,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis is d5ot$ z ,italic & ,bold4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts ( numb]s z #abc-d_/e4 ,,humphrey',s ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,! ,,dagu]reotype ,,& ,,photographic ,,arts4 ,! above-nam$ ,publication is well kn[n z ! be/ & mo/ valuable "o devot$ to ! ,photographic ,sci5ce 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal made its fir/ appe>ance ,nov4 #a/1 #ahej1 & consequ5tly is ! fir/ & olde/ s]ial (f]$ to ! ,photographic _w4 ,! art ( produc+ ,portraits & ,l&scapes by means ( ,light has rec5tly tak5 a new & enliv5+ impulse1 :i* w 9 all probability lead to important & int]e/+ results4 ,no practical ,dagu]reotypi/1 ,photograph]1 or amateur %\ld be )\t ! means at h& = secur+ all ( ! in=mation ^u ?is subject4 ,ea* %\ld be ready to receive & apply ! improvem5ts z !y may be develop$4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 x is a matt] ( great importance to ! ,practition] or ,exp]im5t] t he %\ld h a reliable m$ium ?r\gh :i* he c obta9 in=mation4 ,9 :at s\rce c ! inquir] bett] place 8 confid5ce ?an 9 a regul> ,j\rnal1 ^: editor is lit]ally a practical p]son1 & famili> ) ! manipulations necess>y = produc+ ,portraits ^u ,dagu]reotype ,plates1 & ^u glass & pap]8 ,su* is ! conductor ( ,humphrey's ,j\rnal4 ,?is ,j\rnal is publi%$ once e two weeks1 & conta9s all ! improvem5ts relat+ to ! ,art1 & is ! only ,am]ican ,j\rnal ^: editor is practically acqua9t$ ) ! process = produc+ ,dagu]reotypes4 ,ambrotypes1 & ,photographs ,! fir/ ,no4 ( ,vol4 ,,viii is dat$ ,may #a/1 #ahef4 ,! t]ms 7,two ,doll>s p] annum7 are trifl+ comp>$ ) ! va/ am\nt ( in=mation furni%$4 ,!re are sev]al societies rec5tly e/abli%$ 9 ,europe compos$ ( le>n$ & sci5tific m51 :o are 9 e way engag$ 9 inve/igat+ ! ,sci5ce1 & we may look = improvem5t f t qu>t]1 z well z f our num]\s res\rces at home4 ,9 ! =m] case our facilities = e>ly & reliable in=mation _c well be surpass$4 ,ambrotypes4--,humphrey's ,j\rnal conta9s ev]y?+ novel :i* appe>s ^u ?is subject1 & has already pres5t$ m new1 important2 & orig9al matt] ?an c be f\nd 9 any o!r place4 ,_m are ! lett]s we h receiv$ dur+ ! t]m ( ! la/ volume1 9 :i* ! writ] has /at$ t a s+le numb] ( ,humphrey's ,j\rnal has conta9$ in=mation ( m value to him ?an sev]al times ! am\nt paid = ! entire volume4 ,our res\rces h gr[n up ar\nd u1 & our facilities = procur+1 z well z di/ribut+1 all su* facts & improvem5ts z w b5efit z well z in/ruct all :o h ! progress ( ! ,art at he>t1 are z ample z !y c well be made4 ,! future volumes w be abundantly furni%$ ) orig9al writ+s f p]sons ( /&+ 9 ! sci5tific _w2 & ! practical ,photograph] w "h f9d a full acc\nt ( su* improvem5ts z may f "t to "t develope !mselves4 ,f ! ,editor's long practical exp]i5ce 9 ! ,heliographic ,sci5ce1 he w be enabl$ to pres5t ! subject 9 a pla91 cle> & concise mann]4 ,read :at ! ,editors say ( ,humphrey's ,j\rnal3-- ,we h receiv$ a copy ( a valuable ,j\rnal 7,humphrey's7 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york1 :i* has rea*$ ! #ah? numb] ( ,vol4 ,,vi4 444 ,we n[ h ! pleasure ( quot+ f our transatlantic coadjutor4--,liv]pool ,photographic ,j\r4 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal is practical z ,well z sci5tific 9 "*4--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts4 ,x treats ! subject kn[+ly1 & ) =ce4--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,x is bo? a popul> & int]e/+ publication4--,me*anics' ,magaz9e4 ,x is highly useful to all :o practice '%ad[ cat*+4'--,ohio ,/ate ,j\rnal4 ,! "w is neatly gott5 up1 & conta9s _m int]e/+ v>ieties 9 ?is new field ( sci5ce4--,times4 ,x %\ld be hail$ & enc\rag$1 n only by ,dagu]reotypi/s !mselves1 b by e lov] ( ,sci5ce & ,art4--,! ,democrat4 ,we _c too /rongly urge all arti/s1 & ^? p]sons :o feel an int]e/ 9 ! ,heliographic ,arts & ,sci5ces1 to take a copy ( ! "w4--,s5t9el4 ,x is indicative ( tal5t wor?y ( ! important ,art x is design$ to elevate4--,am]ican4 ,?is ,art is entitl$ to its own organ1 :i* c\ld n h fall5 into bett] h&s ?an ^? ( ! editor ( ,humphrey's ,j\rnal4--,transcript4 ,x is a sci5tific "w ( int]e/ & usefulness4--,/> ( ! ,nor?4 ,?is ,j\rnal answ]s _m po9ts h]et(ore reg>d$ z inexplicable4--,hudson ,riv] ,*ronicle4 ,x is ri* ) int]e/4--,nor? ,am]ican4 ,x conta9s all ! ',improvem5ts4'--,delta4 ,x tea*es u h[ to take our own portraits4--,bee4 ,x w cultivate a ta/e = ,dagu]reotypes4--,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4 ,x %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all4--,reveille4 ,x is ! ,dagu]reotypi/'s fri5d4--,london ,news4 ,x %\ld be f\nd 9 e libr>y4--,ev5+ ,j\rnal4 ,f "s ( our old subscrib]s4 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal has be5 ! means ( sav+ mu* "t & money1 = by its in/ruction ,i h be5 enabl$ to produce "s ( ! f9e/ ,pap] ,pictures ,i h ev] se54 ,w4 ,p4 ,don't fail to s5d me ! ,j\rnal1 = ,i w\ld n be )\t x = five times ! am\nt ( subscription4 ,x is ! only publication ,i c dep5d ^u4 ,a4 ,g4 ,r4 ,y\r treatm5t ( ! humbugs & humbugg+ memb]s ( ! pr(ession1 is ( ! mo/ valuable importance to u practical ,dagu]reians4 ,g on4 ,god spe$6 ,"h is ! am\nt = ! r5ewal ( my subscription4 ,e4 ,f4 ,s4 ,h[ c any ,op]ator af=d to be )\t x8 ,l4 ,l4 ,h4 ,"h is five doll>s3 s5d me ,humphrey's ,j\rnal to ?is am\nt4 ,i w n be )\t x4 ,m4 ,s4 ,x is my be/ fri5d4 ,j4 ,e4 ,w4 ,we might quote l comm5datory extracts en\gh to m ?an t5 times fill ?is page4 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal conta9s #af octavo pages ( read+ matt]4 ,,t]ms4 ,"o copy p] annum1 9 advance #b #jj ,?ree copies1 d4 d4 #e #jj ,six copies1 d4 d4 #i #jj ,! ?\s&s :o read x _c be induc$ to rema9 )\t x4 ,all :o desire to keep up ) ! improvem5ts %\ld subscribe = a copy4 ,subscription price ,two ,doll>s p] ye>4 ,don't fail to become a subscrib]4 ,address ,s4 ,d1 ,,humphrey1 ,,new ,,york4 ,(fice1 #cg ,lisp5>d ,/reet ,a ,,practical ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,collodion ,,process1 ,,giv+ ,,9 ,,detail ,a ,,me?od ,,= ,,produc+ ,,positive ,,& ,,negative ,pictures on ,glass & ,pap]4 ,,ambrotypes4 ,,pr9t+ ,,process4 ,,also1 ,,pat5ts ,,= ,,! ,,collodion ,,processes2 ,,mela9otypes--,,photographs ,,9 ,,oil--,,album5iz$ ,,collodion--,,cutt+',s ,,pat5ts ,,& ,,correspond5ce4--,,specification',s ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,=ego+1 ,,giv+ ,,ea* ,,process ,,entire4 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,greatly ,,enl>g$4 ,by ,s4 ,d4 ,,humphrey4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,humphrey',s ,,j\rnal ,,pr9t1 #cg ,,lisp5>d ,,/reet4 #aheg4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aheg1 by ,s4 ,d4 ,,humphrey1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,! rapid & unexpect$ sale ( ! entire second edition ( ?is ,manual has induc$ ! au?or to lay ! ,?ird ,edition be=e ! ,public4 ,al?\gh b little "t has elaps$ s9ce ! second1 yet !re h be5 "s new developm5ts :i* x has be5 ?\ght be/ to give1 z conducive to ! int]e/s ( ! practition]4 ,! manipulations h be5 giv5 some:at m 9 detail ?an 9 ! ,second ,edition4 ,all t w\ld h a t5d5cy to confuse ! read] has be5 c>efully avoid$1 & only ! pla9 me?ods = op]at+ laid d[n4 ,! "w is int5d$ = ! beg9n] 9 ! glass process ( produc+ ,heliographic pictures4 ,s4 ,d4 ,h4 ,new ,york1 ,febru>y #a/1 #aheg4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! object ( ?is little ,manual is to pres5t1 9 z pla91 cle> & concise a mann] z possible1 ! practice ( a ,collodion ,process4 ,?is beautiful acquisition to a sun-p5cill+ 0 fir/ giv5 to ! public by ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,scott ,ar*]1 an ,engli% g5tleman1 :o alone is entitl$ to ! cr$it1 & des]ves ! e/eem ( e lov] & practition] ( ! ,art1 = 8 lib]ality 9 giv+ x to ! _w4 ,! ,process "h pres5t$ has nev] be=e appe>$ 9 pr9t1 & has be5 practis$ ) ! mo/ em95t success by ^? :o h be5 enabl$ to adopt x4 ,all ref]5ce to ! v>i\s sy/ems or me?ods ( manipulation1 by ! ?\s&s ( practition]s1 has be5 exclud$1 & "o ,process giv54 ,i conceiv$ t ?is 0 ! bett] plan to adopt1 ?us leav+ ! m9d ( ! le>n] free f confusion1 & po9t+ out "o c\rse1 :i*1 if c>efully foll[$1 w produce good & pleas+ results4 ,i h also pres5t$ a li/ ( all ,pat5ts ^u ! ,collodion ,process2 ?is w give all an opportunity ( *oos+ _! own c\rse 9 reg>d to ! respect !y may conceive to be due to su* ,pat5t ,rights4 ,s4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction--,light--,sol> ,spectrum--,decomposition ( ,light--,light--,heat & ,act9ism--,blue ,pap] & ,color = ! ,walls ( ! ,op]at+ ,room--,proportions ( ,light1 ,heat & ,act9ism compos+ a ,sunbeam--,refraction--,reflection--,l5s es--,copy+--,sph]ical ,ab]ration--,*romatic ,ab]ration #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,cam]a--,arrangem5t ( ,l5ses--,cam]a ,tubes--,cam]a ,boxes1 ,bell[s1 & ,copy+--,cam]a ,/&s--,head ,re/s--,clean+ ,vice--,nitrate ,ba?--,level+ ,/&s--,pr9t+ ,frames--,collodion ,vials #bf ,,"p ,,ii4 ,practical ,h9ts on ,photographic ,*emi/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,soluble ,cotton--,manipulation--,pla9 ,collodion--,bromo-,iodiz$ ,collodion = ,positives--,ditto = ,negatives--,solution ( ,bromide & ,iodide ( ,potassium & ,silv]--,d\ble ,iodide ( ,potassium & ,silv]--,develop+ ,solution--,fix+ ! ,solution--,bright5+ & ,f9i%+ ! ,image--,photographic ,*emicals #da ,,"p ,,iii4 ,practical ,details ( ! ,positive or ,ambrotype ,process4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,lewis's ,pat5t ,vices = ,hold+ ! ,glass--,clean+ & ,dry+ ! ,glass--,coat+--,exposure 9 ! ,cam]a--,develop+--,fix+ or ,bright5+--,back+ up1 c4 #abi ,,"p ,,iv4 ,practical ,details ( ! ,negative ,process4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,negative ,process--,soluble ,cotton--,pla9 ,collodion--,develop+ ,solution--,re-,develop+ ,solution--,fix+ ! ,image--,f9i%+ ! ,image--,nitrate ( ,silv] ,ba? #adc ,,"p ,v4 ,practical ,details ( ! ,pr9t+ ,process4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,pr9t+ ,process--,salt+ ,pap]--,silv]+ ,pap]--,pr9t+ ! ,positive--,fix+ & ,color+ ,ba?--,m\nt+ ! ,positive--,facts wor? ,kn[+ #aea ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,helio ,process4--,an ,entire ,process = ,produc+ ,collodion ,positives & ,negatives ) "o ,ba?1 & 9 mu* less "t ?an by any o!r kn[n ,process3 by ,helio--,photographic ,pat5ts #afd ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,collodio-,album5 ,process 9 ,detail #aij ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,on a ,mode ( ,pr9t+ ,enl>g$ & ,r$uc$ ,positives1 ,transp>5cies1 c41 f ,collodion ,negatives--,on ! ,use ( ,alcohol = ,s5sitiz+ ,pap]--,recov]y ( ,silv] f ,wa/e ,solutions1--f ! ,black ,deposit ( ,hypo ,ba?s1 c4--,! ,salt+ & ,album5iz+ ,pap]--,on ! ,use ( ,te/ ,pap]s--,comp>ison ( ,briti% & ,fr5* ,weights & ,measures #aia ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,light--,,sol> ,,spectrum--,,decomposition ,,( ,,light--,,light1 ,,heat ,,& ,,act9ism--,,blue ,,pap] ,,& ,,color ,,= ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,! ,,op]at+ ,,room--,,proportions ,,( ,,light1 ,,heat ,,& ,,act9ism1 ,,compos+ ,a ,,sun-,,beam--,,refraction--,,reflection --,,l5ses--,,copy+--,,sph]ical ,,ab]ration--,,*romatic ,,ab]ration4 ,x has be5 well obs]v$ by an able writ]1 t x is ,impossible to trace ! pa? ( a sunbeam ?r\gh our atmosph]e )\t feel+ a desire to "k its nature1 by :at p[] x trav]ses ! imm5sity ( space1 & ! ,v>i\s modifications x und]goes at ! surfaces & ! int]ior ( t]re/rial sub/ances4 ,light is :ite & colorless1 z long z x does n come 9 contact ) matt]4 ,:5 9 apposition ) anybody x suff]s v>iable degrees ( decomposition1 result+ 9 color1 z1 by reflection1 disp]sion1 refraction & unequal absorption4 ,to ,sir ,i4 ,newton ! _w is indebt$ = prov+ ! comp\nd nature ( a ray ( :ite light emitt$ f ! sun4 ,! object ( ?is "w is n to engage 9 an ext5d$ !ory ^u ! subject ( light1 b to recur only to "s po9ts-( m p>ticul> int]e/ to ! photographic op]ator4 ,sid5ote3 ,,prism1 ,,sol> ,,spectrum4 ,! decomposition ( a beam ( light c be notic$ by expos+ x to a prism4 ,if1 9 a d>k room1 a beam ( light be admitt$ ?r\gh a small hole 9 a %utt] #g x w =m a :ite r\nd spot ^u ! place :]e x falls4 ,if a triangul> prism ( glass be plac$ on ! inside ( ! d>k room1 s t ! beam ( light falls ^u x1 x no long] has ! same direction1 nor does x =m a r\nd spot1 b an oblong pa9t$ image ( sev5 colors--r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,?is is call$ ! sol> spectrum1 & w be readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,to ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( light 7& = _! b5efit ?is *apt] is giv571 x may be a matt] ( wond] h[ a beam ( light c be divid$4 ,?is c be und]/ood :5 ,i say1 t :ite light is a bundle ( color$ rays unit$ toge!r1 & :5 s incorporat$1 !y are colorless2 b 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! prism ! bond ( union is sev]$1 & ! color$ rays come out s+ly & sep>ately1 because ea* ray has a c]ta9 am\nt ( refract+ 7b5d+7 p[]1 peculi> to itself4 ,^! rays always hold ! same relation to ea* o!r1 z may be se5 by comp>+ e spectrum or ra9b[2 !re is nev] any confusion or misplacem5t4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r means ( decompos+ :ite light besides ! prism1 ( :i* "o ( ! pr9cipal & mo/ int]e/+ to ! photograph]1 is by reflection f color$ bodies4 ,if a beam ( :ite light falls ^u a :ite surface1 x is reflect$ )\t *ange2 b if x falls ^u a r$ surface1 only ! r$ ray is reflect$3 s also ) yell[ & o!r colors2 ! ray :i* is reflect$ corresponds ) ! color ( ! object4 ,x is ?is reflect$ decompos$ light :i* pres5ts ! beautifully color$ image we see ^u ! gr\nd glass 9 our cam]as4 ,sid5ote3 ,,light1 ,,heat1 ,,& ,,act9ism4 ,a sunbeam may be capable ( ?ree divisions--light1 heat1 & act9ism2 ! la/ causes all ! *emical *anges1 & is ! act+ p[] ^u surfaces prep>$ to receive ! photographic image4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration1 ,fig4 #b1 w readily br+ to ! m9ds ( ! read] ! relation ( ^! "o to ano!r1 & _! int5sities 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( a decompos$ sunbeam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! v>i\s po9ts ( ! sol> spectrum are repres5t$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur betwe5 ,a & ,b1 ?is exhibits ! limits ( ! ,newtonian spectrum1 correspond+ ) ,fig4 #a4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el & ,seebeck h %[n t !re exi/s1 beyond ! violet1 a fa9t violet light1 or r a lav5d]1 to b1 :i* gradually becomes colorless2 simil>ly1 r$ light exi/s beyond ! assign$ limits ( ! r$ ray to a4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( act9ic p[] is %[n at ,e opposite ! violet2 h5ce ?is color ex]ts ! greate/ am\nt ( influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( ! photographic image4 ,sid5ote3 ,,color+ ,,walls ,,blue4 7,blue pap] & blue color h be5 some:at ext5sively us$ by our op]ators 9 _! op]at+ rooms & skylights1 9 ord] to facilitate ! op]ation 9 ! cam]a4 ,i fancy1 h[ev]1 t ?is plan _c be productive ( z mu* good z ?\ght by "s1 f ! fact1 t ! light fall+ ^u ! subject1 & !n reflect$ into ! cam]a1 is1 com+ ?r\gh colorless glass1 n affect$ by su* rays z may be reflect$ f ! walls ( ! op]at+ room2 & ev5 if x 7 s1 ,i conceive t x w\ld be injuri\s1 by de/roy+ ! h>mony ( ,%ad[s :i* might o!rwise occur47 ,! greate/ am\nt ( :ite light is at ,c2 ! yell[ conta9s less ( ! *emical p[] ?an any ,o!r portion ( ! sol> ,spectrum4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! mo/ int5se heat is at ! ,extreme ,r$1 b4 ,artificial lights diff] 9 _! color2 ! :ite light ( turn+ *>coal1 :i* is ! pr9cipal light f c&les1 oil & gas1 conta9s ?ree fays--r$1 yell[ & blue4 ,! dazzl+ light emitt$ f lime int5sely heat$1 kn[n z ! ,drummond light1 gives ! color ( ! prism almo/ z bright z ! sol> spectrum4 ,sid5ote3 ,,light1 ,,heat1 ,,& ,,*emical ,,p[]4 ,if we expose a prep>$ collodioniz$ plate or s5sitive pap] to ! sol> spectrum1 x w be obs]v$ t ! lum9\s p[] 7! yell[7 occupies b a small space comp>$ ) ! influ5ce ( heat & *emical p[]4 ,r4 ,hunt1 9 8 ,rese>*es on ,light1 has pres5t$ ! foll[+ rem>ks ^u ! accompany+ illu/ration3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,if ! l9e> measure1 or ! diamet] ( a circle :i* %all include ! lum9\s rays1 is #be1 t ( ! calorific spectrum w be #dbaj1 & ( ! *emical spectrum #eeaj4 ,su* a s]ies ( circles may well be us$ to repres5t a beam f ! sun1 :i* may be reg>d$ z an atom ( ,light surr\nd$ ) an invisible atmosph]e ( ,heat1 & ano!r /ill m ext5d$1 :i* possesses ! rem>kable prop]ty ( produc+ *emical & molecul> *ange4 ,sid5ote3 ,,refraction4 ,a ray ( light1 9 pass+ obliquely ?r\gh any m$ium ( uni=m d5sity1 does n *ange its c\rse2 b if x %\ld pass into a d5s] body1 x w\ld turn f a /raight l9e1 pursue a less oblique direction1 & 9 a l9e ne>] to a p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( t body4 ,wat] ex]ts a /rong] refract+ p[] ?an air2 & if a ray ( light fall ^u a body ( ?is fluid its c\rse is *ang$1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #d4 ,x is obs]v$ t x proce$s 9 a less oblique direction 7t[>ds ! dott$ l9e71 &1 on pass+ on ?r\gh1 leaves ! liquid1 proce$+ 9 a l9e p>allel to t :i* x ent]$4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 t at ! surface ( bodies ! refractive p[] is ex]t$1 & t ! light proce$s 9 a /raight l9e until leav+ ! body4 ,! refraction is m or less1 & 9 all cases 9 proportion z ! rays fall m or less obliquely on ! refract+ surface4 ,x is ?is law ( optics :i* has giv5 rise to ! l5ses 9 our cam]a tubes1 by :i* means we are enabl$ to secure a well-del9eat$ repres5tation ( any object we *oose to picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,:5 a ray ( light passes f "o m$ium to ano!r1 & ?r\gh t into ! fir/ aga91 if ! two refractions be equal1 & 9 opposite directions1 no s5sible effect w be produc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,refraction1 ,,l5ses1 ,,focus4 ,! read] may readily compreh5d ! ph5om5a ( refraction1 by means ( light pass+ ?r\gh l5ses ( diff]5t curves1 by ref]5ce to ! foll[+ diagrams3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig #f4 ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #e repres5t+ a d\ble-convex l5s1 ,fig4 #f a d\ble-concave1 & ,fig4 #g a concavo-convex or m5iscus4 ,by ^! x is se5 t a d\ble-convex l5s t5ds to cond5se ! rays ( light to a focus1 a d\ble-concave to scatt] !m1 & a concavo-convex comb9es bo? p[]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,enl>g+ ,,or ,,r$uc+ ,,9 ,,copy+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,if p>allel rays ( light fall ^u a d\ble-convex l5s1 ,d ,d1 ,fig4 #h1 !y w be refract$ 7except+ su* z pass directly ?r\gh ! c5tre7 to a po9t t]m$ ! pr9cipal focus4 ,! l9es ,a ,b ,c repres5t p>allel rays :i* pass ?r\gh ! l5s ,d ,d1 & meet at ,f2 ?is po9t be+ ! pr9cipal focus1 its di/ance f ! l5s is call$ ! focal l5g?4 ,^? rays ( light :i* are trav]s+ a p>allel c\rse1 :5 !y ent] ! l5s are br\ght to a focus ne>] ! l5s ?an o!rs4 ,h5ce ! difficulty ! op]ator sometimes exp]i5ces by n be+ able to obta9 a focus1 :5 he wi%es to secure a picture ( "s v di/ant objects2 he does n get 8 gr\nd glass ne> en\gh to ! l5ses4 ,aga91 ! rays f an object ne> by may be t]m$ div]g+ rays4 ,?is w be bett] compreh5d$ by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #i1 :]e x w be se5 t ! dott$ l9es1 repres5t+ p>allel rays meet ne>] ! l5ses ?an ^? f ! po9t ,a4 ,! clos] ! object is to ! l5ses1 ! great] w be ! div]g5ce4 ,?is rule is applicable to copy+1 ,did we wi% to copy a #a_/f size dagu]reotype on a #a_/af size plate1 we w\ld place x 9 su* a position to ! l5ses at ,a1 t ! focus w\ld be at ,f1 :]e ! image w\ld be repres5t$ at ab\t ! prop] size4 ,n[1 if we %\ld wi% to copy ! #a_/f size picture1 & produce ano!r ( exactly ! same dim5sions1 we h only to br+ x ne>] to ! l5ses1 s t ! l5s ,d ,e %all be equi-di/ant f ! picture & ! focus1 i4 e4 f ,a to ,b4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! di/ance ( ! picture f ! l5s1 9 ! la/ copy1 is less ?an ! o!r1 & ! div]g5ce has increas$1 ?r[+ ! focus fur!r f ! l5s4 ,^! rem>ks h be5 introduc$ "h z be+ important = ^? :o may n und]/& ! pr9ciples ( enl>g+ or r$uc+ pictures 9 copy+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,l5ses4 ,i w\ld rem>k t ! po9ts ,f & ,a1 9 ,fig4 #i1 are t]m$ conjugate foci4 ,if we hold a d\ble-convex l5s opposite any object1 we f9d t an inv]t$ image ( t object w be =m$ on a pap] held beh9d x4 ,to illu/rate ?is m cle>ly1 ,i w ref] to ! foll[+ wood-cut3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,if ,a ,b ,c is an object plac$ be=e a convex l5s1 ,l ,l1 e po9t ( x w s5d =? rays 9 all directions2 b1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 suppose only ?ree po9ts to give out rays1 "o at ! top1 "o at ! middle1 & "o at ! bottom2 ! :ole ( ! rays !n t proce$ f ! po9t ,a1 & fall on ! l5s ,l ,l1 w be refract$ & =m an image some:]e on ! l9e ,a ,g ,e1 :i* is drawn direct ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! l5s2 consequ5tly ! focus ,e1 produc$ by ! conv]g5ce ( ! rays proce$+ f ,a1 mu/ =m an image ( ,a1 only 9 a diff]5t relative position2 ! middle po9t ( ,c1 be+ 9 a direct l9e ) ! axis ( ! l5s1 w h its image =m$ on ! axis ,f1 & ! rays proce$+ f ! po9t ,b w =m an image at ,d2 s t by imag9+ lum9\s objects to be made up ( an inf9ite numb] ( radiat+ po9ts1 & ! rays f ea* individual po9t1 al?\gh fall+ on ! :ole surface ( ! l5s1 to conv]ge aga9 & =m a focus or repres5tation ( t po9t f :i* ! rays fir/ em]g$1 x w be v easy to compreh5d h[ images are =m$1 & ! cause ( ^? images be+ rev]s$4 ,x mu/ also be evid5t1 t 9 ! two triangles ,a ,g ,b & ,d ,g ,e1 t ,e ,d1 ! l5g? ( ! image1 mu/ be to ,a ,b1 ! l5g? ( ! object1 z ,g ,d1 ! di/ance ( ! image1 is to ,g ,b1 ! di/ance ( ! object f ! l5s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sph]ical ,,ab]ration4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t 9 ! la/ cut ! image produc$ by ! l5s is curv$4 ,n[1 x w\ld be impossible to produce a well-def9$ image f ! c5tre to ! edge ^u a pla9 surface2 ! out] edges w\ld be mi/y1 indi/9ct1 or crayon-l4 ,! c5tre ( ! image might be repres5t$ cle> & %>p on ! gr\nd glass1 yet ?is w\ld be f> f ! case 9 reg>d to ! out] portions4 ,?is is call$ sph]ical ab]ration1 & to x is due ! want ( di/9ctness :i* is frequ5tly notic$ ar\nd ! edges ( pictures tak5 9 ! cam]a4 ,to secure a cam]a ) a flat1 %>p field1 %\ld be ! object ( e ,op]ator2 &1 9 a measure1 ?is con/itutes ! great diff]5ce 9 cam]as manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,sph]ical ab]ration is ov]come by prop] c>e 9 ! =mation ( ! l5s3--,x c be %[n ^u ma!matical data t a l5s simil> to t giv5 9 ! foll[+ diagram--"o surface ( :i* is a section ( an ellipse1 & ! o!r ( a circle /ruck f ! fur!/ ( ! two foci ( t ellipse--produces no ab]ration4 ,at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! employm5t ( ! cam]a obscura1 a d\ble-convex l5s 0 us$ to produce ! image2 b ?is =m 0 soon ab&on$1 on acc\nt ( ! sph]ical ab]ration s caus$4 ,l5ses = ! photographic cam]a are n[ always gr\nd ( a concavo-convex =m1 or m5iscus1 :i* corresponds m ne>ly to ! accompany+ diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*romatic ,,ab]ration4 ,*romatic ,ab]ration is ano!r difficulty t opticians h to cont5d ) 9 ! manufactur+ ( l5ses4 ,x w be rememb]$1 t 9 a =m] page 7#ad7 a beam ( light is decompos$ by pass+ ?r\gh a glass prism giv+ sev5 di/9ct colors--r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo & violet4 ,n[1 z has be5 said be=e1 ! dissimil> rays hav+ an unequal degree ( refrangibility1 x w be impossible to obta9 a focus by ! light pass+ ?r\gh a d\ble-convex l5s )\t its be+ fr+$ ) color4 ,its effect w be readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,if ,l ,l be a d\ble convex-l5s1 & ,r ,r ,r p>allel rays ( :ite light1 compos$ ( ! sev5 color$ rays1 ea* hav+ a diff]5t index ( refraction1 !y _c be refract$ to "o & ! same po9t2 ! r$ rays1 be+ ! lea/ refrangible1 w be b5t to r1 & ! violet rays1 be+ ! mo/ refrangible1 to v3 ! di/ance v r con/itutes ! *romatic ab]ration1 & ! circle1 ( :i* ! diamet] is a l1 ! place or po9t ( mean refraction1 & is call$ ! circle ( lea/ ab]ration4 ,if ! rays ( ! sun are refract$ by means ( a l5s1 & ! image receiv$ on a scre5 plac$ betwe5 ,c & o1 s z to cut ! cone ,l a l ,l1 a lum9\s circle w be =m$ on ! pap]1 only surr\nd$ by a r$ bord]1 because x is produc$ by a section ( ! cone ,l a l ,l1 ( :i* ! ext]nal rays ,l a ,l l1 are r$2 if ! scre5 be mov$ to ! o!r side ( o1 ! lum9\s circle w be bord]$ ) violet1 because x w be a section ( ! cone ,m a ,m l1 ( :i* ! ext]ior rays are violet4 ,to avoid ! influ5ce ( sph]ical ab]ration1 & to r5d] ! ph5om5a ( coloration m evid5t1 let an opaque disc be plac$ ov] ! c5tral portion ( ! l5s1 s z to all[ ! rays only to pass :i* are at ! edge ( ! glass2 a violet image ( ! sun w !n be se5 at v1 r$ at r1 &1 f9ally1 images ( all ! colors ( ! spectrum 9 ! int]m$iate space2 consequ5tly1 ! g5]al image w n only be confus$1 b clo!d ) prismatic colors4 ,to ov]come ! difficulty aris+ f ! *romatic ab]ration1 ! optician has only to employ a comb9ation ( l5ses ( opposite focal l5g?1 & cut f glass possess+ diff]5t refrangible p[]s1 s t ! rays ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! "o are /rongly refract$1 & 9 ! o!r are b5t asund] aga91 reproduc+ :ite light4 ,to ! photograph] "o ( ! mo/ important features1 requir+ 8 p>ticul> att5tion1 is1 t he be provid$ ) a good l5s4 ,by ! rem>ks giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages1 he w be enabl$1 9 a measure1 to judge ( "s ( ! difficulties to :i* he is occasionally subject$4 ,we h 9 ?is c\ntry b two or ?ree individuals :o are giv+ _! att5tion to ! manufacture ( l5ses1 & _! con/ruction is su*1 t !y are q free f ! sph]ical or *romatic ab]ration4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,cam]a--,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,l5ses--,,cam]a ,,tubes--,,cam]a-,,boxes1 ,,bell[s1 ,,& ,,copy+--,,cam]a ,,/&s--,,head ,,re/s--,,clean+ ,,vice--,,nitrate ,,ba?--,,level+ ,,/&s--,,pr9t+ ,,frames--,,collodion ,,vials4 ,babti/a ,porta1 :5 he saw = ! fir/ "t1 on ! walls ( 8 d>k *amb]1 ! images ( ext]nal nature1 pictur$ by a sunbeam :i* f\nd its way ?r\gh only a small hole1 little ?\ght ( ! importance :i* w\ld be atta*$ to ! in/rum5t he 01 f ?is cause1 l$ to inv5t4 ,! cam]a obscura ( ?is ,italian philosoph] rema9$ z a m]e sci5tific toy = ye>s1 & x 0 n until ,dagu]re's discov]y t its true value 0 e/imat$4 ,x n[ plays a v important "p 9 giv+ employm5t to at lea/ t5 ?\s& p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry alone4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance1 9 select+ a set ( app>atus1 to secure a good cam]a2 = )\t su* no "o c obta9 f9e pictures4 ,9 te/+ x1 see t x gives ! pupil ( ! eye & l9eam5ts ( ! features %>p & di/9ct2 & t ! :ole image on ! gr\nd glass has a f9e pe>ly hue4 ,look also to ! field1 & obs]ve t ! focus is good at ! c5tre & extreme edges ( ! gr\nd glass1 at ! same "t4 ,a poor cam]a g5]ally gives a mi/y image1 ) ! lights & %ades app>5tly runn+ toge!r4 ,! be/ ,am]ican cam]as are fully equal to ^? import$1 :ile !y co/ mu* less2 b !re are great numb]s sold :i* are n wor? us+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cam]a ,,tubes ,,& ,,l5ses4 ,if a l5s gives a well def9$ image on ! gr\nd glass1 x %\ld d ! same on ! plate4 ,_m a valuable l5s has be5 condemn$ = fail+ 9 ?is1 m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( ! plate-hold] n be+ 9 focus ) ! gr\nd-glass4 ,9 case ( defici5cy 9 ?is1 put a glass into ! hold]1 lay a rule across ! face1 & measure ! di/ance betwe5 !m v exactly2 measure ! gr\nd-glass 9 ! same way1 & make ! di/ance agree p]fectly1 by mov+ ! gr\nd-glass ei!r back or =w>d 9 ! frame1 z ! case may be1 s t ! surface ( ! glass plate %all occupy precisely ! same position z ! face ( ! gr\nd-glass :5 9 ! cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,sid5ote3 ,,position ,,( ,,l5ses ,,9 ,,! ,,tube4 ,x is v desirable t ! op]ator %\ld und]/& ! arrangem5t ( ! l5ses 9 ! tube2 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s1 t 9 tak+ out ! glasses to clean !m1 he does n return !m to _! prop] places1 & ! result is t 8 cam]a is spoil$4 ,a c\ple ( illu/rations & a few rem>ks w be suffici5t to enable any "o to replace ! l5ses 9 !m prop]ly4 ,fig4 #ac repres5ts ! tube = hold+ ! l5s1 & ,fig4 #ad %[s _! arrangem5t4 ,x w be se5 t ! two back l5ses h a small space betwe5 !m2 ?is sep>ation is kept by a small tube or r+ ( ! same circumf]5ce z ! l5s4 ,! two front l5ses are ne>e/ toge!r4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! two ?ick l5ses are t[>ds ea* o!r2 ^! are made ( fl9t glass conta9+ mu* oxide ( lead4 ,! o!r two are d\ble convex1 & are made ( cr[n glass4 ,by not+ ! fact t ! two cem5t$ l5ses g 9 ! front ( ! tube1 ! glass hav+ ! ?icke/ edge goes inside1 & t ! ?icke/ l5s ( ! o!r two goes 9 fir/1 f ! back ( ! tube1 x w n be easy = ! op]ator to make a mi/ake 9 return+ ! glasses4 ,i w rem>k t a diaphragm dim9i%es bo? *romatic & sph]ical ab]ration1 by cutt+ (f ! outside portion ( ! l5s4 ,x less5s ! brilliancy ( ! image1 b improves ! di/9ctness by prev5t+ v>i\s rays f int]f]+ ) & confus+ ea* o!r2 x also causes a v>iety ( objects at diff]5t di/ances to be 9 focus at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cam]a ,,boxes4 ,! tube conta9+ ! l5ses is to be m\nt$ on a box 7cam]a-box7 z 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,= ?is purpose !re are sev]al patt]ns ( boxes1 f among :i* ,i h made two selections ( ! mo/ approv$1 & repres5t !m by cuts1 ,figs4 #af1 #ag1 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,figs4 #af & #ag repres5t a bell[s-box :i* is probably m 9 use ?an all ! o!r patt]ns toge!r4 ,!y s]ve bo? = copy+ & tak+ portraits f life4 ,a is ! base2 ,b is ! back & slid+-box2 ,c1 bell[s1 :i* admits ( ext5sion or contraction2 ,d is ! op5+ to receive ! c>riage ,a1 ,fig4 #ag2 ,e is a ?umb screw to hold ! slid+-box at any requir$ di/ance4 ,fig4 #ag repres5ts ! plate-hold] & gr\nd glass frame4 ,a1 c>riage to pass ?r\gh ,d1 ,fig4 #af2 ,b1 frame = gr\nd-glass1 :i* may be turn$ 9 a horizontal or p]p5dicul> position2 ,c1 a movable plate-hold] held 9 place by means ( spr+s2 ,d1 r$uc+ hold]1 ) bottom & plate to hold ! glass plate3 any size ( r$uc+ frame c be put 9 frame ,c2 ,e ,e1 spr+ bottom to keep frame ,d 9 place2 ,f1 slide2 ,g1 ?umb-screw1 :5 ! c>riage is to be put 9 or tak5 out ( ! box1 ,fig #af2 ,h ,h1 spr+ bottom to hold ,b 9 place4 ,bell[s-boxes c be obta9$ :i* receive ! plate-hold] f ! top1 ! same z 9 ! copy+-box1 ,figs4 #ae & #ah4 ,! common wood1 or copy+-box1 is repres5t$ by ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ah4 ,a1 be+ ! ma9 or outside box1 is made ( wood v5e]$ ) rosewood2 ,b is ano!r box :i* fits into ,a1 slid+ 9 & out z requir$4 ,! gr\nd glass & plate-hold]s fit grooves made 9 ! inside box4 ,9 reg>d to plate-hold]s or tablets = hold+ ! glass plates1 x ne$ only be said t ! cam]a-boxes are accompani$ ) a complete set1 s arrang$ t ! light is :olly exclud$ f ! plate :ile draw+ out or pu%+ 9 ! slide1 = %utt+ (f ! light :ile ! hold] is out ( ! box4 ,%\ld any "o be desir\s ( us+ ! same cam]a1 = tak+ bo? glass & dagu]reotype pictures1 x w be necess>y = him to be provid$ ) two sets ( tablets = 8 box1 "o = ea* process4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,cam]a ,/&s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cam]a ,,/&s1 ,,arm ,,/&s4 ,!re are sev]al patt]ns ( ^!2 almo/ e deal] has "s p>ticul> /yle1 :i*1 if n = beauty1 = 8 int]e/1 suits 8 purposes be/4 ,among ! assortm5t1 ,i w pres5t only two illu/rations4 ,! fir/1 ,fig4 #ai1 repres5ts "o :i* has an advantage ov] _m o!rs2 x is made ( ca/ iron1 & ( an ornam5tal patt]n3--,a1 base on ca/ors2 ,b1 flut$ holl[ column1 :i* admits ! iron tube ,c1 :i* has on "o side a holl[ too? rack to receive a spiral ?read on ! inn] face ( :eel ,d2 ?is :eel1 :5 turn$1 elevates or l[]s ! tube ,c to any desir$ height2 ,e1 ?umb :eel atta*$ to a screw :i* sets aga9/ tube ,c1 to hold x 9 position1 ,f1 a p9ion by :i* ! cam]a c be direct$2 ,g ,g1 ?umb screws to hold ! two plates toge!r :5 9 position4 ,x is q heavy1 /&s firm & solid1 & is n liable to be mov$ by ! j> f walk+ ov] ! floor4 ,= p]man5tly locat$ op]ators ^! are ! mo/ desirable2 b = ^? :o are mov+ ab\t f place to place1 & ^? :o wi% to take views1 a light] article w\ld be m conv5i5t1 su* z "o repres5t$ at ,fig4 #bj4 ,?is /& is made pr9cipally ( wood1 & c be readily tak5 ap>t1 s z to be pack$ 9 an ord9>y siz$ trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,fig4 #ba repres5ts a small ,j5ny ,l9d ,/&1 & is a v conv5i5t article = ! sitt] to lean a h& or arm ^u :ile sitt+ = a portrait2 ,x is fix$ ) a rod = rais+ or l[]+ ! top1 & c be adju/$ to any requir$ height4 ,head ,re/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,head ,,re/s4 ,!re are sev]al patt]ns ( head supports1 or1 z !y are commonly call$1 head re/s1 9 use by ! pr(ession4 ,i give two illu/rations 7,figs4 #bb & #bc74 ,! fir/ is an indep5d5t iron re/1 kn[n z ! ,j5ny ,l9d ,re/2 & ! o!r is = fa/5+ to ! back ( a *air1 z se5 9 ! cut4 ,= g5]al use1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! iron indep5d5t re/ z f> m advisable ?an any o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,vices = ,hold+ ,glass4 ,sid5ote3 ,,plate-,,hold]s1 ,,ba?1 ,,dipp+ ,,rods4 ,! article us$ = hold+ ! glass1 dur+ ! process ( clean+1 is call$ a vice2 &1 ( ! num]\s /yles rec5tly introduc$1 ,i f9d none t ,i w\ld pref] to ! old "o kn[n 9 m>ket z ,peck's ,vice2 x is simple & easy 9 op]ation1 & at ! same "t is effectual4 ,fig4 #bd repres5ts ?is vice1 :i* is to be firmly secur$ to a b5*2 ! small piece ( wood atta*$ to ! bottom is ( no use4 ,a ,a are ! groov$ = receiv+ ! dagu]reotype plate-block2 b z !y are too deep = ! glass1 ,i p9 on a small /rip ( wood1 s t ! upp] edge ( ! glass w be a little above ! projection ( ! vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,nitrate ,ba?s & ,dipp+ ,rods4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration1 ,fig4 #be1 a1 repres5ts a ba? = hold+ ! nitrate ( silv] solution4 ,?is %ape is ( my own sugge/ion1 & ! be/ adapt$ to ! wants ( ! photograph]4 ,x w be se5 t ! front side is r\nd+1 ) a curve ext5d+ f side to side4 ,by ?is %ape1 ! face ( ! glass is protect$ f com+ 9 contact ) ! side ( ! ba?--bo? edges ( x turn+ s z to prev5t injury4 ,!re is a small projection on ! top1 at ! opposite side ( ! oval2 ?is is to all[ ! solution to fl[ ov] & wa% (f any du/ t may h ga!r$ ^u ! surface ( ! solution4 ,?is wa% runs out ( a small tube1 z is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,any conv5i5t vessel c be plac$ "u x to receive ! liquid4 ,?is c be filt]$ & return$ z (t5 z requir$4 ,i am n 9 ! practice ( fill+ my ba?s full ( solution1 b always keep !m filt]$ & clean2 h5ce sav+ an excess ( solution4 b repres5ts a little support1 :i* is secur$ at its base ,^u ! %elf1 to hold ! ba? 9 a slightly incl9$ position1 :i* is pref]able to hav+ x /& p]p5dicul>ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,level+ ,/&s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,level+ ,,/&s4 ,p]sons (t5times require a re/ or place to put _! glass dur+ developm5t or wa%+ ! picture4 ,ei!r ( ! /&s repres5t$ by ! annex$ cut w answ] ! purpose4 ,fig4 #cj is kn[n to ! dagu]reotype op]ator z a gild+ /&1 & is ! "o be/ adapt$ to ! wants ( op]ators on glass4 ,x may be s arrang$ z to give ! surface ( ! glass a wat]-level2 ,d ,d are ?umb-screws1 by means ( :i*1 :5 prop]ly regulat$1 ! frame ,g may hold glass p]fectly level & a l>ge quantity ( solution may be p\r$ ov] ! surface4 ,pr9t+ ,frames4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pr9t+ ,,frames4 ,!re are num]\s me?ods & app>atus us$ = hold+ ! negative & ! pap] dur+ exposure to ! light4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations repres5t a conv5i5t & economical frame = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #ca repres5ts ! front ( ! frame4 ,! negative glass is held ^u x by spr+s atta*$ by screws to ! bottom half ( ! frame1 ,a1 s t !y c be turn$ on or (f1 to suit ! diff]5t sizes ( glass4 ,on ! o!r end ( ! spr+ are wood5 buttons1 :i* are plac$ on ! edges ( ! glass negative1 hold+ x 9 its place1 & press+ x firmly aga9/ ! pap] :i* is plac$ "u x4 ,?is frame is made ( two pieces ( in* bo>d1 :i* are connect$ by h+es1 fall+ ov] z se5 9 ,fig4 #cb1 ,b be+ ! half t is movable4 ,?is movable half is secur$ 9 position by means ( a wood5 button1 atta*$ to ,a on ! back & "u ,b1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! sep>ate pieces1 ,a & ,b1 are bevell$ :]e !y connect1 z se5 by ,fig4 #ca4 ,d 79 ,fig4 #cb7 is "o ( ! spr+s1 :i* c be se5 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! entire b$ or face ( ! frame1 ,a & ,b1 %\ld be cov]$ ) a ?ick piece ( sat9et clo?1 :i* may be pa/$ to ! l[] half1 ,a1 & ext5d$ ov] ! entire surface ( ,a & ,b4 ,?is =ms a pad = ! pap]4 ,?is pr9t+ frame c be easily made by any cab9et-mak] or c>p5t]4 ,! spr+s may be ( %eet iron or brass--ei!r w be f\nd suffici5tly /iff = ! purpose4 ,e op]ator %\ld be provid$ ) f f\r to t5 frames3 ! sav+ ( "t w be f\nd to amply repay ! exp5diture necess>y = a good supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,ano!r article call$ a pressure frame1 is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,?is is m exp5sive ?an ! fir/1 & is by "s consid]$ pref]able4 ,ano!r *eap1 conv5i5t & equally good arrangem5t = hold+ ! negative & pap]1 is to take ?ree glasses--say "o a full size1 be+ ! "o hav+ ! negative ^u x2 & !n take two glasses1 ea* j half ! size ( ! negative1 & h a piece ( v ?ick heavy clo? cut ! size ( ! negative glass1 :i* c be put betwe5 x & ! two half glasses1 & !n !y c be held toge!r by means ( ! common spr+ clo!s p94 ,! advantage ( ! two glasses at ! back is1 t "o c be entirely remov$ :ile ! picture is be+ exam9$1 & aft]w>ds return$ )\t1 9 ! lea/1 mov+ ! impression4 ,collodion ,vial4--,color-,boxes4 ,sid5ote3 ,,collodion ,,vials4 ,,color-,,boxes4 ,?is %ap$ vial is made expressly = collodion1 to :i* purpose x is admirably adapt$4 ,x has a wide m\?1 & is s con/ruct$ t ! liquid fl[s cle> & free4 ,x is deep1 & ) a heavy protrud+ base1 to prev5t its fall+4 ,!re are two sizes made at pres5t1 "o to conta9 #b-a_/b ounces--! o!r1 #a-a_/b ounce4 ,i g5]ally use ! small] ones1 b always keep on h&1 & w\ld n be )\t1 a few ( ! l>g] size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,fig4 #ce repres5ts a color-box4 ,^! c be _h ( any deal]1 completely fitt$1 ) color & bru%es = use4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,,practical ,,h9ts ,,on ,,photographic ,,*emi/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,soluble ,,cotton--,,manipulation--,,pla9 ,,collodion--,,bromo-,,iodiz$ ,,collodion ,,= ,,positives--,,ditto ,,= ,,negatives--,,solution ,,( ,,bromide ,,& ,,iodide ,,( ,,potassium ,,& ,,silv]--,,d\ble ,,iodide ,,( ,,potassium ,,& ,,silv]--,,develop+ ,,solution--,,fix+ ,,! ,,solution--,,bright5+ ,,& ,,f9i%+ ,,! ,,image--,,photographic ,,*emicals4 ,! *emi/ry ( ,photography requires ! att5tion1 9 a great] or less degree1 ( e practition]4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance1 t ^? :o wi% to meet ) success 9 ! v>i\s processes giv51 %\ld n only be provid$ ) a good selection ( *emicals1 b also und]/& ! nature ( ! ag5t employ$4 ,to give a p]fectly complete & full li/ ( e ag5t us$ w\ld require m "t & space ?an c be giv5 9 ?is "w4 ,i %all conf9e myself to "s ( ! mo/ important1 & to su* articles z are ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ! practition]4 ,soluble ,cotton4 ,i h1 9 my practice & trade1 adopt$ ! t]m soluble cotton z ! "o mo/ appropriate1 mak+ a desirable di/9ction f ! article sold z gun cotton1 !y be+ ( a some:at diff]5t nature--gun cotton be+ ! mo/ explosive & lea/ soluble1 :ile ! o!r prep>ation is m soluble & less explosive4 ,!re are two me?ods employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( soluble cotton2 "o be+ by ! use ( nitric & sulphuric acids1 & ! o!r ) sulphuric acid & nitrate ( pota%4 ,! la/ ( ^! ,i w\ld recomm5d z be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t = ^? :o require only a small quantity ( cotton4 ,p]sons exp]im5t+ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is article %\ld ex]cise mu* c>e & judgm5t4 ,a good cotton is n ! result ( hap-haz>d op]ation4 ,! op]ator %\ld be acqua9t$1 z ne>ly z possible1 ) ! quality ( ! *emicals employ$1 & ! prop] mode ( manipulation4 ,articles necess>y4--,"o qu>t ,w$gewood mort> & pe/le1 or evaporat+ di%2 "o glass rod2 "o pane ( glass1 l>ge en\gh to cov] ! mort> or di%2 "o ord9>y-siz$ pail two-?irds full ( pure ra9 or di/ill$ wat]1 & at lea/ t5 times t quantity ( wat] at h&2 twelve ounces 7by weight1 avoirdupois7 ( nitrate ( pota% 7,dupont's ref9$1 pulv]iz$72 twelve ounces 7by measure7 ( comm]cial sulphuric acid2 & ?ree hundr$ & =ty gra9s ( clean1 pure cotton wool4 ,rem>ks4--,x is advisable t ! mort> or di% be deep & n>r[1 z ! mixture c be bett] =m$ 9 a vessel ( ?is %ape4 ,if n conv5i5t to procure a mort>1 a common e>!n b[l w answ]2 glass is objectionable1 z ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! comb9ation ( ! acid & nitre is liable to crack x4 ,a new pail %\ld n be us$1 especially if x is pa9t$1 z ! acids attack ! pa9t1 & injure ! cotton4 ,i pref] "o t has be5 us$ = "s "t1 & has be5 frequ5tly clean$4 ,a common e>!n wa%-b[l1 or any l>ge glass di%1 w answ] 9 place ( ! pail4 ,metal pails or vessels %\ld n be us$4 ,nitrate ( ,pota% 7saltpetre7 %\ld be dry & f9ely-p[d]$4 ,i use none o!r ?an ,dupont's ref9$2 ?is is v ne>ly1 if n absolutely1 *emically pure4 ,! comm]cial ,sulphuric ,acid 7oil ( vitriol7 ( ,am]ica is ( great uni=mity ( /r5g?1 z sold by druggi/s g5]ally4 ,i use a te/-bulb graduat$ to ! prop] d5sity1 & h be5 v successful 9 my exp]im5ts4 ,9 "s tw5ty diff]5t samples ( acid1 us$ 9 diff]5t cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i f\nd only "o t produc$ a poor cotton1 & ?is might h be5 influ5c$ by ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 x be+ a v ra9y day :5 ,i us$ x4 ,dur+ my rec5t & some:at ext5sive practice1 ,i h ?\ght t ! f9e long fibres ( cotton wool d n make s desirable a soluble cotton z t :i* is heavy or common4 ,f\r or five v c>eful exp]im5ts ^u ?is po9t1 h _h ! effect to produce 9 me a /rong belief t my ideas are entitl$ to "s consid]ation4 ,i %\ld n select ! f9e/ cotton = mak+ soluble cotton1 b n[ inv>iably take t :i* is ?ick or co>se4 ,! result ( my exp]i5ce is 7o!r ?+s be+ equal71 t cotton prep>$ 9 f9e dry wea!r has a great] degree ( solubility ?an :5 prep>$ 9 a moi/ atmosph]e3 h5ce ,i w\ld recomm5d ! exp]im5t] to *oose f9e1 cle> wea!r = prep>+ x4 ,manipulation4 ,hav+ at h& e article requisite1 proce$ z foll[s3--,put ! nitrate ( pota% into ! mort> or di%2 be sure x is dry & well p[d]$1 & !n add ! acid2 /ir !m well ) ! pe/le & glass rod1 s t ! lumps w be all 7or ne>ly s7 out1 & a pa/y solution =m$4 ,?is op]ation %\ld n occupy m ?an two m9utes' "t4 ,!n put 9 ! cotton1 ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! :ole bulk at a "t3 x %\ld be well pick$ ap>t1 s t x may come imm$iately 9 contact ) ! acids1 & %\ld be knead$1 ) ! pe/le & glass rod1 into ! solution1 & z soon z wett$1 ano!r qu>t] %\ld be add$ & wett$ z soon z possible2 s cont9ue until all is 93 !n knead ) ! pe/le & mort> = at lea/ f\r m9utes1 or until e fibre ( ! cotton is saturat$ ) ! liquid2 !n ! mort> %\ld be cov]$ ov] ) ! pane ( glass1 & all[$ to /& = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes2 !n ! entire cont5ts ( ! mort> %\ld be ?r[n into ! pail two-?irds full ( wat]1 & /irr$ ) ! glass rod z rapidly z possible3 if ?is rapid /irr+ is omitt$1 ! cotton w be injur$ by ! action ( ! acids 9 comb9+ ) ! wat]4 ,! wat] %\ld be p\r$ (f1 & ano!r *ange put into ! pail4 ,aft] ab\t ?ree *anges1 ! h&s may be us$ 9 ! f>!r wa%+4 ,! h&s %\ld be p]fectly clean1 & free f all *emicals4 ,! *anges ( wat] & wa%+ %\ld be cont9u$ until e trace ( acid has disappe>$1 :i* c be se5 by te/+ ) blue litmus te/-pap]4 ,aft] x is ?\ght t ! cotton has become free1 ! wat] may be squeez$ out ( a little lump ab\t ! size ( a pea1 & !n plac$ betwe5 ! fold ( ! te/-pap]1 & if x r$d5s ! pap]1 !re is acid pres5t1 & ! wa%+ %\ld be cont9u$ until !re is no *ange 9 ! pap]4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! cotton c be put into ! folds ( a dry t[el or clo? 7:i* has be5 ?or\ghly r9s$1 s t no soap be pres5t71 & wrung out z dry z possible1 & !n x may be pick$ ap>t & put aside1 expos$ to a mod]ate temp]ature 7say #ajj ,fahr47 to dry1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,i employ ! me?od 7= conv5i5ce1 no?+ m7 ( displac+ ! wat] by ! use ( alcohol4 ,cutt+'s pat5t--see pat5ts4 ,i wr+ out ! wat] z be=e1 !n place ! cotton 9 /rong alcohol1 /ir & press x1 & !n p\r x (f2 wr+ x out aga91 !n put x 9 a *ange ( alcohol1 let x soak = ab\t five m9utes1 !n wr+ x out z dry z possible1 pick x ap>t1 & x w dry imm$iately1 & place x 9 a close /opp]$ bottle2 or1 if want$ = use at once1 put x into ! dissolv+ solution imm$iately4 ,i w "h rem>k t1 s9ce ! fir/ edition1 ,i h _h occasion to use l>ge quantities ( soluble cotton1 & h f\nd t if x be kept 9 an atmosph]e ( alcohol & e!r1 its solubility is some:at improv$3 t is1 9 ! case ( its n be+ us$ imm$iately aft] its prep>ation4 ,?is is easily kept1 by dropp+ a few drops ( e!r or alcohol into ! bottle conta9+ x1 & !n seal+ close until want$ = use4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! wat] be+ displac$ by alcohol1 x is n necess>y to ?or\ghly dry x1 b put 9 a p]fectly close bottle to keep4 ,rem>ks4--,!re are a few precautions necess>y to be obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( soluble cotton4 ,i %\ld select a f9e cle> day1 if "t is no object2 nev]!less ,i h made a good article 9 a mod]ately d5se atmosph]e4 ,sulphuric acid has a p[]ful aff9ity = hydrog51 consequ5tly1 9 damp wea!r1 x is m or less r$uc$ by ! moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,x is advisable to prep>e ! nitro-sulphuric acid mixture on a ro(1 or betwe5 two doors or w9d[s1 :]e !re is a good curr5t ( air1 9 ord] to prev5t ! inhalation ( :ite vapors :i* arise1 & are v poison\s to ! lungs4 ,z a prev5tive1 9 case ( inhal+ ^! vapors1 ,i apply ! fumes ( aqua-ammonia4 ,x is be/ = e "o to h six or eight ounces ( ?is always at h&2 x neutralizes all acid t maybe spatt]$ on ! clo!s1 prev5ts its de/ructive p[]s1 & re/ores ! color4 ,yell[ vapors sometimes appe> :5 putt+ ! cotton 9 contact ) ! solution3 ?is arises f its n be+ wet2 & :5 !y d appe>1 ! cotton :]e !y are %\ld be quickly put "u ! liquid & knead$ rapidly1 :i* w prev5t a cont9uance ( ^! vapors4 ,i h _h !m appe>1 & us$ ! cotton1 & c\ld n obs]ve t any bad effect _h be5 produc$4 ,! temp]ature is wor?y ! att5tion ( ! op]ator3 if x be l[1 z 9 w9t]1 & ! cotton be left 9 ! nitro-sulphuric mixture = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 ! :ole becomes a ?ick1 /iff mass1 b$d$ toge!r1 & has n _h prop] action1 giv+ a bad article4 ,a good temp]ature is ab\t #adj ,fahr4 = ! la/ ( ! "t ! cotton is 9 ! mixture4 ,?is is n always conv5i5t2 s ! op]ator w be gov]n$ by circum/ances1 tak+ 8 *ance ( hav+ a good article4 ,9 "s cases ,i h heat$ a ?ick iron plate1 at a mod]ate temp]ature1 plac+ ! mort> ^u x1 & ?us aid$ 9 regulat+ ! temp]ature4 ,?is is ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ,i h employ$4 ,x has be5 ?\ght advisable to publi% 9 full ! acc\nt ( ,edw4 ,a% ,had['s exp]im5ts & inve/igations ^u ! subject ( soluble cotton4 ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt ( !m z x appe>$ 9 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal1 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #ab3-- ,hav+1 9 my e>li] exp]im5ts on ! collodion process ( photography1 exp]i5c$ "s difficulty 9 always produc+ a collodion ( uni=m quality ) reg>d to s5sitiv5ess1 t5acity & fluidity1 al?\gh mak+ use ( ! same mat]ials = its prep>ation1 & ?is ,i f9d be+ ! compla9t ( _m o!rs1 x has be5 my /udy lately to det]m9e ! v>iations 9 quality to :i* ! +r$i5ts are liable1 & ! effects ( ^! v>iations on ! s5sitive film1 & likewise to asc]ta9 :e!r ! excell5t qualities ( "s samples ( collodion dep5d on ! mat]ials 9 ord9>y use1 or on "s sub/ances accid5tally or int5tionally add$4 ,rese>*es 9 ! prep>ation ( collodion may appe> sup]flu\s1 n[ t x is suppli$ ( ! be/ quality by s _m mak]s2 b z "s p]sons ( an indep5d5t turn ( m9d /ill pref] manufactur+ _! own1 ,i v5ture to br+ =w>d ! subject ) ! hope ( b5efit+ !m4 ,9 ?is beautiful process s mu* dep5ds = success on ! quality ( ! collodion1 t :5 9 possession ( a good specim51 x becomes "o ( ! easie/ & mo/ simple1 & ought to be ! mo/ c]ta9 ( all ! processes yet devis$2 = "h no mat]ial ( unc]ta9 composition is introduc$1 su* z pap]1 & ?us we h no?+ to fe> f pla/] ( ,p>is1 alum9a1 or specks ( iron or copp]1 :i* cont9ually endang] or modify ! calotype process2 ea* +r$i5t c & ought to be obta9$ 9 a /ate ( p]fect purity1 & ) ?is precaution ! degree ( success dep5ds ^u ! skill ( ! op]ator himself4 ,( all ! sub/ances us$ 9 ?is process1 ! gun-cotton is usually ! only "o actually prep>$ by ! op]ator himself2 9 ?is he _c fail to h obs]v$ ! great v>iations 9 ! solubility1 &1 :5 dissolv$1 ! transp>5cy & t5acity ( ! films1 to :i* x is liable2 ! v>i\s processes also t are giv5 appe> at fir/ sight unacc\ntably diff]5t1 "s direct+ t5 m9utes1 o!rs a few seconds imm]sion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,i h specially exam9$ into ! cause ( all ^! v>iations1 ) a view to obta9 c]ta9ty1 & also h endeavor$ to discov] h[ f> !y affect ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! prep>$ surface4 ,if we take a mixture ( ! /ronge/ nitric & sulphuric acids & imm]se z mu* cotton z c be wett$1 aft] "s m9utes squeeze out ! acid z f> z possible1 !n imm]se a second portion ( cotton1 & aga9 express ! acids = a ?ird portion ( cotton1 & s on until ! liquid is exhau/$1 we %all f9d1 on comp>+ ! cottons ?us treat$1 aft] wa%+ & dry+1 t !re is a gradual alt]ation 9 _! prop]ties1 ! fir/ be+ highly & p]fectly explosive1 & ea* succe$+ portion less s1 until ! portion la/ imm]s$ w be f\nd h>dly explosive1 leav+ di/9ct traces ( *>coal or soot :5 burn$4 ,?is may n appe> surpris+ at fir/ sight1 z x may be imag9$ t ! latt] portions are only a mixture ( gun-cotton & common cotton2 ?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case1 = if ea* quantity be imm]s$ suffici5tly long1 x w n conta9 a fibre ( common cotton1 & may yet become *>r$ on burn+ l unalt]$ cotton4 ,! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is discov]$ on treat+ !m ) e!r conta9+ a little alcohol1 :51 contr>y to :at might h be5 anticipat$1 ! fir/ or /ronge/ gun-cotton rema9s unt\*$1 :ile ! latt] portions dissolve ) ! utmo/ ease1 )\t leav+ a trace beh9d1 :i* alone is suffici5t pro( t no unalt]$ cotton rema9s4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 prop]ties is ow+ to ! gradual weak5+ ( ! acid mixture1 9 consequ5ce ( ! nitric acid be+ remov$ by ! cotton1 ) :i* x becomes intimately comb9$1 at ! same "t t ! latt] gives out a proportionate quantity ( wat]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! exp]im5ts1 a great _m mixtures ( ^! acids 7 prep>$ ( v>i\s /r5g?s1 ea* be+ accurately kn[n1 bo? to det]m9e :e!r !re 7 m ?an "o k9d ( soluble gun-cotton1 &1 if !re 71 to asc]ta9 exactly ! mixture requir$ to produce ! mo/ suitable to photographic purposes4 ,by ?is means1 & by1 :at ,i believe has n be5 po9t$ out1 v>y+ ! temp]ature1 at lea/ five v>ieties 7 obta9$2--fir/1 gun-cotton1 prop]ly s call$1 z be=e /at$1 q insoluble 9 any mixture ( alcohol & sulphuric e!r4 ,secondly1 an explosive cotton1 likewise insoluble1 b diff]+ *emically f ! fir/1 obta9$ by a mixture ( c]ta9 /r5g? :5 us$ cold4 ,if w>m1 h[ev]1 ei!r f ! heat produc$ spontane\sly on mix+ ! two acids2 or by rais+ ! temp]ature artificially to ab\t #acj1 ! cotton !n imm]s$ becomes p]fectly soluble1 produc+ a ?ird v>iety2 if1 h[ev]1 x be ?or\ghly dri$1 x becomes 9 a great measure insoluble4 ,! f\r? is obta9$ by ! use ( weak] acids us$ cold1 & ! fif? :5 ! mixture has be5 w>m$ to #acj previ\s to ! imm]sion ( ! cotton2 9 ei!r ( ! two la/ cases ! product is p]fectly soluble1 b !re is a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 _! prop]ties1 = on dissolv+ #f gra9s ( ea* 9 #a ounce ( e!r1 ! cotton treat$ ) w>m acids gives a p]fectly fluid solution 7:i* is likewise ! case ) ! ?ird v>iety produc$ by acids some?+ /rong]71 :ile t obta9$ by ! use ( cold acids makes a mixture z ?ick z ca/or-oil4 ,hav+ obta9$ ^! m /rongly m>k$ v>ieties1 z well z int]m$iate k9ds1 ) all gradations ( solubility1 x 0 necess>y1 be=e ,i c\ld select any p>ticul> =mula = prep>+ ! cotton1 to comp>e _! photographic prop]ties1 ) especial ref]5ce to s5sitiv5ess1 opacity ( ! r$uc$ silv] 9 negatives1 & its color 9 positives4 ,a c]ta9 weight ( ea* be+ dissolv$ 9 a portion ( ! same mixture ( alcohol & e!r previ\sly iodiz$1 ! comp>ison 0 made1 by tak+ ! same objects ) ea* collodion 9 succession1 & likewise by p\r+ two samples on ! same plate ( glass1 & ?us expos+ !m 9 ! cam]a toge!r1 side by side2 ?is la/ prov$ to be mu* ! mo/ satisfactory plan1 & 0 repeat$ _m times = ea* sample1 tak+ c>e to rev]se ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 p\r$ on1 t !re might be no mi/ake aris+ f ! diff]5ce ( "t elaps+ betwe5 ! p\r+ on ( ! collodion & its imm]sion 9 ! s5sitive ba?4 ,by ^! exp]im5ts ,i _h confid5tially hop$ to h solv$ ! "q z to ! cause ( diff]5ce 9 s5sitiv5ess & o!r photographic prop]ties ( collodion2 b 9 ?is ,i 0 disappo9t$1 =1 aft] repeat$ exp]im5ts1 ,i believe ,i may safely affirm t !y are precisely simil> z reg>ds _! photographic prop]ties4 ,! same ,i believe may be said ( ,sw$i% pap] collodion1 judg+ f a few comp>ative exp]im5ts ,i h made1 & inde$ x is difficult to discov] :at is ! sup]iority ( ?is mat]ial ov] clean cotton-wool2 ! ease ( manipulation :i* "s allege is a matt] ( ta/e1 b ,i %\ld decid$ly pref] ! op5 texture ( cotton to t ( a sub/ance l filt]+ pap]1 compos$ ( a mass ( compact$ fibres1 ! inn]mo/ ( :i* are only rea*$ :5 ! acids h und]gone a c]ta9 degree ( weak5+ by ! wat] ab/ract$ f ! out] fibres2 & :5 we consid] t f cotton alone we h ! means ( prep>+ all v>ieties ( collodion1 f ! mo/ p[]fully contract+ & transp>5t to ! weake/ & mo/ opaque1 & ea* if requir$ ) equal & p]fect c]ta9ty1 !re appe>s to be *oice en\gh )\t resort+ to ano!r mat]ial1 diff]+ only 9 be+ m r>e & m difficult to procure4 ,b1 al?\gh ! photographic prop]ties ( ^! v>ieties ( collodion-wool are s simil>1 o!r circum/ances1 su* z fluidity1 t5acity1 & transp>5cy1 r5d] its prep>ation ( "s importance1 & indicate t ! acid mixture %\ld always be us$ w>m2 & x is *iefly 9 consequ5ce ( ?is v circum/ance1 t great] success att5ds ! use ( nitrate ( pota% & sulphuric acid ?an t ( mix$ acids2 = ! =m] :5 mix$1 produce ! requir$ temp]ature1 & mu/ be us$ :ile w>m1 s9ce on cool+ ! mixture becomes solid1 :]eas acids :5 mix$ d n usually produce s high a temp]ature1 & be+ fluid c be us$ at any subsequ5t p]iod2 ano!r ob/acle to _! use is ! great unc]ta9ty ( ! /r5g? ( ! nitric acid f\nd 9 ! %ops1 requir+ a v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( sulphuric acid to be add$1 :i* w\ld h to be det]m9$ by calculation or _m tr\blesome trials4 ,:5 a prop] mixture is obta9$1 ! "t ( imm]sion is ( no importance1 provid$ x be n too %ort1 & ! temp]ature be ma9ta9$ at ab\t #abj or #acj2 t5 m9utes is g5]ally suffici5t2 7?\gh t5 h\rs w\ld n r5d] ! cotton less soluble1 z is sometimes ass]t$47 ,9 us+ ! mix$ acids1 ! limits are ! nitric acid be+ too /rong1 9 :i* case ! product is insoluble1 or too weak1 :5 ! cotton becomes imm$iately matt$ or ev5 dissolv$1 if ! mixture is w>m4 ,i h avail$ myself ( ^! facts 9 ord] to produce collodion-wool by ! use ( acids1 )\t ! tr\ble ( calculat+ ! prop] mixture accord+ to _! /r5g?4 ,five p>ts by measure ( sulphuric acid1 & f\r ( nitric acid ( specific gravity n l[] ?an #ad1 are mix$ 9 an e>!nw>e or ?9 glass vessel capable ( /&+ heat2 small portions ( wat] are add$ gradually 7by half dra*ms at a "t1 suppos+ two ounces to h be5 mix$17 te/+ aft] ea* addition by imm]sion ( a small portion ( cotton2 ! addition ( wat] is cont9u$ until a fre% piece ( cotton is f\nd to contract & dissolve on imm]s+2 :5 ?is takes place1 add half ! quantity ( sulphuric acid previ\sly us$1 & 7if ! temp]ature does n exce$ #acj1 9 :i* case x mu/ be all[$ to cool to t po9t17 imm]se z mu* cotton1 well pull$ out1 z c be easily & p]fectly soak$2 x is to be left 9 = t5 m9utes1 tak+ c>e t ! mixture does n become cold1 & !n transf]r$ to cold wat]1 & ?or\ghly wa%$2 ?is is a matt] ( mu* importance1 & %\ld be p]=m$ at fir/ by *ang+ ! wat] _m times1 until x ceases to ta/e acid1 & !n treat+ x ) boil+ ra9-wat] until ! color ( blue litmus rema9s un*ang$2 ! fre$om f all trace ( acid is insur$ by add+ a little ammonia be=e ! la/ wa%+4 ,cotton ?us prep>$ %\ld dissolve p]fectly & in/antane\sly 9 e!r conta9+ a little alcohol1 )\t leav+ a fibre beh9d1 & ! film x produces be ( ! greate/ /r5g? & transp>5cy1 be+ :at ,m4 ,gaud9 t]ms 'ri* 9 gun-cotton4' ,! mixture ( nitrate ( pota% & sulphuric acid is defective *iefly f ! want ( fluidity1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! cotton is less p]fectly act$ on2 ?is may be rem$i$ by increas+ ! am\nt ( sulphuric acid1 at ! same "t add+ a little wat]2 a mixture ( #e p>ts ( dri$ nitre1 ) #aj ( sulphuric acid1 by weight1 toge!r ) #a ( wat]1 produces a mu* bett] collodion wool ?an ! ord9>y mixture ( #a ( nitre ) #a-a_/b ( sulphuric acid4 ,! nitre is dri$ be=e weigh+1 9 ord] t its am\nt1 z well z t ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! mixture1 may be def9ite 9 quantity2 x is !n f9ely p[d]$1 mix$ ) ! wat]1 & ! sulphuric acid add$2 ! cotton is imm]s$ :ile ! mixture is hot1 & aft]w>ds wa%$ ) great] c>e ev5 ?an is requir$ :5 pure acids are us$1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( gett+ rid ( all ! bisulphate ( pota% t adh]es to ! fibres1 :i* bo? acts z an acid & likewise causes ! collodion to appe> opalesc5t :5 held up to ! light2 :]eas ! solution %\ld be p]fectly transp>5t4 ,pla9 ,collodion4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pla9 ,,collodion4 ,to dissolve ! soluble cotton 7pyroxyl9e71 & =m pla9 collodion1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,take ( ,sulphuric e!r 7conc5trat$71 #aj ounces ,alcohol1 f #ij to #ie p] c5t41 #f ,soluble cotton en\gh to give ! solution a consi/5cy su* z w all[ x to fl[ ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! glass1 & imp>t to x q a ?ick & transp>5t coat+4 ,if ! coat+ is opaque1 ! cotton has n be5 prop]ly prep>$1 ! acid mixture has be5 too weak4 ,rem>ks4--,x is desirable = e op]ator to use *emicals ( uni=m /r5g?1 & ! bett] me?od to adopt is to employ ^? pur*as$ f "s "o respectable manufactory1 & n take ^? furni%$ by irresponsible & unconsci5ti\s p>ties4 ,at lea/ "o-half ( ! failures exp]i5c$ by beg9n]s is f want ( good *emicals4 ,x is n economy to pur*ase a *eap article4 ,alcohol is an article t c be procur$ 9 almo/ any small village 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is 9 g5]al fit = collodion purposes4 ,i h us$ #hh p] c5t1 9 ! above proportions1 also ! int]m$iate v>ieties to #ih p] c5t41 & h be5 q successful2 b feel conv9c$ t ! ord9>y #ih1 z m>k$ 7:i* usually /&s by actual te/ #ie to #ig p] c5t471 is pref]able1 except 9 cases :]e wat] is employ$ 9 dissolv+ ! iodiz+ salts1 :5 ,i w\ld use fully #ih p] c5t4 ,be=e conclud+ ! subject on pla9 collodion1 ,i w introduce ! acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,had[ ( 8 int]e/+ & valuable exp]im5ts1 z publi%$ 9 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 page #ah4 ,hav+ obta9$ good collodion-wool1 ! next po9t ( inquiry 0 ) reg>d to ! solv5t2 to asc]ta9 :e!r ! addition ( alcohol beyond :at is necess>y to cause ! solution ( ! gun-cotton 9 e!r1 7 b5eficial or o!rwise4 ,= ?is purpose e!r & alcohol 7 prep>$ p]fectly pure1 & mixtures 7 made ( #a ( alcohol to #g ( e!r1 #b to #f1 #c to #e1 #d to #d & #e to #c4 ,9 "o ounce ( ea* 7 dissolv$ #f gra9s ( gun-cotton & #d gra9s ( iodide ( ammonium 7iodide ( potassium c\ld n be employ$1 s9ce x requires a c]ta9 am\nt bo? ( wat] & alcohol to keep x 9 solution72 !y 7 !n comp>$1 us+ a #ce-;gra9 solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 bo? by p\r+ on sep>ate glasses1 & likewise by cov]+ two halves ( a plate ) two samples1 z 9 exam9+ ! gun cottons1 ?us plac+ !m "u ! same circum/ances dur+ ! same "t2 9 ?is way ! effect ( add+ alcohol 0 v cle>ly p]ceiv$1 s9ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! collodions 0 mu* great] ?an c\ld h be5 anticipat$4 ,! fir/ mixture conta9+ only #a_/h? ( alcohol 0 q unfit = photographic purposes1 f its be+ almo/ impossible1 ev5 ) ! mo/ rapid imm]sion1 to obta9 a film ( uni=m s5sitiv5ess & opacity ?r\gh\t1 ! surface g5]ally exhibit+ ne>ly transp>5t b&s1 hav+ an iridesc5t appe>ance by reflect$ light4 ,! second mixture ) #a_/d? ( ! alcohol is liable to great unc]ta9ty1 = if !re be any delay 9 p\r+ (f ! collodion ! same appe>ances are se5 z 9 ! fir/1 & l x ! surface is v ins5sitive to light1 :ile if ! plate be rapidly plung$ 9 ! ba?1 ! collodion film becomes mu* m opaque ?an be=e1 & is !n v s5sitive4 ,! ?ird proportion ( #c ( alcohol to #e ( e!r is decid$ly ! be/1 giv+ )\t ! lea/ difficulty a beautifully uni=m & highly s5sitive film1 at ! same "t p]fectly t\gh & easily removable f ! glass if requir$4 ,a fur!r addition ( alcohol1 z 9 ! two la/ collodions1 0 n att5d$ ) any correspond+ advantage or increase ( s5sitiv5ess2 on ! contr>y1 ! l>ge proportion ( alcohol r5d]$ !m less fluid1 ?\gh ) a small] quantity ( gun cotton !y w\ld produce v good collodions1 capable ( giv+ f9e films3 ! cause ( ! weakness ( ! film1 obs]v$ on add+ mu* ( ! ord9>y alcohol1 is ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] x usually conta9s4 ,?is surpris+ improvem5t1 caus$ by ! addition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( alcohol1 is ref]able to causes p>tly *emical1 p>tly me*anical1 =1 on exam9+ ! films1 x w be f\nd 9 ! fir/1 & occasionally 9 ! second collodion1 t ! iodide ( silv] is =m$ on ! surface1 & c be remov$ entirely by friction )\t de/roy+ ! transp>5t collodion film bel[1 :ile 9 ^? collodions t conta9 m ?an "o-f\r? ( alcohol1 ! iodide ( silv] is :olly 9 ! sub/ance1 & 9 ?is /ate possesses ! utmo/ s5sitiv5ess4 ,?is diff]5ce ( condition is ow+ to ! v sp>+ solubility ( e!r 9 wat]1 :i* 9 ! fir/ case prev5ts ! entrance ( ! nitrate ( silv] into ! film1 consequ5tly ! iodide & silv] solutions meet on ! surface2 b on addition ( alcohol1 its solubility enables ! two to int]*ange places1 & ?us ! iodide ( silv] is precipitat$ ?r\gh\t ! sub/ance 9 a /ate ( ! utmo/ division4 ,?is diff]5ce is cle>ly se5 "u ! microscope1 ! precipitate be+ clott$ 9 ! "o case1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! p>ticles are h>dly discov]able f _! f95ess4 ,! pres5ce ( a little wat] consid]ably modifies ^! results1 s9ce x 9 "s degree supplies ! place ( alcohol1 & is s f> useful2 b 9 o!r respects x is injuri\s1 =1 accumulat+ 9 quantity1 if ! collodion is (t5 us$1 x makes ! film weak & gelat9\s1 & :at is worse1 full ( m9ute cracks on dry+1 :i* is nev] ! case :5 pure e!r & alcohol are us$4 ,s9ce ! e!r ( ! %ops almo/ always conta9s alcohol1 & frequ5tly wat]1 x is important to asc]ta9 _! am\nt be=e employ+ x = ! prep>ation ( collodion2 ! quantity ( alcohol may be easily asc]ta9$ by agitat+ ! e!r 9 a graduat$ measure glass 7a m9im glass does v well7 ) half its bulk ( a saturat$ solution ( *loride ( calcium2 ?is %\ld be p\r$ 9 fir/1 its height not$1 & ! e!r !n p\r$ on its surface1 ! ?umb !n plac$ on ! top1 & ! two agitat$ toge!r2 :5 sep>at$1 ! increase ( bulk acquir$ by ! *loride ( calcium indicates ! quantity ( alcohol pres5t1 & = ?is all[ance %\ld be made1 9 ! addition ( alcohol aft]w>ds to ! collodion4 ,wat] is readily detect$1 ei!r 9 e!r or alcohol by all[+ a drop to fall into spirits ( turp5t9e1 ) :i* !y ought to mix )\t turbidity2 ?is is imm$iately produc$ if !y conta9 wat]3 = detect+ wat] 9 alcohol1 b5zole is a m delicate re-ag5t ?an spirits ( turp5t9e 7,*emi/1 xxix1 #bjc74 ,x is also necess>y t e!r %\ld be free f a rem>kable prop]ty x acquires by long keep+1 ( decompos+ iodides & sett+ free iod9e1 :i* ?us gives ! collodion a br[n color2 ! same prop]ty may be develop$ 9 any e!r1 z ,s*onbe9 discov]$ by introduc+ a r$ hot wire into ! vapor 9 ! upp] portion ( a bottle conta9+ a little e!r & wat]2 if x be !n %ak5 up & a solution ( iodide p\r$ 91 ! :ole rapidly becomes br[n2 ?is reaction is v rem>kable & difficult to expla9 = ev5 a mixture ( ! e!r & nitric acid fails to produce a color imm$iately4 ,e!r ?us affect$ c only be depriv$ ( ?is prop]ty by rectification ) cau/ic pota%4 ,bromo-,iodiz$ ,collodion = ,positives4--,no4 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iodiz$ ,,collodion ,,= ,,positives4 ,"o v important object 9 connection ) ?is "p ( ! collodion process is to h *emicals ( a good quality1 & always employ ^? ( a fix$ /&>d4 ,pla9 collodion1 #aj ounces4 ,solution ( bromide1 & iodide ( potassium & silv]1 7page #fa7 #c dra*ms4 ,iodide ( ammonium1 #aj gra9s4 ,hydro-bromic acid #f drops4 ,d\ble iodide ( potassium & silv] 7see page #fb7 en\gh s t :5 ! plate comes f ! nitrate ( silv] ba?1 x w h an opaque cream color4 ,rem>ks4--,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is s5sitive collodion1 x is necess>y to be cauti\s & n add too mu* ( ! iodide ( potassium & silv]1 = 9 t case ! coat+ w\ld flake (f1 & fall+ into ! silv]+ solution1 ! op]ator w\ld be oblig$ to filt] x be=e he c\ld silv] 8 plate ) safety z reg>ds spott+ x4 ,! me?od ,i employ is to add ! pla9 collodion1 bromide & iodide ( potassium & silv]1 iodide ( ammonium & hydro-bromic acid1 & !n cauti\sly add ! d\ble iodide ( potassium & silv] f five to t5 drops at a "t1 try+ ! collodion f "t to "t by p\r+ a little on a n>r[ /rip ( glass1 :i* ,i dip into ! silv]+ solution1 & let x rema9 = two m9utes4 ,if ! coat+ assumes ! prop] color 7a cream color71 ,i %ake ! cont5ts ( ! bottle1 & !n /& x aside to settle3 x is bett] aft] x has /ood = a week or two4 ,?is collodion ,i h us$ aft] x has be5 made eight mon?s1 & produc$ f9e & satisfactory results1 & use ?is ne>ly altoge!r 9 practice4 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w has be5 issu$1 ,i h sold ov] two ?\s& p\nds ( ?is prep>ation1 & ! dem& is on ! increase4 ,i w app5d ano!r prep>ation 7,no4 #b7 :i* ,i h successfully employ$1 & "s op]ators pref]4 ,bromo-,iodiz$ ,collodion = ,positives4--,no4 #b4 ,pla9 collodion #aj ounces4 ,iodide ( potassium #cj gra9s4 ,bromide ( ammonium #bj ,en\gh ( ! d\ble iodide ( potassium & silv] to give ! coat+ a cream color :5 x comes f ! silv]+ solution4 ,x w take f "o to ?ree dra*ms4 ,or ?is la/ may be omitt$1 & a few drops ( a saturat$ solution ( dry iod9e 9 alcohol may be add$4 ,ei!r ( ^! plans h be5 successful 9 my practice4 ,rem>ks4--,! iodide ( potassium be+ insoluble 9 ! collodion1 x %\ld be fir/ dissolv$ 9 z little wat] z possible2 i4 e41 take ! quantity1 #cj gra9s1 put x into a "o-ounce graduate1 & ) a glass rod /ir x1 add+ wat]1 drop by drop1 only until all ( ! salt is dissolv$4 ,!n x may be p\r$ into ! collodion1 & !re w be a :ite p[d]y precipitate4 ,! bromide ( ammonium w dissolve 9 ! collodion1 & c be put into x4 ,:5 all ( ! accel]ators are 91 x %\ld be well %ak51 & !n all[$ to settle & become cle>4 ,:5 want$1 a suffici5t quantity may be p\r$ into a vial 7see ,fig4 #cd7 = use1 & ! ma9 or /ock bottle %\ld n be di/urb$ (t5] ?an necess>y4 ,?is la/ collodion is n z durable z ! fir/1 b is less tr\ble to prep>e4 ,bromo-,iodiz$ ,collodion = ,negatives4 ,sid5ote3 ,,iodiz$ ,,collodion ,,= ,,negatives ,pla9 collodion #h ounces4 ,iodide ( potassium 7dissolv$ z p] page #fb7 #bd gra9s4 ,bromide ( ammonium #af ,?is collodion %\ld be all[$ to /& & settle tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e x is us$3 :5 want$1 x %\ld be p\r$ (f into a collodion vial4 ,! m free ! collodion is f s$im5t & small p>ticles ( du/ or undissolv$ cotton1 ! s(t] & m p]fect w be ! impression x makes4 ,9 case ! above proportions ( iodide ( potassium %\ld n produce a cream-color$ coat+1 :5 x comes f ! nitrate ( silv] ba?1 m may be add$3 = example1 if ! coat+ is ( a blui% t9t1 ,i w\ld dissolve #f gra9s ( iodide ( potassium 9 wat]1 z be=e1 & !n try x3 %ake well1 & te/ x by putt+ a little on a slip ( glass1 & dipp+ x into ! silv]+ solution2 if x coats to a cream-color1 x is "r4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 t aft] ! addition ( iodide ( potassium "h recomm5d$1 ! collodion %\ld be all[$ to /& until settl$1 be=e und]tak+ to produce a picture1 al?\gh ! coat+ may be previ\sly te/$ by means ( a slip ( glass4 ,solution ( ,bromide & ,iodide ( ,potassium & ,silv]4 ,dissolve #acj gra9s ( cry/alliz$ nitrate1 ( silv] 9 #d ounces ( pure wat]1 9 a long #h-ounce vial4 ,!n 9 a clean #a-ounce graduate1 or "s o!r conv5i5t vessel conta9+ half an ounce ( wat]1 dissolve #acj gra9s bromide ( potassium4 ,:5 ?is & ! nitrate ( silv] are bo? dissolv$1 p\r ! solution ( bromide ( potassium into ! vial conta9+ ! silv]1 & a ?ick yell[ precipitate w fall4 ,?is is ! bromide ( potassium & silv]4 ,?is %\ld be wa%$ by ne>ly fill+ ! vial ) wat]2 %ake x1 & !n let x settle1 :i* x w readily d1 & !n p\r on ! wat]1 leav+ ! yell[ mass 9 ! bottom ( ! vial2 cont9ue ?is op]ation ( wa%+ = at lea/ t5 *anges ( wat]2 !n1 aft] dra9+ (f ! wat] z close z possible1 put into ! vial f\r ounces ( alcohol1 %ake x well & let x settle2 !n p\r (f z close z possible4 ,by ?is means ! wat] is ne>ly all tak5 out4 ,p\r into ! vial ?ree ounces ( alcohol2 !n 9 a small mort> f9ely pulv]ize "o ounce ( iodide ( potassium1 & ! solution1 :i* 0 be=e cle>1 w be m or less ( a yell[ color1 & ! bulk ( ! yell[ precipitate w be dim9i%$4 ,i h sometimes completely re-dissolv$ ! yell[ precipitate1 b ?is does n (t5 occur1 except !re be m wat] pres5t ?an is advisable4 ,x is bett] to h an excess ( bromide ( potassium 9 ! solution4 ,?is c be se5 by its be+ :ite1 & rema9+ undissolv$ 9 ! bottom ( ! vial4 ,?is solution %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! ev5+1 or 9 a d>k room1 & only ! light ( a lamp or c&le employ$4 ,d\ble ,iodide ( ,potassium & ,silv]4 ,?is solution is made 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! =ego+ article1 sub/itut+ ! iodide ( potassium = ! bromide--no bromide be+ us$ 9 ?is prep>ation4 ,! yell[ precipitate 9 ?is case w be re-dissolv$ & tak5 up 9 ! solution3 x may require m ?an "o ounce ( pulv]iz$ iodide ( potassium to effect ?is1 b x may be add$ 9 excess1 s t ! solution %all conta9 a quantity 9 p[d]4 ,develop+ ,solution4 ,sid5ote3 ,,develop+ ,,solution4 ,protosulphate ( iron1 #c ounces4 ,ra9 or di/ill$ wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,put ^! into a qu>t bottle1 & %ake until ! cry/als are all dissolv$1 & ?is c be kept = a /ock bottle1 & :5 want$ = use p\r into ano!r bottle4 ,( ! above solution1 #e ounces4 ,acetic acid 7,no4 #h7 #a ,*emically pure nitric acid #bj drops4 ,%ake ?is mixture well1 & filt] ?r\gh a sponge1 & x is ready = use4 ,i file a m>k 9 ?is bottle indicat+ five ounces1 & ano!r = #a ounce3 ?is w save "t 9 mix+ ! solution4 ,rem>ks4--,9 my rec5t t\r ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i f\nd x difficult to obta9 a good article ( protosulphate ( iron1 & 9 its /ead ,i us$ ! common copp]as1 su* z ,i c\ld f9d almo/ 9 any /ore4 ,i employ f "o-f\r? to "o-half m ?an ! quantity giv5 above4 ,if x look$ a cle> gre51 & free f a :ite or br[ni% p[d]1 ab\t "o-f\r? addition3 i4 e41 f\r ounces1 in/ead ( ?ree1 z giv5 above4 ,if ! solution 9 ! /ock bottle is n want$ = a week or m1 a few cry/als ( ! protosulphate ( iron %\ld be add$1 z x decomposes1 & ! /r5g? is depreciat$4 ,!re is q a diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! acetic acid z sold by out c\ntry druggi/s1 & ! op]ator %\ld be sure t he has ,no4 #h1 to :i* quality ! above proportions are adapt$4 ,i nev] h employ$ ! develop+ solution b once1 b c see no objections to use x = a numb] ( glass plates1 b x %\ld be filt]$ e "t be=e us+4 ,! quantity ( nitric acid may be increas$1 s long z a prop] proportion is pres]v$ ) ! /r5g? ( ! ba?4 ,! effect ( ?is addition ( acid w be to bright5 ! impression2 b if c>ri$ too f>1 ! r$uction 7develop+7 w be irregul>1 & ! h>mony ( ! impression injur$4 ,fix+ ,solution4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fix+ ,,solution4 ,wat]1 #h ounces4 ,cyanide ( potassium1 ab\t #a dra*ms ,rem>ks4--,i put en\gh ( ! cyanide ( potassium into ! wat] to make ! solution ( su* /r5g? z to dissolve (f ! iodide ( silv] 7coat+7 9 f tw5ty to sixty seconds4 ,! op]ation is q simil> to t ( hyposulphate ( soda ^u ! coat+ ( ! ,dagu]reotype plate4 ,a too conc5trat$ solution is likely to injure ! %>pness ( ! image4 ,bright5+ & ,f9i%+ ! ,image4 ,sid5ote3 ,,humphrey',s ,,collodion ,,gild+4 ,! article ,i n[ employ = f9i%+ (f my ,positives is 9 m>ket1 & kn[n z ,humphrey's ,collodion ,gild+4 ,x is a new prep>ation1 & ex]ts a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! image1 hav+ ! same bright5+ effect z *loride ( gold on ! dagu]reotype4 ,!re is no article n[ 9 m>ket t equals ?is4 ,i h until q rec5tly us$ a v>ni% = ?is purpose1 b hav+ some?+ t is ( f> great] value1 ,i h disc>d$ x4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable improvem5ts s9ce ! application ( ! ,collodion ,film z a vehicle = produc+ photographic images4 ,x is a new discov]y1 & is be+ rapidly br\ght into use by ! fir/ ambrotyp]s & photograph]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,x adds at lea/ "o-half to ! beauty ( an ambrotype1 above any me?od h]et(ore 9 use4 ,x is imp]i%able1 giv+ a surface almo/ equal 9 h>dness to ! glass itself4 ,x is easy ( application2 x gives a brilliant f9i%2 x is n affect$ by a moi/ atmosph]e2 x is n affect$ by pure wat]2 x is ! be/ article ev] us$ = f9i%+ ambrotypes2 x w pres]ve glass negatives = all "t2 x w pres]ve ! :ites 9 ! ambrotype2 x gives a ri* lu/re to drap]y2 x w be> exposure to ! hot sun2 x pres]ves positives & negatives f injury by light4 ,x is an article t1 :5 once tri$1 ! op]ator ^u glass 7positive1 negative1 or album5iz$ plates7 w n d )\t4 ,! +r$i5ts 9 ! composition ( ?is gild+ are nei!r pat5t$ nor publi%$1 b x c be procur$ f any deal] 9 photographic *emicals4 ,nitrate ( ,silv] ,ba?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,silv] ,,ba?4 ,i "h give :at ,i consid] an improvem5t on ! ba? m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w4 ,i fir/ publi%$ x 9 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #bc1 ,vol4 ,,vii43 ,! nitrate ( silv] solution is an important mixture 9 ! *emical dep>tm5t ( ! ambrotype process1 & requires ! especial c>e ( ! op]ator 9 its prep>ation4 ,i give ! foll[+ z "o ( ! mo/ approv$ = g5]al practice4 ,x is well adapt$ to ! production ( positives1 & its action is ( great uni=mity4 ,pure wat] #a ounce4 ,nitrate ( silv] 9 cry/als neutral to acid te/ #de gra9s4 ,nitric acid ,c4 ,p4 ,quantity z giv5 bel[4 ,?is proportion is to be obs]v$ = any quantity ( solution4 ,if ,i 7 to prep>e a ba? #dj ounces1 ,i w\ld proce$ z foll[s3 ,wat] #dj ounces4 ,nitrate ( silv] #ahjj gra9s4 ,measure ! wat]1 & put into a two-qu>t bottle2 !n p\r out #h oz4 ( x 9 a p9t bottle1 & into ?is put ! :ole ( ! nitrate ( silv] 7#ahjj gr472 %ake x well until x is all dissolv$4 ,?is =ms a conc5trat$ solution--into :i* put ! foll[+ prep>$ iodide ( silv]3-- ,dissolve 9 a #c or #d oz4 bottle conta9+ #a oz4 wat]1 #aj gr4 nitrate ( silv]2 & 9 ano!r bottle or graduate conta9+ a little wat]1 dissolve #aj gra9s ( iodide ( potassium2 p\r ?is into ! #aj gra9 solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & a yell[ sub/ance 7iodide ( silv]7 w precipitate2 fill ! bottle ) wat]1 & let x settle2 !n p\r (f ! wat]1 leav+ ! yell[ mass beh9d2 aga9 p\r on x clean wat]1 %ake x1 & let x settle z be=e1 & p\r (f aga92 repeat ?is = ab\t six *anges ( wat]4 ,!n x 7! iodide ( silv]7 is to be put into ! bottle conta9+ ! #h oz4 wat] & #ahjj gr4 ( nitrate ( silv]2 %ake x well1 & x w ne>ly or q all dissolve2 p\r ?is into ! two-qu>t bottle1 & %ake well2 x w be ( a yell[i% :ite t9t1 & %\ld be filt]$ ?r\gh asbe/os or sponge1 :5 x w become cle>4 ,:5 cle>1 te/ ! solution ) blue litmus-pap]2 if x turns x r$1 x is suffici5tly acid2 if x does n *ange x1 add "o or two drops ( nitric acid1 *emically pure2 !n te/ x aga92 if x does n *ange x1 add "o or two drops m1 or j en\gh to *ange ! pap] to ! slighte/ r$4 ,a solution prep>$ 9 ?is proportion w1 l o!rs1 improve by age4 ,an old ba? is consid]$ f> m valuable ?an "o newly prep>$4 ,^! rem>ks may appe> to old photographic op]ators z ( no importance1 b !y mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re are hundr$s j adopt+ ?is new process ( picture tak+4 ,?is solution w "w m satisfactorily ?an ! "o ,i =m]ly us$4 ,x w "w quick] 9 ! cam]a1 & is equally durable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ackn[l$gm5t4--,! foll[+ pages1 "u ! head ( ,vocabul>y ( ,photographic ,*emicals1 & treat+ ^u ! ,*emicals us$ 9 ,photography1 are tak5 f ! ?ird edition ( ,h>dwi*'s ,photographic ,*emi/ry3-- ,vocabul>y ( ,photographic ,*emicals4 ,sid5ote3 ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,photographic ,,*emicals4 ,acetic ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,c#d;,h#c,o#c ,,ho4 ,atomic weight1 #fj4 ,acetic acid is a product ( ! oxidation ( alcohol4 ,spiritu\s liquids1 :5 p]fectly pure1 are n affect$ by exposure to air2 b if a portion ( yea/1 or nitrog5\s organic matt] ( any k9d1 be add$1 x soon acts z a f]m5t1 & causes ! _s to unite ) oxyg5 d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e1 & to become s\r f =mation ( acetic acid or v9eg>4 ,acetic acid is also produc$ on a l>ge scale by heat+ wood 9 close vessels2 a sub/ance di/ils ov] :i* is acetic acid contam9at$ ) empyreumatic & t>ry matt]2 x is t]m$ pyroligne\s acid1 & is mu* us$ 9 comm]ce4 ,! mo/ conc5trat$ acetic acid may be obta9$ by neutraliz+ common v9eg> ) c>bonate ( soda & cry/alliz+ out ! acetate ( soda s =m$2 ?is acetate ( soda is !n di/ill$ ) sulphuric acid1 :i* removes ! soda & lib]ates acetic acid3 ! acetic acid be+ volatile1 di/ils ov]1 & may be cond5s$4 ,prop]ties ( ,acetic ,acid4--,! /ronge/ acid conta9s only a s+le atom ( wat]2 x is sold "u ! "n ( glacial acetic acid1 s call$ f its prop]ty ( solidify+ at a mod]ately l[ temp]ature4 ,at ab\t #ej ! cry/als melt1 & =m a limpid liquid ( pung5t odor & a d5sity ne>ly correspond+ to t ( wat]2 ! specific gravity ( acetic acid1 h[ev]1 is no te/ ( its real /r5g?1 :i* c only be e/imat$ by analysis4 ,! comm]cial glacial acetic acid is (t5 dilut$ ) wat]1 :i* may be suspect$ if x does n solidify dur+ ! cold w9t] mon?s4 ,sulphur\s & hydro*loric acids are also common impurities4 ,!y are injuri\s 9 photographic processes f _! prop]ty ( precipitat+ nitrate ( silv]4 ,to detect !m proce$ z foll[s3--dissolve a small cry/al ( nitrate ( silv] 9 a few drops ( wat]1 & add to x ab\t half a dra*m ( ! glacial acid2 ! mixture %\ld rema9 q cle> ev5 :5 expos$ to ! light4 ,hydro*loric & sulphur\s acids produce a :ite deposit ( *loride or sulphite ( silv]2 & if aldehyde or volatile t>ry matt] be pres5t 9 ! acetic acid1 ! mixture ) nitrate ( silv]1 al?\gh cle> at fir/1 becomes discolor$ by ! action ( light4 ,_m photograph]s employ a *eap] =m ( acetic acid1 sold by druggi/s z ,beaufoy's acid2,a x %\ld be ( ! /r5g? ( ! acetic acid =tiss4 ( ! ,london ,ph>macopoeia1 conta9+ #cj p] c5t1 real acid1 & mu/ be te/$ = sulphuric acid 7see sulphuric acid71 & also by mix+ ) nitrate ( silv]4 ,footnote ,a3 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! practition] uses ! article sold 9 m>ket z ,acetic ,acid1 ,no4 #h4--,s4 ,d4 ,h4 ,acetate ( ,silv]4 7,see ,silv]1 ,acetate (47 ,album54 ,album5 is an organic pr9ciple1 f\nd bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable k+dom4 ,its prop]ties are be/ /udi$ 9 ! :ite ( egg1 :i* is a v pure =m ( album54 ,album5 is capable ( exi/+ 9 two /ates2 9 "o ( :i* x is soluble1 9 ! o!r insoluble 9 wat]4 ,! aque\s solution ( ! soluble v>iety gives a slightly alkal9e reaction to te/-pap]2 x is some:at ?ick & glut9\s1 b becomes m fluid on ! addition ( a small quantity ( an alkali1 su* z pota% or ammonia4 ,soluble album5 may be conv]t$ into ! insoluble =m 9 ! foll[+ ways3-- #a4 ,by ! application ( heat4--,a mod]ately /rong solution ( album5 becomes opalesc5t & coagulates on be+ heat$ to ab\t #aej1 b a temp]ature ( #bab is requir$ if ! liquid is v dilute4 ,a lay] ( dri$ album5 _c easily be coagulat$ by ! m]e application ( heat4 #b4 ,by addition ( /rong acids4--,nitric acid coagulates album5 p]fectly )\t ! aid ( heat4 ,acetic acid1 h[ev]1 acts diff]5tly1 appe>+ to ent] into comb9ation ) ! album51 & =m+ a comp\nd soluble 9 w>m wat] acidifi$ by acetic acid4 #c4 ,by ! action ( metallic salts4--,_m ( ! salts ( ! metals coagulate album5 v completely4 ,nitrate ( silv] does s2 also ! bi*loride ( m]cury4 ,ammoniacal oxide ( silv]1 h[ev]1 does n coagulate album54 ,! :ite precipitate =m$ on mix+ album5 ) nitrate ( silv] is a *emical comp\nd ( ! animal matt] ) protoxide ( silv]4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* has be5 t]m$ album9ate ( silv]1 is soluble 9 ammonia & hyposulphite ( soda2 b aft] exposure to light1 or heat+ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 gas1 x assumes a brick-r$ color1 be+ probably r$uc$ to ! condition ( a salt ( ! suboxide ( silv]4 ,x is !n almo/ insoluble 9 ammonia1 b en\gh dissolves to t+e ! liquid w9e-r$4 ,! au?or is ( op9ion t ! r$ coloration ( solution ( nitrate ( silv] employ$ 9 s5sitiz+ ! album5iz$ photographic pap] is produc$ by ! same comp\nd1 al?\gh (t5 ref]r$ to ! pres5ce ( sulphuret ( silv]4 ,album5 also comb9es ) lime & b>yta2 & *loride ( b>ium has be5 recomm5d$ 9 positive pr9t+ ^u album5iz$ pap]1 probably f ?is cause4 ,*emical composition ( album54--,album5 belongs to ! nitrog5\s class ( organic sub/ances4 ,x also conta9s small quantities ( sulphur & phosphorus4 ,alcohol4 ,symbol1 ,c#d;,h#f,o#b4 ,atomic weight1 #df4 ,alcohol is obta9$ by ! c>eful di/illation ( any spiritu\s or f]m5t$ liquor4 ,if w9e or be] be plac$ 9 a retort1 & heat appli$1 ! alcohol1 be+ m volatile ?an wat]1 rises fir/1 & is cond5s$ 9 an appropriate receiv]2 a portion ( ! vapor ( wat]1 h[ev]1 passes ov] ) ! alcohol1 & dilutes x to a c]ta9 ext5t1 =m+ :at is t]m$ spirits ( w9e4 ,mu* ( ?is wat] may be remov$ by r$i/illation f c>bonate ( pota%2 b 9 ord] to r5d] ! alcohol ?or\ghly anhydr\s1 x is necess>y to employ quick lime :i* possesses a /ill great] attraction = wat]4 ,an equal weight ( ?is p[d]$ lime is mix$ ) /rong alcohol ( #hbc1 & ! two are di/ill$ toge!r4 ,prop]ties ( ,alcohol4--,pure anhydr\s alcohol is a limpid liquid1 ( an agreeable odor & pung5t ta/e2 sp4 gr4 at #fj1 #gid4 ,x absorbs vapor ( wat]1 & becomes dilut$ by exposure to damp air2 boils at #agc ,fahr4 ,x has nev] be5 froz54 ,alcohol di/ill$ f c>bonate ( pota% has a specific gravity ( #hae to #hbc1 & conta9s #ij to #ic p] c5t1 ( real _s4 ,! specific gravity ( ord9>y rectifi$ spirits ( w9e is usually ab\t #hdj1 & x conta9s #hj to #hc p] c5t1 ( absolute alcohol4 ,ammonia4 ,symbol1 ,,nh#c or ,,nh#d,o4 ,atomic weight1 #ag4 ,! liquid kn[n by ?is "n is an aque\s solution ( ! volatile gas ammonia4 ,ammoniacal gas conta9s #a atom ( nitrog5 comb9$ ) ?ree ( hydrog53 ^! two elem5t>y bodies exhibit no aff9ity = ea* o!r1 b !y c be made to unite "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & ! result is ammonia4 ,prop]ties ( ,ammonia4--,ammoniacal gas is soluble 9 wat] to a l>ge ext5t2 ! solution possess+ ^? prop]ties :i* are t]m$ alkal9e4 ,ammonia1 h[ev]1 diff]s f ! o!r alkalies 9 "o important p>ticul>--x is volatile3 h5ce ! orig9al color ( turm]ic pap] affect$ by ammonia is re/or$ on ! application ( heat4 ,solution ( ammonia absorbs c>bonic acid rapidly f ! air1 & is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( ammonia2 x %\ld !re=e be pres]v$ 9 /opp]$ bottles4 ,besides c>bonate1 comm]cial ammonia (t5 conta9s *loride ( ammonium1 recogniz$ by ! :ite precipitate giv5 by nitrate ( silv] aft] acidify+ ) pure nitric acid4 ,! /r5g? ( comm]cial ammonia v>ies greatly2 t sold = ph>maceutica purposes1 "u ! "n ( liquor ammoni1 conta9s ab\t #aj p] c5t1 ( real ammonia4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( aque\s ammonia dim9i%es ) ! proportion ( ammonia pres5t1 ! liquor ammoni be+ usually ab\t #icf4 ,*emical ,prop]ties4--,ammonia1 al?\gh =m+ a l>ge class ( salts1 appe>s at fir/ sight to contra/ /rongly by composition ) ! alkalies prop]1 su* z pota% & soda4 ,m9]al bases g5]ally are protoxides ( metals1 b ammonia consi/s simply ( nitrog5 & hydrog5 unit$ ) oxyg54 ,! foll[+ rem>ks may p]haps t5d some:at to elucidate ! difficulty3-- ,!ory ( ,ammonium4--,?is !ory supposes t a sub/ance exi/s possess+ ! prop]ties ( a metal1 b diff]5t f metallic bodies g5]ally 9 be+ comp\nd 9 /ructure3 ! =mula assign$ to x is ,,nh#d1 #a atom ( nitrog5 unit$ ) #d ( hydrog54 ,! hypo!tical metal is t]m$ ammonium1 & ammonia1 associat$ ) an atom ( wat]1 may be view$ z its oxide2 = ,,nh#c ,,ho pla9ly equals ,,nh#d,o4 ,?us1 z pota% is ! oxide ( potassium1 s ammonia is ! oxide ( ammonium4 ,! composition ( ! salts ( ammonia is on ?is view assimilat$ to ^? ( ! alkalies prop]4 ,?us1 sulphate ( ammonia is a sulphate ( ! oxide ( ammonium2 muriate or hydro*lorate ( ammonia is a *loride ( ammonium1 etc4 ,ammonio-,nitrate ( ,silv]4 7,see ,silv]1 ,ammonio-,nitrate (47 ,aqua-,regia4 7,see ,nitro-,hydro*loric ,acid47 ,b>yta1 ,nitrate (4 7,see ,nitrate ( ,b>yta47 ,bi*loride ( ,m]cury4 7,see ,m]cury1 ,bi*loride (47 ,brom9e4 ,symbol1 ,br4 ,atomic weight1 #gh4 ,?is elem5t>y sub/ance is obta9$ f ! uncry/allizable residuum ( sea-wat]1 t]m$ bitt]n4 ,x exi/s 9 ! wat] 9 v m9ute proportion1 comb9$ ) magnesium 9 ! =m ( a soluble bromide ( magnesium4 ,prop]ties4--,brom9e is a deep r$di%-br[n liquid ( a disagreeable odor1 & fum+ /rongly at common temp]atures2 sp>+ly soluble 9 wat] 7#a "p 9 #bc1 ,l[ig71 b m abundantly s 9 alcohol1 & especially 9 e!r4 ,x is v heavy1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #cj4 ,brom9e is closely analog\s to *lor9e & iod9e 9 its *emical prop]ties4 ,x /&s on ! li/ int]m$iately betwe5 ! two2 its aff9ities be+ /rong] ?an ^? ( iod9e1 b weak] ?an *lor9e4 7,see *lor9e47 ,x =ms a l>ge class ( salts1 ( :i* ! bromides ( potassium1 cadmium1 & silv] are ! mo/ famili> to photograph]s4 ,bromide ( ,potassium4 ,symbol1 ,k,br4 ,atomic weight1 #aah4 ,bromide ( potassium is prep>$ by add+ brom9e to cau/ic pota%1 & heat+ ! product1 :i* is a mixture ( bromide ( potassium & bromate ( pota%1 to r$ness1 9 ord] to drive (f ! oxyg5 f ! latt] salt4 ,x cry/allizes 9 anhydr\s cubes1 l ! *loride1 & iodide1 ( potassium2 x is easily soluble 9 wat]1 b m sp>+ly s 9 alcohol2 x yields r$ fumes ( brom9e :5 act$ ^u by sulphuric acid4 ,bromide ( ,silv]4 7,see ,silv]1 ,bromide (47 ,c>bonate ( ,soda4 ,symbol1 ,na,o ,,co#b #aj ,aq4 ,?is salt 0 =m]ly obta9$ f ! a%es ( seawe$s1 b is n[ m economically manufactur$ on a l>ge scale f common salt4 ,! *loride ( sodium is fir/ conv]t$ into sulphate ( soda1 & aft]w>ds ! sulphate into c>bonate ( soda4 ,prop]ties4--,! p]fect cry/als conta9 t5 atoms ( wat]1 :i* are driv5 (f by ! application ( heat1 leav+ a :ite p[d]--! anhydr\s c>bonate4 ,common wa%+ soda is a neutral c>bonate1 contam9at$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ) *loride ( sodium & sulphate ( soda4 ,! c>bonate us$ = eff]vesc+ draughts is ei!r a bic>bonate ) #a atom ( wat]1 or a sesquic>bonate1 conta9+ ab\t #dj p] c5t1 ( real alkali2 x is !re=e ne>ly d\ble z /rong z ! wa%+ c>bonate1 :i* conta9s ab\t #bb p] c5t1 ( soda4 ,c>bonate ( soda is soluble 9 twice its weight ( wat] at #fj1 ! solution be+ /rongly alkal9e4 ,c>bonate ( ,pota%4 7,see ,pota%1 ,c>bonate (47 ,case9e4 7,see ,milk47 ,*>coal1 ,animal4 ,animal *>coal is obta9$ by heat+ animal sub/ances1 su* z bones1 dri$ blood1 horns1 etc41 to r$ness1 9 close vessels1 until all volatile empyreumatic matt]s h be5 driv5 (f1 & a residue ( c>bon rema9s4 ,:5 prep>$ f bones x conta9s a l>ge quantity ( inorganic matt] 9 ! %ape ( c>bonate & phosphate ( lime1 ! =m] ( :i* produces alkal9ity 9 react+ ^u nitrate ( silv]4 ,animal *>coal is fre$ f ^! e>?y salts by repeat$ dige/ion 9 hydro*loric acid2 b unless v c>efully wa%$ x is apt to reta9 an acid reaction1 & s to lib]ate free nitric acid :5 add$ to solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,prop]ties4--,animal *>coal1 :5 pure1 consi/s solely ( c>bon1 & burns away 9 ! air )\t leav+ any residue3 x is rem>kable = its prop]ty ( decoloriz+ solutions2 ! organic color+ sub/ance be+ sep>at$1 b n actually de/roy$1 z x is by *lor9e employ$ z a blea*+ ag5t4 ,?is p[] ( absorb+ color+ matt] is n possess$ 9 an equal degree by all v>ieties ( *>coal1 b is 9 great measure peculi> to ^? d]iv$ f ! animal k+dom4 ,*9a ,clay or ,kaol94 ,?is is prep>$1 by c>eful levigation1 f m\ld]+ granite & o!r dis9tegrat$ felspa?ic rocks4 ,x consi/s ( ! silicate ( alum9a1--t is1 ( silicic acid or fl9t1 :i* is an oxide ( silicon1 unit$ ) ! base alum9a 7oxide ( alum9um74 ,kaol9 is p]fectly insoluble 9 wat] & acids1 & produces no decomposition 9 solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,x is employ$ by photograph]s to decolorize solutions ( nitrate ( silv] :i* h become br[n f ! action ( album5 or o!r organic matt]s4 ,*lor9e4 ,symbol1 ,cl4 ,atomic weight1 #cf4 ,*lor9e is a *emical elem5t f\nd abundantly 9 nature1 comb9$ ) metallic sodium 9 ! =m ( *loride ( sodium1 or sea-salt4 ,prep>ation4--,by di/ill+ common salt ) sulphuric acid1 sulphate ( soda & hydro*loric acid are =m$4 ,hydro*loric acid conta9s *lor9e comb9$ ) hydrog52 by ! action ( nasc5t oxyg5 7see oxyg571 ! hydrog5 may be remov$ 9 ! =m ( wat]1 & ! *lor9e left alone4 ,prop]ties4--,*lor9e is a gre5i%-yell[ gas1 ( a pung5t & suffocat+ odor2 soluble to a consid]able ext5t 9 wat]1 ! solution possess+ ! odor & color ( ! gas4 ,x is ne>ly #b-a_/b times z heavy z a correspond+ bulk ( atmosph]ic air4 ,*emical ,prop]ties4--,*lor9e belongs to a small natural gr\p ( elem5ts :i* conta9s also brom9e1 iod9e1 & fluor9e4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by hav+ a /rong aff9ity = hydrog51 & also = ! metals1 b are comp>atively indiff]5t to oxyg54 ,_m metallic sub/ances actually und]go combu/ion :5 project$ into an atmosph]e ( *lor9e1 ! union betwe5 ! two tak+ place ) extreme viol5ce4 ,! *>act]i/ic blea*+ prop]ties ( *lor9e gas are expla9$ 9 ! same mann]3--,hydrog5 is remov$ f ! organic sub/ance1 & 9 t way ! /ructure is brok5 up & ! color de/roy$4 ,*lor9e is m p[]ful 9 its aff9ities ?an ei!r brom9e or iod9e4 ,! salts =m$ by ^! ?ree elem5ts are closely analog\s 9 composition & (t5 9 prop]ties4 ,^? ( ! alkalies1 alkal9e e>?s1 & _m ( ! metals are soluble 9 wat]1 b ! silv] salts are insoluble2 ! lead salts sp>+ly s4 ,! comb9ations ( *lor9e1 brom9e1 iod9e1 & fluor9e1 ) hydrog51 are acids1 & neutralize alkalies 9 ! usual mann]1 ) =mation ( alkal9e *loride & wat]4 ,! te/ by :i* ! pres5ce ( *lor9e is detect$1 ei!r free or 9 comb9ation ) bases1 is nitrate ( silv]2 x gives a :ite curdy precipitate ( *loride ( silv]1 insoluble 9 nitric acid1 b soluble 9 ammonia4 ,! solution ( nitrate ( silv] employ$ z ! te/ mu/ n conta9 iodide ( silv]1 z ?is comp\nd is precipitat$ by dilution4 ,*loride ( ,ammonium4 ,symbol1 ,,nh#d;,cl4 ,atomic weight1 #ed4 ,?is salt1 also kn[n z muriate or hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 occurs 9 comm]ce 9 ! =m ( colorless & transluc5t masses1 :i* are procur$ by sublimation1 ! dry salt be+ volatile :5 /rongly heat$4 ,x dissolves 9 an equal weight ( boil+1 or 9 ?ree p>ts ( cold wat]4 ,x conta9s m *lor9e 9 proportion to ! weight us$ ?an *loride ( sodium1 ! atomic weights ( ! two be+ z #ed to #fj4 ,*loride ( ,b>ium4 ,symbol1 ,ba,cl#b;,,ho4 ,atomic weight1 #abc4 ,b>ium is a metallic elem5t1 v closely alli$ to calcium1 ! elem5t>y basis ( lime4 ,! *loride ( b>ium is commonly employ$ z a te/ = sulphuric acid1 ) :i* x =ms an insoluble precipitate ( sulphate ( b>yta4 ,x is also said to affect ! color ( ! photographic image :5 us$ 9 prep>+ positive pap]2 :i* may possibly be due to a *emical comb9ation ( b>yta ) album53 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is *loride1 f its high atomic weight1 conta9s less *lor9e ?an ! alkal9e *lorides4 ,prop]ties ( ,*loride ( ,b>ium4--,*loride ( b>ium occurs 9 ! =m ( :ite cry/als1 soluble 9 ab\t two p>ts ( wat]1 at common temp]ature4 ,^! cry/als conta9 two atoms ( wat] ( cry/allization1 :i* are expell$ at #bab1 leav+ ! anhydr\s *loride4 ,*loride ( ,gold4 7,see ,gold1 ,*loride (47 ,*loride ( ,sodium4 ,symbol1 ,na,cl4 ,atomic weight1 #fj4 ,common salt exi/s abundantly 9 nature1 bo? 9 ! =m ( solid rock-salt & dissolv$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,prop]ties ( ! pure ,salt4--,fusible )\t decomposition at l[ r$ness1 b sublimes at high] temp]atures2 ! melt$ salt concretes into a h>d :ite mass on cool+4 ,ne>ly insoluble 9 absolute alcohol1 b dissolves 9 m9ute quantity 9 rectifi$ _s4 ,soluble 9 ?ree p>ts ( wat]1 bo? hot & cold4 ,cry/allizes 9 cubes1 :i* are anhydr\s4 ,impurities ( ,common ,salt4--,table salt (t5 conta9s l>ge quantities ( ! *lorides ( magnesium & calcium1 :i*1 be+ deliquesc5t1 produce a dampness by absorption ( atmosph]ic moi/ure3 sulphate ( soda is also commonly pres5t4 ,! salt may be purifi$ by repeat$ recry/allization1 b x is m simple to prep>e ! pure comp\nd directly1 by neutraliz+ hydro*loric acid ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,*loride ( ,silv]4 7,see ,silv]1 ,*loride (47 ,citric ,acid4 ,?is acid is f\nd abundantly 9 lemon-juice & 9 lime-juice4 ,x occurs 9 comm]ce 9 ! =m ( l>ge cry/als1 :i* are soluble 9 less ?an _! own weight ( wat] at #fj4 ,comm]cial citric acid is sometimes mix$ ) t>t>ic acid4 ,! adult]ation may be discov]$ by mak+ a conc5trat$ solution ( ! acid & add+ acetate ( pota%2 cry/als ( bit>trate ( pota% w sep>ate if t>t>ic acid be pres5t4 ,citric acid is tribasic4 ,x =ms ) silv] a :ite insoluble salt1 conta9+ #c atoms ( oxide ( silv] to #a atom ( citric acid4 ,if ! citrate ( silv] be heat$ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 gas1 a "p ( ! acid is lib]at$ & ! salt is r$uc$ to a citrate ( suboxide ( silv]2 :i* is ( a r$ color4 ,! action ( :ite light 9 r$d5+ citrate ( silv] is %[n by ! au?or to be ( a simil> nature4 ,cyanide ( ,potassium4 ,symbol1 ,k1 ,c#b,n1 or ,k,cy4 ,atomic weight1 #ff4 ,?is salt is a comp\nd ( cyanog5 gas ) ! metal potassium4 ,cyanog5 is n an elem5t>y body1 l *lor9e or iod9e1 b consi/s ( c>bon & nitrog5 unit$ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,al?\gh a comp\nd sub/ance1 x reacts 9 ! mann] ( an elem5t1 & is !re=e 7l ammonium1 previ\sly describ$7 an exception to ! usual laws ( *emi/ry4 ,_m o!r bodies ( a simil> "* are kn[n4 ,e!r4 ,symbol1 ,c#d;,h#e,o4 ,atomic weight1 #cg4 ,e!r is obta9$ by di/ill+ a mixture ( sulphuric acid & alcohol4 ,if ! =mula ( alcohol 7,c#d;,h#f,o#b7 be comp>$ ) t ( e!r1 x w be se5 to diff] f x 9 ! possession ( an additional atom ( hydrog5 & ( oxyg53 9 ! reaction1 ! sulphuric acid removes ^! elem5ts 9 ! =m ( wat]1 & by s do+ conv]ts "o atom ( alcohol into an atom ( e!r4 ,! t]m sulphuric appli$ to ! comm]cial e!r has ref]5ce only to ! mann] ( its =mation4 ,prop]ties ( ,e!r4--,x is nei!r acid nor alkal9e to te/-pap]4 ,specific gravity1 at #fj1 ab\t #gbj4 ,boils at #ih ,fahr5heit4 ,! vapor is exce$+ly d5se1 & may be se5 pass+ (f f ! liquid & fall+ to ! gr\nd3 h5ce ! dang] ( p\r+ e!r f "o bottle to ano!r if a flame be ne> at h&4 ,e!r does n mix ) wat] 9 all proportions2 if ! two are %ak5 toge!r1 aft] a %ort "t ! =m] rises & floats ^u ! surface4 ,9 ?is way a mixture ( e!r & alcohol may be purifi$ to "s ext5t1 z 9 ! common process ( wa%+ e!r4 ,! wat] employ$ h[ev] always reta9s a c]ta9 portion ( e!r 7ab\t a t5? "p ( its bulk71 & acquires a /rong e!real odor2 wa%$ e!r also conta9s wat] 9 small quantity4 ,brom9e & iod9e are bo? soluble 9 e!r1 & gradually react ^u & decompose x4 ,! /rong alkalies1 su* z pota% & soda1 also decompose e!r slightly aft] a "t1 b n imm$iately4 ,expos$ to air & light1 e!r is oxidiz$ & acquires a peculi> odor4 ,e!r dissolves fatty & res9\s sub/ances readily1 b inorganic salts are mo/ly insoluble 9 ?is fluid4 ,h5ce x is t iodide ( potassium & o!r sub/ances dissolv$ 9 alcohol are precipitat$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! addition ( e!r4 ,fluoride ( ,potassium4 ,symbol1 ,,kf4 ,atomic weight1 #ei4 ,prep>ation4--,fluoride ( potassium is =m$ by saturat+ hydr(luoric acid ) pota%1 & evaporat+ to dryness 9 a plat9um vessel4 ,hydr(luoric acid conta9s fluor9e comb9$ ) hydrog52 x is a p[]fully acid & corrosive liquid1 =m$ by decompos+ fl\r sp>1 :i* is a fluoride ( calcium1 ) /rong sulphuric acid2 ! action :i* takes place be+ precisely analog\s to t involv$ 9 ! prep>ation ( hydro*loric acid4 ,prop]ties4--,a deliquesc5t salt1 occurr+ 9 small & imp]fect cry/als4 ,v soluble 9 wat]3 ! solution act+ ^u glass 9 ! same mann] z hydr(luoric acid4 ,=mic ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,c#b;,,ho#c4 ,atomic weight1 #cg4 ,?is sub/ance 0 orig9ally discov]$ 9 ! r$ ant 7,=mica rufa71 b x is prep>$ on a l>ge scale by di/ill+ />* ) b9oxide ( manganese & sulphuric acid4 ,prop]ties4--,! /r5g? ( comm]cial =mic acid is unc]ta91 b x is always m or less dilute4 ,! /ronge/ acid1 z obta9$ by di/ill+ =miate ( soda ) sulphuric acid1 is a fum+ liquid ) a pung5t odor1 & conta9+ only "o atom ( wat]3 x inflames ! sk9 9 ! same mann] z ! /+ ( ! ant4 ,=mic acid r$uces ! oxides ( gold1 silv]1 & m]cury1 to ! metallic /ate1 & is itself oxidiz$ into c>bonic acid4 ,! alkal9e =miates also possess ! same prop]ties4 ,gelat9e4 ,symbol1 ,c#ac;,h#aj,o#e,n#b4 ,atomic weight1 #aef4 ,?is is an organic sub/ance some:at analog\s to album51 b diff]+ f x 9 prop]ties4 ,x is obta9$ by subject+ bones1 ho(s1 horns1 calves' feet1 etc41 to ! action ( boil+ wat]4 ,! jelly =m$ on cool+ is t]m$ size1 or :5 dri$ or cut into slices1 glue4 ,gelat9e1 z x is sold 9 ! %ops1 is a pure =m ( glue4 ,is+lass is gelat9e prep>$1 *iefly 9 ,russia1 f ! air-bladd]s ( c]ta9 species ( /urgeon4 ,prop]ties ( ,gelat9e4--,gelat9e s(t5s & swells up 9 cold wat]1 b does n dissolve until heat$3 ! hot solution1 on cool+1 =ms a tremul\s jelly4 ,"o ounce f cold wat] w reta9 ab\t ?ree gra9s ( is+lass )\t gelat9iz+2 b mu* dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature1 a few degrees greatly affect+ ! result4 ,gelat9e =ms no comp\nd ) oxide ( silv] analog\s to ! album9ate ( silv]2 :i* fact expla9s ! diff]5ce 9 ! photographic prop]ties ( album5 & gelat9e4 ,glyc]9e4 ,fatty bodies are resolv$ by treatm5t ) an alkali into an acid--:i* comb9es ) ! alkali1 =m+ a soap1--& glyc]9e1 rema9+ 9 solution4 ,pure glyc]9e1 z obta9$ by ,price's pat5t process ( di/illation1 is a viscid liquid ( sp4 gr4 ab\t #abc2 miscible 9 all proportions ) wat] & alcohol4 ,x is peculi>ly a neutral sub/ance1 exhibit+ no t5d5cy to comb9e ) acids or bases4 ,x has little or no action ^u nitrate ( silv] 9 ! d>k1 & r$uces x v sl[ly ev5 :5 expos$ to light4 ,gold1 ,*loride (4 ,symbol1 ,au,cl#c4 ,atomic weight1 #cjc4 ,?is salt is =m$ by dissolv+ pure metallic gold 9 nitro-hydro*loric acid1 & evaporat+ at a g5tle heat4 ,! solution af=ds deliquesc5t cry/als ( a deep orange color4 ,*loride ( gold1 9 a /ate fit = photographic use may easily be obta9$ by ! foll[+ process3--,place a half-sov]eign 9 any conv5i5t vessel1 & p\r on x half a dra*m ( nitric acid mix$ ) two & a half dra*ms ( hydro*loric acid & ?ree dra*ms ( wat]2 dige/ by a g5tle heat1 b d n boil ! acid1 or mu* ( ! *lor9e w be driv5 (f 9 ! =m ( gas4 ,at ! expiration ( a few h\rs add fre% aqua-regia 9 quantity ! same z at fir/1 :i* w probably complete ! solution1 b if n1 repeat ! process a ?ird "t4 ,la/ly1 neutralize ! liquid by add+ c>bonate ( soda until all eff]vesc5ce ceases1 & a gre5 precipitate =ms2 ?is is c>bonate ( copp]1 :i* mu/ be all[$ sev]al h\rs to sep>ate ?or\ghly4 ,! solution !n conta9s *loride ( gold 9 a neutral /ate1 & free f copp] & silv]1 ) :i* ! metallic gold is alloy$ 9 ! /&>d co9 ( ! realm4 ,! weight ( a half-sov]eign is ab\t #fa gra9s1 ( :i* #ef gra9s are pure gold4 ,?is is equival5t to #hf gra9s ( *loride ( gold1 :i* w !re=e be ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! solution4 ,! foll[+ process = prep>+ *loride ( gold is m p]fect ?an ! la/3--dissolve ! gold co9 9 aqua-regia z be=e2 !n boil ) excess ( hydro*loric acid to de/roy ! nitric acid1 dilute l>gely ) di/ill$ wat]1 & add a filt]$ aque\s solution ( common sulphate ( iron 7#f p>ts 9 #a "p ( gold72 collect ! precipitat$ gold1 :i* is n[ free f copp]2 re-dissolve 9 aqua-regia1 & evaporate to dryness on a wat] ba?4 ,avoid us+ ammonia to neutralize *loride ( gold1 z x w\ld be liable to occasion a deposit ( fulm9at+ gold1 ! prop]ties ( :i* are describ$ imm$iately foll[+4 ,prop]ties ( ,*loride ( ,gold4--,z sold 9 comm]ce x usually conta9s excess ( hydro*loric acid1 & is !n ( a bright yell[ color2 b :5 neutral & some:at conc5trat$ x is d>k r$ 7,leo rub] ( ! al*emi/s74 ,x gives no precipitate ) c>bonate ( soda1 unless heat be appli$2 ! free hydro*loric acid pres5t =ms1 ) ! alkali1 *loride ( sodium1 :i* unites ) ! *loride ( gold1 & produces a d\ble salt1 *loride ( gold & sodium1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,*loride ( gold is decompos$ ) precipitation ( metallic gold by *>coal1 sulphur\s acid1 & _m ( ! vegetable acids2 also by protosulphate & protonitrate ( iron4 ,x t+es ! cuticle ( an indelible purple t9t4 ,x is soluble 9 alcohol & 9 e!r4 ,gold1 ,fulm9at+4 ,?is is a yell[i%-br[n sub/ance1 precipitat$ on add+ ammonia to a /rong solution ( *loride ( gold4 ,x may be dri$ c>efully at #bab1 b explodes viol5tly on be+ heat$ sudd5ly ab\t to #bij4 ,friction also causes x to explode :5 dry2 b ! moi/ p[d] may be rubb$ or h&l$ )\t dang]4 ,x is decompos$ by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,fulm9at+ gold is probably an aurate ( ammonia1 conta9+ #b atoms ( ammonia to #a atom ( p]oxide ( gold4 ,gold1 ,hyposulphite (4 ,symbol1 ,au,o ,s#b,o#b4 ,atomic ,weight1 #bec4 ,hyposulphite ( gold is produc$ by ! reaction ( *loride ( gold ^u hyposulphite ( soda4 ,! salt sold 9 comm]ce z sel d'or is a d\ble hyposulphite ( gold & soda1 conta9+ "o atom ( ! =m] salt to ?ree ( ! latt]1 ) f\r atoms ( wat] ( cry/allization4 ,x is =m$ by add+ "o "p ( *loride ( gold1 9 solution1 to ?ree p>ts ( hyposulphite ( soda1 & precipitat+ ! result+ salt by alcohol2 ! *loride ( gold mu/ be add$ to ! hyposulphite ( soda1 & n ! soda salt to ! gold4 ,prop]ties4--,hyposulphite ( gold is un/able & _c exi/ 9 an isolat$ /ate1 quickly pass+ into sulphur1 sulphuric acid1 & metallic gold4 ,:5 comb9$ ) excess ( hyposulphite ( soda 9 ! =m ( sel d'or1 x is m p]man5t4 ,sel d'or occurs cry/alliz$ 9 f9e ne$les1 :i* are v soluble 9 wat]4 ,! comm]cial article is (t5 impure1 conta9+ little else ?an hyposulphite ( soda1 ) a trace ( gold4 ,x may be analyz$ by add+ a few drops ( /rong nitric acid 7free f *lor9e7 dilut+ ) wat]1 & aft]w>ds collect+ & ignit+ ! yell[ p[d]1 :i* is metallic gold4 ,grape ,sug>4 ,symbol1 ,c#bd;,h#bh,o#bh4 ,atomic weight1 #cff4 ,?is modification ( sug>1 (t5 t]m$ granul> sug>1 or glucose1 exi/s abundantly 9 ! juice ( grapes1 & 9 _m o!r v>ieties ( fruit4 ,x =ms ! sac*>9e concretion f\nd 9 honey1 rais9s1 dri$ figs1 etc4 ,x may be produc$ artificially by ! action ( f]m5t+ pr9ciples1 & ( dilute m9]al acids1 ^u />*4 ,prop]ties4--,grape sug> cry/allizes sl[ly & ) difficulty f a conc5trat$ aque\s solution1 9 small hemisph]ical nodules1 :i* are h>d1 & feel gritty betwe5 ! tee?4 ,x is mu* less sweet to ! ta/e ?an cane sug>1 & n s soluble 9 ,wat] 7#a "p dissolves 9 #a-a_/b ( cold wat]74 ,grape sug> t5ds to absorb oxyg51 & h5ce x possesses ! prop]ty ( decompos+ ! salts ( ! noble metals1 & r$uc+ !m by degrees to ! metallic /ate1 ev5 )\t ! aid ( lights ,! action h[ev] 9 ! case ( nitrate ( silv] is sl[1 unless ! temp]ature be some:at elevat$4 ,cane sug> does n possess ^! prop]ties to an equal ext5t1 & h5ce x is readily di/+ui%$ f ! o!r v>iety4 ,honey4 ,?is sub/ance conta9s two di/9ct k9ds ( sug>1 grape sug>1 & an uncry/allizable sub/ance analog\s to1 or id5tical )1 ! treacle f\nd associat$ ) common sug> 9 ! cane juice4 ,! agreeable ta/e ( honey probably dep5ds ^u ! latt]1 b its r$uc+ p[] on metallic oxides is due to ! =m]4 ,pure grape sug> c readily be obta9$ f inspissat$ honey1 by treat+ x ) alcohol1 :i* dissolves out ! syrup1 b leaves ! cry/all9e portion4 ,hydro*loric2 ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,h,cl4 ,atomic weight1 #cg4 ,hydro*loric acid is a volatile gas1 ,:i* may be lib]at$ f ! salts t]m$ *lorides by ! action ( sulphuric acid4 ,! acid1 by its sup]ior aff9ities1 removes ! base2 ?us1-- ,na,cl ,,ho ,,s#c ,na,o ,,s#c ,h,cl4 ,prop]ties4--,abundantly soluble 9 wat]1 =m+ ! liquid hydro*loric or muriatic acid ( comm]ce4 ,! mo/ conc5trat$ solution ( hydro*loric acid has a sp4 gr4 #ab1 & conta9s ab\t #dj p] c5t1 ( gas2 t commonly sold is some:at weak]1 sp2 gr4 #aad #bh p] c5t4 real acid4 ,pure hydro*loric acid is colorless1 & fumes 9 ! air4 ,! yell[ color ( ! comm]cial acid dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( traces ( p]*loride ( iron or organic matt]2 comm]cial muriatic acid also (t5 conta9s a portion ( free *lor9e & ( sulphuric acid4 ,hydriodic ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,,hi4 ,atomic weight1 #abg4 ,?is is a gase\s comp\nd ( hydrog5 & iod9e1 correspond+ 9 composition to ! hydro*loric acid4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 f its in/ability1 be obta9$ 9 ! same mann]1 s9ce1 on di/ill+ an iodide ) sulphuric acid1 ! hydriodic acid fir/ =m$ is subsequ5tly decompos$ into iod9e & hydrog54 ,an aque\s solution ( hydriodic acid is easily prep>$ by add+ iod9e to wat] conta9+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas2 a decomposition takes place1 & sulphur is set free2 ?us3 ,,hs ,i ,,hi ,s4 ,prop]ties4--,hydriodic acid is v soluble 9 wat]1 yield+ a /rongly acid liquid4 ,! solution1 colorless at fir/1 soon becomes br[n f decomposition1 & lib]ation ( free iod9e4 ,x may be re/or$ to its orig9al condition by add+ solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,hydrosulphuric ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,,hs4 ,atomic weighty #ag4 ,?is sub/ance1 also kn[n z sulphurett$ hydrog51 is a gase\s comp\nd ( sulphur & hydrog51 analog\s 9 composition to hydro*loric & hydriodic acids4 ,x is usually prep>$ by ! action ( dilute sulphuric acid ^u sulphuret ( iron1 ! decomposition be+ simil> to t involv$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! hydrog5 acids g5]ally3-- ,fe,s ,,ho ,,s#c ,fe,o ,,s#c ,,hs4 ,prop]ties4--,cold wat] absorbs ?ree times its bulk ( hydrosulphuric acid1 & acquires ! peculi> putrid odor & poison\s qualities ( ! gas4 ,! solution is fa9tly acid to te/-pap]1 & becomes opalesc5t on keep+1 f gradual sep>ation ( sulphur4 ,x is decompos$ by nitric acid1 & also by *lor9e & iod9e4 ,x precipitates silv] f its solutions1 9 ! =m ( black sulphuret ( silv]2 also copp]1 m]cury1 lead1 etc42 b iron & o!r metals ( t class are n affect$1 if ! liquid conta9s free acid4 ,hydrosulphuric acid is con/antly employ$ 9 ! *emical laboratory = ^! & o!r purposes4 ,hydrosulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,symbol1 ,,nh#d,s ,,hs4 ,atomic weight1 #ea4 ,! liquid kn[n by ?is "n1 & =m$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas into ammonia1 is a d\ble sulphuret ( hydrog5 & ammonium4 ,9 ! prep>ation1 ! passage ( ! gas is to be cont9u$ until ! solution gives no precipitate ) sulphate ( magnesia & smells /rongly ( hydrosulphuric acid4 ,prop]ties1--,colorless at fir/1 b aft]w>ds *anges to yell[1 f lib]ation & subsequ5t solution ( sulphur4 ,becomes milky on ! addition ( any acid4 ,precipitates1 9 ! =m ( sulphuret1 all ! metals :i* are affect$ by sulphurett$ hydrog52 &1 9 addition1 ^? ( ! class to :i* iron1 z9c1 & manganese1 belong4 ,hydrosulphate ( ammonia is employ$ 9 photography to d>k5 ! negative image1 & also 9 ! prep>ation ( iodide ( ammonium2 ! sep>ation ( silv] f hyposulphite solutions1 etc4 ,hyposulphite ( ,soda4 ,symbol1 ,na,o ,s#b;,h#b #e ,,ho4 ,atomic weight1 #abe4 ,! hyposulphite ( soda commonly employ$ by photograph]s is a neutral comb9ation ( hyposulphur\s acid & ! alkali soda4 ,x is select$ z be+ m economical 9 prep>ation ?an any o!r hyposulphite adapt$ = fix+4 ,hyposulphite ( soda occurs 9 ! =m ( l>ge transluc5t gr\ps ( cry/als1 :i* include five atoms ( wat]4 ,^! cry/als are soluble 9 wat] almo/ to any ext5t1 ! solution be+ att5d$ ) ! production ( cold2 !y h a nause\s & bitt] ta/e4 ,hyposulphite ( ,gold4 7,see ,gold1 ,hyposulphite (47 ,hyposulphite ( ,silv]4 7,see ,silv]1 ,hyposulphite (47 ,icel& ,moss4 ,cetr>ia ,isl&ica4--,a species ( li*5 f\nd 9 ,icel& & ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,europe2 :5 boil$ 9 wat]1 x fir/ swells up1 & !n yields a sub/ance :i* gelat9izes on cool+4 ,x conta9s li*5 />*2 a bitt] pr9ciple soluble 9 alcohol1 t]m$ cetr>9e2 & common />*2 traces ( gallic acid & bit>trate ( pota% are also pres5t4 ,iod9e4 ,symbol1 ,i4 ,atomic weight1 #abf4 ,iod9e is *iefly prep>$ at ,glasg[1 f kelp1 :i* is ! fus$ a% obta9$ by burn+ seawe$s4 ,! wat]s ( ! ocean conta9 m9ute quantities ( ! iodides ( sodium & magnesium1 :i* are sep>at$ & /or$ up by ! gr[+ tissues ( ! m>9e plant4 ,9 ! prep>ation1 ! "m-liquor ( kelp is evaporat$ to dryness & di/ill$ ) sulphuric acid2 ! hydriodic acid fir/ lib]at$ is decompos$ by ! high temp]ature1 & fumes ( iod9e cond5se 9 ! =m ( opaque cry/als4 ,prop]ties4--,iod9e has a blui%-black color & metallic lu/re2 x /a9s ! sk9 yell[1 & has a pung5t smell1 l dilut$ *lor9e4 ,x is extremely volatile :5 moi/1 boils at #cej1 & produces d5se violet-color$ fumes1 :i* cond5se 9 brilliant plates4 ,specific gravity #didf4 ,iod9e is v sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 #a "p requir+ #gjjj p>ts = p]fect solution3 ev5 ?is m9ute quantity h[ev] t+es ! liquid ( a br[n color4 ,alcohol & e!r dissolve x m abundantly1 =m+ d>k-br[n solutions4 ,iod9e also dissolves freely 9 solutions ( ! alkal9e iodides1 su* z ! iodide ( potassium1 ( sodium1 & ( ammonium4 ,*emical ,prop]ties4--,iod9e belongs to ! *lor9e gr\p ( elem5ts1 *>act]iz$ by =m+ acids ) hydrog51 & comb9+ ext5sively ) ! metals 7see *lor9e74 ,!y are h[ev] comp>atively indiff]5t to oxyg51 & also to ea* o!r4 ,! iodides ( ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s are soluble 9 wat]2 also ^? ( iron1 z9c1 cadmium1 etc4 ,! iodides ( lead1 silv]1 & m]cury are ne>ly or q insoluble4 ,iod9e possesses ! prop]ty ( =m+ a comp\nd ( a deep blue color ) />*4 ,9 us+ ?is z a te/1 x is necess>y fir/ to lib]ate ! iod9e 7if 9 comb9ation71 by means ( *lor9e1 or nitric acid saturat$ ) p]oxide ( nitrog54 ,! pres5ce ( alcohol or e!r int]f]es to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ! result4 ,iodide ( ,ammonium4 ,symbol1 ,,nh#d;,i4 ,atomic weight1 #add4 ,?is salt may be prep>$ by add+ c>bonate ( ammonia to iodide ( iron1 b m easily by ! foll[+ process3--,a /rong solution ( hydrosulphate ( ammonia is fir/ made1 by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas into liquor ammoni ,to ?is liquid iod9e is add$ until ! :ole ( ! sulphuret ( ammonium has be5 conv]t$ into iodide4 ,:5 ?is po9t is rea*$1 ! solution at once colors br[n f solution ( free iod9e4 ,on ! fir/ addition ( ! iod9e1 an escape ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas & a d5se deposit ( sulphur take place4 ,aft] ! decomposition ( ! hydrosulphate ( ammonia is complete1 a portion ( hydriodic acid--=m$ by ! mutual reaction ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & iod9e--attacks any c>bonate ( ammonia :i* may be pres5t1 & causes an eff]vesc5ce4 ,! eff]vesc5ce be+ ov]1 ! liquid is /ill acid to te/-pap]1 f excess ( hydriodic acid2 x is to be cauti\sly neutraliz$ ) ammonia1 & evaporat$ by ! heat ( a wat]-ba? to ! cry/alliz+ po9t4 ,! cry/als %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$ ov] a di% ( sulphuric acid1 & !n seal$ 9 small tubes conta9+ ea* ab\t half a dra*m ( ! salt2 by ?is means x w be pres]v$ colorless4 ,iodide ( ammonium is v soluble 9 alcohol1 b x is n advisable to keep x 9 solution1 f ! rapidity ) :i* x decomposes & becomes br[n4 ,! mo/ common impurity ( comm]cial iodide ( ammonium is sulphate ( ammonia2 x is detect$ by its sp>+ insolubility 9 alcohol4 ,iodide ( ,cadmium4 ,symbol1 ,cd,i4 ,atomic weight1 #ahb4 ,?is salt is =m$ by heat+ fil+s ( metallic cadmium ) iod9e1 or by mix+ ! two toge!r ) addition ( wat]4 ,x is useful 9 iodiz+ collodion int5d$ = keep+1 s9ce x does n become br[n f lib]ation ( free iod9e ) ! same rapidity z ! alkal9e iodides4 ,iodide ( cadmium is v soluble bo? 9 alcohol & wat]2 ! solution yield+ on evaporation l>ge six-sid$ tables ( a pe>ly lu/re1 :i* are p]man5t 9 ! air4 ,! cry/all9e =m ( ?is salt is a suffici5t crit]ion ( its purity4 ,iodide ( ,iron4 ,symbol1 ,fe,i4 ,atomic weight1 #aed4 ,iodide ( iron1 9 a fit /ate = photographic use1 is easily obta9$ by dissolv+ a dra*m ( iod9e 9 an ounce ( pro( _s--t is1 a mixture ( equal bulks ( spirits ( w9e & wat]--& add+ an excess ( iron fil+s4 ,aft] a few h\rs1 a gre5 solution is obta9$ )\t ! aid ( heat4 ,! pres5ce ( metallic iron 9 excess prev5ts ! lib]ation ( iod9e & deposit ( p]oxide ( iron :i* w\ld o!rwise spe$ily occur4 ,x is v soluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 b ! solution rapidly absorbs oxyg5 & deposits p]oxide ( iron2 h5ce ! importance ( pres]v+ x 9 contact ) metallic iron1 ) :i* ! sep>at$ iod9e may recomb9e4 ,by v c>eful evaporation1 hydrat$ cry/als ( protoiodide may be obta9$1 b ! composition ( ! solid salt usually sold "u t "n _c be dep5d$ on4 ,! p]iodide ( iron1 correspond+ to ! p]*loride1 has n be5 exam9$1 & x is d\btful if any su* comp\nd exi/s4 ,iodide ( ,potassium4 ,symbol1 ,,ki4 ,atomic weight1 #aff4 ,?is salt is usually =m$ by dissolv+ iod9e 9 solution ( pota% until x beg9s to acquire a br[n color2 a mixture ( iodide ( potassium & iodate ( pota% 7,,ko ,,io#e7 is ?us =m$2 b by evaporation & heat+ to r$ness1 ! latt] salt p>ts ) its oxyg51 & is conv]t$ into iodide ( potassium4 ,prop]ties4--,x =ms cubic & prismatic cry/als1 :i* %\ld be h>d1 & v slightly or n at all deliquesc5t4 ,soluble 9 less ?an an equal weight ( wat] at #fj2 x is also soluble 9 alcohol1 b n 9 e!r4 ,! proportion ( iodide ( potassium conta9$ 9 a saturat$ alcoholic solution1 v>ies ) ! /r5g? ( ! _s1--) common spirits ( w9e1 sp4 gr4 #hcf1 x w\ld be ab\t #h gra9s to ! dra*m2 ) alcohol rectifi$ f c>bonate ( pota%1 sp4 gr4 #hbc1 #d or #e gra9s3 ) absolute alcohol1 #a to #b gra9s4 ,! solution ( iodide ( potassium is in/antly color$ br[n by free *lor9e2 also v rapidly by p]oxide ( nitrog52 ord9>y acids1 h[ev]1 act less quickly1 hydriodic acid be+ fir/ =m$1 & subsequ5tly decompos+ spontane\sly4 ,iodide ( potassium1 z sold 9 ! %ops1 is (t5 contam9at$ ) v>i\s impurities4 ,! fir/ & mo/ rem>kable is c>bonate ( pota%4 ,:5 a sample ( iodide ( potassium conta9s mu* c>bonate ( pota%1 x =ms small & imp]fect cry/als1 :i* are /rongly alkal9e to te/-pap]1 & become moi/ on exposure to ! air1 f ! deliquesc5t nature ( ! alkal9e c>bonate4 ,sulphate ( pota% is also a common impurity2 x may be detect$ by *loride ( b>ium4 ,*loride ( potassium is ano!r impurity2 x is detect$ z foll[s3--,precipitate ! salt by an equal weight ( nitrate ( silv]1 & treat ! yell[ mass ) solution ( ammonia2 if any *loride ( silv] is pres5t1 x dissolves 9 ! ammonia1 & aft] nitration is re-precipitat$ 9 :ite curds by ! addition ( an excess ( pure nitric acid4 ,if ! nitric acid employ$ is n pure1 b conta9s traces ( free *lor9e1 ! iodide ( silv] mu/ be well wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] be=e treat+ x ) ammonia1 or ! excess ( free nitrate ( silv] dissolv+ 9 ! ammonia w\ld1 on neutraliz+1 produce *loride ( silv]1 & s cause an error4 ,iodide ( pota% is a f\r? impurity (t5 f\nd 9 iodide ( potassium3 to detect x1 add a drop ( dilute sulphuric acid1 or a cry/al ( citric acid1 to ! solution ( ! iodide2 :51 if mu* iodate be pres5t1 ! liquid w become yell[ f lib]ation ( free iod9e4 ,! rationale ( ?is reaction is z foll[s3--,! sulphuric acid unites ) ! base ( ! salt1 & lib]ates hydriodic acid 7,,hi71 a colorless comp\nd2 b if iodic acid 7,,io#e7 be also pres5t1 x decomposes ! hydriodic acid fir/ =m$1 oxidiz+ ! hydrog5 into wat] 7,,ho71 & sett+ free ! iod9e4 ,! imm$iate production ( a yell[ color on add+ a weak acid to aque\s solution ( iodide ( potassium is1 !re=e1 a pro( ( ! pres5ce ( an iodate4 ,z iodate ( pota% is ?\ght to r5d] collodion ins5sitive 7871 ?is po9t %\ld be att5d$ to4 ,iodide ( potassium may be r5d]$ v pure by recry/alliz+ f _s1 or by dissolv+ 9 /rong alcohol ( sp4 gr4 #hbc1 9 :i* sulphate1 c>bonate1 & iodate ( pota% are insoluble4 ,! proportion ( iodide ( potassium conta9$ 9 saturat$ alcoholic solutions v>ies ) ! /r5g? ( ! _s4 ,solution ( *loride ( b>ium is commonly us$ to detect impurities 9 iodide ( potassium2 x =ms a :ite precipitate if c>bonate1 iodate1 or sulphate be pres5t4 ,9 ! two =m] cases ! precipitate dissolves on ! addition ( pure dilute nitric acid1 b 9 ! latt] x is insoluble4 ,! comm]cial iodide1 h[ev]1 is r>ely s pure z to rema9 q cle> on ! addition ( *loride ( b>ium1 a m]e opalesc5ce1 !re=e1 may be disreg>d$4 ,iodide ( ,silv]4 7,see ,silv]1 ,iodide (47 ,iron1 ,protosulphate (4 ,symbol1 ,fe,o ,,s#c #g ,,ho4 ,atomic weight1 #aci4 ,?is salt1 (t5 t]m$ copp]as or gre5 vitriol1 is a mo/ abundant sub/ance1 & us$ = a v>iety ( purposes 9 ! arts4 ,comm]cial sulphate ( iron1 h[ev]1 be+ prep>$ on a l>ge scale1 requires recry/allization to r5d] x suffici5tly pure = photographic purposes4 ,pure sulphate ( iron occurs 9 ! =m ( l>ge1 transp>5t prismatic cry/als1 ( a delicate gre5 color3 by exposure to ! air !y gradually absorb oxyg5 & become ru/y on ! surface4 ,solution ( sulphate ( iron1 colorless at fir/1 aft]w>ds *anges to a r$ t9t1 & deposits a br[n p[d]2 ?is p[d] is a basic p]sulphate ( iron1 t is1 a p]sulphate conta9+ an excess ( ! oxide or base4 ,by ! addition ( sulphuric or acetic acid to ! solution1 ! =mation ( a deposit is prev5t$1 ! br[n p[d] be+ soluble 9 acid liquids4 ,! cry/als ( sulphate ( iron include a l>ge quantity ( wat] ( cry/allization1 a "p ( :i* !y lose by exposure to dry air4 ,by a high] temp]ature1 ! salt may be r5d]$ p]fectly anhydr\s1 9 :i* /ate x =ms a :ite p[d]4 ,aque\s solution ( sulphate ( iron absorbs ! b9oxide ( nitrog51 acquir+ a deep olive-br[n color3 z ?is gase\s b9oxide is itself a r$uc+ ag5t1 ! liquid s =m$ has be5 propos$ z a m en]getic develop] ?an ! sulphate ( iron alone4 ,iron1 ,protonitrate (4 ,symbol1 ,fe,o ,,no#e #g ,,ho4 ,atomic weight1 #aec4 ,?is salt1 by c>eful evaporation 9 vacuo ov] sulphuric acid1 =ms transp>5t cry/als1 ( a light gre5 color1 & conta9+ #g atoms ( wat]1 l ! protosulphate4 ,x is exce$+ly un/able1 & soon becomes r$ f decomposition1 unless pres]v$ f contact ) air4 ,! foll[+ process is commonly foll[$ = prep>+ protonitrate ( iron3-- ,take ( nitrate ( b>yta #cjj gra9s2 p[d] & dissolve by ! aid ( heat 9 ?ree ounces ( wat]2 !n ?r[ 91 by degrees1 ) con/ant /irr+1 cry/alliz$ sulphate ( iron1 p[d]$1 #cbj gra9s4 ,cont9ue to /ir = ab\t five or t5 m9utes4 ,all[ to cool1 & filt] f ! :ite deposit1 :i* is ! insoluble sulphate ( b>yta4 ,9 place ( nitrate ( b>yta1 ! nitrate ( lead may be us$ 7sulphate ( lead be+ an insoluble salt71 b ! quantity requir$ w be diff]5t4 ,! atomic weights ( nitrate ( b>yta & nitrate ( lead are z #aca to #aff2 consequ5tly #cjj gra9s ( ! =m] are equival5t to #chj gra9s ( ! latt]4 ,iron1 ,p]*loride (4 ,symbol1 ,fe#b;,cl#c4 ,atomic weight1 #afd4 ,!re are two *lorides ( iron1 correspond+ 9 composition to ! protoxide & ! sesquioxide respectively4 ,! proto*loride is v soluble 9 wat]1 =m+ a gre5 solution1 :i* precipitates a dirty :ite protoxide on ! addition ( an alkali4 ,! p]*loride1 on ! o!r h&1 is d>k br[n1 & gives a foxy-r$ precipitate ) alkalies4 ,prop]ties4--,p]*loride ( iron may be obta9$ 9 ! solid =m by heat+ iron wire 9 excess ( *lor9e2 x cond5ses 9 ! %ape ( brilliant & iridesc5t br[n cry/als1 :i* are volatile1 & dissolve 9 wat]1 ! solution be+ acid to te/-pap]4 ,x is also soluble 9 alcohol1 =m+ ! t9ctura f]ri sesqui*loridi ( ! ,ph>macopoeia4 ,comm]cial p]*loride ( iron ord9>ily conta9s an excess ( hydro*loric acid4 ,litmus4 ,litmus is a vegetable sub/ance1 prep>$ f v>i\s li*5s1 :i* are pr9cipally collect$ on rocks adjo9+ ! sea4 ,! color+ matt] is extract$ by a peculi> process1 & aft]w>ds made up into a pa/e ) *alk1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 c4 ,litmus occurs 9 comm]ce 9 ! =m ( small cubes1 ( a f9e violet color4 ,9 us+ x = ! prep>ation ( te/-pap]s1 x is dige/$ 9 hot wat]1 & %eets ( por\s pap] are soak$ 9 ! blue liquid s =m$4 ,! r$ pap]s are prep>$ at fir/ 9 ! same mann]1 b aft]w>ds plac$ 9 wat] :i* has be5 r5d]$ fa9tly acid ) sulphuric or hydro*loric acid4 ,m]cury1 ,bi*loride (4 ,symbol1 ,hg,cl#b4 ,atomic weight1 #bgd4 ,?is salt1 also call$ corrosive sublimate1 & sometimes *loride ( m]cury 7! atomic weight ( m]cury be+ halv$71 may be =m$ by heat+ m]cury 9 excess ( *lor9e1 or1 m economically1 by sublim+ a mixture ( p]sulphate ( m]cury & *loride ( sodium4 ,prop]ties4--a v corrosive & poison\s salt1 usually sold 9 semi-transp>5t1 cry/all9e masses1 or 9 ! /ate ( p[d]4 ,soluble 9 #af p>ts ( cold1 & 9 #c ( hot wat]2 m abundantly s 9 alcohol1 & also 9 e!r4 ,! solubility 9 wat] may be increas$ almo/ to any ext5t by ! addition ( free hydro*loric acid4 ,! proto*loride ( m]cury is an insoluble :ite p[d]1 commonly kn[n "u ! "n ( calomel4 ,milk4 ,! milk ( h]bivor\s animals conta9s ?ree pr9cipal con/itu5ts--fatty matt]1 case9e1 & sug>2 9 addition to ^!1 small quantities ( ! *loride ( potassium1 & ( phosphates ( lime & magnesia1 are pres5t4 ,! fatty matt] is conta9$ 9 small cells1 & =ms ! great] "p ( ! cream :i* rises to ! surface ( ! milk on /&+4 ,h5ce skimm$ milk is to be pref]r$ = photographic use4 ,! second con/itu5t1 case9e1 is an organic pr9ciple some:at analog\s to album5 9 composition & prop]ties4 ,its aque\s solution h[ev] does n1 l album51 coagulate on boil+1 unless an acid be pres5t1 :i* probably removes a small portion ( alkali ) :i* ! case9e 0 previ\sly comb9$4 ,! sub/ance t]m$ r5net1 :i* is ! dri$ /oma* ( ! calf1 possesses ! prop]ty ( coagulat+ case9e1 b ! exact mode ( its action is unkn[n4 ,%]ry w9e is also employ$ to curdle milk2 b br&y & o!r spiritu\s liquids1 :5 free f acid & a/r+5t matt]1 h no effect4 ,9 all ^! cases a proportion ( ! case9e usually rema9s 9 a soluble =m 9 ! :ey2 b :5 ! milk is coagulat$ by ! addition ( acids1 ! quantity s left is v small1 & h5ce ! use ( ! r5net is to be pref]r$1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( case9e facilitates ! r$uction ( ! s5sitive silv] salts4 ,case9e comb9es ) oxide ( silv] 9 ! same mann] z album51 =m+ a :ite coagulum1 :i* becomes brick-r$ on exposure to light4 ,sug> ( milk1 ! ?ird pr9cipal con/itu5t1 diff]s f bo? cane & grape sug>2 x may be obta9$ by evaporat+ :ey until cry/allization beg9s to take place4 ,x is h>d & gritty1 & only slightly sweet2 sl[ly soluble1 )\t =m+ a syrup1 9 ab\t two & a half p>ts ( boil+1 & six ( cold wat]4 ,x does n f]m5t & =m alcohol on ! addition ( yea/1 l grape sug>1 b by ! action ( decompos+ animal matt] is conv]t$ into lactic acid4 ,:5 skimm$ milk is expos$ to ! air = "s h\rs x gradually becomes s\r1 f lactic acid =m$ 9 ?is way2 & if !n heat$ to ebullition1 ! case9e coagulates v p]fectly4 ,nitric ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,,no#e4 ,atomic weight1 #ed4 ,nitric acid1 or aqua-=tis1 is prep>$ by add+ sulphuric acid to nitrate ( pota%1 & di/ill+ ! mixture 9 a retort4 ,sulphate ( pota% & free nitric acid are =m$1 ! latt] ( :i*1 be+ volatile1 di/ils ov] 9 comb9ation ) "o atom ( wat] previ\sly unit$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,prop]ties4--,anhydr\s nitric acid is a solid sub/ance1 :ite & cry/all9e1 b x _c be prep>$ except by an exp5sive & complicat$ process4 ,! conc5trat$ liquid nitric acid conta9s #a atom ( wat]1 & has a sp4 gr4 ( ab\t #ae3 if p]fectly pure x is colorless1 b usually x has a slight yell[ t9t1 f p>tial decomposition into p]oxide ( nitrog53 x fumes /rongly 9 ! air4 ,! /r5g? ( comm]cial nitric acid is subject to mu* v>iation4 ,an acid ( sp4 gr4 #adb1 conta9+ ab\t #d atoms ( wat]1 is commonly met )4 ,if ! specific gravity is mu* l[] ?an ?is 7less ?an #acf71 x w sc>cely be adapt$ = ! prep>ation ( p]oxyl9e4 ,! yell[ nitr\s acid1 s call$1 is a /rong nitric acid p>tially saturat$ ) ! br[n vapors ( p]oxide ( nitrog52 x has a high specific gravity1 b ?is is some:at deceptive1 be+ caus$ 9 "p by ! pres5ce ( ! p]oxide4 ,on mix+ ) sulphuric acid ! color disappe>s1 a comp\nd be+ =m$ :i* has be5 t]m$ a sulphate ( nitr\s acid4 ,*emical prop]ties4--,nitric acid is a p[]ful oxidiz+ ag5t2 x dissolves all ! common metals1 ) ! exception ( gold & plat9um4 ,animal sub/ances1 su* z ! cuticle1 nails1 etc41 are t+$ ( a p]man5t yell[ color1 & deeply corrod$ by a prolong$ application4 ,nitric acid =ms a num]\s class ( salts1 all ( :i* are soluble 9 wat]4 ,h5ce its pres5ce _c be det]m9$ by any precipitat+ re-ag5t1 9 ! same mann] z t ( hydro*loric & sulphuric acid4 ,impurities ( ,comm]cial ,nitric ,acid4--,^! are pr9cipally *lor9e & sulphuric acid2 also p]oxide ( nitrog51 :i* t+es ! acid yell[1 z already describ$4 ,*lor9e is detect$ by dilut+ ! acid ) an equal bulk ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add+ a few drops ( nitrate ( silv]1--a milk9ess1 :i* is *loride ( silv] 9 susp5sion1 indicates ! pres5ce ( *lor9e4 ,9 te/+ = sulphuric acid1 dilute ! nitric acid z be=e1 & drop 9 a s+le drop ( solution ( *loride ( b>ium2 if sulphuric acid be pres5t1 an insoluble precipitate ( sulphate ( b>yta w be =m$4 ,nitr\s ,acid4 7,see ,silv]1 ,nitrate (47 ,nitrate ( ,pota%4 ,symbol1 ,,ko ,,no#e4 ,atomic weight1 #ajb4 ,?is salt1 also t]m$ nitre or saltpetre1 is an abundant natural product1 f\nd effloresc$ ^u ! soil 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x is also produc$ artificially 9 :at are call$ nitre-b$s4 ,nitrate ( pota% is an anhydr\s salt1--x conta9s simply nitric acid & pota%1 )\t any wat] ( cry/allization2 /ill1 9 _m cases1 a little wat] is reta9$ me*anically betwe5 ! int]/ices ( ! cry/als1 & !re=e x is bett] to dry be=e use4 ,?is may be done by lay+ x 9 a /ate ( f9e p[d] ^u blott+-pap]1 close to a fire1 or ^u a heat$ metallic plate4 ,nitrate ( ,b>yta4 ,symbol1 ,ba,o ,,no#e4 ,atomic weight1 #aca4 ,nitrate ( b>yta =ms octah$ral cry/als1 :i* are anhydr\s4 ,x is consid]ably less soluble ?an ! *loride ( b>ium1 requir+ #ab p>ts ( cold & #d ( boil+ wat] = solution4 ,x may be sub/itut$ = ! nitrate ( lead 9 ! prep>ation ( protonitrate ( iron4 ,nitrate ( ,lead4 ,symbol1 ,pb,o ,,no#e4 ,atomic weight1 #aff4 ,nitrate ( lead is obta9$ by dissolv+ ! metal1 or ! oxide ( lead1 9 excess ( nitric acid1 dilut$ ) #b p>ts ( wat]4 ,x cry/allizes on evaporation 9 :ite anhydr\s tetrah$ra & octah$ra1 :i* are h>d1 & decrepitate on be+ heat$2 !y are soluble 9 #h p>ts ( wat] at #fj4 ,nitrate ( lead =ms ) sulphuric acid1 or soluble sulphates1 a :ite precipitate1 :i* is ! insoluble sulphate ( lead4 ,! ,iodide ( lead is also v sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]4 ,nitrate ( ,silv]4 7,see ,silv]1 ,nitrate (47 ,nitro-,hydro*loric ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,,no#d ,cl4 ,?is liquid is ! aqua-regia ( ! old al*emi/s4 ,x is produc$ by mix+ nitric & hydro*loric acids3 ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! =m] comb9es ) ! hydrog5 ( ! latt]1 =m+ wat] & lib]at+ *lor9e1 ?us3-- ,,no#e ,h,cl ,,no#d ,,ho ,cl4 ,! pres5ce ( free *lor9e conf]s on ! mixture ! p[] ( dissolv+ gold & plat9um1 :i* nei!r ( ! two acids possesses sep>ately4 ,9 prep>+ aqua-regia x is usual to mix "o "p1 by measure1 ( nitric acid ) f\r ( hydro*loric acid1 & to dilute ) an equal bulk ( wat]4 ,! application ( a g5tle heat assi/s ! solution ( ! metal2 b if ! temp]ature rises to ! boil+ po9t1 a viol5t eff]vesc5ce & escape ( *lor9e takes place4 ,oxyg54 ,symbol1 ,o4 ,atomic weight1 #h4 ,oxyg5 gas may be obta9$ by heat+ nitrate ( pota% to r$ness1 b 9 ?is case x is contam9at$ ) a portion ( nitrog54 ,! salt t]m$ *lorate ( pota% 7! composition ( :i* is closely analog\s to t ( ! nitrate1 *lor9e be+ sub/itut$ = nitrog57 yields abundance ( pure oxyg5 gas on ! application ( heat1 leav+ beh9d *loride ( potassium4 ,*emical ,prop]ties4--,oxyg5 comb9es eag]ly ) _m ( ! *emical elem5ts1 =m+ oxides4 ,?is *emical aff9ity h[ev] is n well se5 :5 ! elem5t>y body is expos$ to ! action ( oxyg5 9 ! gase\s =m4 ,x is ! nasc5t oxyg5 :i* acts mo/ p[]fully z an oxidiz]4 ,by nasc5t oxyg5 is meant oxyg5 on ! po9t ( sep>ation f o!r elem5t>y atoms ) :i* x 0 previ\sly associat$2 x may !n be consid]$ to be 9 ! liquid =m1 & h5ce x comes m p]fectly into contact ) ! p>ticles ( ! body to be oxidiz$4 ,illu/rations ( ! sup]ior *emical en]gy ( nasc5t oxyg5 are num]\s1 b none p]haps are m /rik+ ?an ! mild & gradual oxidiz+ influ5ce ex]t$ by atmosph]ic air1 z comp>$ ) ! viol5t action ( nitric acid & bodies ( t class :i* conta9 oxyg5 loosely comb9$4 ,oxymel4 ,?is syrup ( honey & v9eg> is prep>$ z foll[s3--,take ( ,honey #a p\nd4 ,acid1 acetic1 =tiss4 7,beaufoy's acid7 #aa dra*ms4 ,wat] #ac dra*ms4 ,/& ! pot conta9+ ! honey 9 boil+ wat] until a scum rises to ! surface1 :i* is to be remov$ two or ?ree times4 ,!n add ! acetic acid & wat]1 & skim once m if requir$4 ,all[ to cool1 & x w be fit = use4 ,pota%4 ,symbol1 ,,ko ,,ho4 ,atomic weight1 #eg4 ,pota% is obta9$ by sep>at+ ! c>bonic acid f c>bonate ( pota% by means ( cau/ic lime4 ,lime is a m feeble base ?an pota%1 b ! c>bonate ( lime1 be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 is at once =m$ on add+ milk ( lime to a solution ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,prop]ties4--,usually met ) 9 ! =m ( solid lumps1 or 9 cyl9drical /icks1 :i* are =m$ by melt+ ! pota% & runn+ x into a m\ld4 ,x always conta9 "s atoms ( wat]1 :i* _c be driv5 (f by ! application ( heat4 ,pota% is soluble almo/ to any ext5t 9 wat]1 mu* heat be+ evolv$4 ,! solution is p[]fully alkal9e & acts rapidly ^u ! sk92 x dissolves fatty & res9\s bodies1 conv]t+ !m into soaps2 ,solution ( pota% absorbs c>bonic acid quickly f ! air1 & %\ld !re=e be pres]v$ 9 /opp]$ bottles2 ! glass /opp]s mu/ be wip$ occasionally1 9 ord] to prev5t !m f becom+ immovably fix$ by ! solv5t action ( ! pota% ^u ! silica ( ! glass4 ,! liquor potass ( ! ,london ,ph>macopoeia has a sp4 gr4 ( #ajfc1 & conta9s ab\t #e p] c5t2 ( real pota%4 ,x is usually contam9at$ ) c>bonate ( pota%1 :i* causes x to eff]vesce on ! addition ( acids2 also1 to a less ext5t1 ) sulphate ( pota%1 *loride ( potassium1 silica1 etc4 ,pota%1 ,c>bonate (4 ,symbol1 ,,ko ,,co#b4 ,atomic weight1 #gj4 ,! impure c>bonate ( pota%1 t]m$ pe>la%1 is obta9$ f ! a%es ( wood & vegetable matt]1 9 ! same mann] z c>bonate ( soda is prep>$ f ! a%es ( seawe$s4 ,salts ( pota% & ( soda appe> ess5tial to vegetation1 & are absorb$ & approximat$ by ! liv+ tissues ( ! plant4 ,!y exi/ 9 ! vegetable /ructure comb9$ ) organic acids 9 ! =m ( salts1 l ! oxalate1 t>trate1 etc41 :i* :5 burn$ are conv]t$ into c>bonates4 ,prop]ties4--,! pe>la% ( comm]ce conta9s l>ge & v>iable quantities ( *loride ( potassium1 sulphate ( pota%1 etc4 ,a pur] c>bonate is sold1 :i* is free f sulphates1 & ) only a trace ( *lorides4 ,c>bonate ( pota% is a /rongly alkal9e salt1 deliquesc5t1 & soluble 9 twice its weight ( cold wat]2 insoluble 9 alcohol1 & employ$ to deprive x ( wat]4 ,pyrogallic ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,c#h;,h#d,o#d 7,/5h\se74 ,atomic weight4 #hd4 ,! t]m pyro prefix$ to gallic acid implies t ! new sub/ance is obta9$ by ! action ( heat ^u t body4 ,at a temp]ature ( ab\t #daj ,fahr41 gallic acid is decompos$1 & a :ite sublimate =ms1 :i* cond5ses 9 lamell> ,cry/als2 ?is is pyrogallic acid4 ,pyrogallic acid is v soluble 9 cold wat]1 & 9 alcohol & e!r2 ! solution decomposes & becomes br[n by exposure to ! air4 ,x gives an indigo blue color ) protosulphate ( iron1 :i* *anges to d>k gre5 if any p]sulphate be pres5t4 ,al?\gh t]m$ an acid1 ?is sub/ance is /rictly neutral2 x does n r$d5 litmus-pap]1 & =ms no salts4 ,! addition ( pota% or soda decomposes pyrogallic acid1 at ! same "t increas+ ! attraction = oxyg52 h5ce ?is mixture may conv5i5tly be employ$ = absorb+ ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 atmosph]ic air4 ,! comp\nds ( silv] & gold are r$uc$ by pyrogallic acid ev5 m rapidly ?an by gallic acid1 ! r$uc+ ag5t absorb+ ! oxyg51 & becom+ conv]t$ into c>bonic acid & a br[n matt] insoluble 9 wat]4 ,comm]cial pyrogallic acid is (t5 contam9at$ ) empyreumatic oil1 & also ) a black insoluble sub/ance kn[n z metagallic acid1 :i* is =m$ :5 ! heat is rais$ above ! prop] temp]ature 9 ! process ( manufacture4 ,sel ,d'or4 7,see ,gold1 ,hyposulphite (47 ,silv]4 ,symbol1 ,ag4 ,atomic ,weight1 #ajh4 ,?is metal1 ! luna or diana ( ! al*emi/s1 is f\nd native 9 ,p]u & ,mexico2 x occurs also 9 ! =m ( sulphuret ( silv]4 ,:5 pure x has a sp4 gr4 ( #aje1 & is v malleable & ductile2 melts at a bright r$ heat4 ,silv] does n oxidize 9 ! air1 b :5 expos$ to an impure atmosph]e conta9+ traces ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 x is sl[ly t>ni%$ f =mation ( sulphuret ( silv]4 ,x dissolves 9 sulphuric acid1 b ! be/ solv5t is nitric acid4 ,! /&>d co9 ( ! realm is an alloy ( silv] & copp]1 conta9+ ab\t "o-elev5? ( ! latt] metal4 ,x may be conv]t$ into nitrate ( silv]1 suffici5tly pure = photographic purposes1 by dissolv+ x 9 nitric acid & evaporat+ ! solution to ! cry/alliz+ po9t3 or1 if ! quantity be small1 ! solution may be boil$ d[n to complete dryness1 & ! residue fus$ /rongly2 :i* decomposes ! nitrate ( copp]1 b leaves ! great] portion ( ! silv] salt unaffect$4 7,n4 ,b4 ,nitrate ( silv] :i* has und]gone fusion conta9s nitrite ( silv]1 & w require ! addition ( acetic acid if us$ = prep>+ ! collodion s5sitive film47 ,silv]1 ,ammonio-,nitrate (4 ,cry/alliz$ nitrate ( silv] absorbs ammoniacal gas rapidly1 ) production ( heat suffici5t to fuse ! result+ comp\nd1 :i* is :ite1 & consi/s ( #ajj p>ts ( ! nitrate #bie ( ammonia4 ,! comp\nd h[ev] :i* photograph]s employ "u ! "n ( ammonio-nitrate ( silv]1 may be view$ m simply z a solution ( ! oxide ( silv] 9 ammonia1 )\t ref]5ce to ! nitrate ( ammonia necess>ily produc$ 9 ! reaction4 ,v /rong ammonia1 9 act+ ^u oxide ( silv]1 conv]ts x into a black p[d]1 t]m$ fulm9at+ silv]1 :i* possesses ! mo/ dang]\s explosive prop]ties4 ,its composition is unc]ta94 ,9 prep>+ ammonio-nitrate ( silv] by ! common process1 ! oxide fir/ precipitat$ occasionally leaves a little black p[d] beh9d1 on re-solution2 ?is does n appe>1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ! au?or1 to be fulm9at+ silv]4 ,9 s5sitiz+ salt$ pap] by ! ammonio-nitrate ( silv]1 free ammonia is necess>ily =m$4 ,?us3-- ,*loride ( ammonium oxide ( silv] 9 ammonia *loride ( silv] ammonia wat]4 ,silv]1 ,oxide (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,o4 ,atomic weight1 #aaf4 ,if a little pota% or ammonia be add$ to solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 a br[n sub/ance is =m$1 :i*1 on /&+1 collects at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,?is is oxide ( silv]1 displac$ f its previ\s /ate ( comb9ation ) nitric acid by ! /rong] oxide1 pota%4 ,oxide ( silv] is soluble to a v m9ute ext5t 9 pure wat]1 ! solution possess+ an alkal9e reaction to litmus2 x is easily dissolv$ by nitric or acetic acid1 =m+ a neutral nitrate or acetate2 also soluble 9 ammonia 7ammonio-nitrate ( silv]71 & 9 nitrate ( ammonia hyposulphite ( soda1 & cyanide ( potassium4 ,long exposure to light conv]ts x into a black sub/ance1 :i* is probably a suboxide4 ,prop]ties ( ! ,suboxide ( ,silv]4--,suboxide ( silv] be>s ! same relation to ! ord9>y br[n protoxide ( silv] t sub*loride be>s to proto*loride ( silv]4 ,x is a black p[d]1 :i* assumes ! metallic lu/re on rubb+1 & :5 treat$ ) dilute acids is resolv$ into protoxide ( silv] :i* dissolves1 & metallic silv]4 ,silv]1 ,*loride (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,cl4 ,atomic weight1 #add4 ,prep>ation ( ,*loride ( ,silv] by d\ble decomposition4--,9 ord] to illu/rate ?is1 take a solution 9 wat] ( *loride ( sodium or common salt1 & mix x ) a solution conta9+ nitrate ( silv]2 imm$iately a d5se1 curdy1 :ite precipitate falls1 :i* is ! sub/ance 9 "q4 ,9 ?is reaction ! elem5ts *ange places2 ! *lor9e leaves ! sodium ) :i* x 0 previ\sly comb9$1 & crosses ov] to ! silv]2 ! oxyg5 & nitric acid are releas$ f ! silv]1 & unite ) ! sodium3 ?us ,*loride ( sodium nitrate ( silv] ,*loride ( silv] nitrate ( soda4 ,?is int]*ange ( elem5ts is t]m$ by *emi/s d\ble decomposition4 ,! ess5tial requirem5ts 9 two salts int5d$ = ! prep>ation ( *loride ( silv]1 are simply t ! fir/ %\ld conta9 *lor9e1 ! second silv]1 & t bo? %\ld be soluble 9 wat]2 h5ce ! *loride ( potassium or ammonium may be sub/itut$ = ! *loride ( sodium1 & ! sulphate or acetate = ! nitrate ( silv]4 ,9 prep>+ *loride ( silv] by d\ble decomposition1 ! :ite clotty masses :i* fir/ =m mu/ be wa%$ repeat$ly ) wat]1 9 ord] to free !m f soluble nitrate ( soda1 ! o!r product ( ! *ange4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! salt is 9 a pure /ate1 & may be dri$1 etc41 9 ! usual way4 ,prop]ties ( ,*loride ( ,silv]4--,*loride ( silv] diff]s 9 appe>ance f ! nitrate ( silv]4 ,x is n met ) 9 cry/als1 b =ms a s(t :ite p[d] resembl+ common *alk or :it+4 ,x is ta/eless & insoluble 9 wat]2 unaffect$ by boil+ ) ! /ronge/ nitric acid1 b sp>+ly dissolv$ by conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,ammonia dissolves *loride ( silv] freely1 z d solutions ( hyposulphite ( soda & cyanide ( potassium4 ,conc5trat$ solutions ( alkal9e *lorides1 iodides1 & bromides are likewise solv5ts ( *loride ( silv]1 b to a limit$ ext5t4 ,dry *loride ( silv] heat$ to r$ness fuses1 & concretes on cool+ into a t\gh & semi-transp>5t sub/ance1 :i* has be5 t]m$ horn silv] or luna cornea4 ,plac$ 9 contact ) metallic z9c or iron acidifi$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 *loride ( silv] is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 ! *lor9e pass+ to ! o!r metal "u ! decompos+ influ5ce ( ! galvanic curr5t :i* is e/abli%$4 ,prep>ation & prop]ties ( ! ,sub*loride ( ,silv]4--,if a plate ( poli%$ silv] be dipp$ 9 solution ( p]*loride ( iron1 or ( bi*loride ( m]cury1 a black /a9 is produc$1 ! iron or m]cury salt los+ a portion ( *lor9e1 :i* passes to ! silv] & conv]ts x sup]ficially into sub*loride ( silv]4 ,?is comp\nd diff]s f ! :ite *loride ( silv] 9 conta9+ less *lor9e & m ( ! metallic elem5t2 ! composition ( ! latt] be+ repres5t$ by ! =mula ,ag,cl1 t ( ! =m] may p]haps be writt5 z ,ag#b;,cl4 787 ,sub*loride ( silv] is int]e/+ to ! photograph] z correspond+ 9 prop]ties & composition ) ! ord9>y *loride ( silv] black5$ by light4 ,x is a pulv]ul5t sub/ance ( a blui%-black color1 :i* is decompos$ by ammonia1 hyposulphite ( soda1 & cyanide ( potassium1 into *loride ( silv] :i* dissolves1 & insoluble metallic silv]4 ,silv]1 ,bromide (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,br4 ,atomic weight1 #ahf4 ,?is sub/ance s closely resembles ! correspond+ salts conta9+1 *lor9e & iod9e1 t a %ort notice ( x w suffice4 ,bromide ( silv] is prep>$ by expos+ a silv]$ plate to ! vapor ( brom9e1 or by add+ solution ( bromide ( potassium to nitrate ( silv]4 ,x is an insoluble sub/ance1 slightly yell[ 9 color1 & di/+ui%$ f iodide ( silv] by dissolv+ 9 /rong ammonia & 9 *loride ( ammonium4 ,x is freely soluble 9 hyposulphite ( soda & 9 cyanide ( potassium4 ,silv]1 ,citrate (4 7,see ,citric ,acid47 ,silv]1 ,iodide (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,i4 ,atomic weight1 #bcd4 ,prep>ation & ,prop]ties ( ,iodide ( ,silv]4--,iodide ( silv] may be =m$ 9 an analog\s mann] to ! *loride1 viz4 by ! direct action ( ! vapor ( iod9e ^u metallic silv]1 or by d\ble decomposition betwe5 solutions ( iodide ( potassium & nitrate ( silv]4 ,:5 prep>$ by ! latt] mode x =ms an impalpable p[d]1 ! color ( :i* v>ies slightly ) ! mann] ( precipitation4 ,if ! iodide ( potassium be 9 excess1 ! iodide ( silv] falls to ! bottom ( ! vessel ne>ly :ite2 b ) an excess ( nitrate ( silv] x is ( a /raw-yell[ t9t4 ,?is po9t may be notic$1 because ! yell[ salt is ! "o adapt$ = photographic use1 ! o!r be+ ins5sible to ! influ5ce ( light4 ,iodide ( silv] is ta/eless & inodor\s2 insoluble 9 wat] & 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,x is sc>cely dissolv$ by ammonia1 :i* s]ves to di/+ui% x f ! *loride ( silv]1 freely soluble 9 t liquid4 ,hyposulphite ( soda & cyanide ( potassium bo? dissolve iodide ( silv]2 x is also soluble 9 solutions ( ! alkal9e bromides & iodides4 ,silv]1 ,fluoride (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,f4 ,atomic weight1 #abg4 ,?is comp\nd diff]s f ^? j describ$ 9 be+ soluble 9 wat]4 ,! dry salt fuses on be+ heat$1 & is r$uc$ by a high] temp]ature1 or by exposure to light4 ,silv]1 ,sulphuret (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,s4 ,atomic weight1 #abd4 ,?is comp\nd is =m$ by ! action ( sulphur ^u metallic silv]1 or ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 or hydrosulphate ( ammonia1 ^u ! silv] salts2 ! decomposition ( hyposulphite ( silv] also furni%es ! black sulphuret4 ,sulphuret ( silv] is insoluble 9 wat]1 & ne>ly s 9 ^? sub/ances :i* dissolve ! *loride1 bromide1 & iodide1 su* z ammonia1 hyposulphites1 cyanides1 etc42 b x dissolves 9 nitric acid1 be+ conv]t$ into soluble sulphate & nitrate ( silv]4 ,silv]1 ,nitrate (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,o ,,no#e4 ,atomic weight1 #agj4 ,nitrate ( silv] is prep>$ by dissolv+ metallic silv] 9 nitric acid4 ,nitric acid is a p[]fully acid & corrosive sub/ance1 conta9+ two elem5t>y bodies unit$ 9 def9ite proportions4 ,^! are nitrog5 & oxyg52 ! latt] be+ pres5t 9 greate/ quantity4 ,nitric acid is a p[]ful solv5t = ! metallic bodies g5]ally4 ,to illu/rate its action 9 t p>ticul>1 z contra/$ ) o!r acids1 place pieces ( silv] foil 9 two te/-tubes1 ! "o conta9+ dilute sulphuric1 ! o!r dilute nitric acid2 on ! application ( heat a viol5t action soon comm5ces 9 ! latt]1 b ! =m] is unaffect$4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! cause ( ! diff]5ce1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t :5 a metallic sub/ance dissolves 9 an acid1 ! nature ( ! solution is unlike t ( an aque\s solution ( salt or sug>4 ,if y take salt wat]1 & boil x d[n until ! :ole ( ! wat] has evaporat$1 y obta9 ! salt aga91 ) prop]ties ! same z at fir/2 b if a simil> exp]im5t be made ) a solution ( silv] 9 nitric acid1 ! result is diff]5t3 9 t case y d n get metallic silv] on evaporation1 b silv] comb9$ ) oxyg5 & nitric acid1 bo? ( :i* are tightly reta9$1 be+1 9 fact1 9 a /ate ( *emical comb9ation ) ! metal4 ,if we closely exam9e ! effects produc$ by treat+ silv] ) nitric acid1 we f9d !m to be ( ! foll[+ nature3--fir/1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( oxyg5 is imp>t$ to ! metal1 s z to =m an oxide1 & aft]w>ds ?is oxide dissolves 9 ano!r portion ( ! nitric acid1 produc+ nitrate ( ! oxide1 or1 z x is %ortly t]m$1 nitrate ( silv]4 ,x is !re=e ! in/ability ( nitric acid1 its pron5ess to "p ) oxyg51 :i* r5d]s x sup]ior to sulphuric acid 9 ! exp]im5t ( dissolv+ silv]4 ,nitric acid /&s high 9 ! li/ ( oxidiz+ ag5ts1 & x is important t ! photograph] %\ld be> ?is fact 9 m9d4 ,prop]ties ( ,nitrate ( ,silv]4--,9 ! prep>ation ( nitrate ( silv]1 :5 ! metal has dissolv$1 ! solution is boil$ d[n 9 ord] to drive (f ! excess ( nitric acid1 & set aside to cry/allize4 ,! salt1 h[ev]1 z s obta9$ is /ill acid to te/-pap]1 & requires ei!r recry/allization1 or a c>eful heat+ to ab\t #cjj ,fahr5heit1 to r5d] x p]fectly neutral4 ,pure nitrate ( silv] occurs 9 ! =m ( :ite cry/all9e plates1 :i* are v heavy & dissolve readily 9 an equal weight ( cold wat]4 ,! solubility is mu* less5$ by ! pres5ce ( free nitric acid1 & 9 ! conc5trat$ nitric acid ! cry/als are almo/ insoluble4 ,boil+ alcohol takes up ab\t "o-f\r? "p ( its weight ( ! cry/alliz$ nitrate1 b deposits ne>ly ! :ole on cool+4 ,nitrate ( silv] has an int5sely bitt] & nause\s ta/e2 act+ z a cau/ic1 & corrod+ ! sk9 by a prolong$ application4 ,its aque\s solution is p]fectly neutral to te/-pap]4 ,heat$ 9 a crucible ! salt melts1 & :5 p\r$ into a m\ld & solidifi$1 =ms ! lun> cau/ic ( comm]ce4 ,at a /ill high] temp]ature x is decompos$1 & bubbles ( oxyg5 gas are evolv$4 ,! melt$ mass1 cool$ & dissolv$ 9 wat]1 leaves beh9d a black p[d]1 & yields a solution :i* is fa9tly alkal9e to te/-pap]4 ,! alkal9ity dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( nitrite ( silv] associat$ ) excess ( oxide1 9 ! =m probably ( a basic or sub-nitrite ( silv]4,b ,footnote ,b3 ,nitrite ( silv] diff]s f ! nitrate 9 conta9+ less oxyg51 & is =m$ f x by ! ab/raction ( two atoms ( t elem5t4 ,solution ( nitrate ( silv] is decompos$ by iron1 z9c1 copp]1 m]cury1 etc41 ! nitric acid & oxyg5 pass+ to ! o!r metal1 & metallic silv] be+ precipitat$4 ,silv]1 ,nitrite (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,o ,,no#c4 ,atomic weight1 #aed4 ,nitrite ( silv] is a comp\nd ( nitr\s acid1 or ,,no#c1 ) oxide ( silv]4 ,x is =m$ by heat+ nitrate ( silv]1 s z to drive (f a portion ( its oxyg51 or m conv5i5tly1 by mix+ nitrate ( silv] & nitrate ( pota% 9 equal p>ts1 fus+ /rongly1 & dissolv+ 9 a small quantity ( boil+ wat]2 on cool+1 ! nitrite cry/allizes out1 & may be purifi$ by press+ 9 blott+ pap]4 ,mr4 ,had[ describes an economical me?od ( prep>+ nitrite ( silv] 9 quantity1 viz4 by heat+ #a "p ( />* 9 #h ( nitric acid ( #abe specific gravity1 & conduct+ ! evolv$ gases into a solution ( pure c>bonate ( soda until eff]vesc5ce has ceas$4 ,! nitrite ( soda ?us =m$ is aft]w>ds add$ to nitrate ( silv] 9 ! usual way4 ,prop]ties4--,nitrite ( silv] is soluble 9 #abj p>ts ( cold wat]2 easily soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 & cry/allizes1 on cool+1 9 long sl5d] ne$les4 ,x has a c]ta9 degree ( aff9ity = oxyg51 & t5ds to pass into ! condition ( nitrate ( silv]2 b x is probable t its photographic prop]ties dep5d m ^u a decomposition ( ! salt & lib]ation ( nitr\s acid4 ,prop]ties ( ,nitr\s ,acid4--,?is sub/ance possesses v feeble acid prop]ties1 its salts be+ decompos$ ev5 by acetic acid4 ,x is an un/able body1 & splits up1 9 contact ) wat]1 into b9oxide ( nitrog5 & nitric acid4 ,! p]oxide ( nitrog51 ,,no#d1 is also decompos$ by wat] & yields ! same products4 ,silv]1 ,acetate (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,o 7,c#d;,h#c,o#c74 ,atomic weight1 #afg4 ,?is is a difficultly soluble salt1 deposit$ 9 lamell> cry/als :5 an acetate is add$ to a /rong solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,if acetic acid be us$ 9 place ( an acetate1 ! acetate ( silv] does n fall s readily1 s9ce ! nitric acid :i* w\ld !n be lib]at$ imp$es ! decomposition4 ,silv]1 ,hyposulphite (4 ,symbol1 ,ag,o ,s#b,o#c 4 ,atomic weight1 #afd4 ,9 ord] to und]/&1 m fully h[ decomposition ( hyposulphite ( silv] may affect ! process ( fix+1 ! peculi> prop]ties ( ?is salt %\ld be /udi$4 ,) ?is view nitrate ( silv] & hyposulphite ( soda may be mix$ 9 equival5t proportions1 viz4 ab\t tw5ty-"o gra9s ( ! =m] salt to sixte5 gra9s ( ! latt]1 fir/ dissolv+ ea* 9 sep>ate vessels 9 half an ounce ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,^! solutions are to be add$ to ea* o!r & well agitat$2 imm$iately a d5se deposit =ms1 :i* is hyposulphite ( silv]4 ,at ?is po9t a curi\s s]ies ( *anges comm5ces4 ,! precipitate1 at fir/ :ite & curdy1 soon alt]s 9 color3 x becomes can>y-yell[1 !n ( a ri* orange-yell[1 aft]w>ds liv]-color1 & f9ally black4 ,! rationale ( ^! *anges is expla9$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by /udy+ ! composition ( ! hyposulphite ( silv]4 ,! =mula = ?is sub/ance is z foll[s3-- ,ag,o ,s#b,o#b1 ,b ,ag,o ,s#b,o#b pla9ly equals ,ag,s1 or sulphuret ( silv]1 & ,,s#c1 or sulphuric acid4 ,! acid reaction assum$ by ! sup]natant liquid is due !re=e to sulphuric acid1 & ! black sub/ance =m$ is sulphuret ( silv]4 ,! yell[ & orange-yell[ comp\nds are e>li] /ages ( ! decomposition1 b _! exact nature is unc]ta94 ,! in/ability ( hyposulphite ( silv] is pr9cipally se5 :51 x is 9 an isolat$ /ate3 ! pres5ce ( an excess ( hyposulphite ( soda r5d]s x m p]man5t1 by =m+ a d\ble salt4 ,9 fix+ photographic pr9ts ?is br[n deposit ( sulphuret ( silv] is v liable to =m 9 ! ba? & ^u ! picture2 p>ticul>ly s :5 ! temp]ature is high4 ,to obviate x obs]ve ! foll[+ directions3--,x is especially 9 ! reaction betwe5 nitrate ( silv] & hyposulphite ( soda t ! black5+ is se52 ! *loride & o!r insoluble salts ( silv] be+ dissolv$1 ev5 to saturation1 )\t any decomposition ( ! hyposulphite fir/ =m$4 ,h5ce1 if ! pr9t be wa%$ 9 wat] to remove ! soluble nitrate1 a v mu* weak] fix+ ba? ?an usual may be employ$4 ,?is plan1 h[ev]1 involv+ a little additional tr\ble1 is1 on t acc\nt1 (t5 object$ to1 &1 :5 su* is ! case1 a conc5trat$ solution ( hyposulphite ( soda mu/ be us$1 9 ord] to dissolve (f ! :ite hyposulphite ( silv] be=e x beg9s to decompose4 ,:5 ! pro(s are tak5 at once f ! pr9t+ frame & imm]s$ 9 a dilute ba? ( hyposulphite 7"o "p ( ! salt to six or eight ( wat]71 a %ade ( br[n may (t5 be obs]v$ to pass ov] ! surface ( ! pr9t1 & a l>ge deposit ( sulphuret ( silv] soon =ms z ! result ( ?is decomposition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) a /rong hyposulphite ba? !re is little or no discoloration & ! black deposit is abs5t4 ,b ev5 if1 by a prelim9>y removal ( ! nitrate ( silv]1 ! dang] ( black5+ be 9 a great measure obviat$1 yet ! pr9t mu/ n be tak5 out ( ! fix+ ba? too spe$ily1 or "s appe>ance ( br[n pat*es1 visible by transmitt$ light1 may occur4 ,ea* atom ( nitrate ( silv] requires ?ree atoms ( hyposulphite ( soda to =m ! sweet & soluble d\ble salt1 & h5ce1 if ! action be n cont9u$ suffici5tly long1 ano!r comp\nd w be =m$ almo/ ta/eless & insoluble4 ,ev5 imm]sion 9 a new ba? ( hyposulphite ( soda does n fix ! pr9t :5 once ! yell[ /age ( decomposition has be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is yell[ salt is insoluble 9 hyposulphite ( soda1 & consequ5tly rema9s 9 ! pap]4 ,sug> ( ,milk4 7,see ,milk47 ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog54 7,see ,hydrosulphuric ,acid47 ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,,s#c4 ,atomic weight1 #dj4 ,sulphuric acid maybe =m$ by oxidiz+ sulphur ) boil+ nitric acid2 b ?is plan w\ld be too exp5sive to be adopt$ on a l>ge scale4 ,! comm]cial process = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid is exce$+ly +5i\s & beautiful1 b x involves reactions :i* are too complicat$ to admit ( a sup]ficial explanation4 ,! sulphur is fir/ burnt into gase\s sulphur\s acid 7,,s#b71 & !n1 by ! ag5cy ( b9oxide ( nitrog5 gas1 an additional atom ( oxyg5 is imp>t$ f ! atmosph]e1 s z to conv]t ! ,,s#b into ,,s#c1 or sulphuric acid4 ,prop]ties4--,anhydr\s sulphuric acid is a :ite cry/all9e solid4 ,! /ronge/ liquid acid always conta9s "o atom ( wat]1 :i* is closely associat$ ) x1 & _c be driv5 (f by ! application ( heat4 ,?is mono-hydrat$ sulphuric acid1 repres5t$ by ! =mula ,,ho ,,s#c1 is a d5se fluid1 hav+ a specific gravity ( ab\t #ahde2 boils at #fbj1 & di/ils )\t decomposition4 ,x is n volatile at common temp]atures1 & !re=e does n fume 9 ! same mann] z nitric or hydro*loric acid4 ,! conc5trat$ acid may be cool$ d[n ev5 to z]o )\t solidify+2 b a weak] comp\nd1 conta9+ twice ! quantity ( wat]1 & t]m$ glacial sulphuric acid1 cry/allizes at #dj ,fahr4 ,sulphuric acid is int5sely acid & cau/ic1 b x does n de/roy ! sk9 or dissolve metals s readily z nitric acid4 ,x has an en]getic attraction = wat]1 & :5 ! two are mix$1 cond5sation ensues1 & mu* heat is evolv$2 f\r p>ts ( acid & "o ( wat] produce a temp]ature equal to t ( boil+ wat]4 ,mix$ ) aque\s nitric acid1 x =ms ! comp\nd kn[n z nitro-sulphuric acid4 ,sulphuric acid possesses int5se *emical p[]s1 & displaces ! great] numb] ( ord9>y acids f _! salts4 ,x *>s organic sub/ances1 by remov+ ! elem5ts ( wat]1 & conv]ts alcohol into e!r 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! /r5g? ( a giv5 sample ( sulphuric acid may g5]ally be calculat$ f its specific gravity1 & a table is giv5 by ,dr4 ,ure = t purpose4 ,impurities ( ,comm]cial ,sulphuric ,acid4--,! liquid acid sold z oil ( vitriol is tol]ably con/ant 9 composition1 & seems to be z well adapt$ = photographic use z ! pure sulphuric acid1 :i* is f> m exp5sive4 ,! specific gravity %\ld be ab\t #ahcf at #fj4 ,if a drop1 evaporat$ ^u plat9um foil1 gives a fix$ residue1 probably bisulphate ( pota% is pres5t4 ,a milk9ess1 on dilution1 indicates sulphate ( lead4 ,te/ = ,sulphuric ,acid4--,if ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid1 or a soluble sulphate1 be suspect$ 9 any liquid1 x is te/$ = by add+ a few drops ( dilute solution ( *loride ( b>ium1 or nitrate ( b>yta4 ,a :ite precipitate1 insoluble 9 nitric acid1 indicates sulphuric acid4 ,if ! liquid to be te/$ is v acid1 f nitric or hydro*loric acid1 x mu/ be l>gely dilut$ be=e te/+1 or a cry/all9e precipitate w =m1 caus$ by ! sp>+ solubility ( ! *loride ( b>ium itself 9 acid solutions4 ,sulphur\s ,acid4 ,symbol1 ,,s#b4 ,atomic weight1 #cb4 ,?is is a gase\s comp\nd1 =m$ by burn+ sulphur 9 atmosph]ic air or oxyg5 gas2 also by heat+ oil ( vitriol 9 contact ) metallic copp]1 or ) *>coal4 ,:5 an acid ( any k9d is add$ to hyposulphite ( soda1 sulphur\s acid is =m$ z a product ( ! decomposition ( hyposulphur\s acid1 b x aft]w>ds disappe>s f ! liquid by a second>y reaction1 result+ 9 ! production ( tri?ionate & tetra?ionate ( soda4 ,prop]ties4--,sulphur\s acid possesses a peculi> & suffocat+ odor1 famili> to all 9 ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur4 ,x is a feeble acid1 & escapes ) eff]vesc5ce1 l c>bonic acid1 :5 its salts are treat$ ) oil ( vitriol4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]4 ,wat]4 ,symbol1 ,h#b,o4 ,atomic weight1 #i4 ,wat] is an oxide ( hydrog51 conta9+ s+le atoms ( ea* ( ! gases4 ,di/ill$ wat] is wat] :i* has be5 vaporiz$ & aga9 cond5s$3 by ?is means x is fre$ f e>?y & sal9e impurities1 :i*1 n be+ volatile1 are left 9 ! body ( ! retort4 ,pure di/ill$ wat] leaves no residue on evaporation1 & %\ld rema9 p]fectly cle> on ! addition ( nitrate ( silv]1 ev5 :5 expos$ to ! light2 x %\ld also be neutral to te/-pap]4 ,! cond5s$ wat] ( /eam-boil]s sold z di/ill$ wat] is apt to be contam9at$ ) oily & empyreumatic matt]1 :i* discolors nitrate ( silv]1 & is !re=e injuri\s4 ,ra9-wat]1 hav+ und]gone a natural process ( di/illation1 is free f inorganic salts1 b x usually conta9s a m9ute portion ( ammonia1 :i* gives x an alkal9e reaction to te/-pap]4 ,x is v good = photographic purposes if collect$ 9 clean vessels1 b :5 tak5 f a common ra9-wat] tank %\ld always be exam9$1 & if mu* organic matt] be pres5t1 t++ x ( a br[n color & imp>t+ an unpleasant smell1 x mu/ be reject$4 ,spr+ or riv] wat]1 commonly kn[n z h>d wat]1 usually conta9s sulphate ( lime1 & c>bonate ( lime dissolv$ 9 c>bonic acid3 also *loride ( sodium 9 great] or less quantity4 ,on boil+ ! wat]1 ! c>bonic acid gas is evolv$1 & ! great] "p ( ! c>bonate ( lime 7if any is pres5t7 deposits1 =m+ an e>?y incru/ation on ! boil]4 ,9 te/+ wat] = sulphates & *lorides1 acidify a portion ) a few drops ( pure nitric acid1 free f *lor9e 7if ?is is n at h&1 use pure acetic acid72 !n divide x into two p>ts1 & add to ! fir/ a dilute solution ( *loride ( b>ium1 & to ! second nitrate ( silv]1--a milk9ess indicates ! pres5ce ( sulphates 9 ! fir/ case or ( *lorides 9 ! second4 ,! photographic nitrate ba? _c be us$ z a te/1 s9ce ! iodide ( silv] x conta9s is precipitat$ on dilution1 giv+ a milk9ess :i* might be mi/ak5 = *loride ( silv]4 ,common h>d wat] c (t5 be us$ = mak+ a nitrate ba? :5 no?+ bett] is at h&4 ,! *lorides x conta9s are precipitat$ by ! nitrate ( silv]1 leav+ soluble nitrates 9 solution1 :i* are n injuri\s4 ,! c>bonate ( lime1 if any is pres5t1 neutralizes free nitric acid1 r5d]+ ! ba? alkal9e 9 ! same mann] z c>bonate ( soda4 ,sulphate ( lime1 usually pres5t 9 well wat]1 is said to ex]cise a ret>d+ action ^u ! s5sitive silv] salts1 b on ?is po9t ! writ] is unable to give c]ta9 in=mation4 ,h>d wat] is n (t5 suffici5tly pure = ! develop+ fluids4 ,! *loride ( sodium x conta9s decomposes ! nitrate ( silv] ^u ! film1 & ! image _c be br\ght out p]fectly4 ,! ,new ,riv] wat]1 h[ev] suppli$ to _m p>ts ( ,london1 is almo/ free f *lorides & answ]s v well4 ,9 o!r cases a few drops ( nitrate ( silv] solution may be add$ to sep>ate ! *lor9e1 tak+ c>e n to use a l>ge excess4 ,black ,v>ni%4 ,asphaltum1 dissolv$ 9 ,spirits or ,oil ( ,turp5t9e4--,! asphaltum may be co>sely pulv]iz$ & put into a bottle conta9+ ! turp5t9e1 & 9 a few h\rs1 if x be occasionally %ak51 x w be dissolv$ & ready = use4 ,x %\ld be ( ab\t ! consi/5cy ( ?ick pa/e4 ,i use ! above1 b w n[ give two m compositions1 = any :o may wi% to adopt !m3 ,black ,japan4--,boil toge!r a gallon ( boil$ l9se$ oil1 #h ounces ( amb]1 & #c ounces ( asphaltum4 ,:5 suffici5tly cool1 ?9 x ) oil ( turp5t9e4 ,brunswick ,black4--,melt #d lbs4 ( asphaltum1 add #b lbs4 ( hot boil$ l9se$ oil1 & :5 suffici5tly cool1 add a gallon ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,! foll[+ is f ,humphrey's ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 viii1 numb] #af4 ,black ,v>ni%4--,i g5]ally pur*ase ?is f ! deal]2 b ,i h made an article :i* answ]$ ! purpose well1 by dissolv+ pulv]iz$ asphaltum 9 spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,any ( ! black v>ni%es c be improv$ by ! addition ( a little bees'-wax to x4 ,x is less liable to crack & gives an improv$ gloss4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt]1 x has be5 ?\ght advisable to rem>k1 t "o ( ! mo/ important dep>tm5ts ( ,photography is ! practice ( its *emi/ry4 ,_m ( ! annoy+ failures exp]i5c$ by ^? :o are j engag+ 9 ! practice ( ! art1 arise f ! want ( good & pure *emical ag5ts1 & ! mo/ c]ta9 way to avoid ?is1 is to pur*ase !m only f p]sons :o ?or\ghly und]/& bo? _! nature & mode ( application4 ,z _m :o may read ?is "w might wi% to "k ! prices ( ! v>i\s articles employ$ 9 ! practice ( ! processes giv51 !y c be in=m$ by address+ ! au?or1 :o w furni% !m ) a pr9t$ ,price ,li/4 ,,practical ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,positive ,,or ,,ambrotype ,,process4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,lewis',s ,,pat5t ,,vices ,,= ,,hold+ ,,! ,,glass--,,clean+ ,,& ,,dry+ ,,! ,,glass--,,coat+--,,exposure ,,9 ,,! ,,cam]a--,,develop+--,,fix+ ,,or ,,bright5+--,,back+ ,,up1 ,c4 ,manipulations4 ,sid5ote3 ,,manipulations4 ,"u ! head ( manipulations ,i give ! me?od ,i employ1 & avoid confusion by omitt+ all comm5ts ^u ! ?\s& sugge/ions ( o!rs4 ,! glass is to h its %>p edges & corn]s remov$1 by draw+ a file once or twice ov] x4 ,! article us$ = hold+ ! glass is call$ a vice4 ,?is vice is firmly secur$ to a b5*4 ,s9ce ! =ego+ pages h be5 9 type !re has be5 introduc$ into m>ket a new pat5t vice1 adopt$ bo? = glass & plate blocks4 ,i f9d x1 al?\gh a little m exp5sive1 an article bett] suit$ to ! wants ( ! op]ator or amateur4 ,x is call$ ,lewis's ,pat5t ,glass ,vice4 ,clasp ! glass firmly 9 ! vice1 & p\r or spurt ^u x a little alcohol & rott5 /one1 previ\sly =m$ into a pa/e1 & !n1 ) a piece ( cotton flannel1 ! same z us$ 9 ! dagu]reotype1 rub ! glass until x is p]fectly cleans$ f all =eign sub/ances1 :i* w soon be kn[n by exp]i5ce4 ,! rott5 /one pa/e %\ld n be all[$ to dry :ile rubb+1 z x is m liable to scrat* ! glass4 ,i use ano!r small bottle conta9+ cle> alcohol1 :i* ,i spurt ^u ! glass1 to obviate ! dry+4 ,:5 ! glass has be5 suffici5tly clean$1 x %\ld1 :ile wet1 be put 9 a vessel ( wat] = future r9s+4 ,clean1 z be=e1 z _m plates ( glass z may be requir$1 & :5 en\gh are ready1 r9se !m (f 9 ! wat]1 & !n 9 a quantity ( clean wat]1 or a runn+ curr5t1 give !m a second ?or\gh r9s+1 & set !m aside to dra94 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( do+ ?is1 is to drive two nails horizontally into ! wall or p>tition1 a suffici5t di/ance ap>t 7say ab\t #b-a_/b in*es7 = ! glass to re/ on3 ! upp] corn] ( ! glass %\ld be plac$ aga9/ ! wall1 & ! extreme l[] diagonal corn] left hang+ betwe5 ! nails--:i* w probably be f\nd ! be/ position = dra9+ yet sugge/$4 ,aft] dry+1 !y may be put into a box = safe & clean keep+4 ,p>ticul> caution is necess>y to avoid h&l+ ! glass dur+ ! op]ation4 ,i nev] take ! glass betwe5 my f+]s1 s t !y come 9 contact ) bo? sides ( x1 except at "o p>ticul> corn]1 z at ,figs4 ,a & ,b4 ,a quantity ( glass prep>$ z above1 may be kept on h& = use two or ?ree days1 & :5 want$ !y %\ld be aga9 put into ! vice,c & clean$1 fir/ ) cotton flannel wet ) alcohol1 & !n ) dry flannel2 & !n1 at a temp]ature slightly above t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 except 9 cases :]e ! !rmomet] /&s above #gj1 x is ready = ! bru%1,d :i* %\ld be c>efully appli$ to ea* surface1 to free x f all p>ticles ( du/1 & !n x is ready = ! film ( collodion4 ,footnote ,c3 ,! vice %\ld be ?or\ghly cleans$1 & no p>ticles ( rott5 /one1 or o!r matt]1 be all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! glass1 z x might adh]e to ! edges & wa% (f into ! silv]+ ba?1 & ultimately cause specks4 ,always rememb] t cleanl9ess is an indisp5sable requisite 9 ord] to produce a good picture4 ,footnote ,d3 ,"o ( ! mo/ desirable articles ,i h f\nd = ?is purpose is ! wide 7#c in*7 flat camel's-hair bru% (t5 call$ a bl5d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,a4 ,fig4 ,b4 ,! glass is held betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h& by ! corn] #a1 ,fig4 ,a41 #c & #d t[>ds & ne>e/ ! body1 & z ne>ly level z possible4 ,i f9d ?is ! be/ position to hold ! glass2 z1 9 ! case ( ! l>g] ones1 !y c be re/$ on ! end ( ! little f+]1 :i* %\ld be plac$ z ne> ! edge z possible4 ,!n1 f ! collodion vial1 p\r on ! collodion1 comm5c+ a little beyond ! c5tre & t[>ds #a1 cont9u+ p\r+ 9 ! same place until ! collodion ne>ly rea*es ! ?umb--! glass slightly incl9$ t way2 !n let ! glass incl9e t[>ds #d1 & cont9ue to p\r t[>ds #b4 ,z soon z en\gh has be5 put on to lib]ally fl[ ! glass1 rapidly & /eadily raise corn] #a1 & hold x directly ov] #c1 :]e ! excess w fl[ oil into ! m\? ( ! vial1 :i* %\ld be plac$ !re to receive x4 ,9 case ( a speck ( du/ fall+ at ! "t ( coat+1 x c (t5 be prev5t$ f injur+ ! surface by *ang+ ! direction ( ! fl[+ collodion1 s z to /op x 9 "s place :]e x w n be se5 :5 ! picture is f9i%$4 ,n[1 ) ! ?umb & f+] ( ! "r h&1 ,i wipe (f any drops or l9es ( collodion t may be f\nd ^u ! out] edge or side ( ! glass1 be+ c>eful n to di/urb t connect$ ) ! face4 ,:5 ! coat+ has become suffici5tly dry1 s t :5 ,i put my f+] aga9/ x1 x does n break ! film1 b only leaves a pr9t1 ,i put x into ! silv]+ ba? see ,fig4 p4 #cd4 ,i g5]ally try corn]s #b & #c4 ,! "t1 f ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( p\r+ on collodion to its be+ put into ! ba?1 %\ld n exce$ ab\t half a m9ute1 at a temp]ature ( #fj4 ,! f+] te/ is ! be/ ,i h f\nd4 ,! glass is to be re/$ on a dipp] see ,fig4 p4 #cd1 & plac$ /eadily & firmly into ! nitrate ( silv] ba?--?is 9 a d>k room4 ,x %\ld n be all[$ to re/ = an in/ant z x is ent]+ ! solution1 or x w\ld cause a l9e4 ,! "t = ! glass to rema9 9 ! ba? dep5ds ^u ! age & am\nt ( silv] ! ba? conta9s2 = a new solution1 f two to ?ree m9utes w be suffici5t to give ! prop] action4 ,if x be old1 ?ree to five m9utes w be bett]4 ,:5 x is prop]ly coat$1 x c be rais$ up & tak5 by ! corn]1 & all[$ to dra9 = a few seconds1 & !n %\ld be plac$ 9 ! tablet1 & is ready = ! cam]a4 ,! "t ( exposure w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( light pres5t4 ,if ! ba? is newly mix$1 & ! collodion rec5tly iodiz$1 x %\ld produce a suffici5tly /rong impression by an exposure ( ab\t "o-?ird ( ! "t requir$ = a dagu]reotype4 ,if ! collodion has be5 iodiz$ "s "t1 & ! ba? is old1 ab\t "o-half ( ! "t necess>y to produce a dagu]reian image w be requir$4 ,! plate %\ld 9 no case be all[$ to become dry f ! "t x is tak5 f ! ba? up to ! "t ( p\r+ on ! develop]4 ,at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj1 ,i h _h ! glass out ( ! ba? t5 m9utes )\t dry+4 ,aft] exposure1 ! glass %\ld be tak5 aga9 into ! d>k room1 & remov$ f ! tablet & held ov] a s9k1 pail1 or bas9 & ! develop+ solution p\r$ on x z foll[s3 hold ! glass betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] ( ! left h&1 by ! opposite end corn] f t 9 coat+ ) collodion1 i4 e41 #b1 & let #c & #d be f y4 ,sid5ote3 ,,manipulations ,,( ,,! ,,positive ,,process4 ,comm5ce p\r+ on ! develop+ solution at ! end by ! ?umb1 & let x fl[ quickly & ev5ly ov] ! entire surface1 ! fir/ flood+ wa%+ (f any excess ( nitrate ( silv] !re may be ab\t ! edges or corn]s ( ! glass 7if ?is silv] is n wa%$ (f1 x fl[s ov] ! edges & on ! surface ( ! impression1 produc+ :ite wavy cl\ds ( scum71 & !n hold ! glass z ne>ly level z possible1 x hav+ ^u its surface a ?9 cov]+ ( solution 7c>e %\ld be obs]v$ n to p\r ! develop+ solution on ! plate 9 "o place1 z x w\ld remove all ! nitrate ( silv] & prev5t ! developm5t ( ! image1 leav+ only a d>k or black spot :]e x is p\r$ on74 ,put d[n ! bottle conta9+ ! develop+ solution1 & take up a qu>t pit*] previ\sly fill$ ) wat]1 & z soon z ! outl9e ( ! image c be pla9ly se5 by ! weak or subdu$ light ( an oil or fluid lamp or c&le1 p\r ! wat] ov] copi\sly & rapidly4 ,cont9ue ?is until all ! iron solution has be5 remov$4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! plate w be cov]$ ) blue scum on ! application ( ! wa%+ solution4 ,!n ! glass c be tak5 into a light room1 & ! iodide ( silv] coat+ wa%$ (f ) ! cyanide solution1 & !n r9s$ ) cle> pure wat]1 & /ood 9 a position to dra9 & dry4 ,i place a little blott+ pap] "u !m3 x aids 9 absorb+ ! wat]1 & facilitates ! op]ation4 ,place ! face ( ! glass aga9/ ! wall1 9 ord] to prev5t du/ f fall+ ^u x4 ,i h (t5 dri$ ! coat+ by hold+ or /&+ ! glass adjac5t to a /ove4 ,a /eady heat is advisable1 z x leaves ! surface 9 a m p]fect /ate1 & free f any scum4 ,aft] ! coat+ is p]fectly dry1 x is ready = ! pres]v+ process4 ,x %\ld be w>m$ ev5ly1 & :5 ab\t milk w>m1 ,humphrey's ,collodion ,gild+ is p\r$ on ! image 9 precisely ! same mann] z ! collodion4 ,9 a few seconds ! coat+ sets1 & aft] ?ree-qu>t]s ( a m9ute1 if x has n become dry1 ! blaze ( a _s lamp may be appli$ to ! back & x w imm$iately become p]fectly transp>5t1 & ne>ly z h>d z ! glass itself3 ! effect is fully equal1 if n sup]ior1 to t ( *loride ( gold 9 gild+ ! dagu]reotype image4 ,! surface becomes brilliant & p]man5t4 ,! back ( ! glass c n[ be wip$ & clean$ ) pap] or clo?1 & g5tly w>m$1 & !n ) a common small bru% "o coat ( black v>ni% c be appli$4 ,?is bru% %\ld be drawn f side to side across ! glass1 & on ! side opposite to t :i* has receiv$ ! image4 ,?is is 9 ord] n to make /reaks 9 ! coat+ ( v>ni%1 b to h uni=m l9es across ! entire l5g? or bread? ( ! glass4 ,if ! v>ni% is ( ! prop] consi/5cy1 x w fl[ into a smoo?1 ev5 coat+4 ,aft] ?is fir/ coat+ is dry1 apply a second 9 ! same mann]1 only 9 an opposite direction1 s z to cross ! l9es ( ! fir/1 unit+ at "r angles2 :5 ?is la/ coat+ is v ne>ly dry1 a piece ( pap]1 glaz$ black on "o side1 & cut to ! prop] size1 c be put next ! v>ni%2 x gives x a clean f9i%1 at ! same "t t x aids t[>ds a d5se black5+4 ,i sometimes apply ! black v>ni% by fl[+1 9 ! same mann] z 9 putt+ on ! collodion4 ,?is picture is to be color$ & put up 9 ! same mann] z ! dagu]reotype image1 ) a mat & glass4 ,! la/ glass may be disp5s$ ) by fir/ us+ ! collodion gild+1 & !n ^u its surface apply ! black v>ni%1 z be=e4 ,9 ?is case ! image is se5 ?r\gh ! same glass x is on1 & )\t be+ rev]s$3 9 ?is case ! mat goes on ! outside ( ! glass4 ,:5 ! image is se5 ?r\gh ! glass ^u :i* x is tak51 x _c be color$ ) v great success1 z x _c be se5 ?r\gh ! r$uc$ silv] =m+ x4 ,?is =ms a m or less opaque surface2 b 9 po9t ( economy ! s+le glass is pref]able4 ,yet ,i w\ld n recomm5d su* economy1 = ,i consid] t a good impression ought to be well put up1 & ! welf>e ( ! art fully sub/antiates t consid]ation4 ,_m ways h be5 devis$ = putt+ up pictures ,i h produc$ pleas+ effects ^u color$ glasses3 = in/ance1 a picture on a light purple glass has a v pleas+ effect2 also 9 "s o!r colors4 ,i h also us$ pat5t lea!r = back+ ! image4 ,i h produc$ curi\s & int]e/+ results by plac+ a piece ( :ite pap]1 or color+ :ite ! back ( ! :ites ( ! image1 & !n black5+ ov] or ar\nd ?is4 ,by ?is means ! :ites are pres]v$ v cle>4 ,positives = ,p9s1 ,lockets1 etc4--,i employ mica = float+ ! collodion on1 z x c be z easily cut & fitt$ z ! metallic plate 9 ! dagu]reotype2 & positives tak5 ^u f9e1 cle>1 transp>5t mica1 are fully equal to ^? tak5 ^u glass1 & yet !y are ambrotypes4 ,mica is an article famili> to e "o1 z be+ us$ 9 /oves1 grat+s1 etc4 ,! me?od ( us+ x1 is to take ! impression on a ?ick piece1 & !n split x (f1 :i* c readily be done 9 ! mo/ p]fect1 ?91 transp>5t plates2 x is equally z ?9 z tissue pap]1 & c be cut z easily4 ,! ?ickness ( ! piece ^u :i* ! impression is tak5 is ( no mom5t1 s9ce x c be r$uc$ at pleasure & is m easily h&l$ :ile ?ick4 ,obs]vations on ! ,positive ,collodion ,process4 ,fogg+4--,!re are num]\s causes :i* w produce fogg+3 ! pr9cipal ones w be m5tion$4 ,"o is ! admission ( light ^u ! collodion4 ,?is maybe f a want ( clos5ess ( ! d>k room1 ! tablet1,e ! cam]a1 or by accid5tal exposure4 ,! me?od to locate ! p>ticul> cause is to1 fir/1 :5 ! glass is tak5 f ! nitrate ba?1 let x /& = suffici5t "t to dra91 !n p\r on ! develop]1 & if ! coat+ assumes a mi/9ess1 or light-grey color1 ! fault is 9 ! d>k room2 aga91 if ! plate1 aft] x has be5 treat$ ) ! develop] & fix$1 is cle>1 !n also ! fault is !re4 ,n[ try ! tablet 9 ! same mann]1 & if n !re1 try ! cam]a1 & ! prop] location w be f\nd4 ,footnote ,e3 ,s9ce ! =ego+ pages h be5 9 type an entirely new feature 9 ! l9e ( app>atus has be5 introduc$2 ?is is ,w4 ,w4 ,h4 ,lewis's ,pat5t ,plate-hold] ) solid glass corn]s4 ,^! ,hold]s h e requisite = exclud+ ! light f ! s5sitive surface2 !y are accompani$ ) a %ut (f1 s t :5 ! slide is drawn no light c rea* ! glass4 ,?is1 9 connection ) ! unequall$ advantage ( ! solid corn]s1 makes !m ! mo/ desirable article = ! ,op]ator4 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal1 9 ref]r+ to ^! ,hold]s1 says3-- ,we are always glad to note e /ep :i* our me*anics make t[>ds improvem5t on ! app>atus us$ by our practical photographic op]ators1 & make ! pres5t ann\ncem5t ( "o :i* has only to be kn[n to be readily und]/ood1 & to be se5 to be appreciat$4 ,a pat5t has rec5tly be5 grant$ = mak+ solid glass corn]s1 :i* are to be atta*$ to plate-hold]s1 & =m ! mo/ p]fect article t has ev] be5 introduc$4 ,h]et(ore ! op]ator has _h ! corn]s ( 8 plate-hold]s made ) sep>ate pieces ( glass1 cut s z to fit ! corn]s ( 8 frames2 ^! are only glu$ or groov$ 91 & are con/antly com+ ap>t1 fall+ out1 & annoy+ 9 _m ways2 = our "p1 we nev] h consid]$ !m z fit = use 9 any mann]4 ,we look ^u ! pres5t improvem5t z de/9$ to entirely sup]s$e all ! me?ods h]et(ore introduc$4 ,9 ?is case ! collodioniz$ or album5iz$ plate c come 9 contact ) no o!r sub/ance ?an a s+le piece ( glass1 & consequ5tly !re is f> less liability ( accid5t f ei!r ! /a9+ ( ! plate or break+ ( ! hold]4 ,! rapid favor ?is improvem5t has ga9$ already %[s its great advantage ov] all o!r me?ods h]et(ore employ$4 ,decomposition by exposure to light or by long keep+1 ev5 9 ! d>k4 ,! au?or conceives t x is possible = organic matt] alone to produce1 aft] a "t1 a p>tial decomposition ( solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 suffici5t to prev5t x f be+ employ$ *emically neutral1 b probably n mu* int]f]+ ) its prop]ties 9 o!r respects4 ,use ( ra9 wat] or ( wat] conta9+ c>bonate ( silv] be+ p]fectly neutral & f nitric acid4 ,?is difficulty is n a !oretical "o only1 b has actually be5 exp]i5c$4 ,ra9 wat] usually conta9s ammonia1 & has a fa9t alkal9e reaction4 ,pump wat] (t5 ab\nds ) c>bonate ( lime1 mu* ( :i*1 b n ! :ole1 is deposit$ on boil+4 ,to remove ! alkal9e condition1 add acetic acid1 "o drop to half a p9t ( ! solution4 ,p>tial decomposition ( ! ba?1 by contact ) metallic iron1 ) hyposulphite ( soda1 or ) any develop+ ag5t1 ev5 9 small quantity4 ,also by ! use ( accel]ators1 :i* injure ! ba? by degrees1 & ev5tually prev5t its employm5t 9 an accurately neutral /ate4 ,vapor ( ammonia1 or hydrosulphate ( ammonia1 escap+ into ! develop+ room4 ,spots4--,"o pr9cipal cause ( spots is du/4 ,! op]at+ room %\ld be kept z free f ?is z possible1 & in/ead ( its be+ du/$1 x %\ld be wip$ ) a damp clo?4 ,specks or flakes ( iodide ( silv] are (t5 f\nd 9 ! nitrate ba?4 ,^! sometimes occur by an ev]-iodiz$ collodion1 & sometimes by collodion fall+ (f :ile be+ silv]$4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! nitrate ( silv] solution %\ld be filt]$4 ,a new sponge or a tuft ( cotton is a good article to filt] nitrate ( silv] solution ?r\gh4 ,a small p>ticle ( light f9d+ its way ^u ! plate1 w produce a spot4 ,ano!r & v frequ5t cause is1 putt+ ! slide ( ! tablet d[n rapidly1 caus+ x to spatt] ^u ! plate ! solution :i* has dra9$ (f f x4 ,?is pap] w be opaque :5 view$ by reflect$ light1 & d>k :5 view$ by transmitt$ light4 ,occasionally a sort ( transp>5t spot w appe>3 ?is may be trac$ to a want ( s5sibility ( ! iodide ( silv]4 ,l>ge transp>5t spots frequ5tly appe> by ! op]ator's p\r+ ! develop+ solution ^u "o place1 & wa%+ (f ! small quantity ( nitrate ( silv] necess>y to develope ! image4 ,?is w be easily detect$1 & c be obviat$ by flood+ ! mo/ ( ! surface ( ! glass ) a /eady /ream ( ! develop]4 ,/a9s & ,l9es4--,if ! glass be all[$ to re/ = an in/ant ) "o portion ( its surface 9 ! silv]+ solution & ! o!r out ( x1 x w\ld cause a /reak across2 h5ce ! necessity ( totally imm]s+ x ) "o firm1 /eady motion remov+ ! glass be=e x has be5 ?or\ghly wett$1 & ! e!r & alcohol all[$ a uni=m action ov] ! entire surface4 ,a plate %\ld n be di/urb$ 9 ! ba? until x has be5 9 a full m9ute at lea/4 ,irregul> ,l9es are (t5 caus$ by us+ ! develop+ solution too /rong1 or by n p\r+ x ev5ly ov] ! plate at once4 ,%\ld x be all[$ to re/ 9 its progress1 if b = an in/ant1 x w leave its l9e4 ,sometimes spangles ( metallic silv] appe>3 ^! are caus$ by ! pres5ce ( too mu* nitric acid 9 ! develop] = ! proportion ( iodide 9 ! film & ! /r5g? ( ! ba?4 ,!re are o!r phases connect$ ) ! practice ( ! positive process1 :i* x w\ld be almo/ impossible to commit to pap]1 & _c be s expla9$ z to be p]fectly compreh5d$ by ! new exp]im5t]4 ,x is absolutely necess>y = all to obs]ve e little po9t notic$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & at ! same "t ex]cise "s good judgm5t1 & no "o ne$ hesitate ?r\gh fe> ( n be+ successful4 ,,practical ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,negative ,,process4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,negative ,,process--,,soluble ,,cotton--,,pla9 ,,collodion--,,develop+ ,,solution--,,re-,,develop+ ,,solution--,,fix+ ,,! ,,image--,,f9i%+ ,,! ,,image--,,nitrate ,,( ,,silv] ,,ba?4 ,negative ,process4 ,! manipulations & *emicals employ$ 9 ! production ( ! negative collodion pictures are v simil> to ^? already giv5 = op]at+ by ! positive process2 frequ5t ref]5ce w !re=e necess>ily be made to portions ( t process1 z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 & only su* p>ts w be giv5 "h1 z d n correspond ) ! =ego+4 ,x is ?\ght advisable to omit 9 ?is *apt] e ref]5ce t does n h a desir$ t5d5cy to aid ! op]ator 9 ! pla9 /raight=w>d ord] ( manipulation4 ,! negative process is fa/ becom+ popul> & ne$s ! att5tion ( all :o desire to keep pace ) ! exp]im5ts 9 ! art4 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w x has be5 my pleasure to see _m f9e photographic specim5s produc$ by ! foll[+ process1 & no "o ne$ fail1 if he w c>efully adh]e to ! details giv54 ,!re p]haps may be circum/ances mak+ x advisable = "s to h b "o nitrate ( silv] solution = bo? positive & negative collodion pictures3 = su*1 a process w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages1 :i* has rec5tly appe>$ 9 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal1 & is call$1 aft] its au?or1 ! ,helio ,process1 ?is is well adapt$ = mo/ purposes4 ,soluble ,cotton4 ,! me?od = prep>+ ?is has be5 giv5 9 page #da4 ,x is prep>$ 9 ! same mann] = bo? positives & negatives4 ,pla9 ,collodion4 ,! prep>ation ( pla9 collodion employ$ is ! same z t describ$ at page #ec4 ,develop+ ,solution = ,negatives4 ,ra9 or di/ill$ wat] #f ounces4 ,protosulphate ( iron #cjj gra9s4 ,acetic acid #b ounces4 ,a little alcohol may be add$ to make x fl[ m ev5ly ov] ! plate--say #a oz4 ,?is solution c be kept 9 a p9t bottle1 & %\ld h a funnel devot$ solely to ! purpose ( filt]+ x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t di%es = receiv+ ?is solution1 :5 p\r$ ov] ! plate1 is a b[l ) a lip to x1 z x c be readily p\r$ back into ! funnel4 ,! mode ( employ+ ?is develop] is ! same z t = positives1 describ$ at page #acc4 ,x may be us$ an indef9ite numb] ( times1 b %\ld be kept clean2 x soon assumes a r$ color4 ,re-develop+ ,solution4 ,?is solution is = ! purpose ( giv+ increas$ int5sity to ! negative1 b z its use 9 ! h&s ( beg9n]s is att5d$ ) "s difficulty1 ,i w\ld n recomm5d ! op]ator to try x until he has _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! develop+ process1 or he w und\bt$ly spoil 8 pro(s4 ,its use requires promptness ( action & quick obs]vation4 ,! foll[+ is ! =mula = its prep>ation3 ,wat] #d ounces4 ,protosulphite ( iron #djj gra9s4 ,put ?is into a bottle1 & :5 ! cry/als are dissolv$1 x is ready = use4 ,x %\ld be kept filt]$1 & c be us$ only once4 ,n[ 9 ano!r bottle put ,wat] #d ounces4 ,nitrate ( silv] #dh gra9s4 ,rem>ks4--,! impression is to be well wa%$ aft] ! develop+ solution has be5 p\r$ (f1 & !n ! re-develop+ solution 7t portion conta9+ ! protosulphate ( iron7 c be p\r$ on--! plate be+ held p]fectly level3 ! surface is completely cov]$2 ! wat] conta9+ ! nitrate ( silv] %\ld !n be p\r$ rapidly on1 to mix ) ! iron1 :5 ! surface ( ! impression w in/antly comm5ce to black52 & if ! action be all[$ to cont9ue = a l5g!n$ p]iod1 say "o m9ute1 ! impression w be ru9$4 ,x is a matt] wor?y ( notice1 t !re is no p]ceptible action :5 ! iron solution is p\r$ ov] ! glass2 b ! action is v en]getic ! in/ant ! nitrate ( silv] solution comes 9 contact ) ! iron salt & ! silv]4 ,z soon z any *ange c be obs]v$1 aft] ! re-develop] has be5 p\r$ ov] ! plate1 x %\ld be quickly & copi\sly wa%$ (f ) clean wat]1 & !n x is ready = ! fix+ process4 ,i w\ld dissuade novices 9 ! art f practis+ ) ! re-develop+ solution1 until !y h fir/ ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! entire process ( tak+ negatives4 ,! develop+ solution is ! only "o us$ by op]ators g5]ally1 & w1 ) prop] c>e1 produce satisfactory results4 ,fix+ ! ,image4 ,wat] #h ounces4 ,hyposulphite ( soda #d ounces4 ,rem>ks4--,?is is ne>ly a saturat$ solution4 ,! glass c be put 9 a di% & ! solution p\r$ ov]1 or held 9 ! h&1 9 ! same way z ! plate 9 ! dagu]reotype process4 ,x c readily be se5 :5 a suffici5t action has be5 atta9$1 z ! unalt]$ bromo-iodide ( silv] w be dissolv$1 leav+ only ! r$uc$ surface hold+ ! image4 ,?is action %\ld n be cont9u$ too long1 z x affects ! int5sity ( ! picture1 injur+ x = pr9t+4 ,! glass %\ld be well wa%$ by p\r+ ov] x clean wat]1 & !n x c be /ood away to dry1 9 a ne>ly p]p5dicul> position1 on clean blott+ pap]1 or o!rwise1 z is mo/ conv5i5t2 :5 ?or\ghly dry1 x is ready = ! f9i%+4 ,f9i%+ ! ,image4 ,?is is done ) ! same mat]ial1 & 9 ! same mann]1 z t giv5 = positives--page #acd4 ,rem>ks4--,! glass negatives1 :5 n want$ = use1 %\ld be c>efully put aside 9 a box1 & kept free f du/ & dampness3 by s do+1 x is believ$ t !y w rema9 good = any l5g? ( "t4 ,nitrate ( ,silv] ,ba?4 ,?is solution diff]s only f ! positive ba?1 by omitt+ ! nitric acid3 9 all o!r respects x is precisely ! same1 & is prep>$ by ! same =mula1 z giv5 at page #fd4 ,?is is call$ ! neutral ba?1 & is be/ adapt$ to ! negative process4 ,! nitrate ( silv] employ$ 9 its prep>ation %\ld be p]fectly free f excess ( nitric acid1 o!rwise ! :ole solution w be slightly acid4 ,if x %\ld n be conv5i5t to obta9 nitrate ( silv] )\t ?is objection1 ! acid may be neutraliz$ by putt+ into ! solution a small quantity ( common wa%+ soda-- say #a gra9 to ea* #ajj gra9s ( nitrate ( silv]--previ\sly dissolv$ 9 ab\t half an ounce ( wat]4 ,?is may be put 9 at ! same "t t ! iodide ( potassium is1 & x w\ld save "o filtration4 ,9 tw5ty samples ( nitrate ( silv] t ,i h tri$ ! above quantity ( soda has be5 f\nd suffici5t2 if1 h[ev]1 ! :ite precipitate fir/ =m$ is re-dissolv$ on %ak+ ! mixture1 free nitric acid is pres5t1 & m ( ! soda may be add$4 ,?is ba? w improve by age1 & be less liable to fog aft] hav+ be5 9 con/ant use = "o or two weeks4 ,op]ators :o h ! means1 & design foll[+ ! art pr(essionally1 w f9d x to _! advantage to make f two to ?ree times ! quantity ( solution !y require = imm$iate use3 by ?is means !y w be enabl$ to repl5i% _! /ock1 :i* may be us$ up or o!rwise lo/4 ,,practical ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,process4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,pr9t+ ,,process--,,salt+ ,,pap]--,,silv]+ ,,pap]--,,pr9t+ ,,! ,,positive--,,fix+ ,,& ,,color+ ,,ba?--,,m\nt+ ,,! ,,positive4 ,! ,pr9t+ ,process4 ,sid5ote3 ,,manipulations ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,process4 ,!re is probably no dep>tm5t ( ! photographic art :]e c be f\nd an equal am\nt ( v>iety1 z reg>ds *emicals1 manipulations1 etc4 ,! c\rse adopt$ 9 ! comm5cem5t1 ( giv+ only "o process = ! op]ator to "w by--& t a good "o--w be /rictly adh]$ to 9 ?is place4 ,i h produc$ z good positives on pap] by ! foll[+ plan1 z ,i h ev] se54 ,%\ld ! read] wi% m ext5sive acqua9tance ) ! pr9t+ processes1 he is ref]r$ to ,humphrey's ,j\rnal4 ,salt+ ,pap]4 ,wat] #a qu>t4 ,muriate ( ammonia #fe gra9s4 ,! wat] is put into a flat1 gutta-p]*a1 glass1 or e>!n di%1 & ! muriate ( ammonia is put into x1 & /irr$ until x is dissolv$ & is well mix$ ) ! wat]2 !n proce$ z foll[s3 we w suppose we h a gutta-p]*a di% suffici5tly l>ge to take 9 a %eet ( pap] #h by #aj in*es1 & ab\t #a-a_/b or #b in*es deep3 take hold ( two corn]s ( ! pap] ) ! ?umb & f+] ( ea* h&1 & !n draw ! pap] ?r\gh ! solution1 by pass+ x f "o end ( ! di% to ! o!r1 s t x w be wett$ on bo? sides2 !n turn+ x ov] 9 ! same mann]1 draw x back1 s t its surface w be ?or\ghly moi/5$1 b x is n necess>y to saturate ! pap]4 ,n[ ! pap] is ready = dry+1 :i* may be done by hang+ x on ! edge ( a %elf by means ( little tack nails put ?r\gh x at ! same corn]s by :i* x 0 held 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! salt+ solution4 ,9 ord] to prev5t /reaks1 f =m+ ^u ! pap]1 x is bett] to hang x 9 su* a mann] t x _c t\* ! %elf1 except at ! corn]s3 say ! %eet is eight in*es wide1 & ! tacks 7:i* are put ?r\gh ! corn]s7 to be only five or six in*es ap>t1 ?is w give ! prop] b5d outw>ds1 prev5t+ its contact ) ! %elf4 ,?is entire op]ation c be p]=m$ 9 daylight1 or o!rwise z suits ! conv5i5ce ( ! op]ator4 ,?is pap]1 :5 dry1 %\ld be laid betwe5 ! folds ( blott+ pap] 7filt]+ pap] w answ]71 & may be kept = any l5g? ( "t1 & is ready = ! silv]+ process4 ,silv]+ ,pap]4 ,9 silv]+ pap]1 ,i employ ! ammonio-nitrate1 :i* is prep>$ z foll[s3-- ,wat] #b-a_/d ounces4 ,nitrate ( silv] #ge gra9s4 ,dissolve 79 a #d-ounce vial7 ! nitrate ( silv] 9 ! wat]1 & !n p\r "o-f\r? ( ! solution into an ounce graduate or any conv5i5t vessel3 ?is keep = f>!r use 9 prev5t+ ! pres5ce ( an excess ( ammonia4 ,n[1 into ! bottle conta9+ ! ?ree-f\r?s put ab\t #d drops ( aqua-ammonia2 %ake well & a br[n precipitate w be giv54 ,cont9ue add+ ! ammonia1 drop by drop1 & %ake aft] ea* addition1 until ! br[n precipitate is re-dissolv$ & ! solution is cle>2 !n p\r back into ! bottle ! "o-f\r? tak5 out at fir/3 ?is w leave ! solution slightly turbid1 & :5 s1 !re is no excess ( ammonia :i* w\ld be objectionable4 ,x may n[ be filt]$ ?r\gh filt]+ pap]1 & x 7! cle> liquid7 is ready = use4 ,?is %\ld be kept 9 ! d>k1 z x decomposes rapidly :5 expos$ to light4 ,! me?od ( silv]+ ! pap] ) ammonio-nitrate ( silv]1 is z foll[s3 take a tuft ( clean cotton1 roll x into a ball-%ape1 !n wet x by hold+ x aga9/ ! m\? ( ! bottle conta9+ ! ammonio-nitrate1 & :5 well wet1 apply x to ! pap] 7:i* %\ld be plac$ flat on a clean bo>d7 by g5tly rubb+ x ov] ! surface1 c>e be+ tak5 n to r\gh5 x4 ,if ! solution has n be5 filt]$ = "s "t1 x w\ld be advisable to p\r a little on ! c5tre ( ! pap]1 & !n di/ribute x ov] ! surface by means ( ! cotton1 :i* is held 9 ! f+]s3 by ?is la/ me?od any s$im5t :i* may be 9 ! bottom ( ! bottle is prev5t$ f gett+ ^u ! pap]1 & caus+ spots4 ,i h us$ a bru% = ! purpose ( di/ribut+ ! solution1 by :i* plan !re is less liability ( gett+ x on ! f+]s & /a9+ !m4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to cov] ! entire surface ( ! pap]1 or !re w be light /reaks1 occasion$ by ! abs5ce ( ! silv]+ solution4 ,?is want ( silv] w appe> on ! pap] 9 light p>ts1 z se5 9 ! accompany+ cut3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,aft] ! pap] has be5 p]fectly coat$1 or wa%$ ) ! silv]+ solution1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 a p]p5dicul> position to dry4 ,i usually tack ! pap] on a bo>d ( ! requisite size1 & !n /& x on "o edge until x has dra9$ & dri$4 ,z soon z dry1 x is ready = use4 ,?is pap] w n keep m ?an twelve h\rs1 !re=e ! op]ator %\ld silv] 9 ! morn+ ! quantity requir$ = ! day4 ,x is imp]atively necess>y t ! silv]$ pap] be kept 9 ! d>k4 ,x is extremely s5sitive to light1 & a v brief exposure ( ! prep>$ %eet w\ld r5d] x unfit = use4 ,pr9t+ ! ,positive4 ,! sev]al k9ds ( app>atus us$ = hold+ ! negative & ! s5sitive pap] toge!r1 h already be5 giv5 on page #cf1 ,figs4 #ca1 #cb1 #cc4 ,! pap] hav+ be5 salt$ & silv]$1 z j describ$1 %\ld be plac$ on ! pad ( ! pr9t+ frame or glasses1 ) its s5sitive surface up1 & !n ! negative plac$ directly ^u & 9 contact ) x2 !n x is to be fa/5$ toge!r1 :5 x w be ready = exposure to ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,f #aj to #dj seconds w be f\nd en\gh to give a suffici5tly int5se pr9t4 ,! pap] fir/ *anges to a slate color1 & !n to a br[n or copp] color t :5 ( a d>k slate color is ab\t ! prop] "t to take x out & imm]se 9 ! ton+ ba?4 ,fix+ & ,color+ ,ba?4 ,i h employ$ ! proportions giv5 by ,mr4 ,h>dwi* 9 8 ,photographic ,*emi/ry1 page #bji--;,humphrey's ,am]ican edition4 ,solution ( *loride ( gold1 a quantity equival5t to #d gra9s4 ,nitrate ( silv] #cj ,hyposulphite ( soda #b ounces4 ,wat] #h ,dissolve ! hyposulphite ( soda 9 f\r ounces ( ! wat]1 ! *loride ( gold 9 ?ree ounces1 ! nitrate ( silv] 9 ! rema9+ ounce2 !n p\r ! dilut$ *loride by degrees into ! hyposulphite1 /irr+ mean:ile ) a glass rod2 & aft]w>ds ! nitrate ( silv] 9 ! same way4 ,?is ord] ( mix+ ! solution is to be /rictly obs]v$2 if x 7 rev]s$1 ! hyposulphite ( soda be+ add$ to ! *loride ( gold1 ! result w\ld be ! r$uction ( metallic gold4 ,! diff]5ce dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! hyposulphite ( gold :i* is =m$ is an exce$+ly un/able sub/ance1 & _c exi/ 9 contact ) unalt]$ *loride ( gold4 ,x is necess>y t x %\ld be dissolv$ by hyposulphite ( soda imm$iately on its =mation1 & s r5d]$ m p]man5t by conv]sion into a d\ble salt ( soda & gold4 ,! "t ( coloration dep5ds mu* ^u ! quantity ( gold pres5t1 & may 9 "s cases be ext5d$ to _m h\rs4 ,! results ( a few exp]im5ts1 p]=m$ r\ghly1 appe>$ to indicate t ! activity ( ?is ba? is less affect$ by depression ( temp]ature ?an ^? prep>$ ) tetra?ionate4 ,c]ta9ly ! injuri\s effects ( prolong$ imm]sion are n s evid5t z ) ! fir/ two =mul3 ! purity ( ! :ites rema9s unalt]$ = _m h\rs if ! ba? is new1 b ) an old ba? !re is a t5d5cy to yell[ness1 :i* is probably caus$ by ! pres5ce ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,fre% *loride ( gold mu/ be add$ f "t to "t1 z x appe>s to be requir$4 ,aft] ! impression has rema9$ 9 ! ton+ ba? a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 a di% or s9k ( clean wat]1 :i* %\ld be *ang$ sev]al times--float+ = at lea/ #ab h\rs2 !n x may be tak5 out & hung up to dry4 ,t\*+4--,! color+ ( a photograph =ms no "p ( my process3 ?is is a matt] to be giv5 into ! h&s ( an arti/1 & :5 x be>s ! f9i%+ t\* ( 8 skill1 x is no long] a photograph1 b an oil or wat]color pa9t+2 all ! delicate work+s ( nature hav+ be5 lo/ or hidd5 "u ! colors4 ,a photograph may (t5 be t\*$ to advantage4 ,if1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 !re be little :ite spots on ! face ( ! pap]1 !y may be readily cov]$ by ! application ( a little ,india ink1 ) ! po9t ( a wet p5cil or f9e small bru%4 ,m\nt+ ( ,positives4 ,?is1 ?\gh a small matt] 9 itself1 is wor?y ( great att5tion4 ,! durability ( ! pro( dep5ds mu* ^u ! purity ( ! pa/e us$ 9 caus+ its adhesion to ! ,bri/ol bo>d4 ,i h employ$ ! foll[+ composition ) ! mo/ em95t success3-- ,gum arabic #b ounces ,gum tragacan? #a-a_/b ,is+lass #a-a_/b ,sug> #a_/b ,wat] #c p9ts ,^! +r$i5ts %\ld all be dissolv$1 & !n boil$ d[n to ! prop] consi/5cy1 by means ( a g5tle heat4 ,i w give ano!r composition1 :i* w s]ve a good purpose1 & keep = a long "t3-- ,wat] #h ounces4 ,"o table spoonful ( :eat fl\r ,p[d]$ alum #dj gra9s4 ,p[d]$ res9 ,br[n sug> #a ounce4 ,bi*loride ( m]cury #bj gra9s4 ,?is la/ composition may be m conv5i5t = op]ators1 & x w answ] ! purpose well4 ,x is ?\ght by "s to be ! be/ & mo/ durable pa/e yet prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,,facts ,,wor? ,,m5tion+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,facts ,,wor? ,,kn[+4 ,! ,poison\s ,effects ( cyanide ( potassium ^u sores1 may be obviat$ by imm$iately apply+ "s ( ! positive develop+ solution1 describ$ at page #fb4 ,by ?is means mu* annoyance may be avoid$ to p]sons afflict$ ) *app$ or sore h&s4 ,b5d+ ,glass ,rods or tubes c be easily done by subject+ !m to ! blaze ( a _s lamp--! same z t us$ = gild+ ! dagu]reotype4 ,fir/ hold ! rod j above ! blaze1 !n gradually all[ x to desc5d into x1 imp>t+ to ! rod a rotatory motion ) ! f+] & ?umb3 ?is w soon cause a s(t5+ ( ! glass1 :5 x may be b5t to any desir$ %ape4 ,if ! ends are to be b5t to =m hooks1 ano!r small piece ( glass1 or any w>m metal1 may be plac$ ^u ! end1 9 ! blaze ( ! lamp1 & z soon z ?or\ghly s(t5$1 x c be press$ or b5t to =m ! hook4 ,by fil+ ar\nd a glass tube or rod1 x may be easily & safely brok5 at ! desir$ po9t1 by giv+ x a sudd5 j]k betwe5 bo? h&s1 hold+ x close to ! encircl$ "p4 ,cem5t+ ,glass may be readily accompli%$ by plac+ ! two ends toge!r 9 ! blaze ( ! lamp1 & hold+ !m !re until !y atta9 a suffici5t degree ( heat to slightly fuse3 :5 cool1 ! ends w be f\nd p]fectly unit$4 ,! ,backgr\nd be/ adapt$ to positives is unblea*$ musl91 su*1 z is sold = %eet+1 & c be f\nd 9 almo/ any dry goods' /ore3 x %\ld be f two to ?ree y>ds wide4 ,a cl\d$ appe>ance is giv5 to ! backgr\nd by m]ely m>k+ x ) *>coal1 =m+ /reaks or waves resembl+ cl\ds4 ,^! come out black1 or d>k1 9 ! positive1 & give a v>iegat$ appe>ance4 ,! r\ghness ( ! m>k+ does n matt]1 s9ce ! backgr\nd is g5]ally a little out ( ! focus ( ! l5ses4 ,trees & o!r designs may be repres5t$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,positive ,collodion ,pictures may be :it5$ by ! use ( bi*loride ( m]cury1 ?irty gra9s to "o ounce ( wat]4 ,aft] ! picture has be5 develop$1 fix$ & wa%$1 by ! process giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages1 ! solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury may be p\r$ ov] ! surface ( ! image3 x almo/ imm$iately pres5ts a s]ies ( int]e/+ *anges 9 color4 ,! surface at fir/ black5s b = a few m9utes1 :5 x beg9s to get light]1 & gradually bright5s to a pure :ite1 incl9+ to a blue4 ,x %\ld !n be ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$1 z usual4 ,in/antane\s ,pictures may be tak5 by employ+ ! iodide ( iron 9 ! collodion4 ,! be/ me?od ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 is to h a saturat$ solution ( iodide ( iron 9 alcohol1 & drop "o or two drops into an ounce ( ! collodion 7:i* has be5 previ\sly iodiz$7 us$ 9 tak+ positives4 ,?is c be us$ at once1 z soon z mix$4 ,no m ( ?is collodion %\ld be prep>$ ?an is want$ = imm$iate use1 z x w keep good = only a few h\rs4 ,! saturat$ solution ( iodide ( iron c be kept on h& ready = use at all times4 ,!re %\ld be an excess ( ! iodide 9 ! alcohol4 ,! same accel]at+ effect is produc$ ) ! negative collodion prep>$ 9 ?is way4 ,pla9 ,collodion may be iodiz$ z soon z dissolv$3 ?is w save "t 9 settl+4 ,x is a fact t "s cotton is m readily dissolv$ :5 ! bromo-iodiz+ is pres5t3 b by ! addition ( ?is1 ,i h (t5 tak5 up consid]able quantities ( ! gummy s$im5t rema9+ 9 ! bottom ( bottles4 ,prep>$ ,glass may be pres]v$ clean & free f du/ by keep+ 9 boxes su* z ^? us$ = keep+ dagu]reotype plates4 ,by tak+ out e o!r p>tition betwe5 ! grooves1 ! glass c be readily put 94 ,collodion ,vials & ,bottles1 aft] hav+ collodion 9 !m once1 %\ld be r9s$ ) alcohol & e!r 79 ! same proportions z employ$ = dissolv+ ! cotton71 be=e us+ !m a second "t = t purpose4 ,p5uri\sness 9 ?is respect w\ld be bad policy4 ,coat+ ,l>ge ,glasses4--,a conv5i5t me?od ( do+ ?is is repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ illu/ration3 ,illu/ration ,! glass is held by "o corn]1 #b2 ! o!r corn]1 #d1 is re/$ on a table or b5*1 & ! collodion p\r$ on1 s t ! excess may be p\r$ (f at #a4 ,black ,/a9s ^u ! h&s1 caus$ by nitrate ( silv]1 may be remov$ by moi/5+ !m & rubb+ ) a lump ( cyanuret ( potassium4 ,?is salt is poison\s1 if us$ to a great ext5t ,see page #aci4 ,ano!r saf]1 b m exp5sive plan1 h[ev]1 is to take a saturat$ solution ( iodide ( potassium 9 wat]1 & !n wa% ) nitric acid dilut$ ) two p>ts wat]4 ,/a9s ^u ,:ite ,l95 c be remov$ by wa%+ ) a saturat$ solution ( iodide ( potassium conta9+ a little iod9e2 !n wa% ) wat]1 & soak 9 a saturat$ solution ( hyposulphite ( soda until ! yell[ iodide ( silv] is dissolv$4 ,! h&s %\ld always be wa%$ aft] fix+ a positive or negative picture1 be=e aga9 t\*+ a glass to be coat$1 or ! dipp]2 ?is precaution is necess>y1 le/ any ( ! iron salt1 or ! hyposulphite1 %\ld get into ! silv]+ solution & spoil x4 ,9 tak+ ,collodion ,pictures1 x is always advisable = ! sitt] to be arrang$ be=e ! glass is tak5 f ! ba?3 ?is w save "t & !re w be less liability ( ! collodion dry+4 ,a ,good ,negative may be kn[n by its possess+ ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3--,by transmitt$ light ! figure is bright1 & appe>s to /& out f ! glass2 ! d>k %ad[s are cle>1 )\t any mi/y deposit ( metallic silv]2 ! high lights black almo/ to complete opacity4 ,a ,glass ,coat$ ) ,collodion1 if kept too long be=e imm]sion 9 ! ba?1 w n be equally s5sitive ov] its surface2 ! p>ts mo/ dry be+ ! lea/ s5sitive4 ,glass ,pans1 = ,scales1 c be procur$ by e "o at trifl+ exp5se3 ,take a wat* cry/al1 & place 9 ! common metal pan2 balance ?is ) lead1 or any weight3 ?is c easily be kept clean1 & is ! mo/ advisable = weigh+ all deliquesc5t salts1 & *emicals employ$ 9 ! collodion process4 ,caution4--,p]sons engag$ 9 mak+ collodion1 & us+ e!r & alcohol1 mu/ be> 9 m9d t ^! *emicals are v inflammable2 h5ce extreme caution is necess>y to avoid expos+ !m to ! flame ( a lamp or c&le4 ,i h kn[n ( sev]al s]i\s accid5ts1 ( rec5t date1 all ( :i* 7 caus$ by ! imprud5ce ( ! exp]im5t] 9 ! p>ticul> above m5tion$4 ,wipe ! ,plate-hold] e "t be=e ! glass is put into x3 ?is w prev5t spots1 :i* might o!rwise occur f ! pres5ce ( nitrate ( silv] solution :i* dra9$ f ! plate previ\sly us$4 ,^! spots are ( an opaque yell[i% t+e1 & 9 %ape resemble ! /a9 :i* w\ld be occasion$ by a spla% ( wat]4 ,glass j> ,positives4--,a good :ite or light-gre5 glass w answ] = ! collodion coat+4 ,glass :i* conta9s air-spots c be us$1 if x be plac$ 9 su* a mann] z to let ! light ( ! image come ov] !m1 z ! spots _c be se5 ?r\gh ! opaque surface4 ,only ! be/ :ite glass %\ld be us$ = cov]+ ! picture4 ,"s op]ators use ! convex glass1 :i* is v cle>1 & answ]s ! purpose4 ,! ,nitrate ( ,silv] ,ba? %\ld be kept cov]$1 except :5 9 use4 ,if a ,glass be ,imm]s$ too soon1 /reaks & waves w be occasion$4 ,^! w be se5 at ! end ( ! plate :i* is lea/ dry3 ! coat+ is also m liable to peel (f4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! peel+ ( collodion is n always attributable to ?is cause4 ,diffus$ ,light 9 ! ,develop+ ,room4--,9 proportion z ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! plates increases1 great] c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ?or\ghly exclud+ all rays ( :ite light4 ,) opalesc5t films1 neutral1 ?is cause ( fogg+ is m common ?an any o!r4 ,tn ! case ( a portrait1 if ! features h an unnaturally black & gloomy appe>ance1 ! d>k portions ( ! drap]y1 c41 be+ invisible1 ! picture has be5 und]expos$ 9 ! cam]a4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,helio ,,process4,f ,footnote ,f3 ,x has be5 ?\ght advisable to publi% 9 ?is "w ! ,helio ,process1 & ,i d s j z x appe>$ 9 ,humphrey's ,j\rnal4--,s4 ,d4 ,h4 ,an ,entire ,process = ,produc+ ,collodion ,positives & ,negatives ) "o ,ba?1 & 9 mu* less "t ?an by any o!r kn[n ,process4--,by ,helio4--,photographic ,pat5ts4 ,bo/on1 ,oct41 #ahef4 ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey4 ,sir1--,z ,humphrey's ,j\rnal is ! only truly progressive & indep5d5t ,photographic publication 9 ,am]ica1 ,i feel x ! duty ( e "o to aid its ,editor 9 fur!r+ ! int]e/ ( ! amateur & practition] ( ! art2 &1 suit+ ! action to ! ^w1 ,i pres5t ! foll[+ ,process z be+ wor?y ( confid5ce1 & hav+1 9 my h&s1 prov$ em95tly satisfactory4 ,i am surpris$ to see t ,op]ators & m5 respectably connect$ ) ! practice ( ! ,art %\ld s f> fall b5ea? ! /ation ( true arti/s z to adv]tise to cat* ea* o!r1 or ! v]dant ones1 by (f]+ ?is or t little improvem5t all pr9t$ complete = five doll>s4 ,z an amateur1 & hav+ ! good ( ! sci5ce ,i love at he>t1 ,i n[ contribute my mite = ! b5efit ( all int]e/$2 &1 foll[+ ! glori\s example ( ,g4 ,b4 ,c4 7:o ,i hope we %all soon he> f aga917 9 y\r la/1 ,i say--,god spe$6 ,i %all endeavor to be z m9ute & concise z possible1 s z to enable any "o to adopt & successfully use my processes4 ,prep>ation ( ,soluble ,cotton4--,i put into a ,w$gewood mort>1 twelve ounces1 by weight1 ( dry & f9ely pulv]iz$ nitrate ( pota% 7,i use ,dupont's ref9$71 & add to x twelve ounces1 by measure1 ( good comm]cial sulphuric acid2 ,i mix ^! well toge!r by ! use ( a glass rod & pe/le1 s t x =ms a pa/e2 ,i !n add1 9 small quantities at a "t1 ab\t #cbe gra9s ( good co>se cotton 7?is is accord+ to y\r process71 & knead ! mass well = f ?ree to five m9utes2 & !n cov] ! mort> ) a piece ( glass1 & let x /& = tw5ty or ?irty m9utes1 by :i* "t x w h be5 suffici5tly act$ ^u4 ,!n ! cotton is to be plung$ into a quantity ( clean wat] & ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 a numb] ( *anges ( wat]1 s t :5 x is squeez$ betwe5 ! folds ( blue litmus-pap] x w n r$d5 x2 ?is indicates t ! acid has be5 wa%$ out2 ,i !n place ! cotton 9 a clean /rong t[el & wr+ out all ! wat] ,i c1 !n put x into alcohol1 !n wr+ x aga91 & adopt y\r plan ( n lett+ x become ?or\ghly dry4 ,! cotton be+ n[ ready = use1 ,i dissolve x 9 ! foll[+ mixture1 9 a bottle ( prop] size3-- ,sulphuric e!r #aj ounces4 ,alcohol1 #ie p] c5t4 #e ounces4 ,soluble cotton1 en\gh to make x ab\t z ?ick z cream4 ,! above %\ld be well %ak51 & !n all[$ to /& = "o or two days to settle4 ,?is con/itutes my ,pla9 ,collodion1 & %\ld be p\r$ (f into ano!r bottle1 leav+ ! s$im5t beh9d4 ,iodiz+4--,= ?is purpose ,i employ ! foll[+ prep>ation3-- ,a4--,iodide ( ,silv]4--,dissolve fifty gra9s ( nitrate ( silv]1 cry/als1 9 two ounces ( pure wat]1 & =ty gra9s ( iodide ( ammonium 9 two ounces ( pure wat]2 !n p\r ! two toge!r1 %ak+ ! mixture well2 let x settle1 :i* x w d 9 a few m9utes2 !n p\r (f ! wat] c>efully1 leav+ beh9d all ! yell[ iodide ( silv]2 p\r aga9 a fre% quantity ( wat] ov] ! precipitate1 & cont9ue ?is wa%+ = at lea/ six *anges ( wat]2 !n dra9 (f ! wat] z close z possible & p\r on two ounces ( alcohol1 :i*1 :5 dra9$ (f1 w leave ! p[d] suffici5tly clean = ! purpose4 ,b4--,i n[ dissolve =ty gra9s ( bromide ( ammonium & "o hundr$ gra9s ( iodide ( ammonium 9 two ounces ( #ie p] c5t1 alcohol1 & !n add ! iodide ( silv] 7prep>ation ,a71 & %ake ! :ole well toge!r1 giv+ a saturat$ solution4 ,?is is to be filt]$ ?r\gh cotton or pap]1 :5 x w be ready = use4 ,c4--,to sixte5 ounces ( ,pla9 ,collodion add f eight to twelve drops ( t9cture ( iod9e 7#ej gra9s ( dry iod9e dissolv$ 9 half an oz4 ( alcohol7 & #ad gra9s or drops ( fluoride ( ammonium2 %ake ! mixture well2 !n add all ( ! solution ,b2 %ake x aga9 & ?or\ghly2 aft] ?is has /ood = tw5ty-f\r h\rs x c be us$1 b w be f\nd bett] aft] x has be5 prep>$ "o week4 ,nitrate ( ,silv] ,solution4 ,pure ra9 or di/ill$ wat] #fd ounces4 ,nitrate ( silv] 79 cry/als7 #d-a_/d ounces4 ,clean pure :ite sug> #ge gra9s4 ,six gra9s ( iodide ( ammonium dissolv$ 9 half a dra*m ( alcohol4 ,! above1 ?or\ghly mix$ & all[$ to /& = a few h\rs1 %\ld be filt]$ ?r\gh a new clean sponge1 asbe/os1 or ,sw$i% filt]+ pap]1 & !n a few drops ( nitric acid1 *emically pure1 %\ld be add$1 j en\gh to r$d5 blue litmus-pap]2 !n x is ready = use1 & w improve by age4 ,develop+ ,solution4--,?is =mula has prov$ v satisfactory 9 my h&s1 & ,i hope w be equally s ) all :o give x a trial3-- ,wat] #a p9t4 ,boracic acid #c_/d ounce4 ,protosulphate ( iron #c_/d ounce4 ,pulv]iz$ nitre #a_/b ounce ,?ree drops ( oil ( c9namon dissolv$ 9 two ounces ( alcohol4 ,dissolve & filt]1 & x is ready = use4 ,x is bett] to make ?is develop] fre% e o!r day4 ,dissolv+ (f ! ,iodide ( ,silv]4--,wat]1 ab\t half a p9t2 cyanide ( potassium1 en\gh to cle> ! impression 9 ab\t ?irty seconds--say a qu>t] ( an ounce4 ,fix+ ! ,impression4--,i use ! article well kn[n to e good photograph] z ,humphrey's ,collodion ,gild+1 & x s]ves ! purpose bett] ?an any?+ t ,i ,i "k (4 ,black ,v>ni%4--,i g5]ally pur*ase ?is f ! deal]2 b ,i h made an article :i* answ]$ ! purpose well1 by dissolv+ pulv]iz$ asphaltum 9 spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,any ( ! black v>ni%es c be improv$ by ! addition ( a little bees'-wax to x4 ,x is less liable to crack & gives an improv$ gloss4 ,negative & ,pr9t+ ,processes4--,be+ myself an amateur1 & desir+ to /udy economy & conv5i5ce1 my att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! te/ ( num]\s plans = avoid+ ! necessity ( two ba?s & silv]+ solutions & ,i feel confid5t t ! amateur w f9d ! foll[+1 9 connection ) ! =ego+ ,positive ,process1 ! be/ adapt$ to 8 wants4 ,! same ba? & solution is us$ = ! negative z = ! positive process2 & ! "t ( exposure 9 ! cam]a %\ld be prolong$ a few seconds4 ,i h produc$ beautiful negatives1 9-doors1 9 f\r seconds1 &1 out-doors1 in/antane\sly4 ,! manipulation1 ba?1 & develop+ solution are precisely ! same z ^? us$ 9 ! positive process4 ,fix+ ! ,negative4--,place ! foll[+ mixture 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle3 ,pure ,wat] #f ounces4 ,aqua-ammonia1 conc5trat$ #a ounce4 ,?is solution %\ld be p\r$ on ! negative & all[$ to rema9 = ab\t tw5ty seconds4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 t ! develop+ solution 7same z = positives7 %\ld be well wa%$ (f ! glass be=e ! fix+ solution is p\r$ ov]2 aft] x has rema9$ on ! glass = ! "t giv5 7#bj seconds71 ! negative c be wa%$ ) clean wat] & dri$2 x is !n ready = pr9t+4 ,! iodide ( silv] is n1 z 9 o!r processes1 dissolv$ (f1 b rema9s on ! glass4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! negative is n suffici5tly int5se2 ?is result c be obta9$ by p\r+ ov] ! plate ! foll[+ solution1 :i* %\ld rema9 = ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a m9ute3 ,wat] #h ounces4 ,nitrate ( silv] #bh gra9s4 ,alcohol #a ounce4 ,loaf sug> #a_/c ounce ,aft] ?is solution is us$1 ,i p\r ov] ! impression ! develop+ solution1 & !n wa% well ) wat]4 ,?is re-develop+ may be repeat$ two or ?ree times1 & almo/ any desir$ int5sity obta9$4 ,pr9t+ ,process--,salt+ ! ,pap]4--,boil ! foll[+ mixture 9 an e>!n vessel until x becomes transp>5t3-- ,di/ill$ wat] #ab ounces4 ,muriate ( ammonia #bdj gra9s4 ,arr[root #aab gra9s4 ,aft] ?is has be5 suffici5tly boil$1 x %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh clean l95 or cotton clo? 7free f soap or o!r sub/ances71 &1 :5 cool1 x is ready = coat+ ! pap]1 :i* is done by dipp+ a new clean sponge into x & rubb+ x ov] "o side ( ! pap]1 giv+ x a uni=m coat+2 b z x is n desirable to h too mu* on ! pap]1 x %\ld be rubb$ ) a clean sponge until ne>ly dry2 x c !n be hung up by ! corn] until ?or\ghly dry1 :5 x c be put into a portfolio & kept = excit+ = use4 ,silv]+ ,solution4--,?is solution may be prep>$ 9 ! light1 b mu/ be us$ 9 a d>k room3-- ,di/ill$ wat] #a p9t4 ,nitrate ( silv] #c-c_/d ounces4 ,dissolve & p\r into an e>!n or gutta-p]*a di%4 ,take ! pap] 7cut to ! prop] size7 & float x on ?is solution = ab\t ?ree m9utes2 c>e mu/ be obs]v$ t !re are no air-bubbles betwe5 ! solution & ! pap]1 = ?is w\ld cause spots4 ,x n[ c be hung up to dry1 & z soon z dry x may be us$4 ,let me "h repeat1 t ?is op]ation mu/ be conduct$ 9 a d>k room4 ,fix+ & ,ton+ ,ba?4--,i f9d t a bett] effect is produc$ if ! positive be a little ov]-pr9t$ be=e be+ act$ ^u by ! foll[+ mixture3-- ,di/ill$ wat] #h ounces4 ,*loride ( sodium #bdj gra9s4 ,?is solution %\ld be put into a flat di% & ! pr9t plac$ on x1 face d[n1 = f "o & a-half to ?ree m9utes1 :5 x %\ld be tak5 (f & put into ! foll[+ solution1 & all[$ to rema9 !re f ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r to two h\rs3-- ,di/ill$ wat] #ah ounces4 ,hyposulphite ( soda #c ounces4 ,nitrate ( silv] #fj gra9s4 ,! foll[+ me?od %\ld be obs]v$ 9 prep>+ ?is la/ mixture1 viz43--dissolve ! ?ree ounces ( hyposulphite ( soda 9 sixte5 ounces ( ! wat] & ! sixty gra9s ( nitrate ( silv] 9 ! rema9+ two ounces2 !n p\r ! nitrate ( silv] solution into t conta9+ ! hyposulphite ( soda1 /irr+ ! mixture cont9ually until all is well mix$4 ,aft] ! pr9t has rema9$ 9 ! ton+ solution = ! specifi$ "t1 x %\ld be tak5 out & well wa%$ 9 sev]al *anges ( clean wat]1 & dri$ & m\nt$ 9 any ( ! usual ways4 ,) a few g5]al rem>ks ,i w close ?is1 p]haps1 too long communication4 ,x %\ld be a po9t 9 ! practice ( e "o :o desires success 9 any process1 to ma9ta9 a /rict obs]vance to cleanl9ess2 ?is is "o po9t 9 :i* mo/ p]sons fail1 & x _c be too /rongly impress$ ^u ! m9ds ( manipulators4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! =ego+ process is complete 9 itself1 & is n to be conf\nd$ ) any o!r me?od4 ,! collodion is adapt$ = ! nitrate ( silv] ba?1 & ! ba? = ! collodion2 & no "o %\ld use o!r prep>ations ( collodion & silv]+ solution1 except !y d s ) ! full expectation t x w be at ! loss ( ei!r or bo? ( ! prep>ations employ$4 ,all[ me1 ?r\gh ! columns ( y\r invaluable ,j\rnal1 to say to ^? :o may read ! =ego+ process1 t if !y f9d 7z ,i h7 my process to prove pr(itable to !m1 ,i %all consid] myself amply repaid if !y w1 ?r\gh ! same m$ium1 contribute to our /ock ( in=mation by giv+ an acc\nt ( _! exp]im5ts4 ,i feel q confid5t t "s ( ! amateurs1 ) ^: reputation ,i am already acqua9t$1 & ( ^: private works 9 photography ,am]ica has cause to feel pr\d1--c\ld furni% int]e/+1 useful & valuable in=mation ^u ?is subject4 ,su* m51 = in/ance1 z ,g4 ,b4 ,c1 ( ,md4 7:o has already made a good beg9n+71 ,g4 ,w4 ,d41 ( ! same place1 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,g41 ( ,pa4 ,fri5ds & co-labor]s1 %all we he> f y8 ,i pause = a reply6 ,i look ) int]e/ ^u e /roke ( ! p5 f y\r able correspond5t ,g4 ,m41 ( ,wa%+ton1 ^: specim5s ( photographic engrav+ y rec5tly _h ! k9dness to %[ me4 ,i assure y1 x did n a little a/oni% me to witness ! surpris+ tru?fulness ) :i* ! details 7 pres5t$4 ,helio4 ,,correspond5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,commission] ,,( ,,pat5ts ,,& ,,james ,a4 ,,cutt+1 ,,relative ,,to ,,8 ,,applications ,,= ,,lett]s ,,pat5t4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,april #ag1 #ahed4 ,sir3 ,y\r application = lett]s pat5t = an alleg$ improvem5t 9 mak+ photographic pictures1 hav+ be5 submitt$ to ! prop] exam9]1 is reject$4 ,z ! use ( alcohol to absorb wat] 9 ha/y desiccation is und]/ood to be commonly practical 9 mo/ *emical laboratories1 no ref]5ce is ?\ght necess>y = ! rejection ( ! fir/ claim4 ,secondly1 ! mixture ( alcohol & e!r 9 unlimit$ proportions to dissolve gun cotton = photographic purposes1 is common4 ,see ,gaud9's ,process1 ,humphrey's ,dagu]reian ,j\rnal1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bbi4 ,?irdly1 collodion ) bromide basis1 is n new4 ,see ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,collodion1 by ,gaud91 ,photographic ,art ,j\rnal1 #a/ ,s]ies1 vol4 #f1 p4 #cdh4 ,! two articles above ref]r$ to are translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 & conta9 also1 x is believ$1 suffici5t to %[ t ! subject ( ! f\r? claim has be5 anticipat$1 r5d]+ fur!r ref]5ce unnecess>y4 ,respectfully y\rs1 c41 ,s4 ,f4 ,%ug]t1 ,act+ ,commission]4 ,j4 ,a4 ,cutt+ 7c>e ( ,c4 ,g4 ,page71 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,jane #ag1 #ahed4 ,sir3 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( bromide bases ) collodion1 ,i am prep>$ to %[ t ,i _h x 9 successful use 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 #ahec2 & if ! circum/ances require legal pro( ( ! same1 x w be furni%$1 ?\gh at "s exp5se ( "t & money to me2 & z ! "q is only betwe5 ! public & myself1 ,i tru/ ! (fice w see fit to grant me a pat5t = ! same4 ,james ,a4 ,cutt+4 ,hon4 ,*as4 ,mason1 ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,april #ai1 #ahed4 ,sir3 ,9 y\r lett] ( ! #ag?1 y say t1 if necess>y1 pro( c be giv5 t y _h 9 successful use1 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 #ahec1 collodion prep>$ ) a bromide oasis4 ,on ref]r+ to ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,photographic ,society1 ( ,london1 ,no4 #f 7,june1 #ahec71 page #gj1 y w see t ,sir ,john ,h]s*el us$ bromide = ! same purpose previ\s to ! ye> #ahdj4 ,ammonia1 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 has long be5 9 use = ! prep>ation ( s5sitive collodions4 ,see ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahej1 p4 #aej1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,photographic ,society ,no4 #i1 #ahec1 p4 #aaf4 ,f4 ,m4 ,lyndes' process & compositions %[ t he has us$ iod9e1 bromide1 & *loride ( ammonium2 & ,c\nt de ,montegon1 9 ! same j\rnal1 ,no4 #b1 ,april1 #ahec2 page #bd1 = 8 fif? composition ( collodion1 us$ liquid ammonia4 ,^! are all reg>d$ z equival5ts = y\r compositions cov]$ by ! f\r? claim2 if1 h[ev]1 !re is a diff]5ce1 y are at lib]ty to %[ 9 :at x consi/s2 & ! exam9ation is accord+ly po/pon$ to await y\r action4 ,y\rs1 c41 ,c4 ,mason1 ,commission]4 ,j4 ,a4 ,cutt+ 7c>e ( ,c4 ,g4 ,page71 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wa%+ton1 ,june #ba1 #ahed4 ,sir3 ,9 reply to y\r communications ( ! #ai? in/ant1 & ,april #ag?1 #ahed1 ,i propose to modify my claims z foll[s1 to wit3 ,aft] ! fir/ clause ( ! claim1 n9ete5? l9e1 end+ ) ! words set =?1 add z foll[s3 ,i d n claim ! use ( alcohol z a desiccat+ ag5t1 b limit my claim to its special use & purpose1 z h]e9 /at$4 ,erase ! f\r? clause ( ! claim1 comm5c+ on ! tw5ty-six? l9e1 & end+ ) ! words set =? on ! ?irtie? l9e4 ,9 reply to ! objection rais$ by ! (fice t bromide 0 us$ 9 #ahdj1 ,i h to say t ,i 0 fully aw>e ( ! employm5t ( bromide 9 v>i\s ways = photographic purposes1 & t ,i h also1 9 common ) photograph]s1 kn[n ! extreme difficulty ( us+ bromide1 & t not)/&+ ! s5sitiv5ess imp>t$ by bromide to o!r comp\nds1 x has be5 almo/ univ]sally disc>d$ by practical photograph]s4 ,! discov]y ( collodion z a vehicle = s5sitive mat]ials is ( rec5t date1 & !re seems to h be5 a backw>dness on ! "p ( photograph]s to attempt bromide bases ) collodion1 & s f>1 :atev] trials h be5 made subsequ5t to my discov]y1 x is evid5t t !y h be5 att5d$ ) ! results ( mi/y pictures4 ,to :atev] my success may be due1 ,i ma9ta9 t ,i h be5 ! fir/ to use a bromide base ) collodion--& ) t only d ,i claim x--& ! results 9 my pictures %[ ) :at success4 ,respectfully1 ,james ,a4 ,cutt+1 ,by ,att'y1 ,*as4 ,g4 ,page4 ,hon4 ,*as4 ,mason1 ,commission] ( ,pat5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,june #ba1 #ahed4 ,sir3 ,y\r specification ( an improvem5t 9 composition = produc+ photographic pictures is h]e) return$ = a slight am5dm5t1 :i* is1 to omit ! ref]5ce to specim5s :i* d n accompany ! pat5t1 & to correct an error 9 ! oa? z not$ on ! m>g94 ,y\rs1 c41 ,c4 ,mason1 ,commission]4 ,james ,a4 ,cutt+1 #adb ,hanov] /42 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 ,june #bb1 #ahed4 ,sir3 ,by read+ a pap] by ,mr4 ,w4 ,crookes 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,photographic ,society1 ,london1 ,no4 #g1 p4 #hf1 on ! employm5t ( brom9e 9 collodion1 x is believ$ y w be satisfi$ t ! date !re giv5 on :i* he us$ bromiz$ collodion is prior to y\r claim to hav+ us$ x2 he ref]s to p4 #gb1 ,no1 #f1 publi%$ 9 ,june1 #ahec1 = exp]im5ts made ) bromiz$ collodion1 :i* pap] is dat$ ,june #b;d1 #ahec4 ,mr4 ,isaac ,rehn1 ( ,philadelphia1 has te/ifi$ to hav+ se5 y make use ( a bromide base1 viz41 bromide ( potassium & collodion1 ab\t ! #a/ ( ,july1 #ahec1 or ab\t "o mon? aft] ! date ( ,mr4 ,crookes' pap] 9 ,engl&4 ,! specification is accord+ly return$1 t y may cancel ! f\r? claim1 & am5d ! pap]s to suit4 ,y\rs1 c41 ,c4 ,mason1 ,commission]4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,cutt+1 7c>e ( ,c4 ,g4 ,page71 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5t ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,camphor ,,9 ,,comb9ation ,,) ,,iodiz$ ,,collodion4 ,! s*$ule ref]r$ to 9 ! ,lett]s ,pat5t1 & mak+ "p ( ! same4 ,to :om x may conc]n3 ,be x kn[n1 t ,i1 ,james ,a4 ,cutt+1 ( ! ,city ( ,bo/on1 ,c\nty ( ,suffolk1 & ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 h inv5t$ a new & useful improvem5t 9 positive photographic pictures on glass1 & ,i d h]eby decl>e ! foll[+ to be an exact description !re(3 ,! nature ( my inv5tion consi/s 9 ! use ( gum camphor1 9 addition to ! exi/+ mat]ials 9 ! prep>ation ( collodion = positive photographic pictures on glass4 ,to enable o!rs skill$ 9 ! art to make & use my inv5tion1 ,i w proce$ to describe ! process z foll[s3 ,hav+ prep>$ ! collodion 9 ! usual mann]1 ,i take a p9t bottle1 9 :i* ,i introduce twelve ounces ( collodion1 to :i* ,i add "o dra*m ( iodide ( potassium1 dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,i !n %ake ! mixture ?or\ghly1 & add !reto eighte5 gra9s ( ref9$ gum camphor1 %ak+ ! mixture aga91 until ! :ole is comb9$1 !n all[ x to settle1 :5 x is lit = use4 ,! advantages ( my improvem5t consi/ 9 ! increas$ vigor ( ! del9eations ( ! half-tones ( positive pictures on glass1 giv+ great] dep? & rotundity !reto1 :i* r5d] ?is comb9ation exce$+ly useful = microscopic pictures1 z well z ! ord9>y purposes ( portraiture4 ,t w\ld h x und]/ood t ! comb9ation ( camphor ) iodide ( potassium & collodion1 z above specifi$1 is adapt$ solely to ! production ( positive pictures on glass & n to ! production ( negative pictures on glass1 f :i* positive pictures on pap] may be pr9t$1 z a suffici5t degree ( opacity is n ?us af=d$ = t purpose4 ,:at ,i claim z my inv5tion1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is ! use ( camphor1 9 comb9ation ) iodiz$ collodion1 z set =? 9 ! specification4 ,james ,a4 ,cutt+4 ,samuel ,grubb1 ,witnesses4 ,i4 ,rehn4 ,dat$1 ,july #d?1 #ahed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5t ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,balsam ,,= ,,seal+ ,,photographic ,,pictures ,,on ,,glass4 ,! s*$ule ref]r$ to 9 ,lett]s ,pat5t & mak+ "p ( ! same4 ,to :om x may conc]n3 ,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,james ,a4 ,cutt+1 ( ,bo/on1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,suffolk & ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 h inv5t$ new & useful improvem5ts 9 photographic pictures on glass1 & ,i d h]eby decl>e ! foll[+ to be an exact description !re(3 ,! nature ( my improvem5t consi/s 9 ! application ( a coat+ ( balsam ( fir to ! side ( ! glass on :i* ! picture is made1 ov] :i* coat+ ,i place ano!r glass ( equal size ) ! "o on :i* ! picture is4 ,to enable o!rs skill$ 9 ! art to make & use my inv5tion1 ,i w proce$ to describe ! process z foll[s3 ,aft] ?or\ghly clean+ a glass plate ( ! same size z t on :i* ! picture to be secur$ is made1 & mov+ all du/ f ! picture1 ,i hold ! glass conta9+ ! picture 9 a horizontal position ) ! pictur$ side upp]mo/1 !n apply ! balsam 9 a l9e along "o edge ( ! glass & plac+ "o edge ( ! second glass 9 close contact ) ! fir/1 conta9+ ! balsam1 press !m gradually toge!r t[>ds ! opposite edge1 caus+ ! balsam to fl[ by a g5tle pressure t[>ds ! opposite edge1 9 ?is mann] exclud+ all air f betwe5 ! glasses2 !n by an ev5 pressure exclude ! sup]abundant balsam4 ,! advantages ( my improvem5ts are1 t by a me*anical comb9ation ( ! balsam ) ! picture x is greatly increas$ 9 /r5g? & beauty1 by an additional brilliancy & ! exhibition ( ! mo/ m9ute del9eations2 & by ! application ( ! second glass 9 comb9ation ) ! balsam1 ! picture is h]metically seal$ & r5d]$ entirely p]man5t1 by be+ secur$ f ! influ5ce ( bo? air & moi/ure1 & also f injury by du/ or o!r extrane\s matt]1 or acid vapors1 or any viol5ce less ?an :at c\ld occasion ! fracture ( ! plate glass4 ,i am aw>e ( ! previ\s use ( balsam = ! cem5t+ ( l5ses & ! secur+ ( microscopic objects1 & o!r l purposes1 & d n !re=e ext5d my claim to any ( ^! uses2 b ,:at ,i claim z my inv5tion1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is ! comb9ation ( balsam ) photographic pictures on glass1 & ) additional glass by :i* !y2 ) ! balsam1 are h]metically seal$1 z describ$ 9 ! specifications2 & = ! purposes !re9 set =?1 & = no o!r4 ,james ,a4 ,cutt+4 ,issac ,rehn1 ,witnesses4 ,samuel ,grubb4 ,dat$ ,july #aa?1 #ahed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5t ,,= ,,displac+ ,,wat] ,,f ,,soluble ,,cotton ,,by ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,alcohol2 ,,also1 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,bromide ,,( ,,potassium ,,9 ,,comb9ation ,,) ,,collodion4 ,! s*$ule ref]r$ to 9 ^! ,lett]s ,pat5t1 & mak+ "p ( ! same4 ,to all to :om ^! pres5ts %all come3 ,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,james ,a4 ,cutt+1 ( ,bo/on1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,suffolk & ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 h inv5t$ c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 mak+ photographic pictures1 & t ! foll[+ is a full1 cle> & exact description ( ! pr9ciple or "* :i* di/+ui%es !m f all o!r ?+s be=e kn[n1 & ( ! usual mann] ( mak+1 modify+1 & us+ ! same4 ,my improvem5ts relate to t class ( photographic pictures 9 :i* ! pictures are obta9$ ^u a prep>$ film ( glass or o!r sub/ance4 ,! film :i* ,i employ is collodion1 & 9 ord] to insure success1 ! collodion mu/ be prep>$ aft] my own process1 z foll[s3 ,take #c ounces 7,troy7 ( pure dry nitrate potassa1 & pulv]ize 9 a clean glass mort>2 add to ?is #b-a_/b ounces1 fluid measure1 ( pure sulphuric acid1 & /ir ! mixture ) a glass rod2 imm]se 9 ?is liquid1 #hj gra9s ( clean1 dry cotton1 & knead ! mass ( cotton 9 ! liquid = ab\t ,ave m9utes2 remove ! cotton & quickly wa% x1 till e trace ( acid is gone1 & x mu/ !n be dri$ quickly--= ,i h discov]$ t ! m rapidly ! cotton is dri$1 ! m s5sitive ! collodion2 & ,i h f\nd ! be/ effects produc$ by displac+ ! wat] f ! cotton by /rong alcohol4 ,to prep>e ! collodion1 take #aj ounces conc5trat$ sulphuric e!r1 #fj ,baum1 & mix ?is ) #f ounces ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,to ?is mixture add ! prep>$ cotton1 9 quantity suffici5t to make a collodion z ?ick z x c1 & yet at ! same "t fl[ ev5ly ov] ! surface ( glass4 ,let x settle cle>1 & decant ! solution4 ,9 ord] to excite ?is collodion1 take a deep #a ounce vial--introduce #b-a_/b gra9s ( bromide ( potassium1 & add wat]1 drop by drop1 to make a saturat$ solution4 ,9 ?is solution dissolve #b-a_/b gra9s ( iodide ( potassium1 !n add #a ounce ( collodion1 & %ake well4 ,let x settle cle> & decant = use4 ,! solution mu/ be decant$ e day4 ,9 ord] to make ! mo/ s5sitive collodion1 ,i dissolve ! bromide & iodide ( potassium & ! collodion,g 9 a saturat$ solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia 9 wat]4 ,9 us+ ?is collodion1 p\r x ^u a clean glass plate to =m a film 9 ! usual way1 & z soon z ! collodion has set1 & be=e x becomes dry1 imm]se ! plate 9 a ba? ( nitrate ( silv]1 made ) #cj gra9s ( nitrate ( silv]1 #b gra9s ( iodide ( silv]1 & #a ounce wat]4 ,take ! plate directly f ! ba? to ! cam]a1 & aft] suffici5t exposure1 ! plate is tak5 to a d>k room to develope ! impression ) ! foll[+ solution3 ',take pyrogallic acid1 #d gra9s2 acetic acid1 ,no4 #h1 #a ounce2 dissolve & filt]4 ,= use1 take ( ?is liquid #a-a_/b dra*ms1 dilut$ ) #f-a_/b dra*ms ( wat]1 & :5 ! impression is suffici5tly develop$1 p\r (f ! liquid1 & imm]se ! plate 9 a solution ( ! hyposulphite ( soda1 #d ounces to ! p9t ( wat]4 ,wa% ! plate ) pure wat]1 & dry x 9 ! usual way4 ,footnote ,g3 ,?is is a mi/ake3 ! collodion is n to be dissolv$ 9 ! c>bonate ( ammonia 9 wat]1 b only ! bromide & iodide ( potassium4 ,i call$ ,mr4 ,cutt+'s att5tion to ?is1 & he said ,i 0 correct4--,s4 ,d4 ,h4 ,! advantages ( ! above process are1 ! brief "t requir$ to produce an impression1 & ! %>pness ( ! pictures4 ,portraits c be tak5 ) z mu* facility z ) ! ,dagu]reotype1 & ! pictures are %>p & ( excell5t tone4 ,! impression ?us obta9$ is negative1 & ! positive picture is produc$ 9 ! usual way4 ,i d5om9ate ?is ! mezzographic process4 ,:at ,i claim z my improvem5ts 9 ! process ( obta9+ photographic pictures1 are-- ,fir/4 ,displac+ ! wat] f ! cotton1 = ?is purpose1 ) /rong alcohol1 z set =?4 ,i d n claim ! use ( alcohol z a desiccat+ ag5t1 b limit my claim to its special use & purpose1 z h]e9 /at$4 ,second4 ,! employm5t ( bromide ( potassium 9 comb9ation ) collodion4 ,james ,a4 ,cutt+4 ,t4 ,campbell1 ,witnesses4 ,samuel ,grubb4 ,dat$ ,july #aa?1 #ahed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5t ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,japann$ ,,surfaces ,,previ\sly ,,prep>$ ,,^u ,,iron ,,or ,,o!r ,,metallic ,,or ,,m9]al ,,%eets ,,or ,,plates ,,9 ,,! ,,collodion ,,process4 ,to all :om x may conc]n3 ,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,hamilton ,l4 ,smi?1 ( ,gambi]1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,knox1 & ,/ate ( ,ohio1 h inv5t$ c]ta9 new & useful improvem5ts 9 ,photographic ,pictures1 & ,i d h]eby decl>e ! foll[+ to be a full1 cle>1 & exact description ( ! same1 & ( ! mann] ( mak+ & us+ my inv5tion or discov]y4 ,! nature ( my inv5tion or discov]y relates to ! tak+ ( positive pictures by ! photographic process1 ^u a black japann$ surface prep>$ ^u iron or any o!r metallic plates or %eets1 & consi/s 9 ! use ( collodion1 & a solution ( a salt ( silv]1 & an ord9>y cam]a4 ,to enable o!rs skill$ 9 ! art to make & use my inv5tion4 ,i w proce$ to describe ! mann] ( prep>+ & apply+ x :i* ,i h f\nd to answ] well 9 practice2 n conf9+ myself1 h[ev]1 to ! special process or processes h]e9 describ$1 s long z ! *>act]i/ics ( ! inv5tion rema9 ! same4 ,i fir/ take metallic %eets1 pref]r+ = ! purpose iron1 z ?is metal is ! only "o1 except ! preci\s metals1 :i* is )\t action on ! silv] salts g5]ally us$1 z also ! o!r *emicals2 b o!r metallic or m9]al %eets may be us$1 & ,i d n1 !re=e1 conf9e myself specially to any p>ticul> metal4 ,^u ea* ( ! %eets is prep>$ a black japann$ or v>ni%$ surface1 su* z is us$ by t9n]s or japann]s = coat+ metallic & o!r surfaces4 ,! japan or v>ni% may be made & appli$ z foll[s3--,take "o qu>t ( raw l9se$ oil2 add to ?is two ounces ( asphaltum & suffici5t umb]1 or lamp black1 to give ! desir$ %ade4 ,boil ^! +r$i5ts until a portion dropp$ on a cool surface w rema9 9 a r\nd spot )\t fl[+ away4 ,x is !n ?ick en\gh to use4 ,if x %\ld be too ?ick1 x c readily be ?9n$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,apply ! japan to ! %eets or plates ) a bru%1 & aft] all[+ x to /& a %ort "t1 until ! m>ks ( ! bru% disappe>1 place ! %eets or plates 9 a dry+ ov5 & submit !m to heat until ! surface w be> ! f+] to be drawn ov] x )\t br++ (f ! japan2 x may1 if f\nd necess>y1 be coat$ aga9 & treat$ 9 a simil> way1 & f9ally poli%$ ) rott5-/one & oil1 or o!r poli%+ mat]ial4 ,o!r +r$i5ts may be us$ 9 mak+ ! japan1 su* z ma/ic1 lac or copal v>ni%1 & o!r %ades ( color+ matt] may be us$4 ,by collodion ,i mean any solution ( gun-cotton or pyroxyl9e2 & by a solution ( salt ( silv]1 ,i mean any ( ! salts !re( :i* c be us$ 9 photography = obta9+ positive impressions by a cam]a4 ,a japann$ surface may be prep>$ on glass1 or on lea!r & o!r fibr\s mat]ials4 ,or glass may be made black by means ( color+ matt] introduc$ or embodi$ ) ! glass1 s z to be 9 in/ead ( on ! glass4 ,b =esee+ ! difficulty ( embrac+ all ^! applications 9 "o application1 ,i d n desire to h !m s consid]$2 b res]ve ! "r to h]eaft] apply = su* application ( my g5]al pr9ciple z ,i may deem ess5tial1 or ( suffici5t importance to be protect$ by ,lett]s ,pat5t4 ,& x might be prop] to add1 t vulcaniz$ gutta-p]*a or indurat$ rubb] may be us$ z ! basis ^u :i*1 or 9 :i* ! japann$ surface may be made4 ,! inv5tion1 h[ev]1 consi/s ma9ly on ! surface1 s t a silv] picture may be made ^u x1 said surface =m+ ! backgr\nd ( ! picture4 ,! +r$i5ts = fix+ & develop+ ! positive impression1 ^u ! japann$ surface may be ! same z ^? h]et(ore essay$ by me 9 a =m] application1 & ne$ n aga9 be repeat$ "h4 ,?\gh o!r *emicals1 or o!r proportions ( ! same *emicals1 may be us$4 ,hav+ ?us fully describ$ ! nature ( my improvem5t 9 photographic pictures1 & %[n h[ ! same may be accompli%$1 :at ,i claim !re9 z new & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is3-- ,! obta9+ positive impressions ^u a japann$ surface previ\sly prep>$ ^u an iron or o!r metallic or m9]al %eet or plate1 by means ( collodion & a solution ( a salt ( silv] & a cam]a1 sub/antially z h]e9 describ$4 ,hamilton ,l4 ,smi?4 ,geo4 ,t4 ,*apman4 ,witnesses4 ,james ,h4 ,lee4 ,dat$ ,febru>y1 #ai?1 #ahef4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photographic ,,pictures ,,on ,,oil4 ,to all :om x may conc]n3 ,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,joel ,haywood ,tatum1 ( ! ,city ( ,baltimore & ,/ate ( ,m>yl&1 h discov]$ or inv5t$ a new & useful prep>ation ( oil gr\nd or body1 & mode ( prep>+ ! same by :i* ,photographic impressions1 su* z portraits ( all sizes1 l&scapes or /ill life may be produc$ ^u su* oil prep>$ gr\nd body or surface1 :e!r ^u canvass1 mill-bo>d1 pannel1 or o!r body :atev]1 )\t any p]man5t injury to su* body1 gr\nd or surface = ! reception ( colors 9 oil 7wat]7 or dry 7pa/e71 )\t impair+ ! texture1 quality1 durability1 or o!r desirable quality ( ! body gr\nd1 or surface r5d]$ s impressible1 & give ! foll[+ z ! ,process us$ 9 accompli%+ ! result4 ,i take ord9>y prep>$ canvass1 mill-bo>d1 pannel or o!r sub/ance = ! reception ( oil pa9t+ by any composition ( oil 7or oleag9\s sub/ance7 & oxide ( lead or z9c1 ,spani% :it+1 ,full]'s e>?1 or _! equival5ts1 s+ly or 9 comb9ation1 & aft] hav+ remov$ all irregul>ities or lumps f ! surface ,i damp or wet ! surface ) spirits ( w9e1 & wipe clean2 aft] :i*1 ,i treat ! surface ) a solution ( potassium or any good alkali1 regulat+ ! /r5g? to ! am\nt ( oil 9 ! body-gr\nd or surface to be treat$ 7ord9>ily #a oz4 ( sup]1 c>b4 soda to #a p9t ( wat]71 z soon z ! surface has uni=mly *ang$ color all[ ! surplus solution to run (f1 wa% (f by p\r+ ov] ! surface clean wat]1 let dry1 b n by ! fire or 9 ! sun1 z t w\ld br+ out ! oil to ! surface4 ,:5 dry1 treat ! surface aga9 ) a solution ( ! *loride ( sodium 7( ! /r5g? ord9>ily us$ & prescrib$ = pap] positives71 decant f ! surface ! sup]flu\s fluid aft] a m9ute1 & let dry1 z be=e2 remove to a d>k room1 & treat ! surface ) a solution ( ! nitrate ( silv]1 its /r5g? be+ gov]n$ by ! /r5g? ( impression desir$1 usually #ah gra9s ( nitrate ( silv] to #a oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]2 all[ ! solution to float ^u ! surface a few mom5ts to insure uni=mity ( deposit1 & !n decant ! surplus1 9 ! bottle or la?2 place a small piece ( filt]+ pap] on ! edge ( ! body1 & place t1 edge d[n1 to facilitate ! dra9age2 :5 dry1 place ! negative impression 7:i* mu/ previ\sly h be5 obta9$1 by ! use ( ! cam]a1 ei!r on collodion or album5 ^u glass or ^u pap]7 ^u ! body or gr\nd to receive ! impression 9 ! position ! picture is desir$1 ) ! face ( ! negative to ! surface ( ! body to receive ! impression4 ,if ! negative impression does n cov] ! :ole surface1 !n a mat %\ld be us$ s z to ext5d to ! edge ( ! gr\nd on all sides4 ,expose to ! light1 &1 :5 suffici5tly long1 remove ! negative into a d>k room 7light$ ) a feeble lamp72 da% ov] ! impression a weak solution ( hyposulphite ( soda1 & let /& a few mom5ts2 !n wa% (f ) a v dilute acid ( only suffici5t /r5g? to neutralize ! alkalies rema9+ ^u ! surface1 usually five or six drops ( sulphuric acid to an oz4 ( wat] is suffici5t4 ,:at ,i claim z my own inv5tion & discov]y1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is ! mode ( prep>+ & r5d]+ oil 7oroleag9\s7 bodies1 gr\nds1 or surfaces impressible or s5sitive to ! ,photographic art by ! tempor>y de/ruction or *emical *ange ( ! oil or oleag9\s matt] ( ! imm$iate surface only1 by ! use ( spirits ( w9e & alkal9e solution1 or _! equival5ts1 &1 aft] fix+ ! impression by ! use ( hyposulphate ( soda1 ! use ( dilute acid1 by :i* la/ application ! alkalies are neutraliz$ & ! oil re/or$ ) ! impression p]man5t ^u ! surface4 ,disclaim+ ev]y?+ h]et(ore kn[n 9 ! production ( ,photographic pictures ^u pap] or any unoil$ body or surface4 ,joel ,haywood ,tatum4 ,witnesses4 ,j4 ,s4 ,holl+%ead1 ,e4 ,g4 ,h&y4 ,orig9al1 dat$ ,april1 #ae4 #ahef4 ,re-issue1 dat$ ,may #ac1 #ahef4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5t ,,= ,,mak+ ,,! ,,bord] ,,( ,,! ,,picture ,,transp>5t1 ,,& ,,plac+ ,,! ,,mat ,,back ,,( ,,! ,,picture4 ,to all :om x may conc]n3 ,be x kn[n t we1 ,alb]t ,bisbee1 ( ,columbus1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,frankl9 & ,/ate ( ,ohio1 & ,y4 ,day1 ( ,na%ville1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,davidson & ,/ate ( ,t5nessee1 h inv5t$ c]ta9 new & useful improvem5ts 9 photographic pictures on glass1 & we d h]eby decl>e ! foll[+ to be a full1 cle> & exact description ( ! same4 ,! nature ( our inv5tion consi/s 9 mak+ ! edges ( ! coat+ or film on ! glass transp>5t s t ! picture is made only on ! c5tral "p ( ! glass1 & ext5d+ s f> z to meet ! inside edge ( ! mat or bord]1 g5]ally us$ 9 putt+ up su* pictures1 & !n plac+ ! mat back ( ! picture4 ,to enable o!rs skill$ 9 ! art to make & use our inv5tion1 we w proce$ to describe ! same z foll[s3-- ,we place inside ( ! cam]a1 & ab\t "o-t5? ( ! focal di/ance ( ! l5s f ! glass1 a bo>d hav+ an ap]ture ( any desir$ patt]n t we wi% ! edges to h4 ,?is bo>d %ades ! edges ( ! glass1 !reby leav+ !m transp>5t 9 ! picture4 ,!n ! picture1 be+ tak5 9 ! usual mann]1 is f9i%$ by v>ni%+ ) transp>5t :ite v>ni%1 & !n back$ ) japan v>ni%1 c>e be+ tak5 to h ! japan on ! back ext5d only to meet ! inside edges ( ! mat4 ,!n we place ! mat back ( ! picture & secure x 9 its place ) ! pres]v]4 ,if appli$ to ! process1 z pat5t$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,cutt+1 ) two glasses1 ! picture is made z above describ$1 & !n ! second glass is appli$1 & f9i%$ z be=e by back+ ) japan4 ,! advantage ( our improvem5t1 is 9 hav+ ! mat protect$ f be+ soil$1 & mak+ ! picture appe> m r\nd1 caus+ an illusion z ?\gh ! picture or image 0 susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 cle> f ! backgr\nd4 ,hav+ ?us fully describ$ ! nature ( our inv5tion1 :at we claim !re9 z new1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is1 mak+ ! bord] ( ! picture transp>5t & plac+ ! mat back ( ! picture1 z describ$ 9 ! above specification1 & = ! purpose set =?4 ,witnesses to ! signature ( ,a4 ,bisbee4 ,c4 ,a4 ,b>k]1 ,wm4 ,field4 ,a4 ,bisbee4 ,witnesses to ! signature ( ,y4 ,day4 ,b4 ,b+ham1 ,w4 ,atk9s4 ,y4 ,day4 ,dat$ ,may #bg?1 #ahef4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5t ,,= ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,color+ ,,sub/ances1 ,,or ,,matt]1 ,,to ,,photographic ,,impressions4 ,be x kn[n t ,i1 ,giles ,langdell1 & ,m>cus ,a4 ,root1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 h inv5t$ a new & improv$ mode ( color+ dagu]reotype & o!r photographic portraits or pictures made on glass1 metal or o!r mat]ial2 & we d h]eby decl>e t ! foll[+ is a full & exact description3-- ,! nature ( our inv5tion or discov]y consi/s 9 provid+ & apply+ bo? m9]al & vegetable color+ matt]s 9 solution to ! dagu]reotype or any o!r photographic impression1 introduc+ ! said color+ matt] ei!r into ! collodion or ! develop]1 or by p\r+ ^u ! plate aft] ! impression is fix$ by hyposulphite ( soda1 or ! cyanide ( potassium1 or by any o!r means4 ,! sev]al color+ sub/ances1 ,e4 ,g4 r$ saund]s1 alkanet1 dragons' blood1 c41 c41 c be us$ sep>ately or 9 conjunction or comp\nd$ ) v>i\s m9]al sub/ances1 or ) any color+ matt]s obta9$ f o!r roots1 woods1 gums or o!r vegetable matt]1 ! proportions or quantity employ$ be+ v>i$ or regulat$ by ! lightness or dep? & /r5g? ( tone :i* may1 f "t to "t1 be requir$4 ,! desir$ or simil> results may be obta9$ f diff]5t =mul4 ,! foll[+ answ]s = all practical purposes1 b may be v>i$ at pleasure3-- ,dige/ = two or ?ree days r$ saund]s 7pt]oc>pus santal9us7 half a p\nd 9 ?ree p9ts ( wat] to :i* ! aqua-ammonia has be5 add$4 ,!n p\r (f ! solution & precipitate by ! addition ( nitric acid4 ,wa% ! precipitate ?or\ghly ) wat] & dry x4 ,!n dissolve x 9 /rong alcohol & dilute ) ! same z requir$ to produce ! tone or t9t t may be desir$4 ,alkanet 7an*usa t9ctoria7 may be prep>$ 9 ! same way4 ,dragons' blood dissolv$ 9 alcohol & treat$ 9 ! same mann] w produce ! v>i\s %ades ( yell[4 ,! =ego+ articles1 & also madd]1 indigo1 co*9eal1 & "s o!r color+ sub/ances bo? vegetable & m9]al alone or comb9$1 w produce pleas+ results :5 appli$ z foll[s 7al?\gh !y may be introduc$ into ! collodion73-- ,we pref] fir/ to develope ! impression1 !n to fix & dry x1 & aft]w>ds to fl[ on ! ton+ or t9t+ solution1 z collodion or v>ni%1 c41 is p\r$ ^u ! plate1 all[+ ! solution to run (f ! corn]1 & !n levell+ ! plate to make ! fluid fl[ uni=mly ov] & t9t ! :ole surface ( ! plate ev5ly4 ,!n wa% at once & ?or\ghly ) clean wat]1 & /& ! plate up to dry1 aft] :i* x may be color$ 7! dress ( any t9t or color desir$--! face1 h&s1 c41 are fle% t9t7 ) dry colors 7z is usual 9 color+ dagu]reotypes7 appli$ to ! collodion or ^u ! v>ni%4 ,:at we claim z our inv5tion & discov]y1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is ! application ( color+ sub/ances or matt] to ,photographic impressions or pictures ^u glass or metal1 or o!r mat]ial 9 ! =m & mann] h]e9 describ$4 ,witnesses4 ,james ,j4 ,b4 ,ogle1 ,giles ,langdell ,l4 ,s4 ,williams ,ogle1 ,m4 ,a4 ,root4 ,l4 ,s4 ,dat$ ,july #ae?1 #ahef4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5t ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,album5iz$ ,,collodion4 ,to all :om x may conc]n3 ,be x rememb]$1 t ,i1 ,victor ,m4 ,griswold1 ( ! ,city ( ,lanca/]1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,fairfield & ,/ate ( ,ohio1 h inv5t$ c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! art & mode ( tak+ ,photographic ,pictures1 & ,i d h]eby decl>e t ! foll[+ is a full & exact description !re(3 ,! nature ( my inv5tion consi/s 9 an improvem5t 9 ! photographic art ( tak+ pictures4 ,to "o qu>t ( collodion prep>$ 9 ! usual way or mann]1 ,i add ?ree ounces ( a solution prep>$ ?us3 ,! cle> solution :i* results f ! :ites ( eggs :i* h be5 well beat51 & "o equal bulk ( pure s(t wat]4 ,:5 ?is is add$ to ! collodion1 x is ?r[n to ! bottom 9 long /r+y :ite masses1 :i* aft] a few days imp>t to ! liquid album9\s prop]ties1 r5d]+ ! film clos] 9 texture1 & br++ out all ! m9or details m %>ply & p]fectly ?an by ! ord9>y collodion1 & giv+ to ! picture a glossy & sp>kl+ tone1 unlike any produc$ by o!r means4 ,ano!r me?od :i* ,i frequ5tly adopt is ?us2 album5 z above1 )\t wat]1 to :i* is add$ iodide ( potassium =ty gra9s2 ?is ?r[s d[n ! album5 9 jelly-l masses1 &1 :5 add$ to ! collodion1 n only iodizes x1 b produces ! same effect ^u ! collodion z by ! =mula above4 ,also1 ano!r me?od3 "o ounce ( *lor(orm1 to :i* is add$ "o half ounce ( album51 prep>$ z above1 iodiz$2 ?is =ms also a s(t semi-transp>5t jelly1 :i* on be+ add$ to ! collodion produces p]haps ! be/ effect ( any ( ^! prep>ations4 ,?is addition ( album5 also answ]s a f> bett] purpose1 ?an any t has hi!rto be5 employ$ = free+ old samples ( collodion f free iod9e held 9 susp5sion by :i* !y c be r5d]$ z cle> & limpid z !y 7 :5 fir/ mix$4 ,:at ,i claim z my inv5tion1 & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t is ! addition ( album5 to collodion 9 ! mann] & = ! purpose h]e9 & above specifi$4 ,v4 ,m4 ,griswold4 ,alfr$ ,m',veigh1 ,witnesses4 ,j4 ,c4 ,heuley4 ,pat5t$ ,july #ae?1 #ahef4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,color+ ,,ambrotypes4 ,to all :om x may conc]n3 ,be x kn[n t we1 ,d4 ,b4 ,spoon] & ,h4 ,b4 ,spoon]1 ( ,spr+field1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,hampd51 9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 hav+ inv5t$ new & useful improvem5ts 9 color+ ,ambrotype or ,photographic ,pictures on glass1 & we d h]eby decl>e t ! foll[+ is a full & exact description !re(3-- ,! nature ( our inv5tion consi/s1 9 s prep>+ ! collodion film conta9+ ! picture 9 alt]nate plac]s ) gum or o!r suitable mat]ial1 s t :5 a p5etrat+ dye or pigm5t1 9 a solution t w p5etrate ! collodion film1 may be deposit$ on any p>ticul> portion ( ! picture betwe5 ! collodion film & ! glass1 9 ord] to give x ! requisite color prop]ly di/ribut$ betwe5 ! face1 drap]y1 c4 ,! foll[+ is ! process adopt$3-- ,aft] ! picture is ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$1 proce$ ) a bru% to cov] any portion ( ! picture n design$ to take ! color1 ) a solution ( gum or any o!r sub/ance insoluble 9 ! color+ solution1 b soluble 9 any o!r liquid 9 :i* ! color+ matt] is n soluble4 ,e4 ,g4--,take a solution ( gum arabic 9 wat]1 & apply x to a portion ( ! picture4 ,n[ take a solution ( turm]ic 9 alcohol1 & p\r x ^u ! collodion surface ( ! picture1 & y imm$iately get a deposit ( ! color+ matt] betwe5 ! collodion & ! glass1 ! portion ( ! picture cov]$ ) ! gum n be+ p5etrat$ by ! alcohol1 is protect$ f ! color :ile all o!r portions are color$4 ,!n1 by wa%+ ! picture 9 wat]1 ! gum is dissolv$ & wa%$ (f1 & ! p>ts uncolor$ may rema9 9 _! natural /ate )\t color1 or1 by apply+ ! gum solution to ! portion already color$ ) a "p ( ! uncolor$ portion1 ano!r color may be produc$ by ! use ( ano!r pigm5t 9 ! same mann] z be=e describ$4 ,9 ?is mann] any numb] ( colors may be produc$2 or1 :5 a small portion only ( ! picture is to be color$1 ! :ole ( ! picture may be color$ & dri$1 & !n t portion :i* is to reta9 ! color may be cov]$ ) ! gum solution1 & ! color+ matt] n protect$ by ! gum may be extract$ ) alcohol or o!r solv5t1 & ! gum wa%$ (f z be=e4 ,! advantages ( our inv5tion consi/ 9 deposit+ ! color+ matt] 9 its v>i\s t9ts on ! front side ( ! picture betwe5 ! collodion & ! glass1 in/ead ( color+ ! fibre ( ! collodion1 or ! upp] side ( x1 z is common1 :i* does n %[ ?r\gh to ! positive side ( ! picture on acc\nt ( ! opacity ( ! silv] deposit :i* =ms ! picture4 ,we d n claim ! color+ ( a picture all ov] ) a s+le t9t1 b ,:at we claim z our inv5tion & desire to secure by ,lett]s ,pat5t1 is ! application ( gum arabic or o!r equival5t mat]ial1 z set =? 9 ! specification1 = ! purposes !re9 describ$1 & no o!r4 ,d4 ,b4 ,spoon]4 ,h4 ,b4 ,spoon]4 ,witnesses4 ,george ,w4 ,adams1 ,*as4 ,h4 ,codman4 ,pat5t$ ,augu/ #e1 #ahef4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,collodio-,,album5 ,,process4 ,sid5ote3 ,,collodio-,,album5 ,,process4 ,?is is a process1 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,taup5ot1 = obta9+ negatives on glass1 :i* bids fair to outrival all o!rs1 be+ easy ( manipulation1 & giv+ results ( ! mo/ exquisite m9uti & beauty4 ,glass plates1 :5 prep>$ & excit$ by ?is process1 may be kept at lea/ a =tnight be=e be+ develop$1 & ^! plates :5 expos$ 9 ! frame may be develop$ imm$iately1 or kept = days be=e comm5c+ ?is op]ation4 ,inde$ x is q possible to prep>e & excite a numb] ( plates be=e leav+ home to g on a t\r ( twelve or f\rte5 days2 to expose ! plates at any "t or place dur+ ! j\rney1 & br+ !m home to be develop$4 ,! manipulation may be said to consi/ ( n9e di/9ct op]ations4 #a4 ,clean+ ! plate4 #b4 ,coat+ ) iodiz$ collodion4 #c4 ,excit+ ! collodion film4 #d4 ,coat+ ) album54 #e4 ,excit+ ! album5 coat+4 #f4 ,exposure 9 ! cam]a4 #g4 ,develop+ ! image4 #h4 ,fix+ ! image4 #i4 ,v>ni%+ ! plate4 ,be=e describ+ ^! op]ations1 ,i propose to give cle> directions = prep>+ ! necess>y solutions1 m]ely promis+ t1 :]e ,i h deviat$ f ! inv5tor's plan1 x has be5 aft] p]=m+ c>eful exp]im5ts1 to te/ ! m]its ( ! two modes ( proce$+4 ,! necess>y solutions = ?is process are3 ,collodion ba? solution4 ,iodiz$ collodion4 ,iodiz$ album54 ,album5 ba? solution4 ,pyrogallic solution4 ,silv] develop+ solution4 ,fix+ solution4 ,collodion ,ba? ,solution4 ,nitrate ( silv] 9 cry/als #a ounce4 ,iodide ( potassium #b gra9s4 ,di/ill$ wat] #af ounces4 ,alcohol #b dra*ms4 ,dissolve ! ounce ( nitrate ( silv] 9 two ounces ( ! di/ill$ wat]1 & ! two gra9s ( iodide ( potassium 9 "o dra*m ( di/ill$ wat]2 mix ! two solutions & %ake well toge!r until ! precipitate :i* is fir/ ?r[n d[n is re-dissolv$2 :5 ?is takes place1 add ! rema9+ f\rte5 ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! two dra*ms ( alcohol4 ,on ! addition ( ! wat] a turbidness ensues1 :i* mu/ be remov$ by ! solution be+ v c>efully filt]$ ?r\gh filt]+ pap]2 & ! filt]$ liquid %\ld be cle> & transp>5t1 free f any deposit or float+ p>ticles1 & mu/ possess a slightly acid reaction ( te/-pap]4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 if ! solution ?us prep>$ possesses ! necess>y am\nt ( free acid )\t sup]abundance1 proce$ to te/ & to correct x1 if necess>y4 ,iodiz$ ,collodion1 ,! collodion to be us$ 9 ?is process mu/ be "o yield+ good negative pictures--t suppli$ by ,home ,?orn?waite "u ! "n ( negative collodion answ]s admirably4 ,?is is suppli$ ei!r ready iodiz$1 or ! collodion & iodiz+ 9 sep>ate bottles4 ,z ?is collodion becomes less s5sitive aft] be+ iodiz$ a =tnight1 x is advisable to iodize no m ?an w be us$ 9 t "t--!re=e1 obta9 ! collodion & ! iodiz+ solution sep>ate1 z ! mode ( iodiz+ ?is collodion is v simple4 ,half an ounce ( ! iodiz+ solution is mix$ ) "o ounce & a half ( collodion1 & ! mixture all[$ to settle twelve h\rs be=e be+ us$2 & x is ev5 advisable to p\r (f ! cle> solution into a p]fectly clean bottle1 9 ord] to get rid ( any insoluble matt] :i* may fall to ! bottom4 ,iodiz$ ,album54 ,:ite ( egg 7free f yelk7 #aj ounces4 ,honey #a ounce4 ,iodide ( calcium #b scruples4 ,yea/ #a tablespoonful4 ,mix ^! toge!r 9 a tall glass j>1 or wide-m\!d bottle ( at lea/ "o p9t capacity2 tie a piece ( pap]1 pi]ce ) small holes ov] ! top to keep out du/2 !n place ! :ole ne> a fire or o!r w>m situation1 :]e ! temp]ature is n l[] ?an sev5ty degrees1 or high] ?an n9ety degrees4 ,9 a few h\rs f]m5tation comm5ces1 :i* is evid5t by ! =mation ( bubbles ( gas1 ris+ ?r\gh ! liquid4 ,?is action cont9ues = five or six days2 :5 x ceases1 p\r ! :ole on a pap]-filt] conta9$ 9 a funnel1 und]nea? :i* mu/ be plac$ a bottle to receive ! liquid z x passes ?r\gh4 ,! fluid be+ ( a viscid nature filt]s sl[ly1 g5]ally occupy+ twelve h\rs4 ,! filt]$ liquid is ! iodiz$ album51 :i* is said by ,dr4 ,taup5ot to keep good = ye>s4 ,x mu/ be c>efully pres]v$ f du/ or contact ) any sub/ance1 z ! success ( ! picture dep5ds mat]ially on ! condition ( ?is album54 ,album5 ,ba? ,solution4 ,nitrate ( silv] #a ounce & a half4 ,acetic acid1 glacial #a ounce4 ,di/ill$ wat] #af ounces4 ,animal *>coal #b dra*ms4 ,dissolve ! nitrate ( silv] 9 ! di/ill$ wat]1 !n add ! acetic acid & animal *>coal1 & keep 9 a closely /opp]$ bottle = use4 ,pyrogallic ,solution4 ,pyrogallic acid #ae gra9s4 ,glacial acetic acid #b dra*ms4 ,alcohol #b dra*ms4 ,di/ill$ wat] #g ounces4 ,dissolve ! pyrogallic acid 9 ! di/ill$ wat]1 & !n add ! acetic acid & alcohol4 ,silv] ,develop+ ,solution4 ,nitrate ( silv] #a dra*m4 ,acetic acid #b dra*ms4 ,di/ill$ wat] #g ounces4 ,dissolve ! nitrate ( silv] 9 ! di/ill$ wat]1 & !n add ! acetic acid4 ,fix+ ,solution4 ,hyposulphite ( soda #b ounces4 ,wat] #a p9t--dissolve4 ,v>ni%4 ,! v>ni% be/ adapt$ = ?is purpose is t suppli$ by ,home ,?orn?waite1 & t]m$ negative v>ni%4,h ,footnote ,h3 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ,humphrey's ,collodion ,gild+ is ! article 9 almo/ univ]sal use4 ,clean+ ! ,plate4 ,! plates mu/ be clean$ 9 ! usual way1 m]ely premis+ t extra c>e mu/ be obs]v$ to remove e impurity1 z cleanl9ess 9 photography is an absolute necessity4 ,9 ord] to hold l>ge plates :il/ be+ clean$1 ! screw plate-hold] is exce$+ly useful4 ,?is is made 9 ?ree sizes1 & adapts itself to all siz$ plates4 ,! small size is useful = plates up to #g in*es by #f4 ,! second size is = plates up to #aj in*es by #h4 ,& ! ?ird size = plates up to #ad in*es by #aj4 ,coat+ ) ,iodiz$ ,collodion4 ,! plate hav+ be5 ?or\ghly clean$1 & receiv$ its f9al poli% by ! use ( a prep>$ *amois lea!r1 is coat$ ) negative collodion1 :i* has be5 iodiz$ at lea/ twelve h\rs1 & all[$ to settle4 ,excit+ ! ,collodion ,film4,i ,footnote ,i3 ,?is & subsequ5t op]ations 7except exposure 9 ! cam]a7 mu/ be p]=m$ 9 a d>k room4 ,aft] ! e!r has evaporat$1 & ! surface ( ! collodion appe>s set1 ! plate mu/ be laid1 collodion side upw>ds1 on a glass dipp]1 & plung$ ) "o d[nw>d movem5t into a ba? fill$ to )9 an in* ( ! top ) collodion ba? solution1 made z describ$ at page #aij1 :i* mu/ be c>efully filt]$ ?r\gh filt]+ pap] be=e be+ us$4 ,aft] ! plate has be5 all[$ to rema9 9 ! ba? "o m9ute1 x is lift$ out ?ree or f\r times1 9 ord] to facilitate ! removal ( ! oily appe>ance ! plate n[ pres5ts4 ,:5 ! surface appe>s wett$ uni=mly1 on be+ drawn out ( ! solution ! plate is remov$ f ! dipp]1 & ! excess ( solution dra9$ (f1 & is !n plac$ collodion side upw>ds1 on a fix+ /&1 & di/ill$ or filt]$ ra9 wat] p\r$ ov] ! surface1 s z to remove z mu* z possible ( ! ba? solution f ! surface4 ,! plate is n[ remov$ f ! fix+ /&2 ! back well wa%$ ) wat]1 & !n plac$ ne>ly upright on blott+ pap]1 ) ! face aga9/ a wall = "o m9ute to dra94 ,coat+ ) ,album54 ,hav+ all[$ ! plate to dra9 "o m9ute1 place x aga9 on a levell+ /&1 ) ! film upw>ds1 & p\r ov] x z mu* ( ! iodiz$ album5 z ! plate w hold1 f a glass measure conta9+ n m ?an en\gh ( ! album5 to coat two plates )1 p\r (f ! excess into ! measure1 & aga9 cov] ! plate ) album5 ?ree sep>ate times2 ultimately dra9 (f z mu* z possible ( ! excess ( album51 & place ! plate ne>ly upright aga9/ ! wall1 ) ! coat$ side inw>ds1 to dry1 :i* takes place 9 an ord9>y temp]ature 9 ab\t "o h\r4 ,9 coat+ ) album51 ! pres5ce ( air-bubbles or du/ mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! =m] c be easily done by tak+ c>e1 9 p\r+ ! album5 into ! measure & on ! plate1 n to p\r s z to g5]ate air-bubbles 9 ! liquid4 ,b %\ld any be detect$1 hold ! plate horizontally & give x ano!r coat+ ( album51 !n incl9e ! plate s t ! bulk ( ! liquid %all pass ov] & c>ry (f ! bubbles ) ! runn+ /ream4 ,du/ on ! plate mu/ be prev5t$ by op]at+ 9 a room z free f ?is photographic enemy z possible4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! coat+ ( album5 z uni=m z possible1 ! plate mu/ /& to dry on two or ?ree lay]s ( filt]+ pap] & ! upp] surface mu/ t\* ! wall at "o po9t only & n to be all[$ to re/ aga9/ x along its entire upp] edge4 ,:5 ! album5 coat+ is ?or\ghly dry 7& n till !n71 ! plate is ready to be excit$1 b if m h be5 prep>$ ?an are likely to be us$ = tak+ pictures on dur+ ! next t5 days or =tnight1 !y may be /[$ away 9 a plate box1 ready to receive ! s5sitive coat+ at any "t4 ,! au?or's exp]i5ce has l$ him to believe t ^! album5iz$ plates w keep good any l5g? ( "t1 z plates :i* _h be5 coat$ a mon?1 :5 excit$1 expos$1 & develop$1 appe>$ to possess all ! prop]ties ( rec5tly prep>$ plates4 ,excit+ ! ,album5 ,coat+4 ,prior to ! plates be+ excit$ !y mu/ be ?or\ghly dry & free f any p>ticles ( loose du/ on ! surface1 back1 or edge4 ,suffici5t ( ! album5 ba? solution1 page #aib1 mu/ be filt]$ ?r\gh filt]+ pap] to fill a dipp+ ba? ( ! requir$ size1 s t ! plate c be imm]s$ 9 x4 ,! c>eful filt]+ ( ! fluid is v necess>y 9 ord] to free x f any float+ p>ticles1 & to sep>ate ! animal *>coal4 ,! plate is n[ tak5 & laid1 album5 side upw>ds1 on ! dipp]1 & !n l[]$ into ! ba? ) "o /eady d[nw>d movem5t1 :]e x is all[$ to rema9 "o m9ute2 x is !n tak5 out1 ! excess ( liquid dra9$ (f1 & plac$ on ! fix+ /&1 ) ! album5 surface upp]mo/1 & a /ream ( wat] p\r$ ov] x = at lea/ "o m9ute1 s z to remove e p>ticle ( ! ba? solution4 ,?is complete wa%+ is v necess>y1 9 ord] to prev5t /a9s 9 ! aft] developm5t1 :i* inv>iably takes place ar\nd ! edges1 if n ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,! plate hav+ be5 ?or\ghly wa%$1 is lean$ aga9/ a wall to dry1 or if requir$ = imm$iate exposure1 may be dri$ on a plate ( heat$ metal or foot w>m]1 b 9 no case mu/ ! exposure 9 ! cam]a take place until ! surface is ?or\ghly dry4 ,exposure 9 ! ,cam]a4,j ,footnote ,j3 ,rem>ks z to ! selection ( ! view1 c41 are n giv51 z ?is c be effect$ by ! individual ta/e ( ! op]ator1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t direct rays f ! sun %all n fall on ! l5s or ent] ! cam]a dur+ ! exposure ( a plate4 ,z has be5 be=e /at$1 ?is op]ation may take place imm$iately ! plate is ?or\ghly dry aft] be+ excit$1 or a =tnight may int]v5e betwe5 ! excitem5t & exposure1 provid$ ! plate is kept v c>efully exclud$ f light & any *emical or sulphur\s vapors1 9 a plate-box adapt$ = t purpose1 ) ! s5sitive surface t[>ds ! back ( ! box4 ,:5 ! exposure is ab\t to take place1 or at any "t previ\sly1 ! cam]a-backs may ea* h a plate plac$ 9 !m ready = exposure2 to d ?is1 ! cam]a-back mu/ be tak5 into ! op]at+ room & ! door clos$1 s z to exclude all :ite light4 ,! h+$ flap ( ! cam]a back is op5$1 & ! prep>$ plate laid1 ) its s5sitive surface d[nw>ds1 or next ! slid+ flap1 s t its corn]s may re/ on ! silv] wire corn]s ( ! plate frame previ\sly plac$ )9 ! cam]a back ready to receive x4 ,! h+$ flap is n[ clos$ & kept f op5+ by turn+ ! flap button ov] x2 ! slid+ flap is exam9$ to see t x is pu%$ closely d[n s z to gu>d any access ( light1 & x is !n ready to be plac$ 9 ! cam]a1 & may be tak5 into ! op5 air ) impunity4 ,%\ld ! exposure n take place imm$iately1 or1 %\ld ! cam]a back h to be c>ri$ any di/ance1 x is advisable ei!r to wrap x up 9 black clo?1 or secure ! flaps f ! *ance ( com+ op5 dur+ transit1 by a /\t /r+ be+ ti$ ar\nd ! back4 ,! focuss+ is conduct$ 9 ! usual way & ! cap replac$ on ! l5s2 ! focuss+ glass is n[ remov$ & ! cam]a back fitt$ into ! same ap]ture1 ) ! slid+ flap next ! l5s4 ,! slid+ flap is pull$ up to its fulle/ ext5t1 plac+ ! h& on ! cam]a back to prev5t x ris+ out ( ! cam]a ) ?is action4 ,! cap ( ! l5s is !n remov$1 s t ! light may be admitt$ into ! cam]a1 & to fall on ! s5sitive surface ( ! plate4 ,aft] ! necess>y "t ( exposure has tak5 place1 ! cap is replac$ on ! l5s1 ! slid+ flap is pu%$ d[n1 & ! cam]a back )drawn f ! cam]a2 ! plate c !n be tak5 into ! op]at+ room to be develop$1 or ?is op]ation may be def]r$ = days or ev5 a week1 or m if conv5i5t4 ,! "t ( exposure 9 ! cam]a v>ies accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! light & ! ap]ture & focal l5g? ( ! l5s2 !re=e1 to give ! exact "t ( exposure w\ld be impossible1 /ill x may assi/ ! amateur if ,i give ! "t requir$ 9 summ] ) full sun%9e1 & m]ely /ate t ?is "t may be increas$ to d\ble 9 w9t] or dull wea!r4 ,9 ! ord9>y sun%9e ( a summ]'s day ! "t ( exposure w be3 #cj seconds ) a l5s ( #d-;in* focus & #a_/b-;in* /op4 #ba seconds ) a l5s ( #d-;in* focus & #e_/h-;in* /op4 #e seconds ) a l5s ( #d-;in* focus & #a-a_/d in* ap]ture ) no /op4 #a-a_/b m9ute ) a l5s ( #f-;in* focus & #a_/b-;in* /op4 #d-a_/b seconds ) a l5s ( #f-;in* focus & #b-a_/d-;in* ap]ture ) no /op4 #b m9utes ) a l5s ( #h-;in* focus & #a_/b-;in* /op4 #a-a_/d m9ute ) a l5s ( #h-;in* focus & #e_/h-;in* /op4 #c-a_/d m9utes ) a l5s ( #aj-;in* focus & #a_/b-;in* /op4 #b m9utes ) a l5s ( #aj-;in* focus & #e_/h-;in* /op4 #e seconds ) a l5s ( #aj-;in* focus1 #c-a_/d-;in* ap]ture1 ) no /op4 #f-a_/d m9utes ) a l5s ( #ad-;in* focus & #a_/b-;in* /op4 #d m9utes ) a l5s ( #ad-;in* focus & #e_/h-;in* /op4 #b-a_/d m9utes ) a l5s ( #ad-;in* focus & #c_/d-;in* /op4 #h-a_/d m9utes ) a l5s ( #af-;in* focus & #a_/b-;in* /op4 #e-a_/d m9utes ) a l5s ( #af-;in* focus & #e_/h-;in* /op4 #b-a_/d m9utes ) a l5s ( #af-;in* focus & #c_/d-;in* /op4 ,develop+ ! ,image4 ,! cam]a back is tak5 into ! op]at+ room1 f :i* all :ite light is c>efully exclud$1 ! plate remov$ f ! cam]a back1 & laid1 album5 side upw>ds1 on ! fix+ /&2 z mu* di/ill$ wat] is n[ p\r$ on x z ! surface w hold1 tak+ c>e t e "p ( ! s5sitive surface is cov]$ ) ! liquid2 all[ ! wat] to rema9 on ! surface = "o m9ute1 !n p\r (f & dra9 slightly2 replace ! plate on ! /&1 & p\r ov] ! surface s z ?or\ghly to cov] e "p1 ! pyrogallic solution 7made z describ$ at page #aib1 & c>efully filt]$ j be=e be+ us$72 all[ ?is to rema9 on ! plate = "o m9ute1 !n dra9 (f into a p]fectly clean measure1 & add to x an equal bulk ( silv] develop+ solution1 page #aib2 mix ^! ?or\ghly toge!r ) a glass rod1 & !n p\r ! mix$ liquids ov] ! plate2 all[ !m to re/ until ! picture beg9s to appe>1 :i* g5]ally takes ab\t f ?ree to five m9utes2 !n p\r (f & on repeat$ly1 until ! develop+ fluid becomes opaque1 :i* !n conta9s float+ p>ticles1 & ^!1 if all[$ to d s1 w\ld settle on ! plate1 to ! injury ( ! picture2 b ?is may be prev5t$ by bru%+ ! surface ) a camel's-hair bru% frequ5tly dur+ ! developm5t4 ,:5 ?is opacity ( ! develop+ fluid takes place1 dra9 all ! fluid (f ! plate1 & ?or\ghly wa% ) wat]2 !n mix ano!r quantity ( pyrogallic & silv] develop+ solution 9 ! same proportions z be=e1 & p\r ?is on & (f ! plate z be=e1 until ! picture appe>s suffici5tly int5se1 & ! middle %ades well br\ght out2 :5 ?is takes place dra9 (f1 & wa% ) wat]1 s z to clean ! surface ?or\ghly1 & ! plate is !n ready = ! next /ep1 fix+ ! image4 ,%\ld ! picture beg9 to develope 9 less ?an ?ree m9utes aft] ! application ( ! mix$ develop+ fluids1 ?or\ghly dra9 ! plate1 & wa% well ) wat]1 !n cont9ue ! developm5t ) a solution ( ?ree p>ts pyrogallic solution & "o "p silv] develop+ solution2 b %\ld ! picture n beg9 to appe> 9 five m9utes1 ! addition ( half a dra*m ( ! album5 ba? solution to ea* ounce ( mix$ develop+ solution w be necess>y1 9 ord] to obta9 ! middle %ades & ! requir$ int5sity4 ,x may be /at$1 z a guide1 t ! be/ negatives :i* ! au?or has produc$ occupi$ f t5 to twelve m9utes 9 develop+4 ,fix+ ! ,image4 ,! plate1 hav+ be5 ?or\ghly fre$ f ! develop+ fluid by c>eful wa%+1 is n[ plac$ on ! fix+ /&1 & ! surface cov]$ by ! fix+ solution1 made z describ$ at page #aib1 be+ p\r$ ov] x4 ,9 a few seconds ! yell[ opalesc5t color ( ! film w beg9 to disappe>1 & its complete removal may be ha/5$ by bl[+ g5tly on ! plate1 s z to di/urb ! fluid4 ,:5 e p>ticle ( yell[ness has disappe>$1 ! fix+ solution is dra9$ (f1 & ! surface ?or\ghly wa%$1 & x is !n lean$ aga9/ ! wall to dra9 & dry4 ,v>ni%+ ! ,plate4 ,! plate1 be+ ?or\ghly dry1 is ready to receive a coat+ ( transp>5t v>ni%4,k 9 ord] to protect ! album5 surface f injury dur+ ! pr9t+ process4 ,to d ?is effectually ! plate mu/ be held be=e a fire1 or ov] a lamp1 until x is slightly w>m all ov]2 !n p\r ov] its surface ! negative v>ni%1 9 ! same mann] z collodion is appli$2 all[ ! sup]flu\s v>ni% to dra9 back into ! bottle2 hold ! plate aga9 be=e ! fire until ! :ole ( ! _s is evaporat$2 &1 :5 cold1 ! plate is ready to be pr9t$ f1 s z to produce any numb] ( positive pictures on pap]4 ,footnote ,k3 ,humphrey's ,collodion ,gild+ is ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t 9 describ+ ?is process1 ! op]ator has be5 suppos$ to be s situat$1 t 9 case a second view ( ! same spot 7 requir$1 he c\ld return to 8 op]at+ room1 remove ! plate :i* _h be5 expos$1 f ! cam]a back to ! plate box1 & place ano!r 9 ! cam]a back1 ready = tak+ ano!r view4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ?is is n at all times practicable4 ,we1 !re=e1 require "s means ( remov+ ! plates1 aft] be+ expos$1 f ! cam]a back into ! plate box1 & sub/itut+ o!rs 9 _! /ead1 :il/ we are 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is1 ! field plate box has be5 devis$ by ! au?or1 by ! aid ( :i* ! plates may be remov$ f ! box1 expos$ 9 ! cam]a1 & aga9 return$ into ! box1 )\t any possibility ( access ( light fall+ on x4 ,?is box is b a trifle l>g] ?an ! ord9>y "o1 & is furni%$ ) two slid+ bottoms1 work+ 9 grooves1 "o ov] ! o!r2 ! l[] bottom has a groov$ *annel1 into :i* ! side ( ! cam]a back slides2 ! cam]a back has an ap]ture ?r\gh ! side1 clos$ by a n>r[ slide1 & ! l[] bottom ( ! field box has a correspond+ "o4 ,we n[ suppose ! field box to h be5 previ\sly fill$ ) excit$ glass plates1 hav+ _! s5sitive sides t[>ds ! back ( ! box1 & ! box lid clos$4 ,! bottom slide is n[ pu%$ on until ! ap]ture is 9 a l9e ) any p>ticul> groove ( ! field box 7:i* position is indicat$ by a numb]$ scale & index po9t74 ,! cam]a back is !n slid on to its place on ! field box1 s t ! h+$ flap is t[>ds ! front ( ! box1 & its n>r[ slide drawn out4 ,! upp] slide is !n )drawn1 & ! box incl9$1 s t ! plate 9 t groove opposite ! ap]ture 9 ! l[] slide1 may pass ?r\gh into ! cam]a back4 ,:5 ?is has tak5 place1 pu% 9 ! n>r[ slide ( ! cam]a back1 inv]t ! box1 & pu% 9 ! inn] slide2 !n )draw ! cam]a back f its *annel1 & expose ! plate 9 ! cam]a4 ,:5 ?is is done1 slide ! back aga9 into its *annel1 draw out ! inn] box slide1 !n ! n>r[ cam]a back slide1 inv]t ! box1 & ! plate w !n leave ! cam]a back & pass into ! field box1 occupy+ ! same groove z be=e4 ,9 ord] to get out ano!r plate1 slide ! l[] bottom1 s t ! index po9ts to ! numb] on ! scale1 z t ( ! groove 9 :i* ! requir$ plate is situate4 ,!n proce$ z be=e direct$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,on a mode ( ,pr9t+ enl>g$ & r$uc$ ,positives1 etc41 f ,collodion ,negatives4 ,to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* a photograph may be enl>g$ or r$uc$ 9 ! process ( pr9t+1 x w be necess>y to ref] to ! rem>ks made at page #bj1 on ! conjugate foci ( l5ses4 ,if a collodion negative be plac$ at a c]ta9 di/ance 9 front ( a cam]a1 & 7by us+ a tube ( black clo?7 ! light be admitt$ into ! d>k *amb] only ?r\gh ! negative1 a r$uc$ image w be =m$ ^u ! gr\nd glass2 b if ! negative be advanc$ ne>]1 ! image w increase 9 size1 until x becomes fir/ equal to1 & !n l>g] ?an1 ! orig9al negative2 ! focus becom+ m & m di/ant f ! l5s1 or rec$+1 z ! negative is br\ght ne>]4 ,aga91 if a negative portrait be plac$ 9 ! cam]a slide1 & if ! in/rum5t be c>ri$ into a d>k room1 a hole be cut 9 ! w9d[-%utt] s z to admit light ?r\gh ! negative1 ! lum9\s rays1 aft] refraction by ! l5s1 w =m an image ( ! exact size ( life ^u a :ite scre5 plac$ 9 ! position orig9ally occupi$ by ! sitt]4 ,^! two planes1 9 fact1 t ( ! object & ( ! image1 are /rictly conjugate foci1 &1 z reg>ds ! result1 x is immat]ial f :i* ( ! two1 ant]ior or po/]ior1 ! rays ( light proce$4 ,!re=e 9 ord] to obta9 a r$uc$ or enl>g$ copy ( a negative1 x is necess>y only to =m an image ( ! size requir$1 & to project ! image ^u a s5sitive surface ei!r ( collodion or pap]4 ,a good arrangem5t = ?is purpose may be made by tak+ an ord9>y portrait cam]a1 & prolong+ x 9 front by a deal box black5$ inside & ) a d\ble body1 to admit ( be+ l5g!n$ out z requir$2 or1 m simply1 by add+ a framework ( wood cov]$ 9 ) black clo?4 ,a groove 9 front c>ries ! negative1 or receives ! slide conta9+ ! s5sitive lay]1 z ! case may be4 ,9 r$uc+ photographs1 ! negative is plac$ 9 front ( ! l5s1 9 ! position ord9>ily occupi$ by ! object2 b 9 mak+ an enl>g$ copy x mu/ be fix$ beh9d ! l5s1 or1 :i* is equival5t1 ! l5s mu/ be turn$ r\nd s t ! rays ( light1 transmitt$ by ! negative1 ent] ! back glass ( ! comb9ation1 & pass out at ! front4 ,?is po9t %\ld be att5d$ to 9 ord] to avoid indi/9ctness ( image f sph]ical ab]ration4 ,a portrait comb9ation ( l5ses ( #b-a_/b or #c-a_/d in*es is ! be/ =m to use1 & ! act9ic & lum9\s foci %\ld accurately correspond1 z any diff]5ce betwe5 !m w\ld be increas$ by enl>g+4 ,a /op ( an in* or an in* & a half ap]ture plac$ betwe5 ! l5ses obviates to "s ext5t ! loss ( %>p outl9e usually foll[+ enl>gem5t ( ! image4 ,! light may be admitt$ ?r\gh ! negative by po9t+ ! cam]a t[>ds ! sky2 or direct sunlight may be us$1 ?r[n ^u ! negative by a plane reflector4 ,a common sw+ look+-glass1 if cle> & free f specks1 does v well2 x %\ld be s plac$ t ! c5tre on :i* x turns is on a level ) ! axis ( ! l5s4 ,! be/ negatives = pr9t+ enl>g$ positives are ^? :i* are di/9ct & cle>2 & x is important to use a small negative1 :i* /ra9s ! l5s less & gives bett] results ?an "o ( l>g] size4 ,9 pr9t+ by #b-a_/d l5s = in/ance1 prep>e ! negative ^u a plate ab\t two in*es squ>e & aft]w>ds enl>ge x f\r diamet]s4 ,pap] conta9+ *loride ( silv] is n suffici5tly s5sitive to receive ! image1 & ! pr9t %\ld be =m$ ^u collodion1 or on iodiz$ pap] develop$ by gallic acid4 ,! exposure requir$ w v>y n only ) ! int5sity ( ! light & ! s5sibility ( ! surface us$1 b also ) ! degree ( r$uction or enl>gem5t ( ! image4 ,9 pr9t+ ^u collodion ! result+ picture is positive by transmitt$ light2 x %\ld be back$ up ) :ite v>ni%1 & !n becomes positive by reflect$ light4 ,! tone ( ! blacks is improv$ by treat+ ! plate fir/ ) bi*loride ( m]cury1 & !n ) ammonia4 ,mr4 ,w5ham1 :o has writt5 a mo/ practical pap] on ! mode ( obta9+ positives ( ! life size1 op]ates 9 ! foll[+ way3--he places ! cam]a1 ) ! slide conta9+ ! negative 9 a d>k room1 & reflects ! sunlight 9 ?r\gh a hole 9 ! %utt]1 s z to pass fir/ ?r\gh ! negative & !n ?r\gh ! l5s2 ! image is receiv$ ^u iodiz$ pap]1 & develop$ by gallic acid4 ,on ,pr9t+ ,collodion ,transp>5cies = ! ,/]eoscope4--,?is may be done by us+ ! cam]a to =m an image ( ! negative 9 ! mode describ$ at ! la/ page2 b m simply by ! foll[+ process3--,coat ! glass1 ^u :i* ! pr9t is to be =m$1 ) collodio-iodide ( silv] 9 ! usual way1 !n lay x ^u a piece ( black clo?1 collodion side upp]mo/1 & place two /rips ( pap] ( ab\t ! ?ickness ( c>dbo>d & "o-f\r? ( an in* broad1 along ! two opposite edges1 to prev5t ! negative be+ soil$ by contact ) ! film4 ,bo? glasses mu/ be p]fectly flat1 & ev5 !n x may happ5 t ! negative is unavoidably wett$2 if s1 wa% x imm$iately ) wat]1 & if x be prop]ly v>ni%$ no h>m w result4 ,a little +5uity w sugge/ a simple framework ( wood1 on :i* ! negative & s5sitive plate are reta9$1 sep>at$ only by ! ?ickness ( a %eet ( pap]2 & ! use ( ?is w be bett] ?an hold+ ! comb9ation 9 ! h&4 ,! pr9t+ is conduct$ by ! light ( gas or ( a camph9e or mod]ator lamp1 diffus$ daylight w\ld be too p[]ful4 ,! employm5t ( a concave reflector1 :i* maybe pur*as$ = a few %ill+s1 ensures p>allelism ( rays1 & is a great improvem5t4 ,! lamp is plac$ 9 ! focus ( ! mirror1 :i* may at once be asc]ta9$ by mov+ x backw>ds & =w>ds until an ev5ly illum9at$ circle is ?r[n ^u a :ite scre5 held 9 front4 ,?is 9 fact is "o ( ! disadvantages ( pr9t+ by a nak$ flame--t ! light falls mo/ p[]fully ^u ! c5tral "p2 & less s ^u ! edges1 ( ! negative4 99 99 99 99 99 7,f ,humphrey's ,j\rnal1 ,no4 #ag1 ,vol4 #h47 ,on ! ,use ( ,alcohol = ,s5sitiz+ ,pap]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,to ,,s5sitize ,,pap]4 ,i h practis$ = "s "t ! foll[+ simple me?od1 :i* appe>s to me to be v sup]ior = cleanl9ess & cel]ity 9 work+1 = dep? ( tone1 & especially = purity ( :ite 9 its results4 ,by means ( x ,t h produc$ v satisfactory results ^u pap] :i* 0 o!rwise ne>ly wor?less4 ,to y\r s5sitiz+ solution 7:i* %\ld be n less ?an #fj gra9s to ! ounce71 :e!r simple nitrate or ammonio-nitrate1 add #ej p] c5t1 ( alcohol4 ,float ! pap] ^u ! solution = #dj seconds4 ,?is me?od answ]s equally well = album5iz$ or pla9 pap]4 ,y w f9d t ! solution p5etrates ! pap] :i* flatt5s in/antane\sly ^u x4 ,x becomes z transp>5t z ?\gh x 7 oil$1 & e m9ute air-bubble or defect 9 ! pap] is r5d]$ visible4 ,remove ! air-bubbles by press+ ^u ! pap] ab\t an in* f ! bubble1 & ?us driv+ x out "u ! pap]4 ,9 do+ ?is1 if ! solution fl[s p>tially ov] ! back ( ! pap]1 %ake x until ! pap] is :olly imm]s$1 :i* w prev5t any unev5ness 9 pr9t+4 ,! pap] reassumes its transp>5cy 9 ! ton+ ba?1 b x w dry a pure :ite4 ,! s5sitis+ solution w n become mat]ially discolor$ ev5 aft] frequ5t applications ( album5iz$ pap]4 ,%\ld x become s mu* discolor$ z to give a d>k hue to ! pap]1 %ake x 9 a bottle ) two dra*ms ,( animal *>coal & leave x a night to settle4 ,x w filt] cle>4 ,a v small portion ( y\r solution may be made available 9 s5sitiz+ a %eet ( pap] by p\r+ x ^u a clean glass1 ! size ( ! pap] or a little l>g]1 :i* is c>efully levell$ & nicely lay+ d[n ! pap] ^u x4 ,?is is useful :5 y\r solution is too small to float 9 y\r trays4 ,! alcohol causes x to fl[ & be absorb$ ) p]fect ev5ness4 ,to remove ! pap]s f ! solution & dry !m3--,provide a doz5 or m clo!s-p9s1 ( ! k9d t are suppli$ ) a r+ ( india-rubb] = a spr+4 ,into ! top drive a p9 firmly & b5d x to a hook4 ,lift a corn] ( ! pap] by pass+ "u x ! po9t ( a quill too?-pick1 & atta* to x "o ( ! clo!s-p9s2 lift ! edge out by ?is1 & atta* ano!r to ! o!r corn]4 ,y may ?us c>ry ! %eet by ! p9s & hang x ^u a l9e to dry )\t t\*+ x ) ! f+]s1 a matt] ( "s importance to ,amateurs ( ! art1 :o mu/ h un/a9$ h&s = _! day's bus9ess4 ,x may be wor? :ile "h to add ! foll[+ simple & economical me?od ( pr9t+1 :i* ,i h f\nd to surpass 9 conv5i5ce & af=d all ! advantages ( ! mo/ exp5sive pr9t+ frames4 ,f\r common clo!s-p9s1 su* z "w ) a wire spr+ supply pressure en\gh = a #d_/d-plate4 ,lay y\r prep>$ pap] ^u ! negative1 & next to x ab\t tw5ty sep>ate leaves ( ?9 common wrapp+ pap] cut to ! size ( ! negative2 next a %eet ( tol]ably /iff & smoo? writ+ pap]1 & la/ly1 a piece ( glass z a back to ! :ole4 ,let ! glass back be pu%$ f ! l[] edge ( ! pap]s ab\t #a_/bj ( an in*1 or j s f> z to enable y to p9* ! negative & pap]s ) ! ?umb-nail & =ef+]4 ,atta* a p9 to ea* corn] & y\r negative is prep>$ = exposure4 ,n[1 to exam9e y\r picture )\t endang]+ its displacem5t3--remove ! p9s f "o end1 & place x1 face d[nw>ds1 on a table1 ! o!r end ) p9s atta*$ project+ an in* beyond ! edge4 ,hold d[n ! back glass ) ! left h&1 :ile ) ! "r y remove ! p9s & p9* ! pap]s & negative toge!r betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb-nail4 ,^u ! smoo? %eet ( pap] y c easily slide ! back glass an in* f ! edge4 ,hold x !re1 & on ! uncov]$ m>g9 atta* ?ree ( ! p9s ) z deep a bite z !y w take4 ,y may n[ exam9e y\r picture to )9 an in* ( its m>g91 z y w\ld turn ov] ! leaves ( a book4 ,to replace ! back1 lay x aga9 on ! table & slide ! back glass up to ! p9s be=e y remove !m4 ,! re/ ( ! process is obvi\s4 ,! m9uti ( my communication may excite a smile ) "s1 b ,i %all always act ^u ! pr9ciple1 t no?+ is m out ( place ?an an apology = m9ut5ess 9 describ+ manipulations4 ,g4 ,b4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,recov]y ( ,silv] f wa/e ,solutions1--f ! black ,deposit ( ,hypo ,ba?s1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,,recov]y ,,( ,,wa/e ,,silv]1 ,,etc4 ,! mann] = sep>at+ metallic silv] f wa/e solutions v>ies accord+ to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( alkal9e hyposulphite & cyanides4 a4 ,sep>ation ( metallic ,silv] f old ,nitrate ,ba?s4--,! silv] conta9$ 9 solutions ( ! nitrate1 acetate1 etc42 may easily be precipitat$ by susp5d+ a /rip ( %eet copp] 9 ! liquid2 ! action is complet$ 9 two or ?ree days1 ! :ole ( ! nitric acid & oxyg5 pass+ to ! copp]1 & =m+ a blue solution ( ! nitrate ( copp]4 ,! metallic silv] h[ev] sep>at$ 9 ?is mann]1 always conta9s a portion ( copp]1 & gives a blue solution :5 dissolv$ 9 nitric acid4 ,a bett] process is to comm5ce by precipitat+ ! silv] entirely 9 ! =m ( *loride ( silv]1 by add+ common salt until no fur!r milk9ess c be produc$4 ,if ! liquid is well /irr$1 ! *loride ( silv] s9ks to ! bottom1 & may be wa%$ by repeat$ly fill+ ! vessel ) common wat]1 & p\r+ (f ! upp] cle> portion :5 ! clots h aga9 settl$ d[n4 ,! *loride ( silv] ?us =m$ may aft]w>ds be r$uc$ to metallic silv] by a process :i* w pres5tly be describ$4 b4 ,sep>ation ( ,silv] f solutions conta9+ alkal9e ,hyposulphites1 ,cyanides or ,iodides4--,9 ?is case ! silv] _c be precipitat$ by add+ *loride ( sodium1 s9ce ! *loride ( silv] is soluble 9 su* liquids4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to use ! sulphurett$ hydrog51 or ! hydrosulphate ( ammonia1 & to sep>ate ! silv] 9 ! =m ( sulphuret4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas is readily prep>$1 by fitt+ a cork & flexible tub+ to ! neck ( a p9t bottle1 & hav+ introduc$ sulphuret ( iron 7sold by op]ative *emi/s = ! purpose71 ab\t z mu* z w /& 9 ! palm ( ! h&1 p\r+ ^u x #a-a_/b fluid ounces ( oil ( vitriol dilut$ ) #aj ounces ( wat]4 ,! gas is g5]at$ gradually )\t ! application ( heat2 & mu/ be all[$ to bubble up ?r\gh ! liquid f :i* ! silv] is to be sep>at$4 ,! smell ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 be+ (f5sive1 & highly poison\s if inhal$ 9 a conc5trat$ =m1 ! op]ation mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 ! op5 air1 or 9 a place :]e ! fumes may escape )\t do+ injury4 ,:5 ! liquid beg9s to acquire a /rong & p]si/5t odor ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 ! precipitation ( sulphuret is complet$4 ,! black mass mu/ !re=e be collect$ ^u a filt]1 & wa%$ by p\r+ wat] ov] x1 until ! liquid :i* runs ?r\gh gives little or no precipitation ) a drop ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,! silv] may also be sep>at$ 9 ! =m ( sulphuret f old hypo ba?s1 by add+ oil ( vitriol 9 quantity suffici5t to decompose ! hyposulphite ( soda2 & burn+ (f ! free sulphur f ! br[n deposit4 ,conv]sion ( ,sulphuret ( ,silv] into ,metallic ,silv]4--,! black sulphuret ( silv] may be r$uc$ to ! /ate ( metal by roa/+ & subsequ5t fusion ) c>bonate ( soda2 b x is m conv5i5t1 9 op]at+ on a small scale1 to proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--fir/ conv]t ! sulphuret into nitrate ( silv]1 by boil+ ) nitric acid dilut$ ) two p>ts ( wat]2 :5 all evolution ( r$ fumes has ceas$1 ! liquid may be dilut$1 all[$ to cool1 & filt]$ f ! insoluble portion1 :i* consi/s pr9cipally ( sulphur1 b also conta9s a mixture ( *loride & sulphuret ( silv]1 unless ! nitric acid employ$ 0 free f *lor9e2 ?is precipitate may be heat$ 9 ord] to volatilize ! sulphur1 & !n dige/$ ) hyposulphite ( soda1 or add$ to ! hypo ba?4 ,! solution ( nitrate ( silv] obta9$ by dissolv+ sulphuret ( silv] is always /rongly acid ) nitric acid1 & also conta9s sulphate ( silv]4 ,x may be cry/alliz$ by evaporation2 b unless ! quantity ( mat]ial op]at$ on is l>ge1 x w be bett] to precipitate ! silv] 9 ! =m ( *loride1 by add+ common salt1 z already recomm5d$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! ,use ( ,te/ ,pap]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,te/ ,,pap]s4 ,! nature ( ! color+ matt] :i* is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( litmus-pap] has already be5 describ$ at page #ih4 ,9 te/+ = ! alkalies & basic oxides g5]ally1 ! blue litmus-pap] :i* has be5 r$d5$ by an acid may be us$1 or1 9 place ( x1 ! turm]ic pap]4 ,turm]ic is a yell[ vegetable sub/ance :i* possesses ! prop]ty ( becom+ br[n :5 treat$ ) an alkali2 x is h[ev] decid$ly less s5sitive ?an ! r$d5$ litmus1 & is sc>cely affect$ by ! weak] bases1 su* z oxide ( silv]4 ,9 us+ te/ pap]s obs]ve ! foll[+ precautions3--!y %\ld be kept 9 a d>k place1 & protect$ f ! action ( ! air1 or !y soon become purple f c>bonic acid1 always pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e 9 small quantity4 ,by imm]sion 9 wat] conta9+ ab\t "o drop ( liquor potass 9 f\r ounces1 ! blue color is re/or$4 ,te/-pap]s prep>$ ) por\s pap] %[ ! r$ color bett] ?an ^? ^u glaz$ or /rongly siz$ pap]4 ,if ! quantity ( acid pres5t h[ev] is small1 x is n suffici5t 9 any case simply to dip ! pap] 9 ! liquid2 a small /rip %\ld be ?r[n 91 & all[$ to rema9 = t5 m9utes or a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,if ! pap]1 on imm]sion1 assumes a w9e-r$ or purple t9t1 9 place ( a decid$ r$1 x is probably caus$ by c>bonic aid gas3 9 t case ! blue color returns :5 ! pap] is wa%$ & held to ! fire4 ,blue litmus-pap]s may be *ang$ to ! r$ pap]s us$ = alkalies by soak+ 9 wat] acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 "o drop to half a p9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,salt+ & ,album5iz+ ,pap]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,salt+ ,,pap]1 ,,etc4 ,take ( ,*loride ( ammonium1 or pure *loride ( sodium #bjj gra9s4 ,wat] #aj fluid oz4 ,album5 #aj fluid oz4 ,if di/ill$ wat] _c be procur$1 ra9 wat] or ev5 common spr+ wat],l w answ] ! purpose4 ,to obta9 ! album51 use new-laid eggs1 & be c>eful t 9 op5+ ! %ell ! yelk is n brok52 ea* egg w yield ab\t "o fluid ounce ( album54 ,footnote ,l3 ,if ! wat] conta9$ mu* sulphate ( lime1 x is likely t ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! pap] w\ld be impair$ 7874 ,:5 ! +r$i5ts are mix$1 take a bundle ( quills or a =k1 & beat ! :ole into a p]fect fro?4 ,z ! fro? =ms1 x is to be skimm$ (f & plac$ 9 a flat di% to subside4 ,! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds entirely ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ?is "p ( ! process is conduct$2 if ! album5 is n ?or\ghly beat51 flakes ( animal membrane w be left 9 ! liquid1 & w cause /reaks ^u ! pap]4 ,:5 ! fro? has p>tially subsid$1 transf] x to a tall & n>r[ j>1 & all[ to /& = sev]al h\rs1 t ! membran\s %r$s may settle to ! bottom4 ,p\r (f ! upp] cle> portion1 :i* is fit = use4 ,album5\s liquids are too glut9\s to run well ?r\gh a pap] filt]1 & are bett] cle>$ by subsid5ce4 ,a m simple plan ?an ! above1 & "o equally efficaci\s1 is to fill a bottle to ab\t ?ree p>ts ) ! salt$ mixture ( album5 & wat]1 & to %ake x well = t5 m9utes or a qu>t] ( an h\r1 until x loses its glut9osity & c be p\r$ out smoo?ly f ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,x is !n to be transf]r$ to an op5 j>1 & all[$ to settle z be=e4 ,! solution1 prep>$ by ! above directions1 w conta9 exactly t5 gra9s ( salt to ! ounce1 dissolv$ 9 an equal bulk ( album5 & wat]4 ,"s op]ators employ ! album5 alone )\t an addition ( wat]1 b ! pap] 9 t case has a v highly v>ni%$ appe>ance1 :i* is ?\ght by mo/ to be objectionable4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty 9 album5iz+ pap] is to avoid ! occurr5ce ( /reaky l9es1 :i*1 :5 ! pap] is r5d]$ s5sitive1 bronze /rongly "u ! influ5ce ( ! light4 ,! writ] believes ^! to be caus$ by a comm5c+ decomposition ( ! animal matt] compos+ ! cells 9 :i* ! album5 is reta9$ & ! be/ rem$y appe>s to be to use ! eggs q fre%2 ! same object may sometimes 7b n inv>iably7 be atta9$ by all[+ ! album5 to /& = sev]al weeks until x has become s\r2 aft] :i* x w be suffici5tly limpid to run ?r\gh a filt]4 ,9 salt+ & album5iz+ photographic pap] by ! =mula above giv51 x 0 f\nd t ea* qu>t] %eet1 measur+ elev5 by n9e in*es1 remov$ "o fluid dra*m & a half f ! ba?2 equival5t to ab\t "o gra9 & ?ree qu>t]s ( salt 7includ+ dropp+s74 ,9 salt+ pla9 pap]1 ea* qu>t] %eet took up only "o dra*m2 s t ! glut9\s nature ( ! album5 causes a ?ird "p m ( ! salt to be reta9$ by ! pap]4 ,selection ( ! ,pap]4--,! ,engli% pap]s are n good = album5iz+2 !y are too d5se to take ! album5 prop]ly1 & curl up :5 laid ^u ! liquid2 ! process ( ton+ ! pr9ts is also sl[ & t$i\s4 ,! ?9 negative pap] ( ,canson1 ! ,papi] ,rieve1 & ,papi] ,saxe1 h succe$$ ) ! writ] bett] ?an ,canson's positive pap]1 :i* is usually recomm5d$2 !y h a f9] texture & give m smoo?ness ( gra94 ,to apply ! album52 p\r a portion ( ! solution into a flat di% to ! dep? ( half an in*4 ,!n1 hav+ previ\sly cut ! pap] to ! prop] size1 take a %eet by ! two corn]s1 b5d x into a curv$ =m1 convexity d[nw>ds1 & lay x ^u ! album51 ! c5tre "p fir/ t\*+ ! liquid & ! corn]s be+ l[]$ gradually4 ,9 ?is way all bubbles ( air w be pu%$ =w>ds & exclud$4 ,"o side only ( ! pap] is wett$3 ! o!r rema9s dry4 ,all[ ! %eet to re/ ^u ! solution = "o m9ute & a half1 & !n raise x (f1 & up by two corn]s4 ,if any circul> spots1 free f album51 are se51 caus$ by bubbles ( air1 replace ! %eet = ! same l5g? ( "t z at fir/4 ,! pap] mu/ n all[$ to rema9 ^u ! salt+ ba? mu* long] ?an ! "t specifi$1 because ! solution ( album5 be+ alkal9e 7z is %[n by ! /rong smell ( ammonia evolv$ on ! addition ( ! *loride ( ammonium71 t5ds to remove ! size f ! pap] & s9k 9 too deeply2 ?us los+ its surface gloss4 ,album5iz$ pap] w keep a long "t 9 a dry place4 ,"s h recomm5d$ to press x ) a heat$ iron1 9 ord] to coagulate ! lay] ( album5 ^u ! surface2 b ?is precaution is unnecess>y1 s9ce ! coagulation is p]fectly affect$ by ! nitrate ( silv] us$ 9 ! s5sitiz+2 & x is d\btful :e!r a lay] ( dry album5 w\ld admit ( coagulation by ! simple application ( a heat$ iron4 ,to r5d] ! pap] s5sitive4--,?is op]ation mu/ be conduct$ by ! light ( a c&le1 or by yell[ light4 ,take ( ,nitrate ( ,silv] #fj gra9s4 ,di/ill$ ,wat] #a ounce4 ,prep>e a suffici5t quantity ( ?is solution1 & lay ! %eet ^u x 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,?ree m9utes' contact w be suffici5t ) ! ?9 negative pap]1 b if ! ,canson positive pap] is us$1 l\r or five m9utes mu/ be all[$ = ! decomposition4 ,! pap]s are rais$ f ?is solution by a pair ( bone =ceps or common tweez]s tipp$ ) seal+-wax2 or a p9 may be us$ to lift up ! corn]1 :i* is !n tak5 by ! f+] & ?umb & all[$ to dra9 a little be=e aga9 putt+ 9 ! p91 o!rwise a :ite m>k w be produc$ ^u ! pap]1 f decomposition ( ! nitrate ( silv]4 ,:5 ! %eet is hung up1 a small /rip ( blott+-pap] susp5d$ f ! l[] edge ( ! pap] w s]ve to dra9 (f ! la/ drop ( liquid4 ,! solution ( nitrate ( silv] becomes aft] a "t discolor$ by ! album51 b may be us$ = s5sitiz+ until x is ne>ly black4 ,! color c be remov$ by animal *>coal1,m b a bett] plan is to use ! kaol9 or pure :ite *9a clay4 ,! writ] has also tri$ ! common pipe-clay1 :i* answ]$ p]fectly1 b appe>$ to injure ! s5sitiv5ess ( pap] subsequ5tly float$ ^u ! ba? 7874 ,footnote ,m3 ,common animal *>coal conta9s c>bonate & phosphate ( lime ! =m] ( :i* r5d]s ! nitrate ( silv] alkal9e2 purifi$ animal *>coal is usually acid f hydro*loric acid4 ,s5sitive album5iz$ pap]1 prep>$ z above1 w usually keep = sev]al days1 if protect$ f ! light1 b aft]w>ds turns yell[ f p>tial decomposition4 ,comp>ison ( ,briti% & ,fr5* ,weights & ,measures4 ,sid5ote3 ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4 ,,weights4 ,gra91 ,apo!c>ies' #jjfdh grammes1 ,fr5*4 ,ounce #caajb ,avoirdupois #bhcdf ,dra*m1 ,apo!c>ies' #chhh ---- ,gramme #aedcaj gra9s1 ,apo?4 ,decigramme #aedcd ,c5tigramme #jaedc ---- ,,measures ,,( ,,capacity4 ,cubic ,in*es4 ,fluid ,ounces4 ,litre #fajbh #cegi ,decilitre #fjb #ceg ,c5tilitre #jfaj #jce ,millilitre #jjfa #jjc ---- ,lb4 ,oz4 ,killogramme #b #c-a_/d ,avoirdupois4 ---- ,,measures ,,( ,,l5g?4 ,metre #cicg in*es4 ,decimetre #cic ,c5timetre #jci ,millimetre #jjc ---- ,cubic in* ( wat] at #cb #bebde gra9s4 m]cury #cdbece ,fluid oz4 ( wat] #dcgej measures #agc cub4 94 #a f4 dra*m #edfh gra9s4 #a p9t 7,new ,york7 #bgfh cub4 94 #a oz4 brom9e #b-a_/b f4 dra*ms4 #a gra91 ,troy or ,apo?4 #ajig gr4 ,avoir4 #a lb4 ,avoir4 #gjjj ,troy grs4 #a #gfhj ( its own grs4 ,! dra*m ,avoirdupois is nev] us$ except 9 weigh+ silk4 ,p5dulum vibrat+ seconds at ,new ,york #ciajb in*es4 ,9 weigh+ solids1 few weights are really necess>y if !y are prop]ly assort$2 no?+ less ?an half a gra9 is likely to be useful1 & ! s]ies foll[+ w weigh any quantity f ! half gra9 to two ?\s& "o hundr$ & t5 & a half gra9s1 by diff]5ces ( only a s+le gra94 ,! numb]s are 9 gra9s1 b ! same pr9ciple may be c>ri$ out ) any o!r d5om9ation1 :e!r ounces1 p\nds1 or tons4 #a_/b1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 #ajj1 #bjj1 #cjj1 #djj1 #ajjj1 c4 ,! arti/ %\ld be provid$ ) n less ?an ?ree glass measures--"o ( a p9t1 graduat$ to ounces--"o ( two ounces1 graduat$ to dra*ms--& "o ( two dra*ms1 graduat$ to m9ims4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lewis's ,pat5t ,glass ,ba?s = ,nitrate ( ,silv] ,solutions4--,s9ce ! =ego+ pages h be5 9 pr9t ?is new article ( ,ba?s has be5 introduc$1 & w probably sup]s$e all o!rs n[ 9 m>ket4 ,!y are encas$ 9 a box made expressly to hold !m1 & =m a valuable & important improvem5t 9 ! app>atus us$ 9 ! v>i\s ,glass processes4 ,,index4 ,ab]ration1 *romatic1 #bc2 sph]ical1 #bb4 ,acetic acid1 #ff4 ,album51 #fc2 prep>ation ( positive pap] )1 #bjf4 ,alcohol1 #gj2 us$ 9 s5sitiz+ pap]1 #bja4 ,ammonia1 #ga4 ,ammonio-nitrate ( silv]1 prep>ation & use (1 #aeb4 ,animal *>coal1 #gd4 ,b>ium1 *loride (1 #gg4 ,ba?s1 glass1 #baa2 gutta-p]*a1 #cd4 ,bi*loride ( m]cury = :it5+ positives1 #aei4 ,bromide & iodide ( potassium & silv]1 #fj4 ,bromide ( potassium1 #gc4 ,brom9e1 prop]ties (1 #gb4 ,bromo-iodiz$ collodion = positives1 7ambrotypes71 #eh1 #ei2 = negatives1 #fj4 ,cam]a boxes1 #bh4 ,cam]a1 con/ruction (1 #bh4 ,cam]a /&s1 #ca4 ,c>bonate ( soda1 #gc4 ,*emical & visual focus1 #ba4 ,*9a clay1 #ge4 ,*loride ( ammonium1 #gg4 ,*loride ( b>ium1 #gg4 ,*loride ( gold1 prep>ation (1 #hc2 = ton+1 #aee ,*loride ( sodium1 #gh4 ,*lor9e1 #ge4 ,*romatic ab]ration1 #bb4 ,citric acid1 #gh4 ,clean+ glass plates1 #abi4 ,coat+ l>ge glasses ) collodion1 #afj4 ,collodion1 manufacture (1 #ec2 iodiz$ = positives1 #eh1 #ei2 = negatives1 #fj2 mode ( coat+ glasses )1 #aca2 vials1 #ch4 ,collodio-,album5 process1 ,dr4 ,taup5ot1 #aij4 ,color-boxes1 #ch4 ,cutt+'s pat5ts & correspond5ce1 #agc4 ,cyanide ( potassium1 #gi2 use (1 #fc4 ,decomposition ( light1 #af4 ,develop+ solution = positives1 #fb2 = negatives1 #add1 #ade4 ,dipp]s1 glass & gutta-p]*a1 #cd4 ,d\ble iodide ( potassium & silv]1 #fa4 ,e!r1 prep>ation (1 #gi4 ,fix+ positives on glass1 #acd2 negatives on glass1 #adf2 positives on pap]1 #aee4 ,fluoride ( potassium1 #ha4 ,fogg+ ( collodion positives1 #acg4 ,=mic acid1 #ha4 ,fulm9at+ gold1 #hd4 ,gelat9e1 prop]ties (1 #hb2 = m\nt+ photographs1 #aeg4 ,glass1 cem5t+1 #aeh4 ,glass plates1 clean+ (1 #abi2 coat+ ) collodion1 #aca2 coat+ ) album51 #aic4 ,glass rods1 b5d+ (1 #aeh4 ,glyc]9e1 its prop]ties1 #hb4 ,gold1 *loride (1 prep>ation (1 #he2 = ton+1 #aee4 ,grape sug>1 #hf4 ,had[1 ,mr41 ,rese>*es & ,=mula = mak+ soluble cotton1 #df2 on iodiz+ collodion1 #ed4 ,head re/s1 #cc4 ,helio1 collodion process = positives & negatives1 #afd4 ,honey1 #hf4 ,humphrey's collodion gild+1 #fc4 ,hydro*loric acid1 #hg4 ,hydriodic acid1 #hg4 ,hydrosulphuric acid1 #hh4 ,hypo ba?1 #bjc4 ,hyposulphite ( gold1 #he4 ,hyposulphite ( silv]1 #ag4 ,hyposulphite ( soda1 prep>ation & prop]ties (1 #hi4 ,in/antane\s positives1 #aei4 ,iodide ( ammonium1 prep>ation (1 #ia2 = iodiz+ collodion1 #eh1 #ei4 ,iodide ( cadmium1 #ib4 ,iodide ( iron1 prep>ation (1 #ic2 its uses & accel]ation1 #aei4 ,iodide ( potassium & silv]1 prep>ation (1 #fa2 use 9 s5sitiz+ collodion1 #eh1 #fj4 ,iodide ( potassium1 prop]ties & prep>ation (1 #id4 ,iodide ( silv]1 prep>ation & prop]ties (1 #aab2 its use 9 ! nitrate ba?1 #fe1 #adg4 ,iod9e1 prep>ation & prop]ties (1 #ij4 ,iodiz$ collodion1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #aca4 ,iron1 p]*loride (1 #ih4 protonitrate (1 #ig4 ,j5ny ,l9d /&s1 #cb4 ,kaol91 prop]ties (1 #ge4 ,l5ses1 d\ble-convex1 concavo-convex1 d\ble-concave1 #ai4 ,l5ses1 =ms (1 #ai1 #bj2 comb9ation (1 = portraits1 #bg2 *romatic ab]ration (1 #bc2 sph]ical ab]ration (1 #bb4 ,level+ /&s1 #ce4 ,light1 decomposition (1 #af4 ,litmus1 #ih4 ,manipulations ( ! positive collodion process1 #abi2 negative process1 #adc4 ,measures & ,weights1 #baj4 ,milk1 #ii4 ,m\nt+ positives on pap]1 #aeg4 ,negatives = pr9t+ positives1 #aea1 #afi4 ,nitrate ( pota%1 #ajb4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #aaf4 ,nitrate ( silv] ba?1 mode ( prep>+ = positives1 #fd2 = negatives1 #adg2 = negatives & positives 9 ,helio's process1 #afd4 ,nitrate ( silv] us$ 9 develop+ negatives1 #ade4 ,nitric acid1 prep>ation & prop]ties (1 #ajj2 use 9 nitrate ba?1 #fe1 #adg2 use 9 mak+ soluble cotton1 #df4 ,nitro-sulphuric acid us$ 9 prep>+ soluble cotton1 #db1 #ea4 ,oxide ( silv]1 prep>ation (1 #aji4 ,oxyg51 #aji4 ,oxymel1 prep>ation (1 #aje4 ,pap]1 s5sitive1 = pr9t+1 #aeb2 alcohol us$ 91 #bja4 ,pat5t = ! use ( camphor 9 comb9ation ) iodiz$ collodion1 #agf2 = seal+ photographic pictures1 #agg2 = ! use ( alcohol z a desiccat+ ag5t1 #agh2 = ! use ( bromide ( potassium 9 collodion1 #agh2 = ! use ( japann$ surfaces = tak+ positives1 #agi2 = photographic pictures 9 oil1 #aha2 = mak+ transp>5t bord]s1 #ahc2 color+ positives1 #ahe1 #ahg2 = album5iz$ collodion1 #ahf4 ,plate-,hold]s1 ,lewis's pat5t1 solid glass corn]s =1 #acg4 ,plato vices1 #fd4 ,portrait l5ses1 comb9ation (1 #bg4 ,positives1 7ambrotypes17 process = produc+1 #abi2 by ! ,helio process1 #afd2 pr9t+ on album5iz$ pap]1 #aib1 #bjf2 ammonio-nitrate ( silv] us$ 91 #aeb2 use ( *loride ( gold 9 ton+1 #aee2 fix+1 #aee2 fix+ & bright5+1 7ambrotypes71 ,humphrey's collodion gild+ us$ 91 #fc2 pr9t+ frames =1 #cf2 collodion =1 #eh1 #ei2 mica us$ =1 #acf4 ,positives1 enl>g+ f negatives1 #aii4 ,pota%1 #aje2 c>bonate (1 #ajf4 ,practice ( ! positive collodion process1 #abi2 negative process4 #adc2 ,helio's positive & negative process1 #afd2 pr9t+ on pap]1 #aea4 ,prism1 #ad2 refraction ( light by1 #ad4 ,protosulphite ( iron us$ 9 develop+ positives4 #fb2 negatives1 #add4 ,pyrogallic acid1 prep>ation (1 #ajg4 ,s5sitiz+ pap]1 use ( alcohol 91 #bja4 ,silv]1 prop]ties (1 #ajg2 removal ( /a9s f ! nitrate (1 #afa2 recov]y ( f wa/e solutions1 #bjc4 ,sol> spectrum1 #ad4 ,soluble cotton1 #db2 ,had[ on1 #df4 ,sph]ical ab]ration1 #bb4 ,spots ^u positives1 #aci4 ,/a9s & l9es ^u positives1 #aci4 ,taup5ot1 ,m41 8 ,collodio-album5 process1 #aij4 ,te/-pap]1 use (1 #bje4 ,ton+ ba? = positives on pap]1 #aee4 ,weights & ,measures1 #baj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,corrections4 ,transcrib] ,note3 ,corrections h be5 appli$ to text4 ,on ,page #fa & #af? l9e f ! top1 = ,iodide ( ,silv]1 read ,iodide ( ,potassium4 ,on ,page #afg & #bnd l9e1 = #cb ounces1 read #fd ounces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,m9or typos may h be5 correct$4 ,images 7 mov$ s z to prev5t splitt+ p>agraphs4 ,all images 7 d]iv$ f mat]ials made available on ,! ,int]net ,ar*ive & are plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94