,a ,short ,history of ,the ,printing ,press ,illustration3 7,,from ,,medal ,,of ,,gutenberg ,,statue7 ,a ,short ,history of ,the ,printing ,press ,and of the ,improvements in ,printing ,machinery from the ,time of ,gutenberg up to the ,present ,day ,illustration3 ,,from ,a ,,medal ,,by ,,scharff ,,of ,,vienna ,,printed ,,and ,,published ,,for ,,robert ,,hoe ,,new ,,york #aijb ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,the ,,printing ,,press #e ,,the ,,earliest ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,printing ,,press #f ,,the ,,blaew ,,press #g ,,stanhope ,,press #h ,,clymer',s ,,columbian ,,press #h ,,peter ,,smith ,,hand ,,press #i ,,washington ,,hand ,,press #aj ,,treadwell',s ,,wooden-,,frame ,,bed ,,and ,,platen ,,power ,,press #aa ,,isaac ,,adam',s ,,bed ,,and ,,platen ,,press #ad ,,single ,,small ,,cylinder ,,press #ah ,,double ,,cylinder ,,press #ah ,,single ,,large ,,cylinder ,,press #ai ,,stop ,,cylinder ,,lithographic ,,press #bf ,,rotary ,,zincographic ,,or ,,aluminum ,,press #bg ,,two-,,color ,,rotary ,,zincographic ,,or ,,aluminum ,,press #cj ,,four ,,cylinder ,,rotary ,,type-,,revolving ,,press #ca ,,ten ,,cylinder ,,rotary ,,type-,,revolving ,,press #ca ,,applegath',s ,,type-,,revolving ,,press #dj ,,bullock ,,press #db ,,london ,,times ,,rotary ,,machine #df ,,first ,,hoe ,,web ,,press #ej ,,double ,,supplement ,,press #ea ,,quadruple ,,press #ei ,,straight-,,line ,,press #ei ,,sextuple ,,press #fb ,,appleton ,,rotary ,,book ,,press #fh ,,rotary ,,type-,,revolving ,,web ,,perfecting ,,press #fi ,,three ,,page ,,wide ,,press #gj ,,newspaper ,,and ,,pamphlet ,,press #ga ,,rotary ,,art ,,press #ge 8,,tit ,,bits0 ,,press #hj ,,octuple ,,press #ha ,,double ,,sextuple ,,press ,,built ,,for ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,journal #hd 8,,collier',s ,,weekly0 ,,press #ij ,illustration3 ,,fust ,,and ,,schoeffer ,illustration3 ,,caxton ,illustration3 ,,wynkyn ,,de ,,worde ,,the ,,printing ,,press ,about the year #adej1 ,gutenberg was engaged in printing his first book from movable types4 ,no method of taking the impressions simpler than that employed by him can be imagined1 unless it be with a 8buffer10 or by means of a brush rubbed over the paper laid upon the 8form0 of type1 after the manner of the ,chinese in printing from engraved blocks4 ,his printing press consisted of two upright timbers1 with cross pieces of wood to stay them together at the top and bottom4 ,there were also intermediate cross timbers1 one of which supported the flat 8bed0 upon which the type was placed1 and through another a wooden screw passed1 its lower point resting on the centre of a wooden 8platen10 which was thus screwed down upon the type4 ,after inking the form with a ball of leather stuffed with wool1 the printer spread the paper over it1 laying a piece of blanket upon the paper to soften the impression of the platen and remove inequalities4 ,this was the machine which ,gutenberg used4 ,the mechanical principle embodied in it was found in the old cheese and linen presses ordinarily seen in the houses of medieval times4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,earliest ,,form ,,of ,,printing ,,press ,were ,gutenberg called upon to print his ,bible to-day he would find virtually the same type ready for his purpose as that made by him1 no change having taken place in its general conformation2 but he would be bewildered in the maze of printing machinery of the beginning of the twentieth century4 ,the simple form of wooden press1 worked with a screw by means of a movable bar1 continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years1 or until the early part of the seventeenth century1 without any material change4 ,the forms of type were placed upon the same wooden and sometimes stone beds1 incased in frames called 8coffins10 moved in and out laboriously by hand1 and after each impression the platen had to be screwed up with the bar so that the paper which had been printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,blaew ,,press ,the first recorded improvements in this press were made by ,william ,jensen ,blaew1 a printer of ,amsterdam1 some time about #afbj4 ,they consisted in passing the spindle of the screw through a square block which was guided in the wooden frame1 and from this block the platen was suspended by wires or cords2 the block1 or box1 preventing any twist in the platen1 and insuring a more equal motion to the screw4 ,he also placed a device upon the press for rolling in and out the bed1 and added a new form of iron hand lever for turning the screw4 ,blaew's press was introduced into ,england1 and used there as well as on the continent1 being substantially the same as that ,benjamin ,franklin worked upon as a journeyman in ,london1 early in the last century4 ,illustration3 ,,stanhope ,,press ,little further improvement was made in the printing press before the year #agih1 when the ,earl of ,stanhope caused one to be made1 the frame of which1 instead of being of wood1 was one piece of cast-iron4 ,a necessity had arisen for greater power in giving the impression1 especially in the printing of woodcuts1 and the tendency was naturally toward larger forms of type1 requiring greater exertion on the part of the printer2 the labor in working one of the old screw presses was about equal to that of the plowman in the field4 ,the ,earl of ,stanhope reserved the screw1 but caused to be added a combination of levers to assist the pressman in gaining greater power1 when giving the impression1 with less expenditure of energy4 ,these machines were very heavy and extremely cumbersome4 ,they were the first iron printing presses ever constructed1 and came into use to some extent4 ,the printers1 seizing upon this new idea of a combination of levers to increase the power1 were induced to place them upon their wooden presses1 the improvement resulting generally in the destruction of the latter1 which were not adapted to stand the strain4 ,the iron platen employed by the ,earl of ,stanhope had1 however1 previously been used upon the wooden presses4 ,illustration3 ,,clymer',s ,,columbian ,,press ,the next practical improvement was made by ,george ,clymer of ,philadelphia1 who1 about #ahaf1 devised an iron machine1 entirely dispensing with a screw4 ,a long1 heavy cast-iron lever was placed over the platen1 one end attached to one of the uprights of the cast-iron frame1 and the other susceptible of being raised and lowered by a combination of smaller levers1 worked by the pressman after the manner of the ordinary hand press4 ,the impression was given and the platen raised and lowered by a spindle1 or pin1 attached to the centre of the large cross lever at the top1 this being properly balanced to facilitate its being raised with greater ease4 ,mr4 ,clymer carried his invention to ,england1 where it was introduced to some extent and was known as the 8,columbian0 press4 ,illustration3 ,,peter ,,smith ,,hand ,,press ,in ,england there were iron hand presses made by ,rutheven1 by ,brown and by others1 all1 more or less1 improvements upon the ,stanhope4 ,in #ahbb ,peter ,smith1 an ,american1 connected with the firm of ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 in ,new ,york1 devised a machine which was in many respects superior to any up to that time4 ,the frame was of cast-iron1 and in place of the screw with levers1 he substituted a toggle joint1 at once simple and effective4 ,in #ahbg1 however1 ,samuel ,rust of ,new ,york1 perfected an invention which was a great improvement on the ,smith press4 ,the frame1 instead of being all of cast-iron1 had the uprights at the sides hollowed for the admission of wrought-iron bars1 which were securely riveted at the top and bottom of the casting4 ,this gave not only additional strength1 but greatly diminished the amount of metal used in construction4 ,this patent was purchased by ,r4 ,hoe ,co41 who improved upon it1 and proceeded with the manufacture of the presses1 although the 8,smith0 continued to be used to some extent4 ,the new invention was known as the 8,washington0 press1 and in principle and construction has never been surpassed by any hand printing machine4 ,they were manufactured in great numbers1 and continue to be manufactured and sold at the present time for taking fine proofs1 although the universal adoption of the cylinder press has almost entirely superseded them for other printing4 ,the number made and sold by ,hoe ,co4 alone1 a majority of which are now in use1 is over six thousand4 ,they have been sent all over the world4 ,this style of press is made in seven sizes4 ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,hand ,,press ,the following is a description of this press3 ,the bed slides on a track and is run in and out from under the platen by turning a crank which has belts attached to a pulley upon its shaft4 ,the impression of the platen is given by means of a curved lever acting on a toggle joint1 and the platen is lifted by springs on either side4 ,attached to the bed is a 8tympan0 frame covered with cloth1 and standing inclined1 to receive the sheet to be printed4 ,another frame1 called the 8frisket10 is attached to the tympan1 and covered with a sheet of paper1 having the parts which otherwise would be printed upon cut away1 so as to prevent the 8chase0 and 8furniture0 from blacking or soiling the sheet4 ,the frisket is turned down over the sheet and tympan and all are folded down when the impression is taken4 ,automatic inking rollers were attached to this machine1 operated by a weight raised by the pull of the pressman1 the descent of the weight drawing the rollers over the type and returning them to the inking cylinder while the pressman placed another sheet upon the tympan4 ,still further improvements in this inking apparatus were made and patented by ,hoe ,co41 in which the distribution of the ink on the rollers was effected by means of an apparatus driven by steam power and which also caused the inking rollers to move forward over the type at the will of the pressman4 ,illustration3 ,,treadwell',s ,,wooden-,,frame ,,bed ,,and ,,platen ,,power ,,press ,the bed and platen system of printing was1 up to the middle of the nineteenth century1 the favorite method of printing fine books and cuts4 ,the first 8power0 or steam press upon this principle was made by ,daniel ,treadwell1 of ,boston1 in #ahbb4 ,the frames were of wood1 and it does not appear that more than three or four of these were ever constructed4 ,the best machines of this description were those devised and patented by ,isaac ,adams1 of ,boston1 in #ahcj and #ahcf1 and by ,otis ,tufts1 of the same place1 in #ahcd4 ,they were first made with wooden and afterward with iron frames4 ,in #aheh ,adams's business became the property of ,hoe ,co41 who continued to manufacture the machines with added improvements4 ,in all more than a thousand1 in no less than fifty-seven sizes1 were sold for use in the ,united ,states1 some being sent to other countries4 ,in these machines1 the type is placed upon an iron bed1 after the usual manner of the hand press1 and this bed is raised and lowered by straightening and bending a toggle joint by means of a cam1 thus giving the impression upon the iron platen fixed above it1 and firmly held in position by upright iron rods secured to the bottom bar1 a strong cross-piece1 at the base of the machine4 ,the ink fountain is at one end of the press2 the inking rollers travel twice over the form1 in a movable frisket frame1 while the bed is down2 the paper is taken in by grippers on the frisket and carried over the form1 when the bed rises and the impression is given2 and finally the sheets pass forward from the frisket by tapes to a sheet flier1 which delivers them on the fly board4 ,one thousand sheets per hour is the maximum speed of the larger sizes of the ,adams press4 ,although many of these machines were made and great numbers are still used1 and notwithstanding the fact that it was thought by many experienced printers that fine book and cut work could be done in no other way than by flat pressure1 this system of printing has given place to that of the cylinder press4 ,illustration3 ,,isaac ,,adams',s ,,bed ,,and ,,platen ,,press ,the idea of printing from plates or forms carried upon a flat bed beneath a cylinder was not a new one1 having been employed by printers of copper-plate engravings in the fifteenth century4 ,their machines1 however1 were rude in form1 and made of wood1 the roller revolving in stationary bearings1 while the bed1 with the plate upon it and carrying the paper1 covered by a blanket1 on its surface1 moved backward and forward under the roller4 ,the inking was done by hand with balls4 ,with the inauguration of this system of printing from type or forms placed upon a flat bed moved forwards and backwards under a revolving cylinder1 commenced an entirely new era in the history of the printing press4 ,it should be understood1 however1 that the vast number of patents granted for printing machines in which the cylinder is connected with the bed1 or by the operation of two cylinders together1 one holding the form and the other giving the impression1 are almost all for improvements and devices of detail1 the radical principles upon which these are founded remaining the same4 ,thus1 ,sir ,rowland ,hill1 in the early part of the nineteenth century1 projected a machine for printing from an endless roll1 or 8web0 of paper2 and in #agij an ,englishman named ,william ,nicholson 7author1 inventor1 patent agent1 editor and school teacher7 took out a patent covering the idea of cylinder presses in which the forms should be placed upon either a flat bed or cylinder at will and receive the impression from a cylinder covered with cloth or some similar material4 ,between the bed and cylinder1 or between the two cylinders1 the sheet was to be fed in and printed4 ,the ink was to be put on by a roller built up of cloth and covered with leather4 ,there is1 however1 a great difference between an actual invention and a scheme4 ,if the simple proposition advanced to make a machine upon this principle1 without its consummation1 or without any press being produced1 can be considered an invention1 then ,nicholson may 7as a writer on the subject states7 have been 8so far ahead of his time as to leap over three generations0 by his invention4 ,as a matter of fact1 however1 his patents were mostly schemes1 and little more1 as a moment's reflection will convince4 ,he did not know how to curve the plates to be put upon the cylinders1 nor how to secure them properly for good work--in fact1 he did not know how to make the plates in any practicable manner4 ,all these questions remained to be solved in order that the printing press might be an invention4 ,on this account1 therefore1 ,i do not give descriptions of proposals to make machines1 but of presses that have been actually made1 and used sufficiently to entitle them to recognition as practical improvements exemplifying the progressive evolution of the printing press4 ,the foundation and growth of newspapers first published periodically1 and finally each day1 created a demand for machines which should print with rapidity1 and fine work was delegated for the time being to the flat bed and platen press1 most of it1 as has been seen1 being turned out upon the hand press4 ,the credit of actually introducing into use a flat bed ,cylinder ,press is due to a ,saxon named ,friederich ,koenig1 who visited ,england in #ahjf1 and through the assistance of ,thomas ,bensley1 a printer in ,london1 devised a machine which in #ahab-ahac was worked by him1 and printed1 among other publications1 a part of 8,clarkson's ,life of ,william ,penn40 ,koenig was assisted by a mechanic named ,andrew ,bauer1 a fellow-countryman4 ,the form of type was placed on a flat bed1 the cylinder above it having a three-fold motion1 or stopping three times2 the first third of the turn receiving the sheet upon one of the tympans and securing it by the frisket2 the second giving the impression and allowing the sheet to be removed by hand1 and the third returning the tympan empty to receive another sheet4 ,these men also devised what has proved1 even to this day1 to be a most efficient reciprocating motion of the type bed4 ,it consists of a pinion carried on the inner end of a long shaft which is turned by gearing from the outside of the press frame and has in its length a universal joint1 allowing an up-and-down motion of the pinion as it revolves4 ,to the outer end of the shaft the wheel connecting with the impression cylinder is attached4 ,underneath the bed and fastened to it is a 8rack10 or a row of teeth1 with a crescent-shaped segment of hard metal at each end4 ,in this rack1 in addition to the teeth1 are pins1 or studs1 at each end4 ,the wheel before referred to1 at the outer end of the shaft1 being set in motion revolves the pinion and moves the bed by means of the teeth in this rack4 ,at the proper moment1 calling for the reversal of the bed1 the pinion turns around over one of the pins or studs1 against the segment on the rack1 and immediately re-engages its teeth in the opposite side of the rack1 so carrying the bed back again4 ,this motion is repeated at the opposite end of the rack1 and the bed again stopped and returned by the pinion revolving against the segment and again over the rack1 thus giving a reciprocating motion to the bed4 ,in #ahad ,koenig patented a continuously revolving ,cylinder ,press4 ,the part of the periphery of the cylinder not used for giving the impression is slightly reduced in diameter1 so as to allow the form to return under it freely after giving an impression4 ,he showed designs adapting it for use as a single ,cylinder ,press1 and also a two ,cylinder ,press1 both for printing one side of the paper at a time2 likewise a two ,cylinder ,press for printing both sides of the paper at one operation4 ,in this later press1 the two forms were placed one at each end of a long bed1 and the paper after being printed on one side by one cylinder1 was carried by tapes over a registering roller to the other cylinder1 where it was printed upon the reverse side4 ,this press1 termed a 8perfecting press10 was afterwards improved by ,applegath ,cowper so as to be a very efficient machine4 ,koenig erected in the office of the ,london 8,times0 in #ahad two of the two ,cylinder ,presses mentioned above1 which printed on one side of the paper only1 at the rate of #hjj sheets per hour4 ,koenig1 however1 was not alone in his efforts to perfect a ,cylinder ,press4 ,various patents were gotten out by ,bacon ,donkin in #ahac2 by ,cowper in #ahaf and again in #ahah2 and by ,applegath in #ahah4 ,but the most ingenious and practical device in connection with the movements of a flat bed and a cylinder for printing machines was patented by ,napier in #ahbh and #ahcj4 ,he was the first who introduced 8grippers10 or 8fingers10 for the conveyance of the sheets around the cylinder during the impression1 and for delivering them after printing4 ,tapes or strings had previously been employed for this purpose4 ,he was also the first to manufacture presses in which the impression cylinders are of small size and make two or more revolutions to each sheet printed1 and he devised the toggles for bringing the cylinders down to print on the form and for raising them to let the form run back without touching4 ,illustration3 ,,single ,,small ,,cylinder ,,press ,illustration3 ,,double ,,cylinder ,,press ,the news of these later inventions reached ,new ,york in due time1 and in #ahcb ,robert ,hoe1 who had been some time established in the manufacture of printing presses1 sent a young man1 ,sereno ,newton 7whom he afterwards took in partnership with him71 to ,england to investigate the subject and see what improvements were worthy of adoption4 ,the result was the construction of the machines known as the 8,single ,small ,cylinder0 and 8,double ,small ,cylinder10 also the large ,cylinder 8,perfecting0 ,press1 which have continued1 with many alterations and improvements1 to be manufactured up to the present time4 ,illustration3 ,,single ,,large ,,cylinder ,,press ,hoe ,co4 had previously made the first flat bed and cylinder press ever used in the ,united ,states4 ,it was the pattern known as the 8,single ,large ,cylinder10 the whole circumference of the cylinder being equivalent to the entire travel of the bed forwards and backwards1 the cylinder making one revolution for each impression in printing1 without stopping4 ,only a portion of the cylinder was employed to take the impression1 the remainder of its circumference being turned down small enough to allow the type on the bed to pass back under it without touching4 ,hundreds of these machines were made and are now in use1 and they are still made at the present day1 with patented sheet fliers and other devices and improvements in the methods of manufacture4 ,other similar presses were made later by the press-makers ,a4 ,b4 ,taylor1 ,a4 ,campbell1 ,c4 ,b4 ,cottrell1 and ,c4 ,potter1 ,jr4 ,the patented sheet flier before referred to1 and which was used on the 8,adams0 bed and platen press1 was greatly improved by ,hoe ,co4 and placed upon all their cylinder presses4 ,before proceeding further with an account of the faster newspaper presses1 it may be well to complete the history of machines employed up to this time for book1 job and woodcut printing4 ,for this purpose the 8,single ,large ,cylinder10 already described1 was first used4 ,in ,england there were the 8,napier0 presses1 the 8,wharfdale0 and many others1 all involving the same general principle1 and capable of turning out more or less satisfactory work1 in proportion to the perfection of their construction and the skill of those operating them4 ,most of the ,english machines1 however1 show defects in mechanical construction4 ,in fact1 the supremacy of the ,american printing press is maintained in a large measure by the simplicity1 accuracy and perfection of its mechanism4 ,foreign presses1 made by the cheap labor of ,europe1 have been repeatedly brought to this country and introduced into printing offices4 ,they have never1 however1 lasted long1 most of them having perished in the using or been found unprofitable4 ,there have been various modifications of the principle underlying the ,napier movement for flat-bed presses1 i4 e41 having the driving wheel engage the rack at all times1 reversing the movement by turning about the ends of the rack and driving the bed alternately in opposite directions4 ,as early as #ahdg ,hoe ,co4 patented an entirely new bed driving mechanism4 ,to a hanger fixed on the lower side of the bed were attached two racks facing each other1 but not in the same vertical plane1 and separated by a distance equal to the diameter of the driving wheel1 which was on a horizontal shaft and movable sideways so as to engage in either one or other of the racks4 ,by this means1 a uniform movement was obtained in each direction4 ,the reversal of the bed was accomplished by a roller at either end of the bed entering a recess in a disc on the driving shaft1 which in a half revolution brought the bed to a stop and started it in the opposite direction4 ,this involved a new principle2 a crank action operating directly upon the bed from a shaft having a fixed centre1 and within recent years modifications of this patent have been successfully employed to drive the type bed at a high velocity and reverse it without shock or vibration4 ,the 8,miehle0 ,press is a modified form of this movement2 the crank pin or roller is attached to the side of the bed wheel1 and at the ends of the uniform movement it is enclosed within the walls of a vertical guideway formed at each end of the rack supporting frame1 and passes through the length of this guide as it performs its function of reversing the bed4 ,an improvement in this class of bed motions has lately been made and patented by ,hoe ,co4 ,in this machine the crank pin1 which controls the reversal of the motion of the type bed1 moves in a rectilinear instead of a circular pathway4 ,as the motion of the crank is thus directly in line with the travel of the bed1 it is possible to lock the journal box1 enclosing the pin1 securely to the bed1 while the bed is being controlled by the action of the crank1 and thereby avoids the friction and consequent wear of parts that occur when the crank pin moves in a circular line4 ,the movement of the crank is obtained from the rotatory motion of the bed wheel1 and has the same varying velocities as would be derived from a crank traveling in a circular pathway4 ,it1 therefore1 checks the momentum of the bed with ease1 brings the bed to rest1 and returns it with an accelerating motion while under positive control4 ,the wearing of parts is thus reduced to the minimum1 insuring an accuracy of register and exactness of motion hitherto unattainable4 ,a press with a bed measuring #dh #fe inches runs without jar or vibration at a speed of #a1hjj impressions an hour4 ,the press of the present day from which the finest letterpress and woodcut work is turned off is known as the 8,stop ,cylinder40 ,this was devised and patented by a ,frenchman named ,dutartre1 in #aheb1 and introduced into this country about #ahec by ,hoe ,co41 who have since patented many improvements upon it4 ,it was a surprise to many printers to find that this machine could do work which heretofore it had been supposed the hand press only was capable of performing4 ,illustration3 ,,stop ,,cylinder ,,lithographic ,,press ,the ,stop ,cylinder ,press may be described as follows3 ,the type is secured upon a traveling iron bed1 which moves back and forth upon friction rollers of steel1 the bed being driven by a simple crank motion1 stopping and starting it without noise or jar4 ,all the running portions of this bed are made of fine steel as hard as it can be worked4 ,the cylinder is stopped by a cam motion pending the backward travel of the bed1 and during the interval of rest the sheet is fed down against the guides and the grippers closed upon it before the cylinder starts1 thus insuring the utmost accuracy of register4 ,after the impression1 the sheet is transferred to a skeleton cylinder1 also containing grippers1 which receives1 and delivers it1 over fine cords1 upon the sheet flier1 which in turn deposits it upon the table4 ,the distribution of the ink is effected partly by a vibrating1 polished1 steel cylinder1 and partly upon a flat table at the end of the traveling bed1 the number of form-inking rollers varying from four to six4 ,this is without doubt the most perfect flat bed cylinder printing machine that has ever been devised4 ,it is made in various sizes4 ,the average output of one of these presses with a bed #cf #ed inches is from #a1jjj to #a1ejj impressions per hour4 ,the demand being constantly for machines taking on larger sized forms1 there has been lately constructed and patented by ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 an entirely new ,stop ,cylinder ,press1 having a bed #de #fb inches1 and which can be run at a speed of #a1gjj impressions an hour4 ,the main points of difference between the ,stop ,cylinder ,press for type forms and the ,lithographic ,press is in the form of the bed only1 the other portions1 including the driving apparatus1 being almost identical2 therefore the same general description applies to these new machines for both classes of work4 ,a great objection to flat-bed presses of large size has always been the height of the cylinder from the floor1 necessitated by the increased dimensions of the driving apparatus under the bed4 ,in these new presses the bed is reciprocated as usual by a crank motion1 but made exceptionally strong and compounded4 ,this method of construction not only gives the increased speed but makes the bed of the machine low down1 so that it is better under the hand and eye of the operator4 ,the product of the machine is delivered printed side up1 by a patented take-off apparatus1 which takes the sheets from the impression cylinder by grippers in a reciprocating carriage and deposits them upon a table4 ,no tapes or guides come in contact with the freshly printed ink4 ,illustration3 ,,rotary ,,zincographic ,,or ,,aluminum ,,press ,keeping pace with the improved methods and machines employed in typographic printing1 and influenced thereby1 the lithographic and kindred branches of printing have also made progress1 induced mainly1 however1 by the general striving for more rapid and economical production4 ,this has been accomplished by using larger stones1 paper and machines1 and by employing rotary machines for some work4 ,the use of curved stones for lithography being impracticable for many reasons1 a substitute was found in plates or sheets made of zinc or aluminum1 which1 when properly prepared1 possess properties akin to those in lithographic stones4 ,being flexible1 these sheets are easily stretched over the curved surface of a cylinder4 ,although the development of this branch of printing is due1 chiefly1 to the ,french and ,germans1 much has been done in this country toward its improvement1 and work is produced upon ,rotary ,zincographic or ,aluminum ,presses that compares favorably with that produced from stones1 and at double the speed4 ,the smaller of these presses1 printing only one color at a time1 prints on sheets #cj #dd inches1 at a speed up to #b1jjj impressions per hour2 the larger presses of the same kind print on sheets #dd #fd inches1 at a speed up to #a1gjj impressions per hour1 although the machines may be run even faster1 according to the dexterity of the feeder4 ,illustration3 ,,two-,,color ,,rotary ,,zincographic ,,or ,,aluminum ,,press ,two-,color ,rotary ,presses are in successful operation in different parts of this country4 ,in these machines there are two plate cylinders and one impression cylinder1 each of the plate cylinders having its own inking and dampening appliances4 ,the sheet of paper1 after being fed to the grippers of the impression cylinder1 receives one printing from the first plate cylinder1 and a second printing1 in a different color1 from the second plate cylinder1 and is then released from the grippers and delivered in the usual manner by the sheet flier4 ,the size of the sheets printed is #dd #fd inches1 and running at a speed of #a1gjj revolutions per hour1 the number of printings is #c1djj1 or double that obtained from the one-color machine of the same size4 ,we now return to a further consideration of the newspaper press4 ,the 8,single ,small ,cylinder0 and 8,double ,small ,cylinder0 machines heretofore described as primarily the invention of ,napier1 and perfected by ,hoe ,co4 and made by them1 came into general use in the ,united ,states4 ,in construction and for the quantity and quality of work produced they excelled any made in ,england2 the output of one of the 8,single ,cylinder0 presses reaching #b1jjj impressions per hour1 or about as fast as the feeder could lay down the sheets4 ,when still greater speed was required the 8,double ,cylinder0 press was used1 the travel of the bed being of such length that the form of type passed backward and forward under both cylinders4 ,two feeders accordingly put in the sheets2 the maximum speed obtained being about #b1jjj from each cylinder1 or #d1jjj from the two cylinders per hour1 printed on one side4 ,it was evident1 both in ,england and ,america1 that something faster must be devised4 ,the growing demand for papers containing the latest news necessitated increasing effort on the part of the machine-makers4 ,the presses of ,dryden ,ford1 ,middleton1 and others in ,england failed to meet the requirements there1 as did the 8,single0 and 8,double0 ,cylinders in ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,four ,,cylinder ,,rotary ,,type-,,revolving ,,press ,illustration3 ,,ten ,,cylinder ,,rotary ,,type-,,revolving ,,press ,in #ahde and #ahdf the firm of ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 in ,new ,york were busily engaged upon plans and inventions for presses which should meet the increased requirements of the newspapers in ,america4 ,the result was the construction of a press known as the 8,hoe ,type ,revolving ,machine10 embodying patents taken out by ,richard ,m4 ,hoe4 ,the first one of these machines was placed in the 8,ledger0 office in ,philadelphia1 in #ahdf4 ,the basis of these inventions consisted in an apparatus for securely fastening the forms of type on a central cylinder placed in a horizontal position4 ,this was accomplished by the construction of cast-iron beds1 one for each page of the newspaper4 ,the column rules were made 8,v0 shaped2 i4 e41 tapering toward the feet of the type4 ,it was found that1 with proper arrangement for locking up or securing the type upon these beds1 it could be held firmly in position1 the surface form a true circle1 and the cylinder revolved at any speed required without danger of the type falling out4 ,around this central cylinder from four to ten impression cylinders1 according to the output required1 were grouped4 ,the sheets were fed in by boys1 and taken from the feed board by automatic grippers1 or fingers1 operated by cams in the impression cylinders1 and which conveyed them around against the revolving form of the central cylinder4 ,here again a great advantage was gained by the use of the patented sheet flier1 consisting of a row of long wooden fingers fastened to the shaft1 and operated by a cam and springs2 the sheet after printing being conducted out underneath each feed board by means of tapes to the sheet fliers1 which laid them in piles on tables2 the number of fliers and tables corresponding to the number of impression cylinders4 ,the inking was accomplished by the use of composition rollers placed between each of the impression cylinders2 the fountain being below1 underneath the main type cylinder4 ,the portion of the surface of this type cylinder1 not occupied by the type itself1 was utilized as a distributing table1 its surface being lower than that of the type1 and the inking rollers rising and falling alternately to place the ink on the type and receive a new supply from the distributing surface4 ,the first of these presses had only four impression cylinders1 necessitating four boys to feed the sheets4 ,the running speed obtained was about #b1jjj sheets to each feeder per hour1 thus giving1 with what was called a 8,four ,feeder0 or 8,four ,cylinder0 machine1 a running capacity of about #h1jjj papers1 per hour1 printed upon one side4 ,as the demands of the newspapers increased1 more impression cylinders were added1 until these machines were made with as many as ten grouped around the central cylinder1 giving an aggregate speed of about #bj1jjj papers per hour printed upon one side4 ,a revolution in newspaper printing took place4 ,journals which before had been limited in their circulation by their inability to furnish the papers rapidly increased their issues1 and many new ones were started4 ,the new presses were adopted not only throughout the ,united ,states1 but also in ,great ,britain4 ,the first one put up abroad was erected in #ahdh1 in the office of 8,la ,patrie0 in ,paris1 but the downfall of the ,republic and the re-imposition of a stamp duty1 soon put an end to all enterprise in ,french newspaper publishing4 ,the ,english1 always slow to adopt improvements1 did not appreciate the value of these presses until the year #ahef1 when ,edward ,lloyd of 8,lloyd's ,weekly ,newspaper0 in ,london1 having seen the one in the office of 8,la ,patrie10 ordered a 8,six-,cylinder0 machine4 ,this was erected in his office in ,salisbury ,square1 ,fleet ,street1 ,london1 in the following year4 ,it was no sooner in operation and seen by the other newspaper proprietors than orders were received from the ,london 8,times0 for two 8,ten-,cylinder0 presses1 to replace the ,applegath machine they were then using4 ,the order for these machines was a gratifying tribute to ,american ingenuity1 for the 8,times0 in ,december1 #ahdh1 in an article on the starting of the ,applegath vertical cylinder press1 stated that 8,no art of packing could make the type adhere to a cylinder revolving around a horizontal axis and thereby aggravating centrifugal impulse by the intrinsic weight of the metal40 ,eventually orders from almost all of the leading newspapers in ,great ,britain and ,ireland were received4 ,in the meantime various experiments had demonstrated the possibility of casting stereotype plates on a curve4 ,the process was brought to perfection by the use of flexible paper matrices1 upon which the metal was cast in curved moulds to any circle desired1 and these plates were placed upon the ,hoe 8,type ,revolving ,machine0 upon beds adapted to receive them instead of the type forms4 ,the newspaper publishers were thus enabled to duplicate the forms1 and run several machines at the same time with a view of turning out the papers with greater rapidity4 ,in some large offices1 such as the ,new ,york 8,herald10 ,london 8,daily ,telegraph10 and the ,london 8,standard10 as many as five of these machines were in constant operation4 ,about this time the stamp duty in ,england of one penny upon each sheet of printed matter was repealed4 ,this in itself aided materially in the development of the newspaper press4 ,illustration3 ,,applegath',s ,,type-,,revolving ,,press ,after the return of ,koenig to ,germany1 an ,englishman named ,applegath1 in connection with a machinist named ,cowper1 made various improvements1 mostly in the way of simplifying ,koenig's presses4 ,after many experiments1 they in #ahdh constructed for the ,london 8,times0 an elaborate machine1 entirely upon the cylindrical principle4 ,all of the cylinders of this machine instead of being horizontal1 as in presses heretofore used1 were vertical4 ,the type was placed upon a large upright central cylinder1 but the circumference instead of presenting a complete circle represented as many flat surfaces as there were columns in the newspaper1 the forms thus being polygonal4 ,around this central or form cylinder were placed eight smaller vertical cylinders for taking the impression1 inking rollers being introduced to ink the type as it passed alternately from one of these impression cylinders to another4 ,the sheets were fed down by hand from eight flat horizontal feed-boards through tapes2 then grasped by another set of tapes and passed sideways between the impression cylinder and the type cylinder1 thus obtaining sheets printed upon one side4 ,the impression cylinder delivered them1 still in a vertical position1 into the hands of boys1 one stationed at each cylinder to receive them4 ,the results obtained from this machine were in a measure satisfactory1 as the number of papers printed per hour upon one side1 from one form of type1 was materially increased2 not1 however1 in proportion to the number of impression cylinders placed around it1 as the press at its best could produce but #h1jjj impressions per hour1 on one side of the sheets4 ,having devised no means to lock up the type other than in flat columns1 the polygonal form was a necessity1 and the irregularities in it were made up by underlaying the blankets on the impression cylinders to take up these inequalities4 ,although this press1 used in the ,london 8,times0 office1 was the only one of the kind ever made1 its size and importance warrant some record and description of it4 ,this machine was taken out to make way for ,hoe ,type ,revolving ,presses4 ,in #ahce ,sir ,rowland ,hill had suggested the possibilities of a machine which should print both sides at once from a roll of paper4 ,it is well known that for many years cotton cloths had been printed in this way1 the cylinders being engraved and the cloth after printing being reeled up again4 ,the suggestion1 however1 was accompanied by no practical knowledge as to the details1 and1 above all1 no practical provision for the rapid cutting off and delivery of the paper either before or after it had been printed4 ,it remained for an ,american1 ,william ,bullock1 of ,philadelphia1 to construct1 in #ahfe1 the first printing machine to print from a continuous web or roll of paper4 ,his machine consisted of two pairs of cylinders1 i4 e41 two form or plate cylinders and two impression cylinders4 ,the second impression cylinder was made of large size to provide additional tympan surface1 to lessen the offset from the first printed side of the paper4 ,the stereotype plates were not made to fill the whole circumference of each of the form cylinders1 as the sheets were cut before printing4 ,one difficulty he had to contend with was the cutting off of the sheets with sufficient accuracy and rapidity4 ,this he accomplished by severing them by means of knives in cylinders4 ,the sheets were then carried through the press by tapes and fingers1 and delivery sought to be accomplished by means of a series of automatic metal nippers placed upon endless leather belts at such distance apart as to grasp each sheet successively as it came from the last printing cylinders4 ,this machine was put up in several offices and rejected because of its unreliability1 especially in the delivery of the papers1 but it was finally so far perfected that it came into use to a considerable extent4 ,illustration3 ,,bullock ,,press ,meanwhile the proprietors of the ,london 8,times0 inaugurated experiments with the view of making a rotary perfecting press1 and finally started the first one in that office about #ahfh4 ,it was similar in construction to the 8,bullock0 press so far as the printing apparatus was concerned1 excepting that the cylinders were all of one size and placed one above the other4 ,the sheets were severed after printing1 brought up by tapes1 and carried down to a sheet flier which moved back and forth1 and 8flirted0 the sheets alternately into the hands of two boys seated opposite one another on either side of the sheet flier4 ,illustration3 ,,london ,,times ,,rotary ,,machine ,marinoni1 of ,paris1 also devised a machine on a similar principle1 making the impression and the form cylinder of one size1 and placed them one above the other4 ,the 8,marinoni0 machine had separate fly boards for the delivery of the sheets4 ,in #ahga ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 also turned their attention to the construction of a rotary perfecting press to print from a roll or continuous web of paper4 ,as before stated1 the greatest difficulties to be encountered were3-- ,first4 ,the set-off of the first side4 ,devices were used to overcome this and the ink-makers were induced to pay special attention to the manufacture of rapid-drying or non-setting-off inks4 ,second4 ,the difficulties in obtaining paper in the roll of uniform perfection and strength4 ,the paper-makers were led to make a study of producing large rolls of paper meeting these requirements1 and became much more experienced in its manufacture4 ,the 8,walter0 press in the 8,times0 office had necessitated a very strong and expensive paper1 which could not be afforded by the cheap daily press4 ,third4 ,the difficulty of the rapid severing of the sheets after printing4 ,fourth4 ,a reliable and accurate delivery of the printed papers4 ,these last two operations were not accomplished satisfactorily until the appearance of the ,hoe machine4 ,in this press the sheets were not entirely severed by the cutters1 but simply perforated after the printing4 ,they were then drawn by accelerating tapes1 which completely separated them1 onto a gathering cylinder so constructed that six perfect papers1 or any other desired number1 could be gathered one over the other4 ,these1 by means of a switch1 were at the proper moment turned off onto one sheet flier1 which deposited them on the receiving board4 ,this gathering and delivery cylinder1 patented by ,stephen ,d4 ,tucker1 a member of the firm of ,r4 ,hoe ,co41 solved the problem of rapid flat delivery4 ,the first of these machines was placed in the office of 8,lloyd's ,weekly ,newspaper10 in ,london1 and the first one used in the ,united ,states in the 8,tribune0 office in ,new ,york4 ,there was no limit to their capacity for printing excepting the ability of the paper to stand the strain of passing through the press1 which produced1 when put to its speed1 #ah1jjj perfect papers an hour1 delivered accurately on one feed-board4 ,the average speed1 however1 in printing offices was #ab1jjj1 although in some offices they were run at about #ad1jjj per hour4 ,the 8,walter0 press1 made by the ,london 8,times10 was used by it1 and also by the ,london 8,daily ,news0 and by the ,new ,york 8,times40 ,further than that it made no progress and has now gone entirely out of use1 the presses of this kind in the ,london 8,times0 office having been replaced by machines made by ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 ,meantime their machines were adopted by most of the large newspapers in the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain4 ,these new methods1 of course1 entirely superseded the 8,hoe ,type ,revolving ,machine10 which had reigned supreme in the newspaper world for over twenty years1 and of which one hundred and seventy-five had been made1 almost all of which have now disappeared4 ,up to the middle of the last century the paper had been made from rags1 but as these became unobtainable in sufficient quantity some substitute had to be found4 ,first straw and afterwards wood pulp was successfully employed1 and paper made from the latter is now in universal use4 ,its cheapness 7averaging now about three cents per pound7 materially aided the newspapers1 and stimulated the printing machine manufacturers to renewed efforts in devising presses of still greater speed and efficiency4 ,it was desirable also that the papers should be delivered folded ready for the carrier or mail4 ,the first apparatus to accomplish this was similar in design to the hand-fed folding machine in common use in printing offices4 ,the sheets1 fed separately into these machines1 were carried by tapes running upon pulleys under striking blades1 which forced them between pairs of folding rollers4 ,after the first fold they were again carried in a similar manner under striking blades1 placed at right angles to the first1 and again struck down between rollers to receive a second fold4 ,this action was continued until the desired number of folds had been secured4 ,folders of this description were attached to the fast presses1 but none made could be worked at a greater speed than about #h1jjj per hour1 until in #ahge ,stephen ,d4 ,tucker patented a rotating folding cylinder which folded papers as fast as they came from the press1 or #ae1jjj in the hour4 ,the striking blade folders were used in the 8,bullock0 press1 in machines made by ,c4 ,potter1 ,jr41 ,co4 and others4 ,andrew ,campbell1 a printing press manufacturer1 also constructed a rotary perfecting press1 but his devices were not original4 ,four or five machines were made by him1 and these soon went out of use4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,hoe ,,web ,,press ,the first folders made by ,hoe ,co4 consisted of the combination of a 8gathering cylinder0 with a rotary folding cylinder and tapes conveying the printed sheets under horizontal folding blades1 somewhat similar to those before described1 which thrust them at the proper moment between folding rollers placed at alternate angles1 finally delivering them on travelling belts by a small flier4 ,the first of these folding machines were put upon the presses made for the ,philadelphia 8,times0 and operated in the ,centennial ,exhibition1 in #ahgf4 ,these folders1 however1 were only the commencement of a long series of experiments undertaken by the makers in the development of still faster printing and folding mechanisms1 and from this time forward the progress made has been phenomenal4 ,with great ingenuity1 added to long experience1 and by the acquisition and adaptation of every device which should aid them in their efforts1 ,hoe ,co4 succeeded in providing machines of unrivalled designs1 efficiency and speed4 ,about #ahgf ,messrs4 ,anthony ,taylor of ,england 7the former one of the owners of a newspaper in ,hereford7 took out patents for devices by which the webs of paper could be turned over after printing on one side and the opposite or reversed side presented to the printing cylinder4 ,mr4 ,hoe1 who was in ,england at the time1 appreciating the possible use and development of these patents1 became possessed of them for ,england and the ,united ,states4 ,e4 ,l4 ,ford1 engaged in the publication of a newspaper in ,new ,york1 patented the uniting of the product of two or more printing mechanisms and thus producing 7in restricted form7 a multiple number of pages at one time4 ,he was unable1 however1 to develop his plans to any practical result2 but deserves the credit of being the first to patent1 if not to conceive1 the idea of the association of printed sheets for this purpose4 ,illustration3 ,,double ,,supplement ,,press ,in the various experiments of ,hoe ,co4 bearing upon the manipulation of webs of paper some of their devices appeared to encroach upon patents secured by ,luther ,c4 ,crowell1 inventor1 of ,boston1 who had made an ingenious machine for forming paper bags4 ,these patents were immediately secured by purchase and the experimental work proceeded with the view of adapting some of them to the requirements of the printing press4 ,after many efforts1 and the failure and destruction of several machines which had been constructed at great expense1 the ,hoe 8,double ,supplement0 machine was produced1 the first one being purchased by ,james ,gordon ,bennett of the ,new ,york 8,herald0 and put to work in his office4 ,the result of these efforts has been1 for a third time1 a complete revolution of the methods of fast newspaper printing4 ,the most remarkable features of this machine are3 ,its extreme simplicity1 considering the varied work it performs1 and its great speed1 accuracy and efficiency4 ,it turns out either four1 six1 eight1 ten or twelve page papers at #bd1jjj per hour1 and sixteen page papers at #ab1jjj per hour2 the odd pages being in every case accurately inserted and pasted in1 and the papers cut at top and delivered folded4 ,this machine is constructed in two parts1 the cylinders in one portion being twice the length of those in the other2 the short cylinders being used for the supplements of the paper when it is desired to print more than eight pages4 ,the plates being secured on the cylinders1 the paper enters from the two rolls into the two portions of the machine1 through each of which it is carried between the two pairs of type and impression cylinders1 and printed on both sides1 after which the two broad ribbons or 8webs0 pass over turning bars and other devices1 by which they are laid evenly one over the other1 and pasted together4 ,the webs of paper then pass down upon a triangular 8former10 which folds them along the center margin4 ,they are then taken over a cylinder1 from which they receive the final fold1 a revolving blade within this cylinder projecting and thrusting the paper between folding rollers1 while at the same moment a knife in the same cylinder severs the sheet1 and a rapidly revolving mechanism1 resembling in its motion the fingers of a hand1 causes their accurate disposal upon traveling belts1 which convey them on for final removal4 ,from this rather summary description it will be apparent that the principle of retaining the paper in the web1 or unsevered form1 up to the final fold and delivery1 and performing all the operations without retarding the onward run of the paper1 effectually prevents chokes or stoppages through any miscarriage of sheets severed before the folding4 ,several hundred of these machines have been made and put in operation by the ,united ,states2 and in offices of the large newspapers in ,great ,britain and other countries4 ,previous to the introduction of the 8,double ,supplement0 press1 however1 ,hoe ,co4 had made what is known as the 8,double ,perfecting0 machine4 ,the success of this press1 which embraces substantially the printing and folding devices embodied in the 8,double ,supplement0 machine1 was the connecting link between the ordinary 8single0 or two-page-wide press and the 8,double ,supplement0 machine4 ,illustration3 ,,quadruple ,,press ,the next improvement in fast presses was the construction of the machine known as the 8,quadruple0 ,newspaper ,press4 ,this was a step in advance of anything heretofore attempted4 ,the first one was constructed in #ahhg and placed in the office of the ,new ,york 8,world40 ,the same principles were embraced in this as in the 8,double ,supplement10 but developed to a greater extent4 ,the supplement portion of the press was increased in width4 ,by means of ingenious arrangements and manipulation of the webs of paper this press was made to produce eight-page papers at a running speed of #dh1jjj per hour2 also #bd1jjj per hour of either ten1 twelve1 fourteen or sixteen page papers2 all delivered with great exactness and perfection2 cut at the top1 pasted and folded ready for the carrier or the mails4 ,illustration3 ,,straight-,,line ,,press ,another form of the ,double ,supplement and ,quadruple machines1 embodying substantially the same principles1 is what has been termed the 8straight-line0 press4 ,in this form of construction the cylinders are arranged in horizontal rows1 or tiers1 one above the other1 there being two pairs of cylinders in each tier1 with the folding and delivery apparatus at the end of the machine4 ,some of these presses1 made under the patent of ,joseph ,l4 ,firm1 and which belong to ,r4 ,hoe ,co41 have been constructed4 ,illustration3 ,,sextuple ,,press ,it was thought that the limit of printing capacity in one machine had been reached in this new invention1 but in #ahhi the same firm undertook the task of constructing a machine for ,mr4 ,bennett of the 8,new ,york ,herald10 which would even eclipse the 8,quadruple0 machine1 which had1 together with the 8,double ,supplement0 press1 superseded almost all others in the large offices of the ,united ,states1 as well as in ,great ,britain and ,australia4 ,the press made for the 8,new ,york ,herald0 and known as the 8,sextuple0 machine1 occupied about eighteen months in construction4 ,it is composed of about sixteen thousand pieces4 ,the general arrangement differs entirely from that of the 8,quadruple0 machine4 ,the form and impression cylinders are all placed parallel1 instead of any being at right angles as in the 8,quadruple0 and 8,double ,supplement0 ,presses4 ,to give an idea of this machine1 we cannot do better than to quote the description of it in the 8,new ,york ,herald0 of ,may #ajth1 #ahia4 8,the new ,hoe press which is being set up in the #8,herald1' ,building is nothing less than a miracle of mechanism4 ,to say that it is the only one of the kind ever built and that it throws all previous inventions into the background are facts which the following figures abundantly prove4 8,its consumption of white paper is so astounding that even the imagination grows tired and sits down to catch its breath4 ,it is fed from three rolls1 each being more than five feet wide4 ,when it settles down to show its best work it will use up in one hour nearly twenty-six miles of this paper1 or to make the matter more significant1 it will use up about fifty-two miles of paper the ordinary width of the #8,herald' every sixty minutes4 8,our readers will be startled to learn that it can print and fold ninety thousand four-page #8,heralds' in an hour4 ,this is1 to the mind1 which is not versed in the problem of rapid printing1 a feat which makes ,aladdin's lamp an old woman's fable4 ,ninety thousand per hour means fifteen hundred copies per minute1 or twenty-five copies for every second of time ticked by the clock in ,trinity's steeple4 8,it is1 of course1 the last and best result of modern invention--the highest attainment of genius at the present time4 8,this new press will print1 cut1 paste1 fold1 count and deliver #gb1jjj eight-page #8,heralds' in one hour1 which is equivalent to #a1bjj a minute and #bj a second4 8,it will print1 cut1 paste1 fold1 count and deliver complete #dh1jjj ten or twelve-page #8,heralds' in one hour1 which is equivalent to #hjj a minute and a fraction over #ac a second4 8,it will print1 cut1 paste1 fold1 count and deliver complete #cf1jjj sixteen-page #8,heralds' an hour1 which is at the rate of #fjj a minute or #aj a second4 8,it will print1 cut1 paste1 fold1 count and deliver complete #bd1jjj fourteen1 twenty or twenty-four page #8,heralds' an hour1 which is at the rate of #djj a minute1 or very nearly seven a second4 8,this is lightning work with a vengeance and yet it is possible that there may be some who read this who will live to call it slow4 ,that will probably be when they have found out all about how to put a harness on electricity4 ,no one can predict when inventive genius will reach its limit in the printing press4 ,but for the present this new press marks high water mark4 8,before this press was built the fastest presses in the world were ,hoe's #8,quadruple' ,presses1 of which the #8,herald' has two4 ,these presses turn out #dh1jjj four1 six or eight-page papers an hour1 #bd1jjj ten1 twelve1 fourteen or sixteen-page papers an hour1 and #ab1jjj twenty or twenty-four-page papers an hour1 all cut1 pasted and folded4 8,this new press has a well-nigh insatiable appetite for white paper4 ,to satisfy it1 it is fed from three rolls at the same time1 one roll being attached at either end of the press and the third suspended near the center4 ,it is the only press that has ever been able to accomplish that feat4 ,each roll is sixty-three inches wide1 or twice the width of the #8,herald4' ,when doing its best this press will consume #be miles of sixty-three-inch-wide paper--equivalent to #ea miles of paper the width of the #8,herald'--in one hour1 and eject it at the two deliveries in the shape of #8,heralds1' each copy containing an epitome of the news of the world for the preceding twenty-four hours1 and each copy cut1 pasted and folded ready for delivery to the #8,herald' readers4 ,it is a sight worth seeing to see it done4 ,certainly we know of nothing else which affords such a striking example of the triumph of mechanical genius4 8,a man turns a lever1 shafts and cylinders begin to revolve1 the whirring noise settles into a steady roar1 you see three streams of white paper pouring into the machine from the three huge rolls1 and you pass around to the other side--it is literally snowing newspapers at each of the two delivery outlets4 ,so fast does one paper follow the other that you catch only a momentary glitter from the deft steel fingers that seize the papers and cast them out4 8,the machine weighs about fifty-eight tons4 ,it is massive and strong1 with the strength of a thousand giants4 ,and yet though its arms are of steel and its motions are all as rapid as lightning1 its touch is as tender as that of a woman when she carries her babe4 ,how else does the machine avoid tearing the paper8 ,it tears very readily1 as you often ascertain accidentally when turning over the leaves4 ,truly wonderful it is1 and mysterious to anybody but an expert1 how this huge machine can make newspapers at the rate of twenty-five a second without rending the paper all to shreds4 8,it has six plate cylinders1 each cylinder carrying eight stereotype plates1 which represent eight pages of the #8,herald1' and six impression cylinders4 ,these cylinders1 when the press is working at full speed make #bjj revolutions a minute4 ,the period of contact between the paper and the plate cylinders is therefore inconceivably brief1 and how in that fractional space of time a perfect impression is made1 even to the reproduction of such fine lines as are shown in these illustrations1 is one of those things which1 to the man who is not #8up' in mechanics1 must forever remain a mystery4 ,but that it does it you know1 because you have the evidence of your own eyes4 8,a double folder forms part of this machine4 ,a single folder would not be equal to the task imposed upon it4 ,as it is1 this double folder has to exercise such celerity to keep up with the streams of printed paper that descend upon it that its operations are too quick for the eye to follow4 8,the press has two delivery outlets4 ,at each the papers are automatically counted in piles of fifty4 ,no matter how rapidly the papers come out1 there is never a mistake in the count4 ,it is as sure as fate4 ,by an ingenious contrivance--if ,i should attempt to describe it more definitely most people would be none the wiser--each fiftieth paper is shoved out an inch beyond the others that have been dropped onto the receiving tapes1 thus serving as a sort of tally mark4 8,truly it is a marvelous machine--this ,sextuple press4 ,nowhere will you find a more perfect adaption of means to ends2 nowhere in any branch of industry a piece of mechanism which offers a finer example of what human skill and ingenuity is capable of4 ,and it is free from that reproach which is sometimes brought against the greatest triumph of inventive genius in other departments of human activity--that they make mere automatons out of human beings4 8,the printing press is synonymous with progress1 with the diffusion of knowledge and the spread of ideas4 ,without the great improvements that have been made in it within the memory of many men now living the modern newspaper1 the best friend of liberty1 and the greatest foe of tyranny1 would be an impossibility4 ,it has more than kept pace with the advancement in other departments of industry4 ,in #ahbi the ,washington ,hand ,press was introduced and regarded as quite a mechanical triumph4 ,at its best it printed #bej impressions an hour on one side1 or #abe complete newspapers of insignificant dimensions4 ,now1 a little over sixty years later1 a machine is brought out which1 when the number of papers alone is compared1 does #aej times as much work in the same time1 and which1 if the comparison is extended to the actual amount of printing done1 does over #b1jjj times as much work40 ,illustration3 ,,appleton ,,rotary ,,book ,,press ,about #ahga a machine called the 8,prestonian0 was made by ,foster1 a machinist of ,preston1 ,england1 and two or three were set to work1 but did not enjoy any great degree of favor4 ,they embodied a combination of the 8,hoe ,type ,revolving ,machine0 with the 8endless sheet perfecting press40 ,the form of type for one side of the paper was placed upon one cylinder1 with impression cylinders around it1 in the manner of the ,hoe press1 and the form for the other side on another cylinder1 and the paper passed from one set of impression cylinders to the other4 ,the principal objection to this machine was its lack of speed4 ,the same principle1 however1 had been developed years before in the 8type revolving perfecting0 presses 7made by ,hoe ,co47 which have two sets of type forms on separate large cylinders1 the sheets being fed in by hand and conveyed from one impression cylinder to the other and against the forms by means of fingers or grippers4 ,the sheets were then delivered on a sheet flier4 ,these presses were especially designed for printing books1 of which large numbers were required1 such as text books and spelling books4 ,the contents of a whole book could be placed on these cylinders and printed and delivered at one impression4 ,one of these machines constructed in #aheb 7fifty years ago7 is still in operation at ,messrs4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4's printing office in ,brooklyn1 as active and efficient as ever4 ,illustration3 ,,rotary ,,type-,,revolving ,,web ,,perfecting ,,press ,in #ahha ,hoe ,co4 turned their attention to the making of a machine which should print ,,from ,,one ,,form ,,of ,,type at a greater speed than had ever yet been attained4 ,the result was the 8,rotary ,type ,endless-sheet ,perfecting ,press40 ,the principle of this machine was in a measure that of their 8,type-,revolving0 press4 ,the forms of type for both sides of the paper were placed on a central cylinder1 which was surrounded by impression cylinders and inking rollers4 ,there1 were1 however1 no feeders and no grippers4 ,the roll of paper was placed at the end of the press1 passed around the impression cylinders arranged at one side of the form cylinder1 and then turned upside down at the lower part of the machine1 thence being carried upwards4 ,the opposite or unprinted side was presented in turn between each impression cylinder and the forms4 ,if four impression cylinders were placed around the central cylinder then at each revolution of the latter four perfect papers were printed4 ,if eight impression cylinders were placed around the central cylinder then eight perfect papers were printed at one revolution of the main or form cylinder4 ,the speed attained by this machine with four impression cylinders was about #ab1jjj per hour1 and from machines with eight impression cylinders #bd1jjj copies per hour were printed4 ,this press was especially adapted for afternoon papers when the time or expense necessarily involved in stereotyping could not be afforded4 ,the majority of the machines made were provided with four impression cylinders only4 ,in the machines with eight impression cylinders two rolls were used1 one at either end of the machine1 the paper from each roll passing under the two first impression cylinders on either side1 each web then being turned over1 and paper passed between the two remaining cylinders on either side to print the opposite sides of the sheets4 ,in this machine a folding apparatus was placed at each end to receive the product of the rolls1 but in the machine with four impression cylinders only one folder was placed1 at the end of the machine opposite that at which the paper entered4 ,the experience gained in the construction of these fast newspaper machines1 and the accumulation of patented devices entering into them1 which were numbered by the score1 had their influence in the improvements which were made upon presses for the printing of weekly newspapers1 periodicals and magazines4 ,illustration3 ,,three ,,page ,,wide ,,press ,in #ahhh was introduced a patented ,hoe machine called the 8,three-page-wide ,press40 ,it has a capacity of printing1 perfecting and delivering two-page papers1 with one fold1 at the rate of #fj1jjj per hour2 four-page papers1 with two folds1 at #bd1jjj per hour1 six-page papers at #bd1jjj per hour2 eight-page papers1 folded twice1 or to carrier size1 at #ab1jjj per hour1 and twelve-page papers1 folded in the same manner as the eight-page1 at the same speed1 viz41 #ab1jjj per hour2 all the supplement sheets being inset and pasted if desired4 ,the prominent features of this machine are3 ,the outside pages may receive the first or the last impression at will1 thus enabling large cuts and other similar work to be printed without offset4 ,grippers and horizontal folding knives and all tapes but short leaders are done away with in the delivery and folding mechanisms1 the movements being all rotary4 ,the press occupies but a small space on the floor1 being #f feet #a inch high1 #h feet wide and #ae feet #e inches long over all4 ,illustration3 ,,newspaper ,,and ,,pamphlet ,,press ,in #ahhi ,hoe ,co4 constructed a patented perfecting machine in which the plates1 or forms1 for both sides are placed upon one cylinder1 one side of the form of matter being placed upon one end1 or half of the cylinder1 and the other side upon the opposite portion of the cylinder4 ,one impression cylinder only is used1 and the inking apparatus is greatly extended4 ,this machine is remarkable for the great variety of work it will do4 ,at a high rate of speed1 sheets of eight1 sixteen1 twenty-four and so on up to ninety-six or one hundred and twenty-eight pages may be printed and delivered folded in either #abmo1 #hvo1 #dto or folio sizes1 ready for the binder4 ,the press does the work of ten flat-bed cylinder presses and ten hand-feed folding machines4 ,the paper is supplied to the machine from the roll1 and after printing passes over the 8former0 into the folding machine1 where the folding and cutting cylinders produce the required number of pages in the form desired4 ,curved electrotypes are now made successfully and this press was the first to bring the printing of the average book and catalogue within the range of web press work4 ,while in general principles this machine is similar to the large newspaper perfecting presses1 though very much smaller in bulk1 it has increased facilities for distribution1 and finer adjustments throughout4 ,the plates admit of underlays and overlays the same as on a flat-bed press4 ,there are no tapes1 the folding being done on rollers and small cylinders without smutting the printing4 ,in the folding apparatus there are knives which cut the sheet into the right size for folding1 after which they are automatically delivered counted in lots of fifty each4 ,the speed on a thirty-two page form is about #af1jjj copies per hour4 ,this style of machine is probably destined to revolutionize book and pamphlet printing1 as it combines the finest construction and facility of operation with the greatest speed4 ,in #ahhf a further advance was made toward perfection in the rotary system of printing as adapted to doing fine work1 in the construction for ,theodore ,l4 ,de ,vinne1 the printer of the 8,century0 ,magazine1 by ,hoe ,co41 of a perfecting press to do the plain forms of that periodical4 ,the machine was described in the magazine1 in an article written by ,mr4 ,de ,vinne1 here quoted from3 7,extract from article published in the 8,century0 ,magazine1 ,november1 #ahij47 8,at the end of a long row of machinery stands the web press--a massive and complicated construction1 especially built by ,hoe ,co4 for printing1 cutting and folding the plain and advertising pages of the #8,century4' ,web presses for newspapers are common enough1 but this press has distinction as the first1 and for three years the only1 web press used in this country1 for good book work4 ,at one end of the machine is a great roll of paper more than two miles long when unwound1 and weighing about #gej pounds4 ,as the paper unwinds it passes first over a jet of steam which slightly dampens and softens its hard surface and fits it for receiving impressions1 without leaving it wet or sodden4 ,it passes under a plate cylinder1 on which are thirty-two curved plates1 inked by seven large rollers1 which print thirty-two pages on one side4 ,then it passes around a reversing cylinder which presents the other side of the paper to another plate cylinder1 on which are thirty-two plates which print exactly on the back the proper pages for the thirty-two previously printed4 ,this is done quickly--in less than two seconds--but with exactness4 ,but the web of paper is still uncut4 ,to do this it is drawn upward under a small cylinder containing a concealed knife1 which cuts the printed web in strips two leaves wide and four leaves long4 ,as soon as cut the sheets are thrown forward on endless belts of tape4 ,an ingenious but undetectable mechanism gives to every alternate sheet a quicker movement1 so that it falls exactly over its predecessor1 making two lapped strips of paper4 ,busy little adjusters now come in play1 placing these lapped sheets of paper accurately up to a head and a side guide4 ,without an instant of delay down comes a strong creasing blade over the long center of the sheet1 and pushes it out of sight4 ,pulleys at once seize the creased sheet and press it flat1 in which shape it is hurried forward to meet three circular knives on one shaft1 which cut it across in four equal pieces4 ,disappearing for an instant from view1 it comes out on the other side of the upper end of the tail of the press in the form of four folded sections of eight pages each4 ,immediately after1 at the lower end of the tail of the press1 out come four entirely different sections of eight pages each4 ,this duplicate delivery shows the product of the press to be at every revolution of the cylinder sixty-four pages1 neatly printed1 truly cut1 and accurately registered and folded1 ready for the binder4 ,two boys are kept fully employed in seizing the folded sections and putting them in box trucks1 by which they are rolled out to the elevator1 and on these sent to the bindery4 ,this web press is not so fast as the web press of daily newspapers1 but it performs more operations and does more accurate work4 ,it is not a large machine1 nor is it noisy1 nor does it seem to be moving fast1 but the paper goes through the cylinders at the rate of nearly two hundred feet a minute4 ,it does ten times as much work as the noisier and more bustling presses by its side40 ,illustration3 ,,rotary ,,art ,,press ,the success of this perfecting press induced the makers to devise a machine on the rotary principle adapted for the finest kind of illustrations--in short1 to make a press which should do work as fine as it was possible to do on the hand press or the stop cylinder4 ,the result was the setting up1 in #ahij1 at the ,de ,vinne ,press1 of a machine known as the 8,rotary ,art0 press4 ,this machine is described in the 8,century0 of ,november1 #ahij1 as follows3--8,sixty-four plates of the #8,century' truly bent to the proper curve1 are firmly fastened on one cylinder sixty inches long1 and about thirty inches in diameter2 sixteen inking rollers1 supplied with ink from two fountains1 successfully ink these sixty-four plates with a delicacy and yet with a fullness of color never before attained4 ,the shafts of the impression cylinder and the plate cylinders1 #d inches in diameter1 do not give or spring under the strongest impression4 ,although rigid in every part1 in the hands of an expert pressman it can be made responsive to the slightest overlay4 ,this machine is fed by four feeders from single sheets in the usual manner1 and does the work of four stop cylinders in superior style4 ,the gain in performance is not as great as the gain in quality of presswork1 but quality was considered more than speed4 ,the performance of the machine could have been more than doubled by adding to it other cylinders which would print on both sides of the paper2 but careful experiment has proved that the finest woodcuts cannot be properly printed with this rapidity4 ,to get the best results the ink on one side of the paper must be dry before it is printed on the other side40 ,illustration3 8,,tit ,,bits0 ,,press ,among the most interesting modern printing machines are those constructed by ,hoe ,co4 at their ,london works1 after drawings and patterns sent from ,new ,york1 for weekly ,english journals1 such as 8,tit-,bits10 8,sunday ,stories10 and similar periodicals4 ,these machines embody to a certain extent the principles of the 8,double ,supplement0 press before referred to4 ,double sets of plates are placed upon the main machine1 which is capable of taking on an aggregate of twenty-four pages2 and by using narrower rolls the number of pages of the body of the journal may be reduced to sixteen or twenty1 so that the publisher may have the option of printing his paper either sixteen1 twenty or twenty-four pages4 ,in addition to this it prints a cover on a different colored paper1 and all at the rate of #bd1jjj copies per hour2 the whole product1 including the cover1 being cut on the edges and pasted together at the back4 ,the supplement or cover of the press portion1 however1 instead of having two pairs of cylinders1 as in the 8,double ,supplement0 machine1 consists of one form cylinder and one impression cylinder4 ,this portion of the machine prints the cover1 which is fed from a narrower roll1 and1 as before stated1 of an entirely different color or quality of paper from the body of the journal4 ,the form for one side of the cover is placed on one end of the form cylinder1 and that for the other side on the other end of the cylinder4 ,this ingenious combination results in the printing of one cover to every copy of the journal issued and no more4 ,the demand for printed matter seems to increase with the ability to furnish it1 and much attention is now being directed to the subject of color printing on the rotary system4 ,from present appearances1 and from the enterprise displayed by the publisher1 the artist and the press maker1 it would seem as though the day is not far distant when this subject alone would furnish matter for a new chapter in the history of the printing press4 ,it is very difficult to give in a short article even a summary of the various kinds of machines to print newspapers of various sizes1 in black as well as in colors1 weekly periodicals1 magazines1 books1 pamphlets1 in short every class of printing1 in connection with folding1 which have been evolved and perfected up to the present time4 ,the work still goes on1 one step in advance leading to another1 until now a printer can obtain a great variety of machines to print from the roll or fed from separate sheets1 and which1 especially in the production of large numbers1 economize both time and labor4 ,nor is this constant advance in mechanical construction confined to the machines themselves or the manipulation of the paper4 ,it extends to the manufacture of the paper and the inks1 although the manufacturers of the latter have not advanced in the same proportion as the paper-maker1 who every year produces finer paper in the roll and in greater quantities than ever before4 ,illustration3 ,,octuple ,,press ,the latest and most elaborate newspaper machine is the ,octuple ,perfecting ,press with ,folders1 which prints from four rolls1 each four pages wide1 and gives 7from the four deliveries7 a running speed per hour of3 #if1jjj #d1 #f or #h-page papers2 #gb1jjj #aj-page papers2 #fj1jjj #ab-page papers2 #dh1jjj #ad or #af-page papers2 #db1jjj #ah-page papers2 #cf1jjj #bj-page papers2 #bd1jjj #bd-page papers4 ,this machine has been further developed into the ,improved ,combination ,octuple 7or ,double ,quadruple7 and ,color ,machine1 lately patented by ,r4 ,hoe ,co41 which1 in addition to giving the above mentioned output when printing in black only1 will also produce papers in colors at the rate per hour of3 #if1jjj #d-pages2 #dh1jjj #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad or #af pages2 #bd1jjj #ah1 #bj1 #bd or #bh pages4 ,illustration3 ,,double ,,sextuple ,,press ,,built ,,for ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,journal ,r4 ,hoe ,co4 have now in process of construction four mammoth printing machines1 which will give a greater product and a greater variety of products than any machines that have hitherto been devised4 ,they are ,double ,sextuple ,presses and so called1 but in reality are much more than this1 inasmuch as they combine the ability to do printing in colors as well as in black4 ,this machine is composed1 so to speak1 of two separate1 complete printing mechanisms1 each fed from three four-page-wide rolls of paper2 the apparatus for the gathering and folding of these webs of paper after printing being in the centre between the two sections of the machine4 ,the 8formers0 and folders 7placed back to back7 enable a manipulation or gathering of the webs which could not be readily obtained in any other way4 ,all these devices and methods have been patented by ,hoe ,co4 ,the following is a summary description of these new machines and what they will accomplish4 ,the two sections may be used separately if desired1 as independent machines4 ,each of the two portions of the machine is composed of six pairs of cylinders1 arranged1 with their axles parallel1 in three tiers of two pairs each and printing on both sides 7or perfecting7 three webs of paper from separate rolls1 each four pages wide4 ,one of the sections is also arranged so that all six sets of cylinders will print upon a single web in colors and black1 this web being associated with the three webs from the other portion to form a colored cover for the products1 when required4 ,the rolls of paper are placed at the end of the machine--three at each end--and the two folders for each portion are placed back to back midway in the length of the machine4 ,the runs of all the webs are therefore approximately the same and as short as it is possible to have them--a matter of much importance in the running of multiple webs4 ,altogether there are twelve plate cylinders in the machine1 each carrying eight plates the size of a newspaper page4 ,either stereotype or electrotype plates may be used4 ,to receive the latter1 which are much thinner than stereotype plates1 special base or jacket plates are secured to the cylinders4 ,the ink is applied to the plates by four form rollers1 after having been thoroughly distributed by vibrating rollers and cylinders4 ,the full capacity of the machine1 when printing all black1 on six rolls1 is #if1jjj twelve-page papers per hour1 and other numbers of pages at proportionate speeds1 namely1 four1 six1 eight and ten-page papers1 at the same speed as twelve-page2 fourteen and sixteen-page papers at #gb1jjj per hour2 eighteen1 twenty1 twenty-two and twenty-four page papers at #dh1jjj per hour4 ,the three webs from each portion of the machine are led to the top of the folders1 where they are divided along their centre line into webs two pages wide1 and then run down each of the four 8formers10 by which they are folded along their centre4 ,they are then led through cylinders which cut them into page lengths and give them a fold across the page to half-page size4 ,in this way twenty-four page papers may be obtained at the rate of #dh1jjj copies per hour1 by collecting two twelve-page sections on the cylinder just before the half-page fold is made4 ,another method of running twenty-four page papers is to associate the six webs1 from both portions of the machine1 and run them over one pair of 8formers10 thus folding all six webs together1 or insetting them1 in the first fold4 ,lesser number of pages may be obtained by making various combinations1 the number of which is almost limitless4 ,angle bars are placed in the machine for transferring half-width webs of paper from one side of the press to the other1 facilitating these combinations4 ,the maximum product of the machine when running as a color press is #dh1jjj sixteen-page papers per hour1 with the two outside pages printed in four colors and black2 the other pages in black only4 ,if1 however1 it is not desired to have so many colors on the outside pages1 it is possible to obtain twenty-page papers1 at the rate of #dh1jjj per hour1 with the two outside pages in two colors and black2 all the other pages in black only4 ,papers with any number of pages from four to sixteen1 with four colors and black on the outside pages1 the other pages in black only1 can be obtained at a speed of #dh1jjj per hour4 ,by running the full product of the color section of the machine into one folder and associating therewith webs of paper from the other section of the machine1 papers with any number of pages from eight to twenty-four1 with the two outside pages and two of the inside pages printed in four colors and black1 the other pages in black only1 can be produced at a speed of #bd1jjj per hour4 ,the dimensions of this machine are as follows3 ,length1 #ce feet2 height1 #ag feet2 width1 #i feet2 the weight1 about #bbe1jjj pounds2 and the number of parts of which it is composed1 approximately #ej1jjj4 ,the last three or four years have also witnessed an immense advance in the art of color printing4 ,the magazine without an elaborate color cover1 or perhaps colored illustrations1 is now an exception1 whereas it was the reverse not long ago4 ,after satisfactory experiments it was ascertained by the writer that1 with the inks properly prepared1 and suitable plates to print from1 colors could be printed almost simultaneously upon the paper1 without mingling2 in short that the supposed necessity1 in much of the work done1 of drying the sheets after the impression of each color on the paper1 was not necessary for the production of a good quality of printing4 ,further experiments also proved the mechanical possibility of obtaining most accurate register in printing from a roll and that the number of impressions1 or colors1 could be increased to advantage4 ,these various experiments resulted in the construction by ,hoe ,co4 of color presses which were almost simultaneously installed by the proprietors of the ,new ,york 8,herald0 and the ,new ,york 8,world10 who commenced the publication of colored supplements1 upon a system which has been adopted by the papers in most of the large cities1 and which they have never discontinued4 ,the practicability of printing in colors has been so fully demonstrated that color attachments are being added to very many of the large newspaper presses throughout the country4 ,the most extensive of the color presses1 and the largest printing machine ever constructed1 is the color press made by ,hoe ,co4 for the ,new ,york 8,journal0 and now used in printing portions of the ,sunday editions of that paper1 although others of approximate proportions and capacity have been made for the ,new ,york 8,world10 the ,new ,york 8,herald10 the ,chicago 8,tribune10 the ,boston 8,post0 and other newspapers4 ,this machine gives as many as eleven separate impressions1 or colors1 on a single copy of the paper2 that is1 it will print in six colors on one side of the sheet and five on the other1 or it may be arranged to print three colors on one side and six on the other1 giving a speed of about #af1jjj eight-page papers an hour1 or at every revolution of the cylinders the equivalent of two perfect eight-page papers printed in colors4 ,four1 six1 eight1 ten1 twelve1 fourteen1 sixteen1 twenty1 twenty-four1 twenty-eight or thirty-two-page papers may be printed on this machine1 as required1 from one1 two or three double-width 7or four-page-wide7 rolls of paper4 ,it will also produce magazine forms 7with pages half the size of those of the regular issue of the paper7 at from #af1jjj to #bd1jjj an hour1 either #af1 #bj1 #bd1 #bh1 #cb1 #dj or #dh pages1 delivered folded1 cut1 and automatically wire-stitched1 with all the pages printed in colors or half-tones4 ,such a development of the art of printing1 especially in colors1 in which accurate register is not only necessary1 but must be maintained1 would have seemed incredible a few years ago1 but this is now a daily occurrence and many newspaper offices produce colored supplements in the same manner and with the same results1 having additions placed upon their quadruple1 sextuple and other presses for the purpose4 ,illustration3 8,,collier',s ,,weekly0 ,,press ,nor has this development of colors been confined entirely to the demands of the newspaper world4 ,it is gradually finding its way into the weekly periodical and the monthly magazines4 ,it had been considered impossible to print half-tone illustrations on both sides of the sheet at one operation and deliver them flat1 without smutting4 ,not only has this difficulty been overcome1 but in the latest presses1 such as used by ,collier's ,weekly1 the finest half-tone work is done on a perfecting press printing on a roll of paper4 ,the periodical is printed in multiple pages1 as required1 and delivered from the machine folded1 cut apart and pasted1 ready for the binder4 ,it is not desirable1 of course1 when using fine inks1 to make immediate delivery from the press2 therefore the papers1 after having been perfected1 folded and pasted1 are left to stand for some hours before they are distributed to the readers4 ,satisfactory methods of doing this have also been devised4 ,the capacity for printing fine half-tone illustrations on a rotary press having thus been demonstrated the next step is evidently the production of colored half-tones1 and the time is undoubtedly near at hand when the monthly magazine as well as the weekly periodical will appear1 instead of in black half-tones1 now so popular1 with these same illustrations printed in the most delicate manner in colors and all delivered in perfection from rotary presses1 folded in entirety1 or in signatures1 ready for the binder4 ,it must now be evident to every experienced observer that the time has arrived when printing upon the rotary system will in a large measure supersede that now done upon flat-bed cylinder presses1 although the latter will always be retained for some kinds of work4 ,satisfactory methods will be devised for attaching upon the cylinders electrotype or stereotype plates of varying sizes4 ,in addition to this1 new and improved methods are constantly being brought forward for the transferring of type forms1 photographs and illustrations of every description1 upon prepared sheets of metal1 which receive the ink and give impressions either from a raised surface1 as in the ordinary letter-press printing1 or in the manner of lithographic printing4 ,these and other new methods of making plates will undoubtedly lead in the future to great economy1 as well as to important improvements in the process of printing4 ,,robert ,,hoe4 ,illustration3 7,colophon7 ,illustration3 7,,from ,,medal ,,by ,,scharff7 ,transcriber's ,notes ,the ,list of ,illustrations at the beginning of the book was created by the transcriber4 ,placement of ,illustrations have been slightly adjusted to better coordinate with the text4 ,inconsistencies in hyphenation and spelling such as 8flat-bed_/flat bed0 and 8letter-press_/letterpress0 have been maintained4 ,page #ca3 ,added double quote to 8,double04