,transcriber ,note3 ,text emphasis denoted as ,italics and ,bold4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,june #a1 #ahea4 ,,no4 #b4 ,,the ,,daguerreian ,,journal3 ,devoted to the ,daguerrian and ,photogenic ,arts4 ,also1 embracing the ,sciences1 ,arts1 and ,literature4 ,illustration ,s4 ,d4 ,,humphrey ,,and ,l4 ,l4 ,,hill1 ,,editors4 ,,new-,,york3 ,,published ,,semi-,,monthly1 ,,at #c ,,per ,,annum1 ,,in ,,advance4 ,,no4 #caa ,,broadway4 ,,subject ,,to ,,newspaper ,,postage4--,see #c;d page cover4 ,,contents4 ,some experiments and remarks on the changes which bodies are capable of undergoing in darkness1 and on the agent producing these changes1 by ,robert ,hunt1 #cc ,railroad to the ,pacific1 #ce ,experiments on the colored films formed by iodine1 bromine1 and chlorine1 upon various metals1 by ,augustus ,waller1 ,m4 ,d41 #cf ,iodine with silver and copper1 #ci ,bromine with silver and copper1 #dj ,chlorine with silver and copper1 #dj ,iodine with titanium1 #dj ,bromine with titanium1 #dj ,chlorine with titanium and copper1 #dj ,iodine with bismuth and silver1 #dj ,iodine with mercury1 #dj ,bromine with mercury and copper1 #da ,chlorine with mercury and copper1 #da ,bromine with lead1 #da ,iodine with iron1 #da ,the ,american electric telegraph1 #db ,iron pavement1 #dc ,claudet's specification1 #dd ,interesting experiment with strychnia1 #dh ,editorial--,operation of light on silver surfaces1 #di ,letter from ,l4 ,l4 ,hill1 #ej ,papers of ,s4 ,a4 ,wolcott1 #ea ,the natural colors in photography1 #eb ,our ,daguerreotypes--,butler--,e4 ,long--,l4 ,m4 ,ives--,n4 ,e4 ,sissons-- ,j4 ,d4 ,wells1 #ec ,submarine telegraph between ,england and ,france1 #ec ,action of solutions of chlorides and air on mercury1 #ee ,the heat of combinations1 #ee ,daguerreotype1 by ,john ,johnson1 #ef ,galvanized ,daguerreotype plates1 #eg ,answers to ,correspondents1 #eh ,advertisements1 #ei ,artists' ,register1 #fc 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,j4 ,,thompson1 ,,would most respectfully announce to the public1 that he has one of the best sky-lights in the ,united ,states1 and is prepared to execute ,daguerreotypes4 ,likenesses of all sizes1 put up in every style of the ,art4 ,no4 #eg ,state-street1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #bay 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,h4 ,,whitehurst',s ,,electro ,,daguerreotypes1 ,galleries1 #bjg ,baltimore ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 #gg ,main street1 ,richmond1 ,va41 ,main street1 ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,sycamore street1 ,petersburg1 ,va41 ,main street1 ,lynchburg1 ,va41 ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 ,washington city4 ,likenesses taken equally well in all weather4 #btf 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,d4 ,,wells1 ,,daguerreian ,,artist1 ,no4 #f ,kirkland's ,block1 ,main ,street2 ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,likenesses taken by a sky-light connected with a beautiful side-light4 ,pictures put up in all styles of the ,art4 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,lockets1 ,frames1 and all kinds of ,daguerreotype ,stock for sale4 #b-c 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,e4 ,,martin1 ,,excelsior ,,rooms ,jefferson ,avenue and ,odd ,fellows' ,hall1 ,detroit4 ,daguerreotype ,likenesses taken in every style of the ,art4 #bay 99 99 99 99 99 ,,harrison',s ,,cameras4 ,the attention of those about purchasing instruments1 is directed to the following recommendation from one of the oldest operators in the country1 and one who has been tried in the furnace of experience3 ,waterbury1 ,ct41 ,april #a1 #ahea4 ,c4 ,c4 ,harrison1 ,dear ,sir1--,it affords me much pleasure1 after giving the instrument ,i purchased of you last week a fair trial1 and having had eleven years experience as an operator1 to be enabled to bear testimony to the superiority of your ,cameras over all others1 not excepting those made by ,voightlander ,sohn1 for the sale of which ,i was sometime agent at ,boston4 ,yours respectfully1 ,albert ,litch1 ,formerly of the firm of ,litch ,whipple1 ,boston1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,daguerreian ,,journal4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,june #a1 #ahea4 ,no4 #b ,,some ,,experiments ,,and ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,changes ,,which ,,bodies ,,are ,,capable ,,of ,,undergoing ,,in ,,darkness1 ,,and ,,on ,,the ,,agent ,,producing ,,these ,,changes4 ,,by ,,robert ,,hunt4 ,concluded4 ,with the view of testing ,dr4 ,draper's results1 ,i carefully iodized two silver plates and exposed them to light4 ,i then placed them so that half of one plate was covered by half of the other1 and allowed them to remain in the dark #a-bdth of an inch apart for four hours4 ,on mercurialization ,i could not detect the slightest difference between the covered and uncovered portions of either of the plates4 ,another silver plate was iodized and exposed to light4 ,it was then placed in the dark wish a sensitive plate which had been carefully kept from the light1 #a-afth of an inch above it1 and a small engraving placed between them4 ,they were allowed to remain thus for six hours4 ,when exposed to the vapor of mercury1 the plate which had been subjected to the light whitened all over1 and the space occupied by the engraving was distinctly marked by lines of vapor thicker than the other parts4 ,the plate which had been preserved in the dark was scarcely at all influenced by the vapor1 except on those parts which had been touched by the supports of card-board on which it rested4 ,these were so arranged that no radiation could have influenced those parts of the plates4 ,an iodized silver plate was placed in the dark with a little fine string coiled over parts of it1 and a polished silver plate supported #a-hth of an inch above it4 ,after four hours both plates were subjected to mercurial vapor4 ,on the iodized plate the deposit of vapor was uniform1 although slight2 but on the superposed plate of silver a strong and beautiful image of the string on the under plate became visible4 ,i found that neither of the two iodized plates had lost their sensitiveness by the operations to which they had been subjected in the dark4 ,hoping to detect some evidence of the process by which these singular results were produced1 ,i instituted a series of experiments1 of which the following are some of the most interesting results4 ,a4 ,a silver plate was iodized1 a piece of card was placed upon it1 and a well-polished mercurial plate 7amalgamated copper7 was suspended #a-hth of an inch above it1 and left in this state for a night4 ,the space on the silver plate corresponding with the mercurial plate1 except under the card1 was nearly freed of its iodine1 which had evidently combined with the mercury on the upper plate4 ,on exposing the mercurial plate to the vapor of mercury the image of the card was rendered visible1 the vapor covering every part of the plate except that opposite the card4 ,the silver plate received the vapor only on those parts which were not influenced by the mercurial plate4 ,the upper plate was suspended by strings2 these were faithfully imaged on both plates2 by a thick line of mercurial vapor on the under plate1 by the absence of it in the upper one4 ,b4 ,an iodized silvered plate was exposed to light until brown1 and a mercurial plate suspended above it for twelve hours4 ,the browned silver plate was whitened1 and all the irregularities of the mercurial plate strikingly marked on it3 the mercurial plate was slightly tarnished4 ,on rubbing the silvered plate it was found that the silver was removed more readily over the whitened portion1 but had lost none of its adhesion in other parts4 ,c4 ,over an iodized silver plate1 plates of gold1 platina1 silver1 brass1 copper1 copper amalgamated1 and zinc were placed at the distance of #a-hth of an inch4 ,after three hours the amalgamated plate had made a decidedly visible impression on the silver one4 ,on exposure to vapor1 the mercury lodged on every part of the plate except that affected by the mercurial plate2 some irregularities were observed1 but none which could be decidedly traced to the other metals in juxtaposition4 ,i have some evidence that different metals near each other seriously interfere with each other's influence4 ,d4 ,a mercurial plate was iodized1 and another mercurial plate placed #a-hth of an inch above it4 ,the upper plate became covered with a bright yellow film2 and on exposing them to mercurial vapor1 marks became apparent which corresponded with those in the opposite plate4 ,e4 ,a silver plate was iodized and placed in the dark with an engraving1 face down1 upon it4 ,an amalgamated copper plate was laid on this1 and left for fifteen hours4 ,the mercurial plate was reddened1 and on exposure to the vapor of mercury1 a very nice impression of the engraving was brought out1 it having been effected through the thickness of the paper4 ,on the silvered plate the space covered by the paper was well marked2 but vaporization produced no trace of the engraving4 ,the space beyond the paper was rendered white4 ,it was curious that both plates had several spots which corresponded1 particularly two1 distinguished by a well-defined circle and a comet-like appendage1 in length ten times the diameter of the circle4 ,these spots could not be traced to anything visible in the print or either of the plates1 and must1 ,i think1 be referred to some electrical influence4 ,i find it indeed commonly the case1 that the plates1 after being subjected to these kind of experiments a few times1 become mottled1 or present on their polished faces all the appearances of a finely-grained wood1 and in this state they are less susceptible of receiving any impression than when not so4 ,f4 ,a silver plate was iodized and placed upon an engraving laid on a brightly polished mercurial plate1 and left in the dark for twenty-four hours4 ,the mercurial plate was turned brown1 and the silver plate was left in the same state as if it had been exposed to sunshine1 being brown and black4 ,neither of these plates gave a copy of the picture4 ,g4 ,a mercurial plate was iodized1 and above it was placed a plate of polished iron1 a disc of paper being first laid on the mercurial plate1 and they were left in this state for some hours4 ,on exposing the iron plate to mercurial vapor1 it was abundantly lodged over that space opposite the paper disc1 but not at all on the other parts4 ,the mercurial plate was attacked by vapor over every part but that which the paper disc protected4 ,lead and zinc plates were used instead of the iron one1 with nearly similar results4 ,h4 ,a ,daguerreotype was taken1 and without removing the iodine a mercurial plate was placed a little above it1 and left for ten hours4 ,when removed1 well-defined traces of the ,daguerreotype picture were evident on the mercurial plate1 which leads me to hope that by careful manipulation we may succeed in multiplying these beautiful productions by an easy method4 ,i became desirous of ascertaining whether the mercurial plates would produce any change upon the precipitated iodide of silver4 ,i find by many experiments1 that if the iodide of silver is pure1 no more change is produced than is produced upon it by diffused light2 but if it is rendered sensitive by a trace of the nitrate of silver1 it is then darkened as by solar influence4 ,sensitive iodide of silver being placed upon a plate of glass1 a mercurial plate was fixed #a-hth of an inch above it4 ,in three days the iodide of silver had become a deep brown1 almost a black1 and the mercurial plate was covered with the yellow iodide of mercury4 ,nitric acid dissolved the dark portion of the silver salt1 as did also ammonia1 on which was formed ,faraday's oxide of silver1 thereby proving the change1 either by a primary or a secondary process1 of the iodide into the oxide of silver4 ,this experiment has been repeated at least a dozen times1 and always with the same results4 ,if a little heap of the iodide of silver is placed under a mercurial plate1 it is exceedingly interesting to witness the gradual formation of the very beautiful colored rings on the mercury in the progress of its conversion into an iodide4 ,by prolonged action the yellow iodide passes into the bright red biniodide of mercury4 ,i have some experiments now in hand1 which convince me that similar chemical changes are to be effected through considerable spaces4 ,i have succeeded in decomposing the iodide of copper and the iodide of gold by mercurial plates placed nearly a quarter of an inch above them4 ,i have an extensive record of results similar to those ,i have now detailed1 all of them showing that the changes brought about by this mysterious agent1 whether it be heat1 light1 or an undiscovered element1 cannot be referred to those rays which the admirable researches of ,sir ,john ,herschel have shown to be the operative ones in producing the photographic phenomena which have so interested the world by their novel beauty1 and which professor ,draper includes within his general term--tithonicity4 ,with regard to the detithonizing influence of the gases mentioned by ,dr4 ,draper in his paper in your ,march number1 ,i can only consider the results1 which ,i find to be as he has stated1 as the simple reconversion of the decomposed iodide of silver into another definite chemical compound4 ,an iodized plate is exposed to light1 the iodide of silver or other sensitive salt is decomposed1 and in a state to receive mercurial vapor4 ,it is now passed through an atmosphere of iodine1 of chlorine1 of bromine1 or of nitrous gas4 ,chemists are well aware of the surprising energy with which these bodies attack the metals1 consequently the exposure of a moment is quite sufficient to convert the surface which has undergone a change1 into an iodide1 chloride1 bromite1 or nitrite of silver4 ,i certainly cannot see the necessity of going so far out of our way for an explanation of this effect as ,dr4 ,draper has done4 ,i fear ,i have already occupied too much of your valuable space1 or ,i might be inclined to trespass further4 ,i shall1 however drop my pen for the present1 again assuring you that ,i only desire to keep the image of ,truth which is just shadowing our path1 as free as possible from mists which might in any way obscure it4--,philosophical ,magazine1 #ahdc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,railroad to the ,pacific4--,forest ,shepherd1 of ,sacramento ,city1 says it is now ascertained almost beyond doubt1 that a railroad can be constructed from the ,mississippi to the ,pacific1 without crossing any mountains1 or meeting more impediment from snow than between ,albany and ,boston4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,experiments ,,on ,,the ,,colored ,,films ,,formed ,,by ,,iodine1 ,,bromine1 ,,and ,,chlorine ,,upon ,,various ,,metals4 ,,by ,,augustus ,,waller1 ,m4 ,d4 ,in a paper presented by me to the ,academy of ,sciences of ,paris1 an extract from which may be seen in the ,comptes ,rendus for ,october #e1 #ahdj1 ,i first demonstrated the error committed in ascribing to the iodide of silver alone the power of fixing the vapors of mercury1 after it had been exposed to the action of light4 ,instead of this property being exclusively confined to a film of iodide of silver1 as obtained in the process of ,m4 ,daguerre1 ,i found that it existed in many other substances when presented to the action of light in the state of thin films1 viz4 by the bromide and chloride of silver2 by the oxide1 bromide1 iodide and chloride of copper1 and some others2 all these1 however1 possessing less sensibility than the iodide of silver of ,daguerre1 and therefore less available for the reproduction of the images of the camera than the compound originally discovered by that gentleman4 ,the iodide of ,daguerre was found already too little sensitive to the influence of light in this climate1 especially when applied to the reproduction of the image of animate objects1 so that those films discovered by me seemed still less suitable to be employed for that purpose2 this objection has1 however1 been completely removed by recent improvements1 more particularly those of ,m4 ,claudet1 who effected this principally by combining the original discovery of ,daguerre with those mentioned above as having been subsequently made by myself4 ,pursuing the first stage of ,daguerre's process1 he obtained the film of iodide of silver1 and added to this another film of bromide1 either in a simple state1--as practised in my experiments published more than six months before--or after two of these substances had been combined together1 as the chloride of iodine and the bromide of iodine1 which he was the first to employ4 ,these colored films1 however1 merit attention independently of the purposes to which they may be applied in photography3 the beauty of some of the phenomena themselves is peculiarly attractive2 the numerous changes of color they undergo1 either by a variation in the thickness of the film1 or by the action of light1 assign them a place among the most curious facts of science1 and the extreme facility with which they are obtained adds to the interest they excite4 ,impressed with these ideas1 ,i was induced to pursue a train of investigation on this subject2 among the results of which1 one of the most interesting was a new method of making colored rings1 like those generally known under the name of ,newton's colored rings1 on many of the metals1 by the same chemical process as that employed for forming the films of uniform thickness in photography4 ,in order to procure these colored rings1 and at the same time to show the identity of the origin of the colors with those of the ordinary transparent films1 that is1 as residing simply in the thickness of the lamina and not dependent on the ordinary cause of color1 we have but to place a piece of iodine on a well-polished surface of silver or copper1 and in a short time we find around the iodine a series of colored zones of the various tints of the spectrum1 and approaching in a greater or less degree to the form of a circle1 according as they have been more or less disturbed in their formation by currents of the surrounding air4 ,in order that they may be perfectly regular1 as large as possible1 and with tints undisturbed by the action of light1 it is necessary to place a piece of iodine in the centre of a well-polished plate1 as before described2 this is then to be shaded by an opake screen superimposed a few lines from the surface to cause the vapors which would otherwise ascend and partially escape1 to expand over its silver surface4 ,colored rings may be formed in the same manner by bromine and chlorine and the various combinations of these bodies with each other1 except that for those that are gaseous or liquid it is requisite to pay a little attention to the manner of disengaging them on the surface of the metal1 either by passing them through a glass tube1 or by some other contrivance easy to execute4 ,these rings correspond to those formed by reflected light in ,newton's experiments1 with this difference1 however1 that in the colored films of the soap bubble1 and in those formed by the glass lenses1 the thinest film is in the centre2 whilst in these rings1 obtained by chemical action1 it exists at the circumference1 as is the case with the colored rings of ,nobili4 ,in watching the formation of these phenomena1 at first are seen two or three very small circles1 which appear almost as soon as the iodine and the metal are placed in contact with each other2 as the experiment continues1 the circumference of these circles become gradually greater2 whilst the external colors extend themselves over a great space1 those of the centre grow fainter2 red and green now only remain visible1 and these at last1 when the film has attained a certain thickness1 in their turn also give place to a dull coating of brown4 ,the formation of these rings evidently depends on the vaporization of the iodine from the solid nucleus4 ,the variety in color and extent of these zones is caused by the difference between the strength of the vapor at the centre and the circumference of the iodic atmosphere whilst expanding over so large a surface4 ,in the metal thus combining with the vapor1 we have to consider1--#a1 the force of the vapor of different distances from the centre2 #b1 the obstacle which a film of iodine1 once formed1 opposes to any further action between the iodine and the metal4 ,this experiment may be varied in different ways3 two pieces of iodine of about the same size1 placed at a small distance from each other on a silver plate1 form separate colored circles1 until these come in contact at their circumferences1 when the two systems will slowly coalesce and produce one common outline of the form of an ellipsis4 ,as the colors formed on various metals by the above-mentioned agents are very similar to one another1 it may be sufficient to examine in particular those produced on silver by iodine4 ,the external film of the iodide of silver rings1 which corresponds to the central black spot in those of ,newton1 is completely invisible1 it being impossible to perceive any difference between the parts so covered and those where the metal is intact2 but by exposing half the plate to the influence of light1 whilst the other part remains covered1 the silver is then found darkened far beyond the limits of the external gold-colored zone1 where previously the surface was perfectly clear4 ,the dark film thus rendered apparent is now liable to be rubbed off by the slightest friction1 whereas before it was very adherent to the subjacent surface4 ,the first zone is of a pale gold color1 which assumes a deeper tint as the thickness of the film increases3 the second zone is blue1 the third white3 after these appear the different colors of the spectrum in regular succession1 as in the films studied by ,newton and others1 viz4 yellow1 orange1 red1 blue green1 yellow c4 ,the presence of the golden-colored zone in the place mentioned is worthy of remark1 as in the tables of ,newton of the colors presented by films of various thicknesses1 the blue is stated as immediately following the black4 ,the same gold film is the first which appears on most metals when their surface is attacked in this manner4 ,chlorine and bromine on silver2 oxygen on steel2 chlorine and bromine on titanium1 bismuth1 c41 commence their colors in the same way4 ,copper1 however1 is in one respect an exception1 this metal first becoming of a dark red1 which increases to a ruddy brown and then changes into blue4 ,this deviation is fully accounted for by the color of the copper itself4 ,with this single particularity1 this metal undergoes the same alterations as the others4 ,the action of light on the different colors of the iodide of silver is very interesting3 the most correct way of studying this is to protect one half of a system of colored rings by an opake screen1 while the other half is exposed for a short time to the influence of the solar rays4 ,the golden zone undergoes the greatest change2 at first it grows darker1 then red1 and at length is converted into a beautiful green4 ,the blue film1 which comes next in thickness1 suffers considerable alteration in its tint1 assuming a much deeper and more brilliant shade2 the rest of the colors appear to be similarly affected by the action of light1 though to a very slight degree1 acquiring a trifling accession in their brilliancy4 ,it has already been remarked that light destroys the adherence of the external invisible film2 the same thing obtains with the second or gold-colored film1 which turns green1 but only to a certain depth of the film1 as may be proved by slightly rubbing the part thus altered2 the green color is then seen to disappear1 and beneath the pulverulent portion thus removed is found the gold color1 having almost the same appearance as before the plate had been exposed4 ,as this experiment may be repeated several times with the same results1 it shows to how inconceivably small a depth the light has acted to produce this effect4 ,to ascertain what would take place on augmenting the thickness of the portion turned green1 and the adherence of which was destroy ed1 a piece of iodine was placed on the plate so that its vapor1 by expanding1 might arrive upon the green1 at the same time the whole being kept from the light2 the result was that the additional film combined with the one already existing1 producing a blue1 being the color which would have resulted by the combination of the unaltered yellow films4 ,i have found no chemical substance possessing the power of arresting1 or in any way influencing these changes of color2 strong adds1 provided they do not attack the silver--for then1 of course1 the experiment would be destroyed1--and alkalies in concentrated solution1 allow the action of light to go on as usual4 ,the hyposulphate of soda1 and ammonia in solution have no longer the power of dissolving the green film as they had before the action of light4 ,when the plate is left still longer exposed1 after the changes above stated have taken place1 the colors become more faint1 and within the zone of green a white cloudy film is caused by the light1 which1 as it increases1 veils the spectral colors beneath4 ,the knowledge we at present possess in chemistry of the affinities with which different bodies are endowed for combining with each other is but very imperfect1 and the causes which complicate most chemical phenomena are so numerous1 that it is scarcely possible to compare any two chemical actions to each other4 ,most of the facts upon which chemical science is founded1 are acquired either by bringing the two bodies destined to act on each other into contact by dissolving them in a liquid1 or by subjecting them to a temperature more or less elevated4 ,in the first of these methods1 we are so far from being able to calculate the force of the chemical powers called into play1 that ,berthollet was induced to deny the existence of chemical power in the various phenomena of solution and precipitation of saline substances1 and according to him what is called insolubility in a body is merely the result of its strength of cohesion1 an entirely physical property4 ,when the intervention of caloric is required1 the effects are still more complicated1 as they vary according to the intensity of the heat employed1 and the time its action is exerted2 besides1 the chemical action1 when it does take place1 is frequently so instantaneous that it is impossible in our present state of science to imagine any means by which it might be measured4 ,in the combination of the three bodies1 iodine1 bromine and chlorine1 with the metals1 however1 most of these objections cease to exist1 or may be easily avoided4 ,as their vapors combine with the metallic surfaces at the ordinary temperature1 they are all of them in the same circumstances in that respect2 and if the temperature should be required more elevated1 the gasiform state of these substances1 iodine not excepted1 enables us to submit the metals to be experimented upon all at the same time to the same influence4 ,if1 therefore1 it were possible to reduce the metallic substances into fine powders the particles of which were of the same dimensions1 by acting upon them with either of these vapors1 an idea might be formed of the affinities which produce their binary compounds by the increased weight acquired by the powders in this process2 but the difference which exists in the physical properties of the various metals would preclude the possibility of any near approach to accuracy in this mode of proceeding2 but by acting on the polished metallic surfaces1 as in the preceding experiments1 all the advantages offered by the process with the powders are included1 whilst several of the difficulties are removed4 ,as the film of the compound augments1 it undergoes the various changes of color which take place in all transparent films1 thus affording a means of ascertaining the absolute thickness obtained in different circumstances1 when it would be difficult to detect the slightest difference in weight by means of the most delicate balance4 ,the depth of this coating may be ascertained when either the index of refraction of the compound itself is known1 or if the angle of polarized light is given by means of the law discovered by ,sir ,david ,brewster1 between the tangent of the angle of polarization1 and the index of refraction4 ,the most convenient way which occurred to me of performing these experiments1 was the employment of a bell-glass within which some iodine is fixed at the top2 this apparatus being placed over the metal to be acted on1 the experiment may be watched in all its progress1 and the action can be retarded or accelerated at pleasure by varying the interval of the iodine from the metal1 or by interposing at some distance from its surface a disc of paper so as to cause the vapors of iodine to pass through it4 ,bromine may be made use of likewise by pouring a few drops of it over some carded cotton1 and using it in a similar manner with the iodine4 ,in respect to chlorine1 it is most convenient to disengage it slowly by dropping a little sulphuric acid upon some chlorinated lime4 ,in illustration of the objects of this mode of experimenting1 ,i will aduce some of the results it has given me with various metals4 ,some of the experiments below were performed before ,i had the idea of watching the progress of the combination through a transparent medium2 they are therefore less exact than they might otherwise have been3 but ,i have preferred stating them as ,i had inserted them in my note-book before ,i had conceived any idea as to their probable utility in the elucidation of chemical affinity1 and when ,i intended them for other purposes1 which ,i shall hereafter explain4 ,iodine with ,silver and ,copper4 #ast change4 ,silver--pale gold4 ,copper--assumes a darker red4 ,silver--blue4 #bnd do4 ,copper--blue4 ,silver--white4 #crd do4 ,copper--white4 ,silver--yellow4 #dth do4 ,copper--yellow more extended than on the silver4 ,silver--,orange4 #eth do4 ,copper--,red4 ,silver--blue1 bluish-red4 ,copper--red1 with a tinge of green on some parts4 ,silver--greenish blue4 ,copper--red1 tinged with green4 ,silver--green4 ,copper--orange4 ,silver--yellowish green4 ,copper--orange tending to red4 ,silver--yellowish green4 ,copper--orange-red4 ,silver--red4 ,copper--dull green4 ,silver--red4 ,copper--green4 ,silver--deep green4 ,copper--dull red4 ,bromine with ,silver and ,copper4 #eth change4 ,copper--sensibly darkened4 ,silver--unchanged4 ,copper--deep red4 ,silver--unchanged4 ,copper--red1 blue4 ,silver--pale gold4 ,copper--white1 orange of the #b;d order4 ,silver--yellow4 ,copper--green of the #ast order1 red #crd order4 ,silver--blue4 ,chlorine with ,silver and ,copper4 ,the affinity of chlorine with silver is much inferior to that which it possesses for copper4 ,iodine with ,titanium4 ,iodine at the common temperature has no action upon this metal4 ,bromine with ,titanium4 ,bromine1 when the surface of this substance is perfectly dry1 has no more action upon it than iodine2 but if it have a slight coating of moisture1 as is formed by merely condensing on it the vapor of the breath1 the colored films are formed without difficulty by the vapors of bromine4 ,their appearance is the same as those of the iodide of silver1 viz4 gold1 deep gold1 blue1 white1 yellow1 orange1 red1 c4 ,chlorine with ,titanium and ,copper4 ,titanium has a stronger affinity than it has for either of the preceding vapors4 ,the combination takes place when the metallic surface is either dry or moist4 ,copper--much reddened4 ,titanium--not affected4 ,copper--passed through several of the spectral orders of red and green until it arrived at almost its last changes of colors4 ,titanium under the same action received a dull film1 which viewed obliquely showed red1 green1 yellow4 ,silver1 exposed to the same influence as the two former1 had yellow in the centre and blue more externally4 ,iodine with ,bismuth and ,silver4 ,silver--pale gold4 ,bismuth--some parts yellow1 others not attacked4 ,silver--blue1 white1 yellow-orange4 ,bismuth--blue1 yellow1 orange4 ,in the action of iodine on bismuth1 the influence of the physical condition of metallic surface is very manifest4 ,the crystaline texture of this metal may be perceived1 and the difference of its hardness admits1 to a certain point1 of being measured by the difference of the color of the films that are formed on various points2 while most parts are yellow1 there exist others of an angular outline which remain still unattacked2 the same difference is remarked in the other stages of the combination4 ,iodine with ,mercury4 ,it is impossible to estimate the affinity between mercury and iodine by means of the colored films1 because1 on combining1 these two substances merely cause a dirty white appearance on the surface of the latter4 ,their combining affinity appears to be considerable1 for when exposed together with silver the action produced with both was red at the edges1 little altered in color2 on the rest of its surface a dull white film1 in the midst of which were seen several dark spots1 where the metal was apparently unaltered4 ,bromine with ,mercury and ,copper4 #ast4 ,mercury--gold color4 ,copper slightly darkened4 #bnd4 ,mercury--blue4 ,copper dark red4 #crd4 ,mercury--green on some parts4 ,copper white4 ,after this the copper underwent its usual changes of color on prolonging the action of the vapor of bromine1 but the color of the mercury suffered no further change4 ,chlorine with ,mercury and ,copper4 ,mercury--a slight film4 ,copper no alteration of color4 ,mercury--deep gold color4 ,copper deep red on some parts1 blue on others4 ,mercury--red tinged with blue4 ,copper blue1 white4 ,mercury--blue4 ,copper same as before4 ,with respect to the bromide and chloride of mercury1 it is necessary to view them obliquely in order to perceive all the changes of color they undergo2 for if looked at perpendicularly1 there is seen on both a dull uneven film of white which reflects none of the above colors3 consequently1 to avoid any error1 the copper must be inspected under the same angle4 ,bromine with ,bismuth and ,silver4 ,silver--pale gold4 ,bismuth--not apparently changed4 ,silver--deep gold1 blue4 ,bismuth--yellow1 blue4 ,silver--blue1 yellow4 ,bismuth--dull colorless film4 ,chlorine with ,bismuth and ,silver4 ,bismuth is slowly attacked with chlorine gas1 much in the same way as with iodine and bromine in vapor4 ,bromine with ,lead4 ,at the common temperature neither bromine nor chlorine forms colored films upon this metal1 which it is very difficult besides to bring to any high state of polish on account of its softness4 ,but when lead is heated1 as over the flame of a spirit-lamp1 the vapors of bromine then form very fine colored films1 which are in succession gold1 deep blue1 c4 ,iodine with ,iron4 ,these two may be made to form colored films when combined rapidly together1 but generally a dull coating without any spectral color is obtained1 on account of the deliquescence of that salt4 ,until we know the index of refraction of the different films enumerated1 it would be impossible to give a correct table of the combining powers in the experiments that have been detailed2 nor is the table of the relative thickness of transparent plates as it has been transmitted to us by ,newton1 sufficient in the present instance1 if any great degree of precision be required4 ,besides these objections1 it is necessary before leaving this subject to pass in review several others inseparable from the mode of performing the experiments themselves4 ,the principal circumstances complicating these experiments and liable to vary in different observations1 are1-- ,first1 the hardness of the metal acted upon2 #bndly1 the obstacle opposed to the continuation of chemical action by the inert film formed upon the metal2 #crdly1 the force of the vapors that attack the metal4 ,the influence of the texture of the metallic surface on chemical action is most evident when bismuth is the metal employed4 ,here the chemical action may be seen to commence on small isolated portions of the surface1 which have already assumed a deep gold color1 before other parts are in the least changed1 from the natural appearance of the metal4 ,to determine how far this might influence the formation of the iodide of silver1 a silver coin was exposed to iodine with a piece of pure silver2 as the former was so much the harder of the two1 it was naturally supposed that the chemical action would be slower in exerting itself on it than on the latter4 ,this1 however1 was not the case1 as may be seen by the following statement of the result of the experiment3 ,silver coin--pale gold color4 ,pure silver--pale gold4 ,silver coin--deep gold4 ,pure silver--deep gold4 ,silver coin--light blue4 ,pure silver--light blue4 ,silver chin--yellow4 ,pure silver--blue1 white1 yellow not visible4 ,silver coin--yellow1 red at edges4 ,pure silver--yellow1 no red edges4 ,silver coin--red1 blue at edges4 ,pure silver--yellow1 no red apparent4 ,the intensity of the resistance offered by the different films of iodide of silver to a continuation of the chemical combination1 may be determined by noting the moment at which the various spectral tints make their appearance4 ,color of the film of iodide of silver4 ' #j #ej--;beginning to darken4 #b #j--pale gold4 #d #dj--;deep gold4 #f #dj--orange blue4 #g #cj--;blue4 #i #cj--light blue4 #aa #cj--;commencement of yellow4 #ah #cj--orange red4 #bj #ae--;blue4 #bb #ee--;deep blue4 #bd #dj--;green4 #bh #j--yellowish green4 #cj #be--ruddy brown4 #dj #aj--;green4 #df #cj--;green4 #ej #aj--red4 #ec #ae--;green4 ,by comparing the thickness of the colors with the space of time required for their production1 it will be found1 however imperfect the table given by ,newton may be when applied to this subject1 that towards the end of the experiment above given1 the chemical combination is retarded by the presence of the inert film1 and that to obtain the same thickness of film as at the commencement1 about double the time is required4 ,the third cause of error may be avoided by operating with vapors of about the same force4 ,in those described1 the average time employed in passing to the maximum was generally about half an hour2 if that were not taken into consideration1 different results might be obtained4 ,in regard to chlorine1 there exists another cause of complication--the affinity which it possesses for water2 for when disengaged in the ordinary manner1 chlorine carries with it a certain quantity of water which may very much alter the results of the experiment4--,philosophical ,magazine1 #ahdb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,american ,,electric ,,telegraph4 ,in each of the countries of ,europe where the ,electric ,telegraph is established1 viz43 ,britain1 ,france1 ,germany1 and ,russ a1 the people seem anxious to claim for one or more of their own countrymen some merit in connection with the invention4 ,the ,english speak of ,wheatstone and ,bain2 the ,french of ,le ,sage2 the ,germans of ,steinheil and ,siemen2 and the ,russians of ,schilling or ,jacobi4 ,most of these inventors have their agents or representatives in different countries1 ready on every suitable occasion to speak or write in behalf of their principal4 ,the inventor of the ,american ,electric ,telegraph has1 we believe1 no agent in ,europe2 and no person there who has any special interest in promoting the introduction of his system4 ,the adoption of it by the ,prussian government for great distances1 as decidedly the best which it could obtain1 after advertising extensively in ,europe1 is1 therefore1 the more remarkable2 and especially1 as the only knowledge which the ,prussians possess of the ,american system seems to have been derived from one imperfectly acquainted with its powers2 for we can account in no other way for the fact that ,siemen's needle apparatus is adopted for short distances2 ,morse's instruments being clearly superior to ,siemen's1 or to any other needle apparatus1 for short as ,well as for long distances2 since they are much more rapid in their motion1 and have1 besides1 the advantage of making a permanent record on paper1 instead of merely indicating to the eye by an evanescent sign4 ,no one using the telegraph in ,america1 would think of employing a needle apparatus in any of its operations4 ,in addition to the evidence of the high estimation of the ,american ,telegraph by ,europeans1 furnished by this adoption of it in ,prussia1 we learn also from an elaborate work on ,telegraphs by ,dr4 ,h4 ,schellen1 recently published in ,dusseldorf1 that it is now introduced into other countries on that continent4 ,dr4 ,s4 says3 ,of late the ,morse ,telegraphs are much used in ,europe1 viz3 in ,england2 between ,hamburg and ,cuxhaven2 between ,bremen and ,bremer-haven2 in ,prussia1 ,austria1 ,bavaria and ,hanover4 ,dr4 ,s4 might have added also that it is used in ,turkey4 ,among the advantages of the ,american ,telegraph1 ,dr4 ,s4 says1 is its quickness in making and marking the signs upon paper4 99 99 99 ,it records under the hand of a skilful operator #ajj to #abj letters1 in the same time in which the best needle telegraphs are able to indicate #bj4 ,while the superiority of the ,american ,electric ,telegraph to all others is thus acknowledged by ,europeans1 they do not seem to be aware that the date of the ,american invention is also prior in point of time to that of any of their own electric telegraphs4 ,they very naturally regard the date of the patent as the date of the invention1 because in every country in ,europe the patent is given to the person who first promulgates the invention in that country2 and it is not safe1 therefore1 in ,europe1 for an inventor to permit others to know any thing of his invention until he has patented it4 ,but in ,america1 where the law permits no one to take out a patent but the inventor1 he is perfectly safe in communicating the knowledge of what he has done1 and even in publicly exhibiting his invention1 before he takes out his patent1 provided he secures himself by a caveat1 and does not offer it for sale1 or permit it to go into common use4 ,the inventor of the ,american ,electric ,telegraph1 it is well known1 exhibited his instruments in operation in the ,n4 ,y4 ,university1 in the presence of hundreds of our citizens in ,september1 #ahcg1 and privately to his friends at various times as far back as ,november #ahce1 although his first patent was not secured until #ahch4 ,no one claims for the inventions of either ,wheatstone or ,steinheil a date prior to #ahcg2 and when ,european writers on the telegraph come to understand our laws1 and the error into which they have fallen1 by confounding the date of the ,american invention with the patent1 they will no doubt do our country the justice to admit its claims to priority as well as to superiority4--,n4 ,y4 ,observer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,iron ,pavement4--,iron is daily coming into more general use for almost every purpose4 ,a letter from ,paris1 of a late date says3 ,a new pavement1 to upset the ,macadam and other inventions of the kind1 has been proposed by ,mr4 ,tobard1 who intends paving1 in this way1 the streets and boulevards of ,paris4 ,this gentlemen has proved1 by figures1 that melting iron is only worth #aa francs in ,paris1 #g francs in ,belgium1 and #d francs by #ajj kilogrammes in ,england1 whilst the stone costs #be francs in ,london1 #ae francs in ,paris1 and #h and #aj francs in ,belgium4 ,this new mode of pavement will be grooved1 in order not to become slippery1 and it is said that the electricity occasioned by the rolling of the carriages will prevent rust4 ,here is a new field open to industry4 ,,claudet',s ,,specification4 ,sealed #bast ,november1 #ahdc4 ,we give the following as copied at the ,patent ,office in ,london4 ,many of our ,daguerreotypists have enquired of us in relation to the patents on the ,daguerreotype in ,england4 ,to ,autoine ,jean ,claudet1 of ,high ,holborn1 in the county of ,middlesex1 glass merchant1 for an invention of improvements in the process and means of obtaining the representation of objects of nature and art1--being a communication4 ,sealed #bast ,november1 #ahdc4 ,these improvements consist in rendering the ,daguerreotype picture susceptible of producing1 by printing1 a great number of proofs or copies2 thereby transforming it into a complete engraved plate4 ,the process is established on the following facts1 which have come to the knowledge of the inventor3-- #ast4 ,a mixed acid1 composed of water1 nitric acid1 nitrate of potassa1 and common salt1 in certain proportions1 being poured upon a ,daguerreotype picture1 attacks the pure silver1 forming a chloride of that metal1 and does not effect the white parts1 which are produced by the mercury2 but this action does not continue long4 ,then1 by a treatment with ammonia 7ammonia containing already chloride of silver in solution1 is preferable for this operation71 the chloride of silver is dissolved1 and washed off1 and the metal being again in its naked state1 or cleansed from the chloride1 it can be attacked afresh by the same acid4 ,this acid acts better warm than cold4 #b;d4 ,as all metallic surfaces are soon covered 7when exposed to the atmosphere7 with greasy or resinous matters1 it is necessary1 in order that the action of the acid upon the pure silver should have its full effect1 for the surface to be perfectly purified2 this is effected by the employment of alcohol and caustic potash4 #c;d4 ,when a ,daguerreotype picture is submitted to the effects of a boiling concentrated solution of caustic potash1 before being attacked by the acid1 the state of its surface is so modified that the acid spares or leaves1 in the part which it attacks1 a great number of prints1 which form the grain of the engraving4 #dth4 ,when the effects of the acid are not sufficient1 or1 in other words1 it is not bitten deep enough1 the effect is increased by the following process3--,ink the plate as copper-plate printers do1 but with a siccative ink2 when the ink is sufficiently dry1 polish the white parts of the plate1 and gild it by the electrotype process2 then wash it with warm caustic potash1 and bite it in with an acid1 which will not attack the gold1 but only the metal in those parts which having been protected by the ink1 have not received the coating of gold4 ,by these means the engraving is completed1 as by the acid alone it is not generally bitten in deep enough4 #eth4 ,to protect the plate from the effects of wear1 produced by the operation of printing1 the following process is employed3 ,the surface of the plate is covered with a thin coating of copper1 by the electrotype process1 before submitting it to the operation of printing2 and when that pellicle or coating of copper begins to show signs of wear1 it must be removed altogether1 by plunging the plate in ammonia1 or in a weak acid1 which1 by electro-chemical action1 will dissolve the copper1 without effecting the metal under it2 the plate is then coppered again1 by the same means1 and is then ready for producing a further number of impressions4 ,this re-coating operation may be repeated as many times as may be required4 ,the following is the description of the whole process1 which is divided into two parts1 consisting of a preparatory and printing process4 ,preparatory ,engraving4--,for this operation which is the most delicate1 it is necessary to have--#a4 ,a saturated solution of caustic potash4 #b4 ,pure nitric acid at #cf of the barometer of ,beaum 7spec4 grav4 #accc74 #c4 ,a solution of nitrate of potassa1 composed of #ajj parts of water1 and #e parts of nitrate1 by weight4 #d4 ,a solution of common salt1 composed of water #ajj parts1 and salt #aj parts by weight4 #e4 ,a weak solution of ammoniacal chloride of silver1 with an access of ammonia4 ,the ammoniacal chloride of silver must be diluted with #ae or #bj parts of pure water4 ,in the description of the process1 this solution will be called ammoniacal chloride of silver4 #f4 ,a weak solution of ammonia1 containing #d or #e thousandths of liquid ammonia4 ,this solution will be called ammoniacal water4 #g4 ,a weak solution of caustic potash1 containing #d or #e thousandths of the saturated solution1 which will be called alkaline water4 #h4 ,a solution composed of water #d parts1 saturated solution of potash #b parts1 alcohol #a part1 all in volume4 ,this solution will be called alcoholized potash4 #i4 ,acidulated water1 composed of water #ajj parts1 and nitric acid #b parts1 in volume4 ,besides1 it is necessary to have three capsul or dishes1 made of porcelain1 large enough to contain the plate1 and covered with an air-tight piece of ground plate glass1 and two or three more capsul1 which do not require to be covered2 two or three glass funnels1 to wash the plate2 and two or three glass holders1 in the shape of a spoon or shovel1 by which the plate is supported when put in and taken out of the solution1 without touching it with the fingers4 ,the ,daguerreotype plate is submitted to the engraving process1 after having been washed in the hyposulphate of soda1 and afterwards in distilled water4 ,first process for biting in or engraving the plate4--,the following solutions must be put in the capsul1 in sufficient quantity1 so as to entirely cover the plate3--#a4 ,acidulated water4 #b4 ,alkaline water4 #c4 ,alcoholized potash1 in covered capsul4 #d4 ,caustic potash1 in covered capsul4 #e4 ,distilled water4 ,the plate being then put upon the glass holder or spoon1 is plunged in the acidulated water1 and agitated during a few seconds1 then put into a glass funnel1 and washed with distilled water4 ,it is taken again with the glass spoon1 and plunged in the capsul containing alcoholized potash4 ,this capsul is covered with its glass cover1 and then heated1 by means of a spirit lamp1 to about #adj ,fahrenheit4 ,the plate must remain in the capsul half an hour1 during which the solution is heated now and then1 and agitated4 ,during that time the following acid solution1 which will be called nomal acid1 must be prepared3 it is composed as follows3--,water #fjj parts1 nitric acid #de parts1 solution of nitrate of potassa #ab parts1 solution of common salt #de parts4 ,these proportions are in volume4 ,the nomal acid must be poured in a capsul1 covered with its glass cover1 and a sufficient quantity must be kept in the bottle4 ,when the plate has been immersed in the alcoholized potash during half an hour1 it is taken out of the solution by means of the glass holder1 and immediately plunged in the alkaline water1 and agitated pretty strongly2 from thence it is put in distilled water 7,a74 ,this being done1 the plate is plunged in the acidulated water1 and moved about therein for a few seconds3 it is then put into the nomal acid4 ,when the plate has been immersed a few seconds in the acid1 it is taken out by means of the glass holder1 taking care to keep it as much as possible covered with the solution1 and it is immediately placed horizontally upon a stand1 and as much acid as the plate can hold is poured upon it from the bottle2 it is then heated with a spirit lamp1 but without attaining the boiling point4 ,during this operation it is better to stir or move about the acid on the plate by pumping it1 and ejecting it again1 by means of a pipette or glass syringe2 after two or three minutes the acid is thrown away1 the plate is put in the glass funnel1 and then well washed with water1 and afterwards with distilled water 7,b74 ,thus1 without letting the plate dry1 it is put upon the fingers of the left hand1 and with the right hand some ammoniacal chloride of silver1 which is moved about the surface by balancing the hand is poured upon it2 the solution is renewed until the chloride1 formed by the action of acid1 is dissolved2 the plate is then washed by pouring upon it a large quantity of ammoniacal water1 and afterwards some distilled water4 7,c47 ,without allowing the plate to dry1 it is then put in the caustic potash1 and the capsula being then placed upon the stand1 the potash is heated up to the boiling point2 it is then left to cool 7,d72 and beginning again the operations described from ,a1 to ,d1 a second biting is obtained2 and by repeating again the operations described in ,a1 and ,b1 a third biting is produced4 ,the plate is then dried2 in this state the black parts of the plate are filled with chloride of silver4 ,the plate is then polished until the white parts are perfectly pure and bright4 ,this polishing is soon done with cotton and 7'ponce'7 7pumice stone72 afterwards1 the chloride of silver1 filling the black parts1 is cleansed by the means described in ,b1 and ,c4 ,the plate is dried1 but before drying1 it is well to rub the plate slightly with the finger1 in order to take off from the black parts any remains of an insoluble body1 which generally remains on it4 ,the preparatory engraving is then finished1 and the plate has the appearance of a very delicate acquatint engraved plate1 not very deeply bitten in4 ,nevertheless1 if the operation has been well managed1 and has been successful1 it is deep enough to allow the printing of a considerable number of copies4 ,note4--,sometimes1 instead of treating the plate with the boiling potash in the capsula1 a similar result may be obtained by placing the plate upon the stand1 covering it with the solution1 and heating it by means of a spirit lamp1 until1 by evaporation the potash becomes in a state of ignited fusion4 ,by this means the grain is finer1 but the white parts are more liable to be attacked4 ,last operation of biting in3 ,this operation requires some of the re-agents1 before-named1 and also1 #a4 ,a siccative ink1 made of linseed oil1 rendered very siccative by boiling it sufficiently with litharge2 it may be thickened with calcined lampblack4 #b4 ,an electrotype apparatus1 and some solutions of it to gild1 and copper the plate4 ,means of operating3 ,the plate must be inked as copper-plate printers do1 taking care to clean off the white parts more perfectly than usual2 the plate is then to be placed in a room sufficiently warm1 until the ink is well dried1 which requires more or less time1 according to the nature of the oil employed4 ,the drying of the oil may be hastened by heating the plate upon the stand with the lamp1 but the slow process is more perfect and certain4 ,when the ink is well dried1 the white parts are cleaned again1 by polishing the plate with cotton and ponce1 or any other polishing powder2 a ball of cotton1 or any other matter covered over with a thin piece of caoutchouc or skin1 can be used for this purpose4 ,when polished the plate is ready to receive the electro-chemical coating of gold1 which will protect the white parts4 ,gilding4--,the gilding is obtained by any of the various processes of electrotyping that are known4 ,the only indispensable condition is1 that the surface obtained by the precipitation must not be liable to be attacked by the weak acid2 a solution answering this purpose is made of #aj parts1 7by weight71 of ferocganide of potassium2 #a part of chloride of gold1 and #a1jjj parts of water1 used with a galvanic battery4 ,during the gilding the plate must be turned in several positions1 in order to regulate the metallic deposit4 ,in some cases the gilding may be made more perfect1 if the plate is covered with a thin coating of mercury before putting in the gilding solution4 ,when the plate is gilded1 it must be heated with the boiling caustic potash1 by the process already indicated for the preparatory engraving1 in order to cleanse it from all the dried oil or ink1 which fills the hollow4 ,the plate is then washed and dried1 and when the oil employed has been thickened with the lampblack1 the surface of the plate is rubbed with crumbs of bread1 in order to cleanse and take off the black remaining2 then1 the white parts being covered and protected by varnish not liable to be attacked1 and the black parts being uncovered and clean1 the plate can be bitten in by aqua-fortis1 according to the ordinary process used by engravers4 ,this operation must be used upon the stand1 and not by immersing the plate in the solution4 ,before this biting in1 if the preparatory engraving has not succeeded well1 and the plate still wants a sufficient grain1 it can be given by the various processes of aquatint engraving4 ,before submitting the plate to the operation of printing1 in order to insure an unlimited number of copies1 it is necessary1 as before stated1 to protect it by a slight coating of copper1 which is obtained by the electrotype process2 otherwise the printing would soon wear the plate4 ,this coating must be kept very thin1 but the fineness of the engraving1 and the polish of the white parts1 should be destroyed4 ,in this state the plate can be delivered to the printer4 ,after a certain number of impressions have been obtained1 it will be perceived that the coating of copper is worn in some places2 then this coating must be removed1 and a fresh one applied in its place4 ,for this purpose1 the plate must be purified and cleansed by warm potash1 and plunged in a weak acid1 composed as follows3--,water1 #fjj parts2 nitric acid1 #ej parts2 nitrous acid of engravers1 #e parts2 all in volume4 ,this acid will dissolve the coating of copper1 and the plate being coppered again1 by the same means as before1 may be again submitted to the operation of printing2 and as nothing can prevent the success of a repetition of the same operation1 any number of impressions may be obtained4 ,the coating of copper can also be removed by caustic ammonia4 ,the ,daguerreotype plate engraved by this process1 may also be reproduced and multiplied by the electrotype process1 the same as any other engraved plate4 ,the essential points of this process1 which constitute the present invention1 consist1-- ,first1--in the discovery and employment of certain properties of a mixture composed of nitric acid1 nitrous acid1 and hydrochloric acid1 in detrimental or fixed proportions4 ,the two last mentioned acids may be employed either in a free state1 or combined with alkaline or other bases4 ,this mixed acid has the property of biting the pure silver1 which forms the black parts of the ,daguerreotype picture1 without attacking the white parts formed by the amalgam of mercury4 ,the result of the action of the biting is1 to form on the black part of the picture an insoluble chloride of silver2 and this chloride of silver1 which1 when formed1 stops the action of the acid1 is dissolved by the ammonia1 which allows the biting to continue4 ,secondly1--,in the discovery of certain properties of a warm solution of caustic potash1 and in the employment of the said solution1 by which the mercury forming the picture is better and deeper amalgamated with the silver under it1 so that many imperceptible points of the amalgam are affected in such a manner that the action has no action upon them4 ,thirdly1--,in the discovery and employment of a process which produces a grain favourable to the engraving1 by which the biting on the plate is rendered deeper4 ,this is effected by filling the parts engraved with a siccative ink1 or any other substance1 and then gilding the plate by the electrotype process3 the gold is not deposited on the parts protected by the ink4 ,when the plate is gilded1 the ink is cleansed by the caustic potash1 and the plate may be submitted to the effect of an acid1 which does not attack the coating of gold1 but bites only on the silver in the parts already engraved by the first operation4 ,fourthly1--,in the employment of a process by which the plate is protected from the wear of the printing operation4 ,this is effected by covering the plate before printing1 with a slight coating of copper2 by the electrotype process1 and when the coating begins to wear1 by printing1 it is removed by a weak acid or by ammonia1 which dissolves the copper without effecting the silver under it4 ,the plate is coppered again1 and after another printing1 the same operation is repeated1 so that a considerable number of copies may be printed without injury to the engraving4 ,enrolled in the ,pitty ,bag ,office1 ,may1 #ahdd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,interesting ,,experiment ,,with ,,strychnia4 ,an interesting experiment1 illustrative of the poisonous effects of strychnia1 was recently made by ,professor ,agassiz1 at ,cambridge4 ,the subject was a large black bear1 about eighteen months old4 ,the animal was taken when young1 and had been kept in captivity for a considerable period4 ,professor ,agassiz being desirous of killing it for the purpose of dissection1 about three grains of strychnia were administered4 ,the poison1 though extremely bitter was readily swallowed4 ,at the expiration of ten minutes1 no effect having been produced1 a second dose of about the same quantity was also inclosed in a biscuit and offered4 ,the cunning animal broke open and swallowed the biscuit1 but rejected the poison4 ,the first portion1 however1 had proved efficacious1 and in exactly fifteen minutes from the time when first administered1 the animal was seized with terrible convulsions1 and soon died4 ,the whole time which elapsed between the taking of the poison and the death of the animal1 did not exceed twenty-five minutes4 ,in order to alleviate its sufferings and hasten death1 a quantity of hydrocyanic acid was poured upon the nose and mouth of the bear4 ,it did not1 however1 produce any sensible effect1 and was not apparently taken into the system1 as the animal at the time was nearly dead4 ,but the subsequent effects of the poison were most remarkable4 ,although the bear1 at the time of death1 was in perfect health and strength1 twenty-four hours had not elapsed before the body was in an advanced stage of decomposition4 ,indeed the appearances indicated that the animal had been dead for nearly two months4 ,the interior of the body1 when opened about twenty hours after death1 still retained its warmth in a considerable degree1 while an offensive gas issued from every pore4 ,the blood had not coagulated1 the spinal marrow and nerves were in a semi-fluid state1 and the flesh had assumed a leaden-gray color4 ,the hair of the hide readily came out on being slightly pulled4 ,no smell of the hydrocyanic acid could be perceived4 ,the origin of this singular and speedy decomposition is not fully known1 though it is supposed to be due to the agency of the hydrocyanic acid4 ,a chemical examination of the muscle1 brain1 nerves1 liver and kidneys is now going on at the ,cambridge laboratory1 under the direction of ,professor ,horsford4 ,one singular fact connected with the spontaneous decomposition of these parts is1 that they all yielded or disengaged hydrosulphuric acid gas1 with the exception of the liver1 which did not4--,annual of ,scientific ,discovery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notice4 ,a few copies only of ,volume ,i4 of the ,daguerreian ,journal can be had by applying at this office4 ,price three dollars4 ,this is the most complete work ever published on the ,daguerreian ,art4 ,orders addressed to the publisher of this ,journal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,daguerreian ,,journal ,,new ,,york1 ,,june #a1 #ahea4 ,the metal which the ,daguerreotypists have most to deal with is silver4 ,to obtain plates of this perfectly clean and keep them so is one of the most difficult parts of his art2 in order to accomplish it he is obliged to have resource to circuitous mechanical processes1 or to some chemical means whereby the old surface may be removed1 or a new surface deposited4 ,he uses tripoli and rotten stone1 rouge and buffing1 fatty matters1 alcohol1 ammonia1 and nitric acid1 for the first purpose2 and electro-plating for the second4 ,the operator must not mistake the object he has in view4 ,by all his mechanical operations1 where friction is concerned1 he obtains a polished surface2 but it is not to polish the plate that he uses the buff1 and the other materials2 the object is to clean the plate1 and the polish of the surface follows as a natural result4 ,that a polished surface is not necessary for the formation of an image is evident from photography on paper1 and ,hyalotype4 ,in these cases the surfaces do not reflect light2 they are not polished2 they are merely clean4 ,the fact of a plate freshly taken out of a cell where silver has been deposited on it receiving beautiful images1 is another proof that polish is unnecessary for success4 ,what is wanted is a surface of pure silver1 one not coated with the slightest trace of oxide1 carbonate1 or sulphuret of silver1 or with any impurity derived by contact with foreign matter4 ,the ,daguerreotypist has1 then1 two objects in view4--#ast1 to get a clean surface on his plate2 and #bnd1 this once obtained1 to keep it so without further alteration4 ,although silver is classed with gold and platinum1 as one of those metals which do not tarnish or oxidize readily on exposure to the air1 yet it is now well known in practice what a difference exists in the character of the picture brought out on a plate recently polished and one set aside even for a few hours4 ,it is true that the atmosphere alone will not affect or oxidize a plate of polished silver1 but that is only true of a very dry atmosphere2 for an atmosphere which contains even a small amount of moisture in it1 will in a short time dull the surface of the plate4 ,in this instance the moisture is deposited first1 and brings the air into closer contact with the surface of the metal1 promoting the union of the latter with the oxygen of the air4 ,this is exemplified every day in the case of iron1 which does not rust in dry weather1 but when the air begins to deposit its moisture it rapidly oxydizes4 ,so is it with lead and zinc1 but in a less degree4 ,pure water has no effect in tarnishing the surface of a silver plate1 but if it contains even a very small quantity of animal or vegetable matter it darkens the surface in consequence of the presence of sulphur4 ,the ordinary tarnish of silver is due to the fastening upon the surface of sulfurous vapors1 which are constantly floating in the air4 ,we are scarcely yet in possession of sufficient facts to justify the statement that sun-light materially aids in this alteration4 ,we do know that oxidizement in any substance goes on much more rapidly in sunshine than under any other circumstances4 ,in the vegetable kingdom it is of hourly occurrence2 but the different effects of shade and shine upon the oxidizement of plates of metal has not been minutely studied4 ,however this may be1 after a time the silver surface does get coated with a film1 of partly sulphuret1 partly oxide1 and a complete layer of air1 which so closely attaches itself to the plate that water when poured on it rolls off and does not wet the surface4 ,it is this film1 of air which mechanical friction and bulling are so serviceable in removing4 ,the tarnish of a sulphuret is not so readily removed by friction as by ammonia1 for the sulphuret of silver is1 to some extent1 soluble in ammonia2 but as the sulphuret when present gives a yellowish brown tint to the surface1 it is only then that it is needful1 and even a weak solution of commom salt or hydrodate of potash cleans the surface much quicker4 ,as nitric acid is the best solvent of silver1 so is it the best agent to remove films of oxide and carbonate from the surface2 it does so readily1 effectually1 and leaves a clean new surface of silver1 similar to a plate newly prepared1 or one which has received a new coating in the electrotype cell4 ,the acid1 however1 must be very much diluted1 otherwise its local action is so immediate as to eat down the surface of the plate faster than it spreads1 producing inequalities1--even when left long on1 although diluted1 it produces roughness2 hence its use has not been happy in many hands4 ,to such1 the longer1 but less failing processes of mechanical action are to be recommended in preference4 99 99 99 99 99 ,friend ,humphrey3-- ,i have thought for some time past that ,i would furnish a few thoughts for the ,daguerreian ,journal1 under the head of ,general ,rumors4 ,a fear of injuring the ,daguerreian business1 by giving an additional publicity to my discovery1 for the present has kept me from this1 as well as from furnishing several other articles4 ,a very few persons 7for the honor of humanity1 ,i am glad the number is small7 have made statements which reflect seriously upon the integrity and motives of myself and friends4 ,by means of certain legal processes1 of which ,i am not wholly ignorant1 ,i could do these gentry more simple justice than by dignifying them by a notice in our ,journal1 yet ,i bear them no ill will1 and for the present shall act on the principle that it is better to suffer wrong than to engage in a quarrel1 especially with men who have so little regard for the feelings and reputation of their fellows1 as to condemn1 denounce1 and accuse1 without discrimination1 and without the slightest knowledge of facts4 ,the head and front of my offending is this--that ,i have1 by dint of unwearied pains and perseverance1 succeeded in imprinting the colors of nature1 in all their inimitable glory1 upon the metallic surface4 ,the process1 when brought out1 it is believed1 by the best of judges1 will be an astonishment to1 the world1 and a delight to our nation2 and ,i have felt1 from the first1 that ,i am but an instrument in the hands of the ,almighty1 and am therefore bound in duty1 as well as by inclination1 to dispose of the secret in a way to accomplish the greatest amount of good4 ,in this spirit ,i have frequently published my unalterable resolve that my process shall never be monopolized1 or used for the purposes of extortion4 ,if ,i had no other reason for this course1 the fact that there are great numbers of worthy persons engaged in our art1 who1 like myself1 are poor1 this would be sufficient4 ,various plans have been suggested to me1 for the best possible method of disposing of my discovery4 ,numerous gentlemen of high standing1 have honored me with personal intercourse and friendly advice4 ,i have even suffered the claims of courtesy to interfere with my experiments1 and1 ,i believe ,i have the good will and confidence of those who have honored me with their visits2 but ,i have never swerved from my original determination1 and have given no person the slightest reason to think otherwise4 ,in view of these facts1 it is not strange that ,i should feel annoyed at the various rumors to which ,i refer1 and some of the intimations which have been thrown out1 ,i feel are but poor pay for my having nearly1 if not quite1 ruined my health1 by laboring from morn till midnight for the good of others4 ,more especially have ,i been grieved that some of my best friends1 and the best friends of the fraternity1 should be accused of having outwitted me1 and drawn me into obligations to them which would compel me to pursue a grasping course4 ,now1 it is true that certain gentlemen have1 from the most honorable motives1 made me very liberal offers of aid1 and it is also true that my mind is about settled in regard to the parties with whom ,i shall act2 but it is not true that ,i am under obligations to give notoriety to my business affairs1 and it is certain that ,i shall not do so until ,i see fit4 ,neither is there the least foundation for the assertion that ,i am committed to any person4 ,there confidence in me is not based on paper1 but on a much surer foundation4 ,the process which ,i have been so fortunate as to discover1 is my property4 ,no man on earth has any claim1 upon it1 and ,i have a perfect right to dispose of it as ,i please1 in case ,i do not interfere with the rights of others4 ,this1 ,i think1 is the philosophy of ,professor ,morse1 so admirably and clearly expressed in the last number of the ,journal4 ,this distinguished man recently favored me with a visit1 and1 in the course of the interview1 shed much light on this subject for which ,i feel truly thankful4 ,my intention has been1 and is1 to do right1 and ,i believe the majority approve of the course ,i have pursued thus far4 ,the many marks of approbation ,i have received from eminent men1 both in this profession and others1 is truly encouraging to me in my poor health and arduous labors1 and will never be forgotten4 ,those who seem to possess a different spirit1 and who have apparently endeavored to hedge up my way by means of rumors1 new discoveries1 threats1 c41 have my forgiveness1 and ,i trust that1 in future1 if they are not disposed to aid1 they will do nothing to hinder me4 ,the brotherhood have nobly aided me1 by purchasing my book4 ,my sales are exceeding my most sanguine expectations1 and are placing me on a footing to make me feel that ,i am free4 ,all may be assured that ,i shall not use my freedom as a cloak1 but to serve their interests1 of which both myself and friends hope to give them full proof hereafter4 ,now that ,i have been compelled to close my doors against visitors1 ,i would state that ,i am doing my utmost to bring out my process in a short time1 and ,i will hereafter give1 in the ,daguerreian ,journal1 such notices of my success as will meet the wishes of the public1 as well as the interest of our fraternity1 ,i am yours c41 ,l4 ,l4 ,hill4 ,westkill1 ,greene ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 ,may #cj1 #ahea4 ,hand ,the foregoing letter was addressed to me privately1 and as it contains some of ,mr4 ,hill's views in relation to the various rumors afloat1 ,i have thought it best to insert it for the public4 ,s4 ,d4 ,h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we take pleasure in saying to our friends that1 through the kindness of ,john ,johnson1 ,esq41 of this city1 we have received many of the valuable letters and papers written by ,mr4 ,s4 ,a4 ,wolcott1 a former partner of the first named gentleman4 ,mr4 ,w4 is well and favorably known as one of our early and most successful investigators in the ,photogenic ,art4 ,many of the most valuable improvements had their origin in his hands4 ,we were surprised to find so great an amount of information as is here presented4 ,our ,daguerreotypists of the present day may consider themselves fortunate1 when looking back upon the difficulties experienced by those early engaged in putting a shadow on the silver plate4 ,we find here many a mystery unravelled1 and set forth in a light heretofore unexplained4 ,as these letters1 written by ,mr4 ,w4 to his partner1 ,mr4 ,j41 7at the time they were written7 were many of them confidential1 and some few contain business matter of a foreign character1 it will require some little time to prepare them for the press in the order in which they were written4 ,we shall make no alteration in the manuscript1 and exclude such matter only as relates to business of a foreign character4 ,they present a team of investigation and research worthy the first in the scientific circle4 ,we would here take occasion to speak of a curious specimen of our art1 which we saw while recently spending an evening with ,mr4 ,johnson4 ,this specimen is a profile view of a gentleman1 and if not the first likeness from life1 it is said to claim age with the oldest ,daguerreotype ever produced1 and is no less interesting for its antiquity than for its size1 it being on a plate less than one quarter of an inch square4 ,to produce an impression on such a plate it would require the superior skill of the most successful operator of the present day4 ,the outline is distinctly marked1 the features remarkably well delineated1 being in fact1 one of the most interesting curiosities we have ever witnessed4 ,the plate is cemented by means of ,canada ,balsam to a piece of plate glass about three-fourths of an inch square1 and thus it has been preserved in its present state4 ,we saw many other specimens of ,daguerreian antiquity1 but as we intend to speak more fully of our evening visit at ,mr4 ,johnson's1 we will defer further notice for the present4 ,we would here say to such as may have ,mr4 ,walcott's letters relative to the art1 that we would consider ourselves especially favored if we could be allowed the perusal of them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,natural ,,colors ,,in ,,photography4 ,the subscriber begs to request those interested in the above discovery not to visit him until further notice1 which will be given in the ,daguerreian ,journal4 ,it is absolutely essential that he should have his time1 and be left undisturbed4 ,stern necessity1 arising from the fact that ,i can never complete my process if disturbed as hitherto1 compels me to say both to friends and strangers1 that my doors are locked1 and will continue to be until ,i have completed my experiments4 ,as this notice is given with a regard to the general good1 it is presumed no offence will be taken4 ,l4 ,l4 ,hill4 ,westkill1 ,green ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 ,may #be1 #ahea4 ,editors by inserting the above in their papers will confer a favor1 and save many from spending their time and money to no purpose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,our ,,daguerreotypes4 ,butler1 of this city1 is now producing fine likenesses in oil4 ,this gentlemen calls these pictures ,daguerreotypes in ,oil4 ,we never have seen better likenesses transferred from a ,daguerreotype1 and in an economical point of view1 they are the best oil paintings that can be had4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e4 ,long1 of ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,in our last1 we spoke of ,h4 ,h4 ,long as the gentleman who had produced likenesses of ,jenny ,lind4 ,this was incorrect2 we should have said ,e4 ,long4 ,however1 they both are a long ways from taking poor ,daguerreotypes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l4 ,m4 ,ives1 of ,boston1 will please pardon us 7or rather our printer7 for the mistake in the ,journal in his name and locality4 ,mr4 ,i4 being himself a sure operator1 will certainly pardon a failure in others4 ,we will endeavor to do better in future4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n4 ,e4 ,sissons1 of ,albany4 ,this gentleman has completed an extensive addition to his former establishment4 ,w e find here one of the most substantial proofs that close application and honorable dealing are awarded by success4 ,mr4 ,s4 has now five rooms--one for reception1 a gallery or operating room1 and three stock rooms4 ,it is highly gratifying to his friends to learn of his success1 and we predict for him a large and profitable business4 ,we have ordered one of ,c4 ,c4 ,harrison's best full sized camera tubes1 and one of ,w4 ,w4 ,h4 ,lewis' camera boxes1 which will be forwarded to ,mr4 ,s41 he being entitled to it from the fact that he has obtained for us the largest list of subscribers4 ,he is a practical operator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,d4 ,wells1 ,northampton1 ,mass41 has recently fitted up a large establishment in that place4 ,mr4 ,w4 is an old an experienced operator1 and has five rooms in his establishment1 a very fine sky and side light1 and is prepared to execute such likenesses as will please the inhabitants of that beautiful village in the valley of the ,connecticut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,submarine ,,telegraph ,,between ,,england ,,and ,,france4 ,the project of constructing a submarine telegraph between ,england and ,france1 across the ,straits of ,dover1 first announced during the year #acdi1;,a has been in part accomplished4 ,the following description of the laying down of the wire1 we copy from an ,english ,journal3-- ,footnote ,a3 ,see ,annual of ,scientific ,discovery1 #ahej1 page #abh4 ,at one o'clock the steamer ,goliath was ready to start across the ,channel1 with all the necessary apparatus on board1 and a crew of about thirty men4 ,between the paddle-wheels1 in the centre of the vessel1 was a gigantic drum1 or wheel1 nearly fifteen feet long and seven feet in diameter1 weighing seven tons1 and fixed on a strong framework4 ,upon it was coiled up1 in careful1 close convulsions1 about thirty miles of telegraphic wire1 one-tenth of an inch in diameter1 incased in a covering of gutta-percha1 the thickness of the little finger4 ,the point proposed to be reached1 ,cape ,grinez1 the nearest landmark to the ,english coast1 and between ,calais and ,boulogne1 is a distance of twenty-one miles1 so that a surplus supply of nine miles of wire was held in reserve for the purpose of slackening4 ,the connecting wires were placed in readiness at the ,government pier in the harbor1 and likewise at the ,cape1 where they run up the face of the acclivity1 which is #aid feet above the sea-mark4 ,some interesting experiments were first made upon a small scale to show the practicability of the plan4 ,a mile of wire was paid out off the deck1 from the pier to ,shakspeare's ,cliff1 and the sinking process was proved to be a practicable performance4 ,a communication was also sent through twenty four miles of wire4 ,on ,wednesday morning the experiment of sinking submarinely was practically commenced4 ,the ,goliath put out to the pier1 with her telegraphic tackle and apparatus on board1 under a calm sea and sky and a favoring wind4 ,the connection between the thirty miles of telegraphic wire was then made good to #cjj yards of the same wire inclosed in a leaden tube on shore1 to prevent it being bruised by the shingle on the beach1 and to enable the experimenters1 as they proceeded out to sea1 to send communications on shore4 ,the vessel steamed out at the rate of three or four miles an hour into the open sea1 in a direct track for ,cape ,grinez4 ,the wire weighed five tons and the cylinder two4 ,the operation of paying out the thirty miles of wire commenced on a signal to the sailors to ,go-ahead with the wheel1 and pay out the wire1 which was continuously streamed out over a roller at the stern of the vessel1 the men at every #afth of a mile being busily engaged in riveting on to the wire1 square leaden clamps1 or weights of iron1 from #ad lbs4 to #bd lbs4 in weight1 which had the effect of sinking the wire to the bottom1 which1 on the ,english coast commences at a depth of #cj feet1 and goes on varying from that to #ajj and #ahj feet1 which latter1 or #cj fathoms1 is the greatest depth4 ,the whole of the casting out and sinking was accomplished with great precision and success1 owing to the favorable state of the day4 ,the only conjectured difficulty on the route was at a point in midchannel1 called the ,ridge1 between which and another inequality called the ,varne1 both well known and dreaded by navigators1 there is a deep submarine valley1 surrounded by shifting sands1 the one being seventeen miles in length1 and the other twelve1 and in their vortex1 not unlike the voracious one of ,godwin ,sands1 ships encounter danger and lose their anchors1 and trolling nets of fishermen are frequently lost4 ,over this1 however1 the wire was successfully submerged1 below the reach1 it is believed1 of either ship's anchors1 sea-animals1 or fishing nets4 ,the remainder of the route1 though rougher on approaching the coast of ,france1 was accomplished cleverly1 but slowly4 ,a communication1 dated ,cape ,grinez1 ,coast of ,france1 half past eight1 ,p4 ,m41 and received at ,dover by submarine telegraph1 was as follows3--,the ,goliath has just arrived in safety1 and the complete connection of the under-water wire with that left at ,dover this morning is being run up the face of the cliff2 complimentary interchanges are passing between ,france and ,england1 under the strait and through it1 for the first time4 ,notwithstanding this apparently successful result of the work1 the line was cut asunder soon after the connection was completed on the rocks near ,cape ,grinez1 the physical configuration of the ,french coast being very unfavorable4 ,the precise point where the breakage took place was about two hundred yards out to sea1 just where the twenty miles of electric line that had been laid down from ,dover joins on to a leaden tube designed to protect it from the surge beating against the beach1 and which also serves a similar purpose up the front of the cliff to the station upon the top4 ,the leaden conductor1 it would appear1 was of too soft a texture to resist the oscillation of the sea1 and thereby became detached from the coil of gutta-percha wire that was thought to have been safely encased in it4 ,the occurrence was1 of course1 quickly detected by the sudden cessation of the series of communications1 though it was at first a perplexing point to discover at what precise spot the wire was broken or at fault4 ,this1 however1 was done by hauling up the line at intervals1 a process which disclosed the gratifying fact1 that1 since its first sinking1 it had remained in situ at the bottom of the sea1 inconsequence of the leaden weights or clamps that were strung to it at every sixteenth of a mile4 ,the experiment1 as far as it has gone1 proves the possibility of the gutta percha wire resisting the action of the salt water1 of the fact of its being a perfect waterproof insulator1 and that the weights on the wire are sufficient to prevent it being drifted away by the currents1 and for sinking it in the sands4 ,the work at present has been suspended1 but will be resumed again during the spring of #ahea2 a somewhat different plan1 however1 has been proposed to be followed from that at first adopted4 ,instead of one slender wire1 it is intended to lay down cables inclosing four lines4 ,these cables will be composed of gutta-percha1 four or five inches in thickness1 the whole encased in wire rope1 chemically prepared1 to protect it from rot1 and kyanized4 ,there will be two of these cables1 each twenty miles long1 and three miles apart1 the whole weight representing #djj tons2 and it is expected1 when chained down in the bottom of the sea1 they will be of sufficient consistency and strength to resist the anchor of a #abj-;gun ship4 ,the expense of the cables is estimated at #dj1jjj4 ,it is thought that the whole work may be accomplished by ,may1 #ahea4--;,annual of ,scientific ,discovery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,action ,,of ,,solutions ,,of ,,chlorides ,,and ,,air ,,on ,,mercury4 ,we have given in previous ,numbers the results of ,m4 ,mialhe's experiments on the action of chlorides on some mercurial compounds1 and he states that he had nearly concluded his experiments when it occurred to him to try whether mercury itself would not be acted upon by this class of substances4 ,experiment1 he states1 confirmed his suspicions1 for he found that the solutions of the alkaline chlorides put into contact with mercury and atmospheric air always produced bichloride of mercury1 the quantity of which was greater in proportion to the concentration of the solution of the chloride1 and the more perfect state of division of the metal1 but no effect is produced unless oxygen1 that of the air being sufficient1 is present4 #ast ,experiment4--,mercury treated with the solution of alkaline chlorides 7described in our last ,number as the assay liquor 71 gave by stove heat #jd part of sublimate4 #bnd ,experiment4--,the above repeated with the mercury finely divided by mucilage1 yielded #jg part of sublimate4 ,the researches already detailed sufficiently prove1 in the opinion of ,m4 ,mialhe1 that the decomposing power of the alkaline chlorides is great1 but they do not teach us anything as to their relative energy4 ,the following experiments will supply this deficiency4 ,hydrochlorate of ,ammonia4--,one hundred and twenty parts of hydrochlorate of ammonia and #cj parts of calomel were placed in an open bottle containg #ajjj parts of distilled water1 the temperature of which was gradually raised to #abb ,fahr41 and kept for half an hour2 the sublimate produced amounted to #ji of a part4 ,the experiment repeated with the following salts gave the annexed quantities of sublimate3-- ,chloride of ,sodium1 #jd of a part4 ,chloride of ,barium1 #jd ,chloride of ,potassium1 #jc ,it results from these experiments that the hydrochlorate of ammonia is the most powerful of these four salts4 ,in concluding his experiments1 ,m4 ,mialhe remarks that the reactions which he has pointed out take place at common temperatures1 but better at the temperature of the human body4 ,all of them are produced in a short time1 and some occur instantaneously1 the greater part requiring only a few hours' contact for action4 ,as then the different fluids contained in the human body contain oxygen1 chloride of sodium1 and hydrochlorate of ammonia1 accompanied or not with hydrochloric and other acids which may facilitate their action1 it follows that all the chemical phenomena produced under the circumstances described1 occur in the human body when any mercurial preparation whatever is introduced into it2 these always produce a certain quantity of corrosive sublimate in which their medicinal properties reside2 and this fact explains1 in the opinion of ,m4 ,mialhe1 the hitherto unexplained physiological action and therapeutic properties of metallic mercury when introduced into the animal economy4--,ann4 de ,chim4 et de ,phys41 ,juin #ahdb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,heat ,,of ,,combinations4 ,every molecular change in the condition of matter is almost invariably connected with the evolution or absorption of heat1 and the quantity of heat thus set free or absorbed bears always a definite relation to the amount of the mechanical or chemical action4 ,to ascertain this relation has been the object of my investigations1 and the following are a few of my principal results4 #a4 ,the solution of a salt in water is always accompanied by an absorption of heat4 #b4 ,if equal weights of the same salt be dissolved in succession in the same liquid1 the heat absorbed will be less on each new addition of salt4 #c4 ,the heat absorbed by the solution of a salt in water holding other salts dissolved is generally less than that absorbed by its solution in water4 #d4 ,the heat absorbed by the solution of a salt in the dilute mineral acids is generally greater than that absorbed by its solution in water4 ,in reference to the combination of acids and bases1 the heat developed during the union is determined by the base1 and not by the acid4 ,an equivalent of the same base combined with different acids produces nearly the same quantity of heat4 ,when a neutral salt is converted into an acid salt by combining with one or more equivalents of acids1 no disengagement of heat occurs4 ,when a double salt is formed by the union of two neutral salts1 the same is the case1 but when a neutral salt is converted into a basic salt1 there is a disengagement of heat4 ,when solutions of two neutral salts are mixed1 and a precipitate formed from their mutual decomposition1 there is always a disengagement of heat1 which1 though small1 is perfectly definite in amount4 ,the diamond disengages #g1hbd units of heat during its combustion in oxygen gas1 in the form of graphite1 #g1ggh units1 and in that of wood charcoal1 #h1jhj4--;,dr4 ,andrews before the ,british ,association at ,birmingham4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following papers have been furnished us by ,mr4 ,pirsson1 one of the former editors of the ,eureka1 they having been previously published in that ,journal2 for the cuts1 which will appear in our next number1 we are indebted to ,mr4 ,starr1 one of the present editors of the ,farmer and ,mechanic1 and formerly publisher of the ,eureka4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreotype4 ,,by ,,john ,,johnson4 ,as a general thing1 however perfect any invention may be deemed by the inventor or discoverer1 it falls to the lot of most1 to be the subject of improvement and advancement1 and especially is this the case with those new projects in science which open an untrodden field to the view of the artizan4 ,such has been in an eminent degree1 the case with the discovery first announced to the world by ,mons4 ,jean ,jacques ,claude ,daguerre1 of ,paris1 in the year #ahci1 and which excited unbounded astonishment1 curiosity and surprise4 ,it may be questioned had any other than ,daguerre himself discovered a like beautiful combination1 whether the world would have been favored with details exhibiting so much care1 patience and perseverance as the ,daguerreotype on its introduction4 ,shortly after these details reached the ,united ,states1 by ,professor ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 of ,new ,york1 who was1 at the time of the discovery1 residing in ,paris4 ,by this announcement1 the whole scientific corps was set in operation1 many repeating the experiments1 following carefully the directions pointed out by ,daguerre1 as being necessary to success4 ,among the number in the ,united ,states1 was ,alexander ,s4 ,wolcott 7since deceased7 and myself1 both of this city4 ,on the morning of the #fth day of ,october1 #ahci1 ,i took to ,a4 ,wolcott's residence1 a full description of ,daguerre's discovery1 he being at the time engaged in the department of ,mechanical ,dentistry1 on some work requiring his immediate attention1 the work being promised at #b ,p4 ,m41 that day2 having1 therefore1 no opportunity to read the description for himself1 7a thing he was accustomed to do at all times1 when investigating any subject17 ,i read to him the paper1 and proposed to him that if he would plan a camera1 7a matter he was fully acquainted with1 both theoretically and practically7 ,i would obtain the materials as specified by ,daguerre4 ,this being agreed to1 ,i departed for the purpose1 and on my return to his shop1 he handed me the sketch of a camera box1 without at all explaining in what manner the lens was to be mounted4 ,this ,i also undertook to procure4 ,after #b ,p4 ,m41 he had more leisure1 when he proceeded to complete the camera1 introducing for that purpose a reflector in the back of the box1 and also to affix a plate holder on the inside1 with a slide to obtain the focus of the plate1 prepared after the manner of ,daguerre4 ,while ,mr4 ,wolcott was engaged with the camera1 ,i busied myself in polishing the silver plate1 or rather silver plated copper1 but ere reaching the end preparatory to iodizing1 ,i found ,i had nearly or quite removed the silver surface from off the plate1 and that being the best piece of silver plated copper to be found1 the first remedy at hand that suggested itself1 was a burnisher1 and a few strips were quickly burnished and polished4 ,meantime1 the camera being finished1 ,mr4 ,wolcott1 after reading for himself ,daguerre's method of iodizing1 prepared two plates1 and placing them in the camera1 guessed at the required time they should remain exposed to the action of the light2 after mercurializing each in turn1 and removing the iodized surface with a solution of common salt1 two successful impressions were obtained1 each unlike the other6 ,considerable surprise was excited by this result1 for each plate was managed precisely like the other4 ,on referring to ,daguerre1 no explanation was found for this strange result2 time1 however1 revealed to us that one picture was positive1 and the other negative4 ,on this subject ,i shall have much to say during the progress of the work4 ,investigating the cause of this difference occupied the remainder of that day1 ,however1 another attempt was agreed upon1 and the instruments1 plates1 c41 prepared and taken up into an attic room1 in a position most favorable for light4 ,having duly arranged the camera1 ,i sat for five minutes1 and the result was a profile miniature1 7a miniature in reality17 on a plate not quite three-eighths of an inch square4 ,thus1 with much deliberation and study1 passed the first day in ,daguerreotype--little dreaming or knowing into what a labyrinth such a beginning was hastening us4 7,to be continued47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,galvanizing ,,daguerreotype ,,plates4 ,the ,battery4 ,the best way is to purchase a good ,daniel's ,battery4 ,price #b #jj4 ,to be had at any of the dealers4 ,for the benefit of those who cannot procure one1 ,i would give the following directions for making one3 ,procure a copper cup1 7sheet copper7 #f inches high1 and #d inches in diameter2 also a cup of porous earthenware1 7a small unglazed flower pot answers17 or a leather cup made water tight by sewing1 or even a cylinder of porous wood1 7say maple or ash17 #c inches diameter1 and about #f inches high4 ,this is to stand in the centre of the copper cup4 ,now1 procure a solid cylinder of zinc1 #f inches high and #a inch diameter4 ,this is to stand in the centre of the porous cup4 ,fastened to the upper end of the zinc cylinder there should be a copper wire1 pretty thick4 ,it should be held by a screw1 or soldered on1 and previous to the fastening1 both the wire and zinc should be made clean and bright1 that there may be a perfect connection4 ,a similar wire is to be fastened1 in the same way1 to the upper rim of the copper cup4 ,let these wires be about #f inches long4 ,to the end of the one coming from the copper fasten a plate of pure silver1 about as large as a quarter plate1 unless you wish to galvanize whole plates1 in which case the silver plate must be larger1 say1 the size of a half plate4 ,for small plates a silver dollar1 enlarged to twice its size by hammering1 will answer1 but is not so good4 ,to hammer it1 it must be first heated1 red hot1 and allowed to cool slowly4 ,this plate is to be immersed in the silver solution1 described below1 near the side of the solution jar4 ,the other wire must be bent at the end like a hook1 to receive the catch4 ,this catch may be a piece of copper wire about #d inches long1 hooked at one end1 and having several turns at the other end1 to strengthen it4 ,between these turns the ,daguerreotype plate1 well polished1 is inserted1 as in a sort of jaw4 ,the wire holding the catch should be so bent that the ,daguerreotype plate will stand from one to three inches from1 and face the annode1 or silver plate4 ,let the silver solution be well stirred1 just before immersing a plate2 then1 blowing away the froth and scum1 immediately dip the plate1 and hang it on the wire4 ,let it remain until it takes on a deep blue color1 take it out1 grasp it with the plyers1 rinse it freely with clean water1 and dry it carefully with a spirit lamp4 ,buff again to a polish1 galvanize to a light blue1 rinse1 dry1 and buff again1 and it is ready for the coating box4 ,silver ,solution4 ,dissolve in #a quart of soft water1 half a pound of ,cyanide of ,potash4 ,in this dissolve the ,chloride of ,silver procurable from a silver dollar4 ,filter1 through paper1 or clean sponge1 and it is ready for use1 excepting that it will probably have to be reduced with water4 ,it should be reduced till it works mellow1 and free from streaks4 ,the occasional addition of a lump of cyanide will prevent a flowery deposite of oxyde of silver4 ,occasionally1 also1 add a little chloride of silver1 and more cyanide4 ,the cyanide should always be in excess4 ,the reason why this should be occasionally added1 is that the solution becomes too strong1 with the silver1 from the annode4 ,the connections must be kept bright1 with a file or otherwise4 ,the manner of charging the above battery is as follows3 ,nearly fill the porous cup with water1 and stir in about a tea-spoonful of sulphuric acid4 ,two or three drops of acid added once a week is enough4 ,the copper cup should be filled with a saturated solution of sulphate of copper1 7blue vitriol17 and the solution kept saturated by suspending in it a little sack of the blue vitriol4 ,hand ,the zinc cylinder1 previous to use1 should be amalgamated1 as follows3 ,place it in a plate1 and brighten it by rubbing it with a swab1 wet with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,then with the same swab1 rub on mercury1 until the whole surface is bright4 ,chloride of ,silver4 ,dissolve a silver dollar in about a gill of a mixture of nitric acid and water1 equal parts1 by the aid of a gentle heat4 ,let it cool4 ,throw it into an earthen or glass vessel1 containing about #a quart of strong salt water4 ,let the precipitate settle4 ,pour away the liquid1 add a large quantity of water1 let the chloride of silver settle1 pour away the water1 and repeat this at least fifty times4 ,the residue is pure chloride of silver4 ,any glass or earthen cup1 of suitable shape and dimensions1 will answer for a solution dish4 ,it should be remembered that a strong battery1 and a strong solution require the plate to be kept at a greater distance from the annode4 ,this distance will range from one to three inches4--,hill's ,treatise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,answers ,,to ,,correspondents4 ,notice4--,those persons subscribing for this ,journal will please bear in mind to write in a plain hand the name1 town1 county1 and state4 ,by observing the above you will save us much trouble1 and1 at the same time1 receive the ,journal with more promptness4 ,g4 ,k4 ,w41 ,mass4--,we have been unable to prepare the chemicals you ordered4 ,our arrangements are somewhat extensive in the department referred to4 ,m4 ,s4 ,w41 ,ala4--,mr4 ,w4 says1 ,will you inform me1 through your ,journal or otherwise1 ,is iodine entirely lost when it combines with a few drops of a solution of potassa6 ,it is not4 ,the following experiment will better illustrate3--,put a few grains of iodine into a clean and dry ,florence flask1 warm it gradually over a spirit lamp1 and the iodine rises in a vapor of beautiful violet color4 ,when cool1 pour in a few drops of a solution of potassa1 the iodine disappears at once1 and a solution of iodide of potassium is formed2 this may be heated to redness without evolving any violet fumes1 and yet it is certain that iodine is there1 but not in a free but a combined state1 and heat cannot expel it from combination with the potassium4 ,let the flask cool a little1 and add a few drops of sulphuric acid2 the violet fumes of iodine instantly appear2 the sulphuric acid has induced the formation of sulphate of potassa1 and expelled the iodine unchanged4 ,f4 ,b4 ,b41 ,ky4--,your money is received1 and the first ,vol4 forwarded per order4 ,thank you for your hearty congratulations4 ,j4 ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,i4--,yours of the #bfth in hand4 ,we advise you for the present to say nothing of your discovery3 it probably has more valuable importance than you are at present aware of4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advertisements 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notice ,,to ,,advertisers4 ,as our ,advertising ,list is already large1 and the demand rapidly increasing1 we are under the necessity of requesting those who wish to be made known through our ,advertising ,columns1 to make their ,advertisements as short as possible4 ,the ,daguerreian ,journal is devoted to the interest of all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreian ,,library4 ,all of the works published on the ,daguerreian ,art1 for sale at the ,office of the ,daguerreian ,journal4 ,address 7post-paid7 ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey1 ,no4 #caa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreotype ,,work1 ,,photographic ,,researches ,,and ,manipulations1 including the ,author's former ,treatises on ,daguerreotypes1 ,by ,l4 ,l4 ,,hill4 ,the above work is now ready1 price #c per copy4 ,orders addressed to ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey1 ,no4 #caa ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wanted4 ,a ,,situation by an experienced ,operator4 ,one who can come well recommended1 and has been engaged in the ,daguerreotype business for the last eight years4 ,has no objection to any city in the ,united ,states4 ,for further information inquire at the ,office of the ,daguerreian ,journal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wanted4 ,,to ,,daguerreotypists ,,of ,,philadelphia4 ,,wanted--,a situation1 by an old and experienced ,operator1 to engage in some establishment in the above named city4 ,the ,advertiser can produce the best of ,testimonials1 and satisfactory specimens of ,daguerreotypes4 ,for further information1 inquire at the office of the ,daguerreian ,journal4 ,none need apply unless prepared to give a permanent situation to a good operator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scovill ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,,dealers ,,in ,,daguerreotype ,,materials1 ,,wholesale ,,and ,,retail1 ,no4 #eg ,maiden ,lane1 ,new ,york1 ,agents for ,voightlander ,sons1 and ,c4 ,c4 ,harrison's celebrated ,cameras2 ,harrison's1 ,brinckerhoff's1 and ,lewis' ,buffing-,wheels4 ,the ,scovill ,manufacturing ,co4 are now prepared to offer to the public1 cases of their own manufacture1 which1 for style1 workmanship and superior finish1 are not excelled by any in the market1 and it is their intention to put them at prices which cannot fail to satisfy both the dealer and operator4 ,they think it quite unnecessary to enumerate all the articles which they may have on hand for sale1 but simply to state that they are prepared to furnish every description of ,daguerreotype ,goods of the best quality at low prices1 and to fill all orders with promptness and dispatch4 ,may #aeth1 #ahea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,myron ,,shew1 ,,dealer ,,in ,,daguerreotype ,,apparatus ,,and ,,materials1 ,,wholesale ,,and ,,retail1 ,no4 #aah ,chestnut street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,german and ,american ,cameras of all sizes and of the best manufacture1 ,coating ,boxes1 ,camera ,stands1 ,mercury ,baths1 ,buffing ,vices1 ,head ,rests1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,chemicals1 ,frames1 ,gold and ,gilt ,lockets1 ,fancy ,book ,cases1 ,papier-,mache ,cases1 ,preservers1 ,mats1 ,glass1 and all articles used in the ,art constantly on hand in great variety at the lowest prices4 ,mr4 ,s4 having had a number of years practical experience in the ,daguerreian ,art1 feels confident that he is prepared to give satisfaction to his customers in the selection of articles used in the business4 ,this being the only establishment in ,philadelphia devoted exclusively to ,daguerreotype materials4 ,artists will find it to their interest to call at once where they are sure of finding every article used in the ,art4 ,orders from the country promptly and faithfully attended to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wanted4--,a ,partner wanted in the ,daguerreotype business4 ,any person who is a first-rate practical operator1 and can command from five hundred to a thousand dollars1 can now have one of the best opportunities of investing his capital in one of the best locations in a western city4 ,the establishment is now doing a very profitable business1 and is capable of increasing to such an extent as to warrant the success necessary to induce a partner4 ,no one need apply unless he has the ,cash ,capital4 ,for further information inquire at the ,office of the ,daguerreian ,journal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chemical1 ,,laboratory4 ,,dr4 ,,antisell has ,removed his ,chemical ,laboratory to #fc ,franklin ,st41 where he is prepared to undertake chemical analysis and examinations into the purity of materials4 ,dr4 ,a4 will also take charge of any series of experiments to elucidate particular subjects4 ,assays1 analyses of ores1 minerals1 soils1 and mineral water1 made with correctness and despatch4 ,may #a1 #ahea4 99 99 99 99 99 #aj ,,reward4 ,a ,,large ,,sized 7plate1 #aa by #ac inches7 ,daguerreotype has been recently stolen from my door1 supposed to have been taken by some person about visiting ,europe4 ,said ,daguerreotype was a large sized head1 and is a likeness of myself4 ,any person returning said picture1 and the large gilt frame that contained it1 shall receive the above reward4 ,j4 ,gurney1 ,no4 #ahi ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,removal4 ,,myron ,,shew1 ,,dealer ,,in ,,daguerreotype ,,materials1 ,no4 #aah ,chestnut ,street1 ,philadelphia4 ,,mr4 ,,shew would respectfully inform his friends and customers that he has removed his place of business from his old stand4 ,no4 #aaf1 to #aah ,chestnut street1 two doors from his former place1 where he has made a permanent location1 and1 having greater facilities1 will be better able to meet the increasing demands of his business4 ,no pains will be spared in the selection of articles used by ,daguerreian ,artists1 and every effort used to give satisfaction to his customers4 ,a good supply of all articles used in the business constantly on hand1 comprising ,german and ,american ,cameras1 of all sizes1 ,camera ,stands1 ,coating ,boxes1 ,mercury ,baths1 ,head ,rests1 ,buffing ,vices1 ,gilding ,stands1 ,lamps1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,frames1 ,gold and ,gilt ,lockets1 a variety of ,fancy ,cases1 c41 c4 ,mr4 ,s4 would take this opportunity of returning his sincere thanks for former patronage1 and solicits a continuance of the same4 ,all orders either from the city or country1 promptly and faithfully attended to4 ,,myron ,,shew4 ,philadelphia1 ,june #ast1 #ahea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreotype4 ,,john ,,sawyer1 ,successor to ,,william ,,shew1 dealer in ,daguerreotype ,apparatus and ,materials1 wholesale and retail4 ,also1 manufacturer of ,cases4 ,no4 #abc ,washington ,street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,louis ,,becker ,well known ,,chemicals1 for sale at ,becker ,piards1 ,no4 #bja ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cleveland ,,daguerreotype ,,stock ,,depot1 ,,johnson ,,fellows1 ,,superior ,,st41 ,,cleveland1 ,o41 ,keep a large and well selected assortment of ,daguerreotype ,goods on hand1 and for sale at the lowest ,new ,york prices4 ,we respectfully call the attention of operators to our assortment of goods1 which we warrant genuine4 ,every exertion will be made to keep the best1 latest and cheapest goods on hand4 ,our assortment consists of every variety of ,cameras1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,chemicals1 ,polishing ,materials1 ,apparatus1 ,fixtures1 ,frames1 ,sockets1 c41 c4 ,instructions in the ,art are carefully given4 ,chas4 ,e4 ,johnson1 ,parker ,fellows4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,york ,,daguerreotype ,,stock ,,establishment4 ,the undersigned would call the attention of ,daguerreotypists and the trade to the recent improvements in their manufacture of plates1 which1 by a new method of finishing1 enables them to present an article possessing a finer and softer surface1 and requiring much less polishing than formerly4 ,the edges of all are neatly bent4 ,owing to greater facilities in manufacturing1 the prices have been reduced1 so as to bring them at about the same cost as the best imported brands4 ,they have constantly on hand a large assortment of ,plates1 ,cases1 ,frames1 ,mattings1 ,preservers1 ,lockets1 ,chemicals1 and ,apparatus of every style and variety which they offer at the lowest prices4 ,agents for ,voightlander's1 ,harrison's and other ,cameras2 ,harrison's new ,buffing ,wheel1 c41 c4 ,scovill ,manufacturing ,co41 ,no4 #eg ,maiden ,lane1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,benjamin ,,french1 ,no4 #aji ,washington ,street1 ,boston4 ,,daguerreotype ,apparatus1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,frames1 ,gold ,lockets1 ,polishing materials1 ,chemicals1 and every description of ,goods used in the ,daguerreotype business1 constancy on hand and for sale1 at wholesale and retail1 at the lowest cash prices4 #ctf 99 99 99 99 99 #e ,,reward4 ,,stolen from the door of ,clark ,brothers1 #eea ,broadway1 one full size ,daguerreotype ,view1 in papier mache frame1 oval fire gilt mat4 ,said ,view of a ,,gothic ,,cottage1 on the steps of which can be seen a lady1 two or three boys and a dog1 ,any person returning the above described ,picture1 or giving information where it may be found1 shall receive the above reward ,oct #af4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,two ,,new ,,inventions ,,in ,,the ,,daguerreotype ,,art4 ,,peck',s ,,patent ,,plate ,,holder1 and the ,bent ,edge ,daguerreotype ,plate used in connection with it4 ,an instrument is sold for seventy-five cents1 with which every operator can bend his own plates4 ,the holder is a desideratum1 and only requires to be used to be appreciated4 ,it is so constructed that it will hold the plate through all the stages of cleaning1 buffing1 polishing1 coating1 taking the picture in the camera1 and mercurializing without any change4 ,during the whole process1 the plate need not be touched with the fingers1 and does away with the use of wax1 c41 c4 ,the prices for the holders are mediums1 #a #jj--quarters1 #a #ej--;,halves1 #b #jj--whole size1 #b #ej4 ,the ,magic ,back ,ground4 ,the discovery of this is due ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,anthony1 of ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,by this process the most beautiful effects can be produced1 and the pictures are set forth in bold relief on back grounds of various shapes and tints4 ,pictures taken with the ,magic ,back ,ground1 will be emphatically the ,pictures for the ,million4 ,the ,patent is applied for1 and the right ratified upon the receipt of the ,patent1 for the sum of ,twenty-,five ,dollars4 ,l4 ,,chapman1 #ajb ,william ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,manufacturer of ,cases1 ,mats1 ,preservers1 ,plates1 ,importer of the genuine ,star ,brand1 ,no4 #dj ,french ,plates1 and dealer in ,daguerreotype stock generally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,clark ,,brothers1 ,b4 ,l4 ,,higgins4 ,daguerreian ,gallery1 over the ,regulator1 ,franklin ,buildings1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,no4 #abh ,genesee ,st41 ,utica1 ,tremont ,row ,boston1 and #eea ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,likenesses by the improved ,daguerreotype of various sizes1 and of the most delicate executions may be obtained at the above rooms during the day1 from #h ,a ,m41 to #e ,p4 ,m4 ,chemicals1 ,plate1 ,cases1 ,cameras1 ,apparatus1 and other materials1 connected with the art1 constantly on hand1 and for sale at ,new ,york prices4 ,all articles are selected with great care and warranted to give the best satisfaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreian ,,establishment4 ,,john ,,roach1 ,optician1 #gi ,nassau ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,has always on hand ,,voightlander ,,instruments1 quarter1 half1 and whole size4 ,american ,instruments1 ,roach's make1 warranted to be superior to any yet made in the ,united ,states4 ,they work with sharpness1 and quickness1 and persons purchasing can test them with the high priced ,german ,instruments4 ,coating ,boxes1 ,flint ,glass ,jars1 cemented in1 and ground air tight4 ,mercury ,baths1 with ,thermometer ,scale in front4 ,head ,rests1 ,stands1 ,cases1 ,chemicals1 c4 ,plates1 ,french #djth of the ,star1 and other first quality ,brands4 ,bromine ,roach's ,triple ,compound1 now called ,quick-stuff1 works with certainty and quickness1 in all weather1 and pictures taken with it have a rich white tone4 ,,galvanic ,,batteries1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cincinnati ,,daguerreotype ,,stock ,,establishment4 ,the undersigned would call the attention of those washing ,daguerreotype goods1 to his large and general assortment of all articles appertaining to the ,daguerreian arts4 ,the following named articles comprise only a few1 compared with the great variety of his stock4 ,cameras--,voightlander and ,sohn's ,german ,cameras4 ,c4 ,c4 ,harrison's ,quarter1 ,halves1 ,wholes1 ,mammoth1 ,view1 and ,quick ,working ,cameras6 ,also a general assortment from other manufacturers4 ,complete sets of ,apparatus--such as ,coating ,boxes1 ,mercury ,baths1 ,plate ,holders1 ,buffs1 ,buff ,wheel1 ,peck's and ,scovill's ,patent ,blocks1 ,lewis' new ,iron ,rests1 ,iron and ,chair ,head ,rests1 ,gilding ,stands4 ,cases--,papier-,mache inlaid with ,mother of ,pearl1 ,velvet in and out with ,clasps and ,locks1 ,morocco lined with ,velvet1 ,silk and ,satin1 ,plain and ,gilt1 also a great variety of fancy patterns4 ,plates of all sizes--,scovill's1 ,french1 #djth of the ,star1 and other first quality ,brands4 ,chemicals--,american1 ,german and ,french ,bromine1 ,dry and ,chloride of ,iodine1 ,hydroflouric ,acid1 ,cyanide of ,potassium1 ,pure ,distilled ,mercury1 a superior article of ,chloride of ,gold for ,gilding1 ,hyposulphite of ,gold1 ,chloride of ,calcium1 ,colors1 ,rotten ,stone1 ,rouge1 an excellent article4 ,lamps1 ,nippers1 ,glass ,funnels1 ,glass ,graduates1 ,prepared ,buckskins1 ,brushes1 c41 c4 ,all of the above articles are of the first quality1 and will be furnished at reasonable rates4 ,orders punctually attended to and satisfaction given4 ,,peter ,,smith1 ,no4 #cf ,fifth street1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreotype ,,stock ,,establishment4 ,,the ,,subscriber1 would respectfully inform the ,daguerreian ,artists1 that he has constantly on hand a large assortment of ,daguerreotype apparatus1 plates1 cases1 and chemicals1 comprising in part the following3 ,voightlander ,sons1 ,harrison's1 ,lewis and ,perry's ,cameras and other apparatus of the most approved styles4 ,plates--,scovill's1 ,chapman's and the different brands of ,french plates4 ,cases--,silk and velvet lined1 ,papier ,mache and a great variety of fancy cases4 ,chemicals--,american1 ,german and ,french ,bromine1 chloride of iodine1 do gold1 calcium1 mercury1 rouge1 rotten stone1 black polish1 colours1 brushes1 rosewood and ,papier mache1 frames1 mats1 glass preservers1 prepared buck skin1 c41 c4 ,every article used in the business1 which ,i will furnish to operators at retail or wholesale1 as low as the same quality of articles can be bought in ,new ,york or elsewhere4 ,our motto is small profits and quick sales4 ,n4 ,e4 ,,sisson4 ,no4 #dif ,broadway1 ,albany ,n4 ,y4 #atf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,levi ,,chapman1 ,no4 #ajb ,william street1 ,new-,york1 ,manufacturer of1 and ,dealer in ,daguerreotype ,stock4 ,daguerreotype ,cases4 ,medium size1 from #ae to #aih per gross1 ,quarter #bd to #bhh ,half #fj to #dcb ,,mats1 ,,preservers and ,,chemicals of all kinds4 ,french and ,american ,,plates4 ,l4 ,c4 imports the genuine ,no4 #dj ,star ,brand ,french ,plate1 which he keeps constantly on hand1 together with an assortment of other kinds4 ,,papier ,,mache ,,cases1 inlaid with ,mother of ,pearl1 exceeding in beauty any thing of the kind heretofore made1 from #ij to #aaeb per gross4 ,l4 ,c4 is also proprietor of ,peck's patent moveable ,plate-holder4 ,,george ,,dabbs1 ,travelling ,agents4 ,,james ,,cremer1 99 99 99 99 99 ,,premium ,,daguerreotype ,,depot ,,and ,,manufactory1 ,w4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,lewis1 #adb ,chatham ,street1 ,new ,york1 keep constantly on hand1 superior ,,cameras of all sizes2 also1 quick working ,cameras1 fully equal to any imported4 ,all kinds of ,apparatus1 including our ,patent ,,plate ,,vices and ,,gilding ,,stands2 ,galvanic ,batteries for ,electrotyping1 for durability superior to all others4 ,buffing ,lathes1 on the most approved plan1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,chemicals1 ,polishing ,materials of every description4 ,all kinds of ,walnut1 ,rosewood and ,gilt ,frames for ,daguerreotypes1 outside ,show ,frames1 ,diploma1 ,certificate and ,picture ,frames made to order4 ,pressing ,machines1 for ,straw and ,leghorn ,plats1 of improved construction4 #atf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreotype ,,furbishing ,,rooms4 ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,wisong1 ,no4 #b ,n4 ,liberty ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,,has ,,constantly ,,on ,,hand1 a full and general assortment of ,stock1 for ,daguerreotype use4 ,embracing every variety of ,cameras1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,fixtures1 ,trays1 ,chemicals1 and ,materials used by ,daguerreian ,artists1 all of which are offered at the lowest market rates4 ,orders from ,artists are respectfully solicited and forwarded with dispatch4 #b 99 99 99 99 99 ,circular to ,daguerreotypists4 ,,george ,,dabbs ,,james ,,cremer1 ,travelling ,agents for ,l4 ,chapman1 #ajb ,william street1 ,new ,york1 manufacturer of ,daguerreotype cases1 mats1 preservers1 and plates1 and importer of the genuine ,star brand1 ,no4 #dj1 ,french plate1 and last1 though of first importance1 proprietor of ,peck's patent plate holder1--the great desideratum which only requires to be used to be appreciated4 ,prices1 #a1jj for medium2 #a1ej for quarters2 #b1jj for halt's and #b1ej for whole size holders--a vice to hold the blocks #a1ej and an instrument for bending the plates #ge cents4 ,they would inform ,daguerreotypists and dealers that they will wait upon as many during the winter1 as their time will permit1 for the purpose of exhibiting the patent ,plate ,holder1 for a description of which see advertisement headed ,two ,new ,inventions4 #atf ,new ,york1 ,november #a1 #ahej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,insley',s ,,daguerreotype ,,gallery ,,removed ,,to ,no4 #caa ,,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 7,between ,stewart's and the ,city ,hospital47 ,,this1 our new ,sky-light ,gallery1 is located on the second floor at the above number1 and is universally acknowledged to be the most convenient and effective ,gallery in the ,city4 ,every real improvement is taken advantage of1 and1 aided by scientific and gentlemanly assistants1 we trust our pictures cannot be excelled4 ,the ,clergy--the ,statesman--the ,artist--the ,man of science--and all lovers of really good ,daguerreotypes1 throughout the ,united ,states1 are invited lo call and examine our collection4 ,p4 ,s4--,this ,gallery was for several years located on the corner of ,cedar street1 but is now removed to ,no4 #caa ,broadway4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cameras4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,harrison1 ,manufacturer of ,cameras1 and ,camera ,lenses1 of all sizes and of the latest improvements4 ,office #bic ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 where in his ,gallery may be seen specimens of ,daguerreotypes taken with instruments of his own manufacture1 which for accuracy of performance are unsurpassed by any in the world4 ,n4 ,b4 ,a new and improved ,camera for taking views1 is manufactured by him1 at a price unprecedentedly low4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,harrison1 ,no4 #bic ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 #btf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreotype ,,plates4 #bjjj ,,louis ,l4 ,,bishop',s superior ,,plates1 offered for sale at a great bargain1 by ,,victor ,,bishop1 #bc ,maiden ,lane4 ,n4 ,b4 ,these ,plates are silvered by the electro-magnetic process1 and warranted superior to the best ,french plates4 #atf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,engraving ,,the ,,subscriber still continues to carry on the business of ,,engraving ,,on ,,wood1 in all its branches4 ,his facilities are such that he is enabled to execute all orders promptly1 and in every style of the ,art1 upon the most reasonable terms2 while the experience of many years enables him to feel confidence in his efforts to give satisfaction to all who may favor him with their patronage4 ,particular attention paid to the ,drawing and ,engraving of ,subjects from ,daguerreotypes4 ,n4 ,,orr1 ,no4 #aea ,fulton-st4 ,n4 ,y4 #btf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,book ,,and ,,job ,,printing4 ,,william ,s4 ,,dorr1 #aja ,nassau ,street1 over ,ackerman ,miller's ,sign and ,banner ,painting ,establishment1 is prepared to print1 in the best style1 and at the usual ,low ,prices1 ,books1 ,periodicals1 ,newspapers1 ,pamphlets1 ,bill ,heads1 ,circulars1 ,commercial and ,law ,blanks1 ,bills of ,lading1 ,bank ,checks1 ,notices1 ,labels1 c4 ,cards printed on the celebrated ,yankee ,press4 ,few offices in the city have greater facilities for doing work with neatness and despatch1 as most of the materials are new1 and long editions are done by steam power presses4 ,hand ,daguerreian ,journal ,print4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreian ,,artists' ,,register4 ,appleby1 ,r4 ,b41 #ad ,arcade1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,anthony1 ,j4 ,b41 ,poplar ,grove1 ,s4 ,c4 ,adams1 ,george1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,brady1 ,matthew ,b41 ,no4 #bje ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,burges1 ,nathan ,g41 ,no4 #ahg ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,baker1 ,f4 ,s41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,broadbent1 ,samuel1 #ach ,chestnut st4 ,philadelphia4 ,barnes1 ,c41 ,mobile1 ,ala4 ,bowmau1 ,isrial1 ,berling1 ,canada4 ,benson1 ,w41 ,boonville1 ,mo4 ,bailey1 ,thomas1 ,ives1 ,columbia1 ,maury ,co41 ,tenn4 ,bartlet1 ,no4 #ajb ,main street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,bogardus1 ,a41 ,no4 #bag ,greenwich street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,brown1 ,f4 ,a41 ,museum ,building1 ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h4 ,brown1 ,h4 ,s41 ,milwaukie1 ,wis4 ,buxton1 ,john1 ,st4 ,catharine street1 ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,bradlee1 ,j4 ,e41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,buell1 ,e4 ,m41 ,pittsfield1 ,mass4 ,bowman1 ,j4 ,a41 ,berlin1 ,waterloo ,county1 ,canada ,west4 ,bisbee1 ,a41 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,bowen1 ,n4 ,o41 ,norwich1 ,conn4 ,beckers ,piard1 #bja ,broadway4 ,n4 ,y4 ,brown1 ,james1 #aha ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,campbell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,corner ,hanover and ,union streets1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,collins1 ,david1 ,chesnut ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,cooley1 ,o4 ,h41 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,clark ,brothers1 ,no4 #eea ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y41 #abh ,genesee ,street1 ,utica1 ,franklin ,building1 ,syracuse1 ,new ,york1 and ,tremont ,row1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,cook1 ,george ,s41 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,coombs1 ,f41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,cary1 ,p4 ,m41 ,savannah1 ,ga4 ,chuchill1 ,r4 ,e41 #ee1 ,state ,street1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,chase1 ,l4 ,g41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,dodge1 ,e4 ,s41 ,augusta1 ,ga4 ,davie1 ,d4 ,d4 ,t41 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dobyns1 ,t4 ,j41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 and ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,done1 ,t4 ,c41 ,no4 #b1 ,place d',armes1 ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,durang4 ,w4 ,h41 ,no4 #cjc ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ellicott1 ,e41 ,main ,street1 ,chester ,c4 ,h41 ,s4 ,c4 ,evans1 ,o4 ,b41 ,main ,street1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york4 ,evens1 ,chas41 ,no4 #chj ,market street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,ennis1 ,t4 ,j41 #ajf ,chestnut street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,finley1 ,m41 ,canandaigua1 ,ontario ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,finley1 ,a4 ,c41 ,jerseyville1 ,ill4 ,fitzgibbon1 ,j4 ,h41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,faris1 ,thomas1 ,corner ,fourth and ,walnut ,street ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,gurney1 ,jeremiah1 ,no4 #ahi ,broadway4 ,n4 ,y4 ,gavit1 ,daniel ,e41 #bdg ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gay1 ,c4 ,h41 ,new ,london1 ,ct4 ,geer ,benedict1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gatewood1 ,e4 ,h41 ,boonville1 ,mo4 ,holcomb1 ,j4 ,g41 ,augusta1 ,me4 ,howell1 ,w4 ,b41 ,lexington1 ,mo4 ,hill1 ,r4 ,h41 ,kingston1 ,ulster ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,haas1 ,philip1 ,no1 #bhi ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hall1 ,w4 ,h41 ,rouse's ,point1 ,clinton ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,harrison4 ,c4 ,c41 #bic ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hill1 ,l4 ,l41 ,westkill1 ,green ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,hale1 ,j4 ,w41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,hough ,anthony1 ,pittsburg1 ,alleghany ,co41 ,pa4 ,hale1 ,l4 ,h41 #aji ,washington street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,hawkins1 ,e4 ,c41 ,corner of ,fifth and ,walnut ,street1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,insley1 ,henry ,e1 #caa ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ives1 ,l4 ,m41 ,no4 #adb ,washington street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,johnson1 ,charles ,e41 ,cleveland1 ,ohio4 ,jacobs1 ,e41 #gc ,camp ,st1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,johnston1 ,d4 ,b41 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,johnson1 ,george ,h41 ,sacramento1 ,cal4 ,kelsey1 ,c4 ,c41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,knight1 ,w4 ,m4 ,racine1 ,wis4 ,lawrence1 ,martin ,m41 ,no4 #bjc ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lewis1 ,w4 and ,w4 ,h41 ,no4 #adb ,chatham ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,litch ,graniss1 ,waterbury1 ,ct4 ,long1 ,h4 ,h41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,long1 ,e41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,l'homdieu1 ,charles1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,martin1 ,j4 ,e41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,marks1 ,h4 ,r41 ,baltimore street1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,mayall1 ,j4 ,e41 ,no4 #dcc ,west ,strand1 ,london1 ,england4 ,merrick1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w41 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,moissenet1 ,f41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,moulthroup1 ,m41 ,new ,haven1 ,ct4 ,manchester ,brother1 ,providence1 and ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,mc,donald1 ,d41 ,main ,street1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york4 ,miles1 ,chas4 ,t41 ,fayette1 ,jefferson ,co41 ,miss4 ,mc,clees ,germon1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,m',intyre1 ,s4 ,c41 ,san ,francisco4 ,california4 ,morand1 ,a41 #acb ,chatham ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,naramore1 ,william1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,nichols1 ,john ,p41 ,no4 #ge ,court street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,ormsbee ,silsbee1 ,no4 #bjc ,washington street1 ,mass4 ,owen1 ,n41 ,goshen1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prosch1 ,g4 ,w41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,peck1 ,samuel1 ,new ,haven1 ,ct4 ,powelson ,co41 #agg ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prod'homme1 ,j4 ,f41 #ffc ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,reynolds1 ,g4 ,l41 ,lexington1 ,va4 ,rice1 ,s4 ,n41 #aid ,canal ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,root1 ,m4 ,a4 ,s41 ,no4 #cfc ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 and #adj ,chesnut ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,ritten1 ,e4 ,d41 ,dunburry1 ,conn4 ,swift1 ,h4 ,b41 #cab ,market ,st1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,sawyer1 ,jo41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,stansbury1 ,b41 ,brooklyn1 ,l4 ,i4 ,stamm ,upman1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,sissons1 ,n4 ,e41 ,no4 #dif ,broadway1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,shorb1 ,j4 ,r41 ,winnsboro1 ,s4 ,c4 ,shew1 ,myron1 ,chestnut ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,thompson1 ,s4 ,j41 ,no4 #eg ,state ,street1 ,albany1 ,new ,york4 ,terry1 ,arther1 ,lima1 ,peru4 ,tomlinson1 ,william ,a41 ,troy1 ,new ,york4 ,van ,alsten1 ,a41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,vail1 ,j4 ,h41 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 ,van ,loan ,co41 ,chestnut street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,westcott1 ,c4 ,p41 ,watertown1 ,jefferson ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,wood1 ,r4 ,l41 ,macon1 ,ga4 ,whipple1 ,john ,a41 ,washington ,street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,whitehurst1 ,j4 ,h41 ,new ,york1 ,richmond1 ,norfolk1 ,petersburg1 and ,lynchbury1 ,va41 ,baltimore1 ,md41 and ,washington ,city1 ,d4 ,c4 ,wells1 ,j4 ,d41 ,no4 #c1 ,pleasant street1 ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,walker1 ,s4 ,l41 ,broadway1 ,albany and ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,warren1 ,geo4 ,k41 #abh ,merrimack st41 ,lowell1 ,mass4 ,walker ,horton1 ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wentworth4 ,henry1 ,fort ,plain1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,williams1 ,j4 ,a41 ,washington ,square1 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,williams1 ,j4 ,b41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,daguerreian ,,journal1 ,devoted to the ,daguerreian and ,photogenic ,arts1 also1 embracing the ,sciences1 ,arts and ,literature4 ,the ,daguerreian ,journal is published semi-monthly1 at #caa ,broadway1 on the #ast and #aeth of every month4 ,business ,department4 ,terms--,three ,dollars a year2 in advance4 ,inducements for ,clubbing4 ,two copies of this ,journal will be furnished for one year for #e2 four do4 for #i2 and ten do4 for #bj ,advertising4 ,one square of #f lines or less1 one insertion1 #j #ej ,do4 do4 #aj #ge ,do4 do4 #ad #a #jj ,half page1 one insertion1 #f #jj ,one page1 #aj #jj ,less than a half page1 a year1 per line1 #a #jj ,half page1 per year1 #ej #jj ,one page1 #ajj #jj ,register of ,daguerreian ,artists1 not exceeding two lines1 #a per year4 ,it is particularly requested that all addressing letters to us1 would put on the ,state1 as well as the ,town in which they live4 ,subscribers are authorised and requested to send bank notes or change by mail1 at our risk1 provided it is done in the presence of the ,post ,master1 and the letters are franked4 ,all communications and remittances intended for this ,journal1 in order to secure attention should be post paid4 ,daguerreian ,artists that are travelling in the country1 can have this ,journal sent to any place where they may be1 provided they give us notice1 and the ,post ,office changed from4 ,hand ,all ,letters should be addressed 7post paid7 to ,s4 ,d4 ,,humphrey ,publisher1 #caa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gurney',s ,,daguerreian ,,gallery4 #ahi ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y41 ,has been known for years as one of the ,first ,establishments of the kind in the country1 and the oldest in this city4 ,mr4 ,g4 attends personally to the ,operating ,department1 and having a superior arrangement of ,light1 as well also as every other ability2 and from his long experience in the ,art1 he is at all times enabled to give perfect satisfaction to all who wish a good likeness4 ,his collection of large size pictures of distinguished persons1 are universally pronounced superior to any heretofore taken in this country4 ,ladies and ,gentlemen are respectfully invited to examine them3 #ahi ,broadway1 directly opposite ,john ,street4 ,copies of a ,superior ,daguerreotype of ,jenny ,lind for sale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,brown',s ,,daguerreotype ,,miniature ,,gallery4 #aha ,broadway3 ,rear ,stairs4 ,,the undersigned1 for four years the principal ,operator of ,m4 ,b4 ,brady1 has the honor to announce to his friends1 and the fashionable circle1 that his ,rooms are now open at the above ,no41 for the transaction of business1 where he will be pleased to see his friends and the public generally2 and hopes to receive a portion of that patronage so liberally extended to him while principal at ,brady's4 ,he will also take the liberty of mentioning1 to those unacquainted with the fact1 that the pictures which have received the different premiums for ,mr4 ,brady1 were taken1 colored1 and arranged1 with the assistance of ,mr4 ,hays1 who is still with him1 entirely by himself4 ,particular attention is called to the very superior coloring tone and finish of the impressions from this establishment1 which1 through an incessant study of seven years1 the subscriber feels conscious in asserting can always be relied on1 as he attends personally to his sitters4 ,pictures taken in any weather1 in any desired style1 and his charges being extremely moderate1 he hopes to suit all classes4 ,,james ,,brown1 ,member of the ,society for the ,promotion of ,painting in ,water ,colors1 and for ten years a ,student in the ,national ,academy of ,design4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dobyns ,co4 ,,dealers in all kinds of ,daguerreotype ,stock1 ,plates1 ,chemicals1 and ,apparatus4 ,no4 #f #bh ,camp ,street1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la42 ,no4 #fj ,front ,row1 ,memphis1 ,tenn42 ,no4 #dhi ,main ,street1 ,louisville1 ,ky4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,insley',s ,,daguerreotypes4 ,,haying had the honor1 in the early part of #ahdj1 to establish ,,one of the ,,three ,galleries first opened to the public1 in this city or the world1 viz3 by ,mr4 ,wolcott1 ,professors ,morse ,draper1 and ,insley and ,prosch1 the undersigned flatters himself that his prolonged experience will enable him to give entire satisfaction to those who desire ,likenesses by this charming process4 ,,insley1 #caa ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,roots ,,daguerreian ,,rooms4 ,,corner of ,broadway and ,franklin ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,m4 ,a4 ,s4 ,root1 celebrated for years as ,daguerreian ,artists in ,philadelphia1 have opened a magnificently furnished ,,suite ,,of ,,rooms1 in the most fashionable part of the city1 7,no4 #cfc ,broadway1 corner of ,franklin ,street17 where1 having an admirably arranged light1 they flatter themselves that they will be able to furnish ,daguerreotype ,likenesses1 equal in finish1 accuracy and effect1 to anything of the kind in the world4 ,they have received ,six ,medals from the various ,fairs and ,institutes of our country2 also the two highest ,medals at the ,fair of #ahej in ,new ,york and ,philadelphia1 for the best specimens of ,daguerreotypes ever exhibited4 ,the public are respectfully invited to visit their ,rooms and examine their ,gallery of ,likenesses of the most distinguished people4 ,gallery ,free4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,myron ,,shew1 ,,dealer in ,daguerreotype ,apparatus and ,materials1 ,wholesale and ,retail1 #aaf ,chestnut ,street1 ,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,,morand ,,daguerreian ,,artist1 #acb ,chatham ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,w4 ,,thompson',s ,,daguerreian ,,gallery and ,depot of ,daguerreian ,materials of all kinds1 ,instruments1 ,apparatus1 and everything belonging to the ,art1 for sale at low prices4 ,every ,operator knows the advantage of buying his ,stock 7especially plates and chemicals7 of a person who not only sells ,stock1 but is also a practical ,daguerreotypist4 #cae ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,postage ,,on ,,the ,,daguerreian ,,journal ,,there has been a few instances where ,postmasters have charged pamphlet postage on this ,journal4 ,we say the ,daguerreian ,journal is subject to newspaper postage only1 because that is all that can legally be charged on it4 ,a newspaper must be published as often as once a month1 and contain intelligence of passing events4 ,this publication is semi-monthly1 and contains1 a general summary of passing events4 ,the law says it may contain two sheets1 if the two together do not exceed #a1ijj square inches4 ,this ,journal contains less than #a1ajj square inches4 ,these sheets may be folded in any shape1 or printed on paper of any color4 ,the following is an extract from the ,act of ,congress for regulating postage4 ,a newspaper is defined to be any printed publication issued in numbers1 and published at stated intervals of not more than a month1 conveying intelligence of passing events4 ,it generally consists of a sheet1 but may be composed of two sheets of paper4 ,in such case1 it is chargeable with newspaper postage only2 provided that the sheets in the aggregate do not exceed #a1ijj square inches4 ,a pamphlet is a small1 unbound1 printed book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lawrence ,,scientific ,,school1 ,,harvard ,,university ,,cambridge1 ,,mass4 ,special ,students attend daily from nine o'clock1 ,a4 ,m41 till five o'clock1 ,p4 ,m41 in the ,laboratories1 and under the direction of the following ,professors3 ,louis ,agassiz1 ,l4 ,l4 ,d41 ,professor of ,geology and ,zoology2 ,jeffries ,wyman1 ,m4 ,d41 ,professor of ,comparative ,anatomy and ,physiology2 ,henry ,l4 ,eustis1 ,a4 ,m41 ,professor of ,engineering2 ,eben ,norton ,horsford1 ,a4 ,m41 ,professor of ,chemistry4 ,instruction is also given by ,professor ,peirce1 in ,mathematics2 ,professor ,lovering1 in ,physics2 and the ,messrs ,bond1 at the ,astronomical ,observatory4 ,all lectures delivered to under-graduates of the ,college1 are free to members of the ,scientific ,school4 ,for further information apply to ,e4 ,n4 ,horsford1 ,dean of the ,faculty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreotype4 ,the undersigned would call the attention of ,daguerreotypists and the trade to the recent improvements in their manufacture of plates1 which1 by a new method of finishing1 enables them to present an article possessing a finer and softer surface1 and requiring much less polishing than formerly4 ,the edges of all are neatly bent4 ,owing to greater facilities in manufacturing1 the prices have been reduced1 so as to bring them at about the same cost as the best imported brands4 ,they have constantly on hand a large assortment of ,plates1 ,cases1 ,frames1 ,mattings1 ,preservers1 ,lockets1 ,chemicals1 and ,apparatus of every style and variety which they offer at the lowest prices4 ,agents for ,voightlander's1 ,harrison's and other ,cameras2 ,harrison's new ,buffing ,wheel1 c41 c4 ,scovill ,manufacturing ,co41 ,no4 #eg ,maiden ,lane1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cincinnati ,,daguerreotype ,,stock ,,establishment4 ,the undersigned would call the attention of those wishing ,daguerreotype goods1 to his large and general assortment of all articles appertaining to the ,daguerreian arts4 ,the following named articles comprise only a few1 compared with the great variety of his stock4 ,cameras--,voightlander and ,sohn's ,german ,cameras4 ,c4 ,c4 ,harrison's ,quarter1 ,halves1 ,wholes1 ,mammoth1 ,view1 and ,quick ,working ,cameras4 ,also a general assortment from other manufacturers4 ,complete sets of ,apparatus--such as ,coating ,boxes1 ,mercury ,baths1 ,plate ,holders1 ,buffs1 ,buff ,wheel1 ,peck's and ,scovill's ,patent ,blocks1 ,lewis' new ,iron ,rests1 ,iron and ,chair ,head ,rests1 ,gilding ,stands4 ,cases--,papier-,mache inlaid with ,mother of ,pearl1 ,velvet in and out with ,clasps and ,locks1 ,morocco lined with ,velvet1 ,silk and ,satin1 ,plain and ,gilt1 also a great variety of fancy patterns4 ,plates of all sizes--,scovill's1 ,french1 #djth of the ,star1 and other first quality ,brands4 ,chemicals--,american1 ,german and ,french ,bromine1 ,dry and ,chloride of ,iodine1 ,hydroflouric ,acid1 ,cyanide of ,potassium1 ,pure ,distilled ,mercury1 a superior article of ,chloride of ,gold for ,gilding1 ,hyposulphite of ,gold1 ,chloride of ,calcium1 ,colors1 ,rotten ,stone1 ,rouge1 an excellent article4 ,lamps1 ,nippers1 ,glass ,funnels1 ,glass ,graduates1 ,prepared ,buckskins1 ,brushes1 c41 c4 ,all of the above articles are of the first quality1 and will be furnished at reasonable rates4 ,orders punctually attended to and satisfaction given4 ,,peter ,,smith1 ,no4 #cf ,fifth street1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,myron ,,shew1 ,,dealer ,,in ,,daguerreotype ,,apparatus ,,and ,,materials1 ,,wholesale ,,and ,,retail1 ,no4 #aaf ,chestnut street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,german and ,american ,cameras of all sizes and of the best manufacture1 ,coating ,boxes1 ,camera ,stands1 ,mercury ,baths1 ,buffing ,vices1 ,head ,rests1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,chemicals1 ,frames1 ,gold and ,gilt ,lockets1 ,fancy ,book ,cases1 ,papier-,mache ,cases1 ,preservers1 ,mats1 ,glass1 and all articles used in the ,art constantly on hand in great variety at the lowest prices4 ,mr4 ,s4 having had a number of years practical experience in the ,daguerreian ,art1 feels confident that he is prepared to give satisfaction to his customers in the selection of articles used in the business4 ,this being the only establishment in ,philadelphia devoted exclusively to ,daguerreotype materials1 ,artists will find it to their interest to call at once where they are sure of finding every article used in the ,art4 ,orders from the country promptly and faithfully attended to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber ,note ,minor typos have been corrected4 ,images moved to prevent splitting paragraphs4 ,various formats were used to display pricing these were not standardized4 ,the listing of ,registered ,users was left in the order published4 ,illustrations of a right pointing hand for advertisements is denoted as ,hand4