! purpose ( measur+ its motion4 ,! angles betwe5 ! base-l9e & l9es ( sight to ! *os5 po9ts 7 read on sev]al successive days1 b :5 ^! obs]vations 7 comp>$ !y gave discrepant results4 ,! measurem5ts :i* seem$ mo/ reliable indicate t ! c5tral "p ( ! ice-/ream has a movem5t ( ab\t tw5ty feet a day4 ,?is is to be tak5 only z an approximation1 :i* ne$s to be v]ifi$ be=e mu* weight c be atta*$ to x4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,alp9e ,,glaci]s ,,above ,,! ,,sn[-,,l9e4 ,! surface ( ! nv is :ite1 except ne> its l[] limit 9 late summ]1 :]e x frequ5tly becomes cov]$ ) du/ #aha bl[n f neighbor+ cliffs4 ,x is almo/ entirely free f mora9es1 b at ! bases ( /eep slopes small areas ( dbris sometimes appe> at ! surface :5 ! ye>ly melt+ has rea*$ its maximum4 ,! abs5ce ( mora9es is accompani$ by an abs5ce ( glacial tables1 s&-cones & o!r details ( glacial surfaces due to diff]5tial melt+4 ,/reams seldom appe> at ! surface1 = ! reason t usually ! wat] produc$ by surface melt+ is quickly absorb$ by ! por\s /rata b5ea?2 yet ! crevasses are frequ5tly fill$ ) wat]1 & sometimes %all[ lakes ( deep blue occur at ! bottoms ( ! amphi!atres & =m a m>k$ contra/ to ! ev5 :ite ( ! g5]al surface4 ,crevasses are pres5t or abs5t accord+ to ! slope ( ! surface on :i* ! nv re/s4 ,9 ! crevasses ! edges ( horizontal lay]s ( granul> ice are exhibit$1 %[+ t ! nv d[n to a dep? ( at lea/ "o or two hundr$ feet is horizontally /ratifi$4 ,9 ! ,/4 ,elias region ! /rata are mo/ frequ5tly f t5 to fifte5 feet ?ick1 b 9 a few in/ances lay]s )\t p>t+s ov] fifty feet ?ick 7 se54 ,! surface is always ( :ite1 granul> ice1 b 9 ! crevasses ! lay]s ne> ! bottom appe> m compact & blu] 9 color ?an ^? ne> ! surface4 ,"s ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! nv are due to ! crevasses t break _! surfaces4 ,! ord]ly arrangem5t ( m>g9al crevasses & ( ! int]ior crevasses at ! rapids 9 ! ,sew>d glaci] h already be5 ref]r$ to2 b !re are /ill o!r crevasses1 especially 9 ! broad1 g5tly slop+ portions ( ! sn[-fields :]e ! motion is slight1 :i*1 al?\gh less regul> 9 _! arrangem5t1 are fully z int]e/+4 ,! crevasses on su* slopes g5]ally run at "r angles to ! direction 9 :i* ! sn[ is mov+4 ,on look+ d[n on su* a surface1 ! breaks look l long cle>-cut ga%es :i* h /ret*$ op5 9 ! c5t]1 b tap] to a %>p po9t at ea* end4 ,! ability ( ! nv ice to /ret* to a limit$ ext5t is ?us cle>ly %[n4 ,! initiation ( ! crevasses seems to be due to ! movem5t ( ! nv ice ov] a surface 9 :i* !re are inequalities ( su* magnitude t ! ice _c /ret* suffici5tly to all[ x to accommodate itself to !m1 s t /ra9s are produc$ :i* result 9 fractures at "r angles to ! l9e ( g5]al movem5t4 ,crevasses f\nd :]e ! grade is g5tle v>y f a fraction ( an in* to #aj or #ae feet 9 wid?1 & are sometimes two or ?ree #ahb ?\s& feet long4 ,broad] gulfs are seldom =m$ unless ! slope has an incl9ation ( #ae or #bj4 ,! gr&e/ crevasses are 9 ! high] portions ( ! nv1 & occur especially on ! bord]s ( ! great amphi!atres4 ,9 su* situations ! crevasses are usually few] 9 numb] b are ( great] size ?an 9 equal areas l[] d[n4 ,a l5g? ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& feet & a bread? ( fifty feet or m is n uncommon4 ,! f9e/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic glacial sc5]y is f\nd among ^! great caon-l breaks4 ,/&+ on ! bord] ( "o ( ! gulfs1 z ne> ! br9k z "o c>es to v5ture1 _! full dep? _c usually be se54 ,9 "s in/ances !y are p>tially fill$ ) wat] ( ! deepe/ blue1 9 :i* ! ice-walls are reflect$ ) su* wond]ful di/9ctness t x is impossible to tell :]e ! ice ends & its c\nt]feit beg9s4 ,! walls ( ! crevasses are mo/ frequ5tly %e] cliffs ( /ratifi$ ice1 ) occasional ornam5tations1 =m$ ( ice-cry/als or a p5d5t icicle4 ,aft] a /orm !y are frequ5tly decorat$ 9 ! mo/ beautiful mann] ) fretwork & cornice ( sn[4 ,! bridges spann+ ! crevasses are usually diagonal sliv]s ( ice left :]e ! clefts ov]lap2 b at times1 especially 9 ! case ( ! l>g] crevasses1 !re are true ar*es resembl+ ! ,natural ,bridge ( ,virg9ia1 b on a l>g] scale1 spann+ ! blue caons & add+ greatly to _! /range1 fairy-l beauty4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ^! cracks is _! wond]ful color4 ,all t9ts1 f ! pure :ite ( _! cry/al lips d[n to ! deepe/ blue ( _! inn]mo/ recesses1 are reveal$ 9 ea* ga% & r5t 9 ! h>d5$ sn[4 ,above ! sn[-l9e all ( ! m\nta9 tops t are n precipit\s are heavily load$ ) sn[4 ,:]e ! sn[ breaks (f at ! v]ge ( a precipice & desc5ds 9 avalan*es a dep? ( m ?an a hundr$ feet is frequ5tly reveal$1 b 9 ! valleys & amphi!atres ! sn[ has f> great] ?ickness4 ,p9nacles & cre/s ( rock1 ris+ ?r\gh ! icy cov]+1 indicate t ! ?ickness ( ! nv mu/ be _m hundr$s ( feet4 ,!re are no evid5ces ( =m] glaciation on ! m\nta9 cre/s :i* project above ! nv fields4 ,!re are no poli%$ & /riat$ rock surfaces or glaciat$ domes to indicate t ! m\nta9s 7 ev] cov]$ by a g5]al capp+ ( ice1 z has be5 po/ulat$ = simil> m\nta9s else:]e4 ,:5 ! #ahc glaci]s _h _! greate/ expansion ! high] m\nta9s 7 9 ab\t _! pres5t condition4 ,! increase 9 ! volume ( ! glaci]s 0 felt almo/ entirely 9 _! l[] c\rses4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,alp9e ,,glaci]s ,,bel[ ,,! ,,sn[-,,l9e4 ,! fir/ feature t attracts att5tion on desc5d+ f ! nv region to ! m icy portion ( ! glaci]s is ! rapid melt+ ev]y:]e tak+ place4 ,e day dur+ ! summ] ! murmur & ro> ( rills1 brooks & riv]s are to be he>d 9 all ( ! ice-fields4 ,! surface /reams are usually %ort1 on acc\nt ( ! crevasses :i* int]cept !m4 ,!y plunge into ! gulfs1 :i* are _m times wid5$ out by ! fl[+ wat]s s z to =m wells1 or m\l9s1 & jo9 ! g5]al dra9age b5ea?4 ,! /reams !n fl[ ei!r ?r\gh cav]ns 9 ! glaci]s or 9 tunnels at ! bottoms4 ,:ile trav]s+ ! glaci] "o may frequ5tly he> ! subdu$ ro> ( riv]s c\rs+ along 9 ! d>k *amb]s b5ea? :5 no o!r indication ( _! exi/5ce appe>s at ! surface4 ,:5 ^! subglacial /reams em]ge1 usually ne> ! m>g9 ( ! ice1 !y issue f ar*ways =m+ ! ends ( tunnels1 & p]haps fl[ = a mile or two 9 ! sunlight be=e plung+ into ano!r tunnel to cont9ue _! way z be=e4 ,! be/ example ( a glacial riv] se5 dur+ our exploration 0 ne> ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,lucia glaci]4 ,x is %[n 9 ! illu/ration =m+ plate #ab1 :i* is reproduc$ me*anically f a photograph4 ,?is ,/yx ( ! ice-_w has be5 describ$ on an e>li] page4 ,! lakes =m$ at ! s\!rn end ( ne>ly e m\nta9 spur project+ into ! ,malasp9a glaci] dis*>ge ?r\gh tunnels 9 ! ice1 :i* are simil> 9 e way to ^? =m$ by ! /ream already m5tion$4 ,9 ! b$s ( ! glacial /reams !re are deposits ( s& & gravel1 & :5 ! /reams exp& into lakes ^! deposits are spread ov] _! bottoms 9 m or less regul> %eets4 ,:5 /reams f ! m\nta9s empty into ! lakes1 deltas are =m$4 ,:ile ^! deltas h ! same *>act]i/ics z ^? built 9 m /able wat] bodies1 _m *anges 9 detail occur1 ow+ to ! fluctuation ( ! wat] level4 #ahd ,"o ( ! tunnels lead+ to a dry lake-b$ at ! end ( ! ,hit*cock range 0 explor$ = sev]al rods & f\nd to be a high1 ar*+ cav]n foll[+ a tortu\s c\rse1 & l>ge en\gh to all[ "o to drive a coa* & f\r ?r\gh x )\t dang] ( collision4 ,its floor 0 =m$ ( gravel & b[ld]s1 & its ar*+ ro( 0 cle> ice4 ,"h & !re ! c\rses ( crevasses c\ld be trac$ by ! /ones & f9] dbris t _h fall5 9 f above1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( ve9s 9 a m9e4 ,! deposit on ! floor ( ! tunnel re/$ ^u ice1 & w\ld c]ta9ly be greatly di/urb$ & brok5 up be=e rea*+ a f9al re/+ place 9 case ! glaci] %\ld melt4 ,9 ! lake bas9s1 also1 ! s& & gravel =m+ _! bottoms frequ5tly re/$ ^u sub/rata ( ice1 & are greatly di/urb$ :5 ! ice melts4 ,at ! ends ( ! glaci]s ! subglacial & intraglacial dra9age issues f tunnels & =ms muddy /reams4 ,^! usually fl[ out f ! foot ( a precipice ( ice1 d[n :i* rills are cont9ually trickl+4 ,! /reams fl[+ away f ! glaci]s are usually rapid1 ow+ to ! high grade ( _! built-up *annels1 & sweep away l>ge quantities ( dbris :i* is deposit$ along _! c\rses4 ,! /reams wid5 & bifurcate z !y fl[ seaw>d1 & spread va/ quantities ( b[ld]s1 s&1 & gravel ov] ! c\ntry to ! "r & left1 n infrequ5tly invad+ ! =e/s & bury+ ! /ill upright trees4 ,! deposits =m$ by ! /reams are ( ! nature ( alluvial fans1 ov] :i* ! wat]s me&] 9 a ?\s& *annels4 ,:]e ?is action has tak5 place long en\gh ! alluvial fans end 9 deltas2 b %\ld !re be a curr5t 9 ! sea1 ! dbris is c>ri$ away & =m$ into bea*es & b>s along adjac5t %ores4 ,%\ld ^! glaci]s disappe>1 x is evid5t t ^! great b[ld] wa%es w\ld =m peculi> topographic features1 unsupport$ at ! apexes1 & x might be p]plex+ to det]m9e f :5ce came ! wat]s t deposit$ !m4 ,i am n aw>e t simil> wa%es h be5 recogniz$ along ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,laur5tide glaci]s1 b !y %\ld c]ta9ly be expect$ to occur !re4 ,ano!r v /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! glaci]s above & bel[ ! sn[-l9e is due to ! preval5ce ( dbris on ! l[] portion4 ,! melt+ t takes place #ahe bel[ ! sn[-l9e removes ! ice & leaves ! rocks4 ,9 ?is mann] ! /ones previ\sly conceal$ 9 ! nv are conc5trat$ at ! surface1 & f9ally =m %eets ( dbris _m miles 9 ext5t4 ,s f> z my obs]vations g1 !re is no?+ to indicate t /ones are br\ght to ! surface by any o!r means ?an ! "o "h sugge/$4 ,upw>d curr5ts 9 ! ice t w\ld br+ /ones to ! surface h be5 po/ulat$ by c]ta9 writ]s1 b no?+ su/a9+ su* an hypo!sis has be5 f\nd 9 ,alaska4 ,! mora9es on ! l[] extremities ( ! ,alp9e glaci]s may frequ5tly be sep>at$ into individual ridges1 :i* 9 _m in/ances w\ld furni% in/ructive /udies2 b 9 no case has ! hi/ory ( ^! accumulations be5 work$ out 9 detail4 ,) ! appe>ance ( mora9es at ! surface come a great v>iety ( ph5om5a due to unequal melt+4 ,ridges ( ice %ea!d ) dbris1 glacial tables1 s& cones1 etc41 ev]y:]e attract ! att5tion2 b ^! features are v simil> on all glaci]s :]e ! summ]'s wa/e exce$s ! w9t]'s increase1 & h be5 _m times describ$4 ,! g5]al di/ribution ( ! mora9es ( ! l[] portion ( ! ,alp9e glaci]s ( ! ,/4 ,elias region m]its att5tion4 ,! mora9es !mselves exhibit features n yet obs]v$ 9 o!r regions4 ,f ,dis5*antm5t bay we/w>d to ! ,sew>d glaci] ! l[] portions ( ! ice-/reams are cov]$ & conceal$ by %eets ( dbris4 ,ab\t _! m>g9s ! dbris fields support luxuriant vegetation1 & n infrequ5tly are s d5sely clo!d ) fl[]s t a t9t is giv5 to _! rugg$ surfaces4 ,on ! extreme out] m>g9s ( ! mora9es !re are sometimes ?ickets & =e/s s d5se z to be almo/ imp5etrable4 ,! be/ example ( =e/-cov]$ mora9es re/+ on liv+ glaci]s1 h[ev]1 is f\nd along ! bord]s ( ! ,malasp9a ice-field4 ,,pi$mont ,,glaci]s4 ,?is type is repres5t$ 9 ! region explor$ by ! ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,?is is a plateau ( ice hav+ an area ( betwe5 #ejj & #fjj squ>e miles1 & a surface elevation 9 ! c5tral "p ( betwe5 #a1ejj & #a1fjj feet4 ,x is f$ by ! ,agassiz1 ,sew>d1 ,m>v9e1 & ,hayd5 glaci]s1 & is ( su* volume t #ahf x has app>5tly displac$ ! sea & holds x back by a wall ( dbris deposit$ ab\t its m>g94 ,all ( its c5tral portion is ( cle> :ite ice1 & ar\nd all its m>g9s1 except+ :]e ! ,agassiz & ,sew>d glaci]s come 91 x is b\nd$ by a fr+e ( dbris & by mora9es re/+ on ! ice4 ,along ! seaw>d bord] ! belt ( fr++ mora9es is ab\t five miles broad4 ,! inn] m>g9 ( ! mora9e belt is compos$ ( rocks & dirt1 )\t vegetation1 & sep>at$ m or less completely into belts by /rips ( cle> ice4 ,on go+ f ! cle> ice t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! glaci] "o f9ds %rubs & fl[]s scatt]$ "h & !re ov] ! surface4 ,f>!r seaw>d ! vegetation becomes m d5se & ! fl[]s cov] ! :ole surface1 giv+ x ! appe>ance ( a luxuriant mead[4 ,/ill f>!r t[>d ! m>g9 d5se clumps ( ald]1 ) scatt]$ spruce trees1 become conspicu\s1 :ile on ! out] m>g9 spruce trees ( l>g] size =m a v]itable =e/4 ,t ?is vegetation actually gr[s on ! mora9es above a liv+ glaci] is prov$ beyond all "q by holes & crevasses :i* reveal ! ice b5ea?4 ,! curi\s lakes scatt]$ abundantly ov] ! mora9e-cov]$ areas1 & occupy+ h\r-glass-%ap$ depressions 9 ! ice1 h already be5 describ$4 ,f ! s\!rn end ( ! ,samov> hills1 :]e ! ,sew>d & ,agassiz glaci]s unite1 !re is a comp\nd mora9e /ret*+ s\?w>d1 :i* divides at its di/al extremity & =ms great curves & swirl-l figures indicat+ curr5ts 9 ! glaci]4 ,all ! c5tral "p ( ! plateau is1 z already /at$1 ( cle> :ite ice1 free f mora9es2 at a di/ance x has ! appe>ance ( a broad sn[ surface4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! ice is melt$ & honey-comb$ dur+ ! w>m summ] & ! surface becomes vesicul> & loses its b&$ /ructure4 ,a r\gh1 coral-l cru/1 due to ! freez+ ( ! portions melt$ dur+ ! day1 frequ5tly cov]s l>ge areas & resembles a ?ick ho>-fro/4 ,crevasses are num]\s1 b seldom m ?an a few feet deep4 ,!y appe> to be ! l[] portions ( deep crevasses 9 ! tribut>y /reams :i* h p>tially clos$1 or else n completely remov$ by ! melt+ & evaporation ( ! surface4 ,_m ( ! crevasses are fill$ ) wat]1 b !re are no surface /reams & no lakes4 ,melt+ is rapid dur+ ! w>m #ahg summ] days1 b ! wat] f9ds its way d[n into ! glaci] & jo9s ! g5]al subglacial dra9age4 ,x is evid5t t ! /reams b5ea? ! surface mu/ be ( l>ge size1 z !y furni% ! only means ( escape = ! wat]s fl[+ b5ea? ! ,agassiz1 ,sew>d & ,m>v9e glaci]s1 z well z = ! wat]s =m$ by ! melt+ ( ! great ,malasp9a glaci]4 ,! out] bord]s ( ! ,malasp9a glaci] are practically /ation>y1 b !re are curr5ts 9 its c5tral "p4 ,l ! exp&$ ends ( "s ( ! ,alp9e glaci]s1 z ! ,galiano & ,lucia glaci]s1 = example1 ?is glaci] is ( ! nature ( a delta ( ice1 analog\s 9 _m ( its features to riv] deltas4 ,z a /ream 9 me&]+ ov] its delta builds up "o portion aft] ano!r1 s ! curr5ts 9 an exp&$ ice-foot may n[ foll[ "o direction & deposit loads ( dbris1 & !n sl[ly *ange s z to occupy o!r positions4 ,?is action t5ds to de/roy ! individuality ( mora9al belts & to =m g5]al %eets ( dbris4 ,! pres5ce ( su* curr5ts z "h sugge/$ has n be5 prov$ by measurem5ts1 b ! great swirls 9 ! ,malasp9a glaci] & ! tongues ( cle> ice 9 ! upp] portions ( ! dbris fields on ! small] glaci]s /rongly sugge/ _! exi/5ce4 ,! ,malasp9a glaci] is evid5tly n erod+ its b$2 any records t x is mak+ mu/ be by deposition4 ,%\ld ! glaci] melt away completely1 x is evid5t t a surface =m$ ( glacial dbris1 & v simil> to t n[ exi/+ 9 ! =e/$ plateau ea/ ( ,yakutat bay1 w\ld be reveal$4 ,! =m] ext5t ( ! ,malasp9a glaci] _c be det]m9$1 b x is probable t dur+ its greate/ expansion x ext5d$ seaw>d until deep wat] 0 rea*$1 & broke (f 9 b]gs 9 ! same mann] z d ! ,gre5l& glaci]s at ! pres5t day4 ,s\nd+s 9 ! adjac5t wat]s might possibly det]m9e approximately ! =m] position ( ! ice-front1 & x is possible t subm>9e mora9es might be discov]$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,pimpluna reefs1 report$ by ,russian navigators & indicat$ on _m maps1 may possibly be a remnant ( ! mora9e left by ! ,pi$mont glaci] f ! adjac5t coa/4 ,! glaci]s we/ ( ,icy bay 7 se5 f ! top ( ,p9nacle pass cliffs1 & are evid5tly ( ! same "* z ! ,malasp9a glaci] & fully z ext5sive4 ,a /udy ( ^! #ahh ,pi$mont glaci]s w c]ta9ly ?r[ mu* light on ! int]pretations ( ! glacial records ov] nor!a/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,_! value 9 ?is connection is enhanc$ by ! fact t !y are n[ retreat+ & mak+ deposits r ?an remov+ previ\s geological records4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! exp$ition ( la/ summ] 0 a ha/y reconnoissance1 dur+ :i* b little detail "w c\ld be und]tak54 ,! actual /udy ( ! ice-fields ( ! ,/4 ,elias region rema9s = ^? :o come lat]4 #ahi ,,"p ,v4 ,,height ,,& ,,position ,,( ,,m\nt ,,/4 ,,elias4 ,! height & position ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias h be5 measur$ sev]al times dur+ ! pa/ c5tury ) v>y+ results4 ,! measurem5ts made prior to ! exp$ition ( #ahij h be5 summ>iz$ & discuss$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 & little m c be done at pres5t ?an give an ab/ract ( 8 report4 ,! v>i\s det]m9ations are %[n 9 ! table bel[4 ,! data f :i* ^! results 7 obta9$ h n be5 publi%$1 ) ! exception ( ! surveys made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey 9 #ahgd1 pr9t$ 9 report ( ! sup]9t5d5t = #ahge4 ,height & ,position ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,date4 ,au?ority4 ,height4 ,latitude4 ,longitude ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aghf ,la ,pr\se #ab1fgb feet #fj #ae' #jj #adj #aj' #jj #agia ,malasp9a #ag1hea #fj #ag #ce #adj #eb #ag #agid ,vanc\v] ----------- #fj #bb #cj #adj #ci #jj #ahdg ,russian ,hydrogra- phic ,*>t #acgh #ag1hed #fj #ba #jj #ada #jj #jj #ahdg ,teb5k( 7,notes7 #af1ich #fj #bb #cf #adj #ed #jj #ahdi ,teb5k( 7,*>t ,,vii7 #af1ich #fj #ba #cj #adj #ed #jj ,bu*4 ,c4 ,inseln #af1geh #fj #ag #cj #adj #ea #jj #ahgb ,engli% ,admiralty ,*>t #bagb #ad1igj #fj #ba #jj #ada #jj #jj #ahgd ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey #ai1ejj #djj #fj #bj #de #ada #jj #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,all ( ! figures giv5 9 ! table h be5 copi$ f ,dall's report1 ) ! exception ( ! position det]m9$ by ,malasp9a2 ?is is f a report ( a/ronomical obs]vations made dur+ ,malasp9a's voyage1 :i* places ! m\nta9 9 latitude #fj #ag' #ce & longitude #acd #cc' #aj we/ ( ,cadiz4#cf ,tak+ ! longitude ( ,cadiz z #f #ai' #jg we/ ( ,gre5wi*1 ! figures tabulat$ above are obta9$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,ante1 p4 #fe4 #aij ,x 0 int5d$ t ,mr4 ,k]r's report1 =m+ ,app5dix ,b1 %\ld conta9 a detail$ record ( ! triangulation execut$ la/ summ]1 b a c>eful revision ( 8 "w by a committee ( ! ,national ,geographic ,society l$ to ! conclusion t ! results 7 n ( suffici5t accuracy to set at re/ ! que/ions rais$ by ! discrepancies 9 e>li] measurem5ts ( ! height ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias2 & z ! "w w probably be revis$ & ext5d$ dur+ ! summ] ( #ahia1 only ! map =m+ plate #h w be publi%$ at ?is "t4 ,"s prelim9>y publications ( elevations h be5 made1 b ^! mu/ be tak5 z approximations m]ely4#cg ,footnote #cg3 ,! %ore-l9e ( ! map1 plate #h1 & ! positions ( ! initial po9ts or base-l9e ( ! triangulation are f ! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey4 ,! extreme we/]n portion is f maps publi%$ by ! ,new ,york ,times & ,topham exp$itions4 ,all ! topographic data are by ,mr4 ,k]r1 & all cr$it = ! "w & all responsibility = its accuracy re/ ) him4 ,! nom5clature is pr9cipally my own1 & has be5 approv$ by a committee ( ! ,national ,geographic ,society4 ,by consult+ ! map =m+ plate #h x w be se5 t ,m\nts ,cook1 ,vanc\v]1 ,irv+1 ,ow51 etc41 are n 9 ! ,/4 ,elias range4 ,nei!r d !y =m a di/9ct range ei!r topographically or geologically4 ,ea* ( ^! m\nta9s is an indep5d5t uplift1 al?\gh !y may h "s /ructural connection1 & are ( ab\t ! same geological age4 ,m\nt ,cook & ! peaks mo/ intimately associat$ ) x are compos$ ma9ly ( s&/one & %ale belong+ to ! ,yakutat sy/em4 ,m\nts ,vanc\v] & ,irv+ are probably ( ! same "*1 b def9ite pro( t ?is is ! case has n be5 obta9$4 ,! ,/4 ,elias uplift is di/9ct & well m>k$1 bo? geologically & topographically1 & des]ves to be consid]$ z a m\nta9 range4 ,! limits ( ! range h n be5 det]m9$1 b1 s f> z kn[n1 its maximum elevation is at ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,! range /ret*es away f ?is culm9at+ po9t bo? nor!a/w>d & nor?we/w>d1 & has a well-m>k$ ,v-%ape4 ,! angle =m$ by ! two bran*es ( ! range :]e !y unite at ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias is1 by e/imate1 ab\t #adj4 ,ea* arm ( ! ,v is det]m9$ by a fault1 or p]haps m accurately by a s]ies ( faults hav+ ! same g5]al c\rse1 along :i* ! orographic blocks =m+ ! range h be5 upheav$4 ,! /ructure ( ! range is monocl9al1 & #aia resembles ! type ( m\nta9 /ructure *>act]i/ic ( ! great bas94 ,! dip ( ! tilt$ blocks is nor?w>d4 ,! cre/ ( ! ,/4 ,elias range1 z already /at$1 is compos$ ( s*i/s :i* re/ on s&/one1 suppos$ to belong to ! ,yakutat sy/em4 ,! geological age ( ! uplift is1 !re=e1 v rec5t4 ,! second>y topographic =ms on ! cre/ ( ! range h result$ f ! wea!r+ ( ! upturn$ edges ( orographic blocks 9 :i* ! b$d+ planes are cross$ by jo9ts4 ,! result+ =ms are ma9ly pyramids & ro(-l ridges ) triangul> gables4 ,extreme rugg$ness & angul>ity *>act]ize ! range ?r\gh\t4 ,!re are no r\nd$ domes or smoo!d & poli%$ surfaces to sugge/ t ! high] summits h ev] be5 subject$ to g5]al glacial action2 nei!r is !re any evid5ce ( m>k$ rock decay4 ,dis9tegration ( all ! high] peaks & cre/s is rapid1 ow+ pr9cipally to great *anges ( temp]ature & ! freez+ ( wat] 9 ! int]/ices ( ! rock2 b ! dbris result+ f ?is action is rapidly c>ri$ away by avalan*es & glaci]s1 s t ! cre/s z well z ! subord9ate features 9 ! sculpture ( ! cliffs & pyramids are all angul>4 ,! subdu$ & r\nd$ cont\r1 due to ! accumulation ( ! products ( dis9tegration & decay1 ! indications ( ! advanc+ age ( m\nta9s1 are n[h]e to be se54 ,! ,/4 ,elias range is "y2 probably ! v y\nge/ ( ! important m\nta9 ranges on ?is cont95t4 ,no evid5ces ( erosion previ\s to ! =mation ( ! ice-%eets t n[ clo! x h be5 obs]v$4 ,glaci]s app>5tly took imm$iate possession ( ! l9es ( depression z ! m\nta9 range grew 9 height1 & furni% a liv+ example f :i* to det]m9e ! "p t ice /reams play 9 m\nta9 sculpture4 #aib ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,(ficial ,,in/ructions ,,gov]n+ ,,! ,,exp$ition4 ,9 ord] to make ! records ( ! ,/4 ,elias exp$ition complete1 copies ( ! in/ructions "u :i* ! "w 0 c>ri$ out are app5d$3 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey1 ,,geologic ,,bran*1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #bh1 #ahij4 ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,,russell1 ,geologi/4 ,,sir3 ,y are h]eby detail$ to visit ! ,/4 ,elias range ( ,alaska = "w ( exploration1 "u ! jo9t auspices ( ! ,national ,geographic ,society & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,! ,geological ,survey furni%es in/rum5ts & contributes ! sum ( #a1jjj t[>ds ! exp5ses ( ! exp$ition4 ,! money devot$ to ?is purpose is tak5 f ! appropriation = ! fiscal ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahij1 & ! mann] ( its exp5diture mu/ con=m to t fact4 ,! ,survey expects t y w give special att5tion to glaci]s1 to _! di/ribution1 to ! associat$ topographic types1 to indications ( ! =m] ext5t ( glaciation1 & to types ( subarial sculpture "u special conditions ( erosion1 & t y w also br+ back in=mation ) ref]5ce to ! age ( ! =mations se5 & ! type ( /ructure ( ! range4 ,) ! aid ( ,mr4 ,k]r1 x is expect$ t y w secure def9ite geographic in=mation z to ! belt ( c\ntry trav]s$ by y4 ,v respectfully1 ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t1 ,*ief ,geologi/4 ,approv$1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell1 ,director4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey1 ,,geologic ,,bran*1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #bh1 #ahij4 ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,,russell1 ,geologi/4 ,,sir3 ,y w proce$ at ! e>lie/ practicable date to ,tacoma1 ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory1 & !nce by wat] to ,sitka1 ,alaska1 at :i* po9t y w make special arrangem5ts to visit ! ,/4 ,elias range ( m\nta9s & make geological exam9ations z p] in/ructions o!rwise communicat$4 ,mr4 ,m>k ,b4 ,k]r1 ,disburs+ ,ag5t1 w report to y at ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c41 & accompany y on ! exp$ition1 assi/+ y 9 ! capacities ( ,disburs+ ,ag5t & ,topograph]4 ,on ! completion ( #aic y\r "w y w return to ,wa%+ton1 ! r\te be+ left to y\r discretion1 to be det]m9$ by consid]ations :i* _c n[ be =ese54 ,v respectfully1 ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t1 ,*ief ,geologi/4 ,approv$1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell1 ,director4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey1 ,,geologic ,,bran*1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #bh1 #ahij4 ,mr4 ,,m>k ,b4 ,,k]r1 ,disburs+ ,ag5t4 ,,sir3 ,y are h]eby detail$ to assi/ ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 ,geologi/1 :o />ts at once on an exp$ition to ,alaska1 "u ! jo9t auspices ( ! ,national ,geographic ,society & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,x is expect$ t y w imm$iately aid him 9 disbursem5t1 & t y w act dur+ ! exploratory "p ( ! exp$ition z topograph]4 ,y\r duties w1 h[ev]1 n be limit$ to ^! special functions1 b y w be expect$ to p]=m any o!r duties he may assign to y1 & to labor 9 e way = ! success ( ! exp$ition4 ,x is expect$ t y w be reappo9t$ to ! grade ( topograph] on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey on ! #a/ ( ,july1 #ahij1 & y w please take ! requir$ oa? ( (fice be=e y\r dep>ture4 ,! money rema9+ 9 y\r possession z ,disburs+ ,ag5t includes t ne$$ to meet ,mr4 ,russell's sal>y & y\r own1 & also ! sum ( #a1jjj1 allott$ f ! funds ( ! ,geographic ,bran* = exp5ses ( ! exp$ition prior to ,june #cj4 ,?is am\nt y w exp5d z direct$ by ,mr4 ,russell1 & 8 au?ority & c]tificate w ne$ to accompany y\r v\*]s 9 r5d]+ acc\nt ( ! same4 ,v respectfully1 ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t1 ,*ief ,geologi/4 ,approv$1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell1 ,director4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey1 ,,geologic ,,bran*1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #bh1 #ahij4 ,mr4 ,,m>k ,b4 ,,k]r1 ,disburs+ ,ag5t4 ,,sir3 ,y w proce$ at once to ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia1 & !nce by /eam] or by rail & /eam] to ,sitka1 ,alaska4 ,x is expect$ t y w jo9 ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 ,geologi/1 at ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c41 or at ,sitka2 & y w report to him = fur!r ord]s4 ,v respectfully1 ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t1 ,*ief ,geologi/4 ,approv$1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,p[ell1 ,director4 99 99 99 99 99 #aid ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #bi1 #ahij4 ,mr4 ,,m>k ,b4 ,,k]r1 ,topograph]4 ,,sir3 ,y are h]eby assign$ to field-"w 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 ,alaska1 9 ! p>ty "u *>ge ( ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell4 ,^u ! receipt ( ^! in/ructions y w please proce$ )\t delay to ! field1 & map ^u a scale ( f\r miles to an in* su* t]ritory 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 includ+ t m\nta91 z ! field season w p]mit4 ,! "w %\ld1 if practicable1 be controll$ by triangulation4 ,special att5tion 9 ! c\rse ( y\r "w %\ld be giv5 to measur+ ! altitude ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 & x %\ld be det]m9$ by triangulation & also1 if practicable1 by b>omet] 9 su* mann] z to be conclusive4 ,! topographic "w %\ld be controll$ by triangulation4 ,z _m positions on ?is coa/ are approximately kn[n1 includ+ a numb] ( ! prom95t peaks1 a/ronomical det]m9ations ( position w n be necess>y unless ne$$ to supplem5t ! triangulation4 ,! details ( y\r outfitt+ & ! managem5t ( ! "w w be left to y\r own judgm5t4 ,v respectfully1 ,,h5ry ,,gannett1 ,*ief ,topograph]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,national ,,geographic ,,society4 ,memor&um ( ,in/ructions to ! ,p>ty s5t out "u ! ,direction ( ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,m>k ,b4 ,k]r1 to explore ! ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias ,region1 ,alaska1 #ahij4 ,! g5]al object ( ! exp$ition is to make a geographic reconnoissance ( z l>ge an area z practicable 9 ! ,/4 ,elias range1 ,alaska1 includ+ a /udy ( its glacial ph5om5a1 ! prep>ation ( a map ( ! region explor$1 & ! measurem5t ( ! height ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias & o!r neighbor+ m\nta9s4 ,obs]vations %\ld also be made & in=mation collect$ on o!r subjects ( g5]al sci5tific int]e/ z f> z practicable4 ,! purpose ( ^! in/ructions is ma9ly to sugge/ ! l9es ( inve/igation t give promise ( valuable results1 b x is n int5d$ t !y %all limit ! director ( ! exp$ition 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 own discretion4 ,,g>d9] ,g4 ,,hubb>d1 ,*airman1 ,,m>cus ,,bak]1 ,,will>d ,d4 ,,johnson1 ,committee4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #bi1 #ahij4 #aie ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,report ,,on ,,topographic ,,"w4 ,,by ,,m>k ,b4 ,,k]r4 ,9 addition to ! asc5t ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 x 0 "p ( ! orig9al plan ( ! exp$ition to make an accurate topographic map ( ! region explor$4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 = ?is purpose propos$ to divide ! p>ty or to deviate mu* f ! mo/ direct r\te to ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias f ,yakutat bay4 ,triangulation ( fair precision 0 provid$ =4 ,details 7 to be fill$ 9 by approximate me?ods4 ,field-"w began ,june #bj by ! c>eful measurem5t ( a base-l9e1 #c1hej feet 9 l5g?1 ne> ! po9t ( l&+1 on ! nor!rn %ore ( ,yakutat bay4 ,expansion 0 readily c>ri$ to ! foot-hills1 & sev]al horizontal angles 7 tak5 to an a/ronomical /ation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey at ,port ,mulgrave4 ,9 ! region ( ^! initial triangles1 "w 0 done f a c5tral camp2 & topographic details 7 fix$ ) consid]able precision by int]section & v]tical angles4 ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ! exp$ition f ! ,base ,l9e camp1 an accid5t to ! transit made resort to an inf]ior in/rum5t necess>y1 &1 fur!rmore1 z ! region trav]s$ prov$ to be ill-adapt$ to1 & ! l9e ( travel too direct =1 ! prop] developm5t ( a n>r[ belt ( triangles1 ! anticipation ( a degree ( precision 9 ! triangulation :i* w\ld give high value to ! det]m9ations ( position & altitude ( ! sev]al peaks 0 n realiz$2 b topographic map "w1 %[+ ! g5]al features1 altitudes & location ( ! m\nta9 ranges1 valleys & glaci]s1 0 ext5d$ ov] ab\t #fjj squ>e miles4 ,)9 ! approximate geometric control1 /ations 7 int]polat$ by ! ?ree-po9t me?od1 & m9or locations 7 multipli$ by int]section & connect$ by sket*4 ,! be/ me&] possible "u ! circum/ances 0 c>ri$ =w>d on ! l9e ( travel by compass directions & e/imates ( di/ance f "t int]vals4 ,! "w ceas$ ,augu/ #bb ) ! ab&onm5t ( ! in/rum5ts 9 a sn[-/orm ( f\r days' duration on ! ea/]n slope ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,! accompany+ map 7a r$uction ( :i* =ms plate #h1 page #ge7 %[s ! ice-/reams & peculi> m\nta9 topography ( a region h]et(ore unvisit$1 & con/itutes a consid]able addition to ! geography ( ,alaska4 #aif ,,app5dix ,c4 ,,report ,,on ,,aurif]\s ,,s&s ,,f ,,yakutat ,,bay4 ,,by ,j4 ,,/anley-,,br[n4 ,among ! specim5s obta9$ by ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 explorations on & ab\t ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias is a bottle ( s& procur$ f ! bea* on ! extreme s\!rn end ( ,khantaak isl&1 ,yakutat bay1 & *>act]i/ic ( ! %ore mat]ial ov] a l>ge area4 ,?is s& 0 turn$ ov] to me = exam9ation1 & additional int]e/ 0 giv5 to its /udy by ! fact t x is f a comp>atively un9ve/igat$ region & possesses1 p]haps1 economic value2 = ! sample is gold-be>+1 & x is said t a color c readily be obta9$ by pann+ at _m po9ts on ! bay %ore4 ,macroscopically1 ! s& has ! appe>ance ( ord9>y f9ely comm9ut$ bea* mat]ial2 b x diff]s 9 ! uni=mity ( ! size ( its p>ticles f bea* s& f ,=t ,monroe & ,sullivan isl&1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ) :i* x 0 comp>$4 ,its m9]alogic con/itu5ts greatly surpass 9 v>iety ^? ( ! s&s ref]r$ to1 b are m>k$ly simil> to ^? ( gold-be>+ s& f ,new ,zeal&4 ,at lea/ twelve m9]als are pres5t1 ) an unusual pr$om9ance ( "o1 z w be not$ lat]4 ,?r\gh ! mixture ( :ite1 gre51 & black gra9s1 a dull gre5i%-black color is giv5 to ! mass4 ,! r\ndness ( fragm5ts is su* z usually results f wat] action1 b x is less ?an t :i* results f transportation by w9d4 ,:5 put into a heavy liquid 7,?\let solution ( a d5sity ( #c4a7 9 ord] to det]m9e ! specific gravity ( ! con/itu5ts1 x 0 f\nd t ! s& is made up l>gely ( ! heavi] mat]ials1 = ! am\nt t float$ 0 trifl+ comp>$ ) t :i* quickly sank4 ,ev5 ! abundant qu>tz 0 l>gely c>ri$ d[n by ! weighti] +r$i5ts b\nd up )9 x1 & only a few wat]-cle> fragm5ts 7 left beh9d4 ,?is w\ld seem to sugge/ t ! light] m9]als are lack+ 9 ! neighbor+ rocks1 or else h be5 c>ri$ to great] di/ances by ! sort+ p[] ( ! wat]4 ,among ! m9]als recogniz$1 gold is ! mo/ important1 ?\gh relatively n abundant4 ,x occurs 9 flakes or flatt5$ gra9s f a qu>t] to a half ( a millimet] 9 size4 ,! p>ticles are suffici5tly num]\s to be readily select$ f _! associates by ! aid ( pann+ & a h& l5s ( good magnify+ p[]1 & if di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! bea* z pl5tifully z 9 ! sample w\ld1 "u favorable conditions1 pay = work+4 ,! flakes 9 _! r\nd$ "* %[ ! effect ( ! ag5cy :i* sep>at$ !m f _! matrix2 a sep>ation s complete t no rock is f\nd adh]+ to ! gra9s4 #aig ,magnetite is pres5t 9 great abundance & 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 ! l>ge/ gra9s n exce$+ a millimet] 9 l5g?4 ,x =ms by weight alone #ae or #bj p] c5t4 ( ! entire mass1 & :5 ! latt] is sift$ ?r\gh a sieve ( a hundr$ me%es to ! in* x con/itutes #dd p] c5t4 ( ?is f9e mat]ial4 ,cry/allographic faces are r>e1 & ?\gh (t5 m>r$1 /ill octah$rons 7#aaa1 #a7 ( consid]able p]fection are f\nd4 ,g>net occurs 9 su* pr(usion t a p9k t9t is giv5 to a mass ( select$ gra9s ( uni=m size1 & its pr$om9ance may be consid]$ ! *ief physical *>act]i/ic ( ! s&4 ,two species 7 not$3 "o is a brilliant w9e-r$ v>iety1 :i*1 ?\gh n ne>ly s num]\s z its dull] relative1 occurs m frequ5tly 9 cry/als--! trapezoh$ral faces 7#baa1 #b-b7 pr$om9at+4 ,! o!r g>net is readily di/+ui%$ by its light] ame?y/9e t9t & its great] abundance4 ,cry/allographic faces are some:at r>e & inv>iably dodecah$ral 7#aaj1 i74 ,9 ! abs5ce ( *emical analyses1 any /atem5ts z to ! exact species to :i* ^! g>nets %\ld be ref]r$ w\ld be l>gely conjectural4 ,att5tion is quickly drawn to ! p]fection ( ^! m9ute g>nets 9 _! cry/allographic faces & outl9es1 & to _! association ) r\nd$ fragm5ts ( _! own k9d z well z ( o!r m9]als4 ,h ^! cry/als surviv$ by reason ( _! h>dness or by favor+ conditions1 or does _! pres]vation sugge/ ! impot5cy ( wave-action 9 ! de/ruction ( m9ute bodies8 ,among ! black1 heavy gra9s occur individuals :i*1 except 9 %ape & non-magnetic "*1 resemble magnetite4 ,on cru%+ betwe5 glass slides1 ?9 sliv]s are obta9$ :i* 9 transmitt$ light are gre51 & :i*1 f _! cleavage1 pleo*roism1 high index ( refraction1 small ext9ction angle1 & insolubility 9 acid1 are readily recogniz$ z hornbl5de4 ,two gr\ps ( gra9s 7 not$ :i* are di/+ui%able by slight v>iation 9 color4 ,bo? are cle>-yell[i% gre51 b "o is some:at d>k] ?an ! o!r4 ,! optical prop]ties ( bo? indicate pyrox5e & possibly oliv9e4 ,=tunately a fragm5t 0 obta9$ 9 ! or?odiagonal zone ne>ly normal to an optic axis :i* gave an axial figure ( suffici5t def9it5ess to indicate its optically positive "*4 ,a numb] ( gra9s 7 select$ f m9]als ( bo? colors & subject$ to prolong$ heat+ 9 hydro*loric acid )\t decomposition1 indicat+ t bo? m9]als are pyrox5e4 ,a few zircons1 a fraction ( a millimet] 9 size b p]fect 9 =m1 7 f\nd associat$ ) o!rs r\nd$ on _! solid angles & edges4 ,! cry/als are ( ! common %ort =m & be> ! usual faces 9 a great] or less degree ( developm5t4 ,pyramids ( ! fir/ & second ord] alt]nate 9 magnitude2 p9acoid encroa*es ^u prism1 & vice v]sa4 ,qu>tz con/itutes by f> ! l>ge/ proportion ( ! m9]als1 bo? 9 bulk & 9 weight4 ,x is always fragm5tal2 sometimes wat]-cle>1 b *iefly occurs 9 opaque gra9s ( diff]5t colors4 ,x is seldom free f mat]ial ( a high] specific gravity1 & is (t5 s t9t$ z to be almo/ indi/+ui%able f magnetite1 b readily blea*es 9 acid4 #aih ,feldsp> is sp>+ly pres5t1 & includes bo? monocl9ic & tricl9ic =ms1 ^: cry/allographic b\nd>ies are inv>iably lack+4 ,treatm5t ( ! s& ) dilute acid produces eff]vesc5ce1 :i* is n due to incru/ations ( sodium c>bonate4 ,by p]si/5t se>* among p>ticles sep>at$ 9 a heavy solution1 a few gra9s 7 discov]$ :i*1 f _! complete solubility ) eff]vesc5ce 9 v dilute acid1 z well z _! optical prop]ties1 left no d\bt z to _! be+ calcite4 ,! mica gr\p has only "o repres5tative1 biotite1 & ?is occurs mo/ sp>+ly4 ,?\gh mu* ( ! s& 0 exam9$1 b few fragm5ts 7 f\nd4 ,its foliat$ "* r5d]s x easily transport$ by wat] & expla9s its abs5ce f among ! heavy m9]als4 ,%aly1 slaty & s*i/ose mat]ial =ms ! major "p ( ! co>s] gra9s4 ,?9 sections f ! l>ge/ pieces pla9ly indicat$ hornbl5de s*i/4 ,a region ( glaci]s w\ld seem to be favorable n only to ! collection ( meteoric mat]ial1 b also to ! de/ruction ( ! c\ntry rocks1 ! sett+ free ( _! m9]alogic con/itu5ts 9 a comp>atively fre% /ate1 & _! transportation to ! sea4 ,x 0 hop$ t ?is s& w\ld yield "s ( ! r>] v>ieties ( m9]als1 b te/s = native iron1 plat9um1 *romite1 gneiss1 & ! titanif]\s m9]als prov$ ineffectual4 ,titanium is pres5t1 b 9 su* small quantities t x c\ld only be detect$ by means ( hydrog5 p]oxide4 ,! use ( acid sup]sulphate & ! borotung/ate ( calcium te/ ( ,lasaulx fail$ to reveal ! pres5ce ( native iron4 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ enum]ation t ! s& is made up ( gra9s ( gold1 magnetite1 g>net1 hornbl5de1 pyrox5e1 zircon1 qu>tz1 feldsp>1 calcite & mica1 associat$ ) fragm5ts ( a %aly1 slaty & s*i/ose "*4 ,:ile ! in=mation at h& is h>dly suffici5t to w>rant mu* speculation conc]n+ ! rock masses ( ! int]ior1 /ill !re is no d\bt t ! s& is d]iv$ f ! de/ruction ( metamorphic rocks4 #aii ,,app5dix ,d4 ,,report ,,on ,,fossil ,,plants4 ,,by ,,le/] ,f4 ,,w>d4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,m>* #ab1 #ahia4 ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,,russell1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir3 ,! foll[+ report ^u ! small collection ( fossil plants made by y at ,p9nacle pass1 ne> ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 ,alaska1 & s5t to ?is division = id5tification has be5 prep>$ by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,h4 ,kn[lton1 :o gave ! collection a c>eful /udy dur+ my abs5ce 9 ,florida4 ,previ\s to go+ away ,i _h some:at ha/ily exam9$ ! specim5s & se5 t !y consi/$ *iefly ( ! g5us ,salix1 "s ( !m rem9d+ me /rongly ( liv+ species4 ,i h no d\bt t ,pr(essor ,kn[lton's m ?or\gh comp>isons c be reli$ ^u ) z mu* confid5ce z ! nature ( ! collection w p]mit1 & ,i also agree ) 8 conclusions4 ,! collection consi/s ( sev5 small h& specim5s1 ^u :i* are impress$ no less ?an sev5te5 m or less completely pres]v$ dicotyl$on\s leaves4 ,^! specim5s at fir/ sight seem to repres5t six or eight species1 b aft] a c>eful /udy ,i ?9k ,i am safe 9 r$uc+ ! numb] to f\r1 z sev]al ( ! impressions h be5 ne>ly oblit]at$ by prolong$ exposure & _c be /udi$ ) mu* satisfaction4 ,! f\r det]m9able species belong1 )\t mu* d\bt1 to ! g5us ,salix4 ,numb] #a1 ( :i* !re is b a s+le specim51 ,i h id5tifi$ ) ,salix cali=nica1 ,lesqu]eux1 f ! aurif]\s gravel deposits ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada 9 ,cali=nia4#ch ,! f9] n]vation ( ! specim5s f ! aurif]\s gravels is n cle>ly %[n 9 ,lesqu]eux's figures1 nor is x well pres]v$ 9 ! ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias specim5s2 b ! size1 outl9e1 & prim>y n]vation are id5tical4 ,numb] #b1 ( :i* !re are six or eight specim5s1 may be comp>$ ) ,salix raeana1 ,he]1#ci a species t 0 fir/ describ$ f ,gre5l& & 0 lat] detect$ by ,lesqu]eux 9 a collection f ,cooks inlet1 ,alaska4#dj ,! ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias specim5s are n v mu* l ! orig9al figures ( ,he]1 b are v simil>1 9 outl9e at lea/1 to ?is species z figur$ by ,lesqu]eux4#da ,!y are also v simil> to #bjj "s =ms ( ! liv+ ,s4 ro/rata1 ,ri*>dson1 ) entire leaves4 ,x is cle>ly a will[1 b clos] id5tification mu/ rema9 = m complete mat]ial4 ,numb] #c1 repres5t$ by f\r or five specim5s1 is broadly elliptical 9 outl9e1 & is also cle>ly a ,salix4 ,x is unlike any fossil =m ) :i* ,i am famili>1 b is v simil> to ! liv+ ,s4 nigricans1 ,=41 v>4 rotundifolia1 & to c]ta9 =ms ( ,s4 silesiaca1 ,willd4 ,! n]vation is v di/9ctly pres]v$1 & has all ! *>act]s ( a will[ leaf4 ,numb] #d1 repres5t$ by ?ree or f\r v f9e specim5s1 is a v l>ge leaf1 measur+ #ac cm4 9 l5g? & #c cm4 9 wid? at ! broade/ po9t4 ,x may be comp>$ ) ,salix macrophylla1 ,he]1#db b x _c be ?is species4 ,x is also l "s ( ! liv+ =ms ( ,s4 nigra1 ,m>%41 f :i* x diff]s 9 hav+ p]fectly entire m>g9s4 ,:ile x is manife/ly impossible1 on ! basis ( ! above id5tifications1 to speak ) confid5ce z to ! age or =mation conta9+ ^! leaves1 x c h>dly be old] ?an ! ,mioc5e1 & f its /rong resemblance to ! pres5t exi/+ flora ( ,alaska x is likely to be mu* y\ng]4 ,f4 ,h4 ,kn[lton4 ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,,le/] ,f4 ,,w>d4 ,footnote #ch3 ,mem4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool41 vol4 ,,vi1 no4 #b1 #ahgh1 p4 #aj1 pl4 i1 figs4 #ah-ba4 ,footnote #ci3 ,flor4 foss4 ,arct41 vol4 ,i1 #ahfh1 p4 #ajb1 pl4 iv1 figs4 #aa-ac2 pl4 xlvii1 fig4 #aa4 ,footnote #dj3 ,proc4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,v1 #ahhb1 p4 #ddg4 ,footnote #da3 loc4 cit41 pl4 viii1 fig4 #f4 ,footnote #db3 ,t]t4 ,fl4 ,helv41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahef1 p4 #bi1 pl4 lxvii1 fig4 #d4 #bja ,,index4 ,admiralty bay1 #ef ,agassiz glaci]1 ,asc5t (1 #adg -- -- nam$1 #gc ,age ( ,/4 ,elias range1 #age ,alp5/ocks1 ,necessity =1 #afe ,alp9e glaci]s1 #agf1 #ahj ,alton1 ,edmund1 ,contributions to exploration fund by1 #ge ,ar*angelica1 ,m5tion (1 #hi1 #aad ,atrevida 7,!71 ,m5tion (1 #fc ,arevida glaci]1 #ib1 #aje ,aurif]\s s&s1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih ,avalan*es1 #ade1 #aee ,baie de ,monti1 #ef -- nam$ by ,la ,pr\se1 #fj ,bak]1 ,m>cus1 ,explorations by1 #gj1 #gb -- ref]5ce to bibliography by1 #eh ,base ,l9e1 ,measurem5t (1 #hf ,be>1 ,meet+ )1 #id1 #aji ,bel*]1 ,sir ,edw>d1 ,explorations by1 #fh1 #fi ,bell1 ,a4 ,graham1 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,bell1 ,*>les ,j41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,b]+ bay1 ,m5tion (1 #ef ,b]+1 ,vitus1 ,explorations by1 #eh ,bi51 ,morris1 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,birnie1 ,jr41 ,rog]s1 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,black glaci]1 ,brief acc\nt (1 #aja1 #ajd ,blossom isl&1 ,description (1 #aac1 #abb ,b\rs91 ,h5ry1 ,m5tion (1 #gi ,broka1 ,george1 ,explorations by1 #gc1 #gd ,camp h&s1 #aff ,c>p5t]1 ,z4 ,t41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,c>roll1 ,capta9 ,james1 #gh ,cascade glaci] nam$1 #add ,*aix hills nam$1 #gc ,*>iot1 ,!1 ,m5tion (1 #adj ,*a?am1 ,m5tion (1 #ff ,*]ik(1 ,alexei1 ,explorations (1 #eh ,*ri/ie1 ,j4 ,h41 ,memb] ( exp$ition1 #gf -- ,"w (1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #if1 #ajc1 #aab1 #aac1 #abc1 #afb ,clov]1 ,ri*>dson1 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,cook1 ,capta9 ,james1 ,explorations (1 #eh ,corw9 7,!7 9 ,dis5*antm5t bay1 #ajj -- ,return (1 #afc ,crevasses1 #aha1 #ahb -- at ,p9nacle pass1 #acj ,cross s\nd1 visit$ by ,vanc\v]'s exp$ition1 #fg ,crumback1 ,j4 ,h41 ,memb] ( exp$ition1 #gf -- ,"w (1 #if1 #ajc1 #abb1 #abe1 #abi1 #aca1 #ace1 #acg ,dagelet1 ,m41 ,m5tion (1 #fj ,dall1 ,w4 ,h41 ,explorations by1 #gj1 #gb -- ref]5ce to bibliography by1 #eh ,dalton1 ,john1 glaci] nam$ =1 #ih -- m5tion (1 #gc ,def9ition ( =mations 9 ,/4 ,elias region1 #afg ,des5gao bay1 nam$ by ,malasp9a1 #fc ,digges' s\nd1 nam$ by ,vanc\v]1 #fh ,dill]1 ,j4 ,s41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,dip at ,p9nacle pass1 #adj ,discov]y 7,!71 ,m5tion (1 #ff ,dis5*antm5t bay1 ,canoe trip 91 #if1 #ajc -- -- la/ view (1 #afc -- -- m5tion (1 #ef -- -- visit$ by ,malasp9a1 #fc1 #fd ,dixon1 ,capta9 ,george1 ,explorations (1 #fj1 #fb ,de ,monti bay1 ,arrival at1 #gi ,descubi]ta 7,!71 ,m5tion (1 #fc ,devil's club 7,panax horridum71 ,m5tion (1 #ie1 #aae ,dobb9s1 ,j4 ,w41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,dome pass1 nam$1 #adf ,doney1 ,l4 ,s41 ,memb] ( exp$ition1 #gf -- ,"w (1 #he1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afb ,d\glass1 ,capta91 ,explorations (1 #fb ,dry bay1 ,m5tion (1 #ee ,f>5holt1 ,lieut5ant ,comm&] ,o4 ,f41 ,comm&] ( ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,p9ta1 #gi ,fault$ pebble f ,p9nacle pass1 #aga ,faults1 #hc1 #acf -- ,?ru/1 9 ,hit*cock range1 #aah ,floral hills1 brief acc\nt (1 #aje1 #ajh -- pass1 brief acc\nt (1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aaj ,=mations ( ! ,/4 ,elias region1 #afg ,fossils at ,p9nacle pass1 #adj -- description ( ,yakutat sy/em1 #agb ,fossil plants1 ,report on1 by ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d1 #aii1 #bjj ,gabbro on ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 #abc ,galiano1 ,don ,dionisio ,alcala1 ,m5tion (1 #fc ,galiano glaci]1 ,visit to1 #hi1 #ij ,gannett1 ,h5ry1 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge -- ,in/ructions f1 #aid ,geology ( ! ,/4 ,elias region1 #afg1 #aij1 #aia1 #agd ,geological ,survey1 ,in/ructions f1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid ,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k41 ,in/ructions f1 #aib1 #aic ,glacial curr5ts1 #ahg -- riv]1 be/ example (1 #ahc -- /reams1 #ahc1 #ahd ,glaci] bay1 m5tion (1 #fg ,glaci]s 9 ,dis5*antm5t bay 9 #agib1 #fd1 #fe1 #ig -- -- -- -- obs]v$ by ,malasp9a1 #fd1 #fe -- -- -- -- -- -- ,puget1 #fg1 #fh -- ( ! ,/4 ,elias region1 #agf -- we/ ( ,icy bay1 #ahg ,greely1 ,a4 ,w41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,guides1 use ( 9 asc5d+ ,/4 ,elias1 #aff ,guyot glaci] nam$1 #gc ,ha5ke1 ,d4 ,tadeo1 ,ha5ke isl& nam$ =1 #fe -- isl&1 ,condition (1 :5 se5 by ,malasp9a1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ig -- -- visit to1 #if1 #ajc ,hayd51 ,dr4 ,f4 ,v41 glaci] nam$ =1 #ajh ,hayd51 ,ev]ett1 ,contributions to exploration fund by1 #ge ,hayd5 glaci]1 ,brief acc\nt (1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaa ,hays1 ,j4 ,w41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,height & position ( ,/4 ,elias1 #ahi1 #aij ,h5driks51 ,rev]5d ,c>l ,j41 m5tion (1 #hj1 #hc ,hit*cock1 ,pr(essor ,edw>d1 range nam$ =1 #aab -- range1 brief acc\nt (1 #aab -- -- f ,p9nacle pass1 #acc -- -- /ructure (1 #aah ,hoop]1 ,capta9 ,c4 ,l41 ,navigation ( ,dis5*antm5t bay1 #ef1 #ajj ,hosm]1 ,e4 ,s41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge -- return (1 #hc --1 volunte] assi/ant1 #gf ,hubb>d1 ,g>d9] ,g41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge --1 glaci] nam$ =1 #ii ,hubb>d glaci]1 brief description (1 #ii ,iceb]gs1 ,=mation (1 #ih1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb -- 9 ,yakutat bay1 description (1 #hg ,ice tunnels1 #ahd ,in/ructions f ,geological ,survey1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid -- -- ,national ,geographic ,society1 #aid ,irv+1 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,d41 ,m\nta9 nam$ =1 #add ,johnson1 ,will>d ,d41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge -- exploration plann$ by1 #ge ,judd1 ,j4 ,g41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,jung51 ,ensign ,c4 ,w41 ,m5tion (1 #ha ,k]r1 ,m>k ,b41 assign$ z an assi/ant1 #ge -- report on topographic "w1 #aic ,khantaak isl&1 village on1 #gi1 #hj ,k+1 ,h>ry1 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,knapp1 ,hon4 ,lyman ,e41 ,m5tion (1 #gi ,knight isl&1 sc5]y ne>1 #hc -- -- nam$ by ,puget1 #fh ,kn[lton1 ,f4 ,h41 ,report on fossil plants1 #aii1 #bjj ,l',a/rolabe1 ,m5tion (1 #eh ,la ,b\ssole1 ,m5tion (1 #eh ,lake ,ca/ani1 ,nam$1 #gc ,lakelets on ! glaci]s1 #aai1 #abj ,lakes1 ,ab&on$ b$s (1 ne> ,blossom isl&1 #aaf ,la ,pr\se1 ,j4 ,f4 ,s41 ,explorations (1 #eh1 #fj ,lea*1 ,boynton1 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,libbey1 ,pr(essor ,william1 explorations by1 #gb1 #gc ,l9dsley1 ,w4 ,l41 ,memb] ( exp$ition1 #gf -- ,"w (1 #abb1 #aca1 #acd1 #ace1 #aci1 #add1 #adi1 #aej1 #aec1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afd ,lituya bay1 m5tion (1 #ee ,logan1 ,sir ,w4 ,e41 ,m\nta9 nam$ =1 #ada ,lucia glaci]1 brief acc\nt (1 #aib -- -- cross+ (1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji ,lynn canal1 m5tion (1 #gh ,malasp9a1 ,alej&ro1 ,explorations (1 #fb1 #ff ,malasp9a glaci]1 "* (1 #ahg -- --1 describ$ & nam$1 #ga1 #gb -- --1 excursion on1 #abj1 #aba1 #afb -- --1 f ,blossom isl&1 #aah1 #aai -- --1 m5tion (1 #ef ,maldonado1 ref]5ce to1 #fb1 #fc ,m>v9e1 ,a4 ,r41 ,glaci] nam$ =1 #aab ,m>v9e glaci]1 ,acc\nt (1 #aab1 #abb1 #abd ,mc,carteney1 ,c4 ,m41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,mirage 9 ,yakutat bay1 #hg ,mora9es1 #aie -- m$ial1 on ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 #abc -- on ! ,malasp9a glaci]1 #acd -- ne> ,yakutat bay1 #aia ,m\nt ,augu/a1 avalan*es on ! sides (1 #ade -- elevation (1 #aag ,m\nt ,b]+1 ,height & condition (1 #fe ,m\nt ,cook1 ,appe>ance (1 #ib -- nam$1 #gb -- rocks compos+1 #ib ,m\nt ,fairwea!r1 height (1 #fi ,m\nt ,logan1 nam$1 #ada ,m\nt ,malasp9a1 ,elevation (1 #aag -- nam$1 #gb ,m\nt ,newton1 nam$1 #adf ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias 7see ,/4 ,elias1 ,m\nt7 ,m\nt ,vanc\v]1 nam$1 #gb ,muir glaci]1 ,visit to1 #gh1 #gi ,mulgrave1 ,"l1 ,port ,mulgrave nam$ =1 #fj ,national ,geographic ,society1 ,in/ructions f1 #aid ,nv fields1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb ,newton glaci]1 ,asc5t (1 #aej ,newton1 ,h5ry1 ,m\nta9 nam$ =1 #adf ,new ,york ,times1 ,exp$ition (1 #gb1 #gc ,nordh(f1 ,*>les1 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,norris glaci]1 ,m5tion (1 #gh ,nunatak 9 ! ,lucia glaci]1 #ajf ,oil /oves1 ,use (1 #afd ,orel1 ,m5tion ( !1 #gj ,otkrytie1 ,m5tion ( !1 #fi ,outfit necess>y = ,alaskan exp$itions1 #afe ,panax horridum1 #ie1 #aae ,p>tridge1 ,william1 ,memb] ( exp$ition1 #gf -- ,"w (1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afb ,pi$mont glaci]s1 *>act]i/ics (1 #abb1 #agf1 #ahe1 #ahf -- -- example (1 #abj1 #aba -- type ( glaci]s1 m5tion (1 #eg ,pimpluna rocks1 m5tion (1 #gj1 #ahg ,p9nacle pass cliffs1 acc\nt (1 #acb1 #acg -- -- --1 height (1 #acg -- -- --1 view f1 #acb -- --1 description (1 #acj1 #acb -- -- nam$1 #acj -- sy/em1 description ( rocks (1 #afg1 #agj -- -- nam$1 #aca ,p9ta1 m5tion ( !1 #gi1 #ha ,phipps1 ,c4 ,j41 ,port ,mulgrave nam$ =1 #fj ,plants on ,blossom isl&1 #aad ,po9t ,esp]anza1 ,camp at1 #hb1 #hd1 #he -- ,glori\s1 nam$1 #acg -- ,ri\1 ,m5tion (1 #fi ,port ,mulgrave1 #ef -- -- nam$ by ,dixon1 #fj ,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,p[ell1 ,william ,b41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,pu]to del ,des5gao1 ,m5tion (1 #ef ,puget1 ,pet]1 ,explorations (1 #ff1 #fh ,pyramid h>bor1 ,m5tion (1 #gh ,que5 ,*>lotte1 ,m5tion ( !1 #fj --1 voyage on !1 #gh1 #gi ,rations1 #afd ,report on s&s f ,yakutat bay by ,j4 ,/anley-,br[n1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih ,riv]s1 ,glacial1 #ahc ,rope cliff1 nam$1 #adi ,r\te 7new71 sugge/$1 #afc1 #afd ,russell1 ,israel ,c41 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,salmon 7& tr\t7 fi%+1 #afb ,s&s1 ,aurif]\s f ,yakutat bay1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih ,s*watka1 ,lieut5ant ,fr$]ick1 explorations by1 #gb1 #gc ,s]p5t9e on ! ,m>v9e glaci]1 #abc ,seton-,k>r1 ,h4 ,w41 explorations (1 #gb1 #gc ,sew>d glaci]1 crevasses on1 #acc1 #agi1 #ahj -- -- cross+ (1 #adb -- -- description (1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi ,sew>d1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,h41 ,glaci] nam$ =1 #abi ,sitka1 arrival at1 #gi ,sn[ cre/s1 figures (1 #adc -- l9e1 description ( ,alp9e glaci]s above1 #ahj -- -- -- -- -- -- bel[1 #ahc ,sn[ l9e1 elevation (1 #ib1 #aaa -- on m\nta9 cre/s1 #ahb ,s\nd+s 9 ,dis5*antm5t bay1 #ef ,/amy1 ,?omas1 ,memb] ( exp$ition1 #gf -- ,"w (1 #acg1 #aci1 #add1 #aej1 #aec1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afj ,/anley-,br[n1 ,j41 ,report on s&s f ,yakutat bay1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih ,/4 ,elias describ$ by ,la ,pr\se1 #ei1 #fj --1 discov]y (1 by ,b]+1 #eh --1 fir/ full view (1 #ace --1 view (1 #ia1 #ib --1 height & position (1 #ahi1 #aij -- -- -- -- --1 by ,teb5k(1 #fi -- -- -- (1 det]m9$ by ,la ,pr\se1 #fj -- -- -- -- -- ,malasp9a1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff -- range1 age (1 #age -- --1 "* ( peaks (1 #age -- region1 glaci]s (1 #agf -- s*i/1 description ( rocks (1 #afg1 #agc --1 sugge/$ new r\te to1 #afc1 #afd -- uplift1 #aij ,/e91 ,rob]t1 translations by1 #ei1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff ,/rait ( ,annan1 #ef ,/ructure1 #agd ,swiss guides 9 ,alaskan exploration1 #aff ,sulphur1 ,m5tion ( !1 #fi ,taku glaci]1 ,m5tion (1 #gh -- inlet1 ,visit to1 #gh ,teb5k(1 ,capta91 ,notes on ,alaska by1 #fi1 #gj ,t]race on nor!rn %ore ( ,yakutat bay1 #hb1 #he -- po9t1 ,brief acc\nt (1 #ajf ,?ompson1 ,gilb]t1 ,contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,tide-wat] glaci]s def9$1 #aja ,topographic "w1 ,report on1 #aie ,topham1 ,edw91 ,explorations by1 #gc1 #gd ,topham1 ,w4 ,h41 explorations by1 #gc1 #gd -- ref]5ce to map by1 #agg ,triangulation1 ,comm5cem5t (1 #hf ,tunnels 9 ! ice1 #ahd ,tyndall glaci]1 ,nam$1 #gc ,tyndall1 ,j41 cit$ on m>g9al crevasses1 #abg ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey1 explorations (1 #gj1 #gb ,vanc\v]1 ,capta9 ,george1 ,explorations by1 #ff1 #fh ,v]atrum viride1 ,m5tion (1 #aad ,w>d1 ,le/] ,f41 ,report on fossil plants1 #aii1 #bjj ,:ite1 ,?omas1 ,memb] ( exp$ition1 #gf --1 ,"w (1 #aeh1 #afj ,willis1 ,baily1 contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,williams1 ,c4 ,a41 contribution to exploration fund by1 #ge ,williams1 ,william1 explorations by1 #gc1 #gd ,yakutat bay1 ,arrival at1 #gi -- --1 ,base camp on ,we/]n %ore (1 #hf1 #hi -- --1 ,%ores ( describ$1 #eg -- --1 ,synonomy (1 #ef -- ,indians1 describ$ by ,dixon1 #fa -- sy/em1 ,description ( rocks (1 #afg -- -- nam$1 #aca