,,unit$ ,,/ates                         
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior            
,,hub]t ,,"w1 ,,secret>y                
,,national ,,p>k ,,s]vice               
,,/eph5 ,t4 ,,ma!r1 ,,director          
,,fossil ,,=e/s ,,( ,,! ,,yell[/one     
,,national ,,p>k                        
,,unit$ ,,/ates                         
,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice              
,,wa%+ton                               
#aibh    #hhgha--bh----b                
,,! ,,national ,,p>ks ,,at ,a ,,glance4 
,numb]1 #ai2 total area1 #aa1hag squ>e  
miles4      ,national p>ks    ,location4
   ,area 9    ,di/9ctive *>act]i/ics4   
9 ord] (                  squ>e         
creation4                   miles4      
,hot ,spr+s     ,middle              #a 
#df hot spr+s possess+    #ahcb         
,arkansas4              curative        
prop]ties--,_m hotels                   
& bo>d+ h\ses--#bj                      
ba?-h\ses "u public                     
control4    ,yell[/one     ,nor?we/]n   
#c1cdh ,m geys]s ?an 9 all re/    #ahgb 

,wyom+4               ( _w              
toge!r--,boil+                          
spr+s--,mud volcanoes--,petrifi$        
=e/s--,gr& ,canyon ( !                  
,yell[/one1 rem>kable =                 
gorge\s color+--,l>ge                   
lakes--,_m l>ge /reams &                
wat]falls--,va/ wild]ness1              
greate/ wild bird & animal              
pres]ve 9 _w--,exceptional              
tr\t fi%+4    ,sequoia         ,middle  
#fjd ,! ,big ,tree ,national    #ahij   
ea/]n                ,p>k--,scores (    
sequoia trees #bj                       
,cali=nia4            to #cj feet 9     
diamet]1                                
?\s&s ov] #aj feet 9                    
diamet]--,t[]+ m\nta9                   
ranges--,m\nt ,:itney1 highe/           
peak 9 cont95tal ,unit$                 
,/ates--,/>tl+                          
precipices--,cave ( consid]able         
size4    ,yosemite        ,middle       
#a1abe ,valley ( _w-fam$    #ahij       
ea/]n                beauty--,l(ty      

cliffs--,romantic                       
,cali=nia4            vi/as--,_m        
wat]falls (                             
extraord9>y height--#c groves           
( big trees--,high                      
,si]ra--,wat]:eel falls--,good          
tr\t fi%+4    ,g5]al ,grant   ,middle   
#d ,creat$ to pres]ve !    #ahij        
ea/]n                celebrat$ ,g5]al   
,grant ,tree1                           
,cali=nia4            #ce feet 9        
diamet]--#f miles                       
f ,sequoia ,national ,p>k4    ,m\nt     
,ra9i]   ,we/ c5tral       #cbe ,l>ge/  
accessible s+le peak    #ahij           
,wa%+ton4            glaci] sy/em--#bh  
glaci]s1                                
"s ( l>ge size--#dh squ>e               
miles ( glaci]1 #ej to #ejj             
feet ?ick--,wond]ful sub-alp9e          
wild-fl[] fields4    ,crat] ,lake       
,s\?we/]n       #bdi ,lake ( extraord9>y
 blue 9    #aijb            ,oregon4    
crat] ( ext9ct volcano--,sides          
#a1jjj feet high--,int]e/+              

lava =mations--,f9e fi%+4    ,w9d ,cave 
,s\? ,dakota4       #ag ,cav]n hav+ _m  
miles (    #aijc                        
gall]ies & num]\s *amb]s                
conta9+ peculi> =mations4    ,platt     
,s\!rn            #a ,_m sulphur & o!r  
spr+s    #aija            ,oklahoma4    
possess+ m$ic9al value4    ,sullys ,hill
     ,nor? ,dakota4       #a ,small p>k 
) woods1 /reams1    #aijd               
& a lake--,is an important              
wild-animal pres]ve4    ,mesa ,v]de     
,s\?we/]n        #gg ,mo/ notable & be/ 
pres]v$    #aijf            ,colorado4  
prehi/oric cliff dwell+s 9              
,unit$ ,/ates1 if n 9 !                 
_w4    ,glaci]         ,nor?we/]n       
#a1ecd ,rugg$ m\nta9 region (    #aiaj  
,montana4               unsurpass$      
,alp9e                                  
"*--#bej glaci]-f$ lakes                
( romantic beauty--#fj small            
glaci]s--,precipices ?\s&s              
( feet deep--,almo/ s5sational          
sc5]y ( m>k$                            

individuality--,f9e tr\t                
fi%+4    ,rocky ,m\nta9  ,nor? middle   
#cgh ,he>t ( ! ,rockies--,sn[y    #aiae 
,colorado4              range1 peaks    
#aa1jjj to #ad1bej                      
feet altitude--,rem>kable               
records ( glacial p]iod4    ,hawaii     
,hawaii4            #bdb ,?ree sep>ate  
areas--,kilauea    #aiaf                
& ,mauna ,loa on ,hawaii1               
,haleakala on ,maui4    ,lass5 ,volcanic
 ,nor!rn           #abd ,only active    
volcano 9 ,unit$    #aiaf               
,cali=nia4            ,/ates            
prop]--,lass5 ,peak1                    
#aj1dfe feet--,c9d] ,cone1 #f1hgi       
feet--,hot spr+s--,mud geys]s4    ,m\nt 
,mc,kinley  ,s\?            #b1fde      
,highe/ m\nta9 9 ,nor?    #aiag         
c5tral                ,am]ica--,rises   
high] above                    ,alaska4 
surr\nd+ c\ntry ?an any                 
o!r m\nta9 9 ! _w4    ,gr& ,canyon      
,nor?            #a1jji ,! greate/      
example ( erosion    #aiai              

c5tral                & ! mo/ sublime   
spectacle                    ,arizona4  
9 ! _w4    ,lafayette       ,ma9e coa/4 
#ab ,! gr\p ( granite m\nta9s    #aiai  
^u ,m\nt ,des]t ,isl&4    ,zion         
,s\?we/]n       #abj ,magnific5t gorge  
7,zion    #aiai            ,utah4       
,canyon71 dep? f #a1ejj to              
#b1ejj feet1 ) precipit\s               
walls--,( great beauty &                
sc5ic int]e/4                    ,,!    
,,fossil ,,=e/s ,,( ,,! ,,yell[/one     
,,national ,,p>k4                       
,by ,f4 ,h4 ,kn[lton1                   
,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4      
,,introduction4      ,isolat$ pieces (  
fossil wood are ( comp>atively common & 
widespread occurr5ce1 especially 9 ! m  
rec5t geological deposits  ( ! ,we/4 ,n 
infrequ5tly scatt]$ logs1 /umps1 & roots
 (  petrifi$ or lignitiz$ trees are     
br\ght to light1 b only  exceptionally  
are !y s mass$ & aggregat$ z to be wor?y
 ( !  designation ( fossil =e/s4        
,examples ( su* are ! celebrat$  fossil 

=e/s ( relatively late geological age   
ne> ,cairo1 ,egypt1 !  huge pro/rate    
trunks 9 ! ,napa ,valley ne> ,cali/oga1 
,cal41 & !  geologically mu* old] & f> m
 ext5sive =e/s n[ widely kn[n  z !      
,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national ,monum5t 9     
,apa*e ,c\nty1 ,ariz4 ,b 9  _m respects 
! mo/ rem>kable fossil =e/s kn[n are ^? 
n[ to  be describ$ 9 ! ,yell[/one       
,national ,p>k4 ,9 ! =e/s fir/  m5tion$ 
! trunks & logs 7 all pro/rat$ be=e     
fossilization1  & x is p]haps n q       
correct to designate su* aggregations z 
v]itable fossil =e/s1 ?\gh !y usually   
are s call$4 ,9 !  fossil =e/s (        
,arizona1 = example1 :i* are scatt]$ ov]
 _m  squ>e miles ( :at is n[ almo/      
des]t1 all ! trunks %[ evid5ce  ( hav+  
be5 transport$ f a di/ance be=e !y 7    
turn$ to  /one4 ,mo/ ( !m are n ev5 9 ! 
position 9 :i* !y 7  orig9ally entomb$1 
b h be5 erod$ f slightly high] horizons 
& h roll$ 9 ! greate/ pr(usion to l[]   
levels4 ,z "o views  ^! ,arizona =e/s f 
a little di/ance1 ) _! hundr$s1 ev5     

?\s&s1 ( segm5ts ( logs1 x is difficult 
to realize t !y are  really turn$ to    
/one & are n[ exhum$ f ! e>?4 ,!        
appe>ance !y pres5t 7see fig4 #a7 is n  
unlike a 8log drive0 t  has be5 /r&$ by 
! rec$+ wat]s & left until ! b>k _h     
disappe>$ & _m logs _h fall5 into p>tial
 decay4 ,trunks ( _m  sizes & l5g?s are 
n[ m+l$ & scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! wilde/       
pr(usion1 & ! surface ( ! gr\nd is      
c>pet$ ) fragm5ts (  wood t h be5       
spl9t]$ & brok5 f !m4 ,9 ! ,yell[/one   
,national ,p>k1 h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! trees 7  
entomb$ 9 ! upright  position 9 :i* !y  
grew1 by ! outp\r+ ( v>i\s volcanic     
mat]ials1 & z ! s(t] rock surr\nd+ !m is
 gradually worn  away !y are left /&+   
erect on ! /eep hillsides1 j z !y  /ood 
:5 !y 7 liv+3 9 fact1 x is difficult at 
a little  di/ance to di/+ui% "s ( ^!    
fossil trunks f !  li*5-cov]$ /umps (   
k9dr$ liv+ species4 ,su* an aggregation 
(  fossil trunks is !re=e well entitl$  
to be call$ a true fossil  =e/4 ,x %\ld 
n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ^! trees /ill    

reta9 _! limbs & small] bran*es1 = !    
mass ( volcanic  mat]ial fall+ on !m    
/ripp$ !m d[n to b>e1 upright trunks4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,fossil ,logs 
9 ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ,national              
,monum5t1 ,apa*e ,c\nty1 ,arizona4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,upright fossil
 trunk 9 ,gallat9 ,m\nta9s1             
,montana4      ,c\rtesy ( ,e4 ,c4       
,ald]son4    ,! fossil =e/s ( !         
,yell[/one ,national ,p>k cov] an       
ext5sive  area 9 ! nor!rn portion ( !   
p>k1 be+ especially abundant  along !   
we/ side ( ,lam> ,riv] = ab\t #bj miles 
above its junction  ) ! ,yell[/one4 ,"h 
! l& rises r abruptly to a height (     
approximately #b1jjj feet above ! valley
 floor4 ,x is kn[n locally z  ,specim5  
,ridge1 & =ms an approa* to ,ame?y/     
,m\nta94 ,!re is  also a small fossil   
=e/ conta9+ a numb] ( /&+ trunks ne>    
,t[] ,falls1 & ne> ! ea/]n bord] ( ! p>k
 along ,lam> ,riv]  9 ! vic9ity ( ,ca*e1
 ,calfee1 & ,mill] ,creeks1 !re are _m m
  or less isolat$ trunks & /umps (      

fossil trees1 b s f> z kn[n  none ( ^!  
are equal 9 int]e/ to ! fossil =e/ on ! 
slopes  ( ,specim5 ,ridge4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,upright trunk 
& 8hoodoo0 9 ,gallat9      ,m\nta9s1    
,montana4      ,c\rtesy ( ,e4 ,c4       
,ald]son4    ,! fossil =e/s are rea*$   
ov] a road f ! ,mammo? ,hot ,spr+s1  or 
f ,camp ,roosevelt ne> ,t[] ,falls1 & !y
 are 9 _! way q  z wond]ful & wor?y (   
att5tion z _m ( ! o!r features =  :i* ! 
,yell[/one ,national ,p>k is s ju/ly    
celebrat$4    ,rec5tly ano!r ext5sive   
fossil =e/ has be5 f\nd on ! divide     
betwe5 ! ,gallat9 & ,yell[/one ,riv]s 9 
! ,gallat9 ,range (  m\nta9s1 9 ,p>k &  
,gallat9 ,c\nties1 ,mont4 ,?is =e/1 :i* 
lies  j outside ! b\nd>y ( ! ,yell[/one 
,national ,p>k1 is said to  cov] #ce1jjj
 acres & to conta9 "s wond]fully well   
pres]v$  upright trunks1 _m ( !m v l>ge1
 equal+ or p]haps ev5  surpass+ 9 size  
"s ( ^? )9 ! limits ( ! p>k4 ,two (  !  
be/ pres]v$ ( ^! trunks are %[n 9       
figures #b & #c1 :i*  are "h reproduc$  

by ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,ald]son1 ( 
,bozeman1  ,mont4    ,9 ! b$s ( ! /reams
 & gul*es com+ d[n into ! ,lam> ,riv]  f
 ,specim5 ,ridge & ! fossil =e/s "o may 
obs]ve num]\s  pieces ( fossil wood1 :i*
 may be trac$ = a long di/ance d[n !    
,lam> & ,yell[/one ,riv]s4 ,! f>!r ^!   
pieces ( wood h be5  transport$         
d[n/ream1 ! m !y h be5 worn & r\nd$1    
until  ultimately !y become smoo?1 r\nd$
 8pebbles0 ( ! /ream b$4 ,!  pieces (   
wood become m num]\s & fre%] 9 appe>ance
 up/ream  t[>d ! bluffs1 until at ! foot
 ( ! cliffs 9 "s places !re  are        
hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s ( tons t h b      
rec5tly fall5  f ! walls above4 ,"o     
trav]s+ ! valley ( ! ,lam> ,riv] may    
see at _m places num]\s upright fossil  
trunks 9 ! faces ( ne>ly  v]tical walls4
 ,^! trunks are n all at a p>ticul>     
level b occur  at irregul> heights3 9   
fact a section cut d[n ?r\gh ^! #b1jjj  
feet ( b$s w\ld disclose a succession ( 
fossil =e/s 7see fig4 #d74  ,t is to    
say1 aft] ! fir/ =e/ grew & 0 entomb$1  

!re 0  a "t )\t volcanic outbur/--a     
p]iod long en\gh to p]mit a second  =e/ 
to gr[ above ! fir/4 ,?is 9 turn 0 cov]$
 by volcanic  mat]ial & pres]v$1 to be  
foll[$ aga9 by a p]iod ( quiet1 &  ^! m 
or less regul> alt]nations ( volcanism &
 =e/ gr[?  cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! "t ! b$s 7 
9 process ( =mation4                    
,,geologic ,,relations4      ,:ile ^!   
fossil =e/s 7 gr[+ & be+ entomb$1 mu* ( 
!  area n[ )9 ! limits ( ! p>k1 z well z
 l>ge adjac5t areas1  0 ! sc5e (        
trem5d\s geologic activities4 ,aft] !   
,cretace\s  p]iod 7see diagram p4 #bh71 
!re 0 a "t ( great volcanic activity1   
:i* appe>s to h la/$ until p]haps !     
beg9n+ ( ! glacial  epo*4 ,!re 7 _m     
active volcanoes j we/1 nor?1 & we/ (  !
 p>k1 & "s 9 ! p>k itself4 ,f ^!        
volcanoes va/  quantities ( mat]ial 7   
p\r$ out1 build+ up 9 places :ole       
m\nta9 ranges4 ,?us ! major portion ( ! 
great ,abs>oka ,range1  j ea/ ( ! p>k1 z
 x appe>s to-day1 0 built up ( volcanic 
mat]ial4        ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     

#d4--;,ideal section ?r\gh #b1jjj feet (
 b$s (      ,specim5 ,ridge1 %[+        
succession ( buri$ =e/4 ,aft] ,holmes4  
,mr4 ,arnold ,hague gives ! foll[+      
graphic acc\nt ( ?is &  adjac5t areas3  
,f "o end to ! o!r ! ,abs>okas pres5t a 
high1 impos+    plateau1 ) elevations   
rang+ f #aj1jjj to ov] #ab1jjj feet     
above    sea level4 ,! entire mass is   
made up almo/ exclusively ( ,t]ti>y     
igne\s rocks4 99 99 99 ,degradation ( ! 
mass has tak5 place on a    gr& scale4  
,va/ quantities ( volcanic ejectm5ta h  
be5 remov$    f ! summit1 b no reliable 
data exi/ by :i* ! am\nt c be    e/imat$
 ev5 approximately4 ,all ! high]        
portions h be5    sculptur$ by glacial  
ice4 ,enorm\s amphi!at]s h be5 c>v$ out 
( ! loose agglom]ates1 & peaks1         
p9nacles1 & relics ( great    table-l&s 
te/ify 9 "s measure to ! =ces ( erosion4
 ,!    plateau is scor$ by a complete   
network ( deep valleys & gorges1    :i* 
dissect x 9 e direction1 & lay b>e !    
/ructure ( !    va/ volcanic pile4#a    

,)9 ! p>k !re is evid5ce ( simil>       
volcanic activity1 & x  is cle> t ! bas9
 betwe5 ! encircl+ ranges 0 fill$ to its
  pres5t elevation by volcanic fl[s1 :i*
 =m$ ! pres5t p>k  plateau4 ,! area )9  
:i* ! fossil =e/s are n[ f\nd 0         
app>5tly 9 ! beg9n+ an irregul> b       
relatively flat bas91 on  ! floor ( :i* 
aft] a "t !re grew ! fir/ =e/4 ,!n !re  
came f "s ( ! volcanoes1 probably ^? to 
! nor?1 an  outp\r+ ( a%es1 mud fl[s1 & 
o!r mat]ial :i* entirely buri$  ! =e/1 b
 s gradually t ! trees 7 simply subm]g$ 
by !  incom+ mat]ial1 few ( !m be+      
pro/rat$4 ,on ! rais$ floor (  ! bas91  
aft] a "t1 ! next =e/ came into exi/5ce1
 only to be  9 turn engulf$ z ! fir/ _h 
be51 & s on ?r\gh ! p]iod  repres5t$ by 
! #b1jjj feet or m ( simil> b$s4 ,!     
s]ies (  entomb$ =e/s af=ds a means (   
mak+ at lea/ a r\gh e/imate (  ! "t     
requir$ = ! upbuild+ ( :at is n[        
,specim5 ,ridge &  its ext5sions4 7,see 
p4 #bg47    ,dur+ ! "t ?is #b1jjj feet (
 mat]ial 0 be+ accumulat$1 &  s9ce !n to

 ! pres5t day1 !re has be5 relatively   
little w>p+  ( ! e>?'s cru/ at ?is po9t2
 t is1 ! b$s 7 !n1 &  /ill are1         
practically horizontal1 s t ! fossil    
=e/s1 z !y  are be+ gradually uncov]$1  
/ill /& upright4    ,:5 ! volcanic      
activities _h f9ally ceas$1 ! ev]-work+ 
dis9tegrat+ =ces ( nature began to te> &
 we> d[n ?is  accumulat$ mat]ial1 erod+ 
! b$s on a gr& scale4 ,deep canyons  &  
gul*es h be5 tr5*$1 & va/ quantities ( !
 s(t]  mat]ials h be5 c>ri$ away by !   
/reams & aga9 deposit$ on  l[] levels or
 transport$ to great & unkn[n di/ances4 
,z ! mat]ial 9 :i* ! fossil =e/s are n[ 
entomb$ consi/ (  a%es1 mud fl[s1       
breccia1 & ! l1 n all ! b$s are ( !     
same texture end h>dness1 s t erosion   
has act$ unev5ly on !m  & has produc$ _m
 peculi> rock =ms4 ,! grotesque s-call$ 
8hoodoos0 h be5 c>v$ out 9 ?is mann]4 ,!
 fossil trunks1 be+  usually h>d] ?an ! 
surr\nd+ matrix 9 :i* !y are emb$d$1  h 
m firmly resi/$ erosion & n[ project to 
diff]5t heights  above ! g5]al level4 ,9

 expos$ b$s t are ne>ly or q            
horizontal1 dis9tegration has act$ at   
ne>ly equal pace on ! trunks  & on !    
matrix1 s t ! trunks are ne>ly or q on a
 level  ) ! surr\nd+ surface4 ,on /eep  
hillsides1 h[ev]1 f :i*  all loose      
mat]ial is easily & quickly remov$1 "s (
 ! fossil  trunks /& up to a height (   
#bj or #cj feet4 ,if ! b$s _h be5  tilt$
 at a consid]able angle1 ^! trunks c\ld 
project f !  surface = only a %ort      
di/ance be=e _! weight w\ld break !m    
(f1 %[+ aga9 ! rem>kably /able          
conditions t h cont9u$  s9ce ! trunks 7 
cov]$ up4                               
,,ame?y/ ,,m\nta94      ,! fossil =e/ t 
0 fir/ br\ght to sci5tific att5tion is  
on  ! nor!rn slope ( ,ame?y/ ,m\nta91   
opposite ! m\? ( ,soda  ,butte ,creek1  
#ab miles s\!a/ ( ,camp ,roosevelt4 ,!  
foll[+  acc\nt1 by ,dr4 ,william ,h4    
,holmes1 ! discov]] ( ^! fossil  =e/s1  
%[s ! impression fir/ made by !m3       
,z we ride up ! trail t me&]s ! smoo?   
riv] bottom ,lam>    ,riv] we h b to    

turn our att5tion to ! cliffs on ! "r   
h& to discov] a multitude ( ! blea*$    
trunks ( ! anci5t    =e/s4 ,9 ! /eep]   
middle portion ( ! m\nta9 face1 r[s (   
upright trunks /& out on ! l$ges l !    
columns ( a ru9$    temple4 ,on ! m     
g5tle slopes f>!r d[n1 b :]e x is /ill  
too /eep to support vegetation1 save a  
few p9es1 ! petrifi$    trunks fairly   
cov] ! surface1 & 7 at fir/ suppos$ by u
 to    be %att]$ rema9s ( a rec5t =e/4#b
    ,^! trunks may easily be se5 f !    
road along ! ,lam> ,riv]1  ab\t a mile  
away4 ,!y /& upright--z ,holmes has     
said1 l !  pill>s ( "s ru9$ temple--& a 
clos] view %[s t !re is a  succession ( 
^! =e/s1 "o above ano!r4 ,9 ! foo?ills &
  sev]al hundr$ feet above ! valley !re 
is a p]p5dicul> wall (  volcanic        
breccia1 :i* 9 "s places atta9s a height
 ( ne>ly #ajj  feet4 ,! fossil trunks   
may be se5 9 ?is wall 9 _m places1 all (
  !m /&+ upright1 9 ! position 9 :i* !y 
grew4 ,"s ( ^!  trunks1 :i* are #b to #d
 feet 9 diamet] & #bj to #dj feet high1 

are s  f> wea!r$ out ( ! rock z to appe>
 j ready to fall3 o!rs  are only        
slightly expos$3 ni*es m>k ! places f   
:i* o!rs h  already fall53 & ! foot ( ! 
cliff is pil$ high ) fragm5ts  ( v>i\s  
sizes4    ,above ?is cliff fossil trunks
 appe> 9 great numb]s & 9 regul>        
succession4 ,z !y are all p]fectly      
silicifi$1 !y are m  resi/ant ?an !     
surr\nd+ matrix & consequ5tly /& above  
x4  ,mo/ ( !m are only a few in*es above
 ! surface1 b occasionally  "o rises z  
high z #e or #f feet4 ,! l>ge/ trunk    
obs]v$ 9 ! p>k  is f\nd 9 ?is locality4 
,x is a little ov] #aj feet 9 diamet]1 a
  measurem5t t includes a "p ( ! b>k4 ,x
 is v mu* brok5  d[n1 especially 9 !    
int]ior1 probably hav+ be5 s dis9tegrat$
  be=e x 0 fossiliz$4 ,x projects ab\t  
#f feet above ! surface4    ,at _m      
places ab\t ,ame?y/ ,m\nta9 !re are     
num]\s fragm5ts (  fossil wood & _m     
holl[ trunks4 ,! mat]ial 9 :i* !y _h be5
  emb$d$ has be5 erod$ away1 & !y lie   
ar\nd 9 some:at ! same  attitudes t are 

%[n by all ! trunks 9 ! ,arizona fossil 
=e/s1 b !re is little d\bt t !y 7       
orig9ally erect &  h simply fall5 by _! 
own weight because ( ! removal ( !      
mat]ial ar\nd !m4    ,_m ( ! trunks "h1 
z well z else:]e 9 ! p>k1 _h decay$  9 !
 c5t] be=e !y 7 fossiliz$1 & "s ( !     
holl[  int]iors are fill$ ) clu/]s &    
rosettes ( beautiful cry/als (  ame?y/1 
:i* d\btless sugge/$ ! "n giv5 to !     
adjac5t  m\nta94 ,mu* ( ?is f9ely       
pres]v$ wood1 z well z ! trunks  conta9+
 ! cry/als ( ame?y/1 0 brok5 up & c>ri$ 
away by  collectors ( m9]als &          
curiosities be=e ! ,gov]nm5t control 9  
! p>k 0 made suffici5tly rigid to insure
 prop] protection4                      
,,specim5 ,,ridge4      ,9 _m respects !
 mo/ rem>kable ( ! fossil =e/s is on !  
nor?we/ end ( ,specim5 ,ridge1 ab\t a   
mile s\!a/ ( ,junction  ,butte & ab\t   
opposite ! m\? ( ,sl\gh ,creek4 ,s f> z 
kn[n1  ?is =e/ 0 fir/ br\ght to         
sci5tific att5tion by ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4      
,ald]son1 ( ,bozeman1 ,mont41 & ! writ]1

 :o discov]$ x 9  ,augu/1 #ahhg4 ,x is  
f\nd on ! high] "p ( ! ridge1 & cov]s   
sev]al acres4 ,! trees are expos$ at    
v>i\s heights on ! v  /eep hillsides1 & 
"o rem>kable feature ( ! =e/ is t mo/  (
 !m project well above ! surface4    ,"o
 ( ! l>ge/ & be/ pres]v$ trees /&s at ! 
v summit (  ! slope 7see title page74   
,?is trunk1 :i* is t ( a giant  r$wood1 
is #bf feet 9 circumf]5ce )\t ! b>k &   
ab\t #ab feet  9 height4 ,! portion (   
?is huge trunk pres]v$ is ! base1 & x   
exhibits to a consid]able degree !      
swell+ or buttress+ s well  kn[n 9 !    
liv+ r$wood4 ,! roots1 :i* are z l>ge z 
! trunks  ( ord9>y trees1 are n[ emb$d$ 
9 solid rock4        ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #e4--,upright trunks 9 ,specim5 ,ridge 
fossil      =e/4    ,on ! /eep hillside 
a %ort di/ance bel[ ! big tree j m5tion$
  are ! two trunks %[n 9 figure #e4 ,!y 
are ab\t #b feet 9 diamet]  & #be feet  
high1 & /& "s #bj feet ap>t1 & we may   
imag9e !m  to h =m$ ! doorpo/s ( !      
8anci5t temple0 ( :i* ,holmes  speaks4  

,bo? ^! trunks are )\t ! b>k4 ,on ! left
 ( !  figure is "o ( ! huge irregul>    
masses ( rock t has be5 c>v$  out by    
erosion4        ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#f4--,trunk ( fossil p9e %[+ b>k4       
,specim5      ,ridge fossil =e/4    ,9  
figure #f is %[n ano!r trunk ab\t #c    
feet 9 diamet] & ne>ly  #cj feet high4  
,9 sev]al places along ! trunk ! ?ick   
b>k may be  not$4 ,?is tree is a p9e1 z 
are ! two la/ describ$1 & slightly  bel[
 & beh9d x are two liv+ p9e trees1 :i*  
are ab\t ! size  x mu/ h be5 :5 liv+4   
,ano!r trunk1 "s #ab feet 9 height1 is  
%[n 9 figure #g1 & 9 figure #h !re may  
be not$ a /&+ trunk  & above x ano!r t  
has rec5tly fall54        ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #g4--,trunk %[+ b>k4 ,specim5     
,ridge fossil      =e/4                 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,upright &     
pro/rate trunks1 ,specim5 ,ridge        
fossil =e/4    ,! height atta9$ by !    
trees ( ?is fossil =e/ c n be  asc]ta9$ 
) c]ta9ty1 s9ce ! talle/ trunk n[ /&+ is
 only  ab\t #cj feet high1 b e "o obs]v$

 is obvi\sly brok5 (f1 &  does n %[ ev5 
! pres5ce ( limbs4 ,p]haps ! ne>e/      
approa*  to a measure ( ! height is     
af=d$ by a trunk 7%[n 9 fig4 #aj7  t    
happ5$ to h be5 pro/rat$ be=e           
fossilization4 ,?is trunk1  :i* is #d   
feet 9 diamet]1 is expos$ = a l5g? (    
ab\t #dj feet1  & z x %[s no app>5t     
dim9ution 9 size )9 ?is di/ance x  is   
safe to assume t ! tree c\ld h>dly h be5
 less ?an #ajj  feet high & v probably  
may h be5 high]4 ,?is trunk is          
wond]fully pres]v$4 ,z may be se5 f !   
illu/ration1 x has  brok5 up by splitt+ 
along ! gra9 ( ! wood into great numb]s 
(  little pieces1 :i* closely resemble  
pieces ( 8k9dl+ wood0 split  f a        
cle>-gra9$ block4 ,9 fact1 at a di/ance 
( a few y>ds x  w\ld be impossible to   
di/+ui% ?is fossil 8k9dl+ wood0 f t     
split f a liv+ tree4                    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,pro/rate     
trunk ( fossil r$wood1 ,specim5         
,ridge fossil =e/4    ,! l>ge r$wood    
trunk already m5tion$ 7title-page7 z be+

 ne>ly  #aj feet 9 diamet] may be comp>$
 ) its liv+ relative ( !  ,pacific coa/ 
9 ord] to calculate its probable height4
 ,! liv+  r$wood is usually #aj to #ae  
feet 9 diamet] & ranges 9 height f  #bjj
 to #caj feet1 & z ! two are s v closely
 relat$ !re is no  reason to suppose t !
 fossil trunk 0 ( less height1 b by a   
mod]ate e/imate x may be accr$it$ ) a   
m9imum height ( #bjj  feet4             
,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,yell[/one     
,,national ,,p>k      ,norris ,o ,d5otes
 ,rang] ,/ation      ,direction (       
,travel      ,di/ances giv5 are betwe5  
ma9 po9ts by road      ,,note ,,!       
,,mile-,,po/ ,,signs                    
,,t[] ,,falls4      ,! mo/ accessible   
fossil =e/1 m>k$ ,petrifi$ ,trees on !  
map1  is we/ ( ! ,t[] ,falls ,rang]     
,/ation & ,camp ,roosevelt on ! road  f 
! ,gr& ,canyon to ,mammo? ,hot ,spr+s1  
by way ( ,m\nt ,wa%burn4  ,x is on !    
middle slope ( a hill t rises ab\t      
#a1jjj feet above  ! little valley & may
 be rea*$ by a bran* road f ! ma9 loop  

road4 ,z ! travel] approa*es ! =e/ he w 
obs]ve a numb] (  trunks /&+ upright    
among ! /umps & trunks ( liv+ trees1 &  
s mu* resembl+ !m t a ne> view is       
necess>y to conv9ce him  t !y are really
 fossil trunks4 ,only two rise to a     
consid]able  height above ! surface4 ,! 
l>g] "o is ab\t #ae feet high & #ac     
feet 9 circumf]5ce 7fig4 #aa73 ! o!r is 
a little small]4 ,z !  roots are n      
expos$1 x is impossible to det]m9e !    
position ( !  "p 9 view or ! orig9al    
diamet] ( ! trees1 z ! b>k is  n[h]e    
pres]v$4        ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#aa4--;,fossil trunk ne> ,t[] ,falls4   
,photograph by ,f4 ,j4 ,haynes4         
,above ^! /&+ trunks lie _m o!rs1 :i* ! 
dis9tegrat+  =ces ( nature break up into
 small fragm5ts & keep at ab\t !  same  
level z t ( _! surr\nd+ matrix4 ,"s ( ^!
 trunks  rise only a few in*es f !      
surface3 o!rs are ne>ly cov]$ by  %ift+ 
dbris4 ,_! diamet] ranges f #a to #ad   
feet1 & !y are  s p]fectly pres]v$ t !  
r+s ( gr[? c easily be c\nt$4  ,!       

int]nal /ructure is also 9 mo/ trunks   
ne>ly z p]fect z :5  ! trees 7 liv+4    
,,ca*e ,,creek4      ,! =e/ t is next 9 
size to ! "o a mile s\!a/ ( ,junction   
,butte is on ,ca*e ,creek1 ab\t #g miles
 above its m\?4 ,x is on !  s\? bank ( !
 creek & cov]s sev]al acres4 ,! trunks  
are  scatt]$ f bottom to top ( ! slopes 
?r\gh a height ( probably  #hjj feet4   
,mo/ ( ! trunks are upright1 b only a   
few project m  ?an #b or #c feet above !
 surface4 ,! l>ge/ "o obs]v$ 0 #f feet  
9 height & #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,mo/ ( ^! 
trunks appe> to !  nak$ eye to be       
conif]s1 b a numb] are obvi\sly         
dicotyl$ons--t  is1 !y 7 decidu\s-leav$ 
trees4 ,! conif]s1 h[ev]1 7 !  pr$om9ant
 elem5t 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r fossil =e/s4    
,! slopes ( ! ,?und]]1 ! m\nta9 s       
prom95tly 9 view f  ,soda ,butte on !   
s\?1 also be> num]\s fossil trunks4 ,mo/
 ( !m  are upright1 b only a v few      
project m ?an #b feet above !  surface4 
,no rem>kably l>ge trunks 7 obs]v$ at   
?is locality1 !  av]age diamet] be+     

p]haps less ?an #b feet4                
,,o!r ,,localities4      ,m\nt ,norris1 
:i* is h>dly to be sep>at$ f ! ,?und]]1 
also  be>s a small fossil =e/4 ,! trees 
are ( ab\t ! same size &  "* z ^? 9 !   
l>g] m\nta94 ,fossil =e/s ( great] or   
less ext5t1 compos$ ma9ly ( upright     
trunks1 are expos$ also on  ,b>onett    
,peak1 ,bison ,peak1 ,abia?> ,peak1     
,cresc5t ,hill1 & ,mill]  ,creek4 ,9    
fact1 !re is h>dly a squ>e mile ( ! area
 ( !  nor!a/]n portion ( ! p>k t is )\t 
its fossil =e/1  scatt]$ trunks1 or     
erratic fragm5ts4    ,! va/ area ea/ ( !
 ,yell[/one ,lake & ! region /ill f>!r  
ea/1 beyond ! limits ( ! p>k1 h n be5   
?or\ghly explor$1  b en\gh is kn[n to   
make x c]ta9 t ^! areas conta9 m or     
less fossil wood4 ,! /ream b$s 9 ^!     
areas 9 _m places conta9  fragm5ts (    
fossil wood1 :i* indicates t trunks (   
trees mu/ be  ne> at h&4                
,,! ,,process ,,( ,,fossilization4      
,! mann] 9 :i* ^! =e/s 7 fossiliz$ may  
next be  consid]$4 ,?\gh ! :ole hi/ory (

 ! process is n fully  und]/ood1 x 0    
und\bt$ly dep5d5t on or at lea/ greatly 
facilitat$ by ! pres5ce ( volcanic &    
hydro!rmal activity1 :i*  0 d\btless !n1
 z x is to "s ext5t n[1 a m>k$ feature (
 !  p>k region4 ,at lea/ a h9t ( !      
probable process is af=d$ by !  action  
n[ go+ on 9 ! hot spr+ areas4 ,_m ( ^?  
areas are  closely surr\nd$ by =e/s1 &  
unless ! action ( ! spr+s is  v viol5t !
 trees may be gr[+ only a %ort di/ance  
away4  ,occasionally a hot spr+ may     
break out ne> ! edge ( a =e/1 !  fir/   
effect be+1 ( c\rse1 to kill ! trees4 ,9
 a few ye>s1 by !  action ( ! ord9>y    
processes ( decay1 a tree s kill$ may h 
lo/ its b>k & mo/ ( its small] bran*es4 
,! hot wat] :i*  con/antly or           
int]mitt5tly surr\nds ! tree conta9s a  
consid]able  am\nt ( silica 9 solution1 
& z ?is hot silica-*>g$ wat] is  drawn  
up into ! wood by capill>ity ! silica   
may be deposit$ 9 !  cells ( ! wood aft]
 ! wat] cools or evaporates4 ,! fir/    
result  w be a m or less complete ca/ ( 

! int]ior ( ! cells &  vessels ( ! wood4
 ,?is mu* ( ! process has actually be5  
obs]v$1 b z decay is m rapid ?an        
silicification1 ! wood  crumbles to du/ 
be=e petrifaction is complete4 ,if !    
trunk c\ld be  surr\nd$ by a%es or mud &
 ?us protect$ f atmosph]ic action1  x   
might 9 "t be completely turn$ to /one4 
,! fossil =e/s are surr\nd$ by a matrix 
t is kn[n z an acidic  lava--t is1 a    
silice\s lava--:i* conta9s abundant     
silica 9  solution4 ,! fir/ "p ( !      
process ( silicification may well h  be5
 t above describ$ z tak+ place 9 ! hot  
spr+ areas at !  pres5t day--t is1 !    
silica w\ld be deposit$ 9 all ! cells & 
vessels ( ! wood1 mak+ an accurate ca/ (
 all op5 spaces4 ,!n1  :ile ! sl[       
process ( decay w5t on1 z ea* p>ticle ( 
organic  matt] 0 remov$ its place 0 tak5
 by ! silica1 until1 f9ally1  all ! wood
 sub/ance _h disappe>$ & its place atom 
by atom _h  be5 tak5 by silica4    ,by  
?is or a simil> process ! wood has be5  
pres]v$ or fossiliz$  ) rem>kable       

fidelity3 9 fact1 ?9 sections or slices 
( ! fossil  wood may be /udi$ "u ! high]
 p[]s ( ! microscope )  almo/ or q z mu*
 complet5ess & satisfaction z if !y 7   
sections cut f a piece ( liv+ wood4 ,ea*
 cell & vessel1 ) its  *>act]i/ic pits &
 m>k+s1 is pres]v$ exactly z x grew4 ,"s
  ( ! wood1 h[ev]1 0 evid5tly m or less 
decay$ be=e x 0  fossiliz$1 or else     
decay work$ fa/] ?an replacem5t1 s t 9  
"s fragm5ts ! /ructure is n s cle>ly    
pres]v$4 ,_m ( !  trunks 7 subject$ to  
pressure be=e replacem5t 0 complete1 &  
?is has cru%$ or di/ort$ ! cells4 ,on ! 
:ole1 h[ev]1 ! wood  is exceptionally   
well pres]v$1 z may be se5 9 figures    
#ab1 #ac1 #ad1  & #ae4 ,^! are all      
magnifi$ #ajj diamet]s & 7 photograph$  
directly f ! ?9 sections--t is1 !y are  
photomicrographs--&  h n be5 ret\*$ 9   
any mann]4 ,figure #ab %[s a transv]se  
section ( ! wood ( ! l>ge r$wood trunk t
 has be5 s (t5  m5tion$ 7see title      
page74 ,! section is cut ?r\gh "o ( !   
gr[?  r+s1 :i* consi/s ( #ab or #ae r[s 

( v ?ick-wall$ cells4 ,!  l>ge1 regul>  
?9-wall$ cells1 :i* beg9 abruptly above 
! gr[?  r+1 belong to ! spr+ wood--t is1
 ! wood fir/ =m$ aft]  gr[? />ts 9 spr+1
 :5 ! supply ( n\ri%m5t is abundant4 ,if
  !re is suffici5t moi/ure & all        
conditions are favorable ?is  vigor\s   
gr[? ( wood cells may cont9ue )\t       
int]ruption until  ! approa* ( cold or  
dry wea!r1 b n infrequ5tly !re may be a 
brief %ortage ( moi/ure1 & ?is is       
reflect$ 9 ! =mation ( a  few r[s (     
?ick]-wall$ cells4 ,su* a condition may 
be obs]v$ 9  ! pres5t specim51 9 :i* a  
slight1 p>tial r+ may be se5 at  "s     
di/ance above ! ma9 r+4                 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,?9 section ( 
wood ( fossil r$wood      7,sequoia     
magnifica71 %[+ gr[? r+4 ,section       
transv]se4      ,magnifi$ #ajj diamet]s4
        ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,?9   
section ( wood ( fossil p9e             
7,pityoxylon ame?y/9um71 %[+ gr[? r+ &  
res9 tube4      ,section transv]se4     
,magnifi$ #ajj diamet]s4                

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,?9 section ( 
wood ( fossil p9e      7,pityoxylon     
ald]soni71 %[+ m$ull>y rays & res9 tube4
      ,section tang5tial4 ,magnifi$ #ajj
 diamet]s4        ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#ae4--,?9 section ( wood ( fossil laurel
      7,laur9oxylon pul*rum71 %[+ wood  
cells1 tubes1 & rays4      ,section     
longitud9al4 ,magnifi$ #ajj diamet]s4   
,! v p]fect pres]vation ( ! wood ( "o ( 
! p9es  7,pityoxylon ame?y/9um7 is %[n 9
 figure #ac1 a view ( a section  cut    
?r\gh a "p ( a gr[? r+ & into ! spr+ &  
summ] wood1  ! r+s 9 ?is species be+ s  
broad t x is impossible to %[ a         
complete "o4 ,! op5+ ne> ! bottom ( !   
figure %[s "o ( !  l>ge res9 ducts1 :i*1
 9 ! liv+ wood1 is fill$ ) ! 8pit*0  t s
 readily exudes :5 a bran* is cut or    
brok54 ,a longitud9al  section ( ! o!r  
species ( p9e 7,pityoxylon ald]soni7 is 
%[n  9 figure #ad4 ,! _m little r[s (   
sup]impos$ cells 9 ! mid/ (  ! long wood
 cells are ! cut-(f ends ( :at are kn[n 
z m$ull>y  rays--t is1 ! little plates (

 cells t connect pi? & b>k4 ,"o  ( !    
res9 cells cut 9 ! long direction is %[n
 ne> ! c5t] (  ! figure2 ! cont5ts are  
mu* d>k] ?an t ( ! wood cells4    ,! v  
great diff]5ce betwe5 ! sections (      
conif]\s wood j  describ$ & ! wood ( a  
decidu\s tree is br\ght out 9 figure    
#ae1  :i* is a longitud9al section ( a  
laurel 7,laur9oxylon pul*rum74  ,9 ?is !
 wood cells are relatively mu* small] & 
%ort]1 & !  m$ull>y rays are 9 sev]al   
irregul> r[s4 ,! l>ge dott$ duct ne>  ! 
middle ( ! figure is a feature n pres5t 
9 conif]\s trees4                       
,,species ,,repres5t$4      ,an         
enum]ation ( ! k9ds ( trees t are       
repres5t$ by ! woods  9 ! fossil =e/s ( 
! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k w naturally 
be  dem&$4 ,a sup]ficial or macroscopic 
exam9ation ( ^! trunks w\ld  n p]mit a  
close decision z to ! k9d ( wood3 9     
fact1 x w\ld  h>dly be possible to d m  
?an sep>ate !m by ?is means into        
conif]\s & dicotyl$on\s trees4 ,b by    
/udy+ ?9 sections "u  ! microscope x is 

possible to di/+ui% ! diff]5t k9ds )    
reasonable accuracy4 ,z ! result ( su*  
/udy ! foll[+ species  h be5 detect$3   
,magnific5t r$wood 7,sequoia magnifica74
    ,ald]son's p9e 7,pityoxylon         
ald]soni74    ,ame?y/ p9e 7,pityoxylon  
ame?y/9um74    ,laurel 7,laur9oxylon    
pul*rum74    ,aromatic bay 7,p]seoxylon 
aromaticum71    ,hayd5's sycamore       
7,plantan9ium hayd5i74    ,kn[lton's    
sycamore 7,plantan9ium kn[ltoni74       
,felix's buck?orn 7,rhamnac9ium         
radiatum74    ,lam> oak 7,qu]c9ium      
lam>5se74    ,kn[lton's oak 7,qu]c9ium  
kn[ltoni74    ,al?\gh only ?ree k9ds (  
conif]\s trees h ?us f> be5 f\nd  9 !   
fossil =e/s ( ! p>k1 fully #ie p] c5t ( 
all ! trunks  belong to ^! ?ree species4
 ,! prepond]ance ( conif]s is probably  
due to ! facts t !y 7 presumably m      
abundant 9 !  beg9n+1 & t1 9 g5]al1     
conif]\s wood decays less rapidly  ?an t
 ( mo/ ( decidu\s-leav$ trees4 ,b !     
conditions 7 s  favorable = pres]v+ any 
wood t x is p]haps /range t n  m trunks 

( decidu\s-leav$ trees h be5 f\nd !re4  
,z x is1  h[ev]1 a great] numb] are kn[n
 f ! p>k ?an f any o!r  region4 ,?us1 ! 
,arizona fossil =e/s embrac$ only two   
species (  decidu\s-leav$ trees3 !      
,cali/oga 7,cali=nia7 wood only "o      
species1 & ! =e/ at ,cairo1 ,egypt1 only
 f\r species4    ,! #aj species ( trees 
repres5t$ 9 ! fossil =e/s ( ! p>k  are  
by no means ! only fossil plants t h be5
 f\nd4 ,!  f9e-gra9$ a%es & volcanic mud
 9 :i* ! =e/s 7 entomb$  conta9 also    
great numb]s ( impressions ( plants1 _m 
( !m v  p]fectly pres]v$4 ,mo/ ( ^! are 
impressions ( foliage1 su* z  fronds &  
leaves1 b !y include also roots1 /ems1  
bran*es1  fruit+ organs1 & ev5 :at is   
believ$ to be ! petals ( a l>ge         
magnolia fl[]4 ,ab\t #aej diff]5t k9ds (
 fossil plants h be5  f\nd 9 ! p>k1 #hj 
9 ! same b$s ) ! =e/s1 & mo/ ( !  o!rs 9
 slightly high] & y\ng] b$s4 ,! li/     
embraces #aj f]ns1  among !m a f9e *a9  
f]n 7,woodw>dia71 sev]al aspl5iums1 & a 
beautiful little climb+ f]n 7,lygodium74

 ,! horse-tails 7,equisetum7  are       
repres5t$ by #d species4 ,! conif]s     
include no less ?an #f  species ( p9es  
7,p9us71 a yew 7,taxodium71 & #b        
sequoias4 ,^! h  be5 id5tifi$ ei!r f !  
foliage or ! cones1 & x is m  ?an likely
 t "s ( ! specim5s may repres5t organs t
  belong$ to trees repres5t$ by ! fossil
 trunks1 b z !y h  nev] be5 f\nd        
connect$ !y h be5 describ$ sep>ately4 ,!
  monocotyl$ons1 or plants )            
p>allel-ve9$ leaves1 are repres5t$  by  
only a few =ms1 su* z a s+le l>ge grass 
7,phragmites71 a few  s$ges             
7,cyp]acites71 a smilax1 & a curi\s     
broad-leav$ banana-l  plant             
7,musophyllum74 ,! dicotyl$ons1 or      
decidu\s-leav$ plants1 make  up ! bulk (
 ! flora & include walnuts 7,juglans71  
hickory nuts  7,hicoria71 bay b]ries    
7,myrica71 popl>s 7,populus71 will[s    
7,salix71  bir*es 7,betula71 hazel nuts 
7,corylus71 bee* nuts 7,fagus71 *e/nuts 
7,ca/anea71 oaks 7,qu]cus71 elms        
7,ulmus71 figs 7,ficus71 breadfruits    

7,artoc>pus71 magnolias 7,magnolia71    
laurels 7,laurus71 bays 7,p]sea71       
c9namons 7,c9namomum71 sycamores        
7,plantanus71 acacias 7,acacia71 suma*s 
7,rhus71 bitt]sweet 7,cela/rus71 maples 
7,ac]71 soap b]ries 7,sap9dus71         
buck?orns 7,rhammus71 grapes 7,cissus71 
basswood 7,tilia71 aralias  7,aralia71  
dogwoods 7,cornus71 p]simmons           
7,diospyros71 a% 7,frax9us71 &  a numb] 
( o!rs )\t v]nacul> names4              
,,comp>ison ,,) ,,liv+ ,,=e/s4      ,a  
brief comp>ison ( ! fossil =e/s ) ! =e/s
 n[ liv+ 9  ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k 
may be ( "s int]e/4 ,! pres5t  =e/s are 
prevail+ly conif]\s1 ! mo/ abundant &   
widely  di/ribut$ tree be+ ! lodgepole  
p9e 7,p9us murrayana71 :i*  =ms d5se    
=e/s ov] mu* ( ! plateau region4 ,x is  
di/+ui%$  by hav+ ! leaves 9 clu/]s (   
two4 ,x is a tree ) a sl5d]  trunk1     
usually #gj or #hj feet high1 ?\gh 9    
exceptionally favorable  localities x   
may rea* a height ( #aej feet4 ,its     
diamet] r>ely  exce$s #b or #c feet4 ,! 

areas ravag$ by =e/ fires are usually   
re=e/$ by ?is p9e alone1 & ! "y trees   
come up s close  toge!r z to =m ?ickets 
t c sc>cely be p5etrat$4    ,!re are two
 o!r p9es 9 ! p>k1 bo? :ite p9es1 alli$ 
to !  common :ite p9e ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1
 & l x bo? h !  leaves 9 clu/]s ( #e4   
,"o1 kn[n z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 :ite p9e   
7,p9us flexilis7 is a small tree1 only  
#dj or #ej feet 9 height1 &  usually    
gr[s s+ly or 9 small groves4 ,! o!r1    
call$ ! ,we/]n  :ite p9e 7,p9us         
albicaulis71 is /ill small]1 be+ usually
 #bj to  #cj feet high1 & has a %ort    
trunk "s #b to #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,x    
gr[s on high slopes & expos$ ridges4    
,p]haps next 9 abundance to ! lodgepole 
p9e is ! :ite or  ,engelmann spruce     
7,picea engelmanni71 a tall1 h&some tree
 )  disagreeable smell+ foliage4 ,ano!r 
r abundant tree is !  ,d\glas spruce1 or
 r$ fir 7,pseudotsuga mucronata71 :i*1  
:]e be/  develop$ on ! ,pacific coa/1   
atta9s a height ( #bjj feet1 ?\gh 9  !  
dri] int]ior x is r>ely ov] #hj or #ajj 

feet high4 ,!re are also  two species ( 
fir1 ! :ite fir 7,abies gr&is7 & !      
,balsam fir  7,abies lasioc>pa71 & a    
s+le junip] 7,junip]us communis         
sib]ica71 :i* is (t5 sc>cely m ?an a    
%rub4    ,! decidu\s-leav$ trees are    
almo/ a negligible elem5t 9 !  pres5t   
p>k flora1 be+ conf9$ to an occasional  
cottonwood 7,populus  angu/ifolia7 at ! 
l[] elevations1 along ! ,yell[/one      
,riv]1 &  small groves ( ! quak+ asp5   
7,populus tremuloides74 ,along !  /reams
 & 9 wet places !re are _m species (    
will[ 7,salix7 &  sev]al ald]s 7,alnus71
 & 9 m\nta9 bogs & valleys !re is a     
small bir* 7,betula gl&ulosa74 ,!re are1
 ( c\rse1 _m small  %rubs1 su* z        
gooseb]ries1 currants1 & roses4         
,,age ,,( ,,! ,,fossil ,,=e/s4      ,!  
"q is (t5 ask$1 ,h[ old are ! fossil    
=e/s8 ,x is1 (  c\rse1 impossible to fix
 _! age exactly 9 ye>s1 ?\gh x is easy  
en\gh to place !m 9 ! geologic "t scale4
 ,! /ratifi$ rocks  t make up ! cru/ ( !
 e>?1 f ! olde/ we "k to ! mo/  rec5t1 h

 be5 divid$ by geologi/s into a numb] ( 
major divisions  or sy/ems1 ea*--except 
p]haps ! olde/--conta9+ ! rema9s (      
c]ta9 k9ds ( plants & animals4 ,!       
accompany+ diagram 7fig4 #af71  %[s ^!  
major "t divisions1 arrang$ 9 _! prop]  
sequ5ce f  ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,! />    
7997 9 ?is geologic "t scale  indicates 
! age ( ! rocks 9 :i* ! fossil =e/s 7   
entomb$4 ,x %[s t !y 7 buri$ dur+ !     
,t]ti>y p]iod4  ,?is p]iod is divid$    
into f\r epo*s1 ! olde/ call$ ,eoc5e1   
hav+ be5 succe$$ 9 turn by ! ,oligoc5e1 
! ,mioc5e1 & !  ,plioc5e1 :i* j prec$es 
! ,plei/oc5e or glacial epo*4 ,!  =e/s (
 ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k are f\nd 9 
! ,mioc5e s]ies  ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,z comp>$ 
) ! eons ( geologic "t t  prec$$ x !    
,mioc5e is relatively v rec5t1 ?\gh1 if 
!  v>i\s e/imates ( ! age ( ! e>? t h   
be5 made by  geologi/s are any:]e ne>   
correct x may well h be5 a million  ye>s
 ago4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ?is  
e/imate involves  m or less speculation 
bas$ on a numb] ( factors :i* may or may

  n h be5 correctly int]pret$4    ,a    
/udy ( ! fossil trees !mselves gives at 
lea/ a r\gh  approximation z to ! l5g? (
 "t x may h tak5 to accumulate  ! b$s 9 
:i* !y are n[ buri$4 ,z already m5tion$1
 !re is a  succession ( =e/s1 "o above  
ano!r1 ?r\gh a ?ickness ( #b1jjj  feet (
 /rata4 ,! unit ( ! measure ( ! "t is ! 
"t tak5 by  ea* =e/ to gr[4 ,p9e trees (
 ! types repres5t$ 9 ! fossil  trunks   
require #bjj or #cjj ye>s to rea*       
maturity1 & r$woods may  require f #ejj 
to #a1jjj ye>s4 ,twelve or m ( ^! =e/   
levels  h be5 f\nd4 ,by multiply+ ?is   
numb] by ! m9imum age ( !  trees 7#bjj  
ye>s7 we %all h #b1djj ye>s1 & by       
multiply+ x by  ! maximum age ( ! r$wood
 7#a1jjj ye>s7 we %all h #ab1jjj ye>s  z
 ! possible "t dur+ :i* ^! =e/s fl\ri%$4
 ,x is  possible t ! tru? lies some:]e  
betwe5 ^! extremes4                ,fig4
 #af4--;,geologic divisions4            
,era4            ,p]iod4          ,epo*4
      ,c5ozoic4        ,quat]n>y4       
,rec5t4                                 

,plei/oc5e                              
7glacial74                              
99,t]ti>y4       ,plioc5e4              
99,mioc5e4                              
,oligoc5e4                              
,eoc5e4    ,mesozoic4        ,cretace\s4
                     ,jurassic4         
,triassic4    ,paleozoic4               
,c>bonif]\s4                            
,devonian4                              
,silurian4                              
,ordovician4    ,prot]ozoic4            
,cambrian4                              
,algonkian4                     ,ar*ean4
                        ,,climate ,,dur+
 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,fossil ,,trees4   
,a f9al ^w may be add$ reg>d+ ! probable
 climate ( ! region  dur+ ! lifetime (  
^! fossil =e/s4 ,x is obvi\s t !  pres5t
 flora ( ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k has
 comp>atively little  relation to !     
,t]ti>y flora & c n be consid]$ !       
desc5dant  ( x4 ,x is also cle> t !     
climatic conditions mu/ h greatly  *ang$
 s9ce ,t]ti>y "t4 ,! ,t]ti>y flora      

appe>s to h come  f ! s\?1 b ! pres5t   
flora is evid5tly ( m nor!rn  orig94 ,! 
climate dur+ ,t]ti>y "t1 z indicat$ by !
  vegetation1 0 temp]ate or             
w>m-temp]ate1 n unlike t ( ,virg9ia  or 
! ,c>ol9as at ! pres5t "t1 & ! pres5ce (
 num]\s  species ( figs1 a suppos$      
bread-fruit tree1 c9namons1 bays1 & o!r 
s\!rn plants indicates t x may h be5    
almo/ subtropical4  ,h[ev]1 ! conditions
 t 7 favorable to ?is seem+ly           
subtropical gr[? may h be5 diff]5t f !  
conditions n[  necess>y = ! gr[? (      
simil> vegetation4 ,x may be t ^!       
suppos$ subtropical plants 7 at t "t s  
con/itut$ z to gr[  9 a temp]ate l&1 & t
 !y may h become tropical 9 rec5t       
times4 ,foll[+ ?is g5]al l9e ( ?\ght x  
may be said t  al?\gh ! ,t]ti>y         
vegetation ( ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k
 w\ld  n[ be reg>d$ z indicat+ a        
temp]ate or ev5 w>m] climate1 !  actual 
climate may n h be5 subtropical4 ,x is  
c]ta91 h[ev]1  t ! conditions 7 v       
diff]5t f ^? n[ prevail+ 9 !  p>k4      

,,publications ,,on ,,yell[/one         
,,national ,,p>k4                       
,,di/ribut$ ,,free ,,by ,,! ,,national  
,,p>k ,,s]vice4    ,! foll[+ publication
 may be obta9$ free on writt5           
application to  ! ,director ( !         
,national ,p>k ,s]vice3    ,circul> (   
,g5]al ,in=mation1 ,yell[/one ,national 
,p>k 7issu$        ye>ly74 ,?is pamphlet
 conta9s g5]al in=mation ( int]e/ to    
! t\ri/4                    ,,sold ,,by 
,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,docum5ts4#c    ,!
 foll[+ publications may be obta9$ f !  
,sup]9t5d5t (  ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t     
,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 at !  
prices  giv54 ,remittances %\ld be made 
by money ord] or 9 ca%3    ,national    
,p>k ,portfolio1 by ,rob]t ,/]l+ ,y>d4  
#bgj pages1 includ+        #caj         
illu/rations4 ,b\nd securely 9 clo?1 #a4
      ,conta9s n9e *apt]s1 ea*          
descriptive ( a national p>k & "o       
l>g] *apt] devot$ to o!r national p>ks &
 monum5ts4    ,geological ,hi/ory (     
,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 by ,arnold   

,hague1 #bb        pages1 includ+ #aj   
illu/rations1 #aj c5ts4      ,?is       
pamphlet conta9s a g5]al rsum ( !       
geologic =ces t    h be5 active 9 !     
,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4    ,geys]s ( 
! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 by ,walt]  
,h>vey ,we$1 #cb        pages1 includ+  
#bc illu/rations1 #aj c5ts4      ,9 ?is 
pamphlet is a description ( ! =ces :i* h
 produc$    ! geys]s1 & ! geys]s ( !    
,yell[/one are comp>$ )    ^? 9 ,icel& &
 ,new ,zeal&4    ,fossil ,=e/s ( !      
,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 by ,f4 ,h4   
,kn[lton1 #cj        pages1 includ+ #ae 
illu/rations1 #aj c5ts4 7,?is           
publication47      ,?is pamphlet conta9s
 descriptions ( ! fossil =e/s ( !       
,yell[/one ,national ,p>k & an acc\nt ( 
_! orig94    ,fi%es ( ! ,yell[/one      
,national ,p>k1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,k5dall      
7,bureau (        ,fi%]ies ,docum5t     
#hah47 #bh pages1 includ+ #ag           
illu/rations1 #e        c5ts4           
,conta9s descriptions ( ! species & li/s
 ( /reams :]e f\nd4                     

,,map4#c    ,a topographic map ( ! p>k  
may be pur*as$ f ! ,director ( !        
,geological ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 
at ! price giv54 ,remittances  %\ld be  
made by ca% or money ord]4    ,map (    
,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 size #bh by  
#cb in*es2 scale1 #b miles        to !  
in*4 ,price1 #be c5ts4      ,! roads1   
trails1 & names are put 9 black1 !      
/reams & lakes    9 blue1 & ! relief is 
indicat$ by br[n cont\r l9es4           
,,footnotes      #a;,hague1 ,arnold1    
,e>ly ,t]ti>y ,volcanoes ( ! ,abs>oka   
,range3 ,geol4      ,soc4 ,wa%41        
,presid5tial ,address1 #ahii1 p4 #d4    
#b;,holmes1 ,w4 ,h41 ,twelf? ,ann4      
,rept4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 & ,geogr4 ,surv4  
,t]r41      #ahgh 7#ahhc7 p4 #dh4       
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 at ! in=mation (fice 9      ! p>k1 at  
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mail      ord]s4                        
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,sil5tly    
correct$ a few typos4    --,reta9$      
publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3

 ?is e,book    is public-doma9 9 !      
c\ntry ( publication4    --,9 ! text    
v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$
 by    und]scores4