,! ,k]nel & ! ,husk ,,! ,,k]nel ,,& ,,! ,,husk ,lett]s on ,spiritual ,*ri/ianity ,,by ,,edw9 ,a4 ,,abbott ,,! ,,au?or ,,( 8,,philo*ri/us0 ,,& 8,,onesimus0 ,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 #ahhf ,! ,"r ( ,translation & ,reproduction is ,res]v$4 ,,to ,,! ,,d\bt]s ,,( ,,?is ,,g5]ation ,,& ,,! ,,believ]s ,,( ,,! ,,next ,,to ,,! ,,read] ,! "t is n p]haps f> di/ant :5 few w believe 9 miracles :o d n also believe 9 an infallible ,*ur*2 & !n1 su* books z ! pres5t w appeal to a l>g] circle4 ,b1 z ?+s are1 ! au?or w\ld beg all ^? :o wor%ip a miracul\s ,*ri/ )\t d\bt & difficulty to pause "h & read no fur!r4 ,! book is n int5d$ = !m2 x is int5d$ = ^? alone to :om x is d$icat$1 8! d\bt]s ( ?is g5]ation40 ,= !re are "s :o feel drawn t[>ds ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ by love & rev]5ce1 yet repell$ by an app>5tly inextricable connection ( ! /ory ( ,*ri/ ) a miracul\s elem5t :i*1 9 _! m9ds1 ?r[s a d\bt ov] ! :ole ( ,8 acts1 ,8 doctr9e1 ,8 "*1 & ev5 ,8 exi/5ce4 ,o!rs1 :o wor%ip ,*ri/1 wor%ip ,him insecurely & tremul\sly4 ,!y assume t _! fai? mu/ re/ on ! basis ( ! ,bible miracles2 & at times !y _c q suppress a ?rill ( d\bt & t]ror le/ "s horrible discov]y ( fre% tru?1 result+ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! miracul\s elem5t ( ! ,bible1 may impair _! "r to reg>d ,*ri/ z 8any?+ bett] ?an a m]e man40 ,x is to ^! two classes--! w\ld-be wor%ipp]s & ! d\btful wor%ipp]s ( ,*ri/--t ! foll[+ ,lett]s are address$ by "o :o has = _m ye>s f\nd peace & salvation 9 ! wor%ip ( a non miracul\s ,*ri/4 ,n v long ago1 b "s ye>s aft] ! publication ( a "w call$ ,philo*ri/us1 ! au?or receiv$ a lett] f a /rang] & fell[-cl]gyman1 ask+ him :e!r he c\ld sp>e half an h\r to visit him on 8 dea?-b$1 8dy+ ( a disease0--s ran ! lett] 8:i* w be fatal )9 "s unc]ta9 weeks 7possibly h[ev] days1 possibly mon?s74 ,no pa9s j n[1 head cle>1 voice s\nd4 ,& m9d at peace1 b ! peace ( rev]5t agno/icism44444 ,n[ ,i h read & appreciat$ ,philo*ri/us4 ,x w\ld com=t my %ort rema9d] ( life if y w\ld come & look me dy+ 9 ! face & say1 #8,?is !ology & ,*ri/ology ( m9e is n m]ely lit]>y3 ,i feel ) joy ( he>t t ,god is n unkn[n to man3 try ev5 n[ to feel ) me4'0 ,( :at pass$ at ! subsequ5t int]view no?+ mu/ be said except t ! dy+ man 7^: anticipations ( dea? 7 spe$ily v]ifi$7 express$ ! conviction t "o reason :y he _h fall5 into t abyss ( agno/icism--= an abyss he !n felt x to be--0 t he _h be5 8taught to believe too mu* :5 "y20 & he urg$ & almo/ bes\ght t some?+ might be done soon to 8give "y m5 a religion t w\ld we>40 ,^! words 7 n to be =gott52 !y recurr$ aga9 & aga9 to ! au?or ) ! =ce ( a comm&4 ,! pres5t "w is an attempt to c>ry !m into effect1 an attempt1 by "o :o has pass$ ?r\gh d\bts into conviction1 to look ! d\bt+ read] 9 ! face & say1 8,?is !ology & ,*ri/ology ( m9e is n m]ely lit]>y4 ,i feel ) joy ( he>t t ,god is n unkn[n to man4 ,try ev5 n[ to feel ) me40 ,! au?or does n pr(ess to cle> ,*ri/ianity f all 8difficulties40 ,if a revelation is to enl>ge our conceptions ( ,god1 x mu/ involve "s spiritual ef=t on our "p to receive ! l>g] tru?2 if x claims to be hi/orical1 x may well impose on "s ( its adh]5ts ! lab\r ne$$ = ! judgm5t ( hi/orical evid5ce2 if x prompts1 )\t en=c+1 ob$i5ce1 x mu/ excite 9 all "s que/ion+s z to ! causes :i* l$ ! ,reveal] n to make ,8 revelation irresi/ibly conv9c+4 ,ev5 ! explanations ( ! my/]i\s ph5om5a ( motion1 light1 & *emi/ry1 involve 8difficulties0 9 ! acceptance ( /ill m my/]i\s ,laws :i* we _c at pres5t expla94 ,nev]!less we all feel t we und]/& a/ronomy bett] 9 ! light ( ! ,law ( gravitation3 & 9 ! same way "s may feel t ,*ri/ianity becomes m spiritual1 z well z m cle>1 :5 x becomes m natural2 & t _m ( its s-call$ 8difficulties0 fade or vani%1 :5 :at may be call$ its cele/ial & its t]re/rial ph5om5a are f\nd to re/ ^u simil> pr9ciples4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,lett] ,page #a ,introductory #a #b ,p]sonal #e #c ,k #bj #d ,ideals #bi #e ,ideals & ,te/s #dj #f ,imag9ation & ,reason #dg #g ,! ,culture ( ,fai? #ei #h ,fai? & ,demon/ration #gb #i ,satan & ,evolution #hj #aj ,illusions #ig #aa ,:at is ,wor%ip8 #aaa #ab ,! ,wor%ip ( ,*ri/ #abe #ac ,:at is 8,nature08 #acd #ad ,! ,miracles ( ! ,old ,te/am5t #adb #ae ,! ,miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t #aeh #af ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,gospels #agj #ag ,*ri/ian ,illusions #ahe #ah ,are ! ,miracles insep>able f #bja ! ,life ( ,*ri/8 #ai ,! ,fe$+ ( ! ,f\r ,?\s& & #bab ! ,five ,?\s& #bj ,! ,manife/ation ( ,*ri/ to ,/4 #bbe ,paul #ba ,! ,developm5t ( ,imag9ation & #bcc its be>+ on ! ,revelation ( ,*ri/'s ,resurrection #bb ,*ri/'s ,resurrection reg>d$ #bdj naturally #bc ,fai? 9 ! spiritual ,resurrection #bdf is bett] ?an s-call$ k ( ! mat]ial ,resurrection #bd ,:at is a ,_s8 #beh #be ,! ,inc>nation #bfg #bf ,pray]1 ,heav51 ,hell #bha #bg ,paul9e ,!ology #bih #bh ,objections #caj #bi ,c ,natural ,*ri/ianity comm5d #cbj itself to ! masses8 ,,app5dix #cj ,c a believ] 9 ,natural #cci ,*ri/ianity be a ,m9i/] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&8 #ca ,:at ! ,bi%ops might d #ced ,,def9itions #cfi ,i ,,introductory ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,i am m pa9$ ?an surpris$ to inf] f y\r la/ lett] t y\r fai? has receiv$ a sev]e %ock4 ,a s+le t]m at ! ,univ]sity has suffic$ to make y d\bt :e!r y reta9 a belief 9 miracles2 & 8,if miracles fall1 ! ,bible falls2 & ) ! fall ( ! ,bible ,i lose ,*ri/2 & if ,i mu/ reg>d ,*ri/ z a fanatic1 ,i d n see h[ ,i c believe 9 a ,god :o suff]$ su* a "o z ,*ri/ ?us to be deceiv$ & to deceive o!rs40 ,su* appe> to be ! ?\ghts t are pass+ ?r\gh y\r m9d1 z ,i inf] !m f incid5tal & indirect expressions r ?an f any def9ite /atem5t4 ,un=tunately ,i und]/& all ?is too well n to be able to foll[ ) ease su* phases ( disbelief ev5 :5 convey$ 9 h9ts4 ,_m "y m5 beg9 by be+ taught to believe too mu*1 a great deal too mu*4 ,!n1 :5 !y f9d !y mu/ give up some?+1 7! husk ( ! k]nel7 _! tea*]s too (t5 bid !m swall[ husk & all1 on pa9 ( swall[+ no?+3 & !y pref] to swall[ no?+4 ,an in/ance ( ?is at once occurs to me4 ,_m ye>s ago1 a "y man :o wi%$ to be orda9$1 ask$ me to read ! ,old ,te/am5t ) him4 ,we set to "w at once & read "s miracul\s hi/ory--,i =get precisely :at--9 :i* ,i ?\ght my "y fri5d mu/ ne$s see a difficulty4 ,s ,i began to po9t out h[ ! difficulty might be at lea/ dim9i%$ by critical consid]ations4 ,i say 8,i began03 = ,i /opp$ z soon z ,i _h begun1 f9d+ t my fri5d saw no difficulty at all4 ,he accept$ e miracle on e page ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t on ! au?ority ( ! ,bible2 j z a ,roman ,ca?olic accepts e ecclesia/ical doctr9e on ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is seem$ to me n a /ate ( m9d t ,i ought to int]f]e )3 ,i might d m h>m ?an good4 ,s ,i /opp$4 ,b ,i h s9ce regrett$ x4 ,circum/ances prev5t$ me f meet+ my fri5d = "s weeks4 ,dur+ t "t he _h fall5 9 ) companions ( negative views1 aga9/ :i* he _h no p[] to ma9ta9 8 position3 & he _h pass$ f believ+ ev]y?+ to believ+ no?+4 ,t is only too easy a transition2 b ,i hope y w nev] exp]i5ce x4 ,surely !re is a m$ium betwe5 swall[+ ! husk1 & ?r[+ ! nut away4 ,is x n possible to ?r[ away ! husk & keep ! k]nel8 ,n[ ,i h no "r 7& !re=e ,i try to feel no wi%7 to extract f y a confid5ce t y d n c>e to repose 9 me4 ,i h nev] tri$ to %ake any "o's fai? 9 miracles4 ,!re may come--,i ?9k !re w soon come--a "t :5 a belief 9 miracles w be f\nd s incompatible ) ! rev]5ce :i* we ought to feel = ! ,supreme ,ord] z almo/ to necessitate sup]/ition1 & to enc\rage immorality 9 ! hold] ( ! belief3 & !n x might be necess>y to express "o's condemnation ( miracles pla9ly & ev5 aggressively4 ,b t "t has n come yet3 & = mo/ p1 at pres5t1 an acceptance ( miracles seems1 & p]haps is1 a necess>y basis = _! acceptance ( ,*ri/4 ,9 su* m9ds ,i w\ld no m wi% to di/urb ! belief 9 miracles ?an ,i w\ld %ake a little *ild's fai? t 8 fa!r is p]fectly good & wise4 ,b :5 a man says1 8! miracles ( ,*ri/ are inextricably connect$ ) ! life ( ,*ri/2 ,i am =c$ to reject ! =m]1 & !re=e ,i mu/ also reject ! latt]0--!n ,i feel mov$ to %ew him t !re is no su* inextricable connection1 & t ,*ri/ w rema9 = u a necess>y object ( wor%ip1 ev5 if we deta* ! miracles f ! ,gospels4 ,n[ ,i _c d ?is )\t %ew+ t ! miracul\s acc\nts /& on a l[] level ?an ! re/ ( ! ,gospel n>rative1 & t !y may h be5 easily introduc$ into ! ,gospels )\t any suffici5t basis ( fact1 & yet )\t any int5tion to deceive2 s t ! discr$it+ ( ! miracles w n discr$it _! non-miracul\s context4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i might possibly de/roy any l+]+ ve/ige ( belief :i* y may /ill h 9 ! miracul\s2 & ?is ,i am mo/ unwill+ to d1 if y f9d miracles a necess>y f\ndation ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,i d n !re=e q "k z yet h[ ,i ought to try to help y1 except by say+ t ,i h myself pass$ ?r\gh ! same valley ( d\bt ?r\gh :i* y are pass+ n[1 & t ,i h rea*$ a fai? 9 ,*ri/ :i* is q indep5d5t ( any belief 9 ! miracul\s1 & :i* enables me n only to tru/ 9 ,him1 b also to wor%ip ,him4 ,?is new fai? appe>s to me pur]1 nobl]1 & happi]1 z well z saf]1 ?an ! old3 b ,i d n feel sure t x is atta9able 79 ! pres5t condition ( ?\ght7 )\t m unprejudic$ reflection & /udy ?an mo/ p are will+ to devote to subjects ( ?is k9d4 ,& to give up ! old fai?1 )\t atta9+ ! new1 w\ld be a t]rible disa/]4 ,h5ce ,i am 9 d\bt1 n ab\t :at is be/1 b ab\t :at may be be/ = y4 ,d n at all ev5ts assume--s mu* ,i c safely say--t y mu/ give up y\r fai? 9 ,*ri/1 if y are oblig$ to give up y\r belief 9 miracles4 ,at ! v lea/1 wait a :ile2 /& on ! old pa?s2 keep up ! old habits1 above all1 ! habit ( pray]2 pause & look r\nd y a little be=e tak+ ! next /ep4 ,i d n say1 ?\gh ,i am incl9$ to say1 8avoid = ! pres5t all discussions ) p ( negative views10 because ,i fe> my advice1 ?\gh really prud5t1 w\ld seem to y c[>dly3 b ,i d unhesitat+ly say1 8avoid all frivol\s talk1 & light1 airy1 epigrammatic conv]sations on religi\s subjects40 ,y _c hope to reta9 or rega9 fai? if y ?r[ away ! habit ( rev]5ce4 ,) ?is advice1 f>ewell = ! pres5t4 ,,ii ,,p]sonal ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y tell me t y fe> y\r fai? is f> too r\ghly %ak5 to suff] n[ f any?+ t may be said aga9/ miracles3 y are utt]ly conv9c$ t !y are false4 ,z = ! possibility ( wor%ipp+ a non-miracul\s ,*ri/1 8! v notion ( x10 y say1 8is inconceivable3 x seems l a new religion1 & mu/ surely be no m ?an a v transi5t phase ( ?\ght40 ,b y w\ld 8v mu* l to "k :at processes ( reason+ l$ to su* a /ate ( m9d10 & h[ long ,i h reta9$ x4 ,i ?9k ,i am h>dly do+ y an inju/ice 9 inf]r+ f "s o!r expressions 9 y\r lett]1 ab\t 8! difficulty :i* cl]gym5 mu/ necess>ily feel 9 putt+ !mselves into ! m5tal position ( ! laity10 t y ent]ta9 "s degree ( prejudice aga9/ my views1 n only because !y appe> to y novel1 b because--al?\gh y h>dly l to say s--!y come f a cl]ical s\rce1 & are likely to sav\r ( cl]icalism4 ,let me see if ,i c put y\r ?\ghts into ! pla9 words f :i* y\r own mode/y & s5se ( propriety h caus$ y to refra94 8,a cl]gyman10 y say to y\rself1 8has enli/$2 he has delib]ately tak5 a side & is b\nd to fight = x4 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s ( see+ "o side ( a "q1 or only s mu* ( ! o!r side z is conv5i5t to see1 h[ c ev5 a c&id1 middle-ag$ cl]ic see two sides imp>tially8 ,all 8 int]e/s comb9e ) all 8 sympa?ies to make him at lea/ 9 "s s5se or?odox4 ,! desire ( social e/eem1 ! hope ( pref]m5t1 loyalty to ! ,*ur*1 loyalty to ,*ri/ ,himself1 make him falsely true to t n>r[ =m ( tru? :i* he has b\nd himself to s]ve4 ,ev5 if tru? & irresi/ible conviction =ce him to deviate a little f ! beat5 road ( or?odoxy1 he w f9d 8 way back by "s circuit\s by-pa?2 & ( ?is k9d ( self-p]suasion ,i h a rem>kable in/ance 9 ! p]son ( my old fri5d1 :o rejects miracles & yet p]suades himself t he wor%ips ,*ri/4 ,he has cut away 8 f\ndations & n[ proce$s to sub/itute an a]ial basis ^u :i* ! old sup]/ructure is to rema9 z be=e4 ,su* a novel condition ( m9d z ?is c only be a v transi5t phase40 ,i d n compla9 ( ?is prejudice aga9/ novelty1 al?\gh x comes ungraci\sly f "o :o is himself v]g+ on advanc$ & novel views4 ,x is good t new op9ions %\ld be suspici\sly scrut9iz$ & pass$ ?r\gh ! qu>ant9e ( prejudice4 ,& :5 a man feels 7z ,i d7 t he has at la/ atta9$ a pr(\nd spiritual tru? :i* w1 9 all probability1 be g5]ally accept$ by educat$ ,*ri/ians :o are n ,roman ,ca?olics1 be=e ! tw5tie? c5tury is f> advanc$1 he c well af=d to be pati5t ( prejudice4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! tru? be n accept$ n[1 x is pretty sure to be re/at$ by o!rs ) m skill & cog5cy1 & p]haps at a fitt] season1 & to ga9 acceptance 9 due "t4 ,b :5 y speak ( my op9ions z a 8transi5t phase10 :i* ,i am likely soon to give up1 & :5 y %ew a manife/ suspicion t any modicum ( or?odoxy 9 me mu/ ne$s be ! result ( a cl]ical bias1 !n ,i h>dly see h[ to reply except by giv+ y a detail$ answ] to y\r "q ab\t 8! processes0 by :i* ,i 0 l$ to 8su* a novel condition ( m9d40 ,yet h[ to d ?is )\t be+ some:at egoti/ically autobiographical ,i d n "k4 ,"s good may come ( egotism p]haps1 if x leads y to see t ev5 a cl]gyman may ?9k = himself1 & "w out a religi\s problem )\t reg>d to consequ5ces4 ,s on ! :ole ,i ?9k ,i w risk egotism = y\r sake4 ,a few p>agraphs ( autobiography may s]ve z a summ>y ( ! argum5t :i* ,i might draw out m fully 9 future lett]s4 ,if ,i am t$i\s1 lay ! blame on y\rself & on y\r ins9uation t my views mu/ be 8a transi5t phase40 ,a man :o is gett+ on t[>ds 8 fiftie? ye> & has reta9$ a =m--a novel =m if y please--( religi\s conviction = a full ?ird ( 8 life may surely claim t 8 views--s f> at lea/ z he himself is conc]n$--are n to be call$ 8transi5t40 ,prep>e !n = my ,apologia4 ,dur+ my *ildhood ,i 0 v mu* left to myself 9 ! matt] ( religion1 & may be almo/ said to h pick$ x up 9 a libr>y4 ,i 0 nev] made to le>n ! ,cre$ by he>t1 nor ! ,cate*ism1 nor ev5 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts2 & to ?is day ,i c recollect be+ reproa*$ by a class-ma/] :5 ,i 0 ne>ly f\rte5 ye>s old1 = n kn[+ :i* 0 ! ,fif? ,comm&m5t4 ,all t ,i c\ld plead 9 answ] 01 t if he w\ld tell me :at x 0 ab\t1 ,i c\ld give him ! sub/ance ( ! precept4 ,hav+ read ?r\gh ne>ly ! :ole ( ,adam ,cl>ke's comm5t>y z a boy ( t5 or elev51 & hav+ subsequ5tly imbu$ myself ) books ( ,evangelical doctr9e1 ,i 0 p]fectly 8up10 or ?\ght ,i 01 9 ! ,paul9e s*eme ( salvation1 & felt a mo/ lively int]e/--on ,sundays1 & 9 dull mom5ts on week days1 & especially 9 times ( illness1 ( :i* ,i _h pl5ty--9 ! salvation ( my own s\l4 ,my religion s]v$ l>gely to int5sify my natural selfi%ness4 ,9 bett] & heal?i] mom5ts1 my consci5ce revolt$ aga9/ x2 & at times ,i felt t ! morality ( ,plut>*'s ,lives 0 bett] ?an t ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les--z ,i int]pret$ !m4 ,only to "o po9t 9 ! !ology ( my y\?ful days c ,i n[ look back ) pleasure2 & t is to my treatm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,pr$e/9>ianism & necessity4 ,on ?is matt] ,i argu$ z foll[s3 8,if ,god kn[s all ?+s be=eh&1 ,god has !m1 or may h !m1 writt5 d[n 9 a book2 & if all ?+s t are go+ to happ5 are already writt5 d[n 9 a book1 x's ( no use our try+ to alt] !m4 ,s1 if x's pr$e/9$ t ,i %all h my d9n] to-day1 ,i %all c]ta9ly h x1 ev5 if ,i don't come home 9 "t1 or ev5 ?\gh ,i lock myself up 9 my b$room4 ,b practically1 if ,i don't come home 9 "t1 ,i "k ,i %all n h my d9n]4 ,!re=e x's no use talk+ ab\t ^! ?+s 9 ?is sort ( way1 because x doesn't answ]2 & ,i %all n bo!r myself any m ab\t ,pr$e/9ation1 b act z ?\ght x did n exi/40#a ,?is argum5t1 if x c be call$ an argum5t1 ,i aft]w>ds f\nd %elt]+ itself "u ! high au?ority ( ,butl]'s ,analogy2 & ,i /ill adh]e to x1 aft] an exp]i5ce ( m ?an five & ?irty ye>s4 ,to "s1 ?is 8,%ort ,way ) ,pr$e/9>ians0 may seem highly illogical2 b x works4 ,up to ?is "t ,i _h be5 little1 if at all1 impress$ by prea*+4 ,our old ,rector 0 a good ,greek s*ol> & a g5tleman2 b he _h a difficulty 9 mak+ 8 ?\ghts intelligible to any b a ref9$ m9ority among ! congregation2 & ev5 t select few 0 made few]1 p>tly by an awkw>dness ( ge/ure :i* rem9d$ "o ( ,dom9ie ,sampson1 & p>tly by a griev\s imp$im5t 9 8 spee*4 ,consequ5tly ,i _h be5 p]mitt$1 & inde$ enc\rag$1 nev] to li/51 nor ev5 to appe> to li/51 to ! weekly s]mon2 & z soon z ! ,rector gave out 8 text1 ,i us$ to take up my ,bible & read /eadily away till ! s]mon 0 ov]4 ,?is sort ( ?+ w5t on till ,i 0 ab\t sixte5 ye>s old2 :5 a new ,rector came to prea* 8 fir/ s]mon4 ,t 0 a rem>kable ,sunday = me4 ,to my surprise1 :5 he read out 8 text1 & ,i1 9 accordance ) unbrok5 prec$5t1 rea*$ out my h& = ! inv>iable ,bible1 my fa!r1 some:at abruptly1 took x out ( my h&1 bidd+ me 8= once %ut up t book & li/5 to a s]mon40 ,i c /ill rememb] ! res5tm5t ,i felt at ?is infr+em5t on my !ological & con/itutional rights1 & h[ ,i /iff5$ my neck & h>d5$ my he>t & det]m9$ 8he>+ to he>1 b n to und]/&40 ,b ,i 0 compell$ to und]/&4 ,= "h1 to my a/oni%m5t1 0 an entirely new religion4 ,?is man's ,*ri/ianity 0 n a 8s*eme ( salvation02 x 0 a fai? 9 a great ,lead]1 human yet div9e1 :o 0 lead+ ! armies ( ,god aga9/ ! armies ( ,evil2 8,ea* = himself is ! ,devil's own wat*word3 b ) u x mu/ be ea* = ,*ri/1 & ea* = all40 ,! scales fell f my eyes4 ,aft] all1 !n1 ,*ri/ianity 0 n less noble ?an ,plut>*'s lives2 x 0 m noble4 ,!re 0 to be a conte/2 yet n ea* man cont5d+ = 8 own s\l1 b = good aga9/ evil4 ,a ,*ri/ian 0 n a m]c5>y fight+ = rew>d1 nor a slave fight+ = fe> ( /ripes1 b a free soldi] fight+ out ( loyalty to ,*ri/ & to humanity4 ,b :at ab\t ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 ,ju/ification by ,fai?1 & ! o!r ,paul9e doctr9es8 ,ab\t ^! our new ,rector did n say mu* t ,i c\ld und]/&4 ,he 0 a =emo/ pupil ( ,mr4 ,maurice1 & 9 ,mr4 ,maurice's books 7:i* n[ began to be read freely 9 my home7 ,i began to se>* = light on ^! que/ions4 ,b help ,i f\nd none or v little1 except 9 "o book4 ,mr4 ,maurice seem$ to me1 & /ill seems1 a v obscure writ]4 ,p>tly ow+ to a habit ( tak+ ?+s = grant$ & 8?9k+ und]gr\nd10 p>tly 7& mu* m7 ow+ to a confus+ use ( pron\ns = n\ns & o!r m]e me*anical defects ( /yle1 he requires v c>eful read+4 ,b 8 book on ,sacrifice1 aft] ,i _h ?ree times read x ?r\gh1 gave me m intellectual help ?an p]haps any o!r book on ,*ri/ian doctr9e2 = "h fir/ ,i le>n$ to look bel[ ! surface ( a rite at its inn] mean+1 & also to disc]n ! possibility ( illu/rat+ t inn] mean+ by ! ph5om5a ( daily life4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a revelation to me to "k t ! sacrifice ( a lamb by a human (f]] 0 no?+1 except s f> z x meant ! sacrifice ( a human life1 & t ! sacrifice ( a life meant no m 7b also no less7 ?an con=m+ "o's life to ,god's w1 do+ 7& n say+ m]ely7 8,?y w1 n m9e1 be done40 ,if "o !ological process c\ld be illu/rat$ 9 ?is way1 :y n ano!r8 ,if 8sacrifice0 0 go+ on be=e my eyes e day1 :y might !re n be also ju/ification by fai?1 imputation ( righte\sness1 remission ( s9s1 yes1 ev5 atonem5t itself8 ,?us !re 0 s[n 9 my m9d ! se$ ( ! notion t all ! ,paul9e doctr9es might be natural1 & t ,r$emption ?r\gh ,*ri/ 0 only a colossal =m ( t k9d ( r$emption :i* 0 go+ on ar\nd me1 ,r$emption ?r\gh ,nature4 ,?is ?\ght 0 greatly /imulat$ by ! /udy ( ,9 ,memoriam1 :i* 0 giv5 to me by a college fri5d ab\t ! "t :5 ,i lo/ a bro!r & a si/]1 bo? dy+ )9 a few weeks ( "o ano!r4 ,i read ! poem aga9 & aga91 & committ$ mu* ( x to memory2 & x ex]t$ an 8epo*-mak+0 influ5ce on my life4 ,h[ev]1 = a long "t ?is notion ( ! naturalness ( ,r$emption exi/$ = me m]ely 9 ! g]m4 ,meantime1 z to ! miracles ,i _h no d\bts at all1 or only su* transi5t d\bts z 7 sugge/$ by pictures ( ,holy ,families & o!r sacr$ subjects1 :i* exhibit$ ,*ri/ z ess5tially non-human1 ) a halo ar\nd 8 head1 or z an infant ) ?ree out/ret*$ f+]s bless+ 8 kneel+ "m4 ,z a y\?1 ,i took x = grant$ t ,god c\ld n become man save by a miracle1 & !re=e t ! ,god-man mu/ "w miracles4 ,fur!r1 ,i assum$ t ,moses & "s ( ! prophets _h work$ miracles1 & if s1 h[ c\ld x be t ! ,s]vants %\ld "w miracles & ! ,son %\ld n8 ,z ,i grew t[>ds manhood1 su* ris+ qualms ( d\bt z ,i felt on ?is po9t 7 /ill$ by ! sugge/ion 7:i* ,i f\nd 9 ,tr5*'s book on miracles7 t ! miracles ( ,*ri/ mu/ be 9 accordance ) "s lat5t law ( spiritual nature4 ,x 0 a little /range c]ta9ly t ^! lat5t laws %\ld be utilis$ only = ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham1 & x 0 inconv5i5t t ! miracles ( ,moses %\ld be1 mat]ially speak+1 s /up5d\sly sup]ior to ^? ( ,*ri/2 b ,i took refuge 9 ! great] beauty & emblematic mean+ ( ! latt]4 ,ev5 at ! "t :5 ,i sign$ ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles ,i _h no suspicion t ! miracles 7 n hi/orical4 ,p>tly1 ,i _h nev] critically & sy/ematically /udi$ ! ,gospels z "o /udies ,?ucydides or s*ylus2 p>tly ! miracles _h always be5 kept 9 ! backgr\nd by my ,rector & ! books ( ! ,broad ,*ur* ,s*ool1 & ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to re/ my fai? on ,*ri/ ,himself & n on ! miracles2 & s x came to pass t1 = "s "t aft] ,i 0 orda9$1 ,i 0 q cont5t to accept all ! miracles ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 & to be cont5t ) ! explanation sugge/$ by 8lat5t laws40 ,b n[ t ,i 0 orda9$1 ,i set to "w 9 e>ne/ 7! /ress ( work+ = a degree & ! ne$ ( e>n+ "o's liv+ _h left no "t = x be=e7 at ! /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,( c\rse ,i _h 8got x up0 be=e1 (t5 en\gh1 = ! purpose ( pass+ exam9ations2 b n[ ,i began to /udy x = its own sake & at leisure4 ,:ile read+ = ! ,!ological ,tripos ,i _h be5 /ruck by ! inadequacy ( _m ( ! !ological books t ,i _h _h to 8get up40 ,especially on ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels--look+ at !m critically1 z ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to look at ,greek & ,lat9 books--,i 0 amaz$ to f9d t little or no?+ _h be5 done by ,engli% s*ol>s to comp>e ! diff]5t /yles & analyse ! n>ratives into _! compon5t p>ts4 ,= su* a task ,i _h myself receiv$ "s little prep>ation4 ,i _h pick$ up my classics )\t v mu* assi/ance f ! ord9>y means1 ma9ly by volunt>ily committ+ to memory :ole books or long cont9u\s passages ( ! be/ au?ors1 & s imbu+ myself ) !m z to 8get into ! sw+ ( ! au?or40 ,i _h e>ly begun to tabulate ^! diff]5ces ( /yle2 & 9 my f9al & mo/ important ,univ]sity exam9ation ,i rememb] s5d+ up m ?an "o piece ( composition r5d]$ 9 two /yles4 ,?\gh ,i 0 nev] a fir/-rate compos]1 ow+ to my want ( practice at s*ool1 ?is me?od _h succe$$ 9 br++ me to ! front 9 8my ye>02 & ,i n[ desir$ to apply my classical /udies to ! criticism ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels4 ,x seem$ to me a mon/r\s ?+ t we %\ld h ?ree acc\nts ( ! same life1 acc\nts closely agree+ 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 b widely v>y+ 9 o!rs1 & yet t1 ) all ! aids ( mod]n criticism1 we %\ld n be able to det]m9e :i* acc\nts1 or :i* p>ts ( ! ?ree acc\nts1 7 ! e>lie/4 ,at ! same "t ,i began to apply ! same me?od1 ?\gh )\t ! same attempt at exactness1 to ! /udy ( ! text ( ,%akespe>e2 9 :i* ,i p]ceiv$ "s diff]5ces ( /yle t impli$ diff]5ce ( date1 & "s t appe>$ to imply diff]5ce ( au?or%ip4 ,ab\t ?is "t p began to talk 9 popul> circles conc]n+ ,evolution1 & al>m began to be felt 9 "s qu>t]s at ! difficulty ( h>moniz+ its !ories ) !ology4 ,) ^! fe>s ,i nev] c\ld 9 ! lea/ degree sympa?ize4 ,i welcom$ ,evolution z a lum9\s comm5t>y on ! div9e s*eme ( ! ,r$emption ( mank9d4 ,t mo/ /imulat+ ( books1 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 _h taught me to be prep>$ to f9d t 9 v _m cases 8:ile ,nature or man int5de? "o ?+1 ,god worke? ano!r02 & x 0 a joy to me to f9d new light ?r[n by ,evolution on ! unfa?omable problems ( wa/e1 dea?1 & conflict4 ,dea? & conflict c\ld nev] be ?us expla9$--,i knew t--b "o 0 enabl$ to wait m pati5tly = t explanation :i* w nev] come to u till we are beh9d ! veil1 :5 "o f\nd t dea? & conflict _h at lea/ be5 subord9at$ to progress & developm5t4 ,s ,i ?\ght2 & s ,i said f ! pulpit ( "o ( ! ,univ]sities 9 times :5 ! cl]gy _h n yet le>n$ to call ,d>w9 8a man ( ,god40 ,my doctr9e 0 ?\ght 8advanc$0 9 ^? days2 b "t has gone on & left me1 9 "s respects1 beh9d x4 ,i %\ld nev] h ?\ght1 & %\ld n ?9k n[1 ( call+ ,d>w9 8a man ( ,god10 except s f> z all pati5t seek]s aft] tru? are m5 ( ,god3 b ,i /ill adh]e to ! belief t ,evolution has made x m easy to believe 9 a rational1 t is to say a non-miracul\s1 ?\gh sup]natural1 ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ?is direction1 !n1 my ?\ghts w5t =w>d &1 s f>1 f\nd no /umbl+ block4 ,guid$ by ! poets & analytic noveli/s1 ,i 0 also le>n+ to f9d 9 ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( daily life fre% illu/rations ( ! ,paul9e !ology1 confirm+ & develop+ my notion 7n[ ( "s ye>s' /&+7 t ! ,r$emption ( mank9d 0 natural1 no?+ m ?an a colossal repres5tation ( ! spiritual ph5om5a t may be se5 9 ord9>y m5 & wom5 e day ( our lives2 j z ! lightn+-fla% is no m ?an 7^u a l>ge scale7 ! crackl+ ( ! hair b5ea? ! comb4 ,good m5 & wom51 ,i p]ceiv$1 are daily r$eem+ ! bad1 be>+ _! s9s1 imput+ righte\sness to !m1 giv+ up _! lives = !m1 & imbu+ !m ) a good _s4 ,?is ?\ght1 z x ga9$ =ce1 0 a great help t[>ds a rational ,*ri/ianity4 ,b n[ my feet began to be entangl$ 9 sn>es & pitfalls4 ,i _h begun ! /udy ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t1 believ+ t x w\ld br+ =? "s new tru?1 & assum+ t all tru? mu/ t5d to ! glory ( ,god & ( ,*ri/4 8,*ri/10 ,i said1 8is ! liv+ ,tru?1 s t ,i h b1 z ,plato says1 to #8foll[ ! ,argum5t1' & t mu/ lead me to ! tru?1 & !re=e to ,him40 ,b ,i 0 n prep>$ = ! result4 ,aft] "s ye>s ( "w ,i f\nd myself gradually l$ to ! conclusion t ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ! ,gospels 0 n hi/orical4 ,a m]e glance at ! ,old ,te/am5t %ew$ t1 if !re 0 n evid5ce en\gh = ! miracles 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 mu* less 0 !re = ! miracles 9 ! ,old4 ,be=e me rose up day by day fre% facts & inf]5ces1 n only demon/rat+ ! insuffici5cy ( ! usual evid5ce to prove t ! miracles 7 true1 b also indicat+ a v /rong probability t !y 7 false4 ,(t51 z ,i /udi$ ! acc\nts ( a miracle1 ,i c\ld see x z x 7 9 ! act ( gr[+ up1 wat* its fir/ entrance into ! ,gospel n>rative1 note its mode/ beg9n+1 its subsequ5t developm5t3 & !n ,i 0 =c$ to give x up4 ,wor/ ( all1 t miracle ( miracles :i* 0 mo/ preci\s to me1 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 began to appe> to be support$ by ! feeble/ evid5ce ( all4 ,i _h n at t "t le>n$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/'s mat]ial body & ! ,resurrection ( ,8 ,_s or spiritual body4 ,*ri/'s ,resurrection seem$ to me !re=e 9 ^? days to be ei!r a ,resurrection ( ! mat]ial & tangible body or no ,resurrection at all4 ,n[ = ! ,resurrection ( ! mat]ial body ,i began to be =c$ to ackn[l$ge t ,i c\ld f9d no basis ( satisfy+ te/imony4 ,i _h he>d an anecdote ( ! ,head ( "s ,college ( ,ox=d 9 old days1 h[ he fell asleep aft] d9n] 9 ! ,comb9ation ,room1 :ile ! ,fell[s ov] _! w9e 7 discuss+ !ology1 & pres5tly made !m all />t by exclaim+ z he awoke1 8,aft] all !re is no evid5ce = ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/60 ,i realiz$ t n[1 n ) a />t1 b gradually1 & ) a gr[+ feel+ ( deep & we>+ anxiety4 ,if ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ fell1 :at 0 to become ( my fai? 9 ,*ri/8 ,amid ?is imp5d+ ru9 ( my old belief ,i saw "o t[] /&+ firm4 ,x 0 cle> t some?+ _h happ5$ aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/ to make new m5 ( ,8 disciples4 ,x 0 cle> also t ,/4 ,paul _h se5 some?+ t _h induc$ him to believe t ,*ri/ _h ris5 f ! dead4 ,t :i* _h conv9c$ ,/4 ,paul1 an enemy1 might v well conv9ce ! ,apo/les1 ! devot$ foll[]s ( ,*ri/4 ,:at 0 ?is some?+8 ,x seem$ to me t ,i ought to try to f9d out4 ,meantime1 ,i det]m9$ to adopt ! advice ,i gave y 9 my la/ lett]--to /& ^u ! old ways & look ar\nd me & consid] my pa? be=e tak+ ano!r /ep4 ,circum/ances _h plac$ me 9 su* a position t ,i 0 n call$ on to decide :e!r a cl]gyman c\ld ent]ta9 su* views z 7 loom+ on me1 & rema9 a cl]gyman4 ,i 0 n engag$ 9 any "w directly or indirectly requir+ cl]ical qualifications2 & z f> z my affections & s5tim5ts 7 conc]n$1 ,i w5t he>tily ) ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,s ,i resolv$ to put aside all !ology = two or ?ree ye>s & to devote myself1 dur+ t "t1 to lit]>y "w ( ano!r k9d4 ,meantime1 ,i w\ld reta91 z f> z possible1 ! old religi\s ways ( ?\ght1 &1 at all ev5ts1 ! old habits4 ,none ! less1 ,i w\ld n give up ! int5tion ( inve/igat+ ! :ole tru? ab\t ! ,resurrection4 ,t !re 0 "s nucleus ( tru? ,i felt q c]ta92 & ev5 if t tru? _h be5 emb$d$ 9 "s admixture ( illusion1 :at !n8 ,7 !re no illusions 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce8 ,7 !re no illusions 9 ! hi/ory ( ,god's ,revelation ( ,himself ?r\gh ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts8 ,might x n be ,god's me?od ( ,revelation t m5 %\ld pass ?r\gh error to ! tru?8 ,?is l9e ( ?\ght seem$ promis+1 b ,i w\ld n at once foll[ x4 ,i w\ld wait ?ree ye>s & !n "w out ! "q ( ! influ5ce ( illusion on religi\s tru?4 ,an old college acqua9tance1 an agno/ic1 :om ,i met ab\t ?is "t1 0 n a little />tl$ :5 ,i told him my ?\ghts4 ,he frankly in=m$ me t1 ?\gh ,i 0 8plac$ 9 a pa9ful position10 ,i 0 8b\nd to speak out40 ,i also ?\ght t ,i 0 8b\nd to speak out02 b ,i did n feel b\nd to obtrude immature views ^u ! _w1 ) ! result p]haps ( aft]w>ds alt]+ or recant+ !m4 ,s ,i took "t1 pl5ty ( "t2 ,i look$ ab\t me1 on life z well z on books2 ,i =m$ a habit ( te/+ assumptions & ask+ ! mean+ ( common words1 especially su* words z k1 fai?1 c]ta9ty1 belief1 pro(1 & ! l4 ,believ+ t !ology 0 made = man & n man = !ology1 ,i began to te/ !ological z well z o!r propositions by ! "q 8,h[ d !y "w80 ,meantime ,i tri$ my utmo/ to d ! duties ( my daily life )\t di/raction & ) ! same en]gy z be=e1 hop+ t life itself1 & ! ne$s ( life1 w\ld ?r[ "s light ^u ! "q1 8,:at k ab\t ,god is necess>y = m5 :o are to d _! duty8 ,& h[ c t k be obta9$80 ,by ^! means ,i 0 l$ to see t a great "p ( :at we call k does n come to u1 z we falsely suppose x does1 ?r\gh m]e logic or ,reason1 nor ?r\gh unaid$ exp]i5ce1 b ?r\gh ! emotions & ! ,imag9ation1 te/$ by ,reason & exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! _w ( sci5ce1 ,i f\nd t ! s-call$ 8laws & prop]ties ( matt]10 nay1 ! v exi/5ce ( matt]1 7 no?+ m ?an sugge/ions ( ! sci5tific ,imag9ation aid$ by exp]i5ce4 ,a great "p ( ! environm5t & developm5t ( mank9d appe>$ to h be5 direct$ t[>ds ! build+ up ( ! imag9ative faculty1 )\t :i*1 x seem$ t religion1 z well z poetry1 w\ld h be5 non-exi/5t4 ,s by degrees1 x occurr$ to me t p]haps ,i _h be5 on ! wrong track 9 my se>* aft] religi\s tru?4 ,i _h be5 crav+ a purely hi/orical & logical pro( ( ,*ri/'s div9ity1 & _h felt mis]able t ,i c\ld n obta9 x4 ,b n[ ,i p]ceiv$ t ,i 0 n int5d$ to obta9 x4 ,n ?us 0 ,*ri/ to be embrac$4 ,!re mu/ inde$ be a basis ( fact3 b aft] all x 0 to t imag9ative faculty :i* we call 8fai?10 t ,i mu/ look1 at lea/ 9 "p1 = ! "r int]pretation ( fact4 ,t ,*ri/ c\ld be appreh5d$ only by fai? 0 a ,paul9e common-place2 b t ,*ri/'s ,resurrection c\ld be grasp$ only by fai?1 & n by ! acceptance ( evid5ce1 01 to me1 a new proposition4 ,b ,i gradually p]ceiv$ t x 0 true4 ,i might be d\btful :e!r ,?omas t\*$ ! side ( ! ris5 ,savi\r1 yet sure t ,*ri/ _h ris5 f ! dead 9 ! ,_s1 & _h manife/$ ,himself aft] dea? to ,8 disciples4 ,my /&>d ( c]ta9ty be+ ?us %ift$1 _m ?+s ( :i* ,i _h =m]ly felt c]ta9 became unc]ta92 b1 by way ( comp5sation1 o!r ?+s--& ^! ! mo/ necess>y & vital became m c]ta9 ?an ev]4 ,i felt less incl9$ to dogmatize ab\t ! exi/5ce ( matt]2 b my s\l 0 imbu$ ) a full] conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god2 & deep] /ill became ! feel+ t1 s f> z ?+s are kn[n to me1 !re is no?+ 9 heav5 or e>? m div9e ?an ,*ri/4 ,?us at la/ light dawn$ ^u my d>kness2 & :5 ! sun rose once m ^u me1 x 0 ! same sun z be=e1 only m cle>ly se5 above ! mi/s ( illusion :i* _h be=e obscur$ x4 ,! old beliefs ( my y\? & *ildhood rema9$ or came back to me1 exhibit+ ,jesus ( ,naz>e? z ! ,inc>nate ,son ( ,god1 ! ,et]nal ,^w triumphant ov] dea?1 seat$ at ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r 9 heav51 ! s\rce ( life & light to all mank9d4 ,l ,*ri/ian 9 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,i f\nd myself sudd5ly fre$ f a great burd5--a burd5 ( d\bts1 & provisos1 & conditions :i*1 9 old days1 _h seem$ to =bid me f accept+ ,jesus z ! ,"l & ,savi\r ( mank9d unless ,i c\ld /ra9 my consci5ce to accept z true a numb] ( /ories _m ( :i* ,i almo/ c]ta9ly knew to be false4 ,9 ord] to believe 9 ,*ri/1 x 0 n[ no long] ne$ful to believe 9 susp5sions ( ! laws ( ,nature3 on ! contr>y1 all ,nature seem$ to comb9e to prep>e ! way to con=m humanity to t image ( ,god :i* 0 set =? 9 ! ,inc>nation4 ,i did n1 z "s ,*ri/ians d1 ignore ! exi/5ce ( ,satan 7& almo/ ( s97 :i* ,*ri/ ,himself mo/ cle>ly recogniz$2 b ,i seem$ to see t evil 0 be+ gradually subord9at$ to good1 & falsehood made ! /epp+-/one to tru?4 ,?r\gh evil to good2 ?r\gh s9 to a righte\sness high] ?an c\ld h be5 atta9$ save ?r\gh s92 ?r\gh falsehood to ! tru?2 ?r\gh sup]/ition to religion--?is seem$ to me ! div9e evolution disc]nible 9 ! light t 0 %$ f ! cross ( ,*ri/4 ,no long] n[ did x seem impossible or absurd t ! ,gospel ( ! ,tru? might h be5 tempor>ily obscur$ by illusions or sup]/itions ev5 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,i ?9k x mu/ be n[ "s t5 ye>s s9ce ,i settl$ d[n to ! belief t ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity _h be5 ! hi/ory ( pr(\nd religi\s tru?1 conta9$ 91 & pres]v$ by1 illusions2 an asc5t ( wor%ip ?r\gh illusion to ! tru?4 ,a belief t has be5 fifte5 ye>s 9 mak+1 & = t5 ye>s m has be5 review$1 criticiz$1 & f9ally reta9$ z be+ hi/orically true & spiritually heal?ful1 y mu/ n call1 ,i ?9k1 8a transi5t phase04 ,b ,i =give y ! expression4 ,a doz5 pages ( autobiography are a suffici5t p5alty = ?ree (f5d+ words4 ,footnote #a3 ,t *ildr51 ev5 at a mu* y\ng] age ?an t51 d sometimes ex]cise _! "y m9ds to v ill purpose ab\t ^! subtle metaphysical que/ions is probably )9 ! exp]i5ce ( all :o "k any?+ ab\t *ildr51 & x is amus+ly illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ answ] 7:i* ,i h on ! au?ority ( an intimate fri5d7 f a sev5-ye>s-old to 8 "m :5 blam+ him = "s misconduct3 8,:y did y born me !n8 ,i didn't want to be born$4 ,y %\ld h ask$ me be=e y born$ me40 ,,iii ,,k ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y ask me to expla91 9 detail1 :at ,i mean by ass]t+ t ! ,imag9ation is ! basis ( k4 8,app>5tly10 y say1 8our k ( ! _w ext]nal to ourselves seems to y to spr+1 n f ! s5sations z int]pret$ by ! ,reason1 b 7at all ev5ts to a l>ge ext5t7 f ! s5sations z int]pret$ by ! ,imag9ation4 ,if y mean ?is1 ,i wi% y w\ld %[ h[ ! ,imag9ation ?us builds up our k ( ! _w4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i mu/ h misund]/ood y40 ,y h n misund]/ood me4 ,i w\ld g ev5 fur!r ?an ! limits ( y\r /atem5t3 = ,i believe t we are l>gely indebt$ to ! ,imag9ation = our k1 n only ( ! ext]nal _w1 b also ( ourselves4 ,h[ev]1 suppose we fir/ take a simple in/ance ( ! k ( ext]nal ?+s3 8,?is ink/& is h>d4 ,h[ did ,i come to "k t x 0 h>d8 ,h[ d ,i "k t x is h>d n[80 ,let u beg9 f ! beg9n+4 ,i am an infant scrambl+ on ! floor :]e ! said ink/& is casually ly+4 ,hav+ a cong5ital impulse 7commonly call$ 8in/9ct07 to t\* & suck any?+ t comes 9 my way1 & especially any?+ bright1 ,i gre$ily & rapidly approximate my lips to ! corn] ( ?is poli%$ object4 ,i recoil ) a %>p %ock ( pa94 ,! pa9 abates4 ,! in/9ctive recoil f ! ink/& has left 9 me an in/9ctive av]sion to ! pa9-caus+ object3 b my t\*+ & suck+ in/9ct aga9 revives1 & z soon z x prevails ov] ! recoil+ in/9ct1 ,i am impell$ aga9 t[>ds ! ink/&1 n s rapidly z be=e1 b /ill too rapidly4 ,i recoil aga91 ) pa9 less5$ b /ill acute4 ,i am acquir+ 8k03 ,i 8"k10 ?\gh ,i _c put x into words1 t ,i h twice f\nd ! ink/& n-to-be-rapidly-approa*$-"u-p5alty-(-a-c ]ta9-k9d-(-pa91 9 o!r words1 8h>d40 ,b ,i try aga92 ,i try f\r1 five1 six times3 ,i f9d t :5 ,i approa* ) less velocity my pa9 is less1 & :5 ) suffici5tly dim9i%$ velocity1 !re is no pa9 at all2 ,i t\* & suck 9 peace3 b :5 ,i =get my exp]i5ce & suppose t ! ink/&--ev5 ?\gh ,i da% wildly at x aft] my old fa%ion--w 8behave diff]5tly ?is "t10 ,i f9d t ,i am mi/ak53 ! ink/& w n 8behave diff]5tly02 x always behaves 9 ! same way4 ,by ?is "t !n ,i "k some?+ v important inde$4 ,b pause n[1 my fri5d1 & ask y\rself h[ mu* ?is infant has a "r to say he 8kn[s10 s f> z ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses guides him4 ,all t ! s5ses h told him is t on five1 six1 sev51 say ev5 sev5ty1 occasions1 he f\nd ! ink/& h>d4 ,b is ?is all t he 8kn[s08 ,y "k p]fectly well t he kn[s inf9itely m3 he has made a leap f ! pa/ into ! future & kn[s t ! ink/& w be f\nd h>d :5ev] he t\*es x4 ,:5 he gr[s up & atta9s ! p[] ( spee* he w g5]ally express 8 k 9 ! ,pres5t ,t5se3 8,i mu/ n /rike ! ink/& ) my m\? = x is h>d03 b 9 reality ?is 8is0 implies 8w be02 8,i mu/ n /rike ! ink/& ) my m\? = ,i %all f9d x h>d40 ,n[ :at is x t has produc$ 9 him ?is conviction :i* no philosoph] c ju/ify by m]e logic1 b :i* e baby acts on8 ,x seems to h aris5 ?us4 ,! baby has receiv$ 9 rapid succession two s5sations1 fir/1 t ( a viol5t approximation to ! ink/&1 secondly1 a sudd5 %ock ( pa94 ,hav+ receiv$ ?is pair ( s5sations v frequ5tly1 he _c help associat+ !m toge!r 9 8 ?\ghts2 s t n[ ! ?\ght ( a viol5t approximation to ! ink/& necess>ily sugge/s to him ! ?\ght t x is n-to-be-approa*$-viol5tly1 or 8h>d40 ,he began by le>n+ to expect t p]haps1 or probably1 ! fir/ s5sation w\ld be foll[$ by ! second2 b hav+ f\nd1 aft] con/ant exp]im5ts1 t ! second s5sation1 s f> z 8 exp]i5ce goes1 always foll[s ! fir/1 he gradually passes f belief into c]ta9ty1 or k1 t ! second always w1 or mu/1 foll[ ! fir/4 ,a simil> transition is go+ on at ! same "t 9 ! infant's m9d--,i mean ! transition f belief to c]ta9ty--9 reg>d to ?\s&s ( o!r propositions besides ! "o we h select$1 8?is ink/& is h>d40 ,e s+le case ( su* transition facilitates ! transition 9 o!r cases1 by mak+ ! *ild feel t1 if he is to get on 9 ! _w & make 8 way ?r\gh x )\t incurr+ ! con/ant pa9s & p5alties ( ,nature1 he mu/ n disreg>d ^! juxtapositions1 or pairs ( s5sations1 7:i*1 :5 he gr[s old]1 he w1 if ev] he becomes an educat$ man1 call 8cause0 & 8effect071 b mu/ take !m to he>t & rememb] !m2 :5 ! fir/ ( a famili> pair comes1 he mu/ be prep>$ to f9d ! second imm$iately foll[+4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! *ild's limit$ exp]i5ce associates toge!r 9 8 m9d s5sations t ,nature has n associat$2 z1 = example1 :5 he inf]s t a clock mu/ tick because he has nev] yet 9 8 life se5 a clock t has /opp$4 ,9 ?is & o!r cases ! *ild has aft]w>ds to dissociate :at he _h too ha/ily jo9$ toge!r1 & to correct 8 conclusions by wid] exp]i5ce4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! transition f belief to c]ta9ty1 9 any "o case1 is facilitat$ by ! great majority ( simil> cases 9 :i* ! same transition is go+ on ) results t are confirm$ by 8 own exp]i5ce & by t ( 8 eld]s4 ,:at helps ! transition1 9 ea* case1 is its g5]al success2 x works3 x helps ! *ild to move m & m confid5tly 9 ! _w )\t subject+ himself to ! puni%m5ts :i* ,nature has atta*$ to ignorance4 ,n[ !re=e1 review+ ! /ages ( ! progress upw>ds1 we see t ! k ( :i* we are speak+ is bas$ ^u an inh]5t & fundam5tal belief ( :i* we c give no logical ju/ification :atev]4 ,:y %\ld an ink/& always be h>d8 ,! *ild c allege no reason = ?is except t1 hav+ f\nd ! ink/& to be h>d 9 a great numb] ( pa/ in/ances1 he is compell$ to believe t x w be always h>d1 ) su* a =ce ( conviction t he _c b feel & say he 8kn[s0 x4 ,b ( c\rse !re is no logical ju/ification = ?is ass]tion4 ,he might argue = "s mon?s or ev5 ye>s1 9 precisely ! same way ab\t a clock1 & say t 8a clock always ticks10 because he has se5 ! clock tick times innum]able & nev] kn[n x n to tick4 ,:y %\ld n a l>g] exp]i5ce confute 8 s-call$ k 9 ! case ( ! ink/& z 9 ! case ( ! clock8 ,z ! clock collapses1 :y %\ld n ! nature ( ! ink/& collapse--be1 come unw\nd1 s to speak1 or altoge!r transmut$8 ,!re is no possible answ] to ?is "q = ! *ild1 at pres5t1 except ! foll[+3--8,x nev] has done s1 & !re=e ,i believe t x nev] w4 ,i believe 9 ! uni=mity ( ,nature4 ,! sequ5ces ( obs]v$ cause & effect are ,nature's promises1 & if %e does n keep !m1 life w break d[n4 ,i am compell$ to believe1 & to act on ! belief1 t life w n break d[n4 ,i believe t ?is ink/& is h>d1 because ?is belief works40 ,i conclude !re=e t all k ( ! k9d we are n[ describ+ is bas$ on belief 7viz4 ! belief t :at has be5 w be7 te/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,i ?9k x mu/ also be admitt$ t ,imag9ation contribut$ to ! result3 = ! *ild n only rememb]s 8 two pa/ consecutive s5sations b gradually images 9 8 m9d a k9d ( bond betwe5 !m1 :i* memory pure & simple c\ld n h contribut$4 ,memory reproduces 8,ink/& & !n h>dness20 ,imag9ation pa9ts1 or beg9s to pa9t1 a new idea1 8,ink/& & !re=e h>dness40 ,aga91 ,memory reproduces vaguely num]\s in/ances1 8,! ink/& 0 h>d t51 elev51 tw5ty1 _m times20 !n comes ,imag9ation & at a leap sets be=e ! m9d an entirely new notion1 & inv5ts = x ! ^w 8always40 ,conc]n+ o!r & m complex k9ds ( k :at ne$ is !re to say a ^w8 ,= if su* simple propositions z 8a /one is h>d10 are %[n to dep5d ^u ,imag9ation = sugge/+1 & ,fai? = reta9+1 a conviction ( ! uni=mity ( ,nature1 mu* m mu/ ^! influ5ces be presuppos$ if ! *ild is to atta9 k ab\t matt]s av[$ly future1 e4g4 8! sun w rise to-morr[40 ,9 reality all k ( any practical value has to d ) a future1 imm$iate or remote2 & !re=e ,i d n ?9k ,i %all be exagg]at+ 9 say+ t = all k ab\t ?+s outside u we dep5d l>gely ^u ,imag9ation & ,fai?4 ,b ,i pass n[ to consid] a *ild's k ab\t himself4 ,take = example su* a proposition z ?is1 8,i l sug>40 ,is ,fai? or ,imag9ation requir$ to enable a *ild to arrive at ! k ( ?is proposition ab\t himself8 ,i ?9k s4 ,! v use ( ! ^w 8,i10 if us$ intellig5tly1 appe>s to ne$ "s imag9ative ef=t4 ,( c\rse ,i d n d5y t ?is subtle metaphysical idea may h be5 sugge/$ to u orig9ally by our faculty ( t\*1 & especially ! faculty ( self-p9*+ or self-t\*+4 ,i d>e say y h read h[ m5 h sometimes caught hold ( _! own b5umb$ h& by night1 & awak5$ a h\sehold by %\t+ t !y _h caught a robb]3 has x ev] occurr$ to y t1 if y nev] _h ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ y\r own h& f anybody else's h& by ! s5se ( t\*1 y might h gone ?r\gh life ) no s5se1 or ) a v t>dily acquir$ s5se1 ( y\r own id5tity8 ,if ! monkey :o boil$ 8 own tail 9 ! caldron _h felt no pa91 might he n h be5 excus$ = d\bt+ sometimes :e!r ! tail belong$ to him8 ,& if 8 head 7 equally pa9less or joyless :5 he ?ump$ x or scrat*$ x1 ought he to be condemn$ = dis[n+ 8 own head8 ,& if a monkey1 or ev5 a *ild1 c\ld n lay claim to its own head1 x seems to me d\btful :e!r he c\ld ev] claim su* a sep>ation f ! outside _w z w\ld necessitate 8 us+ ! ^w 8,i40 ,b1 z x is1 hav+ ?is self-p9*+ faculty1 ! *ild soon f9ds t to p9* a ball1 or a bladd]1 or a si/]1 is an entirely diff]5t ?+ f p9*+ himself3 & ?is self-t\*+ faculty confirms ! evid5ce sugge/$ by ! bumps & ?umps ( ! ext]nal _w2 all ( :i* lead him to ! belief t he has a bodily frame ( 8 own1 liable to pa9 & to pleasure1 & l>gely dep5d5t = pa9 & pleasure on 8 own motions1 :i* motions he dimly p]ceives dep5d5t ^u some?+ t appe>s to be inside himself4 ,b nei!r ?is nor any o!r explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! s5sations prep>e ! way = ! con/ruction ( ! idea ( ! 8,i10 ought to prev5t u f recogniz+ t ! idea itself is ! "w ( ! ,imag9ation1 & n ( ! unaid$ s5sations1 nor ( ! unaid$ reason4 ,self-p9*+ & contact ) ! r\gh ext]nal _w might conv9ce ! *ild t he 0 diff]5t f 8 environm5t at ! "t :5 he made 8 la/ exp]im5ts & und]w5t 8 la/ exp]i5ces2 b !y c\ld n conv9ce him t he is diff]5t n[1 or t he w be diff]5t 9 ! next in/ant2 & = ?is conviction he dep5ds ^u fai?4 ,aga91 ! imag9ation ( ! 8,i0 seems closely b\nd up ) two o!r ne>ly simultane\s imag9ations1 ^? ( ,=ce & ,cause4 ,fir/ he feels a desire to t\* ! ink/&1 !n he feels himself mov+ t[>ds ! ink/&1 !n he feels ! ink/& t\*$4 ,^! sequ5ces ( desire1 action1 result1 he c repeat z (t5 z he likes4 ,by _! frequ5cy !re=e1 z well z by _! vividness1 !y impress him m p[]fully ?an sequ5ces ( ph5om5a n dep5d5t on himself2 & x is f ^! probably t he fir/ imag9es ! idea ( 8mu/10 or 8necessity10 or 8cause & effect40 ,if he feels a desire to move a limb1 ! motion ( ! limb imm$iately foll[s2 x always obeys him2 x mu/ obey him4 ,he pu%es a brick2 :at caus$ ! brick to fall8 ,he feels t x 0 8 own =ce t caus$ x2 he no long] looks ^u ! pu% & ! fall z if ! =m] m]ely prec$$ ! latt]2 he imag9es a connection ( necessity betwe5 ! pu% & ! fall1 ! cause & ! effect1 & gradually comes to imag9e himself z ! caus] ( ! cause4 ,b all ^! imag9ations are m]e imag9ations1 n pro(s4 ,to ga!r toge!r all ! s5sations ( :i* he reta9s ! memory1 ! s5sations ( :i* he is at pres5t consci\s1 & ! s5sations to :i* he looks =w>d1 & to put an 8,i0 beh9d or bel[ all ^!1 z ! f\ndation ( !m all1 & p>tial caus] ( !m all--:at an audaci\s assumption is ?is6 ,n ,plato & ,ari/otle comb9$ c\ld prove to a *ild1 or to ! mo/ consummate ( philosoph]s1 t he has a "r to call himself 8,i10 or t he is any o!r ?an a ma*9e & a "p ( ! univ]sal ma*9]y4 ,h[ c ,i prove & v9dicate my indep5d5ce1 my "r to an 8,i08 ,by say+ t ,i w d1 or n d1 & by !n do+1 or n do+1 any conceivable ?+ at any conceivable "t8 ,su* an attempt is futile4 ,! retort is unansw]able3 8,9 ! great ma*9e :i* y call ! univ]se1 t small "p :i* y call #8,i' 0 s con/ruct$ & w\nd up t x c\ld no m help say+ & do+ :at x did & said1 ?an a clock c\ld help po9t+ & /rik+40 ,:at !n is ! real pro( t we are "r 9 us+ ! ^w 8,i0 & 9 di/+ui%+ ourselves f o!r objects :i* we call ext]nal8 ,!re is no pro( at all except t1 fir/1 we are l$ to ?is way ( look+ at ?+s by ,nature & ,imag9ation1 & secondly1 ?is way ( look+ at ?+s works be/4 ,! 8,i-view0 is bett] fitt$ ?an ! 8ma*9e-view0 to develop 9 u ! faculties ( judgm5t & self-control1 to give u a s5se ( responsibility & a capability ( am5dm5t1 & to make u ultimately m hopeful & m active4 ,s too1 ! belief 9 8cause & effect0 works bett] ?an a m]e m5tal record ( pa/ antec$5ts & sequ5ces1 accompani$ by a blank & /rictly logical neutrality ( m9d z to :at w happ5 9 ! future4 ,fai? 9 8cause & effect0 is ! f\ndation ( all /able life & all regul> progress alike 9 ! individual & 9 ! /ate4 ,! unfai?ful unbeliev] 9 causality is ! ,esau1 bo? 9 ! moral & 9 ! intellectual _w1 ! happy-g-lucky hunt] :o dep5ds on /ray v5ison & refuses to resort to sy/em 9 ord] to make a sure provision = ! ne$s ( ! future2 ! believ] is ! quiet plodd+ ,jacob :o has 8 goats 9 ! fold :]e he kn[s he c f9d !m :5 want$4 ,! unbeliev] is ! unimag9ative savage :o has n fai? en\gh to see ! h>ve/ 9 ! se$2 ! believ] is ! man ( civilisation :o c tru/ ,nature ?r\gh six long mon?s ( wait+ & c say to h]1 n 9 ! language ( hope1 8d ut des10 b 9 ! language ( conviction1 8d daturae40 ,nev]!less1 conv5i5t z ^! ideas may be = our com=t1 nay1 ?\gh !y may be ev5 necess>y = our exi/5ce1 we are b\nd to recollect t !y are m]ely ideas4 ,l ! ideas ( =ce1 cause1 effect1 necessity1 s ! idea ( 8,i10--?\gh produc$ ) ! aid ( exp]i5ce & te/$ by appeal to exp]i5ce & reason--appe>s to be no?+ b a *ild ( ! ,imag9ation1 & a fo/]-*ild ( ,fai?4 ,p]haps y\r conclusion f all ?is is t ,i am prov+ t we c "k no?+8 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,:at ,i am say+ does n prove t we "k less or m ?an we pr(ess to "k at pres5t4 ,i am m]ely %[+ t our k comes to u f s\rces o!r ?an ^? :i* are ord9>ily assum$4 ,,iv ,,ideals ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y ask me to pass to ! consid]ation ( k ( a new k9d1 k ( ma!matical tru?4 8,"h at lea/10 y say1 8sev]e reason+ dom9ates supreme1 & ,imag9ation has no place40 8,two & "o make ?ree10 8,! angles at ! base ( an isosceles triangle are equal30 8surely we may assume t ,imag9ation has no?+ to d ) ^! propositions4 ,!y mu/ be decid$ by pure ,reason40 ,nev] 0 assumption m grotesque4 ,excuse me2 b by :at o!r adjective c ,i *>act]ize ! /atem5t t ! ,imag9ation has 8no?+ to d )0 propositions = ! v t]ms ( :i* we are indebt$ to ! ,imag9ation8 ,i ma9ta9 )\t fe> ( contradiction t ! k ( ^! propositions requires an ef=t ( ! ,imag9ation s sev]e t ! v "y & ! completely untra9$ _c atta9 to x4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 :at d y mean by 8"o10 8two10 & 8?ree08 ,i h nev] _h any exp]i5ce ( su* ?+s2 nor h y2 nor c y4 8,two0 oranges1 8two0 apples1 & ! l1 we h _h exp]i5ce (1 & c realize2 b to ?9k ( 8"o0 or 8two0 by !mselves 78"o0 or 8two0 ) 8any?+s01 or ) 8no?+s0 aft] !m71 8"o0 or 8two0 z 8ab/ract ideas0--?is really is a mo/ difficult or r 7,i am incl9$ to say7 an impossible task4 ,:5 ,i say 8"o0 & 8two10 ,i ?9k ,i see be=e me dimly 8"o0 or 8two0 dots or small /rokes1 & ,i p]ceive t two & "o ( ^! dots or /rokes make up ?ree dots or /rokes4 ,:5 ,i speak ( 8tw5ty0 & 8?irty10 ,i d n see any images ( ^! exi/5ces2 & :5 ,i say t 8tw5ty0 & 8?irty0 make 8fifty10 ,i d n realize ! process ( addition at all visibly2 ,i m]ely repeat ! /atem5t on ! au?ority ( previ\s obs]vations & reason+s mo/ly made by o!rs & n by myself4 ,b s f> z ,i approximate to ! realization ( an ab/ract numb]1 ,i d x by a k9d ( negative imag9ation4 ,& 9 any case we c h>dly d5y t all ari?metical propositions1 s9ce !y employ t]ms t d5ote m]e imag9>y ideas1 mu/ be reg>d$ z bas$ on ! imag9ation4 ,x is ! same ) ,geometry4 ,! :ole ( :at we call 8,euclid0 is bas$ ^u a mo/ a]ial ef=t ( ! ,imag9ation4 ,we h to imag9e l9es )\t ?ickness1 /raightness t does n deviate ! billion? "p ( an in* f p]fect ev5ness1 p]fectly symmetrical circles1 &--climax ( audacity6--po9ts t h 8no p>ts & no magnitude60 ,obvi\sly ^! ?+s h no exi/5ce except 9 ! dreams ( ,imag9ation2 yet ,euclid's sev]e reason+ applies to none b ^! ?+s4 ,if y /ep f y\r ideal triangle 9 ,dreaml& into y\r mat]ial triangle 9 *alk-l&1 y /ep f absolute tru? into /atem5ts t are n absolutely true4 ,! angles at ! base ( y\r *alk isosceles triangle are n exactly equal1 if y measure !m ) suffici5t accuracy4 ,9 a ^w ! :ole ( ,geometry is an appeal to ! ,imag9ation 9 :i* ! geomet] says to u1 8,i "k t my propositions are n exactly true except ) respect to invisible1 ideal1 & imag9>y figures1 planes1 & solids4 ,^! ideas1 !re=e1 y mu/ endeav\r to imag9e4 ,9 ord] to relieve ! /ra9 on y\r imag9ation1 ,i w place be=e y mat]ial & visible figures ab\t :i* my reason+ w be approximately true4 ,f ^! ,i mu/ ask y to try to rise upw>d to ! imag9ation ( _! ar*etypes1 ! immat]ial realities40 ,:at %all we reply to our ov]be>+ ma!matician :o 9 ?is abrupt & audaci\s mann] introduces ! non-exi/5t & imag9>y creatures ( 8 bra9 z be+ 8realities08 ,%all we d]ide him1 & ! ari?metician likewise8 ,%all we bid ! latt] ex*ange 8 calculations 9 ab/ract numb]s = manife/ly useful sums ab\t sacks ( :eat & casks ( be]8 ,%all we bid ! ma!matician desc5d f 8 high geometrical !ories to ! practical measurem5ts ( agriculture8 ,p\r+ scorn on 8 av[al t ! objects ( 8 reason+ are 8invisible1 ideal1 & imag9>y10 %all we decl9e to /udy a sci5ce t is confess$ly--s we c ^w x--vision>y & illusive8 ,if we d1 he w n be )\t a reply1 some:at aft] ?is fa%ion3 8,my practical fri5ds1 x w be ! worse = y if y despise ^! invisible1 ideal & imag9>y objects4 ,i say no?+ ab\t ! m5tal tra9+ & developm5t to be d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ^! ?+s2 = to ?is argum5t y d n appe> to me to be at pres5t accessible3 b ,i w take y\r own l9e--! practical4 ,d y !n want to measure y\r fields ) ease & to make accurate maps & *>ts2 to con/ruct h\ses t %all /& long]1 %ips t %all sail fa/]1 cannon t %all %oot fur!r1 eng9es t %all pull h>d]1 ?an any kn[n be=e2 d y want to utilize electricity = light+1 gas = motion1 wat] = pressure2 9 a ^w d y wi% to make y\rselves lords ov] ! mat]ial _w & to h all ! =ces ( ,nature at y\r beck & call8 ,if y d1 y mu/ n despise ! non-exi/5t numb]s ( my ari?metical bro!r1 nor my immat]ial & imag9>y l9es4 ,give me leave to repeat1 9 spite ( y\r indignation1 t ?\gh !y are 79 ?is pres5t visible _w ( ours7 non-exi/5t1 yet ^! l9es & numb]s are #8realities4' ,t !y are realities1 & t our conclusions ab\t !m are real & true1 is prov$ by ! "o te/ ( tru?3 our conclusions "w4 ,our discov]ies are 9 h>mony ) ! univ]se4 ,a p]fect circle y nev] saw & nev] w see3 yet x is z real z a beef/eak & a p9t ( port]4 ,i believe 9 a p]fect circle by ,fai?2 ,i accept x ) rev]5ce z an impression1 if ,i may s d>e to speak1 on ! ,m9d ( ! ,univ]se1 :i* ,he has communicat$ to me4 ,:at is m1 ,i believe t ,he int5d$ u to /udy ?is & o!r immat]ial realities t our m9ds might approximate to ,84 ,take a cone1 my practical fri5ds4 ,:at d y see 9 x8 ,no?+1 ,i fe>1 except a %ape t rem9ds y ( an ext+ui%] or a fool's cap4 ,yet ?is little solid conta9s )9 itself ! sugge/ions ( all ! my/]ies ( motion 9 heav5 & e>?4 ,slice y\r cone p>allel to ! base3 !re y h ! p]fect circle4 ,slice x aga91 p>allel to "o ( ! sides3 !re y h ! p>abola1 ! curve ( t]re/rial motion4 ,slice x once m1 midway betwe5 ^! two sections3 !re y h ! ellipse1 ! curve ( cele/ial motion = :i* all ! a/ronom]s 7 seek+ 9 va9 ?r\gh some?+ l a score ( c5turies4 ,s]i\sly n[1 my half-educat$ fri5ds1 9 spite ( ! s5se y may = ! mo/ "p ent]ta9 ( y\r own importance1 d y n 9 y\r m mode/ moods sometimes feel incl9$ to say t1 #8,a circle is1 aft] all1 a reality1 p]haps m real ?an ,i am myself'80 ,:at d y ?9k ( all ?is8 ,= my "p1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! ,ma!matician has ! be/ ( x4 ,a good deal w turn ^u ! mean+ ( t dang]\s ^w 8reality10 ab\t :i* ,i w give y my notions1 p]haps1 h]eaft]4#b ,b ev5 if y dispute 8 ass]tions ab\t ! reality ( 8 8ideas10 y _c1 ,i am sure1 d5y ! imm5se practical importance1 z well z ! univ]sal acceptance1 ( 8 conclusions & discov]ies2 & y w d well to rememb] t ?is imm5sely important1 ?is undisput$ & indisputable k1 c\ld nev] h be5 atta9$ if we _h n call$ 9 ! ,imag9ation to create = u ideas t nev] w be1 & nev] c be1 realis$ 9 ?is pres5t mat]ial _w4 ,let u pass n[ f k ab\t ?+s to k ab\t p]sons1 i4e4 ab\t actions & motives4 ,our k ab\t actions dep5ds on 7#a7 p]sonal obs]vation2 7#b7 te/imony2 7#c7 circum/antial evid5ce or any comb9ation ( ^! ?ree4 ,! k t we d]ive ( actions f our own obs]vation is ( c\rse indep5d5t ( ,fai?1 s f> z conc]ns ! pa/2 b x is v limit$1 & entirely useless & unpractical1 except z a basis = k ab\t ! pres5t & future2 = :i* k 7z we h se57 ,fai? 9 ! p]man5ce ( ,nature is absolutely necess>y4 ,! k ( actions t comes to u f evid5ce1 direct & circum/antial1 is l>gely dep5d5t on ,fai?4 8,julius ,cs> invad$ ,brita90--h[ c]ta9 we all feel ( t6 ,yet h[ slight ! te/imony6 ,simply a few pages ( n>rative1 writt5 by ! suppos$ invad] himself1 & "s casual rem>ks by "o or two contempor>y lett]-writ]s ab\t ,cs>'s do+s 9 ,brita9 & ! ,s5ate's reception ( ! news4 ,:y %\ld we believe on s app>5tly flimsy a basis8 ,:y %\ld n ,cs> h s5t "o ( 8 lieut5ants to invade ! isl&1 & aft]w>ds h tak5 ! cr$it ( x himself8 ,or !re might h be5 no invasion at all1 no?+ b a reconnaissance grossly exagg]at$ & int]mix$ ) facts d]iv$ f travell]s4 ,yet we believe 9 ! invasion )\t ! slighte/ hesitation4 ,cs>1 we say1 w\ld n h told ! lie2 or1 if he _h1 x w\ld h be5 quickly expos$ by 8 enemies4 ,9 o!r words1 we believe 9 ! tru? ( ! n>rative1 because a belief 9 its falsehood does n 8"w10 t is to say1 does n suit ) :at we "k 7or1 m prop]ly1 ) :at o!rs "k7 ( ,cs>'s "* & ,cs>'s times4 ,( precisely ! same k9d is almo/ all our k ab\t hi/ory3 x is bas$ ^u evid5ce1 b x is belief2 & ! only te/ ( its tru? is1 does x 8"w10 i4e4 does x fit 9 ) o!r k :i* we reg>d z e/abli%$ tru?8 ,b y see t1 ev5 9 deal+ ) a simple action ( ,cs>'s1 we h already drift$ into a ref]5ce to ,cs>'s motives3 & obvi\sly k ab\t 8motives0 is an important & inde$ a p>am\nt elem5t 9 k ab\t p]sons4 8,my fa!r10 says ! *ild1 8has 8 br[s knit2 8 face looks d>k2 he speaks v l\d2 8 eyes look bright] ?an usual30--?is is k ab\t actions d]iv$ f p]sonal obs]vation1 b1 s f>1 p]fectly useless1 until some?+ is add$ to x4 8,:5ev] my fa!r has look$ & spok5 l ?is be=e1 he has be5 angry & has puni%$ somebody3 !re=e he is angry & w puni% somebody n[0--?is is n k1 x is only belief2 b x is belief n ab\t actions simply1 b ab\t motives z well z actions1 & x may be ( ! greate/ use4 ,h[ d we ga9 k ab\t motives1 ! mov+ p[]s ( ! human ma*9e8 ,s9ce we _c take ?is ma*9]y to pieces1 or exp]im5t ) x freely1 we mu/ d]ive our k l>gely f ! consci\sness ( our own motives4 ,tickl+ produces laught] 9 u1 & prick+1 a cry2 affection1 & ! comm& ( ^? :om we love1 produce 9 u ob$i5ce2 desire ( a result or rew>d produces ef=t2 fe> ( pa9 or p5alty produces avoidance ( c]ta9 actions1 p]=mance ( o!rs4 ,h5ce we inf] t1 9 o!rs also1 simil> effects h be5 produc$1 or w be produc$1 by simil> causes4 ,9 ei!r case1 our inf]5ce is bas$ p>tly ^u our obs]vation t ^! causes h prec$$ ^! effects 9 o!r p]sons1 & p>tly ^u our fai? t o!r p's ma*9]y is l our own4 ,b we h n yet t\*$ "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( motives1 t p[] )9 u :i* we call ,consci5ce 78jo9t-k072 z ?\gh !re 7 9 u an ,assessor sitt+ 9 judgm5t by ! side ( ! my/]i\s 8,i10 ! two toge!r pron\nc+ s5t5ce ( 8,"r0 or 8,wrong0 ^u ! sev]al propositions & int5tions :i* are1 z x 71 call$ up be=e _! tribunal4 ,! developm5t ( ,consci5ce & our s5sibility to its dictation appe>s to me l>gely due to ! ,imag9ation4 ,if a philosoph] tells me t :5 ,consci5ce appe>s to u to say 8,"r0 x really says 8,exp$i5t = society & ultimately = y\rself10 or 8,calculat$ to ga9 e/eem = y\rself10 or 8,conducive to y\r own peace ( m9d10 ,i am oblig$1 ) all def]5ce to him1 b ) great] def]5ce to tru?1 to assure him t 7h[ev] correct he may be z to ! orig9 ( ?is feel+ 9 my own infant m9d or 9 ! matur$ m9d ( my primval ance/ors7 he is mi/ak51 at all ev5ts 9 my own case1 z to ! action ( ,consci5ce n[4 ,i may possibly h be5 long ago guid$ to my idea ( 8,"r0 by my obs]vation ( :at is exp$i5t3 b1 to me1 n[1 ! s5se ( 8"r0 is z diff]5t f ! s5se ( 8exp$i5t10 z ! eye is diff]5t f "s s5sitive protub]ance :i* may ultimately be develop$ into an eye1 b is at pres5t responsive only to ! t\*4 ,h[ !n d we ga9 ?is k ( "r & wrong8 ,= ( c\rse x is n en\gh to reply t we ga9 x by ! voice ( ,consci5ce3 su* an answ] only makes u repeat our "q 9 a diff]5t %ape3 8,9 ! v "y1 ,consci5ce1 ?\gh x may be exi/5t1 is c]ta9ly lat5t2 :5 & :5ce does x beg9 to "w80 ,i %\ld reply t ! fir/ idea ( good & evil is communicat$ to ! v "y ?r\gh ! habit ( ob$i5ce to _! p>5ts or ^? :o /& to !m 9 ! p>5tal position4 ,a *ild is s creat$ z to be 9 con/ant dep5d5ce on ! fav\r & good-w ( 8 "m4 ,:5 he is ob$i5t to h] he f9ds himself at peace & happy1 & he welcomes on h] face t sun%9e :i* indicates t %e is pleas$ ) him4 ,:5 he is disob$i5t1 h>% s\nds foll[1 a l[]+ d>kness on ! c\nt5ance close to 81 ob/acles to 8 fre$om1 re/rictions ( 8 pleasures1 p]haps %>p] pa9s or p5alties3 & he is n[ out ( h>mony ) 8 little ,univ]se4 ,all ?is /range & subtle evil inside him & outside him he has br\ght on himself by disobey+ ! mat]nal w2 & h5ce !re gradually spr+s up 9 8 m9d an ,imag9ation ( "s unnameable ?+1 :i* is 8 fir/ idea ( "r4 ,b z he gr[s old] & wid5s 8 sph]e ( obs]vation he f9ds--if he is plac$ 9 any?+ l ^? fav\rable circum/ances :i* ,nature has appo9t$ = mo/ ( u--t ?is p>5tal w is 9 h>mony ) ! wid5+ _w ar\nd him4 ,! p>5ts say1 8,d n play ) fire20 ,nature says ! same1 & puni%es him if he transgresses4 ,! p>5ts say1 8,d n t\* t knife20 aga9 ,nature confirms _! au?ority by inflict+ a p5alty on disob$i5ce4 ,?us1 if ! p>5ts h any?+ ( p>5tal =e?\ght1 ! *ild gradually associates !m ) ! gov]n+ p[]s ( 8 gr[+ ,univ]se1 & beg9s to feel t ! p>5tal w is also ! w1 or ord]1 ( ,nature4 ,!y are z ,god to him3 & ! confirm$ habit ( ob$i5ce to !m deep5s 9 8 he>t ! conviction--b /ill a conviction r spr++ f ,imag9ation ?an f ,reason--t ! p[] :i* ?us induces him to obey is a great & gr& ,p[]1 ord]ly1 n to be resi/$2 wise & ju/ifi$ by results1 b to be obey$ )\t ?9k+ ab\t results2 x ought to be obey$2 x is ,"r4 ,n[ he /eps out into ! _w ( o!r human be+s2 & "h he le>ns to wid5 8 idea ( ,"r4 ,p]haps he also le>ns to alt] x4 ,if he 0 born & re>$ among ?ieves1 8 consci5ce may h be5 altoge!r p]v]t$ s t he actually ?\ght x hon\rable to /eal4 ,b 9 any case1 ev5 ?\gh he may come f ! be/ ( homes1 he (t5 le>ns t ! p>5tal w is n always 9 h>mony ) ! highe/ & be/ w2 & gradually he =ms a diff]5t /&>d ( 8,"r0 f t :i* he held be=e4 ,x 0 once ! w ( 8 p>5ts1 n[ x is (t5 ! w ( ,society4 ,con=m+ himself to ! w ( ,society he is free f pa9s & p5alties2 he is at peace ) ^? ar\nd him1 & he is g5]ally at peace ) himself4 ,i say g5]ally1 n always3 = by ?is "t he has begun to ?9k = himself & to see t ,consci5ce ought to speak 9 ! int]e/s n m]ely ( 8 p>5ts1 nor ( a select circle ( 8 own fri5ds or companions1 b ( all mank9d4 ,8 ,imag9ation pictures = him an ideal ,ord] su* z he has nev] actually exp]i5c$4 ,he feels t he 8ought0 to be at peace & 9 h>mony ) ?is imag9>y ,ord]1 & n ) "s di/ort$ & n>r[$ conception ( x convey$ to him by 8 8set10 8 class1 8 city1 8 nation1 or 8 *ur*4 ,9 8 consci5ce1 he he>s ! voice ( ?is ,moral ,ord] ( humanity4 ,h5ce x is t m5 h be5 sometimes impell$ to ?\ghts beyond1 or ev5 aga9/1 ! consci5ce ( _! contempor>ies2 to prote/1 = example1 aga9/ unju/ w>s1 aga9/ w> ( any k9d1 aga9/ slav]y1 aga9/ duell+1 aga9/ legaliz$ oppression4 ,9 e case ! impell+ p[] has be5 ! same1 a s5se ( discord betwe5 ! man's imag9>y ideal & ! actual environm5t 9 :i* ^! evils & disord]s h exi/$4 ,o!rs1 8 commonplace companions1 h be5 cont5t to g ) ! _w ar\nd !m--to be k9d slave-hold]s1 hon\rable duelli/s1 mod]ate oppressors--& !y h felt no pangs ( consci5ce4 ,b by a few1 a *os5 few1 !re has be5 acquir$ a ke5] s5se ( ! ideal ( moral h>mony1 a ke5] eye = detect+ moral disord]1 & an abhorr5ce ( x :i* w n p]mit !m to live 9 peace amid su* evils3 !y mu/ ei!r die or m5d !m4 ,!y (t5 d die 9 m5d+ !m2 b :ile 9 ! process ( dy+1 or prep>+ = dea?--) all def]5ce to ! cl]gyman :o lately ma9ta9$ t 8if !re is no h]eaft]1 & if ! only rew>d ( self-sacrifice & ! only puni%m5t ( crime are ^? :i* happ5 9 ! pres5t life1 x w\ld h be5 f> bett] to h be5 ,f\* ?an ,paul0--!y h at lea/ a peace ( m9d :i* !y c\ld n h atta9$ by con=mity ) ! _w4 ,! gross] consci5ce t 8work$0 well en\gh 9 _! companions w\ld n h 8work$0 9 !m4 ,ev51 !re=e1 ?\gh !y appe> to be exceptions to ! rule t te/s tru? by its 8work+10 !y are n really exceptional4 ,!y h be5 9 discord ) ! _w b 9 concord ) !mselves4 ,(t5 !y prove to o!rs ! tru? ( _! conceptions by rais+ up ! _w to _! level1 & by po9t+ to ! moral ord] :i* has issu$ f ! fulfilm5t ( _! ideas4 ,b 9 any case1 ?\gh !y may fail = a "t or 7app>5tly7 = all "t1 !y h _h 9 !mselves a suffici5t te/ ( ! tru? ( _! ideas3 !y h foll[$ _! consci5ce & !y h f\nd t ?is c\rse 8work$0--t is to say1 suit$ & develop$ _! nature--z no o!r c\rse c\ld h work$ = !m4 ,b 9 ord] ?us to he> & obey ! voice ( consci5ce & to disc]n its highe/ tru?s1 h[ mu* ( fai?1 h[ mu* ( imag9ation has be5 ne$$6 ,b ?is digression ab\t ,consci5ce has l$ me a little a/ray f my subject1 :i* 0 8! k ( p]sons30 ,i mu/ return to x 9 my next lett]4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ! ,def9itions at ! end ( ! book4 ,v ,,ideals ,,& ,,te/s ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,let u n[ return to ! consid]ation ( ! 8k ( p]sons40 ,h[ d we ga9 k ( a human be+1 t is to say ( 8 motives8 8,by obs]v+ 8 actions 9 _m diff]5t circum/ances1 especially 9 extremities ( joy1 sorr[1 fe>1 temptation1 & !n by comp>+ 8 actions ) :at we1 or o!rs1 h done 9 ! same circum/ances80 ,b ?is is a v difficult & delicate bus9ess1 especially t "p ( x :i* involves comp>ison4 ,"h we may easily g wrong2 & we !re=e naturally ask :at te/ h we t our k is correct4 ,"o te/ ( any useful k ( a ma*9e w\ld be1 n our p[] to disc\rse flu5tly ab\t x1 b our p[] to 8"w0 x1 i4e4 to make x p]=m ! "w = :i* x is int5d$3 & simil>ly "o te/ ( useful k ( a human be+ mu/ be our p[] to 8"w0 him1 i4e4 to make him p]=m ! "w = :i* he is int5d$4 ,a p]fectly selfi% man ( ! _w may h consid]able k ( m5 & 8"w0 !m clev]ly 9 a c]ta9 s5se3 he is n *eat$ by !m2 he is p]haps obey$ by "s1 n ?w>t$ by o!rs2 he kn[s ! weak po9ts ( all1 jo/les d[n "o1 p]suades ano!r to lift him up1 gets some?+ out ( e "o1 & is1 9 a ^w1 l>gely successful 9 mak+ m5 help him to d :at he int5ds4 ,b ?is is a v poor k9d ( 8work+10 z comp>$ ) t :i* has be5 practis$ by ! lawgiv]s1 poets1 philosoph]s1 & f\nd]s ( religion2 :o h m\ld$ & fa%ion$ great masses ( m5 s z to be bett] able ?an !y 7 be=e to d ! noble/ works t m5 c d1 ! works = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,n[ ,i ?9k x w n be d5i$ t ! m5 :o1 9 ?is s5se1 h 8work$0 mank9d h _h great ideas ( :at m5 c\ld d & ought to d4 ,sometimes !y h _h ideas s high t !y h seem$ impossible ( atta9m5t & almo/ absurd1 ev5 z ideas4 ,yet ^! are ! m51 ^! idealiz]s ( humanity1 :o h mo/ help$ mank9d on ! pa? ( progress4 ,& ?is w\ld lead u to ! conclusion t ! m5 :o h 8work$0 mank9d be/ h be5 ^? :o h refus$ to accept m5 z !y are4 ,con/ra9$ by ! ,imag9ation1 !y h kept be=e _! eyes an ,ideal ( humanity1 t[>ds :i* !y h aspir$ & lab\r$ ) sangu9e en?usiasm4 ,to ! same effect t5ds our obs]vation ( mank9d 9 small] gr\ps1 & especially 9 t smalle/ ( gr\ps call$ ! family4 ,x is g5]ally ! p>5ts :o h mo/ influ5ce ov] _! *ild1 mo/ p[] to 8"w0 him2 & we c (t5 see t ! reason ( _! influ5ce does n arise f ! p[] to rew>d or puni%1 b f _! affection = him1 & f _! fai? 9 him4 ,especially d we p]ceive ?is 9 ! famili> b my/]i\s process call$ =giv+4 ,we see p>5ts1 yes ev5 wise p>5ts1 con/antly plac+ fai? 9 a *ild beyond :at seems to a dispassionate obs]v] to be w>rant$ by facts1 treat+ him z ?\gh he 7 bett] ?an he has %ewn himself to be1 bett] ?an he appe>s to u likely ev] to become4 ,&1 /range to say1 ?is imag9ative sy/em has on ! :ole prov$ m successful ?an ! imp>tial & dispassionate disposition :i* w\ld take a human be+ exactly = :at he is1 & treat him z be+ t & no m4 ,i d n mean to say t !re h n be5 bl9d & fond p>5ts 9 abundance :o--hav+ no high moral /&>d & be+ m]ely desir\s to see com=t & bright faces ar\nd !m--h done _! *ildr5 h>m by ignor+ _! faults & reg>d+ !m z p]fect3 b on ! o!r h&1 ,i call on y to admit ! p>adox t j1 wise1 & righte\s p>5ts1 :o h _h a high moral /&>d1 h be5 mo/ successful 9 enabl+ _! *ild to rise to t /&>d1 by treat+ him z ?\gh he 7 bett] ?an he really has be54 ,fur!r1 ,i say t ?is sy/em has be5 pursu$ by all ^? :o h =giv5 o!rs1 & by ,him above all o!rs :o has done mo/ to make =giv5ess 8curr5t co90 among mank9d4 ,i c und]/& a man ( cold-blood$ & dispassionate temp]am5t object+ to any su* idealization ( humanity4 8,! :ole !ory10 he might say1 8is radically unfair & unreasonable4 ,y argue t y ought to love a man & ignore 8 faults if y wi% to "k him & move him4 ,y might j z well argue t y ought to hate a man & ignore 8 virtues = ! same purpose4 ,hate is z ke5-ey$ z love4 ,hate spies out ! lea/ defects1 anticipates ea* false /ep1 pr$icts ea* ha/y ^w1 & c>icatures be=eh& ea* ha/y ge/ure4 ,hate makes a /udy ( its objects3 hate1 !re=e1 z well z love1 might be said to /imulate u to "k o!rs4 ,b ! "r c\rse is nei!r to hate1 nor to love1 b to judge4 ,z hate bl9ds u to virtues1 s love bl9ds u to vices4 ,we ought to be bl9d to no?+1 to ext5uate no?+1 to ignore no?+1 b to be purely & reasonably critical4 ,?us we %all "k humanity z x is40 ,! answ] to ?is v plausible !ory is extremely simple3 8,y\r !ory appe>s to be j & wise ^u a cursory & unsci5tific view ( human nature3 b x has n endur$ ! sci5tific te/ ( exp]im5t2 x has n work$4 ,i believe ! reason :y x does n "w is1 t x ignores "s fa9tly disc]nible b gr[+ t5d5cies 9 human nature :i* are n to be disc]n$ )\t m sympa?y ?an y appe> to possess3 no human be+ c be und]/ood 9 ! daylight ( ,reason alone2 affection & ,imag9ation are ne$$ to transport u z x 7 into ! he>t ( a fell[-creature1 to enable u to realize him z we realize ourselves1 & to treat him z we w\ld ourselves be treat$2 fai? also 9 ! possibilities ( humanity is a v p[]ful help n only t[>ds disc]n+ ! be/ & noble/ t m5 c d1 b also t[>ds develop+ _! p[] ( do+ x4 ,b 9 any case1 :atev] may be ! reasons = its failure1 y\r !ory does n #8"w1' & mu/ !re=e be giv5 up4 8,by #8failure1' ,i d n mean t y\r !ory w prev5t y f gett+ on & mak+ y\r way 9 ! _w1 b t x w prev5t y f op]at+ on y\rself & on mank9d1 s t y & !y may d ! "w :i* y are int5d$ to d4 ,y say ! bus9ess ( a /ud5t ( m5 is to be critical4 ,i say t su* a /ud5t is a m]e p$ant1 a book-philosoph]3 b ! sci5tific /ud5t ( m5 is he :o kn[s h[ to #8"w' !m3 & ^? :o h 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m #8work$' m51 h n be5 ( ! critical temp]am5t :i* y eulogize1 b (t5 q uncritical1 wondr\sly uncritical1 b full ( a f]v5t fai? 9 a high ideal ( humanity1 & 9 a de/9y t w\ld ultimately con=m humanity to its ideal4 ,if y aim at ex]t+ no social ennobl+ influ5ce ( ?is k9d1 if y are cont5t1 :ile lead+ ! life ( a man ( ! _w1 to abide1 spiritually speak+1 9 ! cave ( a recluse1 !n keep on y\r pres5t c\rse4 ,criticize m5 dispassionately to y\r he>t's cont5t4 ,try to p]suade y\rself t y "k !m4 ,b y w nev] succe$--y w nev] p]suade ev5 y\rself t y h succe$$--9 mak+ a s+le human be+ ! bett] = y\r influ5ce4 8,9 morals z 9 ma!matics no?+ c be done )\t fai? 9 ! ,ideal4 ,if y want to op]ate sci5tifically ^u imp]fect m5 y mu/ keep con/antly be=e y\r m9d ! image ( ! ,p]fect ,man4 ,we h se5 t1 be=e we c atta9 to #8appli$ ma!matics1' :i* con/itute ! basis ( ^? sci5ces by :i* we dom9ate ! mat]ial _w1 we h to beg9 ) #8pure ma!matics4' ,9 t region ( /udy we h to idealize & speak ( ?+s1 n z !y are 9 our exp]i5ce1 b z !y might be if c]ta9 t5d5cies t we see ar\nd u c\ld be inf9itely--yes1 & we mu/ add1 impossibly--ext5d$4 ,yet 9 ! end1 if we g pati5tly onw>d1 we f9d t our #8pure ma!matics' lead u to conclusions ( imm5se practical importance4 8,x is precisely ! same 9 ! sci5ce ( humanity1 :i* we may call an?ropology4 ,9 ord] to prep>e ! way = #8appli$ an?ropology' :]eby we may dom9ate ! immat]ial _w1 ! m9ds & temp]s ( m51 we mu/ beg9 ) #8pure an?ropology'2 t is to say1 we mu/ idealize & speak ( man n z he is b z he w\ld be if c]ta9 t5d5cies :i* we see 9 him1 conducive to social ord] & individual developm5t1 c\ld be inf9itely--yes1 & we mu/ add1 if we limit our horizon to ?is pres5t life1 impossibly--ext5d$4 ,9 ! end1 if we g pati5tly onw>d1 we %all f9d t #8pure an?ropology' w be ( imm5se practical importance 9 help+ u to control & develop ourselves & individuals ar\nd u & all communities ( m54 ,?is #8pure an?ropology1' hav+ to d ) ! ,ideal ( humanity1 is necess>ily associat$ or id5tifi$ ) ! conception ( ,god2 & "s w\ld call x #8!ology' or #8,*ri/ianity4' ,b t is a m]e matt] ( names4 ,call x by :atev] "n y please1 b /udy x y mu/4 ,y w nev] #8"w' mank9d--t is to say y w nev] make m5 d ! "w = :i* !y are int5d$--till y h /udi$ ! ,ideal ,man40 ,y may reply1 & ) "s ju/ice1 t !re is a dang] 9 ?is repeat$ appeal to ! te/ ( 8work+40 8,:at10 y may ask1 8ab\t ! ,buddhi/ & ! ,mohamm$an1 ! "o ) 8 peaceful missions1 ! o!r ) 8 victori\s sword8 ,_c bo? make ! same appeal8 ,9 advocat+ ! inv>iable appeal to #8work+1' d we n come dang]\sly ne> urg+ ! acceptance ( any doctr9e t w af=d good lev]age to moral ef=t1 reg>dless ( its tru? or falsehood8 ,ought n1 aft] all1 ! h>mony ( ! doctr9e ) ,reason 79 ! highe/ s5se--n only syllogi/ic1 b intuitive1 imag9ative1 or :atev] y *oose to call x7 to be ! ultimate crit]ion80 ,i suppose !re is a 8dang]0 9 e means ( atta9+ tru?1 a dang] 9 obs]vation1 a dang] 9 exp]im5t1 a dang] 9 inductive1 a dang] 9 d$uctive1 reason+3 b x does n foll[ t any ( ^! means are to be disc>d$1 only t !y are to be c>efully us$4 ,if ! ,buddhi/ c appeal to ! successes ( c5turies1 t proves1 ,i %\ld say1 t !re is "s elem5t ( g5u9e tru? 9 8 religion2 if ! ,mohamm$an po9ts to conv]sions1 9 ,india & else:]e1 f> m rapid ?an ^? made by ,*ri/ianity & n dep5d5t on 8! victori\s sword10 t also proves t 9 "s important respects = example 9 ! practical recognition ( ! equality ( all believ]s )\t respect to rank or race--,mohamm$ans h be5 f> m fai?ful to _! tea*] ?an we h be5 to ours4 ,& g5]ally1 any religion t succe$s 9 mak+ m5 bett] ) x ?an !y 7 )\t x1 mu/ be admitt$ 7,i ?9k7 to conta9 7s f> z x succe$s7 "s elem5t ( div9e revelation4 ,& !re=e1 :ile admitt+ ! appeal to ,reason1 ,i _c reject ! appeal to ,exp]i5ce z well4 ,d n ?9k t1 9 lay+ s mu* /ress on 8work+10 ,i ignore ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! propositions ( ,natural ,sci5ce & ^? ( ,religion1 or =get h[ mu* m ready & conv9c+ v]ification is 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,! means ( v]ify+ may diff] 9 diff]5t ages3 :y n8 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity1 m5 _h1 z a te/1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! hea!n & ! ,*ri/ian life2 ! burn+ zeal ( ! fre%ly imp>t$ ,_s ( ,*ri/2 & ! 8mighty works0 wr\ght by ! ,apo/les & p]haps by "s ( _! successors4 ,n[1 = u 9 ,*ri/5dom1 ! pro( f 8contra/0 is less obvi\s1 & we h lo/ also some?+ ( ! fre% & fi]y zeal--mu/ we n add ! occasionally misguid$ zeal8--( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians3 b by way ( comp5sation1 we h1 besides our individual exp]i5ces1 ! collective evid5ce ( _m g5]ations %ew+ :at ,*ri/'s ,_s c d to help u :5 we obey x1 to *a/5 u :5 we disobey4 ,are we wrong !n 9 inf]r+ t "o te/ ( religions is ! same :i* our ,"l appo9t$ = te/+ m53 8,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m08 ,!re is und\bt$ly a great diff]5ce betwe5 pro( 9 ,sci5ce & pro( 9 matt]s ( ,religion3 & ,religion dep5ds1 f> m ?an ,sci5ce1 ^u ,imag9ation4 ,b ,i h n ignor$ ?is diff]5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h attempt$ to %[ t1 s9ce ,religion dep5ds f> m ?an ,sci5ce ^u ,imag9ation2 & s9ce ,sci5ce itself dep5ds l>gely ^u ,imag9ation2 !re=e ,religion mu/ dep5d v l>gely ^u ,imag9ation1 & especially ^u t =m ( ,imag9ation to :i* we give ! "n ( ,fai?4 ,,vi ,,imag9ation ,,& ,,reason ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y suspect t ,i am 8pu%+ ! claims ( ! ,imag9ation s f> z to deprive ! ,reason or ,und]/&+#c ( its rights20 & y ask me :e!r ,i dispute ! univ]sal belief t ! =m] is an 8illusive faculty40 ,z = y\r suspicion1 ,i w endeav\r to %[ t x is gr\ndless4 ,z = y\r "q1 ,i admit t ! ,imag9ation is 8illusive10 b ,i mu/ add t x also leads u to tru?4 ,x con/ructs ! hypo!ses1 z well z ! illusions1 :i*1 :5 te/$ by exp]i5ce1 guide u t[>ds ,k4 ,imag9ation is ! 8imag+0 faculty ( ! m9d4 ,x does n1 /rictly speak+1 create1 any m ?an an arti/1 /rictly speak+1 creates4 ,b z an arti/ comb9es l9es1 col\rs1 %ades1 s\nds1 & ?\ghts1 ea* "o ( :i* by itself is famili> to ev]ybody1 9 su* new comb9ations z to produce effects t impress u all z orig9al & unprec$5t$1 s does ! ,imag9ation out ( old fragm5ts make new exi/5ces & unities4 ,att5tion impresses ^u u ! pres5t2 ,memory recalls ! pa/2 b ! ,imag9ation is nev] cont5t simply to reproduce ! pa/ or pres5t4 ,x sums up ! pa/ ( ,memory 7sometimes p]haps also ! pres5t ( ,att5tion7 & comb9es x ) a conjectur$ future 9 su* a way z to produce a :ole4 ,x is always seek+ = lik5esses1 ord]ly connections1 regul> sequ5ces1 beautiful relations1 sugge/ions ( unity 9 "s %ape or o!r1 s z to r$uce _m ?+s into "o & to obta9 a satisfy+ picture4 ,= example1 suppose a l>ge mill-:eel at re/ to be almo/ hidd5 f my eyes by int]v5+ trees s t1 ev5 if x 7 mov+1 ,i c\ld only see "o spoke at a "t2 & at pres5t ,i am n aw>e t x is close be=e me4 ,some?+ beg9s to move4 ,i look up4 ,att5tion tells me t ,i see be=e me1 mov+ f left to "r1 some?+ l a plank or pole3 x passes & ,i see no?+2 b !n comes ano!r simil> object mov+ simil>ly2 !n a ?ird1 r quick]2 !n a f\r?1 quick] /ill4 ,! m9d at once sets to "w to f9d ! cause4 ,! ,memory tells me t ,i h se5 simply a numb] ( poles or planks mov+ f left to "r ) quick5$ motion2 ! ,att5tion tells me t ,i see "o n[2 b ! ,imag9ation1 tak+ 9 ! isolat$ reports ( ,memory & ,att5tion1 includes !m 9 a l>g] hypo!sis ( h] own1 9 :i*1 if ,i may s express x1 ! con/itu5t elem5ts1 ! spokes1 are subord9at$1 & ! explanatory unity1 ! :eel1 is br\ght into prom95ce2 & ?us ! motion f left to "r1 :i* expla9$ no?+1 is replac$1 9 my m9d1 by ! motion ( revolution1 :i* expla9s ev]y?+4 ,x is on ! basis ( ! ,imag9ation1 aid$ by ,exp]i5ce & ,reason1 t we e/abli% our conviction ( ! p]man5ce ( ! simple/ ,laws ( ,nature4 ,?is ,i h t\*$ on 9 "o ( my previ\s lett]s4 ,! ,memory1 recall+ ! sight ( _m /ones fall+ to ! gr\nd1 comes p]haps to ! aid ( ,att5tion1 z a *ild notes a p>ticul> /one fall+ to ! gr\nd1 & sugge/s to ! *ild's imitative nature an exp]im5tal attempt to make a /one fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! *ild does x once & aga91 z (t5 z he likes4 ,!n1 z a result ( ?is unv>y+ exp]i5ce1 !re spr+s up 9 ! *ild's m9d a picture 9 :i* he sees reproduc$ an app>5tly endless vi/a ( 8 s5sations z to /one-fall+ & its antec$5ts1 a picture n conf9$1 l ! pictures ( ,memory1 to pa/ "t1 b includ+ future z well z pa/ & pres5t2 & ?us ! *ildi% ?\ght leaps upw>ds all at once to ! conception ( t sublime ^w 8always10 & d>es to promulgate its fir/ univ]sal proposition1 & atta9s to ! def9ite c]ta9ty ( a ,law ( ,nature4 ,b y say t ! ,imag9ation is 8illusive40 ,x is2 x r>ely conducts u to tru? )\t fir/ lead+ u ?r\gh error4 ,its bus9ess is to f9d lik5esses & connections & to sugge/ explanations1 n to po9t out diff]5ces1 & make di/9ctions1 & te/ explanations2 ^! latt] tasks are to be accompli%$ n by ,imag9ation b by ,reason ) ! aid ( enl>g$ exp]i5ce4 ,! ,imag9ation sugge/s to ! *ild t e man is l 8 fa!r1 e woman l 8 "m2 t ! motion ( ! sea is l ! motion ( wat] 9 ! wa%+ bas92 t ! ?und] is caus$ by ! roll+ ( b>rels or dis*>ge ( coals up above2 t a clock goes on ( itself = ev]2 & a multitude ( o!r illusions all aris+ f ! same heal?y imag9ative conviction 9 e "y m9d t 8,:at has be5 w be10 & 8,! :ole _w is accord+ to "o patt]n40 ,! conviction is bas$ on a pr(\nd g5]al tru?1 b ! p>ticul> %apes :i* x assumes are (t5 errone\s4 ,x is only aft] a c\rse1 & sometimes a v long c\rse1 ( exp]i5ce & exp]im5t1 t ! *ild1 or p]haps ! man1 elim9ates ) ! aid ( ,reason ^? ideas :i* w n "w1 & confirms ^? t w "w1 till ! latt] become at la/ /rong & inh]5t & quasi-in/9ctive convictions4 ,none ! less1 if ! ,imag9ation did n fir/ sugge/ ! ideas on :i* ! ,reason is to op]ate1 we %\ld nev] obta9 any?+ wor? call+ k4 ,we might express all ?is by say+ t ,imag9ation is ! "m ( work+-hypo!ses2 & ?is is true ( all work+-hypo!ses1 ^? ( ! obs]vatory & laboratory z well z ^? ( ! nurs]y4 ,no "o :o grasps ?is tru? w h5ce=? d5y ! debt ( sci5ce to ,imag9ation4 ,k is n wor? call+ k till x is r$uc$ to ,law2 & ,law1 z ,i h %[n y above1 is a m]e idea ( ! ,imag9ation4 ,i d n d5y ! subsequ5t value ( ,reason2 b ,imag9ation mu/ come fir/4 ,x 0 f ! ,imag9ation t !re fir/ fla%$ ^u ! m9d ( ,newton ! vision ( ! work+-hypo!sis by :i* ! apple's fall & ! planet's pa? might be simultane\sly expla9$4 ,!n came 9 ,reason1 ) exp]im5t1 te/+1 comp>+1 prep>$ to detect discrepancies1 unlikelihoods1 & any want ( h>mony betwe5 ! new !ory & ! old ord] ( ?+s4 ,f9ally1 ! once-no-m-?an-work+-hypo!sis1 hav+ be5 f\nd to h>monize ) c\ntless pa/ & pres5t ph5om5a & hav+ enabl$ u to pr$ict c\ntless future ph5om5a1 is n[ call$ a ,law1 & we are practically c]ta9 t x w act4 ,! approval ( ?is ,law we owe to ,reason1 b = ! sugge/ion ( x we are indebt$ to ,imag9ation4 ,on ! debt ow$ to ,imag9ation by ,ma!matics--! f\ndation ( all sci5ce--,i w n add any?+ to :at has be5 said 9 a rec5t lett]4 ,next z to ! "w ( ,imag9ation 9 art4 ,poets & arti/s1 z well z a/ronom]s1 mu/ be1 s to speak1 ex analogia ,univ]si2 t is to say1 !y mu/ be 9 h>mony ) t ord] ( ?+s :i* !y long to reveal to _! fell[-m52 !y mu/ see ,law & ,unity :]e o!rs fail to see x2 !y mu/ h inh]it$ or receiv$ capacities & intuitions :i* give !m an int5se sympa?y ) ! deep-d[n-hidd5 rhy?ms & abysmal motions :i* regulate atoms & s\nds & hues & %apes1 & ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( m54 ,an arti/ :o wi%es to pa9t a hill-side1 or a wave1 or a face1 mu/ h a vision ( x4 ,he mu/ see x n only exactly z x is1 b h[ x is3 he sympa?izes1 z x 71 ) e cleft & runlet & holl[ & projection ( ! hill1 ) e turn & fold & %ade & hue ( ! ev]-v>y+ wave3 he realizes ! secret ( ,nature's work+4 ,%all we make a di/9ction betwe5 ! secret 9 ! "o case & ! o!r8 ,%all we say ! 8_s0 ( ! face1 b ! 8law0 ( ! hill & ! 8law0 ( ! wave8 ,or w n ! intuition into ?is complex comb9ation ( multitud9\s =ces1 app>5tly free & conflict+ yet all guid$ & controll$ into "o h>moni\s result1 be bett] express$ by say+ t he ent]s into ! 8_s0 9 all cases1 ! 8_s0 ( ! hill1 ! wave1 & ! face8 ,9 proportion z he has ?is p[]1 a great arti/ w be less likely to speak ab\t x1 & less able to expla9 x3 b h x he mu/2 & x is a p[] really n dissimil>1 ?\gh app>5tly mo/ diff]5t1 f ! sci5tific ,imag9ation4 ,x is1 9 bo? cases1 a p[] ( recogniz+ ,ord] & ,unity4 ,! te/ also ( ! arti/ic1 is 7r\ghly speak+7 ! same z t ( ! sci5tific ,imag9ation4 ,^? ideas are "r :i* 8"w40 ,does a sci5tific idea op51 l a key1 ! secrets ( ,nature8 ,!n x 8works10 & is1 s f>1 "r4 ,s 9 art3 to imag9e rightly is to imag9e p[]fully s z to sway ! m9ds ( m54 ,^? arti/ic imag9ations are wrong :i* fail to fit ! w>ds ( ! complicat$ human lock & to /ir ! inmo/ ?\ghts4 ,!re are obvi\s objections to ?is def9ition ( :at is arti/ically "r2 :at /irs ! ,a!nian may n /ir ! ,esquimaux4 ,b1 r\ghly speak+1 we may say t ! te/ has held good4 ,:at has /irr$ ! ,a!nian has /irr$ ! great civilis+ races ( ! _w4 ,!re may be a bett] & a high] te/ h]eaft]2 b1 = ! pres5t at all ev5ts1 prolong$ exp]i5ce ( its 8work+0 is ! te/ ( arti/ic ,imag9ation4 ,b ! ,imag9ation plays1 p]haps1 its mo/ important "p 9 our conceptions ( human emotions & human "*4 ,^! ?+s _c be exactly def9$1 l triangles or circles2 nor c !y or _! results be pr$ict$ l ! results ( *emical action or ! in/9ctive motions ( irrational animals4 ,yet ! ,imag9ation helps u1 aft] a sympa!tic contemplation ( :at a fri5d has done & said & wi%$1 to complete ! picture by tak+ z x 7 a bird's-eye view ( 8 pa/1 pres5t & future1 s z to be able 9 "s measure to realize & pr$ict :at he w d & say & wi%4 ,?is m5tal 8imag9ation10 8image10 or 8idea0 ( our fri5d we might describe z ! 8law0 ( 8 be+1 s f> z x 0 grasp$ by u3 b s mu* m subtle & v>iable ?an any kn[n 8law0 are ! sequ5ces ( human ?\ght & conduct1 t we g5]ally pref] ! phrase :i* we j n[ us$ to describe ! intuition ( ! arti/2 & s we speak ( 8ent]+ into ! _s0 ( a man4 ,x is usual to say t we d ?is by 8sympa?y20 b sympa?y is only "o =m ( ,imag9ation t+$ ) love1 ! p[] ( imag9+ ! joys & sorr[s ( o!rs & ( realiz+ !m z "o's own4 ,imag9ation1 )\t love1 might realize ! sorr[s ( an enemy to gloat ov] !m3 love1 if x c\ld be )\t ,imag9ation--:i* x _c be1 s9ce love implies at lea/ "s imag9ation ( :at ! belov$ w\ld wi%--w\ld be a poor lifeless s5tim5t do+ no?+1 or no?+ to ! purpose4 ,b imag9ative love1 or sympa?y1 gives u ! key to ! k ( all human nature1 & is ! f\ndation ( all dome/ic & social unity & ord]4 ,z to ! te/ ( ,imag9ation :5 br\ght to be> ^u human nature1 y w rememb]1 ,i d>e say1 t x 0 det]m9$ to be ! success ) :i* x 8work$0 human nature1 or1 9 o!r words1 made m5 d 8:at !y are int5d$ to d40 ,b ,i 0 !n speak+ ( ! way 9 :i* ! great prophets1 lawgiv]s1 & f\nd]s ( religions h influ5c$ great masses ( mank9d1 & 9 :i* almo/ e "m influ5ces h] *ildr51 by idealiz+ !m4 ,i might h add$1 & ,i w n[ add1 a ^w on ! mann] 9 :i* an imag9>y ideal ( human nature proves its tru? exp]im5tally to ! imag9]1 by 8work+0 him1 t is1 by mak+ him capable ( do+ 8! "w he 0 int5d$ to d40 ,x is ! m necess>y to d ?is because ! illusions ( ,imag9ation are n[h]e s /rong & s la/+ z 9 ! /udy ( human ,nature2 & !re is a dang] t we may be det]r$ by ! ?\ght ( !m f /eadily pursu+ ! tru?4 ,! cynic tells u ) a sne] t babies1 & none b babies1 ?9k m5 & wom5 bett] ?an !y are1 & t1 ! old] "o gr[s1 ! m "o is disillusionis$ ab\t ! virtue ( human nature4 ,b t is n true1 or only a half tru?4 ,if we1 z *ildr51 imag9e ! m5 & wom5 ab\t u to be p]fections ( p[]1 wisdom1 & virtue1 "o reason is1 t we h1 z *ildr51 a mo/ inadequate /&>d ( physical1 m5tal1 & moral excell5ce4 ,z our /&>d rises1 our s5se ( inadequacy increases2 b ! reason :y1 z we gr[ old]1 we cease to ?9k p p]fect1 is1 v (t51 n t we ?9k worse ( human be+s1 b t we ?9k bett] ( human possibilities4 ,b 9 "s m9ds defect ( ,imag9ation comb9es ) o!r causes to induce ! repeat$ly disillusionis$ man to give up ! se>* aft] ! tru? t lies b5ea? ! illusion & to ca/ away all tru/1 all ?\ght1 ( any ideal ( humanity4 ,^? :o d ?is make %ipwreck ( _! own lives4 ,_! l[ ideal or no-ideal ( conduct does n 8"w20 t is to say1 x does n fit !m to d ! "w !y 7 int5d$ to d4 ,ev5 = ! purposes ( _! own happ9ess _! life is a failure4 ,s f> z ! spiritual side ( _! nature is conc]n$1 a dull & /agnant self-satisfaction is ! highe/ prize !y c hope to acquire3 !y h none ( ! ke5 joys ( spiritual aspiration1 ( failures r$eem$1 ( gradual progress1 & ( deep] insight into ! glori\s possibilities ( human nature4 ,b ^? :o1 :ile n reject+ ! sob]+ admonitions ( ,exp]i5ce & ,reason1 c nev]!less s f> obey ! prompt+s ( ,imag9ation z to reta9 9 _! he>ts an ev] fre% & expansive & heal?ful ,ideal ( life1 f9d !mselves l$ on by x f hope to nobl] hope1 f ef=t to m ardu\s ef=t1 until life & ef=t end toge!r4 ,let ?is suffice z my prote/ aga9/ ! popul> fallacy t ! ,imag9ation is an abnormal faculty1 limit$ to poets & pa9t]s & 8arti/s10 mo/ly illusive1 & always to be subord9at$ 9 ! se>* aft] tru?4 ,i ma9ta91 on ! contr>y1 t x lies at ! basis ( all k2 t x is no less necess>y = sci5ce1 = morals1 & = religion1 ?an = arti/ic success2 & t ! illusions ( ,imag9ation are ! /epp+-/ones to ,tru?s4 ,n[ to speak ( ,reason1 or1 z "s w\ld call x1 ,und]/&+4 ,:ile deal+ ) ,imag9ation1 we recogniz$ t ! "w ( ,reason is mo/ly negative & corrective3 b let u come to detail4 ,reason is commonly said to proce$ by two me?ods2 7i7 by ,induction1 :]e91 by 8induc+10 or introduc+1 a numb] ( p>ticul> in/ances 7e4g4 8,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c41 are m5 & are mortal071 y e/abli% a g5]al conclusion 78all m5 are mortal072 7ii7 by ,d$uction1 :]e91 f two previ\s /atem5ts call$ ,premises1 y d$uce a ?ird1 call$ a ,conclusion4 7i7 ,z reg>ds ,induction1 surely y mu/ admit t ! initial "p ( ! task falls n ^u ! ,reason b ^u ! ,imag9ation2 :i* sees lik5esses & leaps to g5]al conclusions1 mo/ly premature or false1 b all conta9+ a tru? f :i* ! falsehood mu/ be elim9at$4 ,?us1 a *ild imag9es1 by premature ,induction1 t all m5 are 7#a7 l 8 fa!r2 7#b7 black hair$2 7#c7 betwe5 five & six feet high2 7#d7 :ite-sk9n$1 & s on4 ,!n comes ,reason aft]w>ds1 comp>+ & contra/+ ^! imag9ative premature conclusions ) a wid] & contradictory exp]i5ce & wid5+ ! conclusion accord+ly4 ,h5ce x is ! "p ( ,reason to sugge/ ^? v>i$ exp]im5ts :i* are a necess>y "p ( sci5tific ,induction2 & ?is is g5]ally done by po9t+ out to u "s neglect$ diff]5ce3 8,y say y _h a ,turki% ba? ?ree times1 & ea* "t caught a cold3 b 7 ! antec$5ts ( ^! ?ree colds q alike8 ,if n1 h[ did !y diff]8 ,did y n on ! fir/ occasion sit 9 a draught at a public meet+8 on ! second1 =get to put on y\r great coat8 on ! ?ird1 let ! fire out ?\gh x 0 freez+8 ,consid] !re=e1 n ! s+le po9t ( lik5ess1 ! ,turki% ba?1 b ! po9ts ( unlik5ess also1 9 ! antec$5ts ( y\r ?ree colds2 & try ! ,turki% ba? aga91 omitt+ ^! antec$5ts1 be=e y say #8,a ,turki% ba? always gives me cold4'0 ,y see !n t 9 ,induction ! positive & sugge/ive "p ( ! "w is done by ! ,imag9ation2 ! negative & elim9ative "p by ,reason4 7ii7 ,z reg>ds ,d$uction1 ! bus9ess ( ,reason is to asc]ta9 t ! ,premises are n only true b also connect$ 9 su* a way t a conclusion c be drawn f !m4 ,b ev5 "h ,imag9ation plays a "p3 = ! conclusion ( e syllogism 7r\ghly speak+7 dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ axiom3 8,if a is includ$ 9 b1 & b is includ$ 9 c1 !n a is includ$ 9 c2 9 o!r words1 if a wat* is 9 a box1 & ! box is 9 a room1 !n ! wat* is 9 ! room40 ,n[ ?is g5]al proposition1 l all g5]al propositions1 is arriv$ at ) ! aid ( ! ,imag9ation1 s t we may fairly say t ! ,imag9ation1 helps to lay ! f\ndation ( ! ,syllogism4 ,:5 !re=e y be> 9 m9d t 9 e ,syllogism ! ,premises are (t5 ! result ( an ,induction 9 :i* ,imag9ation has play$ a "p1 & t ! conclusion always dep5ds ^u an axiom ( ! ,imag9ation1 y mu/ admit t ev5 ,d$uctive ,reason+ by no means excludes ! ,imag9ation4 7iii7 ,practically1 errors seldom arise1 & tru? is seldom discov]$1 f m]e ,d$uctive ,reason+4 ,any "o c see 8 way ?r\gh a logical ,syllogism1 & almo/ any "o c lay 8 f+] on ! weak po9t 9 an illogical "o4 ,b ! difficulty is to />t ! ,reason+ 9 ! "r direction & to beg9 ! ,logical ,*a9 ) an appropriate ,syllogism4 ,= example1 suppose we wi% to prove t 8e triangle :i* has two angles equal1 has two sides opposite to !m equal03 h[ c our ,reason1 our discrim9ative faculty1 help u "h8 ,at pres5t1 n at all4 ,we mu/ fir/ call to our aid ! ,imag9ation1 :i* says to u1 8,imag9e ! triangle ) two equal angles to h two unequal sides opposite to !m1 & see :at foll[s40 ,& e "o :o has done a geometrical ,d$uction kn[s t we frequ5tly />t by 8imag9+0 ! conclusion to be already prov$1 or ! problem to be already p]=m$1 & !n endeav\r+ to realise1 among ! _m consequ5ces t w\ld foll[1 :i* ( ^? consequ5ces w\ld h>monize )1 or be id5tical )1 ! data to :i* we are work+ back4 ,! same process is common 9 ! reason+ t deals ) :at is call$ ,circum/antial ,evid5ce4 ,?us1 x is ass]t$ by ,a t he saw ,b commit a murd] 9 ! mid/ ( a field1 five m9utes be=e midnight1 on ! fir/ day ( la/ mon?3 h[ c we te/ ! tru? ( ,a's ass]tion8 ,! negative faculty ( ,reason _c answ] ! "q4 ,b once m ,imag9ation /eps 9 & says1 8,imag9e ! /ory to be true2 imag9e y\rself to be 9 ,a's place2 imag9e ! circum/ances :i* w\ld h surr\nd$ him1 ! hidd5 place f :i* he saw ! murd]1 ! light :i* enabl$ him to see x1 ! precise sight t he saw1 ! voices or s\nds t he he>d1 &1 9 a ^w1 all ! details ( a likely & coh]5t n>rative40 ,:5 ! ,imag9ation has done ?is & 8imag9$0 ! place--p]haps a h$ge--! light--moonlight1 & s on1 ,reason /eps 91 & corroborates or rejects1 by %ew+ t !re 01 or 0 n1 a h$ge :5ce ! de$ c\ld h be5 witness$2 t !re 0 a full moon or no moon on ! night 9 "q2 t1 if !re _h be5 a moon1 ! place 9 "q 0 op5 to ! moonlight1 or 9 deep %ad[3 & ?us ,imag9ation & ,reason 7aid$ by exp]i5ce ( ! place & k ( ! "t7 arrive at a conclusion1 ! =m] mak+ a positive1 ! latt] a negative contribution4 ,h5ce x appe>s t ev5 9 ^? que/ions :i* are call$ pre-em95tly 8practical0--= :at c be m 8practical0 ?an a trial 9 a law-c\rt = life or dea?8--! ,imag9ation plays s great a "p t )\t its aid ! reason c\ld effect little or no?+4 ,"h ,i mu/ break (f2 b ,i hope ,i h said en\gh to satisfy y t ! imag9ative faculty1 ?\gh x ne$s ! con/ant te/ ( ,reason & ,exp]i5ce1 is f> m intimately connect$ ) :at we call k1 ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,b if ?is be s1 we ought n 7,i ?9k7 to be surpris$ if a c>eful analysis ( our pr(\nde/ religi\s convictions %\ld reveal t = ^! also we are indebt$1 & int5d$ by ,god to be indebt$1 to ! ,imag9ation f> m ?an to ! ,reason4 ,footnote #c3 8,reason0 is us$1 9 ^! lett]s1 9 a s5se = :i* ,col]idge 7,i believe7 pref]r$ to use 8,und]/&+40 ,b z long z we h a v]b 8reason10 commonly us$ ( ma!matical1 logical1 & ord9>y processes ( argu+1 s long x w be inexp$i5t1 9 a popul> treatise1 to use ! ^w 9 any b its popul> s5se4 ,p]haps "s might give ! "n ( 8high] ,reason0 to :at ,i call ,imag9ation4 ,,vii ,,! ,,culture ,,( ,,fai? ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,i h be5 v mu* pa9$ by y\r sprightly acc\nt ( ! lively & witty conv]sation betwe5 y & y\r clev] "y fri5ds1 ---- & ----1 on ! pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god4 ,be> ) me if ,i assure y t discussions 9 t _s are likely to be fatal to real fai?4 ,!y may (t5 be f> m dang]\s ?an a s]i\s collision betwe5 untra9$ fai? & ! mo/ highly educat$ scepticism4 ,i d n deprecate discussion1 b ,i d mo/ e>ne/ly plead = rev]5ce4 ,"y m5 at ! ,univ]sities /& 9 especial ne$ ( ?is w>n+ because _! /udies lead !m to be critical2 & habits ( criticism may easily weak5 ! habit ( rev]5ce4 ,i rememb] once be+ %ewn ov] a great public s*ool by ! ,headma/]1 ju/ly celebrat$ z a ,headma/] once1 & mu* m celebrat$ s9ce 9 ano!r capacity4 ,x 0 a gr& s*ool1 ?\gh a little too ecclesia/ical to suit my ta/e4 ,:ile we 7 9 ! *apel my fri5d spoke e>ne/ly ( ! pleasure x gave him on ,sundays to see 9 ! *apel ! famili> faces ( ! old boys :o came to revisit ! old place4 ,at ! same "t he deplor$ ! contra/ betwe5 ^? :o w5t into ! army1 & ^? :o w5t to ! ,univ]sities3 8,! army fell[s10 he said1 8almo/ always come to ,communion1 ! univ]sity fell[s almo/ always /op away40 ,^! words made an indelible impression on my m9d1 8,:o is to blame1 or praise1 = ?is80 ask$ ,i1 on my j\rney homew>d4 8,is x ! army t is to be prais$ = its inculcation ( discipl9e & self-subord9ation1 help+ ! "y fell[s to realise ! mean+ ( self-sacrifice8 ,or is x ! ,univ]sity t is to be blam$ = its negative & de/ructive tea*+8 ,or c x be t ! s*ool is 9 "p to blame = tea*+ ! boys to believe too mu*2 & ! ,univ]sity 9 "p to blame = tea*+ ! "y m5 to criticize too mu*80 ,ov] & ov] aga91 s9ce t "t1 ,i h ask$ myself ^! same que/ions ab\t _m o!r "y m5 f _m o!r public s*ools4 ,i hon\r ! army z mu* z mo/ m51 m p]haps ?an _m d3 b aft] all ! pr(ession ( a soldi] is ! pr(ession ( a ?roat-cutt]2 ?roat-cutt+ 9 an ext5sive1 exp$iti\s1 & hon\rable way1--?roat-cutt+ 9 "o direction (t5 und]tak5 m]ely to prev5t ?roat-cutt+ 9 ano!r direction--b /ill ?roat-cutt+ aft] all3 & x seem$ v h>d to believe t ! pr(ession ( ?roat-cutt+ is1 & ought to be1 a bett] prep>ation ?an ! pursuit ( le>n+ at ! ,univ]sities1 = p>ticipation 9 ! ,holy ,communion4 ,on ! :ole ,i 0 l$ to ! conclusion t ! "y m5 9 ! army _h reta9$ & deep5$ ! in/9ctive ob$i5ce to au?ority1 ! s5se ( ! ne$ ( ! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! community1 & p]haps also ! feel+ ( rev]5ce1 :ile !y _h n be5 taught s fully to appreciate all t 0 impli$ 9 att5dance at ,communion or to realize ! intellectual difficulties pres5t$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 o!r words--to put x briefly & r\ghly--! "y cadets & (fic]s came to ,communion because !y _h be5 taught to feel & n taught to ?9k2 & ! ,univ]sity m5 /ay$ away because !y _h be5 taught to ?9k & n to feel4 ,n[ ,i w ask y to excuse me if ,i sugge/ t ! pr9cipal dang] to y\r "* at pres5t arises f ! want ( su* discipl9e z may be obta9$ by "s 9 ! army1 & by o!rs 9 ! practical "w ( life4 ,y ne$ "s emotional & moral ex]cise to c\nt]balance y\r m5tal & intellectual tra9+4 ,y are n aw>e h[ mu* ( ! mo/ valuable k1 conviction1 c]ta9ty--call x :at y w1 b ,i mean t k9d ( moral & spiritual k :i* is ! basis ( all "r conduct--spr+s 9 ! ma9 f spiritual & emotional s\rces4 ,9 ! pres5t lett] ,i %\ld l to conf9e myself to ?is subject1 ! culture1 if ,i may s say1 ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,let me !n ask y fir/ to cle> y\r m9d by ask+ y\rself :at is ! ess5ce ( ! fai? :i* y w\ld desire to reta94 ,x is 7is x n87 a fai? or tru/ 9 ! fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,?is surely is ! ,gospel or ,good ,news = :i* ,*ri/ liv$ & di$1 9 ord] t ,he might brea! x into ! he>ts ( m54 8,fa!rhood0--"s ( y\r "y fri5ds w exclaim--8,:at an antiquat$ notion6 ,flat an?ropomorphism60 ,by 8an?ropomorphism0 !y mean a t5d5cy to make ,god 9 human %ape2 j z ,he9e's f\r-legg$ poetic ,bru9 makes ,god to be a great :ite ,pol> ,be>1 & ! frogs ( ,celsus imag9e ,him to be a gigantic ,frog4 ,no d\bt1 ?is is v funny2 b ! decry]s ( an?ropomorphism :o v5ture on any conception ( a ,god--are !y any less funny8 ,d n !y %ew a simil> disposition to make ,god 9 ! %ape ( human works or human exp]i5ces8 ,%all ,i be explor+ a nobl] pa? ( spiritual speculation if ,i say ,god is a ,rock or a ,buckl]1 or a ,c5tre1 or a ,=ce1 ?an if ,i say ,god is a ,fa!r 9 heav58 ,ask y\r sceptical companions :at conception ( ,god !y c m5tion :i* is n op5 to objection1 & !y w p]haps reply 8,an ,et]nal1 or a ,t5d5cy1 n ourselves1 :i* makes = righte\sness40 ,n[ to reply 8an ,et]nal10 appe>s to me to be tak+ a r mean & p$antical advantage ( ! un9flect$ peculi>ities ( ,engli% 7& ,hebrew71 :i* leave x an op5 "q :e!r y mean y\r 8,et]nal0 to be mascul9e1 or neut]4 ,& 8,t5d5cy0--:at is x8 ,is x n a 8/ret*+10 or 8pull+10 or p>tially neutralis$ =ce--a common human exp]i5ce8 ,n[ we are deal+ ) ! accusation ( limit+ our conception ( ,god to our exp]i5ces z m54 ,&1 s f> z ?is *>ge is conc]n$1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 call+ ,god a 8,t5d5cy10 or a 8,rock10 or a 8,%ield10 or a 8,h\se ( ,def5ce10 z ! old ,psalmi/ does8 ,are n all ^! names m]e metaphors d]iv$ f human exp]i5ce8 ,9 ! same way to call ,god a ,fa!r is 7no d\bt7 a metaphor3 b is x m a metaphor ?an to call ,him a ,t5d5cy8 ,"s metaphors1 :i* describe ,god by ref]5ce to ! relations ( man to man1 may be call$ an?ropomorphic2 o!rs1 :i* describe ,him by ref]5ce to implem5ts 7su* z a ,%ield7 may be call$ organomorphic2 o!rs1 :i* assimilate ,him to lifeless & inorganic objects 7su* z a ,hill7 may be call$ by "s o!r gr& "n1 su* z apsy*omorphic2 o!rs1 :i* w\ld subtilize ,him d[n to a ?\ght1 or a m9d1 or a _s1 may be call$ phronesimorphic1 n\morphic1 pneumatomorphic2 b 9 ! "n ( common s5se--or 9 ! "n ( t s5se :i* ought to be common1 & :i* ought to revolt aga9/ bondage to m]e words--:at is !re 9 t t]m9ation 8morphic0 :i* %\ld /agg] a seek] aft] div9e tru?8 ,d we n all recognize t all t]ms appli$ to ! supreme ,god are 8morphisms0 ( v>i\s k9ds8 ,& ! "q is n h[ we c avoid a 8morphism0--= we _c avoid x--b h[ or :]e we c f9d ! noble/ & mo/ spiritually helpful 8morphism40 ,& z betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n metaphors j set be=e y c y ent]ta9 a mom5t's d\bt8 ,might we n imag9e ! "q put--aft] ! old ,roman au?oritative fa%ion--to an assembly ( ! consci5ces ( univ]sal mank9d3 8,*ri/ says t ,god is a ,fa!r 9 heav52 ref9$ ?9k]s say t ,he is a ,t5d5cy2 utri cr$itis1 g5tes80 ,to :i* ,i seem to he> ! answ] ( ! ,univ]se come back1 8,we w h no ,t5d5cies seat$ on ! ?rone ( ,heav54 ,give u a ,fa!r1 or we w h no?+40 ,& y1 my de> fri5d1 h[ is x ) y8 ,utri cr$is8 ,b p]haps y compla91 or "s ( y\r fri5ds might compla91 t ?is is n treat+ ! "q fairly4 8,! doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god10 !y may say1 8is to be discuss$ l any o!r proposition1 ^u ! evid5ce40 ,i entirely d5y x1 if f y\r 8evid5ce0 y int5d to exclude ! witness ( ,imag9ation express$ 9 ,fai? & ,hope4 ,i ass]t1 on ! contr>y1 t x is to be believ$ 91 aga9/ :at may be call$ quasi-evid5ce4 ,x _c be demon/rat$ to be ei!r true or false4 ,d n misund]/& me4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce ( a c]ta9 k9d--z ,i w h]eaft] %ew--= ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god2 b !re is also evid5ce aga9/ x3 & :at ,i mean is1 t ! m9d is n to sit imp>tially & coldly neutral betwe5 ! two te/imonies1 b is to grasp ! =m] & hold x fa/ & keep x con/antly 9 view1 :ile x lays less /ress on & 7aft] a "t7 puts on "o side ! latt]4 ,i h %ewn y t _m ( our deepe/ & mo/ vital convictions are bas$ less ^u ,reason ?an ^u ,imag9ation4 ,:y !n %\ld we be surpris$ if ! mo/ pr(\nd convictions ( all1 our religi\s c]ta9ties1 re/ ^u t imag9ative desire to :i* we h giv5 ! "n ( ,fai?8#d ,if an ar*angel 7rob$ 9 light7 7 to /ep d[n to me ?is mom5t & 7 to cry al\d1 8,v]ily !re is no ,god10 ,i %\ld reply1 or ought to reply1 8,v]ily ?\ art a devil40 ,if ! same ar*angel 7 to come 9 ! same way & to say 8,v]ily !re is a ,god10 ,i %\ld reply1 8,i felt sure !re 02 & n[ ,i am m sure ?an ev]40 ,h[ unfair1 h[ illogical1 if our belief is to be a matt] ( m]e evid5ce6 ,b x is n to be a matt] ( m]e evid5ce4 ,x is to be a /ruggle aga9/ an evil ?\ght--%all ,i n say an evil be+8--t is p]petually attempt+ to sl&] ,god to m5 by repres5t+ ,him z p]mitt+ or orig9at+ evil4 ,does ?is />tle y--?is sugge/ion ( an evil be+--z be+ too old-fa%ion$ = an educat$ ,*ri/ian8 ,well !n1 put x aside = ! "t 7?\gh x is inde$ ,*ri/'s doctr9e73 & m]ely assume z a tempor>y hypo!sis t ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/'s ,gospel is a tru/ 9 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,n[1 if ?is be s1 & if ?is tru/ or fai? is to be kept pure & /rong1 mu/ x n be reg>d$ ) rev]5ce & res]ve z be+ 7:at inde$ x is7 a k9d ( private1 dome/ic1 & family relation8 ,is x to be made ! subject = light1 casual1 frivol\s discussions2 epigrammatic displays2 cut-&-?ru/ exhibitions ( ^w-f5ce2 logical or rhetorical symposia8 ,:at w\ld y say ( a "y man :o %\ld all[ 8 relations ) 8 fa!r & "m to be discuss$ ) hum\r & epigram on e light occasion8 ,w\ld he be likely long to reta9 ! bloom ( dome/ic affection unimpair$8 ,i rememb] read+ ab\t "s well-educat$ & enlight5$ free-?9k]--,i fancy x 0 ,bol+broke--on ^: table a ,greek ,te/am5t 0 regul>ly plac$ by ! side ( ! port :5 ! clo? 0 drawn1 & ^: fav\rite topic = discussion aft] d9n] 0 ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ! ,deity4 ,does n y\r in/9ct tea* y t f su* discussions z ^! no good c\ld possibly come1 no?+ b a h>d5+ ( ! consci5ce1 a fatal famili>ity ) sacr$ ?+s reg>d$ ) a view to witticism--t k9d ( famili>ity :i* too surely bre$s contempt8 ,:at a t]rible contra/ x is--complac5t ,bol+broke at 8 w9e1 analys+ ! attributes ( ,god1 & ! all-pity+ ,fa!r look+ d[n f heav5 & plead+1 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 n to be analys$ b to be lov$ & tru/$6 ,may we n g a /ep fur!r & say t ,*ri/ian ,fai? or tru/--if x be once recogniz$ z fai? or tru/1 altoge!r di/9ct f ! k9d ( ass5t :i* we give to a proposition ( ,euclid--ne$s n only to be protect$ f c]ta9 evil influ5ces b also to be subject$ to c]ta9 good influ5ces8 ,x is a k9d ( plant1 & requires its spiritual soil1 air1 ra9 & sun%9e2 9 o!r words x ne$s good ?\ghts1 noble aspirations1 & unselfi% acts1 to keep x alive4 ,y may retort p]haps t ,fai? itself ought to produce ^! results1 & n to be produc$ by !m4 ,b ,i reply t1 ?\gh ,fai? does t5d to produce ^! results1 x is /r5g!n$ by produc+ !m2 & x is weak5$ & f9ally ext+ui%$ by n produc+ !m4 8,our fai?0 has be5 describ$ z 8! victory t ha? ov]come ! _w40 ,:at is !re 9 ! _w t x %\ld ne$ to be 8ov]come08 ,i suppose ! writ] meant t ?is pres5t1 visible1 tangible1 enjoyable sy/em ( ?+s--:i* 0 meant by ! ,supreme to be a k9d ( glass ?r\gh :i* we might disc]n some?+ ( ! greatness & ord] ( ! ,mak] has be5 conv]t$1 p>tly by our selfi%ness1 p>tly by "s ,evil 9 ! _w outside u1 into a mirror %utt+ out all glimpse ( ,god & giv+ u back no?+ b ! reflection ( ourselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a diff]5t way ( reg>d+ ! _w :51 our eyes be+ op5$ l ! eyes ( ,a5eas amid burn+ ,troy1 we disc]n 9 ! mid/ ( ?is pres5t condition ( ?+s a great conflict betwe5 ,good & ,evil1 & on ! side ( goodness1 we see ! =ms ( ,righte\sness1 ,ju/ice & ,tru?1 support$ by ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity2 amid ! smoke & ro> ( battles & revolutions1 ! de/ructions ( nations1 & ! d[nfall ( empires & ( *ur*es1 we realise t ^! are abid+ influ5ces2 t ei!r 9 ?is _w1 or 9 "s o!r1 ^! ?+s %all ultimately prevail1 because ^! are ! ,angels t /& ab\t ! ?rone ( ! ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?is /ate ( m9d is ,fai?1 & x is to be nurtur$ by ef=t1 p>tly 9 action1 p>tly 9 ?\ght4 ,bacon bids u nurture x by 8*]i%+ ! good h\rs ( ! m9d40 ,/4 ,paul says ne>ly ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t words3 8,:atsoev] ?+s are hon\rable1 :atsoev] ?+s are j1 :atsoev] ?+s are pure1 :atsoev] ?+s are lovely1 :atsoev] ?+s are ( good report1 if !re be any virtue1 & if !re be any praise1 ?9k on ^! ?+s40 ,are y surpris$ at ?is8 ,does fai? seem to y1 on ^! t]ms1 a possession ( little wor?--?is quicksilv] quality :i* v>ies ) e v>iation ( our spiritual atmosph]e8 ,:y surely ev]y?+ t lives & gr[s is liable to flux4 ,y d n disp>age bodily heal? because x is dep5d5t on supports & influ5ces1 & liable to *anges2 :y !n disp>age spiritual heal? because x is simil>ly dep5d5t8 ,no d\bt "o w\ld n be will+ly a religi\s valetud9>ian2 a man's spiritual con/itution ought n to be at ! m]cy ( e slight & pass+ breeze ( circum/ance2 b at pres5t !re is little dang] ( spiritual valetud9>ianism4 ,physical 8sanitation0 is on e "o's tongue2 b no "o ?9ks ( ! necessity ( good spiritual air & ( ! evils ( bad spiritual dra9age4 ,we d n recognize t !re are laws ( our spiritual z well z ( our mat]ial nature4 ,we wilfully n>r[ our lives to ! sabba?less pursuit ( ga9 or pleasure--self ev]y:]e1 ,god n[h]e--& !n g ab\t hypocritically :9+ t ! age ( fai? has pass$ & t we h lo/ ! p[] ( believ+4 ,) our own h&s we put ! /opp] on ! telescope & !n compla9 t we _c see6 ,d n h[ev]1 suppose t ,i call ^u y1 because hope is ! basis ( ,*ri/ian belief1 on t acc\nt to hope aga9/ ! tru? & to believe aga9/ reason4 ,i bid y believe 9 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 fir/ because y\r consci5ce tells y t ?is is ! be/ & noble/ belief1 b secondly also because ?is belief--al?\gh x may be aga9/ ! sup]ficial evid5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ,univ]se--is 9 accordance ) ^! ph5om5a :5 y reg>d !m m deeply & :5 y include 9 y\r scope ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i admit t we h to fight aga9/ temptations 9 ord] to reta9 ?is belief2 & sometimes ,i ask myself1 8,if ,i & my *ildr5 _h be5 slaves 9 "o ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 or if ,i & my family _h suff]$ su* indelible outrages z 7 rec5tly inflict$ by ! ,turks ^u ! ,bulg>ians2 or if ,i 7 at ?is mom5t a mat*box-sell] or a fa!r ( t5 *ildr5 7girls z well z boys7 9 ! ,ea/ ( ,london--%\ld ,i f9d x s easy to believe t ,god is our ,fa!r 9 heav580 ,& ,i am oblig$ to reply1 8,no1 ,i %\ld n f9d x easy20 ,i fe> t ,i might be tempt$ to say1 z a workman did n long ago to a lectur] on co-op]ation :o m5tion$ ! "n ( ,god3 8,oh1 no2 no ,god = u2 ! workman's ,god des]t$ him long ago40 ,& p]haps y y\rself may rememb] ! answ] ( "o ( ^? wret*$ ,bulg>ians to "s newspap] correspond5t :o endeav\r$ to console him 9 8 angui% by ! reflection t 8,aft] all !re is a ,god t gov]ns ! _w30 8,i believe y10 0 ! reply2 8!re is inde$ a ,god2 & he gov]ns ! _w inde$2 & he is ! ,devil40 ,or take a spectacle ( ! ,middle ,ages z a problem4 ,9 ! li/s are two arm$ knights2 on ! "o side a man ( might & muscle1 exult+ 9 conflict2 on ! o!r1 a slight1 weak creature1 :o nev] fights save on compulsion1 & is to fight n[ on /]ne/ compulsion1 be+ accus$ 7?\gh innoc5t7 ( "s gross crime by yond] man ( fle%1 :o comb9es sc\ndrel1 li>1 traitor1 oppressor1 ?ief1 & adult]]1 all 9 "o2 & ! fight is to beg9 "u ! sanction ( ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4 ,z ! trumpets s\nd1 :ile ! h]alds are /ill call+ on ,god to 8%ew ! "r10 ! two m5 meet1 & 8! "r0 is ca/ to ! gr\nd1 trampl$ on by 8 enemy1 & dragg$ f ! li/s to ! neighb\r+ gall[s1 :ile ! muscul> sc\ndrel wipes 8 =ehead & receives congratulations4 ,d y suppose t ! innoc5t man's wife1 if %e 7 look+ on1 w\ld be able easily to say at t mom5t1 8,v]ily !re is a ,god t judge? ! e>?08 ,c ,i possibly put ! case = scepticism m /rongly8 ,i w\ld fa9 put x ) all ! =ce 9 my p[] 9 ord] to conv9ce y t ,i h ?\ght (t5 ov] ^! matt]s1 & t1 al?\gh my own life may h be5 happy & free f /umbl+-blocks1 ,i h at lea/ tri$ to und]/& & sympa?ize ) ^? :o f9d x v h>d to believe t !re is a ,god4 ,b1 9 ! pres5ce ( su* mon/r\s evils z ^!1 ,i take refuge 9 a belief & 9 a fact2 fir/1 9 ! belief 7:i* runs ?r\gh almo/ e page ( ! ,gospels & has receiv$ ! sanction ( ,*ri/ ,himself7 t !re is an ,evil ,be+ 9 ! _w :o is cont9ually oppos+ ! ,good b w be ultimately subdu$ by ! ,good2 secondly1 9 ! fact t 9 "o great typical conflict betwe5 ,good & ,evil1--:]e app>5tly ,god did n 8%ew ! "r10 & :]e1 9 appe>ance1 !re 0 consummat$ ! mo/ brutal triumph ( ,evil ov] ,good t ! _w ev] witness$--!re ! ,good 9 reality effect$ its mo/ signal triumph4 ,! issue ( ! conflict on ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ is my great com=t & ma9/ay ( fai?1 :5 my he>t is di/ract$ ) ! ?\ght ( all ! spurns1 buffets1 & outrages1 endur$ by mu*-suff]+ humanity4 8,at la/1 f> (f10 ,i cry1 8! "r w be %ewn1 ev5 z x 0 9 ! conte/ on ! ,cross40 ,y see !n ! nature ( ! conflict ( fai?4 ,x is a /ruggle ( hope aga9/ fe>1 tru/fulness aga9/ tru/lessness1 :]e /rict logical pro( is impossible4 ,b ,i d n call y to set ,fai? aga9/ ,reason1 or to make hope trample on ! und]/&+1 or to %ut y\r eyes to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( hi/orical evid5ce4 ,if religion comes d[n f ! region ( hope & aspiration into ! region ( fact & evid5ce1 & ass]ts t ?is or t fact happ5$ at ?is or t "t & place1 !n1 s f>1 x appeals to evid5ce1 & by evid5ce x mu/ be judg$4 ,half ! e>ne/ scepticism ( ! pres5t day is n really spiritual scepticism b simply d\bt ab\t hi/orical facts4 ,di/+ui% c>efully & con/antly betwe5 two t]ms entirely diff]5t b cont9ually confus$--! sup]-natural & ! miracul\s4 ,9 ! sup]-natural e rational man mu/ believe1 if he kn[s :at is meant by ! t]m2 = e rational man mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! _w _h ei!r a beg9n+ or no beg9n+1 a ,fir/ ,cause or no ,fir/ ,cause2 & ei!r hypo!sis is altoge!r above ! level ( natural ph5om5a1 & !re=e sup]natural4 ,! !i/ & ! a!i/ are alike believ]s 9 ! sup]natural4 ,! agno/ic1 pois$ betwe5 ! two1 admits t "s sup]natural orig9 ( ! _w is necess>y1 b is unable to decide :i* ( ! two is ! m probable4 ,all alike !re=e believe 9 ! sup]natural2 b ! important diff]5ce is t "s take a hopeful or fai?ful1 o!rs a hopeless or fai?less1 view ( ! sup]natural4 ,pro( 9 ?is region is n possible1 unless ! te/imony ( ! consci5ce may be accept$ z pro(4 ,if ,jesus 7 to appe> to-morr[ sitt+ on ! cl\ds ( heav5 & te/ify+ t !re is a ,fa!r 9 heav51 ,i c imag9e "s m5 ( sci5ce reply+1 8,?is is a m]e phantom ( ! bra910 or1 8,?is is ! result ( indige/ion10 or 8,ass]tion is n pro(40 ,m]e =ce ( logical pro( or p]sonal obs]vation c conv9ce no "o t !re is a ,god or t ,jesus is ! ,et]nal ,son ( ,god2 su* a conviction c only come f a leap+ out ( ! human _s to meet ! ,_s ( ,god2 & h5ce ,/4 ,paul tells u t 8no man c say0--t is1 8say s9c]ely0--8t ,jesus is ! ,"l save by ! ,_s40 ,"h !re=e1 9 ?is region ( ! indemon/rable1 ,i c hone/ly use an ef=t ( ! w to ally myself ) ! _s ( fai?4 8,i w pray to ,god2 ,i w cl+ to ,god2 w refuse to d\bt ( ,god2 refuse to li/5 to d\bts ab\t ,god 7except s f> z may be ne$ful to d x1 9 ord] to light5 ! d\bts ( o!rs1 & !n only z a pa9ful duty1 to be got ?r\gh ) all spe$72 ,i am det]m9$ 7s help me ,god7 to believe 9 ,god to ! end ( my days30 resolv+ ?us ,i am n act+ ins9c]ely nor %utt+ my eyes to ! tru?1 b tak+ nature's appo9t$ means = rea*+ & hold+ fa/ ! highe/ spiritual tru?4 ,b ,i d n feel ju/ifi$ 9 ?us us+ my w to con/ra9 myself to believe 9 ! miracul\s2 = "h ,god has giv5 me o!r means--su* z hi/ory1 exp]i5ce1 & evid5ce--= arriv+ at ! tru?4 ,nor does a belief 9 ! sup]-natural 9 ! lea/ imply a belief 9 ! miracul\s also4 ,i may believe t ,god is cont9ually support+ & impell+ on its pa? e creat$ ?+2 b ,i may also believe t !re is no evid5ce to prove t ,8 support & impulsion h ev] be5 manife/$ save 9 accordance ) t ord]ly sequ5ce :i* we call ,law4 ,i may ev5 believe t ! ,univ]se is d\ble1 hav+ a spiritual & invisible c\nt]p>t correspond+ to ?is visible & mat]ial exi/5ce1 s t no?+ is done 9 ! _w ( fle% bel[ :i* has n be5 fir/ done 9 ! _w ( _s above2 yet ev5 ?is latitude ( spiritual speculation w\ld n 9 ! lea/ e/abli% ! conclusion t ! obs]v$ sequ5ce ( :at we call cause & effect 9 ! mat]ial _w has ev] be5 violat$4 ,to take a p>ticul> in/ance1 ,i may be conv9c$1 t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 ! ,et]nal ,^w ( ,god1 made fle% = m52 & yet ,i may rema9 unconv9c$ t1 9 ?us tak+ fle% ^u ,him1 ,he rais$ ,himself above ! physical laws ( humanity4 ,9 o!r words ,i may1 ) ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 he>tily believe 9 ! sup]natural ,inc>nation :ile omitt+ f my ,gospel all m5tion ( ! ,miracul\s ,conception4 ,nay1 ,i may g /ill fur!r4 ,:ile cordially accept+ ! div9e nature ( ,*ri/1 ,i may see su* cle> indications & evid5ces ( ! mann] 9 :i* acc\nts ( miracles sprang up 9 ! ,*ur* )\t f\ndation ( fact1 t ,i may be compell$ n m]ely to omit miracles f my ,gospel & to confess myself unconv9c$ ( _! tru?1 b ev5 to av[ my conviction ( _! untru?4 ,b into ?is negative aspect ( ?+s ,i d n wi% n[ to ent]4 ,i w\ld r urge on y ?is positive consid]ation1 t1 s9ce our recognition ( ! ,laws ( ,nature !mselves1 dep5ds 9 a v l>ge degree ^u fai?1 we ought n to be surpris$ if our ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,f\nd] ( ^! ,laws re/s also on ! same basis4 ,&1 if ?is be s1 we _c speak accurately ab\t ! 8evid5ce0 = ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 unless we include 9 t t]m ! aspirations ( ! human consci5ce t[>d a ,mak] & ,rul] & ,fa!r ( all4 ,footnote #d3 ,fai? is 8desire 7approv$ by ! ,consci5ce7 ( :i* we imag9e ! fulfilm5t1 :ile putt+ d\bt at a di/ance03 see ! ,def9itions at ! end ( ! volume4 ,,viii ,,fai? ,,& ,,demon/ration ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,i am afraid y\r notions ab\t 8pro(0 are /ill r hazy2 = y quote aga9/ me a /]n & self-d5y+ dictum :i* passes curr5t among "s ( y\r "y fri5ds1 t 8x is immoral to believe :at _c be prov$40 ,h y s]i\sly ask$ y\rself :at y mean by 8prov$0 9 enunciat+ ?is proposition8 ,d y mean 8made suffici5tly probable to induce a man to act ^u ! probability08 ,or d y mean 8absolutely demon/rat$08 ,if y mean ! =m]1 n s _m z y suppose are guilty ( ?is 8immorality40 ,give me an in/ance1 if y c1 ( a man :o 8believes :at _c be made suffici5tly probable to induce him to act ^u ! probability40 ,( c\rse "s m5 say !y believe :at !y1 9 reality1 d n believe2 b y speak1 n ab\t 8say+0 b ab\t 8believ+20 & ,i d n see h[ any man c 8believe0 :at he does n reg>d z probable4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k !re=e t1 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w 8prove10 y\r proposition is mean+less4 ,b p]haps by 8prove10 y mean 8absolutely demon/rate20 & y\r !sis is t 8x is immoral to believe :at _c be absolutely demon/rat$20 9 t case ,i am oblig$ to ask y h[ y c repeat su* cant1 su* a m]e p>rot cry1 ) a grave face4 ,d y n see t1 z soon z y conc$$ 7z ,i und]/& y to h done7 t our belief 9 ! ,laws ( ,nature is bas$ ^u ! ,imag9ation1 y virtually conc$$ ! validity ( a k9d ( pro( 9 :i* fai? & hope play a l>ge "p1 & 9 :i* demon/ration is impossible4 8,demon/ration0 applies to ma!matics & to syllogisms :]e ! premises are grant$1 ?\gh x is also sometimes loosely us$ ( pro( convey$ by p]sonal obs]vation2 8pro(0 applies to ! o!r affairs ( life4 ,demon/ration appeals v l>gely 7n entirely1 z ,i h %[n above1 b v l>gely7 to ,reason2 pro( is l>gely bas$ on ,fai?4 ,hav+ def9$ 8angles10 8triangles10 8base10 & 8isosceles10 & hav+ be5 grant$ c]ta9 axioms & po/ulates1 ,i c demon/rate t ! angles at ! basis ( an isosceles triangle are equal to "o ano!r2 b ,i _c 8demon/rate0 t1 if ,i ?r[ a /one 9 ! air1 x w come d[n aga91 ?\gh ,i am p]fectly conv9c$ t x w come d[n1 & ?\gh ,i commonly ass]t t ,i c 8prove0 t x w come d[n4 ,:y1 y\r :ole life is full ( beliefs--z c]ta9 z any beliefs c be--:i* x is impossible to demon/rate6 ,:5 y got up ?is morn+ did y n believe t y\r razor w\ld %ave & y\r look+-glass reflect2 t y\r boil+ wat] w\ld scald if y spilt x1 & y\r egg break if y dropp$ x2 & a score or two ( o!r simil> p]fectly c]ta9 beliefs--all ent]ta9$ & act$ on 9 less ?an an h\r1 b all incapable ( demon/ration8 ,b y ma9ta9 p]haps t 8^! beliefs are n beliefs1 b k bas$ on ! uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature2 y "k t ! laws ( nature are uni=m1 & !re=e y knew t y\r razor w\ld %ave40 ,b h[1 ,i ask1 d y "k t ! laws ( nature are uni=m8 8,by ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d dur+ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s40 ,b h[ d y "k t :at has be5 9 ! pa/ w be 9 ! future--w be 9 ! next in/ant8 8,well1 if a law ( nature 7 brok5--say1 = example1 ! law ( gravitation--! :ole ,univ]se w\ld fall to pieces40 ,9 o!r words1 y & ,i w\ld feel extremely uncom=table1 if we exi/$ long en\gh to feel any?+2 b :at does t demon/rate8 ,absolutely no?+4 ,x w\ld no d\bt be extremely inconv5i5t = bo? ( u if any law ( nature obs]v$ 9 ! pa/ did n cont9ue to be obs]v$ 9 ! future2 b inconv5i5ce proves no?+ logically4 ,x is no d\bt extremely inconv5i5t n to be able to believe t y\r razor w %ave2 b :at ( t8 ,:]e is ! demon/ration8 ,& rememb] y\r own dictum1 8,x is immoral to believe :at _c be demon/rat$40 ,p]haps y may try to wri! out ( ?is application ( y\r own pr9ciple by ! use ( gr& t]ms2 8,! ,laws ( ,nature h be5 prov$ to be true by exp]im5t z well z by obs]vation2 !y h be5 made ! basis = ab/ruse calculations & inf]5ces z to :at w happ52 !n ! philosoph] has pr$ict$ #8?is w happ51' & x has happ5$4 ,surely no "o w d5y t ?is is a pro(60 ,a pro( ( :at8 ,( ! future inv>iabl5ess ( ! sequ5ces ( ,nature8 ,i %all n only d5y1 b enjoy d5y+1 t x is a pro(2 if y mean by pro( su* a demon/rative pro( z y obta9 9 a syllogism1 :]e ! premises are assum$1 or 9 ma!matics1 :]e y are reason+ ab\t ?+s t h no real exi/5ce b are m]ely conv5i5t ideas ( ! imag9ation4 ,believe me1 ?is di/9ction ( t]ms is by no means sup]flu\s4 ,y & y\r "y sci5tific fri5ds are cont9ually confus+ 8pro(0 ) 8demon/ration20 & y h "o use ( ! ^w 8pro(0 = religion & ano!r = sci5ce4 ,:5 y speak ( religion1 y say 8x is immoral to believe 9 x = x _c be prov$0 7mean+ 8demon/rat$072 :5 y speak ( sci5ce1 y say1 8,?is c be prov$0 7n mean+ 8demon/rat$10 b simply 8made probable10 or 8prov$ = practical purposes074 ,y may disc\rse = h\rs ^u ! ,laws ( ,nature1 b y w nev] succe$ 9 conv9c+ any "o1 n ev5 y\rself1 t !y w rema9 valid 9 ! mom5t t is to come1 by ! m]e =ce ( logic4 ,y are c]ta9--s am ,i practically q c]ta9--t ! /one :i* ,i ?r[ at ?is mom5t up 9 ! air1 w1 9 ! next mom5t1 fall to ! gr\nd4 ,b ?is c]ta9ty does n arise f logic4 ,we h absolutely no reason = ?is leap into ! d>kness ( ! future except fai?1--fai? ( c\rse re/+ ^u a basis ( facts1 b /ill fai?4 ,! v names & notions ( 8cause0 & 8effect0 are due n to obs]vation1 nor to demon/ration1 b to fai?4 ,! "n1 & ! notion1 ( a ,law ( ,nature are no?+ b conv5i5t ideas ( ! sci5tific imag9ation1 bas$ ^u fai?4 ,take an in/ance4 ,we say1 & g5u9ely believe1 t fire & gunp[d] 8cause0 explosion2 t explosion is ! 8effect0 ( gunp[d] & fire2 & t ! effect foll[s ! causes 9 accordance ) ! 8laws ( nature20 b y h n obs]v$ all ?is & y _c demon/rate x4 ,y h m]ely obs]v$ 9 ! pa/ an inv>iable sequ5ce ( explosion foll[+ 79 all cases t y h se5 or he>d ab\t7 ! comb9ation ( gunp[d] & fire2 y h also p]haps pr$ict$ 9 ! pa/ t explosion w\ld foll[1 & demon/rat$ t x did foll[ ?is comb9ation1 z (t5 z y pleas$2 y h f\nd1 or h he>d t o!rs h f\nd1 t ?is sequ5ce agrees ) o!r *emical sequ5ces1 :i* y are 9 ! habit ( call+ causes & effects2 b all ?is is evid5ce z to ! pa/1 n z to ! future4 ,y\r c]ta9ty z to ! future arises n f any demon/ration ab\t ! future1 b f y\r fai? or tru/ 9 ! fix$ ord] ( ,nature1 & f no?+ else4 ,n[ ! great] "p ( ! action ( life deals ) ! future4 ,x foll[s !re=e t1 9 ! great] "p ( life1 we act1 n f demon/ration1 b f a pro( 9 :i* fai? is a con/itu5t elem5t4 ,:5ce arises ?is tru/ 9 ! uni=mity ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ,univ]se8 ,we c h>dly give any o!r answ] except t we c\ld n get on )\t x4 ,hav+ be5 f\nd to 8"w0 by ourselves1 & by _m g5]ations ( our =efa!rs1 ?is fai? is possibly by ?is "t an inh]it$ in/9ct z well z ! inbr$ result ( our own e>lie/ exp]i5ces4 ,b :5 we analyse x we are =c$ to confess t we c give no logical acc\nt ( x4 ,logically reg>d$1 x sav\rs ( ! mo/ audaci\s optimism1 argu+1 or r s5tim5taliz+1 aft] ?is fa%ion3 8,x w\ld be s imm5sely inconv5i5t if ,nature 7 e mom5t *ang+ h] rules )\t notice6 ,all =e?\ght1 all civilization w\ld be at an end2 nay1 we c\ld n s mu* z take a s+le /ep or move a limb ) confid5ce1 if we c\ld n dep5d ^u ,nature60 ,does n ?is p]sonification ( ,nature1 & tru/ or fai? 9 ,nature1 some:at resemble our tru/ or fai? 9 ,god8 ,i ?9k x does2 & x is v int]e/+ to note t ! v f\ndations ( sci5ce are laid 9 a quasi-religi\s s5tim5t ( :i* no logical ju/ification c be giv54 ,i might easily g fur!r & %ew t1 ev5 z reg>ds ! pa/1 we act 9 our daily lives v (t5 on ! gr\nds ( fai? & v seldom on ! gr\nds ( demon/ration4 ,on ?is ,i h t\*$ 9 a previ\s lett]2 b y\r dictum ab\t ! 8immorality ( believ+ :at _c be prov$0 makes x cle> t y are h>dly z yet aw>e ( ! nature ( ! ord9>y 8pro(s0 on :i* we act4 ,h[ few !re are :o h any gr\nds b fai? = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,julius ,cs> or an ,alex&]6 ,yet !y believe implicitly4 ,_m h he>d ^! two great m5 loosely spok5 (1 or allud$ to2 b !y h nev] weigh$1 nor h !y ! lea/ p[] to weigh1 ! evid5ce t proves t ,cs> & ,alex&] actually exi/$4 ,n[ z ! unle>n$ are q c]ta9 ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,julius ,cs>1 s are y too q c]ta9 ( _m facts ^u v slight gr\nds4 ,y ask "o man 8 "n2 ano!r1 h[ _m *ildr5 he has2 a ?ird1 ! "n ( ! /reet 9 :i* he lives1 & s on2 h[ c]ta9 y (t5 feel1 on ! slight evid5ce ( _! answ]s 7unless !re be special gr\nds = suspect+ !m7 t y\r in=mation is correct6 ,! reason is t all social int]c\rse dep5ds on fai?2 if y began to suspect & disbelieve e man :o gave y answ]s to su* simple que/ions z ^!1 social life w\ld be at an end = y1 & y might z well at once retire to a h]mitage2 scepticism 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d has n work$1 & fai? has work$2 & ?is has gone on ) y f *ildhood & ) y\r =efa!rs f _! *ildhood = _m g5]ations4 ,?us fai? has become a second in/9ct ) y1 & y act ^u x s (t5 & s naturally t y are n aw>e ( ! degree to :i* x influ5ces & p]meates y\r actions4 ,! cases 9 :i* y act ?us in/9ctively ^u v slight evid5ce1 & ^u a l>ge & g5]al fai? 9 ! p :o give ! evid5ce1 are f> m num]\s ?an ^? cases 9 :i* y =mally weigh evid5ce & attempt to arrive at some?+ l demon/rative pro(4 ,9 o!r words1 n only z reg>ds ! future b also z reg>ds ! pa/1 fai? is = ! mo/ "p ! und]ly+ basis ( action4 ,y believe1 to a l>ge ext5t & 9 a great _m cases1 simply because 8x w\ld be s imm5sely inconv5i5t n to believe40 ,i claim t ,i h fulfill$ my promise ( %ew+ t p act mu* m ^u fai? ?an ^u demon/ration 9 e dep>tm5t ( life2 & ,i n[ repeat & emphasize :at ,i said be=e1 t if all our exi/5ce is ?us dom9at$ by fai?1 x is absurd to attempt to exclude fai? f any religion4 ,b if our special religion consi/s 9 a recognition ( ,god ! ,mak] z ,god ! ,fa!r1 !n x is m natural ?an ev] to suppose t our religion w require a l>ge elem5t ( fai? or tru/4 ,j z family life w\ld break d[n if ! sons 7 always analys+ ! fa!r's "*1 & decl9+ to believe any?+ to 8 cr$it beyond :at c\ld be demon/rat$ to be true1 s religi\s life w break d[n1 if we treat ! ,fa!r 9 heav5 z a m]e topic = logical discussion & decl>e t x is 8immoral to believe0 9 ,8 fa!rhood if x _c be prov$4 ,( c\rse ,i d n d5y t y mu/ h evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,fa!r be=e y c tru/ 9 ,him4 ,y c\ld n tru/ y\r p>5ts if y _h n se51 t\*$1 he>d !m--kn[n some?+ ( !m 9 fact ?r\gh ! s5ses3 s nei!r c y tru/ ,god if y h n kn[n some?+ ( ,him ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,well1 ,i ma9ta9 t is :at y are cont9ually do+4 ,god is cont9ually reveal+ ,himself to u 9 ! p[]1 ! beauty1 ! glory1 ! h>mony1 ! b5efic5ce1 ! my/]y1 ( ! ,univ]se1 & pre-em95tly 9 human goodness & greatness4 ,contemplate1 t\*1 he>2 conc5trate y\r m9d on ^! ?+s1 & especially on ! p]fection ( human goodness1 p[]1 & wisdom3 ?us y w be enabl$ to realize ! pres5ce ( ! ,fa!r & !n to tru/ 9 ,him4 ,contemplate also ! ,evolution ( ! pres5t f ! pa/3 ! asc5t f a protoplasm to ! fir/ man1 f ! fir/ man to a ,hom]1 a ,dante1 a ,%akespe>e & a ,newton2 d n entirely ignore ,socrates1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,francis4 ,y _c inde$ %ut y\r eyes to ! gr[? ( evil simultane\sly ) ! gr[? ( good3 b d n fix y\r eyes too long ^u ! evil3 pref] to contemplate ! defeat ( evil by goodness1 especially 9 ! /ruggle on ! ,cross2 & ) y\r contemplation let !re be "s admixture ( action aga9/ ! evil & = ! good4 ,d ?is1 & ,i ?9k y w h no reason to compla9 ( ! want ( 8evid5ce0 ( ! exi/5ce ( ,"o :o has made u to tru/ 9 ,him4 ,i h told y :at to d3 let me add "o ^w also ( w>n+ z to :at y are n to d4 ,y are n to reg>d ! _w f ! po9t ( view ( a neutral & amus$ spectator4 ,y are n to deta* y\rself f ! great /ruggle ( good aga9/ evil1 & to look on1 & call x 8int]e/+40 ,t attitude is fatal to all religion4 ,reject1 z f ! devil1 ! precept nil admir>i2 bett] be a fool ?an a dispassionate critic ( ,*ri/4 ,aga91 y are n to reg>d ! _w f ! m]e /ud5t po9t ( view1 look+ at ! ,univ]se z a great ,exam9ation ,pap] 9 :i* y may hope to solve m problems & score m m>ks ?an anybody else4 ,high intellectual pursuits & habits ( en?usia/ic rese>* are sometimes t]ribly demoraliz+ :5 !y tempt a man to ?9k t he c live above1 & )\t1 social ties & affections1 & t m]e s5tim5t is to be despis$ 9 comp>ison ) k4 ,?is dang] imp5ds ov] lit]>y z well z o!r /ud5ts1 ov] critical !ologians z well z ov] sci5tific exp]im5t]s2 we all sometimes =get--we /ud5ts--t1 if we d n ex]cise ! habit ( tru/+ & lov+ m51 we _c tru/ & love ,god4 ,to h>d5 oneself aga9/ ! mute b tru/ful appeal ( ev5 a bea/ is n )\t "s spiritual p]il ( incapacitat+ oneself = wor%ip4 ,,ix ,,satan ,,& ,,evolution ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y\r gr\nds ( objection appe> to be n[ *ang$4 ,y say y d n und]/& my position ) reg>d to ,evolution1 z ,i describ$ x be=e1 & ref]r$ to x 9 my la/ lett]4 ,if ,i admit ,evolution1 y ask h[ ,i c consi/5tly d5y t e nation & e individual1 ,israel & ,*ri/ includ$1 8proce$$ f mat]ial causes by necess>y sequ5ce accord+ to fix$ laws20 & 9 t case :at becomes ( su* metaphors z 8! regulat+ h& ( ,god10 8,god ! ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se0 & ! l8 ,x is a common say+1 y tell me1 among ^? ( y\r companions :o h a turn = sci5ce1 t 8,evolution has dispos$ ( ! old pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god30 & y ask me h[ ,i meet ?is objection4 ,i meet x by ask+ y ano!r "q exactly l y\r own4 ,i take a lump ( clay & a pott]'s :eel1 & 8f ^! mat]ial causes by necess>y sequ5ce accord+ to fix$ laws0 ,i m\ld a vessel2 is !re no room 9 ?is process = 8! regulat+ h& ( man0 & = 8man ! creator ( ! vessel08 ,9 o!r words1 may n ^! 8fix$ laws10 & t 8necessity0 ( :i* y admit ! exi/5ce1 repres5t ! p]petual pressure ( ! ,creator's h&1 or w1 ^u ! ,univ]se8 ,by ,evolution is meant t all results are evolv$ f imm$iate causes1 :i* are evolv$ f di/ant causes1 :i* are !mselves evolv$ f m di/ant causes2 & s on4 ,9 old times1 m5 believ$ t ,god made ! _w by a numb] ( isolat$ acts4 ,n[1 x is believ$ t ,he made a primordial some?+1 say atoms1 out ( :i* !re h be5 %ap$ s]ies ^u s]ies ( results by cont9u\s motion 9 accordance ) fix$ laws ( nature4 ,b nei!r ! isolat$ !ory nor ! cont9u\s !ory c disp5se ) a ,creator 9 ! c5tre4 ,we speak ( ! 8*a9 ( creation20 & we "k t 9 old days m5 recogniz$ few l9ks betwe5 u & ! ,creator4 ,n[1 we recognize _m4 ,b1 because a *a9 has m l9ks ?an we once suppos$1 are we excus$ = reject+ our old belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a *a9-mak]8 ,:e!r ?+s came to be z !y are1 by _m creations1 or by "o creation & _m evolutions1 :at diff]5ce does x make8 ,9 ! "o case1 we believe 9 a ,creator & ,su/a9]3 9 ! o!r case1 9 a ,creator & ,evolv]4 ,9 ei!r case1 d we n believe 9 a ,god8 ,:at !n d y\r "y fri5ds mean--= ?\gh !y express !mselves loosely1 ,i ?9k !y d mean some?+ & are n m]ely repeat+ a cant phrase--:5 !y say t ,evolution has 8dispos$ ( ! old pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god08 ,i ?9k !y mean t ,evolution is inconsi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,god z ! ,*ri/ian religion proclaims1 t is to say1 a ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,! old !ory ( discont9u\s creation 79 its mo/ exagg]at$ =m7 ma9ta9$ t ev]y?+ 0 creat$ = a c]ta9 b5evol5t purpose--our hair to %elt] our heads f ! wea!r1 our eyebr[s & eyela%es to keep (f ! du/ & ! sun1 our ?umbs to give u t preh5sile p[] :i* l>gely diff]5tiates u f apes2 9 a ^w1 pat]nal despotism 0 suppos$ to d ev]y?+ = u ) ! be/ ( int5tions4 ,! new !ory says !re is no suffici5t evid5ce ( su* pat]nal b5evol5ce4 ,our hair & our eyebr[s & eyela%es & ?umbs came to u 9 q a diff]5t fa%ion4 ,life1 ev] s9ce life exi/$1 has be5 "o va/ scramble & conflict = ! good ?+s ( ?is _w3 ^? be+s t 7 be/ fitt$ = scrambl+ & fight+ de/roy$ ^? t 7 unfit1 & ?us propagat$ ! peculi>ities ( ! conqu]ors & de/roy$ ! peculi>ities ( ! conqu]$4 ,?us ! *>act]i/ics ( body or bra9 be/ fitt$ = ! purpose ( life 7 develop$1 & ! unfit 7 de/roy$4 ,al?\gh !re=e a purpose 0 a*iev$1 x 0 n a*iev$ z a purpose1 b z a consequ5ce4 ,!re is no room1 say ! support]s ( ,evolution1 9 su* a !ory z ?is = ! hypo!sis ( an ,almighty ,fa!r ( mank9d1 or ev5 ( a v intellig5t ,mak]4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( a ,briti% workman :o1 9 ord] to make "o good brick1 made a hundr$ bad ones1 or ( a cattle-bre$] ^: plan 0 to bre$ a ?\s& inf]ior bea/s on inadequate pa/ure1 9 ord] ultimately to produce1 out ( _! /ruggles = food1 & z a result ( ! elim9ation ( ! unfitte/1 "o pre-em95t pair8 ,:5 he expresses himself 9 ?is way1 my sympa?ies g v f> ) ! man ( sci5ce1 if only he c\ld rememb] t he is prote/+1 n aga9/ ,*ri/'s tea*+ ab\t ,god1 b aga9/ "s o!r q diff]5t !ory4 ,?\gh ,god is call$ 8,almighty0 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we mu/ rememb] t x is always assum$ t !re is an oppos+ ,evil1 an ,adv]s>y or ,satan1 :o w ultimately be subdu$ b is meantime work+ aga9/ ! w ( ,god4 ,! orig9 ( ?is ,evil ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ d n pr(ess to und]/& b we believe t x 0 n orig9at$ by ,god & t x is n ob$i5t to ,him4 ,we _c !re=e1 /rictly speak+1 say t ,god is ! ,almighty rul] ( 8! ,univ]se z x is40 ,god is ,k+ de jure1 b n at pres5t de facto 7metaphors aga96 b metaphors expressive ( di/9ct realities74 ,8 k+dom is 8to come30 ,he w be h]eaft] recogniz$ z ,almighty2 ,he _c be s recogniz$ at pres5t4 ,i "k v well t ,i c give no logical or consi/5t acc\nt ( ?is my/]i\s resi/ance to ! ,supreme ,god4 ,b ,i am l$ to recognize x1 fir/1 by ! facts ( ! visible _w2 secondly1 by ! pla9 tea*+ ( ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,surely ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ mu/ c\nt = some?+ ) ,*ri/ians 9 _! !oriz+ ab\t ! orig9 ( evil4 ,w\ld n ev5 an agno/ic admit t z1 9 poetry1 ,i %\ld be "r 9 foll[+ ! lead ( a poet1 s 9 matt]s ( spiritual belief 7if ,i am to h any spiritual belief at all7 ,i am "r 9 def]r+ to ,*ri/8 ,x is a m>vel to me h[ "s ,*ri/ians :o f9d ! recognition ( miracles inextricably involv$ 9 ! life & ev5 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 nev]!less fail to see1 or at all ev5ts are mo/ unwill+ to confess1 t ! recognition ( an evil "o1 or ,satan1 is an axiom t und]lies all ,8 doctr9e4 ,9 ! view ( ,jesus1 x is ,satan t causes "s =ms ( disease & insanity2 ,satan is ! au?or ( temptation1 ! de/roy] ( ! good se$1 ! s[] ( t>es1 ! 8evil "o0--s at lea/ ! text ( ! ,revis]s tells u--f :om we mu/ daily pray to be deliv]$4 ,! same belief p]vades ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,yet if y prea* n[adays ?is pla9 tea*+ ( our ,"l1 ! het]odox %rug _! %\ld]s & cry 8,ant$iluvian60 :ile ! or?odox ?9k to dispose ( ! :ole matt] 9 a phrase1 8,flat ,mani*ism60 ,b to ! het]odox ,i might reply t ,/u>t ,mill 7no v antiquat$ or cr$ul\s philosoph]7 delib]ately /at$ t x 0 m easy to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ,evil z well z a ,good1 ?an 9 ! exi/5ce ( "o good & all-p[]ful ,god2 & ! or?odox mu/1 ^u reflection1 admit t 9 ?is doctr9e ab\t ,satan ,*ri/'s own tea*+ is fai?fully foll[$4 ,( c\rse if any "o replies1 8,*ri/ 0 "u an illusion 9 believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,satan10 ,i h no means ( logically confut+ him4 ,b ,i ?9k !re mu/ be _m :o w\ld say1 ) me3 8,if ,i am to h any !ory 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d :i* are entirely beyond ! sph]e ( demon/ration1 ,i w\ld soon] accept ! te/imony ( ,*ri/ ?an ! speculations ( all ! philosoph]s t ev] 7 or are4 ,*ri/ 0 possibly1 or ev5 probably1 ignorant 79 ,8 humanity7 ( a great mass ( lit]>y1 hi/orical1 physiological1 & o!r sci5tific facts unkn[n to ! re/ ( ! ,jews4 ,b we _c suppose ,him to be spiritually ignorant2 lea/ ( all1 s spiritually ignorant z to attribute to ! ,adv]s>y :at ought to h be5 attribut$ to ,god ! ,fa!r 9 ,heav540 ,x w\ld be easy = y to %ew t any !ory ( ,satan is absurdly illogical2 nobody c be conv9c$ ( t m firmly ?an ,i am already4 ,:e!r ,satan 0 good at fir/ & became evil )\t a cause2 or 0 good at fir/ & became evil f a c]ta9 cause 7:i* presupposes ano!r pre-exi/+ ,satan72 or 0 evil f ! beg9n+ & creat$ by ,god2 or evil f ! beg9n+ & n creat$ by ,god--9 all or any ( ^! hypo!ses ,i see1 z cle>ly z y see1 insup]able difficulties4 ,if y cross-exam9e me1 ,i %all av[ at once a logical collapse1 aft] ?is fa%ion3 8,7 !re !n two ,fir/ ,causes80 ,i believe n4 8,did ! ,evil spr+ up aft] ! ,good80 ,i believe s4 8,did ! fir/ ,good create ! ,evil80#e ,i believe n4 8,did ! ,evil !n spr+ up )\t a cause80 ,i _c tell4 8,did ! ,good1 :5 ,he creat$ ! ,goodness t issu$ 9 ,evil1 "k t he1 or x1 conta9$ ! g]m ( evil1 & w\ld soon become :olly evil80 ,i d n believe ?is4 8,:5ce !n came ! ,evil1 or ! g]m ( ! ,evil80 ,i d n "k4 8,are y n !n confess+ t y believe1 :]e y "k no?+80 ,yes1 = if ,i knew1 !re w\ld be no ne$ to believe4 ,"h y h a suffici5tly amus+ exhibition ( inconsi/5cy & ignorance2 b ?is seems to me ( inf9itely little conc]n :]e ,i am deal+ n ) matt]s t fall )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce1 b ) spiritual & sup]natural ?+s t belong to ! realm ( fai?1 hope1 & aspiration4 ,i c\ld j z easily turn inside out my cross exam9] if he und]took to give me a sci5tific !ory on ! orig9 ( ! _w4 ,no d\bt he might pref] hav+ no !ory ab\t ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & might recomm5d me to imitate him by hav+ no !ory ab\t ! orig9 ( ,evil1 or ab\t ! nature ( ! ,supreme ,good4 ,b my answ] w\ld be z foll[s3 8,i h a c]ta9 "w to d 9 ! _w1 & ,i _c g on ) my "w )\t hav+ "s !ories on ^! subjects4 ,mo/ m5 feel ) me t !y mu/ h "s answ] to ^! /up5d\s problems ( exi/5ce4 ,z ! s5ses are int5d$ to be our guide 9 matt]s ( exp]i5ce1 s our faculty ( fai? seems to me int5d$ to guide u 9 matt]s q beyond exp]i5ce40 ,!re is ano!r answ] :i* ,i h>dly l to give because x seems brutal2 b ,i believe x to be true1 & x is c]ta9ly capable ( be+ express$ 9 ! evolution>y dialect s z to comm5d itself to ! sci5tific m9d3 8,an agno/ic nation w f9d itself soon] or lat] unsuit$ = its environm5t1 & w ei!r come to believe 9 "s solution ( ^! spiritual problems or /agnate & p]i%4 ,& some?+ ( ! same result w foll[ f agno/icism 9 ! family & 9 ! individual40 ,f ?is doctr9e ( ,*ri/ !n ,i am n to be dislodg$ by any philosophic analysis demon/rat+ t good & evil s run into "o ano!r t x is impossible to tell :]e "o ends & ! o!r beg9s4 8,is all pa9 evil8 ,is x an evil t a sword's po9t pa9s y8 ,w\ld x n be a great] evil t a sword %\ld run y ?r\gh unaw>es because x did n pa9 y8 ,is n ! pa9 ( hung] a useful monitor8 ,has n pa9 9 a ?\s& cases its use z a pres]vative8 ,is n :at y call #8s9' v (t5 misplac$ en]gy8 ,if a *ild is re/less & talkative & consequ5tly disob$i5t1 mu/ y consequ5tly br+ 9 ,satan to acc\nt = ! little "o's peccadilloes8 ,if a "y man is ov]-sangu9e1 reckless1 ra%1 occasionally intemp]ate1 mu/ all ^! faults be laid ^u ! back ( an enemy ( mank9d8 ,is animal dea? f ,satan1 b vegetable dea? f ,god8 ,& is ! dea? ( a sponge a half & half contribution f ! jo9t ,p[]s8 ,& :5 ,i swall[ an oy/]1 may ,i give ?anks to ,god8 b :5 a tig] dev\rs a de]1 or an eagle te>s a h>e1 or a ?ru% swall[s a worm1 are !y do+ ! "w ( ! ,adv]s>y8 ,:]e are y to beg9 to trace ?is p]meat+ ,satanic ag5cy8 ,g back to ! primordial atom4 ,are we to say t ! ,devil impell$ x 9 ! selfi% tang5tial /raight l9e1 & t ,god attracts x ) an unselfi% c5tripetal =ce1 & t ! result is ! h>moni\s curve ( actuality8 ,if y give y\rself up to su* a degrad+ dualism z ?is1 w y n be m (t5 fe>+ ,satan ?an lov+ ,god8 ,w y n be attribut+ to ,satan "o mom5t1 :at ! next mom5t w compel y to attribute to ,god8 ,:]e w y draw ! l9e80 ,to all ?is my answ] is v simple3 8,i %all draw ! l9e :]e ! spiritual in/9ct )9 me draws x4 ,:atev] ,i am =c$ to pron\nce contr>y to ,god's int5tion ,i %all call evil & attribute to ,satan40 ,h]e9 ,i may g wrong 9 details1 & ,i may h to correct my judgm5ts z ,i gr[ 9 k2 b ,i am confid5t t1 on ! :ole1 ,i %all be foll[+ ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,my spiritual convictions accord ) ! tea*+ ( t anci5t allegory 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 :i* tells u t ,satan1 n ,god1 br\ght s9 & dea? into ! _w4 ,!re 0 a ,fall some:]e1 9 heav5 p]haps z well z on e>?--8w> 9 heav50 ( ! ,evil aga9/ ! ,good--a decl5sion f ! div9e ideal1 a lapse by :i* ! :ole ,univ]se became imp]fect4 ,x has be5 ! "w ( ,god1 n to create dea?1 b ^u ! basis ( dea? to erect a hope & fai? 9 a high] life2 n to create s91 b out ( s91 rep5tance1 & =giv5ess1 to elicit a high] righte\sness ?an w\ld h be5 possible 7s we speak7 if s9 _h nev] exi/$4 ,simil>ly ( disease1 & pa91 & ! conflict 9 ! animal _w = life & dea?3 good has result$ f !m2 yet ,i _c ?9k ( !m1 ,i _c ev5 ?9k ( *ange & decay1 z be+1 s to speak1 8p>ts ( ,god's fir/ int5tion40 ,/oics1 & ,*ri/ians :o imitate ,/oics1 may call ^! ?+s 8indiff]5t30 ,i _c4 ,& ev5 if ,i c\ld1 :at ( ! f]ocity1 & cruelty1 & exultation 9 de/ruction1 :i* are app>5t 9 ! animal _w8 8,dea?10 say ! ,/oics1 8is ! m]e exit f life40 ,is x8 ,i 0 once pres5t at a !atre 9 ,r\5 :]e ! h]o took a full qu>t] ( an h\r to die ( poison1 & ! "y ,normans :o sat r\nd me express$ _! /r5u\s disapprobation3 8,c'e/ trop long10 !y murmur$4 ,i h made ! same remon/rance 9 my he>t ( he>ts1 ev] s9ce ,i 0 a boy & saw a cat play ) a m\se1 & a pati5t /oat hunt d[n & cat* at la/ a tir$-out rabbit3 8,x is too long10 8,x is too cruel40 8,did ,god orda9 ?is80--,i ask$3 & ,i answ]$ unhesitat+ly 8,no40 ,^! are b small ph5om5a 9 ,nature's *amb] ( horrors3 b = me !y h always be51 & w always rema91 horrible4 ,i believe t ,god int5ds u to reg>d !m ) horror & p]haps to see 9 !m "s fa9t reflection ( ! wantonly de/ructive & tortur+ in/9ct 9 man4 ,^? are f9e-s\nd+ l9es1 ^? ( ,clean!s3-- 1 1 4#f ,i %\ld l to agree ) !m2 b ,i _c4 ,! picture ( ! cat & ! m\se appe>s--f]tile 9 sugge/ions4 8,?is at lea/10 ,i say1 80 n wr\ght by #8evil m5 9 _! folly2' & yet x did n come direct f ,god40 ,isaiah pleases me bett] ) 8 pr$iction1 physiologically absurd1 b spiritually mo/ true3 8,! lion %all eat /raw l a bullock40 ,t is j ! confession t ,i ne$3 x comes to me ) all ! =ce ( a div9e ackn[l$gm5t1 z if ,god !reby said3 8,dea? & conflict mu/ be = a "t1 b !y %all n be = ev]3 x 0 n my int5tion1 x is n my w1 t my creatures %\ld ?rive by de/roy+ ea* o!r40 ,apply+ ?is !ory to ,evolution1 ,i believe t ,satan1 n ,god1 0 ! au?or ( ! wa/eful & cont9u\s conflict t has *>act]iz$ x2 b t ,god has utiliz$ ?is conflict = ! purposes ( developm5t & progress4 ,?is is :at ,i _h 9 my m9d :5 ,i said t ,evolution dim9i%$ ! difficulties 9 ! way ( ackn[l$g+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,god4 ,! problems ( dea?1 de/ruction1 wa/e1 conflict & s91 are n new2 !y are z old z ,job1 p]haps z old z ! fir/-creat$ man2 b x is new to le>n t good has result$ f ^? evils4 ,9 s f> z ,evolution has taught ?is1 x has help$ to /r5g!n1 n to weak51 our fai?4 ,b !n1 if we are to use ?is language1 we mu/ le>n to ?9k1 n ( 8,evolution by itself10 b ( 8,evolution ) ,satan40 8,evolution )\t ,satan0 w\ld appal u by ! seem+ wa/efulness & ubiquity ( conflict & ! indirectness ( its b5efits2 b 8,evolution ) ,satan0 enables u to realize ,god z our refuge & /r5g? amid ! utmo/ /orms & tempe/s ( de/ruction4 ,if any "o says t ! belief 9 ,satan is inexp$i5t1 ,i am ready to give him a pati5t he>+2 b ,i f9d x difficult to li/5 pati5tly to :at p are pleas$ to call argum5ts aga9/ x4 ,= example1 8,duty c exi/ only 9 a _w ( conflict20 to :i* ! reply is obvi\s1 8,b ,god might h made m5 = love & h>moni\s ob$i5ce1 & n = duty & conflict40 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a v presumptu\s /atem5t1 su* z ,bi%op ,butl] w\ld h condemn$2 b x is a fitt+ reply to a /ill m presumptu\s impli$ /atem5t4 ,god has reveal$ ,himself z ,righte\sness & ,goodness )\t int]nal conflict2 ,he has also reveal$ ,8 purpose to con=m u to ,himself2 & ! ,bible speaks ( ,him z be+ oppos$ by an ,adv]s>y :o caus$ m5 = a "t to diff] f ! div9e image2 is x n !n a v presumptu\s ?+ to imply t 8,god c\ld n h creat$ m5 b = conflict & duty10 or1 9 o!r words1 8,god c\ld n h made u bett] ?an we are1 ev5 _h !re be5 no ,adv]s>y oppos+ ,8 w80 ,aga91 we he> x said t1 8,an evil ,_s cont5d+ aga9/ a good ,_s mu/ ne$s h produc$ two di/9ct worlds1 & n ! "o progressive _w ( :i* we h exp]i5ce30 to :i* ! answ] is equally obvi\s1 8,! orbit ( e planet1 or ! pa? ( any projectile1 %[s t two diff]5t =ces may result 9 "o cont9u\s curve40 ,! only consi/5t & sy/ematic way ( reject+ a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,satan is to reject ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( s94 ,!n y c argue ?us1 8,! notion ( a ,satan arises f ! false & %>p antagonism :i* our human imag9ations set up betwe5 #8good' & #8evil1' :]eas :at we call #8evil' is really no?+ b an excess ( t5d5cies good 9 !mselves & only evil :5 c>ri$ to excess4 ,! diff]5ce !re=e betwe5 good & evil is only a "q ( degree40 ,t !ory s\nds plausible2 b x ignores ! ess5ce ( s91 :i* consi/s 9 a rebellion aga9/ ,consci5ce4 ,x is n excess1 or defect1 ! m1 or ! less2 x is ! moral disord]1 ! subv]sion ( human nature1 :i* is s frightful to contemplate t we _c believe x to h proce$$ f ,god4 ,b p]haps y reply1 8,t v disord] is m]ely ! result ( en]gy out ( place or 9 excess40 ,well1 9 ! same way1 :5 gas is escap+ 9 a room 9 :i* !re is a light$ c&le1 !re is fir/ a quiet & in(f5sive escape ( ! gas1 & secondly a viol5t & p]haps calamit\s explosion2 & y might argue simil>ly1 8,! diff]5ce 0 only "o ( degree2 ! explosion 0 m]ely ! result ( a useful elem5t out ( place & 9 excess40 ,b ,i %\ld answ] t no sob] & s5sible h\sehold] w\ld ju/ify himself 9 ?is way = all[+ a light$ c&le & escap+ gas to come toge!r2 & s ,i _c believe t ,god is will+ t m5 %\ld ju/ify ,him = tol]at+ !ft1 murd]1 & adult]y1 on ! gr\nd t ^! ?+s are 8only que/ions ( degree40 ,i ?9k we please ,him bett]1 & draw clos] to ,him1 :5 we say1 8,an ,enemy ha? done ?is40 ,& besides1 = our own sakes1 if we are to resi/ s9 ) our utmo/ =ce1 x seems to me we are f> m likely to d s :5 we reg>d x z ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,paul reg>d$ x ?an :5 we give x ! "n ( 8misplac$ en]gy10 or 8an excessive use ( faculties1 9 !mselves1 good & necess>y40 ,to me x seems t if we are to h a g5u9e tru/ 9 ,god1 x is almo/ necess>y t we %\ld believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,satan4 ,i say 8almo/10 because !re may be r>e exceptions4 ,a few pure sa9tly s\ls1 ( inext+ui%able tru/1 may p]haps be able to face ! awful ph5om5a ( ,evil & to say1 8,?\gh ,he ha? done all ?is yet w we tru/ 9 ,him2 :at may h mov$ ,him to cause ,8 creatures to /ruggle toge!r1 & to ?rive1 ea* on ! de/ruction ( its neighb\r1 we "k n1 & we are n c>eful to "k2 our he>ts tea* u t ,he is above u 9 goodness1 & 9 wisdom1 z 9 p[]2 we "k t we mu/ tru/ ,him2 m ?an ?is we d n wi% to "k40 ,su* m5 are to be admir$--b to be admir$ by mo/ ( u at a great di/ance4 ,= ! masses ( m51 & especially = ^? :o "k some?+ ( ! dep? ( s91 x mu/ be a great & almo/ a necess>y help to say1 8,! ,good t is done ^u ,e>?1 ,god doe? x ,himself2 ! evil t is ^u e>? ,god doe? x n3 an ,enemy ha? done ?is40 ,"o evil result+ f ! rejection ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e is t we consequ5tly fail to und]/& mu* ( ,8 life & suff]+s4 ,if ,*ri/ 0 really manife/$ t ,he might de/roy ! works ( ! ,devil1 !n mu* is cle> t is o!rwise incompreh5sible4 ,!re 0 !n no delusion nor ins9c]ity 9 ! p>ables ( ! ,s[] & ! ,t>es4 ,god did n fir/ ca/ ! good se$ & !n bl[ x away ) ,8 own brea?4 ,god did n s[ :eat ) ! "r h& & t>es ) ! left4 8,an ,enemy0 _h done ! mis*ief4 ,!re 0 no fiction :5 ,jesus sp5t ^? long h\rs by night on ! m\nta9 top 9 pray]4 ,he ne$$ help1 & ne$$ x sorely4 ,he 0 fight+ a real battle4 ,x 0 n ! m]e anticipation ( pa9s 9 ! fle%1 ! pi]c+ nails1 ! p>*+ ?ir/1 ! long-protract$ dea?1 t made ! bitt]ness ( ,*ri/'s passion4 ,ev5 :5 ,he _h rega9$ composure1 & 9 p]fect calm 0 go+ =? to meet ,8 dea?1 we f9d ,him decl>+ t ,satan _h ask$ = "o ( 8 ,apo/les 8to sift him z :eat01 & imply+ t all ,8 pray]s 7 ne$$ t ! fai? ( ! tempt$ disciple %\ld n 8fail40 ,b 9 ,ge?semane ! battle = ! s\ls ( m5 0 /ill p5d+4 ,!re 0 an ,enemy :o 0 pull+ d[n ,8 he>t1 /riv+ h>d to make ,him despair ( s9ful mank9d1 p]haps to despair ( we "k n :at m beyond2 =c+ ,him 9 ! extremity ( t sore conflict to cry t ,he 0 8exce$+ sorr[ful ev5 unto dea?10 & aft]w>ds1 on ! ,cross1 to utt] ^? t]rible words1 8,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me80 ,all ?is is full ( pr(\nd mean+1 if !re 0 inde$ an ,enemy4 ,b if !re 0 no ,enemy1 :at becomes ( ! conflict8 ,:at mean+ is left to ! ,crucifixion1 except z ! record ( m]e physical suff]+s1 ! l ( :i* h be5 endur$1 be=e & aft]1 by ?\s&s ( ord9>y m5 & wom58 ,?is belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,satan appe>s to me to be confirm$ by daily pres5t exp]i5ce z well z by ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,x 8works40 ,x enables u1 z no o!r belief does1 to g to ! poor1 ! sick1 ! suff]+1 & ! s9ful1 & to prea* ,*ri/'s ,gospel ( ! fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,all simple1 /raight=w>d p :o are acqua9t$ ) ! tr\bles ( life mu/ naturally crave ?is doctr9e4 ,if y ascribe to ,provid5ce ! "w ( ,satan1 !y w consci\sly or unconsci\sly id5tify ,provid5ce ) ! au?or ( evil1 & look to ,"o above to rescue !m f ,provid5ce4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to console p = all _! evils by lay+ !m on ! ,au?or ( ,goodness1 we ought to lay !m 9 "p ^u !mselves1 9 "p on ! au?or ( evil4 8,god1 ! ,fa!r 9 heav51 did n int5d y to be ?us mis]able0--?us we c beg9 our message--8y\r suff]+s come f an ,enemy aga9/ :om ,he is cont5d+4 ,d n = a mom5t suppose t y are to put up 9 ?is life ) p5ury1 disease1 mis]y1 & s9 z if ^! ?+s came f ,god4 ,v (t5 !y are ! j puni%m5ts ( y\r own faults1 z :5 drunk5ness br+s disease2 b z ! s91 s also ! puni%m5t1 0 ( ,satan's mak+1 ?\gh ,god may use bo? = y\r good4 ,y are to be pati5t "u tribulation2 y are to be made p]fect ?r\gh suff]+2 y are to reg>d ! trials & tr\bles ( life z be+ 9 "s s5se a useful *a/isem5t proce$+ f ! fa!rly h& ( ,god4 ,b nev] let y\r s5se ( ! ne$ ( resignation lead y to attribute to ! orig9ation ( ,god t :i* ,*ri/ tea*es u to h be5 br\ght into ! _w by ,god's adv]s>y4 ,satan made ^! evils to lead m5 wrong2 ,god uses !m to lead m5 "r4 ,dea?1 = example1 came f ,satan1 :o w\ld fa9 make u believe t our s\ls p]i% ) our bodies1 t fri5ds are p>t$ = ev] by ! grave1 & t !re is no righte\sness h]eaft] to comp5sate = :at is wrong "h3 b ,god uses dea? to make m5 sob]1 ?\ghtful1 /eadfa/1 c\rage\s1 & tru/ful4 ,x rema9s ) y to decide :e!r y w be> y\r evils s z to succumb to ! temptations ( ,satan1 or s z to prevail ov] !m & utilize !m to y\r own welf>e & to ! glory ( ,god4 ,on :i* side w y fight8 ,we ask y to enli/ on ! side ( righte\sness40 ,i feel sure t ?is !ory ( life w\ld comm5d itself to ! poor1 t x w\ld be morally advantage\s to ! ri*1 & t x w\ld be politically useful to ! ,/ate4 ,!re has be5 too preval5t a habit--among ^? believ]s especially :o ignore ,satan & attribute all ?+s to ,god--( tak+ = grant$ t ! social inequalities & mis]ies ( ! l[] classes :i* h come d[n to u f feudal & non-,*ri/ian times1 c nev] pass away4 ,i rememb] once 9 my boyhood h[1 :5 ,i repres5t$ to a f>m] t ! condition ( 8 lab\r]s 0 n a happy "o1 he met me ) a text ( ,scripture1 8,! poor %all nev] dep>t out ( ! l&20 & t seem$ to him to leave no m to be said4 ,x is ?is provok+ acquiesc5ce ( ! com=table classes 9 ! mis]ies ( ! suff]+ classes1 :i* irritates ! latt] into a disbelief ( ! religion t dictates s great a read9ess to see 9 ! mis]ies ( o!rs a div9ely orda9$ in/itution4 ,! "t w soon come 7#ahhe7 :5 ! v poor w dem& a great] %>e 9 ! happ9ess ( life2 & ! "q w arise :e!r !y c be help$ to obta9 ?is by _! own individual ef=ts or by ! co-op]ation ( ^? ( _! own class1 or by ! ,/ate1 or by ! ,*ur*4 ,caution mu/ be %ewn 9 try+ exp]im5ts ) nations2 b z "s exp]im5ts w assur$ly h to be tri$1 x is mo/ desirable 9 ?is crisis ( our hi/ory t ! ,*ur* at all ev5ts %\ld fai?fully foll[ ,*ri/ by reg>d+ physical evil1 n z a law ( fate1 b z a device ( ,satan4 ,if1 by desc5d+ a /ep or two l[] 9 ! scale ( com=t1 ! com=table classes c\ld lift ! v poor a /ep or two high]1 ! ,*ur* ought n to help ! ri* to %ut _! eyes to _! obvi\s duty by giv+ !m ! excuses ( su* texts z 8,! poor %all nev] dep>t out ( ! l&10 or1 8,man is born to tr\ble z ! sp>ks fly upw>d40 ,pov]ty is (t5 a good s*ool3 b p5ury is di/9ctly an evil2 & ! ,*ur* %\ld reg>d x z an evil n com+ f ,god1 & %\ld make w> aga9/ x1 & tea* ! poor n to acquiesce 9 x4 ,! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ w\ld be made m intelligible to ! poor] classes ?an x has be5 made = _m c5turies pa/1 if x c\ld be prea*$ z a w> aga9/ physical z well z moral h>m4 ,su* a crusade w\ld call out & enli/ on ! "r side all ! combative faculty 9 u2 x w\ld inspire 9 u a passionate allegiance t[>ds ,*ri/1 z our ,lead]1 desir+1 ask+1 yes1 & we may almo/ say1 ne$+ our help 9 a real conflict 9 :i* ,8 hon\r z well z our happ9ess & highe/ int]e/s are at /ake2 x w\ld attract ! co-op]ation ( all faculties 9 ! individual1 ( all classes 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 o!r words ! !ory w\ld "w2 & s f> z a religi\s !ory works1 s f> h we evid5ce1 pres5t & intelligible to all1 t x conta9s tru?4 ,i h rec5tly he>d views simil> to m9e controv]t$ by an able !ologian1 :o cont5d$ t1 al?\gh !y pr(ess$ to be illogical1 !y w5t beyond ! b\nds ev5 ( ! illogicality p]missible 9 ?is subject4 ,b ! controv]t]'s solution ( ! problem 0 ?is3 8,evil is a "p ( ,god's int5tion4 ,we h to fight1 ) ,god1 aga9/ some?+ :i* we recognise to be ,8 "w40 ,is n ?is a 8h>d say+08 ,is x n h>d] ?an ! say+ ( ,*ri/1 8,an enemy ha? done ?is08 ,i say no?+ ab\t its be+ illogical & absurd3 b does x n raise up a new /umbl+-block 9 ! pa? ( ^? :o are /riv+ to foll[ ,*ri/8 ,x may be urg$ t ! belief 9 ,satan has be5 te/$ by ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies & has be5 f\nd to be productive ( sup]/ition1 insanity1 & immorality2 b ^! evils appe> to me to h sprung1 n f ! belief 9 ,satan1 b f a sup]/iti\s1 disord]ly & mat]iali/ic =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* has p]v]t$ ,*ri/'s doctr9e ab\t ! ,adv]s>y into a recognition ( a lic5s$ ,traffick] 9 ,s\ls4 ,! same mat]iali/ic & immoral t5d5cy has p]v]t$ ,*ri/'s sacrifice into a bribe4 ,b1 j z we %\ld n reject ! spiritual doctr9e ( ,*ri/'s ,atonem5t1 s nei!r %\ld we reject ! spiritual doctr9e ( an ,evil 9 ! _w resi/+ ! ,good1 al?\gh bo? doctr9es alike h be5 grossly & h>mfully mis9t]pret$4 ,( c\rse x is possible t 9 our notions ( spiritual p]sonality1 & !re=e 9 our p]sonification ( ,satan1 we may be "u "s p>tial illusion4 ,! subject teems ) difficulties2 & ,i h n conceal$ f y my op9ion t "s passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t appe> to support a view at v>iance ) ! t5\r ( ! ,new4 ,! real tru?1 :ile ju/ify+ our ,"l's language1 may n accord ) all our inf]5ces z to its mean+2 & ,i %\ld myself admit t x w\ld be mo/ disa/r\s to attempt to p]sonify ! ,adv]s>y ) ! same vividness ) :i* we p]sonify ! ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,/ill1--9 answ] to ! taunt ( ! agno/ic or sceptic1 8,is ?is1 or t1 ! "w ( ! ,god :om y describe z ,love80--,i ?9k we avail ourselves ( our true/ & mo/ effective answ]1 :5 we resolve to sep>ate c]ta9 aspects ( ,nature f ! int5tion ( ,god1 & to say1 ) ,*ri/1 8,an enemy ha? done ^! ?+s40 ,footnote #e3 ,"s passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7notably ,isaiah xlv4 #g7 /ate t ,god 8creat$ evil20 & results attribut$ by "o au?or to ,satan 7#a ,*ron4 xxi4 #a7 are attribut$ by ano!r to 8! ang] ( ! ,"l0 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a74 ,mu* ( c\rse dep5ds ^u ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8evil20 & ,i am kn[+ly guilty ( talk+ absurdly :5 ,i fir/ def9e evil z 8t :i* is n 9 accordance ) ,god's int5tion10 & !n proce$ to say t 8,god did n create evil40 ,b all p :o disc\rse philosophically on ?is subject talk f> m absurdly ?an ,i d3 = ,i am consci\sly1 b !y are unconsci\sly1 illogical4 ,! belief t ,god 8creat$ evil10 :e!r held or n by ! au?ors ( any ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is aga9/ ! :ole t5\r ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,footnote #f3 8,naught is on e>?1 ,o ,god1 )\t ?y h&1 ,save de$s ( folly wr\ght by evil m540 ,x ,,illusions ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,i see y are /ill viol5tly prejudic$ aga9/ illusions1 t is to say aga9/ recognis+ ! v important "p :i* !y h play$ 9 ! spiritual developm5t ( mank9d4 ,y cle>ly believe t1 ?\gh ! _w may be full ( illusions1 ,revelation ought to be free f !m4 8,! ,^w ( ,god10 y say1 8ought to dispel illusions1 n to add to !m40 ,i ma9ta9 on ! contr>y1 t ! ,^w ( ,god1 if x comes to e>?1 mu/ ne$s come 9 e>!n vessels2 & t ! mo/ div9e tru? mu/ ne$s be conta9$ 9 illusion4 ,let illusions !n be ! subject ( my pres5t lett]4 ,at ! same "t ,i %all attempt to answ] y\r prejudice aga9/ ! natural wor%ip ( ,*ri/ z be+ a 8new religion04 ,n ( c\rse t ,i admit t x is a 8new religion02 on ! contr>y ,i reg>d x z ! old religion1 ! pr$e/9$ ,god-det]m9$ religion to :i* we are to return aft] extricat+ ourselves f ! corruptions ( ,prote/antism1 z our =efa!rs extricat$ !mselves f ! corruptions ( ,romanism4 ,i %all n deal "h ) ! special illusions ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ) y\r evid5t a priori prejudice aga9/ any admixture ( illusion ) ,revelation4 ,b fir/1 :at d ,i mean by 8illusion10 & h[ does my mean+ diff] f 8error0 or 8mi/ake0 g5]ally1 & f 8fallacy10 8delusion10 & 8halluc9ation0 9 p>ticul>8 ,i say 8my mean+10 because ! ^w is (t5 us$ loosely 7,i d n say wrongly7 = any ( ^! synonyms3 b ,i re/rict x to a special s5se4 8,illusion10 !n1 is :olesome error t5d+ to ! ultimate atta9m5t ( tru?2 8delusion0 is h>mful error aris+ f a p]v]t$ ,imag9ation2 8halluc9ation0 is a w&]+ ( ! ,imag9ation1 )\t any guidance or support ( fact1 involv+ 8delusion0 ( ! mo/ ob/9ate "*2 8fallacy0 is an error ( inf]5ce or reason+2 8mi/ake0 is ! result ( mal-obs]vation or weak memory2 & 8error0 a g5]al "n = any deviation f ! tru?4 ,illusion1 9 _m cases1 is an exagg]ative & ornative t5d5cy ( ! m9d4 ,x leads ! v "y to ?9k _! p>5ts p]fection1 & ! "y to ?9k !m f> bett] & wis] ?an !y really are2 x con/ra9s ! lov] to exagg]ate ! beauty1 accompli%m5ts1 & qualities ( ! woman :om he loves2 x t5ds to ! di/ortion ( hi/ory by incl9+ all ( u to accommodate facts to ! wi%es & preconceptions ( our idealiz+ nature1 :i* is always long+ = 8a m ample greatness1 a m exact goodness1 & a m absolute v>iety ?an c be f\nd 9 ! nature ( ?+s02#g & x lures u onw>d1 "y & old alike1 ov] ! r\gh places ( life1 ev5 to ! v br9k ( ! grave1 by ! ev]-fleet+1 ev]-reappe>+ sugge/ions ( a bright to-morr[ t %all make am5ds = ! dull & commonplace to-day4 ,^! illusive hopes1 beliefs1 & aspirations are nev] fulfill$ 9 ?is life2 b ev5 ! cynic & ! pessimi/ mu/ ackn[l$ge1 ) ,francis ,bacon1 t !y con/itute ! v basis ( all poetry t 8t5ds to magnanimity & morality40 ,^? :o believe 9 ,god w fur!r recognize 9 illusion a div9ely utiliz$ integum5t = ! pres]vation & developm5t ( aspirations t %all ultimately f9d a p]fect fulfilm5t 9 a h>moni\s co-op]ation ) ! div9e ,love & 9 ! un5d+ contemplation ( ! div9e ,glory4 ,nor are illusions )\t a pres5t practical purpose4 ,m5 are m hopeful1 m active1 m lov+ on acc\nt ( !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 optimi/s mu/ ackn[l$ge t no man %\ld %ut 8 eyes to ! tru? 9 ord] to rema9 9 :at he kn[s to be no m ?an a com=table error4 ,! v5ial illusions ( *ildhood1 y\?1 & ignorance1 become unp>donable or hypocritical 9 exp]i5c$ age4 ,d y ask h[ we are to di/+ui% 8illusions0 f 8delusions08 ,! answ] is easy--on pap]2 b1 9 practice1 (t5 difficult to apply4 ,h[ev]1 ! te/ is ! same z t by :i* we di/+ui% k f ignorance4 ,illusions 8"w02 t is to say1 m5 are on ! :ole ! bett] = !m1 & !y prep>e ! way = tru?4 ,delusions fail2 m5 are 9 no way ! bett] = !m1 & !y (t5 prep>e ! way = insanity & = physical or spiritual dea?4 ,we h spok5 ( moral illusions2 let u t\* on ano!r k9d ( illusions to :i* "s 7,i d n say rightly7 h giv5 ! "n ( 8illusions ( s5se40 ,i d\bt :e!r ! "n is correctly giv52 = to me x seems t ! illusion proce$s n f ! s5ses 7:i*1 z f> z ,i c judge1 nev] deceive u7 b f ! imag9ations & inf]5ces :i* we base ^u ! report ( ! s5ses4 ,take an extreme case1 fit r to be call$ 8delusion0 ?an 8illusion40 ,if ,i see ! phantom ( a cat be=e ! fire1 :i* cat nobody else 9 ! room c see1 d my s5ses deceive me8 ,no2 b ,i am deceiv$ by ! imag9ative inf]5ce :i* leads me to assume f pa/ exp]i5ce t ! object :i* ,i see is visible to1 & c be t\*$ by1 ev]ybody else4 ,my visual s5se 7:i* has to d ) images only7 reports--& c d no o!rwise--t x disc]ns ! image ( a cat4 ,t report is true4 ,b !n my imag9ation =ces on me ! belief t ?is is an ord9>y tangible & visible cat4 ,t belief is false4 ,or take aga9 ! n infrequ5t case ( col\r-bl9dness4 ,i am a signalman1 & _c tell a gre5 light f a r$3 d my s5ses deceive me :5 ,i call a r$ light gre58 ,no2 my s5se reports inadequately = my necessities1 & co>sely is comp>$ ) ^? :o possess a f9] s5se ( col\r1 b n deceitfully4 ,my error arises f hav+ loosely & s]vilely us$ ! di/9ctive words 8r$0 & 8gre50 f *ildhood to manhood1 al?\gh my s5ses cont9ually prote/$ t !y c\ld n di/+ui% two col\rs correspond+ to ! two words3 b ,i imag9$ t !re mu/ be "s su* di/9ction = ! two1 & t ,i mu/ be capable ( recogniz+ x1 because ev]ybody ar\nd me recogniz$ x4 ,if we are to say t ! signalman's s5ses deceive him we mu/ be prep>$ to admit t e man's s5ses deceive him m or less4 ,d y suppose1 :5 y see any?+1 t y see t :i* ! ?+ is8 8,?is is a yell[i%-gre510 say y4 8,( c\rse10 a ,sup]ior ,be+ might reply2 8b :i* ( ! "o hundr$ & fifty %ades ( yell[i%-gre5 is x8 ,y might z well tell me1 :5 ,i %ew y a %eep1 #8,?is is a be+1' z tell me simply ?is is #8yell[i%-gre54'0 ,we d n see ?+s z ,sup]ior ,be+s see !m2 b we are n on t acc\nt to say t our sight deceives u4 ,our visual s5se reports ! tru? m or less adequately3 b our ,imag9ation1 prompt$ by insuffici5t exp]i5ce & inf]5ce1 leads u sometimes to illusive conclusions4 ,/ill1 al?\gh 8illusions ( s5se0 ought p]haps to be r call$ 8illusions f s5se20--i4e4 illusions aris+ 8f0 ! report ( ! s5ses1 b n illusions 9 :i* ! s5ses are !mselves deceiv$--no "o w d5y t su* illusions exi/4 ,sometimes !y are exceptional1 b sometimes s common z to be almo/ univ]sal4 ,let u enum]ate a few & ask :5ce !y spr+1 & :at purpose !y s]ve8 ,!y spr+ f a v /rong conviction--erect$ ^u ! basis ( ,exp]i5ce by ,fai?1 b absolutely necess>y = heal?y life & spontane\s action--t ! ord9>y inf]5ces :i* we almo/ in/9ctively d]ive f ! report ( ! s5ses1 are true1 t is to say1 w correspond to exp]i5ce2 & t we c act ^u !m )\t =mally reason+ ^u !m4 ,take ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,%ut y\r eyes1 & get a fri5d to prick ! back ( y\r h& ) ! two po9ts ( a pair ( compasses simultane\sly1 s t ! two po9ts may be ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* ap>t :5 !y t\* y2 y w feel--& if y c\ld n correct ! inf]5ce by ! s5se ( sight1 y w\ld inf]--t only "o po9t is prick+ y4 ,! reason is t ! sk9 ( ! back ( ! h& only reports "o s5sation2 & ! m9d leaps to ! conclusion--ow+ to ! multitude ( pa/ in/ances :]e "o s5sation has result$ f "o object--t1 9 ?is in/ance also1 "o object alone is produc+ ! s5sation4 ,a m curi\s in/ance is ! foll[+3 ,place ! middle f+] ov] ! fir/ f+]1 & betwe5 ! two f+]s ?us int]lac$ place a s+le m>ble or y\r nose3 y w appe> to be t\*+ two m>bles or two noses4 ,! reason is ?is3 :5 ! two f+]s are 9 _! usual position 7n ?us int]lac$7 & t\*+ m>bles or simil> objects1 two simultane\s s5sations on ! "r side ( ! "r f+] & on ! left side ( ! left f+] w\ld always imply two m>bles2 n[ y h con/ra9$ ! two f+]s to assume an unusual position :]e ^! two simultane\s s5sations c be produc$ by "o m>ble2 b y1 foll[+ cu/om1 w\ld inf] ! pres5ce ( two m>bles1 if sight1 or o!r evid5ce1 did n %ew !re 0 only "o4 ,b illusions f ! s5se ( t\* are f> less common ?an illusions f ! s5se ( sight4 ,we all "k h[ a cl\d or %eet or coal may be conv]t$ by ! ,imag9ation into an image ( some?+ entirely diff]5t & visible only to ! imag9]1 al?\gh he supposes t o!rs 8mu/ see x0 too4 ,b ^! are1 s to speak1 private illusions3 ! great public &1 at "o "t1 univ]sal illusion1 0 ! conviction t ! sun & ! />s move & t ! e>? does n move4 ,!re is sc>cely any illusion m natural ?an ?is4 ,our s5ses give no indication :atev] ( ! e>?'s motion2 b !y d indicate t ! sun & ! />s are mov+4 ,s complicat$ a process ( reason+1 & s mu* exp]i5ce1 are ne$$ be=e a man c realize 7z di/9ct f repeat+ on au?ority7 ! causes = believ+ 9 ! e>?'s motion t x is by no means surpris+ t1 ev5 n[1 only a m9ority ( ! human race believe t !y are da%+ ?r\gh space at ! rate ( "s ?\s&s ( miles an h\r2 &1 except dur+ ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ! illusion t ! e>? is at re/ 0 univ]sal4 ,ano!r common illusion f sight is t :i* leads u to suppose t1 :5 we see any?+ 9 ! air1 a /raight l9e f our eye t[>ds ! image :i* we see w\ld t\* ! object itself3 :]eas1 9 reality1 ! image is rais$ by refraction s t 9 mi/y wea!r we see an object consid]ably high] ?an x is1 & ,i suppose 7to speak ) /rict exactness7 we nev] 8see0 an object precisely :]e x is4 ,i h m5tion$ a few ( ! 8illusions f ! s5ses02 & n[ y w probably ask me :at purpose !y s]ve1 h[ !y c be call$ 8:olesome10 & h[ !y 8t5d to ! ultimate atta9m5t ( tru?40 ,!y appe> to me to be 8:olesome0 because !y repres5t & spr+ f a :olesome belief t 8,nature w n deceive u2 ,nature does n *ange h] m9d2 ,nature keeps h] promises40 ,s5t into ! _w ) b little ( ! in/9ctive equipm5t ( non-human animals1 we are =c$ to supply ! place ( in/9cts by inf]5ces f s5sation4 ,n[ if we 7 always oblig$ consci\sly to argue & delib]ately to inf]1 :5ev] ! s5sations h& ov] a report to ! ,imag9ation1 we %\ld be at a great disadvantage z comp>$ ) our in/9ct-possess+ compe]s1 :om we call irrational4 8,?is ink/& :i* ,i see be=e me 0 h>d ye/]day1 & ! day be=e--b w x be h>d if ,i t\* x to-day or to-morr[80--if a *ild 7 to argue aft] ?is fa%ion e "t he rea*$ out 8 h& to t\* any?+1 ! life ( ,me?uselah w\ld be too %ort = ! ratioc9ations necess>y z a basis = ! action ( a week4 ,= heal?y progress ( ! human be+1 tru/ful activity is ne$$1 & = tru/ful activity we mu/ tru/ ,nature1 or1 9 o!r words1 we mu/ tru/ ^! quasi-in/9ctive inf]5ces ab\t ,nature :i* we d]ive f our s5sations4 ,?is tru/ or fai? 9 ! ord] ( mat]ial ?+s )9 our imm$iate obs]vation1 ,i h already describ$ z be+ ! g]m ( a tru/ or fai? 9 a high] ord] altoge!r1 t univ]sal ord]1 at pres5t imp]fectly realiz$1 :i* we call ! ,div9e ,w4 ,n[ :5 we say to ,nature1 8,we tru/ y2 y w n deceive u10 ,nature replies = ! mo/ "p1 8,y d "r2 ,i w n deceive y2 y w be ju/ifi$ 9 y\r fai?40 ,b occasionally %e replies 9 a diff]5t tone4 8,yes1 ,i h deceiv$ y2 y did n use ! means y _h ( obta9+ ! tru?2 !re=e y deceiv$ y\rselves1 or1 if y please to say s1 ,i deceiv$ y1 9 ord] t1 aft] deceiv+ y\rselves by a prolong$ exp]i5ce1 y might le>n1 :ile tru/+ my ord] & p]man5ce 9 g5]al1 n to tru/ e conception ( y\r own ab\t t ord] & p]man5ce 9 p>ticul>4 8,yet 9 reality1 :at y call my #8deceptions' 71 9 "p1 ! results ( y\r own defects 7"s blamewor?y1 "s p]haps inh]5t & n blamewor?y71 9 "p ! results ( my me?od ( tea*+ mank9d1 by l9e ^u l9e & inf]5ce ^u inf]5ce4 ,h[ does a *ild ga9 k8 ,by g5]aliz+ f too few in/ances3 by inf]r+ too soon2 !n by enl>g+ ! circle ( in/ances f :i* he g5]alizes2 by correct+ 8 inf]5ces ) ! aid ( exp]i5ce3 ?us ! progress ( e *ild t[>ds tru? is ?r\gh a cont9u\s s]ies ( illusions4 ,b :5 ,i break ea* "o ( y\r false & rudim5t>y conceptions ( my ,ord]1 ,i always reveal to y1 conceal$ 9 ! husk ( x1 ! k]nel ( a bett] conception4 ,?us :ile ,i tea* y daily to di/ru/ y\r own ha/ily adopt$ & unv]ifi$ assumptions or inf]5ces ab\t my ,ord]1 ,i give y no cause to di/ru/ my ,ord] itself2 & by ! self same act ,i /r5g!n bo? y\r faculty ( sci5tific reason & also y\r fai? 9 me4 ,y may f9d fault ) me t ,i did n be/[ on ea* "o ( y1 ev5 9 ! cradle1 ! p]fection ( all k & wisdom4 ,deep] laws1 deep] ?an ,i c n[ speak (1 =bade t rapid consummation3 b1 s9ce t c\ld n be1 s9ce x ne$s mu/ be t imp]fection %\ld be 9 ! intellectual1 z well z 9 ! moral1 _w1 rejoice at lea/ t illusion is made subject to tru?40 ,well1 aft] ?is long b ne$ful acc\nt ( 8illusions10 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use ! t]m1 let me n[ recur to y\r objection t 8! ,^w ( ,god ought to dispel illusions1 n to add to !m40 ,i suppose ^? :o believe 9 a ,god at all1 w 9 ^! days reg>d ,him z ! ,mak] ( ! _w1 z a :ole1 9 spite ( ! evil t is 9 x4 ,"s ( ! ,gno/ics1 z y "k1 believ$ t ! good ,god :o _h n made ! visible _w 0 oppos$ to ! bad ,god :o _h made x2 b ) !m we ne$ n at ?is "t conc]n ourselves1 z !re are probably none :o n[ ent]ta9 t belief4 ,^? !n :o believe 9 a ,god1 ,mak] ( heav5 & e>?1 w n d5y t ,god p>tially reveals ,himself to m5 by ! ?+s ,he has made4 ,n[ by :i* ( all ,8 creatures does ,god reveal ,himself mo/ cle>ly8 ,y w say p]haps--inde$ ,i h he>d y say x--8,by ! />s & _! movem5ts40 ,i d n believe x4 ,i say1 8,by ! life ( ! human family fir/ & by ! />s ( heav51 second4 ,b ,i w assume t y\r answ] is correct1 & t ,god reveals ,himself ma9ly by ! movem5ts ( ! />s ( heav52 & ,i w try to %ew y t 9 ?is revelation ,god leads m5 to tru? ?r\gh illusion4 ,!n ,i ?9k x mu/ seem reasonable to y t1 if ,god does n disp5se ) illusion 9 t intellectual revelation ( ,himself :i* mo/ closely approa*es to a direct spiritual revelation1 illusion may also h be5 int5d$ or p]mitt$ by ,him to play an orda9$ "p 9 spiritual revelation itself40 ,:]e1 !n1 ,i ask1 9 all ! tea*+ ( ,nature's s*ool1 has !re be5 m ( illusion ?an 9 h] lessons ( a/ronomy8 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy1 ,i rememb]1 9 ! mid/ ( a hateful sum ( long division t w\ld n come out "r1 devot+ my att5tion to ! sun mov+ ?r\gh ! bran*es ( c]ta9 trees1 & ann\nc+ to my tutor t 8,! sun moves40 8,no1 y are mi/ak540 8,b ,i _c be mi/ak51 = ,i saw x40 ,i rivall$--,i exce$$--! ob/9acy ( ,galileo2 ,i 0 ready to be puni%$ r ?an cons5t to say :at seem$ to me a manife/ falsehood1 t ! sun did n move4 ,surely ?is boyi% exp]i5ce repres5ts ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 except t ! tutor :o has correct$ _! a/ronomical illusions1 has be5 _! own long1 v long exp]i5ce4 ,does x n seem sometimes z if ,god ,himself _h said1 :5 ,he made ! heav5s to decl>e ,8 glory1 8,be+ :at !y are1 my *ildr5 mu/ be l$ to k ?r\gh error1 to tru? ?r\gh illusion08 ,x may be said t 9 "s cases m5 h fall5 into a/ronomical mi/akes ?r\gh _! own fault2 ?r\gh ha/e1 = example1 ?r\gh ! love ( neat & complete !ories1 ?r\gh c>elessness1 ?r\gh excessive reg>d = au?ority2 & s inde$ !y h4 ,b is x always s8 ,:5 y & ,i la/ walk$ out toge!r on ,hamp/ead ,hea?1 y took out y\r wat*1 z ! sun w5t d[n ov] ,h>r[1 & said1 8,n[ he's gone1 & x's j eight40 ,i rememb] reply+ to y1 8,s x seems2 b ( c\rse y "k he #8w5t' m ?an eight m9utes ago40 ,y />$1 & ,i said no m2 = some?+ else div]t$ y\r att5tion at ! "t1 & ,i felt ,i _h be5 guilty ( a little bit ( p$antry4 ,b ,i said quietly to myself z we w5t d[n ! hill1 8,i don't suppose he kn[s x1 b ! sun c]ta9ly #8w5t' eight m9utes ago2 & :at my "y fri5d saw 0 an image ( ! sun rais$ by ! refraction ( ! mi/1 l ! image ( a p5ny se5 9 a bas9 ( wat]40 ,well n[1 0 ?is y\r fault1 ?is error ( y\rs8 ,no1 x 01 9 ! second place1 ! fault ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 :i* has brib$ ! s*ools to desi/ f tea*+ ma!matics to any boy ) a ta/e = classics & lit]ature1 s t y _h to give up y\r ma!matical /udies be=e y came to optics2 & x 01 9 ! fir/ place1 ! fault (--:at %all ,i say8 ,%all ,i say ! fault ( ,nature8 ,t means ! fault ( ,god4 ,say1 if y l1 t x 0 ! fault ( ,matt]1 or ( an ,evil pr9ciple4 ,say1 x 0 no "o's fault4 ,say t m good ?an h>m results f x1 9 ! way ( /imulat+ ?\ght & rese>*4 ,d5y x 0 a fault at all4 ,yet d n d5y t x repres5ts a ,law1 ! ,law ( ! atta9m5t ( tru? ?r\gh illusion--a ,law :i* x is folly to ignore4 ,s f> ,i h be5 go+ on ! assumption t y\r answ] 0 correct z to ! means by :i* ,god ma9ly reveals ,himself4 ,b n[ let u assume t my answ]1 & n y\rs1 is correct1 & t ,god reveals ,himself ma9ly by ! relations ( ! family4 ,9 t case we mu/ agree t ea* ris+ g5]ation is l$ up to ! conception ( ! div9e fa!rhood ma9ly by ! prelim9>y tea*+ ( human fa!rhood4 ,n[ surely 9 ! dome/ic atmosph]e refraction is z p[]ful & z illusive z 9 ! mat]ial /rata ( ! air4 ,nay1 ! bett] & pur] ! family1 ! /rong] is ! illusion4 ,unlov+ *ildr5 may be logical & critical2 b :at lov+ *ild does n idealise a good "m z p]fectly good1 & a /rong wise fa!r z ! p]fection ( wisdom & /r5g?8 ,to ! good *ild ! p>5ts /& 9 ! place ( ,god2 & x is 8 illusive belief 9 ^! e>?ly creatures1 :i*1 :5 x has be5 correct$ & purifi$1 is f\nd to h conta9$ & pres]v$ ! high] belief 9 ! et]nal ,fa!r4 ,y see !n t 9 ! family no less ?an 9 sci5ce1 9 ! spiritual z 9 ! intellectual side ( ,nature's s*ool1 ! pupils pass upw>ds ?r\gh illusion to ! tru?4 ,i h promis$ to say no?+ ( ! special illusions ( ,*ri/ianity :i* ,i mu/ res]ve = a lat] lett]4 ,b let me say ?us mu* f ! a priori gr\nd on :i* we are n[ /&+1 t if illusions 9 ,nature are mo/ p[]ful 9 h] noble/ & mo/ spiritual tea*+1 !n1 s f> f !re be+ a prejudice aga9/ f9d+ illusion 9 religion1 we ought on ! contr>y to be prep>$ to f9d illusion mo/ pot5t 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! pure/ religion ( all4 ,0 ev] p s illusively tra9$ z ! fai?less *ildr5 ( fai?ful ,abraham1 ! reject$ ,*os5 ,p8 ,is n ! ,promis$ ,l& to ?is day a prov]bial type ( illusion8 ,d we n recognize illusion 9 e age ( ,*ri/ian revelation8 ,& if ! v ,apo/les ( ! ,"l ,jesus--s mu* ,i w "h assume--_h _! illusions bo? dur+1 & aft]1 ! life ( _! ,ma/]2 if ! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h _! illusions also conc]n+ ! spe$y com+ ( ,*ri/2 if 9 ! ,m$ival ,*ur* & 9 ! lat] ,roman ,ca?olicism !re h pr$om9at$ va/ illusions ab\t transub/antiation1 ! p[]s ( ! prie/hood1 & ! infallibility ( ! ,pope2 if ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es !mselves h n be5 exempt f illusions ab\t ! lit]al inspiration & absolute infallibility ( ! ,bible2 is x n ! m>k ( a/\nd+ presumption to suppose t = ! ,anglican bran* ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* !re %\ld h be5 res]v$ a unique immunity f an o!rwise univ]sal law8 ,b possibly y ?9k t ! ,gospels h be5 s long 9 our h&s1 & ! ,*ri/ian religion s long 9 practice & "u discussion1 t no?+ new c n[ be said or ?\ght ab\t !m8 ,j s ,francis ,bacon1 9 #afjc1 express$ 8 conviction 7! innoc5t philosoph]67 t !re _h at la/ come ab\t a complete 8consumption ( all ?+s t c\ld be said on controv]sies ( !ology40 ,reflect a mom5t4 ,h[ long h ! />s be5 ) u 8"u discussion08 ,& h[ rec5t h be5 our discov]ies ( ! real tru? ab\t !m6 ,h[ rec5tly h ^! discov]ies be5 ev5 possible8 ,9 ! same way ! exact criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has only become rec5tly practicable4 ,! subject matt] & ?\ght c\ld ( c\rse be appreciat$ c5turies ago1 & (t5 p]haps by ! simple-m9d$ & unle>n$ z well z by ! subtle & pr(\nd !ologian2 ?\gh1 ev5 z to ! ?\ght ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,i (t5 ?9k t we are greatly to blame if our increas$ k ( hi/ory & psy*ology does n illum9ate mu* t 0 d>k 9 its pages = ^? :o _h n our advantages4 ,b we are speak+ ( t k9d ( intellectual criticism :i* dispels illusions2 & = ! purposes ( ! critical analysis ( ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,gospels1 ,brud]'s ,concordance 0 z necess>y z ,galileo's telescope 0 = ! discov]y ( ,jupit]'s moons1 or ! !rmomet] = ! inve/igation ( ! laws ( heat4 ,o!r influ5ces h be5 at "w1 z well z m]e me*anical aids1 to ?r[ light on ! c5tral ev5t ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,& surely if ,abraham c\ld wait n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s = ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 ! spiritual desc5dants ( ,abraham--= su* we claim to be--may well wait ano!r n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s to realize ,8 nature & ent] into ! full mean+ ( ,8 wor%ip4 ,y see ,i am n n[ try+ to prove ! exi/5ce ( any illusion 9 our pres5t =m ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,i am simply argu+ aga9/ y\r prejudice t1 if ! pres5t =m ( ,*ri/ianity be n true1 !n any new =m mu/ necess>ily be false4 ,y say1 or p]haps till lately y 7 incl9$ to say1 8,if ,i c\ld only brea! ! atmosph]e ( ,augu/9e6 ,if only ,i c\ld h be5 a companion ( ! ,ante-,nic5e or 7bett] /ill7 ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs6 ,or 7be/ ( all7 ( ! ,apo/les6 ,or ( ,*ri/ ,himself6 ,!n ,i %\ld h be5 free f illusions40 ,i reply1 8,no1 y w\ld n2 & y\r aspiration is a m>k ( +ratitude to ,god4 ,y delib]ately reject ! comm5t>y ,he has giv5 y 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ^! eighte5 c5turies4 ,y ?9k ! /ory ( ,*ri/ is completely told & completely expla9$4 ,x is n s4 ,all ! creat$ _w is int5d$ to be> witness & illu/ration to ,8 life & "w4 ,%akespe>e & ,newton & ,d>w91 z well z ,orig51 ,augu/9e1 & ,*ryso/om1 h add$ to ! div9e comm5t>y4 ,all ! good & all ! evil ( eighte5 hundr$ ye>s h borne witness to ! div9e nature ( ,8 mission2 to ! impot5ce & ru9 :i* await ! nations t ca/ ,him (f2 to ! bless+ t att5ds ^? :o foll[ ,8 ,_s2 to ! mis*ief t dogs ^? :o sub/itute = ,8 ,_s a lifeless code ( rules or a fabric ( sup]/itions40 ,& n[ "o la/ ^w z to ! special illusion f :i* 79 my belief7 we mu/ 9 ! %ort remnant ( ?is c5tury /rive to deliv] ourselves4 ,i ?9k we h wor%ipp$ ,*ri/ too mu* z ,god1 & too little z ,man4 ,we h errone\sly suppos$ t ,he exempt$ ,himself dur+ ,8 manhood f ! laws ( humanity4 ,l ! ,roman soldi]s1 we h /ripp$ f ,him ! c>p5t]'s clo!s1 & put ^u ,him ! purple rags ( wond]-work+ imp]ialism1 & plac$ 9 ,8 h& ! sceptre ( worldly o/5tation1 & 9 t guise we h b[$ ! knee to ! purple & ! sceptre1 &1 do+ homage to ^! ?+s1 we h cri$1 8,behold our ,god40 ,b n[ ! "t has come :5 we mu/ take f (f ,him ^! tawdry trapp+s1 & give ,him back ,8 workman's g>m5ts4 ,!n we may f9d ourselves con/ra9$ to b[ ! knee aga9 9 a pur] homage (f]$ no long] to ! clo!s b to ! ,man4 ,call ?is homage by :at "n we w1 x is already ( ! nature ( wor%ip4 ,& z we gr[ old] & m able to di/+ui% ! realities f ! mirage ( life1 m capable ( tru/1 love1 & rev]5ce1 & bett] able to discrim9ate :at mu/ be1 & :at mu/ n be1 lov$1 tru/$1 & rev]$--look+ f e>? to heav51 & f heav5 to e>?1 we %all ask 9 va9 :]e we c f9d any?+1 above or bel[1 nobl]1 & bett]1 & m p[]ful = good1 ?an ?is ,man to :om our he>ts g =? 9 spontane\s love & tru/ & rev]5ce4 ,!n we %all turn once m to ! ,cross f9d+ t we h be5 betray$ into wor%ip :ile we knew x n1 & :ile we cry1 8,behold ! ,man10 we %all feel 8,behold our ,god40 ,footnote #g3 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 ii1 #d1 #e4 ,,xi ,,:at ,,is ,,wor%ip8 ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,admitt+ ! doctr9e ( illusion1 & dismiss+ all prejudice aga9/ :at is new1 y decl>e t /ill my position rema9s absolutely un9telligible to y4 ,i w set d[n y\r objection 9 y\r own words3 8,app>5tly y ma9ta9 t ,*ri/ is a m]e man :o came into ! _w1 liv$1 work$1 & di$ accord+ to ! laws ( human nature2 ev5 ,8 resurrection y app>5tly int5d to expla9 away till x becomes a m]e vision1 & !re=e n a sign ( any o!r ?an a human exi/5ce4 ,n[ wor%ip is a tribute conc$$ to ,god alone4 ,to a m]e man1 :o liv$ eighte5 c5turies ago1 h[ c y =ce y\rself1 by any ef=t ( ! w1 to pay wor%ip simply because y h reason to believe t ?is individual 0 pre-em95tly good08 ,9 reply1 ,i ask y1 8,:at else is m wor?y ( wor%ip80 ,!re is no "q ( 8=c+ myself0 at all4 ,i wor%ip ,*ri/ naturally4 ,t is to say ,i love1 tru/1 & rev]5ce ,him m ?an ,i love1 tru/1 & rev]5ce any o!r p]son or ?+ or univ]se ( ?+s4 ,?is ,i d because ,i _c help x2 & if ,i h br\ght myself to d ?is naturally by fix+ my ?\ghts on ! p[] ( ,goodness1 & on ,*ri/ z ! inc>nate repres5tation ( ,goodness1 ?is causes me no %ame & involves me 9 no conflict ) my ,reason4 ,b y--h y n omitt$ "s important features 9 ! description ( ?is 8m]e man08 ,jesus 0 n only pre-em95tly good1 ,he 0 also pre-em95tly p[]ful & wise = spiritual purposes4 ,8 influ5ce reg5]at$ ! civiliz$ _w2 x is manife/ ar\nd u4 ,he ,himself spoke ( ,himself 9 language :i* %ews t ,he believ$ ,himself to be end[$ ) a div9e au?ority ov] m51 & to /& 9 a unique relation to ,god4 ,9 a fanatic or a fool t w\ld mean no?+3 9 "o s wise1 s sob]ly wise1 s utt]ly unselfi%1 s m>vell\sly successful1 x mu/ ne$s c\nt = mu*4 ,al?\gh ,i reject ! miracul\s1 ,i d n reject--nor und]/& h[ any "o c reject--! sup]natural4 ,i reg>d ,jesus z be+ a 8m]e man0 inde$1 if by 8m]e man0 y mean a 8real man02 non-miracul\s1 subject$ to all ! mat]ial limitations ( humanity2 b /ill a man su* z is describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 ! ,^w ( ,god inc>nate2 ! ,man 9 :om 0 conc5trat$ ,god's expression ( ,himself2 ! ,div9e ,p]fection made humanly p]ceptible4 ,?is ,i believ$ once ^u ! au?ority ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 b ,i believe x n[ on ! te/imony ( hi/ory & my own consci5ce4 ,put y\rself 9 my place4 ,suppose1 z ,i suppose1 t ,*ri/ 0 :at ,he 01 & did :at ,he did1 naturally & )\t miracles4 ,does n t make ,8 p]sonality 9 a c]ta9 s5se m wond]ful & c]ta9ly m lovable8 ,x is comp>atively easy1 ) miracles at comm&1 to p]suade m5 to any?+2 b1 )\t miracles1 to introduce a new religion1 to br+ 9 a new p[] ( =giv+ s9s1 to (f] up "o's life1 n = fri5ds1 nor = c\ntry1 b = mank9d1 to manife/ oneself s to "o's disciples dur+ life t aft] y\r dea? !y %all see y & %all be conv9c$ t y h triumph$ ov] dea?2 to dis>m an arm$ _w by non-resi/ance1 & to brea! a _s ( en?usiasm = righte\sness & a passionate love ( mank9d into myriads ( a remote po/]ity--^! surely are feats :i*1 if natural1 %\ld make u exclaim1 8,v]ily we h "h a div9e nature40 ,i tru/ ,i am n be+ goad$ into any exagg]ation ( :at ,i really feel1 by ! hope ( induc+ y to %>e my feel+s4 ,p]haps x is n possible to wor%ip any man1 n ev5 su* a "o z ,jesus1 z long z he rema9s 9 ! fle%4 ,n till dea? takes a fri5d f u d we seem to "k ! real _s t lay beh9d ! fle% & blood2 n till ,jesus 0 tak5 f u c\ld t ,_s come :i* 0 to reveal ! real ,be+ t und]lay ! humanity ( ! ,naz>5e4 ,i w admit t ,i %\ld n h wor%ipp$ ,jesus ( ,naz>e? on e>?--9 ,pet]'s h\se = example at ,cap]naum2 = ?\gh love might h be5 pres5t1 ! tru/ & awe t 7 to be develop$ by ,8 resurrection w\ld h be5 want+4 ,jesus does n claim our wor%ip nor ev5 our recognition1 z an isolat$ be+1 b z insep>ably l9k$ to ,"o )\t :om ,he ,himself said ,he c\ld 8d no?+04 ,x 0 n till ,he 0 remov$ f ! visible _w & en?ron$ 9 ! he>ts ( m5 by ! side ( ! ,fa!r1 t m5 c\ld p]ceive ,8 real nature2 & ,he is to be wor%ipp$ n by ,himself1 b z ! ,son ( ,god1 & "o ) ,god4 ,*ri/ did n m]ely tell u ab\t ! ,fa!r2 ,he reveal$ ! ,fa!r 9 ,himself2 &1 if we wor%ip ! ,fa!r z ,*ri/ reveal$ ,him1 we are1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 wor%ipp+ ! ,son4 ,almo/ all language ab\t all spiritual exi/5ces is necess>ily metaphorical4 ,:at is 8righte\sness0 except a /raightness1 & :at is 8excell5ce0 except pre-em95ce8 ,! proposition 8,*ri/ is ! ,son ( ,god0 is a metaphor2 x is a metaphor to say t 8,god is our ,fa!r 9 heav510 & t 8,god is ,love40 ,p]haps ev5 to say t 8,god is0 is a metaphor1 express+ a tru?1 b express+ x inadequately4 ,b x w\ld be ! ignorance ( a m]e *ild to suppose t a metaphor means no?+4 ,!re is no deep] tru? 9 heav5 or e>? ?an ! metaphor t ,god is ! ,fa!r ( man1 & t ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,8 ,et]nal ,son4 ,:5 ,i try to ?9k ( ,god & to pray to ,god z my ,fa!r1 ,i c ?9k ( ,him z be+ )\t ! seas1 )\t ! />s1 )\t ! :ole visible _w2 b ,i c nev] ?9k ( ,him aright1 nor ev] conceive ( ,him z be+ ,love1 )\t conceiv+ also ( ,"o :om ,he loves1 :o is ) ,him f ! beg9n+2 :om :5 ,i try to realize1 ,i c realize only 9 "o %ape2 & h5ce x comes to pass t ,i f9d myself )\t any 8ef=t ( ! w10 spontane\sly wor%ipp+ ,god ?r\gh1 & 91 & )1 t "o %ape1 ,i mean ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,wor%ipp+ ! ,fa!r ,i f9d t ,i h be5 unconsci\sly wor%ipp+1 & mu/ consci\sly cont9ue to wor%ip1 ! ,et]nal ,son4 ,b !re is ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 u1 besides y\r failure to recognise ! spiritual p[] & spiritual wisdom ( ,*ri/4 ,y d n "k :at y mean by wor%ip2 y d n "k :at y ought to wor%ip2 & y d n "k h[ little y "k ( ,god4 ,y tell me t 8wor%ip is a tribute conc$$ to ,god alone40 ,b :at is ,god8 ,! absolute ,god no "o kn[s4 ,our mo/ p]fect conception ( ,him is only a conception ( a ,m$iator ( "s k9d by :i* we approa* ,him4 ,to ea* man1 t :i* he wor%ips1 & t alone1 is ,god4 ,i wor%ip ,*ri/1 !re=e to me ,*ri/ is ,god4 ,:at w y say to t8 ,i suppose y w say 8,a non-miracul\s ,*ri/ ought n to be ,god to y08 ,:y n8 ,h[ does ,he diff] f y\r conception ( ,god8 ,is ,he less lov+1 less m]ciful1 less j8 8,no10 y reply1 8b ,he is less p[]ful40 8,h[ is ,he less p[]ful8 ,has ,he less p[] ( pity+1 lov+1 =giv+1 rais+ m5 f s9 to righte\sness8 ,is ,he less p[]ful 9 ! spiritual _w80 8,p]haps n2 b ,he is less p[]ful 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,he nev]1 accord+ to y\r acc\nt1 rose above1 nev] ev5 = a mom5t susp5d$ ! laws ( nature40 ,inde$8 ,& ,god1 ! ,mak] ( ! _w--did ,he ev] rise above1 or susp5d ! laws ( nature8 ,:58 8,well1 ,he is said to h done s frequ5tly 9 ! records ( ! ,bible04 ,b _m m5 d5y t1 & y y\rself are dispos$ to agree ) !m4 8,at all ev5ts ,he did s :5 ,he made ! _w40 ,"h at la/ we c come to an und]/&+4 ,y look up to ,god z to ! ,mak] ( ! _w1 & are m ready to wor%ip ,him1 z su*1 ?an to wor%ip a non-miracul\s ,*ri/4 ,if by 8! ,mak] ( ! _w0 y mean--z ,i am q sure _m mean--8! ,mak] ( ! m]e mat]ial =ces ( ,nature10 or ev5 8! ,mak] ( all ?+s ap>t f ,*ri/10 !n words fail me to express h[ entirely ,i diff] f y4 ,b let me try to put y\r view into my own language1 9 ord] to %ew y t ,i d n condemn x )\t und]/&+ x4 8,we _c10 y say1 8wor%ip a m]e non-miracul\s man1 :o did no?+ b talk & lead a good life1 & p]haps p]=m a few acts ( fai?-heal+1 h[ev] b5eficial may h be5 8 influ5ce on po/]ity4 ,! fact t1 aft] 8 dea?1 visions ( him 7 se5 by excit$ & en?usia/ic foll[]s1 & 9 "o case by an enemy ( highly emotional t5d5cies1 _c alt] ?is decision4 ,x is impossible to wor%ip a be+ s helpless1 s limit$1 s aweless z ?is4 ,:at is su* a creature 9 comp>ison ) ! my/]i\s ,mak] ( ! />s or ,rul] ( ! ocean8 ,surely ! sight ( a /orm at sea ought to suffice to turn any "o f ! imag9>y & self-deceiv+ wor%ip ( ! m]ely human ,jesus ( ,naz>e? to ! wor%ip ( ,"o ^: greatness & glory & t]ror surr\nd u on e side ) mat]ial witnesses1 ,"o 9 comp>ison ) :om no m]e man may be m5tion$40 ,natural z su* an argum5t may seem to y & to _m o!rs :o call !mselves ,*ri/ians1 x is 9 reality bas$ ^u a diabolical prejudice 9 fav\r ( p[]4 ,i c und]/& our =efa!rs1 wor%ipp]s ( ,?or & ,od91 argu+ ?us2 & s great is our own inh]it$ & inbr$ admiration ( m]e =ce1 t ev5 to u ,*ri/ians ! temptation is /ill v /rong to b[ d[n be=e ! :irlw9d & ! fire1 r ?an be=e ! /ill small voice4 ,b x is a temptation to be resi/$ & ov]come4 ,y call ^u me to wor%ip ! ,rul] ( ! waves4 ,n[ ! sea is full ( ! gifts ( ,god to m52 yet if ,i knew no?+ m ( ! ,creator ?an t ,he _h made & rules ! sea1 !n--) all ! k ( ! dea? & de/ruction t reign b5ea? ! dep?s ( ocean among its non-human t5ants1 & ( ! de/ruction t reigns on its surface :5 x wages w> aga9/ man & conqu]s--,i %\ld say1 8,s f> z ! sea alone reveals ! nature ( ,him :o made x1 ,i w\ld a ?\s& times soon] wor%ip ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ! non-miracul\s man1 ?an ! ,mak] ( ! ocean40 ,x is ! mo/ vulg> & contemptible c[>dice to cr+e be=e ! ,mak] ( ! de/roy+ ocean--:o might be ! ,devil & n a good ,god1 s f> z ! ocean's de/ructive p[] reveals its ,mak]--r ?an to d homage to ! be/ ( m54 ,i grant t 9 a /orm at sea1 ) ! lightn+ bl9d+ my eyes1 & ! pitiless wat]s te>+ my companions f my side & ?reat5+ e in/ant to dev\r me--,i grant t ,i might1 & %\ld1 feel tempt$ to exclaim1 8,a mighti] ?an ,*ri/ is "h40 ,b if ,i did1 ,i %\ld be a%am$ ( x4 ,x w\ld be a traitor\s t5d]+ ( allegiance to ,satan4 ,:5 =ce & t]ror & dea? come %riek+ on ! wave-cre/s1 & proclaim+ t 8,p[] aft] all is ,"l ( ! _w10 !n is our fai? te/$2 x is 8! victory ( our fai?0 to ov]come t lie & to make answ] ?us3 8,no1 ,goodness is ,"l ov] ! _w2 ,love is ,"l ov] ! _w2 & !re=e ,he :o is "o ) ,love & ,goodness1 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,he is ,"l ov] ! _w4 ,d ) me z ?\ wilt1 ?\ ,mighty ,mak] ( all ?+s6 ,if ,*ri/ 0 n deceiv$1 ?\ art ,8 ,fa!r & ,i c tru/ !e4 ,b if ,*ri/ 0 deceiv$1 !n art ?\ ,satan & ,i defy !e1 be ?\ ! ,mak] ( a _w ( worlds4 ,bett] to p]i% & be deceiv$ ) ,*ri/1 ?an to be sav$ & c>ess$ by a ,mak] :o made ,*ri/ to p]i% & to be deceiv$6 ,if !re be 9 tru? any opposition ( w betwe5 ! ,mak] & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 !n is ! ,"l ,jesus ! sup]ior ( ! two2 & 9 ! ,"l ,jesus alone w ,i put my tru/1 & to ,him alone w ,i cleave z my ,"l & my ,savi\r & my ,god40 ,h ,i made my mean+ cle> to y8 ,i d n say1 ,h ,i p]suad$ y t ,i am "r8 ,b h ,i made y und]/& t x really is possible = "o :o has appreh5d$ ev5 imp]fectly ! illimitable ext5t ( ! goodness ( ,*ri/ & ! div9e nature ( t goodness1 to feel he>tily & s9c]ely t1 ( all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? & 9 ! wat]s "u ! e>?1 ! goodness & p[] & wisdom ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ are ! fitte/ objects = our love1 our tru/ & our rev]5ce1 9 o!r words1 = our wor%ip8 ,c y "n any fitt] object8 ,if y w n wor%ip ,god 9 ! man ,jesus1 y w h>dly wor%ip ,him 9 ,socrates1 or ,paul1 or any o!r specim5 ( humanity4 ,w y !n turn to inanimate nature1 & wor%ip him 9 t8 ,!n y w be turn+ f ! high] to ! l[] conception ( ,god4 ,be=e ,i knew ,*ri/1 ,i might p]haps h wor%ipp$ ,god ! ,mak]1 be+ l$ to him1 s to speak1 by ! _w z ,m$iator4 ,inspir$ by awe = ! ,creator ( s va/ & ord]ly a ma*9e1 ,i might h ador$ ,him z ! artific] ( ! />s & ?is t]re/rial globe4 ,b n[1 ,*ri/ has made ?is k9d ( 8natural religion0 impossible4 ,he1 ! ideal ,man1 has reveal$ to me dep?s ( love1 pity1 m]cy1 self-sacrifice1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! ocean is b ! 8wat] 9 a bucket10 & ! />s ( heav5 are z 8a v little ?+40 ,if !re=e ,i try to conceive ( ,god z ali5 & ap>t f ,*ri/1 ,god becomes at once degrad$ & inf]ior to man4 ,h[ %all ,i try to express myself m cle>ly8 ,let me use words n my own1 9 :i* a man ( recogniz$ ability once summ$ up = me my own conceptions2 8,i see10 he said1 8y d n1 z mo/ d1 wor%ip ,*ri/ out ( complim5t to ,god2 y wor%ip ,god out ( complim5t to ,*ri/40 ,! words !n s\nd$ to me a little pr(ane1 ?\gh !y 7 n meant to be s2 b ,i _h to confess t !y exactly express$ my mean+4 ,s9ce !n1 x has seem$ to me t ^! words 7 b an incisive way ( say+1 :at e "o says & few realize1 t ,*ri/ is ! ,m$iator betwe5 u & ,god3 we wor%ip ,god ! ,fa!r because we attribute to ,him ! "* t we adore 9 ,god ! ,son4 ,by ?is "t y w h se5 t :ile answ]+ ! "q1 8,:om1 or :at1 ought we to wor%ip80 ,i h indirectly answ]$ a prelim9>y "q1 8,:at d we mean by wor%ip80 ,y h also probably notic$ :at answ] ,i h giv5 to ?is "q3 wor%ip appe>s to me a comb9ation ( love1 tru/1 & awe4 ,d y accept ?is8 ,i h nev] se5 any s]i\s objection tak5 to ?is def9ition except by ^? :o refuse practically to def9e x at all & :o w\ld simply say 8,wor%ip is ! homage paid by man to ! ,creator3 & x has no?+ to d )1 & _c be expla9$ by1 ! feel+s ) :i* we reg>d man40 ,if ,i _h n se5 ?is 9 ! columns ( a !ological j\rnal1 ,i %\ld n h believ$ x possible t mod]n sup]ficiality & conv5tionalism c\ld a*ieve q s transp>5t a %all[ness4 ,! sum total ( our feel+s t[>ds ,god--m especially our awe = ,him--_c inde$ be adequately express$ 9 ! same language :i* expresses our feel+s = m53 b t is a v diff]5t ?+ f say+ t ! =m] 8h no?+ to d )0 ! latt]4 ,i believe t a l>ge "p ( mo/ m5's wor%ip consi/s ( a %r9k+ f an ,unkn[n1 ! sort ( dread t *ildr5 feel = 8! d>k40 ,b righte\s wor%ip mu/ imply o!r feel+s2 & ^! feel+s--"s ( !m at all ev5ts--mu/ h names2 & :5ce are ! names to be d]iv$ b f our feel+s t[>ds m5 & ?+s--t[>ds m51 surely1 z well z t[>ds ?+s8 ,we mu/ ei!r love ,god1 or hate ,him1 or be indiff]5t to ,him2 we mu/ ei!r tru/1 or di/ru/ ,him4 ,i d n see h[ ! p :o w\ld sev] wor%ip f all ref]5ce to human relations c look ^u x z o!r ?an a m]e homage ( ! lips or knees1 a go+ to *ur*1 & att5dance at religi\s s]vices4 ,ne$ ,i say t1 :5 ,i def9e wor%ip1 ,i am def9+ ! wor%ip ( ! he>t1 n ! attitude ( ^? :o hon\r ,god ) _! lips b ^: he>t is f> f ,him8 ,n[ ! attitude ( man to ,god has v>i$ greatly 9 accordance ) _! conception ( ,god1 accord+ z !y h conceiv$ ,him to be ,molo*1 or ,apollo1 or ,jehovah1 or ! ,fa!r ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 "s m5 wor%ip has be5 m]e t]ror2 9 "s1 x has be5 a desire to bribe2 9 "s x has be5 fa9t gratitude & /rong admiration2 9 "s x has be5 int5se awe & rev]5ce4 ,all su* =ms ( wor%ip h be5 imp]fect1 & "s h be5 v bad4 ,at ! be/1 none ( !m h comb9$ all ! be/ & noble/ feel+s ( aspiration :i* ,nature t5ds to develop 9 u by means ( human & non-human ag5cies4 ,human nature--act+ ?r\gh ! relations ( ! family--%\ld elicit love & lov+ tru/2 non-human nature--act+ ?r\gh ! seas & skies1 ) _! sugge/ions ( va/ness & p[]--%\ld elicit awe & awful tru/2 & ! comb9ation ( ^! two natural influ5ces %\ld elicit love1 tru/ & awe1 :i* ?ree-fold result con/itutes wor%ip4 ,has ! wor%ip ( ,god ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ,*ri/ entirely sup]s$$--0 x int5d$ to sup]s$e--! wor%ip ( ,god ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! visible ,_w8 ,i ?9k n yet4 ,x w 9 ! end b n n[4 ,!re may come a "t1 9 "s future exi/5ce1 :5 we %all see righte\sness l ! sun1 :5 we %all h visions ( ! beauty & ord] ( hol9ess l ! />s1 & behold ! glory ( sacrifice spread out be=e our eyes l ! firmam5t ( heav52 & !n ! revelation ( ,god ?r\gh visible ,nature w be swall[$ up 9 ! revelation ( ,god ?r\gh invisible ,nature4 ,b n[1 n _m ( u c pret5d to su* a p[] ( spiritual insight4 ,we feel t1 if we le>n$ ! /ory ( ,*ri/ )\t ! help ( ! comm5t>y ( ! awful p[]s ( mat]ial nature1 we might be 9 dang] ( repeat+ x ) a glib famili>ity :i* w\ld h9d] u f p5etrat+ its mean+4 ,^? :o live 9 ! /ir ( cities :]e !y are doom$ nev] to be alone1 nev] to realize p]fect sil5ce1 nev] to see m ?an a few squ>e feet ( sky1 are liv+ z ! ,^w ( ,god did n int5d !m to live2 !y may h--!y (t5 h--great spiritual comp5sations2 !y c]ta9ly h "s spiritual disadvantage 9 ^! unnatural negations4 ,z long z we h eyes & e>s & ! faculties ( wond] & admiration1 s long mu/ we suppose t ! revelation ( ! ,^w ( ,god ?r\gh ,jesus ( ,naz>e? has n disp5s$ ) ! revelation ( ! ,^w ( ,god ?r\gh ! =ces ( mat]ial nature4 ,if we wi% to approa* ,god we %\ld n despise ! ,m$iation ( ! ,^w ( ,god 9 its entirety1 t is to say1 ! m$iation ( 8! ,_w ) ,*ri/40 ,n[ :at practical inf]5ces foll[ f our def9ition ( wor%ip1 if we are satisfi$ t x is r\ghly true8 ,"h let me put 9 a caution4 ,our def9ition _c be exactly true2 =1 9 its exactness1 wor%ip means ! sum total ( all ! feel+s t %\ld be felt by ! m9d ( man1 :5 he contemplates ,god ?r\gh ! m$iation ( 8! ,_w ) ,*ri/40 ,:o c enum]ate ^! )\t confess+ t he may h pass$ ov] "s s subtle & s deep t language itself has left !m unnam$8 ,we mu/ !re=e be cont5t ) a r\gh def9ition4 ,b if x be r\ghly true t wor%ip means love1 tru/ & awe1 :at practical inf]5ces may we !nce d$uce z reg>ds our own conduct8 ,fir/1 !n1 wor%ip is n ! =mal ?+ x is g5]ally suppos$ to be4 ,x is n a m]e smoo?ness ( ! h+es ( ! knees1 or a read9ess to take ! "n ( ,god )9 "o's lips4 ,x is a natural go+ =? ( ! he>t to t :i* "o loves1 tru/s1 & rev]5ces mo/4 ,"s m5 h little p[] ( rev]5c+2 o!rs1 ( tru/+2 o!rs1 ( lov+2 su* m5's wor%ip mu/ necess>ily be maim$ & imp]fect4 ,if a man :o is de/itute ( rev]5ce loves & tru/s money m ?an any?+ else1 money really is t man's ,god2 x is no hyp]bole1 x is ! fact2 ! man does actually wor%ip money2 he does n say pray]s to x1 does n g d[n on 8 knees to x1 b he loves x & tru/s x m ?an any?+ else2 !re=e1 s f> z he c wor%ip any?+1 he wor%ips money4 ,simil>ly ano!r man wor%ips pleasure2 ano!r1 8 *ildr52 ano!r1 p[]4 ,we are accu/om$ to apologize = su* expressions z if !y 7 metaphors or exagg]ations2 b !y are n2 !y are pla9 /atem5ts ( spiritual realities4 ,?\s&s ( m5 :o say !y wor%ip ,*ri/1 & :o hone/ly suppose !y wor%ip ,*ri/1 d no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,?is is ! d>k side ( ! self-delusion ( wor%ip1 b !re is a bright]4 ,!re are _m m5 at ! pres5t day :o call !mselves agno/ics1 b :o w\ld h>dly d5y t !y love & rev]5ce ,jesus ( ,naz>e? m ?an any o!r be+4 ,!y wor%ip ,him !n4 ,_! wor%ip is t+$ ) hopelessness1 & !re=e imp]fect2 b s f> z x goes1 x is a g5u9e wor%ip ( ,*ri/4 ,p]haps1 too1 "s :o pr(ess m]e ,!ism feel1 9 _! he>ts1 t ?\gh !y dislike to say !y wor%ip ,*ri/1 !y love ,*ri/ m ?an !y love _! conception ( 8,god )\t ,*ri/20 if s1 may we n say t1 s f> z t elem5t ( love goes1 !y wor%ip ,*ri/8 ,?\s&s ( ?\s&s ( p1 be=e ,*ri/ 0 born1 wor%ipp$ ,goodness & a good ,god 9 _! lives & he>ts1 ?\gh !y 71 9 "n1 wor%ipp]s ( ,apollo or ,molo*4 ,?\s&s ( p 9 ! same unconsci\s way h be51 & /ill are1 wor%ipp+ ! ,inc>nate ,*ri/4 ,!y may n ackn[l$ge ?is1 !y may n ev5 "k x3 b _! he>ts h gone out to ,him 9 love & tru/ & awe1 m ?an to any o!r p]son or ?+ 9 heav5 or e>?4#h ,se>* y\r own s\l & ackn[l$ge h[ little y "k ( ,god2 ,i d n mean h[ little y pr(ess to "k1 b h[ little y really "k2 h[ v mu* ( :at y ?9k y "k1 is b second-h& k1 scraps ( say+s repeat$ on au?ority1 b n repres5t+ any he>tfelt fai?4 ,!n--aft] d$uct+ all ! v]biage t y once e/eem$ a "p ( y\r own belief--take ! poor residuum ( y\r conception ( ! ,godhead1 & put x by ! side ( y\r conception ( ! ,^w ( ,god inc>nate 9 ,*ri/1 mak+ "s fa9t attempt at ! same "t to realize ! /up5d\s life & "* ( ,jesus4 ,!n ask y\rself 9 :at respects ! =m] conception diff]s f ! latt] = ! bett]4 ,la/ly ask y\rself :at y mean by wor%ip--n lip-wor%ip1 or knee-wor%ip1 b ! wor%ip ( ! he>t2 & :e!r y\r he>t does n g out 9 he>t-wor%ip z mu* t[>ds ! latt] z to ! =m] ( ^! two conceptions4 ,if y w d ?is fairly & hone/ly1 my only fe> w\ld be t y might f9d t y\r conception ( ,god ,himself 0 too weak to reta9 its grasp on y2 b if ,god /ill held ,8 place 9 y\r he>t1 !n ,i %\ld feel confid5t t ,*ri/ w\ld sit en?ron$ by ,8 side1 z be+ ! ,son )\t :om ! ,fa!r c\ld n be kn[n1 wor%ipp$ 9 virtue ( a claim :i* no m]e p]=mance ( miracles c\ld e/abli%1 & :i* no m]e non-p]=mance ( miracles c\ld invalidate4 ,! sum is ?is4 ,9 ,nature !re is evil z well z good4 ,i _c !re=e wor%ip ! ,au?or ( all ,nature1 b mu/ wor%ip ! ,au?or ( ,nature-m9us ! evil4 ,:]e is ,he to be f\nd8 ,he is reveal$ 9 :at we recognize to be good1 true1 & beautiful4 ,n[ no "o man c include 9 8 life all t we mean by sci5tific tru?1 & arti/ic beauty1 z well z moral goodness4 ,b1 tru? be+ a h>mony1 !re is no deep] & nobl] tru? ?an ! h>mony ( a human w ) ! w ( ! ,supreme2 &1 b5ea? p]i%able arti/ic beauty1 !re is an et]nal beauty to be disc]n$ 9 righte\sness4 ,x ought n !re=e to surprise u t ! ,et]nal ,^w1 aft] endeav\r+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s to lead creation up f ! wor%ip ( ,p[] to ! wor%ip ( ,goodness1 %\ld at la/ take ^u ,himself ! =m ( a creature1 conspicu\sly p[]less f ! _w's po9t ( view1 ignorant ( sci5ce1 & de/itute ( outw>d beauty1 b ( a goodness s div9ely beautiful & s true to ! ,und]ly+ ,laws ( spiritual ,nature1 t :5 ,he held out ,8 arms & call$ ^u w&]+ mank9d to come to ,him1 ! enlight5$ consci5ce ( humanity s\ght refuge 9 ,8 embrace4 ,footnote #h3 ,x is a /range b common mi/ake to expect a pur] morality f a conv5tional ,*ri/ian ?an f a hea!n or an a!i/4 ,"o ought to expect less1 mu* less4 ,! man :o c be famili> ) ! "*1 & ackn[l$ge ! claims1 ( ,*ri/1 )\t really lov+ ,him or s]v+ ,him1 & :o c believe all t ! ,*ur* tea*es ab\t ,him1 )\t at all believ+ 9 ,him1 mu/ surely be f> bel[ ! a!i/ :o n[ & !n does a good turn = humanity1 out ( m]e pity & )\t ! lea/ hope ( any ultimate triumph ( goodness4 ,= my "p1 ,i am q surpris$ at ! app>5t goodness ( conv5tional ,*ri/ians3 b ,i ?9k !y are n s good z _! actions w\ld imply4 ,!y are =c$1 by tradition & ! example ( a few1 to keep up an artificial /&>d ( morality 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,,xii ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y\r lett] ( ye/]day raises two objections1 :i* ,i w d my be/ to meet4 ,fir/1 if ,i reg>d ,*ri/ z ,god1 ,i ought n1 y ?9k1 to /umble at ! miracles1 b to welcome1 & ev5 to require1 !m2 & secondly1 y are n satisfi$ ) my def9ition ( wor%ip4 ,let me deal fir/ ) y\r fir/ objection1 re/at+ x 9 y\r own words4 8,i admit10 y say1 8t ,jesus1 ev5 )\t miracles1 w\ld be wor?y ( wor%ip 9 y\r s5se ( ! ^w2 b t is n ! same ?+ z reg>d+ ,him z ! ,et]nal ,son ( ,god1 ! ,creative ,^w4 ,i agree ) ,plato t !re is no?+ m l ,god ?an ! man :o is z j z man may be2 b y dem& m ( me ?an ?is2 y wi% me to reg>d ,him n z be+ m]ely #8l ,god' b z #8be+ ,god1' #8v ,god ( v ,god4' ,surely y mu/ !re=e admit t ,jesus 0 exceptional1 & n #89 ! c\rse ( nature2' & ! introduction into ! visible _w ( su* an exceptional & sup]natural ,be+ surely makes x antec$5tly probable1 if n necess>y1 t ,he w\ld br+ ) ,him "s q exceptional ph5om5a 9 ! way ( evid5ce4 ,! ,miracul\s ,conception & ,resurrection ( ,*ri/'s ,body 7if only !y 7 true7 w\ld supply j ! requisite evid5ce t ,jesus 0 ! ,creative ,^w1 ,"l ov] ! issues ( life & dea?4 ,if ! creative ,p[] ( ,god1 no less ?an ! ,righte\sness & ! ,love ( ,god1 0 inc>nate 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus1 x w\ld h be5 no less manife/ 9 ,8 life & works4 ,b y desire to r$uce ,him to a be+ 9 no way di/+ui%able f o!r m5 except by sup]ior moral excell5ce4 ,!re is1 x seems to me1 no logical connection betwe5 moral excell5ce & creative p[]4 ,! two attributes1 be+ g5]ically diff]5t1 dem& diff]5t k9ds ( evid5ce to sub/antiate !m4 8,aga910 y cont9ue1 8ev5 if ,i put aside y\r cont5tion t ,jesus is ! ,^w ( ,god1 !re rema9s y\r ass]tion t ,he is s9less4 ,n[ a s9less ,jesus is1 9 ,himself1 a miracle2 & if y call on me to believe t ,jesus 0 )\t s91 y ought to see no antec$5t improbability1 nay1 y ought to see an antec$5t probability1 t ,he w\ld "w miracles40 ,well1 ,i feel t we are walk+ 9 a slipp]y region--?is l& ( antec$5t metaphysical probabilities2 b ,i w try to foll[ y4 ,let me take y\r second objection fir/4 ,does x !n really seem to y no less antec$5tly probable t ! ,^w ( ,god1 made man1 %\ld h ! p[] 7say7 ( walk+ on wat]1 ?an t ,he %\ld be s9less8 ,surely we see 9 ! be/ m5 approximations to s9lessness1 b no approximations at all to :at spirituali/s 7,i believe7 call 8levitation06 ,9 proportion z m5 approximate to our conception ( ,god1 9 t proportion !y are free f s91 b !y d n 8levitate20 h5ce1 :ile we are l$ to believe t ! ,man :o completely repres5ts ,god 7! ,^w ( ,god ,inc>nate7 w be absolutely s9less1 we are l$ to no su* conclusion z to 8levitation40 ,or w y ma9ta9 t ! be/ m5 %ew any g]m ( any ! lea/ p[] to susp5d any ! lea/ law ( nature8 ,!re is no ve/ige ( any su* t5d5cy ar\nd u2 & y\r only support = su* a belief w\ld be f\nd 9 ! miracles ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* y y\rself d5y1 & z to :i* ,i %all h some?+ to say 9 a future lett]4 ,i admit h[ev] t !re is "o seem+ argum5t d]iv$ f ! 8mighty works0 ( heal+ und\bt$ly work$ by ! disciples ( ,jesus z well z by ,jesus ,himself4 ,)\t anticipat+ a subject t mu/ be def]r$ to a future lett]1 ,i w m]ely ask y at ?is /age to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? 8mighty works0 on ! "o h& :i* 7 m>vell\s b n miracul\s1 & ! 8miracles0 on ! o!r h& :i*1 if true1 involv$ susp5sions ( ! laws ( nature4 ,t ,jesus may h heal$ c]ta9 diseases ?r\gh fai?1 w\ld be ackn[l$g$ by ! mo/ sceptical physiologi/s z q possible 9 accordance ) ! laws ( nature2 & ?is p[] w\ld be consi/5t ) su* a fai?-inspir+ p]sonality z we attribute to our ,"l4 ,ev5 f ord9>y m5 & wom5 !re 8goes out virtue10 we sc>cely "k h[1 to ! sick & suff]+ :o are imbu$ ) _! hopefulness1 _! *e]fulness1 _! fai?2 mu* m might we suppose t f ! ,ideal ( ,humanity 8virtue0 w\ld probably g =? 9 unique measure & produce unique results1 ?\gh always 9 accordance ) ^? laws ( mat]ial nature to :i* ,he _h submitt$ ,himself4 ,b ?is is no argum5t = real 8miracles02 &--ev5 :ile argu+--,i prote/ aga9/ ?is me?od ( argu+ ab\t facts1 f metaphysical 8antec$5t probability40 ,i d n object to ! argum5t f 8antec$5t probability0 :]e y c appeal to exp]i5ce & argue f :at happ5$ 9 ! pa/ to :at is likely to happ5 9 ! future4 ,b :]e y c h no su* evid5ce 7because ! ,son ( ,god 0 n twice inc>nate72 :]e ! "q is1 8,did ,jesus d ?is or did ,he n80 & :]e we h hi/ory & evid5ce to guide u1 z to :at ,he did & said2 x seems to me we ought to be guid$ by evid5ce & n by 8antec$5t probabilities10 especially :5 ^! 8probabilities0 are d]iv$ f no?+ b metaphysical consid]ations4 ,b y tell me t y see 8no logical connection betwe5 moral excell5ce & creative p[]20 & ano!r passage 9 y\r lett] says t 8we h no reason = ?9k+ t ! be/ m5 %ew any t5d5cy to approximate1 9 creative p[]1 to ! co-et]nal ,^w40 ,:at d y !nce inf]8 ,app>5tly ?is1 t1 z ,*ri/ reveal$ ,god's righte\sness & love by ,8 own righte\sness & love1 s ,he mu/ h reveal$ ,god's creative p[] by ,8 own creative acts4 ,i1 too1 believe t4 ,b by :at creative acts8 ,by *ang+ wat] into w9e1 or sev5 loaves into sev5 ?\s& loaves1 or ?ree fi%es into ?ree ?\s& fi%es8 ,?9k ( x s]i\sly4 ,d ^! two or ?ree abrupt & dislocat$ a*ievem5ts appe> to y adequately to repres5t ! quiet1 gradual1 ord]ly1 creative p[] ( ! true ,^w ( ,god1 by :om ! heav5s 7 made8 ,= my "p ,i see a noble mean+ 9 y\r words1 b ! mean+ ,i see 9 !m is n :at y mean4 ,x 0 necess>y--s f> ,i agree ) y--t ! ,inc>nate ,^w %\ld manife/ ,god's creative ,p[] z well z ,8 ,love & ,righte\sness4 ,b h[8 ,c y n answ] = y\rself )\t my prompt+8 ,does n y\r own consci5ce sugge/ to y :at is ! highe/ ef=t ( creative p[]8 ,are we n taught--& d n our he>ts respond to ! tea*+--t ,god is a ,_s8 ,&1 if ,god is a ,_s1 mu/ n ! highe/ k9d ( creation be1 n mat]ial1 b spiritual8 ,n[ ,i ma9ta9 t x is a great]1 m sublime1 & m ,god-l act to create righte\sness 9 accordance ) ,god's spiritual laws ?an to create loaves & fi%es & w9e aga9/ ,god's mat]ial laws4 ,& ,i ma9ta9 also--9 opposition to y\r op9ion--t 8! be/ m50 d manife/ 8a t5d5cy to approximate 9 creative p[] to ! co-et]nal ,^w10 s f> z conc]ns ?is1 ! highe/ k9d ( creation4 ,x is h>d1 v h>d1 = u to realize--9 spite ( ! tea*+ ( ! prophets 9 old times & ( ! great ,engli% poets 9 our own days--t ! creation ( ! heav5 & ! e>? is 8a v little ?+1 a drop ( a bucket10 z comp>$ ) ! creation ( righte\sness4 ,x is a desp]ate /ruggle1 ?is battle ( ! _s aga9/ matt]1 ( ! invisible aga9/ ! visible1 be=e we c believe1 ) all our be+--) our m9ds z well z our he>ts--t ! creation describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 m div9e ?an t describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,b x 0 s4 ,! fir/ creation ( ord]ly matt] 0 b a %ad[y1 unsub/antial metaphor1 pr$ict+ ! second creation ( ord]ly _s4 8,all ?+s 7 made by him1 & )\t him 0 n any?+ made t 0 made30 s writes ! ,evangeli/1 describ+ ! fir/1 & proce$+ to describe ! second1 creation3 & he cont9ues ?us1 8,9 him 0 life1 & ! life 0 ! light ( m540 ,to ! same effect writes ,/4 ,paul3 8,! fir/ ,adam became a liv+ s\l4 ,! la/ ,adam became a life-giv+ _s40 ,is x n possible1 on ! te/imony ( "o's own consci5ce1 & on ! te/imony ( hi/ory pres5t & pa/1 & on ! te/imony ( ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s--ev5 :5 critically review$ & dis5cumb]$ ( ! miracul\s elem5t--to ackn[l$ge t ,jesus has be5 inde$ 8a life-giv+ ,_s0 to mank9d1 & to wor%ip ,him z repres5t+ ! ,creative ,^w :o has mov$ on ! face ( ! mat]ial & ( ! spiritual wat]s1 creat+ ord] alike 9 ! matt] ( ! ,univ]se & 9 ! m9ds & consci5ces ( m58 ,& n[ to deal ) y\r second objection 7direct$ aga9/ my def9ition ( wor%ip7 :i* ,i w repeat 9 y\r own words3--8,y def9e wor%ip z consi/+ ( ! s5tim5ts ( love1 tru/1 & awe4 ,i confess ?is does n express all my notion ( wor%ip4 ,su* s5tim5ts ,i h felt t[>ds my tea*]s1 :e!r dead or liv+1 b ,i d n consid] t ,i wor%ip !m4 ,:5 we apply ! ^w to ,god1 we mean by x a direct act ( communion--or at lea/ a real ef=t aft] communion-- betwe5 two m9ds4 ,:5 ,i pray to ,god1 ,i believe myself to be direct+ my ?\ghts t[>ds a ,be+ ) :om ,i am spiritually 9 direct & imm$iate relation--! ,mak] ( all1 my ,mak] & ,fa!r4 ,b ,i _c p]suade myself t ,i /& 9 a l relation to ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,we d n pray to ,paul or ,plato1 & ,i d n see any su* diff]5ce 9 ! hi/orical manife/ations ( ,jesus z %\ld lead me to believe t ,i1 & millions ( o!r believ]s1 c make my ?\ghts kn[n to him1 & c receive back impressions f him1 :5 we _c d s to o!r m9ds :i* h help$ to *ange ! _w's hi/ory & h be5 reveal]s ( ! ,fa!r40 ,are y n "h confus+ a /ate ( m9d ) an action result+ f t /ate ( m9d8 ,we h be5 speak+1 n ( lip-wor%ip1 b ( he>t-wor%ip1 def9+ x z a /ate ( m9d4 ,n[ is n pray] ! result ( wor%ip1 r ?an id5tical ) wor%ip1 z we h def9$ x above8 ,a *ild feels love1 & tru/1 z well z rev]5ce1 = its p>5ts2 &1 9 consequ5ce he asks !m to grant 8 desires1 or he ?anks !m = k9dnesses2 b yet ! ask+ & ?ank+ are n id5tical ) ! feel+s ( ! *ildr5 t[>ds _! p>5ts1 b spr+ f ^? feel+s4 ,simil>ly we1 feel+ a tru/ & an awe = ! ,mak] & ,fa!r1 f> beyond :at we c feel = ,paul or ,plato1 imp>t to ,him our petitions = our highe/ ne$s1 or (f] ,him our ?anks3 b ?is ask+ & ?is ?ank+ are n id5tical )1 b ! results (1 ! feel+s we ent]ta9 t[>ds ,god4 ,:at y really mean is t y\r love1 tru/1 & awe t[>ds ,god s f> transc5d ^? correspond+ feel+s :5 ent]ta9$ by y = y\r fell[-creatures1 t y ask f ,him ?+s :i* y w\ld nev] dream ( ask+ f !m4 ,moreov] y consid] 7rightly or wrongly7 t a dead or abs5t man _c ent] into communion ) y1 b t ,god is sup]ior to dea? & to ! limitations ( space1 & t ,he alone c always he> & always answ]2 & ?is y appe> to ?9k a non-miracul\s ,*ri/ _c d4 ,well1 "h ,i confess !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 u2 = ,i feel sure t ,*ri/ c d ?is4 ,y say1 ,i d n 8pray to ,paul & ,plato30 ,i d n1 ?\gh ,i sometimes ?9k t x w\ld be bett] to pray to ,paul or ,plato ?an to ! sun or moon4 ,b ,i d n f9d ,paul1 ,i d n f9d ,plato1 claim+ p[] to =give s9s2 or decl>+ t he came to die = mank9d & t 8 blood 0 to be %$ = ! remission ( s9s2 or pr$ict+ t he %\ld be sla9 & t he %\ld rise f ! dead2 or promis+ t :atsoev] 8 disciples ask$ f ! ,fa!r 9 8 "n %\ld be p]=m$2 or promis+ to give 8 disciples1 aft] 8 dea?1 a _s1 ! ,holy ,_s ( ! ,fa!r1 :i* %\ld enable !m to resi/ all adv]s>ies aft] he _h left !m2 or1 9 o!r words1 mak+ a manife/ prep>ation to prep>e 8 disciples = 8 dea? on ! gr\nd t aft] dea? he w\ld /ill be pres5t ) !m & /ill _! guide & help]4 ,n[ ev5 :5 ,i set aside ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & elim9ate all miracul\s n>rative f ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 ,i f9d myself 9 ! pres5ce ( ,"o :o1 ,i am conv9c$1 bo? said ^! ?+s1 & made !m good 9 de$s4 ,i am p5etrat$ ) ! conviction t ,he said !m & _h a "r to say !m2 & t ?is is prov$ by lit]>y & hi/orical evid5ce1 & by ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 & by my own exp]i5ce4 ,! miracles ,i c easily dis5tangle f ! life ( ,*ri/2 b ,8 div9e claims to be our ,help] & ,savi\r aft] dea? & to all et]nity1 ,i _c4 ,accept+ !m1 ,i c nei!r d5y ,him wor%ip nor myself ! "r ( access to ,him 9 pray]4 ,*ri/'s :ole life & doctr9e1 ,8 plan 7s to speak7 = ! e/abli%m5t ( spiritual empire ov] ! he>ts ( m51 appe> to me imbu$ ) div9ity2 b if ,i 7 =c$ to *oose "s "o p>ticul> disc\rse or incid5t 9 ,8 life z a reason = my adoration ( ,him1 ,i %\ld n *oose any ( ,8 mighty works ( heal+1 nor any ( ,8 p>ables or disc\rses1 nor ev5 ,8 dea? ^u ! cross3 ,i %\ld po9t to ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,z ! ye>s pass ov] my head1 ! picture ( t my/]i\s ev5+ becomes m & m p[]ful & vivid ) me & m & m inexplicable unless ,jesus 0 v]ily ! ,life ( ! _w4 ,x is t5 times m vivid & m p[]ful n[ ?an x 0 :5 ,i believ$ 9 a miracul\s ,jesus4 ,:5 ,i kneel d[n at ! alt>-rails !re rises up ?r\gh ! di/ance ( eighte5 c5turies t /range sc5e 9 ! gue/-*amb] at ,j]usalem1 :]e ,jesus portion$ out ,8 fle% & blood1 bequea?+ ,himself to ,8 disciples = ev]4 ,!n foll[s ! ?\ght ( ! c\ntless myriads ( s\ls :o h d]iv$ spiritual /r5g? f ?is rite & h liv$ aga9 9 ,*ri/1 & ,i say to myself1 8,truly ,god 0 9 ! self-doom$ man :o ?us gave u ,8 fle% & blood = mank9d4 ,a m]e man devise s /range a rite6 ,s 7at fir/7 repell5tly /range6 s pr(\ndly simple6 s p]fectly & spiritually successful60 ,i solemnly prote/ to y t ! inexpressible dep? ( ! div9e intuition :i* f\nd utt]ance 9 ! ,"l's ,supp]1 impresses me m & m--f> m ?an all ! miracles put toge!r--z a pro( t we h 9 ,*ri/ a ,be+ 9 initial & fundam5tal h>mony ) ! v s\rce ( our spiritual life2 &1 rationali/ ?\gh ,i am1 ,i f9d myself1 nev]!less1 pray+ naturally & spontane\sly aft] ?is fa%ion3 8,ma/]1 my only true ,"l & ,ma/]1 grant t ,i may fe$ on ?y body & be quick5$ by ?y blood1 & live 9 !e a new & spiritual life6 ,?\ ,"o ,=giv] ( s9s1 ?\ ,be>] ( all ! burd5s ( mank9d1 be> ,?\ ! burd5 t ,i _c be>1 & blot out all my (f5ces2 ,?\ :o sitte/ at ! "r h& ( ! ,maje/y on high1 lift me 9 ?yself ev5 to ! ?rone ( heav51 & pres5t me to ! ,fa!r z ,8 *ild6 ,?\ :o did/ die 9 ! fle% & rise aga9 9 ! _s nev] to die1 rise ?\ 9 my he>t & s\l2 take my :ole be+ into ?yself & cause ,me !re to die unto s9 & to live ) !e unto righte\sness6 ,grant me et]nal life1 ?\ ,"l ( ,life6 ,say )9 my s\l1 #8,let !re be righte\sness1' & !re %all be righte\sness6 ,create me anew1 ,o ,"l1 ?\ ev]-liv+1 co-et]nal ,^w ( ! ,creator40 ,y may object t _m ( ^! pray]s1 ) slightly diff]5t word+1 might equally well be address$ to ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son4 ,!y might1 &1 z a rule1 !y probably w\ld be s address$4 ,b 9 mom5ts ( unusually deep emotion pray]s ( ?is k9d g =? ,i ?9k1 m naturally to ! ,fa!r 9 ! ,son ?an to ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ! ,son2 & surely y\r v objection1 & my answ] to x1 %ew+ t pray]s may be indiff]5tly address$ to ! ,fa!r or to ! ,son1 con/itute a /rong argum5t = ! unity 79 ! he>t ( ! p]son pray+7 ( ,son & ,fa!r4 ,& if ,i c pray l ?is1 d ,i n wor%ip1 mu/ ,i n wor%ip1 ,*ri/ z ! ,creative ,^w1 ! ,et]nal ,son ( ,god8 ,& is !re any?+ to prev5t me f pray+ l ?is 9 ! fact t ,he to :om ,i pray1 :5 ,he receiv$ our humanity1 receiv$ x 9 tru? & hone/y1 ) all its mat]ial limitations8 ,,xiii ,,:at ,,is ,,nature8 ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,desir+ to approa* ! subject ( miracles1 y ask me :e!r ,i d n accept ! foll[+ s5t5ce z a /atem5t ( my views conc]n+ nature3 8,! ,univ]se is p]5nially r5ew$ & creat$ afre% by an active en]gy ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 & :at we call #8laws ( nature' are ! mode 9 :i* our limit$ m9ds are enabl$ to appreh5d ! work+ ( ,creative ,p[]40 ,if ,i accept x1 y decl>e y _c und]/& :y ,i %\ld /umble at miracles4 8,x is a matt] ( e-day exp]i5ce10 y say1 8& natural1 t ! human w %\ld susp5d ! laws ( nature1 z = example by arre/+ ! motion ( gravitation2 & consequ5tly x seems unreasonable = y1 or = o!r believ]s 9 a p]sonal ,god1 to be sc&aliz$ if ,he also n[ & !n p]mits ,himself ! same lib]ty40 ,i accept y\r /atem5t1 s f> z conc]ns ! p]5nial en]gy ( ! ,_s ( ,god ^u ! mat]ial & immat]ial ,univ]se2 b ,i d n q agree ) ! ?\ght1 or p]haps ,i %\ld say ) ! expression1 ( ! la/ "p ( y\r s5t5ce--8! mode 9 :i* our limit$ m9ds are enabl$ to appreh5d ! work+ ( ,creative ,p[]40 ,i %\ld pref] to call ! ,laws ( ,nature 8a revelation ( ,himself by ,god to m51 on ! recognition ( :i* our v exi/5ce dep5ds40 ,! ,laws ( ,nature are inde$ no?+ b ideas ( our own ,imag9ation2 b !y appe> to me1 m or less1 true ideas1 ?r\gh :i* ,god has reveal$ ,himself to u z a ,god ( ,law & ,ord]4 ,i believe 9 ! fixity ( natural ,law z mu* 7,i ?9k7 z ! man ( sci5ce does2 ,i rev]5ce a ,law ( ,nature1 n z a result ( necessity1 b z an expression ( ,god's w4 ,b y\r own rem>ks ab\t ! ord9>y 8susp5sion ( ! law ( nature by ! human w0 appe> to me to imply a little confusion ( ?\ght aris+ f a confus$ use ( ! ^w 8nature0 9 two or m s5ses4 ,on ?is po9t !re=e ,i %\ld l to say a few words4 ,nature i4 ,nature sometimes means ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s ap>t f u & f our int]v5tion2 z :5 we say t 8,nature looks gay0--an expression :i* we might use ( fields & ev5 ( a n too artificial g>d51 b n ( a city or a /reet4 ,9 ?is s5se x may be occasionally appli$ to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s 9 our own bodily frame1 s f> z x goes on )\t our delib]ate int]v5tion2 z :5 a physician tells a fussy pati5t to cease f m$ic9+ himself & to 8let ,nature take its c\rse40 ii4 ,nature sometimes means ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s 9 ourselves1 n 9 our bodies b 9 "s o!r "p ( u1 b /ill ap>t f our delib]ate int]v5tion2 z :5 we say t 8,nature impels u to avoid pa91 to pres]ve our lives1 to *]i% our *ildr51 to love & rev]e our p>5ts1 & to seek ! e/eem & fri5d%ip ( our neighb\rs40 ,b sometimes 9 human be+s "o 8natural0 impulse is oppos$ by ano!r3 z :5 ! desire to pres]ve "o's life is oppos$ by ! desire to ga9 ! e/eem ( "o's neighb\rs4 ,:5 ^! two conflict1 :i* is to be call$ ! m 8natural08 ,! answ] w be diff]5t1 accord+ z we use ! ^w 8natural0 9 ! s5se ( 8ord9>y0 or 8ord]ly40 ,"o class ( natural impulses1 :i* may be call$ selfi% or self-reg>d+1 is p]haps m ord9>ily pr$om9ant2 ano!r class1 ^? :i* reg>d ! good ( o!rs1 contributes m to ! progress & ord] ( society4 ,9 ! individual1 z well z 9 society1 ! =m] or 8ord9>y0 impulses1 if un*eck$1 (t5 t5d to excess ( passion1 & :at we call m5tal 8disord]02 ! latt] 7:i* are seldom 9 excess7 t5d to self-control & a well-ord]$ m9d4 ,9 ! =m] s5se1 x is m 8natural10 because m 8ord9>y10 to laugh :5 we are tickl$1 or to seize food :5 we are hungry1 ?an to die = our c\ntry or to provide food = our *ildr52 b1 9 ! latt] s5se1 ! nobl] actions are m 8natural0 because m 9 accordance ) ord]4 ,:at d we mean by a well-ord]$ m9d8 ,we mean "o 9 :i* ! ,w does n at once yield to ! impulses f ! ?+s :i* seem ne>e/ to ourselves2 9 :i* ! ,imag9ation vividly pres5ts to u ! wants ( our neighb\rs z well z our own2 9 :i* ! ,reason /ates :at c be said = & aga9/ ea* proposal1 & ! ,consci5ce f9ally decides ! c\rse to be tak54 ,"h !n we see an entirely new notion ( ,nature1 at lea/ s f> z man is conc]n$2 a c\rse or ord] ( ?+s no long] ap>t f human int]v5tion1 b entirely dep5d5t ^u ! supremacy ( ! ,w & ,consci5ce aid$ by ,reason & ,imag9ation3 & h5ce we are l$ to a d\ble def9ition ( human ,nature z foll[s3-- iii4 ,human ,nature means1 sometimes ! ord9>y1 sometimes ! ord]ly1 c\rse ( human ?+s4 ,ev5 z to non-human ,nature we sometimes f9d a popul> t5d5cy to call1 or ?9k 8unnatural10 "s ph5om5a :i* /rike u z be+ contr>y to ! g5]al ord] & b5efic5ce ( ?+s3 & h5ce we are less fond ( say+ t ,nature prompts ! cat to torture ! m\se or ! mo? to fly into ! flame1 ?an t %e implants 9 ! animal race ! p>5tal in/9ct to protect ! "y4 ,i confess ,i sympa?ize ) ?is t5d5cy1 & ) all ^? :o 9 _! he>ts look ^u dea? & pa9 z be+ contr>y to ! ideal ord] ( ?+s & ultimately de/9$ to be de/roy$4 ,b = ! pres5t1 ap>t f s5tim5t1 let u simply note ! fact t 9 our popul> language we sometimes say t x is ! nature ( a clock to indicate ! "r "t1 b sometimes t x is its nature to deviate f ! "r "t3 :5ce we d$uce ! conclusion t3-- iv4 ,! ,nature ( a ?+ means sometimes its object1 sometimes its cu/om4 ,laws ( ,nature ,_m ( ^? unbrok5 sequ5ces ( ph5om5a ar\nd u1 :i* h be5 mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$1 h be5 made ! subject ( ! ,imag9ation & h receiv$ an imag9ative "n4 ,:5 we f9d ,nature1 ^u an inv>iable sy/em1 deal+ out rew>ds = "o c\rse ( action & p5alties = ano!r1 !re is sugge/$ to u ! ?\ght ( a great ,lawgiv] lay+ d[n laws & affix+ rew>ds = obey+1 & p5alties = disobey+4 ,h5ce ! sequ5ces ( natural ph5om5a h be5 call$ 8,laws ( ,nature40 ,e action ( e mom5t ( our lives is p]=m$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! in/9ctive & unconsci\s confid5ce t ,nature w n deceive u by break+ h] ,laws3 & h5ce !y might1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 be call$ 8,promises ( ,nature10 or 8,expressions ( ! ,w ( ,nature20 b 8,law ( ,nature0 has be5 select$--n p]haps altoge!r happily--z sugge/+ some?+ m fix$ & def9ite ?an ev5 ! ,promises or ,w ( ! ,mak] ( ! _w4 ,law ( ,nature is a metaphorical "n = a frequ5tly obs]v$ sequ5ce ( ph5om5a 7ap>t f human ,w71 imply+2 to "s m9ds1 regul>ity2 to o!rs1 absolute inv>iability4 ,susp5sion ( ,laws ( ,nature ,does human ,w ev] susp5d a ,law ( ,nature8 ,i am /&+1 we w suppose1 "u a tree 9 autumn4 ,if a leaf flutt]s d[n & re/s ^u my head1 ! ,law ( gravitation is no m susp5d$ by my ,w1 ?an if x re/s ^u "s int]cept+ b\gh4 ,! result ( ! ,law is modifi$2 d[nw>d motion is replac$ by d[nw>d pressure3 b ! ,law itself is n susp5d$4 ,b if1 ^u ! comm& ( a man1 ! leaf 7 arre/$ 9 mid air & rema9$ immovable = an h\r toge!r1 & if ,i 7 l$ to ! conclusion t ?is 0 effect$ by no =ce :i* ,i c\ld conceive z be+ consi/5t ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature & ) ! limitations ( human p[]1 !n ,i %\ld be oblig$ to say t ! ,law ( gravitation1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 did n "w4 ,us+ a metaphor1 ,i might say t ! ,law 0 8susp5d$10 & ! ph5om5on itself ,i %\ld call a miracle4 ,9 reality ! true explanation might be q diff]5t4 ,x is conceivable t an extraord9>y man1 once 9 a ?\s& or once 9 t5 ?\s& ye>s1 might be end[$ ) ! p[] ( arre/+ ! motion ( a /one 9 ! air1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! body & by ! m]e ex]cise ( ,w2 & ?is might be done by him z easily1 z regul>ly1 & 7= him7 z naturally1 z we ord9>y m5 /op a /one 9 ! air by ! ex]cise ( ,w act+ ^u our bodily ma*9]y4 ,9 t case gravitation w\ld /ill act1 press+ ! /one1 s to speak1 ^u an invisible h&3 & ! explanation w\ld be1 n t ! ,law 0 susp5d$1 b t ! results ( ! ,law 7 uniquely modifi$ by ! peculi> action ( a unique human nature1 9 ! same way 9 :i* !y are commonly modifi$ by ! regul> action ( an ord9>y human nature4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is conceivable4 ,yet if we f9d 7#a7 9 pa/ hi/ory1 a g5]al t5d5cy to believe 9 miracles on v slight evid5ce2 7#b7 9 ! pres5t "t1 a g5]al &1 z _m ?9k1 a univ]sal refutation ( ! evid5ce on :i* miracles h be5 accept$2 7#c7 an increas+ p[] ( expla9+ _m s-call$ miracles 9 accordance ) natural ,laws--x becomes our obvi\s duty to reg>d miracul\s n>ratives ) a v /rong suspicion until cog5t evid5ce has be5 produc$ = _! tru?4 ,! ,action ( ! ,w ,hi!rto we h be5 consid]+ ! action ( ! ,w ^u ext]nal ,nature2 b n[ :at z to ! action ( our ,w ^u our own ,nature1 ^u ! ma*9]y ( our own body8 ,is t to be call$ a ,law ( ,nature or a susp5sion ( a ,law ( ,nature8 ,x is to be call$ nei!r4 ,our def9ition ( 8,law ( ,nature0 0 8a metaphorical "n giv5 to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s ap>t f ! int]v5tion ( human w30 consequ5tly ! action ( human w 7ab\t :i* we are n[ speak+7 is expressly exclud$ f ! prov9ce ( ,nature1 9 ?is s5se1 & c nei!r be call$ 8a ,law ( ,nature10 nor a 8susp5sion ( a ,law ( ,nature40 ,! action ( ! ,w falls "u ! head ( 8human ,nature20 &1 discuss+ x "u t head1 we may call x by any metaphor we please1 a cu/om1 habit1 law ( human ,nature4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ! "n giv5 to ! c\rse ( non-human ,nature & ! "n giv5 to ! action ( ! human ,w on ! bodily framework1 is bas$ on our di/9ction betwe5 ! regul> & 7if ,i may use ! ^w7 ! anticipable sequ5ces ( ! =m]1 z contra/$ ) ! irregul> & unanticipable sequ5ces ( ! latt]4 ,:5 ! ,w is undevelop$ or enfeebl$2 :5 ! human be+ is a baby1 or "o ( an excit$ & undiscipl9$ cr[d1 or mad1 or drunk1 or n>coticiz$1 or mesm]iz$1 or r$uc$ to ! be/ial level by "s ov]p[]+ in/9ct2 we c occasionally prophesy 8 actions or movem5ts ) some?+ ( ! c]ta9ty & accuracy ) :i* we pr$ict ! motions ( a ma*9e2 b we _c ?us calculate ! actions ( a mature1 heal?y1 & reasonable man4 ,h5ce x has be5 usual to contra/ ) ! 8,laws ( ,nature0 ! 8fre$om ( ! human ,w40 ,we _c demon/rate ! fre$om ( ! ,w any m ?an ! fixity ( ! ,laws ( ,nature3 ! belief 9 bo? is sugge/$ by ,imag9ation1 te/$ & approv$ by ,exp]i5ce & ,reason1 & f9ally reta9$ by ,fai?4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,i speak ?us1 y w n suppose t ,i assume t my m9d1 or be+1 is divid$ into di/9ct p>ts 7z ! body consi/s ( di/9ct limbs7 call$ ,w1 ,reason1 c43 y w und]/& t ,i m]ely use ! ord9>y brief & conv5i5t phraseology :i* says 8,! ,w does s-&-s10 mean+ 8,i d s-&-s ) a c]ta9 consci\sness :i* appe>s to me to result f a faculty inh]5t 9 me ( *oos+ betwe5 two or m c\rses ( action1 :i* faculty ,i call ,w40 ,) ?is precaution1 ,i ass]t t ! action ( ! ,w is natural z reg>ds human ,nature1 b outside ,nature or 8extra-natural0 z reg>ds non-human ,nature1 & t x does n involve ! susp5sion ( :at are te*nically call$ 8! ,laws ( ,nature40 ,x is ?us %[n t ! human ,w acts directly on ! human body 9 accordance ) ! ,laws ( human ,nature1 & t x does n int]f]e ) ! ext]nal _w except indirectly1 ?r\gh ! body1 9 accordance ) ! ,laws ( ,nature 7z te*nically def9$74 ,!re is no?+ !re=e 9 ! action ( ! human ,w t w\ld ju/ify ! a priori inf]5ce t ! div9e ,w w\ld1 by any direct int]v5tion1 di/urb or susp5d t fix$ ,ord] 9 ! ext]nal _w :i* con/itutes a l>ge "p ( ! revelation ( ,god to mank9d4 ,if inde$ we are to draw any k9d ( p>allel betwe5 div9e & human action1 we %all h to ask ourselves :at is !re app]ta9+ to ! div9e ,_s :i* c 9 any s5se be said to correspond to its 8,body08 ,& ,i suppose we %all reply1 9 ,paul9e language1 t ,mank9d1 :i* is said to h ,*ri/ = its ,head1 might be my/ically & spiritually call$ ! ,body ( ! div9e ,w or ,holy ,_s4 ,if ?is be s1 proce$+ ) our p>allel1 might we n repeat1 ^w = ^w1 ) ! ne$ful proportionate *anges1 ! language ( ! la/ p>agraph3 8,! div9e ,w or ,_s acts directly on ! div9e body 7t is on mank9d7 9 accordance ) ! ,laws ( ,spiritual ,nature1 & x does n int]f]e ) ! ext]nal _w1 except indirectly1 ?r\gh mank9d1 9 accordance ) ! ,laws ( ,nature 7z te*nically def9$708 ,i d n say t ?is analogy is logic-pro(3 = :at c be call$ a 8body10 or :at 8ext]nal10 9 relation to ! all-p]vad+ ,god8 ,nev]!less1 z x falls 9 ) our actual exp]i5ces1 ?is my/ical p>allel seems z well wor? record+ z mo/ a priori notions on ?is subject1 ?\gh we take x z no m ?an an illu/ration ( possibilities4 ,b1 if we are to conf9e ourselves to c]ta9ties1 ! "o ?+ c]ta9 is1 t ,nature1 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 human z well z non-human1 emphatically disc\rages u f expect+ 8miracles40 ,,xiv ,,! ,,miracles ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y\r la/ lett] n[ comes to ! po9t :i* ,i h be5 long anticipat+1 or r x recurs to ! po9t f :i* our correspond5ce />t$--! cr$ibility ( ! miracles attribut$ to ,*ri/4 ,y tell me t dur+ ! long vacation y h be5 rapidly review+ my lett]s & attempt+ to ent] into my views4 ,!re is mu*1 y say1 t is new1 & !re is some?+ t improves on acqua9tance1 9 ?is =m ( 8,*ri/ian ,positivism0 z y call x2 its intellectual security has attractions = y1 & x seems to y to satisfy at once ! aspirations ( ^? :o are drawn to wor%ip humanity1 & ( ^? :o are drawn to wor%ip some?+ above humanity4 ,all ?is looks v well on pap]1 y say2 b :5 y take up ! ,gospels1 x seems to fade away into a m]e /ud5t's dream3 & y /ate ! objection ?us3 8,= our k ( ,*ri/1 we dep5d almo/ entirely ^u ! ,new ,te/am5t2 n[ ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s acc\nts ( miracles2 ^! miracles we are unable to accept z hi/orical2 consequ5tly ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ be reg>d$ z non-hi/orical1 & ! :ole /ory ( ,*ri/ becomes a my?40 ,9 return = ?is argum5t ab\t ! ,new ,te/am5t let me supply y ) a simil>ly sceptical "o ab\t ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ask y :e!r y are prep>$ consi/5tly to adopt x4 8,= our k ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 we dep5d almo/ entirely ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t2 n[ ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s acc\nts ( miracles2 ^! miracles we are unable to accept z hi/orical2 consequ5tly ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ be reg>d$ z non-hi/orical1 & ! /ory ( ! desc5dants ( ,israel becomes a my?40 ,n[ are y really satisfi$ ) ?is argum5t8 ,! s-call$ ,law ( ,moses1 ! w&]+ 9 ! ,wild]ness1 ! conque/ ( ,canaan1 ! lives ( ! wond]-work+ ,gideon & ( ,b>ak1 ! w>s & songs ( ,david1 ! d5unciations1 w>n+s1 consolations1 sorr[s1 visions1 ( ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel & ! o!r prophets1 are !y inde$1 9 y\r judgm5t1 conv]t$ into m]e my?s by ! admixture ( ! miracul\s elem5t8 ,are !y ev5 made s f> my?ical z n to reveal ! /ory ( ! tra9+ ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( nations1 a nation !ologically q s+ul> ^u e>?8 ,i cont5d on ! contr>y1 t ! removal ( ! miracul\s elem5t results 9 a two-fold advantage1 on ! "o h& plac+ ! /ory ( ,israel 9 ! prov9ce ( hi/ory1 & on ! o!r h&1 n br++ x d[n to ! level ( ! common-place1 b elevat+ x to a p9nacle among ! hi/ories ( nations1 & mak+ x 9 a c]ta9 s5se m wond]ful ?an be=e4 ,if ,moses 0 a pl5ipot5ti>y miracle-work] f ,god1 !n !re 0 no?+ unexpect$ or wond]ful 9 ! spiritual results t he a*iev$2 & ! wond] r is t he a*iev$ s little4 ,give me ! ?und]s ( ,s9ai1 ) p[] to burn1 bla/1 & plague my oppon5ts2 add to ^! ! p[] ( produc+ )\t lab\r & )\t delay miracul\s supplies ( manna1 quails1 & wat]1 & ,i myself w\ld und]take to t]rify or allure any nation into obey+ a f> less noble & attractive code ( laws ?an 0 set =? 9 ! "n ( ,moses4 ,b :5 ,i see a lawgiv] ) no su* p[]s1 do+ :at ,moses did1 & %ap+1 or prep>+ ! way = %ap+1 "o ( ! mo/ c>nal & unspiritual ( races into a nation ( ,prie/s & ,prophets = ! civilis$ _w1 !n ,i am ready to fall ^u my face & to take my %oes f (f my feet1 say+ f ! dep? ( my he>t1 8,truly ,god is 9 ?is place40 8,b10 say y1 8! s-call$ ,law ( ,moses is no m due to ,moses ?an trial by jury is due to ,alfr$40 ,t matt]s n4 ,x is n any "o ,israelite2 x is ,israel z a :ole1 ,israel & its lawgiv]s & poets & prophets collectively2 x is ! evolution ( ! spiritual f ! c>nal ,israel t ,i rev]e2 & all ! m1 if t evolution be natural4 ,reg>d$ z miracul\s1 ! hi/ory ( ,israel is some:at ( a failure & a ba?os2 b1 reg>d$ z non-miracul\s1 x becomes a mo/ miracul\s triumph ( div9e int5tion & p]si/5ce1 ev5 ?\gh ! walls ( ,j]i*o succumb$ to ! trumpets ( ,israel only 9 hyp]bole1 & al?\gh ! sun /ood /ill at ! bidd+ ( ,jo%ua only 9 ! impassion$ language ( an ,ori5tal poet4 ,i am q sure y mu/ feel ?is z /rongly z ,i d2 y _c hone/ly & s9c]ely put aside all ! hi/ory ( ,israel z a my? because x conta9s a non-hi/oric elem5t ( miracles1 any m ?an y put aside ! battles ( ,salamis & ,regillus because !y too h receiv$ _! miracul\s adornm5t4 ,b "s are probably p]plex$ & sc&aliz$ at ! task t is app>5tly set be=e !m ( dis5tangl+ ! true f ! false1 ! my? f ! non-my?3 8,h[ /range10 !y say1 8t ! /ory ( ! tra9+ ( ! ,prie/s ( ! _w1 t /ory :i* %\ld h be5 a light to guide our feet1 has be5 suff]$ to %$ d>kness in/ead ( light & falsehood in/ead ( tru?6 ,is x probable1 is x ev5 dec5t & rev]5t1 to suppose t ,god %\ld h all[$ ! ,book ( ,revelation to be s falsifi$ t ! simple & unle>n$ _c dep5d ^u x )\t ! aid ( s*ol>s & speciali/s80 ,my reply is t1 z long z m5 reason 9 ?is way1 assum+ t ,revelation ought to h be5 convey$ by "s p]fect m$ium1 & !re=e t x mu/ h be5 convey$ by "s p]fect m$ium1 s long x w be z impossible to refute !m z x 0 to refute ! ,ari/otelian a/ronom]s :o argu$ t 8,! planets ought to move 9 p]fect curves2 & ! circle is a p]fect curve2 & !re=e ! planets mu/ move 9 circles40 ,we are l *ildr5 cry+ = ! moon if we dem& t ?is _w1 or t any?+ 9 ?is _w1 %all be arrang$ z if ! _w 7 ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,x is n ! be/ possible _w1 & we "k x is n4 ,"s ?+s atte/ ! glory ( ,god m p]fectly ?an o!rs2 b no?+ atte/s x q p]fectly4 ,y might z well hope to remove refraction f ! atmosph]e1 z to remove f ! human m9d ! prejudices :i* compel & always h compell$ mank9d to exagg]ate & misrepres5t div9e tru? by =c+ u to ?9k t ,god mu/ h act$ z we %\ld h act$ _h we be5 9 ,8 place4 ,if y & ,i 7 omnipot5t & _h to re-make ! ,univ]se1 ,i suppose !re is no "q b we %\ld make man p]fectly good 7accord+ to our notions ( goodness7 & t we %\ld =ce him to rema9 good4 ,& if y or ,i 7 omnipot5t & _h to reveal any?+ to m51 we %\ld write x l>ge & cle> 9 ! sky1 or 9 ! he>t1 legible to all )\t ef=t1 s t m5 %\ld be =c$ to und]/& x4 ,b ,god has nei!r done ?is nor any?+ l x4 ,!re=e1 s9ce 9 o!r respects ,he has dep>t$ s v f> f our notions ( ! be/ me?od1 we _c be surpris$ if ,he has n compos$ ! ,old ,te/am5t q 9 ! mann] :i* w\ld comm5d itself to u z ! be/4 ,f our po9t ( view ! ,bible teems ) obvi\s imp]fections4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are none ( ! mod]n arrangem5ts = secur+ accuracy4 ,no special newspap] report]s1 n ev5 contempor>y writ]s ( memoirs or hi/ories1 h h&$ d[n to po/]ity ! exact words & de$s ( ,moses1 ,david1 ,isaiah1 & ! great h]oes & prophets ( ,israel4 ,might we n almo/ say t !re h be5 z x 7 arrangem5ts = secur+ inaccuracy8 ,! au?ors wrote1 9 _m cases1 long aft] ! ev5ts !y record$1 "u conditions :i* r5d]$ accuracy ( detail q impossible4 ,!y h (t5 be5 l5g?y :]e we c\ld h desir$ brevity 7z = example 9 ! enum]ations ( p$igrees & 9 ! details ( ! furniture & ritual ( ! ,temple or ! ,tab]nacle7 & v brief :]e we %\ld h priz$ amplitude4 ,writ+ z ,ori5tals = ! mo/ "p write hi/ory1 )\t /ati/ical exactness1 !y h sometimes made mi/akes 7sometimes self-contradictory mi/akes7 9 numb]s & names1 :i* x is n[ impossible to rectify4 ,nay1 we c h>dly acquit !m sometimes ( moral error2 !y h at all ev5ts sometimes appe>$ to praise1 or at lea/ n to blame1 sometimes ev5 to impute to ,god1 acts t w\ld seem to u--ev5 :5 all due all[ance is made = diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n /&>ds ( morality--des]v+ ( express & sev]e c5sure4 ,b _! special error :i* we are n[ consid]+ rema9s yet unm5tion$4 ,y "k t nations1 l individuals1 9 _! infancy h v vague notions ( ! uni=mity ( ,nature1 & v /rong notions ( ! p]sonality ( ,nature or ( "s ,be+s beh9d ,nature4 ,ev5 9 mod]n times ,ori5tals w\ld say t ,god or ,allah did ?is or t1 :]e we say t ?is or t 8happ5$20 & ,i rememb] he>+ n _m ye>s ago t "s ,jews ( ,pale/9e1 suff]+ f ! consequ5ces ( ext5sive conflagration1 wrote to ,engl& = relief 9 a lett] :i* decl>$--9 p]fect good fai?1 & )\t any int5tion to imply a miracle--t ,god _h 8s5t d[n fire f heav5 ^u _! t[n40 ,an ,ea/]n travell] ( mod]n times tells an amus+ /ory to ! same effect h[ a camel-driv]1 :5 que/ion$ z to ! cause ( 8 rheumatism1 c\ld n be induc$ = a long "t to make any o!r answ] except t 8,allah _h caus$ x20 & ev5 :5 ! travell] _h elicit$ ! imm$iate cause1 ! man w\ld /ill p]si/ t 8,allah _h s5t ! rheumatism1 ?\gh x _h foll[$ ^u dr9k+ a great quantity ( camels' milk :5 he 0 9 a viol5t heat40 ,y %\ld !re=e accu/om y\rself1 if y want to und]/& ! ,bible1 to look at ,we/]n n>rative f an ,ori5tal po9t ( view4 ,take = example ! int]e/+ acc\nt giv5 by ! ,african travell] ,mungo ,p>k ( ! mann] 9 :i* a trifl+ incid5t sav$ 8 life 9 ! des]t4 ,alone & desp]ate1 fa9t & fami%$1 he _h ?r[n himself d[n to die1 :5 he sudd5ly caught sight ( a small b exquisitely %ap$ plant ( great r>ity & int]e/3 8,& c ,god h tak5 s mu* ?\ght & c>e = ! creation ( ?is little plant10 he cri$1 8& h no ?\ght or c>e = me80 ,9 ! /r5g? ( ?is sugge/ion he />t$ up1 press$ on 8 way1 & rea*$ safety4 ,n[ comp>e ?is /rik+ little /ory ) ! simil> incid5t ( ! g\rd1 record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,jonah1 & imag9e h[ a prophet ( ,israel c\ld h describ$ ! message ( salvation4 ,he w\ld h told u 7z ! prophet ,jonah tells u7 h[ ! ,"l ,god 9 ! same day caus$ a plant to gr[ up be=e ! face ( ! man1 & h[ ! ,"l ,god said unto ! man 8,ha? ! ,"l ?y ,god tak5 ?\ght = ?is plant1 & %all ,he take no ?\ght = !e8 ,arise1 g on ?y way0--giv+1 z f ,god1 ! actual words ( ! ?\ght :i* ! ,we/]n travell] describes z sugge/+ itself or occurr+ to 8 m9d4 ,y mu/ surely see h[ naturally ?is conv]sion ( ! natural into ! seem+ly miracul\s w\ld h be5 effect$ by a p5man ( ,israel1 )\t ! lea/ int5tion to imply a real susp5sion ( ! laws ( nature4 ,keep+ y\rself /ill 9 ! position ( an ,ori5tal hi/orian1 consid] :at y w\ld be call$ on to describe1 9 sett+ d[n ! /ory ( ,israel4 ,y w\ld f9d1 z y\r mat]ials1 v>i\s traditions1 mo/ly oral1 mo/ly p]haps poetic1 describ+ a great deliv]ance wr\ght 9 e p>ticul> by ! h& ( ,jehovah ,himself3 y w\ld f9d ! nation ar\nd y1 & y\rself among ! re/1 believ+ t ,jehovah ,himself _h dr[n$ ! ,egyptians 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 t ,8 t]rible voice _h giv5 ! ,law f ,s9ai1 t ,he _h be5 to w&]+ ,israel a cl\d 9 ! noontide to protect !m f ! sun1 & a light 9 ! d>kness to give !m guidance1 t ,he _h suppli$ !m ) food f ,heav5 & spread a table = !m 9 ! wild]ness1 t ,he _h ,himself giv5 !m wat] f ,himself 7! ,rock ( ,israel67 to qu5* _! ?ir/4 ,if ! ,jordan's =ds1 unusually %all[1 _h all[$ ! :ole nation to pass across1 z ^u dry l&1 y w\ld be taught z a *ild to he> & s+1 9 hymns t reit]at$ ! national deliv]ance1 t ! ,"l ,himself _h done ?is3 8,! wat]s saw !e1 ,o ,"l1 ! wat]s saw !e1 & 7 afraid40 ,if1 9 ! g5]al t]ror ( ! ,canaanites1 a /rong city suff]$ itself to be tak5 on ! m]e onset & w> cry ( ! invad]s z easily z ?\gh x _h be5 an unwall$ hamlet1 ! traditions w\ld tell h[ ! walls fell flat at ! s\nd ( ! trumpets ( ,jo%ua2 if "s sudd5 /orm1 accompani$ ) hail & imm$iately foll[$ by an inundation ( swoll5 /reams1 ?rew ! *>iots & horses ( ! enemy into confusion & ensur$ _! spe$y r\t2 or if1 on ano!r occasion1 ! sudd5 gloom ( a /orm _h be5 succe$$ by a long ev5+ ( peculi> brightness & cle>ness facilitat+ ! pursuit & de/ruction ( ! foe1 !n y w\ld he> t ! 8/>s 9 _! c\rses0 f\ght aga9/ ,sis]a1 or t 9 ! day ( ,be?-horon ! ,"l ,himself s5t d[n hail/ones ^u ! enemy & /opp$ ! sun at ! pray] ( ,jo%ua3-- 8,! sun & moon /ood /ill 9 _! habitation2 ,at ! light ( ?9e arr[s z !y w5t1 ,at ! %9+ ( ?y glitt]+ spe>40#i ,all ^! mat]ials1 express$ 9 t]se poetic phrase1 y1 z a hi/orian1 w\ld h to amplify into prose4 ,is x n easy to see h[1 9 ! process1 )\t any fraud or consci\s exagg]ation on y\r "p1 y w\ld transmute ! natural into ! miracul\s8 ,to g ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! miracles 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & to attempt to %ew h[ 9 almo/ e case ! miracul\s "p ( ! /ory may h crept 9 )\t int5tion to deceive1 w\ld be a task f> above my p[]s2 & x w\ld require a book n a lett]4 ,if y 7 to /udy ) c>e ! articles 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica on ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t !y w\ld give y a good deal ( light on ?is subject4 ,b ! problem is complicat$ by ! fact t ! causes t orig9at$ ! miracul\s elem5t are n always ! same4 ,= example ! sev5 miracles ( ,elijah & ! f\rte5 miracles ( ,eli%a 7! latt] numb] be+ exactly ! d\ble ( ! =m] 9 ord] to fulfil ! pray] ( ,eli%a = a 8tw(old0 portion ( ! _s ( 8 ma/]7 _c be expla9$ 9 ! same way z ! miracles ( ! ,w&]+s or z ^? 9 ! life ( ,samson4 ,! em95t ,hebrai/ to :om we are indebt$ = ! ,articles above-m5tion$ w\ld conf] on all /ud5ts ( ! ,bible a v great b5efit1 if he w\ld give u a sep>ate treatise on ! ,old ,te/am5t miracles4 ,meantime ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) %ew+ h[ "s miracles1 ( :at ,i may call a 8grotesque0 k9d1 may be expla9$ z ! m]e result ( misund]/ood names4 ,y mu/ be famili> ) ?is k9d ( explanation1 ,i ?9k1 9 anci5t hi/ory1 & ev5 9 mod]n ,engli% hi/ory1 al?\gh y h nev] ?\ght ( apply+ x to ! ,bible4 ,p]haps y h read 9 ,mr4 ,isaac ,taylor's ,words & ,places h[ ! sexton 9 ,leighton ,buzz>d us$ to %[ ! eagle ( ! lect]n z ! id5tical buzz>d f :i* ! place d]iv$ its "n--little guess+ t 8,buzz>d0 is a m]e corruption ( 8,beauds]t20 & ! port] at ,w>wick ,ca/le1 :5 he %[s y ! bones ( ! 8dun c[0 sla9 by ,guy ( ,w>wick1 h&s d[n a simil> errone\s tradition probably d]iv$ f a misund]/&+ ( 8dun40#aj ,a f> m fam\s in/ance connects itself ) ! ,phnician "n ( 8,bosra10 belong+ to ! citadel ( ,c>?age4 ,?is "n meant1 9 ! ,phnician language1 8citadel20 b ! ,greeks confus$ x ) ! ,greek ^w 8,bursa10 a 8hide20 & !n !y proce$$ to inv5t a /ory to expla9 ! "n4 ,que5 ,dido1 !y said1 _h b\ght = a small price z mu* gr\nd z %e c\ld encompass ) a hide2 %e _h cut ! hide into ?9 ?ongs & !reby pur*as$ ! site ( a city = a trifle3 h5ce ! city receiv$ ! "n ( 8,hide40 ,?us subtiliz$ ! ,greeks2 b x may int]e/ y to "k t our own ance/ors consci\sly or unconsci\sly foll[$ 9 _! foot/eps4 ,!re is ne> ,sitt+b\rne a ca/le call$ ,tong or ,?ong ,ca/le1 situat$ on a 8tongue0 ( l& 7,norse1 tunga7 :i* has giv5 x its "n4 ,b tradition has inv5t$ or imitat$ ! old ,greek /ory1 & has decl>$ t ! ca/le 0 s-call$ because ! site 0 b\ght l ,dido's1 a trifl+ price be+ giv5 = s mu* l& z c\ld be includ$ 9 ! 8?ong0 made f a bull's hide4 ,b n[ to come to ! p>ticul> in/ance :i* is ! only "o ,i %all give f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,y mu/ recollect1 & ,i ?9k y ought to h be5 p]plex$ by1 ! a/\nd+ incid5t 9 ! life ( ,samson1 connect$ ) ! 8ass's jawbone40 ,! h]o is said fir/ to h sla9 "s hundr$s ( m5 ) ! jawbone ( an ass1 & !n to h ?r[n away ! jawbone 9 ! angui% ( a p>*+ ?ir/4 ,^u ?is1 ! ,"l is said1 79 ! ,old ,v]sion ( ! ,bible7 to h op5$ a f\nta9 ( wat] 9 ! holl[ ( ! jawbone 9 answ] to 8 cry3 & ! f\nta9 0 h5ce=? nam$ ,en-hakkore1 i4e4 ! 8f\nta9 ( him t calle?10 because ,samson 8call$ ^u ! ,"l40 ,moreov]1 :5 he ca/ away ! jawbone1 he is said to h call$ ! place ,rama?-lehi2 :i* ! m>g9 7n ( ! ,new ,v]sion b ( ! ,old7 int]prets1 8! lift+ up ( ! jawbone0 or 8! ca/+ away ( ! jawbone40 ,)\t paus+ to dwell on ! extreme improbability ( ! details ( ! /ory1 ,i w m]ely /ate ! probable explanation4 ,x is probable t ! valley conta9+ ! 8holl[0 9 :i* ! f\nta9 lay1 0 call$1 f ! configuration ( ! place1 8! ,ass's ,jawbone10 be=e ! occurr5ce ( any exploit ( ,samson 9 x4 ,inde$ we f9d x actually call$ 8,lehi10 or 8,jawbone10 9 ! n>rative n[ "u discussion1 j be=e ! suppos$ incid5t ( ! jawbone took place3 8,! ,phili/9es w5t up1 & pit*$ 9 ,judah1 & spread !mselves 9 ,lehi 7,jawbone710 ,judges xv4 #i4 ,?is latt] fact inde$ is n conclusive 7z ! n>rator1 liv+ long aft] ! ev5t1 might possibly use ! "n ( ! place h&$ d[n to him1 ev5 9 writ+ ( a "t :5 he believ$ ! "n to h be5 n yet giv573 b ! probability ( a natural explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! "n receives /rong confirmation f a passage 9 ,/rabo 7#cjc7 :o actually m5tions "s o!r place 7,i ?9k 9 ,peloponnesus7 call$ ! 8,ass's ,jawbone40 ,i ne$ n say t ,/rabo n>rates no su* ,samsonian incid5t to expla9 ! "n1 & t x 0 probably d]iv$ 7l ,dogs ,head1 ,hog's ,back & _m o!r su* names7 f "s simil>ity betwe5 ! %ape ( an ass's jawbone & ! %ape ( ! valley4 ,moreov]1 ! ^w translat$ 8holl[10 ?\gh x might repres5t ! cavity 9 an ass's jawbone1 might also repres5t ! holl[ 9 a valley1 z 9 ,zephaniah 7i4 #aa7 8,h[l1 ye inhabitants ( ! holl[40 ,aga91 ! "n ,rama?-lehi _c mean 8ca/+ away ( ! jawbone20 x means 8lift+ up10 or 8hill10 ( ,lehi3 & accord+ly ! ,revis$ ,v]sion translates1 8t place 0 call$ ,rama?-lehi20 & ! m>g9 int]prets ! "n ?us1 8,! hill ( ! jawbone04 ,i %\ld add also t ! ,revis]s--in/ead ( ! ,old ,v]sion1 8clave an holl[ place t 0 9 ! jaw0--give u n[1 8clave ! holl[ place t is 9 ,lehi40 ,y mu/ see n[ surely h[ on e side ! old miracul\s int]pretation breaks d[n & makes way = a natural & non-miracul\s explanation ( ! leg5d4 ,b we h /ill to expla9 ! "n ( ! f\nta91 said to h be5 giv5 f ! 8call+0 ( ,samson4 ,?is is easily done4 ,x appe>s t ! phrase 8him t calle?10 or 8! ,call]10 is a ,hebrew "n = ! ,p>tridge1 s nam$ f its 8call10 or cry4 ,! 8,f\nta9 ( ! ,call]10 !re=e1 9 ! 8holl[ place0 ( ! 8,ass's ,jawbone10 0 simply1 z we might say1 ,p>tridge ,well 9 ,jawbone ,valley1 :i* lay bel[ ,jawbone ,hill4 ,b n[1 _m ye>s aft] ! *ampion ( ,israel _h pass$ away1 comes ! leg5d>y poet or hi/orian1 :o has to tell ( "s great exploit ( deliv]ance wr\ght by ! h]o ,samson 9 ?is ,valley ( ! ,jawbone ( ! ,ass by ! side ( ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,call]4 ,/raight-way1 e local "n mu/ be connect$ ) ! incid5t t fills 8 m9d & ! m9ds ( all 8 c\ntrym5 :o live 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,& s 8,jawbone ,valley0 became s call$ because x 0 !re t ,samson smote ! ,phili/9es ) 8! jawbone ( an ass20 & 8,jawbone heights0 are s-call$ because on ?is spot ,samson 8lift$ up0 ! jawbone aga9/ 8 foes1 or 8?rew x away0 aft] he _h de/roy$ !m2 & 8! ,well ( ! ,call]0 d]ives n only its "n b ev5 its miracul\s exi/5ce f 8! call+ ( ,samson ^u ,jehovah40 ,i ?9k y w n[ p]ceive ! k9d ( reason+ :i* has compell$ me to give up ! miracles ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is n 9 any way because ,i h an a priori prejudice aga9/ miracles3 on ! contr>y1 ,i />t$ ) an a priori prejudice = miracles 9 ! ,bible1 ?\gh aga9/ miracles 9 g5]al4 ,x is n simply because !re is n suffici5t evid5ce = !m2 x is 9 great measure because !re is evid5ce aga9/ !m4 ,=1 :5 y c %ew h[ a suppos$ miracle may naturally h occurr$1 & h[ ! miracul\s acc\nt may naturally & easily h sprung up1 ,i ?9k t am\nts to evid5ce aga9/ ! miracle4 ,& ( c\rse :5 y f9d y\rself compell$ to expla9 9 ?is way a l>ge numb] ( miracles 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x becomes f> m probable ?an be=e t ! re/ are susceptible ( "s natural explanation4 ,i d n pret5d to h inve/igat$ 9 detail e miracul\s n>rative 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,i am ready to admit t at ! bottom ( ! miracul\s1 !re may h be5 9 _m cases some?+ v wond]ful4 ,be+ = example p]sonally v mu* incl9$ to ! my/]i\s1 ,i w\ld n d5y t 9 ! ,hebrew race1 z 9 "s o!rs1 !re may h be5 "s /range p[]1 natural b at pres5t inexplicable1 ( 8second sight20 b1 on ! :ole1 look+ at ! evid5ce = & aga9/ ! miracles ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,i h n[ no hesitation 9 reject+ !m z miracles1 h[ev] mu* ,i may admire ! _s t sugge/$ ! n>ratives1 z exhibit+ a pr(\nd & spiritual s5se ( ! sympa?y ( ,god ) m54 ,b we may p]haps be call$ ^u to believe 9 ! miracles ( ! ,old ,te/am5t on ! au?ority1 s to speak1 ( ! miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,su* at lea/ ,i take to be ! mean+ ( ! foll[+ extract f an au?or :o has done s mu* good educational z well z episcopal "w1 & has manife/$ su* an op5ness to new tru?1 t ,i diff] f him ) diffid5ce :]e ,i may possibly h misund]/ood 8 mean+1 & ) regret :]e ,i am confid5t t ,i h und]/ood him correctly4 ,! passage is f ,bi%op ,temple's ,bampton ,lectures1#aa & ,i w give x at full l5g?1 p>tly because ,i may h to ref] to x aga91 p>tly because ,i am afraid ( mis9t]pret+ x if ,i sep>ate "o or two s5t5ces f ! context3 8,we h to ask :at evid5ce c be giv5 t any su* miracles z are record$ 9 ! ,bible h ev] be5 work$8 ,x is pla9 at once t ! answ] mu/ be giv5 by ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,no su*#ab evid5ce c n[ be produc$ on behalf ( ! miracles ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! times are remote2 ! date & au?or%ip ( ! ,books n e/abli%$ ) c]ta9ty2 ! mixture ( poetry ) hi/ory1 no long] capable ( any sure sep>ation into its p>ts2 &1 if ! ,new ,te/am5t did n exi/1 x w\ld be impossible to %[ su* a di/9ct prepond]ance ( probability z c\ld ju/ify u 9 call+ _m 8 any to accept ! miracul\s p>ts ( ! n>rative z hi/orically true40 ,if ,i und]/& ?is argum5t1 ,i fe> ,i mu/ diss5t f x4 ,b let u try at lea/ to und]/& x4 ,dr4 ,temple admits 7:at ,i %\ld n be dispos$ to h admitt$ )\t a good deal ( qualification7 t 8! mixture ( poetry ) hi/ory0 7& ! context makes x cle> t he is ref]r+ to ! miracul\s acc\nts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t7 is 8no long] capable ( any sure sep>ation into its p>ts40 ,?is is a v important admission inde$4 ,a pla9 ,engli%man may miss1 at fir/ sight1 ! full importance ( x4 ,he may be dispos$ to say1 8,:at does ?is matt] to me8 ,:at d ,i c>e :e!r a miracle is told 9 poetry or 9 prose1 provid$ only x is true80 ,b by 8poetry0 ,dr4 ,temple does n mean 8v]se20 he means hyp]bole1 poetic figures ( spee* & metaphors2 9 pla9 ,engli%1 he means language t is lit]ally & hi/orically untrue4 ,consequ5tly ! admission am\nts to ?is1 t x is n[ no long] possible 9 ! miracul\s n>ratives ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to sep>ate :at is hi/orically true f :at is hi/orically untrue4 ,if ?is be s1 ,i _c und]/& h[ ! "q is sub/antially affect$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,let u suppose = a mom5t t1 _m c5turies aft] ! times ( ,moses & ,samson1 real miracles 7 wr\ght by ,*ri/ & ! apo/les2 suppose ev51 9 addition1 t ! reality ( ! miracles wr\ght by ,*ri/ & 8 foll[]s c\ld con/itute any evid5ce = ! ,mosaic ,miracles or c\ld refute ! evid5ce aga9/ su* /ories z t ( ! ,ass's jawbone2 yet ev5 !n1 :at is ! use ( kn[+ t !re may be a miracle some:]e conceal$ 9 an ,old ,te/am5t n>rative 9 :i* x is impossible to 8make any sure sep>ation0 ( ! hi/orically true f ! hi/orically untrue8 ,b = my "p ,i am q unable to adopt ei!r ( ^! suppositions4 ,i _c see h[ 8a di/9ct prepond]ance ( probability0 = ! ,samsonian my? or ! /ory ( ! /opp+ ( ! sun c\ld be secur$ by ! fact t miracles 7 really1 long aft]w>ds1 p]=m$ by ,*ri/4 ,all t c\ld fairly be said1 z x seems to me1 w\ld be ?is1 t s9ce miracles 7 actually wr\ght by ! ,r$eem] ( ! race1 :o 0 ,himself a *ild ( ,israel1 x is n s improbable z be=e t miracles might h be5 also wr\ght by o!r previ\s deliv]]s ( ,israel4 ,b ?is c\ld n g f>1 & c]ta9ly _c con/itute 8a di/9ct prepond]ance ( probability10 if we f9d positive evid5ce = a miracle almo/ want+1 & negative evid5ce aga9/ x v /rong4#ac ,s f> z ,dr4 ,temple's argum5t has weight1 s f> x appe>s to me to be capable ( be+ us$ 9 ! opposite direction to t :i* he int5d$4 ,= if !re is any connection betwe5 ! miracles ( ! ,old & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 s t ! probability ( ! latt] may be fairly said--,i w n say to con/itute 8a di/9ct prepond]ance ( probability10 b to contribute slightly to ! probability ( ! =m]1 !n surely we mu/ also admit t ! demon/rat$ improbability ( ! =m] mu/ contribute slightly to ! a priori improbability :i* we ought to atta* to ! latt]4 ,if ! ,bible is to be reg>d$ z a :ole1 & ,bible miracles z a :ole1 !n ! fact t ! ,div9e ,au?or ( ! ,bible all[$ revelation 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,book to be convey$ ?r\gh an imp]fect & non-hi/orical m$ium w con/itute a reasonable probability t ,he may also h convey$ ,8 lat] revelations ?r\gh ! same means4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ackn[l$g$ pres5ce ( ! law ( 8,tru? ?r\gh ,illusion0 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t %\ld prep>e u n to be disappo9t$ if we f9d ! same law traceable 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 & ! collapse ( miracles 9 ! =m] %\ld prep>e u = a collapse ( miracles 9 ! latt]4 ,d n h[ev] suppose = a mom5t t a collapse ( miracles implies a collapse ( ! ,bible1 & d n be di%e>t5$ by su* expressions z t 8! mixture ( poetry ) hi/ory is no long] capable ( any sure sep>ation into its p>ts40 ,if t expression ref]s m]ely to "s ( ! leg5ds ( ! times ( ! ,patri>*s1 or to a few isolat$ passages else:]e1 x may be accept$ )\t fe>2 b x _c apply to ! great bulk ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*os5 ,p4 ,"h y w f9d v little difficulty 9 reject+ ! obvi\sly non-hi/orical & miracul\s elem5t2 & y w lose no?+ by ! rejection4 ,read ?r\gh ,/anley's ,lectures on ! ,jewi% ,*ur* & ask y\rself :e!r y h miss$ any?+ f ! campaigns ( ,jo%ua & ! exploits ( ,gideon & ,samson because ! miracles h vani%$ f 8 pages4 ,:]e miracul\s n>ratives are manife/ly n delib]ate fabrications1 b 7z "h7 late prosaic int]pretations ( e>ly poetic traditions1 !y v (t5 af=d tru/wor?y evid5ce ( anci5t hi/orical ev5ts :i* impr9t$ !mselves ^u ! he>ts ( a simple p4 ,c]ta9ly ,i c say = myself t ,i nev] realiz$ ,israel z a nation & _h n half my pres5t appreciation ( ! wisdom & wond] ( ! deliv]ance & tra9+ ( ,israel by ,jehovah till ,i _h le>n$ to int]pret ! miracles z be+ no?+ m ?an man's inadequate attempt to set =? 9 visible %ape ! unique r$emption ( ! ,*os5 ,p4 ,spiritually z well z intellectually1 my enjoym5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 d\bl$ ev] s9ce ,i h be5 able1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 to sep>ate ! hi/orical elem5t 9 x f ! non-hi/orical1 & to int]pret ! prose z prose & ! poetry z poetry4 ,footnote #i3 ,habakkuk iii4 #aa4 ,footnote #aj3 8,! leg5d ( ! victory ga9$ by ,guy ( ,w>wick ov] ! dun c[ mo/ probably orig9at$ 9 a misund]/ood tradition ( 8 conque/ ( ! ,d5a gau or ,dani% settlem5t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,w>wick40--,taylor's ,words & ,places1 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #aa3 ,page #bjf4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! italics are 9 ! text4 ,9 ! next s5t5ce1 ! italics are m9e4 ,footnote #ac3 ,a m plausible argum5t might be d]iv$ f any expressions ( ,jesus :i* might appe> to imply a belief 9 ! hi/orical nature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t miracles4 ,?is argum5t appeals /rongly to our s5se ( rev]5ce4 ,we d n l to ?9k t ,jesus 0 mi/ak5 ev5 9 a purely intellectual matt]4 ,yet d we really suppose t ,jesus1 9 ,8 humanity1 0 exempt f ! popul> intellectual & sci5tific errors ( contempor>y humanity8 ,= example1 d we really suppose t ,jesus 0 exempt f ! popul> belief t ! sun moves8 ,= ^? :o realize ,8 humanity x is h>d to ?9k t ,he 0 int5d$ to be s f> sep>at$ f ! m5 & wom5 ar\nd ,him2 &1 if ,he 0 n s sep>at$1 ,i f9d little m difficulty 9 suppos+ t ,he w\ld h _h ! same belief z 0 held by all ,8 c\ntrym5 conc]n+ ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,,xv ,,! ,,miracles ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y demur to ! p>allel t ,i draw betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new ,te/am5t2 8,! ,battle ( ,be?-horon c be dis5tangl$ f ! miracle ( ! /opp+ ( ! sun1 j z ! battles ( ,salamis & ,regillus c be dis5tangl$ f ! visions :i* are said to h accompani$ !m3 & s ( o!r ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives4 ,b is x possible10 y ask1 8t ! life ( ,*ri/ c be dis5tangl$ f miracles8 ,d n ,8 own words & doctr9e imply a cont9ual assumption t ,he _h p[] to d #8mighty works' sup]ior to ^? ( ord9>y m580 ,y c\ld n h put y\r "q m happily3 = y unconsci\sly illu/rate ! almo/ univ]sal confusion--common to a great numb] ( !ologians & agno/ics z well z to ! ord9>y ,bible read]--betwe5 8miracles0 & 8mighty works40 ,y are really ask+ n "o b two que/ions4 ,y\r fir/ "q asks ab\t 8miracles20 by :i* y mean "s k9d ( susp5sion ( a law ( nature1 or1 if y pref] x1 "s act n conceiv$ z explicable 9 accordance ) any natural law by ! p]son :o is attempt+ explanation4 ,y\r second "q asks ab\t 8mighty works10 a phrase ( con/ant occurr5ce 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 by :i* phrase we may und]/& works sup]ior to ! works ( ord9>y p]sons1 b n necess>ily susp5sions ( ! laws ( nature4 ,works may be 8mighty0 & yet q explicable 9 accordance ) natural law4 ,y seem to expect a ,no to y\r fir/ "q & a ,yes to y\r second4 ,i answ] ,yes to bo?4 7#a7 ,! life ( ,*ri/ c be dis5tangl$ f 8miracles40 7#b7 ,*ri/ always assum$ t ,he c\ld d 8mighty works10 & f !m ,8 life _c be sep>at$4 ,x is a law ( human nature t ! m9d influ5ces ! body4 ,by act+ on ! imag9ation & ! emotions m5 h 9 all ages consci\sly or unconsci\sly effect$ in/antane\s cures 9 accordance ) natural laws4 ,!re has be5 mu* quack]y & deception mix$ up ) cures ( ?is k9d2 b no physician1 & no man ( any g5]al in=mation1 w\ld d\bt t su* cures h be5 & /ill are p]=m$4 ,! ,jans5i/s1 subject$ to ! te/ ( ho/ile obs]vation1 _h "s und5iable successes ( ?is nature4 ,e "o has he>d ( ! s-call$ 8miracles0 ( ,l\rdes2 & no unprejudic$ p]son w\ld d5y t amid possible exagg]ations & 7,i greatly fe>7 "s frauds1 !y h conta9$ an elem5t ( reality4 8,fai?-heal+0 is go+ on 9 ,engl& dur+ ?is v ye>2 & 9 ! v place :]e ,i am n[ writ+ ,i he>d a capta9 ( ! ,salvation ,army j n[ give out a notice t1 besides a 8free & easy meet+10 & a 8hol9ess meet+10 & sundry o!r meet+s1 !re is to be a meet+ on "o ev5+ ?is week = ! purpose ( 8ca/+ out devils40 ,if ,i g !re1 ,i %all probably see attempts1 ) p>tial success1 to excite a p>alytic to motion1 or to ar\se "s "o f a dull /upor approximat+ to insanity4 ,^! attempts1 ev5 ?\gh imm5sely assi/$ by ! int5se int]e/ & sympa!tic demon/rations ( ! spectators1 w probably produce only a tempor>y effect2 & :5 x passes away ! pati5t w v likely be worse ?an be=e4 ,b ! law ( nature is ! same ) all2 9 mod]n times ) ! ,jans5i/s1 ! miracle-work]s ( ,l\rdes1 ! 8fai?-heal]s10 & ! ,salvation ,army1 & 9 anci5t days ) ! prie/s ( sculapius4 ,cures c be effect$ by a /rong emotional %ock1 sometimes ( a gross k9d su* z m]e t]ror or viol5t excitem5t1 sometimes ( a mu* pur] k9d1 an ec/atic hope & tru/4 ,a m>k$ di/9ction mu/ ( c\rse be made betwe5 ^? cures :i* c1 & ^? :i* _c1 be effect$ by appeal to ! emotions4 ,p>alysis 7call$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 8palsy071 m5tal disease 7(t5 call$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 8possession071 & v>i\s k9ds ( n]v\s disord]1 are all susceptible ( emotional cure3 b ! loss ( a limb _c be s cur$4 ,! cure ( a man sick ( ! palsy by ! emotional me?od w\ld be a miracle = spectators ( ! fir/ c5tury1 b x w\ld n be a miracle = u n[2 t is to say1 x w\ld be explicable by u1 b n by !m1 9 accordance ) kn[n natural laws3 b ! re/oration ( a lo/ limb by fai? w\ld be a miracle = !m & = u alike3 we "k no?+ ( any natural law 9 accordance ) :i* su* an act c\ld be p]=m$ by any degree ( fai?4 ,n[ x w be admitt$ by all t ! great majority ( ,*ri/'s 8mighty works0 7 acts ( heal+1 & t _m ( ^! 7 expressly attribut$ by ,him to fai?4 8,see+ _! fai?0 is ! preface1 9 ea* ( ! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels1 to ! acc\nt ( ! cure ( ! p>alytic man1 & x is a v curi\s preface2 = x seems to %ew t ,jesus recogniz$ a k9d ( sponsorial & contagi\s efficacy ( fai? 9 t in/ance 7z also 9 ! case ( ! fa!r ( ! epileptic boy72 & we "k by mod]n exp]i5ce ( 8fai?-heal+0 h[ great is ! influ5ce ( a sympa!tic & tru/ful audi5ce4 ,else:]e1 8,?y fai? ha? made !e :ole10 8,accord+ to y\r fai? be x unto y10 8,great is ?y fai?1 be x unto !e ev5 z ?\ wilt10 8,?y fai? ha? sav$ !e10 8,if ?\ can/ believe1 all ?+s are possible10 8,believe ye t ,i am able to d ?is80 8,be n afraid1 only believe0--^! & simil> expressions lead u to conclude t _m ( ! 8mighty works0 ( ,jesus 7 conditional on fai?4 ,p]haps x might />tle y if ,i 7 to say t ,jesus 0 n able to p]=m a 8mighty "w0 unless fai? 0 pres5t2 yet if ,i said ?is1 ,i %\ld only be repeat+ :at ,/4 ,m>k 7vi4 #e71 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,evangeli/s1 says on a c]ta9 occasion1 t on acc\nt ( ! g5]al unbelief at ,naz>e? ,jesus 0 n able 7 7 to d !re any mighty "w1 8save t he laid 8 h&s ^u a few sick folk & heal$ !m40 ,?is confession is s frank & almo/ sc&aliz+ 9 its pla9ness t we _c be surpris$ t ! lat] ,evangeli/1 9 8 p>allel n>rative1 s(t5s x d[n by omitt+ ! words 80 n able10 & by ins]t+ 8_m40#ad ,we ne$ by no means inf] f ?is n>rative t ,jesus attempt$ 8mighty works0 & fail$4 ,x may be t ,he did n attempt !m because ,he disc]n$ ! fai?lessness ( ^? ar\nd ,him1 & felt ,8 own consequ5t inability4 ,b1 int]pret x z we may1 ?is passage rema9s a mo/ important confirmation ( ! o!r passages 9 :i* ,jesus ,himself implies ! necessity ( fai?4 ,:]e !re 0 no fai?1 !re ,jesus 80 n able to d any mighty "w20 & ?is limit to ,8 p[] ,jesus ,himself recogniz$4 ,"h !n we f9d at once a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 mo/ ( ! 8mighty works0 ( ,jesus & ! 8miracles0 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! =m] 7 conditional on fai?1 &1 ?is condition sugge/s t _m ( !m may be explicable on natural laws2 ! latt] h no condition atta*$ to !m & !re is no?+ to sugge/ t !y are explicable on any natural law4 ,inde$ ! miracles ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are v (t5 wr\ght1 n z a natural response to belief1 b z a rebuke to unbelief3 ?us ! h& ( ,moses is made lepr\s "o mom5t & pure ! next1 9 ord] to inspire him ) fai?2 ,gideon lays out a fleece on ! grass1 & ! laws ( nature are susp5d$ = ! purpose ( mak+ x wet to-day & dry to-morr[1 simply 9 ord] t 8 unbeliev+ he>t may be enc\rag$ by a sign f ,god2 ! fai?less ,ahaz is enc\rag$ by ,god 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to ask = t v fav\r :i* ,*ri/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t sy/ematically refus$ to ! ,ph>isees--a sign f heav53 & = ! sake ( ,hezekiah 7:o asks 8,:at %all be ! sign t ! ,"l w heal me807 ! dial goes miracul\sly backw>d6 ,c\ld contra/ be m complete8 ,x foll[s t we %all be act+ ha/ily if we place ! 8mighty works0 ( ,jesus on ! same level z ! 8miracles0 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 inasmu* z ! =m] are 79 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m7 8mighty works10 :ile ! latt] 7aga9 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m7 are 8miracles40 ,b 9 addition to ?is reason1 d]ivable f ! nature ( ! works !mselves1 !re is ano!r reason1 d]ivable f ! evid5ce1 = draw+ a di/9ction4 ,besides ! direct te/imony ( ! ,gospels1 we h o!r te/imony1 indirect b ev5 m cog5t1 to prove t ,jesus wr\ght wond]ful cures4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! ,gospels 0 probably n compos$ 9 its pres5t %ape till m ?an a g5]ation _h pass$ away aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/2 &1 dur+ ! lapse ( ?irty ye>s evid5ce--especially if h&$ d[n by oral1 & t too ,ori5tal1 tradition--may und]go _m corruptions4 ,b ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul are e>li]1 "s ( !m mu* e>li]2 & _m ( !m are ( su* an unaffect$1 p]sonal1 in=mal nature t x is absolutely impossible to suppose t !y 7 writt5 to express a conviction t ! writ] did n feel1 or to make ! read]s believe 9 tru?s :i* 7 no tru?s4 ,n[ 9 8 lett]s ,/4 ,paul quietly assumes t _m ( 8 fell[-,*ri/ians1 & he himself 9 p>ticul>1 _h ! p[] ( work+ wond]ful cures )\t ! ord9>y means#ae4 ,he ev5 sets d[n ?is p[] z "o among _m 8gifts0 or 8graces0 v\*saf$ to ! ,*ur*1 & he places x by no means high 9 ! li/4 ,a man mu/ be absolutely de/itute ( all p[] ( lit]>y & hi/orical criticism1 if he c p]suade himself t ^! expressions 9 ,/4 ,paul's lett]s _h no basis ( fact1 & t !y 7 ins]t$1 ?\gh unmean+ bo? to ! writ] & to ! he>]s1 9 ord] to delude po/]ity into a false belief4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,epi/les to indicate ! nature ( ! diseases :i* 7 cur$ by ,/4 ,paul & 8 foll[]s4 ,we may conjecture ) mu* probability t !y 7 n]v\s diseases1 p>alysis1 8possession10 & ! l1 su* z might be act$ on by ! 8emotional %ock0 ( fai?3 & ! conjecture is confirm$ by ! fact t1 9 ! "t ( ,josephus1 heal]s ( demoniacs 7 v common 9 ,pale/9e2 & c]ta9 ,jews ( ,ephesus are record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les to h tri$ an exp]im5t1 aft] ,paul's mann]1 9 attempt+ to cure a case ( "o 8possess$40 ,b be ?is z x may1 ! fact t ,/4 ,paul & ,/ ,paul's contempor>ies unque/ionably cur$ "s k9ds ( diseases 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 & did ?is aft] "s sort ( sy/em1 by ! utt]ance ( ! "n ( ,jesus1 )\t ! ord9>y means1 is a v /rong confirmation ( ! accuracy ( ! ,gospels 9 attribut+ to ,jesus ! p[] ( work+ in/antane\s cures4 ,x w\ld be /range inde$ t ! ,disciples1 & n ! ,ma/]1 %\ld h _h su* p[]s4 ,i h laid /ress ^u ! fact t ,jesus wr\ght 8mighty0 b natural cures1 9 ! fir/ place1 because x ought to increase our appreciation ( ,8 p]sonal influ5ce & p[] ov] ! s\ls ( m51 to "k t ,he n only possess$ ?is p[] 9 an unprec$5t$ degree b also communicat$ x to ,8 disciples2 & secondly1 because ! fact t ,he p]=m$ ^! 8mighty works0 has naturally l$ p1 f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t day1 to inf] t ,he p]=m$ 8miracles40 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t y w f9d t ! great mass ( ,*ri/ians make no di/9ction at all betwe5 heal+ a p>alytic or a demoniac or a dumb man1 & re/or+ a sev]$ e> or bla/+ a fig-tree2 all alike seem to !m 8miracles40 ,if ?is is s ev5 9 ^! days1 9 spite ( physiology1 y _c be surpris$ t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians & _! foll[]s made no su* di/9ction2 !y assum$ t ! man :o c\ld heal a p>alytic by a ^w c\ld heal any o!r disease 9 ! same way1 & d any o!r "w he pleas$ contr>y to ! c\rse ( nature4 ,?is belief w\ld prep>e ! way = attribut+ to ,jesus o!r works ( a v diff]5t k9d1 real 8miracles10 t is1 susp5sions ( ! laws ( nature4 ,consid]+ ! multitude ( su* acts record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z hav+ be5 p]=m$ by ,moses1 ,elijah1 ,eli%a & o!rs1 we may well be surpris$ to f9d h[ v few h be5 attribut$ to ,jesus3 & ,i believe x c be %[n t ea* ( ^! few has orig9at$ f "s misund]/&+1 & )\t any int5tion to deceive4 ,( almo/ all ( ^! real 8miracles10 said to h be5 wr\ght by ,*ri/1 ,i believe we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ ) ,bi%op ,temple t1 if we take ea* by itself1 we _c f9d = x any 8cle>1 & unmi/akeable1 & suffici5t evid5ce40#af ,s f> f be+ an exagg]ation ?is is r an und]/atem5t ( ! case3 !re is n only no 8cle> & unmi/akeable & suffici5t evid5ce0 = !m1 !re is also v /rong indirect evid5ce aga9/ "s ( !m4 ,9 "s future lett] ,i may deal 9 detail ) ^! miracles2 = ! pres5t ,i w select only "o4 ,?is "o %all be ! mo/ /rik+ ( all ! miracles 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a miracle exce$+ 9 wond] ev5 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,x is f\nd only 9 ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel1 & describes an incid5t t foll[$ imm$iately on ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,"h are ! exact words3 8,& ! e>? did quake1 & ! tombs 7 op5$2 & _m bodies ( ! sa9ts t _h fall5 asleep 7 rais$2 & com+ =? out ( ! tombs aft] 8 resurrection !y ent]$ into ! ,holy ,city & appe>$ unto _m40 ,h ,i at all exagg]at$ ?is miracle 9 decl>+ x to be m />tl+ ?an ev5 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us8 ,x records ! resurrection1 n ( "o man1 b ( _m4 ,nor are we all[$ by ! au?or to suppose t he ref]r$ to visions ( ! dead1 appe>+ unto fri5ds2 = he tells u t 8! tombs 7 op5$1 & _m bodies ( ! sa9ts arose40 ,moreov] ?is w\ld appe> to h be5 a miracle n wr\ght 9 private z _m ( ! mighty works ( ,jesus 71 nor a sight v\*saf$ to a *os5 few 7l ! manife/ations ( ,jesus aft] dea?72 = ^! 8bodies0 w5t into ,j]usalem1 dur+ ! ,passov]1 at a "t :5 ! city 0 ?rong$ ) visitors1 & 8appe>$ unto _m40 ,:at subsequ5tly became ( ^! 8bodies0--:e!r !y rema9$ on e>? till ! ,asc5sion :5 !y asc5d$ ) ,jesus1 or :e!r !y liv$ _! lives ov] aga9 & 7 buri$ a second "t1 or :e!r !y w5t back to _! tombs aga9 aft] !y _h appe>$ 9 ,j]usalem--is a "q ( "s difficulty1 :i* has ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( comm5tators & has be5 answ]$ r v>i\sly ?an satisfactorily4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! miracle mu/ be confess$ by all to be /up5d\s4 ,n[ = ! evid5ce ( x4 ,i h be5 quot+ f ,/4 ,mat!w's acc\nt ( ?is miracle4 ,:at w\ld a dispassionate & intellig5t hea!n say ( x1 com+ = ! fir/ "t to ! /udy ( our f\r ,gospels8 ,w\ld x n be some?+ ( ?is sort3 8,"h y call on me to believe a miracle t appe>s to me to be motiveless & is c]ta9ly s+ul>ly />tl+3 b ,i w susp5d my judgm5t ( x till ,i he> ! acc\nts giv5 by y\r o!r ?ree ,evangeli/s4 ,:at d !y say ( ! effect produc$ ^u ! disciples & by/&]s by ?is e>?quake & ?is mo/ extraord9>y resurrection8 ,!re 7 pres5t ! wom5 t lov$ & foll[$ ,jesus1 !re 0 ! ,roman c5turion1 !re 7 #8_m' :o witness$ ! appe>ances ( ! dead3 ev5 to ^? :o 7 n pres5t1 an e>?quake r5d+ ! rocks 9 ! neighb\rhood c\ld n be imp]ceptible3 :at !re=e is said on ^! po9ts by o!r contempor>y au?ors z well z by y\r f\r ,gospels8 ,tell me t fir/2 & !n ,i w tell y :at ,i ?9k ( ! miracle40 ,9 answ] to ?is reque/1 :i* ,i ?9k we mu/ *>act]ize z a v natural "o1 we %\ld h fir/ to admit t no pr(ane au?or makes any m5tion ( ! resurrection ( ^! num]\s 8bodies10 nor ( ! e>?quake t accompani$ x4 ,!n we %\ld h to set d[n ! f\r records ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s z foll[s3 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ f\r quotations 7 orig9ally pr9t$ side-by-side4 ,!y are transcrib$ "o aft] ano!r s z to be readable on mod]n read+ devices1 :i* (t5 _c h&le multiple columns4 ,m>k xv4 #cg-ci4 #cg4 ,& ,jesus utt]$ a l\d voice & gave up ! gho/4 #ch4 ,& ! veil ( ! temple 0 r5t 9 twa9 f ! top to ! bottom4 #ci4 ,& :5 ! c5turion1 :i* /ood by ov] aga9/ him1 saw t he s gave up ! gho/1 he said1 ,truly ?is man 0 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ej-ed4 #ej4 ,& ,jesus cri$ aga9 ) a l\d voice1 & yield$ up 8 _s4 #ea4 ,& behold ! veil ( ! temple 0 r5t 9 twa9 f ! top to ! bottom & ! e>? did quake1 & ! rocks 7 r5t3 #eb4 ,& ! tombs 7 op5$3 & _m bodies ( ! sa9ts t _h fall5 asleep 7 rais$2 #ec4 ,& com+ =? out ( ! tombs aft] 8 resurrection !y ent]$ into ! holy city & appe>$ unto _m4 #ed4 ,n[ ! c5turion1 & !y t 7 ) him1 wat*+ ,jesus1 :5 !y saw ! e>?quake & ! ?+s t 7 done1 fe>$ exce$+ly1 say+1 ,truly ?is 0 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,luke xxii4 #df-g4 #df4 ,& :5 ,jesus _h cri$ ) a l\d voice1 he said1 ,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s3 & hav+ said ?is1 he gave up ! gho/4 #dg4 ,& :5 ! c5turion saw :at 0 done1 he glorifi$ ,god1 say+1 ,c]ta9ly ?is 0 a righte\s man4 ,john xix4 #cj1 #ca4 #cj4 ,& he b[$ 8 head & gave up 8 _s4 #ca4 ,! ,jews1 !re=e1 because x 0 ! prep>ation1 c4 ,y see !n t ?is extraord9>y incid5t1 />tl+ en\gh to be ! v c5tre ( a galaxy ( wond]s1 is omitt$ by ?ree out ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,y see also t two ( ! ,evangeli/s agree ) ,/4 ,mat!w 9 plac+ a c5turion at ! foot ( ! cross1 & 9 assign+ to him expressions ( fai?3 b nei!r ( !m m5tions ! 8e>?quake0 z be+ ev5 a p>tial cause ( ! c5turion's fai?1 nor is !re s mu* z a h9t ( any resurrection ( ! 8bodies ( sa9ts0 f ! tombs4 ,n[ if y & ,i1 ) full k ( ! facts1 7 writ+ a biography ( a great man1 we might und\bt$ly exhibit _m v>iations & div]g5ces 9 our /ory4 ,e biograph] :o kn[s ev]y?+ ab\t a man mu/ omit some?+2 _m ?+s !re=e t y w\ld omit1 ,i %\ld ins]t1 & vice v]s4 ,b suppose we 7 writ+ 9 "s detail ! description ( ! great man's execution 7z ! crucifixion is writt5 9 great detail by ! ,evangeli/s71 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! emotion & utt]ances ( ! soldi] :o sup]9t5d$ ! execution4 ,is x possible "u ^! circum/ances t y %\ld relate 7& ) tru?7 t ! soldi]'s emotion 0 caus$ 9 "p by an e>?quake :i* happ5$ at ! mom5t ( ! man's dea?--add+ also t a l>ge numb] ( p rose at ! same "t bodily f ! graves--& t ,i1 ) a full k t bo? ^! facts are true1 %\ld make no m5tion at all ei!r ( ! e>?quake or ( ?is /up5d\s resurrection8 ,i say t su* an omission ( facts is absolutely impossible 9 any s9c]e & /raight=w>d biograph]1 on ! supposition t he kn[s !m4 ,! argum5t t 8x is unsafe to argue f sil5ce0 is q inapplicable "h3 nor is x 9 po9t to allege ! sil5ce ( a c\rtly hi/orian :o writes ! life ( ,con/ant9e b omits ! ,emp]or's execution ( 8 son4 ,! answ] is t we h n "h to d ) c\rtly hi/orians1 b ) simple unsophi/icat$ compil]s ( tradition ^: ma9 object 0 to set d[n 9 tru? & hone/y all t c\ld %ew ,jesus ( ,naz>e? to be ! ,son ( ,god4 ,n[ x is impossible t ! ,evangeli/s %\ld n h recogniz$ 9 ?is miracle1 if true1 a cog5t pro(--cog5t = ! m9ds ( m5 9 ^! days--( ! div9e mission ( ,jesus3 we are !re=e driv5 to ! conclusion t !y omitt$ x ei!r because !y _h nev] he>d ( x1 or because al?\gh !y _h he>d ( x1 !y did n believe x to be true4 ,y mu/ n h[ev] suppose t ?is evid5tly leg5d>y n>rative 0 add$ ) any int5t to falsify4 ,l _m ( ! miracul\s acc\nts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?is /ory is probably ! result ( misund]/&+--an allegory mis9t]pret$4 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/ aboli%$ ! gulf betwe5 ,god & man2 x tore d[n ! veil betwe5 ! ,holy ,place & ! ,holy ( ,holies1 :]eby ,*ri/ took mank9d1 9 ,himself & ) ,himself1 into ! direct pres5ce ( ! ,fa!r3 & ?is spiritual tru? f\nd a lit]al int]pretation 9 two ( ! ,gospels :i* m5tion ! 8r5d+ ( ! veil40 ,b ,*ri/'s dea? did m ?an ?is4 ,x /ruck d[n ! p[] ( dea? itself3 x broke op5 ! tombs1 & prep>$ ! way = ! ,resurrection ( ! ,sa9ts2 & ?is spiritual tru?1 be+ mis9t]pret$ z if x 7 lit]ally true1 gave rise to a tradition 7:i* does n h[ev] seem to h be5 widely receiv$7 t at ! mom5t ( ,*ri/'s dea? c]ta9 tombs 7 actually brok5 op51 & c]ta9 ( 8! ,sa9ts0 rose bodily f ! dead & walk$ into ,j]usalem4#ag ,footnote #ad3 ,/4 ,mat!w ix4 #eh1 8,& he did n _m mighty works !re because ( _! unbelief40 ,= a demon/rative pro( t ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k conta9s ! e>lie/ tradition1 see ! beg9n+ ( ! article 8,gospels0 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,footnote #ae3 ,to ! same effect is ,james ,v4 #ad1 #ae3 8,is any among y sick8 ,let him call = ! eld]s ( ! *ur*2 & let !m pray ov] him1 ano9t+ him ) oil 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l3 & ! pray] ( fai? %all save ! sick1 & ! ,"l %all raise him up40 ,!re c he no d\bt t ?is ref]s to lit]al heal+2 & x is int]e/+ z an indication t probably ^! e>ly ,*ri/ian attempts at heal+ 7 (t5 t5tative4 ,= x w h>dly be ma9ta9$ t all :o 7 ?us ano9t$ 7 heal$3 o!rwise dea? w\ld h be5 ext]m9at$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,footnote #af3 ,bi%op ,temple excepts only ! ,resurrection1 :i* is n "h "u consid]ation4 ,8 words are 8,x is true too t1 if we take ea* miracle by itself1 !re is b "o miracle1 namely our ,"l's ,resurrection1 = :i* cle>1 & unmi/akeable1 & suffici5t evid5ce is giv540--,bampton ,lectures1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #ag3 ,9 ! e>ly apocryphal "w call$ ,*ri/'s ,desc5t into ,hell1 a /rik+ description is giv5 ( ! joy ( ! sa9ts & ! t]ror ( ,satan1 :5 ,*ri/ desc5ds to ,hades & rescues ! dead1 lead+ !m up to ,p>adise4 ,9 "o ( ! v]sions ( ?is "w1 ! numb] ( ^? 8ris5 ) ! ,"l0 is m5tion$ z 8twelve ?\s& m540 ,,xvi ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,gospels ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y =ce me to digress4 ,my object j n[ 0 to %ew t ! life ( ,*ri/ 7no less ?an ! hi/ory ( ! r$emption ( ,israel7 c be dis5tangl$ f 8miracles01 al?\gh n f 8mighty works02 & ,i propos$ to take ! six or sev5 pr9cipal miracles attribut$ to ,*ri/ by ! ,synopti/s & to %ew ( ea* acc\nt t x may h naturally & easily crept into ! ,gospels )\t any int5tion to deceive4 ,b y w n let me g on 9 my own way2 = y ask a "q t claims imm$iate answ]1 & some?+ m ?an a m]e ,yes or ,no3 8,did or did n1 ! ,publican & ,apo/le ,/4 ,mat!w write ! ,gospel attribut$ to him8 ,& if he did1 h[ c he h suff]$ a #8leg5d>y' miracle to #8creep into' 8 n>rative8 ,! same "q10 y add1 8applies to ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,if ^! two ,gospels1 z !y /&1 7 writt5 by ,apo/les1 t is1 by p]sonal disciples ( ,jesus & eye-witnesses ( ! ev5ts !y pr(ess to describe1 !n !re is no alt]native2 ei!r ,jesus wr\ght miracles1 or ! ,apo/les li$4 ,no eye-witness c err z y suppose "s "o 7,i "k n :om7 to h err$1 by int]pret+ metaphor z ?\gh x 7 lit]al /atem5t4 ,imag9e ,boswell1 = example1 mis9t]pret+ "s metaphorical expression conc]n+ ,dr4 ,johnson to ! effect t #8! great lexicograph] 0 exalt$ by 8 c\ntrym5 to ! p9nacle ( hon\r & fame' & consequ5tly inf]r+ t 8 /atue 0 set up on a column l ,"l ,nelson or ! ,duke ( ,york6 ,! notion is too grotesque4 ,if !n ,jesus did n p]=m miracles we are =c$ to conclude ei!r t ! ,apo/les deceiv$ u or t ! ,gospels be>+ _! names are =g]ies4 ,:i* is x80 ,9 ord] to meet ?is objection ,i mu/ say a few words ab\t ! composition ( ! ,gospels4 ,= inde$ y\r "q %ews a complete misappreh5sion ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,gospels grew up1 & ( ! anci5t notions ab\t au?or%ip4 ,9 p>ticul>1 y are f> too free 9 ! use ( ! ^w 8=g]ies40 ,! book call$ ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon conta9s "s ( ! noble/ s5tim5ts t h ev] f\nd eloqu5t expression1 & yet ! philosophic au?or :o compos$ x 7probably 9 ,alex&ria ab\t eight or n9e c5turies aft] ,solomon's dea?7 does n hesitate to appeal to ! ,almighty 9 words by :i* he ascribes ! au?or%ip to ,solomon himself3 8,?\ ha/ *os5 me to be a k+ ( ,?y p & a judge ( ,?y sons & daught]s3 ,?\ ha/ comm&$ me to build a temple ^u ,?y ,holy m\nt10 7ix4 #g1 #h74 ,n[ d y call him a =g]8 ,! book ( ,ecclesia/es1 "o ( our own canonical books1 decl>es t x 0 writt5 by 8! son ( ,david1 k+ 9 ,j]usalem0 & t ! au?or 0 a 8,k+ ov] ,israel 9 ,j]usalem10 7i4 #a-ab74 ,no "o n[ 7wor? m5tion+7 believes ^! /atem5ts to be true4 ,yet w\ld y call ! compos] ( ,ecclesia/es a =g]8 ,probably 9 bo? cases ! au?ors felt t !y 7 hon\r+ ! memory ( ! great k+ 9 ?us introduc+ new tru?s to ! _w "u ! protection ( 8 "n4 ,i believe _m o!r in/ances might be giv5 ( ! lit]>y laxity ( anci5t times4 ,b besides1 9 ! case ( ! ,gospels1 y mu/ rememb] t au?or%ip h>dly came into "q at all ev5ts = a long "t4 ,! /ory ( ! life ( ,*ri/ w\ld be1 9 "s %ape1 curr5t among ! ,*ur* z ! common prop]ty ( all1 z soon z ! ,apo/les began to proclaim ! ,gospel4 ,probably x 0 n1 = "s "t1 r$uc$ to writ+4 ,among ! ,jews ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 spok5 ( z ,writ+ or ,scripture2 b _! mo/ rev]$ & sacr$ comm5ts on x 7 reta9$ 9 oral tradition3 & h5ce all ?r\gh ! ,new ,te/am5t y w f9d t 8,scripture0 ref]s to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & t no m5tion is made ( ! doctr9e ab\t ,*ri/ except z 8tradition0 or 8tea*+40 ,:at !re=e w\ld probably at fir/ be curr5t 9 ! ,*ur*1 p]haps = ?irty or =ty ye>s aft] ,*ri/'s dea?1 w\ld be simply a numb] ( 8traditions0 or oral v]sions ( ! ,gospel1 curr5t p]haps 9 diff]5t %apes at ! great ecclesia/ical c5tres1 su* z ,j]usalem1 ,antio*1 ,ephesus1 ,alex&ria1 ,rome1 yet pres5t+ a g5]al aff9ity1 & all claim+ to repres5t 8! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les0 or to be 8! ,gospel ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,x ought n to seem /range to y t ! ,*ur* c\ld exi/1 & ! ,good ,tid+s be prea*$ = "s ye>s )\t ! aid ( writt5 ,gospels4 ,did n ,/4 ,paul prea* ! ,gospel 9 8 lett]s8 ,surely he prea*$ x v effectually3 yet 8 lett]s d n conta9 a s+le quotation f any writt5 ,gospel4#ah ,! same may be said ( ! lett]s attribut$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,james1 & ,/4 ,john3 n "o quotes a s+le say+ ( ,*ri/1 or conta9s a phrase t c be said1 ) c]ta9ty1 to be borr[$ f our ,gospels4 ,! book ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! e>lie/ summ>y ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 conta9s _m spee*es by ,apo/les1 "o by ,/4 ,james1 "s by ,/4 ,pet] & sev]al by ,/4 ,paul3 9 all ^! spee*es only "o say+ ( our ,"l is quot$2 & t is a say+ n f\nd 9 any ( our extant ,gospels4 ,conjecture might h l$ u to conclude t ?is w\ld be s4 ,we might reasonably h inf]r$ t1 z long z ! ,*ur* _h 9 its mid/ ! ,apo/les & _! companions1 & z long also z !y daily expect$ t ,*ri/ w\ld 8come01 ! notion ( committ+ ! ,gospel to writ+ = po/]ity w\ld seem sup]flu\s1 di/a/eful1 almo/ imply+ a want ( fai?4 ,b :5 we f9d ?is conjecture confirm$ by ! und5iable fact t ! e>lie/ tea*]s & prea*]s ( ! ,gospel1 9 _! tea*+ z x is h&$ d[n to u1 made no use :atev] ( our writt5 ,gospels1 we may reg>d x z a safe conclusion t1 dur+ ! fir/ g5]ation aft] ! crucifixion1 writt5 ,gospels 7 nei!r widely us$ nor mu* ne$$4 ,b soon ! ne$ w\ld arise4 ,"o aft] ano!r ! ,apo/les & _! companions w\ld pass away1 & ,*ri/'s imm$iate 8com+0 w\ld n[ be less & less sangu9ely anticipat$4 ,! great mass ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians 7 ei!r ,jews or proselytes to ! ,jewi% religion2 b n[ ! ,g5tiles1 :o _h come to ,*ri/ )\t fir/ pass+ ?r\gh ! ,law ( ,moses1 w\ld become ! majority 9 ! ,*ur*2 & = !m ! ,old ,te/am5t w\ld n h ! same pre-em95t title z 8,writ+0 or 8,scripture40 ,= ^! ,g5tiles too ! old ,rabb9ical prejudice aga9/ committ+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* to writ+ w\ld h no weight4 ,n[ !re=e 9 sev]al *ur*es simultane\s ef=ts w\ld be made to write d[n ! traditions curr5t among/ ! bre?r52 & h5ce we f9d ,/4 ,luke prefac+ 8 own ,gospel ) ! rem>k t he 0 induc$ to attempt ?is task because 8_m0 o!rs _h attempt$ x4 ,/4 ,luke c\ld h>dly h writt5 ?us if "o au!ntic & apo/olic docum5t already occupi$ ! gr\nd & /ood pre-em95t 9 ! ,*ur* z ! writt5 record ( ,*ri/'s life by an eye-witness4 ,t !re 0 no su* docum5t1 kn[n to ,/4 ,luke1 we may also inf] f 8 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 obligations to ^? :o 7 8eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w40 ,x says t he %apes 8 n>rative 8z !y h&$ d[n ! tradition0 = t is ! mean+ ( 8 ^w n 8z !y wrote ! tradition40 ,y mu/ h notic$ t ! extant titles ( ! ,gospels decl>e !m to h be5 writt5 n 8by10 b 8accord+ to0 _! sev]al au?ors4 ,! explanation 7:i* has n be5 successfully impugn$7 is t1 ev5 9 ! lat] times 9 :i* _! titles 7 giv51 ! old belief cont9u$1 t ! m5 :o compil$ !m did no m ?an commit to writ+ _! v]sion ( a tradition already curr5t4 ,!y did n compose1 !y report$1 ! tradition2 ! ,gospel 0 suppos$ to be ! same 9 all ,*ur*es1 b "h 8accord+ to0 "o v]sion or writ]1 !re 8accord+ to0 ano!r4 ,! ,apo/les1 be+ ) "o or two exceptions m]e fi%]m5 & unle>n$ m51 ignorant ( lett]s1 c\ld n v well be suppos$ to be au?ors ( writt5 compositions2 b ,/4 ,mat!w1 be+ a tax-ga!r]1 w\ld necess>ily be an exp]t writ]1 & !re=e "o ( ! e>lie/ traditions committ$ to writ+ w\ld be naturally attribut$ to 8 p5man%ip4 ,b ! evid5ce = ,/4 ,mat!w's au?or%ip appe>s1 :5 te/$1 to be extremely slight4 ,x 0 ! univ]sal belief ( ! e>ly ,*ur* t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew1 & ,j]ome has quot$1 z com+ f ! ,hebrew orig9al1 a passage n f\nd 9 our ,greek ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,ev5 :5 ?is ,gospel is quot$ by ! e>lie/ writ]s1 x is frequ5tly quot$ inexactly1 & nev] connect$ by !m ) ! "n ( ,/4 ,mat!w z ! au?or4 ,we ought n to inf] f ^! unnam$ & inexact quotations t ! writ]s did n recognize ,/4 ,mat!w z ! au?or = _! habit is almo/ inv>iably to quote ,gospels1 simply z ,gospel1 inexactly1 & )\t m5tion+ ! "n ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,b ?is un=tunate habit leaves u )\t any e>ly & tru/wor?y evid5ce = ,/4 ,mat!w's au?or%ip4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 !re is v little evid5ce = suppos+ t any "p ( our pres5t ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w 0 writt5 by an ,apo/le or by an eye-witness ( ,*ri/'s life1 & !re is v mu* evid5ce t5d+ to %[ t su* a supposition is extremely improbable4 ,ev5 if we grant t p>ts ( ! ,gospel 7 compos$ by an ,apo/le1 x by no means foll[s t ! :ole 04 ,!re 0 a v natural t5d5cy1 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,*ur*--:5 ! traditional ,gospel 0 z x 7 ev]ybody's prop]ty & _h n yet acquir$ ! au?ority ( ,scripture--to make ! tradition z full1 z edify+1 & z correct1 z possible4 ,if we may judge f ! /yle ( ! book ( ,revelation 7:i* is said on r m sub/antial gr\nds ?an are g5]ally alleg$ = ! au?or%ip ( mo/ ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 to h be5 ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john7 ! e>lie/ ,greek traditions mu/ h be5 compos$ 9 an ungrammatical1 mongrel k9d ( ,greek1 :i* mu/ h be5 z di/a/eful to ! well-educat$ ,*ri/ian z cockney ,engli% or pigeon ,engli% w\ld be to u4 ,?is c\ld n long be tol]at$ 9 traditions t 7 repeat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole congregation2 & alt]ations ( /yle1 = edification1 w\ld naturally facilitate alt]ations ( matt]1 also = edification4 ,! love ( complet5ess w\ld introduce _m corrections & sometimes corruptions4 ,(t51 9 ^? e>ly times1 ! tea*]1 cate*i/1 or scribe1 :o knew "s additional fact t5d+ to ,*ri/'s glory1 & n m5tion$ 9 ! tradition or docum5t1 w\ld ?9k t he 0 n do+ 8 duty if he did n add x to 8 oral or writt5 v]sion ( ! tradition4 ,ev5 9 ,,mss4 ( ! f\r? or fif? c5turies we h abundant in/ances to %ew h[ ?is t5d5cy multipli$ int]polations2 pr9cipally by int]polat+ passages f "o ,gospel into ano!r1 b sometimes by int]polat+ traditions n f\nd n[ 9 any ,gospel ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,occasionally !re are also corruptions ( omission1 aris+ f ! desire to omit difficult or app>5tly inconsi/5t passages2 b by f> ! m common cu/om is to add4 ,if ?is corrupt+ t5d5cy 0 9 =ce 9 ! f\r? c5tury :5 ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 on ! po9t ( becom+ ! religion ( ! empire1 & :5 ! sacr$ books ( ,*ri/ianity _h atta9$ to a position ( au?ority 9 ! ,*ur* n a :it bel[ ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 y may easily imag9e :at a multitude ( int]polations & amplifications mu/ h crept into ! orig9al tradition at a "t :5 x 0 /ill "y1 unau?oritative1 & pla/ic1 dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree g5]ations t foll[$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,! result ( all ^! consid]ations is t we are n oblig$ & ?is1 to my m9d1 is a great relief to suppose t any passage :i* we may be =c$ to reject f our ,gospels z false1 0 writt5 by an ,apo/le4 ,i say ?is is to me a great relief1 b p]haps x is n s to y4 ,y\r notion ( :at ! ,gospels ought to be1 is p]haps borr[$ f a passage 9 ,paley's ,evid5ces :]e he lik5s ! evid5ces = ! miracles ( ,*ri/ to t ( twelve eye-witnesses1 all ready to be m>tyrs 9 atte/ation ( ! tru? ( _! te/imony2 & y are %ock$ p]haps :5 y f9d t ! ,gospels fall v f> inde$ bel[ ! level ( su* a /&>d ( evid5ce4 ,:at w\ld h seem$ be/ to y w\ld h be5 an exact record ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ & acts1 drawn up by "o ( ! ,apo/les 9 ! "n ( ! ,twelve1 duly dat$ & sign$ by all1 & circulat$ & receiv$ by ! :ole ,*ur* f ! day aft] ! ,asc5sion d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,& ,i q agree ) y4 ,b !n1 z we h se5 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x has n pleas$ ,god to reveal ,himself or ,8 works to m5 9 ! way :i* m5 h ?\ght be/4 ,n[ y are n inde$ oblig$ to inf] t1 because revelation 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 accompani$ by illusion1 !re=e revelation 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ h conta9$ a simil> alloy2 b y ought at lea/ to be prep>$ = su* a discov]y4 ,= me1 x w\ld be a t]rible %ock inde$ if ,i 7 =c$ to suppose t a fai?ful ,apo/le ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ _h wilfully misrepres5t$ ! tru? ) a view to glorify ,8 ,ma/]3 b x is no %ock at all to f9d t ! highe/ revelation ( ,god to man has be51 l all o!r revelations1 to "s ext5t mis9t]pret$1 obscur$1 mat]ializ$4 ,i h le>n$ to accept ?is z an inevitable law ( our pres5t nature4 ,if x _h be5 ,god's w to susp5d ?is law ( nature 9 fav\r ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,i ?9k ,he w\ld h consi/5tly gone fur!r1 & miracul\sly prev5t$ ! scribes f mak+ errors1 or po/]ity f p]petuat+ !m4 ,b h[ c ,i ?9k ,god has done ?is1 :5 ,i "k t ev5 ! words ( ! ,"l's own ,pray] are v>i\sly report$ 9 ! two ,gospels ( ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,luke1 & t e page ( a critical edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t teems ) v>i\s read+s betwe5 :i* ! able/ comm5tators are p]plex$ to decide8 ,y mu/ !re=e make up y\r m9d to believe t ! e>lie/ ,gospel traditions & ev5 t triply atte/$ tradition#ai :i* is common to ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels & :i* runs ?r\gh ! ?ree ) a sep>ate "* ( its own1 l a di/+ui%able /ream pass$ ?r\gh sev]al phases be=e !y assum$ _! pres5t %ape4 ,9 my next lett] ,i %all probably ask y to consid] :at phases !y pass$ ?r\gh2 b y may p]haps expect me to say some?+ at once ab\t ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 = to t book _m ( ! previ\s rem>ks d n apply4 ,x 0 mu* lat] ?an ! re/2 x has little 9 subject-matt]1 & no?+ at all 9 /yle1 9 common ) ! re/2 x conta9s sc>cely a ^w ( ! ,common ,tradition :i* p]vades ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels2 x probably pass$ ?r\gh no phases & suff]$ few accretions2 & x diff]s f ! o!r ,gospels1 ev5 f ,/4 ,luke's1 9 be>+ a f> m manife/ impress ( p]sonal au?or%ip4 ,! ?ree synoptic ,gospels really agree ) _! titles 9 repres5t+ ! ,gospel 8accord+ to0 _! sev]al au?ors2 b ! ,f\r? ,gospel 7al?\gh1 l ! re/1 prec$$ by 8accord+ to07 is a ,gospel writt5 8by0 :oev] wrote x4 ,! "q is1 :o did write x8 ,if x 0 writt5 by an ,apo/le1 an eye-witness ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 !n we h to face--,i am n sure we h to accept--y\r alt]native3 8,ei!r ,jesus work$ miracles1 or ! ,apo/les li$40 ,b !re is v little evid5ce 7wor? call+ evid5ce7 = ! hypo!sis t an ,apo/le wrote x1 & mu* evid5ce aga9/ t hypo!sis4 ,/4 ,john1 ! reput$ au?or1 is said1 on ! evid5ce ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 to h writt5 ! ,apocalypse2 :i*1 :ile x resembles 9 /yle :at we might h expect$ f a ,galilean fi%]man1 diff]s entirely f ! /yle ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,:oev] wrote ! ,gospel1 we may be sure t he did n reproduce ! words ( ,jesus1 b gave r :at appe>$ to him to be _! lat5t & spiritual mean+4 ,?is c be prov$ z foll[s4 ,suppose ?ree writ]s--say ,boswell1 ,mrs4 ,?rale1 & ,goldsmi?--_h compos$ acc\nts ( ! life & say+s ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 widely diff]+ 9 ! subject-matt] & /yle ( ! n>rative1 b closely agree+ 9 ! "* ( ,johnson's ?\ghts1 z report$ by !m1 & v (t5 agree+ 9 ! actual words imput$ to ,johnson2 & suppose a f\r? writ]1 say ,burke1 _h writt5 8 rem9isc5ces ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 :i* entirely diff]$ 9 language1 9 ?\ght1 & 9 subject-matt] f ! fir/ ?ree3 w\ld y n say at once t ?is 0 /rong pro(1 t ,burke did n report ,dr4 ,johnson's actual words1 & t he _h probably t+$ !m ) 8 own /yle & ?\ght8 ,b if fur!rmore ,burke report$ ,dr4 ,johnson's words & long disc\rses 9 ! same language z he report$ ,%]idan's1 & 9 language indi/+ui%able f 8 own contextual n>rative1 !n y w\ld1 ,i am sure1 f9d x difficult to be pati5t ) any "o :o1 ?r\gh =ce ( prejudice & pleas+ associations1 ob/9ately ma9ta9$ t ,burke's biography 0 equally fai?ful & exact ) ! ?ree o!r concordant or synoptic biographies4 ,n[ ?is comp>ison exactly repres5ts ! facts4 ,y w f9d sev]al ( ! mo/ le>n$ & pa9/ak+ comm5tators diff]+ z to :]e ! introductory words ( ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel cease1 & :]e ,john ! ,bapti/'s words beg92 & ! /yle ( our ,"l's disc\rses 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel is q indi/+ui%able f ! /yle ( ! au?or himself4 ,z to ! imm5se diff]5ce1 9 respect ( /yle & ?\ght & subject-matt]1 betwe5 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 y mu/ h felt x1 ev5 z a *ild1 read+ !m 9 ,engli%4 ,i mu/ ref] y to ! article on 8,gospels0 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica = :at ,i believe to be ! mo/ probable explanation ( ! orig9 ( ?is rem>kable "w4 ,x is !re %[n t !re are extraord9>y po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ! emblematic language & emblematic acts attribut$ to ,jesus 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & ! emblematic conceptions ( ! ,alex&r9e philosoph] ,philo1 :o fl\ri%$ "s sixty or sev5ty ye>s be=e t ,gospel 0 writt54 ,deal+1 = in/ance1 ) ! dialogue betwe5 ,jesus & ! woman ( ,sam>ia ne> ! well at ,sy*em1 ! writ] ( t article %ews t1 9 ! works ( ,philo1 ! well is an emblem ( ! se>* aft] k2 ,sy*em is an emblem ( mat]ialism2 ! 8five husb&s01 or1 z ,philo calls !m1 8five s$uc]s0 repres5t ! five s5ses s t ! :ole dialogue appe>s to conta9 a poetic appeal to ! hea!n _w1 to turn f ! mat]iali/ic k :i* c nev] satisfy1 to ! k ( ! ,^w ( ,god :i* is ! 8liv+ wat]04 ,/ill m rem>kable is ,philo's emblematic use ( ,laz>us 7or ,eleaz>1 = ! words are ! same7 z a type ( dead humanity1 helpless & lifeless till x has be5 rais$ up by ! help ( ! ,"l4 ,b into ?is ,i h no space to ent]4 ,if y c>e to pursue ! subject1 ,i mu/ ref] y to ! article above m5tion$4 ,canon ,we/cott has po9t$ out t 9 arrangem5t & /ructure ! ,f\r? ,gospel has "s di/9ct poetic features4 ,i %\ld g fur!r & say t1 9 ?is ,gospel1 ,hi/ory is subord9at$ to poetic purpose1 & t its n>ratives ( incid5ts1 re/+ sometimes on a basis ( fact1 b m (t5 on a basis ( metaphor1 are int5d$ n s mu* to describe incid5ts z to lead ! read] to spiritual conclusions4 ,we h no acc\nt ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel till ! ye> #agj ,a4,d41 & ?is we f9d to be 8already leg5d>y40#bj ,x is !re said t1 be+ reque/$ by 8 fell[-disciples & bi%ops to write a ,gospel1 ,john desir$ !m to fa/ = ?ree days & !n to relate to "o ano!r :at revelation ea* _h receiv$4 ,x 0 !n reveal$ to ! ,apo/le ,&rew t 8:ile all endeav\r$ to recall _! exp]i5ces1 ,john %\ld write ev]y?+ 9 8 own "n04 ,no confid5ce c be plac$ 9 ! exactness ( te/imony t comes s long aft] ! ev5t2 b x po9ts to "s k9d ( jo9t contribution or revision su* z is impli$ 9 ,john xxi4 #bd3 8,?is is ! disciple :i* te/ifie? ( ^! ?+s & we "k t 8 te/imony is true40 ,t ! ,gospel 0 writt5 89 ! "n ( ,john0 by "s pupil ( 8--p]haps by "s namesake--& revis$ & issu$ 9 ! "n ( ,john by ! ,eld]s ( ! ,ephesian ,*ur*1 is by no means improbable4 ,9 "s matt]s ( fact1 = example 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ,passov] & 8! la/ supp]10 ! ,f\r? ,gospel corrects an 7app>5t7 error ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 a correction t possibly proce$$ f ! ,apo/le ,john2 & p]haps ! solemn assev]ation z to ! issue ( blood & wat] f ! side ( ,jesus 78,& he t ha? se5 ha? borne witness1 & 8 witness is true3 & he kn[e? t he sai? true1 t ye also may believe07 may be a rem9isc5ce ( "s special te/imony f ! ag$ ,apo/le2 b x is impossible to asc]ta9 h[ f> emblematic & hi/orical n>ratives are bl5d$ 9 su* passages z ! dialogue ) ! ,sam>itan woman1 ! miracle at ,cana1 & ! rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,! au?or 0 conv9c$ 7l e o!r believ]1 at t "t7 t ,jesus did "w _m miracles1 & c\ld h work$ any k9d ( miracle2 b he _h not$ ! unspiritual t5d5cy to magnify ! 8mighty works0 ( ,jesus z m]ely 8mighty30 he !re=e select$ f ! traditions be=e him ^? 9 :i* ! spiritual & emblematic mean+ 0 pr$om9ant4 ,9 do+ ?is1 he sometimes took a spiritual metaphor & exp&$ x into a spiritual hi/ory4 ,aga91 he _h also not$ an unspiritual t5d5cy to lay undue /ress ^u ! exact words ( ,jesus2 & he !re=e det]m9$--besides giv+ prom95ce to ! promise ( ,jesus conc]n+ ,8 ,_s1 :i* 0 to guide ! disciples into all tru?--to exhibit1 9 8 ,gospel1 ! spiritual purport ( ,*ri/'s doctr9e r ?an to repeat ea* say+ z x 0 actually deliv]$4 ,z ,i write ^! words1 ) ! pages ( ! ,gospel op5 be=e me1 my eye falls ^u ! /ory ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us3 8,jesus said unto h]1 ,i am ! resurrection & ! life3 he t believe? on me1 ?\gh he die1 yet %all he live2 & :osoev] live? & believe? on me %all nev] die40 ,is x possible1 ,i say to myself1 t ,jesus did n say ^! entranc+ words8 ,& h[ (t5 does ! same "q arise z "o turns ov] ! leaves3 8,peace ,i leave ) y2 my peace ,i give unto y3 n z ! _w give?1 give ,i unto y30 8,yet a little :ile & ! _w beholde? me no m2 b ye behold me3 because ,i live1 ye %all live also40 ,c\ld any "o at any "t h inv5t$ su* say+s8 ,/ill less1 is x possible !y c\ld h be5 inv5t$ 9 ! times ( ,trajan or ,hadrian by any ,asiatic ,greek or ,alex&rian ,jew8 ,b tru? compels me to answ] t1 j z ! ,asiatic ,jew ,/4 ,paul1 al?\gh he nev] saw or he>d ,jesus1 0 inspir$ by ! ,_s ( ,jesus to utt] words ( spiritual tru? & beauty wor?y ( ,jesus ,himself1 s an ,asiatic ,greek or ,alex&rian ,jew ( ! "t ( ,trajan may h be5 prompt$ by ! same ,_s to p5etrate to ! v dep?s ( ! mean+ ( ,jesus & to express "s ( ! conclusions to be d]iv$ f ,8 say+s m cle>ly ?an we c see !m ev5 9 ! words ( ,jesus ,himself1 z !y are record$ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,i d n see on :at pr9ciple we c s limit ! op]ation ( ! ,holy ,_s z to say x c\ld n ext5d1 9 its mo/ p]fect =ce1 beyond ! age ( ,domitian or ,n]va or ev5 ,trajan4 ,hav+ be=e me ! doctr9e ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,i am =bidd5 by m]e consid]ations ( /yle & lit]>y criticism f believ+ t ,jesus us$ ! exact words1 8,i am ! true v9e10 8,i am ! good %eph]d10 8,i am ! light ( ! _w10 8,i am ! resurrection & ! life20 b ,i accept ^! say+s z div9ely inspir$1 & z be+ f> deep] & full] expressions ( ! spiritual nature ( ,jesus ?an any ( ! inf]5ces :i* ,i c\ld draw = myself f ! ,synoptic doctr9e4 ,d n !n say t ,i 8reject0 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,i accept all t is ess5tial 9 x2 & ?is ,i accept on f> saf] gr\nds ?an _m :o w\ld accuse me ( reject+ x4 ,= _! acceptance might be %ak5 to-morr[ if "s new piece ( evid5ce appe>$ decisively %ew+ t ! ,gospel 0 n writt5 by ,john ! ,apo/le2 b my acceptance is indep5d5t ( au?or%ip1 & is bas$ ^u ! te/imony ( my consci5ce4 ,surely y mu/ feel t x w\ld be absurd = "o :o te/s religi\s doctr9e to "s ext5t by exp]i5ce & by hi/ory1 to reject ! ,f\r? ,gospel because x is 9 a great measure emblematic1 & because x 0 n writt5 by ! man :o 0 suppos$ to h writt5 x4 ,be ! au?or :o he may1 ,i %all nev] cease to feel grateful to him4 ,! all-embrac+ sweep ( view :i* enabl$ him to look on ! ,inc>nation z ! c5tral incid5t ( ! _w's hi/ory & to set =? ,*ri/ z ! ,et]nal ,^w & ,et]nal ,son1 n dep5d5t = ?is claim ^u a m]e ,miracul\s ,conception2 ! spiritual contempt = m]e 8mighty works10 :i* leads him repeat$ly to claim fai? = ,jesus ,himself fir/ly1 & = ! 8words0 ( ,jesus secondly1 & only z a la/ res]ve to dem& belief 8= ! works' sake20 & ! true intuition ) :i* he fa/5s on ! promise ( ,jesus 7only h9t$ at 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels7 t ,he w\ld be pres5t ) ,8 disciples at e "t & place & t ,he w\ld give !m 8a voice10 & a ,_s n to be ga9said--f :i* brief sugge/ion ! au?or work$ out 9 detail ! promise ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & pr$ict$ ! nobl] & ampl] future ( ! ,*ur* ^! true1 & pr(\nd1 & spiritual intuitions w always excite my deepe/ gratitude & admiration4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,et]nal ,^w _h its orig9 p]haps 9 ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria1 & c]ta9ly =m$ no "p ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus2 b1 ,*ri/ianiz$ z x is by ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 x comm5ds itself z a key to _m my/]ies1 & 7l ! ,f\r? ,gospel itself7 x appe>s to be b "o among _m illu/rations ( ! div9e developm5t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e2 8,i h yet _m ?+s to say unto y1 b ye _c be> !m n[4 ,h[beit :5 he1 ! ,_s ( ,tru?1 is come1 he w guide y into all tru?40 ,9 a ^w1 )\t ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,*ri/5dom might 7x w\ld seem7 h fail$ =ev] to appreciate ! true nature ( its ,r$eem]4 ,i _c inde$ repress "s regret t ?is mo/ m>vell\sly end[$ m9i/] & prophet ( ,*ri/ %\ld h be5 all[$ to select a poetic & ev5 illusive =m 9 ord] to publi% 8 div9e tru?s4 ,hi!rto ,i h be5 able ) pleasure & satisfaction to see ! illusive integum5t be+ gradually sep>at$ f ! inn] tru?1 z 9 a/ronomy & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,n[ comes a po9t :]e ,i myself %\ld l to recoil4 ,b h[ pu]ile & fai?less %\ld ,i be if ,i assum$ t ,god w\ld give to ! _w along ) ,8 div9e revelation precisely t modicum ( illusion 7& no m7 :i* ,i myself p]sonally am j able to receive ) pleasure6 ,let u r foll[ :]e1 z ,plato says1 8! argum5t leads u40 ,or1 if y pref] me to quote f ! ,f\r? ,gospel itself1 let u foll[ ! guidance ( ,him :o is bo? 8! ,way & ! ,tru?40 ,footnote #ah3 ,if #a ,tim4 v4 #ah 7 an exception1 x w\ld %ew t t lett]1 quot+ a ,gospel z 8,scripture10 0 lat] ?an ,/4 ,paul4 ,b x is possibly n an exception4 ,footnote #ai3 8,atte/$0 is n ! same z 8orig9at$40 ,! tradition may 7possibly7 h be5 orig9at$ by a s+le au?or3 b witness1 or 8atte/ation01 0 borne to its au?oritative "* by ! ?ree e>lie/ ,gospels1 ^: au?ors1 or compil]s1 indep5d5tly adopt$ x4 ,x is !re=e #8triply atte/$'4 ,footnote #bj3 8,! ,fragm5t ( ,muratori10 ,we/cott1 ,introduction to ! ,gospels1 p4 #bee4 ,,xvii ,,*ri/ian ,,illusions ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,once m ,i am compell$ to digress3 &1 ?is "t1 x is 9 ord] to meet :at y mu/ let me call a preconception ( y\rs4 ,y say t x appe>s to y 8impossible t ,*ri/1 if really div9e1 %\ld h be5 p]mitt$ by ,god to be wor%ipp$ z a work] ( miracles = eighte5 c5turies1 al?\gh 9 reality he _h no p[] to "w !m40 ,is ?is mu* m ?an a repetition ( y\r =m] objection t my views am\nt to 8a new religion10 & t illusion1 al?\gh x may ab\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ?\ghts ( mank9d1 c nev] h be5 p]mitt$ to connect itself ) a really div9e revelation8 ,i h already 9 "p answ]$ ^! prejudices--= !y are no?+ m--by %ew+ t illusion p]meates :at is call$ 8natural religion10 & by subsequ5tly %ew+ t ! inspir$ books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t exhibit illusions 9 e page2 n only ! illusions ( ! *os5 p1 b illusions also on ! "p ( ! au?ors ( ! sev]al books1 :o mis9t]pret$ tradition s z to conv]t a non-miracul\s into a miracul\s hi/ory4 ,b n[ let u deal m p>ticul>ly ) ,*ri/ian illusions4 ,"h ,i w try to %[ y1 fir/1 h[ natural & 7humanly speak+7 h[ inevitable x 0 t illusions %\ld ga!r r\nd ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian traditions1 & h[ easily !re might h sprung up miracul\s acc\nts 9 connection ) !m4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 hav+ done my be/ to dispel y\r natural prejudice1 ,i w take 9 detail ! six or sev5 pr9cipal miracles attribut$ to ,*ri/ by all ! ?ree ,synoptic ,evangeli/s1 & w endeav\r to %[ y t ^! acc\nts did actually spr+ up 9 a natural & inevitable way1 aft] ! mann] ( illusions1 )\t any attempt to deceive on ! "p ( ! compil]s ( ! ,gospels4 ,x w appe>1 ,i ?9k1 t ! life & doctr9e ( ,*ri/ are indep5d5t ( ^! miracles & c easily be sep>at$ f !m4 ,= ! pres5t !n ,i am to speak ( ! naturalness or inevitability ( illusions ga!r+ ab\t ,*ri/'s acts & words 9 ! m9ds ( ,8 disciples4 ,does any /ud5t ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel ne$ to be conv9c$ ( ?is8 ,p]haps ! au?or ( t "w disc]n$ ! illusions ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ev5 too cle>ly1 s t he slightly ov]%ot ! m>k 9 ! frequ5cy ( ! false inf]5ces & misund]/&+s ) :i* he delights to encompass ! words & de$s ( ,jesus4 ,p]haps ! compos] ( 8! ,spiritual ,gospel0 has be5 l$ ev5 too f> by 8 pr(\nd & true p]ception t ?is ,inc>nate ,^w--?is ,be+ f ano!r sph]e :o 0 & is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r--c\ld n move on ! e>?1 among e>?ly creatures1 )\t be+ p]petually misund]/ood by !m4 ,b is !re n manife/ tru? 9 8 conception ( ,jesus z ( ,"o hav+ diff]5t ?\ghts f ^? ( common m51 diff]5t ways ( reg>d+ all ?+s small or great1 a spiritual dialect ( ,8 own1 n at once to be compreh5d$ by ord9>y be+s8 ,c]ta9 x is t1 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,*ri/'s disc\rses are "o /r+ ( metaphors :i* are lit]ally & falsely int]pret$ by ^? to :om !y are address$4 8,fle%10 8blood10 8wat]10 8sleep10 8bir?10 8dea?10 8life10 8temple10 8bread10 8meat10 8night10 8way10--^! & ,i "k n h[ _m m simple words pres5t !mselves1 z we rapidly turn ov] ! pages ( t ,gospel1 always metaphorically us$1 & always misund]/ood4 ,nor c x be said t !y 7 misund]/ood by enemies & unbeliev]s alone2 ,8 disciples con/antly misund]/ood !m4 ,! life ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel is "o cont9u\s misund]/&+4 ,i w n say t ?is repres5ts ! exact fact2 b ,i d\bt n t ! inspir$ insight ( ! au?or1 be he :o he may1 took 9 ! full mean+ ( all ! h9ts t are giv5 by ! ,synopti/s z to ! misund]/&+ ( ! disciples ab\t _! ,ma/]1 & l$ him to ! delib]ate conclusion t ! life ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fle% 0 "o p]petual s\rce ( illusions to ! ,twelve--illusions ?r\gh :i*1 by ! guidance ( ! ,_s1 !y 7 to be l$ to ! tru?3 8,:at ,i d ye "k n n[1 b ye %all "k h]eaft]40 ,i believe he w5t ev5 fur!r & p]ceiv$ t ,*ri/'s life 0 9 dang] ( becom+ a total delusion to ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians ?r\gh _! t5d5cy to ! mat]iali/ic & ! miracul\s1 & t ! be/ means ( pres]v+ ! ,*ur* f su* a dang] 0 to accu/om ! fai?ful to atta* value to ! words & de$s ( ,*ri/ only s f> z !y c\ld int]pret !m spiritually1 tru/+ to ! ,_s = cont9ual guidance into new tru?4 ,?is !n is my fir/ proposition1 t ,*ri/ 0 sure to be misund]/ood by ^? ar\nd ,him1 ow+ to ,8 mann] ( us+ ! language ( metaphor4 ,y mu/ "k v well t ?is conjecture is confirm$ by fact4 ,sometimes ! ,synopti/s note ! fact1 z :5 ,he spoke ( 8leav50 & ! ,twelve misund]/ood ,him lit]ally2 & sev]al o!r in/ances are on record4 ,b x is ( c\rse possible t on _m o!r occasions ! misund]/&+ may h exi/$1 b may n h be5 not$ by ! ,evangeli/s4 ,take "o in/ance4 ,9 ! disc\rse ( ,jesus to ! ,sev5ty ,disciples 7,luke x4 #ai7 ,jesus makes ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,i h giv5 y au?ority to tread ^u s]p5ts & scorpions & ov] all ! p[] ( ! enemy1 & no?+ %all 9 any wise hurt 77 y40 ,h[ are we to und]/& ?is 8tread+ ^u s]p5ts & scorpions08 ,lit]ally or metaphorically8 ,surely ! text itself makes x evid5t t ,jesus us$ ! words metaphorically to ref] to 8! p[] ( ! ,enemy10 i4e4 8! ,s]p5t10 or ,satan1 probably ) a special ref]5ce to ! ca/+ out ( devils4 ,moreov] ! passage is introduc$ by a /atem5t t 8! ,sev5ty return$ ) joy1 say+1 ,"l1 ev5 ! devils are subject unto u 9 ?y "n4 ,& he said1 ,i beheld ,satan fall z lightn+ f ,heav54 ,behold ,i h giv5 y au?ority to tread ^u s]p5ts4444 ,h[beit 9 ?is rejoice n t ! spirits are subject unto y2 b rejoice t y\r names are writt5 9 ,heav540 ,z = ! o!r "p ( ! promise1 8no?+ %all hurt y10 x surely does n seem to y t ^! words mu/ imply lit]al 8hurt08 ,if x does1 let me direct y\r att5tion to a mu* m /rik+ in/ance ( ,*ri/'s extraord9>y use ( metaphor 9 a passage :]e ! ,disciples are told1 almo/ 9 a brea?1 t n a hair ( _! heads %all p]i% & yet t "s ( !m %all be 8put to dea?0 7,luke xxi4 #af-ah74 ,i ?9k !n t y w agree ) me t ! 8au?ority to tread ^u s]p5ts0 m5tion$ 9 ,/4 ,luke conta9$ n a lit]al1 b a spiritual promise1 to tread ^u ! p[] ( 8! ,s]p5t40 ,nev]!less1 t ?is promise ab\t 8s]p5ts0 0 v e>ly mis9t]pret$ lit]ally c be %ewn1 n inde$ f a g5u9e passage ( ! ,gospels1 b f a v e>ly int]polation 9 ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel1 xvi4 #ag1 #ah3 8,^! signs %all foll[ !m t believe2 9 my "n %all !y ca/ out devils2 !y %all speak ) new tongues2 !y %all take up s]p5ts1 & if !y dr9k any deadly ?+1 x %all 9 no wise hurt !m2 !y %all lay h&s on ! sick & !y %all recov]40 ,"h !n we h a cle> in/ance ( misund]/&+ 7n not$ by ! ,evangeli/s7 aris+ 9 v e>ly if n 9 ! v e>lie/ times f ! metaphorical language ( ,jesus4 ,"o m in/ance ( probable misund]/&+ mu/ suffice = ! pres5t4 ,y "k h[ (t5 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul ! ^w 8dead0 is us$ to indicate spiritually 8dead0 i4e4 8dead 9 s940 ,a simil> use is attribut$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel3 8,he t believe? 9 me1 ?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all he live0 7,john xi4 #be72 b "h ! imp5d+ resurrection ( ,laz>us gives ! read] ! impression t x is lit]ally us$4 ,h[ev] x is almo/ c]ta9ly metaphorical 9 ,john v4 #bd1 #be1 #bh1 8,he t he>e? my ^w & believe? him t s5t me1 ha? et]nal life1 & come? n unto judgm5t1 b is pass$ f dea? into life4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ! h\r come? & n[ is1 :5 ! dead %all he> ! voice ( ! ,son ( ,god1 & !y t he> %all live4444 ,m>vel n at ?is1 = ! h\r come? 9 :i* all t are 9 ! tombs %all he> 8 voice1 & %all come =?0 c4 ,"h app>5tly ! mean+ is t ! h\r has already come 78n[ is07 :5 ! spiritually dead %all he> ! voice1 & ! h\r is on ! po9t ( com+ :5 ! lit]ally dead 78all t are 9 ! tombs07 %all he> x4 ,9 any case1 ! metaphorical mean+ is indisputable 9 ! /rik+ say+ ( ,jesus 7,luke ix4 #fj7 8,let ! dead bury _! dead40 ,n[ if ,jesus 0 9 ! habit ( describ+ ^? :o 7 lo/ 9 s9 z be+ 8dead10 & ( bidd+ ,8 disciples 8raise ! dead0--mean+ t !y 7 to re/ore s9n]s to spiritual life--we c easily see h[ su* language might be misund]/ood4 ,x is probable t ,jesus ,himself _h actually re/or$ life to at lea/ "o p]son giv5 ov] = dead1 ! daught] ( ,jairus1 ?\gh by natural means4 ,( su* revivification y may f9d an in/ance describ$ 9 ,onesimus 7pp4 #gg-ha7 :i* is tak5 almo/ v]batim f ! acc\nt ( 8 own revivification giv5 by ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,bordeaux to ! late ,dean ,/anley1 & s5t me by ! ,dean z be+ tak5 d[n f ! ,ar*bi%op's lips4 ,if t 0 s1 h[ natural = "s ( ! ,disciples to atta* a lit]al mean+ to ! precept1 8raise ! dead06 ,!y w\ld argue ?us1 8,our ,ma/] heal$ diseases at a ^w1 s c we2 ,he once rais$ a *ild f ! dead & bade u also raise ! dead2 "s ( ! ,disciples !re=e ought to be able to d ?is40 ,h[ natural1 "u ! circum/ances1 su* a confusion ( ! mat]ial & ! spiritual6 ,yet ,i h little d\bt t ! diseases :i* 7 cur$ by ! ,twelve 7 almo/ always 8possession10 or p>alysis1 or n]v\s diseases4 ,comp>e ! diff]5t acc\nts giv5 by ! ,synopti/s ( ! in/ructions ( ,jesus to ! ,twelve :5 ,he s5t !m =? on _! fir/ mission3 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ ?ree quotations 7 orig9ally pr9t$ side-by-side4 ,m>k vi4 #g4 ,& he call$ unto him ! twelve1 & began to s5d !m =? by two & two2 & he gave !m au?ority ov] ! unclean spirits4 ,mat!w x4 #a4 ,& he call$ unto him 8 twelve disciples & gave !m au?ority ov] unclean spirits to ca/ !m out1 & to heal all mann] ( disease & all mann] ( sickness4 ,luke ix4 #a4 ,& he call$ ! twelve toge!r & gave !m p[] & au?ority ov] all devils & to cure diseases4 ,"h y f9d t ! fir/ ,gospel 7,/4 ,m>k's7 makes m5tion only ( ! 8au?ority ov] unclean spirits10 & ?is probably repres5ts ! fact4 ,! ?ird acc\nt is an amplification2 & ! second altoge!r exagg]ates4 ,h5ce1 :5 we read1 9 ! context ( ! second v]sion ( ^! in/ructions1 8,heal ! sick1 raise ! dead1 cleanse ! lep]s1 ca/ out devils2 freely ye receiv$ freely give0 7,mat!w x4 #h71 we _c fail to see sev]al argum5ts aga9/ ! probability ( ! italiciz$ words be+ lit]ally int5d$ by ,jesus4 ,fir/1 ! language ( ,*ri/ habitually dealt 9 metaphor1 & 9 metaphor habitually misund]/ood by ,8 disciples2 secondly1 !re is no in/ance 9 :i* a s+le "o ( ! ,twelve c>ri$ out ?is precept dur+ ! life ( _! ,ma/]1 & only "o 9 :i* "o ( ! ,twelve 7,pet]7 is said to h rais$ a woman f ! dead 7= ,/4 ,paul's incid5t ) ,euty*us c h>dly be call$ a case 9 po9t72 ?irdly ! precept is record$ by only "o ,evangeli/2#ba f\r?ly t same ,evangeli/ records only "o case 9 :i* our ,"l ,himself rais$ any "o f ! dead1 i4e4 ! revivifi$ daught] ( ,jairus--& x seems absurd to repres5t ,*ri/ z comm&+ all ! ,apo/les to d t :i* mo/ ( !m probably nev] did1 & ,he ,himself 7accord+ to ! ,fir/ ,gospel7 only did once4 ,we pass n[ to ano!r cause t may h orig9at$ miracul\s n>ratives 9 ! ,gospels4 ,try to extricate y\rself f our ,we/]n1 cold-blood$1 analytical1 & critical way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,sit d[n 9 ! reign ( ,vespasian or ,domitian 9 ! mid/ ( a congregation ( ,jewi% & ,grco-,ori5tal bre?r51 assembl$ = a sacr$ s]vice1 8s++ a hymn0 7z ,pl9y says1 describ+ !m a few ye>s aft]w>ds7 8to ,*ri/ z to a ,god40 ,:at effect on ! traditions ( ,*ri/'s life & works w\ld be produc$ by ^! 8hymns & spiritual songs0 :i* ,/4 ,paul's te/imony 7z well z ,pl9y's7 %[s to h be5 a common "p ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian ritual8 ,w\ld !y n inevitably t5d1 by poetic hyp]bole & metaphor1 to build up fre% traditions :i*1 :5 lit]ally int]pret$1 w\ld--l ! songs & psalms ( ! ,*os5 ,p--give rise to miracul\s n>ratives8 ,"p ( ! s]vice inde$ w\ld n consi/ ( hymns b ( ! read+ ( ! 8,scriptures0 i4e4 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b ?is also w\ld t5d 9 ! same direction4 ,= !re y w\ld he>1 read out to ! congregation1 m>vell\s prophecies h[1 9 ! day ( ! ,"l ! ,r$eem]1 ! eyes ( ! bl9d %\ld be op5$ & ! e>s ( ! deaf un/opp$1 & ! lame %\ld leap z a h>t2 & ! sole ?\ght possess+ y & e man 9 ! congregation w\ld be1 8,h[ f> did all ^! ?+s f9d fulfilm5t 9 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/80 ,y w\ld he> f ! 8,scriptures0 n>ratives ( m>vell\s miracles1 h[ ,moses gave wat] f ! rock to ,israel 9 ! wild]ness & f$ !m ) food f ,heav51 h[ ,elijah rais$ ! wid['s *ild f dea?1 & h[ ,jonah sp5t ?ree days 9 ! belly ( ! fi%2 & ! sole ?\ght possess+ y w\ld be1 8,h[ f> 7 l wond]s wr\ght by ,*ri/80 ,!n w\ld arise ! hymn describ+1 9 imag]y borr[$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 h[ ,*ri/ _h done all ^! ?+s1 & m besides1 = ! spiritual ,israel2 h[ ,he _h spread a table = ,8 p 9 ! wild]ness1 & giv5 to ?\s&s to p>take ( ,8 body & ,8 blood2 h[ ,moses _h m]ely giv5 wat] to ! p1 b ,jesus _h *ang$ ! wat] ( ! ,jews 7i4e4 ! ,law7 into ! w9e :i* fl[$ f ,8 side2 h[ ,jesus _h fulfill$ ! pr$ictions ( ! prophets by cur+ ! halt1 ! maim$1 ! bl9d1 ! lep]1 ! deaf2 h[ ,he _h ev5 rais$ ! dead & bidd5 ,8 disciples to raise ! dead2 h[ ,he1 l ,jonah1 _h sp5t ?ree days 9 ! d>kness ( ! grave4 ,if y look at ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian pa9t+s y w f9d t !y repres5t ,*ri/ z ! ,fi% 7! emblem ( food72 o!rs depict ! ,mosaic miracles ( ! manna & ! wat] f ! rock4 ,^! %ew :at a hold ! notion ( ! miracul\s food _h tak5 on ! m9d ( ! e>lie/ believ]s4 ,h[ easy x w\ld be to amplify a metaphor d]iv$ f ! ,eu*>i/ic fe$+ on ! ,bread ( ,life & p]haps on ! 8honey-sweet fi%0 7z ,*ri/ is actually call$ 9 a poem writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury7 into a miracul\s acc\nt ( ! fe$+ ( _m ?\s&s ^u mat]ial bread & mat]ial fi%6 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t we h n "o left out ( ! _m hymns & psalms ( :i* ,/4 ,paul & ,pl9y make m5tion4 ,! only ve/ige ( "o t ,i "k is f\nd 9 a v]se ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,x is at all ev5ts pr9t$ by ,we/cott & ,hort z poetry1 & x is ?\ght by _m comm5tators to be an extract f "s well-kn[n hymn 7,eph4 v4 #ad73 8,:]e=e 7he7 sai?1 ,awake ?\ t sleepe/ ,& arise f ! dead ,& ,*ri/ %all %9e ^u !e40 ,?is p]haps is our only specim5 ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian hymnals4 ,surely !n x is noticeable t 9 ?ree l9es ( ?is unique specim5 !re are ?ree metaphors1 & 9 ! second l9e a metaphorical use ( ! ^w 8dead0 :i*--z ,i h po9t$ out above--has probably else:]e result$ 9 s]i\s misund]/&+4 ,aft] ! hymn w\ld come ! s]mon4 ,! prea*] w\ld /& up l ,apollos to 8prove f ! ,scriptures10 t is1 f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,if y wi% to "k h[ "s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,prea*]s w\ld probably dis*>ge _! task y %\ld look at ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho writt5 7ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,apollos7 by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr--:o1 ,i take x1 0 v mu* sup]ior 9 judgm5t1 le>n+1 & ability1 to ! great mass ( ,*ri/ian ,prea*]s 9 ! fir/ & second c5turies4 ,!re--among _m o!r in/ances ( ! adaptation ( hi/ory to preconception--y w f9d ,ju/9 decl>+ t ,jesus 0 born 9 a cave1 & t ! ass on :i* ,he rode into ,j]usalem 0 ti$ to a v9e1 simply because c]ta9 prophecies ( ,isaiah m5tion a cave & a v9e1 & because he is det]m9$ to f9d fulfilm5ts ( !m 9 ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,b 9 ! e>ly times ( ,apollos1 & dur+ ! next tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 be=e ! ,gospels _h be5 committ$ to writ+1 !re mu/ h be5 a f> /rong] gravitation t[>ds ! ,old ,te/am5t & a f> m p[]ful t5d5cy to f9d some?+ 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ to fulfil e pr$iction ab\t ! ,messiah & to correspond to e miracle wr\ght by ,moses & ! prophets4 ,judg$ 9 ! light ( ^! consid]ations1 our pres5t record ( ,*ri/'s life ought to surprise u n by ! numb]1 b by ! paucity1 ( ! fulfilm5ts ( prophecy & ! miracles conta9$ 9 !m4 ,aga9/ ^! argum5ts = ! antec$5t probability t miracles w\ld be baselessly imput$ to ,jesus 7to be foll[$ pres5tly by a few in/ances to %ew t !y h be5 s imput$7 ,i "k no?+ t has be5 rec5tly urg$ except a consid]ation drawn f ! life ( ,john ! ,bapti/3 8,to ! ,bapti/ no miracle has be5 imput$ by ! ,gospels2 to ,*ri/ miracles h be5 imput$2 :y n to bo?8 ,:at is ! reason = ?is di/9ction except t ! =m] did n p]=m miracles1 :ile ! latt] did80 ,two reasons c be giv54 ,9 ! fir/ place ,*ri/ work$ 8mighty works10 :ile ,john did n2 & s9ce _m ( ^! 8mighty works0 c\ld n 9 ! fir/ c5tury be di/+ui%$ f 8miracles10 !y s]v$ z a nucleus r\nd :i* a miracul\s n>rative might ga!r2 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,bapti/ !re w\ld be no su* nucleus4 ,! second & p]haps m important reason is1 t1 z a c\nt]poise to ! natural exagg]ative t5d5cy :i* might h l$ m5 to attribute miracles to ! ,bapti/1 !re w\ld be also a t5d5cy to height5 ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,s]vant & ! ,ma/]4 ,?is t5d5cy appe>s to me to increase 9 ! lat] ,gospels till at la/ 9 ! ,f\r? we come to ! express /atem5t1 8,john work$ no miracle0 7,john x4 #da74 ,b :e!r ,i am "r or n 9 ?is conjecture1 x is q c]ta9 t ! attitude ( ! ,*ri/ians t[>ds ! m]e =]unn] ( ! ,messiah--ab\t :om ! ,prophets _h simply pr$ict$ t he w\ld 8turn ! he>ts ( ! *ildr5 to ! fa!rs0--w\ld n be su* z to r5d] likely any imputations ( miracles to him4 ,at ,ephesus1 9 ! days ( ,/4 ,paul1 !re 7 "s quasi-,*ri/ians :o _h receiv$ none b 8,john's ,baptism10 & _h 8n s mu* z he>d :e!r !re is a ,holy ,gho/40 ,t gives u a mu* /rong] impression ( ! ,prophet's influ5ce1 & a mu* weak] impression ( ! preval5ce ( ! doctr9e ab\t ! ,holy ,_s 9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian tea*+1 ?an we %\ld h inf]r$ f :at we read 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel3 0 x likely1 :5 ! ,bapti/'s influ5ce seem$ to ! contempor>ies ( ,/4 ,paul /ill s p[]ful 7p]haps too p[]ful7 t !y w\ld be tempt$ unconsci\sly to magnify x by ca/+ r\nd him t halo ( miracul\s action :i* naturally ga!r$ ar\nd ! life ( ,*ri/8 ,does x seem to y v h>d1 & almo/ cruelly unnatural1 t ! life ( ! ,bapti/--9 :om ! _w takes comp>atively little int]e/--%\ld be h&$ d[n ) hi/orical accuracy 7at lea/ s f> z miracles are conc]n$7 :ile ! life ( ,*ri/1 ! c5tre ( ! hopes & fe>s ( ! civiliz$ _w1 has be5 p]mitt$ by ,provid5ce to become a nucleus = illusion & sup]/ition z well z = ! righte\s fai? & love ( mank9d8 ,x is h>d2 x is n unnatural4 8,:5 begg>s die !re are no comets se52 ,! heav5s !mselves blaze =? ! dea? ( pr9ces40 ,:at does ,%akespe>e mean by ?is except to exemplify ! univ]sal1 & natural1 b illusive belief1 t :atev] affects ! greate/ man mu/ also affect mat]ial nature8 ,!re=e 9 proportion to ! greatness ( any man we mu/ expect t ! illusions ab\t him w be great 9 ! m9ds ( po/]ity4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,reflect = a mom5t4 ,jesus came into ! _w to be a spiritual ,savi\r1 a spiritual ,judge2 b h[ few !re 7 9 ^? days :o c\ld fully appreciate ev5 ! mean+ ( ^! titles6 ,d y y\rself1 ev5 at ?is date1 aft] ! lapse ( eighte5 c5turies1 grasp firmly ?is notion ( spiritual judgm5t8 ,rev]5ce c h>dly re/ra9 y f smil+ at ! ,apo/les = _! unspiritual dreams ( a 8c>nal0 empire ) twelve tangible ?rones to be set up = _! twelve selves 9 ,pale/9e2 b y y\rself1 h y nev]1 at all ev5ts 9 y\ng] days1 dream$ sometimes ( a visible :ite ?rone on mat]ial cl\ds1 ( a visible & p]haps tangible trumpet1 ( an audible v]dict ( 8,guilty0 or 8,n guilty0 ext]nally pron\nc$ on ea* s\l8 p]haps also ( palpable palm bran*es1 & ( ,i "k n :at m s5su\s app>atus1 )\t :i* y c sc>cely realize ! notion ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t8 ,& yet all ^! are adv5titi\s & accid5tal accompanim5ts ( ! real & ess5tial 8judgm5t0 :i* is 9 ,greek ! 8sift+0 or 8division0 i4e4 ! division betwe5 good & evil 9 ! he>t ( ea* "o ( u4 ,b ,i d\bt ev5 n[ :e!r y und]/& ! mean+ ( ?is spiritual 8division0 or judgm5t4 ,let me try to expla9 x4 ,h y n at any "t sudd5ly1 9 a fla%1 be5 br\ght face to face ) "s revelation ( goodness1 "s good p]son1 or action1 or book1 or ^w1 or ?\ghts--:i* 9 a mom5t1 be=e y 7 aw>e1 has light$ up all ! black cav]ns ( y\r nature & made y\r m9d's eye realize !m1 & y\r consci5ce abhor !m1 sett+ y\r high] nature aga9/ y\r l[] nature1 s t1 )\t y\r kn[+ x1 ?is angelic visitant has tak5 hold ( y1 c>ri$ away ! bett] "p ( y along ) itself into high] regions ( pur] ?\ght ?an y\rs1 f :5ce y\r bett] nature is =c$ to look d[n ^u1 & condemn1 y\r l[] & gross] self8 ,?is 8division0 is ! op]ation ( ! two-edg$ sword ( ! ,_s2 & :5 a man's *eeks flu% ) %ame1 or 8 he>t feels cru%$ ) remorse1 "u ?is 8divid+0 p[]1 & he feels ! v]dict 8,i am guilty10 !n he is be+ judg$ f> m effectually ?an any e>?ly law c\rt c\ld judge him4 ,n[ x is ?is k9d ( judgm5t t ,jesus _h 9 m9d :5 ,he spoke ( ! judgm5t ( ! _w by ! ,son ( ,man4 ,9 ?is s5se ,he has be5 judg+1 is judg+1 & w judge1 till ! ,great ,judgm5t consummates ! /ory ( su* ?+s z are to be judg$4 ,b h[ little has ! _w realiz$ ?is6 ,probably "s w\ld h realiz$ less ( ! spiritual if !y _h imag9$ less ( ! mat]ial4 ,y "k h[ ! ,engli% judges ( our times /ill insi/ on mu* ( ! old pomp & c]emony :i* 9 ! days ( our =efa!rs 0 ?\ght necess>y 9 ord] to make ju/ice v5]able4 ,! trumpets1 & ! javel9-m51 & ! %]iffs 9 ! procession1 ! wig & g[n & b&s 9 c\rt--!y all seem a little ridicul\s to mo/ ( u n[2 yet possibly ! judges are "r 9 reta9+ !m4 ,possibly our brutal ,engli% nature w ne$ = "s decades long] ^! antique & n[ mean+less trapp+s be=e !y w be able to respect ! j judge = ! sake ( ju/ice itself4 ,& 9 ! same way1 f ! days ( ,clovis to ^? ( ,napoleon1 _m a man :o w\ld h f\nd x impossible to realize ! righte\s ,judge z ! invisible wield] ( ! two-edg$ sword ( ! ,_s1 has felt a fe>1 :i* p]haps did m good ?an h>m1 at ! ?\ght ( ! op5+ graves1 ! unclo!d trembl+ dead1 ! ?und]-peal+ v]dict & ! flames ( a mat]ial hell4 ,:o also c d5y t ! illusion :i* has repres5t$ ,jesus z hav+ possess$ & ex]t$ ! p[] to cure e imag9able disease ( ! body1 has l$ _m to realize ,him z ! ,heal] ( some?+ m ?an mat]ial disease1 9 a mann] o!rwise impossible = masses ( m5 liv+ "u an oppression :i* (t5 sc>cely left !m ! consci\sness t !y possess$ any?+ b bodies :]e) to s]ve _! ma/]s8 ,d n suppose1 because ,i am =c$ by evid5ce to reject ! miracles1 t ,i am bl9d to ! "p t !y once play$ 9 facilitat+ fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,a :ole essay1 a volume ( essays might be writt5 on t subject1 )\t fe> ( exagg]ation4 ,! ,miracul\s ,conception1 ! ,miracul\s ,resurrection & ,asc5sion1 ! miracles ( ! fe$+ ( ! f\r ?\s& & ( ! five ?\s&1--x w\ld be q possible to %ew f ,*ri/ian lit]ature & hi/ory1 h[ 9 times gone by1 :5 laws ( nature 7 unrecogniz$1 ^! suppos$ incid5ts ( ,*ri/'s life n only f\nd _! way into m5's m9ds )\t hesitation & )\t a /ra9 ^u intellect or consci5ce1 b also convey$ to ! human he>t1 ea* 9 its own way1 "s deep spiritual tru? satisfy+ "s deep spiritual ne$4 ,x is ! old lesson once m repeat$3 ! eyes take 91 z a picture1 :at ! e>s fail to convey to ! bra9 or he>t1 :5 express$ 9 m]e words4 ,b n[1 !re are abundant symptoms t ! temp]s & m9ds ( m5 are greatly *ang$4 ,m5's m9ds are m op5 ?an be=e to ! ne$ ( "s spiritual bond to keep society toge!r2 & ! "* & spiritual claims ( ,*ri/1 & ! m>vell\s results t h foll[$ f ,8 life & dea?1 are beg9n+ 7,i ?9k7 to be recogniz$ ) m spontane\sness & ) less ( sup]/iti\s =malism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! va/ regul>ity ( ,nature has s come home to our he>ts t "s believe 9 x z if x _h a div9e sanctity2 ! ?\ght ( pray+ t ! sun or moon may /& /ill %ocks u z a pr(anity2 & boys & girls1 z !y /& opposite to "s picture sett+ =? a ,bible miracle1 look puzzl$ & p]plex$1 or1 if !y are a little old]1 say ) a s5t5ti\s smile t 8! age ( miracles is pa/40 ,9 a ^w1 t v elem5t ( inexplicable wond] :i* once /r5g!n$ ! fai?1 n[ weak5s x1 by furni%+ weapons to its assailants1 & by induc+ ra% believ]s to take up & def5d aga9/ sceptics a position t is indef5sible4 ,9 any case1 x is ! duty ( ea* g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians to put aside1 z f> z x c1 ! illusions ( ! previ\s g5]ation & to rise high] to ! full] k ( ,*ri/2 = ! outworn & undisc>d$ illusions ( "o g5]ation become ! hypocrisies ( ! next4 ,! illusions ( ! p]man5ce ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 ( ! spe$y ,consummation1 ( ,transub/antiation1 ( ! ,infallible ,*ur*1 ( ! ,infallible ,book1 h all be5 9 due c\rse put away4 ,a c&id & mode/ ,*ri/ian ought surely to argue t1 :]e s _m illusions h already be5 disc>d$--& all )\t injury to ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/--"s may rema9 to be disc>d$ /ill1 & equally )\t injury to ! ,et]nal ,tru?4 ,:at if miracul\s ,*ri/ianity is to natural ,*ri/ianity z ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy is to ! ,newtonian8 ,bo? ( ^! a/ronomical sy/ems 7 ( practical utility2 bo? c\ld pr$ict eclipses2 bo? reveal$ ,god z a ,god ( ord]4 ,b ! =m] imput$ to ! unmov+ sun ! t]re/rial motion :i* ! latt] correctly imput$ to ! e>?2 ! =m] expla9$ by a numb] ( arbitr>y1 non-natural1 & quasi-miracul\s suppositions--sph]es1 & spirals1 & epicycles1 & ! l--ph5om5a :i* ! latt] m simply expla9$ by "o cele/ial curve trac$ out 9 accordance ) "o fix$ law4 ,i believe t 9 religion also we h made a simil> mi/ake & are be+ prep>$ = a simil> correction4 ,we h imput$ to ,*ri/ "s actions :i* h sprung f ! prompt+s ( our own imag9ations--imag+ =? :at our ideal ,deliv]] w\ld h done--& :i* h repres5t$1 n ,8 motions1 b ! motions ( our own he>ts4 ,by :at we h euphemi/ically d5om9at$ 8lat5t laws10 t is to say by hypo!ses z arbitr>y & baseless z ! old epicycles1 unsupport$ by suffici5t evid5ce & inconsi/5t ) all t we see & he> & feel ar\nd u 9 ,god's _w1 we h endeav\r$ to expla9 a ,r$emption :i* no m ne$s su* explanations ?an =giv5ess ne$s !m--a ,r$emption :i* is z natural 7t is to say1 z mu* 9 accordance ) ! laws ( physical nature & ! ord9>y processes ( human nature7 z t ,law ( ,love1 or ,spiritual gravitation1 :i* may be illu/rat$ 9 ! microcosm ( e human h\sehold4 ,n[ we are to le>n ! new tru?3 & z ! ,god ( ,newton is great] 7is ,he n87 ?an ! ,god ( ,ptolemy1 s let u n d\bt t ! ,god reveal$ 9 spiritual ,*ri/ianity w be great] ?an ! ,god reveal$ 9 mat]ial & miracul\s ,*ri/ianity4 ,! new heav5s w n cease to decl>e ! glory ( ,god2 ! new firmam5t w n fail to tell ( ,8 h&iwork4 ,footnote #ba3 ,( c\rse its omission by ! o!r ,evangeli/s might indicate t ! words 7 n utt]$ by ,jesus2 b x might also indicate t ! precept1 be+ g5]ally misund]/ood1 0 consid]$ s /range & at v>iance ) facts t x _h come to be discr$it$ & consid]$ spuri\s4 ,,xviii ,,are ,,! ,,miracles ,,insep>able ,,f ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,*ri/8 ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,f ! digressions conc]n+ ! gr[? ( ! ,gospels & ! possibility or probability t _! tru?s w\ld be convey$ ?r\gh illusion ,i n[ return to our ma9 subject1 ! "q :e!r ! life ( ,*ri/ c be dis5tangl$ f miracles4 ,& "h y tell me t "s ( y\r agno/ic & sceptical fri5ds quote ) great satisfaction ! foll[+ s5t5ce f ,bi%op ,temple's rec5t ,bampton ,lectures#bb3 8,_m ( our ,"l's mo/ *>act]i/ic say+s are s associat$ ) n>ratives ( miracles t ! two _c be torn ap>t40 ,i c well believe :at y tell me z to ! advantage :i* !y naturally take ( ?is admission3 8,"h10 !y say1 8is a /atem5t made on high au?ority t1 unless y c believe t ,jesus work$ bon fide miracles1 su* z ! bla/+ ( ! fig tree & ! de/ruction ( ! sw9e1 y mu/ give up #8_m ( ,*ri/'s mo/ *>act]i/ic say+s' 9 o!r words1 y mu/ give up ! hope ( kn[+ :at ,jesus taught40 ,i wi% y\r fri5ds1 :o quote ?is ass]tion ) s mu* pleasure1 w\ld also h quot$ ! 8*>act]i/ic say+s0 alleg$ by ,dr4 ,temple 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion2 = y w\ld !n h se5 = y\rself t _m ( ^! 8*>act]i/ic say+s0 are associat$ n ) 8miracles0 b ) 8mighty works20 & ,i am sure y h n =gott5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4#bc ,= example ! fir/ ( ! 8*>act]i/ic say+s0 is1 8,son1 ?y s9s be =giv5 !e40 ,n[ ^! words 7 spok5 to ! p>alytic man2 &1 z we h se5 above1 ! cure ( p>alysis by appeal to ! emotions--al?\gh a rem>kable act1 & al?\gh1 if p]man5t1 s rem>kable z to des]ve to be call$ 8a mighty "w0--_c be call$ a miracle4 ,b ,i ne$ say no m ( ?is1 z ,i h treat$ ( cures by 8emotional %ock0 9 a previ\s lett]4 ,n[ all ! o!r say+s quot$ by ,dr4 ,temple ref] to 8fai?0 or 8believ+20 & all1 ,i ?9k1 are connect$ ) acts ( heal+4 ,!re may be d\btless 9 "s ( our pres5t acc\nts ( ! 8mighty works0 "s inaccuracies or exagg]ations z to ! nature ( ! disease & ! circum/ances ( ! cure4 ,= example1 :5 ! cure is said to h be5 p]=m$ at a di/ance f ! pati5t1 ei!r 7#a7 fai? mu/ h wr\ght 9 ! pati5t by 8 k t 8 fri5ds 7 int]c$+ ) ,*ri/1 or 7#b7 we mu/ assume "s v d\btful !ory ( 8bra9-wave0 sympa?y1 or admit t 7#c7 ! /ory is exagg]at$1 or else t 7#d7 !re is a bon fide miracle4 ,= my own "p ,i wav]1 9 su* cases z t ( ! c5turion's s]vant & ! ,syro-,phnician's daught]1 betwe5 ! hypo!ses :i* ,i h numb]$ 7#a7 & 7#c71 ) a s5tim5tal res]ve 9 fav\r ( 7#b72 b any "o ( ^! seems to me s f> m probable ?an ! hypo!sis ( a susp5sion ( ! laws ( nature t ,i d n feel 9 ! lea/ con/ra9$ by reason ( su* 8*>act]i/ic say+s0 conc]n+ fai?1 to give 9 my adhesion to a n>rative ( miracle4 ,on ! contr>y ,i say ! m5tion ( 8fai?10 & ,*ri/'s 8m>vel0 at fai?1 & ,8 eulogy ( ! 8greatness0 ( ! 8fai?0 9 c]ta9 cases1 all g to prove t ^! acts 7 n miracles1 b simply acts ( fai?-heal+ on a colossal scale4 ,i hope y w n feel incl9$ to sne] at ! res]vation 9 ^? la/ f\r words4 ,y w surely admit t1 if ,*ri/ did any?+ naturally1 ! result might be proportionate to ,8 nature2 & if ,8 p[] ( appeal+ to ! emotions 0 colossal1 ! mat]ial result ( t appeal might be proportionately colossal4 ,i beg91 !re=e1 ! process ( dis5tanglem5t betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! miracul\s 9 ,*ri/'s life by a prote/ aga9/ a ha/y & bl9d confusion :i* refuses to discrim9ate betwe5 8miracles0 & 8mighty works10 & calls on u to reject f ! hi/ory n only ! miracul\s b ! m>vell\s z well2 & ,i ass]t t ! acts ( fai? heal+ ) :i*1 z ,bi%op ,temple truly says1 !re are associat$ _m ( our ,"l's mo/ *>act]i/ic say+s1 may be accept$ z g5]ally hi/orical & natural4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n apply to su* a miracle z ! re/oration ( ! e> ( ! high prie/'s s]vant2 & ! reasons are obvi\s4 ,! fai? necess>y = an act ( emotional heal+ is n said to h exi/$1 & is n likely to h exi/$1 9 a man :o probably look$ on ,*ri/ z an impo/or4 ,ev5 if x _h exi/$1 ! case 0 n "o :]e we h reason to ?9k fai? c\ld h heal$4 ,besides1 ! miracle is omitt$ by ?ree out ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,x is possibly a mi/ak5 inf]5ce f "s tradition ab\t an utt]ance ( ,jesus1 8,suff] ye ?us f>20 :i* may h really _h an entirely diff]5t mean+1 b :i* l$ ! ?ird ,evangeli/ to conclude t ,jesus desir$ ,8 captors to give ,him s mu* lib]ty z w\ld all[ him to p]=m ?is act ( m]cy--a humane & picturesque ?\ght1 b n hi/ory4 ,x is sc>cely conceivable t ! o!r ?ree ,evangeli/s %\ld h m5tion$ ! w\nd inflict$ on ! s]vant2 t ,mat!w & ,john %\ld h add$ a rebuke address$ by ,jesus to ,pet] = inflict+ x2 & t ,john %\ld h tak5 ! pa9s to tell u ! "n ( ! high prie/'s s]vant & yet t !y %\ld h omitt$1 if !y actually knew1 ! fact t ! w\nd 0 imm$iately & miracul\sly heal$ by ,jesus4 ,! irresi/ible conclusion is t ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,mat!w1 & ,/4 ,john1 knew no?+ ( ?is miracle4 ,:5 ! acts ( heal+ are set ap>t1 & consid]$ z 8mighty works0 b n 8miracles10 ! bon fide miracles 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels w become few inde$3 & ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t ^! few are susceptible ( explanation on natural gr\nds4 ,we w pass ov] ! f9d+ ( ! co9 9 ! fi%'s m\? :i* is f\nd 9 ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel alone & c h>dly be associat$ ) any 8*>act]i/ic say+0 ( ,jesus--& come to a miracle common to ! ?ree ,synopti/s1 ! de/ruction ( two ?\s& sw9e foll[+ on ! exorcism ( ! ,gad>5e4 ,?is is a v curi\s case ( misund]/&+ aris+ f lit]alism4 ,x 0 a common belief 9 ,pale/9e 7z x 0 also 9 ,europe dur+ ! middle ages71 t ! bodies ( ! 8possess$10 or insane1 7 t5ant$ by famili> demons 9 v>i\s %apes--toads1 scorpions1 sw9e1 s]p5ts1 & ! l4 ,^! demons 7 suppos$ to h z _! normal home an 8abyss0 or 8deep0 7,luke viii4 #ca1 72 b ?is !y abhorr$1 & 7 nev] s happy z :5 !y f\nd a home 9 "s human body4 ,! 8possess$0 believ$ t ^! demons 7 visible & mat]ial2 & ! juggl+ exorci/ w\ld sometimes 7s ,josephus tells u7 place a bucket ( wat] to be ov]turn$ by ! demons 9 pass+1 z a pro( t !y 7 driv5 out4 ,9 a ^w1 ! 8possess$0 c\ld h>dly be conv9c$ t he 0 cur$1 unless he saw1 or ?\ght he saw1 ! frogs1 s]p5ts1 scorpions1 or sw9e actually ru%+ f 8 m\? 9 "s def9ite direction4 ,! explanation ( ! miracle w n[ readily sugge/ itself to y4 ,"s man1 p]haps a patriotic ,galilean1 to :om no?+ w\ld be m hateful ?an a ,roman army1 conceiv$ himself to be possess$ by a :ole 8legion10 two ?\s& 8unclean sw9e40 ,id5tify+ himself--z 0 ! habit ( ^? :o 7 8possess$0--) ! demons :om he suppos$ to h possession ( him1 ! insane man decl>$ t 8 "n 0 8,legion1 = we are _m0 & !y 7or he7 bes\ght ,jesus t ,he w\ld n drive !m into ! 8deep10 i4e4 into ! 8abyss0 above-m5tion$4 ,b by ! voice ( ,jesus ! man is in/antane\sly heal$3 he sees ! legion ( demons t _h possess$ him ru%+ =? 9 ! %apes ( two ?\s& sw9e & hurry+ d[n into 8! deep20 & :at he sees1 he l\dly proclaims to ! by/&]s4 ,x is easy to p]ceive h[ on "s su* a basis ( fact !re might be built ! tradition t ,jesus heal$ a demoniac ^: "n 0 ,legion1 & s5t two ?\s& sw9e into ! deep sea2 & f !nce by easy /ages ! tradition might arrive at its pres5t %ape4 ,s f>1 ,i ?9k1 y d n f9d x v difficult to sep>ate ! miracul\s f ! hi/orical 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 nor feel y\rself =c$ to sacrifice any ( ! 8mo/ *>act]i/ic say+s ( ,jesus40 ,let u n[ come to a miracle ( great] difficulty1 ! bla/+ ( ! b>r5 fig-tree4 ,ev5 ( ^? comm5tators :o accept ! miracle ( ! fig-tree z hi/orical1 mo/1 ,i believe1 see 9 x a k9d ( p>able4 ,! b>r5 fig-tree1 !y say1 :i* made a great %[ ( leaves b bore no fruit1 obvi\sly repres5ts1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,ph>isees1 & 9 ! second place1 ! nation1 :i*1 z a :ole1 id5tifi$ itself ) ! ,ph>isees4 ,bo? ! ,prophets & ! ,psalms delight 9 simil> metaphors4 ,israel is ! v9e2 ,jehovah1 9 ,isaiah1 is ! ,"l ( ! v9e1 :o dem&s good fruit & f9ds x n1 & consequ5tly resolves to de/roy ! v9e4 ,s "h1 ! ,"l comes to ! fig-tree ( ,ph>iseeism1 ! tree ( deg5]ate ,israel1 seek+ fruit2 & f9d+ none1 ,he curses x1 & )]s x ) ! brea? ( ,8 m\?4 ,is x n easy to see h[ a p>able1 ?us express$ 9 ! hymns & e>lie/ traditions ( ! ,*ur*1 might spe$ily be lit]aliz$ & give rise to a miracul\s n>rative8 ,let me po9t out to y a curi\s fact confirmatory ( ?is view4 ,i d>e say y may h notic$ t ,/4 ,luke1 al?\gh he agrees ) ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,mat!w 9 ! context ( ?is miracle1 omits ! miracle itself4 ,:y s8 ,is x because he nev] he>d ( ! miracle8 ,n q s4 ,x is because he _h he>d ( x 9 a slightly diff]5t =m1 n z a miracle b z a p>able1 :i* he alone has pres]v$4 ,/4 ,luke's v]sion ( ! tradition is t ! ,"l comes to ! b>r5 tree &1 f9d+ no fruit on x1 gives ord]s t x is to be cut d[n3 b ! /ew>d ( ! f>m pleads = a respite2 let ! gr\nd be digg$ & manur$1 !n1 if !re be no fruit1 let x be cut d[n4 ,a simil> ?\ght1 y see1 is "h express$ 9 two diff]5t %apes1 a miracul\s & a non-miracul\s2 & x is n difficult to und]/& h[ ! =m] may h be5 develop$ f ! latt]4 ,b ,i see t y\r la/ lett] has a rem>k on ?is v miracle1 & on ! difficulty ( reject+ x4 8,x is associat$10 y say1 8) "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic say+s ( ,jesus3 = x is 9 connection ) ! )]+ ( ! fig-tree t ,jesus says 7,matt4 xxi4 #ba71 #8,if ye h fai?1 ye %all n only d :at is done to ! fig-tree1 b ev5 if ye %all say unto ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ tak5 up & ca/ into ! sea1 x %all be done4'0 8,"h10 y say1 8we h a *>act]i/ic say+ ( ,jesus expressly ref]r+ to some?+ done1 & done miracul\sly40 ,w\ld x n h be5 wise1 be=e mak+ s emphatic a /atem5t1 to consid] h[ ,/4 ,m>k1 ! e>li] ( ! two n>rators ( ?is miracle1 sets =? ! comm5t ( ,jesus8 ,! comm5ts run ?us 9 ! fir/ two ,gospels1 & ,i w add a p>allel say+ f ! ?ird ,gospel1 n atta*$ to any miracle3 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ ?ree quotations 7 orig9ally pr9t$ side-by-side4 ,m>k xi4 #ba-bc4 ,& ,pet]1 call+ to remembrance1 sai? unto him1 8,rabbi1 behold ! fig tree :i* ?\ curs$/ is )]$ away40 ,& ,jesus answ]+ sai? unto !m1 8,h fai? 9 ,god4 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,:osoev] %all say unto ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ tak5 up & ca/ into ! sea2 & %all n d\bt 9 8 he>t1 b %all believe t :at he sai? come? to pass2 he %all h x40 ,mat!w xxi4 #bj-ba4 ,& :5 ! disciples saw x1 !y m>vell$1 say+1 8,h[ did ! fig tree imm$iately )] away80 ,& ,jesus said unto !m1 8,v]ify ,i say unto y1 ,if ye h fai?1 & d\bt n1 ye %all n only d :at is done to ! fig tree1 b ev5 if ye %all say unto ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ tak5 up & ca/ into ! sea1 x %all be done40 ,luke xvii4 #e-f4 ,& ! apo/les said unto ! ,"l 8,increase our fai?40 ,& ! ,"l said1 8,if ye h fai? z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 ye w\ld say unto ?is sycam9e tree1 ,be ?\ root$ up1 & be ?\ plant$ 9 ! sea2 & x w\ld h obey$ y40 ,y see !n t ! m au?oritative 7because e>li]7 ( our two witnesses omits ^? v words on :i* y lay s mu* /ress1 ! 8express ref]5ce to some?+ done1 & done miracul\sly40 ,& ought n ?is fact to make y pause & ask y\rself 8,am ,i really to suppose t ! ,"l ,jesus enc\rag$ ,8 disciples to comm& mat]ial m\nta9s to be ca/ into ! sea1 & mat]ial trees to be de/roy$8 ,did ,he ,himself s habitually act ?us t ,he c\ld naturally urge ,8 disciples to d ! l8 ,does x n seem1 lit]ally tak51 advice contr>y n only to common s5se b also to a rev]5t appreciation ( ! law & ord] ( nature80 ,i w\ld sugge/ to y t y might weigh ! inh]5t improbability ( ! words 9 ,/4 ,mat!w 7lit]ally tak571 z well z ! ext]nal probability--:i* ,i w n[ endeav\r to %ew--t ! :ole passage 0 metaphorical4 ,we "k f ,/4 ,paul's works1 z well z f ,rabb9ical lit]ature1 t 8to move m\nta9s0 0 a common metaphor to express intellectual or spiritual ability4 ,/4 ,paul speaks ( fai? t w\ld 8move m\nta9s20 & y w f9d 9 ,lightfoot's ,horae ,hebraicae 7ii4 p4 #bhe71 8,!re 0 n su* ano!r root] up ( m\nta9s z ,b5 ,azzai40 ,n[ we "k f ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel 7xvii4 #f71 t ,jesus us$ a simil> metaphor ( trees1 z well z ( m\nta9s1 to exemplify ! p[] ( fai?2 & ?is )\t any ref]5ce to 8some?+ done & done miracul\sly30 8,if ye h fai? z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 ye w\ld say unto ?is sycam9e tree1 ,be ?\ root$ up & plant$ 9 ! sea2 & x w\ld h obey$40 ,plant$ 9 ! sea6 ,c y dream t s prepo/]\s a port5t c\ld h be5 pray$ = by any sane & sob] foll[] ( ,*ri/ 9 compliance ) 8 ,ma/]'s sugge/ion8 ,be> 9 m9d t ^! words 9 ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel 7 utt]$ a long "t be=e ! bla/+ ( ! fig tree is suppos$ to h happ5$1 & at a diff]5t place4 ,does n !n a comp>ison ( ?is passage ) ! o!r two make x probable t ,jesus 0 9 ! habit ( enc\rag+ ,8 disciples to be 8pluck]s up ( m\nta9s0 & 8root]s up ( trees10 n lit]ally b metaphorically1 mean+ !reby t !y 7 to attempt & accompli% ! greate/ feats ( fai?8 ,y w1 p]haps1 be surpris$ :5 y f9d :at x 0 t ,jesus reg>d$ z ! greate/ feat ( fai? 9 ! passage ( ,/4 ,luke j m5tion$4 ,x 0 a feat ( :i* we are accu/om$ to ?9k r lightly2 p>tly1 p]haps1 because we are (t5 cont5t$ ) ! appe>ance ( x )\t ! reality3 x 0 simply =giv5ess4 ,he _h told ! disciples !y mu/ =give 8till sev5ty times sev530 ,! ,apo/les1 9 despair1 repli$ 8,increase our fai?30 & !n ,jesus tells !m t if !y _h b a g]m ( liv+ tru/1 !y c\ld become 8uproot]s ( sycam9e trees10 9 o!r words !y c\ld p]=m =giv5ess1 ! greate/ feat ( fai?4 ,b p]haps y w say1 8,at all ev5ts 9 ,/4 ,m>k1 ! e>lie/ au?ority = ! miracle ( ! bla/+ ( ! fig-tree1 !re is no m5tion ( =giv5ess1 & no?+ t w\ld indicate t 8 v]sion ( ! words ( ,jesus ref]r$ to :at y call #8! greate/ feat ( fai?1' i4e4 =giv5ess40 ,on ! contr>y1 y w f9d t ,/4 ,m>k1 ) "s app>5t confusion ( diff]5t ?\ghts1 reta9s ! trace ( ! orig9al spiritual signification ( ! words 7,m>k xi4 #bb-be73 8,h fai? 9 ,god4 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 :osoev] %all say unto ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ tak5 up & ca/ into ! sea1 & %all n d\bt 9 8 he>t b %all believe t :at he sai? come? to pass1 he %all h x4 ,!re=e ,i say unto y1 ,all ?+s :atsoev] ye pray & ask =1 believe t ye h receiv$ !m1 & ye %all h !m2 ,& :5soev] ye /& pray+1 =give1 if ye h aught aga9/ any "o2 t y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 may =give y\r trespasses40 ,i cont5d t1 ^u ! :ole1 an imp>tial critic mu/ come to ! conclusion t nei!r ! miracle1 nor ! ref]5ce to ! miracle1 is hi/orical2 & t1 9 all probability1 bo? ! miracle & ! ref]5ce to x arose f a misund]/&+1 )\t any int5tion to deceive4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! 8%ort say+s0 ( ! ,"l ,jesus--z !y are call$ by "s e>ly writ]1 ,ju/91 ,i ?9k--mu/ h caus$ consid]able difficulty to ! compil]s ( ! e>lie/ ,gospels 9 ! attempt to arrange !m 9 ord]4 ,po9t$1 pi?y1 & brief1 pregnant ) mean+1 sometimes obscur$ by metaphor1 _m ( ^! say+s1 if tak5 out ( _! context1 7 v liable to be misund]/ood4 ,"s compil]s might ?9k x be/1 z ! au?or ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel has done 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 to gr\p a numb] ( ^! say+s toge!r )\t connection2 o!rs1 z ! au?or ( ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel1 might object to ?is arrangem5t1 & might make x a ma9 object to set =? ^! say+s 89 ord]10 atta*+ to ea* its appropriate & explanatory context4 ,n[ to apply ?is to ! p>ticul> case ( ! leg5d ( ! fig-tree4 ,x seems probable t ! compil]s _h be=e !m two traditions1 "o1 a p>able ab\t a b>r5 fig-tree de/roy$ by ! ,"l ( ! v9e-y>d because x bore no fruit2 ano!r1 a precept ab\t ! p[] ( fai? 9 uproot+ a m\nta9 or a tree1 i4e4 9 a*iev+ ! greate/ ( spiritual tasks1 ! task ( =giv+4 ,/4 ,luke int]pret$ bo? ! p>able & ! precept spiritually1 & kept ! two di/9ct4 ,/4 ,m>k int]pret$ ! p>able lit]ally & adopt$ ! tradition :i* made x ref] to an actual de/ruction ( a tree2 he also app5d$ to x ! say+ on ! p[] ( fai?ful pray] to "w any wond]s soev]1 z be+ an appropriate comm5t on s />tl+ a miracle2 b he did n ?9k fit to adapt ! say+ to ! miracle by any ins]tion ( ! ^w 8tree0 78,v]ily ,i say unto y1 :osoev] %all say unto ?is m\nta91 ,be ?\ tak5 up0 c472 & he reta9$ ! old connection ( ! say+ ) =giv5ess4 ,/4 ,mat!w--( c\rse1 :5 ,i say ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,i mean ! unkn[n au?ors or compil]s ( ! ,gospel call$ by 8 "n--is m consi/5t4 ,he1 l ,/4 ,m>k int]prets ! p>able lit]ally1 & he app5ds to x ! say+ on ! p[] ( fai?ful pray]2 b he ins]ts 9 ! latt] an express ref]5ce to ! miracle :i*1 accord+ to 8 hypo!sis1 _h rec5tly be5 work$ be=e ! eyes ( ! ,disciples & c\ld h>dly !re=e fail to be m5tion$3 8,if ye h fai? & d\bt n1 ye %all n only d :at is done to ! fig-tree1 b ev5 if ye %all say unto ?is m\nta910 c4 ,9 ord] to complete ! adaptation1 he also omits ! words t connect ! say+ ) =giv5ess1 & relegates !m to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7vi4 #ad1 #ae7 :i* he makes ! receptacle = all ^? say+s ( ,jesus = :i* he c f9d no special "t & place4 8,all ?is is %ad[y1 b>ely possible1 m]e conjecture40 ,i ma9ta9 t conjecture1 fairly support$1 is en\gh to give ! f9i%+ bl[ to all fai? 9 a miracle s diff]5t f ,*ri/'s o!r 8mighty works0 z ?is ( ! fig-tree4 ,be=e f9ally & utt]ly reject+ a /ory f\nd 9 a g5]ally tru?ful n>rative we wi% n only to "k t ! /ory is improbable1 b also to answ] ! "q1 8,h[ may x h crept into ! n>rative80 ,! above conjecture supplies a fairly probable answ] to t "q2 & ! comb9$ result ( ! evid5ce = ! probability ( "s rational explanation1 & aga9/ ! probability ( ! miracul\s occurr5ce1 is s great t ,i c feel no hesitation 9 reject+ ! miracle ( ! fig-tree & 9 decl>+ t ! 8*>act]i/ic say+s0 ( ,jesus ab\t ! uproot+ ( m\nta9s & trees 7 nev] int5d$ to be lit]ally und]/ood4 ,& n[1 be=e go+ fur!r1 ask y\rself once m1 8,:at h ,i lo/1 s f>1 by giv+ up ! miracles ( ,jesus8 ,does ,he s9k 9 my e/imation because ,he did n bla/ a fig-tree or de/roy two ?\s& sw9e1 or draw a fi% ) a /at] 9 its m\? to ! hook ( ,pet]8 ,or h ,i lo/ a preci\s & #8*>act]i/ic say+' ( ,jesus because ,i no long] believe t ,he really enc\rag$ ,8 disciples to pray = ! uproot+ ( mat]ial m\nta9s & mat]ial trees80 ,i am q sure y\r consci5ce mu/ reply t y h hi!rto lo/ no?+4 ,if s1 take c\rage1 & foll[ on /ep by /ep :]e ! argum5t leads y4 ,footnote #bb3 ,page #aec4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see above1 p4 #aeh4 ,,xix ,,! ,,miracles ,,( ,,fe$+ ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y rem9d me t ,i h omitt$ ! mo/ important ( all ^? say+s ( ,*ri/ :i* are associat$ ) miracles--! passage 9 :i* he comm5ts on ! fe$+ ( ! ,f\r ,?\s& & on t ( ! ,five ,?\s&1 z two sep>ate acts1 app>5tly imply+ _! miracul\s nature4 ,i h n =gott5 x2 b ,i res]v$ x to ! la/ because x is1 z y ju/ly say1 ! mo/ important & ! mo/ difficult ( all2 b ,i believe x to be susceptible ( explanation4 ,let u fir/ h ! facts be=e u4 ,9 ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,mat!w 7viii4 #ae7 & ,/4 ,m>k 7xvi4 #f7 ,jesus is introduc$ z bidd+ ! ,disciples 8bew>e ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ! leav5 ( ,h]od0 7or1 z ,mat!w1 8! ,sadducees407 ,^u ?is ! disciples1 z usual1 int]pret ! words ( ,jesus lit]ally2 !y suppose t1 s9ce !y h =gott5 to br+ bread ) !m 7= !y _h b "o loaf7 _! ,ma/] wi%es to w>n !m to bew>e ( leav5 dur+ ! approa*+ fea/ ( ,passov] or unleav5$ bread4 ,h]eupon ,jesus1 9 ord] to %ew !m t ,he 0 n speak+ lit]ally1 rebukes _! dull & lit]aliz+ m9ds z foll[s3-- ,m>k viii4 #ag-ba4 8,:y reason ye because ye h no bread8 ,d ye n yet p]ceive8444 ,:5 ,i brake ! five loaves among ! five ?\s&1 h[ _m baskets full ( brok5 pieces took ye up80 ,!y say unto him1 8,twelve40 8,& :5 ! sev5 among ! f\r ?\s&1 h[ _m baskets full ( brok5 pieces took ye up80 ,& !y say unto him1 8,sev540 ,& he said unto !m1 8,d ye n yet und]/&80 ,mat!w xvi4 #h-ab4 8,:y reason ye among y\rselves because ye h no bread8 ,d ye n yet p]ceive nei!r rememb] ! five loaves ( ! five ?\s& & h[ _m baskets took ye up8 ,nei!r ! sev5 loaves ( ! f\r ?\s& & h[ _m baskets ye took up8 ,h[ is x t ye d n p]ceive t ,i spake n to y conc]n+ bread8 ,b bew>e ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees40 ,!n und]/ood !y h[ t he bade !m n bew>e ( ! leav5 ( bread1 b ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees4 ,n[ be=e ,i proce$ fur!r ,i mu/ po9t out to y t ^! words are n f\nd 9 ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel4 ,= my own "p ,i am dispos$ to believe !m to be g5u9e1 ?\gh n q 9 ! exact =m 9 :i* we n[ f9d !m4 ,i ?9k ,/4 ,luke may h omitt$ !m because he f\nd "s difficulty or obscurity 9 !m2 or because he did n "k ( !m2 or p]haps because he did n "k (1 or did n accept1 ! fe$+ ( ! ,f\r ,?\s&1 to :i* !y ref]4 ,b suppose we are =c$ to give !m up z altoge!r spuri\s1 t is to say1 z n be+ g5u9e words ( ,jesus1 ?\gh g5u9e p>ts ( ! fir/ & second ,gospels2 :at is ! consequ5ce8 ,simply t we %all be r$uc$ to ,/4 ,luke's v]sion ( ! words1 :i* is z foll[s 7,luke xii4 #a73 8,bew>e ye ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees :i* is hypocrisy40 ,c we say t ,/4 ,luke has h]e9 omitt$ words t are ess5tial to ! life ( ,*ri/1 or t we h lo/ any?+ ( ! highe/ importance1 or ev5 t we h lo/ a v 8*>act]i/ic say+0 ( ,jesus 9 omitt+ ! /ati/ical comp>ison :i* ,/4 ,luke omits8 ,i ?9k n4 ,b n[ let u assume t ,jesus utt]$ ^! words or some?+ l !m4 ,i ?9k y w\ld p]ceive t !y c\ld be int]pret$ metaphorically1 if y c\ld only compreh5d h[ ! acc\nts ( ! miracul\s fe$+ ( ! ,f\r ,?\s& & ( ! ,five ,?\s& 7obvi\sly lit]al z !y n[ /& 9 our ,gospels7 c\ld be ref]r$ to z spiritual incid5ts4 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q we mu/ n[ pass to ! n>ratives ( ! two miracles !mselves4 ,i suppose ev5 ^? :o accept !m lit]ally w\ld admit t !y are emblematic1 & t !y repres5t ,jesus1 ! ,bread ( ,life1 giv+ ,himself = ! _w4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel manife/s ?is 9 ! subsequ5t disc\rse :]e ! fe$+ on ! bread & fi%es introduces ! subject ( ! fe$+ on ! fle% & blood ( ,*ri/4 ,! notion t we fe$ on ! ,^w ( ,god1 fir/ f\nd 9 ,deut]onomy 7viii4 #c71 p]vades all ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,philo 7i4 #aai73 8,! s\l is n\ri%$ n on e>?ly & corruptible food1 b on ! words :i* ,gods ra9s d[n out ( ,8 sublime & pure nature :i* ,he calls heav540 ,x reappe>s 9 ! acc\nt ( our ,"l's temptation1 :5 ,he replies to ,satan1 quot+ ,deut4 viii4 #c1 8,man %all n live by bread alone b by e ^w t proce$e? out ( ! m\? ( ,god20 & aga9 7,john iv4 #cb71 8,i h meat to eat t ye "k n40 ,on t la/ occasion ! ,f\r? ,gospel tells u t ! disciples actually misund]/ood ! metaphor & int]pret$ x lit]ally2 & to ?is day ,i d>e say _m w\ld give a lit]al int]pretation to ! 8daily bread0 ( ! ,"l's pray]2 b !re c be little d\bt t ,jesus meant by 8bread0 e gift & bless+ t con/itutes life1 & prim>ily ! spiritual su/5ance ( ! s\l4 ,z to ! emblematic use ( ! 8fi%10 x _c be trac$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b 9 a v e>ly p]iod ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 z e>ly z ! reign ( ,vespasian1 we f9d ! ,fi% 9 rude pa9t+s repres5t+ ! ,eu*>i/ic food ( ! fai?ful2 & x is said t ?is appellation 0 giv5 to ,jesus f ! initial lett]s ( ! ,greek title ,i7es\s7 ,*7ri/os7 ,?7e\7 ,u7ios7 ,s7ot]7 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,son ( ,god1 ,savi\r because !y made up ! ,greek ^w ,i*?us1 fi%4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury we f9d "o ( ! e>lie/ extant ,*ri/ian poems describ+ h[ ! ,*ur* ev]y:]e pres5t$ to ! fai?ful1 z _! food1 8! ,fi%1 great & pure1 :i* ! ,holy ,virg9 _h caught40 ,! poet evid5tly did n inv5t ?is metaphor2 x 0 e/abli%$1 intelligible1 & inh]it$1 at ! "t :5 he us$ x1 & mu/ h be5 9 use mu* e>li]4 ,to speak ( 8crumbs0 metaphorically may p]haps seem to u a bold metaphor1 b x may be illu/rat$ by ! dialogue betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,syro-,phnician woman3 8,x is n meet to take ! *ildr5's food & ca/ x unto dogs30 8,tru?1 ,"l2 yet ev5 ! dogs eat ( ! crumbs :i* fall f ! ma/]'s table40 ,n[ x 0 a common-place 9 ! doctr9e ( ,jesus t e disciple :o m9i/]$ ! ,^w or ,bread ( ,life inv>iably receiv$ x back 9 ample measure3 8,freely ye h receiv$1 freely give40 ,give :at8 ,c]ta9ly n mat]ial bread1 b ! tru? or bread ( life4 ,& aga91 8,give1 & x %all be giv5 unto y3 good measure press$ d[n & runn+ ov] %all ,,!y#bd give into y\r bosom40 ,aga91 ,i ask1 give :at8 ,:at b ! spiritual ,bread1 :i*1 by ! laws ( spiritual nature1 _c be freely giv5 )\t a yet m ri* return into ! giv]'s he>t8 ,x 0 ?is ,bread t ,*ri/ m9i/]$ to ,8 disciples & bade !m set be=e ! p2 x 0 ?is ,bread :i* ! disciples f\nd multipli$ 9 _! h&s s t x suffic$ = all1 & !y !mselves 7 f$ f ! crumbs t fell f ! food4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! /ory ( ?is spiritual banquet f9d+ its way into ,*ri/ian hymns & traditions w\ld be lit]aliz$ & amplifi$ ) v>iations4 ,z ,moses 8spread a table0 = ,israel 89 ! wild]ness10 s also1 x w\ld be said1 did ,jesus ( ,naz>e? :5 he f$ ?\s&s ( ,8 foll[]s on div9e ,bread4 ,! ,fi%1 :i* is n m5tion$ 9 our ,"l's dialogue ) ! ,disciples1 might naturally he add$ to ! ,bread1 9 ! n>rative1 z a ,eu*>i/ic emblem4 ,if ! ,fi% _h be5 m5tion$ by our ,"l 9 ! dialogue "u "q1 my explanation w\ld at once fall to ! gr\nd2 b x is n m5tion$2 & ! only difficulty is 9 expla9+ h[ ,jesus c\ld h spok5 metaphorically ( ! 8sev50 z well z ! 8twelve0 baskets4 ,we c und]/& ! 8twelve0--ea* "o ( ! twelve ,apo/les :o m9i/]$1 receiv+ a return ( spiritual 8crumbs0--b :5ce ! 8sev580 ,"h ,i c b conjecture4 ,y "k t sev5 is :at is call$ 8a sacr$ numb]40 ,i f9d 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 xxi4 #b-ad1 a /ory 7evid5tly emblematic7 ( a miracul\s meal ( bread & fi%es 9 :i* 8sev50 apo/les took "p4 ,?is may h be5 bas$ ^u "s tradition 9 :i* sev5 apo/les 7 record$ z hav+ tak5 "p 9 a spiritual ,eu*>i/ic fe$+ ( ! multitude4 ,if t 0 s1 x w\ld foll[ t 9 ! latt] case !re w\ld be 8sev5 baskets0 ( fragm5ts1 z 9 ! =m] case !re 7 8twelve10 correspond+ to ! numb] ( ! m9i/]+ apo/les3 & ,jesus1 9 ! dialogue "u consid]ation1 w\ld rem9d ,8 disciples h[ on two occasions :]e ! bread ( life 0 multipli$ = ! hungry1 ! twelve ,apo/les receiv$ ! twelve baskets ( crumbs1 & ! sev5 receiv$ ! sev54 ,:at is ! argum5t 9 ! words "u consid]ation1 accord+ to y\r int]pretation8 ,i presume y w\ld take !m ?us3 8,:y d y suppose ,i am talk+ ab\t lit]al bread8 ,c ,i n make bread z ,i please8 ,d y n rememb] my two miracles1 & h[ f five loaves = five ?\s& p !re came twelve baskets ( fragm5ts1 :ile f sev5 loaves = f\r ?\s& p !re came sev5 baskets8#be ,h[ !n c ,i 7or y :ile y are ) me7 be 9 ne$ ( lit]al bread80 ,b ?is int]pretation is op5 to "o s]i\s objection4 ,x is oppos$ to ! :ole t5\r ( ,*ri/'s life4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! ,gospels d we f9d t ,jesus us$ any miracul\s p[] to exempt ,himself & ,8 disciples f hung]4 ,we are ev5 taught t on "o occasion ,he resi/$ a prompt+ to turn /ones into bread1 z be+ a temptation f ! ,evil ,"o4 ,= ,8 disciples he might und\bt$ly h be5 will+ to d :at ,he w\ld n d = ,himself2 b t ,jesus 7l ,eli%a7 s habitually us$ miracul\s p[]s to %elt] ,8 disciples f ! inconv5i5ces & h>d%ips ( a w&]+ life1 t he c\ld enc\rage !m to believe t he w\ld d s on ! pres5t occasion1 is a hypo!sis q inconsi/5t ) ! ,gospel hi/ory4 ,moreov]1 plausible al?\gh ?is int]pretation may appe> to u--because we are famili> ) ! lit]aliz+ int]pretation ( ! miracles ( ! ,f\r ,?\s& & ,five ,?\s&--x does n1 if ,i may s say1 br+ out ! proportion ( ! s5t5ce4 ,surely x does n s\nd logical to say1 8,did ,i n once supply y ) bread = f\r & five ?\s& p 7lit]ally78 ,:y !n d y n und]/& t ,i n[ speak ( #8leav5' metaphorically80 ,in/ead ( ?is1 %\ld we n r expect3 8,d y n rememb] h[ on two previ\s occasions #8bread' 0 us$ spiritually8 ,:y !n d y n und]/& t #8leav5' is "h us$ spiritually80 ,n[ ?is is :at ,i believe to h be5 ! orig9al mean+ ( ! words1 if g5u9e4 ,i believe t ,jesus int5d$ to rem9d ! ,disciples h[ on two previ\s occasions ! multitude _h be5 f$ ) ! spiritual ,bread1 ! ,bread ( ,life3 8,y "k t t 0 :at ,i meant be=e1 :5 ,i spoke ( ,bread2 h[ is x !n t y d n und]/& my mean+ n[ :5 ,i speak simil>ly ( leav580 ,i d n pret5d to say t ?is explanation is completely satisfactory ev5 to me1 mu* less to claim t x %\ld completely satisfy o!rs4 ,"s may pref] to rationalize ! miracle z an exagg]ation ) a sub/ratum ( fact2 o!rs may reject ! dialogue z a late int]polation4 ,yet ev5 !n ,i ?9k ! consid]ations above alleg$--:i* ,i h put =w>d1 on ! supposition t ! dialogue is g5u9e--may g a long way t[>d %ew+ h[ ^! miracul\s /ories may h sprung up )\t any real basis ( miracle1 & h[1 9 ! elaboration ( ^! n>ratives1 words t _c be accept$ z hi/orical may h be5 attribut$ to ,jesus )\t any fraudul5t purpose4 ,al?\gh ,i am unwill+ to admit 7& d n feel call$ ^u by evid5ce to admit7 t ! words & doctr9e ( ,jesus h be5 s]i\sly modifi$ to suit ! miracul\s int]polations ( e>ly ,*ri/ian times1 yet ( c\rse 7on my hypo!sis7 "s slight occasional modifications _c be d5i$4 ,= example1 9 ! miracle ( ! ,f\r ,?\s&1 ,jesus is introduc$ z say+1 8,h[ _m loaves h ye80 ,^! words mu/ necess>ily be reject$ by any "o tak+ my view ( ! n>rative1 z ! addition ( "s lat] tradition :i*1 int]pret+ a metaphor lit]ally1 endeav\r$ to set =? ! lit]al fact dramatically z x 0 suppos$ to h occurr$4 ,9 ! same way x is possible t ! dialogue n[ "u consid]ation may be an amplification ( a simple rebuke f ,jesus to ! disciples = misund]/&+ ,8 precept z to leav51 ! e>ly tradition hav+ run some:at aft] ?is fa%ion3 8,! ,"l spread a table = ! hungry 9 ! wild]ness3 ,he gave !m bread f heav5 to eat4 ,! ,"l gave food unto ! multitude ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! ,twelve2 & 9 _! h&s ! ,bread ( ,life 0 multipli$ s t a few loaves satisfi$ _m ?\s&s4 ,!n did ! ,"l w>n ,8 disciples t !y %\ld bew>e ( leav5 & fe$ on n\ght save ! "o true ,bread4 ,b !y und]/ood n ,8 words1 & rememb]$ n ! mighty works ( ,8 h&s40 ,x seems to me q possible1 ,i say1 t ! dialogue "u discussion may h aris5 f an amplification ( "s su* words z ^? above italiciz$2 & ,i am some:at ! m incl9$ to take ?is view because ,/4 ,m>k's n>rative 7! e>lie/7 conta9s a curi\s little detail :i* looks l a trace ( "s old hymn ab\t 8! "o true ,bread0 i4e4 ,jesus3 8,!y _h n 9 ! boat ) !m m ?an "o loaf 7,gr4 bread740 ,if ^! sugge/$ solutions seem improbable1 let me once m rem9d y t y h to *oose betwe5 !m & great] improbabilities4 ,ei!r ! miracul\s n>rative mu/ be hi/orically true2 or x mu/ h be5 delib]ately fabricat$2 or x mu/ h sprung into exi/5ce )\t int5tion to deceive4 ,z to ! improbability ( ! fir/ ( ^! solutions1 ,i say no?+1 because y h reject$ x4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld be difficult = a pa9t] to depict 9 detail ! processes necessitat$ by ?is miracle )\t produc+ a grotesque impression3 b on ?is po9t ,i am sil5t1 z x is beside my purpose4 ,x rema9s !re=e = y to decide :e!r ! !ory ( delib]ate falsehood1 or ( ! unconsci\s accretions ( tradition & misund]/&+ ( metaphor1 supplies ! lea/ improbable explanation4 ,= my "p1 hav+ reg>d to ! "* ( ,*ri/'s disciples1 ! abundant evid5ce t !y misund]/ood ! tea*+ ( _! ,ma/]1 & ! frequ5t in/ances ( miracul\s n>rative aris+ f misund]/&+ 9 o!r cases1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t1 9 ?is case also1 ! hypo!sis ( deceit is f> m improbable ?an t ( misund]/&+4 ,i _h n int5d$ to t\* on any o!r miracle2 b "o m c be s briefly discuss$ t ,i w n omit x4 ,i d>e say y h anticipat$ 7?\gh y h n read ,onesimus#bf7 t ,i %\ld expla9 ! 8walk+ on ! waves0 & ! 8/ill+ ( ! sea0 z n>ratives d]iv$ f e>ly ,*ri/ian hymns repres5t+ ! ,son ( ,god z /ill+ ! /orms t ?reat5 ! b>k ( ! ,*ur*4 ,nev]!less y may n h p]ceiv$ h[ easily a hi/orical & au!ntic tradition ( ! de$s & words ( ,*ri/ w\ld l5d itself to amplification s z to be elaborat$ into ! full miracul\s n>rative z we n[ f9d x 9 ! ,gospels4 ,well !n1 op5 y\r ,greek ,te/am5t at ,/4 ,m>k's n>rative 7i4 #be-bg1 or ,luke iv4 #ce1 #cf7 ( ! exorcism ( an unclean _s4 ,y w !re f9d x /at$ t ,jesus 8rebuk$ an unclean _s20 & a some:at r>e ^w is us$ to express ! rebuke1 8,be ?\ muzzl$ 7740 ,x is fur!r add$ t ! disciples1 9 _! a/oni%m5t1 said to "o ano!r 8,:at is ?is8 ,) au?ority he comm&e? ev5 ! unclean spirits & !y obey him40 ,n[ y "k v well t ! same ,greek ^w 77 expresses two totally di/9ct ,engli% words 8_s0 & 8w9d20 b y may n s well "k t ! same ambiguity is f\nd 9 ,hebrew4 ,look at ,psalm civ4 #d 9 ! ,old ,v]sion1 & y w f9d 8,:o make? 8 angels 7i4e4 mess5g]s7 spirits20 b ! ,new ,v]sion gives1 m correctly1 8,:o make? w9ds 8 mess5g]s10 or1 8,:o make? 8 angels w9ds40 ,n[ suppose t 9 "s cases :]e ! above tradition 0 circulat$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 ei!r 9 ,greek or ,aramaic1 ! ^w 8unclean0 0 omitt$1 z x easily might be = brevity4 ,x w\ld foll[ t1 )\t ! *ange ( a s+le ^w1 ! he>]s might int]pret ! /ory z foll[s3 8,jesus rebuk$ ! w9d1 say+ to x1 ,be ?\ muzzl$4 ,8 disciples m>vell$1 say+1 ,:at is ?is8 ,) au?ority he comm&e? ev5 ! w9ds & !y obey him40 ,b y may say p]haps1 8,jesus c\ld n use su* an extraord9>y phrase z #8,be ?\ muzzl$1' 9 address+ ! w9d4 ,to a human be+ x w\ld be applicable1 or ev5 to a _s1 b n to ! w9d40 ,well1 x c]ta9ly w\ld be r unusual3 b turn to ,/4 ,m>k iv4 #ci1 & y w !re f9d a passage tell+ y h[1 9 a /orm at sea1 ,jesus awoke & 8rebuk$ ! w9d0 ) ! words 8,be ?\ muzzl$ 7710 & h[ ! wond]+ disciples said to "o ano!r1 8,:o is ?is t ev5 ! w9d 7,mat!w & ,luke1 #8! w9ds'7 & sea obey him80 ,x appe>s to me by no means unlikely t we h "h two v]sions ( ! same tradition2 ! "o 9 ! e>li] *apt] ( ,/4 ,m>k repres5t+ ! facts2 ! o!r 9 ! lat] *apt] result+ f a misund]/&+ ( ! facts1 :5ce !re sprang up ! amplifi$ & beautiful tradition ( ! ,/ill+ ( ! ,/orm--a /ory :i* mu/ h 9 all ages comm5d$ itself to ! ,*ur*1 & may /ill comm5d itself1 by reason ( its deep spiritual tru?1 b :i* ought1 9 ?is age1 to be recogniz$ z 9 all probability1 n hi/orically true4 ,nei!r ( ! above-m5tion$ explanations ( ?is miracul\s n>rative appe>s to me by any means c]ta92 b ei!r seems to me decid$ly m likely ?an t ,jesus s f> rais$ ,himself above ! conditions ( humanity z to rebuke & *eck ! w9ds & ! seas4 ,if ,i int]pret ! life ( ,*ri/ aright1 ,he nei!r did1 nor wi%$ to d1 any su* ?+1 & w\ld h reg>d$ ! sugge/ion to d x z a temptation f ,satan4 ,i say ?is ) rev]5ce1 almo/ ) fe> & trembl+1 kn[+ t ,i mu/ give acc\nt ( ^! words h]eaft] be=e ,him4 ,b :at c a man d m to %ew 8 homage = ! ,tru? ?an foll[ :]e ! ,tru? appe>s to lead8 ,9 any case ,i am sure we _c rightly und]/& ! life & m9d ( ,jesus until1 by a great ef=t1 we h dive/$ ourselves ( our invet]ate & vulg> belief t ,he wr\ght ,8 mighty works z m]e demon/rations ( ,8 div9e mission1 & t ,he _h p[] to p]=m any works :atev]1 q reg>dless ( ! laws ( nature4 ,_h t be5 ! case1 ,i d n see h[ ,he c\ld h blam$ ! ,ph>isees = ask+ ,him to "w a sign 9 heav54 ,:y %\ld !y n h ask$ x1 & :y %\ld n ,he h work$ x8 ,juggl]s & impo/ors 7 v common 9 ! ,ea/2 ,galilee & ,sam>ia 7 ?rong$ ) pr(essional exorci/s3 9 miracles p]=m$ on m5 !re 0 always ! possibility ( collusion2 any act on e>? 0 op5 to suspicion ( impo/ure1 b 9 heav5 ?is 0 ! g5]al belief--!re c\ld be c]ta9ty2 no m]e magician c\ld "w a sign 9 heav54 8,let b ! sun /& /ill = half a day1 & we w believe10 surely ?is1 f ! demon/ration-po9t-(-view ( miracles1 0 a v natural reque/2 & if ,jesus really _h ! p[] ( /opp+ ! sun = half a day1 & if ,he felt t ,8 wond]-work+ faculty 0 giv5 to ,him = ! m]e purpose ( demon/rat+ ,8 div9e p[]1 ,i _c und]/& h[ ,he c\ld h refus$1 mu* less rebuk$1 ! reque/ ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,b 9 tru? ,8 mighty works or signs 7 n wr\ght 9 ?is delib]ate way = ! m]e purpose ( demon/ration4 ,!y 7 ! results ( an irrepressible pity1 appeal+ to an in/9ct ( p[]4 ,he c\ld n see a demoniac or a p>alytic look tru/fully ^u ,him )\t long+ to help1 & 9 _m cases feel+ t x 0 ,god's w t ,he %\ld help4 ,to suppose t ,he cur$ all :o 7 br\ght to ,him is absurd1 & is contr>y 7z we h se5 above7 to ! evid5ce ( ! e>lie/ ,evangeli/4 ,he _h ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 fai? & n fai?2 _h ,he an equal p[] ( disc]n+ physiological possibilities f impossibilities8 ,did a k9d ( in/9ct tell ,him t ! re/oration ( a lo/ limb 0 n l ! cure ( a p>alytic1 n "o ( ! works 8prep>$ = ,him by ,8 ,fa!r80 ,i d n suppose t su* physiological di/9ctions 7 intellectually kn[n by ,*ri/ 9 ,8 human nature1 any m ?an ! mod]n discov]ies ( geology1 a/ronomy1 or hi/ory4 ,b exp]i5ce & "s k9d ( intuition may h enabl$ ,him to di/+ui% ^? cases :i* ,he c\ld heal f ^? 7a f> m num]\s class7 :i* ,he c\ld n4 ,9 p]=m+ ^! 8mighty works0 ( heal+1 ,jesus appe>s on _m occasions to h /udi\sly avoid$ t v publicity :i*--on ! !ory ( _! be+ int5d$ z demon/rations--ought to h be5 a condition ( _! p]=mance4 ,he takes ! pati5t ap>t1 or expressly w>ns him to be sil5t ab\t 8 cure--acts q inconsi/5t ) ! demon/ration-hypo!sis4 ,probably ,he felt t ^! works1 al?\gh !y came to ,him fre% f ,8 ,fa!r's h&s1 7 n )\t a dang]4 ,m5 cr[d$ r\nd ,him1 n to he> ! tru? b to see 8! miracles40 ,in/ead ( recogniz+ t ,he did only su* works z 8! ,fa!r _h prep>$ = ,him to d10 !y ?\ght t ,he c\ld d 8any?+ ,he pleas$40 ,i ?9k we ought to feel t ! v notion ( su* a p[] z ?is 0 absolutely revolt+ to ,jesus3 8,to /op ! sun1 to call d[n fire or bread f heav51 to /ay ! c\rse ( riv]s1 & ca/ d[n ! walls ( cities--d\btless ,jo%ua & ,elijah _h done ^! works2 b !y 7 n ! works t ! ,fa!r _h prep>$ = ! ,son to d40 ,jo%ua & ,elijah 7 b s]vants4 ,he 0 ! ,son3 &1 be+ ! ,son1 ,he felt b\nd to con=m ,himself ea* mom5t to t heav5ly ,w :i* ,he ev] felt )9 ,him & saw be=e ,him1 :i* dictat$ 8mighty works0 inde$1 b always works ( love & heal+4 ,9 "o s5se ,he 0 entirely free2 ,he c\ld d all ?+s because all ?+s 7 possible ) ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,fa!r & ,he 7 "o2 9 ano!r s5se ,he felt ,himself less free ?an any be+ t _h ev] assum$ ! %ape ( man1 because all o!r human creatures _h deviat$1 b ,he alone c\ld nev] deviate1 no1 n by a hair's bread?1 f ! indwell+ ,w ( ! ,fa!r4 ,x is = ^! reasons !n t ,i reject miracles1 n because !y are impossible1 n ev5 because !y are a priori improbable1 n because !y 7 once useless & are n[ h>mful2 b because ! facts are aga9/ !m4 ,if ! evid5ce %ew$ t miracles _h actually occurr$1 ,i %\ld be prep>$ to le>n f ^! mat]ializ$ p>ables z rev]5tly z f ^w-p>ables1 & to believe t ,god--9 ord] to break d[n m5's excessive fai? 9 ! ma*9e-l ord] ( ! visible _w1 & 9 ord] to div]t _! att5tion f ,sequ5ce to ,w--=e-orda9$ ^! div]g5ces f ! monoton\s r\t9e ( ?+s4 ,b ! evid5ce does n %ew ?is4 ,! criticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! rese>*es ( sci5ce1 & ! clos] /udy ( ! life ( ,*ri/ ,himself1 all conv]ge to ?is conclusion--t ,*ri/ conqu]$ ! _w1 n by work+ miracles1 b by liv+ su* a life & dy+ su* a dea? z might be liv$ & di$ by ! ,son ( ,god1 inc>nate z a ,son ( man1 & self-subject$ to all ! physical limitations ( humanity2 & by bequea?+ to mank9d1 aft] ,8 dea?1 su* a ,_s z 0 correspond5t to ,8 own nature4 ,footnote #bd3 i4e4 ! ,p[]s ( ,heav54 ,footnote #be3 ,two diff]5t k9ds ( baskets appe> to be d5ot$ by ! two diff]5t ,greek words4 ,a simil> diff]5ce is also f\nd 9 ! n>ratives ( ! fe$+ ( ! ,f\r ,?\s& & ! ,five ,?\s&3 b x w\ld be easy to %ew t no inf]5ce ( importance c be drawn f ?is di/9ction4 ,footnote #bf3 ,pp4 #bge-f4 ,,xx ,,! ,,manife/ation ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y wi% to draw my att5tion to ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 8,t10 y say1 8is ei!r miracul\s or no?+4 ,! argum5ts by :i* y appe> to be driv+ miracles into non-exi/5ce--expell+ !m fir/ f pr(ane hi/ory1 !n f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !n /ep by /ep f e "p ( ! ,new--_c make a /& at y\r conv5i5ce1 s z to except ! ,resurrection4 ,yet ev5 ,/4 ,paul makes ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus ! basis ( 8 own belief & ,gospel4 ,if1 !re=e1 t f9al miracle falls to ! gr\nd1 ! ,paul9e ,gospel falls ) x3 & to t d[nfall ,i fe> y\r argum5ts all t5d1 al?\gh y y\rself d n see x or wi% x40 ,i entirely d5y ! quiet assumption ( y\r fir/ s5t5ce2 :i*1 z x /&s 7b ,i am sure y _c mean x71 affirms t ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ 8is ei!r miracul\s or no?+40 ,i ass]t1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t if ! ph5om5a :i* conv9c$ ! e>lie/ disciples & ,/4 ,paul ( ! reality ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 7 n miracul\s b natural1 !y con/itute ! mo/ wond]ful ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b :at y wi% to say1 ,i suspect1 is ?is3 8,by ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ ,i mean ! ,resurrection ( ! body2 n[ if ,*ri/'s body 0 rais$ aga91 ! act mu/ h be5 miracul\s40 ,b h[ if ! ,resurrection 0 spiritual8 ,/4 ,paul himself speaks ( a 8spiritual body10 n a mat]ial body1 z ris+ 9 ! ,resurrection4 ,d y suppose t a 8spiritual body0 c be t\*$8 ,or t ,/4 ,paul c\ld h t\*$ ! pres5ce t appe>$ to him :5 he he>d ! words1 8,saul1 ,saul1 :y p]secute/ ?\ me80 ,n[ if ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 spiritual & n mat]ial1 !re may h be5 no susp5sion at all ( ! laws ( mat]ial nature1 b simply a real1 spiritual fact1 manife/$ to ! _w accord+ to c]ta9 laws by :i* spiritual facts are manife/$ to ! s5ses4 ,b ?is !ory1 y w reply1 al?\gh possibly consi/5t ) ! ,paul9e n>rative1 is inconsi/5t ) ! ,gospel acc\nts ( ! ,resurrection4 ,x c]ta9ly is4 ,b x is q c]ta9--h[ev] unprep>$ y may possibly be = ! /atem5t--t ! ,gospel acc\nts ( ! ,resurrection1 tak5 altoge!r1 _c be comp>$1 = weight1 ) ! ,paul9e evid5ce4 ,y "k t ! olde/ ,gospel 7,/4 ,m>k xvi4 #h7 t]m9ates 7probably because x 0 left incomplete7 ) a vision ( angels :o speak ( ! tomb z empty & ( ,*ri/ z ris52 b n a ^w ab\t ,*ri/'s resurrection itself4 ,! next ,gospel 9 *ronological ord] 7,/4 ,mat!w's7 m5tions "o appe>ance ( ,*ri/ to "s wom51 & ano!r to "s disciples 9 ,galilee2 b z to ! la/ x is said t 8"s d\bt$40 ,n till we come to ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel d we f9d detail$ appe>ances ( ,jesus to disciples 9 or ne> ,j]usalem1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,jesus is pres5t at a meal & (f]s to eat1 z evid5ce t ,he is no m]e _s4 ,9 ! la/ ,gospel ( all 7,/4 ,john's7 !re is add$ an appeal to ! s5se ( t\*2 & 9 an ,app5dix to t ,gospel1 ,jesus is repres5t$ z invit+ ! disciples to a repa/ ( fi% & bread1 app>5tly miracul\sly suppli$ & prep>$ 78!y see a fire ( coals !re & fi% laid !reon1 & bread10 ,john xxi4 #i71 :i* ,he di/ributes to ! disciples4 ,aft]w>ds he holds a long disc\rse ) !m4 ,simil>ly long disc\rses betwe5 ! ris5 ,savi\r & ! disciples are record$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 :i* we "k to h be5 writt5 aft] ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,y see h[ unsatisfactory all ?is is4 ,! fur!r back we g1 & ! ne>] to ! ev5t1 ! m meagre & %ad[y does ! evid5ce become4 ,x does n appe> 9 a =m ample & cog5t until a p]iod s late z to ?r[ irresi/ible d\bt ^u its tru?4 ,h[ c we possibly answ] ! d\bt]'s natural "q1 8,if !re 0 ?is unansw]able evid5ce ( ! mat]ial resurrection ( ,jesus1 :y 0 x suppress$ = two g5]ations80 ,moreov]1 "s ( ^! lat] acc\nts1 :i* relate ! h&l+ ( ! body ( ,jesus1 or ! pres5ce ( ,jesus at ! break+ ( bread1 might be lit]al mis9t]pretations ( "s traditions conc]n+ visions ( ,*ri/ accompany+ ! 8h&l+ ( ! body ( ! ,"l ,jesus0 9 ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,x is v significant t ,/4 ,pet]--^: allusions 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les to 8 p]sonal evid5ce conc]n+ ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ are ( ! briefe/ k9d--is introduc$ by ,/4 ,luke z m5tion+ only "o def9ite k9d ( manife/ation ( ,jesus2 & t is "o 9 :i* ! ,apo/les 8did eat & dr9k ) him aft] he rose f ! dead0 7,acts x4 #da74 ,la/ly1 !re are traces ( int]polations1 or additions1 at a v e>ly date 9 ! po/-resurrection *apt]s ( ,/4 ,luke1 & probably ( ,/4 ,mat!w & ,/4 ,john2 & 9 deal+ ) ! po/-resurrection n>rative ( ! life ( ,*ri/ "s ( ! e>lie/ ,fa!rs quote passages n f\nd 9 our ,gospels b agree+ some:at ) ! suspect$ additions 9 ! ?ird & f\r? ,gospel4 ,! sum ( all is1 s f> z my own exp]i5ce goes1 t aft] a pati5t & prolong$ /udy ( ! evid5ce1 ) e desire1 & inde$ ,i may say ) an int5se anxiety 7at "o p]iod ( my life71 to ju/ify myself 9 cont9u+ to believe all t ,i once believ$1 ,i n[ rise f ! p]usal ( ! la/ *apt]s ( ! ,gospels & ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ) ! conviction t some?+ c]ta9ly happ5$ to p]suade ! ,apo/les t _! ,ma/] _h v]ily ris5 f ! dead1 b :at t some?+ 01 ! evid5ce1 s f> z x c he obta9$ f ! ,gospels1 does n enable u to det]m9e4 ,b we h n yet t\*$ on ! evid5ce ( ,/4 ,paul & to ?is we n[ pass4 ,"h at la/ we /& on firm gr\nd4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t we f9d 79 ,/4 ,paul's fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians xv4 #h71 ! unque/ionable evid5ce ( an eye-witness1 probably record$ sev]al ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( any ,gospel n[ extant4 ,no "o :o is compet5t to =m an op9ion on ! "q c = a mom5t d\bt ,/4 ,paul's ass]tion t ,*ri/ 8appe>$0 to him1 & t "s su* appe>ance z t record$ ?rice 9 ! ,acts1 conv]t$ him f a p]secutor into an apo/le ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h j be5 ask+1 8,:at 0 t unkn[n some?+--possibly "s manife/ation ( ,jesus aft] dea?--:i* inspir$ ! ,twelve ) ! conviction & ! faculties necess>y to ov]come ! _w80 ,n[ we seem to h f\nd ! answ]4 ,an appe>ance t ov]came & conv]t$ a recalcitrant enemy might well satisfy & imbue ) confid5ce lov+ disciples1 long+ to believe4 ,especially might ?is be ! case if ,jesus _h pr$ict$1 z ,i believe ,he did pr$ict1 t ,8 "w w\ld n be cut %ort by dea?1 b t 9 ,him w\ld be fulfill$ ! say+ ( ,hosea3 8,9 ! ?ird day he %all raise u up & we %all live 9 8 sight40 ,al?\gh ^! words may h be5 neglect$ or n und]/ood at ! "t :5 !y 7 utt]$1 !y may h well recurr$ to ! m9ds ( ! ,disciples1 aft] _! ,ma/]'s dea?1 ) a p[]ful effect4 ,to urge t ! despair ( ! ,twelve c\ld be a great] ob/acle ?an ! vehem5t & bigot$ antagonism ( ,saul1 9 ! way ( _! receiv+ a vision ( _! belov$ ,ma/]1 is a p>adox s p$antical t x is sc>cely wor? m5tion+4 ,y _c h =gott51 too1 h[ ,/4 ,paul himself assumes t ! appe>ances ( ! ,savi\r to himself1 & to ! orig9al ,apo/les1 7 ( ! same k9d & on ! same foot+3 8,he appe>$ unto ,cephas1 he appe>$ unto ,james1 he appe>$ unto five hundr$ bre?r5 444 & la/ ( all he appe>$ unto me also40 ,9 ! two late/ ,gospels ^! 8appe>ances0 h be5 magnifi$ into acc\nts t repres5t$ ,jesus z possess$ ( fle% & bones1 z capable ( eat+1 z recl9+ at a meal1 & z ent]+ into long & famili> disc\rses3 naturally we ask z to ,/4 ,paul's1 ! indisputably e>lie/ acc\nt ( a manife/ation ( ,*ri/1 :at traces x exhibits ( simil> di/ortions & exagg]ations8 ,y "k ! answ]4 ,!re are no su* traces4 ,! manife/ation to ,/4 ,paul is pla9ly admitt$ by ! acc\nts 9 ! ,acts to be :at is commonly call$ subjective4 ,! 8subjectivity0 ( "s ( ! e>li] manife/ations ( ,jesus to ! disciples is dimly sugge/$ by "s passages 9 ! ,gospels :i* describe h[ 8"s d\bt$0 & o!rs fail$ to recognize ,him2 b x is n m]ely sugge/$1 x is pla9ly express$1 9 ! acc\nts ( ! manife/ation to ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,apo/le is cle>ly /at$ to h se5 a sight & he>d words1 :i* o!r p1 8 companions1 ) ! same opportunities = see+ & he>+1 did n see & did n he>4 ,putt+ aside "s slight discrepancies 9 ! ?ree acc\nts giv5 9 ! ,acts#bg--;discrepancies easily & naturally explicable1 & valuable z %ew+ t ! acc\nts h n be5 arbitr>ily h>moniz$ we may say t ?is is ! sub/antial result3 ! ,"l ,jesus appe>$ to ,/4 ,paul 9 :at is call$ a vision4 ,i myself firmly believe t !re 0 a spiritual act ( ,jesus simultane\s ) ! conveyance ( ! manife/ation to ! bra9 ( ! ,apo/le4 ,b none ! less1 h[ev] co9cid5t x may h be5 ) a spiritual reality1 if !re 0 no pres5ce ( a mat]ial body1 ! manife/ation ( ,jesus to ,/4 ,paul mu/ be plac$ 9 ! class ( visions3 & if x 0 n se5 by o!rs :o _h ! same physical means ( see+1 x mu/ be call$1 9 "s s5se1 8subjective40 ,yet ?is vision suffic$ = him & = ! _w4 ,9 ! /r5g? ( ?is vision1 7foll[$1 no d\bt1 by subsequ5t visions & commun+s ) ! ,"l ,jesus71 ! ,?irte5? ,apo/le1 ! intrud]1 z he might be call$--n 8*os5 ( m510 l ,mat?ias1 n call$ by ,*ri/ 9 ! fle% did ! great "w ( :i* y & ,i1 ) millions ( o!rs1 are n[ jo9t inh]itors4 ,?9k ( x2 ,is x n a rem>kable in/ance ( 8m5 work+ "o ?+ :ile ,god worke? ano!r0 to see ! ,apo/les ) due =m & c]emony elect+ _! sub/itute = ! ,traitor to be ! solemnly orda9$ ,twelf? ,apo/le1 h5ce=? unnam$ 9 ,holy ,writ & all ! :ile ! ,holy ,_s prep>+ a ,?irte5?6 ,& = ?is ,?irte5? ,apo/le1 :o nev] look$ on ! face ( ,*ri/1 nev] he>d a s+le ^w ( ,8 doctr9e1 x has be5 res]v$ to tell u p]haps m ab\t ! mean+ ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ & c]ta9ly to give u m cog5t pro( ( ,8 ,resurrection ?an all ! o!r ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s put toge!r6 ,truly ! la/ has be5 fir/6 ,& 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 pro( ( ,*ri/'s ,resurrection--m]e vision ?\gh we may call x--?is ,?irte5? ,apo/le1 9 ! face ( p]secutions outside ! ,*ur*1 & disc\ragem5ts & jeal\sies inside ! ,*ur*1 fir/ conv]t$ ! ,roman empire to ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 !n1 fifte5 c5turies aft]w>ds1 reconv]t$ & purifi$ a l>ge section ( ! ,*ur* f m$ival corruptions2 & n[1 z ,i believe1 "s n9ete5 c5turies aft]w>ds1 is on ! po9t ( /ill fur!r purify+ ! ,*ur* f antique sup]/ition & f mod]n mat]ialism6 ,:at %all we say ( ! mighty vision t orig9at$ ^! /up5d\s results8 ,%all we take ! view ( ! mod]n sci5tific "y man1 & lecture ! great ,apo/le on ! folly ( t indiscreet j\rney to ,damascus at noon-tide1 :5 8 n]ves 7 a little ov]-wr\ght aft] t unpleasant incid5t ( poor ,/eph58 ,%all we say x 0 all oph?almia & indige/ion--t fla% ( bl9d+ light1 ^? un=gettable words1 8,saul1 ,saul1 :y p]secute/ ?\ me80--all a m]e vision8 ,is a fact t *ang$ ! de/9ies ( ,europe to be put aside ) ! epi!t 8m]e08 ,w\ld n ev5 a mat]iali/ /onemason recognize t a vision :i* built ,/4 ,pet]'s & ,/4 ,paul's is ( "s tangible importance8 ,y & ,i & y\r sci5tific "y lectur]--d we n 9 "s sort owe our exi/5ce to ?is 8m]e vision10 b = :i* ! e>? might be a *aos ( b>b>ism1 ,engl& a =e/ scantly populat$ ) tattoo$ bip$s1 & our civiliz$ selves non-exi/5t8 ,patricidal creatures1 let u n speak lightly ( ! 8m]e0 au?or ( our own important be+6 ,to my m9d ! manife/ation ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ appe>s1 n z an isolat$ fact1 b z a "p1 & ! c5tral "p1 ( ! great revelation ( ! immortality ( ! s\l :i* has be5 convey$ by ,god to man1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( human nature1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ! _w by ! m$ium ( imag9ative ,fai?4 ,9 ! same way ! laws ( a/ronomy h be5 convey$ by ,god to man1 9 accordance ) ! laws ( human nature1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ! _w1 by ! m$ium ( imag9ative ,reason4 ,i h %ewn 9 previ\s lett]s t ,imag9ation has be5 ! basis ( all t is wor? call+ k4 ,to %ew ! be>+ ( ?is on ! manife/ations ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ %all be ! object ( my next lett]4 ,footnote #bg3 8,& ! m5 t j\rney$ ) him /ood spee*less he>+ ! voice b behold+ no man10 ,acts ix #g3 8,& !y t 7 ) me beheld inde$ ! light b !y he>d n ! voice ( him t spake to me10 ib4 xxii4 #i4 ,:e!r ,saul's companions saw & he>d no?+ except subjectively1 ?r\gh =ce ( sympa?y1 or :e!r 7comp4 ,john xii4 #bi7 "s natural ph5om5on may h be5 int]pret$ 9 "o way by ,saul & 9 ano!r way by 8 companions1 _c n[ be det]m9$2 b ,i h conf9$ myself to indisputable fact 9 /at+ t ,saul 8saw a sight & he>d words :i* o!r p1 8 companions1 ) ! same opportunities = see+ & he>+1 did n see & did n he>40 ,,xxi ,,! ,,resurrection ,,reveal$ ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y are />tl$1 & well y may be1 8at ! notion t ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ has be5 ! m]e (fspr+ ( ! imag9ation40 ,i am quot+ y\r words1 b y h n quot$ m9e4 ,i nev] said1 nor %\ld ,i dream ( say+1 t ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 8! (fspr+ ( ! imag9ation10 any m ?an ,i %\ld say t ! law ( gravitation is 8! (fspr+ ( ! imag9ation10 or t light is 8! (fspr+ ( ! eye40 ,b ?is is j an ord9>y specim5 ( ! way 9 :i* p ^: m9ds are block$ & *ok$ ) prejudice1 misund]/& :at is contr>y to _! preconceptions4 ,y h made up y\r m9d t ! ,imag9ation is a k9d ( excresc5ce on humanity1 a faculty indep5d5t ( ! ,creator1 & incapable ( be+ made by ,him ! m$ium ( revelation2 & s y p]v]t my words to suit y\r fancies4 ,b :at ,i said 0 t ,imag9ation is ! basis ( all t is wor? call+ k1 & t1 z ,god reveals ! laws ( a/ronomy ?r\gh imag9ative ,reason1 s ,he has reveal$ ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ ?r\gh imag9ative ,fai?4 ,be=e speak+ ( ! special be>+ ( ! ,imag9ation ^u ! manife/ation ( ,*ri/'s ,resurrection1 let me say a ^w or two on ! mann] 9 :i* our human environm5t appe>s to h be5 adapt$ to fo/] ! gr[? ( ?is faculty4 ,y w be bett] prep>$ to expect great ?+s f ! ,imag9ation :5 y reflect on ! great ?+s t h be5 wr\ght by ,god = its developm5t4 ,y say t y d n und]/& ! /atem5t 9 ! la/ p>agraph ( my la/ lett]1 t ! ,imag9ation has be5 made 8! m$ium ( convey+ ! revelation ( ! immortality ( ! s\l10 & /ill less d y compreh5d h[ ?is revelation has be5 go+ on 8f ! creation ( ! _w10 especially s9ce1 dur+ a l>ge portion ( ?is "t1 !re mu/ h be5 no m5 to receive any revelation at all4 ,i said delib]ately 8f ! creation ( ! _w10 & n 8f ! creation ( mank9d10 because inanimate creation itself appe>s to me to be> witness to a purpose1 f ! fir/1 t ?is visible _w %\ld help its future t5ants to imag9e ?+s invisible4 ,consid] b "o in/ance1 ! imm5se influ5ce ( ,night ^u ! ,imag9ation1 & y w p]haps come to ! conclusion t1 b = ! provision ( d>kness 78^! orbs ( light & %ade071 m5 w\ld nev] h be5 l$ to a fai? 9 ! light ( immortality4 ,9 ! fir/ place by reveal+ to u ! wond]-/rik+ ord] ( ! inf9ite />s--:i*1 b = d>kness1 w\ld h rema9$ = ev] a clos$ book to m5--,night leads u to dream1 or to inf]1 t !re may be o!r pages /ill unturn$ 9 ! book ( ,nature's my/]ies1 & /imulates u1 h[ev] f> we may progress 9 ?\ght1 /ill to press on to some?+ m beyond2 & at ! same "t1 ?r[+ a tempor>y veil ov] all ! sights ( day1 x p]suades u to tru/ t on ! morr[ ! veil w be remov$1 & t 9 ! meantime all ?+s w cont9ue 9 _! ord]4 ,night is aid$ by sleep & dreams4 ,slumb]+ 9 ! d>kness1 & b]eft ( ! control ( ! und]/&+1 ,imag9ation has reproduc$ be=e ! m9d's eye ! sights ( daylight1 bl5d$ toge!r )\t ?\ght ( fitness1 ord]1 "t1 or place1 s z to =m q new comb9ations :i* sc>cely any delib]ate daytime ef=t c\ld h s vividly depict$3 & 9 ! long tra9 ( confus$ vision>y images !re h sometimes pass$ be=e ! m5tal eye ( ! m\rn] or ! murd]] ! v %apes1 & ev5 ! voices ( ! dead1 =c+ ! slumb]] to />t up & cry1 8,!y live1 !y /ill live2 !re is a life beyond ! grave40 ,?is trans-sepul*ral exi/5ce hav+ be5 once disc]n$1 ! ,imag9ation has set to "w to =mulate ! laws ( x1 & to map out & p its regions1 ?us caus+ heav5 & hell to become realities & 79 c\rse ( "t7 ance/ral traditions1 & almo/ inh]it$ in/9cts4 ,sometimes1 ,imag9ation has come ) a special & r>ely manife/$ =ce to ! aid ( a belief 9 a future life4 ,n 9 dreams1 b 9 wakeful mom5ts1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p by night1 !re h appe>$ be=e ! m9d's eye su* vivid images ( ! dep>t$1 z h conv9c$ n only ! se]s ( ! visions b also _! fri5ds--& s1 by a p]vasive influ5ce1 all b a small m9ority ( ! human race--t some?+ real has be5 se51 ! _s ( ! dead made visible3 & to ?is day1 9 ,engl&1 !re are n want+ m5 ( ! highe/ ability1 culture1 & love ( tru?1 :o busy !mselves ) s]i\s inve/igations into ! reality ( app>itions4 ,does ?is seem to y fanciful8 ,surely x is ! fact t ,night & its ph5om5a h l>gely influ5c$ ! spiritual1 or sup]/iti\s1 side ( human nature3 & if y admit ?is to be ! fact1 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 u is ?is1 t to y ?is subtle b univ]sal influ5ce ( ,d>k] ,nature on ,man appe>s to h be5 ! result ( *ance1 :]eas ,i ?9k x came f ,god4 ,to y1 "o half ( ,"t appe>s to h be5 all[$ by ,god to be spiritually b>r51 set ap>t = ! m]e repair+ ( ! human mat]ial ma*9e3 ,i d n believe t ! spiritual mak+ ( ,man 0 =eorda9$ on ?is 8half-"t0 pr9ciple4 ,if h[ev] y ask me :at am\nt ( tru? or reality !re has be5 9 ^! dreams & visions1 ,i %\ld reply1 z ab\t poetry & prophecy1 t "s ( ^! imag9ations h repres5t$ realities1 "s unrealities2 b t ! total result to :i* !y h l$ m51 ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 is a reality4 ,b :5 ,i speak ( a 8real vision0 ( a _s or gho/1 ,i hope y w n misund]/& me s f> z to suppose t ,i c\ld mean a mat]ial1 gas-l 7?\gh intangible7 =m1 occupy+ s _m cubical in*es ( space4 ,a _s1 s f> z ,i conceive x1 does n occupy space2 nor is x ! object ( sight1 any m ?an ( smell or t\*2 x is1 to me1 ( ! nature ( a ?\ght1 only a ?\ght p]sonifi$1 i4e4 a ?\ght capable ( lov+ & be+ lov$1 ( hat+ & be+ hat$4 ,b ?\gh x may n be ! object ( ! s5ses 9 ! same way 9 :i* ext]nal ?+s are1 x may be manife/$ to ! ,imag9ation1 i4e4 ! m9d's eye1 9 su* a way z to produce ! same effect z ?\gh x 7 an ext]nal object se5 by ! body's eye4 ,e "o :o loves tru? w tread ) cauti\s /eps 9 ?is my/]i\s prov9ce ( phantasmal exi/5ce1 & c>efully measure 8 language1 kn[+ t we are 9 a region ( illusion1 exagg]ation1 & 7sometimes7 ( impo/ure4 ,b !re does seem evid5ce to %[ t p 7mo/ly p]haps tw9s71 at a di/ance f "o ano!r1 h 9 "s at pres5t inexplicable mann] influ5c$ "o ano!r s t ! disease or dea? or calamity ( "o has be5 simultane\sly made kn[n to ! o!r2 & y h probably read ( cases1 fairly support$1 :i* w\ld %[ t a passionate long+ on ! "p ( a dy+ man to see "s di/ant fri5d may create a responsive emotion1 if n an actual vision1 9 ! m9d ( t fri5d4 ,we are s completely 9 ! d>k z to ! orig9at+ causes 7= physiology tells u no?+ b ! in/rum5tal causes7 :i* produce our ?\ghts1 t ,i see no?+ at all absurd 9 ! notion t e tru?ful & vivid conception ( "o human be+ 9 ! m9d ( ano!r ^u e>?1 arises f "s communion 9 ! _s-_w betwe5 ! spirits ( ! two4 ,s mu* = conjectures z to ! possible reality or possible causes ( "s classes ( app>itions4 ,i d n (t5 myself set mu* /ore on !m1 except s f> z !y are ( use 9 rem9d+ u h[ wide is ! prov9ce ( possibility1 or h[ n>r[ ! prov9ce ( c]ta9ty1 9 ! region ( ultimate causation4 ,i lay /ress1 n ^u any conjectural explanation ( gho/ ph5om5a1 b ^u ! foll[+ g5]al consid]ations1 mo/ ( :i* are ( ! nature1 n ( conjectures1 b ( facts3 #a/1 man is :at he is1 l>gely 9 virtue ( ! ,imag9ation2 #bnd1 "o half ( man's "t & "o half ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature seem to h no o!r purpose 7s f> z man is conc]n$7 ?an to /imulate ! ,imag9ation2 #crd1 if we suppose t ?is wond]ful _w is "u ! gov]nm5t ( a good ,god1 al?\gh oppos$ by an inf]ior ,evil1 we are l$ to inf] t ,he has implant$ 9 u ?is faculty ( ,imag9ation & t ! noble aspirations & beliefs :i* h be5 develop$ by x h n be5 unmix$ delusions2 #d?1 among ! noble/ ( ! beliefs ?us develop$1 has be5 ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :i*1 aft] be+ te/$ by ! fai? ( _m c5turies1 is at ?is day *]i%$ by ! majority ( civiliz$ mank9d2 #e?1 ?is belief has prov$ its tru?1 s f> z imag9ations c prove !mselves true1 by work+ well1 i4e4 x has rais$ & ennobl$ ^? :o h ent]ta9$ x1 & has made !m 7on ! :ole7 morally ! bett] = x2 #f?1 a "p ( ! tra9+ ( ! ,imag9ation1 intimately connect$ ) ! production ( ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 has be5 ! developm5t ( a p[] to see m5tal visions1 ) all ! vividness ( mat]ial visions2 #g?1 among ^! visions1 "s ( ! mo/ common h be5 app>itions ( ! =ms ( ! dead1 & "s ( ! be/ au!nticat$ ( ^! h occurr$ :]e a /rong unfulfill$ desire has possess$ ! dep>t$ 9 ! mom5t ( dy+ & :]e ! se] ( ! app>ition has be5 b\nd by close ties to ! dead4 ,^! are ! consid]ations1 mo/ly facts--y may dispute "s ( !m1 b n all ,i ?9k--9 ! light ( :i* ,i %\ld endeav\r to illu/rate ! manife/ation ( ,*ri/ to ,8 disciples aft] dea?4 ,to ^! facts ,i m]ely add$ ! conjecture t possibly !re may be some?+ besides ! m]e movem5t ( our bra9s t produces ^! images ( ! dep>t$1 some?+--,i w n say ext]nal1 = a _s1 if indep5d5t ( place1 c be nei!r ext]nal to u nor int]nal--b "s act 9 ! invisible _w ( spirits correspond+ to e app>ition ^u ! visible _w4 ,b ,i did n pl$ge myself to su* a !ory4 ,i only insi/$ t ! :ole revelation ( poetry & religion ?r\gh ! ,imag9ation has be5 ( su* ine/imable importance to man t we _c put x all aside z false because imag9ative2 we mu/ reg>d x ) rev]5ce & be prep>$ to f9d t 9 ! c5tral ev5t ( ! pure/ religion ( all1 ! ,imag9ation has be5 made ! m$ium ( ! culm9at+ revelation ( _s & tru?4 ,inde$1 if ! spiritual _w is real & ne>1 x is difficult to conceive h[ ,god--)\t break+ ! ,laws ( ,nature & )\t unfitt+ u = life 9 a _w ( s5se--c\ld bett] give u glimpses ( an invisible environm5t1 ?an by caus+ x to press 91 z x 71 ^u ! ,imag9ation1 s t ! m9d's eye1 ?us /imulat$ by real invisibilities1 may1 = ! "t1 supplant ! bodily faculty ( sight1 & aft]w>ds leave beh9d 9 u a p]man5t sugge/ion t1 z !re is a mat]ial _w correspond+ to ! bodily eye1 s !re is a m9d's _w correspond+ to ! m9d's eye4 ,) ?is pre-conception ,i w ask y to approa* ! n>rative ( ,*ri/'s ,resurrection z ,i %all endeav\r to set x =? 9 my next lett] f ! natural po9t ( view4 ,,xxii ,,! ,,resurrection ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,my la/ lett] broke (f r abruptly ) a promise to d my be/ to set =? h]eaft] ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ z x may be reg>d$ f a natural po9t ( view4 ,look+ at ! facts 9 ?is light1 we h 9 ! fir/ place to set be=e ourselves ! %ort life ( ,"o ( :om we mu/ m]ely say t ,he 0 unique 9 ! goodness & gr&eur ( ,8 "*1 & t ,he di$ ) ! unfulfill$ purpose ( r$eem+ mank9d f s91 des]t$ = ! mom5t by ! few disciples :o _h adh]$ to ,him almo/ to ! la/4 ,he di$1 = ! "t1 ! mo/ pitiable1 ! mo/ despair-inspir+ dea? t ! _w has ev] witness$1 ask+ 9 ,8 la/ mom5ts :y ,he _h be5 8=sak50 by ,god4 ,b ,8 dea?--p>don me if ,i deviate = "o mom5t f mat]ial to cele/ial facts1 provid$ t ,i nev] deviate into miracles--0 really ! triumph ov] dea?1 & ,8 ,_s _h 9 reality 7we speak 9 a metaphor7 brok5 op5 ! b>s ( ! grave & asc5d$ to ! ?rone ( ! ,fa!r c>ry+ ) ,himself ! promise ( ! ultimate r$emption ( mank9d4 ,?is 0 n[ to be reveal$ to ! _w z ! culm9at+ vision 9 t cont9u\s ,revelation ?r\gh ! ,imag9ation by :i* ! m9ds ( m5 _h be5 l$ to look beyond ?is life to a life t kn[s no end4 ,speak+ t]re/rially1 we mu/ say t ! influ5ce ( ,jesus1 love1 fai?1 remorse1 7 m\ld+ ! he>ts ( ! disciples on e>? to receive ! tru?2 speak+ cele/ially we may say t ,jesus b5t d[n f ,8 ?rone by ! "r h& ( ,god to prep>e !m = ! manife/ation ( ,8 victory4 ,:at 9 ?is crisis exactly befell on e>? we %all nev] "k4 ,! tradition t ,jesus appe>$ on ! ?ird day1 or aft] ?ree days1 to ,8 disciples1 is s naturally d]iv$ f ! prophecy ( ,hosea 8on ! ?ird day he %all raise u up0--a prophecy probably appli$ by ,jesus to ,himself--t we c place no reliance on its num]ical accuracy4 ,nor d we "k exactly :]e ,jesus fir/ appe>$ to ,8 disciples4 ,! olde/ tradition#bh decl>$ t !y 7 to 8g to ,galilee0 aft] _! ,ma/]'s dea?1 & t ,he _h promis$ to guide !m ?i!r2 b a subsequ5t acc\nt int]pret$ ! words ab\t 8,galilee0 q diff]5tly4#bi ,9 any case1 be=e _m days _h elaps$1 to "s "o disciple1 p]haps to ,m>y ,magdal5e--out ( :om !re _h be5 ca/ 8sev5 devils0--x 0 giv5 to see ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,"h1 by ! way1 we mu/ note ! rem>kable prom95ce giv5 9 all ! ,gospels to ! "p play$ by wom5 9 receiv+ ! fir/ manife/ations ( ,*ri/'s ,resurrection4 ,writ]s :o 7 c>eful to avoid giv+ occasion = unbelief might naturally h desir$ to give less prom95ce to ! te/imony ( highly imag9ative & impressionable witnesses2 & inde$ ,/4 ,paul1 9 8 brief li/ ( ! appe>ances ( ,jesus 7possibly because writ+ z an ,apo/le :o _h se5 ,*ri/1 he desir$ to conf9e himself almo/ entirely to manife/ations witness$ by ,apo/les71 makes no m5tion ( ! appe>ances to wom53 _! prom95ce1 !re=e1 9 all ! ,gospels1 te/ifies /rongly to ! e>ly & univ]sal acceptance ( ! tradition t wom5 7 ! fir/ witnesses to ! ris5 ,savi\r4 ,b to resume4 ,! news quick5$ ! fai? ev5 ( ^? disciples :o _h n se5 & :o c\ld n yet believe2 & pres5tly app>itions 7 se5--a ?+ almo/1 ?\gh 7,i believe7 n q1 unique 9 visions--by sev]al disciples toge!r4 ,probably ! mo/ frequ5t occasions = ^! manife/ations 7 :5 !y _h met toge!r to p>take ( ! body & blood ( _! ,ma/]2 & x 0 9 ! mom5t ( ! break+ ( ! bread t ! image ( ! ,liv+ ,bread 0 fla%$ be=e !m1 appe>+ 9 ! =m ( ,jesus giv+ ,himself = !m1 & utt]+ words ( bless+1 com=t1 or exhortation1 audible to ! e>s ( ! fai?ful1 :o at ! same mom5t 7 h&l+ ,8 body & t\*+ ! blood :i* fl[$ f ,8 side4 ,at o!r times he appe>$ be=e !m ) o!r messages2 to ! wom5 he seem$ to wave !m (f z if deprecat+ a too close approa*1 or z if bidd+ !m g h5ce & c>ry ! glad tid+s to ! ,apo/les2 o!rs ,he seem$ to rebuke = _! want ( fai?2 9 ! sight ( o!rs1 ,8 h&s1 out/ret*$ 9 ! attitude ( p>t+ b5$iction1 seem$ to s5d =? ,8 disciples to prea* ,8 ^w ) promise ( ,8 pres5ce2 b h[ ^! messages 7 convey$1 :e!r by ge/ure simply1 or by spiritual voice 7z 9 ! case ( ,/4 ,paul71 audible p]haps to "o1 & by him int]pret$ to ! re/1 or audible to all t 7 9 ! same fai?ful sympa?y--^! & o!r details _c n[ be det]m9$4 8,:y did n ! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ confront ,8 foll[]s by produc+ ! body f ! tomb1 ?us disprov+ ! /ory t ,8 body _h ris5 f ! dead80 ,! tomb 0 probably empty4 ,t is probable = two reasons1 fir/ because ! e>lie/ traditions agree t ! wom5 go+ to ! tomb f\nd ! /one roll$ away2 & secondly1 because ! adv]s>ies ( ,jesus appe> to h !mselves subsequ5tly circulat$ a /ory t ! disciples _h /ol5 away ! body4 ,?is !y w\ld h>dly h done if !y _h kn[n t _! own explanation c\ld be at any mom5t refut$ by op5+ ! tomb1 :i* w\ld h %[n ! body /ill ly+ !re4 ,possibly "s ( ! enemies ( ,jesus _h !mselves remov$ ! body1 influ5c$ by "s ( ^? pr$ictions ( ,jesus ab\t ,himself1 :i*1 ?\gh !y _h n ! p[] to inspire ! disciples ) fai? 9 ! mom5t ( ,8 dea?1 _h p[] to inspire ,8 enemies ) a vague fe>4 ,be+ almo/ surpris$ 9 ! act1 !y may n h _h "t to replace ! great /one at ! entrance ( ! tomb1 :5 ! wom5 arriv$2 if s1 ! action ( ,*ri/'s own enemies prep>$ ! way = ! belief 9 ,8 resurrection by exhibit+ to ! sorr[+ disciples ! /one roll$ away & ! empty sepul*re4 ,fir/ came ! cry1 8,he is n "h10 & t prep>$ ! way = 8,he is ris540 ,h[ long ! vision>y p]iod la/$ we _c tell4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t !re 7 _m m visions ?an ! five record$ by ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #f1 #g74 ,at lea/ "o ( ,/4 ,paul's five visions1 t to ,/4 ,james1 is n m5tion$ 9 any ( our extant ,gospels2 on ! o!r h& ,/4 ,paul omits "s ( ^? peculi> to ! ?ird or f\r? ,gospels1 z well z ! manife/ations to ! wom54 ,p]haps ! visions 7 s _m1 & all s l ea* o!r1 t ! ,*ur* f\nd x difficult to select :i* to record2 & ea* ,evangeli/ *ose ^? :i* appe>$ to him fitte/1 ei!r because !y 7 ! e>lie/1 or because ! witnesses 7 num]\s1 or because !y 7 apo/olic1 or because !y conta9$ ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( a v]itable resurrection4 ,we may !re=e easily accept ! /atem5t t ! p]iod ( visions la/$ = =ty days or ev5 = a mu* long] "t1 probably till ! disciples felt embold5$ to take an active c\rse 9 prea*+ ! ,gospel4 ,conc]n+ ,*ri/'s manife/ation to ,/4 ,paul ,i h said en\gh 9 my la/ lett]--if any?+ ne$$ to be said--to %ew t x mu/ h be5 ( ! nature ( a vision1 & 79 a s5se7 8subjective40 ,b x diff]s f ! re/ 9 t x 0 made to an enemy :ile ! o!r manife/ations 7 made to devot$ disciples4 ,love1 remorse1 fai?1 affection1 /imulat$ ! ,apo/les to cry1 8,he _c h di$10 & prep>$ _! s\ls to see ! image ( ,jesus ris52 b :]e1 x may be ask$1 0 ! spiritual prep>ation 9 ! he>t ( ,/4 ,paul to receive su* a vision8 ,y may trace x 9 ! words :i* ,/4 ,paul he>d f ,jesus3 8,x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ ! pricks40 ,!y %ew t ! future ,apo/le _h be5 /ruggl+1 & /ruggl+ h>d1 aga9/ ! compunctions ( consci5ce4 ,be+ a lov] ( tru? f 8 *ildhood1 he 0 prep>$ to give up all = its sake2 b rec5t ev5ts _h made him ask :e!r he 0 n fight+ aga9/ ! tru? in/ead ( = ! tru?4 ,he _h be5 p]secut+ ! ,*ri/ians2 b _! fai? & pati5ce _h made him d\bt :e!r !y might n be "r & he wrong4 ,:5 ! fir/ m>tyr ,/eph5 look$ up to heav5 & !re saw ,jesus seat$ at ! "r h& ( ,god1 !n or soon aft]w>ds1 ! "q mu/ h aris5 9 ! m9d ( ! p]secutor1 8,:at if ! foll[] ( ! ,naz>5e 0 speak+ tru?8 ,:at if ! crucifi$ ,jesus :om ,i am n[ p]secut+ 0 really exalt$ to ,god's ?rone80 ,su* 0 ! /ruggle ?r\gh :i* ,saul's m9d 0 pass+ :5 ! ,_s ( ,jesus1 act+ indirectly ?r\gh ! con/ancy & fai? ( ,8 p]secut$ disciples1 hav+ fir/ ins5sibly p]meat$ & und]m9$ ! b>ri]s ( ,ph>isaic tra9+ & education1 n[ swept all ob/acles be=e x 9 an in/antane\s deluge ( conviction t ?is p]secut$ ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah4 ,at t same mom5t ! ,messiah ,himself 7:o dur+ ^! la/ mon?s & weeks ( spiritual conflict _h be5 b5d+ d[n clos] & clos] to ! pr$e/9$ ,apo/le f ,8 ?rone 9 heav57 n[ bur/ ^u ! conv]t's sight on e>?4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i he> y say+1 8,all ?is s\nds well2 b he has repeat$ly describ$ ^! visions ( ! ris5 ,savi\r z subjective3 h[ !n c he call !m real8 ,:at is real80 ,let me ref] y to ! pap] ( ,def9itions :i* ,i enclos$ 9 a previ\s lett]4#cj #a4 ,absolute reality _c be compreh5d$ by m51 & c only be appreh5d$ z ,god1 or 9 ,god1 by ,fai?4 #b4 ,among objects ( s5sation1 ^? are 7relatively7 real :i* pres5t simil> s5sations 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,n[ if y try to reg>d ! manife/ation ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ "u ! second head1 z an 8object ( s5sation10 y mu/ pron\nce x 8unreal10 inasmu* z x w\ld n 8pres5t simil> s5sations 9 simil> circum/ances20 by :i* ,i mean t1 ) simil> opportunities ( obs]vation1 diff]5t p]sons 7believ]s1 = example1 & unbeliev]s7 w\ld n h d]iv$ simil> s5sations f x4 ,b y\r conclusion w\ld be false because y />t$ f a false premise3 ^! manife/ations _c be class$ 8among objects ( s5sation40 ,! movem5ts ( ! ris5 ,savi\r appe> to me to h be5 ! movem5ts ( ,god2 ,8 manife/ations to ! fai? ( ! ,apo/les 7 div9e acts1 pass+ direct f ,god to ! s\ls ( m54 ,s9ce !re=e ^! manife/ations belong$ to ! class ( ?+s :i* 8c only be appreh5d$ z ,god1 or 9 ,god1 by fai?10 ,i call !m 8absolute realities0--z mu* m real ?an fle% & blood1 z ,god ,himself is m real ?an ! pap] on :i* ,i am n[ writ+4 ,footnote #bh3 ,m>k xvi4 #g2 ,mat!w xxviii4 #g3 8,he goe? be=e y into ,galilee40 ,footnote #bi3 ,luke xxiv4 #f3 8,rememb] h[ he spake unto y :ile he 0 yet 9 ,galilee40 ,footnote #cj3 ,see ,def9itions at ! end ( ! book4 ,,xxiii ,,! ,,spiritual ,,resurrection ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,i am n surpris$ to he> t y consid] ! !ory above describ$ ( ,*ri/'s resurrection1 8vague1 %ad[y1 & unsatisfy+40 ,b z 9 ! v same lett] y say t y are q conv9c$ ( ! unhi/orical nature ( ! acc\nt ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/'s mat]ial body1 ,i ?9k y ought n to dismiss ! subject )\t giv+ m att5tion ?an y h giv5 z yet to x4 ,z a /ud5t ( hi/ory & z a "y man b5t on atta9+ su* k z c be atta9$ conc]n+ ! c]ta9ties or probabilities t h ! mo/ important be>+ on ! life & conduct ( myriads ( y\r fell[-creatures1 y ought at lea/ to ask y\rself :at bett] explanation y h to (f] ( ! m>vell\s ph5om5a ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & 9 p>ticul> ( ,/4 ,paul's "p 9 spread+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,i sympa?ize ) ! 8s5se ( ba?os10 z y call x1 :i* comes ov] y :5 y he> t ! ph5om5a ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ are to be expla9$ by a /udy ( ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! revelation giv5 to mank9d ?r\gh ! ,imag9ation4 ,i sympa?ize ) y2 b ,i sympa?ize ) y z ,i %\ld ) a *ild :o might be /&+ by ,elijah's side at ! "t :5 ! prophet saw 8 nev]-to-be-=gott5 vision4 ,t *ild w\ld feel1 no d\bt1 8a s5se ( ba?os0 because ! ,"l 0 n 9 ! fire1 nor 9 ! :irlw9d1 nor 9 ! e>?quake1 b 9 ! /ill small voice4 ,y are 9 ! *ildi% /age ( susceptibility to any?+ t is noisy & big2 y h n be5 taught by exp]i5ce & ?\ght to appreciate ! div95ess ( ?+s obvi\s1 ord9>y1 & quiet2 above all y h n yet le>n$ to rev]e y\r own nature nor to ackn[l$ge 7except ) y\r lips7 t y are made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,reta9+ /ill a ke5 recollection ( ! pa9 ) :i* ,i pass$ ?r\gh t /age myself1 ,i h nei!r ! incl9ation1 nor ! "r1 to despise y\r pres5t condition ( m9d2 b ,i believe1 if y w /ill keep ! "q op5 9 y\r m9d1 & if y w m$itate a little n[ & !n on ! frequ5cy1 or ,i may say ! univ]sality1 ( illusion 9 ! conveyance ( all ! highe/ tru?1 y w gradually come1 z ,i came1 to p]ceive t ! ess5ce ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ is t ,8 ,_s %\ld h really triumph$ ov] dea?1 & n t ,8 body %\ld h ris5 f ! grave4 ,no d\bt y w\ld be mu* m impress$ if ! tangible body ( "s dead fri5d ( y\rs1 aft] be+ buri$ 9 ! e>?1 _h appe>$ to c]ta9 witnesses & t\*$ !m1 & eat5 9 _! company1 ?an if a vivid app>ition ( ! fri5d _h appe>$ to ! same witnesses2 b ,i ?9k y w\ld mu* m easily believe ! latt] ?an ! =m]2 & y might be m impress$ by a /rong conviction ( ! latt] ?an by a d\btful1 timid1 cl++ to ! =m]4 ,i c h>dly ?9k t if y _h receiv$ sev]al acc\nts f indep5d5t witnesses1 ( app>itions ( ?is k9d result+ 9 a m>vell\s *ange ( "* 9 all :o _h se5 !m1 y w\ld at once put !m aside simply because !y might be call$ 9 "s s5se natural4 ,! v fact ( _! be+ natural w\ld lead y to consid] h[ /range mu/ h be5 ! causes t _h produc$ su* /range results2 h[ p[]ful mu/ h be5 ! p]sonality t _h ?us =c$ itself on ! m5tal ret9a ( ! se]s ( ! app>ition2 & if some?+ important _h foll[$ f su* a vision1 say1 = example1 ! writ+ ( a great poem1 or ! f\ndation ( a noble empire1 ,i _c ?9k t y w\ld set d[n ! vision z a negligible trifle4 ,b y feel1 ,i d>e say1 t1 ?\gh y might be impress$ by ! /ories ( su* an app>ition1 y c\ld n feel c]ta9 t ! app>ition repres5t$ any reality2 !re w\ld be no def9ite pro( t ! witnesses ( ! app>ition 7 n "u ! influ5ce ( a delusion4 ,well1 ,i w admit t !re w\ld be no pro( ( ! ord9>y k9d1 t is to say1 no pro( su* z is convey$ ?r\gh ! s5ses ab\t ord9>y t]re/rial ph5om5a2 b ,i ?9k y might feel c]ta92 only x w\ld be t k9d ( c]ta9ty :i* is l>gely br$ f ,fai? & ,hope4 ,& ?is sort ( c]ta9ty1 & no o!r1 appe>s to me t :i* 0 int5d$ to be produc$ by ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,8 manife/ations 7 unse5 & unhe>d save by ! eye & e> ( ,fai?4 ,if ! pro( ( ,8 resurrection _h n dep5d$ ^u ,fai?1 !n ! ,roman soldi]s w\ld h se5 ,8 mat]ial body miracul\sly issu+ f ! %att]$ sepul*re1 & ! companions ( ,saul w\ld h bo? se5 ,*ri/ & und]/ood ! voice t cri$1 8,saul1 ,saul1 :y p]secute/ ?\ me80 ,if we c\ld asc]ta9 exactly ! hi/orical basis = ! acc\nt 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel ( ,*ri/'s manife/ation to ! d\bt+ ,?omas we %\ld probably f9d--suppos+ t we 7 really ju/ifi$ 9 treat+ ! acc\nt z hi/orical--t !re 0 9 ,?omas a /rong desire to believe1 comb9$ ) a /rong s5se ( ! impossibility ( atta9+ adequate pro(4 ,z 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 s 9 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 conviction appe>s nev] to h be5 =c$ on any entirely unwill+ unbeliev]4 ,9 ord] to believe 9 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 x is n en\gh to be conv9c$ t ! evid5ce is hone/ & g5u9e1 & t ! witnesses c\ld n be deceiv$2 t k9d ( belief sav\rs ( ! law-c\rt1 & !re is no?+ spiritual 9 x2 b ! man :o truly & spiritually accepts ,*ri/'s resurrection is he :o says to himself z he reviews ! life ( ,*ri/ & ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*3 8,be+ :at ,he 01 & hav+ done ! "w t ,he has done1 ?is ,jesus ( ,naz>e? ought n to h succumb$ to dea?4 ,if !re is any evid5ce to %ew t ! veil ( ! invisible has be5 s f> ?r[n back1 be x = a mom5t1 z to %ew me ,jesus 9 ! spiritual _w /ill liv+ & triumphant ov] dea?1 my consci5ce op5s its arms at once to embrace t belief40 ,& !re is ?is advantage 9 bas+ y\r fai? on ! spiritual resurrection ( ,jesus1 t y keep ! region ( fai? di/9ct f ! region ( disputable te/imony4 ,if y re/ y\r hopes on ! mat]ial resurrection1 t is a "q ( d\btful evid5ce4 ,y\r he>t says1 8,oh t x might be true60 ,y\r bra9 says1 8,i _c hone/ly say t ,i ?9k x is true40 ,h5ce a con/ant conflict betwe5 he>t & bra91 :ile y are =c$ aga9 & aga9 to ask y\rself1 8,mu/ ,i be di%one/ 9 ord] t ,i may p]suade myself t ,i am happy8 ,& ev5 if ,i c hone/ly believe 9 ! mat]ial resurrection to-day1 h[ d ,i "k t "s new evid5ce--! discov]y ( "s new ,gospel = example--may n ov]turn my belief to-morr[80 ,b ! life & doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 ! conv]sion & lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! gr[? & victories ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! pres5t p[] ( ,*ri/'s ,_s are facts t c nev] be ov]?r[n2 & if y say1 8,on ! basis ( ^! indisputable facts1 consid]$ z a "p ( ! evolution & tra9+ ( mank9d ,i re/ my hope & my fai? t ,jesus has conqu]$ dea? & /ill lives & works among u & = u0--:y !n y re/ on a basis t _c be %ak54 ,& surely su* a fai? is m /rong1 m spiritual1 m com=t+1 yes1 & m c]ta9 too1 ?an a 8k0 :i* y "k 9 y\r own he>t to be no k6 ,h[ long w mank9d be cont5t to be ignorant t ! ,,half :i* con/itutes tru? is wor? m ?an ! ,,:ole :i* is made up ( tru? & tru?'s integum5t>y illusion6 ,h[ _m !re are to :om ! say+ ( old ,hesiod is /ill unmean+3 ,alas ?\ "k'/ n1 silly s\l1 ,h[ mu* ! half exce$s ! :ole6 ,y _c obta91 & mu/ n expect to obta91 any demon/rative pro( ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 any m ?an y c obta9 a demon/rative pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god3 yet y c feel z /rong & z s9c]e a conviction ( ! =m] fact z ( ! latt]4 ,x is curi\s t ,/4 ,paul's p>allel betwe5 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ & t ( m5 %\ld be s habitually ov]look$4 ,he assumes1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 a simil>ity1 almo/ an id5tity1 betwe5 ! ,resurrection ( m5 & ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/3 8,if !re is no resurrection ( ! dead nei!r ha? ,*ri/ be5 rais$10 & aga93 8,n[ ha? ,*ri/ be5 rais$ f ! dead1 ! fir/ fruits ( !m t are asleep40 ,?is reason+ holds excell5tly1 if ! ,resurrection is to be ! same = u z x 0 = our ,savi\r1 a spiritual ,resurrection1 & if ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ visibly reveal$ ! univ]sal law :i* %all apply to all :o are animat$ by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,b if ,*ri/'s ,resurrection 0 ( a q diff]5t k9d1 if x 0 a bodily /epp+ out ( ! tomb ?ree days aft] burial1 h[ c ?is be call$ ! 8fir/ fruits0 ( ! ,resurrection ( m5 ^: bodies w all decay & = :om !re=e no su* /epp+ out f ! tomb c ev] be anticipat$8 ,! be/1 ! true/1 ! mo/ com=t+ belief 9 ! end w be f\nd to be t ,jesus 0 8put to dea? 9 ! fle% b quick5$ 7n 9 ! fle% b7 9 ! _s40 ,& z x 0 ) ,him1 s we believe x w be ) u4 ,b p]haps y w rem9d me t "o ( ! ,cre$s m5tions 8! ,resurrection ( ! body10 & t ,/4 ,paul anticipates ! ,resurrection1 n ( a 8_s10 b ( 8a spiritual body20 & y may ask me :at ,i inf] f ?is4 ,i = my "p inf] t ,/4 ,paul desir$ to gu>d aga9/ ! notion t ! dead lose _! id5tity & are m]g$ 9 ,god or 9 "s o!r ess5ce2 he wi%$ to convey to 8 he>]s t !y w\ld /ill reta9 _! individuality1 ! p[] ( lov+ & ( be+ lov$2 possibly also he wi%$ to sugge/ a life ( cont9u$ activity 9 ! s]vice ( ,god2 & 9 ord] to express ?is he us$ su* language 7metaphorical ( c\rse7 z w\ld unmi/akeably imply t id5tity w\ld be pres]v$1 & activity w\ld be possible4 ,b he took c>e to gu>d 8 language aga9/ mat]iali/ic mis9t]pretation by insi/+ t ! body w\ld be 8spiritual0 & !re=e invisible to ! e>?ly eye & cognizable only by ! _s4 ,! new body1 he says1 is 8a build+ f ,god10 8a h\se n made ) h&s1 et]nal20 & he prefaces ?is by say+ 8! ?+s :i* are se5 are temporal1 b ! ?+s :i* are n se5 are et]nal40 ,h]eby he cle>ly implies t ! new body w be 8n se540 ,else:]e he tells u t 8! ?+s prep>$ by ,god0 = !m t love ,him 7& ( c\rse he includes 9 ^! ! 8build+ f ,god1 ! h\se n made ) h&s07 are su* z eye 8ha? n se5 nor e> he>d1 nor h !y ent]$ into ! he>t ( man2 b ,god ha? reveal$ !m unto u by ! ,_s20 & aga91 8! ?+s ( ,god none kn[e? save ! ,_s ( ,god10 :i* has be5 imp>t$ to ! fai?ful4 ,to speak hone/ly1 ,i mu/ add t1 ev5 if ,i f\nd ,/4 ,paul _h committ$ himself repeat$ly to any !ory ( a mat]ial or semi-mat]ial ,resurrection1 consonant ) ! feel+s ( 8 times1 ,i %\ld n h felt b\nd to place a belief 9 a mat]iali/ic detail ( ?is k9d ^u ! same high & au?oritative level z ! belief 9 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,_s1 or any o!r g5]al & spiritual article ( fai?4 ,b ,i f9d no su* mat]ialism 9 ,/4 ,paul4 ,he appe>s to me to say consi/5tly1 #a/1 t ,*ri/'s ,resurrection 0 a type ( 78! fir/ fruits (07 ! ,resurrection ( mank9d2 #bnd1 t 9 contra/ to ! fir/ man ,adam1 ! e>?y1 :o became a liv+ s\l1 ! la/ ,adam1 ! heav5ly1 became a 8life-giv+ _s20 #crd1 t1 z we h borne ! image ( ! e>?y1 s we %all also be> ! image ( ! heav5ly2 #d?1 t ! 8body0 ( ! fai?ful aft] dea? w be 8spiritual10 j z ! ,*ur* ( ,god is 8a spiritual h\se10 & ! sacrifices ( ! sa9ts are 8spiritual sacrifices40 ,!re is no m gr\nd = ?9k+ t ,/4 ,paul suppos$ t we %\ld h]eaft] h spiritual h&s1 or be spiritual bip$s1 ?an = ?9k+ t he suppos$ ! sacrifices ( ! ,*ur* to be spiritual %eep1 or ! temple ( ! ,*ur* to be compos$ ( cele/ial /ones4 ,aft] our ,resurrection1 we are /ill to be consci\s ( ,god's pa/ love1 /ill to rejoice 9 ,8 pres5t & nev]-end+ love1 /ill to be capable ( glorify+ & s]v+ ,god1 ( lov+ z well z ( be+ lov$--?is ,/4 ,paul's !ory ( ! 8spiritual body0 c]ta9ly implies2 & x ne$ n imply m4 ,& :at our ,resurrection w be1 t ,*ri/'s ,resurrection 04 ,! ord9>y fancies ab\t ! ,resurrection teem ) absurdities1 & are r$eem$ f be+ ridicul\s1 only because !y all spr+ f ! natural & reasonable desire t we may h]eaft] pres]ve our id5tity4 ,b !y ought to be suppress$ if !y create1 z ,i fe> !y create1 additional difficulties 9 ! way ( conceiv+1 & believ+ 91 a future life4 ,i d n wi% to sc(f at ! popul> views2 b x is important t ^? :o adopt ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( ! ,resurrection %\ld realize ! unnecess>y & grotesque inconsi/5cies ) :i* !y obscure ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,popul> ,*ri/ianity appe>s g5]ally to accept a s5su\s p>adise1 only exclud+ :at "s may deem ! co>s] s5ses1 ! smell1 t\*1 & ta/e4 ,b :at is ! special m]it ( ! o!r two s5ses1 he>+ & see+1 t !y alone %\ld be all[$ places 9 ,p>adise8 ,& ?is visible1 semi-spiritual body ^u :i* ! vulg> fancy s insi/s--:at purpose w x s]ve8 8,! purposes ( recognition betwe5 fri5ds40 ,!n x w be l ! old mat]ial body ( ! dep>t$--at :at p]iod ( 8 exi/5ce8 ,%all he be repres5t$ z a y\? ( tw5ty or a man ( =ty1 or ( fifty1 or z a *ild ( t58 ,& h[ z to ! body ( "o :o 0 de=m$1 maim$1 or hide\sly mis%ap5 & ugly8 8,x w\ld be a purifi$ lik5ess1 summ>iz+1 z x 71 e p]iod ( life1 s t x w\ld be recognizable1 n inde$ by our eyes b by ^? ( spiritual be+s40 ,t is conceivable3 b :y all ?is tr\ble to obta9 a visible body t %all make recognition difficult1 :5 recognition c be conceiv$ s mu* m easily z ! result ( m]e spiritual communion8 ,keep by all means ! language ( ! ,apocalypse & ( ! ,pilgrim's ,progress 9 ord] to describe 9 poetry ! condition ( ! bless$ dead2 b rememb] t x is ! language ( poetry2 & let e su* use ( words be conclud$ 7z ) a doxology7 by ! ?\ght1 8,?us w x be1 only f> bett]1 inf9itely bett]2 = ,god is love2 & our future communion ) ! love ( ,god w be a height ( happ9ess su* z no p[] ( s5se c reveal1 & only ! _s-guid$ s\l c fa9tly appreh5d40 ,b p]haps y w say 8,y are ready en\gh to attack o!r p's notions ab\t ! semi-mat]ial resurrection2 b y are n equally ready to expla9 y\r own notions ab\t a spiritual resurrection4 ,y _c ev5 tell u :at a spiritual body is1 except t x has ! p[] ( lov+ & be+ lov$40 ,precisely s2 ,i am q ignorant4 ,yet 9 my k ( ?is matt] ,i am sup]ior to a v great numb] ( o!r !ologians4 ,= !y ?9k !y "k1 :]eas ,i "k t nei!r ,i nor !y "k4 ,let me g a little fur!r 9 my confession ( ignorance & admit t ,i d n really possess k ab\t a numb] ( o!r matt]s ab\t :i* _m pr(ess ) great glibness to "k ev]y?+4 ,i am c]ta9 t ,i exi/2 b ,i d\bt :e!r ,i c analyse & expla9 ! reasons = my c]ta9ty1 & ,i am q sure ,i _c prove my exi/5ce by logic4 ,if ,i am press$ = a pro(1 ,i %\ld say 7z ,i h /at$ 9 a previ\s lett]7 t my belief 9 my exi/5ce 0 l>gely due to ! ,imag9ation4 ,cogito1 ergo sum1 8,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am10--if int5d$ z a s]i\s pro(1 & if !re is any real mean+ 9 ! 8ergo0--appe>s to me to be ! mo/ babyi% ( argum5ts4 ,i respect ! gigantic intellect ( ! argu]1 b n ev5 a giant c make ropes ( s&2 & x ne$s b a little gramm> to dissolve ?is reason+ to no?+4 8,i ?9k0 means 8,i am "o ?9k+40 ,9 "s languages1 9 ,hebrew = example1 y might h no o!r way ( express+ ! proposition ?an 9 ?is =m3 8,i am "o ?9k+40 ,:at sort ( reason+ !n is ?is6 8,i am "o ?9k+1 !re=e ,i am40 8,?is is :ite pap]1 !re=e x is60 ,surely a ridicul\s (fspr+ to issue f great logical travail6 ,& besides1 :at inf9ite assumptions are presuppos$ 9 t monosyllable 8,i06 ,h[ d ,i "k t 8,i ?9k10 & t x is n ! great _w-_s :o ?9ks 9 me1 z well z ra9s outside me8 ,:y ought ,i n to say 8x ?9ks10 j z ,i say 8x ra9s08 ,:at d y mean by 8,i08 ,tell u :at 8,i0 is4 ,& h[ c ! desp]ate logician set ab\t tell+ u :at 8,i0 is1 )\t assum+ t 8 own 8,i0 is1 :i* is equival5t to assum+ 8,i am08 ,surely ?is is altoge!r a hopeless muddle1 & we ought to give up reason+ ab\t 8,i0 & 8am20 yes1 & ,i w\ld add n only ab\t 8,i0 & 8am10 b also ab\t a numb] ( o!r fundam5tal conceptions1 :i* are f> m pr(itably assum$ z axioms4 ,= my "p1 :5ev] ,i use ! words 8m9d10 8matt]10 8sub/ance10 8_s10 8s\l10 8intellect10 & ! l1 & make any s]i\s /atem5t ab\t !m1 ,i h>dly ev] d s )\t a m5tal res]vation1 say+ to myself--8b ( c\rse !re may be no su* ?+s precisely z ^!1 b "s o!r ?+s q diff]5t1 produc+ ! results :i* we ascribe to ^!2 s t all ^! /atem5ts may be only proportionately true40 ,i d n object to ! use ( ! mat]iali/ic language :]e x is recogniz$ z metaphor by ^? :o use & ^? :o he> x2 b ! mis*ief is t x is (t5 n s recogniz$4 ,once make y\rself ! slave ( ! popul> language ab\t 8_s10 & 8sub/ance10 & :at n--& y are 9 dang] ( be+ manacl$ intellectually z well z !ologically4 ,! popul> belief is t a man's _s is inside him1 l 8 qualities2 ! latt] l peas 9 a box1 ! =m] l gas 9 a bladd]4 ,drive a hole ?r\gh a man's left side or ! middle ( 8 head1 &--out goes ! _s2 t is ! common mat]iali/ic cre$4 ,n[ ,i h a /rong desire to decl>e t ?is cre$ is ridicul\sly false4 ,b ,i w be consi/5t & simply say t ,i "k no?+ :atev] ab\t x4 ,my _s may possibly be inside me2 b x may possibly be outside me2 say at a po9t six feet1 or six miles1 above me2 or away 9 ,jupit]1 or ,saturn1 or d[n at ! e>?'s c5tre2 or x may be incapable ( occupy+ space4 ,:at does x matt] to y or to me1 !ologically or intellectually1 :e!r t "p ( u :i* we call our 8_s0 has its local habitation inside u1 or outside1 or 9 no locality at all8 ,is x n en\gh to recognize t we h p[]s ( act+1 lov+1 tru/+1 & believ+1 & to feel c]ta9 t ,god int5ds ^! p[]s to be develop$ & nev] to p]i%8 ,yet ,i rememb] t a fri5d ( m9e 0 %ock$1 & almo/ appall$1 :5 ,i av[$ ignorance z to ! locality ( my _s4 ,he seem$ to ?9k ,i might z well h no _s at all1 if x c\ld n prove its respectability by giv+ its "n & address6 ,= my "p ,i am n[ q c]ta9 ( ,*ri/'s spiritual ,resurrection1 & 9 t conviction ,i am f> happi] & f> m tru/ful ?an :5 ,i at fir/ me*anically accept$ ^u au?ority & evid5ce ! belief 9 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/'s body1 & subsequ5tly /rove to reta9 t belief1 aga9/ ! te/imony ( my intellig5ce & my consci5ce4 ,i ?9k y also w f9d1 z ye>s g on1 :5 x becomes y\r lot to /& by ! grave into :i* fri5d aft] fri5d is l[]$1 t a he>tfelt conviction ( ! spiritual ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ af=ds m com=t to y at su* mom5ts ?an y\r old belief--bas$ l>gely ^u hi/orical evid5ce1 & bra9-felt r ?an he>t-felt--9 ,8 physical ,resurrection4 ,= ! =m] unites u ) ,*ri/1 ! latt] sep>ates u f ,*ri/4 ,we none ( u expect t ! mat]ial & tangible bodies ( our fri5ds w rise f ! dead 9 ! fle% )\t 8see+ corruption20 b we d tru/ t !y %all rise z 8spiritual bodies0 ov] :om dea? %all h no p[]4 ,?is tru/ is confirm$ by ! belief t ,*ri/ rose z we tru/ !y %all h]eaft] rise4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,*ri/ rose a mat]ial body f ! grave--t /irs no hope 9 u4 ,b if1 :ile ,8 body rema9$ 9 ! grave1 ,8 _s rose triumphant to ! ?rone ( ,god1 !n we see a hope inde$ t may suit our case & give u "s gleam ( consolation4 ,! bodies ( ! dead may lie !re & decay2 b :at ( t8 ,ev5 s 0 x ) ! ,savi\r3 b ! spiritual body is indep5d5t ( ! fle% & %all rise sup]ior to dea?4 ,d n imag9e t ! spiritual body is "o :it less real ?an ! mat]ial body2 only1 z ! mat]ial body belongs to ! "t-_w1 s ! spiritual body belongs to ! et]nal _w4 ,ea* is suit$ to its own environm5t1 b ea* ( !m is a real body4 ,z to ! relation betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual body we "k no?+1 & we ne$ "k no?+4 ,:5 w m5 le>n to be less gre$y ( %ams & bubbles ( pret5d$ mat]ial k1 & m e>ne/ & pati5t 9 _! sob] aspirations aft] spiritual tru?8 ,:5 w !y realize t an unhesitat+ fai? 9 a few elem5t>y pr9ciples is bett] ?an a tremul\s quasi-k ( a :ole globe ( dogmas8 ,,xxiv ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,_s8 ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y take me to task = ! abrupt t]m9ation ( my la/ lett]4 ,i broke (f1 y say1 j :5 y ?\ght ,i 0 on ! po9t ( expla9+ :at ,i meant by a _s3 8,surely y h "s !ory ( y\r own & are n cont5t ) disbeliev+ o!r p's !ories40 ,well1 ,i ?\ght ,i _h said be=e t ,i am cont5t to "k m]ely ?is ab\t a _s1 t x possesses capabilities = lov+ & s]v+ ,god1 or o!r nobl] capabilities correspond+ to ^!4 ,b if y press me to set up "s !ory ( my own t y may h ! pleasure ( pull+ x to pieces1 ,i w confess to y t my ne>e/ conception ( a _s is a p]sonifi$ virtue4 ,?is _c v well be q "r2 any m ?an a c>p5t] c be l a door1 or l any?+ else t he has con/ruct$4 ,b x is ! ne>e/ ,i c come to any conception t is n too repulsively mat]ial4 ,& sometimes1 :5 ,i try to conceive ( ! causes ( t]re/rial ?\ghts1 & emotions1 & spiritual movem5ts1 ,i f9d myself recurr+ to ! antique notion1 h9t$ at 9 "o or two passages ( ! ,bible1 & ,i believe enc\rag$ by "s ( ! old ,rabbis1 t !re are two worlds2 "o visible1 t]re/rial1 & mat]ial1 ! o!r invisible1 cele/ial1 & spiritual2 & t :atsoev] takes place d[n "h takes place fir/ 7or simultane\sly b causatively7 up !re2 "h1 ! m]e outsides ( ?+s2 !re1 ! causes & spr+s ( action2 ! bodies d[n on e>?1 ! spirits up 9 heav54 ,?is is b a h>mless fancy4 ,let me give y ano!r4 ,y "k--or might "k if y w\ld read a little book rec5tly publi%$ call$ ,flatl&1 & /ill bett]1 if y w\ld /udy a v able & orig9al "w by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,h9ton#ca--t a be+ ( ,f\r ,dim5sions1 if su* !re 71 c\ld come into our clos$ rooms )\t op5+ door or w9d[1 nay1 c\ld ev5 p5etrate into1 & inhabit1 our bodies2 t he c\ld simultane\sly see ! insides ( all ?+s & ! int]ior ( ! :ole e>? ?r[n op5 to 8 vision3 he w\ld also h ! p[] ( mak+ himself visible & invisible at pleasure2 & c\ld address words to u f an invisible position outside u1 or inside our own p]son4 ,:y !n might n spirits be be+s ( ! ,f\r? ,dim5sion8 ,well1 ,i w tell y :y4 ,al?\gh we _c hope ev] to compreh5d :at a _s is--j z we c nev] compreh5d :at ,god is--yet ,/4 ,paul tea*es u t ! deep ?+s ( ! _s are 9 "s degree made kn[n to u by our own spirits4 ,n[ :5 does ! _s seem mo/ active 9 u8 or :5 d we seem ne>e/ to ! appreh5sion ( 8! deep ?+s ( ,god08 ,is x n :5 we are ex]cis+ ^? virtues :i*1 z ,/4 ,paul says1 8abide0--,i mean fai?1 hope & love8 ,n[ !re is obvi\sly no connection betwe5 ^! virtues & ! ,f\r? ,dim5sion4 ,ev5 if we c\ld conceive ( space ( ,f\r ,dim5sions--:i* we _c d1 al?\gh we c p]haps describe :at "s ( its ph5om5a w\ld be if x exi/$--we %\ld n be a :it ! bett] morally or spiritually4 ,x seems to me r a moral ?an an intellectual process1 to approximate to ! conception ( a _s3 & t[>d ?is no k ( ,quadridim5sional space c guide u4 ,:at1 = example1 d we mean :5 we speak ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & describe ,him z ! ,?ird ,p]son 9 ! ,tr9ity8 ,i hope y w n suppose--because ,i happ5 to be a rationali/ z reg>ds ! hi/orical int]pretation ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,bible1 or because ,i h n disguis$ my dislike ( ! =mal & quasi-ari?metical propositions 9 :i* ! ,a?anasian cre$ sets =? ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity--t ,i reject ! tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t on ! nature & functions ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,lit]>y criticism may oblige u to reg>d ! long disc\rses on ! functions ( ! ,p>aclete or ,advocate 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel z be+ 9 ! /yle ( ! au?or & n ! language ( ,*ri/2 b x is difficult to suppose t ! sublime ?\ghts 9 ^? passages are ! m]e inv5tions ( a disciple ( ,jesus2 & ! *>act]i/ic say+s ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels be> cog5t ?\gh t]se witness to ,8 ackn[l$gm5t ( a ,holy ,_s :o %\ld 8speak0 9 ,8 disciples1 & 8tea*0 ,8 disciples :at to say1 :5 !y 7 summon$ be=e ! b> ( pr9ces3 8x is n ye t speak1 b ! ,holy ,_s10 ,m>k xiii4 #aa2 8x is n ye t speak1 b ! ,_s ( y\r ,fa!r :i* speake? 9 y10 ,mat?4 x4 #bj2 8! ,holy ,_s %all tea* y 9 t v h\r :at ye ought to say10 ,luke xii4 #ab4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y h[ l>ge a space 8! ,_s0 claims 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 & especially ( ! use :i* ! ,apo/le makes ( ! triple comb9ation ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,_s4 ,ev51 !re=e1 if ,i c\ld give no explanation ( ! :ole ( x1 nor s mu* z put into words ! fa9t glimpse ,i may h ga9$ into ! mean+ ( a "p ( ?is doctr9e1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to accept ! exi/5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s on ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ or ,/4 ,paul1 z be+ a doctr9e t does n ent] into ! doma9 ( evid5ce1 a conception ( ! div9e nature f :i* ,i might hope to le>n mu*1 if ,i w\ld rev]5tly keep x be=e me & try to appreh5d x4 ,b ,i seem to h a glimpse ( x4 ,t influ5ce or 8idea0 ( ! dead :i*1 z ,%akespe>e says1 8creeps into our /udy ( imag9ation10 & :i* reproduces all ! be/ & ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! dep>t$--:5 ?is has once tak5 possession ( u1 d we n naturally say t we n[ realize 8! _s0 ( ! dead1 feel+ t x guides u = ! fir/ "t to ! appreciation ( 8 words & de$s8 ,n[ z ,god1 ! initial ,?\ght1 ne$$ to be reveal$ to u by means ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 s ! ,^w ne$$ to be reveal$ to u by means ( ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,^w4 ,or1 to put x m p]sonally1 z ! ,fa!r ne$$ to be reveal$ by ! ,son1 s ! ,son ne$$ to be reveal$ by ! ,_s4 ,^? :o knew ,*ri/ m]ely 9 ! fle% knew b little ( ,him1 & _h little und]/&+ ( ,8 words4 ,x 0 ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ t guid$1 & /ill guides1 ,8 disciples into ! full] k ( ! mean+ ( ,8 pa/ life on e>? & ,8 pres5t purposes 9 heav54 ,i own1 h[ev]1 t ,i h sometimes felt at a loss :5 ,i h ask$ myself1 8,h[ is ?is ,_s a ,p]son8 ,& d ,i love ,him or ,x8 ,& if ,jesus & ! ,_s ( ,jesus are two ,p]sons1 !n mu/ ,i also inf] two p]sonalities = myself1 "o = my mortal t]re/rial humanity1 ano!r = my immortal cele/ial _s80 ,^! que/ions are extremely difficult = me to answ] ) confid5ce3 yet ,i feel in/9ctively t !y h a pr(\nd & satisfy+ answ] to :i* ,i h n yet atta9$2 b ,i sugge/ "s answ] ( ?is k9d1 8,:5 we endeav\r to =m a conception ( ,god we ought to put aside ! limitations ( human individuality4 ,n[ we _c d ?is :ile we conceive ( ,god simply z ! ,fa!r1 & /ill less :ile we conceive ( ,him simply z ! ,son2 b we c d x :5 we conceive ( ,him z be+ an all-p]vasive ,p[]1 ! s\rce ( ord] & h>mony & light1 sometimes z a ,brea? brea?+ life into all ?+s good & beautiful1 sometimes z a ,bond1 or ,law1 l9k+ or attract+ toge!r all ?+s mat]ial & spiritual s z to make up ! ,kosmos or ,ord] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! traditions ( ! ,*ur* h taught u t !re has be5 su* a ,p[]1 subsi/+ f ! fir/ ) ! ,fa!r & ! ,et]nal ,son1 9 :om ! ,fa!r & ! ,son 71 & are1 unit$2 & by :om ! :ole human race is b\nd toge!r 9 bro!rhood to "o ano!r & 9 son%ip to ! ,et]nal ,fa!r4 ,:at is ?is ,be+ b ! ,p]sonification ( t ,p[] :i*1 9 ! mat]ial _w1 we call ,attraction & 9 ! immat]ial1 ,love8 ,is x n conceivable t ?is ,be+ :i* brea!s good ?\ghts into e human brea/ %\ld love ^? :om ,x inspires8 ,& we--c we love our c\ntry1 & love ,goodness1 ,purity1 ,hon\r1 ,fai?1 ,hope1 & yet mu/ we f9d x impossible to love ?is p]sonifi$ ,love1 ?is ,holy ,_s8 ,b if we love ! ,_s ( ,god1 & ! ,_s loves u1 !n we c und]/& h[ x may be call$ a ,p]son40 ,i =esee ! answ] t might be giv5 to ^!--,i w n call !m reason+s1 say m$itations4 8,all ?is is ! m]e play ( fancy3 y p]sonify ,engl&1 ,virtue1 ,goodness1 ,hope1 ,fai?1 & ! l2 & su* p]sonifications are tol]able 9 poetry2 b y d n surely ma9ta9 t su* p]sonifications h any real exi/5ce3 9 ! same way1 y may f9d a c]ta9 conception ( ! ,supreme ,be+ useful = ! enc\ragem5t ( devotion1 b y h no "r h5ce to inf] t ?is conception repres5ts an objective reality1 mu* less ,god ,himself40 ,my reply is t 9 ! region ( !ological contemplation :]e demon/ration1 & pro( ( ! ord9>y k9d1 are bo? impossible1 ,i conceive ,i 8h a "r0 to d ?is on ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ & ,/4 ,paul & ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & ! g5]al tradition ( ! ,*ur*4 ,i w\ld soon] believe t myself & my _s h a dual p]sonality2 ,i w\ld soon] recognize ! pres5ce ( ! ,angels ( ,engl& & ,france & ! o!r great nations ( ! _w ab\t ! heav5ly ?rone1 l ! ,angels ( ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia or ! ,angel ( ! ,*os5 ,p2 ,i w\ld soon] ackn[l$ge ! actual p]sonality ( ,hope1 ,fai?1 & ,i "k n :at o!r cele/ial m9i/]s betwe5 ,god & man2 ,i w\ld soon]1 9 a ^w1 believe t p]sonality dep5ds ^u "s subtle comb9ation su* z only poets h dimly guess$ at1 ?an ,i w\ld give up ! belief t !re is beside ! ,et]nal ,fa!r1 & ! ,et]nal ,son1 an ,et]nal ,_s1 to ! description ( :om we c be/ approximate by call+ ,him p]sonifi$ ,love4 ,look+ at ! ,_s ( ,god 9 ?is way ,i sometimes seem to disc]n a clos] connection ?an is g5]ally recogniz$ betwe5 ! ,resurrection & ! p[] ( lov+4 ,y w rememb] t ,/4 ,paul con/antly connects ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ ) ! 8,_s20 ,*ri/ 0 8rais$ f ! dead 91 or by1 ! ,_s20 & ,/4 ,pet] says t ,*ri/ 0 8put to dea? 9 ! fle%1 b quick5$ 9 ! ,_s40 ,n[ ?is ,_s is ! ,p[] ( ,love4 ,d we ask = an explanation ( ?is connection8 ,x is surely obvi\s t ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ w\ld n h directly avail$ m5 7s f> z we c see7 unless x _h be5 manife/$ to !m4 ,b h[ 0 x manife/$8 ,we ?9k x 0 by love3 on ! "o h& by ! unsatisfi$ & long+ love ( ! sorr[+ disciples1 creat+ a blank 9 ! he>t :i* c\ld only be fill$ by ! image ( ! ris5 ,savi\r2 on ! o!r h& by ! unsatisfi$ & long+ love ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 dy+ ) a purpose z yet unfulfill$4 ,?us--s f> z conc]ns ! influ5ce ( ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus ^u humanity--x 0 ! ,_s ( ,love t rais$ ,jesus f ! abyss ( in]t oblivion & exalt$ ,him to ! "r h& ( ,god 9 ! s\ls ( m54 ,i d>e n say t1 if ,jesus _h fail$ to root ,himself 9 ! he>ts ( m5 ,he c\ld nev] h be5 rais$ f ! dead2 j z ,i d>e n say t1 if ,/4 ,pet] _h n be5 inspir$ to say 8,?\ art ! ,*ri/10 ! ,*ur* c\ld nev] h be5 f\nd$ on ! rock ( heav5-imp>t$ fai?4 ,let u avoid ?is way ( look+ at ?+s1 z be+ repulsive & prepo/]\s1 putt+ ?+s t]re/rial be=e ?+s cele/ial4 ,let u r say t1 because ! rock ( fai? 0 be+ set up by ! h& ( ,god 9 heav51 !re=e at t same in/ant ! ,apo/le receiv$ ! /r5g? to utt] 8 confession ( fai?2 & because ,*ri/'s ,_s _h so>$ up aft] dea? to ! heav5 ( heav5s & !nce 0 b5d+ d[n lov+ly to look ^u ,8 despair+ foll[]s1 !re=e !y receiv$ p[] to see ,him aga91 liv+ = !m on e>?4 ,yet z reg>ds ord9>y m51 ,i _c help occasionally reviv+ t same prepo/]\s me?od :i* ,i w\ld disc>d 9 ! case ( ,*ri/4 ,& />t+ f t]re/rial ph5om5a fir/1 ,i sometimes ask myself1 ,is x possible t ! resurrection ( ea* human s\l may dep5d ^u ! degree to :i* x has root$ itself 9 ! affection ( o!rs8 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* tea*es t ! condition ( ! dead may be affect$ by ! pray]s ( survivors2 & _m abuses h result$ f a p]v]t$ & me*anical mis9t]pretation ( t doctr9e2 b h[ if ! _s ( a dead man actually owes its spiritual resurrection1 n inde$ to =mally utt]$ petitions1 b to ! sil5t pray]s1 ! lov+ wi%es1 ! irrepressible desires ( fell[-spirits on e>? & 9 heav58 ,h[ if a man lives 9 heav5 & 9 ! second life s f> z 8 _s has impr9t$ itself on ! lov+ memories ( o!rs above & bel[8 8,has ! dead man k9dl$ 9 ! he>t ( "o s+le human be+ a sp>k ( g5u9e unselfi% affection8 ,to t ext5t1 !n1 he receives a proportional g]m ( expansive & et]nal life--might x n be s8 ,& if x 7 s1 !n we c\ld bett] und]/& h[ bo? ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & we mortal m51 die 9 ! fle% b are rais$ to a life et]nal aft] dea? #89 ! ,_s' & #8by ! ,_s'--t great p]vasive spiritual ,p[] ( ,love :i* l9ks all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? toge!r40 ,i tru/ ,i h !oriz$ en\gh to please y4 ,i h done s because on ! :ole ,i ?9k x be/ t y %\ld see all ! weakness1 z well z all ! /r5g?1 ( my position--! cr$ul\s & fanciful side ( x1 z well z its bread?1 its naturalness1 its reasonabl5ess1 its spiritual com=t1 its dep5d5ce on moral ef=t1 its recognition ( ,law1 its consi/5cy ) facts1 & its absolute fre$om f intellectual difficulties4 ,reg>d$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 z be+ ! revivification ( ! mat]ial body1 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ becomes an isolat$ port5t 9 hi/ory2 reg>d$ naturally1 x becomes ! triumph ( ! ,_s ov] ! fe> ( dea?1 ! c5tral ev5t ( our e>?ly hi/ory4 ,c5tral ,i say1 b n isolat$2 because !re are se5 conv]g+ t[>ds x1 z x 7 pr$ictively1 all ! ph5om5a ( ! evolution & tra9+ ( ! ,imag9ation2 all in/ances ( true poetic & prophetic vision2 ! />s ( heav5 & all ! creative provisions ( night & d>kness & sleep & dreams1 nay ev5 dea? itself4 ,& :at high] tribute 7%ort ( actual wor%ip7 c be paid to ! p]sonality ( ,*ri/ ?an to say t 8! ph5om5a ( ,8 resurrection are natural40 ,i ?9k if ,i 7 depress$ & %ak5 9 fai?--z "o is liable to be at times1 n by intellectual b by moral consid]ations1 :5 "o feels t evil is /rong] ?an x %\ld be1 bo? 9 oneself & outside oneself--x w\ld be a great help to g & he> "s agno/ic say+ ) vehem5t conviction1 8,! resurrection ( ,*ri/ 0 natural1 purely natural40 ,i %\ld bid him say x aga91 & aga92 & ,i w\ld g home & say x ov] & ov] aga9 to myself by way ( com=t1 to /r5g!n my fai?3 8,! manife/ations ( ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ 7 purely natural4 ,s !y 74 ,?+s c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,be+ :at ,he 01 ,*ri/ c\ld n b ?us be manife/$ to ,8 foll[]s aft] dea?4 ,x 0 ! natural effect ( ,*ri/'s p]sonality ^u ! disciples2 & ?r\gh ! disciples ^u ,/4 ,paul4 ,!n :at a ,p]son h we "h6 ,a ,p]son consci\sly sup]ior to dea?1 &1 aft] ,8 dea?1 fulfill+ a promise :i* ,he made to ,8 disciples t ,he w\ld /ill be pres5t ) !m6 ,:at wond] if ,he is ev5 n[ pres5t ) u1 influ5c+ u ) some?+ ( ! p[] ) :i* ,he mov$ ! la/ ( ! ,apo/les6 ,:at wond] if ,he is de/9$ yet = future ages to be a pres5t ,p[] among m5 until ! e/abli%m5t ( t ,k+dom :i* ,he proclaim$ ^u e>?1 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god & bro!rhood ( man60 ,footnote #ca3 8,a ,romance ( ! ,f\r? ,dim5sion10 ,swan ,sonn5s*e94 ,,xxv ,,! ,,inc>nation ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,i _h n =gott5 t1 9 ord] to complete ! brief discussion ( ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is necess>y to give "s explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! acc\nts ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,y\r la/ lett] rem9ds me ( ?is necessity1 & y put be=e me two alt]natives4 8,if10 y say1 8,*ri/ 0 born ( a ,virg91 !n a miracle is conc$$ s /up5d\s t x is absurd to object to ! o!r miracles3 b if ,*ri/ 0 n born ( a ,virg91 !n1 unless ! hone/y ( ! ,gospel n>ratives is to be impea*$1 "s acc\nt is ne$$ ( ! way 9 :i* ! miracul\s leg5d f\nd its way into ! ,gospels20 & y add t y w\ld l to "k :at mean+1 if any1 ,i atta* to ! /atem5t 9 ! ,cre$1 t ,jesus 0 8born ( a ,virg940 ,z y probably anticipate1 ,i accept ! latt] ( y\r alt]natives1 & ,i w !re=e endeav\r briefly to %ew h[ ! /ory ( ! ,miracul\s ,conception 8f\nd its way into ! ,gospels40 ,b fir/ ,i mu/ prote/ aga9/ y\r expression z inexact4 ,! /ory ( ! ,miracul\s ,conception1 s f> f hav+ 8f\nd its way into ! ,gospels10 f\nd its way into only two out ( ! f\r1 namely1 ,/4 ,mat!w's & ,/4 ,luke's4 ,& ?is fact1 /rong z x is1 does n repres5t ! /r5g? ( ! negative argum5t f omission4 ,( ! n9e au?ors1 or !reab\ts1 ( ! diff]5t books 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 only two conta9 any acc\nt1 ref]5ce1 or allusion to ! ,miracul\s ,conception4 ,no m5tion is made ( x 9 any ( ! num]\s ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul2 nor 9 any ( 8 spee*es1 nor 9 ^? ( ,/4 ,pet]1 record$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 nor 9 any "p ( t book2 nor 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,james1 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,jude2 nor 9 ! ,apocalypse2 nor 9 ! ,gospels ( ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,john6 ,ev5 ! two ,gospels t m5tion x conta9 no evid5ce t x 0 kn[n to any ( ! disciples dur+ ! life-"t ( ,jesus1 & "o ( ^! 7,luke iii4 #bc7 traces ! g5ealogy ( ,jesus f ,joseph & expressly decl>es t ,he 80 suppos$0 to be 8! ,son ( ,joseph40#cb ,?is negative evid5ce becomes all ! m weighty if y consid] h[ v natural x 01 & ,i may almo/ say inevitable1 t ! /ory ( a ,miracul\s ,conception %\ld spe$ily f9d its way into ! traditions ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! causes t work$ t[>d ?is result 71 fir/1 ,old ,te/am5t prophecy2 secondly1 traditions & expressions curr5t among a c]ta9 section ( ! ,jews2 ?irdly1 ! preconceptions ( pagan conv]ts4 ,recall to m9d :at 0 said 9 a previ\s lett] conc]n+ ! importance atta*$ by ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians to ! argum5t f prophecy4 ,n[ !re is a prophecy 9 ,isaiah :i*1 if sep>at$ f its context1 might seem to po9t to no?+ b ! ,miracul\s ,conception ( ! ,messiah3 8,! ,"l himself %all give y a sign3 behold a virg9 %all conceive & be> a son & %all call 8 "n ,immanuel40 ,b a c>eful /udy ( ! context puts ! matt] 9 a q diff]5t light4 ,isaiah 7vii4 #aj-viii4 #d7 is promis+ to ,k+ ,ahaz deliv]ance f ! k+s ( ,syria & ,sam>ia4 ,z ! k+ w n ask = a sign1 ! prophet promises t ! ,"l w give him "o2 a virg9 %all conceive & br+ =? a *ild & %all call 8 "n ,immanuel 78,god ) u073 he %all 8eat butt] & honey0 :5 he arrives at ! age ( di/9ction betwe5 good & evil2 = be=e he arrives at t age1 ! l& abhorr$ by ,ahaz %all be 8=sak5 by bo? h] k+s40 ,! mean+ appe>s to be t1 )9 ! "t necess>y = ! conception & bir? ( a *ild1 t is to say1 9 less ?an a ye>1 ! prospects ( deliv]ance = ,judah f h] pres5t enemies 7,syria & ,sam>ia7 %all s bright5 t a *ild %all be born & call$ by a "n imply+ ! fav\r ( ,god2 aft]w>ds1 be=e t *ild %all gr[ up to *ildhood1 ! two aggressive c\ntries ( ,syria & ,sam>ia %all be !mselves desolat$1 z well z ,judah1 by ! 8razor0 ( ,assyria :i* %all %ave ! c\ntry clean f all cultivat$ crops4 ,amid ! g5]al desolation1 ! fruit trees w be cut d[n1 ! corn w n be s[n2 bread !re w be none2 !re w be no?+ to eat b 8butt] & honey20 x is n ! new-born *ild alone :o %all eat 8butt] & honey20 8butt] & honey %all e "o eat t is left 9 ! l&0 7vii4 #bb74 ,9 all ?is1 ev5 ?\gh we may suppose t !re may h be5 "s ,messianic ref]5ce1 !re is no pr$iction at all ( a conception f a virg9 or ( a miracle ( any k9d4 ,inde$1 ! prophecy appe>s to f9d "s sort ( fulfilm5t 9 :at happ5s imm$iately aft]w>ds 7,isaiah viii4 #a-d71 :5 ! prophet contracts a m>riage1 & calls ! son :o spr+s f x by a "n imply+ ! v5geance imm95t on ,sam>ia & ,assyria3 8,call 8 "n ,mah]-%alal-ha%-baz 7i4e4 booty1 quick1 spoil1 spe$y73 = be=e ! boy %all h k to cry my fa!r6 my "m6 ! ri*es ( ,damascus & ! spoil ( ,sam>ia %all be tak5 away be=e ! k+ ( ,assyria40 ,no d\bt x may be said t ?is son 0 n call$ 8,immanuel10 s t ! prophecy 0 n fulfill$ 9 him4 ,b ! same argum5t might be urg$ aga9/ ! application to our ,"l2 = ,he also 0 n call$ 8,immanuel10 b receiv$ ! old national "n ( 8,jo%ua10 8,je%ua10 or 8,jesus40 ,review+ all ! circum/ances ( ! prophecy1 ,i ?9k we may say1 )\t exagg]ation1 fir/1 t !re are no gr\nds = see+ 9 x any ref]5ce to a ,miracul\s ,conception2 secondly1 t1 :5 isolat$1 x might easily be mis9t]pret$ s z to convey su* a ref]5ce4#cc ,ev5 if no su* prophecy _h exi/$1 ! language & preconceptions ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ians & _! conv]ts w\ld almo/ necess>ily h introduc$ a belief 9 ! ,miracul\s ,conception4 ,! language ( ,philo--:o repres5ts n a m]e individual ecc5tricity b ! curr5t phraseology ( ! ,alex&r9e s*ool ( ?\ght1 & ^: influ5ce may be trac$ 9 almo/ e page ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel--consi/5tly affirms t1 :5ev] a *ild is m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z hav+ be5 born to be a deliv]] 9 fulfilm5t ( a div9e promise1 t *ild is 8begott5 ( ,god40 ,! words ( ,s>ah1 he says1 indicate t1 9 reality1 8,! ,"l begot ,isaac40 ,god is also spok5 ( z 8! husb& ( ,leah40 ,zipporah is describ$ z be+ 8pregnant by no mortal40 ,samuel1 9 words t conta9 an impli$ belief t only 8 mat]nal p>5tage 0 mortal1 is decl>$ to be 8p]haps a man10 & 8born ( a human "m40 ,i h already quot$ "o passage ab\t ,isaac b ano!r ass]ts t he is to be consid]$ 8n ! result ( g5]ation b ! "w ( ! unbegott540 ,sometimes ! language ( ,philo is s word$ z to convey ev5 to a c>eful read] ! impression t he believ$ 9 a lit]ally ,miracul\s ,conception1 z = example :5 he says t 8,moses introduces ,s>ah z be+ pregnant :5 alone1 & z be+ visit$ by ,god40 ,else:]e1 he removes ! possibility ( misund]/&+ by say+ t 8! ,scripture is cauti\s1 & describes ,god z ! husb&1 n ( a virg91 b ( virg9ity40 ,none ! less1 y c easily see h[ expressions ( ?is k9d1 curr5t among ,jewi% philosoph]s a g5]ation be=e ! "t ( ,/4 ,paul1 might be v easily int]pret$ lit]ally by ord9>y p unskill$ 9 ^! metaphorical subtleties1 & especially by ,g5tile conv]ts ask+ = a pla9 answ] to a pla9 "q1 8,:at 0 ! p>5tage ( ?is man :om y call ! ,son ( ,god80 ,9 tru? ! preconceptions ( ! ,g5tile conv]ts mu/ h play$ no small "p 9 prep>+ ! way = ! doctr9e ( ! lit]al ,miracul\s ,conception4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans :o wor%ipp$ or hon\r$ sculapius son ( ,apollo1 ,romulus son ( ,m>s1 ,h]cules son ( ,jupit]1 & a score ( o!r demi-gods1 w\ld be q famili> ) ! notion ( a god or h]o born ( a human "m & ( a div9e fa!r2 !y w\ld n only be prep>$ = x 9 ! case ( ,jesus1 :om !y 7 call$ on to adore z ! ,son ( ,god1 !y w\ld ev5 dem& & assume x4 ,!y w\ld argue mu* z ,t]tullian argu$3 8,if he 0 ! son ( a man1 he 0 n ! son ( ,god2 & if he 0 ! son ( ,god1 he 0 n ! son ( a man40 ,?is argum5t ought to h be5 met by a flat d5ial1 ?us3 8,! m]e physical & c>nal union by :i*1 accord+ to y\r leg5ds1 ! gods1 assum+ ! =ms ( m51 g5]at$ sculapius1 ,romulus1 & ,h]cules1 is n to be ?\ght ( "h4 ,:5 we speak ( ,jesus be+ ! ,son ( ,god1 we d n mean t ,8 body 0 =m$ by ,god desc5d+ f heav5 & assum+ human %ape or functions1 b t ,8 ,_s 0 spiritually begott5 ( ,god4 ,x is !re=e q possible t ,jesus may h be5 ! ,son ( ,god accord+ to ! ,_s & yet ! son ( man accord+ to ! fle%40 ,b in/ead ( t1 ! :ole tru?1 !re came back ?is half-true answ]4 8,! p>5tage 0 div9e1 b n ( ! mat]iali/ic nature y suppose3 ,god did n assume human %ape3 ! g5]ation 0 spiritual40 ,by ^! words !re may h be5 meant at fir/1 simply :at ,philo meant1 t :ile ! spiritual p>5tage 0 div9e1 ! mat]ial p>5tage 0 human3 b su* an answ] w\ld leave _m "u ! impression t ! body z well z ! _s ( ,jesus result$ f a spiritual g5]ation 9 :i* no human fa!r p>ticipat$4 ,! ,g5tiles w\ld naturally int]pret ! ,philonian doctr9e lit]ally & say ( ,m>y1 z ,philo _h said ( ,s>ah1 t %e 0 8pregnant :5 alone1 & visit$ by ,god40 ,f a v diff]5t po9t ( view1 ! ritual & hymnals ( "s ( ! ,jews might facilitate ! gr[? ( ! belief t ,jesus 0 born ( a virg94 ,= !y might naturally speak ( _! ,messiah z be+ a *ild ( ! virg9 daught] ( ,sion1 ^: only husb& 0 ,jehovah4 ,& h5ce 9 ! ,apocalypse1 a book imbu$ ) ,jewi% feel+1 we f9d ,jesus describ$ 7xii4 #a-f7 z ! *ild ( a woman :o evid5tly repres5ts ,israel3 8,a woman array$ ) ! sun1 & ! moon "u h] feet1 & ^u h] head a cr[n ( twelve />s2 & %e 0 ) *ild4444 ,& %e 0 deliv]$ ( a son1 a man *ild1 :o is to rule all ! nations ) a rod ( iron40 ,?is p]sonification ( ! daught] ( ,israel or ( ,j]usalem z repres5t+ ! nation1 ! bride ( ,jehovah1 is v common 9 ! prophets4 ,y may f9d simil> p]sonifications 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,apocalypse describes ! ,*ur* z ! ,holy ,city1 ! ,new ,j]usalem1 desc5d+ f ,heav5 8z a bride adorn$ = h] husb&40 ,/4 ,paul speaks ( ! ,new ,j]usalem1 :i* is above 7i4e4 ! spiritual ,j]usalem1 free f ! law71 z be+ 8! "m ( u all40 ,sometimes ! p]sonification ( ! ,*ur* is liable to be mis9t]pret$ lit]ally1 z 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s & ,/4 ,john's ,epi/les1 :]e 8! elect lady0 8?9e elect si/]0 & 8! 7lady7 9 ,babylon0 h be5 suppos$ by "s to ref] to individuals1 b are believ$ by ,bi%op ,lightfoot to repres5t ! ,*ur*es ( ! places f :i*1 & to :i*1 ! epi/les 7 writt54 ,! :ole ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les presuppose ! metaphor ( a ,virg9 ,*ur*1 & t[>d ! end ( ! second c5tury 7#agg ,a4,d47 we f9d a v curi\s passage 79 an epi/le f ! ,*ur* ( ,lyons7 9 :i* ! rep5tance & m>tyrdom ( "s previ\s apo/ates are describ$ z a re/oration to 8! ,virg9 ,"m0 ( h] *ildr51 8rais$ f ! dead40 ,y see !n h[ ?is p]sonification runs ?r\gh all ,jewi% & all e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 s t ! ,*ur*1 old or new1 might be describ$ z a woman2 & ,i ought p]haps n to h omitt$ ! /range dream 9 ! second book ( ,esdras 7x4 #dd-df7 :]e ,israel is a woman & ! ,temple is ! son3 8,?is woman :om ?\ sawe/ is ,sion 444 %e ha? be5 ?irty ye>s b>r51 b aft] ?irty ye>s ,solomon build$ ! city & (f]$ (f]+s1 & !n b>e ! b>r5 a son40 ,does n ?is cont9u\s /ream ( ?\ght %ew h[ natural x w\ld be = ! e>lie/ ,jewi% ,*ri/ians to adore ,*ri/ 9 _! hymns z ! son ( ! daught] ( ,zion1 ! son ( ! ,virg9 ,"m8 ,add to ?is ! prejudice among ! ,g5tile conv]ts aga9/ a human pat]nity = ! ,son ( ,god1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,alex&r9e ,jewi% philosophy & ! /ill m p[]ful influ5ce ( ,isaiah's prophecy ab\t 8! virg910 & ,i ?9k y w see t ! causes at "w to produce ! belief 9 ! ,miracul\s ,conception 7 s /rong t ,i may almo/ say a miracle w\ld h be5 ne$$ to prev5t x4 ,b x has be5 urg$ t ,/4 ,luke 0 a hi/orian & a physician2 t he _h great p[] ( c>eful description--z may be se5 f 8 exact acc\nt ( ,/4 ,paul's %ipwreck2--t he describes ! circum/ances ( ! miracul\s bir? 9 a pla9 & simple mann]3 & t he assures u t he _h tak5 e pa9s to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! tru? ( ! ?+s :i* he records4#cd ,all ?is may be3 b because a man c describe exactly a comp>atively rec5t %ipwreck1 :i* he may h himself witness$1 or :i* at all ev5ts may h be5 witness$ by "s :o told him ! /ory1 x does n foll[ t he has exact in=mation ab\t a miracul\s bir? :i* occurr$ 7if at all7 upw>ds ( sixty ye>s--m probably upw>ds ( sev5ty--be=e he wrote4 ,! "m ( ,jesus _h1 9 all probability1 pass$ away :5 ,/4 ,luke 0 writ+4 ,su* obscurities & v>iations by ?is "t att5d$ ! /ories conc]n+ ! infancy ( ,jesus1 t we f9d ev5 ! compil] ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel app>5tly ignorant t ! home ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 0 7if ,/4 ,luke is correct on ?is po9t7 n ,be?lehem1 b ,naz>e?4 ,x is h>dly possible to d5y 8 ignorance :5 we f9d 9 ! ,fir/ ,gospel ^! words3 8,n[ :5 ,jesus 0 born 9 ,be?lehem ( ,juda 444 ,& he arose & took ! "y *ild & 8 "m & came into ! l& ( ,israel4 ,b :5 he he>d t ,ar*elaus 0 reign+ ov] ,juda1 he 0 afraid to g ?i!r2 & be+ w>n$ ( ,god 9 a dream1 he )drew into ! p>ts ( ,galilee & came & dwelt 9 a city call$ ,naz>e?40 ,obvi\sly ! writ] is ignorant t 8a city call$ ,naz>e?0 0 ! orig9al home ( ! p>5ts ( ,jesus1 & t !y _h no reason = return+ to 8,juda20 8 :ole n>rative assumes t ,be?lehem 9 ,juda 0 ! home1 & t ! p>5ts ( ,jesus 7 only prev5t$ f return+ ?i!r by ! fe> ( ,ar*elaus1 :i* =c$ !m to leave _! native city & to take up _! abode 9 8a city call$ ,naz>e?40 ,n[ x is probable t ,/4 ,luke's acc\nt is "h ! correct "o1 & t ! errone\s tradition f\nd 9 ! ,fir/ ,gospel 0 a m]e inf]5ce f ! prophecy t 8f ,be?lehem0 !re %\ld 8come =? a gov]nor40 ,b :at a light does ?is discrepancy ?r[ ^u ! unc]ta9ty ( ! v e>lie/ traditions ab\t ! infancy ( ,jesus :5 we f9d ! only two ,evangeli/s :o say any?+ ab\t x1 diff]+ z to ! place :]e ! p>5ts ( ,jesus liv$ at ! "t :5 !y 7 m>ri$6 ,i h no d\bt t ,/4 ,luke did 8 be/1 9 ! paucity1 or m probably 9 ! v>iety1 ( conflict+ traditions1 to select ^? :i* seem$ to him mo/ au?oritative & mo/ spiritual4 ,ev5 ! mo/ c>eless read] ( ! ,engli% text mu/ feel1 )\t kn[+ a ^w ( ,greek1 t ,/4 ,luke's fir/ two *apt]s--:i* conta9 ! /ories ( ! infancy--are entirely diff]5t f ! /yle ( ! preface 7i4 #a-d71 & f t ( ! re/ ( ! ,gospel4 ,! two *apt]s s\nd1 ev5 9 ,engli%1 l a bit out ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & any ,greek s*ol>1 accu/om$ to ! ,,lxx1 w\ld recognize t !y 7 ei!r a close translation f ! ,aramaic1 or writt5 by "s "o :o wrote 9 ,greek1 modell+ 8 /yle on ! ,,lxx4 ,x is probable t !y repres5t "s traditions ( ,aramaic orig91 ! be/ t ,/4 ,luke c\ld f9d :5 he began to write ( ! wond]s t _h happ5$ m ?an sixty or sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,to ^? :o c =m ! lea/ conception ( ! ext5t to :i* ,ori5tal tradition 9 ! villages ( ,galilee might be transmut$ aft] an int]val ( sixty or sev5ty ye>s1 x mu/ seem q beside ! m>k to ass]t ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! tradition conc]n+ ! ,miracul\s ,conception :i* ,/4 ,luke has incorporat$ 9 8 ,gospel1 on ! gr\nd t he 0 a physician2 t he took pa9s to get at ! tru?2 & t he has writt5 a ma/]ly & exact acc\nt ( a %ipwreck :i* he1 or "s fri5ds ( 81 may h witness$ 9 p]son4 ,! v sobriety ( 8 own preface ought to put u on our gu>d aga9/ atta*+ to ,/4 ,luke's hi/ory su* weight1 = example1 z we atta* to ! hi/ory ( ,?ucydides4 ,he says1 x is true1 t he _h 8trac$ ! c\rse ( all ?+s accurately f ! fir/1 i4e4 f ! comm5cem5t ( ,*ri/'s life30 b ?is am\nts to mu* less ?an ! /atem5t ( ,?ucydides1 :o tells u t he _h p]sonally inquir$ f ^? :o knew ! facts1 besides hav+ se5 "s ( ! facts himself 7,?uc4 i4 #bb74 ,he does n say t 8! eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w0 _h giv5 him any special in=mation3 on ! contr>y he m5tions himself only z "o ( _m :o _h receiv$ 8traditions0 f eye-witnesses1 & he implies t a good _m ( ! exi/+ n>ratives1 bas$ ^u ^! v traditions1 7 at lea/ s f> unsatisfactory t !y did n disp5se ) an additional n>rative f him4 ,! emphasis :i* ,/4 ,luke lays on ! fact t he has trac$ ?+s 8f ! fir/10 & t he writes 89 ord]10--comb9$ ) ! m5tion ( 8_m0 pr$ecessors :o h 8tak5 9 h&0 ! "w :i* he int5ds to d ov] aga9--makes x almo/ c]ta9 t "s ( ^! ,evangeli/s _h omitt$ all acc\nt ( our ,"l's bir?2 o!rs _h n reg>d$ *ronological ord]2 o!rs _h n writt5 8accurately40 ,all ^! defici5cies indicate a great & g5]al difficulty 9 obta9+ exact in=mation2 & ! m]e hone/y ( a new attempt1 "u circum/ance s disadvantage\s1 _c ju/ify u 9 atta*+ a v high au?ority to a tradition 9 ?is new ,gospel1 ( a miracul\s "*1 & 9 a /yle t appe>s to be n ,/4 ,luke's own1 ref]r+ to an incid5t suppos$ to h occurr$ upw>ds ( sixty ye>s be=e4 ,?is digression ab\t ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel w n be )\t its use if x leads y to p]ceive t hi/ory1 & exp]i5ce1 & criticism1 :ile !y t5d to make u believe m1 t5d also to make u "k less1 ab\t ,*ri/'s life & doctr9e2 ,i mean1 t we f9d we "k a little less ab\t ! hi/orical facts ( ,*ri/'s life ?an we suppos$ we knew1 :ile we are l$ to believe a great deal m 9 ! div9e dep? & wisdom ( ,8 ideas4 ,i pass to ! second "q :i* y put to me1 8,:at s5se1 if any1 d y y\rself atta* to ! /atem5t 9 ! ,cre$ t ,*ri/ 0 born ( a ,virg980 ,be=e ,i tell y :at s5se ,i atta* to x1 or r :at s5se seems to me ! only "o compatible ) ! facts1 ,i mu/ hone/ly express my d\bt :e!r any s5se t is compatible ) ! facts1 is also compatible ) ! words4 ,to speak pla9ly1 ! /atem5t appe>s to be s obvi\sly lit]al t ,i %r9k f int]pret+ x metaphorically2 & yet1 if tak5 lit]ally1 x appe>s to me to be false4 ,! ^w 8,virg90 is p]haps ! only ^w 9 ! s]vice & ritual ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 7if ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ be left out ( consid]ation1 ow+ to ! non-natural & humane int]pretations ( x :i* h be5 sanction$ by high au?ority7 :i* has made me d\bt at times :e!r ,i ought to d (ficial "w z a m9i/] 9 t ,*ur*4 ,z reg>ds ! 8resurrection ( ! body10 ass]t$ 9 "o ( ! ,cre$s1 ,i feel little or no difficulty3 = ,/4 ,paul's use ( ! t]m 8spiritual body0 all[s great latitude to ^? :o w\ld give a spiritual int]pretation to ! phrase 9 ! ,cre$2 & ,i tru/ t ,i h made x cle> to y t ,i accept ,*ri/'s ,resurrection z a reality1 ?\gh a spiritual reality4#ce ,b ! words imply+ ! bir? f ! ,virg9 /& on a diff]5t foot+4 ,9 ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus ,i believe t !re 0 a unique vision ( ! buri$ ,savi\r1 app>5t to sev]al disciples at a "t2 b 9 ! conception & bir? ( ,jesus ,i h no reason = ?9k+ t !re 0 any?+ unusual app>5t to ! s5ses4 ,:at c ,i mean !n by say+ t ,jesus is 8born ( a ,virg908 ,all t ,i c mean is ?is4 ,human g5]ation does n by any means acc\nt = ! bir? ( a new human _s4 ,s f> z we are righte\s1 we all owe our righte\sness to a spiritual se$ )9 u2 8we are n10 z ,philo w\ld say1 8! result ( g5]ation b ! "w ( ! ,unbegott540 ,s f> z we are righte\s1 we are 8born n ( blood1 nor ( ! w ( ! fle%1 nor ( ! w ( man1 b ( ,god0 7,john i4 #ac74 ,b ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ we are 9 ! habit ( say+ & believ+ t ,he 0 uniquely & entirely righte\s2 & !re=e we say t ,he 0 uniquely & entirely born ( ,god4 ,9 all human g5]ation !re mu/ be "s cong5ital div9e act1 if a righte\s s\l is to be produc$2 & 9 ! g5]ation ( ,*ri/ !re 0 a unique cong5ital act ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,t ,^w ( ,god :i* 9 v>i\s degrees inspires e righte\s human s\l 7none c say h[ soon 9 its exi/5ce7 did n inspire ,jesus1 b 0 7to speak 9 metaphor7 totally pres5t 9 ,jesus f ! fir/ s z to exclude all imp]fection ( humanity4 ,human unrighte\sness--su* z we are 9 ! habit ( attribut+ to human g5]ation--!re 01 9 ?is case1 none4 ,!re=e we say t ! g5]ation ( ,jesus 0 n human b div9e4 ,s mu* ,i c hone/ly say because ,i he>tily believe x4 ,h[ f> "o is ju/ifi$ 9 putt+ s /ra9$ an int]pretation on ! words 8born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y0--ev5 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :]e simultane\s cons]vatism & progress h be5 b\ght at ! co/ ( _m /ra9$ int]pretations--is a "q on :i* ,i may p]haps h]eaft] say a ^w or two1 b n n[4 ,meantime let me m]ely add my conviction t !re may h be5 a "t :5 ?is illusion ( ! ,miracul\s ,conception did m good ?an h>m4 ,9 =m] days1 t spiritual tru? :i* we c n[ dis5tangle f ! /ory ( ! ,miracul\s ,conception may h be5 convey$ by means ( x to he>ts :i* w\ld h o!rwise nev] recogniz$ t ,jesus 0 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,x 0 surely bett] !n1 & x is bett] n[1 t m5 %\ld believe ! great tru? t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god1 at ! co/ ( believ+ 7provid$ !y c hone/ly believe7 ! untru? t ,jesus 0 n ! son ( ,joseph1 ?an t !y %\ld altoge!r fail to recognize ,8 div9e ,son%ip1 because !y 7 alive to ! fact t ,he 0 born ( human p>5ts 9 accordance ) ! laws ( humanity4 ,b 9 ^! days ! doctr9e ( ! ,miracul\s ,conception seems to me fraught ) evil2 p>tly because ! weakness ( ! evid5ce makes ! n>rative a /umbl+-block = _m :o are taught to consid] ?is doctr9e ess5tial & :o _c br+ !mselves to believe x2 p>tly because x t5ds to sanction a false & mona/ic ideal ( life2 to sep>ate ,jesus f common humanity & f human love & sympa?y2 & to enc\rage false notions ab\t a mat]ial ,resurrection ( ! body ( ,jesus1 :i* naturally result 9 a false1 bewild]+1 & disord]ly expectation ( a mat]ial ,resurrection = ourselves4 ,footnote #cb3 ,yet ,i h he>d x said1 8,s f> z evid5ce goes1 y h no m reason = reject+ ! ,miracul\s ,conception ?an = reject+ ! /ory t ,jesus wa%$ ! feet ( ! ,apo/les3 = two witnesses atte/ ! =m]2 b only "o1 ! latt]4 ,y\r objection is a priori40 ,su* argum5ts seem to me to fail to recognize ! fir/ pr9ciples ( evid5ce4 ,! omission ( a /up5d\s m>vel1 an integral "p 7& is n ! p>5tage an integral "p87 ( a biography1 by biograph]s :o h no motive = omitt+ x & e motive = ins]t+ x1 is a /rong pro( t !y did n "k x4 ,= a simil> in/ance1 see above1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #cc3 ,y rememb] t ! two acc\nts ( ! ,miracul\s ,conception diff] 9 respect ( ! 8annunciation02 :i* ,/4 ,mat!w describes z be+ made to ,joseph1 ,/4 ,luke z be+ made to ,m>y4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ ^! two v>iations correspond to two v>iations 9 ! anci5t prophecy4 ,9 ! ,,lxx ! "n is to be giv5 to ! *ild1 n by ! "m1 b by ! future husb&3 8,! virg9 %all be ) *ild & br+ =? a son1 & ?\ %alt call 8 "n ,immanuel04 ,9 ! ,hebrew1 ! 8virg910 or 8maid510 is h]self to "n ! *ild2 8,a virg9 %all 444 br+ =? & %all call1 c40 ,adopt+ ! =m] v]sion1 a n>rator w\ld inf] t ! ann\ncem5t ( ! bir? 0 to be made to ,joseph1 z ! fir/ ,gospel does3 8,%e %all br+ =? a *ild & ?\ 7,joseph7 %alt call 8 "n ,jesus40 ,adopt+ ! latt] v]sion1 & *ang+ ! ?ird into ! second p]son = ! purpose ( an 8annunciation10 ! n>rator w\ld inf] t s9ce ! "n 0 to be giv5 by ! "m1 ! ann\ncem5t 0 made to ! "m1 z ! ?ird ,gospel does2 8,?\ %alt be ) *ild1 & %alt br+ =? a son1 & %alt call 8 "n ,jesus40 ,note also t aft]w>ds1 :5 ,/4 ,mat!w actually quotes ! :ole prophecy ) ! "n 8,immanuel0 7i4 #bc71 he alt]s ! v]b into ! ?ird p]son plural3 8,t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 ( ! ,"l by ! prophet1 say+1 ,behold ! virg9 %all be ) *ild1 & %all br+ =? a *ild1 & !y %all call 8 "n ,immanuel40 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,x w\ld n be true to say t ,m>y call$ h] son 8,immanuel02 x w\ld only be possible to sugge/ t m5 9 g5]al 78!y071 look+ on ! ,*ild z ! tok5 ( ,god's pres5ce among !m1 might be/[ on him "s su* title 7n "n7 z 8,god ) u40 ,consequ5tly ,/4 ,mat!w "h alt]s 8?\0 into 8!y04 ,footnote #cd3 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,feb4 #ahhf1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #ce3 ,i mu/ admit t a m s]i\s difficulty is pres5t$ to ,sponsors by ! int]rogative =m ( ! ,cre$ 9 ! ,baptismal s]vice1 to :i* !y are expect$ to reply 9 ! affirmative3 8,do/ ?\ believe 9 ! ,resurrection ( ! fle%80 ,b ,i c h>dly ?9k t _m cl]gym5 w\ld wi% to reject an o!rwise eligible ,sponsor :o confid$ to !m t he c\ld only accept 8fle%0 9 ! s5se ( 8body10 & t too 9 ! ,paul9e s5se ( 8spiritual body40 ,,xxvi ,,pray]1 ,,heav51 ,,hell ,y ask me :e!r "o :o has sec$$ f miracul\s to non-miracul\s ,*ri/ianity /ill f9ds himself able to pray z be=e4 ,b t[>ds ! end ( y\r lett] y am5d y\r "q4 ,y are 8q sure10 y are pleas$ to say1 f :at y "k ( me1 t ,i %all 8answ] ?is "q affirmatively1 ?\gh 9 defiance ( all logic30 & !re=e1 anticipat+ my answ]1 y /ate y\r objection to x be=eh&1 & ask me h[ ,i c meet y\r objection1 :i* is to ?is effect3 8,if ! laws ( nature are nev] susp5d$1 !n x is absurd1 or p]haps impi\s1 to pray = t :i* implies _! susp5sion4 ,= example1 a fri5d ( m9e may be 9 a /age ( disease s fatally advanc$ t1 )\t a susp5sion ( ! laws ( nature1 x is no m possible t he %\ld recov] f ! disease ?an t 8 body %\ld rise f ! grave4 ,accord+ to ! t5ets ( y\r non-miracul\s ,*ri/ianity1 mu/ ,i n ab/a9 f pray+ t he may recov]80 ,i d n see any great difficulty "h4 ,*ange ! hypo!sis = a mom5t4 ,suppose y\r fri5d to be no long] liv+1 b dead4 ,are y will+--w\ld y be will+1 ev5 7 y ! mo/ or?odox believ] 9 miracul\s ,*ri/ianity--to pray t ! body ( y\r dead fri5d might arise revivifi$ f ! grave a week aft] he _h be5 laid 9 x8 ,y "k y w\ld n be will+4 ,:y n8 ,y _c say 8,because x is impossible10 = y w\ld admit 7on ! supposition ( y\r be+ a believ] 9 ! miracul\s7 n only t x is possible1 b t x has actually be5 done 9 times pa/4 ,b y w\ld feel1 ,i am sure1 t y d>e n1 & ought n1 to pray = ?is object1 because su* a pray] w\ld be a revolt aga9/ t e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s :i* y recognize to be a manife/ation ( ,god's pres5t w4 ,i say 8,god's pres5t w10 because y d n 7if y agree ) me7 reg>d dea? z be+ 9 accordance ) ,god's future w3 x is an evil1 sprung1 n f ,god1 b f evil1 out ( :i* ,god is work+ good4 ,b ,he bids u acquiesce 9 x dur+ our pres5t imp]fect /ate ( exi/5ce2 & h5ce1 ?\gh y believe ,he w ultimately de/roy dea?1 y d n feel ju/ifi$ 9 pray+ t its pres5t op]ation may be neutraliz$ by a susp5sion ( ! laws ( nature4 ,n[ to return to y\r own supposition t y\r fri5d is n dead1 b m]ely 9 dang] ( dea?4 ,heal? & life are dep5d5t ^u _m complex causes1 among :i* 7x w be admitt$ by all7 are ^? my/]i\s fluctuations ( ! ?\ghts & emotions1 :i* ,i believe 9 _m cases to proce$--,i speak 9 a metaphor--/raight f ,god ,himself4 ,to "o :o believes t ! spirits ( m5 are 9 con/ant communion ) ! all-su/a9+ ,_s ( ! ,creator1 ! ?\ghts ( m5 may well seem to be z dep5d5t ^u _! div9e ,orig9 z ! air 9 my little room is at ?is mom5t dep5d5t ^u ! *anges ( ! circumambi5t atmosph]e4 ,( c\rse1 if y are a ?or\gh-go+1 sci5tific hope-no?+ & tru/-no?+1 su* a belief z ?is appe>s to y an idle dream4 ,f y\r po9t ( view1 y are a ma*9e2 y\r fri5d is a ma*9e2 all m5 are ma*9es2 ! _w is a ma*9e2 ! action & int]-action ( all ^! animate & inanimate ma*9es is pr$et]m9$1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ movem5t ( a limb1 or mo/ fleet+ %ade ( ?\ght1 9 ea* "o ( ! myriads ( human me*anisms call$ m54 ,! ?or\gh-go+ mat]iali/1 :5 he rebukes 8 son & tells him t he 8ought n to h0 told a lie1 kn[s p]fectly well t 8 son c\ld n possibly help tell+ t lie1 & t he 0 b\nd by all ! laws ( nature to tell x4 ,! mat]iali/ fa!r is1 9 fact1 tell+ a lie himself2 only m delib]ately ?an ! little son4 ,he is us+ words :i* h no true mean+ = him1 z a k9d ( oil to grease ! :eels ( ! little ma*9e be=e him1 hav+ le>n$ by accumulat$ exp]i5ce t ?is ly+ phrase1 8,y ought to h10 has = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s prov$ a v effective k9d ( oil1 & t ! true & sci5tific phrase1 8,x w\ld h be5 bett] if y c\ld h1 b y c\ld n10 w\ld be :olly inefficaci\s4 ,b s9ce x is obvi\s t ?is view ( exi/5ce conv]ts all moral language1 & almo/ all ! high] relations ( life1 into "o gigantic lie1 ,i make no apology at all = putt+ x by ) contempt z be+ b5ea? ! consid]ation ( a *ild ( t5 at :i* age1 z f> z ,i rememb] ,i grappl$ ) ?is "q ( pr$e/9ation1 & settl$ x 7s f> z ,i 0 conc]n$1 = ev]7 by com+ to ! conclusion t 8x does n "w40 ,n[ :5 y h once giv5 up1 z unworkable1 ! !ory t all our ?\ghts & emotions spr+ necess>ily f antec$5t mat]ial causes1 y h bidd5 good-bye to ,k1 s f> z conc]ns ! orig9 ( human ?\ght1 & y are ?r[n back ^u ,fai?4 ,i believe !re=e1 & ,i make no apology = my belief1 t ! my/]i\s fluctuations ( human ?\ght & w may sometimes proce$ f ,god )\t ! int]v5tion ( mat]ial causes1 p]haps 9 virtue ( ! exi/5ce ( "s invisible law ( union by :i* ! s\ls ( m5 are unit$ to ,god & to "o ano!r4 ,?is be+ my belief--:i* at all ev5ts does n conta9 s _m & su* p]petually-recurr+ inconsi/5cies z ! belief ( y\r ?or\gh-go+ mat]iali/--y w und]/&1 )\t mu* fur!r explanation1 :5 & :y ,i %\ld pray ev5 = ^? ( :om ! physician is incl9$ to despair4 ,fai? & hope1 h1 be=e n[1 work$ su* wond]s 9 heal+1 t 8:ile !re is life !re is hope0 has pass$ into a prov]b4 ,i _c be sure t my pray]s might n h "s k9d ( direct p[]--by a k9d ( bra9-wave su* z we h he>d ( lately--9 affect+ ! emotions & spirits ( ! suff]]4 ,x is seldom t ev5 a physician c speak ) c]ta9ty ab\t ! imm$iate issue ( a disease3 & :atsoev] is unc]ta9 is 7if x be also "r7 a reasonable subject = pray]4 ,b if ,i 7 myself absolutely conv9c$ t !re 0 no *ance ( my fri5d's recov]y )\t a susp5sion ( ! laws ( nature1 ,i %\ld feel t pray] rightly & naturally gave way to resignation4 ,no "o h[ev] :o is 9 ! habit ( pray+ w ?9k x necess>y to sp5d mu* "t or ?\ght 9 discrim9at+ exactly betwe5 t :i* may be1 & t :i* _c possibly be4 ,he mu/ "k t1 v (t51 :]e 8 pray] tr5*es on ! prov9ce ( ! mat]ial1 ! l9e _c be drawn except by an exp]t 9 sci5ce1 :i* he may n happ5 to be2 & besides1 9 ! mood ( pray]1 he w feel t ! sci5tific & discrim9at+ _s is out ( place4 ,he is n ?9k+ ( ?+s sci5tifically1 b spiritually1 putt+ 8 wi%es be=e ! ,fa!r 9 heav51 & cont5t to c\ple ea* wi% ) an 8,if x be possible40 ,sometimes he le>ns1 aft] con/ant repetition1 t ! pray] is an unfit "o1 & he discont9ues x2 9 t case he has ga9$ by 8 pray] a clos] insight into1 & con=mity )1 ! w ( ,god4 ,9 o!r cases he cont9ues 8 pray] & receives an answ] to x--ei!r ! answ] t he himself desires1 or "s o!r p]haps1 q diff]5t f t :i* he expect$1 b "o :i* he ultimately recognizes to be ! be/4 ,b !re w be cases :]e he w cont9ue 8 pray]1 feel+ x to be "r & natural1 al?\gh he receives no answ] to x at all1 s f> z he c disc]n4 ,= he w feel q c]ta9 t no g5u9e pray] is wa/$4 ,our spirits1 or our angels--to use ! language ( metaphor--are n on e>?3 !y sit toge!r 9 heav51 t is to say1 9 ! he>t ( ,god2 & :5ev] "o ( u c conceive a g5u9ely unselfi% & righte\s wi% = a bro!r _s & w+ x ) fai? s t x flies up to heav5--a flight by no means s easy or s common z we suppose1 & probably n (t5 fl[n1 unless ! arr[ is fea!r$ by de$s & pa9s z well z words--!n x n only br+s back a bless+ ^u ! wi%] b also ?rills ?r\gh ! spiritual assembly above & comes back z a special bless+ to ! p]son pray$ =4 ,b ne$ ,i add t ?is is n a process to be p]=m$ me*anically8 ,!re is no recipe = effectual pray]4 ,b1 to come d[n f metaphors1 let me attempt to answ] y\r "q1 8,:at diff]5ce ( attitude 9 pray] w !re be betwe5 ! believ] 9 natural1 & ! believ] 9 miracul\s1 ,*ri/ianity80 ,z f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 !re w be v little2 except t ! =m] w be r m dispos$ to ask1 be=e utt]+ a pray]1 h[ f> ! grant+ ( x might indirectly affect o!rs4 ,logically & !oretically !re ought to be a great deal ( diff]5ce2 = if ! believ] 9 ! miracul\s 7 consi/5t1 he might naturally pray t a miracle might be p]=m$ = him1 z x has be5 = o!rs1 = a good purpose4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! pray]s ( *ildr5 tra9$ 9 or?odoxy are ?us sometimes consi/5t4 ,i d>e say "o might f9d a *ild :o has pray$ t ! sun might /& /ill t he might h a long] holiday4 ,& :y n n[ f ! *ild's po9t ( view z well z =m]ly8 ,b ,i suppose few m5 9 ,engl&1 n[1 ev5 ( ! /rictly or?odox1 are 9 ?is pu]ile /age4 ,almo/ all full-gr[n ,engli% ,prote/ants recognize t1 al?\gh miracles 7 freely p]=m$ f ! ye> #djjd ,b4,c4 to1 say ,a4,d4 #fa or !reab\ts--:5 ,/4 ,paul %ook (f ! s]p5t & took no h>m--yet 8! age ( miracles is n[ pa/40 ,yet ,i h he>d ( m5 ( bus9ess :o make a po9t ( pray+ e>ne/ly on ! subject ( comm]cial speculations1 ! rise & fall ( consols1 ! price ( sug> & ! l4 ,w any "o ma9ta9 t p are n ! worse = su* pray]s z ^!1 or t ! believ] 9 natural ,*ri/ianity is n a ga9] by los+ ! desire & ! p[] to utt] !m8 ,on ! :ole1 ,i see b "o subject ( pray] m5tion$ 9 our ,engli% ,pray]-book1 z to :i* natural ,*ri/ianity w\ld probably dictate sil5ce3 ,i mean ! wea!r4 ,x might be argu$ t1 8s9ce ! wea!r is affect$ by human action 7by ! cle>+ ( =e/s1 dra9+ ( m>%es1 & s on71 & s9ce pray]s affect human action1 !re=e !y d affect ! wea!r indirectly1 & may affect x directly40 ,b f 8indirect0 to 8direct0 is a great leap2 & ,i am mov$ t[>d resignation r ?an pray]1 by ! ?\ght t1 9 reveal+ to u m & m ( ! ext5t ( ! causes & effects ( meteorological ph5om5a1 ,god seems to be %ew+ u t1 9 ask+ = wea!r t suits ourselves1 we may be ask+ = wea!r t may n suit o!rs4 ,i %\ld be sorry to see h>ve/ pray]s exclud$ f our ,*ur* s]vice2 b ,i ?9k !y %\ld express our hope & tru/ 9 ,god's ord]ly gov]nm5t ( ! seasons1 besee*+ ,him to be/[ on ! husb&man pati5ce & skill s z to meet & improve adv]sity1 & on ! nation ?rift & frugality s z to avoid wa/e4 ,s9ce writ+ ! la/ p>agraph ,i 0 int]rupt$2 & n[1 return+ to my lett]1 ,i feel /rongly incl9$ to cancel ! la/ two or ?ree pages ( apologetic argum5tation2 argu+ ab\t pray] seems s absurdly useless4 ,yet p]haps my rem>ks may weigh = some?+ ) y 9 y\r pres5t oscillation4 ,!y may possibly prev5t y f giv+ up1 9 a mom5t ( virtu\s logic1 a habit :i*1 once discont9u$1 is n easily resum$4 ,let !m pass !n2 b let !m n pass )\t a prote/ t !y by no means express my s5se ( ! vital necessity ( pray] = a ,*ri/ian4 ,to me x seems ! v brea? ( our spiritual life1 z ne$ful = peace & union ) ,god z communion betwe5 *ildr5 & p>5ts is ne$ful = dome/ic concord4 ,)\t x1 fai? mu/ spe$ily vani%4 ,ev5 a comp>atively dull & lifeless petition at /at$ int]vals has "s value z a sign-po/1 indicat+ ! road on :i* we ought to be travell+ ?\gh our feet may be /ray+ else:]e4 ,b 9 tru? real ,*ri/ian pray] 7mo/ly sil5t7 %\ld be1 z ,/4 ,paul says 8)\t ceas+20 = pray] is b aspiration & desire1 em]g+ into %ape4 ,:5 a man has rea*$ su* a height t he has ceas$ to wi% to be some?+ bett] ?an he is1 !n & !n only may he cease to pray4 ,"o k9d ( pray] at all ev5ts ,i h felt able to reta9 :i* seems to me ( f> m value ?an ! pray] = fair wea!r--,i mean pray] = ! dead4 ,i d n d5y t1 :5 c\pl$ ) sup]/iti\s views ab\t heav5 & hell1 ! cu/om ( pray+ = ! dead may result 9 sup]/ition1 & ev5 9 ! enc\ragem5t ( immorality2 & ! hir$ & conv5tional pray]s = ! dead preval5t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury appe> to me to h con/itut$ an abuse aga9/ :i* our ,engli% ,re=m]s did well to prote/4 ,b ^! abuses & corruptions seem to me accid5tal1 & q insuffici5t to det] u f use ( ! mo/ helpful ( spiritual habits4 ,i d n propose to argue ab\t x1 b y may l to "k ! sort ( accid5t by :i* ,i 0 l$ to =m ?is habit1 & ! practical reasons = :i* ,i clung to x1 & /ill cl+ to x1 ) ! deepe/ conviction t x is n only spiritually useful1 b also bas$ on spiritual tru?4 ,_m ye>s ago a bro!r ( m9e 0 dr[n$ at sea ?r\gh ! sudd5 capsiz+ ( a vessel by night4 ,:5 ! news came1 ,i 0 at fir/ di/ract$ betwe5 an int5se desire to pray z be=e1 & a k9d ( in/9ctive & g5]al repugnance to all pray]s = ! dead z be+ 8a ,romani/ practice40 ,all ! books ,i _h read1 & all ! notions ,i _h =m$1 ab\t ! fix$ future ( ! dead1 sugge/$ t su* pray]s 7 useless1 if n blasphem\s4 ,on ! o!r side !re 0 no argum5t at all1 no?+ b a vague /rong desire to pray4 ,! pa9ful conflict ( t night--a conflict1 z x seems to me n[1 betwe5 true natural religion & ! false appe>ance ( reveal$ religion--is /ill pres5t to my recollection4 ,at la/ x occurr$ to me t m ?an a mon? _h elaps$ betwe5 ! dea? & our k ( ! dea?1 & ?r\gh\t all ^? ?irty days my pray]s _h gone up to ,god = "o ^: s\l 0 no long] ^u e>?4 ,7 ^? pray]s wa/$8 ,i c\ld n believe x4 ,besides1 we _h n yet receiv$ full details ( ! loss ( ! vessel4 ,x 0 j possible t my bro!r might h be5 sav$ 9 "o ( ! %ip's boats3 he might be /ill liv+1 & 9 sore ne$ ( help3 h[ mon/r\s1 if x 7 s1 t ,i %\ld 9 su* a crisis cease to pray = him6 ,s ) d\bt & trembl+ ,i /ill cont9u$ my cu/om1 fa%ion+ "s k9d ( pray] to suit ! em]g5cy4 ,:ile ,i 0 9 ?is oscillat+ /ate ( m9d1 news came t a second boatful1 & almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds t a ?ird1 _h be5 pick$ up at sea4 ,my bro!r 0 n 9 ei!r3 b :y might !re n be a f\r?8 ,= "s "t1 ) less d\bt ?an be=e1 ,i cont9u$ to pray4 ,days1 weeks1 mon?s roll$ on1 & n[ all hope _h slipp$ away2 b ! habit 0 n[ fix$4 ,i c\ld n1 or w\ld n1 break x4 ,pray+ day & night = "o :o 0 possibly liv+2 j possibly liv+2 probably n liv+2 c]ta9ly dead--,i _h le>n$ to realize ! pres5ce ( my bro!r's _s1 z v ne> & close to me1 z "o ) :om ,i 0 /ill 9 "s k9d ( communion2 & n[ to drop 8 "n out ( my pray]s1 simply because ,i %\ld nev] t\* 8 h& aga9 9 ?is _w1 seem$ a fai?less1 a wick$1 a cruel act4 ,! pray] c\ld n inde$ rema9 ! same 9 circum/ances s completely *ang$2 ,i c\ld ( c\rse no long] pray t ! dead might be re/or$ to me on e>?2 b x 0 /ill op5 to me to make m5tion ( 8 "n1 & to besee* ,god t he & ,i might meet aga9 9 heav53 & ?us1 ) a curi\s k9d ( compromise1 wor?y ( a less y\?ful !ologian1 ,i circumv5t$ my own or?odoxy by /ill pray+ 9 reality = my bro!r :ile ,i appe>$ to be pray+ = myself4 ,m ?an sev5-&-tw5ty ye>s h n[ pass$ away1 b n a night or morn+ has pass$ )\t ! m5tion ( t famili> "n2 & ,i entreat y to believe me t1 next to ! p[] ( ,*ri/ ,himself ^u ! s\l1 ,i h n f\nd1 nor c ,i imag9e1 any influ5ce s pot5t z ?is habit ( pray+ = ! dead1 to deta* ! m9d f petty & visible ?+s1 to unlock ! spiritual _w1 to c>ry ! s\l up to ! v s\rce & c5tre ( spiritual life1 & to br+ u into fai?ful communion ) ! ,fa!r ( ! spirits ( all fle%4 ,y see ,i h kept my promise ( n argu+ on ?is matt]4 ,i h simply told y h[ ,i h long$ & d\bt$2 h[ my d\bts 7 dissipat$ by practice2 & :at /r5g? ,i h p]sonally d]iv$ f ! practice4 ,probably ?is w seem to y1 if int]e/+1 at all ev5ts inadequate4 8,logically10 y w p]haps say to y\rself1 8he ought to h attempt$ fir/ to conv9ce me t ! et]nal /ate ( ! dead is n f9ally det]m9$ at ! mom5t ( dea?2 s t pray] may reasonably be expect$ to h "s p[] to *ange _! condition4 ,he ought to h told me :e!r he believes 9 a ,purgatory1 or 9 a limit$ ,hell2 :e!r he is a ,univ]sali/2 or :e!r he believes 9 ! annihilation ( all :o are n to be sav$4 ,9 a ^w1 he ought to h giv5 me a full acc\nt ( 8 !ory ab\t ! condition ( ! dead1 be=e he comm5ds to me ! habit ( pray+ = !m40 ,"h ,i fe> ,i %all t]ribly disappo9t y2 b1 at ! risk ( :atev] disappo9tm5t1 ,i w confess to y ! :ole tru?4 ,?is "p ( my ,manual ( ,!ology has l>ge pr9t1 l>ge m>g91 & sev]al blank pages4 ,i believe "s ?+s ) su* =ce & cle>ness t ,i pref] to say ,i d n believe !m4 ,i see !m3 b ab\t _m o!r ?+s :i* mo/ p believe1 ,i "k little or no?+4 ,d ,i believe 9 a ,hell8 ,yes1 z firmly z ,i believe 9 a ,heav52 b n 9 y\r ,hell p]haps1 & c]ta9ly n 9 ! ord9>y guide-books to ,hell & ,heav54 ,p]haps "s w\ld call my ,hell 8m]ely retribution10 or 8an illogical & ill-def9$ ,purgatory20 & f _! po9t ( view !y c\ld be "r 9 compla9+ ( its indef9it5ess2 = !y pr(ess to "k all ab\t x & to be able to def9e x4 ,b f my po9t ( view ,i am equally "r 9 speak+ indef9itely2 = ,i pr(ess to h only a glimpse ( x4 ,( ! pr9ciples ( ,hell & ,heav5 ,i am c]ta91 b ( ! details ,i am entirely ignorant4 ,i "k no?+ :atev]1 & ,i "k t no "o else kn[s any?+ :atev]1 ab\t ! /ate ( ! dead2 except t !y are j z mu* 9 ,god's h& :5 dead z :5 liv+1 & t ,he w ultimately d ! be/ ?+ = ea*2 b :at t 8be/ ?+0 may be ,i _c tell 9 detail1 al?\gh ,i am v sure t x w be "o ?+ = ,/4 ,francis & q ano!r = ,n]o4 ,= ! re/1 all ! elaborate /ructures & fancy-fabrics ( ,heav5 & ,hell1 ,purgatory1 ,p>adise1 ,limbo1 & o!r regions1 :e!r !ologians or poets be ! ar*itects1 appe> to me built ^u ! flimsie/ f\ndations1 tags ( texts1 fragm5ts ( words1 quagmires ( metaphor1 quicks&s ( hyp]bole4 ,no2 su* real k--or %all we say su* conviction8--z we h ab\t ! et]nal future ( ! dead1 is to be bas$1 n ^u argum5t or inf]5ce f m9ute & disputable int]pretations ( small portions ( ,scripture1 b ma9ly ^u our fai? 9 ! div9e righte\sness & p[]4 ,y w n1 ,i hope1 misund]/& my words t 8,god w d ! be/ ?+ = ea*10 or draw f !m ! inf]5ce1 8,!n he is a ,univ]sali/ aft] all40 ,i took = grant$--,i hope ,i 0 n wrong--t y w\ld rememb] ! def9ition ( ju/ice :i* y h read 9 ,plato4 ,9 fact !re=e ,i m]ely express$ 9 ^? words my conviction t ,god w\ld be 8j0 to u aft] dea?4#cf ,might we n also def9e ! highe/ m]cy1 9 ! same t]ms 9 :i* we def9e ! highe/ ju/ice1 z be+ ! feel+ t prompts u to 8d :at is be/ = ea*08 ,&1 if s1 does x n seem to foll[ t 9 ,hell ,god w n cease to be m]ciful1 & 9 ,heav5 ,god w n cease to be j8 ,& h5ce are we n br\ght close to ! conclusion t ,heav5 & ,hell are n really places1 b ! div]se results ( ! op]ation ( ! ,et]nal--! j ,m]cy1 ! m]ciful ,ju/ice--^u ! div]se dead8 ,b "h ! "q wid5s & deep5s into expanses & dep?s altoge!r too va/ & pr(\nd = me1 & ,i give up ! problem4 ,all t ,i "k is1 t !re w be h]eaft] a j retribution4 ,yet if ,i am to tell y my own conjectural imag9ations--= :o c help at times imag9+ :at ! inf9ite unkn[n may be1 h[ev] lo? he may be to insi/ or dogmatize ab\t x1 or ev5 to be/[ mu* att5tion on x1 :5 ! urg5t pres5t presses its sup]ior claims8--,i w say = myself t ,i _c believe ,i %all h s]v$ all my appr5tice%ip to righte\sness 9 my brief life ^u ?is e>?1 or t ,i %all be fit imm$iately aft] dea?1 = t close/ communion ) ,god :i* appe>s to me ! ,heav5 ( ,heav5s4 ,"s cleans+ retribution1 "s fur!r purification1 seems to me necess>y & likely = myself--&1 ,i mu/ add1 = ! great] numb] ( ^? human be+s ) :om ,i h _h to d--be=e we atta9 to t bless$ consummation4 8,s y believe 9 a ,purgatory !n80 ,h[ d ,i "k8 ,say r1 ,i conjecture !re may be _m heav5s4 ,9 any case1 ,i f9d x v easy to imag9e a retribution & a purification t %all be purely spiritual1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to any mat]ial flames or physical horrors4 ,"s p f9d a difficulty 9 ?is notion3 !y consid] x1 b delib]ately put x aside2 z if m]e remorse1 sorr[1 & self-condemnation1 c\ld nev] be bitt] en\gh to con/itute a j ,hell4 ,i d n ?9k !y h ev] realiz$--p]haps !y h nev] tri$ to realize--! pa9 t may be felt by a _s sitt+ alone1 away f ?is famili> _w & e well-kn[n face1 & quietly judg+ & condemn+ itself4 ,a m]e accid5t1 a ludicr\s accid5t1 once gave me a mom5t's exp]i5ce ( ?is feel+1 & ,i h nev] be5 able to =get x1 nev] be5 able to put aside ! conviction t t feel+1 int5sifi$1 might con/itute ,hell4 ,x happ5$ 9 ?is way4 ,"s ye>s ago1 be=e nitr\s oxide _h come into v g5]al use among d5ti/s1 ,i w5t to h a too? extract$1 & det]m9$ to try ! gas4 ,p]haps ,i _h "s misgiv+s t x 0 a little c[>dly2 p]haps ,i 0 a little n]v\s2 9 any case ,i rememb] at ! la/ mom5t ?9k+ t ,i %\ld l to be consci\s ( ! precise mom5t :5 unconsci\sness came2 ,i rememb] /ruggl+ to reta9 consci\sness--ev5 :5 a tell-tale ?robb+ 9 ! temples %ew$ t some?+ new 0 go+ on--prote/+ to myself t ! gas _h 8no p[]10 8no p[] at all yet10 8,i don't believe x's go+ to h any p[]0--till ! portcullis came d[n4 ,i suppose ! consequ5ce 0 t ,i inhal$ r m ?an 0 usual2 & :5 ,i came to myself ,i he>d ! voices ( ! d5ti/ & ! physician--a long way (f1 z x seem$ to me1 b ) p]fect di/9ctness say+ t 8he 0 a long "t com+ to0 & !y did n 8q l ! look ( ?+s10 & s on4 ,meantime ,i lay motionless & )\t p[] ei!r to move or speak1 b p]fectly consci\s4 ,i took 9 ! :ole situation at once4 ,i 0 dead4 ,i _h pass$ into ano!r /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,i c\ld ?9k m cle>ly ?an be=e4 ,i 0 a _s4 ,& !n ! ?\ght came press+ 9 ^u me1 z ,i review$ my :ole life & ! mann] ( my dea?1 t to avoid a little pa9 ,i _h done a wrong ?+ & _h des]t$ ^? :o ne$$ me & w\ld miss me4 ,no fe> possess$ me1 n ! slighte/ fe>1 ( any ext]nal puni%m5t = ! fault :i* ,i ?\ght ,i _h committ$3 b 9 a deta*$ solitude ,i seem$ to be quietly & coldly sitt+ 9 judgm5t ^u myself1 imp>tially he>+ :at ,i _h to say 9 self-def5ce1 reject+ x z inadequate1 & pass+ aga9/ myself ! v]dict ( ,guilty4 ,pa9ful1 increas+ly pa9ful1 ! burd5 ( ?is self-condemnation seem$ to press & cru% me d[n m & m pa/ p[] ( be>+1 s t at la/1 :5 9 "o mom5t ,i recov]$ bo? p[] ( motion & k t ,i 0 alive aga91 ,i leapt up f ! d5ti/'s arm-*air1 &1 )\t tak+ ! lea/ notice ( ! two op]ators1 ,i gave v5t to my feel+s by %\t+ al\d ! well-kn[n words f ,cl>5ce's dream 8--& = a space ,c\ld n believe b t ,i 0 9 hell40 ,i %all n easily =get ! look ( m+l$ hum\r & horror ) :i* ! d5ti/ repli$1 8,well1 sir1 consid]+ y are a cl]gyman1 ,i %\ld h hop$ x might h be5 ! o!r place40 ,i tri$ to expla94 ,i assur$ him t x 0 a quotation f ,%akespe>e2 t ,i _h n really believ$ t ,i 0 9 ! place commonly call$ ,hell2 & s on4 ,b ,i am q sure my explanations 7 utt]ly ineffectual2 & to ?is day ,i probably lab\r "u ! suspicion1 9 ! m9ds ( at lea/ two wor?y p]sons1 ( hav+ committ$ "s horrible crime by :i* my consci5ce is rack$ ) agony4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 x 0 a small (f5ce1 if any1 = :i* ,i suff]$ t bad qu>t] ( a m9ute2 & ,i h (t5 s9ce ?\ght t1 if ! m9d is capable ( inflict+ su* pa9 ^u itself = a v5ial error1 ^? pangs mu/ be t]rible inde$ ) :i* our s9ful s\ls may be =c$ to sc\rge !mselves :5 we judicially review ! actions ( a selfi% life ) a compulsory k ( all ! evil1 direct & indirect1 :i* we h wr\ght1 & :5 we realize at la/--ah1 h[ diff]5tly f ! dull1 decor\s1 conv5tional contrition ) :i* we dron$ out ! words on e>?1 kneel+ on ! hassocks 9 ! family pew--t 8we h left undone ^? ?+s :i* we ought to h done1 & done ^? ?+s :i* we ought n to h done40 ,b :y d ,i ?us disc\rse 9 detail ^u a subject ab\t :i* ,i h admitt$ t ,i "k no details8 ,x is 9 ord] to %ew y t ?\gh ,i d n "k mu*1 ! little ,i d "k greatly influ5ces me4 ,! ?\ght ( a mat]ial ,hell has probably contribut$ l>gely to insanity1 & has ex]cis$ a baneful influ5ce ^u _m wom5 & *ildr52 b ! majority ( heal?y m5 :o pr(ess to believe 9 a pit ( flame are little influ5c$ by x4 ,x is s horrible1 s unnatural1 s unju/1 t 9 _! he>t ( he>ts !y feel sure ! good ,god _c mean x2 ,he w let !m (f2 or !y w get (f someh[--by absolution1 by =5sic ju/ification1 by baptism1 by uncov5ant$ m]cies1 or :at n4 ,?is is b natural4 ,h[ c x n be natural to believe t an unnatural & arbitr>y ,hell may be disp5s$ ) by an unnatural & arbitr>y indulg5ce8 ,i h no su* consolations4 ,) me1 ,hell is a diff]5t ?+ altoge!r3 x is natural1 x is inevitable1 x is j1 x is m]ciful4 ,n a day passes b ,i ?9k ( x & anticipate x 9 "s sort = myself & my fri5ds4 ,t\t sepay]a3 ?is act1 ,i say1 or ?is neglect1 0 wrong1 & mu/ h be5 injuri\s3 ! do]s _c escape f ! consequ5ces ( x2 ,i d n wi% to escape f ! consequ5ces ( x4 ,god w "w good out ( evil2 b ,he w be j1 n indulg5t4 ,i d n want ,him to be indulg5t4 ,?us ,heav5 & ,hell1 imp5d+ ov] ! r\t9e ( my e-day life1 become to me practical & pot5t realities2 b !y are real to because ! conceptions ,i h =m$ ( !m are 9 accordance ) ! pr(\nd laws ( spiritual nature1 & q indep5d5t ( ! conflict+ fancies ( !ologians4 ,ask me :at ,i tru/ to be 9 ,heav51 & ,i c give y no answ] save t "o :i* ,i h (t5 giv5 y be=e--a be+ capable ( lov+ & ( s]v+ ,god4 ,ask me ! nature ( ,hell & ,heav51 & my only reply is t !y w be ,god's retribution4 ,ask me :e!r all w be h]eaft] 8sav$10 & ,i am sil5t1 or m]ely answ] t ,god is good1 & t ,i believe a "t w come :5 we1 9 ,him1 %all look back1 & ar\nd1 & =w>d1 & %all see t ,8 "w has be5 8v good40 ,en\gh = me to "w & fight on ! side ( ,god & aga9/ ,evil1 t ,8 righte\s ,k+dom may come & br+ ) x ! "t :5 ,8 "w w be se5 to h be5 8v good40 ,z = o!r details1 ,i "k no?+ & delight 9 kn[+ no?+4 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i %all live aga9 on e>? or else:]e2 :e!r ,i %all be a be+ ( ?ree dim5sions1 or f\r1 or ( no dim5sions at all2 :e!r ,i %all be 9 space or out ( space4 ,x is f> bett] to give up speculations ab\t accid5tal trifles su* z ^!3 = accid5ts !y are1 z comp>$ ) ! ess5ce ( ! second life1 :i* consi/s 9 ,love4 ,d n give up ! belief 9 t1 at any co/2 lea/ ( all1 at ! co/ ( a little bant]4 8,b surely x is possible t our v highe/ & pure/ conceptions ( ,heav5 may fall %ort ( ! reality40 ,grant$3 b we mu/ hold fa/ to ! belief t !re is at all ev5ts a proportion betwe5 our be/ t]re/rial aspirations & _! cele/ial equival5ts4 ,we mu/ reject1 z f ,satan1 ! sugge/ion 70 x ,sp9oza's87 t !re is no m lik5ess betwe5 ,god & our conception ( ,god ?an betwe5 ! con/ellation ,canis & a dog4 8,god may n be ,love30 ,i d n believe y3 b if ,he is n ,love1 ,he w be "s cele/ial =m ( ,love1 correspond+ to our ,love1 only inf9itely bett]4 8,y w n reta9 y\r individuality30 possibly n1 b c]ta9ly we %all h some?+ correspond+ to individuality1 only bett]4 ,& s ( ! re/4 ,we %all talk humbly1 z beseems our microcosmic faculties2 we are b ! transitory t5ants ( a little _w1 :i* is to ! ,univ]se b z a dew-drop to ! ocean3 yet ev5 a dew-drop exhibits ! same infrangible laws ( light & ! same div9e glories t are manife/$ 9 ! ra9b[ & ! sunset4 ,s x is ) a human s\l3 !re are laws 9 x ( righte\sness & ju/ice & retribution--laws :i* _c be brok5 by ! fictions & illusions ( !ology1 b mu/ be manife/$ 9 all places & 9 all "t1 n[ & = all et]nity1 on e>?1 9 ,heav51 9 ,hell4 ,footnote #cf3 ,has n "s confusion ( ?\ght aris5 f a habit ( confus+ 8j0 ) 8sev]e08 ,i believe "s m5 w\ld feel m rev]5tly t[>ds ,god1 if !y w\ld speak1 n ( ,8 8ju/ice10 b ( ,8 8fairness40 ,,xxvii ,,paul9e ,,!ology ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,i w beg9 ?is lett] by quot+ ! end ( y\r la/4 ,= :5 y h ?\ght ov] ! matt] ,i am sure y\r m9d w be s completely *ang$ t unless ,i s5d y an exact copy ( y\r own words y w h>dly believe y c\ld ev] h writt5 !m4 ,y are speak+ ab\t ! !ology ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ?is is :at y say3 8,i presume t ,natural ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev] glad x may be to %elt] itself "u ,paul9e au?ority 9 ! l[ e/imate x sets on miracles1 w f9d x difficult to dige/ or swall[ ,paul9e !ology4 ,! ab/ruse & artificial doctr9es ( ! imputation ( righte\sness1 ju/ification by fai?1 & ! atonem5t1 mu/ surely /& at ! v antipodes ( any religion1 ,*ri/ian1 or o!r1 t c claim ! "n ( natural40 ,i d n believe y c ev] h giv5 five m9utes ( att5tion to ^! subjects3 or if y h1 y mu/ h att5d$1 n to ,/4 ,paul1 b to "s volum9\s comm5tator :o has buri$ ,/4 ,paul's text "u 8 own & o!r p's annotations4 ,ca/ y\r comm5t>ies away4 ,read ,/4 ,paul = y\rself 9 ! light ( 8 own works & ! ,old ,te/am5t 7especially ! ,septuag9t v]sion71 & ,i w gu>antee t 8 g5]al drift %all come out cle> & def9ite en\gh2 &1 :at is m1 y %all ackn[l$ge t 8 religion is p]fectly natural1 s natural t y meet exemplifications ( x e day ( y\r life1 9 e family1 9 y\r own home1 9 y\r own he>t4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s if ,i 7 to give y a s*eme ( ,paul9e !ology & !n %ew y ! naturalness ( ea* "p ( ! s*eme4 ,= me x w\ld be long & we>isome2 & y too w\ld be incl9$ to /op me at ! end ( e o!r s5t5ce & say 8,i "k t ,/4 ,paul says ?is or t1 b h[ is x natural80 ,i w !re=e beg9 at ! o!r end1 t is to say1 ) ,nature1 & endeav\r to %ew y t ! natural hi/ory ( a *ild1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 exhibits ! g5]al features ( ,/4 ,paul's !ology1 ! s*eme ( ,r$emption by :i* ! ,apo/le believ$ mank9d to h be5 l$ to ,god4 ,we beg9 !n ) a baby--a creature :olly selfi% 79 no bad s5se71 say1 8self-reg>d+40 ,he is ( c\rse 89 ! fle%10 or 8walks accord+ to ! fle%20 t is to say1 he obeys e impulse ( ! mom5t1 & ^! impulses are :at we call animal impulses4 ,he is consci\s ( no ,law1 & !re=e ( no error3 be+ 8)\t ! ,law0 he 8kn[s n s940 ,z he gr[s up1 he f9ds himself mak+ mi/akes1 trespass+ aga9/ ,nature's rules1 play+ ) fire1 = example3 & ,nature's puni%m5t makes him consci\s ( mi/ake1 & desir\s ( avoid+ mi/ake = fe> ( be+ puni%$2 t is to say1 he le>ns to avoid play+ ) fire because he has be5 burn$ = x4 ,?is is 8 fir/ introduction to 8! ,law20 & if he obeys ,nature's ,law1 ?r\gh fe> ( ,nature's puni%m5t1 or hope ( ,nature's rew>d1 s mu* ! bett] = him4 ,hi!rto1 h[ev]1 !re is no "q ( s91 only ( mi/ake4 ,b n[ comes 9 ! p>5tal ,law1 say+ 8,d ?is10 8,d n d t40 ,sometimes he obeys2 sometimes1 :5 8! fle%0 is too /rong1 he disobeys4 ,9 ! latt] case he is puni%$4 ,?is new k9d ( ,law is n a ma*9e-l rew>d or puni%m5t l t ( ,nature3 x is connect$ ) a ,w1 :i* is dimly felt by ! *ild to be high] & bett] ?an 8 own1 yet con/antly oppos$ to 8 own4 ,"h !n arises a conflict betwe5 8 /rong animal impulses1 i4e4 8! fle%10 & a weak nasc5t impulse ( consci5ce1 i4e4 8! _s20 ! =m] bidd+ him disobey ! high] ,w1 ! latt] bidd+ him obey4 ,ev5 :5 he disobeys1 ! _s has at lea/ ! p[] to make him uneasy 9 8 disob$i5ce1 & ?is uneas9ess = ! fir/ "t reveals 9 him ! nature ( s94 ,until ! ,law ( ! high] ,w 0 ?us plac$ side by side ) 8 own w1 & until ! deflections ( 8 own w f ! high] ,w 7 ?us made manife/ & rebuk$ by consci5ce1 ! *ild _h no notion ( s94 ,n[ he kn[s x3 8by ,law has come ! k ( s940 ,z long z he is ?us 8"u ! ,law0 he _c possibly be righte\s2 he c nei!r be 8ju/ifi$0 nor feel 8ju/ifi$40 ,:5 he is disob$i5t "u ! ,law1 he is consci\s ( s92 b :5 he is ob$i5t "u ! ,law1 he is n consci\s ( peace or inw>d h>mony3 ! ,law /&s up1 = ev] antagoni/ic to 8 natural impulses1 & he _c b dislike x1 al?\gh he ackn[l$ges its claims ^u him3 consequ5tly1 ev5 :5 he obeys x1 he obeys x ) a s5se ( s]vitude1 obey+ 9 ! fe> ( puni%m5t or 9 ! hope ( rew>d4 ,su* actions z are p]=m$ 9 ?is _s h no spontane\sness or grace2 !y are ! tasks ( a hirel+1 m]e piece-"w--8works10 z ,/4 ,paul m %ortly calls !m4 or 8! works ( ! ,law20 & 8by ! works ( ! ,law %all no fle% be ju/ifi$40 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he f9ds no guidance f ! _s ( lov+ ob$i5ce1 b has to tru/ 9 =mul>ies & prescriptions1 8d ?is10 8avoid t20 he fe>s le/ he may d too little1 & grudges le/ he may d too mu*3 he is 9 ! condition1 n ( a son1 b ( a s]vant work+ = wages4 ,j z ! ,/oic said ( ! man :o 0 n 8wise10 t :atev] he did1 ev5 to ! mov+ ( 8 little f+]1 0 sure to be wrong1 s ,/4 ,paul taught--& x is ! tru?--t our e action1 z long z we are 8"u ! ,law10 is void ( h>mony1 beauty1 fre$om1 & spiritual life3 x is b ob$i5ce to a dead rule2 su* actions are ( ! nature ( s9 & t5d to spiritual de/ruction3 8! wages ( s9 are dea?40 ,dur+ ?is /ate ! raw1 half-develop$1 ungraceful1 unh>moniz$1 & ev]-err+ boy ( fifte5 appe>s to h retrograd$ f ! p]fectly graceful & unconsci\s selfi%ness ( ! innoc5t *ild ( f\r4 ,b x is n s4 ,! k ( s9 is ! /epp+-/one to a high] righte\sness ?an c\ld h be5 obta9$ by p]petuat+ ! innoc5ce ( *ildhood4 ,ev5 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! 8bondage to ! ,law0 !re 7 occasional int]vals ( fre$om1 prophetic ( a high] /ate4 ,duty1 sometimes1 %9+ out be=e ! *ild z some?+ pur] & nobl] ?an a m]e inevitable debt1 appe>$ 8sweet & hon\rable20#cg & :]ev] ,duty ?us reveal$ h]self1 ! *ild1 9 freely & ungrudg+ly obey+ h]1 0 obey+ no unwor?y emblem ( ! ,fa!r 9 heav52 & by su* ob$i5ce 8 "* 0 /r5g!n$ & matur$4 ,b n[ ! "t has come = ano!r /ep upw>ds4 ,! boy disobeys & is =giv54 ,at fir/1 =giv5ess makes no impression on him4 ,he does n und]/& x1 does n believe 9 x1 because he does n q believe 9 ! au?or ( x2 he reg>ds 8 fa!r z "o too f> above him to be able to sympa?ize entirely ) 8 boyi% desires & impati5ce ( re/ra9t1 too mu* l a ,law to be capable ( feel+ real pa9 at 8 faults4 ,z long z he is 9 ?is condition1 =giv5ess comes to him z ! m]e remission ( p5alty2 he is glad to 8get (f10 b 8 he>t is n yet t\*$1 & !re is !re=e no real remission ( s91 p>tly because he has no suffici5t s5se ( s91 p>tly because he has no fai? 9 ! =giv]4 ,b at la/ comes ! revelation ( ! mean+ ( =giv5ess4 ,"s outw>d sign1 a "m's te>1 ! m]e expression ( ! fa!r's face--x may be ?is1 or x may be some?+ ( mu* long] duration & f> m complex--b some?+ at la/ br+s home to him ! fact t 8 s9 weighs l a cru%+ burd5 ^u ! he>t ( "s "o else1 :o1 9 spite ( 8 s91 /ill loves him & /ill tru/s 9 him4 ,8 p>5ts1 he f9ds--or x may be "s bro!r1 si/]1 or fri5d--are be>+ 8 s9 & c>ry+ 8 iniquity z if x 7 _! own3 ! %ame & ! pa9 ( x1 :i* he feels z a m]e unpleasant uneas9ess1 are caus+ to o!rs an acute sorr[ ( :i* he _h n dream$ be=e4 ,in/ead ( be+ savagely angry ) him1 furi\s at ! mis*ief he has done1 & at ! disgrace :i* he has br\ght ^u !m1 in/ead ( visit+ ^u him all ! consequ5ces ( 8 fault1 8 p>5ts are !mselves suff]+ "s "p ( x1 !mselves cru%$ d[n by x3 if !y puni% him1 !y are n puni%+ him v9dictively b = 8 good--x is h>d inde$ to believe ?is1 b he believes x at la/--! *a/isem5t ( 8 peace falls ^u !m z well z ^u him2 _! he>t is brok5 & contrite = 8 sake2 _! s\ls are a sacrifice = 82 !y feel 8 s9 z if x 7 _! own2 !y h appropriat$ 8 s92 h be5 id5tifi$ ) 8 s92 !y are 8made s90 = him4 ,n[ if ! y\? has n 9 him ! g]m ( fai? or tru/ :]eby he c believe 9 ! s9c]ity ( ^! 7to him7 my/]i\s & at fir/ inexplicable feel+s1 :y !n ! p>5tal =giv5ess is worse ?an no?+ to him4 ,if he resi/s its influ5ce & calls x cant or humbug1 x h>d5s in/ead ( s(t5+ ! boy's he>t2 & !n ! little spiritual s5sitiv5ess t he once _h1 dies rapidly away4 ,9 ?is case 8f him t ha? n !re ha? be5 ta'en away ev5 t :i* he seem$ to h10 & ! good-tid+s or ,gospel ( =giv5ess has prov$1 9 ?is case1 8a sav\r ( dea? unto dea?40 ,b if he has ! g]m ( fai? to beg9 )1 !n ! ,gospel works its natural result3 8to him t ha? !re is add$1 & he ha? m abundantly40 8,proce$+ f fai?0 ! message ( =giv5ess t5ds 8to ! increase ( fai?40#ch ,ins5sibly he f9ds himself rais$ up f 8 =m] position to ! level ( ^? :o h =giv5 him2 he is id5tifi$ ) 8 =giv]s 9 _s1 s t he n[ sees ?+s z !y see !m1 & = ! fir/ "t disc]ns ! hatefulness ( s91 & hates x z !y hate x1 & longs to %ake x (f z a burd5 ali5 to 8 nature4 ,at ! same "t1 f9d+ himself tru/$ by ^? 9 ^: tru? z well z goodness he himself places tru/1 he le>ns a new self-respect ev5 9 ! mom5t :5 he awak5s to 8 pa/ degradation2 he has 7he feels x to be true7 some?+ )9 him t may be tru/$1 "s possibility ( bett] ?+s :i* at once spr+s up into ! reality ( fulfilm5t "u ! w>m brea? ( affectionate & tru/ful =giv5ess4 ,9 o!r words1 righte\sness is 8imput$ to him10 & he becomes righte\s4 ,! gulf betwe5 ! p>5tal w & himself is n[ bridg$ ov] by a k9d ( atonem5t4 ,! relations :i* he imag9$ & creat$ = himself be=e betwe5 8 p>5ts & himself1 7 angry ju/ice on ! "o side1 sull5 ob$i5ce or op5 disob$i5ce on ! o!r side3 all ?is is n[ ex*ang$ = an entirely diff]5t relation%ip1 love on bo? sides1 k9d control f ! "o1 will+1 zeal\s ob$i5ce f ! o!r1 result+ 9 p]fect peace & 9 an atmosph]e ( mutual goodwill1 happ9ess1 joy1 fav\r4 ,= ?is k9d ( 8fav\r0 we h no exact ^w 9 ,engli%1 b 9 ! ,greek ,te/am5t x is call$ by a ^w :i* we mu/ translate 8grace30 ! y\? !n is 8no m "u ! law b "u grace40 ,no long] n[ is he a s]vant1 p]=m+ 8works20 a community ( feel+ unites him ) ^? above him1 :om he _h once reg>d$ z ho/ile & despotic4 ,no long] ! slave ( rules & ord]s1 no long] fe>+ puni%m5t nor drudg+ = rew>d1 he is quick5$ by a _s )9 him :i* guides him naturally to d1 & to anticipate1 n only ! bidd+1 b ev5 ! unexpress$ wi%es1 ( t high] ,w4 ,8 :ole life is n[ a s]vice devot$ to ?is new ,ma/]2 yet he is n a s]vant1 b free1 because he s]ves will+ly 9 a s]vice :i* is ! noble/ fre$om4 ,! simple/ actions are p]=m$ 9 a fre% _s2 all ?+s h become new3 ! life ( ! fle% is end$1 ! life ( ! _s has begun4 ,look+ back ^u 8 =m] self he f9ds t x is dead2 he has di$ unto s9 & ris5 f ! dead t he may live aga9 to righte\sness4 ,is x necess>y = me to trace ! p>allelism betwe5 ^! ph5om5a 9 ! life ( ! individual & ! ,paul9e s*eme ( ! r$emption ( man8 ,y mu/ h recogniz$ 9 ea* /ep ( ! developm5t sket*$ above "s feature ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e4 ,my fe> is1 n s mu* t y may fail to ackn[l$ge ?is1 z t y may d\bt :e!r ! individual always passes ?r\gh ^! phases4 ,b ,i am confid5t t x mu/ be s = all :o are to be sav$3 !re is no royal road ( privilege or miracle by :i* a man c pass f ! innoc5t selfi%ness ( *ildhood to ! practis$ righte\sness ( manhood1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ defiles ( ! fle% & fight+ 8 battle ) s92 nor d ,i believe t any man1 has ev] be5 8sav$10 t is to say1 has pass$ ?r\gh t /ruggle s f> safely z to atta9 "s ?\ghtfulness = o!rs1 "s love ( righte\sness = its own sake1 unless he has receiv$ ?r\gh ! ,^w ( ,god "s su* revelation z ,i h describ$4 ,! typical revelation ( ?is k9d1 :i* sums up all o!rs1 is ! revelation made by ! atonem5t ( ,jesus ,*ri/3 b t revelation has be5 a sil5ce = ! myriads :o h di$ 9 ignorance ( ! v "n ( ,jesus3 is !re no o!r way !n 9 :i* ! ,^w ( ,god has taught !m1 r$eem$ !m1 =giv5 !m1 made atonem5t = !m8 ,yes1 assur$ly ! ,^w ( ,god has be5 m$iat+ betwe5 ,god & m5 s9ce m5 fir/ exi/$--long be=e ! "t :5 ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 8drank ( t ,rock :i* foll[$ !m1 & t ,rock 0 ,*ri/0--& ! *ief vehicle ( ,8 m$iation has be5 ! influ5ce ( ! righte\s on ! unrighte\s1 especially ( p>5ts on *ildr54 ,9 ?is influ5ce1 ! bright & c5tral po9t has be5 ! p[] :i* ea* man has1 9 "s poor degree1 ( =giv+1 & mak+ atonem5t =1 ! s9s ( o!rs--a p[] s weak & small1 comp>$ ) ! same p[] 9 ,*ri/1 t x may be easily ignor$ by sup]ficial obs]v]s2 & "s may ?9k to d ,god hon\r by ignor+ x4 ,b 9 reality :oso ignores x is ignor+ ! be/ gift ( ,god to man4 ,?is undevelop$ p[] ( =giv+ has be5 t uneffac$ lik5ess ( ,god 9 :i* ,he creat$ u2 & e act ( =giv5ess1 f ,adam d[n to ,john ! ,bapti/1 has be5 inspir$ by ! ,^w ( ,god to be a type & prophecy ( t great & unique act :i* sums up & expla9s all =giv5ess1 ! ,atonem5t made by ! ,^w's own sacrifice4 ,i said above t ! "m's te> might = ! fir/ "t reveal to a *ild ! mean+ & p[] ( =giv5ess4 ,:at ! te> ( a "m may be to h] *ild1 t ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ has be5 to mank9d2 ! expression z x 71 ( ! ,fa!r's pitifulness = ,8 s9ful *ildr51 reveal+ to !m ! mean+1 & ! pa91 ( =giv5ess4 ,/4 ,paul 7y w f9d7 9 all 8 epi/les recognizes ! analogy betwe5 ! human race & ! individual2 & all t he tea*es ab\t mank9d corresponds to ! developm5t ,i h tri$ to sket* above4 ,y w be told inde$ t ! attempt to trace su* a p>allelism z ,i h trac$ above1 is an attempt to 8read mod]n ?\ghts into an anci5t au?or40 ,b d n be 9 ha/e to call ,/4 ,paul an 8anci5t au?or10 n at lea/ 9 any disp>ag+ s5se1 z if we _h outgr[n ! antiquat$ limits ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,be+ a man ( realities ,/4 ,paul div$ deep d[n bel[ ! surface ( language1 cant1 & =mul>ies2 he rea*$ ! v s\rce & c5tre ( ! human he>t :]e righte\sness is made4 ,he realiz$ ! mak+ ( righte\sness z a visible process4 ,o!rs1 :o h n realiz$ x1 ?9k 8 writ+s misguid$1 antique1 occasionally untrue4 ,b d n y fail to di/+ui% betwe5 ,/4 ,paul's /yle & ,/4 ,paul's ?\ght4 ,he wrote 9 a hurry2 he did n ?9k 9 a hurry4 ,! g5]al s*eme ( 8 !ology ne$s no excuse1 nor all[ance1 nor patronage4 ,8 illu/rations ( x1 argum5ts 9 def5ce ( x1 ev5 8 expressions ( x1 are1 f our po9t ( view1 (t5 inadequate2 b 8 spiritual tru?s are ! deepe/ tru?s ( human nature1 z x may be se5 asc5d+ ?r\gh illusion & frailty to div9e k & div9e righte\sness4 ,/4 ,paul has be5 wond]fully obscur$ by =mul>iz+ comm5tators4 ,! be/ comm5t>y on him t ,i "k is an ord9>y home2 b = a "y man1 away f home1 & 9 dang] ( =gett+ 8 *ildhood1 ! next be/ comm5t>y is ,%akespe>e1 & ! next to t is ,wordswor?1 or1 f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 ! ,9 ,memoriam4 ,tell me n[2 0 ,i wrong 9 say+ t ! ,paul9e s*eme ( salvation is em95tly natural8 ,i d n ( c\rse mean mat]iali/ic1 b natural 9 ! s5se ( ord]ly4 ,:]e1 9 ! :ole ( ?is doctr9e1 is !re any necessity = believ+ t ! ,son ( ,god--8born ( a woman0 & manife/$ 89 ! fle% t he might de/roy ! works ( ! devil0--did or said any?+ t involves a susp5sion ( ! laws ( nature8 ,i h already %ewn t ! 8miracles0 wr\ght by ,/4 ,paul himself 7 9 all probability works ( heal+1 & natural2 & ! manife/ations 9 :i* ,*ri/ 8appe>$0 to him & to ! o!r disciples h be5 %ewn to be1 9 all probability1 visions 9 accordance ) ! laws ( nature1 ?\gh repres5t+ an objective reality4 ,!re is no ref]5ce 9 ,/4 ,paul's works to ! ,miracul\s ,conception1 nor to any ( ^? miracles ( ,jesus :i*1 if hi/orical1 mu/ be admitt$ to be real miracles4 ,on ! o!r h& !re runs ?r\gh all 8 epi/les an ackn[l$gm5t ( a cont9u\s spiritual ,law1 pr$et]m9$ & inviolable4 ,:at else does ,/4 ,paul mean by ! cont9ual ass]tion t ! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles1 & ! 8election0 ( all m51 are 8pr$e/9$80 ,p]haps y h nev] yet appreciat$ ! circum/ances :i* l$ ! ,apo/le to lay s mu* /ress on ! 8pr$e/9ation0 app>5t 9 hi/ory4 ,i d n ?9k y c ev] und]/& ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ on ?is subject1 z long z y fa/5 y\r att5tion on two or ?ree isolat$ texts :i* appe> to set x =?4 ,y mu/ look at x z a :ole1 & h reg>d to ! motive ( ! au?or2 & !n y w f9d t x is to be und]/ood negatively r ?an positively4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul says 8,god pr$e/9$ ?is1 or t10 he means1 8,god did n make a mi/ake1 or *ange 8 m9d1 ab\t ?is or t3 ! gifts & call+ ( ,god are )\t rep5tance40 ,9 sett+ =? ,pr$e/9ation1 ,/4 ,paul is always m5tally prote/+ aga9/ two t5d5cies already p]ceptible to him 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! t5d5cy ( ! ,jews to reg>d ! admission ( ! ,g5tiles into ! ,*ur* z an aft]-?\ght1 p]haps z a mi/ake2 & ! t5d5cy ( ! ,g5tiles to reg>d ! ,law ( ,moses z a complete & useless failure4 ,x 0 "o ( ,/4 ,paul's ma9 objects to %ew t ! hi/ory ( ,israel & ( ! ,g5tile _w reveal$ a ?read ( immutable purpose ( salvation runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole--a purpose to subord9ate evil to good1 ! fle% to ! _s1 ! ,law to ! ,gospel2 s t !re has be5 no mi/ake1 no dislocation ( ! div9e s*eme1 nor *ange ( ! div9e w4 ,al?\gh ! ,apo/le always ref]s ?+s to a ,w & n a ,law z _! ultimate orig91 yet ! :ole t5\r ( 8 argum5t exhibits t ,w z be+ n liable to caprice or accid5tal %ift+1 b a ,w ( pr$e/9ation1 a ,law1 s to speak1 t+$ ) emotion4 ,no d\bt ,/4 ,paul1 sometimes1 9 ! attempt to %ew ! immutability ( ! div9e purposes1 puts =w>d some:at baldly & repell5tly ! insoluble problem ( ! orig9 ( evil1 z if ,god ,himself pr$e/9$ n only rejection b also ! s9 t 0 ! cause ( rejection4 ,b x 0 n 8 int5tion to exhibit ,god z orig9at+ evil2 & ! cause t leads him s to d1 or s to appe> to d1 is 8 int5se desire to exhibit ,god's my/]i\s plan ( n at once annihilat+ evil b ( utiliz+ x & subord9at+ x to good4 ,! =e-orda9$ purpose ( ,god be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w is ! r$emption ( mank9d2 & 9 ord] to help m5 to atta9 to ?is height1 ! fle%1 ! law1 dea?1 yes1 ev5 s9 itself1 are =c$ to s]ve z /epp+-/ones4 ,h5ce ev5 9 rejection1 z well z 9 election1 ! ,apo/le _c fail to disc]n ! h& ( ,god4 ,!re is a ,law 9 all ,god's do+1 & especially 9 ,8 election4 ,god ha? *os5 ! weak ?+s ( ?is _w to conf\nd ! /rong & ! fooli% ?+s ( ?is _w to conf\nd ! wise2 ! fir/-born is reject$1 ! y\ng] son is *os54 ,?is is n accid5t2 x is a type ( ! g5]al law exemplifi$ 9 ! vision ( ,elijah4 ,n by ! :irlw9d or ! fire or ! e>?quake b by ! quiet & neglect$ processes ( nature does ,god p]=m ,8 mightie/ works4 ,?is deep tru? p]vades ! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,pi]ce ?r\gh ! antique & ,ori5tal integum5t ( 8 expression1 & y w f9d no o!r ,*ri/ian writ] :o s cle>ly br+s out t ! ,*ri/ian religion is n accord+ to caprice b accord+ to ,law4 ,footnote #cg3 8,dulce et decorum e/ pro patria mori40 ,footnote #ch3 ,rom4 i4 #ag4 ,,xxviii ,,objections ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,y tell me t y h be5 %ew+ my lett]s to "s ( y\r "y fri5ds1 & t !y h express$ v>i\s objections to non-miracul\s ,*ri/ianity4 ,"s say t ,i am an 8optimi/20 o!rs t x is a compromise betwe5 fai? & reason1 & t compromises are always to be reject$2 "o says t ,i am = introduc+ 8a new religion20 o!rs t a ,gospel ( illusion mu/1 by its own %ew+1 be itself illusive2 o!rs1 t 8^! new notions are s vague t !y c nev] be put into a def9ite %ape1 & !y are s mix$ up ) !ories & fancies & suppositions ( error 9 e p]iod ( ! ,*ur*1 t !y c nev] comm5d !mselves to ! masses40 ,d y "k :at 8cant0 means1 & :y x 0 s call$8 8,cant0 is ! sort ( language us$ 7n always deceitfully7 :5 a man 8*ants10 or utt]s 9 a k9d ( s+-song1 words t he has n felt himself1 or1 if he has ev] felt1 has ceas$ to feel1 ?r\gh ! too frequ5t use ( !m4 ,h5ce he _c speak !m1 b 8s+-songs0 !m1 8*ants0 or 8cants0 !m4 ,n[ ,i take leave to ?9k t two or ?ree ( ! objections above-m5tion$ come "u ?is head ( 8cant40 ,i mean t y\r "y objectors1 n kn[+ exactly at ! mom5t :at to say ab\t op9ions t are new & require "s ?\ght to und]/& or criticise1 & be+ desir\s ( say+ some?+ at ! mom5t1 & some?+1 if possible1 t %all be brief & sm>t1 say :at !y h he>d o!r p say ab\t o!r sets ( op9ions :i* h "s aff9ity ( s\nd ) m9e4 ,?is is a v common habit ) inf]ior pr(essional review]s1 :o are b\nd to say some?+ readable & epigrammatic = limit$ remun]ation & consequ5tly 9 limit$ "t3 b y\r fri5ds h n come to t yet1 & are !re=e n to be s easily excus$4 8,optimi/60 ,h[ c a man :o believes 9 a real ,satan be an optimi/8 ,i ?\ght an optimi/ 0 "o :o believ$ ! _w to be ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,?is ,i d n1 & _c1 believe4 ,i tru/ inde$ t a "t may come :5 we may be optimi/s aft] a fa%ion2 :5 we %all look back1 9 ,god1 ^u ! univ]sal sum ( ?+s & f9d t x has be5 ! be/ possible "u ! circum/ances1 & t evil has be5 m>vell\sly subord9at$ to good3 b ,i nev] c believe t a ,univ]se 9 :i* ,god defeats ,satan is bett] ?an a ,univ]se 9 :i* ,god reigns unresi/$2 & !re=e1 z to ?is 8be/ ( all possible worlds10 ,i re/ always humbly sil5t4 ,"s p may believe1 if !y c1 t evil is ano!r =m ( good2 t ! _w is l "o ( ^? spectroscopes--,i ?9k !y call !m--:]e sev]al diff]5t pictures on a r\nd c>d1 ea* mean+less by itself1 are conv]t$ into "o significant picture by :irl+ ! c>d r\nd too quickly = ! eye to foll[4 ,9 ! same way !y seem to suppose !y c take little pictures ( oppression1 adult]y1 murd]1 & ! o!r myriad %apes ( s91 sp9 !m r\nd fa/ en\gh along ) o!r little pictures ( temp]ance1 purity1 peace1 & all ! virtues2 & ! :ole becomes a panorama ( moral p]fection6 ,argue ?us :o w2 ,i _c4 ,if ,i am n an optimi/ 9 my view ( ?is _w1 y w surely n accuse me ( optimism 9 my views ( ! next4 ,d my notions ( heav5 & hell enc\rage any "o to be selfi% & luxuri\s or idle n[1 9 ! hope t he w be let (f easily h]eaft]8 ,h ,i n said t !re w be no 8lett+ (f08 ,t ,god w d ! be/ ?+ = ,n]o--is t d y ?9k likely to make ,n]o altoge!r an optimi/ 9 ! life to come8 ,i ?9k ,he w d ! be/ ?+ = me2 b ,i sometimes %iv] :5 ,i say x2 awe possesses me1 awe m+l$ ) tru/1 b c]ta9ly n )\t a t\* ( fe>4 ,assur$ly ! c]ta9ty ( retribution 9 heav5 makes me no optimi/ = myself or o!rs1 z to ! life aft] dea?4 ,9 "o s5se only am ,i an optimi/1 t ,i believe t ! be/ w ultimately prevail1 & t fai?1 hope1 & love1 w prove ! dom9ant p[]s 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,?is ,i believe1 & to ?is belief ,i cl+ z a mo/ preci\s hope1 to be *]i%$ by action z well z by m$itation2 b ?is is n1 ,i ?9k1 :at is ord9>ily meant by optimism2 & c]ta9ly x does n enc\rage ! _s ( laissez faire :i* optimism is suppos$ to bre$4 ,next z to 8compromise40 ,! ord9>y cant ab\t 8compromise0 is sometimes ! lazy exp$i5t ( ^? :o wi% to avoid ! tr\ble ( com+ to a decision1 & to %elt] _! indol5ce "u a noble c5sori\sness4 ,:at !y mean by 8compromise0 is any !ory t attributes results to m ?an "o cause4 ,x is g5]ally v easy to elaborate "s extreme !ory :i* %all expla9 almo/ ev]y?+ by "s s+le cause1 by ,fai?1 = example1 on ! "o side1 or by ,reason on ! o!r2 & x is equally easy = ! advocates on ei!r side to demoli% ! !ory ( _! adv]s>ies2 b x is f> f easy aft]w>ds to %ew h[1 & to :at ext5t1 bo? causes are acc\ntable = ! result :i* has be5 fictiti\sly attribut$ to a s+le cause4 ,n[ ! two extreme p>ties1 9 _! conte/s1 af=d u f9e cut-&-?ru/ exhibitions2 ! via m$ia exhibits an organiz$ campaign4 ,! !atrical multitude1 :i* does n c>e 9 ! lea/ ab\t tru?1 b delights 9 intellectual sla%]s1 soon f9ds x dull "w1 aft] clapp+ an excit+ mle1 to h to sit /ill & li/5 to a dispassionate & imp>tial discussion2 s !y cry 8compromise0 & hiss4 ,b ! t]m is a misnom]4 8,compromise10 or 8mutual promise10 _c describe a legitimate conclusion t hits ! m>k miss$ by two previ\sly div]g5t %ots4 ,x is z if ,a 7 to hit ! top ( ! t>get1 & ,b ! bottom1 & !n bo? ,a & ,b 7 to fall f\l ( ,c1 & accuse him ( 8compromis+01 because he pi]ces ! bull's eye half way betwe5 ! two4 8,compromise0 (t5 implies a failure ( exact ju/ice2 z :5 ,smi? ?9ks ,jones owes him #ejl41 & ,jones ?9ks he owes ,smi? only #djl42 & !y 8split ! diff]5ce0 & make x #del42 bo? ( !m ?9k+ t ! arrangem5t is unju/1 b bo? pref]r+ ! inju/ice to ! exp5sive =malities ( legal ju/ice4 ,?is is 8compromise10 & illogical2 b !re is none ( ?is illogicality 9 a fair imp>tial discussion avoid+ previ\s bias4 ,s 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,"s h be5 biass$ 9 fav\r ( ,fai?1 o!rs 9 fav\r ( ,reason2 "s h accept$ z hi/orical all ! miracles & mighty works 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t indiscrim9ately1 o!rs h reject$ all indiscrim9ately2 "s h decl>$ t e ^w 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t 7,i don't q "k h[ !y h got rid ( ! difficulty ( v>i\s read+s7 is exactly inspir$ & e detail hi/orically true2 o!rs1 t !re are s _m errors & illusions t ! books may be put aside z no bett] ?an my?s3 "s h said t1 s9ce we _c wor%ip an unkn[n ,be+1 we mu/ wor%ip ! human race2 o!rs t1 s9ce we _c wor%ip our v degrad$ selves1 we mu/ wor%ip "s be+ altoge!r diff]5t f ourselves3 "s h said t ,*ri/ is ,god1 & h ignor$ ,8 humanity2 o!rs h said t ,he 0 a 8m]e man10 & !re=e n div9e4 ,n[ 9 all ^! cases ! tru? lies betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,man d]ives religi\s tru? f ,fai?1 b ,fai? assi/$ by ,reason2 ,*ri/ did n p]=m miracles1 b ,he did p]=m mighty works2 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 l all o!r vehicles ( revelation1 conta9 illusion1 b illusion pres]v+ & protect+ tru?2 we mu/ n wor%ip ourselves1 & yet we _c wor%ip "o :o is altoge!r diff]5t f ourselves2 ,*ri/ is a man1 & yet ,*ri/ is ,god4 ,b to all ^! conclusions we are n l$ by 8mutual promise10 give & take ( any k9d1 b by full & unbiass$ consid]ation ( all sides ( ! subject1 kn[+ t 7= ! pres5t at all ev5ts7 we %all displease all1 bo? ! or?odox & het]odox alike4 ,s f> f sugge/+ any compromise betwe5 ,fai? & ,reason1 ,i h m]ely po9t$ out t ! prov9ces ( ! two are1 to a v l>ge ext5t1 di/9ct1 s t _m ( _! op]ations c be p]=m$ altoge!r indep5d5tly4 ,i h nev] said1 8,d n foll[ out ! conclusions ( y\r ,reason 9 ?is or t in/ance because y w\ld be l$ to inconv5i5t results10 b1 8,foll[ out ! conclusions ( y\r ,reason 9 e in/ance & pres5tly ackn[l$ge t y are l$1 9 "s cases1 to results s absurd & unpractical t y mu/ inf] ,reason to be out ( its prov9ce 9 ^! cases4 ,reason y\r utmo/ = example ab\t a ,fir/ ,cause & ,pr$e/9ation & ! ,orig9 ( ,evil & ! l2 b !n1 :5 y h come to ! conclusion t1 logically speak+1 x is equally absurd to suppose t ! _w _h no cause1 & t ! ,fir/ ,cause _h no cause1 give ! subject up z be+ beyond ! syllogi/ic p[]s40 ,surely !re is no unwor?y compromise "h1 no?+ b common s5se6 ,:]ev] hi/orical facts are affirm$ 9 religion1 ,i h said t ! acc\nts ( ^? facts are to be judg$ ^u evid5ce & by ,reason alone2 "h ,fai? & ,hope h no place2 hi/ory 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is to be judg$ l hi/ory 9 ,?ucydides4 ,9 reality x is n ,i ) my via m$ia t am guilty ( compromise2 x is ! ,hyp]-or?odox 7if ,i may use a t]m t is nom9ally mean+less b really q intelligible7 & ! ,agno/ic4 ,= ! ,hyp]-or?odox say 8,accept ! ,scriptures 9 a lump40 ,:y8 8,because x w\ld be s v inconv5i5t n to h an infallible guide40 ,( c\rse !y d n say s 9 ^! precise words3 b ?is is :at _! replies ultimately am\nt to4 ,aga9 ! ,agno/ics say1 8,reject ! ,scriptures 9 toto40 ,:y8 8,because x w\ld be s v inconv5i5t to weigh evid5ce & discrim9ate ! true f ! false40 ,x is ^!1 n ,i1 :o are call+ 9 emotion to d ! "w ( ,reason1 & :o 7p>tly1 ,i ?9k1 to avoid fac+ unpalatable facts7 =ce ,reason to make a compromise ) prejudice4 8,conv5i5ce10 z ,i h po9t$ out 9 a previ\s lett]1 may be a legitimate basis = accept+ z a ,law ( ,nature ! tri$ & te/$ sugge/ions ( ! ,imag9ation2 b x is n a legitimate basis on :i* to con/ruct a belief 9 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,book ( ,daniel or ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,let me m5tion "o po9t :]e1 9 appe>ance1 b n 9 reality1 my !ory is liable to ! *>ge ( compromise3 ,i mean ! discussion ( ! ,miracul\s ,conception & ! ,sup]natural ,inc>nation4 ,9 discuss+ ! ,miracul\s ,conception ,i h advis$ y to tru/ to y\r ,reason alone1 because "h y h to deal ) a /atem5t ( physical facts1 true or untrue1 & to be prov$ or disprov$ by evid5ce2 b z reg>ds ! ,sup]natural ,inc>nation & ! /atem5t t ! ,^w ( ,god became a human _s1 ,i h po9t$ out t "h we h a /atem5t t _c be prov$ or disprov$ by simple hi/orical evid5ce1 nor ev5 by miracle1 because ev5 if an ar*angel desc5d$ f heav5 to trumpet =? a 8,yes0 or 8,no0 to ! _w1 ! message might be f ! ,devil4 ,if !n we are to believe 9 ! ,inc>nation we mu/ h a tw(old te/imony4 ,fir/ mu/ come ! hi/orical evid5ce indicat+ ! words1 & de$s1 & "*1 & results1 ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 ! tru? ( :i* mu/ be judg$ by ! ,reason2 & !n !re mu/ come ! witness ( ! consci5ce exclaim+ 8,?is life is div9e2 ?is man is "o ) ,god40 ,consequ5tly x is q possible to accept ! ,sup]natural ,inc>nation :ile d5y+ ! ,miracul\s ,conception2 & ?is ,i h felt oblig$ to d4 ,b :]e is ! compromise or inconsi/5cy8 ,i am compell$ by evid5ce & ,reason to d5y ! tru? ( ! ,miracul\s ,conception1 on acc\nt ( ! v small am\nt ( evid5ce = x & ! v l>ge am\nt ( evid5ce aga9/ x2 ,i am equally compell$ by evid5ce & ,fai? to accept ! ,sup]natural ,inc>nation1 because ! evid5ce conv9ces me t a c]ta9 life has be5 liv$ on e>?1 & my consci5ce conv9ces me t ?is life c\ld n h be5 liv$ by any be+ :o 0 n "o ) ,god4 ,are my accus]s equally free f confusion8 ,i ?9k n4 ,ask ! ,hyp]-or?odox :y !y believe 9 ! ,miracul\s ,conception 9 spite ( ! sil5ce ( all ! e>lie/ docum5ts2 !y w reply1 7if y p5etrate bel[ _! fir/ sup]ficial answ]s1 su* z1 8,because x is 9 ! ,bible10 8,because ,i h believ$ x f my y\? upw>d10 & ! l71 8,jesus mu/ h be5 born miracul\sly1 because ,he 0 ! ,son ( ,god0--a confusion ( ?+s hi/orical & spiritual1 & a manife/ expulsion ( ,reason f h] rightful prov9ce4 ,aga91 ask ! ,agno/ic :y he does n believe t ,jesus 0 ! ,son ( ,god2 he w reply t he sees no pro( ( ! fact1 nor ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god2 & if y press him to def9e :at he means by 8pro(0 ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 y w f9d t he :olly ignores ! influ5ce ( ,imag9ation z a means ( arriv+ at tru?1 & t he requires "s k9d ( evid5ce t %all entirely disp5se ) ,fai?4 ,?us ! ,hyp]-or?odox & ! ,agno/ic are equally guilty1 ! "o ( dispossess+ ,reason1 ! o!r ( dispossess+ ,fai?1 f _! rightful prov9ces2 & !y accuse me ( 8compromis+10 n because ,i really compromise1 b because ,i pursue tru? at ! co/ ( "s tr\ble1 :ile !y--p>tly p]haps to avoid ! pa9 ( ?9k+1 & ! prospect ( collid+ ) h>d unpleas+ tru?s--pursue sev]ally t =m ( untru? to :i* !y are incl9$ by prejudice4 ,& n[ = ! next objection1 t 8?is is a new religion40 ,h[ c m5 give ! "n ( a new religion to t :i* proclaims z ! "o means ( salvation ! ,et]nal ,^w ( ,god believ$ 9 ( old by ,jews z well z by ,*ri/ians8 ,or is x a m>k ( novelty to accept ,jesus ( ,naz>e? z t ,^w inc>nate8 ,! "o ?+ new ab\t ! op9ions put =w>d 9 my lett]s is ?is--t x is n a necess>y condition = believ+ 9 ,*ri/1 t m5 %\ld accept a numb] ( hi/orical /atem5ts :i* are1 & h be51 d\bt$ by _m hone/ seek]s aft] tru?4 ,i believe ,i might add1 )\t any exagg]ation1 t ! /atem5ts :i* ,i impugn are reject$ by s l>ge a numb] ( ^? :o are mo/ compet5t to judge1 t1 9 spite ( _m inducem5ts--"s ri*ly sub/antial1 "s nobly spiritual--_m ( ! able/ & be/ educat$ "y m5 ( ,engl& _c 9 ^! days be p]suad$ to become m9i/]s ( ! religion :i* appe>s to insi/ on !m4 ,beyond ?is prote/1 !re is no?+1 or v little1 t is new ab\t ! !ory :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to set =?4 ,i d n prote/ aga9/ any moral abuse 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& or ! or?odox *ur*es--su* abuses z made a great gulf 9 ! days ( ,lu!r betwe5 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! ,prote/ants1 :5 indulg5ces = s9s 7 sold by ! c>t-load4 ,possibly inde$ ! protract$ belief 9 ! miracul\s1 :5 x has long outliv$ ! conditions :i* made x natural or p>donable1 may t5d to produce "s moral evil2 "s ov]-e/imation ( o/5tati\s &1 s to speak1 !atrical =ce2 "s depreciation ( ! quiet processes by :i* ,god has mo/ly taught & %ap$ mank9d2 "s lat5t tru/ 9 a caprici\s ,god1 :o w n 8rew>d m5 accord+ to _! works0 b w ex]cise a disp5s+ p[] at ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,i say ?is may possibly soon happ51 if x has n already begun to happ52 b at all ev5ts x is at pres5t lat5t1 & x is n on any gr\nd ( ?is k9d t ,i am advocat+ a new view ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,my object has be5 n to de/roy ! old belief1 b to remove c]ta9 ob/acles :i* t5d to prev5t p f embrac+ ! ess5ce ( ! old belief4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! conflict betwe5 ,god & ,satan1 ! r$emption ( mank9d ?r\gh ! sacrifice ( ! et]nal ,son ( ,god inc>nate 9 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 ! op]ation ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! c]ta9ty ( a heav5 & hell1 ! efficacy ( pray]1 ! ultimate triumph ( goodness & ,god-- all ^! ?+s ,i /eadfa/ly believe4 ,b ,i see n ! slighte/ reason :y1 9 ord] to hold fa/ ^! preci\s tru?s1 ,i %\ld be compell$ to believe t ,jo%ua /opp$ ! sun 7or ! e>?87 or t an ass talk$ ) a human voice1 or t ! inc>nate ,son ( ,god dr[n$ two ?\s& sw9e or de/roy$ a fig-tree ) a ^w4 ,i am probably do+ no m ?an give utt]ance to ?\ghts :i* h be5 already express$ by o!rs1 or :i*1 ?\gh unexpress$1 are lat5t 9 ?\s&s ( d\btful & expectant s\ls4 ,b ev5 7 x o!rwise1 ev5 7 x grant$ t ! =m ( ,*ri/ianity set =? 9 my lett]s has "s po9ts ( novelty1 is m]e novelty to suffice = its condemnation8--& ?is 9 our c5tury1 :5 ,god has be5 tea*+ & is tea*+ ,8 *ildr5 s mu* t is new 9 e dep>tm5t ( k6 ,is x absolutely incr$ible t ! same ,supreme ,tea*] :o all[$ "s n9ete5 c5turies to elapse betwe5 ! ,promise & ! promis$ ,se$1 %\ld all[ ano!r n9ete5 c5turies to elapse betwe5 ! ,se$ & ! ,h>ve/8 ,is x inconsi/5t t ,he :o has l$ m5 to ! tru?s ( sci5ce ?r\gh mi/akes & illusions %\ld lead m5 by ! same pa?s to spiritual tru?8 ,h[ (t5 mu/ ! ,law ( ,illusion be inculcat$ be=e we take x to he>t8 ,illusions h encompass$ spiritual tru? = ,israel1 = ! ,jews1 = ! ,twelve 9 _! ,ma/]'s lifetime1 = ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians1 & = e subsequ5t g5]ation d[n to ! "t ( ,lu!r4 ,s mu* we ,prote/ants are b\nd to admit4 ,are we n !n intol]ably presumptu\s 9 assum+ t illusions mu/ h sudd5ly disappe>$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & h left ! !ological atmosph]e = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! creation ( ! _w free f all spiritual refraction8 ,h[ mu* humbl] & tru] to suppose t e c5tury & e g5]ation has its special cl\d ( illusions ?r\gh :i* 9 due c\rse we mu/ all toil upw>d1 p5etrat+ lay] aft] lay] ( ! illusive mi/ till we rea* at la/ ! summit ( ! hill ( ,tru?6 ,i f9d ,i h left myself too little "t to answ] y\r la/ two objections z to ! 8vagu5ess0 ( my views & _! inability to 8comm5d !mselves to ! masses40 ,i w try to answ] !m 9 my next lett]4 ,,xxix ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,masses ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,i h be5 ?9k+ ov] y\r objection t my notions are 8vague20 feel+ t !re is "s tru? 9 x1 b t y\r words d n q express y\r probable mean+4 ,i ?9k y mean1 n t ! 8notions0 are vague1 b t ! pro(s are vague4 ,! 8notions0 are 9 ! ,cre$s1 if y int]pret ! ,cre$s spiritually3 & ,i d n ?9k t ! ,cre$s are m 8vague0 :5 int]pret$ spiritually ?an :5 int]pret$ lit]ally4 ,! spiritual ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 = example--is x m vague ?an ! mat]ial ,resurrection8 ,if y admit t !re is a _s 9 man1 & t ?is _s is made app>5tly p[]less by dea?1 is x 8vague0 to say t ! _s ( ,jesus1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ?is /ate ( dea?1 manife/$ itself to ! disciples 9 great] p[] ?an ev]8 ,ev5 ^? :o ma9ta9 ! mat]ial ,resurrection admit t x w\ld be a m]e mock]y )\t ! spiritual ,resurrection1 & t ! latt] is ! ess5ce ( ! act3 s t to decl>e ! /atem5t ( ! spiritual ,resurrection ( ,jesus to be 8vague10 appe>s to be equival5t to decl>+ t any /atem5t ( ! ess5tial ,resurrection ( ,jesus is 8vague40 ,aga91 r$emption f s9 is a spiritual notion1 r$emption f ! flames ( a mat]ial hell is a mat]ial notion2 b is ! =m] m 8vague0 ?an ! latt]8 ,if s1 !n we are l$ to ?is conclusion1 t all spiritual notions are m vague ?an mat]ial notions2 & ! vagu5ess :i* y c5sure is a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( e religion t approa*es ,god z ,he ought to be approa*$1 ,i mean1 z a ,_s & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( spiritual conceptions4 ,b to my m9d y are n ju/ifi$ 9 ?us us+ ! ^w 8vague10 :i* ought r to be appli$ to notions w&]+ly & %ift+ly def9$2 z = example1 if ,i def9$ ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus z be+ at "o "t ! ris+ ( ,8 body1 at ano!r ! ris+ ( ,8 ,_s2 or if ,i spoke ( r$emption1 n[ z deliv]ance f s91 & n[ z deliv]ance f puni%m5t4 ,convict me ( su* inconsi/5cies1 & ,i w submit to be call$ 8vague20 b at pres5t ,i plead1 8,n guilty40 ,h[ev] ,i ?9k y meant t ! pro(s1 & n ! notions 7 vague2 & "h1 al?\gh y %\ld n h us$ ! ^w 8vague10 ,i w admit t y w\ld h be5 "r if y _h said t !y 7 8complex0 & 8m easy to feel ?an to def9e40 ,no d\bt ! pro( ( ,*ri/'s div9ity f ! mat]ial ,resurrection is simple & /raight=w>d en\gh3 8,x is impossible t a man's body c\ld h aris5 f ! grave1 & t ! man c\ld h aft]w>ds liv$ ) 8 fri5ds on e>? = sev]al days1 & !n h asc5d$ into heav51 if he _h n be5 "u ! express protection ( ,god2 & su* a man we are prep>$ to believe1 if he tells u t he is ! ,son ( ,god40 ,t c]ta9ly w\ld seem to a l>ge numb] ( m9ds a v pla9 & /raight=w>d argum5t--z pla9 z ,paley's ,evid5ces4 ,no tru/1 no fai?1 no affection1 is "h requisite3 no?+ is ne$$ except t r\gh & ready assumption--9 :i* we are all dispos$ to acquiesce--t any altoge!r exceptional & />tl+ p[] mu/ come f ,god4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is sort ( pro( w\ld be cog5t z well z direct4 ,let a man rise f ! dead to-morr[1 & transport 8 body ?r\gh clos$ doors1 & say t he is ,*ri/1 & !n m\nt up to ! cl\ds & disappe>2 & ,i d\bt n _m ( ^? :o saw him w\ld cry 8,?is mu/ be ! ,*ri/10 )\t s mu* z enquir+ :at mann] ( man he 04 ,b cog5t & popul> & delightfully simple ?\gh x may be1 ?is is n ! k9d ( pro( on :i* ,jesus appe>s to h reli$1 or by :i* ,jesus has produc$ a spiritual *ange 9 ! he>ts ( mank9d4 ,! v fact t no tru/ or fai? or affection is ne$$ 9 su* a demon/ration1 unfits x = spiritual purposes4 ,9 ord] to believe 9 ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus1 a man ne$s ! te/imony ( all 8 p[]s1 emotional z well z intellectual1 tru/ & love z well z reason2 & ,i h endeav\r$ to %ew above t ! :ole ( ! tra9+ ( ! human ,imag9ation1 & all ! my/]i\s natural provisions :i* h /imulat$ ! eye ( ! m9d to see :at ! eye ( ! body _c see1 h contribut$ to br+ ab\t ! fai? 9 ! ris5 ,savi\r4 ,z we are to love ,god ) our /r5g? & ) our m9d z well z ) our he>t & our s\l1 s are we to believe 9 ,*ri/ ) ! same collective en]gy4 ,! pro( !re=e ( ,*ri/'s ,resurrection & ( ,*ri/'s div9ity is int5d$ to be1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 complex1 because x is int5d$ to appeal to our e faculty & to be bas$ ^u our e exp]i5ce4 ,b 8?is =m ( ,*ri/ianity c nev] comm5d itself to ! masses40 ,objection 9 ! %ape ( prophecy is always difficult to meet1 & n (t5 wor? meet+4 ,h[ev]1 ?is prophecy has s speci\s a s\nd t x des]ves "s reply4 ,b fir/ let me ask1 ,does ! pres5t =m ( ,*ri/ianity comm5d itself to ! masses8 ,surely n to ! v poor1 t is to say1 n to ! class to :om ,*ri/ appe>s to h specially address$ ,himself4 ,& ev5 among ! classes :i* reta9 ! tradition ( wor%ipp+ ,*ri/1 has ,*ri/ianity be5 su* z w\ld comm5d itself to ,*ri/8 ,has n our religion be5 too (t5 divorc$ f morality8 ,has !re be5 dom9ant among u t habit ( mutual helpfulness--8com=t+ "o ano!r10 z ,/4 ,paul calls x--:i* is ! crit]ion ( a truly ,*ri/ian nation8 ,h n ! laws 9 almo/ all cases1 until ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 be5 made 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ri*1 r ?an 9 ! int]e/s ( ! poor2 & :]e ! poor h be5 consid]$1 has n ! consid]ation aris5 l>gely f ! fe> ( viol5ce & revolution8 ,!re has be5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( alms-giv+1 or legacy-leav+1 on ! "p ( ! m9ority :o h laid !mselves out to lead religi\s lives2 & !re has always be5 a /ill m select m9ority :o h be5 imbu$ ) a truly ,*ri/ian en?usiasm = _! fell[-creatures1 a passionate desire to d some?+ = ,*ri/1 & to leave ! _w a little bett] = _! hav+ liv$3 b ! great unhe$+ mass ( m5 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries has roll$ on 9 its selfi% pa?1 less selfi% c]ta9ly1 less bruti%ly int5t on pres5t pleasure ?an ! masses ( hea!ndom1 & indirectly humaniz$ & leav5$ by a ?\s& ,*ri/ian influ5ces1 b /ill n m ?an sup]ficially ,*ri/ian4 ,! reason = ?is comp>ative failure has be51 9 "p1 t ,*ri/ has n be5 rightly pres5t$ to ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,too (t5 x has n be5 ,*ri/ at all--x has be5 b a lifeless semblance ( ,*ri/ianity--to :i* !y h giv5 _! adhesion4 ,! fe> ( hell1 ! hope ( heav5--^! h be5 (t5 ! *ief motives ( religion2 & alms-giv+1 *ur*-go+1 ,bible-read+1 & ! use ( ! sacram5ts1 h be5 ! means by :i* m5 h ?\ght !y c\ld escape ! "o & secure ! o!r4 ,ask+ /ill fur!r ! cause = ?is p]v]sion1 by :i* ,*ri/ has be5 conv]t$ into a second ,law1 we f9d t 9 "s cases & m especially 9 rec5t times1 x appe>s to h aris5 9 "p f ! miracul\s elem5t 9 our religion4 ,?is has made ,*ri/ unreal to "s ( u by tak+ ,him out ( ! rea* ( our sympa?ies & affection2 ?is also has artificializ$ our religi\s conceptions & divorc$ our religion f morality by mak+ u ?9k t ,god w susp5d ! laws ( spiritual nature = u1 z ,he has susp5d$ ! laws ( mat]ial nature = ,*ri/ & ,*ri/'s ,apo/les4 ,h5ce has aris5 too (t5 a pitiable & prepo/]\s rev]sal ( ! ,paul9e !ology4 ,we h 8di$0 unto ,*ri/1 & 8ris5 aga90 unto ! ,law4 8,grace0 has fl$ away1 &1 ) x1 all natural & h>moni\s morality2 & ! :ole duty ( a ,*ri/ian man has be5 degrad$ to a r\t9e ( 8works40 ,x is = ?is cause t ! morality ( ,agno/ics frequ5tly surpasses ! morality ( pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians4 ,! philan?ropy ( ! =m]1 s f> z x goes1 is at all ev5ts p]fectly natural4 ,!y d n love _! bro!r man 9 ord] to obey ! ,gospel or save _! own s\ls2 !y love because !y mu/ love4 ,*ri/'s heav5 is (t5 9 _! he>ts )\t any ( ! corruptions ( a conv5tional ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y d n believe 9 a caprici\s ,heav5 & ,hell1 b !y are drawn t[>ds goodness1 k9dness1 ju/ice & mutual helpfulness1 :5ev] & :]ev] !y see !m2 & su* wor%ip z !y h1 !y give to ^! qualities4 ,h5ce also 9 =eign politics ! work+ p & ! ,agno/ics (t5 manife/ a mu* pur] & m ,*ri/ian feel+ ?an *ur*-go]s4 ,= ! ,hyp]-or?odox1 =eign politics lie outside ! ,bible2 & :atsoev] lies outside ! ,bible lies1 = !m1 outside morality3 b ! ,agno/ic makes no su* di/9ction2 he does n believe t ! laws ( "r & wrong c be miracul\sly susp5d$ 9 fav\r ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,! disbelief 9 a future ,heav5 makes ! poor indispos$ to tol]ate pres5t rem$iable mis]ies 9 ! hope ( com+ comp5sation4 ,h5ce !y %ew a mu* /rong] det]m9ation n to put up ) a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( a :ole nation are pur*as$ by ! mis]y ( "o class4 ,!y are will+ en\gh individually to make sacrifices = "o ano!r1 &1 9 bad times ! work+ p h sometimes collectively borne consid]able burd5s ) an admirable pati5ce2 b t ! unwill+ wret*$ness ( "s %\ld =m ! basis ( ! prosp]ity ( ! re/1 & t ! re/ %\ld be cont5t to h x s--?is !y _c endure2 & soon] ?an ?is1 !y w\ld pref] to see e class 9 ! nation pull$ d[n two or ?ree degrees 9 weal? & ref9em5t1 if !reby ! l[e/ class c\ld be rais$ a s+le degree4 ,ri* *ur*-go]s are f> m ready to acquiesce 9 pres5t inequalities1 sometimes consol+ !mselves ) ! ?\ght t 9 heav5 all ^! evils w be r$ress$1 sometimes =tify+ _! acquiesc5ce 9 ! inevitable ) a text ( ,scripture4 ,b ! poor declaim passionately aga9/ ! ,bible1 :5 ?us quot$--z be+ a m]e in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! ri*1 & ! prie/s _! accomplices1 to keep ! mis]able 9 a /ate ( cont5tm5t ) _! mis]y4 ,x is a pity t ! poor %\ld be embitt]$ by misrepres5tations aga9/ t :i* is pre-em95tly ! poor man's ,book2 = no tribune or democrat m p]si/5tly ?an ! ,bible takes ! side ( ! oppress$1 or m emphatically decl>es t x is "p ( ,god's me?od to raise up ! poor f ! dung-hill & to fill ! hungry ) good ?+s1 :ile ,he ca/s d[n ! pr9ces & s5ds ! ri* empty away4 ,b ! fact rema9s t1 ev5 :5 he raves aga9/ 8 own ,book1 ! poor man is rav+ 9 ! _s ( ! ,book4 ,x is n 9 accordance ) ! ,bible--& /ill less 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ( ,*ri/--t any nation %\ld tol]ate & p]petuate ! mis]y ( a class 9 ord] t ! :ole nation may prosp]4 ,inde$ 9 su* a nation p]man5t prosp]ity--9 any s5se1 & mu* m 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se--is q impossible4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y may suppress rebellion & escape revolution = ! "t1 ! gov]n+ classes _c escape ! spiritual evils t mu/ ultimately spr+ f t com=table acquiesc5ce 9 ! wret*$ness ( o!rs to :i* !y may give ! "n ( resignation b to :i* ,*ri/ w\ld h giv5 ! "n ( hypocrisy4 ,mat]ial mis]y may imply ! immorality ( ^? :o are =c$ to endure x2 b x mu/ imply ! immorality & spiritual degradation ( ^? :o acquiesce 9 x because x does n come nigh !m1 & because 8! ,bible says x mu/ be s40 ,let b su* ,ph>isaism cont9ue = a g5]ation1 & x w h gone f> to ext+ui% ! pure/ ( religions & to prep>e ! way = revolution>y /rife4 ,x appe>s !n t :at is call$ 8socialism0 is really no?+ b a n>r[ & unwise =m ( ,*ri/ianity2 n>r[ because x excludes ! ri* f its sympa?ies1 & unwise because1 in/ead ( go+ to ! root ( evils1 x simply aims at ! bran*es2 capable also1 ( c\rse1 7l e o!r !ory7 ( be+ made to appe> immoral1 :5 adopt$ = self-int]e/$ or v9dictive purposes--yet nev]!less conta9+ mu* m ( ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ ?an t selfi% =m ( ,*ri/ianity :i* has = its sole object ! salvation ( ! individual4 ,socialism owes all t is good 9 x to ,*ri/4 ,! gigantic evil ( slav]y 7:i* is antagoni/ic to all true socialism7 aft] a conte/ ( eighte5 c5turies1 has succumb$ at la/ 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries to ,*ri/'s ,_s & to no o!r *ampion4 ,d y suppose t x p]i%$ ow+ to ! 8m>* ( intellect10 or ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 or ! g5]al ref9em5t & rise 9 ! /&>d ( com=t & happ9ess among mank9d8 ,!re is no reason at all = ?9k+ s4 ,! ,law ( ,moses1 z y "k1 recogniz$1 ?\gh x controll$ & mitigat$1 ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,! race t gave bir? to ,socrates1 ,ari/otle1 ,sophocles1 ,phidias1 ,euclid1 ,ar*im$es1 & ,ptolemy1 0 unable s mu* z to conceive ( a /ate ( society :]e slav]y %\ld n exi/3 civilization appe>$ to !m to require ! s]vitude ( ! masses z its necess>y f\ndation4 ,x 0 n cruelty or call\sness t prompt$ ,ari/otle to divide 8tools0 into two classes1 8lifeless0 & 8liv+0--"u :i* latt] head came slaves3 x 0 want ( fai? 9 human nature4 8,:o w\ld d ! scullion-"w 9 ! great h\sehold ( humanity if !re 7 no slaves80 ,su* 0 ! "q :i* p]plex$ ! great philosoph]s ( antiquity & :i* ,*ri/ came to answ] by mak+ ,himself ! slave ( mank9d & class+ ,himself among ! scullions4 ,h[ /rangely dull & unappreciative d ^? words ( ,r5an s\nd1 t1 if y d$uct f :at ,*ri/ taught1 :at o!r p h taught be=e ,him1 little w be left t is orig9al6 8,taught60 ,x 0 n ! tea*+1 x 0 ! do+4 ,nay1 x 0 n ! do+1 x 0 ! 9-brea?+ into mank9d ( a new ,_s1 by means ( do+1 t ultimately de/roy$ slav]y4 8,ev5 z ! ,son ( man came n to be m9i/]$ unto b to m9i/] & to give 8 life a ransom = _m0--! ,_s t dictat$ ^! words1 dictat$ also ! dea? ^u ! ,cross2 & ?is ,_s has de/roy$ slav]y & w e/abli% true socialism ^u e>?4 8,b ?is ,_s ( ,*ri/ has nev] be5 fully obey$ or ev5 und]/ood by ,8 foll[]s3 ev5 ,/4 ,paul does n seem to h und]/ood t ,*ri/ianity 0 incompatible ) slav]y40 ,y are q "r4 ,! ,_s ( ,*ri/ has nev] yet be5 fully obey$1 &1 :5 we ?us obey x1 life w be heav54 ,d y n see t y\r objection ignores ! fact t we are n yet 9 heav51 & t ,*ri/ianity is to be a gradual gr[?8 ,are y n a little l ! *ild :o s[s 8 mu/>d-se$ at night & comes d[n next morn+ expect+ to see ! great tree 9 :i* ! birds ( ! air ought to h built _! ne/s8 ,! important "q is :e!r ! ,*ri/ian ,_s s f> z x has be5 obey$1 has work$ well2 s t we may tru/ x to lead u /ill fur!r =w>d into practical ameliorations ( our exi/5ce1 :e!r individual or national4 ,b to expect x to d ev]y?+ 9 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 is to =get all ! tea*+ ( hi/ory1 a/ronomy1 & geology1 ?ree voices t unite 9 proclaim+ t ! ,h& ( ,god works sl[ly4 ,& fur!r1 z to y\r objection t ev5 ,/4 ,paul did n realize ! incompatibility betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & slav]y1 :at foll[s f t8 ,no?+ ,i suppose except a confirmation ( ! words 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 t ! foll[]s ( ,*ri/ mu/ n dep5d entirely ^u ,/4 ,paul1 b ^u t ,_s :i* %all 8guide u into all tru?40 ,to my m9d x is refre%+ & delightful to confess--z ,i am sure ,/4 ,paul himself w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to confess--t he _h n fully realiz$ all ! consequ5ces to :i* ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ w\ld lead po/]ity4 ,i believe t ,/4 ,paul wi%$ slaves to take e lawful opportunity ( becom+ free1 b t he w\ld by no means h enc\rag$ slaves to run away or to rise viol5tly aga9/ _! ma/]s4 ,if he _h enc\rag$ !m1 & if he _h univ]sally succe$$1 he w\ld h caus$ ! :ole ,empire1 all civiliz$ society1 to collapse at once4 ,0 he wrong 9 n caus+ ?is8 ,i am n prep>$ to say s4 ,i ?9k he %ew$ m /atesmanlike & ,*ri/ian intuition 9 do+ no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,b he did mu*4 ,he _h no slaves ( 8 own1 y may be sure2 he work$ l a slave all night1 t he might prea* all day2 he bore fett]s l a slave1 & 0 pr\d to call himself a slave = ! sake ( ,*ri/2 he inveigh$ aga9/ ! _s ( slav]y1 decl>+ t 9 ,*ri/ 8!re is nei!r bond nor free20 & on ! only occasion t we "k (1 :5 he _h to m$iate 9 a practical way betwe5 an angry ma/] & a runaway slave1 he s5t ! man back to 8 ma/] )\t conditions or /ipulations1 b ) a lett] t 0 equival5t to an emancipation3 8,= p]haps he 0 !re=e p>t$ f !e = a season t ?\ %\lde/ h him = ev]2 no long] z a slave1 b m ?an a slave1 a bro!r belov$1 specially to me1 b h[ mu* r to !e1 bo? 9 ! fle% & 9 ! ,"l4 ,if !n ?\ c\nte/ me a p>tn]1 receive him z myself40 ,0 n ?is1 practically & morally1 m efficaci\s ?an if ! ,apo/le _h fulm9at$ aga9/ ! ma/] ,philemon fi]y utt]ances ab\t ! rights ( man & ! incompatibility betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & slav]y8 ,0 n ,onesimus m sure ( be+ emancipat$ by ! quiet apo/olic me?od8 ,0 n ,philemon likely to feel a quick5$ s5se ( new & high] duty :5 ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ 0 brea!d into 8 he>t by ^! t\*+ & affectionate words1 ?an if a ,paul9e edict _h confront$ him ) a 8,?\ %alt0 & 8,?\ %alt n08 ,/4 ,paul's me?od has be5 ! me?od ( ! ,_s ( ,*ri/3 = eighte5 c5turies ,*ri/ has be5 say+ to m51 n 8,all slav]y is unlawful10 b to ea* ma/] ab\t ea* individual slave1 8,if !n ?\ c\nte/ ,me a p>tn]1 receive him z ,myself40 ,h5ce by degrees has be5 %ap$ a conviction t slav]y 9 itself is aga9/ ! w ( ,god4 ,b ! de/ruction ( slav]y has n de/roy$ o!r problems ( life :i* /ill await _! solution f ,*ri/ian socialism4 ,:5 m5 cease to "w f ! compulsion ( a ma/]1 !y ei!r give up work+1 or !y "w = "s o!r motive--_! own subsi/5ce1 or _! own com=t1 luxury1 av>ice1 ambition1 ! m]e pleasure & int]e/ ( "w1 or = ! sake ( o!rs4 ,are p to give up work+8 ,&1 if !y "w1 :i* ( ^! motives is to take ! place ( ! old be/ial co]cion :i* prevail$ 9 ! days ( slav]y8 ,^! are ! great que/ions ( ! pres5t1 affect+ ! happ9ess1 morality1 & religion ( ! :ole human race4 ,true ,*ri/ians & true sociali/s are "h at "o4 8,if a man w n "w1 nei!r let him eat0 is _! answ] to ! fir/ "q2 & ! m we c comb9e to make ! drone feel t he is out ( place 9 ! hive1 & t he mu/ ei!r con=m to ! hive's ways or betake himself else:i!r1 ! bett] w x be morally1 & !re=e ultimately bett] 9 all respects1 = ! inhabitants ( ! hive4 ,z to ! second "q1 sociali/s & morali/s agree t ea* mu/ "w = ! sake ( o!rs1 &1 z f> z possible1 = all4 ,to my m9d1 !re=e1 "o ( ! mo/ hopeful signs ( ! times is to be disc]n$ 9 ! spread ( ! high] sociali/ _s :i* prote/s aga9/ mak+ competition ! basis ( national prosp]ity4 ,disguise x z y may1 competition conta9s an ugly elem5t :i* 0 cle>ly br\ght out by its fir/ eulogi/1 ! practical agricultural ,hesiod1 :o tells u t !re are two k9ds ( /rife1 namely1 w> & competition4 ,! latt]1 he says1 is good2 = x r\ses ev5 ! slugg>d to action1 :5 he sees 8 neighb\r ha/5+ to weal?3 8--?is /rife is good = mortals1 ,& pott] envie? pott] & c>p5t] c>p5t]40 ,?is is ! pla9 tru?4 ,competition is always 9 dang] ( produc+ 8envy10 &1 :5 x is c>ri$ consi/5tly to its extreme--z :]e a l>ge manufactur] und]sells & ru9s small manufactur]s t he may secure a monopoly--x v]ges on t o!r k9d ( /rife :i* ,hesiod has himself describ$ z 8blameful20 x becomes a k9d ( w>1 & is manife/ly un*ri/ian4 ,*ri/ianity might h be5 !re=e expect$ to prote/ aga9/ x2 b x has n done s3 t task has be5 res]v$ = ! in=mal k9d ( ,*ri/ianity call$ socialism4 ,b v mu* m ?an prote/ is ne$$4 ,! problem ( competition & h[ to disp5se ) x--or h[ to re/ra9 x :ile rem$y+ its evils--is f> m complex ?an t ( slav]y4 ,"s p reg>d x z an inh]5t law ( human society1 a natural & cont9u\s developm5t ( ! law ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* we h inh]it$ f our remote/ ance/ry4 ,o!rs1 :ile admitt+ ?is primval orig91 hope t1 z progressive man has work$ out f 8 nature mu* else ( ! bas] elem5t1 s he may 9 "t elim9ate ?is also4 ,b1 if any success is to be atta9$1 all sorts ( exp]im5ts w h to be tri$2 all sorts ( failures w h to be enc\nt]$2 & x may be t 9 ! end ! ,paul9e me?od ( deal+ ) slav]y may be f\nd ! be/ means ( deal+ ) competition--n s mu* prote/+ & fulm9at+1 b ! e>ne/1 in=mal action ( individual en?usiasm4 ,action l ,/4 ,paul's may prep>e ! way = legislation2 b1 )\t *ange ( temp]1 m]e legislation _c p]man5tly help a p to deal ) a great social difficulty4 ,9 ! solution ( ! complicat$ problems pres5t$ by competition1 socialism1 :5 sev]$ f ,*ri/ianity1 lab\rs 7#ahhe7 "u mo/ s]i\s disadvantages4 ,ignor+ ,*ri/1 x reads amiss ! :ole ( ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ & is 9 dang] ( mak+ t]rible mi/akes 9 ! future4 ,ev5 :]e x avoids revolution>y extravagances1 x is tempt$ to tru/ f> too mu* to =ce1 moral if n physical co]cion1 legislative enactm5ts1 & o!r %apes ( :at ,/4 ,paul w\ld call 8,law40 ,look+ up to no ,lead] 9 heav51 x does n feel suffici5tly sure ( ultimate success4 8,he t believe?10 says ! prophet1 8%all n make ha/e30 n[ socialism has no firm basis ( belief & !re=e is dispos$ to 8make ha/e10 n always ! ha/e ( en]gy1 sometimes ! spasmodic ha/e ( self-di/ru/ & error1 foll[$ p]haps by dejection or inaction4 ,its neglect ( ! true religion leads x into political z well z religi\s mi/akes4 ,tak+ too little acc\nt ( s5tim5ts1 imag9ations1 & associations1 x aims at a m]ely mat]ial prosp]ity :i*1 if atta9$1 w\ld leave ! m9ds ( m5 /ill vacant & crav+ m2 & besides1 x proce$s by me?ods :i* excite al>m & di/ru/ 9 _m well-wi%]s4 ,! mo/ s]i\s evil ( all is t ! lead]s ( ! sociali/ movem5t1 if !y !mselves see no ,lead] above !m1 are actuat$ by no s5se ( loyalty & affection su* z ,*ri/ians %\ld feel = ,*ri/1 & consequ5tly are f> m expos$ to ! dang]s aris+ f _! own individual weaknesses & %ortcom+s4 ,_! ma9spr+ ( action is a passionate en?usiasm = poor toil+ humanity3 b h[ if humanity %ews itself to !m at times 9 its base/ aspects1 ungrateful1 suspici\s1 mean & %abby1 timor\s & traitor\s1 q unwor?y ( _! devotion8 ,are !y to s]ve su* a god z ?is8 ,& x is a p]i%able god too2 = mu/ n all ?+s p]i%1 & ! e>? itself become ultimately z vacant z ! moon8 ,= s vile a ma/] z ?is1 !n1 are !y to endure to be humiliat$ & attack$ by ! ri* & p[]ful1 envi$ & sl&]$ by rival lead]s1 occasionally suspect$ ev5 by ! v poor to :om !y are giv+ _! lives8 ,9 mom5ts ( depression1 :5 ?\ghts l ^! occur--z occur !y mu/--x is h>d inde$ = a lead]less lead] ( m5 to refra9 f fl++ up 8 task1 or f cont9u+ to pursue x out ( m]e %ame ( inconsi/5cy1 or m]e love ( occupation1 excitem5t1 & p[]4 ,:5 t *ange comes ov] ! tribune ( ! poor1 all is ov] ) him4 ,8 "w is done1 ?\gh he may h done no?+4 ,outw>dly su* a man's conduct may be little *ang$1 b inw>dly 8 _s is dead )9 him4 ,8 religion--= x 0 a religion to him--is n[ dead2 & soon] or lat] 8 *ang$ influ5ce mu/ make itself felt 9 an infection ( deadness spread+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! multitudes :om he once inspir$4 ,x is = ^! reasons t ,i look to a simpl] =m ( ,*ri/ianity z ! future religion ( ! masses2 fir/ because ,i see t ! mo/ active religi\s =ces ( ! pres5t day are already unconsci\sly foll[+ on ! l9es trac$ by ,*ri/'s _s2 & secondly1 because ^! movem5ts already exhibit a defici5cy :i* ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ alone c fill up4 ,! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ z ! type & ,k+ ( m5 helps to solve ! problems ( ! individual z well z ^? ( ! nation4 ,z long z human nature is :at x is1 z long z fri5ds & families are p>t$ by dea?1 z long z ! m9d is liable to be weigh$ d[n by depression1 & ! body to be rack$ by physical pa91 s long w !re be h\rs :5 we %all all look upw>d & dem& "s o!r consolation ?an ! commonplace2 8,^! mis=tunes are common to all40 ,/ripp$ ( all my? & miracle1 ! life & dea? & triumph ( ,*ri/ convey to ! simple/ he>t ! simple/ answ] t c be giv5 to ! irrepressible "q1 8,:5ce comes ?is mis]y80 ,f ! cross ( ,*ri/ !re is s5t back to ea* ( u ?is answ]1 8,we "k n fully2 b our ,lead] bore x1 & good came ( x 9 ! end40 ,& :5 we /& at ! br9k ( ! grave & ask1 8,:at is dea?80 aga9 ! answ] comes back f ! same s\rce1 8,we "k n fully2 b ,he pass$ ?r\gh x & ,he /ill lives & reigns40 ,b besides ! p[]ful influ5ce ( religion 9 ! critical & exceptional mom5ts ( our lives1 ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ w\ld come full ( /r5g? & bless+ to ! work+ m5 ( ,engl& ev5 if !y ackn[l$g$ ,him1 at fir/1 9 ! mo/ in>ticulate ( cre$s1 z ! man :om !y admir$ mo/3 8,we us$ to ?9k t ,*ri/ 0 a fiction ( ! prie/s2 at all ev5ts n a man l u 9 any way2 a diff]5t sort ( be+ altoge!r2 "o :o c\ld d :at he lik$--s p said--& turn ! _w upside d[n if he pleas$3 & !n we c\ld n make him out at all4 ,:y1 ?\ght we1 did he n turn ! _w upside d[n & make x bett]1 if he c\ld8 ,x 0 all a my/]y to u4 ,b n[ we f9d he 0 a man aft] all1 l u2 a poor work+ man1 :o _h a he>t = ! poor1 & want$ to turn ! _w upside d[n1 b c\ld n d x at once2 & he w5t a /range way1 & a long way r\nd1 to d x2 b he has come ne>] do+ x1 spite ( 8 enemies1 ?an any man we "k2 & n[ t we und]/& ?is1 we say--?\gh we don't und]/& x all or any?+ l x--#8,he is ! man = u4'0 ,i say t ev5 if ?is rudim5t>y feel+ ( gratitude & admiration = _! great ,lead] c\ld possess ! he>ts ( ,engli% work+ m5--& ?is is surely n too mu* to expect--mu* w\ld come f ev5 ?is inadequate wor%ip4 ,&1 = myself1 ,i unhesitat+ly decl>e t ,i w\ld soon] be 9 ! position ( a work+ man :o d\bts ab\t ,heav5 & ,hell & ev5 ab\t ,god1 b c say ( ,*ri/1 8,he is ! man = me10 ?an ,i w\ld be 9 ! position ( ! well-to-d manufactur] :o is p]suad$ ( ! reality ( ,heav5 & ,hell & ( ! tru? ( all ! !ology ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 b c reconcile 8 religion ) ! delib]ate e/abli%m5t ( a colossal =tune on ! ru9 ( 8 fell[ creatures4 ,b ,i d n believe t ! feel+ ( ! work+ man = ,jesus ( ,naz>e? c\ld long conf9e itself to admiration4 ,x is n s easy to make a happy nation or a happy _w z ! work+ man ?9ks3 & ?is he w soon f9d out4 ,:5 sanitation1 education1 culture1 sci5ce1 political re>rangem5ts1 enl>gem5ts = ! poor1 & re/rictions = ! ri*1 h all done _! be/ & fail$--z !y necess>ily mu/ fail1 unless help$ by some?+ m--!n ! work+ man w f9d :at t 8some?+ m0 is1 )\t :i* no?+ effectual c be done4 ,!n he w p]ceive t1 aft] all1 unless !re is a _s ( mutual concession 9 classes & individuals1 no ,acts ( ,p>liam5t c ev] be devis$ to secure la/+ prosp]ity & concord4 ,!n he w awak5 to ! fact t ,jesus ( ,naz>e? reveal$ & exemplifi$ t _s ( concession or self-sacrifice1 & t x 0 by ?is means t ,he w5t z f> z ,he did t[>d 8turn+ ! _w upside d[n20 & s he w be gradually l$ /ill fur!r to see t ! way :i* ,he w5t 0 aft] all n su* a v 8long way r\nd10 b a div9e way1 a way truly wor?y ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,i believe t ! recognition ( ?is s+le fact w\ld g fur!r ?an ev5 ! recognition ( ! m>vell\s ph5om5a :i* manife/$ ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 to conv9ce work+ m5 t ! man :o possess$ ?is sublime intuition into spiritual tru?1 & ! p]fect unselfi%ness & self-control ne$ful to give effect to 8 plans = ! rais+ up ( mank9d1 mu/ be no o!r ?an ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! re/ w\ld foll[4 ,!y w\ld f9d !y _h be5 all _! lives on a wrong track 9 _! se>* aft] ! div9e reality2 wor%ipp+ brute =ce :ile prote/+ aga9/ x2 b[+ 9 _! he>ts to pomp1 & weal?1 & high bir?1 ev5 :ile !y pr(ess$ to d]ide !m2 despis+ ?+s famili> & ne>2 gap+ 9 /upid s]vile admiration at ?+s f> & unkn[n2 yet all ! "t ,god 0 ne> !m1 among !m1 9 !m2 ! ,_s ( ,god 0 none o!r ?an ! _s ( true socialism2 ! ,son ( ,god 0 none o!r ?an ! poor & l[ly ,workman ( ,naz>e?4 ,,app5dix ,,xxx ,,m9i/]ial ,,te/s ,,my ,,de>----1 ,excuse my delay 9 answ]+ y\r lett] ( la/ mon?4 ,! fact is ,i h n s mu* leisure z ,i _h4 ,i 0 glad inde$ to he> f y 7la/ ,*ri/mas1 ,i ?9k7 t y c\ld n s lightly put away ! wor%ip & s]vice ( ,*ri/ z y _h felt dispos$1 or compell$ to d1 "s eighte5 mon?s be=e2 t ! "q appe>$ to y n[ a deep] "o ?an y _h !n suppos$1 n to be decid$ by m]e hi/orical evid5ce b1 to "s ext5t1 by ! exp]i5ce ( life2 & t y 7 incl9$ at lea/ s f> to take my advice z to wait a :ile1 to /& 9 ! old ways1 & to adh]e--s f> z y hone/ly c\ld--to old religi\s habits1 includ+ ! habit ( pray] & att5dance at public wor%ip4 ,?is 0 z mu* z ,i c\ld reasonably hope4 ,i c\ld n expect t a few lett]s f "o :o is q consci\s t he does n possess ! /range & sometimes in/antane\s influ5ce ex]t$ by a /rong religi\s "*1 w\ld d all t w1 ,i tru/1 be done = y by pati5ce1 by a pray]ful & labori\s life devot$ to good objects1 & by *]i%+ habits ( rev]5ce = ! good1 & ( ?\ghtfulness = all4 ,i _h be5 9 ! habit ( regul>ly giv+ my ,sundays1 & occasionally "s h\rs on week days1 to our !ological correspond5ce3 b :5 ,i receiv$ t ann\ncem5t f y1 ,i felt t my "t might n[ be devot$ to o!r objects1 & ,i made arrangem5ts accord+ly4 ,h5ce1 :5 y\r rec5t lett] rea*$ me1 ,i 0 n q at leisure to reply to x imm$iately4 ,b y press$ me to answ] 8"o la/ "q10 :i* ,i %\ld r call two que/ions 7= !y are q di/9ct1 al?\gh y comb9e !m s closely z to leave me unc]ta9 :e!r y recognize ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 !m73 8,c a man :o rejects ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ! ,bible rema9 a memb] or a m9i/] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&80 ,y\r fir/ "q ,i %\ld answ] ) an unhesitat+ affirmative4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& does n require f its lay memb]s any signature ( ! ,articles or any te/ b a pr(ession ( belief 9 ! ,cre$ at ! "t ( baptism1 r5ew$ 9 ! ,cate*ism & ,confirmation s]vice2 & ,i _c ?9k t any s9c]e wor%ipp] ( ,*ri/ ought s f> to take (f5ce at "o or two expressions 9 ! ,cre$--:i* may be int]pret$ by him metaphorically1 ?\gh by o!rs lit]ally--z to sep>ate himself on t acc\nt f ! national *ur*4 ,grant t 8 int]pretation may be a little /ra9$1 nay1 grant ev5 t he is oblig$ to say 8,i _c believe ?is20 yet ,i %\ld d\bt ! necessity1 or ev5 wisdom & rightness1 ( cutt+ himself (f f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& because ( "o or two clauses 9 ! ,cre$1 z long z he feels himself 9 g5]al h>mony ) ! ,*ur* doctr9e & s]vices4 ,!re w\ld be no end to s*isms1 & no possibility ( comb9+ = wor%ip1 if e "o sep>at$ himself f e congregational utt]ance ) :i* he c\ld n he>tily agree 9 e p>ticul>4 ,on ?is po9t ,i f9d myself oblig$ to rememb] = my own sake1 & to apply to myself1 ! advice ,i once gave a v little *ild _m ye>s ago4 ,we 7 s++ a hymn1 & _h come to ! words3 8,ah me1 ah me1 t ,i ,9 ,k$>'s t5ts "h /ay3 ,no place l t on high1 ,"l1 ?i!r guide my way40 8,i suppose10 said ! *ild 7:o 0 "y b some:at old-fa%ion$ 9 ?\ght & expression71 8t ^! words mean t y want to die1 if !y mean any?+4 ,b ,i don't want to die4 ,s ,i don't ?9k ,i ought to say !m40 ,9 my own m9d ,i sympa?iz$ v mu* ) ! objector2 b ,i endeav\r$ to meet ! objection4 8,hymns10 ,i said1 8are writt5 n = s+le p]sons b = congregations4 ,9 a :ole *ur*ful y w f9d all sorts ( p ( diff]5t ages & ways ( ?9k+4 ,"s are glad & /rong1 o!rs sad & weak4 ,"s rejoice 9 life & look =w>d eag]ly to lab\r4 ,^! are mo/ly ! "y2 b ! old] sort are sometimes tir$ ( life & long+ = re/4 ,n[ :5 we are s++ a hymn we mu/ all d our be/1 "y & old1 happy & sad1 to ent] into "o ano!r's feel+s1 & we mu/ n expect t e ^w 9 e hymn w precisely repres5t our own p>ticul> feel+s at ! mom5t3 ! "t w p]haps come :5 ! words t n[ seem mean+less to u w exactly repres5t our deepe/ feel+s1 & we %all wond] h[ we c\ld h ev] fail$ to feel !m2 b = ! pres5t we mu/ n be dispos$ always to be ask+1 #8,d ,i agree ) ?is8 ,d ,i exactly feel t8' ,( c\rse if x occurs to y t ^! or ^? words are s opposite to :at y ?9k1 t y w\ld be tell+ a lie to ,god 9 utt]+ !m1 :y !n y mu/ n utt] !m3 b y ought n to suppose t 9 a *ur* s]vice ,god exacts f y a rigid acc\nt = e ^w ( ! congregational utt]ances 9 :i* y take "p3 if y c he>tily jo9 9 ! great] "p ( ! s]vice1 d n be afraid2 ,he accepts y\r pray]s & praises40 ,_m ye>s h pass$ away s9ce ,i spoke ?us3 &1 s9ce !n1 ,i h f\nd myself (t5 oblig$ to repeat to myself1 = my own guidance1 ! advice :i* ,i !n gave to guide ano!r4 ,9 a public s]vice "o mu/ give & take1 & ,i see no reason at all :y a believ] 9 non-miracul\s ,*ri/ianity %\ld n f9d himself 9 h>mony ) ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,8 int]pretation bo? ( ! ,bible & ( ! ,pray]-book w be diff]5t f t ( mo/ ( ! congregation2 b he w accept bo? ! ,bible & ! ,pray]-book z ! be/ books t c\ld be us$ = _! sev]al purposes1 & w\ld be sorry to see !m replac$ by any?+ t c\ld be devis$ by himself or by ^? :o ?9k z he does4 ,s f> ,i c speak confid5tly2 b ,i am m d\btful z to ! answ] t %\ld be giv5 to y\r second "q1 8,c a believ] 9 non-miracul\s ,*ri/ianity rema9 a m9i/] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&80 ,look+ at ! ,articles1 if ,i 7 =c$ to assume t e "o ( !m is b9d+ on a ,*ur* ( ,engl& m9i/]1 ,i %\ld say t a belief 9 ! miracul\s is necess>y = e "o :o c hone/ly sign an ass5t to ! ,article on ,*ri/'s ,resurrection1 :i* ass]ts t1 8,*ri/ did truly rise aga9 f dea?1 & took aga9 ,8 body ) fle%1 bones1 & all ?+s app]ta9+ to ! p]fection ( man's nature1 :]e) ,he asc5d$ into heav540 ,^! words di/9ctly decl>e ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/'s mat]ial body2 & z ,i d n believe 9 ! fact1 ,i _c ass5t to ! words1 nor d ,i see h[ any believ] 9 non-miracul\s ,*ri/ianity c ass5t to !m4 ,p]haps y may ?9k1 9 y\r innoc5ce1 t ?is disposes ( ! "q1 argu+ logically ?us3 8,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& appo9ts c]ta9 ,articles z te/s ( belief = h] m9i/]s2 ,a _c ass5t to "o ( ^! ,articles2 !re=e ,a has no "r to rema9 a m9i/]3 !re is no loophole out ( ?is logical /atem5t ( ! case40 ,!re is n3 & if ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 7 gov]n$ 9 accordance ) logic1 ,i 7& a good _m o!rs7 ought to h left ! ranks ( h] m9i/]s z soon z we f\nd t we _h be5 =c$ to reject a s+le clause ( a s+le ,article4 ,b ! ,*ur* has n be5 fur sev]al g5]ations gov]n$ 9 ?is logical way4 ,besides practically & g5]ally all[+ among its memb]s a great degree ( fre$om & latitude1 x has enl>g$ t latitude dur+ ! la/ g5]ation by a specific & au?oritative alt]ation ( ! t]ms ( subscription to ! ,articles4 ,:5 ,i sign$ !m--:i* ,i did1 ) p]fect hone/y & s9c]ity1 "s ?ree or f\r & tw5ty ye>s ago--we 7 oblig$ to 8ass5t & cons5t0 to 8ea* & e0 ,article 9 ea* p>ticul>3 ,i =get ! exact t]ms1 b ,i "k !y 7 z /r+5t z !y well c\ld be4 ,b 9 #ahfe ! ,cl]ical ,subscription ,act introduc$ a new =m3--8,i ass5t to ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles ( ,religion & to ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4444 ,i believe ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z !re9 set =? to be agreeable to ! ,^w ( ,god40 ,n[ if 8!re90 meant 89 ea* & e clause ( ea* & e ,article10 t w\ld h be5 tantam\nt to a m]e repetition ( ! old requirem5t4 ,obvi\sly !re=e ?is alt]ation implies an obligation ( ! subscrib] to ass5t1 no long] to 8ea* & e ,article0 9 p>ticul>1 b to ! ,articles z a :ole1 reg>d$ z an expression ( ,anglican doctr9e4 ,consequ5tly1 at pres5t1 ! necessity ( subscription ne$ n repel any "o unless he f9ds himself unable to accept 8! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z set =?10 n 9 detail1 b g5]ally1 9 ! ,articles & ! ,pray]-book2 & ,i ne$ n say t a believ] 9 non-miracul\s ,*ri/ianity by no means occupies a position ( su* diss5t z ?is4 ,! only ob/acle !re=e = a scrupul\s m9i/] w be 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* & 9 ! read+ ( ! ,bible3 & "h ,i admit t !re is a v consid]able ob/acle1 ?\gh x appe>s to me to be less ?an x 0 a doz5 ye>s ago1 & ea* ye> less5s x /ill fur!r4 ,! difficulty lies1 n 9 ! scepticism ( ! m9i/] 7:o may be a m fai?ful wor%ipp] ( ,*ri/ ?an any "o 9 8 flock7 nor 9 any congregational suspicion or al>m 7= 8 advanc$ views lie q beyond ! horizon ( ! ?\ghts ( any c\ntry congregation1 & any b an exceptional congregation else:]e7 b almo/ entirely 9 ! m9i/]'s own uneasy s5se ( a diff]5ce betwe5 himself & 8 p2 9 8 fe> t he may be act+ hypocritically2 9 8 consequ5t loss ( self-respect2 & 9 a result+ demoralization affect+ all 8 "w4 ,cle>ly ?is is a difficulty :i* w\ld be dim9i%$1 if n altoge!r remov$1 by publicity2 b z long z x is n publicly recogniz$ t widely diff]5t int]pretations ( ! ,scripture are possible & compatible ) ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/1 ! difficulty is a v s]i\s "o4 ,:5ev] su* a man reads ! ,bible 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 public duty1 he is liable to be haunt$ ) ! consci\sness t he is two-fac$4 ,he conveys to 8 congregation an obvi\s mean+ & !y assume t he accepts t mean+ himself2 b he does n4 ,suppose1 = example1 he reads ! /ory ( ! battle ( ,be?-horon3 8 congregation believes t x is li/5+ to ! mo/ /up5d\s miracle t ! _w has witness$2 ! m9i/] believes t he is read+ an acc\nt ( "o ( ! tw5ty1 or m1 decisive battles ( hi/ory4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 if he reads ! n>rative ( ! fe$+ ( ! #d1jjj or #e1jjj1 he reads x z a religi\s leg5d1 curi\sly pres]v+ a deep spiritual tru?1 b ( no value except = its emblematic mean+2 b 8 congregation li/5s to him z if he 7 recit+ "o ( ! mo/ important pro(s t ,jesus 0 no m]e man1 b truly ! ,son ( ,god4 ,i d n wi% to exagg]ate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! rationaliz+ m9i/] & ! lit]aliz+ congregation4 ,bo? he & !y believe t 9 ! battle ( ,be?-horon ,god 0 work+ out ! de/9y ( ,israel & prep>+ = ,himself a *os5 p2 bo? he & !y believe t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 ! true ,bread ( ,life2 & simil>ly1 z reg>ds _m o!r miracul\s n>ratives ( ! ,scriptures1 ! congregation & ! m9i/]1 ?\gh divid$ z to ! acceptance ( ! hi/orical fact1 w be unit$ 9 accept+ ! spiritual int]pretation :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! n>rative4 ,moreov]1 e ye> is probably increas+ ! numb] ( ! laity :o take ! same esot]ic view z ! m9i/] takes ab\t _m ( ! miracles4 ,9 any educat$ congregation !re mu/ be a l>ge numb] ( m51 & !re w soon be a l>ge numb] ( wom51 :o d n believe 9 ! lit]al /ories ( ,balaam's ass1 ,eli%a's float+ axe-head1 & ,samson's exploit ) ! jaw-bone4 ,unless educat$ p are kept out ( our *ur*es1 or sep>ate !mselves f ! ,*ur*1 ?is numb] mu/ soon increase4 ,?us ! gulf betwe5 ! rationaliz+ m9i/] & ! congregation t5ds ye>ly to dim9i% ?r\gh ! action ( ! congregation2 & if only bo? ! esot]ic & ! exot]ic int]pretation ( ! ,scripture 7 g5]ally recogniz$ z be+ compatible ) ! fai?ful wor%ip ( ,*ri/1 ,i d n see :y ! m9i/] %\ld n claim = himself1 )\t any s5se ( con/ra9t or ins9c]ity1 ! same fre$om ( int]pret+ ! ,bible :i* is accord$ to ! laity4 ,!re /ill rema9s h[ev] ! clause 9 ! ,cre$ /at+ ! ,miracul\s ,conception1 :i* to me appe>s ! greate/ difficulty ( all4 ,x is "o ?+1 9 my judgm5t1 to repeat ! pray]s ( ! ,*ur* & to read passages f ! sacr$ books ( ! ,*ur*1 z ! m\?piece ( ! congregation1 & r a diff]5t ?+ to /& up & say--n only z ! m\?piece ( ! congregation1 b 9 y\r individual "*1 z a ,*ri/ian1 & z a prie/ z well--8,i believe ?is1 or t10 & to take money = s say+2 :ile all ! "t y are say+ "u y\r brea?1 8,b ,i only believe x metaphorically40 ,"h1 aga91 my scruples w\ld be remov$1 if x 7 only g5]ally und]/ood t ! metaphorical int]pretation 0 possible & p]missible4 ,z reg>ds ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 = example1 ,i %\ld h no scruples at all4 ,= ! tone & _s1 z well z = ! phraseology1 ( t ,cre$1 ,i feel ! /ronge/ av]sion4 ,yet ,i %\ld repeat x z ! m\?piece ( ! congregation )\t any hesitation1 because !y w\ld all "k t ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 s f> z x c speak ?r\gh ! ar*bi%ops & bi%ops1 has signifi$ t ! repulsive clauses 9 ! ,cre$ may all be s expla9$ z practically to be expla9$ away4 ,i d n 9 ! lea/ believe t ?is mild int]pretation ( ! damnatory clauses expla9s _! orig9al mean+2 b t matt]s little or no?+4 ,provid$ !re be no suspicion ( ins9c]ity1 ,i am will+ to make consid]able sacrifices ( p]sonal convictions 9 s complex a rite z congregational wor%ip4 ,! cl]gyman :om ,i mo/ respect has n read ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ = ?irty ye>s3 = my own sake1 z a p>ticipator 9 ! wor%ip ( 8 *ur*1 ,i rejoice2 b all my respect = him did n prev5t me f d\bt+ sometimes :e!r he 0 "r 9 ?is matt]1 until ,i f\nd t 8 action _h be5 prompt$ by an expression ( feel+ on ! "p ( "s repres5tative memb]s ( 8 congregation4 ,= if "o cl]gyman is ju/ifi$ 9 omitt+ ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ :5ev] he likes1 ,i d n see :y ano!r is n ju/ifi$ 9 read+ x :5ev] he likes3 ! lib]ty ( ! cl]gy might easily become ! slav]y ( ! laity4 ,i %\ld !re=e be ready to read ! repugnant ,a?anasian ,cre$ because e memb] ( my congregation w\ld "k 7& ,i %\ld feel ju/ifi$ 9 lett+ !m "k f ! pulpit7 t ,i read x 9 ob$i5ce to ! law & 9 spite ( my convictions4 ,b ,i am n s ready1 at pres5t1 to read ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ or ,nic5e ,cre$1 al?\gh ,i cordially accept !m except s f> z conc]ns ! "o ^w :i* expresses ! ,miracul\s ,conception4 ,my reason is1 t ,i %\ld n l to leave my congregation "u ! impression t ,i accept$ t dogma1 & on ! o!r h& ,i %\ld n feel ju/ifi$ 9 us+ a pulpit ( ! ,national ,*ur* to expla9 :y ,i reject$ x4 ,"h aga91 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance1 ,i feel t times are rapidly *ang+1 & ! fre$om ( m9i/]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is rapidly increas+4 ,= scruples z to ! use ( ! ,cre$s1 no less ?an = scruples z to ! read+ ( ! ,scriptures1 publicity is ! *ief rem$y want+ to dissipate scruples2 & "t is on ! side ( fre$om4 ,belief 9 miracles n[ re/s on an incl9$ plane2 friction is daily less5+1 ! d[nw>d motion is rapidly increas+2 9 a few m ye>s ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& may recognize1 n ) reluctance b ) delight1 t !re are "s "y m5 :o "k en\gh ( ,greek1 & ( hi/ory1 & ( evid5ce1 to be conv9c$ t ! miracles are unhi/orical1 & :o1 nev]!less1 are wor%ipp]s ( ,*ri/ on conviction1 ) a fai? n to be %ak5 by any?+ t sci5ce or criticism c discov]1 & ) a read9ess to s]ve ,*ri/1 z m9i/]s 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 if !y c d s )\t sacrifice ( _! op9ions & )\t suspicion ( ins9c]ity4 ,p]sonally1 ,i h n felt ^! scruples v acutely4 ,circum/ances h plac$ me :]e no?+ has be5 requir$ ( me :i* might n h be5 done z well by a ,noncon=mi/ z by a memb] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,to help a fri5d1 or d occasional "w 9 an un(ficial way1 has nev] caus$ me ! lea/ misgiv+2 = ,i h always rema9$ 9 cordial accord ) ! =ms ( wor%ip curr5t 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,! only diff]5ce t my views h made 9 my cl]ical action has be5 ?is1 t ,i h pref]r$ = a "t n to place myself 9 any position :]e m9i/]ial "w might (ficially be requir$ ( me4 ,yet ev5 ^! scruples h be5 d\btfully ent]ta9$1 & w\ld vani% altoge!r if ev] ,i 7 to publi% a volume ( su* lett]s z ,i am n[ writ+ to y1 s t ,i c\ld be sure t my op9ions 7 no secret f my ,bi%op & f su* memb]s ( my congregation z 7 likely to und]/& !m4 ,! advice :i* ,i h giv5 to myself1 ,i %\ld also be incl9$ to give to o!rs :o are already m9i/]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & :o h scruples ( consci5ce 9 consequ5ce ( "s div]g5ce f or?odox views3 8,/ay :]e y are1 z long z y feel t y c s9c]ely wor%ip ,*ri/ z ! ,et]nal ,son ( ,god1 & z long z y c prea* a gospel ( fai? & /r5g?1 n only f ! pulpit b also by ! b$side ( ! dy+4 ,if y c d ?is1 y may /ay1 ?\gh y are oblig$ to int]pret metaphorically "s expressions 9 ! ,cre$4 ,if y _c d ?is1 g at once1 ev5 ?\gh y c accept e syllable 9 all ! ,cre$s 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se40 ,to "y m5 :o h n yet be5 orda9$ & :o incl9e to 8rational0 views ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i h be5 dispos$ hi!rto to give diff]5t advice3 8,wait a :ile4 ,! fa%ion ( m5's op9ion is rapidly *ang+2 ! excessive fe> ( sci5ce on ! "p ( ! ,cl]gy--_m ( :om come f ,public ,s*ools :]e !y h receiv$ no tra9+ 9 ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce or ma!matics--is1 /range to say1 pr$ispos+ all b extreme ,high ,*ur*m5 to welcome ! adhesion ( any :o are firm believ]s 9 ,*ri/1 ev5 ?\gh !y may d\bt or reject ! miracles4 ,x w\ld be a mis]able ?+ to be orda9$1 & to und]take ! task ( prea*+ a doctr9e imply+ ! highe/ conceivable morality1 & pres5tly to f9d y\rself condemn$ by ^? to :om y %\ld be an example z well z an in/ructor1 = :at appe>s to !m pat5t ins9c]ity--condemn$ by o!rs1 & p]haps n :olly acquitt$ by y\rself4 ,9 a few ye>s y may p]haps f9d x possible to be orda9$ n ^u tol]ance b ) a he>ty reception1 & !n !re ne$ be no concealm5t ( y\r op9ions40 ,su* is ! language t ,i h hi!rto us$ on ! v few occasions :5 ,i h be5 consult$1 g5]ally advis+ delay4 ,b n[ ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! "t has come :5 "y m5 ) ^! op9ions ought n to wait1 b ought at lea/ to set _! case be=e ! ,bi%ops1 leav+ x to !m to accept or refuse !m z c&idates = ord9ation4 ,s*isms & prosecutions are v objectionable ?+s1 b !re are worse evils ev5 ?an ^!4 ,!re is ! dang] ( hypocrisy1 spread+1 l an infection1 f oneself to o!rs4 ,! h\r has p]haps come = au?oriz+ or condemn+ ! extreme fre$om ( op9ion :i* "s ( ! ,broad ,*ur*m5 h assum$4 ,prov]bs & texts might be quot$ 9 equal abundance to ju/ify action or inaction 9 ! ab/ract2 b two important practical consid]ations appe> to me to dictate "s k9d ( action )\t delay4 ,on ! "o h&1 we he> ! compla9t t ! able/ & mo/ consci5ti\s m5 are det]r$ by scruples f ent]+ ! m9i/ry 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ev5 :5 !y feel a /rong b5t = cl]ical "w4 ,if ?is sc>city ( able c&idates = ord9ation cont9ues = _m m ye>s1 we %all h bad times 9 /ore = u4 ,already ,i ?9k ,i h not$1 among "s m9i/]s :o are consci\s ( b little intellectual & n mu* m spiritual p[]1 a disposition unduly to magnify _! (fice1 ! ritual1 ! me*anical use ( ! sacram5ts1 p>o*ial ma*9]y1 processions1 s5sational hymns1 *ur* salvation-armies1 & *ur*-r\t9e g5]ally1 because !y feel !y h no evangelic message ( _! own1 no individual inspiration4 ,9 "s degree1 su* a subord9ation ( self is good & may argue mode/y2 b 9 _m cases x is n good1 :5 x leads "y m5 to mat]ialize & s5sualize religion1 to suppose t ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/'s ,gospel & ! elevation ( ! s\ls ( m5 c be effect$ by ecclesia/ical battalion drill2 to disp5se ) /udy1 ?\ght1 & obs]vation2 to acquiesce 9 ! lett] ( ! collect$ dogmas ( ! pa/1 & to hope = no new spiritual tru? f ! progress ( ! ages controll$ by ! ev] fre% revelations ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is ! opposite evil1 on :i* ,i h already t\*$--,i mean ! dang] t "s ( ! m intellectual among ! cl]gy1 ^? :o d n sympa?ize ) sac]dotalism & are popul>ly reckon$ among ! 8,broad ,*ur*10 may n only be suspect$ ( ins9c]ity 9 pr(ess+ to believe :at !y1 z a fact1 disbelieve1 b may also become actually demoraliz$ by self-suspicions & h5ce indirectly demoralize _! congregations4 ,i confess my sympa?ies are v mu* ) a man 9 t position4 ,he has be5 sometimes ! victim ( cruel circum/ances4 ,9 8 y\?1 ! religi\s problems ( ! pres5t day lay all 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,be=e he 0 orda9$1 he may v well h disc]n$ no difficulties at all 9 ! c>e] be=e him1 no?+ b ! prospect ( a noble "w1 to :i* he felt himself call$4 ,8 life 0 probably sp5t 9 a public bo>d+-s*ool1 :]e he sc>cely ev] _h a m9ute to himself = ?\ght & m$itation2 x be+ ! ideal ( ! educator s to engross ! "t & en]gy ( ea* pupil 9 /udies or 9 games t ! av]age y\? might be kept out ( moral mis*ief & ! clev] y\? might get a s*ol>%ip at ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,:5 he came to ! ,univ]sity he f\nd himself expect$ to devote himself to 8read+ = a degree10 & !re 0 little or no "t = !ology2 aft] tak+ 8 degree he f\nd himself "u ! necessity ( e>n+ 8 liv+1 & if he 0 int5d+ to become a cl]gyman he naturally desir$ to be orda9$ z soon z possible4 ,if he 0 v =tunate1 he may h contriv$ 7z ,i did7 to get a ye>'s read+ at !ology :ile he support$ himself by tak+ pupils2 b t 0 probably ! utmo/ ( 8 prep>ation4 ,soon aft] rea*+ 8 tw5ty-?ird ye> he 0 orda9$4 ,& n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 leav+ s*ool & college1 he beg9s to realize :at life means1 & to ?9k = himself4 ,c we wond] t ?is 8?9k+ = himself0 produces consid]able *anges ( ?\ght8 ,if he is heal?y1 & active 9 8 p>i%1 & has n mu* "t = reflection & read+1 ! *anges w be long def]r$1 & he w be sc>cely consci\s ( !m3 b if he has any m9d at all 9 him1 & gives x ! lea/ ex]cise1 x is h>dly possible t an able & hone/ /ud5t ( ! ,bible at ! age ( =ty-six1 :5 he comes to comp>e ! op9ions ( 8 manhood ) ^? ( 8 y\?1 w n f9d t he has ceas$ to believe1 or at all ev5ts to be c]ta9 (1 ! hi/orical accuracy ( a good deal :i* he accept$ ) unque/ion+ confid5ce at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,*anges ( ?is k9d are inevitable1 & !y ought n to be fe>$4 ,yet p]haps ! fe> ( !m det]s "s ( ! m ?\ghtful "y m5 f pres5t+ !mselves = ord9ation4 ,!y "k t !y believe 9 su* & su* facts n[1 b1 say !y1 8,_m s9c]e & ?\ghtful p]sons dispute ! tru? ( ^! facts2 & :at w be my position "s t5 ye>s h5ce if ,i f9d t ,i am driv5 to d5y :at ,i n[ affirm80 ,:at "o w\ld l to be able to reply1 9 answ] to su* an appeal1 w\ld be1 t ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ does n dep5d ^u ! tru? ( a few isolat$ & disputable pieces ( evid5ce1 b ^u ! te/imony ( ! consci5ce bas$ ^u indisputable 7?\gh complex7 evid5ce2 s t1 if ! man's consci5ce rema9s ! same1 he ne$ n fe> le/ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 fai? w be %ak5 by any hi/orical or sci5tific criticism4 ,f ! t]re/rial po9t ( view1 ,*ri/ is human nature at its div9e/4 ,:oev] !re=e 9 ! highe/ degree loves & tru/s & rev]es human nature at its div9e/1 he naturally wor%ips a repres5tation ( ,*ri/1 ev5 ?\gh he may nev] h he>d ( ! "n4 ,n[ life w br+ a "y man _m disappo9tm5ts & disillusions & p>adoxes3 b no "o1 :o has once wor%ipp$ ,*ri/ 9 ?is natural way1 ne$ fe> 7or hope87 t life w ev] br+ him any?+ m wor?y ( repres5t+ human nature at its div9e/1 any?+ !re=e m wor?y ( wor%ip1 ?an ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,! only dang] is1 t "o may cease to be able to love & tru/ & rev]e ! objects t des]ve ^! feel+s4 ,!re is inde$ t dang]1 j z !re is ! dang] t "o may cease to be able to be hone/4 ,b :at "y man1 9 mapp+ out 8 future1 w\ld make insurance aga9/ su* a moral p>alysis8 ,a man ought no m--a man ought /ill less--to contemplate ! possibility ( becom+ unable to wor%ip ,*ri/1 ?an ! possibility ( becom+ unable to rev]e a k9d fa!r or love affectionate *ildr54 ,if !n our c&idate = ord9ation reg>ds ,*ri/ 9 ?is _s1 "o w\ld l to enc\rage him to pres5t himself = ord9ation ev5 ?\gh he may already d\bt ! ,biblical n>rative on "s po9ts1 & ?\gh he may be pretty c]ta9 t he w *ange 8 m9d on _m o!rs by ! "t he is twice z old z he is n[4 ,h[ev] x re/s v mu* ) ,bi%ops to settle ?is "q2 & ! "q z to :at ! ,bi%ops might d is s important z to dem& a sep>ate lett]4 ,p4,s4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above rem>ks ab\t ! reluctance ( ! able/ m5 at ! ,univ]sities to be orda9$1 ,i h be5 told t ! /ate ( ?+s is ev5 worse ?an ,i _h conceiv$ at ,cambridge4 ,!re1 at ! two l>ge/ colleges1 ,tr9ity & ,/4 ,john's1 ,i am told t ( ! ,fell[s :o took _! degrees betwe5 #ahgc-i only eight1 out ( sixty or !reab\ts1 took holy ord]s2 & ( ^? :o took degrees betwe5 #ahhj-f1 only ?ree out ( sixty4 ,tr9ity is conspicu\s2 ( ! sixty ,fell[s :o took degrees f #ahgc-hf only two h be5 orda9$4 ,,xxxi ,,:at ,,! ,,bi%ops ,,might ,,d ,,my ,,de> ----1 ,i rem9d$ y 9 my la/ lett] t ord9ation or non-ord9ation mu/ l>gely dep5d ^u ! judgm5t ( ! ,bi%ops4 ,?is1 ,i suppose1 mu/ h always be5 ! case to "s ext5t3 b !re are reasons :y x may well be s n[ to a great] ext5t ?an be=e4 ,! important *ange made 9 ! =m ( subscription to ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles has suppli$ a solid & def9ite gr\nd ^u :i* ! ,bi%ops may fairly claim to asc]ta9 f c&idates = ord9ation "s details ab\t _! religi\s op9ions4 ,9 ! times :5 c&idates _h to ass5t to e po9t 9 e ,article1 no fur!r exam9ation 0 necess>y3 b n[ t ! c&idate is all[$ 7by implication7 to diss5t f "s ?+s 9 ! ,articles1 ! ,bi%op may surely1 )\t any inquisitorial oppression1 say3 8,be=e ,i orda9 y1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 9 a g5]al way1 h[ f> y\r diss5t f ! ,articles ext5ds40 ,"s ,bi%ops may be incl9$ to %r9k f su* an int]rogation1 z ?\gh x impli$ d\bt ( ! c&idate's s9c]ity3 & ( c\rse su* an exam9ation might be abus$ 9 a n>r[ or bigot$ or ev5 tyrannical mann]4 ,b on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k1 x might be ev5 m useful z a protection & help to ! "y c&idate ?an to ! ,bi%op4 ,"h & !re1 p]haps1 a "y man might be advis$ to give up1 or def]1 ! prospect ( ord9ation2 b o!rs 7:o w\ld h o!rwise be5 det]r$ by scruples7 might be enc\rag$ to be orda9$ 9 spite ( "s intellectual difficulties2 & ?is fa!rly enc\ragem5t f a man ( au?ority & exp]i5ce w\ld be a great help & com=t1 /r5g!n+ ! "y man 9 ! conviction t m]e intellectual difficulties c\ld n int]f]e ) 8 fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,/ill m valuable w\ld be ! "y man's consci\sness t he c\ld n be call$ ins9c]e or hypocritical1 s9ce he _h conceal$ no?+ f ! ,bi%op1 :o1 aft] he>+ all1 _h decid$ t !re 0 no?+ to exclude him f ord9ation4 ,i w\ld !re=e advise any man :o desir$ to be orda9$ b 0 det]r$ by pres5t scruples or ! fe> ( future scruples1 to write at an e>ly p]iod to ! ,bi%op at ^: h&s he w\ld be likely to seek ord9ation1 /at+ 8 difficulties frankly & fully1 & ask+ :e!r !y w\ld be consid]$ an imp$im5t4 ,if he felt any t\* ( d\bt on ! subject ( ! miracles1 ,i w\ld h him make !m ! subject ( a special "q4 ,9 "s dioceses ,i %\ld expect ! answ] to be unfav\rable4 ,f o!rs p]haps ! answ] w\ld come t ! ,bi%op 0 8unwill+ to und]take s heavy a responsibility2 ea* man mu/ decide = himself :e!r he c hone/ly read ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* & ! lessons f ! ,scriptures )\t believ+ 9 miracles40 ,t answ] w\ld be1 9 my judgm5t1 regrettable1 ?\gh n unnatural or indef5sible4 ,b ev5 t answ] w\ld be ( value1 z x w\ld be a record t1 at all ev5ts1 ! ,bi%op _h n be5 kept 9 ignorance ( any?+ t ! c&idate ought to h reveal$ to him3 & ?is 9 itself w\ld be ( great value 9 light5+ = a scrupul\s & self-introspective "y man ! burd5 ( ! que/ions :i* might sometimes arise 9 8 m9d z he read al\d 9 ! congregation ! words ( ! ,bible or ! ,pray]-book4 ,moreov]1 ,i %\ld anticipate t e ye> w\ld see an increase 9 ! numb] ( ^? dioceses f :i* a /ill m fav\rable answ] might be return$3 8,if ) all y\r he>t y wor%ip ,*ri/ z ! ,et]nal ,son ( ,god1 if y c hone/ly & s9c]ely accept ! ,*ur* s]vices z excell5t 7?\gh imp]fect7 expressions ( congregational wor%ip2 & ! ,scriptures z sup]-excell5t 7?\gh imp]fect7 expressions ( spiritual fact2 if y feel t y h a message ( good news = ! poor & simple z well z = ! ri* & educat$1 & t y c prea* ! spiritual tru?s :i* y & all ( u recognize to be ! ess5ce ( ! ,gospel1 )\t attack+ ^? mat]ial %apes 9 :i*1 = _m g5]ations to come1 all spiritual tru?s mu/ f9d expression = ! va/ majority ( ,*ri/ians1 !n ,i c enc\rage y to come to ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/4 ,i myself am ( ! old s*ool & believe 9 ! miracles1 or if n 9 all1 at all ev5ts 9 mo/2 b ,i recognize t ?is belief--?\gh to me x seems saf] & desirable--is n ess5tial3 come !re=e to ! m9i/ry1 ) ! miracles if y c1 )\t !m if y _c40 ,"h inde$ is a reasonable crit]ion ( fitness = ord9ation3 & if a man _c satisfy ?is1 ,i d n see h[ he c compla9 ( be+ exclud$4 ,b no o!r crit]ion seems likely to be p]man5tly t5able4 ,= imag9e y\rself to be a ,bi%op1 try+ to lay d[n "s %ort1 precise1 & conv5i5t te/1 z reg>ds ! belief 9 ! miracul\s3 :]e are y to draw ! l9e8 ,a "y man1 em95tly fit 9 all respects = m9i/]ial "w1 comes to y & says t he accepts all ! miracles b "o2 he _c br+ himself to believe t ,jo%ua /opp$ ! movem5t ( ! sun 7or e>?74 ,:at are y to d8 ,reject him8 ,surely n3 n ev5 ?\gh y 7 ,canon ,liddon1 rais$ 7z ,i hope he w be rais$7 to ! episcopal b5*4 ,! ,univ]sities w\ld jo9 9 prote/ aga9/ y\r bigotry2 ! :ole ( educat$ society w\ld sec$e f ! ,*ur* on su* conditions3 ! masses ( non-,*ri/ian & semi-,*ri/ian work+ m5 w\ld cry out t su* a rejection 0 a port5t ( tyranny1 & t ! m5 :o c\ld accept admission to ! prie/hood on su* t]ms z ^! 7 no bett] ?an sup]/iti\s dolts & slaves1 creatures to be suppress$ 9 a free c\ntry6 ,well1 !n1 y admit him3 w y reject 8 y\ng] bro!r next ye>1 :o f9ds t he _c accept ! miracle ( ,balaam's ass speak+ ) a human voice8 ,c]ta9ly y w admit him too4 ,& n[ :]e are y to /op8 ,if y admit a man :o d5ies two miracles1 w y accept a man :o d5ies a ?ird1 say1 ! miracle ( ,eli%a's float+ axe-head8 ,& if ?ree1 :y n f\r8 :y n five8 & s on to ! end ( ! li/8 ,aga91 a man comes to y & says t he feels oblig$ to reject z an int]polation--al?\gh will+ to read !m z "p ( an errone\s b long *]i%$ tradition--! well-kn[n words at ! end ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 8= ?9e is ! k+dom1 ! p[] & ! glory1 = ev] & ev]30 :at w y d to him8 ,refuse him8 ,surely n4 ,! ,revis]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t h !mselves reject$ ! addition1 & ,i am q sure no s*ol> :o valu$ ,god's ,^w1 & c]ta9ly no ,bi%op1 w\ld wi% to reject a man = pref]r+ ! ,new ,v]sion ( ! ,bible to ! ,old4 ,b1 if y admit him1 :at are y to say to 8 companion1 :o rejects also ! la/ twelve v]ses ( ,/4 ,m>k's ,gospel8 ,9 my op9ion1 a man mu/ be1 ,hell5i/ically speak+1 an 8idiot10--a ,greek 8idiot10 :at ! ,greeks call idiots--to believe 9 _! g5u95ess4 ,b ev5 ?\gh y1 be+ a busy ,bi%op1 may h =gott5 a good deal ( ,greek1 y _c =get ! decision ( ! ,revis]s4 ,= "h aga9 ! ,revis]s are on ! "y man's side4 ,!y h pr9t$ ?is passage z a k9d ( ,app5dix1 plac+ an int]val betwe5 x & ! ,gospel1 & app5d+ ?is note3 8,! two olde/ ,greek ,,mss4 & "s old] au?orities1 omit f v]se #i to ! end4 ,"s o!r au?orities h a diff]5t end+ to ! ,gospel40 ,n[ if y admit ! reject] ( ^! two passages1 w y refuse 8 companion1 :o tells y he is compell$ to agree ) ! ,revis]s also z to a ?ird passage1 ,john vii4 #ec--viii4 #aa1 :]e ! ,revis$ ,v]sion brackets sev]al v]ses1 add+ ?is note1 8,mo/ ( ! anci5t au?orities omit ,john vii4 #ec--viii4 #aa4 ,^? :i* conta9 x v>y mu* f ea* o!r08 ,y mu/ c]ta9ly accept him4 ,b if y accept him1 :at are y to say to "y m5 :o g fur!r & reject :ole books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 = example1 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,pet]2 ! g5u95ess ( :i* has be5 impea*$ by a great cons5t ( au?orities1 & conc]n+ :i* ,canon ,we/cott says t x is ! 8"o exception0 to ! /atem5t t ! comb9$ canons ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,*ur*es w\ld produce 8a p]fect ,new ,te/am5t08 ,& if we let him pass1 "u ,canon ,we/cott's w+1 h[ %all we deal ) ! next c&idate1 :o rem9ds u t ,lu!r reject$ ! ,apocalypse & ! ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,james1 & decl>es t he _c help agree+ ) ,lu!r8 ,:at la/ly is to be ! fate ( ^? :o av[ t !y _c %ut _! eyes to ! traces1 ev5 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ( consid]able int]polations or late traditions1 especially 9 ^? portions :i* conta9 miracul\s n>rative8 ,p]haps we might feel incl9$ to say1 8,we w take our /& on ,we/cott & ,hort's text1 or on ! text ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 & w refuse any c&idate :o rejects a ^w ( ! ,new ,te/am5t t is conta9$ 9 ei!r ( ^! texts2 ! l9e mu/ be drawn some:]e1 & we w draw x !re40 ,:at6 ,%all we reject a c&idate = ord9ation because he does n accept ! ,gospel accord+ to ,we/cott & ,hort1 or ! ,gospel accord+ to an unau?oriz$ ?\gh s*ol>ly knot ( m5 call$ ! ,revis]s8 ,impossible6 all ,*ri/5dom w\ld cry %ame ^u u4 ,on ! :ole1 we seem driv5 to ! conclusion t no c&idate = ,anglican ord9ation c be reasonably reject$ = believ+ t p>ts ( ! ,bible are spuri\s or un-hi/orical1 provid$ t he is will+ to read 9 ! pres5ce ( ! congregation ! portions ( ,scripture appo9t$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,if ! te/ ( miracles fails1 & if ! te/ ( an infallible book fails1 s too does failure await ! te/ ( an infallible ,cre$4 ,x w\ld be1 at all ev5ts1 dep>t+ /rangely f ! _s ( ! ,re=m]s & f ! _s ( ! ,articles1 to all[ m5 laxity z reg>ds ! int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures1 :i* are reg>d$ z specially inspir$1 & yet to p9 !m to ! lett] ( ! ,cre$s1 :i* are reg>d$ z be+ au?oritative because !y are bas$ on ! ,scriptures4 ,if a c&idate 7 to tell y1 8 ,bi%op1 t 8he accept$ ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/1 & ev5 ( ,*ri/'s body1 b t he c\ld n hone/ly say t ,*ri/ rose on ! ?ird day2 = ,*ri/ 0 buri$ on ! ev5+ ( ,friday1 & rose e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,sunday1 t is to say1 on ! second day10 y w\ld p]haps reason ) him1 & say t x 0 ! ,jewi% way ( reckon+2 & if he 7 !n to reply to y t to ! great] "p ( ! congregation ?is way ( reckon+ 0 unkn[n1 & t ! phrase might !re=e convey a false impression--:at w\ld y say to ?is ultra-consci5ti\s "y man8 ,?is probably3 t 8! ,cre$s ( ,*ri/5dom c\ld n be di/urb$ on acc\nt ( ! ecc5tricities ( well-mean+ individuals2 t1 if ?is 0 8 only ob/acle1 y1 8 ,bi%op1 c\ld take ^u y\rself to ju/ify him 9 repeat+ ^! words z ! m\?piece ( ! congregation2 t x 0 q op5 to him to expla9 ! true mean+ ( ! words f ! pulpit2 & t little misund]/&+s ( ?is k9d1 if inde$ !re 0 dang] ( any1 7 insignificant z comp>$ ) belief 9 ! ess5tial fact t ,jesus rose f ! dead40 ,:5 ! "y man goes out--probably satisfi$1 unless he is v ob/9ate1 & y a little impati5t--let u suppose t ano!r man comes 91 ) a diff]5t objection to ! same clause4 ,he accepts ! ess5tial fact t ,jesus rose f ! dead1 & he does n object to ! words1 8! ?ird day10 b he does n believe t ! mat]ial body ( ,jesus rose f ! tomb4 ,he believes t ,jesus ,himself1 t is to say1 ,8 _s1 rose f ! dead1 & t ,he manife/$ ,himself to ,8 disciples 9 a spiritual body1 :i*1 9 accordance ) "s law ( our human spiritual nature1 0 manife/$ to ^?1 & only to ^?1 :o lov$ ,him or believ$ 9 ,him4#ci ,?is is a m s]i\s objection by f>3 = y h to consid]1 fir/1 :e!r ! "y man is likely to hold fa/ 8 belief 9 ! spiritual ,resurrection ( ,jesus1 :5 bas$ on su* evid5ce z ?is2 & secondly :e!r he c prea* ! ,gospel ( ! ris5 ,savi\r )\t rais+ all sorts ( que/ions & difficulties 9 m9ds unprep>$ to grapple ) !m4 ,at ?is po9t1 !n1 ,i _c blame y\r episcopal judgm5t if y take "t to decide1 & if1 be=e decid+1 y d y\r be/ to asc]ta9 :at mann] ( man y h to deal )1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 :e!r 8 /ability is equal to 8 ability4 8,d\bts & difficulties0 may sometimes betok51 n s mu* a m9d t ?9ks = itself1 z a disposition to affect s+ul>ity & to /ra9 aft] con/ant novelty4 ,b if y are satisfi$ on ?is po9t1 ,i ?9k y w\ld d well to admit him to ord9ation4 ,i w\ld n exclude f ! m9i/ry any "o :o c consci5ti\sly wor%ip ,*ri/ 9 accordance ) ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & prea* ! ,gospel )\t %ak+ ! fai? ( ! masses4 ,p]haps ,i %all seem to y 7n n[ 9 ! tempor>y episcopal capacity :i* y h occupi$ dur+ ! la/ few p>agraphs1 b z pla9 ----7 v illib]al 9 exclud+ f ! broad b\nd>ies ( ! ,national ,*ur* ^? :o are unable to wor%ip ,*ri/4 ,b ,i am n prep>$ to alt] ! ,nic5e ,cre$ or ! ,*ur* ,s]vices2 & if ,i c\ld n wor%ip ,*ri/1 ,i _c ?9k t ,i myself %\ld desire to be includ$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 z long z t ,cre$ & ! ,*ur* ,s]vices rema9$ 9 use4 ,= h[ c\ld ,i (f] pray] to ,jesus8 or say1 9 any s5se1 8,i believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,god ( ,god1 ,light ( ,light1 v ,god ( v ,god08 ,no plea ( metaphor w\ld ev] enable me to repeat ^! words ) any hone/y1 z long z ,i f\nd myself unable to wor%ip ,*ri/4 ,i confess to a secret feel+ t _m ( ^? :o at ! pres5t "t ?9k !y d n wor%ip ,*ri/1 d 9 reality wor%ip ,him2 & ,i h good hopes t "s ( !m may1 9 "t1 :5 !y se>* out _! deepe/ feel+s1 f9d out t !y h long be5 unconsci\sly wor%ipp+ ,him1 & t !y c accept1 ) a spiritual int]pretation1 "s ?+s t h hi!rto appe>$ to !m inadmissible4#dj ,b to dem& t ! ,cre$s & ,*ur* ,s]vices may be rem\ld$1 is a v diff]5t ?+ f ask+ to be all[$ to put a metaphorical int]pretation on "o or two phrases 9 !m4 ,:5 ,p>o*ial ,c\ncils are e/abli%$1 x may be f\nd ultimately possible to give "s l>g] latitude 9 ! modification or multiplication ( ,s]vices s z to make !m m inclusive3 b1 aft] all1 congregations meet = wor%ip1 n = ! sake ( be+ lib]al & inclusive2 & ! inclusion ( non-wor%ipp]s ( ,*ri/ c h>dly be dem&$ f a ,*ur* t wor%ips ,*ri/4 ,nor mu/ ! inclusion ( 8advanc$ ?9k]s0 be c>ri$ to su* an ext5t z to exclude ! great mass ( ord9>y believ]s4 ,i myself1 deeply ?\gh ,i sympa?ize 9 all ess5tial matt]s ) ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 %\ld nev]!less be will+ n only to be exclud$ f x1 b also to see exclud$ all :o may take ! same views z ,i take1 r ?an t ! simple fai? 9 ,*ri/ ent]ta9$ by ! great body ( ,*ri/ians %\ld be injur$ by ! premature disruption ( ^? mat]ial beliefs & integum5t>y illusions ) :i*1 at pres5t1 _! spiritual beliefs are insep>ably connect$4 ,& ?is br+s me to ano!r side ( ! "q4 ,if ,i 7 publi%+ an appeal to ! ,bi%ops1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly add an appeal to ! y\ng] ,broad ,*ur* cl]gy4 ,x ought n to be ask+ too mu* f a "y prea*] :o is an 8advanc$ ?9k]10 to rememb] t "s rev]5ce is due to ! simpl] memb]s ( 8 flock4 ,_m ( ^? :om he au?oritatively in/ructs are old]1 wis] at pres5t1 ( l>g] exp]i5ce 9 life1 "s ( !m p]haps m spiritually m9d$1 ?an he is4 ,:at if _! deepe/ & mo/ *]i%$ religi\s convictions1 "r 9 ! ma91 are ti$ to c]ta9 expressions & n>ratives t may n be hi/orically accurate8 ,does x foll[ t _! feel+s are to be outrag$ at any mom5t by assaults ^u ! anci5t =ms & expressions ( _! belief f ! lips ( a "y man :o pr(esses to accept ^! =ms1 & takes ! money ( ! ,*ur* = accept+ !m8 ,su* attacks ^u ! =ms are at pres5t worse ?an useless1 because !y are sure to be con/ru$ into attacks ^u ! _s4 ,9 "t a *ange w come1 & ev5 n[ a m9i/] may d some?+ to prep>e ! way = ! *ange4 ,he may in/itute ,bible lectures to :i* he may invite ! att5dance ( ^? alone :o wi% to /udy ! ,bible critically1 & ^? ^: read+ & atta9m5ts qualify !m to criticize1 or to foll[ criticism4 ,b1 f ! pulpit1 matt] ( ?is k9d %\ld be altoge!r exclud$4 ,nor ne$ ! prea*] fe> le/ su* re/riction %\ld %ackle 8 lib]ty & take ! life out ( 8 s]mons4 ,9 almo/ e case "o inv>iable rule c be laid d[n :i* w give ample scope to him & no (f5ce to 8 he>]s3 8,always prea* :at y believe to be true1 & nev] g out ( y\r way 9 ord] to attack :at y believe to be untrue40 ,= example1 y\r flock believes t ,*ri/'s body 7! tangible body7 0 rais$ f ! grave2 y d n4 ,well !n1 d n attack _! mat]ial belief2 b prea* y\r spiritual belief4 ,tea* !m t ,*ri/'s ,resurrection implies a real ?\gh invisible triumph ov] ! invisible enemy dea?2 a real1 ?\gh invisible1 sitt+ at ! "r h& ( ,god2 a real1 ?\gh invisible1 pres5ce 9 ! he>t ( e "o :o loves & tru/s ,him4 ,?us y may tea* ! habit ( rev]5ce1 simultane\sly ) ! habit ( inquiry2 a love ( ! old =ms1 comb9$ ) a /ill deep] love ( ! new tru?s t may be discov]$ b5ea? !m2 ?us y w n %ake ! fai? ( a s+le *ild2 y w be impress+ ^u all alike unadult]at$1 preci\s tru? )\t sacrific+ a little ( y\r own convictions2 & at ! same "t y w be ins5sibly prep>+ ! y\ng] portion ( y\r flock to deta* ! mat]ial "p ( _! belief f ! spiritual1 & to reta9 ! latt] :5 ! "t may come t %all =ce !m to give up ! =m]4 ,9 a simil> _s y %\ld deal ) ! ,asc5sion & ! ,inc>nation1 n po9t+ out ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! mat]ial belief ( ^? dogmas1 nor say+ a ^w to disp>age ^? :o believe 9 !m1 b do+ y\r utmo/ to br+ out ! spiritual tru?s & invisible processes :i* are repres5t$ by ^? dogmas4 ,surely su* a self-re/ra9t z ?is is n m ?an may fairly be dem&$ f any hon\rable man1 ,i w n say f a ,*ri/ian1 b f a g5tleman4 ,y\r congregation are 9 _! own p>i% *ur*2 !y are b\nd by conv5tional respect & by deeply-root$ rev]5ce = tradition & = ! ,h\se ( ,god1 n to manife/ any su* op5 disapprobation ( y\r tea*+ z w\ld be freely p]missible at a public meet+2 y are _! s]vant1 & ! s]vant1 ! paid s]vant1 ( ! ,national ,*ur*2 & yet y h !m at y\r m]cy :ile y /& 9 ! pulpit4 ,pr(\nd consid]ation may fairly be expect$ f y = _! prejudices1 z y may please to call !m2 & all ! m because !y are1 z x 71 9 possession ( ! *ur*1 :ile y are an innovator1 hold+ :at mu/--at all ev5ts = "s "t to come--appe> to ! multitude an entirely new doctr9e3 !y 8/& on ! old ways40 ,if ! tea*]s ( natural or non-miracul\s ,*ri/ianity c\ld be tru/$ to prea* 9 ?is _s1 !y might1 ,i ?9k1 d a good "w z m9i/]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 )\t injury to !mselves1 & ) mu* advantage to ! nation4 ,if n1 !y mu/ come out ( ! ,*ur* = ! purposes ( tea*+2 & t1 ,i fe>1 w\ld result 9 mis*ief bo? = ! ,*ur* & = ! ,/ate4 ,i believe t n a few ( ! educat$ cl]gy are ei!r susp5d+ _! belief ab\t miracles1 or h decid$ aga9/ !m2 & if ^! 7 sudd5ly to be bani%$1 or gradually to drop out ( ! cl]ical ranks )\t receiv+ any successors ( _! way ( ?9k+1 ! gulf w\ld be wid5$ betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! educat$ laity4 ,! m5 :o might discov] new religi\s tru? & prep>e ! way = new religi\s developm5t1 hav+ h5ce=? to e>n _! liv+ 9 o!r ways1 w\ld f9d little leisure = critical /udy4 ,! end w\ld be t ! nation w\ld be = a "t divid$ betwe5 sup]/ition & agno/icism2 & sob] religion w\ld g to ! wall4 ,n inde$ t ! de/9ies ( ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ are to be suppos$ to be p]man5tly det]m9able by ! fate ( a fraction ( ! ,broad ,*ur* section ( ! ,engli% cl]gy6 ,! attraction ( ! natural wor%ip ( ,*ri/--/range1 nay1 impossible ?\gh x may seem :5 fir/ pres5t$ to ! miracle-crav+ m9d--is f> too great to admit ! possibility ( its ultimate failure4 ,b fir/ !re mu/ come a va/ & depress+ defection on ! "p ( ^? nom9al ,*ri/ians :o h hi!rto wor%ipp$ ,*ri/ on ! basis ( an infallible ,*ur*1 or on ! basis ( an infallible ,book1 or on ! basis ( indisputable ,miracles4 ,p]haps ?is collapse w be precipitat$ by ! discov]y ( a copy ( "s ,gospel ( ! fir/ c5tury1 turn$ up :5 ,con/ant9ople is evacuat$ by ! ,turks4 ,y _c h =gott5 h[ ?is ye> 7#ahhe7 ! educat$ religi\s _w 9 ,engl& held its brea? 9 horrible susp5se :5 ! correspond5t ( ! ,times telegraph$ t among ! ,egyptian manuscripts rec5tly pur*as$ by an ,au/rian ar*-duke1 !re _h be5 dis9t]r$ a fragm5t belong+ to a ,gospel prec$+1 & diff]+ f1 any n[ extant4 ,f ?is t]rible discov]y or?odoxy 0 deliv]$1 = ?is once1 by ! le>n+ ( ,pr(essor ,hort3 b :o %all gu>antee t a ,pr(essor ,hort %all be able1 or ev5 will+1 to d5y ! proto-evangelic claims ( ! next-discov]$ manuscript f ! ,ea/8 ,& !n1 :at w become ( "s ( u6 ,9 any case1 ) or )\t su* discov]ies1 ! pres5t ^w-fai?1 & book-fai?1 & au?ority-fai? 9 ! ,"l ,jesus1 mu/ soon] or lat] collapse2 & p mu/ be driv5 to ! conclusion t ! ,"l ,jesus ,himself mu/ someh[ be wor%ipp$ ?r\gh ,himself--,jesus ?r\gh ! ,_s ( ,jesus1 t ,_s :i* is app>5t 9 families & nations & ,*ur*es z well z 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,_s ( ,love :5ce spr+s t mutual helpfulness :i* 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we call 8fell[%ip0 & 9 ! newspap]s 8socialism40 ,?is & ?is alone w help u to apply our sci5ce to settle l& que/ions1 ,*ur* que/ions1 & w> que/ions1 policy dome/ic & =eign1 & to e/abli% concord 9 ! _w1 ! nation1 & ! human he>t4 ,i d n say t a "t w ev] come :5 !re w be no ob/acles to fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,moral ob/acles w /ill exi/ to make fai? difficult3 b "s at lea/ ( ! intellectual difficulties by :i* we n[ %ut ourselves out f ,*ri/ian hope w !n be dissipat$4 ,odium !ologicum w become mean+less4 ,!re w h arriv$ at la/ t bless$ "t1 pr$ict$ 7#afjc7 by ,francis ,bacon 7%all we say j ?ree hundr$ ye>s too soon871 br++ ) x 8! consumption ( all t c ev] be said 9 controv]sies ( religion20 & h5ce=? !re w be no 8controv]sies10 only discussions & discov]ies4 ,!n1 ) its m9d fre$ f sup]/iti\s t]rors & full ( an unqu5*able hope1 ! human race1 own+ its allegiance to ! ,et]nal ,goodness1 & accept+ z its capta9 ! ,work+ ,man ( ,naz>e?1 w address itself /eadily to ! "w ( ,*ri/ian socialism1 hon\r+ & enc\rag+ lab\r )\t unwise & spasmodic pamp]+ ( x1 di%on\r+ & disc\rag+ idl5ess )\t unwise & direct rec\rse to =cible suppression ( x2 rememb]+ always t1 z ! ideal ,work+ ,man 0 subject to law1 s mu/ !y be subject to law1 & z ,he bore suff]+ = ! good ( o!rs1 s mu/ !y be prep>$ to suff] z well z to "w4 ,?is is true socialism & ?is is true ,*ri/ianity4 ,d y d5y x1 & say1 8,?is is n ! ,*ri/ianity t has be5 curr5t = eighte5 c5turies08 ,i reply1 ,p]haps n2 &1 if x is n1 we c call x by "s o!r "n4 ,y rememb] ! say+ ( ,less+1 t aft] eighte5 c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity1 x 0 high "t to try ,*ri/4 ,let u !n am5d our phrase & say t true socialism w n be 8! ,*ri/ian religion0 b some?+ bett]4 ,x w be ! ,*ri/ian ,_s4 ,we are taught by our ,scriptures t x has be5 sometimes ,god's me?od to tea* ! wise 9 ?is _w by means ( ^? :om ! _w calls fooli%1 & ! /rong & ! ri* 9 ?is _w by ^? :om ! _w calls weak & poor4 ,if hi/ory is ?us to repeat itself1 x may be res]v$ = ! semi-,*ri/ian or non-,*ri/ian work+ man1 = ! h]etic or agno/ic sociali/1 to guide or?odox & religi\s ,engl& into a high] & pur] & m spiritual =m ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,yet on ! o!r h&1 s9ce intellectual movem5ts come (t5 f above1 ?\gh moral movem5ts come f bel[1 ,i _c give up ! hope t x may be res]v$ = ! cl]gy ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& to d some?+ t[>ds ! removal ( ^? m]ely intellectual difficulties :i* are at pres5t keep+ multitudes ( ! work]s1 & n a few ( ! ?9k]s1 9 our c\ntry1 f recogniz+ _! true ,deliv]]4 ,footnote #ci3 ,= ! app>5t exception ( ,/4 ,paul1 see above1 p4 #bdd4 ,footnote #dj3 ,y %\ld look at a mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive article by ,dr4 ,m>t9eau 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,re=m] 7vol4 i4 p4 #gh71 9 :i* he po9ts out t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! fai? pr(ess$ by ,tr9it>ians 89 ! ,son1 is s f> f be+ an idolatry1 t x is id5tical1 "u *ange ( "n1 ) ! ,unit>ian wor%ip ( ,him :o dwelt 9 ,*ri/4 ,he :o is ! ,son 9 "o cre$ is ! ,fa!r 9 ! o!r2 & ! two are agre$1 n inde$ by any means ?r\gh\t1 b 9 t :i* con/itutes ! pi? & k]nel ( bo? fai?s40 ,,def9itions i4 ,reality #a4 ,absolute reality _c be compreh5d$ by m51 & c only be appreh5d$ z ,god or 9 ,god by a comb9ation ( ,desire & ,imag9ation1 to :i* we give ! "n ( ,fai?4 #b4 ,among objects ( s5sation ^? are 7relatively7 real :i* pres5t simil> s5sations 9 simil> circum/ances4 ii4 ,=ce 8,imag9$0 is ins]t$1 ?r\gh\t ^! ,def9itions1 z a rem9d] t ! exi/5ce ( all ^! objects ( def9ition1 h[ev] real1 is sugge/$ to u by ! ,imag9ation4 ,=ce is t :i* is imag9$ to imm$iately produce1 or t5d to produce1 motion4 ,:y 8imm$iately08 ,because a p>ticle ( 8matt]0--attract+1 z x does1 e o!r p>ticle ( 8matt]0--may be said to 8t5d to produce motion40 ,yet 8matt]0 is n said to be =ce1 b to 8ex]t0 =ce4 8,matt]0 is imag9$ to attract 8matt]0 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( =ce1 or 8m$iately40 ,b =ce is imag9$ to act 8imm$iately40 ,h5ce ! ins]tion ( ! ^w4 iii4 ,cause & ,effect ,:5 "o ?+ is imag9$ to produce1 or t5d to produce1 a second1 ! fir/ is call$ ! ,cause ( ! second1 & ! second ! ,effect ( ! fir/4 iv4 ,_s ,_s1 i4e4 ,brea? or ,w9d1 is a metaphorical "n--imply+ subtl5ess1 invisibility1 ubiquit\sness & life-giv+ p[]--giv5 to ! ultimate ,cause ( ,=ce2 & h5ce sometimes to ! ,cause ( b5efic5t ,=ce 9 ! ,univ]se1 i4e4 ,god2 sometimes to ! ,cause ( ,=ce 9 ! human individual2 m r>ely to ! ,cause or ,causes ( malefic5t ,=ces 9 ! ,univ]se4 v4 ,matt] ,! exi/5ce ( ,matt] has nev] be5 prov$2 & x is no?+ b a hypo!sis4 ,all ! ph5om5a call$ 8mat]ial0 might be expla9$1 )\t ,matt]1 by ! hypo!sis ( a numb] ( c5tres ( =ce4 ,! raison d'tre ( ,matt] is ! notion ( tangibility4 ,b sci5tific m5 n[ tell u t no atom ev] t\*es ano!r4 ,if ?is be s1 sci5tific tangibility disappe>s & ! raison d'tre ( ,matt] disappe>s1 ) x4 ,b x is s natural a figm5t t we %all all probably talk ab\t x1 & mo/ ( u probably w believe 9 x1 until human nature is v mu* *ang$4 ,matt] _c be def9$ positively except by repeat+1 9 "s disguise1 ! ^w to be def9$1 z ?us3-- ,mat]ial1 or ,matt]1 is a "n giv5 to an unasc]ta9$ & hypo!tical 8mat]ial10 8matt]10 8sub/ance10 or 8fundam5tal /uff10 ( :i* we commonly imag9e all objects ( s5sation to be compos$4 vi4 ,nature #a4 ,nature means sometimes ! 7#a7 ord9>y1 or 7#b7 ord]ly c\rse ( ?+s ap>t f ! pres5t & direct int]v5tion ( human ,w2 sometimes ! 7#c7 ord9>y or 7#d7 ord]ly c\rse ( humanity2 sometimes ! 7#e7 ord9>y or 7#f7 ord]ly c\rse ( all ?+s4 #b4 ,law ( ,nature is a metaphorical "n = a frequ5tly obs]v$ sequ5ce ( ph5om5a 7ap>t f human ,w7 imply+1 to "s m9ds1 regul>ity2 to o!rs1 absolute inv>iability4 #c4 ,miracle means a suppos$ susp5sion ( a ,sequ5ce1 or ,law1 ( ,nature2 ,m>vel1 or ,mighty ,"w1 means a r>e ,sequ5ce ( ,nature1 9 :i* great ,effects are produc$ by ,causes seem+ly1 b n really1 inadequate4 #d4 8,sup]natural0 is ! "n giv51 9 ^! lett]s1 to ! exi/5ce ( a ,god2 & to ,8 creation & cont9u\s developm5t ( all ?+s3 ! div9e action be+ reg>d$1 n z contr>y to ,nature1 b z above ,nature2 n z susp5d+ ! sequ5ces ( ,nature1 b z orig9at+ & support+ !m4 vii4 ,w ,! ,w is ! p[] ( giv+ to "s "o ( our desires1 or to "s "o gr\p ( compatible desires1 p]man5t pr$om9ance ov] ! re/4 ,an addition might be sugge/$3 8! p[] ( controll+ our desires40 ,b we appe> nev] to control our desires except by en?ron+ "s "o desire 7or gr\p ( desires7--:e!r x be ! desire to ga9 p[]1 to ru9 an enemy1 to d "r1 or to s]ve ,god4 viii4 ,att5tion ,att5tion is ! p[] by :i* we impress ^u our m9d t :i* is pres5t4 ix4 ,memory ,memory is ! p[] by :i* we reta9 or recall to our m9d t :i* is pa/4 x4 ,imag9ation ,imag9ation is ! p[] by :i* we comb9e or v>y ! m5tal images reta9$ by ,memory1 (t5 ) a view to f9d+ "s unity 9 !m2 & by :i* we are enabl$ to image =? ! future ?r\gh anticipat+ its h>mony ) ! pa/ & pres5t4 xi4 ,reason ,reason 7or1 z "s pref] to call x 9 ?is limit$ s5se1 ,und]/&+7 is ! p[] by :i* we comp>e1 &1 f our comp>isons1 draw inf]5ces or conclusions4 ,by means ( x we comp>e ! sugge/ions ( ! ,imag9ation ) ! sugge/ions ( ,exp]i5ce1 & accept or reject ! =m] 9 accordance ) ! result ( our comp>ison4 xii4 ,hope ,hope is desire1 ( :i* we imag9e ! fulfilm5t1 :ile recogniz+ ! pres5ce ( d\bt4 xiii4 ,fai? ,! foll[+ ,def9ition appe>s to me to be ! basis ( all !ology4 ,x is no m ?an an emphatic re/atem5t ( ! old say+1 8,fai? is ! assurance ( 7or giv+ sub/ance to7 ?+s hop$ =40 ,s9ce hope is b a weak] & m hesitant =m ( desire1 ! imag+ =? ( 7or giv+ sub/ance to7 ?+s e>ne/ly hop$ = mu/ imply ! vivid imag9ation ( ! fulfilm5t ( ?+s desir$4 ,fai? 7:5 n loosely us$ = ,belief7 is desire 7approv$ by ! ,consci5ce7 ( :i* we imag9e ! fulfilm5t1 :ile putt+ d\bt at a di/ance4 8,fai? 9 a fri5d0 means a desire z well z a belief--t he w d :at y ?9k he ought to d4 8,fai?0 %\ld nev] be us$ to express a belief t some?+ undesirable or wrong w happ51 e4g4 8,i h great fai? t ! boy w g wrong40 8,fai?0 9 ! uni=mity ( ,nature implies a desire t ,nature %\ld be uni=m1 & a feel+ t x is ,god's w4 ,9 mom5ts :5 we dread ! uni=mity ( ,nature we %\ld say t we h a 8conviction0 or 8expectation0 ( x1 n t we h 8fai?0 9 x4 8,putt+ d\bt at a di/ance is int5d$ to include ! diff]5t degrees ( fai?3 9 ! highe/ fai?1 ! #8di/ance' is inf9ite4 8,:5 #8fai?' is said to be #8%ak51' we may mean t1 ?\gh ! desire may rema91 d\bt is n #8put at a di/ance2' or t ! ,consci5ce no long] approves ( ! desire2 or t ! desire itself is weak5$40 xiv4 ,belief ,belief 7:5 x is n us$ = ,fai?7 means a s5se1 mix$ ) d\bt1 t ! affirmations ( our m9d w h>monize ) ,exp]i5ce4#da xv4 ,c]ta9ty1 or ,conviction ,c]ta9ty1 or ,conviction1 is a s5se1 unmix$ ) d\bt1 t ! affirmations ( our m9d w h>monize ) ,exp]i5ce4 xvi4 ,k #a4 ,absolute k1 :i* is possess$ by no man1 w\ld be an id5tity betwe5 our m5tal affirmations & ^? ( ! ,creator2 :o kn[s all ?+s 9 _! ,ess5ce & ,causes4 #b4 ,k 7relative & ord9>y7 is 7v (t57 a "n loosely giv5 to a h>mony betwe5 our m5tal affirmations & ! affirmations ( ! va/ majority ( ^? :o h 7or are ?\ght by ! majority to h7 ! be/ opportunities = obs]vation & judgem5t4 ,x might be m usefully def9$ z ^? m5tal affirmations :i* h>monize ) our nature & environm5t1 i4e4 ) our spiritual & mat]ial exp]i5ce4 xvii4 ,illusions & ,delusions ,illusions are m5tal affirmations n h>moniz+ ) imm$iate exp]i5ce1 b prep>atory = absolute k4 ,delusions are m5tal affirmations n h>moniz+ ) exp]i5ce1 nor prep>atory = absolute k4 ,footnote #da3 ,"s might pref] 8h>monize ) exp]i5ce or ) fact40 ,b 8h>mony ) fact0 c nev] be prov$3 y c only prove h>mony ) y\r exp]i5ce1 or ) ! g5]al exp]i5ce1 ( ! fact2 or ) exp]i5ce ( :at o!rs say ab\t ! fact4 ,,! ,,end ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,london ,,& ,,bungay4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,text t 0 9 bold face is enclos$ by equals signs 7bold74 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! lett]s 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4