,transcriber ,note3 ,text emphasis denoted as ,italics and ,bold4 ,,published ,,semi-,,monthly1 ,,at #c ,,per ,,annum1 ,,in ,,advance4 ,,the ,,daguerreian ,,journal3 ,devoted to the ,daguerrian and ,photogenic ,arts4 ,also1 embracing the ,sciences1 ,arts1 and ,literature4 ,illustration ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,march #a1 #ahea4 ,,no4 #h4 ,,new-,,york3 ,s4 ,d4 ,,humphrey1 ,,editor ,,and ,,publisher1 ,,no4 #caa ,,broadway4 ,,subject ,,to ,,newspaper ,,postage4--,see #c;d page cover4 ,,contents4 ,etching ,daguerreotype ,plates1 by ,w4 ,r4 ,grove #bbe ,valuable ,receipt #bbh ,painting--its ,origin and ,history1 by ,wm4 ,walcott #bbi ,bromine #bcc ,nitrate of ,silver decomposed by the current of a ,galvanic ,battery #bce ,potassium-,cyanide or simple ,cyanuret of ,potassium #bcf ,stereo-,chromic ,painting #bcf ,water--,spring1 ,river and ,lake #bcg ,isinglass #bch ,papier-,mache #bch ,chloride of ,calcium #bch ,muriate of ,ammonia #bch ,bromide of ,silver ,native ,bromide of ,silver and analysis #bci ,hillotypes #bda ,communication1 by ,l4 ,l4 ,hill #bda ,removal #bdc ,our ,daguerreotypes--,polishing ,machine--,gurney-- ,thompson--,mc,bride--,weston--,morand #bdc ,correspondence--,jas4 ,bennett ,sykes--,w4 ,s4 ,gear #bdd ,ammonia #bde ,an ,army of ,subscribers #bde ,strange ,announcement #bde ,examples of the ,divisibility of ,matter #bdf ,iron--,its ,natural and ,artificial ,combination with ,carbon #bdg ,new ,weigh-lock at ,albany #bdi ,daguerreotyping in ,london #bdi ,quick ,stuffs--,six ,receipts #bej ,money received #bea ,answers to ,correspondents #bea ,notice of ,new ,publication #bea ,advertisements #beb ,artists' ,register #bee ,,william ,s4 ,,dorr1 ,printer1 #aja ,nassau-,st41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,daguerreian ,,journal4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,march #a1 #ahea4 ,no4 #h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,etching ,,daguerreotype ,,plates4 ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,grove4 ,dr4 ,berres of ,vienna was the first1 ,i believe1 who published a process for etching ,daguerreotypes2 his method was to cover the plates with a solution of gum-arabic1 and then to immerse them in nitric acid of a certain strength4 ,i have not seen any plates thus prepared1 but the few experiments which ,i have made with nitric acid1 have given me a burred and imperfect outline2 and ,i have experienced extreme difficulty of manipulation from the circumstance of the acid never attacking the plate uniformly and simultaneously4 ,my object1 however1 in this communication1 is not to find fault with a process which ,i have never perhaps fairly tried or seen tried by experienced hands1 and the inventor of which deserves the gratitude of all interested in physical science2 but to make public another which possesses the advantage of extreme simplicity1 which any one1 however unskilled in chemical manipulation1 may practise with success1 and which produces a perfect etching of the original image2 so much so1 that a plate thus etched can scarcely be distinguished from an actual ,daguerreotype1 preserving all the microscopic delicacy of the finest parts of the impression4 ,one sentence will convey the secret of this process2 it is to make the ,daguerreotype the anode,a of a voltaic combination1 in a solution which will not of itself attack either silver or mercury1 but of which1 when electrolyzed1 the anion will attack these metals unequally4 ,this idea occurred to me soon after the publication of ,daguerre's process2 but1 being then in the country1 and unable to procure any plates1 ,i allowed the matter to sleep2 and other occupations prevented for some time any recurrence to it4 ,recently having heard much conversation as to the practicability or impracticability of ,daguerreotype engraving1 ,i became anxious to try a few experiments in pursuance of my original notion2 and for this purpose applied in several quarters for ,daguerreotypes2 but1 thanks to the exclusiveness of ,m4 ,daguerre's patent1 ,i found that to procure a sufficient number of plates for any reasonable chance of success1 was quite out of the question4 ,a ,strictly speaking1 this is a misapplication of ,faraday's term2 he applied it to the surface of the electrotype2 as1 however1 all continental1 and many ,english writers 7among whom ,i may name ,whewell7 have applied it to the positive electrode1 and as an expression is most needed for that1 ,i have not hesitated so to apply it4 ,on mentioning the subject to ,mr4 ,gassiot1 he1 with his usual energy and liberality1 offered to procure me a sufficiency of ,daguerreotypes2 and it is owing to his zealous and valuable coperation that ,i have been able to get such definite results as appear worth publication4 ,five points naturally present themselves to the consideration of the experimenter on this subject3 first1 the quantity of the voltaic current2 secondly1 its intensity2 thirdly1 the distance between the anode and cathode2 fourthly1 the time during which the process should be continued2 and fifthly1 the solution to be employed4 #ast4 ,with regard to the first element or quantity1 many previous experiments had convinced me that1 to give the maximum and most uniform quantitative,b action of any voltaic combination1 the electrodes should be of the same size as the generating plates2 in other words1 that the sectional area of the electrolyte should be the same throughout the whole voltaic circuit4 ,it seems strange that this point should have been so generally overlooked as it has been2 an electrician would never form a battery1 one pair of plates of which were smaller than the rest2 and yet the electrodes1 which offering of themselves a resistance to the current1 from the inoxidability of the anode1 are1 a fortiori1 a restriction when of small size1 have generally been formed indefinitely smaller than the gene1 rating plates2 ,i1 therefore1 without further experiment1 applied this principle to the process about to be detailed4 ,b ,i say the quantitative action2 for where great intensity is required1 as in decomposing alkalies1 c41 it may be advisable to narrow the electrodes1 so as to present a smaller surface for the reaction of the liberated elements4 #bnd4 ,the intensity of the voltaic current4--,here it appeared to me that1 as in the electrotype1 where the visible action is at the cathode1 a certain degree of intensity throws down metal as a crystal1 an increased intensity as a metallic plate1 and a further intensity as a pulverulent mass2 that degree of intensity which would show on the negative deposit the finest impressions from the cathode1 would also produce on the anode the most delicate excavations1 and consequently1 an intensity which would just fall short of the point of evolving oxygen from the plate to be etched1 would be the most likely to succeed2 this point was not1 however1 adopted without careful experiment1 the more so1 as in one instance ,mr4 ,gassiot succeeded in procuring a very fair etching with a series of ten pairs of the nitric acid battery2 however1 the results of repeated experiments1 in which the intensity has been varied from a series of sixteen pairs to one of the nitric acid battery1 were strongly in favor of the above idea1 and1 consequently1 went to prove that one pair gives the most efficient degree of intensity for the purpose required4 #crd4 ,the distance between the plates4--,as it was proved by ,de la ,rive1 that in an electrolytic solution1 when the electrodes are at a distance1 the action extends a little beyond the parallel lines which would join the bounds of the electrodes1 and thus1 that the current as it were diverges and converges1 it appeared advisable to approximate the electrodes as nearly as possible1 so as to produce uniformity of action over the whole plate4 ,provided a solution be used which does not evolve gas at the cathode1 ,i am inclined to think that the plates may be with advantage indefinitely approximated2 but as this was not the case with the solution ,i selected for the greater number of experiments1 #jb of an inch was fixed on as the distance1 in order that the gas evolved from the cathode should not adhere to the anode1 and thus interfere with the action4 #dth4 ,time of continuing the operation4--,this was a matter only to be decided by experiment1 and must vary for the voltaic combination and solution employed4 ,with a single pair of the nitric acid battery1 from twenty-five to thirty seconds1 was after a great number of experiments1 fixed on as the proper time2 and as the plate may at any period be removed from the solution and examined1 the first experiment should never exceed twenty-five seconds1 when1 if not complete1 the plate may be again subjected to electrolysis4 #eth4 ,the solution to be employed4--,here a vast field was open1 and still is open to future experimentalists4 ,admitting the usual explanation of the ,daguerreotype1 which supposes the light parts to be mercury1 and the dark silver1 the object was to procure a solution which would attack one of these1 and leave the other untouched4 ,if one could be found to attack the silver and not the mercury1 so much the better1 as this would give a positive engraving1 or one with lights and shadows1 as in nature1 while the converse would give a negative one4 ,unfortunately1 silver and mercury are nearly allied in their electrical relations4 ,i made several experiments with pure silver and mercury1 used as the anode of a voltaic combination1 but found that any solution which would act on one1 acted also on the other4 ,all then that could be expected1 was a difference of action4 ,with the ,daguerreotype plates ,i have used the following3-- ,dilute sulphuric acid1 dilute hydrochloric acid1 solution of sulphate of copper1 of potash1 and of acetate of lead4 ,the object of using acetate of lead1 was the following3--,with this solution peroxide of lead is precipitated upon the anode2 and1 this substance being insoluble in nitric acid1 it was hoped that the pure silver parts of the plate1 being more closely invested with a stratum of peroxide than the mercurialized portions1 these latter would1 when immersed in this menstruum1 be attacked1 and thus furnish a negative etching4 ,i was also not altogether without hopes of some curious effects1 from the color of the thin films thus thrown down2 here1 however1 ,i was disappointed2 the colors succeeded each other as much as in the steel plate used for the metallochrome2 but ,with inferior lustre4 ,on immersion in nitric acid of different degrees of dilution1 the plates were unequally attacked1 and the etching burred and imperfect4 ,of the other solutions1 hydrochloric acid was1 after many experiments1 fixed on as decidedly the best2 indeed1 this ,i expected1 from the strong affinity of chlorine for silver4 ,i will now describe the manipulation which has been employed by ,mr4 ,gassiot1 and myself1 in the laboratory of the ,london ,institution1 with very uniform success4 ,a wooden frame is prepared1 having two grooves at #jb of an inch distance1 into which can be slid the plate to be etched1 and a plate of platinum of the same size4 ,to ensure a ready and equable evolution of hydrogen1 this latter is platinized after ,mr4 ,smee's method2 for1 if the hydrogen adhere to any part of the cathode1 the opposite portions of the anode are proportionably less acted on4 ,the back and edges of the ,daguerreotype are varnished with a solution of shell-lac1 which is scraped off one edge to admit of metallic connexion being established4 ,the wooden frame with its two plates is now fitted into a vessel of glass of porcelain1 filled with a solution of two measures hydrochloride acid1 and one distilled water1 7sp4 gr4 #a4a71 and two stout platinum wires1 proceeding from a single pair of the nitric acid battery1 are made to touch the edges of the plates1 while the assistant counts the time2 this1 as before stated1 should not exceed thirty seconds4 ,when the plate is removed from the acid1 it should be well rinsed with distilled water2 and will now 7if the metal be homogeneous7 present a beautiful sienna-colored drawing of the original design1 produced by a film of the oxychloride formed2--it is then placed in an open dish containing a very weak solution of ammonia1 and the surface gently rubbed with1 very soft cotton1 until all the deposit is dissolved2 as soon as this is effected1 it should be instantly removed1 plunged into distilled water1 and carefully dried4 ,the process is now complete1 and a perfect etching of the original design will be observed2 this1 when printed from1 gives a positive picture1 or one which has its lights and shadows as in nature2 and which is1 in this respect1 more correct than the original ,daguerreotype as the sides are not inverted2 printing can therefore be directly read1 and in portraits thus taken1 the right and left sides of the face are in their proper position4 ,there is1 however1 ex necessitate rei1 this difficulty1 with respect to prints from ,daguerreotypes1--if the plates be etched to a depth sufficient to produce a very distinct impression1 some of the finer lines of the original must inevitably run into each other1 and thus the chief beauty of these exquisite images be destroyed4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the process be only continued long enough to leave an exact etching of the original design1 which can be done to the minutest perfection1 the very cleaning of the plate by the printer destroys its beauty2 and the molecules of the printing ink being larger than the depth of the etchings1 an imperfect impression is produced4 ,for this reason it appeared to me1 that at present1 the most important part of this process is the means it offers of multiplying indefinitely ,daguerreotypes1 by means of the electrotype4 ,an ordinary ,daguerreotype1 it is known1 will1 when electrotyped1 leave a faint impression2 but in so doing it is entirely destroyed2 and this impression cannot be perpetuated2 but one thus etched at the voltaic anode1 will admit of any number of copies being taken from it4 ,to give an idea of the perfect accuracy of these1 ,i may mention1 that in one ,i have taken1 on which is a sign-board measuring on the electrotype plate #j4a by #j4jf of an inch1 five lines of inscription can1 with the microscope1 be distinctly read4 ,the great advantages of the voltaic over the chemical process of etching1 appear to me to be the following3-- #ast4 ,by the former1 an indefinite variety of menstrua may be used2 thus1 solutions of acids1 alkalies1 salts1 more especially the haloid class1 sulphurets1 cyanurets1 in fact1 any element which may be evolved by electrolysis1 may be made to act upon the plate4 #bnd4 ,the action is generalized2 and local voltaic currents are avoided4 #crd4 ,the time of operation can be accurately determined2 and any required depth of etching produced4 #dth4 ,the process can be stopped at any period1 and again renewed if desirable4 ,the time ,i have given is calculated for experiments made with one pair of the nitric acid battery2 it is1 however1 by no means necessary that this be employed1 as probably any other form of voltaic combination may be efficient4 ,it would seem more advisable to employ a diaphragm battery1 or one which produces a constant current1 as otherwise the time cannot be accurately determined4 ,it is very necessary that the silver of plates subjected to this process be homogeneous4 ,stri1 imperceptible in the original ,daguerreotype1 are instantly brought out by the action of the nascent anion2 probably silver1 formed by voltaic precipitation1 would be found the most advantageous4 ,i transmit with this paper some specimens of the prints of the etched plates1 and of electrotypes taken from them2 and in conclusion would call attention to the remarkable instance which these offer1 of the effects of the imponderable upon the ponderable3 thus1 instead of a plate being inscribed1 as drawn by ,landseer1 and engraved by ,cousins1 it would be drawn by ,light1 and engraved by ,electricity6 99 99 99 99 99 ,a valuable receipt1 which every ,daguerreian should have in his memory1 has been suggested from the fact that one of our fraternity lost his hand by an accidental cut1 caused while fitting a likeness in a locket1 by the points of copper cutting the palm of his hand1 in such a manner as to render amputation necessary4 ,white of eggs is the best antidote against the poison of copper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the ,daguerreian ,journal4 ,,painting--,,its ,,origin ,,and ,,history4 ,,by ,,william ,,walcutt4 ,there is no doubt of painting being coeval with written language1 or it may be said1 that the simple representation of figures1 on tablets prepared for the purpose1 were the first means used by men to record particular events1 actions1 and so forth1 and may therefore be dated back farther than any written language2 and1 indeed1 may be considered the foundation from which it sprung1 it being not improbable1 because it is so natural1 that the very first dwellers on the earth may have recorded their young history by means of representations of corporeal objects4 ,many will say that such rude delineations were not painting1 but everything has its beginning4 ,from these simple lines has the perfection of painting sprung1 what ,artist does not remember the feeble attempts he made at representations when but a child2 does he not remember them with pleasure1 and did he not then1 and does he not now1 consider them1 feeble as they were1 paintings8 ,the first efforts at delineation were painting1 without regard to color1 or without regard to their truth in delineation4 ,the origin of what may now be called painting1 as an art instructive or decorative1 is altogether involved in obscurity--authorities differing widely on the subject4 ,pliny dates its invention to a period antecedent to the siege of ,troy1 and other writers after4 ,the ,egyptians boasted of possessing the art six thousand years before the ,greeks1 but this has always been doubted4 ,they certainly practised painting at a very early period1 and ,cambyses destroyed all the monuments of art he found in ,egypt1 as much as was in his power1 which is some argument in favor of the statement2 and hence all such monuments as display specimens of the art1 must be posterior to his invasion4 ,the remains of ,egyptian painting1 now extant1 are but poor representations of the human1 and other figures1 showing a meagre advance in the art1 being weakly and falsely drawn with no natural grouping or attempts at sentiment4 ,the ,phoenicians were an early cultivated people1 and have the credit of first inventing letters1 and therefore may1 by the best authority1 lay claim to the invention of painting4 ,king ,solomon1 one thousand years before ,christ1 held their ingenuity in such high regard1 that he employed them as the master workmen in building his temple1 and the scriptures describe the magnificence of the columns and their capitals1 and the borders and cornishes and the doors1 besides the great brazen sea1 supported by twelve oxen4 ,the coins also of this people1 that have come down to us1 show in design1 and execution1 a good condition in the arts4 ,the scriptures abound in references to the arts4 ,when ,jacob took away the daughter of ,laban1 she stole and secreted from search some of her father's household gods4 ,one of the great commandments1 is that the children of ,israel shall not make unto themselves any graven image1 or any likeness of any thing that is in the heavens above1 or in the earth beneath1 or in the waters under the earth4 ,as before mentioned1 the temple of ,solomon appears to have been richly and elaborately decorated with works of art2 and the ,,iv chapter ,ezekiel commences with these words3 ,thou also son of man1 take thee a tile1 and lay it before thee1 and portray upon it the city1 even ,jerusalem4 ,and in the ,,xxiii chapter1 #ad verse1 it is written thus3 ,for when she saw men portrayed on the wall1 the images of the ,chaldeans portrayed with vermilion1 girded with girdles about their loins1 exceeding in dyed attire upon their heads4 ,also in the ,,vii chapter1 #aj verse3 ,so ,i went in and saw and beheld every form of creeping things1 and abominable beasts1 and all the idols of the house of ,israel1 portrayed upon the wall round about4 ,also in ,numbers ,,xxxiii chapter and #eb verse3 ,then he shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you1 and destroy all their pictures1 and destroy all their molten images4 ,the ,persians1 the ,arabians1 and the ,parthians1 from their peculiar education1 have no claims whatever to the art of painting1 a rude representation of the human figure1 with them1 was considered as vulgar as the appearance of a naked person4 ,their figures are almost invariably clothed in clumsy draperies1 profusely painted4 ,they were worshippers of fire1 and used no representations of their deity2 and it is a curious fact1 that1 in their successful invasion of ,egypt1 they carried away with them no taste for the arts1 or imbibed any of the religious principles of that polytheistic country4 ,the art of painting appears to have remained in the same state in ,china1 without any particular change from time immemorial4 ,they have never attempted anything beyond mere imitation1 and that entirely devoid of taste or truth4 ,the human figure1 with them1 is a ludicrous deformity1 and their perspective is gained1 by piling one object above another1 until the picture as all ground and no sky4 ,invention and ,imagination were never known among them2 and1 although the elaborateness of many of their works is astonishing1 yet with such a people1 it would be useless to look for the origin and progress of art4 ,the arts of the ,etruscans are famous for the vases they produced4 ,etruria1 in its ancient state1 was one of the most powerful and civilized countries in ,italy4 ,though the history of this nation is involved in obscurity1 as the ,romans tried every means in their power to destroy all its claims to refinement1 yet there are sufficient proofs remaining of the height and perfection to which they carried the fine arts4 ,near the town of ,civita ,vecchia stood the ancient ,etruscan city of ,tarquinia1 near which are found numbers of sepulchral grottoes1 many of which are decorated with paintings and figures much in the style of those on the ,etruscan vases4 ,some of the pictures represent combats1 and others dances of females1 executed with considerable spirit4 ,the pottery before mentioned1 however1 affords the greatest number of their specimens of the art of design2 the forms displayed in the contour of the vases1 no less than the paintings with which they are decorated1 show the wonderful attainment in elegance of design1 purity of form1 and ingenuity of delineation4 ,the power over line1 and the facility of execution they reached1 may be easily conceived from the absorbent nature of the material upon which they wrought4 ,no retouching was possible2 but the whole must have been completely arranged in the mind of the artist before it could be struck off4 ,pliny states1 that in his day1 the town of ,ardea1 an ancient city of ,etruria1 contained some paintings which he ascribes to a period anterior to the founding of ,rome1 and mentions with surprise their then perfect state of preservation4 ,at ,lacurium also1 he describes some pictures of ,atalanta and ,helen1 which were simply painted on the wall1 and exhibited great merit in execution4 ,these ,caligulo1 after a fruitless attempt1 failed in removing4 ,cere1 another ,etruscan city1 boasted some paintings of an early date4 ,all these specimens1 although of remote date1 have no positive clue by which to ascertain anything positive as to the origin of the art of painting4 ,and we are obliged to turn to ,greece for the foundation from whence sprung works still the admiration of the world4 ,religion was the motive of ,greek art2 it was1 therefore1 natural that they should endeavor to invest their own authors1 for they considered themselves of divine origin1 with the most perfect forms2 and as man possessed that exclusively1 they completely and thoroughly studied the elements of his constitution4 ,the climate was favorable to the development of that form1 and the establishment of exercises by their civil and political institutions1 created models in nature1 which elevated ,greek art to the highest excellence4 ,the next step of the art was the monogram1 which is the outline of figures without light or shade1 with the addition1 however1 of parts within the outline4 ,from this the monochrom1 or painting with a single color1 and a white ground1 then covered with punic wax1 first amalgamated with a resinous pigment generally of a red1 sometimes of a dark brown or black color1 was the next advance4 ,through this inky ground1 the outlines were traced with a firm though plyant style1 called a cestrum3 the line could be altered by the finger or a sponge1 and easily replaced by a new one4 ,when the whole was settled1 it was suffered to dry1 and covered with a brown encaustic varnish2 the lights were worked over again1 and rendered more brilliant with a more delicate point1 according to the gradual advance from mere outline to some indication2 and at last to masses of light and shade--thence to the superinduction of different colors1 or the invention of polychrom1 which1 by the addition of the pencil to the style1 raised the stained drawing to a legitimate picture1 and at length produced that vaunted harmony--the magic scale of ,grecian color4 ,the period at which the pencil supplanted the cestrum cannot be ascertained4 ,apollodorus in the #ic;d ,olympiad1 and ,zeuxis1 in the #idth1 are said to have used it with freedom and power4 ,parrhasins painted the battle of the ,lapitht and centaurs on the shield of ,minerva for ,phidias1 to enable ,mys to chase it4 ,it was nearly a century after this that ,appelles and ,protogenes had a competition in drawing lines with the pencil1 in which delicacy and evanescent subtlety being the characteristic1 some notion of their mechanical skill may be formed4 ,encaustic painting was accomplished by using the colors in wax1 as they are used now in oil1 drying them by a fire1 and polishing the surface by dry friction4 ,polygnotus is the first great name that appears in history1 that any satisfactory data of the arts may be commenced from4 ,he lived about #djj years ,b4 ,c4 ,so great was his success in the ,poecile at ,athens1 and the ,desche1 or public hall at ,delphi1 that in a great council of the ,amphyctons1 it was solemnly decreed that his expenses1 whenever he travelled in ,greece1 should be borne at the public charge4 ,his pictures were admired by ,pliny1 at the distance of six hundred years4 ,the first painting on record is the battle of ,magnete1 by ,balarchus1 and purchased by ,candaules1 ,king of ,lydia1 for its weight in gold1 or1 as some say1 a quantity of gold coins equal to its surface4 ,after ,aglaophon1 ,phidias1 ,panenus1 ,colotes1 and ,evenor1 the father of ,parrhasins1 came ,apollodorus1 the ,athenian4 ,this painter applied the essential principles of ,polygnotus to the delineation of the species1 by investigating the leading forms that discriminate the different classes of human qualities and passions4 ,the acuteness of his taste led him to discover1 that1 as all men were connected by one general form1 so were they separated by some peculiar individuality4 ,pliny and ,plutarch considered ,apollodorus as the first colorist of his age1 and it is very probable1 by their descriptions1 that he was the inventor of local color and tone4 ,zeuxis succeeded to ,apollodorus1 and by uniting in one figure the most perfect parts of many models1 produced an ideal form1 which1 in his opinion1 constituted the supreme degree of human beauty4 ,lucian describes a picture he exhibited at the ,olympic ,games as remarkable for its invention4 ,it represented a female centaur1 suckling her young4 ,it was carried off from ,athens by ,sylla1 but lost on the voyage to ,italy4 ,parrhasins1 a native of ,ephesus1 but a citizen of ,athens1 was the son of a disciple of ,evenor1 and contemporary of ,zeuxis4 ,by his subtle examination of outline1 he established that standard of divine and heroic form1 which raised him to the authority of a legislator1 from whose decisions there was no appeal4 ,he was a thorough master of allegory1 from the fact of his embodying by signs1 universally understood1 the ,athenian people4 ,in a competition with ,timanthes1 he had the mortification of being declared1 by a majority of votes1 inferior to him4 ,the subject for competition1 was the contest of ,ajax and ,ulysses for the arms of ,achilles4 ,the sacrifice of ,iphigenia in ,aulis1 by ,timanthes1 acquired the greatest celebrity of all the ancient pictures4 ,quintilian says that it was painted in contest with ,colotes of ,teos--an artist from the school of ,phidias1 and crowned with victory at its rival exhibition4 ,this picture1 which has been the subject of unlimited praise by the ancient critics1 has been in modern times objected to1 from the circumstance of ,timanthes hiding the face of ,agamemnon1 the father of the victim1 to be immolated in his mantle1 unable1 as it was supposed by his art1 to express the entire agony of his grief4 ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds observes thus3 ,if difficulties overcome make a great part of the merit of art1 difficulties evaded can deserve but little commendation4 ,the ,french critic ,falconet1 has also condemned the artifice4 ,but ,fuseli answers these objections very reasonably by saying1--,the subject of ,timanthes was the immolation of ,sphigenia4 ,sphigenia was the principal figure1 and her form1 her resignation1 or her anguish1 was the painter's principal task2 the figure of ,agamemnon1 however important1 is merely accessary1 and no more necessary to make the subject completely tragic1 than that of ,dytemnestra1 the mother--no more than that of ,priam1 to impress us with sympathy at the death of ,polyxenia4 ,again1 they ascribe to impotence what was the forbearance of judgment4 ,timanthes felt like a father2 he did not hide the face of ,agamemnon1 because it was beyond the power of his art--not because it was beyond the possibility1 but because it was beyond the dignity of expression--because the inspiring feature of paternal affection at that moment1 and the action which of necessity must have accompanied it1 would either have destroyed the grandeur of the character1 and the solemnity of the scene1 or subject the painter1 with the majority of his judges1 to the imputation of insensibility4 ,the same expedient was resorted to by ,m4 ,angelo1 in the figure of ,abijam1 and by ,raphael in the expulsion from paradise4 ,these were the artists who formed the second school of art1 and established its end and limits4 ,on it was founded the third period of style1 in which refinement induced a grace and beauty not to be surpassed4 ,the masters of this period were--,appelles1 ,protogenes1 ,aristides1 ,euphranor1 ,pausius1 and the pupils of ,pamphilius1 and his master ,eupompus4 ,the last named artist was of ,sicyon2 and his authority was so great1 that out of the ,asiatic and ,grecian chords of painting he formed a third1 by dividing the last into the attic and ,sicyonian4 ,pliny says that1 when consulted by ,zysippus on a standard of imitation in art1 he pointed to the crowd passing by--observing that nature1 not an artist1 should be the object of imitation4 ,pamphilius1 a ,macedonian1 the master of ,appelles1 adopted the doctrines of ,eupompus4 ,to the art of painting1 he joined the study of mathematics1 and held1 that1 without the aid of geometry1 no artist could arrive at any perfection4 ,in ,appelles1 we are told by ,pliny1 unrivalled excellence was found4 ,grace was his powerful and peculiar faculty1 in which he surpassed all his predecessors4 ,his ,venus ,anadyomene1 which was long after purchased by ,augustus for one hundred talents1 or #bj1jjj sterling1 was esteemed the most faultless creation of the ,grecian pencil1 the most perfect example of that simple yet unapproachable grace of expression1 of symmetry of form1 and exquisite finish1 in which may be summed up the distinctive beauties of his genius4 ,hotogenes was next to him in merit4 ,the most celebrated of his works was his figure of ,jalysus1 with his dog1 which occupied him seven years4 ,aristides1 of ,theles1 and cotemporary of ,appelles1 was the first1 who1 by the rules of art1 obtained a perfect knowledge of expressing the passions and affections of the mind4 ,in one figure1 he expressed the anguish of maternal affection1 and the pangs of death4 ,euphranor1 the ,isthmian1 and pupil of ,aristides1 is said to have carried this refinement of expression still further4 ,skilled in ,sculpture1 as well as in ,painting1 his conceptions were noble and elevated2 his style masculine and bold2 and he was the first who distinguished himself1 by imparting majesty to his heroes4 ,asclepiodorus1 the ,athenian sculptor1 as well as painter1 was as the latter1 celebrated for the beauties of a correct style1 and the truth of his proportions4 ,appelles allowed himself to be1 in these respects1 as much his inferior to this artist as he was to ,amphion on the good ordering and disposition of his figures4 ,about this period appeared ,nichomachus1 ,nichophanes1 ,pyreicas and others4 ,nichias1 an ,athenian1 #cbb ,b4 ,c41 was in great repute for the great variety and noble choice of his subjects1 for the mode of distributing his lights and shadows1 and for great skill in the representation of animals4 ,in ,rome1 #cjj ,b4 ,c41 ,fabius1 a noble ,roman1 painted the ,temple of ,health1 and gloried so much in the art1 that he assumed the name of ,pictor4 ,without a further enumeration of masters1 for a long period after the reigns of ,vespasian and his son ,titus1 painting1 as well as sculpture1 continued to flourish in ,italy4 ,even under their successors ,domitian1 ,nerva and ,trojan1 they met with as much encouragement as they did in the most palmy days of ,greece1 although painting was used in mere ornamental decorations--that is1 to a great extent1 and artists had sunk1 for the most part1 to the standard of mere mechanics4 ,under ,adrian1 ,antonine1 ,alexander ,severns1 ,constantine1 and ,valentinian1 the art of painting continued to be an object of interest2 but at length1 in the reign of ,phocus1 with the fall of the ,empire1 with the rest of the noble arts and sciences1 it was involved in the common heap of ruins4 7,to be continued47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bromine4 ,we give the folk wing interesting combination and experiments with bromine1 as found in ,hill's ,treatise3-- ,discovered in #ahbf1 by ,m4 ,balard1 a young chemist of ,montpellier1 ,france4 ,he named it ,muride1 because obtained from the sea2 but it acquired its present name from a ,greek word1 signifying rank1 or dead odor4 ,it exists in nature in very small quantities4 ,it is found in the waters of every sea which has been tested for it3 it is also found in many mineral and salt springs4 ,we have not been able to determine to whom belongs the honor of discovering its use as an accelerator in ,daguerreotype4 ,having corresponded with ,prof4 ,morse1 7who was certainly one of the first who took portraits by the ,daguerreian process17 ,dr4 ,draper1 and others1 to whom this honor has been awarded1 they refuse to claim it4 ,prof4 ,silliman1 who is supposed to know everything relating to science1 writes to me that he does not know this4 ,i am quite inclined to place the wreath on the brow of the inventor of the ,magnetic ,telegraph4 ,process4--,when common salt is prepared from sea-water by evaporation and crystallization1 a liquid remains which goes under the name of bittern4 ,this liquid on passing chlorine through it1 is tinged with a deep yellow color4 ,the liquid is now distilled1 and the vapor passed over a substance1 7muriate of lime71 which has a powerful attraction for water4 ,a small quantity of bromine is thus obtained4--,another method is to agitate the chlorinated bittern with a portion of sulphuric ether4 ,the ether dissolves the bromine1 from which it receives a beautiful red tint1 and on standing1 rises to the surface4 ,agitate this solution with caustic potash1 and the bromide of potassium and bromate of potassa will be formed4 ,evaporate the liquor and the bromide of potassium will be left from which bromine may be distilled4 ,properties4--,at common temperatures1 it rapidly volatilizes1 giving red vapors of a most disagreeable smell4 ,its color1 when held between the eye and the light is a deep hyacinth red4 ,like oxygen1 chlorine1 and iodine1 it is a non-conductor of electricity1 and a negative electric4 ,it boils at #aafe1 and congeals at #dj ,fahr4 into a brittle solid4 ,it is a powerful poison2 even its vapor would no doubt prove fatal1 if inhaled in large quantities4 ,a single drop placed in the beak of a bird destroys it instantly4 ,operators cannot be too cautious in using it4 ,a very small drop spattered in the eye would destroy the sight4 ,bromine is very corrosive4 ,a lighted taper burns for a few moments in its vapor1 with a flame green at its base1 and red at the top1 and is then extinguished4 ,it is soluble in water1 alcohol1 and ether2 the latter is the best solvent4 ,with water at #cb ,fahr41 if forms a hydrate1 in crystals of a fine red color4 ,it gives to a solution of starch an orange color4 ,chlorine will displace it from all its combinations with hydrogen4 ,chloride of ,bromine4--,formed by transmitting a current of chlorine through bromine1 and condensing the disengaged vapors by a freezing mixture4 ,the factitious article is more simply formed1 and is equally good as an accelerator1 but not as quick4 ,see page #be1 ,part ,i4 ,m4 ,bissou1 a ,frenchman1 found that the real chloride of bromine is so sensitive1 that ,daguerreotype proofs are taken by it in half a second4 ,he succeeded in taking persons and animals in the act of walking4 ,bromic ,acid may be obtained by pouring sulphuric acid upon a dilute solution of bromide of baryta1 and evaporating4 ,no interest4 ,bromide of ,baryta4--,boil of protobromide of iron with moist carbonate of baryta2 carefully evaporate and it will crystallize in white rhombic prisms1 which have a bitter taste1 are slightly deliquescent1 and soluble in water and alcohol4 ,bromide of ,carbon4--,formed by mixing one part of periodide of carbon with two of bromine4 ,two compounds are formed1 the bromide of carbon1 and the sub-bromide of iodine2 the latter is removed by a solution of caustic potassa4 ,it is liquid at common temperatures1 but crystallizes at #cb ,fahr42 sweet to the taste1 and of a penetrating ethereal odor2 distinguished from the protiodide by the vapor which it emits on being heated4 ,the periodide of carbon is made by mixing an alcoholic solution of pure potash and of iodine4 ,it forms crystals of a pearly lustre1 sweet to the taste1 and of a saffron odor4 ,the protiodide is formed by distilling a mixture of the preceding compound with corrosive sublimate4 ,sweet in taste1 and of a penetrating ethereal odor4 ,bromide of ,magnesium4--,dissolve magnesia in hydrobromic acid4 ,it will crystallize in small acicular crystals1 of a sharp taste1 very deliquescent and soluble4 ,bromide of ,sulphur4--,pour bromine on sublimed sulphur4 ,there is formed an oily liquid of a reddish tint4 ,bromide of ,phosphorus1 is formed by bringing phosphorus and bromine into contact in a jar filled with carbonic acid gas4 ,vaporizes by heat1 and is decomposed by water4 ,bromide of ,silicon1 is prepared by burning silicon in the vapor of bromine4 ,a very dense1 colorless liquid1 emitting dense fumes4 ,we have used this article as an accelerator1 and it produces a beautiful but singular picture4 ,it works quick1 but possesses no particular advantage4 ,bromide of ,zinc4--,prepared by digesting a solution of bromine with zinc filings4 ,the iodide is formed in a similar manner4 ,no interest4 ,hydrobromic ,acid4--,mix the vapor of bromine with about an equal bulk of hydrogen gas1 and introduce a coil of red-hot platinum wire4 ,red-hot iron answers equally well4 ,the combination takes place slowly without explosion4 ,or1 it may be formed by placing a small piece of phosphorus in a glass tube filled with water1 and dropping it upon a little bromine4 ,the hydrobromic acid passes over in the form of a gas1 and may be passed through water1 which will absorb it4 ,hydriodic ,acid is formed in the same way1 using iodine in place of the bromine4 ,hydrobromic acid is decomposed instantly by chlorine and nitric acid4 ,the ,french and ,german bromine is generally considered the best2 but the ,american manufacture is by no means to be rejected1 as it is frequently very excellent4 ,bromine is sometimes adulterated with naphtha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,silver4 ,,decomposed ,,by ,,the ,,current ,,of ,a ,,galvanic ,,battery4 ,mr4 ,matteucci has observed that the black deposit obtained on the cathode1 in the electrolysis of this salt1 instantaneously becomes white when the current ceases2 that it does not occur except when the solution is weak1 because from strong solutions1 crystalline silver is at once deposited2 that if a portion of the deposit1 after it has became white1 be suspended between the electrodes while the current passes1 those portions towards the anode again become black1 if the experiment is made in a solution of the nitrate1 but not if in mere acid water2 it will1 however1 occur if a mere drop of nitrate is added to the solution1 if a plate of a glass is interposed between the electrodes1 the phenomenon does not occur2 this is attributed to the great reduction of intensity4 ,it is suggested that the black deposit is formed1 of oxide of silver1 which is preserved by the passage of the current1 and which1 when the current ceases1 passes immediately to the metallic condition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,oxide ,,of ,,silver4 ,place pieces of silver in a glass vessel11 and pour on them about equal parts of water and strong nitric acid2 the metal will soon dissolve1 giving off fumes of nitric oxide4 ,should the solution have a green hue1 which is invariably the case1 unless the metal has been obtained fine from the refiners1 it indicates the presence of copper1 in which case immerse some pieces of copper in the solution1 and the nitric acid1 by elective affinity1 will combine with the copper2 and a precipitate of pure silver1 in the form of grayish powder1 will take place4 ,throw away the liquid and wash the silver precipitate several times in sulphuric acid and water1 and afterwards in water alone4 ,then re-dissolve it as before1 in nitric acid and water2 and a solution of pure nitrate of silver will be obtained4 ,place this in an evaporating dish1 or a saucer1 and apply the heat of a spirit-lamp1 or place the saucer by the fire-side1 till some portion of the liquid is driven off in vapor4 ,allow the residue to cool1 and it will shoot out into long colorless transparent crystals1 which are nitrate of silver4 ,they must be handled with care1 as they possess the property of staining animal and vegetable substances with an almost indelible black2--fused nitrate of silver being the lunar caustic of surgery1 and the main ingredient of marking-ink4 ,next prepare some lime-water1 by stirring lime into water and filtering the solution4 ,as lime is very sparingly soluble in water1 requiring1 at #fj ,fahrenheit1 #gej times its weight1 it is necessary to make an abundant supply4 ,place the lime-water in a glass or other vessel1 and drop in it a few crystals of nitrate of silver2 the colorless solution will instantly assume an unsightly brown hue2 and1 after remaining quiescent for a time1 the oxide of silver will subside in the form of a dark brown precipitate4 ,the liquid is then poured off1 and the precipitate is washed with water4 ,before throwing away the liquid1 fresh lime-water should be added to it2 and if the dark hue recurs1 the precipitate must be allowed to subside again2 if no change takes place1 it may be inferred that the silver is all extracted4 ,the oxide of silver should not be dried1 but be kept in bottles with water4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,potassium4 ,,cyanide ,,or ,,simple ,,cyanuret ,,of ,,potassium4 ,before entering into the preparation of this ingredient1 ,i may mention that the prussiate of potash of commerce has1 by many young experimentalists1 been mistaken for the above article1 because it is often sold1 by those unacquainted with chemical technicalities1 under the name of cyanuret of potassium4 ,it is1 in chemical parlance1 termed ferro-cyanuret1 from its containing a certain portion of iron2 and differs in its properties1 very materially1 from the simple salt4 ,it is of a bright yellow color1 and is converted into the colorless1 simple cyanuret in the following manner3 ,take #d ounces of the yellow prussiate1 break it in small pieces1 and well dry it on a plate of iron2 then reduce it in a mortar to exceedingly fine powder4 ,dry and pound in like manner one and a-half oz4 of carbonate of potash4 ,incorporate the two ingredients thoroughly4 ,place a ,hessian crucible in the fire2 and when it attains a red heat1 throw into it the prepared mixture1 and closely cover the crucible4 ,keep up the heat1 and the contents of the crucible will soon fuse2 and the fluid mass will become red-hot4 ,after this1 immerse in it1 from time to time1 a hot glass rod2 the mass which adheres1 is in the early stages of the process brown on cooling2 as the heat is continued1 it appears yellowish1 and finally1 colorless and transparent4 ,the operation is then complete3 the crucible must be removed2 and after its contents have been allowed to settle1 the fused mass may be poured off2 the greater portion of which consists of the simple cyanuret of potassium4 ,this salt is very deliquescent1 and must therefore be retained in close bottles3 it will readily be recognized by its powerful odor1--that noticed in peach blossoms4 ,the mere mention of prussic acid entering largely into its composition1 will be sufficient to induce my reader to exercise common caution in handling it4 ,having these ingredients prepared1 take one pint of pure rain or distilled water2 add to it two ounces of the cyanuret of potassium1 shake them together occasionally1 until the latter is entirely dissolved2 and allow the liquid to become clear4 ,then add a quarter of an ounce of oxide of silver1 which will very speedily dissolve2 the dissolution may be hastened by heat1 and after a short time1 a clear transparent solution will be obtained4--,walker4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stereo-,,chromic ,,painting4 ,a new mode of fresco painting1 called ,stereo-chromie1 which has for a long time excited attention among the artists of ,germany1 has it appears been perfected by a pupil of ,kaulbach1 in his own studio in ,munich4 ,the design is ,kaulbach's1 and the work was executed under his superintendence4 ,it represents the figure and character of a ,prophet1 and will be sent to the ,london ,exhibition4 ',the figure1 grand and majestic as it really is1 cannot be expected to convey to the ,english public anything but a faint idea of the genius and skill of ,kaulbach1' but as a specimen of this new and wonderful mode of painting1 it will be regarded1 by artists1 with the greatest curiosity4 ,stereo-chromie was discovered by ,obergrath von ,fuchs1 a distinguished chemist2 and is considered by ,german artists as one of the greatest discoveries of the age4 ,they claim for it great advantage over ordinary fresco and encaustic painting1 in its superior durability and the power which it affords the artist of retouching and glazing his picture4 ,the colors are mixed with water1 the whole being permanently fixed by occasional sprinklings of water1 in which a certain proportion of fluoric-acid 7,flassspath saurs7 is mixed4 ,stereo-chromie is in fact a preserver of the wall on which it is painted1 ,by a certain chemical action of the solution sprinkled over the picture1 while in progress1 the whole ground on which it is placed1 and the picture itself becomes one hard flinty mass1 the very colors of which are converted into the hardest stone4 ,this singular species of painting resists1 it is said1 every influence of climate2 and may be securely used as an external coating for buildings in any part of the globe4 ,neither is the artist confined to any particular time in executing it1 leaving off when he pleases and for any length of time4 ,in these points it is a most important recommendation1 which cannot by any means apply to fresco work1 nor1 except within certain limits1 to oil painting4 ,the highest advantage of all1 however1 is that the same part may be painted over as often as the artist please1 which is impossible in fresco2 and consequently the most perfect harmony may1 by this new mode be preserved throughout the largest possible painting4 ,in fresco the artist is the slave of his materials2 here1 he is the arbitrary master and to the fullest extent4--,banner of the ,union1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,water4 ,water intended to aid in conducting chemical experiments1 should1 so far as possible1 be free from all foreign substances4 ,as the ,daguerreotype process is one of the most difficult in the range of chemical science1 the ,daguerreian should have at hand the best that circumstances will admit4 ,we have learned1 from experience1 the disadvantages attendant on those who travel in the country1 from village to village in the practice of the ,daguerreotype art4 ,when ,distilled ,water can be obtained1 it should be used4 ,it must have no smell1 taste1 or color2 it must evaporate without leaving a residue2 it must give no precipitates with solutions of nitrate of silver1 chloride of barium1 superoxalate of potash1 caustic alkalies1 carbonated alkalies1 sulphurated hydrogen1 or hydrosulphate of ammonia4 ,rain ,water generally contains carbonic acid1 carbonate of lime1 and chloride of calcium4 ,spring ,water contains the same impurities as rain water1 superadded to chloride of sodium1 sulphate of lime1 carbonate of iron1 c4 ,river ,water4--,more free from salts than spring water1 but often contains a large quantity of decomposing vegetable and animal matter4 ,this is particularly the case with water taken from the ,hudson1 from ,troy to its mouth2 also1 the ,mississippi1 and1 in fact1 almost all large streams which are navigated4 ,lake ,water4--,all descriptions of stagnant water abound in half-putrified organic remains1 as all well know1 that the smaller the bulk of liquid1 as in the case of the swamp or marsh1 the more impure and the more unwholesome it is4 ,to purify ,water4--,much has been said about purifying water for ,daguerreotype use4 ,we look upon this1 so far as chemical agents are employed1 in most instances a loss of both time and money2 let every one filter the water for use often and freely and we will guarantee that success will be his reward4 ,we will class water in the following order3-- #a1 ,distilled water2 #b1 rain water2 #c1 brook water2 #d1 well water2 #e1 spring water2 #f1 river water3 yet the water from some of our ,western lakes would1 we think be fully equal to rain water4 ,we have used the water from ,seneca lake1 and have found it possessing less animal and vegetable matter1 than found in the water from any well which we have been compelled to use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,isinglass1 as it is generally called fish glue1 is prepared from the air-bladders of the sturgeon4 ,it is found in commerce under various forms1 such as large strings1 small strings1 and leaves4 ,it is always white1 semi-transparent1 dry1 fibrous1 horny1 of a faint odor and insipid taste4 ,when a very thin leaf is moved between the eye and the light of the sun1 a species of chatoyance is perceived4 ,if macerated in cold water1 ,isinglass swells and softens2 if boiled in water1 it dissolves almost without any residue and forms a solution1 which1 on becoming cool produces a semi-transparent jelly4 ,there are several counterfeits1 but all are easily detected4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,papier-,,mache4 ,papier-,mache4--,pulped paper moulded into forms4 ,it possesses great strength and is a valuable article in the manufacturing of cases for ,daguerreotypes4 ,it may be rendered partially water-proof by the addition of sulphate of iron1 quicklime1 and glue1 or white of eggs1 to the pulp2 and incumbustible by the addition of borax and phosphate of soda4 ,the papier-mache ,daguerreotype cases1 tea-trays1 waiters1 snuff-boxes1 c41 are prepared by pasting or glueing sheets of paper together1 and submitting them to powerful pressure1 by which the composition acquires the hardness of a board when dry4 ,such articles are often inlaid with mother of pearl1 and japanned1 and are then perfectly water-proof4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chloride ,,of ,,calcium4 ,chloride of ,calcium4--,this is so easily manufactured that any ,daguerreotypist can make it with but little difficulty4 ,saturate dilated muriatic acid1 say three pints of water to one of acid2 this should be filtered through a sponge and then allowed to stand until all the aquus solution has evaporated and the calcium crystallized4 ,this may be improved by it being placed in a crucible2 and fused with a quick fire1 then poured out on a flat stone4 ,when cold1 it should be broken and put in close bottles4 ,this is much used by ,daguerreotypists as it possesses a strong affinity for water2 consequently1 it is a valuable auxiliary in keeping the iodine dry4 ,it is also much used for drying gases and absorbing water from ethereal and oily liquids1 in organic analyses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,muriate ,,of ,,ammonia4 ,muriate of ,ammonia--sal-ammoniac4--,this is used by few to bleach ,daguerreotype impressions1 and relieve them of the blues2 should1 however1 the plates be well cleaned and the mercury at a proper temperature1 there will be no need of this preparation3 yet1 as a number have requested1 we give the following combination1 knowing that all ,daguerreotypists are troubled more or less with solarized impressions1 they may be more particularly with the blues4 ,make a saturated solution of muriate of ammonia1 in pure water1 and filter through paper4 ,this reduced with an equal quantity of water before used2 when the linen or any portion of the impression is badly solarized1 after removing the coating with the hyposulphite solution1 thoroughly rinse the plate with water1 then pour the bleaching solution over the surface of the impression in the same manner as in gilding4 ,if the solarization be very deep1 apply the lamp beneath and slightly warm the plate1 pour suddenly off1 and without rinsing1 quickly apply the gilding and gild in the usual way4 ,the whole operation must be quickly performed1 or the chlorine soon attracts the shade of the picture4 ,there may be instances when this solution may prove of advantage1 as1 for instance1 when black velvet and milk white are wanted in the same impression4 ,we have seen it operate with pleasing success2 but repeat that few only use it1 yet as in a single instance it might be of value1 we have given it4 ,as much of the muriate of ammonia1 in common1 is adulterated1 we will give a few tests which all can try4 ,when pure1 this salt is totally volatilizable by heat2 if a small portion on being heated on a piece of platinum foil over a spirit lamp leaves any fixed residue1 it is adulterated4 ,it should dissolve entirely in water2 if it leaves an insoluble residue it is adulterated4 ,the impurities generally found in sal-ammoniac1 are sulphate of ammonia1 sulphate of soda1 chloride of sodium1 and chloride of potassium2 neither of these are considered injurious in the bleaching solution4 ,occasionally it contains lead1 iron1 and copper4 ,the presence of sulphuric acid may be detected by means of a diluted solution of chloride of barium1 added to a weak solution of muriate of ammonia1 in water1 this will produce a white precipitate1 which is the more copious and dense1 the less the liquor is diluted4 ,if it contains lead add to a small portion of it1 contained in a test tube1 a little diluted sulphuric acid1 or a few drops of a solution of sulphate of soda 7glauber's salt71 if the liquid contains lead there will be prevalent a white powder1 or precipitate1 this powder scarcely dissolves at all in diluted acids1 but it dissolves in a solution of caustic of potash3 iron1 mix a solution of the yellow prussiate of potash with a solution of red prussiate1 a few drops of this added to a weak solution of muriate of ammonia will produce a blue precipitate2 copper1 pour about half an ounce of the liquid in a test tube1 and add to it a few drops of liquid ammonia1 if copper is present1 the liquid will assume a blue color4 ,sal-ammonia is known by giving out the odor of ammonia when mixed with caustic of potash3 when sal-ammonia possesses a brownish color1 it indicates the presence of charcoal1 or empyreumatic oil2 such sal-ammoniac is good for some purposes1 but wholly unfit for chemical purposes4 ,when sal-ammoniac leaves a non-volatile residue1 it may contain sulphate of soda4 ,this is the principal cause of failures with the bleaching solution1 as the sulphate of soda has a tendency to blacken rather than bleach ,daguerreian impressions4 ,the sulphate of soda as well as the chloride of sodium1 is often found in unpurified sal-ammoniac to the amount of ten per cent4 ,when sal-ammoniac contains much sulphate of ammonia1 it fuses and sputters before it sublimes2 whereas it otherwise sublimes without fusing4 ,when sal-ammoniac1 sublimes without residue1 but gives a precipitate when its solution is tested with a solution of chloride of barium1 it contains sulphate of ammonia2 but when it leaves a non-volatile residue1 the precipitate indicates sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bromide ,,of ,,silver4 ,,native ,,bromide ,,of ,,silver ,,and ,,analyses4 ,m4 ,berthier says1 that in the district of ,plateros1 seventeen leagues from ,zacatecas in ,mexico1 silver ore is found in two different states2 first1 native silver2 and secondly and principally in a state of combination in small olive-green or yellowish crystals1 supposed to be chloride1 but which he found to be bromide of silver4 ,according to ,m4 ,duport1 from whom ,m4 ,berthier received these specimens1 this substance is not rare in ,mexico1 but occurs frequently in fine cubic and octahedral crystals4 ,the specimen examined by ,m4 ,berthier was from ,san ,onofe4 ,it was compact1 of a slightly reddish gray color2 fracture uneven2 splendent2 penetrated with small cavities1 some of which were partially filled with a substance of a dull pale yellow color1 and which the miners call oxide of lead2 other cavities contain very small imperfect crystals2 which are brilliant1 and of a pale olive green-color1 and have the appearance of chloride of silver4 ,this specimen was very rich1 for it yielded #j4jfhh of silver1 and contained #j4de of carbonate of lead1 which1 intimately mixed with quartz and a little oxide of iron1 formed the principal portion of the mass4 ,m4 ,berthier has also found this mineral among the silver ores of ,huelgoeth1 department of ,finistre in ,france4 ,two specimens were obtained by him3 the first of these is described as being porous or scoriform1 containing white quartz imbedded in foliated hydrate of iron4 ,on the edges of the foliated iron ore the naked eye could distinguish small cubic grains of a pearl-white color1 which had all the characters of chloride of silver4 ,the second specimen had the appearance of compact oxide of iron1 containing here and there milk-white quartz2 it was throughout impregnated with chloride of silver1 which occasionally appeared in the form of very small brilliant crystals4 ,to analyze this mineral1 #aj grammes were first treated with ammonia1 and heat to dissolve the chloride of silver1 and afterwards by boiling hydrochloric acid to dissolve the oxide of iron2 this acid also dissolved a certain portion of lead1 which probably was in the state of phosphate4 ,the quartzose residue weighed #cb4f grammes3 it contained #j4ag gramme of silver1 which must have been in the metallic state3 the ammoniacal solution gave by boiling and saturation with nitric acid1 #a4hd gramme of chloride of silver1 which1 supposing it to be pure1 contained #a4dj gramme of silver1 which1 added to #j4ag gramme remaining in the quartz1 gives a total of #a4eg gramme2 a result which differed so very little from that obtained by essaying1 as to prove the absence of bromide of silver1 and that this was the case was confirmed by additional experiments4 ,after this a third specimen was received from ,huelgoeth2 it was very small1 but as rich as the foregoing1 and in it there were distinguishable1 besides granular cubic crystals of chloride of silver1 other grains of an olive-green color1 which had exactly the same appearance as the bromide had4 ,plateros and the following experiments proved the presence of the substance4 ,five grammes of the pulverized mineral were boiled in a solution of oxalic acid1 until the oxide of iron was perfectly dissolved3 the residue weighed about a gramme1 and it evidently contained a mixture of canary-yellow and white grains4 ,it was digested in hot solution of ammonia until all the yellow powder disappeared2 it required a large quantity of the alkali for this purpose1 which would not have been the case to dissolve pure chloride4 ,the solution was gradually saturated with nitric acid1 and it was observed that the successive deposits formed had an evident yellow tint1 but gradually diminishing in intensity1 except the last1 which were white4 ,the yellow deposits were collected and examined in the following manner3--,a portion was treated with chlorine and ther2 the ther became of a yellow color4 ,another portion was dissolved in ammonia1 hydrosulphate of ammonia was added to the solution1 and the black precipitate formed was separated1 and was found to be pure sulphuret of silver4 ,the liquor was concentrated by exposure to the air1 and filtered to separate the sulphur which was deposited2 a little potash was then added1 and it was evaporated to dryness2 acetic acid was added to saturate the excess of potash1 and it was again dried4 ,to determine whether the saline residue contained a bromide1 a small portion of it was treated in a tube with pure nitric acid1 and a yellow liquid was immediately obtained4 ,another portion was mixed with peroxide of manganese1 and the mixture was placed in a glass tube2 a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid were added1 and when gently heated1 red vapors were immediately disengaged1 and alter some lime there were deposited on the sides of the tube small drops of a red liquid4 ,the existence of bromine was therefore evident1 and it was proved that the bromide was unmixed with iodide4 ,bromide of silver appears to be rare at ,huelgoeth2 but it may be readily distinguished from the chloride by its greenish or canary-yellow color1 which is characteristic of it4 ,it is remarkable that it occurs with the chloride in the same specimens1 but without there being an intimate mixture of the two substances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,daguerreian ,journal4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,march #a1 #ahea4 ,,hillotype4 ,since the announcement of the ,hillotype1 in the last number of the ,daguerreian ,journal1 quite an excitement has prevailed1 both in the ,daguerreotype and scientific world4 ,the great question has fairly been solved and natural colors can be produced and rendered indelible upon the metallic plate4 ,america can safely say she has presented to the world one of the most invaluable discoveries that has ever been imprinted upon the pages of history4 ,men profound in their scientific skill and learning1 have long and in vain sought for the discovery or invention of some means of securing to the future1 the colors of the present4 ,all ,europe has been alive to this great desideratum1 and many have presumed it an impossibility1 while some few persisted1 flattered by hope and encouraged by the almost daily announcement of some new discovery or invention1 that heretofore had been deemed only as having existence in the dreamy imagination or a perspective future4 ,we hail the discovery of the ,hillotype as an epoch bright in the history of science1 as well as impregnated with interest to aid in unfolding a volume of investigation which has so long commanded the attention of learned and philosophical minds1 as the colored rays of light4 ,the subject of reflected light and its colors has long agitated the scientific mind4 ,much has been said and written2 elaborate and laborious ,essays1 ,researches and ,treatises have penetrated our libraries and proved valuable auxiliaries in pushing the interest of those engaged in furthering agricultural and chemical pursuits4 ,this branch of natural science is regarded as one of the most important1 and1 at the present moment1 it is rendered doubly interesting from the fact of ,mr4 ,hill's discovery4 ,we may look forward for new developments1 which will prove no less surprising than that of rendering permanent1 on a metallic plate1 the variegated beauties of the solar spectrum4 ,we are1 as it were1 standing upon an eminence from which we can survey the present1 retrospect the past1 and almost sketch the bright outline of a coming future4 ,here lies a field for animated speculation1 in which nature's student can satiate his appetite in the study of nature1 in a province hitherto unknown and unexplored2 he may here realize truths purely sublime1 painted in the glowing colors of nature1 and rendered prominent upon the tablet of his memory4 ,we present the following communication from ,mr4 ,hill1 which our readers will peruse with pleasure3 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the ,daguerreian ,journal4 ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey1 ,esq42--,being detained here a day on my way from your city1 ,i relieve myself a little from the tedium of delay1 by a few scribblings to your valuable ,journal4 ,i will give a few particulars respecting my pictures1 c4 ,i have now fifty-five specimens4 ,they are all equally perfect4 ,it is quite remarkable that ,i have never yet made a partial failure4 ,those impressions which have had too much light1 are nearly as strong1 sound1 brilliant and beautiful as those correctly timed in the camera1 being inferior only in having the colors less deep4 ,even the whites retain their strength4 ,the folds of the linen are always well defined4 ,blue or solarized linen is unknown in my process1 and there is always a strength and clearness in the whites1 unattainable by mercury4 ,during the past winter ,i have several times taken a view in which there is a deep red house1 while the ground was covered with snow4 ,for experiment ,i exposed the plate so long as to reduce the bright red of the house to a very light red1 while at the same time1 the white snow was developed with a beautiful whiteness4 ,i have copied several very highly colored ,french prints4 ,the copies are far superior to the originals1 in that1 while they have every tint of color1 they are exceedingly brilliant4 ,this is a characteristic in which ,i never fail1 even with the plates merely cleaned with rotten stone--the brilliancy depending on other causes4 ,well polished plates1 however1 are preferable for other reasons4 ,it is essential that the plates should be very pure1 free from scum8 dampness1 and organic matter of every kind1 and ,i am experimenting with different substances1 in hopes of finding something that will more perfectly cleanse1 while it thoroughly polishes4 ,i would be very thankful to any person who might furnish me with valuable hints on this point1 as ,i am convinced that here lies one great cause of uncertainty4 ,my trouble with the yellow1 which you mentioned in the last number of the ,daguerreian ,journal1 relates only to the homogeneous rays1 orange1 buff1 and all the various shades of yellow come out true except the chrome yellow which appears less brilliant4 ,this1 however1 is thought by distinguished artists1 no serious objection4 ,my late visit to your city was much shorter than ,i could have wished4 ,i called on a number of ,artists1 and the cordial manner in which they congratulated me has added much to my kindly feelings towards the fraternity1 and strengthened my resolution to give all worthy ,daguerreotypists and ,artists1 my process on terms which ,i believe will be satisfactory4 ,as far as this is concerned1 please say to such their interests are safe in my hands4 ,i met with but one person anyway sceptical1 and he is willing to be more fully satisfied when he sees the pictures1 which is very fair ,i am sure4 ,while it is very cheering to me1 in my truly arduous duties1 to review the kind congratulations of my brother ,artists1 the most ,i am entitled to claim in an age when almost every announcement is regarded as humbug1 is that the ,daguerreian world will give me a fair chance to perfect my discovery4 ,a few have seen my pictures1 and their expressed opinions agree with mine1 viz41 that these pictures will astonish the world4 ,i saw in your city1 in the hands of ,mr4 ,hite1 ,artist1 some exquisite ivory miniatures4 ,it astonished me that the human hand could paint the form of the human face divine1 in such a mode2 but ,i pleasantly said to the ,artist1 what ,i now repeat in all seriousness1 that the pictures by my process necessarily exceed in beauty the finest productions of the painter1 they being drawn by light and painted by sun-beams4 ,i have heard several rumors while in the city1 in respect to my designs in the disposition of my discovery4 ,allow me to say1 for the information of all concerned1 that my purpose is unalterably fixed to avoid monopoly1 and to take a course which will put the process into general use4 ,to-morrow ,i start for my mountain home1 and with my invigorated health and spirit1 ,i hope to resume my toils with a prospect of bringing out my process at an early day4 ,i remain1 fraternally yours1 ,l4 ,l4 ,hill4 ,woodstock1 ,ulster ,co11 ,n4 ,y41 ,march #ab1 #ahea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hand ,we are highly gratified to find many of our fellow ,daguerreotypists are cordially welcoming us on by manfully and numerously sending us their names for the ,daguerreian ,journal for one year4 ,when we commenced our editorial labors we launched our hark upon a sea never before thought safe for regular navigation1 but we find only few snags in the way1 and these are every day lessened by our close application and the assistance of kind friends4 ,no man knows his friends until they have an opportunity to prove themselves4 ,with but few exceptions1 all who subscribed for the ,journal for the first four months have sent us two dollars worth of the root of all evil1 for their subscription for the balance of the year4 ,we bow1 and thank you6 ,may you never get in a ,fog4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hand ,t4 ,antisell1 ,m4 ,d41 has been appointed ,professor of ,chemistry in the ,vermont ,medical ,college1 at ,woodstock1 ,vt4 ,he is now fulfilling his professional duties at the above named institution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hand ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,mayall of ,london1 has promised us an article on ,photographing on ,glass4 ,this will appear as soon as received4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hand ,our old and learned friend ,mr4 ,finley of ,canandaigua1 promised us a communication4 ,where is it8 99 99 99 99 99 ,hand ,removal4--,in our last we noticed our removal to ,no4 #beb ,broadway2 this was the case1 but we found on consulting a carpenter in relation to putting in a sky-light1 he declared it unsafe4 ,the consequence was1 that we at once abandoned the idea1 and soon made very satisfactory arrangements with ,mr4 ,insley1 the well and favorably known proprietor of the ,insley ,gallery4 ,once again we are settled and would be happy to see all who feel an interest in the ,daguerreian and ,photogenic arts4 ,the ,office of the ,daguerreian ,journal is at ,no4 #caa ,broadway4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our ,daguerreotypes4 ,we are assured by one in whom we have all confidence1 and withal6 capable of judging1 that there is now in progress a machine for cleaning and buffing plates4 ,this machine is an ingenious and valuable contrivance1 and it is said will polish a plate in one-sixth of the time required by any other process4 ,the whole done without handling the plate4 ,we hope so4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gurney has recently taken some of the finest large size ,daguerreotypes ever produced4 ,these wonderful specimens are on plates eleven by thirteen inches1 called mammoth plates4 ,such pictures four or five years ago would have filled the world with admiration and surprise4 ,the chemical effect is clear and well worked1 thus proving well prepared plates can present large as well as small impressions4 ,it is well worth while for every ,daguerreian visiting this city1 to look upon these proud specimens of the art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,thompson of this city1 has just taken the whole of the upper floor of the building occupied by him1 and has built two fine sky-lights4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we understand that ,mr4 ,h4 ,mc,bride1 operator for ,meade ,brother of this city1 is about to establish himself in ,albany4 ,we wish ,mr4 ,b4 success4 99 99 99 99 99 ,weston of this city1 is now producing some of the best ,calotypes we have seen4 ,we are happy to see ,photographing on paper brought before the public4 ,daguerreotypists should call and see ,mr4 ,w's4 specimens1 as well also those produced by ,messrs4 ,bertha1 ,wehnest1 ,beekman ,brothers1 who have been for some time past successfully practising in the art of ,sun ,drawing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,morand has recently made very extensive additions to his former establishment in ,chatham street4 ,we now find him lighting his subjects by a large and well arranged sky-light4 99 99 99 99 99 ,correspondence4 ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey1 ,esq41 ,dear ,sir3--,i would fain give my testimony in favor of your excellent ,journal1 which is to the ,daguerreian1 as a guide to the traveller1 and pilot to the untaught mariner4 ,it needs but to meet his eye for him to appreciate its value and secure its aid1 while following in his misty pathway4 ,i have long since learned that experience is the best teacher1 but now since the advent of the ,journal1 all who would be relieved of difficulties incident to ,daguerreian life1 may find the cause of atmospheric troubles--bad light--poor subjects--clouded results1 c41 reflected on its pages1 and thus1 by close application1 prevent the many evils which so frequently attend them1 and thereby learn that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure4 ,but there are those in the business who do not seem to discover any difference between the profile on the school-boy's slate1 and the best aqua-tinta engraving4 ,they never have any trouble in producing perfect results at every sitting1 and that for the sum of one dollar or fifty cents4 ,no wonder the writer of the article on ,daguerreotypes in ,no4 #e of the ,journal1 says ,daguerreians are not artists1 nor ,daguerreotypes works of ,art1 but mere wonders of ,nature4 ,when ,daguerreians adopt the motto--,good pictures and fair prices1 they may lay claim to the enviable name of ,artist1 and not before4 ,the ,daguerreian art is the most difficult art to practise with perfect success1 that has ever yet been discovered4 ,a perfect ,daguerreotype is the result of a series of the most careful1 delicate and complicated experiments ever conceived of by the human mind4 ,i have been considerably amused in perusing the ,journal1 in reading communications from sources where ,i am acquainted4 ,they remind me of the old adage--,all is not gold that glitters1 for they appear to far better advantage in print1 than as ,artists4 ,but enough of this4 ,in conclusion1 permit me to speak of a method of copying pictures1 which1 if new to any of your readers1 they will find it well worthy of the trial4 ,i find1 by placing the picture to be copied where the rays of the sun may fall obliquely upon the plate1 all reflection is thrown off1 and the image appears in the camera1 clear and distinct1 even if the original be very faint4 ,it also shortens the time of exposure to from one to five seconds4 ,respectfully yours1 ,jas4 ,bennett ,sykes4 ,owego1 ,march #d1 #ahea4 ,note4--,we think this is rather sharp firing1 but1 as it is already met by the ,artists referred to1 we give it4 ,we do like spice1 and well seasoned articles1 but don't get too personal4 ,a man may have been born in a stable1 but it is no sign he is a horse4 ,we hope the above from ,mr4 ,s4 was not prompted by a spirit of rivalry and animosity1 but rather for the good of all1 as no doubt it will so prove4 ,give us a pop from the other side4 ,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,daguerreian ,journals ,lost4--,the following ,telegraph ,dispatch was received at the ,daguerreian ,journal ,office on the #acth4 ,what is the reason of your not sending me my ,journals8 ,w4 ,s ,gear4 ,the following was our answer forwarded per mail on the same day4 ,daguerreian ,journal ,office1 ,new ,york1 ,march #acth1 #ahea4 ,dear ,sir3--,your ,telegraph ,dispatch came to hand4 ,in answer1--,i do send a ,journal directed to you as often as published4 ,the last was mailed last ,friday1 i4e4 the ,february #aeth number1 that being the last out4 ,i find it takes nearly as many to furnish the ,post ,offices as my subscribers2 however1 ,i try it again and send one to-day4 ,respectfully1 ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey4 ,w4 ,s4 ,gear4 ,we wish that the persons1 wishing the ,daguerreian ,journal would furnish us with their names--7no questions asked7 and they can have a copy forwarded1--thereby our honest subscribers would receive their ,journal regularly4 ,we do know that we put the ,journal in the ,post ,office--but we don't know why so many of our subscribers do not receive them4 ,there is no doubt but that our ,journal is valuable1 and should be in the hands of all1 yet it is with us as with most brother editors1 we are unable to furnish copies gratuitously4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ammonia4 ,ammonia should be a perfectly colorless liquid2 when concentrated its specific gravity should be #ji4 ,it must have a pure ammonial odor1 and must volatilize without any residue4 ,it must not become troubled when mixed with alcohol1 or lime water1 otherwise it contains carbonate of ammonia4 ,neither must it for the same reason1 become troubled when tested with a solution of chloride of barium2 this is the best test for carbonate of ammonia4 ,care is to be taken to observe the action of the test on its first addition1 for after the mixture has been exposed to the air for a few minutes1 a troubling necessarily ensues1 because the ammonia abstracts carbonic acid from the atmosphere4 ,when super-saturated with nitric acid1 and tested with a solution of nitrate of silver1 it must give no white precipitate2 otherwise it contains sal-ammoniac4 ,it must give no precipitate with a solution of chloride of barium1 otherwise it contains sulphuric acid1 in which case1 the precipitate will be invisible in nitric acid4 ,it must give no precipitate with a solution of oxalic acid or superoxalate of potash2 otherwise it contains lime4 ,when saturated with nitric acid and tested with a solution of yellow prussiate of potash1 it must give no precipitate2 otherwise it contains copper4 ,when mixed with its weight of oil of vitriol1 it must not become brown or black2 otherwise it contains empyreumatic oil4 ,as it is quite difficult to obtain ammonia entirely free from carbonate of ammonia1 or to preserve it in that state1 the employment of ammonia containing a small portion of the carbonate is admissible in the practice of the ,daguerreotype4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ,army of ,subscribers4--,it is computed that the regular subscribers to the ,new ,york ,sun1 standing side by side1 and each occupying eighteen inches space1 would form a line seventeen miles1 fourteen rods1 and three yards long4 ,standing with arms extended1 and occupying six feet each1 they would reach sixty-eight miles1 fifty-eight rods and one yard1 c4 c4--,sun4 ,let us see if we also cannot get up some astonishing statistics3 ,the regular subscribers to the ,new ,york ,tribune1 standing in single file1 each holding fast to the other's coat-tail1 would form a line #agf miles1 #g rods and one yard long4 ,allowing that each could hop1 skip and jump the distance of #d yards1 their simultaneous performance of this feat would extend from ,cape ,horn to ,baffins ,bay4 ,supposing they all sneezed at once1 the vibration of the air would overthrow the spire of ,trinity ,church4 ,in reading the #dh columns of our double sheet every morning1 the distance travelled by their eyes would reach twice round the earth4 ,there6 ,is that enough8--,tribune4 ,wonder if the ,tribune's calculations is made from the actual measurement of the tail of the old white coat8 ,if so its not fair1 for ,horace has the advantage over the modern fashion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,strange ,announcement4--,we see by a ,georgia exchange1 that some one in that ,state is taking ,daguerreotypes as low as seventy-five cents4 ,our ,devil says ,barnum is after the wonder1 and intends having him early this ,spring4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,examples ,,of ,,the ,,divisibility ,,of ,,matter4 ,all that has been written in support of what is termed the ,infinite ,divisibility of ,matter1 has been advanced with an oversight of certain axiomatic principles which immediately decide the question in the negative4 ,indeed1 it would suffice to say that there can be no such thing as a division of matter into an infinite number of parts simply because there can be no such thing as an infinite number of any thing4 ,number is essentially finite1 and although1 in imagination1 it can be extended indefinitely1 it never can be positively infinite1 at any period of futurity1 from the very fact that we can always conceive of its being extended still farther4 ,even as an ideal extension of parts1 it has always a beginning and an end1 at any given time we may assume for measuring it1 and is1 therefore1 never infinite in itself at any time4 ,in this respect it differs essentially from infinite space1 which having no parts1 is positively infinite at all times4 ,number is a convenient instrument wherewith to obtain an idea of infinite space1 or of infinite duration1 on account of its capacity for endless extension or continuation2 and it is because we can ideally extend and continue it forever1 without even approximating to a measurement of space and duration1 that we discover the latter to be absolutely infinite1 and number to be absolutely finite4 ,we discover that between the capacity for endless extension and endless extension itself1 there is a manifest and decided difference4 ,under any circumstances1 therefore1 the term infinite1 as applied to the divisibility of matter1 is unphilosophical and improper4 ,all the matter in the universe is finite1 and if it were to be doubled1 or quatrilliontupled1 every instant of time1 to all eternity1 it would never become infinitely extended4 ,and1 by the same rule1 it can never become infinitely subdivided4 ,if1 however1 by the term infinite divisibility1 as applied to matter1 is merely meant its capacity for interminable subdivision1 then the question resolves itself either into one of speculative fancy or of practical fact4 ,if the former1 then it must be admitted that1 by an effort of the imagination1 we can conceive of such a divisibility beyond any assignable limits4 ,but if we regard the question as a practical one1 it immediately becomes too absurd for serious attention1 since it is evident that human power1 limited in all things1 must be so in producing artificial subdivisions of matter4 ,however unlimited1 therefore1 the capacity of matter may be for divisibility1 that of human beings1 in relation to it1 must be narrow indeed4 ,when chemists1 therefore1 and other philosophers1 speak of the divisibility of the present ultimate atoms of matter1 they must1 however unconsciously1 regard them in relation to human ability1 and thus far the question may become one of experiment4 ,but the question as to whether matter can actually be subdivided indefinitely and without end1 is one readily answered in the negative1 by the known inability of mankind to continue an endless experiment of this kind4 ,the whole question therefore1 concerning the illimitable divisibility of matter1 which has been discussed from the earliest period of science to the present day1 is frivolous1 fruitless1 and irrational4 ,as matter now exists1 not only its ultimate atoms1 but even its constituent molecules1 are as inconceivably minute1 as its aggregations are vast4 ,taking an exemplification1 from organic matter1 we find that a single drop of a strong solution of indigo1 in which at least #ejj1jjj parts are rendered distinctly visible by the microscope1 colors #a1jjj cubic inches of water1 and as this quantity of water is at least half a million of times greater than the drop of indigo solution1 the particles of indigo must be smaller than #b1ejj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 the twenty-five hundred millionth part of a cubic inch4 ,if we dissolve a particle of silver1 of #j4ja of a cubic line1 in size1 in nitric acid1 it will render distinctly milky #ejj cubic inches of a clear solution of common salt2 and1 consequently1 the magnitude of each particle of silver thus divided and diffused1 must be somewhat less than the billionth part of a cubic line6 ,so great a number as a billion being but imperfectly conceivable1 it may render the idea of this minute division more distinct1 by stating that to count a single billion of seconds1 by a watch1 every day and night without ceasing1 would require #ca1fge years4 ,in gilding silver wire1 it is found1 by calculation1 that a grain of gold is spread over #a1djj square inches2 and as1 when examined by a microscope1 the gold upon the thousandth part of a linear inch is distinctly visible1 it is demonstrated that gold may be divided into particles of at least the billionth1 #djj millionth1 of a square inch in size1 and retain the color and all other characteristics of a ,california prize4 ,if a grain of copper be dissolved in nitric acid1 and then in water of ammonia1 it will give a decidedly violet color to #cib cubic inches of water2 and1 therefore1 if there was but one particle of copper in each portion of the water of the size of a grain of sand1 of which one million make a cubic inch1 it would show that the original grain of copper had become divided into #cib particles4 ,this extreme tenuity of matter1 however1 is far surpassed in some examples which may be adduced from organic sources4 ,it is upon authentic record that an ,irish girl has spun linen yarn1 of which one pound was #a1dcb ,english miles in length1 and of which1 therefore1 #ag pounds and #ac ounces would have girt this world2 and yet less than the #abg millionth part of this thread would have been distinctly visible1 and must have contained other filaments still finer1 each of which must have been composed of an indefinite number of smaller particles1 themselves1 in all probability of complex organization1 and containing certainly1 minuter atoms of carbon1 besides those of gaseous matter4 ,if we employ the microscope1 far greater wonders of divisibility than these appear1 even in the complex organization of animal life4 ,ehrenberg has shown that tripoli1 a mineral much used in the arts1 is entirely composed of the siliceous shells of the microscopic animalcula1 known as infusiorials1 and that a single cubic inch of it contains at least forty-one thousand millions of these shells6--about fifty times as many individuals as there are of human beings on the globe4 ,yet each of these minute animals lived and fed2 had digestive and circulative systems1 with blood possessing globules as large1 probably1 in proportion1 as those of ours1 besides nerves of sensation and inclination1 with brains belonging to them1 together with muscles and every other mechanical apparatus for the extremely active locomotion and propagation which they so interestingly exhibit4 ,and every new improvement in the microscope reveals new races of animals1 apparently created for their own enjoyment1 and of which millions heaped on millions1 would be utterly invisible to the unaided eye4--,these facts prove that things are great and small only by comparison with each other1 and not in relation to infinity1 with which no comparison can be instituted4 ,and they prove1 moreover1 that vain1 boastful1 and bigoted man1 is not the sole object of creation1 nor of the profound benevolence1 contrivance and design1 with which it is universally replete4--,art's ,echo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iron--,,its ,,natural ,,and ,,artificial ,,combinations ,,with ,,carbon4 ,the question is often asked1 what constitutes the difference between wrought iron1 cast iron and steel8 ,cast ,iron1 when viewed under favorable circumstances1 by the help of a microscope will be found to be a mechanical aggregation of molecules of iron and carbon2 and the relative position of these particles may be illustrated by a pile of cannon balls as usually arranged in navy yards1 each alternate ball being iron and carbon 7charcoal74 ,if a mass of cast iron be heated until softened1 and then puddled 7squeezed71 the carbon will be forced to the surface1 and will there combine with the oxygen of the atmosphere1 forming carbonic acid or carbonic oxide gases1 and thus pass off4 ,when all the carbon has been parted with1 the mass is called ,wrought ,iron1 and may then be welded1 when at proper heat1 but cannot be melted--the hottest blast furnace will not melt wrought iron4 ,wrought iron at red heat combines rapidly with oxygen1 and becomes oxide of iron--thus a joint of stove-pipe thrown into a furnace will never melt1 but by contact with atmosphere will change into oxide of iron1 and thus be practically lost4 ,this operation is technically called burning4 ,if a piece of wrought iron be surrounded by carbon 7charcoal7 finely pulverized1 and the whole enclosed in a sheet iron vessel to exclude the air1 and this placed for a sufficient length of time in a furnace constructed for the purpose1 the iron will imbibe an atomic quantity of carbon1 and become ,steel4 ,this process is called cementation1 and steel so made can be melted as readily as cast iron4 ,thus it will be seen that both cast iron and steel are combinations of iron and carbon1 and in the same proportions1 but not in the same state of combination4 ,in cast iron1 the carbon and iron are a mere mechanical combination1 while in steel the iron and carbon are combined chemically4--,wrought iron1 when pure1 is free from carbon1 and its ductility1 toughness1 c41 are due to the absence of carbon1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 and other substances1 with which it is occasionally pervaded4 ,the ,french chemists are experimenting1 and occasionally succeeding by accident1 in causing heated iron to take the carbon from carbonic acid and other gases containing carbon1 and thus becoming steel more rapidly1 and at less cost1 than when made by the process of cementation4 ,mr4 ,dixon1 of ,jersey ,city1 has succeeded in making steel direct from the ,adirondack iron ore1 while ,peter ,cooper1 ,esq41 ,mr4 ,dickinson1 and others1 are manufacturing wrought iron direct from the iron ores of ,new-,jersey without first forming the pig or cast iron1 and of course at less expense1 as the saving of fuel is very great4 ,the process of case-hardening1 or changing the immediate surface of iron utensils into steel1 is readily performed by covering their surfaces with such organic substances as contain carbon as a constituent1 and then subjecting them to high heat for short spaces of time--thus the roller of a paper or sugar mill may be case-hardened by a coating of prussiate of potash1 or of leather chips1 and then subject the whole to high heat1 excluded from atmospheric influences4 ,by this process the gelatine and other constituents of the leather are reduced to carbon1 and this enters the surface particles of the iron1 converting them into steel4 ,many hypotheses are offered for this action1 and among others1 that the ultimate particles of matter are always in motion1 admitting the ingress of particles travelling in smaller orbits between them4 ,the friends of this hypothesis offer as proof1 that a fresh cast sash-weight when broken is a gray mass1 while one taken from an old building1 and broken1 is beautifully crystalline1 from the centre to the outside1 like speculum metal4 ,a freshly drawn piece of tin pipe when suddenly bent opposite the ear gives no crackling sound1 and if broken has no crystalline structure1 but if left at rest for one hour it has both4 ,barbers often tell us that razors get tired of shaving1 but if laid by for thirty days they will then shave well4 ,by microscopic examination it is found that the tired razor1 from long stropping by the same hand and in the same directions1 has the ultimate particles or fibres of its surface or edge all arranged in one direction1 like the edge of a piece of cut velvet2 but after a month's rest1 these fibres re-arrange themselves heterogeneously1 crossing each other and presenting a saw-like edge1 each fibre supporting its fellow1 and hence cutting the beard1 instead of being forced down flat without cutting1 as when laid by4 ,these and many other instances are offered by the friends of the hypothesis named1 to prove that the ultimate particles of matter are always in motion1 and they say that in the process of welding1 the absolute momentum of the hammer causes an entanglement of orbits of motion1 and hence a re-arrangement1 as in one piece2 indeed1 in the cold state1 a leaf of gold laid on a polished surface of steel1 and stricken smartly with a hammer1 will have its particles forced into the steel so as to permanently gild it at the point of contact4 ,the oxidation of metals is equally curious1 and the length of time necessary for the formation of an infinitesimal coating of oxide is less than the one-thousandth of a second4 ,this fact may be readily proved3 a clean surface of steel1 free from oxide1 when brought in contact with mercury 7quicksilver7 will amalgamate1 but if the least oxide be upon the surface no such effect will take place4 ,prepare a trough containing quicksilver1 and place a bar of steel above it1 and within one inch or less of the surface of the quicksilver--break this bar with a smart blow from a hammer1 so that the blow which breaks it shall at the same time force the broken ends into the quicksilver1 and although the time occupied by the ends in passing through one inch of atmosphere before reaching the surface of the quicksilver will be immeasurably short1 still they will be so oxidized as not to amalgamate with the mercury2 if1 however1 the bar of steel be confined at its ends below the surface of the quicksilver1 and then be broken upwards1 by a lever applied to its centre1 the ends of the broken bar will be beautifully amalgamated before reaching the atmosphere above4 ,the reason for the success of the last named experiment is doubtless due to the absence of oxide of iron1 when broken beneath the surface of the mercury4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,mapes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,weigh-lock at ,albany4--,a writer in the ,courier and ,enquirer gives a description of the great weigh-lock that has just been erected at ,albany1 for the purpose of ascertaining the tonnage of canal boats4 ,heretofore long and vexatious delays have been the result1 while now1 a boat is brought into the lock1 and in a time which would have scarcely sufficed in other days to have ascertained the weight of a small parcel1 the unerring register on the beam1 has registered its weight1 and the record is on the books of the office4 ,the weigh-lock is directly on the side of1 and attached to the large canal1 and is adapted to the use of such boats as shall hereafter be built1 when the locks throughout the entire length of the canal shall be of the uniform enlarged size4 99 99 99 99 99 ,daguerreotyping in ,london4--,in a recent letter from ,j4 ,e4 ,mayall1 dated ,london1 ,february #aath1 he writes in his postscript3--,while ,i write this letter we have the gas lighted in the streets--#a o'clock ,p4,m41 and ,i write by gas-light4 ,we must confess that the ,daguerreotypists are in the ,fog enough in this country1 but if ,old ,sol should get blocked up at that early hour1 we don't know what would become of our ,foggy ,daguerreotypists here4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ground side of the ,ground ,glass should face the lenses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mercury baths should always be kept covered with some porous wood1 in order that the mercurial vapors cannot escape in the room4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,quick ,,stuffs4 ,we have endeavored to guard against giving useless receipts1 thereby saving our ,daguerreotypes a tax which would prove in most instances of no benefit4 ,as many have requested us to publish a variety of receipts for ,quicks4 ,we give them with but little comment4 ,we will number each combination3 ,no4 #a4 ,take pure rain or distilled water1 one quart filtered through paper into a bottle having a ground glass stopper1 and add one and a half ounces of chloride of iodine for warm weather1 or little less for cold weather4 ,the reason of this is obvious1 from the fact that during the warm summer day1 the bromine is far more volatile than in a winter day4 ,to the above add one ounce of best ,american bromine1 and shake well4 ,now1 with care1 to prevent1 as far as possible1 the escape of gas1 add1 drop by drop1 thirty drops of aqua ammonia1 shaking well the mixture at each drop4 ,it is necessary that caution be observed1 and not add more at a time than three drops of the aqua ammonia1 as otherwise it evolves too much heat4 ,use4 ,put in the box one part quick to eight parts water4 ,coat to dark yellow over dry iodine1 and change to a deep rosed color over the ,quick2 recoat over iodine one-tenth4 ,no4 #b4 ,lime water1 one quart2 chloride iodine1 one ounce2 add three-fourths of an ounce of bromine--shake well4 ,use4 ,put in box one part quick to six water2 coat to bright yellow over iodine2 to rose over the quick1 and recoat one-fourth4 ,no4 #c4 ,take rain or distilled water1 one quart2 add pulverized alum until it is a little sour to the taste2 and a small piece1 say one half inch square1 of magnesia1--,filter through paper1 and add chloride of iodine1 one half ounce2 bromine sufficient to take it up1 which is a little less than half an ounce4 ,use4 ,one part quick to six parts water2 coat over iodine to a soft yellow1 nearly1 but not quite bordering on a rose2 over the quick to a dark purple or steel2 recoat from one-sixth to one-tenth4 ,the above works slow1 but with a good light and proper management it can be made to produce as good impression as any combination known1 yet it is not so easily managed as ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #d4 ,rain or distilled water1 one gallon2 bromine1 one and a half drachm2 sulphuric acid1 two and a half drachms2 hydrochloric acid1,c two drachms4--,shake well as each is added in the above order4 ,c ,this acid dissolves glass with great rapidity4 ,it is purchased in leaden bottles4 ,a single drop on the skin would make a sore difficult to heal4 ,daguerreotypists should bear in mind that the accelerating chemicals used in the ,daguerreian art1 are of the most volatile substance1 and more difficult to experiment with than all other in the range of chemical science4 ,when hydrofluoric acid is to be measured1 the graduated glass should be partly filled with the mixture to which you intend adding it4 ,use4 ,to one ounce water1 add from fifteen to thirty drops quick2 coat over an incipient rose2 over quick1 nearly change the color to fair rose2 recoat about one-third or one-fourth as long as at first coating4 ,the coating box should be charged strong enough to change the plate in from one to four seconds4 ,one advantage this mixture possesses1 it will work in one-half the time required for any of the foregoing combinations4 ,one very serious objection to its use is1 it cannot1 without great care1 be made to work with certainty2 and another objection is1 it will not last long1 as the box will require to be replenished after having coated from eight to fourteen plates4 ,the older1 however1 this mixture is1 the more certain in its operation4 ,we have one gallon which has been made two years4 ,no4 #e4 ,dry ,quick4 ,we have already given this preparation in a former number of this ,journal4 ,no4 #f4 ,acidulated ,quick4 ,water1 one pint3 bromine1 ten drops2 chloride of iodine1 forty drops2 nitro-muriatic acid1 one-fourth ounce2 sulphuric acid1 two drops4 ,use4 ,one part quick to ten parts water2 coat over iodine to orange2 over quick to rose red2 recoat one-fourth4 ,there are thousands of different combinations and agents employed1 and1 after all1 let every ,daguerreian make up his mind to first become acquainted with some good combination of bromine and iodine1 there will be less complaining of ,quicks4 ,money received since our last ,number4 ,w4 ,a42 ,m4 ,r42 ,f4 ,s4 ,h42 ,j4 ,w4 ,o42 ,s4 ,b4 ,d42 ,h4 ,o4 ,n42 ,t4 ,o42 ,j4 ,h4 ,f42 ,s4 ,b4 ,b42 ,m4 ,p4 ,b42 ,a4 ,b42 ,j4 ,h4 ,v42 ,w4 ,a4 ,j42 ,j4 ,e4 ,m42 ,m4 ,m42 ,h4 ,h4 ,l42 ,j4 ,w4 ,h42 ,s4 ,n4 ,r42 ,n4 ,e4 ,s42 ,r4 ,b4 ,a42 ,h4 ,s4 ,b42 ,d4 ,c42 ,t4 ,c4 ,d42 ,c4 ,h4 ,g4--each #b4 ,g4 ,b42 ,d4 ,mc,d42 ,s4 ,p42 ,m4 ,s4 ,u42 ,c4 ,t4 ,m42 ,s4 ,s42 ,w4 ,r4 ,r42 ,s4 ,b4 jr42 ,e4 ,n4 ,h42 ,c4 ,w4 ,t42 ,j4 ,m42 ,s4 ,h42 ,n4 ,c42 ,c4 ,m4 ,h42 ,j4 ,b42 ,j4 ,b4 ,r42 ,w4 ,o4 ,g42 ,n4 ,p4 ,s42 ,l4 ,o42 ,a4 ,t42 ,w4 ,s4 ,w42 ,n4 ,e4 ,r42 ,d4 ,g4 ,k42 ,l4 ,q4 ,v42 ,h4 ,k42 ,y4 ,m42 ,a4 ,g42 ,u4 ,b42 ,d4 ,a4 ,n42 ,v4 ,t42 ,w4 ,o4 ,o4 ,v4--each #c4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,co42 ,m4 ,b42 ,p4 ,c42 ,t4 ,c4 ,d42 ,s4 ,s42 ,h4 ,m42 ,m4 ,w4 ,n42 ,g4 ,d4 ,a42 ,j4 ,s42 ,a4 ,t4 ,w42 ,m4 ,a4 ,h4--each #e4 ,n4 ,e4 ,s42 ,t4 ,c4 ,d4--each #aj4 ,m4 ,s4 #ae4 ,b4 ,f4 #cd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,answers ,,to ,,correspondents4 ,w4 ,o4 ,r41 ,mo41 ,mr4 ,r4 writes--,will you have the kindness to inform me of any new process for preparing phosphate of iron4 ,i make the request more particularly to obtain a process by one ,mr4 ,routh1 who ,i understand has a new process4 ,the preparation referred to by ,mr4 ,r41 was read before the ,london ,medical ,society1 ,january #aa1 #ahea1 by ,dr4 ,routh1 at which time he exhibited specimens of phosphate of iron made by dissolving the ordinary phosphate in meta-phosphoric acid1 and by then evaporating to degrees4 ,it has been found that this form of iron is exceedingly useful in cases where iron is desired4 ,w4 ,b4 ,n41 ,mexico--,mr4 ,n4 says--,will some of your subscribers give1 through your ,journal1 a practical and first-rate process for producing ,calotypes8 ,we hope some of our subscribers will furnish the same4 ,h4 ,b4 ,t41 ,ohio4--,mr4 ,t4 says--,will you give a ready and easy method of detecting chlorine8 ,i find in a former number of your valuable ,journal1 that you have been making experiments with this gas4 ,i have had remarkable success with this gas1 although not a practical ,daguerreotypist4 ,mr4 ,j4 will find 'this gas' is readily distinguished from other gases by its color1 odor1 and bleaching properties4 ,probably the most simple method of detecting free chloride is to hold a rod dipped in aqua ammonia over it1 when white fumes will be formed4 ,will ,mr4 ,j4 have the kindness to forward to us his experiments--we would like much to lay them before our readers4 ,a ,stock ,dealer1 in one of the ,southern ,states1 writes--,what articles of stock will be less needed by artists1 provided ,mr4 ,hill's process proves true1 of producing pictures with all the 'colors of nature8' ,colors and brushes6 ,j4 ,w4 ,s 1 ,mich4--,we forwarded the article you ordered1 and enclosed the balance in the package4 ,the view camera you had better order soon1 as it will be some time before ,mr4 ,harrison can get it ready1 he having so many orders now on hand4 ,you had better have one of ,lewis's new ,camera boxes4 ,t4 ,j4 ,c41 ,va4--,we cannot recommend the articles you speak of2 they involve only an old vague principle1 and are only worthy the person having them in charge4 ,a4 ,g4 ,l41 ,pa4--,the money received and forwarded to ,europe--your plan may work1 but it looks a little too opaque4 ,you will find by heating an iron plate1 and applying it to your apparatus1 will facilitate the operation much4 ,chapman has the exclusive right to the patent4 ,e4 ,w41 ,miss4--,see page #bd1 ,daguerreian ,journal4 ,r4 ,m4 ,h41 ,ala4--,you will find ,silliman's ,journal a great aid and valuable work1 published the first day of every second month1 price #e per year4 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,see answer to ,l4 ,i4 ,g41 page #ahg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notice ,,of ,,new ,,publication4 ,the ,new ,york ,register of ,medicine and ,pharmacy1 published semi-monthly and edited by ,dr4 ,c4 ,d4 ,griswold4 ,this valuable ,medical ,journal is fast making its way into the medical ranks with marked energy4 ,its age is about the same as ours1 and we are happy to see that with us it is prosperous2 every number is received and read with pleasure4 ,we find the following pithy notice in the ,register1 which is only one of many from the cute pen of the ,editor1 who it seems has 'cut up' as well as received a ,new ,dido4 ,we were presented with the first number of the ,new ,dido by the publisher1 and from the title1 at first supposed that it might be in some way connected with the medical profession1 inasmuch as some 'pranks' in a medical way have been 'cut up' in poetry1 but in looking it over1 we find that a couple of 'chaps' have started off for a drive1 although what they are 'driving at1' the author has not yet disclosed4 ,we think it likely enough they may turn out students1 for they are evidently after subjects1 which no doubt will be brought to light in the next number4--,good1 ,dr41 that is worth the ,dollar for the subscription4 ,we have also received the #aeth of ,march number1 which has a fine likeness of ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,francis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advertisements4 ,,hill',s ,,treatise ,,on ,,daguerreotype4 ,,two ,,vols4 ,,in ,,one4 ,the whole ,art made easy1 and all the recent improvements revealed4 ,containing also--,the ,process for ,galvanizing ,plates1 and the whole ,art of ,electrotype2 the ,reproduction of ,daguerre's ,images by ,tithonotype2 an account of ,calotype ,paper1 and other methods of ,photogenic ,drawing c4 ,by ,l4 ,l4 ,hill1 ,westkill1 ,greene ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,contents4 ,history of ,photography2 ,theory of the ,process2 ,description of ,apparatus2 ,account of ,stock1 such as ,plates1 ,cases1 ,chemicals1 and other articles to be purchased forming a complete ,daguerreian ,directory2 ,recipes1 a large number2 ,polishing ,plates2 ,coating the ,plate2 ,camera2 ,mercury2 ,gilding2 ,coloring2 ,calotype1 ,tithonotype1 c4 ,the above is but a partial outline of the subjects treated in this work4 ,nothing is omitted which is necessary to render any person of the requisite judgment and taste a workman that need not be ashamed1 ,the ,recipes have cost the author more than #ejj1 and no pains or expense have been spared to render the work a complete ,manual of ,daguerreotype4 ,,testimonials4 ,the following extracts from a large number of highly flattering ,testimonials from distinguished ,artists and others3 ,m4 ,a4 ,root1 an eminent ,daguerreian1 ,philadelphia says1 ,i can freely say yours is1 in my opinion1 a most valuable ,treatise on the ,art of ,daguerreotype4 ,from the ,albany ,express1 ,we would recommend this useful work to all practising the ,art4 ,e4 ,jacobs1 a celebrated ,operator1 ,new ,orleans1 says1 ,i have perused the work with much gratification as being much needed in the ,art4 ,i can sell a large number to pupils4 ,from the ,ulster ,telegraph1 ,saugerties1 ,n4 ,y43 ,those acquainted with the ,christian character1 and extraordinary skill of ,mr4 ,h4 in ,daguerreotyping1 need no recommend from us4 ,his pictures are perfectly exquisite1 and his modes of operating of the most simple and scientific character4 ,the ,book will be a treasure to those engaged in the ,art4 ,it is one of those rare works which is as good as its title-page1 and we heartily recommend it to the ,daguerreian fraternity4 ,orders should be directed to ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey1 ,agent1 ,new ,york4 ,also for sale1 as above1 price #b1 a pamphlet by the same author1 on the ,magic ,buff1 ,plate-,making1 ,fixing ,process1 ,celerotype1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,daguerreotypists1 ,,wanted--,a ,,partner to engage in the ,daguerreotype business4 ,one having from ,five ,hundred to ,one ,thousand ,dollars can now have an unequalled opportunity to join with one of the best ,artists in the country1 the advertiser possessing unequalled advantages for opening a ,room in this city1 now offers a rare chance to any one possessing the above amount of capital1 none other need apply4 ,applications to be made by letter1 which will be confidential1 and addressed1 post-paid1 to the ,editor of the ,daguerreian ,journal1 ,references must accompany the answer to this1 and real name stated4 ,a chance for ,daguerreotypists out of the ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,peter ,,smith1 ,importer and ,dealer in ,tubes1 ,apparatus1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,chemicals1 and every article appertaining to the ,daguerreian ,art4 ,no4 #cf ,fifth ,street1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,louis ,,becker ,well known ,,chemicals1 for sale at ,becker ,piards1 ,no4 #bja ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreian ,,establishment4 ,,john ,,roach1 ,optician1 #gi ,nassau ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,has always on hand ,,voightlander ,,instruments1 quarter1 half1 and whole size4 ,american ,instruments1 ,roach's make1 warranted to be superior to any yet made in the ,united ,states4 ,they work with sharpness1 and quickness1 and persons purchasing can test them with the high priced ,german ,instruments4 ,coating ,boxes1 ,flint ,glass ,jars1 cemented in1 and ground air tight4 ,mercury ,baths1 with ,thermometer ,scale in front4 ,head ,rests1 ,stands1 ,cases1 ,chemicals1 c4 ,plates1 ,french #djth of the ,star1 and other first quality ,brands4 ,bromine ,roach's ,triple ,compound1 now called ,quick-stuff1 works with certainty and quickness1 in all weather1 and pictures taken with it have a rich white tone4 ,,galvanic ,,batteries1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreotype ,,goods ,,only4 ,,anthony',s ,,national ,,daguerreian ,,depot4 #bje ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the attention of ,daguerreotypists1 and the ,trade1 is respectfully invited to my assortment1 which ,i believe to be unequalled in extent and variety4 ,plates1 ,frames1 ,case- ,cases1 ,cameras1 ,makers' ,chemicals1 ,apparatus1 ,materials1 of every style and size4 ,for ,sale1 price #a per copy1 beautifully bound in cloth1 the standard work1 second edition1 enlarged and greatly improved1 the ,history and ,practice of the ,art of ,photography1 or the production of ,pictures through the agency of light1 by ,h4 ,h4 ,spelling1 illustrated with thirty-five engravings4 ,goods can be forwarded to order1 to any town or village in the ,united ,states or ,canada1 and the bill collected on delivery of the goods1 provided such town has connection by express with ,new ,york4 ,where there is no such connection1 ,daguerreotypists would do well to order their goods to the nearest express town4 ,e4 ,,anthony1 ,importer and ,manufacturer of ,daguerreian ,materials4 ,n4,b4--,good journeymen ,case-,makers wanted1 to whom steady employment will be given4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,benjamin ,,french1 ,no4 #aji ,washington ,street1 ,boston4 ,,daguerreotype ,apparatus1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,frames1 ,gold ,lockets1 ,polishing materials1 ,chemicals1 and every description of ,goods used in the ,daguerreotype business1 constantly on hand and for sale1 at wholesale and retail1 at the lowest cash prices4 #ctf 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,j4 ,,thompson1 ,,would most respectfully announce to the public1 that he has one of the best sky-lights in the ,united ,states1 and is prepared to execute ,daguerreotypes4 ,likenesses of all sizes1 put up in every style of the ,art4 ,no4 #eg ,state-street1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #bly 99 99 99 99 99 #e ,,reward4 ,,stolen from the door of ,clark ,brothers1 #eea ,broadway1 one full size ,daguerreotype ,view1 in papier mache frame1 oval fire gilt mat4 ,said ,view of a ,,gothic ,,cottage1 on the steps of which can be seen a lady1 two or three boys and a dog4 ,any person returning the above described ,picture1 or giving information where it may be found1 shall receive the above reward ,oct #af4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wanted ,,immediately4 ,a ,,good ,,daguerreotype ,,operator can have steady employment to engage in a pleasant western city in the state of ,ohio4 ,also a first class operator can have good wages and engage for one year1 to go to ,california4 ,for further particulars enquire at this office4 ,none need apply but such as are competent to take full charge of the operating department of a large establishment2 salaries will be in accordance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,d4 ,,wells1 ,,daguerreian ,,artist1 ,no4 #f ,kirkland's ,block1 ,main ,street ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,likenesses taken by a sky-light connected with a beautiful side-light4 ,pictures put up in all styles of the ,art4 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,lockets1 ,frames1 and all kinds of ,daguerreotype ,stock for sale4 #b-c 99 99 99 99 99 ,circular to ,daguerreotypists4 ,,george ,,dabbs ,,james ,,cremer1 ,travelling ,agents for ,l4 ,chapman1 #ajb ,william street1 ,new ,york1 manufacturer of ,daguerreotype cases1 mats1 preservers1 and plates1 and importer of the genuine ,star brand1 ,no4 #dj1 ,french plate1 and last1 though of first importance1 proprietor of ,peck's patent plate holder1--the great desideratum which only requires to be used to be appreciated4 ,prices1 #a1jj for medium2 #a1ej for quarters2 #b1jj for halfs and #b1ej for whole size holders--a vice to hold the blocks #a1ej and an instrument for bending the plates #ge cents4 ,they would inform ,daguerreotypists and dealers that they will wait upon as many during the winter1 as their time will permit1 for the purpose of exhibiting the patent ,plate ,holder1 for a description of which see advertisement headed ,two ,new ,inventions4 #atf ,new ,york1 ,november #a1 #ahej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,insley',s ,,daguerreotype ,,gallery ,,removed ,,to ,no4 #caa ,,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 7,between ,stewart's and the ,city ,hospital47 ,,this1 our new ,sky-light ,gallery1 is located on the second floor at the above number1 and is universally acknowledged to be the most convenient and effective ,gallery in the ,city4 ,every real improvement is taken advantage of1 and1 aided by scientific and gentlemanly assistants1 we trust our pictures cannot be excelled4 ,the ,clergy--the ,statesman--the ,artist--the ,man of science--and all lovers of really good ,daguerreotypes1 throughout the ,united ,states1 are invited to call and examine our collection4 ,p4 ,s4--,this ,gallery was for several years located on the corner of ,cedar street1 but is now removed to ,no4 #caa ,broadway4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,e4 ,,martin1 ,,excelsior ,,rooms1 ,jefferson ,avenue and ,odd ,fellows' ,hall1 ,detroit4 ,daguerreotype ,likenesses taken in every style of the ,art4 #bly 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cameras4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,harrison1 ,manufacturer of ,cameras1 and ,camera ,lenses1 of all sizes and of the latest improvements4 ,office #bic ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 where in his ,gallery may be seen specimens of ,daguerreotypes taken with instruments of his own manufacture1 which for accuracy of performance are unsurpassed by any in the world4 ,n4 ,b4 ,a new and improved ,camera for taking views1 is manufactured by him1 at a price unprecedentedly low4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,harrison1 ,no4 #bic ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 #btf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,premium ,,daguerreotype ,,depot ,,and ,,manufactory4 ,w4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,lewis1 #adb ,chatham ,street1 ,new ,fork1 keep constantly on hand1 superior ,,cameras of all sizes2 also1 quick working ,cameras1 fully equal to any imported4 ,all kinds of ,apparatus1 including our ,patent ,,plate ,,vices and ,,gilding ,,stands2 ,galvanic ,batteries for ,electrotyping1 for durability superior to all others4 ,buffing ,lathes1 on the most approved plan1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,chemicals1 ,polishing ,materials of every description4 ,all kinds of ,walnut1 ,rosewood and ,gilt ,frames for ,daguerreotypes1 outside ,show ,frames1 ,diploma1 ,certificate and ,picture ,frames made to order4 ,pressing ,machines1 for ,straw and ,leghorn ,hats1 of improved construction4 #atf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scovill ,,manufacturing ,,co4 ,no4 #eg ,maiden ,lane1 ,new ,york1 ,have constantly on hand an extensive assortment of all articles belonging to the ,daguerreian ,art2 embracing plates of their own1 and ,french manufacture1 ,mattings1 ,preservers1 ,frames1 ,cases1 ,lockets1 ,chemicals1 ,cameras and ,apparatus of every variety4 ,agents for the sale of ,c4 ,c4 ,harrison's celebrated ,cameras4 ,all orders will receive prompt and careful attention4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,clark ,,brothers1 ,b4 ,l4 ,,higgins4 ,daguerreian ,gallery1 over the ,regulator1 ,franklin ,buildings1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,no4 #abh ,genesee ,st41 ,utica1 ,tremont ,row ,boston1 and #eea ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,likenesses by the improved ,daguerreotype of various sizes1 and of the most delicate executions may be obtained at the above rooms during the day1 from #h ,a ,m41 to #e ,p4 ,m4 ,chemicals1 ,plate1 ,cases1 ,cameras1 ,apparatus1 and other materials1 connected with the art1 constantly on hand1 and for sale at ,new ,york prices4 ,all articles are selected with great care and warranted to give the best satisfaction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,subscriber1 would respectfully inform the ,daguerrian ,artists1 that he has constantly on hand a large assortment of ,daguerreotype apparatus1 plates1 cases1 and chemicals1 comprising in part the following3 ,voightlander ,sons1 ,harrison's1 ,lewis' and ,perry's ,cameras and other apparatus of the most approved styles4 ,plates--,scovill's1 ,chapman's and the different brands of ,french plates4 ,cases--silk and velvet lined1 ,papier ,mache and a great variety of fancy cases4 ,chemicals--,american1 ,german and ,french ,bromine1 chloride of iodine1 do gold1 calcium1 mercury rouge1 rotten stone1 black polish1 colours1 brushes1 rosewood and ,papier mache1 frames1 mats1 glass preservers1 prepared buck skin1 c41 c ,every article used in the business1 which ,i will furnish to operators at retail or wholesale1 as low as the same quality of articles can be bought in ,new ,york or elsewhere4 ,our motto is small profits and quick sales4 ,n4 ,e4 ,,sisson4 ,no4 #dif ,broadway1 ,albany ,n4 ,y4 #atf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,two ,,new ,,inventions ,,in ,,the ,,daguerreotype ,,art4 ,,peck',s ,,patent ,,plate ,,holder1 and the ,bent ,edge ,daguerreotype ,plate1 used in connection with it4 ,an instrument is sold for seventy-five cents1 with which every operator can bend his own plates4 ,the holder is a desideratum1 and only requires to be used to be appreciated4 ,it is so constructed that it will hold the plate through all the stages of cleaning1 buffing1 polishing1 coating1 taking the picture in the camera1 and mercurializing without any change4 ,during the whole process1 the plate need not be touched with the fingers1 and does away with the use of wax1 c41 c4 ,the prices for the holders are mediums1 #a #jj--quarters1 #a #ej--;,halves1 #b #jj--whole size1 #b #ej4 ,the ,magic ,back ,ground4 ,the discovery of this is due ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,anthony1 of ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,by this process the most beautiful effects can be produced1 and the pictures are set forth in bold relief on back grounds of various shapes and tints4 ,pictures taken with the ,magic ,back ,ground1 will be emphatically the ,pictures for the ,million4 ,the ,patent is applied for1 and the right ratified upon the receipt of the ,patent1 for the sum of ,twenty-,five ,dollars4 ,l4 ,,chapman1 #ajb ,william ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,manufacturer of ,cases1 ,mats1 ,preservers1 ,plates1 ,importer of the genuine ,star ,brand1 ,no4 #dj ,french ,plates1 and dealer in ,daguerreotype stock generally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,levi ,,chapman1 ,no4 #ajb ,william street1 ,new-,york1 ,manufacturer of1 and ,dealer in ,daguerreotype ,stock4 ,daguerreotype ,cases4 ,medium size1 from #ae to #aih per gross1 ,quarter #bd to #bhh ,half #fj to #dcb ,,mats1 ,,preservers and ,,chemicals of all kinds4 ,french and ,american ,,plates4 ,l4 ,c4 imports the genuine ,no4 #dj ,star ,brand ,french ,plate1 which he keeps constantly on hand1 together with an assortment of other kinds4 ,,papier ,,mache ,,cases1 inlaid with ,mother of ,pearl1 exceeding in beauty any thing of the kind heretofore made1 from #ij to #aaeb per gross4 ,l4 ,c4 is also proprietor of ,peck's patent moveable ,plate-holder4 ,,george ,,dabbs1 ,travelling ,agents4 ,,james ,,cremer1 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreotype ,,furnishing ,,rooms4 ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,wisong4 ,no4 #b ,n4 ,liberty ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,,has ,,constantly ,,on ,,hand1 a full and general assortment of ,stock1 for ,daguerreotype use4 ,embracing every variety of ,cameras1 ,plates1 ,cases1 ,fixtures1 ,trays1 ,chemicals1 and ,materials used by ,daguerreian ,artists1 all of which are offered at the lowest market rates4 ,orders from ,artists are respectfully solicited1 and forwarded with dispatch4 #bly ,,daguerreotype ,,plates4 #bjjj ,,louis ,l4 ,,bishop',s superior ,,plates1 offered for sale at a great bargain1 by ,,victor ,,bishop1 #bc ,maiden ,lane4 ,n4 ,b4 ,these ,plates are silvered by the electro-magnetic process1 and warranted superior to the best ,french plates4 #atf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,engraving ,,the ,,subscriber still continues to carry on the business of ,,engraving ,,on ,,wood1 in all its branches4 ,his facilities are such that he is enabled to execute all orders promptly1 and in every style of the ,art1 upon the most reasonable terms2 while the experience of many years enables him to feel confidence in his efforts to give satisfaction to all who may favor him with their patronage4 ,particular attention paid to the ,drawing and ,engraving of ,subjects from ,daguerreotypes4 ,n4 ,,orr1 ,no4 #aea ,fulton-st4 ,n4 ,y4 #btf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,book ,,and ,,job ,,printing4 ,,william ,s4 ,,dorr1 #aja ,nassau ,street1 over ,ackerman ,miller's ,sign and ,banner ,painting ,establishment1 is prepared to print1 in the best style1 and at the usual ,low ,prices1 ,books1 ,periodicals1 ,newspapers1 ,pamphlets1 ,bill ,heads1 ,circulars1 ,commercial and ,law ,blanks1 ,bills of ,lading1 ,bank ,checks1 ,notices1 ,labels1 c4 ,cards printed on the celebrated ,yankee ,press4 ,few offices in the city have greater facilities for doing work with neatness and despatch1 as most of the materials are new1 and long editions are done by steam power presses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,h4 ,,whitehurst',s ,,electro ,,daguerreotypes4 ,galleries1 #bjg ,baltimore ,street1 ,baltimore1 ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 #gg ,main street1 ,richmond1 ,va41 ,main street1 ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,sycamore street1 ,petersburg1 ,va41 ,main street1 ,lynchburg1 ,va41 ,pennsylvania ,avenue1 ,washington city4 ,likenesses taken equally well in all weather4 #btf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,daguerreian ,,artists' ,,register4 ,appleby1 ,r4 ,b41 #ad ,arcade1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y ,anthony1 ,j4 ,b41 ,poplar ,grove1 ,s4 ,c4 ,adams1 ,george1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,brady1 ,matthew ,b41 ,no4 #bje ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,burges1 ,nathan ,g41 ,no4 #ahg ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,baker1 ,f4 ,s41 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,broadbent1 ,samuel1 ,wilmington1 ,md4 ,barnes1 ,c41 ,mobile1 ,ala4 ,bartlet1 ,no4 #ajb ,main street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,bogardus1 ,a41 ,no4 #bag ,greenwich street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,brown1 ,f4 ,a41 ,museum ,building1 ,mashetnec1 ,n4 ,h4 ,brown1 ,h4 ,s41 ,milwaukie1 ,wis4 ,buxton1 ,john1 ,st4 ,catharine street1 ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,bradlee1 ,j4 ,e41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,buell1 ,e4 ,m41 ,pittsfield1 ,mass4 ,bowman1 ,j4 ,a41 ,berlin1 ,waterloo ,county1 ,canada ,west4 ,bisbee1 ,a41 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,bowen1 ,n4 ,o41 ,norwich1 ,conn4 ,beckers ,piard1 #bja ,broadway4 ,n4 ,y4 ,brown1 ,james1 #aha ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,campbell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,corner ,hanover and ,union streets1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,collins1 ,david1 ,chesnut ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,cooley1 ,o4 ,h41 ,springfield1 ,mass4 ,clark ,brothers1 ,no4 #eea ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y41 #abh ,genesee ,street1 ,utica1 ,franklin ,building1 ,syracuse1 ,new ,york1 and ,tremont ,row1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,cook1 ,george ,s41 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,coombs1 ,f41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,cary1 ,p4 ,m41 ,savannah1 ,ga4 ,chuchill1 ,r4 ,e41 #ee1 ,state ,street1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,chase1 ,l4 ,g41 ,boston1 ,mass ,dodge1 ,e4 ,s41 ,augusta1 ,ga4 ,davie1 ,d4 ,d4 ,t41 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dobyns1 ,t4 ,j41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 ,nashville1 ,tenn41 and ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,done1 ,t4 ,c41 ,no4 #b1 ,place d',armes1 ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,ducan1 ,w4 ,h41 ,no4 #cjc ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,die ,riemer1 ,c4 ,r41 ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,evans1 ,o4 ,b41 ,main ,street1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york4 ,evens1 ,chas41 ,no4 #chj ,market street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,ennis1 ,t4 ,j41 #ajf ,chestnut street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,finley1 ,m41 ,canandaigua1 ,ontario ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,fitzgibbon1 ,j4 ,h41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,faris1 ,thomas1 ,corner ,fourth and ,walnut ,street1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,gurney1 ,jeremiah1 ,no4 #ahi ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gavit1 ,daniel ,e41 #dhj ,broadway1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y ,gay1 ,c4 ,h41 ,new ,london1 ,ct4 ,geer ,benedict1 ,syracuse1 ,n1 ,y ,hill1 ,r4 ,h41 ,kingston1 ,ulster ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,haas1 ,philip1 ,no4 #bhj ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hall1 ,w4 ,h41 ,rouse's ,point1 ,clinton ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,harrison1 ,c4 ,c41 #bic ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hill1 ,l4 ,l41 ,westkill1 ,green ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,hale1 ,j4 ,w41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,hough ,anthony1 ,pittsburg1 ,alleghany ,co41 ,pa4 ,hale1 ,l4 ,h41 #aji ,washington street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,hawkins1 ,e4 ,c41 ,corner of ,fifth and ,walnut ,street1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,insley1 ,henry ,e41 #caa ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,johnson1 ,charles ,e41 ,cleavland1 ,ohio4 ,jacobs1 ,e41 #gc ,camp ,st1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,joes1 ,l4 ,m41 ,no4 #adb ,washington street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,johnston1 ,d4 ,b41 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,johnson1 ,george ,h41 ,sacramento1 ,cal4 ,kelsey1 ,c4 ,c41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,lawrence1 ,martin ,m41 ,no4 #bjc ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lewis1 ,w4 and ,w4 ,h41 ,no4 #adb ,chatham ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,litch ,graniss1 ,waterbury1 ,ct4 ,long1 ,h4 ,h41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,long1 ,e41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,l'homdieu1 ,charles1 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 ,martin1 ,j4 ,e41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,moissenet1 ,f41 ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 ,moulthroup1 ,m41 ,new ,haven1 ,ct4 ,manchester ,brother1 ,providence1 and ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,mc,donald1 ,d41 ,main ,street1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york4 ,miles1 ,chas4 ,t41 ,fayette1 ,jefferson ,co41 ,miss4 ,mc,clees ,germon1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,morand1 ,a41 #acb ,chatham ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,naramore1 ,william1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,nichols1 ,john ,p41 ,no4 #ge ,court street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,ormsbee ,silsbee1 ,no4 #bjc ,washington street1 ,mass4 ,owen1 ,n41 ,goshen1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prosch1 ,g4 ,w41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,peck1 ,samuel1 ,new ,haven1 ,ct4 ,powelson ,co41 #agg ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prod'homme1 ,j4 ,f41 #ffc ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,reynolds1 ,g4 ,l41 ,lexington1 ,va4 ,rice1 ,s4 ,n41 #aid ,canal ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,root1 ,m4 ,a4 ,s41 ,no4 #cfc ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 and #adj ,chesnut ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,ritten1 ,e4 ,d41 ,dunburry1 ,conn4 ,swift1 ,h4 ,b41 #cab ,market ,st1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,sawyer1 ,jo41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,stansbury1 ,b41 ,brooklyn1 ,l4 ,i4 ,stamm ,upman1 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,sissons1 ,n4 ,e41 ,no4 #dif ,broadway1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,shorb1 ,j4 ,r41 ,winnsboro1 ,s4 ,c4 ,shew1 ,myron1 ,chestnut ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,thompson1 ,s4 ,j41 ,no4 #eg ,state ,street1 ,albany ,new ,york4 ,tomlinson1 ,william ,a41 ,troy1 ,new ,york4 ,van ,alsten1 ,a41 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,vail1 ,j4 ,h41 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j4 ,van ,loan ,co41 #aah ,chestnut street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,westcott1 ,c4 ,p41 ,watertown1 ,jefferson ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,wood1 ,r4 ,l41 ,macon1 ,ga4 ,whipple1 ,john ,a41 ,washington ,street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,whitehurst1 ,j4 ,h41 ,new ,york1 ,richmond1 ,norfolk1 ,petersburg1 and ,lynchburg1 ,va41 ,baltimore1 ,md41 and ,washington ,city1 ,d4 ,c4 ,wells1 ,j4 ,d41 ,no4 #f1 ,kirkland ,block1 ,main street ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,walker1 ,s4 ,l41 ,broadway1 ,albany and ,poughkeepsie1 ,n4 ,y4 ,walker ,horton1 ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wentworth4 ,henry1 ,fort ,plain1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,williams1 ,j4 ,a41 ,washington ,square1 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,williams1 ,j4 ,b41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,premium4 ,,to any practical ,daguerreian ,artist who will furnish us with the largest list of subscribers for the ,daguerreian ,journal1 within the next six months1 we will award him one of the best full size ,american ,cameras4 ,new-,york1 ,nov4 #ast1 #ahej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,daguerreian ,,journal1 ,devoted to the ,daguerreian and ,photogenic ,arts1 also1 embracing the ,sciences1 ,arts and ,literature4 ,the ,daguerreian ,journal is published semi-monthly1 at #caa ,broadway1 on the #ast and #aeth of every month4 ,business ,department4 ,terms--,three ,dollars a year2 in advance4 ,inducements for ,clubbing4 ,two copies of this ,journal will be furnished for one year for #e2 four do4 for #i2 and ten do4 for #bj ,advertising4 ,one square of #f lines or less1 one insertion1 #j #ej ,do4 do4 #aj #ge ,do4 do4 #ad #a #jj ,register of ,daguerreian ,artists1 not exceeding two lines1 #a per year4 ,yearly advertisements as may be agreed upon4 ,it is particularly requested that all addressing letters to us1 would put on the ,state1 as well as the ,town in which they live4 ,subscribers are authorised and requested to send bank notes or change by mail1 at our risk1 provided it is done in the presence of the ,post ,master1 and the letters are franked4 ,all communications and remittances intended for this ,journal1 in order to secure attention1 should be post paid4 ,daguerreian ,artists that are travelling in the country1 can have this ,journal sent to anyplace where they may be1 provided they give us notice1 and the ,post ,office changed from4 ,hand ,all ,letters should be addressed 7post-paid7 to ,s4 ,d4 ,,humphrey1 #caa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gurney',s ,,daguerreian ,,gallery4 #ahi ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y41 ,has been known for years as one of the ,first ,establishments of the kind in the country1 and the oldest in this city4 ,mr4 ,g4 attends personally to the ,operating ,department1 and having a superior arrangement of ,light1 as well also as every other ability2 and from his long experience in the ,art1 he is at all times enabled to give perfect satisfaction to all who wish a good likeness4 ,his collection of large size pictures of distinguished persons1 are universally pronounced superior to any heretofore taken in this country4 ,ladies and ,gentlemen are respectfully invited to examine them3 #ahi ,broadway1 directly opposite ,john ,street4 ,copies of a ,superior ,daguerreotype of ,jenny ,lind for sale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,brown',s ,,daguerreotype ,,miniature ,,gallery4 #aha ,broadway3 ,rear ,stairs4 ,,the undersigned1 for four years the principal ,operator of ,m4 ,b4 ,brady1 has the honor to announce to his friends1 and the fashionable circle1 that his ,rooms are now open at the above ,no41 for the transaction of business1 where he will be pleased to see his friends and the public generally2 and hopes to receive a portion of that patronage so liberally extended to him while principal at ,brady's4 ,he will also take the liberty of mentioning1 to those unacquainted with the fact1 that the pictures which have received the different premiums for ,mr4 ,brady1 were taken1 colored1 and arranged1 with the assistance of ,mr4 ,hays1 who is still with him1 entirely by himself4 ,particular attention is called to the very superior coloring tone and finish of the impressions from this establishment1 which1 through an incessant study of seven years1 the subscriber feels conscious in asserting can always be relied on1 as he attends personally to his sitters4 ,pictures taken in any weather1 in any desired style1 and his charges being extremely moderate1 he hopes to suit all classes4 ,,james ,,brown1 ,member of the ,society for the ,promotion of ,painting in ,water ,colors1 and for ten years a ,student in the ,national ,academy of ,design4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dobyns ,co4 ,,dealers in all kinds of ,daguerreotype ,stock1 ,plates1 ,chemicals1 and ,apparatus4 ,no4 #f #bh ,camp ,street1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la42 ,no4 #fj ,front ,row1 ,memphis1 ,tenn42 ,no4 #dhi ,main ,street1 ,louisville1 ,ky4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,insley',s ,,daguerreotypes4 ,,haying had the honor1 in the early part of #ahdj1 to establish ,,one of the ,,three ,galleries first opened to the public1 in this city or the world1 viz3 by ,mr4 ,wolcott1 ,professors ,morse ,draper1 and ,insley and ,prosch1 the undersigned flatters himself that his prolonged experience will enable him to give entire satisfaction to those who desire ,likenesses by this charming process4 ,,insley1 #caa ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,roots ,,daguerreian ,,rooms4 ,,corner of ,broadway and ,franklin ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,m4 ,a4 ,s4 ,root1 celebrated for years as ,daguerreian ,artists in ,philadelphia1 have opened a magnificently furnished ,,suite ,,of ,,rooms1 in the most fashionable part of the city1 7,no4 #cfc ,broadway1 corner of ,franklin ,street17 where1 having an admirably arranged light1 they flatter themselves that they will be able to furnish ,daguerreotype ,likenesses1 equal in finish1 accuracy and effect1 to anything of the kind in the world4 ,they have received ,six ,medals from the various ,fairs and ,institutes of our country2 also the two highest ,medals at the ,fair of #ahej in ,new ,york and ,philadelphia1 for the best specimens of ,daguerreotypes ever exhibited4 ,the public are respectfully invited to visit their ,rooms and examine their ,gallery of ,likenesses of the most distinguished people4 ,gallery ,free4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,myron ,,shew1 ,,dealer in ,daguerreotype ,apparatus and ,materials1 ,wholesale and ,retail1 #aaf ,chestnut ,street1 ,philadelphia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,,morand ,,daguerreian ,,artist1 #acb ,chatham ,street1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j4 ,w4 ,,thompson',s ,,daguerreian ,,gallery and ,depot of ,daguerreian ,materials of all kinds1 ,instruments1 ,apparatus1 and everything belonging to the ,art1 for sale at low prices4 ,every ,operator knows the advantage of buying his ,stock 7especially plates and chemicals7 of a person who not only sells ,stock1 but is also a practical ,daguerreotypist4 #cae ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,postage ,,on ,,the ,,daguerreian ,,journal ,,there has been a few instances where ,postmasters have charged pamphlet postage on this ,journal4 ,we say the ,daguerreian ,journal is subject to newspaper postage only1 because that is all that can legally be charged on it4 ,a newspaper must be published as often as once a month1 and contain intelligence of passing events4 ,this publication is semi-monthly1 and contains1 a general summary of passing events4 ,the law says it may contain two sheets1 if the two together do not exceed #a1ijj square inches4 ,this ,journal contains less than #a1ajj square inches4 ,these sheets may be folded in any shape1 or printed on paper of any color4 ,the following is an extract from the ,act of ,congress for regulating postage4 ,a newspaper is defined to be any printed publication issued in numbers1 and published at stated intervals of not more than a month1 conveying intelligence of passing events4 ,it generally consists of a sheet1 but may be composed of two sheets of paper4 ,in such case1 it is chargeable with newspaper postage only2 provided that the sheets in the aggregate do not exceed #a1ijj square inches4 ,a pamphlet is a small1 unbound1 printed book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,anthony',s ,,national ,,daguerreian ,,depot1 #bjc #bje ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,daguerreotype ,,goods ,,only4 ,the attention of ,dealers and ,daguerreotypists is respectfully requested to my assortments of ,apparatus and ,materials1 which will be found to be very extensive and complete4 ,,daguerreotype ,,plates4 ,the celebrated ,crescent ,brand ,plate1 exclusively of my own importation1 stamped with my name1 and warranted4 ,the ,sun #djth ,plate1 7guaranteed to be #djth47 ,star #djth ,plate1 ,french ,plates1 #bjth and #cjth4 7quality guaranteed47 ,scovill ,plates1 of all sizes and qualities4 ,french ,galvanized ,plates4 ,all the plates of my importation are carefully examined in ,paris by an experienced agent1 practically acquainted with the manufacture of plates1 and all that are visibly1 imperfect1 are rejected and returned to the manufacturer4 ,the great number ,i import1 enables me to sell a genuine article at a low rate4 ,,cases4 ,exclusively of my own manufacture4 #a-ae size1 #a-i size1 #a-f size1 #a-d size1 #a-b size1 #b-c size1 #d-d size1 of every style and quality4 ,papier ,mache or ,pearl ,inlaid ,cases of every size and style4 ,my ,papier ,mache work will be found to be superior to any in the market4 ,turkey ,morocco ,bookcases4 ,snap' ,cases of various styles4 ,cases manufactured to suit the taste of any customer1 or adapted to any particular ,gallery1 the name being beautifully embossed on the cushion without extra charge1 except for the die4 ,,casemakers' ,,materials4 ,heavy leather for embossing4 ,thin leather for binding4 ,crimson silk for cushions4 ,silk velvet1 ruby and maroon1 of different qualities4 ,cotton velvet1 crimson4 ,patent velvet1 silk finished1 crimson4 ,satin1 maroon4 ,varnish1 of superior quality4 ,hooks4 ,clasps1 for bookcases1 c41 c4 ,embossing done at moderate rates4 ,,plate ,,glass4 ,of the very best quality1 cut to order1 of any size1 for cases or show frames1 and furnished by the quantity to dealers1 in original packages as imported4 ,also1 ,half white ,german ,glass1 in original packages or cut4 ,green ,english ,glass1 by the gross4 ,,metallic ,,mattings4 ,burnished and fire gilt1 of all sizes and styles1 for cases or frames1 all of my own manufacture1 and superior in color and beauty of finish to any in the market4 ,,rosewood ,,and ,,black ,,walnut ,,frames4 ,of all sizes1 made in a durable manner1 and fitted in a style to do justice to a good specimen of ,daguerreian art4 ,fancy ,frames1 of various styles1 of ,french manufacture4 ,,preservers4 #a-i size1 #a-f size1 #a-d size1 #a-b size1 of a new and beautiful style of chasing4 ,,apparatus4 ,cameras of ,voightlander1 ,harrison1 ,roach1 and ,lewis' make2 also ,coating ,boxes1 ,mercury ,baths1 ,plate ,vices1 c41 c41 comprising every thing required for the successful prosecution of the art4 ,,harrison',s ,,patent ,,buffing ,,wheel4 ,,lewis' ,,buffing ,,wheels4 ,,new ,,style ,,plate ,,bender4 ,neat simple1 and effectual1 ,price1 #a1ej4 ,,chemicals4 ,iodine1 best ,english resublimed4 ,chloride of ,iodine4 ,bromine1 pure ,german2 do4 ,american4 ,chloride of ,gold1 of the best makers4 ,salt of ,gold1 or ,hyposulphite of ,gold4 ,distilled ,mercury4 ,rotton ,stone1 of all the various makers4 ,rouge1 best ,french2 do4 ,american4 ,photogine4 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 best ,french2 do4 do4 ,american4 ,cyanide of ,potassium4 ,dry ,quick-stuff1 ,anthony's ,anhydrous4 ,roach's ,triple ,compound of ,bromine4 ,chloride of ,bromine4 ,fluoride of ,bromine4 ,oxide of ,silver4 ,gallic ,acid4 ,crystailizable ,acetic ,acid4 ,bromide of ,potassium1 ,nitrate of ,silver4 ,muriate of ,potash4 ,chloride of ,calcium4 ,succinic ,acid4 ,hydrofluoric ,acid4 ,drying ,powder4 ,pure liquid ,ammonia4 ,iodide of ,lime1 a new and valuable preparation for iodizing the plate4 ,those desiring to commence the practice of ,daguerreotyping1 fitted out with everything necessary for their success at moderate cost4 ,,lockets1 ,gold or ,gilt1 of all sizes and styles1 oval1 round1 single or double1 open or hunting4 ,goods can be forwarded to any town in the ,united ,states or ,canada 7provided said town have connection by ,express with ,new ,york7 and the money collected on delivery of the goods4 ,persons will do well1 when in places that have no such connection1 to have what they order forwarded to the nearest express town4 ,terms--,cash4 ,no allowance for breakage after goods have left the ,city4 ,i have been compelled to adopt the rule of not sending lists of prices1 because it only injures such country dealers as buy of me4 ,but all who send orders for goods may depend upon getting them at my regular ,new ,york prices4 ,e4 ,,anthony1 ,importer and ,manufacturer of ,daguerreian ,materials4 #cjh ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,n4,b4--,good journeymen ,case-,makers wanted1 to whom steady employment will be given4 ,,william ,s4 ,,dorr1 ,,printer1 ,no4 #aja ,nassau ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber ,note ,minor typos may have been corrected4 ,images moved to prevent splitting paragraphs4 ,various formats were used to display pricing these were not standardized4 ,the listing of ,registered ,users was left in the order published4 ,illustrations of a right pointing hand for advertisements is denoted as ,hand4